bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incorporating remote sensing ET into Community Land Model version 4.5
Authors: Wang Dagang , Wang Guiling , Parr Dana T. , Liao Weilin , Xia Youlong , Fu Congsheng
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Land surface models bear substantial biases in simulating surface water and energy budgets despite of the continuous development and improvement of model parameterizations. To reduce model biases, Parr et al. (2015) proposed a method incorporating satellite-based evapotranspiration (ET) products into land surface models. Here we apply this method to the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) and test its performance over the conterminous US (CONUS). We first calibrate a relationship between the observational ET from the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) product and the model ET from CLM4.5, and assume that this relationship holds beyond the calibration period. During the validation or application period, a simulation using the default CLM4.5 (CLM) is conducted first, and its output is combined with the calibrated observational-vs-model ET relationship to derive a corrected ET; an experiment (CLMET) is then conducted in which the model-generated ET is overwritten using the corrected ET. Using the observations of ET, runoff, and soil moisture content as benchmarks, we demonstrate that CLMET greatly reduces the biases existing in CLM. The improvement differs with region, being more significant in eastern CONUS than western CONUS, with the most striking improvement over the southeast CONUS. This regional dependence reflects primarily the regional dependence in the degree to which the relationship between observational and model ET remains time-invariant (a fundamental hypothesis of the Parr et al. method). The bias correction method provides an alternative way to improve the performance of land surface models, which could lead to more realistic drought evaluations with improved ET and soil moisture estimates.
Event-scale power law recession analysis: quantifying methodological uncertainty
Authors: Dralle David N. , Karst Nathaniel J. , Charalampous Kyriakos , Veenstra Andrew , Thompson Sally E.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The study of single streamflow recession events is receiving increasing attention following the presentation of novel theoretical explanations for the emergence of power law forms of the recession relationship, and drivers of its variability. Individually characterizing streamflow recessions often involves describing the similarities and differences between model parameters fitted to each recession time series. Significant methodological sensitivity has been identified in the fitting and parameterization of models that describe populations of many recessions, but the dependence of estimated model parameters on methodological choices has not been evaluated for event-by-event forms of analysis. Here, we use daily streamflow data from 16 catchments in northern California and southern Oregon to investigate how combinations of commonly used streamflow recession definitions and fitting techniques impact parameter estimates of a widely used power law recession model. Results are relevant to watersheds that are relatively steep, forested, and rain-dominated. The highly seasonal mediterranean climate of northern California and southern Oregon ensures study catchments explore a wide range of recession behaviors and wetness states, ideal for a sensitivity analysis. In such catchments, we show the following: (i) methodological decisions, including ones that have received little attention in the literature, can impact parameter value estimates and model goodness of fit; (ii) the central tendencies of event-scale recession parameter probability distributions are largely robust to methodological choices, in the sense that differing methods rank catchments similarly according to the medians of these distributions; (iii) recession parameter distributions are method-dependent, but roughly catchment-independent, such that changing the choices made about a particular method affects a given parameter in similar ways across most catchments; and (iv) the observed correlative relationship between the power-law recession scale parameter and catchment antecedent wetness varies depending on recession definition and fitting choices. Considering study results, we recommend a combination of four key methodological decisions to maximize the quality of fitted recession curves, and to minimize bias in the related populations of fitted recession parameters.
Multidisciplinary Approach to Rainfall-Triggered Rockfalls: the Case Study of the Disaster of the Ancient Hydrothermal Sclafani Spa (Madonie Mts., Northern-Central Sicily, Italy) in 1851
Authors: Contino Antonio , Bova Patrizia , Esposito Giuseppe , Giuffré Ignazio , Monteleone Salvatore
Published: January 2017

Abstract. In 1851, the region of Sicily experienced many rainstorm-induced landslides. On 13 March 1851, a rainstorm brought about a severe rockfall disaster near the small town of Sclafani (Madonie Mountains, northern-central Sicily, Italy). Rocks detached from the carbonate crest of Mt. Sclafani (813 m above sea level) fell downslope, causing the collapse of the ancient hydrothermal spa (about 430 m above sea level) and burying it under their fragments. Fortunately, the event did not cause injuries or victims. Given its geological, geomorphological and structural features, the calcareous-dolomitic and carbonate-siliciclastic relief of Mt. Sclafani is extremely prone to landsliding. This study combines the findings from detailed geological and geomorphological field surveys and from a critical review of documentary data. A thorough analysis of documentary sources and historical maps made it possible to identify the location (previously unknown) of the ancient spa. The rockfall dynamics was traced back by comparing field reconnaissance data and documentary sources. The reconstruction of the 1851 event can help gain greater insight into the rockfall susceptibility of Mt. Sclafani, improve future land-use planning, safeguard thermal springs, and reduce the occurrence of similar disasters in this area.
Construction of an Integrated Social Vulnerability Index in urban areas prone to flash flooding
Authors: Aroca-Jimenez Estefania , Bodoque Jose Maria , Garcia Juan Antonio , Diez-Herrero Andres
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Flash floods are considered to be one of the natural hazards with the greatest capacity to generate risk. Therefore, a change in traditional flood risk management (FRM) is necessary towards an integrated approach, which requires a comprehensive assessment of the social risk component. In this regard, integrated social vulnerability (ISV) gives us the spatial distribution, contribution and combined effect of exposure, sensitivity and resilience to the total vulnerability, although these components are often disregarded. ISV is characterized by the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics that condition a population's capacity to cope with, resist and recover from risk, and it can be derived from assessing the Integrated Social Vulnerability Index (ISVI). As far as we know, it has not yet provided a methodological approach to construct the ISVI in urban areas of Castilla y León (northern central Spain, 94,223 km2, 2,478,376 inhabitants) prone to flash flooding. A hierarchical segmentation analysis (HSA) was performed prior to the principal components analysis (PCA), which helped to overcome sample size limitation inherent to PCA. ISVI was obtained from weighting vulnerability factors based on the tolerance statistic. Additionally, latent class cluster analysis (LCCA) was accomplished aiming to identify vulnerability spatial patterns within the study area. Our results show that the ISVI has high spatial variability. Moreover, the LCCA allowed us to identify the source of vulnerability in each urban area cluster. These findings enable a tailored design of FRM strategies, which intends to increase the efficiency of plans and policies, helping reduce implementation costs for mitigation measures.
Submarine melt parameterization for a Greenland glacial system
model
Authors: Beckmann Johanna , Perrette Mahé , Ganopolski Andrey
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Two hundreds of marine-terminating Greenland outlet glaciers deliver more than half of the annually accumulated ice into the ocean and play an important role in the Greenland ice sheet mass loss observed since the mid 1990s. Submarine melt plays a crucial role in the mass balance and position of the grounding line of these outlet glaciers. As the ocean warms, it is expected that submarine melt will increase and outlet glaciers will retreat, contributing to sea level rise. Projections of the future contribution of outlet glaciers to sea level rise is hampered by the necessity to use extremely high resolution of the order of a few hundred meters both for modelling of the outlet glaciers and as well as coupling them with high resolution 3D ocean models. In addition fjord bathymetry data are mostly missing or are inaccurate (errors of several 100s of meters), which questions the benefit of using computational expensive 3D models for future predictions. Here we propose an alternative approach based on using of computationally efficient parameterization of submarine melt based on turbulent plume theory. We show that such parameterization is in a reasonable agreement with several available modeling studies. We performed a suit of experiments to analyse sensitivity of these parameterizations to model parameters and climate characteristics. We found that the computationally cheap plume model demonstrates qualitatively similar behaviour as 3D gerneral circulation models. To match results of the 3D models in a quantitative manner, a scaling factor in the order of one is needed for the plume models. We applied this approach to model submarine melt for six representative Greenland glaciers and found that the parameterization of a line plume can produce submarine melt compatible with observational data. Our results show that the line plume model is more appropriate than the cone plume model for simulating the submarine melting of real glaciers in Greenland.
Successful Use of eXtension and Online Training Modules in Mandatory Biennial Volunteer Recertification
Authors: Hein Wendy , White Trisha , Williams Janaleen
Published: January 2017

Quality volunteers are essential to the success of 4-H programs. Although much attention has been paid to the initial orientation of volunteers, additional training is typically optional. Beginning in 2013, our county required all adult volunteers to complete at least one hour of continuing education as part of a biennial recertification process. We used existing resources (“eLearning for Volunteer Orientation”; eXtension webinars).  There was no significant difference in volunteer retention between re-screening and non-re-screening cohorts (p=.855). We collected 166 volunteer ratings of 23 recorded webinars on eXtension. Volunteers gave concrete examples of how they would use the information learned in their volunteer role.
Transformative Leadership: The Camp Counselor Experience
Authors: Femrite Stephanie , Flatt Jenny
Published: January 2017

A study, utilizing focus groups, was conducted with teens serving as camp counselors at the North Central 4-H camp in Missouri.  High school students, 14-18 years old, served as camp counselors during a four-day residential camp the summer of 2014. Each counselor was a current 4-H member and had served as a 4-H camp counselor in Missouri for at least one year, some serving as many as five years. Comparing two training models, evidence was found that intentional training sessions are crucial for the empowerment that leads to transformation.
When ‘el intérprete’ is also the ‘learner’: An Innovative Youth Empowerment Project for Immigrant Youth
Authors: Pirie Alex , Goldstein-Gelb W. , Landaverde Maria , Mistry Jayanthi , Kim Jeewon , Pufall-Jones Elizabeth , Contreras Mariah M.
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we present a Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) project that documented an innovative youth empowerment program at a community based organization. The program at the core of this paper is aimed at strengthening cultural brokering, empowerment, civic engagement, and leadership skills by engaging youth as bilingual interpreters at community events to facilitate the participation of adults with limited English proficiency. Through the research-practice integration reflected in our study, we highlight how immigrant youth, engaged in activities that facilitate reflective thinking about their roles as cultural brokers, can be powerfully supported in navigating across their multiple cultural worlds.
Impacts of a Southern Indiana Summer Camp: Adult Reflections on Childhood Experiences
Authors: Snider Colin L. , Farmer James R.
Published: January 2017

Scholars have well documented the impact on youth of attending a residential summer camp. Quantitative studies, generally consisting of pre/post assessments, have found positive outcomes related to self-esteem, self-efficacy, hard skills, and social skills. We explored the long-term outcomes of the camp experience through adult recollections of the camp experience. Participants’ interviews provided four primary, emergent themes: self growth, affinity for nature, life skills, and relationship. Outcomes appear to stem from camper-counselor relationships and unstructured free time. This study highlights the lifelong benefits of the camp experience and suggests there is utility in collecting adult long-term recollections of childhood memories.
Challenges and Solutions of Higher Education in the Eastern Caribbean States
Authors: Browne Raffie A. , Shen Hong
Published: January 2017

Higher education is considered as one of the most essential factors in influencing societal changes, due to its ability to help formulate good decision making in every sphere of modern society, in businesses, education, politics and science. Higher education over the years has significantly increased, thus given rise to many opportunities for those who pursue it. The Caribbean students, like the rest of the world seek to benefit from higher education, not only for enhanced academic knowledge, but also for socio-economic development.Due to its sluggish development, brittle economy and lack of natural resources the Caribbean region faces many economic challenges in making quality higher education accessible to all of its occupants.The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the challenges of low output of higher education and availability of higher education institutions in the 21st century in the Eastern Caribbean. The study analyzed database of 37 tertiary institutions in the OECS, while using comparative approach to analyze availability and cost for higher education. Results show that factors that are affecting higher education in the region are accessibility, location, quality of education, institutional costs and unemployment of graduates. We found that increased access in higher education has risen tremendously due to accessibility of technology and factors like globalization, integration-networking and traveling cost. This paper suggests that collaborative approach be taken by governments of the region to increase access and funding for higher education through scholarships and grants.
Cross-Mode Comparability of Computer-Based Testing (CBT) Versus Paper-Pencil Based Testing (PPT): An Investigation of Testing Administration Mode among Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners
Authors: Khoshsima Hooshang , Hosseini Monirosadat , Toroujeni Seyyed Morteza Hashemi
Published: January 2017

Advent of technology has caused growing interest in using computers to convert conventional paper and pencil-based testing (Henceforth PPT) into Computer-based testing (Henceforth CBT) in the field of education during last decades. This constant promulgation of computers to reshape the conventional tests into computerized format permeated the language assessment field in recent years. But, enjoying advantages of computers in language assessment raise the concerns of the effects that computerized mode of testing may have on CBT performance. Thus, this study investigated the score comparability of Vocabulary in Use test taken by 30 Iranian undergraduate students studying at a state university located in Chabahar region of Iran (CMU) to see whether scores from two administrations of testing mode were different. Therefore, two similar tests were administered to the male and female participants on two testing mode occasions with four weeks interval. Employing One-Way ANOVA statistical test to compare the mean scores and Pearson Correlation test to find the relationship between mode preference and performance revealed that two sets of scores were not different and gender difference was not also considered a variable that might affect performance on CBT. Based on the results, computerized version of the test can be considered a favorable alternative for the state undergraduate students in Iran.
Use of Evidence-Based Survey Methods to Explore Early Elementary School Teachers’ Approaches to Managing Student Anxiety
Authors: Birnbaum Richard D. , Witmer Sara E. , Carlson John S.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was to describe and explore early elementary school teachers’ practices with regard to addressing student anxiety, focusing on the types of anxiety-reducing strategies they teach in their classes, the level at which they teach them (i.e., on an individual, small group, or whole class level), and the nature of the approach they use (i.e., proactive or reactive). Using a modified version of Tailored Design Methodology (TDM; Dillman, Smyth, & Christian, 2014), survey results (N=190 teacher participants; 64% response rate) indicated that almost two-thirds (66%) of teachers affirmed that student anxiety was impacting their classrooms. Almost all teachers (i.e., 90%) acknowledged teaching multiple anxiety-reducing strategies to their students, contrary to expectations. Survey participants most commonly reported teaching strategies to the whole class, as opposed to teaching strategies to small groups of students or to students on an individual basis. Use of reactive, as opposed to proactive approaches to teaching these strategies were more often reported. Implications are provided for how school personnel can support teachers in using a more proactive approach and ensuring that targeted instruction is available for students with more intensive needs.
Schadebegroting bij een doorberekeningsverweer en een bijgestelde maatstaf voor voordeelstoerekening
Authors: Keirse A.L.M. , van Kogelenberg M.
Published: January 2017

Schadebegroting bij een doorberekeningsverweer en een bijgestelde maatstaf voor voordeelstoerekening

In lijn met Europees schadevergoedingsrecht wendt de Hoge Raad overcompensatie af. In de recente follow-on kartelschadeprocedure TenneT c.s/ABB c.s. maakt de Hoge Raad namelijk de weg vrij voor een consistente toekenning van het zogenoemde passing-on verweer. Daarbij geeft hij te kennen ruimer te zijn gaan denken over het leerstuk van voordeelstoerekening. In deze bijdrage wordt het belang van deze ontwikkelingen voor zowel het mededingingsrecht als het algemene schadevergoedingsrecht geduid.
Rechtskeuzebedingen in consumentenovereenkomsten: spitsroeden lopen
Authors: Spanjaard J.H.M.
Published: January 2017

Rechtskeuzebedingen in consumentenovereenkomsten: spitsroeden lopen

Op 28 juli 2016 besliste het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie in de zaak VKI/Amazon dat een rechtskeuzeclausule in een consumentenovereenkomst oneerlijk is indien de indruk wordt gewekt dat de consument niet terug kan vallen op dwingendrechtelijke bescherming die het recht van zijn woonplaats hem biedt. Dit arrest, de rechtskeuze in internationale overeenkomsten en de ambtshalve toetsing van bedingen in consumentenovereenkomsten worden in deze bijdrage besproken.
Uitzendkrachten inhuren: wanneer wordt goedkoop duurkoop?
Authors: Schutte N.J.
Published: January 2017

Uitzendkrachten inhuren: wanneer wordt goedkoop duurkoop?

De inlenersaansprakelijkheid van art. 34 van de Invorderingswet 1990 is een vrijwel zuivere risicoaansprakelijkheid. Deze wordt ingeroepen als een uitlener van personeel loonbelasting of premies onbetaald laat. Het is voor de inlener lastig en administratief bewerkelijk om afdoende maatregelen te nemen tegen een dergelijke aansprakelijkstelling. Verjaring van het recht tot aansprakelijkstelling vindt maar zelden plaats en ook de disculpatieregeling werkt slechts in uitzonderingsgevallen. Alleen de storting van de loonbelasting- en premiecomponent door de inlener op een geblokkeerde rekening van de uitlener is afdoende. Dit artikel gaat in kort bestek op de meeste problemen in waar de inlener mee te maken kan krijgen.
Vennootschappelijke medezeggenschapsrechten in een grensoverschrijdende inbound fusie
Authors: Pouwer R.L.
Published: January 2017

Vennootschappelijke medezeggenschapsrechten in een grensoverschrijdende inbound fusie. Het toepassingsbereik van art. 2:333k lid 3 onder c BW

Op 1 juli 2015 is art. 2:333k BW gewijzigd. Sinds deze wijziging lijkt krachtens de letterlijke bewoording van art. 2:333k lid 3 onder c BW bij elke grensoverschrijdende inbound fusie het regime van dit artikel te moeten worden toegepast. Ook wanneer bij geen van de fuserende vennootschappen voorafgaand aan de fusie vennootschappelijke medezeggenschap bestaat. In dit artikel zet de auteur op basis van bronnenonderzoek uiteen waarom zij het regime in de hiervoor beschreven situatie niet toepasselijk acht.
Het meten van effecten van de handhaving door de Belastingdienst
Authors: Goslinga Sjoerd , Siglé Maarten , van der Hel Lisette
Published: January 2017

Het meten van effecten van de handhaving door de Belastingdienst

De maatschappij verwacht in toenemende mate dat toezichthouders de effecten van hun toezicht inzichtelijk maken. Dat geldt ook voor de Belastingdienst. Dit artikel bespreekt de theorie en de praktijk van effectmeting in het fiscale domein en levert zo een bijdrage aan de ontwikkeling van effectmeting van het (overheids)toezicht. Vastgesteld wordt dat in de praktijk een aantal uitdagingen het hoofd moet worden geboden wil de Belastingdienst daadwerkelijk tot een integrale effectmeting van het toezicht komen. Dit zijn: het expliciteren van de beleidstheorie, het vinden van de juiste determinanten van compliance, het meten van effecten van preventieve activiteiten, het opzetten van methodologisch verantwoord onderzoek en de organisatorische inbedding van effectmeting.
A DISCOURSE DESCRIPTION OF FOUR FUNDRAISING TEXTS – LINGUISTS MEET PRACTITIONERS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
Authors: Lee Patrick Chi-Wai
Published: January 2017

This exploratory study presents four fund-raising texts for an analysis. Two are written as appeal letters and two as leafl ets. Their purpose of writing is to persuade an audience of Hong Kong residents to donate money for charity organizations. A qualitative approach informed by ethnography is adopted. Interviews with two organizations are conducted and verbal reporting of practitioners is used. In this study, one focus is on the schematic structure of texts and fund-raising texts are recognized as a particular of genre. The ‘Problem-solution discourse pattern’ can be applied to the fund-raising texts even though practitioners did not acknowledge they use any linguistic models. As for the textual moves, ‘situation or problem’ is always placed at the beginning of the text because it is crucial to let readers know what the main theme is. Then there are diff erent combinations of the second move including ‘response, solution or problem’. The fi nal move is always ‘response’ and two meanings of ‘response’ are refi ned to diff erent parameters: (i) tangibility: tangible and virtual solution, (ii) time frame: proposed and reference solution, and (iii) depth of target-achievement: ultimate and specifi c solution. Another focus of this study is on the choice of style. As persuasion of readers to donate is crucial, adding involving devices is to engage readers and make them ‘particular’, which increases the possibility to solicit response successfully. Involvement devices include using you and imperative clauses. Finally, with reference to the issue of whether ‘textual structure tells us the reality’ or ‘the reality creates the structure’, practitioners are not concerned too much with text structure. Practically, the reality to them is embodied in the structure.
RHETORICAL FUNCTIONS OF CITATIONS IN LINGUISTICS RESEARCH ARTICLES: A CONTRASTIVE (ENGLISH-CZECH) STUDY
Authors: Dontcheva-Navratilova Olga
Published: January 2017

This study explores the rhetorical functions of citations in a specialized corpus of linguistics English-medium research articles by Czech and Anglophone scholars. Drawing on the typologies suggested by Thompson and Tribble (2001), Petrić (2007) and Lin, Chen and Chang (2013), the purpose of the investigation is to suggest a revised taxonomy and identify the rhetorical functions of citations in the corpus. The fi ndings of the contrastive analysis of variation in the functions of citations and their distribution across the generic moves of research articles by Anglophone and Czech linguists indicates that there are divergences in the strategies they use to create intertextual connections when attributing knowledge or methods to others, relating their research to the work of others and evaluating previous research. The reasons for these divergences are related to the intended readership and the linguacultural context in which Anglophone and Czech linguists strive to construct their identities as members of the global and/or local academic community.
ANALYZING EFL CLASSROOM TALK DURING CLASS OPENING: TOPIC SHIFT AND NEGOTIATION
Authors: Wanphet Phalangchok
Published: January 2017

This exploratory study, following a conversation analytic (CA) perspective, investigates topic shift in classroom talk during the class opening. The data, which are natural observational, come from three hours of audio-recordings of verbal interaction between four EFL teachers and their students during the class opening at an Asian university. The fi ndings are threefold. First, the EFL teachers’ topic-changing turns are much longer than turns that do not serve the same purpose. Second, the EFL teachers’ topic-changing turns consist of two parts: a) the fi rst part deals with the students’ preceding topic and turns; and b) the second part is intentionally designed to prompt the next topic. Third, discourse markers are placed between the two parts. A close analysis of the EFL teachers’ topic-changing turns suggests that they may make topic shift appear more natural and spontaneous. However, their turns have features that diff erentiate them from those located in mundane talk.
Book Review: Adding Value to Libraries, Archives, and Museums: Harnessing the Force That Drives Your Organization’s Future
Authors: Bartlett Jennifer A.
Published: January 2017

Value in libraries, archives, museums, and other cultural organizations has traditionally been centered on collections and services. Today’s libraries are looking at new ways to make their operations valuable to their patrons. Adding Value is geared toward library managers and administrators focusing on understanding, identifying, planning, and implementing services with an eye toward new definitions of value.
Book Review: Asian American Culture: From Anime to Tiger Moms
Authors: Coder Megan
Published: January 2017

Asian American Culture: From Anime to Tiger Moms is a two-volume reference work that consists of 170 articles discussing many aspects of Asian American culture. Editor Lan Dong has broadly defined Asian American culture “to encompass the historical as well as contemporary cultural practices and productions related to Asian Americans” (xxix).
Book Review: Miracles: An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Supernatural Events from Antiquity to the Present
Authors: Fehrmann Paul
Published: January 2017

We live in a world with incredible diversity, and the stated goal of Miracles: An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Supernatural Events from Antiquity to the Present (MEPPSEAP) is “to approach the concept of miracle from different perspectives” (xvii). Specifically, the editor notes ethnic traditions, geographical locations, periods, writings of theologians and philosophers, and modern science as frameworks that are mined for the material included in this one volume reference resource.
Book Review: Resisting the Holocaust: Upstanders, Partisans, and Survivors
Authors: Laudicina Matthew
Published: January 2017

It is common for researchers of the Holocaust and Holocaust resisters to encounter initial roadblocks when embarking on this journey. Being able to offer scholars, especially those looking to establish a foundation of knowledge on these topics, a reference source that is both approachable for the less experienced researcher, while at the same time provides detailed information and a launch pad to delve deeper into these topics, is an enticing proposition. Resisting the Holocaust: Upstanders, Partisans, and Survivors looks to provide such versatility and value to academic reference collections.
An Exploration of Reading Promotion and Readers’ Advisory at Chinese Public Libraries
Authors: Sun Lili , Xie Jingzhen
Published: January 2017

Reading promotion and readers’ advisory (RA) are key services of the public library. Reading as a concept and an activity has a long history in China. This study is to first have a thorough examination of reading promotion and RA through the literature, and then to focus on exploring the two main research questions: what the current state of RA services is at Chinese public libraries and what Chinese public library users are interested in reading. To conduct the study, 236 libraries at the provincial and municipal levels are chosen as representatives. Some key findings of the study include that Chinese libraries have been paying more and more attention to the importance of reading and reading promotion; a variety of reading promotion activities are being carried out in public libraries nationwide; Chinese librarians are proactive in promoting reading and applying new technologies (e.g., WeChat, Blog and library website) to reach out patrons; nonfiction reading is still considered vital in Chinese culture. This study suggests more can be done to improve the service than providing new titles on the library website which is currently the main reading promotion activity online. Libraries should more actively provide RA services (e.g., writing book reviews and developing RA software) and consider introducing formal RA services to user services to overcome the weakness of inadequacy of explicit RA.
Characterization of adipose tissue macrophages and adipose-derived stem cells in critical wounds
Authors: Kim Bong-Sung , Tilstam Pathricia V. , Springenberg-Jung Katrin , Boecker Arne Hendrick , Schmitz Corinna , Heinrichs Daniel , Hwang Soo Seok , Stromps Jan Philipp , Ganse Bergita , Kopp Ruedger , Knobe Matthias , Bernhagen Juergen , Pallua Norbert , Bucala Richard
Published: January 2017

Background

Subcutaneous adipose tissue is a rich source of adipose tissue macrophages and adipose-derived stem cells which both play a key role in wound repair. While macrophages can be divided into the classically-activated M1 and the alternatively-activated M2 phenotype, ASCs are characterized by the expression of specific stem cell markers.

Methods

In the present study, we have investigated the expression of common macrophage polarization and stem cell markers in acutely inflamed adipose tissue. Subcutaneous adipose tissue adjacent to acutely inflamed wounds of 20 patients and 20 healthy subjects were harvested and underwent qPCR and flow cytometry analysis.

Results

Expression levels of the M1-specific markers CD80, iNOS, and IL-1b were significantly elevated in inflammatory adipose tissue when compared to healthy adipose tissue, whereas the M2-specific markers CD163 and TGF-βwere decreased. By flow cytometry, a significant shift of adipose tissue macrophage populations towards the M1 phenotype was confirmed. Furthermore, a decrease in the mesenchymal stem cell markers CD29, CD34, and CD105 was observed whereas CD73 and CD90 remained unchanged.

Discussion

This is the first report describing the predominance of M1 adipose tissue macrophages and the reduction of stem cell marker expression in acutely inflamed, non-healing wounds.
Resistance to starvation of first-stage juveniles of the Caribbean spiny lobster
Authors: Espinosa-Magaña Alí , Lozano-Álvarez Enrique , Briones-Fourzán Patricia
Published: January 2017

The non-feeding postlarva (puerulus) of spiny lobsters actively swims from the open ocean to the coastal habitats where it settles and molts to the first-stage juvenile (JI). Because pueruli use much of their energy reserves swimming and preparing for the post-settlement molt, the survival of JIs presumably depends on resuming feeding as soon as possible. To test this hypothesis, the resistance to starvation of JIs of the Caribbean spiny lobster,Panulirus argus, was evaluated by measuring their point-of-no-return (PNR, minimum time of initial starvation preventing recovery after later feeding) and point-of-reserve-saturation (PRS, minimum time of initial feeding allowing for food-independent development through the rest of the molting cycle) in a warm and a cold season. Each experiment consisted of eight groups: a continuously fed control (FC) group, a continuously starved control (SC) group, and six groups subjected to differential periods of either initial starvation and subsequent feeding (PNR experiments) or initial feeding and subsequent starvation (PSR experiments). No JIs molted under continuous absence of food (SC). In both PNR experiments (temperature in warm season: 29.79 ± 0.07°C, mean ± 95% CI; in cold season: 25.63 ± 0.12°C) mortality increased sharply after 9 d of initial starvation and intermolt periods increased with period of initial starvation, but were longer in the cold season. The PNR50was longer in the warm season (12.1 ± 1.2 d, mean ± 95% CI) than in the cold season (9.5 ± 2.1 d). In PRS experiments (temperature in warm season: 29.54 ± 0.07 °C; in cold season: 26.20 ± 0.12 °C), JIs that molted did so near the end of the feeding period; all JIs initially fed for up to 6 d succumbed, and no JIs molted after 13 d of starvation despite having fed previously. The PRS50did not differ between the cold (13.1 ± 0.7 d) and warm seasons (12.1 ± 1.1 d). JIs ofP. argusexhibit a remarkable resistance to starvation considering that the previous non-feeding, energy-demanding puerulus phase lasts for ∼3 weeks. However, JIs appear to have a relatively higher degree of dependence on food to complete development to JII during the cold season than during the warm season. Therefore, JIs ofP. arguswould appear to be more resistant to starvation during the warm season.
Soil moisture background error covariance and data assimilation in a coupled land‐atmosphere model
Authors: Lin Liao‐Fan , Ebtehaj Ardeshir M. , Wang Jingfeng , Bras Rafael L.
Published: January 2017

This study characterizes the space‐time structure of soil moisture background error covariance and paves the way for the development of a soil moisture variational data assimilation system for the Noah land surface model coupled to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The soil moisture background error covariance over the contiguous United States exhibits strong seasonal and regional variability with the largest values occurring in the uppermost soil layer during the summer. Large background error biases were identified, particularly over the southeastern United States, caused mainly by the discrepancy between the WRF‐Noah simulations and the initial conditions derived from the used operational global analysis data set. The assimilation of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) soil moisture data notably reduces the error of soil moisture simulations. On average, data assimilation with space‐time varying background error covariance results in 33% and 35% reduction in the root‐mean‐square error and the mean absolute error, respectively, in the simulation of hourly top 10 cm soil moisture, mainly due to implicit reductions in soil moisture biases. In terms of correlation, the improvement in soil moisture simulations is also observed but less notable, indicating the limitation of coarse‐scale soil moisture data assimilation in capturing fine‐scale soil moisture variation. In addition, soil moisture data assimilation improves the simulations of latent heat fluxes but shows a marginal impact on the simulations of sensible latent heat fluxes and precipitation.
Atomic Insights into the Enhanced Surface Stability in High Voltage Cathode Materials by Ultrathin Coating
Authors: Fang Xin , Lin Feng , Nordlund Dennis , Mecklenburg Matthew , Ge Mingyuan , Rong Jiepeng , Zhang Anyi , Shen Chenfei , Liu Yihang , Cao Yu , Doeff Marca M. , Zhou Chongwu
Published: January 2017

Surface properties of electrode materials play a critical role in the function of batteries. Therefore, surface modifications, such as coatings, have been widely used to improve battery performance. Understanding how these coatings function to improve battery performance is crucial for both scientific research and applications. In this study the electrochemical performance of coated and uncoated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) electrodes is correlated with ensemble‐averaged soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and spatially resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy‐electron energy loss spectroscopy (STEM‐EELS) to illustrate the mechanism of how ultrathin layer Al2O3 coatings improve the cycle life of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. Mn2+ evolution on the surface is clearly observed in the uncoated sample, which results from the reaction between the electrolytic solution and the surfaces of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 particles, and also possibly atomic structure reconstructions and oxygen loss from the surface region in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. The coating effectively suppresses Mn2+ evolution and improves the battery performance by decelerating the impedance buildup from the surface passivation. This study demonstrates the importance of combining ensemble‐averaged techniques (e.g., XAS) with localized techniques (e.g., STEM‐EELS), as the latter may yield unrepresentative information due to the limited number of studied particles, and sheds light on the design of future coating processes and materials.
Additive Manufacturing of Metal Structures at the Micrometer Scale
Authors: Hirt Luca , Reiser Alain , Spolenak Ralph , Zambelli Tomaso
Published: January 2017

Currently, the focus of additive manufacturing (AM) is shifting from simple prototyping to actual production. One driving factor of this process is the ability of AM to build geometries that are not accessible by subtractive fabrication techniques. While these techniques often call for a geometry that is easiest to manufacture, AM enables the geometry required for best performance to be built by freeing the design process from restrictions imposed by traditional machining. At the micrometer scale, the design limitations of standard fabrication techniques are even more severe. Microscale AM thus holds great potential, as confirmed by the rapid success of commercial micro‐stereolithography tools as an enabling technology for a broad range of scientific applications. For metals, however, there is still no established AM solution at small scales. To tackle the limited resolution of standard metal AM methods (a few tens of micrometers at best), various new techniques aimed at the micrometer scale and below are presently under development. Here, we review these recent efforts. Specifically, we feature the techniques of direct ink writing, electrohydrodynamic printing, laser‐assisted electrophoretic deposition, laser‐induced forward transfer, local electroplating methods, laser‐induced photoreduction and focused electron or ion beam induced deposition. Although these methods have proven to facilitate the AM of metals with feature sizes in the range of 0.1–10 µm, they are still in a prototype stage and their potential is not fully explored yet. For instance, comprehensive studies of material availability and material properties are often lacking, yet compulsory for actual applications. We address these items while critically discussing and comparing the potential of current microscale metal AM techniques.
Synthesis of Trisubstituted Pyridines via Chemoselective Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of 3,5‐ and 4,6‐Dibromo‐2‐tosyloxypyridines
Authors: Park Cho‐Hee , Kwon Yong‐Ju , Oh In‐Young , Kim Won‐Suk
Published: January 2017

Chemoselective Suzuki–Miyaura reactions on 3,5‐ and 4,6‐dibromo‐2‐tosyloxypyridines have been studied for the preparation of trisubstituted pyridines. The optimized conditions allow for a facile access to 3,5‐ and 4,6‐diaryl‐2‐tosyloxypyridines in yields of 8 to 99%. Further functionalization such as palladium‐catalyzed amination and copper‐free Sonogashira reaction of the tosylate group in the diarylpyridine derivatives obtained was accomplished for the synthesis of novel and biologically relevant trisubstituted pyridines. The formal synthesis of ficuseptine, a bioactive alkaloid, has also been achieved via the palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of 3,5‐dibromo‐2‐tosyloxypyridine in 5 steps from 3,5‐dibromo‐2‐hydroxypyridine with 50% overall yield.

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Ferroelectric‐Gated Two‐Dimensional‐Material‐Based Electron Devices
Authors: Zhou Changjian , Chai Yang
Published: January 2017

Two‐dimensional (2D) materials have the potential to extend state‐of‐the‐art semiconductor technology to sub‐nanometer scales and have inspired numerous research efforts exploring novel device structures. The key elements of electron devices, including low‐resistance contacts and reliable gate dielectrics, have to be optimized to complete a functional device. This review highlights recent studies on the integration of ferroelectrics with 2D materials to implement 2D electron devices. The high polarization field and ultra‐high dielectric constants of ferroelectric materials enable versatile carrier tuning in 2D materials. Various novel device structures and functionalities are enabled with the integration of ferroelectrics and 2D materials. Representative examples, including ferroelectric‐gated 2D memory devices, low‐power field‐effect transistors enabled by high‐k ferroelectrics and negative capacitance effect, and optothermal and photoelectronic devices, are reviewed. Current developments and remaining challenges in ferroelectric‐gated 2D electron devices are discussed.
Template Removal via Boudouard Equilibrium Allows for Synthesis of Mesostructured Molybdenum Compounds
Authors: Schieder Martin , Bojer Carina , vom Stein Julia , Koch Sebastian , Martin Thomas , Schmalz Holger , Breu Josef , Lunkenbein Thomas
Published: January 2017

Oxidative thermal removal of the polymeric templates is not trivial for molybdenum oxides and hampers mesostructuring of this material. At ambient oxygen fugacity, MoVI is the thermodynamically stable oxidation state and sublimation of MoO3 leads to a quick loss of the mesostructure through Oswald ripening. Taking advantage of the Boudouard equilibrium allows to fix the oxygen fugacity at a level where non‐volatile MoO2−x is stable while carbonaceous material may be oxidized by CO2. Mesostructured MoO2−x can be chemically converted into MoO3 or MoN under retention of the mesostructure.
Increasing Women's Parliamentary Representation in Asia and the Pacific: The Indonesian Experience
Authors: Hillman Ben
Published: January 2017

In recent years, governments across Asia and the Pacific have adopted gender quotas to increase women's representation in parliament. In 2003, Indonesia introduced a 30% gender quota that, over two election cycles, contributed to an increase in women's share of seats in the national parliament from 9 per cent to 18 per cent. In the most recent (2014) elections, despite stronger enforcement of the quota provisions, expansive civil society‐led efforts to support women candidates and favourable press coverage, the percentage of women elected to the national parliament declined. This article examines the evolving political context in which the gender quota operates to argue that common support programs designed to maximize the gender quota's impact on women's representation are insufficiently targeted at major obstacles. Findings will be of interest to lawmakers and public sector professionals working to advance gender equity and to students of democratization, representation and gender politics.
A Bioluminogenic Probe for Monitoring Tyrosinase Activity
Authors: Wang Jianguang , Lee Tae Sup , Zhang Zhe , Tung Ching‐Hsuan
Published: January 2017

A bioluminogenic probe based on luciferin was designed and synthesized to monitor tyrosinase activity. This probe was efficient in assessing tyrosinase activity in a buffered aqueous solution and in measuring endogenous tyrosinase activity in melanoma cells.
Mitochondria in complex psychiatric disorders: Lessons from mouse models of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Devaraju Prakash , Zakharenko Stanislav S.
Published: January 2017

Mitochondrial ATP synthesis, calcium buffering, and trafficking affect neuronal function and survival. Several genes implicated in mitochondrial functions map within the genomic region associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), which is a key genetic cause of neuropsychiatric diseases. Although neuropsychiatric diseases impose a serious health and economic burden, their etiology and pathogenesis remain largely unknown because of the dearth of valid animal models and the challenges in investigating the pathophysiology in neuronal circuits. Mouse models of 22q11DS are becoming valid tools for studying human psychiatric diseases, because they have hemizygous deletions of the genes that are deleted in patients and exhibit neuronal and behavioral abnormalities consistent with neuropsychiatric disease. The deletion of some 22q11DS genes implicated in mitochondrial function leads to abnormal neuronal and synaptic function. Herein, we summarize recent findings on mitochondrial dysfunction in 22q11DS and extend those findings to the larger context of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric diseases.
The Optical Behavior of VO2 Film Modulated by the Morphology and Preferred Growing Axis
Authors: Hong Seong‐Cheol , Lee Myeongsoon , Kim Don
Published: January 2017

We have prepared a smart VO2
film on a sapphire (0001) substrate by a direct thermal treat of a mixture of polyvinylpyrrolidone and VOCl2
solution at 803 K under an inert condition. The optical characteristics of the film near the phase transition temperature could be controlled by the surface morphology (mainly particle size) and preferred growing crystal axis of the film. The surface morphology and the preferred axis were related to the thickness of the VO2
film. The optical properties of the films could be grouped by three types: S‐, M‐ and L‐type. The S‐type film, a brown colored thin film (~0.3 µm in thickness), which consists of small VO2
particles (< ~0.3 µm in diameter) and highly oriented to the preferred growing orientation (020), cut off infrared (IR) radiation at the high‐temperature (high‐T: above the transition temperature) phase and passes IR at the low‐temperature (low‐T: below transition temperature) phase. The transmission gap at 1550 nm between the low‐T and high‐T phases of the S‐type film was ~25%. The transition phenomena also observed in dc electrical resistance measurement at the same transition temperatures;
T
H
= ~340 K, observed in the heating process, and
T
C
= ~334 K, observed in the cooling process. However, M‐ and L‐type films, thicker and more isotropic than S‐type, have different optical behavior. Other physicochemical properties of the films were investigated to unveil the phase transition.