bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistance to Diatraea (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) stem borers in sugarcane is independent of species
Authors: Echeverri-Rubiano Claudia , Chica-Ramírez Héctor Alberto , García-Dávila Mario Augusto , Vargas Germán
Published: March 2023

Evaluation of host-plant resistance on sugarcane to the sugarcane stem borers of Diatraea spp. is normally conducted in Colombia under field conditions, where environmental variations make the study of the insect–plant relationships difficult. Additionally, several species (i.e., D. saccharalis, D. indigenella, D. tabernella, and D. busckella), which are predominant in Colombia, can overlap in their distribution, raising the question of whether different varieties have the same responses to different pest species. The present study conducted evaluations of host-plant resistance under screen house conditions using two contrasting varieties (CC 93-3895, resistant, and CC 93-3826, susceptible) that were infested with the above-mentioned borer species. Observations of pest injury were conducted on internodes, leaves, and spindles. Survival and size (body mass) of the individuals recovered were analyzed and a Damage Survival Ratio (DSR) was proposed. The resistant CC 93-3895 exhibited less stalk injury, less emergence holes on internodes, and lower DSR; additionally, recovery of pest individuals was lower in comparison with CC 93-3826, independent of the borer species. Insect–plant interactions are discussed, as no previous information was available for three of the species tested (i.e., D. tabernella, D. indigenella, and D. busckella). This screen house protocol is proposed to characterize host-plant resistance among several cultivars from the Colombian sugarcane germplasm bank, using CC 93-3826 and CC 93-3895 as contrasting controls and D. saccharalis as the species model.
Jasmonate signaling controls negative and positive effectors of salt stress tolerance in rice
Authors: Ndecky Simon , Nguyen Trang Hieu , Eiche Elisabeth , Cognat Valérie , Pflieger David , Pawar Nitin , Betting Ferdinand , Saha Somidh , Champion Antony , Riemann Michael , Heitz Thierry
Published: March 2023

Plant responses to salt exposure involve large reconfigurations of hormonal pathways that orchestrate physiological changes towards tolerance. Jasmonate (JA) hormones are essential to withstand biotic and abiotic assaults, but their roles in salt tolerance remain unclear. Here we describe the dynamics of JA metabolism and signaling in root and leaf tissue of rice, a plant species that is highly exposed and sensitive to salt. Roots activate the JA pathway in an early pulse, while the second leaf displays a biphasic JA response with peaks at 1 h and 3 d post-exposure. Based on higher salt tolerance of a rice JA-deficient mutant (aoc), we examined, through kinetic transcriptome and physiological analysis, the salt-triggered processes that are under JA control. Profound genotype-differential features emerged that could underlie the observed phenotypes. Abscisic acid (ABA) content and ABA-dependent water deprivation responses were impaired in aoc shoots. Moreover, aoc accumulated more Na+ in roots, and less in leaves, with reduced ion translocation correlating with root derepression of the HAK4 Na+ transporter gene. Distinct reactive oxygen species scavengers were also stronger in aoc leaves, along with reduced senescence and chlorophyll catabolism markers. Collectively, our results identify contrasted contributions of JA signaling to different sectors of the salt stress response in rice.
Cupuassu juice fermentation byLactiplantibacillus plantarumLp62 produces an antioxidant enriched probiotic beverage
Authors: da Silva Lucas Alvarenga , de Vasconcelos Bianca Silva , Moreira Débora Kono Taketa , Rezende Rachel Passos , Romano Carla Cristina , dos Santos Thalis Ferreira
Published: March 2023

The present work aimed to produce a cupuassu juice (Theobroma grandiflorum) fermented by the probiotic bacterium Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp62 and to analyze its antioxidant potential, antimicrobial activity, and resistance to biological barriers. The fermented beverage showed an increase in the content of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant potential. The culture showed antagonistic activity against pathogens, but this result was not observed when the juice was tested. The probiotic strain remained viable under refrigeration, even in an acidified environment, and survived simulated gastrointestinal transit in vitro. L. plantarum Lp62 showed 30% adherence to HT-29 intestinal cells and proved to be safe in terms of antibiotic resistance and production of virulence factors. Fermentation increased the functional characteristics of cupuassu juice. This drink proved to be a good vehicle for the delivery of the probiotic bacteria L. plantarum Lp62.
The justice archive: transitional justice and digital memory
Authors: Rangelov Iavor , Teitel Ruti
Published: March 2023

This article introduces the justice archive as a concept and set of practices emerging from recent developments in transitional justice, memory, and digital technology. Drawing on evidence from the Americas and the Balkans, it examines digital archiving and memory activism and considers the role of international law and regulation.
Idiopathic Constrictive Bronchiolitis in an Active Duty Soldier
Authors: Mehta Ketan , Bennett Steven P , Kwon James , Grant David W , Switzer Michael S
Published: March 2023

Constrictive bronchiolitis is characterized by fibroproliferative thickening of the bronchiolar walls causing narrowing of the bronchiolar lumen, which may progress to the complete obliteration of bronchioles, resulting in progressive dyspnea and ultimately respiratory failure. Active duty service members returning from deployment with toxic exposures such as “burn pits” are known to be at risk for this condition. Other proposed etiologies for this condition include inhalation (nitrogen oxides, ammonia, welding fumes, aerosols [nicotine, diacetyl, and vitamin E acetate]), infection (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, or Mycoplasma pneumoniae), rheumatic diseases, and graft-versus-host disease (lung or hematopoietic cell transplantation). Uncommonly, constrictive bronchiolitis can also be idiopathic. Here we present a case of a young active duty soldier with idiopathic constrictive bronchiolitis without any known risk factors for this disease. The goal of this case presentation is to help the military physician better understand this condition, including identification of this disease process, underlying etiologies, risk factors, and treatments available.
The XQR-30 metal absorber catalogue: 778 absorption systems spanning 2 ≲ z ≲ 6.5
Authors: Davies Rebecca L , Ryan-Weber E , D’Odorico V , Bosman S E I , Meyer R A , Becker G D , Cupani G , Bischetti M , Sebastian A M , Eilers A-C , Farina E P , Wang F , Yang J , Zhu Y
Published: March 2023

Intervening metal absorption lines in the spectra of z ≳ 6 quasars are fundamental probes of the ionization state and chemical composition of circumgalactic and intergalactic gas near the end of the reionization epoch. Large absorber samples are required to robustly measure typical absorber properties and to refine models of the synthesis, transport, and ionization of metals in the early Universe. The Ultimate XSHOOTER legacy survey of quasars at z ∼ 5.8–6.6 (XQR-30) has obtained high signal-to-noise spectra of 30 luminous quasars, nearly quadrupling the existing sample of 12 high quality z ∼ 6 quasar spectra. We use this unprecedented sample to construct a catalogue of 778 systems showing absorption in one or more of Mg ii (360 systems), Fe ii (184), C ii (46), C iv (479), Si iv (127), and N v (13) which span 2 ≲ z ≲ 6.5. This catalogue significantly expands on existing samples of z ≳ 5 absorbers, especially for C iv and Si iv which are important probes of the ionizing photon background at high redshift. The sample is 50 per cent (90 per cent) complete for rest-frame equivalent widths W ≳ 0.03 Å (0.09 Å). We publicly release the absorber catalogue along with completeness statistics and a python script to compute the absorption search path for different ions and redshift ranges. This data set is a key legacy resource for studies of enriched gas from the era of galaxy assembly to cosmic noon, and paves the way for even higher redshift studies with JWST and 30 m-class telescopes.
Detached eclipsing binaries in compact hierarchical triples: triple-lined systems BD+442258 and KIC 06525196
Authors: Moharana Ayush , Hełminiak K G , Marcadon F , Pawar T , Konacki M , Ukita N , Kambe E , Maehara H
Published: March 2023

Compact hierarchical triples (CHTs) are systems with the tertiary star orbiting the inner binary in an orbit shorter than 1000 d. CHT with an eclipsing binary as its inner binary can help us extract a multitude of information about all three stars in the system. In this study, we use independent observational techniques to estimate the orbital, stellar, and atmospheric parameters of two triple-lined CHT: BD+44 2258 and KIC 06525196. We find that the masses of stars in BD+44 2258 are $1.011\pm 0.029$, $0.941\pm 0.033$, and $0.907\pm 0.065 \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ while in KIC 06525196 the estimated masses are $1.0351\pm 0.0055$, $0.9712\pm 0.0039 $, and $0.777\pm 0.012 \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$. Using spectral disentangling, we obtained individual spectra of all the stars and combined it with light-curve modelling to obtain radii, metallicities, and temperatures. Using stellar evolution models from mesa, we constrain the log(age) of BD+44 2258 to be 9.89 and 9.49 for KIC 06525196. Two stars in BD+44 2258 are found to be sub-giants while all three stars in KIC 06525196 are main-sequence stars. We constrain the mutual inclinations to certain angles for BD+44 2258 and KIC 06525196 using numerical integration. Integrating with tidal interaction schemes and stellar evolution models, we find that KIC 06525196 is a stable system. But the inner binary of BD+44 2258 merges within 550 Myr. The time of this merger is affected by the orientation of the tertiary, even rushing the collapse by ∼100 Myr when the mutual inclination is close to 90○.
Extremely expensive likelihoods: a variational-Bayes solution for precision cosmology
Authors: Rizzato Matteo , Sellentin Elena
Published: March 2023

We present a variational-Bayes solution to compute non-Gaussian posteriors from extremely expensive likelihoods. Our approach is an alternative for parameter inference when Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling is numerically prohibitive or conceptually unfeasible. For example, when either the likelihood or the theoretical model cannot be evaluated at arbitrary parameter values, but only previously selected values, then traditional MCMC sampling is impossible, whereas our variational-Bayes solution still succeeds in estimating the full posterior. In cosmology, this occurs e.g. when the parametric model is based on costly simulations that were run for previously selected input parameters. We demonstrate the applicability of our posterior construction on the KiDS-450 weak lensing analysis, where we reconstruct the original KiDS MCMC posterior at 0.6  per cent of its former numerical posterior evaluations. The reduction in numerical cost implies that systematic effects which formerly exhausted the numerical budget could now be included.
The rest-frame ultraviolet of superluminous supernovae – I. Potential as cosmological probes
Authors: Khetan Nandita , Cooke Jeff , Branchesi Marica
Published: March 2023

Superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) have been detected to z ∼ 4 and can be detected to z ≳ 15 using current and upcoming facilities. SLSNe are extremely UV luminous, and hence objects at z ≳ 7 are detected exclusively via their rest-frame UV using optical and infrared facilities. SLSNe have great utility in multiple areas of stellar and galactic evolution. Here, we explore the potential use of SLSNe type-I (SLSNe-I) as high-redshift cosmological distance indicators in their rest-frame UV. Using an SLSN-I sample in the redshift range 1 ≲ z ≲ 3, we investigate correlations between the peak absolute magnitude in a synthetic UV filter centred at 250 nm and the rise time, colour, and decline rate of SLSNe-I light curves. We observe a linear correlation between M0(250) and the rise time with an intrinsic scatter of 0.29. Interestingly, this correlation is further tightened (σint ≈ 0.2) by eliminating those SLSNe that show a pre-peak bump in their light curve. This result hints at the possibility that ‘bumpy’ SLSNe could belong to a different population. Weak correlations are observed between the peak luminosity and colour indices. No relationship is found between the UV peak magnitude and the decline rate, in contrast to what is typically found in the optical band. The correlations found here are promising, and give encouraging insights into the use of SLSNe as cosmological probes at high redshifts using standardizing relations in the UV. We also highlight the importance of early, and consistent, photometric data for constraining the light-curve properties.
Constraining cosmic ray transport with observations of the circumgalactic medium
Authors: Butsky Iryna S , Nakum Shreya , Ponnada Sam B , Hummels Cameron B , Ji Suoqing , Hopkins Philip F
Published: March 2023

Recent theoretical studies predict that the circumgalactic medium (CGM) around low-redshift, ∼L* galaxies could have substantial non-thermal pressure support in the form of cosmic rays. However, these predictions are sensitive to the specific model of cosmic ray transport employed, which is theoretically and observationally underconstrained. In this work, we propose a novel observational constraint for calculating the lower limit of the radially averaged, effective cosmic ray transport rate, ${\kappa _{\rm eff}^{\rm min}}$. Under a wide range of assumptions (so long as cosmic rays do not lose a significant fraction of their energy in the galactic disc, regardless of whether the cosmic ray pressure is important or not in the CGM), we demonstrate a well-defined relationship between ${\kappa _{\rm eff}^{\rm min}}$ and three observable galaxy properties: the total hydrogen column density, the average star formation rate, and the gas circular velocity. We use a suite of Feedback in Realistic Environments 2 galaxy simulations with a variety of cosmic ray transport physics to demonstrate that our analytical model of ${\kappa _{\rm eff}^{\rm min}}$ is a robust lower limit of the true cosmic ray transport rate. We then apply our new model to calculate ${\kappa _{\rm eff}^{\rm min}}$ for galaxies in the COS-Halos sample, and confirm this already reveals strong evidence for an effective transport rate that rises rapidly away from the interstellar medium to values ${\kappa _{\rm eff}^{\rm min}}\gtrsim 10^{30\!-\!31}\, {\rm cm}^2\, {\rm s}^{-1}$ (corresponding to anisotropic streaming velocities of $v^{\rm stream}_{\rm eff} \gtrsim 1000\, {\rm km}\, {\rm s}^{-1}$) in the diffuse CGM, at impact parameters larger than 50–100 kpc. We discuss how future observations can provide qualitatively new constraints in our understanding of cosmic rays in the CGM and intergalactic medium.
Evolution of the eccentricity and inclination of low-mass planets subjected to thermal forces: a numerical study
Authors: Cornejo Sonia , Masset Frédéric S , Chametla Raúl O , Fromenteau Sébastien
Published: March 2023

By means of three-dimensional high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations, we study the orbital evolution of weakly eccentric or inclined low-mass protoplanets embedded in gaseous discs subject to thermal diffusion. We consider both non-luminous planets and planets that also experience the radiative feedback from their own luminosity. We compare our results to previous analytical work and find that thermal forces (the contribution to the disc’s force arising from thermal effects) match those predicted by linear theory within ∼20 per cent. When the planet’s luminosity exceeds a threshold found to be within 10 per cent of that predicted by linear theory, its eccentricity and inclination grow exponentially, whereas these quantities undergo a strong damping below this threshold. In this regime of low luminosity indeed, thermal diffusion cools the surroundings of the planet and allows gas to accumulate in its vicinity. It is the dynamics of this gas excess that contributes to damp eccentricity and inclination. The damping rates obtained can be up to h−1 times larger than those due to the resonant interaction with the disc, where h is the disc’s aspect ratio. This suggests that models that incorporate planet–disc interactions using well-known formulae based on resonant wave-launching to describe the evolution of eccentricity and inclination underestimate the damping action of the disc on the eccentricity and inclination of low-mass planets by an order of magnitude.
Cosmological constraints from HSC survey first-year data using deep learning
Authors: Lu Tianhuan , Haiman Zoltán , Li Xiangchong
Published: March 2023

We present cosmological constraints from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) first-year weak lensing shear catalogue using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and conventional summary statistics. We crop 19 $3\times 3\, \mathrm{{deg}^2}$ sub-fields from the first-year area, divide the galaxies with redshift 0.3 ≤ z ≤ 1.5 into four equally spaced redshift bins, and perform tomographic analyses. We develop a pipeline to generate simulated convergence maps from cosmological N-body simulations, where we account for effects such as intrinsic alignments (IAs), baryons, photometric redshift errors, and point spread function errors, to match characteristics of the real catalogue. We train CNNs that can predict the underlying parameters from the simulated maps, and we use them to construct likelihood functions for Bayesian analyses. In the Λ cold dark matter model with two free cosmological parameters Ωm and σ8, we find $\Omega _\mathrm{m}=0.278_{-0.035}^{+0.037}$, $S_8\equiv (\Omega _\mathrm{m}/0.3)^{0.5}\sigma _{8}=0.793_{-0.018}^{+0.017}$, and the IA amplitude $A_\mathrm{IA}=0.20_{-0.58}^{+0.55}$. In a model with four additional free baryonic parameters, we find $\Omega _\mathrm{m}=0.268_{-0.036}^{+0.040}$, $S_8=0.819_{-0.024}^{+0.034}$, and $A_\mathrm{IA}=-0.16_{-0.58}^{+0.59}$, with the baryonic parameters not being well-constrained. We also find that statistical uncertainties of the parameters by the CNNs are smaller than those from the power spectrum (5–24 per cent smaller for S8 and a factor of 2.5–3.0 smaller for Ωm), showing the effectiveness of CNNs for uncovering additional cosmological information from the HSC data. With baryons, the S8 discrepancy between HSC first-year data and Planck 2018 is reduced from $\sim 2.2\, \sigma$ to $0.3\!-\!0.5\, \sigma$.
Cosmological structure formation and soliton phase transition in fuzzy dark matter with axion self-interactions
Authors: Mocz Philip , Fialkov Anastasia , Vogelsberger Mark , Boylan-Kolchin Michael , Chavanis Pierre-Henri , Amin Mustafa A , Bose Sownak , Dome Tibor , Hernquist Lars , Lancaster Lachlan , Notis Matthew , Painter Connor , Robles Victor H , Zavala Jesús
Published: March 2023

We investigate cosmological structure formation in fuzzy dark matter (FDM) with the attractive self-interaction (SI) with numerical simulations. Such a SI would arise if the FDM boson were an ultra-light axion, which has a strong CP symmetry-breaking scale (decay constant). Although weak, the attractive SI may be strong enough to counteract the quantum ‘pressure’ and alter structure formation. We find in our simulations that the SI can enhance small-scale structure formation, and soliton cores above a critical mass undergo a phase transition, transforming from dilute to dense solitons.
Epidemiological trends, prognostic factors, and survival outcomes of synchronous brain metastases from 2015 to 2019: a population-based study
Authors: Parker Megan , Jiang Kelly , Rincon-Torroella Jordina , Materi Joshua , Azad Tej D , Kamson David O , Kleinberg Lawrence R , Bettegowda Chetan
Published: March 2023

Background

Brain metastases (BM) constitute a significant cause of oncological mortality. Statistics on the incidence of BM are limited because of the lack of systematic nationwide reporting. We report the incidence of synchronous brain metastases (sBM), defined as BM identified at the time of primary cancer diagnosis from 2015 to 2019 using National Cancer Institute's (NCI’s) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database.

Methods

We identified 1,872,057 patients with malignancies diagnosed between 2015 and 2019 from the SEER 17 Registries database, including 35,986 (1.9%) patients with sBM. Age-adjusted incidence rates were examined using the NCI Joinpoint software. Kaplan-Meier curves and a multivariate Cox regression model were used to investigate survival.

Results

The incidence rate of sBM from 2015 to 2019 was 7.1 persons per 100,000. Lung and bronchus cancers had the highest incidence of sBM (5.18 to 5.64 per 100,000), followed by melanoma (0.30 to 0.34 per 100,000) and breast cancers (0.24 to 0.30 per 100,000). In children, renal tumors had the highest sBM incidence. sBM were associated with poorer survival than extracranial metastases only (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.40 [95% CI: 1.39–1.42], P < .001). We observed better survival in white patients relative to nonwhite patients with sBM (HR: 0.91 [95% CI: 0.90–0.94], P < .001).

Conclusions

The incidence rate of sBM has remained similar to rates reported over the last 9 years, with the majority associated with primary lung and bronchus cancers. sBM represent a national healthcare burden with tremendous mortality in pediatric and adult populations. This population may benefit from improved screening and treatment strategies.
The Emergence and Persistence ofCandida aurisin Western New York With No Epidemiologic Links: A Failure of Stewardship?
Authors: McGann Patrick , Lebreton Francois , Aggarwal Abhimanyu , Stam Jason , Maybank Rosslyn , Ficinski Matthew , Bronstein Melissa , Bennett Jason W , Lesho Emil
Published: March 2023

Reports of Candida auris infection in patients without epidemiologic links to prior outbreaks are scarce. We describe the genomic epidemiology of such a case in Western New York. Before emergence, the patient received >60 days of excess antibiotics. Candida auris was recovered on near-patient surfaces after enhanced terminal cleanings.
The mRNA mobileome: challenges and opportunities for deciphering signals from the noise
Authors: Heeney Michelle , Frank Margaret H
Published: March 2023

Organismal communication entails encoding a message that is sent over space or time to a recipient cell, where that message is decoded to activate a downstream response. Defining what qualifies as a functional signal is essential for understanding intercellular communication. In this review, we delve into what is known and unknown in the field of long-distance messenger RNA (mRNA) movement and draw inspiration from the field of information theory to provide a perspective on what defines a functional signaling molecule. Although numerous studies support the long-distance movement of hundreds to thousands of mRNAs through the plant vascular system, only a small handful of these transcripts have been associated with signaling functions. Deciphering whether mobile mRNAs generally serve a role in plant communication has been challenging, due to our current lack of understanding regarding the factors that influence mRNA mobility. Further insight into unsolved questions regarding the nature of mobile mRNAs could provide an understanding of the signaling potential of these macromolecules.
Elevated methylglyoxal levels inhibit tomato fruit ripening by preventing ethylene biosynthesis
Authors: Gambhir Priya , Raghuvanshi Utkarsh , Parida Adwaita Prasad , Kujur Stuti , Sharma Shweta , Sopory Sudhir K , Kumar Rahul , Sharma Arun Kumar
Published: March 2023

Methylglyoxal (MG), a toxic compound produced as a by-product of several cellular processes, such as respiration and photosynthesis, is well known for its deleterious effects, mainly through glycation of proteins during plant stress responses. However, very little is known about its impact on fruit ripening. Here, we found that MG levels are maintained at high levels in green tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruits and decline during fruit ripening despite a respiratory burst during this transition. We demonstrate that this decline is mainly mediated through a glutathione-dependent MG detoxification pathway and primarily catalyzed by a Glyoxalase I enzyme encoded by the SlGLYI4 gene. SlGLYI4 is a direct target of the MADS-box transcription factor RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN), and its expression is induced during fruit ripening. Silencing of SlGLYI4 leads to drastic MG overaccumulation at ripening stages of transgenic fruits and interferes with the ripening process. MG most likely glycates and inhibits key enzymes such as methionine synthase and S-adenosyl methionine synthase in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, thereby indirectly affecting fruit pigmentation and cell wall metabolism. MG overaccumulation in fruits of several nonripening or ripening-inhibited tomato mutants suggests that the tightly regulated MG detoxification process is crucial for normal ripening progression. Our results underpin a SlGLYI4-mediated regulatory mechanism by which MG detoxification controls fruit ripening in tomato.
An active microbiome in Old Faithful geyser
Authors: Keller Lisa M , Colman Daniel R , Boyd Eric S
Published: March 2023

Natural thermal geysers are hot springs that periodically erupt liquid water, steam, and gas. They are found in only a few locations worldwide, with nearly half located in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Old Faithful geyser (OFG) is the most iconic in YNP and attracts millions of visitors annually. Despite extensive geophysical and hydrological study of geysers, including OFG, far less is known of the microbiology of geysed waters. Here, we report geochemical and microbiological data from geysed vent water and vent water that collects in a splash pool adjacent to OFG during eruptions. Both waters contained microbial cells, and radiotracer studies showed that they fixed carbon dioxide (CO2) when incubated at 70°C and 90°C. Shorter lag times in CO2 fixation activity were observed in vent and splash pool waters incubated at 90°C than 70°C, suggesting cells are better adapted or acclimated to temperatures like those in the OFG vent (∼92–93°C). 16S rDNA and metagenomic sequence data indicated that both communities are dominated by the autotroph Thermocrinis, which likely fuels productivity through the aerobic oxidation of sulfide/thiosulfate in erupted waters or steam. Dominant OFG populations, including Thermocrinis and subdominant Thermus and Pyrobaculum strains, exhibited high-strain level genomic diversity (putative ecotypes) relative to populations from nongeysing YNP hot springs that is attributed to the temporal chemical and temperature dynamics caused by eruptions. These findings show that OFG is habitable and that its eruption dynamics promote genomic diversity, while highlighting the need to further research the extent of life in geyser systems such as OFG.
The Devil No More? Decreasing Negative Outparty Affect through Asymmetric Partisan Thinking
Authors: Marsh Wayde Z C
Published: March 2023

Political scientists, party elites, and journalists agree that affective polarization and negative partisanship are serious problems in American politics, but is it possible to reverse this trend and decrease negative outparty affect? Using two original survey experiments that manipulate partisans to think of the Republican and Democratic parties in either expressive or instrumental terms, I find that providing policy information about the parties decreases Republicans’ negative affect toward Democrats, while providing party coalition information decreases Democrats’ negative affect toward Republicans. Neither type of information, however, causes a significant change in inparty affect. This paper provides evidence, therefore, that an asymmetric informational intervention can decrease negative outparty affect, with important implications for an affectively polarized America.
Overreaction in Expectations: Evidence and Theory
Authors: Afrouzi Hassan , Kwon Spencer Y , Landier Augustin , Ma Yueran , Thesmar David
Published: March 2023

We investigate biases in expectations across different settings through a large-scale randomized experiment where participants forecast stable stochastic processes. The experiment allows us to control forecasters’ information sets as well as the data-generating process, so we can cleanly measure biases in beliefs. We report three facts. First, forecasts display significant overreaction to the most recent observation. Second, overreaction is stronger for less persistent processes. Third, overreaction is also stronger for longer forecast horizons. We develop a tractable model of expectations formation with costly processing of past information, which closely fits the empirical facts. We also perform additional experiments to test the mechanism of the model.
Effectiveness of online trainings on radiation protection in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Kiparoidze Salome , Nadareishvili Davit , Jariashvili Ketevan , Astamadze Nino
Published: March 2023

Over 212 healthcare professionals from the country have used the online trainings on radiation protection conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Each training, lasting up to 10 working days, is accompanied by mandatory Google Form-based questionnaires, which includes topic key questions about each lecture as well as pre- and post-training tests and provided to participants. In addition, the ability to conduct a dialogue with patients about radiation risks, group discussions, as well as a special module for radiation protection officers were assessed online. The trainings also allow participants to focus on the most important issues from their point of view in their daily work, indicating them in pre-tests, allowing the trainers to conduct lectures more adequately for each group of participants. Analysis of the tests have shown that online training is not inferior in efficiency to face-to-face training and national regulatory body received an improved opportunity to indirectly assess this efficiency.
Dosimetry using a radiochromic film and a mammography phantom
Authors: Gotanda Tatsuhiro , Kawaji Yasuyuki , Yatake Hidetoshi , Imai Shinya , Akagawa Takuya , Katsuda Toshizo
Published: March 2023

Mammography is one of the most effective diagnostic methods for the early detection of breast cancer; however, it poses the risk of radiation exposure. To date, mammography dosimetry has been performed according to the mean glandular dose; however, the actual exposure in the breast has not been assessed. Here, we have measured dose distributions and depth doses using both radiochromic films and mammographic phantoms, and a three-dimensional intra-mammary dose assessment was conducted. The absorbed dose distribution at the surface was markedly higher on the chest wall side but lower on the nipple side. The absorbed doses in the depth direction exponentially decreased. The glandular tissue near the surface may be irradiated with an absorbed dose of 7.0 mGy or higher. Since LD-V1 could be placed inside the phantom, the absorbed dose inside the breast could also be evaluated in three dimensions.
Voluntary or reluctant? Social influence in charitable giving: an ERP study
Authors: Xu Qiang , He Shengnan , Li Zhurong , Duan Ran , Li Peng
Published: March 2023

Social information has substantial influences on prosocial behavior. In this study, we performed an event-related potential (ERP) experiment to examine the effect of social influence on giving. The participants were allowed to form an initial decision on how much money to donate to a charity provided the program’s average donation amount and to make a second donation decision. Social influence varied in different directions (upward, downward and equal) by altering the relative donation amount between the average donation amount and the participants’ first donation amount. The behavioral results showed that participants increased their donation amount in the upward condition and decreased it in the downward condition. The ERP results revealed that upward social information evoked larger feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitudes and smaller P3 amplitudes than in the downward and equal conditions. Furthermore, the pressure ratings, rather than the happiness ratings, were associated with the FRN patterns across the three conditions. We argue that people in social situations are more likely to increase their donations owing to pressure than voluntary altruism. Our study provides the first ERP evidence that different directions of social information evoke different neural responses in time course processing.
Influence of level of dried distillers grains plus solubles substitution for steam-flaked corn on characteristics of growth performance, and dietary energetics of calf-fed Holstein steers during the initial 16-week growing phase: metabolizable protein versus metabolizable amino acids
Authors: Montano Martin F , Carvalho Pedro H V , Ferraz Junior Marcos V C , Latack Brooke C , Zinn Richard A
Published: March 2023

This study evaluates the partial replacement of steam-flaked corn (SFC) with increasing dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) levels in growing-finishing diets for calf-fed Holstein steers. Two experiments were conducted. In trial 1, 100 Holstein calves (136 ± 7 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of DDGS as a metabolizable protein source on cattle growth performance, and dietary energetics of calf-fed Holstein steers during the initial 111 d growing phase. Four dietary levels of DDGS were evaluated (10, 15, 20, and 25%, dry matter basis), replacing SFC (flake density, 0.31 kg/L). In trial 2, four Holstein steers (368 ± 20 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used to evaluate treatment effects on characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion of organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber, nitrogen (N), and indispensable amino acid supply to the small intestine. The increasing level of DDGS did not affect (P ≥ 0.13) average daily gain, gain efficiency, and estimated dietary net energy values. Replacement of SFC with increasing levels of DDGS decreased (linear; P = 0.01) ruminal OM digestion. There was no treatment effect on the flow of microbial nitrogen to the small intestine (P = 0.34) and ruminal microbial efficiency (P = 0.79). However, increasing levels of DDGS in the diet increased (linear; P ≤ 0.04) flow of methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, threonine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine but did not affect (P = 0.74) intestinal supply of lysine. Increasing DDGS in the diet increased (linear, P < 0.01) flow of N to the small intestine but decreased (linear; P < 0.01) ruminal N efficiency. Replacing SFC with DDGS increased intake and amino acid leaving the abomasum. Still, this effect was not sufficient to increase the growth performance of calf-fed Holstein during the first 111 d on feed.
Temperature and Fungicide Sensitivity in Three Prevalent Phytophthora Species Causing Phytophthora Root Rot in Rhododendron
Authors: Scagel Carolyn F. , Weiland Jerry E. , Beck Bryan R. , Mitchell Jesse N.
Published: March 2023

Temperature is an important environmental variable affecting Phytophthora spp. biology. It alters the ability of species to grow, sporulate, and infect their plant host, and it is also important in mediating pathogen responses to disease control measures. Average global temperatures are increasing as a consequence of climate change, yet there are few studies that compare the effects of temperature on Phytophthora spp. that are important to the nursery industry. To address this, we conducted a series of experiments to evaluate how temperature affects the biology and control of three soilborne Phytophthora spp. prevalent in the nursery industry. In the first set of experiments, we evaluated the mycelial growth and sporulation of several Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. plurivora, and P. pini isolates at temperatures ranging from 4 to 42°C for different amounts of time (0 to 120 h). In the second set of experiments, we evaluated the response of three isolates of each species to the fungicides mefenoxam and phosphorous acid at temperatures ranging from 6 to 40°C. Results showed that each species responds differently to temperature, with P. plurivora having the greatest optimal temperature (26.6°C), P. pini the least (24.4°C), and P. cinnamomi was intermediate between the two (25.3°C). P. plurivora and P. pini had the lowest minimum temperatures (approximately 2.4°C) compared with P. cinnamomi (6.5°C), while all three species had a similar maximum temperature (approximately 35°C). When tested against mefenoxam, all three species were generally more sensitive to mefenoxam at cool temperatures (6 to 14°C) than at warmer temperatures (22 to 30°C). P. cinnamomi was also more sensitive to phosphorous acid at cool temperatures (6 to 14°C). However, both P. plurivora and P. pini tended to be more sensitive to phosphorous acid at warmer temperatures (22 to 30°C). These findings help define the temperatures at which these pathogens will be the most damaging and help delineate the temperatures at which fungicides should be applied for maximum efficacy.
Association Mapping Combined with Whole Genome Sequencing Data Reveals Candidate Causal Variants for Sclerotinia Stem Rot Resistance in Brassica napus
Authors: Newman Toby E. , Khentry Yuphin , Leo Audrey , Lindbeck Kurt D. , Kamphuis Lars G. , Derbyshire Mark C.
Published: March 2023

Canola ( Brassica napus) yield can be significantly reduced by the disease sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), which is caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a necrotrophic fungal pathogen with an unusually large host range. Breeding cultivars that are physiologically resistant to SSR is desirable to enhance crop productivity. However, the development of resistant varieties has proved challenging due to the highly polygenic nature of S. sclerotiorum resistance. Here, we identified regions of the B. napus genome associated with SSR resistance using data from a previous study by association mapping. We then validated their contribution to resistance in a follow-up screen. This follow-up screen also confirmed high levels of SSR resistance in several genotypes from the previous study. Using publicly available whole genome sequencing data for a panel of 83 B. napus genotypes, we identified nonsynonymous polymorphisms linked to the SSR resistance loci. A qPCR analysis showed that two of the genes containing these polymorphisms were transcriptionally responsive to S. sclerotiorum infection. In addition, we provide evidence that homologues of three of the candidate genes contribute to resistance in the model Brassicaceae species Arabidopsis thaliana. The identification of resistant germplasm and candidate genomic loci associated with resistance are important findings that can be exploited by breeders to improve the genetic resistance of canola varieties.
Nursing Students' Scenario Performance
Authors: Koivisto Jaana-Maija , Havola Sara , Engblom Janne , Buure Tuija , Rosqvist Kristiina , Haavisto Elina
Published: March 2023

AIM

The purpose of this study was to examine nursing students' scenario performance in a simulation game by utilizing game metrics.

BACKGROUND

A significant advantage of simulation games is that they can store large amounts of data. Although game metrics enable the objective evaluation and analysis of performance, their use in the evaluation of students' performance is limited.

METHOD

Nursing students (N = 376) played a simulation game at home for 1 week. The resulting data consisted of game metrics stored in the game: number of playthroughs, mean scores, and mean playing times.

RESULTS

The total number of playthroughs was 1,923. Statistically significant differences were found between different scenarios regarding the mean score (p < .0001). Mean playing time was significantly associated with the mean score (p < .05).

CONCLUSION

Game metrics demonstrate nursing students' scenario performance in clinical reasoning skills in different scenarios in a simulation game.
Recall patterns and risk of primary liver cancer for subcentimeter ultrasound liver observations: a multicenter study
Authors: Singal Amit G. , Ghaziani T. Tara , Mehta Neil , Zhou Kali , Grinspan Lauren T. , Benhammou Jihane N. , Moon Andrew M. , Yang Ju Dong , Salgia Reena , Pillai Anjana , Zheng Elizabeth , Rich Nicole E , Gopal Purva , Jalal Prasun , Verna Elizabeth , Yekkaluri Sruthi , Phen Samuel , Melendez-Torres Jonathan , Alshuwaykh Omar , Choi Hailey , Junus Kevin , Grady John , Song Michael , Leven Emily A. , Yum Jung , Gowda Vrushab , Alsudaney Manaf , Hernandez Perla , Desai Nirmal , Parikh Neehar D.
Published: March 2023

Background:

Patients with cirrhosis and subcentimeter lesions on liver ultrasound are recommended to undergo short-interval follow-up ultrasound because of the presumed low risk of primary liver cancer (PLC).

Aims:

The aim of this study is to characterize recall patterns and risk of PLC in patients with subcentimeter liver lesions on ultrasound.

Methods:

We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study among patients with cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis B infection who had subcentimeter ultrasound lesions between January 2017 and December 2019. We excluded patients with a history of PLC or concomitant lesions ≥1 cm in diameter. We used Kaplan Meier and multivariable Cox regression analyses to characterize time-to-PLC and factors associated with PLC, respectively.

Results:

Of 746 eligible patients, most (66.0%) had a single observation, and the median diameter was 0.7 cm (interquartile range: 0.5–0.8 cm). Recall strategies varied, with only 27.8% of patients undergoing guideline-concordant ultrasound within 3–6 months. Over a median follow-up of 26 months, 42 patients developed PLC (39 HCC and 3 cholangiocarcinoma), yielding an incidence of 25.7 cases (95% CI, 6.2–47.0) per 1000 person-years, with 3.9% and 6.7% developing PLC at 2 and 3 years, respectively. Factors associated with time-to-PLC were baseline alpha-fetoprotein >10 ng/mL (HR: 4.01, 95% CI, 1.85–8.71), platelet count ≤150 (HR: 4.90, 95% CI, 1.95–12.28), and Child-Pugh B cirrhosis (vs. Child-Pugh A: HR: 2.54, 95% CI, 1.27–5.08).

Conclusions:

Recall patterns for patients with subcentimeter liver lesions on ultrasound varied widely. The low risk of PLC in these patients supports short-interval ultrasound in 3–6 months, although diagnostic CT/MRI may be warranted for high-risk subgroups such as those with elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels.
Hybrid and Traditional Cardiac Rehabilitation in a Rural Area
Authors: Williamson-Reisdorph Cassie M. , Larson Whitney T. , Porisch Laura B. , Quindry John C.
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

Cardiac rehabilitation is a prescribed exercise intervention that reduces cardiovascular mortality, secondary events, and hospitalizations. Hybrid cardiac rehabilitation (HBCR) is an alternative method that overcomes barriers to participation, such as travel distance and transportation issues. To date, comparisons of HBCR and traditional cardiac rehabilitation (TCR) are limited to randomized controlled trials, which may influence outcomes due to supervision associated with clinical research. Coincidental to the COVID-19 pandemic, we investigated HBCR effectiveness (peak metabolic equivalents [peak METs]), resting heart rate (RHR), resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), and depression outcomes (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]).

Methods:

Via retrospective analysis, TCR and HBCR were examined during the COVID-19 pandemic (October 1, 2020, and March 31, 2022). Key dependent variables were quantified at baseline (pre) and discharge (post). Completion was determined by participation in 18 monitored TCR exercise sessions and four monitored HBCR exercise sessions.

Results:

Peak METs increased at post-TCR and HBCR (P < .001); however, TCR resulted in greater improvements (P = .034). The PHQ-9 scores were decreased in all groups (P < .001), while post-SBP and BMI did not improve (SBP: P = .185, BMI: P = .355). Post-DBP and RHR increased (DBP: P = .003, RHR: P = .032), although associations between intervention and program completion were not observed (P = .172).

Conclusions:

Peak METs and depression metric outcomes (PHQ-9) improved with TCR and HBCR. Improvements in exercise capacity were greater with TCR; however, HBCR did not produce inferior results by comparison, an outcome that may have been essential during the first 18 mo of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Predictors of Hospital Readmission After Motor Vehicle Crash: Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Carmo Érica Assunção , Nery Adriana Alves , Cardoso Jefferson Paixão , Oliveira Juliana da Silva , Rios Marcela Andrade , Constâncio Tatiane Oliveira de Souza , Ferreira Luciano Nery , Mota Edilene Curvelo Hora
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND:

Motor vehicle crash (MVC) is a major public health problem worldwide and contributes to a large burden of death, disability, and economic loss.

OBJECTIVE:

To identify the predictors of hospital readmission in victims of MVC within 1 year after discharge.

METHODS:

A prospective cohort study conducted with individuals who suffered MVC admitted to a regional hospital and who were followed up for 12 months after discharge. Predictors of hospital readmission were verified by means of Poisson regression models with robust variance, using a hierarchical conceptual model.

RESULTS:

Of the 241 patients followed up, 200 were contacted and comprised the population of this study. Of these, 50 (25.0%) reported hospital readmission during the 12-month period after discharge. It was evidenced that being male (relative risk [RR] = 0.58; 95% CI [0.36, 0.95], p = .033) was a protective factor, whereas occurrences of greater severity (RR = 1.77; 95% CI [1.03, 3.02], p = .036), not receiving pre-hospital care (RR = 2.14; 95% CI [1.24, 3.69], p = .006), the occurrence of postdischarge infection (RR = 2.14; 95% CI [1.37, 3.36], p = .001), and having access to rehabilitation treatment (RR = 1.64; 95% CI [1.03, 2.62], p≤ .001) are configured as risk factors for hospital readmission in individuals who have suffered these events.

CONCLUSION:

It was found that gender, trauma severity, pre-hospital care, postdischarge infection, and rehabilitation treatment variables predict hospital readmission in MVC victims within 1 year after discharge.
Perceptions of an Interactive Trauma Recovery Information Booklet
Authors: Reeder Sandra C. , Ekegren Christina L. , Mather Anne M. , Kimmel Lara A. , Webb Melissa J. , Pellegrini Michael , Cameron Peter A. , Gabbe Belinda J.
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND:

Previous research has shown that people with traumatic injuries have unmet information needs with respect to their injuries, management, and recovery. An interactive trauma recovery information booklet was developed and implemented to address these information needs at a major trauma center in Victoria, Australia.

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this quality improvement project was to explore patient and clinician perceptions of a recovery information booklet introduced into a trauma ward.

METHODS:

Semistructured interviews with trauma patients, family members, and health professionals were undertaken and thematically analyzed using a framework approach. In total, 34 patients, 10 family members, and 26 health professionals were interviewed.

RESULTS:

Overall, the booklet was well accepted by most participants and was perceived to contain useful information. The design, content, pictures, and readability were all positively appraised. Many participants used the booklet to record personalized information and to ask health professionals questions about their injuries and management.

CONCLUSION:

Our findings highlight the usefulness and acceptability of a low-cost interactive booklet intervention to facilitate the provision of quality of information and patient–health professional interactions on a trauma ward.