bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of multi-beam optics for time-resolved X-ray tomography: from π-polarization to σ-polarization
Authors: Voegeli Wolfgang , Liang Xiaoyu , Shirasawa Tetsuroh , Arakawa Etsuo , Hyodo Kazuyuki , Kudo Hiroyuki , Yashiro Wataru
Published: December 2022

A multi-beam X-ray optics that can image a sample from different directions in a large angular range simultaneously without sample rotation is reported. It consists of 28 thin silicon crystals that are arranged in a σ-polarization diffraction geometry so that the diffracted X-rays from an incident white synchrotron radiation beam pass through the sample. A tomogram of a simple test sample was calculated from projection images recorded with the optics, showing that an alignment accuracy sufficient for X-ray tomography can be achieved.
Characterizing the transverse coherence of an undulator beamline at the Advanced Photon Source using grating interferometry
Authors: Shi Xianbo , Zhang Zhan , Qiao Zhi , Grizolli Walan , AssoufId Lahsen
Published: December 2022

We report on a comprehensive experimental study of the impacts of the quality and stability of optical components on the transverse coherence of the 33-ID beamline at the Advanced Photon Source. More specifIcally, this study, carried out using grating interferometry, shows how the quality of two of the beamline’s key components, namely, the monochromator and the beryllium window, affects the beam transverse coherence and demonstrates that the decoherence effects of each optical component can be measured quantitatively, thus providing critical information for subsequent improvements to the beamline. The technique and analysis used in this work can be adapted to any coherence-oriented beamlines.
Advanced optical simulation tools in the OASYS suite and their applications to the design of last generation synchrotron radiation beamlines
Authors: Rebuffi Luca , Shi Xianbo , Sanchez del Rio Manuel
Published: December 2022

Since 2013, OASYS (OrAnge SYnchrotron Suite) has been developed as a versatile, user-friendly and open-source graphical environment for modeling X-ray sources, optical systems, and experiments. Its concept stems from the need for modern software tools to satisfy the demand for performing more complex analyses and designing optical systems for 4th generation synchrotron radiation and FEL facilities. The ultimate purpose of OASYS is to integrate in a synergetic way the most powerful calculation engines available to perform virtual experiments in a synchrotron beamline. For X-ray Optics, OASYS integrates different simulation strategies by implementing adequate simulation tools, which communicate by sending and receiving encapsulated data. The OASYS suite has been extensively used in the optical design process for the upgrade projects of several synchrotron radiation facilities worldwide. Several new tools have been created to perform advanced calculations needed for the design of the beamlines and provide accurate specifications for the procurement of the optics.
In-built resonant structures for precision assembly of X-Ray Optics for 4th Generation Light Sources
Authors: Bainbridge E. , Griffiths J. , Clunan J. , Docker P.
Published: December 2022

As the Diamond Light Source embraces the move towards becoming a fourth generation light source it will require its optics to perform under increasingly demanding conditions. Foremost amongst these conditions will be the increasing powers they are subjected to and the reducing real estate they must perform in. With these new challenges comes the need for greater understanding of how optics are assembled and how consistently this activity is carried out. In this paper, the concept of using passive resonant structures as part of a precision assembly approach for such optics is introduced. Numerical simulation of a passive resonant device comprising tines which are compressed as clamping force is increased is presented, revealing a frequency shift from intermediately fastened to fully tightened. This approach has the potential to provide a robust, game changing improvement to the accuracy of assembly of X-ray optics and subsequently a significant improvement in their performance.
Embedded Micro-channel Cooling Technique to Minimize Thermal Deformation of X-ray and High-power Laser Optics
Authors: Wei Tiwei , Zhang Lin , Asheghi Mehdi , Goodson Kenneth E.
Published: December 2022

The thermal deformation of silicon-based X-ray and high-power laser optics is a strong function of the beam power and footprint, mirror geometry as well as the location of the “convective” thermal management solution. Previous research carefully optimized the impact of these parameters and arrived at the “Topside cooling” design concept (smart-cut notches) that reduced the thermal slope error (sub-μrads) by 3-5 orders of magnitude compared to the baseline mirror bottom-side cooling [1,2]. The present work introduces internal embedded microchannel cooling which brings the cooling solution to the close proximity of the laser beam footprint and also reduce thermal spreading. The thermomechanical finite element modelling (FEM) results show that embedded microchannel cooling can reduce the thermal deformation in RMS-Uy by a factor of 40 and 13 compared with topside cooling, for Gaussian distribution beam heat flux with full width half maximum (FWHM) 20 mm and 40 mm, respectively.
Optical autocollimator for vibration measurements at Diamond I13 beamline
Authors: Kachkanov V. , Ziesche R. , Wagner U.H. , Batey D. , Li P. , Rau C.
Published: December 2022

I13 is a 250 m long hard X-ray beamline for imaging and coherence experiments at the Diamond Light Source [1]. The beamline comprises two independent experimental branches: one for imaging in direct space using X-ray microscopy and one for imaging in reciprocal space using coherent imaging techniques. The mechanical stability is very important for implementation of increased capabilities at latest generation of long beamlines [2]. Therefore, the beam stability monitoring is essential part of the day-to-day operation of the beamlines as well as for analysis of mechanical instability sources for the Diamond II upgrade. In this paper we present the setup developed to measure mechanical stability of beamline based on optical autocollimator.
Application of a long-trace profiler in situ at TPS beamlines
Authors: Lin Shang-Wei , Tsai Huang-Ming , Fu Huang-Wen , Hua Chih-Yu , Chiu Chao-Chih , Kao Kai-Yang , Hsu Ming-Ying , Chang Chia-Feng , Fung Hok-Sum , Yin Gung-Chian
Published: December 2022

To achieve an ultrahigh-resolution with soft x-ray beamlines at the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS), the slope error of a highly precise grating must be at the level of 0.1 μrad (RMS) under thermal loading with various curvatures. Some optics generally operate under a high power density from an undulator magnet on a beamline. The thermal load introduces a thermal bump in the optics profile and degrades the beamline performance, such as the energy resolution and beam size. Hence, active X-ray mirrors are emerging as primary solutions to meet the performance requirements of TPS. First, active X-ray optics were assembled in the laboratory and bent to the desired surface using an in-house long-trace profiler (LTP). When the optics were installed in the beamlines, LTP in situ (ISLTP) was used to fine-tune the mirrors under various operating conditions. This paper introduces the design and construction of ISLTP with a precision of 0.1 μrad (RMS) developed to measure the mirror profile in soft x-ray beamlines. The ISLTP can provide feedback perturbations owing to localised heat loading from the X-ray beam and thermal changes in the ambient environment, and its performance and in situ measurements are presented.
Photon Diagnostic for FLASH2020+: Analysis of Spontaneous Radiation for Undulator Alignment
Authors: N’gotta P , Tischer M
Published: December 2022

Within the FLASH2020+ program, DESY is aiming to significantly improve the flexibility and availability of its pioneering FEL FLASH for users. Increasing the electron beam energy to 1.35GeV will make wavelengths available up to the oxygen K-edge on the fundamental harmonic. Exchanging the current fixed gap undulators in the FLASH1 branch for variable gap devices will allow for fully independent operation of both branches in the future. The 11 new Apple III type variable polarization undulator segments will have a period length of 33mm and a length of 2.5m each.

This paper presents the development of a photon diagnostic station for FLASH2020+, an additional tool for alignment and commissioning of the undulators. The diagnostic station will be located about 50m downstream from the last undulator. It will allow for the measurement and correction of the electron beam orbit as well as for the measurement of the undulator K-values. In addition, the system can be used to investigate the phasing of the undulators in two adjacent cells by analysing their spontaneous radiation.
Absolute photon power measurements at the European XFEL instruments
Authors: Grünert Jan , Freund Wolfgang , Liu Jia , Maltezopoulos Theophilos , Kuiken Benjamin van , Scherz Andreas , Konopkova Zuzana , Zastrau Ulf , Tanaka Takahiro
Published: December 2022

The average photon flux is one of the main parameters of any photon source. At the European XFEL (EuXFEL), this is continuously monitored in the tunnels by X-ray Gas Monitors (XGMs) [1-3]. However, to measure the absolute value of the X-ray flux at the sample location in the scientific end-stations, in general a smaller device is required since the XGMs and their associated differential pumping stages are very space demanding. Therefore, a miniature solid-state room-temperature calorimeter based on a design by AIST, Japan [4-8] was commissioned with beam at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument where it could be located directly downstream of an XGM. This allowed for validation of the gas-based measurements with a solid-state physics method with an independent absolute calibration. The calorimeter was then applied at the High Energy Density (HED) instrument to characterize the beamline transmission and to calibrate a commercial laser power meter (LPM) [9] as a secondary relative monitor for X-ray measurements. This contribution describes the technical parameters and capabilities of the calorimeter and LPM and presents the measurements taken at SCS and HED.
XIDER: a novel X-ray detector for the next generation of high-energy synchrotron radiation sources
Authors: Williams M , Busca P , Collonge M , Fajardo P , Fischer P , Martin T , Ritzert M , Ruat M , Schimansky D
Published: December 2022

Next-generation sources of synchrotron radiation pose significant challenges for 2D pixelated X-ray detectors, such as at the ESRF Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS), the first fourth-generation high-energy synchrotron facility. In particular, scattering and diffraction experiments require fast detectors with a high dynamic range, from single photon sensitivity to pile-up conditions under very high photon fluxes. Furthermore, in the case of high-energy applications, the high-Z sensor materials needed for efficient photon detection introduce other difficulties. Leakage current, bias- and flux-induced polarisation, and afterglow all must be carefully managed for the detector system to reach the required specifications. The XIDER project aims to fulfil the needs of the above-mentioned applications by implementing a novel incremental digital integration readout scheme. XIDER detectors seek to operate efficiently under the high-flux EBS beam of up to 100 keV photons, with a time resolution that can cope with near-continuous and pulsed beams. Simultaneously, non-constant leakage current contributions can be removed for noise-free single photon detection, resulting in a very high dynamic range. This contribution presents the recent developments of the XIDER project, including the first characterisation measurements with cadmium telluride sensors.
Detection limit of next-generation of multi-element germanium detectors in the context of Environmental science
Authors: Iguaz F.J. , Saleem T. , Fonda E. , Landrot G. , Manzanillas L. , Orsini F.
Published: December 2022

One of the main challenges in Environmental sciences is the identification and chemical evolution of polluting traces (e.g, cadmium or antimony) in soil, which requires long acquistion times for accurate measurements at synchrotron facilities. In this context, the potential of a new generation multi-element germanium detectors to identify traces at 0.1-1 ppm in a reasonable time has been studied using Allpix Squared framework [1]. This code has been customized to include the three dimensional electric and weighting field maps generated by COMSOL Multiphysics software, and several features to model the sample environment at SOLEIL synchrotron and the signal response of a germanium detector equipped with a Digital Pulse Processor (DPP). The full simulation chain has been validated by experimental data from SAMBA beamline of SOLEIL synchrotron. This work presents a first estimation of the detection limit to cadmium traces in a soil sample for a future multi-element germanium detector, using this simulation chain.
Design and implementation of an instrument control platform for future beamline experiments at SPring-8
Authors: Nakajima K , Motomura K , Hiraki T N , Nakada K , Sugimoto T , Watanabe K , Osaka T , Yamazaki H , Ohashi H , Joti Y , Hatsui T , Yabashi M
Published: December 2022

BL-774 is a control, data acquisition, and online analysis platform for addressing the requirements in future beamline experiments at SPring-8-II. To date, we have achieved implementations related to “robustness and flexibility” and “configuration management”. These implementations were made possible by the two-phase development workflow. The two-phase development is characterized by a dedicated rapid application development environment that beamline scientists can use rapidly and easily in real beamline environments, and web-based graphical user interfaces that BL-774 software developers have incorporated the achievements of the beamline scientists as part of the official release of the beamline control software. BL-774 has been introduced in two beamlines to date, and we plan to implement it in more beamlines while adding more features. We plan to integrate BL-774 seamlessly with other systems that are currently under development in the facility, such as two-dimensional detector systems and SPring-8 data centers. By introducing BL-774 in conjunction with other infrastructure in the facility, more advanced experimental operations, such as feedback operations based on online data analysis or remote operations from outside the beamlines, are to be expected. This paper presents the design and implementation of BL-774 and its introduction into a beamline at SPring-8.
MENTO: Automated near real-time data analysis at PETRA III
Authors: Vijay Kartik S , Sprung Michael , Westermeier Fabian , Barty Anton
Published: December 2022

With the advent of next-generation X-ray detectors with large sensor areas and high sampling rates, photon science experiments are now having to deal with a data explosion. We present a scalable, near real-time data processing toolkit developed to address this challenge at PETRA III, which is currently in use at the coherence applications beamline P10 and at the macromolecular crystallography beamline P11. This toolkit runs automated analysis pipelines on high-volume data concurrently with data acquisition, thus providing quick feedback during experiments at the beamlines. Named mento (Maxwell-Enhanced Near real-Time Online analysis), the toolkit leverages the computing resources of the in-house HPC cluster ‘Maxwell’ to enhance analysis performance, and additionally takes advantage of the available distributed data storage to provide analysis results directly back to the experimenter with minimal delay. mento works seamlessly with the experiment control mechanisms used at P10, P11, and other PETRA III beamlines, and ensures that analysis on the HPC cluster is triggered automatically during data acquisition at the beamline, and that results are available for visualization at the beamline control hutch even though the analysis itself is performed remotely. mento thus helps the human-in-the-loop concentrate on novel science aspects of the experiment, without needing to manage the computational workload in a high data-rate regime. mento has been used with both in-house and commercial analysis software to achieve speedups of 50x-100x relative to the existing analysis pipelines, thus proving its utility for different kinds of experiments at PETRA III. The source code for mento is available at https://gitlab.desy.de/fs-sc/mento.
Tractor beam acoustic levitation for time resolved crystallography experiments
Authors: Baker V , Guéniat F , Axford D , Aller P , Baker N , Leen G , Docker P
Published: December 2022

Proof of concept of serial crystallography is carried out through the translation of samples delivered by tractor beam levitation. This is achieved using arrays of low powered transducers, focused to produce acoustic traps. Contrary to traditional Langevin Horn levitators, power requirement remains in the region of 10W, limiting the acoustic pressure on the levitated samples and hence the risk of damage to them. Automation is achieved by controlling the phase of the transducers. The traps and associated samples steadily translate with the controlled acoustic field. A translation speed of 2.8mms
−1 between the nodal distance of the traps is achieved. This results in sequential delivery of sample containing droplets performed with 1.5s between each delivery. The results demonstrate the ability to capture automated measurements of diffraction from lysozyme micro-crystals. Our study points in the direction of an automated, acoustic levitation system for time-resolved crystallography.
Synchrotron radiation study on Thai reddish glass
Authors: Boonruang C. , Won-in K. , Thumanu K. , Tippawan U. , Thongluaem C. , Dararutana P.
Published: December 2022

It is well-known that red glass has been used as a decorative glass in Thailand for hundred years. Pieces of reddish decorative glasses (Ancient Burmese Glass: ABG, Ancient Thai Glass: ATG, and Modern Imported Glass: MIG) have been collected from different areas in Thailand. The elemental composition and morphology of these samples have been examined using scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE). The binding components have been analyzed using infrared spectroscopy based on synchrotron radiation (SR IR). PIXE results indicate a presence of trace elements which is beyond the limit of detection of EDS. It has been found that ABG and MIG are soda-silicate glass, while ATG is lead-based glass. The red coloration in ABG, ATG, and MIG is affected by the contents of Cu, Cd, and Se. It is also found that ABG and MIG have been produced using crucible vessel and glass-making furnace, respectively, while ATG has been produced using either crucible vessel or glass-making furnace. With the high brightness of the synchrotron source, SR IR can analyze the sample with a high spatial resolution of 20 × 20 µm2. SR IR results confirm the presence of inorganic and organic functional groups in glass samples which exhibit distinctive peaks for different types of glass.
Hard X-ray USAXS Fourier Transform Holography
Authors: Roseker W , Jo W , Rysov R , Westermeier F , Bocklage L , Riepp M , Philippi-Kobs A , Müller L , Walther M , Sprung M , Grübel G
Published: December 2022

We report on a Fourier transform holography study, employing hard X-ray energies at a 3rd generation storage ring. Nano-structures of various sizes and shapes have been measured in ultra small angle x-ray scattering configuration reaching a resolution in the holographic reconstructions of about 50 nm. Reliable holograms have been obtained with 6.9×106 incident photons. Our results provide an important step forward towards routine split-pulse Fourier transform holography measurements at FEL sources and 4th generation ultralow-emittance sources.
Applying Feature Detection to XPCS Image Processing
Authors: Xu Yihui , Tong Yajun , Hu Menglu , Fan Jiadong , Jiang Huaidong
Published: December 2022

Sequential X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) reveals sample dynamics by analyzing a series of coherent scattering images, which is often time-consuming. For applications like real-time XPCS analysis, high efficiency is desired. Pixel binning is a straightforward strategy to reduce the processing time, but over-binning may result in an insufficient signal-to-noise ratio. In this work, feature detection is applied to obtain the optimal binning factor for the XPCS image processing. Results show that under optimal binning, the processing time is reduced by more than one order of magnitude. In addition, it is illustrated that feature detection could potentially be applied to other coherent imaging and scattering techniques such as coherent diffraction imaging (CDI).
Influence of the threshold settings of photon counting detectors on the observed speckle contrast in coherent scattering experiments
Authors: Dallari Francesco , Westermeier Fabian , Sprung Michael , Martinelli Alessandro , Monaco Giulio
Published: December 2022

Speckle-based experiments, in particular X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS), are among the ones that benefit most from the development of next generation light sources. The key quantity that determines whether or not it will be possible to perform an XPCS experiment is the speckle contrast β, which measures the visibility of the speckle pattern. The speckle contrast is influenced by geometrical conditions and light-source properties [1], and recently it has been noticed that artifacts in photon-counting detectors strongly interfere with the determination of the real value of β when the number of detected photons per frame is extremely low [2]. Here we report how the threshold setting of a photon counting detector, an EIGER X 4M, affects the detected contrast even at non extreme illumination conditions (0.01-0.05 photons/pixel/second). We found that by increasing the threshold value, not only leads to the expected drop in detected intensity, but also to a significant increase in the value of β. Additionally we will present an in-operando situation in which the higher threshold helps critically to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the measured scattering pattern resulting in a five-fold increment of the speckle contrast.
White light-induced halide segregation in triple-cation mixed halide perovskites studied by in-situ fast scanning nano-XRF at the NANOSCOPIUM beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL
Authors: Loncle A. , Kim M. , Geffroy B. , Gautam S. , Plantevin O. , Jacques V.L.R. , Medjoubi K.
Published: December 2022

In-situ study of the variation of the chemical composition of triple-cation mixed halide perovskites Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 under visible light illumination performed by Fast Scanning Nano Hard X-ray Fluorescence Imaging revealed the migration and irreversible phase separation of halide ions into micro-meter sized clusters.
Non-resonant and resonant X-ray emission at high pressure using a von Hámos setup: the case of FeO
Authors: Albers Christian , Thiering Nicola , Sakrowski Robin , Gretarsson Hlynur , Kaa Johannes , Sundermann Martin , Tolan Metin , Wilke Max , Sternemann Christian
Published: December 2022

We present a setup exploiting a von Hámos spectrometer in order to study (resonant) X-ray emission of matter exposed to high pressure. The capabilities of this setup are demonstrated for the case of FeO at pressures between 13 GPa and 75 GPa. The setup provides high-quality Kβ
1,3 X-ray emission spectra at high pressures for iron spin state analysis within minutes and iron valence-to-core spectra in less than one hour. Resonant X-ray emission maps can be obtained on a timescale of one hour with 1.0 eV and in approximately 3 hours with 0.2 eV incident energy resolution. Both Kα and Kβ emission can be utilized to gain L-edge and M-edge-like information, respectively, with the option of measuring both simultaneously. The spin state results on FeO between 13 GPa and 75 GPa are in accordance with recent literature. The structural distortion is reflected in both, valence-to-core spectra and resonant X-ray emission maps, which showcase the great potential of the presented setup. The achieved data acquisition times are promising to couple pressure with temperature by laser heating.
In-vacuum Helmholtz coils for pulsed magnetic fields studying ultrafast demagnetization
Authors: Riepp M , Müller L , Philippi-Kobs A , Walther M , Roseker W , Rysov R , Marotzke S , Bagschik K , Buck J , Frömter R , Wagner J , Capotondi F , Pedersoli E , Naumenko D , Kiskinova M , Oepen H P , Viefhaus J , Grübel G
Published: December 2022

The availability of sub 100 fs short and highly intense free-electron laser (FEL) pulses allows for new insights in laser-induced ultrafast demagnetization (LID) of ferromagnetic thin films on nanometer length scales. We designed a pair of in-vacuum Helmholtz coils, providing pulsed magnetic fields up to µ
0
Hz
= ±45 mT, for time-resolved experiments at FEL sources in transmission geometry. We report on the implementation of the Helmholtz coils in an optical-pump–resonant-magnetic-scattering (tr-XRMS) experiment at the FEL FERMI (Elettra, Trieste) to study LID in different magnetic domain networks. We discuss the limitations for multi-shot measurements, that rely on the full reversibility of the demagnetization process in-between two pump–probe events, and emphasize the importance of reference–pump–probe schemes, especially in tr-XRMS experiments that employ external Hz
fields.
Recent advances in time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy at MAX IV and PETRA III storage rings
Authors: Omelkov S I , Chernenko K , Ekström J C , Jurgilaitis A , Khadiev A , Kivimäki A , Kotlov A , Kroon D , Larsson J , Nagirnyi V , Novikov D V , Pham V-T , Pärna R , Romet I , Saaring J , Schostak I , Tiirinen E , Tõnisoo A , Kirm M
Published: December 2022

Short-wavelength synchrotron radiation excitation has been an indispensable tool in the studies of the properties of wide gap materials using time-resolved low-temperature luminescence spectroscopy. In recent years, several setups for such investigations have been launched at MAX IV Laboratory and Photon Science at DESY. Two permanently stationed time-resolved luminescence setups at FinEstBeAMS and P66 beamlines are in operation at MAX IV 1.5 GeV and Petra III storage rings, respectively. Mobile luminescence setups have been developed for studies at FemtoMAX and P23 beamlines. FinEstBeAMS, P66 and P23 provide time resolution from ∼160 to 100 ps. The FemtoMAX photon source based on an in-vacuum undulator getting an electron beam from the 3 GeV linear accelerator provides an exceptional time resolution of ∼30 ps, limited by time response of the photodetector. The performance of the setups, achieved milestones and research challenges are discussed for four new luminescence stations available for the research community with the main focus on time-resolved techniques.
Development of Time- and Energy-Resolved Synchrotron-Radiation-Based Mössbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: Kitao S. , Masuda R. , Fujihara T. , Tajima H. , Nagasawa N. , Yoda Y. , Masuda T. , Yoshimura K. , Seto M.
Published: December 2022

Synchrotron-radiation based Mössbauer spectroscopy has become a useful technique capable for investigating various Mössbauer isotopes. For a typical experimental setup, the information associated with the pulse height (that is, energy) in an avalanche photodiode (APD) detector has not been used effectively. By using a system for simultaneous measurement system of time and energy associated with the APD signal, a system for the time- and energy-resolved Mössbauer spectroscopy has been developed. In this system, the pulse height information was converted to the time information through an amplitude-to-time converter applied to one of the divided signals from the APD. The corresponding time information was processed separately from another one of the divided signals. Both signals are recorded by a multi-channel scaler in an event-by-event data acquisition process. The velocity information from the Mössbauer transducer was also recorded as a tag for each signal event. Thus, the Mössbauer spectra with any time- and energy-window can be reconstructed after the data collection process. This system can be used for many purposes in time- and energy-resolved Mössbauer spectroscopy, and shows significant promise for use with other fast detectors and for various types of experiments.
Laying the groundwork of an in vivo macromolecular crystallography platform at Synchrotron SOLEIL
Authors: Leymarie O , Montaville P , Brewee C , Isabet T , Pineau B , Vasireddi R , Chavas L M G
Published: December 2022

The identification of protein crystals naturally occurring inside cells and organisms has opened a window for a new type of macromolecular crystallography (MX) and structural biology, referred to as in vivo MX. In the past decade, there have been efforts to obtain deeper insights into the yet uncontrollable events dictating in vivo crystal growth, by further developing sample handling and delivery procedures and applying these techniques to the structure determination and analysis of readily available ivMX systems. To facilitate the use of ivMX by the larger community, milestones for the implementation of a complete pipeline have been set at Synchrotron SOLEIL (France).
Classification of heart rhythm disturbances based on BSPM measurements
Authors: Przysucha B , Rymarczyk T , Wójcik D
Published: December 2022

The multitude of measurement data obtained from BSPM (Body Surface Potential Mapping) requires automatic detection and classification methods to detect disturbances. The article describes the method of classification of heart rate disorders based on the characteristics of signals from sensors. For the research, a coefficient was created that allows the classification of cardiac arrhythmias in the BSPM measurements. In addition, BSPM signals were simulated using a system constructed for testing an innovative measuring vest with 102 measuring electrodes.
Influence of alternating electromagnetic field on somatic reactions of pathogens
Authors: Kiełbasa P. , Dróżdż T. , Miernik A.
Published: December 2022

Outbreaks of new infectious diseases are occurring with increasing frequency and consequences, including wildlife diseases and zoonoses. The increasing emergence of infectious pathogens has many causes, all related to increasing anthropogenic impacts on nature. Some studies show how exposure to fields can enhance or reduce cellular activity, with possible application implications in the field of biotechnology. The effects of magnetic fields at the cellular level in microbial cells may include cell viability and proliferation, apoptosis, morphological changes, changes in metabolic and enzymatic activities, changes in ion transport into the cell, and genotoxicity and changes in gene expression. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the somatic response of pathogen cells used in biotechnological processes exposed to an alternating electromagnetic field with a constant frequency of 50 Hz in three variants of exposure time. It was found that stimulation with an alternating electromagnetic field affects the somatic responses of microorganisms represented by their growth. The responses of the studied microorganisms are also related to their morphology.
Optimization of the control process of a micro-cooling unit based on Peltier modules
Authors: Knaga J. , Lis S. , Famielec S. , Bojdo K. , Łyszczarz P. , Machaczka M.
Published: December 2022

A properly configured control system is a necessary condition for the proper functioning of every technical setup or process. Today, such systems are based on digital electronic devices and are often part of critical infrastructure ensuring the continuity of services of key importance for the functioning of society. There are many documented cases of control system failures due to software errors. One of the most common errors is: the system is not immune to interference. Hence, the article proposes a method for analyzing the control systems implemented at the design stage through modeling and computer simulation in the Matlab-Simulink environment. It should be emphasized that the costs associated with the removal of possible system errors at the design stage are the lowest.
Analysis of the efficiency of a double-axis control system of a PV power plant in a solar tracking system
Authors: Tomasik M , Knaga J , Lis S , Łyszczarz P
Published: December 2022

A prototype control system for a PV power plant was constructed with the movement following the position of the Sun, where the position control takes place in two planes. The principle of operation is based on comparing the voltage values of small PV modules constituting the measurement system. With the use of this stand, the dynamics of changes in light intensity as a function of electricity production using a PV cell was analyzed. The value of energy from two PV cells was compared with the determined efficiency index as the ratio of energy obtained from a follow-motion controlled PV cell to the energy obtained from a stationary cell. The amount of energy generated from the follow-up PV system in the analyzed period exceeds the stationary system in the range from 5% to 74%, depending on the climatic conditions on the observed day.
Implementation of a commercial PAN network in the tracking system using the techniques of radio tomographic imaging
Authors: Styła M , Adamkiewicz P
Published: December 2022

The work on the project was focused on the implementation of a commercial PAN network in the radio tomography system as a more precise method of tracking objects inside buildings that do not require the presence of a user device. The solution was to be an alternative to inaccurate systems using beacons and scaling the RSSI indicator.
Electromagnetic field in electric and hybrid cars
Authors: Sztafrowski D , Winiarz J
Published: December 2022

In recent years rapid development of electromobility has been observed and hybrid and electric cars are becoming more and more popular. Their attractiveness is influenced by the reduction of exhaust gas emissions thanks to the use of electric drives. However, the use of this type of drive also raises some concerns, because people using this type of transport are in close proximity to the vehicle's electrical installation, which generates an electromagnetic field. High current values, up to several hundred amperes, can be the source of significant values of the fields affecting the organisms of passengers. In this paper, the authors discuss the results of several recent studies of the levels of electromagnetic interactions encountered in electrically powered cars and present the results of their own measurements made on two types of vehicles.
Improving the tomographic image by enhancing the machine learning algorithm
Authors: Rymarczyk T , Kłosowski G , Kozłowski E , Sikora J , Adamkiewicz P
Published: December 2022

Hyperparameter optimization in machine learning models may help enhance the efficiency of obtaining high-quality tomographic pictures, the purpose of this paper. In the discipline of electrical impedance tomography, machine learning techniques are utilized to translate voltage measurements into reconstruction pictures. Because of this, the so-called "inverse problem" arises, whereby the optimal answer must be sought. Effective machine learning relies heavily on the appropriate choice of model coefficients (hyperparameters). As a consequence, the strategies used to improve this choice have an indirect effect on the final reconstruction. The K-nearest neighbors strategy may be utilized to improve a machine learning model based on linear regression and classification models, as we show in this paper. Electrical tomography, a technology that analyses flood embankments from the interior to measure their structural integrity, makes use of the methods outlined above. The data gathered shows that the suggested solutions work.
Application of classification trees to identify embankment seepage
Authors: Król K , Rymarczyk T , Niderla K , Oleszek M , Bożek P , Tchórzewski P , Kozłowski E
Published: December 2022

The article discusses a method to control seepage in shafts. A special shaft model was built for this purpose. The paper mainly focuses on electrical impedance tomography with image reconstruction where the machine learning method was used, then the reconstruction results were compared and different numerical models were applied. The key parameters in electrical tomography are the speed of analysis and the accuracy of the reconstructed objects. Applications most often present challenges in obtaining spatial data from observations outside the measurement limits. Inverse problems are solved to obtain the reconstruction algorithm. The main advantage of the discussed solution is the possibility of analysing multidimensional data as well as high processing speed. Classification trees were used to obtain feedback on the degree of embankment seepage.
The application of a pulsed electric field to modify the time-temperature characteristics of the birch wood combustion process
Authors: Popardowski E
Published: December 2022

The aim of the presented research was to determine the influence of the pulsating electric field on the time-temperature characteristics of the combustion heat of birch wood sawdust. Two variants of the electric field were used in the research - with a field strength of 25 kV·cm-1 and 30 kV·cm-1 and in both cases the number of 300 capacitor discharges (pulses). The results were compared to the untreated PEF sample. The parameters selected for the study were the result of previously conducted pilot experiments. As a result of the conducted experiments, it was shown that the pulsating electric field influences the time-temperature characteristics of birch wood. The changes mainly concern the duration of individual process stages and are focused on the main and final period. The decisive factor in changing the properties of sawdust is the intensity of the electric field.
Current-voltage simulation analysis of MIS structure utilizing aluminium nitride on high resistivity silicon
Authors: Attaullah Nur Bashirouh , Hong Chua Jia , Zawawi Mohamad Adzhar Md , Hashim Nur Zatil Ismah
Published: December 2022

High resistivity silicon is increasingly becoming one of the subjects of interest in optimizing the performance of MIS photodetectors as it offers better bias responses compared to low resistivity silicon. The incorporation of thin AlN as the tunnelling insulator in MIS structure utilizing high resistivity silicon has shown promising photocurrent to dark current ratios, suggesting potential integration of the structure. In this work, the MIS structure on high resistivity silicon with AlN tunnelling insulator is simulated and empirically modelled using previous experimental work. The effects of substrate resistivity and AlN thickness are then evaluated. Simulation work shows good agreement with the previous experimental work, except for the photocurrent characteristics in the inversion region, where the recorded values are 107 magnitude lower than the reported experimental values. The photocurrent characteristics for MIS structures on high resistivity silicon is recorded to be higher than the structures on low resistivity silicon. Meanwhile, both dark current and photocurrent increases with decreasing AlN thickness up until 1 nm. Lastly, no conclusive evidence from this simulation work to show any tunnelling behaviour in the inversion region for all cases.
Dosimetric characteristics investigation of ZnO/Ag/ZnO multilayer film for radiation applications
Authors: Thabit Hammam Abdurabu , Kabir Norlaili A. , Ismail Abd Khamim , Saleh Muneer Aziz
Published: December 2022

The dosimetric properties of synthetic ZnO/Ag/ZnO multilayer film are investigated. The proposed dosimeter was prepared by radio frequency and direct current RF/DC sputtering and irradiated with X-ray doses up to 4 Gy. The properties of thermoluminescence (TL) such as glow curve, dose-response, homogeneity batches, sensitivity, minimum detectable dose (MMD), precision, kinetic parameters (activation energy E, frequency factor S), and percentage depth dose (PDD) were studied. The thin film appeared to have an excellent linear response, and the sensitivity was almost twice the commercial TLD. The readout of the homogeneity and PDD are the same properties of TLD-100. These desirable qualities demonstrated the versatility of this novel synthetic thin film in applications involving radiation detection.
Facile low temperature processed nanostructure ZnO QD based thin films for potential perovskite solar cell: thickness dependence of crystal and electrical properties.
Authors: Muhammad S , Nomaan A T , Olaoye A O , Bello M , Zyoud S H , Idris M I , Rashid M
Published: December 2022

The precipitation-spin coating technique is employed to prepare nanostructure ZnO quantum dot (QD) films at different thicknesses. The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the polycrystalline thin film growth along (101) plane and crystallinity improvement with thickness rise. The increase in thickness causes an increase (5.14 - 7.73 nm) and a decrease (3.39- 3.22 eV) in grain size and bandgap respectively. At optimized thickness, the ZnO QD thin film exhibits 72 % transmittance with the lowest resistivity of 16.24 x 10-2 Ωcm and highest carrier mobility of 15.38 cm2/Vs rendering it viable for potential utilization as an electron transport layer for perovskite devices.
Minimum Inhibition Concentration of surface-modified ZnO nanostructures on Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Bakhori Siti Khadijah Mohd , Mahmud Shahrom , Hamzah Siti Nasuha
Published: December 2022

In this study, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were estimated for three types of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on a Gram-positive bacterial species: Streptococcus mutans. The structural properties of these nanoparticles, designated as ZnO-A, ZnO-K, and ZnO-Ax, were characterized using the techniques of field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Both MIC and MBC were evaluated using a series of dilutions (serial dilution) in a 96-microtiter plate following the standard method CLSI M100-Ed32. The commercial ZnO-K nanoparticle had the largest average crystallite size, i.e., 42 nm followed by ZnO-A (37.5 nm), and ZnO-Ax (37.8 nm). ZnO-Ax was synthesized via post-oxygen annealing, while ZnO-A was prepared via energy combustion. All three ZnO nanoparticles yielded a similar MIC value, i.e., 0.156 mM, in S. mutans. However, the colony-forming unit (CFU/mL) at 0.156 mM varied among the ZnO particles. The ZnO-Ax nanoparticle had the lowest colony number in S. mutans, suggesting that the ZnO-Ax gave better inhibition towards the bacteria, probably due to its high surface area and O: Zn ratio (1.09) that enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species generation for antibacterial activity compared to ZnO-A and ZnO-K.
Squeezed Light Generation in Three-Channel Nonlinear Coupler with Second-Harmonic Generation and Frequency Mismatch
Authors: Hanapi Mohd Syafiq M. , Ibrahim Abdel-Baset M.A. , Julius Rafael , Choudhury Pankaj Kumar
Published: December 2022

Squeezed states of light in a three-channel nonlinear coupler with second-order nonlinearity using the phase space method and the analytical perturbative method is reported in this paper. The system is studied under the frequency mismatch condition, where the frequencies of the pump mode are not common. The effect of frequency mismatch on the generated squeezed states is investigated. We have found that the frequency mismatch does significantly affect the behavior of the generated squeezed states only at higher values of linear coupling between the waveguides. By increasing the frequency mismatch, the squeezing pattern also evolves from a collapses-revivals-like squeezing into a constant oscillation.
Surface plasmon resonance sensor for food safety
Authors: Zain H. A. , Batumalay M. , Harith Z. , Rahim H. R. A. , Harun S. W
Published: December 2022

Surface plasmon resonance sensors have numerous applications in the discovery of poisonous gasses, water toxins, and the biomarkers of numerous infections. Surface plasmon sensors are a great candidate for future detecting stages due to their high sensitivity and fine resolution. A surface plasmon resonance sensor is also built for food safety using a Kretschmann setup with a gold coated prism. The setup was used to detect the analyte solution with concentrations 0%-3%. The sensor showed a good response and stability.
Thermoluminescence Dosimetric Characteristics of Zinc Borosilicate Glass Doped With Neodymium Trioxide
Authors: Hanisha M S , Iskandar S M , Azhar A R , Halimah M K , Zaid M H M , Azlan M N , Hisam R , Khalib N C , Fadhirul I M , Khazaalah T H
Published: December 2022

This research is to study the possibility of fabricated zinc borosilicate glass doped with neodymium trioxide (ZnO-B2O3-SiO2:Nd2O3) to be a new material candidate for TLD. TGA analysis is an analytical technique used to determine a thermal stability of materials and its fraction of volatile components by monitoring rate heat flow to and from a sample and the weight changes, as temperature is changed at a constant rate. Data obtained is used to determine temperature of transitions and melting points of substances. Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) for the glass TLD sample produced obtains are between 369.01 °C - 371.74 °C and maximum annealing and reading temperature are set to be 350 °C that are below the minimum Tg values. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis has proven the samples fabricated are amorphous. Effective atomic numbers (Zeff) are in the range of 20.44-21.60. Glass TLD samples showed good linearity with TL response and faced 45.22%-59.37% fading after 30 days. Glass TLD samples also have been tested for their reproducibility ability for 6 cycles of annealing, irradiate and reading process and the reading showed a small range of different.
The Effect of Temperature on Osteochilus melanopleurus, Bleeker 1852 Yolk Utilization
Authors: Asiah N , Riauwati M , Heltonika B , Aryani N , Nuraini
Published: December 2022

Kelabau fish (Osteochilus melanopleurus) is a freshwater fish that is widely found in Riau rivers, has high economic value and has prospects as a farmed fish. The number of deaths on the endogeneous feeding phase of larvae in kelabau fish maintenance led to low production rates. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of different temperatures on the absorption rate of the yolk of Osteochilus melanopleurus fish eggs. The method used is an experimental method at the laboratories scale using 4 (four) temperature treatments, namely 27, 28, 29 and 30°C and 3 (three) tests using the Complete Randomized Design performed in January-October 2022 at the Fisheries Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Riau. The monitoring parameters carried out are as follows the yolk absorption rate, length growth, and yolk utilization efficiency. The results of the study obtained the fastest egg yolk absorption time was at temperature 30°C (102 hours) with the yolk absorption rate 2.93%, the length growth rate 0.679% and an egg yolk utilization efficiency 23.174%. It can be concluded that different temperatures affect the rate of yolk absorption in the Osteochilus melanopleurus larvae. The more the temperature increases, the metabolism also increases, thereby accelerating the absorption rate of the yolk of Osteochilus melanopleurus eggs.