bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Swamped in information but starved of data”: information and intermediaries in clothing supply chains
Authors: Popp Andrew
Published: July 2002

Argues that the existing supply chain literature provides no explanation for the role of intermediation and intermediaries and may even be said to predict their demise. This claim is made on the basis of two assumptions derived from the literature, namely that intermediation reduces supply chain transparency and adds cost but not value. Observes, however, that intermediation is an important component in many international clothing supply chains and outlines an explanatory framework that focuses on information costs. The principal sources of information costs in international markets for clothing are then identified and, finally, a case study is presented to provide empirical illustration of the preceding arguments, demonstrating the explanatory power of the theory advanced.
Project alliancing vs project partnering: a case study of the Australian National Museum Project
Authors: Walker Derek H.T. , Hampson Keith , Peters Renaye
Published: July 2002

Significant differences between project partnering and project alliancing occur in the selection process, management structure of the organisations undertaking the project and nature of risk and reward incentives. This paper helps clarify the nature of project alliancing and how alliance member organisations were selected for this case study. A core issue that differentiates between the two approaches is that in partnering, partners may reap rewards at the expense of other partners. In alliancing each alliance member places their profit margin and reward structure “at risk”. Thus in alliancing, the entire alliance entity either benefits together or not all. This fundamentally changes the motivation and dynamics of the relationship between alliance members.
Challenges in international food supply chains: vertical co‐ordination in the European agribusiness and food industries
Authors: Folkerts Henk , Koehorst Hans
Published: July 2002

Presents the need for the European agribusiness and food industries to redesign and reposition their activities in the food supply chain, both at a technical and organizational level, in order to achieve customer satisfaction and business efficiency. Focuses on the findings of ten supply chain projects in the Dutch horticultural sector and on the results of a benchmarking project in five different European countries. Describes the activities of the “Agri Chain Competence” programme in The Netherlands. Stresses that more attention should be paid to international food supply chains and that chain reversal asks for new methods, tools and expertise on chain analysis and chain management.
Assessing transaction costs to describe supply chain relationships in agri‐food systems
Authors: Loader Rupert
Published: July 2002

Marketing systems for fresh food products are frequently analysed in the economics and marketing literature, most often either in terms of a quantitative model reflecting some policy or environmental concern, or in terms of a simple description of the shape and size of the system. Considers explicitly the nature of the relationships at each level of a marketing system, using methods derived from the transaction cost and marketing literatures. The methods focus on simple evaluations of transactions at each level of a system, and are applied to the marketing system for a fresh product from Egypt to the UK.
Lessons learned from the Birds Eye Wall’s ECR initiative
Authors: Pearce Tony
Published: July 2002

Birds Eye Wall’s is the largest food brand in the UK and at the forefront of efficient consumer response (ECR) implementation. Provides a detailed account of how ECR has been implemented at Birds Eye Wall’s and the lessons learned along the way. Emphasizes the importance of trust between trading partners, the need for flexible information systems, a clear and detailed understanding of consumers and an effective customer interface. Commitment is the key to successful implementation of ECR, this requires support from top to bottom, both within and between organizations.
Establishing supply chain partnerships: lessons from Australian agribusiness
Authors: O’Keeffe Michael
Published: July 2002

Many agribusiness firms in Australia are buying into the concept of SCM but are not sure how to apply it. Provides some guidance for firms who are considering following the SCM track. Presents a checklist for auditing potential supply chain partners which has proved useful in focusing the minds of potential partners on the key issues of trust and relationship management.
The virtual corporation: learning from construction
Authors: Kornelius Luuk , Wamelink J.W.F.
Published: July 2002

Manufacturing organisations are evolving towards virtual corporations, under the influence of an increasing need for specialisation. In the literature and in management the virtual corporation is advocated as the way of doing business for the twenty‐first century. However, in the construction industry, co‐operation in networks has long since been common practice. At the same time, the construction industry is known for its poor controllability. The manufacturing industry should, therefore, learn from the construction industry in order to avoid such problems. A typology for co‐operation and co‐ordination in construction is presented in this paper. Each of the types is evaluated for its strengths and weaknesses and conclusions are drawn regarding their applicability in manufacturing.
Fashion buying criteria of X Generation consumers in Hong Kong
Authors: Wai Kwan Leung Jovey , Taylor Gail
Published: July 2002

Marketers cannot neglect the X Generation, yet targeting this group has proven difficult, since “Xers” reject any segmentation and marketing techniques that attempt to generalize their characteristics. The targeting is made more difficult due to their advertising‐literate subculture. In this paper, the fashion purchasing behaviour is examined and the results of a survey conducted in Hong Kong are reported. Fashion marketing strategies are suggested for marketers to promote their merchandise to this group of consumers successfully.
The development of a competence centre as a self‐management instrument
Authors: Vloeberghs Daniël , de Rijke T. Robert , Strokappe Albertine J.
Published: July 2002

Focuses on competence assessment, and its development in the context of self‐management. Detailed case histories are included. Concludes that competence assessment will be an approach adopted by an increasing number of companies.
Personality preferences and career expectations of Finnish business students
Authors: Järlström Maria
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the personality and career expectations of business students. The sample consisted of 533 business students. Personality was administered using the F‐version (the Finnish research version) of the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator and career expectations were studied in Schein’s career orientation framework. Thus the relation between the MBTI preferences and Schein’s career anchors and type preferences of business students was reported. The main research question was: how are business students’ personality preferences and career expectations related to Schein’s career anchors? Business students’ career expectations were mostly seen as belonging to the Technical Competence (26 percent), Managerial Competence (17 percent) and Independence (14 percent) career anchors. Statistical significance was found in many cases.
Career goals and career management strategy among information technology professionals
Authors: Chang Boon Lee Patrick
Published: July 2002

Examines the career goals and career management strategy among information technology (IT) professionals. With regard to career goals, found that IT professionals seek to advance their careers in three ways. The first two involve standard career paths. The third career path, termed technopreneurship, involves IT professionals setting up their own technology‐related business. With regard to career management strategy, the results showed that: career planning is positively related to career strategy; career strategy is positively related to professional enhancement; and professional enhancement is positively related to career satisfaction. One important implication is that it is important for computer professionals to plan and strategize their own career. This would lead to greater career satisfaction.
Career management and the changing psychological contract
Authors: Atkinson Carol
Published: July 2002

This study was carried out in a major UK retail bank over a seven‐year period. The initial survey in 1993 revealed the lack of a strategic approach to career management and a negative psychological contract. The follow‐up survey was carried out in March 2000. The research findings reveal a failure by management both to provide the tools necessary for career management and successfully to change the nature of the psychological contract. The “new” contract transferred responsibility to employees for managing their own career and was considered by employees as a violation of the “old”, paternalistic psychological contract. The “new” contract in this organisation was seen to be a regressive move from a relational contract to a transactional contract. Little progress had been made by management to gain acceptance of the new contract during the period of the research.
The decision to recruit online: a descriptive study
Authors: Galanaki Eleanna
Published: July 2002

Online recruitment is a new tool, at the disposal of the HR departments, which has known a phenomenal success in very short time. This paper presents the findings of some descriptive research, involving UK IT companies. The research tries to identify the effect that the perceived attributes of the practice have on the decision of companies to recruit through the Internet. The attributes tested are cost effectiveness; recruitment cycle time; response rate; quality of response; impact on the image of the company; targeting of specific niches; targeting of the passive job‐seeker; worldwide coverage; necessary resources, time and effort to implement; attractiveness of the mean to the job seekers (especially IT professionals and young graduates); risk of overload of answers; and impact of the size and reputation of the company. The paper provides an insight on how the companies perceive and value online recruitment.
360‐degree feedback: royal fail or holy grail?
Authors: Edwards Mark R. , Ewen Ann J.
Published: July 2002

Looks at the difference between success and failure with regard to 360‐degree feedback projects, stressing the need for a formalized structure to facilitate effective implementation. Initially outlines the reasons why firms seek to adopt 360‐degree feedback, setting out the benefits for the various parties involved ‐ customers, employees, etc. Goes on to outline “fatal errors” such as insufficient communication, lack of training and poor regard for the time factors involved, which can lead to failure. Offers solutions to these problems and concludes that, while 360‐degree feedback is not a cure‐all for assessment problems, it does hold promise for future improvement in this field.
Assessment techniques for top executives
Authors: Guinn Kathleen A.
Published: July 2002

Presents barriers and benefits to top executive assessment. Discusses a range of techniques for top executive assessment and feedback. Explores pros and cons of psychological testing, individual competence assessment conducted by an external consultant and multi‐source assessment feedback techniques. Emphasizes the critical importance of selecting the right behaviours for assessing executive behaviour. Presents reliable approaches to identifying the right behaviours for the executive in a specific corporate culture and business strategy. Examples of competence models for executive leadership are included. Illustrates the various criteria for selecting among the available techniques and the applications of the different approaches through case studies.
Career paths in industrial management: a survey of Taiwan’s manufacturing industries
Authors: Kao Chiang , Lee Tzai‐Zang , Kuo Shyanjaw
Published: July 2002

Appropriate job selection and career planning largely determine successful career development. Investigates some aspects of career development in industrial management from a sample survey conducted over the manufacturing industries in Taiwan. Derives regression lines reflecting the salary changes at different ages for different education levels and education majors. Develops a career path chart displaying the position migration trend. To assist ambitious individuals seeking industrial management as a career, discusses desired qualifications including education level, educational discipline and educational training.
Human resource turnarounds: advice from the experts
Authors: Oliver John E. , Fredenberger William B.
Published: July 2002

Provides advice for human resource managers gathered from a panel of 24 turnaround managers. A turnaround is a situation in which a company has experienced a period of declining profits, high costs and/or inability to meet its financial obligations. Turnaround managers specialize in the turnaround of firms in financial decline. Presents the stages of a turnaround, human resource problems encountered in each stage, actions taken to correct the problems and advice for human resource managers.
The high‐potential fast‐flying achiever: themes from the English language literature 1976‐1995
Authors: Altman Yochanan
Published: July 2002

Examines the discourse on high‐flyers in business (management) in academic and practitioner literature (journals and books), published in English in Anglo‐Saxon countries in the past 20 years, with a stress on the last decade (1986‐1995). Ideas, examples and experiences reported are (in descending order of emphasis) from the USA, the UK and Canada; with a token representation for other Anglo‐Saxon countries. Following an outline of the key imagery employed, analyses the literature in terms of the meaning of the said phenomenon: high‐flying (fast track, achieving, high potential) for the individuals and organizations concerned, as well as its wider societal ramifications. Discusses issues pertaining to human resource management, in particular women’s careers.
Exploring career chaos: patterns of belief
Authors: Gibb Stephen
Published: July 2002

Presents a view of the field of career development as a chaotic subject. The concept of “chaos”, from chaos theory, is described and related to the study of career development. A phenomenological perspective, exploring people’s beliefs, is then adopted to explore the underlying “order” that exists within this chaos. The purpose of this is to promote and refresh adventurous thinking about the study of career development.
On Deming’s principle of human resource management: a statistical perspective
Authors: Ishaq Bhatti M. , Kumar Kuldeep , Schofield Michelle
Published: July 2002

In recent years there has been a revolutionary approach in business, governments and industry due to advances in computer technology and efficient statistical methods. This paper examines and offers practical suggestions for those in human resource improvement in output quality and the workplace atmosphere in light of Deming’s principles of human resource management.
A rewarding experience or just sheer torture? A study of participant experience of advanced selection techniques
Authors: Margaret Stansfield Lynda , Day Janine C.
Published: July 2002

The focus of research literature has concentrated mainly on the organisational perspectives of selection techniques, particularly on issues of utility. The participant experience, in contrast, has relatively little representation. This study was designed to examine the subjective experience of assessment centre participants using a case‐study approach with the intention of identifying key factors which contribute to a positive orientation towards the organisation after the event. As well as examining the mechanics of assessment centres and highlighting examples of good and bad practice, the study highlights the range and strength of emotions experienced by the participants. Conclusions are drawn and practical recommendations are made on ways to improve the “candidate experience” without detracting from the original objectives of effective selection.
Managing within conversation: influencing for change
Authors: Ramsey Caroline
Published: July 2002

This article introduces a concept of managing as part of the conversation of organising. It is not so much the idea that managers use conversation, but that conversation is the sea in which they swim. A story is used to lift the conversational processes that both promote and restrict managers’ actions and an alternative identification of leadership as a relationship rather than a gifting or status is suggested.
Appraising the appraisals: computerized performance appraisal systems
Authors: Spinks Nelda , Wells Barron , Meche Melanie
Published: July 2002

Examines the role of appraisals as a way of improving productivity and effectiveness within successful organizations. Identifies ways in which appraisals help both employers and employees. Suggests that there is room for improvement in most performance appraisals and discusses various ideas. Computer software is one of the ways in which performance appraisals can be dealt with more proficiently. This article evaluates the three leading software programs available currently and provides a comparison of the features. Concludes that the products do not solve all the problems encountered in performance appraisals, but do give structure to the process and make this sort of appraisal easier to conduct.
Women leaders and women managers in the global community
Authors: Klenke Karin
Published: July 2002

While still rare, the number of women who have held or are holding the most senior positions of political leadership serving as either prime ministers or presidents of their countries has nevertheless risen steadily since 1960 when Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka took office. This paper profiles select number of female political leaders worldwide and examines relationship between leadership and management in the context of the global community. Women’s access to the highest political offices is used as a prism through which the continuing dilemma of women’s representation at the highest levels of public life is examined. The importance of the specificity of the socio‐historical and cultural contexts in leadership is emphasized.
Gender effects on customer satisfaction with employment services
Authors: Ross Linda W. , Fleming Robert S. , Fabes Keith J. , Frankl Razelle
Published: July 2002

This study examined gender differences of the customer expectations and satisfaction of job seekers with employment and training services by a state government in the USA. A customer satisfaction survey was administered yielding 1,393 responses from individuals who applied for employment and training services from the New Jersey Employment Service. It was found that women generally have higher expectations regarding the importance of service delivery issues than their male counterparts. However, no differences were found between men and women reporting their actual satisfaction of the service received. This research created a baseline and further research is necessary to delve into reasons for the differences.
Night walking safety and overall satisfaction with police services
Authors: Ganjavi Ozhand , LeBrasseur Rolland , Whissell Robert
Published: July 2002

This is a report based on a survey that was conducted in the Regional Municipality of Sudbury, Ontario Canada, which includes a medium‐size city and its surrounding towns. The citizenry was surveyed on a variety of issues including perceptions of safety and satisfaction with police services. Overall satisfaction, using regression analysis, was predicted by policing variables such as service delivery, handling problem situations, and interpersonal skills. Night walking safety, using discriminant analysis, was dependent on personal factors such as gender, home ownership, location, employment, age, visibility (of police), and policing variables such as handling of problems, how serious problems were in the neighborhood. A profile of the unsafe walker at night is presented. Implications for program planning and delivery are discussed.
The attitudes of juveniles toward the police
Authors: Hurst Yolander G. , Frank James , Lee Browning Sandra
Published: July 2002

The relationship between race and attitudes toward the police has been the subject of numerous studies since the, 1960s. Unfortunately, only a limited number of studies have addressed this relationship as it applies to juveniles. The present study, using survey responses from 852 public high school students in a large metropolitan area, compares the attitudes of black and white teenagers. We find that the overall attitudes of black and white juveniles toward police performance are significantly different from one another, while their evaluations of officer performance during personal encounters are more similar.
Problems of nepotism and favouritism in the police organization in Turkey
Authors: Mutlu Kayhan
Published: July 2002

Policing in a democratic, free society is one of the essential arguments in the literature. However, the data collected from the police chiefs (N = 306) show that nepotism and favouritism, enforced mostly by politicians, are the main problems in police organization in Turkey. That means that legality is ignored by the governing political parties at the expense of democratization of policing. Consequently, law enforcement and maintaining social order within the principles of democracy are problematic in Turkey, which may provide such a climate as to favour organized criminal groups, that are against democratization of the country.
Policing after ethnic conflict
Authors: Jackson Arrick , Lyon Alynna
Published: July 2002

Images of “blue‐helmets” and multilateral peacekeeping missions are pervasive in today’s world. The goal of intervening parties is often to re‐establish order; one way to accomplish this is to rebuild political institutions. Rehabilitating policing agencies within failed states is an essential component to establishing a peaceful and productive society. Discusses four issues that are important to policing after ethnic conflict: police culture, democratic participation, the political environment the police operate within, and the perceptions of the population about law enforcement. Applies current perspectives on policing in stable states to some of the challenges facing creating law enforcement structures in unstable and often ethnically charged states. Argues that until we understand the impact each of these components play, intervening parties will continue to lead failed governments and their policing agencies into the cycle of violence.
Routine occupational stress and psychological distress in police
Authors: Liberman Akiva M. , Best Suzanne R. , Metzler Thomas J. , Fagan Jeffrey A. , Weiss Daniel S. , Marmar Charles R.
Published: July 2002

The relationship between routine work stress and psychological distress was investigated among 733 police officers in three US cities, during 1998‐1999. The Work Environment Inventory (WEI) was developed to assess exposure to routine work stressors, while excluding duty‐related traumatic stressors (critical incidents). The WEI and its general properties are presented. The relationship between routine work stress exposure and psychological distress is then explored. Exposure to routine work stressors predicted general psychological distress (r = 0.46), as well as post‐traumatic stress symptoms following officers’ most traumatic career incident (rs = 0.26 to 0.39). Multivariate analyses found that these effects were independent of, and larger than, the effects of cumulative critical incident exposure. (Time since the most traumatic event, social support, and social desirability effects were also controlled statistically.) Routine occupational stress exposure appears to be a significant risk factor for psychological distress among police officers, and a surprisingly strong predictor of post‐traumatic stress symptoms.
Policies on less‐than‐lethal force in law enforcement agencies
Authors: McEwen Tom
Published: July 2002

Analyzes policies from 96 law enforcement agencies on their use of less‐than‐lethal force. Includes a review of several topics: policy purpose, definitions of lethal and less‐than‐lethal force, provisions for authorized and unauthorized weapons, training requirements, avoiding excessive force, medical aid and report requirements. Concludes that most policies are deficient in one or more topic areas. Provides recommendations on how to improve these policies.
Collective bargaining and the police
Authors: Zhao Jihong , Lovrich Nicholas
Published: July 2002

Analyzes the impact of collective bargaining on the supplemental compensation of employees in large police departments across the nation. Suggests that collective bargaining does make a difference in terms of economic benefits; hazardous duty pay, differential shift pay and educational incentive pay are all more likely to be present when the collective bargaining process is available, and merit pay (a more likely management prerogative policy) is less likely to be present. The correlation between collective bargaining and personnel policy varies greatly, however, when controls for fiscal capacity, organizational size, and region are added to the analysis. Geographic region turns out to constitute an important contextual variable deserving primary attention in future analyses of police personnel policies and practices.
“They’re making a bad name for the department”
Authors: Haarr Robin N.
Published: July 2002

Examines the link between level of organizational commitment and patrol officers’ attitudes toward and participation in police occupational deviance in a police patrol bureau. Uses analysis and interpretation of qualitative data gathered during field research in one mid‐sized police department to develop the subject. Field research was conducted over a seven‐month period, during which 580 hours of field observations were made and 48 unstructured interviews with patrol officers were conducted. Analysis disclosed that patrol officers with low levels of organizational commitment tended to engage in patterns of work avoidance and manipulation and employee deviance against the organization ‐ in contrast, patrol officers with high levels of commitment to the organization were likely to engage in employee deviance against the organization. Finally, patrol officers with a medium level of organizational commitment engaged in any of the three forms of deviance, depending on which end of the commitment continuum they tended toward. Claims that all patrol officers accepted informal rewards.
Police misconduct and malpractice: a critical analysis of citizens’ complaints
Authors: Michelle Lersch Kim
Published: July 2002

In this research several hypotheses suggested by conflict theory were tested in the analysis of official complaints lodged against a large police department in the southeastern United States. It was hypothesized that citizens with less power and fewer resources would be more likely than more powerful, more affluent citizens to file complaints of misconduct and to allege more serious forms of misconduct, and would be less likely to have their complaints sustained by police investigators. The first two hypotheses were supported; results for the third were mixed.
The most‐cited scholars and works in police studies
Authors: Wright Richard A. , Mitchell Miller J.
Published: July 2002

Although numerous studies recently have appeared that identify the most‐cited scholars and works in the general criminology and criminal justice literature and in several specialty areas, no previous citation study has specifically examined the police studies literature. Through an analysis of 370 articles and research notes appearing from 1991 to 1995 in the areas of police studies, published in Criminology, Justice Quarterly, and four academic periodicals devoted to police studies, we list the 50 most‐cited scholars and the 36 most‐cited works. The lists of the most‐cited scholars and works in the specialty area of police studies are compared to general lists taken from leading criminology and criminal justice journals and introductory textbooks. We conclude with some thoughts about the relevance of citation analysis to specialists in police studies.
Police academy fitness training at the Police Training Institute, University of Illinois
Authors: Copay Anne G. , Charles Michael T.
Published: July 2002

The Police Training Institute at the University of Illinois designed a fitness training programme which allowed the participants to choose the intensity and mode of their exercise. Between June 1993 and March 1995, the incoming recruits’ fitness level was assessed before and after the training programme in order to measure the improvement induced by the training and to compare the recruits’ fitness level to the general population. The recruits significantly improved their flexibility (19.10 vs 15.13 degrees) and abdominal strength (4.91 vs 4.98 Lovett score). The male recruits improved their aerobic capacity (recovery heart rate: 86.27 vs 81.32 bpm) and the female recruits improved their back strength (4.86 vs 4.97 Lovett score). No significant changes were observed for grip strength (54.62 vs 54.21 kg), relative body fat (19.5 vs 18.5 per cent body fat), blood pressure (diastolic: 77.99 vs 77.52 mm Hg; systolic: 125.47 vs 125.10 mm Hg), and resting heart rate (74.89 vs 74.23 bpm). Compared to population norms, the majority of the recruits were within the normal range for blood pressure, resting heart rate, abdominal and back muscle strength. A large proportion of the recruits had good flexibility, average grip strength, and fair to excellent per cent body fat. Still, 33.4 per cent of the males and 25 per cent of the females were low to very low in aerobic capacity. As a result, the fitness programme has been modified in order to further improve recruits’ fitness.
Community policing: a conceptual framework
Authors: Oliver Willard M. , Bartgis Elaine
Published: July 2002

The theoretical framework for community policing attempts to answer many of the questions revolving around the new paradigm in policing. The paper traces the evolution of community policing as a paradigm in the Kuhnian sense, then proceeds to articulate how it has moved from “revolutionary science” to “normal science”. It then articulates some of the current research in community policing theory and calls for the creation of a theoretical framework under which community policing can be analyzed and evaluated. This paper then commences to articulate a theoretical framework that analyzes all of the factors bearing on this paradigm, ranging from the macro to the micro.
Self‐evaluations of police performance
Authors: Kakar Suman
Published: July 2002

This study examines whether police officers’ level of education is associated with their perceptions of performance of duties and delivery of services. Using self report survey methodology 110 officers with different levels of education (high school, some college education but not a degree, and college degree) evaluated themselves on 40 performance categories. The results indicate that officers with some college education and college degree report themselves performing better on several of the performance categories than officers with no college education. Even when years of experience with the law enforcement department are controlled for, officers with higher education reported performing significantly better than their counterparts with lower education.
Policy restrictiveness and police pursuits
Authors: Becknell Conan , Larry Mays G. , Giever Dennis M.
Published: July 2002

Police officers frequently receive criticism for excessive use of force and, at times, the criticism becomes litigation. The use of excessive force is manifest in areas such as the unauthorized use of firearms and the videotaped and much publicized beating of motorist Rodney King. However, recently police scholars and practitioners have come to realize that the use of police vehicle pursuits also have the potential to become deadly force. This issue is appearing with increasing frequency and it has resulted in the case of Sacramento County et al. v. Lewis being appealed to and decided by the US Supreme Court. This article analyzes the consequences of police departments having more, or less, restrictive policies in regard to police vehicle pursuits. Different elements of policy restrictiveness also are examined.
How state police agencies are addressing the issue of wellness
Authors: Church Rosanna L. , Robertson Naomi
Published: July 2002

Reports the findings of an earlier study which was conducted to determine the comprehensiveness of wellness programs provided by the 50 state police agencies/departments of public safety for their commissioned law enforcement officers. The study also focused on the attitude of the personnel directors about the effectiveness of their wellness programs. A national survey was sent to each personnel director of the 50 state police agencies/departments of public safety. The survey, with an overall return rate of 98 per cent, addressed five components of wellness: physical fitness, stress management, psychological and mental health, nutrition and dietary related issues, and alcohol and chemical dependency. Although 29 agencies stated they had a wellness program, none offered all five of the wellness components identified above. Of the 20 agencies which stated they did not have a wellness program, all provided at least some aspect of one of the five wellness components. Also identifies areas in which more emphasis should be placed in order to establish a comprehensive wellness program. It can also serve as a basis for an expanded study in the area of wellness.
Addressing health inequalities in Canada
Authors: Raphael Dennis
Published: July 2002

The idea that low income and poverty are determinants of poor health is uncontested. It is not surprising then that societies with greater numbers of poor people also have poorer population health. Additionally, there is increasing evidence that societies with greater numbers of poor people begin to show a spillover effect by which the health of the "not poor" also begins to deteriorate. Economic inequality is most likely to increase within societies that provide increasing financial gains to the well‐off at the expense of the poor. Also, these societies are more likely to be those reducing investment in social infrastructure.
Community health centres in Canada
Authors: Albrecht Dennise
Published: July 2002

In an increasing trend, clients are being moved from tertiary and secondary care to primary care. This “downloading”, accompanied by the increasingly complex needs of clients, has forced providers and policy makers to acknowledge the importance of primary care. In exploring options for the reorganization of primary care, the characteristics of community health centres are often promoted as the model with the best potential. This article outlines a descriptive overview of community health centres (CHCs) across Canada.
The role of the workplace in the production and containment of health costs: the case of stress‐related disorders
Authors: Shain Martin
Published: July 2002

Workplaces vary enormously in the amount of harmful stress they produce, even within specific economic sectors. Stress of certain kinds and at certain levels tend to produce health harms and costs that are borne not only by individual employees and employers but also by families and society at large. Variations in stress levels within economic sectors can be traced to variations in management practices that govern key conditions of work involving demand, effort, control and reward. The costs of stress‐related disorders produced by adverse governance practices are transferred outside the workplace in varying degrees. The actual extent of this cost transfer depends on policies and programs within the workplace. We can characterize workplaces according to a typology in which the key dimensions are commitment to abate harm through participatory management practices and the effectiveness and efficiency of harm containment through programs such as employee assistance and health promotion. The most health‐promoting and cost‐avoiding workplaces foster high control, high reward conditions and support employees with employee assistance and health promotion programs. The policy implications of this observation are drawn out.
The flexible firm and the flexible coworker
Authors: Anell Barbro I. , Wilson Timothy L.
Published: July 2002

In the discourse on modern management, the concept of flexibility is often mentioned as a desirable characteristic of firms and employees. Flexible organizations exhibit an ability to change in response to market changes. It should be clear, however, that a range of possibilities exist between “rigid” organizations and truly flexible ones. This range is discussed. Further, a firm’s ability to demonstrate flexibility depends to a large degree on the flexibility exhibited by its employees. Firms exhibiting different degrees of flexibility have different demands on the flexibility of their coworkers, which means that a matching between supply and demand exists. Employee flexibility has several dimensions, which are also discussed as well as some conditions for a flexible work‐ cum lifestyle. The starting point for the discussion is the assumption that neither the firms themselves nor the surrounding society are especially adapted to a lifestyle of flexible work. Some measures to alleviate these conditions are proposed.
A learning approach to strategy
Authors: Mumford Alan
Published: July 2002

Presents a review of the author’s experience of strategy and proposes that learning from strategy could and should be a crucial feature of a learning organization. Defines concepts and disciplines of strategy and provides cases of how organizations can use strategy as an opportunity for learning.
Effective implementation of online learning: a case study of the Queensland mining industry
Authors: Newton Diane , Hase Stewart , Ellis Allan
Published: July 2002

This study identified the factors that are important in the effective implementation of online learning in the mining industry in Queensland, Australia. Two sources of data and a Grounded Theory approach were used to develop a theoretical model that would inform managers, trainers and educators considering online learning implementation. The first source of data was key stakeholders in the Queensland mining industry, which had yet to implement online learning in any systematic way. The second source was literature case studies of other industries that had reported experiences of implementing online learning that were compared with the field case study. Six major factors were identified from this analysis as important for effective online learning implementation: external influences; organizational culture; organizational structures; training environment; learners’ needs and the online learning environment. Implications for further research and the implementation of online learning in other industries are also discussed.
The competitive factor: training and development as a strategic management task
Authors: Mühlemeyer Peter , Clarke Maxine
Published: July 2002

The political and economic changes in eastern European countries and the increasing attraction of cheap labour countries as production locations for western European companies give rise to the notion that western European employment can only be secured by a constant increase in production coupled with better quality in goods and services. This requires a highly skilled workforce; indeed the human potential within an organization is a major competitive factor. In global competitiveness, where shorter life cycles, benchmarking and faster information transfer are the keys to success, human resources provide a mid‐ to long‐term advantage for companies. They play a strategic role: today’s investment in the workforce secures the innovation and competitiveness of tomorrow. Therefore, company training and development should be viewed as an important management task. Discusses the management tasks for company training: analysing training requirements, preparation and implementation, know‐how transfer within a company and controlling training and development, while highlighting the importance of training and development within the overall strategic planning process.
Analytical tools for facilitating task group performance
Authors: Villarreal Margie , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: July 2002

Familiarizes the reader with various analytical tools and aids available to task groups and others. There are various steps that task groups commonly follow when tackling a problem, and each of these steps has several tools and aids that will assist the group members in visualizing, analysing and understanding the information at hand. Discusses brainstorming, brainwriting, multivoting, nominal group technique, flowcharting, work‐flow diagrams, Pareto charts, cause and effect diagrams, is/is‐not analysis, time plots and scatter diagrams. Offers tips to optimize use of each tool.
Strategic competency ‐ the learning challenge
Authors: Thompson John , Cole Melissa
Published: July 2002

Proposes that, in the chaotic organizational environments of the 1990s, managers must be able to design winning competitive paradigms and then change these continuously and sometimes discontinuously if their organization is at least to stay crisis‐averse and ideally grow and prosper. Indicates that to achieve this they must understand their environment and the keys to a successful and sustained match ‐ this requires that they stay aware and think strategically. States that awareness and thinking implies learning and sharing information ‐ both inside the organization and with important stakeholders and influencers. To this end, managers must realize just what information is important and how to deal with it. Reports that the important information relates to those specific organizational competences which, unique to the individual organization, are critical for their current and future competitive and strategic success. Driven by the strategic leader organizations must, therefore, first, establish their unique mix of competences. Second, they must ensure attention is focused on these competences ‐ rather than others which are less important for adding value ‐ and that this attention fosters improvement. Third, these improvements must be measured. In addition organizations must, over time, develop (internally) or acquire (by buying in) new competences. Concludes that research indicates that learning and competence development along these lines is not happening widely.
Life at work with “invisible” chronic illness (ICI): the “unseen”, unspoken, unrecognized dilemma of disclosure
Authors: Vickers Margaret H.
Published: July 2002

Spotlights the existence of “invisible” chronic illness (ICI) in organizations and, in particular, how disclosure of these conditions presents a potentially traumatizing dilemma for affected individuals. “Damned if they do, damned if they do not”, the person with “invisible” chronic illness (PwICI) risks deviant labelling, stigmatization and discrimination if they disclose a stigmatizing condition, and real threats to physical and emotional well‐being if they do not. Arguments for and against disclosure are framed, with some notes underscoring the western capitalist philosophy that efficiency in organizations must predominate, regardless of the cost to the individual. The attention of management scholars and practitioners is drawn to the“pain of silence” at a time when chronic illness is increasing, yet little understanding of the working life of the PwICI exists.
Interpreting and responding to customer needs
Authors: Teare Richard E.
Published: July 2002

Relates aspects of consumer behaviour and in particular the decision process to the procedures and processes for delivery and assuring customer service. The main themes are: understanding customers; designing and delivering services; and assuring total quality services.
A new dawn in Mabula
Authors: Burdett John O.
Published: July 2002

Reviews the process of change and learning undertaken in mining equipment company Tamrock Africa, using as a backcloth a portrait of life and evolution in Mabula, South Africa, in the game park which provides the setting for the senior management meeting to build account plans for the company’s key customers; uses the analogy of the imminent extinction of the black rhino to chart the demise of old‐style selling. Stresses the importance of a new partnering relationship, with customers’ needs paramount, and traces the cause of the learning achieved at the Mabula workshops.
Developing managerial skills: a framework to define the faculty role in linking field‐based learning to classroom learning
Authors: Mello Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2002

Since Porter and McKibbin (1988) published their landmark study of the state of management education, business schools have been altering their curricula in response to the alleged criticisms and shortcomings cited in the study. To address the criticism that management education is not necessarily practical and is removed from the realities of the real world, more business schools have begun offering field‐based work experience for academic credit as part of the curriculum. This paper presents a successfully implemented model designed to assist faculty in evaluating student learning in work‐for‐credit programs.
The essential principles of action learning
Authors: Johnson Craig
Published: July 2002

This paper is offered as an introduction to action learning. The nature of the organisational problem(s) for investigation under an action learning programme is defined and the constitution and general principles of an action learning set are introduced. The paper concludes with some of the advantages of an action learning programme along with some of the drawbacks.
Total enterprise simulation performance and participant learning
Authors: Washbush John B. , Gosen Jerry
Published: July 2002

Total enterprise simulations are often used and included as graded elements by instructors in business degree capstone “policy courses” under the assumption that their use enriches the learning experience. This suggests a belief that people who perform best in simulations have learned how to play the game better. The studies reported on here attempt to determine and evaluate the relationship between learning and simulation performance. These studies have consistently found that, while simulation‐related learning does occur, there appears to be no direct, positive relationship between the two variables. Suggestions for further research are proposed.
New developments in the use of cases for learning
Authors: Wolfe Joseph
Published: July 2002

The case method’s use has grown steadily since its inception in the 1920s. The number of cases available to instructors, and the number of case writers and the outlets for their cases, has increased to meet the demand. Recent developments in the use of cases for teaching purposes are related to the types of computer‐based case analysis software available, an expanding number of case sources, the advent of customized publishing, and the professionalization of case writing and of those who engage in the method.