bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentiation in the microbial ecology and activity of suspended and attached bacteria in a nitritation‐anammox process
Authors: Park Hongkeun , Sundar Suneethi , Ma Yiwei , Chandran Kartik
Published: August 2014

A directed differentiation between the biofilm and suspension was observed in the molecular microbial ecology and gene expression of different bacteria in a biofilm nitritation‐anammox process operated at varying hydraulic residence times (HRT) and nitrogen loading rates (NLR). The highest degree of enrichment observed in the biofilm was of anaerobic ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AMX) followed by that of Nitrospira spp. related nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria (NOB). For AMX, a major shift from Candidatus “Brocadia fulgida” to Candidatus “Kuenenia stuttgartiensis” in both suspension and biofilm was observed with progressively shorter HRT, using discriminatory biomarkers targeting the hydrazine synthase (hzsA) gene. In parallel, expression of the hydrazine oxidoreductase gene (hzo), a functional biomarker for AMX energy metabolism, became progressively prominent in the biofilm. A marginal but statistically significant enrichment in the biofilm was observed for Nitrosomonas europaea related ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB). In direct contrast to AMX, the gene expression of ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA), a functional biomarker for AOB energy metabolism, progressively increased in suspension. Using gene expression and biomass concentration measures in conjunction, it was determined that signatures of AOB metabolism were primarily present in the biofilm throughout the study. On the other hand, AMX metabolism gradually shifted from being uniformly distributed in both the biofilm and suspension to primarily the biofilm at shorter HRTs and higher NLRs. These results therefore highlight the complexity and key differences in the microbial ecology, gene expression and activity between the biofilm and suspension of a nitritation‐anammox process and the biokinetic and metabolic drivers for such niche segregation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 272–279. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adsorption of enzyme onto lignins of liquid hot water pretreated hardwoods
Authors: Ko Ja Kyong , Ximenes Eduardo , Kim Youngmi , Ladisch Michael R.
Published: August 2014

The adsorption of cellulase enzymes onto lignin is shown to be non‐productive and therefore reduces enzymatic hydrolysis of liquid hot water pretreated cellulose. Among the enzyme components of Trichoderma reesei cellulase cocktail, β‐glucosidase showed the strongest adsorption onto lignin. Only 2–18% of the initial β‐glucosidase activity remained in the supernatant while 50–60% of cellobiohydrolase and endoglucanase activities were recovered after incubation with lignin. By increasing the pH to 5.5 and adding NaCl to a 200 mM, the free enzymes in the supernatant were increased but hydrolysis was not enhanced since optimal pH for enzymatic hydrolysis is at 4.8. Electrostatic interactions contributed to enzyme adsorption and their effect was most pronounced for T. reesei β‐glucosidase which had high molecular weights (78–94 kDa) and high isoelectric points (pI 5.7–6.4). Since the enzyme components which are required to synergistically hydrolyze cellulose have different profiles (molecular weight, hydrophobicity and pI), they exhibit different adsorption behaviors with lignin, and thereby change the ratio of enzyme activities needed for synergism during cellulose hydrolysis. β‐glucosidase from Aspergillus niger exhibits less adsorption than β‐glucosidase from T. reesei. Supplemental addition of A. niger β‐glucosidase to the enzyme mixture increases hydrolysis of pretreated hardwood by a factor of two. The analysis presented in this paper shows that lignins with higher guaiacyl content adsorb more cellulase enzymes, particularly β‐glucosidase, and that adsorption of β‐glucosidase onto lignin indirectly suppresses enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in pretreated hardwoods due to decreased hydrolysis of cellobiose which in turn accumulates and inhibits CBH. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 447–456. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comprehensive hands‐on training for influenza vaccine manufacturing: A WHO–BARDA–BTEC partnership for global workforce development
Authors: Ruiz Jennifer , Gilleskie Gary L. , Brown Patty , Burnett Bruce , Carbonell Ruben G.
Published: August 2014

The critical need for enhancing influenza pandemic preparedness in many developing nations has led the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), to develop an international influenza vaccine capacity‐building program. Among the critical limitations faced by many of these nations is lack of access to training programs for staff supporting operations within vaccine production facilities. With support from BARDA, the Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC) at North Carolina State University has addressed this need for training by developing and delivering a comprehensive training program, consisting of three courses: Fundamentals of cGMP Influenza Vaccine Manufacturing, Advanced Upstream Processes for Influenza Vaccine Manufacturing, and Advanced Downstream Processes for Influenza Vaccine Manufacturing. The courses cover process design, transfer, and execution at manufacturing scale, quality systems, and regulations covering both manufacturing and approval of pandemic vaccines. The Fundamentals course focuses on the concepts, equipment, applicable regulations, and procedures commonly used to produce influenza vaccine. The two Advanced courses focus on process design, scale up, validation, and new technologies likely to improve efficiency of vaccine production. All three courses rely on a combination of classroom instruction and hands‐on training in BTEC's various laboratories. Each course stands alone, and participants may take one or more of the three courses. Overall participant satisfaction with the courses has been high, and follow‐up surveys show that participants actively transferred the knowledge they gained to the workplace. Future plans call for BTEC to continue offering the three courses and to create an online version of several modules of the Fundamentals course. © 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(5):414–419, 2014.
Oxidative damage in diabetics: Insights from a graduate study in La Reunion University
Authors: Girard Dorothée , Rondeau Philippe , Catan Aurélie , Planesse Cynthia , Giraud Pierre , Bourdon Emmanuel
Published: August 2014

Due to the growing incidence of diabetes in developed nations, there is a compelling case to be made for teaching graduate students more deeply about mechanisms underlying this disease. Diabetes is associated with enhanced oxidative stress and protein glycation via the covalent binding of glucose molecules. Albumin represents the major plasmatic protein and undergoes enhanced glycoxidative modifications in diabetic condition. La Réunion Island, a French department located in the Indian Ocean exhibit a growing incidence of diabetes. At the University of La Réunion, our research group named GEICO (Groupe d'Etude sur l'Inflammation Chronique et l'Obésité) participated to foster research and training in diabetes context and focuses on the impact of glycated albumin mediated oxidative stress on cell physiopathology. A laboratory course was designed by our group to introduce graduate students to cutting edge techniques in redox biology while providing insights into scientific processes and methods. This two weeks research laboratory training took place at CYROI, a local biotechnology center that provides advanced facilities for research, business, and education. Using histochemistry, molecular biology, biochemical techniques, student investigated oxidative damages in liver from leptin receptor deficient diabetic mice compared to control littermates. In addition, they used an in vitro model by assaying oxidative impact of glycated albumin on hepatoma carcinoma HepG2 cells. This article gives an overview of the organization and protocol used by the students during their two weeks training in the laboratory. Therefore, it may be helpful for teaching graduate students techniques used in research laboratory working on redox biology. © 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(5):435–442, 2014.
On the investigation of the effect of apparatus configurations on the nucleation mechanisms in a cooling crystallization of sodium chlorate
Authors: Callahan Craig J. , Ni Xiong‐Wei
Published: August 2014

Continuous crystallization plays a key role in the drive to deliver consistent crystal properties while minimizing solvent waste and undesired crystals. Plug flow crystallizers such as the continuous oscillatory baffled crystallizer (COBC) have been investigated. Kinetics studies are often carried out in batch OBCs where two types of setup can be utilized: the moving baffle system and the pulsing fluid configuration. The former involves moving a set of orifice baffles up and down the column containing supersaturated solution, while the latter is associated with pulsing the solution at the base of the column with the presence of stationary baffles. Uniform mixing is achieved by the generation and cessation of eddies, and similar degrees of mixing can be controlled and achieved in both devices. In a temperature assisted crystallization of sodium chlorate however, we found that the latter gave more nucleation of the seed‐dissimilar enantiomorph than the former. By constructing and testing a number of hypotheses, we have demonstrated that the effects of external and internal fluid renewal were responsible for such differences in nucleation mechanisms.
Experimental study of a time‐varying turbulent cross‐flow near a two‐dimensional rough wall with narrow apertures
Authors: Salem Hayder J. , Martinez Mark D. , Gooding Robert W. , Olson James A.
Published: August 2014

Turbulent flow over a rough wall with suction or blowing is an industrially important fluid mechanics problem. In the screening of wood pulp fibre suspensions, for example, turbulent flow is induced by a rotor adjacent to a slotted screen cylinder. To better understand the complex hydrodynamics in the critical region between the pulp screen rotor and the slotted screen wall, the stream‐wise velocity and aperture velocities were measured using particle image velocimetry. The vortex generated above the aperture is shown to be strongly dependent on aperture velocity and wall roughness. The vortex diminishes in size at higher aperture velocities and increased exit layer height. The experiments also show that the reversal flow in the slot decreases with lower rotor speeds and increased mean slot velocities. This observation challenges the existing models of apertures being cleared by flow reversal driven by a Bernoulli‐type suction pulse. In its place, this paper identifies elements of a more sophisticated flow model that considers the depletion of the zone below the rotor as well as the flow in the wake of the foil.
An alternative method for mapping solids holdup in a narrow rectangular CFB riser through image calibration
Authors: Yang Jingsi , Zhu Jesse
Published: August 2014

In this study, a newly developed image calibration method is compared with an optical fibre probe in the measurement of the solids holdup of FCC particles in a 7.6 m narrow rectangular circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser. The image calibration method is based on experimentally correlating solids holdup of FCC particles in the CFB and the grayscale of the corresponding images obtained by a high speed video camera. Using this method, solids holdups along 15 lateral positions are calculated under different operating conditions with Ug and Gs in the range of 3.0–12.0 m/s and 50–150 kg/m2s. The solids holdup lateral distribution profiles obtained from the two methods in this study under identical operating conditions coincide with each other fairly well, reflecting the reliability of the image calibration method. Further comparison of the results of image calibration method from the current study with the measurement results of optical fibre probe from other researchers also show good agreement under the same operating condition. These comparisons clearly confirm the feasibility and accuracy of the image calibration method.
Semiparametric methods for survival analysis of case‐control data subject to dependent censoring
Authors: Schaubel Douglas E. , Zhang Hui , Kalbfleisch John D. , Shu Xu
Published: August 2014

Case‐control sampling can be an efficient and cost‐saving study design, wherein subjects are selected into the study based on the outcome of interest. It was established long ago that proportional hazards regression can be applied to case‐control data. However, each of the various estimation techniques available assumes that failure times are independently censored. Since independent censoring is often violated in observational studies, we propose methods for Cox regression analysis of survival data obtained through case‐control sampling, but subject to dependent censoring. The proposed methods are based on weighted estimating equations, with separate inverse weights used to account for the case‐control sampling and to correct for dependent censoring. The proposed estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal, and consistent estimators of the asymptotic covariance matrices are derived. Finite‐sample properties of the proposed estimators are examined through simulation studies. The methods are illustrated through an analysis of pre‐transplant mortality among end‐stage liver disease patients obtained from a national organ failure registry.The Canadian Journal of Statistics42: 365–383; 2014 © 2014 Statistical Society of Canada
Sonolytic Decolorization of Textile Wastewater Containing a Mixture of Reactive, Acid and Disperse Dyes
Authors: Verma Akshaya Kumar , Bhunia Puspendu , Dash Rajesh Roshan , Tyagi Rajeshwar Dayal , Surampalli Rao Y , Zhang Tian C
Published: August 2014

The effect of chemical additives in combination with ultrasonication (US) was evaluated for the decolorization of simulated synthetic textile wastewaters containing Reactive Black 5 (RB5), Congo Red (CR), and Disperse Blue 3 (DB3). Maximum decolorization of 93% was achieved for the wastewater containing RB5 (50 mg L−1) at 8 h sonication time and US power density of 1 W mL−1. Persulfate (PS) assisted US was appeared to be better over the sodium sulfate (SS)‐assisted US, giving 87.51% decolorization efficiency for the textile wastewater containing all the three dyes together (200 mg L−1) at a PS dosage of 1500 mg L−1 and the sonication time of 120 min. The rate of sonolytic decolorization followed first‐order kinetics for the textile wastewater containing RB5 and CR. The results of this study indicate that, with an increase in the sonication time, the decolorization efficiency increases for the textile wastewater containing RB5 and CR, but decreases for that containing DB3.
Estimating graph distance and centrality on shared nothing architectures
Authors: Balkir Atilla Soner , Oktay Huseyin , Foster Ian
Published: August 2014

We present a parallel toolkit for pairwise distance computation in massive networks. Computing the exact shortest paths between a large number of vertices is a costly operation, and serial algorithms are not practical for billion‐scale graphs. We first describe an efficient parallel method to solve the single source shortest path problem on commodity hardware with no shared memory. Using it as a building block, we introduce a new parallel algorithm to estimate the shortest paths between arbitrary pairs of vertices. Our method exploits data locality, produces highly accurate results, and allows batch computation of shortest paths with 7%average error in graphs that contain billions of edges. The proposed algorithm is up to two orders of magnitude faster than previously suggested algorithms and does not require large amounts of memory or expensive high‐end servers. We further leverage this method to estimate the closeness and betweenness centrality metrics, which involve systems challenges dealing with indexing, joining, and comparing large datasets efficiently. In one experiment, we mined a real‐world Web graph with 700 million nodes and 12 billion edges to identify the most central vertices and calculated more than 63 billion shortest paths in 6 h on a 20‐node commodity cluster. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The vertebrate corneal epithelium: From early specification to constant renewal
Authors: Dhouailly Danielle , Pearton David J. , Michon Frederic
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND: The cornea is an ectodermal/neural crest derivative formed through a cascade of molecular mechanisms to give rise to the specific optical features necessary for its refractory function. Moreover, during cornea formation and maturation, epithelial stem cells are sequestered to ensure a constant source for renewal in the adult. RESULTS: Recent progress in the molecular and stem cell biology of corneal morphogenesis and renewal shows that it can serves as a paradigm for epithelial /mesenchymal organ biology. This review will synthesize historical knowledge together with recent data to present a consistent overview of cornea specification, formation, maturation, and maintenance. CONCLUSIONS: This should be of interest not only to developmental biologists but also ophthalmologists, as several human vision problems are known to be rooted in defects in corneal development. Developmental Dynamics 243:1226–1241, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between binge eating and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in two pediatric community mental health clinics
Authors: Reinblatt Shauna P. , Leoutsakos Jeannie‐Marie S. , Mahone E. Mark , Forrester Sarah , Wilcox Holly C. , Riddle Mark A.
Published: August 2014

Objective

Attention‐Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been linked with obesity; however its relationship with binge eating (BE) is less clear. We aimed to explore the associations among ADHD, weight, and BE in pediatric mental health clinics.

Method

We retrospectively reviewed consecutive intakes in two pediatric mental health clinics (N = 252). BE was assessed using the C‐BEDS scale. Associations between ADHD, BE, and BMI‐z score were assessed via regression.

Results

Mean age was 10.8 (3.7 SD) years. Twelve percent (n = 31) had BE. The association between ADHD and BE was statistically significant (OR 16.1, p < .001), and persisted after adjusting for comorbid diagnoses, medications, demographic variables, and clinic. There was a statistically significant association between ADHD and BMI z‐scores (β = 0.54, p < .001). After adjusting for BE, the relationship between ADHD and BMI z‐scores was attenuated (β = 0.35, p = .025), and the coefficient for BE was decreased (β = 0.75, p = .001). Although stimulant use was associated with a three‐fold increase in odds of BE (OR 3.16, p = .006), stimulants were not associated with greater BMI‐z scores (β = 0.18, p = .32).

Discussion

There was a significant association between ADHD and BE in two pediatric mental health clinics. Although these data are cross‐sectional, and cannot be used to make causal inferences, these findings are compatible with the hypothesis that BE partially mediates the association between ADHD and BMI z‐scores. In mental health clinics, children with ADHD may present as overweight or obese. Further, children with ADHD may exhibit BE. Future prospective studies should elucidate the complex relationships among ADHD, weight, stimulants, and BE. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:505–511)
Rationale and study design of the REM‐HF study: remote management of heart failure using implanted devices and formalized follow‐up procedures
Authors: Morgan John M. , Dimitrov Borislav D. , Gill Jas , Kitt Sue , Ng G. Andre , McComb Janet M. , Raftery James , Roderick Paul , Seed Alison , Williams Simon G. , Witte Klaus K. , Wright D. Jay , Yao Guiqing Lily , Cowie Martin R.
Published: August 2014

Aims

We wish to assess the clinical and cost‐effectiveness of remote monitoring of heart failure patients with cardiac implanted electronic devices.

Methods

REM‐HF is a multicentre, randomized, non‐blinded, parallel trial designed to compare weekly remote monitoring‐driven management with usual care for patients with cardiac implanted electronic devices (ICD, CRT‐D, or CRT‐P). The trial is event driven, and the final analysis will be performed when 546 events have been observed or the study is terminated at the interim analysis. We have randomized 1650 patients to be followed up for a minimum of 2 years. Patients will remain in the trial up to study termination. The first patient was randomized in September 2011 and the study is expected to complete in early 2016. The primary combined endpoint is time to first event of all‐cause death or unplanned hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons. An economic evaluation will be performed, estimating the cost per quality‐adjusted lifeyear, with direct costs estimated from the National Health Service perspective and quality of life assessed by the EQ‐5D, Short‐Form12, and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaires. The study design has been informed by a feasibility study.

Conclusion

REM‐HF is a multicentre randomized study that will provide important data on the effect of remote monitoring‐driven management of implanted cardiac devices on morbidity and mortality, as well as the cost‐effectiveness of this approach.

Trial registration: UKCRN 10383.
Arginase activity in alternatively activated macrophages protects PI3Kp110δ deficient mice from dextran sodium sulfate induced intestinal inflammation
Authors: Weisser Shelley B. , Kozicky Lisa K. , Brugger Hayley K. , Ngoh Eyler N. , Cheung Bonnie , Jen Roger , Menzies Susan C. , Samarakoon Asanga , Murray Peter J. , Lim C. James , Johnson Pauline , Boucher Jean‐Luc , van Rooijen Nico , Sly Laura M.
Published: August 2014

Alternatively activated or M2 macrophages have been reported to protect mice from intestinal inflammation, but the mechanism of protection has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that mice deficient in the p110δ catalytic subunit activity of class I phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3Kp110δ) have increased clinical disease activity and histological damage during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis. Increased disease severity in PI3Kp110δ‐deficient mice is dependent on professional phagocytes and correlates with reduced numbers of arginase I+ M2 macrophages in the colon and increased production of inflammatory nitric oxide. We further demonstrate that PI3Kp110δ‐deficient macrophages are defective in their ability to induce arginase I when skewed to an M2 phenotype with IL‐4. Importantly, adoptive transfer of IL‐4‐treated macrophages derived from WT mice, but not those from PI3Kp110δ‐deficient mice, protects mice during DSS‐induced colitis. Moreover, M2 macrophages mediated protection is lost when mice are cotreated with inhibitors that block arginase activity or during adoptive transfer of arginase I deficient M2 macrophages. Taken together, our data demonstrate that arginase I activity is required for M2 macrophages mediated protection during DSS‐induced colitis in PI3Kp110δ‐deficient mice.
Agronomic parameters, quality indices, and sensory attributes of virgin olive oils from Hojiblanca and Picudo varieties from three successive crop years
Authors: Jimenez Brigida , Callejón Raquel , Sánchez‐Ortiz Araceli , Ortega Eduardo , Lorenzo Maria Luisa , Rivas Ana
Published: August 2014

The aim of this study was to analyse how the stage of fruit ripening of two common Spanish olive cultivars Picudo and Hojiblanca affected the agronomic parameters of the olive as well as the analytical parameters and sensory properties of the corresponding oils during three successive crop years. Both varieties ripened according to similar profiles in each monitored crop year. The oil content increased during fruit ripening in all studied crop years. There was an inverse relationship between moisture and oil contents of the olives throughout ripening. The quality parameter that underwent further changes regarding fruit ripening and crop year was free acidity. In both varieties, oils obtained from olives harvested at an early ripening stage had higher positive sensory attributes. Olive fruity and green leaf attributes decreased throughout ripening. In contrast, the apple attribute was not perceived in oils obtained from unripe olives. Therefore, to ensure an adequate oil content as well as good physicochemical and sensorial qualities in virgin olive oil, the optimal harvesting period for Picudo and Hojiblanca olives coincides with a maturity index between 2.81 and 3.85 and between 2.72 and 4.28, respectively.

Practical applications: The increase in demand for virgin olive oil is not only due to its health properties but also to its organoleptic properties, which ultimately determine consumer preferences and choice. In native cultivars, it is essential to assess the impact of the ripening stage on the agronomic parameters and the quality of the resulting virgin olive oil for optimal exploitation of the grove. A three‐crop‐year study in two representative Spanish cultivars was performed to characterise both the olive fruit parameters and oil sensory characteristics at ten different stages of maturity. This analysis was used to determine the optimal stage of ripeness at which olives should be harvested to produce good quality oils in terms of physicochemical and organoleptic features, which may better fulfil consumer expectations.

This study analyses how the stage of fruit ripening of Picudo and Hojiblanca olive cultivars affected the agronomic parameters of the olive as well as the analytical parameters and sensory properties of the corresponding oils during three successive crop years. This analysis was used to determine the optimal stage of ripeness at which olives should be harvested to produce good quality, which may better fulfil consumer expectations.
A simple method for the separation and quantification of neutral lipid species using GC‐MS
Authors: Borrull Anna , López‐Martínez Gema , Poblet Montse , Cordero‐Otero Ricardo , Rozès Nicolas
Published: August 2014

A simple gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) method has been developed for the determination of neutral lipids in yeast. This method was compared to the conventional thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) method used in our laboratory. The new method enabled the measurement of molecular species of diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, and sterol esters (SE). With a classic lipid extraction, samples can be injected directly into the GC‐MS without any previous derivatization procedure. However, the main characteristic of this new method is its versatility because GC parameters can be modified based on the biological samples analyzed: volume and injection modes, derivatization of samples, etc. In order to validate the method, yeast lipid extracts from two distinct culture growth conditions were compared, the first in presence of oxygen and the second in its absence. Although the lipid profile of both yeast samples is qualitatively similar, the use of the GC‐MS method rather than the TLC method enables the identification of a sterol, neoergosterol, in yeast cells grown in absence of oxygen. Moreover, this method enables phospholipid detection in samples but their identification is difficult.

GC‐MS total ion chromatogram of full chromatogram of yeast lipid extracts (positive values represent cells grown in the presence of oxygen while negative values represent cells grown without oxygen). STs: sterols; PLs: phospholipids; DAGs: diglycerides; SEs: sterol esters; TAGs: triglycerides.
Oil composition in stored walnut cultivars—quality and nutritional value
Authors: Christopoulos Miltiadis V. , Tsantili Eleni
Published: August 2014

The effects of temperature and O2 availability on quality attributes and nutritional value of oil in four walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars (Chandler, Hartley, Franquette, and Ioli) were investigated. Dried kernels, all of initial high quality, were packaged under air or N2 or CO2 and stored at 1 °C or 20 °C for 12 months. Results showed that the saturated fatty acids (SFA) myristic, palmitic, stearic, and arachidic remained stable during storage, whereas the unsaturated palmitoleic, oleic (OL), gondoic, linoleic (LL) and linolenic (LN) decreased, with the stable vaccenic being the exception. Rancidity, assessed as free fatty acids and peroxide value, increased after 12 months, and rancidity evolution found to be correlated with LL and LN, but not with OL. In all cultivars, low temperature and N2 or CO2 prevented additively the fatty acid (FA) losses and rancidity increases. The best results were obtained in walnuts stored at 1 °C under N2 or CO2, while storage at 20 °C under air led to the greatest product deterioration. However, storage at 20 °C under N2 or CO2 and at 1 °C under air showed intermediate results and similar among them. The cultivar affected the kernel oil content and FA profile initially, as well as, the FA decreases and rancidity development during storage. The omega‐6/omega‐3 ratio largely depended on cultivar and was affected by storage conditions. Overall, the storability of the studied cultivars in descending order was Chandler > Hartley, Franquette > Ioli.

Practical applications: Storage at 1 °C under N2 or CO2 for 12 months retained the peroxide value (PV) lower than 3 meq O2 kg−1 oil and the free fatty acids (FFA) up to 0.6%, cut‐off values for acceptable walnuts, as suggested by the walnut industry in California. Storage at 20 °C under N2 or CO2 increased the PV value up to 10 meq O2 kg−1 oil, being the upper acceptable limit according to panel tests in studies. For energy savings, the 12‐months storage at 20 °C with low O2 availability can substitute the storage at 1 °C under air. Rancidity development and nutritional value related to fatty acids largely depended on cultivar. Thus, the cultivar factor should also be considered for storage purposes and according to the destination markets.

Effects of temperature and packaging atmosphere on rancidity and nutritional value related to oil composition in stored dried kernels of walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars. The present results are summarized in the bi‐plot (combination of score and load plots) of Principal Component Analysis. Each color corresponds to each cultivar. Rhombuses, circles, squares, and triangles, corresponding to different storage conditions, indicate the position of each walnut sample in score plot. Daggers indicate the position of major fatty acids and indicators of rancidity in load plot.
Raman spectroscopy study of edible oils and determination of the oxidative stability at frying temperatures
Authors: Carmona María Á. , Lafont Fernando , Jiménez‐Sanchidrián César , Ruiz José R.
Published: August 2014

Samples of edible oils of different degrees of unsaturation were studied by Raman spectroscopy. We demonstrate the potential of this technique for discriminating these oils. In addition, the Raman spectra for the macadamia, pecan, and Brazil nut oils are for the first time reported here. The fatty acid profile of each type of oil was established by GC. The analytical results obtained from the spectra were highly correlated with those provided by GC as regards the contents in monounsaturated and PUFA of each oil type. Spectra were examined separately in the wavenumber zones 2800–3100 and 800–1800 cm−1, which were those exhibiting the greater differences between oils. Also, as shown in this work, Raman spectroscopy is an effective tool for assessing oxidation in various grades of olive oils. Based on the results, extra virgin olive oil efficiently resists oxidation in the short term by virtue of its increased antioxidant contents.

Practical applications: In this paper we show the usefulness of Raman spectroscopy to distinguish between edible oils. Similarly, the technique also allows us to discriminate between different heat‐treated olive oils. At the industrial level Raman spectroscopy can be a useful tool to detect adulteration related to the oxidation of fat. Its ease of use and the absence of sample handling make it very effective for use in production systems on‐line.

Raman spectroscopy allows to distinguish oils with different unsaturation level and also allows us to discriminate between different heat‐treated oils.
Platinum‐Decorated Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Foam Electrocatalysts
Authors: Liu J. , Takeshi D. , Sasaki K. , Lyth S. M.
Published: August 2014

Large‐scale, facile synthesis of nitrogen‐doped graphene foam (GF) from low cost precursors is reported as a support material for platinum in fuel cell cathodes. The nitrogen‐doped GF was produced by combustion of nitrogen‐containing sodium alkoxide, followed by washing and heat treatment in various gases. A nitrogen‐free reference sample was also synthesized. The BET surface area is higher than 700 m2 g−1, and the material is highly defective, partly due to the inclusion of nitrogen, and partly due to the low temperature, catalyst‐free synthesis method. These defects result in an excellent distribution of platinum nanoparticles on the surface. The electrochemical performance of the resulting electrocatalysts was characterized using cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry, revealing that nitrogen doping has potential to increase the durability of graphene‐based catalysts. Therefore, this material is a potentially useful catalyst support for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.
Effects of Carbonization Temperature and Time during Carbon Riveting Process on the Stability of Pt/C Catalyst
Authors: Jiang Z.‐Z. , Wang Z.‐B. , Rivera H. , Qu W.‐L. , Gu D.‐M.
Published: August 2014

Effects of carbonization temperature and time during carbon riveting process on the stability of Pt/C catalysts have been investigated systematically. X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, cyclic voltammograms, and accelerated potential cycling tests have been performed to characterize the catalysts. The experimental results show that the activity of the riveted Pt/C catalyst decreases with the increasing of the heat‐treated temperature and the extension of heat‐treated time due to sintering of Pt nanoparticles. The stability of the carbon riveted Pt/C catalysts exhibits the increasing trend with the increase of the carbonization time and temperature. Considering both of the activity and stability of the riveted Pt/C catalysts, the optimized carbonization temperature and time are 400 °C and 60 min for a Pt/VulcanXC‐72 catalyst with starting particle size before carbonization of 2.2 nm and 20 wt% platinum loading, respectively.
Return‐Implied Volatility Dynamics of High and Low Yielding Currencies
Authors: Kaurijoki Miikka , Nikkinen Jussi , Äijö Janne
Published: August 2014

This study investigates the return‐implied volatility dynamics of six most actively traded currencies before and during the financial crisis using quantile regression analysis. In particular, we examine how the size and sign of high and low yielding currency futures returns influence implied volatilities in the currency market. It is found that, especially during a volatile period, the behavior of the return‐implied volatility relationship of high yielding currencies, such as the Australian dollar, Canadian dollar, and British pound, has some similarities with that in the stock markets, while low yielding currencies behave the opposite way. Investment currencies generally exhibit a negative asymmetry, while funding currencies, the Japanese yen in particular, exhibit a positive asymmetry. The results of the study appear consistent with the recent carry trade literature implying that carry trades, investors' behavior, risk exposure, and global risk explain return‐implied volatility dynamics in the currency markets. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 35:1026–1041, 2015
RIST: A potent new combination therapy for glioblastoma
Authors: Nonnenmacher Lisa , Westhoff Mike‐Andrew , Fulda Simone , Karpel‐Massler Georg , Halatsch Marc‐Eric , Engelke Jens , Simmet Thomas , Corbacioglu Selim , Debatin Klaus‐Michael
Published: August 2014

Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive, common brain tumor with poor prognosis. Therefore, this study examines a new therapeutic approach targeting oncogenic and survival pathways combined with common chemotherapeutics. The RIST (rapamycin, irinotecan, sunitinib, temozolomide) and the variant aRIST (alternative to rapamycin, GDC‐0941) therapy delineate growth inhibiting effects in established glioblastoma cell lines and primary cultured patient material. These combinations significantly decreased cell numbers and viability compared to inhibitors and chemotherapeutics alone with aRIST being superior to RIST. Notably, RIST/aRIST appeared to be apoptogenic evoked by reduction of anti‐apoptotic protein levels of XIAP and BCL‐2, with concomitant up‐regulation of pro‐apoptotic protein levels of p53 and BAX. The treatment success of RIST therapy was confirmed in an orthotopic mouse model. This combination treatment revealed significantly prolonged survival time and drastically reduced the tumor burden by acting anti‐proliferative and pro‐apoptotic. Surprisingly, in vivo, aRIST only marginally extended survival time with tumor volumes comparable to controls. We found that aRIST down‐regulates the microvessel density suggesting an insufficient distribution of chemotherapy. Further, alterations in different molecular modes of action in vivo than in vitro suggest, that in vivo RIST therapy may mimic the superior aRIST protocol's pro‐apoptotic inhibition of pAKT in vitro. Of note, all substances were administered in therapeutically relevant low doses with no adverse side effects observed. We also provide evidence of the potential benefits of the RIST therapy in a clinical setting. Our data indicates RIST therapy as a novel treatment strategy for glioblastoma achieving significant anti‐tumorigenic activity avoiding high‐dose chemotherapy.
MOTHER–CHILD AND FATHER–CHILD INTERACTION WITH THEIR 24‐MONTH‐OLD CHILDREN DURING FEEDING, CONSIDERING PATERNAL INVOLVEMENT AND THE CHILD'S TEMPERAMENT IN A COMMUNITY SAMPLE
Authors: Cerniglia Luca , Cimino Silvia , Ballarotto Giulia
Published: August 2014

The article aims to study mother–child and father–child interactions with 24‐month‐old children during feeding, considering the possible influence of time spent by the parent with the child, the infantile temperament, and the parental psychological profile. The families were recruited from 12 preschools in Italy (N= 77 families). Through an observation of the feeding [Scala di Valutazione dell'Interazione Alimentare (SVIA – Feeding Scale; I. Chatoor et al.,; L. Lucarelli et al.,)], self‐reporting [Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised (SCL‐90‐R; L.R. Derogatis,), and report‐form questionnaires [Italian Questionnaires on Temperament (QUIT; G. Axia,)], and information provided by the parents about the amount of time spent with their children, results showed that the overall quality of father–child interactions during feeding is lower than that of mother–child interactions. Fathers showed higher psychological symptoms than did mothers. No associations were found between the fathers’ psychopathological risk and the quality of interactions with their children during feeding. Mothers’ psychopathological risks predicted less contingent exchanges interactions with their children during feeding. Children's temperaments significantly influence mother–child interactions, but no association exists between maternal involvement and the quality of interactions with their children. Paternal involvement predicts a better quality of father–infant interactions when associated with a child's higher scores on Social Orientation. The quality of parents’ interactions with their children during feeding are impacted by different issues originating from the parent's psychological profile, the degree of involvement, and from the child's temperament.
Judging pathological assessment in cancer specimens
Authors: Berho Mariana , Bejarano Pablo A.
Published: August 2014

The pathologist plays a critical role in the multidisciplinary team in charge of treating cancer patients, as many of the therapeutic decisions rely on the information conveyed through the pathology reports. The task of the pathologist includes not only an accurate assessment of pathological T and N categories, but also the evaluation of other indicators of prognosis including quality of surgery, margins of resection, as well as additional histopathological and molecular markers that influence prognosis and could predict response to therapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:543–550. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measuring the tribological performance of all the tappets in a production engine using magnetometer sensors and the effect of lubricant rheology
Authors: Mufti Riaz Ahmad , Zahid Rehan , Qureshi Farrukh , Aslam Jawad , Afzal Naqash , Bhutta Muhammad Usman
Published: August 2014

Tappet rotation is one of the key tribological parameters that play an important role in component wear. Lack of available techniques has discouraged researchers from performing such studies on real production engines. In this research work, a novel experimental technique has been developed that allows the measurement of tappet rotation speed on any engine having direct acting tappets. This unique method does not require any changes or modifications to the components or engine itself. Using this innovative technique, for the first time, all the tappets of a single camshaft have been instrumented, and tappet speed was measured at different operating conditions verifying that not all the tappets behave in the same way. Experimental results clearly showed that all tappets do not respond to the change in lubricant viscosity and the direction of tappet rotation may be one of the factors influencing the performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergence of FFT‐based homogenization for strongly heterogeneous media
Authors: Schneider Matti
Published: August 2014

The FFT‐based homogenization method of Moulinec–Suquet has recently attracted attention because of its wide range of applicability and short computational time. In this article, we deduce an optimal a priori error estimate for the homogenization method of Moulinec–Suquet, which can be interpreted as a spectral collocation method. Such methods are well‐known to converge for sufficiently smooth coefficients. We extend this result to rough coefficients. More precisely, we prove convergence of the fields involved for Riemann‐integrable coercive coefficients without the need for an a priori regularization.

We show that our L2 estimates are optimal and extend to mildly nonlinear situations and Lp estimates for p in the vicinity of 2. The results carry over to the case of scalar elliptic and curl − curl‐type equations, encountered, for instance, in stationary electromagnetism. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Best two‐parameter rational approximation algorithm of given order: a variation of adaptive Fourier decomposition
Authors: Huang Chao , Tan Lihui , Yang Lihua
Published: August 2014

The concept of mono‐component is widely used in nonstationary signal processing and time‐frequency analysis. In this paper, we construct several classes of complete rational function systems in the Hardy space, whose boundary values are mono‐components. Then, we propose a best approximation algorithm (BAA) based on optimal selections of two parameters in the orthonormal bases according to the approximation error. Effectiveness of BAA is evaluated by comparison experiments with the classical Fourier decomposition algorithm. It is also shown that BAA has promising results for filtering out noises and dealing with real‐world signals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of white matter multiple sclerosis lesions: Interpreting positive susceptibility and the presence of iron
Authors: Wisnieff Cynthia , Ramanan Sriram , Olesik John , Gauthier Susan , Wang Yi , Pitt David
Published: August 2014

Purpose

Within multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions iron is present in chronically activated microglia. Thus, iron detection with MRI might provide a biomarker for chronic inflammation within lesions. Here, we examine contributions of iron and myelin to magnetic susceptibility of lesions on quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM).

Methods

Fixed MS brain tissue was assessed with MRI including gradient echo data, which was processed to generate field (phase), R2* and QSM. Five lesions were sectioned and evaluated by immunohistochemistry for presence of myelin, iron and microglia/macrophages. Two of the lesions had an elemental analysis for iron concentration mapping, and their phospholipid content was estimated from the difference in the iron and QSM data.

Results

Three of the five lesions had substantial iron deposition that was associated with microglia and positive susceptibility values. For the two lesions with elemental analysis, the QSM derived phospholipid content maps were consistent with myelin labeled histology.

Conclusion

Positive susceptibility values with respect to water indicate the presence of iron in MS lesions, although both demyelination and iron deposition contribute to QSM. Magn Reson Med 74:564–570, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Immune thrombocytopenia and alopecia areata: Spontaneous occurrence and resolution in the same patient
Authors: Cohn Shannon M. , Buchanan George R.
Published: August 2014

Alopecia areata (AA) and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) are autoimmune conditions occasionally encountered by pediatricians, but their simultaneous occurrence is rare. We describe here a 7‐year‐old female who acutely developed both AA and ITP. Within 3 months both conditions resolved spontaneously, suggesting a pathophysiologic relationship. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2110–2111. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between right ventricular dysfunction and restrictive lung disease in childhood cancer survivors as measured by quantitative echocardiography
Authors: Patel Amee , Weismann Constance , Weiss Pnina , Russell Kerry , Bazzy‐Asaad Alia , Kadan‐Lottick Nina S.
Published: August 2014

Background

Restrictive lung disease is a complication in childhood cancer survivors who received lung‐toxic chemotherapy and/or thoracic radiation. Left ventricular dysfunction is documented in these survivors, but less is known about right ventricular (RV) function. Quantitative echocardiography may help detect subclinical RV dysfunction. The aim of this study was to assess RV function quantitatively in childhood cancer survivors after lung‐toxic therapy.

Procedures

We identified records of 33 childhood cancer survivors who (1) were treated with lung‐toxic therapy and/or radiation, (2) were cancer‐free for ≥ one year after therapy, and (3) had pulmonary function tests and echocardiograms from their most recent follow‐up visit.

Results

Participants' mean age was 11.6 ± 4.5 years at cancer diagnosis and 23 ± 8.6 years at evaluation. The most common diagnosis was lymphoma/leukemia (n = 27). Twenty‐nine subjects had anthracycline exposure. Eleven of the 33 subjects demonstrated restrictive pulmonary impairment (total lung capacity 3.69 ± 1.5 L [69.3 ± 22.4% predicted]). Among quantitative measures of RV function, isovolumetric acceleration (IVA), a measure of contractility, was significantly lower in the group with restrictive lung disease (2.42 ± 0.56 vs. 1.83 ± 0.78 m/sec2; P < 0.05). There was a trend towards lower tissue Doppler derived S' and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in the group with restrictive lung disease. Subjects with restrictive lung disease were found to have ≥ 2 abnormal parameters (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

IVA may detect early RV dysfunction in childhood cancer survivors with restrictive lung disease. Our findings require confirmation in a larger study population and validation by cardiac MRI. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2059–2064. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.