bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A fully tetrahedral and highly corner-sharing network model of ZnCl2 glass and its comparison to SiO2 glass
Authors: Swansbury Laura A. , Mountjoy Gavin
Published: July 2017

Zinc chloride, ZnCl2, is intermediate between a strong and a fragile glass former. During computational simulations, it is therefore important to account for ion polarizability. This, together with the lack of suitable interatomic potential parameters, is the likely cause for the lack of modeling studies on ZnCl2 glass which contain a high degree of ZnCl4 tetrahedral units. Through using accurate interatomic potential parameters and applying the adiabatic core-shell model, the first fully tetrahedral model of ZnCl2 glass was obtained. The Cl–Zn–Cl bond angle of 109° reproduced the ideal tetrahedral bond angle, and the calculated total neutron and x-ray structure factors closely replicated experimental findings. While 86% of the ZnCl4 tetrahedral units were corner-sharing, 14% were found to be edge-sharing. This led to two distinct contributions in both the Zn–Cl–Zn bond angle distribution and in the Zn⋯Zn nearest neighbour peaks being seen. These are not apparent in studies based on neutron diffraction. By comparing the intermediate glass former ZnCl2 to the strong glass former SiO2, marked differences in ring statistics became apparent. The Zn–Cl–Zn bond angle of around 110° enabled 3-membered rings to form in significant proportions. In contrast, 3-membered rings were only present in SiO2 glass as defects. By calculating the ZnCl2 and SiO2 partial structure factors, strong similarities became visible after scaling according to nearest neighbour distances. Although it was apparent that the main contributions to the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) came from cation-anion correlations, the relative scaling of the FSDP positions in ZnCl2 and SiO2 glass was not understood.
Doped nanowires of crystalline topological insulator near superconductivity threshold
Authors: Bello Mark
Published: July 2017

Results point the way toward making hybrid topological superconducting materials with technologically useful quantum properties.
Deformation of liquid-liquid interfaces by a rotating rod
Authors: Zhao C. W. , Gentric C. , Dietrich N. , Ma Y. G. , Li Huai Z.
Published: July 2017

The present study aims at investigating the deformation mechanism of liquid-liquid interfaces by both the experimental and numerical approaches. The experiments reveal that the topology of an initial flat interface composed of Newtonian aqueous and Newtonian oil phases can be modulated as climbing or descending along a rotating rod according to the ratio of the kinematic viscosity between these two liquid phases. The measurements of the fluid flow fields by particle image velocimetry highlight the relationship between the appearance of the Taylor-Couette instability in the less viscous phase and the interface’s orientation. The increasing rod rotation speed expands the Taylor-Couette vortices and then intensifies the magnitude of the interface deformation. The numerical simulation by the volume of fluid method is in qualitative agreement with the experimental results, in particular the interface shape and the qualitative influence of different parameters, even under very high rotation speeds of the rod.
The influence of multi-ion streaming on the variation of dust particle surface potential with Maxwellian/non-Maxwellian dusty plasmas
Authors: Abid A. A. , Rehman M. , Khan M. Z. , Sarfraz Z. , Lu Quanming
Published: July 2017

Dust grain potential variation influence by positive ion streaming as well as negative ion streaming is presented in a complex (dusty) plasma following the Maxwellian/non-Maxwellian (kappa distribution and Cairns distribution) function. The components of complex plasma are the electrons, ions [positive and negative], and dust grains having negative charge. For this purpose, the mathematical statement (equation) of currents is derived for dust grains having negative charge to fulfill the equilibrium state (viz., qD = constant). It is observed numerically that positive ion streaming speed as well as negative ion streaming speed has a significant influence on the surface potential of dust particles, e.g., by increasing the positive ion and negative ion streaming speed, the magnitude of dust particle surface potential increases. The relevance to low-temperature research center in a non-equilibrium complex (dusty) plasma is precisely discussed by associating oxygen ion (negative and positive) species.
Surface structures and compositions of Au–Rh bimetallic nanoclusters supported on thin-film Al2O3/NiAl(100) probed with CO
Authors: Lee Hsuan , Liao Zhen-He , Hsu Po-Wei , Hung Ting-Chieh , Wu Yu-Cheng , Lin Yuwei , Wang Jeng-Han , Luo Meng-Fan
Published: July 2017

The surface structures and compositions of Au–Rh bimetallic nanoclusters on an ordered thin film of Al2O3/NiAl(100) were investigated, primarily with infrared reflection absorption spectra and temperature-programmed desorption of CO as a probe molecule under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions and calculations based on density-functional theory. The bimetallic clusters were formed by sequential deposition of vapors of Au and Rh onto Al2O3/NiAl(100) at 300 K. Alloying in the clusters was active and proceeded toward a specific structure—a fcc phase, (100) orientation, and Rh core-Au shell structure, regardless of the order of metal deposition. For Au clusters incorporating deposited Rh, the Au atoms remained at the cluster surface through position exchange and became less coordinated; for deposition in reverse order, deposited Au simply decorated the surfaces of Rh clusters. Both adsorption energy and infrared absorption intensity were enhanced for CO on Au sites of the bimetallic clusters; both of them are associated with the bonding to Rh and also a decreased coordination number of CO-binding Au. These enhancements can thus serve as a fingerprint for alloying and atomic inter-diffusion in similar bimetallic systems.
Toroidal angular momentum balance during rotation changes induced by electron heating modulation in tokamak plasmas
Authors: Idomura Yasuhiro
Published: July 2017

An electron heating modulation numerical experiment based on a global full-f gyrokinetic model shows that transitions from ion temperature gradient driven (ITG) turbulence to trapped electron mode (TEM) turbulence induced by electron heating generate density peaking and rotation changes. Toroidal angular momentum balance during the rotation changes is revealed by direct observation of toroidal angular momentum conservation, in which in addition to ion turbulent stress, ion neoclassical stress, radial currents, and toroidal field stress of ions and electrons are important. Toroidal torque flipping between ITG and TEM phases is found to be related to reversal of the ion radial current, which indicates the coupling of particle and momentum transport channels. The ion and electron radial currents are balanced to satisfy the ambipolar condition, and the electron radial current is cancelled by the electron toroidal field stress, which indirectly affects toroidal torque.
Carbon effect on the survival of vacancies in Czochralski silicon during rapid thermal anneal
Authors: Zhao Jian , Dong Peng , Yuan Kang , Qiu Xiaodong , Zhou Junwei , Zhao Jianjiang , Yu Xuegong , Ma Xiangyang , Yang Deren
Published: July 2017

Rapid thermal anneal (RTA) at high temperatures can be employed to introduce vacancies to control oxygen precipitation (OP) behavior in Czochralski (CZ) silicon. Such excessive vacancies survive from the recombination of silicon-interstitials and vacancies (V-I recombination) during the RTA. In this work, we aim to elucidate the carbon effect on the survival of vacancies in CZ silicon during the high temperature RTA by means of gold diffusion in combination with deep-level transient spectroscopy. It is revealed that the existence of ∼1017 cm−3 carbon atoms significantly increases the amount of survival vacancies in the form of vacancy-oxygen (VOm, m ≥ 2) complexes in CZ silicon when subjected to the 1250 °C/60 s RTA. Moreover, such an increase in the number of vacancies becomes more significant with the increase in the cooling rate of RTA. The density functional theory calculations suggest that the V-I recombination is to some extent unfavorable as a carbon atom is close to the silicon-interstitial. Alternatively, it is believed that the substitutional carbon (Cs) atoms tend to trap the silicon-interstitials, thus forming Ci complexes (Cs + I → Ci) in CZ silicon during the RTA. In this context, the V-I recombination is suppressed in a manner, leading to the survival of more vacancies, thus generating more VOm complexes. Furthermore, after the 1250 °C/60 s RTA, the oxide precipitate nucleation based on the VOm complexes is more significant in carbon-rich CZ (CCZ) silicon than in the conventional CZ counterpart. Hence, when subjected to the same OP anneal consisting of the nucleation anneal at 650 or 800 °C for 4 h and the subsequent growth anneal at 1000 °C for 16 h, CCZ silicon possesses a higher density of bulk microdefects and therefore stronger internal gettering capability than CZ silicon. However, the nucleation temperature for OP should be carefully selected as 650 °C for CCZ silicon in order to form an oxide precipitate-free denuded zone.
Forward stimulated Brillouin scattering in silicon microring resonators
Authors: Zhang Yaojing , Wang Liang , Cheng Zhenzhou , Tsang Hon Ki
Published: July 2017

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) has been demonstrated in silicon waveguides in recent years. However, due to the weak interaction between photons and acoustic phonons in these waveguides, long interaction lengths are typically necessary. Here, we experimentally show that forward stimulated Brillouin scattering in a short interaction length of a silicon microring resonator with a radius of 20 μm could give a peak gain of 0.5 dB at a coupled pump power of 26.1 mW. The experimental results demonstrate that both optical and acoustic modes can have efficient interactions in a short optical resonator. This work shows the potential of SBS in silicon for translating the demonstrated fiber SBS applications to the integrated silicon photonics platform.
Diode and inhomogeneity assisted extremely large magnetoresistance in silicon
Authors: Singh Rajan , Luo Zhaochu , Lu Ziyao , Saleemi Awais Siddique , Xiong Chengyue , Zhang Xiaozhong
Published: July 2017

The combined effect of metal inhomogeneity and diode assisted geometry changes on magnetoresistance (MR) of silicon has been studied at a low magnetic field by both finite element modeling (FEM) and experiments. The diode rectifying characteristic is utilized with rectangular shaped metal inhomogeneity to enhance the MR value. It is found that the MR value increases with the increase in the filling factor and reaches a maximum of 72% at 50 mT for a filling factor of 0.416. The FEM studies show that a large differential resistance ratio and critical current shift are the main factor for such a high MR value, which is in good agreement with our experimental results. This study could open another way to design MR devices that can show large MR and good magnetic field sensitivity.
High-efficiency wideband reflection polarization conversion metasurface for circularly polarized waves
Authors: Huang Xiaojun , Chen Jiao , Yang Helin
Published: July 2017

Metasurfaces have opened an effective way to handle the polarization states of electromagnetic waves due to their intrinsic parameters which could be flexibly tailored. In this paper, we present a simple anisotropic metasurface to realize the polarization manipulation of circularly polarized waves with high conversion efficiency in a wide frequency range. The presented simple metasurface can keep the handedness of the reflected waves for circularly polarized incident waves. Both the simulated and experimental results show that the bandwidth of the polarization conversion ratio more than 90% is 7.16 GHz (8.16–15.32 GHz), and the polarization extinction ratio is larger than 15 dB in this frequency range. Because of the simple design and easy fabrication, the designed metasurface can be an excellent candidate for reflection circular polarization conversion.
Effect of lateral tip motion on multifrequency atomic force microscopy
Authors: Garrett Joseph L. , Krayer Lisa J. , Palm Kevin J. , Munday Jeremy N.
Published: July 2017

In atomic force microscopy (AFM), the angle relative to the vertical axis (θi) that the tip apex of a cantilever moves is determined by the tilt of the probe holder and the geometries of the cantilever beam and actuated eigenmode i. Even though the effects of θi on static and single-frequency AFM are known (increased effective spring constant, sensitivity to sample anisotropy, etc.), the higher eigenmodes used in multifrequency force microscopy lead to additional effects that have not been fully explored. Here, we use Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) to investigate how θi affects not only the signal amplitude and phase but can also lead to behaviors such as destabilization of the KPFM voltage feedback loop. We find that longer cantilever beams and modified sample orientations improve voltage feedback loop stability, even though variations to scanning parameters such as shake amplitude and lift height do not.
Effects of pasture base and species mix complexity on persistence and weed ingress in summer-dry dairy pastures
Authors: Tozer K. N. , Minnee E. M. K. , Greenfield R. M. , Cameron C. A.
Published: July 2017

Basal and canopy cover of sown and unsown species in swards sown with six species mixtures were assessed monthly from autumn 2010 to spring 2014, to test the hypotheses that (a) sowing an alternative pasture base, or (b) increasing the complexity of the sown mix, improves persistence and reduces weed ingress in temperate summer-dry dairy pastures. Treatments comprised either perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with AR1 endophyte or tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.) infected with Max P endophyte to which were added either a legume (‘standard’, 2-species mix), a legume and two forage herbs (‘herbs’, 4-species), or three legumes, two forage herbs and two grasses (‘complex’, 8-species). In the first year, basal and canopy cover of sown species were higher in perennial ryegrass- than tall fescue-based swards, and basal cover of sown species was higher and the percentage bare ground lower in the ‘standard’ (50%) than ‘herbs’ and ‘complex’ swards (42%). By the final year, basal cover of sown species (25%), unsown species (28%), and percentage bare ground (47%) were similar in all six treatments. Although establishment was greater in perennial ryegrass than tall fescue-based swards and in the ‘standard’ than in the ‘herbs’ and ‘complex’ mixtures, the loss of sown species in these treatments was greater. The decline in basal cover of sown species was –27% in the standard treatment, –16% averaged over the ‘complex’ and ‘herbs’ treatment, –24% in perennial ryegrass-based swards and –15% in tall fescue-based swards. The results are contrary to both hypotheses with respect to weed ingress. However, support was provided for the hypotheses in the greater persistence (smaller decline over time in basal cover) in tall fescue than ryegrass-based swards, and ‘herbs’ and ‘complex’ than ‘standard’ mixtures.
Novel bacterial seed treatment protects wheat seedlings from insect damage
Authors: Mansfield Sarah , Chynoweth Richard J. , Hurst Mark R. H. , Noble Alasdair , Zydenbos Sue M. , O'Callaghan Maureen
Published: July 2017

Insecticidal seed treatments are used commonly worldwide to protect seedlings against root feeding insects. Organophosphate insecticides that have been used for seed treatments are being phased out and replaced with neonicotinoid insecticides. Concerns about the environmental impact of neonicotinoids have prompted a search for alternatives. Microbial insecticides are a biological alternative for seed treatments to target root feeding insects. Six field trials with organophosphate granules (diazinon, chlorpyrifos), neonicotinoid seed treatment (clothianidin) and microbial (Serratia entomophila) seed treatment targeting grass grub, a New Zealand scarab pest, were conducted in wheat crops at several sites over 4 years (2012–2015). Sites were selected each year that had potentially damaging populations of grass grub present during the trials. Untreated seeds led to significant losses of plants and wheat yield due to lower seedling establishment and ongoing plant losses from grass grub damage. Insecticide and microbial treatments increased plant survival in all trials compared with untreated seeds. Better plant survival was associated with higher yields from the insecticide treatments in four out of six trials. Neonicotinoid seed treatment alone gave similar yield increases to combined neonicotinoid seed treatment and organophosphate granules. Microbial seed treatment with S. entomophila gave similar yield increases to insecticide treatments in two out of six trials. Seed treatment with S. entomophila is an alternative for grass grub control; however, development of a commercial product requires effective scale-up of production, further research to improve efficacy, and viability of the live bacteria needs to be maintained on coated seed.
Thalamocortical synchronization during induction and emergence from propofol-induced unconsciousness
Authors: Flores Francisco J. , Hartnack Katharine E. , Fath Amanda B. , Kim Seong-Eun , Wilson Matthew A. , Brown Emery N. , Purdon Patrick L.
Published: July 2017

Significance

General anesthesia is a drug-induced state of altered arousal associated with profound, stereotyped electrophysiological oscillations. Here we report evidence in rats that propofol, an anesthetic drug frequently used in clinical practice, disrupts activity in medial prefrontal cortex and thalamus by inducing highly synchronized oscillations between these structures. These oscillations closely parallel human electroencephalogram oscillations under propofol. Disruption of activity in medial prefrontal cortex by these oscillations implies an impairment of self-awareness and internal consciousness. During recovery of consciousness, these synchronized oscillations dissipate in a “boot-up” sequence most likely driven by ascending arousal centers. These studies advance our understanding of what it means to be unconscious under anesthesia and establish principled neurophysiological markers to monitor and manage this state.
Nature does not rely on long-lived electronic quantum coherence for photosynthetic energy transfer
Authors: Duan Hong-Guang , Prokhorenko Valentyn I. , Cogdell Richard J. , Ashraf Khuram , Stevens Amy L. , Thorwart Michael , Miller R. J. Dwayne
Published: July 2017

Significance

We have revisited the 2D spectroscopy of the excitation energy transfer in the Fenna–Matthews–Olson (FMO) protein. Based on 2D spectroscopic signatures, the energy transfer dynamics in the FMO protein has been argued to be supported by long-lived electronic quantum coherence on timescales up to 1.5 ps. In contrast, our analysis, based on experimental data and confirmed by theoretical calculations, shows that the electronic decoherence occurs within 60 fs, in agreement with typical dephasing times in systems under these conditions. Given the relatively well-defined structure of the FMO protein, and comparative couplings between chlorophylls to other photosynthetic systems, the observed extremely fast decoherence should be viewed as general, bringing to question any significant quantum coherent transport contributions to photosynthesis.
Serum amyloid A forms stable oligomers that disrupt vesicles at lysosomal pH and contribute to the pathogenesis of reactive amyloidosis
Authors: Jayaraman Shobini , Gantz Donald L. , Haupt Christian , Gursky Olga
Published: July 2017

Significance

Although acidic conditions favor the misfolding of various proteins in amyloid diseases, the molecular underpinnings of this process are unclear. We used an array of spectroscopic, biochemical, and electron microscopic methods to unravel the effects of pH on serum amyloid A, a protein precursor of reactive amyloidosis, the major complication of chronic inflammation and one of the major human systemic amyloidoses worldwide. We found that at lysosomal pH this protein forms unusually stable proteolysis-resistant soluble oligomers that have solvent-accessible apolar surfaces, disrupt lipid vesicles, and undergo an α-helix to β-sheet transition in the presence of lipids. Such oligomers are likely to escape lysosomal degradation, accumulate in the lysosomes, and disrupt cellular membranes, thereby contributing to the development of amyloid A amyloidosis.
Design and synthesis of theranostic antibiotic nanodrugs that display enhanced antibacterial activity and luminescence
Authors: Xie Sheng , Manuguri Sesha , Proietti Giampiero , Romson Joakim , Fu Ying , Inge A. Ken , Wu Bin , Zhang Yang , Häll Daniel , Ramström Olof , Yan Mingdi
Published: July 2017

Significance

The work described represents a strategy in the design and development of theranostic pure nanodrugs for combating drug-resistant bacteria. The significance of this work includes: (
i
) a modular synthetic strategy for the preparation of ciprofloxacin derivatives in high yields in one step at room temperature without any catalysts; (
ii
) stable nanoaggregates, prepared following the principle of aggregation-induced emission, and successfully used as fluorescent organic dots to image bacteria; and (
iii
) formulation of nanodrugs that showed aggregation-enhanced antibacterial activities.
The pragmatics of humor in bilingual conversations
Authors: Georgalidou Marianthi , Kaili Hasan
Published: July 2017

In this study, we analyze conversations recorded during ethnographic research the Muslim community of Rhodes, a Greek island close to Turkey's coast. The community is bilingual in Turkish and Greek. We examine aspects of the overall and sequential organization of talk as well as instances of humor produced by the code alternation choices that speakers of different ethnic origin, generation and social groups make during interaction. Being essentially a conversational practice, code-switching is primarily analyzed in the conversational context in which it appears as a meaningful choice of bilingual speakers. In this context, humorous code-switchings are seen as pertaining to a continuum of (a) discourse related alternations connected to pragmatic parameters of the organization of talk-in-interaction, and (b) participant related alternations strategically used for the construction of aspects of the bilingual identity as well as dynamic alignments among participants.
Laughing at you or laughing with you?
Authors: Dore Margherita
Published: July 2017

This study focuses on stand-up comedy in English at Rome’s Comedy Club and investigates how the comedians and the audience deal with humor based on stereotypes about Italians and foreigners living in Italy (e.g. culture shock, cultural differences and identity issues). Moreover, this article discusses how comedians and the audience interact (mostly in English and sometimes in Italian) and negotiate humor regarding sensitive topics. The data analysis demonstrates that the comedians consciously exploit the context and accommodate to the audience to guarantee a positive response. In turn, the audience’s sense of superiority is fulfilled by the comedian’s general disparagement (e.g. of others, celebrities) and self-disparagement (e.g. of comedians in general). Most importantly, the audience shows that it does not take audience-disparagement at face value.
Teasing as audience engagement
Authors: Seewoester Cain Sarah
Published: July 2017

This paper explores teasing – a type of humorous play associated with intimate, everyday conversation – during televised comedy monologue performances. Thirteen teasing instances, which occurred during joke setup sequences and targeted studio audiences, were transcribed/analyzed alongside videos for: (1) what occasioned the teasing, (2) teasing sequence characteristics, and (3) their social functions. Results indicate that teasing in this genre is occasioned by discursive context (audience responses) rather than interpersonal knowledge; exploits miming/transposition, placing audiences’ words/actions on-stage; and serves to break down rather than reinforce discursive hierarchical differences (i.e. rights to performance floor), engaging studio audiences more fully into the show. Finally, audience teasing during joke setups contributes to expectations of “expecting the unexpected” (Lockyer & Myers, 2011) for media and studio comedy audiences.
Laughter and non-humorous situations in TV documentaries
Authors: Chovanec Jan
Published: July 2017

In this paper, I explore the role of laughter in broadcast TV documentary programs. Although the primary design of many TV documentaries is to attend to the smooth transmission of information to the audience, some program formats include components of seemingly unscripted interpersonal interaction between the participants. In these interactions, we frequently find situations that evoke the participants’ laughter, even though they are not designed as humorous and may not contain any evident intentional humor. Based on data obtained from a recent British documentary series, this paper documents how laughter emerges within interactions between the presenter and other interlocutors in order to deal with situations of personal failure and success arising from joint collaborative effort. The paper argues that laughter indexes extreme emotional reactions, thus being indicative of an underlying incongruity between the participants’ expectations and the actual state. Moreover its presence in the program attests to the hybrid nature of modern documentary formats by actually priming the audience’s positive reception and enjoyment of the broadcast.
“Cool children” and “super seniors” cross into youth language
Authors: Saltidou Theodora P. , Stamou Anastasia G.
Published: July 2017

This article examines the ways in which the sociolinguistic construction of youthful identities is represented in two popular Greek comedy family sitcoms, considering that youth language has gained a prominent position in TV fictional discourse, being used by characters of all ages. Drawing upon a combined analytical framework from sociocultural linguistics, ethnomethodology and interactional sociolinguistics, as part of a wider research project, our analysis focuses on two interactions in which non-young people (i.e. primary school children, older women) engage in youthful scenarios. We conclude that the humorous construction of youthfulness in these TV series reproduces the (adult) stereotypical views of young people and their speech style, and undermines the marketing discourse of perpetual adolescence (Gennaro, 2013).
No child’s play
Authors: Dynel Marta
Published: July 2017

This chapter sheds some light on the different interpretations of the notion of pretense across disciplines. Attention is paid primarily to the pragmatic and philosophical literature where pretense is used with regard to two linguistic notions: irony and deception. These are here conceptualized as overt pretense and covert pretense respectively. Both of these may serve humorous purposes. The principal objective of this chapter is to examine the interface between overt pretense and conversational humor, including humorous irony. This is done by critically revisiting the relevant literature on humorous pretense and by elucidating a number of forms and specific mechanisms such humor may take, as well as functions it may perform. The discussion is illustrated with extracts taken from the American television series House. This chapter thus tacitly supports the idea of verisimilar language use in fictional interactions.
Positive non-humorous effects of humor on the internet
Authors: Yus Francisco
Published: July 2017

In this chapter, the term (non-)intended non-propositional effect is proposed and applied to the kind of feeling, emotion, impression, etc. that internet humorous texts generate in the user beyond the proposition-centered humor, and which may not be tightly connected to the act of communication. These effects may be intended as part of the effects of the discourse being interpreted, but the main interest of this Chapter lies in those non-propositional effects which are non-intended, and hence not part of humorous communication proper, but nevertheless leak from humorous communication. These non-propositional, non-humorous and non-intended effects may provide reward to the users at different levels and add to the eventual relevance (or even constitute the main relevance) of internet-based humorous texts.
Middle Class Urbanism: The Socio-Spatial Transformation of Tehran, 1921–41
Authors: Rezvani-Naraghi Ashkan
Published: July 2017

Most of the available literature on Tehran between the two world wars deals with the morphological transformation of the city and the role of the Pahlavi state in accomplishing massive urban projects. In contrast, this article focuses on the reciprocal relationship between the sociality and spatiality of the city. It demonstrates how the consolidation of the discourse of modernity resulted in the development of social and political desires for the production of new forms of social life and spaces. The article argues that the formation of the modern middle class and its alignment with the Pahlavi state’s reform projects contributed to a twofold process: first, the decline of the traditional forms of social life and spaces and, second, the production and prevalence of alternative forms. This process resulted in the establishment of social dichotomies with vast spatial manifestations and polarized the city both socially and spatially.
Bacterial signal transduction networks via connectors and development of the inhibitors as alternative antibiotics
Authors: Utsumi Ryutaro
Published: July 2017

Bacterial cells possess a signal transduction system that differs from those described in higher organisms, including human cells. These so-called two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) consist of a sensor (histidine kinase, HK) and a response regulator, and are involved in cellular functions, such as virulence, drug resistance, biofilm formation, cell wall synthesis, cell division. They are conserved in bacteria across all species. Although TCSs are often studied and characterized individually, they are assumed to interact with each other and form signal transduction networks within the cell. In this review, I focus on the formation of TCS networks via connectors. I also explore the possibility of using TCS inhibitors, especially HK inhibitors, as alternative antimicrobial agents.
Intestinal epithelial cell endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes MULT1 up-regulation and NKG2D-mediated inflammation
Authors: Hosomi Shuhei , Grootjans Joep , Tschurtschenthaler Markus , Krupka Niklas , Matute Juan D. , Flak Magdalena B. , Martinez-Naves Eduardo , Gomez del Moral Manuel , Glickman Jonathan N. , Ohira Mizuki , Lanier Lewis L. , Kaser Arthur , Blumberg Richard
Published: July 2017

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is commonly observed in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and can, if excessive, cause spontaneous intestinal inflammation as shown by mice with IEC-specific deletion of X-box–binding protein 1 (Xbp1), an unfolded protein response–related transcription factor. In this study, Xbp1 deletion in the epithelium (Xbp1ΔIEC) is shown to cause increased expression of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) ligand (NKG2DL) mouse UL16-binding protein (ULBP)–like transcript 1 and its human orthologue cytomegalovirus ULBP via ER stress–related transcription factor C/EBP homology protein. Increased NKG2DL expression on mouse IECs is associated with increased numbers of intraepithelial NKG2D-expressing group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs; NK cells or ILC1). Blockade of NKG2D suppresses cytolysis against ER-stressed epithelial cells in vitro and spontaneous enteritis in vivo. Pharmacological depletion of NK1.1+ cells also significantly improved enteritis, whereas enteritis was not ameliorated in Recombinase activating gene 1−/−;Xbp1ΔIEC mice. These experiments reveal innate immune sensing of ER stress in IECs as an important mechanism of intestinal inflammation.
JEM Advisory Editorial Board: Increasing diversity
Authors: Nathan Carl , Nussenzweig Michel C. , Pulvirenti Teodoro
Published: July 2017

Changes in the JEM Advisory Editorial Board.
Weak null singularities in general relativity
Authors: Luk Jonathan
Published: July 2017

We construct a class of spacetimes (without symmetry assumptions) satisfying the vacuum Einstein equations with singular boundaries on two null hypersurfaces intersecting in the future on a 2-sphere. The metric of these spacetimes extends continuously beyond the singularities while the Christoffel symbols fail to be square integrable in a neighborhood of any point on the singular boundaries. The construction shows moreover that the singularities are stable in a suitable sense. These singularities are stronger than the impulsive gravitational spacetimes considered by Luk and Rodnianski, and conjecturally they are present in the interior of generic black holes arising from gravitational collapse.
Impact of the National Essential Public Health Services Policy on Hypertension Control in China
Authors: Zhang Donglan , Pan Xi , Li Shukai , Liang Di , Hou Zhiyuan , Li Yan , Shi Lu
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

Hypertension remains a severe challenge to population health worldwide. This study assessed the impact of a nationwide program in China—Essential Public Health Services (EPHS) on improvement of hypertension treatment and control.

METHODS

A cohort of hypertensive patients was identified from the 2011–2013 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Hypertension was defined based on: (i) an average systolic blood pressure of ≥140 mm Hg, and/or an average diastolic blood pressure of ≥90 mm Hg; and/or (ii) currently taking antihypertensive medications. Outcomes assessed included the rate of hypertension control, medication use, and blood pressure monitoring at a doctor’s office. The key independent variable was defined as whether one received services from the EPHS-covered physical examination by 2013. Probit regression models with a difference-in-difference approach were performed for each of the 3 outcomes. Data were analyzed in 2017.

RESULTS

Among the 4,958 hypertensive patients, 404 (8.1%) received the EPHS-covered service by 2013. Coverage by the EPHS program was associated with an increase of 7.9% in hypertension control rate (SE = 2.9%, P = 0.020), an increase of 10.3% in the rate of medication use (SE = 2.5%, P < 0.001), and an increase of 10.5% in the rate of blood pressure monitoring (SE = 2.5%, P < 0.001). Results also showed that the EPHS program helped mitigate the geographic disparities in access to health services such as blood pressure monitoring.

CONCLUSIONS

The National EPHS program improved the treatment and control among hypertension patients. Expanding its program reach could further benefit the cardiovascular health of the population.
2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea
Authors: Shane Andi L , Mody Rajal K , Crump John A , Tarr Phillip I , Steiner Theodore S , Kotloff Karen , Langley Joanne M , Wanke Christine , Warren Cirle Alcantara , Cheng Allen C , Cantey Joseph , Pickering Larry K
Published: July 2017

These guidelines are intended for use by healthcare professionals who care for children and adults with suspected or confirmed infectious diarrhea. They are not intended to replace physician judgement regarding specific patients or clinical or public health situations. This document does not provide detailed recommendations on infection prevention and control aspects related to infectious diarrhea.
A developmental life-course perspective of juvenile and adult sexual offending
Authors: Lussier Patrick , Blokland Arjan A. J.
Published: July 2017

This essay examines theoretical, methodological, and empirical knowledge about the activation, course, and desistance from sex offending. The authors discuss theoretical issues and controversies regarding the origins and development and sex offending. Methodological issues in the measurement of sex offending and sex offending careers are reviewed, and an organizing conceptual criminal career framework is proposed to study sex offending. The current state of knowledge is presented regarding the criminal careers of juvenile sex offenders and associated developmental correlates, as well as the criminal careers of adult sex offenders and associated developmental correlates. A comparative analysis is provided of juvenile and adult sex offending careers and the respective correlates, noting developmental similarities and differences. Finally, a developmentally informed integrated model of sex offending is presented to stimulate research and policy discussion regarding the prevention of sexual violence and abuse.
Pornography
Authors: Smith Clarissa
Published: July 2017

The effects of pornography and sexual media are endlessly debated. The debate runs the gamut from fears of moral decline, through coarsening of attitudes, to the promotion and normalization of male violence against women and the rising problems of sex and/or pornography addictions. Historically, pornography has been understood in relation to the category of obscenity. In other words, it depicts actions, functions, and identities that lie on the outer edge of the permissible and have the potential to “deprave and corrupt” likely viewers. In more recent times, the focus has moved away from ideas of corruption of individual viewers toward the broader category of cultural “harms” and effects on society.
Restorative justice and sex offending
Authors: McAlinden Anne Marie
Published: July 2017

This essay examines the use of restorative justice in sexual offending. Restorative forms of intervention have been used in cases of violent or sexual offending, from first-time and ‘acquaintance’ rape as well as young sexual abusers to high-risk sexual offenders in the form of circles of support and accountability. Such schemes are often presented as a counter to the failings of retributive forms of justice and are premised on Braithwaite’s notion of ‘reintegrative shaming’ that seeks to reintegrate offenders into the community. The essay sets out and seeks to counter arguments against using restorative justice for sex crimes. For the most part, restorative justice has not reached its potential as a full-fledged sentencing rationale and has not been used in more serious cases. The essay examines barriers to restorative justice in contemporary penal policy and highlights some of its controversial applications, including those related to clergy sexual abuse.
Victim–offender overlap among sex offenders
Authors: Jennings Wesley G. , Meade Caitlyn
Published: July 2017

The criminological and psychological literature has generally focused solely on either victims or offenders, as has research on sex offending. Recently, however, researchers have investigated the overlap among victims and offenders. Evidence has demonstrated that individuals who have experienced these two outcomes (e.g., victimization and offending) are not always mutually exclusive. Recognizing the linkages between sex offending and sexual victimization, the authors of this essay review the theoretical frameworks and empirical research exploring the sexually abused/sexual abuser hypothesis or the victim–offender overlap among sexual offenders and sexual victims. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Electoral Systems in Context
Authors: McAllister Ian , Makkai Toni
Published: July 2017

Australia is often characterized as “a democratic laboratory,” where a wide variety of electoral systems have been designed and implemented. Australia gave the world “the Australian ballot” (or secret ballot), and it is one of the few countries to operate an enforced system of compulsory voting. This chapter examines the evolution of the electoral systems in the lower House of Representatives and in the upper house, the Senate. Particular attention is given to the design of the Senate electoral system, and to the changes that were implemented at the 2016 election to eliminate the proliferation of “micro parties.” The development of compulsory voting is also outlined, and its consequences for the party system evaluated. Finally, the chapter discusses the major challenges to reform of the electoral system.
Collective Intelligence and Group Learning
Authors: Woolley Anita Williams , Aggarwal Ishani
Published: July 2017

Recent research has demonstrated that teams exhibit collective intelligence (CI), defined as a team’s basic capacity to perform a wide variety of tasks, which is consistently predictive of future performance. Previous research has shown that CI is associated with group compositional features and group structures that facilitate collaboration and information transfer. More recent work further demonstrates that CI enables teams to learn more quickly, both in their ability to tacitly coordinate and work together, as well as in absorbing new information and improving collective output over time. We review the existing evidence and speculate on the mechanisms that parallel the connections between individual intelligence and learning to specify fruitful future avenues for research.
Trust in Newly Democratic Regimes
Authors: Letki Natalia
Published: July 2017

This article looks at social and political trust during democratization and in new democracies. First, it defines the dimensions and types of trust that are most relevant in the context of systemic change; second, it shows the consequences of (dis)trust for consolidation of new democracies; and third, it discusses the impact of authoritarian legacies and of the political and economic transformation on social and political trust. In particular, this article points to the trust-eroding effects of corruption, social and economic inequalities, and ethnic conflicts that are associated with most processes of democratization. Finally, using cross-national surveys, I reconstruct the trends of social and political trust in new democracies around the world. I conclude by pointing out that although trust is not necessary for countries to democratize, low levels of trust are likely to be linked to democratic backsliding.
Introduction
Authors: Holt Fabian
Published: July 2017

This chapter introduces new analytical framings of popular music in the Nordic countries and the implications therefore for broader discussions of the region’s uniqueness and global presence. The introduction first develops a broad interpretative narrative a broad interpretative narrative grounded in social science and considers its implications for existing cultural and disciplinary narratives. The second part closes in on more detailed issues of musical knowledge, drawing from the intellectual history of music, particularly musicology, while also integrating lessons from other disciplines such as geography. The specific focal points of the second part are the three thematic dimensions of the handbook—geography, history, and identity. Moreover, the literatures on Nordic popular music are discussed in detail. The final section introduces the individual chapter contributions.
A Metahistorical Inquiry into Historiography of Nordic Popular Music
Authors: Kärjä Antti-Ville
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines how the relation between national culture and emerging forms of transcultural diversity plays out in the historiography of Nordic popular music. The chapter offers a comparative analysis of how histories of popular music have been written in the Nordic countries. A particular focus in the comparison is on Finland and Sweden. The analysis rests on the principles of metahistory, referring to the ways in which historiography is implicated in power relations and interests of the present. To develop the methodology further, the notion of “pre-positional politics of historiography” is introduced. The historical accounts in question are approached in addition in terms of methodological nationalism, “rock imperialism,” and exceptionalist anachronism, to underline the tendencies to valorize not only the alleged uniqueness of national popular musics but also rock music as a particularly worthy subject of music historiography.
Swedish Prog Rock and the Search for a Timeless Utopia
Authors: Hylten-Cavallius Sverker , Kaijser Lars
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the revival of the psychedelic style of Swedish progressive rock called flumprogg, which originated in Stockholm in the 1960s, within evolving transnational geographies and historical complexities of revivalism. In the late 1980s, this music started to experience a revival in a global sphere of Anglophone DIY culture. The prog-rock revival was not limited to Scandinavian prog rock; it also involved a broader international landscape of progressive rock in the 1970s, including German kraut and English folk prog. Inspired by postmodern historiography, the chapter introduces an analytical approach that explores how people make sense of fragments of the past in particular sites of transnational flows. The analytical method involves ethnography of fragments—recordings, photos, and decorations—as found in record stores, for instance. The authors propose the concept of a retrology to account for how these constellations of fragments create utopian timeless spaces that suggest a historical and spatial consciousness.
Trajectories of Karelian Music After the Cold War
Authors: Suutari Pekka
Published: July 2017

This chapter tells the story of the revival of interest in Karelian music in the Finnish-Russian border region of Karelia after the Cold War. During this tense time, Karelians had been subjected to territorial divisions and harsh assimilation policies. With Perestroika came new stores of Karelian culture under the influence of developments taking place across the Nordic and Baltic regions. This was a scenario for Karelians in both countries to express their sense of belonging in new ways, and music once again became a medium for this. The author draws on fieldwork in the Karelian town of Petrozavodsk since 1992 and uses two bands from there as focal points for exploring consciousness in the region and beyond in wider international trajectories in Central Europe, Scandinavia, and the United States.
Masculinity, Race, and Transculturalism in a Norwegian Context
Authors: Hawkins Stan
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores transcultural perspectives on popular music aesthetics and gender in Norway through case studies of male celebrities born around 1980: the duo Madcon, Jarle Bernthoft, Lars Vaular, and Sondre Lerche. The analysis focuses on the practices of self-fashioning a persona in the realm of the popular, involving the aesthetics of masquerade, the ordinary, and escapism. Conceptually, the chapter draws from Bakhtin, Eyerman, Frith, and other influential voices in the literature on cultural performance and identity. The discussion also sheds light on fundamental issues in popular music aesthetics, demonstrating how the musicology of popular music can offer a unique cultural critique of identities that may appear to be “only entertainment” but in fact mediate powerful ideologies.
Rap, Reggae, and White Minoritization
Authors: Teitelbaum Benjamin R.
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the significance of music in radical white nationalist activism in the Nordic countries. The focus of the chapter is a change in how nationalists look at the relation between their ideological dogmas and music. For decades, the consensus was that the music had to be white, but in the 2000s young activists started to challenge this norm, introducing genres such as hip hop and reggae. The analysis looks beyond the literature’s conventional focus on how the music supports activism to instead examine racial constructions through music, arguing that the introduction of black genres involved a new conception of whiteness. The case studies include the rappers Zyklon Boom and Juice from Sweden, as well as a song by Nordic Youth.