bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrospun Nanofibers from a Tricyanofuran‐Based Molecular Switch for Colorimetric Recognition of Ammonia Gas
Authors: Khattab Tawfik A. , Abdelmoez Sherif , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: February 2016

A chromophore based on tricyanofuran (TCF) with a hydrazone (H) recognition moiety was developed. Its molecular‐switching performance is reversible and has differential sensitivity towards aqueous ammonia at comparable concentrations. Nanofibers were fabricated from the TCF–H chromophore by electrospinning. The film fabricated from these nanofibers functions as a solid‐state optical chemosensor for probing ammonia vapor. Recognition of ammonia vapor occurs by proton transfer from the hydrazone fragment of the chromophore to the ammonia nitrogen atom and is facilitated by the strongly electron withdrawing TCF fragment. The TCF–H chromophore was added to a solution of poly(acrylic acid), which was electrospun to obtain a nanofibrous sensor device. The morphology of the nanofibrous sensor was determined by SEM, which showed that nanofibers with a diameter range of 200–450 nm formed a nonwoven mat. The resultant nanofibrous sensor showed very good sensitivity in ammonia‐vapor detection. Furthermore, very good reversibility and short response time were also observed.
Accurate Extraction of Nanometer Distances in Multimers by Pulse EPR
Authors: Valera Silvia , Ackermann Katrin , Pliotas Christos , Huang Hexian , Naismith James H. , Bode Bela E.
Published: February 2016

Pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is gaining increasing importance in structural biology. The PELDOR (pulsed electron–electron double resonance) method allows extracting distance information on the nanometer scale. Here, we demonstrate the efficient extraction of distances from multimeric systems such as membrane‐embedded ion channels where data analysis is commonly hindered by multi‐spin effects.
Assembling Quasi‐enantiomeric Octahedral Complexes of Different Metals via Quasi‐racemate Crystallization
Authors: Popowski Yanay , Goldberg Israel , Kol Moshe
Published: February 2016

Aiming at a general methodology for binary co‐assembly of complexes of different metals through quasiracemate crystallization, the hexadentate ligand 1 comprised of the chiral bipyrrolidine core and two bipyridine peripheral arms is introduced. Ligand 1 was found to bind in a fully diastereoselective and uniform mode around ZnII, FeII and CdII giving coordinatively inert octahedral “chiral‐at‐metal” complexes with the Δ4Λ2/Λ4Δ2 wrapping mode. Equimolar mixtures of quasienantiomeric pairs of these complexes exhibited a clear tendency to pack as quasiracemates as was revealed from the crystallographic structures of [(R,R)‐1‐Zn](PF6)2/[(S,S)‐1‐Fe](PF6)2 and [(R,R)‐1‐Zn](PF6)2/[(S,S)‐1‐Cd](PF6)2, in an isomorphous fashion to that of the racemic compound [rac‐1‐Zn](PF6)2 in space group C2/c.
Unveiling the “Three‐Finger Pharmacophore” Required for p53–MDM2 Inhibition by Saturation‐Transfer Difference (STD) NMR Initial Growth‐Rates Approach
Authors: Angulo Jesus , Goffin Sarah A. , Gandhi Daivik , Searcey Mark , Howell Lesley A.
Published: February 2016

Inhibitors of the p53‐MDM2 protein–protein interaction are emerging as a new and validated approach to treating cancer. Herein, we describe the synthesis and inhibitory evaluation of a series of isoquinolin‐1‐one analogues, and highlight the utility of an initial growth‐rates saturation‐transfer difference (STD) NMR approach supported by protein–ligand docking to investigate p53‐MDM2 inhibition. The approach is illustrated by the study of compound 1, providing key insights into the binding mode of this kind of MDM2 ligands and, more importantly, readily unveiling the previously proposed three‐finger pharmacophore requirement for p53‐MDM2 inhibition.
Building an Inclusive Culture in the Chemistry Department at Imperial College
Authors: Welton Tom
Published: February 2016

One of the main aims of any department is to appoint the very best chemists and to support them to reach their full potential. Success in this aim cannot look like a male to female ratio of professors of 20:1. In this Guest Editorial, T. Welton, Dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences at Imperial College London, describes the processes introduced that led to the Chemistry Department at Imperial achieving a gold Athena SWAN award.
Thermodynamics and Modeling of Sorption Isotherms
Authors: Adolphs Jürgen
Published: February 2016

An extended version of the thermodynamic computation model for sorption isotherms and capillary condensation is introduced. With the combination of the excess surface work (ESW) and disjoining pressure approach sorption isotherms for various pore size distributions of cylindrical and slit‐like mesopores are successfully modeled. The main idea is that during adsorption on pore walls the approaching films will collapse and capillary condensation proceeds, while evaporation is described with a modified Kelvin equation. In both cases adsorption and desorption, the surface tension dependency on the pore size is considered.
Polymerelektrolytmembranen für Hoch‐ und Niedertemperatur‐Brennstoffzellen aus strahlungsinduzierter Pfropfcopolymerisation
Authors: Li Xin , Drache Marco , Gohs Uwe , Beuermann Sabine
Published: February 2016

Die strahlungsinduzierte Pfropfcopolymerisation von Hydroxyethylmethacrylat mit den Comonomeren Hydroxyethylacrylat, Acrylsäure oder Glycidylmethacrylat auf Ethylen‐Tetrafluorethylen (ETFE) ermöglicht ein maßgeschneidertes Design von Membranen für Hoch‐ und Niedertemperatur‐Polymerelektrolytbrennstoffzellen. Entsprechend der Betriebstemperatur wird die Protonenleitung entweder durch Dotierung mit Phosphorsäure oder zweistufige Sulfonierung der funktionellen Monomere erreicht. In Brennstoffzellentests wurden die Leistungsdichte und Innenwiderstände dieser Membranen ermittelt und die Eignung der Materialien für Hoch‐ und Niedertemperatur‐Brennstoffzellen aufgezeigt.
Two‐phase flow boiling in 19 mm tube: Experiments and CFD modelling
Authors: Sardeshpande Madhavi V. , Raymond Barlev , Ranade Vivek V.
Published: February 2016

Boiling flows are encountered in a wide range of industrial applications such as boilers, nuclear reactors, electronic cooling, and various types of chemical reactors. Heat transfer coefficients, flow boiling regimes, flow instabilities, pressure drops, and conditions like dry‐out are some of the key issues in every boiling flow study. It is observed that a limited experimental database is available for the 19 mm ID channel diameter, i.e. a typical tube diameter of steam generator. Therefore, in the present work, the experimental setup was designed for studying boiling flows in a 19 mm ID tube in such a way that different flow regimes occurring in a steam generator tube (from pre‐heating of sub‐cooled water to dry‐out) could be investigated by varying inlet conditions. The reported results cover a reasonable range: 8–27 kW/m2and 2.9–5.9 kg/m2 · s heat and mass flux conditions, respectively. A basic computational flow model was also developed to facilitate interpretation of the obtained data. The presented design of the experimental setup and the approach of mimicking different types of steam generator tubes as well as presented experimental and simulated results are useful for gaining insight into complex boiling flows in tubes, and provide a sound basis for further work in this area.
Bilingualer Physik‐/Chemieunterricht in der Fremdsprache Deutsch – Erkenntnisse aus einer Fallstudie in Frankreich
Authors: Kemper Anne‐Kathrin , Becker Hans‐Jürgen
Published: February 2016

Der Diskussionsbeitrag fokussiert Beobachtungen aus der Unterrichtspraxis. Bilinguale Bildungsgänge in Frankreich, die sogenannte section européenne, besitzen eine lange Tradition: Bilinguale Angebote werden seit Anfang der 1980er mit viel Engagement realisiert, und sie sind seither ein fester Bestandteil des französischen Bildungssystem. Der Blick „hinüber“ in die bilinguale Unterrichtspraxis unserer französischen Nachbarn kann „Ideengeber“ für das vergleichsweise noch „junge“ bilinguale Sachfachlernen in Deutschland sein.
Impact of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of Apremilast and Metabolite M12
Authors: Liu Yong , Zhou Simon , Assaf Mahmoud , Nissel Jim , Palmisano Maria
Published: February 2016

The pharmacokinetics of apremilast and its major metabolite M12 were evaluated in subjects with varying degrees of renal impairment. Men and women with renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate, 60‒89 mL/min [mild, n = 8], 30‒59 mL/min [moderate, n = 8], or <30 mL/min [severe, n = 8]) or demographically healthy matched (control) subjects (n = 24) received a single oral dose of apremilast 30 mg. Plasma apremilast and metabolite M12 concentrations were determined, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from samples obtained predose and up to 72 hours postdose. In subjects with mild to moderate renal impairment, apremilast pharmacokinetic profiles were similar to healthy matched subjects. In subjects with severe renal impairment, apremilast elimination was significantly slower, and exposures based on area under the plasma concentration‐versus‐time curve from time zero extrapolated to infinity and maximum observed plasma concentration were increased versus healthy matched subjects. Metabolite M12 pharmacokinetic profiles for subjects with mild renal impairment were similar to those of the healthy matched subjects; however, they were increased in both the moderate and severe renally impaired subjects. Dose reduction of apremilast is recommended in individuals with severe renal impairment, but not in those with mild to moderate renal impairment.
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds in Low‐Molecular‐Weight Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Kozlowska Mariana , Goclon Jakub , Rodziewicz Pawel
Published: February 2016

We used static DFT calculations to analyze, in detail, the intramolecular hydrogen bonds formed in low‐molecular‐weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) with two to five repeat subunits. Both red‐shifted O−H⋅⋅⋅O and blue‐shifting C−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds, which control the structural flexibility of PEG, were detected. To estimate the strength of these hydrogen bonds, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules was used. Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations were used to mimic the structural rearrangements and hydrogen‐bond breaking/formation in the PEG molecule at 300 K. The time evolution of the H⋅⋅⋅O bond length and valence angles of the formed hydrogen bonds were fully analyzed. The characteristic hydrogen‐bonding patterns of low‐molecular‐weight PEG were described with an estimation of their lifetime. The theoretical results obtained, in particular the presence of weak C−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds, could serve as an explanation of the PEG structural stability in the experimental investigation.
Prospects of Colloidal Copper Chalcogenide Nanocrystals
Authors: van der Stam Ward , Berends Anne C. , de Mello Donega Celso
Published: February 2016

The front cover artwork is provided by Ward van der Stam, Anne C. Berends, and Celso de Mello Donega (Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University). The image shows the possible synthetic pathways that can be followed to produce high‐quality Cu chalcogenide nanocrystals, either through direct synthesis or cation exchange protocols, and their potential applications. Read the full text of the Review at 10.1002/cphc.201500976.
The Intervention of “Neighbor” Countries in Civil War Peace Negotiations
Authors: Lee SungYong , Abdelrahman Abdelgabar
Published: February 2016

This article examines the intervention behavior of small‐ or medium‐sized neighbor countries in civil war peace negotiations by examining Thailand in the Cambodian peace process and Chad in the negotiations over Darfur, Sudan. The motivations lying behind these neighbors’ initial interventions were their concerns over two issues: the spillover effect of the external conflicts and their limited leverage over the conflicts and peace processes. While both countries changed their intervention strategies, aiming to play more constructive roles, the consequences of the changed strategies were significantly limited by how their new diplomatic strategies were supported and utilized by external mediators.
Analysis and implementation of a high step‐up converter for fuel cell power‐generation systems
Authors: Tseng Kuo‐Ching , Kang Jia‐Huei , Tsai Ming‐Han , Cheng Chun‐An
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a high step‐up converter, which utilizes a three‐winding coupled inductor and a rectified voltage‐doubler circuit to obtain high step‐up gain for fuel cells. The proposed converter functions as an active‐clamp circuit, which relieves large voltage spikes across the power switches. Thus, power switches with low‐voltage‐rated can be utilized to reduce conduction losses and circuit cost. Energy stored in leakage inductances of the coupled inductor is recycled to the output terminal, resulting in efficiency improvements. In addition, the coupled inductor in the presented converter can also have extra windings in order to achieve higher voltage gain. Finally, a prototype circuit with an input voltage of 60 V and an output voltage of 380 V is developed for a 1000 W‐rated fuel cell power‐generation system to validate its performance, and experimental waveforms and measured efficiency under different input voltages and output power level are demonstrated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New use for an old reagent: Cell cycle analysis of DNA content using flow cytometry in formamide treated cells
Authors: Carbonari Maurizio
Published: February 2016

Formamide has long been one of the most widely used reagents in the study of nucleic acids. However, the use of formamide for treating cells to be analyzed by flow cytometry is a recent development and is restricted to measuring telomere lengths by flow‐FISH. In this field, we have published several papers in order to observe the effects of formamide treatment on cells at room temperature. We therefore discovered that, with suitable modifications, a short and simple incubation in this ionizing solvent facilitates cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry, equivalent or superior to that obtained with treatments in alcohol, acetone or detergent in hypotonic solution. Even using a bulky and problematic stain (low quantum efficiency and G‐C base preference), such as 7‐aminoactinomycin D (7‐AAD) which, on the other hand, has the advantage of being excited at 488 nm and does not bind to the RNA, it is possible to obtain excellent coefficients of variation and (G2–M) mode/(G0–G1) mode ratios. These parameters, especially if stained cells are washed before acquisition, arrive at optimal values. It is noteworthy that the ability to wash the cells stained for DNA content analysis without affecting the stoichiometry of the staining has not been described elsewhere in the literature. With formamide treatment the doublets are practically absent, sample recovery is efficient, as well as the preservation of physical parameters, and the stained cells can be stored for at least 10 days at room temperature before acquisition. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Effect of α‐Hederin on IL‐2 and IL‐17 mRNA and miRNA‐133a Levels in Lungs of Ovalbumin‐Sensitized Male Rats
Authors: Ebrahimi Hadi , Fallahi Maryam , Khamaneh Amir Mahdi , Ebrahimi Saadatlou Mohammad Ali , Saadat Saeideh , Keyhanmanesh Rana
Published: February 2016

Preclinical Research

α‐hederin, a saponin that is a major constituent of English Ivy (Hedera helix) is effective in the treatment of asthma. In the present study, the effect of α‐hederin on lung tissue pathology and the levels of the inflammatory mediators; IL‐2 mRNA, IL‐17 mRNA, and MicroRNAs (miRNA)‐133a was evaluated in a rat ovalbumin (OVA)‐sensitized model of asthma. Rats were divided randomly into control (C), OVA‐sensitized (S), OVA‐sensitized pretreated with the antioxidant, thymoquinone (3 mg/kg, S + TQ) or OVA‐sensitized pretreated with α‐hederin (0.02 mg/kg, S + AH) groups. Levels of IL‐2 and IL‐17 mRNA were higher in the OVA‐sensitized group than controls while the level of miRNA‐133a gene expression was lower. IL‐2 mRNA and miRNA‐133a gene expression in the S + TQ group was higher than in the control and OVA‐sensitized groups while the level of IL‐17 mRNA in the S + TQ group was lower than in the OVA‐sensitized group. Pretreatment with α‐hederin decreased IL‐17 mRNA levels and increased miRNA‐133a gene expression compared with OVA‐sensitized animals. All pathological changes in pretreated groups were lower than the OVA‐sensitized group. These results showed a beneficial effect of α‐hederin in OVA‐sensitized rats, suggesting that α‐hederin affects the IL‐2 and IL‐17 secretion pathways, altering miRNA‐133a expression. Drug Dev Res 77:87–93, 2016.   © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel subset of enteric neurons revealed by ptf1a:GFP in the developing zebrafish enteric nervous system
Authors: Uribe Rosa A. , Gu Tiffany , Bronner Marianne E.
Published: February 2016

The enteric nervous system, the largest division of the peripheral nervous system, is derived from vagal neural crest cells that invade and populate the entire length of the gut to form diverse neuronal subtypes. Here, we identify a novel population of neurons within the enteric nervous system of zebrafish larvae that express the transgenic marker ptf1a:GFP within the midgut. Genetic lineage analysis reveals that enteric ptf1a:GFP+ cells are derived from the neural crest and that most ptf1a:GFP+ neurons express the neurotransmitter 5HT, demonstrating that they are serotonergic. This transgenic line, Tg(ptf1a:GFP), provides a novel neuronal marker for a subpopulation of neurons within the enteric nervous system, and highlights the possibility that Ptf1a may act as an important transcription factor for enteric neuron development. genesis 54:123–128, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐Dimensional Electrocatalysts for Sustainable Water Splitting Reactions
Authors: Zhao Hui , Zhu Yun‐Pei , Yuan Zhong‐Yong
Published: February 2016

Development of catalysts with high activity and durability is essential for the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of water splitting. Three‐dimensional catalysts have large surface areas and good mechanical and antipoisoning properties and can directly act as working electrodes; these are especially important factors from the point of view of practical applications. Here we review recent significant progress in the field of three‐dimensional catalysts for water splitting. Various three‐dimensional catalysts that can be applied in electrocatalytic water splitting are presented. The fabricating methods, electrocatalytic performances, and the catalytic mechanisms of these catalysts are introduced. Lastly, the major challenges in this particular field and their prospective solutions are also discussed.
How remembering less acts of gratitude can make one feel more grateful and satisfied with close relationships: The role of ease of recall
Authors: Puente‐Diaz Rogelio , Cavazos‐Arroyo Judith
Published: February 2016

Two studies were conducted to examine the influence of ease of recall on state gratitude and satisfaction with close relationships among college students from Mexico. Participants were randomly assigned to remembering and writing down two versus six acts for which they should be grateful. Participants then completed a battery of questionnaires measuring state gratitude, negative affect, satisfaction with close relationships, ease of recall and trait gratitude and extroversion (for Study 2 only). Results from both studies showed that recalling two acts was perceived as easier than recalling six acts. This experience of ease of recall had a positive influence on state gratitude, even after controlling for the effects of trait gratitude and extroversion, which then had positive relationship with satisfaction with close relationships.
Reassuring sex: Can sexual desire and intimacy reduce relationship‐specific attachment insecurities?
Authors: Mizrahi Moran , Hirschberger Gilad , Mikulincer Mario , Szepsenwol Ohad , Birnbaum Gurit E.
Published: February 2016

Past research has shown that attachment orientations shape sexual processes within relationships. Yet, little has been done to explore the opposite direction. In the present research, we examined whether sexual desire and emotional intimacy reduce attachment insecurities over time in emerging relationships. In an 8‐month longitudinal study, we followed 62 newly dating couples across three measurement waves. At Time 1, romantic partners discussed sexual aspects of their relationship and judges coded their displays of sexual desire and intimacy. Participants also completed measures of relationship‐specific attachment anxiety and avoidance in each wave. The results indicated that men's displays of desire predicted a decline in their own and their partner's relationship‐specific insecurities. Conversely, women's displays of desire inhibited the decline in their partner's relationship‐specific insecurities, whereas women's displays of intimacy predicted a decline in their partner's relationship‐specific insecurities. These findings suggest that different sex‐related processes underlie attachment formation in men and women.
Evaluation of agarose gel electrophoresis for characterization of silver nanoparticles in industrial products
Authors: Jimenez Maria S. , Luque‐Alled Jose M. , Gomez Teresa , Castillo Juan R.
Published: February 2016

Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) has been used extensively for characterization of pure nanomaterials or mixtures of pure nanomaterials. We have evaluated the use of AGE for characterization of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) in an industrial product (described as strong antiseptic). Influence of different stabilizing agents (PEG, SDS, and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate), buffers (TBE and Tris Glycine), and functionalizing agents (mercaptosuccinic acid (TMA) and proteins) has been investigated for the characterization of AgNPs in the industrial product using different sizes‐AgNPs standards. The use of 1% SDS, 0.1% TMA, and Tris Glycine in gel, electrophoresis buffer and loading buffer led to the different sizes‐AgNPs standards moved according to their size/charge ratio (obtaining a linear relationship between apparent mobility and mean diameter). After using SDS and TMA, the behavior of the AgNPs in the industrial product (containing a casein matrix) was completely different, being not possible their size characterization. However we demonstrated that AGE with LA‐ICP‐MS detection is an alternative method to confirm the protein corona formation between the industrial product and two proteins (BSA and transferrin) maintaining NPs‐protein binding (what is not possible using SDS‐PAGE).
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Layered, Double‐Hydroxide‐Based Materials and Their Applications in Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Yan Kai , Wu Guosheng , Jin Wei
Published: February 2016

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) consist of brucite‐like layers containing hydroxides of two or more different kinds of metal cations. These positively charged layers are neutralized by exchangeable anions in the interlayer galleries. LDH‐based materials have substantial potential in efficient energy (e.g., H2, O2) generation. Over the last few decades, tremendous progress has been made toward developing LDH‐based materials for H2 and O2 evolution, for which the performance of LDH‐based materials is closely related to the synthesis method. This minireview initially outlines the recent advances in the synthesis of LDH‐based materials. The advantages and challenges of the protocols in tuning the properties of the material are also discussed and highlighted. The application section concentrates on the most recent progress in photocatalytic H2 generation and photocatalytic and electrocatalytic O2 evolution. By taking advantage of the flexible tunability and uniform distribution of metal cations in the brucite‐like layers or the intercalated anions in the interlayer space, LDH‐based materials exhibit attractive properties in the generation of H2 and O2 with advantages such as improved light absorption, enhanced charge separation, better electron transfer, promoted electrode reaction kinetics, and high durability.
Adaptive multi‐rate interface: development and experimental verification for real‐time hybrid simulation
Authors: Maghareh Amin , Waldbjørn Jacob P. , Dyke Shirley J. , Prakash Arun , Ozdagli Ali I.
Published: February 2016

Real‐time hybrid simulation (RTHS) is a powerful cyber‐physical technique that is a relatively cost‐effective method to perform global/local system evaluation of structural systems. A major factor that determines the ability of an RTHS to represent true system‐level behavior is the fidelity of the numerical substructure. While the use of higher‐order models increases fidelity of the simulation, it also increases the demand for computational resources. Because RTHS is executed at real‐time, in a conventional RTHS configuration, this increase in computational resources may limit the achievable sampling frequencies and/or introduce delays that can degrade its stability and performance. In this study, the Adaptive Multi‐rate Interface rate‐transitioning and compensation technique is developed to enable the use of more complex numerical models. Such a multi‐rate RTHS is strictly executed at real‐time, although it employs different time steps in the numerical and the physical substructures while including rate‐transitioning to link the components appropriately. Typically, a higher‐order numerical substructure model is solved at larger time intervals, and is coupled with a physical substructure that is driven at smaller time intervals for actuator control purposes. Through a series of simulations, the performance of the AMRI and several existing approaches for multi‐rate RTHS is compared. It is noted that compared with existing methods, AMRI leads to a smaller error, especially at higher ratios of sampling frequency between the numerical and physical substructures and for input signals with high‐frequency content. Further, it does not induce signal chattering at the coupling frequency. The effectiveness of AMRI is also verified experimentally. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the stabilization of unphysical pressure oscillations in MPS method simulations
Authors: Sanchez‐Mondragon J.
Published: February 2016

In this paper, pressure stability through the suppression of high‐frequency pressure oscillations in the moving particle semi‐implicit (MPS) method is presented. To obtain a stable pressure field, we improve the free‐surface particle search algorithm. Pressure stability follows from the suppression of high‐frequency pressure oscillations due to a correction in the Laplacian operator of the Poisson pressure equation and from the correction of the pressure gradient operator. The three proposed modifications are applied gradually and compared with the MPS method to show the improvements in the hydrostatic pressure and dam‐breaking problems. To validate the suppression of the high‐frequency numerical pressure oscillations, modified MPS methods with and without a removable wall are compared with published dam‐breaking experiment pressure measurements. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel aerogel sodium‐based sorbent for low temperature CO2 capture
Authors: Yu Fan , Wu Ye , Zhang Wenjing , Cai Tianyi , Xu Yuhao , Chen Xiaoping
Published: February 2016

The object of this research is to develop a novel sodium‐based solid sorbent with amine modification for low temperature CO2 capture in coal‐fired power plants. The new sorbent (NaN) was synthesized with Na2CO3, 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) through sol‐gel method, and then dried with three different methods: conventional drying (CD), organic solvent sublimation drying (OSSD), and supercritical fluid drying (SCFD). The CO2 sorption capacity of NaN was evaluated using a fixed‐bed reactor under various conditions including the temperature and moisture concentration of the flue gas. Results demonstrated that the optimized SCFD‐NaN with APTES:Na2CO3:TEOS mole ratio of 1:1:1 reached the highest CO2 sorption capacity of 2.51 mmol/g under the best experimental conditions (50°C, H2O/CO2 = 1:1). Moreover, the NaN sorbent was regenerable and stable during the 10 cyclic operations. Thus, the SCFD‐NaN sorbent is a promising composite sorbent for CO2 capture. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The spiral of distrust: (Non‐)cooperation in a repeated trust game is predicted by anger and individual differences in negative reciprocity orientation
Authors: Harth Nicole S. , Regner Tobias
Published: February 2016

This study investigated state anger and individual differences in negative reciprocity orientation as predictors of individuals' willingness to cooperate with strangers. In order to observe real behaviour, we used a trust game that was played over six periods. In the trust game, a first player (sender) determines how much of a certain endowment she/he wants to share with a second player (trustee), who then can give something back. We varied whether participants received feedback [feedback (yes, no)] about the trustee's behavioural decision (amount sent back). Supporting our hypotheses, the results suggest that feedback compared with no feedback about the trustee's behaviour increased anger. Specifically, information about low back transfers triggered anger and non‐cooperation in return. Importantly, participants with a strong negative reciprocity orientation reported higher levels of anger and were less willing to cooperate with the trustee compared with those with low negative reciprocity orientation. Moreover, even when anger was low, individuals with a strong negative reciprocity orientation were less willing to cooperate compared with those with a low negative reciprocity orientation. Thus, negative reciprocity orientation seems to arouse a spiral of distrust. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Combined toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in liver cells
Authors: Lin Xialu , Gu Yuanliang , Zhou Qi , Mao Guochuan , Zou Baobo , Zhao Jinshun
Published: February 2016

With rapid industrialization, China is now facing great challenges in heavy metal contamination in the environment. Human exposure to heavy metals through air, water and food commonly involves a mixture consisting of multiple heavy metals. In this study, eight common heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni) that cause environmental contamination were selected to investigate the combined toxicity of different heavy metal mixtures in HL7702 cells. Toxicity (24 h LC50) of each individual metal on the cells ranked Hg > Cr = Cd > Cu > Zn > Ni > Mn > Pb; toxicity of the different mixtures ranked: M5 > M3PbHgCd > M5+Mn > M5+Cu > M2CdNi > M4A > M8‐Mn > M8 > M5+Zn > M4B > M8‐Cr > M8‐Zn > M8‐Cu > M8‐Pb > M8‐Cd > M8‐Hg > M8‐Ni > M3PbHgNi > M3CuZnMn. The cytotoxicity data of individual metals were successfully used to build the additive models of two‐ to eight‐component metal mixtures. The comparison between additive model and combination model or partly additive model was useful to evaluate the combined effects in mixture. Synergistic, antagonistic or additive effects of the toxicity were observed in different mixtures. These results suggest that the combined effects should be considered in the risk assessment of heavy metal co‐exposure, and more comprehensive investigations on the combined effects of different heavy metal mixtures are needed in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PEER DELINQUENCY AND WHERE ADOLESCENTS SPEND TIME WITH PEERS: MEDIATION AND MODERATION OF HOME NEIGHBORHOOD EFFECTS ON SELF‐REPORTED DELINQUENCY
Authors: Tompsett Carolyn J. , Veits Gina M. , Amrhein Kelly E.
Published: February 2016

Collective efficacy is one construct explaining how neighborhood social processes lead to local outcomes, such as crime rates. Collective efficacy has been shown to be mediated by other social influences, such as peer influences, in predicting delinquency. However, existing studies do not always clearly distinguish between the neighborhood where delinquent adolescents reside and other important neighborhoods when assessing collective efficacy. The current study used a self‐report survey of 186 court‐involved adolescents to examine associations between the collective efficacy of the home neighborhood, peer delinquency, and delinquent behaviors. Peer delinquency mediated the association between collective efficacy and self‐reported delinquency. This mediational model was moderated by the location where respondents preferred to spend time with peers, with adolescents who preferred to spend time with peers in neighborhoods outside of their home neighborhood (44%) demonstrating weaker associations between home neighborhood collective efficacy and other variables.
Dynamic Histone Acetylation of H3K4me3 Nucleosome Regulates MCL1 Pre‐mRNA Splicing
Authors: Khan Dilshad H. , Gonzalez Carolina , Tailor Nikesh , Hamedani Mohammad K. , Leygue Etienne , Davie James R.
Published: February 2016

Pre‐mRNA splicing is a cotranscriptional process affected by the chromatin architecture along the body of coding genes. Recruited to the pre‐mRNA by splicing factors, histone deacetylases (HDACs) and K‐acetyltransferases (KATs) catalyze dynamic histone acetylation along the gene. In colon carcinoma HCT 116 cells, HDAC inhibition specifically increased KAT2B occupancy as well as H3 and H4 acetylation of the H3K4 trimethylated (H3K4me3) nucleosome positioned over alternative exon 2 of the MCL1 gene, an event paralleled with the exclusion of exon 2. These results were reproduced in MDA‐MB‐231, but not in MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma cells. These later cells have much higher levels of demethylase KDM5B than either HCT 116 or MDA‐MB‐231 cells. We show that H3K4me3 steady‐state levels and H3K4me3 occupancy at the end of exon 1 and over exon 2 of the MCL1 gene were lower in MCF7 than in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Furthermore, in MCF7 cells, there was minimal effect of HDAC inhibition on H3/H4 acetylation and H3K4me3 levels along the MCL1 gene and no change in pre‐mRNA splicing choice. These results show that, upon HDAC inhibition, the H3K4me3 mark plays a critical role in the exclusion of exon 2 from the MCL1 pre‐mRNA. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2196–2204, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Safety Concerns Surrounding Quinolone Use in Children
Authors: Patel Karisma , Goldman Jennifer L.
Published: February 2016

Fluoroquinolones are highly effective antibiotics with many desirable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties including high bioavailability, large volume of distribution, and a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Despite their attractive profile as anti‐infective agents, their use in children is limited, primarily due to safety concerns. In this review we highlight the pharmacological properties of fluoroquinolones and describe their current use in pediatrics. In addition, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the safety data associated with fluoroquinolone use in children. Although permanent or destructive arthropathy remains a significant concern, currently available data demonstrate that arthralgia and arthropathy are relatively uncommon in children and resolve following cessation of fluoroquinolone exposure without resulting in long‐term sequelae. The concern for safety and risk of adverse events associated with pediatric fluoroquinolone use is likely driving the limited prescribing of this drug class in pediatrics. However, in adults, fluoroquinolones are the most commonly prescribed broad‐spectrum antibiotics, resulting in the development of drug‐resistant bacteria that can be challenging to treat effectively. The consequence of misuse and overuse of fluoroquinolones leading to drug resistance is a greater, but frequently overlooked, safety concern that applies to both children and adults and one that should be considered at the point of prescribing.
Race‐Specific Pharmacodynamic Model of Propofol‐Induced Loss of Consciousness
Authors: Lampotang Samsun , Lizdas David E. , Derendorf Hartmut , Gravenstein Nikolaus , Lok Benjamin , Quarles John P.
Published: February 2016

We present a race‐specific model of propofol‐induced loss of consciousness that is based on pharmacodynamic data collected and adapted from the peer‐reviewed literature. In the proposed race‐specific model that includes EC05 and EC95 concentrations, the median (EC50) (and where available 95%CI) propofol concentrations at the effect site compartment for propofol‐induced loss of consciousness for whites, Chinese, blacks, and Indians are 2.8 (2.7‐2.9), 2.2 (2.2‐2.3), 2.0, and 1.9 μg/mL, respectively.
When Culture Governs Business Practice: A Look at the Indian Diamond Cutting and Polishing Industry
Authors: Rao Indu
Published: February 2016

As informal firms in emerging markets are expanding their role in global supply chains, managers of formal multinational organizations are increasingly relying on their services. Yet, little is known about the organizational aspects of enterprises in the informal sector. An investigation of informal firms engaged in the cutting and polishing of diamonds (CPD) in Surat, India, the world's hub of diamond manufacturing, reveals that in the absence of well‐defined strategies, structures, and processes, the intangible aspect of organizing—specifically, organizational culture—governs business practices. Despite the strong clan‐like orientation of these firms and a culture focused on loyalty, trust, team work, and consensus, the study found evidence of hierarchical characteristics and market‐driven leadership. Coupled with insightful observations of the overall Indian CPD sector, these findings can help guide managers in planning strategies for effective partnerships with informal firms, regardless of their industry. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using Serious Games for Human Resource Management: Lessons From France's Top 40 Companies
Authors: Allal‐Chérif Oihab , Makhlouf Mohamed
Published: February 2016

Businesses around the world use serious games to make training more compelling and effective. An examination of the historic role of serious games in human resource management and the differences between serious games and other forms of professional development leads to the formation of a system for classifying serious games. Coupled with the experiences revealed in a study of 43 leading French firms that employ serious games to manage various aspects of HR, the typology can help managers, regardless of location and industry, choose or create the most effective serious games to attract, select, train, integrate, and retain today's top talent. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Racial disparities in esophageal cancer survival after surgery
Authors: Taioli Emanuela , Wolf Andrea S. , Camacho‐Rivera Marlene , Kaufman Andrew , Lee Dong‐Seok , Bhora Faiz , Flores Raja M.
Published: February 2016

Objectives

Esophageal cancer (EC) black patients have higher mortality rates than Whites. The lower rate of surgery in Blacks may explain the survival difference. We explored the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database to determine the impact of surgery on mortality in Blacks and Whites EC.

Methods

All cases of pathologically proven local and locoregional adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus from 1973 to 2011 were identified (13,678 White, 2,894 Black patients). Cervical esophageal cancer was excluded. Age, sex, diagnosis year, stage, cancer‐directed surgery, radiation, and vital status were analyzed according to self‐reported race.

Results

Blacks had higher 1‐year mortality, adjusted for age, sex, stage, year of diagnosis, histology, and therapy [adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj): 1.24 (95% CI 1.16–1.32)]. Undergoing surgery was an independent predictor of improved survival overall (HRadj 0.30, 95% CI 0.27–0.33). Black patients treated surgically experienced significantly lower survival than Whites, but the difference was not observed in those who did not undergo surgery.

Conclusions

Although surgery appears to reduce mortality overall, early survival is worse for Blacks. Investigation into racial disparities in health care access and delivery, and to skilled esophageal surgeons is warranted to improve survival for all patients, particularly Blacks. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:659–664. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biphasic Oxidation of cis‐Diaquabis(1,10‐phenanthroline)chromium(III) by N‐Bromosuccinimide and the Formation of Chromium(IV) and Chromium(V)
Authors: Eljack Nasma D. , Sulfab Yousif
Published: February 2016

The oxidation of cis‐diaquabis(1,10‐phenanthroline)chromium(III) [cis‐CrIII(phen)2(H2O)2]3+ by ‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) to yield cis‐dioxobis(1,10‐phenanthroline)chromium(V) has been studied spectrophotometrically in the pH 1.57–3.56 and 5.68–6.68 ranges at 25.0°C. The reaction displayed biphasic kinetics at pH < 4.0 and a simple first order at the pH > 5.0. In the low pH range, the reaction proceeds by two successive steps; the first faster step corresponds to the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(IV), and the second slower one corresponds to the oxidation of Cr(IV) to Cr(V), the final product of the reaction. The formation of both Cr(IV) and Cr(V) has been detected by electron spin resonance (ESR). The ESR clearly showed the formation and decay of Cr(IV) as well as the formation of Cr(V). Each oxidation process exhibited a first‐order dependence on the initial [Cr(III)]. The pseudo–first‐order rate constants k34 and k45, for the faster and slower steps, respectively, were obtained by a computer program using Origin7.0. Both rate constants showed first‐order dependence on [NBS] and increased with increasing pH.
The effect of acupuncture on postoperative nausea and vomiting after pediatric tonsillectomy: A meta‐analysis and systematic review
Authors: Shin Hwang Cheol , Kim Jong Seung , Lee Sang Kyi , Kwon Sam Hyun , Kim Min Su , Lee Eun Jung , Yoon Yong Joo
Published: February 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Tonsillectomy is one of the most frequently performed pediatric surgical procedures worldwide. The complications of this procedure include postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and pain; therefore, both the treatment and prevention of PONV are important. Classical antiemetics include drug therapies such as ondansetron, which are undesirable because they often carry a high cost and several side effects. Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the antiemetic effect of acupuncture after pediatric tonsillectomy.

Methods

We searched for eligible articles that reported on the antiemetic effects of acupuncture after tonsillectomy using the three databases, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane, through July 2015. We included full‐length original articles with adequate data for evaluating the antiemetic effects on pediatric tonsillectomy in the form of a relative ratio. The Newcastle‐Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of case control and cohort studies, and the Cochrane risk of bias tool was employed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Results

The search identified 415 publications. After screening, we selected eight articles for review (4 RCTs, 3 prospective cohorts, and 1 pilot study). A meta‐analysis of acupuncture in pediatric tonsillectomy revealed that the number of patients with PONV was significantly reduced with acupuncture compared to the control group, with a risk ratio of 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.63–0.94, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

When acupuncture at PC6 (neiguan) was used to prevent PONV after pediatric tonsillectomy, the risk ratio was significantly lower compared to that of conventional drug therapy. Although further randomized controlled trials are needed, acupuncture at PC6 is considered an economic and effective treatment for emesis after pediatric tonsillectomy. Laryngoscope, 126:1761–1767, 2016
Incus footplate assembly: Indication and surgical outcome
Authors: Park Mina , Han Sungjun , Choi Byung Yoon , Chang Sun O , Kim Chong Sun , Koo Ja‐Won
Published: February 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To review surgical findings and hearing outcomes of incus footplate assembly (IFA) for the patients with conductive hearing loss due to missing stapes superstructure with a mobile stapes footplate.

Study Design

Retrospective case review and survey.

Methods

Pre‐ and postoperative audiometric data and intraoperative findings were reviewed. Postoperative air‐bone gap (ABG) and ABG closure (postoperative air‐conduction threshold–preoperative bone‐conduction threshold) were analyzed.

Results

The causes of missing stapes superstructure and conductive hearing loss were congenital ossicular anomaly (n = 5), chronic otitis media (n = 2), and congenital cholesteatoma (n = 1). The prosthesis was designed to fit between the medial side of the incus and stapes footplate and had a mean length of 3.6 ± 0.5 mm. The mean pre‐ and postoperative ABG were 38.3 ± 4.8 and 13.3 ± 10.0 dB, respectively. The postoperative ABG at frequencies of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 kHz were 20.0 ± 15.4, 16.9 ± 11.9, 16.3 ± 10.3, 10.6 ± 7.3, 12.9 ± 14.0, and 23.1 ± 16.2 dB, respectively. The mean ABG closure was 9.5 dB (range, −1.3∼35.8 dB). Seven cases obtained the best results (mean ABG closure ≤10 dB). In the remaining patient, the mean ABG closure was 9.5 dB until 6 months after surgery, but was 35.8 dB 1 year after surgery.

Conclusions

IFA seems to be a reasonable surgical option in patients with missing the stapes superstructure, but with a mobile footplate in which the long process of incus is preserved.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 126:2569–2573, 2016
Design and Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Nanofiltration Membranes Based on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Polyelectrolyte Multilayers for Larger Ion Rejection and Separation
Authors: Irigoyen Joseba , Laakso Timo , Politakos Nikolaos , Dahne Lars , Pihlajamäki Artho , Mänttäri Mika , Moya Sergio Enrique
Published: February 2016

A polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) membrane of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) (PSS) is deposited on top of a thick‐layer micrometer range of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) assembled on a porous silicon carbide (SiC) tubular membrane support. MWCNTs are assembled “layer‐by‐layer” alternating oxidized CNTs and poly(allylamine hydrochloride)‐modified CNTs. The MWCNTs layer is crosslinked by annealing after the assembly. The MWCNT layer acts as a spacer between the PDADMAC/PSS PEM and the SiC support. The MWCNT support increases water permeability in 42% compared with the PEMs deposited without MWCNTs. Hybrid MWCNT–PEM membranes show high rejection for divalent ions, which increases directly with flux. A rejection up to 92% is measured for MgSO4 and there is up to a 60% rejection difference between MgCl2 and NaCl, making the hybrid MWCNT–PEMs highly appealing for nanofiltration and monovalent and divalent ion separations

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Explaining the Difference Between Real Part and Virtual Design of 3D Printed Porous Polymer at the Microstructural Level
Authors: Hassana Omar Ben , Guessasma Sofiane , Belhabib Sofiane , Nouri Hedi
Published: February 2016

The combination of experimental and numerical approaches is attempted to shed more light on 3D microstructural imperfections and mechanical performance of 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene parts. The starting point is the virtual building of airy structures using a reverse engineering approach. This approach combines microstructure generator, finite element model, and optimization strategy to propose virtual airy structures satisfying structural and mechanical criteria up to a desired porosity content of 60%. Optimal structures are printed using fused deposition modeling and X‐ray microtomography is used to assess all microstructural defects. Compression testing is performed for load levels above 50% of reduction in sample height. The main outcome of this work is the demonstration of small amount of process induced porosity inducing high pore connectivity. The interdependence of process induced and desired porosity reveals genuine microstructural effects that are only characteristics of 3D printed materials.

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