bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Democratic Turkey Is the Template for Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood
Authors: RAMADAN TARIQ
Published: April 2011

The Great Arab Revolt of 2011 has moved swiftly from the peaceful overthrow of autocrats in the nation‐states of Tunisia and Egypt to brutal repression in the tribal societies of Libya, Syria, Bahrain and Yemen.

Meanwhile, the wired youth bulge of the Middle East that brought change is dissipating into an impotent diaspora while the organized interests of the old regimes and the once‐suppressed Islamists charge ahead to power. This section examines the revolt, the reaction and the power struggles in its aftermath.
Accuracy of intraoperative gross visual assessment of myometrial invasion in endometrial cancer
Authors: MARCICKIEWICZ JANUSZ , SUNDFELDT KARIN
Published: April 2011

Objective. To evaluate the accuracy of gross visual assessment of myometrial invasion in endometrial carcinoma. Design. Prospective, descriptive study. Setting. University hospital. Population. Two hundred and fourteen consecutive patients operated between 2005 and 2008. All patients were preoperatively diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma or complex atypical hyperplasia considered by the pathologist to be at the border of highly differentiated endometrial cancer. Methods. Intraoperative gross visual assessment of myometrial tumor invasion (<50 or ≥50%), cervical tumor engagement and tumor diameter in millimeters were noted for all patients. Main Outcome Measures. The collected data were compared with final histopathology. Results. Intraoperative gross visual assessment of myometrial tumour invasion correlated well with final histology, with an accuracy of 87%. Agreement between gross visual assessment and final histology was reached in 91% of grade 1 tumors. Additionally, we found that 98.5% of tumors with a diameter <20mm had <50% myometrial invasion, regardless of grade. Conclusions. Intraoperative gross visual assessment of myometrial tumor invasion and tumor size measurements are simple, fast and inexpensive methods that may provide important information for the surgeon to decide upon the extent of staging when other more accurate methods are not at hand.
Maximizing Your Data or Data Slicing? Recommendations for Managing Multiple Submissions from the Same Dataset
Authors: Kirkman Bradley L. , Chen Gilad
Published: April 2011

Researchers who are fortunate enough to collect large datasets sometimes wish to publish multiple papers using the same dataset. Unfortunately, there are few guidelines that authors can follow in managing these multiple papers. In this article, we address three main questions including: (i) how do authors know if they have a dataset truly worthy of multiple papers; (ii) what procedures do authors follow when they are ready to submit multiple papers from a single dataset to top tier journals; and (iii) what are the main issues when attempting to publish multiple papers from a single dataset? We provide a set of concrete recommendations for authors who wish to maximize their data collection efforts with multiple papers.
Pharmacophore Development and Docking Studies of the HIV‐1 Integrase Inhibitors Derived from N‐methylpyrimidones, Dihydroxypyrimidines, and Bicyclic Pyrimidinones
Authors: Telvekar Vikas N. , Patel Kavitkumar N.
Published: April 2011

To elucidate the crucial structural features for the HIV‐1 integrase inhibitors, a three‐dimensional pharmacophore model was developed based on N‐methyl pyrimidones, dihydroxypyrimidines, and bicyclic pyrimidinones derivatives using Phase. N‐methyl pyrimidone derivative raltegravir, the first US‐FDA approved drug by Merck, belongs to this series. The best‐fitted common pharmacophore hypothesis was characterized by two acceptor, two hydrophobic, and two ring features having a correlation coefficient of 0.895, cross‐validated Q2 value of 0.631, and survival score of 8.862, suggesting that a highly predictive pharmacophore model was developed. The cross‐validation studies using 23 test set molecules and fifteen structurally diverse HIV‐integrase inhibitors give extra confidence about the correctness of the pharmacophore model. The cross‐validation studies proved that our developed model can successfully differentiate between active and inactive HIV‐integrase inhibitors. The docking studies were also carried out wherein the molecules were docked against the active site of HIV integrase to analyze the binding mode and the necessary structural requirement for their respective enzymatic inhibition. The results obtained from our studies provide a valuable tool for designing of new lead molecules with potent activity.
Brains matter, bodies maybe not: the case for examining neuron numbers irrespective of body size
Authors: Herculano‐Houzel Suzana
Published: April 2011

It is usually considered a paradox that the human brain, although smaller than elephant and cetacean brains, is the most cognitively able. The concept that humans are more encephalized than all other mammals appeared in the 1970s as a solution to that paradox: humans have a brain that is much larger than expected from their body mass. Such an “excess brain mass” would provide increased cognitive abilities across species, thus explaining our cognitive superiority. However, behind the paradox lies the assumption that large mammalian brains are scaled‐up versions of smaller brains, always containing more neurons than smaller ones—an assumption that we have recently shown to be invalid. Here, it is proposed that the absolute number of neurons, irrespective of brain or body size, is a better predictor of cognitive ability—in which case, the cognitive superiority of humans would come as no paradox, surprise, or exception to evolutionary rules.
Mammalian tactile hair: divergence from a limited distribution
Authors: Sarko Diana K. , Rice Frank L. , Reep Roger L.
Published: April 2011

Mammalian species use tactile hairs to address a variety of perceptual challenges in detecting and responding appropriately to environmental stimuli. With a wide range of functional roles that range from object detection, to fine texture discrimination, to hydrodynamic trail perception, tactile hairs have been adapted for a variety of environmental niches to enhance survival through optimizing detection of somatosensory cues. Because the high level of innervation associated with tactile hairs requires a commensurately high dedication of neural resources, their distribution is restricted to specific regions of the body that encounter stimuli of interest—commonly, the face. However, several species—namely bats, naked mole‐rats, hyraxes, manatees, and dugongs—are rare exceptions, with tactile hair distribution that has expanded to cover the entire body. This review examines the behavioral advantages conferred by this unusual trait, the neuroanatomical adaptations that accompany it, and how this pattern might have evolved.
Coevolution in communication senders and receivers: vocal behavior and auditory processing in multiple songbird species
Authors: Woolley Sarah M. N. , Moore Jordan M.
Published: April 2011

Communication is a strong selective pressure on brain evolution because the exchange of information between individuals is crucial for fitness‐related behaviors, such as mating. Given the importance of communication, the brains of signal senders and receivers are likely to be functionally coordinated. We study vocal behavior and auditory processing in multiple species of estrildid finches with the goal of understanding how species identity and early experience interact to shape the neural systems that subserve communication. Male finches learn to produce species‐specific songs, and both sexes learn to recognize songs. Our studies indicate that closely related species exhibit different auditory coding properties in the midbrain and forebrain and that early life experience of vocalizations contributes to these differences. Moreover, birds that naturally sing tonal songs can learn broadband songs from heterospecific tutors, providing an opportunity to examine the interplay between species identity and early experience in the development of vocal behavior and auditory tuning.
Modeling the evolution of cortico‐cerebellar systems in primates
Authors: Smaers Jeroen B. , Steele James , Zilles Karl
Published: April 2011

Although it is commonly accepted that brains work as functionally distributed systems in which interconnected structures work together in processing particular types of information, few studies have investigated the evolution of functionally specialized neural systems across many different lineages. MR‐related research has provided in‐depth information on connectivity patterns, but because of its focus on particular species, it has given only indicative clues about evolutionary patterns shaping brain organization across primates. Here, we combine depth with breadth of analysis by investigating patterns of covarying size evolution in substructures of the cortico‐cerebellar system across 19 anthropoid species spanning 35 million years of divergent evolution. Results demonstrate two distinct patterns of size covariation in substructures of the cortico‐cerebellar system, suggesting neural systems involving profuse cortico‐cerebellar connections are a major factor in explaining the evolution of anthropoid brain organization. We set out an evolutionary model of relative cortico‐cerebellar expansion and provide a detailed picture of its branch‐specific evolutionary history suggesting the ape radiation is the clade with the strongest and most consistent evolutionary history in relative (frontal) cortico‐cerebellar expansion.
The von Economo neurons in the frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortex
Authors: Allman John M. , Tetreault Nicole A. , Hakeem Atiya Y. , Manaye Kebreten F. , Semendeferi Katerina , Erwin Joseph M. , Park Soyoung , Goubert Virginie , Hof Patrick R.
Published: April 2011

The von Economo neurons (VENs) are large bipolar neurons located in the frontoinsular cortex (FI) and limbic anterior (LA) area in great apes and humans but not in other primates. Our stereological counts of VENs in FI and LA show them to be more numerous in humans than in apes. In humans, small numbers of VENs appear the 36th week postconception, with numbers increasing during the first 8 months after birth. There are significantly more VENs in the right hemisphere in postnatal brains; this may be related to asymmetries in the autonomic nervous system. VENs are also present in elephants and whales and may be a specialization related to very large brain size. The large size and simple dendritic structure of these projection neurons suggest that they rapidly send basic information from FI and LA to other parts of the brain, while slower neighboring pyramids send more detailed information. Selective destruction of VENs in early stages of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) implies that they are involved in empathy, social awareness, and self‐control, consistent with evidence from functional imaging.
Functional implications of tactile projection patterns to the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum of the albino rat: the legacy of Wally Welker
Authors: Bower James M.
Published: April 2011

In the late 1970s, Wally Welker and his colleagues published a series of papers describing the first high‐resolution physiological maps of tactile mossy fiber projections to the granule cell layer of the rat. Over the subsequent decade, his laboratory continued to explore the implications of these results for cerebellar connectivity and function while also extending the basic mapping results to a number of additional mammalian species. In each case, the maps revealed several surprising features, including a dominance of tactile (cutaneous inputs), robust short latency responses from the sensory periphery, and a fractured patchy somatotopic organization of receptive fields. This paper summarizes the major results of these micromapping experiments and reconsiders their implications for cerebellar function in light of more recent experimental data. The paper also explores the relationship between these fundamental discoveries and Wally Welker's theory‐neutral approach to experimental science.
Molecular detection of trophic links in a complex insect host–parasitoid food web
Authors: HRCEK JAN , MILLER SCOTT E. , QUICKE DONALD L. J. , SMITH M. ALEX
Published: April 2011

Previously, host–parasitoid links have been unveiled almost exclusively by time‐intensive rearing, while molecular methods were used only in simple agricultural host–parasitoid systems in the form of species‐specific primers. Here, we present a general method for the molecular detection of these links applied to a complex caterpillar–parasitoid food web from tropical rainforest of Papua New Guinea. We DNA barcoded hosts, parasitoids and their tissue remnants and matched the sequences to our extensive library of local species. We were thus able to match 87% of host sequences and 36% of parasitoid sequences to species and infer subfamily or family in almost all cases. Our analysis affirmed 93 hitherto unknown trophic links between 37 host species from a wide range of Lepidoptera families and 46 parasitoid species from Hymenoptera and Diptera by identifying DNA sequences for both the host and the parasitoid involved in the interaction. Molecular detection proved especially useful in cases where distinguishing host species in caterpillar stage was difficult morphologically, or when the caterpillar died during rearing. We have even detected a case of extreme parasitoid specialization in a pair ofChoreutisspecies that do not differ in caterpillar morphology and ecology. Using the molecular approach outlined here leads to better understanding of parasitoid host specificity, opens new possibilities for rapid surveys of food web structure and allows inference of species associations not already anticipated.
Recently Ratified and Proposed Cambrian Global Standard Stratotype‐section and Points
Authors: PENG Shanchi , ZHU Xuejian , ZUO Jinxun , LIN Huanling , CHEN Yong'an , WANG Longwu
Published: April 2011

This paper briefly summarizes an officially ratified Global Standard Stratotype‐section and Point (GSSP) and a proposed GSSP for global stages of the Cambrian System. The Luoyixi section near Luoyixi town, Guzhang, northwestern Hunan is ratified as the boundary stratotype for the base of the global Guzhangian Stage, which is the upmost stage of an unnamed series termed provisionally as Cambrian Series 3. The GSSP position lies 121.3 m above the base of the Huaqiao Formation in the section, coinciding with the first appearance of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite Lejopyge leavigata. The Duibian B section at Duibian village, Jiangshan, western Zhejiang, is proposed as the boundary stratotype for the base of the proposed global Jiangshanian Stage that is the second stage of the Furongian Series. The proposed GSSP position lies 108.12 m above the base of the Huayansi Formation in the section, coinciding with the first appearance of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite Agnostotes orientalius. This horizon is also with the first appearance of the cosmopolitan polymerid trilobite Irvingella angustilimbata.
α‐ and β‐diversity Change of Late Ordovician Hirnantia Fauna of Changning, Sichuan, Southwest China
Authors: ZHAN Renbin , LIU Jianbo , LIANG Yan , LI Guipeng
Published: April 2011

A continuous Ordovician‐Silurian boundary section from the upper Wufeng Formation through the Kuanyinchiao Formation to the lower Lungmachi Formation has been carefully measured and collected at Shuanghe of Changning, southern Sichuan Province. For the first time, the temporal changes of α‐ and β‐diversities of the Hirnantia fauna have been discussed in great detail. The general trend of brachiopod diversity change, increasing upward, is consistent with the regional trend of the Yangtze Platform, which had been controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, the sudden drop of diversity for a short period in the upper Kuanyinchiao Formation might have been controlled by environmental factors rather than normal faunal turnover. Synecological analysis using numerical methods recognizes two brachiopod‐dominated associations of the Hirnantia fauna, the Dalmanella‐Kinnella Association and the Mirorthis Association, both living in an offshore, deeper water environment corresponding to BA3‐upper BA4, particularly lower BA3.
What about supplements for osteoarthritis? A critical and evidenced‐based review
Authors: VISTA Evan S. , LAU Chak S.
Published: April 2011

Dietary supplements have inundated the commercial market in recent times. These so called “health” supplements are being marketed as beneficial in the prevention and regression of several common medical conditions that include osteoarthritis. This review provides an overview of osteoarthritis as a common disease and elucidates the disease process in relation to conventional therapeutic approaches. We also attempt to present perspectives about the dietary industry, focusing on the widely available dietary supplements for osteoarthritis; then we discuss the current available evidence regarding these common dietary supplements which are finally consolidated and enumerated as major key points.
Transition in Type of Surgery for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Multi‐institutional Study in Japan
Authors: MASUI Kimihiko , YOSHIMURA Koji , NISHIYAMA Hiroyuki , OKUNO Hiroshi , OGAWA Osamu
Published: April 2011

Objectives: This study compared the numbers and types of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) surgeries performed in 2008 with those performed in 2003 to investigate changes in surgical procedures in Japan with the introduction of transurethral enucleation procedures.

Methods: Forty‐three hospitals in Japan participated in this study. We examined the numbers of patients undergoing BPH surgery in 2003 and 2008. Types of BPH surgery were divided into five categories: R (resection); E (enucleation); S (urethral stent); O (open surgery); and A (ablation or others). The participating hospitals were divided into two groups, those performing E surgery (E hospitals) and those which did not (Non‐E hospitals).

Results: The total numbers of BPH surgeries performed in all hospitals were 1610 in 2003 and 1720 in 2008. Of these, 1391 (86%) in 2003 and 1129 (66%) in 2008 were R‐type, and 1 (<0%) in 2003 and 428 (25%) in 2008 were E‐type. There were 17 E hospitals and 26 Non‐E hospitals, and other characteristics of the hospitals were similar. In the E hospitals, the total number of BPH surgeries increased from 552 in 2003 to 776 in 2008. Conversely, that in Non‐E hospitals decreased from 1058 in 2003 to 944 in 2008. The rate of R‐type surgery was significantly lower in E hospitals than in Non‐E hospitals, even in 2003 (73 vs 94%, P < 0.01).

Conclusion: E‐type surgery increased considerably in the 5 years examined, but even in E hospitals, R‐type surgery remained the main type of BPH surgery performed in 2008.
Imaging Doped Holes in a Cuprate Superconductor with High-Resolution Compton Scattering
Authors: Sakurai Y. , Itou M. , Barbiellini B. , Mijnarends P. E. , Markiewicz R. S. , Kaprzyk S. , Gillet J.-M. , Wakimoto S. , Fujita M. , Basak S. , Wang Yung Jui , Al-Sawai W. , Lin H. , Bansil A. , Yamada K.
Published: April 2011

Inelastic x-ray scattering probed the doping dependence of the electronic environment within a cuprate superconductor.
Spin-Liquid Ground State of the
S
= 1/2 Kagome Heisenberg Antiferromagnet
Authors: Yan Simeng , Huse David A. , White Steven R.
Published: April 2011

Numerical calculations reveal that the true ground state of a frustrated two-dimensional system is a gapped spin liquid.
On the limited precision of transfer of molecular optical activity tensors
Authors: Yamamoto Shigeki , Bouř Petr
Published: April 2011

Transfer of molecular property tensors (force field, dipole derivatives, polarizabilities, etc.) from smaller fragments to bigger molecules is powerful tool to calculate molecular vibrational spectra. However, we found serious accuracy limits for valinomycin (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12, 11021), where the transfer of the Raman optical activity tensors (ROA) had to be avoided. Therefore, in this study, the individual polarizable group model is analyzed for a model water dimer, and the corrections stemming from mutual group polarizations neglected in the transfer are estimated ab initio. The electric dipole polarizability was found more local and less sensitive to the interaction of distant molecular parts than the optical activity tensors (G′, A), which can partially explain the error observed during the transfer. In the second part of the study, tensor derivatives are transferred from smaller fragments to model valinomycin and insulin molecules, and the resultant tensor derivatives and ROA spectra compared to benchmark computations. The results confirmed that the error is caused by mutual polarization of molecular parts, more significant in insulin than in valinomycin, and could only partially be improved by increased size of the fragments.
Investigations on the polymorphism and pseudopolymorphism of clobetasone butyrate
Authors: Näther Christian , Jeß Inke
Published: April 2011

Clobetasone butyrate was investigated for polymorphism and pseudopolymorphism. Solvent mediated conversion experiments reveal that the commercially available form I represent the thermodynamically most stable form at room temperature and DSC measurements shows that it should also be the most stable form until melting. Form I crystallizes in space groupP212121with three crystallographically independent molecules of similar conformation. From methanol an additional pseudo polymorphic form was discovered. In the crystal structure (space groupP212121) the solvent molecules are connected to the clobetasone butyrate molecules by O–H···O hydrogen bonding. Investigations of the solvate using thermogravimetry, differential thermoanalysis as well as differential scanning calorimetry proves, that on solvent removal an amorphous form is obtained that crystallizes into form I on further heating.
Tobacco plain packaging legislation: a content analysis of commentary posted on Australian online news
Authors: Freeman Becky
Published: April 2011

Introduction

In April 2010, the Australian government became the first to announce legislation mandating that tobacco products be sold in plain packaging. The announcement generated significant media coverage and public feedback. The increased readership of and community commentary on online news present an opportunity to assess the range of arguments most likely to be used by opponents to this policy.

Methods

A content analysis was conducted of reader commentary posted on Australian online news items about the plain packaging announcement. Reader opinion polls on the plain packaging were also recorded. All arguments opposed to plain packaging contained within reader comments were categorised into 11 debating frames.

Results

Of 117 relevant news items, 41 included 1818 reader comments. 1187 (65.3%) comments contained no reference to plain packaging, and mainly addressed a tobacco tax rise announced at the same time. The comments about plain packaging were more than 2.5 times more likely to oppose than support the policy. The dominant argumentative frame, comprising 27% of oppositional comments, was that plain packaging would be ineffective in reducing smoking. Online reader poll results showed equal support for and opposition to plain packaging.

Conclusions

The results of this study can be used by tobacco control advocates to anticipate opposition and assist in reframing and counteracting arguments opposed to plain packaging.
Tuberculosis in goats on a farm in Ireland: epidemiological investigation and control
Authors: Shanahan A. , Good M. , Duignan A. , Curtin T. , More S. J.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes an outbreak of tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis in a dairy goat herd on a farm in Ireland, where 66.3 per cent of the herd tested positive to the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) at initial detection. An epidemiological investigation was conducted to determine the origin of the outbreak, considering issues such as animal movements and herd management practices. Infection was introduced with a consignment of goats, as determined by the variable number tandem repeat profile. Infection was eradicated using a test and cull programme involving the SICTT, the interferon‐γ assay and a multiplex immunoassay (Enferplex TB).
Autumnal and Over-Winter Limnology of Three Small Eutrophic Lakes with Particular Reference to Experimental Circulation and Trout Mortality
Authors: Halsey T. G.
Published: April 2011

The autumnal and over-winter limnological characteristics of two small eutrophic lakes differed considerably from those of a third eutrophic lake; all were close to each other in the southwest interior of British Columbia. Thermal and chemical stratification was well defined in Marquette and Corbett lakes because local topography provided protection from wind action; stratification in the more exposed Courtney Lake was ill defined. Average wind velocities during summer and autumn on Courtney Lake were 4.3 times as great as, and more unidirectional than, those on Corbett Lake and probably Marquette. Complete natural autumnal oxygenation and circulation in Courtney Lake provided comparatively high concentrations of dissolved oxygen which permitted the over-winter survival of Salmo gairdneri and Richardsonius balteatus. Although Marquette and Corbett lakes were isothermal in late autumn, oxygen concentrations were well below saturation levels and circulation was probably incomplete. Consequently oxygen depletion during winter was severe and S. gairdneri and Salvelinus fontinalis were subject to over-winter mortality.Experimental circulation of Corbett Lake, just prior to ice cover, confirmed the hypothesis that incomplete autumnal oxygenation is a cause of "winter kill" of fishes. Artificial autumnal circulation of the lake provided an oxygen concentration sufficient to prevent overwinter fish mortality. However, over-winter mortality of the entire fish population did occur in the control lake, Marquette (incomplete autumnal oxygenation) but not in Courtney Lake (complete autumnal oxygenation).
Effects of Light on Schooling and Feeding of Jack Mackerel,Trachurus symmetricus
Authors: Hunter John R.
Published: April 2011

Schools of six jack mackerel each were photographed with infrared film at eight levels of luminance and also in darkness. Three indices were used to measure the behavior of the school from motion pictures. Two of the indices, mean distance to nearest neighbor and mean separation distance, were measures of the distances between individuals in a school; the other, mean angular deviation, was a measure of differences in orientation between individuals. A value for each index was calculated for each motion picture frame.From 12.1 to 6 × 10−6 ft-L no differences existed in the angular deviation of the school or in the distances between fish. At 6 × 10−7 ft-L the intervals between fish were much larger than at higher levels of brightness and groups showed little uniformity in their orientation. Below 6 × 10−7 ft-L (darkness) schools were dispersed and the distributions of values of angular deviation were random.The ability of jack mackerel to feed on live adult Artemia was also tested at eight levels of luminance and in darkness. The number of Artemia eaten at 6 × 10−5 ft-L was about half of that eaten at the normal daytime level of 12.1 ft-L. Few Artemia were eaten at 6 × 10−7 ft-L and none in darkness.Comparison of these data with measurements of light in the sea indicated that jack mackerel probably would be able to maintain schools near the surface on a moonless starlit night and that they probably could feed effectively near the surface on a full moonlight night.
Variation in Gillraker Number in North American Kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka
Authors: Nelson Joseph S.
Published: April 2011

not available
Species Succession and Fishery Exploitation in the Great Lakes
Authors: Smith Stanford H.
Published: April 2011

The species composition of fish in the Great Lakes has undergone continual change since the earliest records. Some changes were caused by enrichment of the environment, but others primarily by an intensive and selective fishery for certain species. Major changes related to the fishery were less frequent before the late 1930's than in recent years and involved few species. Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) were overexploited knowingly during the late 1800's because they interfered with fishing for preferred species; sturgeon were greatly reduced in all lakes by the early 1900's. Heavy exploitation accompanied sharp declines of lake herring (Leucichthys artedi) in Lake Erie during the 1920's and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in Lake Huron during the 1930's. A rapid succession of fish species in Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior that started about 1940 has been caused by selective predation by the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) on native predatory species, and the resultant shifting emphasis of the fishery and species interaction as various species declined. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and burbot (Lota lota), the deep-water predators, were depleted first; this favored their prey, the chubs (Leucichthys spp.). The seven species of chubs were influenced differently according to differences in size. Fishing emphasis and predation by sea lampreys were selective for the largest species of chubs as lake trout and burbot declined. A single slow-growing chub, the bloater, was favored and increased, but as the large chubs declined the bloater was exploited by a new trawl fishery. The growth rate and size of the bloater increased, making it more vulnerable to conventional gillnet fishery and lamprey predation. This situation in Lakes Michigan and Huron favored the small alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) which had recently become established in the upper Great Lakes, and the alewife increased rapidly and dominated the fish stocks of the lakes. The successive collapses of various stocks after periods of stable production may give some indication of their sustainable yield. The sea lamprey is being brought under control in Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron; lake trout are being established; and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (O. kisutch), kokanee salmon (O. nerka), and the splake, a hybrid of lake trout and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), are being introduced to reestablish a new species balance. Fish stocks are in a state of extreme instability in these lakes. Careful control of stocking programs and fisheries, and coordination of management among the various states of the United States and the province of Canada (Ontario) which manage the fish stocks, will be required to restore and maintain a useful fishery balance.
Interaction of the Pathogen Gaffkya homari with Natural Defense Mechanisms of Homarus americanus
Authors: Cornick John W. , Stewart James E.
Published: April 2011

Infection of the lobster Homarus americanus with the bacterium Gaffkya homari invariably proved fatal. Very small numbers of this pathogen introduced into the hemolymph resulted in septicemia and death, i.e., a dose level as low as approximately five bacteria per lobster at a temperature of 15 C was sufficient to kill 90% of the lobsters in 17 days. The mean time to death was virtually constant, regardless of the dose, indicating a general lack of host defense against G. homari.Investigation of the interaction of G. homari with the defense factors apparent in lobster hemolymph (bactericidal, agglutinin, and phagocytic activities) helped to account for its pathogenicity. Gaffkya homari was unique among the microorganisms tested in that (1) it was resistant to the agglutinin (s); (2) its growth was stimulated by the hemolymph serum rather than inhibited or unaffected; (3) although it was phagocytized, the bacterium could overcome this effect and multiply in the hemolymph.
Commercial Redfish and Flatfish (Flounder) Oils: Comparative Features of Fatty Acid Composition
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Ke P. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
Comparison of the Otolith and Scale Methods for Aging Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and Chum (O. keta) Salmon
Authors: Bilton H. T. , Jenkinson D. W.
Published: April 2011

not available
Adjustment of Buoyancy by Longnose Dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) in Relation to Velocity of Water
Authors: Gee J. H.
Published: April 2011

The buoyancy of longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) is correlated with the velocity of water in which they are living. Swimbladders from fish collected in rapids of streams and rivers are smaller in volume than in those fish collected from still water. Laboratory experiments on yearling and older fish show that individuals alter their buoyancy by changing the volume of their swimbladder. Buoyancy depends on velocity of water and size of fish. Longnose dace adjust their buoyancy rapidly in response to changes in velocity of water. They can decrease their buoyancy to adapt to an increase in velocity of water in 3 hr. A complete adjustment requires 4 days. Fish with access to the surface can increase their buoyancy in response to reduced velocities by completely inflating their swimbladders in less than 24 hr. Fish without access to the surface require 48 hr to complete the same adjustment. Thus, longnose dace have a functional gas gland even though they are physostomes. The gas gland does not function during the early stages of life after hatching. Alevins come to the surface to fill initially their swimbladders. The ability to adjust buoyancy rapidly is an adaption to life in rivers and streams by fishes that live mostly in swift-flowing waters but are sometimes forced to live temporarily in reduced current when the volume of water flowing is diminished.
A Series of Computer Programs for Summarising Data from Quantitative Benthic Investigations
Authors: Ellis Derek V.
Published: April 2011

not available
Nitrogen Fixation and the Utilization of Other Inorganic Nitrogen Sources in a Subarctic Lake
Authors: Billaud Vera A.
Published: April 2011

A year-round limnological study of the biological utilization of molecular nitrogen, ammonia, and nitrate in Smith Lake, a small subarctic lake in interior Alaska, showed that ammonia was consistently the most important nitrogen source. Of the two main algal production periods, the first took place under the ice in May, and depended on ammonia accumulated during the winter for a nitrogen source. The population at this time consisted largely of microflagellates. Chlamydomonas, Euglena, Chlorella, and Mellamonas were among the identified algae present. Immediately after the ice melted from the lake surface, a second population developed. These algae, consisting almost exclusively of Anabaena flos-aquae, used ammonia, nitrate, and molecular nitrogen simultaneously. During the remainder of the summer, uptake rates remained relatively low, with ammonia the most important nitrogen source; during the fall, nitrate uptake briefly approached the magnitude of ammonia uptake. 15N tracer methods were used to measure the uptake rates in this work.
Polymorphism in Carp Muscle Creatine Kinase
Authors: Scopes R. K. , Gosselin-Rey C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Occurrences of the Staghorn Sculpin (Gymnocanthus tricuspis) in Newfoundland Waters
Authors: Ennis G. P.
Published: April 2011

not available
In vitro Degradation of DDT by Intestinal Contents of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Cherrington A. D. , Paim U. , Page O. T.
Published: April 2011

Fresh mid- and hind-gut contents of young, hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon degraded p,p′-DDT to p,p′-TDE in vitro. Most of the ability to degrade DDT, attributable to intestinal microflora, was eliminated by streptomycin and by heat-sterilization of the gut contents. Since TDE is less toxic than DDT, the activity of intestinal microorganisms may increase the chances of survival of fish that ingest DDT-contaminated prey.
Folic Acid Anemia in Coho Salmon
Authors: Smith Charlie E. , Halver John E.
Published: April 2011

Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fed a folic acid-deficient diet and sampled at 6, 9, 12, and 14 weeks developed macrocytic anemia. The anemia, first observed at 6 weeks, was characterized by a significant reduction in red blood cell count as well as macrocytosis and poikilocytosis of erythrocytes. The abnormally shaped erythrocytes observed in peripheral blood smears may be an important aid in the identification of folic acid deficiency in coho salmon. Gross manifestations of the deficiency were extremely pale gills; exophthalmia, often accompanied by ascites fluid; dark coloration; and reduction in growth. Fish recovered after 8 weeks on a diet adequate in folic acid and exhibited a normal blood picture.
Low-Temperature Fish Storage Facility with Precise Temperature Control
Authors: Scott K. R.
Published: April 2011

A coldroom complex recently installed at the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Freshwater Institute laboratory at Winnipeg features several design aspects that are considered novel. These include foamed-in-place urethane insulation, two alternating R-502 refrigeration systems incorporating automatic safety switch-over and adjustable defrost, "straight-line" pneumatic temperature control, hot gas bypass control, and a master panel. The facility combines a cold laboratory at +2 C, a long-term storage room at −37 C, a small anteroom at −26 C, and a room containing eight 10.0-ft3 precise temperature cabinets at −40 C. Room temperature variation is ±0.25 degrees C during steady state conditions. Temperature rise during daily defrosting is less than 2 degrees C for a duration of 1 hr.
Distribution, Growth, and Survival of Sockeye Fry (Oncorhynchus nerka) Produced in Natural and Artificial Stream Environments
Authors: McDonald J. G.
Published: April 2011

A comparative study was made at Babine Lake, British Columbia, of the distribution, growth, and survival of sockeye salmon fry resulting from the same parental stock but reared in natural and artificial streams. Fry produced from natural spawning in the Fulton River and from eyed eggs planted in an adjacent artificial spawning channel were marked distinctively, released, and later recovered in the lake nursery area and at the lake outlet at time of seaward migration. Both groups dispersed rapidly and widely into the main lake basin and apparently mixed extensively with sockeye produced from other main lake tributaries. Lake distribution of marked fish, and the underyearling population as a whole, was not uniform nor static and the fish were concentrated in different lake areas at different times of their first growing season. River and channel fry were comparable in mean length at time of release but subsequently channel fish were smaller. Their smaller size appeared to result from late lake entry and a slower rate of growth for a short period thereafter. Over most of the growing period (June 25–October 25) rates of growth in length were similar (instantaneous daily rates of 0.00687 and 0.00737). No significant difference in survival rates of the two groups could be detected for the first 5 months of lake residence. Production of age I seaward migrants was less for river fish than for channel fish but no significance was attached to the small difference observed. These findings are discussed with respect to a fish-cultural scheme which is aimed at increasing adult production by making fuller use of the lake's capacity to rear young sockeye.
A Diel Periodicity in the Optimum Light Intensity for Maximum Photosynthesis in Natural Phytoplankton Populations
Authors: Kalff J.
Published: April 2011

Diurnally the optimum light intensity for maximum photosynthesis (Imax) of arctic pond phytoplankton was found to change from a high of approximately 0.15 ly/min during the brightest portion of the day to a low of approximately 0.03 ly/min of photosynthetically available illumination when light was minimal. It is suggested that a similarity in the Imax need not indicate a similarity in species composition. A maximum efficiency of light utilization (maximum carbon fixed/ly) was found at approximately 0.03 ly/min. A balance between light intensity and efficiency of light utilization determined the Imax.
Occurrence and Morphometries of Chlorophthalmus agassizi (Iniomi: Chlorophthalmidae) off Southwestern Nova Scotia
Authors: Halliday R. G.
Published: April 2011

Twenty-three specimens of Chlorophthalmus agassizi were captured off southwestern Nova Scotia in July 1968, extending the species range 225 miles to the northeast. Distinct morphological differences between these fish and those from more southerly collections of the species suggest that a separate population of C. agassizi exists on the Nova Scotia Banks.
Mass Mortalities and Behaviour of Brook Trout and Juvenile Atlantic Salmon in a Stream Polluted by Agricultural Pesticides
Authors: Saunders J. W.
Published: April 2011

After accidental spillage of the agricultural pesticides nabam and endrin into Mill River, Prince Edward Island, there were extensive mortalities among brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)) and juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus). Surviving trout and salmon showed abnormal behaviour including unseasonal downstream movements in summer and unusual response to an electric field. The abnormal behaviour could provide a useful biological indicator of pollution by the pesticides.
Diphyllobothrium pacificum, a Tapeworm from Sea Lions Endemic in Man Along the Coastal Area of Peru
Authors: Baer Jean G.
Published: April 2011

Insisting on the difficulty of identifying species of the genus Diphyllobothrium, the author draws attention to the peculiar life cycle of Diphyllobothrium norvegicum, which needs four hosts. Diphyllobothrium pacificum (Nybelin, 1931) Margolis, 1956, evolves entirely in a marine habitat; it is a tapeworm of sea lions and is much more frequent in man in Peru than was supposed (60 cases). Because of the ecological food chain in the Peru Current and the fact that the anchoveta is only used for fish meal, the author concludes that man is infested through a paratenic host. Although more than 700 current food fish have been examined for plerocercoid larvae, it has not been possible to identify with certainty a particular plerocercoid since both human and canine experimental infestations were unsuccessful. The mode of human infestation is without doubt through the Peruvian national dish known as cebiche, consisting of raw fish steeped in lime juice with peppers, which is sold not only in restaurants but also on the streets. It is also more than likely that D. pacificum was already a parasite of pre-Columbian man.
Some Aspects of the Ecology and Life Cycle of Three Species of Subtidal Sand-Burrowing Amphipods (Crustacea: Haustoriidae)
Authors: Sameoto D. D.
Published: April 2011

The life cycles and some aspects of the ecology of the subtidal haustoriid amphipods Acanthohaustorius millsi Bousfield, Parahaustorius longimerus Bousfield, and Protohaustorius deichmannae Bousfield, found on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, are described. All species are annual breeders, the first two species having one brood of eggs and the last species more than one brood. The first ovigerous females appear when the water temperature reaches 5.5–10 C. All species migrate into the sands just below the low tide zone in May and remain there until late August when they start to migrate into deeper waters. The growth of populations of the three species found at Nobska Beach and Barnstable Harbor are discussed.
Some Chemical Factors Affecting the Early Developmental Stages of Euchaeta japonica (Crustacea: Copepoda: Calanoida) in the Laboratory
Authors: Lewis A. G. , Ramnarine A.
Published: April 2011

Survival of the egg and naupliar stages of Euchaeta japonica Marukawa reared in the laboratory was increased by addition of zinc, cobalt, and a chelating agent (Na2EDTA) to sea water from the natural environment. The increase, however, occurred during varying times of the year. The benefits of each of these three substances as well as the periodicity are discussed.
Distribution of Insular Fishes of Sable Island, Nova Scotia
Authors: Garside E. T.
Published: April 2011

Collections of fishes from the several bodies of fresh and brackish waters on Sable Island, Nova Scotia (60°06′W, 43°56′N), were composed variously of four euryhaline species: Fundulus heteroclitus (Cyprinodontidae), Gasterosteus wheatlandi, Apeltes quadracus, and Pungitius pungitius (Gasterosteidae). Sight records are reported for Anguilla rostrata (Anguillidae).
Optimal Extraction Conditions of Chlorophylls from Cultures of Five Species of Marine Phytoplankton
Authors: Rao D. V. Subba , Platt T.
Published: April 2011

Considerable variation was found in the success of extraction of chlorophyll pigment from different species of phytoplankton by grinding. The optimal conditions for chlorophyll a were established for Dunaliella tertiolecta, Thalassiosira nordenskioldii, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Fragilaria sp., and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Significant conclusions could not be drawn for chlorophyll c because of the relative imprecision of the chlorophyll c measurement compared with chlorophyll a. For chlorophyll a, ease of extraction was inversely related to the dry weight chlorophyll a ratio.
Atlantic Salmon Returning for Their Fifth and Sixth Consecutive Spawning Trips
Authors: Ducharme L. J. A.
Published: April 2011

Six female Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar L.) were captured in Big Salmon River, New Brunswick, in August and September 1967. Examination of the scales revealed that four of these fish had spawned four times and two had spawned five times. All were in fresh water at the time of capture and all had commenced erosion at the margin of their scales. Although many of the previously formed growth rings were destroyed by erosion, enough of the scale patterns were left to permit the interpretation of the life histories of the fish.
Relations between Length of the Pen and Other Measurements in the Squid Lolliguncula brevis
Authors: Dragovich Alexander , Wise John P.
Published: April 2011

The relations between length of the pen and other measurements in the squid Lolliguncula brevis were studied to estimate the volume of partially digested squid recovered from tuna stomachs. Relations between the pen length and mantle length and between pen length and volume were analyzed by regression. Conversion tables were constructed on the basis of these analyses to estimate the original volume of the squid from the length of the pen.
Newfoundland Capelin: Proximate Composition
Authors: MacCallum W. A. , Adams D. R. , Ackman R. G. , Ke P. J. , Dyer W. J. , Fraser D. I. , Punjamapirom S.
Published: April 2011

Proximate analysis data for whole beach-spawning capelin from various parts of Newfoundland collected over a period of 20 years is generally similar when allowance is made for trends occurring during the brief spawning season. These trends, more evident in males, are, concurrently, a sharp decline in fat content, a slight increase in moisture, and a small decrease in protein. Ranges observed for these variables on a wet weight basis were, respectively, 8.1–1.8%, 77.1–82.3% and 15–12.9% (crude protein). Similar values were obtained for muscle tissue.
White Whales Wintering in James Bay
Authors: Jonkel C. J.
Published: April 2011

The white whale or beluga (Delphinapterus leucas Pallas) has been found wintering in the numerous open leads adjacent to small islands in James Bay. The spacing of the islands apparently allows year-round open water through tidal and wind action in the narrow channels.
Preliminary Diagnoses of New Septibranch Species from the Eastern Pacific (Bivalvia, Anomalodesmata)
Authors: Bernard F. R.
Published: April 2011

Preliminary diagnoses of six western American septibranch bivalves are given to avoid manuscript names being used for an extended period. A revision of the recent representatives of the order in the eastern Pacific has been submitted to the Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, for publication.
Triaenophorus crassus in Arctic Lampreys of the Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Buchwald D. G. , Nursall J. R.
Published: April 2011

Unencysted plerocercoids of Triaenophorus crassus Forel are recorded from the coelom of arctic lampreys (Lampetra japonica Martens) from Great Slave Lake, N.W.T. This is a new host record.