bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NEUOHUMORAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH Q-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME
Authors: Mykhaylovska N. S.
Published: September 2016

It was studied neurohumoral and immunoinflammatory disorders in 184 patients with Q-myocardial infarction (153 with metabolic syndrome and 31 without metabolic syndrome). It was found that acute period of Q-myocardial infarction in patients with metabolic syndrome is associated with a decrease in serum insulin-like growth factor and activation of a range of neurohormonal and immunoinflammatory factors: C-reactive protein, interleukin-1α, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, endothelin-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, which have close correlations with the components of the metabolic syndrome.
TYPES OF DAILY RHYTHMS OF BLOOD PRESSURE UNDER THE COMBINED COURSE OF HYPERTENSION AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
Authors: Kadykova O. I.
Published: September 2016

With the use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were examined 105 patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. It was found that these patients is characterized by: lack of reduction in diastolic blood pressure at night-time, increase in the index of hypertension at night, increased variability of diastolic blood pressure at night, increase in blood pressure morning peak. Marked features should be considered when appointing of antihypertensive therapy for this group of patients and for control effectiveness.
DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN PANCREAS DURING PROLONGED EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED HYPOPINEALISM
Authors: Bondarenko L. O. , Sergiyenko L. Yu. , Cherevko H. M. , Mishchenko T. V.
Published: September 2016

In the experiment on young mature male-rabbits was studied the structural changes of the pancreas in the dynamics of hypopinealism induced by prolonged day-and-night lighting. It was established that in the result of day-and-night light exposure for 1–5 months in the pancreas occur growing in time damaging processes, that characterized by the degradation of structures both endocrine and exocrine part of the organ. At hypopinealism take place progressing death of β-cells of Langerhans islets and too high voltage of the β-cells that has remained as functioning. The data obtained suggest that the prolonged effect of light in the night-time should be attributed to a strong negative environmental factors, which by violating of structure and hormonal activity of the pineal gland are able to provoke destructive processes in the pancreas.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SERTOLI AND LEYDIG CELLS IN THE RAT TESTIS AFTER USE OF TRIBESTAN ON THE BACKGROUND OF VASOCONSTRICTOR EXPOSURE
Authors: Brechka N. M.
Published: September 2016

t was presented the experimental data about ultrastructural organization of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells of the testes of rats exposed to the toxic effects of serotonin hydrochloride, which causes mitochondrial dysfunction and activates catabolic intracellular processes; the depth and severity of these organelles violations exist within the physiological compensation and are reversible. It was found development of significant positive reparation of the cells ultrastructure of the rats testes treated with herbal medicines Tribestan on the background damaging effect on serotonin hydrochloride. In Sertoli cells decreases the degree of the cytoplasm and nucleus edema; destruction of mitochondria and other membrane structures are absent. It was increased the number of ribosomes and polysomes in the cytoplasm. At Tribestan administration on the background damaging effect of serotonin hydrochloride the ultrastructure of Leydig cells were reparated.
Niegodziwa mamona – postawa wobec bogactwa według Nowego Testamentu
Authors: Wronka Stanisław
Published: September 2016

The „mammon” means wealth, money, all the material riches and is always defined by Jesus negatively as „unrighteous”. So the expression „unrighteous mammon” seems to condemn and reject the wealth as totally contrary to God and to His kingdom. In reality this expression, as well as all the hyperbolical statements and sharp antitheses of the New Testament in this matter pay only attention to the danger of wealth, which can easily subdue the man, make him a slave, so that he isn’t able to use it wisely for his true good, to share it with the others and to set final hopes in God. For the material riches are gift of God, which one doesn’t need to fear, but should accept with gratitude, wisely increase, use for a worthy life in relation with the people and in unity with God, that is a supreme good of man and his ultimate fulfillment.The right attitude towards the wealth is called poverty, the example of which we have in the life of Jesus and His disciples. Their radical renouncement of riches was dictated by the wandering way of apostolate and the imminent eschatological perspective, but it didn’t hinder them from using the material riches provided by the others. Paul himself lived in a great measure by the work of his own hands. Yet the material values weren’t a goal for them, but a mean in the life lived for God and proclaiming His supreme value. Today both the manner of evangelization and the remote eschatological perspective require a solid material base also for these which devote themselves to the kingdom of God. In the daily life they can’t run much away from the environment where they make apostolate, but with their way of life they have always to bear witness to the absolute priority of God and to the destination of man and world to His glory.
INFLUENCE OF FREE-FLOW EXCIPIENTS ON FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE OF NOVEONAA1 IN CONTROLLED-RELEASE TABLETS
Authors: Islas RubÉn Ramos , Robles Leopoldo Villafuerte
Published: September 2016

Objective: The aim of this work is the assessment of an eventual improvement in flowability of free flowing excipients on formulations containing Noveon AA1 and their influence on compactibility and release profile.

Methods: Mixtures containing 20% Noveon AA1 and variable proportions of metronidazole and the free flowing excipients Prosolv EasyTab and GalenIQ 720 and 721were tested in their powder flow rate and the tablets compactibility and released profiles.

Results: The powder flowability obtained with GalenIQ is about 20% better than that obtained with EasyTab. However, it is lesser than that considered as acceptable for a high-speed tableting machine. EasyTab reduces the drug release up to a half along with a continuing flattening of the release profile. This is attributed to an increasing tortuosity of the drug release path as the proportion EasyTab increases. GalenIQ restricts drug release in about a third with a lesser change in the release mechanism. This is attributed to competition for the available water inside the tablet, between the hydrating Noveon AA1 and the dissolving GalenIQ. The compactibility of the metronidazole/Noveon AA1 mixtures increases after addition of EasyTab in about 3.5 N per unit percentage of the added excipient while GalenIQ does it in about 2.6 N.

Conclusion: The powder flowability of mixtures of metronidazole with Noveon AA1 was not suited for direct compression after addition of 40% of the free-flow excipient. The free-flow excipients reduce the metronidazole release rate and increase its compactibility. It was not observed a different clear functioning between both types of GalenIQ.
ISOLATION AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF NEW LANOSTENOIDS FROM THE LEAVES OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L.
Authors: Bagri Priyanka , Ali Mohammed , Aeri Vidhu , Bhowmik Malay
Published: September 2016

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease which affects our body's ability to use the energy found in food. Our study was planned to isolate chemical constituents from the leaves of Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), to characterize their structures and to investigate their antidiabetic activity.

Methods: The air-dried leaf powder was exhaustively extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. The concentrated leaf extact was adsorbed on silica gel (60-120 mesh) for the preparation of a slurry. The dried slurry was chromatographed over silica gel column packed in petroleum ether. The column was eluted with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol, successively, in order of increasing polarity to isolate the compounds. These natural constituents were tested for the antidiabetic activity in STZ-induced diabetic models.

Results: Six new lanosterol-type triterpenoids characterized as lanost-7-en-3β-ol-26-oic acid (2), lanost-7-en-3β, 12β-diol-26-oic acid (3), lanost-7-en-3β, 12β, 29-triol-26-oic acid (4), lanost-cis-1,7,23-trien-3β, 12β, 18, 22α-tetraol-26-oic acid (5), lanosteryl-3β-O-D-xylopyranosyl-2′-p-benzaldehyde (7) and lanost-7-en-3β-ol-26-oic acid-3β-D-glucopyranoside (8) along with the known compounds arachidic acid (1) and β-sitosterol xylopyranoside (6) were isolated from the leaves. The compounds 2, 3, 4 and 8 exhibited significant antidiabetic activity against streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Conclusion: The leaves of P. guajava possessed antidiabetic lanostene-type triterpenoids.
VALIDATION OF ACCUMULATION OF CAMPTOTHECIN CONTENT, AN ANTI-CANCER ALKALOID IN NOTHAPODYTES NIMMONIANA GRAHAM. IN PHENOTYPIC VARIANTS: METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING HIGH-YIELDING SOURCES OF ALKALOID
Authors: Patil Anita Surendra , Kale Ankit Subhash , Patil Surendra Rajaram , Paikrao Hariprasad Madhukarrao
Published: September 2016

Objective: The study was aimed to find the CPT accumulation, in particular organ, via variable extraction method and in vitro propagation method both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Methods: In the present study, the seven phenotypic variants of N. nimmoniana such as dry leaf, fresh barks of plant, induced callus, somatic embryo and suspension culture (In exogenous medium and in pallet) in 100 mg/ml were analyzed for CPT content by TLC (Thin layer chromatography) and HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography).

Results: TLC and HPLC analysis confirm the presence of CPT in dry leaf, fresh barks of the plant, induced callus and somatic embryo. Out of which bark extracts possessed a maximum amount of CPT, i.e. 377.77 µg/g, which supposed to be the first choice of CPT source.

Conclusion: Results conclude that the CPT is present in all samples used except exogenous suspension culture, out of which soxhlet bark extract possesses the maximum amount of CPT.
BIOACTIVE POTENTIAL OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS (SS03) AGAINST CLINICAL ISOLATES
Authors: S. Rajeswari , S. Umamaheswari , Prasanth D. Arvind , P. Rajamanikandan K. C.
Published: September 2016

Objective: This study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal plant Moringa oleifera Lam. collected from the Omalur region, Salem district.

Methods: The endophytic fungi were isolated from stem, leaves, flowers and calyx of Moringa oleifera by surface sterilization method. The samples were surface sterilized by immersing it in 70% ethanol for 5 seconds followed by 4% sodium hypochlorite for 90 seconds and then a final rinsing in sterile distilled water. Then fungal biomass was extracted for intracellular metabolites by using ethyl acetate as solvent. The crude extract was filtered, and the filtrate was dried under vacuum at 40 °C. The filtrate was analyzed for antimicrobial activity. The fungi which showed the maximum activity was identified and the metabolite present in the ethyl acetate extract was characterized and identified by GC-MS and NMR analysis.

Results: The predominant endophytic fungi isolated belongs to the genera of Aspergillus spp, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus terreus and dematiaceous fungi namely Bipolaris spp. From this Aspergillus flavus showed the highest zone of inhibition was observed against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus 22 mm and strain of Candida tropicalis 19 mm. The efficiency of the bioactive compound was identified by GC-MS and NMR analysis and found to be Fenaclon, (R)(-) 14 methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol, Trans-β-farnesene (E)-β-farnesene, 9-Octcadecene,1,1, Dimethoxy

Conclusion: This study results indicate that the bioactive metabolites produce the endophytic fungi Aspergillus flavus could be promising source as antimicrobial agents.
EVALUATION OF ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF MIMOSA PUDICA ROOT LINN IN SWISS ALBINO MICE
Authors: C. Prathima , . Shashikumara , T. Thippeswamy , K. Jayanthi M.
Published: September 2016

Objective: To evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of Mimosa pudica root (EMPR) in experimental mice models.

Methods: Ethanolic extract of root parts of Mimosa pudica (EMPR) was prepared by a continuous method using soxhlet apparatus. EMPR in doses of 1000, 2000 mg/kg body wt along with valproate were administrated to albino mice by oral route and anti-epileptic activity was assessed by maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizure models. Abolition of tonic hind limb extension phase and an increase in seizure latency period, when compared to control group, were taken as a measure of protection in MES and PTZ induced convulsion models respectively.

Results: EMPR in the dose of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body wt of mice showed significant anti-epileptic property in both MES and PTZ induced seizure models. There was a significant abolition of tonic hind limb extension phase in MES model. There was also a significant increase in seizure latency period in PTZ induced seizure model.

Conclusion: Results suggest that ethanolic extract of Mimosa pudica roots possess significant anti-epileptic activity. Further investigations are required to determine its active constituents and also its antiepileptic mechanism of action.
ANTIULCER ACTIVITY OF THE MOST ACTIVE SUB-FRACTION OF METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF BUCHANANIA LANZAN SPRENG
Authors: Rai Uddipak , Pattnaik Ashok Kumar , Singh Sanjay
Published: September 2016

Objective: To evaluate the antiulcer activity of the most active sub-fraction of Buchanania lanzan Spreng. leaves methanolic extract (BLE).

Methods: The antioxidant activity of BLE fractions and sub-fractions has been assayed to determine the most active sub-fraction by using in vitro antioxidant methods like hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, total flavonoid and total phenolic content estimation. Then, the antiulcerogenic activity of most active sub-fraction of BLE (50 and 100 mg/kg, b.w., orally) was evaluated employing aspirin+pylorus ligation-induced (APL) and HCl/ethanol-induced (HE) gastric ulcer models in rats, and histopathological examination of stomach tissues of rats.

Results: The most active sub-fraction of BLE exerted a significant (P<0.01) dose-dependent decrease in the ulcerative lesion index produced by APL and HE ulcer models in rats as compared to the standard drugs omeprazole (30 mg/kg, b.w. orally) and ranitidine (32 mg/kg, b.w. orally) respectively. The reduction in gastric fluid volume, total acidity and an increase in the pH of the gastric fluid in APL treated rats proved the antisecretory activity of most active subfraction of BLE. From histopathological examination, it was found that in tissues of both the models that received pretreatment with most activesub-fraction showed better protection of the gastric mucosa in a dose-dependent manner as indicated by reduction or absence of mucosal erosion and infiltration of leucocytes.

Conclusion: These results suggest that leaves of Buchanania lanzan Spreng. possess potential antiulcer activity, which may be attributed to its antioxidant mechanism of action.
CYTOTOXIC BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA STEM BARK
Authors: Hasballah Kartini , . Murniana , . Erya , . Ardian
Published: September 2016

Objective: The present study deals with the cytotoxic activity of n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of Calotropis gigantea L. stem bark and its fractions such as A, B, C, D and E fractions on murine leukemia cell line P388.

Methods: The crude extracts of C. gigantea stem bark were prepared using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. The plant extracts were subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography followed by TLC. According to the similarity of stain patterns, the fractions were combined. The extracts and its combined fractions were then subjected for the phytochemical test. Cytotoxic activity of those extracts and its combined fractions were tested using MTT assay. Fraction D was subjected to gravity column chromatography followed by TLC. Then, fractions A, B, and D2 were crystallized and subjected to GC-MS.

Results: The qualitative screening of n-hexane extract of Calotropis gigantea L. stem bark for secondary metabolites showed the presence of terpenoid, flavonoids, phenolics and coumarins. While the ethyl acetate extract contained phenolics, steroids, flavonoids, saponins and coumarins compounds. IC50 values for n-hexane extract and E fraction are 76.29 µg/ml and 18.48 µg/ml, respectively. In the ethyl acetate extract and C fraction obtained IC50 values 57.05 µg/ml and 52.58 µg/ml.

Conclusion: Cytotoxic activity from E fraction of n-hexane extract of C. gigantea stem bark is the most potent and containing flavonoids, phenolics and coumarins. The main components from several compounds of n-hexane extract of C. gigantea are germacrane-A, (-)-globulol, urs-12-ene and veridiflorol. 
APOPTOSIS-INDUCING POTENTIAL OF LAWSONIA ALBA LAM. LEAVES ON HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HEP-G2) CELLS ALONG WITH ITS ANTI-OXIDANT PROPERTY
Authors: Dutta Soumyasree , Deb Nilanjana , Pattnaik Ashok Kumar , Besra Shila Elizabeth
Published: September 2016

Objective: The current study investigated the anti-cancer potential of methanolic and ethyl acetate fraction of Lawsonia alba L. (Lythraceae) leaves extract on Hep-G2 and RAW 264.7 cells along with in vitro anti-oxidant property of the ethyl acetate fraction.

Methods: The cytotoxic activity of methanolic extract and its fractions had been studied by MTT assay on Hep-G2 and RAW 264.7 cells. Morphological study of Hep-G2 cells was performed by light, fluorescence and confocal microscope. 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, detection of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by flow cytometric analysis had been performed to determine the proportion and stages of cellular apoptosis of Hep-G2 cells. In vitro anti-oxidant study of various fractions of MLA were performed by DPPH and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay.

Results: Cytotoxicity study of MLA and ELA had been confirmed by MTT assay and the IC50 value were calculated to be 75.85μg/ml and 32.81μg/ml on Hep-G2 cell line respectively. Morphological study showed the arrays of nuclear changes including chromatin condensation and apoptotic body formation indicating that treatment with ELA, causes apoptotic changes in the hepatoma cells compared to the untreated control. Agarose gel electrophoresis study showed fragmented DNA in the form of a ladder. Flow cytometric analysis showed an appreciable number of cells in early apoptosis stage. The cells were arrested, mostly in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Antioxidant property of ELA fraction was confirmed by free radical scavenging activity.

Conclusion: Ethyl acetate fraction of Lawsonia alba L. leaves possess potent apoptotic activity against Hep-G2 cell line along with notable anti-oxidant activity.
SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF LOPERAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE AND TINIDAZOLE IN BULK AND FORMULATIONS BY REVERSE PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: K. Poornima , Kp. Channabasavaraj
Published: September 2016

Objective: A new, rapid, selective, precise, accurate and economical, isocratic, reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of loperamide hydrochloride and tinidazole in bulk and in tablet formulations.

Methods: The separation was achieved by using Lithosphere RP C-18, (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) end capped column with a mobile phase containing sodium-1-octane sulfonate buffer: methanol: acetonitrile (40:30:30%v/v/v) pH adjusted to 4.0 (using dilute orthophosphoric acid). The flow rate was 1.0 ml/m and column effluent was monitored at 224 nm. The method was validated as per international conference on chemical harmonization (ICH) guidelines.

Results: Tinidazole and loperamide hydrochloride were eluted at about 3.1 and 5.4 min respectively, indicating the shorter analysis time. The proposed method was found to be accurate, precise and reproducible. The linearity was established in the concentration range of 10-50 µg/ml. Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 0.001 µg/ml and 0.003 µg/ml for loperamide hydrochloride and 0.01 µg/ml and 0.03 µg/ml for tinidazole.

Conclusion: This method can be used for routine analysis of formulations containing any of the above drugs or combinations without any alteration in the chromatographic conditions.
ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANOBIOCONJUGATES SYNTHESISED FROM PIPER BETLE LEAVES EXTRACT AND ITS ACTIVE COMPOUND EUGENOL
Authors: Preethi R. , Padma P. R.
Published: September 2016

Objective: Our present study deals with the anticancer property of silver nano bio conjugates synthesized from the methanolic extract of Piper betle leaves and the pure compound eugenol.

Methods: The anticancer activity of the nano bio conjugates synthesized from the extract and pure compound, in comparison with their respective non-conjugated raw material, were studied using cancer cell lines. The anticancer activity was analyzed by cell viability and staining techniques. The cell viability was determined by the MTT assay and the apoptosis was evaluated by the AO/EtBr staining method, which was carried out in both the cancerous (oral carcinoma (KB) cell lines) and non-cancerous cells (primary cultured human buccal cells). The phase of cell death was assessed by the flow cytometry followed by the cytotoxicity assessment.

Results: The results revealed that Piper betle leaves as well as their active phenolic compound eugenol exhibited strong anticancer activity in KB oral carcinoma cells. The anticancer effect of the extract was attributable to the component phenolics, eugenol respectively in betel leaves, as the phenolics also exhibited strong cytotoxicity in cancer cells. The anticancer activity increased by a marked magnitude when the extract/compound was administered as nano-bio conjugates. The significant observation was the differential effect evoked by the AgNPs, which was non-toxic to non-cancerous buccal cells while evoking a strong cytotoxicity in the cancer cells.

Conclusion: The results proved that the phytoconstituents like phenols in the betel leaves play a major role in the reduction of nano bio conjugates. The anticancer properties of silver nano bio conjugates were higher in the conjugated nanoform than the non-conjugated form.
EXAGGERATION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES DUE TO CAFFEINE-NICOTINE CO-ADMINISTRATION: A STUDY IN RATS
Authors: Kumbhar Subhash T. , Une Hemant D. , Joshi Anagha M. , Wangikar Pralhad B.
Published: September 2016

Objective: This study evaluated the toxic effect of simultaneously injected normal doses of caffeine and nicotine in diabetic lab animals.

Methods: A study was conducted for three weeks in seven rat groups (n=6); viz. first non-diabetic group treated with caffeine (20 mg/kg, ip) twice daily, second with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, ip) twice daily and third with both treatments simultaneously; whereas other three groups treated in the same way but inducing diabetes; and employing the seventh group as diabetic control. Type 2 diabetes was induced by high fatty diet prior for two weeks and a single streptozotocin injection on 1th day of study in all diabetic groups. Blood and urine samples were collected weekly to estimate blood parameters. Animals were sacrificed, and organs were collected for histopathology analysis.

Results: Most blood parameters showed a rapid increase in diabetes in co-addiction group compared with their single addiction or non-addiction control groups. Caffeine-nicotine co-addiction group showed about 60-80 mg/dl (p<0.05) rise in serum glucose, 15-20 U/l in AST (p<0.01), 80-100 U/l in ALT (p<0.01), 20-30 mg/dl in Urea (p<0.01), 02 mg/dl in creatinine (p<0.05), 12-15 mg/dl (p<0.01) in LDL-C, 6-9 mg/dl in VLDL-C (p<0.01) and 60-90 mg/dl in TC levels (p<0.01) when compared with non-addicted diabetic control. There was a significant reduction in HDL-C (p<0.01) while the less significant rise in triglycerides in the case of co-addiction as compared to non-addiction diabetic control group. Histopathology results exhibited moderate to severe tissue damage in agreement with clinical biochemistry results.

Conclusion: Nicotine-caffeine co-addiction harms exceptionally more in type 2 diabetes greater than their single addiction or non-addiction.
ECONOMIC MAXIMIZATION OF ALFALFA ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY USING STRESSFUL FACTORS
Authors: Mickky Bardees , Abbas Muhammad , El-shhaby Omar
Published: September 2016

Objective: The present study addresses the effect of water deficit stress on the antimicrobial capacity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants.

Methods: Methanolic extracts of alfalfa plants grown in different soil types, varying in sand proportion, either alone or combined with various levels of water regimes were assessed for antibacterial and antifungal activities following cup plate method. The phytochemical profiles of plant extracts were also qualitatively screened using appropriate chemical reagents. Moreover, data were intensively processed via two different statistical designs.

Results: Increasing sand amount induced the inhibitory effect of plant extracts on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Mucor circinelloides, Rhizopus azygosporus and R. microsporus with less pronounced action on Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans and Emericella quadrillineata; as well as a reversed influence on Pseudomonas aerugenosa and Streptococcus pyrogenes. Furthermore, withholding irrigation water enhanced the plant suppressive action on E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans and R. microsporus with less marked or reversed influence on the other tested microbes. However, Pseudallescheria ellipsoidea, two species of Penicillium and five of Aspergillus could resist the studied plant extracts. The results also revealed that the extracts of water-unsatisfied plants generally contained higher amounts of alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, glycosides, phytosterols, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids and reducing sugars.

Conclusion: The employed biological evaluations point out to promising antimicrobial efficiency of alfalfa plants particularly when stressed.
HIV-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE AND PROTEASE ASSAY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF ADANSONIA DIGITATA L.
Authors: Sharma Amrish , Rangari Vinod
Published: September 2016

Objective: Anti-HIV activity studies of methanolic extracts of Adansonia digitata L. leaves, root bark and fruit pulp.

Methods: Methanolic extracts of A. digitata were tested for HIV enzyme inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and HIV-1 protease (PR). HIV-1 RT assay was performed using non-radioactive HIV-RT colorimetric ELISA kit while the HIV-1 PR assay was performed using a fluorogenic octapeptide substrate, HIV-FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) and a recombinant HIV-1 protease solution (AnaSpec Inc., USA).

Results: The percentage inhibition of controls and A. digitata leaves, root bark and fruit pulp extracts were calculated relative to uninhibited HIV-1 RT and PR in 2% DMSO. The results of the HIV-1 RT assay indicated 26.5% inhibition by root bark extract (50 µg/ml) and 12.2% inhibition by leaf extract while the fruit pulp extract (100 µg/ml) has shown only 5.9% inhibition as compared to standard Nevirapine (100 nM) 27.5% inhibition.

In the case of HIV-protease assay, leaf extract and fruit pulp extract (50 µg/ml) has shown quite high inhibition (≥ 50%) to the extent of 75% and 74% respectively which is very significant. The root bark extract has shown 35% inhibition.

Conclusion: Methanolic extract of the leaves, root bark and fruit pulp of A. digitata has shown low anti-HIV-1 RT but significant PR activity. HIV-1 RT activity of root bark extract and HIV-1 PR activity of fruit pulp extract indicates the potential of the plant as an anti-HIV agent. 
ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF THYMUS SATUREIOIDES AQUEOUS EXTRACT IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Kabbaoui Mohamed El , Chda Alae , Mejrhit Najlae , Farah Abdellah , Aarab Lotfi , Bencheikh Rachid , Tazi Abdelali
Published: September 2016

Objective: The aerial parts of Thymus satureioides have been traditionally used to treat diabetes mellitus and its complications in Morocco. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of the aqueous extract of Thymus satureioides aerial parts in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.

Methods: Experimental diabetes was induced in overnight fasted rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were orally administered with aqueous extract of Thymus satureioides (500 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 d. Glibenclamide (2 mg/kg), a standard antidiabetic drug, was used as a positive control drug. Body weight and fasting blood glucose (FGB) were measured every week. Oral glucose tolerance, change in lipid parameters, urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) levels of diabetic rats were evaluated at the end of the treatment.

Results: Administration of Thymus satureioides aqueous extract to diabetic rats for 28 d reduced their fasting blood glucose levels significantly compared to the diabetic control rats. The extract improved body weight and glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. The antihyperlipidemic assessment of the extract revealed a decrease in plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL levels and an increase in HDL level in the plasma of treated diabetic rats. Furthermore, the biochemical liver and kidney functional tests have shown that serum biomarkers of liver and renal dysfunction were significantly reduced in treated diabetic rats.
Conclusion: The present findings suggest that Thymus satureioides extract has both antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in experimental diabetic rats which can be beneficial in the management of diabetes and its complications.
 
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND pH ON THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF PATHOGENIC AND NON-PATHOGENIC STRAINS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Chaudhry Narender , Mukherjee Tapan K. , Mukherjee Tapan K. , Mukherjee Tapan K.
Published: September 2016

Objective: Main aim of the present study was to determine differential effects of temperature and pH on the sensitivity/resistance of bacteria against ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol.

Methods: Both the bacterial strains were subjected to MIC determination. These were subjected to the varying values of environmental stresses including temperature and pH. The growth was monitored using spectrophotometer and degree of resistance if gained was screened over the agar dilution plates. Morphological changes were also observed in the shape and size of bacteria using light microscope at 1000X.

Results: Present study enlightened the facts that pathogenic strain and a non-pathogenic strain of E. coli behave differently for factors like pH and temperature. It is not so that if non-pathogenic E. coli gains resistance to antibiotic under a specified condition of temperature and pH, then the pathogenic strain would also gain resistance the same way. It was noticed in present study that non-pathogenic E. coli is not very sensitive to the antibiotics, but the pathogenic E. coli is much more sensitive to antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, however it is easy for the pathogenic strain than the non-pathogenic one to gain resistance to antibiotic if proper environmental condition is made available like temperature of 30 °C and pH 6.5 (which appeared to be the best value of respective stresses regarding gain of resistance). However, it is not so that two drugs like ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol acts with efficacy in similar environmental conditions. Similarly, the bacteria also gains resistance to these drugs under different environmental conditions. The study proved pivotal in concluding that temperature alone can’t induce resistance in the bacteria against the antibiotic, also pH plays more significant role in the efficacy of antibiotic and the resistance acquired against it.

Conclusion: Both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of E. coli behave differently against the abiotic stresses and there may exist a different mechanism of stress regulation in both the strains, which may get even more complicated if the combination of stresses are taken into consideration. These points may help us to understand and get a permanent solution for antibiotic resistance of bacteria hence making pathogens sensitive and non-pathogenic/useful bacteria resistant to the antibiotics.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FOURTEEN EULOPHIA SPECIES TRADITIONALLY KNOWN AS AMARKAND
Authors: Narkhede Aarti , Mahajan Minal , Singh Elangbam , Harsulkar Abhay , Jagtap Suresh
Published: September 2016

Objective: Amarkand is a group of medicinal plants, of which tubers are regularly consumed by the tribal people in India as food and medicine. It has a strong background of regional ethnopharmacological and food uses. Thus it can be effectively utilized as a source of natural antioxidants. The present study, of fourteen Eulophia species which are predominantly considered as “Amarkand”, were focused for their antioxidant potential and polyphenolic content which facilitates the contribution of the traditional knowledge of plants from India.

Methods: Radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power and anti-lipid peroxidation assay were used to evaluate the antioxidant potential. In addition, total phenols, flavonoid and proanthocynidins were estimated.

Results: Results showed that all the studied amarkand species have promising antioxidant potential. Eulophia epidendrea (J. Koenig ex. Retz.) C. E. C. Fisch. (EE) and Eulophia mannii (Rchb. f.) Hook. f. (EM) had highest free radical scavenging potential among all. Eulophia epidendrea have highest ferric reducing potential which may be due to high flavonoid and proanthocyanidin content present.

Conclusion: The data clearly demonstrated that EE and EM may serve as a good natural antioxidant source against oxidative stress and related diseases.
ANALYSIS OF 4-HYDROXYCYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE IN CANCER PATIENTS PLASMA FOR THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE
Authors: Harahap Yahdiana , Samuel Christian , Andalusia Rizka , Syafhan Nadia Farhanah
Published: September 2016

Objective: To quantify 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide in cancer patients’ plasma for therapeutic drug monitoring of cyclophosphamide.

Methods: The blood was collected at 0.5 and 1 h after administration of chemotherapy. Prior to analysis, 4-OHCP in plasma was derivatized with semicarbazide HCl, then was extracted using 4 ml ethyl acetate and finally was determined by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separation was conducted using waters acquity BEH C18 column (1.7 μm; 50 mm x 2.1 mm). The mobile phase consisted of formic acid 0.1% and methanol (50: 50, v/v), column temperature 30 °C and flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. Mass detection was performed on waters xevo TQD equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source at positive ion mode in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Cyclophosphamide was detected at m/z 260.968>139.978, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide-semicarbazide at m/z 338.011>224.97, and hexamethylphosphoramide as internal standard at m/z 180.17>92.08.

Results: The method was linear in the range of 5–1000 ng/ml for cyclophosphamide and also for 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide. The results showed that the level of 4-OHCP in 39 cancer patients was in the range of 5.02 ng/ml to 832.44 ng/ml.

Conclusion: 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide was detected on 39 patient samples with the lowest level of 5.40ng/ml and the highest level was 832.44 ng/ml. This can be a parameter that the regiment of cyclophosphamide was effective.
REDUCED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MRSA TO VANCOMYCIN
Authors: Bhooshan Suneel , Prasad Jyoti , Dutta Amitesh , Ke Vandana , Mukhopadhyay Chiranjay
Published: September 2016

Objective: This study was conducted to observe the antibiogram, vancomycin MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration), and inducible clindamycin resistance in clinical isolates of MRSA (Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus).

Methods: Drug resistance pattern was studied by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods. MIC of vancomycin was determined by agar dilution method.

Results: MRSA was found to be highly resistant to gentamicin (76%), erythromycin (67.03%) and ciprofloxacin (65.09%) while glycopeptides showed uniform susceptibility.
Conclusion: Though there was no drug resistance observed against vancomycin and linezolid, it’s wise to use these antibiotics safely as emerging resistance has been reported for these drugs from all over the world.
DECOLOURIZATION OF TRIPHENYLMETHANE DYES AND DYE INDUSTRY EFFLUENT BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM DYE CONTAMINATED SITE
Authors: Sandhiya R. , Begum K. Sumaiya , Charumathi D.
Published: September 2016

Objective: The objectives of the present study were a) to isolate and screen bacteria for dye removal from synthetic solution b) to optimize various variables such as pH, static/shaking and initial dye concentration on degradation of triphenyl methane dyes namely basic violet 3 and basic green 4 by isolated Staphylococcus aureus c) to analyse enzymes involved in the biodegradation of triphenylmethane dyes d) to treat real leather dyeing wastewater with newly isolated strain of Staphylococcus aureus e) to characterize untreated and treated leather dyeing wastewater f) to study the effects of real and treated effluent on plants and Rhizobium.

Methods: Isolation of bacteria from sludge was carried out by spread plate method and the bacteria was identified by morphological and biochemical characterization. The isolated bacterium was screened for dye decolorization potential of triphenylmethane dyes basic violet 3 and basic green 4 The effects of parameters were studied by varying pH (from 3 to 9), temperature (from 15-45 °C), and initial dye concentration (from 10-500 mg/l). The enzyme involved in biodegradation was studied in intracellular extract. Real leather dyeing wastewater was treated with the bacteria and characterized. The treated wastewater was tested on plants and Rhizobium for toxicity.

Results: Dye decolorization potential of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wastewater for leather dyes basic violet 3 and basic green 4 were evaluated. Dye decolorization using bacteria was found to be dependent on physicochemical parameters (shaking, pH and initial dye concentration). Enzymes NADH-DCIP reductase and MG reductase were found to play dominant role during biodegradation of synthetic dyes. Application oriented studies using growing bacteria in pure cultures were carried out with leather dyeing wastewater collected from DKS prime tanners. Analysis of raw leather dyeing wastewater showed high pollution load in terms of color, Total solids, Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids and Biological oxygen demand whereas the leather dyeing wastewater treated with pure culture of Staphylococcus aureus showed considerable decrease in Total solids, Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids and Biological oxygen demand values which were within the permissible limits. Phytotoxicity and microbial toxicity studies confirmed the non-toxic nature of treated leather dyeing wastewater.

Conclusion: Our study proved that Staphylococcus aureus can serve as a potential remediation agent for the treatment of leather dyeing wastewater.
EFFICACY OF TRIDHAM AND 1,2,3,4,6-PENTA-O-GALLOYL-β-D-GLUCOSE IN REVERSING LIPID PEROXIDATION LEVELS AND MITOCHONDRIAL ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZENEANTHRACENE (DMBA) INDUCED BREAST CANCER IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS
Authors: Ramakrishnan Stalin , Dharmalingam Karthick , Panchanatham Sachidanandham T , Palanivelu Shanthi
Published: September 2016

Objective: To determine the effect of Tridham (TD) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose(PGG) on lipid peroxidation levels and mitochondrial antioxidants status in experimental mammary carcinoma.

Methods: Elaecoarpus ganitrus (fruits), Terminalia chebula (seed coats), Prosopis cineraria (leaves), adult female albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 170–190 g and 7,12-dimethylbenzeneanthracene (DMBA) were used for this study. Group I control rats, Group II rats mammary carcinoma induced with DMBA (25 mg in 1 ml olive oil) by gastric intubation. Group III, IV and V DMBA induced rats were treated with TD (400 mg/kg. b. wt/day), PGG (30 mg/kg. b. wt/day) and standard drug, Cyclophosphamide (30 mg/kg. b. wt/day), respectively for 48 d by gastric intubation. Group VI and VII rats served as TD and PGG treated controls, respectively for 48 d by gastric intubation. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were anaesthetized and sacrificed. Mammary glands were isolated and used for biochemical assays and histopathological evaluation.

Results: In rats with cancer, the lipid peroxide levels (LPO) were significantly increased and mitochondrial antioxidant levels were decreased. Treatment with TD and PGG decreased LPO levels and increased mitochondrial antioxidant status in mammary carcinoma bearing rats. Histopathological analysis also confirmed the therapeutic effect of TD and PGG. No significant adverse effect was observed in sole drug treated group of rats.

Conclusion: TD and PGG have definite therapeutic effect in experimental mammary carcinoma and inhibit growth of cancer cells by restoring mitochondrial antioxidant status and energy metabolism to normal states.
In silico analysis of transcription factor binding sites in promoters of germin-like protein genes in rice
Authors: Ilyas Muhammad , Naqvi Syed , Mahmood Tariq
Published: September 2016

Germins (GERs) and germin-like proteins (GLPs) play important roles in
responses to various stresses; however, their function is still not fully
understood. Significant insight into their function can be obtained by
analyzing their promoters. In the present study, the 5' upstream promoters
(1000 bp) of 43 Asian rice (Oryza sativa var. Japonica) GLP genes were
retrieved from the Plant Ensemble, based on the Rice Annotation Project
database (RAP-DB). Phylogenetic analysis via MEGA6 showed a narrow genetic
background (0.2%) with a Tajima neutrality value (?) of 0.69. Overall, 4234
transcription factor (TF) binding sites (TFBSs) were found on chromosomes 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11 and 12 via ?MatInspector? from 90 different TF families
using a total of 444 families. Common TFs and DiAlign analyses showed that
arabidopsis homeobox protein (AHBP), MYB-like proteins (MYBL) and vertebrate
TATA-box-binding protein (VTBP) were the most abundant, common and
evolutionarily conserved elements in the upstream region from 0 to -800.
Finding their mutual interaction via Farmworker analysis uncovered three new
cisregulatory modules (VTBP_VTBP, MYBS_MYBS, and AHBP_VTBP), which appear to
be decisive for OsGLP regulation. In silico functional analysis via
ModelInspector revealed 77 cis-regulatory modules, each comprised of two
elements, among which DOFF_OPAQ_03 and GTBX_MYCL_01 were the most frequent
and mostly found on chromosome 8 and 12, indicating that the combinatorial
interaction of these elements has a fundamental role in various biological
processes. The study revealed the importance of these elements in regulating
OsGLP expression that will help in predicting the role of these genes in
various stresses, and can have application in biotechnology.
Activation of the Pro-Oxidant PKCβII-p66Shc Signaling Pathway Contributes to Pericyte Dysfunction in Skeletal Muscles of Patients With Diabetes With Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Vono Rosa , Fuoco Claudia , Testa Stefano , Pirrò Stefano , Maselli Davide , Ferland McCollough David , Sangalli Elena , Pintus Gianfranco , Giordo Roberta , Finzi Giovanna , Sessa Fausto , Cardani Rosanna , Gotti Ambra , Losa Sergio , Cesareni Gianni , Rizzi Roberto , Bearzi Claudia , Cannata Stefano , Spinetti Gaia , Gargioli Cesare , Madeddu Paolo
Published: September 2016

Critical limb ischemia (CLI), foot ulcers, former amputation, and impaired regeneration are independent risk factors for limb amputation in subjects with diabetes. The present work investigates whether and by which mechanism diabetes negatively impacts on functional properties of muscular pericytes (MPs), which are resident stem cells committed to reparative angiomyogenesis. We obtained muscle biopsy samples from patients with diabetes who were undergoing major limb amputation and control subjects. Diabetic muscles collected at the rim of normal tissue surrounding the plane of dissection showed myofiber degeneration, fat deposition, and reduction of MP vascular coverage. Diabetic MPs (D-MPs) display ultrastructural alterations, a differentiation bias toward adipogenesis at the detriment of myogenesis and an inhibitory activity on angiogenesis. Furthermore, they have an imbalanced redox state, with downregulation of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 and catalase, and activation of the pro-oxidant protein kinase C isoform β-II (PKCβII)-dependent p66Shc signaling pathway. A reactive oxygen species scavenger or, even more effectively, clinically approved PKCβII inhibitors restore D-MP angiomyogenic activity. Inhibition of the PKCβII-dependent p66Shc signaling pathway could represent a novel therapeutic approach for the promotion of muscle repair in individuals with diabetes.
Time–Frequency Domain Analysis of Asphalt Longitudinal Strain
Authors: Shafiee Mohammad Hossein , Hashemian Leila , Asefzadeh Arian , Bayat Alireza
Published: September 2016

The application of time–frequency domain analysis methods, such as continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and short-time Fourier transform (STFT), is evaluated in the extraction of the dominant frequency from asphalt longitudinal strain signals. The pavement response data collected at the fully instrumented Integrated Road Research Facility in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, was used in this study. Promising results were achieved when CWT and STFT were used to determine the dominant frequency of the measured longitudinal strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer at different vehicular speeds. The dominant frequencies obtained from these methods were compared with those from conventional time-to-frequency conversion methods. Results showed that a frequency calculation that used the inverse of tensile pulse duration led to noticeably larger frequencies compared with those associated with the CWT and STFT methods. The accuracy of the determined frequencies and the corresponding moduli of hot-mix asphalt were evaluated by predicting strains with the KENPAVE program. This analysis showed the advantage of using time–frequency domain methods because they led to more reasonable agreements between the measured and predicted responses. Finally, the impact of frequency calculation methods on the potential fatigue cracking life was assessed by taking the estimated moduli and strains of hot-mix asphalt into account. It was found that the fatigue cracking life can be overestimated by almost 45% when frequency is considered as a reciprocal of pulse duration compared with when prediction is based on time–frequency domain methods.