bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tramps and Tramp Style
Authors: Young Phoebe S.K.
Published: June 2021

Chapter 3 delves into the stories of early leisure camping enthusiasts, particularly among the elite classes, and what they hoped to find by venturing into the outdoors. It traces how leisure camping gained popularity and respectability through the 1910s in parallel with the marginalization of functional campers. Proliferating outdoor magazines and guidebooks suggest how campers imagined themselves making temporary homes in the wilderness, complete with negotiations over gender and modern family relationships. They did not have the woods to themselves, as the phenomena of tramps, hoboes, and itinerant workers grew during the same era, both in numerical terms and in public alarm about what their seeming rootlessness might portend for the nation. Reactions to tramps and workers heightened the cultural resonance of leisure camping, particularly as a consensus emerged around camping as a temporary pursuit that relied upon the existence of a permanent one.
Establishing the Campers’ Republic
Authors: Young Phoebe S.K.
Published: June 2021

Chapter 4 focuses on how federal agencies responded to the growth of recreational camping—popularized among the middle class by the mass production of the automobile—and the challenge of new waves of transients and protestors during the Great Depression. In the 1930s, recreational camping gained state sponsorship as an exercise of democracy spurred on by the design of the loop campground and its related social philosophy. As the New Deal rapidly solidified the terms of a new social contract, campers added their own set of expectations. The vast expansion of a public landscape for recreational camping emerged as counterpoint to the unsettled masses of the Great Depression and became an effective tool for national recovery. By the 1940s, citizens were claiming rights of access to or, in the case of African Americans, protesting exclusion from this public camping landscape.
Prophesying Women and the Gifts of the Spirit
Authors: Westerkamp Marilyn J.
Published: June 2021

This chapter delineates in greater detail the radical potential of this Puritan spirituality and the profound appeal of radical sectaries to women. This includes the deep respect earned by female partisans, from the Henrician martyr Anne Askew to the centrality of women in the Quaker movement. Along this same trajectory, the mystical side of this spirituality is tracked from the followers of Henrik Niclaes through to the sectarians of the 1640s and 1650s. Data for this chapter comes from material produced by both proponents and detractors of the sectaries. The chapter includes the stories of many individual women and their theologies as well as sectarian communities, essentially fleshing out the promise of the final pages of chapter four.
A Froward Woman Beloved of God
Authors: Westerkamp Marilyn J.
Published: June 2021

This chapter argues the importance of gender culture in seventeenth-century spirituality and gender politics in the response of the magistrates to Hutchinson in particular, and strong religious women in general. The chapter begins with a reconsideration of the patriarchal nature of this society and the political and social threats represented by nonconforming women. The chapter returns to witchcraft and midwifery in connection with conversion mysticism: three female identities very similar in themselves and, apparently, equally threatening. Finally, the chapter returns to the beginning point: the growing Puritan concentration upon rational religion in comparison with the experiential, spirit mysticism that characterized the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In its reconstruction of a female religiosity, the argument connects the historically constructed nature of women with the Puritan construction of a masculine God and a feminine soul, and the sexual nature of Puritan spirituality.
Epilogue
Authors: Westerkamp Marilyn J.
Published: June 2021

This chapter briefly considers the persistence of Anne Hutchinson as a historical figure, remembered but frequently misunderstood, across the centuries. Notes the limited sources and chronicles the changing perceptions of her that accompanied the changing viewpoints of Puritan New England. For many, the treatment of Hutchinson became a marker for society’s understanding of the character of Puritans. After changing perceptions of her as heretic and egotistical sinner, nuisance, brilliant woman oppressed and misunderstood, transformative philosopher, and advocate for women’s rights that accompanied.
Machiavelli and the Bar: Ethical Limitations on Lying in Negotiation
Authors: White James J.
Published: June 2021

This article addresses the general question of truthfulness in the process of negotiation, as that question is faced in Rule 4.2 of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. The obligation to behave truthfully in negotiation is embodied in the requirement of Rule 4.2(a) that directs the lawyer to “be fair in dealing with other participants.” The article then presents five cases which show that one does not and cannot intend that a negotiator be “truthful” in the broadest sense of that term. It would be unfortunate, therefore, for the rule that requires “fairness” to be interpreted to require that a negotiator be truthful in every respect and in all of his dealings. It should be read to allow at least those kinds of untruthfulness that are implicitly and explicitly recognized as acceptable in his forum, a forum defined both by the subject matter and by the participants.
The Strangers in Our Midst
Authors: Stockhausen Ulrike Elisabeth
Published: June 2021

The Strangers in Our Midst tells the story of how American evangelicals have responded to refugees and immigrants—ranging from the Cuban refugee influx in the 1960s, to Southeast Asian refugees in the 1980s, to undocumented immigrants from Latin America in the 1990s and 2000s. Evangelical Christians have been a pillar of US immigration and refugee policy since the end of World War II in two key ways: by acting as refugee sponsors and by offering legalization assistance to undocumented immigrants. They developed an elaborate evangelical theology of hospitality, which emphasized scriptural commands to “welcome the stranger.” Initially, evangelicals did not distinguish between legal immigrants and refugees and “illegal,” undocumented immigrants. However, a growing anti-immigrant consensus in American society at large and their political alignment with the Republican Party caused them to shed their welcoming approach to immigrants in the 1990s. Evangelicals were now divided in their stances on immigration, as conservative evangelicals viewed only legal immigrants as deserving of their aid, while progressive evangelicals—led by their Latinx coreligionists—emphasized the need for Christians to help all immigrants. In the twenty-first century, a group of Latinx evangelical leaders resurrected and reshaped the evangelical theology of hospitality in an effort to turn the tide in the evangelical debate on immigration. The results are mixed: unprecedented numbers of evangelicals favor a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants. Yet as the 2016 presidential election showed, this preference had no impact on their political choices.
Icy Walls Appear
Authors: Stockhausen Ulrike Elisabeth
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores evangelical responses to undocumented immigrants from the 1990s to the first decade of the twenty-first century. It argues that most mainstream evangelicals adopted the Republican Party’s hard-line stances on immigration (as exemplified by California’s Proposition 187) and introduced them into their theology by emphasizing biblical passages like Romans 13, which underlines the need to obey the government. Reflecting their strengthening ties to the GOP, evangelical leaders brought their theology in line with their politics. They argued that the Bible verses about welcoming the “stranger” were only applicable to legal immigrants, not to undocumented immigrants. This new differentiation between legal and undocumented immigrants marked much of the evangelical discourse on immigration in the next two decades. The competing interpretations of the biblical record translated into deep divisions within the evangelical movement, as Latinx and progressive evangelical leaders urged their evangelical coreligionists to speak out for undocumented immigrants.
Korea
Authors: Doner Richard F. , Noble Gregory W , Ravenhill John
Published: June 2021

The rise of Korea provides robust support for the proposition that strong institutions are necessary for intensive automotive development. By 2017, Korea had become the world’s sixth largest producer of passenger cars, and Korean components producers were among the few companies from outside Europe, Japan, and North America to feature in the world’s top 100 producers. Korea’s success built on a highly -educated workforce and the creation of automotive testing and research institutions. The origins of these institutions can be traced to the external threat faced by the country, and to its inability to earn revenue through exports of agricultural products or raw materials. As Hyundai-Kia grew into a global corporation, the research institutions became more important for medium-sized companies, and in promoting basic research. Hyundai-Kia’s success stands in marked contrast to the three subsidiaries of foreign automakers, which all struggled as Korean labor costs rose substantially above those of developing economies.
Malaysia
Authors: Doner Richard F. , Noble Gregory W , Ravenhill John
Published: June 2021

Malaysia presents a key test of seeking to promote intensive growth without crafting the necessary institutions. Prime Minister Mahathir’s “Look East” policy of the 1980s sought to emulate Japan and Korea by building an integrated automotive industry—that is, it embarked on a quest for intensive development. Although the quality of Malaysia’s governance institutions is often praised, Mahathir and his successors granted the national champion auto assembler Proton unconditional protection to enable it to sustain an inefficient supply chain that favored ethnic Malay producers. The country failed to build in a timely manner appropriate industry-specific institutions such as university courses in automotive engineering, and an automotive research institute. Exports—both of assembled vehicles and of components—were minuscule. Malaysia’s exports of oil and agricultural products long enabled the state to subsidize the industry. With trade liberalization, continued underwriting of Proton became unsustainable, leading to its sale in 2017.
China
Authors: Doner Richard F. , Noble Gregory W , Ravenhill John
Published: June 2021

Institutional development supporting China’s intensive development was Janus-faced: both Beijing and local governments engaged in extremely early development of institutions to support industrial cooperation and diffusion, including an elaborate national training system and a gigantic automotive research and testing center, but put them to work serving a socialist planned economy and control by the Communist Party. Creation of institutions for industrial diffusion reflected acute Chinese perceptions of external threat and a relative dearth of natural resources. China has emerged as the world’s largest producer and consumer of automobiles, but most are assembled by foreign-dominated joint ventures. However, around 40% are designed and assembled by Chinese firms, both private and state-owned, and even many of the Sino-foreign joint ventures have developed the capacity to design, engineer, and export their own cars. China is struggling to loosen the fetters of state -ownership and to reform institutions and practices to better suit a market economy.
Taiwan
Authors: Doner Richard F. , Noble Gregory W , Ravenhill John
Published: June 2021

iTaiwan’s automotive development strongly supports the proposition that capable institutions are crucial to helping firms in developing countries undertake industrial upgrading. Research institutes, testing and certification centers, training programs, industry associations, and government-supported corporate alliances have flourished for decades. Though modest in size and little known abroad, Taiwan’s leading auto companies export high-quality cars, design and engineer their own models, invest abroad, and export a wide variety of auto parts and car electronics. The success of Taiwanese firms is all the more striking in light of Taiwan’s small and stagnant domestic market. The government embarked on a course of gradual liberalization in the 1980s. Yet it never relinquished the goal of fostering domestically -owned companies capable of making their own vehicles, and simultaneously supported the activities of small and medium-sized firms that have achieved striking success in exporting automotive parts, especially bumpers, body panels, and other accessories for the after-sales market.
The Precision Benefit
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Porat Ariel
Published: June 2021

This chapter offers the basic justification for personalized law: the precision benefit. Personalized rules could accomplish the underlying goals of any law more effectively. Any goals, of any law. The reason is almost trivial: personalized law accounts for more relevant circumstances and differences in tailoring individual commands. This is the same reason that custom-made shoes fit better than single size, or that medicine based on personalized diagnostics cures better than one-size-fits-all treatments. Uniform rules and commands, even if optimal on average, are a poor fit for people with diverse preferences, characteristics, histories, and means. The chapter begins by demonstrating the value of personalization in other sectors of human activity, like medicine and education, and then uses an example of data protection law to display the benefits of personalized rules. It also discusses the production costs of personalized law, primarily the costs associated with the use of more information in the promulgation of legal commands.
Coordination
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Porat Ariel
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines problems of coordination that could arise under personalized law, where different people are subject to different rules guiding their behavior. While earlier chapters of the book focused on individual actors and their personal legal environments, this chapter shifts to look at joint activity—how the interaction between people could be affected by personalized law. Would a personalized law regime that optimizes the atomistic parts result in more social harm, by neglecting the composite whole? It is often noted, correctly, that standardization and uniformity are needed for well-coordinated activity, to help people anticipate what others will do and synchronize their own actions. The chapter argues, however, that personalized law has a surprising potential to advance new forms of coordination. The chapter examines rules of traffic, methods of contracting, procedure in litigation, and the forms of property rights (numerus clausus), and argues that a properly designed personalized law regime could potentially achieve coordination in these spheres despite the greater variation and the non-uniformity of rules and of individual actions.
Governing Through Data
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Porat Ariel
Published: June 2021

Personalized law requires massive information, and this chapter examines some of the problems relating to the accumulation of personal data in the hands of the government. It first surveys what kinds of information would be needed and how lawmakers might hope to acquire that necessary data. While much information is already available in government databases, is it realistic to expect commercial databases to share the data with the government? The chapter then shifts to asking how the personalized commands would be communicated to actors. It argues, counterintuitively, that in important areas, private actors may often find it easier to know their personalized command than figure out the uniform command. Finally, the chapter examines problems of privacy and data protection, arising from the accumulation of data in the hands of governments. It argues that privacy interests vary across people, and thus privacy protection—like other aspects of personalized law—could itself be personalized, allowing people to opt out of some privacy-sensitive personalized treatments.
Conclusion: Legal Robotics
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Porat Ariel
Published: June 2021

This chapter concludes the book by offering some preliminary reflections on the robotic aspects of personalized law. It begins by identifying some early experiments with the use of algorithms and machine learning in law, noting the immense potential they unveil. It confronts the “see” versus “scan” methodologies for individualized treatment—judges “looking people in the eye” versus algorithms analyzing the numerous personal aspects they are permitted to scan. The chapter highlights the critical roles of humans in algorithmic personalized law, primarily in setting the goals that the algorithms will be coded to optimize, in choosing the data by which algorithms are trained and people are subsequently screened, and in scrutinizing and repairing undesirable patterns. The chapter argues that the need to set specific goals and priorities for each law would transform the common law method of legal refinements, and would offer greater transparency for legislative accords. The book ends by pointing to areas of the law most ripe for phase-one personalized law.
Testing the Change, Improving the Plan
Authors: Atun Rifat
Published: June 2021

Chapter 6 introduces the students to a proprietary framework and tools to test, refine, and prepare each student’s system improvement plan (SIP) for implementation. The students revisit their country SIP to refine its constituent process steps and to produce a process flow map of their plan. The flow map illustrates a logical chain that links the proposed inputs through sequential action steps for implementation of the plan to produce the outputs that enable the SIP to attain the projected goals. The authors introduce the proprietary D3A3 model that consists of six interlinked steps: D1—design the intervention plan; D2—determine the measures of success; D3—deliver; A1—assess; A2—analyze; and A3—act. The D3A3 model is used to guide iterative development and agile implementation of system improvement plans. The students will use the D3A3 model to conduct one or more test runs to improve their SIP and increase their confidence that it will deliver the outputs they need. In complex dynamic systems, it is hard to predict the results of change and plans should be subjected to iterative cycles of testing. For this the authors introduce a process called a model for improvement that helps designers to understand the potential impact, effort, feasibility, and risks of implementing their SIP and to progressively test and strengthen plan design and prepare it for implementation.
Mediatizing Taste
Authors: Mapes Gwynne
Published: June 2021

This chapter begins with an explanation of “elite authenticity” in full, including a definition of the five rhetorical strategies of which it is composed: historicity, simplicity, lowbrow appreciation, pioneer spirit, and locality/sustainability. Using theories pertaining to media discourse and mediatization, the author presents an analysis of the New York Times food section, relying on a corpus of 259 articles (including restaurant reviews and top-viewed articles). Throughout her analysis she demonstrates how the aforementioned interconnected rhetorical strategies are not only indexical of what is considered “authentic” in contemporary society, but also essential to the construction of status based on a purposeful distancing from traditional markers of eliteness. In sum, this chapter sets the groundwork for the simultaneous (dis)avowal of distinction which is integral to contemporary class maintenance.
Spatializing Authenticity
Authors: Mapes Gwynne
Published: June 2021

In this chapter Mapes turns to ethnographically informed data from four renowned restaurants in Brooklyn, New York, to consider the spatialization of elite authenticity. Based on interviews with chefs, owners, and employees; field notes and photos; as well as archived material from the restaurants’ individual websites, she considers how these restaurants represent various semiotic micro-landscapes. Importantly, it is not just that they comprise complicatedly layered texts, but also that they reflect the social stratification of people, objects, and spaces, as well as a simultaneous and careful disavowal of said stratification.
Food “Insiders”
Authors: Mapes Gwynne
Published: June 2021

This chapter presents additional data from Mapes’s ethnographic fieldwork in Brooklyn, New York. Here she examines the dinner table as a less-institutional setting in which participants engage in similar acts of (dis)avowal. Using interactional sociolinguistic methods, Mapes demonstrates how elite authenticity is present in talk about food in private settings, where the speech is informal and uncalculated. Furthermore, in this chapter she more specifically considers how shared values and norms come to be interactionally achieved and constituted in a so-called community of practice. Ultimately, this chapter offers insight into how exactly elite authenticity comes to be produced and (re)circulated in the minutiae of everyday practices and interactions, such as those that occur during mealtime conversations.
Introduction
Authors: Scheidt Hannah K.
Published: June 2021

The introduction to Practicing Atheism familiarizes the reader with contemporary atheist culture through a brief description of a billboard campaign sponsored by the Freedom from Religion Foundation. This chapter situates the larger work within a growing body of scholarship on secularism and atheism, suggesting that the cultural studies approach of this book makes a novel contribution to the field of secular studies. The introduction explains the book’s approach to media, both theoretically and methodologically, suggesting that there is no separating culture from media. Finally, the introduction lays out the theoretical argument of the book, which accounts for the central tension of contemporary atheist culture: the fact that organized atheism comes to bear a resemblance to what we (and atheists themselves) think of as religion. Ritual theory is introduced as a tool for explaining this tension.
Autonomy or Authority?
Authors: Scheidt Hannah K.
Published: June 2021

This chapter analyzes samples from atheist visual culture (memes, cartoons, fan art) to explore a complex and divisive discourse on authority. Atheists have long critiqued authority as it appears in religion. Atheist culture has its own authorities, however. Famous figures in contemporary atheist culture (including Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and Christopher Hitchens) gain authority largely through their appeals to science and reason, but their influence extends far beyond their respective areas of expertise. The celebrity-scientist-atheist is not an undisputed authority in atheist culture, however, and draws increasing critique from those who identify this type of authority as consistent with established forms (white, male, educated) and ultimately divisive rather than unifying to the movement as a whole. This chapter therefore highlights disagreement within atheist culture regarding the proper location and exercise of authority.
Ritualized Debate
Authors: Scheidt Hannah K.
Published: June 2021

This chapter analyzes moderated debates. The chapter considers both live events and the adaptation of the debate format on online forums, arguing that debate is a central practice in contemporary atheist culture. Many atheists proclaim that debates are pointless, though the events draw large viewership and inspire extensive conversation across atheist culture. This chapter suggests, therefore, that debate is not simply a tool for relaying potentially persuasive information. Debate is a ritualized practice that circulates meanings and produces a shared reality for participants (debaters and audiences alike). This chapter examines debate to observe how communication is often more about participation and fellowship than it is about conveying information.
UDI
Authors: Loxton James
Published: June 2021

This chapter discusses the UDI in Chile, arguing that its success was the product of authoritarian inheritance and counterrevolutionary struggle. The first section provides historical background, including on the decline of the country’s traditional conservative parties. The second section discusses the Movimiento Gremial, the precursor of the UDI, and the role that it played in the struggle against the leftist government of Salvador Allende (1970–1973). The third section examines the participation of these gremialistas in the Pinochet regime (1973–1990). The fourth section discusses the UDI’s status as an authoritarian successor party, and the ways that it resembled and differed from its coalition partner, RN. The fifth section discusses how the UDI benefited from its ties to the military regime, inheriting a party brand, clientelistic networks, and territorial organization. The final section discusses how the UDI’s origins in counterrevolutionary struggle served as a powerful source of cohesion.
Nazism and the Western Conscience
Authors: Jackson Timothy P.
Published: June 2021

I offer here a scale of moral responsibility applicable to members of the Nazi Reich during the Final Solution: (1) oblivious: totally unaware, simply out to lunch or mentally impaired concerning the Nazi attempted genocide of the Jews, invincibly ignorant and without bad faith; (2) bystanding: aware but mute and passive, perhaps in bad faith or denial, concerning the Nazi attempted genocide of the Jews; (3) complicit: aware and publicly and privately supportive of the Nazi attempted genocide of the Jews, but primarily verbally or symbolically; (4) aiding and abetting: aware and more than verbally supportive, actively assisting and participating in the Nazi attempted genocide of the Jews, but short of pulling the trigger or dropping the gas pellets or ordering the same; and (5) directly murderous unto abomination: actually pulling the trigger or dropping the gas pellets or ordering the same, so as knowingly to aim at destroying the Jews as a race and Judaism as a moral and religious creed; in the extreme, also to aim at destroying one’s own conscience.
The Evils of Supersessionism
Authors: Jackson Timothy P.
Published: June 2021

In The Anxiety of Influence, Harold Bloom writes that “strong poets make . . . [poetic] history by misreading one another, so as to clear imaginative space for themselves.” I apply Bloom’s literary theory, mutatis mutandis, to religious history and theology. Even the other monotheistic Abrahamic faiths—Christianity and Islam—resent their dependency on Hebrew Scripture and tradition and aim to make room for themselves by misreading the Jews and Judaism. Christians would define themselves by writing a “New Testament” that supplants the “Old,” even as Muslims would produce a “Final Testament” that supersedes all previous. Bloom describes “six revisionary ratios” by which strong poets would distinguish themselves from their predecessors. My task is to adapt these conventions and to demonstrate that they have more than aesthetic/literary import. Christian and Islamic ethics and theology, and even Nazism as a pagan counter, can plausibly be seen to suffer from the anxiety of influence and to seek to liberate themselves from their Jewish paternity by literal and figurative patricide.
Welcome to Venus?
Authors: Rowlands Mark
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines the reasons for thinking that anthropogenic climate change—planetary-level warming caused by human activity—is real. The science underlying the idea of anthropogenic global warming is explained. Several different forms of skepticism about climate change are explained and ultimately found to be lacking. The idea of a tipping cascade, and the consequent possibility of runaway warming, is explained. The ability to predict the ultimate severity of global warming relies on knowledge that we do not yet possess. Nevertheless, it is argued that, even if we adopt relatively conservative assumptions, it is very likely that global warming is going to have grave consequences, both for humans and for the rest of the natural world.
Inclusion and Exclusion during the Left Turn
Authors: Boulding Carew , Holzner Claudio A.
Published: June 2021

Chapter 6 takes a closer look at the impact of Latin America’s left turn on the political activism of poor people, and on political equality more generally. This chapter shows a surprising pattern: while the election of leftist governments did spark more political activity across the board, it did not produce more equal patterns of political participation. On the contrary, political participation is most stratified by wealth where radical-left parties or candidates govern. This chapter argues that the ideology of ruling parties matters less than expected for a number of reasons. First, due to their electoral and institutional dominance and weak organizational structure, ruling leftist parties in places like Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela had neither the capacity nor the incentives to mobilize poor citizens outside of election. This is in contrast to European contexts where leftist parties face stiff electoral competition and have strong linkages to groups in society. Second, most research based on advanced democracies assumes that poor people are core constituents of leftist parties. In Latin America, in contrast, poor people are just as likely to hold right-of-center views as left-of-center views.
Introduction
Authors: Packard Thomas
Published: June 2021

Anyone in an organization has the potential to become an organizational change agent. A review of common ways of viewing organizations (e.g., as machines, cultures, or organisms) gives change leaders frameworks to understand and make sense of organizational operations. The purpose of this book is to offer a package of theory, research, and practice that can provide guidance to anyone working in a human services organization, from practicing administrators and other staff to students and consultants, who see opportunities to improve some aspect of an organization’s functioning. The evidence base includes the human services and general management literatures and the author’s research on organizational change. Four cases of change initiatives provide examples of the concepts and materials in some chapters. The sections of the book include challenges and change opportunities, a conceptual framework, change leadership, a change model, generic organizational change methods, and change methods for human service organizations.
Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Packard Thomas
Published: June 2021

Human service organizations are faced with environments of volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. The COVID-19 pandemic, other healthcare challenges, expectations for evidence-based practice usage, and racial justice are vivid examples. Clients and communities deserve effective services delivered by competent, compassionate, and committed staff members. Taxpayers, donors, philanthropists, policymakers, and board members deserve to have their contributions used to deliver programs that are effective and efficient. All these forces create demands and opportunities for organizational change. Planned organizational change can happen at the level of a program, a division, or an entire organization. Administrators and other staff will need complementary skills in leading and managing organizational change. Staff deserve opportunities to have their unique competencies used to achieve organizational goals. Organizational change involves leading and mobilizing staff to address problems, needs, or opportunities facing the organization by using change processes that involve both human and technical aspects of the organization.
Theories for Effective Change Leadership
Authors: Packard Thomas
Published: June 2021

Several leadership theories have particular relevance for organizational change leadership. The classic model of Rensis Likert’s participative System 4 style seems especially well-suited for human service organizations, which are typically staffed by professionals with high skill levels and expectations of autonomy and empowerment. Participative decision-making theory is especially valuable in organizational change. Other theories, including exemplary leadership as articulated by Kouzes and Posner, which includes modeling the way, inspiring a shared vision, challenging the process, enabling others, and encouraging the heart, are directly relevant to change leadership. Transformational leadership, using idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration is useful in motivating staff. Adaptive leadership, which involves getting on the balcony, identifying adaptive challenges, regulating distress, maintaining disciplined attention, giving work back to the people, and protecting leadership voices from below, is also particularly relevant to change leadership.
Data Collection and Assessment
Authors: Packard Thomas
Published: June 2021

Building on the assessment process described in Chapter 5, this chapter provides detail on methods for gathering data and turning data into information to help identify problems, needs, or opportunities for change. The tools here would be useful in assessing the content of the change regarding which issues, problems, or other concerns need to be addressed. Action research is a process of gathering data, analyzing data, developing action plans, implementing plans, and then gathering data again to assess results and identify new opportunities for change and improvement. Employee surveys, customer surveys, stakeholder surveys, management audits, existing organizational performance data, and “unobtrusive” measures such as turnover rates can be used to identify areas needing attention. Surveys of clients and other stakeholders of the organization can be valuable in showing opportunities for change. Appreciative inquiry, an alternative to action research, focuses on identifying what is working well and building on that.
Advancing Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Social Justice
Authors: Packard Thomas
Published: June 2021

Initiatives to improve cultural competence and cultural humility have a strong recent history and are commonly accepted as important in improving services to diverse clients. In addition to working to create more culturally competent workforces and cultural humility, some organizations are working to explicitly challenge racism, sexism, and other forms of discrimination in their organizations. Such change initiatives are likely to be more challenging, with greater potential for staff and administrator discomfort and even conflict. These change initiatives have the potential for being hugely impactful in improving the quality of working life for staff, but especially for diverse staff, as well as improving services for clients. Other tactics that have been used in diversity and antiracism initiatives include an assessment of the problem, data collection to document the problem, conveying urgency, an action system that includes knowledgeable staff from multiple levels and action teams, extensive staff participation, and providing necessary resources.
The Ramayana Narrative Tradition as a Resource for Performance
Authors: Richman Paula
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines case studies of Ramayana performances from different Indian regions and their relationships to diverse Ramayana texts, and provides a map of the volume. “Orientations and Beginnings” sets out an overview of intersections between Ramayana Studies and Performance Studies. “The Politics of Caste” deals with a Hindi poem and play scripts about the beheading of Shambuk, a Shudra character in the Ramayana tradition, linking them to Dalit demands for equality in 20th- and 21st-century India. “Interrogating the Anti-Hero” examines performances centered on Ravana as anti-hero or as dissident artist. “Performing Gender” analyzes two South Indian performances: a modern Tamil play critiquing patriarchal constructions of the Ramayana, and Nangyarkuttu, a pre-modern solo dance form in Kerala, whose reconstruction is infused with a woman’s contemporary sensibility. “Conversations and Arguments” highlights debates about Ramayana productions in Kutiyattam, Sattriya, and Talamaddale. “Beyond Enactment” examines effects of Ramayana performances on everyday life and society.
Thinking the Ramayana Tradition through Performance
Authors: Bharucha Rustom
Published: June 2021

This introductory chapter explores the role of performance in questioning, transforming, and subverting the Ramayana narrative tradition. Calling attention to diverse modes of enactment in which the story of the Ramayana gets interpreted through specific performative circumstances and techniques of psychophysical embodiment, it provides a dense vocabulary of different categories of performance in Indian languages in relation to acting, presenting, feeling, showing, exhibiting, transforming, and doing. Not only do these diverse epistemologies of performance shape the retelling of Ramayana at a structural level, they also contribute to the affective and spiritual dimensions of experiencing Ramayana at the level of the senses. Beyond enactment, the essay also provides a few examples of what happens to the Ramayana narrative when it gets performed outside the limits of the stage in the cultures of everyday life, where the politicization of the Ramayana places new demands on the agency and interpretive skills of actors.
The Killing of Shambuk
Authors: Deshpande Sudhanva
Published: June 2021

How does one perform the Shambuk myth on stage? One cannot take the story literally; it is mythology. Instead, the Jana Natya Manch production Śambūk-Vadh treated it as a fable around Dalit assertion and brahminical reassertion. The death of the Brahmin boy in the original myth results in the overturning of the brahminical order; his coming back to life symbolically restores the brahminical order. This makes sense if we see Shambuk’s tapas not as an individual act but as a symbol of the collective assertion of Dalit rights. Shambuk, then, is not a lone ascetic. He is a leader of his people. The site where he does tapas, rather than a literal forest, is an ashram where Dalits gain education. By reinterpreting the myth thus, and by layering the dramatic text with quotations from several sources, Śambūk-Vadh confronted the myth to reveal contestations around caste and gender.
Writing Her “Self”
Authors: Narayanan Mundoli
Published: June 2021

This chapter provides a historical perspective on the evolution and contemporary significance of Nangyarkuttu, the “female” derivative of Kutiyattam, which developed into an independent solo performance form by the late twentieth century. Against this background, the author focuses on the artistry and innovations of one of Nangyarkuttu’s leading performers, Usha Nangiar, who has succeeded over the years in recovering and reinstating several major female characters who had disappeared from the Kutiyattam stage. Calling attention to two marginalized female characters from the Ramayana repertoire, notably Mandodari and Ahalya, the essay delves deeply into Usha Nangiar’s process of research as she recreates performances around them, combining an approach that is both deeply subjective and scholarly. Through excerpts from a detailed interview with the artist, the author demonstrates how Usha Nangiar’s interpretations of these roles, while drawing primarily on the performative tradition of Kutiyattam, constitutes a radical revisioning of the same tradition.
Family Law in America
Authors: Katz Sanford N.
Published: June 2021

This book examines the present state of family law in America. The third edition captures recent developments, including the transformation of the institution of marriage from being a relationship between a man and a woman to encompassing same-sex marriage. In this regard, the book includes a full discussion and analysis of Obergefell v. Hodges. Obergefell v. Hodges is the U.S. Supreme Court case that held in a 5-4 decision that the bans on same-sex marriage in Michigan, Kentucky, Ohio, and Tennessee were unconstitutional. The Court held that the right to marry a person of the same sex is protected by the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, and therefore may not be denied in any state.
Adoption
Authors: Katz Sanford N.
Published: June 2021

This chapter addresses the establishment of a new parent–child relationship through adoption. It explores the recurring tension between individual autonomy and state regulation in the placement of children for adoption, and how it is reflected in the major developments in adoption in the past half-century. During the twentieth century, adoption was a specialized child welfare service performed by social workers in private and public child welfare agencies. Whether a birth mother relinquished her infant for adoption voluntarily or whether adoption was the final outcome of a child dependency proceeding, the articulated goal, sometimes achieved and sometimes mere rhetoric, was to advance the best interests of the child. These two tracks—voluntary relinquishment and involuntary termination of parental rights—resulting in adoption have given rise to dual systems in the past forty years. Even though the ultimate outcome of adoption for children from either system may be the same in terms of a court establishing the adoptive status, there is a major difference in goals. The goal of the voluntary system may well be to provide a childless couple with an infant so as to continue the adoptive family name. The aim of dependency proceedings resulting in the termination of parental rights is to protect children, and the disposition of adoption is a vehicle for providing a child with a permanent attachment to a family.
Marching Still Right Today
Authors: McHugh Dominic
Published: June 2021

Chapter 4 takes up the story of how The Music Man eventually reached the stage in a successful pre-Broadway tryout in Philadelphia before arriving in New York in December 1957. It also explores the show’s afterlife, including the screen versions and revivals, as well as uncovering stories such as Liza Redfield’s historic appointment as the first woman to become the permanent musical director of a Broadway production, during the show’s initial run. Special consideration is given to the 1962 movie version, exploiting previously unseen correspondence and pointing out how the apparently faithful adaptation actually has numerous significant changes from its stage incarnation.
The Lombardian Formula in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Century
Authors: Lynch Michael J.
Published: June 2021

This chapter, continuing the historical survey of the previous chapter, slows down and focuses on the reception of the so-called Lombardian formula in the Reformation and early Post-Reformation period, especially among the Reformed churches. After looking at how well-known Reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Zachary Ursinus understood the Lombardian formula, concentration shifts to a few critical events that provide important background to the Synod of Dordt and intra-Reformed debates on the extent of the atonement. More specifically, the chapter covers a late sixteenth-century debate between the Lutheran Jacob Andreae and the Reformed theologian Theodore Beza on the extent of Christ’s work. Next, it looks at the back-and-forth between Jacob Arminius and William Perkins. Finally, it gives a thorough examination of the Hague Conference of 1611, which featured a discussion of the various doctrines of grace among the Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants.
John Davenant on the Extent of Christ’s Atoning Work
Authors: Lynch Michael J.
Published: June 2021

Being the central chapter of the book, this chapter provides the first comprehensive exposition of John Davenant’s hypothetical universalism to date. It centers on his controversial work De Morte Christi. By way of a detailed examination at each of propositions of this treatise, this chapter shows how Davenant pushed back against a significant segment of Reformed theologians who denied that Christ died for all. On the other hand, as this chapter makes clear, the chapter also demonstrates how Davenant also distanced himself from the Remonstrant denial that Christ died for the elect. Instead, as the chapter proves, Davenant, citing a plethora of Reformed and Roman Catholic sources, understood his doctrine to be biblical, catholic, and Reformed.
John Davenant’s Covenant Theology
Authors: Lynch Michael J.
Published: June 2021

This chapter situates John Davenant’s covenant theology into his broader Reformed context. Against certain misinterpretations of Reformed covenant theology, and of Davenant in particular, this chapter shows that Davenant’s covenant theology—even as it was used to defend his hypothetical universalism—was not especially noteworthy relative to other Elizabethan Reformed theologians, nor to the broader European Reformed community. To that end, the chapter details how Davenant understood both the so-called covenant of works and the covenant of grace. Special focus is given to Davenant’s insistence on the universality of the covenant of grace and the role played by his doctrine of an absolute covenant, corresponding to predestination.
The Principle of Distinction and Its Relation to Proportionality
Authors: Cohen Amichai , Zlotogorski David
Published: June 2021

Proportionality prohibits causing excessive damage to civilian objects and civilians when attacking a military objective. The question which objects are legitimate military objectives, and which are civilian objects, is therefore of great importance. A broader definition of “military objectives” can be expected to justify greater harm to civilians and civilian objects, whereas a narrower definition would restrain military operations. This is especially true today, when conflicts are increasingly taking place in urban settings, with disturbing consequences for civilians. This chapter discusses how the principle of distinction and indiscriminate attacks, while also addressing the issue of dual-use objectives. The chapter also turns to the protection of cultural property.
Weaponizing Information Systems for Political Disruption
Authors: Marcia Valeria , Desouza Kevin C.
Published: June 2021

Today, information systems are regularly weaponized for political disruption. This threat now encompasses electoral processes, given their increasing dependence on information systems both directly and indirectly. The chapter elaborates on a framing devise—ALERT (the Actors, Levers, Effects, and Response Taxonomy)—to study how information systems can be manipulated and the associated set of responses to such manipulation, which in turn can generate theories about election interference. Illustrative examples of such interference guide the reader through the ALERT framework in the foreign election interference context. Through the description of the ALERT framework and the copious examples reported, the chapter concludes by underlining the importance of a clear understanding of the dynamics related to the Actors involved in information warfare, the Levers used, the Effects in the political and, specifically, electoral fields, which all serve as a tool for obtaining appropriate Responses in the fight against weaponization for political disruption.