bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Chemokine System in Oncogenic Pathways Driven by Viruses: Perspectives for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Schlecht-Louf Géraldine , Deback Claire , Bachelerie Françoise
Published: February 2022

Chemokines interact with glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix and activate heptahelical cellular receptors that mainly consist of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and a few atypical receptors also with decoy activity. They are well-described targets of oncogenic pathways and key players in cancer development, invasiveness, and metastasis acting both at the level of cancer cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment. Hence, they can regulate cancer cell proliferation and survival and promote immune or endothelial cell migration into the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, oncogenic viruses display the potential of jeopardizing the chemokine system by encoding mimics of chemokines and receptors as well as several products such as oncogenic proteins or microRNAs that deregulate their human host transcriptome. Conversely, the chemokine system participates in the host responses that control the virus life cycle, knowing that most oncoviruses establish asymptomatic latent infections. Therefore, the deregulated expression and function of chemokines and receptors as a consequence of acquired or inherited mutations could bias oncovirus infection toward pro-oncogenic pathways. We here review these different processes and discuss the anticancer therapeutic potential of targeting chemokine availability or receptor activation, from signaling to decoy-associated functions, in combination with immunotherapies.
Differences in Administration of Methotrexate and Impact on Outcome in Low-Risk Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia
Authors: Wallin Emelie , Niemann Isa , Faaborg Louise , Fokdal Lars , Joneborg Ulrika
Published: February 2022

Methotrexate (MTX) is frequently used as first-line treatment for low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). Intravenous and intramuscular (im) routes of administration are the most common methods, although oral administration is used by some Scandinavian centers. The primary aim of this study was to assess the impact of form of administration (im/oral) on resistance to methotrexate (MTX-R) treatment in low-risk GTN. Secondary aims were time to hCG normalization, rates of toxicity-induced treatment switch, and rates of complete remission and recurrence. In total, 170 women treated at Karolinska University Hospital in Sweden and Aarhus University Hospital in Denmark between 1994 and 2018 were included, of whom 107 were given im and 63 oral MTX. MTX-R developed in 35% and 54% in the im and oral groups, respectively (p = 0.01). There was no difference in days to hCG normalization (42 vs. 41 days, p = 0.50) for MTX-sensitive women. Toxicity-induced treatment switch was only seen in the im group. Complete remission was obtained in 99.1% and 100% (p = 0.44), and recurrence rate within one year was 2.8% and 1.6% (p = 0.29). The form of administration of MTX had a significant impact on development of MTX-R and treatment-associated toxicity, but does not affect rates of complete remission, recurrence or survival.
Glycomic and Glycoproteomic Techniques in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neurotrauma: Towards Personalized Markers
Authors: Kobeissy Firas , Kobaisi Abir , Peng Wenjing , Barsa Chloe , Goli Mona , Sibahi Ahmad , El Hayek Samer , Abdelhady Samar , Ali Haidar Muhammad , Sabra Mirna , Orešič Matej , Logroscino Giancarlo , Mondello Stefania , Eid Ali H. , Mechref Yehia
Published: February 2022

The proteome represents all the proteins expressed by a genome, a cell, a tissue, or an organism at any given time under defined physiological or pathological circumstances. Proteomic analysis has provided unparalleled opportunities for the discovery of expression patterns of proteins in a biological system, yielding precise and inclusive data about the system. Advances in the proteomics field opened the door to wider knowledge of the mechanisms underlying various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, including glycosylation. As of yet, the role of most of these PTMs remains unidentified. In this state-of-the-art review, we present a synopsis of glycosylation processes and the pathophysiological conditions that might ensue secondary to glycosylation shortcomings. The dynamics of protein glycosylation, a crucial mechanism that allows gene and pathway regulation, is described. We also explain how—at a biomolecular level—mutations in glycosylation-related genes may lead to neuropsychiatric manifestations and neurodegenerative disorders. We then analyze the shortcomings of glycoproteomic studies, putting into perspective their downfalls and the different advanced enrichment techniques that emanated to overcome some of these challenges. Furthermore, we summarize studies tackling the association between glycosylation and neuropsychiatric disorders and explore glycoproteomic changes in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We finally conclude with the role of glycomics in the area of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and provide perspectives on the clinical application of glycoproteomics as potential diagnostic tools and their application in personalized medicine.
Crack-Free and Thickness-Controllable Deposition of TiO2–rGO Thin Films for Solar Harnessing Devices
Authors: Khamkhash Laura , Em Svetlana , Molkenova Anara , Hwang Yoon-Hwae , Atabaev Timur
Published: February 2022

The use of thin films consisting of TiO2 and reduced graphene oxide (TiO2–rGO) in solar harnessing devices is gaining momentum thanks to improved charge-transporting characteristics. In this report, we propose a facile spin-coating methodology for the deposition of crack-free and thickness-controllable TiO2–rGO thin films. A range of characterization techniques were utilized to confirm the formation of the TiO2–rGO thin film. Improved charge-transporting properties of TiO2–rGO composite thin films were confirmed by measuring their photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity under simulated solar light illumination. In particular, it was found that the TiO2–rGO composite thin film yielded a better photocurrent response (~151.3 µA/cm2) than the bare TiO2 thin film (~71.6 µA/cm2) at 1.23 eV vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The obtained results suggested that rGO addition remarkably improves the charge-transporting properties in TiO2 films.
Mechanical Behavior and Thermal Stability of (AlCrTiZrMo)N/ZrO2 Nano-Multilayered High-Entropy Alloy Film Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Zhai Qingqing , Li Wei , Liu Ping , Cheng Wenjie , Zhang Ke , Ma Fengcang , Chen Xiaohong , Feng Rui , Liaw Peter K.
Published: February 2022

A new type of high-entropy alloy, a nitride-based (AlCrTiZrMo)N/ZrO2 nano-multilayered film, was designed to investigate the effect of ZrO2 layer thickness on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermal stability. The results show that when the thickness of the ZrO2 layer is less than 0.6 nm, it can be transformed into cubic-phase growth under the template effect of the (AlCrTiZrMo)N layer, resulting in an increased hardness. The (AlCrTiZrMo)N/ZrO2 film with a ZrO2 layer thickness of 0.6 nm has the highest hardness and elastic modulus of 35.1 GPa and 376.4 GPa, respectively. As the thickness of the ZrO2 layer further increases, ZrO2 cannot maintain the cubic structure, and the epitaxial growth interface is destroyed, resulting in a decrease in hardness. High-temperature annealing treatments indicate that the mechanical properties of the film decrease slightly after annealing at less than 900 °C for 30 min, while the mechanical properties decrease significantly after annealing for 30 min at 1000–1100 °C. The hardness and elastic modulus after annealing at 900 °C are still 24.5 GPa and 262.3 GPa, showing excellent thermal stability. This conclusion verifies the “template” effect of the nano-multilayered film, which improves the hardness and thermal stability of the high-entropy alloy.
Euchlorocystis marina sp. nov. (Oocystaceae, Trebouxiophyceae), a New Species of Green Algae from a Seawater Shrimp Culture Pond
Authors: Li Feng , Dong Mingbiao , Zhang Ning , Zhang Yulei , Li Qianru , Qian Zuyuan , Lian Qingsheng , Luo Jiansen , Huang Xianghu , Li Changling
Published: February 2022

Oocystaceae is a cosmopolitan family of green algae with distinct morphology and ultrastructure. Most of the reported species in this family are freshwater species, and there are few marine species reported. In this study, we describe a new marine species of Oocystaceae, Euchlorocystis marina sp. nov. based on material collected from a seawater shrimp culture pond in Zhanjiang, China. An integrative approach, including phylogenetic analyses of 18S rDNA, light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, was used for the taxonomic study of the strains. Morphological observation results showed that it has a multilayer thick cell wall, multiple pyrenoids in the chloroplast, and usually 2–16 cells forming a colony in the extended mother cell wall. These features are morphologically similar to the genus Euchlorocystis and are distinguished from other taxa of the family Oocystaceae. The 18S rDNA phylogenetic trees revealed that the strains and Euchlorocystis subsalina formed an independent clade in Oocystaceae with robust support. However, horseshoe-shaped chloroplasts and rounder cells morphologically distinguished it from Euchlorocystis subsalina. Apart from the morphology, the direct comparison of sequences also supported that they were distinct species. The discovery and description of the new species enriches the marine species record of the family Oocystaceae.
Ecological Study of the Active Ciliate Community from Bromeliads during the Humid Season in Different Types of Forests of the Mexican Neotropics
Authors: Durán-Ramírez Carlos Alberto , Mayén-Estrada Rosaura
Published: February 2022

Bromeliads are a Neotropical family of monocots, colonized by several families of ciliates, with some species that inhabit only this type of microecosystems. Ecological factors such as the presence of water, plant volume, seasonality and predators, have been recognized as important factors, which play a role in the ciliate community structure in tank bromeliads. The objective of this study is to describe different communities of active ciliates from epiphytic and terrestrial bromeliads that inhabit the dry tropical forest, montane cloud forest, oak forest and semideciduous tropical forest in the Mexican Neotropics during the humid season of the year 2016. We found 22 species of active ciliates. A higher richness of ciliate species was found in the bromeliads of the montane cloud forest. Based on statistical tests, we determine that the pH and water temperature, plant diameter, its distance above the ground and altitude above sea level in relation to ciliate abundance explain <50% of the variation; however, the combination of plant diameter and its distance above the ground shows a positive effect in relation to ciliate abundance. We provide new evidence that bromeliads that inhabit mountains and lowland forests in a larger geographic area host ciliate communities with different species composition.
Chloroplast Genomic Variation in Euonymus maackii Rupr. and Its Differentiation Time in Euonymus
Authors: Wang Yu-Cheng , Zhou Hao-Yang , Liu Xiu-Qun
Published: February 2022

Euonymus maackii Rupr. is a small deciduous tree belonging to family Celastraceae. It is an important ornamental tree and a potential medicinal plant resource. Here, we assembled and annotated the chloroplast (cp) genome of E. maackii. By combining this genome with seven available cp genomes from Euonymus species, we performed plastome variation analysis of E. maackii and Euonymus. Furthermore, we reconstructed a phylogenetic tree and estimated the differentiation time of E. maackii. The newly assembled cp genome of E. maackii was 157,551 bp in size and had a typical quadripartite structure, which consisted of one large single-copy (LSC 86,524 bp) region, one small single-copy (SSC 18,337 bp) region, and a pair of inverted repeat regions (26,345 bp). A total of 652 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 65 insertions/deletions (indels) were detected between the two cp genomes of E. maackii, with overall genetic variation of 4.1 SNPs per kb or a π value of 0.00443, reflecting a high level of intraspecific variation. Some coding and noncoding regions with higher variation were identified, including trnV-UAC, petN, ycf1-ndhF, trnM-CAU-atpE, rpl2-rpl23, psbZ-trnG-GCC, trnY-GUA-trnE-UUC, trnW-CCA-trnP-UGG, rps16-trnQ-UUG, and psbC-trnS-UGA. The hypervariable coding and noncoding regions in E. maackii were not the same as those in Euonymus. The phylogenetic tree and divergence time based on the whole cp genomes showed that the seven Euonymus species formed a clade, which was sister to that formed with Catha edulis and Maytenus guangxiensis, and they separated 24.74 million years ago. E. maackii and E. hamiltonianus were most closely related, having separated from each other only approximately 2.68 million years ago. Our study provides important genetic information for further studies of E. maackii, such as studies on its phylogeography, population genetics and molecular ecology, and provides new insights into the evolution of the cp genome in Euonymus.
Processing and Wood Factors Influence Medium Density Fiberboard Production from Young Eucalyptus grandis, E. amplifolia, Corymbia torelliana, and Cottonwood Grown in Florida USA
Authors: Rockwood Donald L. , Winandy Jerrold E. , Gribbins Neil R.
Published: February 2022

Fast growing Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden (EG), E. amplifolia Naudin (EA), Corymbia torelliana (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson (CT), and Populus deltoides W.Bartram ex Marshall (PD) may be deployed in Short Rotation Woody Crop (SRWC) systems in the lower Southeastern USA, especially in Florida. To evaluate these species for possible use as medium density fiberboard (MDF) and other composites, 2.5 m logs of three EG clones, three PD clones, six EA progenies, four CT trees, and one P. tremuloides Michx. (PT) tree from northern Wisconsin as a control were characterized for basic wood properties before being chipped, pulped, and pressed into MDF. The chips were thermomechanically pulped (TMP) for a two-phase study of the factors expected to influence suitability for MDF production: wood characteristics, refining system, resin system, and MDF formation. Phase I used TMP and 4% phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin to produce 17 MDF species/genotype batches (S/GB). Thickness Swell (TS), Water Absorption (WA), Internal Bonding (IB), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), and Modulus of Rupture (MOR) were evaluated to: (1) assess within species and within tree variation, (2) relate basic wood properties to MDF potential, and (3) examine repeatability of MDF-making. There was considerable variation among and within species, but only minor within tree variation. Six of the seventeen S/GBs had superior physical and mechanical MDF properties. In Phase II, two of the six better performing Phase I S/GBs were evaluated, along with three average Phase I S/GBs. Phase II compared the effects on IB from using tube and drum blenders for resin application, the influence of using unscreened versus screened fibers, and the differences of using PF resin at 4% or 6% versus urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin at 8% or 12%. Overall, genetic variation among species, and particularly within these species, affected their potential for commercial MDF. Log specific gravity (SG), fines, MDF SG, and fiber length influenced MDF properties, as did refining and MDF-processing variables. Further study of specific processing requirements can optimize the potential of young EG, EA, PD, and CT genotypes for MDF and other composites.
Exhaust Gases from Skidder ECOTRAC 140 V Diesel Engine
Authors: Kopseak Hrvoje , Pandur Zdravko , Bačić Marin , Zečić Željko , Nevečerel Hrvoje , Lepoglavec Kruno , Šušnjar Marijan
Published: February 2022

During forest harvesting operations, exhaust emissions from forest vehicles are released at different levels depending on several variables. This pollution released into the atmosphere is considered one of the main anthropogenic factors that negatively affect forest ecosystems. In this study, we analyzed exhaust emissions from a skidder diesel engine during various engine loads. Measurements were done on an ECOTRAC 140 V skidder with the water-cooling diesel engine and a built-in catalyst with an SCR system. The composition and amount of exhaust gases (CO, CO2, O2, NOx,) at different loads of the diesel engine of the skidder and engine temperature were measured using a MAHA MET 6.3 measuring device. The amount of exhaust gases was analyzed in relation to the engine speeds, engine temperatures, and the European emission standards for engines used in nonroad mobile machinery (NRMM). Influences of catalyst systems and recommendations for more environmentally friendly forest harvesting practices are addressed. With the engine unloaded, the amount of CO2 increased when engine speed was increased, while other amounts of exhaust gas decreased. During the cold start, the concentrations of hydrocarbons and nitrogen compounds were high. The composition of the exhaust gas was affected by the exhaust reduction system installed in the tractor and the amount of the exhaust gas was dependent on the engine load. The skidder engine met the requirements of the exhaust gas standards EPA/COM IIIB Tier 4 (I) under which it is declared. With a load engine during winch operation (2300 rpm), NOx amounts mostly exceed the limit values of the standard. Exhaust emissions can be reduced at various operating levels by utilizing the most environmentally friendly technologies and following the correct procedures, such as warming the engine up to operating temperature prior to operation and operating in the most favorable mode with optimal speed. The regular reduction of exhaust limit values to newer stages of the standard therefore leads to the continuous development of engines and forest vehicles in general.
Exploration of the Potential Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanisms of DNA Methyltransferases and MBD Genes in Petunia Anther Development and Multi-Stress Responses
Authors: Shi Lisha , Shen Huimin , Liu Jiawei , Hu Hongmin , Tan Hongyan , Yang Xiulian , Wang Lianggui , Yue Yuanzheng
Published: February 2022

Cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferases (C5-MTases) and methyl-CpG-binding-domain (MBD) genes can be co-expressed. They directly control target gene expression by enhancing their DNA methylation levels in humans; however, the presence of this kind of cooperative relationship in plants has not been determined. A popular garden plant worldwide, petunia (Petunia hybrida) is also a model plant in molecular biology. In this study, 9 PhC5-MTase and 11 PhMBD proteins were identified in petunia, and they were categorized into four and six subgroups, respectively, on the basis of phylogenetic analyses. An expression correlation analysis was performed to explore the co-expression relationships between PhC5-MTases and PhMBDs using RNA-seq data, and 11 PhC5-MTase/PhMBD pairs preferentially expressed in anthers were identified as having the most significant correlations (Pearson’s correlation coefficients > 0.9). Remarkably, the stability levels of the PhC5-MTase and PhMBD pairs significantly decreased in different tissues and organs compared with that in anthers, and most of the selected PhC5-MTases and PhMBDs responded to the abiotic and hormonal stresses. However, highly correlated expression relationships between most pairs were not observed under different stress conditions, indicating that anther developmental processes are preferentially influenced by the co-expression of PhC5-MTases and PhMBDs. Interestingly, the nuclear localization genes PhDRM2 and PhMBD2 still had higher correlations under GA treatment conditions, implying that they play important roles in the GA-mediated development of petunia. Collectively, our study suggests a regulatory role for DNA methylation by C5-MTase and MBD genes in petunia anther maturation processes and multi-stress responses, and it provides a framework for the functional characterization of C5-MTases and MBDs in the future.
Gene-Based Resistance to Erysiphe Species Causing Powdery Mildew Disease in Peas (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Devi Jyoti , Mishra Gyan P. , Sagar Vidya , Kaswan Vineet , Dubey Rakesh K. , Singh Prabhakar M. , Sharma Shyam K. , Behera Tusar K.
Published: February 2022

Globally powdery mildew (PM) is one of the major diseases of the pea caused by Erysiphe pisi. Besides, two other species viz. Erysiphe trifolii and Erysiphe baeumleri have also been identified to infect the pea plant. To date, three resistant genes, namely er1, er2 and Er3 located on linkage groups VI, III and IV respectively were identified. Studies have shown the er1 gene to be a Pisum sativum Mildew resistance Locus ‘O’ homologue and subsequent analysis has identified eleven alleles namely er1–1 to er1–11. Despite reports mentioning the breakdown of er1 gene-mediated PM resistance by E. pisi and E. trifolii, it is still the most widely deployed gene in PM resistance breeding programmes across the world. Several linked DNA markers have been reported in different mapping populations with varying linkage distances and effectiveness, which were used by breeders to develop PM-resistant pea cultivars through marker assisted selection. This review summarizes the genetics of PM resistance and its mechanism, allelic variations of the er gene, marker linkage and future strategies to exploit this information for targeted PM resistance breeding in Pisum.
The Interaction between Exercise and Marital Status on Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Taiwan Biobank
Authors: Hsu Ming-Yi , Huang Shih-Chien , Liu Pang-Li , Yeung Kwok-Tak , Wang Yu-Ming , Yang Hao-Jan
Published: February 2022

Few studies evaluating the relationship between depression and exercise consider peoples’ socio-demographic characteristics. This cross-sectional study investigated the interaction between exercise and marital status and depression in Taiwanese adults. Data from the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) was recruited from the Taiwan Biobank. Participants indicated their exercise status, showing 5015 no-exercise cases and 3407 exercise cases. Marital status, including unmarried, divorced or separated, and widowed, were all significant, especially among the no-exercise group. The relationship between exercise/no exercise and marital status was examined; no exercise and unmarried, divorced or separated, and widowed, as well as exercise and married were significant to PHQ-2. Gender was significant in both the married and unmarried groups. The association between exercise, marital status, gender, and education on PHQ-2 score was also significant. Married people, especially men, had lower depression scores. Additionally, exercise had a protective effect against depression for unmarried people, especially women.
Clinical Outcomes Following a Change in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Diagnostic Criteria Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Keating Niamh , Carpenter Kirsten , McCarthy Kelsey , Coveney Ciara , McAuliffe Fionnuala , Mahony Rhona , Walsh Jennifer , Hatunic Mensud , Higgins Mary
Published: February 2022

Background: Due to COVID-19, many centres adopted a change to the diagnosis of GDM. Methods: A case-control study of antenatal patients between 1 April and 30 June in 2019 and 2020 looking at detection rates of GDM, use of medication, obstetric, and fetal outcomes. Results: During COVID-19, the rate of positive GDM tests approximately halved (20% (42/210) in 2020 vs. 42.2% (92/218) in 2019, (p < 0.01)) with higher rates of requirement for insulin at diagnosis (21.4% (2020) vs. 2.2% (2019); p < 0.01), and at term (31% (2020) vs. 5.4% (2019); p < 0.01). and metformin at diagnosis (4.8% (2020) vs. 1.1% (2019); p < 0.01), and at term (14.3% (2020) vs. 7.6% (2019) p < 0.01), with no differences in birth outcomes. Conclusions: There was likely an underdiagnosis of GDM while women at a higher risk of hyperglycaemia were correctly identified. The GTT should be maintained as the gold-standard test where possible, with provisions made for social distancing during testing if required.
A Guide to Different Intensities of Exercise, Vaccination, and Sports Nutrition in the Course of Preparing Elite Athletes for the Management of Upper Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review
Authors: Agha-Alinejad Hamid , Ahmadi Hekmatikar Amir Hossein , Ruhee Ruheea Taskin , Shamsi Mahdieh Molanouri , Rahmati Masoud , Khoramipour Kayvan , Suzuki Katsuhiko
Published: February 2022

Elite athletes use high-intensity training to maintain their fitness level. However, intense training can harm the immune system, making athletes suspectable to COVID-19 and negatively affecting their performance. In addition, the diet of athletes should be appreciated more as it is another influencer of the immune system, especially during the COVID 19 pandemic. The other important issue elite athletes face currently is vaccination and its possible intervention with their training. The present study attempts to discuss the impact of different training intensities, nutritional strategies, and vaccination on the immune system function in elite athletes. To this end, Scopus, ISC, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched from 1988 to 2021 using the related keywords. The results of our review showed that although high-intensity exercise can suppress the immune system, elite athletes should not stop training in the time of infection but use low- and moderate-intensity training. Moderate-intensity exercise can improve immune function and maintain physical fitness. In addition, it is also better for athletes not to undertake high-intensity training at the time of vaccination, but instead perform moderate to low-intensity training. Furthermore, nutritional strategies can be employed to improve immune function during high-intensity training periods.
An Electromyographic Analysis of Romanian, Step-Romanian, and Stiff-Leg Deadlift: Implication for Resistance Training
Authors: Coratella Giuseppe , Tornatore Gianpaolo , Longo Stefano , Esposito Fabio , Cè Emiliano
Published: February 2022

The present study examined the posterior chain muscle excitation in different deadlift variations. Ten competitive bodybuilders (training seniority of 10.6 ± 1.8 years) performed the Romanian (RD), Romanian standing on a step (step-RD), and stiff-leg deadlift (SD) with an 80% 1-RM. The excitation of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, erector spinae longissimus, and iliocostalis was assessed during both the ascending and descending phases. During the ascending phase, the RMS of the gluteus maximus was greater in the step-RD than in the RD (effect size (ES): 1.70, 0.55/2.84) and SD (ES: 1.18, 0.11/2.24). Moreover, a greater RMS was found in the SD than in the RD (ES: 0.99, 0.04/1.95). The RMS of the semitendinosus was greater in the step-RD than in the RD (ES: 0.82, 0.20/1.44) and SD (ES: 3.13, 1.67/4.59). Moreover, a greater RMS was found in the RD than in the SD (ES: 1.38, 0.29/2.48). The RMS of the longissimus was greater in the step-RD than in the RD (ES: 2.12, 0.89/3.34) and SD (ES: 3.28, 1.78/4.78). The descending phase had fewer differences between the exercises. No further differences between the exercises were found. The step-RD increased the overall excitation of the posterior chain muscles, possibly because of the greater range of movement and posterior muscle elongation during the anterior flexion. Moreover, the RD appeared to target the semitendinosus more than the SD, while the latter excited the gluteus maximus more.
Prevalence and Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Behavioral Risk Factors of Self-Reported Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) among Ever-Married Women: Evidence from Nationally Representative Surveys in Bangladesh
Authors: Huda Md. Nazmul , Ahmed Moin Uddin , Uddin Md. Bakhtiar , Hasan Md Kamrul , Uddin Jalal , Dune Tinashe Moira
Published: February 2022

Sexually transmitted infections (STI) symptoms (e.g., abnormal genital discharge and genital sores/ulcers) are a major public health concern in Bangladesh because the symptoms can indicate an STI and cause sexual and reproductive health complications in women of reproductive age. To our knowledge, no study examined the prevalence and risk factors of STI symptoms using a nationally representative sample. This study investigates the prevalence of STI symptoms among ever-married women in Bangladesh and the associations of STI symptoms with various demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral risk factors using the most recent available data (2007, 2011, and 2014) of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS). The BDHS employs a two-stage stratified sampling technique. The analytic sample comprised 41,777 women of reproductive age (15–49 years). Outcome variables included STI symptoms: abnormal genital discharge and genital sores/ulcers. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to find the adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval to assess the associations of outcome measures with explanatory variables. The study found that the prevalence of abnormal genital discharge and genital sores/ulcers among ever-married women aged 15–49 years was 10% and 6%, respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed that for women aged 25–34 years, those who used contraceptives and married earlier had an increased likelihood of STI symptoms. Furthermore, women from the wealthiest wealth quintile and couple’s joint decision-making were less likely to have STI symptoms. Findings have implications for interventions efforts aiming to improve women’s sexual and reproductive health in Bangladesh.
Plasma Metabolomics Profile of “Insulin Sensitive” Male Hypogonadism after Testosterone Replacement Therapy
Authors: Zolla Lello , Ceci Marcello
Published: February 2022

Male hypogonadism is a disorder characterized by low levels of testosterone, but patients can either show normal insulin (insulin-sensitive (IS)) or over time they can become insulin-resistant (IR). Since the two groups showed different altered metabolisms, testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) could achieve different results. In this paper, we analyzed plasma from 20 IS patients with low testosterone (<8 nmol/L) and HOMAi < 2.5. The samples, pre- and post-treatment with testosterone for 60 days, were analyzed by UHPLC and mass spectrometry. Glycolysis was significantly upregulated, suggesting an improved glucose utilization. Conversely, the pentose phosphate pathway was reduced, while the Krebs cycle was not used. Branched amino acids and carnosine metabolism were positively influenced, while β-oxidation of fatty acids (FFA) was not activated. Cholesterol, HDL, and lipid metabolism did not show any improvements at 60 days but did so later in the experimental period. Finally, both malate and glycerol shuttle were reduced. As a result, both NADH and ATP were significantly lower. Interestingly, a significant production of lactate was observed, which induced the activation of the Cori cycle between the liver and muscles, which became the main source of energy for these patients without involving alanine. Thus, the treatment must be integrated with chemicals which are not restored in order to reactivate energy production.
Audio Classification Algorithm for Hearing Aids Based on Robust Band Entropy Information
Authors: Jin Weiyun , Fan Xiaohua
Published: February 2022

Audio classification algorithms for hearing aids require excellent classification accuracy. To achieve effective performance, we first present a novel supervised method, involving a spectral entropy-based magnitude feature with a random forest classifier (SEM-RF). A novel-feature SEM based on the similarity and stability of band signals is introduced to improve the classification accuracy of each audio environment. The random forest (RF) model is applied to perform the classification process. Subsequently, to resolve the problem of decreasing classification accuracy of the SEM-RF algorithm in mixed speech environments, an improved algorithm, ImSEM-RF, is proposed. The SEM features and corresponding phase features are fused on multiple time resolutions to form a robust multi-time resolution magnitude and phase (multi-MP) feature, which improves the stability of the feature with which the speech signal interferes. The RF model is improved using the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method to form a linear discriminant analysis-random forest (LDA-RF) joint classification model, which performs model acceleration. Through experiments on hearing aid research data sets for acoustic environment recognition, the effectiveness of the SEM-RF algorithm was confirmed on a background audio signal dataset. The classification accuracy increased by approximately 7% compared with the background noise classification algorithm using an RF tree classifier. The validity of the ImSEM-RF algorithm in speech-interference environments was confirmed using the speech in the background audio signal dataset. Compared with the SEM-RF algorithm, the classification accuracy was improved by approximately 2%. The LDA-RF reduced the program’s running time by >80% with multi-MP features compared with RF.
Environmental and Lifestyle Risk Factors in the Carcinogenesis of Gallbladder Cancer
Authors: Pérez-Moreno Pablo , Riquelme Ismael , García Patricia , Brebi Priscilla , Roa Juan Carlos
Published: February 2022

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive neoplasm that in an early stage is generally asymptomatic and, in most cases, is diagnosed in advanced stages with a very low life expectancy because there is no curative treatment. Therefore, understanding the early carcinogenic mechanisms of this pathology is crucial to proposing preventive strategies for this cancer. The main risk factor is the presence of gallstones, which are associated with some environmental factors such as a sedentary lifestyle and a high-fat diet. Other risk factors such as autoimmune disorders and bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections have also been described. All these factors can generate a long-term inflammatory state characterized by the persistent activation of the immune system, the frequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the constant production of reactive oxygen species that result in a chronic damage/repair cycle, subsequently inducing the loss of the normal architecture of the gallbladder mucosa that leads to the development of GBC. This review addresses how the different risk factors could promote a chronic inflammatory state essential to the development of gallbladder carcinogenesis, which will make it possible to define some strategies such as anti-inflammatory drugs or public health proposals in the prevention of GBC.
From Bench to Bedside in Precision Medicine: Diabetes Mellitus and Peri-Implantitis Clinical Indices with a Short-Term Follow-Up: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Dioguardi Mario , Cantore Stefania , Scacco Salvatore , Quarta Cristian , Sovereto Diego , Spirito Francesca , Alovisi Mario , Troiano Giuseppe , Aiuto Riccardo , Garcovich Daniele , Crincoli Vito , Laino Luigi , Covelli Michele , Malcangi Annarita , Lo Muzio Lorenzo , Ballini Andrea , Di Cosola Michele
Published: February 2022

Background and objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired secretion or action of insulin. The high levels of glucose in the blood can negatively affect the healing processes through alterations in vascularization, bone remodeling, and with increased susceptibility to infections. Diabetes mellitus is therefore a risk factor not only for many systemic diseases, but also for localized problems such as peri-implantitis. The objective of this systematic review was to identify a clear relationship between peri-implant inflammation indices and glycemic levels, through the investigation of prospective studies that report data on a short-term follow-up period. Our hypothesis was that peri-implant inflammatory indices may already present themselves in a statistically significant way as altered in patients with DM compared to patients without DM. Materials and methods: This review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Results: More than 992 records were identified in the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial electronic databases and only seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis report worse outcomes in patients with DM, even in the short period of six months, for peri-implatitis inflammation indices, such as Marginal bone loss (standardized (Std). mean difference (MD) 12\6 months 0.81 [0.45, 1.17]\1.82 [0.53, 3.10]), Bleeding on probing (Std. MD 12\6 months 2.84 [1.34, 4.34]\3.44 [1.41, 5.50]), Probing depth (Std. MD 12\6 months 1.14 [0.60, 1.68]\2.24 [0.66, 3.83]), and the plaque index (Std. MD 12 months 2.83 [0.09, 5.57]). Conclusion: The literature linking glycaemic control to peri-implant disease is highly heterogeneous due to lack of consistency of the definition of peri-implantitis and its clinical indicators among studies. Therefore, interpretation of finding and relevance to clinical practice should be considered on individual bases. In the era of personalized medicine, the clinician should utilize individualized information from translational researches and analyze all risk factors to provide the patient with evidence-based treatment options.
(Negative) Polarity Items in Catalan and Other Trans-Pyrenean Romance Languages
Authors: Espinal M.Teresa , Llop Ares
Published: February 2022

This paper identifies the set of properties that polarity items (PI), negative polarity items (NPI) and negative concord items (NCI) satisfy in Catalan, Aragonese, Benasquese and Occitan. It shows that in Catalan, gaire ‘much, many’ is a PI, pas ‘at all’ is an NPI with enriched meanings and indefinites such as ningú ‘anybody, n-body’ come in two sets, as both PIs and NCIs. It further shows that in the trans-Pyrenean Romance varieties studied here, a distinction must be made between indefinite pronouns such as dengún ‘anyone, n-one’ and scalar minimizers such as gota (lit. drop), which come in parallel PI and NCI sets, whereas NPIs such as brenca (lit. crumb) have developed an enriched meaning. This paper reveals the different status of pas across Catalan and other trans-Pyrenean Romance varieties either as an NPI at stage II of Jespersen’s cycle, which further constrains conventional implicatures, or as a negative operator.
Composite Detectors Based on Single-Crystalline Films and Single Crystals of Garnet Compounds
Authors: Witkiewicz-Lukaszek Sandra , Gorbenko Vitalii , Zorenko Tetiana , Syrotych Yurii , Mares Jiri A. , Nikl Martin , Sidletskiy Oleg , Bilski Pawel , Yoshikawa Akira , Zorenko Yuriy
Published: February 2022

This manuscript summarizes recent results on the development of composite luminescent materials based on the single-crystalline films and single crystals of simple and mixed garnet compounds obtained by the liquid-phase epitaxy growth method. Such composite materials can be applied as scintillating and thermoluminescent (TL) detectors for radiation monitoring of mixed ionization fluxes, as well as scintillation screens in the microimaging techniques. The film and crystal parts of composite detectors were fabricated from efficient scintillation/TL materials based on Ce3+-, Pr3+-, and Sc3+-doped Lu3Al5O12 garnets, as well as Ce3+-doped Gd3−xAxAl5−yGayO12 mixed garnets, where A = Lu or Tb; x = 0–1; y = 2–3 with significantly different scintillation decay or positions of the main peaks in their TL glow curves. This work also summarizes the results of optical study of films, crystals, and epitaxial structures of these garnet compounds using absorption, cathodoluminescence, and photoluminescence. The scintillation and TL properties of the developed materials under α- and β-particles and γ-quanta excitations were studied as well. The most efficient variants of the composite scintillation and TL detectors for monitoring of composition of mixed beams of ionizing radiation were selected based on the results of this complex study.
A Numerical Method for Applying Cohesive Stress on Fracture Process Zone in Concrete Using Nonlinear Spring Element
Authors: Li Zhuheng
Published: February 2022

Aiming at the numerical simulation of the entire crack propagation process in concrete, a numerical method is proposed, in which cohesive stress on the fracture process zone (FPZ) is simulated and applied by a nonlinear spring element. Using displacement control, the cohesive stress values on the FPZ are obtained from solving a system of nonlinear equations through an iterative process. According to a crack propagation criterion based on initial fracture toughness, the approach adds the spring elements to finite element analysis when simulating mode I crack propagation in standard three-point bending notched concrete beams with different strengths, initial crack ratios (a0/D), and depths (D). The simulated load versus displacement (P-Delta) curves are performed to recalculate the fracture energy and verify the accuracy of cohesion in the proposed method. The simulated load versus crack mouth opening displacement (P-CMOD) curves are consistent with the previous experimental results. Subsequently, the variations of the FPZ length and the crack extension resistance (KR) curves are studied according to the proposed iterative approach. Compared with the existing methods using a noniterative process, the iterative approach generates a larger maximum FPZ length and KR curve where the FPZ length is mainly determined by the fracture energy, tensile strength, and geometry shape of the beam, and the KR curve is primarily determined by the fracture energy and FPZ length. The significant differences in numerical results indicate that the applying cohesion is essential in numerical simulation. It is reasonable to conclude that the proposed nonlinear spring element is more applicable and practical in the numerical simulation of the concrete mode I crack propagation process by improving the accuracy of the cohesion applied on the FPZ.
High-Temperature Wear Performance of hBN-Added Ni-W Composites Produced from Combustion-Synthesized Powders
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Aydinyan Sofiya , Ivanov Roman , Liu Le , Antonov Maksim , Hussainova Irina
Published: February 2022

This work reports on the spark plasma sintering (SPS) of self-propagating high-temperature-synthesis (SHS)-derived Ni-W and Ni-W-2wt%hBN (4:1 molar ratio of metals) powders. The synthesis was carried out from a mixture of NiO and WO3 using Mg + C combined reducers through a thermo-kinetic coupling approach. Experiments performed in the thermodynamically optimal area demonstrated the high sensitivity of combustion parameters and product phase composition to the amount of reducers and hBN powder. The powder precursors with and without the addition of hBN were consolidated using SPS at a temperature and pressure of 1300 °C and 50 MPa, respectively, followed by a thorough phase and microstructural characterization of the obtained specimens. SHS-derived powders comprised the nano-sized agglomerates and were characterized by a high sinterability. The specimens of >95% density were subjected to ball-on-plate dry sliding wear tests at a sliding speed of 0.1 ms−1 and a distance of 1000 m utilizing an alumina ball of 10 mm in diameter under a 15 N normal load. The tests were performed at a temperature of 800 °C. A significant improvement in wear behavior was demonstrated for SHS-processed composites in comparison with their counterparts produced via conventional high-energy ball milling technique owing to the phenomena of ‘micro-polishing’, cyclic ‘self-healing’ and fatigue. However, the decisive effect of hBN addition in imparting lubrication during an HT wear test was not confirmed.
The Effect of Solidification Rate on the Corrosion Resistance of Die-Cast AZ91 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Choi Kwangmin , Shin Jaehyuck , Kang Heon
Published: February 2022

To increase the utilization of die-cast Mg alloys with various shapes in a variety of environments, the corrosion behaviors of commercial die-cast Mg alloys with different thicknesses were investigated in neutral and alkali solutions at ambient temperature. A decrease in the thickness of a specimen leads to an increase in cooling and solidification rates, which, in turn, decreases the size of the eutectic β phases and the interphase distance, thus improving the hardness of the specimen. Specimens with relatively large β phases were more corroded under neutral conditions due to severe galvanic corrosion at the interface between α-Mg and the β phases, whereas they were protected by passivation films formed on the substrate in the alkaline solution. However, in the case of the alloy with thin thickness and high solidification rate, the fine β phases improved corrosion resistance by forming a net structure that acted as a barrier to corrosion propagation of the α matrix. These results suggest that the size and distribution of the eutectic phases should be appropriately controlled, depending on the environment.
The Mechanical Characterization of Welded Hybrid Joints Based on a Fast-Curing Epoxy Composite with an Integrated Phenoxy Coupling Layer
Authors: Zweifel Lucian , Ritter Klaus , Brauner Christian
Published: February 2022

The joining of composites mostly relies on traditional joining technologies, such as film or paste adhesives, or mechanical fasteners. This study focuses on the appealing approach of using standard thermoplastic welding processes to join thermosets. To achieve this, a thermoplastic coupling layer is created by curing with a thermoset composite part. This leads to a functional surface that can be utilized with thermoplastic welding methods. The thermoplastic coupling layer is integrated as a thin film, compatible with the thermoset resin in the sense that it can partially diffuse in a controlled way into the thermoset resin during the curing cycle. Recent studies showed the high affinity for the interphase formation of poly hydroxy ether (phenoxy) film as coupling layer, in combination with a fast-curing epoxy system that cures within 1 min at 140 °C. In this study, an investigation based on resistance and ultrasonic welding techniques with different testing conditions of single-lap shear samples (at room temperature, 60 °C, and 80 °C) was performed. The results showed strong mechanical strengths of 28.9 MPa (±0.7%) for resistance welding and 24.5 MPa (±0.1%) for ultrasonic welding, with only a minor reduction in mechanical properties up to the glass transition temperature of phenoxy (90 °C). The combination of a fast-curing composite material with an ultra-fast ultrasonic joining technology clearly demonstrates the high potential of this joining technique for industrial applications, such as automotive, sporting goods, or wind energy. The innovation allowing structural joining performance presents key advantages versus traditional methods: the thermoplastic film positioning in the mold can be automated and localized, joint formation requires only a fraction of a second, and the joining operation does not require surface preparation/cleaning or structure deterioration (drilling).