bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The design modeling and numerical simulation of a Bismuth-doped glass fiber amplifier
Authors: Chen Yishan , Mei Zian , Song Zhixuan
Published: December 2022

At present, the main communication window of fiber amplifier is in C-band ( ), and the amplification technology in O-band ( ) needs to be improved. The optical fiber amplification technology of band is studied in this paper. Based on three different Bismuth-doped glass materials, the design modeling and numerical simulation are carried out, and the corresponding amplification bands are ,  and . The rate equation and transmission equation of the three-level transition model in steady state were established. The gain, the power of pump, the power of signal and ASE signal power of the three bands were simulated by MATLAB, and the material with the best performance was further analyzed. The results show that  signal light has the best amplification effect, and the maximum gain is  when the fiber length is . It is also found that the optical fiber length required to achieve the optical signal optical gain with the pump power is positive correlation, and with the doping concentration is negative correlation, which are complementary to each other. This conclusion has important significance for the design of bismuth-doped optical fiber amplifier.
Spectral Analysis and Gain Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Bismuth-doped Fiber Amplifier
Authors: Li Kangduo , Wang Zihao , Zhu Zhiyu
Published: December 2022

Fiber optic amplifier is an important component of fiber optic communication and the use of the properties of rare earth ions to dope the fiber core is an important way to obtain greater amplification and reduce loss. Because of the unique light-emitting properties of Bismuth ions, the Bismuth doped fiber amplifier (PDFA) has a wide range of applications in the field of fiber amplifier. This paper focuses on the spectral analysis of Bismuth-doped ( ) fiber amplifiers under different parameters by referring to the absorption spectrum of . And the energy level structure of  was selected for a wide range of amplification windows →  pumping scheme corresponding to the pumping wavelength of 950 nm, and the rate propagation equation and power transmission equation were established based on the previous work. The numerical simulations were also carried out by MATLAB programming. The effects of doping concentration, fiber length, and pump power on gain, noise index, and output power were analyzed and summarized by MATLAB plotting. In the future, researchers can use neural network algorithms to obtain the combination of Bismuth-doped fiber amplifier parameters that will achieve maximum gain, thus enabling advances in information transmission rates and distances in real-world communications.
Simulation and Numerical Analysis of Gain Model Based on Thulium-Doped Fiber Amplifier
Authors: Wei Haodong
Published: December 2022

With the advent of the 5G epoch and the gradual development of information technology, people need broader transmission bandwidth. However, the current devices which can compensate for optical fiber transmission loss, such as the rare-earth-doped fiber amplifiers, can compensate for transmission losses for a narrow range of wavelengths, which cannot satisfy people’s needs. Therefore, this paper will further study the gain of 1865nm Thulium-doped fiber amplifier. The Matlab program is used in this experiment to carry out the numerical simulation. Using the numerical simulation method, this article analyzed the gain, pump power, signal power, and amplified spontaneous emission as functions of fiber length. This paper also verified the influence of the overlap factor on the gain of the Thulium-doped fiber amplifier. This experiment can provide a reference for length-choosing of the Thulium-doped fiber amplifier for a maximum gain.
Gain Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Fiber Amplifier
Authors: Huang Yuzhi , Wang Tianyi
Published: December 2022

As optical communication technology has been developing fast these years, its application in S-band has been valued by people, especially in the field of WDM/DWDM. The energy structure-e in Tm3+exist the transition which can meet the S-band and S+-band. Although the energy structure of ions are very complex, the fiber amplifier is an important device for the  S+-band optical amplification. And its research will be very significant for further broadening the optical communication bandwidth. Fiber amplifiers have become a new hot spot for optical fiber communication devices. This paper mainly do analysis, simulation and comparison about the semiconductor laser mufti-core pigtail outputting light field intensity, as well as the outputting light field intensity distribution of LD mufti-core pigtail single-lens and dual-lens coupled. This paper analyzes fiber amplifier performance based on the rate equation, transfer equation and simulations.
Design and Development of Hybrid Halide Perovskites in Laser Devices
Authors: Jiang Wenhao
Published: December 2022

Organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite is a significant semiconductor material in photonics. Their outstanding optoelectronic characteristics have been reported, increasing energy conversion efficiency of perovskite solar battery by up to 25.5%, which is expected to be major competitors in silicon industry. According to the fundamentals of physics, a viable candidate for a light emitter must really be a superior direct band gap material. Even though there are a lot of papers on perovskite-based light emitting devices in this area, the corresponding laser devices are still lack of research. Here, since the first publication of lasing in hybrid perovskites in the 1990s, great effort has been made especially in 2014. Halide perovskites have the potential to revolutionize the nanophotonics field due to their solution-processed gain medium, almost defect-free semiconductor formation, high luminous efficiency, flexibility of nanostructure, excellent stability, and wide wavelength tunability. This article highlights the important researches on the optical gain from diverse hybrid halide perovskite material and the future challenges of lasing.
The Design and Progress of Organic Light-Emitting Diode
Authors: Wang Ai
Published: December 2022

Organic light emitting diode (OLED) is one of the main lighting devices and can be used as mobile phone screens, so its performance enhancement is worthy of an in-depth study. This paper discusses three types of devices with different light emitting principles in the history of OLED development in chronological order and their performances, as well as ways to enhance their external quantum efficiency (EQE). For fluorescent, phosphorescent and thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) OLEDs, adding additional layers and doping are effective means of improving the performance. For fluorescent OLED, the EQE can be increased up to 11.5% by adding an efficiency enhancement layer and doping the emitting layer with a new blue dopant with a higher orientation coefficient. For phosphorescent OLED, a hole transport layer is utilized to block excitons within the FIrpic-doped emissive layer leading to an EQE of 16.7%. For TADF OLED, the soluble doped TADF OLEDs is helpful at improving the quantum efficiency up to 18.3%. This paper looks forward to the maturation of these strategies and their practical application, and the identification of more technologies that can enhance the performance of OLED devices to help make it more usable.
The Application and Future Trend of Carbon Nanotubes Based on the Development and Properties
Authors: Chen Shijiao
Published: December 2022

Moore's Law, as the most important and wildly followed laws in the semiconductor industry, seems to approach its end. In this situation, many measures have been taken to change this trend, including finding new and better materials. A hot new material, the carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have attracted many researches. As a one-dimensional material, carbon nanotubes have excellent Young's modulus, electrical conductivity, optical conductivity, etc. These excellent properties can be used in the semiconductor industry and some other areas. In this paper, chemical structure, physical, chemical and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes are introduced. Its commonly used preparation methods and doping strategies are also presented. Some current applications including sensors, electronic devices and biomedicine and development owing to these properties will also be shown to the readers. Certain future possible applications and develop directions will also be discussed. Although there are many shortages and challenges scientists are facing, such as the cost, the quality, the toxicity and so on, CNTs remain a promising material due to its excellent properties. This article gathers these current applications for readers to get some further knowledge about this hot material as well as attract more people to relevant research work.
Development of The Third Generation of Semiconductors with SiC and GaN as The Mainstay
Authors: Deng Zhanpeng
Published: December 2022

The application and development of semiconductor technology has a very important role in the development of the world's science and technology. The third-generation semiconductors are broadband semiconductors with high thermal conductivity, high breakdown field strength, high saturation electron drift rate and high bonding energy, which are incomparable to the previous two generations of semiconductors. In this paper, we focus on the third-generation semiconductor materials and further study the most mature and widely used SiC and GaN, and introduce the mainstream methods for the preparation of SiC and GaN. The paper also introduces the applications of these two materials in energy, communication, and consumer electronics, taking into account the current development of the industry. Finally, the paper also considers the problems and challenges that still need to be solved in the next stage of the industry's development.
Prediction of the future challenge and development direction for perovskite cell
Authors: Li Yuyue , Ren Zipu
Published: December 2022

New clean energy is an important topic of energy development, while solar cells have always been an important branch of clean energy, and perovskite solar cells have been the focus of researchers because of their simple process, low cost, and flexible preparation. In this paper, we will introduce the background, structure, fabrication methods, superiority, and downside of perovskite cells, and predict possible future challenges and directions for the development of perovskite cells.
Characteristic analysis and comparison of perovskite solar cell
Authors: Chen Yuhan
Published: December 2022

With global warming, energy crisis and other factors, people are in urgent need of finding new energy to replace traditional energy. Solar energy is the most abundant clean energy in the world. Solar cells are one of the effective ways to develop and utilize solar energy. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are currently the third generation of new solar cells. Because of their ultra-high absorption coefficient, environmentally friendly and cheap raw materials, and simple spin coating process, they have become a new star in photovoltaic power generation. At present, for the research of perovskite solar cells, this paper hopes to introduce the basic knowledge of perovskite solar cells from a more comprehensive perspective.
A hybrid frequency allocation algorithm based on IFR3+tx-ITL development
Authors: Du Jiefeng
Published: December 2022

Communication technologies are developing rapidly and various frequencies are being used in daily life. The aim of this paper is to prove a new frequency allocation algorithm for 37-cell networks to enhance the utilization of communication frequencies. It is shown that the hybrid algorithm has a larger channel capacity compared to the traditional stand-alone algorithm, which is conducive to improving frequency utilisation.
Perovskite Cells Based on Carbon Quantum Dots: Structure, Optimization
Authors: Liu Jiaqi
Published: December 2022

Perovskite ( ) photo voltaic cells (PSCs) based totally on blended perovskite minerals have attracted lots interest on the grounds that their inception. Due to its giant absorption coefficient, low cost, and convenient preparation, many researchers have conducted enormous lookup on it and explored whether or not exceptional buildings and supplies can enhance the performance of PSCs. Through the continuous efforts of researchers, the effectivity of PSCs has expanded from 3.8% when it was first born in 2009 to 25.5% now.Perovskite cells do, however, also have a number of flaws and room for development, including ility, insufficient photovoltaic performance, and perovskite skinny film crystal defects.Researchers have additionally tried many methods to enhance them, and one of the more tremendous techniques is to use carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as correction layers to enhance their performance. In this paper, the performance enhancement of CQDs on perovskite cells will be comprehensively confirmed from factors such as electron transport layer (ETL), perovskite thin films and hole transport layer (HTL) and the future PSCs will be prospected based on the modern-day results.
Comparison of Different Frequency Allocation Methods for Suburban Areas based on Capacity Analysis
Authors: Wu Yubing
Published: December 2022

From the first generation (1G) to the fifth generation (5G), an upward trend in demand has been witnessed as wireless technology contributes to more aspects in the daily life of ordinary people. A similar pattern is likely to be seen in the next decade as sixth generation (6G) networks are deployed. Researchers are having a stronger incentive in frequency planning in order to bring a better experience to users. Therefore, by collecting capacity data for a network of nineteen cells with an average of five users and twelve channels per cell, different frequency allocation methods from 1 decibel (dB) to 20 dB (dB) are investigated for their superiority in suburban areas based on the comparison of capacity. The experiments conducted in this paper show that cellular networks outperform Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) and that the more intelligent the frequency allocation method, the higher the capacity. Therefore, telecommunication providers may consider prioritizing the 19-cell Forward Looking Game (FLG) method in areas with low population density.
Numerical analysis of fluid-structure interaction of iced line galloping
Authors: Zhou Yuhan , Yan Zhitao , Li Rui , Ma Cunming
Published: December 2022

Numerical simulation of transmission lines’ movement can reveal the variation of aerodynamic force with conductor vibration. The fluid-structure interaction is considered and, and the software FLUENT is used to numerically analyze the model responses of 0.75D crescent-shaped iced conductor with wind attack Angle of 180° based on the k-ω SST turbulence model. The numerical simulation results of unsteady galloping of the iced conductor are compared with the galloping response of displacement time history analysis. The results show that the results of the fluid-structure interaction analysis are consistent with the quasi-steady analysis.
Based on 5G network, use the unmanned aerial vehicles to live stream in VR
Authors: Shen Ruining
Published: December 2022

5G network has begun to step into people’s horizons. The character of high transmitting speed and low latency can enable some applications to do better in their fields. This article focuses on the new application of the UAV (unmanned aerial vehicles) based on the 5G network. Live streaming is a new entertaining way that is popular worldwide. In this article, the theoretical analysis of the 5G network and VR shows the development of mobile communication technology, the essential features of 5G network, which demonstrate the advantage of 5G, and the Internet requirement of VR. To reduce network bandwidth demand, a different view information transmission can distribute the transmission data of the side angle of view into the in front version. A Popularity Balance Method(PB) for UAVs in the same area layer) method based on the division of the entire search area into multiple area layers to change the pattern of message delivery to the area layer closer to the destination node. Advanced wireless systems (AWS) can make safe, effective operations. Suggestions about using Content Delivery Network (CDN) to solve the live stream problems are also given.
Machine-Learning-Assisted Optical Fiber Communication System
Authors: Zhou Xinyu
Published: December 2022

With the development of software-defined networking and coherent transmission, to name only a couple of emerging technical and technological areas, optical networks have rapidly expanded during the past few years. To handle with the enormous increment, several sections of optical transmission networks have been addressed via machine learning. Techniques such as support vector machine and KNN algorithms are widely used in fiber-induced nonlinear mitigation, which can cause enormous financial loses if the problem is not solved properly. Optical performance monitoring is another essential area in optical networks, which often adopts multitasking, while failure management, where anomaly detection takes place, rely on both supervised and unsupervised learning methods. The overview includes a brief synopsis of four types of learning methods, including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning and reinforcement, as well as the most recent advancements in methodologies used in optical fibre communication. At the end of the analysis, it is demonstrated that ML algorithms are selected based on the challenges present and we have to consider multiple factors when choosing a suitable algorithm. The combination of the two fields brings prosperity to each other.
A review of planar antennas for millimeter wave 5G network
Authors: Zhang Shaoxuan
Published: December 2022

In order that wide implement of 5G network is realizable in the future, special features in the propagation of millimeter wave is required, which are much different from that of current operating 4G network and still have great potential to explore. As a result, the antennas used in future 5G network will be much more sophisticated in design and will need a lot of frontier technologies. The key factors in 5G millimeter wave antenna design are reconfigurable antennas, beamforming, antenna array, orbital angular momentum antennas, meta-surface antennas and massive MIMO. The purpose of this work is to illustrate some designing idea of planar antennas used in 5G millimeter wave network by presenting some of the contemporary theoretical and practical design idea investigated by this paper. Since currently there is great amount of research ongoing in this field, this paper can serve as a brief guide and introduction for those who are interested in 5G planar antennas to get a picture of the latest theories and technologies used in those designs.
Measuring road safety advance by IW-EDAS-KNN: A case study for OAS countries
Authors: Yang Jiale
Published: December 2022

Road Safety is an important aspect when considering the public health of a nation. Road Safety is becoming an increasing concern among nations, and road safety hazards remained a huge problem in some nations, causing financial loss and fatalities. Estimated results demonstrates that road traffic injuries cost the government approximately 3% of GDP, and up to 5% in low- and middle-income countries [1]. Since the road traffic incidence created substantial financial burden, it is necessary to control risk factors and improve the road safety advance. By evaluating the road safety conditions of each individual states, or by comparing the road safety status of a group of states, we can identify the potential strengths and weaknesses of each state hence give suggestions for future improvements. This paper looks at a ten-year data (2009-2019), source from the World Health Organization, the Pan American Health Organization, and the Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group. The aim of this research is to evaluate and benchmark the road safety conditions of the members states of the Organization of American States by applying Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution, a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) technique for classification; identify the continuity in development and advancement of road safety conditions for each state; group the member states of OAS into classes by applying K-Nearest Neighbor Analysis, an algorithm for classification and regression that group objects into classes based on its k nearest neighbors; and make suggestion for future improvements for each member states with respect to their group members. It is concluded that certain indicators are underperformed by a majority of OAS members, which allowed policymakers to identify the potential weakness in road safety performance and offer effective intervention.  Additionally, suggestions are made for under-performing countries of the OAS to refer to the road safety procedure from the best-performing nations for future road safety advances.
Research on the AC Loss of Multi-strand Round Conductors
Authors: Cai Runze
Published: December 2022

Conductors are very common in our life, such as high-voltage cables and all household appliances. The vast majority of conductors, especially home circuits, use alternating current. There will be so-called AC loss in AC circuits, which will limit our design and improvement of electrical appliances. In this paper, the AC loss in the charging conductor is influenced by skin effect and proximity effect. First of all, we will introduce these two effects. Both effects cause energy loss via induction current. Secondly, variables related to energy loss are pointed by using finite element analysis. After modelling and analysis, energy loss depends on frequency, loss increase with increasing frequency. Secondly, among the different arrangements of conductors, the arrangement of hexagons will be more energy-saving. Finally, the degree of energy loss is related to the conductor’s diameter. As the conductor’s diameter increases, the energy loss increases first and then decreases. In the end, energy loss relies on the size of frequency and the arrangement of conductors and the diameter of conductors
Comparative Study of Bluetooth, ZigBee and Bus Communication under Different Usage Scenarios
Authors: Chen Guowen
Published: December 2022

In the modern communication markets, thousands of communication methods are available for different situations, among these different means of communication, the ZigBee protocol, IEEE 802.15, and the derivative protocols provided possible solutions of cheap and energy-saving wireless communication methods, which were considered major members of modern communication. However, these technologies carried the drawbacks like low data rate and difficulties to build a complicated system. On one other hand, wired communications like Bus communications have features like high data rate and high data quality, on the other hand, the volume of hardware and the cost were the two biggest disadvantages of this technology. As communication measures are getting more and more important, discussion in this field is becoming more and more necessary. In this paper, multiple technologies would be discussed from the angles of principle, current situation, and advantages and flaws. Next, these technologies would be discussed under different scenarios that could be faced in the daily life of common people, industrial fields and other uses, then compared from several perspectives to select the one that fits the situation best.
Analysis of the social impact of 3D Printing and its future development
Authors: Zhao Yixuan
Published: December 2022

This paper introduces basic process and social impact of 3D printing, which is also named as additive manufacturing (AM), and prospects for future development of AM technology. This paper starts with the historical background of AM technology, as it creates a new era of mechanical manufacturing. The AM can be summed up in five major steps: create 3d CAD model, convert file format to STL, divide model into layers using software, print the model from bottom in AM system, and finally, some end-part finishing process will be applied. The advantages of AM technology are outstanding, but its limitation also restraint the further development of the technology. I have discussed in details about types and impacts of current application and what are the key problems. Overall, even though there are still many unpredictable factors of development in AM technology, it is still progressing in a positive way and hopefully will move to its next step in next decade.
Principles of Multistage Rocket Vehicle and Concepts of Propulsion Methods for Rocket Applications
Authors: Liang Xinyuan
Published: December 2022

The variety of propulsion methods will reach their peak efficiencies under certain conditions. This paper will focus on the propulsion methods and different propellant choices for certain usage when designing a vehicle or a stage of a rocket with some altitude limitations, their working principles, applications and challenges. The advantages of multistage design for rocket vehicles and the prospects of advanced engine technology using electricity or solar radiation as its main power source will also be discussed. The cost, payload and other attributes such as the thrust-to-weight ratio of every propulsion concept are the main factors for determining the general performance. MRV is the ideal design for rocket vehicles that are launched from the surface of a planet consider the massive amount of energy it requires to get into the orbit or escape the gravity, but the propulsion system can be various depends on the applications under certain conditions of launching and space travel.
Status and prospect of feasibility study on all electric commercial aircraft
Authors: Liu Yuxin
Published: December 2022

Earth’s temperature has risen violently since 1981 which was more than twice before 1980. People believe that human activities increased the concentration of carbon dioxide and other gas in atmosphere resulting in a sharp rise in temperature over the decades which is called Greenhouse Effect. The Greenhouse Effect has become a risk of our survival. Glaciers are melting year by year which leads to flooding of coastal areas and countries like Maldives are under the risk of being submerged. The drought is also one of the consequences, high temperature triggered by Greenhouse throughout whole year especially in summer dries out the sources of water like rivers, lakes. This will lead us some other problems in shipping, irritations, power systems and other industries that are critical to human’s survival. With the development and growth of aviation, the problems tend to be more crucial. Governors have been trying to make plans to use renewable and sustainable fuel on aircrafts. The hard part is still about the electric engines that can be used on the giant airplanes.
Comparative study on performance of traditional engine and hybrid and electric engine
Authors: Cai Leyang , Huang Yifan , Yu Zhenghao
Published: December 2022

In the past, the car brands led by Mercedes Benz are extremely popular world-widely and those cars are mainly designed using internal combustion engines. Engine technology is also innovating in real time. Today's new energy technology is representing the development of low pollution and high efficiency in our country. In China, the growth of new energy vehicles, however, is especially rapid and, as a whole, China is the largest automobile market in the world, ranking first in production and sales scale. Despite fluctuations in recent years, China has maintained a steady but increasing development trend. Since China's accession to the WTO, new energy vehicles are blooming in the world, the shares of sustainable energy bought by everyone is constantly climbing and the scale of production and sales has grown rapidly. In 2009, China surpassed the United States to become the world's largest new car consumption market, and has always maintained a high growth rate. However, traditional cars and internal combustion engine vehicles gained some denial
Angola’daki Ekonomik Kurtarma İçin Bir Araç Olarak Ekonomik Çeşitlendirme
Authors: MARİA Augusto Umba Manuel
Published: December 2022

Ekonomik krizde olan bir ülkenin, özellikle gelişmekte olan bir ülkenin, ekonomik kurtarması için ekonomik çeşitlendirme stratejisinin ne kadar önemli olduğunu göstermek istenerek, Angola’daki ekonomik kurtarma için bir araç olarak ekonomik çeşitlendirme konusunu incelemek bu çalışmada genel olarak amaçlanmıştır. Belirle-nen genel amaca ulaşmak için iki analiz noktasına dayalı Angola’daki ekonomik durumun bir analizi yapılmış-tır. İlk noktada, 2009-2019 döneminin ekonomik verilerine dayanarak, Angola’nın ekonomisi petrol sektörüne güçlü bir şekilde bağlı olduğundan uluslararası piyasalardaki ham petrol fiyatlarındaki ani düşüşlerin ulusal ekonomi üzerinedeki nasıl etkilediğini göstermek amacıyla, Angola’daki ulusal ekonomik evrim incelenmiştir. İkinci noktada ise, 2019’daki ekonomik faaliyetlerin verilerine dayanarak, her bir faaliyet sektörünün katılım miktarını gayrisafi yurtiçi hasılaya göstermek amacıyla, 2019’daki Angola ekonomik yapısı incelenmiştir. Kulla-nılan verileri analiz etmek için nitel yaklaşıma dayalı doküman analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama süre-cinde, kamusal ve/veya özel kurumların yayınlarından oluşan ikincil veri elde etme tekniğine dayalı veri elde etme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Dolayısıyla, incelenen veriler Angola Cumhuriyeti Ulusal İstatistik Enstitüsü ve Dünya Bankası Grubu elektronik veri tabanlarından elde edilmiştir. Verilerin incelenmesi süreci ardından, An-gola’nın ekonomisinin petrol sektörüne güçlü bir şekilde bağlı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Petrol sektörüne güçlü bir şekilde bağımlılığı azaltmak için, ulusal zenginlik yaratma kaynaklarını çeşitlendirmek için ulusal eko-nomiyi çeşitlendirmeyi amaçlayan stratejik politikaların benimsenmesi tavsiye edilmektedir.
Analisis Eksplorasi Tambang Ilegal di Kampung Kalian Luar, Kabupaten Kutai Barat
Authors: Lasah Novianus , Amin Muhammad Jamal , Idris Adam , Nasir Badruddin
Published: December 2022

This research examines “illegal” mining in Kalian Luar village, West Kutai
District.  This research employed descriptive qualitative method with data collection
carried out through interviews, observation, and documentary study. Research findings
show that “illegal” mining occurs due to the existence of a village government rule
legalizing community mining, despite District Regulations prohibiting such mining. This
reflects the absence of coordination between District and Village governments, impeding
the proper implementation of mining regulations. Community members being uninformed or
misinformed about local mining regulations, combined with the absence of sanctions,
allow continuation of such mining activities.
Narrative Ideology and Repercussions: Representation of the Kashmir Conflict in Modern Literature
Authors: Tilwani Shouket Ahmad
Published: December 2022

The research aims to explore the Kashmir conflict that has fractured the lives of the Kashmiri people. In the current times, the Kashmir conflict has been remarkably engaging literate circles all over the world. The conflict has been in the news worldwide for the last three decades because it may cause modern-day warfare betweenIndia, Pakistan, and China. Hence, people all over the world want to know about the situation in the region. The historical, sociological, and moral approaches by Wilbur Stewart Scott are used to grasp the context of the selected novelsThe Collaborator (2012) and Book of Gold Leaves (2015). Mirza Waheed, as an eyewitness, sketched the novels on the sufferings of Kashmiris, engaging daily with a god of death because of the conflictual situation. This situation has been routined since the invasion and occupation of the land by the three nuclear armament-holding neighbors, India, Pakistan, and China, immediately after the emancipation of the first two from their British colonial masters in 1947. The political scenario of Jammu and Kashmir became murkier in 1988 and onwards when India intensified its military operations to quell the armed resistance movement for “Azadi” (freedom) of land. The modern Kashmiri literature roots out the sentiment of freedom; India gave impunity to any draconian tactics in the name of rules that justified any inhuman treatment of custodial killing, torture, rape, etc. As a result, more than three lac women are dead, approximately 10000 are missing, and thousands are languishing in jails.
Numerical Solution for 3-D lee wave associated with barotropic mean flow across the Assam-Burma hills
Authors: PrasantaDas Dr
Published: December 2022

An attempt has been made to obtain a 3-D lee wave numerical solution associated with meso-scale dry mean flow across the Assam-Burma hills (ABH), where the flow is an adiabatic, inviscid, laminar, steady, Bousisnesq, non-rotational.ABH has been synthesized by two three dimensional ellipticalbarriers, separated by a valley of some finite distance, where the two components (U, V) of basic flow and Brunt-Vaisala frequency (N) are idealistic invariant with height. For simplicity the zonal component (U) and meridional component (V) are normal and parallel to the major axis of the elliptical barrier respectively and also perturbation technique has been applied to the governing equations. The perturbation vertical velocity (w' ) and stream line displacement (n' ) are expressed as a double integral. These two integrals have been evaluated numerically. The down-stream variation and updraft/downdraft regions associated with lee waves at different heights has been mapped and discussed and finally have compared to the asymptotic results of earlier investigators.
IMSRA rainfall estimation validation and variability over Indian region during GAJA cyclone
Authors: VIJAYALAKSHMI SP
Published: December 2022

Rainfall during a cyclonic event is very high compared to the monsoon seasons, which bring heavy damage to the lives of humans and cattle and other severe bruises. To prevent such conditions, accurate prediction of rainfall is necessary. 

Before prediction, there should be adequate knowledge about how rainfall is distributed spatially, how it varies from time to time, etc., This study attempts to infer the rainfall distribution during GAJA cyclone over the Indian region with the INSAT-3D IMAGER data. The IMRSRA and IMC (IMSRA-Modified) datasets are used for rainfall retrieval during landfall of GAJA cyclone, which is of 0.10 X 0.10 spatial resolution and temporal resolution of 30min.  An IMSRA-Merged data product is derived from the IMC dataset. The obtained result is validated by the IMD rain gauge data, global data products such as IMERG and GSMaP. The performance of IMSRA-Merged is good compared to all other datasets that show reliable rainfall and a good correlation (>0.5).
Statistical modeling of monthly maximum rainfall in Senegal
Authors: Ndri Kouakou , Nadarajah Saralees
Published: December 2022

We provide the first statistical analysis of maximum rainfall in Senegal. The data are from twelve stations spread across Senegal. The generalized extreme value distribution was fitted to maximum rainfall by the method of maximum likelihood. Probability and quantile plots showed that the generalized extreme value distribution provided an adequate fit for all stations. The vast majority of stations do not exhibit significant trends in rainfall. Four of the stations exhibit positive trends in rainfall. Estimates of return levels are given.
Calibration of Indian Dobson Spectrophotometer Nos. D112 and D036 during WMO Dobson Intercomparison Campaigns
Authors: Singh DrSiddharth , Saroj Pooja , Ghosh Chirashree , Sinha Priyanka
Published: December 2022

The present study summarizes the results of calibration of Indian Dobson Spectrophotometer No. D112 and D036 during Dobson inter-comparison campaigns, held at Irene, South Africa from 07 – 18 October, 2019 and at Hohenpeissenberg, Germany from 15.07.2020 to 30.07.2020 respectively. In both the international inter-comparison campaigns, European Regional Standard Dobson Spectrophotometer No. D064 had been used as the reference instrument. According to the results of the inter-comparison of Dobson spectrophotometer instrument no. D112 and no. D036 with Regional Standard Dobson Instrument (D064), these instruments are reliable and their measurements are accurate and appropriate for further analysis as their deviations have been found within the acceptable limits i.e. less than - 0.3% for D112 and less than 0.01 for D036 respectively after final calibration.
Estimation and evaluation of trend analysis of the Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration of Raipur region, Chhattisgarh central India
Authors: KUMAR AEKESH , PRASAD VISHNU , BAGHEL SHREEYA
Published: December 2022

Understanding evapotranspiration and its long-term trends is essential for water cycle studies, modeling and for water uses. Temporal analysis of evapotranspiration is therefore important for the management of water resources, particularly in the context of climate change. The objective of this study is to evaluate reference evapotranspiration using the AquaCrop model developed by FAO and analyze the trend of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in the Raipur Region. Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope were used to detect trends and amplitude changes in ET0. The average monthly ET0 was found maximum in May (8.91 mm/day), whereas the average minimum ET0 was estimated in December (1.91 mm/day). The mean daily reference evapotranspiration ranges from 2.49 mm per day to 7.61 mm per day in the study area. Results show on the monthly time scale, decreasing trends were identified in ET0 data in most of the months. A significant negative trend magnitude was found for March, April and May. This study provides the necessary information on atmospheric demand on water requirements for growing different crops in different seasons. This information will be very important for researchers and farmers in planning irrigation scheduling, irrigation water management studies in different seasons.
Comparison And Evaluation Of Drought Indices Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (Ahp) Over Raichur District, Karnataka
Authors: Patil Rahul , Polisgowdar BS , Rathod Santosha , Kumar USatish , Wali Vijaya , Reddy GVSrinivasa , Rao Sathyanarayana
Published: December 2022

The Raichur district is considered as a drought prone area in Karnataka. The study was carried out to compare and evaluate the performance of six drought indices in the study area namely Standardized precipitation index (SPI), Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), China Z index (CZI), Deciles, Percent Normal (PN) and Rainfall anamoly index (RAI). A time series of six drought indices were compared and evaluated using histogram and analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The histogram of six drought indices showed that PN, Deciles and RAI showed higher frequency of extreme drought events which is considered as misleading in analysis. During the evaluation of the indices no bias was done between the indices. SPI and CZI moved to the top rank mainly due to their robustness and sophistication in nature. Whereas, PN moved to the second position mainly because of its higher simplicity compared to other indices with a score of 18.49 (SPI), 18.10 (PN) and 17.99 (CZI). The SPEI was observed to score higher in robustness and sophistication, due to lack of tractability and transparency was observed to be lagged.  Furthermore indices like RAI and deciles were observed to score very good rank under transparency and tractability. PN was observed to least in robust, thought the PN has scored the 2nd position it is highly not recommended for adaptation for the studies due to its unreasonably capturing of extreme droughts.  Looking over all pros and cons of all indices SPI was evaluated as perfect index for the selected study area.
Knee Arthroscopy After Prior Total Knee ArthroplastyType of Study: Narrative Review
Authors: Bernholt David L. , Skinner William C. , Holt Andrew M. , Azar Frederick M.
Published: December 2022

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) results in substantial improvement for most patients with end-stage arthritis of the knee; however, approximately 20% of patients have an unsatisfactory result. Although many problems contributing to an unsatisfactory result after TKA are best addressed by revision TKA, some problems may be effectively addressed with arthroscopic treatment. The categories of pathology that can be addressed arthroscopically include peripatellar soft-tissue impingement (patellar clunk syndrome and patellar synovial hyperplasia), arthrofibrosis, and popliteus tendon dysfunction. Recognizing these disease entities and the role of arthroscopic surgery in the treatment of these lesions may be helpful in achieving a good outcome in certain patients who are unsatisfied with their knee arthroplasty.
The Shoulder Arthroplasty Smart Score Correlates Well With Legacy Outcome Scores Without a Ceiling Effect
Authors: King Joseph J. , Wright Logan , Hao Kevin A. , Roche Christopher , Wright Thomas W. , Vasilopoulos Terrie , Zuckerman Joseph D. , Flurin Pierre-Henri , Schoch Bradley S.
Published: December 2022

Background:

The Shoulder Arthroplasty Smart (SAS) score is a new, validated machine learning–derived outcome measure that requires six input parameters. The SAS score has the potential to replace legacy shoulder outcome scores.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective review of a multinational shoulder arthroplasty database of one platform shoulder prosthesis (used interchangeably for anatomic and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty). All primary shoulder arthroplasties with a minimum of two-year follow-up and an available SAS score were evaluated. Associations between scoring systems were assessed using Pearson correlations, with 95% confidence intervals stratified by time point (preoperatively and postoperatively at 2- and 5-year follow-ups, respectively) and procedure (anatomic verses reverse total shoulder arthroplasty). Conversion equations were developed using the best-fit line from linear regression analysis. Ceiling effects were assessed based on two definitions: (1) >15% of participants scoring the maximal possible score and (2) a standardized distance less than 1.0, whereby the standardized distance is calculated by subtracting the mean from the maximal score and dividing by the standard deviation.

Results:

Two thousand four hundred six shoulders were evaluated at 4,553 clinical encounters. For preoperatively collected data, the SAS score correlated strongly with the Constant (R = 0.83), University of California at Los Angeles (R = 0.85), and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (R = −0.70) scores and moderately with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (R = 0.69) and Simple Shoulder Test (R = 0.65) scores. The SAS score strongly correlated (R > 0.7) with all legacy outcome scores collected at 2- and 5-year postoperative visits. Score predictions made using the conversion equations between the SAS score and legacy outcome scores strongly correlated with their actual values. Neither the SAS nor the Constant score were influenced by ceiling effects. All other outcome scores evaluated demonstrated ceiling effects.

Conclusion:

The SAS score correlates well with legacy shoulder scores after primary shoulder arthroplasty while mitigating ceiling effects. Surgeons may decrease patient questionnaire burden by using the brief six-question SAS score.
Взаимосвязь временной перспективы и рефлексивности в реактивно-проактивном совладании у молодых людей (на примере ранней взрослости)
Authors: Бехтер Анна , Куфтяк Елена , Филатова Олеся
Published: December 2022

В статье обсуждается роль рефлексии и временной перспективы в реактивно-проактивном совладающем поведении в период ранней взрослости. Обсуждается роль рефлексивности и рефлексии прошлого опыта в реактивно-проактивном совладании с учетом описанных функций рефлексивных процессов в генезе совладающего поведения. Эмпирическое исследование с помощью методики индивидуальной меры рефлексивности (А.В.Карпова, В.В.Пономаревой), опросника проактивного совладающего поведения (в адаптации Е.С.Старченковой ), копинг-теста Р.Лазаруса и С.Фолкман (в адаптации Т.Л.Крюковой, Е.В.Куфтяк, М.С.Замышляевой) и опросника временной перспективы Ф.Зимбардо (в адаптации А.Сырцовой и др.) показало, что рефлексивность и онтогенетическая рефлексия не связаны с реактивно-проактивными стратегиями и параметрами временной перспективы. В большей степени ориентация на будущее связана с реактивными стратегиями, имеющими проактивный потенциал, отношение к прошлому – с реактивными стратегиями, направленными на бегство-избегание; ориентация на настоящее – c разными реактивными стратегиями. Дендрограмма методом Варда показала, что только рефлексивность объединяется с реактивно-проактивными стратегиями в одном из кластеров, а онтогенетическая рефлексия образует отдельный кластер, как и проактивные стратегии с показателями временной перспективы. Полученные данные говорят о том, что рефлексивность может являться механизмом, который способствует объединению разных стратегий в реактивно-проактивное совладание.
Factors related to the stress among nurses at Lam Dong II hospital and Lam Dong children’s hospital in the Covid - 19 situation
Authors: Ho Thi Thu Hang , Le Thanh Tung , Nguyen Ngoc Thanh , Manichanh Xaysanith
Published: December 2022

Objective: Describe the stress level and factors related to the stress status among nurses at Lam Dong II Hospital and Lam Dong Children’s Hospital.
Participants and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was conducted on 415 nurses working at Lam Dong II Hospital and Lam Dong Children’s Hospital, who directly participated in the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control. Data was collected by self-reported form through the DASS-21 questionnaire from January to September 2022.
Result: The rate of nursing stress at mild, moderate and severe levels was 42.3%, 28.9% and 6.1%, respectively. The study identified a number of factors that were statistically significantly related to the stress status of nurses, including Personal factors (age, seniority, physical activity), Work (work stability, overtime duration). Working environment (frequency of exposure to bad attitudes of patient’s family), Encouragement at work.
Conclusion: The percentage of nurses showing signs of stress was quite high at 77.4%. It is necessary to have policies and regimes to reduce stress and improve the health and psychological well-being of nurses.
Спектроскопические свойства кристалла LiNbO3:Er3+ в области длин волн 1470–1635 нм
Authors: Демирханян Г. , Коканян Н. , Айллери М. , Коканян Э.
Published: December 2022

Проведено теоретическое исследование спектроскопических свойств кристалла LiNbO3:Er3+ в области длин волн 1470–1635 нм с учетом штарковской структуры оптического спектра примесного иона. Построены волновые функции штарковских подуровней основного 4 I15/2 и первого возбужденного 4 I13/2 мультиплетов иона Er3+ в LSJM-представлении, вычислены силы линий, индуцированные косвенными электро-дипольными переходами и рассчитаны основные спектроскопические характеристики оптического спектра примесного иона. Theoretical study of spectroscopic properties of LiNbO3: Er3+ crystal in the wavelength range of 1470–1635 nm was carried out taking into account the Stark structure of optical spectrum of the impurity ion. Wave functions of the Stark sublevels of both ground 4 I15/2 and first excited 4 I13/ 2 manifolds of the Er3+ ion were constructed in LSJM-representation, line strengths induced by indirect electric-dipole inter-Stark transitions were calculated, and the main spectroscopic characteristics of emission and absorption spectra of impurity ion were determined.