bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variability in clinical decision‐making for ventricular assist device implantation in pediatrics
Authors: Joong Anna , Gossett Jeffrey G. , Blume Elizabeth D. , Thrush Philip , Pahl Elfriede , Mongé Michael C. , Backer Carl L. , Patel Angira
Published: October 2020

Background

Minimal data exist on clinical decision‐making in VAD implantation in pediatrics. This study aims to identify areas of consensus/variability among pediatric VAD physicians in determining eligibility and factors that guide decision‐making.

Methods

An 88‐item survey with clinical vignettes was sent to 132 pediatric HT cardiologists and surgeons at 37 centers. Summary statistics are presented for the variables assessed.

Results

Total respondents were 65 (72% cardiologists, 28% surgeons) whose centers implanted 1‐5 (34%), 6‐10 (40%), or >10 (26%) VADs in the past year. Consensus varied by patients’ age, diagnosis, and Pedimacs profile. Highest agreement to offer VAD (97%) was a mechanically ventilated teenager with dilated cardiomyopathy. Patients stable on inotropes were less likely offered VAD (11%‐25%). SV infant with Pedimacs profile 2 had the most varied responses: 37% offered VAD; estimated survival ranged from 15% to 90%. Variables considered for VAD eligibility included mild developmental delays (100% offered VAD), moderate‐severe behavioral concerns (46%), cancer in remission >2 years (100%), active malignancy with good prognosis (68%) or uncertain prognosis (36%), and BMI >35 (74%) or <15 (69%). Most respondents (91%) would consider destination therapy VADs in pediatrics, though not currently feasible at 1/3 of centers. Factors with greatest influence on decision‐making included HT candidacy, families’ goals of care, and risks of complications.

Conclusions

Significant variation exists among pediatric VAD physicians when determining VAD eligibility and estimating survival, which can lead to differences in access to emerging technologies across institutions. Further work is needed to understand and mitigate these differences.
On Factors that Moderate the Effect of Buyer‐Supplier Experience on E‐Procurement Platforms
Authors: Hong Yili , Shao Benjamin B.M.
Published: October 2020

E‐procurement platforms facilitate transactions between suppliers and buyers from all over the world. Over time, suppliers and buyers may develop familiarity from prior experience with earlier transactions. The literature has established that prior experience leads to better project performance. In this study, we examine the effectiveness of prior experience between buyers and suppliers in e‐procurement platforms with a focus on the moderating roles of temporal distance and language difference between the buyer and the supplier as well as routine tasks in the project (termed “task routinization”). Using a unique observational data set from a large e‐procurement platform, we first find that buyers’ prior experience with a supplier positively affects project outcomes, and temporal distance and language difference both negatively affect project outcomes. More interestingly, we find that the effectiveness of prior experience is constrained by both temporal distance and language difference, such that if a greater temporal distance separates the buyer and supplier or if the two speak different languages, prior experience is less likely to be helpful. In addition, while task routinization does not directly affect a project’s success, it has a positive interaction effect with prior experience, suggesting that buyers’ prior experience with a supplier is more effective in enhancing project outcomes when a project comprises routine tasks. Our findings on prior experience, temporal distance, language difference, and task routinization contribute to a better understanding of the e‐procurement platform for global outsourcing and procurement. Limitations are discussed and topics are identified for future research.
Open innovation with Chinese characteristics: a dynamic capabilities perspective
Authors: Chesbrough Henry , Heaton Sohvi , Mei Liang
Published: October 2020

The Belt and Road Initiative can be seen as a country‐level policy of Inside‐Out open innovation. Through the content analysis of presidential speeches and the exploratory case studies of high‐speed rail and semiconductor industries in China, we clarify the role of the government as an orchestrator of open innovation and developing dynamic capabilities. State‐owned enterprises, privately‐owned companies, and foreign firms differentially affect the innovation performance of these industries, and the latter kinds of firms need greater support to implement the stated goals for open innovation in Chinese presidential speeches effectively.
A Health Economic Analysis for Oral Poliovirus Vaccine to Prevent COVID‐19 in the United States
Authors: Thompson Kimberly M. , Kalkowska Dominika A. , Badizadegan Kamran
Published: October 2020

COVID‐19 led to a recent high‐profile proposal to reintroduce oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in the United States (U.S.), initially in clinical trials, but potentially for widespread and repeated use. We explore logistical challenges related to U.S. OPV administration in 2020, review the literature related to nonspecific effects of OPV to induce innate immunity, and model the health and economic implications of the proposal. The costs of reintroducing a single OPV dose to 331 million Americans would exceed $4.4 billion. Giving a dose of bivalent OPV to the entire U.S. population would lead to an expected 40 identifiable cases of vaccine‐associated paralytic polio, with young Americans at the highest risk. Reintroducing any OPV use in the U.S. poses a risk of restarting transmission of OPV‐related viruses and could lead to new infections in immunocompromised individuals with B‐cell related primary immunodeficiencies that could lead to later cases of paralysis. Due to the lack of a currently licensed OPV in the U.S., the decision to administer OPV to Americans for nonspecific immunological effects would require purchasing limited global OPV supplies that could impact polio eradication efforts. Health economic modeling suggests no role for reintroducing OPV into the U.S. with respect to responding to COVID‐19. Countries that currently use OPV experience fundamentally different risks, costs, and benefits than the U.S. Successful global polio eradication will depend on sufficient OPV supplies, achieving and maintaining high OPV coverage in OPV‐using countries, and effective global OPV cessation and containment in all countries, including the U.S.
Intra‐ and inter‐evaluator reliability of the MyotonPRO for the assessment of the viscoelastic properties of caesarean section scar and unscarred skin
Authors: Gilbert Isabelle , Gaudreault Nathalie , Gaboury Isabelle
Published: October 2020

Background

The clinical evaluation of viscoelastic properties of the Caesarean section (C‐section) scar, such as stiffness and elasticity, is usually carried out using subjective scales and palpation techniques. There is currently no reliable and valid tool that objectively quantifies these properties. The MyotonPRO could fill this gap.

Materials and Methods

Nineteen healthy women aged between 21 and 40 years with C‐section scars participated in this reliability study. Two points, one on the scar and one on unscarred skin, were measured four times successively with the MyotonPRO by three independent evaluators on the same day. The intra‐class correlation (ICC) coefficients were estimated using a two‐factor ANOVA to determine the inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability. The capacity of the MyotonPRO to discriminate the viscoelastic properties of the C‐Section scar against unscarred skin was assessed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Results

The intra‐ and inter‐rater reliability of the viscoelastic property measurements was good to excellent (ICC 0.99‐1.00 and 0.87‐0.98, respectively). There was no significant difference between C‐section scar and unscarred skin in terms of elasticity (P = .737). Significant differences between C‐section scars and unscarred skin tissue were observed for tone (P < .001), stiffness (P < .001), creep (P < .001), and mechanical stress relaxation time (P < .001).

Conclusion

The MyotonPRO is a reliable tool for an objective measurement of the viscoelastic properties of the C‐section scar and unscarred skin. The MyotonPRO can discriminate the viscoelastic properties of the C‐section scar against the unscarred skin, for tone, stiffness, creep and relaxation times, but not for elasticity.
Sewage sludge biochar increases nitrogen fertilizer recovery: Evidence from a 15N tracer field study
Authors: Figueiredo Cícero Célio de , Wickert Éllen Griza , Vieira Neves Helen Cristina , Coser Thais Rodrigues , Paz‐Ferreiro Jorge
Published: October 2020

Sewage sludge‐derived biochar (SSBC) could improve nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) and reduce the use of mineral N fertilizers in agriculture. However, information on the residual effect (after stopping amendment) of SSBC on NUE is scarce, but necessary, to evaluate how often biochar should be applied to agricultural crops. In this study, the residual effect of SSBC produced at different temperatures on NUE of corn, by using the 15N isotope tracer, was investigated. The following treatments were assessed in a tropical field study carried out for four years: (a) MF—mineral fertilizer application with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK); (b) MF + SSBC produced at 300°C (B3 + MF); and (c) MF + SSBC produced at 500°C (B5 + MF). The contents of soil total N (TN), N in corn derived from the soil (NDS) and from mineral fertilizer (NDMF) were determined. In addition, the N‐fertilizer recovery efficiency (NFRE) in the corn grains and straw was evaluated. Application of SSBC increased N uptake by corn from both the fertilizer (NDMF) and the soil (NDS). All treatments presented similar grain yields. On average, the plants took up N predominantly from soil (88.5 kg ha‒1 in straw; 68.7 kg ha‒1 in grains) compared with mineral fertilizer (51.9 kg ha‒1 in straw; 62.3 kg ha‒1 in grains). Results of the current study indicate that SSBC is able to improve the N use efficiency, even two years after amendment, and consequently, it may reduce the use of mineral fertilizers in agriculture.
Genomic full‐length sequence of the HLA‐A*24:02:61 allele, identified by full‐length group‐specific sequencing
Authors: Liu Li , Jiao Shuxian , Hu Bin , Pang Shutao
Published: October 2020

Genomic full‐length sequence of HLA‐A*24:02:61 was identified by group‐specific sequencing in a Chinese individual.
Identification of an HLA‐B*40:01:01:01 variant, HLA‐B*40:33, in a Taiwanese individual
Authors: Yang Kuo‐Liang , Li Chi‐Cheng , Lin Py‐Yu
Published: October 2020

One nucleotide substitution at codon 114 of HLA‐B*40:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐B*40:33.
A multiphase flux balance model reveals flexibility of central carbon metabolism in guard cells of C3 plants
Authors: Tan X. L. Joshua , Cheung C. Y. Maurice
Published: October 2020

Experimental research into guard cell metabolism has revealed the roles of the accumulation of various metabolites in guard cell function, but a comprehensive understanding of their metabolism over the diel cycle is still incomplete due to the limitations of current experimental methods. In this study we constructed a four‐phase flux balance model of guard cell metabolism to investigate the changes in guard cell metabolism over the diel cycle, including the day and night and stomatal opening and closing. Our model predicted metabolic flexibility in guard cells of C3 plants, showing that multiple metabolic processes can contribute to the synthesis and metabolism of malate and sucrose as osmolytes during stomatal opening and closing. Our model showed the possibility of guard cells adapting to varying light availability and sucrose uptake from the apoplast during the day by operating in a mixotrophic mode with a switch between sucrose synthesis via the Calvin–Benson cycle and sucrose degradation via the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. During stomatal opening, our model predicted an alternative flux mode of the Calvin–Benson cycle with all dephosphorylating steps diverted to diphosphate–fructose‐6‐phosphate 1‐phosphotransferase to produce inorganic pyrophosphate, which is used to pump protons across the tonoplast for the accumulation of osmolytes. An analysis of the energetics of the use of different osmolytes in guard cells showed that malate and Cl− are similarly efficient as the counterion of K+ during stomatal opening.
Neoxanthin affects the stability of the C2S2M2‐type photosystem II supercomplexes and the kinetics of state transition in Arabidopsis
Authors: Tu Wenfeng , Wu Lishuan , Zhang Chunyan , Sun Ruixue , Wang Liangsheng , Yang Wenqiang , Yang Chunhong , Liu Cheng
Published: October 2020

Neoxanthin (Neo), which is only bound to the peripheral antenna proteins of photosystem (PS) II, is a conserved carotenoid in all green plants. It has been demonstrated that Neo plays an important role in photoprotection and its deficiency fails to impact LHCII stability in vitro and indoor plant growth in vivo. Whether Neo is involved in maintaining the PSII complex structure or adaptive mechanisms for the everchanging environment has not yet been elucidated. In this study, the role of Neo in maintaining the structure and function of the PSII‐LHCII supercomplexes was studied using Neo deficient Arabidopsis mutants. Our results show that Neo deficiency had little effect on the electron transport capacity and the plant fitness, but the PSII‐LHCII supercomplexes were significantly impacted by the lack of Neo. In the absence of Neo, the M‐type LHCII trimer cannot effectively associate with the C2S2‐type PSII‐LHCII supercomplexes even in moderate light conditions. Interestingly, Neo deficiency also leads to decreased PSII protein phosphorylation but rapid transition from state 1 to state 2. We suggest that Neo might enforce the interactions between LHCII and the minor antennas and that the absence of Neo makes M‐type LHCII disassociate from the PSII complex, leading to the disassembly of the PSII‐LHCII C2S2M2 supercomplexes, which results in alterations in the phosphorylation patterns of the thylakoid photosynthetic proteins and the kinetics of state transition.
Hypokalemia associated with topical administration of dorzolamide 2% ophthalmic solution in cats
Authors: Czepiel Tara M. , Wasserman Neal T
Published: October 2020

Objective

To evaluate the effect of dorzolamide 2% ophthalmic solution on serum potassium and other hematologic parameters in cats.

Materials and methods

Part I: Medical records from a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria consisted of cats diagnosed with glaucoma for which appropriate clinicopathological data were available both prior to and after the initiation of therapy with dorzolamide 2% ophthalmic solution. Part II: Healthy adult cats were enrolled in a prospective double‐masked, randomized, cross‐over study. Either dorzolamide 2% ophthalmic solution or placebo was administered OU t.i.d. for 6 weeks. Serum potassium, sodium, chloride, glucose, ALP, and ALT levels were assessed every 2 weeks. After a 2‐week washout period, each cat was given the opposite topical preparation, and the study process was repeated.

Results

Part I: Of the twenty‐seven eligible cases, hypokalemia developed in 29.6% (n = 8). While female spayed cats were significantly more likely to become hypokalemic, serum potassium was not significantly affected by age, weight, dosing frequency, or number of eyes treated. Part II: Ten cats participated in the study. Potassium values were significantly lower in cats receiving dorzolamide 2% ophthalmic solution compared to placebo at each time point throughout the 6‐week study period. Additionally, chloride values were significantly greater in the treatment group at week two and four compared to the placebo group.

Conclusions

Administration of dorzolamide 2% ophthalmic solution has a measurable effect on serum potassium level in cats and may result in clinical hypokalemia. Therefore, routine electrolyte monitoring is advised for feline patients receiving this medication.
Feasibility of thoracoscopic attenuation of the azygos vein as a model for portoazygos shunts: A canine cadaveric study
Authors: Carroll Kenneth A. , Dickson Rachel E. , Scharf Valery F.
Published: October 2020

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility of thoracoscopic placement of three vascular attenuation devices by using the azygos vein as a model for portoazygos (PA) shunts and to describe the approach for thoracoscopic placement of these attenuation devices in small breed dogs.

Study design

Randomized, prospective, cadaveric study.

Animals

Cadavers of 10 adult small breed dogs.

Methods

Cadavers were placed in sternal recumbency with left dorsolateral obliquity, and three thoracoscopic ports were established in the right hemithorax at the mid‐10th intercostal space and dorsal third of the ninth and 11th intercostal spaces. The caudal azygos vein was thoracoscopically isolated along three adjacent segments bordered by four intercostal arteries, beginning just cranial to the first intercostal artery visualized cranial to the diaphragm. Three attenuation devices including coated cellophane, uncoated cellophane, and a 5‐mm ameroid constrictor were thoracoscopically placed around one segment in each dog. Minor port access modifications were required to improve working space and triangulation in three dogs. Ability to successfully place the device, time required for placement, endoscopic clip configuration, and complications associated with placement were recorded.

Results

Median dog weight was 7.7 kg (range, 1.8‐11). All attenuation devices were successfully placed thoracoscopically in all cadavers. No difference was detected in time required for placement between the ameroid constrictor and coated and uncoated cellophane (range, 2.3‐33.8 minutes, P = .8).

Conclusion

Ameroid constrictors and thin film bands were consistently placed via thoracoscopy around the caudal azygos vein of small breed dogs.

Clinical significance

These results justify further investigation of thoracoscopic PA shunt attenuation in affected dogs.
Prehabilitation before elective coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Olsen Dorte Baek , Pedersen Preben U. , Noergaard Marianne Wetendorff
Published: October 2020

Objective:

The objective of this scoping review is to identify and map existing preoperative interventions, referred to as prehabilitation, in adult patients at home awaiting coronary bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. This scoping review also seeks to examine the feasibility and patient experiences in order to inform clinical practice and underpin a future systematic review.

Introduction:

As patients age, comorbidities become more common. Strategies to improve postoperative outcomes and to accelerate recovery are required in patients undergoing CABG. Prehabilitation refers to a proactive process of increasing functional capacity before surgery to improve the patient's capacity to withstand upcoming physiologic stress and thus avoid postoperative complications.

Inclusion criteria:

This scoping review will consider any studies including adult patients at home awaiting CABG surgery. Studies will provide information on any prehabilitation intervention to optimize preoperative physical and psychological health status. Studies conducted in any setting will be included.

Methods:

The methodology will follow the JBI recommendations for scoping reviews. Any published or unpublished source of information will be considered. Studies published in English, German, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian will be included, with no geographical or cultural limitations. Retrieved papers will be screened by two independent reviewers, and a standardized tool will be used to extract data from each included source. The results will be presented as a map of the data extracted in a tabular form together with a narrative summary to provide a description of the existing evidence.
Breastfeeding experiences among mothers living with food insecurity in high resource, Western countries: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Sim Sarah Meaghan , Rothfus Melissa , Aston Megan , Kirk Sara F.L. , Frank Lesley , Jefferies Keisha , Macdonald Marilyn
Published: October 2020

Objective:

The objectives of this review are to identify, appraise, and synthesize the qualitative evidence on the breastfeeding experiences of mothers living with food insecurity in high-resource, Western countries.

Introduction:

Breastfeeding and food insecurity are inter-related health issues. Globally, breastfeeding augments food security at individual, household, and community levels, but a growing body of evidence from high-resourced countries also suggests that a mother's breastfeeding practice may be negatively impacted by the additional experience of food insecurity. This protocol outlines a systematic approach to understanding the experiences of breastfeeding from the perspective of mothers living with food insecurity. Findings will provide much-needed evidence toward guiding policies and practices that support mothers to breastfeed.

Inclusion criteria:

The review will consider studies that explore the breastfeeding experiences of mothers aged 18 years and older who self-identify, or are classified using a screening tool, as food insecure. Papers that will be included in this review will consider all qualitative methodologies and will be limited to studies from countries identified as being within the United Nations classification of Western European and Other States Group (WEOG).

Methods:

The authors will conduct a three-step search process across both published and gray literature to identify relevant studies for inclusion. A preliminary search using the PubMed database was undertaken in January 2020. Studies published in English from 1981 to 2020 will be included. The recommended JBI methodology for qualitative systematic review for study selection, critical appraisal, data extraction, and data synthesis will be followed.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42020183652
Development of the Functional Gradient Turbine Wheel With Cooled Blades Without Lock Connection
Authors: Magerramova Liubov , Volkov Michael , Salnikov Anton , Kratt Eugene
Published: October 2020

The blisk design of the wheel with cooled blades is developed on the basis of the turbine wheel with a detachable connection of the blades with the disk. The blades of the blisk are produced from casting heat-resistant nickel alloy. The disk portion is created from granulated alloy with different grain sizes along the disk radius. The system of supplying cooling air in the blades of the wheel is developed. The technology of manufacturing a disk consisting of granules of various sizes and technology of connection of a disk with cooled cast blades is developed. To determine the mechanical characteristics of the zones of connection of dissimilar materials, samples were tested. Multiparameter optimization of the blisk was carried out. The mass of the designed wheel was reduced by more than 40% compared to the original wheel with lock connection when the strength and service life conditions were satisfied.
Review of Aerospace Actuator Technology
Authors: Li Wending , Shi Guanglin
Published: October 2020

Actuator systems are widely used in rockets, missiles, airplanes, and other aerospace vehicles for the attitude control of aerospace. The application of high-performance actuators is crucial in improving the maneuverability and rapidity of aerospace. To promote the development of aerospace actuator technology, the main trend of actuator technology development is proposed, and a comprehensive summary of actuator systems is given. First, the application and function of an actuator system are introduced briefly. Second, the types and characteristics of the actuators are introduced in detail, and the technical development of the actuator is presented. Third, the main types and functional characteristics of the energy supply of aerospace are introduced, and comparative analysis is performed on the basis of the feature that ground energy cannot be used in aerospace. Fourth, the redundancy design technology of actuators is discussed, and the development and application of redundancy technology are examined. Fifth, several typical nonlinear actuator control models are introduced, and the nonlinear control strategies of actuators are summarized and analyzed. Finally, high power electrohydraulic, medium–high power electrohydrostatic, and medium–small power electromechanical actuators should be the key future development direction of aerospace ctuators.
Modelling of Hydraulic Locking Balancing Circumferential Grooves for Servo-Cylinders’ Piston
Authors: Natali Emiliano , Zardin Barbara , Cillo Giovanni , Borghi Massimo
Published: October 2020

In the hydraulic servo-cylinders design, the circumferential grooves are used in order to reduce the effect of the locking force. This force arises as a consequence to the distribution of pressure around the piston, when both an eccentric position, caused by the load on the piston, and the manufacturing defects on the piston and cylinder surfaces are present. In this work an approach is presented for the calculation of the contribution of the grooves in the definition of the locking force and of the leakage flow rate. The mathematical model proposed is based on the Reynolds equation, properly combined with the continuity equation applied within the grooves. The results of the analysis are combined together with the ones coming from the analysis at the hydrostatic bearings at the rod ends, which have been analyzed on a previous step of the research. A numerical procedure is then created that, with the appropriate input, allows to study the different design configurations of the servo-cylinder. Results here shown are focused on exploring the effect of number, position, size of the grooves and manufacturing tolerances on the piston and cylinder. Simulations are also run under different operating conditions. For the real servo-cylinder configurations tested here, it is shown that five equally spaced grooves may be sufficient to decrease consistently the locking force while containing the flow losses. The procedure is also functional to investigate the bending and seizing of the piston during the different operating conditions, both in steady state and dynamic conditions.
Detailed Dynamic Modelling of an Integrated Hydraulic Actuator
Authors: Wilson Dom , Georgilas Ioannis , Plummer Andrew , Iravani Pejman , Sangiah Dhinesh
Published: October 2020

Hydraulic servos are characterised by their high-performance nature but due to their size and weight are not suitable for robotics where new legged applications require high power density and excellent dynamic behaviour in a small size. As an answer to this need a new class of integrated smart actuators is being developed. These systems consist of a servo valve, hydraulic cylinder, sensors and a controller all in a single device. This paper outlines the detailed modelling of the smart actuator for use in simulation and control design. The result is a model consisting of the dynamics of the novel ultra-low leakage servovalve, the valve flow characteristics considering the properties of each spool land, the single-ended cylinder with friction and the pressure losses in the supply and return lines to the actuator. The models are a combination of empirical and theoretical development, validated with experimental data. The smart actuator’s unique properties; compactness, weight and efficiency, combined with high-performance hydraulics make it well suited to mobile robot applications.
Theoretical study of the geometrical non-linearity of the elastic properties of helical springs
Authors: Ivchenko Vladimir V.
Published: October 2020

We give a detailed derivation of the equation describing the elastic properties of the helical springs in the case of their large deformations. It is shown that the Taylor expansion for the restoring force contains, in addition to a linear term, a term quadratic in the strain. We discuss the physical consequences of this term. A surprising example of this is that for large values of the initial pitch angle during compression of spring, there may be an interval of strain values, for which the differential stiffness becomes negative. The issues outlined in this article will be useful for instructors and advanced undergraduates who deal with modern elasticity theory.
Comment on “The negative flow of probability” [Am. J. Phys. 88,
325–333 (2020)]
Authors: Goussev Arseni
Published: October 2020

The left-to-right motion of a free quantum Gaussian wave packet can be accompanied by the right-to-left flow of the probability density, the effect recently studied by Villanueva. Using the Wigner representation of the wave packet, we analyze the effect in phase space and demonstrate that its physical origin is rooted in classical mechanics.
The age of Clovis—13,050 to 12,750 cal yr B.P.
Authors: Waters Michael R. , Stafford Thomas W. , Carlson David L.
Published: October 2020

The Clovis complex dates from 13,050 to 12,750 cal yr B.P. during a time of major environmental change.
CD1d1 intrinsic signaling in macrophages controls NLRP3 inflammasome expression during inflammation
Authors: Cui Shan , Wang Chenhui , Bai Weizhi , Li Jiao , Pan Yue , Huang Xiaoyong , Yang Han , Feng Zeqing , Xiang Qun , Fei Lei , Zheng Lixin , Huang Jian , Zhang Qinggao , Wu Yuzhang , Chen Yongwen
Published: October 2020

iGB3/CD1d1 determines the severity of DSS-colitis through inhibiting
Nlrp3
,
Il1b
, and
Il18
transcription in macrophages.
Single-shot 3D wide-field fluorescence imaging with a Computational Miniature Mesoscope
Authors: Xue Yujia , Davison Ian G. , Boas David A. , Tian Lei
Published: October 2020

Computational Miniature Mesoscope enables single-shot large-scale 3D fluorescence imaging with single-cell level resolution.
Regulation of chaperone function by coupled folding and oligomerization
Authors: Mas Guillaume , Burmann Björn M. , Sharpe Timothy , Claudi Beatrice , Bumann Dirk , Hiller Sebastian
Published: October 2020

Trimeric chaperone Skp activates by an unprecedented mechanism, with folding from a disordered state coupled to trimerization.
NIH organizes hunt for drugs
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: October 2020

Firms to help prioritize treatment and vaccine trials.
Indigenous communities in Brazil fear pandemic's impact
Authors: Amigo Ignacio
Published: October 2020

Other infections and scant medical care may worsen toll.
Summit briefs policy-makers on drinking water safety
Authors: Cohen Adam D.
Published: October 2020

AAAS and National League of Cities address PFAS, chemicals linked to health problems
Understanding COVID-19 vaccine efficacy
Authors: Lipsitch Marc , Dean Natalie E.
Published: October 2020

Vaccine efficacy in high-risk groups and reduced viral shedding are important for protection
Albumin internalizes and inhibits endosomal TLR signaling in leukocytes from patients with decompensated cirrhosis
Authors: Casulleras Mireia , Flores-Costa Roger , Duran-Güell Marta , Alcaraz-Quiles José , Sanz Silvia , Titos Esther , López-Vicario Cristina , Fernández Javier , Horrillo Raquel , Costa Montserrat , de la Grange Pierre , Moreau Richard , Arroyo Vicente , Clària Joan
Published: October 2020

Leukocyte endosomal trafficking plays a critical role in the anti-inflammatory actions of human albumin.
Calmodulin inhibitors improve erythropoiesis in Diamond-Blackfan anemia
Authors: Taylor Alison M. , Macari Elizabeth R. , Chan Iris T. , Blair Megan C. , Doulatov Sergei , Vo Linda T. , Raiser David M. , Siva Kavitha , Basak Anindita , Pirouz Mehdi , Shah Arish N. , McGrath Katherine , Humphries Jessica M. , Stillman Emma , Alter Blanche P. , Calo Eliezer , Gregory Richard I. , Sankaran Vijay G. , Flygare Johan , Ebert Benjamin L. , Zhou Yi , Daley George Q. , Zon Leonard I.
Published: October 2020

Calmodulin inhibitors rescue erythropoiesis and p53-dependent phenotypes of Diamond-Blackfan anemia.
Assessing the Genomic Variability of Gardnerella vaginalis through Comparative Genomic Analyses: Evolutionary and Ecological Implications
Authors: Tarracchini Chiara , Lugli Gabriele Andrea , Mancabelli Leonardo , Milani Christian , Turroni Francesca , Ventura Marco
Published: October 2020

The identification of nine different genotypes among members of
G. vaginalis
allowed us to distinguish an uneven distribution of virulence-associated genetic traits within this taxon and thus suggest the potential occurrence of putative pathogen and commensal
G. vaginalis
strains. These findings, coupled with metagenomics microbial profiling of human vaginal microbiota, permitted us to get insights into the distribution of the genotypes among the human population, highlighting the presence of different structural communities in terms of
G. vaginalis
genotypes.
Draft Genome Sequences of Six Yersinia pestis Strains Isolated from a Natural Plague Focus in Mongolia
Authors: Wang Jing , Tsogbadrakh N. , Qin Jingliang , Yun Hua , Ganbold D. , Zhao Guangyu , Cui Yujun , Zhang Sheng
Published: October 2020

In this announcement, we report the draft genome sequences of six
Yersinia pestis
strains (biovar Medievalis) that were isolated from the Zamyn-Ude region in Mongolia. These genomes reveal the genetic characteristics of the
Y. pestis
population circulating in a local plague focus.
Complete Genome Sequence of Burkholderia cenocepacia K56-2, an Opportunistic Pathogen
Authors: García-Romero Inmaculada , Valvano Miguel A.
Published: October 2020

Burkholderia cenocepacia
K56-2, an opportunistic bacterium for people with cystic fibrosis (CF), belongs to the
Burkholderia cepacia
complex (Bcc) and is consistently used as a model pathogen. We describe here the closed genome sequence for this strain, which will help advance research in
B. cenocepacia
biology and omics studies.
Coding-Complete Genome Sequences of 23 SARS-CoV-2 Samples from the Philippines
Authors: Velasco John Mark , Chinnawirotpisan Piyawan , Joonlasak Khajohn , Manasatienkij Wudtichai , Huang Angkana , Valderama Maria Theresa , Diones Paula Corazon , Leonardia Susie , Timbol Maria Leanor , Navarro Fatima Claire , Villa Vicente , Tabinas Henry , Chua Domingo , Fernandez Stefan , Jones Anthony , Klungthong Chonticha
Published: October 2020

Here, we report the coding-complete genome sequences of 23 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) samples from the Philippines. Sequences were obtained from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs from COVID-19-positive patients. Mutation analysis showed the presence of the D614G mutation in the spike protein in 22 of 23 genomes.
Sabkha dolomite as an archive for the magnesium isotope composition of seawater
Authors: Shalev Netta , Bontognali Tomaso R.R. , Vance Derek
Published: October 2020

Recent studies have uncovered the potential of Mg isotopes (δ26Mg) for studying past ocean chemistry, but records of such data are still scarce. Dolomite has been suggested as a promising archive for δ26Mg of seawater. However, its enigmatic formation mechanism and the difficulty in precipitating dolomite in the laboratory at surface temperatures decrease confidence in the interpretation of δ26Mg values from the rock record. To evaluate factors determining the δ26Mg of dolomite, we studied pore water and sediment from Dohat Faishakh Sabkha, Qatar—one of the rare environments where dolomite is currently forming. The δ26Mg values of the dolomite (−2.56‰ to −1.46‰) are lower than that of seawater (−0.83‰), whereas δ26Mg values of pore water (−0.71‰ to −0.14‰) are higher. The isotope fractionation accompanying dolomite formation is generally in accordance with an empirical fractionation from the literature, extrapolated to the sabkha’s temperature (−1.84‰ to −1.51‰). The results suggest that evaporated seawater is the sole source of Mg, and isotopically light dolomite is the major sink, so that the δ26Mg of the dolomite-forming pore water is equal to or greater than that of seawater. Thus, provided that the lowest δ26Mg value among several dolomite samples is used, and the formation temperature is known, similar sabkha-type dolomites can be utilized as an archive for δ26Mg values of ancient seawater.
Ice-rafted dropstones in “postglacial” Cryogenian cap carbonates
Authors: Le Heron D.P. , Busfield M.E. , Kettler C.
Published: October 2020

Dropstones of ice-rafted origin are typically cited as key cold-climate evidence in Cryogenian strata and, according to conventional wisdom, should not occur in postglacial, warm-water carbonates. In Namibia, the Chuos Formation (early Cryogenian) contains abundant dropstone-bearing intervals and striated clasts. It is capped by the Rasthof Formation, composed of laminites in its lower portion and microbial carbonates above. These laminites are locally found to contain pebble- and granule-sized lonestones in abundance. At the Omutirapo outcrop, meter-thick floatstone beds occur at the flanks of a Chuos paleovalley and are readily interpreted as mass-flow deposits. At Rasthof Farm, however, the clasts warp, deflect, and penetrate hundreds of carbonate laminations at both the outcrop and thin-section scale. We propose that these are dropstones, and we infer an ice-rafting mechanism. Evidence for vestigial glaciation concomitant with cap carbonate deposition thus merits a reappraisal of the depositional conditions of cap carbonates and their paleoclimatic significance.
Molecular Dialog between Root and Shoot via Regulatory Peptides and Its Role in Systemic Control of Plant Development
Authors: Lebedeva M. A. , Yashenkova Ya. S. , Dodueva I. E. , Lutova L. A.
Published: October 2020

Plant developmental processes are very flexible and highly depend on environmental factors. This is largely due to the existence of regulatory mechanisms that systemically control development on the whole plant level. In plants, regulatory peptides produced in the roots have been identified that are activated in response to different factors influencing root system, such as variation in the level of macronutrients (first of all, nitrogen and phosphorus) in the soil, influence of symbiotic microorganisms (soil rhizobial bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi), and water deficiency. Among the systemically acting peptides, the most thoroughly investigated are CLE (CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related) and CEP (C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDES) peptides that are capable of travelling through the xylem from the roots to the shoot and triggering responses via binding to specific receptors operating in the phloem of the leaf. This review focuses on the role of these two groups of peptides in molecular dialog between the root and shoot.
Orai-IGFBP3 signaling complex regulates high-glucose exposure-induced increased proliferation, permeability, and migration of human coronary artery endothelial cells
Authors: Bai Suwen , Wei Yuan , Hou Wenxuan , Yao YanHeng , Zhu Junwei , Hu Xianyu , Chen Wei , Du Yinan , He Wei , Shen Bing , Du Juan
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Diabetes-associated endothelium dysfunction might be linked to disturbances in Ca2+homeostasis. Our main objective is to reveal the potential mechanisms by which high-glucose (HG) exposure promotes increased proliferation of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) in culture, and that store-operated Ca2+entry (SOCE) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) contribute to this proliferation.

Research design and methods

We detected the expression levels of Ca2+release-activated calcium channel proteins (Orais), IGFBP3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen of HCAECs cultured in HG medium for 1, 3, 7, and 14 days and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse coronary endothelial cells. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence technologies were used to detect the interactions between Orais and IGFBP3 of HCAECs exposed to HG environment, and to detect IGFBP3 expression and proliferation after treatment of HCAECs cultured in HG medium with an agonist or inhibitor of SOCE. Similarly, after transfection of specific small interfering RNA to knock down IGFBP3 protein expression, SOCE activity and Orais expression were tested. Some processes related to endothelial dysfunction, such as migration, barrier function and adhesion marker expression, are also measured.

Results

HG exposure promoted increased proliferation of HCAECs in culture and that SOCE and IGFBP3 contributed to this proliferation. In addition, we also found that Orais and IGFBP3 were physically associated and regulated each other’s expression levels. Besides, their expression levels and interactions were enhanced in HCAECs after exposure to HG. HG exposure promotes cell migration, but reduces barrier function and adherens junction protein expression levels in HCAECs.

Conclusion

Orais and IGFBP3 formed a signaling complex that mediated HCAEC proliferation during HG exposure in culture. Meanwhile, we also found that SOCE stimulates proliferation of HCAECs by regulating IGFBP3, thereby promoting the occurrence and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetes. It is worth noting that our findings may shed new light on the mechanisms of increased proliferation in HCAECs in diabetes and suggest the potential value of SOCE and IGFBP3 as therapeutic targets for coronary atherosclerosis in individuals with diabetes.
Retrospective chart review and survey to identify adverse safety events in the emergency medical services care of children with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the USA: a study protocol
Authors: Eriksson Carl , Schoonover Amanda , Harrod Tabria , Meckler Garth , Hansen Matt , Yanez David , Daya Mo , Jui Jonathan , Guise Jeanne-Marie
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Efforts to improve the quality of emergency medical services (EMS) care for adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have led to improved survival over time. Similar improvements have not been observed for children with OHCA, who may be at increased risk for preventable adverse safety events during prehospital care. The purpose of this study is to identify patient and organisational factors that are associated with adverse safety events during the EMS care of paediatric OHCA.

Methods and analysis

This is a large multisite EMS study in the USA consisting of chart reviews and agency surveys to measure, characterise and evaluate predictors of our primary outcome severe adverse safety events in paediatric OHCA. Using the previously validated Paediatric prehospital adverse Event Detection System tool, we will review EMS charts for 1500 children with OHCA from 2013 to 2019 to collect details of each case and identify severe adverse safety events (ASEs). Cases will be drawn from over 40 EMS agencies in at least five states in geographically diverse areas of the USA. EMS agencies providing charts will also be invited to complete an agency survey to capture organisational characteristics. We will describe the frequency and proportion of severe ASEs in paediatric OHCA across geographic regions and clinical domains, and identify patient and EMS organisational characteristics associated with severe ASEs using logistic regression.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has been approved by the Oregon Health & Science University Institutional Review Board (IRB Approval# 00018748). Study results will be disseminated through scientific publications and presentations, and to EMS leaders and staff through local EMS medical directors, quality and training officers and community engagement activities.
Brief compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator course for secondary school students: a multischool feasibility study
Authors: So Kit Ying , Ko Hiu Fai , Tsui Cindy Sin Yui , Yeung Chi Yeung , Chu Yee Ching , Lai Veronica Ka Wai , Lee Anna
Published: October 2020

Objectives

This study assessed the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a 2-hour compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator (CO-CPRAED) course in secondary school students.

Design

Prospective pre-post feasibility study.

Setting and participants

128 students (12–15 years old) without prior basic life support (BLS) training at four secondary schools in Hong Kong. All students were followed up at 3 months after training.

Interventions

Emergency medicine-trained nurse and physicians taught the 2-hour CO-CPRAED course using the American Heart Association ‘CPR in School Training Kit’ programme. Students were trained in groups up to 40 students/session, with an instructor to student ratio not exceeding 1:10. To practise hands-on compressions, the manikin to student ratio was 1:1. For a simulated cardiac arrest, the manikin and AED to student ratio was 1:10.

Primary and secondary outcomes

CPR and AED knowledge, attitude statements towards bystander CPR and AED, quality of BLS performance skills during training and at 3 months.

Results

Some students (46%) knew how deep to push on an adult chest when doing CO-CPR before training. The course was associated with an increase in knowledge score (pretraining 55%, post-training 93%; adjusted mean difference (MD) 38%, 95% CI 33% to 43%; p<0.001). Most students (68%) thought that CPR education in senior secondary school was essential before training. The students had a very positive attitude towards CPR; no change in the mean (SD) attitude score out of 30 over time (pretraining 27.2 (2.5), post-training 27.6 (2.7); adjusted MD 0.5, 95% CI −0.1 to 1.0; p=0.132). Most students were competent in performing BLS immediately after training (77%) and at 3 months (83%) (adjusted MD 6%, 95% CI −4% to 15%; p=0.268).

Conclusions

The results demonstrate the feasibility of scaling up the number of secondary schools trained in a brief CO-CPRAED course within the local school curriculum.
Protecting the front line: a cross-sectional survey analysis of the occupational factors contributing to healthcare workers’ infection and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA
Authors: Firew Tsion , Sano Ellen D , Lee Jonathan W , Flores Stefan , Lang Kendrick , Salman Kiran , Greene M Claire , Chang Bernard P
Published: October 2020

Objective

The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with significant occupational stressors and challenges for front-line healthcare workers (HCWs), including COVID-19 exposure risk. Our study sought to assess factors contributing to HCW infection and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA.

Design

We conducted a cross sectional survey of HCWs (physicians, nurses, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), non-clinical staff) during May 2020. Participants completed a 42-item survey assessing disease transmission risk (clinical role, work environment, availability of personal protective equipment) and mental health (anxiety, depression and burn-out).

Setting

The questionnaire was disseminated over various social media platforms. 3083 respondents from 48 states, the District of Columbia and US territories accessed the survey.

Participants

Using a convenience sample of HCWs who worked during the pandemic, 3083 respondents accessed the survey and 2040 participants completed at least 80% of the survey.

Primary outcome

Prevalence of self-reported COVID-19 infection, in addition to burn-out, depression and anxiety symptoms.

Results

Participants were largely from the Northeast and Southern USA, with attending physicians (31.12%), nurses (26.80%), EMTs (13.04%) with emergency medicine department (38.30%) being the most common department and specialty represented. Twenty-nine per cent of respondents met the criteria for being a probable case due to reported COVID-19 symptoms or a positive test. HCWs in the emergency department (31.64%) were more likely to contract COVID-19 compared with HCWs in the ICU (23.17%) and inpatient settings (25.53%). HCWs that contracted COVID-19 also reported higher levels of depressive symptoms (mean diff.=0.31; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.47), anxiety symptoms (mean diff.=0.34; 95% CI 0.17 to 0.52) and burn-out (mean diff.=0.54; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.71).

Conclusion

HCWs have experienced significant physical and psychological risk while working during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings highlight the urgent need for increased support for provider physical and mental health well-being.