bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Catalysis with Heterobimetallic Compounds
Authors: Shibasaki Masakatsu , Sasai Hiroaki , Arai Takayoshi
Published: January 2004

This review focuses on a new concept in catalytic asymmetric reactions that was first realized for the use of heterobimetallic complexes. As these heterobimetallic complexes function as both a Brønsted base and as a Lewis acid, just like an enzyme, they make possible a variety of efficient catalytic asymmetric reactions. This heterobimetallic concept should prove to be applicable to a variety of new asymmetric catalyses. The first part of this review describes the development of rare‐earth–alkali metal complexes such as LnM3tris(binaphthoxide) complexes (LnMB, Ln = rare‐earth metal, M = alkali metal), which are readily prepared from the corresponding rare‐earth trichlorides or rare‐earth isopropoxides, and their application to catalytic asymmetric synthesis. By using a catalytic amount of LnMB complexes several asymmetric reactions proceed efficiently to give the corresponding desired products in up to 98% ee: LnLB‐catalyzed asymmetric nitroaldol reactions (L = Li), LnSB‐catalyzed asymmetric Michael reactions (S  Na), and LnPB‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrophosphonylations of either imines or aldehydes (P  K). Applications of these heterobimetallic catalysts to the syntheses of several biologically and medicinally important compounds are also described. Spectral analyses and computational simulations of the asymmetric reactions catalyzed by the heterobimetallic complexes reveal that the two different metals play different roles to enhance the reactivity of both reaction partners and to position them. From mechanistic considerations, a useful activation of the heterobimetallic catalyses was realized by addition of alkali metal reagents. The second part describes the development of another type of heterobimetallic catalysts featuring Group 13 elements such as Al and Ga as the central metal. Among them, the AlLibis(binaphthoxide) complex (ALB) is an effective catalyst for asymmetric Michael reactions, tandem Michael–aldol reactions, and hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes.
Dawn of Fullerenes: Conjecture and Experiment (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: Curl Robert F.
Published: January 2004

Although counterintuitive, the conjecture that high‐symmetry, low‐entropy truncated icosahedron C60 spontaneously forms out of the chaos of condensing carbon vapor proved to be true. The observation that the cluster of 60 carbon atoms is singularly chemically unreactive, as exemplified by its flagpole prominence in mass spectra, could be explained only by this hypothesis. This resulted in more conjecture, some of which proved correct, whereas others relating C60 to diffuse interstellar bonds and soot formation remain speculative. Even if of questionable validity, these speculations have played a useful role in driving chemists to think about the formation of fullerenes and other carbon morphologies.
Comparison of risk factors for vascular disease in the carotid artery and aorta in women with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Selzer Faith , Sutton‐Tyrrell Kim , Fitzgerald Shirley G. , Pratt Joan E. , Tracy Russell P. , Kuller Lewis H. , Manzi Susan
Published: January 2004

Objective

To examine and compare risk factors for various stages of subclinical vascular disease in different vascular beds (carotid and aorta) in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who have not yet developed clinical cardiovascular disease.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was conducted in 214 women without clinical cardiovascular disease who were enrolled in the Pittsburgh Lupus Registry. B‐mode ultrasound was used to measure carotid plaque and intima‐media wall thickness (IMT). Doppler probes were used to collect pulse‐wave velocity waveforms from the right carotid and femoral arteries as a measure of aortic stiffness. All risk factor data were collected on the day of the ultrasound examinations.

Results

The mean ± SD age of the women was 45.2 ± 10.5 years and the median SLE disease duration was ∼9 years. Sixty‐eight (32%) of the women had at least 1 focal plaque. The mean ± SD IMT was 0.71 ± 0.1 mm, and the mean ± SD pulse‐wave velocity was 5.96 ± 1.6 meters/second. Using logistic regression, we found that determinants of plaque included older age, higher systolic blood pressure, lower levels of high‐density lipoprotein 3, and antidepressant use. Determinants of plaque severity were older age, higher systolic blood pressure, lower levels of albumin, and smoking. Independent determinants of the highest quartile of IMT were older age, higher pulse pressure, lower levels of albumin, elevated C‐reactive protein levels, high cholesterol, and higher levels of glucose. Higher aortic stiffness was associated with older age, higher systolic blood pressure, higher C3 levels, lower white blood cell count, higher insulin levels, and renal disease.

Conclusion

In women with SLE, the risk factors associated with carotid plaque and IMT are those typically associated with cardiovascular disease in the general population, whereas the risk factors associated with vascular stiffness include SLE‐specific variables related to immune dysregulation and complement metabolism. The high prevalence of cardiovascular disease among lupus patients may result from both early adverse effects on vascular stiffening as well as later promotion of wall thickening and plaque through inflammatory‐mediated processes. These observations provide clues for future mechanistic studies.
Finer linkage mapping of primary osteoarthritis susceptibility loci on chromosomes 4 and 16 in families with affected women
Authors: Forster Tracy , Chapman Kay , Marcelline Lucy , Mustafa Zehra , Southam Lorraine , Loughlin John
Published: January 2004

Objective

To more finely linkage‐map primary osteoarthritis (OA) susceptibility loci on chromosomes 4 and 16.

Methods

Two hundred eighteen families, each with 2 or more women concordant for primary OA (ascertained by total hip replacement [THR] or total knee replacement), were genotyped using highly polymorphic microsatellite markers from chromosomes 4 and 16, at an average density of 1 marker every 4 cM. Two‐point and multipoint linkage analyses were performed for all 218 families and for the 146 families from the 218 that included women concordant for THR (female‐THR families).

Results

A single region of linkage was identified on chromosome 4q, with a maximum multipoint logarithm of odds (LOD) score (MLS) of 3.1 in the 146 female‐THR families. This locus was centered 79 cM from the 4p telomere and had a 1‐LOD support interval of 4 cM. Two regions of linkage were identified on chromosome 16, the first on 16p with an MLS of 1.7 in the female‐THR families and the second on 16q with an MLS of 1.9 in all 218 families. The first locus was centered 46 cM and the second 89 cM from the p‐telomere. The 1‐LOD support intervals were 12 cM and 10 cM, respectively.

Conclusion

Finer linkage mapping using a high density of microsatellite markers has narrowed female OA susceptibility loci on chromosomes 4 and 16. The regions have been narrowed sufficiently for association analysis.
Genomic absence of the gene encoding T cell receptor Vβ7.2 is linked to the presence of autoantibodies in Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Manavalan Sanil J. , Valiando Jennifer R. , Reeves Westley H. , Arnett Frank C. , Necker Antje , Simantov Ronit , Lyons Robert , Satoh Minoru , Posnett David N.
Published: January 2004

Objective

It is not yet known whether the absence of certain T cell receptor Vβ (TCRBV) genes (e.g., due to genomic deletion) has functional significance. We examined this question in relation to a known 21.6‐kb insertion/deletion‐related polymorphism (IDRP) in the human BV locus.

Methods

New polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping methods were used. Monoclonal antibodies to TCRBV gene products were used to confirm the absence of the relevant proteins. Patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were compared with normal controls with regard to TCR genotypes and serologic profiles.

Results

There are 3 known haplotypes (I, D1, D2) and 6 possible genotypes related to the 21.6‐kb IDRP. Novel PCR‐based methods were used to define these genotypes. In subjects with deleted/deleted (D/D) genotypes, T cells could not express Vβ7.2 TCRs, as assayed with a new antibody specific for Vβ7.2. This was the sole significant difference between subjects without the insertion and those with either 1 or 2 copies. Surprisingly, we found that the D/D genotype was associated with primary SS, but only when pathogenic autoantibodies were present.

Conclusion

These results suggest that T cells expressing TCRs with Vβ7.2 are protective against a pathogenic immune response in SS. Thus, genomic polymorphism of TCR genes (along with the correct HLA alleles) determines whether T cells can direct a pathogenic autoimmune response.
Anti‐DNA topoisomerase IIα autoantibodies in localized scleroderma
Authors: Hayakawa Ikuko , Hasegawa Minoru , Takehara Kazuhiko , Sato Shinichi
Published: January 2004

Objective

To determine the prevalence and clinical correlation of anti‐DNA topoisomerase IIα (anti–topo IIα) antibody in patients with localized scleroderma.

Methods

Anti–topo IIα antibodies or anti‐DNA topoisomerase I (topo I) antibodies were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting. Inhibition of topo IIα enzymatic activity by the antibodies was evaluated by decatenation assays using kinetoplast DNA as a substrate.

Results

IgG or IgM anti–topo IIα antibody was detected in 76% (35 of 46) of patients with localized scleroderma, and in 85% (11 of 13) of patients with generalized morphea, the severest form of localized scleroderma. This prevalence of the antibody in patients with localized scleroderma was much higher than that found in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) (5 of 37 [14%]), systemic lupus erythematosus (2 of 26 [8%]), dermatomyositis (2 of 20 [10%]), and in healthy controls (3 of 42 [7%]). Immunoblotting confirmed the presence of IgG anti–topo IIα antibody in sera from patients with localized scleroderma and showed no cross‐reactivity of anti–topo IIα antibody with topo I. Anti–topo I antibody was not detected by ELISA in any sera from patients with localized scleroderma. In addition, anti–topo I antibody from SSc patients did not cross‐react with topo IIα. The presence of anti–topo IIα antibody was associated with a greater total number of sclerotic lesions and number of plaque lesions in patients with localized scleroderma. Furthermore, anti–topo IIα antibody was able to inhibit topo IIα enzymatic activity.

Conclusion

The results of the present study indicate that anti–topo IIα is a major autoantibody in localized scleroderma, and is distinct from anti–topo I antibody in SSc.
Vitamin D intake is inversely associated with rheumatoid arthritis: Results from the Iowa Women's Health Study
Authors: Merlino Linda A. , Curtis Jeffrey , Mikuls Ted R. , Cerhan James R. , Criswell Lindsey A. , Saag Kenneth G.
Published: January 2004

Objective

Vitamin D is a potent regulator of calcium homeostasis and may have immunomodulatory effects. The influence of vitamin D on human autoimmune disease has not been well defined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of dietary and supplemental vitamin D intake with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) incidence.

Methods

We analyzed data from a prospective cohort study of 29,368 women of ages 55–69 years without a history of RA at study baseline in 1986. Diet was ascertained using a self‐administered, 127‐item validated food frequency questionnaire that included supplemental vitamin D use. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Through 11 years of followup, 152 cases of RA were validated against medical records. Greater intake (highest versus lowest tertile) of vitamin D was inversely associated with risk of RA (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.44–1.00,Pfor trend = 0.05). Inverse associations were apparent for both dietary (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.46–1.14,Pfor trend = 0.16) and supplemental (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43–1.00,Pfor trend = 0.03) vitamin D. No individual food item high in vitamin D content and/or calcium was strongly associated with RA risk, but a composite measure of milk products was suggestive of an inverse association with risk of RA (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.42–1.01,Pfor trend = 0.06).

Conclusion

Greater intake of vitamin D may be associated with a lower risk of RA in older women, although this finding is hypothesis generating.
Impact of initial aggressive drug treatment with a combination of disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs on the development of work disability in early rheumatoid arthritis: A five‐year randomized followup trial
Authors: Puolakka Kari , Kautiainen Hannu , Möttönen Timo , Hannonen Pekka , Korpela Markku , Julkunen Heikki , Luukkainen Reijo , Vuori Kaisa , Paimela Leena , Blåfield Harri , Hakala Markku , Leirisalo‐Repo Marjatta
Published: January 2004

Objective

To compare the efficacy of therapy with a combination of disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) versus therapy with a single DMARD in the prevention of work disability in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

In the Finnish Rheumatoid Arthritis Combination Therapy trial, 195 patients with recent‐onset RA were randomly assigned to receive either combination therapy with DMARDs (sulfasalazine, methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine) plus prednisolone or single therapy with a DMARD with or without prednisolone. After 2 years, the drug treatment strategy was no longer restricted. At baseline, 162 patients (80 in the combination‐treatment group and 82 in the single‐treatment group) were still working or at least available for work. After 5 years of followup, data on all sick leave and retirement were obtained from social insurance registers or case records. The main outcome for each patient was the cumulative duration of all sick leaves and RA‐related disability pensions, divided by the observation period during which the patient was not retired because of another disease or because of age.

Results

The cumulative duration of work disability per patient‐observation year was significantly lower in those randomized to combination therapy than in those randomized to single therapy: median 12.4 days (interquartile range [IQR] 0–54) versus 32.2 days (IQR 6–293) (P = 0.008, sex‐ and age‐adjusted P = 0.009). This was mainly due to the difference in sick leaves (i.e., work disability periods ≤300 days): median 11.7 days (IQR 0–44) per patient‐observation year in those treated with combination therapy and 30.0 days (IQR 6–68) in those treated with single therapy (P = 0.002). No statistically significant difference was seen in RA‐related disability pensions.

Conclusion

Aggressive initial treatment of RA with a combination of DMARDs improves 5‐year outcome in terms of lost productivity in patients with RA of recent onset.
Suppression of collagen‐induced arthritis by natural killer T cell activation with OCH, a sphingosine‐truncated analog of α‐galactosylceramide
Authors: Chiba Asako , Oki Shinji , Miyamoto Katsuichi , Hashimoto Hiroshi , Yamamura Takashi , Miyake Sachiko
Published: January 2004

Objective

OCH, a synthetic analog of α‐galactosylceramide with a truncated sphingosine chain, stimulates natural killer T (NKT) cells to produce predominantly Th2 cytokines. Thus, OCH may be a potential agent for the treatment of Th1‐mediated autoimmune diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of OCH on collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) in mice.

Methods

Mice were immunized with type II collagen (CII) and injected intraperitoneally twice per week with OCH, before or after the onset of CIA. They were monitored to assess the effect of OCH treatment on the severity of disease. Anti‐CII antibodies and cytokine production were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of cytokine genes was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction.

Results

OCH inhibited CIA in wild‐type C57BL/6 (B6) mice but not in NKT‐deficient mice. OCH suppressed CIA in SJL mice, which are prone to autoimmune diseases and have a deficiency in the number and function of NKT cells which is similar to that in patients with autoimmune diseases, even after disease has already developed. Disease protection conferred by OCH correlated with its ability to selectively induce Th2 cytokine production mediated by NKT cells and to promote collagen‐specific Th2 responses. Neutralization of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) or IL‐10 with monoclonal antibodies abolished disease protection by OCH, indicating a critical role for these cytokines.

Conclusion

Taken together, our findings suggest that OCH holds possibilities as a therapeutic agent for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
A nonlinear model of information‐seeking behavior
Authors: Foster Allen
Published: January 2004

This paper offers a new, nonlinear model of information‐seeking behavior, which contrasts with earlier stage models of information behavior and represents a potential cornerstone for a shift toward a new perspective for understanding user information behavior. The model is based on the findings of a study on interdisciplinary information‐seeking behavior. The study followed a naturalistic inquiry approach using interviews of 45 academics. The interview results were inductively analyzed and an alternative framework for understanding information‐seeking behavior was developed. This model illustrates three core processes and three levels of contextual interaction, each composed of several individual activities and attributes. These interact dynamically through time in a nonlinear manner. The behavioral patterns are analogous to an artist's palette, in which activities remain available throughout the course of information‐seeking. In viewing the processes in this way, neither start nor finish points are fixed, and each process may be repeated or lead to any other until either the query or context determine that information‐seeking can end. The interactivity and shifts described by the model show information‐seeking to be nonlinear, dynamic, holistic, and flowing. The paper offers four main implications of the model as it applies to existing theory and models, requirements for future research, and the development of information literacy curricula. Central to these implications is the creation of a new nonlinear perspective from which user information‐seeking can be interpreted.
Predicting Library of Congress classifications from Library of Congress subject headings
Authors: Frank Eibe , Paynter Gordon W.
Published: January 2004

This paper addresses the problem of automatically assigning a Library of Congress Classification (LCC) to a work given its set of Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH). LCCs are organized in a tree: The root node of this hierarchy comprises all possible topics, and leaf nodes correspond to the most specialized topic areas defined. We describe a procedure that, given a resource identified by its LCSH, automatically places that resource in the LCC hierarchy. The procedure uses machine learning techniques and training data from a large library catalog to learn a model that maps from sets of LCSH to classifications from the LCC tree. We present empirical results for our technique showing its accuracy on an independent collection of 50,000 LCSH/LCC pairs.
Indicators of accuracy for answers to ready reference questions on the Internet
Authors: Frické Martin , Fallis Don
Published: January 2004

The Internet is increasingly being used as a source of reference information. Internet users need to be able to distinguish accurate information from inaccurate information. Toward this end, information professionals have published checklists for evaluating information. However, such checklists can be effective only if the proposed indicators of accuracy really do indicate accuracy. This study implements a technique for testing such indicators of accuracy and uses it to test indicators of accuracy for answers to ready reference questions. Many of the commonly proposed indicators of accuracy (e.g., that the Web site does not contain advertising) were not found to be correlated with accuracy. However, the link structure of the Internet can be used to identify Web sites that are more likely to contain accurate reference information.
The effects of domain knowledge on search tactic formulation
Authors: Wildemuth Barbara M.
Published: January 2004

A search tactic is a set of search moves that are temporally and semantically related. The current study examined the tactics of medical students searching a factual database in microbiology. The students answered problems and searched the database on three occasions over a 9‐month period. Their search moves were analyzed in terms of the changes in search terms used from one cycle to the next, using two different analysis methods.

Common patterns were found in the students' search tactics; the most common approach was the specification of a concept, followed by the addition of one or more concepts, gradually narrowing the retrieved set before it was displayed. It was also found that the search tactics changed over time as the students' domain knowledge changed. These results have important implications for designers in developing systems that will support users' preferred ways of formulating searches. In addition, the research methods used (the coding scheme and the two data analysis methods—zero‐order state transition matrices and maximal repeating patterns [MRP] analysis) are discussed in terms of their validity in future studies of search tactics.
Arabic morphological analysis techniques: A comprehensive survey
Authors: Al‐Sughaiyer Imad A. , Al‐Kharashi Ibrahim A.
Published: January 2004

After several decades of heavy research activity on English stemmers, Arabic morphological analysis techniques have become a popular area of research. The Arabic language is one of the Semitic languages; it exhibits a very systematic but complex morphological structure based on root‐pattern schemes. As a consequence, survey of such techniques proves to be more necessary. The aim of this paper is to summarize and organize the information available in the literature in an attempt to motivate researchers to look into these techniques and try to develop more advanced ones. This paper introduces, classifies, and surveys Arabic morphological analysis techniques. Furthermore, conclusions, open areas, and future directions are provided at the end.
A graph model for E‐commerce recommender systems
Authors: Huang Zan , Chung Wingyan , Chen Hsinchun
Published: January 2004

Information overload on the Web has created enormous challenges to customers selecting products for online purchases and to online businesses attempting to identify customers' preferences efficiently. Various recommender systems employing different data representations and recommendation methods are currently used to address these challenges. In this research, we developed a graph model that provides a generic data representation and can support different recommendation methods. To demonstrate its usefulness and flexibility, we developed three recommendation methods: direct retrieval, association mining, and high‐degree association retrieval. We used a data set from an online bookstore as our research test‐bed. Evaluation results showed that combining product content information and historical customer transaction information achieved more accurate predictions and relevant recommendations than using only collaborative information. However, comparisons among different methods showed that high‐degree association retrieval did not perform significantly better than the association mining method or the direct retrieval method in our test‐bed.
Environmental management accounting: roadblocks on the way to the green and pleasant land
Authors: Burritt Roger L
Published: January 2004

Environmental management accounting (EMA) is concerned with the accounting information needs of managers in relation to corporate activities that affect the environment as well as environment‐related impacts on the corporation. It is an area of practice and research that has developed rapidly in the last ten years. This paper briefly considers some of the main conceptual and practical problems encountered in environmental management accounting and challenges and opportunities for the future. It concludes with a call for further case based research studies into investment appraisal, costing and performance management aspects of environmental management accounting. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Transport scenarios in a company strategy
Authors: Andersen Otto , Lundli Hans‐Einar , Holden Erling , Høyer Karl Georg
Published: January 2004

The environmental company strategy of the case company Oslo Sporveier includes scenarios for the development of person transport in Oslo up to year 2016. The basis for three different scenarios is described. This paper presents the use of scenarios as background for environmental reporting. Emissions, energy, land and time use from person transport in the three different scenarios were determined. The scenarios were (i) a private car scenario, where the main growth in person transport is to be met with a strong increase in the use of private cars, (ii) a public transport scenario, where the increase in person transport is to be taken care of with a strong increase in the public transport, and (iii) the sustainability scenario, with a reduction in total person transport, increased share of public transport and walking/bicycling, and reduced share of private car use. The total energy use, CO2 emissions, NOx emissions and particle emissions from person transport in Oslo are reduced in all three scenarios compared with the situation in 1996. The reduction is smallest in the private car scenario and largest in the sustainability scenario. The land use increases in the private car scenario and the public transport scenario, while there is a reduction in land use in the sustainability scenario. The total time consumption connected to person transport increases in all three scenarios. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The impact of voluntary environmental protection instruments on company environmental performance
Authors: Annandale David , Morrison‐Saunders Angus , Bouma George
Published: January 2004

In the last decade there has been increasing emphasis on the use of voluntary environmental protection tools such as corporate environmental reporting (CER) and environmental management systems (EMSs). There has been relatively little research, however, on the impact of these tools on the actual environmental performance of companies. This paper presents the findings of a survey of 40 companies operating in Western Australia to determine the extent to which the implementation of two voluntary instruments has influenced company environmental performance. The research considered four questions: To what extent have CER and EMSs influenced the environmental performance of companies operating in Western Australia? What are the characteristics of these influences? How does the influence of EMSs on environmental performance compare to that of CER? Have other external factors concurrently influenced environmental performance?

In general, most respondents indicated that EMSs had influenced environmental management practices to some extent. On the other hand, CER was seen more as a public relations exercise and had less impact on company practices compared with EMSs. Other factors that influenced environmental performance included pressure from clients, senior management, the public and regulators; corporate culture; and cost savings. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Environmental management and strategic positioning of Spanish manufacturing industries
Authors: Gago Roberto Fernández , Antolín Mariano Nieto
Published: January 2004

This work is based on data collected from a survey of environmental managers in 277 Spanish manufacturing industries with the objective of analysing the attitudes of companies towards the environment. The analysis determined the main indicators of these companies' environmental strategy and classified them into strategic clusters according to the accumulative or progressive scale suggested theoretically in the existing economic literature. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Determinants of social integration in the community: an exploratory analysis of personal, interpersonal and situational variables
Authors: Gracia Enrique , Herrero Juan
Published: January 2004

This article aims to explore the effects of personal, interpersonal, and situational variables on social integration in the community. Structural equation analyses from two‐wave panel data (N = 536) of adult participants living in an urban area showed that personal determinants (perceived stress and depressive mood), and situational determinants (undesirable life events) were statistically related to a decrease in social integration in the community. Interpersonal determinants (emotional, guidance, and instrumental support) were positively associated with an increase in social integration in the community. Implications of these and other findings are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A safe place? Service users' experiences of an acute mental health ward
Authors: Wood Daniel , Pistrang Nancy
Published: January 2004

Studies of safety in psychiatric settings have tended to focus on the experience of staff, with little consideration of the experience of service users. This qualitative study aimed to provide a detailed description of the experience of being an inpatient on a mental health ward, specifically with regard to feelings of safety and threat. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with nine patients and seven nursing staff on an acute inpatient psychiatric unit. Thematic analysis yielded 10 themes, grouped into three clusters—patient interactions, staff behaviour and attitudes, and non‐consensual treatment—that described factors impacting on feelings of safety. Patients' accounts were characterized by an overwhelming sense of vulnerability and helplessness. Staff accounts were largely consistent with patients' accounts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Terror management and political attitudes: the influence of mortality salience on Germans' defence of the German reunification
Authors: Jonas Eva , Greenberg Jeff
Published: January 2004

From the perspective of terror management theory, reminders of mortality should intensify the desire to maintain faith in one's own cultural worldview. We investigated this notion with regard to attitudes of Germans toward an important political event, the fall of the Berlin wall and German reunification. We found that when reminded of their own death, people with a supportive attitude toward the German reunification showed a more favourable evaluation of a positive essay about the fall of the Berlin wall and a more negative reaction to a critical essay than participants in the control condition. People with a more neutral attitude toward the reunification on the other hand did not show this effect. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How regulatory fit enhances motivational strength during goal pursuit
Authors: Spiegel Scott , Grant‐Pillow Heidi , Higgins E. Tory
Published: January 2004

Higgins' (2000) theory of regulatory fit proposes that motivational strength will be enhanced when the manner in which people work toward a goal sustains (rather than disrupts) their regulatory orientation. This enhanced motivational strength in turn should improve efforts at goal attainment. In Experiment 1, predominantly promotion‐ and prevention‐focused participants were given the goal of writing a report on their leisure time, and were assigned either eagerness‐ or vigilance‐framed means to use. Promotion/eagerness and prevention/vigilance participants were about 50% more likely to turn in their reports than promotion/vigilance and prevention/eagerness participants. In Experiment 2, participants read either a promotion‐ or a prevention‐framed health message urging them to eat more fruits and vegetables, and were then asked to imagine either the benefits of compliance or the costs of non‐compliance. Promotion/benefits and prevention/costs participants subsequently ate about 20% more fruits and vegetables over the following week than promotion/costs and prevention/benefits participants. The implications of regulatory fit's enhancement of motivational strength are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluative contrast in social comparison: the role of distinct and shared features of the self and comparison others
Authors: Broemer Philip , Diehl Michael
Published: January 2004

Self‐other comparisons frequently evoke contrastive reactions, especially when the comparison dimension is relevant and when people strive to maintain or preserve a positive self‐evaluation. In three studies, normal‐weight women were asked to gauge satisfaction with their body weight. In Study 1, self‐evaluation was affected by accessible distinctive information either referring to the self or to comparison others. Studies 2 and 3 tested whether the evaluative contrast observed in Study 1 is reduced when shared features receive greater weight. Consistent with the proposition that perceived similarity between self and comparison others renders assimilative reactions more likely, evaluative contrast was markedly reduced when similarities were stressed prior to the comparison process, either by suggesting that one shares certain characteristics with others unrelated to the comparison dimension or by increasing the identification with the comparison other through an intergroup contrast.. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The importance of social structure and social interaction in stereotype consensus and content: is the whole greater than the sum of its parts?
Authors: Stott Clifford , Drury John
Published: January 2004

This paper addresses the hypothesis derived from self‐categorization theory (SCT) that the relationship between groups and stereotyping will be affected by the social structural conditions within which group interaction occurs. A mixed design experiment (n=56) measured low‐status groups' stereotypes and preferences for conflict with a high‐status outgroup prior to and after within‐group discussion across varying social structural conditions. Over time, participants in [open] conditions consensualized around positive conceptions of the outgroup and endorsed acceptance of their own [low status] position. However, in [closed] conditions participants consensualized around positive conceptions of the ingroup, negative conceptions of the outgroup, and tended towards preferences for collective protest. It is argued that the data support S‐CT's contention that stereotyping and group processes are fundamentally interlinked and that neither can be properly understood in isolation from the dynamics of the surrounding intergroup context. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The distinction between desires and intentions
Authors: Perugini Marco , Bagozzi Richard P.
Published: January 2004

Within attitude theory the concepts of desires and intentions are not differentiated but are often treated as synonyms. However, we argue that there are theoretical reasons for distinguishing between desires and intentions, and we articulate three main criteria,perceived performability,action‐connectedness, andtemporal framing, that differentiate between the two constructs. Two studies are reported to test the distinction. Study 1 (n = 188) revealed that desires, compared to intentions, are less performable, are less connected to actions, and are enacted over longer time frames. Study 2 (n = 249) showed, among other things, that the perceived feasibility for actions that are desired and intended is higher than for those that are only desired, but only when the action refers to relatively short time frames (i.e. 1 week or 4 weeks vs. 4 months). The findings are discussed in the light of the distinction between intentions and desires and the role that they play in individual decision making. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are we over‐ or under‐projecting and how much? decisive issues of methodological validity and item type
Authors: Jones Paul E.
Published: January 2004

Pertinent to the question of projective error, two methodological factors that threaten the descriptive validity of projection measures are considered in conjunction with the effects of item type (abilities vs. opinions). Study 1 examined the effect of experimental paradigm. Compared to the assumed similarity method, projection indices from the consensus method were significantly lower resulting in reduced accuracy. Study 2 focused on measurement sequence effects. Measuring group estimates before self‐ratings produced higher, but more valid projection indices. The ability‐opinion distinction was a factor common to both studies. The effect of item type on accuracy was mediated by projection: accuracy was greater on opinions because projection was stronger. For both item types, measures of projective error implied under‐projection. Whilst the degree of error rests ultimately on paradigm validity, the heuristic value of projection should remain unrealised. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When do prototypes bias person memory? differential effects of abstraction level
Authors: Krolak‐Schwerdt Sabine
Published: January 2004

Three experiments investigated the operation of prototypical person categories, which were either at a superordinate or at a subordinate level of abstraction, on person memory. In Experiment 1, a recognition memory experiment, subjects received person attributes describing fictional target persons, each description pertaining to one of the two abstraction levels. Distractors in the recognition test varied in degree of relatedness to a prototypical category. Distractors that were related to the corresponding category were falsely recognized, if the category was at a superordinate level, but not for a subordinate category. This revealed a significant bias in recognition toward conceptually related but nonpresented items only at the superordinate level. In Experiment 2 which used a conceptual priming procedure subjects responded faster to distractor items related to a superordinate category than to those related to a subordinate category. Experiment 3 replicated the difference between levels of abstraction when subjects' task was to recall rather than to recognize the presented attributes. The findings imply that person categories at different levels of abstraction operate differentially on person memory and restrict assumptions from prototype theory to a superordinate level. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of the major mutation M467T causing cystinuria by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis using capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Klepárník Karel , Grochová Diana , Škopková Zuzana , Adam Tomáš
Published: January 2004

We present a fast detection of M467T, the major mutation causing cystinuria, by capillary electrophoresis version of single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). The DNA fragment (317 bp) carrying the point mutation was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the exon 8 of the SLC3A1 gene, which encodes for the transmembrane glycoprotein rBAT, a part of the active cystine and dibasic amino acids transporter. The complementary strands of the fragment were labeled by fluorescein and TAMRA, respectively. Thus, the electromigration of both strands was recorded independently as a laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) signal, what enabled an effective optimization of separation conditions. The injected sample was denatured by immersing the inlet of the separation capillary into a vial with 0.1 M solution of NaOH prior to analysis. Under optimum conditions, the SSCP analysis in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)‐coated silica‐fused capillary of an effective length of 15 cm, filled with 4% linear polyacrylamide (LPA) solution, was accomplished in ∼ 6 min. The experimentally observed mobility shifts of single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) fragments were compared to the appearance of their calculated two‐dimensional conformations using Version 3.0 of MFOLD software. The number of nucleotides involved in the duplex regions of theoretical structures correlates well with their real migration order in the sieving medium.
Analysis of cyanobacterial toxins (anatoxin‐a, cylindrospermopsin, microcystin‐LR) by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Vasas Gábor , Gáspár Attila , Páger Csilla , Surányi Gyula , Máthé Csaba , Hamvas Márta M. , Borbely George
Published: January 2004

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were applied to the simultaneous separation of cyanobacterial toxins (anatoxin‐a, microcystin‐LR, cylindrospermopsin). The analytical performance data of both methods, optimized for the three toxins, were similar with a precision of migration times smaller than 0.8 RSD% and a detection limit in the range of 1–4 μg/mL, using spectrophotometric detection at 230 nm. Both methods were applied to an analysis of cyanotoxins in water bloom samples and crude cyanobacterial extracts. The results obtained indicate that, for complex matrices, the sequential application of CZE and MEKC is necessary. It is recommended to use both CE techniques for the analysis of the same sample in order to confirm the results by an orthogonal approach.
Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography with laser‐induced fluorescence detection for sensitive determination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine
Authors: Zhang Jiyou , Xie Jianping , Liu Jiaqin , Tian Jianniao , Chen Xingguo , Hu Zhide
Published: January 2004

A selective and sensitive microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography with laser‐induced fluorescence detection method was developed for the quantification of ephedrine (E) and pseudoephedrine (PE) derivatized with 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzo‐2‐oxa‐1, 3‐diazol. By a series of optimization, a running buffer composed of 20 mM borate + microemulsion (23.3 mM Sodium dodecyl sulfate/180.85 mM 1‐butanol/16.4 mM n‐heptane) +8% acetonitrile was applied for the separation of the derivatives. A linear relationship for E and PE was obtained in the range of 0.058–11.58 μg·mL−1 (correlation coefficient: 0.9993 for E, 0.9995 for PE), and the detection limits for E and PE were 5.3 and 3.9 ng·mL−1. The method was applied to the analysis of the two alkaloids in Chinese traditional herbal preparations with recoveries in the range of 96.9–105.4%.
Analytical potential of enzyme‐coated capillary reactors in capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Simonet Bartolomé M. , Ríos Angel , Valcárcel Miguel
Published: January 2004

Enzymes immobilized on the inner surface of an electrophoretic capillary were used to increase sensitivity and resolution in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Sensitivity is enhanced by inserting a piece of capillary containing the immobilized enzyme into the main capillary, located before the detector, in order to transform the analyte into a product with a higher absorptivity. This approach was used to determine ethanol. In order to improve resolution, capillary pieces containing immobilized enzymes were inserted at various strategic positions along the electrophoretic capillary. On reaching the enzyme, the analyte was converted into a product with a high electrophoretic mobility, the migration time for which was a function of the position of the enzyme reactor. This approach was applied to the separation and determination of acetaldehyde and pyruvate. Finally, the proposed method was validated with the determination of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and pyruvate in beer and wine samples.
Capillary electrophoresis of amphipathic α‐helical peptide diastereomers
Authors: Popa Traian V. , Mant Colin T. , Hodges Robert S.
Published: January 2004

We have made a rigorous assessment of the ability of capillary electrophoresis to resolve peptide diastereomers through its application to the separation of a series of synthetic 18‐residue, amphipathic α‐helical monomeric peptide analogues, where a single site in the centre of the hydrophobic face of the α‐helix is substituted by 19 L‐ or D‐amino acids. Such L‐ and D‐peptide pairs have the same mass‐to‐charge ratio, amino acid sequence and intrinsic hydrophobicity, varying only in the stereochemistry of one residue. CE approaches assessed in their ability to separate diastereomeric peptide pairs included capillary zone electrophoresis (uncoated capillary), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (uncoated capillary in the presence of 3‐[(3‐cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]‐1‐propanesulfonate, CHAPS), open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography (C8‐coated capillary in the presence of 25% 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (TFE) or 25% ethanol). Overall, the OT‐CEC methods were the most effective at separating the most peptide pairs, particularly for those containing hydrophilic side chains. However, the MEKC approach proved most effective for separation of peptide pairs containing hydrophobic or aromatic side chains.
Effective sorbents for solid‐phase extraction in the analysis of quinolones in animal tissues by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Jiménez‐Lozano Eulalia , Roy Diana , Barrón Dolores , Barbosa José
Published: January 2004

In this work, several commercial sorbents (Zorbax C18, Bond Elut C18, Isolute ENV+, Oasis HLB, Oasis MAX, SDB‐RPS, and MPC‐SD) were compared for the solid‐phase extraction of the series of quinolones regulated by the European Community in chicken tissues in order to establish a method for the determination of this series of quinolones by capillary electrophoresis and diode array detection. Sorbents were chosen in order to achieve maximum recoveries and optimal clean‐up efficiency. Better results were obtained using SDB‐RPS and Oasis MAX which would provide suitable limits of detection, below of the maximum residue limits (MRLs) regulated.
Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography of drugs varying in charge and hydrophobicity: I. Impact of parameters on separation performance evaluated by multiple linear regression models
Authors: Harang Valérie , Eriksson Jessica , Sänger‐van de Griend Cari E. , Jacobsson Sven P. , Westerlund Douglas
Published: January 2004

The separation of anionic, cationic and neutral drugs in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) was studied with a statistical experimental design. The concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, surfactant), 1‐butanol (co‐surfactant) and borate buffer and the factors Brij 35 (surfactant), 2‐propanol (organic solvent) and cassette temperature were varied simultaneously, while the parameters pH (9.2), the concentration of octane (oil, 0.8% w/w), the voltage (10 kV) and the dimension of the fused‐silica capillary, were kept constant. Eight different model substances were chosen with different hydrophobicities. Two of the analytes were positively charged, two were negatively charged, and the remaining four were neutral or close to neutral at the pH explored. The importance of each parameter on the separation window, the plate height and the retention factor for each of the analytes was studied by means of multiple linear regression (MLR) models. A new response was evaluated for anions, the quotient between the effective mobility in the microemulsion and the effective mobility in the corresponding buffer. Factors affecting selectivity changes were also explored, and it was found that SDS and 2‐propanol had the largest effect on selectivity.