bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ozhennite 0.5 — Its Potential and Development
Authors: Boulton J. , Wright M. G.
Published: September 2009

Results of corrosion tests on Ozhennite 0.5 in organic coolant and high-temperature steam are summarized. The alloy shows improved corrosion and hydriding resistance compared to that of the commonly known zirconium alloys, the Zircaloys and 2.5Nb zirconium. Its possible use as a pressure-tube and fuel-cladding material in organic-cooled, heavy-water moderated reactors and as fuel cladding in advanced boiling-water reactors is discussed and the development program initiated to investigate its behavior under service conditions in these systems outlined. Mechanical properties of Ozhennite 0.5 pressure tubing and fuel cladding made by commercial methods are presented. These show that the alloy has similar mechanical strength to that of Zircaloy-2.
Inorganic Replication: Interpretation of Electron Micrographs
Authors: Calbick C. J.
Published: September 2009

In electron micrographs, just as in photomicrographs, the intensity variations which constitute the picture must be interpreted. The optical microscopist prepares his metal surfaces by etching techniques which experience has shown provide reproducible and interpretable photomicrographs. In the case of some alloys these techniques have been standardized. In the examination of metal and other surfaces, optical microscopy has very considerable advantages. Most important is the ability to scan large areas at relatively low power, then to select certain areas and observe them at higher power. Differences of color are also sometimes important. Control of the angle of illumination, combined when necessary with optical sectioning, permits determination of relative local elevations.
Metal Shadowing for Contrast Enhancement—Comparison of Shadow Metal and Shadow Angle
Authors: Teague D. M.
Published: September 2009

When the electron microscope was first applied to the study of metal microstructures, the polystyrene-silica and metal oxide replicas were preferred for the study of fine detail. Both methods are limited, however, in the type of specimen with which they can be utilized or for reasons of convenience and interpretation (1).
Dynamic and Static Resistance of Cohesive Soil 1846–1958
Authors: Housel William S.
Published: September 2009

A review of the research and writing since the early work of Collin (21)2 about 1846 shows that evaluating the dynamic and static resistance of soil has always been recognized as a problem of major importance by engineers and research workers in soil mechanics. In retrospect, it would appear that Collin was many years ahead of his time in his clear perception of the basic elements of the plastic resistance of cohesive soils. His recognition of the transient nature of temporary dynamic reactions and the primary importance of permanent static resistance is just beginning to be recognized by many research workers of the present era of modern soil mechanics. In the author's opinion, it is more than coincidence that Collin found that the permanent resistance of clay soil in his investigations bore approximately the same ratio (24 to 34 per cent) to the instantaneous or temporary resistance that has now been found as the ratio (25 per cent) between the yield value from the ring shear test and the ultimate shearing resistance from the 5-min unconfined compression test.

While there is general recognition of the increased resistance of plastic clay soils under rapid rates of loading and the control methods necessary to evaluate time effects, there are very few test procedures which clearly exercise such systematic control of variables. The interpretation of shearing resistance tests is further complicated by a failure to define and separate the incompatible soil reactions due to cohesion and internal friction and to eliminate consolidation effects caused by application of normal pressures in shear testing.

In a review of the research program at the University of Michigan, three methods of measuring the permanent static shearing resistance of soils were presented with corroborative data cited from practical applications. These methods were: (a) incremental loading at constant time intervals, followed by extrapolating rates of deformation back to a zero rate to determine the yield value; (b) the determination of minimum and maximum soil resistance coefficients derived from settlement and stress reactions in linear equations for bearing capacity; and (c) the determination of the elastic properties of piles and supporting soil to determine loads carried at the elastic limit. Both of the last two determinations have been correlated with yield values determined by extrapolation of settlement rates with good agreement.

All three methods have been correlated with field observations by practical application in design and construction over a period of years, with results of this experience having been reported in references cited and summarized in the paper. Further observations of the dynamic resistance of soil are presented in connection with stability analyses of differential loading of soil masses where progressive displacement on a large scale is involved. While typical examples were given, the large volume of such data requires more space for presentation than is available in this paper and is a subject for future publication.
The Influence of Rate of Strain on Effective Stresses in Sensitive Clay
Authors: Crawford C. B.
Published: September 2009

Triaxial compression tests with pore water pressure measurements on undisturbed samples of a sensitive marine clay common to Eastern Canada and United States are reported. The stress and pore water pressure at failure depend on rate of strain. It is suggested that a breakdown of soil structure determines the level of pore water pressure. On a Mohr stress diagram it is shown that the failure envelope in terms of effective stresses is dependent on rate of strain application, and the implications associated with this observation are discussed.
Automation in Consolidation Testing
Authors: Karol R. H.
Published: September 2009

Of all the various tests performed on soils, the most time consuming one is the laboratory test for consolidation. Essentially this test consists of determining the time-compression relation under constant loading of a laterally confined soil mass. Ideally, a continuous record of the relation would be desirable. Practically, sufficient separate readings are taken so that a reasonably smooth time-compression curve can be drawn.
History and Development of the Atterberg Limits Tests
Authors: Bauer Edward E.
Published: September 2009

Albert Atterberg, a Swedish soil scientist, reported in 1911 (1) on an extensive study he had conducted concerning the plasticity of clays. To Atterberg, plasticity meant “capable of being shaped,” and the best indication of this capacity was ability to be rolled out into threads. He used the term ausroll (rolled-out) many times in the paper in connection with plasticity.
Repeated Plate-Loading Tests on Compacted Subgrades
Authors: Gordon Bernard B.
Published: September 2009

This paper presents results of extended repetitive plate-loading tests which have been performed at the Naval Auxiliary Air Station, Fallon, Nev. and the Naval Air Station, Lemoore, Calif. These tests were performed on low test embankments constructed on prepared subgrade of compacted local fill and surfaced with various thicknesses of untreated or cement-treated subbase. The subgrade and fill materials consisted generally of fine sandy silts and silty sands. Subbase material at Fallon was a sandy gravel, with maximum size of 1 in. At Lemoore the subbase was constructed with the same fine sandy silt and silty sand used as fill modified with the addition of 2½ per cent of portland cement. Total loads of up to 75,000 lb were applied to the subbase or subgrade through 30-in. diameter steel plates. Load repetitions were applied rapidly and were varied up to 500 cycles. Conventional static plate-loading tests were made at the start and at the conclusion of each series of repeated loadings. Results are represented as plots of deflection versus number of cycles of loading and of unit load versus deflection. Deflections were found to increase with number of repetitions of a constant load. Tabulations show variations of Westergaard coefficient k with deflection. It was found that in general the coefficient k increased with load repetitions. Comparisons were made between results obtained by this method and the current Canadian method.
On Determination of Dynamic Characteristics of Soil In Situ
Authors: Bernhard R. K.
Published: September 2009

Field experiments to determine dynamic soil characteristics, obtained either by sinusoidal or by impact excitation, yielded almost identical values. The results coincide rather closely with previously published theoretical considerations. The reasons for some inconsistencies, not accountable for at earlier tests, are discussed.
Effect of Particle Shape and Texture on the Strength of Noncohesive Aggregates
Authors: Morris Henry Clifton
Published: September 2009

The strength and stability of aggregate such as gravel or crushed rock do not depend upon the crushing strength of the constituent particles but upon the shape and surface texture of the individual particles. The relative importance of these two factors was investigated experimentally in triaxial compression and in a new angle of repose apparatus. The shape and surface texture of selected aggregate were varied by abrasion and by immersion in acid. The size of particle was held constant at approximately ⅛ in.

A plot of strength against roughness indicated that strength increases with roughness to an optimum point beyond which an increase in roughness is accompanied by a decrease in strength. Specimens were tested at the maximum densities attained under standardized conditions of vibratory compaction. It is inferred that, other factors being held constant, roughness in excess of the critical value impedes the development of optimum structural arrangement of the constituent particles.

Test data for all materials tested, including pumice, crushed bricks, basalt, and river gravel, fell on the one curve, and all exhibited the same strength for the same degree of roughness, regardless of mineral composition. It was conclusively demonstrated that so-called “tough” and “hard” materials possess little if any strength advantage over relatively soft and friable materials, unless they differ in roughness.
Triaxial Compression Tests on Soils Using Variable Lateral Pressure
Authors: Meese Richard H. , Long Richard W.
Published: September 2009

Triaxial compression tests were made on a sand, with the chamber pressure varied in one series of tests and held constant in another series. Similarities in strength and some aspects of the stress-strain relationships suggest that a single variable-pressure test may supply essentially the same information as a series of conventional constant-pressure tests. These test results are analyzed and brief references are made to techniques of different forms of variable pressure tests that have been used on other materials.
Identifying Soils by a Triangle Based on Unified Soil Classification System
Authors: McMinn Jack
Published: September 2009

This paper presents a general discussion of the Unified Soils Classification System (USCS) and outlines the development and use of a trilinear graph for identifying soils under this system. The material presented is based on the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Technical Memorandum No. 3-357 published in 1953. However, the trilinear chart for graphical soils identification developed herein should be usable without modification by any public or private agency using the USCS.
Instrumentation for Nucleonics
Authors: Emmons A. H.
Published: September 2009

It is easy to be dazzled and baffled by the complex counting instrumentation presently on the market. There are a number of criteria that are usefully applied to the selection of the proper instrumentation to perform a particular analysis. The first and foremost criteria that must be applied to any system is this: will the assembly do the job? By the assembly, we refer to a detector for radiation and a quantitative indicating device. Whether an assembly will do the job, and the selection that must be made purchasing this assembly, is quite dependent upon the identity of the isotope which one proposes to use in an investigation. To illustrate: if quantitative analysis of a hard beta emitter is to be carried out (hard, meaning of energy greater than 0.3 mev), one particular type of detector is selected, whereas, if it is desired to count a soft beta-emitting isotope one may be forced to select a totally different type of counting arrangement. If the particular isotope that is being used is a gamma emitter, it permits using another type of counting system and, finally, if by some chance the analysis involves the evaluation of an alpha emitter, a still different type of counting assembly may be selected.
Principles of Isotope Dilution Assays
Authors: Rosenblum Charles
Published: September 2009

Radioisotope dilution assay methods have attracted much attention since the first analytical symposium on this subject ten years ago. Isotope dilution assays of a wide variety of substances, including many biologically important substances such as vitamins, antibiotics, and insecticides, have been developed. An isotope dilution assay for vitamin B12 is included in the first U. S. Pharmacopeia XV supplement. Conditions which must be satisfied if dilution assays are to be reliable are enumerated. Tracer radiation stability and absence of exchange reaction must be assured. Several variants of the isotope dilution procedure have been proposed: the double (or successive) dilution and the reverse isotope dilution methods. The derivative method, which makes use of a radioactive reagent of known specific activity, can be applied directly if quantitative isolation procedures are known, or in a “derivative dilution” or reverse isotope dilution procedure. Reverse isotope dilution procedures, commonly used in biological investigations, are a convenient means for determining the purity of a labeled compound or its stability in complex media. The stability of vitamin B12 in dry cereals at concentrations as low as 0.46 γ per ounce has been demonstrated by this method.
Training Industrial Personnel in Radioisotope Utilization
Authors: Danforth John P.
Published: September 2009

The General Motors Research Laboratories, in conjunction with the General Motors Institute, has been conducting its “Radioisotopes In Industry” Training Program since May, 1957. This technical training activity encompasses, in an intensive ten-week period, subjects ranging from simple atomic physics to highly technical neutron activation techniques.

Subject matter coverage is designed to give the participants a broad understanding of the basic physical principles involved in the measurement and manipulation of radioactivity. The curriculum is based upon the premise that each trainee should acquire sufficient knowledge regarding radio-isotopes to be capable of effectively organizing and conducting a radioisotope program for his organization with a minimum of further assistance. Accordingly, in addition to the classical subjects, the following are covered in detail: Radiation Detection and Instrumentation Safety and Health Physics Procedures Radiochemical and Radiophysical Techniques Laboratory and Equipment Design Radiological Decontamination Industrial Hygiene Involving Radioisotopes Federal and State Regulations Radioisotope Engineering Problems Radiography and Autoradiography Radioactive Waste Disposal Radioisotope Procurement Radiation Shielding Design Radioisotope Application Project Design

In order to utilize presentation time to the fullest advantage, all of the course material has been carefully organized and programmed along the lines used in General Motors technical training courses.

At the request of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Office of Isotope Development, the training program outline is being prepared in book form for public release. In conjunction with this release, to further promote radioisotope utilization by American industry, the Atomic Energy Commission is currently planning and sponsoring courses involving the industrial application of radioisotopes. These courses will have the same general design and intent as the one just described and will be available to technical people from industry at large.
Bonded Metal-to-Metal Shear Testing
Authors: Lunsford Lee R.
Published: September 2009

The factors affecting joint strength, the different specimen types, and the properties actually evaluated by each type are discussed in detail. These properties are compared with the properties of a bonded joint which actually allow failure to take place. It points out that most methods presently used are empirical, and serious errors could be obtained in extrapolating this information to other materials or environments. The possibilities of predicting joint strength from basic material properties are discussed. The paper includes a discussion of the difficulties encountered in bonding titanium joints where the adherend strain is approximately twice that of steel or aluminum.

These principles are incorporated into a method of analysis in which the shear modulus of the adhesive becomes very important.
Preparation of Metal Surfaces for Adhesive Bonding
Authors: Shane R. S.
Published: September 2009

Procedures for the preparation of aluminum, stainless steel, and magnesium for adhesive bonding have been developed, together with illustrative data showing the reliability of results. The lap joint shear test at room temperature was used as the criterion. The testing procedures, equipment used, and process variables are presented in a separate paper. Tests of specimens exposed to 95 per cent relative humidity for 14 days and salt spray for 30 days are also included.

Bloomingdale FM-47 adhesive was used as the control adhesive; other adhesives evaluated were Scotchweld 585 Tape, Shell Epon VIII Adhesive, and Metlbond MN3C tape.
Photoelastic Evaluation of the Panel Shear Test for Plywood
Authors: Bryan Eegene L.
Published: September 2009

The ASTM panel shear test for plywood was evaluated for shear stress distribution by photoelastic procedures.

Although the shear stress pattern in the test area of the specimen deviated substantially from one of pure shear, the shear stress distributions at the critical sections were remarkably uniform. In this light, it is concluded that the panel shear test is a very accurate method for determining the shear strength of wood panel materials.
A Technique for Torsional Testing Refractory Materials at Temperatures up to 2800 C
Authors: Waller C. E. , Stehsel M. L.
Published: September 2009

This paper describes a technique for the torsional testing of some refractory materials at temperatures from ambient to 2800 C. A carbon resistance furnace and auxiliary devices for measuring and recording torsional stress-strain, creep, and stress relaxation properties of specimens in an inert atmosphere are described. Some results obtained from evaluating a commercial graphite and a uranium-impregnated graphite are shown, demonstrating the suitability of this technique for determining large stresses and strains. Limitations of the equipment in determining small strains and stresses, due to mechanical friction and inertia, are mentioned, as well as inaccuracies in determining true torsional stresses and strains in the plastic range inherent in the use of a solid round specimen.
Surface Flammability as Determined by the FPL 8-FT Tunnel Method
Authors: Peters C C , Eickner H W
Published: September 2009

One of the more commonly accepted methods for measuring the surface flammability of materials is to observe the flame movement when the test specimen is exposed as the upper horizontal surface of a tunnel furnace. The large tunnel furnace (ASTM Method E 84) uses this method, but because of the large size of the furnace and specimen, its use is considered impractical in many instances, especially for research and development purposes. Therefore, a small tunnel furnace to measure flame spread was developed by the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory in cooperation with both the Housing and Home Finance Agency and ASTM Committee E-5 on Fire Tests of Materials and Construction. The resulting 8-ft tunnel furnace uses a specimen 14 in. wide and 8 ft long, the plane of which is positioned from the horizontal at an angle of 30 deg across the short dimension, and 6 deg along the long dimension, so the test can be performed under natural draft conditions. Heat to induce flaming is supplied by a radiant metal plate below the specimen and by a small ignition flame applied directly against the lower end of the specimen. Order of ranking of the surface flammability of untreated wood products by the small tunnel is generally the same as by the ASTM E 84 tunnel test. However, for fire-retardant treated and coated materials in which flaming is very weak, the direct correlation of index values is not good because the 8-ft tunnel usually produces the higher flame-index values. Six 8-ft tunnel furnaces, in addition to the one at the Forest Products Laboratory, are currently in use in research laboratories.
Surface Flammability Measurements by the Radiant-Panel Method
Authors: Robertson A F
Published: September 2009

The flammability of solids may be considered as a function of the ratio of heat release rate to critical ignition energy of the material being studied. The radiant-panel flammability test method, based on this concept, has shown its usefulness as a research tool. A review of previous studies made by this method is included.

Recently obtained experimental data are presented which illustrate the large changes in flammability that can occur with changes in the relative humidity of the ambient conditioning atmosphere. Data presented suggest that the subsurface heat-dissipation behavior of the material under test may have an important influence on flammability.

The paper concludes with the suggestion that, although the radiant-panel flammability test method has achieved some recognition, it would be a mistake to assume that it, or any other test method, would be ideal for prediction of the surface flammability hazard of all materials in all situations.
Fire Endurance Tests of Wall and Partition Assemblies
Authors: Bletzacker R W
Published: September 2009

A very interesting review of the early history of fire tests was presented at the Fire Test Symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee E-5 on Fire Tests of Materials and Construction in 1961. The concepts that underlie the present standard method for wall and partition assemblies are basically the same as those that formed the foundation of the early test methods. Over the years a number of changes and refinements have been incorporated, but they have not altered the fundamental principles.
The Fire Marshal's Point of View on Fire Tests
Authors: Carlson R E
Published: September 2009

During and prior to the early 1900's, the construction of a fire-resistive assembly or building was an art. Development of the testing procedures in ASTM Methods E 119 and the resultant fire-resistive rated assemblies and building units have replaced the “art” that once governed. Variations in physical test facilities and the broad provisions contained in the standard have, however, resulted in conflicts and differences in the conclusions reached by different testing facilities.

To provide closely related test results from different testing facilities requires more definitive requirements for physical facilities and correlation tests among testing agencies. Refinement of standards for preparation of test specimens and testing methods is essential to correlate test results.

The evaluation of fire test reports by the fire prevention engineer seeks the answer to the following questions:

1. Where was the test conducted, who supervised the test and wrote the report?

2. Does the report accurately record the test assembly to the point that the tested assembly may be duplicated in the field construction?

3. Does the report clearly show that the fire test was conducted in accordance with all and not part of the provisions of ASTM Methods E 119?

Fire test reports are of little value for building code purposes or to the fire protection engineer unless they can be translated into similar assemblies in the construction of buildings that will, under conditions of field fire experience, perform equally as well as the test assembly.
Planning a Nondestructive Testing Program for Solid Propellant Rocket Motors
Authors: Mills W. W.
Published: September 2009

Nondestructive testing is mandatory to assure the quality, reliability, and motor performance required by the solid propellant rocket motor industry. The motor performance desired demands minimum inert component weight and, therefore, precludes the luxury of wide material and design safety margins. Established techniques have been used where applicable, and new and advanced techniques have been evolved or modified for use. Extensive consideration and effort are being expended to develop automation and instrumentation for the readout and evaluation process so as to minimize subjective and qualitative interpretation of the test by providing objective and quantitative interpretation. Standards for evaluation of the test method used and th eitem produced are necessarily being upgraded. This correlation is found through direct measurement of specific properties, through experience based on past performance, or from destructive tests.

Nondestructive testing does not provide a specific method of solution for every problem; therefore multiple test methods are necessary to supply the information required to make an evaluation. This coupled with the current and anticipated problem areas emphasizes the need for a practical and sound nondestructive testing program for solid propellant rocket motors.
Nondestructive Test Techniques for Filament-Wound Glass Fiber-Resin Rocket Motor Cases
Authors: Dane Harvey E.
Published: September 2009

With the advent of the filament-wound glass fiber — resin pressure vessel, a material unlike any encountered previously was brought into the field. Metals and plastics having anisotropic structures have been commonplace, to be sure, but a two-phase system consisting of fibers of high tensile strnegth embedded in a matrix of softer plastic was a new situation. The old testing problems, such as physical property testing, thickness gaging, defect detection, and so on, were still present, but a host of new structural parameters requiring nondestructive examination were found to exist. In many instances the “tried-and-proven” non destructive test methods were ineffective for extracting needed structural information. A fortuitous exception to this was radiography, without which the entire glass fiber rocket motor case program would have been retarded.
Cinefluorography of Solid Fuel Rocket Motors
Authors: Criscuolo E. L. , Polansky D.
Published: September 2009

A cinefluorographic system developed for the study of internal burning of rocket motors during static tests is described.This system uses a 9-in. image intensifier tube with a light intensification of approximately 2000 coupled to a 35-mm movie camera. A 250-kvp, 5-ma X-ray machine is used to penetrate a 5-in. diameter test motor containing voids and cracks. Performance data of the cinefluorographic system at X-ray energies of 250, 1000, and 2000 kvp and 10 Mev are presented.
Nondestructive Testing of Solid Propellant Missile Motors
Authors: CHund Frank C.
Published: September 2009

Requirements, techniques, and procedures of nondestructive testing of large solid propellant motors for the Polaris, Minuteman, Skybolt, and other missiles are discussed. Among the applications of nondestructive testing of large solid propellant motors for the Polaris, Minuteman, Skybolt, and other missiles are discussed. Among the applciations of nondestructive testing covered are: radiography, magnetic particle, and ultrasonic examinations of welded steel cases; radiography, penetrant, eddy current, and ultrasonic examinations of refractory metal nozzles; ultrasonic testing of the case-linear bond; and radiography of the completely assembled solid propellant motor for integrity of the grain, insulation, and bonded surfaces. Filmless radiation techniques are outlined, and the current state of vibration, low-frequency ultrasonic, infrared, and other testing methods are discussed, with the trends these tests are taking.
The Thermal Decomposition of Irradiated Mercuric Oxalate
Authors: Prout E. G. , Moore D. J.
Published: September 2009

The thermal decomposition of unirradiated mercuric oxalate and the effects of pre-irradiation by X-rays, γ-rays, and sunlight were examined. Pre-irradiation accelerated the subsequent decomposition in all cases. Considerable radiolysis occurred when using γ-rays, but there was no detectable loss in weight when using sunlight or X-rays. The effects of γ-rays and light on the thermal decomposition were similar in that an initial burst of gas preceded the main acceleratory and decay periods. The initial reaction was studied in detail in each case and activation energies determined.
Low-Temperature Annealing Processes in Alkali Halides
Authors: Royce B. S.H.
Published: September 2009

Simple point defect configurations may be produced in alkali halides such as KBr by irradiation with X-rays at temperatures attainable with liquid helium. An understanding of their thermal stability aids in the interpretation of the mechanisms of radiation damage. Experiments are discussed in which the stability of single negative ion vacancy-interstitial pairs are examined as a function of temperature and the presence of impurities in the KBr lattice. The order of the annealing processes indicates that the first three stages in pure KBr are correlated recombinations between the vacancies and interstitials and a fourth stage, the recombination of more distant defect pairs through a free migration of an interstitialcy. The presence of a Cl− impurity in KBr stabilizes the X-ray produced defects and arguments are advanced to show that this is the result of the substitution of Cl− interstitials for Br−interstitials as a result of the radiation damage process. These ideas are applied to the formation processes of di-negative ion vacancy centers, and an apparent discrepancy between simple geometrical probability arguments and experiment is resolved.
On the Dichroism in R-Bands Induced in γ-Irradiated Potassium Chloride Crystals
Authors: Damm J. Z.
Published: September 2009

The dichroism in R-bands is measured by applying various excitation and measurement conditions. The difference spectra of R bands indicate that the oscillator strength of the RF band should be about 50 percent higher than those of the R1 and R2 bands. The kinetic measurements of the dichroism growth show a good agreement with the first-order kinetic equation, suggesting that the above effect appears as a result of simple reorientation of R centers. The distribution of individual optical transition moments of R centers observed in 100, 110, and 111 directions is compared with that resulting from the van Doorn model, the results showing a satisfactory agreement with the latter. Some observations point to the possibility of interaction effects between various trapped-electron centers, leading to a dichroism “forced” in absorption bands of centers not subjected to excitation.
Durability of Bonded Housing Components
Authors: Kell R. M. , Cooper C. W.
Published: September 2009

A survey was carried out to gather data on the durability of adhesive-bonded structural components in housing. Design and quality control data were limited, and few laboratories were found to be conducting test programs to generate quantitative reliability information. The field data were analyzed by statistical methods, including a Bayesian approach. It was shown that this method can serve as a basis for approving new components.
A Bayes Evaluation of Building Materials Reliability
Authors: Hamilton C. W.
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this paper is to outline statistical decision procedures that appear to be well-suited to the problem of standard qualitative decision procedures. It is pointed out that such procedures have been previously developed to contend with various mechanical and electronic reliability problems. Thus, it is only required to adapt these procedures to the particular feature of the building materials approval problem. Specifically, a Bayesian decision model is proposed. The essential features of the model are that it provides for: (1) the formal inclusion of laboratory test data, field test data, and “subjective” data in a single model and (2) the successive “updating” of the model as new data are made available. On the basis of this, model formulation procedures are recommended for generating laboratory and field test data to provide a sufficient basis for the decision problem. The procedure is illustrated with an example drawn from a research program for FHA on adhesive-bonded structural components.
Accelerated Tests for Deterioration of Adhesive Bonds in Plywood
Authors: Northcott P. L. , Hancock W. V.
Published: September 2009

This research is part of a long-range program to develop laboratory methods for predicting the service life of glued products. Eleven methods for speeding the deterioration of wood-to-wood bonds are compared, employing Douglas-fir plywood bonded with a range of adhesives from interior to exterior grade. The most rapid answers were provided by methods employing boiling in water and drying in hot air, while the slowest method used was continuous soaking in water at 72 F. A promising method for predicting bond service life explored in this research is to consider bond degradation as a chemical reaction-rate process. The results affirm the possibility of developing accelerated methods for predicting the service lives of glued products, but the validity of these hypotheses must be checked against wider ranges of species of wood and glues before they can be accepted without reservation.
Standard Fire Endurance Tests—Discussion, Criticism, and Alternatives
Authors: Ödeen K
Published: September 2009

This paper will give a survey of my own investigations in this field, as well as those which have been performed by other authors. The main outlines of an advanced method of fire technical design is described in accordance with the new Swedish regulations. These have been used for only a few months; therefore, the experiences are quite naturally not very extensive. However, it seems as if this method will make it possible to decrease the costs for fire protection without reducing the degree of safety. The method has turned out to be very useful especially when studying steel structures.

Standardized fire tests are based on the assumption that the temperaturetime development of the fire is following the so-called “standard fire curve.” This assumption is extremely simplified and in most cases hardly realistic. On the basis of a simple heat balance equation for the fire cell it is possible to compute the temperature-time development of the fire taking into account all relevant factors such as rate of combustion, amount of fuel (fire load), heat transfer conditions at the heated surfaces, and thermal properties of the structures enclosing and enclosed in the fire. A lot of numerical results will be included in the paper, that is, temperature-time curves for use as alternatives to the standard method which have been included in the new Swedish regulations. On the basis of the computed results there also will be given a proposal for another test procedure which probably will give results closer to those at a real fire.

This paper also will give results from fire tests under very “pure” conditions with wood fuel as well as with kerosine. It has been possible to make comparisons between recorded and computed temperatures, and good correlation is established. The influence of wood fuel on the fire characteristics of varying air supply, amount of fuel, and varying degrees of atomization of the fuel particles has been studied.

Examples will be given of the effect on structural members of different types of temperature-time developments, and some examples of use in structural design of the technique will be described also.
Thermal Performance of Concrete Masonry Walls in Fire
Authors: Harmathy T Z
Published: September 2009

Eleven hundred eighty computer calculations have been performed to study the heat flow in fire through concrete masonry unit walls. They covered wide ranges of the four geometric variables, and four concretes which could be regarded as “limiting materials” in the normal weight and lightweight groups. It was possible to express the thermal fire endurances of the masonry units in dry condition with the aid of three empirical equations. These equations can be used to estimate the fire endurance from the geometric variables and material properties only in the case of concretes made with chemically stable aggregates. Their real usefulness lies in showing the way to economical design and, as extrapolation formulas, in extending test information to geometries and materials not covered by fire tests.
Hydraulic Oil Cleanliness: A Key to N/C Machine Maintenance
Authors: Arndt O. H.
Published: September 2009

High uptime on numerical control (N/C) machining centers is the result of correcting any condition that may ultimately lead to some component failure. This requires an intimate knowledge of the machine hydraulic system and components, and that rare sense of what is right (or wrong) in the entire operation of a machine. A measurement of oil cleanliness can be most helpful.

A remarkable increase of N/C machines in manufacturing industries presents a challenge to develop personnel for proper care of these installations. Development of this skill in machine maintenance is the users' achievement.

Present day machines, with improved components and hydraulic systems, are less sensitive to hydraulic problems. Several years of experience has provided technical knowledge in the art. This information can be passed on by a machine builder to a user, or from one user to another, in symposiums such as this.
Status Report on the Tech O/F-7 Contamination Methods Program
Authors: Marlow D. A. , Beerbower A.
Published: September 2009

Part I, written by D. A. Marlow, concerns the activities of ASTM Committee F-7-C on Contamination. Part II, written by A. Beerbower, concerns the methods that were developed by Technical Division O of Committee D-2 and recently turned over to Division C of Committee F-7. These include ten methods for sampling, three methods for processing samples, and four for analysis of particulates. Plans for further work to complete the coverage of sampling methods for additional situations, and some of the problems related to precision statistics, are described briefly. The new user is urged to avoid using methods more complicated than his situation actually demands.
Summary of the Symposium on Automotive Lubricants
Authors: Moore C. C.
Published: September 2009

A short review of the modern automobile and automotive lubricant histories is desirable to help evaluate the present status. The advent of cadmium-silver and copper-lead alloy bearings and the earliest compounded oils quickly indicated the need for some type of test to differentiate between oils that could safely be used with these bearings. In the foreground was also the necessity for an oil suitable for use in certain diesel engines. World War II accelerated the development of Ordnance Department specifications and methods of test that became known as 2104-B. Essentially, these specifications covered an oil that would (1) satisfactorily lubricate a diesel engine, and (2) resist bearing corrosion under heavy-duty conditions.
The Selection and Use of Natural and Manufactured Stone Adhered Veneer
Authors: Godbey Richard J. , Thomson Margaret L.
Published: September 2009

Adhered natural and manufactured stone veneer is increasing in popularity as an architectural element in both commercial and residential construction. The paper provides a brief overview of building code requirements, mortar specifications, back-up substrates, veneer application, and tips to avoid material failures. Building code requirements are based on typical references in the Uniform Building Code, International Building Code and Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures. Mortar specifications are based on references as stated in the building codes, ASTM Standard Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry (C 270), and typical manufacturer's specifications. Back-up substrates are discussed in regards to building code requirements and ASTM standards for weather-resistive barriers, metal lath or mesh and corrosion resistant fasteners. Veneer application and finishing guidelines as based on building codes and typical manufacturer specifications. Discussions of tips to avoid failure are based on good workmanship and material selection.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Clear Water Repellent Coatings on Partially Grouted Single-Wythe Concrete Masonry Walls
Authors: Greenwald Jeffrey H. , Young Thomas C.
Published: September 2009

The use of architectural concrete masonry to construct commercial and institutional buildings is common in the northwestern United States. By combining different block sizes, shapes, colors, and surface treatments, architects have designed many striking structures. This test program focused on the evaluation of clear water repellent coatings because they are an important component of a water resistant wall system. The number of repellents produced has grown and their chemical composition has changed during recent years. The test results will provide guidance in updating the industry recommendation used by design professionals and building owners. A total of 14 walls were constructed and tested in accordance with ASTM E 514, “Standard Test Method for Water Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry.” The walls were all constructed with materials shipped from northwest block producers and represent construction techniques used in the Pacific Northwest. Each wall was initially tested uncoated to establish a baseline performance. Afterwards, a clear water repellent was applied and each wall was retested. The walls were then tested a third time after aging outside for approximately one year. The test results will establish comparative behavior between wall assemblies.
Introduction
Authors: Wiedemann H. C.
Published: September 2009

This is the first supplement to the Bibliography and Abstracts on Thermostat Metals 1806 – 1959, Special Technical Publication No. 288, published by the American Society for Testing and Materials. Contained in this supplement are additional references for the years covered by STP No. 288 and references for the years 1960 – 1961. It is anticipated that additional supplements will be prepared every few years. At the present time the number of references per year does not warrant the publication of yearly supplements. There are a few errata, which have been called to our attention, and which are listed in the following pages.
Housman's Dirty Postcards: Poetry, Modernism, and Masochism
Authors: Howarth Peter
Published: September 2009

Housman's bitter poems about fate, betrayal, and unhappiness were dismissed by many modernist critics and poets on account of their author's pathological self-division, both in content and form. As Housman's thwarted homosexuality became more widely known, it seemed the obvious source of his relentless oppositions between desire and a fateful law. But his newly recovered collection of pornography and sexology shows as much interest in sadomasochistic fantasy scenarios as in homosexuality, scenarios in which sufferer and torturer are covertly agreeing to play the same game. This interest means not only that the poems protesting against punishment might be covertly identifying with it but also that they might covertly ironize the aesthetic criteria of Housman's modernist opponents. Auden's, Richards's, and Leavis's organicist ideas about poetry's cultural mission, based on Schiller's model of the aesthetic state, are parodied by the unmediated, self-contained, and homeostatic relationships found in the masochistic fantasies of Housman's collection.
Says Who? Teaching and Questioning the Rules of Grammar
Authors: Curzan Anne
Published: September 2009

One winter morning, the student scanning cards at the front desk of the university gym noticed the “faculty” label on mine and asked which department I was in. I replied that I teach in English. A middle-aged man who checked in behind me chased me down the hall. When he caught me, he exclaimed with frustration, “English, eh? Well, could you please get students to stop using plural pronouns when they need singular ones? Everyone—they, someone—they. It's just terrible English.”
Total Spanish: The Politics of a Pan-Hispanic Grammar
Authors: Del Valle José
Published: September 2009

In the last days of March 2007, the beautiful and captivating colombian city of medellín hosted an often bland yet, on this occasion, surprisingly media-appealing event: surrounded by a generous cohort of reporters, the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language was holding its regular conference, the thirteenth since its conception in 1951. The gathering began on the twenty-first and culminated three days later, at the Teatro Metropolitano, with what could arguably be described as one of the most highly publicized events in the history of the Spanish language: the official approval of the Nueva gramática de la lengua española ‘The New Grammar of the Spanish Language’ (henceforth NGLE). The Colombian president, Álvaro Uribe, and the head of the Spanish monarchy, King Juan Carlos I, presided over the ceremony, providing the occasion with the solemnity (and media pull) that it so critically required. After a series of opening remarks and speeches, the king stood, faced the academicians—one from Spain, one from the Philippines, and twenty from the Americas—and, as he called their names individually, asked, “¿Aprobáis la Nueva Gramática?” ‘Do you approve the New Grammar?‘ Each in turn, with a distinguished assembly of politicians, businessmen, and publishers as witnesses, rose and answered with a simple yet unequivocal “Sí.”
Grammar Games and Bilingual Blends
Authors: Kramsch Claire
Published: September 2009

Grammar Games in the Classroom

It looked like an error of vocabulary. The class was reading a text by the east german author Thomas Brussig, Wasserfarben, and practicing the indirect discourse subjunctive. In the text, an East German school director, Schneider, summons a student to his office to reprimand him on his lack of motivation:

Society places … high expectations on the graduating senior…. A basic expectation is that he engages in meaningful academic study and that he personally contributes to the national defense by standing up for the state.
The Asian Turns
Authors: Hayot Eric
Published: September 2009

Everybody Loves a Crisis

The story of what's what in asian american studies is like the story of the profession at large: no one thinks in a vacuum. But the current drift in literary scholarship toward questions of transnationalism and globalization arrives at shores long explored by scholars who work on Asian America and the Pacific. Much of this familiarity has to do with the material history of their subjects, the ways in which questions of diaspora and integration, relations between the flows of people and the flows of things, and the narratives of international politics and imperialist violence constitute the ground of Asian America and indeed of the concept of the Pacific as an ocean, a sea of islands, a limit to westward expansion, and the lubricated surface of a certain transcultural history. The critical insights that unfold from the labor of Asian Americanist thought, like those gained through the study of African America and the Caribbean, do not add ethnographic detail to some larger and fundamentally established picture of the history of the United States or global modernity: they change the picture. They reframe it.