bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
794 STANDARDISED SOCIAL HISTORY DOCUMENTATION IN MEDICAL CLERKING IMPROVES IDENTIFICATION OF FRAILTY
Authors: McGinlay A , Munang L
Published: March 2022

Background

Thorough social history is a crucial component of a medical admission. Understanding a patient’s functional status enables better assessment of their Frailty and better decisions about aims of treatment, rehabilitation, appropriate escalation and ceilings of care.

Introduction

The Medical Unit at St John’s Hospital Livingston, Scotland admits approximately 11,280 patients per year, of whom 55% are aged ≥65 years. Following a medical clerk-in, all admissions aged ≥65 years are screened for Frailty by a dedicated Frailty Nursing team using the Clinical Frailty Score (CFS) based on information in their electronic casenotes.

Methods

We assessed the quality of social history documentation and the accuracy of CFS in 202 medical admissions ≥65 years clerked in by medical staff over a 2 week period from 14th to 31st December 2020. Patients at end of life and those reviewed by the Frailty Advanced Nurse Practitioner prior to medical clerk-in were excluded. 3 months later this was repeated for 188 medical admissions from 12th–26th March 2021 following interventions below. Interventions An education session was delivered to trainee doctors and consultants at the Medical Unit Meeting. A pre-populated proforma was added to the electronic medical clerking document containing these prompts • Accommodation • Mobility/use of aids • Activities of daily living • Support family, district nurses • Cognition A dedicated field for Clinical Frailty Score was also added.

Results

Following intervention, documentation of social history and CFS increased from 22% to 35%. The pre-populated proforma was used in 21% of patients. In these patients, 95% had all areas of social history documented enabling accurate classification of CFS.

Conclusion

Using the pre-populated proforma significantly improves social history documentation and accuracy of CFS scoring. A change of culture is required particularly amongst junior doctors on the importance of this information, so we can deliver better patient-centred care.
659 PATIENT PERSPECTIVES OF RECOVERY AFTER HIP FRACTURE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND QUALITATIVE SYNTHESIS
Authors: Beer N , Riffat A , Volkmer B , Wyatt D , Lambe K
Published: March 2022

Background

Recovery is multidimensional highlighted by a wealth of qualitative evidence published on patient perspectives of recovery after hip fracture. The purpose of the current review is to synthesize this evidence of patients’ perspectives of recovery after hip fracture across the care continuum.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted, focusing on qualitative data from hip fracture patients. Two authors independently screened title and abstracts, full texts, completed extraction, and quality appraisal. Themes for this review were generated using a thematic synthesis of data from original studies.

Results

Fourteen qualitative studies were included in this review. The overall quality of included studies was high. We identified four review themes: defining recovery, feelings of vulnerability, driving recovery, and reliance on support. Patients considered recovery as a return to prefracture activities or ‘normal’ enabling independence. Feelings of vulnerability were observed for patients irrespective of the time since hip fracture and only diminished when recovery of function and activities enabled participation in valued activities e.g. outdoor mobility. Participants expressed a desire to actively engage in recovery with realistic expectations and benefits of meaningful feedback reported. Reliance on healthcare support varied by time since fracture with patients highlighting a greater reliance on professional support in the early versus late stages of recovery. Reliance on social support persisted until recovery was perceived to have been achieved and was highlighted more for participants who were living alone.

Conclusion

Patient perspectives of recovery enhance previous understanding of recovery domains. Patient perspectives highlighted hip fracture as a major life event which requires health professional and social support to overcome feelings of vulnerability and enable active engagement in recovery. Future research should investigate the recovery perspective of patients with cognitive impairment, and further consider perspectives on recovery from carers.
705 CHARACTERISING OLDER ADULTS’ RISK OF HARM FROM BLOOD-PRESSURE LOWERING MEDICATIONS: A SUB-ANALYSIS FROM THE PRIME STUDY
Authors: Hussain A S , Ali K , Parekh N , Stevenson J M , Davies J G , Bremner S , Rajkumar C
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death. Randomised trials in older adults with relatively few co-morbidities recommend treatment of their hypertension [1]. However, blood-pressure lowering medications increase the risk of medication-related harm (MRH) from adverse drug reactions (ADRs), non-adherence, medication errors and drug–drug interactions. We aimed to identify characteristics associated with MRH in older people on blood-pressure lowering medications.

Method

The PRIME (prospective study to develop a model to stratify the risk of MRH in hospitalized elderly patients in the UK) study investigating the incidence and cost of MRH in 1280 older people in Southern England [2]. Adults ≥65 years were recruited from five teaching hospitals at hospital discharge and followed up for 8-weeks. Telephone interviews with study participants, review of primary care records and hospital readmissions were undertaken to identify MRH. PRIME study participants taking blood-pressure lowering medications, as defined by National Institute for Health and Care Excellence hypertension guidelines [3], were included in this analysis.

Results

Sixty-six percent of the PRIME cohort (n = 841) were taking blood-pressure lowering medications. Patients on four blood-pressure lowering medications were five times more likely to experience MRH compared to those taking just one medication (OR 4.96; 95%CI 1.63-15.13;p = 0.01). Most harm events were serious (80%,n = 123), requiring dose change or treatment cessation. Most MRH cases were potentially preventable (49%,n = 75).

Conclusion

MRH from blood-pressure lowering medication in older people is common, serious, and potentially preventable. Decisions around maximising cardiovascular risk reduction must be carefully considered in the context of MRH from blood-pressure lowering medications.

References

1. Sheppard JP, Lown M, Burt J et al. Generalizability of blood pressure lowering trials to older patients: cross-sectional analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2020; 68: 2508–15.

2. Parekh N, Ali K, Stevenson JM et al. Incidence and cost of medication harm in older adults following hospital discharge: a multicentre prospective study in the UK. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84: 1789–97.

3. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2019). Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng136. Accessed 27/11/2020.
736 REAL-TIME MOBILITY DATA FROM WEARABLE DEVICES PREDICTING FALLS RISK IN OLDER ADULTS
Authors: Hewage K , Lee S , Fosker S , Hardcastle T , Ali K
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Falls are a common cause of injuries in people over 65 years, usually resulting in life-threatening or life-altering sequalae for affected individuals. Falls risk assessment typically requires a face-to-face evaluation delivered by a trained professional in a clinical setting, thus limiting their application for many older people with falls. Therefore, there is a need for a remote monitoring system (RMS) that captures mobility data to assess comprehensively an older individual’s true falls risk undertaking their everyday activities in their usual environment.

Methods

A pilot study was conducted with 16 participants over 65 years classified as high (n = 9) or low falls risk (n = 7) based on their fall’s history. A RMS was developed, which combines inertial measurement unit (IMU) data from a wearable device and online real-time Machine Learning (ML) to generate a two-stage fall risk assessment. In stage one, a ML activity motion classifier identified raw IMU data from participants as either, walking, resting or transitional movements (turning or sitting to standing). In stage two, previously classified motion segments were analysed by a ML fall-risk classifier, providing an objective risk assessment based on gait characteristics during everyday motion. Falls incidence was recorded prospectively at one year follow-up.

Results

The motion classifier achieved an 94.8% accuracy in differentiating between resting, walking and transitional movements. The fall risk classifier initially trained with retrospective fall history data achieved an 87.5% accuracy with 88.9% sensitivity and specificity, which is comparable to other accurate classifiers in published literature. The fall risk classifier retrained with prospective one year follow-up data achieved a 73% accuracy which was superior to the 67% accuracy of the Timed Up and Go test for falls prediction.

Conclusion

Our study shows the potential of a machine-learning remote monitoring system using information from mobility data to classify an older person’s falls’ risk.
805 UPPER LIMB FRACTURE PATHWAYS IN FRAILTY ENABLE EARLIER RETURN TO FUNCTION WITH ASSOCIATED REDUCED LENGTH OF HOSPITAL STAY
Authors: Shaw L , Maggs T , Braude P , Shipway D , Srivastava S , Kelly M
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Upper limb fractures are the second most common fracture requiring admission to hospital after hip fracture [Jennison, 2019]. At 1-year 20.5% have died, compared to 29.5% in hip fracture [Wiedl, 2021]. Local Problems: At North Bristol Trust most patients with upper limb fractures and a Clinical Frailty Score ≥ 5 are managed non-operatively on medical wards. Local service evaluation identified a long length of stay of 23 days. Case note review revealed: • Delayed transfers of care (DTOCs) had been managed non-weight bearing in slings for 4–6 weeks. • Non-weight bearing status resulted in DTOC due to declined access to social care and rehabilitation due to perceived health needs. • A high rate of hospital-acquired complications and failure to rehabilitate. • Breakdown in interdisciplinary communication and ownership across the pathway.

Methods

A multidisciplinary QI project was commenced. Using local data through business analytics, clinician and patient feedback, a new Trust guideline was developed for older people with frailty and upper limb fractures. Data collected determined average length of stay before and after implementation of the service change. A standard process control chart was created monitoring the effect of the changes in the pathway. The multidisciplinary team met regularly to make alterations during implementation. The resulting intervention included: • Removal of functional restrictions; allow free use of limb as comfort permits. • Simplified slings and minimised light weight casts. • Proactive integration of orthopaedic plan into CGA documentation. • Proactive interdisciplinary communication across pathways. • Patient information leaflets.

Results

Pre-intervention average length of stay was 23 days. Post-intervention was 14 days.

Conclusion

Proactive, structured management of upper limb fractures in people with frailty is associated with significant reduction in acute hospital length of stay. Next steps include a business case for a frailty trauma specialist therapist embedded into medicine.
663 BEHAVIOUR CHANGE INTERVENTIONS TO INCREASE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN HOSPITALISED PATIENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Goodwin V A , Harding K E , Dennett A M , Febrey S , Warmoth K , Hall A J , Prendergast L A , Taylor N F
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Low physical activity levels are a major problem for people in hospital and are associated with adverse outcomes. This systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression aimed to determine the effect of behaviour change interventions on physical activity levels in hospitalised patients.

Methods: Randomised controlled trials of behaviour change interventions to increase physical activity in hospitalised patients were searched from MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials and PEDr, supplemented by citation tracking. After application of selection criteria and data extraction, data were synthesised with random effects meta-analyses and pre-specified subgroup and meta-regression analyses. The primary outcome was Objectively measured physical activity. Secondary outcomes were patient-related outcomes (e.g. mobility), hospital-level outcomes (e.g. length of stay), adverse events and patient satisfaction.

Results

Eighteen randomised controlled trials (n = 2,197 participants) of behaviour change interventions were included and were associated with increased physical activity levels (SMD 0.36, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.57). Findings in relation to mobility and length of stay were inconclusive. Adverse events and patient satisfaction were poorly reported. Meta-regression found that the behaviour change technique of goal setting was independently associated with increased physical activity (SMD 0.35, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.60).

Conclusion

Targeted behaviour change interventions are associated with small to moderate increases in physical activity in hospitalised patients. Goal setting was the behaviour change technique that worked best in increasing physical activity.
795 A POSITIVE 4AT DELIRIUM ASSESSMENT TOOL SCORE ON HOSPITAL ADMISSION IS LINKED TO MORTALITY, LENGTH OF STAY AND ‘HOME TIME’: A STUDY OF 82,770 HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS IN EDINBURGH AND SALFORD
Authors: Vardy E R L C , Anand A , Cheng M , Ibitoye T , MacLullich A M J
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Delirium is linked with poor outcomes but studies using large-scale routine data are scarce. The 4AT (www.the4AT.com) is a brief (~2 minutes), well-validated tool for detection of delirium and cognitive impairment. We performed a two-centre study (Edinburgh and Salford) of Electronic Health Record (EHR) 4AT scores and outcomes in 82,770 non-elective hospital admissions in patients aged ≥65. We determined relationships between 4AT scores 0 (no impairment), 1–3 (cognitive impairment but no delirium) and ≥ 4 (delirium), in relation to 30-day inpatient mortality, length of stay, and time at home (‘home time’) in the year following index admission.

Methods

We analysed EHR 4AT scores recorded within 24 hours of admission, and outcomes data were also derived from the EHR. The study period was between April 2016 (Edinburgh)/September 2017 (Salford) and April 2020 (both centres).

Results

4AT scores suggestive of delirium (≥4) were present in 25% in Salford, and 18% in Edinburgh. After adjustment for age and sex, 30-day inpatient mortality with 4AT ≥4 was 5.5-fold greater than the 4AT 0 group in Edinburgh (aOR 5.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.99–6.13) and 3.4-fold greater in Salford (aOR 3.39, 95% CI 2.98–3.87). Length of stay was more than double in patients with any abnormal 4AT score compared to a 4AT score of 0. The median ‘home time’ at 1 year was reduced by 112 days (Edinburgh) and 61 days (Salford) in the 4AT ≥4 compared to 4AT 0 days.

Conclusions

This large study using routine clinical data confirms the relationships between delirium and poor outcomes previously reported in smaller research studies. Further, the results demonstrate the feasibility and value of using a brief clinical tool to identify delirium as a strong marker of adverse outcomes, and will be helpful in guiding policy development around patient safety including better treatment of delirium.
Biochemistry and regulation of aurone biosynthesis
Authors: Nakayama Toru
Published: March 2022

Aurones are a group of flavonoids that confer a bright yellow coloration to certain ornamental flowers and are a promising structural target for the development of new therapeutic drugs. Since the first identification of the snapdragon aurone synthase as a polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in 2000, several important advances in the biochemistry and regulation of aurone biosynthesis have been achieved. For example, several other aurone synthases have been identified in distantly related plants, which not only include PPOs but also peroxidases. Elucidation of the subcellular localization of aurone biosynthesis in snapdragon led to the establishment of a method to genetically engineer novel yellow flowers. The crystal structure of an aurone-producing PPO was clarified and provided important insights into the structure–function relationship of aurone-producing PPOs. A locus (SULFUREA) that negatively regulates aurone biosynthesis in snapdragon was identified, illustrating the evolution of flower color pattern through selection on regulatory small RNAs.
Harassment in surgery: line in the sand
Authors: Grossman Rebecca C
Published: March 2022

Over the last few years, the #MeToo movement has brought attention to the long-standing culture of abuse in hierarchical organisations, and surgery is no exception. Harassment and abuse of any form should cease to be tolerated. This moment needs to be a line in the sand, the stimulus for change in our community and wider society.
Structural brain network topological alterations in stuttering adults
Authors: Gracco Vincent L. , Sares Anastasia G. , Koirala Nabin
Published: March 2022

Persistent developmental stuttering is a speech disorder that primarily affects normal speech fluency but encompasses a complex set of symptoms ranging from reduced sensorimotor integration to socioemotional challenges. Here, we investigated the whole-brain structural connectome and its topological alterations in adults who stutter. Diffusion-weighted imaging data of 33 subjects (13 adults who stutter and 20 fluent speakers) were obtained along with a stuttering severity evaluation. The structural brain network properties were analysed using network-based statistics and graph theoretical measures particularly focussing on community structure, network hubs and controllability. Bayesian power estimation was used to assess the reliability of the structural connectivity differences by examining the effect size. The analysis revealed reliable and wide-spread decreases in connectivity for adults who stutter in regions associated with sensorimotor, cognitive, emotional and memory-related functions. The community detection algorithms revealed different subnetworks for fluent speakers and adults who stutter, indicating considerable network adaptation in adults who stutter. Average and modal controllability differed between groups in a subnetwork encompassing frontal brain regions and parts of the basal ganglia. The results revealed extensive structural network alterations and substantial adaptation in neural architecture in adults who stutter well beyond the sensorimotor network. These findings highlight the impact of the neurodevelopmental effects of persistent stuttering on neural organization and the importance of examining the full structural connectome and the network alterations that underscore the behavioural phenotype.
The triple difference estimator
Authors: Olden Andreas , Møen Jarle
Published: March 2022

Triple difference has become a widely used estimator in empirical work. A close reading of articles in top economics journals reveals that the use of the estimator to a large extent rests on intuition. The identifying assumptions are neither formally derived nor generally agreed on. We give a complete presentation of the triple difference estimator, and show that even though the estimator can be computed as the difference between two difference-in-differences estimators, it does not require two parallel trend assumptions to have a causal interpretation. The reason is that the difference between two biased difference-in-differences estimators will be unbiased as long as the bias is the same in both estimators. This requires only one parallel trend assumption to hold.
Ever Closer Union? Unification, Difference, and the ‘Making of Europe’, c.950–c.1350
Authors: Scales Len
Published: March 2022

The article explores the relationships between the universal and the particular in high medieval Europe. It notes the enduring appeal of views of the period as being marked by an increasingly unified ‘European’ culture and explains their modern salience. It observes the parallel phenomena of division and plurality in the period and the prominence of themes of conflict and fragmentation in the following centuries. The purpose of the article is to re-examine the relationship between these seemingly contradictory forms and developments. Its aim is to illuminate and explain the strengthening elements of division and disunity discernible in Europe between the eleventh and the fourteenth centuries in terms of the new, over-arching cultural unities which characterise the same high medieval period. Taking as its basis the model of ‘Europeanisation’ developed by Robert Bartlett, it complicates his picture of advancing homogenisation by demonstrating the ways in which new, encompassing, integrative cultural forms promoted dis-integration and encouraged the articulation and reproduction of difference. The processes of change through which high medieval unities were created were themselves divisive, while strengthened institutions, particularly the Church and papacy, fostered division and provided fora within which contending claims could be negotiated. New, widely disseminated media allowed difference to be more sharply articulated. The cosmopolitan elements in high medieval European culture, the article contends, bore within them the seed of the particular(istic), which ripened together with those same universalising currents. This dialectic of unity and plurality sheds a fresh light on the transition from the central to the later Middle Ages in Europe.
57 Cool-season Annual Forage Variety Selection Tool for the Southeastern United States
Authors: South Michelle , Dillard Leanne L , Harmon Deidre D
Published: March 2022

Cool-season annual forage varieties of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), cereal rye (Secale cereale), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) are often chosen on the basis of availability and affordability rather than performance. The objective of this study was to create a source of collaborative data that would aid producers in selection of superior varieties of cool-season annual forages that perform well across varying years, geographic regions, and environments. Forage yield data was collected from forage variety trials conducted in the years of 2015–2020 by University of Georgia, University of Tennessee, Pennsylvania State University, University of Kentucky, and Mississippi State University. Testing occurred at 18 different sites and across 7 states in the Eastern United States. Data from 166 annual ryegrass, 35 cereal rye, 93 wheat, and 48 triticale individual varieties were collected and standardized by expressing yields as a percentage of the mean within a given testing site-year. Standardized means were averaged across all available site-years for each variety within a species and a coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated. Varieties in each species were categorized by their relative mean yield and CV and varieties that had above average relative mean and low CV were considered desirable. The desired annual ryegrass varieties included: Marshall, K014-WLS, K0140-WEMA, FL Red 4X LATE, Angusta, RM exp-2013A, and FL AT-3. The limitedly tested but qualifying varieties of cereal rye were Wintergrazer 70, Wrens Abruzzi, NF99362, Bates RS4, and Goku, wheat were FLLA10033C-6, GA-09129-16E55, GA-051207-14E53, GA-04417-12E33, GA-03564-12E6, GA-071518-16E39, W010025-H2, PGX-16-4, AGS 3040, Oglethorpe, AGS 3030, PGX 16-1, SS EXP 8629, W010025R1, GA-09377-16LE18, GoWheat 2032, SRW 9410, and GA-071630-12LE9, and triticale were Wintermax, and TriCal 815. Results from this study will aid producers in the identification of desired cool-season annual forage varieties that consistently perform well in varying environmental conditions.
59 Producer Certification in Mobile Processing: Mitigating Lack of Access to Sheep and Goat Processing in Virginia
Authors: O'Brien Dahlia , Wildeus Stephan , Brousseau Wallace
Published: March 2022

To market sheep and goat meat products directly to consumers, producers need to have access to a state/federally inspected facility allowing for the resale of meat. Producers in central, southern and eastern Virginia have limited access to these facilities, experience scheduling delays, and require long transport to harvest animals at available facilities. Successful funding by a USDA grant allowed Virginia State University to design and build a mobile processing unit (MPU) to enhance marketing opportunities for Virginia’s small ruminant producers. To assist in developing a model for MPU launch, a survey of small ruminant producer’s current processing needs and the perceived use and benefits of the MPU was conducted. A link to the online survey (Qualtrics) was emailed to all Virginia Cooperative Extension agents for distribution to their small ruminant clientele and left open for responses for 2 weeks. There were 110 responses; majority were sheep producers (54%) and most respondents had 25 or less breeding females (59%). Thirty-four percent currently marketed meat products directly to consumers and 60% utilized state or federally inspected facilities in the state. Most respondents (43%) processed only 5 animals/year with processing mostly in September - November (46%). A high number of respondents (76%) had experienced scheduling delays in processing over the last year and almost all (94%) indicated the urgent need for additional processing facilities or access to a MPU in their county. Additionally, 65% were willing to learn to harvest and process their own sheep and goats if they could have access to a state/federal inspected MPU. Due to these responses, a MPU Certification Program was launched with the model of training producers to be their own butchers and leasing them the MPU to harvest under custom, state, or federal inspection. The program has 5 modules and covers all aspects of MPU operation and hands-on training on its use.
140 Development of an Online Educational Initiative to Engage Beef Stakeholders in a Global Scale
Authors: Brandão Alice , Cooke Reinaldo F , Lamb G Cliff C , Dunlap Kathrin , Pohler Ky G
Published: March 2022

The objective of this educational initiative (International Beef Cattle Academy; IBCA) was to present translational research-driven content regarding beef production to international stakeholders. The methodology for development of the IBCA program included: 1) determination of content courses (n = 7); 2) assignment of faculty members as content creators and instructors (n = 11), general coordinator (n = 1) and associate coordinators (n = 2); 3) selection of participants from applicant pool using a rubric designed to create an inclusive and diverse learning community of international industry leaders. Course structure and content delivery remained consistent across all courses. Asynchronous lectures were delivered via a LMS (D2L), and weekly, hour-long synchronous remote meetings for participants were hosted by instructors. Within courses, content was distributed to yield 3.49 ± 0.41 h of recorded material per week. Automatically graded quizzes with multiple attempts allowed, were utilized as formative assessments and mechanism for control of content release. Access to subsequent topics was granted when the quiz score was of 80% or above. At the end of each program cycle (11 months) an optional experiential learning opportunity was offered. Participants were invited to a week-long instructor supervised workshop in which they took part in hands-on practicums as well as field trips. After 3 full cycles, qualitative analysis of participant feedback given in the form of interviews (n = 19) has generated emergent themes of learning environment satisfaction and successful adoption/application of new technologies. Interaction during the live synchronous sessions and the applicability of the content were amongst the positive aspects according to participant feedback. Based on these interviews, the IBCA successfully met the objective of improving knowledge and adoption of research-based technologies through content delivery and learning community creation for beef industry stakeholders from 14 different countries (USA, Canada, Brazil, Romania, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Panama, Dominican Republic, Germany, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Australia, Pakistan).
14 Podcasting as an Extension Tool: Limitations and Opportunities
Authors: Bennett Samantha P , Mulvaney Donald
Published: March 2022

Current challenges for Extension include decreased travel budgets and prompts for increased consideration of the use of online delivery tools for educational content programming with the goal of expanding stakeholder development and engagement. Podcasts (PCs) are audio and/or video content that can be played on computers and handheld devices through the use of Really Simple Syndication (RSS) technology. PCs are communication modalities with perceived high potential for incorporation into the pedagogical toolbox for the creation of an online resource repository and strategic virtual public outreach programming. PCs are audience focused forms of content that provide information to stakeholders in a way that allows for them to listen to what they want, when they want, where they want, and how they want. The Ag Communication Research Group distributed Qualtrics surveys to Alabama Cooperative Extension System (ACES) personnel across the state. Data collected enabled the examination of ACES personnel perspectives towards PCs and the current status of PC use for their work. Survey results indicate diverse views, varied levels of PC understanding, plans for adoption, and perceived barriers for use of PCs in Extension. Of participants, 62.5% currently listen to podcasts themselves and only 13.6% have participated in the creation or production of a PC before. When asked if participants have considered creating a PC for ACES 60.2% responded no, 17% responded maybe, 29.1% said yes, and only 4.5% responded that they already have created a PC or are in the process of creating one. In addition, we also report on methods for developing an Extension-oriented PC series, identify salient points for educators interested in developing a PC series, and explore the potential value of PCs as a vibrant Extension education tool to communicate curated, trusted, and relevant information.
12 Inflammatory Response Following a Single Bout of Exercise Is More Prominent Is Young Horses Compared to Older Horses
Authors: Gentry Amber , Mowry Kayla , Albritton Hannah , Suagee-Bedore Jessica
Published: March 2022

Horses experience a post-exercise inflammatory response to damaged tissues that is part of the mechanism of recovery and is indicated by heat and muscle soreness (MS). Further, old horses (OH) are at a greater risk of prolonged MS, lameness, and injury than are young horses (YH). Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare heat and MS of unconditioned young (14-16 months) and old (19-24 years) Quarter Horses after the completion of an incremental exercise test (IET: counterclockwise at 3 min at 6.44 kph, 10 min at 16.09 kph, 2 min each at 19.31 and 22.53 kph). MS evaluations were performed on neck, shoulder, back, and hip for both sides at pre, 12, 36, 60, and 84 hours post IET. FLIR images of the shoulder, forearm, back, hip, and gaskin were taken on the left side at day 0, pre-IET, 15 min, and 12, 24, 48, 72 h post-IET. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was a main effect of age on gaskin temperature, whereby YH (32.3±17.5°C) had higher temperatures than OH (31.4±17.5°C; P = 0.043). There was a tendency for an interaction of age and time for shoulders (P = 0.063) and an interaction for forearm (P = 0.03) and back (P = 0.046). At 12 h post IET, YH shoulders were higher (34.6±17.1°C) than OH (31.8±17.1°C), YH forearms were higher (34.1±17.3°C) than OH (30.4±17.1°C), and YH backs (33.4±17.3°C) were higher than OH (32±17.3°C). Necks were sorer on the right side 36 h post-IET compared to pre-exercise (P = 0.033) and 60 hours compared to 12 hours post IET (P = 0.033). Muscle soreness increased in the right hip from pre-IET to 36 h post-IET (P = 0.037). No other differences were observed. Our results suggest that YH have higher surface temperatures than OH but this was not associated with MS.
15 Potential Benefits of Rice Bran Oil for Lightly Worked Young Horses
Authors: Mowry Kayla , Thomson Timber , Morales Cruz , Smith Rachelle , Fikes Kalley , Suagee-Bedore Jessica
Published: March 2022

Rice bran (RICE) and flax (FLAX) oils contain omega-3 fatty acids with the potential to reduce post-exercise muscle damage. This study compared plasma essential fatty acid profiles, creatine kinase (CK) activity, and lactic acid (LA) concentrations in lightly worked young horses undergoing a 16 min incremental exercise test (IET; 16.1, 19.3, 22.5, and 25.7 kph) after 60 d of supplementation. Treatments consisted of none (CON; n = 4), FLAX (n = 4), or RICE (n = 4) oil. Horses received their energy requirement as 40% from concentrate and 60% from hay, with oil replacing 25% of concentrate calories. Blood was obtained before, 1, and 30 min post-IET. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. On d60, alpha-linolenic acid was greater in FLAX (2.3±0.2 g/100g) than RICE (1.5±0.2 g/100g; P = 0.01), and docosahexaenoic acid was higher in CON (1.4±0.3 g/100g) and RICE (0.9±0.3 g/100g) than FLAX (0±0.3 g/100g; P < 0.01). In CON horses, CK activity was increased on both IET days at 30min post (1.9±0.4 U/L; P < 0.01). In FLAX and RICE horses, CK activity increased 30 min post IET on d0 only (FLAX=2.2±0.1 U/L; P=0.02; RICE=1.9±0.06 U/L; P = 0.01), with no increase on d60 (P > 0.06). For CON, LA concentrations were not different at 1 min post-IET between d0 and 60 (P >0.7) but were different at 30min post (d0=1.0±0.1 mmol/L; d60=0.4±0.1 mmol/L; P = 0.04), In FLAX, LA was greater at 1min post-IET on d60 (2.8±0.1 mmol/L) than d0 (1.5±0.1 mmol/L; P = 0.057), with no differences between days at 30min post-IET (P >0.07). In RICE horses, LA was not different at 1min post IET across days (P >0.1), however was lower at 30min post-IET on d60 (d0=1.7±0.1 mmol/L; d60=0.2±0.1 mmol/L; P < 0.01). Sixty days of rice oil supplementation may benefit lightly worked horses by reducing post-exercise lactic acid concentrations, CK activity, and increasing docosahexaenoic acid.
17 Determination of Various Dietary Levels of Inorganic Zinc onin Vitro Dry Matter Disappearance of Diets Fed to Cervids as Compared to Other Established Protocols
Authors: Thibodeaux Reese J , Urso Phil , Kelley Stanley F , Beverly Marcy M , Stewart Chris
Published: March 2022

The captive white-tailed deer breeding industry has an estimated economic impact of $1.6 billion, annually. However, nutritional requirements for cervids are determined through previous research based on sheep and goats. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for harvesting rumen fluid from cervids for in vitro fermentation to analyze differences in dry matter disappearance with varying levels of supplemental zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). Rumen fluid was collected in conjunction with private hunts with partnership from a high fence producer. A European red hind (Cervus elaphus) and axis doe (Axis axis) were collected at separate times, each having a fermentation period utilizing the operating protocol for the Daisy incubator and A200 Fiber analyzer (Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY). The gastrointestinal tract was removed and tied at the terminal end of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum to prevent leakage. The tract was placed in a cooler with water at 39oC and transported to the laboratory in Huntsville, Texas. Each jar (3) served as an experimental unit, with Zn doses of 0.36, 3.6, and 36 g/d equivalents as treatments. Filter bags were filled with feed provided by the producer for the incubator prior to collection. Followed by Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) analysis with the fiber analyzer. The red deer NDF and ADF values ranged from 27.8% to 20.6% and 15.7% to 13.7% based on treatment, respectively. The axis NDF and ADF values ranged from 18.8% to 20.0% and 11.0% to 12.5% based on treatment, respectively. Previous in vitro digestibility studies conducted on sheep and cattle have produced similar NDF and ADF values with similar feed products. This preliminary study illustrated that the protocol is viable and will produce appropriate IVDMD results from NDF and ADF after in vitro rumination.
35 Herbage Accumulation and Nutritive Value of Legume-grass Baleage: A Comparison of Alfalfa-bermudagrass and Red Clover-bermudagrass in the Southeast
Authors: Osorio Doblado Andrea M , Burt Justin J , Whatley Kendall S , Ciriaco Francine M , Henry Darren D , Baxter Lisa , Tucker Jennifer J
Published: March 2022

When interseeded into bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has shown to increase herbage accumulation and improve forage nutritive value in Southern forage systems. However, data is limited on biennial red clover (Trifolium pratense) when interseeded into bermudagrass in the same manner. Therefore, a 2-yr evaluation was implemented in Tifton, GA to evaluate the herbage accumulation and nutritive value of annually seeded ‘Barduro’ red clover interseeded into ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass (CLO) to an existing stand of ‘Bulldog 805’ alfalfa interseed into ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass (ALF) (est. in 2016) when harvested as baleage. Treatments were randomly assigned in a randomized complete block design (2 treatments, 5 reps) to 0.2-ha plots and CLO treatments were established in winter of each year prior to evaluation. Plots were harvested once legume component reached early bloom stage (10%) every 28-35 d, baled at 40 to 60% moisture, cored for analysis, and individually wrapped. Harvested plots were evaluated for herbage accumulation, botanical composition, and nutritional value. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS as repeated measurements with the fixed effect of treatment, time, and their interactions, and random effect of block. Plot was considered the experimental unit. For both years ALF (Y1=1,753 and Y2=2,158 kg of DM ha-1, respectively) had a greater (P ≤ 0.048) herbage accumulation when compared to CLO (Y1=1,165 and Y2=1,946 kg of DM ha-1, respectively). Nutritive value was similar (P ≥ 0.122) for both treatments. Where ALF and CLO average 17.4, 50.7, 32.4, 63.2% (CP, NDF, ADF, TDN, respectively) with a SEM ≤ 0.943%. Both mixtures had similar nutritive value; therefore, adding legumes into bermudagrass can improve forage nutritive value. However, alfalfa-bermudagrass mixture had a greater yield in both years. Annually seeded red-clover bermudagrass mixtures provide an opportunity to produce baleage with similar nutritional value to alfalfa-bermudagrass but lower yielding.
107 Comparison of Vegetative Indices Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and Satellite Imagery in Heifers Grazing Annual Ryegrass
Authors: Montgomery Sarah M , Karisch Brandi B , Czarnecki Joby
Published: March 2022

Grazing management is heading towards a more digitized world where producers can use technology such as satellite imagery, drone imagery and global positioning system (GPS) data sets for matching real-time forage availability to livestock nutritional needs. The objective of this study was to compare vegetative indices between unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and satellite imagery to observe changes in forage mass in relation to environment and grazing pressure. This project took place at the H. H. Leveck Animal Research Center located in Starkville, MS where nine, two-hectare pastures planted in Marshall annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were utilized. Each pasture was monitored with a satellite and UAV over a 76-day grazing period with images taken every 14-days. Images from the UAV were captured at 121.9 m above ground level using a DJI inspire 2 rotor wing fitted with a MicaSense RedEdge camera (MicaSense®; Seattle,WA). Satellite images were captured using a constellation of satellites from Planet (Plant Labs Inc.; San Francisco, CA). Images were processed using Pix4D (Pix4D SA; Prilly, Switzerland) and analyzed in ArcGIS (ArcGIS; Esri; Redlands, CA). Normalized vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated for both imagery platforms. In addition, forage samples were collected for future analysis every 14-days to calculate biomass and observe forage nutritive value. Each UAV image was resampled using cubic convolution to match spatial resolution of the satellite image. Raster calculator in ArcGIS was utilized to calculate NDVI values between images. Reported NDVI value data were analyzed in the NPAR1WAY procedure of SAS® software, Version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, 2013). using a significance level of α = 0.05. Greenness of vegetation was significantly greater (P< 0.0001) for the UAV compared to the satellite imagery with NDVI being 0.80 compared to 0.78 respectively. In conclusion, vegetation observed by UAV imagery reports greater density of green vegetation.
81 Reproductive Dysfunction in Cattle Following Vaccination Not a Result of Viral Infection of the Reproductive Tract
Authors: Epperson Kaitlin M , Rich Jerica J J , Northrop-Albrecht Emmalee J , Beck Erin , Perkins Stephanie , Daly Russell F , Perry George A
Published: March 2022

Impairment of bovine reproductive function and decreased pregnancy rates have been reported in modified-live vaccinated females. The objective of this study was to determine if virus could be found in various areas of the bovine reproductive tract following vaccination. Previously vaccinated beef females (n = 50) were administered a single dose of one of three treatments on d0 of the estrous cycle; BoviShield (n = 20), Titanium 5 (n = 20), or ViraShield (n = 10) based on estrus expression. Blood samples were collected on d0, 15, and 30 to evaluate Infectious Bovine-Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) titers and progesterone concentrations. On d15/16, half the animals from each treatment were non-surgically flushed with sterile saline (Uterine Fluid), and uterine biopsies (Uterine Tissue) were collected. On d17, follicular fluid and granulosa cells were collected by follicle aspirations. Remaining animals had uteri flushed and uterine tissue collected on d29, and follicles aspirated on d31. All samples were evaluated for presence of virus. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Sub-luteal progesterone concentrations were observed in 15% of the BoviShield and Titanium treatments on d15 and d30, versus 0% in the ViraShield treatment. Virus isolation and RT-PCR results were negative in all samples for all animals. Titers for BVDV-1 did not differ between treatments (P = 0.99) or treatment by time (P = 0.48). Titers for IBR tended to differ by treatment (P = 0.09) and treatment by time (P = 0.06), while BVDV-2 titers were affected by treatment (P < 0.01) and treatment x time (P < 0.01). Sub-luteal progesterone animals had a rapid rise in IBR and BVDV-2 titers from d0 to d15 and then tended (P < 0.07) to decrease to d30, compared to animals that had normal cycles where titers increased from d0 to d15 and remained elevated on d30. Collectively, these results indicate an alternative mechanism of impacting reproductive efficiency, possibly through an immune response.
Awardee Talk: Supplementing Omega-6 Fatty Acids to Beef Cows--An Alternative to Improve Overall Beef Production Efficiency.
Authors: Brandão Alice
Published: March 2022

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate: (1) effects of calcium salts of soybean oil (CSSO) supplementation to Bos taurus beef cows post-AI on conception rates and (2) on pregnancy establishment factors; (3) effects of CSSO supplementation to late gestating beef cows on the performance of the offspring; (4) the viability of utilizing low-moisture molasses-based blocks (LMB) as a delivery method for CSSO. In Exp. 1, 1,771 cows were divided into groups, and inseminated on d 0. After AI, groups received CSSO (n = 11), or prilled saturated fat (CON; n = 11) from d 0 to 21. Cows receiving CSSO had greater (P = 0.01) pregnancy rates. In Exp. 2, 90 cows housed in 18 pens were assigned to the same treatments and timed AI program from Exp. 1. On d 15, selected cows were assigned to conceptus collection. On d 20 blood was sampled for RNA extraction. CSSO supplementation increased (P = 0.05) mRNA expression of IFNT by the conceptus, and blood mRNA expression of ISGs. In Exp. 3, cows were assigned to receive: CSSO (n = 52) or CON (n = 52) during late gestation. CSSO cattle had greater (P ≤ 0.02) colostrum and plasma IgG; greater (P ≤ 0.05) expression of adipogenic and myogenic genes; required fewer microbial treatments for BRD (P = 0.05) and had greater longissimus muscle area compared to CON cohorts. In Exp. 4, 36 cows (n = 9 pens) were assigned to receive: 1) NOSUPP; 2) LMB, 24.7% CSSO; 3) CONC, hand-fed, 24.7% CSSO. Plasma FA were modified (P < 0.01) in CONC and LMB vs. NOSUPP cows. Collectively, these results present CSSO supplementation as a strategy to improve reproductive success in Bos taurus beef cows and productive performance of offspring born from supplemented dams. These results are associated to effects of linoleic acid and its ω-6 derivates. Additionally, the use of LMB seems to be a valid delivery method for CSSO supplementation, and consequently ω-6 FA, to beef cows.
131 Pilot: Does Drinking Water Availability Affect Stocker Cattle Grazing Wheat Pasture?
Authors: Garcia Taylor J , Menghini Mariano , Jeffus Jancy , Reuter Ryan R
Published: March 2022

The objective was to determine if restricting drinking water affects animal performance and hematological responses in cattle grazing high-moisture-content, fresh wheat pasture. Angus-cross steers (n = 10, 411 kg ± 24.5 kg) were randomly assigned to either 100% or 50% of baseline (d -7 to 0) water intake. The design of this experiment was a completely randomized design with 5 replications, with steer as experimental unit. Steers were individually hand-watered 1X per d for the entire experiment (d -7 to 28). Body weight, packed-cell volume (PCV), plasma total solids (PTS), fecal DM (F_DM), eyeball recession score (ERS) and skin turgor score (STS) were recorded from each steer weekly. Forage mass and forage DM were calculated weekly by hand-clipping ten, randomly-located samples using a 0.96-m forage hoop. Data were analyzed using ANOVA methods in SAS v9.4, and pairwise comparisons of means were completed using Fisher’s LSD methods at the nominal 0.05 level of significance. Restricted steers gained less than unrestricted steers (P < 0.01, 1.04 vs. 1.35 kg / d, respectively). Fecal DM percentage did not differ (P = 0.26). There was no difference in PCV (P = 0.15) or PTS (P = 0.27); however PCV and PTS linearly decreased (P < 0.001) from d -7 to 28 for both treatment groups. Eyeball recession score and STS did not differ between treatment groups (P = 0.34). The mean forage mass and forage DM (d -7 to 28) were 2,229 kg per hectare and 24%, respectively. In conclusion, restricting water intake to cattle grazing wheat pasture resulted in lower ADG; however differences in hematological measures of dehydration were not observed in this study.