bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IJCM_109A: Psychiatric Morbidity And Cognitive Functioning In The Institutionalized Elderly In Old Age Homes: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Jason Justin Shawn , Yadiyal Aruna
Published: April 2024

Background:

The elderly is at a higher risk of developing certain psychiatric illnesses and deterioration of their cognitive functioning by virtue of the multidimensional phenomenon of ageing and other psychosocial factors, and this risk has found to only be higher in the institutionalized elderly. Studies in this regard, assessing the mental health of those residing in old age homes in India are lacking.

Objective:

To evaluate the psychiatric morbidities and cognitive functioning in the elderly who have been institutionalized in old age homes.

Methodology:

This study is a cross-sectional study, among 150 residents who are over 60 years of age in old age homes in Mangalore. Data is being collected by face to face interviews, using a sociodemographic proforma, Montreal cognitive assessment scale to assess the cognitive functioning and the Mini psychiatric interview to screen for any psychiatric morbidiy. Data will be analyzed using SPSS Version 25.0 [IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.], and a p value of

Results:

87.30% and 29% of residents were found to have cognitive impairment and psychiatric morbidity respectively. The majority of those with cognitive impairment were found to have severe cognitive impairment (31.60%).

Conclusion:

Mood disorders (depression), in keeping with several other studies, was found to be the most common psychiatric morbidity, followed by psychotic disorder, anxiety and suicidality. In contrast to findings by Singh et al., psychiatric morbidities and cognitive impairment had no significant association with sociodemographic factors
IJCM_114A: Perception Regarding Utility Of Social Networking Sites On Academic Activities Among Undergraduate Students And Teaching Faculties Of A Medical College In Mangalore.
Authors: Lobo Lizanne , Roby Ashwin , Noor Sumiya , Rajabali Afzaa Nathvani , Chacko Ashika Ann , Kumar Nithin , Rekha T , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Mithra Prasanna , Holla Ramesh
Published: April 2024

Background:

The integration of social networking sites (SNS) into academic activities has become increasingly prevalent, yet there is a need to understand its impact and perceptions among undergraduate students and teaching faculty. This study aimed to explore the pattern of SNS usage for academic purposes and assess perceptions regarding its benefits and drawbacks at Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among undergraduate students and teaching faculty, utilizing a self- administered semi-structured questionnaire. Convenience sampling was employed, with data collected over a 15-day period. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.5, with independent t-tests applied to compare perceptions between students and faculty.

Results:

Out of 308 participants, nearly half reported using SNS for academic purposes, with Facebook being the most preferred platform. While perceived benefits included improved communication and easier access to learning resources, concerns were raised regarding productivity loss and SNS addiction. Recommendations for promoting SNS usage in academia were also identified.

Conclusion:

The study highlights the significant role of SNS in academic communication and collaboration, while emphasizing the need for strategies to address associated challenges such as productivity impact and addiction. By leveraging the benefits of SNS while mitigating drawbacks, educational institutions can harness its potential to enhance teaching, learning, and research endeavors.
IJCM_116A: Risk assessment of type II Diabetes mellitus using Indian Diabetic Risk Score among adults in a tertiary care hospital, Tamil Nadu - A cross sectional study
Authors: Charles Anila , Ra Boornema A , Priya S
Published: April 2024

Background:

Non-communicable diseases (NCD) kill 41 million people each year which accounts to 74% of all deaths globally. India ranks second with a diabetes population of 69.2 million and may rise to 123.5 million by 2040. Early detection of diabetes risk through periodic screening could be instrumental in controlling diabetes.

Objectives:

1. To estimate the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults attending tertiary care hospital. 2. To assess correlation between INDIAN DIABETIC RISK SCORE(IDRS) and Random Capillary Blood Sugar (RBS). 1. To assess association between selected risk factors and risk of developing diabetes mellitus.

Methodology:

This study was done among 270 individuals aged 18 years and above attending NCD OPD in Madurai medical college, Tamil Nadu during November 2023. The sample size was calculated based on 40% global prevalence of moderate to high diabetic risk by Sarah Wild et al. Consecutive sampling was done. After obtaining informed consent, data was collected using semi structured questionnaire containing sociodemographic details, risk factors, and IDRS. Anthropometric measurements and RBS were done. The study excluded all known cases of Diabetes.

Results:

The mean age of the study participants was 42.25 years (SD 4.70). Majority (83.3%) were females. IDRS categorization showed 18.2%, 56.6% and 25.2% in the low, moderate and high-risk groups respectively. The study indicates moderate correlation (r=0.435) of IDRS and RBS values. Also, significant correlation (r=0.543) of IDRS with RBS in 18-30 age group. Age, waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the high-risk group.

Conclusion:

Screening of young adults by simple cost-effective tools like IDRS helps in further evaluation by blood investigations for early detection of diabetes, thereby preventing or delaying complications.
IJCM_12A: Parental perception on surgical care in public and private health care systems
Authors: Krupa T V Sai , Baliga Kiran N , Baliga B S , Nayak Anupama P , Reddy Bharath
Published: April 2024

Background:

The purpose of the study is to assess the perception of parents on surgical care in public and private healthcare systems. It encompasses factors like quality of care, convenience, and expenditure that provide satisfaction, which has a crucial role in shaping parental perception.

Objective:

To compare the perception of parents regarding the quality of care provided to children for surgical care in public and private health care systems.

Methodology:

The questionnaire was constructed in three languages and distributed to 125 patients. Details regarding the levels of perception among parents and its significance in the Public and Private sectors included 6 questions - Convenience of location, Length of time spent, Equipment, comfort, explanation of the condition, and overall stay.

Results:

Overall satisfaction was seen to be 54.67% for the households admitted in the private healthcare sector compared to 59.27% in the public healthcare sector. Comfort was 52.53% and 66.24% in private and public health care services respectively. The personal manner of doctors was 57.87% in private and 58.72% in the public health care sector.

Conclusion:

Overall satisfaction level in public hospitals was better when compared with the private sector, even though, the difference between the satisfaction level for the quality of care provided in public and private in our study was not significant.
IJCM_125A: Prevalence of hypertension and obesity among adolescents: a school based, cross sectional study in Aligarh
Authors: Assis Althaf , Ahmad Anees , Afzal Kamran , Urfi
Published: April 2024

Background:

Hypertension is a serious medical condition and cause of premature death worldwide, with upwards of 1 in 4 men and 1 in 5 women having the condition. Overweight and obesity are major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders and some cancers (including endometrial, breast, ovarian, prostate, liver, gallbladder, kidney, and colon). Recent literature suggests hypertension and obesity to be a rising health problem not only in adults but also in adolescents. The early identification and effective management of hypertension and obesity in children and adolescents is key primordial and primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Objectives:

To determine the prevalence of hypertension and obesity and their associated factors among school going adolescents in Aligarh.

Methodology:

A school based cross-sectional study was carried out among 569 school students of Class-V to XII studying at schools of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. Data was collected using a predesigned, structured questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured using digital blood pressure apparatus wit age appropriate cuffs and hypertension was defined using the American Academy of Paediatrics 2017 criteria. BMI was calculated using the standard formula, weight (kg)/height2 (m2), and values were compared with the WHO growth charts. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS 20.0 software. To study frequency distribution and sociodemographic characteristics, descriptive statistics were carried out. Chi square and other appropriate tests were applied.

Results:

In this study 569 adolescents were participated, of which 324 (56.9%) were males. The prevalence of elevated blood pressure was 10.7% and hypertension was 18.5%. The prevalence of obesity was 2.6%. Male gender, family history of hypertension, overweight/obesity are significantly associated with hypertension.

Conclusion:

Approximately one fifth of the participants in this study had hypertension, highlighting the need for intervention including lifestyle modification and active case finding.
IJCM_129A: Is intelligent Breast Exam (iBE) a sensitive and specific test compared with mammography in the early detection of breast cancer and patient triage in adults? A Diagnostic review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Anjali M , Khapre Meenakshi , Sudarshan BP
Published: April 2024

Background:

Breast cancer represents the most common cause of cancer death among women globally. Early cancer detection in low-income countries is difficult because of the relatively expensive mammographic screening. Intelligent Breast Exam [iBE] is a portable device that is available at low cost and provides electronic documentation for additional diagnostic workup.

Objectives:

This study aims to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of i breast device in the early detection of breast cancer and patient triage in adults. Secondary objectives: 1) To review the usability of i Breast device as a triage test for breast pathologies in primary care setting. 2) To review the feasibility, ease and cost-effectiveness of i Breast device

Methodology:

A systematic literature search of the MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library databases will be performed to identify the studies reporting the accuracy of i breast device for the detection of breast cancer from January 2010 to December 2023. The search strategy will be carried out by using key words and MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms. The reference test will be mammogram. The search will be in accordance with the PRISMA-DTA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Diagnostic Test Accuracy studies) guidelines. Two reviewer authors will independently screen the results. The full-text articles will be reviewed when studies meet the inclusion criteria or in any uncertainty. Non-consensus will be resolved by a third reviewer. The quality of the studies will be examined using the QUADAS-2 (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) tool. The review will be registered with PROSPERO (Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews). The estimates of sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve will be attempted using the bivariate model for the diagnostic meta-analysis.
IJCM_165A: Selfcare practises and its association with glycaemic indices among diabetes mellitus patients in a rural community in Karnataka.
Authors: Mary Monisha P , Jacob Ankeeta Menona
Published: April 2024

Background:

Self-care is a complex and natural decision-making process for maintaining health, especially in chronic patients, such as patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Identifying the contribution of each self-care behavior to glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes becomes an integral part.

Objective:

To determine the association of self-care in Diabetes Mellitus patients and blood sugar levels in a rural community in Karnataka.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study was conducted at a health institution in a rural area affiliated with a private medical college in Karnataka, India, from March to April 2023. The Diabetes Self-care Questionnaire (DSMQ) was used to examine diabetes patients’ self-care practices. Quantitative data was expressed in mean, standard deviation, median, or interquartile range. Qualitative variables were expressed in percentages and proportions and analyzed using SPSS 20.0. The Chi-square test/Fischer’s exact test determined the association between DSMQ and Blood sugar levels

Results:

Among 142 Diabetes mellitus patients, the mean age was 55.32±12.89 years. 118(82.5%) were married and were Diabetic since 4(2-6) years.106(74.6%) experienced chronic complications, of which 34(23.9%) primarily had foot and leg problems. Medication adherence was seen in 97(68.3%). Sulfonylureas use was seen in 115(82.7%) followed by Biguanides in 80(56.3%). The median blood sugar level was 208.5(161.5-273.5)mg/dl. Using the DSMQ, Optimal glucose management was seen in only 35(24.5%). Suboptimal glucose management was associated with age more than 50 and self-reported obesity.

Conclusion:

Among the study population, one-fourth had effective glucose management and physical activity. Suboptimal glucose management was associated with age more than 50 and self-reported obesity.
IJCM_176A: Prehypertension and its association with anthropometric indices among young adult Bank Employees of a city in coastal district of Andhra Pradesh-A cross-sectional study.
Authors: Hansdah Paran Mohan , Sujatha P. , Sridevi G. , Madhavi B. Devi
Published: April 2024

Background:

Hypertension is a rapidly emerging modifiable lifestyle disease and is often called as the silent killer. Owing to a steady increase in the prevalence it is of public health concern. Hypertension develops gradually preceded by prehypertension as evidenced by longitudinal studies. Bank employees lead a sedentary and highly stressful life that often leads to developing NCD’s such as hypertension. The study aims to assess the prevalence of prehypertension among them.

Objectives:

1. To assess the prevalence of Prehypertension among bank employees. 2. To determine the association between various anthropometric measurements and Prehypertension among bank employees.

Methodology:

A Cross-sectional Study was carried out among the bank employees of urban Kakinada, during October & November 2023 and their hypertension status was assessed. List of banks in the city was obtained and 32 of them were selected by simple random sampling using lottery method. Sample size was calculated using the formula=z2pq/l2 with an allowable error of 15% of prevalence.Prevalence(55.3%) was taken from the study done by Sira Jam Munira and sample size was 140.Young adults(25-44years) of age from the rank of Clerk and above were included in the study. Modified WHO STEPS questionnaire was used to collect data using Kobo toolbox and the data was analysed using MS Excel 2019 and SPSS 21. Prior approval was taken from Institutional Ethics Committee.

Results:

A total of 308 respondents constituted the study population. The mean age of the participants was 52.80±10.97 years. Among various domains of QOL, mean scores were found to be maximum for environmental domain (54.08± 14.76). Females have lower scores among various QOL domains as compared to their male counterparts. Age was found to be independent predictor for all the domains of QOL. Literacy, monthly family income, presence of self-reported stress and duration of the diabetes were all significantly associated with majority of domains of QOL on multivariate analysis (P<0.05). Conclusion: Advancing age and duration of diabetes were found to be among important predictors of QOL.

Conclusion:

Young adult bank employees had high prevalence of prehypertension and it was more prevalent among females.
IJCM_191A: A study of awareness regarding harmful effects of tobacco consumption among an urban population of Raipur.
Authors: Pradhan Jyoti , Pal Anjali , Shukla Arvind Kumar
Published: April 2024

Background:

Tobacco consumption has been significantly linked to increased mortality and morbidity. It gives rise to several diseases such as lung cancer, oral cancer, COPD, asthma, and dental problems as well as aggravates other diseases like TB, asbestosis, heart ailments, etc. It is the need of the hour to increase awareness about the adverse effects of tobacco addiction.

Objectives:

To study awareness regarding harmful effects of tobacco consumption among an urban population of Raipur.

Methodology:

Data was collected as part of an ongoing cross-sectional study in June 2023 in the Urban Field Practice area of AIIMS Raipur (Ward 24 and 25). Demographic details including age [40-74 years], gender, education, family type, addiction history, etc. were collected. A semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the WHO STEPS survey and GATS survey was used to collect information on tobacco awareness.

Results:

Data entry was done in Excel and analyzed in SPSS version 21. Among the 200 participants, 54.5% (109) were female and the rest male. The majority of participants belonged to Hindu religion (96.5%), nuclear family type (50%), and OBC caste (54%). About 10.5% of participants were current smokers, most of them male. Smokeless tobacco consumption like gudakhu, gutkha, and pan was more prevalent than smoking, especially in women (29%). Smokeless tobacco consumption was almost equal in both genders. Awareness improved with an increase in educational status and with younger age categories, which were found to be significant. Only 73% of males and 39.4% of females were aware of the harmful health effects of tobacco consumption.

Conclusion:

Illiteracy and easy accessibility of tobacco products at cheap prices, especially for smokeless tobacco and lack of awareness has led to extensive consumption of these products and hence, efforts must be made in these directions by various measures, such as policies, bans, taxes and health education.
IJCM_194A: Diabetes distress and associated factors among adult patients residing in an urban resettlement colony in Delhi
Authors: Alwani Anam Anil , Kaur Ravneet , Bairwa Mohan , Misra Puneet , Nongkynrih Baridalyne
Published: April 2024

Background:

Diabetes distress “refers to the negative emotional or affective experiences resulting from the challenge of living with the demands of diabetes.” The American Diabetes Association recommends routinely screening for distress. Presently, this does not take place and distress remains undiagnosed.

Objectives:

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of diabetes distress, its associated factors and the relationship between glycemic control and distress.

Methodology:

This community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in a resettlement colony in Delhi. The participants were selected using simple random sampling and included adults diagnosed with DM. The sample size calculated was 433 (prevalence: 42%, absolute precision: 5%, non-response rate: 10%). The questionnaire included Diabetes Distress Scale 17 and Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was tested for all the participants. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with distress as well as the association between glycemic control status and the presence of distress.

Results:

412 adults were included in the study, of which 35.4% had clinically significant distress. The factors found to be associated with diabetes distress on multivariable logistic regression were: female sex, belonging to the lower socio-economic status, having self-reported comorbidities, being diagnosed with diabetes 10 or more years ago, being on treatment from a private or government hospital as compared to not being on treatment and having an unmet need for social support. There was a positive association between physician contact and distress. Those with poor glycemic control had higher odds of distress, regimen related distress and emotional burden, as compared to those who had adequate glycemic control.

Conclusion:

In this study, distress was prevalent among 35.4% of adults with diabetes. The factors determined to be associated with distress may provide a targeted approach to address distress, which ought to be screened for in routine clinical settings and be addressed, to help improve disease control.
IJCM_197A: A cross-sectional study to assess the risk of diabetes among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Vijayan Veena , Mundada Vinod D.
Published: April 2024

Background:

Diabetes mellitus is one of the major public health problems that affects all age groups. Usually, medical students have sedentary lifestyle owing to academic requirements and there are only limited studies on diabetes screening have been conducted among them. Thus, this study aimed to assess risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and to study association of diabetes risk with other factors among undergraduate medical students.

Objectives:

1. To assess the risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care hospital. 2. To study the association of risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with other factors among undergraduate medical students.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study conducted among 272 undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care hospital during July 2023 to October 2023. Data collection was done using sociodemographic questionnaire and risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus was assessed using Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS).

Results:

Among 272 study participants, about 21% had moderate risk score and 1.5% had severe risk score. About 64% medical students belonged to nuclear family, 44.6% had family history of diabetes mellitus and 38% were overweight/ obese. Statistically significant association of moderate-high diabetes risk with nuclear family, positive family history of diabetes, no/mild physical activity and body mass index (BMI) was seen.

Conclusion:

A significant proportion of undergraduate student had moderate to high risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus found to associated with nuclear family, family history of diabetes, no or mild physical activity and overweight.
IJCM_199A: Out of pocket expenditure and catastrophic expenditure on haemodialysis: a cross sectional study on patients with chronic kidney disease in Palakkad, Kerala
Authors: Jayasankar J B , Prathvimraj BU
Published: April 2024

Background:

Advances in kidney transplantation and dialysis have helped millions of people with ESRD. However, cost involved in terms of initial investment, maintenance, training, skilled personnel, subsidies on consumables and drugs add to the long-term cost involved with treatment.

Objectives:

1. To study the treatment expenditure, out of pocket expenditure and catastrophic expenditure during Haemodialysis. 2) To study sociodemographic characteristics of ESRD patients on Haemodialysis

Methodology:

It is a cross sectional study conducted in 2 government and 2 private hospitals among patients with chronic kidney disease who were undergoing haemodialysis for a minimum period of 1 month. Data was collected using preformed questionnaire containing data on socio-demographic variables, illness details, dialysis details, medications and other expenditures.

Results:

65.7% of participant gave history of having insurance coverage or any assistance for dialysis. But majority of patients used their savings (69.7%), or gifts (60.2%), sold assets (51.2%), made unsecured loans (23.9%), mortgaged their lands (11.9%). In addition, 97.5% had catastrophic expenditure on dialysis. Out of pocket expenditure for dialysis per month was Rs.8,310 in government institutes and Rs.29,655 in private institute. Among private, it was Rs.11,297 rupees in ECHS patients and Rs.18,642 in other social insurance scheme

Conclusion:

There is a high out of pocket expenditure among dialysis patients for their session with public private disparity
IJCM_20A: Understanding determinants of increased home deliveries in accessing antenatal care in the two blocks of the Chamba, Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Shukla Mansi , Rastogi Priyanshu , Sethi Gaurav , Sharma Shantanu , Mehra Sunil , Sethi Gitanshu
Published: April 2024

Background:

Maternal mortality has been declining over the years in India. Despite India achieving a maternal mortality ratio below 100 per 100,000 live births by 2020, Chamba, an aspirational district of Himachal Pradesh, still faces challenges. In Chamba, access to antenatal care (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC) remains suboptimal.

Objective:

To understand the perspectives of key stakeholders on barriers and facilitators for accessing ANC/PNC and institutional delivery services in the Chamba district.

Methodology:

The qualitative study was conducted in May and June 2023 in two blocks of the Chamba district. Around 5-6 villages were purposively selected in each block. The study encompassed 19 in-depth interviews and 7 focus group discussions involving lactating and pregnant women, family members, medical officers, and frontline healthcare workers. Additionally, the assessment of 2 labour rooms at the health facility was conducted using DAKSHATA standards.

Results:

The study revealed multifaceted barriers in Chamba, including challenging road conditions worsened by weather impeding timely health facility access. Women’s heavy workloads and limited awareness resulted in delayed ANC, PNC, and registration. Cultural preferences and myths hindered institutional deliveries. Transportation challenges, ambulance limitations, hospital overload, and health facility constraints amplified the difficulties. The DAKSHATA assessment indicated a mean score of 22 out of 30, stressing the need for improvements to enhance ANC, PNC, and institutional delivery access.

Conclusion:

The findings emphasize the critical need for interventions that enhance awareness among women, counteract cultural preferences for home deliveries and dispel prevalent myths and misconceptions. Furthermore, addressing transportation limitations, ambulance constraints, and hospital overload is crucial.
IJCM_209A: Are the patients with tuberculosis beneficiaries of the social protection schemes of the government? An operational research from coastal Karnataka
Authors: Akshaya K M , Bhargava Madhavi , Pavithra H
Published: April 2024

Background:

One of the components of Pillar 2 of the End TB strategy focuses on social protection and addressing the social determinants of TB.

Objective:

We assessed the proportion of patients with TB who were utilizing the various social protection schemes of the government.

Methodology:

This cross-sectional study was conducted in four TUs of Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka State between September 2019 and January 2020. All public notified patients with TB who completed at least the intensive phase of TB treatment were included. A semi structured questionnaire was administered to the patients at their residence by the trained field worker in the Kannada and responses regarding utilization of key social protection schemes were recorded. Basic socio demographic and clinical details were obtained from the TB treatment card.

Results:

Of 174 patients, 46 percent were in the productive age group (15-44 years). More than two thirds were males. Around one-third were employed and about 55 percent belonged to urban areas. More than half of the patients belonged to below poverty line. Among the social protection schemes applicable to all the patients, 36.8% had received the first installment of cash transfer for nutritional supplementation and about 5% received nutritional supplements from local funding mechanisms. About 97% patients in the below poverty line or Antyodaya group had received dry ration from PDS. About 52% of the women in the reproductive age group were enrolled with ICDS; however, none availed the dry ration. Three fourths of patients utilized at least one social protection scheme. The timings of availability were not suitable for almost half of the patients to avail the benefits.

Conclusion:

The utilization of the existing social protection schemes was found to be suboptimal. The possible reasons need to be explored using qualitative research.
IJCM_21A: How do under-five children belonging to scheduled tribes compare with the non- tribal children: a secondary data analysis using the Comprehensive National Nutritional Survey (CNNS) 2016-18.
Authors: Pavithra H , Bhargava Madhavi , Dinachandra Konsam
Published: April 2024

Background:

Scheduled tribes (ST) constitute 8.6% of India’s population. Disproportionate burden of undernutrition is found among these socially disadvantaged population. objectives: To compare the nutritional status of under-5 ST children with children belonging to other castes (non-tribal) using data from Comprehensive National Nutritional Survey (CNNS) 2016-18.

Methodology:

We selected relevant demographic and anthropometric variables from the CNNS dataset and dichotomized it into non-tribal and tribal. World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro software was used to calculate the z-scores; weight-for-height (WHZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ). We estimated the proportion of wasting, underweight and stunting in these two sets of children. The mean z-scores between non-tribal and tribal children and that between girls and boys within these subsets were tested using student t-test.

Results:

Valid heights were available in 28,568 non-tribal and 7155 tribal children and the corresponding weights were available in 28144 and 6956 children respectively. The mean (SD) HAZ, an indicator of long-term nutrition, was -1.12 (1.58) in non-tribal children and -1.21 (1.71) in tribal children (p:<0.001) Prevalence of stunting in tribal children (31.6%; 95%CI: 30.6, 32.7) was higher than that in non-tribal (27.1%; 95%CI: 26.6, 27.6). Due to poor heights, wasting was less in tribal children (12.8%; 95%CI: 12, 13.6) compared to the non-tribal (14.5%; 95%CI: 14.1, 15). The non- tribal girls had better mean (SD) WHZ, -0.75 (1.3) and WAZ, -1.17 (1.26) than boys (p=0.01, 0.045 respectively). The heights between the boys and girls were comparable in the non-tribal subset whereas, it was better in tribal girls; mean HAZ being -1.15 (SD:1.69) in girls and -1.27, (SD:1.72) in boys (p<0.0029).

Conclusion:

The under-5 tribal children were significantly shorter than their non-tribal counterparts. Long term nutrition as depicted by heights was similar in boys and girls in non-tribal subset but tribal girls performed better than the boys.
IJCM_212A: Assessment of Effective Vaccine Management in Government Health Facilities of Jammu district
Authors: Chowdhary Nahida , Langer Bhavna , Gupta Rajiv K
Published: April 2024

Background:

The success of immunization depends highly on the level of cold chain maintenance. For effective implementation and success of the Universal Immunisation Programme, proper maintenance of Cold Chain needs a great focus. In 2010, WHO and UNICEF launched the Effective Vaccine Management (EVM) initiative. EVM is a tool which assesses immunization supply chain logistics management.

Objectives:

To evaluate the performance of Immunization supply chain in cold chain points of Government Health Facilities (HF) of Jammu district

Methodology:

A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted in Jammu district of UT of J&K. The assessment was done during November 2021– October 2022 using WHO-UNICEF EVM assessment standalone questionnaire generated on EVM assessor app. Sample size and site selection were done using the WHO EVM site selection tool(v1.7-March 2014). A total of 31 HFs were assessed including Divisional Vaccine Store (SN)

Results:

None of the health facilities reached the WHO recommended overall score of >80%. The criterion scores showed that Facility infrastructure and equipment (E4) and waste management (E9) for District Vaccine Store (LD) was 83% & 86%. Vaccine management (E8) score for SN level & Government Hospital was 88% & 82%. Rest of the CCPs scored less than 80% for all the criteria(E2-E9). The scores of distribution of vaccines and dry goods (E7) were very low for Primary Health Centres (PHC) and Health & Wellness Centres (H&WC) i.e., 39% and 25%. The scores for all the categories(C1-C6) for various CCPs were below 80%. Management criteria scores for supportive supervision(M3) was 0% for all CCP except LD &PHC

Conclusion:

The overall performance of cold chain in Jammu district was below the recommended level. Supportive supervision, provision of safe disposal pits, power backup, micro plan, training of Cold Chain Handlers and provision of vaccine transportation facility can help in effective vaccine management
IJCM_215A: Awareness and practices related to the prevention of urinary tract infections among the women of reproductive age group
Authors: Mithra Prasanna , Aravind Vijay , Nayak Manasa , Khot Nikita , Silviera Annabelle , Prativadi Jeevitha , Adarsh R
Published: April 2024

Background:

Urinary Tract Infection is one of the most common bacterial infections that affect women globally. UTI is limited to the lower urinary tract system in most women. Escherichia coli is the most common cause of uncomplicated UTIs. Pre-menopausal women are more susceptible to UTI due to behavioural risk factors. Most of the cases are preventable and assessing the awareness among the women about the risk factors and health behaviour modifications is an important step in this direction.

Methodology:

Cross sectional study was conducted in hospitals associated with Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. 188 Women of reproductive age group seeking inpatient, or outpatient healthcare was part of study population. The data was collected using the Interview Schedule which included their demographic details, socioeconomic status, awareness, attitude and practices towards UTI and its prevention. Collected data was entered in SPSS version 16.0 and analysed.

Results:

Of the total 188 participants in the study, 49.5% were housewives, while 20.7% were semi-skilled workers, 17.5% were professionals, and 12.2% were skilled workers. Of the 61 participants who answered 36% pointed out hygiene as a predisposition to UTI, 29% said they thought decreased water intake had a role to play, 16% thought diet could be a risk factor. 9% felt catheterization is also a cause, 8.9% thought body heat was a probable cause, while 11% said there were other causes involved. According to 96.28% of the participants increased uptake of water was a factor that would help prevent UTI. 1.06% of the women said that regular check-up could help prevent UTI but 48.94% did not see it as a preventive factor.

Conclusion:

Population on which the study was conducted does know what UTI is, while a few know of the risk factors and complications. It was also seen that the level of personal healthcare they maintain is satisfactory.
IJCM_218A: Association between school bag weight and trunk strength among children in Mangalore
Authors: Soy Elsa Maria , Rekha T , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Mithra Prasanna , Kumar Nithin , Joshua Abraham M , Mohamed Fida , Sahni Anjali , Venkatachalam Vedant , Arora Gaurav , Gannu Abhishek , Holla Ramesh
Published: April 2024

Background:

School bags serve as a practical means for students to transport essential academic materials and personal items, including food. The significance of school bag weight has garnered increased attention in recent years due to its potential impact on the musculoskeletal health of school children. Excessive school bag weight has been identified as a significant contributor to various health issues, ranging from neck pain and shoulder discomfort to headaches, general fatigue, decreased muscle strength, and, notably, back injuries among children.

Methods:

The study involved 178 school children in Mangalore, ranging from 10-15 years, for a period of 23 days. School bag weights were measured using calibrated scales, and trunk strength was assessed using a hand held dynamometer. Statistical analysis, including Chi-square test, student’s ‘t’ test and Karl Pearson correlation test were employed to identify any significant relationships between these variables.

Results:

Preliminary findings revealed a positive correlation between school bag weight and trunk strength among the participants. Results indicated that a considerable proportion (83.1%) of students were burdened with an excessive load of bags. The evaluated muscular strength was discovered to be diminished in these individuals, and they experienced symptoms that were interconnected, highlighting the potential impact of school bag weight on the musculoskeletal health of children in Mangalore.

Conclusion:

These findings advocate measures to alleviate the burden on children’s musculoskeletal health. Further research and interventions are warranted to promote a balanced and healthy school environment for the well-being of the younger generation.
IJCM_221A: Assessment of Morbidity Patterns among Bus Drivers in Mangaluru
Authors: Ramesh Priyanka , Ranjan Roshan , SuvethaSri Sai , Menon Arundathi , Sophola Alister , Rekha T , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Mithra Prasanna , Kumar Nithin , Holla Ramesh
Published: April 2024

Background:

Bus drivers suffer from musculoskeletal disorders manifested through tension, pain and decreased work capacity, due to the lack in postural variations and long working hours.

Objectives:

To study the pattern of morbidities among bus drivers and the factors responsible for the morbidities.

Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, 100 bus drivers from Mangalore City were included. The sample size was calculated considering prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders as 70.7%, with 15% relative precision, and 95% confidence interval. Institutional Ethics Committee permission was obtained prior to the commencement of the study. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS for windows version 25.0, Armonk, New York, 25.0.

Results:

Among the 100 participants, 42 complained of one or more perceived musculoskeletal morbidity. The most common musculoskeletal problem was lower back pain (29) and knee pain (29), followed by upper back pain (13) and shoulder pain (9). Hip/thigh pain was the least common (1), followed by neck (3) and wrists/hands (3). Out of the 18 bus drivers with coughs, all of them complained of early morning cough. Clinical assessment revealed reduced visual acuity among 32 subjects, 87% of bus drivers were found to have pre-hypertension and 5% had stage 1 hypertension, 37 were obese and 34 were normal.

Conclusion:

Musculoskeletal morbidities were found to be the most common among bus drivers, followed by reduced visual acuity.
IJCM_223A: Assessment of the Tuberculosis Surveillance System in Amethi district of Uttar Pradesh, India, 2023
Authors: Chouhan Zakariya , Singh Neeraj , Dzeyie Kevisetuo Anthony
Published: April 2024

Background:

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be one of the leading global causes of death. In 2022, globally 10.6 million TB cases were estimated, 28% from India. Uttar Pradesh (UP) has TB incidence rate of 210 per 100,000 population. Amethi district has a population of 21 lakhs and 10 TB units. We assessed the TB surveillance system in Amethi for its attributes and to provide recommendations for improvement.

Objective:

To describe and evaluate tuberculosis surveillance system in Amethi (UP) Recommendation to strengthen TB surveillance system.

Methodology:

We evaluated the timeliness and completeness of surveillance data of Amethi from the January to June 2023 through the online Nikshay portal. We assessed the timeliness for treatment started within three days of diagnosis and flow of monthly reports at every level. We assessed the data quality by completeness of information of the enrolled patients. We interviewed the Frontline Health Workers (FLW) from each blocks as per their availability during the time of filed visit regarding the knowledge about TB, symptoms, modes of spread and treatment selected.

Results:

Nikshay portal data had 1500 patient entries for Amethi during Jan- June 2023. The median age of the patients was 37 (range:

Conclusion:

The Amethi TB surveillance has a good timeliness and completeness in initiating TB treatment to those diagnosed; however, requires improvement for health workers awareness and reporting in the blocks. We recommended district to conduct yearly capacity building of FLW and conduct monthly review.
IJCM_229A: A Community-based screening programme for oral, breast, and cervical cancer in the rural area of Dakshin Kannada
Authors: Saraswathy M V , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Rekha T , Kumar Nithin , Rao Mithun , Mithra Prasanna , Holla Ramesh
Published: April 2024

Background:

Karnataka recorded 87304 new cancer cases in the year 2021. Breast, lip and oral cavity, cervix were the top cancer sites amongst all sexes and are preventable. Despite the nation-wide launch of Population-based screening (PBS) in 2016, the reported coverage of individuals who were screened for these three cancers in Dakshin Kannada was 0.4% (NFHS-5). The study introduces on-site screening for oral and breast cancer in the community.

Objectives:

To estimate the proportion of pre-cancerous lesions of oral, breast, and cervical cancer, through community-based screening in adults aged 18 to 65 years, in the catchment area of a medical college in Dakshina Kannada

Methodology:

This observational study was conducted among all persons aged 18 to 65years, residing in the rural catchment area of a medical college in Mangalore taluk of Dakshina Kannada and consenting for the study. Pregnant women and persons with prior diagnosis of oral, breast or cervical cancer were excluded. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to enrol an estimated sample of 1120 beneficiaries. The study comprised of house-to-house survey, cancer awareness sessions, and community-based screening. Screening tests included Oral visual examination, clinical breast examination, iBreast examination (iBE; electronic palpation by ibreast device), and Pap smear tests. Participants who screened positive were referred for diagnostic tests and management.

Results:

The study was completed with survey of 556 households, 3 cancer awareness sessions, and screening of 525 beneficiaries (325 females and 200 males) for oral, breast, and cervical cancer. Three participants screened positive for oral cancer, and one participant for breast cancer, who were referred for management to tertiary care hospital attached to the medical college. 25% of female participants underwent cervical cancer screening, with no one detected with pre-cancerous lesions.

Conclusion:

A combination of house-to-house and camp-based approaches along with awareness sessions results in improved coverage of PBS in the community.
IJCM_233A: Multicentric study to evaluate the effectiveness of AI based Thermal mammography compared with standard screening modalities in suspected breast cancer patients.
Authors: Prabhu Shruti Atul , Singh Uttara
Published: April 2024

Background:

Machine learning in computer-assisted diagnostics improves sensitivity of image analysis and reduces time and effort for interpretation. Compared to standard mammograms, a thermal scan is easily scalable and is a safer screening tool. We evaluate the performance of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based thermographic screening tool) compared with other standard breast cancer screening modalities

Objectives:

To evaluate the effectiveness of AI based Thermal mammography compared with standard screening modalities in suspected breast cancer patients.

Methodology:

A prospective multicentre study was conducted to assess the non-inferiority of sensitivity of AI based Thermal mammography (Thermalytix) to that of standard modalities in detecting malignancy in subjects who show possible symptoms of suspected breast cancer. Standard screening modalities and Thermalytix were obtained and interpreted independently in a blinded fashion. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to identify the best cut-off point, non-inferiority margin of =10% to demonstrate the non-inferiority.

Results:

We recruited 314 symptomatic women who first underwent a thermal scan, followed by mammogram and/or ultrasound. At Youden’s Index of ROC curve, the test device had a sensitivity of 82.5% (95% CI 73.2 to 91.9) and specificity of 80.5% (95% CI 75.0 to 86.1) as compared with diagnostic mammogram, which had sensitivity of 92% (95% CI 80.7 to 97.8) and specificity of 45.9% (95% CI 34.3 to 57.9). The overall area under the curve (AUC) was 0.845.

Conclusion:

The high AUC in both women under 45 years and above 45 years shows the potential of Thermalytix to be a supplemental diagnostic modality for all ages
IJCM_235A: Extent and pattern of telemedicine usage and perceptions about telemedicine among health care practitioners across the state of Karnataka, A cross sectional study
Authors: Girish B , Gujala Madhavi , Dayananda M , Kumar Manoj H.V
Published: April 2024

Background:

Telemedicine is a developing technology in the Indian healthcare sector. The success of any new technology depends on factors such as knowledge, perception, and willingness of users and professionals to engage it. Hence this study will be conducted to assess the perceptions and usage of telemedicine by healthcare professionals in Karnataka state of India.

Objectives:

a. To ascertain the extent of telemedicine usage by healthcare professionals in different parts of the state of Karnataka. b. To determine the different models of telemedicine used by healthcare professionals. c. To compare the utilization pattern of telemedicine across various demographic, academic, career and healthcare setting-related parameters of healthcare providers.

Methodology:

Methods: This study will be conducted using a cross-sectional survey design. The survey will be conducted among healthcare professionals in Karnataka, including doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals.

Results:

In the present study overall usage f telemedicine was 30%. The utilization pattern of telemedicine various widely across various demographic, academic, career and healthcare setting-related parameters of healthcare providers. Different models of telemedicine were used by healthcare professionals in different parts of Karnataka. The utilization pattern of telemedicine is more in urban areas of state. Covid 19 pandemic has a great effect on usage of telemedicine by healthcare professionals.

Conclusion:

In the present study overall usage f telemedicine was 30%. The utilization pattern of telemedicine various widely across various demographic, academic, career and healthcare setting-related parameters of healthcare providers. Different models of telemedicine were used by healthcare professionals in different parts of Karnataka.