bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Complete Picture of Spatial Disparity in Cost of Living Index: A Case Study of Pakistan’s Cities
Authors: Mahmood Farrukh , Hashim Shumaila , Fatima Hina
Published: April 2021

This study constructed the cost of living index by using all available data on 488 commodities of the 40 cities of Pakistan for the month of May 2019. Empirically, results revealed that there is a statistical difference in the cost of living index among cities from the standard of living. Based on the national average prices, the Islamabad is ranked at first, and Mirpurkhas, a city of Sindh, is at fortieth. Furthermore, Province wise highest cost of living is found in NWFP and lowest in Sindh. By employing national average prices that have aggregation bias; therefore, it is replaced by province-level prices; the ranking among cities within the province is changed. At province average prices, the highest cost of living index is found in Rawalpindi, Karachi, Abbottabad, and Loralai, and the lowest cost of living in Gujranwala, Mirpurkhas, Peshawar and Turbat, for the province of Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, and Baluchistan, respectively. This spatial disparity in the cost of living is mainly due to specific factors of production in a specific city as compare to other; Quetta is known as “fruit garden in Pakistan,” and Khuzdar is an agriculture-based city. Similarly, Karachi and Lahore have (i) high per capita income, and (ii) over-population are the factors of the high cost of living. Hence, in the light of the present study, it is suggested there is no single rule through which disparity in the cost of living can be overcome. Preferably the solution is laying at the micro-level, i.e., the disparity in the cost of living is mainly due to disparity in prices of same goods and services across cities, therefore by controlling prices of goods and services across the cities will suppress this disparity.
Uso de correo electrónico para analizar la comunicación bilateral aplicando Big Data y Regresión Lineal Simple
Authors: Hernández-Cruz Luz María , Mex-Alvarez Diana Concepción , Estrada-Segovia Guadalupe Manuel , Castillo-Tellez Margarita
Published: April 2021

Currently, the email is the most used network service as a means of communication for sending and receiving messages and files. The objective of this study is to perform an analysis of institutional emails by applying a strategic that ensures the existence of a bilateral communication between the employees. The research is of applied type, which will allow to predict assertive working groups with prosperous and productive labor relations. The study integrates the application of a Technological Big Data tool called Immersion and the analysis of a Simple Linear Regression (PLS) model using Microsoft Office Excel. The adapted methodology is composed of three phases: first, the "Data Collection" where a large volume of data is collected (personal data) from an institutional email account for the case study, then we have the "Analysis" where a simple linear regression model is constructed to analyze the relationship between the collected data and finally, the "Interpretation" where the obtained results are explained. Having important applications such as the integration of academic group, thematic networks, disciplinary committees or collaborative members in projects.
¿Cómo promover la Ciudadanía Digital?
Authors: Almeida-Aguilar Alejandrina , Ramos-Méndez Eric , Jéronimo-Yedra Rubén , Gómez-Ramos José Luis
Published: April 2021

There are several attempts that have been made in Mexico in recent years and through the different six-year periods of Government, to insert Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the teaching and learning process at the levels of basic education. The foregoing was attempted through the creation of multiple Federal Government programs for that purpose. One of these programs establishes digital competencies and within these can be located the competence of Digital Citizenship. The present work shows a small outline of the competition of digital citizenship in new students of Educational Institutions of the State of Tabasco. Digital citizenship does not have a single focus, there are multiple edges that can be addressed. Finally, some proposals for various actions are exposed, through which the acquisition of this digital competence can be achieved. Teachers, as active agents in the teaching and learning process, can be important actors through the promotion of the proposed activities and practices.
Diseño de polinizador mediante vibración forzada en invernaderos tipo túnel
Authors: López-Martínez Victor Manuel
Published: April 2021

Given the problem of the declining population of bees globally, it is necessary to implement measures that contribute both to the protection of these pollinating insects and the development of assisted pollination systems (Roubik, 1989). An alternative to the cultivation of certain species is through the use of greenhouses that allow a better environment for the species in question. But at present the greenhouses for creeper plants in which the present research work is focused, do not have a pollination that allows a high efficiency in their process. For which the use of artificial methods is proposed to achieve assisted pollination based on the use of forced vibration and convection that allows production to be optimized. The design consists of elements that produce vibratory oscillations, so that the pollen is dispersed among the plants, thus achieving a more optimal production. The fundamentals of frequency range to be developed by the vibration device and the system model are presented. As well as the parameters and physical variables involved in the process, thus seeking to provide an alternative that allows for effective pollination in the face of the imminent decline in the population of pollinator species.
Detección y representación de eventos ambientales basada en agentes
Authors: Padilla-Cuevas Josué , Reyes-Ortiz José , Bravo Maricela , García-Robledo Gabriela
Published: April 2021

An Intelligent environment can respond to the necessities of the users according to the context, this is so that the individuals can have the ideal climatic conditions in order to go about their activities, these conditions are related through a series of special norms. The events that we describe in this paper are in relation to the events of the environment (temperature, humidity, brightness, and presence), also involved are different variables like time, space, or person, such are important in order to be able to model what is occurring in a determined place. In this project, we propose a personalized ontological design for the academic dominion. The ontological model is utilized for the identification of environmental events according to the data acquired from the environment through the simulation of intellectual agents. Also, our ontological model is used to rationalize with the information obtained from the identified events. The model of ontologies based on events considers four contextual questions like a perspective modular: person, seasonality (weather), spatiality (location), network (resources in order to acquire environmental data) and event (academic events). And the detector is based on rules obtained from the standards of optimum climatic conditions of a physical space.
Estudio de superficies de magnesio modificadas con fosfatos y películas poliméricas para aplicaciones médicas
Authors: Garcia-Navarro Norma , Galicia-Aguilar Gonzalo , Lugo-Islas Gabriela , Gallardo-Castán Ernesto
Published: April 2021

Magnesium and its alloys have been of scientific interest in bone regeneration due to its resorbable, biocompatible and mechanical characteristics. However, its electrochemical activity is a challenge; surface modification treatments are sought through biopolymers or conversion treatments to reduce its corrosion rate. The objective of this research was to evaluate the corrosive behavior of magnesium in simulated physiological solution through electrochemical techniques through a phosphating interface and a chitosan-grenetine film. The phosphating treatment was carried out by chemical conversion pH 10, 11 and 12 and a film was prepared by polymer solution and convective drying. The surfaces were characterized by DRX, RAMAN, SEM-EDS. Combined phases of phosphates with rugose and porous morphology with non-conductive properties were obtained to relate to the electrochemical response of the phosphate interface with different areas of pure magnesium, estimating the actual phosphated area. The biopolymeric film induces the corrosion process at a rate of approximately a quarter of magnesium phosphate during 4 weeks of exposure in the physiological medium. Improving the adhesion properties of the biopolymer film and the porosity could contribute to bone regeneration during this corrosive process.
Researching Socio-Emotional Learning, Mental Health and Wellbeing: Methodological Issues in Low-Income Contexts
Authors: Bayley Stephen , Wole Darge , Yorke Louise , Ramchandani Paul , Rose Pauline
Published: April 2021

This paper explores methodological issues relating to research on children’s socio-emotional learning (SEL), mental health and wellbeing in low- and lower-middle-income countries. In particular, it examines the key considerations and challenges that researchers may face and provides practical guidance for generating reliable and valid data on SEL, mental health and wellbeing in diverse settings and different cultural contexts. In so doing, the paper draws on the experience of recent research undertaken in Ethiopia to illustrate some of the issues and how they were addressed. The present study extends earlier 2018-2019 RISE Ethiopia research, expanding its scope to consider further aspects of SEL, mental health and wellbeing in the particular context of COVID-19. In particular, the research highlights that the pandemic has brought to the fore the importance of assessing learning, and learning loss, beyond academic learning alone.
Relative age of accessory minerals in pegmatites оf the Ilmeny mountains, South Urals
Authors: Popov V.A.
Published: April 2021

Efective retrospective modeling of mineral formation in natural systems should take into account all minerals – rock-forming, secondary in abundance and accessory. In the Ilmeny Mountains (South Urals), the ontogeny of pegmatite bodies (granitic, syenitic, carbonatite, and ultramafc) is complex in time and space. Using several examples, the relative age of accessory minerals in aggregates of rock-forming minerals is considered against the background of a general evolution of formation of pegmatite felds.
Geoturism in Africa. the Simien Mountains
Authors: Novoselov K.A.
Published: April 2021

The paper is dedicated to the geological structure of Ethiopia and Simien Mountains, which are located in the northern part of the North Ethiopian Plateau composed of Oligocene plateau basalts hosting Oligocene-Miocene shield volcanoes.
ORAL HOMEOSTASISSTATUSIN MILD CHRONIC GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS AND MILD DENTAL PERI-IMPLANTITIS
Authors: Tlustenko Vladimir , Tlustenko Valentina , Gusyakova Oksana , Trunin Dimitry , Potapov Vladimir
Published: April 2021

The paper is focused on evaluating the oral cavity homeostasis in patients with mild chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) (Group 1, 35 persons) and mild peri-implantitis (Group 2, 30 persons). The control group included healthy individuals (20 persons) with neither dental nor somatic issues. The material used for the study was oral fluid. The general metabolic processes in the periodontal and peri-implant area tissues were described based on analysis of the protein and mineral metabolism indicators, as well as on the hygiene and periodontal status indices. The paper presents the results of a comparative assessment involving Groups I and II with the control group and between Groups I and II. Our findings show changes in ion balance in both groups. Significant disturbances in the protein and mineral metabolism have been identified in the main groups, which contributes to the development of inflammation and reduced detoxification in periodontal and peri-implant tissues. A rise in Calcium and Magnesium indicates destructive processes in bone tissues. In case of mild CGP, these changes are more prominent. The oral hygiene and periodontal status indices in Group I proved to be significantly worse. Therefore, while performing implantation on the background of chronic generalized periodontitis, it is important to take into account its metabolic imbalance and implement preventive measures
OCCLUSAL PLANE ORIENTATION IN PATIENTS WITH DENTOFACIAL ANOMALIES BASED ON MORPHOMETRIC CRANIO-FACIAL MEASUREMENT
Authors: Shkarin Vladimir , Kochkonyan Taisiya , Al-Harazi Ghamdan , Domenyuk Dmitry , Dmitrienko Sergei , Domenyuk Stanislav
Published: April 2021

Based on 79 lateral projection head teleroentgenograms obtained from relatively young patients (median age, 37.4±4.3), we have developed a method for the occlusal plane orientation in view of cranio-facial anatomical reference points. As stable anthropometric reference points, we employed the gnathic angle shaped by the spinal and mandibular planes, as well as the interalveolar angle, where the subspinal Downs point and the supramental point were employed as retention elements. When reconstructing the occlusal plane in patients with dentoalveolar anomalies, the construction of the bisector of the interalveolar angle was explained as a key reference point, which allows diagnosing occlusion anomalies in the vertical direction (symmetrical and asymmetric) not only in the lateral, yet also in the frontal segment of the dental arches. The method developed for constructing the occlusal plane does not depend on the position of the incisors and the second permanent molars, which can be used to identify the vertical deformation of the dental arches.
CLINICALEVALUATION OF ORAL CAVITYSTATUS IN PATIENTS WITH KERATINIZATION D
Authors: Gazhva Svetlana , Ibragimova Yulia , Ryabova Valentina , Kamodskaya Natalia , Gazhva Yulia , Guseynova Telli
Published: April 2021

Pathological processes associated with disturbed keratinization and risks of cancer tend to become more common and affect younger people. However, the currently available diagnostic methods are not always reliable, which explains the need to further study this. The aim of the study was to improve the efficiency of early diagnosis of keratoses of the oral cavity under autofluorescence spectroscopy incorporated into the proposed screening algorithm. The examination methods involved clinical, luminescent, analytical, statistical evaluation. The study allowed obtaining optical images through autofluorescence stomatoscopy in patients with keratinization disorders, identifying their color range within affected and healthy tissues, as well as confirming their reliability employing the Color Spatioplotter ver 2.46 software. The tested autofluorescent stomatoscopy method featured sufficient sensitivity (98%) against relative specificity (75%), with prediction of a positive outcome (100%).
SALIVA CRYSTALLIZATION IN PATIENTS WITH COMBINED GASTROENTEROLOGICAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY
Authors: Martusevich Andrew , Shubina Oksana , Sinitsyna Tatyana , Kosyuga Svetlana , Simonova Zhanna
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this study was to estimate the specifity of saliva crystallization in comorbid pathology of digestive and cardiovascular systems. We collected saliva from 35 patients with coronary artery disease, 48 patients - with ulcer disease and 112 patients - with their combination. The features of self and initiated crystallization in the patients of all groups were evaluated using a specialized system of semi-quantitative parameters. It was stated that the crystallograms of comorbid patients are characterized by a clearly visible predominance of single-crystal elements over dendritic ones. The total density of structures in the facias is significantly reduced in comparison with both healthy people and patients of other groups.
Diálogo entre as terapias centrada no cliente e do esquema
Authors: Oliveira Marcel Gomes , Branco Paulo Coelho Castelo
Published: April 2021

Objetivamos introduzir um diálogo teórico e comparativo entre a terapia centrada no cliente, de Carl Rogers, e a terapia do esquema, de Jeffrey Young. Inicialmente, apresentamos o planejamento metodológico bibliográfico para realizar esse diálogo. Posteriormente, descrevemos seus principais conceitos e operacionalizações clínicas. Em seguida, estabelecemos aproximações e distanciamentos. Os pontos de interlocução encontrados foram: o uso/não uso do diagnóstico no tratamento da personalidade; atenção aos processos do terapeuta como influentes na dinâmica terapêutica; a questão da sustentação empática em termos de compreensão e confrontação; a diretividade e não diretividade na postura terapêutica; semelhança entre os conceitos de campo fenomenológico e esquema; as noções de self; os modos de autodefesa; a importância dos afetos e emoções nas intervenções clínicas; as formas de alcançar uma ressignificação terapêutica. Concluímos com a observação de que a terapia centrada no cliente deixou um legado que serviu de referência para algumas abordagens psicoterapêuticas cognitivas e comportamentais.
Reflexiones sobre dolor, sufrimiento y existencia propia
Authors: Carranza Bucio Octavio
Published: April 2021

En este trabajo se hace un análisis aproximativo del estudio fenomenológico hermenéutico del dolor en la facticidad del vivir propio. Su objetivo es visualizar el dolor como determinante en la apertura a la existencia del ser, del ser-ahí, en perspectiva heideggeriana. Se expone la experiencia de la vida dolorosa como experiencia fáctica del vivir en sí mismo, y el conflicto ético que plantea la alteridad: la dificultad de comprender el dolor de los otros desde su propio experimentar dolor. Este conflicto ético aparece en la conciencia del médico cuando éste asume el compromiso de ir más allá de la ayuda instrumental e intenta ver el sufrimiento del enfermo desde la realidad del otro como sí mismo. La hipótesis que subyace en este análisis es que el sufrimiento del dolor abre camino a la existencia propia; sin embargo, evidencia el obstáculo de comprensión del otro. Se concluye ratificando la idea de que el dolor tiene carácter de «existenciario» (término de Martin Heidegger, que significa un modo de ser-en-el-mundo).
perfección de las vidas vulnerables. Modificación genética y discapacidad
Authors: Anchondo Pavón Sandra , Gallardo Macip Cecilia
Published: April 2021

Los teóricos que defienden las técnicas de modificación genética sin algún conservadurismo argumentan que éstas aumentarán nuestras capacidades y, también, evitarán el dolor innecesario junto con algunos tipos de sufrimiento humano. Autores transhumanistas como Nick Bostrom, Natasha Vita-More y Max More, no sólo minusvaloran los riesgos del uso de biotecnología –así como la técnica CRISPR-CAS9–, sino que asumen que vivir una vida humana plena se relaciona en proporción directa con el pleno gozo de nuestras habilidades físicas e intelectuales y con la ausencia de dolor o sufrimiento. No obstante, la visión de algunos teóricos sobre la discapacidad como Fiona Campbell, Elizabeth Barnes y Bárbara Arneil, insisten en que las limitaciones humanas no deberían ser vistas de manera trágica o como una desgracia; al contrario, argumentan que es posible vivir plenamente desde la diversidad funcional (o discapacidad). Por tanto, en este artículo ponemos a prueba ambos supuestos, a partir de la idea de discapacidad y, así, mostraremos si es que la felicidad depende fuertemente de la funcionalidad del cuerpo humano.
EFFECTIVENESS OF FLIPPED SMALL GROUP TEACHING IN UNDERSTANDING PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE IN MICROBIOLOGY
Authors: Kanade Swapna , Nataraj Gita
Published: April 2021

Flipped Classroom is a new technique used in teaching.This study is conducted to determine if a flipped small group
discussion is an effective learning method for undergraduates learning clinical microbiology,as compared to traditional
practical class in achieving improved understanding, retention and greater satisfaction in the students and to evaluate
this system through student feedback.
The study was initiated after Institutional Ethics Committee's approval.Materials were developed and validated before
commencement of the study.A total of 144 students were included in the study.A 45-minute lecture by a faculty on the
selected topic was taken for all the students after which the students were randomly assigned to the groups A or B as
follows: Group A: Flipped small group teaching, Group B:Traditional practical class.Validated material of the practical
class was send to students of group A one day before of practical class by email.The same was also made available to
teachers.Flipped small group teaching and traditional practical class was conducted on the same day for group A and B
respectively. After the session, the students administered the performance test as well as the feedback form. Surprise
performance test was re-administered to the same students at the end of 15 days to test for subject retention.
Results:Significant increase in the marks of the performance test was observed in the group “A“ students as compared
to group B students in both first and second test. The feedback given by the students about subjective learning
experiences in terms of the enjoyment of the new technique, attention, comfort, and increase in the confidence,
participation and whether they would like further learning using the same format definitely had a higher score in Groups
A compared with Group B
Conclusions: Use of Flipped classroom approach in health education yields a statistically significant improvement in
learner performance compared with traditional teaching methods.Use of mobile phone or computer is more acceptable
to the students than traditional didactic approach
UTILITY OF BLOOD INDICES AND PARAMETERS FOR DIFFERENTIATING IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA AND β-THALASSEMIA TRAIT BY CALCULATING VARIOUS DISCRIMINANT FUNCTIONS
Authors: Davda Mansi , Patel Sachin , Chothani Kinalee , Upadhyay Jigna
Published: April 2021

The most commonly encountered disorders with microcytic anemia are iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and β-thalassemia
trait (BTT).It is important to distinguish between IDA and BTT to avoid unnecessary iron therapy and the development of
hemosiderosis.Various parameters obtained on automated haematology analyser by calculating discriminant functions
have been helpful to differentiate iron deficiency anemia and β-thalassemia trait. Materials and Methods: This study
was carried out in the pathology department of Gujarat Adani Institute Of Medical Science.We had studied 100 cases of
differentiating Iron deficiency anaemia and β-Thalassaemia trait from patient's case records and laboratory reports
irrespective of age and sex over a period of one year (January 2020 to December 2020).Tests for serum iron and ferritin
were carried out in individuals showing low hemoglobin (Hb). All the selected subjects' samples were subjected to
blood morphology, comparison of mean cell volume (MCV), RBC count, red cell distribution width (RDW), Red cell
distribution width Index (RDWI),Srivastav Index(SI),Green and king Index (GI) and Mentzer's Index(MI). Results: Out
of 100 cases seventy five were diagnosed having iron deficiency anaemia, whereas twenty five were having βthalassemia trait. The RBC count was higher and MCV was much lower in β-thalassemia trait as compared to iron
deficiency anaemia.Both groups were subjected to RDW,RDWI,SI,MI and GI. Conclusion:Among various discriminant
function calculated from different haematological parameters and blood indices,Mentzer index and Srivasta index are
more sensitive and specific for differentiating iron deficiency anaemia and β-thalassemia trait.
ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS IN INDIA AND DOCTRINE OF PROPORTIONALITY Vis-a-Vis THE COMMON MAN
Authors: Ganesh Chavan Alka
Published: April 2021

In India, the post independence period has witnessed a tremendous growth in administration, because it was ushered
into a welfare state. But unfortunately, the administration may become authoritative, trampling the civil liberties of the
people. Doctrine of Proportionality is the latest recruit for checking the abuse of exercise of administrative power.The
article explores the effectivity of the doctrine and its need for application in cases of different types to fulfill the growing
needs of justice,
REVIEW ON DRY POWDER INHALERS: CURRENT ADVANCES AND LIMITATIONS
Authors: Badarinath A. V. , Sreenivas S A , Suresh Babu M.
Published: April 2021

Inhalers are the focal point of quickened innovative work as a result of the possibility to deliver greatest medication to the
site of pathology in the lungs. Among the accessible conveyance choices, the dry powder inhaler (DPI) is the favoured
gadget for the treatment of an undeniably different scope of ailments. Advancement of DPI frameworks that focus on the
conveyance of fine medication particles to the more profound aviation routes in the lungs utilizing a mix of improved
medication definitions and upgraded conveyance gadget advances implies that every one of these variables adds to in
general execution of the vaporized framework. There are enormous scopes of gadgets for clinical use, anyway no
individual gadget shows prevalent clinical viability. A significant worry that is pertinent in everyday clinical practice is
the between and intra-understanding fluctuation of the medication measurements conveyed to the profound lungs from
the inward breath gadgets, where the degree of changeability relies upon the medication definition, the gadget plan,
and patient's breath profile. This fluctuation may result in under-dosing of medication to the patient and expected loss of
pharmacological viability. This article audits ongoing advances in container based DPI innovation and the presentation
of the 'dispensable' DPI gadget.
PERCEPTION ANALYSIS ON USING COMPUTER APPLICATIONS-A STUDY ON AAROGYA SETU APP
Authors: Doreswamy Hema , Lokhande Madhavi , Uttam Radhika
Published: April 2021

Smart phone usage and various computer applications has become part and parcel of daily life of millions of individuals
in India and across the globe.These apps help in doing day to day tasks in an efficient manner,it saves time and they are
very user friendly. Be it financial transactions, online shopping, online education and so on, users find them extremely
useful. Going forward, we can expect more and more people adopting smart phones and start using different types of
applications. But, using apps also brings in considerable amount of risk for the users.If the users are not aware of such
risks, they are exposed to considerable amount of risk and may become victims of financial frauds, hacking, privacy
issues and other cyber security crimes.This research is conducted to understand the users' perception towards using
applications and cyber security risks.The study is based on primary data and analysis is done with regards to Aarogya
Setu app.This app was made mandatory by the government of India during the COVID-19 pandemic to track covid cases.
The data collected through a questionnaire is analyzed using different tools and based on the analysis findings and
suggestions are offered
EFFICACY OF SARS-COV-2 VACCINES - A BIG CHALLENGE ?
Authors: Srivastava Saumya , Sardana Vandana
Published: April 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and the resulting disease, the coronavirus
infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19), have spread to millions of persons worldwide resulting in pandemic.The cases of
Covid 19 doesn't seem to end to soon.There are about sixty-two million six hundred nineteen thousand three hundred
ninety-ninecases at present in the world with India ranking second after USA with nine million three hundred ninetythree thousand thirty-nine cases.Adoption of infection prevention and control practices such as hand hygiene,
respiratory etiquettes, and maintaining social distance are the important strategies for the containment of this deadly
and stubborn novel corona virus.The multiple vaccine candidates are under trials,to evaluate their clinical efficacy.The
vaccination aims is to generate immunity against COVID-19 and to protect oneself against the disease and limits the
spread of disease to close contact
A CASE STUDY ON SOLAR THERMAL CHIMNEY POWER PLANT IN BHOPAL
Authors: Kumar Singh Ashok , Wankhede Poonam , Pandey Vijaykant , Kumar Singh Pankaj
Published: April 2021

The demands and application of electronics goods increase the electricity generation load from non-conventional
sources such as wind, solar, and hydro. This clean and green energy laid down the track for future energy demands and
reduce carbon emission from the environment. To harness the non-conventional energy, we need to focus on the
metrological behaviour to understand solar power generation's smoothness index. To estimate that we need to track
down the two crucial parameters, one motion of the sun and another wind flow and its magnitude and direction.
Metrological data will help us design the plant for the desired location “Bhopal” and no working days. Therefore, this
research paper focused on solar power improvement using metrological data
Edukasi dan Sosialisasi Pencegahan Virus Covid-19 Berawal Dari Diri Sendiri Di Desa Kampung Anyar Kecamatan Glagah Kabupaten Banyuwangi
Authors: Yusuf Feby Indriana , Mutimmah Dzurotul , Prayekti Novi , Susanti Reny Eka Evi , Nurmasari Fitri
Published: April 2021

The Corona virus is one of the viruses that has caused SARS, MERS, and Covid-19. Banyuwangi Regency is one of the areas with a graph of the development of Covid-19 which shows a fairly high increase. Based on data from the corona.banyuwangikab.go.id website in August, 237 people were declared infected with Covid-19, in December there were 3963 people. This is the main concern of many parties, especially local governments, in an effort to prevent the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Glagah sub-district is one of the sub-districts located in the western part of the Banyuwangi region. Kampung Anyar Village is one of the villages in Glagah District. Many people in Kampung Anyar village still do not comply with health protocols, so that good activities in the form of socialization through banners, through social networks and through other community activities are needed to be able to successfully break the chain of the Covid-19 virus. In addition to socialization related to health protocols, education to residents must be provided so that in implementing health protocols it can be carried out according to rules and recommendations, so that the community, through the smallest scope, namely families, can protect and protect each other from being infected with the Covid-19 virus. This activity raises the awareness of the village community in Kampung Anyar that early prevention is not as complicated as heard through social media or television, besides that women who participate in these activities agree and are committed to being the front guard in their families in preventing the spread of Covid-19.
Role of Anterior Segment OCT in the Management of Primary Narrow Angle Disease
Authors: Muid Javeria , Farooq Sadia
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To highlight the role of anterior segment OCT, in complementing gonioscopic findings in the management of angle closure glaucoma.

Study Design:  Descriptive observational case series.

Study Place and Duration:  Study was conducted at Eye department of Shifa International Hospital, from January 2019 to March 2019.

Methods:  After taking informed consent from the patients, the study was conducted at Shifa International Hospital Islamabad. Patients were selected by convenient sampling technique. Patients were diagnosed on the basis of history and clinical examination. Patients with angle closure on Gonioscopy were included in this series. Detailed ocular examination including visual acuity for distance and near, tonometry, Gonioscopy and anterior segment OCT were performed. Data was collected and presented as case series.

Results:  The median age 57 years with 50% more than 60 years and 50% less than 60 years of age. Presenting IOP was less than 21 mmHg in 50% and higher in remaining 50%. On examination 37.5% were categorized as PACS, 12.5% having PAC and 50% as PACG. After definitive treatment 12.5% still needed medical treatment to prevent progression in PACG and none in PACS and PAC.

Conclusion:  In narrow angle disease, treatment is designed not only to control intraocular pressure (IOP) but also to keep angle open as much as possible. Appositional closure or peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) can damage the trabecluar meshwork. Iridoplasty, peripheral Iridotomy (PI) and early lens extraction can defer the need for filtration procedure if done well in time.

Key Words:  OCT anterior segment, Narrow angle, Optic nerve head.
Intra-operative and Immediate Post-operative Complications in a High Volume Cataract Surgery Center
Authors: Haider Muhammad Ali , Sattar Uzma , Amjad Muhammad
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To find out the frequency of complications in a high volume phacoemulsification set up at a tertiary care eye hospital in Lahore.

Study Design:  Quasi experimental study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Al-Ehsan Eye Hospital, Lahore, from July 2017 to June 2019.

Methods:  Surgical outcomes of 6902 patients who had undergone phacoemulsification were included. Patients were excluded if they had ocular infections, lid margin diseases, adnexal diseases, those requiring a secondary anterior chamber surgery and those unfit for the procedure due to medical grounds. Every patient underwent a detailed history and complete clinical examination. All patients underwent the standard phacoemulsification technique and at the end of each surgery, subconjunctival injections of dexamethasone and gentamycin were given to the patients. Complications encountered during high volume cataract surgery were recorded and their percentages were calculated.

Results:  A total of 6902 patients underwent cataract surgery with 2.66% intra-operative and 6.94% immediate post-operative complications. The most common intra-operative complication was posterior capsular rupture (1.15%).  In patients with capsular rupture the intra ocular lens was implanted within the sulcus in 61 cases (0.88%) while in 12 cases (0.17%) anterior chamber lens was implanted because of lack of capsular support. During the surgery intra ocular lens could not be implanted in 7 cases (0.10%) and they were left aphakic. The commonest immediate post-operative adverse outcome was corneal edema with striate keratopathy and decements folds in 197 cases (2.85%).

Conclusion:  High volume cataract surgery using appropriate techniques and sterilization does not compromise the quality of outcomes.

Key Words:  Cataract, Phacoemulsification, Vitreous loss.
Topical Cyclosporine in Treatment of Post-LASIK Symptomatic Dry Eye
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Saeed , Latif Kanwal
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To determine the role of 0.05% topical cyclosporine A (CsA) in treatment of symptomatic dry eye after LASIK (Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis).

Study Design:  Interventional Case Series.

Place and Duration of Study:  Ophthalmology Department, Sir Syed Hospital, Karachi, from July 2018 to Dec. 2019.

Methods:  Seventy-five patients who underwent LASIK for myopic refractive error and presented with symptomatic dry eye and showed no response to artificial tears therapy after 1 month of LASIK were selected. The patient had ablation zone diameter of 6mm and flap diameter was 8.5mm to 9mm. Cyclisporine A 0.05% ophthalmic preparation was added to treatment regimen and response was observed at 1, 3 and 6 months. OSDI (Ocular Surface Disease Index) scores, Tear film break up time (TBUT), Schirmer's test (ST) values and Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) were recorded to analyze the treatment response at each visit. The statistical interpretation was done by using SPSS version 21. To interpret the correlation between pre-treatment and 6 month post treatment, Paired sample T test was applied with 95% Confidence Interval; CI and p-value of ≤ 0.05.

Results:  The mean post-LASIK OSDI score of enrolled patients was 54.25 ± 10.81. After 6 months of treatment mean OSDI score was improved to 21.05 ± 5.13 (p < 0.001). Post-LASIK mean ST value was 5.2 ± 1.2 mm and mean TBUT value was 5.6 ± 1.3 seconds, which changed to 9.8 ± 1.0 mm and 8.9 ± 1.1 seconds respectively. BCVA improved from Log MAR 0.14 ± 0.09 to 0.01 ± 0.03 (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Topical CsA 0.05% was effective in alleviating the symptoms of post-LASIK dry eye.

Key Words:  LASIK, Dry eye, Ocular Surface Disease Index Score, Cyclosporine A.
Comparison of Steroid with Cyclosporine Eye Drops in Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Rafe Abdul , Tariq Munawar Muhammad
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To compare the effect of topical steroid with cyclosporine eye drops in recurrence of sub-epithelial corneal infiltrates in epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.

Study Design:  Quasi Experimental study.

Place and Duration of Study:  CMH Kharian from Jan 2017 to June 2018.

Methods:  Eighty eight patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis were divided into two groups. Group A included patients who received topical steroid drops and group B received topical Cyclosporine eye drops. The inclusion criteria comprised of fresh cases of SEIs, between the ages of 20 to 50 years, having a vision of 6/6 before the illness. The exclusion criteria included patients suffering from allergic conjunctivitis, ocular surface disease like Sjogren syndrome, corneal ulcer, blepharitis, old corneal opacity, glaucoma and those who had been using steroids in the past e.g. uveitis. The patients were followed up at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. On resolution of sub-epithelial infiltrates (SEIs), both regimen were tapered off in next two weeks. The patients were advised to continue monthly follow up for two months to see any recurrence.

Results:  SEIs resolved in both the groups by week 12, however the resolution was slightly quicker in group A. SEIs resolved in 84.1% of cases in group A and in 70.4% cases in group B at the end of 4 weeks. Recurrence was higher in group A (11.3%) while it was 4.5% in group B.

Conclusion:  Cyclosporine eye drops are a safe and equally effective treatment of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis related SEIs, with an added advantage of reduced recurrence rate.

Key Words:  Epidemic, Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), Cornea, Subepithelial Infiltrates, Cyclosporine.
Immediate Effect of Intravitreal Bevacizumab Injection on Intraocular Pressure
Authors: Zafar Rabeeah , Rizwan Amna , Naeem Badar-ud-din Ather , Asghar Asfandyar , Obaid Naila
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To determine the immediate effect of intravitreal Bevacizumab on intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes with retinal vascular disorders.

Study Design:  Interventional case series.

Place and Duration of Study:  Ophthalmology Department, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi, from January 2019to July 2019.

Methods:  One hundred and thirty one patients were included in this study using non probability consecutive sampling. IOP was measured before intravitreal injection (baseline) and at 5 and 30 minutes post-injection. Descriptive statistics were obtained using SPSS version 21.0.

Results:  One hundred and thirty one eyes of 131 patients were observed for IOP change after intra vitreal injection of Bevacizumab. Among them 23 (18%) were males and 108 (82.4%) were females. Mean age was 57.57 ± 13.09 years. Mean IOP at baseline was 16.16 ± 2.52 mmHg. At 5 minutes after injection, 108 eyes (82.4%) had raised IOP, maximum IOP recorded was 44 mmHg. There was a statistically significant correlation between IOP at baseline and 5 minutes with p = 0.005 (≤0.05). At 30 minutes, 94 eyes (71.7%) had IOP fallen back to normal. Statistically, an insignificant correlation was present between IOP at baseline and 30 minutes (p = 0.081) post-injection. IOP rise was not significantly correlated to gender, age, hypertension and asthma at any interval (p value > 0.05). However, IOP rise was significantly correlated in diabetic patients at 30 minutes.

Conclusion:  IOP elevation has been observed after intravitreal bevacizumab in immediate post-injection period which warrants the monitoring of IOP in this critical period to avoid serious blinding complications.

Key Words:  Bevacizumab, Vascular endothelial growth factor, Intraocular pressure, Goldmann applanation tonometer.
Indications And Outcomes Of Penetrating Keratoplasty at a Tertiary Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Uddin A S M Moin , Sultana Chandana , Shahid Md. A. Muntakim , Rashed Mohammed , Islam Mohammad Shamsal
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To find out the indications and outcomes of Penetrating Keratoplasty at a tertiary eye hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Study Design:  This was a retrospective hospital based study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2011 and July 2018.

Methods:  In this study, data was collected from the records of patients, who came for treatment at the cornea unit. Pre-operative evaluation and post-operative follow-up record was analyzed. Patents’ demographic information, visual acuity, management, pre and post-operative complications, follow-up visits and outcomes were recorded. A technical research team headed by a senior consultant determined the content validity and their comments were incorporated in finalizing the research instruments.

Results:  A total of 213 penetrating keratoplasties (PK) were performed during the study period. The main indications were keratoconus (8.28%), Corneal scarring (41.42%), Adherent leukomas (25.59%), corneal dystrophy (3.84) and bullous keratopathy (7.25%). Rejection rates at 8 years were 5.62%. Keratoconus showed the best graft survival (79%). The percentage of patients with post-transplant best-corrected visual acuity of 6/36 at 8 years was 52%. There was a statistically significant reduced rejection rate in males.

Conclusion:  Penetrating Keratoplasty is an effective treatment option for improving visual outcomes for people with visual impairment. There are many co-factors involved with a quality outcome of patients with Penetrating Keratoplasty such as immunological rejection, microbial keratitis and patient level of awareness, which continue to limit the success.

Key Words:  Penetrating, Keratoplasty, Bangladesh, Keratoconus, Corneal Dystrophy.
Ocular Manifestations and Viral Prevalence in Conjunctival Secretions of Patients with COVID 19 – A Meta–Analysis
Authors: Shakeel Ayisha , Sultan Sharjeel , Ali Syed Imtiaz
Published: April 2021

PubMed was searched using key words “COVID-19”, “coronavirus”, and “SARS CoV‑2” in conjunction with “ophthalmology” and “eye” on 17th May 2020. Total 483 articles were identified. After screening eleven articles were included in the analysis. The frequencies of ocular manifestations and the presence of virus in conjunctiva were analyzed and final results were compiled.Ten out of eleven articleswere analyzed for ocular manifestations. In our analysis a total of 2115 cases had Covid 19, out of which 77 patients developed ocular manifestations (3.64%, 95% CI 2.88 – 4.53). The most common being conjunctival congestion. Twelve patients had SARS – CoV-2 in their ocular secretions confirmed by RT PCR test (2.61%, 95% CI 1.36 – 4.52). This meta-analysis concludes that conjunctiva is neither a preferred site of infection nor a preferred gateway for entry of SARS CoV-2 in the body. As a low risk of infection does exist, eye protective equipment should be used when treating COVID – 19 patients.

Key Words:  SARS CoV 2, COVID 19, Conjunctiva, Ophthalmology.
Outcomes of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Authors: Riaz Sidrah , Khan Muhammad Tariq , Mirza Khurram Azam
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To study demographic characteristics and treatment outcomes of Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in a private Vitreo-retinal setup of Lahore.

Study Design:  Cross sectional Observational study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Private Vitreo-retinal setup, from March 2017 to April 2019.

Methods:  Total 102 patients with Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) were included. Patients with retinal detachment other than RRD were excluded. Detailed history and ocular examination was performed. Type of break, procedure adopted for RRD repair and type of endo-tamponade were also recorded. These patients had either 23 G pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) or scleral buckling (SB) procedures or combined sclera buckling with PPV. Patients were followed-up for six months.

Results:  Out of 102 total RRD cases, 63.70% were males and 36.30%were females. Mean age was 47.44 ± 18.44. Macula was on in 48% and off in 52%. Phakic patients were 46.50%, pseudophakic 48.50% and 5.10% were aphakic. Position of break in RRD was superotemporal in 39.2%, inferotemporal in 30.4% and inferonasal in 2.9%. Total RD was observed in 27.5% patients. One or more breaks were identified in 82.4% patients and giant tear in 4.9%. Three ports 23 G PPV was done in 64.7%, PPV with IOL in 18.6%, scleral buckling in 10.8% and combined PPV + SB in 5.9% patients. The anatomical success rate was observed in 96.07%, 3.9% needed second surgery to get anatomical success in six months follow-up.

Conclusion:  Anatomical success rates in retinal attachment surgeries in experienced hands is comparable with more developed retinal centers of the world.

Key Words:  Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, Pars plana vitrectomy, Scleral buckling, Silicon oil.
Effect of Fasting on Intraocular Pressure
Authors: Kamal Zahid , Jamil Ahmad Zeeshan , Khalid Muhammad , Ali Bahoo Muhammad Luqman , Junaid Iqbal Muhammad , Aziz Nauman
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To determine the effect of fasting on intraocular pressure in fasting individuals.

Study Design:  Cross sectional observational study.

Place and Duration of Study:  District Headquarter Teaching Hospital/Sahiwal Medical College Sahiwal, from April 2020 to May 2020.

Methods:  Four hundred eyes of two hundred healthy fasting subjects were included in this study. Intraocular pressure was measured one week before and during the second week of Ramadan. t-test was used to calculate the difference of means of intraocular pressure one week before and during the second week of Ramadan.

Results:  Mean age of the subjects was 34.56 ± 12.52 years. IOP in male subjects before and during Ramadan was 14.23 mmHg and 13.20 mmHg respectively, while IOP in female subjects before and during Ramadan was 14.43 mmHg and 13.20 mmHg respectively. Before Ramadan mean intraocular pressure in the right eye was 14.38 ± 3.00 mmHg and in the left eye was 14.21 ± 2.79 mmHg. During Ramadan mean intraocular pressure in the right eye was 13.24 ± 2.87 mmHg and in the left eye was 13.15 ± 2.71 mmHg. t-test indicated that the difference in means of intraocular pressure for right eye one week before and during the second week of Ramadan was 25.74 (p = 0.000). Similarly, the difference in means of intraocular pressure for left eye one week before and during the second week of Ramadan was 41.54 (p = 0.000).

Conclusion:  Fasting results in a decrease in intraocular pressure in normal population. There was no difference in intraocular pressure changes between male and female subjects. Intraocular Pressure was higher in older age group in both genders.

Key Words:  Intraocular Pressure, Tonometry, Glaucoma.