bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LEAF EMERGENCE, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS IN FRUITED AND DEFLOWERED STRAWBERRY
Authors: Chen Chuhe , Cameron J. Scott , Klauer Stephen F. , Foote Paul W.
Published: February 2019

After anthesis, date of leaf emergence was recorded in fruited plants (F) and deflowered plants (DF) of `Totem' strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), which were grown in a randomized block design with four blocks in a greenhouse. Two different regression models were fitted to describe leaf emergence rate (LER) after anthesis for F and DF (R2 = 0.826 and 0.916, respectively). The LER of F decreased during the fruit development, and accelerated and exceeded DF after fruit maturity, then both dropped when the growth season was ending.

Physiological and photosynthetic characteristics were measured on leaves from F and DF at green fruit, red fruit, and after fruit maturity stages. Newly expanded leaves had significantly higher gas exchange rates, specific leaf weight, chlorophyll a and b contents but lower a/b ratio than the older leaves both during and after fruit development. They also had higher amplitudes of Ca 693 but lower peaks at Ca 684 and Cb 649 in their fourth-derivative chlorophyll spectra. Leaf chlorophyll a content and CO2 assimilation rate decreased after fruit maturity. Plants at red fruit stage had higher chlorophyll b content than at green fruit and after fruit maturity stages.

The LERs of the second and third leaves emerged after anthesis were most seriously affected by fruit development. They showed greater photosynthetic activity than other leaves in the canopy during fruit development and were thus important to fruit yield.
FRUITING IN SOUTHERN HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRIES: POLLEN SOURCE AND HONEY BEE POLLINATION EFFICIENCY
Authors: Danka Robert G. , Lang Gregory A.
Published: February 2019

`Gulfcoast' southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum × V. darrowi) plants were placed in 3 × 6 × 2.5 m net cages with one colony of honey bees per cage and one of three pollinizer treatments: “self (other `Gulfcoast' plants), “cross/highbush” (other southern highbush cultivars), or “cross/rabbiteye” (various rabbiteye blueberry cultivars). In addition to unlimited pollination, bee foraging was controlled on individual flowers by placing small bags over corollas after 0, 1, 5, or 10 visits. Fruit set, fruit weight, fruit development period, and seed number data were taken, as well as data to relate floral morphology to duration of bee foraging. All measures of fruiting increased significantly with increased bee visitation; the threshold for significant gains in production occurred between 1 and 5 visits. Ten visits generally provided a good approximation of unlimited pollination. Set, weight, and earliness of ripening was as good, or better, for fruit derived from rabbiteye pollen compared to fruit from self- or cross/highbush-pollination.
PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE BY SIX POTATO CULTIVARS
Authors: Evans William B. , Warncke Darryl D.
Published: February 2019

Six potato cultivars (Atlantic, Sebago, Onaway, Russet Burbank, Lemhi Russet,and Norland) were evaluated for phosphorus uptake efficiency in solution culture. Individual rooted cuttings of each cultivar were transferred from a standard 1/5 Hoagland's solution into solutions containing one of six P concentrations (0.05,0.1,0.22,0.5,1.1 and 2.3mg/l). After a 24h adjustment period P uptake was followed over a 6h period by collecting solution aliquots every two hours. All cultivars depleted the two lowest initial P concentrations to similar stable P concentration. The P uptake rate per unit length of root showed a sigmoidal relationship to the initial P solution concentration. The general nature of the P uptake relation to solution P concentration was similar among the cultivars, although the actual values varied. In general, P uptake rate increased from 5.0 × 10-4 at the lowest concentration to 7.0 × 10-2μg·cm-1·h-1 at the highest P solution concentration.
DIAGNOSIS OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CUCUMBER PLANT BY RAPID BIOCHEMICAL TEST. XYLEM SAP ANALYSIS, AND COLORIMETRIC PETIOLE ANALYSIS
Authors: Lee Seong-Hee , Ha Soon-Ho , Chung Gap-Chae
Published: February 2019

In order to diagnose the nutritional disorders caused by various environmental stress, biochemical test, xylem sap analysis and colorimetric petiole analysis were used to assay symptoms well before the severe development. Among the various enzymatic analysis, alkaline phosphatase activity was highly specific to calcium deficiency while in vivo nitrate reductase activity was not stable parameter in response to nitrogen deficiency. Determination of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium by colorimetric petiole analysis was sensitive to induced deficiencies. The status of potassium in the plant, however, could be better determined with the xylem sap analysis. Salinity stress induced by low osmotic potential of the nutrient solution increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase, showing similar results as calcium deficiency. Magnesium and phosphorous contents by the colorimetric petiole analysis were particularly low when the roots in anoxia.
LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SHORT-TERM PRETRANSPLANT NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONING
Authors: Dufault Robert J.
Published: February 2019

Pretransplant nutritional conditioning (PNC) is defined as select fertilization practices used during greenhouse transplant propagation, condition or predispose the seedlings to tolerate and recover from transplant shock in the field and promote earliness. PNC differs from standard greenhouse fertility practices in many ways. Each crop may require a unique, prescribed NPK PNC regime, rather than “one size fits all” approach. PNC regimes are chosen for crops based on long-term yield superiority in the field and not on the visual appeal of transplants to the human eye. Conditioned seedlings are not hardened with nutrient withdrawal. Research has accumulated over recent years providing new insights to PNC. This will be condensed and reviewed to point out the “pros and cons” of PNC. Possible constraints to commercialization and needs for future research will be discussed.
VIRAL PROTECTION IN TRANSGENIC TOBACCO PLANTS EXPRESSING THE TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS N GENE
Authors: Kim Jong Wook , German Thomas L. , Sun Samuel S. M.
Published: February 2019

Nucleocapsid protein (N) gene was isolated from tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Hawaiian L isolate, and introduced into Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc in order to test for “CP-mediated protection”. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation was performed. The integrity and the expression of N gene were verified by Southern blot and Northern blot analysis, and the N protein in the transgenic tobacco plants were determined by ELISA and Western blot analysis. Several first generation of transgenic tobacco were tested for virus resistance. Comparably smaller numbers of the local lesions were developed with several day of delay in the in-frame transformants.
ON - FARM COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC FRESH - MARKET TOMATO PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN CALIFORNIA.
Authors: Drinkwater Laurie E. , Letourneau Deborah K. , Workneh Fekede , Cantwell Marita , van Bruggen Ariena H.C. , Shennan Carol
Published: February 2019

Twenty commercial tomato production systems were compared in a multidisciplinary on farm study. The aim was to determine if organic (ORG) and conventional (CNV) systems differed in terms of agronomic criteria or indicators of underlying ecological characteristics. Field level measures of inputs, yields, fruit quality, arthropod abundance and management operations were made. Also, multiple samples within each field were taken to measure soil chemical and physical properties, root pathogen populations, disease incidence, and pest damage levels for multivariate analysis. Management effects on agronomic criteria (yield, fruit quality, pest damage) were small, whereas differences in soil N pools, microbial activity, pathogen populations and arthropod communities between ORG and CNV sites were sufficiently robust to be distinguished from site to site variation. Relationships between management, crop productivity and fruit quality will be discussed.
ACETALDEHYDE AND ETHANOL INHIBITION OF TOMATO FRUIT RIPENING
Authors: Beaulieu John C. , Saltveit Mikal E.
Published: February 2019

The content of acetaldehyde (AA) and ethanol (EtOH) increases in ripening climacteric fruit. Application of EtOH inhibits tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit ripening without affecting subsequent quality, and AA enhances organoleptic quality. AA inhibited ripening of mature-green tomato discs (MGTD) at about 30% conc of EtOH. The relationship between EtOH and AA inhibition of tomato fruit ripening is unclear. The inter-conversion of AA and EtOH is catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) which is inhibited by 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP). No adverse physiological effects upon ripening were observed in MGTD receiving 20 μL of 4.0 mM 4-MP. Treating MGTD with 0.5 to 4.0 mM 4-MP in concert with AA (≤2.0 μL/g FW) or EtOH (≤8 μL/g FW) was not deleterious to ripening. A rapid, efficient method for the analysis of tissue AA and EtOH was linear (r2 = 0.97) for discs spiked with 0 to 45 μL EtOH. No temporal (0 to 42 h) changes in tissue AA and EtOH were detected in MGTD receiving 2.0 mM 4-MP. MGTD treated with 2.0 mM 4-MP and 8 μL/g FW EtOH had a 360-fold increase in AA after 6 days of ripening, but had no differences on EtOH conc. These conditions maximally inhibited ripening as determined by lycopene content.
ISOLATION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES FROM FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Authors: Vahidy Rehana , Jahan Farrukh , Nasim Rizwana
Published: February 2019

Listeriosis, a fatal food and environment borne disease of public health and veterinary importance, caused by Listeria spp. has not been explored in Pakistan. One hundred and fifty samples of fresh fruits and vegetables collected over a period of 12 months from various localities of Karachi city were screened according to the standard protocols. Suspected isolates were subjected to conventional methods for identification which included morphological, cultural, biochemical and serological tests. Out of 30 samples each of papaya, water melon and cantaloupe, and 15 each of cucumber, tomato, radish and carrot, Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from two samples of papaya and tomato each and one sample of water melon and cucumber each. It is inferred that fruits and vegetables, if not handled hygienically and served fresh, may be responsible for the transmission of listeriosis.
EVALUATION OF TWO DISEASE FORECASTING SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING EARLY BLIGHT ON TOMATO IN NEW JERSEY.
Authors: Cowgill W.P. , Maletta M.H. , Johnston S.A.
Published: February 2019

Two disease forecasting systems - FAST, Pennsylvania State University and CUFAST, Cornell University - were used to generate spray schedules for controlling Alternaria solani Ell. and Mart. on `Celebrity' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) at The Rutgers Snyder Research and Extension Farm in Northwest New Jersey. Disease control was compared to that obtained following standard weekly spray schedules. Chlorothalonil, 1.5 lb/A, was used for disease control for all treatments. Disease ratings of the FAST and CUFAST plots were significantly lower than that of the unsprayed control and were not significantly different from the plots sprayed according to standard spray schedules. A total of 10 fungicide applications were made following FAST recommendations; 7 applications were made following CUFAST recommendations; 13-15 applications were made following standard recommended schedules. Using CUFAST resulted in an estimated $200 per acre savings in spray costs. Chemical name used: tetrachloroisophtalonitrile (chlorothalonil).
A NEW SAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR MANAGEMENT OF SPIDER MITES IN FIELD ROSES
Authors: Karlik John F. , Goodell Peter B. , Osteen Gary
Published: February 2019

Spider mites are the most commonly treated arthropod pest of roses grown for sale as plants in Kern County, California. One obstacle to possible reduction of acaricide use has been lack of a quantitative method for field evaluation of mite populations. A presence/absence (P/A) technique for mite sampling was evaluated in 1987-1991. Background data was collected in six fields of first-year and second-year rose plants in 1987 and 1989. A strong correlation existed between numbers of infested leaflets and leaves. P/A counts were similar among strata within first-year and second-year fields. A strong correlation existed between numbers of infested leaflets and leaves. In 1990 and 1991 P/A data was compared to mite counts obtained by brushing in replicated plots using leaves as sampling units. Acaricide applications have been made in the field on the basis of P/A count. Further work is underway to estimate the effects of treatment at several threshold levels of mite infestation as evaluated by P/A.
INCORPORATED SLOW-RELEASE FERTILIZER FOR CONTAINER-GROWN NURSERY STOCK
Authors: Swanson Bert T. , Calkins James B. , Krueger Daniel G. , Stockdale Theresa L.
Published: February 2019

Media fertility is a critical factor in the successful production of container grown plants. Fertility treatments including fertigation and slow-release fertilizers (topdressed and incorporated) were compared. Fertility treatments were studied over a two-year period on a variety of deciduous and evergreen plant materials. Plant growth was quantified based on height, volume, branching, and quality. Soil fertility levels based on leachates were followed during the study. Nutrient release for incorporated fertilizers tested was variable although less so than when the same fertilizers were topdressed. Fertility treatment effects were species-dependent. Several incorporated, slow-release fertilizers, especially those high in nitrogen (Sierra 17-6-10, Sierra High N 24-4-6, Woodace Briquettes 23-2-0, Woodace 21-4-10), show promise for use in two-year container production systems.
AN EVALUATION OF POINSETTIA `ECKESPOINT FREEDOM' GROWN AS A MULTIBRANCHED PLANT
Authors: Wilfret Gary J.
Published: February 2019

A recently introduced poinsettia cv. Freedom was evaluated during 1990 and 1991 for production of multi-branched plants in 10 and 15 cm pots and 25 cm baskets. In 1991 `Freedom' was compared to four cvs. for cutting production and rooting in a mist house. Number of usable cuttings (from 24 nodes on stock plants) was 21.1, 22.9, 25.2 and 25.8 for `Freedom', `Celebrate 2', `Supjibi' and `Glory', respectively. Root development of `Freedom' was better than `Celebrate 2' and equivalent to `Supjibi' and `Glory'. In 1990, `Freedom' exhibited bract color 35.8 days after initiation of short days and was marketable in 51.2 days. These dates were 9.1 and 8.1 days earlier than `Amy' and 16.4 and 14.7 days earlier than `Glory', respectively. Similar dates were recorded in 1991. `Freedom' plants were taller than `Amy', of a height similar to `Supjibi', and shorter than `Glory' following treatment with growth regulators. Post production studies indicated that leaf retention of `Freedom' was similar to `Glory' but less than `Supjibi' and `Lilo'. `Freedom' exhibited some bract necrosis, especially at high nutrition levels, but showed good potential as an early cultivar for Florida.
VARIETAL RESPONSE OF LANDSCAPE ANNUALS TO GREENHOUSE-APPLIED TRIAZOLE GROWTH REGULATORS
Authors: Gilbertz David A
Published: February 2019

Seven to 9 cvs each of Begonia semperflorens, Tagetes erecta, T. patula, and Petunia hybrida (grandiflora and multiflora types) were sown into seedling trays. One to 3 weeks after transplanting to flats (75 cm3/cell), paclobutrazol (PB) was sprayed at concentrations of 10 (begonia), 60 (marigold) or 100 (petunia) mg liter-1 at a 200 ml m-2 rate. Uniconazole (UC) was applied at one-half the PB concentrations. Plant height was measured before planting in the field May 17 and monthly through July. Species were analyzed separately and generally, there were no cultivar by triazole interactions. During the greenhouse phase, the triazoles controlled height of both marigold species compared to control, but in July the PB and UC treated plants were 100 and 91%, respectively, of control plant height. Flowering was delayed up to 4 days for UC treated T. patula plants. Height of triazole-treated petunias was 60-67% of control height during the greenhouse phase and 84-95% after 2 months in the field. Begonia height was reduced by triazoles during both phases. After 2 months in the field, PB and UC treated begonias were 72 and 44%, respectively, of control plant height.
STUDYING THE CAUSE AND CURE OF `ROME BEAUTY' APPLE RUSSETTING
Authors: Fallahi Esmaeil , Mohan S. Krishna , Simons Brenda R.
Published: February 2019

Effects of several growth regulators and mineral nutrient sprays on `Rome Beauty' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) russetting under climatic conditions of southwest Idaho were studied in the 1990 and 1991 growing seasons. Zinc (Zn-50), Calcium as a 12% liquid nutrient (Stopit-6), and fungicide (Polyram) sprays slightly increased, while GA (Provide) decreased fruit russetting.

In 1991, GA and repeated Semperfresh (sucrose ester, carboxymethyl cellulose and mono and diglycerides) applications reduced russetting while Bayleton application increased russetting. Russetting varied from year to year. In 1991, a season of severe fruit russetting, trees which received a fungicide treatment for powdery mildew had generally higher incidence of fruit russetting regardless of treatments. It is believed that interaction between relative humidity, temperature, and systemic sprays used for powdery mildew control contribute to `Rome Beauty' russetting.
EVALUATION OF LOW-INPUT PECAN ORCHARD FLOOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Authors: Rice Natasha R. , Smith Michael W.
Published: February 2019

Legume ground covers in pecan orchards can reduce nitrogen inputs and increase beneficial insects. Preliminary data indicate that certain legumes can supply over 100 kg·ha-1 N. Additionally, certain legumes have high aphid populations which attract beneficial insects. When aphid populations on the legumes crash, beneficial insects seek alternative food sources in the pecan trees, thus reducing the necessity for pesticide applications. Preliminary studies suggest that a mixture of 'Dixie' crimson clover and hairy vetch produces high populations of beneficial insects and over 100 kg·ha-1 N. Treatments were established at four pecan orchard sites in Oklahoma, each with 5 ha of a crimson clover/vetch mixture and 5 ha of native grass sod. Additions of 0-200 kg·ha-1 N were added to the sod plots but no supplemental N was added to the legume plots. Nitrogen and biomass production by the legumes, and leaf N concentration of pecans were determined. In addition, both aphid and beneficial insect populations were monitored in the legume and grass treatments, and in the pecan trees. Results will be discussed in the presentation.
PROPAGATION OF FIREBUSH BY STEM CUTTINGS
Authors: Davis Tim D. , George S.W. , Upadhyaya A. , Parsons J.M.
Published: February 2019

Factors affecting the greenhouse propagation of firebush (Hamelia patens) by leafy stem cuttings during winter were studied. Without bottom heat (BH), mid-day rooting medium temperature was 22 ± 3 C. About half of the auxin-treated cuttings without BH rooted. Maintaining the rooting medium at 29-39 C increased rooting for auxin-treated cuttings to 96-100% and increased root length and visual rating scores several-fold. Rooting percentage, root length, and visual ratings were consistently high in perlite and low in peat. Stem-tip cuttings and sub-terminal stem segment cuttings with basal stem diameters of 3-5 mm rooted slightly better than stem segment cuttings with basal diameters of 6-8 mm. Stem-tip cuttings not treated with auxin but with BH had rooting percentages of 81-86%. Treatment of stem-tip cuttings with auxin generally yielded 90% rooting or above. Despite this, plants grown from auxin-treated cuttings were indistinguishable from plants grown from non-treated cuttings 2 months after the rooting period. Of the variables studied, BH had the most dramatic effect on rooting of firebush cuttings during winter months.
WATER RELATIONS OF SHRUB AND GROUNDCOVER LANDSCAPE COMMUNITIES
Authors: Zajicek Jayne M. , Adams Nowell J. , McReynolds Shelley A.
Published: February 2019

Landscape plantings have been designed traditionally using aesthetic criteria with minimal consideration given to water requirements. The primary objective of this research was to develop quantitative information on water use of plant communities conventionally used in urban landscapes. Pots of Photinia × Fraseri (photinia Fraseri), Lagerstroemia indica 'Carolina Beauty' (crape myrtle), or Ligustrum japonicum (wax leaf ligustrum) were transplanted from 3.8 l into 75.7 l pots with either Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Texas Common' (St. Augustinegrass), Cynodon dactylon × C. transvallensis 'Tiffway' (bermudagrass), Trachelospermum asiaticum (Asiatic jasmine), or left with bare soil. Whole community water use was measured gravimetrically. In addition, sap flow rates were recorded for shrub species with stem flow gauges. Sap flow measurements were correlated to whole community water use recorded during the same time intervals. Whole community water use differed due to the groundcover component; bermudagrass, Asiatic jasmine, and bare soil communities used less water than St. Augustinegrass communities. Differences were also noted in stomatal conductance and leaf water potential among the species.
SELECTION OF POTATO SOMACLONAL VARIANTS WITH BLACKSPOT BRUISE RESISTANCE AND FRYING POTENTIAL AFTER COLD STORAGE.
Authors: Love Stephen L. , Thompson-Johns Asunta , Baker Timothy P.
Published: February 2019

Eight hundred and fifty-three clones of Russet Burbank and 1012 clones of Lemhi Russet were obtained from Native Plants, Inc. in 1988. The clones were produced via a tissue culture system designed to produce somoclonal variants. Four cycles of selection were completed from 1988-1991. Selection was based on resistance to blackspot bruise, a tuber flesh discoloration caused by condensation of free tyrosine; or the ability to produce light french fry color following cold storage. At the end of the four selection cycles all but six Russet Burbank clones and seven Lemhi Russet clones were eliminated. ANOVA across years was completed for the eleven somaclonal variants and Russet Burbank and Lemhi Russet checks.

Of the Russet Burbank clones, three were significantly (p = .05) more resistant to blackspot bruise and one had significantly better fry color after cold storage. All four clones had significantly reduced yield in comparison to the check clones. Of the Lemhi Russet clones, three were significantly more resistant to blackspot bruise, and four had significantly better fry color than the check clone. Only one of the seven clones (one with superior fry color designated L1908) did not show a significantly lower yield potential.
REDUCE LEACHATE WITH MODIFIED CONTAINER DESIGN
Authors: Fare D.C. , Gilliam C.H. , Carter P.L. , Lauderdale D.M.
Published: February 2019

Potential exists for reduced water use and improved water quality in container nurseries through redesign of the container to minimize leaching. `Celebrate' poinsettias were grown in trade gallon containers with modified drainage hole number and size. Irrigation was applied when an individual container's medium decreased to 80% of container capacity; a gravimetric method was used to determine daily water requirements. Containers with one drainage hole in the center bottom reduced applied water (13%) and leachate volume (90%) compared to standard nursery containers (4 drainage holes in the side and one in the center bottom). Plant quality was similar with these treatments.
INFLUENCE OF LONG DAYS AFTER COOLING AND DATE OF EMERGENCE ON EASTER LILIES
Authors: Dole John M. , Wilkins Harold F.
Published: February 2019

Easter lily bulbs (Lilium longiflorum `Nellie White') were given 6 weeks of cold, placed in the greenhouse and subsequently divided into groups based on emergence date after placement in the greenhouse: 0-6, 7-13, 14-20 and 21-27 days. At emergence bulbs received 0, 1, 2 or 3 weeks of long days (LD). Late-emerging plants had fewer days to visible bud and anthesis from emergence than early-emerging plants; consequently, late-emerging plants flowered within 3-10 days of early emerging plants despite 14-21 days difference in emergence time. Late emerging plants were tallest and middle emerging plants had the highest leaf number. Increasing LD tended to decrease numbers of days from emergence to visible bud and anthesis and increase plant height. LD did not effect leaf or flower number. Interactions between LD and emergence date will be discussed. Experiment was repeated for three consecutive years.
EFFECT OF HOT WATER TREATMENT ON THE POSTHARVEST BEHAVIOR OF WINTER SQUASH (Cucurbita maxima Duch)
Authors: Arvayo-Ortiz Rosa Marina , Garza-Ortega Sergio , Yahia Elhadi M.
Published: February 2019

Winter squash is grown in the Northwest of Mexico for export to distant markets with risk of produce loss. A study was conducted to investigate its postharvest behavior as affected by hot water (50°C) for 0, 3. 6, 9 and 12 min, and stored at 10 or 20°C with 75% RH for 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The highest weight loss (11.35%) was in fruits without hot water treatment stored at 20°C for 12 weeks; at this temperature the weight loss was 3.65, 7.18, and 10.19% in the 4, 8 and 12 week storage period, respectively. At 10°C the weight loss was 3.41, 6.83 and 7.56% for the same period. Chlorophyll content decreased as temperature and storage period increased. β-carotene content showed no change at 10°C, but slightly increased after 8 and 12 weeks at 20°C. Fruits showed decay by Rhizopus and Aspergillus. Weight loss, chlorophyll content, and decay were not affected by length of hot water treatment. General appearance was better in fruits stored at 10°C than at 20°C.
EFFICACY OF COMMERCIAL STS FORMULATIONS FOR INCREASING POSTHARVEST LONGEVITY OF GYPSOPHILA
Authors: Newman Julie P. , Reid Michael S. , Dodge Linda
Published: February 2019

Commercial formulations of silver thiosulfate (STS) were evaluated for their efficacy in promoting postharvest longevity of gypsophila. Argylene, Chrysal AVB, Chrysal OVB, Oasis Dry Flower Conditioner, Rogard RS, and Silflor were compared to the anionic STS complex and to Physan plus sucrose. Flowers were pulse treated, then placed overnight at 2° C in Physan plus sucrose. Flowers treated with Rogard RS, Chrysal OVB, and Physan were held continuously in the solution. Overnight treatments of STS were compared to short pulses at higher concentrations. To simulate the effect of shipment, treated flowers were packed in boxes, then held either for 48 hours at room temperature (12-18° C) or for 60 hours in a range of ethylene concentrations. Individual stems were then placed in Physan plus sucrose. The number of open flowers, buds, and dead flowers was determined on each stem at various intervals. All products effectively extended the display life of gypsophila except Rogard RS and Chrysal OVB. Although overnight treatments with STS formulations were not as effective as pulse treatments, their convenience could warrant commercial use.
SHELF-LIFE RESPONSES OF TWO MINIATURE POT ROSE CULTIVARS TO PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT, SHIPPING, AND AOA OR STS TREATMENT.
Authors: Kyalo Titus M. , Pemberton H. Brent
Published: February 2019

Rooted liners of Rosa cvs. Meijikatar and Meirutral were potted into 11 cm pots and placed into growth chambers. One chamber provided 14 hours of light with 30C/21C (day/night) air temperature (HTLD) and another chamber provided 8 hours of light with 21C/17C (day/night) air temperature (LTSD). PPF was 725 μmoles m-2 s-1 in both chambers. When plants were established, they were pinched and forced to flower. Simulated shipping for 4 days at 16C in darkness resulted in a shorter shelf-life when placed in an interior environment at 21C with a continuous PPF of 30 μmoles m-2 s-1 and compared to non-shipped plants. In addition, LTSD grown plants exhibited a shorter shelf-life than HTLD grown plants. When Meirutral plants were sprayed to runoff 24 hours prior to shipping, 2 mmolar (aminooxy)acetic acid (AOA) increased the shelf-life to the same length as the non-shipped plants and 2 mmolar silver thiosulphate (STS) increased the shelf-life to longer than the non-shipped plants. However, AOA did not increase shelf-life over that of shipped plants for Meijikatar whereas STS increased the shelf-life to that of the non-shipped plants.
RELATIVE HARDINESS OF BLOSSOMS AND SMALL NUTS OF NINE ALMOND CULTIVARS
Authors: Connell Joseph H. , Snyder Richard L.
Published: February 2019

Almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) cultivars vary in tolerance to cold with flowers at pink bud more tolerant than at full bloom or than small nuts. Branch samples 60 cm long with 30-100 blossoms or nuts were cut, sprayed with water, and artifically frozen. Subsamples were removed after exposure to 4 to 6 successively lower temperatures for 30 minutes. After 48 hours of ambient temperatures, flowers or small nuts were sectioned and examined for visual evidence of injury. Of the early cultivars, `Peerless', is most sensitive at full bloom and `Sonora' is most hardy. `Sonora' is especially hardy at pink bud. `NePlus Ultra' is intermediate. Of the mid-blooming cultivars, `Carmel' is most sensitive to cold while `Nonpareil' is most tolerant. `Price' is intermediate. The late blooming cultivar, 'Mission' is most sensitive while 'Padre' and 'Butte' appear similar. This study compared several popular new cultivars to older industry standards.
RUNNERING RESPONSE OF DIVERSE STRAWBERRY GENOTYPES
Authors: Paynter Carolyn L. , Reed Barbara M.
Published: February 2019

The National Plant Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, houses over 700 different Fragaria genotypes. Many of these produce few or no runners, making propagation difficult by in vitro or conventional methods. Experiments were run to determine the response of non-runnering genotypes to environmental conditions and GA3 treatments. Two groups of plants of 12 genotypes were grown in a 25°C growth chamber (GC) with 24 h light. One group was sprayed twice with 500 ppm GA3, 24 h apart, while a second group was not sprayed. Control plants of each genotype were grown at ambient temperature and long days and were not sprayed with GA3. Both F. vesca L. cultivars and day-neutral genotypes produced significantly more runners with the GA3 GC treatment than the unsprayed GC or the control. Most June-bearing cultivars had improved runnering with both GC treatments. A separate experiment using 30 genotypes with two GA3 sprays (500 ppm, 24 h apart) at ambient temperature and long daylength showed that plants with the GA3 sprays produced significantly more runners than unsprayed controls. In both experiments, GA3 sprays improved runner production by most of the unresponsive Fragaria genotypes.
THE EFFECT OF ENFORCED SELFING ON RESULTANT SEED AND SEEDLING QUALITY IN THE SELF-INCOMPATIBLE ALMOND VARIETY NONPAREIL
Authors: Gradziel Thomas M.
Published: February 2019

All of the major California almond varieties are self-incompatible necessitating the interplanting of pollinizer varieties. The incorporation of self-compatibility into the dominant variety Nonpareil through mutation or genetic engineering would greatly improve cropping efficiency. Negative effects of inbreeding on resultant seed and seedling quality could negate production advantages. Inbred seed of Nonpareil were obtained by: a) enclosing mature trees in pollination cages containing bees at flowering, and, b) controlled crosses to a Nonpareil mutation (Jeffries) which is unilaterally compatible when used as the seed parent. Selfed seed set from caged trees was less than 0.001% of available flowers. Seed set from crosses to the Jeffries mutation averaged 34.4% which was not significantly different than outcrossed controls. No significant loss in kernel weight and dimensions were observed in any of the inbred material when compared with outcrossed controls though a higher proportion of the inbred seed and seedlings failed to develop fully. Both average tree height and trunk diameter after 1 year of growth was significantly lower in inbred vs. outcrossed material. Results suggest no major penalty to kernel quality following self-pollination, though losses in progeny vigor should be a concern when utilizing selfed seed in variety development programs.
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPEFRUIT FLAVEDO PEROXIDASES
Authors: McCollum T.G. , McDonald R.E.
Published: February 2019

Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) flavedo is a rich source of peroxidase (POD) (EC 1.11.1.7). Changes in POD have been related to senesence and environmental stress in a variety of plant tissues. However, due to the large number of POD isoenzymes as well as the broad substrate specificity, measurement of POD activity in crude extracts is of limited value for gaining an understanding of the role of POD in vivo. We have begun to purify and characterize POD isoenzymes from grapefruit flavedo. HPLC gel permeation chromatography reveals 2 peaks of POD activity with apparent MW of 66 kD and 30 kD. Native PAGE (8% bis-acrylamide, pH 8.8) followed by activity staining indicates that the PODs differ in Pi; the 30 kD POD migrates anodally, whereas the 66 kD POD does not migrate. Isoelectric focusing has been used to separate flavedo PODs into acid (Pi ca 4.0) and basic (Pi > 8.5) forms. Treatment of grapefruit with ethylene (2 ppm 72 hours) induces a basic POD not present in freshly-harvested fruit or in nonethylene-treated controls.
COVER CROP MIXTURES FOR VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
Authors: Creamer Nancy G. , Bennett Mark A. , Stinner Benjamin R.
Published: February 2019

Polyculture mixtures of several species of cover crops may be the best way to optimize some of the benefits associated with cover crop use. In the first year of a three year study, 16 polyculture mixtures of cover crops (4 species/mixture) were screened at seven sites throughout the state. Five of the mixtures were seeded at two planting dates. Fall evaluation of the cover crop mixtures included ease of establishment, vigor, percent groundcover, plant height, and relative biomass. The two mixtures with the highest percent groundcover were (1): sudex, rye, mammoth red clover, and subterranean clover (62% and 80% groundcover, one and two months after planting respectively), and, (2), annual alfalfa, hairy vetch, ryegrass, and rye (56% and 84% groundcover one and two months after planting respectively). The six mixtures with the highest percent groundcover did consistently well, relative to other mixtures, at all locations. Mixture (1) above also had the highest relative biomass throughout the state. Yellow and white sweet clovers, hairy vetch, winter oats, subterranean clover, red clover, rye and barley established well and maintained high vigor ratings throughout the fall. Ladino clover, timothy, and big flower vetch consistently had poor vigor ratings.
THE EFFECT OF ALTERING THE N:S RATIO ON CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF LEAF LETTUCE
Authors: McCluskey Melinda McVey , Paparozzi Ellen T. , Cuppett Susan L.
Published: February 2019

Previous research on leaf lettuce has shown that altering the N:S ratio has an effect on plant color and N and S content. It appears that nitrogen rates can be decreased if known rates of sulfur are applied. The next step was to determine what effect altering the N:S ratio in lettuce had on consumer acceptance of the product.

`Grand Rapids' lettuce was grown hydroponically at six rates of S (0, 7.5, 15, 30, 60, 120 ppm) and four rates of N (30, 60, 120, 240 ppm). Sensory evaluation was performed on 20 of 24 treatments. The sensory panel was composed of 12 panelists who used the nonstructured hedonic scale to evaluate each lettuce treatment on appearance, color, texture, flavor, bitter flavor, and overall acceptability.

Results from the sensory evaluation indicate that differences in color, appearance, and bitter flavor were detected between treatments by the panel. Lettuce plants that received higher amounts of N in relation to S were considered less bitter in flavor and, over all, more acceptable than plants which received higher amounts of S in relation to N. These results indicate that altering the N:S ratio will affect consumer acceptance of leaf lettuce.
FERTILIZER RESPONSIVENESS OF `WOODARD' IN RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY
Authors: Tamada T.
Published: February 2019

The fertilizer responsiveness to macronutrients of `Woodard' was investigated to obtain the data for the recommended rate of fertilizer application in a rabbiteye blueberry.

One-year-old rooted cuttings of 'Woodard was grown under water culture in 1991. The plot was consisted of 13, a control (application rate: N-28, P-30, K-40, Ca-40, Mg-24 ppm) and 12 high volume application plots of macronutrients (applicated 5 times that of the control).

The growth (dry mater per bush) was most superior in the N+Mg plot, most inferior in the N+Ca, the other plots was medium. As compared with the control, the growth of N+Mg, P+K, P+Ca, P+Mg, K+Ca, K+Ca+Mg and Ca+Mg plots was better than the control, and the growth of N+K, N+P+K and K+Mg plots was below. The concentration of macroelements in leaves of the control plot was low among all of. In each plots of high volume application of macronutrients, the concentration of the macroelements in leaves with some exceptions, became high, and the interaction between nutrient elements was confirmed. The difference of the growth of `Woodard' was considerd to be caused not only by the excess of some macroelements but also the imbalance of certain elements in the leaf and root.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND YIELD OF `HERITAGE' RASPBERRY AS AFFECTED BY ADDED NITROGEN
Authors: Lessman G.M. , Deyton D.E. , Sams C.E.
Published: February 2019

Tissue cultured `Heritage' raspberry plants were planted in April 1990. Split applications of ammonium nitrate were made to 0.6 m widths on each side of the row at total rates of 0, 22, 45, 90, or 180 kg/ha. Applications were made in May and August in 1990 and in March and July in 1991. The plants were cut to ground level during the winter. In 1990, cane length and number of buds on the central cane were unaltered by N treatment, but all N treatments resulted in the development of more canes than the control and thus more total length of cane growth. Date of 50% accumulated yield was advanced and total yield increased with added N. Foliar N contents (2.35%) of the two highest rates were greater (3 weeks after the second application) than the control (2.12%). In 1991, early yield was slightly delayed by N. Total yield was reduced by the highest N rate. The 45 kg/ha N treatment had the highest yield of 2.53 t/ha. Plants receiving 180 kg/ha had greater foliar N content in June and October than control plants. Soil samples were taken to 30 cm on June 29, 1991. About 80% of the nitrate-N was found in the top 15 cm.
CELLULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF 3 SWEET CHERRIES WITH DIFFERENT SUSCEPTIBILITIES TO RAIN CRACKING
Authors: Meheriuk M. , McKenzie D.-L. , Veto L.
Published: February 2019

Electron microscopic studies were conducted on `Sue', `Lapins' and `Van' sweet cherry cultivars which have a high, moderate and low resistance to rain cracking, respectively. Epidermal and hypodermal cells showed differences in size and number. Sue, the resistant cultivar, contained an additional thin elongated cell rich in protein matter, in the hypodermal layer. The three cultivars also showed differences in the cell walls and vacuoles. However, mineral content of the epidermal and hypodermal layers showed no relationship to incidence of fruit cracking.
EFFECT OF ELEVATED CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS ON BLUEBERRY FRUIT RESPIRATION AND RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT
Authors: Beaudry Randolph M.
Published: February 2019

Blueberry fruit were sealed in 0.00254 cm (1 mil) thick, 200 cm2 low density polyethylene pouches, which, in turn, were sealed in containers continually purged with gas mixtures containing 0, 20, 40 or 60 kPa CO2 and held at 15C. Sampling the gas composition of the enclosed package permitted accurate determination of O2 uptake, CO2 production and the respiratory quotient (RQ) despite the high background CO2 levels. O2 uptake was minimally affected by the CO2 treatments. CO2 production, however, increased at CO2 partial pressures over 20 kPa, resulting in an elevated RQ at 40 and 60 kPa CO2. Raising the CO2 partial pressure caused the fruit to become more sensitive to lowered O2, raising the O2 partial pressure associated with the RQ breakpoint.
ACCUMULATION OF SODIUM AND CHLORIDE IN DIFFERENT TISSUES OF NAVY AND TEPARY BEANS
Authors: Coons Janice , Baumgartner Sandra
Published: February 2019

Navy (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and tepary (P. acutifolius Gray) beans were grown hydroponically in a growth chamber with no NaCl or -0.25 MPa NaCl for 9 days beginning 22 days after planting. Chloride and sodium distribution in leaves and roots as well as percent ion leakage as an indication of membrane integrity in leaves were determined. Chloride and sodium levels in NaCl treated plants were significantly higher than in controls. Chloride distribution was not significantly different between plant parts or between plant species. Sodium distribution was significantly different between roots of the two species, but not between leaves of the two species. The navy root tissues contained twice as much sodium as the leaves, whereas, in tepary sodium levels were similar in roots and leaves. Percent ion leakage showed no notable trends relative to plant species or to NaCl treatments, but a significant difference was observed between younger and older leaves on the same plant.
MARKETING STRATEGY FOR A GROWING MEDIUM AMENDED WITH COMPOSTED BROILER LITTER
Authors: Behe B.K. , Purvis L.V. , Gilliam C.H. , Donald J.O.
Published: February 2019

Increased consumer demand for poultry products has created a poultry waste disposal problem. Previous research demonstrated that a growing medium containing 50% composted broiler litter sustained plant growth as well as commercially available alternatives with no objectionable odor. The objective of this research was to determine consumer perceptions to develop a marketing strategy for this product. One-hundred eighty consumers participated in an intercept-survey. Consumers rated fertility of the growing medium as the most important attribute (4.0 on 5.0 scale), followed by mix price (3.8), and color (3.4). “Organic gardening” was important to 82% while the addition of organic material to a growing medium was important to only 56% of the sample. Adding cow manure to a growing medium was desirable to more consumers (65%) than adding horse (39%) or poultry manure (40%). A marketing strategy should include “organic” terminology rather than a specific manure incorporated to deemphasize the negative perception of composted broiler litter.
EFFECTS OF ETHEPHON ON THE ABSCISSION OF PISTILLATE AND STAMINATE FLOWERS OF ENGLISH WALNUT
Authors: Coates William W.
Published: February 2019

The ability to remove the pistillate flowers and young nuts from precocious lateral-bearing English walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars during the first several years following planting would be useful both in reducing competition with vegetative growth and eliminating potential infection sites for blackline disease (cherry leafroll virus). Applications of ethephon shortly after full bloom were shown to effectively remove all or most pistillate flowers depending upon spray timing and ethephon concentration. Moderate phytotoxicity and reduced seasonal growth limit the usefulness of this technique in the field. Removal of staminate flowers (catkins) prior to pollen release may reduce the excessive pistillate flower abscission of the `Serr' cultivar. Applications of ethephon shortly before the onset of pollen shedding were shown to be ineffective in catkin removal.
EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS WITH CALCIUM ACETATE OK FRUIT GROWTH AND MATURATION IN NIITAKA FEARS (PYRUS PYROFOLIA).
Authors: Lee Jae-Chang , Hwang Yong-Su , Kim Ki-Youl
Published: February 2019

Fruit maturity was hastened by 5 to 7 days with the application of GA3 and GA4+7 paste on petioles 4 weeks after full bloom and 3 to 4 days with the spray of both ethephon (1,000ppm) and dichroprop(30ppm) 62 days after full bloom. Fruit size was significantly increased by GAs treatment but there was a tendency of decreasing fruit size by ethephon and dichroprop treatments. Excessive softening of flesh was found in ethephon or dichroprop treated fruits while no significant difference was observed with GAs treatment until maturity. Calcium acetate partially prevented the enhancement of fruit softening and fruit size decrease induced by ethephon and dichroprop. Other fruit qualities such as soluble solids contents were not affected by the addition of calcium acetate except some delay in fruit maturity.
Fecundity of Tetraploid × Diploid Crosses and Fertility of the Resultant Triploids in Salpiglossis sinuata
Authors: Needham Douglas C , Erickson Homer T.
Published: February 2019

Mean seed production in tetraploid × diploid crosses of Salpiglossis sinuata R et P. was similar to that in diploid × diploid crosses, but germination of the resultant triploid seeds was low (8%). Parental line selection resulted in some germination improvement. Triploid hybrids from these crosses were vigorous, with floral characteristics resembling tetraploids. The fertility indices of self-pollinations of triploids and pollinations by diploid and tetraploid plants were <1, 22, and 6, respectively, compared with 176 for diploid × diploid crosses. Thus, the self-pollinated triploids were virtually sterile.
Growth of Chrysanthemum at Low, Relatively Steady Nutrient Levels in a Commercial-style Substrate
Authors: Williams Kimberly A. , Nelson Paul V.
Published: February 2019

Nutrient solution with a molar ratio of 10 N: 1 P: 3 K was applied in scheduled intervals at rates of 0.5, 1, 4, or 20 mm N (NO3 + NH4) to Dendranthema ×grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura `Sunny Mandalay' plants seven (7/day) or 14 times/day (14/day). These plants were compared to a 20 mm N control in which nutrient solution was applied when the soil moisture tension reached 30 kPa. Plants with 7/day had significant quadratic relationships for height, width, and dry weight, with the lowest responses at the low nutrient concentration. With 14/day, height and dry weight did not differ, although width did increase linearly with nutrient solution concentration. However, linear regression slopes for all three variables were much lower with 1Vday than with 7/day. At midcrop in both experiments, significant regression curves indicated that the lower concentrations of nutrient solution resulted in lower tissue N and K levels; however, slopes of the linear regressions were lower with 14/day than with 7/day. With 7/day, the water content (percentage) of plants in the schedule-fertilized treatments was higher in plants receiving higher nutrient concentrations, as indicated by the significant linear and quadratic regression curves. With 14/day, the water content was linearly related to solution nutrient concentration, but with a lower slope than with 7/day. These three trends indicate that steady-state nutrition was more closely achieved in a commercial-style substrate with 14/day applications of nutrient solution. These results suggest that plant growth that meets commercial expectations can be achieved at lower soil solution nutrient concentrations than currently applied.
Improvement of Rose Achene Germination by Treatment with Macerating Enzymes
Authors: Yambe Yoshiko , Takeno Kiyotoshi
Published: February 2019

The germination percentage of Rosa multiflora Thunb. achenes was greatly increased when they were treated with 1% Driselase, a macerating enzyme, for 36 hours. The seeds germinated more rapidly when the achenes were treated with the enzyme for a longer period. Treatment with Cellulase Onozuka improved seed germination at a lower concentration than did Driselase. Pure preparations of pectinase and cellulase had effects similar to treatment with the enzymes noted. Treatment with pectinase was more efficient than treatment with cellulase. These enzymes likely loosened the bond between cells along the suture of the pericarp and forced the pericarp to split.