bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribuição arterial na parede gástrica de gatos
Authors: Bastos Caroline Medeiros , Marques Tathiana Alves , Fernandes Thais Alves , Abidu-Figueiredo Marcelo , Lopes Paulo Roberto Bernardes , Gomes Marcelo Salvador , Alonso Luciano Da Silva
Published: November 2019

As origens e ramificações das artérias que irrigam o estômago de animais domésticos estão bem determinadas na literatura, mas a forma como se dá a distribuição destes vasos na parede do estômago ainda não foi completamente estabelecida. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever a distribuição arterial macroscópica na superfície do estômago de gatos. As dissecções foram realizadas em 30 cadáveres de gatos adultos, 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, com média do comprimento rostrossacral de 47,9 cm e 46,6 cm, respectivamente. Os gatos foram posicionados em decúbito lateral direito e foi realizada uma incisão torácica para remoção da 6ª e 7ª costelas para canulação da porção torácica da aorta. Em seguida, o sistema vascular foi lavado com solução salina, fixado com solução de formaldeído a 10% e preenchidos com solução de Petrolátex S-65 corado. Após cinco dias imersos em solução de formaldeído a 10%, todos os animais foram lavados em água corrente e dissecados. Foi utilizado o modelo de divisão do estômago em quadrantes cárdicos e pilóricos. Para a comparação do número de ramos entre os quadrantes, utilizou-se o teste de ANOVA com pós-teste de Tukey; e para comparação dos valores obtidos em cada quadrante nos dois sexos foi utilizado o teste T não pareado. Toda a análise estatística foi feita no software Grafpad Prism 5, considerando p < 0,05 como significativo. Com dissecação e quantificação dos vasos na superfície gástrica, observou-se que houve diferença na distribuição arterial entre os quadrantes tanto em machos quanto em fêmeas, e que a face visceral é a mais vascularizada (média de 75,20 vasos em machos e de 76,39 vasos em fêmeas). Quanto aos quadrantes, a maior concentração de vasos se deu nos quadrantes pilóricos, tanto em machos (77,19 vasos) como em fêmeas (83,66 vasos). Nos quadrantes cárdicos foram contabilizados 30,47 vasos em média nos machos e 43,39 vasos em fêmeas. Houve diferença na distribuição arterial entre os diferentes quadrantes (p < 0,0001) em ambos os sexos.
Probabilistic Techno-Economic Optimization in Medium Voltage Distribution Networks with Fault Passage Indicators and Fault Locators
Authors: Mršić Predrag , Lekić Đorđe , Erceg Bojan , Zeljković Čedomir , Matić Petar , Zubić Siniša , Balcerek Przemyslaw
Published: November 2019

Fault passage indicators (FPIs) and fault locators (FLs) are employed in modern distribution networks in order to enhance the process of fault localization, thus resulting in reduction of interruption time and improving the reliability of power supply. In this paper, a novel probabilistic techno-economic optimization method is proposed for determining the number and positions of FPIs that lead to maximum reduction of interruptiontime and investment costs in medium voltage (MV) distribution networks with and without FLs. The proposed method is basedon a probabilistic non-sequential Monte Carlo simulation model of the real network, which is a proper compromise between complicated sequential simulation models and too simplified analytical models. The main goal of the method is to obtain maximum improvement of the network reliability indices while using the minimum number of FPIs. The method is tested on a combinedurban/rural MV distribution network in Bosnia and Herzegovina and results are thoroughly discussed.
Medium Voltage Impedance-Admittance Measurement System Based on the Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter
Authors: Petkovic Marko , Hildebrandt Nicolai , Freijedo Francisco D. , Dujic Drazen
Published: November 2019

Recent trends in power system design such as an increasing share of renewable energy sources and smart grids are creating different subsystem interactions that require proper investigation, understanding, describing and estimating global system stability through impedance-admittance measurement and identification. This paper proposes and presents the cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter topology for perturbation injection converter and impedance-admittance measurement. The methodology of impedance-admittance measurement is explained together with different measurements requirements. Performance and suitability of this topology for impedance-admittance measurement is evaluated through simulations. Preliminary design principles are given for the converter. System level feasibility of the solution is proposed as a main result of the work.
DC Hard Faults Detection and Localization in Analog Circuits Using Fuzzy Logic Techniques
Authors: Merabet Mohammed , Bourouba Nacerdine
Published: November 2019

This paper demonstrates a novel technique based on the use of a fuzzy logic system and the simulation before test (SBT) approach for hard faults detection and localization in analog electronic circuits comprising bipolar transistors. For this purpose, first, simulations of the circuit under test (CUT) are performed before the test stage by investigating the response of the circuit under test in faulty and fault-free conditions. Following this, two signatures parameters—output voltage and supply current—are observed and used for the fault diagnosis; the CUT is simulated using the OrCAD/PSpice software, and the output is analyzed in the DC domain. This method is validated through an inverter amplifier based on the uA741 operational amplifier. Then the results of different experiments are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method by increasing its efficiency.
Interactions between Dpr11 and DIP-γ control selection of amacrine neurons in Drosophila color vision circuits
Authors: Menon Kaushiki P , Kulkarni Vivek , Takemura Shin-ya , Anaya Michael , Zinn Kai
Published: November 2019

Drosophila R7 UV photoreceptors (PRs) are divided into yellow (y) and pale (p) subtypes. yR7 PRs express the Dpr11 cell surface protein and are presynaptic to Dm8 amacrine neurons (yDm8) that express Dpr11’s binding partner DIP-γ, while pR7 PRs synapse onto DIP-γ-negative pDm8. Dpr11 and DIP-γ expression patterns define ‘yellow’ and ‘pale’ color vision circuits. We examined Dm8 neurons in these circuits by electron microscopic reconstruction and expansion microscopy. DIP-γ and dpr11 mutations affect the morphologies of yDm8 distal (‘home column’) dendrites. yDm8 neurons are generated in excess during development and compete for presynaptic yR7 PRs, and interactions between Dpr11 and DIP-γ are required for yDm8 survival. These interactions also allow yDm8 neurons to select yR7 PRs as their appropriate home column partners. yDm8 and pDm8 neurons do not normally compete for survival signals or R7 partners, but can be forced to do so by manipulation of R7 subtype fate.
Negative regulation of autophagy by UBA6-BIRC6–mediated ubiquitination of LC3
Authors: Jia Rui , Bonifacino Juan S
Published: November 2019

Although the process of autophagy has been extensively studied, the mechanisms that regulate it remain insufficiently understood. To identify novel autophagy regulators, we performed a whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen in H4 human neuroglioma cells expressing endogenous LC3B tagged with a tandem of GFP and mCherry. Using this methodology, we identified the ubiquitin-activating enzyme UBA6 and the hybrid ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme/ubiquitin ligase BIRC6 as autophagy regulators. We found that these enzymes cooperate to monoubiquitinate LC3B, targeting it for proteasomal degradation. Knockout of UBA6 or BIRC6 increased autophagic flux under conditions of nutrient deprivation or protein synthesis inhibition. Moreover, UBA6 or BIRC6 depletion decreased the formation of aggresome-like induced structures in H4 cells, and α-synuclein aggregates in rat hippocampal neurons. These findings demonstrate that UBA6 and BIRC6 negatively regulate autophagy by limiting the availability of LC3B. Inhibition of UBA6/BIRC6 could be used to enhance autophagic clearance of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative disorders.
Den historiske trollkvinne
Authors: Willumsen Liv Helene
Published: November 2019

Foredraget dreier seg om hvordan lærde ideer om trolldom, en doktrine kalt demonologi, som spredte seg utover Europa ca. 1450–1750, kommer frem under trolldomssaker mot kvinner. Jeg vil ta utgangspunkt i to rettssaker mot kvinner som var anklaget for trolldom, den ene fra Flandern 1596 og den andre fra Finnmark 1662–1663. I foredraget vil jeg forsøke å belyse på hva slags måte det fiendebildet som ble tegnet av de forfulgte kvinnene, hadde sammenheng med demonologiske ideer. Metodologisk har jeg valgt en innfallsvinkel basert på narrativ diskurs, ut fra Gérhard Genettes arbeider, med særlig vektlegging av kategorien stemme. Genettes teoretisk-metodiske tankegods er de senere år på en fruktbar måte benyttet i analyser av eldre historisk kildemateriale. Selv understreker Genette nødvendigheten av kontekstualisering av historiske kilder. Gjennom nærlesning av kilder der begrepet stemme har vært en inspirasjonsfaktor, vil jeg forsøke ut fra originale rettsreferater å gi en individualisert fremstilling av to menneskeskjebner innenfor en gitt rettshistorisk og mentalitetshistorisk ramme.

I foredraget vil jeg fokusere på forhøret som skjer i rettslokalet. Under forhøret tydeliggjøres hvem som stiller spørsmål og hvem som svarer, i tillegg til den tematiske kretsingen som foregår med henblikk på innholdsmessige momenter. Det er hvordan bildet av trollkvinnen som en farlig fiende, tegnes under sakens gang, som er mitt anliggende å presentere og å problematisere. Foredraget vil også berøre hvordan pressmidler og tortur bidrar til utviklingen av en trolldomssak, der sluttpunktet ofte er den anklagedes tilståelse samt dom til ild og bål.
Prescription for the People
Authors: Quigley Fran
Published: November 2019

Millions of people around the world face a real problem: their desperate need for affordable medicines clashes with the core business model of the powerful pharmaceutical industry. In response, patients and activists are aiming to make all essential medicines affordable by reclaiming medicines as a public good and a human right, instead of a profit-making commodity. Their challenge is made more daunting by the perceived complexity of the issues surrounding access to essential medicines. “The problem we have is that there are only a handful of people in the world who know what we are taking about,” one leading medicine activist admits. It doesn’t have to be this way. A Prescription for Change diagnoses our medicines problem and prescribes the cure: it delivers a clear and convincing argument for a complete shift in the global and U.S. approach to developing and providing essential medicines—and a primer on how to make that change happen.
Rights, Not Interests
Authors: Gross James A.
Published: November 2019

This book makes four important contributions to our understanding of U.S. labor law and policy. First, given my previous three volume study of the work of the NLRB, this book is able to discuss the Board’s path under Chairmen Gould, Truesdale, Battista and Liebman in historical context. Second, this book demonstrates the consequences of applying different and conflicting values to real world issues of labor law. Third, the book’s inward assessment of U.S. labor law and policy using international human rights principles as standards for judgment constitutes new perspectives on old issues. These new perspectives challenge the commonly held view among practitioners and academics that workers’ organizing and collective bargaining are merely tests of economic power by adversarial interest groups exercising commercial rights not human rights. Finally, rather than joining those writing obituaries for the Act and the NLRB, this book maintains, despite the unrelenting pounding of hostile forces, that the core of the Act remains a solid foundation for the realization of workers’ rights–but calls for a new more creative vision because more is needed than merely fine tuning for marginal adjustments.
Promiscuous Media
Authors: Hori Hikari
Published: November 2019

The early Showa Era (1926-45), which roughly coincides with the Nazi years (1920-45) and Mussolini’s ‘venti anni’ (1921-43), is generally assumed to be a dogmatically and fanatically nationalist period, and due this putative monomania is often seen as a straightforward subject to study. To the contrary, this book reveals a very different picture of the Japanese popular media of this time period. The book examines the ways in which Japanese film and visual culture responded to the issues of the day, producing adaptations of Hollywood genre films; admiring pioneering film theories from Russia and Britain; and examining the techniques of German animation and Disney films. Importantly, the veneration of the emperor’s portrait photograph is a key to understand and contextualize the era’s media-scape. It is crucial to note that domestic film manifested the inherent promiscuity and transnationality of its medium. Japanese films did play a familiar role as propaganda, but because of their heterotopic aspects, the medium also negated, opposed, and undermined the ideologically and nationalistically defined demands of the wartime state. For other visual cultural media, too, careful examination reveals they were a site of contradictions of the dominant totalitarian discourse. (192 words)
The End of Grand Strategy
Authors: Reich Simon , Dombrowski Peter
Published: November 2019

Policy makers and pundits debate the utility and desirability of various forms of grand strategy. They advocate one specific approach, chosen from a spectrum that stretches from global primacy to restraint and isolationism. These strategies generally share three features: first, a nostalgia for the Cold War, when America’s grand strategy was clear and consistent. Second, a common belief that the United States can shape the global system according to its values and need if only the country has the right leadership and strategy. Third, a propensity to prescribe instead of explaining American strategy. In The End of Grand Strategy: Maritime Operations in the 21st Century, Simon Reich and Peter Dombrowski challenge this common view. They eschew prescription in favor of describing and explaining what America’s military actually does. They argue that each presidental administration inevitably resorts to each of the six variant of grand strategy that they implement simultaneously as a result of a series of fundamental recent changes – what they term ‘calibrated strategies.’ Reich and Dombrowski support their controversial argument by examining six major maritime operations, stretching from America’s shores to every region of the globe. Each of these operations reflects one major variant of strategy. They conclude that grand strategy, as we know it, is dead.
The Chain of Things
Authors: Downing Eric
Published: November 2019

This book explores connections between the practices of reading and magic during the realist and modernist periods in German literature and thought, with a particular focus on divination. Divination, historically long associated with the reading of literature, engages an issue of critical importance to this cultural moment, that of futurity: both the different ways that the future figured in the reading of texts at this time, and the evident (or apparently evident) fading of its force as a narrative determinant or article of historical faith. In case studies of works by Gottfried Keller, Theodor Fontane, and Walter Benjamin, this study investigates divinatory readings not just of texts but of the world, its things, their forces, and their relations to the human. It approaches both the texts and the world that supports such readings against the background of the notion of “sympathy” that, in both ancient and pre-modern times, allowed for future reading and that, it argues, persists in the realist and modernist periods in the form of “Stimmung.” And it traces the significant transformations of “sympathy” and “Stimmung” that accompany the changing shape of reading, magic, and the future in German art and thought during this period.
Enforced symmetry: the necessity of symmetric waxing and waning
Authors: Hohmann Niklas , Jarochowska Emilia
Published: November 2019

A fundamental question in ecology is how the success of a taxon changes through time and what drives this change. This question is commonly approached using trajectories averaged over a group of taxa. Using results from probability theory, we show analytically and using examples that averaged trajectories will be more symmetric as the number of averaged trajectories increases, even if none of the original trajectories they were derived from is symmetric. This effect is not only based on averaging, but also on the introduction of noise and the incorporation of a priori known origination and extinction times. This implies that averaged trajectories are not suitable for deriving information about the processes driving the success of taxa. In particular, symmetric waxing and waning, which is commonly observed and interpreted to be linked to a number of different paleobiological processes, does not allow drawing any conclusions about the nature of the underlying process.
Prevalence and Antibiogram Characteristics of Bacteriuria and Cadidiuria among Indigenes of Selected Parts of Akure North, Ondo State
Authors: Bodunrinde Ruth Ebunoluwa , Olusola-Makinde Olubukola , Oladunmoye Muftau Kolawole
Published: November 2019

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and antibiogram characteristics of bacteria and fungi in urine samples of some selected towns in Ondo State, Nigeria.

Study Design: Experimental design.

Study Location: Urine samples were collected from patients visiting University of Medical Science Teaching Hospital Akure and indigenes of Ogbese, Ipogun-Ayo and Ita-oniyan community in Ondo North, Nigeria.

Methodology: Pre-survey of the study participants was carried out using randomly distributed questionnaires. Two hundred and forty-three (243) urine samples were randomly collected from apparently healthy male and female participants cutting across different age groups. Presumptive identification of isolated bacteria and fungi were cultured on general and differential media (cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient agar, blood agar, nutrient agar, and Potato dextrose agar, for fungal isolates) were done using standard methods. The clinical and relative typed isolates were collected from Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi (FIIRO) and were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity pattern using array of ten (10) conventional antibiotics according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Instruction.

Results: Stapylococcus aureus was the most frequently occurred (27.2%) bacteria isolated from the urine samples while, Candida albicans had the least (5.6%) occurrence.  These findings revealed that bacteriuria and candidiuria were prevalent among the indigenes of Ipogun-Ayo, Ondo State, with antibiotic sensitivity to few conventional antibiotics. This is an indication of UTI among the indigenes and urgent need for medical attention.
A Lomax-inverse Lindley Distribution: Model, Properties and Applications to Lifetime Data
Authors: Ieren Terna Godfrey , Koleoso Peter Oluwaseun , Chama Adana’a Felix , Eraikhuemen Innocent Boyle , Yakubu Nasiru
Published: November 2019

This article proposed a new extension of the Inverse Lindley distribution called “Lomax-Inverse Lindley distribution” which is more flexible compared to the Inverse Lindley distribution and other similar models. The paper derives and discusses some Statistical properties of the new distribution which include the limiting behavior, quantile function, reliability functions and distribution of order statistics. The parameters of the new model are estimated by method of maximum likelihood estimation. Conclusively, three lifetime datasets were used to evaluate the usefulness of the proposed model and the results indicate that the proposed extension is more flexible and performs better than the other distributions considered in this study.
Changes in Crude Oil Prices and the Flow of Government Revenue
Authors: Stella Chukwunweike , Chinedu Achu Tonia , Idika Awa Kalu
Published: November 2019

This work is set out as an investigation into the impact of change in oil prices on government revenue broken into oil and nonoil component. Drawing data from the Central Bank Statistical Bulletin and covering the period 1981 to 2018. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model was used because of its advantages over other regression techniques. It was found that changes in oil price affected oil revenue within the studied period leaving no significant impact on nonoil revenue. The result obviously reflects the Nigerian economy and its mono-product characteristic. It is therefore recommended that a conscious policy effort should be made to diversify the economy in a manner that makes revenue to the government multifarious functions.
A TEORIA MARXISTA DA DEPENDÊNCIA À LUZ DE MARX E DO CAPITALISMO CONTEMPORÂNEO
Authors: Martins Carlos Eduardo
Published: November 2019

Neste artigo, analisam-se as principais contribuições da economia política da dependência a partir dos debates que a obra de Ruy Mauro Marini suscitou. Propõe-se a reformulação teórica dos conceitos de superexploração do trabalho e de subimperialismo, com o objetivo de atualizar e enriquecer a teoria marxista da dependência, para a análise das tendências do capitalismo contemporâneo e das formas históricas que ele assumiu na América Latina. O texto se divide em três partes: a primeira onde se expõem o pensamento de Marini e suas contribuições para a economia política; a segunda onde se apresentam as principais críticas realizadas ao seu enfoque; e a terceira onde se busca sustentar seu enfoque a partir de algumas reformulações que se consideram necessárias para desenvolvê-lo.

THE DEPENDENCY THEORY IN THE LIGHT OF MARX AND CONTEMPORARY CAPITALISM

The article analyzes the main contributions of the political economy of dependence from the debates that the work of Ruy Mauro Marini aroused. It proposes the theoretical reformulation of the concepts of superexploitation of labor and of subimperialism with the aim of updating and enriching the Marxist theory of dependency to analyze the trends of contemporary capitalism and the historical forms it has assumed in Latin America. It is divided into three parts, the first where Marini’s thinking and his contributions to political economy are presented, the second where the main criticisms of his approach are presented, and the third one where we sustain his approach from some reformulations that are considered necessary to develop it.

Key words: Superexplotation of labour; Subimperialism; Marxist political economy; Marini; Marx

LA THÉORIE DE LA DÉPENDENCE À LA LUMIÈRE DU MARX ET DU CAPITALISME CONTEMPORAINE

L’articleanalyse les principales contributions de l’économiepolitique de la dépendance aux débats suscités par le travail de Ruy Mauro Marini. Il propose la reformulation théorique des concepts de surexploitation du travail et de sub-impérialisme dans le but de mettre à jour et d’enrichir la théorie marxiste de la dépendance pour analyser les tendances du capitalismecontemporain et les formes historiques qu’il a assumées en Amérique Latine. Il est divisé en trois parties, la première où la pensée de Marini et ses contributions à l’économie politique sont présentées, la seconde où les principales critiques de son approche sont présentées, et la troisième où il cherche à soutenir son approche à partir de certaines reformulations qui sont considérés comme nécessaires pour le développer.

Key words: Superexploration du travail; Sous-imperialism; Économiepolitiquemarxiste; Marini; Marx
Nonlinear time series analysis unravels underlying mechanisms of interspecific synchrony among foliage‐feeding forest Lepidoptera species
Authors: Kawatsu Kazutaka , Yamanaka Takehiko , Patoèka Jan , Liebhold Andrew M.
Published: November 2019

Interspecific synchrony, that is, synchrony in population dynamics among sympatric populations of different species can arise via several possible mechanisms, including common environmental effects, direct interactions between species, and shared trophic interactions, so that distinguishing the relative importance of these causes can be challenging. In this study, to overcome this difficulty, we combine traditional correlation analysis with a novel framework of nonlinear time series analysis, empirical dynamic modeling (EDM). The EDM is an analytical framework to identify causal relationships and measure changing interaction strength from time series. We apply this approach to time series of sympatric foliage‐feeding forest Lepidoptera species in the Slovak Republic and yearly mean temperature, precipitation and North Atlantic Oscillation Index. These Lepidoptera species include both free‐feeding and leaf‐roller larval life histories: the former are hypothesized to be more strongly affected by similar exogenous environments, while the latter are isolated from such pressures. Correlation analysis showed that interspecific synchrony is generally strongest between species within same feeding guild. In addition, the convergent cross mapping analysis detected causal effects of meteorological factors on most of the free‐feeding species while such effects were not observed in the leaf‐rolling species. However, there were fewer causal relationships among species. The multivariate S‐map analysis showed that meteorological factors tend to affect similar free‐feeding species that are synchronous with each other. These results indicate that shared meteorological factors are key drivers of interspecific synchrony among members of the free‐feeding guild, but do not play the same role in synchronizing species within the leaf‐roller guild.
Re‐entering the pluripotent state from blood lineage: promises and pitfalls of blood reprogramming
Authors: Chen Ying , Yi Yao , Xu Jian , Chan Woon‐Khiong , Loh Yuin‐Han
Published: November 2019

Blood reprogramming, in which induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from haematopoietic lineages, has rapidly advanced over the past decade. Since the first report using human blood, haematopoietic cell types from various sources, such as the peripheral bone marrow and cord blood, have been successfully reprogrammed. The volume of blood required has also decreased, from around tens of millilitres to a single finger‐prick drop. Besides, while early studies were limited to reprogramming methods relying on viral integration, nonintegrating reprogramming systems for blood lineages have been subsequently established. Together, these improvements have made feasible the future clinical applications of blood‐derived iPSCs. Here, we review the progress in blood reprogramming from various perspectives, including the starting materials and subsequent reprogramming strategies. We also discuss the downstream applications of blood‐derived iPSCs, highlighting their clinical value in terms of disease modelling and therapeutic development.
Mid‐life and late‐life vascular risk factor burden and neuropathology in old age
Authors: Conner Sarah C. , Pase Matthew P. , Carneiro Herman , Raman Mekala R. , McKee Ann C. , Alvarez Victor E. , Walker Jamie M. , Satizabal Claudia L. , Himali Jayandra J. , Stein Thor D. , Beiser Alexa , Seshadri Sudha
Published: November 2019

Objective

To determine whether vascular risk factor burden in mid‐ or late‐life associates with postmortem vascular and neurodegenerative pathologies in a community‐based sample.

Methods

We studied participants from the Framingham Heart Study who participated in our voluntary brain bank program. Overall vascular risk factor burden was calculated using the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile (FSRP). Mid‐life FSRP was measured at 50 to 60 years of age. Following death, brains were autopsied and semi‐quantitatively assessed by board‐certified neuropathologists for cerebrovascular outcomes (cortical infarcts, subcortical infarcts, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis) and Alzheimer’s disease pathology (Braak stage, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and neuritic plaque score). We estimated adjusted odds ratios between vascular risk burden (at mid‐life and before death) and neuropathological outcomes using logistic and proportional‐odds logistic models.

Results

The median time interval between FSRP and death was 33.4 years for mid‐life FSRP and 4.4 years for final FSRP measurement before death. Higher mid‐life vascular risk burden was associated with increased odds of all cerebrovascular pathology, even with adjustment for vascular risk burden before death. Late‐life vascular risk burden was associated with increased odds of cortical infarcts (OR [95% CI]: 1.04 [1.00, 1.08]) and arteriosclerosis stage (OR [95% CI]: 1.03 [1.00, 1.05]). Mid‐life vascular risk burden was not associated with Alzheimer’s disease pathology, though late‐life vascular risk burden was associated with increased odds of higher Braak stage (OR [95% CI]: 1.03 [1.01, 1.05]).

Interpretation

Mid‐life vascular risk burden was predictive of cerebrovascular but not Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology, even after adjustment for vascular risk factors before death.
Membrane Poration Mechanisms at the Cell–Nanostructure Interface
Authors: Dipalo Michele , Caprettini Valeria , Bruno Giulia , Caliendo Fabio , Garma Leonardo D. , Melle Giovanni , Dukhinova Marina , Siciliano Velia , Santoro Francesca , De Angelis Francesco
Published: November 2019

3D vertical nanostructures have become one of the most significant methods for interfacing cells and the nanoscale and for accessing significant intracellular functionalities such as membrane potential. As this intracellular access can be induced by means of diverse cellular membrane poration mechanisms, it is important to investigate in detail the cell condition after membrane rupture for assessing the real effects of the poration techniques on the biological environment. Indeed, differences of the membrane dynamics and reshaping have not been observed yet when the membrane‐nanostructure system is locally perturbed by, for instance, diverse membrane breakage events. In this work, new insights are provided into the membrane dynamics in case of two different poration approaches, optoacoustic‐ and electro‐poration, both mediated by the same 3D nanostructures. The experimental results offer a detailed overview on the different poration processes in terms of electrical recordings and membrane conformation.
13.7% Efficiency Small‐Molecule Solar Cells Enabled by a Combination of Material and Morphology Optimization
Authors: Yue Qihui , Wu Hao , Zhou Zichun , Zhang Ming , Liu Feng , Zhu Xiaozhang
Published: November 2019

Compared with the quick development of polymer solar cells, achieving high‐efficiency small‐molecule solar cells (SMSCs) remains highly challenging, as they are limited by the lack of matched materials and morphology control to a great extent. Herein, two small molecules, BSFTR and Y6, which possess broad as well as matched absorption and energy levels, are applied in SMSCs. Morphology optimization with sequential solvent vapor and thermal annealing makes their blend films show proper crystallinity, balanced and high mobilities, and favorable phase separation, which is conducive for exciton dissociation, charge transport, and extraction. These contribute to a remarkable power conversion efficiency up to 13.69% with an open‐circuit voltage of 0.85 V, a high short‐circuit current of 23.16 mA cm−2 and a fill factor of 69.66%, which is the highest value among binary SMSCs ever reported. This result indicates that a combination of materials with matched photoelectric properties and subtle morphology control is the inevitable route to high‐performance SMSCs.
Constructing Metastructures with Broadband Electromagnetic Functionality
Authors: Fan Ren‐Hao , Xiong Bo , Peng Ru‐Wen , Wang Mu
Published: November 2019

Electromagnetic metastructures stand for the artificial structures with a characteristic size smaller than the wavelength, which may efficiently manipulate the states of light. However, their applications are often restricted by the bandwidth of the electromagnetic response of the metastructures. It is therefore essential to reassert the principles in constructing broadband electromagnetic metastructures. Herein, after summarizing the conventional approaches for achieving broadband electromagnetic functionality, some recent developments in realizing broadband electromagnetic response by dispersion compensation, nonresonant effects, and several trade‐off approaches are reviewed, followed by some perspectives for the future development of broadband metamaterials. It is anticipated that broadband metastructures will have even more substantial applications in optoelectronics, energy harvesting, and information technology.
Transparent Photothermal Heaters from a Soluble NIR‐Absorbing Diimmonium Salt
Authors: Han Minsu , Kim Byeonggwan , Lim Hanwhuy , Jang Hwandong , Kim Eunkyoung
Published: November 2019

While numerous near‐infrared (NIR) materials have emerged, most of them are strongly colored or black due to the absorption band or tails in the visible region. Here, a highly transparent and soluble NIR‐absorbing ionic salt, isobutyl‐substituted diimmonium borate (IDI), is synthesized and fabricated, through a solution process, as a thin film that shows a transmittance of over 93% in the whole visible region. A transparent photothermal (PT) film heater is fabricated with the IDI‐doped polymer solution, which shows a photothermal conversion efficiency (ηPT) of 75.2%. Additionally, the prepared PT heater shows a high water evaporation conversion efficiency (ηw) of 68.8% upon exposure to a 1064 nm laser. Furthermore, the transparent IDI film affords the development of a wireless transparent actuator for the first time, generating a bending angle over 75°, with over 2700 bending cycles. The transparent IDI film creates a hot transparent Venus flytrap and a colorful or fluorescent actuator upon the addition of colorants without losing the actuation properties.
Coordination Polymer to Atomically Thin, Holey, Metal‐Oxide Nanosheets for Tuning Band Alignment
Authors: Mofarah Sajjad S. , Adabifiroozjaei Esmaeil , Pardehkhorram Raheleh , Assadi M. Hussein N. , Hinterstein Manuel , Yao Yin , Liu Xinhong , Ghasemian Mohammad B. , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kourosh , Mehmood Rashid , Cazorla Claudio , Shahmiri Reza , Bahmanrokh Ghazaleh , Bhattacharyya Saroj , Spadaro Maria Chiara , Arbiol Jordi , Lim Sean , Xu Yuwen , Arandiyan Hamidreza , Scott Jason , Koshy Pramod , Sorrell Charles C.
Published: November 2019

Holey 2D metal oxides have shown great promise as functional materials for energy storage and catalysts. Despite impressive performance, their processing is challenged by the requirement of templates plus capping agents or high temperatures; these materials also exhibit excessive thicknesses and low yields. The present work reports a metal‐based coordination polymer (MCP) strategy to synthesize polycrystalline, holey, metal oxide (MO) nanosheets with thicknesses as low as two‐unit cells. The process involves rapid exfoliation of bulk‐layered, MCPs (Ce‐, Ti‐, Zr‐based) into atomically thin MCPs at room temperature, followed by transformation into holey 2D MOs upon the removal of organic linkers in aqueous solution. Further, this work represents an extra step for decorating the holey nanosheets using precursors of transition metals to engineer their band alignments, establishing a route to optimize their photocatalysis. The work introduces a simple, high‐yield, room‐temperature, and template‐free approach to synthesize ultrathin holey nanosheets with high‐level functionalities.
Challenges in Fluorescence Detection of Chemical Warfare Agent Vapors Using Solid‐State Films
Authors: Fan Shengqiang , Zhang Guanran , Dennison Genevieve H. , FitzGerald Nicholas , Burn Paul L. , Gentle Ian R. , Shaw Paul E.
Published: November 2019

Organophosphorus (OP)‐based nerve agents are extremely toxic and potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and recent attacks involving nerve agents highlight the need for fast detection and intervention. Fluorescence‐based detection, where the sensing material undergoes a chemical reaction with the agent causing a measurable change in the luminescence, is one method for sensing and identifying nerve agents. Most studies use the simulants diethylchlorophosphate and di‐iso‐propylfluorophosphate to evaluate the performance of sensors due to their reduced toxicity relative to OP nerve agents. While detection of nerve agent simulants in solution is relatively widely reported, there are fewer reports on vapor detection using solid‐state sensors. Herein, progress in organic semiconductor sensing materials developed for solid‐state detection of OP‐based nerve agent vapors is reviewed. The effect of acid impurities arising from the hydrolysis of simulants and nerve agents on the efficacy and selectivity of the reported sensing materials is also discussed. Indeed, in some cases it is unclear whether it is the simulant that is detected or the acid hydrolysis products. Finally, it is highlighted that while analyte diffusion into the sensing film is critical in the design of fast, responsive sensing systems, it is an area that is currently not well studied.
Flexible Ternary Resistive Memory from Organic Bulk Heterojunction
Authors: Zhao Yong‐Yan , Sun Wu‐Ji , Wang Min‐Gang , He Jing‐Hui , Lu Jian‐Mei
Published: November 2019

Organic ternary resistive memory suffers from low device yield and wide writing voltage distribution and improvement through laborious molecular formula innovation is limited. Here, organic bulk heterojunction is employed as the active material in resistive random‐access memories (RRAMs). The ternary memory yield of the device reaches 58% when prepared by blending X55 (N2, 7‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)N2, N7‐bis (2‐spiro [fluorene‐9,9′‐oxanthracene]‐spiro[fluorene‐9,9′‐oxanthracene]‐2,7‐diamine) and PCBM (1‐(3‐methoxycarbonyl)propyl‐1‐phenyl[6,6]C61) with a 1:1 molar ratio, which is the highest yield among all prepared devices including pure X55, PCBM, or layer‐by‐layer stacking of X55 and PCBM. Furthermore, the mixture could be made on a flexible substrate and has sufficient toughness to sustain its memory performance after 5000 bending cycles or a bending angle of 62°. This work provokes new thinking about future material design and selection with donor–acceptor bulk heterojunction use in potential wearable RRAM devices.
Cactus‐Inspired Conical Spines with Oriented Microbarbs for Efficient Fog Harvesting
Authors: Yi Shengzhu , Wang Jian , Chen Zhipeng , Liu Bin , Ren Lei , Liang Liang , Jiang Lelun
Published: November 2019

In nature, cacti use conical spines with oriented microbarbs and hydrophilic trichomes as an effective fog harvesting system. However, the fabrication dilemma of complex cactus‐inspired conical spines with oriented microbarbs limits their applications. Here, a magnetorheological drawing lithography (MRDL) method is developed to additively manufacture 3D cactus‐inspired conical spines with/without oriented microbarbs on a superhydrophilic porous substrate for efficient fog harvesting. Cactus‐inspired conical spines with/without microbarbs exhibit spontaneous and continuous deposition, coalescence, transport, and absorption of fog water. The strategy of the cactus‐inspired conical spine with backward barbs on a superhydrophilic porous substrate can significantly speed up unidirectional transport of water drops and achieve a higher fog‐harvesting efficiency. These properties are mainly attributed to the cooperation effect of the Laplace pressure gradient generated from the conical shape of the spine and microbarbs, the capillary pressure arising from the concave meniscus between the spine and backward barbs, and the wettability of a superhydrophilic porous substrate. This robust strategy has tremendous potential for application in high‐efficient fog harvesting, liquid manipulation, and microfluidics.
Blue‐Pumped Deep Ultraviolet Lasing from Lanthanide‐Doped Lu6O5F8 Upconversion Nanocrystals
Authors: Du Yangyang , Wang Yunfeng , Deng Zhiqin , Chen Xian , Yang Xueqing , Sun Tianying , Zhang Xin , Zhu Guangyu , Yu Siu Fung , Wang Feng
Published: November 2019

Deep ultraviolet (UV) lasers are essential for enormous use ranging from medical and life science to environmental and industrial applications. Herein, a class of blue‐pumped microcavity lasers operating in the deep UV region is demonstrated by using Lu6O5F8:Pr/Gd@Lu6O5F8 upconversion nanocrystals as the gain medium. A hot‐injection synthesis is developed for tuning dimensions of the Lu6O5F8 nanocrystals. By synthesizing large‐sized nanocrystals and using inert shell coating, deep ultraviolet emission at 315 nm by blue excitation at 447 nm is realized for the first time in colloidal solutions. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the upconversion stems from sequential absorption of two blue photons by Pr3+ ions followed by energy transfer to Gd3+ emitters. By virtue of their small particle size and high dispersibility, the upconversion nanocrystals are readily incorporated into silica resin microcavities with a bottle‐like geometry. Lasing emissions of tunable optical characteristics are achieved from the microcavities through the formation of whispering gallery modes. These findings pave the way for constructing compact lasers operating in the deep UV regime by pumping with sophisticated long‐wavelength lasers.
Tunable Dynamic Topological Defect Pattern Formation in Nematic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Kim MinSu , Serra Francesca
Published: November 2019

Soft materials are ideal candidates for the creation of tunable, self‐assembled structures. Herein, reconfigurable and switchable dynamic patterns are created using topological defects in nematic liquid crystals. The elastic properties of liquid crystals combined with their responsiveness to electric field are used to control the periodicity and the symmetry of an array of topological defects, assisted by polymeric micropillars. The switching between stable configurations is perfectly reversible and repeatable, and there is no limitation on the length scale of the regular array of defects. The array is used to create 2D diffraction patterns that can be tuned both in the azimuthal and in the polar directions. In addition, the refractive index of the liquid crystal mixture is controlled to optimize the diffraction efficiency. This system, with its flexibility and controllability, offers a promising route for the design of patters with arbitrary symmetry that can be employed in optics and reversible self‐assembly.
Evolution of N‐Heterocycle‐Substituted Iodoarenes (NHIAs) to Efficient Organocatalysts in Iodine(I/III)‐Mediated Oxidative Transformations
Authors: Boelke Andreas , Nachtsheim Boris J.
Published: November 2019

The reactivity of ortho‐functionalized N‐heterocycle‐substituted iodoarenes (NHIAs) as organocatalysts in iodine(I/III)‐mediated oxidations was systematically investigated in the α‐tosyloxylation of ketones as the model reaction. During a systematic catalyst evolution, it was found that NH‐triazoles and benzoxazoles have the most significant positive influence on the reactivity of the central iodine atom. A further catalyst improvement which focused on the substitution pattern of the arene revealed a remarkable ortho‐effect. By introduction of an o‐OMe group we were able to generate a novel NHIA with a so far unseen catalytic efficiency. This new catalyst is not only easy to synthesize but also enabled the α‐tosyloxylation of carbonyl compounds at the lowest reported catalyst loading of only 1 mol%. Finally, the performance of this iodine(I) catalyst was successfully demonstrated in intramolecular oxidative couplings of biphenyls and oxidative rearrangements.

magnified image
Unraveling the Voltage Decay Phenomenon in Li‐Rich Layered Oxide Cathode of No Oxygen Activity
Authors: Li Ning , Hwang Sooyeon , Sun Meiling , Fu Yanbao , Battaglia Vincent S. , Su Dong , Tong Wei
Published: November 2019

Extensive efforts have been devoted to unraveling the true cause of voltage decay in Li, Mn‐rich layered oxides. An initial consensus was reached on structural rearrangement, then leaned toward the newly discovered lattice oxygen activity. It is challenging to differentiate their explicit roles because these events typically coexist during the electrochemical reaction of most Li‐rich layered oxides. Here, the voltage decay behavior is probed in Li1.2Ni0.2Ru0.6O2, a structurally and electrochemically relevant compound to Li, Mn‐rich layered oxide, but of no oxygen activity. Such intriguing characteristics allow the explicit decoupling of the contribution of transition metal migration and lattice oxygen activity to voltage decay in Li‐rich layered oxides. The results demonstrate that the microstructural evolution, mainly originating from transition metal migration, is a direct cause of voltage decay, and lattice oxygen activity likely accelerates the decay.
Quantitative determination of pore‐structure change and permeability estimation under hydrate phase transition by NMR
Authors: Kuang Yangmin , Zhang Lunxiang , Song Yongchen , Yang Lei , Zhao Jiafei
Published: November 2019

Quantitatively characterizing the seepage features is critical important for multi‐fluid flow in gas hydrate accumulations; however, limited researches concern water permeability during hydrate phase transition. In this work, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement is employed to observe the in situ formation and dissociation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate in porous media. Results indicate that the relative free water and bound water consumption during hydrate phase transition can affect the seepage features of sediments. In addition, we investigate the growth habits of THF hydrate in quartz glass sand and find the growth pattern of the hydrate transforms from suspension to cementation when its saturation exceeds approximately 35%. The Tokyo model shows that the hydrate are heterogeneous distribution of pore‐filling and likely to evolve in larger pores; The findings clearly show that NMR is an efficient and direct technique for investigating the seepage characteristics during hydrate phase transition as well as pore fluid distribution in sediments.
Weight gain velocity in infants with achondroplasia
Authors: Buratti Madeleine E. , Eickhoff Jens , Modaff Peggy , Pauli Richard M. , Legare Janet M.
Published: November 2019

There are virtually no data regarding appropriate oral intake in infants with dwarfing disorders such as achondroplasia, nor is there clear information regarding appropriate weight gain velocity in this population. Yet, these individuals are at increased risk for both early failure to thrive and, later in life, for obesity. Having appropriate expectations regarding weight gain and reasonable goals in management is imperative. We sought to clarify the rate of weight gain in infants with achondroplasia during the first year of life through analysis of data from 60 infants with achondroplasia seen at least twice during the first year of life in the Midwest Regional Bone Dysplasia Clinic, University of Wisconsin‐Madison between 1998 and 2018. The mean weight gain velocity during the first 3 months was 23 g/day which contrasts with 30 g/day in average statured infants. Mean weight gain from 0 to 12 months of age was 13 g/day. The 3% of weight gain velocity during the first year of life was 8 g/day, and this rate did not differ between 0–3 months and 0–12 months of age. Infants with achondroplasia slightly more than doubled their birth weights by 1 year of age in contrast to averaged statured infants who typically triple birth weights by 1 year. Infants with achondroplasia can be thriving but erroneously assessed as failing to thrive if the incorrect reference values are used. This article describes infant weight gain velocity reference data for this population.