bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing the Risk of Re‐Fracture in the Dialysis Population: Is it Time to Consider Therapy with PTH Analogues?
Authors: Jamal Sophie A. , Hodsman Anthony B.
Published: February 2011

Dialysis patients are at high risk for fracture, with published rates in excess of a 20% probability of fracture over the next 10 years of dialysis. Unfortunately, there is no accepted methodology for quantifying this risk in advance of the first fracture; conventional bone densitometry performs unreliably in this role, in contrast to its utility in elderly patients with osteoporosis. The KDIGO clinical guidelines emphasize the importance of bone turnover in the development of renal osteodystrophy with high bone turnover strongly associated with uncontrolled secondary hyperparathyroidism, and adynamic bone disease (ABD) defined as a very low bone turnover state associated with functional hypoparathyroidism. It is likely that fractures occur in association with both extremes of uremic bone turnover, in addition to the known risk factors for developing osteoporosis prior to an individual developing end‐stage renal failure. No systematic evidence has been forthcoming on therapy to reduce the risk of re‐fracture after a dialysis patient presents with a first fracture. Anti‐resorptive therapy might be effective in high turnover uremic bone disease and has been demonstrably effective in reducing fracture risk in osteoporotic patients, but there is only post hoc evidence that cinacalcet might reduce the incidence of fractures, and almost no evidence on outcomes from the use of bisphosphonates in dialysis patients. Fractures associated with ABD present a particular challenge. Although aluminum intoxication has been an important cause of skeletal fracturing in the past, this is a rare event today, when nonaluminum containing dietary phosphate binders are routinely prescribed. We suggest that the use of an anabolic agent would be a more plausible approach to the management of ABD (rather than anti‐resorptive agents) and propose that a “proof‐of‐concept” trial with a PTH analogue such as teriparatide should be considered for these patients.
The Epistemology of the Question of Authenticity, in Place of Strategic Essentialism
Authors: Lee Emily S.
Published: February 2011

The question of authenticity centers in the lives of women of color to invite and restrict their representative roles. For this reason, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and Uma Narayan advocate responding with strategic essentialism. This paper argues against such a strategy and proposes an epistemic understanding of the question of authenticity. The question stems from a kernel of truth—the connection between experience and knowledge. But a coherence theory of knowledge better captures the sociality and the holism of experience and knowledge.
Enhancing blood donation intentions using multimedia donor education materials
Authors: France Christopher R. , France Janis L. , Wissel Mary Ellen , Kowalsky Jennifer M. , Bolinger Elizabeth M. , Huckins Jamie L.
Published: February 2011

BACKGROUND: Prior research has shown that education materials that directly address prospective donor concerns and provide specific coping suggestions are particularly effective at enhancing donation attitudes and intentions to give blood. This study compared the effect of donor coping materials, provided in written and audiovisual formats, as potential tools to enhance recruitment of prospective blood donors. The role of initial attitudes toward blood donation on responses to these materials was also considered.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Young adults (62% female; mean [SD] age = 19.1 [1.4]; mean [range] prior blood donations = 1.32 [0‐13]) were randomly assigned to 1) read a brochure addressing common blood donor concerns and suggesting specific coping strategies, 2) view a video addressing blood donor concerns and illustrating coping techniques, 3) read the brochure and view the video, or 4) read a control brochure on healthy eating and exercise. Measures of blood donation attitudes, anxiety, confidence, and intentions to give blood were completed before and after the intervention.

RESULTS: Relative to the control brochure, all the intervention groups showed larger reductions in anxiety, more positive changes in attitude, and greater increases in donation confidence and intentions. The combination of the brochure and video outperformed either intervention alone in further improving donation attitudes among participants with high initial donation attitudes.

CONCLUSION: Blood donation coping materials, presented in either written or audiovisual formats, significantly enhance willingness to donate blood among young adults regardless of their initial attitudes toward blood donation.
Antibodies to oxaliplatin, a chemotherapeutic, are found in plasma of healthy blood donors
Authors: Leger Regina M. , Garratty George
Published: February 2011

BACKGROUND: Oxaliplatin is one of the platinum chemotherapeutics that includes cisplatin and carboplatin. Antibodies to all three drugs have caused immune hemolytic anemia (IHA). In an investigation of oxaliplatin‐induced IHA, the negative plasma control agglutinated oxaliplatin‐coated red blood cells (RBCs). Previous preparations of this control had not agglutinated oxaliplatin‐ or cisplatin‐coated RBCs.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Drug‐coated RBCs, prepared by incubating 1/10th volume of RBCs with 1 mg/mL drug in phosphate‐buffered saline for 1 hour at 37°C, were incubated with plasma from random blood donors and patients. Plasma was treated with dithiothreitol to determine the immunoglobulin class. Hapten inhibition was performed by incubating plasma with solutions of oxaliplatin or cisplatin.

RESULTS: Nineteen of 121 (16%) donors' plasma samples agglutinated oxaliplatin‐coated RBCs; 7 of 102 (7%) donors' plasma samples agglutinated cisplatin‐coated RBCs. Two of 50 (4%) patients' samples agglutinated oxaliplatin‐coated RBCs. The agglutinin was immunoglobulin M and inhibited by oxaliplatin and cisplatin.

CONCLUSION: An agglutinin reactive with oxaliplatin‐coated RBCs was found in 16% of donors' and 4% of patients' samples. Inhibition by oxaliplatin and cisplatin indicates the antibody may be directed to platinum. The presence of this antibody in healthy individuals may be related to the increasing environmental presence of platinum in air and soil as a byproduct of automobile catalytic converters and pharmaceuticals in our water and food chain. This antibody in individuals without IHA suggests that testing untreated and enzyme‐treated RBCs in the presence of a solution of drug may be the best method to investigate IHA caused by drugs in the platinum family.
Two‐Year Clinical Outcomes with Paclitaxel‐Eluting Coronary Stents in Patients with Chronic Total Occlusions: Analysis from the TAXUS ARRIVE Program
Authors: HUANG PEI‐HSIU , YEUNG MICHAEL , LASALA JOHN M. , COX DAVID A. , BOWMAN THOMAS S. , STARZYK RUTH M. , DAWKINS KEITH D.
Published: February 2011

Aims:To examine the incidence of clinical events after implantation of the TAXUS Express paclitaxel‐eluting stent (PES) in chronic total occlusions (CTO) in an unselected patient population.

Methods and Results:The TAXUS ARRIVE registries compiled data on 7,492 patients, including 113 patients with CTO (TIMI flow 0). Patients enrolled at procedure start with no mandated inclusion/exclusion criteria; all cardiac events were monitored with independent end‐point adjudication. Two‐year follow‐up was 89% (101/113) for CTO patients who had significantly more baseline comorbidities/complex disease than simple‐use patients undergoing native coronary intervention (N = 2,698) and significantly longer lesions/smaller vessels than other expanded‐use patients (N = 4,681 without CTO). Among CTO patients the rate of 2‐year major cardiac events (MCE, including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization) was 22.3%, significantly higher than in simple‐use patients (10.3%, P < 0.001). CTO MCE was similar to that for other expanded‐use patients (16.5%, P = 0.14) but target lesion revascularization was significantly higher in year 2 (6.9% vs. 2.7%, P = 0.02). Academic Research Consortium definite/probable stent thrombosis through 2 years was 5.7%, significantly higher than simple‐use patients but similar to other expanded‐use cases.

Conclusion:In a “real‐world” setting, PES use in CTO was associated with increased MCE compared to simple‐ use patients, but achieved long‐term outcomes similar to that observed in other complex patient/lesion cases.(J Interven Cardiol 2011;24:232–240)
Traumatic Testicular Displacement in Motorcycle Drivers
Authors: Ječmenica Dragan S. , Alempijević Djordje M. , Pavlekić Snežana , Aleksandrić Branimir V.
Published: February 2011

Abstract:  Testicular displacement is a rare clinical presentation of blunt scrotal injury that may take place in road traffic accidents involving motorcycle occupants. We are presenting two cases of motorcycle occupant fatalities, 21 and 24 years of age, where testicular displacement and other signs of groin trauma have been determined. In both cases, discrete external signs of scrotal trauma were noted on examination, while unilateral and bilateral traumatic testicular displacement, respectively, have been documented at autopsy. For motorcycle occupants involved in collision, it is necessary to perform a thorough analysis of injuries, in particular to look for specific trauma arising from fuel‐tank impact to genitalia and/or groin. These injuries are of great medico‐legal importance both at postmortem and in clinical cases involving motorcycle occupants involved in collision.
Lethal Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Forensic Context
Authors: Nicklin Angela , Byard Roger W.
Published: February 2011

Abstract:  Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune connective tissue disorder that affects multiple organs. While the clinical manifestations may vary in intensity over time and be associated with chronic disease, occasional cases occur where sudden and unexpected death has occurred. Cardiovascular disease is common, with accelerated atherosclerosis, intravascular thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, and hypertensive cardiomegaly. Vasculitis with superimposed thrombosis may result in critical reduction in blood to vital organs, such as the heart and brain with infarction. Mesenteric ischemia may be caused by vasculitis, thrombosis, and accelerated atherosclerosis and may result in lethal intestinal infarction. Other diverse causes of sudden death include myocarditis, epilepsy, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary thromboembolism, and sepsis. The autopsy evaluation of such cases requires careful examination of all organs with extensive histological sampling to include blood vessels, and microbiological sampling for bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Ecological consequences of variation in standard metabolism and dominance among salmon parr
Authors: Armstrong John D. , Millidine Karen J. , Metcalfe Neil B.
Published: February 2011

Abstract –  Standard metabolic rate (SMR, closely related to basal and resting metabolism) varies by up to threefold among juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., of similar size at common temperature. Here, consequences of this variation are predicted by combining empirically derived relationships between SMR, specific dynamic action, energy budgets, water velocity, food level in the environment and food availability to fish. The range of velocities across which growth is predicted to occur is inversely related to a fish’s SMR. Growth is positively related to SMR at high but negatively related to it at low‐food levels. The relationship between food level and the range of velocities over which lower SMR fish can grow but higher SMR fish cannot is asymmetrically bi‐phasic and peaked. It is predicted that maternal manipulation of offspring SMR would generate fitness benefits through bet‐hedging against unpredictability in food level and increases in the overall range of velocities that the family of offspring can occupy and thrive in.
Prey risk assessment depends on conspecific density
Authors: Van Buskirk Josh , Ferrari Manuela , Kueng Denise , Näpflin Kathrin , Ritter Nicole
Published: February 2011

In many systems, the number of prey killed by predators increases with prey density. This in turn generates higher levels of the indirect signals that prey use to assess predation risk. A model developed by Peacor (2003) showed that prey that respond to predator cues without accounting for conspecific density will consistently over‐ or under‐estimate risk and therefore invest improperly in anti‐predator defense. We tested this model using Rana temporaria tadpoles as prey and Aeshna cyanea dragonfly larvae as predators. As assumed by the model, prey reduced risky activity with increasing concentrations of predator kairomones and increased activity at high prey density. However, prey did not react to changes in cue or density if the ratio of cue‐to‐density remained constant. Prey therefore monitored their per capita risk, strongly supporting Peacor's model.
CHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF CULTIVATED AND WILDFRAGARIAANDRUBUSBERRIES
Authors: MILIVOJEVIĆ J. , MAKSIMOVIĆ V. , NIKOLIĆ M. , BOGDANOVIĆ J. , MALETIĆ R. , MILATOVIĆ D.
Published: February 2011

Content of individual sugars, organic acids, total phenolics (TPH), some important phenolic compounds (kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, and ellagic acid) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the fruits of strawberry, raspberry and blackberry were studied. A comparison was made between cultivars and wild relatives of each species (Fragaria vescaL.,Rubus idaeusL. andRubus fruticosusL.). The main sugars found were fructose and glucose both in the fruits of wild species and the studied cultivars. Citric acid was determined to be the major organic acid in most of tested berries with the exception of blackberry cultivars, where malic acid was dominant. The content of individual phenolic compounds varied among the wild species, as well as among the studied cultivars. Ellagic acid content was higher inF. vesca,R. idaeusandR. fruticosus(122.5 µg/g FW, 12.71 µg/g FW and 61.7 µg/g FW, respectively) than that obtained in analyzed cultivars. Overall, TPH expressed higher values in the wild strawberry and blackberry species in comparison to the studied cultivars, and consequently, the highest levels of TAC were recorded inF. vesca(5.78 mg asc/g FW), followed byR. fruticosus(4.95 mg asc/g FW).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In recent years, both wild and cultivated berries have become very attractive for consumers because of potentially beneficial phytochemicals contained in these fruits. Fruit nutritional quality can be described by standard quality parameters (sugars and organic acids), and the analysis of antioxidant capacity influenced by specific related compounds. The importance of flavonoids and other phenolics have been suggested to play a preventive role in the development of cancer and heart disease. A significant positive correlation observed in this study between total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity indicate the need for the use of wild species in the breeding programs of small fruits, especially strawberry and blackberry, in order to increase their nutritive value and the health benefits.
QUALITY CHANGES IN FRESH‐CUT SPINACH (SPINACIA OLERACEA) UNDER MODIFIED ATMOSPHERES WITH PERFORATIONS
Authors: KAUR PREETINDER , RAI DEEPAK R. , PAUL SHASHI
Published: February 2011

Fresh‐cut spinach leaves were stored for 4 days at 15C and 75% relative humidity under modified atmosphere packaging to assess the impact of differential in‐pack gas atmospheres generated through different packaging films and variable in‐pack weight on the quality of stored produce. After 4 days of storage, retention of chlorophyll, β‐carotene and ascorbic acid was better in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) packages than in polypropylene (PP) packages. LDPE film‐packaged samples had higher phenolic content than PP film‐packaged samples. Low in‐pack O2 (1–2 kPa) along with the buildup of CO2 (8–10 kPa) seems to have enhanced the retention of antioxidant components, i.e., β‐carotene and ascorbic acid, in LDPE packages. This helped in chlorophyll retention and also prevented formation of oxidation compounds of phenols that otherwise caused browning of cut surfaces. Thus, O2 and CO2 permeability of packaging film or in‐pack weight of produce might be such that equilibrated O2 partial pressures remain near to 1–2 kPa so as to affect a beneficial increase in the phenolic content along with concomitant retention of chlorophyll.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Fresh‐cut spinach leaves have received an enormous demand due to their utility in various traditional Indian preparations. Shelf life and quality of fresh‐cut produce may be greatly reduced due to high rates of respiration. Traditional packaging and handling techniques reduce the shelf life and sensory quality of fresh‐cut spinach. Temperature control and atmospheric modifications help to maintain produce quality by reducing respiration rate and enhance shelf life by minimizing the adverse effects of cutting. This research focused on evaluation of respiratory behavior of fresh‐cut spinach leaves at a temperature commonly encountered during transportation and retail distribution, i.e., 15C, and the effect of different polymeric films and in‐pack weights on produce quality. The results of the study suggest that packaging of fresh‐cut spinach in polymeric film packages could maintain the sensory quality and reduce degradation of various physicochemical constituents. Utilization of the results for proper design of modified atmosphere packages for this highly perishable produce can prove to be extremely beneficial for safe storage and transportation to urban retail markets.
OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS VARIABLES FOR ACCELERATED AGING OF BASMATI RICE
Authors: RAYAGURU KALPANA , PANDEY J.P. , ROUTRAY WINNY
Published: February 2011

Experiments were conducted to develop a process for accelerated aging of aromatic rice. Freshly harvested clean paddy of “Pusa Basmati” variety was conditioned as per the experimental design. Response surface methodology for three variables at five levels was used. Central composite rotatable design was used to optimize the temperature (30–50C), relative humidity (50–90%) and aging period (3–14 days) to accelerate the aging process for paddy. The optimum levels of process variables were based on the desired milling and cooking quality indices. The quality attributes included milling yield, kernel elongation ratio, volume expansion ratio, solid loss, amylose content, gel consistency and aroma. A complete second‐order polynomial model was fitted to the data and the adequacy of the model was tested. The models were then used to interpret the effect of various input parameters on the response. The total effect of individual input variables and combined effect of all these variables at linear and quadratic level on head yield was significant at 1% level. Similar interpretation of the effect of various input parameters on the responses have been done in details. The common optimum condition for accelerated aging of paddy was found to be 43.4C, 71.0% relative humidity (RH) and 11.4 days.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Freshly harvested rice is less preferred by consumers because of poor cooking properties like less kernel elongation and volume expansion ratio with more solids loss and softer gel consistency. Aging brings about progressive desirable changes in the grain. The natural aging process is time‐consuming and also requires proper storage. Therefore, the aging process may be accelerated by subjecting the grains to appropriate environmental conditions to bring about the acceptable properties so that the full potential of domestic as well as export market may be explored at the right time with a relatively high price. The information obtained from this study may be used in designing thermal processing to obtain aged rice within a short period.
ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION LEVELS OF STREET‐VENDED FOODS IN KOREA
Authors: CHO JOON‐IL , CHEUNG CHI‐YEUN , LEE SUN‐MI , KO SOO‐IL , KIM KYU‐HEON , HWANG IN‐SUN , KIM SEUNG‐HWAN , CHO SOO‐YEOL , LIM CHUL‐JU , LEE KWANG‐HO , KIM KEUN‐SUNG , HA SANG‐DO
Published: February 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the microbial quality of street‐vended foods in Korea. The microbiological contamination levels of aerobic mesophilic bacteria ranged from 0 to 7.43 log cfu/g with a mean value of 4.71 ± 1.53 log cfu/g, while the level of total coliforms ranged from 0 to 6.86 log cfu/g with a mean value of 3.24 ± 1.40 log cfu/g. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Escherichia coli (EC) were detected in 9% (mean value: 3.75 ± 0.56 log cfu/g) and 3% (mean value: 2.33 ± 0.90 log cfu/g) of 326 examined samples, respectively. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected. More than 50% of the isolated SA were found to be enterotoxin producers and these organisms primarily possessed type A toxin genes. Conversely, verocytotoxin‐producing EC were not detected. Taken together, these results indicate that consumption of street‐vended foods may pose a risk of foodborne disease and that good hygienic practices should be required to ensure public health.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Accurate and up‐to‐date data for microbiological contamination of ready‐to‐eat foods are necessary for consumer protection to improve sanitary conditions in food processing plants in Korea. Known contamination levels can be used by administrators to establish national regulations for the control of foodborne diseases.
Primiparous females do not exhibit reduced maternal care in gray seals (Halichoerus grypus)
Authors: Lang S. L. C. , Boness D. J. , Bowen W. D. , Iverson S. J.
Published: February 2011

Abstract

We compared the behaviors of primiparous and multiparous gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) females over the course of lactation to examine whether poorly developed maternal behaviors may play a role in the reduced lactation performance observed in primiparous females. Overall, primiparous females spent as much time interacting with their pups as multiparous females. The proportion of time spent nursing their pup increased significantly between early and peak lactation in both primiparous and multiparous females. Although there was no significant difference in the duration of nursing bouts as a function of reproductive status, primiparous females nursed significantly more frequently (bouts/hour) and, therefore, spent a significantly greater proportion of time nursing than multiparous females throughout lactation. Primiparous gray seal females were also significantly more active than multiparous females, however, the difference in activity represented only a small proportion of the overall time budget. We conclude that poorly developed maternal behaviors resulting from a lack of prior reproductive experience are unlikely to account for lower levels of milk energy transfer to pups in primiparous gray seals.
Impact of flood events on dolphin occupancy patterns
Authors: Fury Christine A. , Harrison Peter L.
Published: February 2011

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess potential impacts of water quality changes associated with floods on the occupancy of Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in two subtropical estuaries in Australia. Boat‐based surveys were conducted in the Clarence River estuary (CR) and Richmond River estuaries (RR) over 3 yr. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that when the dolphins were absent from the estuaries, three water quality components were extracted in the CR and two components in the RR. The PCA1 component included high loadings for salinity, turbidity, and pH for the CR (46%); and salinity, turbidity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) for the RR (51%). Randomization tests showed that dolphins abandoned both estuaries at times of lower salinity, and during periods of higher turbidity and of lower levels of pH and dissolved oxygen in the RR that were associated with floods. The time until dolphins returned to the estuary postflood depended on the length and severity of the flood, but generally dolphins were observed in waters with salinity levels above 29‰. Their delayed return postflood could be for their physiological health, or because their prey returned to the estuaries under these higher salinity conditions, or more likely a combination of both factors.
Striped dolphins and short‐beaked common dolphins in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece: Abundance estimates from dorsal fin photographs
Authors: Bearzi Giovanni , Bonizzoni Silvia , Agazzi Stefano , Gonzalvo Joan , Currey Rohan J. C.
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Capture‐recapture methods relying on dorsal fin natural markings have never been applied successfully to striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba, and were rarely used to assess abundance of short‐beaked common dolphins, Delphinus delphis. We used digital photo‐identification to obtain abundance estimates of striped and common dolphins living in mixed groups in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. The proportion of either species was calculated based on the relative number of photographs of adult animals showing relevant portions of their body during conspicuous surfacings. Striped dolphins and common dolphins averaged 95.0% and 3.2% of all individuals, respectively. Animals showing intermediate pigmentation accounted for another 1.8%. Striped dolphin numbers were relatively high, with a point estimate of 835 animals (95% CI = 631–1,106). Common dolphins numbers were low (point estimate 28 animals; 95% CI = 11–73) and individuals were scattered within striped dolphin groups, indicating that this common dolphin population may be nonviable. Within a semiclosed Gulf exposed to considerable anthropogenic impact, the future of both dolphin species is of concern due to their suspected geographic isolation and restricted extent of occurrence. Information provided here can be used to inform timely conservation efforts.
Estimating the success of protected areas for the vaquita, Phocoena sinus
Authors: Gerrodette Tim , Rojas‐Bracho Lorenzo
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Bycatch in artisanal gill nets threatens the vaquita, Phocoena sinus, with extinction. In 2008 the Mexican government announced a conservation action plan for this porpoise, with three options for a protected area closed to gill net fishing. The probability of success of each of the three options was estimated with a Bayesian population model, where success was defined as an increase in vaquita abundance after 10 yr. The model was fitted to data on abundance, bycatch, and fishing effort, although data were sparse and imprecise. Under the first protected area option, the existing Refuge Area for the Protection of the Vaquita, bycatch was about 7% of population size, and probability of success was 0.08. Under the second option with a larger protected area, the probability of success was 0.35. The third option was large enough to eliminate vaquita bycatch and had a probability of success >0.99. Probability of success was reduced if elimination of vaquita bycatch was delayed or incomplete. Despite considerable efforts by the Mexican government to support vaquita conservation, abundance will probably continue to decline unless additional measures to reduce vaquita bycatch are taken, such as banning gill nets within the vaquita's range and developing effective alternative fishing gear.
Growth and Survival of Juvenile Feather Duster Worms, Sabellastarte spectabilis, Fed Live and Preserved Algae
Authors: Tamaru Clyde S. , Ako Harry , Baker Adam , Bybee David R. , Brittain Karen , Nguyen Michelle
Published: February 2011

The use of live algae and preserved algal products was examined as to their utility in supporting growth and survival of the feather duster worm, Sabellastarte spectabilis. Hatchery‐reared 4‐mo‐old worms were provided the same cell densities of live T‐Iso, preserved T‐Iso, live Nannochlropsis sp., and preserved Nannochloropsis sp. over the course of 132 d. A group of worms placed in a water table that received a continuous flow of raw seawater served as controls. Live and preserved T‐Iso resulted in the highest survival (86.7 ± 6.2% and 78.3 ± 16.5%, respectively) compared to all the other treatments. Live T‐Iso fed worms resulted in significantly larger worms than all other treatments with the preserved T‐Iso treatment supporting similar growth to those being fed live Nannochloropsis sp. and exposed to raw seawater. The preserved Nannochloropsis sp. resulted in significantly lower survival and growth when compared to all the other treatments. Fatty acid profiles of the algal diets and worm carcasses obtained during the current investigation suggest that T‐Iso outperformed Nannochloropsis because of its higher energy or fatty acid content.
Evaluation of 100% Fish Meal Substitution with Chicken Concentrate, Protein Poultry By‐Product Blend, and Chicken and Egg Concentrate on Growth and Disease Resistance of Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Sealey Wendy M. , Hardy Ronald W. , Barrows Frederic T. , Pan Qing , Stone David A. J.
Published: February 2011

The ability of poultry products to replace fish meal in diets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, depends on their nutrient composition, cost, and consistency. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of three commercially available poultry products (chicken concentrate, CC, poultry by‐product blend, PBB; or chicken and egg concentrate, CE) to maintain growth and disease resistance when substituted for fish meal in a rainbow trout starter diet. A control diet was formulated to contain 48% crude protein and 18% crude lipid; 100% of the fish meal in test diets was replaced with CC, PBB, or CE. At stocking, fry were counted into groups (50 fish/tank) with six replicate tanks for each diet and fed their respective diets four times daily for 8 wk. All the poultry‐based diets supported growth (over 1600% increase over initial weight), nutrient retention, and feed conversion ratios of rainbow trout fry equal to or greater than those observed for fry fed with the fish meal‐based diet. No effect of diet on survival was observed following subcutaneous injection challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum. These data suggest that the examined products can be used in place of fish meal for rainbow trout fry without lowering growth and disease resistance.
Evaluation of Two Textiles with or without Polymer Addition for Dewatering Effluent from an Intensive Biofloc Production System
Authors: Danaher Jason J. , Shultz Richard C. , Rakocy James E.
Published: February 2011

Intensive, recirculating aquaculture systems create concentrated wastes high in solid content. Geotextile has successfully dewatered aquaculture effluent; however, burlap, made from natural plant fiber, may provide similar filtering capabilities at a lower cost. The trial was designed as a 2 × 2 factorial to evaluate burlap bags and geotextile bags with or without polymer addition for dewatering Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, effluent from an intensive biofloc production system. There were no significant interactions (P > 0.05) between the main effects on the removal efficiency of total suspended solids (TSS) concentration. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the main effect of textile; however, there were significant differences (P≤ 0.001) in the main effect of polymer on the removal efficiency of TSS concentration from effluent. Overall, TSS removal efficiency in textile‐only treatments was 81%, whereas textile treatments in combination with polymer removed 98%. Partial budget analysis indicated that the cost per kilogram of solids (dry weight) removed from untreated effluent was US$1.52, 1.51, 0.16, and 0.14 for the geotextile with polymer (GP), geotextile without polymer (GNP), burlap with polymer (BP), and burlap without polymer (BNP) treatments, respectively. The BP could provide an effective treatment process for removing TSS in discharged effluent.
A Novel Cell Line from Liver of Stone Flounder, Kareius bicoloratus, and Its Susceptibility to Different Iridoviruses
Authors: Xu Jianrong , Bao Zhenmin , Han Xiaolei
Published: February 2011

A novel cell line (SFL) was established from the liver of stone flounder, Kareius bicoloratus, and its susceptibility to different iridoviruses was evaluated. The SFL cells grew well in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, basic fibroblast growth factor, and insulin‐like growth factor‐II, and have been subcultured over 82 passages. The optimal growth temperature was 22 C. The SFL cells were fibroblastic in morphology and grew at a steady rate, with a population doubling time of 38.8 h. Karyotype analysis showed that SFL cells exhibited chromosomal aneuploidy with a modal chromosome number of 48. The susceptibility evaluation of SFL cells revealed that cytopathic effects (CPE) appeared after infection by different iridoviruses, lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) and turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV). In addition, a large number of TRBIV and LCDV particles were observed in the infected SFL cells by electron microscope examination. It is suggested that the SFL cell line could be used as a valuable tool for isolation and propagation of different iridoviruses.
Effects of Putative Growth or Health‐Enhancing Dietary Additives on Juvenile Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, Performance
Authors: Cho Sung Hwoan
Published: February 2011

The effect on growth and body composition of various dietary additives with putative growth or health‐enhancing properties were determined in juvenile olive flounder (25 g initial weight). Nine experimental diets were prepared to contain one of the following additives: control (Con) with no additive, Opuntia ficus‐indica ver. saboten (OF), propolis (PP), lactic acid bacteria (LA), γ‐poly‐glutamic acid (PG), onion extract (OE), organic sulfur (OS), Biostone® (BS), and fig extract (FE). Fishmeal, dehulled soybean meal, and corn gluten were used as the protein source of the experimental diets. Wheat flour and soybean oil were used as the carbohydrate and lipid sources, respectively. Dietary additives were included in each experimental diet at 1% at the expense of wheat flour except for the FE (aqueous), which was substituted at 1% of the amount of water added to the diet. Fish were hand‐fed to satiation twice a day for 6 d/wk for 6 wk. Weight gain of fish fed the OE diet was higher than that of fish fed with the PP diet. Chemical composition of fish was not different among the experimental diets. OE was the most effective dietary additive to improve performance of olive flounder among additives used in this study.
SHORTER NOTICES
Authors: Stock Eugene
Published: February 2011

Winning a Primitive People (Seeley, 5s. 315 pp.) is an account by the Rev. Donald Fraser

Missionary Principles, by the Rev. Roland Allen

The Appeal of Medical Missions, by R. Fletcher Moorshead

The Spirit of Japan, by the Rev. G. H. Moule

The Emergency in China, by the Rev. F. L. Hawks Pott

James Addison Ingle (Yin Teh‐sen), by W. H. Jefferys
REVIEWS OF BOOKS
Authors: Cave Sydney
Published: February 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

INDIA: THE CONFERENCE AND AFTER: The Reconstruction of India. By Edward Thompson.

INDIA: THE CONFERENCE AND AFTER: India and the Simon Report. By C. F. Andrews

THE PANJAB PEASANT SPEAKS: Rusticus Loquitur, or The Old Light and the New in the Punjab Village. By Malcolm Lyall Darling.

IN SOUTH AFRICA: Complex South Africa: An Economic Footnote to History. By W.M. Macmillan

THE PANJAB PEASANT SPEAKS: The South‐Eastern Bantu. By J. H. Soga

THE PANJAB PEASANT SPEAKS: Charles Johnson of Zululand. By A. W. Lee

THE PANJAB PEASANT SPEAKS: The Bantu are Coming: Phases of South Africa's Race Problem. By Ray E. Phillips. Foreword by C. T. Loram

THE HISTORY OF A BANTU TRIBE: De Ziel van het Ngbandivolk (The Soul of the Ngbandi Tribe). Frs. 16. 1928. De Ngbandi naar het Leven geschetst (The Ngbandi described from Life)

APRICOT AND TAMARISK: Dr D. Duncan Main of Hangchow: Dr Apricot of Heaven Below. By Kingston de Gruchè

APRICOT AND TAMARISK: A Tamarisk Garden Blessed with Rain: or The Autobiography of Pastor Ren. Edited by Herbert Hudson Taylor and Marshall Broomhall

TWO JOURNALISTS ON CHINA: Tortured China. By Hallett Abend

TWO JOURNALISTS ON CHINA: China: The Collapse of a Civilization. By Nathaniel Peffer

HISTORY OF JAPANESE RELIGION: History of Japanese Religion. By Masaharu Anesaki, D.Lit., LL.D.

HYMN‐BOOKS FOR EAST AND WEST: Oriental Hymn Tunes: Egyptian and Syrian.

HYMN‐BOOKS FOR EAST AND WEST: Cantate Domino. Second and enlarged edition.

MAN AND HIS RELIGION: Man and his Religion: An Essay in the Comparative Study of Religions Ancient and Modern. By S. P. T. Prideaux, D.D.

A MISSIONARY SOCIETY SURVEY: London Missionary Society: A Critical Review of its Work Abroad

ROMAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS IN INDIA: Das Gegenwärtige Heidenapostolat im Fernen Osten. II. Halbband: Die Indischen Missionen. Von Joseph Schmidlin.

NATIVE EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA: Native Education in South Africa. By Edgar H. Brookes, D.Litt.
THE WAY OF SALVATION AND THE BURMAN BUDDHIST
Authors: HARWOOD H. J.
Published: February 2011

The reasoned statement of the Christian case, presented theologically, but in its relevance to the situation of the modern man, is one of the most effective evangelistic methods in our revolutionary world (The Witness of a Revolutionary Church, Whitby Report, p. 17).
The Pattern of Christian Medical Work in Changing India
Authors: Wilder E. W.
Published: February 2011

Explanatory Note.—Christian medical workers have for many years been concerned with the future of medical work in a free India. This question has been the main theme of the last two biennial conferences of the Christian Medical Association of India (CMAI) and its Nurses' Auxiliary. The preliminary Findings of the five study groups at the last of these conferences, at Lucknow, have been considered by groups and individuals, worked over by committees and finally adopted by the Executive Committee of the Association. They form the text of this article.
SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION
Authors: Krusche Werner
Published: February 2011

In a statement on new patterns of ministry in the German Democratic Republic, a consultation in Berlin in May 1966 pointed out that even the law on Education for the Ministry adopted by the Evangelical Church of the Union in 1965 did not meet today's requirement and they therefore welcomed the Synod's covering letter, adopted at the same time as the law, which said in part:

A flexible and differentiated education (and continuing education) is needed, partly because it is more than ever incumbent upon Ministers to train and counsel church members for a varied ministry in the Church and in society.

Within the serving fellowship of the universal priesthood, based on the assent of God, the special ministry of the pastor will be shared by the congregation and will retain its promise amid changing circumstances.

Later Dr Werner Krusche, one of the leaders of the study group on ‘The Missionary Structure of the Congregation’ in the DDR and a professor on the staff of the theological seminary in Leipzig, proposed some questions on theological education for discussion by staffs of the seminary and the theological faculty. He addressed these questions to the Evangelical Church of Saxony (DDR); they are formulated in the light of the present study on ‘The Missionary Structure of the Congregation’. They are relevant for churches everywhere. These questions have been published in German in Concept V, WCC Department of Studies in Evangelism, Sept. 1966, p. 37, and in English in Concept XII, Dec. 1966, pp. 16–17. (Editor)
THE FUTURE RÔLE OF WESTERN MISSIONARY BODIES IN THE CHRISTIAN WORLD MISSION
Authors: Orchard Ronald K.
Published: February 2011

This article appeared in Voyage, No. 11, Sept./Oct. 1968, the periodical of the British Council of Churches. It is used with permission of the editor, to whom our thanks are expressed. It is based on the conclusions of a residential meeting of the Standing Committee of the Conference of British Missionary Societies, June 1968, which gathered up several months of discussion in the CBMS.
REVIEW ARTICLE
Authors: Chatterji Saral K.
Published: February 2011

Asian Drama. By Gunnar Myrdal. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968. 3 vols. 25s. each.
PROTESTANT PASTORS JOIN A WORK BRIGADE
Authors: Andrade Joaquín
Published: February 2011

During a rest break seven Protestant pastors were interviewed by Cuba International on the relation of the church to the Revolution; commitments to society; Che Guevara; Christianity and violence; and the place of God in the world today.
EASTERN CULTS IN WESTERN CULTURE
Authors: Spae Joseph J.
Published: February 2011

Zen Master Sanko was famous throughout Japan. A monk asked him one day: “Master, please show me the essence of Zen”. Sanko at once replied: “Look under your feet!”1

Christus, homo ille toto orbe terrarum diffusus.2
TRANSCENDENCE AND COMMUNITY: THE CHALLENGE TO THE CHURCH
Authors: Anderson David
Published: February 2011

The pump don't work 'Cause the vandals took the handle.

— Bob Dylan, “Subterranean Homesick Blues”.
ECUMENICAL WITNESS IN CANADA: SOCIAL ACTION COALITIONS
Authors: Hutchinson Roger
Published: February 2011

In presenting our report [on the Church and the Economic Order] we desire to call attention to the fact that the following recommendations are an attempt to set forth some of the implications of the statement on Evangelism. The history of revivals would seem to indicate that religion becomes vitalized, and the Church enjoys spiritual quickening when the forces of the Kingdom join battle at the point where the righteous purposes of God are being most seriously challenged. It is our considered judgment that the crucial point of attack in our day is the economic problem.
Advancing in-vitro drug precipitation testing: new process monitoring tools and a kinetic nucleation and growth model
Authors: Arnold Yvonne E , Imanidis Georgios , Kuentz Martin T
Published: February 2011

Objectives

Poorly soluble weak bases often precipitate during intestinal passage, potentially leading to incomplete drug absorption. The underlying in-vivo and in-vitro drug precipitation mechanisms are not well understood. Thus, new analytical tools and a kinetic nucleation and growth model were introduced to in-vitro drug precipitation testing in biorelevant media.

Methods

A drug precipitation test was used to simulate the transfer from the stomach to the intestine. Changes in the acceptor vessel were monitored using online dynamic image analysis and inline Raman spectroscopy. The concentration profiles of the model drug dipyridamole were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography and the resulting data were fitted with a set of differential equations.

Key findings

The dynamic image analysis revealed a complex structure of the precipitated dipyridamole particles, which were described as star-like crystals or aggregates of elongated primary particles. Raman spectroscopy allowed the precipitation over time to be monitored. Using the kinetic nucleation and growth model to describe this process demonstrated perfect agreement with the experimental data.

Conclusions

The analytical methods and the kinetic model provided new insights into biorelevant drug precipitation and could in the future support formulation development.
Positively-charged microemulsion for improving the oral bioavailability of alendronate: in-vitro and in-vivo assessment
Authors: Meng Jian , Hu Liandong
Published: February 2011

Objectives

Alendronate is a poorly absorbed bisphosphonate with an oral bioavailability of 0.7%. In this study, a positively-charged microemulsion was prepared with the aim of improving the bioavailability of alendronate.

Methods

The positively-charged microemulsion was evaluated for physical stability, cellular uptake and permeability enhancement on Caco-2 monolayers. The bioavailability of alendronate from the microemulsion was compared with the commercially available tablet (Fosmax) for beagle dogs.

Key findings

The 2.0, 0.4 and 0.2% positively-charged microemulsion, stable for 4 h after preparation, promoted alendronate transport across the Caco-2 cells by a factor of 194, 146,and 45.1, respectively, compared with the alendronate solution, though no significant cellular uptake enhancement of alendronate was observed. The permeability enhancement was parallel to the reduction in transendothelial electrical resistance, which indicated the microemulsion modulated the tight junctions and widened the paracellular pathway. In-vivo results showed that the microemulsion gave the highest alendronate plasma concentration at 502 ng/ml (Cmax) after 0.563 h (Tmax), while tablets gave a Cmax of 152 ng/ml after 0.750 h (Tmax). Furthermore, the AUC0-∞ of alendronate from the microemulsion increased by 2.82-fold when compared with the tablets.

Conclusions

Based on the results, the oral bioavailability of alendronate could be significantly improved by the positively-charged microemulsion, which opened the tight junctions and thus increased absorption through the paracellular route.
Aβ and Aδ but not C-fibres are involved in stroke related pain and allodynia: an experimental study in mice
Authors: Takami Kazunori , Fujita-Hamabe Wakako , Harada Shinichi , Tokuyama Shogo
Published: February 2011

Objectives

Cerebral ischaemia is a leading cause of death and disability, including severe complications such as memory disturbance, palsy, and spasticity. Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is a complication of cerebral ischaemia, and is characterized clinically by spontaneous pain and attacks of allodynia and dysaesthesia. However, the detailed mechanisms of CPSP are not well established. Herein, we have examined alterations of the current stimulus threshold of primary afferent neurons or the nociceptive threshold against mechanical stimuli in mice receiving left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).

Methods

Alterations of current stimulus threshold and the development of mechanical allodynia in hind paws were measured after MCAO using a Neurometer and the von Frey filament test, respectively.

Key findings

Development of cerebral infarction was clearly observed on day 1 and day 3 after MCAO. For the estimation of current stimulus threshold measured by the Neurometer, the sensitivity of Aδ and Aβ fibres (at 2000 and 250 Hz stimulation, respectively) was significantly increased on day 3 after MCAO, while that of C fibres (at 5 Hz stimulation) was unaltered. In addition, the paw withdrawal threshold of the left hind paw as measured by the von Frey filament test was significantly decreased on day 1 and day 3 after MCAO when compared with day 0, while that in the right hind paw was not different.

Conclusions

The data suggested the development of bilateral hyperaesthesia in this model. Further, mechanical allodynia developed in the ipsilateral side to the MCAO. Potentially, myelinated A fibre-specific hypersensitization after stroke may have contributed to these symptoms.