bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Study of the Energy Budget of Lake Ontario
Authors: Rodgers G. K. , Anderson D. V.
Published: April 2011

Recent bathythermographic surveys carried out on the research vessel Porte Dauphine have provided estimates of heat content for Lake Ontario and permitted a preliminary study of its energy budget. The imbalance between the absorbed short wavelength sun and sky radiation, and the losses due to evaporation, sensible heat conduction and net long wavelength back radiation, result in heating of lake water from March to August and cooling from September or October to February. The peak heat content lags the peak surface temperature by about one month. The amount of energy advected into the lake is relatively small compared with other terms in the energy budget. Thus, energy budget calculations do not depend upon the accuracy with which the water budget is known. The principal difficulty in applying present techniques for determination of an energy budget is lack of meterological data over the lake surface.
Muscle Proteins of Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus): I. A Note on the Separation of Muscle Proteins Soluble in Low Ionic Strength Salt Solutions
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Roberts Eve
Published: April 2011

not available
Studies on Estimation of Mortalities: I. Comparison of a Method Described by Beverton and Holt and a New Linear Formula
Authors: Paloheimo J. E.
Published: April 2011

A method, described by Beverton (1954) and Beverton and Holt (1956 and 1957), giving estimates of the natural mortality rate, M, and the catchability coefficient, q, from catch at age and effort data, is examined. This method requires 4 to 5 iterations to arrive at the estimates. We have derived approximate solutions for q and M in a closed form. This makes the laborious iterations unnecessary, and gives virtually the same values as arrived at by iterations.The effectiveness of the iterative Beverton and Holt method is evaluated by calculating q and M in 30 hypothetical examples. A new and simple (linear formula) method for estimating q and M is derived. Application of the new method to these 30 examples resulted in a 48% reduction in the standard deviation of q and a 45% reduction in that of M. The new method is in part the same as one suggested by Gulland, Beverton, and Holt (Beverton et al., MS, 1958; Holt, MS, 1959) to arrive at initial values in their short-cut (iterative) method of estimating the mortality rates. Thus we show that these initial values are actually better estimates than the final values arrived at by the iteration.Neither the Beverton and Holt method nor the linear formula give necessarily unbiased estimates; the bias depends on the types of variability in the data.To arrive at non-biased, least squares estimates would require ancillary information not usually available on the distributions of the three variates: catch at age, effort, and catchability coefficient.
Detection of Incomplete Reporting of Tags
Authors: Paulik Gerald J.
Published: April 2011

A table is presented which gives the total number of tags that must be recovered in order to have a prescribed probability of discovering non-reporting by fishermen of a certain percentage of recaptured tags when a portion of the catch or of the effort is inspected by special observers. The table gives the required sample sizes for probabilities of detection of 0.50, 0.80, 0.90, 0.95, and 0.99 at various levels of catch inspection. The table may also be used to find the sample size needed to detect with prescribed probability a differential mortality between two identifiable groups of fish whose initial numbers are known. A number of examples of the use of the table are included.
Effect of Estradiol Monobenzoate on some Serum Constituents of Maturing Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Authors: Ho F. Chung-Wai , Vanstone W. E.
Published: April 2011

Blood changes associated with egg production or estrogenization in other egg-laying vertebrates have been obtained in adult sockeye salmon. The blood picture of male salmon following estrogenization approaches that of sexually maturing females. Exogenous estrogen superimposed on endogenous gonadal hormones in maturing female salmon enhances the serum changes associated with egg formation.
Fatty Alcohols from Marine Oils and Segregated Esters
Authors: Jangaard P. M. , Ackman R. G.
Published: April 2011

Fatty alcohols were prepared by lithium aluminium hydride reduction of the three main methyl ester fractions obtained by countercurrent extraction of methyl esters from herring oil.Alcohols were also prepared by the same method from commercially important Canadian marine oils, e.g. cod oil, cod liver oil, seal oil, herring oil and dogfish liver oil, and their properties tabulated.A comparison was made between the sodium reduction method and the lithium aluminium hydride method in the reduction of methyl esters from herring oil and their effect on producing conjugation of the ethylenic double bonds.
Additional Records of the Argentinid Fish, Leuroglossus stilbius Gilbert, from British Columbia, with Remarks on its Taxonomy
Authors: Barraclough W. E. , Butler T. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Preliminary Studies on the Visible Migrations of Adult Salmon
Authors: Ellis D. V.
Published: April 2011

Techniques have been developed for observing and recording the behaviour of migrating adult salmon. Daytime movement through slow water (less than 5 ft/sec (1.5 m/sec)) is by steady swimming in schools. Such steady swimming is interrupted with resting periods at velocities between 3 and 5 ft/sec (1.0–1.5 m/sec) but can be sustained over long periods at velocities less than 3 ft/sec (1 m/sec). Movement through slow water in the Somass River system normally occurs along the line of the deepest channel, wherever this is well defined. Movement through rapids (velocities more than 5 ft/sec or 1.5 m/sec) is by darting interspersed with holding, salmon moving individually rather than in schools. Migration through pools, and through other obstructions such as fishways shows diurnal rhythms, modifications of which are associated with numbers of salmon moving, the time within the migratory season, and the species concerned. Nocturnal migration occurs.Entry of salmon into rivers during the migratory season occurs at intervals, the initiating stimulus for which is frequently related to the passage of atmospheric warm fronts over the river estuary.Techniques for field behaviour studies of salmon migration have a potential for management in that it is possible to undertake such studies in areas scheduled for industrial development and to utilize the revealed spatial and temporal migration patterns in the design of fish diversion facilities.
A Method of Estimating Mortality Rates from Change in Composition
Authors: Lander Robert H.
Published: April 2011

This paper examines the problem of estimating mortality rates from knowledge of catch and of the change in composition caused by selective fishing on one of two classes of a closed population.Estimators of fishing mortality in the presence and in the absence of natural mortality are given. An estimator of natural mortality is shown for the special case where final population size is known.A numerical example illustrates the method. Certain problems are discussed and two types of application are suggested.
The Distribution of Animals in the Eastern North Pacific and its Relationship to Physical and Chemical Conditions
Authors: Aron William
Published: April 2011

Sampling with the Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl yields good quantities of large and easily-identified animals that can be used as "indicator organisms" to identify water masses in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Particularly useful are the myctophid fishes Lampanyctus leucopsarus, Diaphus theta, Tarletonbeania crenularis, Electrona arctica, E. crockeri, Ceratoscopelus townsendi and Lampanyctus ritteri, the pteropods Limacina helicina, Cavolinia globulosa and Euclio pyramidata, and the heteropod genus Atlanta. In going from Subarctic water to warmer Intermediate water in the open ocean, numbers of animals declined and the species changed markedly. By the time quantities of Central or Tropical water are encountered, catches were about [Formula: see text] of those in Subarctic water. Inshore catches off southern British Columbia and Washington in 1958 were only about [Formula: see text] as great as in comparable hauls in 1957 — a difference which coincides with a greater intrusion of Intermediate water in 1958.
First Record of the Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from British Columbia
Authors: Pike Gordon C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Diet, Glycogen Reserves and Resistance to Fatigue in Hatchery Rainbow Trout. Part II.
Authors: Miller Richard B. , Miller Frances
Published: April 2011

Violent or prolonged exercise increased blood lactate content of hatchery–reared rainbow trout, confirming earlier findings. In stream tests, two groups of hatchery–raised rainbow trout were planted in a mountain stream containing a resident population of cutthroat trout. One group had been raised on a fortified pelleted ration, the other on the standard raw liver diet. In 5 weeks 7.1% of the pellet–fed fish were recovered dead or moribund, and 20% of the liver–fed fish. Adverse environmental conditions (high water) did not prolong the usual two–week acclimatization period for the pellet–fed trout, as shown by cessation of mortality at the end of that time. The liver–fed trout continued to die in appreciable numbers until three weeks had elapsed. After the 2–week acclimatization period the pellet–fed trout accommodated to high–water conditions as well as or better than the resident trout in respect to blood lactate level, whereas liver–fed trout maintained a higher than normal lactate level. Ten hatchery–raised trout, 2 from the pellet–fed group and 8 from the liver–fed group, were recovered from the stream in a moribund state. These had blood lactate levels four or more times as high as the non–moribund trout on the same date. An Appendix table gives a summary of the Gorge Creek trout plantings in 1952–57.
The Occurrence of the King Crab, Paralithodes camtschatica (Tilesius), and of Lithodes aequispina Benedict in British Columbia
Authors: Butler T. H. , Hart Josephine F. L.
Published: April 2011

Locality records are given of the capture of a number of king crabs in British Columbia waters. The extension of the known range of Lithodes aequispina to southern British Columbia is also reported. As these two species can be easily confused, figures and anatomical comparisons are provided.
The Effect of Reduction of Fishing Effort on Yield
Authors: Tanaka Syoiti
Published: April 2011

When a fish population has been depleted by heavy exploitation, with the yield from the population maintaining an unfavourable level, it is usual to expect that the situation will be improved by reduction of fishing effort. Following a sudden reduction of fishing mortality, p, from p1 to p2 at time τ = 0, the yield at once decreases and then increases gradually until it reaches another steady level higher than the former level.The present paper deals, using Baranov's model, with the transition stage of the population following a sudden change in p, as well as with the steady state before and after the change. Relations between equilibrium yield and fishing mortality rate (effort-yield curves) are calculated for various values of the parameters, λ0 (= l0/u, where l0 is the length of a recruit and u is the yearly increase in length), q (natural mortality rate), and b (remaining life span of a fish at the time of recruitment) (Fig. 2). It is noteworthy that for species that grow slowly after recruitment, i.e. when λ0 is large, reduction of fishing would have scarcely any effect on the yield (Fig. 4).Yield curves for the period of transition from the present to various lower levels of fishing are calculated for the case in which λ0 = 4, q = 0.15, b = 10 and p1 = 1.35. These represent parameters for the present state of the stock of sohachi flounders Cleisthenes herzensteini (Schmidt), in the southwestern area of the Japan Sea (Fig. 5).Possible density effects on growth rate and natural mortality rate, which are briefly discussed, appear to diminish considerably the effectiveness of any reduction in fishing effort (Fig. 6).
Physical Properties and Hydrostatic Function of the Swimbladder of Herring (Clupea harengus L.)
Authors: Brawn Vivien M.
Published: April 2011

Living herring at the depth of adjustment had a mean sinking factor of 1003, density of 1.026 g/ml, relative sensitivity of 0.8 and percentage swimbladder volume of 4.2. Neutral buoyancy was attained at a mean pressure reduction of 5.5% from the adjusted pressure. Swimbladder gas was under an average excess pressure of 1 cm Hg. Gas was released through the posterior swimbladder duct during pressure reduction in 105 out of 109 herring observed. Gas release occurred at a mean pressure decrease of 6% in rapidly swimming herring, at 32% in moderately swimming fish and brought the herring to within 19% of perfect adjustment to a new reduced pressure within half an hour. Herring could compensate for their increased buoyancy during pressure decrease until this was reduced by gas release. Decompression at rates up to 123 cm Hg/sec was not fatal after 16 hours at the greater pressure. No recovery of buoyancy after gas loss occurred in herring held 24 hours in running sea water even if fine air bubbles were present. Recovery occurred if these fish had access to the surface. Gas production by bacterial activity as a means of restoring buoyancy was not established. Herring responded to rapid pressure increases by swimming upwards. They could compensate for their increased density following pressure increase of 300% and survive increases of 430%. Herring from 10 to 25 feet depth at sea were positively buoyant at surface pressure when anaesthetized. Thus in nature herring are adjusted to pressures greater than surface pressure. It is suggested that they take in air when feeding at the surface at night and slowly pass this to the swimbladder on returning to greater depths by day.
Quantitative Estimations of Temporal Variations of Zooplankton off the Coast of Washington and British Columbia
Authors: Frolander Herbert F.
Published: April 2011

Quantitative sampling off the coast of Washington and British Columbia shows a regular seasonal variation of zooplankton volumes. Average volumes for the upper 200 meters of water in this area varied from a winter minimum of 0.035 cc/m3 in December 1956 to a maximum of 0.139 cc/m3 in May 1957. Pseudocalanus minutus (Krøyer) and Oithona similis Claus were the most numerous zooplankters; Acartia danae Giesbrecht was found to be potentially important as a species indicative of intrusion of near surface waters from the south.Washington coastal waters yielded zooplankton volumes (1) approximately four to five times those reported for the equatorial Pacific, (2) similar to those recorded for the Gulf of Alaska, but (3) less than those reported in comparable areas of the northwestern Pacific.The "normal" population of the area has not been established. The fact that in February 1958 the zooplankton populations were entirely different from those found a year earlier demonstrates the need for further study to determine long-term averages.
The Phospholipid Content of Lingcod Muscle During Frozen Storage
Authors: Jonas R. E. E. , Tomlinson N.
Published: April 2011

not available
Flow of Water in the Passages of Passamaquoddy Bay Measured by the Electromagnetic Method
Authors: Trites R. W. , MacGregor D. G.
Published: April 2011

Water transports in the passages connecting Passamaquoddy Bay and the Bay of Fundy were measured by the electrical potential differences induced in the water moving across the earth's magnetic field. A phase difference between the transports in Letite and Western Passages was observed, slack water occurring later in Western Passage by 15 to 60 minutes. Variation of the transport with time for each passage was studied. A marked harmonic content was found, particularly of the second and third harmonics with periods six (6.2) and four (4.1) hours, and was evaluated by harmonic analysis.The harmonic component content of the tidal current transports in the Saint Croix Estuary was found to be in close agreement with that of the observed tidal heights at St. Andrews, N.B. The harmonic content of the transports in Letite Passage and in Western Passage was related to hydraulic or frictional tidal flow and to shallow-water tides respectively. Currents in Letite Passage found at anchor Sta. 51 and deduced from the square root of the head measured by tide staffs were consistent in form and phase with data from the electrode voltages.A small residual transport from Passamaquoddy Bay through Western Passage was inferred with some uncertainty.
Age of Young Sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas) 1811
Authors: Heyamoto H.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Nature of an Unusual Amino Acid-Pyrimidine Complex from the Cod Parasite,Porrocaecum decipiens
Authors: Freeman H. C. , Hoogland P. L. , Odense P. H.
Published: April 2011

The proximate analysis of the cod parasite, Porrocaecum decipiens, has been carried out. During the determination of the amino acid composition of a hydrolysate of the parasite the presence of an unusual complex was detected as an unknown peak in the amino acid ion-exchange chromatogram. The unknown complex was also found to be present in a protein-free nucleic acid fraction prepared from the parasite. The substance proved to be highly resistant to conventional methods of hydrolysis. Glutamic acid was found to be an end product when the complex was degraded and it is thought that the complex consists of a thymine nucleoside associated with a peptide consisting of three to five glutamic acid residues. It is not known whether the complex is naturally occurring or is an artifact formed during the acid hydrolysis.
Sampling the Catch of a Research Vessel
Authors: Paloheimo J. E. , Dickie L. M.
Published: April 2011

The sampling procedure commonly used on board research vessels in which catches are sorted by species and picked up into baskets was examined in catches containing several species, principally haddock. The procedure does not appear to permit withdrawal of random samples for lengths or counts of fish. Mixing these basket lots results in sample units which are effectively homogeneous for length composition and reduces the amount of sampling necessary to estimate numbers of fish caught. However, mixing does not appear to be effective if the species sort is omitted, especially in large catches.
Geographic Variation in North American Ninespine Sticklebacks, Pungitius pungitius
Authors: McPhail J. D.
Published: April 2011

Ventral spine length and the number of lateral plates, dorsal spines, and gill rakers in Pungitius pungitius from 132 North American localities were compared. The number of lateral plates is consistently high in populations from tidal waters, and low in inland populations. Geographic variation in the number of dorsal spines and gill rakers suggest two allopatric forms of P. pungitius in North America. A Bering form ranges from Alaska along the arctic coasts of Canada, and a Mississippi form ranges from the Great Lakes to the Mackenzie River. Two glacial refugia are hypothesised to explain the origin and present distribution of these forms.
Estimation of Catchabilities and Population Sizes of Lobsters
Authors: Paloheimo J. E.
Published: April 2011

Techniques of estimating population size, level of fishing, and the degree of dependence of fishing success on environmental factors are examined on the basis of tagging, catch and effort data. A new method is developed to estimate population size from catch, effort, and temperature data when the catchability varies with temperature.The methods of estimation discussed are applied to data collected from a number of lobster fisheries on Canada's Atlantic coast. Analysis confirms a relationship between the catchability of lobsters and bottom temperature. Differences in this relationship are found between areas and between tagged and untagged lobsters within areas. It is suggested that these differences are attributable to the differences in densities as well as to aggregations of lobsters and fishing. The effect of these aggregations on population size estimates is considered.Calculated average catchabilities at comparable temperatures are different for different areas. These differences are correlated with the numbers of trap hauls per day per square miles fished. It is suggested that the differences in the catchabilities might be due to interactions between units of gear not predicted by the customary relationship between catch and effort.
Nutrient Composition and Evaluation of British Columbia Whole Herring Meal
Authors: March B. E. , Biely J. , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

Six composite samples of British Columbia whole herring meals representative of the 1960–1961 commercial production were analyzed for protein, fat (ether extract), ash, water, minerals, vitamins of the "B complex", available lysine, 13 amino acids and protein digestibility. The biological availability of the protein was also checked by determining the supplementary protein value for chicks. The results, which are tabulated and discussed, indicate that the herring meals were of comparatively consistent composition and of high nutritional value.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Blubber Oil from the Atlantic Bottlenose Whale
Authors: Jangaard P. M. , Burgher R. D. , Ackman R. G.
Published: April 2011

not available
Three Records of the Black Scabbard Fish, Aphanopus carbo Lowe, from the Canadian Region of the Western Atlantic
Authors: Templeman Wilfred , Squires H. J.
Published: April 2011

Two female specimens of the black scabbard fish, 103 and 109 cm long, were captured by otter trawl at 380–400 fathoms (695–732 m) on the Northeast Newfoundland Shelf, on September 30 and October 5, 1959. An additional specimen, a 110–cm female, was caught by longline at over 300 fathoms (> 550 m) off Sable Island Bank in mid August 1960. Meristic, body–proportion and other characteristics of these specimens were within the possible range of variation for Aphanopus carbo Lowe from the eastern Atlantic.
Influence of Pond Formation on Brook Trout Movements and Angling Success
Authors: Smith M. W.
Published: April 2011

A 13-acre pond was formed at head of tide on Wilmot Stream, Prince Edward Island, to hold brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) moving between stream and saltwater estuary for greater availability to anglers. Trout continued to move between pond and estuary via an artificial outlet, predominantly during the spring and early summer. Improved angling conditions resulted in capture of 8,215 trout from pond and upper reaches of estuary at rate of 1.2 per rod-hour over three angling seasons. Shallowness of water limited trout-holding capacity of the pond and curtailed better angling success. Other hydrographic conditions and food supply in the pond were favourable for brook trout.
Marine Fish Tissue Culture
Authors: Townsley P. M. , Wight H. G. , Scott M. A.
Published: April 2011

Cell proliferation of tissue explants of different organs from marine fish has been achieved in a nutrient solution composed of Medium 199 plus 10% human serum. Fin, spleen, heart, kidney, liver, gonad, brain, uterus, and thymus tissues have been cultured. The tissues were obtained from sexually mature Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), white perch (Roccus americanus) winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), thorny skate (Raja radiata), American goosefish (Lophius americanus), pollock (Pollachius virens), and shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius). An actively dividing cell culture of flounder kidney cells prepared by mechanical disruption of the kidney tissue was maintained through serial transfers over several months. Heart explants from the cod vigorously pulsated in tissue culture.
The In-Vitro Maturation of the Parasitic Nematode, Terranova decipiens, from Cod Muscle
Authors: Townsley P. M. , Wight H. G. , Scott M. A. , Hughes M. L.
Published: April 2011

The larvae of the parasitic nematode, Terranova decipiens, from fish muscle will mature to the adult in in-vitro culture. This stage in the life cycle of this nematode normally occurs in the digestive tract of the seal. A rather complex medium was used. This medium was composed of a commercially available tissue culture preparation, Medium 199, to which had been added glucose, beef embryo extract, beef liver extract and antibiotics. The incubation time required for the appearance of the adult nematode in culture was approximately the same as in the seal digestive tract.
Sympatric Occurrence of Two Species of Humpback Whitefish in Squanga Lake, Yukon Territory
Authors: Lindsey C. C.
Published: April 2011

Squanga Lake in the Canadian headwaters of the Yukon River contains two species of humpback whitefish, characterized by modal first arch gill raker counts of 23 and 28 but with overlap in the range of counts. The species can be separated more sharply by raker counts of the second arch, also with modes of 23 and 28. Seven other morphometric characters not correlated with gill raker count each have significantly different means, but some overlap, between the species.In June the species with high raker count mainly occupies the pelagic zone, while the low count species occupies the bottom layers at all depths. The high count species feeds mainly on plankton, the low count species on bottom organisms. The high count species spawns in inlet and outlet streams in November and December. Gonad development in June suggests that the low count form spawns later, in localities unknown. Samples from early winter spawning runs contained exclusively high count individuals. A few fish, probably hybrids, had raker count corresponding to one species and most other morphological characters corresponding to the other. Tentative names for the species are Coregonus clupeaformis (high gill raker count) and Coregonus pidschian.
Application of the Paloheimo Linear Equation for Estimating Mortalities to a Seasonal Fishery
Authors: Muir Barry S. , White Harold
Published: April 2011

not available
First Records of Tetronychoteuthis dussumieri (d'Orbigny) (Cephalopoda; Onychoteuthidae) from the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Rees E. I. S. , Clarke Malcolm R.
Published: April 2011

not available
Migrations of Haddock Between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Offshore Nova Scotian Banks
Authors: McCracken F. D.
Published: April 2011

not available
Extractives of Fish Muscle. 3. Amounts, Sectional Distribution, and Variations of Fat, Water-solubles, Protein and Moisture in Cod (Gadus morhua L.) Fillets
Authors: Dambergs N.
Published: April 2011

The amounts, sectional distribution and some variations of fat, water-solubles, protein and water in cod fillets have been determined on denned, pre-rigor samples. It was found that the head-end of the fillet is the richest in protein. The middle section is the richest in water-solubles while the tail-end contains more fat and more water than any other part of the fillet. Only slight differences in the major components were detected between male and female specimens.
Oceanographic Characteristics of Inlets of Vancouver Island, British Columbia
Authors: Pickard G. L.
Published: April 2011

Observations of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen content in all but one of the inlets of ten or more miles in length along the west coast of Vancouver Island were made by the University of British Columbia in 1959 and some additional observations were made in 1960 and 1961. The data are summarized to provide a general picture of the oceanographic characteristics of fifteen inlets. Attention is drawn to various features, and comparisons are made with the previous data which are available for only five of the inlets here described. Comparisons are also made with inlets in the mainland coast of British Columbia previously described by Pickard in 1961 in the Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada.Generally the Vancouver Island inlets are shorter and shallower than those of the mainland coast and have shallower sills. The river runoff into the inlets is considerably less than into the mainland ones and has a winter maximum in contrast to the summer maximum on the mainland.Surface salinities during the summer in 1959, 1960 and 1961 were in most cases between 12 and 28‰ at the inlet head increasing to 27–31‰ at the mouth, while surface temperatures were between 10 and 15 °C. The low-salinity surface layer had a thickness of 2 m or less in all but two cases. Secchi disc depths were usually from 4 to 8 m. The deep water characteristics were from 7.5 to 9.5 °C and 31 to 33.6‰ except in the Clayoquot Sound group where the water was warmer (to 15.4 °C) and less saline (to 24.8‰). Dissolved oxygen values were very variable even along individual inlets. At depths greater than 100 m the content was usually less than 4 ml/l and in many cases less than 1 ml/l. The effect of the shallow sills in limiting deep water circulation appeared to be significant.Even when all the available data are assembled there are no time series of observations sufficient to prepare a description of seasonal variations of water properties, but data for six years from 1939 to 1961 are available for Alberni Inlet and for three years for the Nootka Sound inlets and for Neroutsos Inlet. These data indicate that in the deep water changes of up to 0.4‰ in salinity, 1 °C in temperature and 2.5 ml/l in dissolved oxygen content may occur from year to year.An hypothesis is advanced that, on account of the relatively shallow sills of many of the inlets, the deep water in their basins forms a 'memory' of extreme (high density) conditions of the continental shelf waters outside the inlets, and that the consistency of the basin water characteristics in the inlets suggests that the water properties observed in the shelf waters in 1959–61 by the Pacific Oceanographic Group may be typical of shelf waters in this region over many years.
Composition and Palatability of Porbeagle Flesh
Authors: Dyer W. J. , Fraser D. I. , Tibbo S. N.
Published: April 2011

Frozen porbeagle (Lamna nasus) steaks from samples obtained under conditions typical of good and of poor handling were examined and their chemical composition determined. Lipid content was low, about 1% in the light muscle and 2% in the red. Phospholipase activity was absent, but considerable hydrolysis of triglyceride occurred. There was no ammonia production from the high urea content, 1.4–1.6%. Taste testing of cooked steaks showed only fair acceptability, an objectionable sour-to-bitter flavour being noted. Although its flavour may be relished by some, it is concluded that frozen porbeagle would not be generally acceptable to North Americans as a top-quality fisheries product.
2-Phenoxyethanol as a General Anaesthetic for Sockeye Salmon
Authors: Sehdev H. S. , McBride J. R. , Fagerlund U. H. M.
Published: April 2011

The dose–response relationship of 2-phenoxyethanol, as a general anaesthetic, in adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) has been investigated. At 11 °C the effective dose (ED50) and lethal dose (LD50) were approximately 43 and 130 ml/100 Imperial gal, respectively. The therapeutic ratio [Formula: see text] was more than 3, indicating a good margin of safety. At a lowered aquarium temperature of 4 °C the anaesthetic effects of 2-phenoxyethanol were potentiated. ED50 and LD50 at this temperature were approximately 25 and 130 ml/100 gal of water, respectively. The therapeutic ratio was more than 5, indicating that the margin of safety was increased by the decrease in temperature.
Olfactory Perception in Migrating Salmon: III. Stimulants for Adult Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Home Stream Waters
Authors: Fagerlund U. H. M. , McBride J. R. , Smith M. , Tomlinson N.
Published: April 2011

Adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) captured during their spawning migration to Great Central Lake, British Columbia, show a consistent response in the laboratory to water taken from the outlet of the lake. The specificity of this response has been confirmed and the responses to water from streams feeding Great Central Lake have been determined. A portion at least of the stimulatory material is volatile and can be retained in a cold trap. Concentration of the active factor has been achieved by a freezing-out technique.
A Redescription of the Rare Cottid Fish, Artedius meanyi, New to the Fauna of British Columbia
Authors: Rosenblatt Richard H. , Wilkie Donald
Published: April 2011

Nine specimens of Artedius meanyi (= Ruscarius meanyi), previously known only from the types, have been taken in Howe Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The genus Ruscarius, of which meanyi is the type, though retained as a subgenus, is placed in the synonymy of Artedius. The subgenus Ruscariops Hubbs is considered a junior subjective synonym of the subgenus Ruscarius Jordan and Starks. A. meanyi is redescribed and compared with the other members of the genus.
Spring Stainless Steel Anchor Tag
Authors: Lawler G. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Ultraviolet Irradiation of Circulating Refrigerated Fish Storage Brines
Authors: Boyd J. W. , Southcott B. A.
Published: April 2011

Irradiation of refrigerated brines with ultraviolet radiation was effective in controlling bacterial development in the brine during the post-mortem storage of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). The bacteriological and organoleptic quality of the fish was not improved by continuous or intermittent exposure of brines to ultraviolet radiation. Irradiation of highly contaminated turbid brines resulted in the killing of a large percentage of the initial bacterial population. Intermittent or continuous irradiation of brines produced off-odours in the brine and in the stored fish. Discolouration developed in the irradiated brine and on exposed surfaces of the stored fish.
Neurosine, a New Oligopeptide Isolated from the Brain of Fish and Other Cold-blooded Vertebrates.: I. Identification and Partial Characterization
Authors: Baslow Morris H.
Published: April 2011

Analysis of fish brain for the dipeptide homocarnosine has led to the discovery of a new oligopeptide which is named neurosine. This substance contains γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and histidine residues. Most of the histidine present in a water soluble fraction from fish brain appears to be in the form of a tetrapeptide consisting of glycine, glutamic acid, GABA and histidine. Neurosine is ninhydrin negative, heat stable, and has a high Rf value when chromatographed in a butanol–acetic acid–water solvent system. The evidence at present suggests that this compound may be a cyclopeptide or contains a pyrrolidone or diketopiperazine ring structure.Neurosine is present in high concentration in the brain of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, approximately 0.1–1.0 μg of peptide per milligram of tissue. It also has been found in other bony fish, amphibians and reptiles but is absent in cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, birds and mammals. Neurosine is not present in any tissue but brain.
Activity Cycles in the Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.): 2. Fish Artificially Fed
Authors: Swift D. R.
Published: April 2011

The diurnal and annual locomotory activity cycles of four brown trout confined in separate cages on the bed of Windermere and fed artificially from the lake surface are described. The annual activity curves were very similar, the fish being less active during the winter than in the summer with maximum activity occurring in June and again in August. The diurnal activity patterns were also very similar with a sharp rise in activity at dawn each day after an inactive night, the increased activity being maintained throughout the light period and falling rapidly at dusk.Two of the fish were fed daily at irregular times and two were fed automatically every 2 hr. The similarity of the activity patterns of these four fish and also the similarity to the patterns of unfed fish described in a previous paper suggests that light and not food is the prime stimulus to locomotory activity in brown trout.
Temperature, Salinity and Plankton in the Eastern North Atlantic and Coastal Waters of Britain, 1957. IV. The Species' Relationship to the Water Body; Its Role in Distribution and in Selecting and Using Indicator Species
Authors: Bary B. McK.
Published: April 2011

Temperature and salinity have been used to characterize the surface water bodies of the oceanic eastern North Atlantic and coastal waters of Britain. Species of plankton have been entered on temperature-salinity diagrams and it has been demonstrated that each is related in a characteristic manner to one or more of the water bodies, or their extended influences in mixtures. This relationship is maintained by each species regardless of seasonal temperature fluctuations of the water bodies, and within the available salinity variations. Species may be present concurrently in oceanic water of one temperature and oceanic-coastal water of a different, lower temperature. Increases and decreases in numbers of a species occur within the limits of these water bodies. These factors are regarded as demonstrating, for the area investigated, that species' occurrences and distributions may not be dependent on temperature and salinity.Discontinuities occur in the distribution of species, chiefly at boundary zones between different water bodies. These arise because some species may cross the boundary zone into another water, while other species of similar origin do not (or cannot).An hypothesis is proposed to explain these features. Unspecified properties are postulated for those water bodies which are contributing to mixed waters in the area studied. The relationships of the species are regarded as being regulated by their tolerances towards the properties; and occurrences and distributions of the species are discussed relative to the presence of the properties. It is considered that the species' reactions to the properties provide a reasonable basis on which to explain the relationships to the waters in the area, their apparent independence of seasonal temperature changes, and the species' distribution.
Observations on Herring Spawning off Southwest Nova Scotia
Authors: McKenzie R. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Extractives of Fish Muscle. 4. Seasonal Variations of Fat, Water-Solubles, Protein, and Water in Cod (Gadus morhua L.) Fillets
Authors: Dambergs N.
Published: April 2011

The concentrations of fat, water-solubles, protein, and water in cod muscle are subject to seasonal variations. During the period of spawning, there is a decrease in fat (−20%) and protein (−5%) paralleled by an increase of water-solubles (+10%) and water (+5%). The return of these major components to their average annual values occurs at various rates. The seasonal emaciation of cod is closely linked to the physiological processes taking place in the animal's body during the reproductive activities.
Temperatures and Thaw-Drip Associated with Electronic Thawing of Newfoundland Cod
Authors: MacCallum W. A.
Published: April 2011

Uniformity of temperature in the region of the initial freezing point (30.5°F or −0.8 °C) was observed in blocks of dressed fish and skins-on shore cod fillets thawed in a 38 Mc/s commercially installed electronic thawer. In general, highest surface temperatures were about 40°F (4.5 °C) only.Drip losses on thawing were 2.4% for plant-prepared skins-on fillets of trap cod dipped in a 9% solution of sodium tripolyphosphate prior to freezing and about 1% for fall-caught shore fish similarly handled. This was much less than the estimated gain (approximately 7%) resulting from the application of the dip. Two lots of untreated skins-on fillets of fall-caught shore fish developed drip losses of 2.2 and 2.5%, respectively.
Vital Statistics of Esox masquinongy in Nogies Creek, Ontario: II. Population Size, Natural Mortality, and the Effect of Fishing
Authors: Muir Barry S.
Published: April 2011

Several methods for the estimation of population size and natural mortality are used and evaluated, for the Nogies Creek maskinonge, with consideration being given to the sources of error and correcting factors discussed by Muir (1963a). The Schumacher tagging method and a method using only catch and average exploitation are found to be equally useful.The same catch and exploitation method is used to estimate natural mortality and the estimates agree with those from the Beverton and Holt type method. Both methods suffer from large year-to-year errors but the 9-year average appears to be a useful statistic. Natural mortality increases with age and is about 15% per year for age IV and older and about 24% per year for age V and older.There is only a 2-fold variation in the estimated age IV size of year-classes. The smallest of 9 year-classes was 302 and the largest was 604. No effect of fishing on subsequent year-class production could be demonstrated during the period of study. Heavy fishing did, however, remove large numbers of older fish with a resultant increase in catchability of the younger fish.
Biosynthesis of Trimethylammonium Compounds in Aquatic Animals: IV. Precursors of Trimethylamine Oxide and Betaine in Marine Teleosts
Authors: Bilinski E.
Published: April 2011

An in-vivo study was made of potential precursors of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) in marine teleosts (lemon sole, Parophrys vetulus, and starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus). C14-labelled compounds were administered intraperitoneally and the incorporation of tracer into TMAO, isolated from the whole body, was determined. Trimethylamine (TMA)-C14was found to be a much better precursor than the other compounds tested. A limited labelling of TMAO was observed after administration of γ-butyrobetaine-methyl-C14, betaine-methyl-C14and methionine-methyl-C14. There was little or no incorporation of C14into TMAO after administration of methylamine-C14, carnitine-methyl-C14, gIycine-2-C14, sodium formate-C14, sodium acetate-1-C14, sodium acetate-2-C14and NaHCO3-C14. The conversion of choline-methyl-C14to TMAO was higher after intraperitoneal than after intramuscular injection and only trace amounts of radioactivity were found after intravenous injection. The results provide support for formation of TMAO in fish by oxidation of TMA but they give no clear indication for metabolic pathways leading to this oxidative step.Betaine was isolated from fish after administration of choline-methyl-C14, methionine-methyl-C14and glycine-2-C14. Evidence of extensive conversion of choline to betaine was obtained. Betaine also was found to be labelled after administration of methionine-methyl-C14, but only a limited degree of labelling was observed after administration of glycine-2-C14. The results indicate that betaine is formed by oxidation of choline in fish.A modification of the Dragendorff reagent for use as a spray for detecting trimethylammonium compounds on paper chromatograms is described.
Rockfish (Sebastodes brevispinis) in British Columbia Waters
Authors: Westrheim S. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
Salinity Preference: an Orientation Mechanism in Salmon Migration
Authors: McInerney John E.
Published: April 2011

An examination of the modal salinity preferences of five Pacific salmon species showed the following pattern of temporal changes. The sequence began with a preference for fresh water, then changed gradually, in the direction of increasing seawater concentration. The terminal pattern indicated a preference for water of open ocean concentration. This temporal progression of salinity preference changes was shown to parallel closely the salinity gradients typical of river outflows through which young salmon pass on their way to the ocean. On the basis of this evidence the following orientation mechanism was proposed: that juvenile Pacific salmon are able to use estuarial salinity gradients as one of the directive cues in their seaward migration.
Some Characteristics of Nitinat Lake, An Inlet on Vancouver Island, British Columbia
Authors: Northcote T. G. , Wilson Mildred S. , Hurn D. R.
Published: April 2011

The morphometry, temperature, salinity, and oxygen characteristics are described for an inlet on the southwestern coast of Vancouver Island. Although the inlet is over 200 m deep, only the upper 20–30 m (about [Formula: see text] of its total volume) appears to be oxygenated. There are marked changes, both vertically and horizontally, in salinity of near-surface water. All components of the biota observed are either marine, brackish or euryhaline forms.
A Quantitative Estimate of the Number of Pacific Herring in a Spawning Population
Authors: Outram D. N. , Taylor F. H. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Contribution to the Marine Life History of the Eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus
Authors: Barraclough W. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Growth, Reproduction, and Distribution of Pandalid Shrimps in British Columbia
Authors: Butler T. H.
Published: April 2011

The ranges, habitats, and commercial importance are described for nine species of the family Pandalidae: Pandalopsis dispar, Pandalus jordani, P. borealis, P. platyceros, P. hypsinotus, P. danae, P. montagui tridens, P. stenolepis, P. goniurus. A key for their identification is given. Over 27,400 specimens were sampled, using trawl and trap gear, mostly from the Strait of Georgia. Pandalopsis dispar is a male at [Formula: see text] years, attaining a total length of 136 mm and body weight of 6.5 g; at 30 months, in the female phase, the length is 169 mm and weight 16.3 g. Pandalus jordani matures as a male, and to a lesser extent a female, at about 18 months, reaching a length of 105 mm and weight of 3.8 g; at [Formula: see text] years all are in the female phase, averaging 118 mm in total length and 5.8 g in body weight. P. platyceros is first a male at [Formula: see text] years, attaining a length of 140 mm and weight of 14.2 g; most remain as males for another year, and at [Formula: see text] years the total length is 180 mm and weight 35.5 g. Pandalus hypsinotus matures as a male, and to some extent as a female, at about [Formula: see text] years, at a total length of 124 mm and weight of 10.3 g; at 30 months the length is 130 mm and weight 12.7 g. Almost as many females as males of P. borealis mature at [Formula: see text] years, attaining a length of 95 mm and weight of 3.2 g; at 30 months, in the female phase, the length is 119 mm and weight 6.1 g. Pandalus danae matures first as a male, and to some extent as a female, at [Formula: see text] years, reaching 88 mm in length and 4.4 g; in the female phase, at [Formula: see text] years the length is 105 mm and weight 8.5 g. Growth of P. montagui tridens, P. stenolepis, and P. goniurus is uncertain, but all undergo sex change. Growth as related to habitat and early maturing of females as related to geographic and bathymetric ranges are discussed.
Post-Mortem Glycolytic and Associated Changes in the Muscle of Trap- and Trawl-Caught Cod
Authors: Fraser Doris I. , Weinstein H. M. , Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

Glycolytic activity in the muscle of heavily-feeding trap-caught cod (Gadus morhua) during the struggle involved in catching, and the subsequent post-mortem changes during holding in ice and at ambient temperatures were investigated. Struggling of the fish in the trap and during boating was sufficient to cause a partial depletion of the muscle energy reserves, as indicated by lactate production and nucleotide dephosphorylation and deamination. One cod from the trap, boated and killed without apparent struggling, had a high initial glycogen content of 550 mg/100 g. During subsequent storage of the brailed fish in air or ice the glycolytic processes, including nucleotide degradation, continued, although during the early post-mortem period the rate of lactate production greatly exceeded that of glycogen depletion. Little change in concentration of the metabolites occurred on freezing and storage at −26 °C for 4–6 weeks. In contrast, trawled offshore cod and haddock, regardless of ante-mortem treatment, contained little or no glycogen; almost complete dephosphorylation and deamination of the nucleotide compounds had occurred during the struggle involved in catching. Therefore, at the time of boating, the energy reserves in the trawled fish have been exhausted or nearly so.