bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Status Incongruity in Samoan Youth: A Biocultural Analysis of Culture Change, Stress, and Immune Function
Authors: McDade Thomas W.
Published: November 2004

In Samoa, the presence of a matai title in the family has historically been a valued source of social status. However, as the process of Westernization continues, new sources of social status are emerging. This study explores the degree to which new and old markers of social status agree—or disagree —and the consequences they have for the experience of stress in 329 Samoan adolescents. The study integrates cultural and biological methods and data, and measures an aspect of immune function (antibodies against the Epstein‐Barr virus) as a biomarker of psychosocial stress. Results indicate that status "incongruent" adolescents experience significantly more stress (indicated by reduced immune function), and that emerging markers of social status are becoming inextricably linked to "traditional" markers in such a way that discordance between them is a significant source of stress. This study proposes new conceptual models for future studies of culture change and suggests that biomarkers may represent ethnographic tools that can provide insight into hidden cultural dynamics and the experience of stress, [status inconsistency, Westernization, psychoneuroimmunology, adolescence, South Pacific]
African Independent Churches in Mozambique: Healing the Afflictions of Inequality
Authors: Pfeiffer James
Published: November 2004

The recent explosive proliferation of African Independent Churches (AICs) in central Mozambique coincided with rapid growth of economic disparity in the 1990s produced by privatization, cuts in government services, and arrival of foreign aid promoted by Mozambique's World Bank/International Monetary Fund Structural Adjustment Program. Drawing on ethnographic research in the city of Chimoio, this article argues that growing inequality has led to declining social cohesion, heightened individual competition, fear of interpersonal violence, and intensified conflict between spouses in poor families. This perilous social environment finds expression in heightened fears of witchcraft, sorcery, and avenging spirits, which are often blamed in Shona ideology for reproductive health problems. Many women with sick children or suffering from infertility turn to AICs for treatment because traditional healers are increasingly viewed as dangerous and too expensive. The AICs invoke the "Holy Spirit" to exorcise malevolent agents and then provide a community of mutual aid and ongoing protection against spirit threats. [Mozambique, social inequality, African Independent Churches, intrahousehold, health]
The Transmission of Chinese Medicine
Authors: Guo Zibin
Published: November 2004

The Transmission of Chinese Medicine. Elisabeth Hsu. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.306 pp.
Why Do Teens Smoke? American Indian and Hispanic Adolescents' Perspectives on Functional Values and Addiction
Authors: Quintero Gilbert , Davis Sally
Published: November 2004

Tobacco use by the young is one of the greatest public health concerns in the United States and is targeted by a number of prevention and control programs. A fuller understanding of the social and cultural values that youths attach to smoking is important in achieving focused, effective prevention strategies. Drawing on data collected through individual and focus group interviews, this article examines reasons that Hispanic and American Indian youths give to explain their smoking. The analysis presented here focuses on two interrelated sets of reasons: the functional values of tobacco use (including mood management, peer influences, and image maintenance) and addiction. This article concludes with a discussion of the implications these data may have for prevention and cessation programs aimed at youth and outlines ideas for an anthropological research agenda on youth and tobacco, [addiction, youth, smoking]
Regulating Menstruation: Beliefs, Practices, Interpretations
Authors: Hoskins Janet
Published: November 2004

Regulating Menstruation: Beliefs, Practices, Interpretations. Etienne van de Walle and Elisha P. Renne. eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. xxvii. 292 pp.
The Story Catches You and You Fall Down: Tragedy, Ethnography, and ''Cultural Competence"
Authors: Taylor Janelle S.
Published: November 2004

Anne Fadiman 's The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures (Noonday Press, 1997) is widely used in "cultural competence" efforts within U.S. medical school curricula. This article addresses the relationship between theory, narrative form, and teaching through a close critical reading of that book that is informed by theories of tragedy and ethnographies of medicine. I argue that The Spirit Catches You is so influential as ethnography because it is so moving as a story; it is so moving as a story because it works so well as tragedy; and it works so well as tragedy precisely because of the static, reified, essentialist understanding of "culture" from which it proceeds. If professional anthropologists wish our own best work to speak to "apparitions of culture" within medicine and other "cultures of no culture," I suggest that we must find compelling new narrative forms in which to convey more complex understandings of "culture." [medical education, cultural competence, tragedy, ethnography, theories of culture]
The Work of Andrew Weil and Deepak Chopra‐Two Holistic Health/New Age Gurus: A Critique of the Holistic Health/New Age Movements
Authors: Baer Hans A.
Published: November 2004

Despite the popular roots of the holistic health/New Age movements, a growing number of biomedical physicians have become proponents of holistic health as well as New Age healing. Over the past two decades, Andrew Weil and Deepak Chopra, two biomedically trained physicians, have emerged as the visible and financially successful spokespersons of the movement. This article provides brief biographical sketches of Weil and Chopra and compares and contrasts their respective views on health, illness, healing, and health care. It also considers the response of various biomedical parties to these holistic health/New Age gurus who have attempted to integrate biomedicine and various alternative healing and metaphysical systems. Finally, this article argues that Weil and Chopra both epitomize the limitations of the holistic health/New Age movements, albeit in different ways, [holistic health/New Age movements, Andrew Weil, Deepak Chopra]
Healing Ways: Navajo Health Care in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Epple Carolyn
Published: November 2004

Healing Ways: Navajo Health Care in the Twentieth Century. Wade Davies. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2001. xv. 248 pp.
Planning the Family in Egypt: New Bodies, New Selves
Authors: Inhorn Marcia C.
Published: November 2004

Planning the Family in Egypt: New Bodies, New Selves. Kamran Asdar Ali. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. xii. 233 pp.
Fat Talk: What Girls and Their Parents Say about Dieting
Authors: Rubin Lisa R.
Published: November 2004

Fat Talk: What Girls and Their Parents Say about Dieting. Mimi Nichter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. xi. 262 pp.
Managing Motherhood, Managing Risk: Fertility and Danger in West Central Tanzania
Authors: Beckman Nadine
Published: November 2004

Managing Motherhood, Managing Risk: Fertility and Danger in West Central Tanzania. Denise Roth Allen Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, 2002. xxii. 303 pp.
Infertility around the Globe: New Thinking on Childlessness, Gender, and Reproductive Technologies
Authors: Richards Sarah C.
Published: November 2004

Infertility around the Globe: New Thinking on Childlessness, Gender, and Reproductive Technologies. Marcia C. Inhorn and Frank Van Balen. eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. 347 pp.
Appetites: Food and Sex in Post‐Socialist China
Authors: Kwiatkowski Lynn
Published: November 2004

Appetites: Food and Sex in Post‐Socialist China. Judith Farquhar. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2002. xii. 341pp.
Condom Social Marketing, Pentecostalism, and Structural Adjustment in Mozambique: A Clash of AIDS Prevention Messages
Authors: Pfeiffer James
Published: November 2004

Despite significant debate about the efficacy, ideology, and ethics of the method, condom social marketing (CSM) has become the dominant approach to AIDS education in many sub‐Saharan African countries. However, critics have charged that social marketing (SM) distracts from the structural determinants of health‐related behavior and excludes genuine community participation. This article argues that the diffusion of SM techniques in Africa is not driven by demonstrated efficacy but is attributable to the promotion of privatization and free markets in the structural adjustment era across the region. The CSM experience in a central Mozambican community reveals the dangers of using the method at the expense of community dialogue and participation to confront the AIDS epidemic. The advertising campaign developed to sell condoms has clashed with Pentecostal and Independent Churches, now a majority of the population, that have expanded rapidly across the region spreading a contrasting message about sexuality and risky behavior, [social marketing, Pentecostal, African Independent Church, Mozambique, AIDS]
Deadly Inequality in the Health Care “Safety Net”: Uninsured Ethnic Minorities' Struggle to Live with Life‐Threatening Illnesses
Authors: BECKER GAY
Published: November 2004

Forty‐three million Americans are uninsured. This article explores the difficulties people experience in seeking health care through the health care “safety net,” which provides most of the health care that uninsured people receive, and critiques the gaps, inconsistencies, and failures of such care. In research with 176 African Americans and Latinos who had no health insurance, it was found that they delay seeking care because of cost, do without medications, have negative views of safety net health care, and experience discrimination. As a consequence of dissatisfaction with safety net care, avoidance of the health care system was commonplace. It is concluded that safety net health care facilitates the development of unhealthy practices, such as delays in seeking care. The inadequacy of safety net health care is thus injurious to people's health. [uninsured; ethnic minorities; chronic illness; safety net; structural inequality]
Madness, Fear, and Control in Bangladesh: Clashing Bodies of Power/Knowledge
Authors: WILCE JIM
Published: November 2004

This article presents an understanding of how Bangladeshis cope with madness in relation to two assumptions: that systems of knowledge and of power are coterminous, and that actors in medical encounters draw on incompatible and unequal bodies of knowledge‐power. I first offer a perspective on psychiatry, emotion, and discourse in Bangladesh as a society increasingly caught up in globalizing modernity. Then I present two types of data to illumine tensions between various attempts to control the fears associated with schizophrenia. The first is a set of exchanges in the advice column of a new popular psychiatry magazine in Bangladesh that inculcate new perspectives on self. Those who write to the editors signal their fears of what might, in the end, be impossible to control. Answers from the psychiatrists who edit the magazine reflect discourses circulating on the web, at international conferences, and at the institutions in the United Kingdom and the United States where one of them received his training. The second data set consists of video recordings of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia interacting with families and/or psychiatrists. In part because of knowledge‐power asymmetries, attempts at controlling fears surrounding schizophrenia in these four cases fail to address the depths, tacitness, embodiment, and narrative embedding of anxieties experienced by all parties. I close with an argument about the implications for theories of culture and of medical pluralism that arise from cases in which the local Self is experienced from the perspective of powerful Others.
The Way to Independence: Memories of a Hidatsa Indian Family. 1840‐1920
Authors: Freed Stanley A.
Published: November 2004

The Way to Independence: Memories of. Hidatsa Indian Family, 1840‐1920. Carolyn Gilman and Mary Jane Schneider. with essays by W. Raymond Wood, Gerard Baker, Jeffery R. Hanson, and Alan R. Wool worth. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987. 371 pp., color plates, b/w illustrations, maps, line drawings, bibliography, index. $24.95 (cloth), $14.95 (paper).
Genghis Khan: Treasures from Inner Mongolia at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.
Authors: Klein Ken
Published: November 2004

Genghis Khan: Treasures from Inner Mongolia. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (March 6‐August 14, 1994), American Museum of Natural History, New York (September 10‐November 27, 1994), Tennessee State Museum, Nashville (December 17, 1994‐March 5, 1995), Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria (March 25‐ September 10, 1995).
People of the Mimbres at the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture/Laboratory of A nthropology, Museum of New Mexico
Authors: Szabo Joyce M.
Published: November 2004

People of the Mimbres. Museum of Indian Arts and Culture/Laboratory of Anthropology, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe, New Mexico (February 1994. January 1995); to travel.
Museum Culture: Histories, Discourses, Spectacles.
Authors: Handler Richard
Published: November 2004

Museum Culture: Histories, Discourses, Spectacles. Edited by Daniel J. Sherman and Irit Rogoff. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. xx. 301 pp.; halftones, notes, index. $49.95 (cloth); $19.95 (paper).
Sleeping Beauties
Authors: Abbink Jon
Published: November 2004

Sleeping Beauties: The Jerome. Joss Collection of African Headrests at UCLA. Essays by William J. Dewey. Henrietta Cosentino. Toshiko McCallum and Jerome Feldman. Los Angeles: Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1993. 215 pp. 151color and black‐and‐white photographs, 39 figures, bibliography. $40.00 (cloth), $27.00 (paper).
The Inuit Imagination
Authors: Graburn Nelson H. H.
Published: November 2004

The Inuit Imagination: Arctic Myth and Sculpture. Harold Seidelman and James Turner. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1994. 224 pp. 173 color illustrations, bibliography, index. $45.00 (cloth).
The Noice Collection of Copper Inuit Material Culture
Authors: Lee Molly
Published: November 2004

The Noice Collection of Copper Inuit Material Culture. James W. VanStone. Fieldiana, Anthropology, new series, No. 22. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1994. 71 pp. 44 b/w photographs and line drawings; appendix; bibliography. $17.00 (paper).
Maiolica Olé: Spanish and Mexican Decorative Traditions
Authors: Mcewan Bonnie G.
Published: November 2004

Maiolica Olé: Spanish and Mexican Decorative Traditions. Florence C. Lister and Robert H. Lister. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2001. 176 pp. 145 color photos, bibliography. $32.50 (paper); $50.00 (cloth).
"A Fiasco of Noble Proportions"
Authors: McALLISTER JAMES
Published: November 2004

The 1967 presidential elections in South Vietnam presented U.S. policymakers with their last opportunity to establish a potentially popular and legitimate non-communist government there. This article examines how and why the Johnson administration squandered this opportunity over the course of 1967. U.S. policymakers faced the choice of intervening actively to promote a more civilian popular government or adopting a stance of non-intervention that would effectively keep the government in the hands of South Vietnam's military rulers. Although many of Johnson's closest advisers and the State Department preferred the former policy, the administration largely pursued the policy of non-intervention advocated by Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge and the Saigon Embassy. By choosing stability over reform, Johnson's policy toward the South Vietnamese election of 1967 helped ensure that U.S. efforts to wage war would continue to be compromised by its support of a corrupt, unpopular regime in Saigon.
Law as Metaphor: From Islamic Courts to the Place of Justice
Authors: Vogel Joan
Published: November 2004

June Starr. Law as Metaphor: From Islamic Courts to the Palace of Justice, 1992.
District Leaders: A Political Ethnography
Authors: Lempert David
Published: November 2004

Rachel Sady. District Leaders:. Political Ethnography. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990.
Legitimate Acts by Mindie Lazarus‐Black; Global Culture
Authors: Maurer Bill
Published: November 2004

Mindie Lazarus‐Black. Legitimate Acts and Illegal Encounters: Law and Society in Antigua and Barbuda. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Karen Fog Olwig. Global Culture, Island Identity: Continuity and Change in the Aftro–Caribbean Community of Nevis. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993.
Modes of ThoughtA Study in the Anthropology of Law and Religion.
Authors: Brown Susan Love
Published: November 2004

Wolfgang Fikentscher. Modes of Thought:. Study in the Anthropology of Law and Religion. J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tubingen, 1995. 652 Pages.
The Legal Liminality Of Battered Women Who Kill Their Abusers
Authors: Brommer Stephanie J.
Published: November 2004

A 45‐year‐old Southern California woman is behind bars today because she was convicted of killing her abusive husband, entering prison in 1985 to serve a 15 years‐to‐life, first‐degree, murder sentence. She says that during an 11‐year, off‐and‐on relationship that led to marriage in 1982, her husband repeatedly beat her, broke her ribs and jaw, kicked and stabbed her. She left him numerous times, had obtained a restraining order and contacted a battered women's shelter. Yet, as is common in battering relationships, she often reconciled with her mate. Shortly after another reunion, she was beaten for the last time. After her husband fell asleep, she shattered his skull with an empty wine bottle and stabbed him. She testified at her trial that she had been abused, but no expert witness on battered woman syndrome was called. Her attorney in 1984 thought that it could have hurt her case by suggesting a reason for the killing. Now in prison, she has appealed for clemency from the governor and is backed by a coalition of more than 150 attorneys and advocates who helped prepare clemency petitions.
Book Review Essay
Authors: Colvin Christopher J.
Published: November 2004

Anthropological Locations: Boundaries and Grounds of. Field Science, eds. Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). 275 pages.

Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology, eds. Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson. (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997). 361 pages.
Seeing Like a StateHow Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed
Authors: West Harry G.
Published: November 2004

Seeing Like. State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed, by James C. Scott, Yale University Press, 1998.
Gender, Law, and Resistance in India
Authors: Leonard Karen B.
Published: November 2004

Gender, Law, and Resistance in India Erin P. Moore (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998)
Recharting the Caribbean: Land, Law, and Citizenship in the British Virgin Islands.
Authors: Darian‐Smith Eve
Published: November 2004

Recharting the Caribbean: Land, Law, and Citizenship in the British Virgin Islands. Bill Maurer. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997).
Colonizing Hawai'i: The Cultural Power of Law.
Authors: Lazarus‐Black Mindie
Published: November 2004

Colonizing Hawai'i: The Cultural Power of Law. Sally Engle Merry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).
Inside Family Viewing
Authors: Intintoli Michael
Published: November 2004

Inside Family Viewing: Ethnographic Research on Television's Audiences. (1990) James Lull Routledge. London. 190 pp.
Film as Ethnography/Innovation in Ethnographic Film: From Innocence to Self‐Consciousness/The Cinema of John Marshall/China Turned On; Television, Reform, and Resistance.
Authors: Ruby Jay , Brigard Emile De , Gladney Dru C.
Published: November 2004

Film as Ethnography, Peter Ian Crawford and David Turton. editors. Manchester: Manchester University press in association with the Granada Centre for Visual anthropology. 1992.322 pages With illustrations isbn 0‐7190‐3683. 6. Softbound No price.

Innovation In Ethnographic Film: From Innocence to Self‐Consciousness. Peter Loizos .Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1993. 224 pages with Illustrations. Hardbound $42.50. Paper $15.95.

The Cinema of John Marshall. Edited by Jay Ruby. 1993 282 pp. Philadelphia: Harwood Academic Publishers.

China Turned on; Television, Reform, and Resistance. James Lull. London and New York: Routledge. 1991. 230 pp, isbn: 0‐415‐05216‐5. Paperback.
Ishi, The Last Yahi
Authors: Jacknis Ira
Published: November 2004

Ishi, The Last Yahi (1992), Jed Riffe and Pamela Roberts (Producers/Directors), Rattlesnake Productions. 57:20 min., color, purchase: 16mm $1,195/video $325; rental: video $75. Also Available in 35 mm. Distributed by University of California extension, Center for Media and Independent learning, 2000 Center Street, Fourth Floor, Berkeley, Ca., 94704; 510‐642‐0460 (phone), 510‐643‐9271(fax).
Zulay, Facing the 21st Century.
Authors: Sherman Sharon R.
Published: November 2004

Zulay, Facing the 21st century. 1993. Film by Jorge Preloran. Mabel Preloran. and Zulay Saravino. 108 min. Color. Purchase $11295 in 16 mm, $150 in Video; rental $75 (16mm) and $55 (video). Distributed By Preloran, 4834 Maytime Lane, Culver City, ca 90230; phone and fax (310) 837‐9916.
Transnational Fiesta: 1992
Authors: Himpele Jeffrey D.
Published: November 2004

Transnational Fiesta: 1992 1993, 61 minutes Produced by Wilton Martinez and Paul Gelles. Distributed by University of California Extension Center for Media and Independent Learning.
Hollywood: Mecca of the Movies/No One Knows Their Names: Screenwriters in Hollywood
Authors: De Brigard Emilie
Published: November 2004

Hollywood: Mecca of the Movies Blaise Cendrars Translated and with an introduction by Garrett White. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. liv. 197 pp.

No One Knows Their Names: Screenwriters in Hollywood Jorja Prover Bowling Green (Ohio): Bowling Green State University Popular Press,1994. 170 pp.
Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema
Authors: Sarkar Bhaskar
Published: November 2004

Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema. Ashish Rajadhyaksha & Paul Willemen New Delhi: Oxford University Press & London: British Film Institute Distributed in North America by Indiana University Press. 1994 568 pp.
The Savage Freud and Other Essays on Possible and Retrievable Selves
Authors: Willemen Paul
Published: November 2004

The Savage Freud and Other Essays on Possible and Retrievable Selves. Ashis Nandy Princeton: Princeton University Press 1995, 275pp.
High Art Down Home: An Economic Ethnography of a Local Art Market
Authors: Becker Howard S.
Published: November 2004

High Art Down Home: An Economic Ethnography of. Local Art Market. Stuart Plattner. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. 250 pp.
Art and Agency An Anthropological Theory
Authors: Takaragawa Stephanie
Published: November 2004

Art and Agency: An Anthropological Theory. Alfred Gell. Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1998. 296 pp. 106 ill.
Granite andCedar The People and the Land ofVermont's Northeast Kingdom/When We Liked Ike Looking for Postwar America,
Authors: Becker Howard S.
Published: November 2004

Granite and Cedar The People and the Land of Vermont. Northeast Kingdom. John M. Miller (with short fiction by Howard Frank Mosher). Hanover: Thistle Hill Publications and Vermont Folklite Center. 2001, pp. 108.

When We Liked Ike Looking for Postwar America, Barbara Norfleet. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. 2001.
Changing Works: Visions of a Lost Agriculture
Authors: Cancian Frank
Published: November 2004

Changing Works: Visions of. Lost Agriculture. Douglas Harper. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2001. 313pp.
Culture in the Marketplace: Gender, Art, and Value in the American Southwest
Authors: Dubin Margaret
Published: November 2004

Culture in the Marketplace: Gender, Art, and Value in the American Southwest. Molly H. Mullin. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001.
Friends in High Places
Authors: Tannenbaum Nicola
Published: November 2004

Friends in High Places. Directed by Lindsey Merrison. 2001. 86 minutes (56 minute version available), color. Distributed by Documentary Educational Resources, 101 Morse Street, Watertown, MA 02472, www.der.org.
Knorosov: The Decipherment of the Mayan Script
Authors: Pye Clifton
Published: November 2004

Knorosov: The Decipherment of the Mayan Script. Directed by Tiahoga Ruge and Eduardo Herrera. 2000. 57 minutes, color. Distributed by First Run/Icarus Films, 32 Court Street, 21st floor, Brooklyn, NY. http://www.frif.com.
Runaway Wives: Customary Divorce and Remarriage in Shivpuri District
Authors: Chakravorty Pallabi
Published: November 2004

Runaway Wives: Customary Divorce and Remarriage in Shivpuri District. Directed by Marius Holden. 2001. 40 minutes. Hindi with English subtitles. For distribution information contact Marius Holden, marius holden @yahoo.com
Keep the River on Your Right: A Modern Cannibal Tale
Authors: Yezer Caroline
Published: November 2004

Keep the River on Your Right:. Modern Cannibal Tale. Directed by David Shapiro and Laurie Gwen Shapiro. 2001. 93 minutes, color, in English. Distributed by Documentary Educational Resources, 101 Morse Street, Watertown, MA 02472, USA. docued@4er.org.
Effect of wood on the curing behavior of commercial phenolic resin systems
Authors: He Guangbo , Yan Ning
Published: November 2004

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the effect of wood on the curing behavior of two types of commercial oriented‐strand‐board phenolic resins. DSC analysis showed that the curing behavior of the core resin differed significantly from that of the face resin in terms of the peak shape, peak temperature, and activation energy. The addition of wood to the resins moved the two separated peaks in the DSC curves of the core resin adjacent to each other. It also accelerated the addition reactions in the curing processes of both the core and face resins. The two peaks in the DSC curves were the result of the high pH values of the resins. These two peaks became either jointed together or overlapped when the pH value of the resin was reduced. Wood also reduced the activation energies for both the core and face resins by decreasing the pH values of the curing systems. Moreover, the effects of wood on the curing behavior of the resins among the five species studied were similar. The lowest activation energy for a phenolic resin probably appeared at pH 10–11 under alkaline conditions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 185–192, 2005
Rapid expansion of cellulose triacetate from ethyl acetate solutions
Authors: Blasig A. , Thies M. C.
Published: November 2004

Rapid‐expansion‐of‐supercritical‐solution (RESS) experiments were performed for solutions of cellulose triacetate [CTA; weight‐average molecular weight = 145,700, polydisperity = 2.07] in ethyl acetate [EA] over a range of concentrations and conditions of polymer–solvent phase behavior. Solid‐solubility experiments were carried out beforehand and identified hot and compressed liquid EA at approximately 175°C as a good solvent for CTA. Cloud‐point measurements were then used to locate the region of liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) for this system. The RESS results indicate that the phase state of the pre‐expansion mixture determines the product size, and the overall concentration of the pre‐expansion mixture determines the product morphology. However, we have also discovered a new constraint: for the production of well‐formed fibers and particles, the rapid‐expansion path must include penetration into a region of LLE, which must exist over a sufficient pressure range so that a separate, polymer‐rich liquid phase has time to develop before the onset of vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE). If rapid expansions are carried out at temperatures near or below the lower critical end point, the expansion path leads directly into a region of VLE, and a disruptive vapor expansion occurs within the continuous liquid phase. In this case, hollow particles, hollow structures, and even foams are produced. By the proper choice of operating conditions, we were able to produce continuous CTA fiber from a 5 wt % solution in EA at 250°C and 69 bar. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 290–299, 2005
Preparation and characterization of maleic anhydride‐g‐polypropylene/diamine‐modified clay nanocomposites
Authors: Chung Moon Jo , Jang Lee Wook , Shim Jae Hun , Yoon Jin‐San
Published: November 2004

Polypropylene (PP)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites were prepared by compounding maleic anhydride‐g‐polypropylene (MAPP) with MMT modified with α,ω‐diaminododecane. Structural characterization confirmed the formation of characteristic amide linkages and the intercalation of MAPP between the silicate layers. In particular, X‐ray diffraction patterns of the modified clay and MAPP/MMT composites showed 001 basal spacing enlargement as much as 1.49 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the thermal decomposition of the composite took place at a slightly higher temperature than that of MAPP. The heat of fusion of the MAPP phase decreased, indicating that the crystallization of MAPP was suppressed by the clay layers. PP/MAPP/MMT composites showed a 20–35% higher tensile modulus and tensile strength compared to those corresponding to PP/MAPP. However, the elongation at break decreased drastically, even when the content of MMT was as low as 1.25–5 wt %. The relatively short chain length and loop structure of MAPP bound to the clay layers made the penetration of MAPP molecules into the PP homopolymer phase implausible and is thought to be responsible for the decreased elongation at break. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 307–311, 2005
Isothermal crystallization behavior of metallocene‐catalyzed isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Park Deukkil , Kim Il , Han Yang‐Kyu , Seul Soo‐Deuk , Kim Bu‐Ung , Ha Chang‐Sik
Published: November 2004

Isothermal crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) synthesized using metallocene catalyst was investigated in this work. The isotacticity of the polypropylene was characterized by 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. It was found that the melting temperature (Tm) of the iPP is 123.51°C and the crystallization temperature (Tc) is 93°C. The iPP synthesized in this work did not show a general increase of Tm with an increase of crystallization temperature Tc, due to the short crystallization time of 20 min and low molecular weight (number average molecular weight = 6,300). The iPP showed a tendency of increasing heat of fusion (ΔHf) with decreasing crystallization temperature. All the spherulites of iPP samples showed negative birefringence. For the iPP sample crystallized at the highest Tc (= 123°C, just below Tm), the spherulite showed a pronounced Maltese Cross and a continuous sheaf‐like texture aligning radially, which suggests that R‐lamellaes are dominant in this spherulite. The crystalline structure of the iPP was also investigated by X‐ray diffraction. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 231–237, 2005
Dissection from the Spanish anatomist's perspective: Aims, attitudes, and related aspects
Authors: Arráez‐Aybar Luis‐A. , Castaño‐Collado Gloria , Casado‐Morales M. Isabel
Published: November 2004

We present the results of a study conducted on participants of the 21st Congress of the Spanish Society of Anatomy, in which anatomists were asked their opinions about a range of issues related to anatomical dissection: its relative roles as the exclusive source of anatomy teaching, as a source for medical research, or to assist the future professional to acquire emotional control; the attitudes and behaviors they expect the student to have in the dissecting room; whether the student‐cadaver relationship can convey knowledge and attitudes affecting the future doctor‐patient relationship; and the anatomists' attitudes toward donation. Anatomists considered dissection to be mainly an instrument for professional training and to help develop professional skills. They gave little importance to the role it could play in helping students to control their emotions. However, this aspect was considered to be more important by anatomists who also valued a close doctor‐patient relationship. On the other hand, a majority of anatomists felt that the student's attitude and behavior during dissection could be to some extent reflected in future relationships with patients. However, they did not feel that dissection‐related attitudes would distinguish between future good or bad doctors. Finally, anatomy teachers are generally in favor of donation (86.5%), especially of organs alone (52.7%), and this aspect was not affected by their religious beliefs. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 281B:15–20, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innovative Betone für Holz‐Beton‐Verbundkonstruktionen
Authors: Holschemacher Klaus , Dehn Frank
Published: November 2004

Die Holz‐Beton‐Verbundbauweise kommt gegenwärtig vor allem in Form von Deckenkonstruktionen, entweder bei Neubauvorhaben oder im Rahmen der Verstärkung von vorhandenen Holzbalkendecken, zur Anwendung. Das Tragverhalten der Holz‐Beton‐Verbunddecken wird durch die Materialeigenschaften der Betonplatte und der Holzbalken sowie die Effizienz des Verbundes zwischen diesen beiden Querschnittsteilen bestimmt. Da der Baupraxis mittlerweile ein großes Spektrum unterschiedlicher innovativer Betone für die verschiedensten Anwendungsmöglichkeiten zur Verfügung steht, ist es notwendig zu prüfen, welche dieser Betone für den Einsatz in Holz‐Beton‐Verbundkonstruktionen besonders geeignet sind. Im einzelnen wird auf selbstverdichtenden Beton, Stahlfaserbeton, konstruktiven Leichtbeton sowie hochfesten und ultrahochfesten Beton eingegangen und deren Vor‐ bzw. Nachteile unter Berücksichtigung statisch‐konstruktiver Aspekte, wirtschaftlicher und bauphysikalischer Gesichtspunkte sowie Fragen der Bauausführung bewertet.
Novel Antibacterial Diterpenoids from Larix chinensis Beissn
Authors: Xue Jun‐Juan , Fan Cheng‐Qi , Dong Lei , Yang Sheng‐Ping , Yue Jian‐Min
Published: November 2004

Two novel labdane‐type diterpenoids, butanedioic acid mono[(13S)‐13‐hydroxylabda‐8(17),14‐dien‐19‐yl] ester (1) and butanedioic acid bis[(13S)‐13‐hydroxylabda‐8(17),14‐dien‐19‐yl] ester (2), along with the eleven known diterpenoids 3–13 and three other known compounds, were isolated from the bark of Larix chinensis. Their structures were elucidated both spectroscopically and chemically. The major diterpenoids 1–9, 11, and 13, as well as the very abundant phenolic compound 16, were subjected to antibacterial and cytotoxic bioassays. Compounds 7 and 9 showed remarkable in vitro inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis (MIC=37–73 μM).
Antioxidant/Prooxidant Effects of Dietary Non‐Flavonoid Phenols on the Cu2+‐Induced Oxidation of Human Low‐Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
Authors: Briante Raffaella , Febbraio Ferdinando , Nucci Roberto
Published: November 2004

A central role in the oxidative development of atherosclerotic lesions has been ascribed to the peroxidation of plasma low‐density lipoprotein (LDL). Dietary supplementation with virgin olive oils increases the total plasma antioxidant status and the resistance of low‐density lipoprotein to ex vivo oxidation. We have studied the effects of some dietary non‐flavonoid phenols from Olea europaea L., both in purified form or in complex mixtures obtained by biotransformation of olive leaf extracts, on the LDL oxidation induced by Cu2+ ions. Cu2+‐Induced LDL oxidation is inhibited by oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol in the initiation phase of the reaction at concentrations of phenols higher than that of Cu2+ ions. Interestingly, at lower concentration, both phenols anticipated the initiation process of LDL oxidation, thus exerting prooxidant capacities. Although similar effects are already described for flavonoids, such as quercetin, rutin, and apigenin, it is the first time that a prooxidant effect of dietary non‐flavonoid phenols, such as oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, on the LDL oxidation is reported. Our results show that a net effect of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol on Cu2+‐induced LDL peroxidation is determined by a balance of their pro‐ and antioxidant capacities. It is worth to underline that, during Cu2+‐induced LDL oxidation in the presence of bioreactor eluates, we have evidence of a sinergistic effect among phenolic compounds that enhance their antioxidant capacities so avoiding the prooxidant effects.
Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a C(10)/C(12)‐Phenylene‐Bridged Analog of Epothilone D
Authors: End Nicole , Furet Pascal , van Campenhout Nathalie , Wartmann Markus , Altmann Karl‐Heinz
Published: November 2004

The total synthesis of compound 8, a conformationally constrained analog of epothilone D (2), has been achieved through a convergent strategy based on three key fragments comprising C(1)C(6) (26), C(7)C(12) (16), and C(13)O(16) (19) of the macrocyclic framework. Construction of the C(12)C(13) bond involved Pd0‐mediated B‐alkyl Suzuki coupling between aryl bromide 16 and olefin 19, and proceeded in excellent yield, while formation of the C(6)C(7) bond through aldol reaction was somewhat less efficient. Surprisingly, macrolactonization was rather low‐yielding and gave protected 8 only in 39% yield. Although 8 had been suggested by pharmacophore modeling to adopt a conformation similar to the bioactive conformation of epothilone B, the compound was devoid of any significant antiproliferative activity.
Pharmacokinetic Investigation of a 14C‐Labelled β3/α Tetrapeptide in Rats
Authors: Wiegand Hansjörg , Wirz Bernard , Schweitzer Alain , Gross Gerhard , Perez Maria I. Rodriguez , Andres Hendrik , Kimmerlin Thierry , Rueping Magnus , Seebach Dieter
Published: November 2004

The solid‐phase synthesis and an ADME investigation with albino and pigmented male rats of the doubly 14C‐labelled β/α‐tetrapeptide derivative Ac‐β3hTyr‐(D)Trp‐β3hLys‐β3hThr‐lactone (3; Fig. 3) are described. After intravenous (i.v.) and peroral (p.o.) administration of the peptide, its concentration in blood and plasma, its tissue distribution, and the metabolism and the excretion of the peptide were analyzed over a period of up to 7 days post dose. The tetrapeptide in its ring opened form, 5, has a bioavailability of ca. 25%; radioactivity is distributed in the animals in an organ‐specific way, and the compound appears to pass the blood‐brain barrier to a very small extent, if at all (Tables 1–3 and Figs. 2–6). Excretion (37% renal, 44% fecal, including biliary) of the tetrapeptide 4 days after i.v. administration is almost complete, with only 4.3% remaining in the carcass; 4 days after p.o. administration 97% of the dose has been excreted in the feces. Radiochromatograms taken of plasma (0.5 and 24 h after i.v. dosing) and of urine and feces extracts (0–48 h collected) reveal the presence of lactone 3 and/or the corresponding hydroxy acid 5 with essentially no or very minor other peaks, respectively, representing possible metabolites (Tables 4–6, and Fig. 7 and 8). A comparison with a previous ADME investigation of a β‐nonapeptide show that – except for the lack of metabolism – all aspects of exposure, distribution, and elimination are different (structure‐specific properties). The investigated tetrapeptide 3 is a potent and highly specific agonist of the somatostatin receptor hsst4, rendering the results described herein promising for diagnostic and therapeutic applications of β‐peptides.
Fluoxetine increases extracellular levels of 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol in cultured COLO320 DM cells
Authors: Yue Chung‐Tai , Liu Yu‐Li
Published: November 2004

Fluoxetine (Prozac) is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It increases extracellular levels of serotonin and is used in relieving the depressive symptoms of cancer patients. It has been reported that the drug may enhance the growth of certain cancer cells. This study investigates whether fluoxetine enhances the growth of a human colon cancer cell line (COLO320 DM) and if it affects the extracellular levels of serotonin or its metabolite, 5‐hydroxyindole‐3‐acetic acid (5‐HIAA) and other monoamines and metabolites at two cell densities. The extracellular levels of serotonin, 5‐HIAA and other monoamines and metabolites were measured simultaneously by high performance liquid chromatography from cell‐culture media after incubation of cells both with and without fluoxetine for 3 days. The viability of COLO320 DM cells was evaluated using 3‐(4,5‐cimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). At low cell densities (1.25×105 cells ml−1), fluoxetine at 1–10 μM significantly increased the extracellular levels of serotonin (p < 0.005), 5‐HIAA (p < 0.005), and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG; p < 0.001) as compared to the controls. Fluoxetine at 10–100 μM significantly inhibited the growth of COLO320 DM (p < 0.005). At high cell densities (2×106 cells ml−1), fluoxetine at 1–10 μM significantly increased the extracellular levels of MHPG (p < 0.01), and at 10 μM it significantly increased the extracellular levels of 5‐HIAA (p < 0.05). Fluoxetine at 100 μM significantly inhibited the growth of the cells (p < 0.0001). These results suggest that fluoxetine at 1 μM of effective concentration may increase the extracellular levels MHPG, in addition to serotonin and 5‐HIAA levels, yet not inhibit the growth of COLO320 DM. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occupational hazards of interventional cardiologists: Prevalence of orthopedic health problems in contemporary practice
Authors: Goldstein James A. , Balter Stephen , Cowley Michael , Hodgson John , Klein Lloyd W.
Published: November 2004

Invasive cardiologists generally consider radiation to be the chief occupational hazard. Heavy leaded aprons worn to reduce this risk may be associated with orthopedic complications. This study was designed to characterize the prevalence of these occupational health problems. The Interventional Committee of the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) sent to its Internet‐registered members a Web‐based survey. Inquiries included age, years of invasive practice, and diagnostic/interventional cases/year. Questions (yes/no) focused on orthopedic (spine, hips, knees, and ankles) and radiation‐associated problems (cataracts and cancers). The survey was sent to over 1,600 members with 424 responses. Responders were on average busy and experienced, performing catheterization > 10 years in 62% of cases and > 20 years in 24% others. Average annual diagnostic‐only case load was > 200/year in 72%, > 300/year in 43%, and > 500/year in 18% of responders. Reported annual interventional caseload was > 100/year in 83%, > 200/year in 37%, and > 300/year in 15% of operators. Orthopedic problems included spine problems in 42% of responders (of these, 70% were lumbosacral and 30% cervical). Hip, knee, or ankle problems were noted in 28% of operators. Spine problems were related to the annual procedural caseload and the number of years in practice. Over one‐third reported spine problems had caused them to miss work. The results of the radiation queries were inconclusive. These results document that interventional cardiologists commonly suffer orthopedic disease, frequently leading to lost work days. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;63:407–411. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful use of the frontrunner catheter in the treatment of in‐stent coronary chronic total occlusions
Authors: Yang Yi‐Ming , Mehran Roxana , Dangas George , Reyes Arlene , Qin Jenny , Stone Gregg W. , Leon Martin B. , Moses Jeffrey W.
Published: November 2004

Percutaneous intervention of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) from in‐stent restenosis (ISR) is hindered by difficulty to cross the lesion with conventional guidewires. This study describes the successful treatment of five cases of CTOs from ISR using the Frontrunner controlled blunt microdissection catheter. Four of the five cases had failed previous attempts of percutaneous intervention with conventional guidewires. The Frontrunner catheter successfully facilitated the placement of guidewire into the distal true lumen in all five cases. The median crossing time was 10 min. No subintimal delivery of guidewire or vascular perforation was observed. TIMI 3 flow was achieved in all target vessels after further balloon angioplasty or stenting. The Frontrunner device is a safe and effective tool in the treatment of CTOs from ISR. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;63:462–468. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A General Method for the Synthesis of Bastaranes and Isobastaranes: First Total Synthesis of Bastadins 5, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 21
Authors: Couladouros Elias A. , Pitsinos Emmanuel N. , Moutsos Vassilios I. , Sarakinos Georgios
Published: November 2004

A general strategy for the synthesis of twenty naturally occurring bastadins (all but bastadin 3) is presented. A key retrosynthetic disconnection of the two amide bonds, common in all target molecules, bisects the macrocyclic core into two diaryl ether fragments, an α,ω‐diamine (western part) and an α,ω‐dicarboxylic acid (eastern part). Efficient preparation of the synthetically challenging o‐mono or dibromo‐substituted diaryl ether linkages was achieved employing the diaryl iodonium salt method. Regarding the western part, variations of the aliphatic chain were more efficiently secured by the preparation of two different α,ω‐aminonitrile moieties. Cobalt boride mediated reduction of the nitrile functionality established the required diamines and, at the same time, provided the necessary variation of the aromatic‐ring bromination pattern. Regarding the eastern part, two different dicarboxyl precursors had to be prepared in order to accommodate bromination‐pattern variations. Coupling and subsequent macrolactamization of different combinations of these key intermediates may lead at will to any member of this family of marine natural products. Four bastaranes (bastadins 5, 10, 12 and 16) and two isobastaranes (bastadins 20 and 21) were synthesized as a demonstration of the flexibility and efficiency of the approach presented.
Genetic polymorphisms in glutathione‐S‐transferase genes (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) and survival after chemotherapy for invasive breast carcinoma
Authors: Yang Gong , Shu Xiao‐Ou , Ruan Zhi‐Xian , Cai Qiu‐Yin , Jin Fan , Gao Yu‐Tang , Zheng Wei
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

It has been suggested that genetic polymorphisms in certain glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) genes reduce the effectiveness of detoxifying cytotoxins generated by chemotherapeutic agents, potentially resulting in enhanced clinical responses to chemotherapy.

METHODS

The authors evaluated common polymorphisms in the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genes for associations with overall survival in 1034 patients with invasive breast carcinoma who were recruited into the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study between 1996 and 1998, treated with chemotherapy, and followed for a median of 5.3 years.

RESULTS

After adjusting for age, tumor stage, and the use of radiotherapy and tamoxifen, women who were homozygous for the variant GSTP1 105Val allele had a 60% reduction in mortality risk compared with women who were homozygous for the Ile allele (hazard ratio, 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.2–0.8). No association was found with respect to any of the GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study indicate a potential role for GSTP1 polymorphism in predicting the clinical outcomes of patients with breast carcinoma who are treated with chemotherapy. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.