bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barriers to increasing fruit and vegetable intakes in the older population of Northern Ireland: low levels of liking and low awareness of current recommendations
Authors: Appleton Katherine M , McGill Rory , Neville Charlotte , Woodside Jayne V
Published: March 2010

Objective

To investigate barriers to increasing fruit and vegetable (f + v) intakes in a large sample of the older population of Northern Ireland (NI), in relation to current intakes.

Design

The study was conducted using a telephone survey assessing f + v intakes, barriers to increasing intakes and various demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Barriers to increasing intakes were investigated using twenty-two closed-response items and one open-response item.

Setting

NI.

Subjects

Four hundred and twenty-six older people from NI, representative of the older population of NI.

Results

Principal component analysis of the twenty-two closed-response items revealed five factors affecting f + v consumption. Significant associations with current intakes were found where greater f + v consumption was associated with greater ‘liking’ for f + v (B = 0·675, P < 0·01), greater ‘awareness of current recommendations’ for consumption (B = 0·197, P < 0·01) and greater ‘willingness to change’ (B = 0·281, P < 0·01). ‘Ease of consumption’ and ‘difficulties in achieving consumption’ were not associated with f + v intakes. Similar associations between f + v intakes and ‘liking’ and ‘awareness’ were also found in those consuming low intakes of f + v or those at risk of consuming low intakes. Low awareness and knowledge of recommendations were also found in response to the open-ended question in all groups, although some weight was also given here to environmental difficulties, such as cost and access.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that interventions aiming to increase f + v intakes in the older population of NI should focus predominantly on improving liking and improving knowledge and awareness of current recommendations.
A new methodology for the quantitative visualization of coherent flow structures in alluvial channels using multibeam echo‐sounding (MBES)
Authors: Best Jim , Simmons Stephen , Parsons Daniel , Oberg Kevin , Czuba Jonathan , Malzone Chris
Published: March 2010

In order to investigate the interactions between turbulence and suspended sediment transport in natural aqueous environments, we ideally require a technique that allows simultaneous measurement of fluid velocity and sediment concentration for the whole flow field. Here, we report on development of a methodology using the water column acoustic backscatter signal from a multibeam echo sounder to simultaneously quantify flow velocities and sediment concentrations. The application of this new technique is illustrated with reference to flow over the leeside of an alluvial sand dune, which allows, for the first time in a field study, quantitative visualization of large‐scale, whole flow field, turbulent coherent flow structures associated with the dune leeside that are responsible for suspending bed sediment. This methodology holds great potential for use in a wide range of aqueous geophysical flows.
Pickup hydrogen distributions in the solar wind at ∼11 AU: Do we understand pickup ions in the outer heliosphere?
Authors: McComas D. J. , Elliott H. A. , Schwadron N. A.
Published: March 2010

This study examines the detailed distribution of interstellar pickup hydrogen ions measured by the Surface Wave Process Program instrument on the New Horizons spacecraft en route to Pluto. The observations cover an 8 h interval on 15 October 2008 when the craft was at ∼11.3 AU, constituting the first detailed pickup ion measurements in the outer heliosphere, beyond ∼8 AU. We show the pickup ion cutoff to be roughly twice the solar wind speed, as expected; however, we also measure both a significant suprathermal tail above this “cutoff” and a pickup ion asymmetry between inward and outward ions of ∼4:1, very similar to that observed on Ulysses at <5 AU. This anisotropy could indicate some combination of a scattering mean free path that is much longer than previously realized, significantly more radial magnetic field than expected, some missing effect in the current models, and/or some unknown background in the low‐energy measurements. Alternately, these observations could indicate that we need to develop a new understanding of pickup ion transport throughout the heliosphere. Understanding these new observations is especially important because recent Voyager measurements have shown that these pickup ions play a critical role in the interaction at the heliosphere's termination shock. Thus, the observations reported here may be important for understanding the heliosphere's whole interstellar interaction.
India‐Asia collision and the Cenozoic slowdown of the Indian plate: Implications for the forces driving plate motions
Authors: Copley Alex , Avouac Jean‐Philippe , Royer Jean‐Yves
Published: March 2010

The plate motion of India changed dramatically between 50 and 35 Ma, with the rate of convergence between India and Asia dropping from ∼15 to ∼4 cm/yr. This change is coincident with the onset of the India‐Asia collision, and with a rearrangement of plate boundaries in the Indian Ocean. On the basis of a simple model for the forces exerted upon the edges of the plate and the tractions on the base of the plate, we perform force balance calculations for the precollision and postcollision configurations. We show that the observed Euler poles for the Indian plate are well explained in terms of their locations and magnitudes if (1) the resistive force induced by mountain building in the Himalaya‐Tibet area is ∼5–6 × 1012 N/m, (2) the net force exerted upon the Indian plate by subduction zones is similar in magnitude to the ridge‐push force (∼2.5 × 1012 N/m), and (3) basal tractions exert a resisting force that is linearly proportional to the plate velocity in the hot spot reference frame. The third point implies an asthenospheric viscosity of ∼2–5 × 1019 Pa s, assuming a thickness of 100–150 km. Synthetic Euler poles show that crustal thickening in the Tibetan Plateau was the dominant cause of the Cenozoic slowdown of the Indian plate.
In situ laboratory sea spray production during the Marine Aerosol Production 2006 cruise on the northeastern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Hultin Kim A. H. , Nilsson E. Douglas , Krejci Radovan , Mårtensson E. Monica , Ehn Mikael , Hagström Åke , de Leeuw Gerrit
Published: March 2010

Bubbles bursting from whitecaps are considered to be the most effective mechanism for particulate matter to be ejected into the atmosphere from the Earth's oceans. To realistically predict the climate effect of marine aerosols, global climate models require process‐based understanding of particle formation from bubble bursting. During a cruise on the highly biologically active waters of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean in the summer of 2006, the submicrometer primary marine aerosol produced by a jet of seawater impinging on a seawater surface was investigated. The produced aerosol size spectra were centered on 200 nm in dry diameter and were conservative in shape throughout the cruise. The aerosol number production was negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water (r < −0.6 for particles of dry diameter Dp > 200 nm). An increased surfactant concentration as a result of biological activity affecting the oxygen saturation is thought to diminish the particle production. The lack of influence of chlorophyll on aerosol production indicates that hydrocarbons produced directly by the photosynthesis are not essential for sea spray production. The upward mixing of deeper ocean water as a result of higher wind speed appears to affect the aerosol particle production, making wind speed influence aerosol production in more ways than by increasing the amount of whitecaps. The bubble spectra produced by the jet of seawater was representative of breaking waves at open sea, and the particle number production was positively correlated with increasing bubble number concentration with a peak production of 40–50 particles per bubble.
CD150 regulates JNK1/2 activation in normal and Hodgkin's lymphoma B cells
Authors: Yurchenko Mariya Y , Kovalevska Larysa M , Shlapatska Larysa M , Berdova Ganna G , Clark Edward A , Sidorenko Svetlana P
Published: March 2010

The CD150 receptor is expressed on thymocytes, activated and memory T cells, B cells, platelets, natural killer T cells, and mature dendritic cells, and is also detected on tumor cells of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma with an activated B cell phenotype. Here, we report that the level of CD150 expression is elevated during B cell differentiation toward plasma cells. In primary tonsillar B cells and HL cell lines, CD150 signaling regulates the phosphorylation of three types of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs): extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK, and Jun N‐terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2). CD150 induced ERK1/2 activation in primary tonsillar B cells and in two HL cell lines. CD150 mediated activation of JNK1/2 p54 and JNK2‐γ kinase isoforms in all CD150+ B cell lines we tested. CD150 associated with the serine/threonine kinase hematopoetic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) regardless of CD150 tyrosine phosphorylation or binding of the SH2D1A adaptor protein to CD150, and HPK1 overexpression enhanced CD150‐mediated JNK1/2 phosphorylation. CD150 ligation inhibited cell proliferation of all studied HL cell lines and induced apoptosis in L1236 HL cells that did not depend on JNK activity. As signaling through CD150 modulates MAPK activity in HL tumor cells, CD150 may contribute to regulation of tumor cell maintenance in low‐rate proliferating HLs.
Probing plasma turbulence by modulating the electron temperature gradient
Authors: DeBoo J. C. , Holland C. , Rhodes T. L. , Schmitz L. , Wang G. , White A. E. , Austin M. E. , Doyle E. J. , Hillesheim J. , Peebles W. A. , Petty C. C. , Yan Z. , Zeng L.
Published: March 2010

The local value of a/LTe, a turbulence drive term, was modulated with electron cyclotron heating in L-mode discharges on DIII-D [J. L. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 614 (2002)] and the density and electron temperature fluctuations in low, intermediate, and high-k regimes were measured and compared with nonlinear gyrokinetic turbulence simulations using the GYRO code [J. Candy and R. E. Waltz, J. Comput. Phys. 186, 545 (2003)]. The local drive term at ρ∼0.6 was reduced by up to 50%, which produced comparable reductions in electron temperature fluctuations at low-k. At intermediate k, kθ∼4 cm−1 and kθρs∼0.8, a very interesting and unexpected result was observed where density fluctuations increased by up to 10% when the local drive term was decreased by 50%. Initial comparisons of simulations from GYRO with the thermal diffusivity from power balance analysis and measured turbulence response are reported. Simulations for the case with the lowest drive term are challenging as they are near the marginal value of a/LTe for trapped electron mode activity.
Surface magnetism, Morin transition, and magnetic dynamics in antiferromagnetic α-Fe2O3 (hematite) nanograins
Authors: Bhowmik R. N. , Saravanan A.
Published: March 2010

The grain size of α-Fe2O3 decreases to ∼20 nm by 64 h mechanical milling of the bulk sample. X-ray diffraction pattern suggested identical crystal structure in bulk and mechanical milled samples. Magnetic study (at temperatures of 100–900 K and fields of 0–±15 kOe) showed many interesting features during the decrease in grain size in antiferromagnetic α-Fe2O3, e.g., suppression of Morin transition, enhancement in low temperature magnetization, magnetic blocking at high temperature, exchange bias effect, and unusual relaxation of magnetic spin moment. We understand the results in terms of core-shell spin structure of nanograins, where the core part essentially retained the magnetic structure of the bulk sample and the magnetic structure of the shell part is modified due to grain size reduction and surface modification during mechanical milling. Core-shell structure also plays an important role in exhibiting the increasing soft ferromagnetic character in the present hematite samples. The in field magnetic relaxation at room temperature revealed some interesting properties of the magnetic spin ordering in hematite system.
A possibility to obtain room temperature ferromagnetism by transition metal doping of ZnO nanoparticles
Authors: Wesselinowa J. M. , Apostolov A. T.
Published: March 2010

Based on the s-d model and using a Green’s function technique, we have studied the influence of transition metal doping effects on different properties such as magnetization M, Curie temperature TC, and coercive field Hc of ZnO nanoparticles. We have shown that the experimentally obtained room temperature ferromagnetism is an intrinsic property and can be due to doping effects in ZnO nanoparticles. In dependence of the radii and the magnetic anisotropy of the dopants, we obtain a decrease or increase in M and Hc with increase in the Ni, Cu, Fe, Mn, V, and Co ion concentration.
Communications: Developing relationships between the local chemical reactivity of alloy catalysts and physical characteristics of constituent metal elements
Authors: Xin Hongliang , Schweitzer Neil , Nikolla Eranda , Linic Suljo
Published: March 2010

We have used X-ray absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemical density functional theory calculations to identify critical features in the electronic structure of different sites in alloys that govern the local chemical reactivity. The measurements led to a simple model relating local geometric features of a site in an alloy to its electronic structure and chemical reactivity. The central feature of the model is that the formation of alloys does not lead to significant charge transfer between the constituent metal elements in the alloys, and that the local electronic structure and chemical reactivity can be predicted based on physical characteristics of constituent metal elements in their unalloyed form.
Switchable phononic wave filtering, guiding, harvesting, and actuating in polarization-patterned piezoelectric solids
Authors: Rupp Cory J. , Dunn Martin L. , Maute Kurt
Published: March 2010

We demonstrate the ability to manipulate the propagation of phononic (elastic, acoustic) waves in two-dimensional piezoelectric solids by spatially patterning the polarization distribution. We simulate the wave fields by the finite element method and demonstrate the ability to dynamically alter the wave propagation by switching (on/off) the piezoelectric behavior by operating the electrodes in a closed or open circuit configuration. The piezoelectric polarization patterns are nonintuitive and are determined by topology optimization. We illustrate the interesting response of optimally patterned phononic devices with four examples: a filter, a waveguide, an energy harvester, and a wave actuator.
Coarse-grained simulations of membranes under tension
Authors: Neder Jörg , West Beate , Nielaba Peter , Schmid Friederike
Published: March 2010

We investigate the properties of membranes under tension by Monte Carlo simulations of a generic coarse-grained model for lipid bilayers. We give a comprising overview of the behavior of several membrane characteristics, such as the area per lipid, the monolayer overlap, the nematic order, and pressure profiles. Both the low-temperature regime, where the membranes are in a gel Lβ′ phase, and the high-temperature regime, where they are in the fluid Lα phase, are considered. In the Lβ′ state, the membrane is hardly influenced by tension. In the fluid state, high tensions lead to structural changes in the membrane, which result in different compressibility regimes. The ripple state Pβ′, which is found at tension zero in the transition regime between Lα and Lβ′, disappears under tension and gives way to an interdigitated phase. We also study the membrane fluctuations in the fluid phase. In the low-tension regime the data can be fitted nicely to a suitably extended elastic theory. At higher tensions the elastic fit consistently underestimates the strength of long-wavelength fluctuations. Finally, we investigate the influence of tension on the effective interaction between simple transmembrane inclusions and show that tension can be used to tune the hydrophobic mismatch interaction between membrane proteins.
Using laser Doppler vibrometry to measure capillary surface waves on fluid-fluid interfaces
Authors: Friend James , Yeo Leslie
Published: March 2010

Capillary wave phenomena are challenging to study, especially for microfluidics where the wavelengths are short, the frequencies are high, and the frequency distribution is rarely confined to a narrow range, let alone a single frequency. Those that have been studying Faraday capillary waves generated by vertical oscillation have chosen to work at larger scales and at low frequencies as a solution to this problem, trading simplicity in measurement for issues with gravity, boundary conditions, and the fidelity of the subharmonic capillary wave motion. Laser Doppler vibrometry using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer is an attractive alternative: The interface’s motion can be characterized at frequencies up to 40 MHz and displacements of as little as a few tens of picometers.
Electric conductivities of 1:1 electrolytes in high-temperature ethanol along the liquid-vapor coexistence curve. I. NaBr, KBr, and CsBr
Authors: Takahata Koji , Hoshina Taka-aki , Tsuchihashi Noriaki , Ibuki Kazuyasu , Ueno Masakatsu
Published: March 2010

The molar electric conductivities Λ of NaBr, KBr, and CsBr were measured in liquid ethanol at temperatures from 60 to 220 °C along the liquid-vapor coexistence curve. The limiting molar electrolyte conductivities Λ° and the molar association constants KA were determined by the analysis of the concentration dependence of Λ. The friction coefficients ζ for the Na+, K+, Cs+, and Br− ions were estimated from Λ° by an assumption that the cationic transference number of KBr is independent of temperature and density. The density dependences of ζ thus obtained together with literature values at higher densities (lower temperatures) were examined. ζ increases with decreasing density at densities above 2.0ρc, where ρc=0.276 g cm−3 is the critical density. At lower densities, the density dependences of ζ depend on ion. The relative contribution of the nonviscous effect in ζ was estimated by Δζ/ζ, where Δζ was the difference between ζ and the Stokes friction coefficient. At densities above 2.7ρc, Δζ/ζ slightly decreases with decreasing density except for the Cs+ ion. At densities below 2.7ρc, Δζ/ζ increases with decreasing density and the density dependence is larger for larger ion. The results at densities above 2.2ρc were well explained by the Hubbard–Onsager (HO) dielectric friction theory [J. Hubbard, J. Chem. Phys. 68, 1649 (1978)] based on the sphere-in-continuum model. Below 2.2ρc, however, experimental Δζ/ζ tends to be larger than the prediction of the HO theory. The lower limit density of the validity range of the HO theory is slightly higher in ethanol than in methanol.
Communications: Ab initio dynamics of rare thermally activated reactions
Authors: a Beccara S. , Garberoglio G. , Faccioli P. , Pederiva F.
Published: March 2010

We introduce a framework to investigate ab initio the dynamics of rare thermally activated reactions, which cannot be studied using the existing techniques. The electronic degrees of freedom are described at the quantum-mechanical level in the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, while the nuclear degrees of freedom are coupled to a thermal bath, through a classical Langevin equation. This method is based on the path integral representation for the stochastic dynamics and yields the time evolution of both nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom, along the most probable reaction pathways, without spending computational time to explore metastable states. As a first illustrative application, we characterize the dominant pathway in the cyclobutene→butadiene reaction, using the semiempirical Parametrized Model 3 (PM3) approach.
Open-circuit voltage limit caused by recombination through tail states in bulk heterojunction polymer-fullerene solar cells
Authors: Garcia-Belmonte Germà , Bisquert Juan
Published: March 2010

The output open-circuit voltage of bulk heterojuntion polymer-fullerene solar cells exhibts an offset of Δ≈0.3 V with the difference between the donor highest-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the acceptor lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), as discussed by Scharber et al. [Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 18, 789 (2006)]. We show that the energetic disorder of the electronic density-of-states (DOS) of acceptor and donor materials reduces the splitting of the electron and hole Fermi levels in bulk heterojunction solar cells, by restricting the accumulation of carriers into the tails of the DOS. A simple model based on the kinetic balance between photogeneration and recombination fluxes provides a lower limit to the energy offset Δ>(σn2+σp2)/kBT in terms of the disorder parameters.
Superhydrophilicity to superhydrophobicity transition of CuO nanowire films
Authors: Chang Feng-Ming , Cheng Shao-Liang , Hong Siang-Jie , Sheng Yu-Jane , Tsao Heng-Kwong
Published: March 2010

The surface of CuO is known for its hydrophilicity and exhibits superhydrophilic nature as nanowires are present. When exposed in the air at room temperature or treated by low temperature annealing, however, transition from superhydrophilicity to superhydrophobicity of the CuO nanowire films are observed. Since the chemical structure of the films after treatment remains the same as CuO according to x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra, the superhydrophobicity may be attributed to partial deoxidation of the upmost layer of CuO surfaces into Cu2O-like hydrophobic surfaces. Nonetheless, superhydrophilicity is recovered if the superhydrophobic CuO film is subject to high temperature annealing.
Spatial distribution of nonemissive metastables in a two-frequency capacitively coupled plasma in Ar by using a pair of optical emission lines
Authors: Ohba Tomihito , Makabe Toshiaki
Published: March 2010

When a pair of short- and long-lived excited molecules are coupled with an upper radiative state, it will be possible to derive the number density of the long-lived species from the optical emission spectroscopy of upper-level short-lived species by careful selection of the pair. Two-dimensional density distributions of the long-lived metastable state Ar(1s5) and that of the short-lived excited state Ar(2p2) are observed and compared in the time-averaged form, using a computerized tomography technique of the emissions from a pair of optical transitions in a two-frequency capacitively coupled plasma in pure Ar.
World-City-Entrepreneurialism: Globalist Imaginaries, Neoliberal Geographies, and the Production of New St Petersburg
Authors: Golubchikov Oleg
Published: March 2010

Whilst St Petersburg is not usually considered as a command-and-control centre in the organisation of global capitalism—a key characterisation of world cities to some proponents—I reveal how Russian political elites have been inspired by a world-city vision for St Petersburg and have begun pursuing specific spatial strategies to accommodate this vision. In order to explain this experience, I attempt to establish a firmer conceptual link between ‘world city’, ‘urban entrepreneurialism’, and ‘state rescaling’ by articulating the concept of world-city-entrepreneurialiset. World cities are argued to be a political modus operandi and one possible layer in the multilayered and interrelated matrix of urban entrepreneurial strategies under neoliberalism. Four dimensions of world-city-entrepreneurialism are considered (with specific sociocultural reference to St Petersburg): (a) remaking the city as an international hub for circulatory capital and production, (b) making the city as a capital of corporate power, (c) reinventing the city character and tradition through globalist megaprojects, and (d) the role of central government. The evidence of emerging world-city-entrepreneurialism for St Petersburg is seen as part of the process of reorganising the principles of postsocialist spatial governance further away from the Soviet ‘scalar etiquette’ of administrative subordination and redistribution, and towards a neoliberal geoinstitutional regime of uneven accumulation.
Love Thy Neighbour? Social Mixing in London's Gentrification Frontiers
Authors: Davidson Mark
Published: March 2010

The issue of social mixing has recently moved to the forefront of gentrification debate. In part, this has been stimulated by neoliberal urban policies promoting ‘social mix’, research showing the inability of gentrified neighbourhoods to remain socially mixed and attempts to rethink the association between gentrification and displacement. This paper draws upon a mixed-methods study that examined levels of social mixing between gentrifying and incumbent communities in three neighbourhoods undergoing new-build gentrification in London, UK. Little evidence was found for substantial interactions between populations, and there were few shared perceptions of community. The author claims that the particular character of new-build gentrification has played an important role in generating this socially tectonic situation. Husserl's concept of the lifeworld and Bourdieu's thesis on the relative structuring of class identity are drawn upon to provide an explanatory framework.
Becoming Private Property: Custom, Law, and the Geographies of ‘Ownership’ in 18th- and 19th-Century England
Authors: Griffin Carl J
Published: March 2010

The making private of hitherto public goods is a central tenet of neoliberalism. From land in Africa, Asia, and South America to the assertion of property rights over genes and cells by corporations, the process(es) of making private property matters more than ever. And yet, despite this importance, we know remarkably little about the spatial plays through which things become private property. In this paper I seek to address this imbalance by focusing upon the formative context of 18th- and early-19th-century England. The specific lens is wood, that most critical of all ‘natural’ things other than land in the transition to market-driven economies. It is shown that the interplay between custom, law, and local practices rendered stable and aspatial definitions of property impossible. Whilst law was the key technology through which property was mediated, the cadence of particular places gave these mediations distinctive forms. I conclude that not only must we take property seriously, but we must also take the conditions and contexts of its making seriously too.
Sociopsychological Perspectives on the Active Roles of Domestic Actors in Transition to a Lower Carbon Electricity Economy
Authors: Nye Michael , Whitmarsh Lorraine , Foxon Timothy
Published: March 2010

This paper explores the active roles that domestic consumers might play in different transition pathways to a lower carbon electricity economy. It begins with a review of psychological and sociological perspectives on the drivers for everyday energy-use patterns, situating these in the context of the body of research on transitions in sociotechnical systems. On the basis of the review, a social-science-based framework is proposed for analysing the active ways in which domestic actors might facilitate or support the transition to a lower carbon economy. Applying the framework to an analysis of centralised and decentralised transitions pathways suggests that domestic actors can play an active role in transition through establishing new routine and conventional uses of energy in everyday life. Domesticating lower carbon technologies such as smart meters and microgeneration equipment supports the disruption of unsustainable energy-using routines and could help to make energy consumption and energy costs more visible and relevant to the everyday lives of domestic users. The findings call attention to the need to consider the wider effects of energy-system transition within and around consumer-oriented lifestyles.
Geographies of Religion and Development: Rebuilding Sacred Spaces in Aceh, Indonesia, after the Tsunami
Authors: McGregor Andrew
Published: March 2010

The relationship between development and religion is an uneasy one. Since the invention of modernisation theory in the 1950s religion has been marginalised—seen as something that would fade as secularisation increased. Although this has not occurred, religion is still considered a taboo subject which falls outside the gamut of development, despite the religiosity of many faith-based development organisations, donors, and recipient communities. In this paper I emphasise the importance of religion to development by tracing religious influences within transnational development networks operating in Aceh, Indonesia, after the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami. Religious influences are analysed amongst donor communities in Australia and New Zealand/Aotearoa; within the activities of religious NGOs in Aceh; amongst recipient communities; and in the physical landscape of Aceh, where the rebuilding of sacred spaces has been slow and difficult. It is argued that the current approach to religion within development, and much development research, is outdated and inappropriate, reflecting and enforcing particular Western divisions between church and state. For more effective aid which attends to local concerns and priorities, transnational development networks need to acknowledge, incorporate, and involve religious spaces and institutions rather than continue to promote a culture of secularism.
Locus ceruleus controls Alzheimer's disease pathology by modulating microglial functions through norepinephrine
Authors: Heneka Michael T. , Nadrigny Fabian , Regen Tommy , Martinez-Hernandez Ana , Dumitrescu-Ozimek Lucia , Terwel Dick , Jardanhazi-Kurutz Daniel , Walter Jochen , Kirchhoff Frank , Hanisch Uwe-Karsten , Kummer Markus P.
Published: March 2010

Locus ceruleus (LC)-supplied norepinephrine (NE) suppresses neuroinflammation in the brain. To elucidate the effect of LC degeneration and subsequent NE deficiency on Alzheimer's disease pathology, we evaluated NE effects on microglial key functions. NE stimulation of mouse microglia suppressed Aβ-induced cytokine and chemokine production and increased microglial migration and phagocytosis of Aβ. Induced degeneration of the locus ceruleus increased expression of inflammatory mediators in APP-transgenic mice and resulted in elevated Aβ deposition. In vivo laser microscopy confirmed a reduced recruitment of microglia to Aβ plaque sites and impaired microglial Aβ phagocytosis in NE-depleted APP-transgenic mice. Supplying the mice the norepinephrine precursor L-threo-DOPS restored microglial functions in NE-depleted mice. This indicates that decrease of NE in locus ceruleus projection areas facilitates the inflammatory reaction of microglial cells in AD and impairs microglial migration and phagocytosis, thereby contributing to reduced Aβ clearance. Consequently, therapies targeting microglial phagocytosis should be tested under NE depletion.
Restoration of visual function in P23H rhodopsin transgenic rats by gene delivery of BiP/Grp78
Authors: Gorbatyuk Marina. S. , Knox Tessa , LaVail Matthew M. , Gorbatyuk Oleg S. , Noorwez Syed M. , Hauswirth William W. , Lin Jonathan H. , Muzyczka Nicholas , Lewin Alfred S.
Published: March 2010

The P23H mutation within the rhodopsin gene (
RHO
) causes rhodopsin misfolding, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), leading to rod photoreceptor degeneration and autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP). Grp78/BiP is an ER-localized chaperone that is induced by UPR signaling in response to ER stress. We have previously demonstrated that BiP mRNA levels are selectively reduced in animal models of ADRP arising from P23H rhodopsin expression at ages that precede photoreceptor degeneration. We have now overexpressed BiP to test the hypothesis that this chaperone promotes the trafficking of P23H rhodopsin to the cell membrane, reprograms the UPR favoring the survival of photoreceptors, blocks apoptosis, and, ultimately, preserves vision in ADRP rats. In cell culture, increasing levels of BiP had no impact on the localization of P23H rhodopsin. However, BiP overexpression alleviated ER stress by reducing levels of cleaved pATF6 protein, phosphorylated eIF2α and the proapoptotic protein CHOP. In P23H rats, photoreceptor levels of cleaved ATF6, pEIF2α, CHOP, and caspase-7 were much higher than those of wild-type rats. Subretinal delivery of AAV5 expressing BiP to transgenic rats led to reduction in CHOP and photoreceptor apoptosis and to a sustained increase in electroretinogram amplitudes. We detected complexes between BiP, caspase-12, and the BH3-only protein BiK that may contribute to the antiapoptotic activity of BiP. Thus, the preservation of photoreceptor function resulting from elevated levels of BiP is due to suppression of apoptosis rather than to a promotion of rhodopsin folding.
Elongated fibrillar structure of a streptococcal adhesin assembled by the high-affinity association of α- and PPII-helices
Authors: Larson Matthew R. , Rajashankar Kanagalaghatta R. , Patel Manisha H. , Robinette Rebekah A. , Crowley Paula J. , Michalek Suzanne , Brady L. Jeannine , Deivanayagam Champion
Published: March 2010

Streptococcus mutans
antigen I/II (AgI/II) is a cell surface-localized protein adhesin that interacts with salivary components within the salivary pellicle. AgI/II contributes to virulence and has been studied as an immunological and structural target, but a fundamental understanding of its underlying architecture has been lacking. Here we report a high-resolution (1.8 Å) crystal structure of the A
3
VP
1
fragment of
S. mutans
AgI/II that demonstrates a unique fibrillar form (155 Å) through the interaction of two noncontiguous regions in the primary sequence. The A
3
repeat of the alanine-rich domain adopts an extended α-helix that intertwines with the P
1
repeat polyproline type II (PPII) helix to form a highly extended stalk-like structure heretofore unseen in prokaryotic or eukaryotic protein structures. Velocity sedimentation studies indicate that full-length AgI/II that contains three A/P repeats extends over 50 nanometers in length. Isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that the high-affinity association between the A
3
and P
1
helices is enthalpically driven. Two distinct binding sites on AgI/II to the host receptor salivary agglutinin (SAG) were identified by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The current crystal structure reveals that AgI/II family proteins are extended fibrillar structures with the number of alanine- and proline-rich repeats determining their length.
Prolonged exposure of the HIV-1 gp41 membrane proximal region with L669S substitution
Authors: Shen Xiaoying , Dennison S. Moses , Liu Pinghuang , Gao Feng , Jaeger Frederick , Montefiori David C. , Verkoczy Laurent , Haynes Barton F. , Alam S. Munir , Tomaras Georgia D.
Published: March 2010

The conserved membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 envelope is a target for the rare broadly neutralizing 2F5, Z13, and 4E10 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). One strategy to elicit such antibodies is to design an immunogen with increased exposure of the 2F5 and 4E10 mAb epitopes. In this study we characterize a single leucine to serine substitution at position 669 (L669S) in the gp41 Env MPER that confers >250-fold more neutralization sensitivity to 2F5 and 4E10 mAbs than does the wild-type gp41 sequence. On synthetic liposomes, increased solvent exposure of MPER tryptophan residues and stable docking of 2F5 and 4E10 mAbs to mutant MPER peptide liposomes indicate more favorable membrane orientation of MPER neutralizing epitopes with L669S substitution. The time during which virus is sensitive to 2F5 mAb-mediated neutralization is approximately 3-fold longer when the mutation is present. These data suggest that a major contribution to the L669S mutant virus phenotype of enhanced susceptibility to MPER mAbs is prolonged exposure of the MPER neutralizing epitope during viral entry.
Vaccinia-like cytoplasmic replication of the giant Mimivirus
Authors: Mutsafi Yael , Zauberman Nathan , Sabanay Ilana , Minsky Abraham
Published: March 2010

Poxviruses are considered to be unique among all DNA viruses, because their infection cycle is carried out exclusively in the host cytoplasm. Such an infection strategy is of interest, because it necessitates generation of elaborate factories in which viral replication and assembly are promoted. By using diverse imaging techniques, we show that the infection cycle of the largest virus currently identified, the
Acanthamoeba polyphaga
Mimivirus, similarly occurs exclusively in the host cytoplasm. We further show that newly synthesized mRNAs accumulate at discrete cytoplasmic sites that are distinct from the sites where viral replication occurs, and this is observed in vaccinia infection. By revealing substantial physiologic similarity between poxviruses and Mimivirus and thus, implying that an entirely cytoplasmic viral replication might be more common than generally considered, these findings underscore the ability of DNA viruses to generate large and elaborate replication factories.
MiDReG: A method of mining developmentally regulated genes using Boolean implications
Authors: Sahoo Debashis , Seita Jun , Bhattacharya Deepta , Inlay Matthew A. , Weissman Irving L. , Plevritis Sylvia K. , Dill David L.
Published: March 2010

We present a method termed mining developmentally regulated genes (MiDReG) to predict genes whose expression is either activated or repressed as precursor cells differentiate. MiDReG does not require gene expression data from intermediate stages of development. MiDReG is based on the gene expression patterns between the initial and terminal stages of the differentiation pathway, coupled with “if-then” rules (Boolean implications) mined from large-scale microarray databases. MiDReG uses two gene expression-based seed conditions that mark the initial and the terminal stages of a given differentiation pathway and combines the statistically inferred Boolean implications from these seed conditions to identify the relevant genes. The method was validated by applying it to B-cell development. The algorithm predicted 62 genes that are expressed after the KIT+ progenitor cell stage and remain expressed through CD19+ and AICDA+ germinal center B cells. qRT-PCR of 14 of these genes on sorted B-cell progenitors confirmed that the expression of 10 genes is indeed stably established during B-cell differentiation. Review of the published literature of knockout mice revealed that of the predicted genes, 63.4% have defects in B-cell differentiation and function and 22% have a role in the B cell according to other experiments, and the remaining 14.6% are not characterized. Therefore, our method identified novel gene candidates for future examination of their role in B-cell development. These data demonstrate the power of MiDReG in predicting functionally important intermediate genes in a given developmental pathway that is defined by a mutually exclusive gene expression pattern.
Implications of the HIV-1 Rev dimer structure at 3.2 Å resolution for multimeric binding to the Rev response element
Authors: DiMattia Michael A. , Watts Norman R. , Stahl Stephen J. , Rader Christoph , Wingfield Paul T. , Stuart David I. , Steven Alasdair C. , Grimes Jonathan M.
Published: March 2010

HIV-1 Rev is a small regulatory protein that mediates the nuclear export of viral mRNAs, an essential step in the HIV replication cycle. In this process Rev oligomerizes in association with a highly structured RNA motif, the Rev response element. Crystallographic studies of Rev have been hampered by the protein’s tendency to aggregate, but Rev has now been found to form a stable soluble equimolar complex with a specifically engineered monoclonal Fab fragment. We have determined the structure of this complex at 3.2 Å resolution. It reveals a molecular dimer of Rev, bound on either side by a Fab, where the ordered portion of each Rev monomer (residues 9–65) contains two coplanar α-helices arranged in hairpin fashion. Subunits dimerize through overlapping of the hairpin prongs. Mating of hydrophobic patches on the outer surface of the dimer is likely to promote higher order interactions, suggesting a model for Rev oligomerization onto the viral RNA.
Circadian control of XPA and excision repair of cisplatin-DNA damage by cryptochrome and HERC2 ubiquitin ligase
Authors: Kang Tae-Hong , Lindsey-Boltz Laura A. , Reardon Joyce T. , Sancar Aziz
Published: March 2010

Cisplatin is one of the most commonly used anticancer drugs. It kills cancer cells by damaging their DNA, and hence cellular DNA repair capacity is an important determinant of its efficacy. Here, we investigated the repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage in mouse liver and testis tissue extracts prepared at regular intervals over the course of a day. We find that the XPA protein, which plays an essential role in repair of cisplatin damage by nucleotide excision repair, exhibits circadian oscillation in the liver but not in testis. Consequently, removal of cisplatin adducts in liver extracts, but not in testis extracts, exhibits a circadian pattern with zenith at ∼5 pm and nadir at ∼5 am. Furthermore, we find that the circadian oscillation of XPA is achieved both by regulation of transcription by the core circadian clock proteins including cryptochrome and by regulation at the posttranslational level by the HERC2 ubiquitin ligase. These findings may be used as a guide for timing of cisplatin chemotherapy.
Rhythmic engagement with music in infancy
Authors: Zentner Marcel , Eerola Tuomas
Published: March 2010

Humans have a unique ability to coordinate their motor movements to an external auditory stimulus, as in music-induced foot tapping or dancing. This behavior currently engages the attention of scholars across a number of disciplines. However, very little is known about its earliest manifestations. The aim of the current research was to examine whether preverbal infants engage in rhythmic behavior to music. To this end, we carried out two experiments in which we tested 120 infants (aged 5–24 months). Infants were exposed to various excerpts of musical and rhythmic stimuli, including isochronous drumbeats. Control stimuli consisted of adult- and infant-directed speech. Infants’ rhythmic movements were assessed by multiple methods involving manual coding from video excerpts and innovative 3D motion-capture technology. The results show that (
i
) infants engage in significantly more rhythmic movement to music and other rhythmically regular sounds than to speech; (
ii
) infants exhibit tempo flexibility to some extent (e.g., faster auditory tempo is associated with faster movement tempo); and (
iii
) the degree of rhythmic coordination with music is positively related to displays of positive affect. The findings are suggestive of a predisposition for rhythmic movement in response to music and other metrically regular sounds.
Forensic identification using skin bacterial communities
Authors: Fierer Noah , Lauber Christian L. , Zhou Nick , McDonald Daniel , Costello Elizabeth K. , Knight Rob
Published: March 2010

Recent work has demonstrated that the diversity of skin-associated bacterial communities is far higher than previously recognized, with a high degree of interindividual variability in the composition of bacterial communities. Given that skin bacterial communities are personalized, we hypothesized that we could use the residual skin bacteria left on objects for forensic identification, matching the bacteria on the object to the skin-associated bacteria of the individual who touched the object. Here we describe a series of studies de-monstrating the validity of this approach. We show that skin-associated bacteria can be readily recovered from surfaces (including single computer keys and computer mice) and that the structure of these communities can be used to differentiate objects handled by different individuals, even if those objects have been left untouched for up to 2 weeks at room temperature. Furthermore, we demonstrate that we can use a high-throughput pyrosequencing-based ap-proach to quantitatively compare the bacterial communities on objects and skin to match the object to the individual with a high degree of certainty. Although additional work is needed to further establish the utility of this approach, this series of studies introduces a forensics approach that could eventually be used to independently evaluate results obtained using more traditional forensic practices.
A flavin-dependent halogenase catalyzes the chlorination step in the biosynthesis of
Dictyostelium
differentiation-inducing factor 1
Authors: Neumann Christopher S. , Walsh Christopher T. , Kay Robert R.
Published: March 2010

Differentiation-inducing factor 1 (DIF-1) is a polyketide-derived morphogen which drives stalk cell formation in the developmental cycle of
Dictyostelium discoideum
. Previous experiments demonstrated that the biosynthetic pathway proceeds via dichlorination of the precursor molecule THPH, but the enzyme responsible for this transformation has eluded characterization. Our recent studies on prokaryotic flavin-dependent halogenases and insights from the sequenced
Dd
genome led us to a candidate gene for this transformation. In this work, we present in vivo and in vitro evidence that
chlA
from
Dd
encodes a flavin-dependent halogenase capable of catalyzing both chlorinations in the biosynthesis of DIF-1. The results provide in vitro characterization of a eukaryotic oxygen-dependent halogenase and demonstrate a broad reach in biology for this molecular tailoring strategy, notably its involvement in the differentiation program of a social amoeba.
Genomic definition of multiple ex vivo regulatory T cell subphenotypes
Authors: Feuerer Markus , Hill Jonathan A. , Kretschmer Karsten , von Boehmer Harald , Mathis Diane , Benoist Christophe
Published: March 2010

Regulatory T (Treg) cells that express the Foxp3 transcription factor are essential for lymphoid homeostasis and immune tolerance to self. Other nonimmunological functions of Treg cells, such as controlling metabolic function in adipose tissue, are also emerging. Treg cells originate primarily in the thymus, but can also be elicited from conventional T cells by in vivo exposure to low-dose antigen or homeostatic expansion or by activation in the presence of TGFβ in vitro. Treg cells are characterized by a distinct transcriptional signature controlled in part, but not solely, by Foxp3. For a better perspective on transcriptional control in Treg cells, we compared gene expression profiles of a broad panel of Treg cells from various origins or anatomical locations. Treg cells generated by different means form different subphenotypes and were identifiable by particular combinations of transcripts, none of which fully encompassed the entire Treg signature. Molecules involved in Treg cell effector function, chemokine receptors, and the transcription factors that control them were differentially represented in these subphenotypes. Treg cells from the gut proved dissimilar to cells elicited by exposure to TGFβ in vitro, but instead they resembled a CD103
+
Klrg1
+
subphenotype preferentially generated in response to lymphopenia.