bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political Talk and Voting: Does it Matter to Whom One Talks?
Authors: Pattie Charles J , Johnston Ron J
Published: August 2002

Until recently, political conversations between voters have been neglected by electoral analysts. But a growing body of work has shown the importance of conversation as an influence on voting decisions. The current paper takes that work a stage further by investigating a range of factors that might modify the impact of political conversations upon voting. Against expectations, most factors fail to alter significantly the operation of the conversation effect. But the content of the conversation is revealed as an important influence. The more individuals found themselves in agreement with their discussant's views, the more likely they were to change their vote to the party favoured by their discussant.
An Inquiry into the Green Disciplining of Capital
Authors: Emel Jody
Published: August 2002

‘Following the money’ has become a popular strategy for many NGOs trying to change corporate and institutional practice. Individual shareholders, pension funds, banks, and other investors capitalize projects that cause ecological degradation or social injustice. Pressuring shareholders to divest, invest responsibly, or encourage executives to alter undesirable practices has become de rigueur for civil-society groups working for social change. Such strategies produce value or norm change, greater accountability, activist networks across national boundaries, and improvements in environmental management. Disinvestment helped bring down apartheid in South Africa. But how far can these ‘disciplining’ strategies go in terms of significantly ameliorating ecological destruction and violations of human rights? I explore this question using the case study of the campaign by Friends of the Earth against the operations of Freeport – McMoRan Copper and Gold Inc. in Irian Jaya (West Papua).
The Number is the Beast: A Political Economy of Organic-Coffee Certification and Producer Unionism
Authors: Mutersbaugh Tad
Published: August 2002

The author argues that organic-coffee certification enacted under the rubric of transnational certification norms alters the logic and practice of economic management and governance in an Oaxacan (Mexican) peasant producers' union. As the title indicates, these changes are productive of social and economic tensions. An economic and ethnographic analysis of ‘certification labor’ demonstrates (a) that the work of certification is distributed within producer organizations such that village and regional leaders become burdened by significant new responsibilities, and (b) that practical changes—including a new producer logic (‘market-price interdependence’) and village certification-service providers (‘peasant inspectors’ and ‘community technical officers’)—have a significant qualitative impact upon household and village economic governance. In addition, certification (c) affects the operation of statewide producer unions, altering the ways in which these interact both with their member organizations and with certifiers: unions must intervene to aid (regional) member organizations in their efforts to certify, yet also find that certification norms, such as conflict-of-interest provisions, constrain the union's ability to promote producer interests. Thus a qualification to an organic and ethical-products literature that conflates quality certification with the protection of smallholder cultural and economic independence is provided. The author concludes that a rethinking of certification norms, together with efforts to assist producer certification, should be a priority for supporters of sustainable agriculture.
Spatialities of Globalisation
Authors: Amin Ash
Published: August 2002

The focus of this paper is on the theorisation of the spatialities of globalisation. I seek to shift the emphasis away from the currently dominant discourse of scalar and territorial relativisation, towards relational processes and network forms of organisation that defy a linear distinction between place and space. I stress the importance of actor networks of varying length and duration as well as the world of practices as the central components of a topographical understanding of globalisation. What this might mean in terms of a theorisation of place is illustrated through a discussion of the geography of the urban economy and a discussion of the politics of place.
Common Ground? Prospects for Integrating the Economic Geography of Geographers and Economists
Authors: Sjöberg Örjan , Sjöholm Fredrik
Published: August 2002

Hailed by economists as an idea whose time has come, the ‘new economic geography’ has not been quite as favourably received by geographers. Frequently seen as a prime case of academic imperialism, few appear willing to concede that economists may have something to contribute to economic geography. Conversely, beyond the token reference to vintage publications, economists often dismiss geographers' economic geography as a dead end. In this paper we take a more detached view. Exploring points of convergence and divergence, we identify lessons that either side may learn from the other. While not shying away from existing differences, we conclude that there is indeed some common ground.
Electoral Success, Electoral Bias, and Labour Hegemony: Electoral System Effects in English Metropolitan Boroughs
Authors: Johnston Ron , Rallings Colin , Thrasher Michael
Published: August 2002

Since their first elections in 1973, the thirty-six metropolitan borough councils in England's six metropolitan counties have been dominated by the Labour Party. In part, this domination reflects the normal exaggerative features of the first-past-the-post electoral system: the largest party in terms of vote share tends to get a diproportionate share of the seats. As well as an exaggeration effect, however, that electoral system is also prone to produce biased outcomes—in that with the same share of the votes cast one party tends to perform much better than the other. This has been the case in the English metropolitan boroughs throughout their existence, with consistent—and often very substantial—pro-Labour biases. As well as indicating the extent of those biases, this paper also decomposes them and shows to what extent Labour's significant electoral advantage there is a function of variations in ward size, turnout, the pattern of voting for the Liberal Democrats, and the efficiency of its own vote distribution relative to that for the Conservatives.
Measuring the Effects of Built Environment on Bus Stop Crime
Authors: Loukaitou-Sideris Anastasia , Liggett Robin , Iseki Hiroyuki , Thurlow William
Published: August 2002

There has been considerable interest in recent decades in the identification of the physical correlates of crime in different urban settings. In this study we focus on bus stop crime and seek to understand how different environmental attributes in the vicinity of a bus stop can affect the incidence of crime. We first review evidence from the relevant literature to understand the impacts of built environment on crime. This is followed by the presentation of our empirical research. We have used a stratified random sample of sixty bus stops in downtown Los Angeles to examine the effects of environmental and land-use attributes on crime rates. Using descriptive statistics, correlations, regression and discriminant analyses, and matched-pair analysis, we find some relations between the existence or absence of certain environmental attributes and the incidence of crime.
Sound Propagation in Interconnected Urban Streets: A Parametric Study
Authors: Kang Jian
Published: August 2002

A radiosity model has been developed for calculating the sound distribution in urban streets with diffusely reflecting boundaries. In this paper I present the results of a parametric study by using the computer model. A typical urban element consisting of a major street and two side streets is analysed. The analysis is focused on the characteristics of sound pressure level and reverberation time in the urban element, as well as the effectiveness of the boundary treatments and street arrangements for noise reduction.
A Decade On: Reflections on the Resource Management Act 1991 and the Practice of Urban Planning in New Zealand
Authors: Perkins Harvey C , Thorns David C
Published: August 2002

The radical restructuring of New Zealand's planning system in 1991 was based on the Resource Management Act and significant amendments to the Local Government Act 1974. In this paper we report a study of urban planning in New Zealand under this new regime. Amendments to the Local Government Act were designed in large part to facilitate the administration of the Resource Management Act, the authors of which wanted to emphasise the sustainable management of the biophysical environment and dramatically to limit local government's involvement in urban and social planning. Ironically, the strategic planning provisions of the amended Local Government Act gave local government contradictory powers. We discuss the nature of this contradiction and its impacts on the ways in which district planning under the Resource Management Act and strategic planning under the Local Government Act have combined to create new and unforseen approaches to urban planning and management in New Zealand.
Learning through Visual Systems to Enhance the Urban Planning Process
Authors: Hamilton Andy , Trodd Nigel , Zhang Xiaonan , Fernando Terry , Watson Karl
Published: August 2002

The number of web-based systems for urban planning using virtual reality (VR) and/or geographical information systems (GIS) is increasing rapidly. With increasing Internet access, a majority of the urban population will be potential users of urban planning systems in the near future. In this paper, we describe a methodology for analysing these systems. Our particular interest is the potential for such systems to be agents for change in attitudes and decision-making in urban lifestyles and urban policy. Our premise is that such change will come about only through widely held consensus. The building of this consensus is seen as a learning process. Thus, the construction of our methodology relies on well-established theories of learning. We also relate aspects of learning systems to the features of Internet, VR, and GIS technologies used to build models. We assess these models as virtual city models and models for public participation. We reflect on the potential of future models to build up a ‘learning society’ equipped to understand and act on complex urban problems such as sustainable development.
Evaluation of an Urban Design Project: Imagery and Realistic Computer Models
Authors: Neto Pedro Leão
Published: August 2002

State-of-the-art computer technology has improved the integration of different types of representations and data and has provided new possibilities for manipulating results. Consequently, the use of computers has been widespread in urban design and the planning process. The potential that computer virtual environments brought for describing future developments to the public at large is enormous. Nevertheless, when imagery and realism dominate the communication process, they may obscure important issues that relate more to the underlying logic of urban design fabric. A sample of 23 university students from nonarchitecture courses and a sample of 23 students from architecture (contrasted group design) were used for analysing differences in their evaluation on form and content of a video presentation concerning an urban design project in Lisbon. The urban design project was focused on an important avenue of the city—Avenida da Liberdade. Several representation methods and different techniques for viewing images were used on video presentation: photography, colour film, 3D-rendered model with animation, plans, and photomontage. The results highlighted the power that imagery and realistic computer models have, when used in an unbalanced way, for overshadowing differences between subjects. This is because at the end of the questionnaire both groups had a positive opinion about the urban design project, but significant differences were found in relation to their evaluation and understanding of both content and form of video presentation.
A Hundred Nodes in the Stockholm Region: A Simple Calculation of the Effects on Commuting
Authors: Höjer Mattias
Published: August 2002

The aim of this paper is to provide input to a discussion on the potential for reduced commuting with retained accessibility to work, when the development of information technology sets new conditions, and provides new opportunities, for the location of workplaces. The potential impacts on commuting of a node-structured Stockholm region is calculated. The result of the calculation is presented as a comparison between the node-structured city and a reference scenario for the year 2010. The reference scenario has been designed by the planning authorities in the region. The calculation started with the selection of a number of nodes. The exact number of nodes was not defined in advance. Rather it was a result of requirements for reasonable public transport and on reasonable population densities. This resulted in approximately 100 nodes. These were then treated as attractors of workplaces in the calculation. Some of the commuting trips in the reference scenario were rerouted according to specified assumptions. One assumption was that the desire to cut a trip would increase with distance. Another was that the desire to start working in a node would increase with decreasing distance to the node. A third assumption was that the propensity to work from home would increase with the distance to the workplace in the reference scenario. The calculation resulted in a scenario with considerably shorter commuting trips, with a consequent reduction in commuting volumes, and a subsequent increase in walking and cycling, compared with the reference scenario.
“A Dream as Frail as Those of Ancient Time”: The in-Credible Geographies of Timbuctoo
Authors: Heffernan Michael
Published: August 2002

The author considers the politics and poetics of belief and disbelief in late 18th-century and early 19th-century Britain and France, with particular reference to the mythologies and controversies about the location and nature of Timbuctoo, a city widely believed to be the hub of a fabulously wealthy African trading system. Like other episodes in the history of European exploration, from the quest for the North-West passage to the search for the source of the Nile and the races to the North and South Poles, the scramble to reach Timbuctoo was sustained by intense international rivalry and spawned a widespread speculative discourse involving politicians, scientists, scientific patrons, explorers, and journalists. Drawing on recent work on the social history of truth, the author considers how and why different geographical descriptions of Timbuctoo were deemed credible by the scientific communities of London and Paris. Judgments about ‘new’ geographical information were influenced, if not determined, by a complex and shifting rhetoric of adjudication in which moral assessments about the character and status of rival claimants loomed especially large. When the French explorer René Caillié claimed the prize of the Paris Geographical Society as the first explorer to reach and return from Timbuctoo in 1828, his achievements sparked an acrimonious debate between British and French geographers that raised fundamental questions about the purpose of African exploration and the nature of geographical truth. Of central concern were the legitimacy of disguise as an exploratory tactic, and the importance of physical courage and bodily comportment in assessing an explorer's scientific credibility and moral authority.
Culture, Geography, and the Arts of Government
Authors: Barnett Clive
Published: August 2002

In this paper I endeavor to prise open the theoretical closure of the conceptualization of culture in contemporary human geography. Foucault's later work on government provides the basis for a useable definition of culture as an object of analysis which avoids problems inherent in abstract, generalizing, and expansive notions of culture. The emergence of this Foucauldian approach in cultural studies is discussed, and the distinctive conceptualization of the relations between culture and power that it implies are elaborated. This reconceptualization informs a critical project of tracking the institutional formation of the cultural and the deployment of distinctively cultural forms of regulation into the fabric of modern social life. It is argued that the culture-and-government approach needs to be supplemented by a more sustained consideration of the spatiality and scale of power-relations. It is also suggested that this approach might throw into new perspective the dynamic behind geography's own cultural turn.
Serving Sahibs with Pony and Pen: The Discursive Uses of ‘Native Authenticity’
Authors: Butz David , MacDonald Kenneth I
Published: August 2002

In 1923 W Heffer & Sons Ltd published Servant of Sahibs: A Book to be Read Aloud, an autobiographical account of Ghulam Rassul Galwan's service, from 1890 to 1901, with English and American adventurers traveling through Kashmir and Central Asia. The focus of the book on Rassul Galwan's growth through colonial labor, combined with the authenticity imposed on him and his account through a number of textual and editorial devices, allows the book to be read credibly as a text that aids the colonial establishment in utilizing a discourse of Native authenticity in support of a somewhat discredited discourse of benevolent colonial labor relations. We begin by introducing the sociopolitical context within which it was useful for such a book to be published, sponsored and described as authoritative by the colonial establishment. In the second main section, we describe the ways it was a useful authenticating text, arguing that the interplay between Rassul Galwan's narrative and the introductory and editorial comments fulfils three attributes of a convincing piece of ‘Native authenticity’: to identify what the text is meant to authenticate, to establish the author's authenticity as a Native voice in terms acceptable to a Western audience, and to tell the appropriate story in a way that sounds authentic to a Western ear. In the third section we demonstrate that Servant of Sahibs cannot be understood as unproblematically accommodative either to colonial constructions of trans cultural labor relations or to the notion of Native authenticity. Without necessarily crediting Rassul Galwan with intent to resist, we argue that the accommodative text he helped create contains within it a tactical alternative to the very discourses it ostensibly naturalizes. This, we suggest, is characteristic of cultural products of transcultural contact zones, as well as of public transcripts of accommodation more generally. We end the paper by examining briefly (a) the possibility that Rassul Galwan's major theme of growth through colonial labor is informed less by satisfaction with his subservience to colonial masters than by interests only tangentially related to the field of domination which he is ostensibly addressing, and (b) the editor's apparent willingness to include Rassul Galwan's tactical disruptions and thus potentially recuperate those disruptions into colonial discourse.
Painting with Light by Rob and Nick Carter: Dramatic Failures of Colour Constancy in Articulated Scenes
Authors: Spehar Branka , Clifford Colin W G
Published: August 2002

Recent work by British artists Rob and Nick Carter uses kinetic lights illuminating abstract photographic prints to induce dramatic failures of colour constancy.
Mechanisms for Seeing Transparency-from-Motion and Orientation-from-Motion
Authors: Poom Leo
Published: August 2002

Structure-from-motion (SFM) perception is hypothesised to be mediated by units that sense the near-far relationships in transparency-from-motion (TFM) and orientation-from-motion (OFM). The frequency of subjective reversals during observation of ambiguous SFM displays is considerably decreased when either the direction of rotation or the surface orientation is oscillated during the inspection. Such manipulations impede adaptation of units selectively sensitive to TFM and OFM. The results show that both OFM and TFM units are direction-selective, and that the reversal rate is unaffected by reducing TFM to zero; and support the view that depth order, when both TFM and OFM are present, is estimated by common neural units.
Effects of Attentional Modulation of a Stationary Surround in Adaptation to Motion
Authors: Georgiades Michael S , Harris John P
Published: August 2002

The effect of varying the spatial relationships between an adapt/test grating and a stationary surrounding reference grating, and their interaction with diversion of attention during adaptation, were investigated in two experiments on the movement aftereffect (MAE). In experiment 1, MAEs were found to increase as the separation between the surrounding grating and the adapt/test grating decreased, but not with the area of the adapt/test grating. Although diversion during adaptation (repeating changing digits at the fixation point) reduced MAE durations, its effects did not interact with any of the stimulus variables. In experiment 2, MAE durations increased as the outer dimensions of the reference grating were increased, and this effect did interact with diversion, so that the effects of diversion were smaller when the surround grating was larger. This suggests that diversion may be affecting the inputs to an opponent process in motion adaptation, with a smaller effect on the surrounds than on the centres of antagonistic motion-contrast detectors with large receptive fields. A third experiment showed that, although repeating the word ‘zero’ during adaptation reduced MAEs, this reduction was smaller than that from naming a changing sequence of digits (and not significantly different from that from simply observing the changing digits), suggesting that MAE reductions are not produced only, if at all, by putative movements of the head and eyes caused by speaking.
Last but Not Least
Authors: Courtney Nicola , Wells Deborah L
Published: August 2002

We explored the ability of humans to identify individual cats by smell. Twenty-five cat owners were required to indicate which of two odours (one belonging to their own cat and one belonging to an unfamiliar cat) smelt the strongest, most pleasant, and which belonged to their own cat. Only thirteen (52%) of the participants were able to recognise the odour of their own cat.
Biological Motion Shown Backwards: The Apparent-Facing Effect
Authors: Pavlova Marina , Krägeloh-Mann Ingeborg , Birbaumer Niels , Sokolov Alexander
Published: August 2002

We examined how showing a film backwards (reverse transformation) affects the visual perception of biological motion. Adults and 6-year-old children saw first a point-light quadruped moving normally as if on a treadmill, and then saw the same display in reverse transformation. For other groups the order of presentation was the opposite. Irrespective of the presentation mode (normal or reverse) and of the facing of the point-light figure (rightward or leftward), a pronounced apparent-facing effect was observed: the perceptual identification of a display was mainly determined by the apparent direction of locomotion. The findings suggest that in interpreting impoverished point-light biological-motion stimuli the visual system may neglect distortions caused by showing a film backwards. This property appears to be robust across perceptual development. Possible explanations of the apparent-facing effect are discussed.
Context and the Motion Aftereffect: Occlusion Cues in the Test Pattern Alter Perceived Direction
Authors: van der Smagt Maarten J , Stoner Gene R
Published: August 2002

A horizontally moving vertical grating viewed through a diamond-shaped aperture can be made to appear to move either upwards or downwards by introduction of appropriate depth-ordering cues at the boundaries of the aperture (Duncan et al, 2000 Journal of Neuroscience20 5885–5897). The grating is perceived to move towards (and sliding under) occluding ‘near’ surfaces, and parallel to ‘far’ surfaces. Here we show that these depth-ordering cues affect the perceptual interpretation of the motion aftereffect (MAE) as well. After adaptation to unambiguous horizontal motion, the MAE direction deviates from horizontal towards near surfaces. However, the influence of depth-ordering cues on the illusory motion of the MAE is generally less than that seen for ‘real’ motion. Implications for theories of depth-motion and depth–MAE interactions are discussed.
Rapid Long Lasting Learning in a Collinear Edge-Detection Task
Authors: Bush Eliot C , Shimojo Shinsuke , Allman John M
Published: August 2002

We have developed a detection task in which subjects identify a pair of collinear edges in a field of polygons. Five of our six subjects showed significant, rapid learning at this task. Four showed evidence of retention a day and a week later. In several transfer tests, we found that disruption of the distractors produced a significant drop-off in performance. These results are consistent with a model in which collinear targets initially produce a salience signal too weak to be reliably detected over the noise of the distractors. As the experiment proceeds, the visual system learns to dampen the distractor signals, allowing for more reliable detection.
Evidence for an Attentional Component of the Perceptual Misalignment between Moving and Flashing Stimuli
Authors: Baldo Marcus V C , Kihara Alexandre H , Namba Janaina , Klein Stanley A
Published: August 2002

If a pair of dots, diametrically opposed to each other, is flashed in perfect alignment with another pair of dots rotating about the visual fixation point, most observers perceive the rotating dots as being ahead of the flashing dots (flash-lag effect). This psychophysical effect was first interpreted as the result of a perceptual extrapolation of the position of the moving dots. Also, it has been conceived as the result of differential visual latencies between flashing and moving stimuli, arising from purely sensory factors and/or expressing the contribution of attentional mechanisms as well. In a series of two experiments, we had observers judge the relative position between rotating and static dots at the moment a temporal marker was presented in the visual field. In experiment 1 we manipulated the nature of the temporal marker used to prompt the alignment judgment. This resulted in three main findings: (i) the flash-lag effect was observed to depend on the visual eccentricity of the flashing dots; (ii) the magnitude of the flash-lag effect was not dependent on the offset of the flashing dot; and (iii) the moving stimulus, when suddenly turned off, was perceived as lagging behind its disappearance location. Taken altogether, these results suggest that neither visible persistence nor motion extrapolation can account for the perceptual flash-lag phenomenon. The participation of attentional mechanisms was investigated in experiment 2, where the magnitude of the flash-lag effect was measured under both higher and lower predictability of the location of the flashing dot. Since the magnitude of the flash-lag effect significantly increased with decreasing predictability, we conclude that the observer's attentional set can modulate the differential latencies determining this perceptual effect. The flash-lag phenomenon can thus be conceived as arising from differential visual latencies which are determined not only by the physical attributes of the stimulus, such as its luminance or eccentricity, but also by attentional mechanisms influencing the delays involved in the perceptual processing.
Fast Temporal Dynamics of Visual Cue Integration
Authors: Triesch Jochen , Ballard Dana H , Jacobs Robert A
Published: August 2002

The integration of information from different sensors, cues, or modalities lies at the very heart of perception. We are studying adaptive phenomena in visual cue integration. To this end, we have designed a visual tracking task, where subjects track a target object among distractors and try to identify the target after an occlusion. Objects are defined by three different attributes (color, shape, size) which change randomly within a single trial. When the attributes differ in their reliability (two change frequently, one is stable), our results show that subjects dynamically adapt their processing. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that subjects rapidly re-weight the information provided by the different cues by emphasizing the information from the stable cue. This effect seems to be automatic, ie not requiring subjects' awareness of the differential reliabilities of the cues. The hypothesized re-weighting seems to take place in about 1 s. Our results suggest that cue integration can exhibit adaptive phenomena on a very fast time scale. We propose a probabilistic model with temporal dynamics that accounts for the observed effect.
Lateralization of Narrow-Band Noise by Blind and Sighted Listeners
Authors: Simon Helen J , Divenyi Pierre L , Lotze Al
Published: August 2002

The effects of varying interaural time delay (ITD) and interaural intensity difference (IID) were measured in normal-hearing sighted and congenitally blind subjects as a function of eleven frequencies and at sound pressure levels of 70 and 90 dB, and at a sensation level of 25 dB (sensation level refers to the pressure level of the sound above its threshold for the individual subject). Using an ‘acoustic’ pointing paradigm, the subject varied the IID of a 500 Hz narrow-band (100 Hz) noise (the ‘pointer’) to coincide with the apparent lateral position of a ‘target’ ITD stimulus. ITDs of 0, ±200, and ±400 μs were obtained through total waveform delays of narrow-band noise, including envelope and fine structure. For both groups, the results of this experiment confirm the traditional view of binaural hearing for like stimuli: non-zero ITDs produce little perceived lateral displacement away from 0 IID at frequencies above 1250 Hz. To the extent that greater magnitude of lateralization for a given ITD, presentation level, and center frequency can be equated with superior localization abilities, blind listeners appear at least comparable and even somewhat better than sighted subjects, especially when attending to signals in the periphery. The present findings suggest that blind listeners are fully able to utilize the cues for spatial hearing, and that vision is not a mandatory prerequisite for the calibration of human spatial hearing.
Achromatic Transparency and the Role of Local Contours
Authors: Kasrai Reza , Kingdom Frederick A A
Published: August 2002

In this paper we investigate the role of contours and junctions in the perception of single-plane achromatic transparency. In order to measure the accuracy with which observers encode transparency, a six-luminance stimulus was employed in which the figural properties could be easily manipulated. Accuracy was measured by requiring subjects to select (either by the method of adjustment or by using a forced-choice procedure) the luminance that best completed a simulated transparent filter. The X junctions in the stimulus were destroyed or perturbed in three experiments. Simple occlusion of the junction (experiment 1), and perturbation of the orientation of the contours of the filter as they pass through the junction (experiment 3) resulted in small but significant reductions in performance. On the other hand, a sudden change in orientation of the background (material) contours (experiment 2) resulted in a small but significant enhancement of overall performance compared with the control stimulus. In the forced-choice task, reversals in the polarity of contours (as defined by the brightness order of flanking regions) around the junction were shown to effect large changes in subjects' accuracy in processing transparency. The overall results show that X and Ψ junctions are indeed salient properties of transparent stimuli. The findings suggest that jagged contours with sudden changes in direction are more likely to be attributed to reflectance (material) changes than to changes due to a transparent filter (or to illumination).
Buildup and Decay of a Three-Dimensional Rotational Aftereffect Obtained with a Three-Dimensional Figure
Authors: Petersik J Timothy
Published: August 2002

Gaps in past literature have raised questions regarding the kinds of stimuli that can lead to three-dimensional (3-D) rotation aftereffects. Further, the characteristics of the buildup and decay of such aftereffects are not clear. In the present experiments, rotation aftereffects were generated by projections of cube-like stimuli whose dynamic perspective motions gave rise to the perception of rotation in unambiguous directions; test stimuli consisted of similar cubes whose rotation directions were ambiguous. In experiment 1, the duration of the adaptation stimulus was varied and it was found that the 3-D rotation aftereffect develops with a time constant of approximately 26 s. In experiment 2, the duration between adaptation and testing was varied. It was found that the 3-D rotation aftereffect has a decay constant of about 9 s, similar to that observed with 2-D motion aftereffects. Experiment 3 showed that the rotation aftereffects were not simple depth aftereffects. To account for these aftereffects and related data, a modification of an existing neural-network model is suggested.
Short Communication: Crystal Structure of Eucalyptol at 265 K
Authors: Bond Andrew D. , Davies John E.
Published: August 2002

The crystal structure of Eucalyptol (C10H18O) has been determined at 265(2) K following in situ crystal growth from the liquid. In space group P21/m there are two molecules in the unit cell, each molecule possessing a crystallographic mirror plane.
Differences in management practices and attitudes between the Triple P Program entrants and other pastoral producers in the region
Authors: Trompf J. P. , Sale P. W. G.
Published: August 2002

A survey of the pasture productivity settings, practices and attitudes was
undertaken for 229 pastoral producers who volunteered to enter the Triple P
Program in 1997, and for 89 pastoral producers from 2 representative districts
of Victoria. The latter group of producers was considered to be representative
of the general population of pastoral producers in the regions where the
Triple P Program was undertaken. Comparison of the survey results reveals that
the volunteer participants entering the paired-paddock extension program
employed different management practices and had different attitudes to
productivity issues compared with the general pastoral producers. Before
entering the program the Triple P volunteers were already employing more
productive practices such as soil testing, measuring pasture availability and
spring lambing. In addition the volunteers had higher whole-farm stocking
rates and fertiliser use than the general pastoral producers. The different
management practices employed by the 2 groups were consistent with their
contrasting attitudes towards managing their farms. The Triple P volunteers
were focussed on improving production per hectare through increased stocking
rates, which could be achieved by additional expenditure on fertiliser and
pasture renovation. The general pastoral producers were more focussed on
improving production per head which was achieved by gauging animal
performance, maintaining stock in good condition and maintaining expenditure
on animal health.
We contend that the differences identified between the producers volunteering
to participate in the Triple P Program and the general pastoral producers are
a direct consequence of the voluntary approach used to recruit Triple P
participants. This approach attracts a select group of farmers who are
inclined to engage in extension and training activities and tend to have
different attitudes and practices to the general pastoral producer. A more
proactive approach to recruitment will be required if a larger proportion of
the general producer population is to engage in the paired-paddock extension
program.
Fungi anamorphici in Australasia
Authors: McKenzie Eric H. C. , McKenzie Eric H. C.
Published: August 2002

Fungi are everywhere but mycologists are not and the fungi anamorphici, which
includes hyphomycetes and coelomycetes, is an under-studied group in
Australasia. It is the second largest group of fungi and its members play an
important role in nutrient cycling. Plant pathogenic species are the
best-documented and fungi anamorphici feature prominently in lists of plant
diseases for Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. The few resident
mycologists specialising in taxonomy and systematics of fungi anamorphici have
made major advances in the study of plant pathogens (e.g.
Bipolaris, Fusarium) and those of
industrial importance (e.g. Penicillium). Visiting
mycologists who have made significant collections of Australasian fungi
anamorphici include B. C. Sutton in Australia, S. J. Hughes in New Zealand and
T. Matsushima in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. A census
of fungi anamorphici is being prepared
forFungi of Australia and a database of all species
recorded from New Zealand is being compiled. Australasian studies of fungi
anamorphici in freshwater and marine environments and those associated with
arthropods are discussed. Rainforests and numerous other habitats in
Australasia remain a vast storehouse of unknown fungi
anamorphici—thousands of species yet to be collected, classified and
described.
DEGREES OF THE JONES POLYNOMIALS OF CERTAIN PRETZEL LINKS
Authors: HARA MASAO , TANI SEI'ICHI , YAMAMOTO MAKOTO
Published: August 2002

We calculate the highest and the lowest degrees of the Kauffman bracket polynomials of certain inadequate pretzel links and show that there is a knot K such that c(K) – r _ deg VK=k for any nonnegative integer k, where c(K) is the crossing number of K and r _ deg VK is the reduced degree of the Jones polynomial VK of K.
AN UNUSUAL HAND INJURY CAUSED BY POWERED WOODSPLITTER SPLIT FINGERS
Authors: Maral Tugrul , Tuncali Dogan
Published: August 2002

We present a case of very unusual injury to the right hand of a 14-year-old boy who had an accident with a powered woodsplitter. The trauma produced a unique hand injury pattern. All fingers except the thumb were split into dorsal and volar sections without any bone fractures, mimicking surgically elevated volar flaps. We achieved satisfactory hand function using simple surgical and conservative management in this unique hand injury case.
Detecting rearrangements in children using subtelomeric FISH and SKY
Authors: Clarkson Blaise , Pavenski Katerina , Dupuis Lucie , Kennedy Shelley , Meyn Stephen , Nezarati Marjan M. , Nie Gloria , Weksberg Rosanna , Withers Stephen , Quercia Nada , Teebi Ahmad S. , Teshima Ikuko
Published: August 2002

The etiology of mental retardation (MR), often presenting as developmental delay in childhood, is unknown in approximately one‐half of cases. G‐banding is the standard method for investigating those suspected of having a chromosomal etiology; however, detection of structural abnormalities is limited by the size and pattern of the G‐bands involved. Rearrangements involving subtelomeric regions have been shown to cause MR and this has generated interest in investigating the prevalence of these rearrangements using telomere‐specific probes. In addition, because cryptic interchromosomal rearrangements may not be small or confined to chromosomal ends, spectral karyotyping (SKY) using chromosome‐specific painting probes may be of value. We report here a study using these two FISH‐based techniques in 50 children with idiopathic MR or developmental delay and normal GTG‐banded karyotypes. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of cryptic rearrangements in this population using subtelomeric FISH and SKY. Three rearrangements were detected by subtelomeric FISH: a derivative 5 from a maternal t(5;21); a recombinant 11 from a paternal pericentric inversion; and a 2q deletion that was also present in the mother. Only the derivative 5 was detected by SKY. SKY did not detect any interstitial interchromosomal rearrangement. The prevalence of clinically significant cryptic rearrangements by subtelomeric FISH and SKY was thus 4% (95% confidence interval 0.5–13.7) and 2% (95% CI 0.05–10.7), respectively. This study supports the view that G‐banding does not detect all clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities and that subtelomeric FISH and SKY can detect some of these abnormalities. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kallmann syndrome in a patient with congenital spherocytosis and an interstitial 8p11.2 deletion
Authors: Vermeulen Stefan , Messiaen Ludwine , Scheir Petra , De Bie Sylvia , Speleman Frank , De Paepe Anne
Published: August 2002

We describe the hitherto smallest interstitial 8p11.2 deletion in a patient with congenital spherocytosis, dysmorphic features, and growth delay in association with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. The latter features are characteristic for Kallmann syndrome. In contrast to the previously reported patients with 8p deletions, the present patient showed normal intelligence. Congenital spherocytosis is one of the most common hereditary hemolytic anemias. One of the three loci for congenital spherocytosis was assigned to chromosome 8p (located between 8p11.1 and 8p21) and mutations in or loss of the ankyrin‐1 gene (ANK1) were identified. Molecular analysis confirmed the de novo loss of ANK1 in our patient. Kallmann syndrome, which is characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia, can be X‐linked, autosomal dominant, or autosomal recessive. So far only the X‐linked KAL1 gene has been identified. The present finding suggests an autosomal locus for Kallmann syndrome at 8p11.2. The simultaneous occurrence of congenital spherocytosis, Kallmann syndrome phenotype, dysmorphic features, and growth delay in this patient points to a new contiguous gene syndrome. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of osteopontin at sites of bone erosion in a murine experimental arthritis model of collagen‐induced arthritis: Possible involvement of osteopontin in bone destruction in arthritis
Authors: Ohshima Shiro , Kobayashi Hideyuki , Yamaguchi Norihiko , Nishioka Katsuhiro , Umeshita‐Sasai Mitsuko , Mima Toru , Nomura Shintaro , Kon Shigeyuki , Inobe Manabu , Uede Toshimitsu , Saeki Yukihiko
Published: August 2002

Objective

To investigate the involvement of osteopontin (OPN) in bone destruction in a murine experimental arthritis model of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA).

Methods

The expression of OPN was examined at both the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in various arthritic lesions in mice with CIA by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. In addition, the expression of αvβ3 integrin, a receptor for OPN, the ligation of which is thought to be essential for bone resorption by osteoclasts, was examined by immunohistochemistry. Plasma concentrations of OPN were measured at different time points in the course of CIA by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

OPN mRNA was detected mainly at sites of bone erosion in arthritic lesions, where activated osteoclasts were present; OPN protein was also detected at sites of bone erosion. In the arthritic synovium, OPN was predominantly expressed in the synovial lining layer, but not in lymphoid aggregates. In addition, αvβ3 integrin was detected coincident with OPN at sites of bone erosion (bone–pannus junction). Plasma OPN levels were markedly elevated at the time points that corresponded to arthritis flares, and higher levels were maintained during the progression of arthritis.

Conclusion

OPN may mediate bone resorption by osteoclasts in arthritis through ligation with its receptor, αvβ3 integrin. OPN may be a useful therapeutic target molecule in the prevention of bone destruction in arthritis.
A policy‐modeling approach to examining fairness judgments in organizational acquisitions
Authors: Citera Maryalice , Stuhlmacher Alice F.
Published: August 2002

Organizational acquisitions may be characterized by the degree of friendliness or hostility as well as the degree of autonomy or absorption of the organizations following the merger. This study examined judgments of fairness across four types of organizational acquisitions. Students read fictitious newspaper accounts of a university acquisition and rated their expectations and perceptions of fairness about possible changes. Results indicated that in an acquisition, both the procedures used and the outcomes provided influenced how fair the acquisition was perceived. As predicted, the relative importance of procedures and outcomes in overall perceptions of fairness shifted depending on the context of the acquisition. As the desirability of the acquisition increased, individuals placed greater importance on the procedural elements. In a friendly and low integration acquisition, the processes and outcomes became equally important. Individuals faced with a high integration acquisition expected more unfair changes and fewer fair changes to occur. Furthermore, these results highlight the importance expectations play in perceptions of fairness. The type of acquisition will influence expectations for fair treatment. Under less desirable conditions (hostile and high‐integration mergers), organizations should take steps early in the process to manage fairness perceptions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemiluminescent assay of alkaline phosphatase using dihydroxyacetone phosphate as substrate detected with lucigenin
Authors: Kokado Amane , Arakawa Hidetoshi , Maeda Masako
Published: August 2002

A sensitive and simple chemiluminescent assay (CL) for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) using dihydroxyacetone phosphate or its ketal (DHAP or DHAP‐ketal) was developed. New substrates were transformed to dihydroxyacetone (DHA) after they were hydrolysed by ALP, which reacts with lucigenin and produces strong chemiluminescence. Under the optimum assay condition, the detection limits were 3.8 × 10−19 and 1.5 × 10−18 moles of ALP, respectively. The coefficients of variation (CV) at each points on the standard curve were 0.8–5.4% and 1.8–7.1% (n = 6), respectively. The mechanism of lucigenin CL with DHA was investigated by ESR spectrometry using the spin‐trapping method. The mechanism was speculated as follows: the O2− generated by the reaction of DHA and O2 in alkaline solution reacts with lucigenin, and then emit light. The proposed CL assay was applied to the enzyme immunoassay of 17β‐oestradiol, using ALP as a label enzyme. The measurable range of 17β‐oestradiol was 15–4000 pg/mL, and the proposed method was four times more sensitive than the colorimetric assay for ALP by using 4‐nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.