bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial database and website for reservoir-triggered seismicity in Brazil
Authors: Sayão Eveline , França George Sand , Holanda Maristela , Gonçalves Alexandro
Published: July 2020

Abstract. After confirming that impoundment of large reservoirs could cause
earthquakes, studies on reservoir-triggered seismicity (RTS) have had a
considerable scientific incentive. Most of the studies determined that the
vertical load increase due to reservoir load, and the reduction of effective force due to the increase in pore pressure, can modify the stress field in the reservoir region, possibly triggering earthquakes. In addition, the RTS is conditioned by several factors such as pre-existing tectonic stresses, reservoir height/weight, area-specific geological and hydromechanical conditions, constructive interaction between the orientation of seismotectonic forces, and additional load caused by the reservoir. One of the major challenges in studying RTS is to identify and correlate the factors in the area of influence of the reservoir, capable of influencing the RTS process itself. A spatial seismicity-triggered reservoir database was created to facilitate the research in this field, based on the specifications of the national spatial data infrastructure (INDE), and to assemble data pertinent to the RTS study in the area of reservoirs. In this context, this work presents the procedures and results found in the data processing of seismotectonic factors (dam height, reservoir capacity, lithology, and seismicity) and compared first to the dams that triggered earthquakes and secondly to the Brazilian dam list. The list has been updated with four more cases, making a total of 30 cases. The results indicate that the occurrence of RTS increases significantly with dam height since dams less than 50 m high cause only 2 % of earthquakes while those higher than 100 m cause about 54 %. The reservoir volume also plays a role, and it was estimated that RTS occurrence requires a limiting minimum value of 1×10-4 km3. There was no clear correlation between the geology and geological provinces with RTS. The delayed response time of the reservoirs represents 43 % of the total; that is, almost half of them have hydraulic behavior. The highest magnitude, 4.2, was observed at a reservoir with a volume greater than 10−3 km3. As a practical outcome, to assist the analysis by the general community, the web viewer RISBRA (Reservoir Induced Seismicity in Brazil) was developed to serve as an interactive platform for Reservoir-Triggered Seismicity Database (BDSDR) data.
Analysis of the Universal Thermal Climate Index during heat waves in Serbia
Authors: Pecelj Milica M. , Lukić Milica Z. , Filipović Dejan J. , Protić Branko M. , Bogdanović Uroš M.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The objective of this paper is to assess the bioclimatic
conditions in Serbia during summer in order to identify biothermal heat
hazard. Special emphasis is placed on the bioclimatic index UTCI (Universal
Thermal Climate Index), whose purpose is to evaluate the degree of thermal
stress that the human body is exposed to. For this research, mean daily and
hourly (07:00 and 14:00 CET) meteorological data from three weather stations (Zlatibor, Novi Sad and Niš) have been collected for the period from 1998 to
2017. In order to identify patterns of biothermal heat stress conditions,
the thresholds of the daily UTCI (UTCI ≥38 ∘C, referred to
as very strong heat stress, VSHS) at 14:00 CET are compared with the thresholds
of daily maximum air temperature (tmax⁡≥35 ∘C,
referred to as hot days, HDs), which are further termed as heat wave events
(HWEs). The findings show that the UTCI heat stress category “very
strong heat stress“ at 14:00 CET indicates heat waves. The most extreme heat
wave events occurred in 2007, 2012, 2015 and 2017. Moreover, three HWEs at Niš that occurred in July 2007 lasted 3, 10 and 4 d.
HWEs and very strong heat stress events (VSHSEs) recorded
in July 2007 (lasted 10 d each), 2012 (lasted 9 and 12 d) and 2015 (lasted
7 and 10 d) were of the longest duration and are considered to be the
indicators of biothermal heat hazard. The daily UTCI14 h heat stress
becomes more extreme in terms of severity and heat wave duration up to very
strong heat stress.
Greimas par Ricœur, histoire d’une longue amitié
Authors: Hénault Anne
Published: July 2020

La rencontre de Ricœur avec Greimas n’a pas été un événement éphémère, mais une discussion qui s’est étalée sur plus de trente ans. Anne Hénault retrace ici les différentes étapes de ce que Ricœur appelait son “combat amoureux” avec Greimas, et qui illustre à merveille le poème de René Char: “Les loyaux adversaires.” On y retrouve les qualités propres du philosophe dans ses dialogues, le souci de faire avancer son propre raisonnement de façon rigoureuse, mais aussi l’effort pour donner à l’interlocuteur “la chance de son meilleur argument.” Anne Hénault raconte la traversée d’un structuralisme “ennemi” et la conquête d’une “amitié” réciproque exigeante, et fondée sur de véritables convergences intellectuelles.
¿La frontera mediterránea laboratorio de América? El espionaje contra el Turco en el siglo XVI
Authors: Varriale Gennaro
Published: July 2020

El artículo analiza el espionaje hispano-imperial contra el Imperio otomano a lo largo del siglo XVI. Después de la introducción, el texto presenta la frontera mediterránea que vive transformaciones políticas y militares, aunque el enfoque de análisis se centre más en la gestión de la información secreta. En la segunda parte se examina la estructura y protagonistas de la inteligencia. Sin embargo, en las conclusiones se subrayan las conexiones entre el Mediterráneo y las Américas que rompen con una visión tradicional propugnada por la historiografía anglosajona. Finalmente, el trabajo plantea la posibilidad de una trasferencia de los modelos, engendrados por el espionaje mediterráneo, del Viejo al Nuevo Mundo.
Moneda, privilegio e impuesto: La Diputación de Aragón y la ruta imperial de los metales preciosos (1516-98)
Authors: Mateos Royo José Antonio
Published: July 2020

A través del caso estudiado, este artículo demuestra que instituciones regionales y reales podían pactar en territorios forales medidas que facilitasen la construcción del Estado fiscal y el funcionamiento de los mercados en la España Moderna. Aunque esta política contradecía las leyes del reino y reducía sus ingresos, la Diputación de Aragón permitió a la monarquía hispánica trasladar sus bienes libres de aranceles a través de este reino entre 1516 y 1598. La monarquía pudo enviar monedas de oro y plata a Italia para sus actividades militares y diplomáticas en Europa a menor coste, incrementando así los flujos monetarios en este continente. A cambio, la Diputación pidió a la monarquía no avalar propiedades de mercaderes, nobles y clérigos como bienes reales. Este acuerdo permitió a la Diputación fijar controles más estrictos para acabar con estos fraudes de particulares, especialmente desde 1566. Sin embargo, el decreciente poder de la Diputación y menor colaboración de la monarquía redujo estos controles y estimuló los fraudes durante la última década del siglo XVI.
TOWARDS FAIRNESS, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND TRANSPARENCY IN PLATFORM GOVERNANCE
Authors: Gorwa Robert
Published: July 2020

Drawing inspiration from recent work on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT) in machine learning, this paper explores a similar research agenda for fairness, accountability, and transparency in platform governance. The paper seeks to make two contributions: (a) provide the initial provocation for what could be termed FAT-platform studies, and to (b) build on the extant platform governance literature (e.g Gillespie 2010, 2015, 2017; Denardis & Hackl, 2015) with an empirical, qualitative case study of Facebook policy practices.
Epidemiology of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage in the state of Qatar
Authors: Khan Dr Adnan , Shaikh Dr Nissar , Khan Dr Mohsin , Alkubaisi Dr Aisha , Al Rumaihi D Ghaya , Al-Sulaiti Dr Ghanem , Ayyad Dr Ali
Published: July 2020

Background: Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one of the significant etiologies for stroke. SAH causes higher morbidity and mortality with loss of productivity, resulting in increased disease burden. Only few studies in Qatar have reported on SAH, and the epidemiological features of SAH and aneurysmal SAH (aSAH) have not been comprehensively studied before in Qatar. Our study aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of patients with SAH and aSAH in the State of Qatar.

Methods: We reviewed the medical records of all patients with SAH and/or ruptured aneurysm who were consecutively admitted to Hamad General Hospital (600-bed tertiary care facility) from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2016. We performed a quantitative analysis of demographics, clinical characteristics, diagnostic findings, interventions, and overall mortality. We used SPSS version 18 for data entry. We used chi-square and student t tests to compare the groups. We considered p < 0.05 as statistically significant.

Results: The study included 323 patients with aneurysmal and non-aneurysmal SAH. The mean age at presentation was 47.4 ± 12.2 years. Men comprised 68.7% of the cases. Further, 86.6% of the patients presented with acute-onset headache. Additionally, 217 patients had 1 aneurysm, and 32 patients had multiple aneurysms. Anterior communicating artery aneurysm has been found to be the most common aneurysm. Non-aneurysmal SAH occurred in 74 patients (22.9%), with male predominance. Moreover, 23.7% and 52.6% of the patients underwent microsurgical clipping and coiling of the aneurysm, respectively. The overall mortality in World Federation of Neurosurgeon Score (WFNS) grades 1 and 2 SAH was lesser than that in higher grades (28.6% vs 71.4%). Of 323 patients, 69 died within 1 month post-ictus, accounting for an overall mortality rate of 21.2% in our study.

Conclusions: The annual incidence of aneurysmal SAH in Qatar has been increasing. Men had a higher incidence of aSAH. Internal carotid aneurysms have been found to be more common in Qatari women, which may have a genetic basis. Lower WFNS grades of aSAH have been associated with better prognosis. The overall mortality associated with aSAH in Qatar has declined over the last 3 years.
The training of obstetric physicians and nurses to change the obstetric model in Brazil: A view of the preceptors in the training process
Authors: De Carvalho Elisabete M.P. , Göttems Leila B.D. , Amorim Fábio F. , Guilhem Dirce B.
Published: July 2020

Background and objective: In obstetrics training, there are gaps in the scientific evidence on how to teach safe practices with respect. The objective of this study was to explore from the point of view of the preceptors how the process of training obstetricians (physicians and nurses) in residency leads to the development and inculcation of the practices recommended by the national and international guidelines for assistance with natural childbirth.Methods: Qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study. Thirty-five professionals, including 21 physicians and 14 nurses, from a public institution in the Midwest of Brazil participated in the study. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews conducted from March to June 2018. They were categorized into emerging themes, supported by NVivo to natural birth ® software. Two researchers reviewed the data, and by consensus, the identified issues were confirmed.Results: Of the participants’ comments, 4 themes were codified: approach of the good practices in natural childbirth care; unnecessary practices that remain in use; norms and routines in natural childbirth care; and work processes in the obstetric residency program.Conclusions: The results highlight the necessity of reorganization of the work processes in the residency program, with continuous action directed toward the strengthening of pedagogical processes and the qualification of the actors involved in the formation and organization of childbirth care services to expand the disruptive potential of new health professionals.
Chinese Cotton Mill Owner's Association and the Construction of Information System of China’s Cotton Industry
Authors: Zhang Huaming , Liao Dawei
Published: July 2020

The Federation of Chinese Cotton Mill Owner's Association is a very important national cotton textile industry group in modern Chinese history, which has had an important impact on the development of modern China's cotton industry in many aspects. Especially in the construction of information system of cotton textile industry, the Chinese Federation of cotton mills is the first industry organization to put forward ideas and put them into practice, which has made great contribution to the communication and exchange of modern technology and management of cotton textile industry. The Federation of Chinese Cotton Mill Owner's Association not only established the information construction of cotton industry at its institutional level, but also paid close attention to the information of American cotton market closely related to modern China's cotton textile industry. This paper will study and discuss the role of the Federation of Chinese Cotton Mill Owner's Association in the establishment of China's cotton information system, in order to clarify the important role of the Federation in the construction of modern China's cotton information system.
A CCL and COCA-Based Contrastive Study of LIFE Metaphor in Chinese and English
Authors: Zhou Shifang , Jiang Xiangyong
Published: July 2020

This paper analyzes universalities and variations of LIFE metaphor via qualitative and quantitative analysis of data retrieved from two authoritative, general, and monolingual corpora—Center for Chinese Linguistics (CCL) and Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) in Chinese and English. The study aims to explore the universalities and variations of LIFE metaphor in Chinese and English on the one hand, further the hidden reasons for the universalities and variations on the other. Results reveal that source domains like JOURNEY/VOYAGE, FOOD, WAR, DREAM, BOOK are employed to conceptualize LIFE both in Chinese and English justifying the universality of conceptual metaphor, which can be ascribed to Chinese and American people’s common bodily experience, common knowledge and experience about the world, common social and cultural experience. However, the frequency of conceptualizing FOOD, WAR, DREAM, BOOK is different, and the potential universal metaphors like FOOD show differences in their specific details. Besides, unique source domains are used for a particular culture (OPERA in Chinese). Different socio-cultural contexts, differential memory, Chinese and Americans’ different outlooks on life may account for LIFE metaphor’s cross-cultural variation.
Tuhaos with Hongbaos are Going to the English World: Study on the Features of Chinese English Neologisms Based on Web
Authors: Song Zongwei
Published: July 2020

This article discusses the features, reasons, and values of the mushrooming Chinese English neologisms (CENs). Generally speaking, CENs are a variety of English words, namely Chinese English words, some of which have entered Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Based on data from Web Corp Live, the author finds that: (1) CENs take on the grammatical and morphological characteristics of English words, such as inflection and derivation, which are not found in the previous related studies; (2) CENs belong specific semantic domains, which are closely related to China’s latest social, economic, cultural development in the network era. CENs are the production of language contact between Chinese and English in the time of Internet. CENs possess important values to observe or understand Chinese new social phenomena and to promote the communications between the Chinese and the English world.
Optimal Decay Rates for Kirchhoff Plates with Intermediate Damping
Authors: Bravo J. C. V. , Oquendo H. P. , Rivera J. E. M.
Published: July 2020

In this paper we study the asymptotic behavior of Kirchhoff plates with intermediate damping. The damping considered contemplates the frictional and the Kelvin-Voigt type dampings. We show that the semigroup those equations decays polynomially in time at least with the rate t^{-1/(2-2θ)}, where θ is a parameter in the interval [0,1[. Moreover, we prove that this decay rate is optimal.
Evaluation of different types of arsenic methylation and its relationship with metabolic syndrome in an area chronically exposed to arsenic
Authors: Kazemifar Amir Mohammad , Shafikhani Ali Akbar , Mozhdehipanah Hossein , Khamesi Shali , Arami Maryam
Published: July 2020

Evidence suggests that the relationship between arsenic metabolism and diseases, including metabolic syndrome, is complex. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different types of arsenic methylation and its association with metabolic syndrome in an arsenic endemic area. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 132 subjects from Shahid-Abad Village, Qazvin province, Iran (arsenic endemic area). Demographic characteristics, metabolic syndrome, and urinary arsenic species, including iAs (inorganic arsenic), MMA (monomethylarsonic acid), and DMA (dimethylarsinic acid) were measured for all patients and their relationship was analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. In this study, 34.5% of the participants had metabolic syndrome. The decrease in %MMA, increase in %DMA and increase in secondary methylation index (DMA/MMA) were associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome (p<0.05). We did not find any association between the incidence of metabolic syndrome with primary methylation index (MMA/iAs) and %iAs (p>0.05). This study showed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in people with metabolic syndrome than in the general population. A closer examination revealed that the secondary methylation index is related to the metabolic syndrome and its components. Given the higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in patients with metabolic syndrome, it is necessary to change the pathogenesis of the disease using comprehensive management methods for decreasing patient complications.
Pathological Childhood Masturbation in Children Who Referred to a Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic
Authors: Izadi-Mazidi Maryam , Riahi Forough
Published: July 2020

Background: Epidemiological information on childhood masturbation and its associated factors have received little attention in Iran. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of pathological childhood masturbation in children as an outpatient child and adolescent psychiatric clinic in Ahvaz. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2015 to 2017on all children (age range of 2 - 12 years) with pathological masturbation who were referred to a child and adolescent psychiatric clinic in Ahvaz. A clinical psychologist and a child and adolescent psychiatrist diagnosed masturbation after taking the history of the child or his/her parent and watching a video of the behavior. The data were collected via clinical interview and demographic form and analyzed via SPSS16. Results: Among 600 children, 65 (10.8%) had pathological masturbation. The most common behavior during masturbation was genital stimulation with hand and rubbing of the genitalia against other objects. The most common emotional states in which they masturbated were boredom (23.07%) and agitation (12.3%). Toilet was the most common location for masturbation (6.15%). The pathological masturbation co-occurred in 76.88% of children with other psychiatric disorders. The most prevalent psychiatric disorders in children with masturbatory behavior were Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with a comorbid psychiatric disorder. Conclusions: Knowing this problem, its behavioral patterns, situations in which masturbation occurs, and its comorbid disorders facilitate diagnosis and prevent unnecessary tests and treatments.
Association of Maternal Dietary Components During Pregnancy and/or Lactation with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Salek Shadi , Hashemipour Mahin , Feizi Awat , Hovsepian Silva , Kelishadi Roya
Published: July 2020

Context: Considering the increasing trend in the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), the identification of its environmental determinants, especially those related to the prenatal and lactation period, might ultimately result in primary prevention of the disease. We aimed to review the evidence of the association between mothers’ dietary components during pregnancy and/or lactation with T1DM. Evidence Acquisition: An electronic and comprehensive literature search was performed until August 2019 in the international databases, including Web of Science (ISI), PubMed, and Scopus, using the following keywords: type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmunity, mother, maternal, diet and lactation in different combinations. Papers related to the objectives of the study were selected. Results: Based on our review, the maternal consumption of meat, especially processed meat, was associated with increased risk of T1DM, whereas the maternal use of vegetables, potato, low-fat margarine, and berries showed protective effects against the development of T1DM in offspring. There was no significant association between the use of multivitamins and mineral supplements with T1DM, according to the available data. The results of the reviewed studies regarding the association between the maternal use of vitamin D, fatty acids, and coffee during pregnancy with T1DM were not consistent and conclusive. Conclusions: Findings of this review indicate that the maternal consumption of some foods is associated with increased or decreased risk of T1DM. However, for some foods or dietary components, including coffee, vitamin D, and fatty acids, the results are not conclusive. We conclude that although maternal diet could influence the development of insulin autoantibodies (IA) and T1DM in offspring, there is no sufficient evidence for most nutrients, and available data are controversial, which should be dealt with in future cohort or interventional studies.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Healthcare Professionals Towards Adverse Drug Reactions Monitoring and Reporting: A Cross-Sectional Study in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Hashmi Furqan , Mustafa Khan Sara , Qureshi Sulman , Rashid Malik Usman , Atif Naveel , Saleem Fahad
Published: July 2020

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Avoiding adverse reactions requires comprehensive knowledge about how they can be monitored, controlled, and reported. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, practices, and perceptions of the health care professionals concerning the adverse drug reactions monitoring and reporting in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Lahore, Pakistan, from October 2018 to December 2018. Descriptive statistics were obtained and the Pearson chi-square test was used to analyze the association between categorical variables. Results: In total, 150 pharmacists, physicians, and nurses were approached, that 40, 39, and 46 of them responded, respectively. Almost 95% pharmacists, 17.3% of nurses, and 58.9% of physicians correctly defined the “pharmacovigilance”, while 70, 10, and 30.5%, respectively, defined ADRs correctly. The current study revealed that 87% of pharmacists, 82.5% of physicians, and 82.6% of nurses had a history of identifying ADR in patients. Out of which only 52, 41, and 19% of pharmacists, physicians, and nurses had a history of reporting adverse drug reactions, respectively. Conclusions: This study revealed inadequate knowledge of health care professionals. Most healthcare professionals were motivated to report identified ADRs. However, the responsibility lies with the governing authorities to provide them with a suitably efficient platform to practice proper ADR reporting and monitoring. Educational campaigns and training, financial incentives, and simplification of the reporting process might change the levels of knowledge and attitude.
La financiación pública de los partidos en España
Authors: Castillo Vera Pilar del
Published: July 2020

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Materiales para el estudio de los Parlamentos (III)
Authors: Herrero Gutiérrez Rosario
Published: July 2020

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La delimitación de competencias entre el Estado y las Comunidades Autónomas en materia electoral
Authors: Santolaya Machetti Pablo
Published: July 2020

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Elecciones al Parlamento Vasco 1986
Authors: García-Atance María Victora
Published: July 2020

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Elecciones Generales convocadas por Real Decreto 794/1986, de 22 de abril
Authors: Arnaldo Alcubilla Enrique
Published: July 2020

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Elecciones Españolas al Parlamento Europeo
Authors: Mellado Prado Pilar
Published: July 2020

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Convenciones constitucionales y reglas de corrección constitucional (I)
Authors: González-Trevijano Sánchez Pedro José
Published: July 2020

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Elecciones al Parlamento Europeo
Authors: Arnaldo Alcubilla Enrique
Published: July 2020

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Repertorio bibliográfico sobre la responsabilidad política del Gobierno
Authors: Mellado Prado Pilar
Published: July 2020

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El referéndum en el sistema constitucional español
Authors: Oliver Araujo Joan
Published: July 2020

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Una bibliografía sobre el gobierno
Authors: Bar Cendón Antonio
Published: July 2020

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La obra y el método de Maquiavelo : una teoría de y para la acción política
Authors: Torres del Moral Antonio
Published: July 2020

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Elecciones al Consejo Nacional de Austria.
Authors: García-Atance María Victora
Published: July 2020

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Elecciones y transición política en Nicaragua.
Authors: Torres del Moral Antonio
Published: July 2020

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Severe mental illness diagnoses and their association with reoffending in a sample of men adjudicated for sexual offences
Authors: Aelick Charlotte A. , Babchishin Kelly M. , Harris Andrew J. R.
Published: July 2020

The current study examined the relationship between mental illness and recidivism in a sample of 409 men adjudicated for sexual offences who scored higher than average on an established risk assessment tool (Static-99R). Participants were from all provincial correctional systems (except Prince Edward Island) and all regions of the Correctional Service of Canada. Severe mental illness diagnoses, with the exception of some personality disorders, were not associated with recidivism (after an average follow-up of 11 years). While some personality diagnoses were initially related to recidivism, this relationship often disappeared or was attenuated after controlling for substance misuse and risk score on the Static-99R. There were two exceptions: Histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders continued to predict sexual recidivism after controlling for Static-99R and substance misuse history. In sum, the current study suggests that severe mental illness diagnoses are not associated with higher rates of recidivism after accounting for risk score and substance misuse in men with sexual offences, with the exception of histrionic and narcissistic personality disorder diagnoses. For this reason, risk judgements that weigh both known risk factors and severe mental illness may overestimate an individual’s risk to reoffend.
“From an old life to a new life”: Group therapy for cognitive disorders and affective deficits in adolescents who have committed sexual offenses
Authors: Etgar Talia , Neder Noam
Published: July 2020

The purpose of the current article is to shed light on the unique population of adolescents who have committed sexual offenses, suffering from cognitive disorders, by presenting the disorders and challenges that characterize these youngsters and discussing the issues that are relevant to the therapeutic process of sexual offenses. In our article we show the correlations and adaptations that we made to provide these boys with the most effective treatment possible, both to enable them to undergo an optimal process and to lower their risk level for recidivism.
Nature analytique des raisonnements d’élèves au début du secondaire : qu’en est-il lors de la résolution de problèmes visant le développement de la pensée algébrique?
Authors: Adihou Adolphe
Published: July 2020

L’article présente les résultats d’une recherche visant à documenter la nature analytique des raisonnements mobilisés par les élèves de 12 à 14 ans du premier cycle du secondaire (première secondaire et deuxième secondaire) au Québec dans la résolution de problèmes de comparaison en vue du développement de la pensée algébrique. Nous avons effectué des analyses qui consistent à cerner la nature analytique de ces raisonnements et la nature des registres de représentation utilisés. Elles ont permis de mettre en évidence trois grandes catégories de raisonnements : non analytiques, à tendance analytique et analytiques, ainsi que trois grandes catégories de registres de représentation : purement numérique, intermédiaire et algébrique. Nous présentons d’abord les catégories et les types de raisonnements, ensuite nous ferons une comparaison entre la première secondaire et la deuxième secondaire et enfin nous conclurons par l’importance de plonger l’élève très tôt dans les activités mathématiques riches et pertinentes qui contribuent au développement de la pensée algébrique.
High glucose levels increase influenza-associated damage to the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier
Authors: Hulme Katina D , Yan Limin , Marshall Rebecca J , Bloxham Conor J , Upton Kyle R , Hasnain Sumaira Z , Bielefeldt-Ohmann Helle , Loh Zhixuan , Ronacher Katharina , Chew Keng Yih , Gallo Linda A , Short Kirsty R
Published: July 2020

Diabetes mellitus is a known susceptibility factor for severe influenza virus infections. However, the mechanisms that underlie this susceptibility remain incompletely understood. Here, the effects of high glucose levels on influenza severity were investigated using an in vitro model of the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier as well as an in vivo murine model of type II diabetes. In vitro we show that high glucose conditions prior to IAV infection increased virus-induced barrier damage. This was associated with an increased pro-inflammatory response in endothelial cells and the subsequent damage of the epithelial junctional complex. These results were subsequently validated in vivo. This study provides the first evidence that hyperglycaemia may increase influenza severity by damaging the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier and increasing pulmonary oedema. These data suggest that maintaining long-term glucose control in individuals with diabetes is paramount in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza virus infections.
Electron tomography visualization of HIV-1 fusion with target cells using fusion inhibitors to trap the pre-hairpin intermediate
Authors: Ladinsky Mark S , Gnanapragasam Priyanthi NP , Yang Zhi , West Anthony P , Kay Michael S , Bjorkman Pamela J
Published: July 2020

Fusion of HIV-1 with the membrane of its target cell, an obligate first step in virus infectivity, is mediated by binding of the viral envelope (Env) spike protein to its receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, on the cell surface. The process of viral fusion appears to be fast compared with viral egress and has not been visualized by EM. To capture fusion events, the process must be curtailed by trapping Env-receptor binding at an intermediate stage. We have used fusion inhibitors to trap HIV-1 virions attached to target cells by Envs in an extended pre-hairpin intermediate state. Electron tomography revealed HIV-1 virions bound to TZM-bl cells by 2–4 narrow spokes, with slightly more spokes present when evaluated with mutant virions that lacked the Env cytoplasmic tail. These results represent the first direct visualization of the hypothesized pre-hairpin intermediate of HIV-1 Env and improve our understanding of Env-mediated HIV-1 fusion and infection of host cells.
Physical and Financial Performance Analysis of Shivamogga Milk Union Limited (SHIMUL)
Authors: Santhosha K. M. , Gaddi G. M. , Gracy C. P.
Published: July 2020

The rapid growth in milk supply of India and modernization of dairy is largely credited to the contribution of dairy co-operatives. Karnataka is the ninth largest milk producing state in the country and contribute for about 4.1 per cent of the total milk production in the country. Among the 30 districts of the state, Shivamogga ranks ninth in milk production with a contribution of 3.81 per cent to the total state milk production in the state. The study analysed the business performance of Shivamogga Milk Union Limited (SHIMUL) in Karnataka state in terms of physical and financial indicators using the data pertaining to the decade period ending 2017-18. Data were analysed using the standard descriptive statistics and financial ratios. The results of the study indicated positive annual compound growth rate (CAGR) for all the physical and financial performance indicators. The liquidity ratio of the Union revealed sufficient liquid assets to meet its current obligations as revealed by current ratio (>2) and quick ratio (>0.95). The inventory turnover ratio (39.93) and the gross profit ratio showed satisfactory turnover and profit on every rupee worth of its sales.
Contribution of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials to the Treatment of Diabetic Patients by Aid of Novel Inventions
Authors: Najigivi Shiva , Mirmotallebi Seyedahmadreza , Najigivi Alireza
Published: July 2020

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology are highly growing their significance in diabetic supplies and research nowadays. It is an area that included nanomaterials, nanosensors and nanostructures as well as nanoparticle projects and also their usage in human health research. Particularly, nanotechnology helps to the production of diabetic supplies, materials together with the development of novel glucose and insulin injection devices as well as their measurement sensors by the aid of nanomaterials. These materials mostly could be metal nanoparticles together with carbon nanostructures by nano dimension delivery mechanisms modalities which hold the potential to vividly recover the excellence of life of diabetic patients. Nanoscience and nanotechnology in diabetic research have facilitated and provided more truthful data for identifying diabetes mellitus. It is also worth mentioning that the nanotechnology could highly enhance the impact of drug delivery by addition of nanoscale materials and increase the glucose feeling, temporal response as well as glucose nursing. Furthermore, it is proposing novel nanoscale methods named closed-loop insulin delivery approaches which mechanically release insulin drug in reply to fluctuating blood glucose heights. Besides, the mixture of nanotechnology by medication has shaped a novel field of nanomedicine which could enhance human health level. It is worthwhile to mention that some of the applications of nanotechnology for the treatment of diabetic patients can be the production of diabetic supplies by nanotechnology. One of the most important diabetic instruments that could highly relieve the life of patients these days could be nano diabetic shoes which will describe here. In this research, applications of nanoscience and nanotechnology in treating diabetic patients were discussed.
Influence of Sports Dietitian on the Dietary Intake and Hydration Habits of Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Kaur Ravneet , Kaur Navjot , Kaur Amarjot
Published: July 2020

Aim: The present study was conducted to study the difference between the dietary intake and hydration habits of collegiate athletes with or without sports dietician.

Methods: A total of 120 athletes participating in 5 sports viz. hockey, basketball, handball, football and volleyball from two Universities were selected. Sixty athletes (30 males and 30 females) from Punjab Agricultural University without provision of sports dietician were treated as control group and sixty athletes (30 males and 30 females) from Punjabi University following sports dietician were treated as experimental group.

Results: The findings suggested that the athletes of experimental group had a normal Body Mass Index (BMI). The overall nutrient intake findings revealed that the macronutrient as well as micronutrient intake of experimental group athletes was significantly (p≤0.01) higher than the athletes of control group. Experimental group athletes followed better nutritional habits during team trips, before and after exercise, during in-season and off-season of their workout and followed proper hydration guidelines.

Conclusion: The athletes following sports dietician have better nutritional status and hydration habits.
Effect of Traditional Processing Methods on the Nutritional Composition of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L. Moench) Flour
Authors: Tamilselvan T. , Kushwaha Archana
Published: July 2020

Sorghum is a drought-resistant crop grown widely in various parts of India. It has low protein content, highly deficient in essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan and high anti-nutritional content. Therefore, keeping in view the present study aimed to determine the effect of traditional processing methods such as fermentation, malting and roasting on the proximate composition, anti-nutritional factors, protein digestibility and lysine content of sorghum. The results showed that ash content increased from 1.73 to 1.89% during roasting. Fermentation increased crude protein content from 8.27 to 8.98% and in vitro protein digestibility from 13.62 to 69.63%. Malting decreased the crude fat content from 1.87 to 1.22% while it shows a significant increase in crude fiber content from 3.34 to 4.26% and carbohydrate content from 84.77 to 86.15%. Total phenol content reduced from 92.62 to 48.40 mg GAE/100 g, and tannin content reduced from 8.46 to 1.25 mg TAE/100 g during fermentation. The lysine content increased significantly during fermentation (1.88 g/16 g of N) and malting (1.94 g/16 g of N). Natural fermentation of sorghum flour found to have improved nutritional quality than other processing methods.
The timescale of environmental fluctuations determines the competitive advantages of phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolution
Authors: Kasada Minoru , Yoshida Takehito
Published: July 2020

Organisms can respond to fluctuating environments by phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolution, both occurring on similar timescales to the environmental fluctuations. Because each adaptation mechanism has been independently studied, the effects of different adaptation mechanisms on ecological dynamics are not well understood. Here, using mathematical modeling, we compared the advantages of phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolution under conditions where the environment fluctuated between two states on various timescales. The results indicate that the advantages of phenotypic plasticity under environmental fluctuations on different timescales depend on the cost and the speed of plasticity. Both the speed of plastic adaptation and the cost of plasticity affect competition results, while the quantitative effects of them vary depending on the timescales. When the environment fluctuates on short timescales, the two populations with evolution and plasticity coexist, although the population with evolution is dominant. On moderate timescales, the two populations also coexist; however, the population with plasticity becomes dominant. On long timescales, whether the population with phenotypic plasticity or evolution is more advantageous depended on the cost of plasticity. Moreover, our results indicate that the mechanisms resulting in the dominance of the plastic population over the population with evolution are different depending on the timescales of environmental fluctuations. Therefore, the timescales of environmental fluctuations deserve more attention if we are to better understand the detailed competition results underlying phenotypic variation.
Impact of Reactive Amphiphilic Copolymers on Mechanical Properties and Cell Responses of Fibrin‐Based Hydrogels
Authors: Al Enezy‐Ulbrich Miriam Aischa , Malyaran Hanna , de Lange Robert Dirk , Labude Norina , Plum René , Rütten Stephan , Terefenko Nicole , Wein Svenja , Neuss Sabine , Pich Andrij
Published: July 2020

Mechanical properties of hydrogels can be modified by the variation of structure and concentration of reactive building blocks. One promising biological source for the synthesis of biocompatible hydrogels is fibrinogen. Fibrinogen is a glycoprotein in blood, which can be transformed enzymatically to fibrin playing an important role in wound healing and clot formation. In the present work, it is demonstrated that hybrid hydrogels with their improved mechanical properties, tunable internal structure, and enhanced resistance to degradation can be synthesized by a combination of fibrinogen and reactive amphiphilic copolymers. Water‐soluble amphiphilic copolymers with tunable molecular weight and controlled amounts of reactive epoxy side groups are used as reactive crosslinkers to reinforce fibrin hydrogels. In the present work, copolymers that can influence the mechanical properties of fibrin‐based hydrogels are used. The reactive copolymers increase the storage modulus of the hydrogels from 600 Pa to 30 kPa. The thickness of fibrin fibers is regulated by the copolymer concentration. It could be demonstrated that the fibrin‐based hydrogels are biocompatible and support cell proliferation. Their degradation rate is considerably slower than that of native fibrin gels. In conclusion, fibrin‐based hydrogels with tunable elasticity and fiber thickness useful to direct cell responses like proliferation and differentiation are produced.
Pt Dopant: Controlling the Ir Oxidation States toward Efficient and Durable Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Media
Authors: Choi Songa , Park Jongsik , Kabiraz Mrinal Kanti , Hong Youngmin , Kwon Taehyun , Kim Taekyung , Oh Aram , Baik Hionsuck , Lee Minseop , Paek Seung‐Min , Choi Sang‐Il , Lee Kwangyeol
Published: July 2020

Dissolution of Ir oxides in Ir‐based catalysts, which is closely linked to the catalyst activity and stability toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic media, is a critical unresolved problem in the commercialization of water electrolysis. Doping foreign elements into the Ir oxides can accomplish an optimal combination of Ir oxidation states that is conducive to the leaching‐resistance of active catalytic sites. Here, it is reported that Pt doping into IrOx‐based nanoframe is beneficial in both terms of activity and stability. The Pt‐doped IrOx‐based nanoframe achieves the mass activity of 0.644 A mg−1Ir+Pt at 1.53 VRHE, which is 15‐fold higher than that of the commercial IrO2. During the accelerated durability test, the IrIV‐to‐IrIII ratio of 5 is maintained in the presence of Pt dopant to effectively mitigate the degradation of Ir catalyst, leading to the superb catalyst durability in acidic media.
Glucose Oxidase‐Related Cancer Therapies
Authors: Wang Chunhui , Yang Jingxian , Dong Chunyan , Shi Shuo
Published: July 2020

Glucose oxidase (GOx), which catalyzes the conversion of glucose into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of oxygen (O2), has aroused growing interest for cancer therapy. GOx can starve tumor cells to death by depleting glucose, which is very important for their energy supply, and the generated H2O2 is can be used for oxidation therapy. In addition, GOx‐catalyzed glucose oxidation exerts a variety of effects on the tumor environment, such as enhancing hypoxia and increasing acidity. The full use of these characteristics can effectively reduce side effects and enhance the therapeutic efficiency of GOx‐related cancer therapies. As is generally acknowledged, it is difficult to completely eliminate tumors with a single treatment, whereas combining two or more therapies may yield super‐additive results because when properly designed, different treatments can compensate for the shortcomings of the other treatments and bring out the best in each other. In view of these facts, enhanced therapies and combination therapies related to glucose oxidation have been widely studied, and this review provides a systematic overview of recent research on GOx‐related cancer therapies (especially starvation therapy) from the perspective of glucose oxidation (including the reaction itself, oxygen, enzymes, gluconic acid, and H2O2) and other combination therapies.
A Cell‐Free Platform Based on Nisin Biosynthesis for Discovering Novel Lanthipeptides and Guiding their Overproduction In Vivo
Authors: Liu Ran , Zhang Yuchen , Zhai Guoqing , Fu Shuai , Xia Yao , Hu Ben , Cai Xuan , Zhang Yan , Li Yan , Deng Zixin , Liu Tiangang
Published: July 2020

Lanthipeptides have extensive therapeutic and industrial applications. However, because many are bactericidal, traditional in vivo platforms are limited in their capacity to discover and mass produce novel lanthipeptides as bacterial organisms are often critical components in these systems. Herein, the development of a cell‐free protein synthesis (CFPS) platform that enables rapid genome mining, screening, and guided overproduction of lanthipeptides in vivo is described. For proof‐of‐concept studies, a type I lanthipeptide, nisin, is selected. Four novel lanthipeptides with antibacterial activity are identified among all nisin analogs in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database in a single day. Further, the CFPS platform is coupled with a screening assay for anti‐gram‐negative bacteria growth, resulting in the identification of a potent nisin mutant, M5. The titers of nisin and the nisin analog are found to be improved with CFPS platform guidance. Owing to the similarities in biosynthesis, the CFPS platform is broadly applicable to other lanthipeptides, thereby providing a universal method for lanthipeptide discovery and overproduction.
In Situ Fragmented Bismuth Nanoparticles for Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction
Authors: Yao Dazhi , Tang Cheng , Li Laiquan , Xia Bingquan , Vasileff Anthony , Jin Huanyu , Zhang Yanzhao , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: July 2020

The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising alternative to the energy‐intensive Haber–Bosch process for ammonia synthesis. Among the possible electrocatalysts, bismuth‐based materials have shown unique NRR properties due to their electronic structures and poor hydrogen evolution activity. However, identification of the active sites and reaction mechanism is still difficult due to structural and chemical changes under reaction potentials. Herein, in situ Raman spectroscopy, complemented by electron microscopy, is employed to investigate the structural and chemical transformation of the Bi species during the NRR. Nanorod‐like bismuth‐based metal–organic frameworks are reduced in situ and fragment into densely contacted Bi0 nanoparticles under the applied potentials. The fragmented Bi0 nanoparticles exhibit excellent NRR performance in both neutral and acidic electrolytes, with an ammonia yield of 3.25 ± 0 .08 µg cm−2 h−1 at −0.7 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode and a Faradaic efficiency of 12.11 ± 0.84% at −0.6 V in 0.10 m Na2SO4. Online differential electrochemical mass spectrometry detects the production of NH3 and N2H2 during NRR, suggesting a possible pathway through two‐step reduction and decomposition. This work highlights the importance of monitoring and optimizing the electronic and geometric structures of the electrocatalysts under NRR conditions.