bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaliação energética e de desempenho de frangos com aquecimento automático a gás e a lenha
Authors: Funck Sandro R. , Fonseca Ricardo A.
Published: January 2008

Nesta pesquisa foram analisados aquecimento automático infravermelho a gás e aquecimento automático a lenha, com três linhagens de frango, criados no período de 01/05/2005 a 16/06/2005, em aviários de 1200 m² e abatidos com 45 dias de idade. Avaliaram-se o consumo e o custo energético de cada sistema e os seguintes índices zootécnicos: peso médio, mortalidade, conversão alimentar e consumo de ração. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em um modelo fatorial 2 x 3, constituído de dois sistemas de aquecimento e das três linhagens de frangos machos formando seis tratamentos com seis repetições, perfazendo o total de trinta e seis aviários com 13.300 aves cada um. Utilizou-se, para a análise estatística, o programa SISVAR 4.6 e se realizaram as comparações entre as médias através do teste de Tukey. Os resultados obtidos foram os seguintes: o consumo energético de lenha de 173,21 GJ por lote e o custo de R$ 3,23 e, para o do gás, foi de 20,26 GJ por lote e o custo de R$ 53,76. Em relação ao desempenho zootécnico, não houve diferença significativa entre os dois sistemas analisados, mas entre as linhagens ocorreu diferença significativa, com a linhagem Cobb apresentando 6,62%, maior peso médio e 1,04% maior mortalidade, quando comparada com aves da linhagem Ross 1.
Digestibilidade de nutrientes em ração com complexo enzimático para tilápia-do-nilo
Authors: Oliveira Giovanni Resende de , Logato Priscila Vieira Rosa , Freitas Rilke Tadeu Fonseca de , Rodrigues Paulo Borges , Fialho Elias Tadeu , Diodatti Flávia Cristina
Published: January 2008

Um ensaio de digestibilidade foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de ração com um complexo enzimático contendo celulase, protease e amilase sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). As rações experimentais eram isoprotéicas (30% PB), isoenergéticas (4.243 kcal/kg EB) e foram suplementadas com complexo enzimático comercial contendo celulase, protease e amilase nos níveis de 0,0; 0,025; 0,050; 0,075 e 0,1%. A determinação da digestibilidade aparente foi realizada pelo método indireto, com uso de óxido de cromo (Cr2O3) como indicador de digestibilidade. Foram utilizados 50 juvenis machos de tilápia-do-nilo (90 ± 15 g) distribuídos aleatoriamente em dez incubadoras adaptadas para ensaio de digestibilidade. O experimento foi conduzido em três períodos experimentais, com cinco tratamentos e duas repetições por período. A adição do complexo enzimático à ração melhorou o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente de matéria seca, proteína bruta, energia bruta, amido, cácio e fósforo. Entre os níveis testados, o de 0,05% de complexo enzimático proporcionou os valores mais expressivos.
Terminação de cordeiros em pastagens de azevém anual manejadas em diferentes intensidades e métodos de pastejo
Authors: Barbosa Cristina Maria Pacheco , Carvalho Paulo César de Faccio , Cauduro Guilherme Fernandes , Lunardi Robson , Kunrath Taise Robinson , Gianluppi Gustavo Dal Forno
Published: January 2008

Avaliou-se o desempenho de cordeiros em pastagem de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) manejada em duas intensidades (moderada e baixa, 2,5 ou 5,0 vezes o potencial de consumo) e dois métodos de pastejo (lotação rotacionada ou contínua) durante 113 dias. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 × 4 com quatro repetições. Não houve interação métodos × intensidades de pastejo e, portanto, seus efeitos foram analisados de forma independente. A intensidade de pastejo moderada resultou em menor oferta de forragem, menor massa média e menor altura da pastagem. As características qualitativas da forragem também foram afetadas positivamente pela intensidade moderada. A altura e a massa de forragem foram maiores no pastejo sob lotação rotacionada, mas a qualidade da forragem foi melhor nos piquetes de lotação contínua. As ofertas de forragem não diferiram entre os métodos de pastejo e proporcionaram condições necessárias para a comparação de todas as variáveis. O ganho médio diário e a carga animal foram afetados tanto pelo método quanto pela intensidade de pastejo. O ganho por área foi maior para a intensidade de pastejo moderada, no entanto, não foi influenciado pelo método de pastejo. A quantidade de forragem ofertada para o animal é o principal determinante da produtividade do sistema, independentemente do método de pastejo. A intensidade de pastejo baixa foi mais adequada para o manejo, pois refletiu em melhor ganho por animal.
Repetibilidade de caracteres agronômicos em Panicum maximum Jacq.
Authors: Martuscello Janaina Azevedo , Jank Liana , Fonseca Dilermando Miranda da , Cruz Cosme Damião , Cunha Daniel de Noronha Figueiredo Vieira da
Published: January 2008

O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o coeficiente de repetibilidade de algumas características agronômicas em híbridos de Panicum maximum. Dez parcelas de plantas sexuais da espécie foram aleatoriamente distribuídas entre as 230 parcelas de acessos apomíticos. Após a fecundação natural, sementes de cada planta sexual constituíram-se uma família de meios-irmãos. Trinta plantas de cada progenitora foram avaliadas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco plantas por parcela e seis repetições. A partir de cinco cortes, estimou-se o coeficiente de repetibilidade pelos métodos da Análise de Variância, Componentes principais (matriz de correlação e covariância) e Análise estrutural. Os coeficientes de repetibilidade (r) nos diferentes métodos, para todas as características avaliadas, oscilaram entre 0,51 e 0,86 e podem ser considerados altos, assim como os coeficientes de determinação. As estimativas do coeficiente de repetibilidade obtidas para as quatro características avaliadas pelo método da análise de variância foram quase sempre menores que as obtidas pelos demais métodos. Pelo método dos componentes principais (baseado na matriz de covariância), as estimativas foram sempre maiores em relação aos demais métodos. Considerando satisfatórios níveis de 80 ou 90% de confiabilidade para avaliação da superioridade relativa dos híbridos para todas as características avaliadas, as cinco medições realizadas são suficientes para escolha da melhor planta. A exclusão dos cortes 1 e 2 promove aumento nos coeficientes de repetibilidade e determinação.
Processamento da soja integral e uso em dietas para suínos: digestibilidade e metabolismo
Authors: Carvalho Amanda d'Ávila , Lovatto Paulo Alberto , Hauschild Luciano , Andretta Ines , Lehnen Cheila Roberta , Zanella Irineo
Published: January 2008

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar a soja integral (SI) processada a vácuo (SIvac) ou a vapor (SIvap) por meio da digestibilidade e do metabolismo em suínos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (dieta controle; dieta com SIvac; dieta com SIvap; 40% SIvac + 60% dieta controle; 40% SIvap + 60% dieta controle) e quatro repetições cada um, considerando o animal a unidade experimental. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da energia bruta foram 4 e 3% inferiores para as dietas com substituição do farelo de soja por SIvac ou SIvap, respectivamente. A substituição do farelo de soja por SIvac ou SIvap não alterou a digestão e o metabolismo do nitrogênio em suínos. Para a SI, os teores digestíveis de proteína e energia foram 10,4 e 4,0% superiores com o processamento a vácuo. A digestibilidade das dietas e o metabolismo da energia são similares em suínos alimentados com dietas contendo SIvac ou SIvap. Em suínos alimentados com dietas com SIvac ou SIvap, a digestibilidade das dietas e o metabolismo do nitrogênio não são diferentes. O processamento a vácuo melhora os teores digestíveis de proteína e energia da soja integral.
Exigência de metionina + cistina digestíveis em suínos machos castrados de alto potencial genético na fase dos 60 aos 95 kg
Authors: Santos Fabrício de Almeida , Donzele Juarez Lopes , Oliveira Rita Flávia Miranda de , Silva Francisco Carlos de Oliveira , Abreu Márvio Lobão Teixeira de , Saraiva Alysson , Brustolini Paulo César
Published: January 2008

O experimento foi conduzido para determinação da exigência de metionina + cistina digestíveis de suínos de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra na fase dos 60 aos 95 kg. Foram utilizados 70 suínos machos castrados, híbridos comerciais com mesmo padrão genético, com peso inicial de 60,00 ± 1,13 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco níveis de metionina + cistina digestíveis (0,440; 0,464; 0,488; 0,512 e 0,536%), correspondentes, respectivamente, às relações de 55,0; 58,0; 61,0; 64,0 e 67,0% de metionina + cistina digestíveis:lisina digestível na dieta, sete repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais e a água foram fornecidas à vontade até o final do período experimental, quando os animais atingiram 94,95 ± 0,50 kg. Os níveis de metionina + cistina digestíveis da ração influenciaram o ganho de peso, que aumentou de forma linear até o nível de 0,536%, e a conversão alimentar e a quantidade de carne magra, que melhoraram de forma quadrática até os níveis estimados de 0,506 e 0,507%, respectivamente. O consumo de metionina + cistina digestíveis aumentou de forma linear com o aumento dos níveis de metionina + cistina na dieta. Não houve efeito dos níveis de metionina + cistina sobre o consumo diário de ração, a espessura de toucinho, o rendimento de carcaça e a porcentagem de carne magra na carcaça. Suínos machos castrados de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra na carcaça exigem na fase dos 60 aos 95 kg 0,507% de metionina + cistina digestíveis, correspondentes à relação de metionina + cistina digestíveis:lisina digestível na ração de 63,0%, para melhor conversão alimentar e maior quantidade de carne magra na carcaça.
Efeito do grupo genético sobre as características de carcaça e maciez da carne fresca e maturada de bovinos superprecoces
Authors: Bianchini Waldmaryan , Silveira Antônio Carlos , Jorge André Mendes , Arrigoni Mário De Beni , Martins Cyntia Ludovico , Rodrigues Érico , Hadlich Janaína Conte , Andrighetto Cristiana
Published: January 2008

Objetivou-se estudar o efeito das diferentes proporções de sangue Simental e Nelore sobre as características da carcaça e da carne de bovinos superprecoces. Foram utilizados 72 bovinos jovens inteiros (18 Nelore; 18 ½ Simental × Nelore; 18 Simbrasil e 18 Simental), com 8 meses de idade e 250 kg PV médio inicial. Os animais foram desmamados aos 8 meses de idade em sistema creep-feeding e posteriormente confinados durante 150 dias até atingirem o peso de abate, acima de 465 kg, e abatidos em frigorífico comercial. Os valores de pH e temperatura durante o resfriamento das carcaças foi semelhante para todos os grupos genéticos. Da mesma forma, as variáveis carcaça fria, dianteiro e traseiro, não apresentaram diferenças entre os grupos genéticos. Os cortes foram bastante homogêneos, com excessão do contrafilé e do filé-mignon, que foram maiores nos animais Simental. Os animais da raça Nelore e ½ Simental apresentaram maior força de cisalhamento (4,98 e 4,45 kgf) em relação aos Simental e Simbrasil (3,13 e 3,33 kgf). No entanto, após a maturação da carne durante sete dias, não se constataram diferenças entre os valores de maciez entre os grupos. As perdas por evaporação e gotejamento foram maiores na carne in natura para os animais Simental e Simbrasil, no entanto, aos sete dias de maturação se tornaram semelhantes. O sistema de produção de bovinos superprecoces produz carcaças e cortes semelhantes entre as diferentes raças estudadas. Aos sete dias de maturação, a maciez da carne de animais Nelore foi semelhante à dos demais grupos genéticos utilizados neste estudo.
Consumo e digestibilidade total dos nutrientes e produção e composição do leite de vacas alimentadas com teores crescentes de proteína bruta na dieta contendo cana-de-açúcar e concentados
Authors: Cordeiro Carla Fabrícia de Araujo , Pereira Mara Lúcia Albuquerque , Mendonça Sandro de Souza , Almeida Paulo José Presidio , Aguiar Luzyanne Varjão , Figueiredo Mauro Pereira de
Published: January 2008

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de teores crescentes de PB na MS total da dieta (11,5; 13,0; 14,5 e 16,0%) sobre os consumos e a digestibilidade total dos nutrientes e a produção e composição do leite de vacas leiteiras no terço inicial da lactação. O experimento foi constituído de quatro períodos experimentais de 15 dias, sete para adaptação dos animais à dieta e oito para coleta de dados. Foram utilizadas oito vacas, manejadas em cochos individuais, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos balanceados 4 × 4. Utilizou-se concentrado à base de farelo de algodão e fubá de milho (40%) e, como volumoso, cana-de-açúcar corrigida com 1% de uréia + sulfato de amônio (9:1), na proporção de 60% (% MS). Os consumos médios diários de nutrientes, exceto EE e CNF, diferiram à medida que os teores de PB da dieta aumentaram. Os teores de PB na dieta não afetaram os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes. A produção de leite corrigida ou não para 3,5% de gordura e seus componentes (gordura, PB e lactose), expressa em g/dia, e o nitrogênio uréico no leite (NUL) tiveram efeito linear crescente, enquanto a eficiência de utilização de N sofreu efeito linear negativo dos teores de PB da dieta. A dieta com 16% PB resultou em valores numericamente maiores de consumo e produção do leite e de seus componentes se comparada às dietas com menores teores de PB.
Rendimento de cortes comerciais e composição tecidual da carcaça de cabritos mestiços
Authors: Monte Antonia Lucivânia de Sousa , Selaive-Villarroel Arturo Bernardo , Olalquiaga Pérez Juan Ramón , Fuentes Zapata Jorge Fernando , Beserra Frederico José , Oliveira Antonio Nunes de
Published: January 2008

A composição relativa dos cortes comerciais da carcaça e a composição tecidual (músculo, osso e gordura) da perna, do lombo e da paleta de cabritos mestiços Boer e Anglo-nubiano foram analisadas em 20 cabritos de dois grupos genéticos diferentes (13 ½ Anglo-nubiano × ½ sem raça definida, SRD e 7 ½ Boer × ½ SRD). Os animais foram abatidos aos 10 meses de idade, com 29 ± 0,08 kg peso corporal. Após resfriamento (2°C) da carcaça por 24 horas, as carcaças foram separadas nos cortes: perna, lombo (anterior e posterior), paleta, peito, costela, pescoço e fraldinha para determinação dos rendimentos em relação ao peso da carcaça fria. Em seguida, a perna, o lombo (anterior e posterior) e a paleta foram dissecados em tecidos muscular, adiposo e ósseo para estimação das relações músculo:osso (RMO) e músculo:gordura (RMG). Os rendimentos médios dos cortes foram: 30,8% de perna, 25,1% de lombo (17,9% no anterior e 7,0% no posterior), 22,0% de paleta, 4,8% de peito, 6,8% de pescoço, 4,8% de costela e 5,6% de fraldinha. Não foi observado efeito entre os grupos genéticos para os rendimentos dos cortes, exceto o rendimento de costela, que foi superior nos cabritos Anglo-nubiano × SRD (5,12%) em comparação aos Boer × SRD (4,49%). Nos cabritos Boer × SRD, os rendimentos de tecido muscular (61,05%), as relações RMO (3,91) e RMG (6,85) foram superiores, enquanto, nos cabritos Anglo-nubiano × SRD, os rendimentos foram superiores para os tecidos adiposo (10,23%) e ósseo (16,79%). A carcaça dos cabritos Boer × SRD apresenta maior proporção de tecido muscular nos cortes de maior valor comercial em comparação à de cabritos Anglo-nubiano × SRD.
Public psychiatric services: job satisfaction evaluation
Authors: Ishara Sergio , Bandeira Marina , Zuardi Antonio Waldo
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the satisfaction of health-care professionals in inpatient and outpatient psychiatric hospitals of a Brazilian medium-sized city. METHOD: The study evaluated 136 health-care professionals from six hospitals; of which two were outpatient hospitals, two general hospitals, and two psychiatric hospitals. All professionals answered the Brazilian Mental Health Services' Staff Satisfaction Scale. RESULTS: An average satisfaction score of 3.26 was observed, which is situated between indifference (level 3) and satisfaction (level 4). Factors "service quality" (3.48) and "relationships at work" (3.48) showed higher scores compared to "service participation" (3.20) and "work conditions" (2.97) (p < 0.001). The female patient unit in the psychiatric hospital presented lower satisfaction scores (p < 0.001). Satisfaction was higher in the category "technicians" compared to "physicians" and "nurses" (p = 0.004). Moreover, day workers reported higher satisfaction compared to night workers regarding "service quality" and "service participation" (Student's t, p = 0.01 and p = 0.007). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Results show an intermediate level between indifference and satisfaction with services, with higher scores regarding care provided to the patients. Comparisons among the studied facilities revealed the numerous factors involved in determining one's satisfaction. They suggest advancements and reform measures likely to occur in the region's psychiatric health-care services. Monitoring satisfaction proved useful in predicting service quality improvements.
Nosological profile and prevalence of common mental disorders of patients seen at the Family Health Program (FHP) units in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Fortes Sandra , Villano Luiz Augusto Brites , Lopes Claudia S
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to detect the prevalence of common mental disorders among patients seen by doctors at family health program units in Petrópolis-RJ, and to establish their nosological profile. METHOD: The population of the study included all 18 to 65-year-old patient who attended any family health program units included in the study during a 30-day period, between August and December 2002 (n = 714). The prevalence of common mental disorders was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire, 12 item version. In order to establish the nosological profile, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was administered to all common mental disorders positive patients who accepted to return (n = 215). RESULTS: At the cut-off point of 2/3 the common mental disorders prevalence was 56% and for 4/5, it was 33%. The most frequent nosological categories found among common mental disorders positive patients were depression and anxiety categories along with posttraumatic stress disorder, somatoform pain disorder and dissociative disorders. There was a high frequency of comorbidity, especially between anxiety, depression, somatoform and dissociative disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The common mental disorders prevalence and the nosological profile found in FHP were similar to those of other primary care studies in Brazil, but some disorders (posttraumatic stress disorder, somatoform pain disorder and dissociative disorders) that had not been previously studied in this context were also very frequent. The high common mental disorders prevalence found reinforces the urgent need for systematic inclusion of this level of care in mental health assistance planning.
Karyotypic characterization of Prochilodus mariae, Semaprochilodus kneri and S. laticeps(Teleostei: Prochilodontidae) from Caicara del Orinoco, Venezuela
Authors: Oliveira Claudio , Nirchio Mauro , Granado Ángel , Levy Sara
Published: January 2008

Fish of the family Prochilodontidae are considered one of the most important components of commercial and subsistence fishery in freshwater environments in South America. This family consists of 21 species and three genera. In the present study, the karyotypes of Prochilodus mariae, Semaprochilodus kneri, and S. laticeps from Caicara del Orinoco, Bolivar State, Venezuela were studied. The species P. mariae, S. kneri and S. laticeps exhibited 2n=54 chromosomes (40 metacentric and 14 submetacentric), a single chromosome pair with nucleolus organizer regions, and a large amount of heterochromatin found at centromeric and pericentromeric positions in almost all chromosomes. The P. mariae specimens studied displayed 0 to 3 supernumerary microchromosomes. The data obtained here confirm the conservative nature of the chromosome number and morphology of Prochilodontidae and reinforce the hypothesis that small structural chromosome rearrangements were the main cause of the karyotypic diversification seen in this group.
Two new species of the genus Hemiancistrus Bleeker (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Uruguai basin
Authors: Cardoso Alexandre Rodrigues , Silva José Francisco Pezzi da
Published: January 2008

Two new species of Hemiancistrus are described: Hemiancistrus votouro n. sp. and Hemiancistrus meizospilos n. sp. from upper rio Uruguai basin. They differ from their congeners except H. chlorostictus, H. megacephalus, and H. macrops by the presence of light dots on fins and lateral and dorsal portions of head and body. Hemiancistrus votouro and H. meizospilos differ from the species above by meristic and morphometric data and by the color pattern.
Rivulus kirovskyi, a new killifish from the central Amazon, Brazil (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)
Authors: Costa Wilson J. E. M.
Published: January 2008

Rivulus kirovskyi, new species, from the central Amazon, lower rio Negro drainage, northern Brazil, is described. It is a member of an assemblage that includes R. amanapira, R. atratus, R. ornatus, R. rectocaudatus, R. romeri, R. tecminae, and R. uakti, and is diagnosed by a unique pattern of frontal squamation and a derived color pattern of the infraorbital region. Relationships of the new species with other taxa of the group are unclear at the present. It is similar to R. atratus, R. ornatus, and R. romeri in having an apomorphic reduction of anal-fin rays and by the absence of caudal spot in females, and similar to R. amanapira, R. rectocaudatus, R. romeri, R. tecminae, and R. uakti, by the absence of preopercular canal and dermosphenotic. Rivulus kirovskyi differs from all other species of the group by its unique color pattern of the caudal fin in males.
Does the association of young fishes with jellyfishes protect from predation?A report on a failure case due to damage to the jellyfish
Authors: Bonaldo Roberta Martini , Krajewski João Paulo , Sazima Ivan
Published: January 2008

The fish-jellyfish association is regarded as a temporary symbiosis believed to protect the fishes from predators. Here we report on juvenile scads (Trachurus lathami) associated with the jellyfish Chrysaora lactea, opportunistically preyed on by the grouper Mycteroperca acutirostris while the medusa was being damaged. The predation instances occurred when a couple of the filefish Stephanolepis hispidus approached the jellyfish to nibble on its umbrella. The feeding of the filefish caused a momentary disturbance of the defensive association, perceived and capitalised on by the watchful grouper, an opportunistic and versatile hunter. Before and after the disturbance, the protection offered to the young fish by the jellyfish showed to be effective, which strengthens the hypothesis of defensive function of this association.
Feeding aspects of Leporinus amblyrhynchus (Characiformes: Anostomidae) in the first stages of formation of a Neotropical reservoir, Brazil
Authors: Mendonça Fernando Pereira de , Hahn Norma Segatti , Loureiro-Crippa Valdirene Esgarbosa
Published: January 2008

Diet and feeding activity of Leporinus amblyrhynchus before, during and after the damming of the rio Corumbá (Goiás State March 1996 to February 1998) were investigated. The diet, evaluated using the Feeding Index (IAi), showed that this species presents an invertivore feeding habit, preying on basically Chironomidae larvae. The feeding activity, estimated using the quantity of food in the stomach during a 24-hour cycle, showed that the feeding occurs mainly in the daytime. Considering the feeding aspects of this species during the formation of the reservatório of Corumbá there were small variations in the parameters (diet and feeding activity) dealt in this study.
The glassy sweepers' way: seeking a versatile wrasse to be cleaned
Authors: Sazima Cristina , Krajewski João Paulo , Bonaldo Roberta Martini , Sazima Ivan
Published: January 2008

Diurnal reef fishes compose the bulk of clients that seek cleaner fishes' services, but some nocturnal species that shelter at daytime also seek the cleaners. While doing so the nocturnal clients must leave their hiding places and thus they get exposed to potential diurnal predators. We report here on the cleaning interactions between a daytime cleaner wrasse (Thalassoma noronhanum) and a night time active client (Pempheris schomburgki) that usually remains sheltered at daytime. We recorded P. schomburgki leaving their shelter at daytime and heading towards T. noronhanum, whenever the cleaner swam by the shelter. Since T. noronhanum is able to tend temporary cleaning station near the safety of the shelters of its clients, P. schomburgki lessens a possible risk of predation by seeking this versatile cleaner.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 attenuates tumour necrosis factor-α-mediated induction of plasmogen activator inhibitor-1 expression
Authors: Liu Hongbin , Hu Yunshan , Simpson Richard W , Dear Anthony E
Published: January 2008

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been proposed as a target for treatment of type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 has also been demonstrated to improve endothelial cell dysfunction in diabetic patients. Elevated plasmogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels have been implicated in endothelial cell dysfunction. The effect of GLP-1 on PAI-1 expression in vascular endothelial cells has not been explored. In a spontaneously transformed human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) line, C11-spontaneously transformed HUVEC (STH) and primary HUVEC cells, GLP-1 treatment, in the presence of a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, attenuated induction of PAI-1 protein and mRNA expression by tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). GLP-1 also inhibited the effect of TNF-α on a reporter gene construct harbouring the proximal PAI-1 promoter. In addition, GLP-1 attenuated TNF-α-mediated induction of Nur77 mRNA and TNF-α-mediated binding of nuclear proteins (NPs) to the PAI-1, Nur77, cis-acting response element nerve growth factor induced clone B response element (NBRE). GLP-1 treatment also inhibited TNF-α-mediated induction of Akt phosphorylation. Taken together, these observations suggest that GLP-1 inhibits TNF-α-mediated PAI-1 induction in vascular endothelial cells, and this effect may involve Akt-mediated signalling events and the modulation of Nur77 expression and NP binding to the PAI-1 NBRE.
Development of a breeding objective for Estonian Holstein cattle
Authors: PÄRNA E. , KIIMAN H. , VALLAS M.
Published: January 2008

Economic weights for milk carrier (water plus lactose), fat and protein yields, calving interval, age at first service, interval between the first service and conception of heifers and length of productive life of Estonian Holsteins were estimated under assumed milk production quota and for non-quota conditions. A bio-economic model of an integrated production system of a closed herd was used. Economic values of milk carrier yield and length of productive life differed between quota and non-quota conditions, but there were only minor differences between those marketing systems in economic values for functional traits. The standardised economic values of the most important traits varied in magnitude between18 to 81% of the economic value for milk yield. Discounting had a substantial impact on the economic value of length of productive life. When defining the breeding objective for Estonian Holstein, the interval between the first service and conception of heifers, and the length of productive life should be included in the breeding goal along with the traits with the highest economic value, milk, fat and protein yield. In the optimum breeding objective, relative weights of production vs. functional traits were 79 and 21%, respectively.;
Heart size and mean muscle fibre cross-sectional area related to birth weight in pigs
Authors: RUUSUNEN M. , PUOLANNE E. , PARTANEN K.
Published: January 2008

One of the aims in domestic pig breeding has been to increase the size of litters resulting in variation in birth weight of piglets. Pig breeding has also resulted in increased body muscle mass. Muscles with the same size can consist either of large number of thin muscle fibres or small number of thick muscle fibres. Larger body muscle content means that in living animal the heart must pump blood to larger muscle mass than earlier. Our interest in this study was to investigate the relationship between the pigs birth weight and (i) growth performance and carcass composition, (ii) the size of organs, and (iii) the mean muscle fibre cross-sectional area at slaughter. The study consisted of twenty pigs slaughtered at the age of 165±2 days. The day after the slaughter, the carcass composition was determined by dissecting the chilled carcass into lean, fat, bones, and skin and organs were weighed. The average cross sectional area of muscle fibres was determined from three fast-twitch muscles longissimus dorsi, semimembranosus, gluteus superficialis, and two slow-twitch muscles infraspinatus and masseter. The birth weight of pigs ranged from 0.9 to 2.2 kg. We found no clear relationships between the birth weight and the pigs growth performance from birth to slaughter. When the birth weight increased the heart weight at slaughter increased as well (P < 0.01). The heart weight was higher in those pigs with high carcass weight (P < 0.05) and with the high weight of total muscle mass in the carcass (P < 0.001). The cross sectional area of muscle fibres in M. longissimus dorsi (P < 0.05), M. semimembranosus (P < 0.10), and M. gluteus superficialis (P < 0.05) was larger in those pigs with low birth weight compared to those found in pigs with high birth weight.;
Effects of finishing diet and pre-slaughter fasting time on meat quality in crossbred pigs
Authors: PARTANEN K. , SILJANDER-RASI H. , HONKAVAARA M.
Published: January 2008

The effects of the carbohydrate composition of finishing diet (fed from 80 to 107 kg of body weight) and the length of pre-slaughter fasting on pork quality were studied in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with 80 crossbred pigs. The control finishing diet was based on barley and soybean meal, and the fibrous finishing diet was based on barley, barley fibre, faba beans, and rapeseed cake. These diets contained 465 and 362 g starch and 177 and 250 g dietary fibre per kg, respectively. The fasting times of 25 and 41 h were obtained by giving the pigs their last meal at different times. Longer fasting lowered the glycolytic potential of the longissimus lumborum muscle (P = 0.01), whereas the finishing diet had no effect. Different muscles responded differently to the treatments. Longer fasting increased the ultimate pH of the semimembranosus muscle (P = 0.02), but did not affect that of the longissimus lumborum and semispinalis capitis muscles. The finishing diets did not affect the ultimate pH of the investigated muscles. A diet × fasting time interaction was seen in the lightness of the semimembranosus muscle (P = 0.05). The fibrous diet resulted in darker meat than the control diet did in pigs that were fasted for 25 h (P < 0.05). Longer fasting darkened the meat colour in pigs fed the fibrous diet (P < 0.05) but not in those fed the control diet. The meat from the semispinalis capitis muscle was darker in pigs fed the fibrous than those fed the control diet (P = 0.04). The treatments did not affect the colour of the longissimus lumborum muscle. Longer fasting decreased drip loss from the meat of pigs fed the control diet (P < 0.05). The eating quality of the pork was not influenced by the finishing diets or the fasting time. The pigs also grew equally fast on both finishing diets. In conclusion, a moderate alteration in the carbohydrate composition of a finishing diet or longer pre-slaughter fasting can have some effects on pork quality in crossbred pigs, but these effects vary in different muscles.;
Optimal share contracts between pig producers
Authors: LARSÉN K. , SKARGREN P. , LAGERKVIST C.J.
Published: January 2008

This paper analyses the economic benefits from vertical coordination in pig production (i.e. a contract between a specialised piglet and a specialised fattening pig producer) using a static model of a share contract. An empirical illustration is presented for Swedish pig producers considering the impact of growth rates, feed conversion efficiency and mortality rates. Moreover, the variation in pig prices and the biological variation in the growth rates of pigs are considered. Producers are assumed to be risk averse and the risk aversion concept is elaborated by obtaining the producers desired confidence level that corresponds to a given risk aversion coefficient. The results suggest that there exists a range of Pareto efficient share allocations. Potential gains in expected utility from vertical coordination compared to independent production are about 25% for both categories of producers.;
Milk protein genotypes and milk coagulation properties of Estonian Native cattle
Authors: JÕUDU I. , HENNO M. , VÄRV S.
Published: January 2008

The genetic variation of ás1-, â- and ê-caseins and b-lactoglobulin was determined and their effects on the rennet coagulation properties were examined using 335 milk samples from 118 Estonian Native (EN) cows. We found 16 aggregate casein genotypes (ás1-, â-, ê-caseins), of which four . namely, BB A2A2 AA (21.2%), BB A1A2 AB (16.9%), BB A1A2 AA (14.4%), and BB A2A2 AB (10.2%)  occurred among nearly two-thirds of the analysed cows. Aggregate casein genotype had a significant overall effect on rennet coagulation parameters. Better rennet coagulation properties were found for aggregate casein genotypes CC A2A2 AB and BC A1A2 BB, among frequent genotypes for BB A1A2 AB. Of the cattle breeds raised in Estonia, milk from EN had the best coagulation properties and highest frequency of favourable ê-Cn B allele.;
Water repellency of clay, sand and organic soils in Finland
Authors: RASA K. , HORN R. , RÄTY M.
Published: January 2008

Water repellency (WR) delays soil wetting process, increases preferential flow and may give rise to surface runoff and consequent erosion. WR is commonly recognized in the soils of warm and temperate climates. To explore the occurrence of WR in soils in Finland, soil R index was studied on 12 sites of different soil types. The effects of soil management practice, vegetation age, soil moisture and drying temperature on WR were studied by a mini-infiltrometer with samples from depths of 0-5 and 5-10 cm. All studied sites exhibited WR (R index >1.95) at the time of sampling. WR increased as follows: sand (R = 1.8-5.0) < clay (R = 2.4-10.3) < organic (R = 7.9-undefined). At clay and sand, WR was generally higher at the soil surface and at the older sites (14 yr.), where organic matter is accumulated. Below 41 vol. % water content these mineral soils were water repellent whereas organic soil exhibited WR even at saturation. These results show that soil WR also reduces water infiltration at the prevalent field moisture regime in the soils of boreal climate. The ageing of vegetation increases WR and on the other hand, cultivation reduces or hinders the development of WR.;
Adsorptive Micellar Flocculation as an Efficient Method for Processing Soil Extracts Containing Both Surfactant and Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Practical Demonstration
Authors: Sˇváb Marek , Müllerová Martina , Raschman Robert
Published: January 2008

The main purpose of the paper is to share the results and experience from processing soil extracts containing a high concentration of both anionic surfactant and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by use of method the called adsorptive micellar flocculation. The method is similar to coagulation, but the mechanism is more complicated. The flocculants examined in the laboratory section involved ferric chloride, aluminium chloride, ferric sulfate, and aluminum sulfate. It was observed that ferric chloride provides the best PCB removal efficiency from the extract. Subsequently, two extracts obtained from the pilot‐scale demonstration of the PCBs leaching from the soils by the surfactant solution were processed by this method. The volume of the extracts processed was several hundred liters. The method proved it can remove PCBs from all extracts with a very high efficiency (greater than 99.99%). The residual PCB concentrations in solution were less than 1 μg/L.
Cyanide Generation During Preservation of Chlorinated Wastewater Effluent Samples for Total Cyanide Analysis
Authors: Khoury Joseph , Pang Maria , Young Connie , Pandit Anita , Carr Steve , Fischer Dwayne , Stahl James
Published: January 2008

Dechlorinating agents and pH adjustment are often used to preserve wastewater samples for cyanide analysis. The effects of four approved preservation protocols on the results of the total cyanide analysis of effluents from four water reclamation plants were examined. The results differed widely, and a clear pattern emerged. Immediate analysis without pH adjustment generally gave total cyanide concentrations below the reporting limit of 5 μg/L, irrespective of the dechlorinating agents used. When the pH was adjusted to ≥12, a slight increase in the measured total cyanide concentration was observed when thiosulfate was used to dechlorinate the samples, and a significant increase (>10 μg/L) was observed when arsenite was used as the dechlorinating agent. These results provide evidence that approved preservation protocols may give rise to cyanide formation in chlorinated wastewater effluent matrices.
FALDH Reverses the Deleterious Action of Oxidative Stress Induced by Lipid Peroxidation Product 4-Hydroxynonenal on Insulin Signaling in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Demozay Damien , Mas Jean-Christophe , Rocchi Stephane , Van Obberghen Emmanuel
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE— Oxidative stress is associated with insulin resistance and is thought to contribute to progression toward type 2 diabetes. Oxidation induces cellular damages through increased amounts of reactive aldehydes from lipid peroxidation. The aim of our study was to investigate 1) the effect of the major lipid peroxidation end product, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), on insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and 2) whether fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH), which detoxifies HNE, protects cells and improves insulin action under oxidative stress conditions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to HNE and/or infected with control adenovirus or adenovirus expressing FALDH.

RESULTS— Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with HNE at nontoxic concentrations leads to a pronounced decrease in insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1/-2 proteins and in insulin-induced IRS and insulin receptor β (IRβ) tyrosine phosphorylation. Remarkably, we detect increased binding of HNE to IRS-1/-2–generating HNE-IRS adducts, which likely impair IRS function and favor their degradation. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B activities are also downregulated upon HNE treatment, resulting in blunted metabolic responses. Moreover, FALDH, by reducing adduct formation, partially restores HNE-generated decrease in insulin-induced IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and metabolic responses. Moreover, rosiglitazone could have an antioxidant effect because it blocks the noxious HNE action on IRS-1 by increasing FALDH gene expression. Collectively, our data show that FALDH improves insulin action in HNE-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

CONCLUSION— Oxidative stress induced by reactive aldehydes, such as HNE, is implicated in the development of insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which is alleviated by FALDH. Hence, detoxifying enzymes could play a crucial role in blocking progression of insulin resistance to diabetes.
Quantitative Linkage Analysis for Pancreatic B-cell Function and Insulin Resistance in a Large Twin Cohort
Authors: Falchi Mario , Wilson Scott G. , Paximadas Dimitrios , Swaminathan Ramasamyiyer , Spector Tim D.
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—Insulin resistance and disturbed glucose homeostasis are key characteristics of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The recent nonlinear computer version of homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)2 provides an appropriate and convenient assessment of glucose metabolism, enabling gene-mapping studies in large population samples.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Fasting insulin and glucose concentration were measured in 758 dizygous and 305 monozygous nondiabetic female pairs from the St. Thomas’ U.K. adult twin registry (TwinsUK). Insulin resistance (IR) and pancreatic β-cell function (BCF) were estimated from this data using the HOMA2 model.

RESULTS—Genome-wide variance component linkage analysis using 2,231 genetic markers identified a highly significant quantitative trait locus for BCF on chromosome 10p15 (logarithm of odds [LOD] 6.2, P = 0.0001), a region recently shown to contain a functional variant for type 1 diabetes. Both BCF and IR suggested a pleiotropic effect on 17q25 (univariate LOD 3.2, P = 0.0012, and 2.38, P = 0.0087; bivariate LOD 2.66), and one additional region showed linkage for IR on chromosome 22q11 (LOD 3.2, P = 0.0016), providing replication and refining previous findings for diabetes and associated traits.

CONCLUSIONS—To our best knowledge, this is the first genome-wide linkage screen for HOMA2 indexes in a large, healthy female sample. These results suggest that loci involved in control of normal glucose homeostasis among nondiabetic individuals might overlap with those involved in the development of diabetes. Linkage replications in independent studies and across populations provide information on important regions of common but potentially heterogeneous variability that can now be used for targeted positional candidate studies.
Physiological and Molecular Determinants of Insulin Action in the Baboon
Authors: Chavez Alberto O. , Lopez-Alvarenga Juan C. , Tejero M. Elizabeth , Triplitt Curtis , Bastarrachea Raul A. , Sriwijitkamol Apiradee , Tantiwong Puntip , Voruganti V. Saroja , Musi Nicolas , Comuzzie Anthony G. , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Folli Franco
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—To quantitate insulin sensitivity in lean and obese nondiabetic baboons and examine the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms responsible for impaired insulin action to characterize a baboon model of insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Twenty baboons received a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with skeletal muscle and visceral adipose tissue biopsies at baseline and at 30 and 120 min after insulin. Genes and protein expression of key molecules involved in the insulin signaling cascade (insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1, p85, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and AS160) were sequenced, and insulin-mediated changes were analyzed.

RESULTS—Overall, baboons show a wide range of insulin sensitivity (6.2 ± 4.8 mg · kg−1 · min−1), and there is a strong inverse correlation between indexes of adiposity and insulin sensitivity (r = −0.946, P < 0.001 for % body fat; r = −0.72, P < 0.001 for waist circumference). The genes and protein sequences analyzed were found to have ∼98% identity to those of man. Insulin-mediated changes in key signaling molecules were impaired both in muscle and adipose tissue in obese insulin-resistant compared with lean insulin-sensitive baboons.

CONCLUSIONS—The obese baboon is a pertinent nonhuman primate model to examine the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms responsible for insulin resistance and eventual development of type 2 diabetes.
In vitro efficacy of an ophthalmic drug combination against corneal pathogens of horses
Authors: Scotty Nicole C. , Brooks Dennis E. , Schuman Rose Crystal D.
Published: January 2008

Objective—To evaluate the in vitro efficacy of an ophthalmic drug combination against common corneal pathogens of horses.

Sample Population—Representative isolates of 3 bacterial and 2 fungal corneal pathogens of horses.

Procedures—Pathogens were subjected to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing of a drug combination that consisted of equal volumes of natamycin 3.33%, tobramycin 0.3%, cefazolin 5.5%, and equine serum. Proteinase inhibitory activity of the drug combination was assessed by use of a fluorescence microplate assay with gelatin and collagen I as substrates. The MICs of the drug combination were compared with those for each of the component medications and antiproteinase activity of the drug combination was compared with that of serum by use of paired t tests and a 2-way ANOVA, respectively.

Results—The drug combination was at least as effective as each medication separately for inhibiting microbial growth of all pathogens tested and was significantly more effective against B-hemolytic Streptococcus spp, Aspergillus spp, and Fusarium spp than the relevant medications separately. Serum and the drug combination both had significant antigelatinase activity, and serum had significant anticollagenase activity. Antiproteinase activity of serum was a concentration-dependent event, which enabled serum to achieve significantly greater activity than the drug combination after 3.5 and 4 hours of intubation for the gelatin and collagen I assays, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Drug combinations have the attractive potential of minimizing the time, stress, and fatigue associated with topical treatment regimens consisting of multiple drugs used separately for horses with keratitis.
Evaluation of bioequivalence after oral, intramuscular, and intravenous administration of racemic ketoprofen in pigs
Authors: Raekallio Marja R. , Mustonen Katja M. , Heinonen Mari L. , Peltoniemi Olli A. T. , Säkkinen Mia S. , Peltoniemi S. Marikki , Honkavaara Juhana M. , Vainio Outi M.
Published: January 2008

Objective—To assess bioequivalence after oral, IM, and IV administration of racemic ketoprofen in pigs and to investigate the bioavailability after oral and IM administration.

Animals—8 crossbred pigs.

Procedures—Each pig received 4 treatments in a randomized crossover design, with a 6-day washout period. Ketoprofen was administered at 3 and 6 mg/kg, PO; 3 mg/kg, IM; and 3 mg/kg, IV. Plasma ketoprofen concentrations were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography for up to 48 hours. To assess bioequivalence, a 90% confidence interval was calculated for the area under the time-concentration curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax).

Results—Equivalence was not detected in the AUCs among the various routes of administration nor in Cmax between oral and IM administration of 3 mg/kg. The bioavailability of ketoprofen was almost complete after each oral or IM administration. Mean ± SD Cmax was 5.09 ± 1.41 μg/mL and 7.62 ± 1.22 μg/mL after oral and IM doses of 3 mg/kg, respectively. Mean elimination half-life varied from 3.52 ± 0.90 hours after oral administration of 3 mg/kg to 2.66 ± 0.50 hours after IV administration. Time to peak Cmax after administration of all treatments was approximately 1 hour. Increases in AUC and Cmax were proportional when the orally administered dose was increased from 3 to 6 mg/kg.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Orally administered ketoprofen was absorbed well in pigs, although bioequivalence with IM administration of ketoprofen was not detected. Orally administered ketoprofen may have potential for use in treating pigs.