bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological Treatments
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

This chapter reviews the broad range of biological treatments for depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD), from electroconvulsive therapy and the use of barbiturates/stimulants in the early days of treatment to the various medications that are commonly used today. The latter include antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin norepinephrine inhibitors and clomipramine; benzodiazepines; lamotrigine; opioid receptor antagonists; and other less empirically founded medication options. Transcranial magnetic stimulation findings in the treatment of DDD are presented, and the studies that have targeted either the temporoparietal junction or the ventral prefrontal cortex are discussed. Though compared with other psychiatric disorders, treatment trials in DDD are more limited, there presently exists a range of biological treatment options.
Cognitive-Behavioral and Mindfulness-Based Psychotherapy
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the use of cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness-based psychotherapy techniques in the treatment of depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD). Cognitive-behavioral therapy seeks to identify and change distorted thinking patterns, as well as avoidant and ritualistic behaviors. Ten cognitive distortions, commonly encountered in depersonalization/derealization (dpdr)-related anxious catastrophizing and obsessional ruminating, are identified and reframed. We also discuss how to target avoidant behaviors, as well as hyperawareness and self-monitoring. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is also explored for the treatment of DDD, based on the principle of mindfully accepting the present while committing to what a patient cares about and values. Six key components are discussed: cognitive fusion, identifying one’s self with the disorder, rumination and worry, experiential avoidance, clarifying values, and dealing with a narrow behavioral repertoire.
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

The chapter elaborates psychodynamic psychotherapy approaches to the treatment of depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD), intertwined with illustrative case examples. The chapter starts with more classic psychoanalytic reflections on the nature and treatment of depersonalization/derealization, including the often-assumed chronicity and refractoriness of the condition, the use of the couch, and the implications of different levels of personality organization. Compromised self-experiencing, escape from reality, and loss of genuine personhood are explored as phenomena underlying experiences of un-reality and de-personalization, starting with early development. The impacts of childhood trauma, in particular emotional maltreatment, as well as fearful attachment, are discussed, along with psychic processes organized around the fear of knowing and diminished emotional processing. The ways in which alexithymia and affect phobia unfold, and are worked with, in dynamic psychotherapy are laid out. Identity struggles of adolescence and early adulthood, commonly encountered in DDD, are elaborated. Depersonalization-related worrying and obsessing may have dynamic functions and meanings that are worth psychotherapeutic exploration. Psychodynamic entry points to tackling drug-induced presentations are put forth. The chapter concludes with an integrated model for the psychodynamic therapy of DDD.
Homo sapiens, a species among many others . . . but not quite like the others
Authors: Loreau Michel
Published: March 2023

This chapter begins by establishing some scientific foundations on the point of convergence of humans and nature, namely the nature of humans themselves. It shows that science is systematically destroying, one by one, all the old prejudices that claimed to make humans a species apart, at the top of creation. In particular, recent scientific studies have convincingly shown that self-awareness, empathy, thought, language, culture, morality, tool making, and tool use are also present in animals. What appears to distinguish humans from other animals is their capacity for creative supposition, i.e., their propensity to make fiction, especially collective fiction. Collective fictions are the glue that binds together human societies, for better or for worse.
A brief history of the divorce between humans and nature
Authors: Loreau Michel
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines the reasons why modern humans have come to see themselves as separate from nature. Contrary to popular belief, humans are not innately destructive. The evidence for widespread species extinctions due to hunting during the Paleolithic is unconvincing, and an attitude of respect for nature is often associated with the hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Human domination over nature has developed through three main stages in Western civilization: first, the Neolithic transition in the Middle East, which created a new sedentary lifestyle based on the exploitation of nature and triggered a revolution in all aspects of social life; second, the emergence of the great monotheistic religions, which asserted the uniqueness of humans in the face of an external nature; and third, modernity and capitalism, which anchored Christianity in the earthly world. Descartes provided the philosophical foundations of modernity; his ideas consummated the divorce between humans and nature and still largely govern the world today.
Subject and object: The mirror of modernity
Authors: Loreau Michel
Published: March 2023

The subject-object couple is a pure product of modernity and is tightly linked to modern society’s relationship with nature. Descartes’s philosophy unified the formerly fragmented notion of subject and gave it a new dimension: the human being as subject gives the measure of all things, becomes the center of the world represented in its totality and is no longer constrained by any limits. By contrast, the world faces humans as an inanimate, purely material, mechanical nature, governed by a mixture of chance and necessity. This view ignores the fact that the natural world is inhabited and animated by an innumerable multitude of actors who, like humans, participate in the great history of the evolution of the universe and of life. Reanimating the non-human world, recovering the consciousness or “spirit” that humans have arrogated to themselves in nature is a necessary condition for recovering humankind’s place in life and the cosmos.
Recovering nature in us through our fundamental needs
Authors: Loreau Michel
Published: March 2023

Recovering nature is not only about connecting to the outer nature, but also about connecting to each person’s inner nature, starting with one’s own body. Human nature is what defines a human being regardless of gender, origin, or culture. It includes the biological characteristics of the human body, but also the fundamental human needs, which ignore the traditional separation of body and mind altogether. Needs can be seen from two opposing perspectives: the traditional Judeo-Christian perspective of unsatisfied needs, linked to lack and poverty, or that of satisfied needs, linked to fulfillment and flourishing. Experience shows that recognizing, naming, accepting, and embracing fundamental human needs, experiencing their power and beauty, is a source of joy and richness, not of misery and poverty. For fundamental needs are what connects humans to the general movement of life that flows through them and transcends them.
Madison's Militia
Authors: Bogus Carl T.
Published: March 2023

This book argues that James Madison and the First Congress wrote the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to ensure that the South could continue to have armed militia as a bulwark against slave revolts. Although neither Madison nor his colleagues explained why they included a right to bear arms in the Bill of Rights, the Amendment itself explains that a state needed a well-regulated militia to provide for its “security,” but what precisely worried the framers? The most reliable method of deducing why people acted as they did is to understand the imperatives they faced. During a debate over whether Virginia should ratify the Constitution and join the Union, Patrick Henry argued that the Constitution enabled Congress to subvert the slave system by disarming the militia—a terrifying prospect because the South lived in constant fear of slave insurrection. Later, Henry worked determinately to end Madison’s political career. When he wrote the Bill of Rights, Madison—who, according to a colleague, was “haunted by the ghost of Patrick Henry”—sought to allay the fears Henry had stoked by providing that the militia could be armed by their own members. Some historians believe the framers wanted to safeguard the militia to reduce the need for a standing army, which was considered a threat to liberty. This book shows, however, that the Revolutionary War conclusively demonstrated that the militia were incapable as a military force. The real concern was preserving armed militia for slave control.
Introduction
Authors: Bogus Carl T.
Published: March 2023

In the Stono Rebellion of 1739, up to one hundred slaves—armed with guns and ammunition seized from a general store—pillaged and burned plantation homes, killing forty slave owners and their families. In an ensuing battle, forty-four slaves and twenty-one militiamen perished. Stono sets the stage for the book’s thesis and methodology. The thesis is that James Madison wrote the Second Amendment to assure the South it could continue to have armed militia for slave control. The method is to understand the imperatives that James Madison and his colleagues in the First Congress faced when they wrote the Second Amendment.
Debate in Richmond
Authors: Bogus Carl T.
Published: March 2023

This is the second of three chapters recounting debates at the Virginia Ratifying Convention. Henry rails against the Constitution, giving the lion’s share of control over the militia to the federal government. He raises the specter of Congress subverting slave control by interfering with the militia. A duel is narrowly avoided after Edmund Randolph interprets remarks by Henry as a personal insult. Henry suggests that dark motives lay behind weakening state control over the militia. Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee, a hero of the Revolutionary War, tells the Convention that most militia fled in the face of battle.
Decision in Richmond
Authors: Bogus Carl T.
Published: March 2023

This is the third of three chapters recounting debates at the Virginia Ratifying Convention. Patrick Henry and George Mason continue to argue that the Constitution must be rejected because it gives Congress principal authority over the militia, which Congress may misuse to subvert the slave system. They suggest the federal government might send a state’s militia far out of state or “disarm” the militia. When Madison says states may arm their own militia, Henry effectively ridicules him. Federalists win 88 to 80, and then, as a sop to the antifederalists, allow them to draft suggested amendments and a proposed bill of rights.
The Militia—War in the North
Authors: Bogus Carl T.
Published: March 2023

This is the first of two chapters recounting how terribly militia performed during the Revolutionary War. The chapter covers the Battles of Bunker Hill, Long Island, Kips Bay, Harlem Heights, and Fort Washington, as well as Washington’s retreat across New Jersey and the Delaware River. It also covers military training, weaponry—especially the musket—and doctrine employed during the War. It introduces General Nathanael Greene and discusses General Charles Lee’s attempt to supplant George Washington as commander of the Continental Army. It also includes Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben’s contribution to military training at Valley Forge in 1788.
The Militia—War in the South
Authors: Bogus Carl T.
Published: March 2023

This is the second of two chapters recounting how terribly militia performed during the Revolutionary War. The chapter covers the Battle of Camden, where militia ran without firing a single shot, resulting in a military disaster. It covers Nathanael Greene taking command of the Southern Department in December 1781, and Greene’s unorthodox but brilliant decision to divide his troops. It describes how Daniel Morgan found a way to way to deploy, coax, and threaten militia so that they fired at least one volley before executing an orderly withdrawal behind Continental troops, leading to American victory at the Battle of Cowpens.
Mr. Madison Goes to Congress
Authors: Bogus Carl T.
Published: March 2023

Following the Virginia Ratifying Convention, Patrick Henry attempts to extinguish James Madison’s political career. Henry has the legislature select two other men, both antifederalists, to represent Virginia in the U.S. Senate; gerrymanders Madison’s congressional district by packing it with antifederalist counties; and recruits James Monroe to run against Madison for the House of Representatives. To win the election, Madison flips his prior position and promises, if elected, to write a bill of rights. The chapter discusses four states that had adopted a right-to-bear-arms provision in their constitutions, and it also includes insights into Madison’s romantic life.
The English Declaration of Rights of 1689
Authors: Bogus Carl T.
Published: March 2023

By placing the English Declaration of Rights of 1689 in context, this chapter shows that the Declaration’s provision stating that Protestants may have arms as allowed by law was never intended or understood as a right to have weapons. Rather, it was written to have William of Orange acknowledge, as a condition of being offered the Crown, that Parliament—and not the king—had the authority to regulate what arms could be possessed by Protestants. To provide necessary context, this chapter recounts the history of James’s reign and the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
Chimeras of Liberty
Authors: Bogus Carl T.
Published: March 2023

This chapter deals with military policy following adoption of the Constitution and Bill of Rights, including how to organize the militia and whether to have a standing army and navy. Secretary of War Henry Knox submits plans for reorganizing the militia and raising five army regiments, but Congress has no enthusiasm for them. Stinging defeats of principally militia forces by American Indians create a new sense of urgency. Congress now passes the Five Regiments Bill and, shortly thereafter, the Uniform Militia Act of 1792. Political parties—Federalists and Republicans—arise, and following Jefferson, Madison undergoes a political transformation.
Jewish Piety in Islamic Jerusalem
Authors: Andruss Jessica
Published: March 2023

The emergence of the Jewish Bible commentary in the tenth century marks a turning point in Jewish intellectual history, namely, the transition from ancient rabbinic culture to the Arabized Judaism of the medieval period. This book explores a formative moment in this cultural reorientation by analyzing one of the earliest Jewish Bible commentaries. Written in Arabic in tenth-century Jerusalem, Salmon ben Yerūḥīm’s commentary on Lamentations reveals a nuanced negotiation between the rabbinic tradition and the intellectual resources of the Islamic world. Salmon was a prominent figure among the Karaites, a Jewish movement defined by its commitments to biblical scholarship and penitential practices. For him, Lamentations is “instruction for Israel”—spiritual guidance for the Jewish community in exile—and his task is to communicate that instruction. Jewish Piety in Islamic Jerusalem explores the medieval Arabic dimensions of Salmon’s project, tracing his engagement with the nascent fields of Arabic literary theory, historiography, and homiletics. The central argument of the book is that Salmon articulates a Jewish pietistic message through emergent Arabic-Islamic genres, transforming them to reflect his own religious and exegetical commitments. In this way, Salmon applies Arabic learning to the Bible at the same time that his understanding of the biblical text expands the Arabic intellectual tradition. The book advances these claims through six analytical chapters and an annotated English translation of the homilies and excursuses from Salmon’s commentary.
Introduction to the Lamentations Commentary
Authors: Andruss Jessica
Published: March 2023

Salmon’s introduction to the commentary on Lamentations is a treatise on the religious significance of the book for the Jewish people in exile. Salmon describes his exegetical process, outlines the organization of the biblical book, and identifies the prophet Jeremiah as its author, but his main objective is to convey the pietistic instruction of Lamentations to his community. In Salmon’s view, Lamentations has seven purposes. For example, it summons the community to repent, instructs them to confess their sins, and offers them hope that the exile will end and not recur. Exile—as described in Lamentations and experienced by Salmon’s own community—does not negate God’s care for Israel. Rather, exile is God’s way of disciplining the sinful community and guiding it to repent. Mourning and lamentation are obligatory in times of exile, Salmon insists, and the Book of Lamentations teaches the community how to lament for themselves.
Lamentations 3
Authors: Andruss Jessica
Published: March 2023

This chapter provides the complete English translation of Salmon’s commentary on Lamentations 3. Salmon opens the chapter by introducing a hybrid Arabic-Hebrew phrase, “instruction for Israel” (taʿlīm le-yiśraʾel), to explain his concept of Lamentations as the prophet Jeremiah’s guidance for Jews in exile (Lam 3:1). According to Salmon, Jeremiah foretells the future historical experience of the Jewish people even when the verbs of Lamentations 3 are in the past tense. Thus, Jeremiah teaches the Jews of Salmon’s generation how to lament over their suffering, repent of their sins, and thus merit their redemption. Salmon’s historical awareness and pietistic sensibility are both prominent in this chapter. He uses Isaiah 22 as a detailed historical record of the experience of exile (Lam 3:1). He uses Psalm 42 as evidence of the harsh conditions of exile under oppressive foreign kingdoms (Lam 3:20). In both cases, Salmon urges Jews to reflect upon the realities of exile in order to realize the urgent need for piety and penitence as the antidote to continued suffering. Salmon reads Lamentations 3:21–42 as an ethical manual. There, he urges Jews to develop an inner piety that governs their outer actions, and he extols the virtues of sincerity, prayer, patience, and hope.
Lamentations 5
Authors: Andruss Jessica
Published: March 2023

Salmon’s commentary on the final chapter of Lamentations focuses on the need for repentance and the hope of redemption. For Salmon, Jeremiah strategically reminds God of the calamities that Israel has endured in order to prompt divine action: after all, Salmon reasons, when the nations disgrace Israel, so too do they disgrace God (Lam 5:1). Salmon upholds the principle of “requital in kind” when interpreting the transfer of Israel’s territory and Temple to the nations as retribution for Israelite sins (Lam 5:2). The centerpiece of the chapter is Salmon’s homiletical excursus to Lamentations 5:7. There, he maintains that his own generation continues to endure exile, not as punishment for the sins of their ancestors, but as punishment for their own sins. The comments on verses 15–18 emphasize Israel’s downfall, culminating with a Hebrew invective against the non-Jews who pollute the sacred spaces of Jerusalem. Salmon reads verses 19–22 as pious supplications for God to pave the way for Israel’s repentance, renewal, and redemption.
Militant Leadership
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan
Published: March 2023

This book profiles 12 militant leaders who have been responsible for violence in Indian-administered Kashmir to identify effective deradicalization and counterterrorist interventions for global impact. The book presents person-centered psychological case studies based on primary sources in Arabic, Hindi, Punjabi, and Urdu—many previously inaccessible to English readers—to illustrate how leaders frame violence in their own words to recruit others. Through this lens, the book shows how militants from the Hizbul Mujahideen embraced political violence in response to abuses from the Jammu and Kashmir Police and encouragement from early childhood figures; how the Lashkar-e-Tayyaba has disseminated messages of violence through schools, places of worship, and a now-outlawed political party in Pakistan; how the Jaish-e-Mohammad’s militants became hardened fighters after missed opportunities for reform through the Indian criminal justice system; and how Al Qaeda and its local affiliates funnel foreign fighters into Indian-administered Kashmir. By comparing and contrasting individual, group, and organizational factors of violence, this book proposes evidence-based deradicalization and counterterrorism interventions, bringing the study of political violence in Indian-administered Kashmir into conversation with research trends in Europe and North America. By developing a method for analyzing militant leadership through state-of-the-art scholarship, the book’s insights can inform the development of case studies for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners across geographic regions and disciplines.
Burhan Wani, Zakir Musa, and Syed Salahuddin from the Hizbul Mujahideen
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan
Published: March 2023

This chapter presents case studies of leaders from the Hizbul Mujahideen: Burhan Wani used the internet to promote militancy in Indian-administered Kashmir, Zakir Musa seceded from the Hizbul Mujahideen to found Al Qaeda’s local affiliate, and Syed Salahuddin currently heads the organization. The chapter interprets primary sources in Arabic, English, and Urdu through theories in social and political psychology. Burhan Wani idealized violence during his adolescence after being humiliated by security forces. Zakir Musa wanted to do “something” for Kashmir after leaving home for college and experiencing police brutality as an adolescent. Salahuddin has nurtured a lifelong desire to see Indian-administered Kashmir independent. Two cross-cultural targets for intervention emerge from the psychopolitical formulations of these militants: (1) Challenging support for political violence among early childhood and adolescent figures and (2) reforming police forces through evidence-based practices that monitor use of force.
Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, Ajmal Kasab, and Saifullah Khalid from the Lashkar-e-Tayyaba
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan
Published: March 2023

The Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (LeT) runs several organizations. The LeT wages militancy in Kashmir. Its charity, the Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD), administers hundreds of educational institutions. It also started a now-defunct political party known as the Milli Muslim League (MML) to field candidates for Pakistan’s 2018 elections. This chapter presents psychological case studies of the LeT’s chief, Hafiz Muhammad Saeed; the militant leader Ajmal Kasab, who was apprehended in 2008 during an attack in Mumbai; and the JuD Director Saifullah Khalid, who previously headed the MML. The chapter analyzes mosque sermons, press statements, media interviews, and Kasab’s videotaped confession. Hafiz Muhammad Saeed’s motivation for violence occurred after his family migrated from India to Pakistan in 1947. Ajmal Kasab wanted to escape poverty. Saifullah Khalid’s motivation appears to be avenging militant relatives. Two cross-cultural targets for intervention emerge. Governments must (1) promote nonviolence in social organizations such as schools and (2) craft counter-messages with religious leaders that promote tolerance in places of worship.
Maulana Masood Azhar, Afzal Guru, and Adil Ahmed Dar from the Jaish-e-Mohammad
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan
Published: March 2023

The Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) is the only militant group to bring India and Pakistan to war. This chapter presents studies of three militant leaders from the JeM: its chief Maulana Masood Azhar; Afzal Guru, who facilitated the JeM’s attack on India’s Parliament in 2001; and Adil Ahmed Dar, whose suicide attack in 2019 triggered conflict between India and Pakistan. The chapter analyzes Azhar’s sermons, books on jihad, media interviews, Guru’s book, and Dar’s attack video. Maulana Masood Azhar has wanted to defend Islam, first in Afghanistan from the Soviet Union and then in India after the Babri Masjid’s destruction. Afzal Guru’s motivation appeared to be revenge against humiliation from Indian security forces. Adil Ahmed Dar also experienced humiliation from Indian security forces. Psychopolitical formulations show the need for deradicalization interventions after militants enter the criminal justice system to avoid recidivism.
Conclusion
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan
Published: March 2023

Case studies can synthesize research across subfields in psychiatry and psychology to examine the personalities of militant leaders. This chapter compares and contrasts militant leaders according to personality traits, motivations for violence, skills and abilities, and significant life events. A developmental perspective can clarify which interventions could have maximal impact in the psychology of militant leadership. Aggregating psychopolitical formulations can also reveal targets for deradicalization and counterterrorism interventions. The chapter concludes with a developmental typology of militant leadership that can be adopted cross-culturally in other geographic regions. Political violence continues to pose a threat to civilians in North America, Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia. Cross-cultural psychological studies of militancy can produce applied research toward violence prevention while also calling attention to the very circumstances that incite militancy.
“I wanted to offer a brief explanation for the locking of this thread”
Authors: Gordon Cynthia
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines online discussion board moderator participation, focusing on how one moderator accomplishes a single action across multiple threads: how she announces that she is “locking” a thread, or terminating the discussion because one or more of the guidelines or rules of the boards—such as not attacking another poster—has been violated. The analysis shows the role of intertextuality in accomplishing the face-threatening metadiscursive action of announcing a thread’s locking. Specifically, it shows how the moderator uses the boards’ standard letter-like template, adjusts the template’s text, and uses GIFs that relate to some prior element(s) of the thread. Examination of how this moderator completes this administrative task using these strategies demonstrates how she simultaneously entertains users and constructs her own identity as creative and knowledgeable about pop culture. Thus, the face-threatening metadiscursive action, via uses of intertextuality, is framed as playful and builds solidarity among members of the group.
“I would suggest you tell this ^^^ to your doctor”
Authors: Gordon Cynthia
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines one thread wherein participants collaboratively accomplish problem-solving regarding an offline interaction reported by an original poster who describes how her doctor commented on her body weight in a way that she found inappropriate. The poster seeks encouragement and support and contributes repeatedly to the unfolding discussion. In addressing the original poster’s problem, which entails producing discourse about discourse, participants draw on specific intertextual linking strategies: they pose information-seeking questions, paraphrase and reframe others’ discourse, tell matching stories, create constructed dialogue, use the boards’ quotation function, point (such as through the “^” symbol), and give advice. The participants thereby collaboratively evaluate and make sense of offline communication, both the original poster’s described encounter and their own similar encounters with healthcare providers. In providing online support, posters also produce metadiscourse that lends insight into their expectations about successful doctor–patient communication about body weight.
“He’s got a right to be upset if your phone is in your face when he’s trying to spend time with you”
Authors: Gordon Cynthia
Published: March 2023

This chapter investigates one online discussion thread started by a poster who reports arguing (offline) with her partner, who does not like her using the weight loss app that is affiliated with the board where she posts. Posters to the thread discuss how using the app (to record one’s food and exercise) and the online discussion boards may influence offline intimate partners’ communication. Drawing on theorizing on communication and culture, this chapter’s analysis demonstrates the intertextual construction of posters’ expectations regarding how to use the app and discussion boards on the one hand, and how to interact with their partners on the other. It also reveals more general expectations about communication in intimate relationships. These expectations are that quality time and communication (which are relatively free of digital technology) are important to partner relationships; partners should be somewhat open about their technology use; and partners should strike a balance between autonomy and connection.
“A Mirror and a Handlamp”
Authors: Ollett Andrew
Published: March 2023

This chapter surveys the reception of Dandin’s Mirror of Literature in the Kannada-speaking world, focusing on the Way of the Poet-King, composed in the later ninth century—the earliest surviving work of Kannada literature, and the earliest adaptation of Dandin’s Mirror in any language—and the Ornament of King Udayaditya, dating to the twelfth century. Dandin was not just a source for the Way, but a model of how to engage creatively and critically with the discourses of literature and poetics. The Way goes beyond Dandin, however, in its pioneering theorization of the use of a vernacular language, Kannada, for literature, and its detailed and influential discussion of how to “calibrate” the expressive resources of the Sanskrit and Kannada languages within a single work.
“May It Always Be about Adding Beauty to Beauty”
Authors: Hallisey Charles
Published: March 2023

This chapter traces the story of Dandin’s Mirror of Literature in Sri Lanka. That story begins early in the Mirror’s reception history with the ninth- or tenth-century Sinhala Poetics for This Language of Ours (Siyabaslakara), one of the earliest engagements with the Mirror in any language. Engagement with the Mirror in Sri Lanka continued, albeit in quite varied forms and modes, into the twentieth century and continues even today. Engagement with Dandin’s Mirror in Sri Lanka is notably varied by language. There were major adaptations of the Mirror in Sinhala and in Pali, as well as exegetical works on these works. Ratnashrijnana’s tenth-century Sanskrit commentary on the Mirror was also known and studied in Sri Lanka. The Mirror’s impact is centrally visible in the island’s literary history, as the model set in motion by these earlier engagements remained foundational to its literary and religious cultures for centuries.
Folding Figures
Authors: Clare Jennifer , Shulman David
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the complex, evolving role of Dandin’s Mirror in the story of Tamil literature. The chapter focuses on three key moments, beginning with a profound shift in thinking about literary language that occurred between the sixth and ninth centuries in Tamil. This transformation had no single point of origin, yet clearly resonated with the discussion of figuration found in the Mirror, itself a product of this South Indian literary milieu. By the twelfth century, the Mirror had emerged as the dominant model for Tamil scholarship on figuration, while Tamil poets continued to explore new figures that played with increasingly complex linguistic relationships. The chapter concludes with a set of sixteenth-century texts that integrated Dandin’s poetics with other Tamil poetic systems, reflecting a move toward synthesis characteristic of this later period. By revisiting the Mirror’s key role in Tamil literary culture, the chapter complicates the standard narrative of the relationship between Tamil and Sanskrit, as well as the relationship between the translocal and vernacular more generally.
Jubilee
Authors: Redmond Shana L.
Published: March 2023

To understand the “positive” elements of human life, the question of “how?” looms large. How do people make themselves and each other happy? Distinct from the question of “why,” the question of “how” suggests that critical attention needs to be paid not simply to the context and conditions under which people live, but also the imaginaries that make their improvement possible. This chapter explores the musical techniques that make imagination real—the sometimes quotidian (yet unexpected) and sometimes spectacular musical utterances, performances, and habits grown from Black people’s investment in the joys and possibilities of play(ing). Play is not simply that which is performed unthinkingly, but also that which is studied, rehearsed, and intentional. Improvisation is but one element of this study and reveals itself often as a surprise for listeners. “Jubilee” lingers in these ephemeral moments in order to consider the life-worlds—the opportunities for its performers and witnesses to be well—that make possible a science of the impossible.
The Music Scholar as a Type of Non-Musician
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: March 2023

This chapter posits a predicament specific to music scholars: loss of one’s status as a musician in the shift from the applied pursuit of music (creating musical sound) to the academic study of music as a humanities discipline (researching, writing, and speaking about musical sound). The identity of most music scholars is forged in childhood as performers. But this identity is often set aside when career-defining choices concerning post-graduate education and professionalization are made. Consequently, the music scholar’s identity as a type of non-musician has become a condition of the academic discipline of music studies. This chapter seeks to describe the contours of this condition, arguing that the identities of musician and humanities scholar are incompatible. Once theorized, this incompatibility leads to a questioning of the ultimate utility of music scholarship and a remediation of the music scholar’s non-musician status.
They Say, “Music Should Be Seen but Not Heard”
Authors: Heller Wendy
Published: March 2023

This chapter uses the Princeton University Department of Music as a case study to explore the complex and often contradictory attitudes toward the study of music in elite liberal schools in the United States since World War II. This discussion includes the growing importance of music performance at elite liberal arts universities and the extent to which participation in performance positively impacts the physical and mental well-being of students. The chapter also suggests that musical training within a liberal arts institution—as opposed to a conservatory or a music school—might enhance the lives of those students who later pursue careers as professional musicians.
Rethinking Women’s Music-Making through the Lens of Human Flourishing
Authors: Fauser Annegret
Published: March 2023

Feminist musicological inquiry has shown that music-making has been a uniquely empowering activity for women and girls in Western culture, even in an environment where other restrictions curtailed their flourishing along gendered, class, and racial boundaries. Although musicological research has revealed the positive aspects of women’s musicking, scholarly discourse often emphasizes the restrictions that made individual women’s achievements all the more exceptional. Using a series of case studies, his chapter proposes that rethinking women’s music-making through the lens of human flourishing might provide a different narrative that emphasizes the empowering, creative, joyful, and affirmative quality of female musical achievement without neglecting or denying the systemic oppression of gender inequality. The focus is a historical and scholarly reflection with examples drawn from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. Fauser also examines her two decades of experience teaching courses on female-presenting musicians as part of the general-education curriculum of a public university in the American South.
The Metaphysics of Margaret Cavendish and Anne Conway
Authors: Lascano Marcy P.
Published: March 2023

This book is an examination of the metaphysical systems of Margaret Cavendish and Anne Conway, who share many superficial similarities. By providing a detailed analysis of their views on substance, monism, self-motion, individuation, and identity over time, as well as causation, perception, and freedom, it demonstrates the interesting ways in which their accounts differ. Seeing their systems in tandem highlights the originality of each philosopher. In addition to providing the details of their metaphysical views, the book also shows how they put these views to use: for Cavendish in grounding her natural philosophy and for Conway in developing her theodicy. The account of Cavendish is more naturalistic than current interpretations. It argues that God plays no substantive role in Cavendish’s philosophy. The book provides an account of Cavendish’s matter and her biological holism. It shows how sensitive and rational matter are expressed differently in different natural kinds. It provides the first account of Cavendish’s views on individuation and identity over time and a detailed account of her views on causation, arguing that nature is the only principal cause. The book also provides an account of Conway’s spiritual substance, arguing that it is a unique type of substance. It discusses Conway’s two types of motions and causation. In addition, a detailed account of her view of motion as a mode of body, and how it is transferred, is provided. Finally, the book concludes that Conway’s metaphysics and morality are inseparable and that she holds a type of perfectionism.
Matter and Spirit
Authors: Lascano Marcy P.
Published: March 2023

This chapter explains Cavendish’s and Conway’s views about the explanation for the existence of the world and the nature of substances. It argues that Conway’s conception of God as creator is central to her philosophical system, while Cavendish’s God is credited with creating the world but plays no substantive role in her views about nature. The chapter argues that while Cavendish’s matter comes in three “degrees,” these are not degrees of matter, but of motion, from the most agile and quick self-motion to the limit of inanimate matter that is merely moved. Moreover, Cavendish holds that there is only one matter, which is a homogeneous unity. With respect to the nature of Conway’s spirit, it is demonstrated that spirit is neither immaterial nor material, but a unique substance that has attributes traditionally attributed to both minds or souls and to bodies.
Life and Self-Motion
Authors: Lascano Marcy P.
Published: March 2023

This chapter explains self-motion in Cavendish and Conway. It examines how Cavendish’s views can be seen as a response to deficits in her contemporaries’ mechanical explanations of motion. It argues that Cavendish’s account of motion cannot be reduced to change of parthood relations, as Cavendish holds that some motions do not involve the addition or subtraction of matter. The limitations of the power of self-motion and its implications for the regularity of nature are explained. With respect to Conway, it is shown that she holds two types of self-motion—vital and local. The chapter argues that Conway holds that the power of vital motion is the result of the essence of creatures, that motion is a mode of body, that these modes are intimately present in bodies, and that vital motion is transferable to other bodies either by the emanation of spirit or through a pressure wave.
Liberty and Necessity
Authors: Lascano Marcy P.
Published: March 2023

This chapter considers the views of Margaret Cavendish and Anne Conway on liberty and necessity. It begins with an overview of the controversies about Cavendish’s views. It then argues that there are three aspects of Cavendish’s philosophy that point to a compatibilist account of freedom: her views on causation, her account of voluntary actions, and the motions of nature. It claims that Cavendish’s views are closer to those of her contemporary, Thomas Hobbes. With respect to Conway, it explicates her libertarian account of freedom for creatures and her compatibilist account of God’s freedom. It addresses two possible problems in Conway’s account: explaining why God would create creatures capable of choosing evil and how creatures directed toward the good are able to choose evil.
Conclusion
Authors: Lascano Marcy P.
Published: March 2023

This brief conclusion discusses the broad ways in which Cavendish’s and Conway’s views differ in accordance with the aims of their philosophical systems. It also discusses the importance of recovering neglected philosophers, texts, and topics to help refine and expand our understanding of seventeen-century philosophy. Finally, it suggests some new avenues of inquiry in the study of Cavendish and Conway. With respect to Cavendish, it suggests that more attention to the various genres in which she wrote and how they serve different philosophical purposes might lead to a greater understanding of her views. With respect to Conway, it notes that the recent discovery of books from her lost library may provide insight into her philosophy.
Motivations
Authors: Chernov Hwang Julie
Published: March 2023

Considerable research has been conducted at the individual level exploring motivations for joining and committing to extremist or insurgent groups. Scholars acknowledge a diverse array of factors that motivate or create the conditions for someone to join a terrorist group. This chapter explores the theme of motivations—why one joins Islamist extremist groups. Drawing on original fieldwork, it highlights specific push and pull factors that facilitated initial entry and forays into militant groups. It underscores the important pull of having family or friends already in the group. It then unpacks the roles played by various forms of seeking: redemption, revenge, the desire to affect change for Muslims, additional income, and knowledge about Islam and jihad.
Radical Testimony
Authors: Medina José
Published: March 2023

Chapter 5 examines protest acts as forms of group testimony in anti-racist activism from abolitionism to Black Lives Matter, in feminist activism (e.g., #MeToo), and in the queer activism of ACT UP. The chapter explains how testimonial protest acts can be used to break social silences, to disrupt complicity and insensitivity, and to work toward new forms of social sensibility and a more inclusive political imagination. The author defends a victim-centered view of protest that gives special normative weight to the testimonial protest acts of the victims of injustice. Through case studies, the chapter offers an analysis of radical group testimony, that is, the kind of group testimony that has the potential to transform the public sphere and is established through testimonial protest acts that break hardened social and institutional silences.
Widow Remarriage and Niyoga
Authors: Brick David
Published: March 2023

This chapter deals with two conceptually distinct, yet related legal issues concerning widows. The first of these is widow remarriage; the second is niyoga, which is the Sanskrit term for the specific version of levirate practiced in classical India. The reason that these two issues jointly comprise the focus of a single chapter of this book is that, despite the effort of the Hindu legal tradition to dissociate them, they are closely related. The reason that these two issues comprise the focus of the first chapter is that niyoga in particular is the first widow-related issue to become the subject of debate within Dharmaśāstra and, thus, the first such issue where one can see a major shift in Brahmanical opinion over time, specifically a shift from general acceptance to universal rejection. By contrast, the Dharmaśāstra tradition widely opposed the practice of widow remarriage from its inception and support for widow remarriage always constituted a minority position.
Sati
Authors: Brick David
Published: March 2023

This chapter deals with the most widely discussed and hotly debated aspect of traditional Hindu widowhood: sati, that is, the practice of a Hindu widow committing suicide by ascending her husband’s funeral pyre. The chapter outlines how the views of Hindu jurists changed on this topic. Specifically, it shows that sati was originally a royal custom; that Brahmins came to adopt it during the second half of the first millennium CE; that there was initially an intense debate on the validity of sati among Hindu jurists; and that, by the thirteenth century, they had come to accept the practice. Hence, this chapter demonstrates that there was a gradual shift within Dharmaśāstra from prohibition to complete endorsement in its attitude toward sati, a shift that took place c. 500–1400 CE. The chapter concludes by proposing possible reasons for the Brahmanical adoption of sati, arguing in particular that it was a reaction to widows’ increasing inheritance rights during the medieval period.
Conclusion How the Supreme Court Makes Securities Laws
Authors: Pritchard A.C. , Thompson Robert B.
Published: March 2023

This chapter provides a statistical overview, providing a foundation for identifying patterns in the Court’s decisions and assessing the influence of individual justices. The numbers highlight the Court’s changing attitude toward the SEC: first receptive, then skeptical during the Lewis Powell’s tenure, followed by relative equipoise since then. The numbers also show the lack of impact of Felix Frankfurter and William Douglas, a surprise given their extensive experience with the securities laws prior to their judicial appointments. Our review of the justices’ papers shows their personalities and interests contributed to this lack of impact. Notwithstanding their lack of influence, the SEC enjoyed a long winning streak at the Court, a result that we attribute to Roosevelt’s care in nominating justices who had front-line experience in the drafting of the legislation, advocating its constitutionality, and shaping the nascent SEC. The result was a shared ideological commitment and a reliable Court for social control of finance. The counterrevolution period provides another model of judicial decision-making at the Supreme Court—the significance of one justice with expertise and emotional engagement. Powell’s influence on his colleagues reflected his experience as a corporate lawyer and careful preparation, showing up both in the number of securities cases heard and the generally pro-business orientation of the results. After Powell’s retirement, the lack of a leader in securities law has manifested itself in fewer cases and no clear direction.
The Healing Vocation
Authors: Schenck David , Neely Scott
Published: March 2023

Healing is an experience that occurs through encounter. Healers enter the field of the patient’s suffering—and this simple act alters the composition of that field. It brings forth the power of healing latent there. The people who come forward to serve in these situations have taken up an unusual vocation. More than a job, it is a moral enterprise that enacts a picture of goodness and wholeness. This activity can also be thought of as a spiritual venture. This chapter identifies and discusses the six phases of the healing vocation: call, formation, mastery, depletion and burnout, breakthrough, and replenishment and renewal. This chapter also introduces two terms: Moral anguish is the crippling, personal pain of internalized and unresolved conflicts of moral distress, and depletion is the erosion of one’s inner resources and capabilities. Burnout is the culmination of the process of depletion, leading to professional breakdown.