bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Franklin S. Cooper: Pioneer and educator in speech research
Authors: Abramson Arthur S.
Published: July 2002

Helped by the post-war availability of the sound spectrograph, invented at Bell Laboratories, rapid progress was made in the 1950s in acquiring an understanding of the acoustics of speech. As head of the Haskins Laboratories, then in New York City, Franklin Cooper developed a rich interdisciplinary environment for research into the information-bearing elements (the cues) embedded in the speech signal. For him this was not only important basic research but also, as he sought to convince engineers, an indirect but vital approach to speech compression and processing. Cooper was also an educational pioneer as a teacher of the new acoustic phonetics to graduate students concerned with language but with little formal background in physics and higher mathematics. This began with his appointment as Adjunct Professor in the Department of Linguistics, Columbia University. Later, with the move of the Laboratories to New Haven, Connecticut, he oversaw the forming of links with the University of Connecticut and Yale University, which allowed for the formal participation of faculty members and a number of their graduate students in research at Haskins. Cooper’s influence was deeply felt not only by academic colleagues but also by students of linguistics, psychology, and speech and hearing.
A large size in stockings is hard to sell
Authors: Raphael Lawrence J.
Published: July 2002

Perhaps the most influential among Franklin S. Cooper’s many contributions to the science and technology of speech research, was the design and construction of the Pattern Playback. The playback, devised originally as part of a project aimed at developing a reading machine for the blind, was significant for several reasons: It was the first speech synthesizer to be of practical use for experimental purposes. Indeed, for some time it (and its ‘‘offspring’’) was the only useful synthesizer. As a result, it attracted a distinguished cadre of phoneticians, linguists, and psychologists to Haskins Laboratories. This group of researchers produced a disproportionate amount of the early research on speech perception, employing playback-generated stimuli. The fact that most of the findings of this early research have withstood the test of time is a lasting testimony to the work of Dr. Cooper and his colleagues.
The North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory (NPAL) Experiment
Authors: Dushaw B. D. , Howe B. M. , Mercer J. A. , Spindel R. C. , Colosi J. A. , Cornuelle B. D. , Dzieciuch M. A. , Worcester P. F.
Published: July 2002

The North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory program augmented the existing ATOC acoustic network with a sparse, two-dimensional receiving array installed west of Sur Ridge, CA, close to an existing U.S. Navy SOSUS array, during July 1998 to receive transmissions from the 75-Hz ATOC source north of Kauai. The NPAL array consisted of four 20-element vertical arrays, each with a 700-m aperture, and one 40-element vertical array with a 1400-m aperture. The arrays were deployed transverse to the 3900-km path from the Kauai source and had a total horizontal aperture of 3600 m. Data collected with the two-dimensional array and the U.S. Navy SOSUS receivers will be used to (i) study the temporal, vertical, and horizontal coherence of long-range, low-frequency resolved rays and modes, (ii) study 3D propagation effects, (iii) examine directional ambient noise properties, and (iv) to improve basin-scale ocean nowcasts via assimilation of acoustic data and other data types into models. Environmental data along the path from the Kauai source to the two-dimensional array were acquired by two oceanographic subsurface moorings and by two XBT/CTD/ADCP transects along the path, one at the beginning and one at the end of the experiment. We describe the experiment and offer some preliminary data.
Target tracking by echolocation in a dynamic auditory scene
Authors: Moss Cynthia F. , Surlykke Annemarie
Published: July 2002

The echolocating bat transmits ultrasonic vocalizations as it flies, and it perceives a dynamic, 3-D representation of the world from echoes of its sonar signals. We hypothesize that the bat’s auditory system organizes dynamic echo input to segregate and track multiple reflecting sources in the environment, and these perceptual processes depend on the features of the animal’s sonar signals. Our research here focuses on the bat’s timing of sonar cries to enhance spatial tracking of objects in a dynamic auditory scene. Using two distinct behavioral methods, we quantified features of the bat’s vocal signals in target tracking tasks. In a psychophysical study, bats were trained to track changing echo delays of phantom targets. The bat’s sonar cries were digitized, electronically delayed, and played back to the animal, simulating targets that approached or disappeared at different rates. Features of the animal’s sonar vocalizations were measured for each trial and summarized across conditions. In another study, high-speed synchronized video and audio recordings provided measures of the bat’s sonar behavior as it tracked and intercepted tethered insects that were either stationary, moving smoothly, moving erratically, displaced abruptly, or positioned near obstacles. The data illustrate acoustic control for tracking in a dynamic auditory scene.
Why macaque screams differ
Authors: Gouzoules Harold , Gouzoules Sarah
Published: July 2002

Screams of four species of macaques (Macaca mulatta, M. nemestrina, M. nigra, M. arctoides) were compared for similarities and differences with respect to predictions of Morton’s motivation-structural rules [Morton, Am. Nat. 111, 855–869 (1977)]. Screams from victims of attack that involved contact aggression (pulling, pushing, slapping, grappling, and biting) from a higher-ranking opponent were examined. For each species, 100 screams from females three years of age or older were digitized and acoustic features of each call measured. Discriminant function analysis was used to determine whether or not the 400 vocalizations could be assigned to the correct caller species on the basis of their acoustic structure. Calls were assigned to the correct species at a significantly higher rate (93.5%) than expected by chance. Each of the four macaque species used acoustically distinct screams in a shared context. While the differences in the species’ vocalizations suggest no simple correlation between immediate context and the acoustic forms of screams, there was general correspondence between the structure predicted by motivation-structural rules and inferences about the internal state of the vocalizer derived from the typical intensity of aggressive patterns that characterize each of the four species.
3D models of lateral line excitation patterns during prey acquisition by Lake Michigan mottled sculpin
Authors: Coombs Sheryl , Finneran James
Published: July 2002

One of the biggest impediments to understanding how fish acquire information through their lateral line sensory system is the inherent difficulty in adequately specifying and measuring hydrodynamic stimuli, which can vary in frequency, amplitude, and phase along the sensory surface of the fish. Even theoretically simple stimuli, like dipole sources, can create rather spatially complex water motions. The peripheral excitation pattern after the stimulus field has been transduced can be even more complex and depends on a number of factors, including the density of the fish and the amplitude and direction of its body motion in the field, the number, type, and spatial distribution of lateral line end organs on the fish, the axis of source vibration, and the distance and orientation of the fish with respect to the source. We have developed a 3D computational model that takes these factors into account and is used to (1) compare the pretransduction distribution of the stimulus (flow) field along the sensory surface of the fish to the post-transduction excitation pattern of primary afferent fibers and (2) describe how excitation patterns change during actual approach pathways taken by sculpin when responding to preylike (dipole) sources.
Cortical responses in rats to periodic frequency-modulated sounds
Authors: Orduna Itzel , Mercado Eduardo , Shohamy Daphna , Gluck Mark A. , Merzenich Michael M.
Published: July 2002

Spectral variations over time are a common characteristic of naturally occurring sounds. They constitute a prevalent feature in communication signals in several species. Studies of mammals have shown that auditory cortex neurons respond to single frequency-modulated (FM) sweeps and that most responses are selective for sweep direction and/or rate. Researchers have also used trains of FM sweeps to estimate spectrotemporal receptive fields in auditory cortex. In the present study, microelectrode recordings were used to explore how the auditory cortex responds to trains of FM sweeps in anesthetized rats. Maps of 20–60 penetrations were made for each subject. Sweep frequencies ranged from 1–16 kHz with FM rates ranging from 4–24 octaves/s and repetition rates from 2–24 sweeps/s. Both down-sweeps and up-sweeps were presented. Neuronal responses were analyzed in terms of onset, offset, oscillatory and directionally selective properties. Several types of responses predominated. Most units responded to sound onset. In contrast, responses to signal offsets were rare. Oscillatory responses were typically evoked only for repetition rates less than 12 sweep/s. Directionally selective responses were limited to these rates. These results indicate that oscillatory responses in the auditory cortex are limited to low repetition rate stimuli, and that directional selectivity depends on repetition rate. [Work supported by NSF.]
Journal issues of peer review, contribution, and quality
Authors: Carey William M.
Published: July 2002

Allan Pierce, Editor-in-Chief, has recently written concise overviews of the Journal’s history, publication criteria, and issues. To stimulate discussion, this paper follows his lead and addresses several resolvable issues that could improve the quality of published articles. Concerning the peer review and the reviewer, when should reviewers recuse themselves or disclose to the editor a close or adverse relationship with the author? What is the advisory role of the reviewer? What review criteria are necessary to ensure a timely, thorough, and fair review? Since articles are intended to be contributions to the field of knowledge, what constitutes a scholarly review of past work and faithful referencing? Should formal dissertations, laboratory reports, and edited conference proceedings be referenced if available from national information services or libraries? Should articles published in edited proceedings or formally archived reports be published as journal articles? Should research, numerical or experimental, be reported in incremental steps or as a completed investigation with significant results? Is the conduct of a large experiment sufficient for publication? Could prompt publication of letters to the editor about articles be used as a peer-feedback-quality control?
Acoustic vortex appearing at the pre-steady state and disappearing at the steady state in organ pipes
Authors: Yoshikawa Shigeru
Published: July 2002

In visualizing the motion of the smoked jet during the attack transient, an acoustic (acoustically induced) vortex was observed alternately above and beneath the pipe edge at the pre-steady state just prior to the steady state. Interestingly enough, this acoustic vortex disappeared at the steady state. This finding is contrary to Fabre’s, in which the acoustic vortex appears at the steady state [Acust. Acta Acust. 82, 863–877 (1996)]. The rotation of the acoustic vortex is the reverse of that of the hydrodynamic vortex produced at the initial phase of the attack transient. According to Howe’s theory [J. Sound Vib. 70, 407–411 (1980)], our acoustic vortex seems to absorb the final excess in acoustic energy generation occurring at the pre-steady state and to lead the finally saturated amplification of the jet stability wave. The acoustic vortex may then be convected by the jet flow into regions where the vorticity can no longer continue to interact with the acoustic field. On the other hand, Fabre’s acoustic vortex was interpreted as some sound source corresponding to higher harmonics. Slow-motion pictures captured with a high-speed digital video camera will be demonstrated.
The Free Energy Constitutive Equation for Polymer Solutions from the Dumbbell Model
Authors: Marrucci G.
Published: July 2002

The simplest model of flexible macromolecules in a dilute solution is the elastic dumbbell (or bead-spring) model. This has been widely used for purely mechanical theories of the stress. In this work the model is used to determine the constitutive equation for the free energy and for the stress under nonisothermal conditions. The results are shown to be consistent with the general thermodynamic theory of simple fluids with fading memory.
Anisotropic Fluid Theory: A Different Approach to the Dumbbell Theory of Dilute Polymer Solutions
Authors: Gordon R. J. , Schowalter W. R.
Published: July 2002

The continuum theory of anisotropic fluids, as developed by Ericksen and others, has been used to formulate an expression for the time derivative of the end-to-end vector of a linear macromolecule. When this expression is used in conjunction with the equation describing the distribution function for a dilute solution of dumbbell elements, the results exhibit important differences from the usual dumbbell theory. Presence of an additional term in the differential equation for the distribution function leads to the prediction of both a non-Newtonian viscosity and nonzero first and second normal stress differences in simple shearing flow. The normal stress differences are found to be of opposite sign, the secondary normal stress difference being negative. In small-amplitude oscillatory shear flow, and in pure deformational flow, the results are equivalent to those of the dumbbell theory. Expressions are presented for both stress and optical properties in an arbitrary homogeneous shear field.
Room‐Temperature Colossal Elastocaloric Effects in Three‐Dimensional Graphene Architectures: An Atomistic Study
Authors: Zhao Zhiqiang , Guo Wanlin , Zhang Zhuhua
Published: June 2022

Solid‐state cooling exploits the thermal response of caloric materials when subjected to external physical fields and represents a promising alternative to conventional refrigeration technologies. However, existing caloric materials are often limited by relatively small caloric response and hysteresis issues rooted in first‐order structural transitions. Here, colossal and reversible elastocaloric effects near room temperature in superelastic graphene architectures are predicted by thermodynamic analysis and atomistic calculations. The estimated adiabatic temperature change can reach a value of 155 K under a compressive stress of 0.7 GPa in a wide temperature range of around 300 K, yielding outstanding elastocaloric strength and efficiency. More unique is that both cooling and warming can be realized in the materials by applying tensile and compressive strains to host conventional and inverse elastocaloric effects, respectively, with almost no fatigue behavior and hysteresis effect. Such unprecedented elastocaloric performance results from a strain‐induced large change in configurational entropy in the graphene architectures. These effects are potentially extendable to other superelastic nanomaterials and hence suggest new material settings for developing high‐performance solid‐state refrigerants.
Stretchable Non‐Enzymatic Fuel Cell‐Based Sensor Patch Integrated with Thread‐Embedded Microfluidics for Self‐Powered Wearable Glucose Monitoring
Authors: Bae Chan Wool , Chinnamani Mottour Vinayagam , Lee Eung Hyuk , Lee Nae‐Eung
Published: June 2022

Wearable sensor patches for continuous or intermittent monitoring of biomolecules from body fluids are highly desired as a stretchable integrated platform conformable and attachable to the human body. However, realizing such integrated sensor patches is very challenging because of the difficulty of achieving full stretchability, controlling transport of the body fluid, and minimizing power consumption. In this study, a stretchable and self‐powered microfluidic‐integrated sensor patch comprising a stretchable non‐enzymatic fuel cell‐based sweat glucose sensor and a stretchable cotton thread‐embedded microfluidic device is demonstrated. To endow the fuel cell‐based glucose sensor with stretchability, the anode and cathode electrodes with catalytic nanoporous Au (NPG) and NPG coated with Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs@NPG), respectively, are formed on an omnidirectionally stretchable substrate with a three‐dimensional micropattern that can effectively absorb the stress generated during deformation. In addition, a stretchable microfluidic device made by embedding cotton thread into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel for powerless constant absorption and sweat flow is integrated into the fuel cell structure. The fully stretchable microfluidic‐integrated self‐powered sensor patch demonstrates excellent continuous monitoring of the sweat glucose concentration.
Soybean rust detection and disease severity classification by remote sensing
Authors: Negrisoli Matheus Mereb , Negrisoli RaphaelMereb , da Silva FlavioNunes , Lopes Lucasda Silva , Souza Júnior Franciscode Sales de , Velini Edivaldo Domingues , Carbonari Caio Antonio , Rodrigues Sergio Augusto , Raetano Carlos Gilberto
Published: June 2022

The detection and monitoring of soybean rust (SBR) through remote sensing is promising because of the importance of the crop and the aspects of the disease. We evaluated the effects of different levels of SBR severity on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] leaflets reflectance aiming for the construction of a disease classification model. Leaflet reflectance was evaluated on two cultivars (susceptible and partially resistant) at four disease severity levels: healthy, low, moderate, and high. Leaflets were collected in the field and taken to the laboratory for spectral evaluation through the spectrophotometer UV 2700 coupled with Integrating Sphere Attachment ISR‐603, in the range of 270–1000 nm. The feasibility of using a collection of vegetation indices (VIs) and data dimensionality reduction through multiple factor analysis (MFA) was evaluated, and a classification model was constructed. Ten algorithms were assessed based on precision, sensibility, and accuracy parameters, using 80% of the dataset as training data and 20% as testing dataset. The visible range and red edge region contributed more significantly to the disease prediction and classification model. The MFA performed satisfactorily in the dimensionality reduction and unveiled the effect of specific wavelengths on the classification of each class. Most of the VIs studied had high correlation performance across the severity classes. Classification accuracy and precision were >70% for all models. Linear support vector machine with the collection of VIs achieved the best results. This study provides a practical path for developing a detection model to be integrated into SBR management programs.
Networks Underlie Temporal Onset of Dysplasia‐Related Epilepsy: A MELD Study
Authors: Cohen Nathan T. , You Xiaozhen , Krishnamurthy Manu , Sepeta Leigh N. , Zhang Anqing , Oluigbo Chima , Whitehead Matthew T. , Gholipour Taha , Baldeweg Torsten , Wagstyl Konrad , Adler Sophie , Gaillard William D. ,   Multi‐Centre Epilepsy Lesion Detection (MELD) Project
Published: June 2022

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate if focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) co‐localization to cortical functional networks is associated with the temporal distribution of epilepsy onset in FCD.

Methods

International (20 center), retrospective cohort from the Multi‐Centre Epilepsy Lesion Detection (MELD) project. Patients included if >3 years old, had 3D pre‐operative T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; 1.5 or 3 T) with radiologic or histopathologic FCD after surgery. Images processed using the MELD protocol, masked with 3D regions‐of‐interest (ROI), and co‐registered to fsaverage_sym (symmetric template). FCDs were then co‐localized to 1 of 7 distributed functional cortical networks. Negative binomial regression evaluated effect of FCD size, network, histology, and sulcal depth on age of epilepsy onset. From this model, predictive age of epilepsy onset was calculated for each network.

Results

Three hundred eighty‐eight patients had median age seizure onset 5 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 3–11 years), median age at pre‐operative scan 18 years (IQR = 11–28 years). FCDs co‐localized to the following networks: limbic (90), default mode (87), somatomotor (65), front parietal control (52), ventral attention (32), dorsal attention (31), and visual (31). Larger lesions were associated with younger age of onset (p = 0.01); age of epilepsy onset was associated with dominant network (p = 0.04) but not sulcal depth or histology. Sensorimotor networks had youngest onset; the limbic network had oldest age of onset (p values <0.05).

Interpretation

FCD co‐localization to distributed functional cortical networks is associated with age of epilepsy onset: sensory neural networks (somatomotor and visual) with earlier onset, and limbic latest onset. These variations may reflect developmental differences in synaptic/white matter maturation or network activation and may provide a biological basis for age‐dependent epilepsy onset expression. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:503–511
Investigations of quasi‐static indentation properties of 3D printed polyamide/continuous Kevlar/continuous carbon fiber composites
Authors: Wang Kui , Zhu Wanying , Li Shixian , Peng Yong , Ahzi Said
Published: June 2022

3D printing technologies are widely used in aerospace, automobile, and other fields due to their rapid manufacture of strong and lightweight products without additional molds and components. However, the relatively low mechanical behaviors of 3D printed composites were due to the weak pristine matrix and the inherent porosity of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. This drawback was compensated by the addition of hybrid continuous fibers for improving the comprehensive and designable characteristics. In addition, the properties of the hybrid composites could be influenced by changing the processing parameters. Therefore, this work aims to study the mechanical properties of designed 3D printed hybrid continuous carbon and Kevlar fibers reinforced polyamide (PA)‐based composites with different fiber layer locations and stacking sequences. The quasi‐static indentation (QSI) tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical behaviors of the printed composites. The deformation and failure mechanisms of the printed composites were revealed by fractography. Results demonstrated that the printed composites with the middle fiber layer locations showed the highest force value (Fmax) and higher energy absorption capabilities than the printed composites with the fiber layers placed in other locations, which was attributed to the delayed cracking propagation and large delamination, respectively.
Social media engagement and crowdfunding performance: The moderating role of product type and entrepreneurs' characteristics
Authors: Lee Chang Heon , Zhao J. Leon
Published: June 2022

Entrepreneurs are showing an increasing focus on understanding and managing their social media strategies to optimize the success of their crowdfunding campaigns. While much of the current crowdfunding literature focuses on the roles of social media engagement in the funding performance of crowdfunded projects, in this study, drawing on social media engagement theory, we examine how product and entrepreneur characteristics moderate the influence of social media engagement on funding performance in the reward‐based crowdfunding. Using a dataset of technology crowdfunded projects, we investigated whether Facebook and Twitter engagements affect funding outcomes and if so, how the two interact with each other and their influences vary by project type (hardware and software) and entrepreneur characteristics (gender, experience, and social capital). We found that both Facebook and Twitter engagements positively affect funding, but the two weaken each other's impact, particularly for hardware products. Additionally, Facebook engagements had a larger effect on funding outcomes in the early days of a campaign driven by its prelaunch efforts, whereas Twitter engagements had a larger impact in later days. Furthermore, our findings indicated that Facebook engagement is more influential for hardware products. An entrepreneur's internal social capital built inside the crowdfunding platform also weakened the effects of Facebook engagements generated outside the platform, whereas Twitter engagements on subsequent funding had less influence on experienced entrepreneurs. Our findings suggest that Facebook mainly serves as a channel to show the significant commitment of entrepreneurs to their projects and increase persuasiveness, while Twitter helps to raise awareness by broadcasting crowdfunding campaigns among potential investors.
Revisiting the therapeutic potential of tocotrienol
Authors: Ranasinghe Ranmali , Mathai Michael , Zulli Anthony
Published: June 2022

The therapeutic potential of the tocotrienol group stems from its nutraceutical properties as a dietary supplement. It is largely considered to be safe when consumed at low doses for attenuating pathophysiology as shown by animal models, in vitro assays, and ongoing human trials. Medical researchers and the allied sciences have experimented with tocotrienols for many decades, but its therapeutic potential was limited to adjuvant or concurrent treatment regimens. Recent studies have focused on targeted drug delivery by enhancing the bioavailability through carriers, self‐sustained emulsions, nanoparticles, and ethosomes. Epigenetic modulation and computer remodeling are other means that will help increase chemosensitivity. This review will focus on the systemic intracellular anti‐cancer, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory mechanisms that are stimulated and/or regulated by tocotrienols while highlighting its potent therapeutic properties in a diverse group of clinical diseases.
A team‐oriented course development experience in distance education for multidisciplinary engineering design
Authors: Say Bilge , Erden Zuhal , Turhan Cihan
Published: June 2022

Based on the multidisciplinary needs of today's complex and innovative technology, accreditation bodies of engineering demand proof of multidisciplinary teamwork in undergraduate engineering curricula. This article reports the design and conduct of a Multidisciplinary Engineering Design (MED) course initiated as a result of accreditation process requirements. The course, which consists of multidisciplinary lectures, practice sessions, and various phases of a multidisciplinary team project, was conducted online because of the COVID‐19 pandemic by a multidisciplinary team of instructors using multiple software tools to enhance collaboration. In general, the course outcomes were satisfied under the current design, and several points for further improvement and elaboration were collected via quantitative and qualitative evaluations. Accordingly, the results show that the project‐based and team‐based MED course, in terms of multidisciplinary course management and its outcomes, can benefit from the use of software tools in creating a multidisciplinary team in distance education by means of enhanced cooperation and motivation among the participants.
Expert consensus on the clinical application of antibody‐drug conjugates in the treatment of malignant tumors (2021 edition)
Authors:   Professional Committee on Clinical Research of Oncology Drugs, Chinese Anti‐Cancer Association,   Expert Committee for Monitoring the Clinical Application of Antitumor Drugs,   Breast Cancer Expert Committee of National Cancer Quality Control Center,   Cancer Chemotherapy Quality Control Expert Committee of Beijing Cancer Treatment Quality Control and Improvement Center
Published: June 2022

Antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs) are targeted biological agents composed of a cytotoxic drug linked to a monoclonal antibody through a linker. The monoclonal antibody targets tumor cells and transports small‐molecule cytotoxic drugs for specific delivery and minimal off‐target side effects. It is necessary for clinicians to understand the molecular characteristics and mechanisms of ADCs. Patients' survival mainly depends on the appropriate dose and course of treatment and also on proper management of adverse reactions. This consensus provides a systematic review of commercially available ADCs and further discusses the clinical application and management of ADCs.
Mediastinal thymoma in a patient with previous rectal and breast cancers: A report of a case with multiple primary cancers and review of literature
Authors: Mardani Parviz , Fallahi Mohammadmehdi , Kamran Hooman , Shahriarirad Reza , Anbardar Mohammad Hossein , Soleimani Neda
Published: June 2022

A 42‐year‐old female patient with intellectual disability was presented to us as a newly diagnosed case of thymoma. She was identified as a case of multiple primary cancers, including adenocarcinoma of the rectum, carcinoma of the breast, and mediastinal thymoma, in a 15‐year period, who underwent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical resection.
Atmospheric‐Temperature Chain Reaction towards Ultrathin Non‐Crystal‐Phase Construction for Highly Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Qiu Yanling , Liu Zhiqiang , Yang Qian , Zhang Xinyue , Liu Jingquan , Liu Mengyao , Bi Tianyi , Ji Xuqiang
Published: June 2022

Combining the self‐sacrifice of a highly crystalline substance to design a multistep chain reaction towards ultrathin active‐layer construction for high‐performance water splitting with atmospheric‐temperature conditions and an environmentally benign aqueous environment is extremely intriguing and full of challenges. Here, taking cobalt carbonate hydroxides (CCHs) as the initial crystalline material, we choose the Lewis acid metal salt of Fe(NO3)3 to induce an aqueous‐phase chain reaction generating free CO32− ions with subsequent instant FeCO3 hydrolysis. The resultant ultrathin (∼5 nm) amorphous Fe‐based hydroxide layer on CCH results in considerable activity in catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), yielding 10/50 mA ⋅ cm−2 at overpotentials of 230/266.5 mV for OER and 72.5/197.5 mV for HER. The catalysts can operate constantly in 1.0 M KOH over 48 and 45 h for the OER and HER, respectively. For bifunctional catalysis for alkaline electrolyzer assembly, a cell voltage as low as 1.53 V was necessary to yield 10 mA cm−2 (1.7 V at 50 mA cm−2). This work rationally builds high‐efficiency electrochemical bifunctional water‐splitting catalysts and offers a trial in establishing a controllable nanolevel ultrathin lattice disorder layer through an atmospheric‐temperature chemical route.
A Self‐Assembling Flavin for Visible Photooxidation
Authors: Cariello Michele , Dietrich Bart , Thomson Lisa , Gauci Valentina , Boyer Alistair , Sproules Stephen , Cooke Graeme , Seddon Annela , Adams Dave J.
Published: June 2022

A new flavin‐based gelator is reported which forms micellar structures at high pH and gels at low pH. This flavin can be used for the photooxidation of thiols under visible light, with the catalytic efficiency being linked to the self‐assembled structures present.
Immunity gene IFITM3 variant: Relation to cognition and Alzheimer's disease pathology
Authors: Pyun Jung‐Min , Park Young Ho , Hodges Angela , Jang Jae‐Won , Bice Paula J. , Kim SangYun , Saykin Andrew J. , Nho Kwangsik ,   for the AddNeuroMed Consortium and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: June 2022

Introduction

We investigated single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IFITM3, an innate immunity gene and modulator of amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease (AD), for association with cognition and AD biomarkers.

Methods

We used data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; N = 1565) and AddNeuroMed (N = 633) as discovery and replication samples, respectively. We performed gene‐based association analysis of SNPs in IFITM3 with cognitive performance and SNP‐based association analysis with cognitive decline and amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration biomarkers for AD.

Results

Gene‐based association analysis showed that IFITM3 was significantly associated with cognitive performance. Particularly, rs10751647 in IFITM3 was associated with less cognitive decline, less amyloid and tau burden, and less brain atrophy in ADNI. The association of rs10751647 with cognitive decline and brain atrophy was replicated in AddNeuroMed.

Discussion

This suggests that rs10751647 in IFITM3 is associated with less vulnerability for cognitive decline and AD biomarkers, providing mechanistic insight regarding involvement of immunity and infection in AD.

Highlights

IFITM3 is significantly associated with cognitive performance.

rs10751647 in IFITM3 is associated with cognitive decline rates with replication.

rs10751647 is associated with amyloid beta load, cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated tau levels, and brain atrophy.

rs10751647 is associated with IFITM3 expression levels in blood and brain.

rs10751647 in IFITM3 is related to less vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
Protective effects of chlorogenic acid on isoflurane‐induced cognitive impairment of aged mice
Authors: Chong Hao , Xi Yang , Zhou Yan , Wang Geng
Published: June 2022

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is characterized by impairment in cognitive functions in patients following anesthesia and surgery. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a plant‐derived compound possessing numerous bioactive properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of CGA in isoflurane (ISO)‐induced cognitive dysfunction of aged mice, and further identify the mechanisms involved in the protective effects of CGA. A total of 80 male C57BL/6 mice, 20‐month‐old, were randomly divided into control group, isoflurane group (ISO), and ISO + 30 mg/kg CGA group and ISO + 60 mg/kg CGA. CGA was given orally once daily for 7 days to the mice and they were exposed to ISO (1.5%; 4 h). The open‐field and Morris water maze tests were used to investigate the cognitive function of mice. Pretreatment with CGA significantly attenuated ISO‐induced cognitive impairment. The levels of IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐6, nuclear p65 NF‐kB, cleaved caspase‐3, and Bax were significantly increased, while the levels of IkBα and Bcl‐2 were decreased in the hippocampus 24 h after the ISO anesthesia. All the mentioned effects induced by ISO were reversed by CGA pretreatment. Furthermore, ISO exposure induced marked downregulation of SOD, CAT, HO‐1, and NQO‐1 and elevation of MDA and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the hippocampus tissue. All these parameters were reversed by CGA treatment. Importantly, the higher dose of CGA (60 mg/kg) showed a greater neuroprotective effect. In conclusion, these findings suggest that CGA attenuates the ISO‐induced cognitive impairment via its anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidative, and anti‐apoptotic properties in aged mice.
Two distinct subtypes of obsessive compulsive disorder revealed by a framework integrating multimodal neuroimaging information
Authors: Han Shaoqiang , Xu Yinhuan , Guo Hui‐Rong , Fang Keke , Wei Yarui , Liu Liang , Cheng Junying , Zhang Yong , Cheng Jingliang
Published: June 2022

Patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit tremendous heterogeneity in structural and functional neuroimaging aberrance. However, most previous studies just focus on group‐level aberrance of a single modality ignoring heterogeneity and multimodal features. On that account, we aimed to uncover OCD subtypes integrating structural and functional neuroimaging features with the help of a multiview learning method and examined multimodal aberrance for each subtype. Ninety‐nine first‐episode untreated patients with OCD and 104 matched healthy controls (HCs) undergoing structural and functional MRI were included in this study. Voxel‐based morphometric and amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuation (ALFF) were adopted to assess gray matter volumes (GMVs) and the spontaneous neuronal fluctuations respectively. Structural/functional distance network was obtained by calculating Euclidean distance between pairs of regional GMVs/ALFF values across patients. Similarity network fusion, one of multiview learning methods capturing shared and complementary information from multimodal data sources, was used to fuse multimodal distance networks into one fused network. Then spectral clustering was adopted to categorize patients into subtypes. As a result, two robust subtypes were identified. These two subtypes presented opposite GMV aberrance and distinct ALFF aberrance compared with HCs while shared indistinguishable clinical and demographic features. In addition, these two subtypes exhibited opposite structure–function difference correlation reflecting distinct adaptive modifications between multimodal aberrance. Altogether, these results uncover two objective subtypes with distinct multimodal aberrance and provide a new insight into taxonomy of OCD.
Potential natural products for the management of autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Sachdeva Punya , Mehdi Intizaar , Kaith Rohit , Ahmad Faizan , Anwar Md Sheeraz
Published: June 2022

Autism in a broader sense is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which frequently occurs during early childhood and can last for a lifetime. This condition is primarily defined by difficulties with social engagement, with individuals displaying repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Numerous neuroanatomical investigations on autistic children have revealed that their brains grow atypically, resulting in atypical neurogenesis, neuronal migration, maturation, differentiation, and degeneration. Special education programs, speech therapy, and occupational therapy have all been used to address autism‐related behavioral problems. While widely prescribed antidepressant drugs, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and stimulants have demonstrated response in autistic individuals. However, these medications do not fully reverse the core symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The adverse reactions of ASD medicines and an increased risk of developing various other problems, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and thyroid disorders, prompted the researchers to investigate herbal medicines for the treatment of autistic individuals. Clinical trials are now being done to establish the efficacy of alternative techniques based on natural substances and to understand better the context in which they may be used to treat autism. This review of literature will look at crucial natural compounds derived from animals and plants that have shown promise as safe and effective autism treatment strategies.
Firm‐level impact of the global financial crisis: Evidence on innovation from Latin America
Authors: Lim King Yoong , Morris Diego
Published: June 2022

The long‐term effects of the 2007–2009 Global Financial Crisis on Latin American economies depend on how firms altered their innovation activities in response to this and similar financially initiated shocks. We develop and test a novel theoretical framework that analyses the return to innovation for firms that survived this crisis in Latin America. We use detailed firm‐level data that allows us to understand how firms reacted to the crisis and their subsequent outcomes post‐crisis. We show, subsequent to several robustness checks, that: (i) product and process innovation are strongly correlated with each other over the business cycle; and (ii) although the return to innovation is positive (independent of the business cycle), the return to product innovation may be greater during recessionary periods.
Early versus delayed amniotomy with immediate oxytocin after Foley catheter cervical ripening in nulliparous labor induction: A randomized trial
Authors: Hasan Nur Adlyn , Hong Jesrine Gek Shan , Teo Ik Hui , Zaidi Syeda Nureena , Hamdan Mukhri , Tan Peng Chiong
Published: June 2022

Objective

To evaluate immediate oxytocin and early amniotomy compared with delayed amniotomy after Foley catheter cervical ripening in nulliparous women on intervention‐to‐delivery interval.

Methods

A randomized trial was conducted from September 2020 to March 2021. A total of 140 term nulliparas (70 early amniotomy, 70 delayed amniotomy) with Foley catheter–ripened cervices (dilatation ≥3 cm achieved), singleton fetus, cephalic presentation with intact membranes, and reassuring fetal heart rate tracing were recruited. Women were randomized to immediate titrated intravenous oxytocin infusion and early amniotomy or delayed amniotomy (after 4 h of oxytocin). The primary outcome was intervention (oxytocin)‐to‐delivery interval (h).

Results

Intervention‐to‐delivery intervals (h) were mean ± standard deviation 9.0 ± 3.6 versus 10.6 ± 3.5 h (mean difference of 1.4 h) (P = 0.004) for the early versus delayed amniotomy arms, respectively. Birth rates at 6 h after oxytocin infusion were 19 of 70 (27.1%) versus 8 of 70 (11.4%) (relative risk, 2.38 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11–5.06]; number needed to treat: 7 [95% CI, 3.5–34.4]) (P = 0.03), cesarean delivery rates were 29 of 70 (41.4%) versus 33 of 70 (47.1%) (relative risk, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.61–1.28) (P = 0.50), and maternal satisfaction on birth process were a median of 7 (interquartile range, 7–8) versus 7 (interquartile range, 7–8) (P = 0.40) for the early versus delayed amniotomy arms, respectively.

Conclusion

In term nulliparas with cervices ripened by Foley catheter, immediate oxytocin and early amniotomy compared with a planned 4‐h delay to amniotomy shortened the intervention‐to‐delivery interval but did not significantly reduce the cesarean delivery rate.
Neurocognitive outcome and mental health in children with tyrosinemia type 1 and phenylketonuria: A comparison between two genetic disorders affecting the same metabolic pathway
Authors: van Vliet Kimber , van Ginkel Willem G. , Jahja Rianne , Daly Anne , MacDonald Anita , Santra Saikat , De Laet Corinne , Goyens Philippe J. , Vara Roshni , Rahman Yusof , Cassiman David , Eyskens Francois , Timmer Corrie , Mumford Nicky , Gissen Paul , Bierau Jörgen , van Hasselt Peter M. , Wilcox Gisela , Morris Andrew A. M. , Jameson Elisabeth A. , de la Parra Alicia , Arias Carolina , Garcia Maria I. , Cornejo Veronica , Bosch Annet M. , Hollak Carla E. M. , Rubio‐Gozalbo M. Estela , Brouwers Martijn C. G. J. , Hofstede Floris C. , de Vries Maaike C. , Janssen Mirian C. H. , van der Ploeg Ans T. , Langendonk Janneke G. , Huijbregts Stephan C. J. , van Spronsen Francjan J.
Published: June 2022

Tyrosinemia type 1 (TT1) and phenylketonuria (PKU) are both inborn errors of phenylalanine–tyrosine metabolism. Neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes have always featured in PKU research but received less attention in TT1 research. This study aimed to investigate and compare neurocognitive, behavioral, and social outcomes of treated TT1 and PKU patients. We included 33 TT1 patients (mean age 11.24 years; 16 male), 31 PKU patients (mean age 10.84; 14 male), and 58 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls (mean age 10.82 years; 29 male). IQ (Wechsler‐subtests), executive functioning (the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning), mental health (the Achenbach‐scales), and social functioning (the Social Skills Rating System) were assessed. Results of TT1 patients, PKU patients, and healthy controls were compared using Kruskal–Wallis tests with post‐hoc Mann–Whitney U tests. TT1 patients showed a lower IQ and poorer executive functioning, mental health, and social functioning compared to healthy controls and PKU patients. PKU patients did not differ from healthy controls regarding these outcome measures. Relatively poor outcomes for TT1 patients were particularly evident for verbal IQ, BRIEF dimensions “working memory”, “plan and organize” and “monitor”, ASEBA dimensions “social problems” and “attention problems”, and for the SSRS “assertiveness” scale (all p values <0.001). To conclude, TT1 patients showed cognitive impairments on all domains studied, and appeared to be significantly more affected than PKU patients. More attention should be paid to investigating and monitoring neurocognitive outcome in TT1 and research should focus on explaining the underlying pathophysiological mechanism.
Comparison of 2D and 4D Flow MRI in Neonates Without General Anesthesia
Authors: Sjöberg Pia , Hedström Erik , Fricke Katrin , Frieberg Petter , Weismann Constance G , Liuba Petru , Carlsson Marcus , Töger Johannes
Published: June 2022

Background

Neonates with critical congenital heart disease require early intervention. Four‐dimensional (4D) flow may facilitate surgical planning and improve outcome, but accuracy and precision in neonates are unknown.

Purpose

To 1) validate two‐dimensional (2D) and 4D flow MRI in a phantom and investigate the effect of spatial and temporal resolution; 2) investigate accuracy and precision of 4D flow and internal consistency of 2D and 4D flow in neonates; and 3) compare scan time of 4D flow to multiple 2D flows.

Study Type

Phantom and prospective patients.

Population

A total of 17 neonates with surgically corrected aortic coarctation (age 18 days [IQR 11–20]) and a three‐dimensional printed neonatal aorta phantom.

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5T, 2D flow and 4D flow.

Assessment

In the phantom, 2D and 4D flow volumes (ascending and descending aorta, and aortic arch vessels) with different resolutions were compared to high‐resolution reference 2D flow. In neonates, 4D flow was compared to 2D flow volumes at each vessel. Internal consistency was computed as the flow volume in the ascending aorta minus the sum of flow volumes in the aortic arch vessels and descending aorta, divided by ascending aortic flow.

Statistical tests

Bland–Altman plots, Pearson correlation coefficient (r), and Student's t‐tests.

Results

In the phantom, 2D flow differed by 0.01 ± 0.02 liter/min with 1.5 mm spatial resolution and −0.01 ± 0.02 liter/min with 0.8 mm resolution; 4D flow differed by −0.05 ± 0.02 liter/min with 2.4 mm spatial and 42 msec temporal resolution, −0.01 ± 0.02 liter/min with 1.5 mm, 42 msec resolution and −0.01 ± 0.02 liter/min with 1.5 mm, 21 msec resolution. In patients, 4D flow and 2D flow differed by −0.06 ± 0.08 liter/min. Internal consistency in patients was −11% ± 17% for 2D flow and 5% ± 13% for 4D flow. Scan time was 17.1 minutes [IQR 15.5–18.5] for 2D flow and 6.2 minutes [IQR 5.3–6.9] for 4D flow, P < 0.0001.

Data Conclusion

Neonatal 4D flow MRI is time efficient and can be acquired with good internal consistency without contrast agents or general anesthesia, thus potentially expanding 4D flow use to the youngest and smallest patients.

Evidence Level

1

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2