bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Well-Being as Value Fulfillment
Authors: Tiberius Valerie
Published: November 2018

We don’t always know how to help people, even when those people are our friends. This is not just a problem about how to provide the help we know others need. It is also the problem of what help they need in the first place, and this is a problem that requires ethical thinking. The theory of well-being defended in this book—the value fulfillment theory—provides a solution to this problem. In short, the theory says that our lives go well to the extent that we succeed in terms of what matters to us emotionally, reflectively, and over the long term. In other words, well-being consists in fulfilling or realizing our appropriate values over time. Therefore, according to the value fulfillment theory, when we want to help others achieve greater well-being, we should pay attention to their values. This means attending to how others’ values fit together, how they understand what it means to succeed in terms of these values, and how things could change for them over time. Being a good and helpful friend, then, requires cultivating some habits of humility that overcome our tendency to think we know what’s good for other people without really understanding what it’s like to be them. This work presents the first book-length defense of value fulfillment theory. It is aimed at philosophers and psychologists, and anyone with an interest in philosophical research on human well-being.
Conclusion
Authors: Tiberius Valerie
Published: November 2018

The conclusion emphasizes two themes. First, that people’s systems of values are complex and involve many interrelationships among various values and standards of fulfillment. Second, that because of this complexity, simple solutions to our problems are not possible. We need to try to fit our ultimate values together as best we can, often in conversation with friends, by adjusting how we prioritize them, the means we take to them, and how we understand success in terms of them. The second half of the chapter considers a new question: Who is a philosopher to tell other people what to do?
Prisoners’ Families, Public Opinion, and the State
Authors: Smith Peter Scharff
Published: November 2018

This chapter moves the focus from the offender-state binary to a broader discussion about the relationship between penal policies, prisons, and society. It does so using a partly Durkheimian approach. The sociologist Émile Durkheim saw the function of the institutions of penality less as a form of instrumental rationality and more as a kind of routinized expression of emotion. According to such an approach, thinking of punishment as a calculated instrument for the rational control of conduct would be to miss its essential character, to mistake superficial form for true content since the essence of punishment is irrational, unthinking emotion fixed by a sense of the sacred and its violation. Furthermore, this chapter suggests that interpreting and implementing the rights of prisoners’ children and families provides a perspective on criminal justice systems, which can potentially change the current state-offender dynamic.
Translations of Virgil into Esperanto
Authors: Greatrex Geoffrey
Published: November 2018

This chapter stands apart from the rest, since it discusses the translations of Virgil into Esperanto, an artificial international language invented in 1887 by Ludwig Zamenhof, a Jewish ophthalmologist in Poland. The translators of Virgil into Esperanto insisted on the importance of producing translations of great works of world literature so as to provide legitimacy to this new international language. Greatrex looks at the three verse translations of the Aeneid into Esperanto, specifically from Book 4, in order to demonstrate the importance of translation activity for Esperanto literature. However, these translations were, and remain, isolated from the translations of Virgil into other languages.
Sing It Like Homer
Authors: Papaioannou Sophia
Published: November 2018

Eugenios Voulgaris, whose Greek translation of Virgil’s epic is the subject of this chapter, is another example of how translation was used for cultural ideology. Voulgaris, who was invited by Catherine the Great of Russia to serve as archbishop of Cherson and Slaviansk, translated the Aeneid into Homeric Greek. This odd translation also had a pronounced pedagogical mission for an intended audience that was not Russian, but rather belonged to the Greek diaspora. Furthermore, as Papaioannou shows, Voulgaris’s strange undertaking was closely intertwined with Catherine’s political and cultural aspirations: her ‘Greek Project’, which aimed at projecting Russia both as a Western military power in the likeness of Rome and as the heir to Greek Orthodox Byzantium.
Finding a Pastoral Idiom
Authors: Skoie Mathilde
Published: November 2018

This chapter introduces yet another European ‘repossession’ of Virgil that generally remains outside the scope of most volumes on translation and reception. Skoie focuses on three Norwegian translations of Virgil’s Eclogues and analyses the way they exhibit tendencies towards two complementary processes that have been labelled, in recent theories of translation, as ‘domestication’ and ‘foreignization’; and they do so as the language of translation becomes politicized and engaged in debates about Norwegian identity. Skoie explores the use of Virgilian pastoral idiom in a foreign language and the juxtaposition between rural and urban voices in the context of language politics.
Du Bellay’s L’Énéide
Authors: Gautier Hélène
Published: November 2018

This chapter adds to the discussion of the French translations of Virgil by focusing on Books 4 and 6 of Du Bellay’s translations of the Aeneid, written in the 1550s. The chapter places Du Bellay’s translation in the context of Renaissance translations and of the evolution of French language and poetics. Furthermore, Gautier contemplates how Du Bellay’s translations of Virgil made a mark on his own original poetry, and vice versa. One form of poetry becomes closely intertwined with and informs the other. Du Bellay not only assimilates the imagery and rhythm of Virgilian epic but, through Virgil, ponders on his own poetic voice.
Irish Versions of Virgil’s Eclogues and Georgics
Authors: O’Hogan Cillian
Published: November 2018

Irish versions of the Eclogues and Georgics serve as another salient example of how culture and nationhood define themselves through Virgil. This chapter explores how Virgil has provided a way of navigating Irish identity and looks at the language choices in Irish translations that lead away from British classically infused literature and towards an alternative classical tradition. In particular, by examining Seamus Heaney’s translation of Eclogue 9 and Peter Fallon’s translation of the Georgics, O’Hogan argues that both provide two aspects of Virgilian ‘repossession’: poets relocate Virgilian poems into familiar Irish landscapes replete with grim realities of rural life; and they make use of Hiberno-English, the everyday version of English used in Ireland.
The somatic error hypothesis of anxiety
Authors: Khalsa Sahib S. , Feinstein Justin S.
Published: November 2018

A regulatory battle for control ensues in the central nervous system following a mismatch between the current physiological state of an organism as mapped in viscerosensory brain regions and the predicted body state as computed in visceromotor control regions. The discrepancy between the predicted and current body state (i.e. the “somatic error”) signals a need for corrective action, motivating changes in both cognition and behavior. This chapter argues that anxiety disorders are fundamentally driven by somatic errors that fail to be adaptively regulated, leaving the organism in a state of dissonance where the predicted body state is perpetually out of line with the current body state. Repeated failures to quell somatic error can result in long-term changes to interoceptive circuitry within the brain. This chapter explores the neuropsychiatric sequelae that can emerge following chronic allostatic dysregulation of somatic errors and discusses novel therapies that might help to correct this dysregulation.
Was Descartes right after all? An affective background for bodily awareness
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: November 2018

Recent accounts of interoception have highlighted its role for self-awareness, but what gives it such a privileged status compared to other sources of information about the body, and is it actually warranted? This chapter first explores the many ways one might understand the notion of interoception, rejecting most definitions that are too liberal. It further focuses on the interoceptive feelings that we spontaneously experience, such as thirst, fatigue, or hunger, highlighting the limits of the attentional notion of interoceptive awareness in use in the experimental literature. Interoceptive feelings inform us about the welfare of the organism as a whole and their spatial principle of organization is holistic. This chapter then assesses the contribution of these feelings for the awareness of one’s body as one’s own. In brief, their role is not to fix the spatial boundaries of the body but rather to provide an affective background to our bodily sensations.
Climate Justice: Integrating Economics and Philosophy
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Shue Henry
Published: November 2018

Climate justice requires sharing the burdens and benefits of climate change and its resolution equitably and fairly. It brings together justice between and justice within generations. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals summit in September 2015, and the Conference of Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris in December 2015, brought climate justice center stage in global discussions. In the run-up to Paris, Mary Robinson instituted the Climate Justice Dialogue. The editors of this volume, an economist and a philosopher, served on the High Level Advisory Committee of the Climate Justice Dialogue. During this process they noted the overlap and mutual enforcement between the economic and philosophical discourses on climate justice, but also the great need for these strands to come together to support the public and policy discourse. The authors in this collection demonstrate various different ways of bringing about this integration.
Justice and Posterity
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: November 2018

What kind of world should current generations bequeath to those who come after them? One appealing principle holds that those alive at any one time should leave future people with a standard of living that is at least as good as the one that they claim for themselves. Versions of this principle have been put forward by economists, philosophers, and legal scholars. However, while the principle is an attractive one, its meaning is also elusive. This chapter therefore explores how best to spell out the underlying principle. It then seeks to motivate support for this principle and to outline its implications for development, global inequalities, and addressing climate change.
Discounting and the Paradox of the Indefinitely Postponed Splurge
Authors: Rendall Matthew
Published: November 2018

It is sometimes argued in support of discounting future costs and benefits that if we gave the same weight to the future as to the present, we would invest nearly all our income, but never spend it. Rather than enjoying the fruits of our investments, we would always do better to reinvest them. Undiscounted utilitarianism (UU), so the argument goes, is collectively self-defeating. This attempted reductio ad absurdum fails. Regardless of whether each generation successfully followed UU, or merely attempted to follow it, we could never get trapped in endless saving. The real problem is different: without the ability to foresee the end of the world, UU cannot tell us how much to save. Discounting is a defensible response, but only when coupled with a rule against risking catastrophe.
The Aspiring Self
Authors: Pattison George
Published: November 2018

Noting that recent fashions in spirituality have moved away from what is perceived as the content of Salesian devotion, it is argued that the latter nevertheless condenses widespread themes in Christian spirituality. The chapter provides a historical context for the texts being studied, looking at the lives of de Sales, Fénelon, and others and noting the controversial status of their teaching in seventeenth-century France, especially through association with Quietism. Although the devout self seems at first to be a submissive self, it is argued that de Sales’s own account requires seeing it as a free and self-determining self, capable of giving itself in devotion, even if the aim is to subordinate the self to the movement of the spirit.
The Relational Self
Authors: Pattison George
Published: November 2018

The devout self is constituted as a set of relationships: to itself, to the God it perceives as its creator and guide, and to those others whom it is obligated to love. Its relation to God is freely chosen, but although the choice of devotion involves a certain self-understanding this choice is not motivated primarily by reason. Instead, it is a matter of will or, more accurately, affection, manifest in the soul’s discovery of the convenience or fittingness of devotion to its own aptitudes. Reflection is however necessary to direct its practice especially with regard to the complex social situations in which devotion is to be lived and resisting the mimetic rivalry of the surrounding society.
The Humbled Self
Authors: Pattison George
Published: November 2018

The devout self comes to devotion as one who has already fallen short of the Christian ideal and now wants to do better, but it is made clear that perfection will not be achieved in this life and the soul will fall many times. The devout life is thus from the beginning a life of repentance or, more radically, mortification. The self is pictured as engaged in a holy war with itself in which, in the end, it must accept defeat by God. In this defeat it learns humility, widely acclaimed as the most important Christian virtue. However, humility means something different from the modest self-regard of Aristotelian ethics and, as de Sales makes clear, means welcoming abjection. The great model for humility is Christ himself, both as regards the circumstances of his life and death and in the humility of incarnation itself.
The moving electron: electrical properties
Authors: Launay Jean-Pierre , Verdaguer Michel
Published: November 2018

The three basic parameters controlling electron transfer are presented: electronic interaction, structural change and interelectronic repulsion. Then electron transfer in discrete molecular systems is considered, with cases of inter- and intramolecular transfers. The semi-classical (Marcus—Hush) and quantum models are developed, and the properties of mixed valence systems are described. Double exchange in magnetic mixed valence entities is introduced. Biological electron transfer in proteins is briefly presented. The conductivity in extended molecular solids (in particular organic conductors) is tackled starting from band theory, with examples such as KCP, polyacetylene and TTF-TCNQ. It is shown that electron–phonon interaction can change the geometrical structure and alter conductivity through Peierls distortion. Another important effect occurs in narrow-band systems where the interelectronic repulsion plays a leading role, for instance in Mott insulators.
The Reproducibility of Governance Indicators
Authors: Gandrud Christopher
Published: November 2018

Reproducibility is a core tenant of scientific enquiry, including the study of governance and government outputs. Having full access to the data and procedures that researchers used to study a phenomenon is vital for being able to understand and trust their findings. This chapter sets out best practices for the reproducibility of governance indicators. For a governance indicator project to be ‘really reproducible’, the full data as well as data gathering and analysis procedures should be easily and persistently accessible. Indicator development should be fully documented, especially via a version control system. The chapter surveys the status quo level of reproducibility among prominent governance indicator projects. While most had some reproduction material available, none were really reproducible. The chapter concludes with recommendations, including calling for a shared governance indicator hosting service that focuses on encouraging reproducibility.
Measuring Governance
Authors: Kayser Mark A.
Published: November 2018

The field of governance indicators boasts a wide and sometimes confusing abundance of competing indicators derived from different sources and methodologies. This chapter connects the arguments posed throughout this volume, delineates the frontiers of the indicators field, and identifies key challenges ahead, particularly for researchers and indicator developers. Throughout the chapter, it becomes clear that the most fruitful distinction among governance indicator systems is their purpose: indicators intended to raise public and government awareness of societal problems require distinctly different designs and standards than those intended for theory testing and effective policy design.
Addressing the Policy Challenge
Authors: Alter Rolf
Published: November 2018

Countries worldwide recognise the need for further efforts to develop robust and comparable policy-relevant evidence on government performance that can feed into the policy-making cycle. Despite this consensus and the growing quantity of data along with technological advances, many governments still have trouble generating, collecting, synthesising, and using evidence to inform decisions. This chapter looks at both the supply and demand sides of policy-related evidence to highlight some of the challenges faced by evidence producers and users as well as some of the solutions that have emerged and seem to hold potential. The search for appropriate indicators to monitor and evaluate open government initiatives provides a practical example of how the challenges can be dealt with. From the discussion arise a number of recommendations for improving governance indicators, the evidence on which they are based, and the way their findings can be put to use.
Mining’s Contribution to Low- and Middle-income Economies
Authors: Ericsson Magnus , Löf Olof
Published: November 2018

In several low- and middle-income countries with important extractive sectors, gross national income has developed favourably. Africa has benefitted most, particularly West Africa. This chapter provides an up-to-date statistical analysis of the contribution of non-fuel minerals mining to low- and middle-income economies. Using the detailed data available for the minerals sector, an analysis is carried out of the current situation for 2014, and of trends in mining’s contribution to economic development for the years 1996–2014. The contribution of minerals and mining to gross domestic product and exports reached a maximum at the peak of the mining boom in 2011. Although the figures for mining’s contribution had declined for most countries by 2014, the levels were still considerably higher than in 1996. The results of this chapter contradict the widespread view that mineral resources create a dependency that might not be conducive to economic and social development.
The Role of Oil and Gas in the Economic Development of the Global Economy
Authors: Stevens Paul
Published: November 2018

This chapter is concerned with the role of oil and gas in the economic development of the global economy. It focuses on the context in which established and newer oil and gas producers in developing countries must frame their policies to optimize the benefits of such resources. It outlines a history of the issue over the last twenty-five years. It considers oil and gas as factor inputs, their role in global trade, the role of oil prices in the macroeconomy and the impact of the geopolitics of oil and gas. It then considers various conventional views of the future of oil and gas in the primary energy mix. Finally, it challenges the drivers behind these conventional views of the future with an emphasis on why they may prove to be different from what is expected and how this may change the context in which producers must frame their policy responses.
The Curse of the One-size-fits-all Fix
Authors: Lahn Glada , Stevens Paul
Published: November 2018

In the context of falls in extractive commodities prices since 2011, this chapter examines the history of thinking about the interplay between extractive industries and economic development. Just as ‘the resource curse’ fails as a generic explanation on account of the huge diversity in country contexts, so does the one-size-fits-all governance solution, which international aid agencies, industry, and banks have promoted in support of ‘extractives-led growth’ since the early 2000s. Asking why the sector has not in many cases yielded more durable economic gains reveals the need for greater attention to a country’s capacity to diversify, options for pacing development, and appropriate performance measures.
Introduction to Complex Systems
Authors: Thurner Stefan , Hanel Rudolf , Klimekl Peter
Published: November 2018

The science of complex systems is not an offspring of physics, biology, or the socialsciences, but a unique mix of all three. By recalling what these diciplines are, wedevelop an intuitive feel for complex systems and for how this science differs from otherdisciplines. This chapter aims to show that the science of complex systems combinesphysics, biology, and the social sciences in a unique blend that is a new discipline in itsown right. We review a few classical concepts of the science of complex systems andemphasize the importance of co-evolution of states of components and their interaction.The chapter clarifies the structure of the book.
Introduction
Authors: Gamberini Andrea
Published: November 2018

The introduction gives a critical rereading of the historiographical debate regarding the processes of state building at the end of the Middle Ages, highlighting its limitations in the lack of interest shown in the ideal reasons for the political conflict. This then gives rise to the interpretative proposal that forms the basis of the present work, which aims to shed light on the many conflicts that, in relation to legitimacy of power, tore medieval society apart. With this in mind, the introduction focuses on an analysis of the sources that are potentially useful for the study of these particular aspects, on the risks underlying their use, and on the expected results. The last part discusses the structure of the work and justifies the decision to divide it into two, clearly divided parts, dedicated to the communal age on the one hand and the post-communal era on the other.
The Experience of Personal Government between the Factions and the Popolo
Authors: Gamberini Andrea
Published: November 2018

At the beginning of the thirteenth century, two new actors made their appearance in the political life of the communes: the factions and the Societas Populi. This chapter focuses on the political language and culture of these two elements, highlighting the tendency of various social actors to consistently represent the unity of the political body. This was the supreme value which neither the factions nor the Popolo would renounce, even when they were alone in power: on the contrary, in fact, it was very much in that kind of situation that the parties tended to represent themselves as ‘the whole’. The chapter then goes on to examine the role that both the factions and the Societas Populi played in fostering the first experiences of lordly government in the city.
Towards Conflict
Authors: Gamberini Andrea
Published: November 2018

This chapter goes to the heart of the clash between the political culture of the communal citizen and the political cultures of the countryside. The process of reinterpretation of reality that the doctores pursued on the basis of learned law made it possible for the communes to reformulate political bonds in rural areas. The challenge that the commune threw down to the lordly powers of the countryside was then to reformulate their own traditional prerogatives of dominion through the new juridical language, in order to find a collocation within that general ordo (hierarchy) of authorities that placed the emperor at the summit and the communes immediately below him. For those powers that had their own roots in other cultural backgrounds, judicial scissors inexorably cut down the spaces available for claim-making, as is clearly shown by the trials that took place in urban courts against the lords of the countryside.
The Ideology of the Regional State
Authors: Gamberini Andrea
Published: November 2018

This chapter analyses the way in which the Visconti justified their seigneury and their expansionist policies on an ethical and political level. They attempted to set themselves up as paladins in the war against tyranny—now seen not in its traditional sense as one of the degenerate forms of government, but as a division of the political body, a prime cause of war and an obstacle to peace. Through this intrepid conceptual twist, pro-Visconti circles were thus notably successful in deflecting any delegitimizing accusation away from their masters, while at the same time elaborating an ethico-political justification for their expansionism: a first glimpse, here, of the ideological foundations of the regional state.
The Duke and the Culture of Individual Distinction
Authors: Gamberini Andrea
Published: November 2018

The great challenge posed by the construction of a state based around a noble and princely structure led first of all to confrontation with those republican ideals that continued to guide large and small communities in their day-to-day operation. Once again, the Visconti and the Sforza did not merely set about seeking a peaceful modus vivendi, but attempted to dismantle competing cultures through the development of an alternative model of social organization, based on distinctions among men. Communitary egalitarianism was opposed by the valorization of individual excellence, which the prince acknowledged on the basis of status, wealth, and local influence. This resulted in a frontal attack on the political subjectivity of the communities, which, however, reacted in different ways in the cities and in the countryside. This chapter focuses on these aspects.
Guelphs and Ghibellines
Authors: Gamberini Andrea
Published: November 2018

To find a political culture that was actually shared by rural lords and country dwellers, as well as by country and city, and aristocrats and prince, it would probably be necessary to look at that of the Guelph and Ghibelline metafactions, capable as they were of activating ties of solidarity and a strong sense of obedience. More than the ideological component—although the contents of this evolved constantly throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and beyond—what generated membership of the parties was above all their role of mediation between environments at a distance from one another, such as the centre of the domain and its peripheries. The emergence of a new bureaucratically oriented state did not exhaust the spaces for political interaction and the Guelph and Ghibelline parties ended up monopolizing the exchange of particular resources: exemptions, pardons, ecclesiastical benefices for subjects, information and political support for the duke.
Cain’s Castles
Authors: Milbank Alison
Published: November 2018

In Chapter 1, the Reformation is presented as the paradigmatic site of Gothic escape: the evil monastery can be traced back to Wycliffe’s ‘Cain’s castles’ and the fictional abbey ruin to the Dissolution. Central Gothic tropes are shown to have their origin in this period: the Gothic heroine is compared to the female martyrs of Foxe’s Acts and Monuments; the usurper figure is linked to the papal Antichrist; and the element of continuation and the establishment of the true heir is related to Reformation historiography, which needs to prove that the Protestant Church is in continuity with early Christianity—this crisis of legitimacy is repeated in the Glorious Revolution. Lastly, Gothic uncovering of hypocrisy is allied to the revelation of Catholicism as idolatry. The Faerie Queene is interpreted as a mode of Protestant Gothic and Spenser’s Una provides an allegorical gesture of melancholic distance, which will be rendered productive in later Gothic fiction.
Black Books and Brownies
Authors: Milbank Alison
Published: November 2018

Scottish fiction about the Reformation is concerned with the mechanics of historical change, which are rendered through a series of enchanted books and people discussed in Chapter 8. In the novel, The Monastery, describing the Dissolution and Reformation, Scott gothicizes the Bible as a magic book and the White Lady as its guardian to dramatize the mysterious nature of religious change, the dependence of the future on a Gothic past, and the need for interpretation. In Old Mortality, Scott’s protagonist escapes the frozen dualities of Covenanter and Claverhouse, revealing historical change itself as problematic in Humean terms and requiring a leap of faith. James Hogg contests this presentation of the Covenanters by re-enchanting them as supposed brownies, as mediators of history and nature, and in his Three Perils of Man reprises Scott’s wizard Michael Scott pitted against Roger Bacon and his ‘black book’ the Bible to present the Reformation as an eternal reality.
Mimetic Contagion
Authors: Milbank Alison
Published: November 2018

Chapter 9 examines how Anglican Irish Gothic seeks a middle way between Catholic theology of the mass and Calvinist limited atonement. Sacrifice is a key theme from the beginning in Maturin, and is used in the political fiction to point up the tragic nature of nationalist endeavours. It becomes the episteme through which he offers a version of an Enlightenment universal religious history in Melmoth the Wanderer. The novel, like Maturin’s sermons, offers a critique of modes of sacrificial substitution, whereby an innocent is made the scapegoat as in the Day of Atonement ritual as victim or as bearer of sins outside the community. Girard’s account of mimetic contagion and scapegoating is discerned as Melmoth tempts protagonists to take on this role. Acceptance of duality and the revelation of the scapegoating mechanism saves Melmoth’s victims, who form a quasi-ecclesial body of witnesses to his acts and resist by their exchanges of mutual self-giving.
Finding a Via Media
Authors: Milbank Alison
Published: November 2018

The theological dimension to Bram Stoker’s work is totally neglected and yet, like Maturin, Stoker can be shown to be seeking a mediation between Catholic and Protestant, and Irish and English, with The Snake’s Pass an allegory of this proto-ecumenism. The influence of the Anglican idea of the via media, central to Victorian theology, is traced in his work, and compared with the influence of Walt Whitman’s model of comradeship and nation. In particular, F. D. Maurice’s inclusive ecclesiology is at work in Dracula, where the vampire acts as an Antichrist whose economy of substitutionary sacrifice is opposed by a union of Protestant word (diaries, typing) and Catholic sacramentals (Eucharistic host, etc.) and acts of mutual self-sacrifice and reciprocity such as the blood-transfusions. Maurice’s questioning of eternal damnation and Gladstone’s idea of immortal life as a gift are also important in a novel that aims to redeem even Dracula himself.
Introduction
Authors: Thornton Fanny
Published: November 2018

The chapter introduces the key themes explored in the book. It presents vital background information pertaining to people movement in the climate change context as an issue and initial thoughts about its treatment in international law. It outlines why a justice approach has been selected as the analytical backbone of the book, and which justice framework it applies, introducing in the process the corrective/distributive justice dichotomy upon which the book rests. The chapter also provides a brief outline of each chapter of the book.
Corrective Justice
Authors: Thornton Fanny
Published: November 2018

One of two chapters to examine corrective justice. The chapter explores whether, from a ‘pure’ corrective justice perspective it is possible to construct climate change–related people movement in terms of a corrective justice infringement and, if so, whether international law could provide remedies. The chapter shows that a ‘pure’ corrective justice claim may be very difficult to assemble: Are there bearers of harm, loss, or damage? Is there a perpetrator (or even several) causally linked to harm, loss, or damage experienced by others? Is the harm, loss, or damage experienced in people movement scenarios remediable? The chapter shows that answering these questions in the affirmative presents significant challenges. Furthermore, opportunities under international law to respond to people movement scenarios from the perspective of ‘pure’ corrective justice are severely curtailed.
Distributive Justice
Authors: Thornton Fanny
Published: November 2018

The chapter moves the analysis to the realm of distributive justice. It explores whether inherent to the climate change and people movement nexus are issues of unequal distribution, for example, of benefits and burdens. The chapter outlines distributional issues and then suggests whether, from a distributive justice standpoint, equity could be achieved through redistribution of costs which may accrue for those under pressure to move. The chapter sketches the extent to which international law is underpinned by distributive justice notions. It then, more explicitly, turns to international environmental law, and in particular the international climate change adaptation and finance architectures, to analyse whether, in combination, they support remedying distributional issues in relation to people movement in the climate change context.
Distributive Justice
Authors: Thornton Fanny
Published: November 2018

The chapter stays with distributive justice, turning to the concept of burden-sharing, which arises in international law and relations, not least in relation to hosting or sheltering people on the move. The chapter explores the concept’s normative foundations, also in relation to justice, and shows how these are complex, therefore making this a difficult concept to apply. The chapter nevertheless explores interstate motivations for sharing, the extent to which burden-sharing (and the related concepts of solidarity and cooperation) is entrenched in international law, how burden-sharing has played out, particularly in the human displacement context, as well as how burden-sharing has been proposed in the climate change and people movement context.
The Two Gregories
Authors: McLynn Neil B.
Published: November 2018

Eight letters from Gregory of Nazianzus, over two decades, provide our principal evidence for his relationship with Gregory of Nyssa, supplemented by an oration which the former addressed to the latter, and indications of their activities at the Council of Constantinople in 381. Though one of the better-attested relationships between major ecclesiastical authors, it has received little critical attention, no doubt because the tensions between each Gregory and Basil of Caesarea, overbearing friend to one and overbearing brother to the other, are more straightforwardly interesting. But the standard view that the two Gregories stood shoulder to shoulder throughout their careers, united by shared ascetic experience and by shared exposure to Basil’s domineering personality, has little to recommend it. In this chapter each item in the dossier of evidence for the relationship is reviewed; it is argued that these texts suggest a much more complex, boisterous, and dynamic series of interactions.
Christian Formation and the Body–Soul Relationship in Gregory of Nyssa
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines Gregory of Nyssa’s anthropology as it is evident in three of his ascetic works: De Professione Christiana, De Perfectione, and De Instituto Christiano. Previous research has tended to use these as evidence for Gregory’s spirituality or his instructions concerning the truly Christian life, while his anthropology has been studied from his De Anima et Resurrectione and De Hominis Opificio. However, his concept of the truly Christian life seems to rely on some basic anthropological ideas which one can see in the ascetic treatises—especially in Gregory’s use of the language of ‘formation’ or ‘shaping’ the Christian and in metaphors relating to those concepts. Such language emphasizes the unity of the human being, her working together with God (the concept of sunergeia), and the imitation of Christ. It perhaps also suggests traces of hylomorphism in Gregory’s anthropology.
Landscapes
Authors: Auerbach Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2018

Chapter 2 looks at how travelers drew and described imperial landscapes, arguing that the picturesque was an aesthetic paradigm that concealed the monotony, hardship, and otherness of foreign lands. It analyses the complex interaction of aesthetic theory and perception, and highlights the propagandistic qualities of the picturesque that emerge in contrasts between the work of amateur and professional artists. By privileging certain sites, the picturesque ironically made much of the empire seem boring as even the most impressive views were rarely as spectacular in person as they were in paintings and engravings. Moreover, the visual familiarity of iconic sites meant fewer opportunities to explore the unexplored. Even in India, with its remarkable array of historical and religious sites, the British described much of the terrain as monotonous. In other locations, such as South Africa and Australia, where there were no ruins to enjoy, there was even less that was deemed noteworthy.
Governors
Authors: Auerbach Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2018

Chapter 3 focuses on the administration of empire, from the Colonial Office in London to the experiences of governors and civil servants around the globe, whose lives were increasingly dominated by tedious meetings and dull dispatches. It shows that the empire became more bureaucratic during the nineteenth century, as the British implemented a system of centralized administrative rule that sheds light on the origins of Weber’s modern bureaucratic state. The volume of paperwork grew dramatically, and high-level officials, who relished the leisured lifestyle that characterized the aristocratic ideal, complained regularly about the quantity of deskwork and the frequency of ritualized public duties. Moreover, there were increasing numbers of officials who had to work in remote locations performing menial tasks. This chapter thus challenges the “great man” view of history, highlighting the limits on individual action and the impact of bureaucratization on administrators’ sense of mission.
The Role of CORFO in Chile’s Development
Authors: Griffith-Jones Stephany , Sola María Luz Martínez , Muga Javiera Petersen
Published: November 2018

CORFO was one of the first national development banks in Latin America, and played a decisive role in Chile’s national development strategy. In recent decades, its relative scale has diminished significantly. Its financial support currently represents only 1% of Chile’s GDP and has switched from giving credit directly to becoming a second-tier institution whose main instruments are not loans but guarantees. Its support for strategic sectors has been decisive to incentivize innovative, value-added activities, such as the Start-Up programme or renewable energy projects. Nonetheless, its limited scale severely reduces its potential ability to transform Chile’s economy or deploy a countercyclical role in a crisis scenario. This study suggests that CORFO could take advantage of Chile’s mature capital market, by raising additional funds through bond issues.
Hermann Cohen
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2018

This book is the first complete intellectual biography of Hermann Cohen (1842–1918), the only one to cover all his major philosophical and Jewish writings. It pays special attention to Cohen’s intellectual development, to its breaks and continuities. From its beginning to its end, Cohen’s intellectual career is seen as the development of a radical rationalism, one committed to unending enquiry and the unlimited rights of criticism. Cohen’s thought was resolutely opposed to any form of irrationalism or mysticism, which would act as arbitrary and artificial limits on criticism and enquiry. This interpretation is therefore opposed to those who see a proto-existentialism (Rosenzweig) or mysticism (Adelmann and Köhnke) in Cohen. Cohen’s Judaism was not a limit to his radical rationalism but a consistent development of it. Judaism was the religion of reason, which committed the believer to the unending search for truth and to striving to achieve the cosmopolitan or universal values of reason. Most interpretations of Cohen’s Judaism fail to appreciate its philosophical depth and sophistication.
Jewish Writings, 1890–1899
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter first examines Cohen’s response to the problem of conversion, the loss of membership in the Jewish community through conversions to Christianity. It then considers his treatment of two fundamental Jewish concepts: the messiah and reconciliation. Cohen understands the messiah concept through the prism of the Kantian philosophy of history. This chapter also treats Cohen’s dispute with Lazarus about Jewish ethics. A last section examines Cohen’s passionate response to the Dreyfus scandal in France.
Introduction
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: November 2018

Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics features new work in the field of normative ethical theory. This eighth volume features chapters which collectively address the following topics: the irreplaceable value of human beings, interpersonal morality and conceptions of welfare, what it is for something to be good for an animal (including humans), the relation between good will and right action, moral advice and joint agency, moral responsibility and wrongdoing, the basis of equality, the role of needs claims in ethical theory, threshold conceptions of deontology, prudential reasons, the significance of evaluative beliefs, and Stoic conceptions of insults....
Muriel Spark and Evil
Authors: Hepburn Allan
Published: November 2018

Muriel Spark gave sustained attention to the problem of evil. In her view, people committed evil acts gratuitously, merely for the sake of causing suffering. By the same token, novels are virtually unthinkable without some degree of evil—or evil in its lesser forms, such as mischief, wickedness, or wanton cruelty. Using previously untapped archival materials, this chapter focuses on manifestations of evil in two of Spark’s novels: The Comforters, in which evil is an intrusion on privacy, and Memento Mori, in which the evil characters, Mabel Pettigrew and Eric Colston, manipulate, blackmail, and threaten others for personal gain. Spark’s speculations on evil must be understood in terms of philosophical and theological discussions at mid-century. For Spark, evil was not a psychological issue so much as a moral one. In this regard, her novels can be profitably read alongside works about evil by C. E. M. Joad, Jean Nabert, and Hannah Arendt.
Conclusion
Authors: Hepburn Allan
Published: November 2018

British writers at mid-century drew upon religious, more specifically Christian, material as resources for poetry, radio broadcasts, and fiction. This religious material was used as a counterweight to conceptions of states and statehood—communities that were spiritually and organically formed, rather than mandated by the welfare state. Representations of religious phenomena answer the existential question that haunted the mid-century: ‘what is a man?’ The conclusion briefly examines the representation of nuns in Sylvia Townsend Warner’s The Corner That Held Them and Iris Murdoch’s The Bell, before signing off with some speculations about the more sketchy and vedantic ideas about spirituality that took hold in the 1960s.
Building a New Society and Economy: High Participation Higher Education in Poland
Authors: Kwiek Marek
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides a detailed and extensive assessment of Poland’s high participation system (HPS) of higher education. In contrast with other country cases, Poland’s leap from elite to mass to HPS higher education occurred very quickly, in two decades, after the breakdown of the socialist bloc. The Polish system first experienced both expansion and privatization, which then gave way to the opposite trends of contraction and de-privatization, due to the demographic decline and strengthened governmental regulation. The chapter uses the seventeen HPS propositions to discuss this history and the drivers of massification, governance, horizontal diversity, vertical stratification, and equity issues. The propositions generally fit very well with the country case.
The Modernist Art of Hunger
Authors: Moody Alys
Published: November 2018

Chapter 1 reconstructs the canon that forms the basis of later writers’ deployment of the art of hunger. It sketches the aesthetic framework of the art of hunger through four of its exemplary texts—Kafka’s “A Hunger Artist,” Knut Hamsun’s Hunger, Melville’s “Bartleby, the Scrivener,” and the poetry of Rimbaud—and locates these foundational writings in the context of their later redeployment by surrealist and “lost generation” writers. Reading these texts and authors both in their own moments and as they have been read by later writers and scholars, it seeks to derive the theory of art that later writers engage with when they redeploy the art of hunger in new contexts.
Hunger in a Closed System
Authors: Moody Alys
Published: November 2018

Chapter 2 turns to post-World War II France, where the aftermath of war produced fierce debates about the status of aesthetic autonomy, presided over by the field-shaping influence of Jean-Paul Sartre and his theory of intellectual engagement. In this context, Samuel Beckett emerges as a transitional figure in the art of hunger tradition: both its last modernist and its first standard-bearer in the post-war period beyond modernism. Situating Beckett’s writing from the 1940s onwards within the post-war French debates about the status of aesthetic autonomy, this chapter follows Beckett’s resistance to both littérature engagée, and defenses of autonomy that linked art to freedom. Hunger, linked in his writing of this period with obligation, necessity, and the collapse of collective and political communities, becomes the vehicle through which he develops a new theory of art as a practice of unfreedom.
Headquarters as a Managerial and Administrative Talent Pool
Authors: Shaver J. Myles
Published: November 2018

This chapter introduces the concept of a headquarters economy—an economy that has a concentration of headquarters from diverse industries. The chapter advances the importance of viewing headquarters as pools of managerial and administrative talent in order to understand corporate headquarters, how they impact the regions in which they reside, and where they locate. The chapter also introduces the concept of “hidden headquarters.” These are important divisional, regional, or operational headquarters of companies with corporate headquarters elsewhere. Such headquarters are often overlooked yet they influence their regions like large corporate headquarters. Finally, the chapter outlines the structure of the book and describes the research design choices that shape the investigation.