bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levels of measurement and statistical analyses
Authors: Williams Matt N
Published: May 2021

Most researchers and students in psychology learn of S. S. Stevens’ scales or “levels” of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio), and of his rules setting out which statistical analyses are admissible with each measurement level. Many are nevertheless left confused about the basis of these rules, and whether they should be rigidly followed. In this article, I attempt to provide an accessible explanation of the measurement-theoretic concerns that led Stevens to argue that certain types of analyses are inappropriate with data of particular levels of measurement. I explain how these measurement-theoretic concerns are distinct from the statistical assumptions underlying data analyses, which rarely include assumptions about levels of measurement. The level of measurement of observations can nevertheless have important implications for statistical assumptions. I conclude that researchers may find it more useful to critically investigate the plausibility of the statistical assumptions underlying analyses than to limit themselves to the set of analyses that Stevens believed to be admissible with data of a given level of measurement.
Biskup Marcin Szyszkowski (1616–1630) jako twórca nabożeństwa siedmiu kościołów krakowskich
Authors: Wołyniec Bartłomiej Michał
Published: May 2021

Przypuszcza się, iż opisany w XVI wieku przez św. Filipa Nereusza szlak wędrówki dewocyjnej po siedmiu bazylikach Rzymu mógł mieć swoje źródła w tradycji ludowej, a bez wątpienia wynikał z przywołania i zaadaptowania do nowych warunków pamięci o znanej niegdyś ludycznej w charakterze obrzędowości modlitewnej. Opisane przez tego świętego itinerarium pielgrzymie wyznaczały cztery bazyliki większe: św. Piotra na Watykanie, św. Pawła za Murami, św. Jana na Lateranie, Najświętszej Maryi Panny Śnieżnej oraz trzy mniejsze: św. Krzyża Jerozolimskiego, św. Wawrzyńca za Murami oraz św. Sebastiana.W 1621 roku w krakowskiej oficynie drukarskiej Franciszka Cezarego została wydana broszura zatytułowana Siedm kościołów krakowskich. Inicjatorem jej druku był biskup krakowski Marcin Szyszkowski, który przez wiele lat przebywał w Rzymie, gdzie zapoznał się z działalnością św. Filipa Nereusza. Od chwili, kiedy został biskupem krakowskim zaczął zaszczepiać w swojej diecezji elementy potrydenckiej dewocji Wiecznego Miasta. Jednym z nich było zainicjowanie nabożeństwa Siedmiu kościołów krakowskich, które otrzymało przywileje i odpusty rzymskiego szlaku pątniczego.
Między panem wójtem i plebanem... Konflikt wójtowsko-plebański w latach 60. i 70. XIX wieku w podkrakowskiej wsi
Authors: Bulak Jan
Published: May 2021

Artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie konfliktu, który rozegrał się w latach 60. i 70. XIX wieku w podkrakowskiej parafii Zielonki pomiędzy dziedzicem dworu Marszowiec a wikariuszami tejże parafii. Sprawa nie tylko toczyła się w podkrakowskiej wsi, ale także na wokandzie krakowskiego konsystorza biskupiego za pośrednictwem skarg i donosów. W artykule zostały zaprezentowane wyniki badania przyczyn sporu, jego przebieg, rozstrzygnięcie oraz konsekwencje, które musiały ponieść obie strony. Praca jest także przyczynkiem do badań oddziaływania posługi administratora apostolskiego ks. bpa Antoniego Gałeckiego na duchowieństwo i wiernych w pomniejszych parafiach.
Oświecenie i kontroświecenie czasów Królestwa Polskiego. Polemika o. Karola Surowieckiego z ministrem Stanisławem Kostką Potockim
Authors: Szczurowski Rafał
Published: May 2021

Zwolennicy idei oświecenia, poddając racjonalnej krytyce otaczającą ich rzeczywistość, dokonali gruntownych przeobrażeń we wszystkich dziedzi­nach życia. Nie oznaczało to jednak, że owe idee i przeobrażenia zyskały powszechną akceptację. Ich przeciwnicy, rozwijając nurt kontroświecenia, zamiast oświeceniowego postępu dostrzegali głęboki upadek i demorali­zację. Krytycznie postrzegając nowoczesność, pytali o arbitralność rozumu ludzkiego, o koncepcję natury człowieka, o jego moralność, odpowiedzi udzielając z pozycji apologetów chrześcijaństwa. Dlatego też w dobie Kró­lestwa Polskiego rodzimi antyoświeceniowcy wytrwale zwalczali osiemna­stowieczną filozofię, występując przeciwko temu wszystkiemu, co uznali za szkodliwe dla współczesności i religii.Modelowym wręcz przykładem zmagań reprezentantów przeciw­stawnych formacji ideowych była polemika o. Karola Surowieckiego z mini­strem Stanisławem Kostką Potockim. Ukształtowany w epoce racjonalizmu działający według założeń oświecenia minister był symbolem rozumo­wych przemian w Rzeczpospolitej drugiej połowy XVIII w. Po drugiej stronie światopoglądowej barykady stał o. Surowiecki, antyoświeceniowo nastawiony franciszkanin-reformat, który zaciekle bronił Kościoła i religii. Ich polemiczne starcie doskonale obrazowało, jak bardzo prezentowane przez nich myślowe światy nie przystawały do siebie.
The Tragic End of Bona Sforza and Roxelana (La tragica fine della Regina Bona Sforza e della Sultana Roxelana)
Authors: Jačov Marco
Published: May 2021

This is an attempt to compare events related to the tragic end of the life of Queen Bona Sforza d’Aragona and Hürrem Sultan (also known as Roxelana). The main portion of the story is preceded by a section relating Bona’s journey from Poland to Italy and outlines the context of political connections to the House of Habsburg. Accordingly, reasons for the grant of the loan by Bona Sforza to Philip II King of Spain are discussed. As we know, this put a tragic end to the life of the Polish queen. Even if Bona Sforza was a victim of Habsburgs’ actions aimed against her, with a considerable participation of Gian Lorenzo Pappacoda, Roxelana – treated in this text a reference point for Bona – fell victim to her own intrigues. Bona’s and Roxelana’s political activity focused on the same area in Europe. Roxelana’s acts led to the death of two sons of Suleiman the Magnificent: Mustafa and Bayezid. In turn, Bona, who was defeated by the Habsburgs, abandoned her daughter Isabella, who fought against the dynasty. Her aim was to secure the future of her son and Bona Sforza’s grandson – Jan Zygmunt Zapolya.
Editorial
Authors: Windapo Abimbola
Published: May 2021

EditorialWelcome to the first issue of the Journal of Construction Business and Management (JCBM). It is the outcome of many months of preparation involving, reviews and counter-reviews aimed at helping students and academics get important feedback on their research and also to produce quality research articles to the research community and construction industry. The journal’s ideology stems from a thinking that there is a link between business and management theory which guide construction practice and performance. This first issue, therefore, marks the beginning of significant contribution to knowledge in all areas relevant to construction practice, performance and problems within the built environment through the lens of business and management principles. I wish to thank all authors who submitted papers for consideration in the first issue, some of which are still undergoing review to be published in subsequent issues. Also, I wish to thank members of the Editorial Board and Panel of Reviewers for their assistance, timeous feedback and comments that helped shape and improve the quality of the submitted manuscripts. Knowledge and skills required to manage construction projects efficiently and effectively can be established through research and observation and categorized and used to educate, train and socialize construction professionals, who like other professionals should be socially responsible. It is also important that professionals are aware of the challenges in the project environment. Fittingly, we publish in this issue five papers that look at sustainability, construction management, practice and performance within the built environment. The scholarly articles report the role of management in changing the perception of workers regarding Health and Safety on construction sites; managing the factors responsible for changes in building construction costs; identifying critical success factors that determine the performance outcome of building maintenance projects; evaluating the coastal hazards, risks and environmental challenges to urban development from the dynamics of a Peninsula; and an approach for relating material waste to cost overrun at the pre-contract and post-contract stages of a project. I encourage you to read these informative articles. Finally, the editors are happy to receive feedback on how to deliver a better service to the authors, readers, and subscribers that will result in the overall improvement of the journal.Abimbola Windapo PhDEditor-in-chief
Drivers of Rural Housing Development in Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: Oladokun Timothy Tunde , Komolafe Markson Opeyemi
Published: May 2021

Rural housing development is pivotal to tackling housing deficit in Nigeria. This study examines the challenges on existing housing structure in Ebele community, Benin City, Nigeria. It inquires into the housing finance structure, factors influencing its housing development and the infrastructural needs in the housing sector. It samples 30 residents from each of the five villages in Ebele community of Edo State. Using frequency counts and mean values, the result revealed that a considerable gap exists on the housing performance. The challenges being faced were majorly infrastructural deficits and shortage of capital. Innovative housing finance strategies were essentially lacking. Cultural and ethnic factors, neighbourhood factors, and infrastructural factors were rated the top drivers of housing development in the area. The study concluded that while addressing the drivers of rural housing development and tackling the challenges thereof, it is important to take into consideration the cultural values of the people. An integrated approach to rural housing development could bring about the required balance in housing development in rural and urban areas.
Causes of Errors in Construction Contract Documents in Southwestern, Nigeria
Authors: Dosumu Oluwaseun , Idoro Godwin , Onukwube Henry
Published: May 2021

The issue of continual poor project performance in the construction industry remains unresolved and there is need for improvement. In view of improving project performance, the study aims at investigating the frequent causes of errors in construction contract documents. The survey research design and mixed research methods were used for the study. The respondents for the study consist of 86 consulting and 98 contracting firms that have been engaged on building projects that is above one floor between 2012 and 2015. Fifty one (51) interviews were also conducted on contractors, project managers and consultants on the projects they were involved and can equally provide necessary information for the study. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 20) was used for the analysis of the study. The study found that the frequent causes of the errors in contract documents are frequent design changes by clients, lack of adequate time to prepare documents and design management experience among others. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the causes of errors in contract documents vary from one state to the other. It was also concluded that there is difference in the causes of errors in contract documents based on types of building, services rendered by construction organisations and states in South West, Nigeria. However, there is no significant difference in the causes of errors in contract documents based on procurement method except where there is incomplete documentation or contracting organisations have overlapping activities. The study recommends that the frequent errors identified should always be prevented from occurring if cost and time overrun are to be minimized. Also since most of the causes identified are related to consultants, it was recommended as suggested by interviewees that all designs must go through quality assurance process.Keywords: Building projects, Construction, Contract documents, Errors, project performance
Building Quality Condition and Maintenance Cost: The Case of Public Low Income Housing in Abia State, Nigeria
Authors: Ogbu Chukwuemeka Patrick
Published: May 2021

Maintenance cost of buildings could constitute a major cost burden on low income housing dwellers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between physical condition and maintenance cost of low income housing buildings. Data was gathered using structured questionnaire and score sheets. The questionnaires elicited responses on the respondents’ perception of their buildings’ physical condition. The score sheets were used by trained research assistants to generate information on the state of the physical conditions of the buildings. Data analyses were carried out using Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman’s correlation. The study found that the element with the highest relative condition index (RCI=0.78) is internal walls, while external wall finishes/decoration has the least (RCI=0.45). Similarly, the element with the highest quality index (QI=0.88) is soak away pit and septic tank, while internal ceiling finishes/decoration has the least QI (0.49). It was further discovered that a significant difference exists between the RCI which is based on the respondents’ perceptions, and the QI which is based on the research assistants’ scores. The relationship between QI and annual maintenance cost is not significant, while the relationship between RCI and annual maintenance cost is significant. It was concluded that the perception of the condition of a building by its owner, rather than the physical state of the building is the main driver of maintenance cost. The study recommends that low income housing end users should be allowed to make inputs at the conception and planning stages of their buildings.
Editorial
Authors: Windapo Abimbola
Published: May 2021

Welcome to the first issue of the Journal of Construction Business and Management in 2018. The themes covered in this issue are related to risk management and procurement practices used in the delivery of construction projects. These papers fill critical gaps in the knowledge and practice of construction procurement, business and project management by exposing the reader to innovative procurement systems and risk management techniques. The issue contains five articles that were written by authors based in South Africa and Nigeria. Altogether, eight authors produced these papers aimed at strengthening the discourse in and enhancing construction project procurement, business and management research.

The first paper by Ayegba investigates the duties performed by and the required competencies of management contractors, towards elucidating essential considerations for the selection and use of management contractors on construction projects. The study establishes that a management contractor's duties involve multi-tasking over the design and construction stages of a project. Paper two by Olusanya examines the influence of subcontracting systems on access to social protection measures by workers in the informal building construction sector and suggests that the government in Nigeria should advance formalization of employment in the informal sector and support community-based social insurance schemes. Dosumu's paper highlights the need to identify risks on projects before the initiation of the project based on the research findings that although stakeholders are aware and adopt risk management techniques on construction projects, the implementation is at response level rather than identification level. Paper four by Waziri identifies nine risk factors as significant contributors to the high-risk profile of Build Operate and Transfer projects and proposes that stakeholders should focus on these risk factors responsible for 80% of the risk impacts. The final paper by Anugwo, Shakantu, Saidu and Adamu suggests that a significant number of Small, Medium and Micro Enterprise (SMME) contractors in South Africa are reluctant to amplify their potential capabilities, and needed the readiness to develop international business strategies that would enable them to penetrate and participate in the South African Development Community region and global construction market. The authors recommend that both the SMME and large contractors in South Africa should harness their potential capacity towards globalizing their businesses and improving their global competitiveness.

Finally, I wish to thank all authors who submitted papers for consideration, members of the Editorial Board and Panel of Reviewers for their assistance, timeous feedback and comments that helped shape and improve the quality of the submitted manuscripts. Finally, we welcome your feedback and suggestions that will help improve the quality of the journal and maintain the integrity of the findings published.
An Evaluation of Risk Factors and their Impact on Road Project
Authors: Leo-olagbaye Feyisetan , Odeyinka Henry A.
Published: May 2021

Construction projects are generally known to be susceptible to risks. This results in an inability to meet performance targets. This paper assessed the risk factors encountered in the delivery of road projects in Osun State, Nigeria. A questionnaire survey was used to obtain data from all the 146 construction professionals involved in the construction of the 34 road projects executed in the study area. The professionals comprised of 34 Consultant Civil Engineers, 34 Consultants’ Civil Engineers, 34 Consultant Quantity Surveyors, 34 Consultants’ Quantity Surveyors, one project financier and 9 Project Managers, making a total of 146 respondents. Using two-dimensional scaling, the respondents were asked to provide opinions on risk occurrence and their impacts on road projects. The data collected were analysed using mean ranking analysis and student t-test. A further analysis was carried out using factor analysis to reduce the factors impacting road projects into fewer factor components. The results revealed that the risk factors with high extent of occurrence are in the order of change in scope of work, defective design, error and re-work, change in design, delay in availability of design details and unforeseen adverse conditions. Surprisingly, the top ranking risk factors are not the ones with high impact based on the result of the analysis. Using factor analysis, 9 component factors regarding the extent of risk occurrence were obtained and they accounted for 73.73% of the variance explained while 4- component factors were obtained regarding the impact of risk occurrence and they accounted for 46.16% of the variance explained. The study concluded that professionals involved in the delivery of road projects need to be aware of the significant risk factors impacting road projects and put proactive risk management approach in place to deal with them to avoid surprises.Keywords: Performance, Projects, Risk factors, Risk impact, Road.
Exploring the Components of Cost on Construction Projects
Authors: Windapo Abimbola , Moghayedi Alireza , Oliphant David , Adediran AbdulRauf
Published: May 2021

This study examines the components of construction projects and whether there are construction resources that are the key project constituents. The rationale for the study stems from the unexplained assumptions regarding the primary components responsible for increases in construction costs in South Africa, as South Africa lacks a national building cost database. The study adopts a qualitative research approach that employs a case studies of six new and six refurbished projects in obtaining the necessary data for use in answering the study objectives. The study found that the primary cost constituents of construction projects are materials and sub-contracted work, accounting for 63.69% and 74.6% of the value of renovation and new construction work respectively and on the average, the major materials by value are reinforcement, cement and filling, while Electrical Installation is the primary sub-contracting item by value. Based on these findings, the study concludes that the future levels of construction work can be predicted knowing levels of specialist sub-contractor costs and building material costs. The study recommends that the sub-contractor and material inputs into construction projects are carefully managed, both on the projects and the construction industry, to limit construction cost increases and cost overruns on projects. The study contributes to the literature on resource planning and control in construction.
Keywords: Cement, Construction Cost, Electrical Installation, Reinforcement, Specialist Sub-contractor.
Examination of the Levels of Development of Building Information Models in the Nigerian Construction Industry
Authors: Olugboyega Oluseye , Aina Omotayo O
Published: May 2021

BIM can be used to illustrate the entire building lifecycle, from cradle to inception, design and demolition and materials reuse; quantities and properties of materials, which can be easily extracted from the model; and the scope of works, including management of project targets and facilities management throughout the building’s life. The implementation of BIM in projects or organization is in phases and building information models can be developed as 2D, 3D, 4D, 5D and 6D BIM depending on the stage of BIM implementation and level of details required. This study examined the levels of details of building information models being generated by two hundred and eighty two construction professionals in Lagos State, Nigeria using respondents driven sampling technique. Frequency distribution and percentage, clustered bar chart, mean ranking, Kruskal Wallis test and Fisher exact test were used to analyse the data obtained from the respondents. The study found that the implementation of BIM in the study area is for visualization purpose. The findings also revealed that the levels of generating 2D and 3D BIM were very high in the study area; and that 3D architectural model, 3D architectural and structural model, and 3D architectural and building services model were the most developed variants of 3D BIM. It was concluded that that the status of BIM adoption in construction industry in Lagos State, Nigeria is at the visualization phase.Keywords: BIM details, BIM, BIM development, 4D BIM, federated BIM.
The Construction Subcontracting Policy Framework for Developing Local Contractors Capacities in Zambia
Authors: Mambwe M. , Mwanaumo E. M. , Phiri F. , Chabota K.
Published: May 2021

The Zambian construction industry, like many developing countries, has over the past years experienced an imbalance in the distribution of works between local and foreign contractors. In a bid to bridge the gap, the Government of the Republic of Zambia in 2012 introduced a policy on subcontracting which provided for mandatory subcontracting of 20% of all major contracts to local contractors. There has however been outcries from subcontractors that the policy has not been beneficial. The study sought to investigate subcontracting practices in order to develop a framework for building capacity for local contractors within the construction industry in Zambia. The objective of the study was to explore the regulatory requirements on subcontracting in Zambia and establish the 20% subcontracting policy inadquescies . The study adopted the mixed-method approach in which both semi-structured interviews (main contractors, sub-contractors consultants and project owners) and survey questionnaire were adopted for primary data collection. The questionnaire was distributed to 70 respondents and a response rate of 71% was attained. The investigation was conducted on 40 projects implemented in Zambia between 2012 and 2015. The study established four major deficiencies of the policy which include: subcontractors do not participate early in the procurement process and are introduced after contract is awarded; no clear guidelines on the implementation of the policy; subcontractors do not take part in determining works; and it is difficult to grow capacity of local contractors using the 20% subcontracting policy because contractors engaged to be main on projects do not show interest in developing and building local contractors capacity due to lack of incentives. A framework was developed that can be used to meet the study objectives and that of the policy in subcontracting and reduce the current inadequacies. The study recommended the use of the proposed framework by the government to reduce the current gaps.
Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts of Ojodu-Berger Road Upgrade, Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Alade W. A.
Published: May 2021

Extensive road project in large cities produces diverse impacts. This study attempts an assessment of the environmental and socio-economic effects of a recent road upgrade, the mitigating measures of adverse effects experienced and their effectiveness in Ojodu Berger community, a major transport node in Lagos, southwestern Nigeria. Using a survey research design through questionnaire administration, 120 respondents comprising of 50 residents, 40 traders and 30 transport operators were sampled using the purposive sampling technique. The Relative Significance Index (RSI) of project impacts was measured using 27 variables as identified in the literature and general observation of situations in the project environment before the survey. On a 5-point Likert scale at the pre-construction, construction and post-construction phase of the project. The study reveals poor environmental conditions at the pre-construction phase, which became escalated in the construction phase; noise pollution is the most significant impact (RSI = 4.36). At the post-construction phase, encroachment on pedestrian facilities is the most significant impact (RSI = 4.20). Socio-economic impacts such as increased rental value, unemployment and displacement of businesses were also significant. The Mean Index (MI) of 3.14 for the construction phase impacts was the highest compared to 3.00 at the pre-construction phase and 3.02 at the post-construction phase. Mitigating measures against adverse impacts were both effective and ineffective, while some adverse impacts were not mitigated. There was no clear evidence that an impact study was done before project implementation. The study recommended strong government commitment to environmental and social impacts assessment of road development, more robust stakeholders' engagement for the formulation of strategies and measures to address the adverse impacts of similar projects in the future.
Consultants` Perspectives of Survival Strategies for Small and Medium Construction Firms at Infancy Stage
Authors: Adu E. T. , Lamptey-Puddicombe A. D. , Opawole A.
Published: May 2021

This study examines survival strategies for Small and Medium Construction Firms (SMCFs) at infancy stage as well as the factors affecting the adoption of these strategies. The study area is Uyo Metropolis in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study employed stratified random sampling technique to select a sample for the study. Primary data obtained from 103 validated questionnaires, administered to professionals in the built environment are analysed using percentage, mean score and Kruskal Wallis test. Results reveal that all the strategies examined in this study are significant for the survival of SMCFs at infancy stage; dominant among the factors are: innovativeness, required skills, willingness to take risk, entrepreneurial attitudes and behaviours, entrepreneurial organization structure and strategies, and financial resource management. The results further reveal that the dominant factors affecting the adoption of survival strategies for SMCFs at infancy stage are: availability and access to finance, the poor state of the country's infrastructure, poor managerial/executive capacity of the implementing agencies, characteristics of entrepreneurs and failure to adapt to the changing business environment. The study recommends that in addition to regular training to acquire required skills for effective management of the firms, SMCFs should also adopt any or a combination of the strategies highlighted, to survive in the current dynamic and competitive construction environment.
Contingency Management in Indian Construction Projects
Authors: Maniar H.
Published: May 2021

The successful completion of Indian construction projects possesses an inherent uncertainty due to the nature of the construction industry along with prevailing tepid recovery of the Indian economy, which has made it difficult for construction companies to achieve required operational and financial performance. This necessitates having accurate project cost estimation and efficient contingency management to shield unknown project risk and address cost overrun problems. Therefore, this study aims to assess the current state, the issues faced in contingency management and evaluating the effectiveness of contingency in overcoming cost overrun problems in Indian construction companies. The study preferred a quantitative approach in capturing the required data by using structured questionnaires collected from 100 Indian construction companies (of contractors, vendors/suppliers, customers, and consultants) out of 335 companies with a response rate of 29.85%. This, along with archival data analysis of 50 Indian construction projects completed between Calendar Year (CY) 2014 to 2019. The captured data were analysed using simple statistical tools like Relative Importance Index (RII), mean score, standard deviation and ranking methods to ensure relevant results aligned with research objectives. The result findings of the study revealed that 60% of Indian construction companies preferred the traditional percentage method for contingency sum percentage addition to estimated project cost (a subjective approach based on the historical project performance) which may not be adequate in overcoming cost overrun problems. Archival data analysis found that contingency consideration was effective in accommodating cost overrun problems in 9 (18%) projects out of 50 projects. The study further found that contingency was utilised in an unplanned mode and having unclear contingency forecasting strategies. Based on result findings and observations, this study concludes that contingency should be estimated based on the scientific approach in place of a subjective approach to address project risks adequately, this along contingency consideration should be an integral part of the project risk assessment and should be effectively utilised during the execution stage.

Keywords: Contingency, Cost Overruns, Indian Construction Projects, Operational and Financial Performance, Project Risk.
Exploring the Concept of Social Licence in the Construction Industry of a Developing Country
Authors: DANKU J. C.
Published: May 2021

A construction company must acquire regulatory permits and licences before granting project approval. The formal processes do not embrace all the stakeholders. While regulatory permits or licences are granted by government, local and statutory authorities, there is also the need for the hosting or local community to consent to a firm’s activities to complete the symbiotic relationship. This commitment of residents towards acceptance, approval and support for a project to exist within their community is known as a social licence. This paper investigates the application of the concept of social licence in the Ghanaian construction industry. A total of 102 questionnaires were used in the analysis. Findings based on the questionnaire survey of contractors, project managers, quantity surveyors, engineers and architects indicate that social licence is an emerging concept in the Ghanaian construction industry. The result also shows the limited grasp and restricted application of the concept. Only 37% of the professionals with some level of familiarity with the concept admitted to using the term social licence or its concept in the construction industry. There is a need for industry sensitisation and education to harness the benefits a company derives from acquiring a social licence.

Keywords: Community; Construction industry; Construction professionals; Ghana; Social licence.
Validación de la Escala Competencia para el Cuidado en el Hogar en Adultos con Cáncer
Authors:   Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrillo Gloria Mabel , Vargas Rosero Elizabeth , Gómez Ramírez Olga Janeth
Published: May 2021

Introducción: Las competencias para el cuidado de adultos con cáncer en tratamiento son fundamentales para lograr adecuados procesos de transición hospital-hogar y comportamientos de automanejo en salud. Objetivo: validar la estructura factorial hipotética de la escala competencia para el cuidado en el hogar en adultos con diagnóstico de cáncer que se encuentran en tratamiento activo. Materiales y Métodos: estudio transversal de validación de instrumentos en el que participaron 250 adultos con diagnóstico de cáncer en tratamiento, se utilizó la técnica de análisis factorial confirmatorio utilizando el método de componentes principales y rotación varimax y el alfa de Cronbach para determinar la confiabilidad. Resultados: se obtiene una versión de la escala competencia para el cuidado en adultos con cáncer, con 17 items y 5 aspectos (factores): aprender, anticipar, autoregular, armonizar y apoyar. El alfa de Conbrach de la escala es de 0.764. Conclusiones: la escala competencia para el cuidado-5A retoma los planteamientos de la teoría de automanejo individual y familiar, evalúa de forma integral las habilidades requeridas en personas con cáncer para facilitar la transición hacia la autogestión del cuidado en el hogar.
Validation of Determination by Icp-Oes Method of Mercury Residual Levels in Meat of Canned Fish Sold in Turkey
Authors: HEPSAĞ Fatma , KIZILDENIZ Tefide
Published: May 2021

This study describes the residual mercury levels in canned fish marketed in Turkey. In total, 375 fish samples were analyzed by Inductive Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) for mercury residues. The quantification limit (LOQ) from the validation data ranged from 0.008 to 0.043 mg kg-1. Accuracy and precision were evaluated by means of recovery experiments at two concentration levels (30, and 50 μg L−1), obtaining recoveries between 87.5% and 109.3% and coefficient of variation below 10%. Also, the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 0.2% to 9%. The expanded measurement uncertainty for mercury ranged from 11.1% to 19.2%. In investigated samples, 4.8% were detected at a detectable level of mercury, but these levels were below the legal limits. With regard to hg level were no significant correlations (p < 0.05) between species. According to Turkey's legislation, none of for example the maximum limit of 1.0 mg g-1 did not exceed the level, but 1.3% exceeded the limit recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (0.5 ug g-1). The reproducibility limits obtained as a result of the validation study were found to be appropriate in accordance with both the NMKL 170 method and the Turkish Food Codex (Communiqué No: 2014/2), as well as the EU Commission Decision 2002/657/EC.
Preparation and Investigation of Antibacterial Activities of Ciprofloxacin Imprinted p(HEMAH) Cryogels
Authors: İDİL Neslihan , ASLIYÜCE ÇOBAN Sevgi , DENİZLİ Adil
Published: May 2021

Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli are the common causes of wound infections. For the treatment of these infections, ciprofloxacin can be recommended as a broad-spectrum antibiotic that acts on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms. Besides, antimicrobial agents could be integrated into polymeric materials. Cryogels, one of these polymeric materials, are spongy polymers showing high macroporosity. In addition to their attractive usage as affinity support materials and scaffolds, they also appear as drug carrier materials in recent years. Molecular imprinting method is a recognition technique prepared by forming a polymeric network around the template. Although this method has been used in purification and separation processes for more than thirty years, it has gained great interest as a new approach that provides an advantage in drug release studies in terms of high drug loading capacity and long-term release.

In this study, ciprofloxacin (CIP) imprinted 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) based N-methacryloyl-(L)-histidine methyl ester (MAH) containing [CIP-p(HEMAH)] cryogels was prepared and characterized. CIP releasing experiments were performed, and then, antimicrobial activities of CIP p(HEMAH) cryogels were examined against S. aureus, E. faecalis and E. coli. It can be concluded that CIP-p(HEMAH) cryogels could be proposed as promising polymeric materials for wound healing applications.
BIOTESTING IN ASSESSING THE SAFETY OF GRAIN PRODUCTS
Authors: Kurnosova K. , Krusir G. , Zaderey О. , Rusanova О. , Mardar М.
Published: May 2021

The article discusses the issue of assessing the safety of food products that are traditional for the Ukrainian consumer (bakery products and wheat flakes). The relevance of the work is due to the fact that safety is an important indicator of consumer properties that all food products should have. The biological methods are widely used, including biosensor technologies and biotestingto assess the safety of food products. Biotesting is one of the research methods used to determine the degree of influence of chemicals potentially hazardous to living organisms by registering changes in biologically significant indicators (test functions) of research test objects with subsequent assessment of their condition in accordance with the selected toxicity criterion. The work assessesthe organoleptic indicators of the test samples. As a result, it was established that the samples fully comply with the requirements of the regulatory documentation, except for sample № 7 in which dampness and an off-taste are felt; this may indicate non-compliance with the storage or sale conditions. The safety of bakery products and wheat flakes was assessed using the Colpoda Steinii ciliate test object. It was established that the test samples did not contain toxic substances, and in the sample № 7 – wheat flakes purchased by weight on the market, the death of most of the Colpoda Steinii occurred within 10 minutes. This indicates its insignificant toxicity and the inadmissibility of further sale of such a product to the population. The second method was used to test the lethality of Daphnia Magna Straus (Crustacea).The results showed that in samples № 1 – 6 the number of dead Daphnia corresponds to the "non-toxic" indicator, but in sample No. 7 the number of dead Daphnia was 25%, which indicates the toxicity of this product. The third method was carried out according to the method based on the non-destructive biocrystallization method. It was established that samples 1 and 2 are characterized by the most symmetric biocrystallogram, which indicates their higher degree of organicity, which, in our opinion, is determined by a smaller share of external negative impact on the product and high-quality raw materials that were used in the production of these samples.
Content validation of an educational booklet for asthma control and management in children
Authors: Lima Kamila Ferreira , Gomes Ana Lúcia Araújo , Melo Emanuella Silva Joventino , Vasconcelos Flávia Ximenes , Sousa Janaina Landim de , Martins Mariana Cavalcante , Barbosa Lorena Pinheiro
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT Objective: to validate the content and appearance of the educational booklet “You can control your child’s asthma - let’s learn together?” with parents and caregivers of children with asthma. Methods: this is a methodological study, carried out with 34 mothers and caregivers of children, from two to 10 years old, diagnosed with asthma. The educational booklet validation was performed using Content Validity Index (CVI) and assessment of comprehension, attractiveness, self-efficacy, persuasion, and cultural acceptance domains. Results: the booklet was considered clear (99.8%) and relevant (100%), with a global CVI of 0.99. Domain assessment proved to be an easy-to-understand tool, culturally appropriate, attractive, with persuasive power and promoting self-efficacy. Conclusion: the booklet is valid and adequate for promoting the self-efficacy of parents and caregivers in childhood asthma control and management, potentially scalable to other realities of outpatient care.
Critical thinking in nursing training: evaluation in the area of competence Education in Health
Authors: Chirelli Mara Quaglio , Sordi Mara Regina Lemes de
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the constitution of critical thinking in nursing training in the approach by competence and the integrated curriculum, considering the evaluation process by capturing its challenges, and proposing overcoming strategies. Methods: Qualitative. In the first phase of data collection, interviews were conducted with twenty-four professors, nine preceptors, and fifteen students to reconstruct the profile of competence, and in the second phase, a workshop to validate the profile identified challenges and proposals. The Collective Subject Discourse was used to analyze the interviews and the holistic competence reference in reconstructing the profile. Results: The critical thinking is built based on experiences in the world of work, and evaluation is the conductor of reflections towards emancipation. Final considerations: It signals the importance of professor training in the learning evaluation and working with the collective construction of subjects to overcome challenges that happen in the changes of training.
Magnetic resonance imaging of skull and brain parameters in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Oliveira Júnior Ronaldo Eustáquio de , Teixeira Sara Reis , Santana Eduardo Félix Martins , Elias Junior Jorge , Costa Fabricio da Silva , Araujo Júnior Edward , Marcolin Alessandra Cristina
Published: May 2021

Abstract Objective: To compare fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and those with normal growth, in terms of skull and brain measurements obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study including 26 single fetuses (13 with IUGR and 13 with normal growth), evaluated from 26 to 38 weeks of gestation. Using MRI, we measured skull and brain biparietal diameters (BPDs); skull and brain occipitofrontal diameters (OFDs); corpus callosum length and area; transverse cerebellar diameter; extracerebral cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF); and right and left interopercular distances (IODs). Results: The following were significantly smaller in IUGR fetuses than in control fetuses: skull BPD (76.9 vs. 78.2 mm; p = 0.0029); brain BPD (67.8 vs. 71.6 mm; p = 0.0064); skull OFD (93.6 vs. 95 mm; p = 0.0010); eCSF (5.5 vs. 8.2 mm; p = 0.0003); right IOD (9.8 vs. 13.9 mm; p = 0.0023); and left IOD (11.8 vs. 16.3 mm; p = 0.0183). The skull BPD/eCSF, brain BPD/eCSF, skull OFD/eCSF, and brain OFD/eCSF ratios were also lower in IUGR fetuses. Conclusion: IUGR fetuses had smaller OFD and BPD, both skull and brain, and less eCSF when compared to normal growth fetuses.
Need for analgesia after percutaneous liver biopsy: a real-life experience
Authors: Amaral Ricardo Holderbaum do , Deprez Fabrice C. , Dalla-Bona João Pedro , Watte Guilherme , Roxo Rômulo Santos , Marchiori Edson , Hochhegger Bruno
Published: May 2021

Abstract Objective: To evaluate variables affecting the need for analgesia after ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy performed on an outpatient basis. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 1,042 liver biopsies performed between 2012 and 2018. The data collected included the age and sex of the patient, as well as self-reported pain in the recovery room, the pain treatment used, the indication for the biopsy, and the lobe punctured. As per the protocol of our institution, physicians would re-evaluate patients with mild pain (1-3 on a visual analog scale), prescribe analgesics for those with moderate pain (4-6 on the visual analog scale), and prescribe opioids for those with severe pain (7-10 on the visual analog scale). Results: The main indications for biopsy were related to diffuse disease (in 89.9%), including the follow-up of hepatitis C (in 47.0%) and suspicion of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (in 38.0%). Pain requiring analgesia occurred in 8.0% of procedures. Of the 485 female patients, 51 (10.5%) needed analgesia, compared with 33 (5.9%) of the 557 male patients (p < 0.05). The need for analgesia did not differ in relation to patient age, the lobe punctured, or the indication for biopsy (nodular or diffuse disease). The analgesic most commonly used was dipyrone (in 75.9%), followed by paracetamol alone (16.4%) and their combination with opioids (7.6%). Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy is safe and well tolerated. Postprocedural pain does not correlate with the lobe punctured, patient age, or the indication for biopsy and appears to affect more women than men.
Weight-bearing cone-beam computed tomography in the foot and ankle specialty: where we are and where we are going - an update
Authors: Godoy-Santos Alexandre Leme , Bernasconi Alessio , Bordalo-Rodrigues Marcelo , Lintz François , Lôbo Carlos Felipe Teixeira , Netto Cesar de Cesar
Published: May 2021

Abstract Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been applied in dentistry and medicine for nearly two decades. Its application in the foot and ankle specialty has grown exponentially in recent years. Weight-bearing CBCT allows clinicians to obtain weight-bearing images that can be viewed in all three planes and to construct three-dimensional models, similar to those constructed from traditional CT scans, as well as exposing patients to less radiation than do traditional CT scans. This technology has revolutionized diagnoses, improving the understanding of various lesions and surgical planning in the foot and ankle specialty. Ongoing studies of the use of weight-bearing CBCT in foot and ankle surgery are focused on fully automated and semi-automated three-dimensional measurements, as well as bone segmentation, mapping of the distances/orientation of the joints, and the production of customized implants. The aims of this review article are to show the evolution of this emerging tool in the foot and ankle specialty, to update those in related specialties on its use in current clinical practice, and to indicate where the research community is heading.
Four-dimensional computed tomography protocol for preoperative evaluation of the parathyroid glands and its correlations with other imaging methods: a pictorial essay
Authors: Nagano Stephanie Yuka Matwijszyn , Bitencourt Almir Galvão Vieira , Torres Ivone do Carmo Gonçalves , Porto Gislaine Cristina Lopes Machado
Published: May 2021

Abstract Parathyroid adenoma is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. Advances in surgical techniques have made it possible to excise only the affected parathyroid gland in most cases. Imaging examinations play a fundamental role in the preoperative planning of parathyroidectomy. To localize the parathyroid glands, imaging tests such as scintigraphy, ultrasound, and, more recently, four-dimensional computed tomography (4D CT). The aim of this pictorial review was to illustrate the use of the 4D CT protocol in cases of parathyroid adenoma and to determine how well it correlates with other imaging methods, in order to improve understanding of the 4D CT method.