bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Major Lineage of Enteroendocrine Cells Coexpress CCK, Secretin, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and Neurotensin but Not Somatostatin
Authors: Egerod Kristoffer L. , Engelstoft Maja S. , Grunddal Kaare V. , Nøhr Mark K. , Secher Anna , Sakata Ichiro , Pedersen Jens , Windeløv Johanne A. , Füchtbauer Ernst-Martin , Olsen Jørgen , Sundler Frank , Christensen Jan P. , Wierup Nils , Olsen Jesper V. , Holst Jens J. , Zigman Jeffrey M. , Poulsen Steen S. , Schwartz Thue W.
Published: October 2012

Enteroendocrine cells such as duodenal cholecystokinin (CCK cells) are generally thought to be confined to certain segments of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and to store and release peptides derived from only a single peptide precursor. In the current study, however, transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under the control of the CCK promoter demonstrated a distribution pattern of CCK-eGFP positive cells that extended throughout the intestine. Quantitative PCR and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry proteomic analyses of isolated, FACS-purified CCK-eGFP-positive cells demonstrated expression of not only CCK but also glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY), neurotensin, and secretin, but not somatostatin. Immunohistochemistry confirmed this expression pattern. The broad coexpression phenomenon was observed both in crypts and villi as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and FACS analysis of separated cell populations. Single-cell quantitative PCR indicated that approximately half of the duodenal CCK-eGFP cells express one peptide precursor in addition to CCK, whereas an additional smaller fraction expresses two peptide precursors in addition to CCK. The coexpression pattern was further confirmed through a cell ablation study based on expression of the human diphtheria toxin receptor under the control of the proglucagon promoter, in which activation of the receptor resulted in a marked reduction not only in GLP-1 cells, but also PYY, neurotensin, GIP, CCK, and secretin cells, whereas somatostatin cells were spared. Key elements of the coexpression pattern were confirmed by immunohistochemical double staining in human small intestine. It is concluded that a lineage of mature enteroendocrine cells have the ability to coexpress members of a group of functionally related peptides: CCK, secretin, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and neurotensin, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and obesity.
Reading between Images and Worlds: An Interview with W. J. T. Mitchell
Authors: Anfeng Sheng
Published: October 2012

In this interview, W. J. T. Mitchell discusses many issues of concern to his readers. He talks about the relationship between art and environment and between images and words. For him, iconology at its foundation is not just about images but also about words; it is about investigating the conditions under which “words and images come together or pull apart and contest one another.” He constantly goes back and forth between literature and the visual arts, between words and images. Instead of seeing the study of images as a threat to literature, he sees it as an enrichment of it. Both literature and visual arts should be “connected with real life” and the world, “not clustered in the library where they have no communication with the experience of ordinary people.” He points out that different from the previously insular, Eurocentric world, the international art world now has produced a new kind of connection across the arts, and a new sense of global contemporaneity has emerged in which the center is much more difficult to locate. As to contemporary Chinese art in general, he perceives a “great leap,” in which much exciting, innovative work is being done. While recognizing the rapid development of Chinese higher education, he is also concerned with its obsession with money, which can produce quick returns but long-term disaster. An overemphasis on technology and science, as well as on business and economics, will harm the great legacy of Chinese literature and art. He points out that the responsibility of intellectuals is to engage in worldly issues, politics, and social affairs through writing, teaching, and interpretation of all forms of “texts.” In his recent book Cloning Terror, he observes that the war on terror had the effect of enhancing the terrorist program, paradoxically producing more terrorists. He also touches on the principles of managing his distinguished academic journal Critical Inquiry.
Moral Worth, Supererogation, and the Justifying/Requiring Distinction
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: October 2012

Julia Markovits has recently argued for what she calls the ‘Coincident Reasons Thesis’: the thesis that one’s action is morally worthy if and only if one’s motivating reasons for acting mirror, in content and strength, the reasons that explain why the action ought, morally, to be performed. This thesis assumes that the structure of motivating reasons is sufficiently similar to the structure of normative reasons that the required coincidence in content and strength is a genuine possibility. But because motivating reasons have only one dimension of strength, while normative reasons have both justifying and requiring strength, one’s motivating reasons can no more coincide with the normative reasons of relevance to one’s action than a line can coincide with a square, or a square with a cube. It is possible to amend the Coincident Reasons Thesis so that it concerns only one dimension of normative strength: for example, requiring strength. But such an amended thesis yields implausible verdicts. In particular it requires us either to deny the existence of supererogatory action, or—still less plausibly—to hold that such action has less moral worth than does doing the morally required minimum.
Causation, Chance, and the Rational Significance of Supernatural Evidence
Authors: Price Huw
Published: October 2012

In “A Subjectivist’s Guide to Objective Chance,” David Lewis says that he is “led to wonder whether anyone but a subjectivist is in a position to understand objective chance.” The present essay aims to motivate this same Lewisean attitude, and a similar degree of modest subjectivism, with respect to objective causation.

The essay begins with Newcomb problems, which turn on an apparent tension between two principles of choice: roughly, a principle sensitive to the causal features of the relevant situation, and a principle sensitive only to evidential factors. Two-boxers give priority to causal beliefs, and one-boxers to evidential beliefs. The essay notes that a similar issue can arise when the modality in question is chance, rather than causation. In this case, the conflict is between decision rules based on credences guided solely by chances, and rules based on credences guided by other sorts of probabilistic evidence. Far from excluding cases of the latter kind, Lewis’s Principal Principle explicitly allows for them, in the form of the caveat that credences should follow beliefs about chances only in the absence of “inadmissible evidence.”

The essay then exhibits a tension in Lewis’s views on these two matters, by presenting a class of decision problems—some of them themselves Newcomb problems—in which Lewis’s view of the relevance of inadmissible evidence seems in tension with his causal decision theory. It offers a diagnosis for this dilemma and proposes a remedy, based on an extension of a proposal due to Ned Hall and others from the case of chance to that of causation. The remedy suggests a new view of the relation between causal decision theory and evidential decision theory, namely, that they stand to each other much as chance stands to credence, being objective and subjective faces of the same practical coin. This has much the same metaphysical benefits as Lewis’s own view of chance and also throws interesting new light on Newcomb problems, providing an irenic resolution of the apparent disagreement between causal and evidential decision rules.
Bmi1overexpression in the cerebellar granule cell lineage of mice affects cell proliferation and survival without initiating medulloblastoma formation
Authors: Behesti Hourinaz , Bhagat Heeta , Dubuc Adrian M. , Taylor Michael D. , Marino Silvia
Published: October 2012

BMI1 is a potent inducer of neural stem cell self-renewal and neural progenitor cell proliferation during development and in adult tissue homeostasis. It is overexpressed in numerous human cancers - including medulloblastomas, in which its functional role is unclear. We generated transgenic mouse lines with targeted overexpression of Bmi1 in the cerebellar granule cell lineage, a cell type that has been shown to act as a cell of origin for medulloblastomas. Overexpression of Bmi1 in granule cell progenitors (GCPs) led to a decrease in cerebellar size due to decreased GCP proliferation and repression of the expression of cyclin genes, whereas Bmi1 overexpression in postmitotic granule cells improved cell survival in response to stress by altering the expression of genes in the mitochondrial cell death pathway and of Myc and Lef-1. Although no medulloblastomas developed in ageing cohorts of transgenic mice, crosses with Trp53−/− mice resulted in a low incidence of medulloblastoma formation. Furthermore, analysis of a large collection of primary human medulloblastomas revealed that tumours with a BMI1high TP53low molecular profile are significantly enriched in Group 4 human medulloblastomas. Our data suggest that different levels and timing of Bmi1 overexpression yield distinct cellular outcomes within the same cellular lineage. Importantly, Bmi1 overexpression at the GCP stage does not induce tumour formation, suggesting that BMI1 overexpression in GCP-derived human medulloblastomas probably occurs during later stages of oncogenesis and might serve to enhance tumour cell survival.
Dysregulation of cholesterol balance in the brain: contribution to neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Vance Jean E.
Published: October 2012

Dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis in the brain is increasingly being linked to chronic neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington’s disease (HD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease and Smith-Lemli Opitz syndrome (SLOS). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the correlation between altered cholesterol metabolism and the neurological deficits are, for the most part, not clear. NPC disease and SLOS are caused by mutations in genes involved in the biosynthesis or intracellular trafficking of cholesterol, respectively. However, the types of neurological impairments, and the areas of the brain that are most affected, differ between these diseases. Some, but not all, studies indicate that high levels of plasma cholesterol correlate with increased risk of developing AD. Moreover, inheritance of the E4 isoform of apolipoprotein E (APOE), a cholesterol-carrying protein, markedly increases the risk of developing AD. Whether or not treatment of AD with statins is beneficial remains controversial, and any benefit of statin treatment might be due to anti-inflammatory properties of the drug. Cholesterol balance is also altered in HD and PD, although no causal link between dysregulated cholesterol homeostasis and neurodegeneration has been established. Some important considerations for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier to many therapeutic agents and difficulties in reversing brain damage that has already occurred. This article focuses on how cholesterol balance in the brain is altered in several neurodegenerative diseases, and discusses some commonalities and differences among the diseases.
Exacerbated neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis phenotype in Cln1/5 double knock-out mice
Authors: Blom Tea , Schmiedt Mia-Lisa , Wong Andrew M. , Kyttälä Aija , Soronen Jarkko , Jauhiainen Matti , Tyynelä Jaana , Cooper Jonathan D. , Jalanko Anu
Published: October 2012

Both CLN1 and CLN5 deficiencies lead to severe neurodegenerative diseases of childhood, known as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). The broadly similar phenotypes of NCL mouse models, and the potential for interactions between NCL proteins, raise the possibility of shared or convergent disease mechanisms. To begin addressing these issues, we have developed a new mouse model lacking both Cln1 and Cln5 genes. These double-knockout (Cln1/5 dko) mice were fertile, showing a slight decrease in expected Mendelian breeding ratios, as well as impaired embryoid body formation by induced pluripotent stem cells derived from Cln1/5 dko fibroblasts. Typical disease manifestations of the NCLs, i.e. seizures and motor dysfunction, were detected at the age of 3 months, earlier than in either single knockout mouse. Pathological analyses revealed a similar exacerbation and earlier onset of disease in Cln1/5 dko mice, which exhibited a pronounced accumulation of autofluorescent storage material. Cortical demyelination and more pronounced glial activation in cortical and thalamic regions was followed by cortical neuron loss. Alterations in lipid metabolism in Cln1/5 dko showed a specific increase in plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) activity. Finally, gene expression profiling of Cln1/5 dko cortex revealed defects in myelination and immune response pathways, with a prominent downregulation of α-synuclein in Cln1/5 dko mouse brains. The simultaneous loss of both Cln1 and Cln5 genes might enhance the typical pathological phenotypes of these mice by disrupting or downregulating shared or convergent pathogenic pathways, which could potentially include interactions of CLN1 and CLN5.
Mice deficient in the H+-ATPase a4 subunit have severe hearing impairment associated with enlarged endolymphatic compartments within the inner ear
Authors: Lorente-Cánovas Beatriz , Ingham Neil , Norgett Elizabeth E. , Golder Zoe J. , Karet Frankl Fiona E. , Steel Karen P.
Published: October 2012

Mutations in the ATP6V0A4 gene lead to autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis in patients, who often show sensorineural hearing impairment. A first Atp6v0a4 knockout mouse model that recapitulates the loss of H+-ATPase function seen in humans has been generated and recently reported (Norgett et al., 2012). Here, we present the first detailed analysis of the structure and function of the auditory system in Atp6v0a4-/- knockout mice. Measurements of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) showed significantly elevated thresholds in homozygous mutant mice, which indicate severe hearing impairment. Heterozygote thresholds were normal. Analysis of paint-filled inner ears and sections from E16.5 embryos revealed a marked expansion of cochlear and endolymphatic ducts in Atp6v0a4-/- mice. A regulatory link between Atp6v0a4, Foxi1 and Pds has been reported and we found that the endolymphatic sac of Atp6v0a4-/- mice expresses both Foxi1 and Pds, which suggests a downstream position of Atp6v0a4. These mutants also showed a lack of endocochlear potential, suggesting a functional defect of the stria vascularis on the lateral wall of the cochlear duct. However, the main K+ channels involved in the generation of endocochlear potential, Kcnj10 and Kcnq1, are strongly expressed in Atp6v0a4-/- mice. Our results lead to a better understanding of the role of this proton pump in hearing function.
A case of a distinct difference between the measured blood ethanol concentration and the concentration estimated by Widmark's equation
Authors: Thierauf Annette , Kempf Jürgen , Eschbach Jürg , Auwärter Volker , Weinmann Wolfgang , Gnann Heike
Published: October 2012

In the last century, several mathematical models have been developed to calculate blood ethanol concentrations (BAC) from the amount of ingested ethanol and vice versa. The most common one in the field of forensic sciences is Widmark's equation. A drinking experiment with 10 voluntary test persons was performed with a target BAC of 1.2 g/kg estimated using Widmark's equation as well as Watson's factor. The ethanol concentrations in the blood were measured using headspace gas chromatography/flame ionization and additionally with an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-based method. In a healthy 75-year-old man a distinct discrepancy between the intended and the determined blood ethanol concentration was observed. A blood ethanol concentration of 1.83 g/kg was measured and the man showed signs of intoxication. A possible explanation for the discrepancy is a reduction of the total body water content in older people. The incident showed that caution is advised when using the different mathematical models in aged people. When estimating ethanol concentrations, caution is recommended with calculated results due to potential discrepancies between mathematical models and biological systems.
An Empirical Study of Word-of-Mouth Generation and Consumption
Authors: Yang Sha , Hu Mantian (Mandy) , Winer Russell S. , Assael Henry , Chen Xiaohong
Published: October 2012

Word-of-mouth (WOM) plays an increasingly important role in shaping consumers' attitudes and buying behaviors. Prior work in marketing has mainly focused on the aggregate impact of WOM on product sales as well as the generation of WOM. Very little attention has been paid to the consumption or usage of WOM. In this paper, utilizing a unique data set that collects information from the automobile category on whether a consumer generates WOM to others and uses WOM for making purchase decisions, we build a discrete-choice model to study consumer WOM generation and WOM consumption decisions simultaneously and empirically answer questions that have not been explored previously. We are particularly interested in studying the key drivers of WOM generation/consumption and the synergy effect between the two WOM-related activities. We apply the proposed model to survey data collected on the automobile category. We find a strong synergy between WOM generation and WOM consumption. Although some consumers view WOM generation and WOM consumption as complementary to each other, others tend to perceive the two activities as competing with each other. We also find that consumer product experience and media exposure are positively correlated with their propensity to generate WOM. However, their effect on WOM consumption is mixed. Our empirical analysis also provides evidence of unobserved heterogeneity in the way consumer WOM activities are related to consumer product experience. Overall, these findings lead to important managerial implications on targeting for effective use of WOM as a marketing tool.
Contextual Advertising
Authors: Zhang Kaifu , Katona Zsolt
Published: October 2012

Contextual advertising entails the display of relevant ads based on the content that consumers view, exploiting the potential that consumers' content preferences are indicative of their product preferences. This paper studies the strategic aspects of such advertising, considering an intermediary who has access to a content base, sells advertising space to advertisers who compete in the product market, and provides the targeting technology. The results show that contextual targeting impacts advertiser profit in two ways: First, advertising through relevant content topics helps advertisers reach consumers with a strong preference for their product. Second, heterogeneity in consumers' content preferences can be leveraged to reduce product market competition, especially when competition is intense. The intermediary has incentives to strategically design its targeting technology, sometimes at the cost of the advertisers. When product market competition is moderate, the intermediary offers accurate targeting such that the consumers see the most relevant ads. When competition is high, the intermediary lowers the targeting accuracy such that the consumers see less relevant ads. Doing so intensifies competition and encourages advertisers to bid for multiple content topics in order to prevent their competitors from reaching consumers. In some cases, this may lead to an asymmetric equilibrium where one advertiser bids high even for the content topic that is more relevant to its competitor.
Product Differentiation and Collusion Sustainability When Collusion Is Costly
Authors: Colombo Stefano
Published: October 2012

A widely debated question in recent years by both strategy theorists and antitrust practitioners is what role product differentiation between firms plays in their ability to sustain a collusive agreement in order to reduce the strength of competition and gain higher profits. This paper addresses the following question: What happens to the “product differentiation–collusion sustainability” relationship when setting up and maintaining an agreement is costly? We show that introducing collusion costs into the discussion has relevant implications. Indeed, sufficiently high collusion costs modify the underlying market structure, thus altering the product differentiation–collusion sustainability relationship with respect to the case where collusion costs are absent or low. In particular, if the gains from collusion are increasing (decreasing) with the degree of product differentiation, the relationship between product differentiation and collusion sustainability is always positive (negative), whereas if the gains from collusion are inverted U-shaped, the relationship is inverted U-shaped too. These results stress the importance of considering those markets where the coordination between firms is sufficiently costly as structurally different from those markets where coordination has no costs for firms.
Performance Criteria for Testosterone Measurements Based on Biological Variation in Adult Males: Recommendations from the Partnership for the Accurate Testing of Hormones
Authors: Yun Yeo-Min , Botelho Julianne Cook , Chandler Donald W , Katayev Alex , Roberts William L , Stanczyk Frank Z , Vesper Hubert W , Nakamoto Jon M , Garibaldi Luigi , Clarke Nigel J , Fitzgerald Robert L
Published: October 2012

BACKGROUND

Testosterone measurements that are accurate, reliable, and comparable across methodologies are crucial to improving public health. Current US Food and Drug Administration–cleared testosterone assays have important limitations. We sought to develop assay performance requirements on the basis of biological variation that allow physiologic changes to be distinguished from assay analytical errors.

METHODS

From literature review, the technical advisory subcommittee of the Partnership for the Accurate Testing of Hormones compiled a database of articles regarding analytical and biological variability of testosterone. These data, mostly from direct immunoassay-based methodologies, were used to specify analytical performance goals derived from within- and between-person variability of testosterone.

RESULTS

The allowable limits of desirable imprecision and bias on the basis of currently available biological variation data were 5.3% and 6.4%, respectively. The total error goal was 16.7%. From recent College of American Pathologists proficiency survey data, most currently available testosterone assays missed these analytical performance goals by wide margins. Data from the recently established CDC Hormone Standardization program showed that although the overall mean bias of selected certified assays was within 6.4%, individual sample measurements could show large variability in terms of precision, bias, and total error.

CONCLUSIONS

Because accurate measurement of testosterone across a wide range of concentrations [approximately 2–2000 ng/dL (0.069–69.4 nmol/L)] is important, we recommend using available data on biological variation to calculate performance criteria across the full range of expected values. Additional studies should be conducted to obtain biological variation data on testosterone from women and children, and revisions should be made to the analytical goals for these patient populations.
The Ethiopian King
Authors: Saiedi Nader , Ghaemmaghami Omid
Published: October 2012

This article brings to light a number of hitherto unknown passages from the writings of the Bāb about Hajji Mubārak, the Bāb’s Ethiopian servant.
Anti-Bahā'ī Polemics and Historiography
Authors: Yazdani Mina
Published: October 2012

This article examines the corpus of anti-Baha’i polemics produced since the mid-19th century as historiographical works, exploring the ways in which they have been exploited in the service of writing the dominant history. It categorizes these polemics, identifies their major themes,
and traces the shift in their overtone from religious/moral to political. Suggesting that historiography became an integral part of anti-Baha’i polemics from early on, it focuses on Tahirih, Dolgoruki, and Hoveyda as epitomes of the three main accusations levelled against Baha’is:
moral/ethical decadence, clandestine foreign dependency, and political corruption. The article concludes by advancing a short analysis of the role these accusations have played in anti-Baha’i polemics and why they have been blindly accepted by large numbers of Iranians.
Researching personal images and multiple voices: The methodological questions of ethics and power
Authors: MÄKIRANTA M. , YLITAPIO-MÄNTYLÄ O.
Published: October 2012

The article describes the use of personal photographs in a teaching case and in a research project. The teaching case was based on memory work and photographs; its aim was to make students aware of the socially constructed and everyday practises that shape our knowledge of the world
and affect meanings associated with gender. In this case, the memory work also suggested for the participants the ways to affect our own future and operate in society. The research case concentrated on autobiographical photographs as well as the ways such images enable to arrate, present and
recall the self. In the article, we ask: what are the methodological and practical possibilities and challenges introduced by the use of personal photographs in teaching and study cases? What ethical and power-related questions do private and personal data raise? By analysing the aforementioned
cases, we will illustrate the methodological criteria and dilemmas for using images in teaching and research cases.
Some notions of artistic creativity amongst history of art students acquired through incidental learning
Authors: NEWTON DOUGLAS P. , DONKIN HAZEL
Published: October 2012

In the West, creativity may be admired and valued but what it means can be elusive. Rather than being the subject of discussion in the classroom, meaning generally develops incidentally. We elicited twenty final-year history of art students’ beliefs about artistic creativity in
England using a questionnaire and interviews. The responses provided qualitative and quantitative data about these students’ notions of artistic creativity. Beliefs and clusters of beliefs were identified. Together, these were similar to those of western artists and art academics, but
clusters of beliefs showed there were also narrow and deficient notions regarding the product, process and locus of creativity. Teachers in higher education should be aware that students’ responses may give the impression that their beliefs about art are sound when, in reality, they
are unsound or narrow. This could have implications for employment, especially in a widening global economy.
Coming to our senses: Revisiting the haptic as a perceptual system
Authors: LEE YUJIN , DUNCUM PAUL
Published: October 2012

The article responds to current calls by art educators to expand consideration of the senses beyond the visual. Revisiting the haptic is necessary in order to understand recent, especially feminist, art. Reconceptualizing the haptic is necessary because the haptic carries baggage from
past uses of the concept that are deeply problematic. These include the proposal by art historians that the haptic constitutes an artistic drive comparable, though inferior, to a visual drive, and the proposal by art educators that the haptic represents a favoured personality type. These problematic
proposals are outlined in order to demarcate them from the current reconceptualization that draws upon recent theorizing from psychology about the senses and perceptual systems as well as phenomenological philosophy, feminist art theory and women’s art practice.
Cultural dialogues in European art education: Strategies for enhancing children’s culture and constructing diversity
Authors: RUSANEN SINIKKA , RIFÀ-VALLS MONTSERRAT , ALEXANDRE RUI , BOZZI GIOVANNA MARIA , HÄIKIÖ TARJA KARLSSON
Published: October 2012

The aim of our article is to discuss the potential of art education to enhance children’s culture. In so doing, we are contributing to a debate that began at the InSEA congress in Rovaniemi (2010) during the symposium on cultural diversity. The article is based on recent research
and art pedagogy projects conducted by the writers in five European countries: Finland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. When comparing and evaluating these projects, we focus on the space given to children’s culture and on the power art has in constructing childhood as a social and
cultural phenomenon. It was evident from the projects that enhancing children’s culture can be achieved in multiple ways, as cultural dialogues that can produce new understanding and places for further cultural encounters. The projects also made visible how childhood can be constructed
and reconstructed through art both by and for children. The projects emphasized the responsibility art educators have for organizing art education that enables the social and cultural participation of children.
Fresco Hunting in Bulgaria
Authors: Berryhill Georgia Gene
Published: October 2012

This article provides information covering the results of a photography-archaeology trip I took to Bulgaria to shoot late medieval frescoes, made possible by a Fulbright grant and the Balkan Heritage Field School (BHFS). The purpose of the expedition was to record frescoes for preservation
and restoration while creating public awareness, an important aspect, as these treasures are crumbling into ruin with every rainfall. Regional styles in visual culture were evident within the orthodox iconography, such as unusual depictions of female martyrs. The monasteries and churches that
house the frescoes were built during the Ottoman era when Muslim forces oppressed Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Therefore, the structures are small and often located in remote regions. Access to the sites has been restricted due to the communist regime (1944–1989), and at times due
to the challenging terrain. As part of public awareness, this work has been integrated with European popular culture through different avenues. One path taken by a generation of enterprising professionals, many who came into adulthood after communism fell, was to embrace new freedoms afforded
them since the Berlin Wall came down in 1989. Through university associations, a group of young archaeologists and art historians came together and formed the BHFS to help preserve Bulgaria's vast treasury of artefacts, dating back to the Thracians, the founders of European culture. With these
colleagues, I was able to connect with contemporary Eastern European culture first-hand, and was enriched by combinations of old and new in unique and surprising ways.
Lights, camera, … protest! Austrian film-makers and the extreme right
Authors: Fiddler Allyson
Published: October 2012

When the extreme-right, populist Freedom Party (FPÖ) and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) formed a coalition government in February 2000 there was wide-spread international outcry, with the European Union placing sanctions on its co-member country pending an investigation
into the party and its practices. In Austria itself, protest manifested itself in acts of regular street demonstrations and public debates, but artists, too, expressed their resistance to the new coalition government in a variety of forms. This article discusses a dozen short films from the
series, 'Die Kunst der Stunde ist Widerstand'/'The Art of the Day is Resistance' and explores the range of different aesthetic responses by film-makers in the series. The series offers far more than simply documents of the unrest. Instead, it provides extensive and innovative stimulus for
critical engagement.
Of Germanic eddies in the Black Atlantic: Electronica and (post-)national identity in the music of Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle (FSK) and in Thomas Meinecke's novel Hellblau (2001)
Authors: Hurley Andrew
Published: October 2012

Attention has been drawn to German music's inspirational role in the 'birth' of techno and house in the United States, as well as to Germany's pre-eminent place in the recent development of electronic dance music. Some even suggest that techno might be inherently German. Yet whilst
electronica seems to offer materials with which to imagine Germanness, an alternative reading is available. This article specifically examines how discourses about electronica and (post-)national identity intersect in Thomas Meinecke's recent musical oeuvre with Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle
(FSK), which has for some years been involved in its own adaptations of electronica, and in his later novels, especially Hellblau. Both advance a celebratory reading of the international spread of electronica – and of the productive 'transatlantic feedback' between Germany and the United
States – which is consistent not only with a long-standing German trope associated with African American forms of music (especially jazz), but also with more recent, postmodern approaches to identity.
Turkish auteur cinema and European identity: Economic influences on aesthetic issues
Authors: Deslandes Ghislain , Maixent Jocelyn
Published: October 2012

With the question of the so-called European nature – the unitas multiplex – of our cinema in mind, we turn to the European identity of Turkish movies, at a time when the possible integration of Turkey into the European Union looms large over EU-27 parliamentary elections.
We propose two approaches, one economic and the other semiotic. For the first approach, we present the economic history of the Turkish popular feature film industry and show the role it has played in the production of contemporary Turkish auteur cinema. We also demonstrate how the emergent
generation of film-makers relies on European funding. For the second approach, we propose an analysis of the main characteristics of the movies shot by Nuri Bilge Ceylan, an important representative of this new generation, which have much in common with European classical movies. Our study
reveals how his work rests on European cultural references and a deeply European way of making movies. According to the director himself, this un-Hollywoodian approach makes it possible to explore the inner self of his characters. We conclude that, if we can establish the presence of obvious
convergences between Ceylan's cinema and the European culture, the hypothesis that financing strongly influences aesthetic issues is not validated.
Evaluating historic graffiti based on cultural significance and definitions of art
Authors: Vettese-Forster Samantha , Forster Alan M
Published: October 2012

Many examples of historic graffiti have been shown to be worthy of attention and conservation. The examples discussed in this article have been selected for their previous academic study, enabling rational assessment. This work does not suggest that only those examples of historic graffiti
that have been subject to academic investigation can be evaluated and classified. This article, the result of a collaboration between two individuals with complementary interests in building conservation and contextual studies in art and design, brings together formal techniques used in the
assessment of cultural significance in traditional architectural conservation and established theories in the evaluation of art. It is the purpose of this work to help those who are attempting to evaluate the merit of graffiti to do so.

The current Scottish system that assesses cultural
significance may be incomplete in its evaluation of graffiti. This necessitates a supplementary investigation of the artistic characteristics and merit of graffiti.

Almost all graffiti could be said to be 'art', using established definitions, but not 'good' art. This evaluation may only
be undertaken by experts, as with other aspects of identification of cultural significance within the built environment.
The traitor as patriot: Guy Burgess, Englishness and camp in Another Country and An Englishman Abroad
Authors: Girelli Elisabetta
Published: October 2012

This article focuses on the representation of the spy Guy Burgess, one of the famous Cambridge ring, in two very successful British heritage films, An Englishman Abroad (John Schlesinger, UK, 1983) and Another Country (Marek Kanievska, UK, 1984). The article argues that the films rely
on popular notions of Englishness as politically safe and non-extremist, thus fabricating a view of the past that misrepresents Burgess in the effort to normalize him. Similarly, stereotypical views of gay men as frivolous and non-ideological are amply exploited in the films' portrayal of
their protagonist. Burgess's upper-class English roots are used to package him as part of the heritage experience, while his homosexuality is not only presented as the reason for spying, but it is also constructed as a camp performance, effectively defusing the threat of ideological commitment
and political betrayal. The radical, lethal and devoutly Marxist Burgess is thus stripped of his ideology and turned into a safe national icon.
All that glitters: The early film career of John Schlesinger
Authors: Cardullo Bert
Published: October 2012

This article argues the progress of John Schlesinger (1926–2003) as a film artist, up to and including The Day of the Locust (1975), was dependent on whether he was willing to settle for surfaces or whether he would insist on an inner rationale and validity for his work: whether
he would build upward from the most stringent perceptions towards a virtuoso display of them, or begin at the top with slickness and add just enough clever dialogue and facilely bitter comment to provide marketable Weltschmerz for popular audiences worldwide. In the end, Schlesinger settled
for surfaces – sometimes far less – in a career that, by the time of Yanks (1979) and Honky Tonk Freeway (1981), could only descend from so much slickness into lamentable sorriness. By considering this British director's first three, and best, films – A Kind of Loving (Schlesinger,
1962), Billy Liar (Schlesinger, 1963) and Darling (Schlesinger, 1965) – I propose to demonstrate how each of this trio of works holds both the promise of cinematic growth and the prospect of directorial delinquency into which Schlesinger would ultimately decline.
History, memory and myth in Greece
Authors: Håland Evy Johanne
Published: October 2012

The local festival dedicated to the Anniversary of the Vision of Agia (saint) or Osia (venerable, blessed saint) Pelagia is celebrated on the Greek island of Tinos, and is dedicated to one of the most recent Orthodox saints, Agia Pelagia, a nun who was sanctified in 1970. After the
Greek War of Independence (1821) broke out, the pious nun Pelagia had several mystical visions that led to the finding of the miraculous icon of the Annunciation. According to the tradition, Pelagia repeatedly saw, in her visions, the Panagia (Virgin Mary), who ordered her to start digging
to find her icon. In 1823, the icon was unearthed in the field where it had remained for about 850 years. 'Pelagia's Vision' is celebrated annually on 23 July. During the festival the church housing her skull next to her cell in the monastery of Kekhrovouno, where she had the visions, is particularly
important. Based on a presentation of this festival and other relevant rituals from Greece where I have conducted fieldwork, this article will explore aspects of history, memory and myth and the ways in which the past is represented in the Greek context.
Playing the city: Das Dämonische Berlin and Einstürzende Neubauten
Authors: Shryane Jennifer
Published: October 2012

In this article I discuss the close and diverse relationship between German musicians, Einstürzende Neubauten and their city of origin, Berlin, in order to show how this relationship has enabled the band both to encapsulate a unique historical–cultural moment and to extend
the boundaries of sonic art. I have structured my discussion around the various interpretations of Neubauten's name, their philosophy of music, their use of the 'island-city' of West Berlin as instrumentation and text during the 1980s and the development and changes which occurred with this
practice post-unification. The article concludes with an analysis of their 2004 concert, Grundstück, which took place in former East Berlin's Palast der Republik.
Bad religion/good spirituality? Explorations of religion in contemporary Scandinavian films
Authors: SJÖ SOFIA
Published: October 2012

The focus of this article is on the many Scandinavian films produced in the last decade that address religious topics. The main thesis of the study is that insights from the field of sociology of religion can help contextualize contemporary Scandinavian films dealing with religion,
deepening our understanding of both the inspiration for these films and their reception. Five common ways of representing religion are presented, illustrated by five films. Discussion focuses on the ways in which religion is both criticized and affirmed; the depiction of specific kinds of
religion; and three theories of religious and cultural change - secularization, detraditionalization and post-secularization - that can illuminate the cinematic representation of religion.
Producer-centric versus participation-centric: On the shaping of mobile media
Authors: Westlund Oscar
Published: October 2012

News media are forming omnipresence strategies to become accessible anytime, anywhere and through any device. Mobile news services and mobile applications play an increasingly influential role in contemporary newspapers. This is an in-depth study of a newspaper organization contemplating
the challenges coupled with mobile media. It shows how heterogeneous sensemaking processes emerge among media workers from editorial, business and IT departments. Most importantly, it shows two polarized constellations within the newspaper organization when it comes to the shaping of its mobile
application. Several arguments were used in their respective rhetoric, and at the loci of their attention was the negotiation of a producer- versus a participation-centric design. An alliance of media workers from the editorial and IT departments won ground for their producer-centric proposal,
enacting an iPhone application primarily based on auto-directed flows of traditional news reporting. They produced a self-fulfilling prophecy, creating cues for other newspapers in a newspaper industry characterized by isomorphism.
From parasocial interaction to social TV: Analysing the host–audience relationship in multi-platform productions
Authors: Enli Gunn Sara
Published: October 2012

Drawing on an analysis of three entertainment formats with a participatory element provided by new technology, the article discusses to what degree contemporary TV production is in transition as a result of technological convergence. A point of departure is the host–audience ‘parasocial’
relationship and experienced intimacy at a distance, which was already identified in the early days of television. The article argues that, with the introduction of digital return channels and the increased production of multi-platform formats, the audience has become an external production
unit. Its members are expected to provide feedback to the programme, and the producers are dependent on their text messages and votes to be included in the narrative and thus have a certain degree of influence on the production. The hosts thus encourage viewers to engage via digital return
channels, and use techniques such as pedagogic instructions, sales strategies and semi-private intimacy. As a result, TV production is increasingly about producing a dialogue with the viewers, and about facilitating ‘social TV’ experiences via second platform interactivity.
Beyond the text: Producing cross- and transmedia fiction in Flanders
Authors: Simons Nele , Dhoest Alexander , Malliet Steven
Published: October 2012

In the age of convergence, the American television industry is turning to the production of media content that can be accessed through a range of platforms. In this study, we research to which degree this is also true for the European case of Flanders, investigating the elements that
are part of contemporary television texts on the one hand, and the production process of these expanded television texts on the other. Production analyses of four Flemish fiction series show that cross- and transmedia applications are rather limited, especially on commercial television. Most
of the programme extensions are situated within traditional media and are purely commercial extensions. Based on analysis of in-depth interviews with producers of each case, the article concludes that transmedia extensions are not integrated in the production process because of budgetary restrictions
and a widespread disbelief in the benefits of transmedia stories.
The changing production culture of television satire
Authors: Bruun Hanne
Published: October 2012

This article argues for a genre approach in the analysis of changing production cultures. It supports the fruitfulness of this approach using results from a study of satirical sketch comedy production in Danish public service television. The article outlines the paradigmatic changes
to the production practices of satire in the period from 1999 to 2009, during which the competition in the Danish television system intensified. On the basis of these results, the article discusses an emerging production culture of ‘auteur-like’ entertainment suited to new media
platforms used by the public service media, and driven by media-referential comedy. This production culture developed alongside a production culture of entertainment focused on versioning international television formats. This development indicates that multiple and relatively autonomous production
cultures coexist within a larger television entertainment production system with very different consequences for the entertainment output at large.
A systems view of film-making as a creative practice
Authors: Redvall Eva Novrup
Published: October 2012

This article proposes a framework for how to approach case studies of production processes in the field of film and media studies, drawing on theories from the field of creativity research, e.g. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s systems view of creativity and models of creative processes
from the school of creative problem solving (CPS). The article suggests how to think of film production as an interplay between individuals, the domain and the field and how to understand production processes as different stages in a problem-finding and problem-solving effort. The aim is to
encourage further discussions about the challenges of doing production studies, since the highly complex and contextual process of creating new film and media products raises a number of questions about how to conceive of creative work and how to study it.
Metacoverage taking the place of coverage: wikiLeaks as a source for the production of news in the digital age
Authors: Mortensen Mette
Published: October 2012

While recent studies have engaged critically with the publication of news on multiple platforms, and the competition to mainstream media from non-traditional online news platforms, scholars have devoted less attention to the changes brought about to the production of news by the host
of online sources becoming available for journalism. This article investigates the way in which the availability and competition from digital sources place the production of news from war zones in transition. Theoretically, metacoverage is introduced as one prevailing strategy applied by mainstream
news media, when following up on stories launched by non-traditional, online media actors. The empirical point of departure for this article is the coverage of WikiLeaks’ publication in 2010 of the gun camera video Collateral Murder in three US, three UK and three Danish newspapers,
which focused on the changing conditions for news production.