bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of ABA Stereoisomers in French Prune Seeds and Association of ABA with Ethylene-enhanced Prune Abscission1
Authors: Shaybany B. , Weinbaum S. A. , Martin G. C.
Published: August 2022

Excised fruiting branches of French prune (Prunus domestica L.) were treated with 15 μl/liter ethylene (ETH), which inhibited fresh weight increase and caused abscission of immature fruit. Inhibition of fresh weight accumulation was much greater 30 days after full bloom than 44 days after full bloom. Abscisic acid (ABA) in fruit pericarp and seed was extracted, purified for determination by gas chromatography, and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ETH treatment significantly increased ABA concentration of pericarp and seed. The inhibition of growth by ETH was similar for pericarp and seed while the increase in ABA was much greater in pericarp than in seed. The trans, trans-ABA was detected only in the seed and the cis, trans-ABA: trans, trans-ABA ratio was reduced by ETH.
Pollen Ultrastructure of Strawberry and other Small-fruit Crops1
Authors: Maas John L.
Published: August 2022

Scanning electron microscopy studies were made on pollen samples from several small fruit crops: 3 selections of blueberry (Vaccinium), 4 Vitis spp. (V. vinifera L., V. cinerea Engelm., V. rupestris Scheele, and V. amurensis Rupr.), 2 cultivars of raspberry (Rubus), 5 cultivars of blackberry (Rubus), and several species and ploidy levels of strawberry (Fragaria) including 54 cultivars of F. × ananassa Duch., as well as pollen of Duchesnea and Potentilla.

Pollen size and exine characteristics were similar for 4 grape species examined. Polyploid blueberry selections were separable from the diploid selection by pollen grain size. Raspberry and blackberry pollen differed in size, exine ridging or reticulation, and presence of borderless or collared pores. Strawberry pollen is characterized by exine ridging and absence of pores. Cultivars of Fragaria × ananassa could be categorized into 4 groups according to exine ridge patterns. Cultivars exhibited broad longitudinal ridges or were characterized by less prominant to indistinct ridges. One cultivar was unique in that anastomosing ridges were present between adjacent ridges.

Pollen grains of diploid F. vesca L., F. vesca fma. semperflorens Duch., and F. nubicola Lindl, ex Lacaita; a tetraploid clone of F. vesca; the hexaploid F. moschata Duch.; and octoploid F. × ananassa, F. chiloensis (L.) Duch., and F. virginiana Duch. are broadly elliptical, tricolporate and moderately to prominently ridged. Size of pollen and prominance of exine ridges appeared to correspond with ploidy level. Pollen of F. nipponica Mak. differed in that grains are subprolate to sphaeroidal and exine is ornamented with minute, rounded to subconical verrucae arranged in rows. Pollen of the related genera Duchesnea and Potentilla were very similar morphologically to those of octoploid Fragaria spp., except that pollen of D. indica (Andr.) Focke are larger and the exine of P. recta L. exhibits an extremely minute pore structure.
Ethylene and Fruit Loosening from Combinations of Citrus Abscission Chemicals1
Authors: Holm R. E. , Wilson W. C.
Published: August 2022

Two and 3-way combinations of 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (Release), cycloheximide (Acti-Aid), and chlorothalonil (Sweep) were extensively evaluated for fruit abscission and ethylene production responses on ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). The combinations interact synergistically resulting in far greater fruit loosening than would be expected from additive effects of the individual chemicals. The 3-way combinations of Release plus Acti-Aid plus Sweep consistently gave better fruit abscission than the 2-way combinations of Release plus Acti-Aid and required 25% to 50% less abscission chemical compared to individual abscission chemical usage. Increased fruit abscission activity of the chemical combinations resulted from greater peak fruit ethylene production and higher sustained ethylene levels during the treatment period. Distinct fruit loosening and retightening phases were characterized and shown to be correlated with internal fruit ethylene levels.
Influence of Ambient Humidity and Root Zone Shielding on Tomato Seedling Growth1
Authors: Mitchell C. A. , Hoff J. E.
Published: August 2022

Low ambient humidity reduced growth and increased H2O consumption by seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Kokomo) grown in well-watered peat pellets. Shielding the root medium with a thin, flexible plastic sleeve prevented growth reduction, which appeared to be largely the result of root zone evaporative cooling. Low inlet relative humidity (5%) depressed root temperature of unjacked peat pellets –7° to –9°C. Root zone shielding reduced the temperature depressions of both humidity treatments to –4°. Of various growth parameters observed, root growth was most dramatically improved by shielding at either level of humidity.
Improving Quality and Prolonging Vase Life of Bud Cut Flowers by Pretreatment with Thiabendazole1
Authors: Apelbaum A. , Katchansky M.
Published: August 2022

Immersing the cut stem of flowers for 24-72 hours in a solution containing thiabendazole and sucrose facilitated opening, improved quality, and prolonged vase life of bud cut carnations, mini-carnations and chrysanthemum harvested at the bud stage, and of gladiolus, mini-gladiolus, snapdragons and gypsophila harvested considerably earlier than recommended commercially. This treatment was shown to be more effective than 8-hydroxy-quinoline, in all cases, and more effective than silver nitrate treatment in the case of gypsophila. The flowers treated with thiabendazole were larger and heavier, and retained their decorative value for a longer time. Adding 8-hydroxyquinoline to thiabendazole solutions to form the “TOG” formula improved the effectiveness of the treatment for commercial use and allowed re-usage of the solution several times.
Enhanced Rooting of Woody Plant Cuttings by Mycorrhizal Fungi1
Authors: Linderman R. G. , Call C. A.
Published: August 2022

When inoculum of ectomycorrhizal fungi was added to the rooting medium, the percentage of rooted cuttings and the root volumes on cuttings of bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. Spreng.) and huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum Parsh) were significantly greater than those of the uninoculated controls. This enhanced rooting occurred before or in the absence of any mycorrhizal association. In some tests, inoculum of one fungus enhanced rooting of one cultivar of bearberry, but not another, suggesting a specific interaction between the cultivar and the fungus. Of the 13 fungi tested, only Thelephora terrestris Ehrh. ex Fr. formed ectendomycorrhizae in the propagation bed, although several others did so under other conditions.
Some Effects of Potassium Deficiency on Water Relations of French Prune1,2
Authors: Evans Philip S. , Uriu Kiyoto , Pearson James R.
Published: August 2022

In chlorotic, K-deficient leaves of prune (Prunus domestica L. cv. Agen), leaf water potentials were greater and transpiration less than in green, K-sufficient leaves. These results bring into question the role of leaf desiccation as the primary factor in the browning of K-deficient leaves.
Effects of GA3 on Puffing and Levels of GA-like Substances and ABA in the Peel of Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshu Marc.)1
Authors: Kuraoka Tadayuki , Iwasaki Kazuo , Ishii Takaaki
Published: August 2022

GA3 was applied to satsuma mandarin fruit at the concn of 100 ppm 25 and 35 days before harvest. The percentage puffy fruit was greater in the untreated than in both treated plots at harvest time. Chlorophyll was more abundant in the peel of treated fruits than in those of the untreated. GA-like substances in the peel decreased rapidly in untreated fruit in early September, then leveled off toward maturity. They increased more than 40 times in the flavedo of treated fruit as compared with the control. ABA content in the untreated peel increased gradually during early fruit enlargement and then increased rapidly to a very high value during maturity. The ABA content in the peel of GA3-treated fruit did not increase at the same rate as the control. Sugar content in the peel was depressed by GA3 application.
Variability of Phosphorus Uptake and Translocation in Phaseolus vulgaris L. under Phosphorus Stress1
Authors: Lindgren Dale T. , Gabelman W. H. , Gerloff G. C.
Published: August 2022

Excised roots were used for evaluating methods and in identifying differences in rates of P absorption by 59 lines of Phaseolus vulgaris. Large variations in P absorption rates between lines were noted. Although the P absorption rate was negatively correlated with root dry weight, it was possible to isolate lines with similar excised root dry weights which displayed large differences in P absorption rates. Rates of P absorption by the terminal 3.5 cm root segment satisfactorily expressed P absorption by other portions of the root system. The rate of P absorption by excised roots was influenced by the amount of P in the solution in which plants were cultured prior to root excision. As the pretreatment P level increased from 3 to 31 mg/plant, P absorption by excised roots decreased and as the P level increased from 31 to 62 mg/plant, P absorption by excised roots leveled off. Rates of P absorption by excised roots also varied with the age of the plant. However, relative values between efficient and inefficient lines remained constant at each plant age. Variance for P absorption by excised roots due to environment was high. Narrow sense heritability estimates derived from parent offspring regression in families of efficient × inefficient lines were estimated to be about 40%. Data on P uptake by excised roots did not predict P uptake and translocation in intact plants. A reliable standardized technique for intact plant ion absorption studies is necessary to make accurate comparisons between plants.
Resistance to Anthracnose in Diploid and Polyploid Watermelons1
Authors: Henderson Warren R. , Jenkins S. F.
Published: August 2022

Crosses were made between diploids and tetraploids of C5, a sister line of ‘Sweet Princess’ watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] which was resistant to anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata var. orbiculare, S. F. Jenkins & Winstead races 1 and 3) and ‘Sugar Baby’ (SB) susceptible to anthracnose. There was no significant difference in anthracnose resistance among C5 (2x, 3x, 4x,), nor among SB (2x, 3x, 4x). The diploid hybrid SB(2x) × C5(2x) was similar in resistance to its tetraploid hybrid, SB(4x) × C5(4x). C5(2x) × SB(2x) was slightly less resistant than its reciprocal hybrid SB(2x) x C5(2x). The triploid seedless hybrid, C5(4x) × SB(2x) (ArArar), was significantly more resistant than its “reciprocal” hybrid, SB(4x) × C5(2x), (Ararar).
Carbon Flux in Apple Trees: The Effects of Temperature and Light Intensity on Photosynthetic Rates1
Authors: Seeley Earl J. , Kammereck R.
Published: August 2022

The effects of light intensity and leaf temperature on the net photosynthetic rate of rapidly growing ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) shoots were determined in a temperature range (-1.6 to 44°C) broader than previously reported. Under saturating light conditions the rate of CO2 uptake increased with leaf temperature to 2.7 g CO2 m2hr-1 at 25°. Optimum temperature decreased as the light intensity decreased, indicating a relationship between temperature and light saturation levels. At 25 to 30° the light saturation point was equivalent to 86 W/m2 of incident electromagnetic energy at wavelengths of 400 to 750 nm. At temperatures higher than the optimum, the rate of carbon dioxide uptake decreased rapidly. At 47 to 50° and high light intensities, the rate of carbon dioxide uptake was 0.3 to 0.5 g CO2 m-2hr-l.
Association between Soluble Solids/Acid Content and Days from Full Bloom of Three Red Strains of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Law Rome’ Apple Fruits1
Authors: Hammett Larry K. , Kirk H. J. , Todd H. G. , Hale S. A.
Published: August 2022

Fruit pH, inflection point pH, % acid content at inflection point pH, and % acid content at pH 8.1 were unpredictable based on days from full bloom and were not useful as maturity indices for 3 red strains of ‘Delicious’ or ‘Law Rome’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Soluble solids content of the red strains of ‘Delicious’ could not be predicted consistently. Soluble solids/% acid (SS/A) at pH 8.1 values were the most predictable for all red strains of ‘Delicious’ with apparent optimum fruit quality within the 40 to 50 range index. None of these parameters were reliable for ‘Law Rome’ fruits.
Regrowth Reduction in American Elm and Sycamore by Growth Regulator Injection1
Authors: Brown G. K. , Kwolek W. F. , Wuertz D. E. , Jumper G. A. , Wilson C. L. , Carr S. R.
Published: August 2022

Water solutions of commercial formulations of growth regulators were pressure-injected into the trunks of topped American elm (Ulmus americana L.) trees in June to evaluate their ability to reduce sprout regrowth. Regrowth was significantly reduced by methyl 2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (chlorflurenol), N-[4-methyl-3-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino] = phenyl]acetamide (fluoridamid), l,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazine-dione (maleic hydrazide), succinic acid,2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA); α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxypenyl)-5-pyrimidine = methanol (ancymidol) and (2-chloroethyl)trimethyl-ammonium chloride (chlormequat) were ineffective. Some undesirable effects on the tree and foliage were observed. Maleic hydrazide (MH) and daminozide (SADH) were selected for additional field tests at 3 concentration levels on topped American elm and American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.). Regrowth was significantly reduced and foliage condition was acceptable for the high concentration of SADH and the low concentration of MH. Successive measurements in both experiments showed that sprout regrowth was reduced by an amount equivalent to at least 1 year of growth during the first 2 seasons following treatment.
Water Uptake Patterns in Blighted Citrus Trees1
Authors: Young Roger H. , Garnsey Stephen M.
Published: August 2022

Sweet orange cultivars, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, in several stages of blight (young tree decline) were studied for characteristics of waterflow or uptake. Many small and major roots and the trunk on moderately blighted trees had restricted waterflow or uptake capabilities. Some small and major roots on the blighted side of early-stage or sectored trees also had restricted waterflow or uptake capabilities, but the healthy side roots functioned similarly to those on healthy trees. Dye uptake patterns confirmed that the waterflow or uptake was restricted in the diseased portions of the trees. On moderately blighted trees, young xylem appeared to be more functional for water movement than older xylem. Necrotic roots were found on the blighted side of early-stage sectored trees and moderately blighted trees, but not on the healthy side of sectored trees or on healthy trees. The sectoring type of early blight expression affords a model system for study whereby both blighted and apparently healthy tissues occur on the same tree.
Effects of Sulfur Dioxide and Controlled Atmospheres on Broken-end Discoloration and Processed Quality Attributes in Snap Beans1
Authors: Henderson J. R. , Buescher R. W.
Published: August 2022

Snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), when broken during harvesting and handling, develop a brown discoloration on the broken ends which is not removed by processing and is detrimental to the appearance and processed grade. Broken-end discoloration (BED) was controlled when samples were treated before storage with 7500 to 10,000 ppm SO2 for 30 seconds or when samples were stored in controlled atmospheres containing 20 or 30% CO2 for 24 hours. Processed quality attributes of color, flavor, texture, and sloughing were not affected by these treatments. Oxygen levels of 5% or less also controlled BED but caused off-flavors in the canned product. Elevated CO2 levels were not injurious to snap bean quality as long as O2 was maintained at 10% or higher.
Cumulative Toxic Effects of Boron, Lithium, and Sodium in Water Used for Hydroponic Production of Tomatoes1
Authors: Wallihan E. F. , Sharpless R. G. , Printy W. L.
Published: August 2022

‘Tropic’ tomato plants were grown in solution cultures to compare the individual and combined effects of B, Li, Na in the water used to bring solutions up to volume (make-up water). Leaf chlorosis and necrosis were evident after the concentration of B, Li, and Na were increased to 2, 2, and 140 ppm, respectively, in the makeup water. Threshold leaf concentration above which toxicity was evident, are estimated at 170, 80 and 7000 ppm, respectively. Additive effects were not found among these elements at lower concentration.
Light Compensation Points and Acclimatization of Four Tropical Foliage Plants1
Authors: Fonteno W. C. , McWilliams E. L.
Published: August 2022

Whole plant net CO2 exchange, light compensation points, and acclimatization were determined for Philodendron scandens Subsp. oxycardium (Schott) Bunt, Epipremnum aureum (Linden & Andre) Bunt (Pothos), Brassaia actinophylla Endl. and Dracaena sanderana Sander before and after 4 and 15 week acclimatization periods at 27 μE m−2 sec−1 (400-700 nm), for 12 hr/day. Philodendron scandens Subsp. oxycardium, E. aureum, B. actinophylla and D. Sanderana exhibited CO2 uptake rates of 0.53, 1.16, 1.18 and 0.50 mg CO2 dm−2hr−1, respectively, at 57 μE m−2 sec−l (3400 lx) after 15 weeks of acclimatization. Each species showed a significant increase in net CO2 uptake during the study period. Dark respiration decreased 63% in P. scandens Subsp. oxycardium, 71% in E. aureum, 53% in B. actinophylla and 64% in D. sanderana during the acclimatization period.

The regression correlation coefficient of CO2 uptake with light intensity increased for each species during the study. At 15 weeks, P. scandens Subsp. oxycardium, E. aureum, B. actinophylla and D. sanderana exhibited r values of .95, .98, .96, and .91, respectively. Light compensation points decreased between week 1 and week 15 as follows: 33 to 7 μE m−2 sec−1 in P. scandens Subsp. oxycardium, 38 to 6 μE m−2 sec−1 in E. aureum, 14 to 4 μE m−2 sec−1 in B. actinophylla and 119 to 15 μE m−2 sec−1 in D. sanderana.

As a result of acclimatization, all species exhibited increases in net CO2 uptake and decreases in dark CO2 evolution concomitantly indicating a reduction in dark respiration. Leaf area increase was negatively correlated with light compensation point. B. actinophylla had the highest leaf area increase with 2.16 dm2, E. aureum and P. scandens Subsp. oxycardium were intermediate with 1.08 and 0.96 dm2, respectively, while D. sanderana, the species with the highest light compensation point exhibited the lowest leaf area increase (0.44 dm2). Philodendron scandens Subsp. oxycardium, E. aureum, B. actinophylla, exhibited similarly rapid rates of acclimatization, while D. sanderana acclimatized much more slowly and had a significantly higher light compensation point.
Effects of Growth Regulators and Multiple Applications of Pesticides on Net Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Greenhouse-grown Apple Trees1
Authors: Ferree D. C. , Hall F. R.
Published: August 2022

Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and multiple applications of selected pesticides were tested for their influence on net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr) of leaves of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Application by aerosol, spray, soil surface incorporation, and fumigation using commercially available pesticide materials adaptable to each had no influence on Pn. Rates of aldicarb in excess of 5 g/20 cm diameter pot (2.9 liter) caused a reduction in Pn. Rates above 14 g/20 cm pot reduced Tr and induced leaf chlorosis and defoliation. One to 3 applications of diazinon, methomyl, and oxamyl had no affect on Pn or Tr but 5 applications reduced Pn and had no effect on Tr. Plictran decreased Pn of both ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ leaves after 5 applications. A single application of daminozide or ethephon had no measurable influence on Pn or Tr. The growth regulators did not alter the influence of pesticides on Pn. Plictran and oxamyl increased the severity of leaf spotting on ‘Golden Delicious’.
Evaluation of Two Objective Methods and a Subjective Rating Scale for Measuring Tomato Fruit Firmness1
Authors: Kader A. A. , Morris L. L. , Chen P.
Published: August 2022

Tomato fruit firmness is closely associated with its ripeness stage; as the fruit ripens it softens. Correct usage of the UC Fruit Firmness Tester requires that such variables as location of measurement on the fruit, removal of skin, and plunger (tip) diameter be specified. A negative and highly significant correlation (r = −0.75) exists between firmness measurements with the UC Firmness Tester (a destructive method) and the compression testing device (a nondestructive method). Values obtained by both methods were also highly correlated (r = 0.79, UC Firmness Tester; r = −0.81, compression testing device) with subjective evaluation scores based on finger feel. Two possible minimum firmness limits are suggested for tomato fruits at shipping point and at retail.
Field-plot Studies with Sweet Potato1
Authors: Boudreaux J. E. , Jones L. G.
Published: August 2022

The coefficient of variation on number of replications required for significance in field trials with sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam decreased in most cases as the plot length and width increased. Using 12% as an arbitrary level of acceptability for the coefficient of variation, a single-row plot 15 to 20 hills, 30.5 cm apart in length and replicated 9 to 11 times appeared to be sufficient to conduct research on the total weight of sweet potatoes. A double-row plot of the same length would require 5 to 7 replications while a triple-row plot would require 3 to 6 replications to be precise enough for research on the total weight of sweet potatoes. For satisfactory research on the total number of roots, a plot 1 row wide and 20 to 25 hills long with 5 to 9 replications appeared to be adequate. A double-row plot the same length would require 3 to 7 replications, and a triple-row plot would require 2 to 6 replications for satisfactory results.
Growth and Development of Highbush Blueberry. I. Vegetative Growth
Authors: Gough R. E. , Shutak V. G. , Hauke R. L.
Published: August 2022

The seasonal vegetative growth sequences of the highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum Ait.) and certain features, including apical abortion, are described during growth under usual conditions and under the influence of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) sprays. Apical abortion, followed by chlorosis and necrosis of the distal portion of the shoot is a natural phenomenon in highbugh blueberry and results in episodic, sympodial extension growth. Daminozide sprays did not substantially alter the abortion pattern, though shoot growth was substantially reduced the first year of spray application. Shoot growth was not significantly reduced in bushes sprayed but not pruned for 2 years.
The Apple Replant Problem in Washington State1
Authors: Benson N. R. , Covey R. P. , Haglund W.
Published: August 2022

The growth of apple seedlings (Malus domestica Brokh.) is negatively correlated with soil arsenic and zero growth occurs at about 450 ppm total arsenic. Soil arsenic concentrations less than 150 ppm, which are frequently found in orchard soils, contribute less to the replant problem than biological factors. Growth of apple trees was increased 50% or more by preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide or trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin) in 87.5% of the trials in 17 apple orchard soils tested. Non-specific plant pathogens in orchard soils attack cereals as well as apple seedlings, but apple orchard soils also contain an entity that specifically affects apples. This is probably the same unknown entity that is responsible for specific apple replant disease in Europe, Australia, and elsewhere.
Changes in the Water Status of Cut Roses and its Relationship to Bent-neck Phenomenon1
Authors: Zieslin N. , Kohl H. C. , Kofranek A. M. , Halevy A. H.
Published: August 2022

Flowers of different cultivars of rose (Rosa hybrida L.) vary in their sensitivity to bent-neck after cutting with ‘Cara Mia’ the most sensitive, and ‘Samantha’ the most resistant of the cultivars tested. Bent-neck is influenced by several factors: water loss by leaves, differences in water uptake ability of the stem, and the ability of the bloom to absorb water from other plant organs on the flower shoot.
Tissue Culture of Bulb Scale Sections for Asexual Propagation of Lilium longiflorum Thunb.1
Authors: Stimart Dennis P. , Ascher Peter D.
Published: August 2022

An average Easter lily bulb with 100 scales may produce 8000 or more bulbs in 6 weeks when 1 mm thick cross sections from the scales are cultured in the Linsmaier-Skoog medium as modified by Sheridan and supplemented with 0.03 mg/liter NAA. Continuous darkness at 25°C increased bulb number and size at the expense of leaf number and size while a cycle of 16 hours cool white fluorescence at 1.6 klx (150 ft-c) and 8 hours dark at 25°C suppressed bulb formation but enhanced leaf formation, root weight, and fresh weight of callus. Root numbers were equal in both environments. Cultures incubated at 18.3° exhibited no measurable growth after 6 weeks. Explants from the distal part of the bulb scale will grow only with growth regulators present.
The Effect of Temperature on Rate of Ethylene Evolution from Ethephon and from Ethephon-treated Leaves of Sour Cherry1
Authors: Olien William C. , Bukovac Martin J.
Published: August 2022

The effect of temperature on ethylene evolution from ethephon-treated sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) leaves was determined subsequent to foliar application. The upper surface of uniform fully expanded leaves was treated in the field with 125 μg of ethephon, (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid. After 24 hours, leaves were detached and ethylene was measured during incubation at temperatures between 10 and 34°C. Ethephon degradation in buffered solutions was also monitored between 10 and 50° and over a range in pH from 3.0 to 7.0. The effect of temperature on rate of endogenous ethylene evolution was examined for sweet cherry shoots and sour cherry leaves, and was calculated for several other tissues and species from values found in the literature. The rate of ethylene evolution from both ethephon-treated leaves and buffered solutions was markedly temperature dependent, with an apparent energy of activation (Ea) of 30 to 32 kcal mole-1. There was no pH-temperature interaction affecting the Ea for buffered solutions. A generalized Ea for endogenous ethylene evolution was about 13 kcal mole-1.
Effects of Polaris on Yield, Dry Matter, and Soluble Solids of Sweet Potato Roots1
Authors: Alvarez M. N. , Whatley B. T. , Henderson J. H. M. , Phills B. R.
Published: August 2022

Foliar application of N,N-Bis(phosphonmethyl)glycine (Polaris) at 0.28 or 0.56 kg/ha once or twice 15 days before harvest increased root yield of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas Lam.). At these rates, there was no effect on % dry matter and % total soluble solids either freshly harvested or after curling.
Evaluation of Scoring, Limb Spreading and Growth Regulators for Increasing Flower Bud Initiation and Fruit Set on Young ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Greene D. W. , Lord W. J.
Published: August 2022

A 3-year study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of mechanical and chemical techniques to enhance flower bud initiation and fruit set on young ‘Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. Scoring, limb spreading, and growth regulators predictably reduced terminal growth, but only scoring consistently increased bloom. When bloom was increased, fruit set did not always follow. The most effective treatment for increasing fruit set was (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 1000 ppm plus 1000 ppm succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide). Combination sprays of ethephon plus daminozide show promise for restricting vegetative growth of non-bearing ‘Delicious’.
Endogenous Gibberellin-like Activity in Cranberry at Different Stages of Development as Influenced by Nitrogen and Daminozide1
Authors: Luke Nai-Chia , Eck Paul
Published: August 2022

Gibberellin (GA)-like activity in ‘Early Black’ cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.), as affected by N and treatment with succinic acid-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) was measured at different growth stages. Cranberry buds and young leaves contained relatively high levels of GA activity. Activity in the leaves of uprights declined during July, coinciding with active elongation of the stems and increased in August, after terminal bud formation. Leaves of runners contained relatively high levels of GA activity, and may represent important sources of GA production during active runner growth. Plants receiving the lowest level of N had the highest GA-like activity in both runners and uprights. High N treatment increased vegetative growth, which may have diluted endogenous GAs. Leaves of uprights of daminozide-treated plants had higher GA-like activity than control plants, at the low and medium N rate. Daminozide-treated plants produced significantly more runners than control plants, except at the high N rate.
Low Pressure Storage of Tulip, Hyacinth, and Daffodil Bulbs Prior to Planting1
Authors: De Hertogh A. A. , Barrett J. E. , Blakely N. , Dilley D. R.
Published: August 2022

Tulip bulbs (Tulipa spp.) were placed under ventilated low pressure storage (LPS) conditions for 14 days in either August or September. Compared to 760 mm Hg stored bulbs, LPS suppressed leaf growth and floral development. These effects were highly visible after storage in air at either 76 or 150 mm Hg and in the month of August. When tulip bulbs were forced, LPS treatments applied in August delayed flowering of most cultivars and flower size was occasionally reduced; in September treatments, LPS ventilation with additional O2 and CO2 accelerated flowering of 2 cultivars, but flower size was reduced. When stored under 76 mm Hg in air in August, most cultivars of hyacinth (Hyacinthus spp.) were subsequently delayed in flowering, but daffodils (Narcissus spp.) were not. Except for one cultivar of each species, LPS did not affect the percent of plants flowering, plant height or flower size. Penicillium growth on the bulb tunics was enhanced by humidifying the air under LPS conditions. It is concluded that LPS provides no advantages over the ventilated, temperature controlled units presently employed.
Salt Tolerance of Ornamental Shrubs, Trees, and Iceplant1
Authors: Francois L. E. , Clark R. A.
Published: August 2022

Salt tolerance of 10 shrub, 2 tree, and 4 iceplant species was determined in plots artificially salinized with NaCl and CaCl2.Tolerant species such as Texas sage (Leucophyllum frutescens (Berland) I. M. Johnst.), brush cherry (Syzygium paniculatum Gaertn.). Aleppo pine, (Pinus halepensis Mill.), European fan palm (Chamaerops humilis L.) and the 4 iceplants (Hymenocyclus croceus (Jacquin) Schwanter, Lampranthus productus (Haworth) N. E. Brown, Drosanthemum hispidum (L.) Schwart, and Delosperma alba Hort.) were affected little, if at all, by soil salinities of 7 mmho/cm (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract: ECe). Sensitive species like glossy abelia (Abelia grandiflora (Andre) Rehd.) Photinia (Photinia fraseri Dress.) Oregon grape holly (Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.) and Pyrenees cotoneaster (Cotoneaster congestus Bak.) were severely damaged or killed at ECe's of 4 mmho/cm. In general, leaves were injured only at levels that suppressed growth 50% or more.
Quality of Pistachio Nuts as Affected by Time of Harvest1
Authors: Crane Julian C.
Published: August 2022

Kernel dry weight and crude fat accumulation, as well as shell dehiscence and change in shell color, all indicated that the nut of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is physiologically mature at the time the hull separates easily from the shell. Harvesting prior to or after that critical point resulted in undeveloped kernels or in stained and unattractive shells, respectively. The data indicate that nuts of highest quality may be obtained by harvesting within a period of about one week.
The Effect of a Substituted Amino Acid on Ethylene Biosynthesis, Respiration, Ripening and Preharvest Drop of Apple Fruits1
Authors: Bangerth Fritz
Published: August 2022

Spraying trees of ‘King of the Pippin’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ (Malus domestica Borkh.) with the substituted amino acid aminoethoxyvinylglycine hydrochloride (AVG), within 1 month of harvest delayed fruit ripening, reduced preharvest drop, and increased fruit removal force (FRF). Five sprays of 5 × 10-4m AVG inhibited the development of the climacteric of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruits. Reduced biosynthesis of ethylene was probably responsible for these effects. Naphthaleneacetic acid and AVG synergistically reduced ethylene biosynthesis and warrant further investigation, especially in connection with preharvest drop.
Abscission Mechanism Studies With Apple Fruitlets1
Authors: Schneider G. W.
Published: August 2022

Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) applied as a spray to apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees, entire limbs, or foliage only, reduced fruit retention but, when applied to fruit only, retention was unaffected. Silver nitrate sprays did not alter the effect of NAA on fruit retention. A galactose spray did not affect fruit retention. Excised fruits from NAA-sprayed trees took up less 14C-sucrose and lost less 14C-indoleacetic acid than those from unsprayed trees. 14C-sorbitol translocation from lateral leaves to growing shoot tips was reduced more by naphthaleneacetamide (NAM), NAA, and ethephon than was 14C-sucrose. 14C-sucrose and 14C-sorbitol translocation was affected by NAM but not by NAA or ethephon. Additional shade of 25% during 2 consecutive cloudy days reduced retention of ‘Delicious’ fruitlets, indicating that a small reduction of metabolites available to young fruit may adversely affect their retention.
Characterization of Citrus Cultivars by Chemical Differentiation1
Authors: Tatum James H. , Hearn C. Jack , Berry Robert E.
Published: August 2022

Leaf extracts from 58 cultuvars of citrus were examined by thin-layer chromatography and the methoxyflavones, flavanones and coumarins in the extracts used to show the relationships between parents and offspring as well as to indicate possible relationships for cultivars of unknown genetic origin.
Distinguishing Rose Cultivars by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. I. Extraction and Storage of Protein and Active Enzymes from Rose Leaves1
Authors: Kuhns Larry J. , Fretz Thomas A.
Published: August 2022

Procedures were developed to extract protein and active enzymes from rose leaves. A suitable extraction medium, extraction time, and sample application rate was determined for each system in which bands could be separated. Sixteen enzyme systems and anionic protein were investigated, with only anionic protein, peroxidase, esterase, malate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, phenoloxidase, and polyphenoloxidase producing clear bands. Existing staining techniques were adequate for staining cytochrome oxidase, phenoloxidase, and polyphenoloxidase activity, but modifications of the reported anionic protein, peroxidase, esterase and malate dehydrogenase stains were required. Isoenzyme changes which occur during 0, 9, 12, and 16 weeks storage are discussed.
The Occurrence and Some Effects of Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus in Red Raspberry1
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. , Stace-Smith R. , Freeman Jack A.
Published: August 2022

Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) was found in 25 of 75 cultivars maintained in the British Columbia red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) breeding program. Crumbly-appearing fruit and leaf abnormalities were associated with infection in some of the cultivars. No RBDV was found in commercial fields of the Willamette cultivar. Comparisons of RBDV-infected and virus-free plants of BC 64-6-68, a selection from the breeding program, showed that the virus reduced yield and fruit size, and increased drupelet abortion resulting in crumbly fruit. RBDV infection did not affect vegetative growth. Field spread of the virus in BC 64-6-68 was through pollen.
Factors Affecting Rabbiteye Blueberry Seed Germination1
Authors: Austin M. E. , Cundiff J. S.
Published: August 2022

Blueberry seeds (Vaccinium ashei Reade cv. Tifblue) were aspirated into several terminal velocity (TV) grades in an elutriation column. Different light and temperature environments were used to germinate the seeds. In all tests, germination was best at TV grades 2.23 and 2.45. Seed remaining in the air columns after aspiration did not germinate. Light was necessary for germination.
Physiology and Inheritance of Efficiency in Potassium Utilization in Tomatoes Grown under Potassium Stress1
Authors: Makmur Amris , Gerloff G. C. , Gabelman W. H.
Published: August 2022

Genetic control of efficiency in K utilization was investigated by screening 156 lines of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in nutrient culture solution (one plant per container) at a stress level of K (5 mg per plant). Efficiency in K utilization was defined and expressed as the mg of dry weight produced per mg of K absorbed by a plant (KER). Under K stress, an efficient line produced an average of 79% more dry wt than an inefficient line. Yields of the lines were comparable under adequate K (200 mg per plant). The efficient lines contained 39% less K and 29% more Na in their tissues when grown at the low levels of K. Differences in K uptake or translocation of K from roots to shoots could not explain variations in efficiency of K utilization. Partial substitution of K by Na was important in high K efficiency. However, part of the efficiency was associated with K functions for which Na could not substitute. One line responded favorably to Na even at moderate levels of K. Additive gene effects made the major contribution to variation in efficiency of K utilization. Dominance and epistatic gene effects were important only in 1 of the 4 inefficient × efficient families and in families derived from parents of similar efficiency. No evidence for maternal control of efficiency in K utilization was observed.
Effect of Nine Controlled-release Fertilizers on Chrysanthemum Growth and Foliar Analysis
Authors: Sharma Govind C. , Patel Ashwin J.
Published: August 2022

In the paper, Effect of Nine Controlled-release Fertilizers on Chrysanthemum Growth and Foliar Analysis by Govind C. Sharma and Ashwin J. Patel (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 103 (2): 148-150; 1978), the following correction should be made: The mean separation symbol for high rate of OSC-A in Table 3 should be “a” instead of “b.” Also, in Table 4, MagZmP should be read as MagAmP.
Leafminer Resistance in Muskmelon1
Authors: Kennedy G. G. , Bohn G. W. , Stoner A. K. , Webb Ralph E.
Published: August 2022

Potentially useful levels of resistance to the leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (= munda Frick), in Cucumis melo L. were identified in greenhouse and field studies in different years and widely separated locations. Resistant lines were identified as those having the least number of mines per leaf in a given test. Two apparently distinct sources of resistance were found in Plant Introduction (PI) 282448 from Africa and PI 313970 from India. In a single test of F1 hybrids the resistance of PI 282448 appeared to be controlled by recessive genes, while that of PI 313970 appeared to be controlled by partially dominant genes. Plant introductions from Central Asia and East Asia were, in general, the most susceptible.
Ripening, Respiration, and Ethylene Production of ‘Hass’ Avocado Fruits at 20° to 40°C1
Authors: Eaks Irving L.
Published: August 2022

The respiratory rate, ethylene production and ripening of mature ‘Hass’ avocado fruits (Persea americana Mill.) were determined at 20° to 40°C. Typical climacteric patterns occurred at 20°, 25°, 30° and 35° with the climacteric maximum increasing with temperature, but only a decreasing respiratory rate with time was observed at 40°. Maximum ethylene production decreased as the temperature increased, with a significant decrease between 25° and 30°, only trace amounts were produced at 35° and essentially no ethylene production was detected at 40°. The ripened fruit quality was excellent at 20°, 25° and 30°, fair at 35° and abnormal and unacceptable at 40°. Fruit held at 40° for up to 2 days resumed ripening when transferred to 20°. The exposure to exogenous ethylene or propylene hastened the ripening response up to 35°, however at 40° the respiratory rate was increased, but ethylene production and normal ripening did not occur.
Yield Component Analysis in the Cranberry1
Authors: Eaton G. W. , Kyte T. R.
Published: August 2022

Yield component analysis was used to study the components of yield diversity in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.). The proportion of uprights flowering and fruit-set were identified as important contributors to yield diversity. Numbers of uprights, flowers per flowering upright, and fruit-size were less important. Isolated yield components were largely influenced by uncontrolled variation. However, component compensation effects were identified. Fruit-set compensated for uprights/dm2 in several areas. Fruit-size compensated for uprights/dm2 and fruit-set for flower number in only one area. Fruit-set and fruit-size were positively correlated in two cases. The numerical techniques employed have positively identified promising areas for further research.
Wet Soil Stress Effects on Sweet Potatoes1
Authors: Ton Chew Soo , Hernandez Teme P.
Published: August 2022

Serious effects of wet soil on fleshy roots of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) were losses from rots at harvest and increased shrinkage losses in storage. Other injurious effects were losses in storage of carotenoid pigments, dry matter content, and baking quality. Highly significant differences occurred among cultivars. Total yield was significantly negatively correlated with dry matter content of fleshy roots in 1975 (r = −0.22) and in 1976 (r = −0.17). Dry matter content of sweet potatoes at harvest was significantly negatively correlated with weight loss from rots after 30 days storage in 1975 (r = −0.20). The weight loss from root shrinkage during curing and after 30 days of storage was positively correlated in 1975 (r = 0.73) and in 1976 (r = 0.87). Significant differences between cultivars from the control treatment occurred in shrinkage losses over a 140 day storage period in normal storage treatment.
Storage Stability of Strawberry Products Manufactured from Mechanically-harvested Strawberries1
Authors: Sistrunk W. A. , Morris J. R.
Published: August 2022

Three cultivars of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cvs. Cardinal, A-5344, and Earlibelle) were harvested once-over by machine in 1975 and 1976 and separated into green and ripe fruit. Preserves and jam were manufactured from different combinations of sliced, ripe fruits, puree from ripe and from green fruit, then stored at 2°, 24° and 35°C for 0, 4 and 9 months. There were differences among cultivars and treatments in color attributes and sensory quality but both preserves and jams were highly acceptable from all cultivars and treatments. The greatest change in color and sensory quality was caused by storage at 35° for 4 and 9 months. Green fruit did not affect storage stability and development of browning. As much as half immature, green fruit can be used in the manufacture of preserves and jams without affecting quality in highly-colored cultivars.
Effects of Growth Substances on Strawberry Growth1
Authors: Waithaka Kimani , Dana Malcolm N.
Published: August 2022

6-(Benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydrophyranyl)-9H-purine (PBA) promoted production of stolons, branch stolons, branch crowns and daughter plants in ‘Sparkle’ Junebearing and ‘Ozark Beauty’ everbearing strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Gibberellic acid (GA3) induced no promotion on either cultivar. Combinations of PBA and GA3 induced a greater effect on stolon and daughter plant production for ‘Ozark Beauty’ than did PBA alone. Increase in the number of daughter plants was proportional to the number of stolons produced. PBA suppressed rooting of the daughter plants. Addition of GA3 to the foliar treatment did not overcome rooting suppression of PBA.
Growth Controlling Properties of Apple Stem Callus, in Vitro1
Authors: Schneider G. W. , Lockard R. G. , Cornelius P. L.
Published: August 2022

Stem calli of various clones of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) separated by filter paper, were grown on defined media to assess effects of one clone on growth of another in vitro. Certain clones affected the growth of the other when grown in the stock (callus in contact with media) or scion (on filter paper on stock callus) positions, or when placed on the media adjacent to each other (separated by filter paper). Both findings indicate the presence of mobile compounds from one clone capable of affecting growth of another clone.
The Influence of Nitrapyrin on N Retention and Tomato Growth in Sand-bark Media1
Authors: Mills H. A. , Pokorny F. A.
Published: August 2022

Nitrapyrin at 50 ppm, increased dry weights of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and total N when pine bark comprised part of the medium and NH4 was part of the N treatment. If the medium consisted only of pine bark, nitrapyrin increased dry weights and total plant N with NO3–N and/or NH4–N treatments. The NO3–N level in the medium was higher with all N treatments when nitrapyrin was incorporated. The increase in plant growth is directly related to the higher NO3–N levels in each medium where nitrapyrin was incorporated. The higher media NO3–N with nitrapyrin are attributed to inhibition of the nitrification process and a subsequent inhibitory effect on NO3–N loss.
Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Decay, Physiological Responses, Ripening, and Composition of Tomato Fruits1
Authors: Kader A. A. , Chastagner G. A. , Morris L. L. , Ogawa J. M.
Published: August 2022

CO (5 and 10%) + 4% O2 atmospheres retarded growth of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. (in vitro) and reduced decay incidence and severity on inoculated tomatoes (Lycopersicon escuientum Mill.) harvested at the mature-green (MG) or pink (P) stage and held at 12.5°C for up to 14 days (MG) or 10 days (P). This reduction was still evident after holding for an additional 2 to 3 days (P) or 7 days (MG) at 20° in air. CO + 4% O2 atmosphere was more effective than CO + air atmosphere in all experiments. CO + air treatments increased CO2 and C2H4 production rates and hastened ripening of MG fruits, while CO + 4% O2 atmosphere had no or very small effect on these physiological responses relative to 4% O2 atmosphere at 12.5°. After transfer to air at 20°, fruits previously exposed to CO exhibited slightly higher CO2 and C2H2 production and faster ripening than control fruits. CO added to air or 4% O2 did not affect ripening rate of fruits picked at the breaker, turning, or pink stages. CO + air or 4% O2 atmosphere slowed down softening of pink fruits during a 7- or 14-day storage period at 12.5°. Fruits subjected to CO + 4% O2 for 7 days maintained their sugar and acid content better than control fruits.