bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of Sb2Te3 nanowires
Authors: Ye S , Ling Y , Cheng X , Xu C
Published: July 2009

Sb2Te3 nanowires were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment at 450 K and pH 11, and their microstructure analysed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Sb2Te3 nanowires growing from a nanoplate were observed by TEM, which revealed them to grow along the (0 1 5) direction. DSC showed that the transformation point between crystalline and molten state of the Sb2Te3 nanowires is 727.5K. A possible mechanism for the formation of the Sb2Te3 nanowire structures is discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of Functional ABA Block Polymer Containing Aniline Trimer
Authors: Liu Siwei , Wu Yupeng , Zhang Yi , Chi Zhenguo , Wei Yen , Xu Jiarui
Published: July 2009

An ABA block polymer, polyester-b-(aniline trimer)-b-polyester, was synthesized through the reaction of double amino-capped aniline trimer and 6-hexanolide, with stannous octoate as catalyst, via ring-opening polymerization in anhydrous toluene solution. The structure of the block polymer was characterized and verified by 1H NMR, FT-IR, and UV–vis spectroscopies, CV, and GPC. The molecular weight (5.9×103 g mol−1) calculated through 1H NMR was very close to the data collected by GPC (Mn=5.0×103, Mw=5.8×103, DMF as solvent). The polymer has good solubility in common organic solvents, such as THF and DMF. Both thermostability and electrostability of the block polymer are enhanced, compared to aniline trimer. Moreover, the polymer’s sensitivity to pH value is superior to the stand-alone aniline trimer. The enhancement of both stability and sensitivity may give the block polymer more opportunities to be used as sensor material.
Detector-free and Multiple Sensing of Various Molecules Using Gold Nanoparticles and Aptazymes
Authors: Ogawa Atsushi , Maeda Mizuo
Published: July 2009

We have developed a detector-free and multiple detection method for various analytes using some orthogonal pairs of cleavase-aptazymes and the corresponding probe-DNA-tethered gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for each analyte. In this method, each cleavase-aptazyme cleaves itself only in the presence of its cofactor (i.e. analyte), and each resulting cleaved RNA hybridizes only to the corresponding probe DNA on AuNPs to induce AuNP aggregation that can be detected with the naked eye.
Distinction between Bioethanol and Synthetic Ethanol in a Mixture of Gasoline Using Low Level Liquid Scintillation Counting
Authors: Kim Seung-Soo , Kim Jinsoo , Shin Seong-Cheol , Agblevor Foster A
Published: July 2009

Bioethanol is made by the fermentation of biomass and different from petroleum-derived ethanol. The Korean government started a two year long feasibility study of using bioethanol mixed with sub-octane gasoline as transportation fuel in 2006. The development of analysis methods for bioethanol is an urgent issue to protect illegal circulation of synthetic ethanol in the transportation fuel market. In this letter, a new approach was introduced to analyze bioethanol and synthetic ethanol within a mixture of sub-octane gasoline and synthetic ethanol using low level liquid scintillation counting (LSC).
Mesomorphic Properties in Asymmetric Bent-shaped Molecules with Different Linkage Moieties as Side Wings
Authors: Kang Sungmin , Lee Seng-Kue , Li Xiadong , Tokita Masatoshi , Watanabe Junji
Published: July 2009

A new homologous series of asymmetric bent-shaped molecules with two different side wings composed of Schiff base and ester linkage moieties were synthesized. The effects of asymmetric shape on the liquid crystalline properties were investigated and discussed in comparison with the conventional symmetric bent-shaped molecules.
Synthesis of Ketones from Carboxylic Acids with R(PrNH)Mg
Authors: Ohki Maria , Asaoka Morio
Published: July 2009

A widely applicable procedure for the preparation of ketones from carboxylic acids via sodium salts with R(PrNH)Mg is described.
Development of visual perception and the role of visual concepts in Critical Studies
Authors: de Sousa Vianna Rachel
Published: July 2009

This article presents a qualitative research into the development of visual perception in Critical Studies, the role visual concepts play in this process, and the knowledge and skills necessary to engage with artworks. The data comprised interviews with eight lectures and professors
of art and design education from four universities in London. The results suggest that interviewees did not attribute great importance to developing visual perception and that a formalist approach is not as common in Critical Studies as in activities involving art production.
Appearances can be deceptive: A report on the dress, tastes and values of Hungarian secondary school pupils
Authors: Gaul Emil
Published: July 2009

This paper reports a study of secondary school pupils' dress, tastes and values. Adolescents from eighteen cities and towns in Hungary responded to a questionnaire and were photographed wearing their favourite attire. A finding was that their dress styles correlated with their tastes
in music. However the characteristic differences between taste in clothes and music did not correspond with significant variations in their value systems. Other than dress, these secondary school pupils' cultural habits, social relationships and lifestyles did not differ very much and they
were a rather homogenous group.
Book Reviews
Authors: Sevigny Maurice J , Gaimster Julia
Published: July 2009

Unspoken Interactions: Exploring the Unspoken Dimensions of Learning and Teaching in Creative Subjects, Noam Austerlitz (ed.), (2008) The Centre for Learning in Art and Design: University of the Arts London, 267 pp., ISBN 978-0-9541439-9-2, paperback, 20

Educating
Artists for the Future; Learning at the Intersections of Art, Science, Technology and Culture, Mel Alexenberg (ed.), (2008), Bristol: Intellect, 344 pp., ISBN 978-1-84150-191-8, Hardback, 29.95
A Unique Machine for Large Scale Fatigue Testing
Authors: Cordiano H. V.
Published: July 2009

This paper describes a large scale fatigue testing machine of the vibratory type which is quite different in principle of operation from the resonance type machines. It operates on the principle of the dynamic vibration absorber and uses to advantage the condition that at some frequency between the two resonance frequencies of the system the disturbing force is equal to the force developed in the damper spring. In the machine described the disturbing force consists of an alternating couple developed by two sets of rotating eccentric disks on parallel shafts rotating in the same direction, 180 deg out of phase with each other, and the absorber consists of a weighted test specimen subjected to bending loads. At the operating speed of the machine, the impressed alternating couple is balanced by the moment developed in the specimen. The specimen is so supported that the bending moment is uniform over the length of the 40-n. span. The main frame of the machine is designed for a capacity of 400,000 in-lb which may be increased from zero to a maximum in 50 steps through adjustment of multiple eccentric disks. The mean moment during the cycle is zero so that the machine is now limited to applying completely reversed stresses only. Results of fatigue tests on riveted and welded joints obtained with the machine are generally in agreement with the work reported by other investigators. The machine has proved sufficiently rugged and adaptable to permit additional investigations into the fatigue properties of various large scale joints in glass-reinforced laminated plastics.
Torsional Fatigue Testing of Axle Shafts
Authors: Eckert E. J.
Published: July 2009

Unidirectional torsional fatigue tests were run on axle shafts with an average shank diameter of 3 in. Since the main interest was in the performance of these shafts in the low cycle range, it was necessary to design and build a hydraulic, non-rotating, constant load fatigue machine for this purpose. The construction and operation of this machine are described. The effect of various surface conditions and hardness was investigated. A comparison was made with published literature to indicate size effect. Supplementary tests were run to determine the stringer content, hardness profile, chemical composition, and shot peening intensity. Materials tested were SAE 86B45H and SAE 4150 steels at Rockwell hardness C 45 or above. It was found that inclusions lowered and shot peening increased the fatigue strength of these shafts. Straightening produced no significant influence. The maximum strength in the shank was obtained with a Rockwell hardness of C 50 to 55. The fatigue strength was found to be somewhat less than that of smaller specimens in published literature.
Fatigue Testing of Airframe Structural Components
Authors: Foster H. W.
Published: July 2009

A brief discussion is presented of some important points to be considered in laying out simulated service fatigue tests of components. Typical airframe component tests that are illustrated and discussed include tests of primary wing surface structure, landing gear, and secondary and equipment structure subjected to very high cycle loadings. Some discussion is also presented on the reliability of data which may be obtained from tests of a single component.
Measurement of Effect of Moisture on Heat Transfer Through Insulated Flat-Roof Constructions
Authors: Powell F. J. , Robinson H. E.
Published: July 2009

Two methods are described for the laboratory determination of the effect of moisture on the heat transfer through insulated flat-roof constructions subjected to successive periods of simulated summer and winter temperature conditions with daily solar heating of the top surface. The methods allow determinations of changes in the insulating value of the entire construction and also of its components due to moisture to be made simultaneously on specimens of different designs. The first method employs heat-flow meters, the second method a calorimetric technique; the second method also includes a means for measuring the rate of change of the moisture content of the specimens. Illustrative results are given for 13 of the 54 specimens tested over a period of 5 yr. Results indicate that natural in-place drying of wetted insulation over a vapor barrier or over a dense concrete deck is very slow and that, once wetted in such installations, insulation will have a greater than normal heat transmission for long periods of time. Some constructions made without vapor barriers, containing materials of moderate permeance, showed good drying characteristics, so that if initially wet, or wetted later, the insulation approached dryness in a period comparable to a year's service.
Embrittlement of Solder by Gold from Plated Surfaces
Authors: Foster F. Gordon
Published: July 2009

Poor joints are often encountered when soldering gold-plated parts. Although the solder wets the parts, roughness, porosity, and brittleness may be present. This is particularly true where the gold plate is heavy and the amount of solder is small. Microscopic study shows the presence of long, hard, white crystals in the solder of such joints. The effects of various concentrations of gold in 60-40 tin-lead solder and in tin and lead are reported.
Mechanism of Wetting During Solder Joint Formation
Authors: Manko Howard H.
Published: July 2009

The mechanism involved in the formation of the solder bond and the source of its strength is described. The soldering of two metals requires the establishment of an interface where the solder is bonded to each of the two metals, thus giving the desired metallic continuity in the solder joint. The formation of the interface in a solder joint requires three elements: the solder alloy itself, the base metal, and the flux or atmosphere in which the process takes place. The thermodynamic equilibrium between the surface energies, and the use of the dihedral angle in the evaluation of wetting conditions are described. A simplified atomic picture is used to illustrate the structure of the solder joint and to explain the source of its strength. Intermetallics, alloying, and mutual diffusion are also discussed. Finally, the paper shows the sequence of events leading to the solder joint formation and indicates how the wetting information can be translated into a practical quality control system.
Effect of Impurities on Some Properties of Lead-Tin Alloys
Authors: Heberlein Max F. W.
Published: July 2009

A research investigation on the effects of the common impurities on the soldering properties of various lead-tin alloys is described in detail Observations of these effects after carefully measured additions of antimony, arsenic, bismuth, silver, copper, phosphorus, and sulfur are compiled and discussed Reliable conclusions can be drawn about the quality of a solder by hotdipping steel, brass, or copper into a molten pool of such an alloy The tolerable limits of impurities in an all-purpose solder were determined to be: antimony, 0.4 per cent; arsenic, 0.02 per cent; copper, 0.06 per cent; phosphorus and sulfur, as low as possible, preferably nil.
Factors Affecting Quality of Soft Soldered Joints in Copper Water Tube
Authors: Keyes J. M.
Published: July 2009

For many years, copper tube has been widely used for water, waste, and vent lines in general plumbing installations. It has been increasingly popular because of its inherent corrosion resistance, economy, and ease of installation using soldered joints. Millions of joints have been made with no difficulty or unsatisfactory service reported. Occasionally, however, a pullout failure or a leak has occurred at a joint. This has been very serious when access for repair was difficult, for example, if it were necessary to break up a concrete slab floor in a home or building or to tear up the pavement in a street. Such infrequent isolated failures are generally considered to be caused by poor workmanship. Recommended practices call for careful cleaning of the tube ends and the fitting prior to soldering, the use of proper temperatures, fluxes, and solders, and suitable methods for applying the heat and feeding the solder. Fittings and tube are made to special tolerances to provide the proper clearance for capillary flow of the solder. It has been observed under carefully controlled laboratory conditions that even an experienced operator will occasionally produce a joint which is not completely filled with solder—that is, a joint of less than maximum strength. The “voids” or unsoldered areas in such joints provide potential sources of leaks. The problem was to determine the factors which result in imperfect or incompletely filled joints. A research program was begun in 1959 by the Solder Joint Subcommittee of the Technical Committee of the Copper and Brass Research Assn. (CABRA) to study the effect of various factors that could have an adverse effect on the quality of soft soldered copper tube joints. The National Bureau of Standards, under the sponsorship of the Copper and Brass Research Assn., some years ago made a comprehensive study of the effect of short- and long-time loading on the strength of joints, over a broad range of temperatures. When this work was reviewed, it was recognized that time, particularly at elevated temperature, could be a major factor in the strength of soldered joints. The presence of arsenic has been known also to prevent the proper adherence of lead-tin alloy coating on copper wire; therefore it was felt that arsenic contamination in soft solders was a possible factor.
Use of Color Centers for Detection and Measurement of Defects
Authors: Levy P. W.
Published: July 2009

When materials are subjected to irradiation by energetic particles such as fast neutrons, the primary radiation damage event is the formation of vacancies, interstitials, and more complex defects along the trajectory of the recoil lattice atoms. Defects are also formed by purely ionizing radiations such as gamma rays. Several different mechanisms have been proposed to account for this type of defect formation and these are discussed. One of the fundamental problems of radiation damage is to determine the various types of defects formed, their concentration, spatial distribution, rate of formation, and so forth, and how the properties of each type of defect depend on parameters such as the energy of the recoiling atom, the sample temperature, etc. In nonmetals, some of these defects are, or can be, converted into centers that absorb light, or color centers. Each of these centers gives rise to different optical absorption bands, and from absorption measurements the center or defect concentration can be computed. Unfortunately, numerous absorption bands have been found in many crystals that have not been unequivocally attributed to specific defects. In order to use this technique to determine defect concentrations accurately, it is essential to ensure that at least a known fraction of the defects have captured electrons or holes. In many instances the conditions required to do this can be determined by studying the conversion of existing defects into color centers by purely ionizing radiation, such as X-rays. The techniques described in this paper have been used to show that the number of defects produced in sodium chloride by fast reactor neutrons are consistent with existing theories on radiation damage. They have also been used to study the growth and annealing of the defects formed in aluminum oxide, and fused silica by reactor irradiations.
Thermal Decomposition of Irradiated Nickel Oxalate
Authors: Prout E. G. , Brown M. E.
Published: July 2009

The thermal decomposition of dehydrated nickel oxalate is accelerated by preirradiation with γ-rays (about 1.1 Mev). The acceleration is preceded by an initial deceleratory reaction that obeys the unimolecular decay law. The pressure of gas liberated in this reaction is proportional to the γ-ray dose. It is suggested that preirradiation produces nickel and an unstable intermediate which decomposes on heating. During the acceleratory and decay periods decomposition occurs by the Prout-Tompkins mechanism.
X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Silver Permanganate
Authors: Prout E. G. , Woods G. S.
Published: July 2009

Laue, rotation, and Weissenberg photographs were taken of unirradiated and heavily irradiated (1.1 Mev γ-rays) crystals of silver permanganate. Electron density profiles show that within experimental error, no displacement of silver or manganese atoms occurs during irradiation. It is suggested that ionization and bond rupture of the MnO4-group takes place during irradiation. The Laue and rotation photographs taken at different stages of thermal decomposition support the mechanism previously advanced for the decompositions.
Radiation-Induced Decomposition of Inorganic Solids
Authors: Johnson E. R.
Published: July 2009

Factors governing the radiolytic decomposition of inorganic solids is discussed. A general review of the radiolysis of the inorganic nitrates is presented to show that free space is not an important parameter when discussing relative G-values.
Low-Energy Radiation Damage Processes in a Body-Centered Cubic Lattice
Authors: Erginsoy Cavid
Published: July 2009

High-speed computer studies on the dynamics of a set of several hundred atoms interacting with realistic forces and simulating an initially perfect crystalline lattice which undergoes radiation damage have been in progress at Brookhaven National Laboratory in recent years. Reports have been published by Vineyard and co-workers on calculations made so far on a model representing copper, a face-centered cubic metal. These calculations have now been extended to a body-centered cubic lattice simulating α-iron. Several types of interatomic potentials have been tried: potential I, the Born-Mayer type; potential II, a Morse potential derived by Girifalco and Weizer, but in which the potential has been cut off between the second and third neighbors; and potential III, which also has a repulsive front and an attractive tail, but is not a single analytical function of interatomic separation. At close interatomic separations, potential III approaches the potential derived by Abrahamson on the basis of the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac statistical model of the atom. The correlation between the displacement threshold energy and the initial direction of the knock-on is discussed along with the probability of displacing an atom.
Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Alkali Halides
Authors: Royce B. S. H.
Published: July 2009

Various mechanisms for the formation of point defects in ionic crystals are considered. Their probable importance as a function of the energy of the ionizing radiation and the temperature at which the irradiation takes place is discussed. Complex centers formed from aggregates of simple point defects are reviewed and their occurrence is considered in terms of the expected spatial distribution of the point defects. The effect of high-energy X-rays and protons on the ionic conductivity is dis- cussed in terms of a new interpretation of the conductivity curve as a function of temperature, and it is suggested that radiation-enhanced diffusion may be important in explaining the experimental data.
A Generalized Theory of Soil Resistance
Authors: Housel William S.
Published: July 2009

This paper presents a generalized theory of soil resistance formulated from some 28 years of research in applied soil mechanics. Soil resistance is described in terms of three stress reactions, developed pressure, shearing resistance and a principal stress difference. Developed pressure represents resistance to being compressed, involving a stress reaction of cubical compression similar to the pressure transmitted by fluids. In soils this stress reaction is associated with but not limited to the soil moisture, while in molecular systems it results from molecular forces of repulsion related to the kinetic energy of the molecules. Shearing resistance associated with rigidity or resistance to displacement in cohesive soils is the product of molecular forces of attraction. Shearing resistance in a soil mass is manifested as perimeter shear, by means of which concentrated loads are distributed to the supporting mass accompanied by a decrease in transmitted pressure. A Principal Stress Difference, commonly known as the unconfined compressive strength, is designated as a separate stress reaction although it contributes to the developed pressure and is a function of shearing resistance in cohesive soils. The variation in perimeter shear and developed pressure controls the manner in which reaction to applied load is developed in different materials. The ratio of these two stress reactions is used to characterize different materials in terms of soil resistance coefficients and ratio between these coefficients. In cohesive soils the transition from the range of elastic behavior to the semifluid behavior of the plastic range is determined by the critical value of this ratio. Volume changes or varying compressibility change the sequence in which the stress reactions are developed and alter the soil resistance curves but do not otherwise change the basic relationships. Resistance in granular materials is referred to briefly. Reactions to both pressure forces and shear are recognized as the result of mechanical arrangement of particles. Nevertheless, it may be shown that confined granular masses react within certain limits in much the same way as cohesive masses.
A Procedure for Separately Evaluating Friction and Cohesion of Soils by a Consolidated Direct Shear Test
Authors: Palmer L. A. , Brown Philip P. , Yeomans C. M.
Published: July 2009

This paper discusses the merits of the consolidated direct box shear test for soils and the use of test results in foundation stability problems. The necessity for evaluating the friction angle and cohesion as separate quantities, which together form the end products of the test, is emphasized. The frictional component of shear strength is treated as a transient quantity, dependent entirely upon effective normal pressure. The cohesion component of the shear strength is a permanently built-in characteristic of the soil and is dependent upon the pressure to which the soil has been consolidated. This paper describes a consolidated direct shear test procedure by which the angle of friction and the unit cohesion under varying consolidation pressures may be evaluated. Interpretation of the resulting data is indicated and compared with conventional assumptions.
Experiences with the Consolidation of Pipe Bedding by Vibration on the San Diego Aqueduct
Authors: Holtz W. G.
Published: July 2009

During the construction of the first of two parallel pipelines constituting the San Diego Aqueduct, it was found that the compacted soil bedding specified did not always provide the uniform dense mass desired for bearing. Studies were undertaken at that time to develop an economical method for improving the bedding. It was found that pervious sandy and gravelly soils could be consolidated uniformly to high density by saturating and vibrating methods. It was also found that this type of bedding was more economical than the inferior compacted bedding. Savings resulted from the use of narrower trenches, as less working space was required, and from ease of placement. This paper presents information on the laboratory studies that were performed for the development of procedures and materials criteria in connection with the work. The bedding requirements and construction procedures used in the construction of the second pipeline of the aqueduct are also described.
Compaction of Cohesive Soil by Low-Frequency Vibration
Authors: Converse Frederick J.
Published: July 2009

The basic rules for the compaction of cohesive soils by low-frequency vibration or resonant tamping are presented. The summarized results of tests on two types of cohesive soil are shown in the form of graphs and represent the basis for the conclusions. The basic rules are: (1) operate at or near resonant frequency of the soil oscillator mass; (2) supply a dynamic force approximately equal to the dead weight of the oscillator; (3) have the moisture content of the soil equal to or slightly higher than the optimum for maximum density as determined in the laboratory; (4) provide sufficient dead weight to give a unit dead weight bearing pressure of the oscillator on the soil of about 10 to 12 psi.
Experiences with Electrical Resistivity Surveys on Foundation and Subsurface Investigations in Southern California
Authors: Maurseth Ray O. , Howe Charles S. , Mitchell Stanley N.
Published: July 2009

For a number of years geophysical methods of subsurface surveys have been employed in geology, locating of petroleum and ore bodies, ground water studies, foundation studies for many types of structures, and other fields. These methods have utilized field apparatus, such as seismic and electrical resistivity, to locate or plot these unknown subsurface formations. These two methods are probably the most commonly used. Many public and private agencies, as well as individuals, have adopted the electrical resistivity apparatus as standard equipment, among them many state highway departments, consulting geologists, governmental engineering agencies such as the Bureau of Reclamation, water districts, soil engineers, and oil companies. Highlights in the usefulness of this tool as reported by these agencies, include the economical determination of borrow pit sources, ground water, soundness and faulting of rock formations, depths of bed rock, and oil well logging. The electrical device utilizes the principle that soil and rock of different character offer varying resistances to the flow of electrical current, whereas other methods employ basic principles such as the passage of sound vibration, etc.
Tests of Concrete Deadman Anchorages in Sand
Authors: Smith J. E.
Published: July 2009

This report pertains to tests of full-size concrete deadman anchorages in sand and is limited to horizontal loads applied to concrete deadmen of two sizes buried at ground level, 1-, 2-, and 3-ft depths under level sand fill. Anchorages were loaded, until failure, by means of special test apparatus assembled in a sand beach area. Horizontal, vertical, and rotational movements per load increments and failure wedge dimensions were recorded. The anchorages were tested at ground level to determine the size and shape of the failure wedge and the effect of soil density on holding power. They were then tested at 1-, 2-, and 3-ft depths in a water compacted fill to determine the effect of depth on holding power. The basis for present design practice is compared with test results, and the results are then interpreted on a basis of practical application.
Strength and Elastic Properties of Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures
Authors: Felt Earl J. , Abrams Melvin S.
Published: July 2009

Representative data are presented in this report on modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, and compressive strength of several soil-cement mixtures. The modulus of elasticity was obtained by the sonic method and by static methods in bending and in compression. The effect of size and shape of specimen on compressive strength was explored. Methods are described for molding uniformly densified 3 by 3 by 11 1/4-in. beams for flexure tests, and 2.8-in. diameter by 5.6-in. high cylinders for compression tests; methods are also described for measuring deflections in beams when loaded in flexure, and for measuring axial and transverse deformations in cylinders when loaded in unconfined compression. The effects of type of soil, cement content, and length and type of curing on the structural properties are shown. Four soils of different gradation were included. Cement additions ranged from 3 to 18 per cent by weight of soil (4 to 19 per cent by volume). The strength and modulus of elasticity of all soil-cement mixtures increased with an increase in cement content and with an increase in moist curing time. Compressive strengths of moist-cured, and moist-tested specimens ranged from less than 200 to more than 2500 psi; the modulus of rupture, which averaged 20 per cent of the compressive strength, ranged from 50 to 480 psi; the static modulus of elasticity in flexure, which was approximately equal to the dynamic modulus, ranged from 800,000 to more than 4,000,000 psi; and the static modulus of elasticity in compression, which was equal to 60 to 75 per cent of the modulus in flexure, ranged from less than 500,000 to about 3,000,000 psi.
Progesterone and interferon tau-regulated genes in the ovine uterine endometrium: identification of periostin as a potential mediator of conceptus elongation
Authors: Ahn Hyo Won , Farmer Jennifer L , Bazer Fuller W , Spencer Thomas E
Published: July 2009

During early pregnancy in ruminants, progesterone (P4) and interferon tau (IFNT) act on the endometrium to regulate genes hypothesized to be important for conceptus development and implantation. The present study was conducted to verify several candidate genes (actin α-2, smooth muscle, aorta (ACTA2), collagen, type III, α-1 (COL3A1), periostin (POSTN), secreted protein acidic cysteine-rich (SPARC), S100 calcium-binding protein A2 (S100A2),STAT5Aand transgelin (TAGLN)) regulated by pregnancy, P4, and/or IFNT in the endometrium determined using a custom ovine cDNA array.S100A2mRNA was detected primarily in endometrial epithelia and conceptuses.S100A2mRNA increased in endometrial epithelia from days 10 to 16 in cyclic ewes and from days 10 to 14 in pregnant ewes and declined thereafter. The abundance ofS100A2mRNA was less in endometrial luminal epithelium of IFNT-infused ewes receiving P4. Expression ofCOL3A1, SPARC, ACTA2, andTAGLNwas independent of pregnancy, P4, or IFNT.POSTNmRNA was detected primarily in compact stroma of intercaruncular and caruncular endometria, but not in the conceptus. EndometrialPOSTNmRNA increased between days 12 and 14 in pregnant but not cyclic ewes, andPOSTNmRNA was more abundant in uterine stroma of ewes treated with P4. POSTN protein was detected in uterine flushings of pregnant ewes and found to mediate attachment and stimulate migration of ovine trophectoderm cellsin vitro. These results support the ideas that POSTN and S100A2 are regulated by P4and IFNT respectively, and that POSTN is involved in conceptus elongation during early pregnancy.
A Stepped Intervention Increases Well-Child Care and Immunization Rates in a Disadvantaged Population
Authors: Hambidge Simon J. , Phibbs Stephanie L. , Chandramouli Vijayalaxmi , Fairclough Diane , Steiner John F.
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: To test a stepped intervention of reminder/recall/case management to increase infant well-child visits and immunization rates.

METHODS: We conducted a randomized, controlled, practical, clinical trial with 811 infants born in an urban safety-net hospital and followed through 15 months of life. Step 1 (all infants) involved language-appropriate reminder postcards for every well-child visit. Step 2 (infants who missed an appointment or immunization) involved telephone reminders plus postcard and telephone recall. Step 3 (infants still behind on preventive care after steps 1 and 2) involved intensive case management and home visitation.

RESULTS: Infants in the intervention arm, compared with control infants, had significantly fewer days without immunization coverage in the first 15 months of life (109 vs 192 days P < .01) and were more likely to have ≥5 well-child visits (65% vs 47% P < .01). In multivariate analyses, infants in the intervention arm were more likely than control infants to be up to date with 12-month immunizations and to have had ≥5 well-child visits. The cost per child was $23.30 per month.

CONCLUSION: This stepped intervention of tracking and case management improved infant immunization status and receipt of preventive care in a population of high-risk urban infants of low socioeconomic status.
Needle Length for Immunization of Early Adolescents as Determined by Ultrasound
Authors: Koster Michael Philip , Stellato Nancy , Kohn Nina , Rubin Lorry G.
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: To determine the appropriate needle length for intramuscular injection of vaccines to early adolescents by measuring muscle depth at the deltoid injection site.

METHODS: Students from Nassau County, New York, and patients attending an adolescent clinic were invited to participate. Height, weight, and arm circumference were measured. BMI percentiles were obtained. Depths of muscle and bone underlying the deltoid injection site were measured by using ultrasonography while the deltoid area was bunched or flattened. A sufficiently long needle length was defined as greater than or equal to the skin-to-muscle depth plus 5 mm (based on measurement, no needle used). Too long was considered greater than or equal to skin-to-bone depth.

RESULTS: The age range of the 141 subjects was 11 to 15 years. Fifty-five percent were female. Twenty-six percent weighed <40 kg, and 20% were between 60 and 108 kg. The mean and median BMI percentiles were 58th and 62th, respectively, with 6% of the subjects at <10th percentile and 28% of subjects at >85th percentile. Using the bunch technique, we found that a 25-mm (1-in) needle is acceptable in 86% of subjects; in the subgroup of ≥60 kg, it is acceptable in 100% of subjects. A 16-mm (-in) needle is acceptable in 88%; in the subgroup of <60 kg, it is acceptable in 98% of subjects. Using the flatten technique, a 25-mm needle is acceptable in 39%; in the subgroup of ≥60 kg, it is acceptable in 93% of subjects. A 16-mm needle is acceptable in 92%; in the subgroup of <60 kg, it is acceptable in 96% of subjects.

CONCLUSIONS: For intramuscular immunization of early adolescents, a 16-mm needle is appropriate for those weighing <60 kg, and a 25-mm needle is appropriate for those weighing 60 to 70 kg, using either technique.
Synchronized Nasal Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation and Neonatal Outcomes
Authors: Bhandari Vineet , Finer Neil N. , Ehrenkranz Richard A. , Saha Shampa , Das Abhik , Walsh Michele C. , Engle William A. , VanMeurs Krisa P. ,   on behalf of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Synchronized nasal intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (SNIPPV) use reduces reintubation rates compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP). Limited information is available on the outcomes of infants managed with SNIPPV.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the outcomes of infants managed with SNIPPV (postextubation or for apnea) to infants not treated with SNIPPV at 2 sites.

METHODS: Clinical retrospective data was used to evaluate the use of SNIPPV in infants ≤1250 g birth weight (BW); and 3 BW subgroups (500–750, 751–1000, and 1001–1250 g, decided a priori). SNIPPV was not assigned randomly. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was defined as treatment with supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age.

RESULTS: Overall, infants who were treated with SNIPPV had significantly lower mean BW (863 vs 964 g) and gestational age (26.4 vs 27.9 weeks), more frequently received surfactant (85% vs 68%), and had a higher incidence of BPD or death (39% vs 27%) (all P < .01) compared with infants treated with NCPAP. In the subgroup analysis, SNIPPV was associated with lower rates of BPD (43% vs 67%; P = .03) and BPD/death (51% vs 76%; P = .02) in the 500- to 750-g infants, with no significant differences in the other BW groups. Logistic regression analysis, adjusting for significant covariates, revealed infants with 500–700-g BW who received SNIPPV were significantly less likely to have the outcomes of BPD (OR: 0.29 [95% CI: 0.11–0.77]; P = .01), BPD/death (OR: 0.30 [95% CI: 0.11–0.79]; P = .01), neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) (OR: 0.29 [95% CI: 0.09–0.94]; P = .04), and NDI/death (OR: 0.18 [95% CI: 0.05–0.62]; P = .006).

CONCLUSION: SNIPPV use in infants at greatest risk of BPD or death (500–750 g) was associated with decreased BPD, BPD/death, NDI, and NDI/death when compared with infants managed with NCPAP.
Confirmed Moisture Damage at Home, Respiratory Symptoms and Atopy in Early Life: A Birth-Cohort Study
Authors: Karvonen Anne M. , Hyvärinen Anne , Roponen Marjut , Hoffmann Matthias , Korppi Matti , Remes Sami , von Mutius Erika , Nevalainen Aino , Pekkanen Juha
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVES: Most previous studies on the association between moisture or mold problems in the home and respiratory symptoms in children were cross-sectional and based on self-reported exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of objectively observed moisture damage and visible mold in the homes on early-life respiratory morbidity and atopic sensitization in a birth cohort.

METHODS: Building inspection was performed by building engineers in the homes of 396 children, and the children were followed up with questionnaires from birth to the age of 18 months. Specific immunoglobulin E levels were measured at the age of 1 year.

RESULTS: Doctor-diagnosed wheezing was associated with the severity of moisture damage in the kitchen and with visible mold in the main living area and especially in the bedroom of the child. The risk for parent-reported wheezing apart from cold increased with the severity of moisture damage in the kitchen. Moisture damage in the bathrooms or other interior spaces had no significant association with wheezing. No significant associations were observed for other end points, such as cough, or respiratory infections. There was a suggestion for an increased risk for sensitization to cat dander linked with moisture and mold exposure.

CONCLUSIONS: This birth-cohort study supports previous observations that moisture mold problems in the kitchen and in the main living area increase the risk for wheezing in early childhood. The results underline the importance of assessing separately the health effects of moisture and mold problems in different areas of the home.
Use of Di(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate–Containing Infusion Systems Increases the Risk for Cholestasis
Authors: von Rettberg Heike , Hannman Torsten , Subotic Ulrike , Brade Joachim , Schaible Thomas , Waag Karl Ludwig , Loff Steffan
Published: July 2009

INTRODUCTION: Most polyvinylchloride infusion systems are plasticized with up to 60% of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). DEHP is easily extracted from the tubing by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions and has been shown to have toxic effects on various organ systems including the liver in animals and humans. A role was postulated for DEHP in the development of hepatobiliary dysfunction in premature and newborn infants receiving parenteral nutrition, and the incidence of cholestasis was investigated after changing from polyvinylchloride infusion systems to polyvinylchloride-free infusion systems.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two 3-year periods from 1998 to 2004 were investigated retrospectively before and after changing from polyvinylchloride to polyvinylchloride-free infusion systems in our department. This resulted in 1 group of 30 patients treated with polyvinylchloride lines and a second group of 46 patients treated with polyvinylchloride-free lines. The 2 groups were examined for the incidence of cholestasis and other possible contributing factors. Statistics were performed by using SAS software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).

RESULTS: After changing infusion systems, the incidence of cholestasis dropped from 50% to 13%. Using DEHP-plasticized polyvinylchloride infusion systems for TPN increased the risk for cholestasis by a factor of 5.6. The use of polyvinylchloride lines correlated strongly with the development of TPN-associated cholestasis (P = .0004).

CONCLUSIONS: Using DEHP-containing polyvinylchloride infusions systems contributes to the development of cholestasis. Therefore, the use of DEHP-free infusion systems for TPN is recommended, especially in premature and newborn infants.
Mortality and Functional Morbidity After Use of PALS/APLS by Community Physicians
Authors: Carcillo Joseph A. , Kuch Bradley A. , Han Yong Y. , Day Susan , Greenwald Bruce M. , McCloskey Karen A. , Pearson-Shaver Anthony L. , Orr Richard A.
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that pediatric shock is a common cause of death and functional morbidity and that pediatric advanced life support (PALS)/advanced pediatric life support (APLS) resuscitation in the community hospital setting improves child health outcomes.

METHODS: This study included all children consecutively transported to 5 regional, tertiary care children's hospitals over 4 years, and is a prospective cohort study comparing outcomes in children who did or did not receive PALS/APLS resuscitation in the community hospital.

RESULTS: Shock occurred in 37% of the patients transferred to the tertiary centers. Regardless of trauma status, children with shock had an increased mortality rate compared with those without shock (all patients: 11.4% vs 2.6%), trauma patients (28.3% vs 1.2%), and nontrauma patients (10.5% vs 2.8%). Early shock reversal was associated with reduced mortality (5.06% vs 16.37%) and functional morbidity (1.56% vs 4.11%) rates. Early use of PALS/APLS-recommended interventions was associated with reduced mortality (8.69% vs 15.01%) and functional morbidity (1.24% vs 4.23%) rates. After controlling for center, severity of illness, and trauma status, early reversal of shock and use of PALS/APLS-recommended interventions remained associated with reduced morbidity and mortality rates.

CONCLUSIONS: Shock is common in children who are transferred for tertiary care. Pediatric shock recognition and resuscitation in the community hospital improves survival and functional outcome regardless of diagnostic category. The development of shock/trauma systems for children with and without trauma seems prudent.
Do School-Based Asthma Education Programs Improve Self-Management and Health Outcomes?
Authors: Coffman Janet M. , Cabana Michael D. , Yelin Edward H.
Published: July 2009

CONTEXT: Asthma self-management education is critical for high-quality asthma care for children. A number of studies have assessed the effectiveness of providing asthma education in schools to augment education provided by primary care providers.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the literature on school-based asthma education programs.

METHODS: As our data sources, we used 3 databases that index peer-reviewed literature: MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Inclusion criteria included publication in English and enrollment of children aged 4 to 17 years with a clinical diagnosis of asthma or symptoms consistent with asthma.

RESULTS: Twenty-five articles met the inclusion criteria. Synthesizing findings across studies was difficult because the characteristics of interventions and target populations varied widely, as did the outcomes assessed. In addition, some studies had major methodologic weaknesses. Most studies that compared asthma education to usual care found that school-based asthma education improved knowledge of asthma (7 of 10 studies), self-efficacy (6 of 8 studies), and self-management behaviors (7 of 8 studies). Fewer studies reported favorable effects on quality of life (4 of 8 studies), days of symptoms (5 of 11 studies), nights with symptoms (2 of 4 studies), and school absences (5 of 17 studies).

CONCLUSIONS: Although findings regarding effects of school-based asthma education programs on quality of life, school absences, and days and nights with symptoms were not consistent, our analyses suggest that school-based asthma education improves knowledge of asthma, self-efficacy, and self-management behaviors.
A Second Course of Ibuprofen Is Effective in the Closure of a Clinically Significant PDA in ELBW Infants
Authors: Richards Justin , Johnson Alice , Fox Grenville , Campbell Morag
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVES: There are few published data on the efficacy of ibuprofen in the most immature infants and no data on repeated courses. Our objectives were to describe PDA closure rates in a population of infants <1000 g birth weight after repeated courses of ibuprofen, to examine the effect of gestation, and to document plasma markers of renal function and platelet counts.

METHODS: This was a single center observational study. We collected data on infants weighing <1000 g at birth who were treated with ibuprofen for a clinically significant PDA. A successful outcome was defined as resolution of clinical symptoms such that no additional treatment was required. Serum biochemistry and hematology data were analyzed and compared with controls.

RESULTS: We identified 160 infants with a mean ± SD birth weight of 757 ± 127 g and gestation of 25.6 ± 1.4 weeks. Seventy infants closed their PDA after a single course of ibuprofen (45%) and 32/80 (40%) following a second. Infants of <26 weeks' gestation (n = 83) were less likely to respond after both the first (27.7% vs 63.6%; P < .001) and second (30.9% vs 60.0%; P = .026) courses. The postnatal decrease in plasma creatinine was delayed by ibuprofen treatment, while platelet counts and other plasma markers were unaffected.

CONCLUSIONS: In our study population, PDA closure was gestation dependant, with a cumulative closure rate of 65%. A similar proportion of infants closed their PDA following the first and second courses regardless of gestation. These data suggest that a second course of ibuprofen may be effective in closing a PDA in even the most preterm infant.