bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IDENTIFICATION OF VELLOZO'S BIGNONIACEAE
Authors: Gentry A. H.
Published: April 2006

Thirty‐nine of the forty‐three species of Bignoniaceae treated by Vellozo are identified, nine of them for the first time. Four new combinations ‐ Arrabidaea elegans (Vell.) A. Gentry, Pleonotoma fluminensis (Vell.) A. Gentry, Cuspidaria convoluta (Vell.) A. Gentry, and Parabignonia unguiculata (Vell.) A. Gentry ‐ are proposed. A number of existing but rarely used combinations based on Vellozo names which must be adopted are also pointed out as are several commonly used but erroneous Vellozo‐based combinations.
TYPIFICATION OF SISYRINCHIUM BERMUDIANA AND SISYRINCHIUM ANGUSTIFOLIA (IRIDACEAE)
Authors: Guédès Michel
Published: April 2006

A specimen from the Miller herbarium (BM) is selected as the neotype of Sisyrinchium bermudiana L. Another specimen from the same herbarium is designated as the lectotype of S. angustifolia Miller. Photographs of both specimens are provided.
PLANT TAXONOMY AND THE ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED PLANTS
Authors: Li Hui‐Lin
Published: April 2006

An analysis of the different taxa ‐ orders, families, genera and species indicates that some concept of the latter three must have been formulated by man from the very early times where plants were first being domesticated. However, the generic concept seems to be the earliest and most basic. In the process of domestication the primitive man apparently picked plants on the basis of their features without discrimination as to species. Except in the case of monotypic genera or single species isolated from the main generic range, hybridization among species has played from the very beginning an important role in the origin of cultivation. As a result, in most cultigens, no single ancestral species would be traceable in later times and also it would be impossible to trace the origin of most of these plants to a single precise geographical center.
CHEMOSYSTEMATISCHE BETRACHTUNGEN ZUR GROSSGLIEDERUNG DER DICOTYLEN
Authors: Kubitzki K.
Published: April 2006

It is almost unanimously agreed that the Ranales s.l. (= Polycarpicae) constitute the universal basic group for at least all dicotyledons. Cronquist, for example, derives from them the two principal lines of his system, his Rosalean branch and his Guttiferalean branch. Attention is called to the fact that phytochemical evidence is inconsistent with such a view: some alkaloids highly characteristic for the Polycarpicae (protoaporphines, aporphmes as well as berberin and other quaternary bases) are absent from both the Rosales and the Guttiferales. They are present, however, in the Rutaceae, other chemical as well as morphological features of which support the conjecture of a direct link with the Polycarpicae. On the other hand, the Rosalean and Guttiferalean branches (at least their more primitive members) coincide in the possession of biogenetically obviously related trihydroxylated phenolic substances like ellagic acid, gallic acid, myricetin, and leucodelphinidin. These substances are absent from the Polycarpicae. A similar pattern of distribution is exhibited by the iridoid substances (aucubin etc.), which constitute in all probability a homologous series of plant products. Also, morphological characters are mentioned which link the Rosiflorae with the Guttiferales but remove them from the Polycarpicae.

On this basis the idea is advanced that the Polycarpicae represent an odd lateral branch of the evolution of the dicotyledons which appears wholly fixed and has remained primitive in different respects, and which has only given rise to a limited number of more modern groups like Papaverales (s. str.) and Rutaceae. The Rosiflorae and the Guttiferales must have had a common origin, but one different from the Polycarpicae; it is from them that most of the choripetalous and all sympetalous groups were derived.
GIVING RANKS AND NAMES TO SUBSIDIARY GROUPS
Authors: Hall A. V.
Published: April 2006

It is shown that a group may be made up of subgroups all of which are relatively compact or homogeneous. Another group may have one or more subgroups scattered among comparatively diverse members. These scattered sets are called here sibling groups. The possibility that the ranks with the prefix ‘sub‐’ arose to meet an unwritten need to accommodate sibling groups is suggested. Their use for this is briefly examined. Giving the same rank to the sibling group and its allies is shown to be misleading. A simple nomenclatural device is proposed to show the presence of sibling groups.
CONTRASTING MODES OF EVOLUTION IN TWO GROUPS OF PEREZIA(MUTISIEAE; COMPOSITAE) OF SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Simpson Beryl B.
Published: April 2006

Two species groups of the closely knit South American section of the genus Perezia occur in the Andes of southern America but differ conspicuously in the number of species they contain, and the habitat and amount of morphological specialization of their constituent species. These differences reflect the contrasting evolutionary histories of the two species groups. The evolutionary mode most significant in forming each group has been, in turn, determined by the age, geographical extent and vicissitudes of the habitat in which each group occurs. In one case, the habitat is old, covers a large continuous geographical area and has remained relatively stable since the arrival of the ancestral stock well before the Pleistocene. In the second case, the habitat is young, of discontinuous and often limited extent and has undergone numerous rapid alterations since its inception at the end of the Pliocene. In the first case the Pereziae have followed a course of phyletic evolution; in the second, a mode of true speciation.
LOCAL FLORAS: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
Authors: Shinners Lloyd H.
Published: April 2006

The first serious flora written in America (Thomas Walter's Flora Caroliniana, 1788) was essentially a local flora, written by a plantation owner. Many subsequent early botanists were diverted away from local floras by the need of a general work (Thomas Nuttall, Amos Eaton, John Torrey, Asa Gray), but important local ones were also written (W. P. C. Barton, Jacob Bigelow, William Darlington). A majority of early botanists were Doctors of Medicine; smaller numbers were teachers, or belonged to other professions (e.g. Stephen Elliott, banker). Tabulation of state and local floras listed in Jackson's Guide to the Literature of Botany (1881) and Blake and Atwood's Geographical Guide to Floras of the World, Part I (1942), and of works published since the 1939 closing date for entries in the latter, shows that more and better ones are being produced in mid 20th Century than ever before in American history, but coverage of the country is still very incomplete and uneven. Despite current dominance of non‐floristic approaches to systematics, of other fields than systematics within botany, and of physical sciences over botany itself, the immediate future is likely to see continuation of the trend to more and better floras. The possible future history of local floras will end only if the entire human race is transported into outer space. General cultural conditions, economic factors, and world political problems will be important influences, but the surprising vigor of the anima naturaliter botanica in the face of difficulties in recent decades augurs very well for its future.
BROAD FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM OF ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: Cronquist Arthur
Published: April 2006

The angiosperms are treated as a division Magnoliophyta, with two classes, the Magnoliatae (dicotyledons) and Liliatae (monocotyledons). Takhtajan's six subclasses of Magnoliatae are accepted with only minor alteration. These are the Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, and Asteridae. His four subclasses of Liliatae—the Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae, and Liliidae—are also accepted, but with a major transfer of the Zingiberales, Bromeliales, Juncales, and Cyperaceae from the Liliidae to the Commelinidae. The aquatic ancestry of the Liliatae has had a profound influence on the subsequent evolutionary history of the group. Loss of cambium, loss of vessels (except for some vestiges in the root), and reduction of the leaf to a phyllode are all probably associated with the ancestral aquatic habitat. The fact that habitai differences are often taxonomically more important among the monocots than they usually are among the dicots reflects the evolutionary difficul. ties under which monocots labor. The single cotyledon of monocots is considered to have arisen by lateral fusion of two, followed by reduction of one of the lobes, and the sheath‐blade structure of the leaves is considered to reflect the cotyledonary structure.
HALOPHYTUM AMEGHINOI: A BETALAIN‐CONTAINING AND P‐TYPE SIEVE‐TUBE PLASTID SPECIES
Authors: Hunziker Juan H. , Behnke H.‐D. , Eifert Imre J. , Mabry Tom J.
Published: April 2006

The discovery of betalains and specific P‐type sieve‐tube plastids in Halophytum, a genus which has been treated as both a member of Chenopodiaceae as well as a distinct family, confirms the alignment of the genus with the nine betalain‐containing families of the Centrospermae all of which have characteristic P‐type sieve‐tube plastids.
NAMES AND TYPES IN CORTADERIA STAPF (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Connor H. E. , Edgar Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

All valid names in Cortaderia Stapf (nom. cons.) are typified and recent treatments of the genus are substantially upheld. Taxa in Section Cortaderia are more precisely defined with no major nomenclatural changes except that C. jubata (Lem.) Stapf is regarded as the valid name for plants formerly known as “C. quila (Nees) Stapf”. In Section Bifida, C. aristata and C. trianae are regarded as synonyms of C. bifida, and C. sodiroana as synonymous with C. nitida; C. minima is regarded as a synonym of C. pilosa. The new combination C. archboldii (Hitchcock) Connor and Edgar is based on Danthonia archboldii from New Guinea. The genus is gynodioecious though in some species of Section Cortaderia only female plants are found.
SUBGENERIC AND SECTIONAL NAMES: THEIR STARTING POINTS AND EARLY SOURCES
Authors: Brizicky George K.
Published: April 2006

Because of the great difficulties associated with the determination of the correct names of infrageneric taxa of vascular plants, the development of the concepts of subgenus and section (sectio) and the use of these terms are traced from the time of Linnaeus to the mid‐nineteenth century. It is argued that the year 1805, which marked the mass introduction of subgenera (by Persoon) and of sections (by A. P. de Candolle) should be adopted as the starting point for the valid publication of names of taxa of vascular plants between the ranks of genus and species. (See Taxon 17: 659. December, 1968, for the formal proposal for the adoption of 1 January 1805 as starting point).

A number of nomenclaturally important taxonomic works and floras of the nineteenth century which have become sources of confusion in regard to subgeneric and sectional names are also considered more or less in chronological sequence. Included are works by Persoon, S. F. Gray, Mertens, W. D. J. Koch, Dumortier, Link, Reichenbach, Torrey, A. Gray, Endlicher, K. Koch, Dippel, and von Post & Kuntze. It is concluded that subgeneric and sectional names must be interpreted in terms of the word actually used to denote the rank of the taxon to which the name is applied and not in terms of the author's concept of infrageneric categories: what the author actually did is of greater importance than his guessed intentions. Hence, although Endlicher, for example, possibly intended to recognize several infrageneric ranks, his failure to indicate the rank of his generic subdivisions has to be decisive.
CARLO ALLIONI AND HIS AUCTARIUM AD SYNOPSIM METHODICAM STIRPIUM HORTI REG. TAURINENSIS
Authors: Tjaden W. L.
Published: April 2006

The most important and best‐known work of the Italian doctor and naturalist Carlo Allioni (1728–1804) is his profusely illustrated folio‐sized Flora Pedemontana (1785). Many new specific names proposed by him, and commonly cited as having their first publication in this work, were, however, published earlier in his Auctarium ad Synopsim Methodicam Stirpium Horti Reg. Taurinensis, a paper issued first as an independently paged preprint in 1773, and then as a contribution to the fifth volume of the Royal Society of Turin's Miscellanea Taurinensia between 1774 and 1776. This 1773 publication establishes the priority of a number of names which, had they in fact first appeared in Flora Pedemontana (1785), would be superseded by other names published in the meantime; it preserves, for example, Carlina acanthifolia All. (1773) against C. chardousse Vill. (1779), and Primula hirsuta All. (1773) against P. rubra J. F. Gmel. (1775). Allioni's paper in all contains 76 validly published new specific names, of which only two were cited as from Miscellanea Taurinensia in the Index Kewensis, and none at all from the 1773 preprint; nearly half of the names were referred in Index Kewensis to Flora Pedemontana, nearly a quarter to authors other than Allioni, and the remainder were not included at all. In recent years the existence of these early Allioni names has become more widely known, and some have been adopted in modern works like Flora Europaea; but even here the names are referred to Miscellanea Taurinensia, not to the 1773 preprint which is their real first place of publication. Although most of these Allioni names are based on European plants, a few refer to extra‐European species.

An outline of the history of Allioni's paper and of the belated and gradual spread of knowledge of its existence is given below. This account is entirely the responsibility of the author. Mr. J. E. Dandy, of the British Museum (Natural History), has, however, very kindly assisted him with the factual detail and also has appended an annotated list of the new names contained in Allioni's paper; and his colleague Dr. W. T. Stearn has pointed to the existence of a copy of the 1773 preprint in Linnaeus's library and contributed a note on its date of publication. In view of the rarity of this work arrangements are being made for a photographic facsimile to be published in the Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History.
A REAPPRAISAL OF THE APPLICATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHETS OF THE TYPE SPECIES OF MORAEA AND DIETES (IRIDACEAE)
Authors: Barnard T. T. , Goldblatt P.
Published: April 2006

The type species of two Iridaceous genera, Moraea and Dietes are currently known by incorrectly applied epithets. The early nomenclatural history of these two species, Moraea vegeta L. (= M. tristis (L.f.) Ker = M. juncea L. sensu N. E. Br.) and Dietes iridioides (L.) Klatt (= D. vegata (L.) N. E. Br.) is examined and the restoration of the correct epithets proposed. A third species M. juncea L. is rejected as it is not possible to identify this plant.
PETAL AND POLLEN CAROTENOIDS OF TWO POLYMNIA ***SPECIES AND THEIR HYBRIDS
Authors: Wells James R. , Fox Denis L.
Published: April 2006

Yellow carotenoids were recovered quantitatively from fresh petals of Polymnia maculata, P. uvedalia, and their reciprocal hybrids, as well as from fresh pollen of each parent and one of the hybrid plants. Thin‐layer chromatographic resolution, spectrophotometric measurements, partitional segregation both before and following saponification, chemical exploration for relative position of hydroxyl groups and for the presence of epoxy structures, and establishment of co‐sorbability of comparative fractions led to several conclusions: (1) The prominent fraction in all four experimental categories of petal carotenoids is a variously esterified polyhydroxy, monoepoxy derivative of α‐carotene; this, with minor, allied congeners of other esterified xanthophylls, constituted some 94 to 98% of total petal carotenoids. (2) The minor remaining, persistently epiphasic component yielded two chief fractions: a non‐epoxy and an epoxy‐carotene derivative. (3) Pollen samples each yielded a single molecular species of carotenoid which was an epiphasic, non‐saponifiable, non‐epoxy compound suggesting a dehydrocarotene derivative. (4) The relatively simple carotenoid complexes recovered from the reproductive parts of both supposed species of Polymnia, as well as from their hybrids, are so closely similar as to lend support to the alternative view that they may be conspecific.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS, PHYLOGENY, PHYTOGEOGRAPHY OF THE ANNONACEAE AND THEIR BEARING ON THE (ORIGINAL) BASIC CHROMOSOME NUMBER OF ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: Walker James W.
Published: April 2006

Chromosome numbers are summarized within a novel taxonomic framework for the 22 genera of the primitive angiosperm family Annonaceae in which they are known. Chromosomal data are shown to be consistent with the author's concept of the phylogeny of the family, as independently determined from a study of pollen and floral morphology. This independently derived infrafamilial phylogeny suggests that there have been minimally 12 separate changes in base chromosome number within the family. Evidence is strong for considering x = 7 as the base chromosome number for the family, with parallel ascending aneuploidy: n = 7→8→9. Considerable parallel polyploidy has occurred on the older x = 7, polyploidy has occurred at least once on x = 8, while the most recent aneuploid number, x = 9, has not produced any polyploids as far as is known. Chromosome numbers, as well as pollen and floral morphology, are adduced to support the author's conclusion that the Annonaceae are of New World (and/or possibly African) origin. The significance of chromosome evolution within the Annonaceae is discussed as it bears on the choice of the basic chromosome number for the angiosperms (x = 7). Finally, the first chromosome count, n = 8, is presented for the annonaceous genus Desmopsis Saff.
HANDROANTHUS (BIGNONIACEAE): A CRITIQUE
Authors: Gentry A. H.
Published: April 2006

This paper considers the latest attempt to dismember Tabebuia and demonstrates that the newly proposed genus Handroanthus does not merit generic distinction.
EVOLUTION OF THE ARABIS HIRSUTA GROUP IN CENTRAL EUROPE
Authors: Titz Walter
Published: April 2006

Cytological, cytogenetical, ecological, geographical and morphological aspects of differentiation in the Arabis hirsuta species aggregate are summarized in order to elucidate the evolution and phylogeny of this group in Central Europe. All species involved are self‐compatible. A. planisiliqua (Pers.) Reichenb. (s.l.), A. sagittata (Bertol.) DC. and A. allionii DC. (s.l.) are in the main diploids (2n = 16), and have originated by divergent differentiation. A. hirsuta (s. str.) is an allotetraploid (2n = 32); its possible descent from A. sagittata (Bertol.) DC. × A. ciliata Clairv. is discussed. The latter diploid species must be placed outside of the aggregate; nevertheless, experimental production of the hybrid with A. sagittata and its polyploidization has succeeded. The synthesized allotetraploid is rather similar to A. hirsuta (s. str.) but not identical with it. Further investigations are in progress.
HERBARIUM BLACKWELLIANUM EMENDATUM ET AUCTUM … NORIMBERGAE, 1747‐1773
Authors: Tjaden W. L.
Published: April 2006

It is suggested by Stafleu in Taxonomic Literature, entry 96, that Herbarium Black‐wellianum may have been published in instalments. This is confirmed by reviews and by some of the six “prefaces”, which are actually epilogues issued on completion of the text for each nominal one hundred plates. Further, from 1750 onwards the text was published after the plates. Approximate dates of publication of plates and of text are given. The work should not therefore be quoted as being published in six parts or centuries but in forty eight (?) instalments of plates, with the text accompanying some of these instalments.
THE AGROSTOLOGICAL TERM ANTHECIUM
Authors: McClure F. A. , Soderstrom T. R.
Published: April 2006

The agrostological term anthecium has been used in different senses by different authors. Based on Parodi's definition, the term is rendered into English and compared with the definitions of flower and floret as they apply to grasses.
THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BOTANIC GARDENS IN S.E. ASIA
Authors: Holttum R. E.
Published: April 2006

Tropical botanic gardens remain important for their records of local floras and as bases for continued monographic work. This work is still far from complete in the equatorial tropics, and it is the essential basis for all other study of plants, whether scientific or technological. The gardens also remain important as collections of living plants for botanical study of all kinds (especially for genetics and plant breeding) and for local education. A closer association of the gardens with universities is desirable, so that academic botanists may be fully aware of the range of local plants available for investigation. There is much still to be understood about the physiological adaptations of plants in the ever‐wet tropics, a subject hardly dealt with in text‐books of plant physiology published in temperate regions.
EUPATORIUM, A COMPOSITE GENUS OF ARCTO‐TERTIARY DISTRIBUTION
Authors: King R. M. , Robinson H.
Published: April 2006

Eupatorium is redefined as a genus containing approximately 37 species and occurring in eastern North America, eastern Asia, along the western Asian mountains and in Europe.
NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY OF THE TRIBE IXECHINEAE (BOLETACEAE)
Authors: Wolfe Carl B.
Published: April 2006

The tribe name Ixechineae (Boletaceae) is validly published having been invalidly published by Heim (1939). A discussion of the infratribal taxonomy of Ixechineae is presented. Two genera, Ixechinus Heim ex Horak and Mucilopilus Wolfe, are recognized in the Ixechineae. Fistulinella Hennings is not considered in this work to be taxonomically synonymous with either Ixechinus or Mucilopilus since Fistulinella violates the circumscriptions of both of these genera. Furthermore, Fistulinella also violates the circumscription of Ixechineae and, therefore, cannot be included in this tribe. Because of the uncertainty of some character states of Fistulinella, it must be placed among the Genera Incertae Sedis of the Boletaceae.
DALBERGIAS IN HORTUS MALABARICUS
Authors: Thothathri K. , Nair K. K. N.
Published: April 2006

The taxonomy and nomenclature of Rheede's names, Pongam seu Minan, Tsjeria‐Cametti‐Valli, Noel‐Valli, Karin‐Tagera and Ana‐Mullu in Hortus Malabaricus (1686–88), are discussed. A new combination, Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabberly var. glabrescens, is proposed.
OREOMUNNEA VS. OREAMUNOA: THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF A GENERIC NAME
Authors: Wilbur Robert L.
Published: April 2006

Article 73 of the ICBN requires that the orthography of the endemic, ditypic Mexican and Central American genus of the Juglandaceae, long known as a section of the genus Engelhardia, should be Oreamunoa Oerst. rather than Oreomunnea as originally published and as almost invariably adopted today.
PATTERNS OF VARIATION IN NORTH TEMPERATE TAXA WITH A WIDE DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Valentine D.H.
Published: April 2006

Our knowledge of patterns of variation and evolution in groups of allied species of the north temperate flora is gradually increasing; but relatively few groups have been studied cytotaxonomically or analysed genomically. Data for three groups of species, in the genera Viola, Maianthemum and Polypodium, are reviewed, and resemblances and differences between them discussed. The importance of further biosystematic work of this kind, including ecological as well as taxonomic studies, and organised on an international basis, is pointed out.
THE CORRECT NAMES FOR PEARL MILLET AND YELLOW FOXTAIL
Authors: Terrell Edward E.
Published: April 2006

Nomenclatural histories and usages are discussed for five binomials used for pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum, P. typhoides, P. spicatum, P. glaucum, P. americanum) and two binomials used for yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca, S. lutescens). Linnaean and pre‐Linnaean concepts of Panicum glaucum L. and Panicum americanum L. are reviewed in detail. The controversial basionym, Panicum glaucum, is applied to yellow foxtail, in agreement with Linnaeus's treatment in the second edition of Species Plantarum. The name Panicum americanum clearly referred to pearl millet. A commonly‐used combination, Pennisetum americanum (L). K. Schumann, is incorrect because Schumann did not accept it. The correct names are Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke (pearl millet) and Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. (yellow foxtail).
ITINERARIO BOTANICO DE G. ANDRIEUX EN MEXICO
Authors: Sousa S. Mario
Published: April 2006

The great importance of G. Andrieux's botanical collections, not so much by their number, but by the period and area they cover, is discussed. The numerical sequence of the collections is explained and the itinerary shown and illustrated by a map. An index to localities is included with original notes from the label data providing exact geographical location.
RHAGADIOLUS: A MISUNDERSTOOD GENUS
Authors: Meikle R. D.
Published: April 2006

A review of the genus Rhagadiolus indicates that the two species Rhagadiolus edulis Gaertner and R. stellatus (L.) Gaertner have been widely misunderstood and should be maintained as distinct. It is also demonstrated that Rhagadiolus Scop. (1754) and Rhagadiolus A.‐L. Jussieu (1789) are taxonomically distinct, and that the generic name must be conserved if it is to continue to be used in its current sense.
ON THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF LIAGOROPHILA (ACROCHAETIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Garbary David
Published: April 2006

According to recent interpretations, all genera in the Acrochaetiaceae other than the monotypic Liagorophila Yamada have been synonymized with Audouinella Bory. In this report the taxonomic relationships of these taxa are examined. None of the characteristics previously used to distinguish Liagorophila are considered adequate, and L. endophytica is transferred to Audouinella. Since the specific epithet endophytica has been used previously m Audouinella, the name Audouinella yamadae, nom. nov., is proposed for this alga.
NOTE ON THE LECTOTYPIFICATION OF THE NAMES CACALIA L., MATRICARIA L. AND GNAPHALIUM L.
Authors: Jeffrey C.
Published: April 2006

The lectotype species of the names Cacalia L., Matricaria L., and Gnaphalium L. are shown correctly to be C. alpina L., M. recutita L., and G. uliginosum L. respectively.
HERBARIA OF ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, ROBERT HEWARD AND OTHERS AT THE CHELSEA PHYSIC GARDEN, LONDON
Authors: Mabberley D. J.
Published: April 2006

An herbarium of Australian plants, compiled by Heward from Cunningham specimens and preserved at the Chelsea Physic Garden, refers to Cunningham's paper on the Blue Mountains Flora (1825). Overlooked binomials for Australian plants from this and other publications are listed and other herbaria at Chelsea described.
PROPOSAL FOR A NEW PALAEOBOTANICAL APPENDIX FOR THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE
Authors: Hughes Norman F.
Published: April 2006

Palaeobotanists and palaeopalynologists are faced with increasingly time‐consuming difficulties and partial failures when continuing to handle their data for palaeobiologic or for stratigraphic purposes in the traditional manner required by the nomenclature framework of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). The ICBN was developed for normal (Recent) data on living plants, but the entirely different nature and attributes of fossil data call for separate specially designed arrangements. A proposal is therefore made here for a new appendix to ICBN setting out the distinctions and providing more flexible rules (articles) for nomenclature and thus for the taxonomy of fossils of any size, scope, or preservation.

The logical needs for nomenclature and data‐handling of plant fossils are very much simpler than the sum of the seventy‐five articles of the ICBN; the same can be said equally for fossil animals. Although ultimately a separate Code may be necessary, an appendix which is compatible with the main code and which can be developed independently appears to be the most useful present advance.
ON ABBOTIA PERESTENKO, 1975 (RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Abbott Isabella A.
Published: April 2006

Abbotia araneosa Perestenko is transferred to Neodilsea (Dumontiaceae, Cryptonemiales) pending post‐fertilization studies. The genus name is antedated by Abbotia Rafinesque (Juncaginaceae) and Abbottia F. von Müller (Rubiaceae).
A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR PRINTING HERBARIUM LABELS
Authors: Vitt Dale H. , Horton Diana G. , Johnston Peter
Published: April 2006

A computer program which prints herbarium labels has been constructed. Individual labels consist of a maximum of 12 lines, each of 40 spaces. However, labels with varying amounts of information can be printed. A cost analysis indicates that the computer printed labels are approximately half the cost and are of superior or equivalent quality when compared with xerox duplicated or magnetic‐card typed labels. This program is available from the authors.
THE CONTROVERSIAL TYPIFICATION OF THE LINNAEAN GENUS TRICHOMANES (HYMENOPHYLLACEAE)
Authors: Sermolli Rodolfo E. G. Pichi
Published: April 2006

Two divergent opinions have been expressed on the typification of Trichomanes L. Some authors select T. scandens L. as the type on the basis of the first designation of a lectotype by J. Smith in 1875, and according to the taxonomic treatment of the genus after the date of its publication by Linnaeus. Other authors designate T. crispum L. as the type on the basis of the elements studied by Linnaeus up to the time in which the genus was validly published and of the indications to be found in his publications which enable us to ascertain his intent in establishing the genus. The arguments in favour of either lectotypification are thoroughly examined and the nomenclatural consequences of the designation of T. scandens or T. crispum are envisaged. The conclusion is reached that the examination of Linnaeus's publications offers sufficient elements for an objective lectotypification of Trichomanes on T. crispum.
ERRONEOUS CITATIONS OF VENEZUELAN LOCALITIES
Authors: Steyermark Julian A.
Published: April 2006

The misapplication of the citation of three historically important type localities in Venezuela is noted as of frequent occurrence in monographs. The localities referred to are Colonia Tovar, collected by August Fendler, San Carlos de Río Negro, collected by Richard Spruce, and Roraima, collected by Robert Schomburgk, the principal collectors involved in these citations. The correct localities are indicated as being in the Estado Aragua for Colonia Tovar, and Venezuela for San Carlos de Río Negro and Roraima.
MICROWAVE: A METHOD TO CONTROL HERBARIUM INSECTS
Authors: Hall David W.
Published: April 2006

The use of a microwave oven to treat herbarium specimens as a means of fumigation is discussed.
LINNAEAN NOMENCLATURE—UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE OF TAXONOMISTS—AND THE SPORAE DISPERSAE (WITH A COMMENTARY ON HUGHES' PROPOSAL)
Authors: Jansonius Jan
Published: April 2006

A historical perspective reviews the origins of plant taxonomy and its relationship with plant fossils. Linnaeus contributed the notion of binomial nomenclature with the sole purpose of providing a label for the species. Subjective attributes such as stratigraphic occurrence or presumed phylogenetic relationship have no place in taxonomic circumscription. Names of taxa are stabilized by nomenclatural types, to which the name is permanently attached.

Nomenclature and taxonomy are entirely different concepts. The I.C.B.N, provides Rules for stabilizing the nomenclature, and strict adherence to these is beneficial to all palynologists. Their judgement on how to best group and subdivide their material may vary; proper nomenclatural procedures will allow later workers to re‐arrange these data without confusion.

Practical problems of spore systematics result from imperfect knowledge and understanding. Virtually identical problems are faced by palaeobotanists working with named parts of plants, by mycologists or phycologists working with named stages in life cycles, and even by neobotanists working with incomplete herbarium specimens. There are no reasons for palynologists to aim for nomenclatural procedures different from those of other plant taxonomists. Recent suggestions by Boulter and Pirozynski and proposals by Hughes to change the I.C.B.N, so as to give special consideration to special groups of fossils are ill considered and here rejected.
THE LECTOTYPIFICATION OF GOSSYPIUM TOMENTOSUM SEEM. AND THE NAME OF THE HAWAIIAN ENDEMIC GOSSYPIUM
Authors: Wilbur Robert L.
Published: April 2006

It is again demonstrated that Gossypium sandvicense Parlatore is the correct name of the endemic Hawaiian Gossypium and that the lectotype of Gossypium tomentosum Seem, should be Seemann 28 (K), a specimen collected in Fiji and a synonym of Gossypium hirsutum L. s.l. The greater part of the original description of Gossypium tomentosum was derived from the introduced Fijian cotton and contradicts the characters possessed by the Hawaiian species.
EVOLUTION IN THE SUBTRIBE NASSAUVIINAE (COMPOSITAE, MUTISIEAE): A PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Crisei Jorge Victor
Published: April 2006

The 23 genera of Nassauviinae (Compositae, Mutisieae) have been used as OTU's in a numerical phylogenetic study in an attempt to estimate direction of evolutionary change (polarity), relative amount of evolutionary change (patristics), and relative recency of common ancestry (cladistics) of the group. Thirty‐six characters were scored for each OTU. For each character and using 4 criteria, the direction of evolutionary changes of the states, from primitive (ancestral) to derived, was inferred. The Wagner tree algorithm (Farris, 1970) using a distance coefficient was applied to the data, and the index of consistency (Kluge & Farris, 1969) was calculated.

Three different evolutionary trees were constructed using as ancestral: (1) a hypothetical OTU, (2) the genus Dolichlasium, and (3) the genus Trixis. Each tree shows somewhat different results, but some cladistic and patristic relationships remained consistent throughout the three runs. The primitive groups: Dolichlasium and Leunisia; Jungia, Pleocarphus, Marticorenia, Trixis and Ameghinoa. The relatively advanced groups: Acourtia, Lophopappus, Proustia and Burkartia; Leucheria and Oxyphyllum; Panphalea, Holocheilus and Perezia. The most highly modified groups: Polyachyrus and Moscharia; Calopappus, Nassauvia and Triptilion. Two genera are intermediate in advancedness and isolated: Macrachaenium; Cephalopappus.
PAKARAIMAEA DIPTEROCARPACEA II
Authors: Maguire Bassett , Ashton Peter S.
Published: April 2006

The genus Pakaraimaea has been restudied on the basis of new field collections. Evidence from data on habit, reproduction, and seed characters further supports its placement in the Dipterocarpaceae.
THE SUBFAMILIAL, TRIBAL, AND SUBTRIBAL NOMENCLATURE OF THE ASCLEPIADACEAE
Authors: Sundell Eric
Published: April 2006

During the past 150 years, casual nomenclatural practices have obscured what is generally agreed to be a natural system of suprageneric classification in the Asclepiadaceae. An account of all subfamilial, tribal, and subtribal names published within the family is presented here with an evaluation of their nomenclatural status. Some problems of nomenclatural procedure peculiar to levels above the rank of genus and deriving from the nature of the “nomenclatural type” at these levels are discussed with particular regard to the present selection of available names.
THE CHINESE GOLDEN LARCH
Authors: Tjaden W. L.
Published: April 2006

Pseudolarix kaempferi Gordon is the correct name for Chinese Golden or False Larch under the Code.
EDP‐IR IN THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM OF COLOMBIA (COL)
Authors: Forero Enrique , Pereira Francisco J.
Published: April 2006

The work on Electronic Data Processing‐Information Retrieval (EDP‐IR) in the Colombian National Herbarium (COL) is described. The importance and relevance of automation and the practical difficulties encountered are discussed. A short review of the steps involved in up‐dating and correcting the data bank is also included.
KARYOSYSTEMATIC NOTES ON THE GALIUM PALUSTRE‐GROUP (RUBIACEAE)
Authors: Teppner Herwig , Ehrendorfer Friedrich , Puff Christian
Published: April 2006

The European — North African — West Asiatic Galium palustre‐group is a polyploid complex. The aberrant basic chromosome number x=12 was confirmed for the group, and further diploid (2x), tetraploid (4x), octoploid (8x) and (for the first time) dodecaploid (12x) populations were found. In polyploids uni‐ and multivalents are fairly common in PMC meiosis, and average chromosome size decreases with increasing ploidy level. Chromosome number and size of grains PMCs and pollen grains are correlated.

Morphological similarities of 2x and 4x within G. palustre, and of 8x and 12x within G. elongatum suggest ± autopolyploid origin of these cytotypes and militate against their taxonomic recognition. On the other hand, morphological and ecological differences back separation of the predominantly temperate‐boreal G. palustre (2x, 4x), the mediterranean‐atlantic G. debile (2x) and the temperate‐mediterranean G. elongatum (8x, 12x), and the allopolyploid origin of the latter.
THE IDENTIFICATION, TYPIFICATION AND ORIGIN OF TMESIPTERIS TANNENSIS (PSILOTACEAE)
Authors: Chinnock Robert J.
Published: April 2006

When Bernhardi established Tmesipteris in 1801 he based it on Lycopodium tannense Spreng., described the previous year from a collection supposedly made on Tanna Island (New Hebrides) by the Forsters. The holotype of L. tannense, the type species of Tmesipteris, has not been located and it is presumed destroyed. Tmesipteris is now generally considered polyspecific and since the protologue account of L. tannense is only sufficient to place the species in Tmesipteris further identification, to distinguish it from other species now recognized, is necessary. As no isotype of L. tannense has been located the figure in Bernhardi's paper, which is considered to depict the type collection, is selected as neotype.

The type collection of L. tannense was stated by Sprengel to have been collected on Tanna Island. However, the morphological, biogeographical and historical evidence suggests that the collection was made in New Zealand, probably at Dusky Sound.

Tmesipteris tannensis (Spreng.) Bernh. is now considered to be restricted to New Zealand, and the reference by Sprengel to Tanna Island is considered an error.
ON THE IDENTITY OF HALESIA CAROLINA L. (STYRACACEAE)
Authors: Reveal James L. , Seldin Margaret J.
Published: April 2006

When Linnaeus described the Silverbell Tree or Snowdrop Tree, Halesia carolina, in 1759, he based his description upon flowering and fruiting specimens, plus an illustration, sent to him by John Ellis of England. The plant specimens were gathered by Alexander Garden in late June or early July of 1755 near Saluda, South Carolina, and sent to Ellis in March of 1756 shortly after a small shipment of seeds had been sent. The illustration was prepared by George D. Ehret. The exact nature of the specimens and plate has not been carefully investigated until now, and our studies show that this material represents the same entity currently called H. parviflora Michx. and not what is presently termed H. carolina by all modern authors. In 1761, Ellis proposed H. tetraptera based on a description sent to him by Garden of plants growing “along the banks of Santee river.” Apparently no specimens were collected of this entity. However, seeds were, and these were soon widely cultivated in Europe and have served as the basis for the understanding of H. carolina. Based on the location data and the description provided by Ellis (citing a letter sent to him by Garden), the name H. tetraptera should apply to what is now called H. carolina by current authors. The original Ehret plate must now serve as the type for H. carolina as the specimens have been lost, and the illustration presented in Ellis' 1761 paper which is a slightly altered, mirror image (and thus a reingraving) of the original Ehret plate, does not represent —in any manner — the type of the plant described by Ellis as H. tetraptera, a fact quite unknown to him and others. A neotype is selected for H. tetraptera, and the combination, H. tetraptera var. monticola, proposed.
OBSERVATIONS ON STYLE BRANCH EXPOSURE IN EUPATORIUM HAVANENSE H.B.K. (EUPATORIEAE‐COMPOSITAE)
Authors: Bolick M. R.
Published: April 2006

Style branches in Eupatorium havanense H.B.K., as they develop, elongate, bow outwards, and either expand in an ascending manner or cross each other. This is consistent with expansion by greater enlargement of the outer surface than of the inner surface of the style branch. As a similar pattern is found in Astereae, style branch exposure may be characteristic at the tribal level.
GEOCARPON MINIMUM: SIEVE‐ELEMENT PLASTIDS AS ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE FOR ITS INCLUSION IN THE CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Authors: Behnke H.‐Dietmar
Published: April 2006

The presence of specific PIIIc'f sieve‐element plastids (detected by electron microscopic analysis) in Geocarpon adds further support to the inclusion of this monotypic genus in the Caryophyllaceae.
3. POLLEN MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Tseng C. C.
Published: April 2006

Pollen morphology ofAralidiumshows no close resemblance to that of the Araliaceae, Cornaceae (sens, lat.), or Griseliniaceae.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF MEXICAN SPRUCE SPECIES AND POPULATIONS
Authors: Taylor Ronald J. , Patterson Thomas F.
Published: April 2006

Two species of Mexican spruce, Picea chihuahuana and P. mexicana, have been named and described within the last 40 years. In addition a spruce population that does not match any known species has recently been reported. In this study, 30 specimens from each of six populations of Mexican spruce, four of P. chihuahuana, one of P. mexicana, and the unnamed population, were systematically analyzed using chemical and morphological characters. In addition, two populations of P. engelmannii and one of P. pungens, from southern Arizona and New Mexico, U.S.A., respectively, were similarly analyzed. The data derived from the chemical and morphological studies were in close agreement and indicated that: 1) Picea mexicana is a disjunct population (variety) of P. engelmannii; 2) Picea chihuahuana is a distinct species with no close affinity to other taxa examined; 3) the unnamed population appears to constitute a relict hybrid swarm, one parent being P. engelmannii (including P. mexicana) the other possibly P. chihuahuana or P. pungens. Finally, the characteristics used by Martinez (1961) to separate P. engelmannii from P. mexicana were reexamined and found not to differ significantly in the two taxa. Therefore it is proposed that P. mexicana be reduced to varietal status as P. engelmannii var. mexicana.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF REV. W. W. WATTS F.L.S. TO AUSTRALIAN BOTANY
Authors: Ramsay Helen P.
Published: April 2006

W. W. Watts was an important figure in Australian botany at the beginning of the 20th century. This paper presents a biographical sketch of Watts with emphasis on his contributions to bryology and to the botany of Australia. A bibliography of publications by and about Watts is included. Appendices list types based on Watts' collections, fern types described by Watts and the numerous eponymous uses of Watts' name for bryophyte species. An account of his major collecting areas is also given.
VARIATION AND EVOLUTION OF PLANT SPECIES ON THE OUTLYING ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COTULA FEATHERSTONII
Authors: Lloyd David G.
Published: April 2006

Among the plants occupying eight island groups outlying from New Zealand, there are three evolutionary patterns. (1) The commonest pattern involves long‐distance dispersal to one or more outlying archipelagos and the differentiation of a single derivative taxon. (2) Less commonly, dispersal to more than one island group has been followed by divergence between the distant archipelagos; various stages of allopatric speciation are represented. (3) In a few plant groups endemic to the Chatham Islands, there has been evolutionary divergence among islets within the archipelago. Cotula featherstonii provides an example. Plants from four islets were grown; they belong to three distinguishable races. The three races correspond to the three land masses present during the last glacial maximum (ca. 20,000 years B.P.).
CARDENOLIDES IN NORTH AMERICAN ERYSIMUM (CRUCIFERAE), A PRELIMINARY CHEMOTAXONOMIC REPORT
Authors: Rodman James , Brower Lincoln , Frey Julia
Published: April 2006

Cardenolides (cardiac glycosides) are reported for the first time from wild‐collected material of Erysimum native to North America. For two seed samples of wild origin and for 24 leaf samples from greenhouse‐grown plants, total cardenolide content was determined by spectrophotometric assay in reactions with 2,2‘,4,4‘‐tetranitrodiphenyl. Qualitative composition was studied by TLC in two solvent systems. Variation in concentrations and in arrays of compounds among populations suggests that cardenolide profiles may provide useful chemotaxonomic characters. Cardenolides are also likely to be important in mediating plant‐herbivore interactions in the genus Erysimum.
A SIMPLE TEST FOR THE POSSIBLE SIMULTANEOUS EVOLUTIONARY DIVERGENCE OF TWO AMINO ACID POSITIONS
Authors: Estabrook G. F. , Landrum L.
Published: April 2006

A taxonomic character for a group of organisms under study is said to be divergent or uniquely derived for that group if, during the evolution of that group, each character state arose only once. Homologous amino acid positions in homologous proteins can be thought of as taxonomic characters whose states are amino acids. In a similar way, DNA nucleotide positions can also be considered taxonomic characters. In the exposition below, we describe a simple test to determine when it is not possible for two amino acid (or nucleotide) positions to be divergent at the same time.
REDUCTION OF PELEA WITH NEW COMBINATIONS IN MELICOPE (RUTACEAE)
Authors: Hartley T. G. , Stone B. C.
Published: April 2006

Pelea A. Gray is put in the synonymy of Melicope J. R. & G. Forster. New combinations in Melicope are made for 48 Hawaiian species and two from the Marquesas Islands. One Hawaiian species is given a new name.
THE NOMENCLATURE OF HELLEBORUS LIVIDUS AITON SENS. LAT. (RANUNCULACEAE)
Authors: Yeo P. F.
Published: April 2006

Helleborus argutifolius was proposed as a species distinct from H. lividus Aiton (1789) by Viviani in 1824. Some authors have treated it at subspecific rank, but only now is a subspecific epithet validly published in combination with the earliest available specific name. A new combination is also made at (notho‐)subspecific rank for hybrids between representatives of the two taxa. The remarkable discrepancy between H. lividus Aiton in Curtis (Jan. 1789) and H. lividus sensu Aiton, Hort. Kew. (Aug./Sept. 1789) is traced to an unacknowledged change of concept between the 6th and 7th editions of Miller's Gardeners Dictionary (1752, 1759). The nomenclatural status of the names applied to these plants by Schiffner (1889, 1890) and other authors is analysed.
ON CHANGES MADE IN APPENDIX III (SYDNEY CODE)
Authors: Nicolson D. , Greuter W. , Demoulin V. , Brummitt R.
Published: April 2006

In the new Code, Appendix III (nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda) was considerably revised by the Editorial Committee. The kinds of changes are discussed, with examples, and the reasoning underlying changes made in special cases is presented.