bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex chromosome dosage compensation inHeliconiusbutterflies: global yet still incomplete?
Authors: Walters James R. , Hardcastle Thomas J. , Jiggins Chris D.
Published: March 2015

The evolution of heterogametic sex chromosome is often – but not always – accompanied by the evolution of dosage compensating mechanisms that mitigate the impact of sex-specific gene dosage on levels of gene expression. One emerging view of this process is that such mechanisms may only evolve in male-heterogametic (XY) species but not in female-heterogametic (ZW) species, which will consequently exhibit “incomplete” sex chromosome dosage compensation. However, recent results suggest that at least some Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) may prove to be an exception to this prediction. Studies in bombycoid moths indicate the presence of a chromosome-wide epigenetic mechanism that effectively balances Z chromosome gene expression between the sexes by reducing Z-linked expression in males. In contrast, strong sex chromosome dosage effects without any reduction in male Z-linked expression were previously reported in a pyralid moth, suggesting a lack of any such dosage compensating mechanism. Here we report an analysis of sex chromosome dosage compensation inHeliconiusbutterflies, sampling multiple individuals for several different adult tissues (head, abdomen, leg, mouth, and antennae). Methodologically, we introduce a novel application of linear mixed-effects models to assess dosage compensation, offering a unified statistical framework that can estimate effects specific to chromosome, to sex, and their interactions (i.e.,a dosage effect). Our results show substantially reduced Z-linked expression relative to autosomes in both sexes, as previously observed in bombycoid moths. This observation is consistent with an increasing body of evidence that some lepidopteran species possess an epigenetic dosage compensating mechanism that reduces Z chromosome expression in males to levels comparable with females. However, this mechanism appears to be imperfect inHeliconius, resulting in a modest dosage effect that produces an average 5-20% increase in male expression relative to females on the Z chromosome, depending on the tissue. Thus our results inHeliconiusreflect a mixture of previous patterns reported for Lepidoptera. InHeliconius,a moderate pattern of “incomplete” dosage compensation persists apparently despite the presence of an epigenetic dosage compensating mechanism. The chromosomal distributions of sex-biased genes show an excess of male-biased and a dearth of female-biased genes on the Z chromosome relative to autosomes, consistent with predictions of sexually antagonistic evolution.
Full-genome evolutionary histories of selfing, splitting, and selection in Caenorhabditis
Authors: Thomas Cristel G. , Wang Wei , Jovelin Richard , Ghosh Rajarshi , Lomasko Tatiana , Trinh Quang , Kruglyak Leonid , Stein Lincoln D. , Cutter Asher D.
Published: March 2015

The nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae is a model for comparative developmental evolution with C. elegans. Worldwide collections of C. briggsae have implicated an intriguing history of divergence among genetic groups separated by latitude, or by restricted geography, that is being exploited to dissect the genetic basis to adaptive evolution and reproductive incompatibility; yet, the genomic scope and timing of population divergence is unclear. We performed high-coverage whole-genome sequencing of 37 wild isolates of the nematode C. briggsae and applied a pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent (PSMC) model to 703 combinations of genomic haplotypes to draw inferences about population history, the genomic scope of natural selection, and to compare with 40 wild isolates of C. elegans. We estimate that a diaspora of at least six distinct C. briggsae lineages separated from one another approximately 200,000 generations ago, including the “Temperate” and “Tropical” phylogeographic groups that dominate most samples worldwide. Moreover, an ancient population split in its history approximately 2 million generations ago, coupled with only rare gene flow among lineage groups, validates this system as a model for incipient speciation. Low versus high recombination regions of the genome give distinct signatures of population size change through time, indicative of widespread effects of selection on highly linked portions of the genome owing to extreme inbreeding by self-fertilization. Analysis of functional mutations indicates that genomic context, owing to selection that acts on long linkage blocks, is a more important driver of population variation than are the functional attributes of the individually encoded genes.
Acquisition of welding skills in industrial robots
Authors: Aviles-Viñas J.F. , Lopez-Juarez I. , Rios-Cabrera R.
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper was to propose a method based on an Artificial Neural Network and a real-time vision algorithm, to learn welding skills in industrial robotics.

Design/methodology/approach

– By using an optic camera to measure the bead geometry (width and height), the authors propose a real-time computer vision algorithm to extract training patterns and to enable an industrial robot to acquire and learn autonomously the welding skill. To test the approach, an industrial KUKA robot and a welding gas metal arc welding machine were used in a manufacturing cell.

Findings

– Several data analyses are described, showing empirically that industrial robots can acquire the skill even if the specific welding parameters are unknown.

Research limitations/implications

– The approach considers only stringer beads. Weave bead and bead penetration are not considered.

Practical implications

– With the proposed approach, it is possible to learn specific welding parameters despite of the material, type of robot or welding machine. This is due to the fact that the feedback system produces automatic measurements that are labelled prior to the learning process.

Originality/value

– The main contribution is that the complex learning process is reduced into an input-process-output system, where the process part is learnt automatically without human supervision, by registering the patterns with an automatically calibrated vision system.
Rough set based modeling for welding groove bottom state in narrow gap MAG welding
Authors: Li Wenhang , Wu Jing , Hu Ting , Yang Feng
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– This paper aim to build an information fusion model that can predict the bottom shape of welding groove for better welding quality control. Arc sensor is widely used in seam tracking due to its simplicity and good accessibility, but it heavily relies on the bottom shape of the groove. It is necessary to identify the welding groove bottom state. Therefore, arc sensor information and vision sensing information were fused by the rough set (RS) method to predict the groove state, which will lay the foundation for better welding quality control.

Design/methodology/approach

– First, a multi-sensor information system was established, which included an arc sensing component and a vision sensing component. For the arc sensing system, the current waveform in each rotating period was obtained and divided into 12 parts to calculate variables representing the variation of arc length. For the vision sensing system, images were obtained by passive vision when the arc was near the groove sidewall. The positions of the sidewall and the arc were calculated to get the weld deviation which was unrelated with the bottom groove state. Second, experimental data were generated by workpiece with various bottom shapes. At last, the RS method was adopted to fuse the arc sensing and the vision information, and a rule-based model with good prediction ability was obtained.

Findings

– By fusing arc sensing and vision sensing information, an RS-based model was built to predict the welding groove state.

Originality/value

– The RS modeling method was used to fuse arc sensing information and vision sensing information to build a model that predicts groove bottom state. The arc sensing information represented the arc length variation, while the vision sensing information contains the seam deviation which was unrelated with the bottom groove state. The RS model gives satisfactory prediction results and can be applied to weld quality control.
Robotic microassembly for meso-scale application
Authors: Ye Xin , Gao Jun , Zhang Zhijing , Shao Chao , Liu Pan
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to design and develop 14-degree of freedom (DOF) robotic micromanipulator with which LIGA devices and axle hole part can be both manipulated and assembled.

Design/methodology/approach

– The in-house robotic microassembly system is composed of a 6-DOF large motion serial robot with microgrippers, a hexapod six-DOF precision alignment worktable and a vision system whose optical axis of the microscope is parallel with the horizontal plane. A prism with special coating is fixed in front of the objective lens, thus, two-part figures can be acquired simultaneously by the microscope with 1.67 to 9.26 micron optical resolution. The relative discrepancy between the two parts can be calculated from image plane coordinate instead of calculating the space transformation matrix. A modified microgripper was designed to clamp meso-scale parts and its effectiveness was confirmed experimentally. Through the use of the other vision system, the insert action can be successfully manipulated. A laser ranger finder was integrated in this micro-assembly system to measure the assembly result.

Findings

– A new 14-DOF robotic micromanipulator, including eight axes automatically and six axes manually, has been developed for the assembly of LIGA meso-scale flat parts and axle hole parts. The microassembly system with coaxial alignment function (MSCA) system is able to concurrently manipulate all eight axes automatically and six axes manually.

Originality/value

– The robotic microassembly is applied in the assembly of meso-scale parts. The new capabilities of the MSCA will allow for the assembly of microsystems more efficiently and more precisely.
Printable modular robot: an application of rapid prototyping for flexible robot design
Authors: Krupke Dennis , Wasserfall Florens , Hendrich Norman , Zhang Jianwei
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to present the design of a modular robot with 3D-printing technology.

Design/methodology/approach

– The robot consists of a number of autonomous modules coupled by magnetic interfaces. Each module combines 3D-printed mechanical parts with widely available standard electronic components, including a microcontroller and a single servo actuator. The mechanical and electrical connection is provided by a single set of magnets which apply the physical force between the modules and at the same time serve as wires for power and communication.

Findings

– The PMR is a full-featured robotic device, well integrated into a simulation framework, capable to execute common locomotion patterns but still extremely affordable (approximately 25/module). Furthermore, the design is easy to extend and replicate for other research and education groups.

Originality/value

– This paper explores a novel approach of connecting devices in a complex way by utilizing very simple magnetic parts. A second focus lies on the concept of closely integrating simulation and hardware development, blurring the edge between digital and physical word.
Year two
Authors: Balich Robert , Warren Jane , Weatherford Jennifer , Zakaria Noor Syamilah , Schwede Diana
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of education and experiential learning on counseling student’s perceptions of substance use and counseling those with substance-related problems. Some counselors report having had negative experiences and beliefs about substance use, abuse, and persons with substance related-problems. A counselor’s negative beliefs and experiences can impair their capacities of working effectively and empathetically with persons who seek help for substance abuse problems. Research reports that education can assist helping professionals to be able to work more efficiently with clients with substance abuse struggles by increasing awareness of substance abuse problems, enhancing empathy, increasing professional’s ability to relate with what clients may be experiencing, training in appropriate interventions, and referral skills.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study measured changes in students’ attitudes toward addictions following completion of a 15-week addictions counseling course, which incorporated multiple experiential activities in conjunction with information about the effects of various substances and different treatment modalities.

Findings

– The results revealed significant changes in treatment intervention and non-stereotyping.

Originality/value

– These changes suggest education might affect attitudes toward substance abuse. The implications of this study can guide counselor educators in designing effective addictions courses and can lead to future discussions on how to use experiential learning in the classroom.
Adoption of web-based assessment in higher learning institutions (HLIs)
Authors: Nangawe Abbi Godfrey
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The increasing availability of the internet has facilitated the development of web-based tools for the assessment of students’ learning in higher learning institutions (HLIs). However, research reveals that the use of such tools is largely dependent on the attitudes of academic and non-academic staff. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate those attitudes from the standpoint of Eric Rogers’ (1983, 2003) theory of diffusion of innovation.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is study of the attitudes of higher education staff members towards web-based student assessment, using Eric Rogers’ theory of diffusion of innovation as a lens.

Findings

– Promisingly, the survey of staff members in (HLIs) in Tanzania, a developing country, indicates moderately favourable attitudes towards adoption, diffusion and sustained use of web-based assessment of student learning.

Originality/value

– This is a unique look at HLIs in Tanzania and how staff attitudes are leaning in favour of embracing online assessment technology.
Explaining innovation in tourism-retailing contexts by applying Simon’s Sciences of the Artificial
Authors: Chang Li-Hui , Chen Ye-Sho , Liu Hsi-Lin
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to use Simon’s theory of strategies to explain Ever Rich’s strategies for introducing innovation. Ever Rich is a very successful duty-free shop in Taiwan that makes profits by improving airport lobby/terminals and enhancing Taiwan’s tourism brand image. This study shows a design artifact to explain Ever Rich’s strategies for introducing innovation. The design artifact is based on Herbert Simon’s classical work of Sciences of the Artificial. The design artifact is also grounded in the theories of customer service life cycle, input-process-output model of strategic entrepreneurship and docility-based distributed cognition.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors interviewed the executive management with the pre-determined 14 questions regarding resource inputs, processes of resource orchestration and outputs.

Findings

– Introducing innovation requires appropriate strategies. Based on Herbert Simon’s research on “Science of the Artificial”, this case shows a design artifact of strategies for introducing innovation. The design artifact is in line with Ever Rich’s corporate philosophy, including training and education of duty-free professionals, customer-oriented services, guarantee stringent quality control of products, newness and innovation and contributions to community. The design artifact, therefore, serves as a source of discovery with benefits for knowledge-building and relationship-building that are useful for students and practitioners.

Practical implications

– The success of this case and the reasons of success can be an inspiration for others.

Originality/value

– A significant contribution of the paper is that the design artifact serves as a source of discovery with benefits for knowledge-building and relationship-building that are useful both for students and practitioners.
Rogue seasonality in supply chains: an investigation and a measurement approach
Authors: Shukla Vinaya , Naim Mohamed M
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– Shukla et al. (2012) proposed a signature and index to detect and measure rogue seasonality in supply chains, but which, however, were not effectively validated. The authors have sought to investigate rogue seasonality using control theory and realistic multi echelon systems and rigorously validate these measures, so as to enable their application in practice. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– Frequency domain analysis of single echelon and simulated four echelon Beer game system outputs are used in the investigation, with the simulation incorporating realistic features such as non-linearities from backlogs and batching, hybrid make to order-make to stock ordering system and the shipment variable. Lead time, demand process parameters, ordering parameters and batch size are varied in the simulation to rigorously assess the validity of the index.

Findings

– The signature based on the cluster profiles of variables, specifically whether the variables cluster together with or away from exogenous demand, was validated. However, a threshold for the proportion of variables that could be clustered with exogenous demand and the system still being classified as exhibiting rogue seasonality, would require to be specified. The index, which is derived by quantifying the cluster profile relationships, was found to be a valid and robust indicator of the intensity of rogue seasonality, and which did not need any adjustments of the kind discussed for the signature. The greater effectiveness of the frequency domain in comparison to time for deriving the signature and index was demonstrated.

Practical implications

– This work enables speedy assessment of rogue seasonality in supply chains which in turn ensures appropriate and timely action to minimize its adverse consequences.

Originality/value

– Detailed and specific investigation on rogue seasonality using control theory and Beer game simulation and rigorous validation of the signature and index using these methods.
Brand logo design: examining consumer response to naturalness
Authors: Machado Joana Cesar , de Carvalho Leonor Vacas , Torres Anna , Costa Patrício
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to study how logo design characteristics influence consumer response. Based on an in-depth literature review on consumer responses to logo design, the authors included in this research one fundamental dimension of logo design, namely, naturalness and investigated the influence of the different types of natural logo designs on affective response.

Design/methodology/approach

– In total, 96 logos were selected as design stimuli. The logos were previously classified, according to the naturalness of the logo design, as having an abstract, cultural or organic design. Responses were gathered through a survey in Portugal, including two studies with 220 participants.

Findings

– Results show that naturalness is an essential logo design element which significantly influences consumer affective responses to the logo, and that natural logos are clearly preferred to abstract logos. Additionally, this research indicates that, within natural logos, organic designs are favored over cultural designs.

Practical implications

– The findings presented suggest that affect toward unknown organic logos is at the same level as affect toward well-known abstract logos. This is a relevant finding from a managerial point of view, as familiarity, an essential cognitive response toward the brand that has a cost for the firm, can be replaced cost-free with unknown organic logos.

Originality/value

– This paper is a first exploration of responses to different types of natural logo design. The results should guide managers in selecting or modifying logo designs for achieving a positive affective response.
Relationships among applications of tacit knowledge and transformational/transactional leader styles
Authors: Taylor Teresa Z. , Psotka Joseph , Legree Peter
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine intercorrelational relations among the self-report behavioral construct Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) 5X transformational and transactional subscales and the Tacit Knowledge for Military Leaders Inventory (TKML) leader-level specific situational judgment test scenarios.

Design/methodology/approach

– In total, two leadership measures, the behavioral construct MLQ and the cognitive construct TKML assess different aspects of how a leader functions and were administered to 125 active US Army officers representing three leader levels: platoon, company, and battalion. The authors examine the intercorrelational relationship between these two measures.

Findings

– Results show a correlational pattern that contours the evolution of a leader’s skills (from novice platoon leader to expert battalion leader), with the strongest correlation at the higher leader levels.

Research limitations/implications

– The decision to restrict the number of TKML scenarios provided to respondents and to administer the MLQ and TKML to the same sample is considered a limitation.

Practical implications

– Pairing the MLQ and TKML makes use of self-reported leader behaviors with maximal assessment scales that directly assess respondents’ understanding of what the best approaches to good leadership are.

Social implications

– Response patterns from both measures permits direct counseling on the misconceptions about leadership to create better leaders.

Originality/value

– No previous research has examined correlative relations among the scales/subscales of the MLQ and TKML.
A “Tower of Babel”? – interrelations and structure of leadership constructs
Authors: Rowold Jens , Borgmann Lars , Diebig Mathias
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive examination of different leadership constructs investigated extensively, namely transformational and transactional leadership, laissez-faire, consideration, and initiating structure, as well as leader-member-exchange. The theoretical overlap as well as the empirical correlations between these constructs is explored.

Design/methodology/approach

– Overall, 735 correlations were analyzed to generate a meta-analytical correlation matrix.

Findings

– The meta-analyses revealed highly interrelated leadership constructs (0.26<∣ρ∣<0.74). Results of confirmatory factor analyses suggest a one factor solution of leadership.

Research limitations/implications

– The uniqueness and construct validity of leadership constructs is challenged, calling for a revision of the respective leadership theories. Ultimately, an integrative theory of leadership should be developed which accounts for similarities as well as differences between leadership constructs. An integrated theory of leadership would help: researchers to combine their forces and, consequently, organizations across the globe to better select and develop leaders for the future.

Practical implications

– By taking a critical, cross-theoretical compare and contrast approach, the present study yielded a comprehensive picture of the interrelationship and partial redundancy of several of the currently researched leadership constructs.

Originality/value

– New insights into the overlap between leadership constructs were generated and confirmed by meta-analyses.
Volunteer age, job satisfaction, and intention to stay
Authors: Bang Hyejin
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the moderating role of Age in the relationships between leader-member exchange dimensions (Affect, Loyalty, Contribution, and Professional Respect) and Job Satisfaction and between Job Satisfaction and Intention to Stay among volunteers in nonprofit sport organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

– A series of moderated hierarchical multiple regression analyses was conducted using the survey responses of 214 volunteers in 22 nonprofit sport organizations.

Findings

– The results indicated that Age moderated the relationship between Professional Respect and Job Satisfaction such that it was stronger for younger volunteers, and Job Satisfaction had a greater positive influence on Intention to Stay for older rather than younger volunteers.

Originality/value

– These findings provide valuable insights into how age may be an important factor influencing volunteers’ job satisfaction and intention to continue to volunteer. Implications for practitioners and future research are also discussed.
Strategies for creating and capturing value in the emerging ecosystem economy
Authors: Davidson Steven , Harmer Martin , Marshall Anthony
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– This article identifies a new transactional system–the business ecosystem. It describes the characteristics and drivers of these complex webs of interdependent enterprises and other participants which create unique value through synergistic relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

– The article explains how innovative organizations can seek new opportunities and develop new competencies in business ecosystems they will explicitly create or participate in.

Findings

– Ecosystems provide stimulus for, and a path to organizational and industry transformation – connecting people and organizations in new and different ways, and providing access to skills and expertise often unavailable outside the ecosystem.

Practical implications

– The authors have identified a spectrum of ecosystem archetypes that they call the Shark Tank, the Hornet’s Nest, the Wolf Pack and the Lion’s Pride. They analyze the success strategies for each.

Originality/value

– This article methodically diagrams the strategies for success in the emerging ecosystem economy. It identifies the key drivers of value in these new kinds of networks and offers corporate leaders actionable advice on how to position their firms in specific types of ecosystems.
Best innovators develop a point of view on the future and a roadmap on how to get there
Authors: Engel Kai , Dirlea Voletka , Dyer Stephen , Graff Jochen
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The authors have collected key insights from the Best Innovator competition, launched in 2003. Six early-stage practices are critical.

Design/methodology/approach

– The Best Innovator competition, annual benchmarking against the best in innovation management, focuses on the how-to of innovation and examines what leading companies are doing to achieve better yield with their innovation strategies.

Findings

– By studying the competition winners, the researchers found a strong correlation between specific innovation management practices and sustainable, profitable growth.

Practical implications

– Best Innovators establish explicit expectations for making the business case for innovation. They name a specific set of deliverables to which they are committed.

Originality/value

– The article offers specific guidelines for setting the stage for continuous innovation that results in profitable offerings and services.
To nurture transformational technology, build a community like Sam Walton’s
Authors: Bjelland Osvald M. , Wood Robert Chapman
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The authors examine the approach by which Sam Walton, a 48-year-old when he took his first technology course, drove creation of a new set of technology for retailing.

Design/methodology/approach

– By breaking Walton’s approach into five stages, the authors show how his way of working points to a credible path for leaders with limited background in technology to lead technological change.

Findings

– Senior leaders can apply Walton’s systematic way of leading for creation of excellent processes to accomplish customer-focused technology innovation in the modern era.

Practical implications

– Five elements of Walton’s tech innovation leadership are reviewed and analyzed.

Originality/value

– This article offers insights about how Walton was able to form a tech savvy team of managers and synthesize a vision about the potential of technology to produce operational breakthroughs far in advance of his competition.
Service satisfaction and organizational image
Authors: Vigoda-Gadot Eran , Cohen Haim
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between image, service satisfaction and public opinion towards reforms in public organizations and postulate a more detailed relationship among them. The concept “New Public Management” (NPM) was initially suggested in the literature sometime around the early 1990s (Aucoin, 1990; Hood, 1991). NPM-style reforms raised the flag of responsiveness to citizens and improved public satisfaction with the assumption that organizational image would also be positively affected by such reforms. Image, satisfaction and support in public sector reforms are, therefore, the major focus of this study.

Design/methodology/approach

– The focus is on a major reform in the Israel electricity industry and data were collected from 500 respondents by telephone interviews.

Findings

– The findings support the authors ' hypotheses concerning the major role of image and satisfaction in forming attitudes towards NPM-style reforms. However, beyond conventional direct effects, the authors point to the mediating effect of organizational image on the relationship between satisfaction and support for reforms.

Research limitations/implications

– First, other factors not included in the model may influence support for NPM-style reforms in public organizations. Second, the study focused on a single organization in one country only and a very specific culture. Finally, the study is cross-sectional and may suffer from common-method and common-source biases and for this reason, should be replicated to allow better generalization and firmer implications.

Practical implications

– The findings about the preponderance of organizational image over service satisfaction can contribute to policymakers in their efforts to increase support for reforms among the public. The results demonstrate the strong relationship between organizational image and public opinion towards reform and the secondary effect of service satisfaction.

Social implications

– The centrality of organizational image as a core social focus for citizens as clients and for policymakers is highlighted in the discussion. It is maintained that NPM-style reforms in the social arena, and beyond, are predominantly affected by image. Therefore, there is a need to better understand how image affects social and economic reforms and attitudes towards those reforms and what may be the social consequences of such attitudes by citizens and by policymakers’ decisions.

Originality/value

– The originality of this study is fourfold: a unique model of image, satisfaction and attitudes towards NPM-style reforms not been studied thus far is in its current form; exploring interrelations of citizens’ satisfaction, image of the public sector and calls for reforms and change in the market-like environment of the public sphere; a telephone survey of opinions towards a specific NPM-style reform; and a focus on a major public sector organization in Israel going through reform.
Form-ing governance
Authors: Beynon-Davies Paul
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to examine the central place of the list and the associated concept of an identifier within the “scaffolding” of contemporary government order.

Design/methodology/approach

– These terms are deliberately chosen to make strange and help unpack the constitutive capacity of information systems and information technology within and between contemporary government agencies. We draw upon the substantial body of work by John Searle to help understand the place of lists in the constitution of the order of governance.

Findings

– To enable us to ground our discussion of the potentiality and problematic associated with lists, we describe a significant and modern instance of list-making, situated around the issue of digital identity management.

Originality/value

– The theoretical framework discussed allows us to better explain breakdowns in the institutional order characteristic of this domain.
Response to comments on ‘A post‐genomic surprise’
Authors: Duster Troy
Published: March 2015

In response to the seven authors who offered comments on my paper, I have tried to synthesize and distill common themes. Foremost among them is the charge to look forward, not only to consider probable developments and implications for how this ‘molecular reinscription of race’ will unfold in forensics and clinical medicine, but as well to suggest how the discipline of Sociology can and should respond. But as several of the commentators noted, this is not just a matter for a single discipline, but should be fertile ground for coordinated empirical investigation by such fields as the Social Studies of Science, Anthropology of Medicine, and Critical Race Theory. For sociologically informed reasons, social scientists should be wary of the unanticipated consequences of collaboration with human molecular geneticists who come to the table deploying databases with pre‐fabricated categories of race, thereby poised to provide genetic explanations of social outcomes based upon race and ethnicity. A cautionary note is provided explaining how and why some joint projects are advised, some are ill‐advised.
Emotions, affects and the production of social life
Authors: Fox Nick J.
Published: March 2015

While many aspects of social life possess an emotional component, sociology needs to explore explicitly the part emotions play in producing the social world and human history. This paper turns away from individualistic and anthropocentric emphases upon the experience of feelings and emotions, attending instead to an exploration of flows of ‘affect’ (meaning simply a capacity to affect or be affected) between bodies, things, social institutions and abstractions. It establishes a materialist sociology of affects that acknowledges emotions as a part, but only a part, of a more generalized affective flow that produces bodies and the social world. From this perspective, emotions are not a peculiarly remarkable outcome of the confluence of biology and culture, but part of a continuum of affectivity that links human bodies to their physical and social environment. This enhances sociological understanding of the part emotions play in shaping actions and capacities in many settings of sociological concern.
The effect of blending Jersey and Holstein–Friesian milk on composition and coagulation properties
Authors: Bland Julie Heather , Grandison Alistair Steven , Fagan Colette Catherine
Published: March 2015

The impact of blending on milk composition and properties is subject to controversy on whether the effect is additional or not. The effects of blending Jersey and Holstein–Friesian milk on composition and coagulation properties were investigated. Milk from herds of Jersey and Holstein–Friesian cattle was collected and blended (0–100% Jersey milk at 10% intervals) (n = 55).Including Jersey milk resulted in a positive non‐additive effect in fat globule volume mean diameter D(4.3) and a negative non‐additive effect in casein micelle size. Coagulation time decreased quadratically when Jersey milk was added and curd firmness and firming rate increased quadratically.
Genetic variability of the stable fly assessed on a global scale using amplified fragment length polymorphism
Authors: Kneeland Kathleen M. , Skoda Steven R. , Foster John E.
Published: March 2015

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), is a blood‐feeding, economically important pest of animals and humans worldwide. Improved management strategies are essential and their development would benefit from studies on genetic diversity of stable flies. Especially if done on a global scale, such research could generate information necessary for the development and application of more efficient control methods. Herein we report on a genetic study of stable flies using amplified fragment length polymorphism, with samples of 10–40 individuals acquired from a total of 25 locations in the Nearctic, Neotropic, Palearctic, Afrotropic and Australasian biogeographical regions. We hypothesized that genetic differentiation would exist across geographical barriers. Although FST (0.33) was moderately high, the GST (0.05; representing genetic diversity between individuals) was very low; Nm values (representing gene flow) were high (9.36). The mismatch distribution and tests of neutrality suggested population expansion, with no genetic differentiation between locations. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results showed the majority of genetic diversity was within groups. The mantel test showed no correlation between geographic and genetic distance; this strongly supports the AMOVA results. These results suggest that stable flies did not show genetic differentiation but are panmictic, with no evidence of isolation by distance or across geographical barriers.
Decreased expression of 14‐3‐3 σ, an early event of malignant transformation of respiratory epithelium, also facilitates progression of squamous cell lung cancer
Authors: Sun Nan , Wu Yongkai , Huang Bo , Liu Qian , Dong Yinan , Ding Jianqiao , Liu Yongyu
Published: March 2015

Background

It has been shown that 14‐3‐3 σ serves as a tumor suppressor gene, and is downregulated in various tumor tissues. However, the role of 14‐3‐3 σ during the initiation and progression of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) is not well understood.

Methods

The expression status of 14‐3‐3 σ in archival tissue samples from 40 lung SqCC patients (36 with normal bronchia, 19 squamous metaplasia, and 17 dysplasia/carcinoma in situ, in their tissue samples) was examined by immunohistochemical analysis. The proliferation rate and tumor formation ability of the H520 cell transfected with 14‐3‐3 σ was tested with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay and nude mice subcutaneous injection, respectively.

Results

In the normal bronchial epithelia, 14‐3‐3 σ was highly expressed, whereas it was significantly decreased in precancerous and cancerous tissues. Compared with matched invasive cancer tissues, the expression level of 14‐3‐3 σ in squamous metaplasia was significantly higher (P = 0.049), while that in dysplasia/carcinoma in situ showed no significant changes (P = 0.135). Statistical analysis showed that the expression level of 14‐3‐3 σ in tumor tissue was associated with the differentiation grade of the tumor (P = 0.001) and the prognosis of the patient (P = 0.003). The overexpression of 14‐3‐3 σ significantly suppressed the proliferation of H520 cells in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion

The inactivation of 14‐3‐3 σ may be a very early event in tumorigenesis and could facilitate the initiation and progression of lung SqCC in a sustainable way.
Tracking marine mammals in 3D using electronic tag data
Authors: Laplanche Christophe , Marques Tiago A. , Thomas Len
Published: March 2015

Information about at‐depth behaviour of marine mammals is fundamental yet very hard to obtain from direct visual observation. Animal‐borne multisensor electronic tags provide a unique window of observation into such behaviours.

Electronic tag sensors allow the estimation of the animal's 3‐dimensional (3D) orientation, depth and speed. Using tag flow noise level to provide an estimate of animal speed, we extend existing approaches of 3D track reconstruction by allowing the direction of movement to differ from that of the animal's longitudinal axis.

Data are processed by a hierarchical Bayesian model that allows processing of multisource data, accounting for measurement errors and testing hypotheses about animal movement by comparing models.

We illustrate the approach by reconstructing the 3D track of a 52‐min deep dive of a Blainville's beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris adult male fit with a digital tag (DTAG) in the Bahamas. At depth, the whale alternated regular movements at large speed (>1·5 m s ‐1) and more complex movements at lower speed (<1·5m s‐1) with differences between movement and longitudinal axis directions of up to 28. The reconstructed 3D track agrees closely with independent acoustic‐based localizations.

The approach is potentially applicable to study the underwater behaviour (e.g. response to anthropogenic disturbances) of a wide variety of species of marine mammals fitted with triaxial magnetometer and accelerometer tags.
Experts for Validation Studies in Nursing: New Proposal and Selection Criteria
Authors: Quatrini Carvalho Passos Guimarães Heloísa Cristina , Pena Silvana Barbosa , Lopes Juliana de Lima , Lopes Camila Takao , Bottura Leite de Barros Alba Lucia
Published: March 2015

Objective

To propose new criteria for expert selection for validation studies in nursing in Brazil.

Methods

(a) Literature review on terms related to expertise and criteria for expert selection; and (b) development of new consensus criteria for expert selection and consensus building.

Results

Definitions for the terms novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert were found. In the second phase, criteria to rank the experts (junior, senior, and master) were developed and validated according to a score of 5–20.

Conclusion and Implications for Nursing Practice

The new criteria valued clinical experience over academic experience. The use of these criteria by researchers in the country should reduce uncertainties, difficulties, and limitations imposed by the modification/current adaptation of already existing criteria.
Novel A219P Mutation of Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase Identified in a Chinese Woman with Acute Intermittent Porphyria and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
Authors: Li Yingjie , Qu Hua , Wang Hang , Deng Huacong , Liu Ziyan
Published: March 2015

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of the heme biosynthetic enzyme hydroxymethylbilane synthase (approved gene symbol HMBS), also known as porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD). AIP is characterised by intermittent attacks of abdominal pain, vomiting, and neurological complaints. The highly variable symptomatic presentation of AIP causes confusion with other diseases and results in a high misdiagnosis rate (68% in China) and delayed effective treatments. Based on biochemical and genetic analysis of two Chinese families, a new and a previously reported HMBS mutation were identified in patients with AIP and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The novel HMBS mutation is the 655G>C point mutation (A219P). In addition, the 973C>T point mutation (R325X), which had been previously reported in two Danish families, was identified.
Shayle R. Searle: Pioneer in Linear Modelling
Authors: Hunter Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2015

This article is based on a transcript of the Memorial Session held on 14 August 2013 at the 22nd International Workshop on Matrices and Statistics held at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, to honour the life and contributions of Professor Emeritus Shayle Searle. The speakers were Jeffrey J. Hunter, David A. Harville, Jon N. K. Rao, Robert Rodriguez, and Shayle's daughters, Susan Searle and Heather Selvaggio.
A comprehensive assessment of environmental exposures among 1000 North American patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, with and without inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Eaton J. E. , Juran B. D. , Atkinson E. J. , Schlicht E. M. , Xie X. , de Andrade M. , Lammert C. S. , Luketic V. A. , Odin J. A. , Koteish A. A. , Kowdley K. V. , Chopra K. B. , Hirschfield G. M. , Chalasani N. P. , Lazaridis K. N.
Published: March 2015

Background

The relationships between primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and the environment are largely unknown.

Aim

To validate associations reported in previous studies and to identify novel environmental exposures among PSC patients.

Methods

We performed a multicenter, case–control analysis utilising self‐administered questionnaires. Responses between cases (n = 1000) and controls (n = 663) were compared using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age and gender. The model was further stratified based on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) status (with IBD n = 741 without IBD n = 259).

Results

Smoking was associated with PSC only when IBD was present (OR, 0.5; 95% CI 0.4–0.7) but not among those PSC patients without IBD (OR, 0.9; 95% CI 0.7–1.2). Compared to controls, women with PSC (irrespective of the presence of IBD) were less likely to have received hormone replacement therapy (HRT; OR, 0.5; 95% CI 0.4–0.7) and were more likely to have recurrent urinary tract infections (OR, 1.6; 95% CI 1.2–2.3). PSC patients regardless of gender or IBD status were less likely to eat fish (OR, 0.4; 95% CI 0.3–0.6) and grilled/barbecued meat (OR, 0.8; 95% CI 0.7–0.9). In contrast, PSC patients with and without IBD were more likely to consume steak/burgers that were more well done (OR, 1.3; 95% CI 1.2–1.5).

Conclusions

IBD (rather than PSC) is associated with smoking. Women with PSC are more likely to have recurrent urinary tract infections and less likely to receive HRT. Dietary intake and methods of food preparation differ in PSC patients when compared to controls.
Comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder complexity and chronicity in treatment‐seeking adults
Authors: Young Jesse Tyler , Carruthers Susan , Kaye Sharlene , Allsop Steve , Gilsenan Joanne , Degenhardt Louisa , van de Glind Geurt , van den Brink Wim , Preen David
Published: March 2015

Introduction and Aims

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a known risk factor for substance use disorder (SUD); however, the potential additive contribution of comorbid ADHD to drug‐specific dependence in SUD populations is largely unknown. The current study aimed to assess this association between ADHD symptoms and drug‐specific SUD complexity and chronicity.

Design and Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was administered to a convenience sample of 489 adults receiving SUD treatment at 16 Australian drug and alcohol treatment centres between September 2010 and August 2011. Participants were screened for adult ADHD symptoms using the Adult ADHD Self‐Report Scale. Associations between ADHD screening status and drug‐specific SUD complexity and chronicity were assessed using multivariate logistic and modified Poisson regression analysis, controlling for a range of potential confounders.

Results

Overall, 215 (44%) patients screened positive for concurrent adult ADHD and SUD. After Simes' correction, a significant positive association was observed between ADHD screening status and current amphetamine SUD (odds ratio (OR) = 1.85; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19–2.36). Patients who screened positive for ADHD were significantly more likely to report SUD history for heavy alcohol use (OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.21–3.45) and amphetamine (OR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.26–3.06) as well as significantly increased risk of moderate (3–4 years) duration for benzodiazepine and amphetamine SUDs and long (≥5 years) duration for alcohol, opiates other than heroin or methadone, and amphetamine SUDs.

Discussion and Conclusions

The findings provide evidence that there is increased drug dependence complexity and chronicity in treatment‐seeking SUD patients who screen positively for ADHD, specifically for amphetamine, alcohol, opiates other than heroin or methadone, and benzodiazepines. [Young JT, Carruthers S, Kaye S, Allsop S, Gilsenan J, Degenhardt L, van de Glind G, van den Brink W, Preen D. Comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder complexity and chronicity in treatment‐seeking adults. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015;34:683–93]