bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability Modeling and Analysis of Orthogonal Turn-Milling with Variable Cutting Depth and Cutting Thickness
Authors: Wang Yong , Yan Rong , Peng Fang Yu , Qiu Feng
Published: January 2014

In orthogonal turn-milling process, both of the workpiece and the cutter rotate at the same time, which causes cutting depth and cutting thickness to change instantaneously. In this paper, a new 2D stability model of orthogonal turn-milling is established, in which the effect of variable cutting depth and cutting thickness is considered. The stability lobe diagrams are obtained by using Full-discretization Method. By analyzing the stability of orthogonal turn-milling, it is found that it is better than that of ordinary milling in same machining conditions. It means that in orthogonal turn-milling process deep cutting depth can be chosen and high machining efficiency can be obtained compared to that in ordinary milling process.
Mechanical Properties of Sandstone under Loading and Unloading Conditions
Authors: Wang Xing Xia , Ma Wen Juan , Huang Jian Wen , Liao Zai Yi
Published: January 2014

The mechanical properties of rock mass under unloading conditions are essentially different from that under loading conditions. Triaxial compression tests and unloading confining pressure tests are conducted, and test results show that unloading failure is more brittle, and rock samples suffer more damage under unloading failure. The larger the initial confining pressure is, the easier of unloading failure is occurred. The increasing or decreasing values of rock deformation modulus under unloading conditions are within 10% of rock triaxial compressive strength. Unloading failure leads to deterioration of rock deformation modulus, which decreases gradually with confining pressure decreasing, and the decrease rates get bigger and bigger with unloading ratio of confining pressure increasing. Deformation modulus is only 24-34% of that under loading condition when rock strength goes down to residual strength.
Finite Element Analysis for the Welding Column of CNC Boring Machine
Authors: Yue Yan Fang , Xin Zhi Bo , Wang Jin Ye
Published: January 2014

The finite element method was applied in the construction design of the welding column of CNC boring machine for dynamic analysis and modal analysis. The laws of deformation and stress of a loaded column were obtained, and the natural frequency of each step and modes of column were also given according to this method. The results implied that the strength and the stiffness of welding column were met the machining requirements. Machine working frequency far less than inherent frequency, thus resonance is not easy to occur. Through the way, the optimization proposals of structure were given.
A Numerical Study on Hollow Droplets Impact onto a Solid Substrate
Authors: Li Da Shu , Qiu Xing Qi , Zheng Zhi Wei
Published: January 2014

A numerical model using VOF method is developed to describe the phenomenon of a hollow droplet impact on a flat surface including spreading, retardation, recoil and first and secondary break up. The proposed model is verified by literature experiments. Some new hydrodynamic characteristics have been found. The mechanism of central counter jet is explored according to pressure distribution and velocity vectors inside droplet. The relationship between impact features of droplet and deposition parameters is highlighted. In order to investigate the heat transfer rate at the gas-liquid interface, air entrapment and gas cavity are discussed.
The Complex Housing Injection Mold Design of Automobile Based on UG and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Mei Yi , Chen Lang , Wang Guang Yan
Published: January 2014

This paper analyzes the structure and process of an automobile with the switch case plastic parts,using injection molding numerical simulation software to analyze the position of gate,warpage and shrinkage. It provides design basis for the mold structure optimization. Finally, this article uses UG Mold Wizard platform to finish the package of structure design of injection mold completely,and solve the parting problems of complex surface .Realizing the plastic parts of the CAD / CAE / CAM computer-aided design, greatly shorten the development cycle.
Forecast on Upsetting Crack Based on Numerical Simulation
Authors: Fan Yan Bo , Xia Qin Xiang , Lv Ming Ke , Zhao Xue Zhi , Du Yu Lian
Published: January 2014

To improve the forging quality and avoid longitudinal cracks on forging surface, critical hole expansion ratio of ductile failure of metallic materials micromechanics was adopted as the criterion to judge whether crack occurs during upsetting, and the upsetting FEA model of 5CrNiMo hot die steel was established based on FEM software DEFORM-3D. The dangerous points on forging surface which crack may occur easily were analyzed based on the calculating results of the metal hole expansion ratio, and the influence of forgings shape on upsetting cracks were researched. The results show that when the relative reduction of the center point on the forgings surface exceeds 65%, the first crack occurs during upsetting; the shape coefficient can be used as the conditions and basis for cracks forecast by establishing the comparison expression between shape coefficient and hole expansion ratio during upsetting.
Optimum Design of Remote Controller Back Shell Injection Mould Based on Flow Simulation
Authors: Hong Jian Ming
Published: January 2014

Taking the remote controller back shell for example, the flow process of the injection molding including filling, packing, holding and cooling was simulated by using the process technology of Moldflow software, the best gate location and the information of weld lines, trapped gas, fill time, pressure and temperature were analyzed. At the same time, the product defects during the injection was predicted, the cause of defects and influence factors was analyzed, the mould design parameters were adjusted, the design of the mould was optimized. It realized mass production of the product.
The Nonlinear Phenomenon in Modal Analysis of Liquid Tank
Authors: Song Yu Chao , Huang Chao Ming
Published: January 2014

The one-room and four-room tanks were modeled by finite element method to deeply research on the liquid-structure coupling problem in tanks. As the different constraint conditions, the analysis cases were formulated based on the orthogonal test method, to study the system's modality. The results show that, the frequency of one-room tank decreases with the increase of filling liquid when vertically fixed. When the one-room tank is fixed like a cantilever, there also is a descend trend of frequency, but in the case of liquid filling ratio 0.20, the frequency is abnormally increased with a minor rate 0.86%. Due to the different location, when filling ratio is 0.4, the frequency of cantilever system is 10.88% higher than that of vertical system. As for the four-room tank, the frequency is also nonlinear, and the lowest frequency is 40.47Hz, which is 82.81% lower than that of vertical system in the same filling ratio.
TQLZ Self-Balance Vibrating Screen Static and Modal Analysis
Authors: Liu Xin Yong , Cui Hong Bin , Cao Peng Xian , Bao Xue Chun , Liu Xin Yu
Published: January 2014

A simplified model of self-balance screen was constructed by using SolidWorks, and then imported into the Simulation to analysis its structure and modal. The stress distribution, deformation and structural natural frequency, mode shapes under static loads of the self-balance vibrating screen were calculated to provide theoretical basis for the following analysis of the dynamic characteristics and structure optimization design of vibrating screen.
Jet Repulsion in Multi-Jet Electrospinning Systems: From Needle to Needleless
Authors: Zheng Yuan Sheng , Zeng Yong Chun
Published: January 2014

Jet repulsion is the most difficult issue in the multineedle electrospinning process. This study aims at reducing the jet pulsion by designing the spinneret. Three different multijet electrospinning configutations are used to study the jet repulsion in multijet electrospinning process. The experimental results shows that adding a PTFE cylinder to the traditional multineedle electrospinning setup can reduce the jet repulsion, but the diameter and irregularity of the resultant fiber other increased. A needleless electrospinning setup using a multihole plate to replace the needles can reduce jet repulsion effectively, reduce fiber diameter and irregularity as well. And the electric fields of the three electrospinning configurations are simulated by finite element method to explain the experiment results.
Pro/ENGINEER and 3DS Max Combined with Virtools for Virtual Reality Application
Authors: Yang Shuai , Meng Jian Feng , Shi Zhen Xing
Published: January 2014

At present, the most widespread model of development for the Virtools technology is 3DS Max + Virtools, to a certain extent, this limits the application of virtual reality technology in mechanical industry. In order to solve this problem, take the machinery slider as an example, set up entity model using Pro/ENGINEER (Proe), then render the model through the 3DS Max, finally import it into the Virtools platform for interaction design, realize importing and transformation of model from mechanical CAD software to Virtools development platform.
Research on Inductive Power Charging Device of Unmanned Ground Vehicle
Authors: Li Zhi Ning , Chen Jian Wei , Zhang Ying Tang , Yin Gang
Published: January 2014

It is important to charge accumulator automatically on unmanned ground vehicles. A kind of inductive power charging system, with rotary type coupler and series-resonant power converter of full bridge, is designed. The working progress of resonant circuit and main circuit is simulated. The result of experiments shows that the simulation model of main circuit agrees well with practice and can instruct design of power converter in the future. The efficiency of power transferring decreases with coupler air gap increasing. The designed inductive charging device can charge accumulator with constant current while the air gap is 1.2 mm.
Design and Simulation on Hydraulic Sleepless Speed Regulation System of Invariable Fertilizing Application
Authors: Wu Jin Lin , Zhang Li Xin , Yu Jun Zhi , Wang Wei Bing , Zhang Jia Hua
Published: January 2014

This paper proposes a hydraulic sleepless speed system for a invariable fertilizing application based on PLC, in order to enhance the stability of the hydraulic sleepless speed system and eventually achieve precise fertilizing. With particular emphasis on the stability of the hydraulic circuit and the actuation control method, mathematical model and simulation model for hydraulic sleepless speed system are established. More specifically, hydraulic sleepless speed system with stable oil circuit and oil pressure sensor is designed to ensure hydraulic system stability, while PID control algorithm is employed to compensate transmission error according to the mathematical model. The hydraulic sleepless speed system is then simulated in different PID control parameters. Simulations show that the results are reasonable and applicable, providing some theoretical guidance to the characteristics anticipation and test of hydraulic sleepless speed system. It is also found that when the PID parameter is chosen as =10, =0.08, =8, the fertilizing precision will be satisfied.
Wide-Area Time-Delay Coordinating Control of Generator Excitations and SVCs Based on Hamiltonian Functional Method
Authors: Hailati Gulizhati , Wang Jie , Yin Ting
Published: January 2014

The stability of generator excitations and SVCs in power system with wide-area time-delay coordinating Control is investigated in this paper. A nonlinear time-delay Hamiltonian model of power system with SVCs is constructed and the Hamiltonian functional method is used to derive a delay-dependent steady stability criterion in term of matrix inequalities by constructing suitable Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. Then the wide-area damping controller (WADC) and wide-area damping supplementary controller (WDSC) for the power system is designed based on the delay-dependent sufficient conditions. Four-generator eleven-bus power system is used to illustrate delay effect on inter-area mode damping. The performance of the proposed controller is verified by the results of simulation in time-domain, and it is proved that the method proposed in this paper is effective.
Research on Improved Small-Disturbance Model of Doubly-Fed Wind Generator
Authors: Li Gan , Zhang Hua , Wei Wei , Chang Le
Published: January 2014

An improved small-disturbance model of the doubly-fed wind generator is proposed in this paper. In comparison to traditional small-disturbance models, the proposed model comprehensively considers the mechanical rotation of the wind turbine, the shaft transmission in the gear box, the electromagnetic characteristics of the induction generator, as well as the control strategy for both rotor and stator, so that it is able to precisely describe the oscillation mode of the wind generator that is integrated into the power grid. In case studies, simulation results have verified the effectiveness of the proposed model, and different control strategies are applied to the doubly-fed wind generator to investigate their influences on its oscillation mode.
Reaction Heat of High Alkali Aluminosilicate Glass Batches in Melting Process
Authors: Tian Ying Liang , Cheng Jin Shu , Zhang Jing , Shao Yan Li , Li Xiao
Published: January 2014

High alkali aluminosilicate glass batches were prepared by five different raw materials, reaction heat of which in melting process was studied by means of DSC thermal analysis method. The results show that reaction heat of batches in the heating process of 25-1600°C exists a significant difference, and which is among 4396.38 J/g-5311.14 J/g, moreover the least is the batches using petalite, while the most is spodumene. In the whole heating process, 380-800°C is carbonate decomposition stage, which accounts for 42-46% of the total absorbed heat; and 800-1200°C is silicate reaction stage, 40-50%; and 1200-1600°C is glass clarify and homogenization phase , 6%-16%. Therefore, carbonate decomposition and silicate reaction is the main part of batches heat consumption, the optimization scheme for materials has a significant effect on energy saving and emission reduction.
Optimization of Parameters of Aircraft Landing Gear with Orthogonal Turn-Milling Based on GRA-PSO Algorithm
Authors: Li Feng , Peng Fang Yu , Wang Yong , Yan Rong , Li Bin
Published: January 2014

In the light of the characteristic of 300M ultra high strength steel and the feature of orthogonal turn-milling machining,an optimization model of orthogonal turn-millng machining parameters is consisted of maximum tool life,minimum surface roughness and maximum productivity. Based on multi-objective optimazation algorithm which is applied in coupling particle swarm optimization algorithm and gray relevancy analysis,it can achieve the purpose which is above mentioned. By introducing the chatter stability lobe diagram of aircraft landing gear with orthogonal turn-milling which is conformed with DMG turn-milling machine tool,it can optimize the parameters of the orthogonal turn-milling machining of the aircraft landing gear with high efficiency and good quality.
Optimization of Exit Design Based on Evacuation Model for Limited Visibility
Authors: Chen Hai Tao , Yang Peng , Yu Run Cang
Published: January 2014

In this paper, the evacuation strategies and the update rules for limited visibility are proposed. The formulas on single exit, double exits and four exits for low pedestrian density are deduced and showed; and the time ratio is 1: 0.71: 0.56. The simulation results show that for normal visibility, the exit should be designed in the middle of wall, which results in the shortest evacuation time. So each exit is designed in the middle of wall. Moreover, in the different exit cases the evacuation can be simulated very well using the proposed model; and the time ratio on single exit, double exits and four exits is 1: 0.68: 0.57,which is close to the theory value 1: 0.71: 0.56. More, the evacuation evolution of different pedestrian number is studied; and the results show that if no jamming, the time ratios of different pedestrian number accord with the theory value 1: 0.71: 0.56 mainly, which proves the correctness of evacuation model and theory analysis.
Manufacture of RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) by Carbon Ash from the Waste Tire Pyrolysis Resource Chemical Plant
Authors: Chen Kuo Wei
Published: January 2014

This study was to investigate the properties of the RDF produced from carbon ash of waste tire. Waste tire block was disposed of the pyrolysis in resource chemical plant to arise the carbon ash. After block technique, the RDF was made by a press at temperature and stress. In general, the set compression strength and heat value of the RDF ameliorate with the extrusion molding density for significant impact. The set ash, volatile content, Combustible content and heat value of the RDF ameliorate with the extrusion and drying temperature for significant impact. The set compression strength and volatile content and heat value of the RDF ameliorate with the adhesion QG15. In the economic and techniques conditions, the results of this study in accordance with appropriate operating conditions of the production and commercialization of marketing orientation.
The Wide-Applicant Feasibility Study of RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) - Example for Carbon Ash after the Waste Tire Pyrolysis T
Authors: Chen Kuo Wei
Published: January 2014

The present research was involved in forming condition of adhesive, Press Temperature, Density etc. In addition to ameliorate strength and thermal performance test of the RDF produced from Carbon ash after the waste tire pyrolysis in resource chemical plant. This study explored optimal condition of Carbon ash-RDF production based on relevant tests to enhance its strength and thermal performance for optimal utilization of Carbon ash-RDF. The results can serve as a reference to the Carbon ash-RDF production process design. The main component of the formula is an adhesive, chemically modified starch as adhesion to make the carbon ash uniformly mix with water. Besides finding a suitable formula, this study also conducted analysis on product property and developed technique to improve process and product property, as an important reference for future studies.
The Applicant Feasibility Study of Recovered Fuel after Waste Tire Pyrolysis
Authors: Chen Kuo Wei
Published: January 2014

The present research was involved in forming Pyrolysis condition of Catalysis, Pyrolysis Temperature and Reaction Time etc. In addition to ameliorate Flash Point, Sulfur content and Heat Value of the Recovered Fuel from Waste Tire after pyrolysis process in resource chemical plant. This study explored optimal pyrolysis condition of Recovered Fuel production based to improve its Flash point, sulfur content and heat value. The results can serve as a reference to the Recovered Fuel production process design. Improve Recovered Fuel quality, reduce energy consumption and sulfur content, flash point and heat value of Recovered Fuel can meet the national standards. Besides finding a suitable pyrolysis condition, this study also conducted analysis on product property and developed technique to improve process and product property, as an important reference for future studies.
Chemical Constituents from Cremanthodium potaninii
Authors: Yang Ai Mei , Guo Wei Jie , Zeng Yan , Gong Hong Fei , Wu Rui
Published: January 2014

Ten compounds were isolated from the ethol extract of the whole plant of Cremanthodium potaninii. Stigmasterol (1), β-sitosterol (2), triacontane (3), 5,6-dihydroxy-3,4,7-trimethoxyflavone (4), 5,6,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyflavone (5), 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin (6), taraxasterol (7), caffeic acid (8),hexacosoic acid (9),triacontanoic acid (10). All these compounds were isolated from Cremanthodium potaninii for the first time.
Influence of Post Injection on Emission Characteristics of a High-Pressure Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel Blends
Authors: Lou Di Ming , Zhang Chen Chen , Hu Zhi Yuan , Tan Pi Qiang , Lin Jian Jun
Published: January 2014

An experimental study was conducted in a high-pressure common-rail diesel engine fueled with biodiesel-diesel blends (the volume ratio of biodiesel is 20%). Influences of post-injection parameters on gaseous and particulate emissions are studied. The results show that post injection timing has greater influence on particulate emissions of biodiesel engine in comparison with post injection quantity. With the delay of post injection timing, NOX emissions firstly reduce and then increase and again slightly reduce, while particulate emissions initially increase and then decrease and again soar, indicating a trade-off relationship. With the increase of post injection quantity, NOX emissions hardly change except at the low engine load, while particulate emissions increase in general. In order to improve the emission performance comprehensively, the injection parameters have to be recalibrated and split injection strategy has to be reformulated when the diesel engine is fueled with biodiesel blends.
Optimization of Process Parameters for a Uniform Ultrasonic Spraying through the Taguchi Experimental Design
Authors: Liu Wang Lin , Yang Hsi Harng , Chen Mu Hung , Hou Tung Hsu
Published: January 2014

This study aimed to optimize the process parameters for the ultrasonic spraying of a nanooptical film coating on a large-area glass substrate, using the Taguchi experimental design. The key process parameters affecting spraying performance include the speed of the spray nozzle, flow rate of spray solution, airflow strength, spray height, and spray distance. The Taguchi quality characteristic used was the uniformity of light transmittance. With a glass substrate area of 52 cm2, the optimal process parameters for uniform spraying of silica solution were obtained via the Taguchi design method. The experiments confirmed that the optimal process parameters could effectively improve the uniformity of visible light transmittance; the S/N ratio of optical transmittance uniformity rose by approximately 2.79, transmittance reached 92.02%, and the transmittance uniformity was controllable to within 0.12%.
Study on the Relation between the Deep and the Spontaneous Combustion of Coal Seam
Authors: Di Jian You , Gao Er Xin , Sun Xian Long , Sun Chang Qing , Chen Yu Li
Published: January 2014

Based on the data and laboratory analysis of Sun-Cun Coal Mine, the relationship between the geothermal gradient and the depth of mine in Suncun Coal Mine has been developed. According to this and the laboratory experiments, the relationship between spontaneous combustion period of coal seam and the depth of the mine has been obtained in this article. The results show that the law of coal seam spontaneous combustion period and the mine depth in accordance with the relationship of the gauss curve expression and when the coal mine depth is around 1000 m, the coal seam spontaneous combustion period shortened dramatically. This law should be pay more attention to.
Review of Advanced Technology of Flue Gas Desulphurization
Authors: Wang En Wen , Lei Shao Min , Zhong Le Le , Zhang Shi Chun
Published: January 2014

Sulfur dioxide is a strong pungent odor and astringency of the colorless gas. The human being health will be threatened as the concentration of sulfur dioxide at atmosphere achieve-ups to 1.4 mg/m3. The technology of flue gas desulphurization will more and more be concerned because of "coal-fog" discharged onto the air in China. This paper demonstrated the latest research results of technology of flue gas desulphurization based on SO2 controlled approaches which can be divided into three stages for combustion that are the prior, middle and later. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods were also described. The three techniques had been reviewed according to the needs and conditions of recovery, comprehensive utilization of sulfur resource. The research results show that the technique of desulphurization after combustion is a large-scale commercial application means to the control of SO2 pollution around world.
Is there an optimal resting velopharyngeal gap in operated cleft palate patients?
Authors: Yellinedi Rajesh , Damalacheruvu Mukunda Reddy
Published: January 2014

Context: Videofluoroscopy in operated cleft palate patients. Aims: To determine the existence of an optimal resting velopharyngeal (VP) gap in operated cleft palate patients Settings and Design: A retrospective analysis of lateral view videofluoroscopy of operated cleft palate patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 117 cases of operated cleft palate underwent videofluoroscopy between 2006 and 2011. The lateral view of videofluoroscopy was utilised in the study. A retrospective analysis of the lateral view of videofluoroscopy of these 117 patients was performed to analyse the resting VP gap and its relationship to VP closure. Statistical analysis used: None. Results: Of the 117 cases, 35 had a resting gap of less than 6 mm, 34 had a resting gap between 6 and 10 mm and 48 patients had a resting gap of more than 10 mm. Conclusions: The conclusive finding was that almost all the patients with a resting gap of <6 mm (group C) achieved radiological closure of the velopharynx with speech; thus, they had the least chance of VP insufficiency (VPI). Those patients with a resting gap of >10 mm (group A) did not achieve VP closure on phonation, thus having full-blown VPI. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ideal resting VP gap is approximately 6 mm so as to get the maximal chance of VP closure and thus prevent VPI.
Gluteal flap for omphalocele repair in a case of epigastric heteropagus: A novel approach for surgical management
Authors: Kesan Krushnakumar , Gupta Abhaya , Gupta Rahul Kumar , Kothari Paras , Ranjan Ritesh , Karkera Parag , Mudkhedkar Kedar
Published: January 2014

Epigastric heteropagus is an extremely rare congenital anomaly, in which there is asymmetrical conjoined twinning, with the parasitic twin attached to the epigastrium. A 2-day-old male, with epigastric heteropagus and omphalocele, was operated in our institution. After excision of the parasitic twin, omphalocele was covered with a gluteal skin flap available from the parasitic twin. Post-operative course was uneventful, except for infection along the edges of the skin flaps, which was managed conservatively. Only 44 cases of epigastric heteropagus twins have been reported previously in world literature. We present a novel surgical approach for the repair of the omphalocele in a case of epigastric heteropagus twins, probably the 45 th case to be reported in the world literature.
Giant median nerve in bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Chabok Hosein Ahmadzadeh
Published: January 2014

We introduce a middle age healthy man with sequential bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. At the surgery, we encountered a wide median nerve in both wrists. Although enlargement of median nerve in carpal tunnel has been well documented, 25 mm width of the nerve is a rare scene, underscoring that leaving the nerve under the unyielding pressure would lead to a fibrous atrophic median nerve.
A simple and effective way of maintaining the microvascular field clean and dry during anastomosis
Authors: Nambi G.I. , Kumta Samir M. , Mokal Nitin J. , Thatte Mukund R.
Published: January 2014

During microvascular anastomosis, it is important to maintain the microsurgical field irrigated yet dry so as to achieve a good view of the vessels for approximation. In this method, an infant feeding tube (size 4), with its tip sandwiched between layers of dry gauze and a surgical glove component placed in the anastomotic field and the other end connected to a suction apparatus, is used to maintain the microsurgical field free from flooding. It also has the additional advantage of providing a stable platform for microvascular anastomosis.
Cholera Epidemic Associated with Consumption of Unsafe Drinking Water and Street-Vended Water—Eastern Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2012
Authors: Nguyen Von D. , Sreenivasan Nandini , Lam Eugene , Ayers Tracy , Kargbo David , Dafae Foday , Jambai Amara , Alemu Wondimagegnehu , Kamara Abdul , Islam M. Sirajul , Stroika Steven , Bopp Cheryl , Quick Robert , Mintz Eric D. , Brunkard Joan M.
Published: January 2014

During 2012, Sierra Leone experienced a cholera epidemic with 22,815 reported cases and 296 deaths. We conducted a matched case-control study to assess risk factors, enrolling 49 cases and 98 controls. Stool specimens were analyzed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Conditional logistic regression found that consuming unsafe water (matched odds ratio [mOR]: 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1, 11.0), street-vended water (mOR: 9.4; 95% CI: 2.0, 43.7), and crab (mOR: 3.3; 95% CI: 1.03, 10.6) were significant risk factors for cholera infection. Of 30 stool specimens, 13 (43%) showed PCR evidence of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1. Six specimens yielded isolates of V. cholerae O1, El Tor; PFGE identified a pattern previously observed in seven countries. We recommended ensuring the quality of improved water sources, promoting household chlorination, and educating street vendors on water handling practices.
A simple method to increase sensitivity for RP‐HPLC phytoplankton pigment analysis
Authors: Latasa Mikel
Published: January 2014

HPLC analysis of phytoplankton pigments from natural samples usually requires the filtration of relatively large volumes of water (1–12 L) through filters of 25–47 mm diameter. Pigment extraction from filters of this size is performed with minimum volumes of 2‐5 mL extraction solvent, routinely 90% acetone. The difference in polarity between the solvent for extraction and the initial eluent for HPLC analysis of phytoplankton pigments limits the load to c.a. 150 µL sample into the chromatographic system. This implies that less than 10% of the sample is analyzed, with the consequent decrease of pigment detectability. Here, a procedure allowing injections of up to 1440 µL of 90% acetone without pigment loss is presented. The method can be easily implemented in current HPLC systems. The response of the peak area measured against volume injected was linear (r2 > 0.998 for any pigment). The precision for injections between 120 and 1440 µL varied between 0.08 and 4.9% (coefficient of variation, n = 4). This system increases the signal response one order of magnitude, reducing the amount of volume filtered and/or enhancing the detectability and identification of minor pigments.
Genderverschillen in professioneel zorggebruik in 25 Europese landen - Een onderzoek naar de impact van medicaliseringsattitudes en genderstratificatie
Authors: Baute Sharon , Levecque Katia , Van Rossem Ronan , Bracke Piet
Published: January 2014

Gender differences in professional health service use in 25 European countries A study on the impact of medicalisation attitudes and gender stratification.In this paper we investigate the impact of gender stratification on the gender gap in both medicalisation attitudes and
professional health care use. Furthermore, we examine to what extent medicalisation attitudes explain the gender gap in professional health care use. Using data from the second wave of the European Social Survey (N = 42028), we find that women report more positive attitudes towards medicalisation
than men, explaining a small part of the gender gap in professional health care use. No association was observed between gender stratification and the gender gap in medicalisation attitudes or health care use. However, respondents living in societies characterized by a lower level of gender
stratification, position themselves more independently towards physicians, while they use professional health care more frequently.
Wie heeft profijt van het overheidsbeleid? - Kinderopvang in Zweden en België (Vlaanderen)
Authors: Van Lancker Wim , Ghysels Joris
Published: January 2014

Who benefits from government investment in childcare?.The case of Sweden and Belgium (Flanders) Childcare is promoted at the national and European level as a policy instrument par excellence to simultaneously reconcile work and family duties and increase female employment
rates. As a consequence, European governments increasingly deploy resources to subsidise childcare services. The main goal of this paper is to unravel who benefits from this government investment on childcare. First, we look into the social distribution of childcare use in European countries.
Second, we depart from these results to analyse which income groups are the main beneficiaries of government investment in childcare in two countries (Flanders/Belgium and Sweden), and how the policy design contributes to the outcomes. We find that in almost all European welfare states childcare
use is biased against the lowest income groups. Moreover, our case studies learn that the policy design plays a crucial role in these distributional outcomes. In Flanders, government investment disproportionally benefits the higher income families while the opposite is true for Sweden.
Financiële spanning en informeel sociaal isolement - De rol van macro-economische omstandigheden en sociale zekerheidsuitgaven in 32 Europese landen in het decennium na de eeuwwisseling
Authors: Visser Mark , Gesthuizen Maurice , Scheepers Peer
Published: January 2014

Financial strain and informal social isolation: The role of macro-economic circumstances and social protection expenditure in 32 European countries in the decade after the turn of the century.This study examines to what extent financial strain, that is, difficulties to cope
on one’s income, is related to informal social isolation, that is, lacking social contacts with friend, relatives and colleagues. We consider to what extent macro-economic conditions and social protection expenditure affect informal social isolation as well as the relationship between
financial strain and informal social isolation. Moreover, we study to what extent the effect of social protection expenditure on informal social isolation is weaker or stronger under varying macro-economic conditions. We perform multilevel analyses, taking advantage of data derived from the
European Social Survey (2002-2010). Our findings show that experiencing financial strain induces social isolation. In economically less developed countries, informal social isolation is higher; in nations with high levels of social security expenditure, it is lower. Finally, particularly financially
strained people suffer in terms of informal social isolation when macro-economic conditions are disadvantageous and welfare state expenditure is low.
De zin die wij merken dat ook voor linguïstische problemen zorgt
Authors: Coppen Peter-Arno
Published: January 2014

A recent social media upheaval on the grammaticality of a certain sentence from a popular song written on the occasion of the inauguration of the new Dutch king turns into an interesting linguistic discussion. The sentence appears to involve the extraction of a relative subject pronoun from a seemingly factive sentential complement, and in line with facts from other languages (a.o. whom in English), the relative subject pronoun seems to be interpreted by native speakers as an object, which is a problem for current syntactic theories.
Een hengel voor te vissen: Marktplaats.nl als corpus voor onderzoek naar regionale variatie
Authors: Eigenraam Niels
Published: January 2014

In this squib, it is suggested that the auction website Markplaats.nl constitutes a valuable corpus for the linguistic study of regional variation. By way of example it is shown that the infinitival construction with voor te rather than om te is more widespread in the Netherlands than has been claimed in the literature.
Meervoudsvorming in het Westerlauwers Fries en het Nederlands (en patroniemvorming in het Noord-Fries)
Authors: Hoekstra Jarich
Published: January 2014

In this article I compare plural formation in West Frisian and Dutch. Regular plural formation in these languages is quite similar. They possess the same plural suffixes, -en and –s, the distribution of which is triggered by the same phonological principles, stress (the trochaic principle) and sonority (the sonority hierarchy). Next to these phonological principles morphological selection plays a role in both languages. Notwithstanding the similarities Frisian and Dutch show a number of differences in their plural formation due to differing phonological or morphological properties of the base word. I discuss some of these, especially plural formation with nouns ending in schwa. Whereas Dutch wavers here between the endings -en and -s with a growing tendency towards -s, Frisian normally has the ending -en. I argue that this variation is caused by the differing status of noun final schwa in both languages: In Frisian noun final schwa is an augment or stem extension, a suffix-like element morphologically selecting the ending -en, whereas in Dutch noun final schwa has become part of the stem and plural formation moves away from the historical morphological selection (-en) towards a purely phonological triggering (-s).
Volgordevariatie in twee- en meerledige hypotactische en paratactische werkwoordclusters in Middelnederlandse oorkonden
Authors: Boonen Ute
Published: January 2014

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist die Verwendung unterschiedlicher Reihenfolge in verbalen Endgruppen im Mittelniederländischen des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts. Zunächst wird die empirische Analyse von 3610 Verbclustern hinsichtlich der syntaktischen Struktur aus einer
früheren Untersuchung vorgestellt. Dabei werden Aspekte wie Zeitraum, Art des Hilfsverbs, Satzkomplexität und Schreibdialekt als wichtige Faktoren bei der Verwendung unterschiedlicher Reihenfolgen angeführt. Gespiegelt an diesen Resultaten wird die Analyse mehrgliedriger hypotaktischer
Verbalgruppen und parataktisch aufgebauter Verbclusters bezogen auf die Reihenfolge von finiten und infiniten verbalen Elementen vorgestellt. Zudem findet ein Vergleich mit der parataktisch aufgebauten Verbalgruppe aus der stereotypen Urkundenformel "allen denghene die dese lettren
sullen sien ende horen lesen" statt. Schließlich wird der Versuch unternommen, die Verwendung der Struktur im parataktischen Verbcluster der Adressformel zu erklären.
China's dimming and brightening: evidence, causes and hydrological implications
Authors: Wang Y. W. , Yang Y. H.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. There is growing evidence that, corresponding to global dimming and brightening, surface solar radiation and sunshine hours over China have undergone decadal fluctuations during the 1960s–2000s. The results of a number of these analyses are, however, very different. In this study, we synthesize reliable results and conclusively address recent advances and insufficiencies in studies on dimming and brightening in China. A temporally and spatially prevalent dimming trend is noted in surface solar radiation, direct solar radiation and sunshine hours since the 1960s. Meanwhile, the changing trend in diffuse solar radiation is less pronounced. Increasing anthropogenic aerosol loading is regarded as the most plausible explanation for China's dimming. The brightening trend since 1990, which mainly occurs in southeastern China and in the spring season, is weak and insignificant. The reverse in the solar radiation trend is associated with climate change by cloud suppression and slowdown in anthropogenic emissions. The future solar radiation trend in China could largely depend on the development of air quality control. Other potential driving factors such as wind speed, water vapor and surface albedo are also non-negligible in specific regions of China. Hydrological implications of dimming and brightening in China lack systematic investigation. However, the fact that solar radiation and pan evaporation trends in China track a similar curve in 1990 further suggests that the pan evaporation paradox could be partly resolved by changes in solar radiation.
Correction of Short Nose Deformity Using a Septal Extension Graft Combined with a Derotation Graft
Authors: Paik Moo Hyun , Chu Lo Shui
Published: January 2014

In patients having a short nose with a short septal length and/or severe columellar retraction, a septal extension graft is a good solution, as it allows the dome to move caudally and pushes down the columellar base. Fixing the medial crura of the alar cartilages to a septal extension graft leads to an uncomfortably rigid nasal tip and columella, and results in unnatural facial animation. Further, because of the relatively small and weak septal cartilage in the East Asian population, undercorrection of a short nose is not uncommon. To overcome these shortcomings, we have used the septal extension graft combined with a derotation graft. Among 113 patients who underwent the combined procedure, 82 patients had a short nose deformity alone; the remaining 31 patients had a short nose with columellar retraction. Thirty-two patients complained of nasal tip stiffness caused by a septal extension graft from previous operations. In addition to the septal extension graft, a derotation graft was used for bridging the gap between the alar cartilages and the septal extension graft for tip lengthening. Satisfactory results were obtained in 102 (90%) patients. Eleven (10%) patients required revision surgery. This combination method is a good surgical option for patients who have a short nose with small septal cartilages and do not have sufficient cartilage for tip lengthening by using a septal extension graft alone. It can also overcome the postoperative nasal tip rigidity of a septal extension graft.
Effective Septal Extension Graft for Asian Rhinoplasty
Authors: Kim Jae Hoon , Song Jin Woo , Park Sung Wan , Oh Won Suk , Lee Joo Heon
Published: January 2014

Background

This study aimed at overcoming the disadvantages of septal extension grafts and keeping the nasal tip as natural as possible by using different forms of the graft and additional supporting methods depending on the case.

Methods

Among 458 patients who received a septal extension graft from March 2008 to September 2011, 107 patients were selected who underwent at least a 6-month follow-up. Patients were categorized according to the primary objective of the operation; an upturned tip correction or tip lengthening, tip lengthening with tip projection, or retracted columella correction. Each group of patients received a different type of septal extension graft out of 3 different types of grafts based on the purpose of the operation. The evaluation of the results was made from by comparing preoperative and postoperative photographs of the tip angle, projection, and nasolabial angle.

Results

The average tip angle for the patients in the upturned tip correction group was reduced to 98.3 from 124.9 degrees. For the patients in the tip lengthening with tip projection group, the average tip angle was reduced to 96.8 from 122.4 degrees and the average tip projection was increased to 27.5 from 23.2 mm. The average nasolabial angle for the patients in the retracted columella correction group was increased to 94.6 from 74.8 degrees.

Conclusions

Sufficient nasal tip lengthening and projection could be achieved by applying a septal extension graft using the graft best suited for the group of patients categorized by surgical objective.
Minimally Invasive Excision of Epidermal Cysts through a Small Hole Made by a CO2 Laser
Authors: Song Seung Wook , Burm Jin Sik , Yang Won Yong , Kang Sang Yoon
Published: January 2014

To improve the cosmetic results of removing epidermal cysts, minimally invasive methods have been proposed. We proposed a new minimally invasive method that completely removes a cyst through a small hole made by a CO2 laser. Twenty-five patients with epidermal cysts, which were 0.5 to 1.5 cm in diameter, non-inflamed, and freely movable, were treated. All of the patients were satisfied with the cosmetic results. This method is simple and results in minimal scarring and low recurrence rates without complications.
La Charte Canadienne des droits et libertés à la lumière de la « révolution scientifique » et de la « révolution constitutionnelle » : l’exemple du droit constitutionnel du travail
Authors: Lafrance1 Sébastien
Published: January 2014

L'année 2012 marquait deux anniversaires importants, d'une part, le trentième anniversaire de l'adoption de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés (« Charte ») et, d'autre part, le cinquantième anniversaire de la première parution de La structure des révolutions scientifiques de Thomas S. Kuhn. Tant l'une que l'autre soulèvent des questions qui sont toujours d'actualité. La Charte a instauré une véritable culture des droits et libertés au Canada, bien que son adoption n'ait pas entraîné un changement complet de l'ordre constitutionnel. La structure des révolutions scientifiques est un des ouvrages les plus marquants des trente dernières années. Partant, il faut se demander si la pensée scientifique peut nous éclairer dans la compréhension de l'interprétation du droit constitutionnel et, plus particulièrement, des droits et libertés constitutionnellement protégés. L'ouvrage de Kuhn peut alors se révéler intéressant pour l'étude du droit puisqu'il propose un modèle utilisable et applicable dans des domaines autres que la science. L'auteur est d'avis que le modèle analytique décrit par Kuhn pourrait servir à mieux comprendre certains aspects du raisonnement juridique des magistrats lorsqu'ils interprètent la Charte, par exemple dans le domaine du droit du travail. La pensée de l'auteur se trouve aux antipodes de celui tendant plutôt à faire valoir que les changements constitutionnels sont incohérents et anarchiques. L'auteur traite aussi du concept de « révolution constitutionnelle » de Robert J. Lipkin qui établit un parallèle entre les révolutions constitutionnelles et scientifiques.
Le système de pharmacovigilance Canadien en quête d’une réforme en profondeur ?
Authors: Largenté 1 Laurence
Published: January 2014

Le médicament est un produit qui a pour objet de prévenir, traiter voire guérir les
maladies tant physiques que psychologiques. Cependant, il peut être aussi source de risques,
soit des effets indésirables qui peuvent avoir un degré variable de gravité, allant de la
simple démangeaison jusqu’au décès de l’utilisateur. Mis sur le marché après que les essais
cliniques aient démontré son innocuité, sa qualité et son efficacité, LE MÉDICAMENT doit
faire l’objet d’une surveillance accrue, car il est démontré statistiquement que des risques
inconnus apparaissent lorsqu’il est utilisé par une large population.

Le droit canadien met en place depuis les années 1965, un système de surveillance
qui ne cesse d’être amélioré au grès des réformes. Dernièrement, les modifications apportées
au régime juridique de pharmacovigilance canadien a été très largement influencé par des
pressions internationales. Pour répondre aux volontés des organismes internationaux avec
lesquels Santé Canada souhaite coopérer, l’État canadien a décidé d’intégrer leurs
dispositions dans son corpus juridique. Ainsi, les dispositions des lignes directrices
élaborées par la Conférence Internationale sur l’harmonisation (ICH), le régime juridique
canadien s’inspire très largement du système de pharmacovigilance qui est adopté, entre
autres, en Europe et aux États-Unis. Actuellement, le droit canadien dirige des activités de
pharmacovigilance qui sont reconnues par les standards internationaux en matière de
pharmacovigilance. Chacune impliquant, des acteurs identiques et des procédures presque
similaires. Cependant, une réforme du droit canadien devrait aller plus loin dans l’approche
du risque en reconnaissant que celui-ci doit être appréhendé du début jusqu’à la fin de vie
du médicament. Cette réforme permettrait une vision globale et suivie du risque permettant
aux différents intervenants de mettre en place des mesures proactives de surveillance dès le
début du cycle de vie et de parfaire l’harmonie avec le droit international de la
pharmacovigilance.