bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A theoretical framework for retrospective correction to the arterial input function in quantitative myocardial perfusion MRI
Authors: Fan Lexiaozi , Allen Bradley D. , Culver Austin E. , Hsu Li‐Yueh , Hong Kyungpyo , Benefield Brandon C. , Carr James C. , Lee Daniel C. , Kim Daniel
Published: March 2021

Purpose

To develop and evaluate a flexible, Bloch‐equation based framework for retrospective correction to the arterial input function (AIF) obtained with quantitative cardiac perfusion pulse sequences.

Methods

Our framework initially calculates the gadolinium concentration [Gd] based on T1 measurements alone. Next, is estimated from this initial calculation of [Gd] while assuming fast water exchange and using the literature native T2 and static magnetic field variation (ΔB0) values. Finally, the [Gd] is recalculated after performing correction to the Bloch equation signal model. Using this approach, we performed correction to historical phantom and in vivo, dual‐imaging perfusion data sets from 3 different patient groups obtained using different pulse sequences and imaging parameters. Images were processed to quantify both the AIF and resting myocardial blood flow (MBF). We also performed a sensitivity analysis of our correction to ±20% variations in native T2 and ΔB0.

Results

Compared with the ground truth [Gd] of phantom, the normalized root‐means‐square‐error (NRMSE) in measured [Gd] was 5.1%, 1.3%, and 0.6% for uncorrected, our corrected, and Kellman’s corrected, respectively. For in vivo data, both the peak AIF (7.0 ± 3.0 mM vs. 8.6 ± 7.1 mM, 7.2 ± 0.9 mM vs. 8.6 ± 1.7 mM, 7.7 ± 1.8 mM vs. 10.3 ± 5.1 mM, P < .001) and resting MBF (1.3 ± 0.1 mL/g/min vs. 1.1 ± 0.1 mL/g/min, 1.3 ± 0.1 mL/g/min vs. 1.1 ± 0.1 mL/g/min, 1.2 ± 0.1 mL/g/min vs. 0.9 ± 0.1 mL/g/min, P < .001) values were significantly different between uncorrected and corrected for all 3 patient groups. Both the peak AIF and resting MBF values varied by <5% over the said variations in native T2 and ΔB0.

Conclusion

Our theoretical framework enables retrospective correction to the AIF obtained with dual‐imaging, cardiac perfusion pulse sequences.
Estimating myofiber cross‐sectional area and connective tissue deposition with electrical impedance myography: A study in D2‐mdx mice
Authors: Pandeya Sarbesh R. , Nagy Janice A. , Riveros Daniela , Semple Carson , Taylor Rebecca S. , Mortreux Marie , Sanchez Benjamin , Kapur Kush , Rutkove Seward B.
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Surface electrical impedance myography (sEIM) has the potential for providing information on muscle composition and structure noninvasively. We sought to evaluate its use to predict myofiber size and connective tissue deposition in the D2‐mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).

Methods

We applied a prediction algorithm, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, to select specific EIM measurements obtained with surface and ex vivo EIM data from D2‐mdx and wild‐type (WT) mice (analyzed together or separately). We assessed myofiber cross‐sectional area histologically and hydroxyproline (HP), a surrogate measure for connective tissue content, biochemically.

Results

Using WT and D2‐mdx impedance values together in the algorithm, sEIM gave average root‐mean‐square errors (RMSEs) of 26.6% for CSA and 45.8% for HP, which translate into mean errors of ±363 μm2 for a mean CSA of 1365 μm2 and of ±1.44 μg HP/mg muscle for a mean HP content of 3.15 μg HP/mg muscle. Stronger predictions were obtained by analyzing sEIM data from D2‐mdx animals alone (RMSEs of 15.3% for CSA and 34.1% for HP content). Predictions made using ex vivo EIM data from D2‐mdx animals alone were nearly equivalent to those obtained with sEIM data (RMSE of 16.59% for CSA), and slightly more accurate for HP (RMSE of 26.7%).

Discussion

Surface EIM combined with a predictive algorithm can provide estimates of muscle pathology comparable to values obtained using ex vivo EIM, and can be used as a surrogate measure of disease severity and progression and response to therapy.
Burnout and job satisfaction among critical care nurses in Saudi Arabia and their contributing factors: A scoping review
Authors: Alzailai Nawal , Barriball Louise , Xyrichis Andreas
Published: March 2021

Aim

Nurses working in highly demanding areas, such as intensive care units, are more likely to experience burnout and low job satisfaction than nurses working in less demanding areas. This review aims to assess the degree of well‐being of nurses working in critical care settings in Saudi Arabia by evaluating their levels of burnout and job satisfaction, as well as the factors that contribute to them.

Design

A scoping review.

Method

Seven databases were searched for published research that examined the levels and factors of burnout and job satisfaction in intensive care units nurses in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as well as literature in which terminology other than “burnout” or terms related to burnout (such as “stress,” “compassion fatigue” and “moral distress”) were used that were conducted within Saudi Arabia. Data extraction and synthesis were performed by one reviewer and verified by a second reviewer. The present review was undertaken between January 2020 and December 2020.

Results

Eleven studies related to burnout and job satisfaction, and their contributing factors were identified. Evidence from this review indicated that intensive care units nurses in Saudi Arabia are suffering from moderate to high levels of burnout while experiencing only moderate levels of job satisfaction. Three categories of factors were found to be associated with burnout and nursing job satisfaction: intrapersonal, interpersonal and extra‐personal factors. The review highlights important findings for policy and nursing practice that can inform future studies and the development of burnout management strategies.
Evaluation of adulteration in distillate samples of Rosa damascena Mill using colorimetric sensor arrays, chemometric tools and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction‐GC‐MS
Authors: Mahboubifar Marjan , Hemmateenejad Bahram , Jassbi Amir Reza
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Rosa damascena Mill distillate and its essential oil are widely used in cosmetics, perfumes and food industries. Therefore, the methods of detection for its authentication is an important issue.

Objectives

We suggest colorimetric sensor array and chemometric methods to discriminate natural Rosa distillate from synthetic adulterates.

Material and methods

The colour responses of 20 indicators spotted on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) substrate were monitored with a flatbed scanner; then their digital representation was analysed with principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) and soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA).

Results

Accurate discrimination of the diluted‐ and synthetic‐mixture samples from the original ones was achieved by PLS‐DA and SIMCA models with error rate of 0.01 and 0, specificity of 0.98 and 1, sensitivity of 1 and 1, and accuracy of 0.98 and 0.96, respectively. Discrimination of the synthetic adulterate from the original samples was achieved with error rate of 0.03 and 0.03, specificity of 0.94 and 0.93, sensitivity of 1 and 1, and accuracy of 0.93 and 0.71 with PLS‐DA and SIMCA models, respectively. Moreover, the chemical constituents of the samples were analysed using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The main constituents of the distillate were geraniol, citronellol, and phenylethyl alcohol in different percentages, in both original and synthetic adulterate samples.

Conclusion

These results point out the successful combination of colorimetric sensor array and PLS‐DA and SIMCA as a fast, sensitive and inexpensive screening tool for discrimination of original samples of R. damascena Mill distillate from those prepared from synthetic Rosa essential oils.
Plant‐derived chemicals as potential inhibitors of SARS‐CoV‐2 main protease (6LU7), a virtual screening study
Authors: Sisakht Mohsen , Mahmoodzadeh Amir , Darabian Maryam
Published: March 2021

SARS‐CoV‐2 has caused millions of infections and more than 700,000 deaths. Taking the urgent need to find new therapeutics for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), a dataset of plant‐based natural compounds was selected for the screening of antiviral activity. The viral 3‐chymotrypsin‐like cysteine protease (Mpro, 3CLpro) was selected as the target. Molecular docking was performed on 2,845 phytochemicals to estimate the spatial affinity for the active sites of the enzyme. The ADMET screening was used for the pharmacological and physicochemical properties of the hit compounds. Nelfinavir and Lopinavir were used as control for binding energy comparison. The top 10 hits, based on the binding energy (Kcal/mol), were Ginkgolide M (−11.2), Mezerein (−11), Tubocurarine (−10.9), Gnidicin (−10.4), Glycobismine A (−10.4), Sciadopitysin Z‐10.2), Gnididin (−9.2), Glycobismine A (−10.4), Sciadopitysin (−10.2), Gnididin (−9.20, Emetine (−8.7), Vitexin (−8.3), Calophyllolide (−8.3), and 6‐(3,3‐Dimethylallyl)galangin (−7.9). The binding energy for nelfinavir and lopinavir were − 9.1 and − 8.4, respectively. Interestingly, some of these natural products were previously shown to possess antiviral properties against various viruses, such as HIV, Zika, and Ebola viruses. Herein, we suggest several phytochemicals as the inhibitors of the main protease of SARS‐CoV‐2 that could be used in the fight against COVID‐19.
MS Amanda 2.0: Advancements in the standalone implementation
Authors: Dorfer Viktoria , Strobl Marina , Winkler Stephan , Mechtler Karl
Published: March 2021

Rationale

Database search engines are the preferred method to identify peptides in mass spectrometry data. However, valuable software is in this context not only defined by a powerful algorithm to separate correct from false identifications, but also by constant maintenance and continuous improvements.

Methods

In 2014, we presented our peptide identification algorithm MS Amanda, showing its suitability for identifying peptides in high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry data and its ability to outperform widely used tools to identify peptides. Since then, we have continuously worked on improvements to enhance its usability and to support new trends and developments in this fast‐growing field, while keeping the original scoring algorithm to assess the quality of a peptide spectrum match unchanged.

Results

We present the outcome of these efforts, MS Amanda 2.0, a faster and more flexible standalone version with the original scoring algorithm. The new implementation has led to a 3–5× speedup, is able to handle new ion types and supports standard data formats. We also show that MS Amanda 2.0 works best when using only the most common ion types in a particular search instead of all possible ion types.

Conclusions

MS Amanda is available free of charge from https://ms.imp.ac.at/index.php?action=msamanda.
Dynamic scaling‐based adaptive control without scaling factor: With application to Euler–Lagrange systems
Authors: Xia Dongdong , Yue Xiaokui
Published: March 2021

A modular dynamic scaling‐based immersion and invariance (I&I) adaptive control framework for a class of nonlinear system with parametric uncertainties is presented in this paper. The framework is based on an invariant manifold approach which allows for predefined target dynamics to be assigned to the closed‐loop systems. The integrability obstacle typically inherent to I&I methodology is overcome by the matrix reconstruction and dynamic scaling technique. The prominent feature is that this methodology can be implemented without scaling factor, and hence the introduction of the scaling factor is just to prove the additive disturbance brought by the matrix reconstruction can be eliminated by constant feedback gains. Moreover, the bounded robustness against three different types of disturbance is verified. As an application, Euler‐Lagrange systems with unknown inertia parameters are applied to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Active Delivery of CRISPR System Using Targetable or Controllable Nanocarriers
Authors: Lyu Yan , Yang Cheng , Lyu Xiaomei , Pu Kanyi
Published: March 2021

Among programmable nuclease‐based genome editing tools, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system with accuracy and the convenient operation is most promising to be applied in gene therapy. The development of effective delivery carriers for the CRISPR system is the major premise to achieve practical applications. Although many nanocarrier‐mediated deliveries have been reported to be safer and cheaper over the physical and viral delivery, the accumulation at disease sites or controllability with the spatial or temporal resolution are still desired on nanocarriers to reduce side effects and off‐target from the CRISPR system. Therefore, the targetable and controllable nanocarriers to actively deliver the CRISPR system are summarized. The cell or even organ selective nanocarriers are introduced first, followed by the discussion of nanocarriers controlled by biochemical or physical signals. At last, the potential challenges faced by existing nanocarriers are discussed.
Origin, Influence, and Countermeasures of Defects in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Lei Yutian , Xu Youkui , Wang Meng , Zhu Ge , Jin Zhiwen
Published: March 2021

Defects are considered to be one of the most significant factors that compromise the power conversion efficiencies and long‐term stability of perovskite solar cells. Therefore, it is urgent to have a profound understanding of their formation and influence mechanism, so as to take corresponding measures to suppress or even completely eliminate their adverse effects on device performance. Herein, the possible origins of the defects in metal halide perovskite films and their impacts on the device performance are analyzed, and then various methods to reduce defect density are introduced in detail. Starting from the internal and interfacial aspects of the metal halide perovskite films, several ways to improve device performance and long‐term stability including additive engineering, surface passivation, and other physical treatments (annealing engineering), etc., are further elaborated. Finally, the further understanding of defects and the development trend of passivation strategies are prospected.
Synergistic Combination of Bioactive Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles and the Chemotherapeutic Doxorubicin to Overcome Tumor Multidrug Resistance
Authors: Dong Xiulin , Sun Yi , Li Yuanyuan , Ma Xiaoyu , Zhang Shuiquan , Yuan Yuan , Kohn Joachim , Liu Changsheng , Qian Jiangchao
Published: March 2021

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the biggest obstacles in cancer chemotherapy. Here, a remarkable reversal of MDR in breast cancer through the synergistic effects of bioactive hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAPNs) and doxorubicin (DOX) is shown. DOX loaded HAPNs (DHAPNs) exhibit a 150‐fold reduction in IC50compared with free DOX for human MDR breast cancer MCF‐7/ADR cells, and lead to almost complete inhibition of tumor growth in vivo without obvious side effects of free DOX. This high efficacy and specificity could be attributed to multiple action mechanisms of HAPNs. In addition to acting as the conventional nanocarriers to facilitate the cellular uptake and retention of DOX in MCF‐7/ADR cells, more importantly, drug‐free HAPNs themselves are able to prevent drug being pumped out of MDR cells through targeting mitochondria to induce mitochondrial damage and inhibit ATP production and to trigger sustained mitochondrial calcium overload and apoptosis in MDR cancer cells while not affecting normal cells. The results demonstrate that this simple but versatile bioactive nanoparticle provides a practical approach to effectively overcome MDR.
Role of Intermolecular Interactions in the Catalytic Reaction of Formic Acid on Cu(111)
Authors: Shiotari Akitoshi , Putra Septia Eka Marsha , Shiozawa Yuichiro , Hamamoto Yuji , Inagaki Kouji , Morikawa Yoshitada , Sugimoto Yoshiaki , Yoshinobu Jun , Hamada Ikutaro
Published: March 2021

Formic acid (HCOOH) can be catalytically decomposed into H2 and CO2 and is a promising hydrogen storage material. As H2 production catalysts, Cu surfaces allow selective HCOOH decarboxylation; however, the on‐surface HCOOH decomposition reaction pathway remains controversial. In this study, the temperature dependence of the HCOOH/Cu(111) adsorption structures is elucidated by scanning tunneling microscopy and non‐contact atomic force microscopy, establishing the adsorbate chemical species using density functional theory. 2D HCOOH islands at 80 K, linear chains of HCOOH and monodentate formate at 150 K, chain‐like assemblies of monodentate and bidentate formate at 200 K, and bidentate formate clusters at 300 K are observed. At each temperature, the adsorbates experience attractive interactions among themselves. Such aggregation stabilizes them against desorption and decomposition. Thus, accurate evaluation of intermolecular interactions is essential to understand catalytic reactivity.
Plan switching among Medicare Advantage beneficiaries with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias
Authors: Meyers David J. , Rahman Momotazur , Rivera‐Hernandez Maricruz , Trivedi Amal N. , Mor Vincent
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Patients with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) face substantial challenges in selecting, and remaining enrolled in, health insurance. Little is known about how patients with ADRD experience the Medicare Advantage (MA) program.

Methods

We used, hospital, outpatient, and post‐acute care data to identify MA beneficiaries with and without ADRD in 2014. Multinomial logit models estimated the percentage of people who disenrolled to traditional Medicare (TM) or switched to a different MA plan in 2015.

Results

Among non‐dually eligible beneficiaries, 9.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.0, 9.1) with ADRD disenrolled while 19.7% (95% CI: 19.6, 19.9) switched plans within MA compared to a disenrollment rate of 4.2% (95% CI: 4.2, 4.2) and switching rate of 22.8% (95% CI: 22.9, 22.8) for persons without ADRD.

Discussion

MA enrollees with ADRD tend to disenroll at substantially higher rates than those without ADRD. This may be indicative of their care needs not being met in the program.
Telling their own stories: Encouraging veterinary students to ethically reflect
Authors: Hobson‐West Pru , Millar Kate
Published: March 2021

Background: Veterinary practice raises complex and unique professional ethical dilemmas. There is increasing discussion of how best to deliver ethics education to veterinary students, so that they are fully prepared to address ethical conflicts in professional practice. This paper proposes the use of innovative methods to allow students to share and reflect on their own experiences of ethical dilemmas.

Methods: Two innovations are described. The first is formal and compulsory, and involves a small‐group facilitated session for final year students, wholly designed around student dilemmas. The second is informal and voluntary, and constitutes a short‐story writing competition.

Results: The methods described are conducive to student engagement in ethics and ethical reflection.

Conclusion: Veterinary schools should consider adopting student‐led techniques, deliberately designed to allow students to tell their own stories. Similar methods could also be adapted for use in clinical practice, thereby creating opportunities for professional dialogue on ethical dilemmas.
Evaluation of the efficacy of enrofloxacin in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following experimental challenge with Yersinia ruckeri
Authors: Rostang Antoine , Peroz Carole , Fournel Catherine , Thorin Chantal , Calvez Ségolène
Published: March 2021

Background: Use of enrofloxacin in trout farms is reported, especially for the treatment of yersiniosis, albeit various dosing regimens have been used. Therefore, optimal doses should be investigated.

Methods: Five groups of 15 fish were challenged with Y. ruckeri. Two days later, three groups received feed containing enrofloxacin (ENR) at 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg fish respectively, during 7 days; one group received a single intraperitoneal injection of ENR at 10 mg/kg; and one group was left untreated. On day 15, surviving fish were euthanized.

Results: All fish survived in the group treated by injection, compared to 53%, 60% and 40% of the fish treated with 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg oral ENR, respectively, and 53% in the infected untreated group.

Conclusion: A single intraperitoneal injection of ENR at 10 mg/kg seems more relevant than repeated oral administrations. The ENR oral doses used in trout farms should be revised.
What have we learned from 7 years of equine rhinitis B virus qPCR testing in nasal secretions from horses with respiratory signs
Authors: Bernardino Pedro , James Kaitlyn , Barnum Samantha , Corbin Rachel , Wademan Cara , Pusterla Nicola
Published: March 2021

Background:Equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV) has been given little attention by practitioners compared to other respiratory viruses, mainly because of the lack of diagnostic modalities and association with clinical disease. The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of detection of ERBV in nasal secretions from 6568 horses with acute onset of respiratory signs.

Methods:ERBV‐positive qPCR results from nasal secretions submitted to a molecular diagnostic laboratory from 2013 to 2019 were reviewed.

Results:A total of 333 ERBV qPCR‐positive samples (5.1%) were detected with increasing yearly frequency since the introduction of the assay in 2013. In comparison, only three of 356 (0.8%) healthy horses tested qPCR‐positive for ERBV. Median age for ERBV qPCR‐positive horses was 3 years of age, and fever, coughing and nasal discharge were the most common signs reported. Further, co‐infections with other respiratory pathogens were reported in 73 (21.9%) of ERBV qPCR‐positive samples.

Conclusion:ERBV is a commonly detected respiratory virus from nasal secretions of young horses presenting with fever, nasal discharge and coughing.
Wormholes and holographic decoherence
Authors: Anegawa Takanori , Iizuka Norihiro , Tamaoka Kotaro , Ugajin Tomonori
Published: March 2021

Abstract

We study a class of decoherence process which admits a 3 dimensional holographic bulk. Starting from a thermo-field double dual to a wormhole, we prepare another thermo-field double which plays the role of environment. By allowing the energy flow between the original and environment thermo-field double, the entanglement of the original thermo-field double eventually decoheres. We model this decoherence by four-boundary wormhole geometries, and study the time-evolution of the moduli parameters to see the change of the entanglement pattern among subsystems. A notable feature of this holographic decoherence processes is that at the end point of the processes, the correlations of the original thermo-field double are lost completely both classically and also quantum mechanically. We also discuss distinguishability between thermo-field double state and thermo mixed double state, which contains only classical correlations, and construct a code subspace toy model for that.
Relativistic non-resistive viscous magnetohydrodynamics from the kinetic theory: a relaxation time approach
Authors: Panda Ankit Kumar , Dash Ashutosh , Biswas Rajesh , Roy Victor
Published: March 2021

Abstract

We derive the relativistic non-resistive, viscous second-order magnetohydrodynamic equations for the dissipative quantities using the relaxation time approximation. The Boltzmann equation is solved for a system of particles and antiparticles using Chapman-Enskog like gradient expansion of the single-particle distribution function truncated at second order. In the first order, the transport coefficients are independent of the magnetic field. In the second-order, new transport coefficients that couple magnetic field and the dissipative quantities appear which are different from those obtained in the 14-moment approximation [1] in the presence of a magnetic field. However, in the limit of the weak magnetic field, the form of these equations are identical to the 14-moment approximation albeit with different values of these coefficients. We also derive the anisotropic transport coefficients in the Navier-Stokes limit.
Unruh-DeWitt detector responses for complex scalar fields in de Sitter spacetime
Authors: Ali Md Sabir , Bhattacharya Sourav , Lochan Kinjalk
Published: March 2021

Abstract

We derive the response function for a comoving, pointlike Unruh-DeWitt particle detector coupled to a complex scalar field ϕ, in the (3 + 1)-dimensional cosmological de Sitter spacetime. The field-detector coupling is taken to be proportional to ϕ†ϕ. We address both conformally invariant and massless minimally coupled scalar field theories, respectively in the conformal and the Bunch-Davies vacuum. The response function integral for the massless minimal complex scalar, not surprisingly, shows divergences and accordingly we use suitable regularisation scheme to find out well behaved results. The regularised result also contains a de Sitter symmetry breaking logarithm, growing with the cosmological time. Possibility of extension of these results with the so called de Sitter α-vacua is discussed. While we find no apparent problem in computing the response function for a real scalar in these vacua, a complex scalar field is shown to contain some possible ambiguities in the detector response. The case of the minimal and nearly massless scalar field theory is also briefly discussed.
Bundle geometry of the connection space, covariant Hamiltonian formalism, the problem of boundaries in gauge theories, and the dressing field method
Authors: François J.
Published: March 2021

Abstract

We take advantage of the principal bundle geometry of the space of connections to obtain general results on the presymplectic structure of two classes of (pure) gauge theories: invariant theories, and non-invariant theories satisfying two restricting hypothesis. In particular, we derive the general field-dependent gauge transformations of the presymplectic potential and presymplectic 2-form in both cases. We point-out that a generalisation of the standard bundle geometry, called twisted geometry, arises naturally in the study of non-invariant gauge theories (e.g. non-Abelian Chern-Simons theory). These results prove that the well-known problem of associating a symplectic structure to a gauge theory over bounded regions is a generic feature of both classes. The edge modes strategy, recently introduced to address this issue, has been actively developed in various contexts by several authors. We draw attention to the dressing field method as the geometric framework underpinning, or rather encompassing, this strategy. The geometric insight afforded by the method both clarifies it and clearly delineates its potential shortcomings as well as its conditions of success. Applying our general framework to various examples allows to straightforwardly recover several results of the recent literature on edge modes and on the presymplectic structure of general relativity.
Global existence of solutions and smoothing effects for classes of reaction–diffusion equations on manifolds
Authors: Grillo Gabriele , Meglioli Giulia , Punzo Fabio
Published: March 2021

We consider the porous medium equation with a power-like reaction term, posed on Riemannian manifolds. Under certain assumptions on p and m in (1.1), and for small enough nonnegative initial data, we prove existence of global in time solutions, provided that the Sobolev inequality holds on the manifold. Furthermore, when both the Sobolev and the Poincaré inequalities hold, similar results hold under weaker assumptions on the forcing term. By the same functional analytic methods, we investigate global existence for solutions to the porous medium equation with source term and variable density in $${{\mathbb {R}}}^n$$

R

n

.
Gewinnung von Echtzeitdaten aus der medizinischen Versorgung zur Handlungssteuerung in Public Health
Authors: Grabenhenrich, MPH Linus , Schranz Madlen , Boender Sonia , Kocher Theresa , Esins Janina , Fischer Martina
Published: March 2021

Echtzeitdaten aus der medizinischen Versorgung spielen für die Handlungsteuerung in Public Health eine entscheidende Rolle. Dies zeigt die COVID-19-Pandemie besonders deutlich: Viele Public-Health-Akteure sind auf die aktuellen Daten aus dem klinischen und Versorgungsgeschehen angewiesen, um wichtige Entscheidungen treffen und Empfehlungen geben zu können. Die Automatisierung der Verarbeitungs- und Kommunikationsprozesse ist essenziell, damit eine Kontinuität des Datenflusses gewährleistet wird und Ressourcen geschont werden. Bisher standen der Entwicklung digital automatisierter Echtzeitsysteme mit wissenschaftlichem Qualitätsanspruch verschiedene technische, fachliche und organisatorische Herausforderungen im Weg. Die COVID-19-Pandemie dient seit ihrem Beginn Anfang 2020 als Motor für zukunftsfähige Systementwicklungen.

In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst beschrieben, wie ein Echtzeitdatensystem aufgebaut sein muss, damit eine automatisierte Datenverarbeitung möglich ist. Wichtige Aspekte bei der Zusammenführung der Daten, ihrer Aufbereitung, Bereitstellung und Kommunikation werden dargestellt. Als Beispiel dient ein System, das Routinedaten aus Notaufnahmen in Echtzeit verarbeitet und diese Public-Health-Akteuren bereitstellt. Es setzt sich zusammen aus dem Notaufnahmeregister des Aktionsbündnisses für Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie in Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin (AKTIN) der Universität Magdeburg und der RWTH Aachen und dem Surveillance Monitor (SUMO) des Robert Koch-Instituts.

Die Entwicklung zukunftsfähiger Echtzeitsysteme zur Verarbeitung von Forschungsdaten aus der medizinischen Versorgung kann nur durch die Zusammenarbeit verschiedenster Akteure gelingen. Eine wichtige Grundlage für den langfristigen Erfolg ist die Entwicklung eines gesetzlichen Rahmens.
Commutative semigroups whose endomorphisms are power functions
Authors: Mazurek Ryszard
Published: March 2021

For any commutative semigroup S and positive integer m the power function $$f: S \rightarrow S$$

f
:
S
→
S

defined by $$f(x) = x^m$$

f

(
x
)

=

x
m

is an endomorphism of S. We partly solve the Lesokhin–Oman problem of characterizing the commutative semigroups whose all endomorphisms are power functions. Namely, we prove that every endomorphism of a commutative monoid S is a power function if and only if S is a finite cyclic group, and that every endomorphism of a commutative ACCP-semigroup S with an idempotent is a power function if and only if S is a finite cyclic semigroup. Furthermore, we prove that every endomorphism of a nontrivial commutative atomic monoid S with 0, preserving 0 and 1, is a power function if and only if either S is a finite cyclic group with zero adjoined or S is a cyclic nilsemigroup with identity adjoined. We also prove that every endomorphism of a 2-generated commutative semigroup S without idempotents is a power function if and only if S is a subsemigroup of the infinite cyclic semigroup.
Perceptions of homeopathy in supportive cancer care among oncologists and general practitioners in France
Authors: Bagot J. L. , Theunissen I. , Serral A.
Published: March 2021

Objectives

In France, homeopathy is the most frequently used complementary therapy in supportive care in oncology (SCO); its use is steadily increasing. However, data is limited about the perception and relevance of homeopathy by oncologists and general practitioners (GPs) both with and without homeopathic training (HGPs and NHGPs, respectively). Our aim was to evaluate French physicians’ perceptions of homeopathy to clarify its place in SCO through two original observation survey-based studies.

Materials and methods

Two cross-sectional surveys of French physicians were conducted involving (1) 150 specialist oncologists; (2) 97 HGPs and 100 NHGPs. Questions evaluated physician attitudes to homeopathy and patterns of use of homeopathic therapies in patients requiring SCO. Survey responses were described and analyzed on the basis of physician status.

Results

Ten percent of oncologists stated they prescribe homeopathy; 36% recommend it; 54% think that homeopathy is potentially helpful in SCO. Two-thirds of the NHGPs sometimes prescribe homeopathy in the context of SCO and 58% regularly refer their patients to homeopathic doctors. HGPs have a positive perception of homeopathy in SCO.

Conclusions

Homeopathy is viewed favorably as an integrated SCO therapy by the majority of French physicians involved with cancer patients—oncologists and GPs. Symptoms of particular relevance include fatigue, anxiety, peripheral neuropathy, sleep disturbance, and hot flashes. In such clinical situations, response to conventional therapies may be suboptimal and homeopathy is considered a reliable therapeutic option. These two studies highlight the fact that homeopathy has gained legitimacy as the first complementary therapy in SCO in France.
Restorative Parenting: Delivering Trauma-Informed Residential Care for Children in Care
Authors: Parry S. L. , Williams T. , Burbidge C.
Published: March 2021

Background

There are 78,150 children in care in England and 12% live in group residential settings. Little empirical research informs our understanding of how these vulnerable children heal from multi-type trauma in residential homes. Evidence-based multisystemic trauma-informed models of care are needed for good quality consistent care.

Objective

Using a novel multisystemic trauma-informed model of care with an embedded developmental monitoring index, the Restorative Parenting Recovery Programme, pilot data was collected from young people and care staff from four residential homes over a two-year period. Five key developmental areas of children’s recovery were investigated through monthly monitoring data. Staff were also interviewed to explore their experiences of delivering the intervention to contextualise the findings.

Methods

Data was gathered from 26 children, aged 6–14 years, over a two-year period. Their developmental wellbeing was measured using the Restorative Parenting Recovery Index and analysed through a comparison of means. To add further context to this preliminary analysis, qualitative interviews were undertaken with 12 Therapeutic Parents to explore their perceptions of how the Restorative Parenting Recovery Programme influenced the children’s development.

Results

Young people showed significant improvements on indices relating to relationships (p = 0.002, d=0.844). Significant changes are observed during the first half of the programme in self-perception (p = 0.006, d = 0.871) and self-care (p = 0.018, d = 0.484), although limited progress around self-awareness and management of impulses and emotions.

Conclusions

This novel integrative approach to re-parenting and embedded measurement system to track the children’s progress is the first of its kind and has originated from extensive multisystemic clinical practice.
Digitalisation in early childhood education: a domestication theoretical perspective on teachers’ experiences
Authors: Lindeman Sofie , Svensson Maria , Enochsson Ann-Britt
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study is to increase knowledge of teachers’ understanding and experiences of using, or not using, digital tools in Early Childhood Education (ECE). The study takes a domestication theoretical approach based on interviews with twelve teachers from nine ECE institutions working with play-based learning with children aged 1–5 years from four different municipalities in Sweden. The study answers the following two research questions: In what ways, and to what extent, do teachers integrate digital tools in their work? What practical, symbolic or cognitive aspects affect their work with digital tools? The teachers have integrated the digital tools to different extent. The most useful tools for working with the children are tablets and beamers, which are devices that can be used in various ways. Digital tools used for administration are domesticated to a greater extent than the tools teachers use with the children. The study further shows that important factors in the successful domestication of digital tools in ECE include digital competence, including pedagogical aspects, in combination with personal drive and professional learning and development.
Review of petroleum toxicity and identifying common endpoints for future research on diluted bitumen toxicity in marine mammals
Authors: Ruberg E. J. , Elliott J. E. , Williams T. D.
Published: March 2021

Large volumes of conventional crude oil continue to be shipped by sea from production to consumption areas across the globe. In addition, unconventional petroleum products also transverse pelagic habitats; for example, diluted bitumen from Canada’s oilsands which is shipped along the Pacific coast to the United States and Asia. Therefore, there is a continuing need to assess the toxicological consequences of chronic and catastrophic petroleum spillage on marine wildlife. Peer-reviewed literature on the toxicity of unconventional petroleum such as diluted bitumen exists for teleost fish, but not for fauna such as marine mammals. In order to inform research needs for unconventional petroleum toxicity we conducted a comprehensive literature review of conventional petroleum toxicity on marine mammals. The common endpoints observed in conventional crude oil exposures and oil spills include hematological injury, modulation of immune function and organ weight, genotoxicity, eye irritation, neurotoxicity, lung disease, adrenal dysfunction, metabolic and clinical abnormalities related to oiling of the pelage, behavioural impacts, decreased reproductive success, mortality, and population-level declines. Based on our findings and the body of literature we accessed, our recommendations for future research include: 1) improved baseline data on PAH and metals exposure in marine mammals, 2) improved pre- and post-spill data on marine mammal populations, 3) the use of surrogate mammalian models for petroleum toxicity testing, and 4) the need for empirical data on the toxicity of unconventional petroleum to marine mammals.
COVID-19 and myocarditis: a systematic review and overview of current challenges
Authors: Castiello Teresa , Georgiopoulos Georgios , Finocchiaro Gherardo , Claudia Monaco , Gianatti Andrea , Delialis Dimitrios , Aimo Alberto , Prasad Sanjay
Published: March 2021

Myocardial inflammation in COVID-19 has been documented. Its pathogenesis is not fully elucidated, but the two main theories foresee a direct role of ACE2 receptor and a hyperimmune response, which may also lead to isolated presentation of COVID-19-mediated myocarditis. The frequency and prognostic impact of COVID-19-mediated myocarditis is unknown. This review aims to summarise current evidence on this topic. We performed a systematic review of MEDLINE and Cochrane Library (1/12/19–30/09/20). We also searched clinicaltrials.gov for unpublished studies testing therapies with potential implication for COVID-19-mediated cardiovascular complication. Eligible studies had laboratory confirmed COVID-19 and a clinical and/or histological diagnosis of myocarditis by ESC or WHO/ISFC criteria. Reports of 38 cases were included (26 male patients, 24 aged < 50 years). The first histologically proven case was a virus-negative lymphocytic myocarditis; however, biopsy evidence of myocarditis secondary to SARS-CoV-2 cardiotropism has been recently demonstrated. Histological data was found in 12 cases (8 EMB and 4 autopsies) and CMR was the main imaging modality to confirm a diagnosis of myocarditis (25 patients). There was a substantial variability in biventricular systolic function during the acute episode and in therapeutic regimen used. Five patients died in hospital. Cause-effect relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and myocarditis is difficult to demonstrate. However, current evidence demonstrates myocardial inflammation with or without direct cardiomyocyte damage, suggesting different pathophysiology mechanisms responsible of COVID-mediated myocarditis. Established clinical approaches should be pursued until future evidence support different actions. Large multicentre registries are advisable to elucidate further.
Leader Network Centrality and Team Performance: Team Size as Moderator and Collaboration as Mediator
Authors: Yuan Yingjie , van Knippenberg Daan
Published: March 2021

The social network perspective provides a valuable lens to understand the effectiveness of team leaders. In understanding leadership impact in team networks, an important question concerns the structural influence of leader centrality in advice-giving networks on team performance. Taking the inconsistent evidence for the positive relationship of network centrality and leadership effectiveness as a starting point, we suggest that the positive impact of leader centrality in advice-giving networks is contingent on team needs for leadership to meet communication and coordination challenges, which we argue are larger in larger teams. Developing our analysis, we examine the mediating role of member collaboration in the relationship of leader network centrality and team performance as moderated by team size. Based on a multi-source dataset of 542 employees and 71 team leaders, we found that leader centrality in advice-giving networks related positively to team performance in larger teams but negatively in smaller teams. Results supported the mediated moderation model via member collaboration in smaller teams, but not in larger teams.
Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of an Ambrosia Beetle to Volatiles of its Nutritional Fungal Symbiont
Authors: Ranger Christopher M. , Dzurenko Marek , Barnett Jenny , Geedi Ruchika , Castrillo Louela , Ethington Matthew , Ginzel Matthew , Addesso Karla , Reding Michael E.
Published: March 2021

Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) cultivate their fungal symbiont within host substrates as the sole source of nutrition on which the larvae and adults must feed. To investigate a possible role for semiochemicals in this interaction, we characterized electrophysiological and behavioral responses ofXylosandrus germanusto volatiles associated with its fungal symbiontAmbrosiella grosmanniae. During still-air walking bioassays,X. germanusexhibited an arrestment response to volatiles ofA. grosmanniae, but not antagonistic fungiBeauveria bassiana,Metarhizium brunneum,Trichoderma harzianum, the plant pathogenFusarium proliferatum, or malt extract agar. Solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2-phenylethanol, methyl benzoate and 3-methyl-1-butanol in emissions fromA. grosmanniae; the latter two compounds were also detected in emissions fromB. bassiana. Concentration-responses using electroantennography documented weak depolarizations toA. grosmanniaefungal volatiles, unlike the comparatively strong response to ethanol. When tested singly in walking bioassays, volatiles identified fromA. grosmanniaeelicited relatively weak arrestment responses, unlike the responses to ethanol.Xylosandrus germanusalso exhibited weak or no long-range attraction to the fungal volatiles when tested singly during field trials in 2016–2018. None of the fungal volatiles enhanced attraction ofX. germanusto ethanol when tested singly; in contrast, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol consistently reduced attraction to ethanol. Volatiles emitted byA. grosmanniaemay represent short-range olfactory cues that could aid in distinguishing their nutritional fungal symbiont from other fungi, but these compounds are not likely to be useful as long-range attractants for improving detection or mass trapping tactics.
Barriers and Facilitators for Implementing Motivational Interviewing as a Return to Work Intervention in a Norwegian Social Insurance Setting: A Mixed Methods Process Evaluation
Authors: Foldal Vegard Stolsmo , Solbjør Marit , Standal Martin Inge , Fors Egil Andreas , Hagen Roger , Bagøien Gunnhild , Johnsen Roar , Hara Karen Walseth , Fossen Heidi , Løchting Ida , Eik Hedda , Grotle Margreth , Aasdahl Lene
Published: March 2021

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate potential barriers and facilitators for implementing motivational interviewing (MI) as a return to work (RTW) intervention in a Norwegian social insurance setting. Methods A mixed-methods process evaluation was conducted alongside a randomized controlled trial involving MI sessions delivered by social insurance caseworkers. The study was guided by the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework using focus groups with the caseworkers. MI fidelity was evaluated through audio-recordings of MI sessions and questionnaires to sick-listed participants. Results Lack of co-worker and managerial support, time and place for practicing to further develop MI skills, and a high workload made the MI intervention challenging for the caseworkers. The MI method was experienced as useful, but difficult to master. MI fidelity results showed technical global scores over the threshold for “beginning proficiency” whereas the relational global score was under the threshold. The sick-listed workers reported being satisfied with the MI sessions. Conclusions Despite caseworker motivation for learning and using MI in early follow-up sessions, MI was hard to master and use in practice. Several barriers and facilitators were identified; these should be addressed before implementing MI in a social insurance setting.

Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03212118 (registered July 11, 2017).
A Simple Logic of Functional Dependence
Authors: Baltag Alexandru , van Benthem Johan
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a simple decidable logic of functional dependence LFD, based on an extension of classical propositional logic with dependence atoms plus dependence quantifiers treated as modalities, within the setting of generalized assignment semantics for first order logic. The expressive strength, complete proof calculus and meta-properties of LFD are explored. Various language extensions are presented as well, up to undecidable modal-style logics for independence and dynamic logics of changing dependence models. Finally, more concrete settings for dependence are discussed: continuous dependence in topological models, linear dependence in vector spaces, and temporal dependence in dynamical systems and games.