bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flexible Working and the Gender Pay Gap in the Accountancy Profession
Authors: Smithson Janet , Lewis Suzan , Cooper Cary , Dyer Jackie
Published: April 2004

The relationship between flexible working arrangements and the gender pay gap is explored in this article, based on a study of flexible working arrangements among Chartered Accountants in Britain. Individual interviews with 50 participants provided details on working patterns, flexibility policies and practices, and experiences of flexible working.The article considers whether gender-neutral discourses of flexible working succeed in encouraging more men and non-parents to use flexible working arrangements, thereby potentially reducing the gender pay gap. The study highlighted gendered patterns of take-up of flexible working. Women who worked flexibly or part time typically did so to combine working with caring commitments, in ways that damaged their career prospects. In contrast, men typically deferred working flexibly to a later stage when their career had progressed further. There was therefore a clear impact on current and future salary for women taking up flexible working arrangements, which was not equivalent for the men who did so. In this context, the promotion of flexible working arrangements is reinforcing the gender pay gap.
Certiorari and Compliance in the Judicial Hierarchy
Authors: Lax Jeffrey R.
Published: April 2004

I develop a formal model of the interaction between auditing by the Supreme Court (certiorari) and compliance by the lower courts, presenting three challenges to the existing literature. First, I show that even discretionary certiorari (the Court can choose which cases to hear) only goes so far in inducing compliance. Second, the literature often treats the Court as a unitary actor, ignoring the Rule of Four (only four votes are needed to grant certiorari). This rule is generally assumed to limit majoritarian dominance - this is a puzzle given that the rule itself is subject to majority control. I show that it actually increases majority power by increasing lower court compliance. Finally, while sincere behavior is often taken for granted at the Supreme Court level, I show that potential non-compliance creates heretofore unrecognized incentives for the justices to conceal their true preferences, so as to induce greater compliance. They can exploit even minimal uncertainty to manipulate asymmetric information in a signaling game of strategic reputation building, further increasing compliance under the Rule of Four.
The Road to Necropolis: Technics and Death in the Philosophy of Lewis Mumford
Authors: Swer Gregory Morgan
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this article is to explore the close link between technology and death in the philosophical writings of Lewis Mumford. Mumford famously argued that throughout the history of western civilization we find intertwined two competing forms of technics; the democratic biotechnic form and the authoritarian monotechnic form. The former technics were said to be strongly compatible with an organic form of life while the latter were said to be allied to a mechanical power complex. What is perhaps less well known is the extent to which Mumford characterizes the authoritarian technical form as being a technics of death. This article will argue that the connection between death and technics is a key theme in Mumford’s philosophy of technology. In addition to elaborating this theme and detailing how it informs Mumford’s other positions on the nature of technology, this article will also argue that Mumford’s theory of a technics of death bears witness, both implicitly and explicitly, to the influence of Sigmund Freud’s theory of the death instinct. Freud’s account of the death instinct will be outlined briefly and its influence on Mumford’s writings will be explained. Death, in Mumford’s technological writings, has a generally negative function and serves to warn humanity of the perilous course that its technological civilization is set upon. However it also has a positive function in that it encourages man to transcend its biological existence in acts of creativity and purpose. Death, in this positive sense, serves the purpose of life whereas, in the negative sense, it hinders it. The role of death, in both aspects, will be explored and related to Mumford’s overall perspective on technics and life. It is argued that Mumford’s philosophy of technology cannot be fully understood without an awareness of his views on death and its role in the life of technological society.
New Arylidene—Siloxane Polyesters
Authors: Racles Carmen , Cozan Vasile , Cazacu Maria
Published: April 2004

New siloxane-containing polyesters with arylidene mesogenic moieties were prepared by copolycondensation reactions between bis(hydroxybuthyl)siloxanes, 2,6-bis(4-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone, and diacid chlorides such as sebacoyl and terephthaloyl. The polymer structure was confirmed by IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. They were characterized by gel permeation chromatography and ultraviolet analyses. The thermotropic liquid crystalline behavior was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy.
Free Radical Copolymerization of Acrylamide and Linalool with Functional Group as a Pendant
Authors: Shukla Anjali , Srivastava A. K.
Published: April 2004

Linalool (LIN) and acrylamide (AM) have been copolymerized by benzoyl peroxide (BPO) in xylene at 75°C for 40 min. The system follows the ideal kinetics with bimolecular termination and results in the formation of nearly alternating copolymer as evidenced from the reactivity ratios, r1(AM) = 0.3 and r2(LIN) = 0.05, which have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos method. The overall activation energy of copolymerization is 40 kJ mol−1. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum of the copolymer shows the presence of the band at 3395 cm−1 due to the alcoholic group of LIN and at 1453 cm−1 due to the amide group of AM. The 1HNMR spectrum shows peaks at 7.0-7.7δ due to the alcoholic group of LIN and at 6.3-7.0δ due to the amide group of AM. The Alfrey-Price Q- e parameters for LIN have been calculated as Q2 = 0:274 and e2 = −0.749. The mechanism of copolymerization has been elucidated. In this paper we also report on the measurement of Mark-Houwink constants in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 25°C by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) as α = 0.50 and K = 7.5 × 10−4 dl g−1. The thermal decompositions of the copolymer are established with the help of the thermal gravimetric analysis technique.
Synthesis and Properties of New Triphenylamine-Containing Aromatic Polyimides Based on N,N′-Bis(4-Aminophenyl)-N,N′-Diphenyl-4,4′-Biphenyldiamine
Authors: Imai Yoshio , Ishida Mina , Kakimoto Masa-Aki
Published: April 2004

A new aromatic diamine monomer, N,N′-bis(4-aminophenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-4,4′-biphenyldiamine, was first synthesized in two steps by the condensation of N,N′-diphenyl-4,4′-biphenyldiamine with 4-fluoronitrobenzene, followed by reduction. New triphenylamine-containing aromatic polyimides having inherent viscosities of 0.67-0.91 dl g−1 were synthesized from the aromatic diamine and various aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides by the conventional two-step procedure that included ring-opening polyaddition giving precursor polyamic acids and subsequent thermal cyclodehydration. Most of the aromatic polyimides were soluble on heating in organic solvents such as dimethylacetamide, m-cresol, pyridine, and chloroform, and gave flexible and tough films with good tensile properties. The glass transition temperatures and 10% weight loss temperatures of the polyimides were in the range of 293-361 and 565-595 °C, respectively, in nitrogen.
Viscometric Study of Poly(ester Urethane) Solutions: 2. Influence of Hard-Segment Composition on the Unperturbed Dimensions
Authors: Ioan Silvia , Lupu Mihaela , Macocinschi Doina
Published: April 2004

Using viscometry, we have studied the dilute solution property of segmented poly(ester urethane)s obtained by the reaction of aromatic diisocyanates with poly(ethylene glycol)adipate and 4,4′-dihidroxydiethoxydiphenyl sulphone as chain extender, using a multistep polyaddition process. A new method proposed by Qian et al. was utilized for the determination of unperturbed dimensions of poly(ester urethane)s having different hard segments by the measurement of the intrinsic viscosity at non-theta conditions only. The influence of the hard segments on the unperturbed dimensions of these polymers was observed. The diisocyanates with methyl substituents in the hard segments, such as 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, have smaller unperturbed dimensions compared with the samples containing 4,4′-methylene diphenylene diisocyanate, which are believed to possess significant chain rigidity because of the high cohesive energy and bulkiness of the benzene ring.
Synthesis of PEEK/PSU Multiblock Copolymers
Authors: Hoffmann Thorsten , Pospiech Doris , Häußler Liane , John Andreas , Friedel Peter , Komber Hartmut , Voigt Dieter , Werner Philipp , Altstädt Volker
Published: April 2004

The goal of the work presented here was to synthesize multiblock copolymers based on transesterification polycondensation of end group functionalized PEEK with PSU oligomers in the melt. In the synthesis of PEEK oligomers by nucleophilic aromatic substitution cyclization occured observed by decreasing amount of end groups. The phase behavior of the multiblock copolymers was examined by differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy and a phase diagram was constructed. The experimental results were compared with spinodals calculated by Mean Field Modelling. It could be shown that the very similar structure of the blocks and the insufficient high block molecular weights were responsible for the observed non-phase separated morphologies. The thermal properties of the multiblock copolymers can be controlled by the segment length of the PSU oligomers. The glass transition temperature is increased provided that the segment length of PSU oligomers is lower than 8000 g mol−1
New Alternating Copolyimides by High Temperature Synthesis in Benzoic Acid Medium
Authors: Kuznetsov Alexander A. , Yablokova Marina Yu. , Buzin Pavel V. , Tsegelskaya Anna Yu. , Kaminskii Vladimir A.
Published: April 2004

The one-pot high temperature catalytic polycyclocondensation of diamines and dianhydrides in molten benzoic acid (BA) was studied. Due to specific features of molten BA as a solvent, obtaining new random and alternating copolyimides (CPIs) becomes possible. Several series of CPIs containing the moieties of different diamines (para- and meta- aromatic, hinged aromatic, aliphatic C6-C12, cardo-, adamanthane containing) in different combinations to each other as well as corresponding homopolyimides were synthesized using one-, two-, or three-portions of comonomer loading. Polymers were characterized by means of viscosimetry, solubility evaluation, DSC and WAXD.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Oligomers from the Reaction of Bismaleimides with Diols
Authors: Hulubei Camelia , Cozan Vasile
Published: April 2004

New thermostable oligomers have been obtained by Michael-type reaction between ordinary aliphatic or aromatic glycols and N, N′ -4, 4′ -dibenzylbismaleimide. The polymerization occurred in solution, through hydrogen-transfer addition of the OH group to the unsaturation between the carbonyl groups of the bismaleimide. The structures were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical properties and also the resistance to chemical agents was investigated.
Noncontemporaneity, Asynchronicity and Divided Memories
Authors: Giesen Bernhard
Published: April 2004

Three different paradigms of temporal inconsistency are distinguished. ‘Noncontemporaneity’ refers to the local and temporal coexistence of phenomena that are related to different historical periods or different stages of social evolution. This paradigm presupposes an encompassing unity of society and disregards the normality of hybridization and syncretism in real societies. The paradigm of ‘asynchronicity’ centres the differences of pace and rhythms between different social systems or institutional domains. Here the indispensability of temporal differences for the perception of time and change is frequently ignored. The third model is called ‘divided memories’. Divided memories are generated by different experiential backgrounds with respect to the perception of core events. Generations are presented as communities of experience that differ with respect to this experiential background. Most important in this respect are triumphant or traumatic experiences that devalue the experience of the parental generation and provide a frame for the collective identity of a generation. The authenticity of these experiences is rooted in corporal presence and bodily rituals. Recently public debates tend to construct generational differences in an inflationary manner. This public construction of generations contrasts to the blurring of generational differences on a microsocial level.
RMIT Vietnam and Vietnam’s Development: Risk and Responsibility
Authors: Wilmoth David
Published: April 2004

To help bridge the gap between demand and supply for tertiary education, Vietnam has opened to direct, foreign providers, and the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) International University Vietnam is the first of this category. By sponsoring a large project in a country that some see as risky, RMIT Vietnam needs to be triply viable. Financially, it relies on fees, so its programs must be effective and affordable. Environmentally, with its second campus in an estuarine environment near the centre of Ho Chi Minh City, it must demonstrate sustainable development and show new ways to develop learning and research environments. Socially and culturally, it must provide opportunities for the disadvantaged and engage with local communities. RMIT Vietnam is engaging directly in community partnerships and local projects, providing scholarships for disadvantaged students, and assisting with capacity building for local universities. In an emerging economy, such a market-reliant university can contribute to poverty alleviation and sustainable development.
Internationalization Remodeled: Definition, Approaches, and Rationales
Authors: Knight Jane
Published: April 2004

The world of higher education is changing and the world in which higher education plays a significant role is changing. The international dimension of higher education is becoming increasingly important, complex, and confusing. It is therefore timely to reexamine and update the conceptual frameworks underpinning the notion of inter-nationalization in light of today’s changes and challenges. The purpose of this article is to study internationalization at both the institutional and national/sector level. Both levels are important. The national/sector level has an important influence on the international dimension through policy, funding, programs, and regulatory frameworks. Yet it is usually at the institutional level that the real process of internationalization is taking place. This article analyses the meaning, definition, rationales, and approaches of internationalization using a bottom-up (institutional) approach and a top-down (national/sector) approach and examines the dynamic relationship between these two levels. Key policy issues and questions for the future direction of internationalization are identified.
International Education, the Internet, and the Three Kings Experiment
Authors: Kooijman Jaap , Davies Jude , Berg-Cross Linda , Copier Laura , Asby Aisha
Published: April 2004

The current project linked students in three universities in a guided discussion of the movie, Three Kings. The goals were to assess the viability of having students from three different courses, in three different universities, in three different countries find common ground to have intellectual discussions via the Internet and to assess how responsive students would be to answering structured questions as a stimulus for intellectual discussions. We also wanted to understand how the Three Kings was perceived by students in the United States, England, and the Netherlands. Overall, there were 19 students who contributed a total of 217 conversational threads (distinct entries). Conversations were lively and interactive. Content analysis revealed that race relations within the United States, U.S. policy in Iraq, and the depiction of American values were the “big” global messages of the film.
Improved Current and Charge Amplifiers for Driving Piezoelectric Loads, and Issues in Signal Processing Design for Synthesis of Shunt Damping Circuits
Authors: Fleming A. J. , Moheimani S. O. R.
Published: April 2004

Piezoelectric transducers are known to exhibit less hysterisis when driven with current or charge rather than voltage. Despite this advantage, such methods have found little practical application due to the poor low-frequency response of present current and charge driver designs. This paper introduces the compliance feedback current driver containing a secondary voltage feedback loop to prevent DC charging of capacitive loads and to compensate for any voltage or current offsets within the circuit. Low-frequency bandwidths in the milli-Hertz range can be achieved. One application for such a device is the synthesis of piezoelectric shunt damping circuits. A number of block diagram transformations are presented to simplify the realization of analog or digital admittance transfer functions from aschematic circuit diagram.
The Use of PVDF Strain Sensing in Active Control of Structural Intensity in Beams
Authors: Audrain P. , Masson P. , Berry A. , Pascal J. -C. , Gazengel B.
Published: April 2004

An investigation of structural intensity control associated with flexural vibration in beams using strain sensing is presented in this paper. The instantaneous intensity is completely taken into account in the control algorithm, i.e., all the terms are considered in the real-time control process and, in particular, the evanescent waves are considered in this approach. Previous work has shown the validity of the approach using an array of accelerometers to measure structural intensity. It is the purpose of this paper to present results on the use of strain sensing in the control of structural intensity. A finite difference approach using discrete PVDF strain sensors provides the structural intensity sensing scheme. A feedforward filtered-X LMS algorithm is adapted to this energy-based control problem, involving a nonpositive definite quadratic form in general. In this respect, the approach is limited to cases where the geometry is such that the intensity component will have the same sign for the control source and the primary disturbance. Experimental validation of the approach is conducted on a free–free beam covered with viscoelastic material and excited harmonically by a shaker. A comparison is made between classical acceleration control and structural intensity control and the performance of both approaches is presented. These results tend to indicate that intensity control allows the error sensors to be placed closer to the control source and the primary disturbance, while preserving a good control performance.
Macroscopic and Microscopic Constitutive Models of Shape Memory Alloys Based on Phase Interaction Energy Function: A Review
Authors: Matsuzaki Yuji , Naito Hisashi
Published: April 2004

This paper presents a summary of a series of our macroscopic and microscopic constitutive models for pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect of a shape memory alloy wire or strip based on a general function of the dissipation potential, called phase interaction energy function. Our model may well predict in a unified way complex stress–strain relationships among austenitic, martensitic and rhombohedral phases, including inner hysteresis loops appearing in a bounding loop, effect of loading cycles accompanying rapid change in temperature of the alloy due to dynamic loadings, etc. Some comment on existing constitutive models is given for comparison. A future research direction of shape memory alloys will briefly be addressed.
Piezoelectric Actuator–Sensor Analysis using a Three-Dimensional Assumed Strain Solid Element
Authors: Lee Sangki , Cho Byung C. , Park Hoon C. , Goo Nam S. , Yoon Kwang J.
Published: April 2004

This paper presents a piezoelectric solid element that can be used for modeling thin sensors and actuators. The element has been extended from an eighteen-node assumed strain solid element that can alleviate locking in mechanical problems. For the fully coupled mechanical-piezoelectric formulation, the electric potential is regarded as a nodal degree of freedom in addition to three translations in the original element. Consequently, the induced electric potential can be calculated for a prescribed load and the actuation displacement computed for an input voltage. Since the assumed strain solid element can relieve locking, the proposed element can also be used to analyze the behavior of very thin actuators. In addition, a finite element code was developed based on the proposed formulation and typical numerical examples were solved for code validation. Parametric studies for the THUNDER actuator have been also conducted using the code, where specific combinations of materials used for the layers plus the curvature of THUNDER were both found to improve the actuation displacement.
Distributed Sensing of Static and Dynamic Fracture in Self-Sensing Piezoelectric Composite: Finite Element Simulation
Authors: Sastry C. V. S. , Mahapatra D. Roy , Gopalakrishnan S. , Ramamurthy T. S.
Published: April 2004

Distributed sensing of static and dynamic fracture under mode-I and mode-II delamination in smart laminated composite with embedded piezoelectric sensor patches are studied. An isoparametric 4-node 3 DOF/node quadrilateral plane stress Finite Element (FE) with one active DOF/node is formulated. A consistent formulation is carried out from the coupled electro-mechanical equations of motion. The crack-tip energy release rate in the form of a generalized Energy Domain Integral (EDI) for static and dynamic fracture is implemented in the FE code to simulate the distributed sensing behavior of the embedded piezoelectric patches. Correlations between the sensor signals with the EDI under incremental delamination growth in a graphite-epoxy Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) specimen with three piezoelectric patches ahead of the delamination tip are made. The study shows various important features for sensing the incremental delamination growth, which can be used in future designs of self-sensing piezoelectric composite structures and on-line health monitoring systems.
A General Method for Semi-Active Feedback Control of Variable Friction Dampers
Authors: Lu Lyan-Ywan , Chung Lap-Loi , Lin Ging-Long
Published: April 2004

Although there are many well-established control methods for vibration mitigation of seismic structures with active devices, their direct application for structures with semi-active control devices are limited. This limitation is primarily contributed by the fact that a semi-active device can only provide a resistant (passive) force to the controlled structure. In this paper, a general method for semi-active feedback control of seismic structures with variable friction dampers (VFD) is proposed. In order to overcome the force limitation of friction dampers, the method forms a semi-active feedback gain by multiplying an active gain with Heaviside functions. Based on this method, two newly developed control laws, i.e., semi-active modal control and semi-active optimal control were numerically investigated. A multiple DOF structural system with various sensor deployments, for either full-state or direct-output feedbacks was considered in the numerical study. The performances of both semi-active control laws for seismic vibration mitigation were compared with those of passive and active controls. The numerical results showed that both semi-active controls resulted in better acceleration reductions than the passive case and were able to closely imitate the performance of their active control counterparts.
Aerodynamic Performance of the Smart Wing Control Effectors
Authors: Sanders Brian , Cowan Dave , Scherer Lewes
Published: April 2004

This paper presents and discusses the wind tunnel results obtained during Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the Smart Wing program. A series of four tests was conducted, two in each phase. The purpose of the tests was to evaluate the performance of smart material based control effectors in representative aerodynamic environments. In Phase 1, wing twist using a Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) torque tube and smoothly contoured trailing edge surfaces enabled by SMA wires were evaluated on a semi-span, 16% scale model of a typical fighter wing. The focus of Phase 2 was to address the design and demonstration of a high-frequency, large-deflection, and smoothly contoured trailing edge control surface capable of a spanwise variation in deflection. The actuation system for this control surface was based on piezoelectric (PZT) ultrasonic motors. A smoothly contoured leading edge control surface was also built and tested using SMA wires. These designs were evaluated on a 30%, full-span model of a representative Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV). In each wind tunnel entry comparisons were made to the performance of conventional control surfaces. Successful results included: improved aileron effectiveness at high dynamic pressures; demonstrated improvements in lateral and longitudinal control effectiveness with smoothly contoured control surfaces over conventional hinged control surfaces; continuous spanwise shape control; and, large deflections at rates over 80°/s, which is well within the desired deflection aileron rates for control of fighter aircraft.
Using Experiential Methods to Teach about Measurement Validity
Authors: Alderfer Clayton P.
Published: April 2004

Organizational consultants depend on the validity of their assessments to be effective in their work. Within psychology, the 1959 article by Campbell and Fiske on convergent and discriminant validity by the multitrait-multimethod matrix was the most frequently cited in the history of the journal where it was published. The present article suggests how authority dynamics in classrooms impede students from understanding key concepts, describes how students were taught to use the matrix by experiential methods, shows better convergent and discriminant validity for an experientially developed trait than for one established by other procedures, and implies that concepts of validity can be made more accessible by using experiential methods.
A Capstone Project in Business Ethics: Building an Ethics Training Program
Authors: Giacalone Robert A. , Jurkiewicz Carole L. , Knouse Stephen B.
Published: April 2004

This exercise for teaching business ethics is industry-specific, challenging, and requires direct student participation. Specifically, student groups are asked to develop an ethics training session for a business with an accompanying training manual. The exercise involves a comprehensive description of ethical issues in a particular industry, possible causes of unethical behaviors, sources for information on ethical issues, and linkages to corporate codes of ethics. A discussion of the exercise's potential benefits, challenges, and impact on instructors is provided.
The Interiors Plant Shutdown: Using Dialectic Inquiry in a Complex Ethical Decision
Authors: Lenaghan Janet , Smith Charles
Published: April 2004

The experiential exercise presented here, using a dialectic process similar to that found within Strategic Assumption Surfacing and Testing (SAST), developed by Mason and Mitroff, offers graduate and undergraduate management students the opportunity to study a contemporary ethical problem in a new way. The ethical issues of a plant closedown presented in this exercise are very complex and involve fact, human passion and emotion, issues of aesthetics, and morality. The goal is not only to introduce the dialectic method but also to provide students with a very clear understanding of the way that their own biases serve to filter information and to bypass necessary questions and testing of assumptions.
Furthering Management and Spirituality Education through the Use of Paradox———
Authors: Lips-Wiersma Marjolein
Published: April 2004

At present it is implicitly or explicitly recognized that various paradoxes surface in the application of spirituality in the management field. In this article, instead of acknowledging this and moving on to provide clarity, I articulate and stay with the paradoxes inherent in the area of study. Management education that engages with contradictions, shadow sides, and tensions is important as it assists students to understand the complex nature of spirituality itself, and the ambiguous work environment in which it is enacted. It is also consistent with the early developmental stage of this new field of scholarship. This article addresses the paradoxes of appropriate ends and means, of authenticity, of unity, and of definition. Three interrelated means of engaging with paradox are suggested as pedagogical tools to enhance self-awareness as well as theoretical understanding in relation to management and spirituality.
Propaganda, Trusteeship, and Artifact: Locating a New Place for the Management Textbook
Authors: Gilbert Daniel R.
Published: April 2004

Whether or not the management textbook qualifies as ideology and as propaganda has important implications for where the study of management can be located in an undergraduate college curriculum. This article contains a sketch of one way to use the concept of management practice as the focal point for an undergraduate course about pluralism in American society. In such a course, the study of management practice is not an end in itself but rather becomes a means to an end in each student’s quest to find an intellectual voice. This kind of critical study of management practice is enhanced by the way that Cameron, Ireland, Lussier, New, and Robbins sidestep the question of management textbooks as propaganda.
An Anisotropic Gurson Yield Criterion for Porous Ductile Sheet Metals with Planar Anisotropy
Authors: Wang D. -A. , Pan J. , Liu S. -D.
Published: April 2004

The influence of plastic anisotropy on the plastic behavior of porous ductile materials is investigated by a three-dimensional finite element analysis. A unit cell of cube containing a spherical void is modeled. The Hill quadratic anisotropic yield criterion is used to describe the matrix anisotropy including planar anisotropy. The matrix material is first assumed to be elastic perfectly plastic. Macroscopically uniform displacements are applied to the faces of the cube. The finite element computational results are compared with those based on the closed-form anisotropic Gurson yield criterion (Liao et al., 1997) in terms of an average anisotropy parameter. Three fitting parameters are used in the closed-form anisotropic Gurson yield criterion to fit the results of finite element computations. When the strain hardening of the matrix is considered, the computational results of the macroscopic stress-strain behavior are in agreement with those based on the closed-form anisotropic Gurson yield criterion under selected monotonically increasing loading conditions.
Modeling of Anisotropic Damage for Ductile Materials in Metal Forming Processes
Authors: Hammi Y. , Bammann D. J. , Horstemeyer M. F.
Published: April 2004

The primary goal of this study is to model the anisotropic effect of ductile damage in metal forming processes. To represent the ductile metals, an anisotropic ductile plasticity/damage formulation is considered within the framework of continuum mechanics. The formulation is motivated from fracture mechanisms and physical observations in Al–Si–Mg aluminum alloys with second phases. The ductile damage mechanisms are represented by the classical ductile process of nucleation of voids at inclusions, followed by their growth and coalescence. Functions associated with each mechanism are related to different microstructural parameters. The damage, represented by a second rank tensor, is coupled to the Bammann–Chiesa–Johnson (BCJ) rate-dependent plasticity using the effective stress concept. The constitutive equations are integrated using a trapezoidal implicit scheme and implemented into an explicit finite element code. This implementation is used to predict damage during the forward axisymmetric extrusion of an aluminum bar. This example illustrates the applicability of the model to predict the initiation and the evolution of anisotropic damage in metal forming processes.
Constitutive Model for Sn–Pb Solder under Fatigue Loading
Authors: Wei Y. , Chow C. L. , Neilsen M. K. , Fang H. E.
Published: April 2004

The paper presents a constitutive model for Sn–Pb solder which captures the response of this complex material subject to a variety of load paths including fatigue loading. Internal state variables are established to characterize grain coarsening and material degradation observed experimentally. A damagecoupled viscoplastic constitutive model is formulated to take into account the effects of temperature and loading rates on mechanical response. The influence of fatigue loading frequency or strain rate, hold time, and temperature on mechanical behavior and fatigue life for 63Sn–37Pb solder alloy is examined. The fatigue failure predictions are compared with those obtained experimentally and found to be satisfactory.
Reafferent or Redundant: Integration of Phonotaxis and Optomotor Behavior in Crickets and Robots
Authors: Webb Barbara , Reeve Richard
Published: April 2004

A general problem in understanding the mechanisms underlying animal behavior is the integration or interaction of different sensorimotor systems. Webb and Harrison (2000a, b) investigated the addition of an optomotor reflex to a sound-localizing robot modeled on cricket behavior. Böhm, Schildberger, and Huber (1991) proposed a simple additive mechanism to explain how the cricket combines the two behaviors. Problems implementing this on the robot led us to propose an alternative inhibition mechanism, which proved effective. Here we directly compare these two possibilities and several further alternatives. First, in a simulation of the open-loop paradigm used by Böhm et al. we demonstrate that there are at least five algorithms (including “efferent copy”) that may adequately account for the data they present. We then consider possible neural implementations of several of these schemes, and test them in robot experiments. The results suggest that inhibition is both neurally plausible and effective as a means of combining these behaviors in real sensorimotor situations.
The Distribution of the U.S. Workforce from 1960 to 1990: a RIASEC Perspective
Authors: Reardon Robert C. , Vernick Stacie H. , Reed Corey A.
Published: April 2004

This article analyzes employment data from the U.S. census (1960 to 1990) using the Holland classification. The census data are organized according to category of occupation, occupational level, gender, and income. The results indicate that the distributions of employment are similar from 1960 to 1990 despite some major shifts within several categories. Some implications for the current situation are offered.
Childhood Career Development Scale: Scale Construction and Psychometric Properties
Authors: Palladino Schultheiss Donna E. , Stead Graham B.
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this investigation was to construct a theoretically driven and psychometrically sound childhood career development scale to measure career progress in fourth- through sixth-grade children. Super’s nine dimensions (i.e., curiosity, exploration, information, key figures, interests, locus of control, time perspective, self-concept, and planfulness) served as the conceptual basis for the construction of this instrument. Principal components analyses indicated the presence of eight empirically derived components with adequate internal consistency. The component structure was largely supported by coefficients of congruence between component loadings from two samples. Gender and grade main and interaction effects for the subscales were analyzed. Implications for theory and research are offered.
The Impact of Work Setting Congruence on Well-Being
Authors: Lachterman Boris , Meir Elchanan I.
Published: April 2004

This study investigates the influence of two aspects of person-environment congruence on well-being: occupational congruence (OC), the subject of numerous studies, and an entirely new concept, congruence with the physical conditions of the workplace (work setting congruence) (WSC). Using a sample of 164 men and women employed in seven of Roe’s eight occupational fields, significant correlations, all in the expected direction, were found between WSC and well-being measures (i.e., satisfaction, burnout, and anxiety), as posited. These were then compared to the correlations between OC and the same well-being measures. The results indicate that WSC is a distinct concept with a unique and significant contribution to well-being. Furthermore, evidence of an additive effect was found so that the presence of both WSC and OC produced higher well-being values than the presence of only one of the congruences.
A Replication of the MMPI-A PSY-5 Scales and Development of Facet Subscales
Authors: Bolinskey P. Kevin , Arnau Randolph C. , Archer Robert P. , Handel Richard W.
Published: April 2004

McNulty, Harkness, Ben-Porath and Williams recently developed Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) scales for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory– A (MMPI-A). This study examined these new scales in a sample of 545 adolescents receiving inpatient psychiatric treatment. Item-level principal components analyses were employed to determine the internal structure of each PSY-5 scale and to aid in the creation of facet subscales for each PSY-5 scale. Results suggest that the MMPI-A PSY-5 scales display adequate internal consistency and our findings generally replicate the original work of McNulty et al. but also extend this work by showing that several of the PSY-5 scales may also be subdivided into meaningful lower level dimensions. These facet subscales for each of the MMPI-A PSY-5 scales are offered for further study.
Principles of Forensic Mental Health Assessment
Authors: Heilbrun Kirk , Marczyk Geoffrey R. , DeMatteo David , Zillmer Eric A. , Harris Justin , Jennings Tiffany
Published: April 2004

Forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) is a form of evaluation performed by a mental health professional to provide relevant clinical and scientific data to a legal decision maker or the litigants involved in civil or criminal proceedings. SuchFMHAevaluations can be further specialized when the clinical and scientific data are primarily neuropsychological. This paper provides an adaptation of 29 recently derived principles of FMHA (Heilbrun, 2001) that have been described in two forms: general guidelines for application in FMHA, and guidelines for application to neuropsychological assessment in forensic contexts. Each principle is described, and the general guideline is compared with the highly specialized neuropsychological guideline. In this way, the applicability of such FMHA principles to forensic neuropsychological assessment is described.
Three Types of Skills for Effective Forensic Psychological Assessments
Authors: Sageman Marc
Published: April 2004

This article examines three types of skills required for effective assessments in the forensic arena. Forensic psychology is the application of scientific psychology to the resolution of legal conflicts. The first skill is knowledge of the legal issues to be addressed. Examples of such issues are criminal responsibility, legal competencies, and linking mental states to legal issues in question. The second set of skills comprises those skills often required by the demands of the legal system—specifically, gathering complete information about the case at hand, striving for neutrality, reconstructing the past, and predicting the future. The last set of skills includes practical ones required during the process of litigation—that is, supporting the retaining attorney’s overall strategy, addressing the testimony to the appropriate audience, and deferring to the prerogative of the fact finder.
Holistic Thinking is not the Whole Story
Authors: Faust David
Published: April 2004

There are a number of very helpful, but often underutilized, principles and procedures that can augment decision making in clinical and legal settings. Psychologists often restrict their range of decision-making strategies and options—at the cost of maximizing diagnostic and predictive accuracy—in part as the result of “ontological-epistemological oneworldedness” (O-E O-W). However, no philosophical, logical, or scientific necessity demands strict consistency between views regarding the nature of psychological phenomena and views about how to best assess or learn about those phenomena. Relaxing this unnecessary and largely psychologically-based O-E O-W may promote greater comfort with and utilization of the methods that are discussed in this article for increasing judgmental accuracy.
Juvenile Offenders’ Miranda Rights Comprehension and Self-Reported Likelihood of Offering False Confessions
Authors: Goldstein Naomi E. Sevin , Condie Lois Oberlander , Kalbeitzer Rachel , Osman Douglas , Geier Jessica L.
Published: April 2004

This study examined whether age, IQ, and history of special education predicted Miranda rights comprehension and the self-reported tendency to falsely confess to a crime among 55 delinquent boys. The Miranda Rights Comprehension Instruments–II, a revised version of Grisso’s Instruments for Assessing Understanding and Appreciation of Miranda Rights , were developed for this study and are described in detail in this article. Results revealed that age, IQ, and special education were related to comprehension of Miranda rights. When Miranda comprehension, age, and IQ were simultaneously tested as predictor variables of the self-reported likelihood of false confessions, only age served as an independent predictor. Research and policy implications of this study are presented, and recommendations for use of the original and revised instruments are reviewed.
The Private and Government Sides of Tanzanian Journalists
Authors: Ramaprasad Jyotika
Published: April 2004

This article presents the evolution of Tanzania’s media with particular focus on the period of indigenous government control before the recent shift from such control to private ownership. While the history of the media is interesting in and of itself, it is presented to establish the journalistic ideology into which Tanzanian media practitioners were socialized as the result of the country’s adoption, upon receiving independence, of a one-party political system and a socialist economic system. This media history serves as a backdrop for the empirical portion of this paper. Using type of ownership (government, party, and private) as a classifying variable, the empirical study then captures Tanzanian journalists’ opinion profile with regard to private and government media traits. The journalistic ideology of the controlled period, wherein media played a role in national development, is apparent particularly in journalists’ attribution of traits to government and private media: The former will unify and develop the country; the latter will develop an informed citizenry but also be sensationalistic and unethical. Not surprisingly, in some instances, the assignment of traits to government and private media was related to ownership of place of employment of the respondents.
Using “New” Media to Get “Old” Media Coverage
Authors: Lipinski Daniel , Neddenriep Gregory
Published: April 2004

The Internet is often viewed as a replacement for “old” modes of communication, a tool used by news seekers, including public officials, to bypass traditional news media. However, the authors show that the arrival of this “new” media has not caused officials to forsake journalists and abandon traditional media. Instead, they are utilizing theWeb as a new method for seeking coverage from the old media. By conducting a content analysis of the official Web sites of every member of the U.S. Congress, the authors reveal that about three-quarters of these legislators explicitly employ their site to try to attract journalists and traditional reporting. In addition, the authors examine the types of features that are included to make congressional Web sites “media friendly” and the extent to which each of these is used by members. Finally, they discuss some of the factors that explain the variance among legislators in regard to their use of Web sites for this purpose.
Quality Characteristics of Fresh Meat from Pigs of the Gascon Breed
Authors: Sans P. , Andrade M. J. , Ventanas S. , Ruiz J.
Published: April 2004

Chemical parameters involved in technological meat quality for dry cured processing of Gascon pigs were studied in longissimus dorsi (LD) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles. Muscles from Gascon pigs showed 2.60 and 2.84% of intramuscular fat content, 23.64 and 22.14% protein content and 1.34 and 4.63mg of myoglobin per gram of muscle (respectively LD and BF). Intramuscular fat (IMF) and myoglobin levels were higher than those reported for commercial pigs, but lower than those previously found in Iberian pigs. A similar situation was detected in the fatty acid composition of neutral and polar lipids of both muscles. Thus, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in neutral lipids of Gascon pig muscles (LD and BF respectively) were 58.27 and 51.98%, while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels were 5.61 and 14.13% respectively; values similar to those found in Iberian pigs and quite different to usual values in commercial pig breeds. The same trend was found in polar lipids. Both muscles showed a low susceptibility to induced lipid oxidation, in agreement with their fatty acid composition. These results pointed out that meat from pigs of the Gascon breed showed optimal characteristics for dry cured processing.
Prediction and Determination of Water Uptake in Packaged Yerba Mate
Authors: Ramallo L. A. , Albani O. A.
Published: April 2004

Permeability of different packaging materials and the water uptake were studied in stored yerba mate at different conditions of humidity and temperature. Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) was evaluated using the quasi-isostatic method. During storage at high relative humidity conditions, WVTR values were of 500 gm2/day for paper and ranged from 16 to 22 gm2/day for laminated films. Values of package permeability and data of food isotherms were used to calculate the variation of internal water vapour activity and to predict the yerba mate water uptake. The predicted and experimental values were in good agreement. For similar high humidity storage conditions, yerba mate packaged with paper reached critical humidity content (9.5% d.b.) at the second day of storage whereas for the laminate films the humidity content stood below the critical value until a month of exposure.