bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental study of the dynamics and mass transfer of single CO2 bubble accompanied by reactions in Hele-Shaw cell
Authors: Ding Yudong , Lu Changshen , Wang Hong , Cheng Min , Zhu Xun , Liao Qiang
Published: May 2024

The reduction of carbon emissions has become a critical global issue, and the use of monoethanolamine (MEA) solution for CO2 absorption is prevalent in industry. To elucidate the mass transfer mechanisms in reactive multiphase flow, we employed high-speed photography and digital image processing to examine the dynamics and mass transfer behavior of CO2 bubbles in a Hele-Shaw cell. The results indicate that as the MEA solution concentration increases, oscillations during bubble ascent diminish, and the terminal velocity decreases. Based on changes in the mass transfer coefficient, the reaction process can be segmented into a phase of intensified mass transfer, marked by a rapid decrease in bubble equivalent diameter, and a phase of deteriorating mass transfer, where the diameter stabilizes. Additionally, we introduced a dimensionless mathematical model for the Sherwood number based on experimental findings, and its reliability was confirmed.
Transport of skyrmions by surface acoustic waves
Authors: Shuai Jintao , Lopez-Diaz Luis , Cunningham John E. , Moore Thomas A.
Published: May 2024

Magnetic skyrmions in thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are promising candidates for magnetic memory and logic devices, making the development of ways to transport skyrmions efficiently in a desired trajectory of significant interest. Here, we investigate the transport of skyrmions by surface acoustic waves (SAWs) via several modalities using micromagnetic simulations. We show skyrmion pinning sites created by standing SAWs at anti-nodes and skyrmion Hall-like motion without pinning driven by traveling SAWs. We also show how orthogonal SAWs formed by combining a longitudinal traveling SAW and a transverse standing SAW can be used for the 2D positioning of skyrmions. Our results also suggest SAWs offer a viable approach to the transport of multiple skyrmions along a multichannel racetrack.
In situ constructed ferroelectric-nanonet-supported heterostructure thin film for high-performance photovoltaics
Authors: Sun Shujie , Yang Dongxiao , Shen Junya , Chen Rui , Huang Haoliang , Ti Ruixia , Yin Xiaofeng
Published: May 2024

Heterostructure, which combines robust ferroelectrics and narrow-bandgap semiconductors together, is promising for acquiring both intensive photocurrent and large photovoltage output in photovoltaics; therefore, manipulation of the properties by engineering heterostructure has driven significant research activity. Herein, well-known Aurivillius-type ferroelectric Bi2WO6 and mullite-type Bi2Fe4O9 are chosen, and an excellent platform to investigate the role of ferroelectric-semiconductor heterostructure in tuning the photovoltaic effect is constructed by in situ depositing p-type nanoscale Bi2Fe4O9 onto n-type Bi2WO6 nanonet matrix. The nanonet-supported two-dimensional planar-like heterostructure and its ferroelectric domain switchability are confirmed by atomic force microscopy techniques. Significantly, the desired Bi2WO6/Bi2Fe4O9 film optimizes the key steps from light to electricity, and exhibits a large and stable photovoltaic effect, achieving four/three orders of magnitude enhancement of short-circuit photocurrent density/open-circuit voltage under laser irradiation. Furthermore, electric-field-controlled switchable asymmetric photoresponse and device stability were clearly observed, due to, in particular, Bi2WO6/Bi2Fe4O9 interfacial Schottky barrier formation and its modulation by poling-modified ferroelectric polarization. These findings highlight an important insight to construct diversified heterostructures with multi-functioning performances.
Dynamic characteristics of droplets impacting an inclined wall based on a front-tracking method
Authors: Zhang Ying , Zhao Shuting , Liu Yao , Tu Yuwei , Ke Zhaoqing , Tian Yuan , Lu Min
Published: May 2024

In the current study, the dynamic characteristics of droplets impacting a hydrophilic/hydrophobic inclined wall are investigated using the front-tracking method. The morphological and kinematic features of the droplets are examined across various contact angles (θ), low Weber numbers (We≤10), and inclination angles (α). A sequence of events, including deposition, spreading, contraction, rebound, and subsequent re-spreading, is observed when a droplet impacts a hydrophobic wall, according to the results. The droplet exhibits both a small dimensionless spreading area (A*) and significant fluctuation, along with a noticeable slip on the wall. As We increases, the spread and rebound effects become more pronounced, and the slipping velocity also increases. As α increases, the slipping velocity becomes greater, and both A* and the dimensionless tangential spreading diameter (β) decrease. When a droplet impacts a hydrophilic wall, continuous deposition, spreading, and a subtle slip with inconspicuous rebound are observed. As We increases, A* expands at an accelerating rate. Furthermore, the wetting effect of hydrophilic surfaces on droplets cannot be overlooked. Consequently, it also shows that as α increases, there is a larger diffusion range along the wall with a longer diffusion film and a larger β. Such behaviors stand in contrast to a droplet impacting a hydrophobic wall.
Incubation temperature affects growth and efficacy of white-rot fungi to improve the nutritive value of rice straw
Authors: Hai T. T. , Peer A. van , Cone J. W. , Schonewille J. T. , Baars J. J. P. , Phung L. D. , Hendriks W. H.
Published: May 2024

Context A great body of evidence is available on the in vitro efficacy of white-rot fungi (WRF) to degrade lignin in fibre-rich biomass (e.g. wheat straw, wood chips and rice straw (RS)) and improve the biomass’ nutritive value for ruminants. Aims Determining the impact of incubation temperature of three WRF to improve the nutritional value of rice straw. Methods Growth of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus eryngii on RS for 26 days at the following six temperature regimes: continuous at 24°C, 30°C, 35°C and 40°C, and 3 days at 35°C and 40°C, with subsequent days at 24°C. In a follow-up experiment, improvement in fermentability in buffered rumen fluid of RS treated by the three WRF at 24°C and 30°C for up to 8 weeks was investigated. Key results All three fungi grew at temperatures up to 35°C, with no growth observed at 40°C, with C. subvermispora being more temperature sensitive. There were significant differences in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin degradation of RS at 24°C and 30°C, with C. subvermispora degrading 69% and 90% of the hemicellulose and lignin respectively at 30°C, greater than at 24°C (55% and 80% respectively). For L. edodes, there were significant differences in cellulose degradation between 24°C and 30°C, with 12% more degradation at 30°C, but not for hemicellulose and lignin. In vitro gas production showed no significant differences between the two incubation temperatures for either of the two fungi. Pleurotus eryngii treatment did not show any improvement in terms of in vitro gas production. Conclusions Treatment of RS with L. edodes and C. subvermispora, but not P. eryngii, is robust and temperature changes will not have a major impact on their efficacy as long as the temperature remains below 30°C. Implications Temperature during the incubation of WRF with rice straw needs to be below 30°C for this biotechnology to be applied in practice.
Alternative application of availability and deliverability studies to reduce the energy sectors’ carbon emissions
Authors: Lawrenz Helge , Mahdianfar Hamed
Published: May 2024

The objective of the paper is to present the advantages of utilising reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) studies as a decision-making tool for the deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS), by providing detailed and quantifiable CCS rates of the analysed design concept. The study used methodology to predict carbon capture rates with high confidence for several compression and dehydration train design concepts. This allowed the operator to make decisions on the most cost-efficient design, while having a confident understanding of the design-specific carbon capture potentials. The most favourable CCS concept was combined with the existing liquefied natural gas plant RAM model and production profile for a detailed analysis of remaining daily carbon dioxide (CO2) venting rates as a result of potential CCS outages. The RAM models are based on generic and proven reliability data and include a level of detail that ensures a very reliable prediction of exact carbon capture rates. Besides analysing and comparing the design concept results as system availability, the CCS concept was analysed for its carbon capture deliverability. This provided the operator with a high confidence of average as well as monthly CO2 capture and venting rates for selected CO2 production profiles. The application of RAM for CCS and other energy sustainability projects has proven to be a powerful tool, allowing operators to make informed decisions towards achieving net-zero efficiency. Providing operators with an accurate and long-term prediction of their carbon footprint, when analysed in combination with their energy portfolio.
Exploration potential of Papua New Guinea – latest multiclient 3D provides new insight into the underexplored Papuan Basin over the Papuan and Eastern Plateaus
Authors: Choi Tad , Beenfeldt Jens , Przywara Marcin
Published: May 2024

The Gulf of Papua, part of the regional Papuan Basin, is characterised by extensional to passive margin tectonics from the Triassic to Late Oligocene and collisional tectonics from the Late Oligocene until the present day. The basin has experienced rapid clastic deposition in the late Neogene which covers an underlying extensive Miocene carbonate shelf with local bioherms and associated carbonate facies. Underlying the carbonates, an array of deformed and complex rift basins are present, with potential petroleum plays in undifferentiated Mesozoic sediments which onlap basement highs. The Miocene carbonates are the primary exploration targets, along with Pliocene clastic turbidite sediments in the Fly River Delta, Western Gulf of Papua. It is postulated that these were charged by Mesozoic marine–deltaic/terrestrial source rocks that were deposited during the opening of the Coral Sea. The offshore Papuan Basin is underexplored and the Gulf of Papua play types seen in the onshore Aure Fold Belt and offshore Fly River Platform could potentially extend offshore into the Coral Sea area. New broadband Pre‐Stack Depth Migration seismic data covering a part of the Eastern and Papuan Plateaus reveals new insights into the structural development of the region, rift basin geometries, configuration, and association of rift clastics and post-rift carbonates. Internal carbonate features can be observed on the new seismic data set, and new plays in the yet undifferentiated rift sediments of Mesozoic age are proposed in this study.
Genotyping of rams based on melatonin receptor 1A gene polymorphisms: a tool in sire selection?
Authors: Peña-Delgado Victoria , Noya Agustí , Carvajal-Serna Melissa , Canto Francisco , Sánchez María Carmen , Letosa Eva , Vicente Antonio , Morato Ignacio , Macías Ángel , Abecia José Alfonso , Casao Adriana , Pérez-Pe Rosaura
Published: May 2024

Context Several polymorphisms in the melatonin receptor 1A gene (MTNR1A) have been related to reproductive performance in ovine. Aims To investigate the effect of the RsaI and MnlI polymorphisms on ram seminal quality. Methods Eighteen Rasa Aragonesa rams were genotyped for the RsaI (C/C, C/T, T/T) and MnlI (G/G, G/A, A/A) allelic variants of the MTNR1A gene. Individual ejaculates were analysed once a month throughout the whole year. Sperm motility, morphology, membrane integrity, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phosphatidylserine (PS) inversion, DNA fragmentation and capacitation status were assessed. The effect of the season and polymorphisms on seminal quality was evaluated by mixed ANOVA. Key results Both polymorphisms had an effect on membrane integrity and viable spermatozoa with low levels of ROS and without PS translocation, and RsaI also on motile and DNA-intact spermatozoa. An interaction between both polymorphisms was found, pointing to a negative effect on seminal quality of carrying the T or A allele in homozygosity. Differences were higher in the reproductive than in the non-reproductive season. Conclusions Mutations substituting C by T and G by A at RsaI and MnlI polymorphic sites, respectively, in the MTNR1A gene in rams could decrease the seminal quality. Implications Genotyping of rams based on melatonin receptor 1A could be a powerful tool in sire selection.
Hypothalamic vasopressin sex differentiation is observed by embryonic day 15 in mice and is disrupted by the xenoestrogen bisphenol A
Authors: Zheng Jing , Baimoukhametova Dinara , Lebel Catherine , Bains Jaideep S. , Kurrasch Deborah M.
Published: May 2024

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular region (AVP
PVN
) mediate sex-biased social behaviors across most species, including mammals. In mice, neural sex differences are thought to be established during a critical window around birth ( embryonic (E) day 18 to postnatal (P) day 2) whereby circulating testosterone from the fetal testis is converted to estrogen in sex-dimorphic brain regions. Here, we found that AVP
PVN
neurons are sexually dimorphic by E15.5, prior to this critical window, and that gestational bisphenol A (BPA) exposure permanently masculinized female AVP
PVN
neuronal numbers, projections, and electrophysiological properties, causing them to display male-like phenotypes into adulthood. Moreover, we showed that nearly twice as many neurons that became AVP
+
by P0 were born at E11 in males and BPA-exposed females compared to control females, suggesting that AVP
PVN
neuronal masculinization occurs between E11 and P0. We further narrowed this sensitive period to around the timing of neurogenesis by demonstrating that exogenous estrogen exposure from E14.5 to E15.5 masculinized female AVP
PVN
neuronal numbers, whereas a pan-estrogen receptor antagonist exposed from E13.5 to E15.5 blocked masculinization of males. Finally, we showed that restricting BPA exposure to E7.5-E15.5 caused adult females to display increased social dominance over control females, consistent with an acquisition of male-like behaviors. Our study reveals an E11.5 to E15.5 window of estrogen sensitivity impacting AVP
PVN
sex differentiation, which is impacted by prenatal BPA exposure.
Demographic models predict end-Pleistocene arrival and rapid expansion of pre-agropastoralist humans in Cyprus
Authors: Bradshaw Corey J. A. , Reepmeyer Christian , Saltré Frédérik , Agapiou Athos , Kassianidou Vasiliki , Demesticha Stella , Zomeni Zomenia , Polidorou Miltiadis , Moutsiou Theodora
Published: May 2024

The antiquity of human dispersal into Mediterranean islands and ensuing coastal adaptation have remained largely unexplored due to the prevailing assumption that the sea was a barrier to movement and that islands were hostile environments to early hunter-gatherers [J. F. Cherry, T. P. Leppard,J. Isl. Coast. Archaeol.13, 191–205 (2018),10.1080/15564894.2016.1276489]. Using the latest archaeological data, hindcasted climate projections, and age-structured demographic models, we demonstrate evidence for early arrival (14,257 to 13,182 calendar years ago) to Cyprus and predicted that large groups of people (~1,000 to 1,375) arrived in 2 to 3 main events occurring within <100 y to ensure low extinction risk. These results indicate that the postglacial settlement of Cyprus involved only a few large-scale, organized events requiring advanced watercraft technology. Our spatially debiased and Signor–Lipps-corrected estimates indicate rapid settlement of the island within <200 y, and expansion to a median of 4,000 to 5,000 people (0.36 to 0.46 km−2) in <11 human generations (<300 y). Our results do not support the hypothesis of inaccessible and inhospitable islands in the Mediterranean for pre-agropastoralists, agreeing with analogous conclusions for other parts of the world [M. I. Birdet al.,Sci. Rep.9, 8220 (2019),10.1038/s41598-019-42946-9]. Our results also highlight the need to revisit these questions in the Mediterranean and test their validity with new technologies, field methods, and data. By applying stochastic models to the Mediterranean region, we can place Cyprus and large islands in general as attractive and favorable destinations for paleolithic peoples.
γδ T cell profiling in a cohort of preterm infants reveals elevated frequencies of CD83+ γδ T cells in sepsis
Authors: León-Lara Ximena , Fichtner Alina S. , Willers Maike , Yang Tao , Schaper Katharina , Riemann Lennart , Schöning Jennifer , Harms Anna , Almeida Vicente , Schimrock Anja , Janssen Anika , Ospina-Quintero Laura , von Kaisenberg Constantin , Förster Reinhold , Eberl Matthias , Richter Manuela F. , Pirr Sabine , Viemann Dorothee , Ravens Sarina
Published: May 2024

Preterm infants are at high risk of developing neonatal sepsis. γδ T cells are thought to be an important set of effector cells in neonates. Here, γδ T cells were investigated in a longitudinal cohort of preterm neonates using next-generation sequencing, flow cytometry, and functional assays. During the first year of life, the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset showed dynamic phenotypic changes and elevated levels of fetal-derived Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were evident in infants with sepsis. Single-cell transcriptomics identified HLA-DRhiCD83+ γδ T cells in neonatal sepsis, which expressed genes related to antigen presentation. In vitro assays showed that CD83 was expressed on activated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in preterm and term neonates, but not in adults. In contrast, activation of adult Vγ9Vδ2 T cells enhanced CD86 expression, which was presumably the key receptor to induce CD4 T cell proliferation. Together, we provide a map of the maturation of γδ T cells after preterm birth and highlight their phenotypic diversity in infections.
Csk restrains BCR-mediated ROS production and contributes to germinal center selection and affinity maturation
Authors: Inoue Takeshi , Matsumoto Yuma , Kawai Chie , Ito Mao , Nada Shigeyuki , Okada Masato , Kurosaki Tomohiro
Published: May 2024

Compared with naïve B cells, the B cell receptor (BCR) signal in germinal center (GC) B cells is attenuated; however, the significance of this signaling attenuation has not been well defined. Here, to investigate the role of attenuation of BCR signaling, we employed a Csk mutant mouse model in which Csk deficiency in GC B cells resulted in augmentation of net BCR signaling with no apparent effect on antigen presentation. We found that Csk is required for GC maintenance and efficient antibody affinity maturation. Mechanistically, ROS-induced apoptosis was exacerbated concomitantly with mitochondrial dysfunction in Csk-deficient GC B cells. Hence, our data suggest that attenuation of the BCR signal restrains hyper-ROS production, thereby protecting GC B cells from apoptosis and contributing to efficient affinity maturation.
Quantum scaling of the spin lattice relaxation rate in the checkerboard J-Q model
Authors: Li Chengchen , Lin Huihang , Yu Rong
Published: May 2024

Motivated by recent progress on the experimental realization of proximate deconfined quantum critical point in a frustrated quantum magnet, we study the low-energy spin dynamics of a related checkerboard J-Q model by using quantum Monte Carlo simulations. The ground state of this model undergoes a weakly first-order quantum phase transition with an emergent O(4) symmetry between an antiferromagnetic state and a plaquette valence bond solid. The calculated spin lattice relaxation rate of nuclear magnetic resonance,

1

/

T
1

, exhibits distinct low-temperature behaviors depending on the ground states. With decreasing the temperature,

1

/

T
1

rises up on the antiferromagnetic side, characterizing a crossover to the renormalized classical regime, whereas

1

/

T
1

drops exponentially on the side of valence bond solid, reflecting the gap opening in the plaquette ordered phase. The extracted spin gap scales with the distance to the transition point as a power-law with an exponent φ ≈ 0.3, consistent with the scaling ansatz

ϕ
=
ν
z

with ν ≈ 0.3 and z = 1. Near the quantum phase transition, the temperature dependent

1

/

T
1

shows a broad crossover regime where a universal scaling

1

/

T
1

∼

T

η

with η ≈ 0.6 is found. Our results suggest a quantum scaling regime associated with the emergent enhanced symmetry near this first-order quantum phase transition.
Influence of cement and water content on the multifaceted capabilities of a self-sensing cement-based geocomposite: a comprehensive analysis
Authors: Abedi Mohammadmahdi , Roshan Mohammad Jawed , Adresi Mostafa , Meddah Mohammed Seddik , Han Baoguo , Fangueiro Raul , Gomes Correia António
Published: May 2024

This study investigates the synergistic effects of cement, water, and hybrid carbon nanotubes/graphene nanoplatelets (CNT/GNP) concentrations on the mechanical, microstructural, durability, and piezoresistive properties of self-sensing cementitious geocomposites. Varied concentrations of cement (8% to 18%), water (8% to 16%), and CNT/GNP (0.1% to 0.34%, 1:1) were incorporated into cementitious stabilized sand (CSS). Mechanical characterization involved compression and flexural tests, while microstructural analysis utilized dry density, apparent porosity, water absorption, and non-destructive ultrasonic testing, alongside TGA, SEM, EDS, and x-ray diffraction analyses. The durability of the composite was also assessed against 180 Freeze-thaw cycles. Moreover, the piezoresistive behavior of the nano-reinforced CSS was analyzed during cyclic flexural and compressive loading using the four-probe method. The optimal carbon nanomaterials (CNM) content was found to depend on the water and cement ratios. Generally, elevating the water content led to a rise in the CNM optimal concentration, primarily attributed to improved dispersion and adequate water for the cement hydration process. The maximum increments in flexural and compressive strengths, compared to plain CSS, were significant, reaching up to approximately 30% for flexural strength and 41% for compressive strength, for the specimen containing 18% cement, 12% water, and 0.17% CNM. This improvement was attributed to the nanoparticles’ pore-filling function, acceleration of hydration, regulation of free water, and facilitation of crack-bridging mechanisms in the geocomposite. Further decreases in cement and water content adversely impacted the piezoresistive performance of the composite. Notably, specimens containing 8% cement (across all water content variations) and 10% cement (with 8% and 12% water content) showed a lack of piezoresistive responses. In contrast, specimens containing 14% and 18% cement displayed substantial sensitivity, evidenced by elevated gauge factors, under loading conditions.
Research on a dedicated thin-film thermocouple testing system for transient temperature measurement
Authors: Xie Yingnan , Cui Yunxian , Wang Haoyu , Feng Wenrui
Published: May 2024

The thin-film thermocouple (TFTC) is featured on small heat capacity and rapid response speed for transient temperature measurements under narrow space and difficult installation. Consequently, we propose a novel transient temperature testing system specifically designed for TFTC. This system features signal conditioning circuits with extended bandwidth and superior transfer speeds, a cold junction compensation method that supports customizable indexing tables, and an adaptive data filtering approach that precisely balances the smoothing of steady-state data with rapid responsiveness to transient data. This approach effectively mitigating the measurement distortion of transient temperature signals and the nonlinear phenomenon in cold junction compensation for TFTC. Utilizing NiCr/NiSi TFTC, we evaluated the system’s accuracy, demonstrating a precision range of −0.5 °C–0.25 °C within 20 °C–100 °C, and a response delay under 0.1 ms. Compared to traditional thermocouple measurement systems, our system exhibits a finer time-domain resolution. Lastly, we successfully applied this system to observe the response of TFTC under the thermal load of short-pulse laser shocks, measuring a time constant of only 1.16 ms for the TFTC. This novel transient temperature testing system provides a new approach for TFTC to achieve online dynamic measurement and online calibration, and provides technical support for TFTC measurement technology towards engineering applications.
A review on droplet-based 3D printing with piezoelectric micro-jet device
Authors: Feng Yuming , Liu Junkao , Deng Jie , Zhang Shijing , Liu Yingxiang
Published: May 2024

The droplet-based 3D printing with piezoelectric micro-jet device (PMJD), also known as fabrication with droplet ejection, has shown its unique advantages exceeding typical processing in direct rapid manufacturing of miniature and complicated metal parts, function components, and other heterogeneous devices. Recently, the droplet-based 3D printing with higher printing velocity, controllable precision and smaller printing volume is need more and more in additive manufacturing fields, which promotes the development of the droplet-based printing technology to a faster, accurate and flexible direction. In this regard, the droplet-based 3D printing with PMJD has received a lot of attentions from universities, enterprises, and other research institutes. In this review, based on introducing the droplet-based 3D printing technologies, we will clarify the advantages of droplet-based 3D printing, especially the droplet ejection with PMJD. Then, the connections and differences between the ejection of non-metallic droplets and metal droplets based on piezoelectric micro-jet are also clarified, meanwhile, the challenges, such as the consistency, reliability, and stability of piezoelectric actuated droplet ejection, are concluded and analyzed. In general, the future developments of droplet-based 3D printing technology are prospected, and the review can provide some further references for the related works.
A thermo-mechanical constitutive model for triple-shape and two-way shape memory polymers
Authors: Gu Jianping , Wang Changchun , Zeng Hao , Duan Hao , Wan Mengqi , Sun Huiyu
Published: May 2024

Semicrystalline polymers often have diverse molecular configurations in response to the variation of temperature, making it easier to realize multiple or two-way shape memory effects (SMEs). In order to provide guidance for the design of relevant smart structures, it is necessary to develop corresponding constitutive models to better characterize the thermal-mechanical behavior of such shape memory polymers (SMPs). For the first time, a thermo-mechanical finite deformation constitutive model is presented to reveal the deformation mechanism of the triple-shape two-way SME of semicrystalline SMPs in our work, based on the theory of thermodynamics with internal state variables. To verify the validity of the model, the model results are compared with the test data for a typical shape memory cycle. It is found that the model can be employed to describe the non-equilibrium response of semicrystalline SMPs with two types of crystallites in the vicinity of crystallization and melting. Since the model results fit well with the test data, the effectiveness of the model in predicting the triple two-way shape memory behavior is demonstrated.
Analysing the pan flute: a strategy for understanding sound
Authors: Martínez Victoria R P
Published: May 2024

This article analyses the application of a didactic strategy through the inquiry methodology, managing to relate topics of interest to students such as music and the physical concepts dealt with in the theme of waves and their characteristics, specifically sound. The main objective is the understanding of terms related to sound such as: frequency, tone, speed and air columns from the construction of a musical instrument, specifically the pan flute. An inquiry methodology was used, for Camacho, Casilla & Franco [1] “inquiry is defined as those activities that lead students to make observations; ask questions; examine books and other sources of information; thinking investigations; review what is known in light of experimental or experiential evidence, collect, analyse and interpret data; propose questions, explanations, predictions, communicate and socialize the results product of the systematic processes developed.” Following this methodology, the students carried out research on how to make a pan flute, encouraging their curiosity and reaching viable solutions that would allow pleasant sounds. The construction of the prototype occurred with easy-to-acquire materials, including the necessary attachments to obtain the desired sound. Finally, it is determined what is the frequency achieved with flutes made of different materials, theoretically and through an App, managing to establish relationships between physical concepts and those referring to music to determine the best way to build a pan flute for educational purposes.
Special relativity at Czech schools: a half-century comparison
Authors: Kočišová P , Richterek L , Slaměník L
Published: May 2024

In this contribution, we present the results of one bachelor and one master theses both devoted to the teaching of special relativity at an upper-secondary or intro-university level in the Czech Republic. We compare the test results of the grammar-school students in the school years 1976/1977 and 2021/2022, which are close to average and very similar in both cases, so the level of understanding has not changed in the meantime. We also present a set of interactive spacetime diagrams used in the preparation of future physics teachers within our relativity course.
Elementarizing quantum algorithms: clarification of the internal structure and preliminary learning outcomes
Authors: Zuccarini Giacomo , Malgieri Massimiliano , Sutrini Claudio , Macchiavello Chiara
Published: May 2024

Introducing elements of quantum information and computation in the secondary school curriculum is a trend which has very recently emerged in physics education. In this paper we describe a tentative elementarization scheme for the information processing phase of quantum algorithms, and report on a preliminary evaluation of its feasibility on Italian self-selected secondary school students in distance learning. While the test was conducted on a very small sample in special conditions, this work of clarification promoted a consistent understanding of the algorithmic structure in informational terms and, at least partially, in physical ones. The feasibility test had for us a positive outcome, which led to refinements of the approach and further tests, also on curricular teaching, which were performed from 2022 onwards.
Principles and Equations of Physics: a multidisciplinary laboratory
Authors: Giliberti Marco , Albanese Flavio , Lovisetti Luisa
Published: May 2024

In the last two academical years, as part of the Italian Ministry plan PLS – “Piano Lauree Scientifiche” (Scientific Degree Plan), two courses for high school students and teachers consisting in some interdisciplinary and transversal online meetings have been proposed. They regarded the three principles of dynamics, the law of universal gravitation and Maxwell’s equations. “Variations” around these topics were also presented – of historical, philosophical and also of musical nature – to make the cultural setting of what has been discussed deeper and make it meaningful in the present. At the end of each course, students produced a video of few minutes with a personal reworking and rethinking of the meaning of one of the topics discussed.
Assessing the prior knowledge of students in physics minors
Authors: Schmitt Kevin , Spatz Verena
Published: May 2024

The number of students who give up science and engineering in the first semesters is regrettably high. While there is empirical evidence of the relationship between (lack of) prior knowledge in mathematics and dropout among students with a compulsory minor in physics, there are - to our knowledge - no studies on the relevance of prior knowledge in physics. Therefore, we constructed a knowledge test and statistically validated the results of two pilot studies in consecutive semesters with students from different physics minor programs (n = 643). In this article, we briefly introduce the structure of the test, consisting of three sections (knowledge of facts, knowledge of meaning, application of knowledge) and the corresponding test parameters. Furthermore, we summarise the first empirical results using descriptive methods. For this purpose, violin plots were created to analyze similarities or differences in the response behaviour of the subgroups. Moreover, an analysis of classical statistics was carried out, e.g. pairwise Mann-Whitney-U tests for comparing sample subgroups.

Our results show that subgroups in the overall sample significantly differ in their test results depending on their faculty affiliation.
Modelling induced innovation for the low-carbon energy transition: a menu of options
Authors: Pasqualino Roberto , Peñasco Cristina , Barbrook-Johnson Peter , De Moura Fernanda Senra , Kolesnikov Sergey , Hafner Sarah , Nijsse Femke J M M , Lamperti Francesco , Hinder Ben , Melekh Yaroslav , Sharpe Simon , Jones Aled W , Anadón Laura Díaz , Lenton Timothy M , Grubb Michael
Published: May 2024

Induced innovation is a multi-faceted process characterized by interaction between demand-pull forces, path-dependent self-reinforcing change, and the cost reduction of technology that occurs with cumulative deployment. By endogenously including induced innovation in energy models, policy analysts and modellers could enable a mission-oriented approach to policymaking that envisions the opportunities of accelerating the low-carbon energy transition while avoiding the risks of inaction. While the integrated assessment models used in the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC-IAMs) account for induced innovation, their assumptions of general equilibrium and optimality may reveal weaknesses that produce unsatisfactory results for policymakers. In this paper, we develop a menu of options for modelling induced innovation in the energy transition with non-equilibrium, non-optimal models by a three step methodology: a modelling survey questionnaire, a review of the literature, and an analysis of case studies from modelling applications within the economics of energy innovation and system transition (EEIST) programme. The survey questionnaire allows us to compare 24 models from EEIST partner institutions developed to inform energy and decarbonisation policy decisions. We find that only six models, future technological transformations, green investment barriers mode, stochastic experience curves, economy-energy-environment macro-econometric, M3E3 and Dystopian Schumpeter meeting Keynes, represent endogenous innovation—in the form of learning curves, R&D, and spillover effects. The review of the literature and analysis of case studies allow us to form a typology of different models of induced innovation alongside the IPCC-IAMs and develop a decision tree to guide policy analysts and modellers in the choice of the most appropriate models to answer specific policy questions. The paper provides evidence for integrating narrow and systemic approaches to modelling-induced innovation in the context of low-carbon energy transition, and promotes cooperation instead of competition between different but complementary approaches. These findings are consistent with the implementation of risk-opportunity analysis as a policy appraisal method to evaluate low-carbon transition pathways.
Environmental impacts from large-scale offshore renewable-energy deployment
Authors: Ouro Pablo , Fernandez Riya , Armstrong Alona , Brooks Barbara , Burton Ralph R , Folkard Andrew , Ilic Suzana , Parkes Ben , Schultz David M , Stallard Tim , Watson Francis M
Published: May 2024

The urgency to mitigate the effects of climate change necessitates an unprecedented global deployment of offshore renewable-energy technologies mainly including offshore wind, tidal stream, wave energy, and floating solar photovoltaic. To achieve the global energy demand for terawatt-hours, the infrastructure for such technologies will require a large spatial footprint. Accommodating this footprint will require rapid landscape evolution, ideally within two decades. For instance, the United Kingdom has committed to deploying 50 GW of offshore wind by 2030 with 90–110 GW by 2050, which is equivalent to four times and ten times more than the 2022 capacity, respectively. If all were 15 MW turbines spaced 1.5 km apart, 50 GW would require 7500 km2and 110 GW would require 16 500 km2. This review paper aims to anticipate environmental impacts stemming from the large-scale deployment of offshore renewable energy. These impacts have been categorised into three broad types based on the region (i.e. atmospheric, hydrodynamic, ecological). We synthesise our results into a table classifying whether the impacts are positive, negative, negligible, or unknown; whether the impact is instantaneous or lagged over time; and whether the impacts occur when the offshore infrastructure is being constructed, operating or during decommissioning. Our table benefits those studying the marine ecosystem before any project is installed to help assess the baseline characteristics to be considered in order to identify and then quantify possible future impacts.
p

-brane Galilean and Carrollian geometries and gravities
Authors: Bergshoeff E A , Figueroa-O’Farrill J M , van Helden K S , Rosseel J , Rotko I J , ter Veldhuis T
Published: May 2024

We study D-dimensional p-brane Galilean geometries via the intrinsic torsion of the adapted connections of their degenerate metric structure. These non-Lorentzian geometries are examples of G-structures whose characteristic tensors consist of two degenerate ‘metrics’ of ranks

(
p
+
1
)

and

(
D
−
p
−
1
)

. We carry out the analysis in two different ways. In one way, inspired by Cartan geometry, we analyse in detail the space of intrinsic torsions (technically, the cokernel of a Spencer differential) as a representation of G, exhibiting for generic (p, D) five classes of such geometries, which we then proceed to interpret geometrically. We show how to re-interpret this classification in terms of (

D
−
p
−
2

)-brane Carrollian geometries. The same result is recovered by methods inspired by similar results in the physics literature: namely by studying how far an adapted connection can be determined by the characteristic tensors and by studying which components of the torsion tensor do not depend on the connection. As an application, we derive a gravity theory with underlying p-brane Galilean geometry as a non-relativistic limit of Einstein–Hilbert gravity and discuss how it gives a gravitational realisation of some of the intrinsic torsion constraints found in this paper. Our results also have implications for gravity theories with an underlying (

D
−
p
−
2

)-brane Carrollian geometry.
Asymptotic analysis of fundamental solution of multi-dimensional distributed-order time-fractional diffusion equation with unit density function
Authors: Hashemzadeh Kalvari Arman , Ansari Alireza , Askari Hassan
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we consider the multi-dimensional distributed-order time-fractional diffusion equation with the unit density function. We introduce the new Volterra–Bessel function and give the integral representations of fundamental solutions of equations in terms of this function in the whole- and half-space. The fractional moments of fundamental solutions are also provided in the higher dimensions using the Mellin transforms. We further apply steepest descent method to find the asymptotic behaviors of solutions using the Schläfli integral of the Volterra–Bessel function. In this respect, we study the asymptotic analysis of the Volterra–Bessel function with the large parameters, and subsequently obtain the asymptotic behaviors of fundamental solutions with a discussion on the large space variable, large time variable, higher dimensions and small diffusivity constant.
Traffic modeling and accidental data analysis using GIS: A Review
Authors: Nayak Animesh , Goyal Kirti
Published: May 2024

Nowadays, congestion and accidents are creating major risks to cities, including delays, higher fuel usage, and compromised safety. Effective traffic modelling and accident data analysis are critical for identifying high risk identifying accident-prone locations, understanding the causes of accidents and creating focused actions to enhance traffic flow and safety. GIS is an effective tool for integrating, analysing and visualizing different geographical data relevant to transportation networks such as, traffic flow, infrastructure, and safety. It enables geographical analysis and visualization of accident hotspots by integrating accident data, road conditions, traffic numbers, and environmental factors. The use of GIS in traffic modelling and accident data analysis provides considerable benefits in urban transportation planning and management. The aim of the paper is to provide an overview of the application of GIS in traffic modelling and accidental data analysis, highlighting the methodologies, advancements, and challenges in this field. The review shall provide a comprehensive assessment of the current state of traffic modelling and accidental data analysis using GIS. It will highlight the significant contributions of GIS technology, identify key research gaps, and offer insights into future directions for enhancing transportation planning and decision-making processes.
Effect of Al7075 and activated carbon reinforced composite on optimizing WEDM responses
Authors: Ramanan G , R R Neela Rajan , Suresh S , Cho Jaehyuk , Sathishkumar V E
Published: May 2024

This paper presents wire cut electrical discharge machining (WEDM) response characteristics of Aluminium 7075 (Al7075) reinforced with powdered activated carbon (PAC) composite. In recent days WEDM has become a significant machining process in targeting its benefits of contributing improved material removal rate (MRR) and low surface roughness (SR). This is due the rising need for intricate, accurate, and superior structural components, the WEDM process emerges as a formidable alternative to traditional machine tools. In this work Pulse-on time (Ton), pulse-off time (Toff), discharge current (IA) and servo speed rate (SS) are the variables to be given as input and machining responses such as MRR and SR are studied. From Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) study it is found that discharge current and servo speed is the significant parameters. The optimal desirability condition is obtained with input parameters Ip: 2000 mA; Ton: 8.9 μs; Toff: 25 μs and SS: 150 rpm for the precision machining. The optimum response parameters are found as MRR 10.46 mm3/min and SR 3.32 μm. Results shows that the model designed for the prediction of MRR produces an above 98.27% and the prediction of SR is above 97.17%. The error percentage among the experimental and predicted MRR and SR were estimated. Additionally confirmatory test is performed with optimal results achieved from response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability technique. Metallurgical tests like electron backscatter diffraction analysis (EBSD) and microstructure are conducted to confirm the surface properties and atomic force morphology (AFM) analysis is applied to clarify the structural features of machined composites. The results revealed that the variation of hard deflection is caused by depression of eroded materials on the top layers of machined surface.
Controlling the interactions in a cold atom quantum impurity system
Authors: Hewitt Thomas , Bertheas Tom , Jain Manan , Nishida Yusuke , Barontini Giovanni
Published: May 2024

We implement an experimental architecture in which a single atom of K is trapped in an optical tweezer, and is immersed in a bath of Rb atoms at ultralow temperatures. In this regime, the motion of the single trapped atom is confined to the lowest quantum vibrational levels. This realizes an elementary and fully controllable quantum impurity system. For the trapping of the K atom, we use a species-selective dipole potential, that allows us to independently manipulate the quantum impurity and the bath. We concentrate on the characterization and control of the interactions between the two subsystems. To this end, we perform Feshbach spectroscopy, detecting several inter-dimensional confinement-induced Feshbach resonances for the KRb interspecies scattering length, that parametrizes the strength of the interactions. We compare our data to a theory for inter-dimensional scattering, finding good agreement. Notably, we also detect a series of p-wave resonances stemming from the underlying free-space s-wave interactions. We further determine how the resonances behave as the temperature of the bath and the dimensionality of the interactions change. Additionally, we are able to screen the quantum impurity from the bath by finely tuning the wavelength of the light that produces the optical tweezer, providing us with a new effective tool to control and minimize the interactions. Our results open a range of new possibilities in quantum simulations of quantum impurity models, quantum information, and quantum thermodynamics, where the interactions between a quantized system and the bath is a powerful yet largely underutilized resource.
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based films: insights from crosslinking and plasticizer incorporation
Authors: Chousidis Nikolaos
Published: May 2024

The properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films are intricately influenced by factors such as polymer structure, fabrication method, the addition of plasticizers and the molecular weight of monomers. This research, investigates the implication of PVA films using a solution casting method for crosslinking with boric acid (H3BO4), glycerol (C3H8O3) and citric acid (C6H8O7). This approach is compared with pure PVA films, establishing a valuable benchmark. For the experiments, tensile strength tests, physicochemical property measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were conducted to gain insights into the microstructure, surface characteristics and mineral composition of the films. This comprehensive approach aims to enhance our understanding of the intricate relationship between PVA, plasticizers and crosslinking agents, providing valuable insights for applications across diverse industries, including, construction and biomedical fields. The overarching objective of this research is to revolutionize the construction industry by developing polymer films that serve as the foundation for self-healing materials, fostering durability and innovation. The experiments revealed a significant influence of crosslinking agents on the properties of PVA films as measured.