bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Items of Consideration in the Design of a Malaysian Landfill
Authors: Selamat Mohamad Razip , Aziz Hamidi Abdul
Published: October 2019

The rate of waste generation in Malaysia continues to rise and this trend has created a pressure on landfills to perform in terms of capacity and quality. This scenario is not unique to the country alone but probably shared by many in the developing world. On one hand newly designed projects are initiated while on the other the old ones are still operating as open dumps. As in most cases with municipalities, a new site is not readily available for the new initiative, thus the existing facility has to accommodate both the newly designed landfill and the existing dump. In most cases also, due to lack of space and economical reasons, the two facilities have to eventually connect with each other and form a single facility. Thus this chapter is not only about designing a new provision but also about amalgamating the new one with the old one. In the design, the new one would require items such as leachate collection and treatment facilities while the old one would necessitate proper cover and drainage.
Comparative Analysis of Public Transport Users' Perception Targeting Sustainable Transportation
Authors: Murat Yetis Sazi , Cakici Ziya
Published: October 2019

Public transport is one of the main actors of sustainable transportation. To make an increase in the use of public transport systems and a decrease in private car usage are one of the main purposes of decision makers in many countries. Usage of public transport system has a strong relation with the quality of service. Service quality includes many parameters such as comfort, frequency, information system etc. Fare is another important parameter on demand for public transport systems. All of these parameters are varied by users' perceptions. This study focuses on public transport systems of Denizli, Turkey and investigates users' perceptions. Bus and paratransit (minibus) modes are regarded in the study. The public survey is performed for these modes. In the surveys, different questions have been asked to participants. Answer of each question is evaluated separately and distribution of each question for gender, ages and jobs are analyzed. Results obtained are summarized and discussed.
Relationship Fluidity
Authors: Brown Megan Lindsay , Krysik Judy , LaMendola Walter , Sinha Drishti , Reed Lauren
Published: October 2019

Emerging adults are persistent users of information and communication technology (ICT), with young women between 18-29 being the highest users of ICT in the United States. Relatively little research has investigated how young women internalize experiences of emerging adulthood in the context of their development, and especially intimate relationships. Using qualitative interviews with young adult women, this chapter will explore how high ICT use mediates the developmental tasks of forming an adult identity and intimate relationships. Emerging adult women (18-29) who were high users of ICT (N=22) described their user habits and discussed their developmental trajectories and experiences. Findings demonstrated that identity and intimacy are still pertinent developmental tasks for emerging adults but have changed in nature allowing a fluidity that challenges the bounds of traditionally developmental theories.
The Electric Hookup
Authors: Helm Brenna , Vander Ven Thomas , Welser Howard T.
Published: October 2019

Social critics claim that emerging adults are subjecting themselves and one another to a variety of risks through the use of mobile dating and hookup applications, or “apps.” These narratives emphasize concerns about authenticity, the threat of sexual predators, and changing expectations about the nature and emotional intimacy of relationships. The use of apps among emerging adults presents risks for individual users and for social relational patterns, both in the digital world and “on the ground.” In this chapter, the authors analyze the theoretical and empirical risks of mediating hookup culture through the use of mobile dating apps and discuss the potential risks to app users, such as harassment, cyberstalking, and sexual violence. Next, the authors explore the social risks pertaining to authenticity, trust, the quality of relationships, and conflicting understandings of social norms and acceptable behaviors. Finally, the chapter concludes with suggestions for future directions in research related to the use of hookup apps and its related risks.
Remittances and Economic Growth
Authors: Pllana Mustafe , Tmava Aida
Published: October 2019

Economic growth has become an important study growth matter. By economists economic growth is defined as capital stock growth, rising per capita GDP, increased access for manufactured goods and services for consumption and so on. In economic growth affect several factors and policies. Corruption, lack of investment, inappropriate institutions, inappropriate education etc. are some of obstacles to economic development. Consumption and investment are important components of aggregate demand with multiplicative effect in development. Remittances of migrants are significant potential financial capital used for investments, reflected in economic development and social prosperity. Remittances in Kosovo since 1960 have always been increasing. Participation of remittances to GDP in Kosovo in 2010 is about 12%. Remittances are the highest contributor to the Kosovo trade deficit coverage and are higher than foreign direct investments. Remittances unfortunately for various reasons are not exploited and are not sufficiently exploited for economic development.
FDI and Trade in Services Towards Sustainable Economic Growth
Authors: Sinha Madhabendra , Sengupta Partha Pratim
Published: October 2019

The paper empirically investigates the inter-linkage between FDI inflow and international trade in service sector in India. Service sector emerges as the fastest growing sector worldwide during current phase of globalization, contributing more than 60 percent of output and almost 35 percent of trade in global economy. The sector also accounted for 63 percent of global stock of FDI. With hosting a large amount of FDI inflow, Indian service sector is also identified globally due to its substantial improvement in growth and export in international market. So there needs a study to explore the theoretically established causal relationship between FDI inflow and international trade in services towards sustainable and service led economic growth in India. The authors collect monthly data from DIPP, Government of India and RBI over a globally witnessed emerging period from January 2009 to June 2016 and apply ADF and PP unit root tests followed by least square estimation after testing the seasonal effects. Their findings imply unidirectional causality between FDI inflow and export Indian services.
Use of Assistive Technology to Empower Persons with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Gupta Sanjeev Kumar
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on the use of assistive technology in persons with Intellectual Disabilities (IDs). Persons with IDs have significant limitations, both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviors. The use of assistive technology is essential to help persons with IDs and make them independent in all spheres of life. Assistive technology devices and services can be used to teach, train, rehabilitate, and empower persons in a variety of daily activities viz. new learning, home living, employment, health and safety, communication, social activities, protection and leisure. Empirical studies suggest that assistive technology is effective in improving the quality of life of persons with IDs and make them less dependent on others. This chapter investigates the available research evidence on the use of assistive technology in IDs, discusses utilizations, impediments/barriers, implications and suggests recommendations for future research.
Fusing Culturally Responsive Teaching, Place Conscious Education, and Problem-Based Learning With Mobile Technologies
Authors: Jackson Nykela H.
Published: October 2019

Students must be provided meaningful learning opportunities to employ content through active learning opportunities that capitalize their interests (mobile technologies), fuse real life issues (problems that they face in school or local community), and sustain their curiosity (creative learning experiences). Using mobile technologies for culturally responsive, problem based learning is a powerful and unique way to prepare students for the four C's: critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and creativity. This chapter provides theoretical and practical support of the innovative impact of using mobile technologies in student selected, problem focused learning.
Using Narrative and Team-Teaching to Address Teaching About Racial Dynamics
Authors: Brookfield Stephen
Published: October 2019

Diversity training and multicultural competency workshops typically work from a top down logic in which educators or trainers skilled in working in multi-racial settings inform less enlightened colleagues about what they need to do to communicate across difference. This ‘expert to novice' dynamic can easily create resentment as participants feel blamed for their lack of racial awareness. A missing component of this work is the use of narrative disclosure by expert instructors of how they struggle with their own learned racism as they seek to navigate racial complexities. This chapter outlines a pedagogy of narrative disclosure in which an instructor's personal experience is placed front and center as a teaching tool. It emphasizes the importance of team teaching as a way of modeling respectful disagreement and an openness to multiple perspectives for students.
Data System-Embedded Analysis Support's Implications for Latino Students and Diverse Classrooms
Authors: Rankin Jenny Grant
Published: October 2019

Urban school populations are particularly diverse, requiring teachers to see to a broad spectrum of student needs. Latinos are the largest and fastest growing racial/ethnic minority group of students in the U.S., and the majority of Latino students live in urban areas. Data can be a powerful tool when used by teachers to target specific student needs, especially those of subgroups with a history of academic struggle. Latino students are commonly featured in not just one, but three large subgroups that typically struggle academically when compared to peers outside these subgroups: the Hispanic, Socio-economically Disadvantaged, and English Learner subgroups. It is vital teachers use data to better understand and meet these students' needs. However, such data use can only benefit students if teachers understand its meaning and implications. This chapter highlights study findings that can significantly improve teachers' ability to use data to help Latinos and other students in diverse classrooms.
Salp
Authors: Chawra Vrajesh Kumar , Gupta Govind P.
Published: October 2019

The formation of the unequal clusters of the sensor nodes is a burning research issue in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Energy-hole and non-uniform load assignment are two major issues in most of the existing node clustering schemes. This affects the network lifetime of WSN. Salp optimization-based algorithm is used to solve these problems. The proposed algorithm is used for cluster head selection. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with the two-node clustering scheme in the term of residual energy, energy consumption, and network lifetime. The results show the proposed scheme outperforms the existing protocols in term of network lifetime under different network configurations.
The Dynamics of Surface Forest Fire and Forest Fuel Ignition Under the Heat Radiation From the Fire Line
Authors: Goman Pavel Nikolaevich
Published: October 2019

The chapter presents the results of experimental-analytical modeling of the surface forest fire dynamics and the process of forest fuel ignition when exposed to thermal radiation from the fire line. The regularities are established for the occurrence and spread of fires in natural ecosystems of the temperate climatic zone. Analytical solutions have been obtained that make it possible to predict the level of heat load on the soil cover of coniferous stands. The special computer program has been developed to calculate the heat load during fires. The methods of field and laboratory modeling revealed patterns of forest fuel heating and ignition depending on moisture content. A practice-oriented method is proposed to calculate the width of fire barriers that limit the spread of forest fires. The methods for creating fire barriers are proposed.
Mathematical Modeling of Steppe Fires
Authors: Perminov Valeriy Afanasievich
Published: October 2019

The chapter presents a mathematical model of the initiation and spread of the steppe fire. The mathematical model is based on the laws of mechanics of multiphase reacting media. The main physicochemical processes describing the drying, pyrolysis, and combustion of gaseous and condensed pyrolysis products are taken into account. As a result of the numerical solution, the distributions of the velocity, temperature, and concentration fields of the components of the gas and condensed phases were determined. The dependence of the rate of spread of the steppe fire on the main parameters of the state of vegetation cover and wind speed was studied. The mathematical model presented in the chapter can be used to predict the spread of steppe fires for various types of steppe vegetation and meteorological conditions, as well as for preventive measures.
Predicting Forest Fire Numbers Using Deterministic-Probabilistic Approach
Authors: Baranovskiy Nikolay Viktorovich
Published: October 2019

The annual task of forecasting forest fire danger is becoming increasingly relevant, especially in the context of global warming. The forecast of surface fires is most important, as more than 80% of all vegetation fires are surface fires. Practically all crown fires develop from surface fires. This chapter discusses the deterministic-probabilistic method for predicting the number of forest fires in a controlled forest area. This methodology is based on the assumption that the number of registered and projected forest fires is related to the probability of their occurrence. The influence of forest fire retrospective data on the predicted number of forest fires for some sites of the Timiryazevskiy forestry of the Tomsk region was studied. This chapter presents the results of a comparative analysis of forecast data and statistics.
Influence of Climatic Conditions on Western Siberian Forest Fires
Authors: Gorbatenko Valentina Petrovna , Volkova Marina Alexandrovna , Nosyreva Olga Vladimirovna , Zhuravlev George Georgievich , Kuzhevskaia Irina Valerievna
Published: October 2019

Current climate changes in Russia are attended by the increase in frequency of dangerous weather events. This chapter researches long-term variations of the dangerous weather's events on Western Siberia and to reveal general regularity, which can be associated with forest fires. The researches have been carried out for the territories of southeast of Western Siberia. The duration of the fire season increases due to climate change. This is due both to the earlier snowfall and the onset of the phenological spring, and to the increase in the duration of the thunderstorm period. Thunderstorms in Siberia are a much more frequent cause of forest fires (28%) than in other territories. Wildfire frequency is correlated with air temperature and drought anomalies.
Recent progress of intra-specific hybridization of tea (Camellia sinensis, (L.) O. Kuntze) in Sri Lanka
Authors: Kottawa-Arachchi J. D. , Ranatunga M. A. B. , Ranaweera K. K.
Published: October 2019

Tea germplasm accessions are the most valuable material for tea breeding. However its utilization in the past was limited due to lack of available information. Recently generated information on genetic structure and metabolite profiles of the germplasm were used in selecting parents for hybridization programmes from 2012 to 2016. The main focus of the programme was to make crosses between three taxa of tea viz. Camellia. sinensis var. assamica (Assam type), C. sinensis var. sinensis (China type) and C. sinensis spp. lasiocalyx (Cambod type). Pollinated buds were closely-monitored and the number of crosses, number of fruits, number of seeds and reproductive parameters were recorded. A total of 3978 crosses (2405 direct crosses and 1573 reciprocal crosses) were made and 974 seeds were obtained from 595 fruits. Percentages of fruit set and seed set varied significantly among different families. Irrespective of the inter-subspecies groups, the percentage of seed germination was above 50% and was not significantly-different. Cross compatibility between taxa in terms of percentage of fruit set ranged from 4.6% to 25.6% and varied significantly. Among the inter-subspecies crosses the Assam varieties were found to be the best as female parent. The generated information would be useful for selection of parents and tea improvement programmes in the future.
Exercise Promotes Resolution of Acute Inflammation by Catecholamine-Mediated Stimulation of Resolvin D1 Biosynthesis
Authors: Zheng Jing-Juan , Pena Calderin Ernesto , Hill Bradford G. , Bhatnagar Aruni , Hellmann Jason
Published: October 2019

The mechanisms by which regular exercise prevents the development and progression of chronic inflammatory diseases are largely unknown. We find that exercise enhances resolution of acute inflammation by augmenting resolvin D1 (RvD1) levels and by promoting macrophage phagocytosis. When compared with sedentary controls, mice that performed a four-week treadmill exercise regimen displayed higher macrophage phagocytic activity, enhanced RvD1 levels, and earlier neutrophil clearance following an acute inflammatory challenge. In acute inflammatory cell extracts from exercised mice, we found elevated expression of Alox15 and Alox5 and higher RvD1 levels. Because exercise stimulates release of epinephrine, which has immunomodulatory effects, we questioned whether epinephrine exerts proresolving actions on macrophages. Epinephrine-treated macrophages displayed higher RvD1 levels and 15-lipoxygenase-1 protein abundance, which were prevented by incubation with the α1 adrenergic receptor (α1-AR) antagonist prazosin. Likewise, stimulation of the α1-AR with phenylephrine enhanced macrophage phagocytosis and RvD1 production. During acute inflammation, prazosin abrogated exercise-enhanced neutrophil clearance, macrophage phagocytosis, and RvD1 biosynthesis. These results suggest that exercise-stimulated epinephrine enhances resolution of acute inflammation in an α1-AR–dependent manner. To our knowledge, our findings provide new mechanistic insights into the proresolving effects of exercise that could lead to the identification of novel pathways to stimulate resolution.
Earthquake aftershock programmes in Canada
Authors: Stevens A E
Published: October 2019

Earthquakes of magnitude greater than 6 are usually followed by a series of smaller earthquakes (aftershocks) in the same region, which may continue for several months or more. Special studies of aftershock series may permit a more precise determination of the
boundaries of the active area and its relation to tectonic features, which are important in analyses of seismic risk and seismic zoning. The Earth Physics Branch maintains a national network of permanent seismograph stations and in the past five years has acquired additional portable stations for
deployment in special aftershock studies. In 1972 the aftershock region of a large earthquake near Vancouver Island in early July was monitored by portable stations about one week. A small radio-linked seismograph array was field-tested in the Laurentians near Montreal in late fall. An earthquake
series, which began in mid-November 1972 northeast of Melville Island in the Canadian Arctic and has continued for more than two months, has been monitored by permanent stations of the national network.
Logiciel d'echantillonnage pour le polycorder
Authors: Bastien R
Published: October 2019

The Crustal Oynamics Section of the Earth Physics Branch is using the micro-computer Polycorder made by the company Omnidata to sample, filter and store numerical data. This computer has the advantage to be compact and light-weight despite having a memory
capacity of 32 K. Sophisticated software using the Kalman filter allows real-time filtering of time series data that are recorded imultaneously from several channels. The use of the Kalman filter is justified by the fact that it allows a significant extension of the amount of time that the system
can operate unattended while producing a high-fidelity output.
Magnetic alert messages
Authors: Hruska J
Published: October 2019

This report describes the Magnetic Alert Message issued since 1980 by ths Geophysics Division, GSC, EMR (formerly Earth Physics Branch) and outlines its purpose. The large magnetic disturbances can have profound adverse effects on various types of human
enterprise (e.g. radio-communications, power transmission, satellites, etc.) A Magnetic Alert Message (MAM) is issued before and/or during large geomagnetic storms and, in co-operation with the Emergency Preparedness Canada (EPC) ONO, is transmitted to users. The manual for issuing MAM and an
example of a Magnetic Alert Message are included in the appendices.
Estimates of crack density parameters in near-surface rocks from laboratory studies of core samples and in-situ seismic velocity measurements
Authors: Wright C , Langley K
Published: October 2019

A comprehensive theory of the elastic behaviour of cracked and porous solids has been derived by O'Connell and Budiansky. A summary has been given of those portions of the theory that are useful in the interpretation of seismic velocities, measured both in the
laboratory and in the field , in ternis of crack or fracture densities and fluid content. Numerical estimates of these crack parameters and the associated errors have been derived from both field and laboratory data. The results emphasize the importance of being able to measure reliable S wave
velocities. The relevance of the theory to the study of potential radioactive waste disposal sites has been discussed, and a strategy for future studies has been described.
Photographic registration of transits and reduction of observations on the Ottawa mirror transit telescope
Authors: Brearley G A , Tanner R W
Published: October 2019

A new mirror transit has been under development in the Division of Positional Astronomy of the Dominion Observatory in Ottawa during the past several year. While the instrument is now physically complete and operative, it will clearly require a year or more to
make all the observational, mechanical and electrical tests required before it performance can be usefully assessed and compared with that of conventional in truments. It has therefore been decided to publish an account of its design, construction and method of operation ; to be followed at a later
time by a report on result obtained by it on an extended program of observation. It has been designed so that either visual or photographic observations can be made. For both types of observations a velocity-generating analogue computer has been built to drive a carriage, with associated eyepiece
and photographie camera, at velocity V = Ve coso, where Ve is the velority of an equatorial star image and o is the declination of the star being observed. For visual observations the eyepiece is used with a differential device to initiate and control the coïncidence of image and reference
wires in the manner of an impersonal micrometer. For photographic observations a time-mark generator has also been built, which causes a flashtube to ignite for a few microseconds at known times. An etched reticle is illuminated by the flash and is recorded on the photographic plate together with
the stellar image.
Diffusion effects observed in the wake spectrum of a geminid meteor
Authors: Halliday I
Published: October 2019

A study is made of an unusual Geminid meteor spectrum, photographed between heights of 73 and 47 km. Peak luminosity, estimated at magnitude -8, occurred near 59 km. The meteor exhibited a pronounced flicker, with a frequency varying from 50 to 300 cycles per
second. The flicker may be associated with rotation or oscillation of the meteoroid. A prominent wake spectrum was photographed between 50 and 55 km, consisting of lines of Na I, Mg I, Ca I, Ca II, Mn I, and Fe I. The stronger lines are split into two distinct components attributed to a hollow
luminous column rather than splitting of the meteoroid or Doppler effects. The diameter of the column varies from 40 to 80 meters, but shows no variation from one atom or ion to another. Diffusion coefficients computed from the observed rate of expansion exceed the normal values at these heights by
a factor of more than 105. The expansion in this case might be considered as explosive.
Results of observations made with the reversible meridian circle 1956 - 1961
Authors: Woolsey E G
Published: October 2019

This publication contains the results of observations of 3753 AGK reference stars, which forrn the Ottawa contribution to the cooperative re-observation of the AG stars. The published positions were determined differentially using the 930 FK3 stars whose
declinations are greater than -12°30' ; the positions used for these stars were the FK3R positions. The catalogue also gives the relative corrections for the fundamental stars in the forrn observed minus FK3R position. The program stars were each observed twice: the probable error of a single
observation is .''21 in right ascension and ''.27 in declination.
An automatic measuring engine used for the 35-mm film from the declination circle of the Ottawa mirror transit telescope
Authors: Morbey C
Published: October 2019

An automatic measuring engine has been developed which is capable of measuring the 35-mm filin from the declination circle of the Ottawa Mirror Transit Telescope. The accuracy of measurement is within 0.6 micron, which represents 0.1 second of arc on the
declination circle. The rate of filin measures is approximately four frames per minutes.
Divine fellowship in the Gospel of John: A Trinitarian spirituality
Authors: Van der Merwe Dirk
Published: October 2019

This article investigates how Trinity features are presented in the Gospel of John and how the early Christians experienced the Trinity in their daily lives. The immanence and ‘lived experiences’ of the divine are fostered by how the immanence of the divine is expounded in terms of the familia Dei: God as Father, the Logos as Son of God, believers as Children of God and the Spirit-Paraclete as the one who constitutes the family and educates the children in the family. Therefore, in this article, the familia Dei will be the facilitating hermeneutical principle used to examine the divine fellowship as well as the ‘lived experiences’ and immanence of the divine in early Christian everyday living. John’s reflection on perichoresis lies embedded in a ‘fellowship’ perspective. The divine fellowship is investigated from the four perspectives of how the divine is identified in John: life in the familia Dei, love in the familia Dei, unity in the familia Dei and glorification in the familia Dei.
The anatomy and movements of the shoulder
Authors: Sellars Ioné
Published: October 2019

The anatomy of, and movements occurring at, the glenohumeral, sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints, are discussed. Muscles acting on the shoulder girdle and glenohumeral joints are tabulated.
Developmental aspects of shoulder control
Authors: Irwin-Carruthers S. H.
Published: October 2019

In recent years much more attention has been paid to the actual components of movements which are built up during the motor development of the infant, rather than to mere documentation of milestones. Motor control of the scapula and gleno-humeral  joint is essential to the development of all upper limb function. Recognition of the exact movement components involved and the order in which they develop provides a basis for more accurate assessment of disability and planning of treatment.
Invariant Valuations on Super-Coercive Convex Functions
Authors: Mussnig Fabian
Published: October 2019

All non-negative, continuous,$\text{SL}(n)$, and translation invariant valuations on the space of super-coercive, convex functions on$\mathbb{R}^{n}$are classified. Furthermore, using the invariance of the function space under the Legendre transform, a classification of non-negative, continuous,$\text{SL}(n)$, and dually translation invariant valuations is obtained. In both cases, different functional analogs of the Euler characteristic, volume, and polar volume are characterized.
Достаточные условия устойчивости линейных дифференциальных уравнений с периодическим импульсным воздействием
Authors: Bivziuk Vladyslav Olegovich , Slyn'ko Vitalii Ivanovich
Published: October 2019

Рассматриваются линейные абстрактные дифференциальные уравнения с периодическим импульсным воздействием. Предполагается, что моменты импульсного воздействия удовлетворяют ADT-условию (average dwell-time). Задача об устойчивости сведена к исследованию устойчивости вспомогательного абстрактного дифференциального уравнения с импульсным воздействием. Это дифференциальное уравнение является возмущенным периодическим дифференциальным уравнением с импульсным воздействием, что значительно упрощает построение функции Ляпунова. Получены достаточные условия асимптотической устойчивости линейных абстрактных дифференциальных уравнений с периодическим импульсным воздействием. Показано, что ADT-условия приводят к менее консервативным оценкам времен пребывания, гарантирующим асимптотическую устойчивость.
Библиография: 24 названия.
Trends in surface radiation and cloud radiative effect at four Swiss sites for the 1996–2015 period
Authors: Nyeki Stephan , Wacker Stefan , Aebi Christine , Gröbner Julian , Martucci Giovanni , Vuilleumier Laurent
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The trends of meteorological parameters and surface
downward shortwave radiation (DSR) and downward longwave radiation (DLR) were analysed at four
stations (between 370 and 3580 m a.s.l.) in Switzerland for the 1996–2015
period. Ground temperature, specific humidity, and atmospheric integrated
water vapour (IWV) trends were positive during all-sky and cloud-free conditions.
All-sky DSR and DLR trends were in the ranges of 0.6–4.3 W m−2 decade−1
and 0.9–4.3 W m−2 decade−1, respectively, while corresponding
cloud-free trends were −2.9–3.3 W m−2 decade−1 and 2.9–5.4 W m−2 decade−1. Most trends were significant at the 90 % and 95 %
confidence levels. The cloud radiative effect (CRE) was determined using
radiative-transfer calculations for cloud-free DSR and an empirical scheme
for cloud-free DLR. The CRE decreased in magnitude by 0.9–3.1 W m−2 decade−1 (only one trend significant at 90 % confidence level),
which implies a change in macrophysical and/or microphysical cloud
properties. Between 10 % and 70 % of the increase in DLR is explained by
factors other than ground temperature and IWV. A more detailed, long-term
quantification of cloud changes is crucial and will be possible in the
future, as cloud cameras have been measuring reliably at two of the four
stations since 2013.
Sources of volatile organic compounds and policy implications for regional ozone pollution control in an urban location of Nanjing, East China
Authors: Zhao Qiuyue , Bi Jun , Ling Zhenghao , Liu Qian , Shen Guofeng , Chen Feng , Qiao Yuezhen , Li Chunyan , Ma Zongwei
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Understanding the composition, temporal variability, and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is necessary for determining effective control measures to minimize VOCs and its related photochemical pollution. To provide a comprehensive analysis of VOC sources and their contributions to ozone (O3) formation in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) – a region experiencing highest rates of industrial and economic development in China, we conducted a one-year sampling exercise for the first time at an urban site in Nanjing (JAES site). Alkanes were the dominant group at the JAES site, contributing ~ 53 % to the observed total VOCs, followed by aromatics (~ 17 %), acetylene (~ 17 %), and alkenes (~ 13 %). We identified seasonal variability in TVOCs with maximum and minimum concentrations in winter and summer, respectively. A morning and evening peak and a daytime trough were identified in the diurnal VOCs patterns. We identified the source apportionments of VOCs and their contributions to photochemical O3 formation using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and observation-based model together with a Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM). The PMF model identified five dominant VOC sources, with highest contributions from diesel vehicular exhausts (34 ± 5 %), followed by gasoline vehicular exhausts (27 ± 3 %), industrial emissions (19 ± 2 %), fuel evaporation (15 ± 2 %) and biogenic emissions (4 ± 1 %). The results from the OBM-MCM model simulation inferred photochemical O3 formation to be VOC-limited at the JAES site when considering both the reactivity and abundance of the individual VOC species in each source category. Further, VOCs from vehicular and industrial emissions were found to be the dominant control on O3 formation, particularly the VOC species m,p-xylene, toluene and propene, which top priorities should be given to the alleviation of photochemical smog. However, when considering the reactivity and abundance of VOC species, the contribution of biogenic emissions to O3 pollution was significantly reduced. Our results therefore highlight the need to consider both the abundance and reactivity of individual VOC species in order to develop effective control strategies to minimize photochemical pollution in Nanjing.
A multi-year observation of nitrous oxide at the Boknis Eck Time Series Station in the Eckernförde Bay (southwestern Baltic Sea)
Authors: Ma Xiao , Lennartz Sinikka T. , Bange Hermann W.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, and it is
involved in stratospheric ozone depletion. Its oceanic production is mainly
influenced by dissolved nutrient and oxygen (O2) concentrations in the
water column. Here we examined the seasonal and annual variations in
dissolved N2O at the Boknis Eck (BE) Time Series Station located in
Eckernförde Bay (southwestern Baltic Sea). Monthly measurements of
N2O started in July 2005. We found a pronounced seasonal pattern for
N2O with high concentrations (supersaturations) in winter and early spring
and low concentrations (undersaturations) in autumn when hypoxic or anoxic
conditions prevail. Unusually low N2O concentrations were observed
during October 2016–April 2017, which was presumably a result of prolonged
anoxia and the subsequent nutrient deficiency. Unusually high N2O
concentrations were found in November 2017 and this event was linked to the
occurrence of upwelling which interrupted N2O consumption via
denitrification and potentially promoted ammonium oxidation (nitrification)
at the oxic–anoxic interface. Nutrient concentrations (such as nitrate,
nitrite and phosphate) at BE have been decreasing since the 1980s, but oxygen
concentrations in the water column are still decreasing. Our results
indicate a close coupling of N2O anomalies to O2 concentration,
nutrients, and stratification. Given the long-term trends of declining
nutrient and oxygen concentrations at BE, a decrease in N2O
concentration, and thus emissions, seems likely due to an increasing number
of events with low N2O concentrations.
Phytoplankton and dimethylsulfide dynamics at two contrasting Arctic ice edges
Authors: Lizotte Martine , Levasseur Maurice , Galindo Virginie , Gourdal Margaux , Gosselin Michel , Tremblay Jean-Éric , Blais Marjolaine , Charette Joannie , Hussherr Rachel
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Arctic sea ice is retreating, thinning and its rate of decline has steepened in the last decades. While phytoplankton blooms are known to seasonally propagate along the ice edge as it recedes from spring to summer, the substitution of thick multi-year ice (MYI) with thinner, ponded first-year ice (FYI) represents an unequal exchange when considering the roles sea ice plays in the ecology and climate of the Arctic. Consequences of this shifting sea ice on the phenology of phytoplankton and the associated cycling of the climate-relevant gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) remain ill constrained. In July–August 2014, two contrasting ice edges in the Canadian High Arctic were explored: a FYI-dominated ice edge in Barrow Strait and a MYI-dominated ice edge in Nares Strait. Our results reveal two distinct planktonic systems and associated DMS dynamics in connection to these diverging ice types. The surface waters exiting the ponded FYI in Barrow Strait were characterized by moderate chlorophyll a (Chl a,
Disruption of metal ion homeostasis in soils is associated with nitrogen deposition-induced species loss in an Inner Mongolia steppe
Authors: Tian Q.-Y. , Liu N.-N. , Bai W.-M. , Li L.-H. , Zhang W.-H.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Enhanced deposition of atmospheric nitrogen (N) resulting from anthropogenic activities has negative impacts on plant diversity in grassland ecosystems globally. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the species loss. Ion toxicity due to N deposition-induced soil acidification has been suggested to be responsible for species loss in acidic grasslands, while few studies have evaluated the role of soil-mediated homeostasis of ions in species loss under elevated N deposition in alkaline grasslands. To determine whether soil-mediated processes are involved in changes in species composition by N deposition, the effects of 9 yr N addition on soil properties, aboveground biomass (AGB) and species composition were investigated in an Inner Mongolia steppe. Low to moderate N addition rate (2, 4, 8 g N m−2 yr−1) significantly enhanced AGB of grasses, while high N addition rate (> 16 g N m−2 yr−1) reduced AGB of forbs, leading to an overall increase in AGB of the community under low to moderate N addition rates. Forb richness was significantly reduced by N addition at rates greater than 8 g N m−2 yr−1, while no effect of N addition on grass richness was observed, resulting in decline in total species richness. N addition depleted base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+) in soils, reduced soil pH and mobilized Mn2+, Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions in soils. Soil inorganic-N concentration was negatively correlated with forb richness, explaining 27.2% variation of forb richness. The concentrations of base cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and metal ions (Mn2+ and Cu2+) showed positively and negatively linear correlation with forb richness, accounting for 25.9 and 41.4% variation of forb richness, respectively. These results reveal that disruption of metal ion homeostasis in soils by N addition, particularly enhanced release of soil Mn2+ and Cu2+ may be associated with reduction in forb richness in temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia.
The GGCMI Phase II experiment: global gridded crop model
simulations under uniform changes in CO2, temperature, water, and
nitrogen levels (protocol version 1.0)
Authors: Franke James , Müller Christoph , Elliott Joshua , Ruane Alex C. , Jagermeyr Jonas , Balkovic Juraj , Ciais Philippe , Dury Marie , Falloon Peter , Folberth Christian , Francois Louis , Hank Tobias , Hoffmann Munir , Izaurralde R. Cesar , Jacquemin Ingrid , Jones Curtis , Khabarov Nikolay , Koch Marian , Li Michelle , Liu Wenfeng , Olin Stefan , Phillips Meridel , Pugh Thomas A. M. , Reddy Ashwan , Wang Xuhui , Williams Karina , Zabel Florian , Moyer Elisabeth
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Concerns about food security under climate change motivate efforts to better understand future changes in crop yields. Process-based crop models, which represent plant physiological and soil processes, are necessary tools for this purpose since they allow representing future climate and management conditions not sampled in the historical record and new locations to which cultivation may shift. However, process-based crop models differ in many critical details, and their responses to different interacting factors remain only poorly understood. The Global Gridded Crop Model Intercomparison (GGCMI) Phase II experiment, an activity of the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP), is designed to provide a systematic parameter sweep focused on climate change factors and their interaction with overall soil fertility, to allow both evaluating model behavior and emulating model responses in impact assessment tools. In this paper we describe the GGCMI Phase II experimental protocol and its simulation data archive. Twelve crop models simulate five crops with systematic uniform perturbations of historical climate, varying CO2, temperature, water supply, and applied nitrogen (``CTWN'') for rainfed and irrigated agriculture, and a second set of simulations represents a type of adaptation by allowing the adjustment of growing season length. We present some crop yield results to illustrate general characteristics of the simulations and potential uses of the GGCMI Phase II archive. For example, modeled yields show robust decreases to warmer temperatures in almost all regions, with a nonlinear dependence that indicates yields in warmer baseline locations have greater temperature sensitivity. Inter-model uncertainty is qualitatively similar across all the four input dimensions, but is largest in high-latitude regions where crops may be grown in the future.
Data assimilation for continuous global assessment of severe conditions over terrestrial surfaces
Authors: Albergel Clément , Zheng Yongjun , Bonan Bertrand , Dutra Emanuel , Rodríguez-Fernández Nemesio , Munier Simon , Draper Clara , de Rosnay Patricia , Muñoz-Sabater Joaquin , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Fairbairn David , Meurey Catherine , Calvet Jean-Christophe
Published: October 2019

Abstract. This study demonstrates that LDAS-Monde, a global and offline Land Data Assimilation System (LDAS), that integrates satellite Earth observations into the ISBA (Interaction between Soil Biosphere and Atmosphere) Land Surface Model (LSM), is able to detect, monitor and forecast the impact of extreme weather on land surface states. LDAS-Monde jointly assimilates satellite derived Earth observations of surface soil moisture (SSM) and Leaf Area Index (LAI). It is run at global scale forced by ERA5 (LDAS_ERA5), the latest atmospheric reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) over 2010–2018 leading to a 9-yr, ~ 0.25° × 0.25° spatial resolution reanalysis of Land Surface Variables (LSVs). This reanalysis is then used to compute anomalies of land surface states, in order to (i) detect regions exposed to extreme weather such as droughts and heatwave events and (ii) address specific monitoring and forecasting requirements of LSVs for those regions. In this study, LDAS_ERA5 analysis is first successfully evaluated worldwide using several satellite-based datasets (SSM, LAI, Evapotranspiration, Gross Primary Production and Sun Induced Fluorescence), as well as in situ measurements (SSM, evapotranspiration and river discharge). The added value of assimilating the soil moisture and LAI is demonstrated with respect to a model simulation (openloop, with no assimilation). Since the global LDAS_ERA5 has relatively coarse resolution, two higher spatial resolution experiments over two areas particularly affected by heatwaves and/or droughts in 2018 were run: North Western Europe and the Murray-Darling basin in South Eastern Australia. These experiments were forced with ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) high resolution operational analysis (LDAS_HRES, ~ 0.10° × 0.10° spatial resolution) over 2017–2018, and both openloop and analysis experiments compared once again. Since the IFS is a forecast system, it also allows LDAS-Monde to be used in forecast mode, and we demonstrate the added value of initializing 4- and 8-day LDAS-HRES forecasts of the LSVs, from the LDAS-HRES assimilation run, compared to the openloop experiments. This is particularly true for LAI that evolves on longer time space than SSM and is more sensitive to initial conditions than to atmospheric forcing, even at an 8-day lead time. This confirms that slowly evolving land initial conditions are paramount for forecasting LSVs and that LDAS-systems should jointly analyse both soil moisture and vegetation states. Finally evaluation of the modelled snowpack is presented and the perspectives for snow data assimilation in LDAS-Monde are discussed.
SATELLITE-DERIVED AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR CORRELATIONS WITH URBAN FORM IN GUANGDONG, CHINA
Authors: Li L. L. , Feng X. D. , Chen T.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The ways cities grow and evolve spatially are crucial factors which affect urban aerosol pollution. Understanding the spatial distribution of air pollutants and their correlations with urban form is of great significance to the improvement of urban atmospheric environment and regional sustainable development of urbanization. In this study, we firstly examined the spatial variations of satellite-derived PM2.5 and NO2 and urban form metrics in Guangdong, and also explored their relationships. The results indicated that the highest and lowest values of PM2.5 and NO2 mainly occur over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, and over the eastern Guangdong, respectively. For the size and shape of urban patches, urban form had significant effects on air pollutants in Guangdong. PM2.5 was positively correlated with AREA_AM, CA and SHAPE_AM, and NO2 was positively correlated with LPI, PLAND and AREA_AM, while both of them were negatively related to PARA _AM and ENN_AM. It is inferred that polycentric urban form was associated with low PM2.5 and NO2 concentration, and reasonable urban planning would help mitigate the fine particle pollution.
CHARACTERIZATION OF SPRING AIR POLLUTION OF BEIJING IN 2019 USING ACTIVE AND PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Tian X. M. , Liu D. , Fu S. L. , Wu D. C. , Wang B. X. , Wang Z. , Wang Y.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. As the capital of China, the Beijing area needs to be paid special attention to its air quality. We used active remote sensing instrument (ground-based lidar), combined with passive remote sensing instrument (VIIRS onboard the NPP spacecraft), to study the serious pollution event over Beijing in spring of 2019. At the same time, the ground-based particulate matter (PM) data and the meteorological element data were analyzed. It is found that the ratio of concentrations of PM2.5 to PM10 is very large during the pollution period. The mean value of ratio is 0.75464, indicated it is fine particulate matter pollution. The Range correction signal (RCS) of lidar is very large in the layer below 0.5 km. But the volume depolarization ratio (VDR) is much less than 0.05. It indicated it is anthropogenic urban aerosols. The change in the aerosol optical depth (AOD) of VIIRS during pollution is consistent with the change in optical properties observed by lidar. The backward trajectory model of HYSPLIT shows that the pollutant came from the Hebei area where industrial pollution is serious, and the local meteorological conditions in Beijing are conducive to the continuous accumulation of pollutants. This work can deepen the understanding of the mechanism of haze formation and can help and support pollution prevention work.