bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Container Medium and Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizer Influence Growth and Quality of Salvia farinacea
Authors: Knowles Tim C. , Hipp Billy W. , Hegemann Mary Ann
Published: February 2019

We examined responses of Salvia farinacea Benth. (mealy blue sage, a water- and nutrient-efficient native landscape plant for the southern United States) to slow-release (8- to 9-month), resin-coated urea (39N-0P4K) preplant-incorporated at 0.5, 1, 2, or 3 kg N/m3 in 2 perlite: 1 vermiculite (PV) or 2 pine bark: 1 fine sand (BS) (both by volume). This slow-release fertilization was compared to weekly fertigation at 100 mg N/liter from ammonium nitrate (34N-0P4K). After 21 weeks of greenhouse culture in 3.8-liter containers, shoot dry weight was higher in BS than PV when these media received fertigation or contained slow-release fertilizer at 21 kg N/m3. Shoot dry weight and shoot quality were not increased by exceeding 1 kg N/m3 in PV or 2 kg N/m3 in BS. Fertigation resulted in shoot dry weight and shoot quality equal to the highest values achieved with slow-release fertilizer. Cate-Nelson analysis showed that shoot N concentration should be ≥ 4.0% for this element not to limit plant growth.
Watermelon Phosphorus Requirements in Soils with Low Mehlich-I-extractable Phosphorus
Authors: Hochmuth George J. , Hanlon Ed A. , Cornell John
Published: February 2019

Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] was grown at two sites differing slightly in Mehlich-I (double-acid) -extractable P (6 and 10 mg·kg-l soil). Early and total yields responded positively to P rate; however, maximum yields were obtained with small amounts of P fertilizer. The linear-plateau critical P fertilizer rates were 26 and 27 kg·ha-1 at sites 1 and 2, respectively. These critical rates were lower than those currently used for recommending P fertilizer on soils that have very low P. Phosphorus concentrations of most-recently matured leaves at early fruit set were 2.5 and 2.8 g·kg-1 at sites 1 and 2, respectively, with 0 P, and 4.4 and 4.8 g·kg-1 with the 25-kg P/ha treatment.
High Phosphorus Applications Influence Soil-available Potassium and Kentucky Bluegrass Copper Content
Authors: Nus J.L. , Christians N.E. , Diesburg K.L.
Published: February 2019

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of high P applications on `Baron', Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf quality, chlorophyll content, soil test levels of P and K, and foliar nutrient concentration. In this 5-year field study, P was applied at 0, 22, 43, 86, 172, or 258 kg·ha-1·year-1 using triple superphosphate (210 g P/kg) in single-applications in May. Phosphorus applications did not affect overall yearly quality, chlorophyll content, or soil pH, but increased available soil P and reduced available soil K and Cu concentration in clippings.
Sources of Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight and Rust in Elite Phaseolus vulgaris L. Germplasm
Authors: Arnaud-Santana E. , Mmbaga M.T. , Coyne D.P. , Steadman J.R.
Published: February 2019

We studied leaf and pod reactions of 18 Phaseolus vulgaris germplasm lines (three temperate and 15 tropical) to four Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (XCP) (Smith) Dye strains and seven Uromyces appendiculatus (UA) (Pers.) Unger races. Line × XCP interaction was significant for leaf and pod reactions. The common bean lines XAN-159, BAC-6, and XAN-112 had the best combined leaf and pod resistance to XCP. Line × UA race interactions were significant (P = 0.05). Lines IAPAR-14 and BAC-6 had the best combined resistance to XCP and UA.
Respiratory Behavior of Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) under Controlled Atmospheres
Authors: Palma Teresa , Stanley David W. , Aguilera José M. , Zoffoli Juan P.
Published: February 2019

The objective of this work was to obtain information for designing modified-atmosphere packages for storing and transporting cherimoyas. Respiration rates of `Conchs Lisa' cherimoyas at 10C were monitored in a flow-through system using O2 consumption and CO2 production under atmospheres containing 5910, 10%, 15%, or 20% O2. Under normal atmosphere (20% O2), the respiration curve exhibited atypical climacteric rise 15 days after harvest, while 15% and 10 % O2 delayed this event. Fruit kept in 5% O2 did not show a detectable climacteric rise and did not produce ethylene. All fruit ripened normally after being transferred to air storage at 20C; however, the time needed to reach an edible condition differed with treatment and was inversely proportional to O2 content. Delay of the climacteric by 5 % O2, coupled with the continued ability to ripen, makes this procedure suitable for controlled- or modified-atmosphere cherimoya packaging.
Characterization of the Flavonoids from Petunia ×hybrida Flowers Expressing the A1 Gene of Zea mays
Authors: Griesbach R.J.
Published: February 2019

The flavonoids from flowers of transgenic Petunia ×hybrida Vilm. plants containing the Al gene from Zea mays L. were characterized. The A1 gene encodes the enzyme dihydroflavonol reductase and was introduced into a mutant petunia defective for this gene. Control, nontransgenic plants produced flowers that contained ≈ 50 ng anthocyanin/100 mg tissue dry weight. Anthocyanin distribution was 63% cyanidin, 28% delphinidin, and 9% pelargonidin. In contrast, the transgenic plants produced flowers that contained ≈ 500 ng anthocyanin/100 mg tissue dry weight, with 34% as cyanidin, 12% as delphlnidin, and 54% as pelargonidin. The increase in anthocyanin production in the transgenic plants resulted in a corresponding molar decrease in flavonol accumulation.
Prevalence of Severe Strains of Citrus Tristeza Virus in Florida Citrus Nurseries
Authors: Powell Charles A. , Pelosi Robert R.
Published: February 2019

Sixty-eight percent of the `Pineapple', 52% of the `Navel', 46% of the `Valencia', 38% of the `Hamlin', and 0% of the `Ambersweet' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osh.] trees in five Florida citrus nurseries were infected with severe strains of citrus tristeza virus (CTV), as demonstrated by reaction with a monoclinal antibody specific for severe strains of the virus. Severe strains of CTV infected 4%, 46%, 76%, 30%, and 48% of the trees at each of the five nurseries, respectively, indicating a considerable difference in severe strain prevalence among the nurseries. Thirty-five percent of the trees in the scion blocks (budwood source) of the nurseries also contained severe strains of CTV.
Yield Comparisons of Pulled and Cut Sweetpotato Plants
Authors: Hall Melvin R.
Published: February 2019

Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.)] storage root yields were evaluated from ≈ 25-cm transplants. The shoot apex was either removed or not removed from pulled (underground stem retained) and cut (underground stem removed) `Georgia Jet' and `Red Jewel' plants. The shoot apex was not removed from pulled and cut `Jewel' plants on which the basal half was immersed or not immersed in calcium hypochlorite solutions. Cut plants of all three cultivars produced higher total marketable and U.S. no. 1 yields than pulled plants. However, neither removing the shoot apex from `Georgia Jet' and `Red Jewel' nor immersing the basal half of `Jewel' plants in calcium hypochlorite solutions improved yields.
Protein Concentration and Vigor of Imbibed Density-separated Primula Seed
Authors: Khademi Mehrassa , Koranski David S. , Peterson Joan
Published: February 2019

Seeds of Primula acaulis (L.) J. Hill `Dukaat Helderrose' were imbibed for 48 h at 18C, and Maltrin 600 solution was used to separate them into density classes of 1.10, 1.12, 1.14, 1.16, and 1.18 g·cm-3. Seeds were rinsed, air-dried for 48 h at 22C, and germinated at 18C; 80% were separated into density classes between 1.16 and 1.18 g·cm-3. Percentages of germination and high-vigor seedlings were significantly greater for seeds with densities >1.14 g·cm-3. Soluble protein concentration increased with density, whereas insoluble protein concentration was unchanged. Distinct protein groups with estimated molecular weights of ≈50, 33, and 25 kDa were present in the protein profile of nonseparated imbibed seed. These proteins were most abundant at densities ≥1.16 g·cm-3. The 25-kDa protein was present only in higher density seed. Presence of an additional 14-kDa protein was noted in the insoluble protein profile. Certain proteins in the soluble protein fraction maybe used to test for seed vigor.
Combining Abilities of Five Japanese Plum Cultivars for Resistance to Xanthomonas Stem Canker
Authors: Topp B.L. , Sherman W.B. , Huber D.A. , Linda S.B.
Published: February 2019

Analysis of a five-parent diallel in a greenhouse estimated general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) effects for resistance of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl. and hybrids) to Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni (Smith) Dye stem canker, as measured by length of inoculated cankers, canker appearance rating, and canker expansion rate. `Friar' and `Gulfruby' were the most susceptible parents. `Burbank', `Wilson', and' Wade' had similar GCA values for length of inoculated cankers, but' Wade' was the superior parent in transmitting canker resistance, as measured by canker appearance rating. SCA was not important in determining the performance of a cross. Canker appearance rating was the best measure of resistance in the greenhouse tests and provided a greater separation of GCA estimates and lower coefficient of variation.
Plant Age and Isolate Source Affect Expression of Downy Mildew Resistance in Broccoli
Authors: Dickson M.H. , Petzoldt R.
Published: February 2019

Resistance to downy mildew [Peronospora parasitica (pers.) ex. Fr.] in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica Group) depends on plant age. Seedling resistance seems to be independent of mature-plant resistance, where a mature plant is defined as having eight or more leaves. Our results suggest that, by using mature-plant resistance, an almost continuous variation instable levels of mature-plant resistance can be developed. Similarities in the response of mature plants of various lines to isolates from California, Washington, New York, and South Carolina indicated that the predominant race was the same at all locations. Correlations between resistant and susceptible responses to isolates from California, Washington, New York, and South Carolina varied from r = 0.48 to 0.74 depending on isolate source. The results indicated that selecting for high levels of resistance in mature plants at one location should result in good resistance elsewhere in the United States. Selecting immature plants (three to six leaves) may provide less reliable results due to the transitional status of the plant; i.e., between seedling and mature plant.
A Four-carpeled Fruit Mutant in Jojoba
Authors: Estilai A. , Hashemi A.
Published: February 2019

Typical female jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] plants produce three-carpeled fruit that contain one to three seeds. Examination of ≈13,000 plants in a nursery at the Univ. of California, Riverside, revealed one mutant plant whose distillate flowers had four stigmas and four-carpeled fruit. The mutant plant had 42% one-seeded, 39% two-seeded, and 19% three-seeded fruit. In contrast, wild-type sibling plants averaged 83% one-seeded, 16% two-seeded, and 1% three-seeded fruit. The additional carpel in these fruit did not result in production of four seeds per fruit, but drastically altered the frequency of one-, two-, and three-seeded fruit in the mutant plant. This fruit character may serve as a useful genetic marker and, since about one-fifth of the fruit produce three seeds, it maybe useful in studies of multipaternal effects on seed development and seed-oil quality and quantity.
Screening Red Raspberry for Cold Hardiness in Vitro
Authors: Zatylny Annette M. , Proctor J.T.A. , Sullivan J.A.
Published: February 2019

Two selections and two cultivars of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) were evaluated for cold hardiness in vitro. Tissue-cultured shoots were exposed to temperatures from 0 to –18C and samples were removed at 2C intervals. Injury was assessed by a visual rating of tissue browning after freezing. Only shoots subjected to step-wise acclimation at low temperatures before freezing revealed significant differences among the four types in the lowest shoot survival temperature. Acclimation treatments increased the lowest survival temperatures of in vitro shoots by a mean of 3.1C. The hardiness obtained from this screening method agreed with that of winter survival in the field. Ranking, from the most to least cold hardy, was `Boyne', Gu 72, Gu 63, and `Comox'.
Recovering and Identifying Infectious Plant Viruses in Guttation Fluid
Authors: French Christopher J. , Elder Maureen , Skelton Frank
Published: February 2019

Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) virions were recovered from guttation fluid of systemically infected tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and visualized by electron microscopy. Similarly, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV) particles were identified in gattation fluid of systemically infected green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Infectivity of ToMV and PMMV in guttation fluid samples was demonstrated on local and systemic hosts. As determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the concentration of ToMV in tomato guttation fluid was 0.9 ± 0.2 μg·ml-1 and the concentration of PMMV in green pepper guttation fluid was 0.5 ± 0.1 μg·ml-1. The occurrence of infectious, mechanically transmissible viruses in guttation fluid maybe an important factor in the spread of plant viruses in greenhouse crops.
Midstorage Heating. Increased Plant Production from Bedded Sweetpotato Roots
Authors: Hall Melvin R.
Published: February 2019

`Red Jewel' sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.)] roots were cured [32 ± 1C, 85% ± 5% relative humidity (RH)] for 7 days immediately after harvest and cured for O. or 8 additional days before being stored (16 ± 1C, 85% ± 5% RH). Midway through storage, roots were heated (32 ± 1C, 85% ± 5% RH) for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 14 days and placed back into storage. Before being bedded, roots were presprouted (32 ± 1C, 85% ± 5% RH) for O or 8 days. Plant emergence was accelerated with extended curing or presprouting and with increased midstorage heating duration. Early plant production increased with increasing duration of midstorage heating of roots not subjected to extended curing or presprouting. Eight days of extended curing eliminated response to midstorage heating; but, with 8 days of presprouting, a quadratic response to midstorage heating peaked at ≈ 8 days. However, when combined with midstorage heating, presprouting had more of an effect than extended curing on early plant production. Briefly extending curing, midstorage heating, and presprouting each independently increased the cumulative number of midseason plants, but only presprouting influenced total plant production. Treatments did not influence deterioration of bedded roots or number of sprouts <20 cm produced during 10 weeks of harvest.
Yield and Growth of Globe Artichoke under Saline–Sodic Conditions
Authors: Graifenberg A. , di Paola M. Lipucci , Giustiniani L. , Temperini O.
Published: February 2019

`Terom' globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) plants were propagated vegetatively and grown for 2 years in soil-filled pots in the greenhouse under saline-sodic conditions. Plants were irrigated with water containing from 1 to 10 g NaCl/liter. Growth and yield responses were evaluated with a two-line response model. The aim of this work was to determine the salt tolerance threshold and slope for artichoke yield and growth expressed in terms of electrical conductivity (EC) of irrigation water (ECi) and saturated-soil extract (ECe). The thresholds for yield and plant fresh weight (PFW) were the same—2.7 and 4.8 dS·m-1 for ECi and ECe, respectively. The slopes for yield—14.4% and 10.7% per dS·m-1 for ECi, and ECe—were greater than those for PFW. These data indicate that PFW was less sensitive to soil and water salinity than yield. Plants survived and produced suckers at an ECe of 21.8 dS·m-1, but `Terom' yield was much more sensitive to saline-sodic conditions.
Delaying Anthesis of Staminate Pistachio with Paclobutrazol
Authors: Porlingis Ioannis C. , Voyiatzis Demetrios G.
Published: February 2019

Anthesis of an important staminate pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivar (B) in Greece was delayed by foliar paclobutrazol (PBZ) sprays applied in June or July the previous season. A September spray was ineffective. The amount of delay depended on dose (50 to 1000 mg PBZ/liter applied to incipient runoff). Using the same total amount of chemical, one spray was as effective as two sprays 1 month apart. There were no effects on inflorescence fresh weight, pollen production, and pollen germination. Stem elongation was inhibited strongly, but the number of nodes and flower buds per shoot was reduced only slightly. In Expt. 2, two other staminate cultivars (A and C) responded similarly to cultivar B. Treatment effects appeared only during the treatment year, whereas a soil drench was effective for 2 years. PBZ may be able to synchronize the blooming of staminate and distillate pistachio cultivars and result in good fruit set without artificial pollination. Chemical name used: B[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl] -α-(1,1 dimethylethyl)-l H -1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Substantial Leaf Shedding—A Consistent Phenomenon among High-yielding Sweetpotato Cultivars
Authors: McLaurin W.J. , Kays S.J.
Published: February 2019

Four high-yielding sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivars displayed substantial leaf shedding, under typical field production conditions, that was not due to pathological or herbivory causes. Losses ranged from ≈ 45% to 60% of the total leaves formed by the normal harvest date during 2 years. There was a strong positive correlation between leaf shedding and the number of vines (r2 = 0.80) and nodes (r2 = 0.89) per plant. Likewise, positive correlations were found between leaf shedding and total dry weight (r2 = 0.67), root fresh weight (r2 = 0.65), root dry weight (r2 = 0.60), and vine dry weight (r2 = 0.68). Distinct differences were found among cultivars in dry-matter allocation within the plant. `Jewel' allocated a lower percentage of dry matter into vines and a higher percentage into storage roots. Estimated leaf dry matter losses due to leaf shedding ranged from 1.2 to 2.6 t·ha-1. High leaf losses appear to be closely related to vigorous vine growth and subsequent shading of older leaves but did not have a negative impact on storage root yield in the cultivars tested.
Inheritance of Resistance to White Lupin Mosaic Virus in Common Pea
Authors: Provvidenti R. , Hampton R.O.
Published: February 2019

Resistance to white lupin mosaic virus (WLMV), a recently characterized member of the potyvirus group, was found in pea (Pisum sativum L.) plant introductions from Ethiopia (PI 193835) and India (PI 347485). In cross and backcross populations between plants of resistant PI 193835 with those of susceptible `Bonneville' and PP-492-5, this resistance was demonstrated to be governed by a single recessive gene. This gene was distinct from other genes previously found in PI 193835 and PP-492-5 (from PI 347492, India) conferring resistance to clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) and three strains of pea seedborne mosaic virus (PSbMV). Indirect evidence suggests that this newly recognized viral resistance gene, wlv, is a member of a cluster of closely linked genes located on chromosome 6. This gene cluster includes sbm-1, sbm-3, and sbm-4, which govern resistance to three PSbMV pathotypes, and cyv-2, which governs resistance to CYVV.
Characterizing Isozymes of Spanish Cherimoya Cultivars
Authors: Pascual L. , Perfectti F. , Gutierrez M. , Vargas A.M.
Published: February 2019

Isozymes have been used as genetic markers to characterize seven Spanish cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) cultivars. Fifteen enzyme systems were analyzed. Ten varied [aconitase (ACO, EC 4.2.1.3), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, EC 1.1.1.1), glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (GOT, EC 2.6.1.1), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH, EC 1.1.1.42), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP, EC 3.4.11.1), malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI, EC 5.3.1.9), phosphoghtcomutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH, EC 1.1.1.25), and triose phosphate isomerase (TPI, EC 5.3.1.1)] and five did not [acid phosphatase (ACPH, EC 3.1.3.2), diaphorase (DIA, EC 1.6.4.3), malic enzyme (ME, EC 1.1.1.40), 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (6PGDH, EC 1.1.1.44), and superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1)]. Two cultivars, Campa and Campa Mejorada, had identical banding patterns for all enzymes tested. All others were identified as distinct cultivars because of isozyme differences. The identical isozyme profiles of `Campa' and `Campa Mejorada' probably indicate that they are the same cultivar. A cluster analysis of isozyme profiles showed that Spanish cultivars were clearly different from Californian cultivars.
Yield Components of Day-neutral and Short-day Strawberry Varieties on Raised Beds in British Columbia
Authors: Baumann T.E. , Eaton G.W. , Spaner D.
Published: February 2019

Eight day-neutral and seven short-day strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa, Duch.) varieties were evaluated on raised beds during 1990 and 1991 in the Fraser River valley, B.C. Among day-neutral varieties in 1990, total variation in marketable yield originated in fruit count (26%), total yield (18%), average leaf size (22%), and runner count (19%) per plant. In 1991, total variation in marketable yield originated in fruit count (38%), runner count (23%), crown count (13%), and total yield (16%) per plant. `Selva' was one of the most productive day-neutral varieties and had the heaviest fruit and the fewest culls during both years of the study. The short-day varieties had uniformly low yields of marketable fruit during the establishment year, 1990. Variation in marketable yield in 1991 originated in runner count (34%), total yield (18%), and fruit count (16%) per plant. Of the short-day varieties in 1991, `Shuswap' had the highest marketable yield and, along with `Pajaro' and `Sequoia', had the fewest culls. `Shuswap' was a prolific producer of runners, while `Sumas' and `Redcrest' yielded well without prolific runner production.
Terpene Response to Pressing, Harvest Date, and Skin Contact in Vitis vinifera
Authors: Reynolds Andrew G. , Wardle Douglas A. , Dever Marjorie
Published: February 2019

Vitis vinifera L. cultivars Müller-Thurgau, Muscat Ottonel, Gewürztraminer, and Kerner were studied for 1 year to document changes in fruit terpene levels from berry stage to free-run and press-juice stages. Substantial amounts of free volatile terpenes (FVTs) and potentially volatile terpenes (PVTs) were lost between berry and juice stages. PVTs were higher in press juices of `Gewürztraminer' and `Muscat Ottonel' than in free-run juices. In another experiment, juices from `Miiller-Thurgau', `Muscat Ottonel', `Kerner', `Optima', `Pearl of Csaba', and `Siegerrebe', harvested 10 to 20 days after a designated initial harvest date, contained higher FVTs and PVTs than initially. A third experiment with `Kerner', `Müller-Thurgau', `Optima', and `Siegerrebe' found highest FVTs and PVTs in juices from grapes subjected to skin contact compared with grapes crushed and immediately pressed. Sensory evaluation showed aroma differences between wines from free-run and press juices of `Miiller-Thurgau' and `Muscat Ottonel', aroma and flavor differences due to harvest date for all cultivars except `Pearl of Csaba', and aroma and flavor differences due to skin contact for `Siegerrebe'.
Two Nandina domestica Cultivars Perform Well as Interior Foliage Plants in Market Evaluations
Authors: Behe Bridget K. , Deneke C. Fred , Keever Gary J.
Published: February 2019

Tissue-cultured plugs of Nandina domestica Thunb. `Hat-hour Dwarf' and `San Gabriel' were grown in 1.5-liter pots under 30%, 47%, or 62% shade. After 20 weeks, plants were moved to a simulated consumer environment (SCE) maintained at 21C, ≈60% relative humidity, and a 12-hour photoperiod with an irradiance of 7 μmol·m -2·s-1. Final quality ratings (after 35 weeks in the SCE) for both cultivars were good, but the plant quality of `San Gabriel' declined more quickly than that of `Harbour Dwarf'. Final quality rating of `Harbour Dwarf' grown under the highest percentage of shade was higher than that of plants grown under 30% or 47% shade; production shade percentages had no influence on the final quality rating of `San Gabriel'. Plants (of both cultivars) grown in 0.6-liter (11-cm-diameter) pots were test-marketed through six supermarket floral departments and captured 16% of total 10- to 11-cm-size foliage plant sales. Sixty percent of consumers indicated the plant's “newness” as the primary consideration for its purchase. These two N. domestica cultivars could be marketed successfully as interior foliage plants.
A Simple, Room-temperature Extraction Method for 14Carbon-labeled Red Raspberry Leaf Tissues
Authors: Deng Ribo , Donnelly Danielle
Published: February 2019

Labeled (`“C) compounds were recovered from tissue disks taken from 14CO2-fed leaves of l-year-old greenhouse-grown plants and l-month-old ex vitro transplants of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) by hot (boiling in 80% ethanol immediately after 14C exposure), delayed-hot (boiling in 80% ethanol after a 2- to 3-day ethanol soak), and room-temperature (RT) (2-to 3-day soak in 80% ethanol) extraction methods. The RT extraction method was simple but as effective for extracting 14C-labeled compounds from red raspberry leaf tissues as hot and delayed-hot extraction methods.
Fertility of `Morden Pink' Lythrum virgatum L. Transplanted into Wild Stands of L. salicaria L. in Manitoba
Authors: Lindgren Cory J. , Clay Robert T.
Published: February 2019

Forty `Morden Pink' Lythrum virgatum plants were transplanted into three wild stands of L. salicaria in June 1992. In Sept. 1992, seeds were collected and tested for viability and germination rates. Seed testing indicated that 83% of the collected seeds was viable (tetrazolium test) with a mean germination rate of 76%. We conclude that `Morden Pink' will cross-pollinate and produce viable seeds when exposed to wild L. salicaria stands.
Absorption and Translocation of Boron Applied to Aerial Tissues of Fruiting `Reliance' Peach Trees
Authors: Shu Z.-H. , Cary E.E. , Rutzke M. , Oberly G.H.
Published: February 2019

Natural and 10B-enriched boric acid solutions were sprayed on whole trees or certain parts of `Reliance' peach trees (Prunus persica L. Batsch) to estimate the uptake and translocation of B. The tissues were analyzed for total B and 10B: 11B ratio. The single or multiple spray treatments of 233 mg B/liter applied at full bloom (FB), FB + 2 weeks, and FB = 4 weeks did not increase B concentrations in leaves or stems collected 45,75, and 105 days following FB. Individual limbs sprayed with 0,200,400,600, or 1200 mg B/liter did not affect B concentrations in six aerial plant parts harvested 3 days following treatment. Boron uptake and translocation were also studied by applying 30 μl of 600 mg B/liter from 10B-enriched boric acid as spot treatments to various peach plant parts. Leaves, stems, and fruit absorbed 10B and translocated it to nontreated tissues. However, only a small amount of 10B was absorbed by 3 days after treatment.
Susceptibility of American, European, and Interspecific Hybrid Grape Cultivars to the Fungus Septoria ampelina
Authors: Mitchell James K. , Patterson W. Keith , Ford Robert H.
Published: February 2019

European Vitis vinifera L. (four cultivars); interspecific hybrid (seven cultivars); and American V. aestivalis Michx. (one cultivar), V. labrusca L. (three cultivars), and V. rotundifolia Michx. (two cultivars) grapevines were tested for susceptibility to septoria leaf spot disease. V. rotundifolia cultivars Cowart and Fry exhibited hypersensitive-type resistance. All other American, European, and hybrid cultivars tested were susceptible with varying levels of disease severity. Cultivars with little (e.g., interspecific hybrid) or no (e.g., European) V. labrusca L. heritage were more susceptible to septoria leaf spot than American V. labrusca cultivars.
Susceptibility of California Almond Cultivars to Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus
Authors: Gradziel Thomas M. , Wang Dechun
Published: February 2019

Colonization and sporulation of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Link on intact and injured seed was evaluated for a selection of almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] cultivars. Barriers to fungal development were identified at the intact seedcoat and at the seed cotyledon tissue. The seedcoat barrier was expressed as a delay in fungal colonization for up to 3 days following the inoculation of intact seed. Seedcoat resistance was uniformly high for all cultivars tested. Cotyledon resistance, which was expressed as a lower rate of disease development was identified only in the cultivars Ne Plus Ultra, Ruby, and Carrion.
Screening Fresh-market Tomatoes for Susceptibility to Catfacing with GA3 Foliar Sprays
Authors: Wien H.C. , Turner A.D.
Published: February 2019

The blossom-end scarring of tomato fruit caused by exposure of the plant to cool weather during ovary formation, commonly termed catfacing, can also be induced by GA3 foliar sprays. To determine if GA3 treatment could serve as a cultivar screening tool to identify lines susceptible to the disorder, we compared the catfacing incidence in 14 fresh-market tomato cultivars after GAS sprays and in nontreated controls in two field experiments. In 1 year, removal of the plant's apex was also imposed. GA3 sprays (22 μm twice, applied 1 week apart to tomato seedlings ≈5 weeks old) increased catfacing incidence in both years and accentuated cultivar differences in the disorder. Topping did not increase catfacing significantly. The cultivars Valerie, Sunrise, and Basketvee were least affected by catfacing in the experiments, while `Starfire', `New Yorker', and `Olympic' had the highest percentage of catfaced fruit. The GA3 screening method shows promise for identifying cultivar differences in susceptibility to blossom-end scarring. Chemical name used: gibberellic acid (GA3).
Exposure with Far-red Radiation for Control of Oedema Injury on `Yale' Ivy Geranium
Authors: Rangarajan Anusuya , Tibbitts Theodore W.
Published: February 2019

Oedema, a physiological disorder, affects several cultivars of ivy geranium [Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L `Hér. ex Ait) when grown in greenhouses. This study investigated the regulation of oedema on this crop using far-red radiation because these wavelengths inhibited the injury on Solanaceous sp. Plants were exposed to far-red radiation from Sylvania #232 far-red lamps on abaxial and adaxial surfaces of leaves. A far-red photon flux of 15 to 20 μmol·m-2·s-1 (700-S00 nm) was not effective in preventing oedema injury. A far-red abaxial treatment during the light period tended to reduce the amount of injury that developed when photosynthetic photon flux was low (130-170 μmol·m-2·s-1), but this inhibition of the injury was absent with higher photon flux. The results from these studies indicate the use of supplemental far-red radiation treatments in greenhouses would not be justified because adequate and consistent control of the injury on ivy geraniums was not achieved.
Cranberry Yield and Fruit Quality Reduction Caused by Weed Competition
Authors: Patten Kim D. , Wang John
Published: February 2019

The relationships between canopy density of three perennial weed species (Potentilla pacifica Howell, Aster subspicatus Nees, and Lotus corniculatus L.) and `Mcfarlin' and `Stevens' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) yield and fruit quality were evaluated. Yield was more severely affected by weed interferences than fruit size or color. Best-fit regression equations for the effects of weed density on yield, fruit size, and color were linear or quadratic polynomials with a strong linear component. For each bog, the slope of the linear relationship between yield and weed density was more negative as the mean yield of weed-free controls increased. `Stevens' fruit size and yield were more sensitive and fruit color was less sensitive to changes in P. pacifica population density than those of `McFarlin'.
Evaluating the Impact of Transplanting Depth on Bell Pepper Growth and Yield
Authors: Vavrina Charles S. , Shuler Kenneth D. , Gilreath Phyllis R.
Published: February 2019

`Jupiter' and `Verdel' bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) transplants set to the depth of cotyledon leaves or to the first true leaf yielded more fruit than transplants set to the top of the rootball. Increased yields and early stand establishment criteria (number of leaves, leaf area, plant weight, and plant height) suggest that planting pepper transplants deeper than is now common is commercially beneficial in Florida. Deeper plantings may place pepper roots in a cooler environment and reduce fluctuations in soil temperature. Moderated soil temperature, in conjunction with earlier fertilizer and water acquisition, may give deeper-planted pepper plants a competitive edge in growth.
Buffalograss Seedling Tolerance to Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: Fry Jack D. , Upham Ward S.
Published: February 2019

In 1992 and 1993, 12 postemergence herbicide treatments were applied to field-grown buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] seedlings having 1 to 3 leaves and 2 to 4 tillers, respectively. The only herbicide treatments that did not cause plant injury at 1 or 2 weeks after treatment (WAT) or reduce turf coverage 4 or 6 WAT compared to nontreated plots (in 1992 or 1993) were (in kg·ha–1) 0.6 dithiopyr, 0.8 quinclorac, 2.2 MSMA, and 0.8 clorpyralid. Evaluated only in 1993, metsulfuron methyl (0.04 kg·ha–1) also caused no plant injury or reduction in coverage. Fenoxaprop-ethyl (0.2 kg·ha–1) caused severe plant injury and reduced coverage by >95% at 6 WAT. Dicamba reduced coverage by 11% at 6 WAT in 1992 but not 1993. The chemicals (in kg·ha–1) triclopyr (0.6), 2,4-D (0.8), triclopyr (1.1) + 2,4-D (2.8), 2,4-D (3.1) + triclopyr (0.3) + clorpyralid (0.2), and 2,4-D (2.0) + mecoprop (1.1) + dicamba (0.2) caused plant injury at 1 or 2 WAT in 1992 or 1993, but coverage was similar to that of nontreated turf by 6 WAT. Chemical names used: 3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (clorpyralid); 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba); (+/–)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid (diclofop); 3,5-pyridinedicarbothioic acid, 2-(difluoromethyl)-4-(2-methylpropyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-S,S-dimethyl ester (dithiopyr); 2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy] propanoate (fenoxaprop-ethyl); 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (mecoprop); methyl 2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate (metsulfuron methyl); monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid (MSMA); 3,7-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid (quinclorac); [(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid (triclopyr); (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D).
The griseoalbus (Gray-white) Seedcoat Color Is Controlled by an Allele (pgri) at the P Locus in Common Bean
Authors: Bassett Mark J.
Published: February 2019

A cross was made between gri (gray-white seedcoat) and p (pure-white seedcoat) using genetic stocks gri BC2 5-593 and p BC2 5-593 developed to carry only a single recessive allele for seedcoat color in an otherwise all-dominant genetic background. The recurrent parent, 5-593, is a Florida dry-bean breeding line with bishops-violet flowers, determinate habit, small seed size, shiny black seeds, and seedcoat genotype T Mar P [C r] D J G B V Rk. The F1 progeny from the above cross between gri and p had the flower color pattern and seedcoat color of the griseoalbus character (gri), but had less intense color expression. Therefore, I hypothesized that gri is an allele at the P locus (allelic interaction). The hypothesis of allelism was confirmed in the F2, which failed to segregate for bishops-violet flowers and black seed, i.e., no complementation was evident. The symbol pgri is proposed for the new allele at P, where the dominance series is P > pgri > p. The gene for gray-white seeds in gri BC2 5-593 was shown to be allelic to Lamprecht's gri gene in V0059 (PI 527716).
Independence between Scab Resistance and Morphological Traits in Cucumber
Authors: Vakalounakis D.J. , Klironomou E.
Published: February 2019

No linkage was detected in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) between the Cuc locus for scab resistance and the following eight morphological loci: heart leaf (hl), numerous fruit spines (ns), small fruit spines (ss), tuberculate fruit (Tu), uniform immature fruit color (u), dull fruit epidermis (D), gynoecious sex expression (F), and delayed flowering (df). All nine traits were monogenically inherited.
`Carolina Cayenne' as a Source of Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita Races 1, 2, 3, and 4
Authors: Zamora E. , Bosland P.W. , Thomas S.
Published: February 2019

The resistance of `Carolina Cayenne' (Capsicum annuum L.) to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood races 1, 2, 3, and 4 was measured. Egg counts from roots were used to determine the plant's resistance to M. incognita. Few eggs were observed on `Carolina Cayenne' roots, whereas all races of M. incognita produced numerous eggs on the susceptible `NuMex R Naky' roots. The results indicated `Carolina Cayenne' is a source of resistance to all known races of M. incognita.
Ex Vitro Conversion of Pyramid Magnolia Somatic Embryos
Authors: Merkle S.A. , Watson-Pauley B.A.
Published: February 2019

Low conversion rates of somatic embryos and poor early growth of somatic embryo-derived plantlets of some forest trees may be related as much to prolonged maintenance in vitro as to basic developmental problems with the embryos. We tested ex vitro conversion as an alternative method for producing the rare North American pyramid magnolia (Magnolia pyramidata Bartram) plantlets from somatic embryos. Tissue cultures were initiated from immature seed explants of pyramid magnolia. Immature seeds collected from each of three trees formed proembryogenic masses (PEMs) following 7 to 10 weeks of continuous culture on semisolid medium containing 9.0 μm 2,4-D, 1.1 μm BA, and 1 g casein hydrolysate/liter. PEMs transferred to semisolid medium without plant growth regulators produced somatic embryos that germinated following transfer to the same medium without casein hydrolysate. Conversion frequency to plantlets was higher and plantlets were more vigorous when germinants were transferred directly to potting mix and grown in a humidifying chamber instead of being maintained in plantlet development medium in test tubes. Chemical names used: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine (BA).
Induction of Parthenogenetic Haploid Embryos after Pollination by Irradiated Pollen in Watermelon
Authors: Sari N. , Abak K. , Pitrat M. , Rode J.C. , de Vaulx R. Dumas
Published: February 2019

Parthenogenetic haploid embryos of `Crimson Sweet', `Halep Karasi', `Sugar Baby' and `Panonia F1' watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] were obtained after pollination with γ-irradiated (200 or 300 Gy) pollen. Some globular and heart-shaped embryos were observed in fruit harvested 2 to 5 weeks after pollination. The number of embryos per 100 seeds was highest for `Halep Karasi'. After in vitro culture, 17 haploid plants were obtained and doubled haploid lines were generated after chromosome doubling using colchicine.
Performance of Adafuel and Adarcias as Peach Rootstocks
Authors: Moreno M.A. , Tabuenca M.C. , Cambra R.
Published: February 2019

Field performance of several peach × almond hybrid [Prunus amygdalo-persica (West) Redh.] rootstocks grafted with different peach cultivars [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were tested for 11 to 12 years in three experiments. `Loadel' scions were grafted on Adafuel, Adarcias, Albatarrech, Calanda, and GF 677 hybrids. `Catherina' and `Flavortop' scions were grafted on Adafuel, Adarcias, and GF 677 hybrids. Adafuel was the most invigorating rootstock for `Loadel', after the 12 years of scion growth, but Adarcias also promoted higher scion productivity than other peach × almond hybrid rootstocks. Although there were no differences in `Catherina' productivity when grafted on different rootstocks, this cultivar and `Flavortop' grafted on Adarcias showed the least vigor. `Flavortop' on Adafuel had more vigor than on the other rootstocks. According to our results, Adafuel (a vigorous rootstock) seems to be suitable for peach production in low nutrient and calcareous soils unfavorable for peach seedling rootstocks. Adarcias seems promising as a peach rootstock for avoiding excessive scion growth, and it may be useful where tree size needs to be controlled.
Nitrogen Rate and Timing of Nitrogen Application in Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotz.)
Authors: Rose Mary Ann , White John W.
Published: February 2019

`Celebrate 2' Poinsettias were grown for 8 weeks in a controlled-environment growth room until first signs of bract coloration. In growth stage I (GSI; weeks 1 through 4) low, medium, and high N rates (25, 75, and 125 mg N/liter, respectively) were applied by subirrigation (no leaching). Following floral induction [growth stage II (GSII), weeks 5 to 8], there were nine treatments: all possible combinations of the three N rates in GSI plus three rates (75, 125, and 175 mg N/liter) in GSII. Although >80% of shoot dry weight and >90% of total leaf area developed during growth GSII, reaching an acceptable plant size by week 8 depended on receiving adequate fertilization in growth GSI. In contrast, leaf chlorosis, noted in plants receiving the lowest rate in GSI, was rapidly reversed by increasing the N rate in GSII. Quadratic regression equations fitted to shoot dry weight and leaf area data predicted that using 125 mg N/liter in both growth stages gave maximum responses at week 8. However, using 75 mg N/liter in GSI and 125 mg N/liter in GSII also produced acceptable growth in poinsettias. Our results suggest that some growth restriction imposed by N availability during the first 4 weeks of growth may be acceptable and perhaps desirable to reduce growth regulator use and the environmental impact of overfertilization.
Yield and Quality Response of Salt-stressed Garlic
Authors: Francois Leland E.
Published: February 2019

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) salt tolerance was determined in a 2-year field plot study. Saline treatments were imposed by irrigating with water that was salinized with 1 NaCl: 1 CaCl2 (w/w). The electrical conductivities of the irrigation water was 1.4 (control), 3.1, 5.8, 8.8, 12.0, and 14.8 dS·m–1 in 1990 to 1991 and 1.4, 2.0, 3.9, 5.8, 7.8, and 9.9 dS·m–1 in 1991 to 1992. Considering both years, relative bulb yield was reduced 14.3% with each unit increase in soil salinity >3.9 dS·m–1. Increasing soil salinity significantly reduced all yield components (i.e., bulb weight and diameter; plants per unit area). Percentage of solids in the bulb was significantly reduced as soil salinity increased. Leaf tissue accumulated significantly higher Cl, Na, and Ca concentrations then did bulb tissue.
Alterations in Leaf Morphology of Two Landscape Shrubs in Response to Disparate Climate and Paclobutrazol
Authors: Martin Chris A. , Sharp William P. , Ruter John M. , Garcia Richard L.
Published: February 2019

Paclobutrazol at 0 and 750 μl·liter–1 was sprayed on shoots of Feijoa sellowiana O. Berg. and Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. grown under similar production regimes in central Arizona (subtropical desert) and southern Georgia (humid temperate). Five months after application, Feijoa and Ligustrum leaves were generally smaller and thicker in Arizona than in Georgia. Arizona leaves were thicker than those in Georgia because of more layers of palisade and spongy mesophyll cells. Compared with leaves from control plants, paclobutrazol 1) increased Feijoa leaf area in Georgia, 2) decreased Ligustrum leaf area at both locations by ≈50%, and 3) decreased leaf thickness of both species in Arizona. Arizona Feijoa leaves had trichomes on adaxial and abaxial surfaces, whereas Georgia Feijoa leaves had trichomes on abaxial surfaces only. Paclobutrazol increased trichome frequency on adaxial surfaces of Arizona Feijoa leaves. Stomatal frequency of Georgia Feijoa leaves was about doubled by paclobutrazol. Reflectance of near-infrared radiation by paclobutrazol-treated Feijoa leaves was 1.4 times higher than that of nontreated leaves in Georgia and 1.9 times in Arizona. Near-infrared reflectance by Georgia Ligustrum leaves was 1.3 times higher than by Arizona Ligustrum leaves and was not affected by paclobutrazol. Leaf reflectance of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by Arizona Feijoa was higher than by Georgia Feijoa. Paclobutrazol increased PAR reflectance by Arizona Feijoa leaves. In contrast, Georgia Feijoa PAR reflectance was decreased by paclobutrazol. Paclobutrazol or location did not affect Ligustrum PAR reflectance. Chemical name used: (2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol).
Daylength and Resistance of Strawberry Foliage to the Twospotted Spider Mite
Authors: Patterson Cary G. , Archbold Douglas D. , Rodriguez J.G. , Hamilton-Kemp Thomas R.
Published: February 2019

The influence of long and short daylengths on twospotted spider mite (TSSM) (Tetranychus urticae Koch) resistance of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) foliage was studied. Photoperiods of 8 hours (short daylength) and continuous light (long daylength) altered the seasonal change in susceptibility of `Redchief' strawberry foliage to TSSM. Plants exposed to continuous light rapidly became resistant, those exposed to short daylength remained relatively susceptible, and plants under natural daylength exhibited the seasonal change of slowly increasing resistance. Plants resistant to TSSM under long daylength became susceptible 19 days after being switched to a short daylength. Plants that were switched from short to long daylength changed from TSSM susceptible to resistant. Field-grown plants of `Redchief', a short-day sensitive cultivar, and `Tribute', a day-neutral cultivar, exhibited increasing resistance to TSSM from 2 weeks before bloom until 2 weeks into harvest when greatest resistance was observed. These results suggest that TSSM resistance in strawberry is influenced by daylength and that this effect may be independent of daylength effects on strawberry reproductive development.
Inheritance of Resistance to Root Lesion Nematode in Red Raspberry
Authors: Vrain T.C. , Daubeny Hugh A. , Hall J.W. , DeYoung R.M. , Anderson A.K.
Published: February 2019

The inheritance of resistance to the root lesion nematode [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filip. and Stek.] in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) was studied in a four-member half diallel, involving two resistant genotypes and two susceptible genotypes. Estimates of general and specific combining abilities (GCA and SCA, respectively) were determined for nematode densities in roots alone and soil alone, nematode densities per plant, and plant root and foliage biomass. GCA were significant for nematodes in soil and for root and foliage biomass; SCA were significant for nematodes in the soil and for root biomass. Neither GCA nor SCA was significant for number of nematodes in the roots or per plant.
Production of a Microspore-derived Callus Population from Sweet Cherry
Authors: Long Christopher M. , Mulinix Colleen A. , Iezzoni Amy F.
Published: February 2019

Microspore-derived callus cultures were obtained by anther culture of `Emperor Francis' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Branches were removed from the field in January and March and forced in the laboratory. When the microspores reached the uninucleate stage, anthers were placed on modified Quoirin and Lepoivre liquid culture medium containing 4.4 μm BA and 4.5 μm 2,4-D. After ≈60 days, callus that emerged from the anthers was placed on woody plant medium supplemented with 1 μm 2,4-D and 3 μm 2iP and routinely transferred. The resulting 270 callus cultures were screened for two allozymes heterozygous in `Emperor Francis', Pgi-2 and 6-Pgd-1. Of the 270 callus cultures, 154 expressed only one allele each for Pgi-2 and 6-Pgd-1; thus, they were considered microspore-derived. The microspore-derived callus cultures can be used as a linkage mapping population. Chemical names used: 6-benzyladenine (BA); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); N6-(2-isopentenyl)-adenine (2iP).