bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I.—Cretaceous Gasteropoda
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

In September, 1875, Decade II. Vol. II. p. 394, of this Magazine, I was enabled, after having previously described them in detail, to group all the known British Cretaccous Aporrhaidæ together into four genera; and in March, 1876, I added a fifth genus.
IV.—On Linnarsson's Recent Discoveries in Swedish Geology
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

On the Graptolites of Gothland (Om Gotlands Graptolither). By G. Linnarsson. Ofv. af. Kongl. Vetens. Akad. Förh.; 1879, No. 5, pp. 12.

The island of Gothland, so rich in all other Silurian fossils, is remarkably poor in Graptolites. Angelin and Lindström simply noted the fact of their presence, but did not attempt their identification. At Dr. Lindström's suggestion, Mr. G. Linnarsson here describes and figures the two species that have been procured from these strata, from examples now in the Riks-Musei of Stockholm.
II.—Note Upon the Cooling of the Earth
Authors: Milne J.
Published: May 2009

Nearly every text-book on geology speaks of the heat which has been lost by the earth, and the consequent contractions which have taken place upon its surface. The way in which all this has come about, however, is either not explained at all or else very imperfectly, and the difficulty experienced by any one endeavouring to find out what the conditions have been will be fully recognized by reference to the lengthy correspondence which was carried on in the columns of Nature (December, 1878, and January, 1879) between Mr. A. R. Wallace, Mr. O. Fisher, and others, upon this subject.
IV.—A Contribution to the Study of the British Carboniferous Tubicolar Annelida
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

The study of the Palæozoic Tubicolar Annelides has not received that amount of attention which the importance of the Order, either from a geological or zoological point of view, appears to demand. True it is that many interesting and instructive papers and memoirs have from time to time appeared, containing descriptions of species, and occasionally of genera; but, so far as I know, at any rate in this country, no connected account of either Silurian, Devonian, or Carboniferous Tubicolar Annelida has appeared.
IV.—On the Pre-Cambrian Rocks of West and Central Ross-shire
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

Loch Maree runs roughly parallel with the strike of the beds of the Pre-Cambrian rocks, consequently there is no great thickness of these rocks exposed along its shores, and we do not find the same variability in their character, as in the area previously described. Along the S.W. shores the gneisses described in Notes 4 and 5 are most frequently met with, especially towards the western end; but about the Loch Maree Hotel, and eastward of this point, the gneisses described in Notes 7 and 8 are the prevailing types.
V.—A Contribution to the Study of the British Carboniferous Tubicolar Annelida
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

In 1845 Dr. Dawson recorded the discovery, by himself, of Spirorbis on fossil plants from the Carboniferous sandstones of Tatmagouche, Nova Scotia.
I.—Notes on the Anomalocystidæ, a Remarkable Family of Cystoidea, found in the Silurian Rocks of North America and Britain
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Twenty-two years ago, Mr. E. Billings, F.G.S., the late excellent palæontologist to the Geological Survey of Canada, completed and published Decade iii. of his “Figures and Descriptions of Canadian Organic Remains” (Montreal, 1858), containing an admirable monograph on “the Cystideæ of the Lower Silurian Rocks of Canada,” wherein (at pp. 72–74) he gives a clear and concise account of a very extraordinary fossil Cystidean, with a very poor woodcut figure of one side, the plates of which he clearly describes. To this fossil he gave the name of Ateleocystites Huxleyi. The specimen was obtained from the Trenton Limestone, near Ottawa, Canada. (See our Plate VI. Fig. 1.)
II.—On Some Recent Classifications of Welsh Pre-Cambrian Rocks
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Two papers, presented by Prof. Hughes to the Geological Society during the last twelve months, call for some comment from myself, as in many respects they controvert, directly or indirectly, opinions which I have expressed before the same Society. In the debates which followed I objected to the imperfect evidence on which these criticisms were founded; and as the author repudiated with some warmth my right to demand that conclusions founded not only on field work, but also on microscopic study, should not be assailed from the former point of view alone, I will venture to state the reasons why I so did, and intend so to do on any future occasion that may arise.
VII.—A Contribution to the Study of the British Carboniferous Tubicolar Annelida
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

Obs.—As distinguished from Serpulites, the term Serpula is here made to include those tubes which were attached, or in all probability attached by some portion of their surface to other objects, and in which there is an absence of the thickened margins, and the posterior bifurcating shelly tubes of the former. The name can only be used in an approximate sense, for it is quite within the bounds of possibility that any of the species here referred to Serpula may be shown to have other affinities. Already two out of the limited number of British Carboniferous species have been so indicated. The fine rigid siliceous rods formerly called Serpula parallela, M'Coy, are now known to be the anchoring fibres of a sponge allied to Hijalonema, whilst it is more than probable that Serpula hexicarinata, M'Coy, is the corallum of a species of Heterophyllia.
IV.—The Mammoth in Siberia
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

The overlapping of the sciences is made the subject of much rhetorical writing now-a-days, and its appreciation is one of the most prominent signs of the modern development of the doctrine of Continuity which has been so fruitful in the Philosophy of Discovery. The boundary-line which once separated the geologist and ethnologist has in consequence of this development entirely disappeared, and every one now admits as a postulate that between the two sciences there is a stretch of neutral ground belonging to neither exclusively, and where the students of each must of necessity reap if their harvest is to be complete. Not only so, but it is beginning to be seen that the methods and the directions of the arguments in each science being more or less different—the one partaking much more of the historical, and the other of the experimental method—that it is well that where they overlap the results of each should be closely compared, and thus not only secure a double modicum of certitude, but also suggest fresh veins of untried material where we may put in our mattock with renewed hope of solving some apparently hopeless problems.
I.—On some New Pycnodonts
Authors: Grey-Egerton Philip
Published: May 2009

Mr. alfred craven, who for some months past has been occupied in making a collection of the organic remains found in the Gault at Folkestone, has submitted to me for examination and description (if requisite) a specimen of a Pycnodont jaw which, both for the perfect condition in which it is preserved and for the peculiarity of its characters, is worthy both of description and representation. The specimen is the right mandible with most of the tritoral teeth preserved in their natural position. It betokens a fish of the largest size of the family to which it belongs, rivalling in this respect even the Pycnodus gigas of the Jura beds. The symphyseal border (PI. III. Fig. 1 s) measures two inches and eight-tenths of an inch in length, and half an inch in thickness. As the anterior extremity is wanting, the natural size was probably half an inch longer. The outer margin of the jaw measures four inches, and the basal line—connecting the outer and symphyseal elements of the triangle—three inches and two-tenths. The dental armature is composed of four ranks on the anterior and three on the posterior area of the mandible. The inner row (Pl III. Fig. 1 a) consists of teeth very considerably larger than those of the succeeding rows. Six of these are retained; but as the anterior extremity of the bone is broken, there were probably one or two more. The individual teeth measure nine-tenths of an inch by four-tenths. They are elliptic in outline, but slightly crescentic on the anterior margin.
I.—Evidence Afforded by the Planet Mars on the Subject of Glacial Periods
Authors: Carpenter Edward
Published: May 2009

Having read with much interest Mr. Murphy's papers in the journal of the Geological Society for 1869 (p. 350) and for 1876 (p. 400), in which he maintains that at the time of maximum excentricity of the Earth's orbit that hemisphere would be glaciated which had its winter in aphelion, as against Mr. Croll, whose theory is that the glaciated hemisphere would be that which had its summer in aphelion: it has occurred to me that I have never seen, in this discussion, any reference to the case of the planet Mars.
I.—What is a Brachiopod?
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

We are all aware that it is very often much easier to put a question than to obtain an entirely satisfactory answer, and I am consequently sorry to have to begin my few observations on a very extensive class or group of organisms, by stating that zoologists and comparative anatomists have not yet entirely agreed as to the exact position it should occupy among invertebrate animals.
II.—On the Rocks of Newfoundland
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

When we speak of Newfoundland, we speak of England's oldest and yet almost unknown Colony. When we look at its rocks, we shall find that they also are old, and from the metamorphisms and contortions they have suffered are almost unrecognizable. The first geologist who journeyed round the rugged shores which gird the island, and across the marshes and thickets which cover its interior, was the indefatigable Jukes.
III.—What is a Brachiopod?
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

For some years past, the serious attention of several eminent malacologists has been directed to the endeavour to determine the affinities of the Brachiopoda, or the exact position the group should occupy in the animal kingdom. The Invertebrata have been grouped into five sub-kingdoms, namely, the Frotozoa, Cœlenterata, Annuloida, Annulosa, and Mollusca, and for many years the Brachiopoda have been considered to constitute a separate class in the subkingdom Mollusca, a view still maintained by some distinguished naturalists.
IV.—Geology of the Isle of Man
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In a recent visit to the Isle of Man, I spent three long days in examining the deposits of the very interesting district in the south of the island, and I wish to draw the attention of your readers to some facts which are, I think, important. Not being an experienced geologist, I hope I shall do so with becoming modesty, and I should feel very gratified if some more practised geologist would verify my statements, which are, however, not rashly made, as I have sifted the question with care and patience.
V.—The Migration of Species as related to the Correlation of Geological Formations
Authors: Callaway Charles
Published: May 2009

The topic of this paper is suggested by a somewhat extended practical study of the fossils of North America. A comparison of these forms with our European faunas will, I think, throw some light upon migration, and upon the correlation of strata.
VI.—Notes on the Devonian Rocks near Newton Abbot and Torquay; with Remarks on the subject of their Classification
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

When we consider the growth of geological knowledge in our own country, we soon learn how very detailed must be the character of all new work compared with that performed by the great pioneers in the science. Much that has now to be done may be called the microscopic work, labour that is often uninteresting and dry, except to the individual himself, but which nevertheless is most useful and necessary.
III.—On Certain Rock-Structures, as Illustrated by Pitchstones and Felsites in Arran
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

In a paper read on February 23rd, 1876, before the Geological Society of London, I endeavoured to prove that the peculiar laminated or fissile structure, common in certain igneous rocks, was due to contraction, like the associated ordinary joint-structures. In the discussion which followed, an objection was made to my having quoted certain phonolites from Auvergne, in support of my theory, because it was well known that the fissile structure in the typical phonolites of Hungary was due to change in mineral composition, and so the result of a banded structure in the rock. That this was not the case with those Auvergne phonolites, I had already convinced myself by examination, both in the field and with the microscope, and I had nowhere asserted that the only way in which rocks could become fissile was by the particular cause which I had advanced; for, although I only knew the Hungary rocks from hand-specimens, I was aware of a somewhat similar structure in certain British rocks. I thought I remembered also one or two cases in these where the fissile and the banded structure were co-existent and independent, but as the criticism came from a quarter not to be neglected, I determined to re-examine these cases. This I have done on occasion of short visits to Arran in the past and present year, during which I have obtained materials which will, I think, further illustrate this, and throw some light on other rock structures. The points, then, upon which I shall touch in the present paper are the relation (I.) of fissile and banded structures; (II.) of banded, spherulitic, and perlitic structures.
I.—Physiography
Authors: Morgan C. Lloyd
Published: May 2009

The artist who is illustrating a great theme upon a large spread of canvas finds it necessary from time to time to lay down the brush, with which he is accurately filling in the more delicate minutiæ, that he may retreat to a distance and view his picture as a whole. It is essential to the higher development of his art that he should not omit this comprehensive survey. The same thing holds good in Literature and Science, as well as in Art. The historian must, from time to time, take a fresh survey of History as a whole. If he neglect to do so, the group of figures to which he devotes his special attention will certainly not take up its true position among the other groups that appear on the canvas of History. The man of science, also, should not forget that he is, according to his individual bent or capacity, aiding in the construction of a great Philosophy; and he should now and again turn aside from the microscope, or lay down the hammer, to take a more comprehensive survey of that Philosophy, whose aim it is to comprehend and consolidate the widest generalizations of Science.
IV.—The late Professor Phillips on the North Devon Rocks; with an Introductory Note
Authors: Hall Townshend M.
Published: May 2009

The Meeting of the British Association at Plymouth has not unnaturally been the means of directing attention to some of the most complex points of Devonshire geology, and of reviving the discussion as to the age and position of the Devonian series in North and South Devon. Mr. Jukes, it will be remembered, died in 1869. Had he lived longer, his energy of purpose would doubtless have led him to carry on the work he had begun, until he could either prove the correctness of his views, or satisfy himself that the generally accepted classification was, after all, the right one. The followers of Jukes seem to confine themselves to those portions only of the district which he had more specially studied—North Somerset, Lynton and Pickwell Down; searching in almost hopeless despair amongst the lower rocks, instead of beginning at the other end of the scale, with the Millstone-grit, and tracing the beds downwards. As a result, the fossiliferous beds of the Upper Devonian have been almost entirely neglected, and their relation to the Carboniferous slates passed over.
Erratum
Authors: Davies Wm.
Published: May 2009

Sir,—Not having had the opportunity of examining the drawings of Plate VIII., in the June Number, before the stone was etched, allow me to call attention to some points in which they are defective. In Fig. 1 the oblique foraminal notches are not defined, these are an important character, and are clearly shown upon the fossil; again, Fig. 2 does not give the entire outline of the mandibular ramus, which is well represented upon one of the blocks, inasmuch as the artist has omitted in his drawing the imperfect angular and articular bones preserved upon it, and it is consequently half an inch too short. The enamel of the teeth is finely plicated on the cutting edges, but the teeth are not crenulated, as the drawing of the plications on the enlarged Figure 2b might suggest. Finally, in “Explanation of Plate,” Fig. 2b, for inner read antero-posterior.
V.—The Extent of Geological Time
Authors: Close Maxwell H.
Published: May 2009

The question of the geological age of the earth has been of late very prominently before the minds both of geologists and physicists. There is no occasion to take up time by giving a sketch of the late history of the discussion. I beg leave simply to point out some considerations which seem to lessen considerably the weight of the physical objections to the great extent of geological time. Let us observe before proceeding further that we do not wish to avoid wholesome restriction of geological time. It seems to me that it adds greatly to the interest of geological investigation to know that we have not a wilderness of possibility before us as to the length of time and the consequent deliberateness of geological operations.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Morris John
Published: May 2009

There are left to us at the present day but a few of those naturally-gifted masters in science whose career may be fitly likened to that of the illustrious Faraday; to this type of man belongs Professor John Morris among geologists. Though occupying a modest position in society, and possessing but few of the advantages which the world offers, Professor Morris has achieved for the science of his choice a vast amount of popularity and recognition; and during a long career he has by his eloquence, his unassuming manner, and straightforward, earnest, and warm-hearted friendship, exercised a powerful influence over all with whom he has been brought in contact.
IV.—Canadian Archæan or Pre-Cambrian Rocks and the Irish Metamorphic Rocks
Authors: Kinahan G. Henry
Published: May 2009

As introductory to the subject of this paper, some observations made in Ireland on foliation, or the structure induced by metamorphism, with other phenomena connected therewith, will be submitted.
VII.—On the Occurrence, as a Common Rock-forming Mineral, of a Remarkable Member of the Enstatite Group (Amblystegite, vom Rath)
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: May 2009

During recent years, much attention has been directed to the importance of the Rhombic Pyroxenes (Enstatites) as rock-forming minerals. In 1879 Prof. Fouqué showed that hypersthene is a common mineral in the Santorin lavas, and in 1883 Mr. Whitman Cross demonstrated that there exists a large and important class of andesites, distinguished by the presence in them of the same mineral hypersthene. Mr. Teall, in the pages of this Magazine, has pointed out that similar lavas exist in this country, which are undoubtedly of pre-Tertiary age; and, now that the attention of geologists has been very generally drawn to the subject, the same rocks have been recognized by many observers in all parts of the globe.
I.—Notes on Some Mesozoic Plant-Remains from South Australia
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Those who have attempted a geological exploration of a new country can best appreciate the difficulties which must be overcome by the geologist, and the value of every scrapof fossil evidence met with, however fragmentary, which may serve as an indication of the probable horizon of the strata around him
II.—The Classification of Stratified Rocks
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

Many attempts to revive and improve the classification of our rock-groups have been made from time to time, and the International Geological Congress will doubtless make a further effort in the same direction.
VII.—Woodwardian Museum Notes
Authors: Lake Philip
Published: May 2009

In the gravel at Barrington, about seven miles S.S.W. of Cambridge, numerous remains of Hippopotamus have been found, associated with Rhinoceros, Bison, Cervus, etc. A description of this gravel and its included fossils has been given by Mr. Fisher. But since Mr. Fisher's paper was written, the number of bones and teeth found has been very largely increased. Most of these remains have been deposited in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge
III.—Observations on some imperfectly known Madreporaria from the Cretaceous Formation of England
Authors: Tomes Robert F.
Published: May 2009

The arrangement of a considerable collection of Cretaceous corals in my own cabinet has been the means of identifying some species not hitherto recorded as English, though well known elsewhere, and at the same time of subjecting some others to a more searching examination than they had before undergone. The result has been the addition of the following genera to the English list, viz. Ceratotrochus, Pleurosmilia, Barysmilia, Rhizangia, and Leptophyllia.
VI.—On the Occurrence of a Trilobite in the Skiddaw Slates of the Isle of Man
Authors: Bolton Herbert
Published: May 2009

The series of slates, schists, and grits, of the Isle of Man, which are regarded as identical with the Skiddaw Slates of the Lake District, have hitherto yielded no traces of fossils, if we except the rare worm-like markings known as Palasochorda. The writer during the month of August last, took the opportunity of a visit to the island (in connection with the geological mapping by Professor Dawkins) to search very closely the least altered slates of the series along their northern outcrop.
VII.—The Glacial Succession
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

All students of British Glacial geology must feel that to Prof. James Geikie we owe much of our present knowledge concerning the Pleistocene succession in Europe; for he has not only been a zealous worker in the field, but has placed before us in a clear manner the valuable investigations of Continental geologists, with a view to showing how the succession that has been made out on the main land may be made to agree with that of our islands.
VIII.—Glacial Geology: Old and New
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

The new school of glacial geology has found a champion in Mr. Percy Kendall, who,inten pages of this MAGAZINE (November, 1892, pp. 491–500), attempts a reply to some of my criticisms. Since then Dr. G. F. Wright's work, entitled “Man and the Glacial Period,” has made its appearance, and in this Mr. Kendall is allowed 44 pages to explain his views of the glacial phenomena of the British Isles.
I.—A New Cretaceous Plant from Nigeria
Authors: Stopes M. C.
Published: May 2009

The available information regarding the fossil plants of Southern Nigeria is of the meagrest description. Consequently great interest lies in the collections of fossil plants brought back from Nigeria last year by Mr. A. E. Kitson, F.G.S., and it seems worth while to publish a brief account of what appears to be a new species of Monocotyledon from among them.
I.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

A Small group of English Membranipora is strongly characterized by the possession of interstitial avicularia having one end raised into a smooth hood. No described species seems to possess such avicularia, except perhaps the form figured by d'Orbigny as Membranipora concatenata.
II.—On the supposed case of Tin in statu nascenti in the Malay Peninsula
Authors: Jones W. R.
Published: May 2009

M. Stanislas Meunier, in a paper entitled “Examen Chimique d'eaux minérales provenant de Malaise. Mineral d'etain de formation actuelle”, describes analyses of two waters brought by M. J. Errington De la Croix from Ayer Panas and Cheras, Malay Peninsula, and also of a mineral specimen found in one of the springs.
I.—Subaerial Denudation versus Glacial Erosion
Authors: Gunn W.
Published: May 2009

My friend and colleague, Mr. Goodchild, has contributed to the Geol. Mag. for July, August and October last, articles on Glacial Erosion in the Yorkshire Dale District, in order to evoke criticism; and as no one who knows the ground has come forward to reply in detail to his arguments, I am induced to offer some notes of my own on the subject.
I.—A Comparison between the Oldest Fossiliferous Rocks of Northern Europe
Authors: Linnarsson G.
Published: May 2009

In a paper on “The Physical Conditions under which the Cambrian and Lower Silurian Rocks were probably deposited over the European Area,” Mr. Hicks has recently put forth some opinions on the lowest fossiliferous rocks of Scandinavia and Russia, and their relations, as to age and stratigraphical characters, to those of Britain, which I think ought to be somewhat modified. The chief assertions in Mr. Hicks's paper are, that at the Pre-Cambrian period a large continent existed in Europe; that a subsidence began in the south-western part, and gradually extended to the north-eastern, which was not submerged until the Tremadoc group had been deposited over the western areas; and, finally, that the marine faunas migrated from the south-west. In order to prove these generalizations, Mr. Hicks makes a comparison between the most important Cambrian districts of Europe. He thinks that the British Cambrian rocks are the oldest, that the lowest Swedish beds are probably equivalent to the British Menevian group, and that the Russian are not older than the Arenig. Though the scantiness of the organic remains in some instances makes it very difficult, or, indeed, impossible to parallelize with certainty the oldest deposits of the various countries, it seems, however, from the palæontological facts already known, quite unquestionable that the lowest rocks of Scandinavia and Russia are older than Mr. Hicks has supposed them to be in comparison to those of Britain.
II.—Notice of Harpactes velox, a Predaceous Ganoid Fish of a new Genus, from the Lias of Lyme Regis
Authors: Grey-Egerton Philip
Published: May 2009

Some years back the Earl of Enniskillen obtained a specimen of a fossil fish, found in the rich ichthyological treasury of the Lower Lias at Lyme Regis, which proclaimed itself at first sight to be an entirely new form, differing generically from all the previously-known fishes of the Mesozoic period.
I.—Contributions to the Study of Volcanos.—Second Series
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: May 2009

Of the amount of vertical movement which took place in the great mountain axis of the Eastern continent, subsequently to the deposition of the Eocene strata, the following facts afford sufficient proof. The marine Nummulitic rocks, besides constituting very large portions of the flanks of this vast mountain axis, and of its connected chains, such as the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, and the Caucasus, form the actual summits of such grand Alpine peaks as the Diablerets, and the Dent du Midi, rising to the heights of 10,670 and 10,531 respectively above the sea-level; while in Western Thibet the same Eocene strata are seen raised to an elevation of no less than 16,500 feet above the sea.
V.—Fossiliferous Pliocene Clays overlying Basalt, near the Shore of Lough Neagh
Authors: Hardman Edward T.
Published: May 2009

In the Report of the British Association for 1874 will be found the abstract of a paper on the Age and Mode of Formation of Lough Neagh, with a description of the Pliocene clays which form an ancient and extensive delta at its southern extremity. At the time I penned the paper in question, although I was perfectly satisfied from cumulative circumstantial evidence that the clays were of much more recent date than the Miocene Basalt which surrounds the lake on three sides, I had no actual proof to bring forward—the junction of the basalt and the clay beds being nowhere visible, so far as I had had an opportunity of examining the district, this comprising all the shores of the Lough, with the exception of a small corner near Crumlin; and it was therefore necessary to state, even at the risk of tediousness, the reasons why the clays must be considered to be the uppermost, and to be of Pliocene age.
III.—On certain anomalous Organisms which are concerned in the Formation of some of the Palæozoic Limestones
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

That many of the Palaeozoic limestones are more or less exten sively composed of the skeletons of various Invertebrate animals, sometimes in a perfect condition, sometimes more or less largely fragmentary, has long been known.incertain instances a microscopic investigation of these ancient calcareous sediments may fail to demonstrate the presence of organic remains, or may reveal but few of these. Thus there occur beds of lithographic limestone in the Palceozoic series which would seem to be simply of the nature of very finely levigated calcareous mud, the component grains of which were, however, doubtless derived, in the first instance, from the calcareous skeletons of animals.
I.—Sand-blast of the Shore and its Erosive Effect on Wood
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

The effect of the natural sand-blast of the desert in eroding soft and hard rock has long been known, and attracted much attention, but I cannot call to mind any account of the effect of blowing sand impinging upon wood.
V.—The Connection of the Glacial Period with Oscillation of the Land, especially in Scandinavia
Authors: Holst Nils Olof , Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

[In a recently published paper Dr. N. O. Holst, of the Geological Survey of Sweden, has given a detailed description of the Post-Glacial deposits of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia. The paper is accompanied by a map showing the chief points of observation. The determination of the different horizons depends on (1) the stratigraphy; (2) the sub-fossil diatomaceous flora; (3) the sub-fossil higher flora. The stratigraphical evidence is in the form of numerous sections, taken all along the coast. The diatoms are used chiefly, but not solely, to distinguish the marine from the fresh-water deposits; their determinations, nearly 3,000 in number, are due to Professor P. T. Cleve and his daughter, Dr. Astrid Cleve. The remains of the higher plants have been determined by Dr. Gunnar Andersson.
V.—The Petrographical Characters of the Darjíling Gneiss
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: May 2009

Well known as Darjiling is to nearly every stray traveller in India, the solid geology of the district has been left almost (I believe quite) untouched since the publication of Mallet's paper in 1874. There the Darjíling gneiss was described as the metamorphosed representative of the sedimentary Gondwana rocks of the south, and has so remained, albeit under protest, for a disclaiming paragraph appears in the Manual of the Geology of India. In the report of the Committee on the recent landslip at Darjíling it is stated that the rock of the country consists of “a well foliated and banded biotite gneiss with occasional lenses and deformed veins of granitic rock”; moreover, that “the foliation planes are often highly contorted”; and Mallet defines it as true gneiss “passing into mica schist or an intermediate variety.” These descriptions are meagre, and it is hoped that the following notes on specimens collected by the author may not be superfluous.
II.—On the Volcanos of the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Ball V.
Published: May 2009

During the year 1873, it was my good fortune to be one of a party who, in the course of an exploration of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, were enabled to spend a few hours on the detached volcanic islands of the Bay of Bengal, which are known respectively as Barren Island and Narkondam. The time at our disposal did not admit of our making as thorough an examination as we should have wished, but there was sufficient opportunity for testing the accuracy of the statements regarding the islands which had been previously published, and also for making a few original observations.
III.—On the Metamorphic and Intrusive Rocks of Tyrone
Authors: Nolan J.
Published: May 2009

The rocks I propose to describe in this paper belong to that great metamorphic series which occupies so large a portion of the north of Ireland, extending over most of the counties Tyrone, Londonderry, and Donegal. For the present I shall confine, my observations principally to that portion of them situated about the central parts of Tyrone, from the vicinity of Omagh eastwards and north-eastwards towards Slieve Gallion. This district has “Geological Report on Londonderry and parts of Tyrone and Fermanagh”; but as, during the progress of my work for the Geological Survey, I have had opportunities for a very detailed examination of it, I beg, briefly, to offer some further remarks and conclusions.
V.—Post-Tertiary Geology of Cornwall
Authors: Ussher W. A. E.
Published: May 2009

The following observations of the Cornish Cliffs are given in order, proceeding round the coast from Plymouth. The numbers and letters have been prefixed to facilitate subsequent reference.
VI.—Geology of the Isle of Man
Authors: Morton G. H.
Published: May 2009

In the GeologicalMagazine for 1877, Dec. II. Vol. IV., pp. 410, 456. there is an article on the “Geology of the Isle of Man,” by Mr. Henry H. Howorth, to which I desire to call attention. Most geologists are aware that the late Rev. Joseph G. Cumming, M.A., F.G.S., wrote a work entitled “The Isle of Man,” in 1848, and that it contains a geological description of the island. In this work, and in a papaer by the same author, published in the “Journal of the Geological Society” for 1846, vol. ii. p. 317, there is a minute description of the Carboniderous formation developed at the south of the island, near Castleton, illustrated by maps and sections.
IV.—The Glacial Period in Eastern America
Authors: Hitchcock C. H.
Published: May 2009

Recent studies of the glacial phenomena as exhibited in the State of New Hampshire and adjoining regions enable us to maintain the following propositions.
I.—On some Undescribed Coniferous Fruits from the Secondary Rocks of Britain
Authors: Carruthers Wm.
Published: May 2009

In the paper on Coniferous Fruits I described in detail the structure of three cones which had originally been described as, and all. along believed to be, Cycadean. These cones were Zamiostrobus macrocephalus, Endl.; Z. ovatus, Göpp; and Z. Sussexiensis, Göpp. In making, in June last, a careful comparison between the version of M. Brongniart's important essay, “Exposition Chronologique des Périodes de Végétation et des Flores diverses qui se sont succédé a la surface de la Terre,” published in the Dict. univ. d’Hist. Nat. 1849, and the version in the Ann. des Sc. Nat., Ser. III., Vol. xi., p. 285, bearing the same date, but which evidently, from the occasional emendations, had had a careful and later revision by its learned author than the copy with which I had heretofore been working, I found that M. Brongniart had already referred two of the species to the genus Pinites. On a foot-note on pp. 317, 318 of the volume quoted he gives the following reason for this change: “Un échantillon de ce fruit (Zamiostrobus macrocephalus) qui vientde m’être communiqué par M. Wetherell, établit d’une m.anière bien positive que ce n’est pas un fruit de Zamia, mais un cône de Pinus ayant tous les caractères de ce genre, relativement à la forme et à la direction des écailes, et à la position des graines géminés a leur base. Quant au Z. Sussexiensis, son analogie avec le précédent me paraît évidente.” To M. Brongniart then belongs the credit of having first correctly determined the affinities of these two cones, and they must be quoted as Pinites macrocephalus, Brongn., and P. Sussexiensis, Brongn.
III.—On the Subdivisions of the Triassic Rocks, between the Coast of West Somerset and the South Coast of Devon
Authors: Ussher W. A. E.
Published: May 2009

Much has been written on the relations of the Devonshire Trias as observed in the south-coast section. The subject itself is associated with many names of high scientific repute, so that, were the following epitome the result of partial examination, or in any way aided by preconceived notions arrived at from the perusal of the labours of those who have gone before, I should not feel justified in differing in many points from men infinitely my superiors in general geological information.
IV.—The Sediment Theory of Drift
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

The publication in the Number of the Geological Magazine for November, 1874, of Mr. Goodchild's ingenious Drift theory leads me to make a few remarks on the subject.
VI.—Postscript to a Paper on the Post-Pliocene Formations of the Isle of Man
Authors: Birds J. A
Published: May 2009

When I sent the above paper to the Geological Magazine, I was not aware that a Sketch of the Geology of the Isle of Man, by Mr. John Home, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey of Scotland, had been published in the Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society.
I.—On some Undescribed Carboniferous Fossils
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

The following species of Modiola is common to the Carboniferous Limestone series of England and Scotland, and appears to have been hitherto undescribed from them, although it may, perhaps, be identical with an American Sub-carboniferous species.
III.—Notes on Continental geology and Palæontology
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

Having in my last communication presented the most recent views entertained by M. Coquand, I now proceed to mention those held by Monsieur Hébert, a most experienced observer, who has made the “Cretaceous system” a subject of particulat study. M. Hébert considers that M. Coquand has sepatated the period into too many definite divisions (étages), and in two papers published in the Bullettin of the Geological Society of France (Vol. 16 and 20, 2nd series), his views upon that topic have been fully recorded. He had not, however, drawn up any complete scheme of classification, but this he has now kindly done at my request. (See Table of Classification.)
V.—The Discovery of Diamonds at the Cape of Good Hope
Authors: Atherstone W. Guybon
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine of December, 1868, appears an article on this subject by Mr. J. R. Gregory, declaring the whole story of the Cape diamond discovery to be “false,” “an imposture,” “a bubble scheme,” got up to promote the expenditure of capital in in searching for this precious substance in the colony; and stating that, from the geological character of the district which he had lately very carefully and thioroughly examined, it was impossible that diamonds had been or could ever be found there.
IV.—The International Geological Congress, Bologna, 1881
Authors: Topley Wm.
Published: May 2009

The International Geological Congress had its origin at Philadelphia in 1876, when, largely by the influence of Prof. Jas. Hall and Dr. Sterry Hunt, arrangements were made for a meeting of the Congress at Paris. This was held during the months of August and September, 1878, as one of a great series of International Congresses, embracing all branches of Science and the technical applications of the same. The full reports of these meetings are contained in 32 8vo. volumes; that on Geology forming No. 21 of the Series. In the Geological Congress papers were read and discussed on numerous subjects connected with the science.
I.—Gems from Private Collections, No. 1
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The beautiful fossil Star-fish, which forms the subject of this paper, and is represented of the natural size upon the accompanying Plate VIII., is from the cabinet of Mr. Henry Johnson, of Dudley, the Honorary Secretary of the South Staffordshire and East Worcestershire Institute of Mining Engineers. It was obtained some years since in the shale between the Wenlock and Aymestry Limestones (probably Lower Ludlow shale), at Sedgley, near Dudley.
V.—On the Flow of Rivers and the Measure of River Sediments
Authors: Russell R.
Published: May 2009

The importance of experiments and investigations such as those recorded by the Rev. J. D. La Touche, in the Geological Magazine for April, can hardly be over-estimated from a geological point of view, and, if carried on in numerous districts and for a sufficient length of time, would furnish data with which, and a basis from which, future calculations as to the rate of denudation at present going on over the land surface of the globe might be esti- mated. For it cannot be denied that at present there is a laxness in the method of computation as regards the rate and amount of degradation both for past and present epochs which ill accords with the ultimate end and aim of all scientific pursuits, viz., truth. Each one taking a rate which seems most to confirm his own particular tenets, as, for instance, the different rates at which the river Niagara has out its way back from Queenstown Heights to the present situa- tion of the Tails. It has been taken as three feet, one foot, six inches, and one inch per annum, by different computators. Now I do not say that investigations on the river action of the period in which we live will clear up all such anomalies, because these obser- vations will be of more service in estimating the future rate of the wearing down of the materials composing the land than that of the past, as there would always be the difficulty of ascertaining with precision the volume and velocity of the rivers, and the different elevations at which the land was situated at the particular era under consideration; still it would be a fulcrum on which we might rest the lever of analogy, and raise many questions at present resting in obscurity and doubt into light and certainty.
II.—Notes on Continental Geology and Palæontology
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

In the June Number (p 251), we gave Messrs. Pictet and Lory's most recent views on the disputed age of those beds which contain the Terebratula diphya or T. viator of Pictet. In order to complete thier views I now publish a letter recently received from M.Héberts, which he requests me to add to the present notes.
III.—Notes on Various Species of Ctenodus found in the Low Main Coal-shale, Newsham Colliery, Northumberland
Authors: Barkas T. P.
Published: May 2009

For many years the various Coal-shales and other strata associated with the Coal-seams of Northumberland have been known to be rich in the remains of Plants, and the majority of the specimens which are illustrated in Lindley and Hutton's elaborate work on the Flora of the Coal-period were obtained from collieries in Northumberland and the adjoining county, Durham. It is only within the last few years that close attention has been directed to the investigation of the fauna of the Northumberland coal-fields. The first systematic investigator of the fauna of the Carboniferous period in this locality was Mr. Thomas Atthey, late of Cramlington, now of Gosforth; and within the last few years Messrs. Kirby, Sim, Taylor, and Craggs have each secured good collections of the Carboniferous fossils.
II.—On Scottish Silurian Brachiopoda
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

In the volume of the Palæontographical Society for 1883, I conclude the series of supplements to my work on British fossil Brachiopoda. Additional supplements will, no doubt, be called for every now and then. As our rocks continue to be searched, new forms will turn up, and specimens will be procured that will enable palæontologists to complete the history and illustration of a certain number of those I have been compelled to leave insufficiently made out, described and illustrated.
I.—On a New Species of Chelonian (Podocnemis ægyptiaca) from the Lower Miocene of Egypt
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of fossil reptiles in the Lower Miocene of Moghara in Egypt has already been referred to in a paper published in the last volume of this journal (1899, p. 481), where a short account of the deposits in which the remains are found has been given. The specimens which have been received from Captain H. G. Lyons, R.E., Director-General of the Egyptian Geological Survey, include bones and scutes of Crocodile, Trionyx, and of the Chelonian which forms the subject of the present notice. Of the two former the remains are too imperfect for determination, and further material is desirable; but in the case of the last it has been found possible to reconstruct the plastron and most of the carapace, and from these it can be shown that this Chelonian belonged to the Pleuradiran group, and is referable to the genus Podocnemis, forming a new species, to which the name Podocnemis ægyptiaca may be applied. At the present day the genus is found only in South America and Madagascar, but, as in many other cases in which the modern representatives of a group are confined to the Southern Hemisphere, where they may occur in widely separated areas, in the Tertiary period species existed in the Northern Hemisphere.
V.—On Deflected Glacial Striæ at Dwlban Point, East Anglesey
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

The Limestone of the foreshore at Dwlban Point is magnificently glaciated, the ice-worn surfaces being preserved for a distance of some yards from the Boulder-clay. The striæ where undeflected run N.N.E.-S.S.W., which is in agreement with the general direction of the glaciation on that part of the coast.
IX.—The Post-Pliocene Formations of the isle of Man
Authors: Horne John
Published: May 2009

In the postscript to his paper on the Post-Pliocene Formation of the Isle of Man, Mr. J. A. Birds takes exception to my classification of the Manx drifts. He states that, “ a priori, is it not against Mr. Horne's view of his Lower Boulder-clay being really such that there should be intermediate formations of sand and gravel when the cold was at its extreme, and the ice, according to his showing, from 2000 to 3000 feet thick?” To those who are well acquainted with the appearances presented by interglacial deposits, this objection cannot have any weight.
III.—Contributions to the Study of Volcanos
Authors: Judd J. W.
Published: May 2009

In no part of Europe, probably, can we find such striking examples of the effects which may be produced by single paroxysmal outbursts of volcanic force, as in the band of igneous rocks which stretches through nearly the whole length of the Italian peninsula, on the western side of, and parallel to the chain of the Apennines. Etna and many of the extinct volcanos of this continent constitute, it is true, mountains of vaster bulk than any in the district to which we have referred; but while the former were evidently built up by the accumulation of the products of igneous forces operating during long periods from the same centres, and with comparatively moderate violence, the enormous craters of the latter bear witness to the occurrence of single outbursts of these forces of far greater intensity.