bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Interfacial Behaviour of Native and Denatured Soybean Isolates and Microstructure and Coalescence of Oil in Water Emulsions - Effect of Salt and Protein Concentration
Authors: Palazolo G. G. , Mitidieri F. E. , Wagner J. R.
Published: April 2004

The capacity of both native (NSI) and denatured (DSI) soybean isolates to stabilise oil in water emulsions under controlled shear stress was evaluated. The effect of protein concentration, thermal treatment of proteins and salt addition were studied. Sodium caseinate (SC) was used as standard protein. Emulsions prepared with NSI and SC were stable against coalescence in the whole range of protein concentration (1-10 mg/mL) in spite of showing different interfacial behaviour. The interfacial pressure of DSI was higher than NSI, according to its high dissociation degree and aromatic surface hydrophobicity. However, the emulsions prepared with this sample were unstable in the whole range of bulk protein concentrations. When NaCl was added, higher coalescence was obtained with NSI and SC emulsions at low protein concentrations, and stabilisation was reached only by increasing protein concentrations. At high protein concentrations(>5 mg/mL), DSI emulsions were stable in presence of salt, due to the formation of rigid flocs resistant to agitation. Droplet size distribution, microstructure and flocculation tendency of droplets explained the differences in coalescence of NSI, DSI and SC emulsions.
Optimisation of Osmotic Dehydration of Cashew Apple (Anacardium Occidentale L.) in Sugar Solutions
Authors: Azoubel P. M. , Murr F. E.X.
Published: April 2004

Osmotic dehydration of cashew apple in sucrose and corn syrup solids solutions as influenced by temperature (30-50 C), sugar syrup concentration (40-60% w/w) and immersion time (90-240 min) was studied through response surface methodology. Responses of water loss (%) and solid gain (%) were fitted to polynomials, with multiple correlation coefficients ranging from 0.92 to 0.99. The fitted functions were optimised for maximum water loss and minimised incorporation of solids in order to obtain a product resembling non-processed fruit. Three optimum sets were selected for each solute and the ascorbic acid content was determined. The ascorbic acid losses were similar to those reported for osmotic dehydration processes.
Occurrence of Ochratoxigenic Fungi and Ochratoxin A in Green Coffee from Different Origins
Authors: Pardo E. , Marin S. , Ramos A. J. , Sanchis V.
Published: April 2004

Fungal infection and ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination were determined in green coffee samples from different origins, in which OTA-producing fungi were also identified. About 72% of the beans analysed by direct plating presented fungal infection, including species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Rhizopus. The genus Aspergillus was presented in more than 90% of infected coffee beans. Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus section Nigri isolates represented 2.8 and 65.4%, respectively from the total number of isolates from the coffee beans. The capacity to produce OTA was determined in 260 isolates of A. section Nigri and 19 of A. ochraceus by the agar plug method, giving positive results for 6% of the A. section Nigri isolates and 16% of the A. ochraceus. OTA production was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography. OTA contamination of green coffee beans was analysed by enzyme immunoassay. OTA levels in all samples analysed were above the limit of detection (0.6 mg/kg), with a mean OTA concentration of 6.7 mg/kg.
Nursing Education in a Home Health Care Practicum
Authors: McGihon Norma N.
Published: April 2004

As our health care delivery system has undergone profound change in the past decade, providers are expanding services from inpatient facilities to a variety of alternative settings, including home health care. Academic programs offering nursing education are recognizing the need to parallel this trend and have been placing student nurses in community-based and home care settings for clinical experience. Careful attention to curriculum development and effective management of students in a home care practicum can help ensure adequate preparation of graduate nurses who are likely to be employed in a variety of outpatient settings, including home health care.
Collaboration with Master’s Students in Home Health Care Research
Authors: Ellenbecker Carol Hall , Dalton Joanne M. , Alster Kristine Beyerman
Published: April 2004

Changes in health care have created an increasingly complex home health care environment, one in which knowledge derived from research is essential to provide patient care. The development of knowledge is enhanced when nurse researchers, nurse providers, and graduate nursing students collaborate to conduct research. Collaboration in research has many benefits. It benefits graduate students by providing opportunities to gain the skills needed for the advance practice role. It benefits academic researchers by advancing their programs of research, providing additional student resources and a fresh perspective. It benefits providers and the nursing profession by expanding knowledge that defines the profession, drives practice, and holds nurses accountable. Most important, collaborative research efforts benefit patients by assuring that nurses in the future are experienced in research and have the abilities to design, implement, and evaluate nursing care based on scientific evidence, ensuring access to safe and effective care.
Graduate Nursing Education as a Conduit to Embed Evidence-Based Practice in Home Health Care
Authors: Neff Donna Felber , Kinion Elizabeth S.
Published: April 2004

Historically, nurses have relied on traditions, clinical expertise, and expert opinion as a foundation for practice. Although these sources of knowledge are important and valued in nursing, the approach is unsystematic and not always based on scientific evidence. Although medicine used evidence-based practice (EBP) guidelines in their practice for decades, nurses have only recently embraced this concept. The purpose of this article is to describe the implementation of an EBP clinical practicum for graduate nursing students designed to (a) engage graduate nursing students in a collaborative relationship with a clinical nurse specialist (CNS) who is practicing in the home health care arenas, (b) provide CNS students with a framework for translating research to effect advanced clinical practice, and (c) provide opportunities for CNS students to critically evaluate the applicability and adaptability of evidence for the specific needs of the patient and the home health agency.
Promoting Community Wellness Through Organized Vaccine Programs
Authors: Leister Sandra
Published: April 2004

Wellness programs have become a valuable resource for individuals to acquire knowledge about their health and well-being. People are looking to stay healthy. Organized vaccine programs allow people to receive their vaccines quickly and easily. This article provides information on starting a vaccine program, maintaining the program through the years, and continuing the program into the future. Offering community based vaccine programs allows people the freedom to decide when to receive their vaccine. It is convenient and promotes community wellness. Learn about the who, what, where, why, and how of organizing a vaccine program.
Home Health Accounting
Authors: Cielinski Jennifer L.
Published: April 2004

Accounting for a health care entity such as the Visiting Nurse Association (VNA) breaks the mold when it comes to typical business practice. Besides just accounting, other business practices surrounding a home health agency are quite unique compared to other industries. Idiosyncrasies are not isolated to the accounting and billing departments; they spread among nursing, human resources, and administrative personnel. Adapting, managing, and sharing these idiosyncrasies through commiseration and laughter enable an entire VNA team to strengthen their collective bond. VNA controllers and the like learn some valuable lessons during their first couple years, and now, knowing the instability of VNAs across the country, they should enthusiastically be challenged to continue in the field of home health accounting. It is vital that clinicians and administration continue to work together so that VNAs can survive and succeed in the future.
The Senior Management Balancing Act
Authors: Shambaugh Beth A.
Published: April 2004

The role of the senior manager is an everchanging role that demands the ability to shift direction numerous times throughout the day. The manager can become overwhelmed with balancing the multitude of responsibilities necessary for the forward movement of their organization. The pace of the organization as well as the motivation of the team players is contingent on the leadership that they see in the senior manager. It is crucial to have a strong, well-organized team to help support the role of the senior manager in the advancement of the goals and objectives. The various deterrents to the forward movement of the team can present a challenge to even the strongest of leaders. There are many proven techniques to aid managers in the quest to find the balance between their responsibilities and maintaining energy and a positive outlook.
Yes MAM (Medicare Authorization Manager): One Agency’s Approach to Prospective Payment System in the Discussion of this New Role
Authors: Hohl Dawn , Totten Peg
Published: April 2004

The introduction of a prospective payment system (PPS) into the home care industry has prompted agencies to explore new means of managing care. This article demonstrates the Visiting Nurse Association (VNA) of Maryland’s approach to PPS through the creation of the Medicare Authorization Manager (MAM) model. The MAM’s focus is on helping the clinical staff think through the care processes and anticipate the end point. The development, implementation, and key outcomes are discussed, as well as lessons learned and next steps.
Advanced Practice Nursing in Home Health
Authors: Tull Krista B. , Carroll Ruth M.
Published: April 2004

Advanced practice nurses play an important role in the delivery of home health care. They possess the advanced knowledge and skills to improve the quality of care given to clients. The increasingly complex needs of those receiving home health services today make access to these providers imperative. Many clients may not have this clinical expertise readily available to them because of the relatively small number of certified home health advanced practice nurses. Programs in home health graduate education prepare nurses for this very much needed advanced practice role.
Social Work Licensing and the Evolving Home Care Setting
Authors: Dyeson Timothy B.
Published: April 2004

The home health care industry has recently undergone dramatic changes in Medicare reimbursement and the delivery of patient care services to the chronically ill elderly. One of the primary differences in the funding structure is that medical social services are no longer directly billable within the Medicare home health system. Many authors support the contention that social work field-educational experiences in health care are crucial in order to have a more prepared work force. Unfortunately, field practicum opportunities for social work students have been rare in the home health care industry because of the converging problems of licensing regulations and Medicare reimbursement. Although students must be supervised and monitored by a licensed social worker, there are many functions that they can perform in the home health care setting.
The United Kingdom and United States Health Care Systems: a Comparison
Authors: Adeniran Rita
Published: April 2004

Health care services and systems are fundamental to any society, and health status is directly proportional to standard of living. This article analyzes and compares two of the major health care systems of the world, the National Health Service (NHS) of the United Kingdom and the health care system of the United States; it also references community care nursing. Both health care systems were founded on high ideals and have been able to deliver results to a large extent. However, there will always be areas for improvements. These areas are enumerated and analyzed in this article. This analysis can provide some guidance to the best possible health care delivery model. It has been said that the United States has structured health care as a commodity, whereas the United Kingdom has considered it a part of the welfare state. Neither model, however, has fully accomplished the goal of meeting quality, equitable access, and cost effectiveness.
Classifying Perinatal Advanced Practice Data With the Omaha System
Authors: Marek Karen Dorman , Jenkins Melinda L. , Stringer Marilyn , Brooten Dorothy , Alexander Gregory L.
Published: April 2004

This pilot study analyzed perinatal advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) diagnoses/client problems and interventions across sites using standardized terminology. APRN verbatim encounter logs from 8 patients in a previous study were coded by both the Omaha System and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Previous outcomes were reduced preterm births, hospitalizations, and costs (Brooten et al., 2001). In 597 encounters (63% by telephone), 27 diagnoses and 8,077 interventions were recorded. Health Teaching, Guidance, and Counseling were 42%; Surveillance, 38%; Treatments and Procedures, 11%; and Case Management, 9%. Health Teaching, Guidance, and Counseling were most frequent in clinic (51%) and phone encounters (45%). Surveillance was 30% to 35% at each site. Treatments and Procedures occurred most frequently in home and clinic visits, whereas Case Management occurred most in clinic and phone visits. When coded with CPT, more than 80% of interventions were unlisted. Documentation using standardized terminology would facilitate the study of effective nursing interventions.
Tracking Outcomes in Community-Based Care
Authors: Barton Amy J. , Clark Lauren , Baramee Julaluk
Published: April 2004

The Public Health Nursing Outreach for New Americans (PHNONA) faculty practice serves refugee and immigrant populations in the Denver metropolitan area. The practice provides health education and home visits for children within the Head Start program and their families. Nursing students in the baccalaureate program have the opportunity to rotate through this practice during their Public Health Nursing course. The Omaha System is used as a tool to facilitate student documentation. Data from 27 closed cases were analyzed. Common problems in the environmental domain were income and residence; in the physiological domain, dentition; in the psychosocial domain, communication with community resources; and in the health-related behaviors domain, health care supervision and nutrition. The majority of interventions were in the Case Management and Health Teaching, Guidance, and Counseling categories. The Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes showed statistically significant improvement from admission to discharge in the areas of knowledge, behavior, and status.
Measuring Outcomes in Home Health Care: Beyond the OASIS Data Set
Authors: Nelson Rochelle M.
Published: April 2004

The dramatic changes in health care during the last decade encouraged nurses to measure the effectiveness of their practice. In addition, the shift to a Prospective Payment System in 2000 forced home health care agencies to become more cost efficient while demonstrating improved patient care outcomes. Tools to measure outcomes include the Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) and the Omaha System. As part of the federally mandated, outcome-based, quality monitoring process, home health agencies use the collected OASIS data to identify target areas of service or care that indicate a need for improvement and compare their data to other home care agencies. This article describes how a home health agency in Wisconsin successfully integrated OASIS and Omaha System data into its performance improvement program to measure patient outcomes using data about surgical wounds as an exemplar.
Using Omaha System Data to Improve the Clinical Education Experiences of Nursing Students: The University of Cincinnati Project
Authors: Elfrink Victoria L. , Davis Linda Sue
Published: April 2004

Changes in the health care delivery system suggest that graduates must be capable of working in community settings and using automated data management tools that include standardized assessments, diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes. Faculty at the College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati (UC) responded to this need by including the Omaha System in an automated format (Nightingale Tracker) in the community clinical experiences of their RN to bachelor of science of nursing students. The Omaha System was used in the traditional manner to plan and document the care for homebound senior clients. Visit data gathered from the documentation of these students were also used in a secondary manner to compare faculty clinical education instruction with the care needs of this vulnerable population. This article describes how UC faculty used the Omaha System in a highly focused way to analyze the best pedagogical practices needed for community-focused nursing education.
Illuminating the MPH Health Educator Workforce: Results and Implications of an Employer Survey
Authors: Finocchio Leonard J. , Love Mary Beth , Sanchez Emma V.
Published: April 2004

The public health workforce has been studied, but not health educators specifically. The development of a Master of Public Health (MPH) in community health education inspired research to illuminate the San Francisco MPHhealth educator labor market. Atime-series survey of an employer panelwas conducted between 1995 and 1999 regarding the number of MPH health educators on staff, hiring projections, and importance of selected competencies. In the San Francisco Bay Area, there were 4 MPH health educators per 100, 000 persons in 1999. The majority worked in local health departments and community-based organizations. Although hiring was largely replacement in the late 1990s, employers anticipated an increase in hiring from 2000 to 2004. Employers reported that educational preparationw as adequate, although preparationin specific competencies, such as bilingual competence, was lacking. These results suggest a favorable labor market for MPH health educators in the San Francisco Bay Area.
A Randomized School Trial of Environmental Strategies to Encourage Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Children
Authors: Perry Cheryl L. , Bishop Donald B. , Taylor Gretchen L. , Davis Marsha , Story Mary , Gray Clifton , Bishop Susan C. , Mays Rita A. Warren , Lytle Leslie A. , Harnack Lisa
Published: April 2004

The Cafeteria Power Plus project examined whether a cafeteria-based intervention would increase the fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption of children. Twenty-six schools were randomly assigned to either an intervention or control condition. Baseline lunch observations of a sample ( N = 1668) of first- and third-grade students occurred in the spring of 2000; follow-up was in the spring of 2002. The intervention took place during two consecutive school years beginning in the fall of 2000 and consisted of daily activities (increasing the availability, attractiveness, and encouragement for FV) and special events (kick-offs, samplings, challenge weeks, theater production, and finale meal). Training of food-service staff and cook managers was ongoing throughout the intervention phase. Students in the intervention schools significantly increased their total fruit intake. Process measures indicated that verbal encouragement by food-service staff was associated with outcomes. The outcomes suggest that multicomponent interventions are more powerful than cafeteria programs alone with this age group.
Evaluation of a Cardiovascular Health Program for Participants with Mental Retardation and Normal Learners
Authors: Ewing Gary , McDermott Suzanne , Thomas-Koger Marlo , Whitner Wendy , Pierce Kristen
Published: April 2004

An evaluation was conducted to compare the impact of an 8-week cardiovascular disease risk reduction group teaching program for 92 individuals with mental retardation (MR; IQ less than 70) and 97 normal learners. The curriculum emphasized exercise, nutritional choices, and stress reduction. Body Mass Index (BMI; weight in kilograms, divided by height in meters, squared), knowledge of healthy eating choices, self-report of fruit and vegetable intake, and exercise were measured before and after the intervention. The mean BMI decreased by .89 for normal learners and not at all for the group with MR. However, BMI decreased by at least .75 units (or approximately 5 pounds) for 18.5% of individuals with MR and 44.3% of normal learners.
The Long-Term Impact of a Four-Session Work-Site Intervention on Selected Social Cognitive Theory Variables Linked to Adult Exercise Adherence
Authors: Hallam Jeffrey S. , Petosa Rick
Published: April 2004

Many work-site physical activity interventions use theoretical variables in the design of their programs. Yet, these interventions do not document the degree of change in theoretical variables produced by the intervention. This study examined the construct validity of an intervention designed to affect social cognitive theory variables linked to exercise behavior. Construct validation methods were used to evaluate an instructional intervention composed of four 60-minute sessions delivered across 2 weeks. Increases were found in self-regulation skills, outcome-expectancy values, and self-efficacy for the treatment group. No significant increases were detected for the comparison group on any study variables. Sixty-seven percent of the treatment group was able to maintain exercise behavior across 12 months, whereas the comparison group declined in exercise participation from 68% to 25% across 12 months. The study revealed the intervention effective in producing the intended changes in social cognitive theory constructs. The analysis shows self-regulation-mediated exercise behavior.
How all Stars Works: An Examination of Program Effects on Mediating Variables
Authors: McNeal Ralph B. , Hansen William B. , Harrington Nancy Grant , Giles Steven M.
Published: April 2004

Prevention research continues to focus on school-based substance use programs aimed at adolescents. These programs are designed to reduce substance use and risk behavior by targeting key mediators, such as normative beliefs, which in turn reduce substance use. All Stars is a newly developed program that was recently evaluated in a randomized field trial in 14 middle schools in Lexington and Louisville, Kentucky. The authors examined targeted and nontargeted variables as possible mediators of program effectiveness. Findings indicate that All Stars achieved reductions in substance use and postponed sexual activity when teachers were successful at altering targeted mediators: normative beliefs, lifestyle incongruence, and manifest commitment to not use drugs. The program was not successful when it was delivered by specialists. At least in part, this failure is attributable to specialists’ inability to change mediators as intended by the program.
The Virtual Instrument: Support for Grid-Enabled Mcell Simulations
Authors: Casanova Henri , Berman Francine , Bartol Thomas , Gokcay Erhan , Sejnowski Terry , Birnbaum Adam , Dongarra Jack , Miller Michelle , Ellisman Mark , Faerman Marcio , Obertelli Graziano , Wolski Rich , Pomerantz Stuart , Stiles Joel
Published: April 2004

Ensembles of widely distributed, heterogeneous resources, or Grids, have emerged as popular platforms for largescale scientific applications. In this paper we present the Virtual Instrument project, which provides an integrated application execution environment that enables end-users to run and interact with running scientific simulations on Grids. This work is performed in the specific context of MCell, a computational biology application. While MCell provides the basis for running simulations, its capabilities are currently limited in terms of scale, ease-of-use, and interactivity. These limitations preclude usage scenarios that are critical for scientific advances. Our goal is to create a scientific “Virtual Instrument” from MCell by allowing its users to transparently access Grid resources while being able to steer running simulations. In this paper, we motivate the Virtual Instrument project and discuss a number of relevant issues and accomplishments in the area of Grid software development and application scheduling. We then describe our software design and report on the current implementation. We verify and evaluate our design via experiments with MCell on a real-world Grid testbed.
Sparse Tiling for Stationary Iterative Methods
Authors: Strout Michelle Mills , Carter Larry , Ferrante Jeanne , Kreaseck Barbara
Published: April 2004

In modern computers, a program’s data locality can affect performance significantly. This paper details full sparse tiling, a run-time reordering transformation that improves the data locality for stationary iterative methods such as Gauss–Seidel operating on sparse matrices. In scientific applications such as finite element analysis, these iterative methods dominate the execution time. Full sparse tiling chooses a permutation of the rows and columns of the sparse matrix, and then an order of execution that achieves better data locality. We prove that full sparsetiled Gauss–Seidel generates a solution that is bitwise identical to traditional Gauss–Seidel on the permuted matrix. We also present measurements of the performance improvements and the overheads of full sparse tiling and of cache blocking for irregular grids, a related technique developed by Douglas et al.
Cache-Efficient Multigrid Algorithms
Authors: Sellappa Sriram , Chatterjee Siddhartha
Published: April 2004

Multigrid is widely used as an efficient solver for sparse linear systems arising from the discretization of elliptic boundary value problems. Linear relaxation methods such as Gauss–Seidel and Red–Black Gauss–Seidel form the principal computational component of multigrid, and thus affect its efficiency. In the context of multigrid, these iterative solvers are executed for a small number of iterations (2–8). We exploit this property of the algorithm to develop a cache-efficient multigrid method, by focusing on improving the memory behavior of the linear relaxation methods. The efficiency in our cache-efficient linear relaxation algorithm comes from two sources: reducing the number of data cache and TLB misses, and reducing the number of memory references by keeping values registerresident. Our optimizations are applicable to multigrid applied to linear systems arising from constant coefficient elliptic PDEs on structured grids. Experiments on five modern computing platforms show a performance improvement of 1.15–2.7 times over a standard implementation of Full Multigrid V-Cycle.
High-Velocity and Quasi-Static Impact of Large Sandwich Panels
Authors: Bull P. H. , Hallstrom S.
Published: April 2004

An investigation of the response of sandwich structures subjected to impact velocities of virtually 0 m/s and approximately 1000 m/s is conducted. The higher velocity exceeds both the longitudinal and the transverse wave propagation velocities of the core material in the sandwich panels. The objective is to investigate the possibility to simulate the damage from ballistic impact of sandwich panels through quasi-static experiments. Panels are impacted using a 40mm Bofors AA gun and, using a similar projectile, other panels are indented quasi-statically. Energy absorption is measured in both test series. After impact, the panels are tested in in-plane compression together with one undamaged panel for reference. Residual strength of impacted panels is analyzed by finite element analysis. It is shown that the damage from high-velocity impact is limited, and it is possible to regain most of the undamaged strength by repair.
Curved Sandwich Beams with Face–Core Debond Subjected to Bending Moment
Authors: Bull P. H. , Hallstrom S.
Published: April 2004

Curved sandwich beams subjected to opening bending moment are studied. Face–core debonds of varying size are introduced at the compressively loaded face sheet and the structural integrity is investigated. Analytical and finite element models are compared in order to identify the governing failure modes of the beams. A simple expression is presented as a tool for getting a quick estimate of the severity of an interface crack in a curved sandwich beam. Five different configurations of beams are tested experimentally in a custom made bending rig.
Effect of Unequal Face Thickness on Load Resistance of Sandwich Beams
Authors: Kim Jongman , Swanson Stephen R.
Published: April 2004

Optimization of sandwich structures for strength to weight under conditions of relatively concentrated loading is surprisingly complex. In the present work, the specific question as to whether improvements in strength to weight of sandwich beams made with fiber composite faces and polymeric foam cores can result from making the loaded face thicker than the unloaded face is addressed. Tests on sandwich beams with foam cores are reported, along with results of analyses using an exact elasticity solution. The results show good agreement between prediction and measurement for the yield loads in the beam specimens. The analysis shows that if a sandwich beam has been optimized for strength to weight with equal face thickness, increasing the ratio of the thickness of the loaded face relative to the unloaded face does not significantly improve the strength. However, for other configurations, e.g. those designed to increase the stiffness of the beam at the expense of the strength, increasing the relative thickness of the loaded face results in significant increases in strength.
High-Order Bending Analysis of Unidirectional Curved ‘‘Soft’’ Sandwich Panels with Disbonds and Slipping Layers
Authors: Frostig Y. , Thomsen O. T. , Vinson J. R.
Published: April 2004

The bending behavior of unidirectional singly curved sandwich panels with a ‘‘soft’’ core and delaminated (debonded) zones or slipping layers is described herein. The delaminated zone is assumed to exist through the width of the panels, and is in the form of an interfacial debonded zone at one of the face–core interfaces, thus subdividing the length of the panel into three zones, i.e. two fully bonded zones and one that is debonded (delaminated). The formulation uses an interfacial spring description, i.e. distributed shear and radial normal springs at the face–core interfaces, to model the effects of the slipping layers and the various delaminated (debonded) zones. The formulation is based on a closed-form high-order approach (HSAPT) that incorporates the high-order effects of the ‘‘soft’’ core. The variational approach is used to derive the governing equations along with the general explicit boundary and continuity conditions. A typical curved sandwich panel with an inner or an edge delamination, with or without contact, subjected to a distributed load and pinned supports is discussed. A comparison between the various delamination types and the fully bonded case is presented in terms of the displacements, stresses and internal stress resultants of the faces and in the vicinity of the edges of the delaminated zones. Finally, the effect of slipping interfacial layers, with or without contact when subjected to a distributed load, is considered and compared with the behavior of a fully bonded sandwich panel. From the numerical studies it is found that the membrane action of the face sheets plays a major role in the overall structural resistance of the sandwich panel compared to that of flat panels. However, in the near vicinity of the edges of the debonded zone, the membrane action does not prevent the interfacial stresses to reach very large values in the case of delamination without contact. For all of the delamination types, contact exerts a favorable effect, in the sense that the induced interfacial stresses are much smaller when compared to cases of delamination without contact.
New 2D Approach and Solution to the Static Transverse Bending Problem for a Sandwich Strip with Realistic Clampings of the Edges
Authors: Karczmarzyk Stanislaw
Published: April 2004

A new exact linear elasticity 2D local model of static bending of a sandwich strip is proposed in the paper. A passage from the strip solution to its counterpart for the sandwich beam is outlined. The model has been obtained by applying the semi-inverse technique as well as some original assumptions imposed on the stress and displacement fields and by expanding functions into a series which is not the Fourier series. New exact linear elasticity boundary conditions for the core at edges of the strip and some realistic edge boundary conditions for the facings have been included in the model. All through-the-thickness boundary and continuity conditions for the structure have been satisfied. Some numerical results are presented and compared with corresponding results predicted by a classical approximate model and by a refined model including the core compressibility.
Wrinkling of Composite-facing Sandwich Panels Under Biaxial Loading
Authors: Birman Victor , Bert Charles W.
Published: April 2004

The problem of face wrinkling in sandwich structures was identified as an important failure mode and first analyzed in 1940 by Gough et al. [1], who used a Winkler-type elastic foundation to model the core. This work was followed by experiments and further analysis by many others. Until 1966 all of the research was devoted to uniaxial compression loading. However, in many applications, such as naval and aircraft structures, panels are subjected to biaxial loading. Such loadings were first analyzed by Plantema in 1966 [2] for the case of sandwich constructed of isotropic materials. Sullins et al. [3] suggested an interaction equation that can be used as a criterion of wrinkling under compression in the principal directions. This equation is formulated in terms of the ratios of the principal compressive stresses to the corresponding wrinkling stresses. More recently Fagerberg [4, 5] and Vonach and Rammerstorfer [6] considered the case of sandwich with orthotropic facings.

The present work attacks the subject problem using three different models for the core. One model uses a simple Winkler elastic foundation approach. The second model, following Hoff and Mautner [Hoff, N.J. and Mautner, S.E. (1945). The Buckling of Sandwich-Type Panels, Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, 12: 285–297.], uses a linear model for the decay in deformation from the core-facing interface, while the third model, following Plantema [Plantema, F.J. (1966). Sandwich Construction, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.], uses an exponential decay.
Kingstons's Dancehall
Authors: Stanley-Niaah Sonjah
Published: April 2004

From the “limbo” to “Jerry Springer,” Jamaican dance moves have mostly been created in Kingston’s inner city. With select citizenry and spatiality, dancehall—Jamaica’s reggae descendant—is a site of collective memory. To contextualize how this urban lifestyle functions, the author provides a brief historical background to the rise of dancehall during the period between 1986 and 2002. She introduces some of the missing stories of dancehall by examining space and bodily performance. Finally, the author assesses what kind of significance the spatiality, temporality, and embodiment of dancehall holds for Kingston’s urban memory.
Thinking and the Art of Furniture
Authors: Turnbull Neil
Published: April 2004

This article argues that furniture has been a source of ontological curiosity and an object of epistemological significance for some of the most important and formative modern intellectual traditions. Drawing on J. J. Gibson’s theory of affordances, the article shows how furniture has afforded a variety of intellectual meanings and can be seen as something of a worldly context giving shape and sense to what many modern intellectuals have understood by “the world.” Drawing on analyses of the way in which modern empiricism, rationalism, experimental science, and contemporary discursive psychology have “wondered” about the nature and significance of furniture, the article suggests that these intellectual endeavors have taken furniture as the primary disavowed object of their inquiries, and in so doing they have been tacitly complicit in confining modern intellectual life to the indoor realm. The article also discusses the extent to which the increasingly technoscientific nature of contemporary furniture poses some profound—and possibly unanswerable—questions as to how the modern philosopher can make intellectual sense of this indoor world. The article goes on to argue that popular science and science fiction writing are superior to philosophy in this respect and can be usefully seen as potential heirs to the modern philosophical tradition, and that if philosophy is to remain interesting and relevant in the present time, it must return to its ancient “outdoor” peripatetic roots.
The Structuring Process of the Social Representation of Violence in Abusive Men
Authors: Levin-Rozalis Miri , Bar-On Naama , Hartaf Hagit
Published: April 2004

This paper examines the process of the emergence of new social representation among abusive men vis-‡-vis their own behavior. The discussion focuses on a group of 65 men who were sent to a closed hostel (Beit Noam) for intensive therapy for habitual violence. The paper argues that there was no possibility of the existence of such a representation at the beginning of therapy because there was no relevant group to create the discourse necessary for the structuring of social representations. The creation of the group and the ensuing discourse helped the men construct a social representation of their own violence. Such a representation enabled them to complete therapy successfully.
Social Representations of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, 1988–1997
Authors: Schmitz Mark F. , Filippone Prema , Edelman Elaine M.
Published: April 2004

Considerable debate has arisen regarding many aspects of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including the existence, diagnosis and prevalence of the disorder, the use of medications in treating young children for the disorder, and the long-term side-effects of the medications. A fundamental catalyst in this debate involves the numerous and diverse social representations of ADHD: the differing ways of perceiving what ADHD is, whom it affects, and the most appropriate treatments. This paper presents a discussion of social representations theory and its previous applications to the study of mental illness, connecting this theory with research in media framing. Quantitative and qualitative content analyses of print media representations of ADHD over a ten-year period are presented. Using results from the media analysis, we examine different processes through which these representations might influence perceptions of individuals experiencing ADHD-related symptoms, particularly as these perceptions relate to mental health treatment decisions.
The Use of Symbolic Resources in Developmental Transitions
Authors: Zittoun Tania , Duveen Gerard , Gillespie Alex , Ivinson Gabrielle , Psaltis Charis
Published: April 2004

This paper introduces the idea of symbolic resources as the use of cultural elements to mediate the representational work occasioned by ruptures or discontinuities in the smooth experience of ordinary life, moments when the ‘taken-for-granted’ meanings cease to be taken for granted. In particular we are concerned with the use of symbolic resources in moments of developmental transitions, that is, the mobilization of symbolic elements ranging from shared bodies of knowledge or argumentative strategies to movies, magazines or art pieces. The paper begins with a brief theoretical sketch of these ideas, and then presents three case studies, each of which involves the use of a different type of symbolic resource within a particular age group. In the first, children are observed in interaction with a peer about a conservation problem. In the second, adolescents are observed negotiating the meaning of their art productions with their peers, teachers and parents. The third example looks at Western tourists searching for spirituality, adventure and freedom in Ladakh as an alternative to the materialism of modernity. In each case the analysis of the symbolic resources employed indicates the significance of the gaze of the other in the construction of meanings, and of the various constraints operating within specific situations. The analysis also reveals different modes of use of symbolic resources, linked to changing forms of reflectivity.
The Curious Logic of the Hinge and the (Post)colonial Military Body
Authors: Bishop Ryan , Phillips John
Published: April 2004

This article considers the capacity of the military body to appropriate various modes of power, personnel and material, in terms of the tache. In particular we examine the (post)colonial military body, especially in Southeast Asia, and its intimate relations to the detachment of the colonial state from the colonial body and attachment to the global regimes of Cold War and neo-liberal post Cold War processes. We do so through a wide range of ‘texts’– including a Conrad novella, a Singaporean documentary series, transformers (toys), and international money laundering – in which the defining logic that the (post)colonial military body deploys is its capacity to attach and detach at will. A series of related and homologous attachments and detachments proceed from this capacity: the power of sovereignty, the generation and circulation of capital, and the transformation of the colonial military body into the postcolonial military body. However, it is also the logic of this empowering connectivity that imposes intractable limits on the desire for ultimate control, as the tache always indicates something beyond the corpus, something outside the locus of control.
Militarizing the Body Politic: New Mediations as Weapons of Mass Instruction
Authors: Graham Philip , Luke Allan
Published: April 2004

As militarization of bodies politic continues apace the world over, as military organizations again reveal themselves as primary political, economic and cultural forces in many societies, we argue that the emergent and potentially dominant form of political economic organization is a species of neo-feudal corporatism. Drawing upon Bourdieu, we theorize bodies politic as living habitus. Bodies politic are prepared for war and peace through new mediations, powerful means of public pedagogy. The process of militarization requires the generation of new, antagonistic evaluations of other bodies politic. Such evaluations are inculcated via these mediations, the movement of meanings across time and space, between formerly disparate histories, places, and cultures. New mediations touch new and different aspects of the body politic: its eyes, its ears, its organs, but they are consistently targeted at the formation of dispositions, the prime movers of action.
The Flower of the Elite Troops
Authors: Kittler Friedrich A.
Published: April 2004

By means of an initial examination of nineteenth century modern warfare, primarily in Italy and Germany, this article argues that, in the early twentieth century, a number of military models of attack were put in question, particularly during the First World War. Investigating the origins, development and deployment of elite troops throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by way of Heidegger, amongst others, the article attempts to reveal both the continuities and the changes relating to the military techniques and temporalities of elite troop offensives. It reflects on the consequences of the use of elite troops from the early twentieth century onwards and the ensuing new military order for modern warfare and for the infantry in particular. The article concludes with a historically and philosophically informed discussion of the contemporary materialization and employment of United Nations ‘rapid deployment forces’ in Bosnia and elsewhere.
Posthuman Soldiers in Postmodern War
Authors: Gray Chris Hables
Published: April 2004

The centrality of human-machine weapon systems is a key aspect of postmodern war. Since 1939 such systems have proliferated while improved interfaces have led to several types of actual cyborg soldiers. As the crisis of postmodern war deepens it is producing a series of quite different militarized bodies. Cyborgs proliferate in type so it is no surprise that we have pilot-cyborgs and teleoperators, info-cyborgs (from political operatives to clerks and including all the servants of the computers and weapons systems), and various fighting cyborg soldiers and sailors. There has also been a resurgence of a type of irregular warrior that many commentators describe as bestial. It is not a coincidence that while humanity is on the verge of producing real posthumans (quite possibly for military applications) so-called ‘prehuman’ types of war have broken out across the globe. War is based on bodies and its skewed logics have driven many cyborgian developments. Now, both war and our cyborg society are involved in a linked crisis fuelled by the relentless march of technoscience that has made modern war impossible and posthumans probable. The future of the human, and of a multitude of potential posthumanities, will largely be determined by how this crisis is resolved.
Don’t Touch! Hands Off! Art, Blindness and the Conservation of Expertise
Authors: Candlin Fiona
Published: April 2004

The embargo on touching in museums is increasingly being brought into question, not least by blind activists who are calling for greater access to collections. The provision of opportunities to touch could be read as a potential conflict between established optic knowledge and illicit haptic experience, between the conservation of objects and access to collections. Instead I suggest that touch is not necessarily other to the museum; rather, the status of who does the touching and knowing is crucial and not the use of touch per se. It is expert territory and vested academic interests that are at stake here. Using Bruno Latour’s (1993) conceptions of hybrid networks and purified zones of academic practice, I then explore what the unacknowledged existence of touch means for museums and for notions of authority more generally. I suggest that if the apparent boundaries of disciplines are unconvincing in practice, then the possibility of expert knowledge is seriously undermined. Blind people’s demand for access through touch is not then a challenge of one paradigm to another but implicitly questions the accreditation of authority itself. As such it forms part of a wider institutional shift with regard to expertise and an increased need for negotiating between different conceptual frameworks. The ocularcentric bias of museums is increasingly being questioned by blind and visually impaired visitors who emphasize touch as a learning and aesthetic experience. This challenge is contentious not least because it ostensibly brings the individuals’ rights of access into direct conflict with museum conservation. I argue that concerns over conservation can, however, mask and serve to legitimate preconceptions about who should have access to collections; what counts as damage or dirt; and the means by which art and artefacts can be understood or enjoyed. It is expertise rather than the conservation of objects which is at stake. This article suggests that in campaigning for access through touch, blind people physically move beyond the barriers which reserve contact for the museum elite and simultaneously establish the viability of learning in a way that is not sanctioned by the art historical community. Thus resistance to touch in museums is not so much a concern for preservation as a defence of territory and expertise.