bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trajectories of vegetation‐based indicators used to assess wetland restoration progress
Authors: Matthews Jeffrey W. , Spyreas Greg , Endress Anton G.
Published: November 2009

Temporal trends in attributes of restored ecosystems have been described conceptually as restoration trajectories. Measures describing the maturity or ecological integrity of a restoration site are often assumed to follow monotonically increasing trajectories over time and to eventually reach an asymptote representative of a reference ecosystem. This assumption of simple, predictable restoration trajectories underpins federal and state policies in the United States that mandate wetland restoration as compensation for wetlands damaged during development. We evaluated the validity of this assumption by tracking changes in 11 indicators of floristic integrity, often used to determine legal compliance, in 29 mitigation wetlands. Each indicator was expressed as a percentile relative to the distribution of that indicator among >100 naturally occurring reference wetlands. Nonlinear regression was used to fit two alternative restoration trajectories to data from each site: an asymptotic (negative exponential) increase in the indicator over time and a peaked (double exponential) relationship. Depending on the particular indicator, between 48% and 76% of sites displayed trends that were at least moderately well described (R2 > 0.5) by one of the two models. Floristic indicators based on species richness, including native richness, number of native genera, and the floristic quality index, rapidly increased to asymptotes exceeding levels in a majority of reference wetlands. In contrast, indicators based on species composition, including mean coefficient of conservatism and relative importance of perennial species, increased very slowly. Thus, some indicators of restoration progress followed increasing trajectories and achieved or surpassed levels equivalent to high‐quality reference sites within five years, whereas others appeared destined to either not reach equivalency or to take much longer than mitigation wetlands are typically monitored. Finally, some indicators of restoration progress, such as relative importance of native species, often increased over the first five to 10 years and then declined, which would result in a misleading assessment of progress if based on typical time scales of monitoring. Therefore, the assumption of simple, rapid, and predictable restoration trajectories that underlies wetland mitigation policy is unrealistic.
The EXODUS of Public Health What History Can Tell Us About the Future
Authors: Fairchild Amy L. , Rosner David , Colgrove James , Bayer Ronald , Fried Linda P.
Published: November 2009

We trace the shifting definitions of the American public health profession's mission as a social reform and science-based endeavor. Its authority coalesced in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as public health identified itself with housing, sanitation, and labor reform efforts. The field ceded that authority to medicine and other professions as it jettisoned its social mission in favor of a science-based identity. Understanding the potential for achieving progressive social change as it moves forward will require careful consideration of the industrial, structural, and intellectual forces that oppose radical reform and the identification of constituencies with which professionals can align to bring science to bear on the most pressing challenges of the day.
Comment on Brad Delong: Tell the Whole Story
Authors: Wilson Sven E
Published: November 2009

Brad Delong mischaracterizes economic options, according to Sven Wilson of Brigham Young University.
The Allocation of Permits in U.S. Climate Change Legislation
Authors: Fullerton Don , Karney Daniel H
Published: November 2009

Don Fullerton and Daniel Karney of the University of Illinois take a hard look at the allocation of CO2 emissions permits under the Waxman-Markey bill and give it minimally passing marks.
Melting Quality of Polymers in Internal Mixer Diagnosed by Ultrasound
Authors: Cheng C.-C. , Banakar H. , Ooi B.-T. , Jen C.-K.
Published: November 2009

Real-time, non-intrusive and non-destructive ultrasonic technology has been used to monitor the melting process in an internal mixer. Visual observation, mechanical torque measurement, and ultrasonic signatures, such as amplitude and time delay of transmission and reflection echoes were used for the diagnosis of the melting process of low density polyethylene (LDPE). Phenomena during the melting process, including phase change from solid to melt, partially melted pellets, air bubbles inside the melt, were successfully monitored by ultrasound. The ultrasonic signatures were able to determine when the polymer has melted completely. The method of moving standard deviation (MSD) was applied to establish the melting completion timing accurately. Higher temperature of mixing chamber and faster rotation speed of blades reduced melting completion period, indicated by MSD of ultrasonic signatures. The presented ultrasonic technique can be utilized to optimize the melting process.
Influence of Original Flap Creation Method on Incidence of Epithelial Ingrowth After LASIK Retreatment
Authors: Letko Erik , Price Marianne O. , Price Francis W.
Published: November 2009

Purpose:

To compare the rate of epithelial ingrowth after LASIK retreatment among eyes with flaps created by femtosecond laser and those created by mechanical microkeratome.

Methods:

Postoperative results from 272 consecutive LASIK retreatments performed by a single surgeon over a 4-year period were reviewed retrospectively to identify cases that developed clinically significant epithelial ingrowth, defined as that which required surgical removal. Flaps for the original LASIK treatments were created using a mechanical microkeratome or femtosecond laser. The same technique to lift the flap at the time of retreatment was used in all eyes included in this study.

Results:

LASIK retreatment was performed in 132 eyes that had the initial flap created using a mechanical microkeratome (microkeratome group). Epithelial ingrowth was identified in 11 eyes of 9 patients. Surgical intervention to remove the epithelium from the stromal interface was required in 8 (6.1%) eyes. Femtosecond laser was used to create the initial LASIK flap in 140 eyes that required retreatment (femtosecond group). Epithelial ingrowth after LASIK retreatment was identified in 2 eyes of 1 patient in the femtosecond group (
P
=.004). Neither of these 2 eyes required surgical intervention to remove the epithelium from the stromal interface (
P
=.017).

Conclusions:

Eyes with femtosecond laser–created flaps may be less likely to develop significant epithelial ingrowth after LASIK retreatment when compared with eyes in which the flap was created using a mechanical microkeratome. The difference in rate of epithelial ingrowth may be related to the geometry of the flap edge.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:1039–1041.]
LASIK for Myopia With Aspheric “Aberration Neutral” Ablations Using the ESIRIS Laser System
Authors: Arbelaez Maria Clara , Vidal Camila , Jabri Bushra Al , Mosquera Samuel Arba
Published: November 2009

Purpose:

To evaluate the clinical outcomes of LASIK using optimized “aberration neutral” ablation profiles.

Methods:

Laser in situ keratomileusis was performed in 231 eyes (120 patients) with a mean spherical equivalent refraction of −4.12±2.26 diopters (D) (range: −0.37 to −9.50 D) using a SCHWIND Pendular microkeratome with a 130-µm cutting head and the SCHWIND ESIRIS excimer laser. In all cases, pre- and postoperative autorefractor measurements, manifest refraction, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), topography and corneal wavefront analysis, and ocular wavefront analysis as well as complications were analyzed. Ablations were calculated using the ORK-CAM software. Clinical outcomes were evaluated in terms of efficacy, predictability, stability, refractive outcome, safety, and wavefront aberrations.

Results:

At 3 months, mean spherical equivalent refraction was −0.10±0.33 D (range: +0.86 to −1.18 D). Of 231 eyes, 201 (87%) were within ±0.50 D of attempted correction. Uncorrected visual acuity was 20/16 or better in 71% (164 eyes), 20/20 or better in 92% (213 eyes), and 20/32 or better in 100%. Average root-mean-square higher order aberrations increased 0.05
µ
m after treatment, mean spherical aberration increased 0.08
µ
m after treatment, and mean coma increased 0.04
µ
m after treatment (all for 6.0-mm analysis diameter).

Conclusions:

Our results show that non-customized “aberration neutral” ablation profiles derived from wavefront analysis are able to minimize the amount of induced aberrations of both the cornea and the eye.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:991–999.]
Effects of environmental variability on recruitment and bioeconomic modelling in the Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax caerulea) fishery from Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico
Authors: De Anda-Montañez Juan Antonio , Ramos-Rodríguez Alejandro , Martínez-Aguilar Susana
Published: November 2009

Ricker's stock-recruitment equation, including the multivariate ENSO index (MEI) as an environmental variable, was fitted to data of the Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax caerulea) fishery from Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico. The equation was then incorporated into an age-structured, bioeconomic model. Uncertainty was incorporated by using environmental fluctuations; seven-year projections, equivalent to one sardine generation, were computed. Five management options were considered in the projections: open access, effort at maximum sustainable economic yield (fMSE), catch at maximum sustainable yield (CMSY), equivalent effort level applied in the year 2004 (f2004), and an arbitrary catch quota of 40000 tons (CQ40000). Projection results were summarised by the indicator Net Present Value (NPV) of the fishery for the modelled period. The strategies that involved some regulation in the effort level (fMSE and f2004) yielded the largest NPV. On the other hand, the strategies that involved regulation of the catch predicted—in addition to a lower NPV—a substantial increase in the effort to achieve the desired catch level. This study is the first bioeconomic approach for a sardine fishery management plan in this region.
Students Designing Their own Experiments on Heat Transfer Phenomena Using Sensors and ICT: An Educational Trial to Consolidate Related Scientific concepts
Authors: Vavougios Denis , Tsihouridis Charilaos , Ioannidis George S
Published: November 2009

Following our previous research effort, the present study focuses on a laboratory practice utilizing sensors and ICT, and follows the change in the perceptions students have in relation to the concept of heat transfer. The present paper builds on the experience gained and refines the techniques used. The new sample consists of a larger group of 16-20 year old students, all studying mechanical engineering in a vocational school. A novel and creative research approach was followed. Students were asked to use their experience so as to design, create, calibrate, and use an experimental setup so as to demonstrate heat transfer phenomena. All students used heat sensors and appropriate ICT-systems. Our aim was to improve studentsâ?? comprehension concerning heat transfer. The 122 students forming the total sample were split into an experimental group of 64, which is the one that was asked to design, create, calibrate, and subsequently use a school-experiment, while a control group of 58 of student-users only used the experimental set-ups of the experimental group (without any creative design). Both questionnaires and personal interviews were used to collect the research-data. Subsequent data analysis indicates that, when the questions are relevant to the creation of the experimental setup, the experimental group exhibits a higher percentage of correct or partly correct answers in comparison to those of the control group, whereas any differences observed in the rest of the questions lie within the limits of the total measurement errors. The use of ICT-systems in the present educational effort is proving invaluable. Some interesting conclusion are drawn which are discussed herein.
The physiological genetic effects of 1BL/1RS translocated chromosome in "stay green" wheat cultivar CN17
Authors: Luo P. G. , Zhang H. Y. , Shu K. , Wu X. H. , Zhang H. Q. , Ren Z. L.
Published: November 2009

Rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome arm 1RS in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genetic background has potential significance for yield improvement without affecting its resistance to several diseases. A new wheat cultivar, Chuannong17 (CN17), carrying the wheat-rye 1BL/1RS translocated chromosome, exhibited “stay green” phenotypes. To determine the genetic behavior and physiological effect, MY11, CN17, BC1F1, and F2 populations of MY11/CN17 were grown in the normal wheat growing seasons in 2004–2005 and 2005–2006. Analysis of photosynthetic parameters showed that the coordinate increase of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and flag leaf area duration from anthesis to maturation (D2) would be the physiological basis of the high yield potential of the 1BL/1RS translocation (CN17). The analysis for morphological indices proposed that the smaller leaf length (Ll), flag leaf width (Lw) and angle between stem and flag leaf (A) would be responsible for the morphological basis of the high yield potential. Analysis of the relationship between the yield and physiological indices suggested that the coordinate increase of source, the partitioning of assimilate from source to sink, and the sink strength was the material basis of the high yield potential. These results afforded some persuasive evidence to support the idea that wheat cultivar CN17 also shows a coordinate relationship between physiology and morphology and is indeed functionally a “stay green” cultivar. The results show that exploitation of a foreign chromosome or chromosome arm such as 1RS to develop “stay green” genotype cultivars in wheat breeding has the potential to increase yields. Key words: 1BL/1RS translocated chromosome, photosynthesis, physiological genetic effect, stay green, wheat
Crop response to current and previous season applications of phosphorus as affected by crop sequence and tillage
Authors: Grant C. A. , Monreal M. A. , Irvine R. B. , Mohr R. M. , McLaren D. L. , Khakbazan M.
Published: November 2009

Field studies were conducted over a 4-yr period at two locations in western Manitoba, Canada, to evaluate the effect of phosphorus (P) fertilizer management on crop growth as affected by tillage system through a 2-yr cropping sequence. In the first phase of the cropping sequence, canola (Brassica napus L.), a non-mycorrhizal crop, and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a mycorrhizal crop, were grown under conventional (CT) and reduced (RT) systems, with 0, 11 and 22 kg P ha-1 applied as monoammonium phosphate (MAP). In the second phase of the sequence, flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was seeded following the spring wheat or canola, with application of 0 or 11 kg P ha-1 as MAP. Phosphorus application increased the early-season biomass, P concentration, and P accumulation of canola and wheat and the seed yield of canola. Tillage system had no consistent effects on growth, P concentration or uptake, or seed yields of canola or wheat, nor were P by tillage system interactions observed. Early-season biomass production and seed yields of flax were relatively unaffected by P fertilization whether applied in the same season as flax or in the previous season, although early-season P concentration and P accumulation were increased when P fertilizer was applied to the flax. Of the factors evaluated in this study, preceding crop had the greatest influence on flax growth with flax establishment, early-season biomass, and P accumulation, and seed yield all being significantly greater when flax was seeded after wheat than after canola. Key words: Crop rotation, fertilization, monoammonium phosphate, flax, wheat, canola
Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative sp‐sp2 Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl and Vinyl Halides and Triflates with α,β‐Ynoic Acids using Silver Oxide
Authors: Kim Hyunseok , Lee Phil Ho
Published: November 2009

Palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative sp‐sp2 cross‐coupling reactions of aryl and vinyl halides and triflates with α,β‐ynoic acids using silver oxide have been developed. A variety of α,β‐ynoic acids were readily decarboxylated in the presence of silver oxide and then, generated in situ, silver acetylides were coupled with electrophiles in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst under neutral conditions, producing either symmetrical or unsymmetrical diarylacetylenes, arylalkylacetylenes and arylvinylacetylenes in good to excellent yields.
Development of a New Spiro‐BOX Ligand and Its Application in Highly Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of 2‐Iodoanilines with Allenes
Authors: Shu Wei , Yu Qiong , Ma Shengming
Published: November 2009

In this communication, we report the synthesis of a new chiral spiro‐bisoxazoline ligand, i.e., β‐naphthylmethyl‐substituted spiro‐BOX [(Ra,S,S)‐L7] and have successfully applied it to the palladium‐catalyzed enantioselective cyclization reaction of simple allenes with o‐aminoiodobenzenes, affording highly optically active 3‐alkylideneindolines in good yields with excellent enantiomeric excesses.
Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) of artemisinin: the development of predictive in vivo antimalarial activity models
Authors: Srivastava Mani , Singh Harvinder , Naik Pradeep Kumar
Published: November 2009

A quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis has been performed on a data set of 194 artemisinin analogs for antimalarial activity. Several types of descriptors including topological, spatial, thermodynamics, information content, lead likeness, and E‐state indices have been used to derive a quantitative relationship between antimalarial activity and structural properties. A systematic approach of zero tests, missing value test, simple correlation test, multicollinearity test, and genetic algorithm method of variable selection was used to generate the model. Statistically significant model (r2 = 0.845, q = 0.799, F‐test = 53.40) was obtained with the descriptors like molecular connectivity indexes, E‐state index, length‐to‐breadth ratio of compounds, MLog P, HOMO, electron density, Balabans topological index, and strain energy of the molecules. The robustness of the QSAR models was characterized by the values of the internal leave one out cross‐validated regression coefficient (q) for the training set and determination coefficient in prediction, q for the test set. The value of q = 0.876 for the test set; revealed good external predictability of the QSAR model. Also, for an external data set (validation set) of four artemisinin analogs, the QSAR model was able to predict the antimalarial activity very well in comparison to experimental values. The model was also tested successfully for external validation criteria. The QSAR model developed in this study should aid further design of novel potent artemisinin derivatives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency dependence of pulsed EPR experiments
Authors: Eaton Sandra S. , Eaton Gareth R.
Published: November 2009

The frequency dependence of the signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N) that is theoretically possible for pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments is the same as for continuous wave experiments. To select the optimum resonance frequency or frequencies for pulsed EPR experiments it is important to consider not only S/N, but also orientation selection, depth of spin echo modulation, and intensities of forbidden transitions. Evaluation of factors involved in selecting the optimum frequency for pulsed EPR measurements of distances between spins is discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 315–321, 2009.
A Dual Electrochrome of Poly‐(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene) Doped by N,N′‐Bis(3‐sulfonatopropyl)‐4‐4′‐bipyridinium—Redox Chemistry and Electrochromism in Flexible Devices
Authors: Bhandari Shweta , Deepa Melepurath , Pahal Suman , Joshi Amish G. , Srivastava Avanish Kumar , Kant Rama
Published: November 2009

An electrochromic zwitterionic viologen, N,N′‐bis(3‐sulfonatopropyl)‐4‐4′‐bipyridinium, has been used for the first time for doping poly (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiopene) (PEDOT) films during electropolymerization. Slow and fast diffusional rates for the monomer at deposition potentials of +1.2 and +1.8 V, respectively yielded the viologen‐doped PEDOT films with granular morphology and with dendrite‐like shapes. The dual electrochrome formed at +1.8 V, showed enhanced coloration efficiency, larger electrochemical charge storage capacity, and superior redox activity in comparison to its analogue grown at +1.2 V, thus demonstrating the role of dendritic shapes in amplifying electrochromism. Flexible electrochromic devices fabricated with the viologen‐doped PEDOT film grown at +1.8 V and Prussian blue with an ionic liquid‐based gel electrolyte film showed reversible coloration between pale and dark purple with maximum coloration efficiency of 187 cm2 C−1 at λ=693 nm. The diffusional impedance parameters and switching kinetics of the device showed the suitability of this dual electrochrome formed as a single layer for practical electrochromic cells.
Increasing η ‐representable degrees
Authors: Frolov Andrey N. , Zubkov Maxim V.
Published: November 2009

In this paper we prove that any Δ30 degree has an increasing η ‐representation. Therefore, there is an increasing η ‐representable set without a strong η ‐representation (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Price adjustment in Italy: evidence from micro producer and consumer prices
Authors: Fabiani Silvia , Gattulli Angela , Veronese Giovanni , Sabbatini Roberto
Published: November 2009

This paper investigates the behaviour of consumer and producer prices in Italy using micro data. The frequency of price changes is computed in order to obtain a quantitative measure of the unconditional degree of price rigidity at both the consumption and the production stage. On average, producer prices tend to remain unchanged for around 6 months, whereas consumer prices exhibit a longer duration, of 10 months. A comparison of the price behaviour of similar items confirms that prices are more flexible at the production stage. Prices, however, are not adjusted uniformly across sectors. The duration of producer prices is less for food and non‐energy intermediate products and greater for non‐food consumer and investment goods. At the consumption stage, price spells are longer for non‐energy industrial goods and services, much shorter for energy products. In exploring the possible reasons for the differences, we observe that a higher share of labour in total costs is associated with lower frequency of price adjustment. Moreover, the structure and functioning of the retail sector in Italy may slow price adjustment at the consumption stage, together with other specific economic factors that affect mainly consumer price behaviour, such as menu costs and attractive pricing policies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Helminth Parasites of Stock in the British West Indies
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: November 2009

During 1928 I was able, as Milner Research Fellow in the Department of Helminthology of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, to make an extended survey of the parasites of man and the domestic animals in the British West Indies. A report on the former has already been published (1929). In examining the parasites of domestic animals, I was given every facility by the local authorities, and I am especially indebted to Captain H. V. Metivier, B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., of Trinidad, whose assistance and knowledge of the local parasitic problems was invaluable.
A Biological Investigation of Sewage
Authors: Peters B. G.
Published: November 2009

A biological study of the fauna of sewage-treatment plants was pursued by the writer for two years, from June 1927, thanks to the generosity of the Grocers' Company. The programme laid down included a qualitative and quantitative survey of the fauna and a collection of data on such physico-chemical factors as hydrogen ion concentration and oxygen requirement, with a view to seeking correlations between the two groups of phenomena.
Some Observations on Experimental Ascariasis in Pigs
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: November 2009

During the latter half of 1930 and the beginning of the present year some miscellaneous experiments on Ascaris in pigs were carried out at the Institute of Agricultural Parasitology by Professor Leiper and myself. Although these experiments were of a preliminary nature it was thought that some of the observations made during their course might be of interest to other workers in this field and they are, therefore, placed on record.
A New Trichostrongylid (Minutostrongylus taurotragi g. et sp. n.), of the Sub-family Heligmosominae from an African Antelope
Authors: Leroux P. L.
Published: November 2009

During the examination of a large number of nematodes collected by the writer in 1931 from the duodenum of a male eland (Taurotragus oryx) shot in the Nega Nega Hills, north-east of Mazabuka, three (two males and one female) specimens of a rather small species of Trichostrongylid were recovered. As the species could not be assigned to any of the known genera of bursate nematodes the new genus Minutostrongylus is founded for the reception of this species which is named Minutostrongylus taurotragi g. et sp. n.
The Occurrence of Heterakis gallinae in Poultry and its Relation to Disease, Breed, and to other Helminths
Authors: Morgan D. O. , Wilson J. E.
Published: November 2009

In a recent paper (Morgan & Wilson, 1938) the authors gave an account of a general survey of helminths in poultry in Scotland and pointed out that Heterakis gallinae was by far the most common species occurring in this host and that 82·3% of the birds examined were infected. Not only was the incidence high, but heavy infestations amounting to hundreds of worms were frequently found in these birds which had picked up the worms under natural conditions.
Studies on the Helminth Parasites of Birds in Hyderabad State. Nematoda I
Authors: Singh Satya Narayan
Published: November 2009

Desmidocercella leiperi n.sp. from Ardeola grayii is described in detail and compared with other related species.

Two species of Oxyspirura are recorded from new hosts. Oxyspirura mansoni from Galloperdix spadicea and O. (Cramispirura) popowi from Copsychus saularis.

Two new species of Oxyspirura are described, O. (Cramispirura) indica n.sp. from Kittacincla malabarica and O. buccosulcata n.sp. from Temenuchus pagodartum.
Damage to Henbane by Stem Eelworm Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kuhn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936
Authors: Brown E. B.
Published: November 2009

During November 1953 some specimens of henbane plants, Hyoscyamus niger, were received from Long Melford, Suffolk. On examination these plants were found to be infested with Ditylenchus dipsaci. According to the farmer, henbane is a difficult crop to grow on the farm and it is possible that D. dipsaci may have been the cause of previous trouble, although another pest, the henbane flea beetle, Psylliodes hyoscyami L., is also prevalent in the area. Henbane is a biennial and is cultivated for medicinal use. Three acres on this field were ploughed up in 1053 because of failure due to eelworm damage.
A Seed-Borne Attack of Chrysanthemum Eelworm (Aphelenchoides ritzetna-bosi) on the Annual Aster (Callistephus chinensis)
Authors: Brown E. B.
Published: November 2009

In early May 1954 some annual aster plants (Callistephus chinensis) being grown in sterilized compost in seed boxes were received from a nursery at Mildenhall, Suffolk. Many of these plants were severely stunted and malformed, and some were completely dead. At first sight it looked as if the centres of these plants had been eaten out, but subsequent examination revealed a heavy infestation of chrysanthemum eelworm (Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi), living ectoparasitically among the young leaves. Bunches of nematodes were easily visible in the leaf axils under the low power of a binocular microscope, or even under a good hand lens.
On a New Species ofProteocephalusfrom Brazil
Authors: Lynsdale J. A.
Published: November 2009

As the interesting and complex family the Proteocephalidae is represented by several forms not only from the Sudan but from various parts of the world, a brief summary of it is made below.
Some Observations on Primasubulura otolicni (Van Beneden, 1890) Inglis, 1958 from African Galago spp.
Authors: Fitzsimmons W. M.
Published: November 2009

As indicated above, this species was collected by the writer from Galago crassicaudatus in Blantyre, Nyasaland. This is a new host record and a new locality record for the species. The measurements that the writer was able to make from his specimens contribute additional information to our knowledge of the size-range of this parasite and provide an example of how one and the same species of nematode may vary in size (but not in morphological details).
A Preliminary Revision of the Genus Pharyngostrongylus Yorke and Maplestone, 1926
Authors: Wahid Sultana
Published: November 2009

The genus Pharyngostrongylus was proposed by Yorke and Maplestone, 1926, for some strongyle nematodes from Macropus sp., which they named P. macropodis. Later in the same year, Mönnig described another new strongyle nematode Spirostrongylus australis from Macropus rufus, erecting a new genus for it. The generic name of Mönnig's species was changed to Rugopharynx Mönnig, 1927, the first being pre-occupied (Spirostrongylus Yorke and Maplestone, 1926). In 1929, Wood gave a description of some specimens collected from Macropus woodwardi which were identified as Rugopharynx australis Mönnig. Wood also pointed out that “the presence of a buccal capsule, a corona radiata, and a fairly large and differentiated dorsal lobe to the bursa copulatrix seem to exclude it from the Trichostrongylidae where Mönnig has placed it and he considers that it belongs to Trichoneminae.” Furthermore, he transferred that species to the genus Pharyngostrongylus on the basis of “the arrangement of its buccal capsule and its markedly ringed pharynx” considering Rugopharynx a synonym of Pharyngostrongylus.
On Three New Acanthocephala of the Genera Pallisentis Van Cleave, Saccosentis gen. nov. and Acanthocephalus Koelreuther, from Fish
Authors: Tadros Girgis
Published: November 2009

The material comprises three complete male worms in good condition and some male fragments; there are no females.

The worms are small, cylindrical and greyish yellow in colour. The body is partially covered with spines.
OnClinostomum tilapiaen. sp., andC. phalacrocoracisDubois, 1931 from Ghana, and a Discussion of the Systematics of the GenusClinostomumLeidy, 1856
Authors: Ukoli F. M. A.
Published: November 2009

The adult ofClinostomum tilapiaen.sp. obtained from the buccal cavity and oesophagus ofBubulcus ibis7½ days after experimental infection with metacercariae is described.

The metacercaria ofC. tilapiaen.sp. fromTilapia zilli,T. heudelotiandT. galilaeais described.

Anatomical differences between metacercariae and adults of the species are listed.
Brugia-type microfilariae in the Madras tree shrew Anathana ellioti (Waterhouse)
Authors: Nandi N. C.
Published: November 2009

Brugia-type microfilariae were noted in a Madras tree shrew, Anathana ellioti (Waterhouse) from Andhra Pradesh, India. This is a new host record, the first report from the genus Anathana and the second report from the tree shrews.
Ascaridoid nematodes of South American mammals, with a definition of a new genus
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: November 2009

Ascaridoid nematodes occurring in South American mammals are divided into categories based on their possible origin. The affinities are discussed of five species so far known only from the Neotropical Region.Toxocara alienata(Rudolphi, 1819) is reported fromNasua rufa socialis, Procyon cancrivorus, andTayassus torquatus. The specimens fromT. torquatusare described and found most closely to resembleToxocara mackerrasaefrom south-east Asian and Australian rodents.Anisakis insignisfromInia geoffrensisis transferred back toPeritracheliusDiesing, 1851, on account of the structure of the lips and spicules.P. insignisis shown to exhibit remarkable convergence of lip structure withLagochilascaris turgidafromDidelphis marsupialis.

Galeiceps longispiculum(Freitas & Lent, 1941) fromPteronura brasiliensisis confirmed as a species distinct fromG. cucullus(Linstow, 1899) andG. spinicollis(Baylis, 1923), butG. simiae(Mosgovoy, 1951) is considered to be a synonym ofG. spinicollis. An error in the host record ofG. spinicollisis corrected fromCercopithecus leucampyx kandtitoLutra maculicollis kivuana.Ascaris dasypodinaBaylis, 1922 from armadillos, includingCabassous unicinctusandTolypeutes matacos, is redescribed and placed in a new genusBairdascaris. The question is raised as to whether some species inLagochilascaris, Galeiceps, andToxocaramay have crossed directly by sea from Africa to South America, rather than entering via North America.
Studio Theatre, Laboratory Theatre
Authors: Vassiliev Anatoli
Published: November 2009

Anatoli Vassiliev must be ranked with the most prominent of the internationally acclaimed directors of the late twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first; and history will surely place him among the great director-researcher-pedagogues of the Russian and world theatre, starting with Stanislavsky and including Meyerhold and Vakhtangov. In this conversation, Vassiliev discusses the unique situation of theatre activity in Russia in the early decades of the twentieth century, where the studio, or laboratory, was integral to the very life of the theatre as a specific, collaborative, and ensemble practice and a comprehensive artistic institution. He situates the School of Dramatic Art, which he founded in 1987, in this context, extending the latter's reach to Maria Knebel and Andrey Popov, who were his teachers on the directing course at GITIS in Moscow (State Institute of Theatre Art, now known as the Russian Academy of Theatre Art). He graduated from GITIS in 1973. Vassa Zheleznova, referred to in this interview, was the acme of Vassiliev's explorations of psychological realism, after which he developed forms of what he calls ‘play structures’ (or ‘ludic structures’). Actors working in these structures project externally in clearly articulated ways rather than go inwards, towards and within emotional states of being, as is typical of psychological-realist performance in the Russian tradition. Vassiliev's reversal of established performance modes led to his current preoccupation with ‘verbal structures’, which are underpinned by his understanding of words as ideas oriented to symbolic and metaphysical sense rather than to psycho-emotional interpretation. The spatial and luminary dimensions of play, together with movement, music, and song that is formal, operatic, rather than in any other kind of vein, defines such later works as Mozart and Salieri (2000) and Onegin's Journey (2003). They have won him great acclaim in Russia and abroad for their innovative approach outside the parameters not only of realism but also of a range of other familiar aesthetic configurations. Vassiliev has directed productions in various countries in Europe, and has also conducted prolonged research workshops as well as working demonstrations there. In this conversation, which took place in June 2009, Vassiliev refers to several underlying principles of his work and reflects upon the importance to him of Grotowski, his last mentor.
Crossing Borders: Korean Nationalism and Contemporary Theatre
Authors: Kim Yoo
Published: November 2009

In October 2007 South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun walked across the inter-Korean border for a summit with the North Korean leader, Kim Jong-il. Although adhering to the primordialist view of nationhood, this state-led border-crossing also indicates the effects of globalization. As the heavily militarized inter-Korean border is permeated by interaction between ethnic nationalism, the nation's anti-colonialist history, and the transnational forces, the image of border-crossing becomes a metaphor for a contested space of national unification. This article examines a selection of works by three contemporary South Korean playwrights who, from a post-nationalist perspective, have emerged to contest the contradictory aspects and trajectories of the past ten years of populist nationalism. Yoo Kim focuses on the ways these post-nationalist plays employ the motifs of border-crossing and borderland encounter to challenge the romantic and exclusionary narratives of the conventional nationalist theatre. Yoo Kim is an Associate Professor in English at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea. His recent article, ‘Mapping Utopia in the Post-Ideological Era: Lee Yun-taek's The Dummy Bride’, was published in Theatre Research International in 2007.
Money or mental health: the cost of alleviating psychological distress with monetary compensation versus psychological therapy
Authors: Boyce Christopher J. , Wood Alex M.
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Money is the default way in which intangible losses, such as pain and suffering, are currently valued and compensated in law courts. Economists have suggested that subjective well-being regressions can be used to guide compensation payouts for psychological distress following traumatic life events. We bring together studies from law, economic, psychology and medical journals to show that alleviating psychological distress through psychological therapy could be at least 32 times more cost effective than financial compensation. This result is not only important for law courts but has important implications for public health. Mental health is deteriorating across the world – improvements to mental health care might be a more efficient way to increase the health and happiness of our nations than pure income growth.
Evangelicals, Issues, and the 2008 Iowa Caucuses
Authors: Conger Kimberly H.
Published: November 2009

Evangelicals form the core of Republican constituencies in many states. This has been particularly true in Iowa, where the Christian Right has held significant influence in the Republican party for almost 20 years. However, recent scholarship has suggested that evangelicals, particularly younger ones, may be changing their candidate choices and partisanship due to dissatisfaction with Republican policies. Based on a unique study surveying caucus-goers' opinions after the January 2008 caucuses, I examine respondents' candidate preferences in light of their religious beliefs, issues preferences, and demographic identities. The results indicate that while evangelicals remain more conservative on social issues than their co-partisans in both parties, issues seem to make little difference in candidate choice. This conclusion suggests that Republican evangelicals remain committed to the importance of social issues – or at least to their evangelical identity – in their voting choices.
Cascade optical chromatography for sample fractionation
Authors: Terray Alex , Taylor Joseph D. , Hart Sean J.
Published: November 2009

Optical chromatography involves the elegant combination of opposing optical and fluid drag forces on colloidal samples within microfluidic environments to both measure analytical differences and fractionate injected samples. Particles that encounter the focused laser beam are trapped axially along the beam and are pushed upstream from the laser focal point to rest at a point where the optical and fluid forces on the particle balance. In our recent devices particles are pushed into a region of lower microfluidic flow, where they can be retained and fractionated. Because optical and fluid forces on a particle are sensitive to differences in the physical and chemical properties of a sample, separations are possible. An optical chromatography beam focused to completely fill a fluid channel is operated as an optically tunable filter for the separation of inorganic, polymeric, and biological particle samples. We demonstrate this technique coupled with an advanced microfluidic platform and show how it can be used as an effective method to fractionate particles from an injected multicomponent sample. Our advanced three-stage microfluidic design accommodates three lasers simultaneously to effectively create a sequential cascade optical chromatographic separation system.
Optical nanorod antennas as dispersive one-dimensional Fabry–Pérot resonators for surface plasmons
Authors: Cubukcu Ertugrul , Capasso Federico
Published: November 2009

Resonant optical nanoantennas exhibit a different length scaling due to the surface plasmons compared to their radio frequency counterparts. In this letter, we address this difference by calculating the wavelength-dependent effective mode index neff for a cylindrical one-dimensional gold nanowire waveguide. Our results show that nanorod optical antennas act as dispersive and lossy Fabry–Pérot resonators for surface plasmons.
Sol-gel derived ferroelectric nanoparticles investigated by piezoresponse force microscopy
Authors: Johann F. , Jungk T. , Lisinski S. , Hoffmann Á. , Ratke L. , Soergel E.
Published: November 2009

Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) was used to investigate the ferroelectric properties of sol-gel derived LiNbO3 nanoparticles. To determine the degree of ferroelectricity we took large-area images and performed statistical image-analysis. The ferroelectric behavior of single nanoparticles was verified by poling experiments using the PFM tip. Finally we carried out simultaneous measurements of the in-plane and the out-of-plane piezoresponse of the nanoparticles, followed by measurements of the same area after rotation of the sample by 90° and 180°. Such measurements basically allow to determine the direction of polarization of every single particle.
Formation of InAs/InGaAsP quantum-dashes on InP(001)
Authors: Lenz A. , Genz F. , Eisele H. , Ivanova L. , Timm R. , Franke D. , Künzel H. , Pohl U. W. , Dähne M.
Published: November 2009

Self-assembled InAs/InGaAsP/InP(001) nanostructures are investigated using cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy. Atomically resolved images at both the (110) and the (1¯10) cleavage surface show InAs quantum dashes with almost binary composition and a truncated pyramidal shape. The quaternary matrix material directly above the InP substrate already shows a tendency toward decomposition, which gradually increases along the [001] growth direction, in particular above quantum dash layers. This decomposition, in turn, leads to an enhanced vertical correlation in the nucleation of further quantum dash layers.
Rechtstexte übersetzen — leicht gemacht?
Authors: Jermol Ada Gruntar
Published: November 2009

The purpose of the paper is twofold: firstly, it analyses the most frequent problems in the translation of legal texts encountered by the university-level students of translation doing the course “The translation of legal texts” and, secondly, it describes the solutions applied. A fundamental difficulty in the translation of legal texts concerns the highly technical subject matter itself. There are important differences between legal systems, each of which has specific norms, as is reflected especially at the lexical level, in the terminology used. Different text genres (for example, legislation, contracts, indictments, legal textbooks, etc.) require different translation approaches and strategies. For students of translation, a particular problem may also be the high level of abstractness of legislative texts, which are among the most complex legal texts. The paper also discusses difficulties which students have with homonyms, synonyms and collocations in the translation of legal texts.
Gametic gene flow method accounts for genomic imprinting
Authors: Börner V. , Reinsch N.
Published: November 2009

Findings within the last 15 years emphasize the possible role of genomic imprinting for trait expression in livestock species. In genetic evaluation, genomically imprinted traits can be treated by models with two different breeding values per animal; one accounts for the paternal and the other for the maternal expression pattern. Relative weighting factors for these breeding values were derived by a generalized version of the discounted gene flow method, which was extended to a gametic level to account for parent‐of‐origin effects. The gametic approach proved also useful for calculating the expected increase in inbreeding induced by one round of selection and its dynamics over time. The gametic gene flow method was applied to a hypothetical pig breeding programme. Relative weighting factors were higher for the paternally inherited genetic effect even in female selection paths, but depend on the breeding scheme heavily. The maximum medium‐term increase in inbreeding due to selection exceeded the long‐term increase in a range of 20–100%.
Optimal body mass index that can predict long‐term graft outcome in Asian renal transplant recipients
Authors: CHEUNG CHI YUEN , CHAN YIU HAN , CHAN HOI WONG , CHAU KA FOON , LI CHUN SANG
Published: November 2009

Aim:  There is limited data concerning the impact of recipient body mass index (BMI) on graft outcome in Asian renal transplant recipients. The aim of this study is to identify whether obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI ≥23 kg/m2) can predict graft outcome.

Methods:  This is a single‐centre retrospective study. All patients who received kidney transplantation between 1997 and 2005 were recruited. Patients were categorized according to two different designated BMI cut‐off values.

Results:  One hundred and thirty‐one patients were recruited with a median follow‐up duration of 73 months. If a BMI cut‐off value of 25 kg/m2 was used, 86.3% patients were classified as non‐obese and 13.7% as obese. Obesity was significantly associated with poor renal graft function and decreased patient and graft survival. On the other hand, 34.3% patients were classified as overweight and 65.7% patients as normal if a BMI cut‐off value of 23 kg/m2 was used. Overweight was significantly associated with a lower glomerular filtration rate only. Cox regression analysis showed that obesity (odds ratio (OR) = 3.09), acute rejection (OR = 5.68), pre‐transplant diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.21) and age of recipient (OR = 1.06) were all significant independent risk factors associated with graft failure.

Conclusion:  Recipient BMI ≥25 kg/m2 is a significant predictive factor for long‐term renal graft outcome in the Asian population.
Halotaxis of cyanobacteria in an intertidal hypersaline microbial mat
Authors: Kohls Katharina , Abed Raeid M. M. , Polerecky Lubos , Weber Miriam , De Beer Dirk
Published: November 2009

An intertidal hypersaline cyanobacterial mat from Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) exhibited a reversible change in its surface colour within several hours upon changes in salinity of the overlying water. The mat surface was orange‐reddish at salinities above 15% and turned dark green at lower salinities. We investigated this phenomenon using a polyphasic approach that included denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, microscopy, high‐performance liquid chromatography, hyperspectral imaging, absorption spectroscopy, oxygen microsensor measurements and modelling of salinity dynamics. Filaments of Microcoleus chthonoplastes, identified based on 16S rRNA sequencing and morphology, were found to migrate up and down when salinity was decreased below or increased above 15%, respectively, causing the colour change of the mat uppermost layer. Migration occurred in light and in the dark, and could be induced by different salts, not only NaCl. The influence of salinity‐dependent and independent physico‐chemical parameters, such as water activity, oxygen solubility, H2S, gravity and light, was excluded, indicating that the observed migration was due to a direct response to salt stress. We propose to term this salinity‐driven cyanobacterial migration as ‘halotaxis’, a process that might play a vital role in the survival of cyanobacteria in environments exposed to continuous salinity fluctuations such as intertidal flats.