bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pr4f occupancy and VB/CB band offsets of Pr2O3 at the interface to Si(001) and SiC(0001) surfaces
Authors: Schmeißer Dieter , Muessig H.J.
Published: July 2011

Resonant photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) at the Pr4d and O1s absorption edges is used to study the electronic properties at the interface of epitaxial grown Pr2O3 on Si(001).

In the electronic structure of bulk Pr2O3 the valence band (VB) states are predominantly of Pr6s and O2p atomic parentage. The contribution of Pr4f states are identified from the strong increase the VB features at the Pr4d resonances. The data at the O1s edge are caused by Raman scattering and resonant Auger decay and reflect the existence of CT complexes. They are the consequence of mixed valency caused by ligand-to-Pr4f charge transfer states. The decrease of their intensity is attributed to an increase in covalent bandwidth between the Ligand (O2p, Si3p) and Pr4f states. The CT complexes originally localized now become broadened and form gap states which fill the gap towards a metallic density of states. The metallic phase may be hindered upon alloying with SiO2 or other oxides
Nitrogen Distribution and Oxidation of HfOxNy Gate Dielectrics Deposited by MOCVD using [(C2H5)2N]4Hf with NO and O2
Authors: Lee Minsoo , Landheer Dolf , Wu Xiaohua , Couillard Martin , Lu Zhenghong , Ng Wai T. , Chen Jianhao , Chao Tiensheng , Lei Tanfu
Published: July 2011

Ultra-thin HfOxNy gate dielectric films were deposited by pulse-mode metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) with [(C2H5)2N]4Hf (TDEAH) and either NO or O2 as oxidants. Nitrogen incorporation was studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and spatially-resolved elemental profiles were obtained by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicate that nitrogen is incorporated throughout the high-k film with a higher concentration in the interface layer between the deposited layer and the Si(100) substrate. The concentration of nitrogen is increased in both layers by using NO instead of O2 as the oxidant. The N in the deposited and interface layers can be replaced by oxygen during oxygen ambient annealing at temperatures above 500 °C. Films with 8 at.% nitrogen remain amorphous following vacuum annealing at temperatures up to 800 °C. By encapsulating vacuum-annealed films with amorphous Si from an e-beam evaporator prior to removal from the cluster tool, it was possible to reduce the thickness of the interface layer upon air exposure to the 0.5 nm range.
Ozone-Based Atomic Layer Deposition of HfO2 and HfxSi1-xO2 and Film Characterization
Authors: Senzaki Yoshihide , Park Seung , Tweet Douglas , Conley John F. , Ono Yoshi
Published: July 2011

New ALD processes for hafnium silicate films have been developed at Aviza Technology by co-injection of tetrakis(ethylmethylamino)hafnium and tetrakis(ethylmethylamino)silicon precursors. Alternating pulses of the Hf/Si precursor vapor mixture and ozone allow process temperatures below 400°C to grow HfxSi1-xO2 films. Film characterization, including film density, crystallinity, and thermal anneal effect, was performed on five 20 nm thick HfxSi1-xO2 films where x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0. X-ray measurements revealed the film densities and thicknesses for the as-deposited and 1000°C annealed samples. The densification with anneals seen in the optical measurements were confirmed. The as-deposited amorphous HfO2 and Hf0.8Si0.2O2 were crystallized after a 600°C anneal. The HfO2 formed the well known monoclinic phase while the silicate formed a face-centered-cubic (fcc) structure. This fcc phase has only recently been mentioned in the literature [1].
Process Optimization and Integration of HFO2 and HF-Silicates
Authors: Takeuchi Hideki , King Tsu-Jae
Published: July 2011

We have established in-line characterization techniques for analyzing the bulk and interface-charge properties of dielectric films, for process optimization. Surface charge analysis (SCA) is used to determine the densities of interface states, fixed charge, and near-interface traps in ultra-thin dielectrics, and is useful for tracking the influence of post-deposition processing on interface-charge properties. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is used to obtain the absorption spectra in the conduction band-tail region. The intensity of an extra absorption peak inside the bandgap of HfO2 is clearly correlated with leakage current density and near-interface trap density. Based on the observed process dependencies, defects within the HfO2 films are likely to be oxygen vacancies. The relative scalability of HfO2 and Hf-silicate films of various compositions is examined using a figure of merit based on the direct-tunneling leakage current model. Pure HfO2 is expected to be more scalable than Hf-silicates. However, it is typically accompanied by an interfacial layer which significantly increases the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT). A 20% Hf silicate with relative permittivity of 11 or higher can be more scalable than HfO2 with an interfacial layer. Alternatively, an ultra-thin interfacial Si3N4 diffusion barrier can be used with HfO2, to allow for more aggressive EOT scaling. The dependencies of interface-charge properties and surface roughness on the nitride barrier formation process are presented.
Systematic Examination of Boron Diffusion Phenomenon in HfSiON High-k Gate Insulator
Authors: Koyama Masato , Ino Tsunehiro , Kamimuta Yuuichi , Suzuki Masamichi , Nishiyama Akra , Hongo Chie
Published: July 2011

In this paper, boron diffusivities in HfSiON high-k gate dielectric films are systematically investigated for a wide range of the film composition. Boron diffusivities in HfSiON (1000°C) change from 3X10−17cm2/sec to 3X10−15cm2/sec according to the change in the chemical composition of the films. These diffusivity values are higher than that in SiON but lower than that in HfO2. We found that higher Hf/(Hf+Si) results in great increase of diffusivities. On the other hand, higher nitrogen concentration in the film leads to the reduction in diffusivity, in the case of the same Hf/(Hf+Si). In addition, crystallization of HfSiON with the same chemical composition gives rise to an anomalous increase in diffusivities, indicating that the micro-crystallized film structure of HfSiON critically affects the microscopic mechanism of boron diffusion in this material.
Low temperature sputter deposition of Ba0.96Ca0.04Ti0.84Zr0.16O3 thin films on Ni electrodes
Authors: Cramer N. , Philofsky Elliot , Kammerdiner Lee , Kalkur T. S.
Published: July 2011

The integration of high-K materials, such as ferroelectrics in the paraelectric state, in integrated circuits presents several challenges. If high-K materials are deposited on-chip after or between Al metalization steps, then these challenges include limits on processing gas composition, deposition temperature and electrode material. Specifically, the atmosphere present during deposition and annealing must be oxygen-free; the deposition and annealing temperatures must not exceed 450°C; and the electrode material must be etchable with chemical techniques. We studied rf magnetron sputtered Ba0.96Ca0.04Ti0.84Zr0.16O3 (BCTZ) with Ni electrodes because this system meets all the above requirements. The BCTZ deposition process uses pure Ar as the sputter gas and a substrate temperature of 450°C. Subsequent anneals may be performed in a reducing (forming gas) atmosphere with little effect on either the dielectric constant or leakage current. The Ni electrodes provide a good substrate for BCTZ films and are much easier to integrate than Pt films. Observed values for the relative dielectric constant K, exceeding 100, were not as high as for BCTZ films on Pt electrodes, however these values are sufficient to provide a clear advantage over other, non-ferroelectric materials. Overall, the device characteristics observed prove that the Ni/BCTZ/Ni capacitor is a valuable technology for on-chip capacitor applications.
Microstructure and Ferroelectric Characteristics of Ultra-Thin BaTiO3 Films
Authors: Drezner Y. , Berger S.
Published: July 2011

Microstructure studies of ultra-thin BaTiO3 thin films (2-10 nm thick) show nano-domains having a width as small as one unit cell. Only 180° nano-domains are formed in multi-domains structures. The domain-boundaries are formed at {001} twin boundaries. Most of the domains are oriented in parallel to the film plane but out-of-plane orientations are also observed. The films exhibit ferroelectric behavior characterized by a polarization hysteresis loop and a relatively fast switching time. A remnant polarization of about 0.5 μC/cm2 and coercive field of 2.7 V/cm were measured in parallel to the film plane. Temperature-dependent measurements show two peaks of the dielectric constant at about 60°C and 115°C. These peaks are attributed to two transition temperatures associated with the orientation of the nano-domains relative to the film plane and stress.
Properties of Pr-based high k dielectric films obtained by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Nigro Raffaella Lo , Toro Roberta G. , Malandrino Graziella , Raineri Vito , Fragalà Ignazio L.
Published: July 2011

We report the results of a recent study on the deposition of praseodymium oxides thin films on silicon substrates by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). A suited Pr(III) β-diketonate precursor has been used as the metal source and the deposition conditions have been carefully selected because of a large variety of possible PrO2−x (x= 0−0.5) phases. Pr2O3 films have been obtained in a hot-wall MOCVD reactor under non oxidising ambient at 750°C deposition temperature. The structural and morphological characteristics of Pr2O3 films have been carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Chemical compositional studies have been performed by X- ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis and a fully understanding of the MOCVD process has been achieved. Preliminary electrical measurements point to MOCVD as a reliable growth technique to obtain good quality praseodymium oxide based films.
Epitaxial Growth and Structure of Thin Single Crystal γ-Al2O3 Films on Si (111) Using e-Beam Evaporation of Sapphire in Ultra-High Vacuum
Authors: Hong M. , Kortan A. R. , Kwo J. , Mannaerts J. P. , Wu S. Y.
Published: July 2011

We have characterized the structure of epitaxial Al2O3 films deposited on Si (111) substrate using electron beam evaporation from a high-purity single crystal sapphire source in a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) approach. The structural studies were carried out mainly by single crystal x-ray diffraction with the initial epitaxial growth observed by in-situ reflection high energy electron diffraction. The Al2O3 films grow in the cubic γ-phase with a very uniform thickness, and a high structural perfection. The <111> axes of the film and the Si substrate are well aligned. A mosaic scan of the Al2O3 (222) peak (with no in-plane component) finds a 0.3 degree (or 18') spread. All three unit cell vectors of the film and the substrate are parallel, but the in-plane cone scans of the {004} and {044} diffraction peaks about the surface normal find a ±3 degree film in-plane rotation with respect to the substrate surface orientation.
Growth of Pr2O3 layers by pulsed injection MOCVD
Authors: Abrutis A. , Bartasyte A. , Teiserskis A. , Saltyte Z. , Baumann P.K. , Schumacher M. , Lindner J. , McEntee T.
Published: July 2011

Praseodymium oxide Pr2O3 (and Pr6O11) layers were deposited by innovative pulsed injection MOCVD technique on Si(100) in the temperature range 400-750°C. Praseodymium 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate dissolved in monoglyme (1,2-dimethoxyethane) or toluene was used as precursor material. The influence of deposition conditions on film composition, growth rate, crystallization and surface roughness has been investigated. The main parameters influencing film composition and properties were substrate temperature and partial oxygen pressure during deposition. The presence of molecular oxygen in the reactor leads to the growth of Pr6O11 as the most stable phase or its mixture with PrO2, while deposition in inert atmosphere (Ar, 2 torr) allows to obtain Pr2O3 films which were amorphous or crystalline depending on the deposition temperature. Crystallized (polycrystalline) Pr2O3 films can be obtained at the growth temperatures 650°C and higher, while crystalline Pr6O11 films grow starting 400°C. Ex-situ annealing (750°C, vacuum, 2 hours) of the amorphous Pr2O3 films leads to film crystallization. Step coverage study has been performed for amorphous and crystallized Pr2O3 films. Electrical properties of thin (∼10 nm) Pr2O3 films were investigated and encouraging EOT (equivalent oxide thickness), leakage current data have been obtained.
“First impressions”
Authors: McCaghren Kacia , Guendouzi Jacki
Published: July 2011

People who have suffered traumatic brain injury (TBI) often have difficulties with social interactions, as well as developing and maintaining relationships. This may be due to deficits in pragmatic language abilities that have been documented in the research. These deficits can cause a person that has endured a TBI to make a negative first impression; this may lead social partners to make poor judgments about the person's personality or mood. The aim of this study was to examine untrained observers’ ‘first impressions’ of the communication skills of people with TBI and to determine if any differences exist between untrained observer impressions and the first impressions of speech language pathologists. Twenty-four untrained observers and 12 Speech Language Pathologists (SLPs) viewed videotaped recordings of four people with TBI. The participants completed a two part observations sheet. In the first section, observers wrote a description of the speakers’ communication skills. In the second section, observers provided three self-generated lexical items that best described the speakers’ communicative ability. Descriptive textual linguistic analysis and thematic categorization were used to focus analyzes on the perceptions of the untrained observers and assess what particular aspects of the speakers’ communication were viewed as problematic. In contrast to the SLPs, the untrained observers’ responses focused on the non-verbal behaviors of people with TBI in a negative manner. The results suggest that (a) a greater focus on non-verbal behaviours may be an important aspect of therapy, and (b) professionals may benefit from input from non professionals when judging the readiness of people with TBI to interact successfully in the community.
Intelligibility in Children with Persisting Speech Disorders
Authors: Speake Jane , Howard Sara , Vance Maggie
Published: July 2011

In this paper we use detailed phonetic and phonological analysis to explore the speech production of a seven-year-old child with a persisting speech disorder, across a range of speech contexts and activities: single-word naming, sentence repetition and spontaneous conversation. The analyses reveal significant differences across the different contexts, which can be related to phonetic and phonological organisation across domains larger than the single word, and in particular to specific difficulties with word juncture. The data strongly suggest that for some children a phonological analysis of single word production is unlikely to identify key characteristics of their speech output difficulties, and that due acknowledgement in the assessment of developmental speech disorders must be given not only to the tasks and contexts within which data collection takes place, but also to the nature of phonetic and phonological organisation within the context of interaction.
Changes in Agrammatic Conversational Speech over a 20 Year Period – From Single Word Turns to Grammatical Constructions
Authors: Klippi Anu , Helasvuo Marja-Liisa
Published: July 2011

Surprisingly little is known about long-term changes, adaptation and recovery in aphasia. The objective of the study was to examine the changes in the picture of agrammatism over a 20 years period post stroke. The subject of this study was a male person JS with Broca's aphasia. During the follow-up, we investigated the development of lexicon and grammatical constructions in conversation, especially in story telling. In addition, JS was assessed with the WAB four times during the follow-up. The conversational data were collected from informal conversations. The sample of 200 consecutive words was extracted from the beginning of the each conversation sample to compare the possible changes in the proportion and use of word classes. JS's WAB scores showed only minor changes during the follow-up period but the percentage of verbs used grew from 8% to 19%. JS had been clearly able to develop his conversational and story-telling skills.
The use of CFD modelling to optimise measurement of overflow rates in a downstream-controlled dual-overflow structure
Authors: Kouyi G. Lipeme , Bret P. , Didier J.-M. , Chocat B. , Billat C.
Published: July 2011

The measurement of the flow through complex combined sewer overflow structures in the frame of automated monitoring remains difficult. In this paper, a methodology based on the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling in order to improve the instrumentation of a downstream-controlled dual-overflow structure is presented. The dual-overflow structure is composed of two combined sewer overflows (CSOs) connected by a rectangular channel and controlled by a downstream gate located at the entry of the Meyzieu waste water treatment plant (close to Lyon, France). The analysis of the CFD results provides: (i) a better understanding of the interaction between the two CSOs – that means the hydraulic operation, the hydrodynamic behaviour, the backflow effect – and (ii) an ability to optimise the location of the water depth sensor. The measured water depth is used to assess the overflow rate by means of a numerical relationship. Uncertainties are also assessed.
A feasibility study of magnetic separation of magnetic nanoparticle for forward osmosis
Authors: Kim Y. C. , Han S. , Hong S.
Published: July 2011

It was recently reported that a UK company has developed a naturally non-toxic magnetoferritin to act as a draw solute for drawing water in forward osmosis process. The gist of this technology is the utilization of the magnetic nanoparticle and high-gradient magnetic separation for draw solute separation and reuse. However, any demonstration on this technology has not been reported yet. In this study, a feasibility test of magnetic separation using magnetic nanoparticle was therefore performed to investigate the possibility of magnetic separation in water treatment such as desalination. Basically, a magnetic separation system consisted of a column packed with a bed of magnetically susceptible wools placed between the poles of electromagnet and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle was used as a model nanoparticle. The effect of nanoparticle size to applied magnetic field in separation column was experimentally investigated and the magnetic field distribution in a magnet gap and the magnetic field gradient around stainless steel wool wire were analyzed through numerical simulation. The amount of magnetic nanoparticle captured in the separator column increased as the magnetic field strength and particle size increased. As a result, if magnetic separation is intended to be used for draw solute separation and reuse, both novel nanoparticle and large-scale high performance magnetic separator must be developed.
Characterisation of the recalcitrant organic compounds in leachates formed during the anaerobic biodegradation of waste
Authors: Yunus Anika , Smallman David J. , Stringfellow Anne , Beaven Richard , Powrie William
Published: July 2011

This study investigates the use of UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy to assess the early development of recalcitrant organic compounds in leachates formed during the anaerobic biodegradation of municipal solid waste. Biochemical methane potential tests were carried out on fresh waste (FW) and composted waste (CW) over a period of 150 days and leachates produced from the degradation of two wastes were analysed for humic-like (H-L) and fulvic-like (F-L) structures by UV spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation–emission-matrix analyses. During anaerobic biodegradation, the synthesis and utilization of H-L and F-L structures in the leachates over time was indicative of the generation of the recalcitrant organic compounds. The results obtained from UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy suggested that CW leachates resulted in a higher concentration and more condensed form of recalcitrant H-L and F-L molecules than FW leachates. These findings demonstrate how fluorescence and UV absorption spectroscopy can be used as an indicator for monitoring the evolution of recalcitrant organic compounds (H-L and F-L substances) in leachates formed at different stages of waste biodegradation.
Clonal variation in reproductive response to temperature by a potential bulking control agent, Lecane inermis (Rotifera)
Authors: Fiałkowska Edyta , Kocerba Wioleta , Pajdak-Stós Agnieszka , Klimek Beata , Fyda Janusz
Published: July 2011

The novel idea of using rotifers Lecane inermis (Rotifera, Monogononta) as a tool to overcome activated sludge bulking generates an on-going need to study rotifer biology. The results of biological research on rotifers can serve to improve the method so that it can be most effective when applied in treatment plants. The aim of this study was to test the effect of temperature on four selected rotifer clones originating from different treatment plants. The rate of population development from a single individual (parthenogenetic female) during a 10-day experiment was measured at three temperatures: 8, 15 and 20 °C. The temperatures used reflect the annual temperature distribution in the majority of municipal wastewater treatment plants in the temperate zone. The growth rate coefficient (r) and doubling time (tD) were calculated for each clone. Under the most favourable conditions (20 °C), r values varied between 0.41 and 0.47 d and doubling time between 1.5 and 1.7 d. At a temperature of 15 °C, the doubling time was approximately two times longer (2.5–3.4 d). The strongest intraspecific variations were observed at the lowest temperature of 8 °C. At this temperature, one of the clones almost failed to proliferate, and another exhibited a doubling time of 7.9 d. The doubling times were a few times greater for the remaining two clones (60 d for Lk1, 33.3 d for Lk4). These results could be very useful in predicting the chances that the rotifers would survive in a biological reactor in a wastewater treatment plant at the temperatures used in these reactors.
Micropollutants in stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflow in the Copenhagen area, Denmark
Authors: Birch H. , Mikkelsen P. S. , Jensen J. K. , Lützhøft H.-C. Holten
Published: July 2011

Stormwater runoff contains a broad range of micropollutants. In Europe a number of these substances are regulated through the Water Framework Directive, which establishes Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for surface waters. Knowledge about discharge of these substances through stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) is essential to ensure compliance with the EQSs. Results from a screening campaign including more than 50 substances at four stormwater discharge locations and one CSO in Copenhagen are reported here. Heavy metal concentrations were detected at levels similar to earlier findings, e.g., with copper found at concentrations up to 13 times greater than the Danish standard for surface waters. The concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exceeded the EQSs by factors up to 500 times for stormwater and 2,000 times for the CSO. Glyphosate was found in all samples whilst diuron, isoproturon, terbutylazine and MCPA were found only in some of the samples. Diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) was also found at all five locations in concentrations exceeding the EQS. The results give a valuable background for designing further monitoring programmes focusing on the chemical status of surface waters in urban areas.
High performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for rapid and sensitive analysis of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater
Authors: Wu Manli , Xu Huining , Yu Ya , Wang Lili
Published: July 2011

A sensitive and fast method was developed to quantitatively analyse the six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (fluoranthene (FLT), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (Bap), benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (INPY)) by high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupling with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters Acquity UPLCTM BEHC18 column (1.7 μm, 2.1 mm × 50 mm). A 0.2 μm precolumn filter was used to protect the analytical column. Mobile phase A was acetonitrile containing 0.5% toluene. Mobile phase B was water. Linearity of detection was in the range of 1–100 μg L−1; LOD of 5 PAHs were lower than 0.1 μg L−1; LOQ were 0.2 μg L−1 except for benzo[k]fluoranthene. The LOD and the LOQ of benzo[k]fluoranthene were respectively 0.1 μg L−1 and 0.8 μg L−1. Wastewater samples collected from two wastewater treatment plants were determined using this method respectively. Recovery of all compounds varied from 67.8 ± 10.6% to 113.2 ± 7.2%. In comparison with the existing methods, this rapid method saves time and solvent and improves instrument sample throughput by 2–5 fold.
Interspecies Chemical Signals Released into the Environment may Create Xenohormetic, Hormetic and Cytostatic Selective Forces that Drive the Ecosystemic Evolution of Longevity Regulation Mechanisms
Authors: Burstein Michelle T. , Beach Adam , Richard Vincent R. , Koupaki Olivia , Gomez-Perez Alejandra , Goldberg Alexander A. , Kyryakov Pavlo , Bourque Simon D. , Glebov Anastasia , Titorenko Vladimir I.
Published: July 2011

Various organisms ( i.e., bacteria, fungi, plants and animals) within an ecosystem can synthesize and release into the environment certain longevity-extending small molecules. Here we hypothesize that these interspecies chemical signals can create xenohormetic, hormetic and cytostatic selective forces driving the ecosystemic evolution of longevity regulation mechanisms. In our hypothesis, following their release into the environment by one species of the organisms composing an ecosystem, such small molecules can activate anti-aging processes and/or inhibit pro-aging processes in other species within the ecosystem. The organisms that possess the most effective (as compared to their counterparts of the same species) mechanisms for sensing the chemical signals produced and released by other species and for responding to such signals by undergoing certain hormetic and/or cytostatic life-extending changes to their metabolism and physiology are expected to live longer then their counterparts within the ecosystem. Thus, the ability of a species of the organisms composing an ecosystem to undergo life-extending metabolic or physiological changes in response to hormetic or cytostatic chemical compounds released to the ecosystem by other species: 1) increases its chances of survival; 2) creates selective forces aimed at maintaining such ability; and 3) enables the evolution of longevity regulation mechanisms.
Enhancing Psychology Students' Experiences: The Development of an Undergraduate Leadership Programme
Authors: Cohen Lynne , Chang Paul P. W. , Hendricks Joyce , Cope Vicki , Harman Bronwyn
Published: July 2011

Leadership is a practical skill, highly valued by employers but not formally taught in Australian psychology curricula. The Edith Cowan University School of Psychology and Social Science developed a programme aimed at addressing the lack of leadership training in undergraduate psychology students. This 12-month extracurricular programme provided theoretical and practical experience in leadership, and incorporated a formal series of workshops and seminars with three curricular components: leadership knowledge, leadership skills, and leadership in action. Students were then provided with the opportunity to develop and practise their leadership skills by participating in a series of expert-driven seminars, through role-playing, perspective taking, and management of groups. Finally, students worked with local industry leaders to provide strategic leadership in developing and implementing a community project. This paper outlines the components of the programme and a qualitative evaluation of the students' experiences, the development of their leadership capacity, and their participation in respective community projects.
Cover Me: Managers' Responses to Changes in Analyst Coverage in the Post-Regulation FD Period
Authors: Anantharaman Divya , Zhang Yuan
Published: July 2011

We show that managers increase the volume of public financial guidance in response to decreases in analyst coverage of their firms, particularly to decreases that are driven by exogenous reduction in brokerage firm size. Managers do not respond to increases in analyst coverage. The managerial guidance response to decreases in coverage reflects the trade-off between the marginal benefits from analyst coverage and the marginal costs of providing guidance. Specifically, the response is concentrated within firms engaging in equity issuance activities, firms with low stock liquidity, and firms with low current guidance levels. The response is also concentrated within firms whose remaining analyst pool is smaller in number and/or has a lower percentage of analysts who are positive about the firm or who belong to a large brokerage house. Overall, our results shed insights on the interaction between managers and analysts and on how the value of analysts, as perceived by managers, varies in the cross-section with underlying firm and analyst characteristics.

Data Availability: All data used in this study are publicly available from sources identified in the text.
An Analysis of Managerial Use and Market Consequences of Earnings Management and Expectation Management
Authors: Das Somnath , Kim Kyonghee , Patro Sukesh
Published: July 2011

This study examines how managers coordinate the joint use of earnings management and expectation management by estimating the relationship between these instruments and how this relationship changes as their respective constraints change. We do this by estimating structural models of the two instruments that account for the constraints on their use as well as their effects on each other. Our results suggest that managers use earnings management and expectation management complementarily when managers' ability to use earnings management is less restricted. However, as the constraints on earnings management increase, managers substitute earnings management with expectation management. Moreover, we find that the extent of expectation management influences the extent of earnings management, but not vice versa. Examining the market consequences of the use of these instruments, we find that, while there are penalties for using both earnings management and expectation management, either as complements or as substitutes, the net stock price benefit from meeting or beating earnings targets exceeds these penalties.

JEL Classifications: G14; M41.

Data Availability: Data are available from public sources identified in the study.
The Choice of Different Types of Subjectivity in CEO Annual Bonus Contracts
Authors: Höppe Felix , Moers Frank
Published: July 2011

In assessing the performance of the CEO, subjectivity by the board of directors is often present in one form or another. We specifically focus on: (1) the ex ante option to ex post override a formula-based contract (“discretionary bonus”), and (2) the ex ante absence of any formula in a contract (“subjective weights”). We argue that the two types of deviations are driven by different contracting problems, which relate to whether post-contract information does or does not affect the agent's optimal action choice. We refer to these different contracting problems as problems of risk and problems of noncongruity, respectively, and hypothesize that discretionary bonuses are used for risk-reduction purposes, while subjective weights on different performance dimensions are used for congruity-improvement purposes. Our results are consistent with our expectations, showing that the use of the different types of subjectivity is consistent with optimal contracting considerations.

Data Availability: All data are publicly available from the sources identified in the text.
Judging the Relevance of Fair Value for Financial Instruments
Authors: Koonce Lisa , Nelson Karen K. , Shakespeare Catherine M.
Published: July 2011

We conduct three experiments to test if investors' views about fair value are contingent on whether the financial instrument in question is an asset or liability, whether fair values produce gains or losses, and whether the item will or will not be sold/settled soon. We draw on counterfactual reasoning theory from psychology, which suggests that these factors are likely to influence whether investors consider fair value as providing information about forgone opportunities. The latter, in turn, is predicted to influence investors' fair value relevance judgments. Results are generally supportive of the notion that judgments about the relevance of fair value are contingent. Attempts to influence investors' fair value relevance judgments by providing them with information about forgone opportunities are met with mixed success. In particular, our results are sensitive to the type of information provided and indicate the difficulty of overcoming investors' (apparent) strong beliefs about fair value.

Data Availability: Contact the authors.
Legal Expertise on Corporate Audit Committees and Financial Reporting Quality
Authors: Krishnan Jayanthi , Wen Yuan , Zhao Wanli
Published: July 2011

Recent trends in corporate board composition indicate an increase in the appointment of directors with legal expertise. Using two financial reporting quality measures, accruals quality and discretionary accruals, we find—for a sample of Russell 1000 firms in 2003 and 2005—that the presence (and proportion) of directors with legal backgrounds on the audit committee is associated with higher financial reporting quality. These results obtain after controlling for accounting expertise on audit committees. Also, supplementary tests indicate a positive association between changes in legal expertise and changes in financial reporting quality, suggesting that legal expertise serves as a monitor rather than as a signal of financial reporting quality. Further, the two forms of expertise interact —i.e., the presence of directors with both forms of expertise enhances financial reporting quality, beyond the contribution of the individual forms of expertise. Additional tests suggest that the positive effects of legal expertise are greater in the post-SOX period compared with a pre-SOX year.
Individual Phenotype Trait Variability as Genetic Markers of Gender Susceptibility to Spina Bifida
Authors: Nikolic D , Cvjeticanin S , Petronic I , Brdar R , Cirovic D , Bizic M , Milincic Z , Karan R
Published: July 2011

Individual Phenotype Trait Variability as Genetic Markers of Gender Susceptibility to Spina Bifida

We compared individual trait variability in 65 male and 81 female patients with spina bifida occulta (SBO) or spina bifida aperta (SBA) against 170 male and 200 female subjects randomly selected Serbian subjects without these conditions. Variability was evaluated by direct observation of 15 homozygous recessive traits (HRT), while gender was evaluated separately. Individual trait variations between genders in SBO patients (4/15 HRT) and in SBA patients (12/15 HRT) showed remarkable differences. Individual trait variations between the male control group and SBO (9/15 HRT), between the female control group and SBO (5/15 HRT), between the male control group and SBA (8/15 HRT), between the female control group and SBA (9/15 HRT), between male SBO and SBA patients (6/15 HRT), between female SBO and SBA patients (6/15 HRT), also indicated remarkable differences. These differences could be explained by different expression of genes that may contribute to expression of spina bifida (SB).
RLIP76 Gene Variants are not Associated with Drug Response in Turkish Epilepsy Patients
Authors: Manguoğlu E , Akdeniz S , Dündar N , Duman Ö , Aktekin B , Haspolat Ş , Bilge U , Özel D , Lüleci G
Published: July 2011

RLIP76Gene Variants are not Associated with Drug Response in Turkish Epilepsy Patients

Approximately 30% of epileptic patients remain untreated, in spite of trials with maximum tolerable doses of more than one drug. The RalA binding protein 1 (RALBP1/RLIP76), a multifunctional, anti-apoptotic, multidrug transporter protein, has been proposed as being responsible for the drug resistance mechanism in epilepsy. We have investigated polymorphic differences in the coding regions and exon-intron boundaries of theRLIP76gene, between 146 refractory and 155 non refractory epileptic patients in Turkey, using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and sequencing analysis techniques. We have detected the following sequence variants: c.160-4G>A, c.187C>G, c.1562-38G>A, c.1670+107G>A, c.1670+93G>A, c.1670+96G>A, c.1670+100C>T, c.1670+130C>T, c.1670+131G>C, c.1670+140 G>C, and found no statistically significant correlation between allele frequencies and drug response status. We conclude that sequence variants of this gene are not involved in drug resistance in epilepsy.
Peri-Amazonian provenance of the Central Dobrogea terrane (Romania) attested by U/Pb detrital zircon age patterns
Authors: Balintoni Ion , Balica Constantin , Seghedi Antoneta , Ducea Mihai
Published: July 2011

Peri-Amazonian provenance of the Central Dobrogea terrane (Romania) attested by U/Pb detrital zircon age patterns

The Central Dobrogea Shield is a part of the Moesia, a Paleozoic composite terrane located southward of the North Dobrogea Alpine orogen. The two geological units are separated from each other by a trans-lithospheric discontinuity, the Peceneaga-Camena transform fault. Along this fault, remnants of a Variscan orogen (i.e. North Dobrogea), recycled during the Alpine orogeny come in contact with two lithological entities of the Central Dobrogea Shield, unaffected by the Phanerozoic orogenic events: the Histria Formation, a flysch-like sequence of Ediacaran age very low-grade metamorphosed and its basement, the medium-grade metamorphosed Altîn Tepe sequence. Southward, along the reverse hidden Palazu fault, the Histria Formation meets South Dobrogea, formed of quite different geological formations. Detrital zircon from the Histria Formation yielded U/Pb LA ICP MS ages that show provenance patterns typical of peri-Amazonian terranes. Such terranes were sourced by orogens ranging from Paleoarchean to Neoproterozoic. The ages between 750 and 600 Ma differentiate the Amazonian sources from the Baltican and Laurentian sources, since they are lacking from the last ones. The youngest ages of 587 and 584 Ma suggest for the Histria Formation a maximum late Ediacaran deposition age. At the same time, the continuity of the Ordovician sediments over the Palazu fault revealed by drill-cores favours a Cambrian junction between Central and South Dobrogea.
Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Lower Cretaceous sediments in the Outer Western Carpathians (Silesian Unit, Czech Republic)
Authors: Svobodová Marcela , Švábenická Lilian , Skupien Petr , Hradecká Lenka
Published: July 2011

Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Lower Cretaceous sediments in the Outer Western Carpathians (Silesian Unit, Czech Republic)

Almost black shale filling fissures in the Štramberk Limestone belonging to the Silesian Unit, Outer Western Carpathians contain prolific and poorly to moderately well preserved spores, pollen, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts, foraminifers, and calcareous nannofossils. A detailed micropaleontological analysis of the proved stratigraphical interval from the Valanginian to the Albian indicated sedimentary conditions of brackish, restricted marine, shallow-marine and neritic sedimentation. Moreover, it drew attention to occasional influence from the Boreal province in the depositional area of the NW part of Tethys, especially during the Early Valanginian and Hauterivian, as supported by the presence of highlatitude nannofossils and organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts. Terrestrial miospores form a significant component of palynoassemblages and give evidence of continent proximity in the Valanginian-Barremian interval. Samples were acquired from isolated fissure fills in the Štramberk Limestone and, therefore, they do not represent a continuous section.
The role of oroclinal bending in the structural evolution of the Central Anatolian Plateau: evidence of a regional changeover from shortening to extension
Authors: Özsayin Erman , Dirik Kadir
Published: July 2011

The role of oroclinal bending in the structural evolution of the Central Anatolian Plateau: evidence of a regional changeover from shortening to extension

The NW-SE striking extensional Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System is one of the most important active shear zones in Central Anatolia. This shear zone is comprised of semi-independent fault segments that constitute an integral array of crustal-scale faults that transverse the interior of the Anatolian plateau region. The WNW striking Eskişehir Fault Zone constitutes the western to central part of the system. Toward the southeast, this system splays into three fault zones. The NW striking Ilıca Fault Zone defines the northern branch of this splay. The middle and southern branches are the Yeniceoba and Cihanbeyli Fault Zones, which also constitute the western boundary of the tectonically active extensional Tuzgölü Basin. The Sultanhanı Fault Zone is the southeastern part of the system and also controls the southewestern margin of the Tuzgölü Basin. Structural observations and kinematic analysis of mesoscale faults in the Yeniceoba and Cihanbeyli Fault Zones clearly indicate a two-stage deformation history and kinematic changeover from contraction to extension. N-S compression was responsible for the development of the dextral Yeniceoba Fault Zone. Activity along this structure was superseded by normal faulting driven by NNE-SSW oriented tension that was accompanied by the reactivation of the Yeniceoba Fault Zone and the formation of the Cihanbeyli Fault Zone. The branching of the Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System into three fault zones (aligned with the apex of the Isparta Angle) and the formation of graben and halfgraben in the southeastern part of this system suggest ongoing asymmetric extension in the Anatolian Plateau. This extension is compatible with a clockwise rotation of the area, which may be associated with the eastern sector of the Isparta Angle, an oroclinal structure in the western central part of the plateau. As the initiation of extension in the central to southeastern part of the Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System has similarities with structures associated with the Isparta Angle, there may be a possible relationship between the active deformation and bending of the orocline and adjacent areas.
Pliocene to Quaternary tectonics in the Horná Nitra Depression (Western Carpathians)
Authors: Vojtko Rastislav , Beták Juraj , Hók Jozef , Marko František , Gajdoš Vojtech , Rozimant Kamil , Mojzeš Andrej
Published: July 2011

Pliocene to Quaternary tectonics in the Horná Nitra Depression (Western Carpathians)

The Horná Nitra Depression is an Upper Miocene-Quaternary intramontane sedimentary basin. This N-S elongated half-graben structure is rimmed from the west by the marginal Malá Magura fault which is the most distinctive fault in the Horná Nitra Depression, traditionally considered as an active fault during the neotectonic phase. This dislocation is attended by contrasting landforms and their parameters. The lowS-indexof about 1.10, at least two generations of well-preserved faceted slopes along this fault, and longitudinal river valley profiles point to the presence of a low-destructed actual mountain front line, which is typical for the Quaternary active fault systems. Comparison with known normal fault slip rates in the world makes it possible to set an approximate vertical slip rate between 0.3-1.1 m · kyr-1. The present-day fault activity is considered to be normal, steeply dipping towards the east according to structural and geophysical data. The NNW-SSE present-day tectonic maximum horizontal compressional stressSHand perpendicular minimum horizontal compressional stressShwas estimated in the Horná Nitra region. The Quaternary activity of the Malá Magura fault is characterized by irregular movement. Two stages of important tectonic activity along the fault were distinguished. The first stage was dated to the Early Pleistocene. The second stage of tectonic activity can by dated to the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The Malá Magura fault is permeable for gases because the soil atmosphere above the ca. 150 meters wide fault zone contains increased contents of methane and radon.
Questioning the Discursive Construction of Trafficking and Forced Labor in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Mahdavi Pardis , Sargent Christine
Published: July 2011

This paper investigates interactions between issues of labor, gender, sexuality, migration, and statehood through the lens of Dubai’s unskilled foreign migrant workers. Using ethnographic research methods, including participant observation and in-depth interviews, this paper explores the conflation of discourses on trafficking, migration, and sex work through migrants’ narratives. The study is organized around three central questions: 1) What are the social, economic, and political circumstances and structures that make Dubai a major migration and trafficking destination? 2) How do policies about global migration and trafficking, written and brought to fruition in Washington, DC, contrast with lived experiences of migration and forced labor in different countries with different social and political topographies? 3) How do cultural norms about gender, sexuality, morality, and migration influence the implementation of anti-trafficking policy and legal enforcement in Dubai? This study aims to question and deepen our understandings of labor, migration, and socioeconomic development in a rapidly changing, urbanizing environment while contributing to differing discourses on migration, trafficking, and prostitution in the Gulf countries.
Searching for the (Sacred) Sound: Phil Lesh, the Grateful Dead, and Religion
Authors: Kaler Michael
Published: July 2011

Abstract:

In addition to being recognized for their musical contributions, the Grateful Dead were also well known (indeed, notorious) for espousing a world view that can in many ways be described as religious, and for inspiring great devotion among their fans. There have been a number of scholarly discussions of religious aspects of the Grateful Dead phenomenon, but these discussions usually have to do either with the interpretive lens through which their lyrics are understood, or with sociologically based analyses of the behaviour of their followers. Both of these approaches are explicitly or implicitly etic, and they neglect the abundant testimony from band members themselves about the nature of this new religious movement masquerading as a rock band (or vice versa). In this paper, I attempt to correct this neglect by discussing some of the religious aspects of the Grateful Dead phenomenon from the perspective of the band members themselves, particularly the bassist, Phil Lesh. Drawing on his recently published autobiography, Searching for the Sound, I will describe his model of Grateful Dead's religiosity, and show how it is reflected in the Grateful Dead's performance practice. I will also discuss briefly the ways in which the Grateful Dead's attitude toward these religious ideals can be seen as efforts to resist the “routinization of charisma.”