bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Training teachers for virtual collaboration: A case study
Authors: Vinagre Margarita
Published: November 2015

This study aims to explore the development of teachers' competences when trained in virtual collaboration. In order to do so, we analyse the data gathered from a group of nine in‐service teachers who were trained in a forum and a wiki to become future telecollaborative teachers (TTs). During the course, participants worked in small groups and they had to carry out a series of tasks that included reviewing articles on virtual collaboration and implementing a hypothetical exchange. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed on the content from the forum, wiki pages and answers to an end‐of‐course questionnaire. Findings suggest that there is a relationship between successful collaboration and the development of the knowledge base and competences required by the TT. Therefore, ensuring that sufficient quality interaction takes place among group members is essential in order to encourage the emergence of sound and friendly relationships that will facilitate active participation and negotiation of meaning.
Working alongside older people with a learning disability: informing and shaping research design
Authors: Herron Daniel , Priest Helena M. , Read Sue
Published: November 2015

Accessible summary

This paper is about working with people with learning disabilities to develop a research (or ‘finding out’) study.

We worked with people from Reach, a group–advocacy project, which is part of Assist in Staffordshire, to write clear and simple information sheets and consent forms to help people with learning disabilities and dementia to participate in a research study.

We also worked with members of Reach to create appropriate, clear and simple interview questions to ask people with learning disabilities and dementia about their experiences

Working alongside people with learning disabilities helps to ensure the work is fit for purpose.

Background: There has been an increase in inclusive research in the learning disability field; however, this has not been reflected within learning disability and dementia research, where little is known from the perspective of people with learning disabilities. This paper will define inclusive research, explore reasons for the dearth of inclusive dementia research, and identify the challenges of conducting dementia research involving people with learning disabilities.

Materials and Methods: Examples of working with people with learning disabilities to develop elements of a PhD research study will be detailed and critically discussed.

Results: These experiences aided the creation of accessible material about dementia for a PhD research study. Subsequently, this helped to overcome challenges of communication within the research study and helped to promote the participation of people with learning disabilities and dementia.

Conclusion: Sharing these ideas about how we worked together will help others who are seeking to engage and achieve more inclusive research practices with marginalised populations.
Current policy and legislation in England regarding older people – what this means for older people with learning disabilities: a discussion paper
Authors: Turner Sue , Cooper Ueki Madeline
Published: November 2015

Accessible summary

People with learning disabilities are living longer.

Older people with learning disabilities should be included in policies and plans that are for all older people.

National plans and policies for older people often do not say anything about older people with learning disabilities, and it is hard to know whether older people with learning disabilities are benefiting.

People who plan services locally often do not have good information on older people with learning disabilities.

Using the Equalities Act 2010 could help people who plan services and write policy to think about older people with learning disabilities but this is not happening at the moment.

People who work with older people with learning disabilities should be aware of policy for all older people, so that older people with learning disabilities do not miss out.

Background: This paper seeks to explore the opportunities and challenges generated by current policy, guidance and legislation in England relating to older people, in terms of the practical implications for older people with learning disabilities.

Methods: Using the broad themes housing, employment, social inclusion and isolation, care and support, and promoting better health and well‐being, this paper discusses potential practical opportunities and concerns for older people with learning disabilities arising from policy and legislation such as current initiatives regarding integration, personalisation and the dementia policy. Consideration is given to the implications of changing policy and practice for both current and future generations of people with a learning disability as they reach older age.

Conclusions: This discussion paper concludes that whilst there is potential for older people with a learning disability to benefit from policy and practice aimed at improving the lives of older people generally, the tendency for policy to be targeted at specific groups without adequately considering the diversity of those groups often leaves those with a learning disability at the margins of being able to make the most of changes.
Children's Reasoning About Social Exclusion: Balancing Many Factors
Authors: Mulvey Kelly Lynn
Published: November 2015

Social exclusion is pervasive throughout development. In this article, I explore the factors involved in children's and adolescents' reasoning about and evaluation of group‐based exclusion: (a) social‐cognitive skill level, (b) social‐contextual factors, (c) emotion evaluations, and (d) competing moral and group‐based norms. Social exclusion in group‐based contexts involves balancing moral principles (focused on preventing harm and ensuring just and equitable treatment) with loyalty and allegiance to one's group. Children and adolescents evaluate these complex scenarios by weighing contextual factors, considering the role of the emotions experienced by excluders and by those who are excluded, and relying on their social‐cognitive skills and knowledge. With age, children reason about social exclusion with greater and more nuanced sophistication across many contexts.
Distinguishing predictive profiles for patient‐based risk assessment and diagnostics of plaque induced, surgically and prosthetically triggered peri‐implantitis
Authors: Canullo Luigi , Tallarico Marco , Radovanovic Sandro , Delibasic Boris , Covani Ugo , Rakic Mia
Published: November 2015

Objective

To investigate whether specific predictive profiles for patient‐based risk assessment/diagnostics can be applied in different subtypes of peri‐implantitis.

Materials and methods

This study included patients with at least two implants (one or more presenting signs of peri‐implantitis). Anamnestic, clinical, and implant‐related parameters were collected and scored into a single database. Dental implant was chosen as the unit of analysis, and a complete screening protocol was established. The implants affected by peri‐implantitis were then clustered into three subtypes in relation to the identified triggering factor: purely plaque‐induced or prosthetically or surgically triggered peri‐implantitis. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the characteristics and risk factors between peri‐implantitis and healthy implants, as well as to compare clinical parameters and distribution of risk factors between plaque, prosthetically and surgically triggered peri‐implantitis. The predictive profiles for subtypes of peri‐implantitis were estimated using data mining tools including regression methods and C4.5 decision trees.

Results

A total of 926 patients previously treated with 2812 dental implants were screened for eligibility. Fifty‐six patients (6.04%) with 332 implants (4.44%) met the study criteria. Data from 125 peri‐implantitis and 207 healthy implants were therefore analyzed and included in the statistical analysis. Within peri‐implantitis group, 51 were classified as surgically triggered (40.8%), 38 as prosthetically triggered (30.4%), and 36 as plaque‐induced (28.8%) peri‐implantitis. For peri‐implantitis, 51 were associated with surgical risk factor (40.8%), 38 with prosthetic risk factor (30.4%), 36 with purely plaque‐induced risk factor (28.8%). The variables identified as predictors of peri‐implantitis were female sex (OR = 1.60), malpositioning (OR = 48.2), overloading (OR = 18.70), and bone reconstruction (OR = 2.35). The predictive model showed 82.35% of accuracy and identified distinguishing predictive profiles for plaque, prosthetically and surgically triggered peri‐implantitis. The model was in accordance with the results of risk analysis being the external validation for model accuracy.

Conclusions

It can be concluded that plaque induced and prosthetically and surgically triggered peri‐implantitis are different entities associated with distinguishing predictive profiles; hence, the appropriate causal treatment approach remains necessary. The advanced data mining model developed in this study seems to be a promising tool for diagnostics of peri‐implantitis subtypes.
Studying citizen science through adaptive management and learning feedbacks as mechanisms for improving conservation
Authors: Jordan Rebecca , Gray Steven , Sorensen Amanda , Newman Greg , Mellor David , Newman Greg , Hmelo‐Silver Cindy , LaDeau Shannon , Biehler Dawn , Crall Alycia
Published: November 2015

Citizen science has generated a growing interest among scientists and community groups, and citizen science programs have been created specifically for conservation. We examined collaborative science, a highly interactive form of citizen science, which we developed within a theoretically informed framework. In this essay, we focused on 2 aspects of our framework: social learning and adaptive management. Social learning, in contrast to individual‐based learning, stresses collaborative and generative insight making and is well‐suited for adaptive management. Adaptive‐management integrates feedback loops that are informed by what is learned and is guided by iterative decision making. Participants engaged in citizen science are able to add to what they are learning through primary data collection, which can result in the real‐time information that is often necessary for conservation. Our work is particularly timely because research publications consistently report a lack of established frameworks and evaluation plans to address the extent of conservation outcomes in citizen science. To illustrate how our framework supports conservation through citizen science, we examined how 2 programs enacted our collaborative science framework. Further, we inspected preliminary conservation outcomes of our case‐study programs. These programs, despite their recent implementation, are demonstrating promise with regard to positive conservation outcomes. To date, they are independently earning funds to support research, earning buy‐in from local partners to engage in experimentation, and, in the absence of leading scientists, are collecting data to test ideas. We argue that this success is due to citizen scientists being organized around local issues and engaging in iterative, collaborative, and adaptive learning.
Autonomic nervous responses in colorectal polypectomy: Randomized controlled trial comparing air and carbon dioxide insufflation
Authors: Murakami Kenji , Kataoka Hiromi , Hayano Junichiro , Fukuta Hidekatsu , Mori Yoshinori , Nishiwaki Hirotaka , Mizoshita Tsutomu , Tanaka Mamoru , Okamoto Yasuyuki , Shimura Takaya , Hirata Yoshikazu , Mizushima Takashi , Ebi Masahide , Joh Takashi
Published: November 2015

Background and Aim

Carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation devices are commonly used for endoscopic examination and treatment. In this prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT), we compared patient acceptance, cardiovascular tolerance, and autonomic nervous responses between patients receiving air insufflation and CO2 insufflation.

Methods

We initially enrolled 170 patients and, of these, 158 patients in total were analyzed (air group, 83; CO2 group, 75). Autonomic nervous responses were evaluated by analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). Primary end point was superiority in the effects of CO2 insufflation on the autonomic nervous system by HRV analysis.

Results

Visual analog scale disclosed significantly less abdominal pain and abdominal fullness with CO2. Percentage heart rate change rate at 1 h and 4 h after the procedure was also significantly lower in the CO2 group than in the air group (1 h after: P < 0.01, 4 h after: P < 0.05). Comparison based on age showed that % heart rate change was significantly lower in the younger CO2 patients (just after colonoscopy and 1 h after: P < 0.01, 4 h after: P < 0.05), but this difference was not apparent in an older group of patients.

Conclusions

This is the first RCT showing that colorectal polypectomy using CO2 insufflation significantly decreases abdominal pain and abdominal fullness common in such patients with lowered stress to the autonomous nervous system. The effects using CO2 insufflation on the sympathetic nervous system also seemed to be more prominent among younger patients.
Inter‐individual variation in shivering behaviour in the migratory painted lady Vanessa cardui
Authors: DUCATEZ SIMON , BAGUETTE MICHEL
Published: November 2015

1. Thermoregulation abilities are likely to play a fundamental role in ectotherms' response to current environmental changes, including through their implication in interspecies and interindividual variations in life‐history strategies (e.g. dispersal syndromes). However, differences in thermoregulatory behaviours, and especially interindividual differences, are largely neglected in the literature, and there is still no global understanding of their importance in determining population and evolutionary processes, even in extensively studied taxa such as butterflies.

2. Interindividual variation in shivering in the painted lady, a migratory butterfly, was investigated. This behaviour has been very poorly studied, despite being widespread in insects in general, including butterflies. Using a warming experiment in the laboratory on 94 different individuals caught in the wild during the same migratory event, interindividual variation in shivering behaviour was investigated, and the effects of wing morphology and boldness (a behavioural axis known to be associated with mobility in butterflies) on shivering decision and efficiency were tested.

3. The study shows that individuals strongly differ in their shivering behaviour. Wing morphology affected both individuals' decision on whether or not to use shivering and heating rate while shivering. In contrast, no effect was found of individuals' age and boldness on shivering decision and efficiency. The findings also reveal that shivering strongly increased heating rate and allowed higher flight temperatures to be reached, while bolder individuals also took off at higher temperatures.

4. Overall, the results of the present study underline how variation in a neglected thermoregulatory behaviour could affect general life‐history strategies in butterflies, and stress the need to consider this behaviour when investigating butterfly life‐history syndromes.
Taxonomic identity determines N2 fixation by canopy trees across lowland tropical forests
Authors: Wurzburger Nina , Hedin Lars O.
Published: November 2015

Legumes capable of fixing atmospheric N2 are abundant and diverse in many tropical forests, but the factors determining ecological patterns in fixation are unresolved. A long‐standing idea is that fixation depends on soil nutrients (N, P or Mo), but recent evidence shows that fixation may also differ among N2‐fixing species. We sampled canopy‐height trees across five species and one species group of N2‐fixers along a landscape P gradient, and manipulated P and Mo to seedlings in a shadehouse. Our results identify taxonomy as the major determinant of fixation, with P (and possibly Mo) only influencing fixation following tree‐fall disturbances. While 44% of trees did not fix N2, other trees fixed at high rates, with two species functioning as superfixers across the landscape. Our results raise the possibility that fixation is determined by biodiversity, evolutionary history and species–specific traits (tree growth rate, canopy stature and response to disturbance) in the tropical biome.
Two occurrences of presumptive venous air embolism in a gelding during cystoscopy and perineal urethrotomy
Authors: Gordon E. , Schlipf J. W. , Husby K. A. , Tornquist S. J. , Bildfell R. J. , Semevolos S. A.
Published: November 2015

A 14‐year‐old Arabian gelding presented for evaluation of macroscopic haematuria. Routine cystoscopy was performed under standing sedation during which the horse collapsed with apparent seizure activity. General anaesthesia was induced and the horse recovered neurologically normal. Four days later, during a perineal urethrotomy procedure, the horse experienced a similar collapse with seizure‐like activity. General anaesthesia was again induced and cystoscopy performed through the urethrotomy incision. A ventral bladder mass was visualised and sampled. Cytology confirmed a neoplastic process and the horse was subjected to euthanasia. Histopathology confirmed transitional cell carcinoma. Air embolism was the suspected cause of loss of consciousness and seizure activity in both instances.
Safety profile of etifoxine: A French pharmacovigilance survey
Authors: Cottin Judith , Gouraud Aurore , Jean‐Pastor Marie‐Josèphe , Dautriche Anne Disson‐ , Boulay Charlène , Geniaux Hélène , Auffret Marine , Bernard Nathalie , Descotes Jacques , Vial Thierry
Published: November 2015

Etifoxine chlorhydrate is a benzoxazine derivative approved for the treatment of psychosomatic manifestations of anxiety since 1979. Previously labeled adverse drug reactions (ADRs) only include drowsiness, benign cutaneous reactions, and acute hypersensitivity reactions. The objectives were to examine recent data on etifoxine‐related ADR by reviewing Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) recorded in France especially unexpected ADRs. Etifoxine‐related ICSRs were extracted from the French Pharmacovigilance database from 1 January 2000 to 30 April 2012 and data from the marketing authorization holder up to 31 December 2011 were also obtained. Of the 350 cases retained for analysis, 123 (35%) were considered serious. Dermatological or acute hypersensitivity reactions were the most frequent ADRs (59%) mainly isolated cutaneous eruptions. However, there were 24 cases of severe toxidermia (DRESS in 5, erythema multiforme in 10 and Stevens–Johnson syndrome in 5) with etifoxine as the most suspected drug in 11 patients, and seven cases of vasculitis or serum sickness‐like reaction. Liver disorders were reported in 34 patients of whom 25 developed acute hepatitis with a cytolytic biological pattern in 16. Other unexpected ADRs included 16 reversible cases of metrorrhagia with positive rechallenge in 5, and three cases of biopsy‐proven microscopic colitis of which one recurred after etifoxine re‐administration. Although etifoxine has been marketed for more than 30 years, this survey identified a number of unexpected and sometimes serious ADRs, in particularly severe toxidermia and acute cytolytic hepatitis. A recent update of the French etifoxine summary of the product characteristics (SPC) was based on these findings.
Aquatic insect β‐diversity is not dependent on elevation in Southern Rocky Mountain streams
Authors: Harrington Rachel A. , Poff N. LeRoy , Kondratieff Boris C.
Published: November 2015

Relatively high β‐diversity among aquatic insect communities inhabiting high‐elevation streams is most commonly presumed to result from increased dispersal limitation between isolated mountaintop ‘islands’. However, these elevational patterns of β‐diversity have been predominately drawn from observed changes in community composition along single‐thread channels, where the downstream increase in habitat size and hydrologic connectivity provides potential alternative explanations.

In this study, we applied an alternative conceptual ‘tributary model’ to ask whether patterns of aquatic insect β‐diversity in similar‐sized, hydrologically disconnected streams showed a similar elevational gradient in diversity patterns as previously reported for conceptual ‘mainstem model’ studies. Aquatic insects were sampled from 24 low‐order, montane streams that are tributaries to larger rivers in three adjacent catchments spanning c. 2000–3500 m in elevation. We used relative abundance data to quantify two types of β‐diversity: (i) community turnover‐β, or the change in local diversity among adjacent streams along the elevational gradient within each catchment, and (ii) community variation‐β, or the change in local diversity among all streams within three elevation zones combined across catchments.

Our results provided evidence of no relationship between β‐diversity and elevation in aquatic insect communities in small montane streams. Community turnover‐β was found to be consistently high among sites within catchments and displayed no significant trend across the elevational gradient for any catchment. Community variation‐β showed a nonlinear response to elevation, with sites in the high‐elevation and low‐elevation zones having similarly high community variation‐β compared to sites in the mid‐elevation zone.

Our ‘tributary model’ results provide the first evidence that β‐diversity among small, isolated streams can have similar turnover rates across broad elevational gradients. Our results also show similar patterns of β‐diversity among low‐ and high‐elevation tributaries, suggesting that dispersal limitation is not restricted to high‐elevation streams.
The role of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in learned fear processing: an awake rat fMRI study
Authors: Harris A. P. , Lennen R. J. , Brydges N. M. , Jansen M. A. , Pernet C. R. , Whalley H. C. , Marshall I. , Baker S. , Basso A. M. , Day M. , Holmes M. C. , Hall J.
Published: November 2015

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling is implicated in the etiology of many psychiatric disorders associated with altered emotional processing. Altered peripheral (plasma) BDNF levels have been proposed as a biomarker for neuropsychiatric disease risk in humans. However, the relationship between peripheral and central BDNF levels and emotional brain activation is unknown. We used heterozygous BDNF knockdown rats (BDNF+/−) to examine the effects of genetic variation in the BDNF gene on peripheral and central BDNF levels and emotional brain activation as assessed by awake functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). BDNF+/− and control rats were trained to associate a flashing light (conditioned stimulus; CS) with foot‐shock, and brain activation in response to the CS was measured 24 h later in awake rats using fMRI. Central and peripheral BDNF levels were decreased in BDNF+/− rats compared with control rats. Activation of fear circuitry (amygdala, periaqueductal gray, granular insular) was seen in control animals; however, activation of this circuitry was absent in BDNF+/− animals. Behavioral experiments confirmed impaired conditioned fear responses in BDNF+/− rats, despite intact innate fear responses. These data confirm a positive correlation [r = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (0.55, 0.96); P = 0.0004] between peripheral and central BDNF levels and indicate a functional relationship between BDNF levels and emotional brain activation as assessed by fMRI. The results demonstrate the use of rodent fMRI as a sensitive tool for measuring brain function in preclinical translational studies using genetically modified rats and support the use of peripheral BDNF as a biomarker of central affective processing.
Latitudinal gradient in niche breadth of brachyuran crabs
Authors: Papacostas Katherine J. , Freestone Amy L.
Published: November 2015

Aim

Niche breadth has long been hypothesized to decrease at low latitudes and contribute to global patterns of species diversity. Range size, phylogenetic relatedness and body size also have hypothesized relationships with both latitude and niche breadth, which may further affect niche breadth patterns. Existing terrestrial data are inconclusive and few data exist on latitudinal gradients in niche breadth in the marine realm. We tested the latitude–niche breadth relationship in a marine system while exploring the correlations of both variables with range size, and accounting for relatedness and body size.

Location

Global.

Methods

We compiled a global dataset on the dietary niche breadth of 39 brachyuran crab species from existing studies and additional analyses on species collected in Connecticut and Florida, USA and Bocas del Toro, Panama. Estimates of latitude, range size, clade and body size were obtained for each species. We then tested for correlations among focal variables and examined the strength of their relationships with diet breadth.

Results

Latitude was the strongest predictor of niche breadth in temperate species, and the latitude–niche breadth relationship was stronger in larger‐bodied species. The strongest predictor of the niche breadth of tropical species was clade, with the newest clade having the narrowest diet. Niche breadth was related to range size for both temperate and tropical species. Tropical species had larger ranges on average than temperate species.

Main conclusions

We found an interesting division in the niche breadth relationships of temperate and tropical species; diets of temperate species were positively correlated with latitude, range size and body size, and diets of tropical species were related to range size and clade. Therefore, only temperate species demonstrated the predicted positive relationship between niche breadth and latitude, while evolutionary history was a stronger predictor of niche breadth in tropical species.
Forage biomass, soil cover, stability and competition in perennial grass–legume pastures with different Paspalum species
Authors: Tejera M. , Speranza P. , Astigarraga L. , Picasso V.
Published: November 2015

The short life span, irregular forage production and susceptibility to weed colonization of cool‐season grass–legume pastures are serious problems in grazing dairy systems in warm‐temperate regions. The inclusion of warm‐season species has the potential to mitigate these problems. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the inclusion of two warm‐season grasses with different growth habits on seasonal forage biomass, soil cover and weed colonization. Three different pasture mixtures were evaluated under grazing: conventional pasture (CP) [tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), white clover (Trifolium repens) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)], CP with Paspalum dilatatum and CP with Paspalum notatum (CP + Pn). Forage biomass and soil cover were sampled thirteen times during a 3‐year trial, and sampling times were grouped by season for the analyses. The mixtures with Paspalum showed higher soil cover in the autumn, while in the winter CP had higher soil cover than CP + Pn. Competition with tall fescue was similar between mixtures with Paspalum, when considering biomass, but it was higher in CP + Pn when considering soil cover. The inclusion of P. notatum increased biomass during the autumn but decreased the mixture performance during winter by reducing tall fescue soil cover. The addition of a warm‐season grass species with a moderate competing ability like P. dilatatum is likely to avoid a negative impact on the cool‐season component of the pasture.
Estimation of herbage biomass and nutritive status using band depth features with partial least squares regression in Inner Mongolia grassland, China
Authors: Gong Zhe , Kawamura Kensuke , Ishikawa Naoto , Inaba Mizuki , Alateng Dalai
Published: November 2015

Although herbage biomass and nutrient status are widely assessed from hyperspectral measurements, certain difficulties are encountered in semiarid and arid regions with low canopy cover. This study investigated the potential of band depth approaches using partial least squares (PLS) regression to estimate herbage biomass and the concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Inner Mongolia grassland. Field hyperspectral measurements and plant sampling were conducted in desert and typical steppes with different fertilizer levels. The PLS analyses of typical steppe, desert steppe and combined datasets were based on canopy reflectance and first derivative reflectance (FDR) at wavelengths of 400–1000 nm, with consideration of six band depth features extracted from the red absorption region (580–740 nm). The predictive accuracy of the standard full‐spectrum PLS (FS‐PLS) was compared with that of the iterative stepwise elimination PLS (ISE‐PLS) via the cross‐validated coefficient of determination (R2cv) and the ratio of prediction to standard deviation (RPD). In most of the datasets, the ISE‐PLS provided better predictive results than the FS‐PLS. The final models used band depth features to estimate herbage biomass (R2cv = 0.624–0.952, RPD = 1.506–4.539) and pasture N (R2cv = 0.437–0.888, RPD = 1.331–2.869) and reflectance and FDR to estimate pasture P (R2cv = 0.686–0.815, RPD = 1.754–2.267). The models could accurately estimate most of the grass parameters (RPD >1.5), with the exception of pasture N concentrations in the desert steppe dataset due to a range of variation that was too small. The band depth approach with ISE‐PLS improved the predictive ability of the method for estimating herbage biomass and the nutrient contents of grasses in sparse grasslands.
Programmed death ligand 1 expression in triple‐negative breast cancer is associated with tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes and improved outcome
Authors: Beckers Rhiannon K , Selinger Christina I , Vilain Ricardo , Madore Jason , Wilmott James S , Harvey Kate , Holliday Anne , Cooper Caroline L , Robbins Elizabeth , Gillett David , Kennedy Catherine W , Gluch Laurence , Carmalt Hugh , Mak Cindy , Warrier Sanjay , Gee Harriet E , Chan Charles , McLean Anna , Walker Emily , McNeil Catriona M , Beith Jane M , Swarbrick Alexander , Scolyer Richard A , O'Toole Sandra A
Published: November 2015

Aims

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients generally have a poor outcome; there is a pressing need to identify more effective therapeutic strategies. Clinical trials targeting programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD1/PDL1) in melanoma and non‐small‐cell lung cancer have reported high response rates, and tumoral PDL1 expression has been suggested as a potential biomarker to enrich for patient response to these treatments. There are only very limited data to date reporting the expression of PDL1 in TNBC.

Methods and results

PDL1 immunohistochemistry was performed on 161 primary TNBCs and assessed in the tumour as well as immune cells in the stromal compartment. PDL1 expression was very common in TNBC, expressed in the tumour cell membrane (64%), cytoplasm (80%) and stromal (93%) cellular compartments. Cytoplasmic tumoral expression of PDL1 was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer‐specific death [hazard ratio (HR) 0.45, P = 0.035] while stromal PDL1 expression was associated with a lower rate of deaths from all causes (HR 0.305, P = 0.0042). Membranous expression of PDL1 was not associated with outcome. While both PDL1 expression and tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes were associated with a better outcome, only lymphovascular invasion and high tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes were independently prognostic for breast cancer‐specific death.

Conclusion

While PDL1 expression is frequent in TNBC, it was not independently prognostic. There were differences in outcome depending on the cellular compartment of PDL1 expression. These data provide further impetus for investigating the utility of immune checkpoint therapies in TNBC, given the clinical significance of tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and PDL1 expression in this cohort.
Robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy: Superiority over laparoscopic partial nephrectomy
Authors: Shiroki Ryoichi , Fukami Naohiko , Fukaya Kosuke , Kusaka Mamoru , Natsume Takahiro , Ichihara Takashi , Toyama Hiroshi
Published: November 2015

Nephron‐sparing surgery has been proven to positively impact the postoperative quality of life for the treatment of small renal tumors, possibly leading to functional improvements. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is still one of the most demanding procedures in urological surgery. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy sometimes results in extended warm ischemic time and severe complications, such as open conversion, postoperative hemorrhage and urine leakage. Robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy exploits the advantages offered by the da Vinci Surgical System to laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, equipped with 3‐D vision and a better degree in the freedom of surgical instruments. The introduction of the da Vinci Surgical System made nephron‐sparing surgery, specifically robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy, safe with promising results, leading to the shortening of warm ischemic time and a reduction in perioperative complications. Even for complex and challenging tumors, robotic assistance is expected to provide the benefit of minimally‐invasive surgery with safe and satisfactory renal function. Warm ischemic time is the modifiable factor during robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy to affect postoperative kidney function. We analyzed the predictive factors for extended warm ischemic time from our robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy series. The surface area of the tumor attached to the kidney parenchyma was shown to significantly affect the extended warm ischemic time during robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy. In cases with tumor‐attached surface area more than 15 cm2, we should consider switching robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy to open partial nephrectomy under cold ischemia if it is imperative. In Japan, a nationwide prospective study has been carried out to show the superiority of robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy to laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in improving warm ischemic time and complications. By facilitating robotic technology, robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy will be more frequently carried out as a safe, effective and minimally‐invasive nephron‐sparing surgery procedure.
Comparison of diameter‐axial‐polar nephrometry score and RENAL nephrometry score for surgical outcomes following laparoscopic partial nephrectomy
Authors: Yoshida Kenji , Kinoshita Hidefumi , Yoshida Takashi , Takayasu Kenta , Mishima Takao , Yanishi Masaaki , Komai Yoshihiro , Sugi Motohiko , Kawa Gen , Matsuda Tadashi
Published: November 2015

Objectives

To compare diameter–axial–polar nephrometry score with RENAL nephrometry score for surgical outcomes after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed data from 134 patients who underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, using diameter–axial–polar and RENAL scores. We analyzed data for warm ischemic time and estimated blood loss intraoperatively, and percentage change in estimated glomerular filtration rate 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Both scores were classified as low‐, middle‐ and high‐risk, and were used to compare the three analyzed parameters.

Results

The median tumor size was 2.3 cm (range 1.0–5.4 cm); warm ischemic time was 25.4 min (range 6.5–57 min); and at 6 months and 1 year, percentage change in estimated glomerular filtration rate was 93% (range 51.7–133.3%) and 91% (range 49.4–137.6%), respectively. There were no significant differences in warm ischemic time and estimated blood loss for RENAL between risk groups (P = 0.38 and 0.09, respectively), but significant differences between groups for diameter–axial–polar score (P = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). There were no significant differences in either score between groups for percentage change in estimated glomerular filtration rate at 6 months and 1 year. A total of 27 high‐risk cases with a diameter–axial–polar score of seven points underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy safely; all three cases with a diameter–axial–polar score of eight points were converted to open partial nephrectomy.

Conclusions

Diameter–axial–polar score seems to estimate the complexity of tumor characteristics in patients undergoing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy better than RENAL score. It has a better correlation with warm ischemic time and estimated blood loss.
Emigration behavior and molting during the sea‐to‐land transition of terrestrial hermit crabs under laboratory conditions
Authors: Hamasaki Katsuyuki , Hatta Sora , Ishikawa Takuma , Yamashita Shota , Dan Shigeki , Kitada Shuichi
Published: November 2015

Terrestrial hermit crabs in the family Coenobitidae (genera Coenobita and Birgus) must migrate onto land after completing a pelagic larval stage in the ocean. Better knowledge of emigration behavior would assist in the conservation and management of coenobitid populations by helping identify and protect the habitats they need to complete their life cycles. We cultured laboratory‐born individuals of five coenobitid species (Coenobita cavipes, C. purpureus, C. rugosus, C. violascens, and Birgus latro) from megalopae to early juveniles (first, second, and/or third crabs) in vessels containing seawater and a hard substrate, and analyzed their behavior and molting in conjunction with our published data for C. brevimanus. Our results confirm that the coenobitids migrated from sea to land at the megalopal stage. Megalopae and early juveniles tended to select shells based on their body size. Inland‐dwelling coenobitids, such as C. brevimanus, C. cavipes, and B. latro, had a longer duration from landing to first molt and had a prolonged first crab intermolt period compared with those of the beach‐dwelling coenobitids C. purpureus, C. rugosus, and C. violascens, probably because of the adaptive traits for migrating to inland habitats. Little burrowing behavior was observed by megalopae of B. latro, but they had a strong tendency to be cryptic under shelters. Additionally, megalopae and early juveniles of Coenobita spp. created and utilized burrows somewhat differently. Our results suggest that coenobitids require specific microhabitats for completing their early life stages in the wild. In particular, megalopae of B. latro may need structurally complex refuges to migrate from the sea.
Mixed method integrative review exploring nurses’ recognition and response to unsafe practice
Authors: Blair Wendy , Kable Ashley , Courtney‐Pratt Helen , Doran Evan
Published: November 2015

Aim

To determine how nurses recognize and respond to unsafe practice.

Background

Practice guidelines and standards outline safe practice. Nurses face challenges in recognizing and responding unsafe practice.

Design

Whittemore and Knafl's revised framework for integrative reviews guided the analysis.

Data sources

A comprehensive search of literature exploring the identification and response to unsafe practice, was undertaken in CINAHL, Medline, Embase and PsychoINFO databases for the period 2004–2014.

Review methods

Nineteen articles from 15 studies were included in the review. A mixed method integrative approach was used to review data and draw conclusions.

Results

Behaviours and cues that indicate unsafe practice are influenced by organizational and individual characteristics. Individual nurses responses are variable and there are professional and personal costs associated with being reported or reporting unsafe practice.

Conclusion

The small number of studies reviewed limits the conclusions that can be drawn from the review but suggest that nurses can identify unsafe practice in their peers. Individual nurses’ recognition and response to unsafe practice in their peers contributes to patient outcomes and safety. Nurses need awareness training and strategies to respond to unsafe practice and reporting systems that protect reporters from repercussions. Further research investigating organizational factors and individual factors that contribute to a shift in practice across safety boundaries is required.
Measurement and relevance of maximum metabolic rate in fishes
Authors: Norin T. , Clark T. D.
Published: November 2015

Maximum (aerobic) metabolic rate (MMR) is defined here as the maximum rate of oxygen consumption (O2max) that a fish can achieve at a given temperature under any ecologically relevant circumstance. Different techniques exist for eliciting MMR of fishes, of which swim‐flume respirometry (critical swimming speed tests and burst‐swimming protocols) and exhaustive chases are the most common. Available data suggest that the most suitable method for eliciting MMR varies with species and ecotype, and depends on the propensity of the fish to sustain swimming for extended durations as well as its capacity to simultaneously exercise and digest food. MMR varies substantially (>10 fold) between species with different lifestyles (i.e. interspecific variation), and to a lesser extent (<three‐fold) between individuals of the same species (i.e. intraspecific variation). MMR often changes allometrically with body size and is modulated by several environmental factors, including temperature and oxygen availability. Due to the significance of MMR in determining aerobic scope, interest in measuring this trait has spread across disciplines in attempts to predict effects of climate change on fish populations. Here, various techniques used to elicit and measure MMR in different fish species with contrasting lifestyles are outlined and the relevance of MMR to the ecology, fitness and climate change resilience of fishes is discussed.
LOCALIZATION AND INDUSTRY CLUSTERING ECONOMETRICS: AN ASSESSMENT OF GIBBS MODELS FOR SPATIAL POINT PROCESSES
Authors: Sweeney Stuart , Gómez‐Antonio Miguel
Published: November 2015

The objective of this paper is to assess an approach to statistical modeling of point referenced establishment data that permit inclusion of “environmental” or establishment‐specific covariates and specific forms of interestablishment interaction. Gibbs models are used to decompose the conditional intensity of the spatial point process into trend and interaction components. The trend is composed of access measures (primarily different classes of roads) and three different interaction processes are tested: Geyer, area interaction, and Strauss hard core. While the models used have proved to be useful in ecology, we are unaware of any applications to establishment or firm data. In empirical application, the models yield intuitively appealing results for the trend component, and the ability to specify the interaction component gives deeper insights into interestablishment spatial dynamics than any previously published methods.
Transmission Efficiency of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus via Seeds, Soil, Pruning and Irrigation Water
Authors: Li Jun‐Xiang , Liu Shan‐Shan , Gu Qin‐Sheng
Published: November 2015

Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV; genus Tobamovirus) infects frequently the grafted watermelon and is widely distributed in China. Investigating the transmission modes and their efficiency is urgently needed to understand the factors contributing to the epidemiology of this viral disease. In the present study, we found that the occurrence of CGMMV in a bottle gourd seed production base reached 100%, while the contamination rate and transmission rate were 100 and 0.92%, respectively. The bottle gourd plants showed obvious mottle symptom on leaves starting 36 days after seed sowing. The long latent period of CGMMV in seedlings implies a potential risk to use contaminated seeds in the production of grafted watermelon. This virus could overwinter in soil with debris of infected plants, and the infection rate of CGMMV from contaminated soils was 10.30%. CGMMV could be transmitted from infected watermelon plants to healthy ones by pruning at least to the ninth plant during the whole growing season. The transmission distance was 1.87 m by drip irrigation and 2.31 m by flow irrigation. This study suggested that contaminated seeds, contaminated soil, pruning and irrigation could transmit CGMMV at different efficiency, and all contribute to the epidemiology of CGMMV.
Identification and Molecular Characterization of a New Geminivirus Betasatellite Infecting Malvastrum coromandelianum in China
Authors: Tang Yafei , He Zifu , Du Zhenguo , She Xiaoman , Lan Guobing
Published: November 2015

The complete nucleotide sequence of a satellite molecule associated with Malvastrum leaf curl Guangdong virus (MLCuGdV) infecting M. coromandelianum plants exhibiting leaf curl symptoms in a suburb of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province of China, is described and analysed. The molecule has typical features of betasatellites, containing a single ORF in the complementary‐sense strand, an A‐rich region, the satellite‐conserved region and a stem–loop structure. Compared with the geminivirus betasatellites in GenBank database, this molecule shows the highest nucleotide sequence identity of 71.9% with Tomato leaf curl Philippine betasatellite isolate Laguna1 (ToLCPB, AB307732). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that it is more related to isolate Laguna 1 and Laguna 2 of ToLCPB. According to the proposed species demarcation threshold of betasatellites (78% nucleotide identity), it is a novel betasatellite species, for which we propose the name Malvastrum leaf curl Guangdong betasatellite (MLCuGdB).
A Tale of Two Perspectives on an Impending Supply Disruption
Authors: Ro Young K. , Su Hung‐Chung , Chen Yi‐Su
Published: November 2015

The topic of buyer–supplier relationships has attracted much attention in the extant supply chain management literature, often from a buyer's perspective. But recently, a number of studies have begun to take a dyadic perspective, acknowledging that both parties in a buyer–supplier relationship may possess divergent perspectives on many issues. Unlike existing dyadic‐view studies that have examined perceptual differences in general, we extend this dyadic‐view stream of the literature and examine perceptual differences in the face of an impending supply disruption event. Using a scenario‐based experiment, our results suggest that suppliers seem to have a greater expectation of both buyer opportunism and relationship continuance than what the buyers actually reported. Our results also indicate that the supplier seems to underestimate the influence of relational norms on relationship continuance more so than the buyer. Also, our results indicate that there is no significant difference between the supplier's and buyer's perceptions of the impact of buyer dependence on opportunism. Our findings suggest that both members of an exchange relationship should carefully manage the expectations and norms with their counterparts, particularly when the relationship might be strained by a supply disruption.
Does Religion Breed Trust? A Cross‐National Study of the Effects of Religious Involvement, Religious Faith, and Religious Context on Social Trust
Authors: Dingemans Ellen , Van Ingen Erik
Published: November 2015

Many previous studies have linked religiosity to social trust. Yet much of this relation remains insufficiently understood, which is partly due to the fact that religiosity is a multidimensional phenomenon. In this article, we identify several of those dimensions, including the integration in religious communities, the importance of God in people's lives, and the religious context. These dimensions give rise to different mechanisms that produce both trust‐enhancing and trust‐reducing effects. Data from the European Values Survey (2008) were used to test the resulting hypotheses, using multilevel logistic regression models. We conclude that the micro effects are ambivalent: integration in religious communities furthers trust, whereas religious socialization and the importance of God lower trust. On the macro level, we find a strong effect of Protestantism, which is in line with previous studies, but that remains puzzling since the individual‐level difference between Protestants and the other religious traditions was found to be very small. In addition, in contrast to other studies, we found that religious diversity increases social trust.