bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Das neue Nordamerikanische Freihandelsabkommen mit besserem Sozialkapitel?
Authors: Scherrer Christoph
Published: April 2020

Das Sozialkapitel des neuen Nordamerikanischen Freihandelsabkommen (USMCA) enthält zwei Innovationen: Erfordernis eines Mindestdurchschnittslohns in der Kraftfahrzeugherstellung (Arbeitswertgehaltsklausel) und Reform des mexikanischen Arbeitsrechts. Diese Elemente werden auf ihre Auswirkungen auf Lohndumping untersucht, d. h. inwiefern sie die Lohnabhängigen in den USA vor weiteren Verlagerungen schützen und zur Anhebung der Löhne in Mexiko beitragen. Zunächst wird der mangelnde Schutz der Lohnabhängigen durch das bisherige Nordamerikanische Freihandelsabkommen (NAFTA) aufgezeigt und es werden die arbeitsrechtlichen Defizite in Mexiko identifiziert, die das neue Sozialkapitel motiviert haben. Es folgt eine Übersicht der Paragrafen zu Arbeitsbeziehungen im USMCA, bevor die Bestimmungen zur Reform der mexikanischen Arbeitsgesetze und die Arbeitswertgehaltsklausel genauer dargestellt werden. Deren Bewertung ergibt, dass die konkrete Ausgestaltung der Arbeitswertgehaltsklausel sie letztlich unwirksam macht und der Erfolg der Arbeitsrechtsreform von innermexikanischen Kräfteverhältnissen abhängt. Der Beitrag schließt mit der Frage, was die europäische Handelspolitik vom USMCA-Sozialkapitel übernehmen sollte.
Wahre Sammler
Authors: Leven Barbara
Published: April 2020

Private collecting was a popular pastime at the beginning of the 20th century. Among them, private collectors with a passion for the unconventional made a strong contribution. They often collected without regard for established orders of knowledge and taste and thus distinguished themselves from the traditional preservation of cultural artefacts. Philosopher Walter Benjamin described this type of collector as the real, "true collectors" (“Wahre Sammler”). With folklorist Anton Maximilian Pachinger (1864–1938) and Marxist cultural scientist Eduard Fuchs (1870–1940), this study examines two representatives of this type. It not only locates the collectors and their collections in terms of cultural history, but also reveals their potential as cultural innovators, who still open exciting perspectives on their times today.
The Senses of a Bodily Self
Authors: Gallagher Shaun ,   ProtoSociology Project
Published: April 2020

I focus on the sense of ownership and ask whether this experience is some­thing over and above one’s bodily experiences, or something intrinsic to them. I consider liberal, deflationary, and phenomenological accounts of the sense of ownership, and I offer an enactive or action-oriented account that takes the sense of ownership to be intrinsic to the phenomenal background and our various bodily senses, including the sense of agency.
What has Transparency to do with Husserlian Phenomenology?
Authors: Kidd Chad ,   ProtoSociology Project
Published: April 2020

This paper critically evaluates Amie Thomasson’s (2003; 2005; 2006) view of the conscious mind and the interpretation of Husserl’s phenomenological reduction that it adopts. In Thomasson’s view, the phenomenological method is not an introspectionist method, but rather a “transparent” or “extrospectionist” method for acquiring epistemically privileged self-knowledge. I argue that Thomasson’s reading of Husserl’s phenomenological reduction is correct. But the view of consciousness that she pairs with it—a view of consciousness as “transparent” in the sense that first-order, world-oriented experience is in no way given to itself—is not compatible with it. Rather, Thomasson’s view is, from a Husserlian vantage point, self-undermining in the same way that any genuinely skeptical view is self-undermining: it undermines the conditions of its own possibility. This is one of the motives Husserl has for developing a same-order view of self-consciousness as the complement to his transparent method for self-knowledge acquisition.
Le « citoyen du monde » et l’évasion fiscale
Authors: Liger-Belair Philippe
Published: April 2020

La citoyenneté au sens moderne implique certains devoirs, parmi lesquels le devoir fiscal. Si les États ont toujours eu à faire face à des tentatives d’évitement de l’impôt par les contribuables, la mondialisation a introduit une dynamique inédite d’évasion fiscale. Face aux « citoyens du monde », les États peuvent déplorer le manque de civisme par rapport à l’impôt ou entrer dans le jeu de la compétition fiscale. En s’appuyant sur une connaissance intime du sujet par l’auteur qui a mené une première carrière de fiscaliste international, sur des apports théoriques sur la citoyenneté et sur une enquête sociologique auprès de trente-cinq individus appartenant à l’élite économique mondiale, cet article analyse le cercle vicieux qui mine l’un des piliers des démocraties modernes qu’est le consentement à l’impôt.
Social and Solidarity Economy and the need for its entrepreneuring ecosystem: current challenges in Brazil
Authors: Pereira Morais Leandro , Bacic Miguel Juan
Published: April 2020

This article´s purpose is to discuss the state of the art of the constitution of the entrepreneurial ecosystem for SSE and its application in Brazil. One of the major challenges for the creation, continuity and strengthening of Solidarity Economy Enterprises (SEE) is the effective establishment of an entrepreneurial ecosystem for Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE). The construction of the solidary entrepreneurial ecosystem is a complex task, full of challenges, especially when this construction is associated to structural weaknesses inherent to its modus operandi. Case studies of several countries allow us to define general guidelines for the application of public policies that show paths in this direction. Considering this, we organized the article as follows: After the Introduction, we discuss some aspects of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, in topic 1. Then, topic 2 presents the idea of the “triple helix” and coevolution among the elements of the ecosystem and enterprises. Next, topic 3 addresses the construction of the entrepreneurial ecosystem for SSE in some countries in Europe and Asia. Finally, in item 4, some considerations about the Brazilian case.
Component composition of the system of formation of engineering competence of students of general educational intuition
Authors: Faritov Anatolii Tavisovich
Published: April 2020

Within the framework of this article, the author conducts a research allowing to reveal the internal structure of engineering competence of students of general educational intuition as the basis of project-research activity, implemented in terms of school curriculum. The boundaries between the concept of “competence” and “competency” are outlined. A detailed definition of engineering competence is provided. The author examines the component composition of the formation of engineering competence among the students of general educational institution. The object of this research is the engineering competence, while the subject is the set of constituent components. It is established that engineering competence of a student has a multi-component composition that includes motivational, activity, personality, intellectual, cognitive and reflexive components. The scientific novelty of the acquired results consists in the fact that the described components can be used for the criteria-based assessment of engineering competence of the students of general educational intuition. The presented components can be the foundation for the criteria-based assessment of the level of engineering competence of a student.
Training of the future technology teachers of Crimean Region for inclusive education
Authors: Ivannikova Marina Viktorovna
Published: April 2020

The author explores one of the problems of modern school – absence of readiness of the teachers to work with children who demand special pedagogical attention due to medical reasons. Among the reasons of low professional competence of young teachers in this sphere, the author notes the lack of complex psychological, theoretical and practical training, as well as the opportunity to acquire experience at the stage of study. The subject of this research is the training process of future teachers of technology for working with handicapped or special needs children in the Crimean Region. The article substantiates the relevance of training the teachers of technology for working in the conditions of inclusion, formulated the requirements set for future pedagogues of technology in this regard; reveals the specifics of training in the Crimean Region. The novelty consists in systematization of integral approach towards preparation of future teachers of technology for inclusive education in Crimea, as well as suggestion of methods for motivation and overcoming psychological barriers and interaction children who have special need or health limitations through the volunteering activity.
Evaluating the Impacts of Parking App Services on Travellers' Choice Behaviour and Traffic Dynamics
Authors: Liang Jingjing , Zhang Xiaoning , Yan Huang
Published: April 2020

As the products of intelligent transportation systems, parking apps have become convenient platforms for implementing parking policies, which can be provided as parking app services. This paper proposes a traffic simulation model for evaluating the impacts of parking app services on the travellers’ choice behaviour and traffic dynamics. Travellers are assumed to use three types of parking app services: the provision of information on real-time parking lot occupancies, parking reservation, and the display of dynamic parking fees. The behaviour of travellers, such as travellers’ mode choices, departure time choices, and learning behaviour, are considered in this model. Numerical experiments show that providing information on real-time parking lot occupancies can be helpful in reducing the use ratio of commercial parking lots, but the effect will ultimately be smoothed during the evolution of traffic dynamics. Moreover, parking reservation is an effective way to reduce travel costs and encourage travellers to choose park-and-ride. Furthermore, dynamic parking fees usually lead to the oscillation of traffic dynamics and travellers’ choices, in addition to an increase in travel costs. This model is a useful tool for analysing the impacts of other parking management policies that can be implemented as parking app services and can be a reference for evaluating the impacts of other parking polices.
A Framework for Performance Evaluation of VANETs Using NS-3 Simulator
Authors: Malnar Marija , Jevtić Nenad
Published: April 2020

During the last decade, the number of vehicles on roads has been rapidly growing. Therefore, the demands for communication on the move are also increasing and the attention from many researchers is focused on the Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) because of their importance for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs). Due to the complexity and cost of practical evaluation of VANETs, the researchers often rely on network simulation in order to evaluate their work. In this paper, we have developed a Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) based framework for VANETs that provides network performance analysis based on the key performance indicators such as throughput, packet loss ratio, overhead, end-to-end delay, jitter, etc. Since VANETs are highly dynamic networks, many researchers have proposed different routing protocols in order to improve the network performance. In this paper we have compared several topology-based routing protocols, and proposed utilization of the commonly used Expected Transmission Count (ETX) metric to improve VANET performance.
Dapatkah D-dimer Digunakan sebagai Penanda Koagulasi pada Kanker?
Authors: Sukrisman Lugyanti
Published: April 2020

Pasien kanker mempunyai risiko tinggi untuk mengalami trombosis, terutama tromboemboli vena (TEV)..  Pasien kanker yang mengalami TEV mempunyai risiko mortalitas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pasien kanker tanpa TEV.Faktor-faktor risiko yang berkaitan dengan terjadinya trombosis pada pasien kanker bersifat multipel dan kompleks, tidak hanya akibat cancer procoagulant yang dilepaskan oleh sel kanker, tetapi juga jenis kanker, stasis akibat masa tumor, respons tubuh dari pejamu (penderita kanker), dan pengobatan yang dijalani oleh pasien tersebut. Pengobatan yang meningkatkan risiko trombosis pada penderita kanker diantaranya adalah operasi, kemoterapi dengan obat-obat tertentu seperti cisplatin, asparaginase, thalidomide, maupun terapi hormonal. Kondisi komorbid atau imobilisasi yang sering dialami oleh pasien kanker yang dirawat juga meningkatkan risiko trombosis pada pasien tersebut. Selain itu, pemakaian kateter vena sentral juga meningkatkan risiko trombosis pada area kateter tersebut.
The Cybernetics Group
Authors: Heims Steve Joshua
Published: April 2020

This is the engaging story of a moment of transformation in the human sciences, a detailed account of a remarkable group of people who met regularly from 1946 to 1953 to explore the possibility of using scientific ideas that had emerged in the war years (cybernetics, information theory, computer theory) as a basis for interdisciplinary alliances. The Macy Conferences on Cybernetics, as they came to be called, included such luminaries as Norbert Wiener, John von Neumann, Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, Warren McCulloch, Walter Pitts, Kurt Lewin, F. S. C. Northrop, Molly Harrower, and Lawrence Kubie, who thought and argued together about such topics as insanity, vision, circular causality, language, the brain as a digital machine, and how to make wise decisions. Heims, who met and talked with many of the participants, portrays them not only as thinkers but as human beings. His account examines how the conduct and content of research are shaped by the society in which it occurs and how the spirit of the times, in this case a mixture of postwar confidence and cold-war paranoia, affected the thinking of the cybernetics group. He uses the meetings to explore the strong influence elite groups can have in establishing connections and agendas for research and provides a firsthand took at the emergence of paradigms that were to become central to the new fields of artificial intelligence and cognitive science. In his joint biography of John von Neumann and Norbert Wiener, Heims offered a challenging interpretation of the development of recent American science and technology. Here, in this group portrait of an important generation of American intellectuals, Heims extends that interpretation to a broader canvas, in the process paying special attention to the two iconoclastic figures, Warren McCulloch and Gregory Bateson, whose ideas on the nature of the mind/brain and on holism are enjoying renewal today.

Steve J. Heims, once a research physicist, has devoted his attention to the history of twentieth century science for the past two decades.

The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
Turtle Geometry
Authors: Abelson Harold , diSessa Andrea
Published: April 2020

Turtle Geometry presents an innovative program of mathematical discovery that demonstrates how the effective use of personal computers can profoundly change the nature of a student's contact with mathematics. Using this book and a few simple computer programs, students can explore the properties of space by following an imaginary turtle across the screen. The concept of turtle geometry grew out of the Logo Group at MIT. Directed by Seymour Papert, author of Mindstorms, this group has done extensive work with preschool children, high school students and university undergraduates.

The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
Identifying the immune interactions underlying HLA class I disease associations
Authors: Debebe Bisrat J , Boelen Lies , Lee James C ,   IAVI Protocol C Investigators, Sanders Eduard J , Anzala Omu , Kamali Anatoli , Kaleebu Pontiano , Karita Etienne , Kilembe William , Inambao Mubiana , Lakhi Shabir , Allen Susan , Hunter Eric , Edward Vinodh A , Fast Pat E , Price Matt A , Gilmour Jill , Tang Jianming , Thio Chloe L , Astemborski Jacquie , Kirk Gregory , Khakoo Salim I , Donfield Sharyne M , Goedert James J , Asquith Becca
Published: April 2020

Variation in the risk and severity of many autoimmune diseases, malignancies and infections is strongly associated with polymorphisms at the HLA class I loci. These genetic associations provide a powerful opportunity for understanding the etiology of human disease. HLA class I associations are often interpreted in the light of ‘protective’ or ‘detrimental’ CD8+ T cell responses which are restricted by the host HLA class I allotype. However, given the diverse receptors which are bound by HLA class I molecules, alternative interpretations are possible. As well as binding T cell receptors on CD8+ T cells, HLA class I molecules are important ligands for inhibitory and activating killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) which are found on natural killer cells and some T cells; for the CD94:NKG2 family of receptors also expressed mainly by NK cells and for leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs) on myeloid cells. The aim of this study is to develop an immunogenetic approach for identifying and quantifying the relative contribution of different receptor-ligand interactions to a given HLA class I disease association and then to use this approach to investigate the immune interactions underlying HLA class I disease associations in three viral infections: Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1, Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 and Hepatitis C Virus as well as in the inflammatory condition Crohn’s disease.
An investigation of perceptual biases in complex regional pain syndrome
Authors: De Paepe Annick L. , Legrain Valéry , Van der Biest Lien , Hollevoet Nadine , Van Tongel Alexander , De Wilde Lieven , Jacobs Herlinde , Crombez Geert
Published: April 2020

Patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) report cognitive difficulties, affecting the ability to represent, perceive and use their affected limb. Moseley, Gallace & Spence (2009) observed that CRPS patients tend to bias the perception of tactile stimulation away from the pathological limb. Interestingly, this bias was reversed when CRPS patients were asked to cross their arms, implying that this bias is embedded in a complex representation of the body that takes into account the position of body-parts. Other studies have failed to replicate this finding (Filbrich et al., 2017) or have even found a bias in the opposite direction (Sumitani et al., 2007). Moreover, perceptual biases in CRPS patients have not often been compared to these of other chronic pain patients. Chronic pain patients are often characterized by an excessive focus of attention for bodily sensations. We might therefore expect that non-CRPS pain patients would show a bias towards instead of away from their affected limb. The aim of this study was to replicate the study of Moseley, Gallace & Spence (2009) and to extend it by comparing perceptual biases in a CRPS group with two non-CRPS pain control groups (i.e., chronic unilateral wrist and shoulder pain patients). In a temporal order judgment (TOJ) task, participants reported which of two tactile stimuli, one applied to either hand at various intervals, was perceived as occurring first. TOJs were made, either with the arms in a normal (uncrossed) position, or with the arms crossed over the body midline. We found no consistent perceptual biases in either of the patient groups and in either of the conditions (crossed/uncrossed). Individual differences were large and might, at least partly, be explained by other variables, such as pain duration and temperature differences between the pathological and non-pathological hand. Additional studies need to take these variables into account by, for example, comparing biases in CRPS (and non-CRPS) patients in an acute versus a chronic pain state.
Tuning the Bandgap Character of Quantum‐Confined Si–Sn Alloyed Nanocrystals
Authors: Bürkle Marius , Lozac'h Mickaël , McDonald Calum , Macias‐Montero Manuel , Alessi Bruno , Mariotti Davide , Švrček Vladimir
Published: April 2020

Nanocrystals in the regime between molecules and bulk give rise to unique electronic properties. Here, a thorough study focusing on quantum‐confined nanocrystals (NCs) is provided. At the level of density functional theory an approximate (quasi) band structure which addresses both the molecular and bulk aspects of finite‐sized NCs is calculated. In particular, how band‐like features emerge with increasing particle diameter is shown. The quasiband structure is used to discuss technological‐relevant direct bandgap NCs. It is found that ultrasmall Sn NCs have a direct bandgap in their at‐nanoscale‐stable α‐phase and for high enough Sn concentration (≈41%) alloyed Si–Sn NCs transition from indirect to direct bandgap semiconductors. The calculations strongly support recent experiments suggesting a direct bandgap for these systems. For a quantitative comparison many‐body GW + Bethe–Salpeter equation (BSE) calculations are performed. The predicted optical gaps are close to the experimental data and the calculated absorbance spectra compare well with the corresponding measurements.
High Thermoelectric Performance in Sulfide‐Type Argyrodites Compound Ag8Sn(S1−xSex)6 Enabled by Ultralow Lattice Thermal Conductivity and Extended Cubic Phase Regime
Authors: Shen Xingchen , Xia Yi , Yang Chun‐Chuen , Zhang Zhao , Li Shulong , Tung Yung‐Hsiang , Benton Allen , Zhang Xiao , Lu Xu , Wang Guoyu , He Jian , Zhou Xiaoyuan
Published: April 2020

Argyrodites with a general chemical formula of A8BC6 are known for complex phase transitions, ultralow lattice thermal conductivity, and mixed electronic and ionic conduction. The coexistence of ionic conduction and promising thermoelectric performance have recently been reported in selenide and telluride argyrodites, but scarcely in sulfide argyrodites. Here, the thermoelectric properties of Ag8Sn(S1−xSex)6 are reported. Specifically, Ag8SnS6 exhibits intrinsically ultralow lattice thermal conductivities of 0.61–0.31 W m−1 K−1 over the whole temperature range from 32 to 773 K due to distorted local crystal structure, relatively weak chemical bonding, rattler‐like Ag atoms, low‐lying optical modes, and dynamic disorder of Ag ions at high temperatures. Se doping shifts the orthorhombic–cubic phase transition from 457 K at x = 0 to 430 K at x = 0.10, thereby expanding the temperature range of the thermoelectrically favored cubic phase. A figure of merit zT value ≈ 0.80 is achieved at 773 K in Ag8Sn(S1−xSex)6 (x = 0.03), the highest zT value reported in sulfide argyrodites. These results fill a knowledge gap of the thermoelectric study of argyrodites and contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the chemical bonding, lattice dynamics, and thermal transport of argyrodites.
Air‐Stable Monolayer Cu2Se Exhibits a Purely Thermal Structural Phase Transition
Authors: Qian Kai , Gao Lei , Chen Xiya , Li Hang , Zhang Shuai , Zhang Xian‐Li , Zhu Shiyu , Yan Jiahao , Bao Deliang , Cao Lu , Shi Jin‐An , Lu Jianchen , Liu Chen , Wang Jiaou , Qian Tian , Ding Hong , Gu Lin , Zhou Wu , Zhang Yu‐Yang , Lin Xiao , Du Shixuan , Ouyang Min , Pantelides Sokrates T. , Gao Hong‐Jun
Published: April 2020

Materials possessing structural phase transformations exhibit a rich set of physical and chemical properties that can be used for a variety of applications. In 2D materials, structural transformations have so far been induced by strain, lasers, electron injection, electron/ion beams, thermal loss of stoichiometry, and chemical treatments or by a combination of such approaches and annealing. However, stoichiometry‐preserving, purely thermal, reversible phase transitions, which are fundamental in physics and can be easily induced, have not been observed. Here, the fabrication of monolayer Cu2Se, a new 2D material is reported, demonstrating the existence of a purely thermal structural phase transition. Scanning tunneling microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) identify two structural phases at 78 and 300 K. DFT calculations trace the phase‐transition mechanism via the existence/absence of imaginary (unstable) phonon modes at low and high temperatures. In situ, variable‐temperature low‐energy electron diffraction patterns demonstrate that the phase transition occurs across the whole sample at ≈147 K. Angle‐resolved photoemission spectra and DFT calculations show that a degeneracy at the Γ point of the energy bands of the high‐temperature phase is lifted in the low‐temperature phase. This work opens up possibilities for studying such phase transitions in 2D materials.
Molecular Approach to Electrochemically Switchable Monolayer MoS2 Transistors
Authors: Zhao Yuda , Bertolazzi Simone , Maglione Maria Serena , Rovira Concepció , Mas‐Torrent Marta , Samorì Paolo
Published: April 2020

As Moore's law is running to its physical limit, tomorrow's electronic systems can be leveraged to a higher value by integrating “More than Moore” technologies into CMOS digital circuits. The hybrid heterostructure composed of two‐dimensional (2D) semiconductors and molecular materials represents a powerful strategy to confer new properties to the former components, realize stimuli‐responsive functional devices, and enable diversification in “More than Moore” technologies. Here, an ionic liquid (IL) gated 2D MoS2 field‐effect transistor (FET) with molecular functionalization is fabricated. The suitably designed ferrocene‐substituted alkanethiol molecules not only improve the FET performance, but also show reversible electrochemical switching on the surface of MoS2. Field‐effect mobility of monolayer MoS2 reaches values as high as ≈116 cm2 V−1 s−1 with Ion/Ioff ratio exceeding 105. Molecules in their neutral or charged state impose distinct doping effect, efficiently tuning the electron density in monolayer MoS2. It is noteworthy that the joint doping effect from IL and switchable molecules results in the steep subthreshold swing of MoS2 FET in the backward sweep. These results demonstrate that the device architecture represents an unprecedented and powerful strategy to fabricate switchable 2D FET with a chemically programmed electrochemical signal as a remote control, paving the road toward novel functional devices.
Covalent–Organic Frameworks: Advanced Organic Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Sun Tao , Xie Jian , Guo Wei , Li Dong‐Sheng , Zhang Qichun
Published: April 2020

Covalent–organic frameworks (COFs), featuring structural diversity, framework tunability and functional versatility, have emerged as promising organic electrode materials for rechargeable batteries and garnered tremendous attention in recent years. The adjustable pore configuration, coupled with the functionalization of frameworks through pre‐ and post‐synthesis strategies, enables a precise customization of COFs, which provides a novel perspective to deepen the understanding of the fundamental problems of organic electrode materials. In this review, a summary of the recent research into COFs electrode materials for rechargeable batteries including lithium‐ion batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, potassium‐ion batteries, and aqueous zinc batteries is provided. In addition, this review will also cover the working principles, advantages and challenges, strategies to improve electrochemical performance, and applications of COFs in rechargeable batteries.
Small depressed lesion of the colon detected using image‐enhanced endoscopy: A case of adenocarcinoma of the lung with metastasis to the colon
Authors: Lin Shih‐Chun , Chien Hui‐Ping , Lin Yu‐Min
Published: April 2020

Colonic metastasis from lung cancer is rare. The findings of metastatic lesion colonoscopies are variable, and such lesions usually have advanced features. Here, we report a case of a patient with lung adenocarcinoma metastasis to the colon presenting with chronic diarrhea. The patient underwent a colonoscopy, and a small depressed lesion was identified at the ascending colon. In narrow‐band imaging (NBI), the lesion appeared dark brown with an irregular and disrupted vascular pattern on the surface. An invasive tumor was suspected based on image‐enhanced endoscopy (IEE). The pathologic report revealed adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was positive for thyroid transcription factor 1 and negative for caudal‐related homeobox transcription factor 2 in colonic biopsy specimens. The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the lung with metastasis to the colon was confirmed. This case report presents surface images of metastatic lesions in the colon and highlights the role of NBI in predicting the invasiveness of depressed lesions. The application of IEE could be extended to the evaluation of not only primary but also metastatic lesions in the colon.
Relationships between population traits, nonstructural carbohydrates, and elevation in alpine stands of Vaccinium myrtillus
Authors: Casolo Valentino , Braidot Enrico , Petrussa Elisa , Zancani Marco , Vianello Angelo , Boscutti Francesco
Published: April 2020

Premise

Despite great attention given to the relationship between plant growth and carbon balance in alpine tree species, little is known about shrubs at the treeline. We hypothesized that the pattern of main nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) across elevations depends on the interplay between phenotypic trait plasticity, plant–plant interaction, and elevation.

Methods

We studied the pattern of NSCs (i.e., glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch) in alpine stands of Vaccinium myrtillus (above treeline) across an elevational gradient. In the same plots, we measured key growth traits (i.e., anatomical stem features) and shrub cover, evaluating putative relationships with NSCs.

Results

Glucose content was positively related with altitude, but negatively related with shrub cover. Sucrose decreased at high altitude and in older populations and increased with higher percentage of vascular tissue. Starch content increased at middle and high elevations and in stands with high shrub cover. Moreover, starch content was negatively related with the number of xylem rings and the percentage of phloem tissue, but positively correlated with the percentage of xylem tissue.

Conclusions

We found that the increase in carbon reserves across elevations was uncoupled from plant growth, supporting the growth limitation hypothesis, which postulates NSCs accumulate at high elevation as a consequence of low temperature. Moreover, the response of NSC content to the environmental stress caused by elevation was buffered by phenotypic plasticity of plant traits, suggesting that, under climate warming conditions, shrub expansion due to enhanced plant growth would be pronounced in old but sparse stands.
Neurosurgical Intervention for Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Sondag Lotte , Schreuder Floris H. B. M. , Boogaarts Hieronymus D. , Rovers Maroeska M. , Vandertop W. Peter , Dammers Ruben , Klijn Catharina J. M. ,   the Dutch ICH Surgery Trial Study Group, part of the CONTRAST consortium
Published: April 2020

Objective

The effect of surgical treatment for supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and whether it is modified by key baseline characteristics and timing remains uncertain.

Methods

We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials of surgical treatment of supratentorial spontaneous ICH aimed at clot removal. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to February 21, 2019. Primary outcome was good functional outcome at follow‐up; secondary outcomes were death and serious adverse events. We analyzed all types of surgery combined and minimally invasive approaches separately. We pooled risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals and assessed the modifying effect of age, Glasgow Coma Scale, hematoma volume, and timing of surgery with meta‐regression analysis.

Results

We included 21 studies with 4,145 patients; 4 (19%) were of the highest quality. Risk ratio of good functional outcome after any type of surgery was 1.40 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22–1.60, I2 = 46%, 20 studies), and after minimally invasive surgery it was 1.47 (95% CI = 1.26–1.72, I2 = 47%, 12 studies). For death, the risk ratio for any type of surgery was 0.77 (95% CI = 0.68–0.85, I2 = 23%, 21 studies), and for minimally invasive surgery it was 0.68 (95% CI = 0.56–0.83, I2 = 14%, 13 studies). Serious adverse events were reported infrequently. Surgery seemed more effective when performed sooner after symptom onset (p = 0.04, 12 studies). Age, Glasgow Coma Scale, and hematoma volume did not modify the effect of surgery.

Interpretation

Surgical treatment of supratentorial spontaneous ICH may be beneficial, in particular with minimally invasive procedures and when performed soon after symptom onset. Further well‐designed randomized trials are needed to demonstrate whether (minimally invasive) surgery improves functional outcome after ICH and to determine the optimal time window of the treatment after symptom onset. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:239–250.
Photon Equivalents as a Parameter for Scaling Photoredox Reactions in Flow: Translation of Photocatalytic C−N Cross‐Coupling from Lab Scale to Multikilogram Scale
Authors: Corcoran Emily B. , McMullen Jonathan P. , Lévesque François , Wismer Michael K. , Naber John R.
Published: April 2020

With the development of new photocatalytic methods over recent decades, the translation of these chemical reactions to industrial‐production scales using continuous‐flow reactors has become a topic of increasing interest. In this context, we describe our studies toward elucidating an empirically derived parameter for scaling photocatalytic reactions in flow. By evaluating the performance of a photocatalytic C−N cross‐coupling reaction across multiple reactor sizes and geometries, it was demonstrated that expressing product yield as a function of the absorbed photon equivalents provides a predictive, empirical scaling parameter. Through the use of this scaling factor and characterization of the photonic flux within each reactor, the cross‐coupling was scaled successfully from the milligram scale in batch to a multi‐kilogram reaction in flow.
A Janus Fe‐SnO2Catalyst that Enables Bifunctional Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Cong Meiyu , Ding Xin , Jin Yu , Xu Fanfan , Wang Yong , Chen Lin , Zhang Lixue
Published: April 2020

Electrochemical N2reduction reactions (NRR) and the N2oxidation reaction (NOR), using H2O and N2, are a sustainable approach to N2fixation. To date, owing to the chemical inertness of nitrogen, emerging electrocatalysts for the electrochemical NRR and NOR at room temperature and atmospheric pressure remain largely underexplored. Herein, a new‐type Fe‐SnO2was designed as a Janus electrocatalyst for achieving highly efficient NRR and NOR catalysis. A high NH3yield of 82.7 μg h−1 mgcat.−1and a Faraday efficiency (FE) of 20.4 % were obtained for NRR. This catalyst can also serve as an excellent NOR electrocatalyst with a NO3−yields of 42.9 μg h−1 mgcat.−1and a FE of 0.84 %. By means of experiments and DFT calculations, it is revealed that the oxygen vacancy‐anchored single‐atom Fe can effectively adsorb and activate chemical inert N2molecules, lowering the energy barrier for the vital breakage of N≡N and resulting in the enhanced N2fixation performance.
Guest Binding Drives Host Redistribution in Libraries of CoII4L4 Cages
Authors: Kieffer Marion , Bilbeisi Rana A. , Thoburn John D. , Clegg Jack K. , Nitschke Jonathan R.
Published: April 2020

Two CoII4L4 tetrahedral cages prepared from similar building blocks showed contrasting host–guest properties. One cage did not bind guests, whereas the second encapsulated a series of anions, due to electronic and geometric effects. When the building blocks of both cages were present during self‐assembly, a library of five CoIILAxLB4−x cages was formed in a statistical ratio in the absence of guests. Upon incorporation of anions able to interact preferentially with some library members, the products obtained were redistributed in favor of the best anion binders. To quantify the magnitudes of these templation effects, ESI‐MS was used to gauge the effect of each template upon library redistribution.
Squalenyl Hydrogen Sulfate Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Delivery of Tobramycin and an Alkylquinolone Quorum Sensing Inhibitor Enable the Eradication of P. aeruginosa Biofilm Infections
Authors: Ho Duy‐Khiet , Murgia Xabier , De Rossi Chiara , Christmann Rebekka , Hüfner de Mello Martins Antonio G. , Koch Marcus , Andreas Anastasia , Herrmann Jennifer , Müller Rolf , Empting Martin , Hartmann Rolf W. , Desmaele Didier , Loretz Brigitta , Couvreur Patrick , Lehr Claus‐Michael
Published: April 2020

Elimination of pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections is challenging to accomplish with antibiotic therapies, mainly due to resistance mechanisms. Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) interfering with biofilm formation can thus complement antibiotics. For simultaneous and improved delivery of both active agents to the infection sites, self‐assembling nanoparticles of a newly synthesized squalenyl hydrogen sulfate (SqNPs) were prepared. These nanocarriers allowed for remarkably high loading capacities of hydrophilic antibiotic tobramycin (Tob) and a novel lipophilic QSI at 30 % and circa 10 %, respectively. The drug‐loaded SqNPs showed improved biofilm penetration and enhanced efficacy in relevant biological barriers (mucin/human tracheal mucus, biofilm), leading to complete eradication of PA biofilms at circa 16‐fold lower Tob concentration than Tob alone. This study offers a viable therapy optimization and invigorates the research and development of QSIs for clinical use.
Nanoimprint Lithography‐Directed Self‐Assembly of Bimetallic Iron–M (M=Palladium, Platinum) Complexes for Magnetic Patterning
Authors: Meng Zhengong , Li Guijun , Yiu Sze‐Chun , Zhu Nianyong , Yu Zhen‐Qiang , Leung Chi‐Wah , Manners Ian , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: April 2020

Self‐assembly of d8 metal polypyridine systems is a well‐established approach for the creation of 1D organometallic assemblies but there are still challenges for the large‐scale construction of nanostructured patterns from these building blocks. We describe herein the use of high‐throughput nanoimprint lithography (NIL) to direct the self‐assembly of the bimetallic complexes [4′‐ferrocenyl‐(2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine)M(OAc)]+(OAc)− (M=Pd or Pt; OAc=acetate). Uniform nanorods are fabricated from the molecular self‐organization and evidenced by morphological characterization. More importantly, when top‐down NIL is coupled with the bottom‐up self‐assembly of the organometallic building blocks, regular arrays of nanorods can be accessed and the patterns can be controlled by changing the lithographic stamp, where the mold imposes a confinement effect on the nanorod growth. In addition, patterns consisting of the products formed after pyrolysis are studied. The resulting arrays of ferromagnetic FeM alloy nanorods suggest promising potential for the scalable production of ordered magnetic arrays and fabrication of magnetic bit‐patterned media.
Molecular Intercalation and Electronic Two Dimensionality in Layered Hybrid Perovskites
Authors: Sheikh Tariq , Nawale Vaibhav , Pathoor Nithin , Phadnis Chinmay , Chowdhury Arindam , Nag Angshuman
Published: April 2020

In layered hybrid perovskites, such as (BA)2PbI4 (BA=C4H9NH3), electrons and holes are considered to be confined in atomically thin two dimensional (2D) Pb–I inorganic layers. These inorganic layers are electronically isolated from each other in the third dimension by the insulating organic layers. Herein we report our experimental findings that suggest the presence of electronic interaction between the inorganic layers in some parts of the single crystals. The extent of this interaction is reversibly tuned by intercalation of organic and inorganic molecules in the layered perovskite single crystals. Consequently, optical absorption and emission properties switch reversibly with intercalation. Furthermore, increasing the distance between inorganic layers by increasing the length of the organic spacer cations systematically decreases these electronic interactions. This finding that the parts of the layered hybrid perovskites are not strictly electronically 2D is critical for understanding the electronic, optical, and optoelectronic properties of these technologically important materials.
Rapid Generation of Hierarchically Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks through Laser Photolysis
Authors: Wang Kun‐Yu , Feng Liang , Yan Tian‐Hao , Wu Shengxiang , Joseph Elizabeth A. , Zhou Hong‐Cai
Published: April 2020

Hierarchically porous metal–organic frameworks (HP‐MOFs) facilitate mass transfer due to mesoporosity while preserving the advantage of microporosity. This unique feature endows HP‐MOFs with remarkable application potential in multiple fields. Recently, new methods such as linker labilization for the construction of HP‐MOFs have emerged. To further enrich the synthetic toolkit of MOFs, we report a controlled photolytic removal of linkers to create mesopores within microporous MOFs at tens of milliseconds. Ultraviolet (UV) laser has been applied to eliminate “photolabile” linkers without affecting the overall crystallinity and integrity of the original framework. Presumably, the creation of mesopores can be attributed to the missing‐cluster defects, which can be tuned through varying the time of laser exposure and ratio of photolabile/robust linkers. Upon laser exposure, MOF crystals shrank while metal oxide nanoparticles formed giving rise to the HP‐MOFs. In addition, photolysis can also be utilized for the fabrication of complicated patterns with high precision, paving the way towards MOF lithography, which has enormous potential in sensing and catalysis.
How representations of number and numeracy predict decision paradoxes: A fuzzy‐trace theory approach
Authors: Reyna Valerie F. , Brust‐Renck Priscila G.
Published: April 2020

Higher numeracy has been associated with decision biases in some numerical judgment‐and‐decision problems. According to fuzzy‐trace theory, understanding such paradoxes involves broadening the concept of numeracy to include processing the gist of numbers—their categorical and ordinal relations—in addition to objective (verbatim) knowledge about numbers. We assess multiple representations of gist, as well as numeracy, and use them to better understand and predict systematic paradoxes in judgment and decision‐making. In two samples (Ns = 978 and 957), we assessed categorical (some vs. none) and ordinal gist representations of numbers (higher vs. lower, as in relative magnitude judgment, estimation, approximation, and simple ratio comparison), objective numeracy, and a nonverbal, nonnumeric measure of fluid intelligence in predicting: (a) decision preferences exhibiting the Allais paradox and (b) attractiveness ratings of bets with and without a small loss in which the loss bet is rated higher than the objectively superior no‐loss bet. Categorical and ordinal gist tasks predicted unique variance in paradoxical decisions and judgments, beyond objective numeracy and intelligence. Whereas objective numeracy predicted choosing or rating according to literal numerical superiority, appreciating the categorical and ordinal gist of numbers was pivotal in predicting paradoxes. These results bring important paradoxes under the same explanatory umbrella, which assumes three types of representations of numbers—categorical gist, ordinal gist, and objective (verbatim)—that vary in their strength across individuals.
Atomic Force Microscopy in Mechanoimmunology Analysis: A New Perspective for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Kristi Natalia , Gafur Alidha , Kong Lingwen , Ma Xinshuang , Ye Zhiyi , Wang Guixue
Published: April 2020

Immunotherapy has remarkable success outcomes against hematological malignancies with high rates of complete remission. To date, many studies have been conducted to increase its effectiveness in other types of cancer. However, it still yields unsatisfying results in solid tumor therapy. This limitation is partly attributed to the lack of understanding of how immunotherapy works in cancer from other perspectives. The traditional studies focus on the biological and chemical perspectives to determine which molecular substrates are involved in the immune system that can eradicate cancer cells. In the last decades, accumulating evidence has shown that physical properties also play important roles in the immune system to combat cancer, which is studied in mechanoimmunology. Mechanoimmunology analysis requires special tools; and herein, atomic force microscopy (AFM) appears as a versatile tool to determine and quantify the mechanical properties of a sample in nanometer precisions. Owing to its multifunctional capabilities, AFM can be used to explore immune system function from the physical perspective. This review paper explains the mechanoimmunology of how immune systems work through AFM, which includes mechanosignaling, mechanosensing, and mechanotransduction, with the aim to deepen the understanding of the mechanistic role of immunotherapy for further development in cancer treatment.
LIMD1‐AS1 suppressed non‐small cell lung cancer progression through stabilizing LIMD1 mRNA via hnRNP U
Authors: Pan Jianyuan , Tang Yongqin , Liu Shumei , Li Lily , Yu Bo , Lu Yuanyuan , Wang Yu
Published: April 2020

Background

Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) occupies the majority of lung cancer cases and is notorious for the awful prognosis. LIM domains‐containing 1 (LIMD1) is suggested as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer, but its mechanism in NSCLC remains elusive. Present study aimed to uncover the mechanism of LIMD1 in NSCLC.

Methods

qRT‐PCR was performed to analyze the level of LIMD1. The functions of LIMD1 in NSCLC cells were evaluated by CCK‐8, EdU, and caspase‐3 activity assays. RIP and pull‐down assays were applied to determine the interaction of LIMD1 with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (hnRNP U) and LIMD1‐AS1.

Results

LIMD1 was downregulated in NSCLC samples and cells. Functionally, LIMD1 hindered proliferation and drove apoptosis in NSCLC cells. Moreover, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) LIMD1 antisense RNA 1 (LIMD1‐AS1) was downregulated in NSCLC samples and cell lines. LIMD1‐AS1 knockdown abrogated NSCLC cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, LIMD1‐AS1 stabilized LIMD1 mRNA through interacting with hnRNP U. Rescue experiments suggested that LIMD1‐AS1 repressed NSCLC progression through LIMD1.

Conclusions

LIMD1‐AS1 suppressed NSCLC progression through stabilizing LIMD1 mRNA via hnRNP U, providing new thoughts for the improvement of molecular‐targeted therapy for NSCLC.
Riboflavin Is Directly Involved in N‐Dealkylation Catalyzed by Bacterial Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases
Authors: Zhang Chengchang , Lu Meiling , Lin Lin , Huang Zhangjian , Zhang Rongguang , Wu Xuri , Chen Yijun
Published: April 2020

Like a vast number of enzymes in nature, bacterial cytochrome P450 monooxygenases require an activated form of flavin as a cofactor for catalytic activity. Riboflavin is the precursor of FAD and FMN that serves as indispensable cofactor for flavoenzymes. In contrast to previous notions, herein we describe the identification of an electron‐transfer process that is directly mediated by riboflavin for N‐dealkylation by bacterial P450 monooxygenases. The electron relay from NADPH to riboflavin and then via activated oxygen to heme was proposed based on a combination of X‐ray crystallography, molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulation, site‐directed mutagenesis and biochemical analysis of representative bacterial P450 monooxygenases. This study provides new insights into the electron transfer mechanism in bacterial P450 enzyme catalysis and likely in yeasts, fungi, plants and mammals.