bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consonantal timing and release burst acoustics distinguish multiple coronal stop place distinctions in Wubuy (Australia)
Authors: Bundgaard-Nielsen Rikke L. , Kroos Christian , Baker Brett J. , Best Catherine T. , Harvey Mark
Published: October 2016

Substantial research has established that place of articulation of stop consonants (labial, alveolar, velar) are reliably differentiated using a number of acoustic measures such as closure duration, voice onset time (VOT), and spectral measures such as centre of gravity and the relative energy distribution in the mid-to-high spectral range of the burst. It is unclear, however, whether such measurable acoustic differences are present in multiple place of articulation contrasts among coronal stops. This article presents evidence from the highly endangered indigenous Australian language Wubuy, which maintains a 4-way coronal stop place contrast series in all word positions. The authors examine the temporal and burst characteristics of /t̪ t ʈ/ in three prosodic positions (utterance-initial, word-initial but phrase medial, and word-medial). The results indicate that VOT, closure duration, and the spectral quality of the burst may indeed differentiate multiple coronal place contrasts, in most positions, although measures that distinguish the apical contrast in absolute initial position remain elusive. The authors also examine measures (spectrum kurtosis, spectral tilt) previously used in other studies of multiple coronals in Australian languages. These results suggest that the authors' measures perform at least as well as those previously applied to multiple coronals in other Australian languages.
Age affects joint space narrowing in patients with early active rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Matthijssen X M E , Akdemir G , Markusse I M , Stijnen T , Riyazi N , Han K H , Bijkerk C , Kerstens P J S M , Lems W F , Huizinga T W J , Allaart C F
Published: October 2016

Background

Joint space narrowing (JSN) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may be a manifestation of (primary) osteoarthritis becoming more prominent with age. We investigated the severity and predictors of JSN progression among different age groups.

Methods

10-year follow-up data of the BeSt study, a randomised controlled treat-to-target trial in early RA were used. Annual X-rays of hands and feet were scored using the Sharp/van der Heijde score (SHS). Subgroups were defined by age at baseline: ≥55, ≥40<55 and <40 years. JSN progression predictors were assessed by Poisson regression.

Results

Baseline JSN scores (median (IQR)) were higher in patients ≥55 (2.0 (0.0–6.0)) compared with the other age groups: 1.0 (0.0–3.0) ≥40<55 and 0.3 (0.0–3.0) <40, p<0.001. After 10 years, total JSN and SHS were similar in all age groups. In patients ≥55 the mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) over time (relative risk 1.02 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.03)) and the combined presence of rheumatoid factor and anticitrullinated protein antibodies (RF+/ACPA+) (3.27 (1.25–8.53)) were significantly correlated with JSN progression. In patients <40 the baseline swollen joint count (SJC; 1.09 (1.01–1.18)) and ESR over time (1.04 (1.02–1.06)) were significantly associated.

Conclusions

At baseline, patients with RA ≥55 years had more JSN than younger patients but after 10 years JSN scores were similar between age groups. Independent risk factors for JSN progression were baseline SJC and ESR over time in patients <40, RF+/ACPA+ and ESR over time in patients ≥55 years. This suggests that mechanisms leading to JSN progression are related to (residual) rheumatoid inflammation and vary between age groups. These mechanisms remain to be elucidated.

Trial registration numbers

NTR262, NTR265.
Activation of the central melanocortin system chronically reduces body mass without the necessity of long-term caloric restriction
Authors: Côté I. , Sakarya Y. , Kirichenko N. , Morgan D. , Carter C.S. , Tümer N. , Scarpace P.J.
Published: October 2016

Melanotan II (MTII) is a potent appetite suppressor that rapidly reduces body mass. Given the rapid loss of anorexic response upon chronic MTII treatment, most investigations have focused on the initial physiological adaptations. However, other evidence supports MTII as a long-term modulator of energy balance that remains to be established. Therefore, we examined the chronic effects of MTII on energy homeostasis. MTII (high or low dose) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) was infused into the lateral ventricle of the brain of 6-month-old F344BN rats (6–7/group) over 40 days. MTII suppressed appetite in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Although food intake promptly rose back to control level, body mass was persistently reduced in both MTII groups (P < 0.01). At day 40, both MTII groups displayed lower adiposity than the aCSF animals (P < 0.01). These results show that MTII chronically reduces body mass without the requirement of long-term caloric restriction. Our study proposes that food restriction helps initiate mass loss; however, combined with a secondary pharmacological approach preserving a negative energy balance state over time may help combat obesity.
How a meeting in 1970 with Volodya turned into a very close friendship
Authors: Maor Uri
Published: October 2016

Note from Publisher: This article contains the abstract only.
A few lines about Volodya
Authors: Schiff Dominique
Published: October 2016

Note from Publisher: This article contains the abstract only.
Euler-Lagrange equations for the Gribov reggeon calculus in QCD and in gravity
Authors: Lipatov L. N.
Published: October 2016

The theory of the high energy scattering in QCD and gravity is based on the reggeization of gluons and gravitons, respectively. We discuss the corresponding effective actions for reggeized particle interactions. The Euler-Lagrange equations in these theories are constructed with a variational approach for the effective actions and by using their invariance under the gauge and general coordinate transformations.
Diffraction and unitarity
Authors: Dremin I. M.
Published: October 2016

I begin with a tribute to V.N. Gribov and then come to a particular problem which would be of interest for him. His first paper on reggeology was devoted to elastic scatterings of hadrons. Here, using the unitarity relation in combination with experimental data about the elastic scattering in the diffraction cone, I show how the shape and the darkness of the interaction region of colliding protons change with the increase of their energies. In particular, the collisions become fully absorptive at small impact parameters at LHC energies that results in some special features of inelastic processes as well. The possible evolution with increasing energy of the shape from the dark core at the LHC to the fully transparent one at higher energies is discussed. It implies that the terminology of the black disk would be replaced by the black torus.
Instabilities of Coulomb phases and the Gribov picture of confinement
Authors: Asorey Manuel , Santagata Alessandro
Published: October 2016

A new picture of quark confinement based on the instability of Coulomb phase at low energy was introduced by Volodya Gribov in the early nineties. In QCD the effective [Formula: see text] coupling constant can reach very large values in the infrared regime what generates Coulomb phase instabilities. In the Gribov picture the instability leads to a vacuum decay into light quarks for coupling constants [Formula: see text] larger than a critical value [Formula: see text], for SU(N) gauge theories. The instability of Coulomb phase can be derived from first principles in any non-Abelian gauge theory for [Formula: see text], a value which is larger than the Gribov critical value. In this paper we review the analytic derivation of the Gribov mechanism from first principles and analyze the effects of dynamical quarks in the instability of the Coulomb phase. The instabilities associated to light quarks turn out to appear at larger values of [Formula: see text] than the ones induced from pure gluon dynamics, unlike it is expected in the standard Gribov scenario. The analytic results confirm the consistency of the picture where quark confinement is mainly driven by gluonic fluctuations.
The temperature-dependent Yang-Mills trace anomaly as a function of the mass gap
Authors: Gogokhia V. , Shurgaia A. , Vasúth M.
Published: October 2016

The trace anomaly or, equivalently, the interaction measure is an important thermodynamic quantity/observable, since it is very sensitive to the non-perturbative effects in the gluon plasma. It has been calculated and its analytic and asymptotic properties have been investigated with the combined force of analytic and lattice approaches to the [Formula: see text] Yang-Mills (YM) quantum gauge theory at finite temperature. The first one is based on the effective potential approach for composite operators properly generalized to finite temperature. This makes it possible to introduce into this formalism a dependence on the mass gap [Formula: see text], which is responsible for the large-scale dynamical structure of the QCD ground state. The gluon plasma pressure as a function of the mass gap adjusted by this approach to the corresponding lattice data is shown to be a continuously growing function of temperature [Formula: see text] in the whole temperature range [Formula: see text] with the correct Stefan-Boltzmann limit at very high temperature. The corresponding trace anomaly has a finite jump discontinuity at some characteristic temperature [Formula: see text] with latent heat [Formula: see text]. This is a firm evidence of the first-order phase transition in [Formula: see text] pure gluon plasma. It is exponentially suppressed below [Formula: see text] and has a complicated and rather different dependence on the mass gap and temperature across [Formula: see text]. In the very high temperature limit its non-perturbative part has a power-type fall off.
General exact solutions for the full gluon propagator in QCD with the mass gap
Authors: Gogokhia V. , Barnaföldi G. G.
Published: October 2016

We have explicitly shown that Quantum Chromodynamics is a color gauge invariant theory with non-zero mass gap, which has been defined as the value of the regularized full gluon self-energy at a finite scale point. The mass gap itself is mainly generated by the nonlinear interaction of massless gluon modes. All this allows one to establish the structure of the full gluon propagator in the explicit presence of the mass gap. In this case, the two independent general types of formal solutions for the full gluon propagator as a function of the regularized mass gap have been found: (i) The nonlinear iteration solution at which the gluons remain massless is explicitly present. (ii) Existence of the solution with an effective gluon mass is also demonstrated.
Spin TQFTs and fermionic phases of matter
Authors: Gaiotto Davide , Kapustin Anton
Published: October 2016

We study lattice constructions of gapped fermionic phases of matter. We show that the construction of fermionic Symmetry Protected Topological orders by Gu and Wen has a hidden dependence on a discrete spin structure on the Euclidean space-time. The spin structure is needed to resolve ambiguities which are otherwise present. An identical ambiguity is shown to arise in the fermionic analog of the string-net construction of 2D topological orders. We argue that the need for a spin structure is a general feature of lattice models with local fermionic degrees of freedom and is a lattice analog of the spin-statistics relation.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Ni–TiN THIN FILMS ELECTRODEPOSITED WITH NICKEL BATHS OF DIFFERENT TiN NANOPARTICLE CONCENTRATION
Authors: MA CHUNYANG , JIANG MINZHENG , XIA FAFENG
Published: October 2016

Ni–TiN thin films with different TiN nanoparticle contents were successfully fabricated from a nickel bath with the addition of four TiN nanoparticles loadings (2, 4, 6 and 8[Formula: see text]g/L). The influence of the TiN nanoparticle content on the film structure, micro-hardness, micro-strain and residual stress was examined, and the film wear behavior was investigated in detail. The results showed that the average size of the nickel grains and TiN nanoparticles is 68.1[Formula: see text]nm and 22.6[Formula: see text]nm, respectively, for the film deposited with 8[Formula: see text]g/L TiN. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the film deposited with 2[Formula: see text]g/L TiN displays the (2 0 0) preferred orientation; however, when the concentration of TiN in the bath was increased to 6[Formula: see text]g/L, such orientation was suppressed and a random arrangement showed up. The film wear loss gradually decreases as the concentration of TiN additive in the bath increases from 2[Formula: see text]g/L to 8[Formula: see text]g/L, and a minimum loss of approximately 39.7[Formula: see text]mg was obtained for the film deposited at 8[Formula: see text]g/L TiN, which also displayed the maximum average micro-hardness (789.4[Formula: see text]HV).
Regularity for a fractional p-Laplace equation
Authors: Schikorra Armin , Shieh Tien-Tsan , Spector Daniel E.
Published: October 2016

In this note, we consider regularity theory for a fractional [Formula: see text]-Laplace operator which arises in the complex interpolation of the Sobolev spaces, the [Formula: see text]-Laplacian. We obtain the natural analogue to the classical [Formula: see text]-Laplacian situation, namely [Formula: see text]-regularity for the homogeneous equation.
The asymptotic behavior of globally smooth solutions to the compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations with Coulomb force
Authors: Tan Zhong , Wang Yong , Tong Leilei
Published: October 2016

The asymptotic stability of the steady state with the strictly positive constant density and the vanishing velocity and magnetic field to the Cauchy problem of the three-dimensional compressible viscous, heat-conducting magnetohydrodynamic equations with Coulomb force is established under small initial perturbations. Using a general energy method, we obtain the optimal time decay rates of the solution and its higher-order spatial derivatives by introducing the negative Sobolev and Besov spaces. As a corollary, the [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] type of the decay rates follows without requiring that the [Formula: see text] norm of initial data is small.
Regularized learning schemes in feature Banach spaces
Authors: Combettes Patrick L. , Salzo Saverio , Villa Silvia
Published: October 2016

This paper proposes a unified framework for the investigation of constrained learning theory in reflexive Banach spaces of features via regularized empirical risk minimization. The focus is placed on Tikhonov-like regularization with totally convex functions. This broad class of regularizers provides a flexible model for various priors on the features, including, in particular, hard constraints and powers of Banach norms. In such context, the main results establish a new general form of the representer theorem and the consistency of the corresponding learning schemes under general conditions on the loss function, the geometry of the feature space, and the modulus of total convexity of the regularizer. In addition, the proposed analysis gives new insight into basic tools such as reproducing Banach spaces, feature maps, and universality. Even when specialized to Hilbert spaces, this framework yields new results that extend the state of the art.
The coupled Sasa–Satsuma hierarchy: Trigonal curve and finite genus solutions
Authors: Zhai Yunyun , Geng Xianguo
Published: October 2016

Based on the Lenard recursion equations and the stationary zero-curvature equation, we derive the coupled Sasa–Satsuma hierarchy, in which a typical number is the coupled Sasa–Satsuma equation. The properties of the associated trigonal curve and the meromorphic functions are studied, which naturally give the essential singularities and divisors of the meromorphic functions. By comparing the asymptotic expansions for the Baker–Akhiezer function and its Riemann theta function representation, we arrive at the finite genus solutions of the whole coupled Sasa–Satsuma hierarchy in terms of the Riemann theta function.
Modifications of an unsymmetrical phthalocyanine: Towards stable blue dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Zanotti Gloria , Angelini Nicola , Mattioli Giuseppe , Notarantonio Sara , Paoletti Anna Maria , Pennesi Giovanna , Rossi Gentilina , Caschera Daniela , De Marco Luisa , Gigli Giuseppe
Published: October 2016

A new copper phthalocyanine, namely 9(10),16(17),23(24)-tri-tert-butyl-2-[acetynyl-(4-carboxy)phenyl]phthalocyaninatocopper and its related free base have been synthesized as potential stable blue dyes for dye sensitized solar cells. The molecule structure consists on an unsymmetrically-substituted macrocycle bearing three tert-butyl groups and one phenylethynyl moiety as peripheral substituents and it is analogue to that of a previously published zinc derivative. Chemical and optical characterizations, as well as theoretical calculations of the frontier orbitals of both molecules are discussed. To evaluate the effect of the central metal on the photovoltaic behavior of this dye, the novel molecules have been both tested and confronted with the zinc derivative. This last one has shown efficiency values significantly higher than those previously published with a 2.10% maximum efficiency, while the other two dyes yielded 1.66% and 1.38% maximum efficiency respectively.
Optimizing the delivery of combination therapy for tumors: A mathematical model
Authors: Rodríguez Clara Rojas , Belmonte-Beitia Juan
Published: October 2016

We present in this paper a new mathematical model for the scheduling of angiogenic inhibitors in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent for a tumor. Our model takes into account the process of angiogenesis and the quality of the vasculature discriminating between stable blood vessels and unstable blood vessels. We characterize theoretically the optimal controls on drug distribution to minimize the number of cancer cells at the end of the treatment in a free horizon time problem with restrictions on the total amount of drug doses. Finally, we solve the optimal control problem by using numerical simulations, obtaining as a result that, despite the number of the tumor cells decrease with anti-angiogenic treatment, the best results are reached at the end of the chemotherapy treatment.
The Fekete–Szegö problem for a Ma–Minda type class of bi-univalent functions associated with the Hohlov operator
Authors: Sharma Poonam , Nigam Ankita
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we solve Fekete–Szegö problem for a Ma–Minda type class [Formula: see text] of bi-univalent functions associated with the Hohlov operator which is a specialized case of the widely-investigated Dziok–Srivastava operator which, in turn, is contained in the Srivastava–Wright operator. Results for some of its consequent classes [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are also given. A function [Formula: see text] in this class may satisfy one subordinate condition, whereas [Formula: see text], another. One result for that is also given by considering certain [Formula: see text]. Some useful consequences and relationships with some of the known results are also pointed out.
Numerical solution of Abel equation using operational matrix method with Chebyshev polynomials
Authors: Öztürk Yalçın , Gülsu Mustafa
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we present a numerical scheme for solving the Abel equation. The approach is based on the shifted Chebyshev polynomials together with operational method. We reduce the problem to a set of nonlinear algebraic equations using operational matrix method. In addition, convergence analysis of the method is presented. Some numerical examples are given to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the method. The only a small number of Chebyshev polynomials is needed to obtain a satisfactory result.
Synthesis of Se/chitosan-derived hierarchical porous carbon composite as Li–Se battery cathode
Authors: Chen Cheng , Zhao Chenhao , Hu Zhibiao , Liu Kaiyu
Published: October 2016

The hierarchical porous carbon with overall macropores and surface micropores has been prepared from carbonization of chitosan/[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] gel-like composite. The specific surface area and pore volume of this carbon can come to 2358.9[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] g[Formula: see text] and 1.14[Formula: see text]cm3 g[Formula: see text], respectively, and the active component Se with amorphous structure is uniformly encapsulated into the microporous structure to form Se/carbon composite. As Li–Se battery cathode, the composite delivers a second discharge capacity of 537.6[Formula: see text]mAh g[Formula: see text] at 0.2[Formula: see text]C, and a discharge capacity of 517.9[Formula: see text]mA h g[Formula: see text] can be retained after 100 cycles. Even at a high rate of 5[Formula: see text]C, the composite still reveals a stable discharge capacity of 325.2[Formula: see text]mAh g[Formula: see text]. The excellent electrochemical performances of Se/carbon composite may attribute to high specific surface area and hierarchical porous feature.
Pb–Zn–(As) Enrichments in Amphibolites from Broken Hill-Type Ore Systems, NW Queensland: Products of Retrograde Hydrothermal Dispersion
Authors: Williams Patrick J. , Smith Michael J.
Published: October 2016

Amphibolites typically lacking visual signs of Pb–Zn mineralization are associated with pelitic gneisses at the Cannington and Maramungee ‘Broken Hill-type’ Pb–Zn–Ag deposits in the eastern Mount Isa Inlier. Within 150 m of the sulphide-rich lodes these have consistently anomalously high chalcophile metal contents. The enrichments broadly mimic the primary distinctions between the two deposits in respect to the relative abundances of Zn, As and Pb. At Maramungee, metal concentrations of thin amphibolites broadly increase towards the mineralized rock body and comparison with data from gneisses illustrates the general superiority of basic rocks as a sample medium due to their inherently low Pb-content and comparatively homogenous primary chemistry. Most amphibolite at Cannington occurs in a single metamorphosed sill that is consistently anomalous, though with irregular chalcophile element distributions. Petrographic and SEM studies show that the metal enrichments are related to sulphides in complex retrograde parageneses which have selectively replaced metamorphic (calcic) plagioclase. Most galena occurs as sub-10 μm grains. Chalcophile elements were dispersed in a hydrous fluid and selectively enriched in the amphibolites during retrograde metamorphism under greenschist to sub-greenschist facies conditions. Routine analysis of basic rocks for Pb (and Zn) might therefore provide a simple proximity indicator for Broken Hill-type deposits, especially in poorly exposed terrains where amphibolites are the most common cause of magnetic anomalies tested by exploration drilling.
Vibration Control of Double-Beam System with Multiple Smart Damping Members
Authors: Pisarski Dominik , Szmidt Tomasz , Bajer Czesław I. , Dyniewicz Bartłomiej , Bajkowski Jacek M.
Published: October 2016

A control method to stabilize vibration of a double cantilever system with a set of smart damping blocks is designed and numerically evaluated. The externally controlled magnetorheological sheared elastomer damping block is considered, but other smart materials can be used as well. The robust bang-bang control law for stabilization the bilinear system is elaborated. The key feature of the closed loop controller is the efficiency for different types of initial excitement. By employing the finite element model, the performance of the controller is validated for strong wind blow load and concentrated impact excitement of the particular point of one of the beams. For each of the excitations, the closed loop control outperforms the optimal passive damping case by over 27% for the considered energy metric.
Electroacupuncture Reduces the Effects of Acute Noxious Stimulation on the Electrical Activity of Pain-Related Neurons in the Hippocampus of Control and Neuropathic Pain Rats
Authors: Wang Jun-Ying , Chen Renbo , Chen Shu-Ping , Gao Yong-Hui , Zhang Jian-Liang , Feng Xiu-Mei , Yan Yaxia , Liu Jun-Ling , Gaischek Ingrid , Litscher Daniela , Wang Lu , Lippe Irmgard Th. , Litscher Gerhard
Published: October 2016

To study the effects of acupuncture analgesia on the hippocampus, we observed the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor on pain-excited neurons (PENs) and pain-inhibited neurons (PINs) in the hippocampal area CA1 of sham or chronic constrictive injury (CCI) rats. The animals were randomly divided into a control, a CCI, and a U0126 (MEK1/2 inhibitor) group. In all experiments, we briefly (10-second duration) stimulated the sciatic nerve electrically and recorded the firing rates of PENs and PINs. The results showed that in both sham and CCI rats brief sciatic nerve stimulation significantly increased the electrical activity of PENs and markedly decreased the electrical activity of PINs. These effects were significantly greater in CCI rats compared to sham rats. EA treatment reduced the effects of the noxious stimulus on PENs and PINs in both sham and CCI rats. The effects of EA treatment could be inhibited by U0126 in sham-operated rats. The results suggest that EA reduces effects of acute sciatic nerve stimulation on PENs and PINs in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of both sham and CCI rats and that the ERK (extracellular regulated kinase) signaling pathway is involved in the modulation of EA analgesia.
Approximate Analytical Methodology for the Restricted Three-Body and Four-Body Models Based on Polynomial Series
Authors: Qian Ying-Jing , Yang Xiao-Dong , Yang Lei-Yu , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2016

The restricted three-body problem (R3BP) and restricted four-body problem (R4BP) are modeled based on the rotating frame. The conservative autonomous system for the R3BP and nonautonomous system with period parametric resonance due to the fourth body are derived. From the vibrational point of view, the methodology of polynomial series is proposed to solve for these problems analytically. By introducing the polynomial series relations among the three directions of motion, the three-degree-of-freedom coupled equations are transferred into one degree-of-freedom containing the full dynamics of the original autonomous system for the R3BP. As for the R4BP case, the methodology of polynomial series combined with the iterative approach is proposed. During the iterative approach, the nonautonomous system can be treated as pseudoautonomous equation and the final polynomial series relations and one-degree-of-freedom system can be derived iteratively.
TSC2 Deficiency Unmasks a Novel Necrosis Pathway That Is Suppressed by the RIP1/RIP3/MLKL Signaling Cascade
Authors: Filipczak Piotr T. , Thomas Cindy , Chen Wenshu , Salzman Andrew , McDonald Jacob D. , Lin Yong , Belinsky Steven A.
Published: October 2016

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic multiorgan disorder characterized by the development of neoplastic lesions in kidney, lung, brain, heart, and skin. It is caused by an inactivating mutation in tumor suppressor genes coding the TSC1/TSC2 complex, resulting in the hyperactivation of mTOR- and Raf/MEK/MAPK–dependent signaling that stimulates tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Despite its oncogenic effect, cells with TSC deficiency were more sensitive to oxidative stress and dependent on mitochondrial metabolism, providing a rationale for a new therapeutic approach. The current study shows that simultaneous inhibition of two major pathways regulating redox homeostasis using l-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO, glutathione synthesis inhibitor) and auranofin (thioredoxin reductase inhibitor) induces oxidative burst, mitochondrial damage, and necrotic cell death in TSC-deficient cells in a highly synergistic and cell context–specific manner. Furthermore, blocking RIP1/RIP3/MLKL–dependent signaling using chemical inhibitors necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) and necrosulfonamide (NSA) synergizes with BSO and auranofin in killing TSC-deficient cells. Expression analysis demonstrated that RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL protein levels are elevated in cells with TSC2 deficiency, and their inactivation enhances mitochondrial dysfunction in a glutaminolysis-dependent and autophagy-independent manner. Finally, supplementation with the mitochondrial metabolite α-ketoglutarate, whose synthesis is regulated by RIP1/RIP3/MLKL, rescues cells from the sensitizing effect of Nec-1 and NSA. Together, this study identifies a previously unrecognized novel regulated necrotic death pathway that involves mitochondrial homeostasis, is suppressed by the RIP1/RIP3/MLKL signaling in TSC-deficient cells, and could be a promising therapeutic target for TSC-associated tumors. Cancer Res; 76(24); 7130–9. ©2016 AACR.
HIV Infection and Survival of Lymphoma Patients in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Han Xuesong , Jemal Ahmedin , Hulland Erin , Simard Edgar P. , Nastoupil Loretta , Ward Elizabeth , Flowers Christopher R.
Published: October 2016

Background: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has extended the life expectancy of patients with HIV/AIDS to approach that of the general population. However, it remains unclear whether HIV infection affects the survival of patients with lymphoma in the HAART era.

Methods: Patients diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Burkitt lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), or follicular lymphoma during 2004–2011 were identified from the National Cancer Database. Survival analyses were conducted, where each HIV-infected patient was propensity score matched to a HIV-uninfected patient on the basis of demographic factors, clinical features, and treatment characteristics.

Results: Among 179,520 patients, the prevalence of HIV-infection ranged from 1.0% for follicular lymphoma, 3.3% for PTCL, 4.7% for Hodgkin lymphoma, 5.4% for DLBCL, to 29% for Burkitt lymphoma. HIV infection was significantly associated with inferior overall survival for patients with each lymphoma subtype: Hodgkin lymphoma [HR, 1.47; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.25–1.74], DLBCL (HR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.80–2.11), Burkitt lymphoma (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.24–1.73), PTCL (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.14–1.79), and follicular lymphoma (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.04–2.00).

Conclusions: HIV/AIDS continues to be independently associated with increased risk of death among patients with lymphoma in the HAART era in the United States, and the association varies by lymphoma histologic subtype.

Impact: Examination of effective management strategies for patients with HIV/AIDS-associated lymphoma and enrollment of patients in prospective clinical trials are needed to improve patient outcomes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(3); 303–11. ©2016 AACR.
Visual Hallucination and Pattern of Brain Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Lee Woong-Woo , Yoon Eun Jin , Lee Jee-Young , Park Sun-Won , Kim Yu Kyeong
Published: October 2016

Background and Objectives: The incidence of visual hallucination (VH) increases with Parkinson's disease (PD) progression, and its development is thought to be related to a specific neurodegenerative process in PD. This study aimed to reveal brain degeneration related to VH in PD by analyzing neuroimaging data obtained from patients in their different stages of PD. Methods: Data from 48 PD patients - 21 nondemented without VH (PNV group), 10 nondemented with VH (PV group), and 17 demented with VH (PVD group) - and 30 age-matched healthy controls (HC group) were analyzed. Voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics were conducted. Previous magnetic resonance volumetric studies on VH in PD were collectively reviewed. Results: The PV group showed gray matter atrophy in the right inferior parietal lobule and supramarginal gyrus compared with the HC and PNV groups. The PVD group showed a wider range of gray matter atrophies in the temporo-parieto-occipital regions than those in the PV group. White matter changes seemed to be an earlier event than gray matter changes. Fractional anisotropy values diffusely decreased in all three PD subgroups compared with the HC group without significant differences between the PD subgroups. Mean diffusivity was not different between the PNV and HC groups but increased in the parieto-temporal region in the PV group and increased diffusely in the PVD group, additionally including the fronto-occipital regions. A review of previous studies supported our observations. Conclusions: Gray matter degenerations from the parieto-temporal junction to the parieto-occipital and temporo-occipital regions may be responsible for VH on the typical timeline of PD progression.
Doxapram Treatment for Apnea of Prematurity: A Systematic Review
Authors: Vliegenthart Roseanne J.S. , ten Hove Christine H. , Onland Wes , van Kaam Anton H.L.C.
Published: October 2016

Background: Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is a common complication of preterm birth, for which caffeine is the first treatment of choice. In case of persistent AOP, doxapram has been advocated as an additional therapy. Objective: To identify and appraise all existing evidence regarding efficacy and safety of doxapram use for AOP in infants born before 34 weeks of gestational age. Methods: All studies reporting on doxapram use for AOP were identified by searching electronic databases, references from relevant studies, and abstracts from the Societies for Pediatric Research. Two reviewers independently assessed study eligibility and quality, and extracted data on study design, patient characteristics, efficacy and safety outcomes. Results: The randomized controlled trials showed less apnea during doxapram treatment when compared to placebo, but no difference in treatment effect when compared to theophylline. No serious adverse effects were reported. We identified 28 observational studies consisting mainly of cohort studies and case series (n = 1,994). There was considerable heterogeneity in study design and quality. Most studies reported a positive effect of doxapram on apnea rate. A few studies reported on long-term outcomes with conflicting results. A range of possible doxapram-related short-term adverse effects were reported, sometimes associated with the use of higher doses. Conclusion: Based on the limited number of studies and level of evidence, no firm conclusions on the efficacy and safety of doxapram in preterm infants can be drawn. For this reason, routine use cannot be recommended. A large multicenter randomized controlled trial is urgently needed to provide more conclusive evidence.
Identifying Important Gaps in Randomized Controlled Trials of Adult Cardiac Arrest Treatments
Authors: Sinha Shashank S. , Sukul Devraj , Lazarus John J. , Polavarapu Vivek , Chan Paul S. , Neumar Robert W. , Nallamothu Brahmajee K.
Published: October 2016

Background—

Cardiac arrest is a major public health concern worldwide. The extent and types of randomized controlled trials (RCT)—our most reliable source of clinical evidence—conducted in these high-risk patients over recent years are largely unknown.

Methods and Results—

We performed a systematic review, identifying all RCTs published in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from 1995 to 2014 that focused on the acute treatment of nontraumatic cardiac arrest in adults. We then extracted data on the setting of study populations, types and timing of interventions studied, risk of bias, outcomes reported, and how these factors have changed over time. Over this 20-year period, 92 RCTs were published containing 64 309 patients (median, 225.5 per trial). Of these, 81 RCTs (88.0%) involved out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, whereas 4 (4.3%) involved in-hospital cardiac arrest and 7 (7.6%) included both. Eighteen RCTs (19.6%) were performed in the United States, 68 (73.9%) were performed outside the United States, and 6 (6.5%) were performed in both settings. Thirty-eight RCTs (41.3%) evaluated drug therapy, 39 (42.4%) evaluated device therapy, and 15 (16.3%) evaluated protocol improvements. Seventy-four RCTs (80.4%) examined interventions during the cardiac arrest, 15 (16.3%) examined post cardiac arrest treatment, and 3 (3.3%) studied both. Overall, reporting of the risk of bias was limited. The most common outcome reported was return of spontaneous circulation: 86 (93.5%) with only 22 (23.9%) reporting survival beyond 6 months. Fifty-three RCTs (57.6%) reported global ordinal outcomes, whereas 15 (16.3%) reported quality-of-life. RCTs in the past 5 years were more likely to be focused on protocol improvements and postcardiac arrest care.

Conclusions—

Important gaps in RCTs of cardiac arrest treatments exist, especially those examining in-hospital cardiac arrest, protocol improvement, postcardiac arrest care, and long-term or quality-of-life outcomes.
Energy Technology, Politics, and Interpretative Frames: Shale Gas Fracking in Eastern Europe
Authors: Goldthau Andreas , Sovacool Benjamin K.
Published: October 2016

This article explores competing interpretive frames regarding shale gas in Bulgaria, Poland, and Romania. These countries face the choice of embracing shale gas as a potential revolutionizing domestic source of energy, against the backdrop of Russia serving as the dominant gas supplier. This makes them interesting cases for studying how policy narratives and discourses coalesce around a novel technology. The findings, which are based on sixty-six semistructured research interviews, point to differing and indeed competing frames, ranging from national security, environmental boons to economic sellout and authoritarianism, with different sets of institutions sharing those frames. This suggests that enhancing energy security by way of deploying novel energy technologies such as shale gas fracking is not simply a function of resource endowments and technological progress. Instead, it is the result of complex dynamics unfolding among social stakeholders and the related discursive processes, which eventually will determine whether—or not—shale gas will go global.
Framing Climate Change Loss and Damage in UNFCCC Negotiations
Authors: Vanhala Lisa , Hestbaek Cecilie
Published: October 2016

How does an idea emerge and gain traction in the international arena when its underpinning principles are contested by powerful players? The adoption in 2013 of the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage as part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) puzzled observers, because key state parties, such as the United States, had historically opposed the policy. This article examines the roles of frame contestation and ambiguity in accounting for the evolution and institutionalization of the “loss and damage” norm within the UNFCCC. The article applies frame analysis to the data from coverage of the negotiations and elite interviews. It reveals that two competing framings, one focused on liability and compensation and the other on risk and insurance, evolved into a single, overarching master frame. This more ambiguous framing allowed parties to attach different meanings to the policy that led to the resolution of differences among the parties and the embedding of the idea of loss and damage in international climate policy.
Investor-State Arbitration in Domestic Mining Conflicts
Authors: Williams Zoe Phillips
Published: October 2016

International investment agreements (IIAs) give conflicts between mining companies and communities a transnational dimension, allowing investors to sue a state before an IIA tribunal. While investor-state disputes related to extractive industries arise from a wide range of state actions, an important subset are triggered by domestic conflicts between anti-mining groups and foreign companies. How does arbitration affect anti-mining movements? I argue that IIAs limit the government’s responsiveness to domestic pressure, reducing the ability of domestic nonstate actors to influence policies governing the extractive industry. However, it cannot be assumed that states would support these groups even without investor pressure; IIAs only have this effect when anti-mining groups are able to change the state’s preference toward the investment.
Power and Phase of Alpha Oscillations Reveal an Interaction between Spatial and Temporal Visual Attention
Authors: Kizuk Sayeed A. D. , Mathewson Kyle E.
Published: October 2016

Oscillatory brain rhythms can bias attention via phase and amplitude changes, which modulate sensory activity, biasing information to be processed or ignored. Alpha band (7–14 Hz) oscillations lateralize with spatial attention and rhythmically inhibit visual activity and awareness through pulses of inhibition. Here we show that human observers' awareness of spatially unattended targets is dependent on both alpha power and alpha phase at target onset. Following a predictive directional cue, alpha oscillations were entrained bilaterally using repetitive visual stimuli. Subsequently, we presented either spatially cued or uncued targets at SOAs either validly or invalidly predicted in time by the entrainers. Temporal validity maximally modulated perceptual performance outside the spatial focus of attention and was associated with both increased alpha power and increased neural entrainment of phase in the hemisphere processing spatially unattended information. The results demonstrate that alpha oscillations represent a pulsating inhibition, which impedes visual processing for unattended space.
Perceptual Learning of Faces: A Rehabilitative Study of Acquired Prosopagnosia
Authors: Davies-Thompson Jodie , Fletcher Kimberley , Hills Charlotte , Pancaroglu Raika , Corrow Sherryse L. , Barton Jason J. S.
Published: October 2016

Despite many studies of acquired prosopagnosia, there have been only a few attempts at its rehabilitation, all in single cases, with a variety of mnemonic or perceptual approaches, and of variable efficacy. In a cohort with acquired prosopagnosia, we evaluated a perceptual learning program that incorporated variations in view and expression, which was aimed at training perceptual stages of face processing with an emphasis on ecological validity. Ten patients undertook an 11-week face training program and an 11-week control task. Training required shape discrimination between morphed facial images, whose similarity was manipulated by a staircase procedure to keep training near a perceptual threshold. Training progressed from blocks of neutral faces in frontal view through increasing variations in view and expression. Whereas the control task did not change perception, training improved perceptual sensitivity for the trained faces and generalized to new untrained expressions and views of those faces. There was also a significant transfer to new faces. Benefits were maintained over a 3-month period. Training efficacy was greater for those with more perceptual deficits at baseline. We conclude that perceptual learning can lead to persistent improvements in face discrimination in acquired prosopagnosia. This reflects both acquisition of new skills that can be applied to new faces as well as a degree of overlearning of the stimulus set at the level of 3-D expression-invariant representations.
Morphological and molecular evidences for a new species of Datroniella (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from Brazil
Authors: DE LIRA CARLA REJANE SOUSA , RYVARDEN LEIF , GIBERTONI TATIANA BAPTISTA
Published: October 2016

Datroniella minuta sp. nov. from Northeast Brazil is described on the basis of morphological characteristics and ITS and nLSU sequence data analyses. This species is characterized by tiny and cupulate basidiomata and large cylindrical basidiospores. A key for species of Datroniella, drawings of the micro-characteristics, color photograph of the basidiomata and phylogenetic tree to show the placement of the new species are provided.
Bombylioidea (Diptera: Bombyliidae; Mythicomyiidae) from the island of Sokotra
Authors: GREATHEAD D. J. , EVENHUIS N. L.
Published: October 2016

Previous records of Bombyliidae from the islands of Sokotra and Abd-el-Kuri are summarised. Recently collected specimens are identified. The family Mythicomyiidae is recorded from Sokotra for the first time and two species of Empidideicus, E. socotrae and E. variegatus, are described as new; the Phthiria sp. previously reported from Sokotra is described as P. socotrae. There are now a total of 16 named species of Bombylioidea identified from the islands, of which 12 are believed to be endemic.
Carbonate and Silicate Abundance Indexing in Coarse-Grained River Sediments Using Diffuse Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and Ion-Beam-Induced Luminescence (IBIL) Spectroscopies
Authors: De Lorenzi Pezzolo Alessandra , Valotto Gabrio , Quaranta Alberto
Published: October 2016

Two different types of spectroscopic methods, namely diffuse reflection infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) as a vibrational spectroscopy and ion-beam-induced luminescence (IBIL) as an optical spectroscopy, have been exploited for the analysis of three sand samples collected from the Adige, Bacchiglione, and Brenta rivers (Veneto, Northern Italy) with the aim to set up a procedure for the comparison of the relative abundance of silicates, carbonates, and feldspars. By fitting the spectra, the features corresponding to different geological compounds have been identified and descriptive indexes of their relative amount have been obtained by comparing the peak area ratios.
Slow Down and Enjoy
Authors: Agrícola Pedro M. D. , da Silva Machado Daniel G. , de Farias Junior Luiz F. , do Nascimento Neto Luiz I. , Fonteles André I. , da Silva Samara K. A. , Chao Cheng H. N. , Fontes Eduardo B. , Elsangedy Hassan M. , Okano Alexandre H.
Published: October 2016

Pleasure plays a key role in exercise behavior. However, the influence of cycling cadence needs to be elucidated. Here, we verified the effects of cycling cadence on affect, perceived exertion (ratings of perceived exertion), and physiological responses. In three sessions, 15 men performed a maximal cycling incremental test followed by two 30-min constant workload (50% of peak power) bouts at 60 and 100 r/min. The pleasure was higher when participants cycled at 60 r/min, whereas ratings of perceived exertion, heart rate, and oxygen uptake were lower ( p < .05). Additionally, the rate of decrease in pleasure and increase in ratings of perceived exertion was less steep at 60 r/min ( p < .01). Cycling at 60 r/min is more pleasant, and the perceived effort and physiological demand are lower than at 100 r/min.