bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural and technical factors in faecal contamination incidents of drinking water in small distribution networks, France, 2003–2004: a geographical study
Authors: Beaudeau Pascal , Valdes Danièle , Mouly Damien , Stempfelet Morgane , Seux René
Published: December 2009

This geographical study aimed to show natural or water-processing-related factors of faecal contamination incidents (FCIs) of drinking water in continental France. We defined a FCI as the occurrence of at least 20 colony-forming Escherichia coli or enterococci among all the 100 mL samples collected for regulatory purpose within one day from a given drinking water supply zone (SZ). We explored correlations between the standardized number of FCIs per département (N_Pols) and various indicators related to weather, land cover, topography, geology and water management for three SZ size sub-classes. In 2003–2004, 2,739 FCIs occurred in SZs supplying fewer than 2,000 people, mainly with simply disinfected groundwater. N_Pols correlates with four covariates: (1) precipitation; (2) the extension of the karst outcrops; (3) the extent of disinfection; and (4) catchment protection. One hundred millimetres of yearly excess in precipitation increases the pollution risk by 28–37%, depending on the sub-class. A 10% extension of the karst areas, a 10% increase of unprotected resources, or of SZs with no disinfection, could entail a higher risk of FCI by about 10%. The correlations are reproducible over the three sub-classes and corroborate expert appraisals. These results encourage the ongoing effort to generalize disinfection and catchment protection.
Defluoridation of water by nanotechnology
Authors: Rao Tata Kondala , Kasiviswanath I. V. , Murthy Y. L. N.
Published: December 2009

Nowadays, people are interested in nanoscale materials (less than 100 nm in size), since their properties are different from those of large scale molecules of the same material due to their greater surface area. This paper deals with a novel, effective and low cost technique for defluoridation of water using nanotechnology. Nanocrystalline calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate powder have been prepared through combustion route using calcium nitrate and sodium hydroxide. The combustion-derived nano calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate powders have been characterized by using XRD and SEM. The powder X Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern confirms the crystallanity and phase purity. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) reveal the powder is an agglomeration of fine particles. The particle size of the powder is found to be in the range of 12–20 nm with a large surface area. The synthesized nano calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate powder is used for defluoridation of water samples with stirring time (1 hr–16 hrs), adsorbent quantity (3–50 mg/L) and pH (6–9) as experimental parameters. It is found that fluoride levels could be removed by using 50 mg of nano powder from 20 mg/L of 1litre standard sodium fluoride solution. In this technique, 90% minimization of sludge could be achieved.
Application of a model-based HACCP system to turbidity control in a conventional waterworks
Authors: Sun F. , Chen J. , Tong Q. , Zeng S.
Published: December 2009

A model-based HACCP system for managing drinking water safety has been proposed by introducing a previously developed Integrated Water Supply System (IWaSS) model for the determination of critical control points (CCPs) and the establishment of critical limits (CLs). In such a HACCP system, hazard analysis is conducted as a quantitative risk assessment through Monte Carlo simulation with the IWaSS model, CCPs are identified through a regional sensitivity analysis, while the CLs for the CCPs are determined through an iterative simulation also with the IWaSS model. The methodology is then applied to a typical conventional waterworks to assess the potential of the waterworks to comply with the standard for turbidity and formulate effective strategies for turbidity control. Coagulation and filtration are found to be the CCPs to improve the performance of the waterworks in turbidity compliance, while source water and sedimentation are the quality control points (QCPs). CLs for the CCPs and QCPs are also quantitatively determined, based on which requirements for monitoring system and corrective actions are proposed.
Comparative study of degradation of 4-chlorophenol by ultraviolet irradiation/sodium hypochlorite and ultraviolet irradiation/ozonation
Authors: Fu J. , Huang J. , Liu Z. , Zeng Q. F. , An S. Q. , Zhu H. L.
Published: December 2009

The photochemical oxidation of 4-chlorophenol solutions by ultraviolet irradiation/sodium hypochlorite (UV/NaClO) and ultraviolet irradiation/ozonation (UV/O3) respectively was studied in a pilot scale photochemical reactor. The degradation efficiency of UV/NaClO was lower than that of UV/O3. The final UV absorption removals of the two processes were approximately 80% and approximately 90% respectively. During the two processes, dihydroxylated chlorophenols were the main intermediates. And pH values decreased with the oxidation being carried on. However, the UV/NaClO process was incomplete and some adsorbable organic halogens, such as ethyl 2-chloroacetate, 3,4-dichlorobut-3-en-2-one, ethyl 2,2-dichloroacetate, 2-chloro-1,1-diethoxyethane, ethyl 2,2,2-trichloroacetate and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, still existed in the final solution. The costs of the two processes were also estimated. On a small scale, UV/NaClO process had significant economic advantage.
Organic Matter and Nitrogen Removal within Field‐Scale Constructed Wetlands: Reduction Performance and Microbial Identification Studies
Authors: Yeh T. Y. , Pan C. T. , Ke T. Y. , Kuo T. W.
Published: December 2009

This study investigated organic matter and nitrogen reduction and transformation mechanisms within a field‐scale hybrid natural purification system. The system included an oxidation pond, two serial surface‐flow wetlands with a cascade in between, and a subsurface‐flow wetland receiving secondary treated dormitory sewage. The average biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 81 and 48%, respectively. Microbial degradation was the primary process contributing to organic reduction. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and ammonium decreased from 7.1 to 3.9 and 5.58 to 3.25 mg/L, respectively, within the surface‐flow wetlands. The results indicated that nitrification occurred within the aerobic compartments. The nitrate levels continued to decrease from 1.26 to 1.07 mg/L, indicating nitrate reduction occurred in the surface‐flow wetland. Total nitrogen decreased from 8.61 to 5.12 mg/L, equivalent to a 41% reduction, within the surface‐flow wetlands. Results revealed that denitrification might concurrently occur in the compartment of surface‐flow wetland. Total nitrogen continued to decrease from 5.12 to 3.99 mg/L within the anoxic subsurface‐flow wetlands through denitrification transformation. The significant total nitrogen reduction observed was 65%. The predominant reduction of total nitrogen might take place within the sediment of surface flow and the subsurface‐flow wetland where denitrification occurred. The microbial identification results also indicated that nitrification/denitrification might occur concurrently within the sediments of surface‐flow wetlands. The results of this study show that hybrid wetland systems are a viable option for organic matter and nitrogen transformation and removal in tropical regions where tertiary wastewater systems are too costly or unable to operate. Treated water from these systems can comply with local surface water criteria rendering water for reuse and groundwater recharge.
Secondary Traumatization in Pediatric Healthcare Providers: Compassion Fatigue, Burnout, and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Authors: Meadors Patrick , Lamson Angela , Swanson Mel , White Mark , Sira Natalia
Published: December 2009

The primary aim for this research was to explore the overlap and differences between the concepts related to secondary traumatization: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), secondary traumatic stress (STS), compassion fatigue (CF), and burnout (BRN). A secondary aim for this research was to examine the impact of secondary traumatization and some of the personal and professional elements that affect how pediatric healthcare providers experience PTSD, STS, CF, and BRN. An online survey was sent via e-mail to numerous list serves for healthcare providers who had worked on PICU, NICU, or PEDS units within the last year. The analyses revealed that a significant overlap existed between the terms of STS, PTSD, BRN, CS, and CF for PICU, NICU, and PEDS providers. However, a hierarchical linear regression revealed a significant amount of unique contributions to the variance in CF based on each of the measured concepts. Despite previous literature that indicates that the terms STS and CF can be used interchangeably, the two most prominent measures utilized in the assessment of CF and STS are actually capturing at least some unique elements. Given these results, future researchers should examine and conceptualize the difference in etiology, prevalence, symptoms, and treatment efficacy for CF and STS as separate but related entities and then return their focus to understanding secondary traumatization in healthcare providers.
The Final Days of Edgar Allan Poe: Clues to an Old Mystery Using 21st Century Medical Science
Authors: Francis Roger A.
Published: December 2009

This study examines all documented information regarding the final days and death of Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849), in an attempt to determine the most likely cause of death of the American poet, short story writer, and literary critic. Information was gathered from letters, newspaper accounts, and magazine articles written during the period after Poe's death, and also from biographies and medical journal articles written up until the present. A chronology of Poe's final days was constructed, and this was used to form a differential diagnosis of possible causes of death. Death theories over the last 160 years were analyzed using this information. This analysis, along with a review of Poe's past medical history, would seem to support an alcohol-related cause of death.
Corruption and Federalism: (When) Do Federal Criminal Prosecutions Improve Non-Federal Democracy?
Authors: Hills, Roderick M.
Published: December 2009

Are federal prosecutions of non-federal officials for corruption likely to improve non-federal government? This essay suggests that such prosecutions can undermine the distinctive style of democracy at the state and local level, an effect that can be harmful to democracy in America overall. This conclusion rests on a larger argument about the different nature of federal and non-federal democracy in the United States. To insure that each official maintains impartial loyalty to values defined by a single, popularly accountable policymaker, the federal system of bureaucratic populism strictly separates the officials’ public and private interests, through various devices such as civil service protection for executive officials, Article III life tenure, and fixed salary for federal judges, specialized training for federal officers, and conflict-of-interest rules that bar federal officers from acting when their judgment could be compromised by private interests. By contrast, participatory populism rejects this separation of the public and private spheres, instead mixing professional and lay decision-making by using thousands of part-time, under-paid executive and legislative officers who are expected to have substantial private interests in the communities that they represent. The essay argues that each style of democracy has mutually exclusive advantages and disadvantages. However, enforcement of federal anticorruption law against non-federal democracies can undermine their system of mingled private and public interests, reducing the degree to which such governments can provide laypersons with opportunities for political activity. As an illustration of the overextension of federal criminal law, I examine the First Circuit’s interpretation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1346, the federal mail fraud statute in United States v. Sawyer. Sawyer comes dangerously close to declaring that any undisclosed state or local officer’s conflict of interest constitutes a violation of § 1346 when it involves the U.S. mails. I argue that this view of § 1346 is an error. Participatory populism requires that private and public tasks be closely mingled in ways that bureaucratic populism forbids. Undoubtedly, this mixture of public and private creates a risk that public office will be used for private gain. However, it also avoids some of the bureaucratic sclerosis and lack of lay participation that can be endemic to the more centralized federal tradition. In conclusion, I suggest that federal prosecutors ought to content themselves with using § 1346 to enforce already-existing state criminal conflict-of-interest rules, for the sake of preserving a place in our federal regime for participatory populism.
Memoria de actividades relacionadas con la innovación en la construcción: Documento de Idoneidad Técnica (DIT). 50 años de la UEAtc
Authors: Blázquez A.
Published: December 2009

Anualmente la UEAtc (Union Européenne pour l’Agrément technique dans la construction / Unión Europea para la Idoneidad Técnica en Construcción), creada en 1960, y que por tanto celebrará su 50 aniversario el próximo año, reúne a los Directores de sus 18 Institutos Miembros, representantes, a su vez, de otros tantos países europeos, en la reunión anual denominada: Comisión de Coordinación. En esta Comisión, se discuten las situaciones nacionales y las interacciones entre las actividades de cada Instituto (País), para la evaluación de la innovación en la construcción y particularmente para la referida a los productos de construcción innovadores, en el ámbito del Documento de Idoneidad Técnica (DIT) (en otras lenguas Agrément, Avis Technique, etc.). Como en muchas otras actividades que practicamos en nuestra vida, a veces, no prestamos
suficiente atención a que éstas, se desarrollan en un contexto marcado por hechos históricos más o menos relevantes que se suceden paralelos a nuestra actividad profesional, a la que sin duda de una manera u otra afectan significativamente. Es por ello, que se realiza aquí, una reflexión con ánimo constructivo y optimista, un ejercicio simple subjetivo y con alguna dosis de humor, que lista, paralelamente a algunos de los hechos históricos anuales que han ido aconteciendo, aquellos otros, más técnicos, que tienen que ver con el DIT. Exposición que se finaliza con el Resumen Anual (2008), de actividades del DIT, presentado a la última Comisión de Coordinación de la UEAtc.
El mensaje es doble: por un lado no deberíamos olvidar la historia y lo que hemos conseguido, y por otro lado, nuestro trabajo no debería abstraerse en sí mismo, hasta el punto de perder de vista la relatividad de lo que hacemos.
Neurons Preferentially Respond to Self-MHC Class I Allele Products Regardless of Peptide Presented
Authors: Escande-Beillard Nathalie , Washburn Lorraine , Zekzer Dan , Wu Zhongqi-Phyllis , Eitan Shoshy , Ivkovic Sonja , Lu Yuxin , Dang Hoa , Middleton Blake , Bilousova Tina V. , Yoshimura Yoshitaka , Evans Christopher J. , Joyce Sebastian , Tian Jide , Kaufman Daniel L.
Published: December 2009

Studies of mice lacking MHC class I (MHC I)-associated proteins have demonstrated a role for MHC I in neurodevelopment. A central question arising from these observations is whether neuronal recognition of MHC I has specificity for the MHC I allele product and the peptide presented. Using a well-established embryonic retina explant system, we observed that picomolar levels of a recombinant self-MHC I molecule inhibited neurite outgrowth. We then assessed the neurobiological activity of a panel of recombinant soluble MHC Is, consisting of different MHC I heavy chains with a defined self- or nonself-peptide presented, on cultured embryonic retinas from mice with different MHC I haplotypes. We observed that self-MHC I allele products had greater inhibitory neuroactivity than nonself-MHC I molecules, regardless of the nature of the peptide presented, a pattern akin to MHC I recognition by some innate immune system receptors. However, self-MHC I molecules had no effect on retinas from MHC I-deficient mice. These observations suggest that neuronal recognition of MHC I may be coordinated with the inherited MHC I alleles, as occurs in the innate immune system. Consistent with this notion, we show that MHC I and MHC I receptors are coexpressed by precursor cells at the earliest stages of retina development, which could enable such coordination.
Differential Regulation of IL-4Rα Expression by Antigen versus Cytokine Stimulation Characterizes Th2 Progression In Vivo
Authors: Perona-Wright Georgia , Mohrs Katja , Mayer Katrin D. , Mohrs Markus
Published: December 2009

IL-4 promotes Th2 differentiation and provides immunity to helminth infections but is also associated with allergy and asthma. This suggests that precise adjustment of IL-4 responsiveness is needed to correctly balance immune responses. The IL-4Rα chain is an essential component of the IL-4 receptor and signals via STAT6. In this study, we show that infection with a helminth pathogen elicited broad upregulation of IL-4Rα on bystander CD4+ T cells in the draining lymph node, while simultaneously resulting in the loss of IL-4Rα expression on activated Th2 cells. IL-4Rα upregulation was restricted to the reactive lymph node, occurred within 4 d of infection, and was driven by an IL-4– and STAT6–dependent mechanism. Mice heterozygous for Stat6 exhibited reduced IL-4Rα upregulation and a correspondingly attenuated Th2 response. Indeed, the enhanced IL-4Rα upregulation in BALB/c mice, compared with that in C57BL6 mice, predicted their stronger Th2 response. The selective downregulation of IL-4Rα on highly activated Th cells was triggered by antigenic stimulation, was accompanied by loss of IL-7Rα, and rendered the cells unresponsive to IL-4. Together these data reveal a tightly controlled program of changing IL-4 responsiveness that characterizes the initiation, amplification, and restriction of a Th2 response in vivo.
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Is Required for an Optimal Response to the Polysaccharide α-1,3 Dextran
Authors: Mahmoud Tamer I. , Kearney John F.
Published: December 2009

An understanding of Ab responses to polysaccharides associated with pathogenic microorganisms is of importance for improving vaccine design, especially in neonates that respond poorly to these types of Ags. In this study, we have investigated the role of the lymphoid-specific enzyme TdT in generating B cell clones responsive to α-1,3 dextran (DEX). TdT is a DNA polymerase that plays a major role in generating diversity of lymphocyte AgRs during V(D)J recombination. In this study, we show that the DEX-specific Ab response is lower, and the dominant DEX-specific J558 idiotype (Id) is not detected in TdT−/− mice when compared with wild-type (WT) BALB/c mice. Nucleotide sequencing of H chain CDR3s of DEX-specific plasmablasts, sorted postimmunization, showed that TdT−/− mice generate a lower frequency of the predominant adult molecularly determined clone J558. Complementation of TdT expression in TdT−/− mice by early forced expression of the short splice variant of TdT-restored WT proportions of J558 Id+ clones and also abrogated the development of the minor M104E Id+ clones. J558 Id V(D)J rearrangements are detected as early as 7 d after birth in IgM-negative B cell precursors in the liver and spleen of WT and TdT-transgenic mice but not in TdT−/− mice. These data show that TdT is essential for the generation of the predominant higher-affinity DEX-responsive J558 clone.
Theological trends in our postsecular age
Authors: Van Aarde Andries
Published: December 2009

The article is a contribution to the commemoration of the 2008 centenary celebration of the University of Pretoria. Its focus is on present-day theological trends. The article�s point of departure is the commendation of the philosopher Charles Taylor for being awarded with the Templeton Prize in 2007. With this prize the Templeton Foundation bestows �progress toward discoveries about spirituality�. The article links Charles Taylor�s idea of the postmodern spiritual tendency of �enchantment� as a closure of modernity�s exclusive humanism to Peter Berger�s reproach of civil religion. It pleads for a non-fundamentalist and non-populist post-secular spirituality which concurs with post-theism, a de-centring of the power of institutional religion and the enhancement of a biblical hermeneutics that does not emphasise a proposition-like and moral code-like reading strategy. The article is aimed at a spirituality of living faith in light of ancient biblical and confessional life stories.
The Department of New Testament Studies, University of Pretoria (Dutch Reformed Church) 1938� 2008
Authors: Van der Watt Jan , Du Toit Andrie , Joubert Stephan
Published: December 2009

This article deals with the history of the Department of New Testament Studies at the University of Pretoria from 1938 to 2008. The focus falls on the permanent staff members and their contributions during this period. The article begins with a discussion of the life and career of Prof. E.P. Groenewald. It then proceeds to the more diff cult time of cultural boycotts, with Profs A.B. du Toit and F. Botha as members of the Department at that time. Then the careers of Profs J.G. van der Watt and S.J. Joubert are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion of the contribution made by Prof. G.J. Steyn.
The Dutch Reformed Church and the Faculty of Theology at the University of Pretoria
Authors: Du Toit Philippus R.
Published: December 2009

The focus of this article is on the fundamental and practical reasons that led to the establishment of theological training by the Dutch Reformed Church in the northern part of South Africa. The Faculty of Theology (Division B) was eventually established in 1938 at the University of Pretoria - nearly 80 years since the opening of the Theological Seminary in Stellenbosch. Attention is given both to the major role players in Church and Faculty as well as to the developments that inf uenced both Church and Faculty: the Dutch Reformed Church of Transvaal eventually dissolved into four synods; the Faculty of Theology on the other hand united the two Divisions to become one multi-denominational faculty in 2000. Cognisance is taken of the major tensions between faculty and Church during the course of time. Special attention is given to certain accusations regarding theological heresy during the last decade.�
One Day, AI Could Mean Better Mental Health for All
Authors: Abbasi Jennifer , Hswen Yulin
Published: May 2024

This Medical News article is an interview with psychiatrist Vikram Patel, chair of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School.
Real-Time Electronic Patient Portal Use Among Emergency Department Patients
Authors: Turer Robert W. , McDonald Samuel A. , Lehmann Christoph U. , Thakur Bhaskar , Dutta Sayon , Taylor Richard A. , Rose Christian C. , Frisch Adam , Feterik Kristian , Norquist Craig , Baker Carrie K. , Nielson Jeffrey A. , Cha David , Kwan Brian , Dameff Christian , Killeen James P. , Hall Michael K. , Doerning Robert C. , Rosenbloom S. Trent , Distaso Casey , Steitz Bryan D.
Published: May 2024

Importance

Patients with inequitable access to patient portals frequently present to emergency departments (EDs) for care. Little is known about portal use patterns among ED patients.

Objectives

To describe real-time patient portal usage trends among ED patients and compare demographic and clinical characteristics between portal users and nonusers.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cross-sectional study of 12 teaching and 24 academic-affiliated EDs from 8 health systems in California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, and Washington, patient portal access and usage data were evaluated for all ED patients 18 years or older between April 5, 2021, and April 4, 2022.

Exposure

Use of the patient portal during ED visit.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcomes were the weekly proportions of ED patients who logged into the portal, viewed test results, and viewed clinical notes in real time. Pooled random-effects models were used to evaluate temporal trends and demographic and clinical characteristics associated with real-time portal use.

Results

The study included 1 280 924 unique patient encounters (53.5% female; 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 3.7% Asian, 18.0% Black, 10.7% Hispanic, 0.4% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 66.5% White, 10.0% other race, and 4.0% with missing race or ethnicity; 91.2% English-speaking patients; mean [SD] age, 51.9 [19.2] years). During the study, 17.4% of patients logged into the portal while in the ED, whereas 14.1% viewed test results and 2.5% viewed clinical notes. The odds of accessing the portal (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% CI, 1.19-1.56), viewing test results (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.30-2.04), and viewing clinical notes (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.19-2.15) were higher at the end of the study vs the beginning. Patients with active portal accounts at ED arrival had a higher odds of logging into the portal (OR, 17.73; 95% CI, 9.37-33.56), viewing test results (OR, 18.50; 95% CI, 9.62-35.57), and viewing clinical notes (OR, 18.40; 95% CI, 10.31-32.86). Patients who were male, Black, or without commercial insurance had lower odds of logging into the portal, viewing results, and viewing clinical notes.

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that real-time patient portal use during ED encounters has increased over time, but disparities exist in portal access that mirror trends in portal usage more generally. Given emergency medicine’s role in caring for medically underserved patients, there are opportunities for EDs to enroll and train patients in using patient portals to promote engagement during and after their visits.
CREB3 mediates the transcriptional regulation of PGC‐1α, a master regulator of energy homeostasis and mitochondrial biogenesis
Authors: Locke Briana , Campbell Elena , Lu Ray
Published: May 2024

Lipid metabolism hinges on a balance between lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Disruptions in this balance can induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR) and contribute to metabolic diseases. The UPR protein, Luman or CREB3, has recently been implicated in metabolic regulation–CREB3 knockout mice exhibit resistance to diet‐induced obesity and altered insulin sensitivity. Here, we show that CREB3 activated PPARGC1A transcription from a 1 kb promoter region. An increase in CREB3 expression correlated inversely with endogenous PPARGC1A mRNA levels and genes involved in FAO. As PGC‐1α encoded by PPARGC1A is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and energy homeostasis, these findings demonstrate that CREB3 is a transcriptional regulator of PGC‐1α, underlining the potential role of CREB3 in energy metabolism.
Characterization of a novel pulse normalization technology for beam scanning of small fields without a reference chamber
Authors: Baltz Garrett C. , Kirsner Steven M.
Published: May 2024

Purpose

A novel pulse normalization technology enabling the acquisition of low noise beam data without the use of a physical reference chamber has recently been commercially released. The purpose of this study was to characterize the use of this technology for beam scanning of small fields required in the commissioning of a stereotactic radiotherapy program.

Methods

Three detectors (Edge diode, microDiamond, PinPoint) were used to acquire beam data under three conditions: with a reference chamber, with pulse normalization and no reference chamber (PN), and without pulse normalization and no reference chamber (nPN). Percent depth dose (PDD) scans were acquired for 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 cm2 field sizes and profiles were acquired at 1.4, 10, and 30 cm depths using continuous scanning. The coefficient of variation (CoV) was calculated for all beam data to compare signal‐to‐noise and gamma comparisons (1%, 1 mm) were calculated of the PN and nPN scans compared to the reference data.

Results

Average 95th percentile CoV values were similar for all detectors across conditions, with PN data being comparable to reference data and minor increases observed for nPN data. Mean gamma pass rates for PN PDD scans exceeded 98% for all detectors. Profile gamma pass rates were 100% for all detectors at 1.4 and 10 cm depth. At 30 cm depth, profiles acquired with the PinPoint and microDiamond detectors had lower mean gamma pass rates than the Edge, at 95% and 95.7%, respectively.

Conclusions

A novel pulse normalization technology was demonstrated to be effective for acquiring beam profiles and PDDs for small fields without the use of a physical reference chamber. Limitations in how the method is implemented led to some errors in data acquired using lower sensitivity detectors. When used with a diode, pulse normalization produced equivalent scans to those acquired with a reference chamber.
Charge Transfer and Ion Occupation Induced Ultra‐Durable and All‐Weather Energy Generation from Ambient Air for Over 200 Days
Authors: Lu Jian , Xu Bingang , Huang Junxian , Liu Xinlong , Fu Hong
Published: May 2024

The notion of spontaneous and persistent energy generation from omnipresent atmospheric moisture presents an alluring prospect in the realm of next‐generation energy sources. Here, an ultra‐durable and all‐weather energy generator (UAEG) predicated on interface‐induced proton migration derived from enhanced proton dissociation by charge transfer and ion occupation is reported, which reduces the diffusion barrier of protons in chromatogram‐like mass transfer by avoiding the rebinding of dissociated protons with charged polyelectrolyte chains, thus leading to efficient and continuous proton migration through heterogeneously hygroscopic interface and delivering ultra‐durable direct‐current output. Deep insight into underlying mechanisms is demonstrated by theoretical calculations and in situ investigations toward molecular interactions and charge distribution. A UAEG unit with 4 cm2 in size can generate an impressive electric output (0.88 V and 37.58 µA) across extensive relative humidity (10–90%) and ambient temperature (−30–50 ˚C), capable of generating energy in all‐weather conditions (e.g., sunny, cloudy, overcast, and rainy) regardless of day and night. Importantly, it is the first time that a commercial electronic is continuously driven for over 200 days in all‐weather conditions just depending on ambient moisture. This work provides a novel perspective for the development of ultra‐durable and all‐weather moisture‐enabled energy generators.
Graphene Quantum Dots Nanoantibiotic‐Sensitized TiO2−x Heterojunctions for Sonodynamic‐Nanocatalytic Therapy of Multidrug‐Resistant Bacterial Infections
Authors: Qian Ying , Wang Jingming , Geng Xudong , Jia Bingqing , Wang Lei , Li Yong‐Qiang , Geng Bijiang , Huang Weimin
Published: May 2024

The exploration of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) as a possible replacement for antibiotics by creating reactive oxygen species (ROS) is suggested as a non‐drug‐resistant theranostic method. However, the low‐efficiency ROS generation and complex tumor microenvironment which can deplete ROS and promote tumor growth will cause the compromised antibacterial efficacy of SDT. Herein, through an oxygen vacancy engineering strategy, TiO2−x microspheres with an abundance of Ti3+ are synthesized using a straightforward reductant co‐assembly approach. The narrow bandgaps and Ti3+/Ti4+‐mediated multiple‐enzyme catalytic activities of the obtained TiO2−x microspheres make them suitable for use as sonosensitizers and nanozymes. When graphene quantum dot (GQD) nanoantibiotics are deposited on TiO2−x microspheres, the resulting GQD/TiO2−x shows an increased production of ROS, which can be ascribed to the accelerated separation of electron–hole pairs, as well as the peroxidase‐like catalytic activity mediated by Ti3+, and the depletion of glutathione mediated by Ti4+. Moreover, the catalytic activities of TiO2−x microspheres are amplified by the heterojunctions‐accelerated carrier transfer. In addition, GQDs can inhibit Topo I, displaying strong antibacterial activity and further enhancing the antibacterial activity. Collectively, the combination of GQD/TiO2−x‐mediated SDT/NCT with nanoantibiotics can result in a synergistic effect, allowing for multimodal antibacterial treatment that effectively promotes wound healing.
Dual Sensing Signal Decoupling Based on Thermoelectric Polymer Aerogels for Precise Temperature and Pressure Recognition
Authors: Wang Zubin , Jiang Saihua , Huang Yubin , Song Tao , Liufu Chaokang , Huang Yangchun , Zhou Gang , Zhang Qi , Qian Xiaodong , Lan Yang , Attia Nour F.
Published: May 2024

The capability to emulate skin‐like temperature and pressure sensing is fundamental for next‐generation artificial intelligence products. However, detecting temperature and pressure simultaneously with a single sensor without signal interference is challenging. Herein, a novel PCC aerogel sensor composed of PEDOT:PSS, CNTs, and CNF via directional freezing technology is developed. The PCC sensor can decouple temperature and pressure stimuli into individual voltage and resistance signals. It exhibits high‐precision temperature sensing capabilities, boasting an exceptionally high Seebeck coefficient of 30.4 µV K‐1 and the ability to detect temperature variations as low as 0.1 K. PCC sensors show excellent sensitivity and fast response times for detecting static and dynamic pressures, as well as high stability after 1000 cycles. Its maximum pressure sensitivity can reach 159.1% kPa−1, and the lowest detection limit is 10 Pa. Additionally, its excellent thermoelectric properties also enable to generating thermopower from human skin for self‐powered pressure sensing. A 3×3 PCC sensor array has been proposed to simulate the unique features of human skin in temperature and pressure recognition. This work provides a scalable manufacturing strategy for multi‐functional tactile sensors.
Soft Monolithic Shielded Sensors to Measure Shear and Normal Forces for Local Slip Detection
Authors: Aksoy Bekir , Digumarti Krishna Manaswi , Shea Herbert
Published: May 2024

Soft force sensors enable closed loop control or autonomous operation of compliant robot systems. A stretchable force sensing surface containing an array of independent sensor units is reported. This design allows for the measurement of local shear and normal forces at multiple locations, independently, providing real‐time, multi‐axis force information at each unit. The sensor array is based on capacitive strain sensing, using liquid metal electrodes and air microchannel for high sensitivity. Electromechanical interference between adjacent sensor units is addressed and eliminated through design optimization and the use of compliant electrical shield layers. A 1D sensor array is applied to gripping tasks, where the independent sensor readings enable detecting local and partial slipping. This study illustrates how the device can be used to explore the dynamics of local forces during the stages of pick up, slip, and release.
Highly Efficient Photoanodic Material: Utilizing Dihydrolipoic Acid‐Functionalized CuInS2 Quantum Dots in Photoelectrochemical Cells
Authors: Morselli Giacomo , Bellatreccia Caterina , Mazzanti Michele , Cristino Vito , Ianniello Anna , Caramori Stefano , Mazzaro Raffaello , Ceroni Paola
Published: May 2024

Copper indium sulfide quantum dots (CIS QDs) possess the desired optical properties to act as photoanodic material in photoelectrochemical cells, like a high molar absorption coefficient over the entire visible spectrum and long exciton lifetimes. The already reported procedures that utilize photoanodes based on such nanoparticles, however, exploit harsh conditions or utilize non‐scalable, expensive, and low‐yield syntheses. Here, the construction of CIS QDs adsorbed onto TiO2/FTO photoanodes (FTO = fluorine‐doped tin oxide) with a process aimed at avoiding these issues is proposed. In particular, the employment of dihydrolipoic acid as the ligand allows an easy and cost‐effective functionalization. CdS layers are deposited onto the nanoparticles to enhance the photoelectrochemical properties. Full characterization of the steady–state and transient photoelectrochemical properties of the electrodes is performed to gain information on the interfacial dynamics among the different components of the electrode. Maximum IPCEs of the order of 50% and a spectral sensitization extended up to 700 nm are obtained in the optimized conditions.
Nature‐Inspired Halide Perovskite Breath Figures: Unleashing Enhanced Light‐Matter Interaction
Authors: Sarkar Prakash , Maitra Tamaghna , Hossain Mozakkar , NK Murugasenapathi , Chirumamilla Manohar , Palanisamy Tamilarasan , Rao K. D. M.
Published: May 2024

Halide perovskites offer a transformative potential for optoelectronics through tailoring the light‐matter interactions at the nanoscale. However, their susceptibility to environmental factors and limited compatibility with standard lithography techniques present significant challenges in precise nanopatterning. This work unveils a nature‐inspired breath figures (BFs) approach to pattern halide perovskites and enhancing their optoelectronic performance. The fabrication of BFs based on BiI3 allows for changes in nanopore size (ranging from 247 to 423 nm) and their distribution. Subsequently, these BiI3 BFs are transformed into hybrid halide MA3Bi2I9 BFs using a vapor‐assisted technique while retaining the nanoporous topology of the BiI3 structure. The resultant MA3Bi2I9 BFs show significantly enhanced light absorption compared to conventional thin films, attributed to the increased extinction and lower refractive index. The optoelectronic performance of the MA3Bi2I9 BFs is showcased by constructing a photodetector, which exhibits three orders of magnitude higher responsivity and detectivity, up to 1 AW−1 and 1.3 × 1012 Jones, respectively, outperforming the photodetectors based on solution‐processed A3B2I9 halide perovskite thin films. The BFs method provides flexibility in tuning nanoscale morphology, showcasing its potential in advancing lead‐free optoelectronics and paving the way for next‐generation optoelectronic devices.
High‐Efficiency Cyan–Green‐Emitting Y3Sc2Ga3O12:Ce Phosphor for Microcrystals and Ultrathin Phosphor‐Glass Composite for Light‐Emitting Diode
Authors: Zhou Yimin , Li Chenyang , Ning Jiqiang , Tang Fei
Published: May 2024

Developing efficient cyan‐green phosphors and ultrathin phosphor‐glass composites (PGCs) with remarkable chemical and thermal stability is important for fabricating full‐visible‐spectrum white light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). In this study, a garnet‐structured cyan‐green phosphor, known as Y3Sc2Ga3O12:Ce (YSGG:Ce), is synthesized, exhibiting an intense excitation peak at 420 nm and broad‐emission band centered at 507 nm. Theoretical analysis indicates that a phonon with a characteristic energy of 90 meV is predominantly involved in the luminescence process. However, the phosphor powder exhibits a notable thermal quenching phenomenon for temperatures higher than 220 K. Ultrathin PGCs with the thickness of 37 µm are manufactured to achieve good thermal stability. Three types of composites are subsequently integrated onto 412 nm blue chips to prepare LED devices. The resulting device has a low correlated color temperature of 2925 K and impressive color‐rendering index of 93.5, and its precise chromaticity coordinates aligned with the black‐body locus. Therefore, this study highlights the promising applications of high‐efficiency PGCs in high‐quality LEDs.
Polatuzumab vedotin, venetoclax, and an anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody in relapsed/refractory B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Yuen Sam , Phillips Tycel J. , Bannerji Rajat , Marlton Paula , Gritti Giuseppe , Seymour John F. , Johnston Anna , Arthur Christopher , Dodero Anna , Sharma Sunil , Hirata Jamie , Musick Lisa , Flowers Christopher R.
Published: May 2024

The Phase 2 portion of this study evaluated safety and efficacy of polatuzumab vedotin 1.8 mg/kg and venetoclax 800 mg, plus fixed‐dose obinutuzumab 1000 mg or rituximab 375 mg/m2 in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) follicular lymphoma (FL) or diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), respectively. Patients with complete response (CR) or partial response (PR)/stable disease (FL) or CR/PR (DLBCL) at end of induction (EOI; six 21‐day cycles) received post‐induction therapy with venetoclax and obinutuzumab or rituximab, respectively. Primary endpoint was CR rate at EOI. Safety‐evaluable populations included 74 patients (FL cohort; median age 64 years; progression of disease within 24 months on first‐line treatment, 25.7%; FL International Prognostic Index 3–5, 54.1%; ≥2 previous therapies, 74.3%) and 57 patients (DLBCL cohort; median age 65 years; International Prognostic Index 3–5, 54.4%; ≥2 previous therapies, 77.2%). The most common non‐hematologic adverse events (mostly Grades 1–2) in the FL and DLBCL cohorts were diarrhea (55.4% and 47.4%, respectively) and nausea (47.3% and 36.8%); neutropenia was the most common Grades 3–4 toxicity (39.2% and 52.6%). Efficacy‐evaluable populations included patients treated at the recommended Phase 2 dose (FL, n = 49; DLBCL, n = 48). CR rates at EOI were 59.2% (FL) and 31.3% (DLBCL); median progression‐free survival was 22.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.5—not evaluable) and 4.6 months (95% CI, 3.6–8.1), respectively. Polatuzumab vedotin plus venetoclax and obinutuzumab/rituximab had acceptable safety in patients with R/R FL or DLBCL, with promising response rates in R/R FL, including high‐risk patients.
Practical cooling interventions for preventing heat strain in indoor factory workers in Thailand
Authors: Bach Aaron J. E. , Thepaksorn Phayong , Hom Thepaksorn Elizabeth K. , Borg David N. , Rutherford Shannon , Osborne Nicholas J. , Darssan Darsy , Phung Dung
Published: May 2024

Background

Occupational heat stress, exacerbated by factors such as climate change and insufficient cooling solutions, endangers the health and productivity of workers, especially in low‐resource workplaces.

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of two cooling strategies in reducing physiological strain and productivity of piece‐rate workers over a 9‐h work shift in a southern Thailand sawmill.

Methods

In a crossover randomized control trial design, 12 (33 ± 7 y; 1.58 ± 0.05 m; 51 ± 9 kg; n = 5 females) medically screened sawmill workers were randomly allocated into three groups comprising an established phase change material vest (VEST), an on‐site combination cooling oasis (OASIS) (i.e., hydration, cold towels, fans, water dousing), and no cooling (CON) across 3 consecutive workdays. Physiological strain was measured via core temperature telemetry and heart rate monitoring. Productivity was determined by counting the number of pallets of wood sorted, stacked, and stowed each day.

Results

Relative to CON, OASIS lowered core temperature by 0.25°C [95% confidence interval = 0.24, 0.25] and heart rate by 7 bpm [6, 9] bpm, compared to 0.17°C [0.17, 0.18] and 10 [9,12] bpm reductions with VEST. It was inconclusive whether productivity was statistically lower in OASIS compared to CON (mean difference [MD] = 2.5 [–0.2, 5.2]), and was not statistically different between VEST and CON (MD = 1.4 [–1.3, 4.1]).

Conclusions

Both OASIS and VEST were effective in reducing physiological strain compared to no cooling. Their effect on productivity requires further investigation, as even small differences between interventions could lead to meaningful disparities in piece‐rate worker earnings over time.
Discovery of Alkyl Triphenylphosphonium Pinostrobin Derivatives as Potent Anti‐Breast Cancer Agents
Authors: Tran Tu Hoai , Le Tho Huu , Nguyen Thu‐Ha Thi , Vong Long Binh , Nguyen Mai Thanh Thi , Nguyen Nhan Trung , Dang Phu Hoang
Published: May 2024

Pinostrobin demonstrated anticancer properties, but its hydrophobic feature led to a reduction in bioavailability. The mitochondria‐targeted approach successfully synthesized eight new alkyl triphenylphosphonium pinostrobin derivatives (1–8) with good yield in this study. Seven compounds (1–3, 5–8) showed greater cytotoxic potency against the human MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line than pinostrobin. Molecular docking studies were performed with two important targets in hormone‐dependent anticancer strategies, estrogen receptor α (ERα) ligand binding domains, 3ERT (antagonist recognition and antiproliferative function), and 1GWR (agonist recognition and pro‐proliferative function). In addition, the MD simulation study of the two most potent compounds (2 and 3) complexed with both ERα forms suggested that compounds 2 and 3 could serve as favourable antagonists. Furthermore, the in silico ADMET prediction indicated that compounds 2 and 3 could be potential drug candidates.
Clinical image: Cervicofacial rotation skin flap in PLWD patients
Authors: Politis C. , Lenaerts V. , Evrard L. , Shall F. , Gorlé D.
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

This article outlines a surgical protocol designed for people living with dementia (PLWD). It proposes that simultaneous resection and reconstruction of skin cancer can minimizes the need for initial care. The method outlined involves primary closure via a cervicofacial rotation flap technique and the use of monofilament resorbable sutures.
Electrocatalytic, Sm‐Promoted Synthesis of Aminoarenes from Nitroaromatic Derivatives in MeOH
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Feng , Schulz Emmanuelle , Mellah Mohamed
Published: May 2024

A new mild and chemoselective method for the preparation of various aminoarenes is described, based on the electrochemical catalytic reduction of nitroaryl derivatives promoted by samarium salts in methanol. The reactions are carried out in air, in an undivided electrochemical cell, at room temperature and tolerate a wide range of functional groups, including some reducible ones, without leading to by‐products. This procedure is also effective for the complete reduction of challenging substrates, namely those capable of coordinating metals, traditionally leading to the need for drastic conditions in terms of pressure, reaction time or temperature. 47 examples are described, including one nitroalkane, and all lead to the targeted reduced product in yields that are almost always over 90 %.
Unspecific Peroxygenase (UPO) can be Tuned for Oxygenation or Halogenation Activity by Controlling the Reaction pH
Authors: Barber Verity , Mielke Tamara , Cartwright Jared , Díaz‐Rodríguez Alba , Unsworth William P. , Grogan Gideon
Published: May 2024

Unspecific Peroxygenases (UPOs) are increasingly significant enzymes for selective oxygenations as they are stable, highly active and catalyze their reactions at the expense of only hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Their structural similarity to chloroperoxidase (CPO) means that UPOs can also catalyze halogenation reactions based upon the generation of hypohalous acids from halide and H2O2. Here we show that the halogenation and oxygenation modes of a UPO can be stimulated at different pH values. Using simple aromatic compounds such as thymol, we show that, at a pH of 3.0 and 6.0, either brominated or oxygenated products respectively are produced. Preparative 100 mg scale transformations of substrates were performed with 60–72 % isolated yields of brominated products obtained. A one‐pot bromination‐oxygenation cascade reaction on 4‐ethylanisole, in which the pH was adjusted from 3.0 to 6.0 at the halfway stage, yielded sequentially brominated and oxygenated products 1‐(3‐bromo‐4‐methoxyphenyl)ethyl alcohol and 3‐bromo‐4‐methoxy acetophenone with 82 % combined conversion. These results identify UPOs as an unusual example of a biocatalyst that is tunable for entirely different chemical reactions, dependent upon the reaction conditions.