bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth of maize coleoptiles in the presence of natural and synthetic growth regulators. Growth correlations
Authors: Raczek Ewa
Published: February 2014

The effect of natural (IAA, FC, ABA) and synthetic (2,4-D) growth substances on the increase of the fresh weight of maize coleoptile segments and change of the pH of the incubation medium, accepted here as criteria of maize coleoptile growth, was studied. The growth of maize coleoptiles depended on the concentration of the growth substances, as well as, on the composition of the incubation medium. The highest stimulation of coleoptile growth was seen with FC at a concentration of 10-4M, whereas ABA at 10-3 M gave the highest inhibition of maize coleoptile fresh weight increase and caused alkalization of the medium. The presence of K+ ions in the incubation medium enhanced the stimulatory effect of IAA and FC on the increase of the coleoptile fresh weight, whereas the presence of these ions and phosphate buffer abolished the growth-promoting effect of IAA and FC. The best correlation of the "fresh weight" and "pH" effects was found in the case of the growth of maize coleoptiles in the presence of FC (rxy = 0.67). The inhibition of maize coleoptile growth in the presence of high concentrations of IAA can be explained by the destructive effect of natural auxin at these concentrations on the integrity of mitochondrial membranes, and therefore on the normal functioning of mitochondria.
The occurence of a nitrate reductase inactivating factor in extracts of Spirodela polyrrhiza
Authors: Buczek Józef
Published: February 2014

NADH-nitrate reductase (NR) had a low activity immediately after extraction from 14 day-old cultures of Spirodela polyrrhiza with the basic extraction solution (50 mM K-phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, 5 mM cysteine and 3 mM EDTA) whereas nitrite reductase (NiR) activity in the same extract was very high. Increasing the EDTA or cysteine concentration or replacing cysteine by dithiothreitol had no effect on the level of NR activity. The addition of 3% bovine serum albumine (BSA) and 0.4 mM phenylmethyl sulfonyfluoride (PMSF) or 3% BSA and 1.5% polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) to the extraction solution greatly increased the NR activity. The enzyme activity increased 40 times in the presence of 1.5% PVPP with 3% BSA and 0.4 mM PMSF. The highest NR activity (over 100-fold) was found in the presence of 3% caseine. The probable nature of the factor inactivating nitrate reductase in S. polyrrhiza extracts is discussed.
Translocation of 32P from leaves to seeds of sunflower and associated biochemical changes in young and mature leaves during seed-filling
Authors: Halder Suchanda , Gupta Kajal
Published: February 2014

Transport of 32P from mature leaves was studied at stage I (ray florets opening), stage II (50% florets opening) and stage III (central disc florets opening) of the capitulum in order to ascertain the capacity of developing seeds to draw metabolites. Experiments showed that when feeding was done at stage I separately in the 6th, 7th and 8th leaf from the apex, accumulation of 32P was maximum in the peripheral seeds of the corresponding zone of the fed leaf. Also at stage II was 32P accumulation high in the peripheral zone along with high accumulation in the inner zone. But at stage III and IV (seven days after central disc florets opening) when accumulation declined considerably in the peripheral zone, very little accumulation of 32P was noted in the central zone of the capitulum. During maximum sink demand i.e. at stage II, the soluble cabohydrate level increased both in apically borne young and mature leaves but declined thereafter only ,in mature leaves. In both young and mature leaves the chlorophyll level, however, did not show any decline even at stage IV, It was further observed that dry matter retention capacity declined only in young leaves from stage II onwards. In young leaves, catalase activity was low from stage II whereas in mature leaves it was low at stage II followed by a transient sharp increase at stage III.
Sources of reducing equivalents for nitrate reductase in Pisum arvense roots
Authors: Kłobus Grażyna
Published: February 2014

The sources of the nitrate reductase (E.C 1.6.6.1) reducing equivalents were searched for in roots of Pisum arvense by measuring in vivo and in vitro nitrate reductase activity. It was found that the NADH2 utilised in the process of nitrate reduction in the roots of P. arvense may be formed by glycolysis as well as in processes of organic acids oxidation such as 2-oxoglutaric, succinic and malic acids.
Studies on Medicago lupulina saponins. 1. Isolation and identification of sapogenins from M. lupulina tops
Authors: Górski Piotr M. , Jurzysta Marian , Burda Stanisław , Oleszek Wiesław A. , Płoszyński Michał
Published: February 2014

Saponins from M. lupulina tops were investigated for the first time. Eight aglycones were found in the acid hydrolysates of saponins. All of the aglycones were isolated. On the basis of chromatography, mass spectrometry and infrared spectrometry the aglycanes were identified as soyasapogenols B, C, D, E, F and medicagenic acid. Two new aglycones were also isolated and identified as pentacyclic triterpens of β-amyrin structure. Both possess a methyl ester group which is rarely present in nature.
Studies on Medicago lupulina saponins. 2. Isolation, chemical characterization and biological activity of saponins from M. lupulina tops
Authors: Górski Piotr M. , Jurzysta Marian , Burda Stanisław , Oleszek Wiesław A. , Płoszyński Michał
Published: February 2014

Two pure saponin fractions from the tops of M. lupulina were isolated and characterized. The fractions named Ma and Ss varied in composition and biological activity. It was shown by TLC that fraction Ma contained 5 components. In the acid hydrolysates of that fraction only one aglycone (medicagenic acid) and 4 sugars: rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, glucuronic acid were found. The Ss fraction contained 11 components. In its acid hydrolysates, soyasapogenols B, C, D, E, F and two new aglycones N and An were found. The same sugars as above and additionally glucose and galactose were identified. It was found that the Ma fraction of saponins (medicagenic acid glycosides) was highly fungistatic, haemolytic and toxic to fishes. The Ss fraction of saponins (soyasapogenol glycosides) showed no such activity.
The effect of ionic and non-ionic surfactants on the growth, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities of Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleiden
Authors: Buczek Józef
Published: February 2014

Inclusion into the medium of 5 mg•dm-3 of non-ionic (ENF) or ionic (DBST) surfactant caused 50-60% inhibition of nitrite reductase MR) activity in S. polyrrhiza. At the same time, increased accumulation of NO2- in the plant tissues and lowering of the total and soluble protein contents were found. DBST also lowered the nitrate reductase (NR) activity and the dry mass of the plants.
Occurrence of abnormalities in the ovary and ovule structure and their effect on fruit production in Chaerophyllum cicutaria Vill. (Umbelliferae)
Authors: Chojnacki Włodzimierz
Published: February 2014

Chaerophyllum cicutaria is an andromonoecious member of the Umbelliferae family. Apart from male flowers it also produces numerous hermaphrodite flowers the ovaries of which fail to transform into fruits. Almost one quarter of such non-fruiting hermaphrodites reveal an abnormal structure of their ovaries and or ovules while the development of others is arrested without visible structural changes. Twelve abnormalities are distinguished and their distribution among plants from various populations of the species is described. Presumed consequences of the abnormalities are discussed.
Habitat conditions of astatic pools and differentiation of vegetation connected with them
Authors: Nieckuła Małgorzata , Podyma Wiesław
Published: February 2014

In 12 astatic pools, each of which was characterised by the dominance of phytocenoses of one of three plant associations, investigations were performed on the physico-chemical properties of the water and bottom sediments, in order to establish the relations between the habitat conditions and vegetation. The criterion of the degree of saltiness of the bottom sediments and the specific conductivity of water in these water bodies allows to order them according to their decreasing fertility as follows: 1) water bodies with dominant phytocenoses of the association Equisetetum limosi, 2) with Caricetum elatae, 3) with Typhetum latifoliae. The type of vegetation indicates also connections with other properties of the water (hardness, oxidability, pH, chloride content) and of the bottom sediment (organic matter content, chlorides, magnesium and various forms of nitrogen). Correlation between the chemical composition of the water and depostis has only been demonstrated in the case of chlorides.
Studies on the effect of Osmia rufa L. (Apoidea, Megachilidae) on the effectiveness of pod and seed development in the subgenus Glycine
Authors: Skorupska Halina , Nawracała Jerzy , Wilkaniec Zdzisław
Published: February 2014

Three abundantly blooming forms of Glycogen tabacina and one G. tomentella form were studied. The experiment was conducted under isolated conditions. The effect of Osmia rufa L. on the fertility of raceme flowers was studied. It was found that the G. tabacina and G. tomentella flowers were intensively penetrated by the insects. A very clear increase (3-4 fold) in pod development was observed. The results ol the experiment indicate that geitonogamic pollination has a favorable influence on the effectiveness of the blooming of the chasmogamic flowers of the studied species.
Studies on the formation of carthamin in buffer solutions containing precarthamin and oxidizing agents
Authors: Saito Koshi , Takahashi Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2014

Formation of carthamin was investigated in bufferized solution containing precarthamin and oxidizing agents. KMnO4, H2O2 and HIO4, were stimulators for carthamin formation. K2Cr2O7 Mn02, Ag2O, SeO2, and CrO3 on the other hand, showed little or no activity in the catalytic carthamin synthesis. KMnO4 was very sensitive to precarthamin, while both H2O2 and HIO4 were insensitive. The optimal pH value for carthamin formation by KMnO4, was 5.3 in 50.0 mM citrate buffer. Antioxidants such as hydroquinone, L-ascorbic acid and D-araboascorbic acid completely inhibited the oxidative conversion of precarthamin to carthamin at a low concentration.
The development of the husk tomato plant (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.). I. Aerial vegetative parts
Authors: Escobar Francisco C. , Jankiewicz Leszek S. , Orduña Victor M. , Brito Juan M.
Published: February 2014

The growth of various vegetative parts of the husk tomato cv. `Rendidora' has been studied. The samples for dry mass determination were taken every 1-2 weeks. The life cycle of a plant was divided into 4 phases according to the developmental stages of the leaf area. The plants of cv. 'Rendidora' show 2 main types of growth: prostrated and erect. The plants of the last type showed a tendency to grow less and to initiate their senescence later.
The development of the husk tomato plant (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.). II. Reproductive parts
Authors: Escobar Francisco C. , Jankiewicz Leszek S. , Orduña Victor M. , Brito Juan M.
Published: February 2014

The development of the reproductive parts of husk tomato plants cv. 'Rendidora' was investigated and is presented in the form of curves based on regression equations or on the average data. The number of flower buds and flowers existing on a plant was highest at the 9th week after emergence (AE) and showed a second, lower pick toward the end of the experiment. These last flower buds and flowers did not have the opportunity to produce fruits of commercial size. The number of fruits reached its maximum at the 11th week AE but a great proportion of fruits smaller than 2 cm were shed. The plants with the prostrated type of growth showed the maximum yield earlier and tended to produce a larger yield than the erect ones.
Changes in the inorganic status and enzyme activities in senescent leaves of chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.
Authors: Murumkar Chandrashekkhar V. , Chavan Prakash D.
Published: February 2014

The changes in the level of some inorganic constituents and the activities of some important enzyme systems in senescent leaves of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) have been studied. In senescent leaves, a marked decline in the potassium and phosphorus contents was evident which was accompanied by the accumulation of calcium, silicon, chloride and manganese. Leaf senescence was accompanied by a great increase in hydrolytic processes, as revealed by the increase in the activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, inorganic pyrophosphatase and 3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase. The activities of nitrogen metabolism enzymes, namely nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase and alanine aminotransferase, and of photorespiratory enzymes -- phosphoglycolate phosphatase, glycolate oxidase and catalase, were lower in senescent leaves. Leaf senescence was further associated with an increase in the activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, a considerable depression in pyruvate kinase activity, and a slight elevation in aldolase activity.
Statistical analysis of the phytocoenose homogeneity. I. Distribution of the total species diversity and evenness indices as a homogeneity measure
Authors: Kwiatkowska Anna J. , Symonides Ewa
Published: February 2014

Homogeneity of the Leucobryo-Pinetum phytocoenose was assessed on the grounds of distributions of the total species diversity (H) and evenness e indices. In spite of the uniform physiognomy of the patch. caused by pure, even-aged, one-layered forest stand and apparent dominance of dwarf-shrubs in the ground layer, phytocoenose under study was heterogeneous. It resulted in the discrepancy between empirical distributions of H and e, and the normal distribution, as well as in the contagious spatial distributions of both indices.
Terminal vessel and early vessel arrangement in internodes of Fraxinus excelsior
Authors: Kurczyńska Ewa
Published: February 2014

Application of auxin to the apical end and to the transverse incision in a dissected internode, led to the formation of early vessels in such a way that the vessels below the incision were aligned with the vessels above it. There was a structural relation between the early vessels and terminal vessels based on the fact that the former overlay the latter. A hypothesis is forwarded stating that a template according to which the early vessels find their positions, exists on the surface of terminal wood.
Sesquiterpene lactones. XXX. Cynaropicrin in species of the subtribe Centaureanae Dumort.
Authors: Nowak Gerard , Drożdż Bohdan , Kroszczyński Wijciech , Holub Miroslav
Published: February 2014

The presence of cynaropicrin was determined in 13 species of the subtribe Centaureinae Dumort.: Centaurea declinata M. B.- C. leucophylla M. B.. C. dealbata Willd.. C. zangezuri (Sosn.) Sosn., C. carthalinica (Sosn.) Sosn., C. thracica (Janka) Hayek, C. exarata Boiss. ex Cosson, C. phaeopappoides Bordz., Chartolepis intermedia Bioss., Ch. glastifolia (L.) Cass., Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin, Rh. serratuloides (Georgi) Bobr., Leuzea rhapontica (L.) Holub.
Distribution of insoluble polysaccharides in the shoot apex of Rhododendron arboreum Linn. during the annual growth cycle
Authors: Badola Hemant K. , Paliwal Ganesh S.
Published: February 2014

Starch grains occur all over the dormant shoot apex of Rhododendron arboreum except in the bud scales. They are abundant in the peripheral, rib and pith meristem cells. as well as in the youngest leaf primordia. Tannin is present in the entire dormant bud hut for the cells of the apical meristem and leaf primordia. Gradually, tannin degradation into numerous globules occurs. This is concomitant with the disappearance of starch grains and indicates the earliest structural manifestation of spring awakening by meristematic activity in the buds. The weak affinity of tannin globules to PAS is due to their hydrolysis which releases glucose for metabolic activities. Thus, a parallelism seems to exist between the metabolism of tannins and starch in relation to the various phases of bud development.
Studies on the interaction of growth regulators with potassium ions in some physiological processes in the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). I. The effect of growth regulators on the growth of leaves and on the potassium level in leaves and roots
Authors: Stępińska Anna
Published: February 2014

Bean plants were cultured on Hoagland's water solution for one or eight days. The following growth regulators: kinetin (10-7 M), GA3 (10-6 M), IAA (10-6 M) or ABA (5 x 10-5 M) were introduced into solutions for 24h. The regulators were found to have a different effect on the potassium level in leaves and roots depending on whether it was assessed I or 8 days after treatment. The mechanism by which growth regulators affect the processes of ion uptake and transport and their relation to growth are discussed.
The oak forest Quercetum f rainetto-cerris on the foothills of the mountain range Galičica (Macedonia)
Authors: Medwecka-Kornaś Anna , Drenkovski Rade , Grupce Ljupco , Mulev Mili
Published: February 2014

The xerothermic oak forests with Quercus frainetto and Q. cerris on the estern slope of Mt. Galičica in Macedonia were investigated in connection with the Yugoslavian contribution to the International Programme "MAB". Twenty field records were interpreted from the phytosociological and the phytogeographical points of view. -the forests under discussion represent the regional association Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum Oberd. 1948 emend. Horvat 1959. which belongs to the Quercion frainetto-cerris alliance. The considerable share of Balkan and Submediterranean species in their composition is particularly significant.
Ruderal succession starting at different seasons
Authors: Bornkamm Reinhard
Published: February 2014

Succession experiments were carried out in 1 m2 sized plots on three different soils (S = sand. SCL = silty clayey loam, CL = clayey loam). Vegetation was allowed to grow for 9 years, starting at different dates between 18.06.1969 and 1.04.1971. The greatest part of the variation of floristic composition and cover was brought about by the different soils. Direct effects of the starting season were detected only in the first two years. On sand in the first year the winter annual Conyza canadensis was well developed on the plots that had started in spring, but was poorly developed on the summer and fall plots. In the second year it decreased in the spring plots but increased in the summer and fall plots. The same was true for the winter annual Sonchus asper on CL. On SCL, however., Senecio vulgaris, belonging to the therophyta epeteia (overwintering in summer habit), was well developed in both the spring and summer plots, and showed an increase towards the second year in the fall plots only. In the later years of the experiment plots that had been started early in the year mostly were dominated by Poa pratensis ssp. angustifolia (or Quercus rubra), whereas plots that had been started late in the year mostly were dominated by Solidagn canadensis together with Artemsia vulgaris. The analyses of the transition events between the (sub)dominant species showed a variety of replacement patterns, but no determinated series of species following each other. It remains, therefore, unclear in what manner the differentiation between the terminal dominants may be related to the starting season.
Biosystematic studies on Dactylis L. 1. Review of previous studies. 1.1. Systematics, variability, ecology, biology and cultivation problems
Authors: Mizianty Marta
Published: February 2014

In this paper the author presents a review of previous studies on Dactylis L. This review deals with systematics, variability, ecology, biology and cultivation problems.
An attempt at describing the growth of live organisms by means of a difference-differential equation
Authors: Gregorczyk Andrzej
Published: February 2014

An attempt is made to create a formal growth model based on a difference-differential equation. The solution of this type of equation is a function of a continuous variable and of a variable assuming natural values. By using the Laplace transformation in respect to time and then solving a specific linear difference equation, a final relation showing the dependence of the amount of dry matter on a natural number and time -- wn(t), was obtained. This function can be, in a certain sense, a generalization of the known Gregory-Naidenov monomolecular function. For n=1 the function wn(t) transforms into a relation similar to the Mitscherlich equation, for n>1, its graphs have a characteristic sigmoid shape. Numerical methods are necessary to work out specific forms of the function wn(t).
The role of malate in the synthesis of glutamate in Pisum arvense roots
Authors: Kubik-Dorosz Genowefa
Published: February 2014

The in vivo and in vitro activities of NADH-dependent glutamate synthase in excised Pisum arvense roots increased several-fold under the influence of malate while pyruvate oxaloacctate. citrate and succinate inhibited this entyme. The plastids isolated from Pisum arvense root,. ahen incubated with glutamine and α-ketoglutarate, released glutamate into the medium Malate clearly stimulated this process. Albizziin (25 mM) completely reduced the presence of glutamate in the incubation mixture. These results indicate that reduced pyridine nucleotides arising in P. arvense root plastids during oxidation of malic acid may constitute the indispensable source of electrons for glutamic acid synthesis.
Effect of external conditions on the stability of enzymically synthesized carthamin
Authors: Saito Koshi , Fukushima Akiyoshi
Published: February 2014

Enzymically synthesized carthamin was subjected to testing of its stability under various conditions. It easily turned to unknown reddish-yellow or orange-yellow substances in water. This instability was further accelerated by the presence of a sulfhydryl reagent and or at higher temperature. In a typical result, the rate of the discolouration was calculated to be 21 nmol carthamin h-1 at 20 °C in water and rose to 44.0 nmol carthamin h-1 at 60 °C in water containing 1.0 mM 2-mercaptoethanol. Organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol and acetone showed little effect on carthamin discolouration, while the stability of carthamin in these solvents was gradually decreased by rising temperature. In various buffers, in the acidic range. carthamin was relatively stable, whereas, it turned unstable on the basic side. All of the thiol reagents tested were unfavourable for retaining stability of carthamin in solutions. 2-Mercaptoethanol, reduced glutathione and thioglycollic acid exhibited the strongest degrading effect on the pigment. At the 1.0 mM level, 2-mercaptoethanol reduced the absorption peak at 517 nm by 0.02 min-1, which corresponded to 0.12 nmol carthamin cm-3 min-1 L-Methionine, L-ascorbic and D-araboascorbic acids were found to be strong bathochromic effectors For example, L-methionine rised AA 517 nm up to 0.01 min-1, whose value equaled to 0-1 nmol carthamin cm-3 min-1 at 30 °C Carthamin was absorbed and adsorbed and stabilized by many macro-molecular Substances. Among the compounds tested, cellulose was found to be the most effective stabilizer. The stabilization effect of cellulose was specific for carthamin and the term "SAITO EFFECT" is proposed for it. This effect was reduced by hydrolysis of the carthamin-adsorbed cellulose with Asperqillus cellulase in an incubation system
The structure of the endodermis during the development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots
Authors: Grymaszewska Grażyna , Golinowski Władysław
Published: February 2014

Four stages of development in the process of differentiation of the root endodermis of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Grana) are described. The proendodermis cells have a meristematic nature. Their vacuoles accumulated an osmophilic material. In the next stage, Casparian strips arose in the walls of the endodermis. Dictyosomes and ER cisterns were numerous in the protoplasts of these cells. In the following stage, a suberin lamella was deposited over the entire internal surface of the primary cell wall. In the final stage, a secondary cell wall, thickened in the form of a letter U, was formed. In secondary wall simple pits arose. The endodermis of the wheat root developed asynchronously, more quickly over the phloem bundles.
Karyotype analysis in Chaerophyllum cicutaria Vill. with special emphasis on satellited chromosomes
Authors: Chojnacki Włodzimierz , Bohdanowicz Jerzy
Published: February 2014

Karyological studies were carried out on plants of Chaerophyllum cicutaria (Umbelliferae), which came from both lowland and montane natural populations. The chromosome number in all the examined plants was 2n = 22 and their karyotypes, though similar in general, showed some minute but distinct differences. There was` a single pair of SAT chromosomes in the chromosome complement. They had compound satellites divided into two or three segments. Seven morphological types of SAT chromosomes differing in number and size of satellite segments were distinguished. With respect to SAT chromosome morphology, the species showed both intra- and interpopulational karyological variation.
The influence of sodium chloride salinity on the growth and mineral nutrition of horsegram, Dolichos biflorus L.
Authors: Nigwekar Ashok S. , Chavan Prakash D.
Published: February 2014

Dolichos biflorus plants were grown in sand culture in the presence of five levels of sodium chloride ranging from 25 to 150 mM. The plant was found to possess a good salt tolerance capacity since a general decline in growth was evident only above NaCI concentration of 75 mM. Salt concentrations above 100 mM reduced the yield in terms of average pod number. The analysis of inorganic constituents revealed marked alterations in the mineral nutrition of the plant under saline conditions. Salt stress caused accumulation of sodium in all plant parts although it was more prenounced in roots and stem. The leaves accumulated large amounts of chlorides under saline conditions. The potassium content in the roots and stem markedly decreased due to salinity. The leaves retained a high potassium level up to 50 mM NaCl treatment. Salt stress caused an increase in the calcium content in leaves and roots. The accumulation of phosphorus and magnesium in different plant parts was favoured by salt stress. A reduction in the manganese content in salt stressed leaves was noticed while higher doses of salinity favoured iron accumulation in different plant parts. A possible involvement of these alterations in the salt tolerance behaviour of the plant is discussed.
Materials to the Zygnemaceae of Poland. II. Observations on the development cycle of Zygnema biforme Jao. 1947, a species new for the European flora
Authors: Kadłubowska Joanna Z. , Floryanowicz-Czekalska Katarzyna
Published: February 2014

In the water sample taken on June 27, 1983 from the pond in Młogoszyn (Płock District) vegetative filaments and initial stages of conjugation of Zygnema biforme Jao were detected. In culture mature zygotes and their germination were observed. It is the second site of occurrence of this species in the world.
Origin and structure of Ubisch bodies in Pinus sylvestris
Authors: Rowley John R. , Walles Björn
Published: February 2014

In Pinus sylvestris Ubisch bodies are produced repeatedly, and each crop is formed at a distinct phase in the secretory cycles of tapetal cells. While each production has a Ubisch body wall similar to the then current state of the exine with regard to thickening and ornamentation, the survivers of previous productions do not change. Examples of all the structurally different Ubisch body wall forms can be seen when terminally, at the time of pollen shedding, the relict Ubisch bodies become spatially concentrated on the minimal surface area of the senescent cells of the tapetum. In angiosperms after one or a few periods of initiation Ubisch bodies may remain in association with the surface of tapetal cells where the Ubisch body wall undergoes changes like those of the maturing pollen exine. We conclude that as a consequence of Ubisch body detachment from the plasma membrane of tapetal cells there is in Pinus sylvestris no updated information for modification of the wall and the Ubisch body wall remains static.
The effect of the plant growth retardants AMO-1618 and CCC on the synthesis of ribonucleic acids and proteins in triticale embryos during the initial phase of germination
Authors: Weidner Stanisław
Published: February 2014

Triticale var. Grado caryopses were subjected to imbibition and germination in the presence of the growth retardants, AMO-1618 (2-isopropyl-4-dimethylamino-5-methylphenyl-1-piperidinecarboxylate methyl chloride) and CCC (2-chloroethyl)-trimethylammonium chloride) at the following concentrations, 3 x 10-4 M and 10-3 M. These compounds exerted a very strong inhibitory effect on the initiation of germination processes, growth of embryos and the germination capacity of the caryopses. At the concentration of 10-3 M, AMO-1618 showed an especially strong effect, lowering the germination capacity of the caryopses to about 50%. It was also shown that both retardants are decidedly more effective on the germination of whole, intact caryopses than on that of isolated embryos. During the very earliest hours of germination, these retardants already inhibited RNA synthesis. The participation of the polyribosome fraction in the total ribosome fraction of embryos in the control sample after 24 hrs of germination of caryopses equalled about 70%, while in the samples treated with CCC (10-3 M)- about 57%, in the samples treated with AMO-1618 (10-3 M) about 35%,. The inhibition of incorporation of 14C-amino acids into ribosomal proteins in the polyribosome fraction was in the case of CCC about 13%, while in the samples treated with AMO-1618, about 55%. In the monosome fraction (80S), the inhibition by CCC was about 23%, whereas in the samples treated with AMO-1618 it reached around 73%. From this data it is evident that the studied retardants have a significant influence on the synthesis of ribonucleic acids as well as on ribosome proteins. These results also suggest the existance of another mechanism, aside from that of inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis, inhibiting the growth and development of cells. The high percentage of ribosome subunits in the samples treated with CCC, in comparison with controls and samples treated with AMO-1618, points to different mechanisms by which these two compounds affect protein biosynthesis.
Plant reactions as indicators of air pollution in the vicinity of a copper smelter
Authors: Fabiszewski Jerzy , Brej Teresa , Bielecki Krzysztof
Published: February 2014

Several higher plant species and epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. were examined in the vicinity of a copper smelter. The investigations included field experiments. Ecological surveys of some biotests and bioreactions using exposure of higher plants and transplanted lichens were critically appraised. Such basic processes of plants as photosynthesis and respiration, as well as the quantitative composition of chlorophyll pigments were used as biotests. The results indicate that the photosynthesis intensity is the most useful measure for the estimation of the effect of both heavy metal and SO2 pollutants. The degrees of chlorophyll degradation were in keeping with visual symptoms of injuries. For the ecological monitoring the measurement of respiration intensity, especially in lichens is not recommended. All applied biotests are presented in maps illustrating the degree of degradation of the area examined.
Changes in the structure of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots in varieties susceptible and resistant to infestation by Heterodera avenae Woll.
Authors: Grymaszewska Grażyna , Golinowski Władysław
Published: February 2014

The structure of wheat roots of the "susceptible" variety Capa and "resistant" variety AUS 10894 infested by Heterodera avenae was studied. The processes leading to the formation of syncytia and the range of reactions of the studied varieties to infection are described. In both varieties, necrosis of cells surrounding the nematode, and in the wheat variety AUS 10894, in addition, necrotic changes in cells surrounding syncytia were found. The syncytia formed in the resistant variety degenerated early. The cells adjacent to the syncytia underwent divisions. Cell divisions also took place in the pericycle. They led to the formation of more numerous lateral roots, especially in plants from the susceptible variety. It seems that the earlier degeneration of syncytia and the accompanying necrotic changes in the tissues surrounding the syncytia observed in wheat of the AUS 10894 variety can be taken as signs of host resistance reactions.
Occurrence of circular vessels above axillary buds in stems of woody plants
Authors: Hejnowicz Zygmunt , Kuczyńska Ewa U.
Published: February 2014

The circular vessels generally occur in intact wood stems just above the axillary buds. In this region the cell arrangement with vortices occurs. We interprete the circular vessels as the result of circular polarity in the cambial zone of the region above the axillary bud. The stability of circular polarity in this region is based on the vorticity of the cambium cells arrangement.
Photosynthesis and the world food problem
Authors: Poskuta Jerzy
Published: February 2014

Studies in the field of photosynthesis are particularly predisposed to play an important role in the solving of the main problem of today food for the world's growing population. The article presents data on the rate of population increase, the size of food production and yields of the most important crop plants. The relationship between the photosynthetic productivity of C3 and C4 plants and their yields is discussed. The problem of the rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and its influence on photosynthesis, photorespiration and accumulation of plant biomass is presented.
Translocation of nuclei and reorientation of the mitotic apparatus in the ontogeny of stomata in Trudescuntia virginiana L.
Authors: Tarkowska Jadwiga A. , Ważyńska Mirosława , Jabłonowska Alina A.
Published: February 2014

In vitro studies of the ontogeny of stomata of young leaves of Tradescantia virginiana L. showed that: 1) translocation of nuclei, often along long, winding paths took place in companion cell mother cells before the onset of asymmetric mitosis, 2) the reorientation of the entire mitotic apparatus took place during division of quard cell mother cells. Pertinent factors which may play a role in both processes are indicated.
Spatial variations of growth within domes having different patterns of principal growth directions
Authors: Nakielski Jerzy
Published: February 2014

Growth rate variations for two paraboloidal domes: A and B, identical when seen from the outside but differing in the internal pattern of principal growth directions, were modeled by means of the growth tensor and a natural coordinate system. In dome A periclinal trajectories in the axial plane were given by confocal parabolas (as in a tunical dome), in dome B by parabolas converging to the vertex (as in a dome without a tunica). Accordingly, two natural coordinate systems, namely paraboloidal for A and convergent parabolic for B, were used. In both cases, the rate of growth in area on the surfaces of domes was assumed to be isotropic and identical in corresponding points. It appears that distributions of growth rates within domes A and B are similar in their peripheral and central parts and different only in their distal regions. In the latter, growth rates are relatively large; the maximum relative rate of growth in volume is around the geometric focus in dome A, and on the surface around the vertex in dome B.
Variations of growth in shoot apical domes of spruce seedlings: A study using the growth tensor
Authors: Nakielski Jerzy
Published: February 2014

Variations of the relative elemental rate of growth within apical domes, for the case when dome geometry changes during development, were modeled. It was ascertained that: 1) the domes of spruce seedlings have a paraboloidal shape; 2) the shape is maintained during growth, but the domes become higher and wider; 3) the relative elemental rate of growth in area on dome surface is isotropic, as indicated by analysis of cell packets in the surface layer. These data were used in modeling by means of the growth tensor and natural coordinate system. Growth of the dome was considered a superposition: 1) of relatively fast steady shape growth, where the isotropy of growth in area on the surface of the dome, was determined, and 2) of relatively slow isogonic growth, which does not disturb the isotropy. The convergent parabolic system was selected as the natural coordinate system. Distributions of the growth rates in the form of computer-made maps for three domes differing in age, were obtained. It appears that the growth rates within the dome are relatively high in the distal part and smaller in the central and peripheral regions. This variation decreases progressively with seedling age when the dome becomes wider. The relative elemental rate of growth in volume, averaged for the whole dome, also decreases.
The morphogenesis of lupine root nodules during infection by Rhizobium lupini
Authors: Golinowski Władysław , Kopcińska Joanna , Borucki Wojciech
Published: February 2014

The development of root nodules in Lupinus luteus infected by Rhizobium lupini was studied using cytological methods. The results obtained from examination of material sampled 6, 9, 13, 15, 20, 29 and 60 days after infection are given. The successive stages of development are described and the cytological characteristics of the tissue are presented. The mitotic divisions of the root cortex parenchyma cells, which initiated the formation of the nodule primordium, were accompanied by structural changes in the root hairs and divisions in the root pericycle. The development of the nodule was associated with the activity of the lateral meristems, which encompass both the infected cells and cells not containing bacteroids Characteristics of bacteria found in the symplast and apoplast of the bacteroid tissue are given.
The localization of vanadium- and nitrate-sensitive ATPases in Cucumis sativus L. root cells
Authors: Kłobus Grażyna
Published: February 2014

Distinct separation of plasma membrane and tonoplast membranes was attained by centrifugation of cucumber root microsomes in a sucrose density gradient. The fractions enriched in plasma membranes, identified on the basis of the sensitivity of ATPases to VO43- sedimented at a specific density of 1. 1463-1. 1513 g x cm-3. They did not exhibit cytochrome oxidase activity and there was only trace activity of the azide-sensitive ATPase in these fractions. The fractions enriched in tonoplast membranes, having peak activity of nitrate-sensitive ATPase, were found in the region of specific densities of 1. 1082-1.1175. The presence of vanadium-sensitive and azide-sensitive ATPases was not found in these fractions. The ATPase inhibitors, DCCD, DES and EDAC, inhibited the activity of both vanadium-sensitive and nitrate-sensitive ATPases.
The effects of lead on photosynthesis, 14C distribution among photoassimilates and transpiration of maize seedlings
Authors: Poskuta Jerzy W. , Parys Eugeniusz , Romanowska Elżbieta , Gajdzis-Gujdan Halina , Wróblewska Barbara
Published: February 2014

Roots of whole 3 week-old seedlings of maize were exposed for 24 h to a solution of PbCl2. The concentrations of Pb were: 0, 200, 400, 800, 1200, 2400 mg dm-3. The amount of Pb taken up by roots was independent of the concentration of this element in the medium. The Pb taken up by shoots increased linearly with increasing treatment concentration. Pb caused: concentration-dependent inhibition of photosynthesis (PS), transpiration (T), 14CO2 uptake and incorporation of label into photosynthetic products. The largest limitation by Pb of the flow of photoassimilated carbon occurred into starch and sugar phosphates. Among the water-soluble photoassimilates, the largest limitation of carbon flow occurred into organic acids and sugars and the smallest into amino acids.
Sesquiterpene lactones. XXXIV. Guaianolides in the genus Leuzea DC.
Authors: Nowak Gerard , Holub Miroslav , Buděšínský Miloš
Published: February 2014

Guaianolides were found in three species of the genus Leuzea DC. Chlorojanerin, cynaropicrin and janerin were isolated from L. rhapontica subg. helenifolia (Gren, Gordon) Holub and L. rhaponticoides Graells. From L. carthamoides (Willd.) DC., chlorojanerin, cynaropicrin, janerin, cebellin E and repdiolide were obtained.
Structure and development of extrafloral nectaries and trichomes in Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Jose Tom , Inamdar Jayant A.
Published: February 2014

The extrafloral nectaries (30-50) are found on the upper surface of the lamina in Macaranga peltata. Glandular trichomes are restricted to the lower surface while eglandular trichomes are observed on all vegetative and reproductive organs. Nectaries originate from a group of initials and trichomes from a single epidermal cell. Stalkless extrafloral nectaries comprise a 2 to 3 layer secretory zone and 1 to 2 layer sub-secretory zone. The structure of the glandular and eglandular is described. Small black ants are seen visiting the nectary and sucking nectar. The probable functions of nectaries and trichomes are discussed.
Ultrastructural transformations in the cytoplasm of differentiating Hyacinthus orientalis L. pollen cells
Authors: Bednarska Elżbieta
Published: February 2014

The sequence of ultrastructural changes in the cytoplasm during the successive stages of pollen grain development in Hyacinthus orientulis pollen cells was studied. The cytoplasmic transformations of the generative cell included the elimination of plastids, increase in the number of mitochondria, assumption of a spindle shape with the aid of microtubules and the characteristic development of the vacuole system with the formation of so-called colored bodies. The cytoplasmic transformations of the generative cell encompassed changes in the plastids, which began to accumulate starch soon after the cell was formed, then released it shortly before anthesis, an increase in the number of mitochondria and an increase in the number of highly active dictyosomes just before anthesis. Changes in the structure of the border region between the differentiating pollen cells were associated mainly with the periodical appearance of a callose wall and the presence of lysosome-like bodies in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell surrounding the generative cell. They arose soon after the disappearance of the callose wall and disappeared shortly before anthesis.
A survey of domestic species of Basidiomycetes fungi for the presence of lectins inn their carpophores
Authors: Końska Grażyna
Published: February 2014

Preliminary investigations were conducted to determine the presence of active lectins in carpophores of fungi from the class Basidiomycetes, collected from natural localities in southern and south-eastern Poland. The degree of agglutination activity (expressed as the titre of agglutination) of aqueous extracts was determined at room temperature (18-20°C) and at +4°C in respect to human and animal erythrocytes suspended in physiological saline, part of which were additionally treated with proteolytic enzymes. From among the 104 tested species, extracts from 41 of them showed agglutination activity, among which 18 were high. In six cases, specific activity against human ABH group antigens was found. Extracts from 5 species agglutinated only animal erythrocytes, with pigeon erythrocytes being exceptionally sensitive to the lectins. Extracts from two species had distinctly higher agglutination activity at 4°C, which suggests that lectins of the "cold" agglutinin type are present in these species. Analysis of extracts from caps and stems showed that caps had a higher lectin content.
The metabolism of aged seeds. The free and membrane-bound polyribosomes of germinating rye grains of different ages
Authors: Zalewski Kazimierz
Published: February 2014

Grains of winter rye harvested in 1976, 1978, 1982 and 1984 were studied. Free and membrane-bound polyribosomes were isolated from embryos of imbibing and germinating grains. There was no correlation between grain viability and the amout of ribosomes. The highest incorporation of radioactive precursors (both total and specific radioactivity) was found in the RNA and ribosomal proteins from the grains with the highest viability - harvested in 1984. Lower radioactivity levels were observed in the 2 to 6 year old grains. There was no incorporation of radioactive precursors into ribosomal proteins in dead seeds.
Scanning electron microscope studies of Avena coleoptiles during primary leaf emergence
Authors: Dollahon Norman R. , Maksymowych Andrew B. , Galanti Maria , Orkwiszewski Joseph A.
Published: February 2014

A scanning electron microscope study of the fine structure of coleoptiles of Avena sativa L. cv. Clintford has revealed information about the relationship between aspects of coleoptilar structure and the emergence of the primary leaf. Stomata are located on the lateral sides of the coleoptile and arch across the apex. The location of the stomata and associated vascular tissue may play a role in the splitting of the coleoptile pore and influence the manner in which the primary leaf emerges. Details of the surface fine structure of the coleoptile pore, its associated cells, stomata and guard cells are presented.
Sesquiterpene lactones. XXXV. Constituents of Reichardia tingitana L. Roth. and their antifeedant activity
Authors: Daniewski Włodzimierz M. , Skibicki Piotr , Gumułka Maria , Drożdż Bohdan , Grabarczyk Halina , Błoszczyk Elżbieta
Published: February 2014

Reinvestigation of the components of Reichardia tingitana L. Roth. afforded besides already known sesquiterpenic lactones, 14-deoxylactucin (II) and desacetylmatricarin (III) cholesterol (V), stigmasterol (VI), β-sitosterol (VII) and ceryl alcohol (VIII). The insect deterrent activity of compounds II and III has been determined.
Les règles budgétaires dans les provinces canadiennes : nomenclatures et éléments d’analyse
Authors: Farvaque Étienne , Foucault Martial , Joanis Marcelin
Published: February 2014

Cet article fait le point sur la question des règles budgétaires, qui occupe une place centrale dans les débats de politiques publiques sur la résorption éventuelle des déficits hérités de la Grande Récession. Il revient d’abord rapidement sur la littérature théorique relative aux règles budgétaires. Il dresse ensuite une nomenclature des règles budgétaires en vigueur dans les provinces canadiennes. La nomenclature proposée est plus fine que celle existant dans la littérature et elle se fonde sur les travaux récents menés sur les États américains. Le menu des options de politiques publiques disponibles dans le contexte canadien est enfin évalué, afin d’examiner les performances relatives des diverses règles existantes.
L’évaluation de l’efficience des institutions d’enseignement supérieur en Tunisie : le cas des Instituts Supérieurs des Études Technologiques (ISET)
Authors: Bouzouita Anis , Vierstraete Valérie , Kouki Mokhtar
Published: February 2014

Dans cet article, nous évaluons l’efficience des Instituts supérieurs des études technologiques tunisiens (ISET) avec la méthode non paramétrique du Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Il ressort des résultats empiriques que le fonctionnement de ces établissements se caractérise par une inefficience technique de l’ordre de 20 %, pouvant s’expliquer à la fois par des problèmes de taille des établissements (inefficience d’échelle de 11 % environ) et par des problèmes de gestion (inefficience pure de l’ordre de 10 %). Les résultats montrent également qu’une majorité des ISET de notre échantillon fonctionnerait de façon optimale si leur échelle de production augmentait, ce qui peut se révéler des pistes de solutions pour les pouvoirs politiques voulant promouvoir le système éducatif supérieur en Tunisie.