bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forelimb joints contribute to locomotor performance in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) by maintaining stability and storing energy
Authors: Li Guoyu , Zhang Rui , Han Dianlei , Pang Hao , Yu Guolong , Cao Qingqiu , Wang Chen , Kong Lingxi , Chengjin Wang , Dong Wenchao , Li Tao , Li Jianqiao
Published: November 2020

Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) have lengthy seasonal migrations on land and their feet possess excellent locomotor characteristics that can adapt to complex terrains. In this study, the kinematics and vertical ground reaction force (GRF) of reindeer forelimb joints (interphalangeal jointb, metacarpophalangeal jointc, and wrist jointd) under walk, trot 1, and trot 2 were measured using a motion tracking system and Footscan pressure plates. Significant differences among different locomotor activities were observed in the joint angles, but not in changes of the joint angles (αb,αc,αd) during the stance phase. Peak vertical GRF increased as locomotor speed increased. Net joint moment, power, and work at the forelimb joints were calculated via inverse dynamics. The peak joint moment and net joint power related to the vertical GRF increased as locomotor speed increased. The feet absorbed and generated more energy at the joints. During different locomotor activities, the contribution of work of the forelimbs changed with both gait and speed. In the stance phase, the metacarpophalangeal joint absorbed more energy than the other two joints while trotting and thus performed better in elastic energy storage. The joint angles changed very little (∼5°) from 0 to 75% of the stance phase, which reflected the stability of reindeer wrist joints. Compared to typical ungulates, reindeer toe joints are more stable and the stability and energy storage of forelimb joints contribute to locomotor performance in reindeer.
Modelling the factors influencing Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor) occurrence in the wet eucalypt forests of south-eastern Australia
Authors: Sotorra S. , Blair D. , Blanchard W. , Lindenmayer D.
Published: November 2020

Many invasive species have had negative effects on the Australian environment, including the introduced Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor). However, there is a paucity of information on the factors influencing the fine scale distribution and abundance patterns of Sambar Deer in south-eastern Australia. We present the results of a field survey of Sambar Deer in the Critically Endangered Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests of the Central Highlands, Victoria. Our key question was: What factors influence detections of Sambar deer (based on scat counts) within the Mountain Ash forests of the Victorian Central Highlands? We surveyed 86 long-term field sites and detected a total of 245 groups of Sambar Deer pellets on 42% of these sites. Negative binomial regression modelling identified three factors associated with the occurrence of deer pellets. We recorded more pellets: (1) in 30 and 80 year old forest that remained unburned in fires that occurred in 2009, (2) on sites within closed National Parks relative to sites in State Forest, and (3) close to streams.
Imperative of Adopting Integrated Reporting by Quoted Companies in a Volatile Global Economy: Nigeria in Perspective
Authors: Chukwu Gospel J. , Monday Osirim , Wadike George C.
Published: November 2020

Integrated reporting (IR) is an emerging field of corporate reporting devised for corporate entities to ensure sustainable value creation in the short, medium and long term. The major thrust of this paper therefore was to determine the extent of the adoption of integrated reporting principles and practices as contained in the framework by quoted firms in Nigeria. Due to paucity of data from reporting entities on the implementation of integrated reporting, a documentary combined with descriptive research approach was adopted. Sample size was determined using the purposive random sampling method, which led to the selection of one (1) critical company from each sector making a total of twelve (12) companies quoted in the Nigerian Stock Exchange. This study will provide a new and deep introspection for companies   intending preparing and presenting integrated reports and those already doing so. The result of the tested hypothesis shows a significant f-value of .65 (P-value = .089 > .05); thus leading to the acceptance of the null hypothesis. This indicates that there is no significant evidence of integrating reporting adoption and practice by quoted companies in Nigeria. This result is due possibly to the recency of integrated reporting disclosures and the lack of legislative framework to support it in Nigeria. Predicated on the result, it was recommended that companies quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange should be enlightened and motivated to adopt the integrated reporting principles and practices as this will promote the accountability and transparency framework of the firms. In addition, the full adoption of integrated reporting frameworks should be made one of the key requirements for companies to be listed on the Stock Exchange.
Identification of Specifications and Catches of Sea Cucumber Dredge Gear in Cirebon Regency
Authors: Hartami Yuandini , Supriadi Dedi , Rostika Rita , Dewanti Lantun Paradhita
Published: November 2020

Sea cucumbers (Holothuria sp) are a leading export commodity for Indonesian fishermen. The increase in the selling price and demand for sea cucumbers in 2018 made fishermen in Cirebon Regency modify the fishing gear to maximize the catch of sea cucumbers which is called the sea cucumber dredge gear. The purpose of this research is to identify the specifications of the gear, catch, selectivity and productivity of the sea cucumber dredge gear operated in Cirebon Regency, West Java. The research was carried out in July 2019 - September 2020 in Gebang Mekar District. Fishing gear measurements were carried out along the fishing village of Gebang Mekar Village. The method used is a case study method with quantitative descriptive analysis to determine the specifications of the fishing gear and catches taken by interviewing fishermen. The results showed that sea cucumber dredge gear was included in the dredge gear category. The components consist of a mouth, a hook, a frame, a net, and a rope of varying sizes. The materials used are iron and stainless steel, weighing up to 50 kg. The main catch of sea cucumber in Cirebon Regency consists of Phylloporus sp or ondol - ondol and bycatch in the form of several demersal fish, with a total of 7 species. This fishing gear is classified as not selective because of its construction which has a net with a small mesh size (2-5 inches) so that this fishing gear captures many species of different sizes and the results of the calculation of the proportion show that bycatch has a percentage of 74,75%.
Understanding the Nutritional Status of Farming Community in Rural Areas of India: An Empirical Interpretation with Policy Implication from Socio-Economic and Gender Perspective
Authors: Ghoshal Swagata , Haque Monirul , Mondal Kabita , Sikdar Samrat , Acharya S. K.
Published: November 2020

Aims: In this empirical study an attempt is made to examine the relative importance of some socio-economic and demographic variables that affect the nutrition of farming community. This empirical study has been carried out for farmers and farm women separately and also for both combined to understand both ecological and gender dimensions. The major objective of the study is to conduct a series of participatory exercises to generate a micro level response data, which are primary in nature under the canopy of the title.

Study Design: The locale was selected by purposive sampling technique and the respondents were selected by the simple random sampling method.

Place of Study: Four gram panchayats namely Sihar, Deshra Koalpara, Lowgram and Kotulpur of the Kotulpur block of Bankura district in West Bengal were purposively selected for the study.

Methodology: In this study 50 farmers and 50 farm women have been interacted and are selected by the simple random sampling method. A preliminary interview schedule has been administered to understand the knowledge, perception and attitude of the people towards nutritional concept, communication and extension system, malnutrition. The gathered data had been put into multivariate analysis. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences V20.0 (SPSS) of IBM was used for analyzing the correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, step-down regression analysis, path analysis, canonical covariate analysis and artificial neural network analysis.

Results: Several independent variables like age (x1), functional literacy (x2), family size (x4), no of farm activities (x5), working hour per day (x6), distance of work place from residence (x7), wages received (x8), duration of employment (x9), per capita income (x12), per capita expenditure (x13), deviation of blood pressure (x15), pulse rate (x16), dizziness (x17) and status of drinking water (x18) have been identified as strongest determinants to characterize output variable nutrition (y).

Conclusion: The present study has uniquely landed on the value of some important empirical revelation. It can be concluded that farmers, having low income, are suffering from malnutrition most due to low calorie intake. Ensuring pure drinking water for all in rural areas is still a distant dream. A lot of farm women are suffering from dizziness and anemia due to lack of balanced diet. Malnutrition is still prevalent at significant levels especially in rural areas and the most vulnerable are children, women and elderly especially of lower income groups.
In vivo Antistaphylococcal Activity Evaluation of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (Lamiaceae) Ophthalmic Ointment
Authors: Marcelline Adiko N’dri , Timothée Okpekon Aboua , Martial Say Venance , Aminata Akoubet Ouayogode , Armand Koffi Agnely , Claude Kablan Ahmont Landry
Published: November 2020

The goal of this study is to evaluate the antistaphylococcal potential of ophthalmic ointment obtained from the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum. Cutaneous and ocular tolerances of methanolic extract of O. gratissimum leaves were evaluated according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 404 and 405 Guidelines. Gentamicin ophthalmic ointment 0.3 % was used as antibiotic reference. In vivo antibacterial activity evaluation of the phytomedicine was carried out in rabbits infected by S. aureus CIP 4.83. During 15 days, three groups of 6 animals were treated as follows: the excipient (vaseline + liquid paraffin), gentamicin ointment and Ocimum gratissimum ophthalmic ointment (OGO). 0, 5% Good cutaneous and ocular tolerances of methanolic extract were observed. The microbial contamination control carried out on the 5th and 240th days showed that the prepared formulation is consistent with the preparation of cleanliness standards for topical application to the European Pharmacopoeia. The subconjunctival injection of S. aureus suspension caused mucopurulent acute keratoconjunctivitis with edema, and sometimes eyelid erythema. It is therefore on these ocular observations that therapeutic efficacy of the phytomedicine was evaluated. The treated rabbits without anti-infective agent have developed leucoma, eyelids swelling and conjunctiva hyperemia. Only one panophthalmitis case was observed. From the 1st to 5th days, we observed significant and gradual regression on ocular damages in animals treated with gentamicin. On the 15th day, the eye became normal; the rabbits showed no lesion on cornea. The batch treated with OGO is experiencing a similar trend. The in vivo therapeutic activity of the OGO was similar to that of gentamicin.
Roles and Challenges of Traditional Birth Attendants in Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in Nigeria - A Brief Review
Authors: Chizoba A. F. , Chineke H. N. , Adogu P. O. U.
Published: November 2020

Introduction: About 65% of deliveries in Nigeria (including HIV infected women) take place in settings like traditional birth attendants (TBAs). Though TBA involvement in PMTCT has some challenges, their success stories of increased HIV counseling and testing (HCT) uptake among pregnant women remains a reason for training, supervising and successfully integrating them into formal health centres and to reach the PMTCT target population. This is a brief review of roles and challenges of traditional birth attendants in Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in Nigeria.

Methods: Keywords from objectives of review are MTCT, PMTCT and TBA which were used to search for related literatures through online libraries like national and international journals example medline and pubmed including google. About 62 related literatures/studies were initially generated and then narrowed down to 21 literatures which were selected because they met the inclusion criteria of less than 10 years and related to objective of review.

Findings: Because 65% of deliveries take place at non-formal settings like TBAs, they are being trained/engaged mainly by NGOs to be involved in PMTCT. Major success stories include; improved PMTCT knowledge and practices after training (p = 0.01) and increased HCT uptake at the TBAs (p = 0.001). Major challenges include low education level, reluctance to refer HIV positive patients in absence of incentives, poor reporting mechanism and poor-quality assessment/supervisions. National plans on accelerated PMTCT and elimination of MTCT currently advices that TBAs be integrated into formal health centres to further reach target population and cover the PMTCT gap in Nigeria.

Conclusion: TBAs have the potential of bridging the gap between formal PMTCT delivery points and the cultural communities where majority of the target population-pregnant women- live. Though challenges of TBA involvement are visible, support for training/retaining and quality assessment/supervision among TBAs could be the answer to the challenges of reaching the PMTCT target group and reaching the PMTCT target in Nigeria.
The role of the degenerate nucleotide binding site in type I ABC exporters
Authors: Stockner Thomas , Gradisch Ralph , Schmitt Lutz
Published: November 2020

ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters are fascinating molecular machines that are capable of transporting a large variety of chemically diverse compounds. The energy required for translocation is derived from binding and hydrolysis of ATP. All ABC transporters share a basic architecture and are composed of two transmembrane domains and two nucleotide binding domains (NBDs). The latter harbor all conserved sequence motifs that hallmark the ABC transporter superfamily. The NBDs form the nucleotide binding sites (NBSs) in their interface. Transporters with two active NBSs are called canonical transporters, while ABC exporters from eukaryotic organisms, including humans, frequently have a degenerate NBS1 containing noncanonical residues that strongly impair ATP hydrolysis. Here, we summarize current knowledge on degenerate ABC transporters. By integrating structural information with biophysical and biochemical evidence of asymmetric function, we develop a model for the transport cycle of degenerate ABC transporters. We will elaborate on the unclear functional advantages of a degenerate NBS.
Large‐Size Ultrathin α‐Ga2S3 Nanosheets toward High‐Performance Photodetection
Authors: Zheng Yulin , Tang Xin , Wang Wenliang , Jin Ling , Li Guoqiang
Published: November 2020

Following the extensive researches of graphene, 2D layered semiconductors have attracted widespread attention for their intriguing physical properties. 2D α‐Ga2S3 as an important member of group IIIA–VIA semiconductors has outstanding optoelectronic properties. However, the controllable large‐size synthesis of ultrathin α‐Ga2S3 nanosheets still remains a huge challenge. In this paper, a large‐size ultrathin nanosheets of hexagonal Ga2S3 is prepared via an improved chemical vapor deposition method. High‐performance photodetectors based on the ultrathin Ga2S3 nanosheets is demonstrated. The device shows a high photosensitivity/detectivity (9.2 A W−1/1.4 × 1012 Jones) and a fast response time (rise/fall time of <4/3 ms), respectively. Strikingly, wearable flexible photodetectors based on Ga2S3 nanosheets are fabricated accordingly and demonstrate great response performance and stability. This work provides a new direction for 2D semiconductors to apply in next‐generation nanoscale smart optoelectronics.
Antibacterial Action of Nanoparticles by Lethal Stretching of Bacterial Cell Membranes
Authors: Linklater Denver P. , Baulin Vladimir A. , Le Guével Xavier , Fleury Jean‐Baptiste , Hanssen Eric , Nguyen The Hong Phong , Juodkazis Saulius , Bryant Gary , Crawford Russell J. , Stoodley Paul , Ivanova Elena P.
Published: November 2020

It is commonly accepted that nanoparticles (NPs) can kill bacteria; however, the mechanism of antimicrobial action remains obscure for large NPs that cannot translocate the bacterial cell wall. It is demonstrated that the increase in membrane tension caused by the adsorption of NPs is responsible for mechanical deformation, leading to cell rupture and death. A biophysical model of the NP–membrane interactions is presented which suggests that adsorbed NPs cause membrane stretching and squeezing. This general phenomenon is demonstrated experimentally using both model membranes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, representing Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic quasi‐spherical and star‐shaped gold (Au)NPs are synthesized to explore the antibacterial mechanism of non‐translocating AuNPs. Direct observation of nanoparticle‐induced membrane tension and squeezing is demonstrated using a custom‐designed microfluidic device, which relieves contraction of the model membrane surface area and eventual lipid bilayer collapse. Quasi‐spherical nanoparticles exhibit a greater bactericidal action due to a higher interactive affinity, resulting in greater membrane stretching and rupturing, corroborating the theoretical model. Electron microscopy techniques are used to characterize the NP–bacterial‐membrane interactions. This combination of experimental and theoretical results confirm the proposed mechanism of membrane‐tension‐induced (mechanical) killing of bacterial cells by non‐translocating NPs.
Cooperative Catalysis toward Oxygen Reduction Reaction under Dual Coordination Environments on Intrinsic AMnO3‐Type Perovskites via Regulating Stacking Configurations of Coordination Units
Authors: Zhao Chunning , Zhang Xilin , Yu Meng , Wang Ansheng , Wang Linxia , Xue Lina , Liu Jieyu , Yang Zongxian , Wang Weichao
Published: November 2020

It remains challenging for pure‐phase catalysts to achieve high performance during the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction to overcome the sluggish kinetics without the assistance of extrinsic conditions. Herein, a series of pristine perovskites, i.e., AMnO3 (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba), are proposed with various octahedron stacking configurations to demonstrate the cooperative catalysis over SrMnO3 jointly explored by experiments and first‐principles calculations. Comparing with the unitary stacking of coordination units in CaMnO3 or BaMnO3, the intrinsic SrMnO3 with a mixture of corner‐sharing and face‐sharing octahedron stacking configurations demonstrates superior activity (Ehalf‐wave = 0.81 V), and charge–discharge stability over 400 h without the voltage gap (≈0.8 V) increasing in zinc–air batteries. The theoretical study reveals that, on the SrMnO3(110) surface, the active sites switch from coordinatively unsaturated atop Mn (*OO, *OOH) to Mn–Mn bridge (*O, *OH). Therefore, the intrinsic dual coordination environments of Mn–Ocorner and Mn–Oface enable cooperative modulation of the interaction strength of the oxygen intermediates with the surface, inducing the decrease of the *OH desorption energy (rate‐limiting step) unrestricted by scaling relationships with the overpotential of ≈0.28 V. This finding provides insights into catalyst design through screening intrinsic structures with multiple coordination unit stacking configurations.
Approaches for Long Lifetime Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Sudheendran Swayamprabha Sujith , Dubey Deepak Kumar , Shahnawaz  , Yadav Rohit Ashok Kumar , Nagar Mangey Ram , Sharma Aayushi , Tung Fu‐Ching , Jou Jwo‐Huei
Published: November 2020

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been well known for their potential usage in the lighting and display industry. The device efficiency and lifetime have improved considerably in the last three decades. However, for commercial applications, operational lifetime still lies as one of the looming challenges. In this review paper, an in‐depth description of the various factors which affect OLED lifetime, and the related solutions is attempted to be consolidated. Notably, all the known intrinsic and extrinsic degradation phenomena and failure mechanisms, which include the presence of dark spot, high heat during device operation, substrate fracture, downgrading luminance, moisture attack, oxidation, corrosion, electron induced migrations, photochemical degradation, electrochemical degradation, electric breakdown, thermomechanical failures, thermal breakdown/degradation, and presence of impurities within the materials and evaporator chamber are reviewed. Light is also shed on the materials and device structures which are developed in order to obtain along with developed materials and device structures to obtain stable devices. It is believed that the theme of this report, summarizing the knowledge of mechanisms allied with OLED degradation, would be contributory in developing better‐quality OLED materials and, accordingly, longer lifespan devices.
Supply Chain Mapping to Prepare for Future Pandemics
Authors: Norwood F. Bailey , Peel Derrell
Published: November 2020

The COVID‐19 experience demonstrated how little some agribusinesses understood their supply chain. As companies were scrambling to determine how the shutdowns would impact their input suppliers, they surely perceived a need to prepare better for future pandemics. This article describes the practice of supply chain mapping, an activity used to better understand the upstream and downstream components of a company's supply chain. In addition to describing how mapping works, this paper illustrates how mapping can help identify supply chain vulnerabilities and reduce risk. Moreover, it discusses a number of other mapping benefits, including transparency in sustainability commitments and idea generation.
Prevention of Epilepsy in Infants with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex in the EPISTOP Trial
Authors: Kotulska Katarzyna , Kwiatkowski David J. , Curatolo Paolo , Weschke Bernhard , Riney Kate , Jansen Floor , Feucht Martha , Krsek Pavel , Nabbout Rima , Jansen Anna C. , Wojdan Konrad , Sijko Kamil , Głowacka‐Walas Jagoda , Borkowska Julita , Sadowski Krzysztof , Domańska‐Pakieła Dorota , Moavero Romina , Hertzberg Christoph , Hulshof Hanna , Scholl Theresa , Benova Barbora , Aronica Eleonora , de Ridder Jessie , Lagae Lieven , Jóźwiak Sergiusz ,   the EPISTOP Investigators
Published: November 2020

Objective

Epilepsy develops in 70 to 90% of children with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and is often resistant to medication. Recently, the concept of preventive antiepileptic treatment to modify the natural history of epilepsy has been proposed. EPISTOP was a clinical trial designed to compare preventive versus conventional antiepileptic treatment in TSC infants.

Methods

In this multicenter study, 94 infants with TSC without seizure history were followed with monthly video electroencephalography (EEG), and received vigabatrin either as conventional antiepileptic treatment, started after the first electrographic or clinical seizure, or preventively when epileptiform EEG activity before seizures was detected. At 6 sites, subjects were randomly allocated to treatment in a 1:1 ratio in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). At 4 sites, treatment allocation was fixed; this was denoted an open‐label trial (OLT). Subjects were followed until 2 years of age. The primary endpoint was the time to first clinical seizure.

Results

In 54 subjects, epileptiform EEG abnormalities were identified before seizures. Twenty‐seven were included in the RCT and 27 in the OLT. The time to the first clinical seizure was significantly longer with preventive than conventional treatment [RCT: 364 days (95% confidence interval [CI] = 223–535) vs 124 days (95% CI = 33–149); OLT: 426 days (95% CI = 258–628) vs 106 days (95% CI = 11–149)]. At 24 months, our pooled analysis showed preventive treatment reduced the risk of clinical seizures (odds ratio [OR] = 0.21, p = 0.032), drug‐resistant epilepsy (OR = 0.23, p = 0.022), and infantile spasms (OR = 0, p < 0.001). No adverse events related to preventive treatment were noted.

Interpretation

Preventive treatment with vigabatrin was safe and modified the natural history of seizures in TSC, reducing the risk and severity of epilepsy. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:304–314
Forty questions of importance to the policy and practice of native oyster reef restoration in Europe
Authors: zu Ermgassen Philine S. E. , Bonačić Kruno , Boudry Pierre , Bromley Cass A. , Cameron Tom C. , Colsoul Bérenger , Coolen Joop W. P. , Frankić Anamarija , Hancock Boze , van der Have Tom M. , Holbrook Zoë , Kamermans Pauline , Laugen Ane T. , Nevejan Nancy , Pogoda Bernadette , Pouvreau Stéphane , Preston Joanne , Ranger Christopher J. , Sanderson William G. , Sas Hein , Strand Åsa , Sutherland William J.
Published: November 2020

Oyster reefs are among the most threatened marine habitats globally. In Europe, oyster reefs have been extirpated from most locations within their historical range. Active restoration of the native oyster (Ostrea edulis) in Europe has grown substantially in recent years. In sharing experiences between oyster restoration projects in Europe at the Native Oyster Restoration Alliance conference, NORA2, in Edinburgh in May 2019, it became apparent that a number of similar barriers are experienced.

This study identified the top 40 questions, which, if answered, would have the greatest influence on the policy and practice of oyster restoration in Europe. Initially 71 people were consulted across 28 institutions and 11 European countries to generate 194 questions. An established process of one round of pre‐workshop voting followed by a one‐day online workshop and two post‐workshop rounds of voting resulted in the final 40 questions.

Questions were broadly grouped into the following 10 themes: baselines, site selection, restoration methods, quantifying benefits, disease management, biosecurity, genetic diversity and population differentiation, policy and management, novel technologies, and current and future threats.

We anticipate that this list will provide a starting point for developing collaborative projects across the NORA network, as well as assisting policy makers and funders with identifying key areas that need to be addressed in order to overcome existing barriers to scaling up oyster restoration in Europe.
Modeling of photosynthesis and respiration rate for microalgae–bacteria consortia
Authors: Sánchez Zurano Ana , Gómez Serrano Cintia , Acién‐Fernández F. Gabriel , Fernández‐Sevilla Jose M. , Molina‐Grima Emilio
Published: November 2020

In this article, the influence of culture conditions (irradiance, temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen) on the photosynthesis and the respiration rates of microalgae–bacteria consortia in wastewater treatment was analyzed. Specifically, some short photo‐respirometric experiments, simulating outdoor raceway reactors, were performed to evaluate the response of microalgae, heterotrophic bacteria, and nitrifying bacteria to variations in environmental parameters. Results demonstrate that irradiance is the most dominant variable to determine microalgae photosynthesis rates. However, reduction in microalgae activity was not observed at higher irradiance, ruling out the existence of photoinhibition phenomena. Related to heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria, their activities were strongly affected by the influence of temperature and pH. Moreover, the effect of dissolved oxygen concentrations on microalgae, and bacteria activities was studied, displaying a reduced photosynthetic rate at dissolved oxygen concentrations above 20 mg/L. Data have been used to develop an integrated model for each population (microalgae, heterotrophic bacteria, and nitrifying bacteria) based on considering the simultaneous influence of irradiance, temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. The models fit the experimental results in the range of culture conditions tested, and they were validated using data obtained by the simultaneous modifications of the variables. These individual models serve as a basis for developing a global biologic microalgae–bacteria model for wastewater treatment to improve the optimal design and management of microalgae‐based processes, especially outdoors, where the cultures are subject to variable daily culture conditions.
Determinants of consumer demand for circular economy products. A case for reuse and remanufacturing for sustainable development
Authors: Hunka Agnieszka D. , Linder Marcus , Habibi Shiva
Published: November 2020

We investigate determinants of consumer demand for circular (reused and remanufactured) products. Based on exploratory choice‐based conjoint experiments with a sample of 800 adults in the United Kingdom, we examine two types of premium segment electronic appliances: a mobile phone and a robot vacuum cleaner. We find that consumers prefer partly circulated products over fully or not at all circulated products and that circular products can likely successfully enter the existing market at the retail price of a new product. Interestingly, circular products compete for market share primarily with new products, leaving the market share of second‐hand options less affected. The results show a promising path for firms considering a transition to circular business models.
Combination of lysine‐specific demethylase 6A (KDM6A) and mismatch repair (MMR) status is a potential prognostic factor in colorectal cancer
Authors: Chen Xiaying , Yang Zuyi , Feng Jiao , Duan Ting , Pan Ting , Yan Lili , Jin Ting , Xiang Yu , Zhang Mingming , Chen Peng , Wang Wengang , Zhang Ruonan , Chen Bi , Zhao Liping , Xie Tian , Sui Xinbing
Published: November 2020

Purpose

To evaluate the relationship between the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) status and histone lysine‐specific demethylase 6A (KDM6A) on the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods

About 594 patients with CRC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were enrolled in this retrospective study. Subsequently, a series of different classification tests for MMR status, cancer types, and target gene expression was conducted.

Results

After filtering out the KDMs group of genes, we selected KDM6A as the target gene. A significant difference in the performance of KDM6A in tumor and normal tissues were confirmed. Our results showed a lower KDM6A expression, lower KDM6A exon expression, and higher KDM6A DNA methylation than their corresponding normal tissues in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). Notably, the main MMR genes were highly expressed in tumor tissues than normal tissues both in COAD and rectum adenocarcinoma (READ). Moreover, proficient DNA mismatch repair (pMMR) was found to be an important poor prognostic factor in COAD (p = 0.0064) and the low KDM6A expression was an important factor for poor prognosis in READ (p = 0.0217). Based on these results, we consequently relate MMR status with KDM6A expression in predicting the prognosis of patients with CRC. Moreover, patients with pMMR exhibited a low KDM6A expression in COAD (p = 0.0250). Samples were divided into two groups based on the KDM6A expression. Interestingly, the group with low KDM6A expression showed no difference between pMMR and deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) in prognosis, whereas the group with high KDM6A expression was closely related to MMR status in OS (p = 0.0082). Besides, COAD patients with high KDM6A expression and pMMR status had poor OS (p = 0.0082).

Conclusions

The KDM6A/MMR classification‐based subtypes of low KDM6A expression/READ, high KDM6A expression/pMMR, and COAD/pMMR were associated with poor prognosis. This classification can be a novel prognostic approach in CRC.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the performance of flow‐diverting stents in the treatment of peripheral and visceral artery aneurysms
Authors: Zhang Yongxue , Xiang Dekun , Lu Qingsheng , Wu Mengtao , Cui Jinguo
Published: November 2020

Objective

This meta‐analysis aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of flow‐diverting stents (FDS) in treating peripheral and visceral artery aneurysms (PAA/VAAs).

Background

Though rare, PAA/VAAs can represent a life‐threatening condition due to their propensity of rupture. The FDS emerges as a new solution to exclude these aneurysms while maintaining collateral branches, but convincing evidence is lacking on its clinical effectiveness.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed to identify studies related to FDS in treating PAA/VAAs. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses (PRISMA) statement was applied to guide the data extraction, quality assessment, and synthesis of outcomes of interest. Random effect models were applied to calculate the event rates of major endpoints. OpenMeta[Analyst] software was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Of 130 records screened, 10 cohort studies (including 220 patients, average age: 66.0 years, 78.4% male) were enrolled in the meta‐analysis. Pooled data suggested a technical success rate of 98.5% (95% CI: 97.0–100%). During a mean follow‐up period of 14.1 months, 93.6% (95% CI: 88.6–98.5%) side branches remained patent, 89.8% (95% CI: 84.3–95.3%) aneurysms were totally thrombosed, whereas shrinkage/stabilization of the aneurysm was documented in 93.4% (95% CI: 88.4–98.4%) cases. The primary stent patency rate was estimated to be 87.9% (95% CI: 81.0–94.8%). Overall clinical success was achieved in 83.2% (95% CI: 74.4–92.0%) patients.

Conclusions

The FDS features a potential advantage of preserving side branches while inducing sac thrombosis and aneurysm shrinkage/stabilization. Further prospective, comparative studies in larger patient cohorts are anticipated to draw a robust conclusion.
Successful intracoronary thrombolysis in a patient with anterior myocardial infarction and large thrombus burden associated with coronary artery ectasia
Authors: Jafaripour Iraj , Ansari Ramandi Mohammad Mostafa , Gholami Amir , Pourkia Roghayeh , Amin Kamyar
Published: November 2020

Although ectatic coronary arteries with high thrombus burden, leading to acute coronary events, can be difficult to manage, intracoronary thrombolytics and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors can act as potential successful treatment options.
Photoredox‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Cyclization of 2‐Vinyl Phenols, N‐Alkoxypyridinium Salts, and Sulfur Ylides for Synthesis of Dihydrobenzofurans
Authors: Yuan Fan , Yan Dong‐Mei , Gao Pan‐Pan , Shi De‐Qing , Xiao Wen‐Jing , Chen Jia‐Rong
Published: November 2020

The 2,3‐dihydrobenzofuran ring systems are a privileged class of oxygen heterocycles, and their synthesis continues to attract considerable effort. Herein, a visible‐light‐driven photoredox‐catalyzed radical multicomponent cyclization of 2‐vinyl phenols, N‐alkoxypyridinium salts, and sulfur ylides is described. The key to the reaction success involves the use of both N‐alkoxypyridinium salts and sulfur ylides as radical precursors. This redox‐neutral protocol features good functional group tolerance, easily available starting materials, simple operation, and mild reaction conditions, enabling the modular synthesis of various 2,3‐disubstituted dihydrobenzofurans. Mechanistic studies have also elucidated some of the aspects associated with the key radical intermediates.
Facile synthesis of phosphorus‐nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots from cyanobacteria for bioimaging
Authors: Wang Xi , Gao Shiyu , Xu Nan , Xu Li , Chen Sainan , Mei Changtong , Xu Changyan
Published: November 2020

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are becoming powerful fluorophore materials in the field of biosensors and bioimaging thanks to their small size, optical properties, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Heteroatom doping can endow CQDs with new or improved photoluminescent properties. In this paper, the bio‐waste cyanobacteria, H3PO4 and C2H8N2 were used as precursors for synthesizing P‐doped, N‐doped and P/N co‐doped CQDs via a simple hydrothermal method. Under the irradiation of ultraviolet light (UV), the optimal emission peaks of undoped CQDs and P‐doped CQDs were located in the blue‐light region, while those of N‐doped CQDs and P/N co‐doped CQDs were located in the green‐light region. Compared with the undoped, N‐doped and P‐doped CQDs, the P/N co‐doped CQDs had higher quantum yield (QY) and more favourable photoluminescent (PL) properties. The as‐prepared P/N co‐doped CQDs were highly fluorescent and exhibited excitation wavelength‐dependent fluorescence; its maximum emission wavelength was at 501 nm under the excitation of 420 nm. Furthermore, the percentage of survival cells kept at 90.4% when the P/N co‐doped CQDs concentration was up to 200 μg/mL by MTS assay. Such P/N co‐doped CQDs were then used as an effective fluorescent probe for cell imaging due to their high QY, good water dispersibility, strong fluorescence properties, fine biocompatibility, and low cytotoxicity.
Impact of a volume challenge on haemodynamics and prognosis in patients with severe aortic stenosis
Authors: Maeder Micha T. , Weber Lukas , Weilenmann Daniel , Haager Philipp K. , Joerg Lucas , Rohner Franziska , Ammann Peter , Chronis Joannis , Rigger Johannes , Rickli Hans
Published: November 2020

Aims

A volume challenge can unmask pulmonary hypertension (PH) and its mechanism. We evaluated the impact of a volume challenge on mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure (mPAWP) and its prognostic implications in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR).

Methods and results

In 285 patients with severe AS (indexed aortic valve area 0.41 ± 0.13 cm2/m2), mPAP and mPAWP were measured before and after administration of 150 ± 58 mL of low‐osmolal or iso‐osmolal contrast. Following contrast, mPAP and mPAWP rose from 25 ± 10 and 16 ± 8 mmHg by 5 ± 4 and 4 ± 4 mmHg to 30 ± 11 and 20 ± 8 mmHg. There were 112 (39%) patients with pre‐contrast PH and 70 (40% of those without pre‐contrast PH) patients with post‐contrast PH only. Post‐contrast PH patients were intermediate between pre‐contrast PH and no PH in terms of AS severity, cardiac dysfunction, and haemodynamics. After a median follow‐up of 43 months post‐AVR, pre‐contrast PH patients had numerically the highest mortality driven by those with pre‐contrast combined pre‐capillary and post‐capillary PH (n = 35), while post‐contrast changes in mPAP and mPAWP were not related to mortality. Patients with any post‐contrast mPAWP > 18 mmHg had significantly higher mortality than those with post‐contrast mPAWP ≤ 18 mmHg,

Conclusions

In severe AS, a contrast challenge leads to post‐contrast PH in ~40% of patients without pre‐contrast PH. However, post‐contrast haemodynamic changes do not adversely affect outcomes in patients undergoing AVR. Post‐contrast PH represents an intermediate stage of ‘cardiac damage’, which may be attenuated or reversible after AVR.
Thermal runaway behavior of lithium‐ion batteries in different charging states under low pressure
Authors: Xie Song , Sun Jian , Chen Xiantao , He Yuanhua
Published: November 2020

To investigate the thermal safety behavior of lithium‐ion batteries during the air transportation process, the batteries with different states of charge (SOC) are heated by heating coil under low pressure. The thermal runaway (TR) behaviors of the batteries are investigated by analyzing the differences in TR phenomenon, temperature, time, and voltage. The results show that the voltage drop time is earlier than the gas release time for all the batteries. The increase in the SOC shortens the voltage drop and TR time, and increases the TR temperature and intensity of the batteries under all pressures. In addition, the reduction of pressure leads to the delay of voltage drop time, the reduction of TR intensity and temperature, and the U‐shaped change of TR time. The influence of SOC on the TR behavior is attributed to the difference of lithium content in the anode which leads to the difference in the energy state and stability of the battery. The difference in TR behavior under different pressures is due to the difference in oxygen content and heat transfer efficiency, which affects the ignition time and combustion behavior of the battery.
Increasing the impact of science and technology to provide more people with healthier and safer food
Authors: Chávez‐Dulanto Perla N. , Thiry Arnauld A. A. , Glorio‐Paulet Patricia , Vögler Oliver , Carvalho Fernando P.
Published: November 2020

Ensuring adequate food availability to an increasing world population constitutes one of the biggest challenges faced by humankind. Scientific and technological advances in food production during the last century enabled agriculture to cope with the concomitant increase in food demand. For example, cereal yields have more than doubled from a global average of 1.5 metric tons per hectare in the 1960s up to 3.2 metric tons per hectare in 2018. This was made possible by the work in different research fields such as agronomy, engineering, and plant sciences, showing that an inter and multidisciplinary approach is indispensable for significant progress. This manuscript is aimed at generating reflexion and analysis about the challenges that agriculture faces at present to satisfy projected food demands, which implies a further doubling of food production by 2050, according to the latest estimates. Relevant issues related to food production (climate change, pollution of water and soils by pesticides and fertilizers, loss of germplasm and biodiversity) are discussed and potential solutions to achieve food security in quantity and quality are reviewed, mainly from the plant breeding and crop‐production perspectives, always associated with environmental health preservation and improvement. A broad transdisciplinary effort is needed to increase the impact of science and technology to provide more people with healthier and safer food, produced in a sustainable way. Nonetheless, science and technology alone will not succeed to meet those challenges. Education and knowledge transfer strategies are needed to guarantee responsible production and consumption everywhere, therefore allowing the benefits of scientific and technological progress reach the world population. Simultaneously, adequate action by regulatory authorities and governments concerted at international level, with thorough application of the Precautionary Principle, and aiming at environmental and social justice are imperatively required to meet the challenge and achieve the goal.
Circulating and Tissue Expression Profile of MicroRNAs in Primary Hyperparathyroidism Caused by Sporadic Parathyroid Adenomas
Authors: Yavropoulou Maria P , Pazaitou‐Panayiotou Kalliopi , Yovos John G , Poulios Christos , Anastasilakis Athanasios D , Vlachodimitropoulos Dimitris , Vamvakidis Kyriakos , Tsave Olga , Chrisafi Sofia , Daskalaki Emily , Makras Polyzois
Published: November 2020

We investigated the expression profile of selected microRNAs (miRs) in serum and tissue samples from patients with sporadic parathyroid adenomas (sPAs). This was a prospective, controlled cohort study. Forty patients with sPAs who had undergone parathyroidectomy (PTX) were included. MiR extraction was performed from (i) 40 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples (FFPEs) of sPAs, (ii) 10 FFPEs of normal parathyroid tissue (NPT), (iii) serum samples of the 40 patients with sPAs (t1 = baseline; t2 = 2 months post‐PTX), and (vi) serum samples of 10 healthy individuals (controls; t1 = baseline and t2 = 2 months later). Ten miRs were selected based on their interaction with genes related to parathyroid tumorigenesis (miR‐17‐5p, miR‐24‐3p, miR‐29b‐3p, miR‐31‐5p, miR‐135b‐5p, miR‐186‐5p, miR‐195‐5p, miR‐330‐3p, miR‐483‐3p, and miR‐877‐5p). At tissue level, the relative expression of miR‐17‐5p, miR‐31‐5p, miR‐135b‐5p, miR‐186‐5p, and miR‐330‐3p was significantly decreased (fold change [FC]: 0.17, FC: 0.03, FC: 0.01, FC: 0.10, FC: 0.10, respectively; all p values <0.001), and the expression of miR‐24‐3p and miR‐29b‐3p was significantly increased (FC: 12.4, p < 0.001; FC: 18.5, p = 0.011, respectively) in sPA compared with NPT samples. The relative expression of miR‐135b‐5p was also significantly decreased in the serum samples of patients compared with controls (FC: 0.7, p = 0.035). No significant differences were found in the serum samples of patients before and after PTX. MiRs that regulate genes linked to parathyroid tumors such as menin 1 (miR‐24‐3p, miR‐29b‐3p), cyclin D1 (miR‐17‐5p), calcium sensing receptor (miR‐31‐5p, miR‐135b‐5p), cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors (miR‐186‐5p), and β‐catenin (miR‐330‐3p) were significantly deregulated in sPAs compared with NPT samples, suggesting a role for epigenetic changes in parathyroid tumorigenesis. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Genomic Mechanisms Governing Mineral Homeostasis and the Regulation and Maintenance of Vitamin D Metabolism
Authors: Pike J Wesley , Lee Seong Min , Benkusky Nancy A , Meyer Mark B
Published: November 2020

Our recent genomic studies identified a complex kidney‐specific enhancer module located within the introns of adjacent Mettl1 (M1) and Mettl21b (M21) genes that mediate basal and PTH induction of Cyp27b1, as well as suppression by FGF23 and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. The tissue specificity for this regulatory module appears to be localized exclusively to renal proximal tubules. Gross deletion of these segments in mice has severe consequences on skeletal health, and directly affects Cyp27b1 expression in the kidney. Deletion of both the M1 and M21 submodules together almost completely eliminates basal Cyp27b1 expression in the kidney, creating a renal specific pseudo‐null mouse, resulting in a systemic and skeletal phenotype similar to that of the Cyp27b1‐KO mouse caused by high levels of both 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and PTH and depletion of 1,25(OH)2D3. Cyp24a1 levels in the double KO mouse also decrease because of compensatory downregulation of the gene by elevated PTH and reduced FGF23 that is mediated by an intergenic module located downstream of the Cyp24a1 gene. Outside of the kidney in nonrenal target cells (NRTCs), expression of Cyp27b1 in these mutant mice was unaffected. Dietary normalization of calcium, phosphate, PTH, and FGF23 rescues the aberrant phenotype of this mouse and normalizes the skeleton. In addition, both the high levels of 25(OH)D3 were reduced and the low levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 were fully eliminated in these mutant mice as a result of the rescue‐induced normalization of renal Cyp24a1. Thus, these hormone‐regulated enhancers for both Cyp27b1 and Cyp24a1 in the kidney are responsible for the circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the blood. The retention of Cyp27b1 and Cyp24a1 expression in NRTCs of these endocrine 1,25(OH)2D3‐deficient mice suggests that this Cyp27b1 pseudo‐null mouse will provide a model for the future exploration of the role of NRTC‐produced 1,25(OH)2D3 in the hormone's diverse noncalcemic actions in both health and disease. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.