bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
pH‐responsive polyphosphonates using butler's cyclopolymerization
Authors: Al‐Hamouz Othman Charles S. , Ali Shaikh A.
Published: May 2012

The cationic monomer, N,N‐diallyl‐(diethylphosphonato)methylammonium chloride, and zwitterionic monomer, ethyl 3‐(N,N‐diallylammonio)methanephosphonate, were cyclopolymerized in aqueous solutions using ammonium persulfate or t‐butylhydroperoxide as initiators to afford a cationic polyelectrolyte (CPE) and a polyzwitterion ester (PZE), respectively. The CPE and PZE on acidic hydrolysis of the ester functionalities afforded the same polyzwitterionic acid (PZA): poly[3‐(N,N‐diallylammonio)methanephosphonic acid]. The solution properties of the CPE, pH‐responsive PZE, and PZA were studied in detail by potentiometric and viscometric techniques. Basicity constants of the phosphonate (PO(OEt)O−) and amine groups in the PZE and in the conjugate base of the PZE, respectively, were found to be “apparent” and as such follow the modified Henderson–Hasselbalch equation. In contrast to many polycarbobetaines and sulfobetaines, PZE was found to be soluble in salt‐free water as well as salt (including Ca2+, Li+)‐added solutions, and demonstrated “antipolyelectrolyte” solution behavior. The PZA, on the other hand, was found to be insoluble in salt‐free water, and on treatment with NaOH gave dianionic polyelectrolyte (DAPE) containing trivalent nitrogen and [PO(O)22−] groups. For the first time, several new phase diagrams of polyethylene glycol‐DAPE aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPSs) have been constructed in the presence of varying proportions of HCl. The ATPSs may find application in affinity partitioning of metal ions because DAPE is expected to be an effective chelator. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Star‐shaped polymers having side chain poss groups for solid polymer electrolytes; synthesis, thermal behavior, dimensional stability, and ionic conductivity
Authors: Kim Dong‐Gyun , Sohn Hae‐Sung , Kim Sung‐Kon , Lee Aeri , Lee Jong‐Chan
Published: May 2012

A series of organic/inorganic hybrid star‐shaped polymers were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization using 3‐(3,5,7,9,11,13,15‐heptacyclohexyl‐pentacyclo[9.5.1.13,9.15,15.17,13]‐octasiloxane‐1‐yl)propyl methacrylate (MA‐POSS) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) as monomers and octakis(2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropionoxypropyldimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane as an initiator. Star‐shaped polymers with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and PEGMA moieties were also prepared for comparison purposes. Dimensionally stable freestanding film could be obtained from the hybrid star‐shaped polymer containing 26 wt % of MA‐POSS moieties although its glass transition temperature is very low, −60.9 °C. As a result, the hybrid star‐shaped polymer electrolyte containing lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide showed ionic conductivities (1.75 × 10−5 S/cm at 30 °C), which were two orders of magnitude higher than those of the star‐shaped polymer electrolyte with MMA moieties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Synthesis and Fe(III)‐complexation ability of polyurethane bearing kojic acid skeleton in the main chain prepared by polyaddition of aliphatic hydroxyl groups without protection of phenolic hydroxyl groups
Authors: Ochiai Bungo , Kamiya Miyuki , Endo Takeshi
Published: May 2012

Polyaddition of a kojic acid dimer and diisocyanates yielded polyurethane with metal‐coordination ability owing to the phenolic hydroxyl groups of kojic acid. Although the kojic acid dimer contains two phenolic and two aliphatic hydroxyl groups, 1,5‐diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non‐5‐ene catalyzed polymerization proceeded through highly selective reactions of the aliphatic hydroxyl groups without any protection of the phenolic hydroxyl groups. The resulting polymers complexed with FeCl3, and specific colorizations were observed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Meanings of happiness among two ethnic groups living with advanced cancer in south London: a qualitative study
Authors: Koffman Jonathan , Morgan Myfanwy , Edmonds Polly , Speck Peter , Siegert Richard , Higginson Irene J.
Published: May 2012

Objective

Happiness is a central component in quality of life but little is known about its meanings among people living with an advanced disease and those from diverse communities. This study explores and compares, for the first time, the centrality and interpretations of happiness across two cultural groups living with advanced cancer.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews among 26 Black Caribbean and 19 White British cancer patients were conducted in hospital and home settings.

Results

Thirty eight participants volunteered views on happiness, which were related to four main themes: empty lives, a theme associated with lives devoid of contentment; happiness and the physical form principally, associated with the absence of distressing symptoms; ‘love and affection’ associated with family and friends; and ‘realising personal meaning in life’, most common among the Black Caribbean participants and related to God, prayer and the sacred world. The presence of cancer pain even when refractory did not preclude manifestations of happiness in this domain.

Conclusions

We identified that happiness was central to many patients' quality of life during advanced cancer. Moreover, happiness was multidimensional and at times culturally patterned. We recommend that health and social care professionals increase their awareness and skills‐set in relation to exploring happiness. Further, we recommend greater efforts are invested in cultural relativism to service the physical, psychological, social and spiritual issues that contribute towards moments of happiness among diverse communities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breaking bad news in China – the dilemma of patients' autonomy and traditional norms. A first communication skills training for Chinese oncologists and caretakers
Authors: Wuensch Alexander , Tang Lilli , Goelz Tanja , Zhang Yening , Stubenrauch Sara , Song Lili , Hong Ye , Zhang Haiwei , Wirsching Michael , Fritzsche Kurt
Published: May 2012

Objective

Current practice of breaking bad news in China involves disclosure of information first to family members who then decide whether the patient should receive this information. Recently, however, patients' right to be informed has been regulated by law. This represents a dilemma for oncologists who now have to balance traditional practice with new legal requirements. A communication skills training (CST) was developed for Chinese practice. It addresses this issue and may help participants find individual solutions within these conflicting requirements.

Methods

A first CST about breaking bad news took place at the Beijing Cancer Hospital, China, with 31 participants. We (i) assessed current practice, (ii) evaluated the workshop and (iii) self‐assessed performance ratings about breaking bad news before and after the workshop with the help of questionnaires.

Results

(i) Participants stated that in most cases (78%), they inform family members first. Contrary to this practice, participants think that about 75% of patients would like to be informed first, independent of family. (ii) Overall, the workshop received a very good rating (M = 1.2; scale between 1 and 6). (iii) After the workshop, the participants rated their performance significantly higher in all areas, for example, talking about diagnosis, prognosis and death with the patient and the family.

Conclusions

The CST showed high acceptance and led to significantly improved performance ratings of participating physicians in many areas. It helped participants deal with conflicting demands. For future trainings, further socio‐cultural adaptations are needed. Obvious conflicts still exist and need to be resolved. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of a rapid multi‐biomarker liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method to assess human exposure to mycotoxins
Authors: Warth Benedikt , Sulyok Michael , Fruhmann Philipp , Mikula Hannes , Berthiller Franz , Schuhmacher Rainer , Hametner Christian , Abia Wilfred Angie , Adam Gerhard , Fröhlich Johannes , Krska Rudolf
Published: May 2012

RATIONALE

Mycotoxins regularly occur in food worldwide and pose serious health risks to consumers. Since individuals can be exposed to a variety of these toxic secondary metabolites of fungi at the same time, there is a demand for proper analytical methods to assess human exposure by suitable biomarkers.

METHODS

This study reports on the development of a liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) method for the quantitative measurement of 15 mycotoxins and key metabolites in human urine using polarity switching. Deoxynivalenol (DON), DON‐3‐O‐glucuronide, DON‐15‐O‐glucuronide (D15GlcA), de‐epoxy DON, nivalenol (NIV), T‐2 toxin, HT‐2 toxin, zearalenone, zearalenone‐14‐O‐glucuronide, α‐ and β‐zearalenol, fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1, FB2), ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) were determined without the need for any cleanup using a rapid and simple dilute and shoot approach.

RESULTS

Validation was performed in the range of 0.005–40 µg L–1 depending on the analyte and expected urinary concentration levels. Apparent recoveries between 78 and 119% and interday precisions of 2–17% relative standard deviation (RSD) were achieved. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by the analysis of urine samples obtained from Cameroon. In naturally contaminated urine samples up to six biomarkers of exposure (AFM1, DON, D15GlcA, NIV, FB1, and OTA) were detected simultaneously.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that the developed LC/MS/MS method is well suited to quantify multiple mycotoxin biomarkers in human urine down to the sub‐ppb range within 18 min and without any prior cleanup. The co‐occurrence of several mycotoxins in the investigated samples clearly emphasizes the great potential and importance of this method to assess exposure of humans and animals to naturally occurring mycotoxins. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical drug distribution in multiple organs by imaging mass spectrometry
Authors: Takai Nozomi , Tanaka Yukari , Inazawa Kazuhiro , Saji Hideo
Published: May 2012

RATIONALE

Recently, the requirement for a quantitative research method using imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) to be developed has been discussed. Specifically, the simultaneous quantification of a drug in multiple organs by using whole‐body sections could be insightful for the pharmaceutical industry in the study of drug distribution.

METHODS

Frozen whole‐body sections were obtained from mice injected with raclopride, a dopamine D2 receptor selective antagonist, and coated with a matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrix compound. The whole‐body sections were then analyzed using a linear ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with a MALDI source. The concentration of raclopride in each tissue was determined using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS).

RESULTS

The IMS‐based signal intensity of raclopride strongly correlated with the concentration of the drug in the tissue samples (R = 0.94; p <0.001) of six different organs. Furthermore, the spatial information obtained by IMS was very similar to that obtained by autoradiography, which is a traditional technique used for the study of drug distribution.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that IMS enables the quantitative analysis of drug distribution in multiple organs simultaneously. In addition, it enhances ideal drug candidate selection in terms of efficient evaluations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of useful salt additives in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry of lipids: introducing nitrates for improved analysis
Authors: Griffiths Rian L. , Bunch Josephine
Published: May 2012

RATIONALE

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a powerful technique for the direct analysis of lipids in complex mixtures and thin tissue sections, making it an extremely attractive method for profiling lipids in health and disease. Lipids are readily detected as [M+H]+, [M+Na]+ and [M+K]+ ions in positive ion MALDI mass spectrometry (MS) experiments. This not only decreases sensitivity, but can also lead to overlapping m/z values of the various adducts of different lipids. Additives can be used to promote formation of a particular adduct, improving sensitivity, reducing spectral complexity and enhancing structural characterization in collision‐induced dissociation (CID) experiments.

METHODS

Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+ and NH4+ cations were considered as a range of salt types (acetates, chlorides and nitrates) incorporated into DHB matrix solutions at concentrations between 5 and 80 mM. The study was extended to evaluate the effect of these additives on CID experiments of a lipid standard, after optimization of collision energy parameters. Experiments were performed on a hybrid quadrupole time‐of‐flight (QqTOF) instrument.

RESULTS

The systematic evaluation of new and existing additives in MALDI‐MS and MS/MS of lipids demonstrated the importance of additive cation and anion choice and concentration for tailoring spectral results.

CONCLUSIONS

The recommended choice of additive depends on the desired outcomes of the experiment to be performed (MS or MS/MS). Nitrates are found to be particularly useful additives for lipid analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can amino acid carbon isotope ratios distinguish primary producers in a mangrove ecosystem?
Authors: Larsen Thomas , Wooller Matthew J. , Fogel Marilyn L. , O'Brien Diane M.
Published: May 2012

RATIONALE

The relative contribution of carbon from terrestrial vs. marine primary producers to mangrove‐based food webs can be challenging to resolve with bulk carbon isotope ratios (δ13C). In this study we explore whether patterns of δ13C values among amino acids (AAs) can provide an additional tool for resolving terrestrial and marine origins of carbon.

METHODS

Amino acid carbon isotope ratios (δ13CAA) were measured for several terrestrial and marine primary producers in a mangrove ecosystem at Spanish Lookout Caye (SLC), Belize, using gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The δ13C values of essential amino acids (δ13CEAA) were measured to determine whether they could be used to differentiate terrestrial and marine producers using linear discriminant analysis.

RESULTS

Marine and terrestrial producers had distinct patterns of δ13CEAA values in addition to their differences in bulk δ13C values. Microbial mat samples and consumers (Crassostrea rhizophorae, Aratus pisonii, Littoraria sp., Lutjanus griseus) were most similar to marine producers. Patterns of δ13CEAA values for terrestrial producers were very similar to those described for other terrestrial plants.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that δ13CEAA values may provide another tool for estimating the contribution of terrestrial and marine sources to detrital foodwebs. Preliminary analyses of consumers indicate significant use of aquatic resources, consistent with other studies of mangrove foodwebs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sphingosine kinase 1 in viral infections
Authors: Carr Jillian M. , Mahalingam Suresh , Bonder Claudine S. , Pitson Stuart M.
Published: May 2012

Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) is an enzyme that phosphorylates the lipid sphingosine to generate sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P). S1P can act intracellularly as a signaling molecule and extracellularly as a receptor ligand. The SphK1/S1P axis has well‐described roles in cell signaling, the cell death/survival decision, the production of a pro‐inflammatory response, immunomodulation, and control of vascular integrity. Agents targeting the SphK1/S1P axis are being actively developed as therapeutics for cancer and immunological and inflammatory disorders. Control of cell death/survival and pro‐inflammatory immune responses is central to the pathology of infectious disease, and we can capitalize on the knowledge provided by investigations of SphK1/S1P in cancer and immunology to assess its application to selected human infections. We have herein reviewed the growing literature relating viral infections to changes in SphK1 and S1P. SphK1 activity is reportedly increased following human cytomegalovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infections, and elevated SphK1 enhances influenza virus infection. In contrast, SphK1 activity is reduced in bovine viral diarrhea virus and dengue virus infections. Sphingosine analogs that modulate S1P receptors have proven useful in animal models in alleviating influenza virus infection but have shown no benefit in simian human immunodeficiency virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections. We have rationalized a role for SphK1/S1P in dengue virus, chikungunya virus, and Ross River virus infections, on the basis of the biology and the pathology of these diseases. The increasing number of effective SphK1 and S1P modulating agents currently in development makes it timely to investigate these roles with the potential for developing modulators of SphK1 and S1P for novel anti‐viral therapies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rumor spreading on random regular graphs and expanders
Authors: Fountoulakis Nikolaos , Panagiotou Konstantinos
Published: May 2012

Broadcasting algorithms are important building blocks of distributed systems. In this work we investigate the typical performance of the classical and well‐studied push model. Assume that initially one node in a given network holds some piece of information. In each round, every one of the informed nodes chooses independently a neighbor uniformly at random and transmits the message to it. In this paper we consider random networks where each vertex has degree d ≥ 3, i.e., the underlying graph is drawn uniformly at random from the set of all d ‐regular graphs with n vertices. We show that with probability 1 ‐ o(1) the push model broadcasts the message to all nodes within (1 + o(1))Cd lnn rounds, where

Particularly, we can characterize precisely the effect of the node degree to the typical broadcast time of the push model. Moreover, we consider pseudo‐random regular networks, where we assume that the degree of each node is very large. There we show that the broadcast time is (1 + o(1))Clnn with probability 1 ‐ o(1), where
\documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{align*}C = \lim_{d\to\infty}C_d = \frac{1}{\ln2} + 1\end{align*} \end{document}. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2013
The property of having a k ‐regular subgraph has a sharp threshold
Authors: Letzter Shoham
Published: May 2012

In this paper it is proved that in the random graph model G(n,p), the property of containing a k ‐regular subgraph, has a sharp threshold for k ≥ 3. It is also shown how to use similar methods to prove, quite easily, the (known fact of) sharpness of having a non empty k ‐core for k ≥ 3. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 42, 509–519, 2013
Longest cycles in sparse random digraphs
Authors: Krivelevich Michael , Lubetzky Eyal , Sudakov Benny
Published: May 2012

Long paths and cycles in sparse random graphs and digraphs were studied intensively in the 1980's. It was finally shown by Frieze in 1986 that the random graph
\documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\mathcal{G}}(n,p)$\end{document}
with p = c/n has a cycle on at all but at most (1 + ε)ce−cn vertices with high probability, where ε = ε (c) → 0 as c → ∞. This estimate on the number of uncovered vertices is essentially tight due to vertices of degree 1. However, for the random digraph \documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\mathcal{D}}(n,p)$\end{document}
no tight result was known and the best estimate was a factor of c/2 away from the corresponding lower bound. In this work we close this gap and show that the random digraph \documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\mathcal{D}}(n,p)$\end{document}
with p = c/n has a cycle containing all but (2 + ε)e−cn vertices w.h.p., where ε = ε (c) → 0 as c → ∞. This is essentially tight since w.h.p. such a random digraph contains (2e−c − o(1))n vertices with zero in‐degree or out‐degree. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2013
Weighted enumeration of spanning subgraphs in locally tree‐like graphs
Authors: Salez Justin
Published: May 2012

Using the theory of negative association for measures and the notion of unimodularity for random weak limits of sparse graphs, we establish the validity of the cavity method for counting spanning subgraphs subject to local constraints in asymptotically tree‐like graphs. Specifically, the normalized logarithm of the associated partition function (free energy) is shown to converge along any sequence of graphs whose random weak limit is a tree, and the limit is directly expressed in terms of the unique solution to a limiting cavity equation. On a Galton–Watson tree, the latter simplifies into a recursive distributional equation which can be solved explicitly. As an illustration, we provide a new asymptotic formula for the maximum size of a b‐matching in the Erdős–Rényi random graph with fixed average degree and diverging size, for any
\documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$b\in\mathbb{N}$\end{document}. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that correlation inequalities and unimodularity are combined together to yield a general proof of uniqueness of Gibbs measures on infinite trees. We believe that a similar argument is applicable to other Gibbs measures than those over spanning subgraphs considered here. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2013
The Bohman‐Frieze process near criticality
Authors: Kang Mihyun , Perkins Will , Spencer Joel
Published: May 2012

The Erdős‐Rényi process begins with an empty graph on n vertices, with edges added randomly one at a time to the graph. A classical result of Erdős and Rényi states that the Erdős‐Rényi process undergoes a phase transition, which takes place when the number of edges reaches n/2 (we say at time 1) and a giant component emerges. Since this seminal work of Erdős and Rényi, various random graph models have been introduced and studied. In this paper we study the Bohman‐Frieze process, a simple modification of the Erdős‐Rényi process.

The Bohman‐Frieze process also begins with an empty graph onnvertices. At each step two random edges are presented, and if the first edge would join two isolated vertices, it is added to a graph; otherwise the second edge is added. We present several new results on the phase transition of the Bohman‐Frieze process. We show that it has a qualitatively similar phase transition to the Erdős‐Rényi process in terms of the size and structure of the components near the critical point. We prove that all components at timetc− ϵ (that is, when the number of edges are (tc− ϵ)n/2) are trees or unicyclic components and that the largest component is of size Ω(ϵ‐2logn). Further, attc+ ϵ, all components apart from the giant component are trees or unicyclic and the size of the second‐largest component is Θ(ϵ‐2logn). Each of these results corresponds to an analogous well‐known result for the Erdős‐Rényi process. Our proof techniques include combinatorial arguments, the differential equation method for random processes, and the singularity analysis of the moment generating function for the susceptibility, which satisfies a quasi‐linear partial differential equation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2013
Employment, job quality and social implications of the global crisis
Authors: Curci Federico , Rani Uma , Sekerler Richiardi Pelin
Published: May 2012

Sluggish recovery of employment after the crisis and worsening job quality. Poverty and inequality on the rise in advanced economies. The sluggish recovery of employment from the crisis is worsened by continuing economic slowdown. Progress in reducing poverty was hampered in many developing countries and the upwards trend in poverty was clear‐cut in the developed world.
Employment protection and industrial relations: Recent trends and labour market impact
Authors: Cazes Sandrine , Khatiwada Sameer , Malo Miguel Angel
Published: May 2012

The chapter documents recent reforms in employment regulations, employment protection and collective bargaining and assesses the employment effects ‐ both in terms of job quantity and quality ‐ of these measures.
Fiscal consolidation and employment growth
Authors: Escudero Verónica , Mourelo Elva López
Published: May 2012

This chapter assesses the magnitude and nature of the fiscal consolidation challenge. Indeed, while fiscal unbalances need to be addressed in the near term, countries are facing the challenge of doing so without damaging further recovery prospects and in turn public finances. In this regard, the chapter examines the evolution of fiscal balances and the recent build‐up of public debt. In addition, it provides an analysis of the sustainability of public debt, putting emphasis on the medium‐term effects. Moreover, the chapter looks at the recent austerity measures governments are taking with a view to consolidating public finances, so as to illustrate the manner in which governments intend to raise revenue and how they attempt to reduce expenditures during 2012. Finally, the chapter assesses the important employment and social implications of poorly designed fiscal cuts to shed light on how fiscal and employment goals can be achieved together.
Investing in a sustainable recovery
Authors: Corley Marva , Samaan Daniel
Published: May 2012

The chapter analyses global investment trends before and after the economic crisis of 2008 ‐ 2010 and investigates the relationship between employment and real investment. A focus is laid upon the impact of uncertainty on investment activity and employment outcomes. The chapter finds that investors’ perception of uncertainty has been increasing over the last decades and so has the volatility of real investment for many advanced countries. Using a vector autoregression, the impact of increasing uncertainty on investment and employment is quantified and shows that significant gains in terms of investment and employment could be achieved if economic uncertainty could be reduced. In response to the uncertain environment many firms have been significantly increasing their cash holdings and continue to hold back large investments.
Full Report ‐ World of Work Report 2012: Better jobs for a better economy
Authors:   International Labour Organization
Published: May 2012

This publication provides a comprehensive analysis of recent labour market and social trends, assesses risks of social unrest and presents employment projections for the next five years. The report emphasises that while employment has begun to recover slowly, job quality is deteriorating and there is a growing sense of unfairness. Moreover, given the pressure on governments to rein in expenditure, policy efforts have focused on structural reforms to boost employment creation. However, if policy instruments are not carefully designed, they could exacerbate the employment situation and aggravate further equity concerns, with potentially long‐lasting adverse consequences for both the economy and society.

This report calls for a carefully designed policy approach that takes into consideration the urgent need to create quality jobs while at the same time laying the ground for a more productive, fairer economy and labour market.
Octonionic black holes
Authors: Bossard Guillaume
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Using algebraic tools inspired by the study of nilpotent orbits in simple Lie algebras, we obtain a large class of solutions describing interacting non-BPS black holes in
$ \mathcal{N} = 8 $
supergravity, which depend on 44 harmonic functions. For this purpose, we consider a truncation
$ {E_{{{6}({6})}}}/S{p_{\text{c}}}\left( {8,\mathbb{R}} \right) \subset {E_{{{8}({8})}}}/{\text{Spin}}_{\text{c}}^{ * }\left( {16} \right) $
of the non-linear sigma model describing stationary solutions of the theory, which permits a reduction of algebraic computations to the multiplication of 27 by 27 matrices. The lift to
$ \mathcal{N} = 8 $
supergravity is then carried out without loss of information by using a pertinent representation of the moduli parametrizing E7(7)/SUc (8) in terms of complex valued Hermitian matrices over the split octonions, which generalise the projective coordinates of exceptional special K¨ahler manifolds. We extract the electromagnetic charges, mass and angular momenta of the solutions, and exhibit the duality invariance of the black holes distance separations. We discuss in particular a new type of interaction which appears when interacting non-BPS black holes are not aligned. Finally we will explain the possible generalisations toward the description of the most general stationary black hole solutions of
$ \mathcal{N} = 8 $
supergravity.
Holographic phase diagram of quark-gluon plasma formed in heavy-ion collisions
Authors: Aref’eva I. Y. , Bagrov A. A. , Pozdeeva E. O.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

We use a holographic dual model for the heavy-ion collision to obtain the phase diagram of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formed at a very early stage just after the collision. In this dual model, colliding ions are described by the charged gravitational shock waves. Points on the phase diagram correspond to the QGP or hadronic matter with given temperatures and chemical potentials. The phase of the QGP in dual terms is related to the case where the collision of shock waves leads to the formation of a trapped surface. Hadronic matter and other confined states correspond to the absence of a trapped surface after collision. In the dual language, the multiplicity of the ion collision process is estimated as the area of the trapped surface. We show that a nonzero chemical potential reduces the multiplicity. To plot the phase diagram, we use two different dual models of colliding ions, the pointlike and the wall shock waves, and find that the results agree qualitatively.
Rigid supersymmetric theories in 4d Riemannian space
Authors: Samtleben Henning , Tsimpis Dimitrios
Published: May 2012

Abstract

We consider rigid supersymmetric theories in four-dimensional Riemannian spin manifolds. We build the Lagrangian directly in Euclidean signature from the outset, keeping track of potential boundary terms. We reformulate the conditions for supersymmetry as a set of conditions on the torsion classes of a suitable SU(2) or trivial G-structure. We illustrate the formalism with a number of examples including supersymmetric backgrounds with non-vanishing Weyl tensor.
Structural studies of the TGF‐βs and their receptors – insights into evolution of the TGF‐β superfamily
Authors: Hinck Andrew P.
Published: May 2012

TGF‐βs are small secreted signaling proteins that function as vital regulators of cellular growth and differentiation. They signal through a single pair of receptors, known as TβR‐I and TβR‐II, and are among the most recently evolved members of the signaling superfamily to which they belong. This review provides an overview of the TGF‐β, BMP, and activin receptor complexes that have been determined over the past several years. These structures underscore the shared ancestry of the TGF‐βs with the BMPs and activins, but also provide insight as to how the TGF‐βs diverged from the BMPs and activins to bind and assemble their receptors in a distinct manner. These distinctive modes of receptor binding engender the TGF‐βs with high specificity for their receptors and allow them to fulfill their essential functions in vivo without interference from the many other proteins of the superfamily.
A New Multi-disciplinary Rehabilitation Outcome Checklist for the Rehabilitation of Total Knee and Total Hip Replacement Patients
Authors: Raymond Wong Nang-Man , Wai-Ling Cheung , Chi-Keung Ng , Kai-Kit Wong , See-Wai Lau , Tim Hung
Published: May 2012

Use of clinical pathways in the rehabilitation of total knee and total hip replacement patients is on an increasing trend. However, in the literatures there was no universally agreed assessment and auditing method on the outcome of these clinical pathways. We created a new multidisciplinary rehabilitation outcome checklist (MROC) to evaluate and audit the outcome of our patients after total joint replacement. MROC was applied in 96 total knee and 18 total hip replacement patients. The compliance rate of MROC was 100%. Most of the treatment goals of the clinical pathways were found to be fulfilled. The MROC provides an easy-to-use, free-of-charge, and tailor-made checklist for the evaluation and auditing purpose.
Large eddy simulations of turbulent Couette–Poiseuille and Couette flows inside a square duct
Authors: Hsu Hsin-Wei , Hsu Jian-Bin , Lo Wei , Lin Chao-An
Published: May 2012

Turbulent Couette–Poiseuille and Couette flows at different mean strain rates (velocity ratio of Couette wall to bulk flow, $r= 0. 6$–$3. 15$), in a square duct at a bulk Reynolds number $\approx $10 000 are investigated by large eddy simulation. The numerical framework consists of a finite-volume method with a staggered-grid arrangement of dependent variables. Spatial derivatives are approximated using second-order centred differencing, and a fractional-step method is used for temporal integration. Simulations are conducted with $160\ensuremath{\times} 160\ensuremath{\times} 256$ grids. Secondary flow near the Couette wall shows a gradual change of vortex size and position as the moving wall velocity increased, where the two clockwise rotating vortices gradually merge in tandem with speed of the moving wall and form a large clockwise vortex. A linear relation is observed to exist between the angle of the two vortices and the parameter $r$, and the angle saturates beyond $r\ensuremath{\sim} 2. 06$. Also, at $0. 6\lt r\lt 1. 6$, together with a small counter-clockwise corner vortex, this vortex pattern is similar to that observed in the corner region of the duct flow with a free surface. The change of the vortex patterns also influences the dominant transport terms in the streamwise vorticity transport equation. Near the moving wall due to the reduction of the streamwise velocity fluctuation at the moving wall, turbulence structure gradually moves towards a rod-like axisymmetric turbulence, and as $r$ increases beyond $1. 2$, turbulence reverts to the disc-like structure.
Three-dimensional effects in hovering flapping flight
Authors: Jardin T. , Farcy A. , David L.
Published: May 2012

This paper aims at understanding the influence of three-dimensional effects in hovering flapping flight. Numerical simulations at a Reynolds number of 1000 are performed to compare two types of flapping kinematics whose plunging phase is characterized by either a rectilinear translation or a revolving motion. In this way, we are able to isolate the three-dimensional effects induced by the free end condition from that induced by the spanwise incident velocity gradient (and the associated implicit Coriolis and centrifugal effects). In the rectilinear translation case, the analysis of the wake and of the aerodynamic loads reveals that the wingspan can be compartmented into three distinct regions whether it is predominantly subjected to an unstable two-dimensional flow, a stable three-dimensional flow or both two-dimensional and three-dimensional effects. It is found that this partitioning exhibits common features for three different aspect ratios of the wing. In conjunction with the previous results of Ringuette, Milano & Gharib (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 581, 2007, pp. 453–468), this suggests that the influence of the tip vortex over the wingspan is driven by a characteristic length scale. In addition, this length scale matches the position of the connecting point between leading and tip vortices observed in the revolving case, providing insight into the connecting process. In both translating and revolving cases, leading edge vortex attachment and strong spanwise velocities are found to be strongly correlated phenomena. Spanwise velocities (that mostly confine at the periphery of the vortices), together with downward velocities, do not only affect the leading edge vortex but also act as an inhibitor for the trailing edge vortex growth. As a consequence, cross-wake interactions between leading and trailing edge vortices are locally limited, hence contributing to flow stabilization.
Reactive-infiltration instabilities in rocks. Fracture dissolution
Authors: Szymczak Piotr , Ladd Anthony J. C.
Published: May 2012

A reactive fluid dissolving the surface of a uniform fracture will trigger an instability in the dissolution front, leading to spontaneous formation of pronounced well-spaced channels in the surrounding rock matrix. Although the underlying mechanism is similar to the wormhole instability in porous rocks there are significant differences in the physics, due to the absence of a steadily propagating reaction front. In previous work we have described the geophysical implications of this instability in regard to the formation of long conduits in soluble rocks. Here we describe a more general linear stability analysis, including axial diffusion, transport-limited dissolution, nonlinear kinetics, and a finite-length system.
SHARP ESTIMATES FOR FUNCTIONS OF BOUNDED LOWER OSCILLATION
Authors: OSȨKOWSKI ADAM
Published: May 2012

Let f:ℝ→ℝ be a locally integrable function of bounded lower oscillation. The paper contains the proofs of sharp strong-type, weak-type and exponential estimates for the mean oscillation of f. In particular, this yields the precise value of the norm of the embedding BLO⊂BMOp, 1≤p<∞. Higher-dimensional analogues for anisotropic BLO spaces are also established.
ON THE GROUND STATE OF SPIN-1 BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATES WITH AN EXTERNAL IOFFE–PITCHARD MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: LUO WEI , LÜ ZHONGXUE , LIU ZUHAN
Published: May 2012

In this paper, we prove the existence of the ground state for the spinor Bose–Einstein condensates with an external Ioffe–Pitchard magnetic field in the one-dimensional case. We also characterise the ground states of spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensates with an external Ioffe–Pitchard magnetic field; that is, for ferromagnetic systems, we show that, under some condition, searching for the ground state of ferromagnetic spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensates with an external Ioffe–Pitchard magnetic field can be reduced to a ‘one-component’ minimisation problem.
Metabolic programming of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression by moderate energy restriction during gestation in rats may be related to obesity susceptibility in later life
Authors: Palou Mariona , Priego Teresa , Sánchez Juana , Palou Andreu , Picó Catalina
Published: May 2012

In rats, 20 % gestational energy restriction programmes offspring for higher food intake, which in adulthood results in higher body weight in males but not in females. Here, we aimed to assess whether the effects of moderate energy restriction during gestation and the sex-related outcomes on adult body weight may be related to the metabolic programming of sirtuin expression in different tissues. For this purpose, 25-d-old offspring of control and 20 % energy-restricted (ER) rats (from days 1–12 of pregnancy) were studied. Body weight and the weight of white adipose tissue (WAT) depots and liver were recorded and mRNA expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and selected genes in the WAT, liver, muscle and hypothalamus were analysed. No differences were found in body weight or the weight of WAT and liver between the control and ER animals. A similar pattern ofSIRT1mRNA expression was found in the WAT, liver and skeletal muscle of ER animals, but in a sex-dependent manner: ER males showed lowerSIRT1mRNA levels than the controls, while no differences were found in females. A sex-different pattern was also observed in the hypothalamus. ER males, but not females, also showed lower mRNA levels of adipose TAG lipase (ATGL) and uncoupling protein 2 in WAT and of sterol response element binding protein 1c and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 in the liver. Both sexes of ER animals showed lower mRNA levels of 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase andATGLin the liver. In conclusion, moderate maternal energy restriction during gestation programmes a particular, sex-dependent gene expression profile ofSIRT1in different peripheral tissues, which may be related to obesity predisposition in adulthood; thereforeSIRT1expression emerges as a potential early biomarker of obesity susceptibility.
Dispelling the Myth of the Naive Investor during the British Railway Mania, 1845–1846
Authors: Campbell Gareth , Turner John D.
Published: May 2012

Anecdotal evidence from the British Railway Mania and other historical financial bubbles suggests that many investors during such episodes are naive, thus contributing to the asset price boom. Using extensive investor records, we find that very few investors during the Railway Mania can be categorized as such. Although some interpretations of the Mania suggest that naive investors were expropriated by railway insiders, our evidence is inconsistent with this view as railway insiders contributed substantial amounts of capital, and their investments performed no better than those made by other experienced investors.
Creating Knowledge Networks: Spanish Multinational Publishers in Mexico
Authors: Fernández-Moya María
Published: May 2012

Unlike the majority of Spanish multinationals, which have developed only recently, firms in the publishing industry became international in the early twentieth century and have managed to hold on to much of their business, despite the instability of their own institutional systems and those of their principal host economies. Today, the Spanish publishing industry ranks fourth in the world, and its foreign markets continue to grow in North America, Europe, Latin America, and, most critically, in Mexico. The internationalization of Spanish publishing firms was fueled initially by a search for new markets and by linguistic and cultural advantages. With the passage of time, the process came to be built on accumulated knowledge and on the personal and social networks created by Spanish publishers, both inside and outside Spain.
Operations Research vis-à-vis Management at Arthur D. Little and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1950s
Authors: Thomas William
Published: May 2012

This article examines the establishment of the field of operations research (OR) at the Arthur D. Little consulting firm and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. OR advocates envisioned the field as a new kind of bureaucratic organ dedicated to general studies of business problems, staffed by trained scientists who could employ sophisticated methods if needed. The crux of their promotional strategy was to use their appreciation of general managerial practice to overcome the tensions to be expected from their claims to apply generic scientific methods to nonscientific activities. However, they discounted possible intellectual competition with established professions. This competition ultimately confined OR's identity to a jurisdiction defined by novel mathematical techniques.
The genetics of environmental variation of dry matter grain yield in maize
Authors: YANG YE , SCHÖN CHRIS-CAROLIN , SORENSEN DANIEL
Published: May 2012

Dry matter grain yield per plot from three genetically homogeneous single-cross maize hybrids were analysed to investigate whether environmental variance depends on genotype. Three genotypes were tested at 20 locations in 3 years. The data were analysed using a non-parametric approach and fully parametric Bayesian models. Both analyses reveal effects of genotype on environmental variation. The Bayesian analyses indicate that genotype by location–year interactions are the most important effects acting at the level of the mean. The best-fitting Bayesian model is one postulating genotype by location–year interactions acting on the mean and main effects of genotype and of location–year on the variance. Despite the detection of genotypic effects acting on the variance, location–year effects constitute the biggest relative source of variance heterogeneity.
Effect of beam pre-bunching on gain and efficiency in a surface wave-pumped free electron laser
Authors: SHARMA SURESH C. , SHARMA JYOTSNA , BHASIN ANURADHA , WALIA RITU
Published: May 2012

A pre-bunched relativistic electron beam (REB) counter-propagating to the surface wave in the vacuum region Compton backscatters the surface wave into a high-frequency coherent radiation. Plasma supports the surface wave that acquires a large wave number k0z around pump wave frequency $\omega _0 = {{\omega _p } {/ {\vphantom {{\omega _p } {\sqrt 2 }}} \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt 2 }}$, where ωp is the plasma frequency. The surface wave extends into the vacuum region and can be employed as a wiggler for the generation of sub-millimeter waves. The growth rate, efficiency, and gain were evaluated based on experimentally known parameters relevant to free electron laser (FEL). It was found that the growth rate, efficiency, and gain of the surface wave-pumped FEL increase with the modulation index Δ, which has the maximum value when approaching unity in addition to when the frequency and wave number of the pre-bunched beam are comparable to that of the radiation wave, i.e., ω01 ~ ω1 and k01 ~ k1. The growth rate of FEL instability scales as one-third power of beam density in the Compton regime.
Propagation of an ultrashort, high-intensity laser pulse in gas-target plasma
Authors: WANG XIAOFANG , WANG GUANGHUI , MA ZHANNAN , DONG KEGONG , ZHU BIN , WU YUCHI , GU YUQIU
Published: May 2012

For high-energy gain of electron acceleration by a laser wakefield, a stable or guiding propagation of an ultrashort, high-intensity laser pulse in a gas-target plasma is of fundamental importance. Preliminary experiments were carried out for the propagation of 30-fs, ~100-TW laser pulses of intensities ~1019W/cm2in plasma of densities ~1019/cm3. Self-guiding length of nearly 1.4 mm was observed in a gas jet and 15 mm in a hydrogen-filled capillary. Fluid-dynamics simulations are used to characterize the two types of gas targets. Particle-in-cell simulations indicate that in the plasma, after the pulse's evolution of self-focusing and over-focusing, the high-intensity pulse could be stably guided with a beam radius close to the plasma wavelength. At lower plasma densities, a preformed plasma channel of a parabolic density profile matched to the laser spot size would be efficient for guiding the pulse.