bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Difficulty, Consequence, and Effort in Academic Task Performance
Authors: Smith Lisa F.
Published: August 2011

This study extends previous research on the expectancy construct of the expectancy-value theory of motivation developed by Pintrich. In addition to value and expectancy for success, it is proposed that people take into account how much effort is required to complete a task. A 2 × 2 × 2 analysis of variance design was used to investigate the relationship of Difficulty, Consequence, and Required Effort on the willingness of participants to complete a task. The dependent variable was the score obtained from completing statistical problems that varied in difficulty and effort required to complete. 128 students at a public university were participants. Analysis showed significant main effects and an interaction for difficulty and required effort, but no main effect for consequence. Results are discussed in terms of creating optimal motivation for classroom tasks and for both classroom and standardized examinations. Implications for students in subject pools are also discussed.
The Depression—Happiness Scale: Test-Retest Data over Two Weeks
Authors: Lewis Christopher Alan , McCollum Mark Anthony , Joseph Stephen
Published: August 2011

The present aim was to examine further the psychometric properties of the Depression–Happiness Scale. Test-retest data over 2 wk. are reported for this scale for a sample of 54 female Northern Irish university students. Stability was fairly high as r = .70, and there was no significant change between Time 1 and Time 2 ( M = 49.7 and 50.8, respectively). The data suggest that the Depression–Happiness Scale might be considered a trait measure of happiness rather than a state measure.
Attitudes toward Abortion, Capital Punishment, and Assisted Suicide
Authors: Vander Ryk April L. , O'Neill Maura J. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 51 college students, attitudes toward abortion, capital punishment, and assisted suicide were not consistently anti- or pro-death.
Job Stress among General Practitioners and Nurses in Primary Care in England
Authors: Rout Usha
Published: August 2011

This is a description comparing job stress, job satisfaction, and mental well-being of general practitioners ( n = 205) and practice nurses ( n = 119) in England, based on responses to a questionnaire. General practitioners reported lower job satisfaction and significantly greater pressure at work than did the practice nurses. Also, male general practitioners had significantly higher scores on anxiety and depression than a British normative population. Practice nurses, on the other hand, reported lower scores on anxiety and depression. The results should be interpreted with caution as the study is based on a small sample limited to the northwest region only; however, it does provide information which has important implications for the well-being of doctors and nurses in primary care.
The Visual Analogue Mood Scale: Can a Single-Item Scale Accurately Classify Depressive Mood State?
Authors: Killgore William D. Scott
Published: August 2011

Visual analogue mood scales provide extremely rapid, single-item assessment of affective states. This study examined discrimination on a single-item visual analogue depression scale between dysphoric or mildly depressed and nondepressed individuals in a sample of 284 college students. The visual analogue mood scale significantly discriminated subjects by mood category and achieved comparable hit rate, sensitivity, and specificity relative to other well validated mood scales.
Sex Differences in Pain Indices, Exercise, and Use of Analgesics
Authors: Zeichner Amos , Loftin Michael , Panopoulos Georgia , Widner Sabina , Allen Joseph
Published: August 2011

To understand better reported sex differences in sensitivity to pain, this study examined daily pain frequency and intensity, use of analgesics, physical activity, and both subjective and physiological response to acute pain in 18 men and 24 women, healthy people who provided information about their daily pain symptoms and physical activity before completing a cold pressor task. Compared to men, women reported more frequent and intense pain symptoms, as well as more frequent use of analgesics and lower physical activity. Women evinced higher physiological arousal during the cold pressor task but similar subjective pain. The findings highlight the different ways men and women cope with pain and the effect on their responses to acute pain.
Levels of Personal Agency among Academic Majors
Authors: Bishop David I. , Thomas Robert W. , Peper Bradley M.
Published: August 2011

Action identification theory presented by Vallacher and Wegner characterizes individual differences in identification level in terms of a personality dimension known as “level of personal agency.” Levels of personal agency, as measured by the Behavior Identification Form, were examined in a sample of 237 college “seniors” representing eight academic majors. The mean levels of personal agency among individuals in several of these majors were significantly different.
Vocational Students' Learning Preferences: The Interpretability of Ipsative Data
Authors: Smith Peter J.
Published: August 2011

A number of researchers have argued that ipsative data are not suitable for statistical procedures designed for normative data. Others have argued that the interpretability of such analyses of ipsative data are little affected where the number of variables and the sample size are sufficiently large. The research reported here represents a factor analysis of the scores on the Canfield Learning Styles Inventory for 1,252 students in vocational education. The results of the factor analysis of these ipsative data were examined in a context of existing theory and research on vocational students and lend support to the argument that the factor analysis of ipsative data can provide sensibly interpretable results.
Personality and Psychopathology of Drug Addicts in Puerto Rico
Authors: Porrata Jose Luis , Rosa Abraham
Published: August 2011

Drug abuse is one of the most pressing sociomedical problems of society. The purpose of this study was to examine the personality and psychopathology of addicts. 229 addicts in treatment programs scored high on Neuroticism and on the Lie Scale and low on Psychoticism and Extraversion on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire for Puerto Rico. An Addiction Scale, based on a factor analysis, showed a high component of Neuroticism items.
Internal Consistency Reliability and Construct Validity of the Dutch Translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity among Adolescents
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Hermans Chris A. M.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 1,021 young people attending Years 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 at Catholic secondary schools within the state-maintained sector completed the Dutch translation of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity. The data support its reliability and validity and commend it for further use in studies conducted among young people in The Netherlands.
Descriptions of Religious Experience Using Trait and Affect Adjectives
Authors: Nielsen Michael E.
Published: August 2011

66 adults rated the relevance of adjectives representing dimensions of affect and personality for describing how they felt during religious experiences. Adjectives, representing positive affect (enthusiastic, at ease), low neuroticism (calm, relaxed), and high agreeableness (soft-hearted, sympathetic), conscientiousness (conscientious, reliable), and extraversion (sociable, talkative), were rated to be descriptive of religious experiences. The failure of openness to discriminate religious experiences is consistent with Block's criticism (1995) of the five-factor model of personality.
FIRO–B: Factors and Facets
Authors: Macrosson W. D. K.
Published: August 2011

10 FIRO–B intercorrelation matrices were factor analysed; one matrix was derived from new FIRO–B data, all the other matrices were found in the literature. The correlation matrices were also subjected to meta-analysis. The findings suggested that the four FIRO–B scales associated with Inclusion and Affection are facets of the ubiquitous interpersonal superfactor, Nurturance, but the two FIRO–B Control scales each express an orthogonal construct both of which relate to the superfactor, Dominance.
Patients' Desire to Participate in Decision-Making in Psychiatry: A Questionnaire Survey in Japan
Authors: Hasui Chieko , Hayashi Miki , Tomoda Atsuko , Kohro Maki , Tanaka Kyoko , Dekio Fumiko , Kitamura Toshinori
Published: August 2011

Japanese national sentiment has been described as paternalistic, which has potentially wide-ranging implications for the manner in which psychiatric patients should participate in medical decision-making. To examine the extent and possible determinants of the desire to participate in medical decision-making among Japanese people, we distributed a packet of questionnaires to 747 (nonmedical) university students and 114 of their parents. The questionnaires included an imaginary case vignette of psychotic depression. The participants were asked whether they would want various types of medical information, i.e., diagnosis, aetiology, treatment, outcomes, medical charts, etc., disclosed to them were they in such a psychiatric condition. Also included was the 1995 Scale for Independent and Interdependent Construal of the Self by Kiuchi. More than half of the participants wanted all the types of medical information disclosed to them. Those participants who wanted to have all types of information disclosed to them ( n = 413) as compared to those who did not want to know at least one type of information ( n = 445), tended to be male and to have an educational background in psychiatry (9.7% vs 5.4%) as well as an assertive attitude as indicated by a higher score on Independence on the Scale for Independence and Interdependent Construal of the Self. These results suggest that the Japanese in this sample are more likely to want to make an autonomous contribution to the psychiatric decision-making process and that less desire for information can be predicted by some demographic and personality factors.
Some Empirical Evidence for Ecological Dissonance Theory
Authors: Miller Duane I. , Verhoek-Miller Nancy , Giesen J. Martin , Wells-Parker Elisabeth
Published: August 2011

Using Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory as a model, the extension to Barker's ecological theory, referred to as ecological dissonance theory, was developed. Designed to examine the motivational dynamics involved when environmental systems are in conflict with each other or with cognitive systems, ecological dissonance theory yielded five propositions which were tested in 10 studies. This summary of the studies suggests operationally defined measures of ecological dissonance may correlate with workers satisfaction with their jobs, involvement with their jobs, alienation from their work, and to a lesser extent, workers' conflict resolution behavior and communication style.
Preference for Numerical Information among Arab Students
Authors: Alkhateeb Haitham M. , Abed Adnan S.
Published: August 2011

To investigate the preferences for numerical information of 157 tenth grade students ( M = 16.1 yr.) in the United Arab Emirates, an Arabic translation of a questionnaire of Viswanathan developed, validated, and moderately stable over time was administered. Analysis indicated the preferences of Arab students for numerical information was positive. Also, these Arab students scored higher than American students in contrast with those in the Viswanathan study but the difference was not statistically significant using an independent t test.
Maternal Stress during Pregnancy, its Objectivation by Ultrasound Observation of Fetal Intrauterine Movements and Child's Temperament at 6 Months and 6 Years of Age: A Pilot Study
Authors: Niederhofer H. , Reiter A.
Published: August 2011

Niederhofer showed in 1994 that maternal stress during pregnancy seemed associated with development of personality in early childhood. This study examined the correlation between maternal stress during pregnancy for 121 women, its ultrasound objectivation by observation of intrauterine fetal movements, child's temperament in early childhood, and child's marks at the age of 6 years while controlling for possible confounding variables. Only intrauterine fetal movements were not associated either with stress during pregnancy or early personality.
Preliminary Development of the Body Image Affect Scale
Authors: Campbell Marcella E. , Chow Peter
Published: August 2011

A new body-image questionnaire was developed to measure the affect associated with a negative body image. Responses showed a Cronbach coefficient alpha of .84 and a negative correlation of −.21 with using humor in times of stress.
ODOR Recognition and Identification: Effect of Labels over Time
Authors: Bhalla Mukul , Marcus Kim M. , Cornwell John M.
Published: August 2011

The effect of labels on recognition and identification of odors over time was assessed. 30 men and 30 women were presented 20 odors; half of the participants were also told a name for the odor as a label. Five min. and 60 min. later, all participants were given 20 odors (10 from the original set, 10 new) and asked whether each odor was new or old (odor recognition). The group given labels was also asked to recall the label provided (odor identification). Analysis indicated a significant effect of time on recognition. Significantly more odors were recognized at 5 min. than 60 min. The effect of label was also significant, with recognition being better for the Label condition than the No-Label condition. As for odor identification, women identified more labels than did men. Overall, odor recognition was better with labels soon after exposure, and the women were better at remembering the labels than the men.
Some Late Nineteenth Century Perspectives on Sex and Emotional Expression
Authors: Braaten Ellen B. , Viney Wayne
Published: August 2011

A review of nineteenth century popular literature indicates a deep and sustained public interest in sex differences in emotional expression. The conclusions advanced by popular writers included a catalog of perceived sex differences, reinforced by an essentialist philosophy that provided justification for the separation of sexual spheres and restrictions on political, educational, and vocational opportunities for women. Current scientific research on sex differences appears in popular media and is often presented in the context of an essentialist philosophy comparable with that which was dominant in the nineteenth century. Unfortunately, the subtleties and complexities of sex differences are not always communicated to the public and there is thus a potential for misinterpretation or even misuse.
Comparing Leaders' Ratings to Targets' Self-Reported Resistance to Task Assignments: An Extension of Chester Barnard's Zones of Indifference
Authors: Barbuto John E.
Published: August 2011

This description and preliminary test of target resistance compared leaders' with targets' ratings of the targets' willingness to perform the nature of tasks assigned by leaders. Barbuto's concentric zones were used to test this difference in perceived resistance. The concentric zones— Preference, Indifference, Legitimate, Influence, and Noninfluence—were examined from both leaders' and targets' perspectives. Response from 201 leaders and targets demonstrated that leaders and followers generally reported the anticipated resistance of assigned tasks differently. Specifically, leaders rated the tasks they assigned to targets as less enjoyable, undesirable, more above the call of duty, and more likely to be resisted than targets self-reported.
Materialism and Credit Card Use by College Students
Authors: Pinto Mary Beth , Parente Diane H. , Palmer Todd S.
Published: August 2011

Much has been written in the popular press on credit card use and spending patterns of American college students. The proliferation of credit cards and their ease of acquisition ensure that students today have more opportunities for making more credit purchases than any other generation of college students. Little is known about the relationship between students' attitudes towards materialism and their use of credit cards. A study was conducted at three college campuses in the northeastern part of the United States where a total of 1,022 students were surveyed. Students' attitudes toward use of credit and their credit card balances were evaluated relative to their scores on Richins and Dawson's Materialism Scale (1992). Our findings suggest no significant difference between those individuals scoring high versus low on the Materialism Scale in terms of the number of credit cards owned and the average balance owed. Individuals high on materialism, however, significantly differed in terms of their uses for credit cards and their general attitude toward their use.
Relation between Transliminality and Openness to Experience
Authors: Thalbourne Michael A.
Published: August 2011

Testing 40 psychology undergraduates, an attempt was made to assess whether there is a positive correlation between transliminality (psychological material crossing thresholds into and out of consciousness) and openness to experience as measured by Brebner's Quickscales. The correlation was positive and significant but small ( r = .27, p = .05).
Response to Work Transitions by United States Army Personnel: Effects of Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, and Career Resilience
Authors: Gowan Mary A. , Craft Sonya Lee Solesbee , Zimmermann Raymond A.
Published: August 2011

This paper examined association of self-esteem, self-efficacy, and career resilience with the responses of 171 United States Army personnel making the transition to civilian jobs. Specifically, the study addresses whether personality traits are related to the appraisal of the transition from Army to civilian life and to how individuals plan to manage the transition to yield employment success. Self-esteem, self-efficacy, and career resilience were the personality variables examined. Only self-esteem and career resilience were related to harm appraisals of the transition. None of the personality variables were related to use of coping strategies. Limitations of the study and suggestions for research are provided.
Decisions on Child Care: Do Sex and Sexual Orientation Matter?
Authors: Regan Pamela C. , Ramirez Corina
Published: August 2011

This experiment on person perception used a role-playing methodology to examine whether a target individual's sex and sexual orientation influence perceived abilities as a child care worker. Men and women ( N = 78) role played the part of a parent who has placed an advertisement for a full-time babysitter. They received information about a male or female, heterosexual or homosexual applicant (randomly assigned). Although participants preferred to hire (and felt more comfortable leaving their children with) a heterosexual woman than any other type of applicant, they believed that homosexual men and women were as knowledgeable about aspects of child care, e.g., nutrition, first aid, as their heterosexual peers. The least preferred child care worker was a heterosexual man, perhaps because such a target is inconsistent with traditional sex-role expectations.
Including Weight Decay in the Rescorla-Wagner Model Avoids an Unlikely Prediction
Authors: Yamaguchi Makoto
Published: August 2011

Weight decay is a common technique for improving generalization in the field of neural networks. If weight decay is added to the Rescorla-Wagner model, a desirable result emerges in that the effects of prior learning are not expected to be permanent. This revised model accommodates an experimental finding called unblocking that was claimed to refute the Rescorla-Wagner model.
A Novel Social Situation and Loneliness
Authors: Getz Glen E.
Published: August 2011

Although social isolation has been shown to have a negative long-term influence on feelings of loneliness, there has been no systematic investigation of situational influences on loneliness. The purpose of this study was to compare scores on the UCLA Loneliness Scale, the loneliness which people feel prior to performing a novel task, with those on the same scale after engaging in the task. 31 college freshmen were divided into those working alone ( n = 14) and those working in a group ( n = 17). Those who performed the novel task within a group felt significantly less lonely after than prior to performing the task and reported less loneliness than the students who performed the same task in isolation. An important implication of this study is that group interaction may directly and immediately reduce the amount of loneliness individuals feel.
Criterion-Related Validity of the Marital Disaffection Scale as a Measure of Marital Estrangement
Authors: Flowers Claudia , Robinson Bryan E. , Carroll Jane J.
Published: August 2011

The Marital Disaffection Scale was administered, along with measures of positive feelings towards spouse, problem-drinking behavior of spouse, workaholic behavior of spouse, and marital status, to 323 female members of the American Counseling Association. Scores on the Marital Disaffection Scale showed significant inverse correlations ( r = –.94) with positive feelings towards spouse and ( rpb = –.63) with marital status. Scores on the Marital Disaffection Scale showed significant positive relationships ( r = .36) with spouse's problem drinking behavior and ( r = .48) with workaholic behavior of spouse. The results support the use of the Marital Disaffection Scale as a measure of emotional estrangement in marriage.
Sexual Satisfaction among Married Women Age 50 and Older
Authors: Young Michael , Denny George , Young Tamera , Luquis Raffy
Published: August 2011

Correlates of sexual satisfaction were identified in a sample of older married women. A 70-item questionnaire was mailed to an age-stratified sample of 5,000 married persons, including 1,000 married women over the age of 50. Usable questionnaires were received from 148 participants (14.8% return rate) Hierarchical multiple regression analysis, using sexual satisfaction as the dependent variable, yielded five predictor variables that accounted for a significant portion of the variation in sexual satisfaction (Cumulative R2 = .73). These results serve as a reminder that sexual interactions cannot be compartmentalized but must be considered within the context of the overall marriage relationship. Given the low return rate, interpretations should be limited until replication with an adequate sample has been completed.
Psychometric Properties of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale among People with Arthritis
Authors: Sheasby J. E. , Barlow J. H. , Cullen L. A. , Wright C. C.
Published: August 2011

After 30 years of use the factor structure of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale remains the subject of debate. Most studies have focused on school-aged or undergraduate students. There are few psychometric data for older people or for those with disabilities. This study compared the factor structures of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale among 117 adults with arthritis and 185 undergraduate students. A two-factor solution provided the best fit for both samples, although the item content of the factors differed slightly Further investigation is required to assess whether the difference is due to age or the presence of physical disability. Nonetheless, the scale discriminated well between students and adults with arthritis.
Effect of Feedback Expectancy on Neo-Five Factor Inventory Scores
Authors: Scandell Donald J. , Wlazelek Brian , Reffie Susan
Published: August 2011

Although Costa and McCrae have indicated that respondents can strategically self-present on the NEO-Five Factor Inventory when instructed to do so, little research has examined the situational factors related to the motivation to self-present. This study examined feedback expectancy concerning test performance as one variable that might have relevance to strategic self-presentation on the NEO-Five Factor Inventory. Participants ( N = 108) completed the inventory under one of three feedback expectancy conditions: public feedback, private feedback, or a control condition. Multiple analyses of variance indicated no significant differences on the inventory's domain scores among conditions, suggesting that feedback expectancy was not related to performance.
Obsession—Compulsion, Locus of Control, Depression, and Hopelessness: A Construct Validity of the Arabic Obsessive—Compulsive Scale in American and Kuwaiti Students
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In samples of 144 American and 209 Kuwaiti college students, the correlations among scores on the Arabic Obsessive–Compulsive Scale and external locus of control (.26, .25), depression (.31, .55) and hopelessness (.27, .43) were significant and positive in both samples, denoting the construct validity of the Obsessive–Compulsive Scale. Thus, it can be recommended for use in both countries.
Some Psychometric Properties of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule among Australian Youth
Authors: Melvin Glenn A. , Molloy Geoffrey N.
Published: August 2011

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was designed to measure two independent or orthogonal dimensions of mood. The present study concerned selected psychometric characteristics of the schedule in a convenience sample of 237 Australian adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. The results were generally supportive of the schedule's reported psychometric properties and for its use across age and nationality.
Longitudinal Evaluation Using the Environmental Deprivation Scale—Questionnaire with Felons
Authors: Del Witherspoon Arnold , Chubick Jennifer D.
Published: August 2011

The status of 32 felons was examined two years after they had completed the Environmental Deprivation Scale. Those who violated parole or probation scored significantly differently from those who remained on parole or probation or had been released. The questionnaire score could be helpful to identify which felons require additional supervision or treatment. Larger samples and extended evaluation are necessary for firm conclusions.
Competitiveness and Conflict Behavior in Simulation of a Social Dilemma
Authors: Houston John M. , Kinnie Judy , Lupo Bernice , Terry Christeine , Ho Sandy S.
Published: August 2011

This experiment examined the competitive behavior in a seven-choice Prisoner's Dilemma game of 108 adult students (68 women, 40 men) classified as high, average, or low in competitiveness based on their scores on the Competitiveness Index. Participants were then presented one of three preprogrammed response conditions representing (1) Competitive, (2) De-escalating, or (3) Noncompetitive conflict behavior from a simulated opponent. Participants high in competitiveness engaged in more competitive behavior and reported higher satisfaction with the task than those low in competitiveness. As expected, the Competitive conditions elicited more competitive behavior than Noncompetitive conditions. The results suggest competitive individuals may be particularly susceptible to social cues that trigger competitive behavior.
Verification of Impression of Voice in Relation to Occupational Categories
Authors: Yamada Natsuko , Hakoda Yuji , Yuda Emiko , Kusuhara Akiko
Published: August 2011

The present study examined how personality traits, physical characteristics, and occupational categories derived from listening to human voices are related to each other. Stimuli were 25 tape-recorded male vocal samples. In Study 1, 114 undergraduate and graduate students rated each of the 25 voices on 22 personality traits and 11 vocal characteristics. Participants were also given a list of 34 occupational categories from which they selected one suitable occupational category for each of the 25 voices. Of 34 occupations, 20 occupations selected most frequently were used in Study 2 wherein 90 junior college students rated the voices on the 20 occupational categories. Factor analyses produced three factors for personality characteristics, for vocal characteristics, and for occupational categories. Also, significant correlations among those factors (both positive and negative) indicated participants consistently attributed particular personality and vocal characteristics to specific voices and assigned those voices to particular occupational categories. Stereotypical perception of voices is discussed in terms of earwitness identification.
Career Priority Patterns among Managerial Women: A Study of Four Countries
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This research examined career priority patterns among samples of managerial and professional women in Bulgaria, Canada, Norway, and Singapore. Data were collected using questionnaires. Women in all four countries shared similar career priority patterns, endorsing patterns that combined both career and family.
A Methodological Note on Mail Survey Response Rates
Authors: Lipschultz Jeremy H. , Hilt Michael L. , Mixan Christine R.
Published: August 2011

Five mail surveys of broadcast managers during the 1990s yielded consistently low response rates. Implications for research are discussed.
Comparison of 26-Item and 20-Item Versions of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale for Psychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Wise Thomas N. , Simpson Nora , Sheridan Michael J.
Published: August 2011

This study compared the 20-item revised Toronto Alexithymia Scale with the 26-item version for 257 psychiatric outpatients. Scores on the 20-item version significantly correlated with those on the 26-item inventory even when controlled for depressed mood. Furthermore, the 20-item scale showed greater internal consistency. Factor analysis for both versions indicated three subfactors but the factors in the TAS-20 accounted for greater common variance (92%) than for the factors in the TAS-26 (78%). The total variance accounted for by these factors on the TAS-20 (45%) was also greater than for the TAS-26 (38%).
Stress and Immune System Function in a Newspaper's Newsroom
Authors: Brennan Francis X. , Charnetski Carl J.
Published: August 2011

Data were collected on 10 newswriters in a newspaper's newsroom. These included self-reported stress ratings and saliva samples for secretary immunoglobulin A (IgA) analysis. The stress ratings and saliva samples were taken initially and after three 30-min. periods. The first time period was a baseline measure and involved the workers engaging in their usual tasks. At Time 2 music was presented for 30 min. while workers engaged in their normal activities. At Time 3 workers resumed their normal duties. Findings showed an increase in IgA that was not statistically significant, a reduction in stress during the music period that was statistically significant, and a statistically significant negative correlation between stress and IgA.
Examiners' Errors on the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised
Authors: Sullivan Karen
Published: August 2011

This study examined the nature of WMS–R scoring errors made by trainee psychologists and the extent to which errors influenced index scores on this scale Trainee psychologists undertook competency based training exercises for the WMS–R, similar to those devised for the WAIS–R by Fantuzzo, Blakely, and Gorsuch in 1989. A WMS–R training protocol was devised and scored by three experienced psychologists to generate a gold standard protocol. The training protocol was then given to trainee psychologists to score. Scoring errors made by trainees included mathematical and transcription errors, and errors of judgment given failure to apply scoring criteria correctly. Present results are consistent with previous investigations of scoring errors among trainees on Wechsler's intelligence tests, and findings provide a preliminary indication that scoring errors on the WMS–R may alter classification by ability.
Is the Picture Bizarreness Effect a Generation Effect?
Authors: Marchal Anne , Nicolas Serge
Published: August 2011

Bizarre stimuli usually facilitate recall compared to common stimuli. This investigation explored the so-called bizarreness effect in free recall by using 80 simple line drawings of common objects (common vs bizarre). 64 subjects participated with 16 subjects in each group. Half of the subjects received learning instructions and the other half rated the bizarreness of each drawing. Moreover, drawings were presented either alone or with the name of the object under mixed-list encoding conditions. After the free recall task, subjects had to make metamemory judgments about how many items of each format they had seen and recalled. The key result was that a superiority of bizarre pictures over common ones was found in all conditions although performance was better when the pictures were presented alone than with their corresponding label. Subsequent metamemory judgments, however, showed that subjects underestimated the number of bizarre items actually recalled.
Aids Awareness among South African Students
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S. , Jadezweni Morris M.
Published: August 2011

The present study explored reported awareness of AIDS among third-year majors in education. The 71 men and 93 women had a mean age of 24.7 yr. ( SD = 4.7 yr.). Those who were aware outnumbered those who were not.
Development, Gender Equality, and Suicide Rates
Authors: Mayer Peter
Published: August 2011

A component of the United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index which measures longevity was negatively associated –.55 with suicide rates in 37 nations for men; the correlation with the suicide sex ratio was also negative ( r = –.59). Women's access to social, political, and economic power in a subsample of 26 nations, summarized in the UNDP's Gender Empowerment Measure, was positively correlated with suicide rates ( r = .36 for both women and men). UNDP measures of attainment in literacy and income showed no individual relationship with suicide rates. In a multiple regression model, life expectancy was negatively related, and the Gender-related Development index was positively related, to suicide rates.
Are Brain-Damaged Patients Inappropriately Labeled as Malingering Using the 21-Item Test and the WMS—R Logical Memory Forced Choice Recognition Test?
Authors: Gontkovsky Samuel T. , Souheaver Gary T.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the false positive hit rate of the 21-item Test and the WMS–R Logical Memory Forced Choice Recognition Test and compared the relationship between the measures in classifying biased responding/malingering. Of 40 patients referred for comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation, 18 were classified as brain-damaged based on independent neurological or neuroradiological examination. The remaining 22 patients could not be so classified on neurological or neuroradiological evidence and thus served as a medical control group. Findings indicated the brain-damaged group performed more poorly than did the control group across measures, and both groups, on the average, performed markedly better than that required to suggest biased responding. Also, taking both tests together, no individual patient was classified as malingering.
Comparison of Two Methods of MMPI-2 Profile Classification
Authors: Munley Patrick H. , Germain Jean M.
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the extent of agreement of the highest scale method and the best-fit method in matching MMPI-2 profiles to database code-type profiles and considered profile characteristics that may relate to agreement or disagreement of code-type matches by these two methods. A sample of 519 MMPI-2 profiles that had been classified into database profile code types by these two methods was studied. Resulting code-type matches were classified into three groups: identical (30%), similar (39%), and different (31%), and the profile characteristics of profile elevation, dispersion, and profile code-type definition were studied. Profile code-type definition was significantly different across the three groups with identical and similar match profile groups showing greater profile code-type definition and the different group consisting of profiles that were less well-defined.
Correlations of Self-Esteem and Intolerance of Ambiguity with Risk Aversion
Authors: Johanson John C.
Published: August 2011

The current paper reports for 80 undergraduates that risk aversion is greater among those with lower self-esteem scores on Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale and those with higher scores on Budner's Intolerance of Ambiguity Scale.
Increased Prevalence of Sensing Types in Men with Cluster Headaches
Authors: Mueller Loretta , Gallahger R. Michael , Steer Robert A. , Ciervo Carman A.
Published: August 2011

To ascertain whether the percentage of men who suffer with cluster headaches and are classified as sensing types according to Jung's theory of psychological types was comparable to the percentage (74%) of Sensing types that was found by Gallagher, et al. among women who experience migraine headaches, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® was administered to 25 male cluster-headache patients. There were 19 (76%) male Sensing types, and this was comparable to the percentage of Sensing types for migrainous women. The results are discussed as supporting previous contentions that Sensing types may be prone to developing psychosomatic symptoms related to stress.
Assumptions about Human Nature: Comparison of Implicit and Explicit Personality Theories
Authors: Hochwälder Jacek
Published: August 2011

Hjelle and Ziegler (1981) believe that people's positions on nine fundamental dimensions of human nature affect their personality theories, and that differences between people on these dimensions contribute to differences between their personality theories. The present study was conducted in order to obtain information about the ordinary person's position on these dimensions and to compare the ordinary person's position with 10 personality theorists' positions. 84 subjects rated their positions on each of nine 11-step bipolar dimensions. The following results were obtained: (1) According to the ordinary person, the human being is free, changeable, influenced by the subjective world of experience, a product of the environment, and best understood from a holistic perspective; (2) The position of the ordinary person is most similar to Allport's position, and least similar to Skinner's position. The results are discussed in light of the relation between implicit (lay) and explicit (scientific) theories of personality.
Evaluation of Family Structures with Figure Placement Techniques
Authors: Gehring Thomas M. , Marti Daniel
Published: August 2011

The relevance of figure placement techniques for analyzing family cohesion and hierarchy structures in various settings is described and the completion of further studies including these instruments is suggested.
Perceptions of Leader-Member Exchange: Comparison of Permanent and Temporary Employees
Authors: Lamude Kevin G. , Scudder Joseph , Simmons Donna
Published: August 2011

This study was done to explore how perceived scores for leader-member exchange varies among temporary employees and permanent employees. Study of 158 subordinates indicated no significant difference between the two member groups.
Affiliation, Community Size, and Person-Positivity Effect in Return of Lost Letters
Authors: Bridges F. Stephen , Ryan Stuart , Scheibe Jennifer J.
Published: August 2011

A study using 1,008 “lost letters” was designed to test the hypotheses that returned responses would be greater in smaller rural communities than from cities, that addressees' affiliation with a group opposed to physical education in schools would reduce the return rate, and that a person-positivity effect would influence return rates. Community Size and Person-Positivity conditions were not significantly associated with different rates of return even though returned letters from the smaller rural communities were more frequent than those from the cities across addressee conditions. Findings seem to suggest no community bias in the willingness of people to help a stranger in need by returning a lost letter. Person-Positivity conditions did not seem to improve the technique. Both addressees' affiliations alone and community size and addressees' affiliations were associated with significantly different rates of return in smaller rural communities, with rates of return greater in the smaller rural communities than in the cities (except for the addressee opposed to physical education in schools).
Academic Stress and Secretory Immunoglobulin A
Authors: Greenman John , Lowe Geoff , Urquhart James , Lowe Gillian
Published: August 2011

Immediately before and after giving an oral presentation and taking examinations 10 final-year students provided saliva samples for immunoglobulin A assay. Compared with ‘baseline’, levels of immunoglobulin A were lower surrounding the examination conditions and before the presentation.
Smiling of Male and Female Infants to Mother vs Stranger at 2 and 3 Months of Age
Authors: Farris Marinela R.
Published: August 2011

The study examined the recognition-assimilation hypothesis of infant smiling. The subjects were 64 (32 female and 32 male) full-term infants who were visited at their home at ages two and three months by a female experimenter. The mother and then the female stranger each interacted face-to-face with the infants for 3 min. All interactions were videotaped and later independent coders recorded the cumulative amount of time that the infants smiled to the mother and to the stranger. The results show that, whereas female infants smiled significantly more to the stranger than to the mother at both ages, male infants smiled more to the mother only at two months. At three months, male infants smiled about the same length of time to both mother and stranger. The results support the recognition-assimilation hypothesis and suggest that females develop faster socially.
Students' Performance on Makeup Examinations and other Evaluations
Authors: Kahn Irwin
Published: August 2011

In two studies, one involving a lower-division psychology course and the other involving an upper-division psychology course, students who missed required examinations had lower test scores, quiz scores, comprehensive final test scores, and attendance than students who did not miss required examinations. In addition, students in the upper-division psychology course who missed required examinations had a lower mean makeup examination test score than on their required examination.
Sex, Social Class, and Estimating IQ: Middle-Class Male Subjects Rate Themselves Most Intelligent
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Dixon Diane , Harrison Tracy , Rasmussen Susan , O'Connor Rory
Published: August 2011

153 sociology students specified parental occupation and job status before estimating their own and their parents' overall IQ. Male subjects, as predicted, gave a higher mean self-estimated score to themselves than did female subjects (113 vs 106). Fathers were awarded higher IQ scores than mothers (114 vs 107). Male subjects who had mothers in a higher social class gave themselves the highest mean score.
The Measurement Artifact in the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire
Authors: Caught Kellie , Shadur Mark A. , Rodwell John J.
Published: August 2011

This study empirically examined the debate in the literature regarding the dimensionality of the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire. The sample comprised 803 employees from organizations in the information technology and hospitality industries. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire appears to have a two-factor structure, with one factor consisting of positively worded items and the other factor, negatively worded items. Scores on both factors correlated significantly with job satisfaction, suggesting that both factors appear to be measuring a similar aspect of organizational commitment and that they present as two factors given as measurement artifacts of the item wording.
Deliberate Self-Injury in Female Russian Inmates
Authors: Boiko Igor , Lester David
Published: August 2011

A study of female inmates in a Russian correctional facility indicated the self-injurers did not differ on aggression and hostility from the average female inmate.
Attitudes toward Abortion
Authors: Liszewski Carrie L. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 68 undergraduates, approval of abortion was not associated with a general tendency toward irrational thinking.
Democracy and Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Indices of democratic rights and local autonomy in the 26 Swiss cantons in 1990 were not associated with the suicide rates of the cantons.
Students' Motives for Communicating with Their Instructors and Affective and Cognitive Learning
Authors: Martin Matthew M. , Mottet Timothy P. , Myers Scott A.
Published: August 2011

Students ( N = 259) reported on their motives for communicating with their instructors along with completing measures of affective and cognitive learning. The relational, functional, and participatory motives tended to be positively correlated with learning, but there were no significant associations for excuse-making and sycophantic motives with learning.
Major Dimensions of Near-Death Experiences
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Data from 71 near-death experiences indicated that there were four independent clusters of elements to the experience and that personal and circumstance-related variables were associated with some of these clusters.
Application of the Reflective Self-Function Scale to the Clinical Interview for Couples during Pregnancy
Authors: Lis Adriana , Zennaro Alessandro , Mazzeschi Claudia
Published: August 2011

The Reflective Self-function Scale was originally devised by Fonagy and coworkers to assess parents' capacity to understand and reflect on the mental states of the self and others. The aim of this paper was to describe early normative data for rating the reflective self-function to the Clinical Interview for Parents During Pregnancy. The interview was administered to 112 middle-class couples living in northern Italy and expecting their first baby. Reflective self-function was rated in three areas of the interview: the expected child, the couple's relationship, and the relationship of parents-to-be with their own parents. The paper describes the rationale, rating process, and early normative data in our sample.
Effects of Sex, Parental Status, and Spouse Work Involvement in Dual-Career Couples
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of sex, parental status, and spouse's work involvement on measures of work-family experiences. Data were collected from women and men employed in similar jobs at the same organizational level in a large professional services firm using anonymously completed questionnaires. A response rate of 70% was achieved. Spouses of men worked fewer hours per week than the men did; spouses of women worked more hours per week than the women did. The effects of three independent variables (sex, presence of children, hours worked by spouse) were considered simultaneously. Each had independent and significant relationships with a majority of the work-family and work outcome measures. Implications for organizations are drawn to address the increasing priority of balancing work and family commitments in dual-career couples.
Surrogate Motherhood: Personality Traits and Satisfaction with Service Providers
Authors: Kleinpeter Christine Hagan , Hohman Melinda M.
Published: August 2011

This study explored the personality traits of 15 women who served as surrogate mothers in a California-based surrogacy program. Their satisfaction with their service providers, i.e., the program director, psychologist, and medical doctor, were explored. All had given birth to one or more children, and five had been a surrogate more than once. 13 used in vitro fertilization, with only two choosing artificial insemination. 15 subjects were given the NEO–R Personality Inventory, a global measure of normal personality traits. Analysis indicated that surrogates overall were very pleased with their experiences, and they differed from the general population on nine personality traits.