bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
118 Relationships Between Perceptions of Subjective States Differ by Sleep Loss and During Recovery in Healthy Adults
Authors: Casale Courtney , Brieva Tess , Yamazaki Erika , Antler Caroline , Goel Namni
Published: May 2021

Introduction

The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the Profile of Mood States Fatigue and Vigor subscales (POMS-F and POMS-V) are commonly used to assess subjective sleepiness, fatigue and vigor in response to sleep loss. However, the detailed time course of relationships between these measures across sleep loss and recovery remains unknown yet is critical for assessing varying changes in perception of subjective states. Repeated measures correlation (rmcorr) examined within-individual association between the measures throughout a highly controlled sleep deprivation study.

Methods

Forty-one healthy adults (ages 21-49; mean±SD, 33.9±8.9y; 18 females) participated in a 13-night experiment consisting of two baseline nights (10h-12h time-in-bed, TIB) followed by 5 sleep restriction (SR) nights (4h TIB), 4 recovery nights (12h TIB), and 36h total sleep deprivation (TSD). A neurobehavioral test battery, including the KSS, POMS-F, and POMS-V, was administered every 2h during wakefulness. Rmcorr compared KSS, POMS-F, and POMS-V scores by examining correlations by study day (e.g., Baseline day 2) and by time point (e.g., 1000h-2000h). Rmcorr cutoffs were as follows: r=0.1:small, 0.3:moderate, 0.5:large.

Results

KSS and POMS-F maintained positive correlations throughout the study, whereas POMS-F and POMS-V and KSS and POMS-V were inversely correlated. All correlations were significant except those for POMS-F and POMS-V across recovery day 1 and KSS and POMS-F across recovery day 4. All measure pairs showed moderate to large correlations across baseline and SR1-5, but only small to moderate correlations across recovery. KSS and POMS-F and KSS and POMS-V showed moderate to large correlations across TSD; however, POMS-F and POMS-V only showed a small correlation. All three pairs showed consistent moderate (POMS-F and POMS-V) or large (KSS and POMS-F, KSS and POMS-V [moderate at 2000h]) correlations when analyzed by time point across the study.

Conclusion

Overall, the strength of relationships between KSS, POMS-F, and POMS-V scores varied as a function of type of sleep loss (SR or TSD) and by fully rested states, but not by time of day. This demonstrates the importance of determining perceptions of sleepiness, fatigue, and vigor in relation to each other, especially during recovery for all three constructs.

Support (if any)

ONR Award No. N00014-11-1-0361; NIH UL1TR000003;NASA NNX14AN49G and 80NSSC20K0243;NIH R01DK117488
121 Behavioral Attention Relationships Vary Between Demographic Groups Across Sleep Loss and Recovery
Authors: Antler Caroline , Yamazaki Erika , Brieva Tess , Casale Courtney , Goel Namni
Published: May 2021

Introduction

The Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a behavioral attention measure widely used to describe sleep loss deficits. Although there are reported differences in PVT performance for various demographic groups, no study has examined the relationship between measures on the 10-minute PVT (PVT10) and the 3-minute PVT (PVT3) within sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) groups throughout a highly controlled sleep deprivation study.

Methods

Forty-one healthy adults (mean±SD ages, 33.9±8.9y) participated in a 13-night experiment [2 baseline nights (10h-12h time in bed, TIB) followed by 5 sleep restriction (SR1-5) nights (4h TIB), 4 recovery nights (R1-R4; 12h TIB), and 36h total sleep deprivation (TSD)]. A neurobehavioral test battery, including the PVT10 and PVT3 was completed every 2h during wakefulness. Repeated measures correlation (rmcorr) compared PVT10 and PVT3 lapses (reaction time [RT] >355ms [PVT3] and >500ms [PVT10]) and response speed (1/RT) by examining correlations by day (e.g., baseline day 2) and time point (e.g., 1000h-2000h) within sex groups (18 females), within age groups defined by a median split (median=32, range=21-49y), and within BMI groups defined by a median split (median=25, range=17-31).

Results

PVT10 and PVT3 1/RT was significantly correlated at all study days and time points excluding at baseline for the younger group and at R2 for the higher BMI group. PVT10 and PVT3 lapses showed overall lower correlations across the study relative to 1/RT. Lapses were not significantly correlated at baseline for any group, for males across recovery (R1-R4), for the high BMI group at R2-R4, for the older group at R2-R3, or for the younger group at SR5 or R3.

Conclusion

Differentiating participants based on age, sex, or BMI revealed important variation in the relationship between PVT10 and PVT3 measures across the study. Surprisingly, lapses were not significantly correlated at baseline for any demographic group or across recovery for males or the high BMI or older group. Thus, PVT10 and PVT3 lapses may be less comparable in certain populations when well-rested. These findings add to a growing literature suggesting demographic factors may be important factors to consider when evaluating the effects of sleep loss.

Support (if any)

ONR Award N00014-11-1-0361;NIH UL1TR000003;NASA NNX14AN49G and 80NSSC20K0243; NIHR01DK117488
124 Skeletal muscle RNA and insulin sensitivity during insufficient sleep
Authors: Morton Sarah , Sharp Julia , Wright Kenneth , Broussard Josiane
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Insufficient sleep is associated with a down-regulation of genes involved in glycolysis, in conjunction with an upregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle. However, whether changes in RNA are associated with impairments in insulin sensitivity is unclear. We therefore tested the hypothesis that insufficient sleep will induce alterations in skeletal muscle RNA that correlate with changes in insulin sensitivity.

Methods

As part of an ongoing study, sixteen sedentary, healthy, lean adults (24.9±3.4y; 22.6±1.7kg/m2; 6F; mean±SD) participated in a controlled 6-day in-laboratory protocol with 9h in bed (habitual sleep) followed by 4 nights of 5h in bed (insufficient sleep), achieved by delaying bedtime by 4 hours. For one week prior to the study, participants maintained a 9h sleep schedule based on their habitual bed and wake times. Participants consumed energy-balanced diets 3 days prior to and throughout the laboratory protocol. Whole body insulin sensitivity was assessed using glucose infusion rate from a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp before and after 4 nights of insufficient sleep. Skeletal muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis were taken immediately before each clamp. In a subset of subjects (n=12), RNA sequencing was performed (Novogene Co., Ltd). Generalized linear model likelihood ratio tests were completed using the DESeq2/EdgeR R packages with a false discovery rate (FDR) cut-off of 5%. P-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method and a corrected p-value of 0.05 and log2 fold-change of 0 were set as the threshold for statistical significance.

Results

Insulin sensitivity was impaired by 6% following insufficient sleep (10.1±1.4 vs 9.1±1.1mg/kg/min, p<0.05, mean±SEM). Preliminary results from skeletal muscle RNAseq analyses suggest approximately 25 genes were down-regulated and 60 genes were up-regulated. Down-regulated genes were involved in insulin-like growth factor binding and signal transduction (p=8.4e-11), while up-regulated genes were involved in glycolysis and ATP binding (p=1.1e-9). While there were trends for associations between changes in gene expression and insulin sensitivity, these relationships did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusion

Preliminary findings suggest insufficient sleep alters skeletal muscle RNA. Changes in these aforementioned pathways may contribute to metabolic dysregulation during insufficient sleep.

Support (if any)

NIH K01DK110138, R03 DK118309, UL1 TR002535, and GCRC RR-00036
134 Acute effects of methadone, buprenorphine or naltrexone on sleep-like parameters evaluated with actigraphy in male rhesus monkeys
Authors: Berro Lais , Zamarripa C Austin , Talley Joseph , Freeman Kevin , Rowlett James
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a significant public health problem, and it has been associated with the emergence of sleep disturbances. Effective treatment options for OUD exist, including medication-assisted therapy with methadone or buprenorphine. However, emerging evidence suggests that these treatments also may be associated with significant sleep impairment. The extent to which these effects are a result of the medication or an effect of chronic opioid use remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the acute effects of methadone, buprenorphine or naltrexone in male rhesus monkeys in order to understand whether pharmacological treatment with these drugs per se would have deleterious effects on sleep.

Methods

Adult naïve male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, n=5) maintained on a 12h/12h light/dark cycle were fitted with primate collars to which actigraphy monitors were attached. Actigraphy recording was conducted during baseline conditions and following acute injections of vehicle, methadone (0.03 – 1.0 mg/kg, i.m.), buprenorphine (0.01 – 1.0 mg/kg, i.m.) or naltrexone (0.03 – 1.0 mg/kg, i.m.) in the morning (10h, 4h after “lights on”) or in the evening (16:30h, 1.5h before “lights off”).

Results

Morning treatment with methadone or buprenorphine dose-dependently impaired sleep in rhesus monkeys, with at least one dose significantly increasing sleep latency and decreasing sleep efficiency. Evening treatment with methadone or buprenorphine also impaired sleep, with lower doses significantly inducing sleep alterations compared to morning treatments. The effects of buprenorphine on sleep was a biphasic function, with the highest doses not disrupting sleep. Treatment with naltrexone significantly improved sleep-like measures in rhesus monkeys, with evening treatments improving measures of both sleep latency and sleep efficiency.

Conclusion

Acute administration of methadone and buprenorphine induced marked sleep impairment in rhesus monkeys, even when the drugs were administered in the morning. Unexpectedly, acute administration of the opioid antagonist naltrexone significantly improved sleep-like measures. Our findings show that the currently available pharmacotherapies for OUD significantly affect sleep in naïve monkeys, and that opioid mechanisms yet to be determined may play a significant role in sleep-wake regulation.

Support (if any)

Supported by NIH grants DA049886 to L.F.B.; DA048586 to C.A.Z.; DA039167 to K.B.F.; DA011792, DA043204 and DA046778 to J.K.R..
143 The Shared and Unique Genetic Influences of Pubertal Development and Objective Sleep During Middle Childhood
Authors: Lecarie Emma , Doane Leah , Lemery-Chalfant Kathryn
Published: May 2021

Introduction

More advanced pubertal development has negative impacts on sleep quality and quantity in adolescents (Foley et al., 2018). Pubertal development and sleep both have high genetic influences, while environmental factors are also evident (Breitenstein et al., 2020; Dick et al., 2001). To elucidate underlying relations between pubertal development and sleep, the present study examined the genetic and environmental influences on the covariation of these health processes using a twin study design.

Methods

This racially and socioeconomically diverse sample included 596 twin children (Mage=8.41, SD=.69; 51.7% female; 66.3% White; 33.7% Hispanic; 156 monozygotic, 217 same-sex dizygotic, and 179 opposite-sex dizygotic). Children wore wrist-based accelerometers (Motion Logger Micro Watch; Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc, Ardsley, NY USA) on their non-dominant wrist for 7 nights (M= 6.81, SD= .67) to measure their sleep (efficiency, duration). Primary caregivers completed Zygosity Questionnaire for Young Twins (Goldsmith, 1991), as well as the Pubertal Development Scale (Petersen et al., 1988) for each twin, and puberty composite scores for males and females were used (Coleman & Coleman, 2002). Bivariate Cholesky decompositions were fit in OpenMX to estimate genetic and environmental influences on the covariance between pubertal development and sleep (Boker et al., 2011). The -2 log-likelihood chi-square test of fit and the Akaike’s Information Criterion were used to find the most parsimonious solution.

Results

261 White (68.9%) and 135 Hispanic (77.1%) participants had initiated puberty. Pubertal development was positively correlated with sleep efficiency (r =.15) and sleep duration (r =.15). Pubertal development, sleep efficiency, and sleep duration were all heritable at 59%, 54%, and 73%, respectively. The AE-A-AE twin model was the best-fitting model for both bivariate models, with additive genetics accounting for 86% and 90% of the shared covariance between pubertal development and sleep efficiency and duration, respectively.

Conclusion

The genetic association between pubertal development and sleep suggests a third variable influence, and Wang and colleagues (2020) have identified genetic variants that partially explain the association. Future directions include longitudinal analyses across the pubertal transition as environmental demands increase.

Support (if any)

Supported by the US Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development: R01 HD079520 to Kathryn Lemery-Chalfant and Leah Doane.
148 Sleep thief! Falling asleep with the TV on is related to shorter sleep duration among Latino/a children
Authors: Martinez Suzanna , Esaryk Erin , Jimenez Eli , Tschann Jeanne
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Sleep duration is associated with obesity in Latino/a children. However, little is known about Latino/a children’s bedtime behaviors who have a higher prevalence of obesity compared to white children. An improved understanding of Latino/a children’s bedtime behaviors is warranted to inform health promotion programs in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine bedtime activities and behaviors with sleep characteristics of Latino/a children.

Methods

Children of Mexican descent (8-10 years old) and their mothers (N=32) from the San Francisco Bay Area were invited to participate in a 3-week crossover study. Mothers completed a questionnaire on sleep behaviors (e.g., duration, disturbances) and activities 1 hour before bed (e.g., television viewing in bed, eating or drinking). Mother and child anthropometrics were measured. Preliminary bivariate analyses included: (1) a linear regression examining child weekday sleep duration (dependent) with child behavior before bed (independent), and (2) a logistic regression examining child sleep disturbances (dependent) with child behavior before bed (independent).

Results

The average child age was 9.71 (SD = 0.96); almost half of children were obese (47%) and their mothers (53%). Children slept on average 10.07 (SD= 2.36) hours on weekdays and 10.31 on weekends (SD = 2.21); 26% of children experienced difficulty falling asleep ≥ 1per week, 52% watched television in the hour before bed, and 21% watched television to fall asleep ≥ 1 per week. Mothers slept on average 6.07 (SD = 1.57) on weekends and 6.99 (SD =5.75) on weekdays. In the hour before bed, children consumed/drank cereal and/or waffles (59%), drank plain milk (38%), drank flavored milk (19%), and juice (16%). Watching television to fall asleep was associated with shorter sleep duration (B = -0.45, P = 0.03), with a trend toward significance with increased odds of difficulty falling asleep (OR = 5.0, P = 0.09).

Conclusion

Watching television to fall asleep may be a risk factor for shorter sleep duration and difficulty falling asleep. A larger study to examine sleep related factors, such as unhealthy practices before bed, is warranted to understand the high obesity prevalence among Latino/a children.

Support (if any)

K01HL129087 (PI: Martinez)
153 Early Positive Parent-Child Interactions and Enriched Home Environment are Associated with Better Infant Sleep
Authors: Jiao Nana , Petrov Megan , Reifsnider Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Infant sleep is influenced by biopsychosocial interactions. However, the influence of an interactive home environment is underexplored. The aim was to examine whether early positive parent-child interactions and an enriched home environment were associated with better infant sleep later.

Methods

Pregnant, obese, and low-income Latina women were recruited for a RCT delivering a 12-month intervention for infants to prevent overweight (n=129). At 1, 6, and 12 months, mothers reported breastfeeding duration, completed the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire-Revised (BISQ-R, range: 0-100), and underwent the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME, range: 0-45) Inventory including subscales of Responsivity, Acceptance, Organization, Learning Materials, Involvement, and Variety. Pearson correlations between HOME and BISQ-R at each visit were conducted. Significant associations (α<0.05) were entered into stepwise multivariable linear regressions adjusting for infant sex, mother’s education, breastfeeding, and 1-month BISQ-R to determine which HOME subscales were associated with 6- and 12-month total BISQ-R if the total HOME was significant.

Results

The mean 1-, 6- and 12-month BISQ-R were 84(SD=6.1), 76.4(SD=8.3), and 78.5(SD=8.0), respectively. The 1-month HOME total score (M=21.8[SD=4.4]) significantly correlated with the 6- and 12-month BISQ-R. The regression of 1-month HOME with 6-month BISQ-R indicated greater BISQ-R scores were associated with shorter breastfeeding (β=-0.3, p=0.001), greater HOME total scores (β=0.2, p=0.037), and 1-month BISQ-R scores(β=0.2, p=0.038), which explained 13.1% of the variance (F[3,106]=6.5, p<0.001). The regression of 1-month HOME subscales with 6-month BISQ-R indicated greater BISQ-R scores were associated with shorter breastfeeding (β=-0.31, p=0.001), greater Responsivity scores (β=0.21, p=0.022), and 1-month BISQ-R scores (β=0.2, p=0.027), which explained 13.9% of the variance (F[3,106]=6.86, p<0.001). The regression of 1-month HOME with 12-month BISQ-R indicated greater BISQ-R scores were associated with shorter breastfeeding (β=-0.24, p=0.013) and greater HOME total scores (β=0.24, p=0.016), which explained 7.9% of the variance (F[2,100]=5.4, p=0.006). The regression of 1-month HOME subscales with 12-month BISQ-R indicated greater BISQ-R scores were associated with greater Variety scores (β=0.29, p=0.003), shorter breastfeeding (β=-0.24, p=0.011), and 1-month BISQ-R scores(β=0.18, p=0.049), which explained 13.5% of the variance (F[3,99]=6.29, p=0.001).

Conclusion

Better infant sleep was associated with an early interactive home environment, especially parent’s responsiveness and people/events providing organized variety.

Support (if any):
154 Cortical thickness and sleep slow wave activity mediates age-related improvements in cognition during late adolescence
Authors: Ong Ju Lynn , Jamaluddin Azrin , Leong Ruth , Lo June , Chee Michael
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Adolescence is a period of rapid brain maturation, and studies have independently documented reductions in cortical thickness, reduced sleep slow wave activity (0.5-4Hz), and improved cognition as a child transitions into adulthood. In the present work, we investigate whether these factors interact in late adolescence.

Methods

114 adolescents aged 15-19y (52 males) underwent a structural MRI scan, polysomnography (PSG) and a series of cognitive tests assessing fluid intelligence, sustained attention, speed of processing and working memory. As sleep history has been known to affect EEG measures of slow wave activity, actigraphic recordings ensured that participants received 9h of night the week prior to the PSG session. Cognitive scores were combined to obtain a single measure of global cognition. For assessment of cortical thickness, the Freesurfer (v5.3) pipeline was used to obtain measures for all regions of interest from the Desikan-Killiany cortical atlas. Pearson correlations were conducted to independently confirm associations between aging and reductions in cortical thickness, slow wave activity and improved global cognition, controlling for sex. Finally, a serial mediation model (SPSS PROCESS Model 6) was performed to test the mediating role of cortical thickness and slow wave activity between aging and global cognition.

Results

Reductions in EEG sleep slow wave activity, cortical thickness and improved global cognition was observed with increasing age, likely representing synaptic pruning and a decrease in waking metabolic activity that contributes to increased overall neural efficiency. Regions in the temporal and parietal areas showed the steepest age-related reductions. In addition, the age-related improvement in cognition was found to be mediated by both cortical thinning as well as reduced SWA activity, particularly in the middle temporal cortex.

Conclusion

The adolescent brain undergoes rapid growth in preparation for adulthood. Cortical restructuring through pruning of neural circuits during this period is associated with reduced slow wave activity, mediating the age-related improvement in cognition. Future work should investigate whether insults to the brain during this critical period alters this trajectory.

Support (if any)

This work was supported by grants awarded to Michael Chee (NMRC/STaR/015/2013, NRF2016-SOL002-001 and the Far East Organization).
158 The Association Between Sleep Spindles and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Men: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Parker Jesse , Appleton Sarah , Melaku Yohannes , D’Rozario Angela , Wittert Gary , Catcheside Peter , Adams Robert , Vakulin Andrew , Martin Sean
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Sleep spindles are thought to play an important role in learning and memory. The association between sleep spindles and cognitive function and the potential confounding influence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is uncertain. We examined the cross-sectional association between sleep spindles and cognitive function controlled for OSA in a sample of community dwelling middle-aged and older men.

Methods

Participants of the Florey Adelaide Male Ageing Study (n=477) underwent home-based polysomnography. These participants also completed the inspection time (IT) task, trail-making test part A (TMT-A) and part B (TMT-B), and Fuld object memory evaluation (FOME) test. Spindle metrics derived from sleep electroencephalography (n=356) included occurrence (total number) and fast (13-16 Hz) and slow (11-13 Hz) spindle density (number/minute) during N2 and N3 sleep. Linear regression models were adjusted for age, OSA, education, obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, smoking, and alcohol risk.

Results

In covariate unadjusted analyses, higher spindle occurrence during N2 sleep was associated with better IT, TMT-A, TMT-B, and FOME performance (all p<0.05). Spindle density (fast and slow) during N2 and N3 sleep (slow spindles only) was associated with better inspection time, TMT-A, and TMT-B performance (all p<0.05). Fast spindle density during N2 sleep was also associated with better FOME performance (B=1.03, 95% CI [0.47, 1.59], p<0.05). In covariate adjusted analyses, higher spindle occurrence during N2 sleep was independently associated with better IT (B=-0.002, 95% CI [-0.004, 0.000], p=0.046), while fast spindle density during N3 sleep was independently associated with worse TMT-B performance (B=0.12, 95% CI [0.03, 0.21], p=0.011).

Conclusion

Specific sleep spindle metrics during N2 and N3 sleep were independently associated with better visual processing speed and worse executive attention, suggesting a differential association between cognitive function and spindles during N2 and N3 sleep. The utility of sleep spindles for predicting cognitive impairment needs investigation in prospective studies.

Support (if any)

National Health and Medical Research Foundation, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Hospital Research Foundation, and ResMed Foundation.
159 The Role of Education on the Association between OSA and Cognitive Functions in Middle-age and Older Adults
Authors: Hlaing Ei , Dollinger Stephanie Clancy , Brown Terry
Published: May 2021

Introduction

A weak relation between an increase in education and improved health knowledge was observed among those who attended college, but not among those whose highest educational level attainment was high school (Altindag, Cannonier, & Mocan, 2014). Alachantis and colleagues (2005) had applied cognitive reserve theory (Stern, 2002) to help explain why OSA patients with higher intelligence scores perform well on cognitive tasks. The resource substitution theory (RST; Ross & Mirowsky, 2006) posits that higher education compensates for background disadvantages rather than magnifying background advantages. The goals of the current study were to examine the interaction between educational level and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on cognitive functions such as verbal fluency, psychomotor vigilance, executive functions, visuospatial ability, and attention span and to determine whether the results would support the RST.

Methods

One hundred and nine participants (47 ApneaLinkTM -screened controls and 62 untreated OSA patients) participated in the study and completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WAIS-III digit span and block design, semantic and phonemic fluency tests, and a psychomotor vigilance task. Subjective sleep (PSQI and ESS) and health measures (depression, anxiety, mood disturbance, diabetes, hypertension) were assessed. A hierarchical regression was conducted to test for the additional variance explained by the interaction term even after accounting for the covariates.

Results

In semantic fluency and visuospatial ability tasks, patients with higher education performed better than patients with high school or less education. This moderation effect of education was not observed for the control group. A significant interaction effect was not observed for vigilance, phonemic fluency, attention span, or executive functions although education was a significant predictor for all cognitive tasks.

Conclusion

The resource substitution theory was supported as the benefit of education seemed more crucial for OSA patients than for controls, specifically in semantic fluency and visuospatial ability. This benefit of higher education contributing to larger cognitive reserves in patients with OSA helped buffer some cognitive deficits but not for others, but this buffer no longer works when the cognitive demand gets larger.

Support (if any)

A grant from the Center for Integrative Research on Cognitive Neural Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale was received.
166 Air emissions from swine industrial livestock operations and sleep among residents in nearby residential communities
Authors: Jackson Chandra , MacNell Nathaniel , Heaney Christopher
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Waste from swine industrial livestock operations (ILOs) produces air pollutants that have been associated with negative health outcomes among nearby residents.

Methods

Using a repeated-measures design, we assessed the impact of odor emissions on sleep duration and awakenings, important components and determinants of health and quality-of-life. Study participants from 16 residential communities in eastern North Carolina hosting swine ILOs, from 2003 to 2005, completed twice-daily diaries in which they rated the strength of hog odors and indicated whether they were asleep or awake per hour for two weeks. Simultaneously, a monitoring trailer placed in a central location in each community measured the atmospheric concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Subject-conditional fixed-effects regression models were used to estimate associations between two markers of swine ILO pollutant exposures (H2S and swine odor) and two self-reported sleep outcomes (nightly sleep duration and awakening from sleep).

Results

Among 80 participants, nightly (across a 12-hour period) swine odor was associated with lower-nightly sleep duration (mean difference = -14.3 minutes, 95% confidence interval -25.0 to -3.3 minutes) compared to odor-free nights and detection of nightly hydrogen sulfide was associated with a 23% increased hazard of awakening (Hazard ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval 0.98 to 1.55) compared to nights with no detection of hydrogen sulfide.

Conclusion

These results suggest that emissions reductions and odor abatement are important public health goals in designing policy and technology solutions to the problems of livestock production and waste management.

Support (if any)

This work was funded, in part, by the Intramural Program at the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z1AES103325-01).
177 The Relationship between Language Preference and Sleep Aid Utilization among Spanish and English-speaking Latinx Adults
Authors: Morris Melanie , Giorgio Luciana , Alcántara Carmela
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Studies have found positive associations between acculturation and self-reported sleep disturbances among Latinx adults, however whether acculturation-related factors influence treatment preferences for sleep disturbances remain underexplored. This study examines the relationship between language preference, an indicator of acculturation, and various types of sleep aid use among Latinx adults.

Methods

Using cross-sectional screener survey data from the LAtino Sleep and Health Study (N=739) of Latinx adults living in NYC, we conducted logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship between language preference and 3 types of sleep aid use (prescription, over-the-counter, and natural/herbal). Language preference was determined by whether the survey was completed in English or Spanish. Participants responded “Yes/No” to each type of sleep aid use. Primary regression models included adjustments for gender and age. Sensitivity analyses were conducted accounting for self-reported, physician-diagnosed sleep disorders.

Results

In unadjusted models, participants with Spanish-language preference were 2.38 (OR=2.38, 95%CI:1.30-4.36) and 1.80 (OR=1.80,95%CI:1.27-2.55) times more likely to report prescription and natural/herbal sleep aid use, respectively, compared to those with English-language preference. In primary models, language preference was not significantly associated with any type of sleep aid use. However, being below age 50 was associated with 68% and 44% decreased odds of reporting prescription and natural/herbal sleep aid use, respectively, when compared to those above age 50-79 (OR=0.32, 95%CI:0.16-0.64; OR=0.56,95%CI:0.38-0.84).Those who reported a sleep disorder were 6.35, 2.65, and 2.83 times more likely to report prescription, over-the-counter, and natural/herbal sleep aid use (OR=6.35, 95%CI:3.45-11.69; OR=2.65,95%CI:1.61-4.36; OR=2.83, 95%CI:1.85-4.37) compared to those without sleep disorder.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine language preference and sleep aid use in a Latinx sample. After adjusting for demographics, language was no longer significantly associated with prescription or over-the-counter sleep aid use. This change in significance may be due to differences in the age composition of the sample by language preference. Future studies in more balanced age samples should replicate these findings, and further unpack the determinants of prescription sleep aid use in Latinx adults with sleep disorders given the adverse side effects associated with prescription sleep aids.

Support (if any):
180 Are Sleep Education Programs Equitable? A Meta-Analysis on Sleep Knowledge and Behaviors Across Gender and Racial/Ethnic Groups
Authors: Nickel Allison , Lage Candice , Porro Abbye , Gao Chenlu , Johnson Dayna , Scullin Michael
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Female and under-represented minority students (URMs) disproportionately experience sleep disturbances. Such sleep disparities may contribute to health disparities and academic achievement gaps. A potential solution is to improve sleep quality via education-based sleep interventions, but it remains unclear whether such interventions produce equitable sleep outcomes across gender and racial/ethnic groups.

Methods

We conducted a meta-analysis on sleep education interventions in high school and college students. We requested that authors provide demographic-separated data on how the intervention changed sleep knowledge, sleep quality, and sleep duration. Data were shared from 12 of the studies that met inclusion criteria (N=964; 64.8% female; 27.6% URM). We used random-effects models and computed Hedges’ g for each demographic group for each variable/study separately. We also systematically reviewed the content of each intervention to evaluate diversity, inclusion, and cultural sensitivity metrics.

Results

Sleep education significantly improved sleep knowledge (g=.82, p<.001) and sleep quality (g=.14, p=.01), but not sleep duration (g=.12, p=.28). Pre-to-post change scores indicated that the sleep education intervention was similarly effective for sleep knowledge across males (g=.80, p=.01) and females (g=.76, p=.002); sleep knowledge also similarly improved in White/Caucasian students (g=.94, p=.002), Asian students (g=.85, p=.08), and URM students (g=1.24, p=.01). Furthermore, sleep quality improved in Asian students (g=.28, p=.03), White/Caucasian students (g=.12, p=.09), and female students (g=.22, p=.008; but not males; g=.11, p=.22). Whereas URM students showed the largest improvement in sleep knowledge (g=1.24), they showed the least improvement in sleep quality (g=.07, p=.58). Systematic review of intervention content showed that 75% of interventions were individually-focused (e.g., interviews, participants selected their own goals), but only one sleep intervention was explicitly designed to be culturally sensitive and no interventions addressed financial, social, or neighborhood-level barriers to poor sleep.

Conclusion

Sleep education programs increase sleep knowledge in all student groups, but may not equitably improve sleep quality. Future sleep interventions will need to utilize theories of behavioral change, incorporate cultural tailoring, and address system-level financial, social, and other barriers to sleep quality in URM students.

Support (if any)

National Science Foundation (1920730 and 1943323)
182 Neighborhood Safety, Stress, and Sleep: Ethnic Differences
Authors: Corona Frida , Vane Ryan , Habhab Zouhour , Mednick Sara
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Feelings of safety in an individual’s neighborhood have an influence on mental health, specifically, feelings of unsafety can result in emotional distress. Given the role of stress on sleep, ethnic differences in stress levels are of particular importance. The current study investigated the influence of feelings of neighborhood safety on stress and sleep, and whether this influence differs by ethnicity. The mediating role of feelings of neighborhood safety on the relation between stress and sleep was also explored.

Methods

947 participants were recruited to participate in a questionnaire through Amazon Mechanical Turk, university SONA system, and social media. Components of this survey included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Neighborhood Questionnaire Neighborhood Safety Subscale. In addition, information was collected about participants’ living surroundings.

Results

Feelings of unsafety in one’s neighborhood result in higher stress levels and poorer sleep. These differences were greater for Black Americans, Asian Americans, and Latino Americans, compared to White Americans. Feelings of lower neighborhood safety result in higher stress, leading to poorer sleep.

Conclusion

The effects of neighborhood safety on stress and sleep are of particular interest due to the ethnic differences present. Given the health disparities present for minority ethnic groups in the United States, the factors involved in feelings of neighborhood safety should be further investigated.

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186 Sleep among Youth During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Differences between Summer and School-Year
Authors: Levenson Jessica , Ray Kristin , Lavage Dan , Wehrer Edward , Miller Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Insufficient sleep is highly prevalent among school-age youth and adolescents, which has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is unclear whether sleep during COVID-19 varies based on whether school is in session. We examined the sleep of school-age youth and adolescents during COVID-19 and described changes in rates of insufficient sleep from summer (Time 1) to school year (Time 2). We further examined whether insufficient sleep is associated with mental health service utilization.

Methods

Adults in Southwestern Pennsylvania with children under 18 years old in their household completed a repeated cross-sectional electronic survey. The survey was designed to assess usage of, and unmet need for, health and social service resources, among other health behaviors. As responses were anonymous with no longitudinal linking, we used descriptive statistics and Chi-Square tests to examine our aims at each time point. Insufficient sleep was operationalized as <9 hours (school-age youth) and <8 hours (adolescents) of sleep duration, per National Sleep Foundation standards.

Results

Data were analyzed from n=97 school-age youth and n=83 adolescents at Time 1, and n=77 school-age youth and n=82 adolescents at Time 2. Most school-age youth (76.3%) obtained sufficient sleep at Time 1, which was maintained at Time 2. However, while 75.6% of adolescents obtained sufficient sleep at Time 1, that number fell to 63.3% at Time 2. Youth with insufficient sleep were more likely to utilize mental health services than those obtaining sufficient sleep at a borderline level of statistical significance (p-value = 0.097), after controlling for age group.

Conclusion

The rate of insufficient sleep among adolescents during COVID-19 is meaningfully higher than non-COVID, school-year rates recently reported among adolescents. Youth with insufficient sleep are more likely to utilize mental health services, though the direction of causality in that association is unknown. Future work should focus on strategies for increasing access to sleep promotion programs that support sleep health and mental health during a time of great stress.

Support (if any)

Supported in part by funding to the Pittsburgh Study (Grable Foundation, Shear Family Foundation, University of Pittsburgh Department of Pediatrics, and UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Foundation). Dr. Levenson was supported by K23HD087433.
187 Mental health clusters during COVID-19 pandemic are associated with multiple dimensions of sleep in a sample of pregnant women
Authors: Lucchini Maristella , Firestein Morgan , Shuffrey Lauren C , Pini Nicolò , Babineau Vanessa , Fifer William P , Alcantara Carmela
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Sleep and mental health have a bidirectional relationship. During pregnancy, poor sleep health, depression and stress are common and have been associated with poor maternal and fetal outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced additional physical and psychological risk factors, due to high mortality rate, and economic and social repercussions. This study examines whether prenatal maternal mental health clusters are associated with multiple dimensions of sleep during pregnancy in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

From June-December 2020, participants were recruited as part of the COVID-19 Mother Baby Outcomes (COMBO) Cohort at Columbia University (N=188; at recruitment gestational age: 32.2±8.2 weeks; age: 32±6.75 years; N=74 Hispanic, N=65 White non-Hispanic, N=27 Black/African American, N=22 other). Survey data on maternal depression (PHQ-9), perceived stress (PSS), Covid-related stress, and sleep health (PSQI) were collected. Using hierarchical clustering, we created maternal mental health clusters (MMHC). Regressions analyses were implemented to estimate the associations between multiple dimensions of sleep based on MMHC.

Results

\We derived three MMHC: Low-risk (no depression, no Covid-stress, low-moderate perceived stress), Covid-stress (no depression, moderate Covid-stress, low-moderate perceived stress) and high-risk (moderate depression, moderate Covid-stress, moderate to high perceived stress). Maternal age, gestational age, income, and race were not significantly different across clusters. The Covid-stress cluster compared to the low-risk cluster reported worse subjective sleep quality (ß=0.34±0.11, p=0.0025), longer sleep latency (ß=0.44±0.13,p<0.000), more sleep disturbances (ß=0.67±0.18, p=0.004) and an overall higher PSQI score (ß=0.32±0.13,p=0.017). Compared to the low-risk group, the high-risk group reported worse subjective sleep quality (ß=0.96±0.3,p<0.000), longer sleep latency (ß=0.79±0.13,p<0.000), shorter sleep duration (ß=0.67±0.18,p=0.0003), lower sleep efficiency (ß=0.67±0.25,p=0.008), more sleep disturbances (ß=0.59±0.10, p<0.000), higher daytime dysfunction (ß=0.85±0.10, p=0.000) and an overall higher PISQI score (ß=1.15±0.16, p<0.000).

Conclusion

Our results indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has affected mental health profiles during pregnancy, with evidence of a high-risk cluster presenting Covid-stress and depressive symptoms and a Covid-stress cluster presenting Covid-stress without depressive symptoms in a multi-ethnic sample of pregnant women. Both were associated with poorer sleep health outcomes compared to the low-risk cluster. These results have important implications for screening and treatment for the sleep health and obstetric communities during these unprecedented times.

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189 Changes in Sleep Hygiene and Sleepiness Following Social Distancing Related to COVID-19
Authors: Peszka Jennifer , Mastin David , Kennedy Lindsay , Sestir Marc , Harsh John
Published: May 2021

Introduction

It was expected COVID-19 would result in changes that could impact sleep hygiene and sleep. We examined sleep hygiene and symptoms of disrupted sleep through late April and May and demographic and psychological variables related to vulnerability/resilience to negative outcomes.

Methods

Participants (Part1: N=180, Part2: N=64; ages 18-85) solicited from a college (students, faculty/staff, alumni, parents) and local community (churches, community centers, libraries) completed a 30-minute survey (measures: sleep hygiene (SH), symptoms of sleep disruption, mental health, personality, social distancing, COVID-19 impact/experience, and demographics) for possible prizes. Part 1, April 20th-May 12th, participants answered trait questionnaires and state questionnaires for before and during social distancing, then repeated state questionnaires two weeks later (Part 2).

Results

Following initial COVID related changes, 66.1% of participants reported worsening symptoms of sleep disruption, 27.9% reported no change, and 6.3% reported improvements. 40.3% reported worsening SH, 53.5% no change, and 6.3% improvements. At 2-week follow-up, 30.4% of participants shifted from reporting no change to SH improvements over baseline. Overall, participants showed significant worsening of symptoms of sleep disruption (sleepiness, moodiness, avolition, cognitive impairments) and SH behaviors (less consistent bed- and wake-times, more frequently staying too long in bed, more pre-bed alerting activities, more bedtime negative emotion, more use of bed for purposes other than sleep, more active technology use) (d’s from .23-1.00). Worsening sleep hygiene with COVID-19 was significantly predicted by younger age (r(157)=.164, p<.05), more avoidant coping (r(151)= -.337, p<.05), lower life satisfaction (r(156)=.200, p<.05) and greater impact/experience of COVID-19 (r(150)= -.270, p<.05). Symptoms of sleep disruption showed similar, but larger, relationships.

Conclusion

Initial social distancing may have disrupted routines, added stress, and resulted in worsened sleep and sleep hygiene. Over time some adapted and improved, but most did not. Our results suggest change, especially crises such as a pandemic, may alter established behavior for the worse and/or add significant stress. Without intervention, even the robust, i.e., young, may suffer. Variables identifying those more vulnerable to disrupted sleep following change and those more likely to experience worsening sleep may help identify targets for future interventions.

Support (if any)

Nancy and Craig Wood Odyssey Professorship and Charles L. Brewer Endowed Fund
195 Association between pet ownership and sleep in the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS)
Authors: van Egmond Lieve , Titova Olga E , Lindberg Eva , Fall Tove , Benedict Christian
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Preliminary findings suggest that pets may improve the owner’s sleep via companionship, security, physical activity, and relaxation. On the other hand, pets can disrupt the owner’s sleep. Due to the heterogeneity of the results and the low number of studies in this field, more studies with a bigger sample size are needed to explore this association.

Methods

Using data from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bIoimage Study (SCAPIS) cohort, we investigated the association of pet ownership with the following self-reported sleep outcomes in 3,788 to 4,574 participants using regression modeling: achieving the recommended daily sleep duration for adults (i.e., at least 7 hours per day); sleep quality as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (a score of >5 indicating poor sleep quality); and difficulty falling or staying asleep.

Results

Sleep metrics were not associated with pet ownership, dog ownership, and dog walking when controlling for possible confounders. In contrast, cat ownership was associated with a higher odds ratio of failing to achieve the recommended duration of 7 hours of sleep per day (1.18 [1.02,1.37] vs. non-cat owners). This association persisted even after adjusting for various factors known to affect sleep (e.g., shift work, lack of social interaction, and chronic stress).

Conclusion

We found that owning a cat was associated with increased odds of sleeping less than the recommended seven hours per day. General pet ownership and dog ownership were not associated with either of the sleep outcomes. Whether this means that cats represent a risk factor for short sleep duration cannot be derived from the present observational study. Future studies should more thoroughly investigate the various aspects of cat ownership, e.g., the cat′s breed, age, and co-sleeping with the cat.

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