bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fisheries Management
Authors: Pauly Daniel , Froese Rainer
Published: September 2014

Fisheries management is the set of science‐based procedures used by government institutions to regulate fishers' access to fisheries resources; this involves temporal and spatial restrictions on the deployment of fishing gear, restrictions on features of these gear and constraints on the species and size composition of the catch, and its overall magnitude. The traditional goal of fisheries management was to achieve maximum sustainable yields. Maximum economic yields are obtained with slightly lower catches from larger fish stocks. Modern fisheries management aims for minimising the impact of fishing on the ecosystem and considers trophic interactions when determining catch levels. A new challenge is the assessment and management of data‐limited fish stocks, which constitute about three‐fourth of the exploited stocks.

Key Concepts:

Fish stocks must be maintained above levels that allow them to produce the maximum sustainable yield.

Mortality caused by fishing may not exceed the rate of mortality from natural causes such as predation, diseases or old age.

The size at first capture must be chosen such that fish can realise their potential for growth and reproduction.

Species with important ecosystem functions, such as forage fish, must be fished less.

Government subsidies to fisheries, by reducing the cost of fishing, allows fishing to continue even when fish stocks are depleted; reducing subsides to fisheries thus contributes to fishery sustainability.

Aquaculture can contribute to the global fish supply, but not when carnivorous fish are farmed, as they consume more fish than they produce.
Clinical Genetic Services in the United Kingdom
Authors: Fryer Alan
Published: September 2014

The aim of clinical genetic services is to help individuals or families with, or at risk of, conditions which may have a genetic basis to live and reproduce as normally as possible. In the UK, such specialist genetic services have, in general, developed as a network of regional genetics centres of which there are 23 (17 in England, 1 in Wales, 1 in Northern Ireland and 4 in Scotland) that serve populations of between 650 000 and 5 million people. Clinical geneticists work within these centres in multidisciplinary teams together with genetic counsellors and laboratory scientists. The clinical services are delivered through a network of central and district clinics and, in some cases, joint clinics with other specialists. Each centre also has a vital role in education as the relevance of genetics and genomics to all branches of medicine increases. Each centre also plays a key role in research, sometime initiating studies and sometimes recruiting their patients to multi‐centre surveillance studies and clinical trials.

Key Concepts:

Clinical genetic services are organised on a regional geographical basis.

Each centre has multidisciplinary working.

There are regional differences in practice and some differences between the four UK countries.

Mainstreaming genetic knowledge and skills to other clinicians is an important and increasing activity.

National standards have been developed and are developing to provide a high quality service.
Protein Structure Prediction and Databases
Authors: Kalinina Olga V , Lengauer Thomas
Published: September 2014

Three‐dimensional structures of proteins are the key to understanding their molecular function. Most reliably protein structures are determined by experiment. Recent advances in experimental techniques have lead to a large increase in numbers of both protein sequences and 3D structures. Yet, the number of experimentally resolved proteins 3D structures is three orders of magnitude lower than that of sequences. This calls for computer support of protein structure prediction. Today several databases complement the comparatively small set of experimentally resolved protein structures with much larger sets of protein models generated by computer.

Key Concepts:

Protein structure prediction relies heavily on the experimental data on protein structures; the volume of such data is the prime determinant for the quality of protein structure predictions.

The three major types of methods for protein structure prediction are homology, or template‐based modelling; fold recognition, or threading;
de novo
, or
ab initio
prediction.

Homology modelling is the most reliable class of methods, but require experimental knowledge of a structure of a homologous – and thus structurally similar – protein, called the template.

Sensitive sequence similarity search tools are used for detection of potential templates.

The protein structure is modelled step‐wise: (1) aligning the target protein to the template, (2) placing the aligned target residues onto their respective template residues, (3) placing the side chains of nonconserved residues, healing backbone breaks and modelling loops that form gaps in the alignment, and (4) refining the model.

The two most popular computational tools for homology modelling are MODELLER and SWISS‐MODEL; the two protein model databases based on them are ModBase and the SWISS‐MODEL Repository, respectively.

The Protein Modelling Portal unites data from these and other databases, and provides an independent system for model evaluation called CAMEO.
Direct‐to‐Consumer Genetic Testing
Authors: Kalokairinou Louiza , Howard Heidi C , Borry Pascal
Published: September 2014

Currently, a wide variety of genetic tests are offered direct‐to‐consumer (DTC), often without involving a healthcare professional. The potential benefits and harms of such tests have caused controversy; proponents stress the right to genetic information and consumer empowerment, while concerns include the questionable scientific quality and utility of tests and potential harmful health decisions taken in the absence of medical supervision and genetic counselling. Studies indicate that despite the relatively low public awareness regarding such services, consumers value genetic information and their motivation for buying such tests ranges from acquiring health‐related information to satisfying curiosity. Furthermore, healthcare professionals seem to be sceptical regarding this provision model and the utility of some tests. The ongoing revision of European legislation regarding, among others, genetic testing, and recent regulatory action taken against a genetic testing company in the US indicate that DTC genetic testing landscape may change significantly in the future.

Key Concepts:

Over the last decade, commercial companies have been offering health‐related and non‐health‐related tests direct‐to‐consumer (DTC), often without the involvement of healthcare providers.

Various aspects of DTC genetic testing have caused concerns among numerous healthcare professionals, policy makers and consumers, however, this provision model has also gained supporters.

Consumers’ motivations for using such services may vary widely.

Healthcare providers seem, to some degree, sceptical regarding DTC genetic testing.

The Food and Drug Administration recently adopted a stricter position regarding the regulation of DTC genetic testing, by requiring the company 23andMe to provide evidence of safety and efficacy of its personal genome service.

The ongoing revision of the EU Directive on
in vitro
diagnostic medical devices is expected to have, among others, an important impact on the European DTC genetic testing landscape.
Tubulin and FtsZ Superfamily of Protein Assembly Machines
Authors: Oliva María A , Andreu José M
Published: September 2014

Eukaryotic αβ‐tubulin and bacterial FtsZ self‐assemble into dynamic cytoskeletal polymers, microtubules or filaments, which are essential for chromosome segregation or bacterial cell division, respectively. Both share homologous core structures with
guanosine‐5'‐triphosphate (GTP)
‐binding and GTPase‐activating domains joined by a central helix, and form similar protofilaments with 4 nm spaced subunits along them. During assembly, the GTPase‐activating domain of one subunit associates with the GTP binding domain of the preceding subunit, completing the active site. GTP hydrolysis triggers disassembly, which is coupled to free subunits switching into inactive conformation. Microtubule dynamics is inhibited by anticancer drugs binding near tubulin assembly interfaces. FtsZ is a target for new antibiotics discovery; several bacterial division inhibitors bind between FtsZ domains or at its GTP site. Other proteins in this superfamily include: gamma‐tubulin that is essential for microtubule organisation; bacterial tubulin, a primitive structural homologue; and recently discovered TubZ, distant homologue employed by plasmids and phages for
deoxyribonucleic acid
positioning.

Key Concepts:

Tubulin superfamily proteins share a common fold within two domains that is different from other GTPases.

They assemble into microtubules and other different types of dynamic cytoskeletal filaments.

GTP hydrolysis is activated upon assembly and triggers disassembly.

Tubulin homologues spread among most organisms, where they are central to essential functions including DNA segregation or cell division.

They have important biomedical implications. Several effective antitumor drugs work by impairing microtubule dynamics. FtsZ is a target for new antibiotics.
Solid‐Phase Extraction
Authors: Hackett Jeffery
Published: September 2014

Scientists who have employed liquid–liquid extractions (LLE) in the past have pondered why we should consider using solid‐phase extraction (SPE) in place of LLE. In this article, SPE as a sample preparation technique will be explored through its history and applications. SPE allows the analyst to use lower sample quantities and lower solvent volumes. Lower sample volumes are possible because higher efficiency lower bed volume devices are available and in specific cases sample volumes of 100 uL or less can be used. The reduced volume columns allow elution in smaller volumes of solvent, which can be dried down quickly, which is very important today. Laboratory personnel need to be mindful of solvent usage, as it costs more to dispose of solvents than it does to buy them, especially in the case of chlorinated hydrocarbons. This discussion explores not only the methodologies and instrumentation used in SPE.
On Eliciting Intelligence from Human Sources: Contextualizing the Scharff‐Technique
Authors: Oleszkiewicz Simon , Granhag Pär Anders , Kleinman Steven M.
Published: September 2014

Three techniques for eliciting intelligence from human sources were examined. Two versions of the Scharff‐technique (conceptualized as four tactics) were compared against the Direct Approach (open and direct questions). The Scharff confirmation technique used correct claims to elicit information, and the Scharff disconfirmation/confirmation technique used a mix of correct and incorrect claims. The participants (N = 119) took the role of ‘sources’ holding information about a terrorist attack and tried not to reveal too much or too little information during an interview. The Scharff confirmation resulted in more new information than the Scharff disconfirmation/confirmation and the Direct Approach. The sources in the Scharff conditions had a more difficult time reading the interviewer's information objectives. The sources in the Scharff conditions underestimated, whereas sources in the Direct Approach overestimated, how much new information they revealed. The study advances previous work and shows that the Scharff‐technique is a promising intelligence gathering technique. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Experience and Disuse on Crossword Solving
Authors: Moxley Jerad H. , Ericsson K. Anders , Scheiner Aaron , Tuffiash Michael
Published: September 2014

At the annual American Crossword Puzzle Tournament, participants filled out a questionnaire about their experience with crossword solving and related activities for every year since they began solving crossword puzzles. This study focused on the role of crossword‐solving disruptions in influencing objective performance at the tournament. The number of breaks (a period of at least a year without crossword solving) predicted decreases in current performance, and the more time since the last break predicted increased performance. The effects of different types of experience on crossword performance are discussed with respect to their influence on performance, such as regular leisure engagement in crossword solving and more focused efforts to improve particular aspects of performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To swaddle, or not to swaddle? paleoepidemiology of developmental dysplasia of the hip and the swaddling dilemma among the indigenous populations of North America
Authors: Blatt Samantha H.
Published: September 2014

Objectives

Clinical prevalence of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is high among modern indigenous populations of North America, yet no systematic study of the paleoepidemiology of this group exists. This study discusses the skeletal criteria, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors of DDH. A range of cases of DDH from an archaeological Native American population are described and the clinical and prehistoric prevalence of DDH among indigenous populations of North America are calculated and discussed within a biocultural perspective.

Methods

Pelves of 390 adults from the Late Prehistoric (1490 B.P. ± 70) Buffalo site, West Virginia, were examined for DDH. Morphology of true and false acetabula was classified and other changes of the pelvis, lower limb, and spine were noted along with cranial deformation, providing evidence of infant restriction. Prevalence of DDH among living and archaeological indigenous peoples of North America were calculated and compared. Cranial deformation was assessed as evidence for swaddling.

Results

DDH was identified in 18 adults from Buffalo, resulting in a minimum prevalence of 46.15 per 1,000, within the range reported in modern indigenous groups in North America. Most, but not all, of the DDH cases were associated with cranial deformation, but not all cases of cranial deformation were associated with DDH.

Conclusions

The etiology of DDH suggests that components of both genetic predisposition and swaddling practices have combined to create a high‐risk environment for the development of DDH, contributing to high prevalence within archaeological populations, like Buffalo, and modern Indigenous groups of North America. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:116–128, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impacts of climate change on the distribution of Sichuan snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Shennongjia area, China
Authors: Luo Zhenhua , Zhou Surong , Yu Wendi , Yu Huiliang , Yang Jingyuan , Tian Yanhong , Zhao Mian , Wu Hua
Published: September 2014

Understanding the effects of climate change on primate ranging patterns is crucial for conservation planning. Rhinopithecus roxellana is an endangered primate species distributed in mountainous forests at the elevation of 1500–3500 m a.s.l. in China. Our study site, the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, represents the eastern‐most distribution of this species. This area has experienced significant habitat loss and fragmentation because of human population growth, increased farming and logging, and climate change. To estimate how changes in temperature and rainfall will affect the presumed future distribution of this species, we examined eco‐geographic factors including bioclimate, habitat (vegetation type, landcover, etc.), topography, and human impact (human population, gross domestic product, etc.), and provide suggestions for management and conservation. We used a maximum entropy approach to predict the location and distribution of habitats suitable for R. roxellana in the present, 2020, 2050, and 2080 based on 33 environmental parameters, three general circulation models, three emissions scenarios, and two dispersal hypotheses. According to the ensemble modeling, we found range reductions of almost 30% by 2020, 70% by 2050, and over 80% by 2080. Although no obvious differences were found in distribution change based on full and zero dispersal assumptions, our results revealed range reductions in response to elevational, latitudinal, and longitudinal gradients, with the monkeys forced to migrate to higher elevations over time. Bioclimte factors, such as temperature, precipitation, evapo‐transpiration, and aridity condition, were dominant contributors to range shifting. As habitat loss due to human influence and climate change is likely to be even more severe in the future, we considered three conservation hot‐spots in the Shennongjia area and recommended: (i) securing existing reserves and establishing new reserves, (ii) re‐designing management systems to include the Shenongjia reserve and the surrounding reserves and highlighting ecosystem protection at higher elevations, and (iii) using finer‐scale research to guide the conservation planning and education in order to enhance protection and awareness in the local community. National and provincial conservation policies should integrate projections of climate change in making effective conservation strategies. Am. J. Primatol. 77:135–151, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Where to nest? Ecological determinants of chimpanzee nest abundance and distribution at the habitat and tree species scale
Authors: Carvalho Joana S. , Meyer Christoph F. J. , Vicente Luis , Marques Tiago A.
Published: September 2014

Conversion of forests to anthropogenic land‐uses increasingly subjects chimpanzee populations to habitat changes and concomitant alterations in the plant resources available to them for nesting and feeding. Based on nest count surveys conducted during the dry season, we investigated nest tree species selection and the effect of vegetation attributes on nest abundance of the western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus, at Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park (LCNP), Guinea‐Bissau, a forest‐savannah mosaic widely disturbed by humans. Further, we assessed patterns of nest height distribution to determine support for the anti‐predator hypothesis. A zero‐altered generalized linear mixed model showed that nest abundance was negatively related to floristic diversity (exponential form of the Shannon index) and positively with the availability of smaller‐sized trees, reflecting characteristics of dense‐canopy forest. A positive correlation between nest abundance and floristic richness (number of plant species) and composition indicated that species‐rich open habitats are also important in nest site selection. Restricting this analysis to feeding trees, nest abundance was again positively associated with the availability of smaller‐sized trees, further supporting the preference for nesting in food tree species from dense forest. Nest tree species selection was non‐random, and oil palms were used at a much lower proportion (10%) than previously reported from other study sites in forest‐savannah mosaics. While this study suggests that human disturbance may underlie the exclusive arboreal nesting at LCNP, better quantitative data are needed to determine to what extent the construction of elevated nests is in fact a response to predators able to climb trees. Given the importance of LCNP as refuge for Pan t. verus our findings can improve conservation decisions for the management of this important umbrella species as well as its remaining suitable habitats. Am. J. Primatol. 77:186–199, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
State Selectivity and Dynamics in Dissociative Electron Attachment to CF3I Revealed through Velocity Slice Imaging
Authors: Ómarsson Frímann H. , Mason Nigel J. , Krishnakumar E. , Ingólfsson Oddur
Published: September 2014

In light of its substantially more environmentally friendly nature, CF3I is currently being considered as a replacement for the highly potent global‐warming gas CF4, which is used extensively in plasma processing. In this context, we have studied the electron‐driven dissociation of CF3I to form CF3− and I, and we compare this process to the corresponding photolysis channel. By using the velocity slice imaging (VSI) technique we can visualize the complete dynamics of this process and show that electron‐driven dissociation proceeds from the same initial parent state as the corresponding photolysis process. However, in contrast to photolysis, which leads nearly exclusively to the 2P1/2 excited state of iodine, electron‐induced dissociation leads predominantly to the 2P3/2 ground state. We believe that the changed spin state of the negative ion allows an adiabatic dissociation through a conical intersection, whereas this path is efficiently repressed by a required spin flip in the photolysis process.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Enantioselective Allylic Substitution of Silyl Dienolates Derived from Dioxinones
Authors: Chen Ming , Hartwig John F.
Published: September 2014

Reported herein is the iridium‐catalyzed regio‐ and enantioselective allylic substitution reactions of unstabilized silyl dienolates derived from dioxinones. Asymmetric allylic substitution of a variety of allylic trichloroethyl carbonates with these silyl dienolates gave γ‐allylated products selectively in 60–84 % yield and 90–98 % ee.
Mechanistic Studies on the Rearrangement of 1‐Alkenyl‐2‐alkynylcyclopropanes: From Allylic Gold(I) Cations to Stable Carbocations
Authors: Tudela Eva , González Jairo , Vicente Rubén , Santamaría Javier , Rodríguez Miguel A. , Ballesteros Alfredo
Published: September 2014

An allylic gold(I) cation, proposed as key intermediate in the gold‐promoted rearrangement of 1,5‐enynes bearing a fixed conformation, has been detected and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, its participation in the overall transformation was confirmed. Computational studies indicate that the gold‐catalyzed transformation occurs through an uncommon rearrangement. Additionally, this study led us to isolate and characterize a stable homoantiaromatic carbocation.
π Aromaticity and Three‐Dimensional Aromaticity: Two sides of the Same Coin?
Authors: Poater Jordi , Solà Miquel , Viñas Clara , Teixidor Francesc
Published: September 2014

A bridge between classical organic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and closo borohydride clusters is established by showing that they share a common origin regulated by the number of valence electrons in an electronic confined space. Application of the proposed electronic confined space analogy (ECSA) method to archetypal PAHs leads to the conclusion that the 4n+2 Wade–Mingos rule for three‐dimensional closo boranes is equivalent to the (4n+2)π Hückel rule for two‐dimensional PAHs. More importantly, use of ECSA allows design of new interesting fused closo boranes which can be a source of inspiration for synthetic chemists.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Olefins for the Synthesis of α‐ and β‐Amino Acids
Authors: Yang Peng , Xu Haiyan , Zhou Jianrong (Steve)
Published: September 2014

The field of asymmetric (transfer) hydrogenation of prochiral olefins has been dominated by noble metal catalysts based on rhodium, ruthenium, and iridium. Herein we report that a simple nickel catalyst is highly active in the transfer hydrogenation using formic acid. Chiral α‐ and β‐amino acid derivatives were obtained in good to excellent enantioselectivity. The key toward success was the use of the strongly donating and sterically demanding bisphosphine Binapine.
De Novo 3D Structure Determination from Sub‐milligram Protein Samples by Solid‐State 100 kHz MAS NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Agarwal Vipin , Penzel Susanne , Szekely Kathrin , Cadalbert Riccardo , Testori Emilie , Oss Andres , Past Jaan , Samoson Ago , Ernst Matthias , Böckmann Anja , Meier Beat H.
Published: September 2014

Solid‐state NMR spectroscopy is an emerging tool for structural studies of crystalline, membrane‐associated, sedimented, and fibrillar proteins. A major limitation for many studies is still the large amount of sample needed for the experiments, typically several isotopically labeled samples of 10–20 mg each. Here we show that a new NMR probe, pushing magic‐angle sample rotation to frequencies around 100 kHz, makes it possible to narrow the proton resonance lines sufficiently to provide the necessary sensitivity and spectral resolution for efficient and sensitive proton detection. Using restraints from such spectra, a well‐defined de novo structure of the model protein ubiquitin was obtained from two samples of roughly 500 μg protein each. This proof of principle opens new avenues for structural studies of proteins available in microgram, or tens of nanomoles, quantities that are, for example, typically achieved for eukaryotic membrane proteins by in‐cell or cell‐free expression.
Remarkable Enhancement of Enantioselectivity in the Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Dimethylzinc to (Z)‐Nitroalkenes with a Catalytic [(MeCN)4Cu]PF6–Hoveyda Ligand Complex
Authors: Zeng Xingzhong , Gao Joe J. , Song Jinhua J. , Ma Shengli , Desrosiers Jean‐Nicolas , Mulder Jason A. , Rodriguez Sonia , Herbage Melissa A. , Haddad Nizar , Qu Bo , Fandrick Keith R. , Grinberg Nelu , Lee Heewon , Wei Xudong , Yee Nathan K. , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: September 2014

An enantioselective copper‐catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of Me2Zn to (Z)‐nitroalkenes led to the formation of all‐carbon quaternary stereogenic centers with high stereoselectivity. The key features of the new method are the unprecedented use of [(MeCN)4Cu]PF6 in conjunction with the Hoveyda ligand L1 and the use of (Z)‐nitroalkene substrates so that undesired nitroalkene isomerization is minimized and enantioselectivity is enhanced dramatically. We also describe a novel, practical, and highly (Z)‐selective nitroalkene synthesis.
Probing the Anticancer Mechanism of (−)‐Ainsliatrimer A through Diverted Total Synthesis and Bioorthogonal Ligation
Authors: Li Chao , Dong Ting , Li Qiang , Lei Xiaoguang
Published: September 2014

Herein, we report an efficient approach for exploring the novel anticancer mechanism of (−)‐ainsliatrimer A, a structurally complex and unique trimeric sesquiterpenoid, through a combined strategy of diverted total synthesis (DTS) and bioorthogonal ligation (TQ ligation), which allowed us to visualize the subcellular localization of this natural product in live cells. Further biochemical studies facilitated by pretarget imaging revealed that PPARγ, a nucleus receptor, was a functional cellular target of ainsliatrimer A. We also confirmed that the anticancer activity of ainsliatrimer A was caused by the activation of PPARγ.
Reactions in Nitroimidazole Triggered by Low‐Energy (0–2 eV) Electrons: Methylation at N1‐H Completely Blocks Reactivity
Authors: Tanzer Katrin , Feketeová Linda , Puschnigg Benjamin , Scheier Paul , Illenberger Eugen , Denifl Stephan
Published: September 2014

Low‐energy electrons (LEEs) at energies of less than 2 eV effectively decompose 4‐nitroimidazole (4NI) by dissociative electron attachment (DEA). The reactions include simple bond cleavages but also complex reactions involving multiple bond cleavages and formation of new molecules. Both simple and complex reactions are associated with pronounced sharp features in the anionic yields, which are interpreted as vibrational Feshbach resonances acting as effective doorways for DEA. The remarkably rich chemistry of 4NI is completely blocked in 1‐methyl‐4‐nitroimidazole (Me4NI), that is, upon methylation of 4NI at the N1 site. These remarkable results have also implications for the development of nitroimidazole based radiosensitizers in tumor radiation therapy.
Influence of the Auxiliary Acceptor on the Absorption Response and Photovoltaic Performance of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Wu ZhiFang , Li Xin , Li Jing , Hua JianLi , Ågren Hans , Tian He
Published: September 2014

Three new dyes with a 2‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)rhodanine (IDR‐I, ‐II, ‐III) electron acceptor as anchor were synthesized and applied to dye‐sensitized solar cells. We varied the bridging molecule to fine tune the electronic and optical properties of the dyes. It was demonstrated that incorporation of auxiliary acceptors effectively increased the molar extinction coefficient and extended the absorption spectra to the near‐infrared (NIR) region. Introduction of 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BTD) improved the performance by nearly 50 %. The best performance of the dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on IDR‐II reached 8.53 % (short‐circuit current density (Jsc)=16.73 mA cm−2, open‐circuit voltage (Voc)=0.71 V, fill factor (FF)=71.26 %) at AM 1.5 simulated sunlight. However, substitution of BTD with a group that featured the more strongly electron‐withdrawing thiadiazolo[3,4‐c]pyridine (PT) had a negative effect on the photovoltaic performance, in which IDR‐III‐based DSSCs showed the lowest efficiency of 4.02 %. We speculate that the stronger auxiliary acceptor acts as an electron trap, which might result in fast combination or hamper the electron transfer from donor to acceptor. This inference was confirmed by electrical impedance analysis and theoretical computations. Theoretical analysis indicates that the LUMO of IDR‐III is mainly localized at the central acceptor group owing to its strong electron‐withdrawing character, which might in turn trap the electron or hamper the electron transfer from donor to acceptor, thereby finally decreasing the efficiency of electron injection into a TiO2 semiconductor. This result inspired us to select moderated auxiliary acceptors to improve the performance in our further study.
Melamine as an Effective Supramolecular Modifier and Stabilizer in a Nanotube‐Constituted Supergel
Authors: Xing Pengyao , Chu Xiaoxiao , Ma Mingfang , Li Shangyang , Hao Aiyou
Published: September 2014

Self‐assembly of N‐fluorenyl‐9‐methoxycarbonyl glutamic acid (Fmoc‐Glu) in water generates metastable single‐wall nanotubes. These nanotubes entangle and bundle together to form unstable gels that shrink with time and finally result in lamellar crystalline precipitates. Melamine (Mm) was employed as a supramolecular modifier and stabilizer to improve the stability of the nanotubes. Mm interacts with the carboxyl‐rich surfaces of the nanotubes via H‐bonds and static electronic forces to diminish the high affinity of individual nanotubes and facilitate Fmoc‐Glu supergelation (critical gelation concentration <0.1 wt %). Although the basic process of nanotube formation is not disturbed, Mm inverts the supramolecular helicity of nanotubes from P to M.
Origins of the Enantio‐ and N/O Selectivity in the Primary‐Amine‐Catalyzed Hydroxyamination of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds with In‐Situ‐Formed Nitrosocarbonyl Compounds: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Zhang Long , Xu Changming , Mi Xueling , Luo Sanzhong
Published: September 2014

Chemoselective control over N/O selectivity is an intriguing issue in nitroso chemistry. Recently, we reported an unprecedented asymmetric α‐amination reaction of β‐ketocarbonyl compounds that proceeded through the catalytic coupling of enamine carbonyl groups with in‐situ‐generated carbonyl nitroso moieties. This process was facilitated by a simple chiral primary and tertiary diamine that was derived from tert‐leucine. This reaction featured high chemoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity for a broad range of substrates. Herein, a computational study was performed to elucidate the origins of the enantioselectivity and N/O regioselectivity. We found that a bidentate hydrogen‐bonding interaction between the tertiary N+H and nitrosocarbonyl groups accounted for the high N selectivity, whilst the enantioselectivity was determined by Si‐facial attack on the (E)‐ and (Z)‐enamines in a Curtin–Hammett‐type manner. The bidentate hydrogen‐bonding interaction with the nitrosocarbonyl moieties reinforced the facial selectivity in this process.
Multi‐Tracking of First Order Multi‐Agent Networks Via Self‐Triggered Control
Authors: Han Guang‐Song , Guan Zhi‐Hong , Chen Jie , He Ding‐Xin , Chi Ming
Published: September 2014

A multi‐tracking problem of multi‐agent networks is investigated in this paper where multi‐tracking refers to that the states of multiple agents in each subnetwork asymptotically converge to the same desired trajectory in the presence of information exchanges among subnetworks. The multi‐tracking of first order multi‐agent networks with directed topologies was studied. Self‐triggered protocols were proposed along with triggering functions to solve the stationary multi‐tracking and bounded dynamic multi‐tracking. The self‐triggered scheduling is obtained, and the system does not exhibit Zeno behavior. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained criteria.
Quadratic Optimal Fault Tolerant Control on Wireless Networked Control Systems for Real‐Time Industrial Applications
Authors: Xu Dongmei , Ding Steven X. , Wang Ying , Shen Bo
Published: September 2014

In this paper we study the fault tolerant control (FTC) problem on wireless networked control systems (WNCSs) which have been aware of a bright and broad prospect and taken as a development trend of automation industry. We aim at finding an FTC strategy which makes the WNCSs satisfy a quadratic cost function. The FTC law is designed to be related with the system state and the fault. Considering the system state and the fault may be physically unaccessible in the actual control process, an estimation scheme is proposed to estimate the system state and fault simultaneously. Finally, an experimental application is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The preservation of islet with alginate encapsulation in the process of transportation
Authors: Li Na , Zhang Ying , Xiu Zhilong , Wang Yu , Chen Li , Wang Shujun , Li Shen , Guo Xin , Ma Xiaojun
Published: September 2014

Restoration of insulin secretion by transplantation of isolated islets is a treatment for type Ι diabetes mellitus. One of the major issues with clinical treatment of islet transplantation is how to maintain islet viability during transportation from the donor to the patient. We developed a method that uses alginate encapsulation to protect islets from mechanical damage during shipment. We tested several variables for their impact on islet viability during transportation and used the significant variable to build a response surface methodology (RSM) model by the Box–Behnken design method. This type of model is a mathematical and statistical technique that we used to optimize the conditions for islet viability during shipment. In this study, the factors that significantly affected islet survival rate were incubation time, serum concentration, and preservation time. Then, an empirical model was built to optimize conditions of the islets for shipping according to the responses of the effect factors with RSM. This model can be used to predict the islet survival rate and can serve as a guide for optimizing the transportation method of islets and increasing the success rate of the transplant procedure.
Neural crest development in fetal alcohol syndrome
Authors: Smith Susan M. , Garic Ana , Flentke George R. , Berres Mark E.
Published: September 2014

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a leading cause of neurodevelopmental disability. Some affected individuals possess distinctive craniofacial deficits, but many more lack overt facial changes. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying these deficits would inform their diagnostic utility. Our understanding of these mechanisms is challenged because ethanol lacks a single receptor when redirecting cellular activity. This review summarizes our current understanding of how ethanol alters neural crest development. Ample evidence shows that ethanol causes the “classic” fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) face (short palpebral fissures, elongated upper lip, deficient philtrum) because it suppresses prechordal plate outgrowth, thereby reducing neuroectoderm and neural crest induction and causing holoprosencephaly. Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) at premigratory stages elicits a different facial appearance, indicating FASD may represent a spectrum of facial outcomes. PAE at this premigratory period initiates a calcium transient that activates CaMKII and destabilizes transcriptionally active β‐catenin, thereby initiating apoptosis within neural crest populations. Contributing to neural crest vulnerability are their low antioxidant responses. Ethanol‐treated neural crest produce reactive oxygen species and free radical scavengers attenuate their production and prevent apoptosis. Ethanol also significantly impairs neural crest migration, causing cytoskeletal rearrangements that destabilize focal adhesion formation; their directional migratory capacity is also lost. Genetic factors further modify vulnerability to ethanol‐induced craniofacial dysmorphology and include genes important for neural crest development, including shh signaling, PDFGA, vangl2, and ribosomal biogenesis. Because facial and brain development are mechanistically and functionally linked, research into ethanol's effects on neural crest also informs our understanding of ethanol's CNS pathologies. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 102:210–220, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The neural crest, A multifaceted structure of the vertebrates
Authors: Dupin Elisabeth , Le Douarin Nicole M.
Published: September 2014

In this review, several features of the cells originating from the lateral borders of the primitive neural anlagen, the neural crest (NC) are considered. Among them, their multipotentiality, which together with their migratory properties, leads them to colonize the developing body and to participate in the development of many tissues and organs. Thein vitroanalysis of the developmental capacities of single NC cells (NCC) showed that they present several analogies with the hematopoietic cells whose differentiation involves the activity of stem cells endowed with different arrays of developmental potentialities. The permanence of such NC stem cells in the adult organism raises the problem of their role at that stage of life. The NC has appeared during evolution in the vertebrate phylum and is absent in their Protocordates ancestors. The major role of the NCC in the development of the vertebrate head points to a critical role for this structure in the remarkable diversification and radiation of this group of animals. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 102:187–209, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors influencing the diameter of human anterior and posterior intercostal arteries
Authors: Kuhlman David R. , Khuder Sadik A. , Lane Richard D.
Published: September 2014

At present, there have not been any detailed studies examining the size relationships of the intercostal arteries. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the vessel lumenal diameter of ipsilateral, paired anterior and posterior IC arteries, as well as with the length of the IC space supplied by each artery. Samples were collected from the second‐sixth anterior and posterior IC arteries near their site of origin, and the lengths of the corresponding IC spaces were measured in 42 cadavers. Lumenal diameters of both the anterior and posterior IC arteries at consecutive IC space closely followed second degree polynomial regression models (R2 = 0.9655, and R2 = 0.9741, respectively), and reached maximum size at the fifth IC space, which was found to be the longest of the IC spaces. No direct relationship was observed between diameters of the paired anterior and posterior IC arteries, although there was a trend for the larger anterior IC arteries to be paired with the larger posterior IC arteries. The calculated rate of blood flow at each IC artery was approximately two‐fold greater in males than in females. These results suggest that the length of the IC space, and hence the extent of the thoracic wall supplied, is a major factor in determining the diameter of both anterior and posterior IC arteries. Since COPD is such a prevalent disease, this study also examined its influence on the IC arteries, and found that the posterior IC arteries are significantly larger among afflicted subjects. Clin. Anat. 28:219–226, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The surgical anatomy of the lymphatic system of the pancreas
Authors: Cesmebasi Alper , Malefant Jason , Patel Swetal D. , Plessis Maira Du , Renna Sarah , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios
Published: September 2014

The lymphatic system of the pancreas is a complex, intricate network of lymphatic vessels and nodes responsible for the drainage of the head, neck, body, and tail of the pancreas. Its anatomical divisions and embryological development have been well described in the literature with emphasis on its clinical relevance in regards to pancreatic pathologies. A thorough knowledge and understanding of the lymphatic system surrounding the pancreas is critical for physicians in providing diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis. Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor prognosis and is a notable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although a surgeon may try to predict the routes for metastasis for pancreatic cancer, the complexity of this system presents difficulty due to variable drainage patterns. Pancreatitis also presents as another severe disease which has been shown to have an association with the lymphatics. The aim of this article is to review the literature on the lymphatics of the pancreas, pancreatic pathologies, and the available imaging methodologies used to study the pancreatic lymphatics. Clin. Anat. 28:527–537, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The affect heuristic in early judgments of product innovations
Authors: King Jesse , Slovic Paul
Published: September 2014

According to the affect heuristic, people often rely upon their overall affective impression of a target to form judgments of risk. However, innovation research has largely characterized risk perception as a function of what the consumer knows rather than how they feel. In three studies, this research investigates the use of the affect heuristic in consumer judgments of product innovations. The findings indicate that judgments of risks and benefits associated with product innovations are inversely related and affectively congruent with evaluations of those innovations. Additionally, more affectively extreme evaluations are associated with increasingly disparate judgments of risk and benefit. This research contributes to our theoretical understanding of both consumers' evaluations of product innovations and the affect heuristic. Implications and suggestions for future research are also discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversible Covalent Inhibition of eEF‐2K by Carbonitriles
Authors: Devkota Ashwini K. , Edupuganti Ramakrishna , Yan Chunli , Shi Yue , Jose Jiney , Wang Qiantao , Kaoud Tamer S. , Cho Eun Jeong , Ren Pengyu , Dalby Kevin N.
Published: September 2014

eEF‐2K is a potential target for treating cancer. However, potent specific inhibitors for this enzyme are lacking. Previously, we identified 2,6‐diamino‐4‐(2‐fluorophenyl)‐4H‐thiopyran‐3,5‐dicarbonitrile (DFTD) as an inhibitor of eEF‐2K. Here we describe its mechanism of action against eEF‐2K, on the basis of kinetic, mutational, and docking studies, and use chemoinformatic approaches to identify a similar class of carbonitrile‐containing compounds that exhibit the same mechanism of action. We show that DFTD behaves as a reversible covalent inhibitor of eEF‐2K with a two‐step mechanism of inhibition: a fast initial binding step, followed by a slower reversible inactivation step. Molecular docking suggests that a nitrile group of DFTD binds within 4.5 Å of the active site Cys146 to form a reversible thioimidate adduct. Because Cys146 is not conserved amongst other related kinases, targeting this residue holds promise for the development of selective covalent inhibitors of eEF‐2K.
Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen expression loss and PD1 positivity in early cutaneous lesions of rapidly progressive mycosis fungoides
Authors: Ogunrinade Olakunle , Ahn Christine S. , Gergis Usama , Yassin Aminah H. , Magro Cynthia
Published: September 2014

Key Clinical Message

It's important to assess cases both clinically and pathologically for factors potentially predictive of an aggressive clinical course. We concluded that the relative immunosuppressive effects of PD1 may contribute to tumor progression while the lack of staining for cutaneous lymphocyte antigen may be an additional factor facilitating distant extracutaneous migration.
Phenotypic variation of autosomal recessive pseudohypoaldosteronism type I: a case in point
Authors: Kala Ahluwalia Gunjeet , Dasouki Majed , Lennon Angela
Published: September 2014

Key Clinical Massage

We present a 27‐month‐old male infant with pseudohypoaldosteronism, with two novel α‐subunits, epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) mutations. Despite the presence of the ENaC in the lungs, kidneys, and exocrine glands, he continues to only have renal and exocrine involvement, stressing differential effects of the mutation in each organ.
Itch itch with not a wink of sleep
Authors: Baruah Rishiraj , Sabaretnam Mayilvaganan
Published: September 2014

Key Clinical Message

A 55‐year‐old man of dark complexion presented with multiple extensive swellings over the chest, right upper arm, and left shoulder for 10 years. Swellings were hyperpigmented, firm, and intensely pruritic especially over the chest region. The swellings progressed in size, extended, and developed satellite lesions over its 10 years history.
A successful early gore‐tex reconstruction of an abdominal wall defect in a neonate with Cantrell pentalogy: a case report and literature review
Authors: Divkovic Dalibor , Kvolik Slavica , Sipl Mirna , Sego Krunoslav , Puseljic Silvija , Rakipovic‐Stojanovic Andreja , Kovacic Borna
Published: September 2014

Key Clinical Message

A surgical technique, materials used for abdominal wall reconstruction, and postoperative care are important for patient outcomes. We report the first case of neonate with Cantrell's pentalogy surviving early reconstruction of abdominal, diaphragmal and pericardial defects. Several recent investigations suggest that intraabdominal pressure monitoring may improve outcomes in this patient category.
Acute appendicitis caused by acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Zhang Shanxiang , Chen Shaoxiong
Published: September 2014

Key Clinical Message

A case of appendiceal involvement by acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in an adult with recent history of AML transformed from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) was presented. Being aware of this rare presentation in particular in a patient with history of MDS and/or AML is important for prompt clinical diagnosis and management.
Severe Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae infection with hepato‐renal‐pulmonary involvement treated with corticosteroids
Authors: Schulze Marco H. , Raschel Heribert , Langen Heinz‐Jakob , Stich August , Tappe Dennis
Published: September 2014

Key Clinical Message

The traditional concept of immediate antibiotic treatment in suspected leptospirosis seems to be especially important for patients up to day 4 of clinical illness. As immune mechanisms probably play a crucial role in advanced leptospirosis with presumed pulmonary hemorrhages, patients might benefit from corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents beside antibiotics.
Herniorrhaphy: an unusual cause of ureteral injury in Nigeria
Authors: Eziyi Amogu K. , Etonyeaku Amarachukwu C. , Olajide Abimbola O. , Adejumobi Musibau. O
Published: September 2014

Key Clinical Message

Herniorrhaphy is a common surgery worldwide. Common complications include hemorrhage, infection, chronic pain, and recurrence. Ureteric injury from herniorrhaphy is unusual. We present a case of ureteric injury complicating an inguinal herniorrhaphy for a huge right inguino‐scrotal hernia. Patient had primary uretero‐neocystostomy but died from septicemia in the postoperative period.