bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fonctions de vote et prévisions électorales, une application à la présidentielle française de 2007
Authors: Jérôme Bruno , Jérôme-Speziari Véronique
Published: March 2010

Résumé.Prévoir le vote en tant que révélation des préférences des citoyens dans les choix collectifs permet d'évaluer les chances de succès des sortants ou de l'opposition et d'anticiper les politiques publiques futures. Dans cet article, nous donnons une prévision de l'élection présidentielle de 2007 en France à partir d'une fonction de vote mobilisant les apports de la théorie des choix publics et de la science politique des comportements électoraux. Les prévisions générées au niveau territorial sont plus pertinentes pour le second tour que pour le premier tour. Nous offrons quelques éléments d'explication et des pistes d'amélioration pour 2012.

Abstract.Forecasting votes understood as citizens revealed preferences in collective choices allow to evaluate electoral success opportunities both for incumbents and opposition and to anticipate future public policies. In this paper, we provide forecasts for the 2007 French presidential election gathering contributions from Public Choice theory and Political science dealing with electoral behaviors. Forecasts generated at a sub-national level exhibit more accuracy at the second round than at the first one. We propose some explanation and improvements for 2012.
“[P]lus qu'une vague idée”? Éric Monpetit sur “l'espace qu'offre actuellement le système fédéral canadien” et sa régénération pratique
Authors: Socqué Sébastien
Published: March 2010

Éric Montpetit: Le fédéralisme d'ouverture. La recherche d'une légitimité canadienne au Québec. Septentrion, Sillery, 2007, 138 pages
V. Milner's Entry into the War Cabinet, December 1916
Authors: Lockwood P. A.
Published: March 2010

Milner's entry into the War Cabinet in December 1916 is generally treated as one of the most surprising events of the whole strange crisis. Lord Beaverbrook found it ‘most startling’, and believed Milner to be ‘as much surprised as anyone…’. Beaverbrook's account of the events which brought about the downfall of Asquith has never been seriously challenged, but, as Lloyd George pointed out, it is a story told from his own and Bonar Law's point of view; it is an intimate view of the crisis, but a narrow one. And when it came time to make the appointments to the new government Beaverbook found himself ‘translated to the extreme circumference’. Naturally, then, Milner's promotion would appear ‘most startling’. But Milner was neither surprised nor startled: ‘My own disposition is strongly against being in the Government at all’, Milner wrote to Lady Edward Cecil on the evening of Friday, 8 December, ‘most strongly against being in it unless I am part of the Supreme Direction.’ A few hours later he was part of the ‘Supreme Direction’.
V. British Policy in the Balkans, 1908-9
Authors: Cooper M. B.
Published: March 2010

Britain acted as a principal arbitrator of the Eastern Question throughout the nineteenth century. During the 1890's, however, Britain lost this position owing to diplomatic isolation, the hostility of the Sultan of Turkey—who had found a new ally in Germany—and an equal hostility to the Sultan in Britain, where he was regarded as a brutal oriental despot presiding over an empire in the last stages of decay. The immediate cause of Britain's loss of status in Turkey was her failure to provide vigorous support to Sultan Abdul Hamid in the critical period following the Congress of Berlin. Turkey was bankrupt, but the Sultan's appeal for a loan met with no response in Britain; Turkey's European provinces were on the verge of slipping out of the Sultan's control but Britain refused to extend the terms of the Cyprus Convention (which guaranteed the Sultan's dominions in Asia Minor) to cover the more turbulent Balkans. The Convention itself had an alienating effect, since the guarantee was dependent upon the introduction of administrative reforms in Asia Minor under the direction of British military consuls. Britain's insistence on the application of this provision aroused the suspicion that she was actually seeking political control over this area. Turkey's loss of confidence in Britain, however, had deeper roots. ‘Many Muslims believed that Britain had deserted Turkey in the hour of need, that her protection of Islam was disproved by her war with Afghanistan, that her desire for the integrity of the Ottoman Empire was shown to be a pretence by the occupation of Cyprus, and that her power to rule provinces properly was doubtful after her failures in Egypt.’ In fact as early as 1879 Britain had lost the special position which she had held in Turkey for nearly half a century; and thereafter her prestige diminished rapidly, especially after the strong public reaction to the Armenian massacres of 1894-95.
Conservative governments and the restriction of Commonwealth immigration in the 1950s: the problems of constraint
Authors: Dean D. W.
Published: March 2010

The article seeks to establish the reasons why Conservative governments in the 1950s decided not to proceed with legislation to restrict immigration from the Commonwealth in the 1950s. It is thus particularly concerned with the debates about proposals that were put before the Eden cabinet in 1955 and the subsequent postponement of any decision to take action.

The various constraints such as the need to placate opinion in the African and West Indian colonies, a strong desire to present an enlightened view of conservatism at home and abroad and uncertainties about possible reactions which could be exploited by their Labour opponents, are examined. It is argued that these factors outweighed the arguments of senior figures in government urging a speedy response to pressures building up for restrictions within the parliamentary backbenches and in a number of constituencies. The significance of the race riots that took place in Nottingham and the Notting Hill district of London are discussed.

The article concludes that many of the factors which had contributed to a delay in imposing restrictions were seen, at the beginning of the 1960s, to possess less relevance than in the previous decade. This paved the way to the passage of the Commonwealth Immigration Act in 1962 which finally ended unrestricted entry.
The Cromwellian Protectorate and the languages of empire
Authors: Armitage David
Published: March 2010

This article recovers some of the classical, constitutional, and religious languages of empire in early-modern Britain by a consideration of the period between the end of the first Anglo-Dutch war in 1654 and the calling of the second Protecloral Parliament in 1656. It examines in particular the strategic and political motivationsfor CromweWs ‘western design’ against the Spanish possessions in the Caribbean and presents the response to thefailure of the design and the oppositiorud literature published around the second Protectoral Parliament as the immediate context for the publication of James Harrington's Oceana (1656). It is argued that Harrington's Machiavellian meditation on imperialism is intended as a critique of the expansion of the British republic, so placing Harrington more firmly within the oppositiorud bloc of the late Protectorate. A concluding section details the recovery of this moment of historical argument in the heat of the opposition to Sir Robert Walpole during the early stages of Anglo-Spanish hostility in 1738—9, and leads to some wider refUctions both on the ideological uses of history in the aeation of the British empire and on the centrality of the languages of empire to an understanding of Anglo-American intellectual history up to the late eighteenth century.
Reforming Irish manners: the religious societies in Dublin during the 1690s
Authors: Barnard T.C.
Published: March 2010

This article considers how and why the campaign to reform manners spread from England to Ireland in the 1690s. Together with the links and resemblances between the English and Irish campaigns, the distinctive aspects of the latter are discussed. Important to the Irish activity were the shock of the catholic revanche of 1685–90; the powerful tradition of providential explanation for the recurrent crises; the tense and increasingly competitive relations between the Church of Ireland and the Presbyterians; the rapid growth of Dublin (the main centre for reforming activity) and its attendant social and economic difficulties; and the sense of cultural difference between protestants and catholics. The campaign included an assault on heterodox ideas, notably those of Toland and Molesworth, and paralleled the retributive measures taken against the Irish catholics in the same period.
On condensation-induced waves
Authors: CHENG WAN , LUO XISHENG , van DONGEN M. E. H.
Published: March 2010

Complex wave patterns caused by unsteady heat release due to cloud formation in confined compressible flows are discussed. Two detailed numerical studies of condensation-induced waves are carried out. First, the response of a flow of nitrogen in a slender Laval nozzle to a sudden addition of water vapour at the nozzle entrance is considered. Condensation occurs just downstream of the nozzle throat, which initially leads to upstream- and downstream-moving shocks and an expansion fan downstream of the condensation front. Then, the flow becomes oscillatory and the expansion fan disappears, while upstream and much weaker downstream shocks are repeatedly generated. For a lower initial humidity, only a downstream starting shock is formed and a steady flow is established. Second, homogeneous condensation in an unsteady expansion fan in humid nitrogen is considered. In the initial phase, two condensation-induced shocks are found, moving upstream and downstream. The upstream-moving shock changes the shape of the expansion fan and has a strong influence on the condensation process itself. It is even quenching the nucleation process locally, which leads to a renewed condensation process more downstream. This process is repeated with asymptotically decreasing strength. The repeated interaction of the condensation-induced shocks with the main expansion wave leads to a distortion of the expansion wave towards its shape that can be expected on the basis of phase equilibrium, i.e. a self-similar wave structure consisting of dry part, a plateau of constant state and a wet part. The strengths of the condensation-induced waves, as well for the Laval nozzle flow as for the expansion fan, appear to be in qualitative agreement with the results from the analytical Rayleigh–Bartlmä model.
Linear instability of two-fluid Taylor–Couette flow in the presence of surfactant
Authors: PENG JIE , ZHU KE-QIN
Published: March 2010

The effect of an insoluble surfactant on the centrifugal and shear instability of a pair of radially stratified immiscible liquids in the annular gap between concentric two-fluid Taylor–Couette flow is investigated by a normal-mode linear analysis and complementary energy analysis. The interface is assumed to be concentric with the cylinders. The gravitational effects are ignored. Influences of density and viscosity stratification, surface tension, surfactant concentration distribution and Taylor–Couette shearing are considered comprehensively. The instability characteristics due to competition and interaction between various physical instability mechanisms are of principal concern. Neutral curves with upper and lower branches in the Reynolds number (Re1)/axial wavenumber (k) plane are obtained. A window of parameters is identified in which the flow is linearly stable. The Marangoni traction force caused by the gradient of surfactant concentration stabilizes the axisymmetric perturbations but initiates an instability corresponding to non-axisymmetric modes in the presence of basic Couette shearing flow. Co-rotation of the outer cylinder has a stabilizing effect in expanding the stable region, which dwindles in the counter-rotation situation.
The occurrence and significance to animal health ofLeptospira, Mycobacterium, Escherichia coli, Brucella abortusandBacillus anthracisin sewage and sewage sludges
Authors: Jones P. W. , Rennison Lynne M. , Matthews P. R. J. , Collins P. , Brown Anne
Published: March 2010

Samples of sewage, sewage sludge and sewage effluent from one or more of four sewage treatment plants were examined for the presence ofLeptospira, Mycobacterium, Escherichia coli, Brucella abortusandBacillus anthracis. Brucella abortusandBacillus anthraciswere not isolated. Eleven strains ofE. colipotentially enteropathogenic for calves or piglets, eight pathogenic strains ofMycobacteriumand one pathogenicLeptospirastrain were isolated from 101, 189 and 189 samples respectively.

Sewage sludge is not considered to play a major part in the epidemiology of disease caused by these organisms.
Seagulls (Larus spp.) as vectors of salmonellae: an investigation into the range of serotypes and numbers of salmonellae in gull faeces
Authors: Fenlon D. R.
Published: March 2010

Of 1242 samples of seagulls faeces examined, 12·9% were found to contain salmonellae. The number of positive samples was significantly higher (17–21%) near sewage outfalls. Twenty-seven serotypes were isolated, including a new serotype named Salmonella grampian. The range and frequency of serotypes carried by gulls was similar to those in the human population, suggesting sewage as a possible source of gull infection.

The number of salmonellae found in positive samples was low (0·18−191 g−1 faeces). This was similar to the numbers found in sewage, 10−80 l−1, suggesting gulls may only carry infected material without infecting themselves. Antibiotic resistance in the isolates was low, only 21 showing resistance to the antibiotics tested, although most of these were determined by resistance transfer plasmids.
Factors influencing the establishment and spread of R-plasmids in an experimental model of urinary tract infection
Authors: Snowsill Laureen , Towner K. J. , Lewis M. J.
Published: March 2010

An experimental model simulating infection of the urinary tract was used to investigate factors influencing the transfer of plasmid-mediated drug resistance in the human bladder in the absence of antibiotic therapy. When a small number of cells carrying plasmid-mediated drug resistance was added to an established population of sensitive cells, it was found that varying the physical conditions of the bladder model had no significant effect on the spread of the plasmid and, under all conditions used, exponential spread of the plasmid through the originally sensitive population occurred. When the initial donor cells were killed shortly after addition to the model, exponential transfer of resistance amongst the established sensitive population still occurred. Thus, even in the absence of antibiotic therapy, only a small number of initial transfer events was required for a fully resistant population to be developed. This was true of both actively multiplying and early stationary phase cultures. An initially greater proportion of resistant cells, or the use of an antimicrobial agent to which some of the cells are resistant, would ensure that this process occurred more rapidly.
Serological studies in two outbreaks of Campylobacter jejuni infection
Authors: Jones D. M. , Robinson D. A. , Eldridge J.
Published: March 2010

Two outbreaks of campylobacter enteritis in residential student populations are described. In the first outbreak, 34 of 240 students in one hall of residence became ill over the course of 4 or 5 days. A single serotype of C. jejuni was isolated from samples of faeces. Sera collected demonstrated that the students had little pre-existing antibody and antibody responses were demonstrated in those who were infected. About 30% of students with serological evidence for infection with C. jejuni did not have gastro-intestinal symptoms.

In the second outbreak, 77 of 300 agricultural students developed symptoms over a period of 3 weeks. Unpasteurized milk was the source of infection. Two serotypes of C. jejuni were isolated from faeces. Antibody responses were detected to both these serotypes and to another serotype, suggesting the presence of at least 3 serotypes in the milk. Bactericidal antibody consistent with recent infection was found in all students with symptoms and in 63% of students in the absence of symptoms, indicating the possible development of immunity. The high prevalence of antibody in these students was correlated with the habitual consumption of unpasteurized milk.
Trials of the anticoagulant rodenticides bromadiolone and difenacoum against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Plant C. J. , Bradfield A.
Published: March 2010

Laboratory and field trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of the anticoagulant rodenticide bromadiolone against the house mouse (Mus musculus). In laboratory feeding tests, family groups of warfarin-resistant mice maintained in pens and conditioned to feeding on plain foods were offered pinhead oatmeal bait containing bromadiolone at 0·005%. Overall mortality in replicated 21-day poison treatments was 55/58 or 94·8%. Six field trials were carried out, using the same poison bait, against mice infesting farm buildings. Treatment success, estimated from the results of census baitings conducted before and after treatment, ranged between 60·4% and 100%, mean 92·4%. In equivalent field trials using difenacoum, another newly developed anticoagulant rodenticide, the control achieved ranged between 70·2% and 100%, mean 96·0%.

Five field trials, three involving bromadiolone and two difenacoum, were not completely successful and the surviving mice were removed for laboratory examination. In 21-day toxicity tests, each animal was fed the poison bait offered to it earlier in the field. Bromadiolone and difenacoum gave kills of 12/21 (57·1%) and 9/11 (81·8%) respectively. The possible emergence of mouse populations resistant to these anticoagulants is considered.
A Five-Year Study of Influenza in Families Joint Public Health Laboratory Service/Royal College of General Practitioners Working Group
Authors: Mann P. G. , Pereira M. S. , Smith J. W. G. , Hart R. J. C. , Williams W. O. , Dunhill B.
Published: March 2010

A five year collaborative study of influenza in volunteer families from 1973–78 covered a period in which there were outbreaks every year but no major epidemics of influenza. Volunteers over the age of 15 years were bled before and after each of the five winters, and virus isolation was attempted from as many as possible when they reported episodes of illness. Children under 15 in the volunteer families were also swabbed when they were ill. Although most families experienced one or more attacks by influenza viruses, there was little transmission within families.
Is a bed centre in a hospital a hygienic hazard?
Authors: Hambraeus A. , Malmborg A.-S.
Published: March 2010

The contamination of linen and air in a bed centre, supply station and ward were compared, as well as the contamination of gowns used by the staff working in the ‘clean’ and the ‘dirty’ rooms of the bed-centre. The contamination of linen and air was low and there was no significant difference between the tested areas. The contamination on gowns used by the staff working in the ‘dirty’ room was significantly higher than that on gowns used by the staff working in the ‘clean’ room. This stresses the importance of dividing a bed centre into ‘clean’ and ‘dirty’ rooms. So organized, a bed centre does not seem to be a hygienic hazard.
The production of monoclonal antibodies to rubella haemagglutinin and their use in antibody-capture assays for rubella-specific IgM
Authors: Tedder R. S. , Yao J. L. , Anderson M. J.
Published: March 2010

Mice were immunized by three intraperitoneal and one intravenous injection of rubella haemagglutinin. Splenocytes from these mice were fused with the cells of a syngeneic myeloma cell line, and following culture for various periods of time, single-cell clones were derived by the technique of limiting dilution.

A total of 139 clones were derived from 13 parent hybrid cultures. To date, four of these cloned cultures have been propagated as ascitic tumours in mice. The preparation of IgG from ascitic fluid and labelling of this antibody with 125I is described. Results indicate that the use of labelled monoclonal antibodies as indicator reagents in solid-phase IgM antibody capture assays for the detection of rubella-specific IgM results in enhanced performance of these tests.
The biotyping ofEscherichia coliisolated from healthy farm animals
Authors: Hinton M. , Allen Vivien , Linton A. H.
Published: March 2010

A total of 2973Escherichia coli, isolated from six different groups of animals, were examined for their ability to ferment adonitol, dulcitol, raffinose, rhamnose and sorbose in solid media. Twenty-nine fermentation patterns were recorded although 2443 (82%) of theE. colibelonged to seven of the 32 possible biotypes. Ninety-six O-serotypes were identified within the 2973E. coli.The number of O-serotypes represented in the 15 most common biotypes ranged from three to 15. Sero types O8 and O9 were found most commonly in the different groups of animals and several biotypes amongst these two O-serotypes were identified in two or more groups of the animals. The ability of theE. colito metabolize aesculin, ornithine, salicin and sucrose was also assessed. These tests proved less reproducible and were not included in the primary biotyping scheme although their use allowed the enumeration of additional biotypes. The application of biotyping to the study of the ecology of drug-resistant strains ofE. coliin five situations is briefly presented.
The role of interferon in the NK cell killing of virus-infected target cells
Authors: Anderson M. J.
Published: March 2010

Spleen cells from uninfected CBA mice are more cytotoxic for Sendai virus-infected L929 cells than for uninfected cells and the lymphocytes responsible have the properties of NK cells. Preincubation of spleen cells with culture supernatants from Sendai virus-infected L929 cells increases the cytotoxicity for uninfected target cells. This increase in cytotoxicity can also be produced by pretreatment with purified mouse interferon. The enhancing effect of both the infected culture supernatants and purified interferon can be neutralized with anti-interferon serum. It is concluded that the preferential killing of Sendai virus-infected L929 cells by NK cells is dependent on the induction of interferon and that interferon will increase NK cell cytotoxicity for uninfected target cells.
Friends of British Music
Authors: Wright Kenneth A.
Published: March 2010

The inclusion in TEMPO of a column under the above heading is a sign of the times. It affords, too, a happy opportunity for the expression of the various points of view of those who, in one way or another, are all actively interested in fostering new music, but approach it not unnaturally from their individual directions.
The story behind my El Salón México
Authors: Copland Aaron
Published: March 2010

If you have ever been to Mexico you probably know why a composer should want to write a piece of music about it. Nevertheless, I must admit that it came as something of a surprise when I left Mexico in 1932, after a first visit, to find myself with exactly that idea firmly implanted in my mind. It isn't as if I had never been away from home before. I had done my share of wandering about, and had even ventured as far as old Fez in Morocco without bringing back any musical souvenirs. But there must have been something different about Mexico. Or perhaps it wasn't just Mexico—perhaps my piece might never have been written if it hadn't been for the existence of the Salón México.
Music in the Open Air
Authors: Hawkes Ralph
Published: March 2010

Much is written and spoken to-day concerning the popularity of concerts. In this connection, ‘concerts’ usually refers to serious orchestral programmes, although a similar measure of success is attendant on musical entertainments of every description, whether for industrial workers, the Forces, or the public at large. This boom in the English musical world is certainly without precedent.
Dame Ethel Smyth
Authors: Hull Robin
Published: March 2010

It is a striking paradox that Ethel Smyth's music, though strongly wrought, demands for its true effect an exceptional care in performance. Indifferent playing of her more robust pages can make them sound both tedious and heavy-fisted; a first-rate interpretation of the Mass in D, so memorable under Sir Adrian Boult, can give likelihood to the fantasy that Beethoven respected her sufficiently to raise his hat. Her delight at that greeting would have been mingled with surprise. Despite her sturdy and justifiable belief that she had something worth-while to say, backed up by a pertinacity which had to be experienced to be believed, Ethel Smyth judged shrewdly the distance separating her from ‘great’ composers, and even in tribute this judgment must be upheld. It is quite a different thing to claim, nor ought one to claim less, that her best works contain qualities of undeniable greatness.
Introducing: Arnold van Wyk
Authors: Ferguson Howard
Published: March 2010

It might at first seem difficult to appraise the work of a composer when only five of his compositions are available for discussion. But the difficulty begins to disappear when we find that these compositions differ widely in medium and scope, and are by no means the composer's first.
John Ireland's Fantasy-Sonata for Clarinet and Pianoforte
Authors: Goddard Scott
Published: March 2010

It may be objected that the title contains a contradiction in terms. For how is it that a movement can be at once a fantasy whose essence is that of a free design drawn according to the whim of the composer, and a sonata which is essentially a formal construction on lines laid down by authority and held by tradition? The fantasy submits to no authority other than that of each individual composer, an authority therefore of mere personal preference having so little status beyond the confines of a single work as to lack the accepted attributes of authority. Tradition the fantasy has, going back to the fantasia or in this country to the Tudor fancy; it is a tradition of free-thinking, regulated by no rigid formalities of construction, the result of individual thought-processes which have to impose themselves on the listener through an inherent rightness and cogency. Yet this is also the very essence of symphonic writing, this ability to think cogently and so compel the listener first to compliance and thence to understanding. And since the fantasy possesses this as its main characteristic it at once comes in contact with symphony and sonata.
Covent Garden—A New Venture
Authors: Boosey Leslie A.
Published: March 2010

The news that Boosey & Hawkes, Ltd. had acquired the lease of Govent Garden doubtless caused some surprise in musical circles; and those who asked (a little contemptuously, perhaps) what experience the firm possessed of running opera, were quite justified in so doing. The answer to that question is—to speak quite frankly—“All too little.” But since the firm has no intention of attempting to run the Opera House by its own unaided efforts and, on the contrary, is anxious to secure the collaboration of those with the requisite experience of operatic policy, management and production, the anxiety rightly felt on this account will I hope, be somewhat alleviated. It is well understood that the foundation of a permanent English Opera of the highest standard is a matter of paramount concern to every genuine music-lover in this country; and the project will be approached with the seriousness and determination which it demands.
British Film Music
Authors: Clifford Hubert
Published: March 2010

Most composers who have written for the films will agree that there is not so much money to be had from composing for ‘documentaries’ but quite a lot of interest and amusement. If they have been working on the current output, they might recall the cantata with lantern-slide accompaniment which so-and-so composed on the Beveridge report; or perhaps the ovation which the orchestra gave another composer at a recording session for a particularly adroit piece of scoring to fit a sequence on mechanical sewage disposal. But in their more sober moments these composers will admit that there are interesting opportunities for music in documentary films and that there is a real measure of artistic satisfaction in working on such a film if it is well planned and imaginatively executed.
Music and the Soldier
Authors: Fenby Eric
Published: March 2010

In his broadcast message at the opening of ‘Forces Music Club’ in the autumn of 1942, Sir Henry Wood spoke of the present revival in orchestral music in this country as the climax of his long career. Representing the Forces on this occasion I remarked that had anyone suggested to me in 1939 that the war would bring about this great awakening in music, and that the Services would play a vital, though happily unconscious part, I should have been most sceptical. The reason for that revival need not concern us here. The problems it has raised in this vast organization called the Army have provided a handful of young musicians now in khaki with a Herculean task without precedent in the history of Western music.
School Songs
Authors: Dickinson A. E. F.
Published: March 2010

Is there such a thing as school music? Has it any special qualities apart from certain limitations of topic, vocal compass and melodic elaboration? The answer to this question, which is the perpetual concern of music masters and mistresses, and may be the occasional concern of some composers of to-day, depends on our view of education and of the community life which normally sustains it and is indeed a training in itself. Some school activities are admittedly a preparation for the ‘next world,’ or in other words for the industrial struggle and possibly also for some of the amenities of the worker's leisure hours. But the best in school life is of value in itself. It may make its own selections from full or adult experience, but it must satisfy the present need of an individual or group for experience commensurate with realised or latent powers.
An Orchestra for London
Authors: Russell Thomas
Published: March 2010

To say that the map of Europe has changed during the last five years is to remark on the obvious. To understand the implications of the change as they concern music is a little more difficult. It is clear that most of the international centres for presenting music under favourable conditions have gone, some for good reasons, others for unhappy causes. Berlin, Vienna, Prague, Budapest and Salzburg can hardly function again on pre-war lines until many years are past. Paris, Brussels and London are left with the responsibility of maintaining music, international music, at its highest level.
Music from the Films
Authors: Clifford Hubert
Published: March 2010

To see an English comedy film with ideas, wit, a droll sense of character, and no concessions to an imaginary lowest common denominator of popular taste is not a weekly experience. When such a film combines the virtues of intelligent and technically skilful direction with an adroit use of music, it is a joy to be trumpeted with gusto. Such a film is ‘Don't Take it to Heart,’ written and directed by Geoffrey Dell and with a musical score by Mischa Spoliansky.
American Diary
Authors: Hawkes Ralph
Published: March 2010

A recent visit to the United States leaves no doubt in my mind that, there as here, the war has stimulated the urge to hear good music to a remarkable degree. The increase is less noticeable than in England, but when it is remembered that the restrictions on entertainment, travel, food, in fact all the commonplaces of peace-time existence, are somewhat less severe than they are here, the boom in music is still a matter for comment.
From New Zealand
Authors: Atkinson Karl
Published: March 2010

It was in 1936 that a band of two dozen selected Wellington singers accepted the invitation of Mr. Stanley Oliver to form a choir for the study of a repertory that should consist largely, though not exclusively, of modern music. Within a few months the Schola Cantorum, as it was named, gave a radio concert under Dr. Malcolm Sargent, who was in New Zealand at the time. The progress made under Mr. Oliver in this short period revealed that he had chosen a team with the will to study and the musicianship to tackle the type of work he had in mind. Parry's ‘Blest Pair of Sirens,’ together with six unaccompanied madrigals, were sung.
Music from the Films
Authors: Clifford Hubert
Published: March 2010

‘Western Approaches’ is among the two or three outstanding British films of the war period. It is a triumph of intelligent direction over the difficulties of using ‘naturals’ instead of professional actors. ‘Western Approaches’ comes unscathed through the gorgeous technicolour, in spite of many sequences being stiff with visual falsehoods, in the picture-postcard conventions of Messrs. Raphael Tuck & Sons. The film is full of magnificent sequences, true and convincing, and provides the composer, Clifton Parker, with many opportunities of contributing to it even within the scope of the naturalistic drama. This is, I believe, Clifton Parker's most important film score to date. It is highly effective and is always apt, and it reveals quite a new side of a composer who had previously been known—and far less known than the quality of his music merited—only as a composer of light music. To his task in ‘Western Approaches’ Parker brought a fine sense of orchestral colour, plus skill and taste in handling his medium. Although it seemed that his music broke little new ground it nevertheless was always vital and significant.
New Audiences for Old?
Authors: Mellers W. H.
Published: March 2010

The Editorial Notes in the March Tempo concerning concert programmes in London and the provinces, suggested to me that it might be apposite to follow my earlier article on musical culture today (in the first number of the ‘revised’ Tempo) with a few retrospective remarks on what we have achieved, and failed to achieve, over the past two years in our particular provincial venture; for the venture I referred to in my earlier article was an attempt to do provincially what is now so adequately done in London, and the kind of response we've met with should be of interest in relation to the general prospects for a saner conception of musical culture.
English Musical Life—A Symposium (IV)
Authors: Weisgall Hugo
Published: March 2010

In most parts of the world a foreigner's comments, even when invited, are apt to stir up resentment. This is not so in Britain where, as a friend recently remarked, the people pay foreigners for being rude, and, citing the case of George Bernard Shaw, make national heroes of them. Not that one could possibly aspire to the heroic heights of Shavian rudeness, nor, indeed, could present circumstances occasion it; for even the most hardened foreign observer cannot but be impressed by the extent and vitality of British Public music making.
English Musical Life—A Symposium (V)
Authors: Wellesz Egon
Published: March 2010

From the middle of the nineteenth century studies in the History of Music developed on a scholarly basis all over Europe. The purely aæthetic approach to works of art gave way, with the development of historical methods, to the historical approach which included aesthetic appreciation within itself and placed it on a sound basis. Works of remote periods were no longer judged by merely contemporary standards. They were brought into the right context and the range of accessible music immeasurably enlarged.
Composers in the Theatre
Authors: Amis John
Published: March 2010

The function of the music in the Old Vic production of ‘Œdipus’ is to provide occasional ‘background,’ fill in awkward gaps and, most important, to help solve the ever difficult problem of the chorus. This particular attempt at a solution seems better than most. The first question Hopkins asked his producer (M. Saint-Denis), I imagine, was: how much or how well can the chorus sing? The answer, I'm pretty sure, was: as little as possible, for (evading the second part of the question) they are not by any means trained musicians.
Benjamin Britten's Second Opera ‘The Rape of Lucretia’
Authors: Crozier Eric
Published: March 2010

Next July will bring the first production of Benjamin Britten's second opera, ‘The Rape of Lucretia,’ to a libretto by Ronald Duncan. This will be a full-length opera in two acts. It will be presented for a short festival season at the Glyndebourne Opera House, after which it will be performed in various provincial cities, perhaps later in London and, it is hoped, on the Continent.
Music in Germany
Authors: Bornoff J.
Published: March 2010

It can fairly be said that cultural life in Germany, especially where music is concerned, has recovered out of all proportion to material conditions prevailing in the ravaged country. How is it possible, one might ask, for two opera houses to be playing several times a week to packed houses, in the ruins of Berlin? It is interesting to find that the general apathy which is apparent to a greater or lesser degree among the population of all the large towns of Germany has neither prevented the performance of music nor detracted from its enjoyment by the music-loving public.
An Alban Berg Manuscript at Oxford
Authors: Wellesz Egon
Published: March 2010

A Year ago in Oxford I met a South African Officer, who told me that he was about to return to Carinthia. I knew that the widow of Alban Berg had a house near Klagenfurt and I asked him to visit her and take her my greetings.

Shortly afterwards I received a letter from the officer. He had seen Frau Berg and she was so excited to meet an officer of the Army of Liberation that she had unearthed one of Alban Berg's manuscripts, which she had hidden away, and presented him with it, asking that it should be handed to me to present to the University as a sign of her gratitude.
Kodály's Choral Music
Authors: Dickinson A. E. F.
Published: March 2010

It is nearly twenty years since the performance of ‘Psalmus Hungaricus’ in Gloucester Cathedral awakened English singers and their audiences to the existence of Zoltán Kodály and induced a considerable number besides I.S.C.M. adherents to place his name on their musical map of Europe. It was not a matter of general sympathy for the Hungarian loss of three million Magyars under the treaty of Trianon, or even of polite interest in the Jubilee celebrations of the union of Buda and Pesth which had occasioned the production of the work in 1923. In forming musical inclinations the English do not think much of revisionist movements, least of all in the Shires. All the same, it was fitting that singers whose oratorio tradition had been closely bound up with the forms of Italian and German opera and the literary devotion of the English School should turn for a change to a fresh and intensely national sphere of influence by way of freshening their religious repertoire.
A New Approach: Alexander von Humboldt's Perception of Colonial Spanish America as Reflected in his Travel Diaries
Authors: Rebok Sandra
Published: March 2010

This study presents an in-depth analysis of Alexander von Humboldt's description and criticism of the various colonial societies of Spanish America which he visited during his well-known expedition through the Americas (1799–1804). His criticism of colonialism in general, deeply rooted in his personal convictions, has already been the focal point of several scholarly studies; however, during his American expedition Humboldt offered a more differentiated assessment of specific colonial societies, namely by comparing various regional and local traditions and developments. This differentiated assessment of Spanish American colonial societies has yet to be analysed. This essay focuses on Humboldt's little known personal diaries, which offer a wealth of interesting comments on colonial societies, but which have been scarcely used in international Humboldt research, since they have not yet been translated entirely.
Exceptional sets for self-similar fractals in Carnot groups
Authors: BALOGH ZOLTÁN M. , BERGER RETO , MONTI ROBERTO , TYSON JEREMY T.
Published: March 2010

We consider self-similar iterated function systems in the sub-Riemannian setting of Carnot groups. We estimate the Hausdorff dimension of the exceptional set of translation parameters for which the Hausdorff dimension in terms of the Carnot–Carathéodory metric is strictly less than the similarity dimension. This extends a recent result of Falconer and Miao from Euclidean space to Carnot groups.
Geometric motivic Poincaré series of quasi-ordinary singularities
Authors: COBO PABLOS HELENA , GONZÁLEZ PÉREZ PEDRO D.
Published: March 2010

Thegeometric motivic Poincaré seriesof a germ (S, 0) of complex algebraic variety takes into account the classes in the Grothendieck ring of the jets of arcs through (S, 0). Denef and Loeser proved that this series has a rational form. We give an explicit description of this invariant when (S, 0) is an irreducible germ ofquasi-ordinary hypersurface singularityin terms of the Newton polyhedra of thelogarithmic jacobian ideals. These ideals are determined by thecharacteristic monomialsof a quasi-ordinary branch parametrizing (S, 0).
The Ganea conjecture in proper homotopy via exterior homotopy theory
Authors: GARCÍA–CALCINES JOSE M. , GARCÍA–DÍAZ PEDRO R. , MURILLO MAS ANICETO
Published: March 2010

In this article we provide sufficient conditions on a spaceXto verify Ganea conjecture with respect to exterior and proper Lusternik–Schnirelmann category. For this aim we previously develop an exterior version of the Whitehead, cellular approximation, CW-approximation and Blakers–Massey theorems within a homotopy theory of exterior CW-complexes and study their corresponding analogues and consequences in the proper setting.
Low diversity of foot-and-mouth disease serotype C virus in Kenya: evidence for probable vaccine strain re-introductions in the field
Authors: SANGULA A. K. , SIEGISMUND H. R. , BELSHAM G. J. , BALINDA S. N. , MASEMBE C. , MUWANIKA V. B.
Published: March 2010

Most viruses are maintained by complex processes of evolution that enable them to survive but also complicate efforts to achieve their control. In this paper, we study patterns of evolution in foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) serotype C virus isolates from Kenya, one of the few places in the world where serotype C has been endemic and is suspected to remain. The nucleotide sequences encoding the capsid protein VP1 from eight isolates collected between 1967 and 2004 were analysed for patterns of sequence divergence and evolution. Very low nucleotide diversity (π=0·0025) and remarkably little change (only five segregating sites and three amino-acid changes) were observed in these isolates collected over a period of almost 40 years. We interpret these results as being suggestive of re-introductions of the vaccine strain into the field. The implications of these results for the maintenance of serotype C FMD virus and the use of vaccination as a control measure in Kenya are discussed.
Estimating influenza-related excess mortality and reproduction numbers for seasonal influenza in Norway, 1975–2004
Authors: GRAN J. M. , IVERSEN B. , HUNGNES O. , AALEN O. O.
Published: March 2010

Influenza can be a serious, sometimes deadly, disease, especially for people in high-risk groups such as the elderly and patients with underlying, severe disease. In this paper we estimated the influenza-related excess mortality in Norway for 1975–2004, comparing it with dominant virus types and estimates of the reproduction number. Analysis was done using Poisson regression, explaining the weekly all-cause mortality by rates of reported influenza-like illness, together with markers for seasonal and year-to-year variation. The estimated excess mortality was the difference between the observed and predicted mortality, removing the influenza contribution from the prediction. We estimated the overall influenza-related excess mortality as 910 deaths per season, or 2·08% of the overall deaths. Age-grouped analyses indicated that the major part of the excess mortality occurred in the ⩾65 years age group, but that there was also a significant contribution to mortality in the 0–4 years age group. Estimates of the reproduction numberR, ranged from about 1 to 1·69.
The effects of methyl-β-cyclodextrin on in vitro fertilization and the subsequent development of bovine oocytes
Authors: Nagao Yoshikazu , Ohta Yuki , Murakami Hidemi , Kato Yoku
Published: March 2010

In this study, we investigated the effects of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD) on in vitro fertilization and the subsequent development of bovine oocytes. Bovine oocytes matured in serum-free medium were inseminated with frozen–thawed sperm pre-incubated in protein-free modified Brackett and Oliphant medium (BO) containing various concentrations of MBCD for various periods. MBCD decreased the frequency of live sperm, however enhanced the capacitation and acrosome reaction of the live sperm. Pre-incubation of sperm with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM MBCD for 2 and 4 h increased the frequency of normal fertilization. Embryos derived from oocytes fertilized with spermatozoa pre-incubated with MBCD developed normally to the blastocyst stage and term. There were individual differences and similar tendencies in four different sires in terms of the effects of MBCD upon fertilization. These results indicate that the pre-incubation of bovine sperm with MBCD affects viability and capacitation status of the sperm and promotes fertilization in vitro. Embryos derived from oocytes fertilized with sperm pre-incubated with MBCD developed normally to the blastocyst stage and term.
Epistasis between APOE and nicotinic receptor gene CHRNA4 in age related cognitive function and decline
Authors: REINVANG IVAR , LUNDERVOLD ASTRI J. , WEHLING EIKE , ROOTWELT HELGE , ESPESETH THOMAS
Published: March 2010

Healthy participants (n = 237) aged 45–79 were tested neuropsychologically with tests of memory, speed, and cognitive control and followed up for 3–5 years (mean, 3.4 years). The sample was genotyped for apolipoprotein E (APOE) and CHolinergic Receptor for Nicotine Alpha 4 (CHRNA4), and genetic effects on cognitive function at initial testing and on cognitive decline was studied. We predicted relatively stronger effects of APOE on memory, and of CHRNA4 on speeded tasks. The predictions were partially confirmed, but we found interactive effects of APOE and CHRNA4 in several cognitive domains. Being an APOE ε4/CHRNA4 TT carrier was associated with slower and less efficient performance, and with steeper decline in speed tasks and in delayed recall. Age dependent genetic effects were found for both APOE and CHRNA4, where old participants (60–79 years) showed a negative influence of TT carrier status on initial memory performance, but a tendency for steeper memory decline in ε4 carriers. Inconsistent and small effects of APOE reported in previous studies of healthy groups may be caused by failure to consider epistasis of APOE with nicotinic receptor and other genes. (JINS, 2010, 16, 424–432.)
Guarded resolution for Answer Set Programming
Authors: MAREK V. W. , REMMEL J. B.
Published: March 2010

We investigate a proof system based on a guarded resolution rule and show its adequacy for the stable semantics of normal logic programs. As a consequence, we show that Gelfond–Lifschitz operator can be viewed as a proof-theoretic concept. As an application, we find a propositional theory EP whose models are precisely stable models of programs. We also find a class of propositional theories 𝓒P with the following properties. Propositional models of theories in 𝓒P are precisely stable models of P, and the theories in 𝓒T are of the size linear in the size of P.