bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cementogenesis and the induction of periodontal tissue regeneration by the osteogenic proteins of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily
Authors: Ripamonti U. , Petit J‐C. , Teare J.
Published: October 2008

Theantiquity and severity of periodontal diseases are demonstrated by the hard evidence of alveolar bone loss in gnathic remains of the Pliocene/Pleistocene deposits of the Bloubank Valley at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans and Kromdrai in South Africa. Extant Homo has characterized and cloned a superfamily of proteins which include the bone morphogenetic proteins that regulate tooth morphogenesis at different stages of development as temporally and spatially connected events. The induction of cementogenesis, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone regeneration are regulated by the co‐ordinated expression of bone morphogenetic proteins. Naturally derived and recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins induce periodontal tissue regeneration in mammals. Morphological analyses on undecalcified sections cut at 3–6 μm on a series of mandibular molar Class II and III furcation defects induced in the non‐human primate Papio ursinus show the induction of cementogenesis. Sharpey’s fibers nucleate as a series of composite collagen bundles within the cementoid matrix in close relation to embedded cementocytes. Osteogenic protein‐1 and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 possess a structure–activity profile, as shown by the morphology of tissue regeneration, preferentially cementogenic and osteogenic, respectively. In Papio ursinus, transforming growth factor‐β3 also induces cementogenesis, with Sharpey’s fibers inserting into newly formed alveolar bone. Capillary sprouting and invasion determine the sequential insertion and alignment of individual collagenic bundles. The addition of responding stem cells prepared by finely mincing fragments of autogenous rectus abdominis muscle significantly enhances the induction of periodontal tissue regeneration when combined with transforming growth factor‐β3 implanted in Class II and III furcation defects of Papio ursinus.
The Rab27a Effectors JFC1/Slp1 and Munc13‐4 Regulate Exocytosis of Neutrophil Granules
Authors: Brzezinska Agnieszka A. , Johnson Jennifer L. , Munafo Daniela B. , Crozat Karine , Beutler Bruce , Kiosses William B. , Ellis Beverly A. , Catz Sergio D.
Published: October 2008

Neutrophil granules contain secretory molecules that contribute to the implementation of all neutrophil functions. The molecular components that regulate the exocytosis of neutrophil granules have not been characterized. In this study, using small interfering RNA gene‐targeting approaches and granulocytes from genetically modified mice, we characterized the Rab27a effectors JFC1/Slp1 and Munc13‐4 as components of the exocytic machinery of granulocytes. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy analysis, we show that Rab27a and JFC1 colocalize in predocked and docked vesicles in granulocytes. Next, we demonstrate that JFC1‐downregulated granulocytes have impaired myeloperoxidase secretion. Using immunological interference, we confirm that JFC1 plays an important role in azurophilic granule exocytosis in human neutrophils. Interference with Rab27a but not with JFC1 impaired gelatinase B secretion in neutrophils, suggesting that a different Rab27a effector modulates this process. In similar studies, we confirmed that Munc13‐4 regulates gelatinase secretion. Immunofluorescence analysis indicates that Munc13‐4 localizes at secretory organelles in neutrophils. Using neutrophils from a Munc13‐4‐deficient mouse model (Jinx), we demonstrate that Munc13‐4 plays a central role in the regulation of exocytosis of various sets of secretory organelles. However, mobilization of CD11b was not affected in Munc13‐4‐deficient neutrophils, indicating that secretory defects in these cells are limited to a selective group of exocytosable organelles.
The Dynamics and Mechanisms of Interleukin‐1α and β Nuclear Import
Authors: Luheshi Nadia M. , Rothwell Nancy J. , Brough David
Published: October 2008

Pro‐inflammatory members of the interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) family of cytokines (IL‐1α and β) are important mediators of host defense responses to infection but can also exacerbate the damaging inflammation that contributes to major human diseases. IL‐1α and β are produced by cells of the innate immune system, such as macrophages, and act largely after their secretion by binding to the type I IL‐1 receptor on responsive cells. There is evidence that IL‐1α is also a nuclear protein that can act intracellularly. In this study, we report that both IL‐1α and IL‐1β produced by microglia (central nervous system macrophages) in response to an inflammatory challenge are distributed between the cytosol and the nucleus. Using IL‐1‐β‐galactosidase and IL‐1‐green fluorescent protein chimeras (analyzed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching), we demonstrate that nuclear import of IL‐1α is exclusively active, requiring a nuclear localization sequence and Ran, while IL‐1β nuclear import is entirely passive. These data provide valuable insights into the dynamic regulation of intracellular cytokine trafficking.
Genetic contributions to pain: a review of findings in humans
Authors: Fillingim RB , Wallace MR , Herbstman DM , Ribeiro‐Dasilva M , Staud R
Published: October 2008

Pain represents the major motivating factor for which individuals seek healthcare, and pain responses are characterized by substantial inter‐individual differences. Increasing evidence suggests that genetic factors contribute significantly to individual differences in responses to both clinical and experimental pain. The purpose of this review article was to summarize the current literature regarding genetic contributions to pain, highlighting findings relevant to oral pain where available. A brief discussion of methodologic considerations is followed by a review of findings regarding genetic influences on clinical pain. Next, the literature examining genetic contributions to experimental pain responses is presented, emphasizing genetic associations that have been replicated in multiple cohorts. It is hoped that an enhanced understanding of genetic contributions to pain responses will ultimately improve diagnosis and treatment of clinical pain conditions.
Methamphetamine abuse and dentistry
Authors: Hamamoto DT , Rhodus NL
Published: October 2008

Methamphetamine is a highly addictive powerful stimulant that increases wakefulness and physical activity and produces other effects including cardiac dysrhythmias, hypertension, hallucinations, and violent behavior. The prevalence of methamphetamine use is estimated at 35 million people worldwide and 10.4 million people in the United States. In the United States, the prevalence of methamphetamine use is beginning to decline but methamphetamine trafficking and use are still significant problems. Dental patients who abuse methamphetamine can present with poor oral hygiene, xerostomia, rampant caries (‘Meth mouth’), and excessive tooth wear. Dental management of methamphetamine users requires obtaining a thorough medical history and performing a careful oral examination. The most important factor in treating the oral effects of methamphetamine is for the patient to stop using the drug. Continued abuse will make it difficult to increase salivary flow and hinder the patient’s ability to improve nutrition and oral hygiene. Local anesthetics with vasoconstrictors should be used with care in patients taking methamphetamine because they may result in cardiac dysrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular accidents. Thus, dental management of patients who use methamphetamine can be challenging. Dentists need to be aware of the clinical presentation and medical risks presented by these patients.
Oral health care patterns and the history of miscarriage
Authors: Heimonen A , Janket S‐J , Meurman JH , Furuholm J , Ackerson LK , Kaaja R
Published: October 2008

Objective:  Oral infections can trigger the production of pro‐inflammatory mediators that may be risk factors for miscarriage. We investigated whether oral health care patterns that may promote or alleviate oral inflammation were associated with the history of miscarriage in 328 all‐Caucasian women.

Materials and methods:  Of 328 women in this cross‐sectional cohort, 74 had history of miscarriage (HMC). Medical, dental and sociodemographic data were collected through clinical examinations, medical record searches and structured questionnaires.

Results:  The multivariate regression analyses indicated that urgency‐based dental treatment demonstrated a significant association [odds ratio (OR) = 2.54; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21–5.37; P = 0.01] and preventive dental treatment demonstrated a marginally significant inverse association (OR = 0.53; CI: 0.26–1.06; P = 0.07) with HMC. Self‐rated poor oral health had a non‐significant positive association with HMC (OR 1.60; CI: 0.88–2.90).

Conclusion:  Our results provide sufficient evidence for hypothesis generation to test whether other precise measures of oral inflammation are associated with adverse birth outcomes.
Oxidative stress and myeloperoxidase levels in saliva of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Çağlayan F , Miloglu Ö , Altun O , Erel Ö , Yılmaz AB
Published: October 2008

Objective:  Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common oral ulcerative condition affecting 5–25% of the general population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress parameters in saliva of patients with RAS and to investigate the relationship among these parameters in either group.

Materials and Methods:  The study involved 50 patients with RAS of whom 24 were male and 26 were female, and 25 healthy controls of whom 13 were male and 12 were female.

Results:  There was no statistically significant difference in the salivary total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index levels, and myeloperoxidase activity between patients with RAS and those in the control group.

Conclusions:  The results show that reactive oxygen species may not play a role in the etiology of RAS.
The oral mucosa as a therapeutic target for xerostomia
Authors: Thelin WR , Brennan MT , Lockhart PB , Singh ML , Fox PC , Papas AS , Boucher RC
Published: October 2008

Autoimmune disorders, medical interventions, and aging are all known to be associated with salivary gland hypofunction, which results in the uncomfortable feeling of dry mouth (xerostomia) and significantly diminished oral health. The current therapeutic regimen includes increasing oral hydration using over‐the‐counter oral comfort agents and the use of systemic cholinergic drugs to stimulate salivary output. However, these approaches produce very transient relief or are associated with uncomfortable side‐effects. Thus, new treatments that provide long‐lasting relief from discomfort and improve oral health with minimal side‐effects would benefit the therapy of this disease. The processes that mediate fluid loss from the oral cavity, such as the absorption of fluid from the oral mucosa, represent novel therapeutic targets for xerostomia. Preventing fluid absorption from the oral cavity is predicted to improve oral hydration and alleviate the clinical symptoms and discomfort associated with dry mouth. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies that prevent fluid absorption should complement current approaches that increase salivary output. This review discusses the current understanding of oral fluid balance and how these processes may be manipulated to provide relief for those suffering from dry mouth.
TNF‐α and IL‐4 levels in generalized aggressive periodontitis subjects
Authors: Bastos MF , Lima JA , Vieira PM , Mestnik MJ , Faveri M , Duarte PM
Published: October 2008

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to evaluate tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐4 levels in healthy sites and sites exhibiting signs of moderate and advanced generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) in the same subject.

Methods:  The following sites were selected for crevicular fluid sampling in the same AgP subject (n = 14): Healthy sites (HS): no marginal bleeding or bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD) ≤ 3 mm; Moderate sites (MS): BOP and PD between 4 and 6 mm; Advanced sites (AS): BOP and PD ≥ 7 mm. One site from periodontally healthy subjects (n = 13) was sampled for use as a control. TNF‐α and IL‐4 levels were measured using ELISA.

Results:  The total amount of TNF‐α was lower for control sites, while there were no differences among healthy and diseased sites from GAgP subjects (P < 0.05). The concentration of TNF‐α was higher in HS, in relation to the other sites (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the groups regarding total amounts of IL‐4 (P > 0.05), while IL‐4 concentration was significantly higher in control sites, when compared with sites from GAgP subjects (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  In conclusion, high levels of TNF‐α and low levels of IL‐4 were observed in both healthy and diseased sites within the same generalized AgP individuals.
Plasmablastic lymphoma: a review
Authors: Rafaniello Raviele P , Pruneri G , Maiorano E
Published: October 2008

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) has been recently characterised as an aggressive subtype of non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma, most frequently arising in the oral cavity of HIV‐infected patients. To date, approximately 60 cases fulfilling the clinico‐pathological characteristics of PBL have been reported. PBLs are composed of large cells with eccentrically located nuclei and deeply basophilic cytoplasm with a paranuclear hof. The tumour cells are invariably immunoreactive for the plasma cell marker CD138, and show monoclonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IgH) and/or clonal restriction of the Ig light chain (IgL) gene expression in most of the cases. Similar to other types of AIDS‐related lymphomas, there is evidence that Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi‐sarcoma associated Human Herpes Virus 8 may play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of PBL. PBL patients have been treated heterogeneously, with a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or surgery, and their prognosis is usually poor, with a death rate of approximately 60% at 1 year.
Dental panoramic radiographic evaluation in bisphosphonate‐associated osteonecrosis of the jaws
Authors: Treister N , Sheehy N , Bae EH , Friedland B , Lerman M , Woo S
Published: October 2008

Objectives:  To determine the extent to which clinical and radiographic features of bisphosphonate‐associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ) are correlated.

Design:  Retrospective case review.

Methods:  The records of 39 patients diagnosed with BONJ and examined by panoramic radiography were retrospectively evaluated. The arches were divided into sextants (n = 234) and evaluated for the following signs: sclerosis, surface irregularity, sockets, fragmentation and lysis.

Main outcome measures:  The McNemar, Kruskall–Wallis and equivalency tests were performed to analyze the association between clinical and radiographic signs and BONJ severity.

Results:  Sixty‐two out of 234 sextants were abnormal by clinical criteria and 61 out of 234 sextants demonstrated at least one radiographic abnormality. There was agreement between clinical and radiographic detection in 41 sextants. The data showed equivalency between BONJ diagnosis and both sclerosis and surface irregularity. The correlation between number of clinical sites and any radiographic finding was significant in the maxilla (P < 0.001) but not in the mandible (P = 0.178). The total number of radiographic signs per patient increased with BONJ stage.

Conclusion:  Focal panoramic radiographic findings of sclerosis and surface irregularity correlate with clinical sites of BONJ. This may be a useful and reliable tool to detect early changes of BONJ or to confirm a clinical diagnosis.
Utilization of parenting groups and consultation services as parenting support services by Japanese mothers of 18 month old children
Authors: ARIMOTO Azusa , MURASHIMA Sachiyo
Published: October 2008

Aim:  To clarify the factors related to the utilization of parenting groups and consultation services by mothers with children aged 18 months.

Methods:  This was a cross‐sectional study using a self‐report questionnaire survey at health examinations in five health centers of an urban city in Tokyo, Japan, from July to September 2003. The final study population was comprised of the 371 mothers who provided information on both demographics and the utilization of services.

Results:  Of these 371 mothers, 166 participated in parenting groups since the birth of their 18 month old child. Logistic regression analyses indicated the following factors related to such participation: past experience in the use of services provided by the local government, trust in the specific group, and worries about their children. Participation in the parenting groups was not related to child‐rearing anxiety or mental health status. The participants indicated that the groups provided friends and child‐rearing information and alleviated stress. Worries about children and past experience in the use of public services would enhance the utilization of services.

Conclusion:  It is essential for service‐providers to offer services specific to the situation or desires of mothers. Mothers might need both consultation services and support groups to reinforce the mother–child relationship, for social support, and to freely discuss worries with both professionals and peers.
Assessing the Response of Seasonal Variation of Net Primary Productivity to Climate Using Remote Sensing Data and Geographic Information System Techniques in Xinjiang
Authors: Peng Dai‐Liang , Huang Jing‐Feng , Cai Cheng‐Xia , Deng Rui , Xu Jun‐Feng
Published: October 2008

Net primary productivity (NPP) is a key component of energy and matter transformation in the terrestrial ecosystem, and the responses of NPP to global change locally and regionally have been one of the most important aspects in climate‐vegetation relationship studies. In order to isolate causal climatic factors, it is very important to assess the response of seasonal variation of NPP to climate. In this paper, NPP in Xinjiang was estimated by NOAA/AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. The impact of climatic factors (air temperature, precipitation and sunshine percentage) on seasonal variations of NPP was studied by time lag and serial correlation ageing analysis. The results showed that the NPP for different land cover types have a similar correlation with any one of the three climatic factors, and precipitation is the major climatic factor influencing the seasonal variation of NPP in Xinjiang. It was found that the positive correlation at 0 lag appeared between NPP and precipitation and the serial correlation ageing was 0 d in most areas of Xinjiang, which indicated that the response of NPP to precipitation was immediate. However, NPP of different land cover types showed significant positive correlation at 2 month lag with air temperature, and the impact of which could persist 1 month as a whole. No correlation was found between NPP and sunshine percentage.
Crossability Barriers in the Interspecific Hybridization between Oryza sativa and O. meyeriana
Authors: Fu Xue‐Lin , Lu Yong‐Gen , Liu Xiang‐Dong , Li Jin‐Quan
Published: October 2008

Oryza meyeriana Baill (GG genome) is a precious germplasm in the tertiary gene pool of cultivated rice (AA genome), and possesses important traits such as resistance and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. However, interspecific crossability barrier, a critical bottleneck restricting genes transfer from O. meyeriana to cultivars has led to no hybrids through conventional reproduction. Therefore, the reasons underlying incrossability were investigated in the present report. The results showed that: (i) at 3–7 d after pollination (DAP), many hybrid embryos degenerated at the earlier globular‐shaped stage, and could not develop into the later pear‐shaped stage. Meanwhile, free endosperm nuclei started to degenerate at 1 DAP, and cellular endosperm could not form at 3 DAP, leading to nutrition starvation for young embryo development; (ii) at 11–13 DAP, almost all hybrid ovaries aborted. Even though 72.22% of hybrid young embryos were produced in the interspecific hybridization between O. sativa and O. meyeriana, young embryos were not able to further develop into hybrid plantlets via culturing in vitro. The main reason for the incrossability was hybrid embryo inviability, presenting as embryo development stagnation and degeneration since 3 DAP. Some possible approaches to overcome the crossability barriers in the interspecific hybridization between O. sativa and O. meyeriana are discussed.
Genetic Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Contents of Mineral Nutrients in Rice Grain
Authors: Garcia‐Oliveira Ana Luisa , Tan Lubin , Fu Yongcai , Sun Chuanqing
Published: October 2008

In present study, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg, P and K contents of 85 introgression lines (ILs) derived from a cross between an elite indica cultivar Teqing and the wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) were measured by inductively coupled argon plasma (ICAP) spectrometry. Substantial variation was observed for all traits and most of the mineral elements were significantly positive correlated or independent except for Fe with Cu. A total of 31 putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected for these eight mineral elements by single point analysis. Wild rice (O. rufipogon) contributed favorable alleles for most of the QTLs (26 QTLs), and chromosomes 1, 9 and 12 exhibited 14 QTLs (45%) for these traits. One major effect of QTL for zinc content accounted for the largest proportion of phenotypic variation (11%–19%) was detected near the simple sequence repeats marker RM152 on chromosome 8. The co‐locations of QTLs for some mineral elements observed in this mapping population suggested the relationship was at a molecular level among these traits and could be helpful for simultaneous improvement of these traits in rice grain by marker assisted selection.
Abnormalities Occurring during Female Gametophyte Development Result in the Diversity of Abnormal Embryo Sacs and Leads to Abnormal Fertilization in indica/japonica Hybrids in Rice
Authors: Zeng Yu‐Xiang , Hu Chao‐Yue , Lu Yong‐Gen , Li Jin‐Quan , Liu Xiang‐Dong
Published: October 2008

Embryo sac abortion is one of the major reasons for sterility in indica/japonica hybrids in rice. To clarify the causal mechanism of embryo sac abortion, we studied the female gametophyte development in two indica/japonica hybrids via an eosin B staining procedure for embryo sac scanning using confocal laser scanning microscope. Different types of abnormalities occurred during megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis were demonstrated. The earliest abnormality was observed in the megasporocyte. A lot of the chalazal‐most megaspores were degenerated before the mono‐nucleate embryo sac stage. Disordered positioning of nucleus and abnormal nucellus tissue were characteristics of the abnormal female gametes from the mono‐nucleate to four‐nucleate embryo sac stages. The abnormalities that occurred from the early stage of the eight‐nucleate embryo sac development to the mature embryo sac stage were characterized by smaller sizes and wrinkled antipodals. Asynchronous nuclear migration, abnormal positioning of nucleus, and degeneration of egg apparatus were also found at the eight‐nucleate embryo sac stage. The abnormalities that occurred during female gametophyte development resulted in five major types of abnormal embryo sacs. These abnormal embryo sacs led to abnormal fertilization. Hand pollination using normal pollens on the spikelets during anthesis showed that normal pollens could not exclude the effect of abnormal embryo sac on seed setting.
Emergence of a quasar outflow
Authors: Hamann F. , Kaplan K. F. , Hidalgo P. Rodríguez , Prochaska J. X. , Herbert-Fort S.
Published: October 2008

We report the first discovery of the emergence of a high-velocity broad-line outflow in a luminous quasar, J105400.40+034801.2, at redshift z∼ 2.1. The outflow is evident in ultraviolet C iv and Si iv absorption lines with velocity shifts v∼ 26 300 km s−1 and deblended widths FWHM ∼4000 km s−1. These features are marginally strong and broad enough to be considered broad absorption lines (BALs), but their large velocities exclude them from the standard BAL definition. The outflow lines appeared between two observations in the years 2002.18 and 2006.96. A third observation in 2008.48 showed the lines becoming ∼40 per cent weaker and 10 to 15 per cent narrower. There is no evidence for acceleration or for any outflow gas at velocities ≲23 000 km s−1. The lines appear to be optically thick, with the absorber covering just 20 per cent of the quasar continuum source. This indicates a characteristic absorber size of ∼4 × 1015 cm, but with a BAL-like total column density log NH(cm−2) ≳ 21.2 and average space density nH≳ 2 × 105 cm−3. We attribute the emergence of the outflow lines to a substantial flow structure moving across our line of sight, possibly near the ragged edge of the main BAL flow or possibly related to the onset of a BAL evolutionary phase.
The distances of supernova remnants Kes 69 and G21.5–0.9 from Hi and 13CO spectra
Authors: Tian W. W. , Leahy D. A.
Published: October 2008

We obtain new H i and 13CO images around supernova remnants Kes 69 and G21.5–0.9. By comparing H i spectra with 13CO emission spectra, we significantly revise the kinematic distance for Kes 69 to ∼5.5 kpc, which was 11.2 kpc, and refine the kinematic distance for G21.5–0.9 to ∼4.8 kpc. For Kes 69, the highest velocity of absorption is ∼86 km s−1 and a prominent H i emission feature at ∼112 km s−1 has no respective absorption. These new results suggest that Kes 69 is associated with a newly detected extended 1720-MHz OH maser at velocity of ∼85 km s−1 that originates from within the bright southern radio shell of Kes 69. For G21.5–0.9, the highest velocity of absorption is ∼67 km s−1. The H i absorption spectra of the nearby bright source PMN J1832−1035 and Kes 69 show a common absorption feature at velocity of ∼69 km s−1, which is not seen for G21.5–0.9. The resulting velocity of ∼68 km s−1 gives the best distance estimate of ∼4.8 kpc for G21.5–0.9 and associated young pulsar J1833−1034.
Cell volume regulation: physiology and pathophysiology
Authors: Lambert I. H. , Hoffmann E. K. , Pedersen S. F.
Published: October 2008

Cell volume perturbation initiates a wide array of intracellular signalling cascades, leading to protective and adaptive events and, in most cases, activation of volume‐regulatory osmolyte transport, water loss, and hence restoration of cell volume and cellular function. Cell volume is challenged not only under physiological conditions, e.g. following accumulation of nutrients, during epithelial absorption/secretion processes, following hormonal/autocrine stimulation, and during induction of apoptosis, but also under pathophysiological conditions, e.g. hypoxia, ischaemia and hyponatremia/hypernatremia. On the other hand, it has recently become clear that an increase or reduction in cell volume can also serve as a specific signal in the regulation of physiological processes such as transepithelial transport, cell migration, proliferation and death. Although the mechanisms by which cell volume perturbations are sensed are still far from clear, significant progress has been made with respect to the nature of the sensors, transducers and effectors that convert a change in cell volume into a physiological response. In the present review, we summarize recent major developments in the field, and emphasize the relationship between cell volume regulation and organism physiology/pathophysiology.
Ultrastructural differences and histochemical characteristics in swimming muscles between wild and reared Atlantic salmon
Authors: Anttila K. , Mänttäri S.
Published: October 2008

Aim:  The swimming capacity of wild and reared fish differs. Whether the differences are associated with metabolic, contractile or structural variation in swimming musculature is unknown. In the present study, some aspects of contractile machinery in swimming muscles of wild and reared salmon are compared.

Methods:  Several morphological parameters and key enzyme activities were measured using electron microscopy and histochemical methods.

Results:  The density and size of the mitochondria was significantly higher in the muscle samples from wild fish when compared with the reared ones. Similar variability was also seen in the density of triads. Conversely, the size and density of lipid droplets was significantly lower in the red muscle of wild vs. reared salmon. The densities of two excitation contraction coupling components, dihydropyridine and ryanodine receptor, were considerably higher in swimming muscles of wild salmon than in reared fish. A similar difference was observed in the activities of aerobic enzymes. Moreover, oxygen consumption followed the same pattern, being significantly higher in the samples of wild salmon. Phosphorylase activity was, on the other hand, significantly lower in the muscles of wild fish.

Conclusions:  There are significant differences in morphology, Ca2+‐regulating capacity and enzyme activities in swimming muscles between wild and reared salmon. These results provide evidence that the prerequisites for efficient contraction of the swimming muscles are better met in wild than in reared salmon. Importantly, the results also suggest that the observed variation is a major contributing factor to the difference in the swimming capacity between wild and hatchery‐reared salmon.
Congenital elbow luxation in the dog
Authors: Bingel Sarah A. , Riser Wayne H.
Published: October 2008

Anatomical and pathological descriptions of five congenital elbow luxations and subluxations in three dogs were based on palpation, radiographs, gross dissection and in one dog, surgical correction. The primary defect in all five joints was hypoplasia, or aplasia, of the medial collateral ligament. The osseous deformities consisted of outward rotation of the proximal ulna, hypoplasia, or aplasia, of the coronoid process, anconeal process and radial notch and a shallow trochlear notch. The proximal ulna was rotated approximately 40–45°. The olecranon was deviated laterally and dorso‐cranially. The syndrome was compared with the deformities of congenital luxation of the radial head in children. An embryonic pathogenesis for congenital elbow luxations in dogs was hypothesized.
An introduction to the housing and treatment of snakes
Authors: Jackson Oliphant F.
Published: October 2008

Information is given on the housing of snakes and some other reptiles. A short description of some anatomical and physiological factors introduces a description of a number of disease conditions frequently seen in snake patients. The aim of the paper is to introduce veterinary surgeons to their reptilian patients in the hope that it will assist them in diagnosis and treatment.
Treatment of perineal hernia in the dog—a reassessment
Authors: Harvey Colin E.
Published: October 2008

The results of treatment of fifty‐four dogs seen at the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Hospital with perineal hernia were analysed. Conservative treatment was not satisfactory for dogs which strained to defaecate. Perineal herniorrhaphy was followed by recurrence of the hernia in 37% of the dogs; continued straining to defaecate, urinary problems and rectal prolapse were other post‐herniorrhaphy sequelae. Anal splitting was performed in eight dogs; soiling of the anal area and occasional incontinence were reported in some dogs.
The usefulness of palpation of joint laxity in puppies as a predictor of hip dysplasia in a guide dog breeding programme
Authors: Wright P. J. , Mason T. A.
Published: October 2008

The relationship between puppy hip laxity at 6–8 weeks and radiographic hip dysplasia at 12–18 months was investigated. Two methods of hip laxity assessment were studied and compared. A significant positive relationship was found. Using simple statistical and decision theory principles an approach to the application of these results to a selection programme for guide dogs was discussed and performed. The economic value of early examination for hip dysplasia was demonstrated for the situation studied.
A gelatine prosthetic aid for intestinal anastomosis
Authors: Sognen E. , Birkeland R. , Sohlberg S.
Published: October 2008

A method is described for the establishment of end‐to‐end anastomoses after intestinal resection. The use of gelatine tubes as a suture base enables the edges of the intestinal incisions to be fixed in relation to each other, at the same time facilitating suturing.

The action of intestinal proteolytic enzymes causes the gelatine tubes to disintegrate after suturing.

Barium sulphate (BaSO4) was added in order to determine the disintegration time of the gelatine tube and to follow its transport away from the operation site. This addition of barium sulphate proved to influence the disintegration time of the gelatine tube. An optimum disintegration time may therefore be achieved by varying the barium sulphate concentration as well as the ratio of gelatine to water.
An investigation into some causes of canine diarrhoea in Ibadan
Authors: Oduye O. O. , Olayemi M. F.
Published: October 2008

Between October 1975 and March 1976, fourteen dogs of the 308 examined in the small animal clinic of the University of Ibadan were diarrhoeic while eight dogs from two experimental groups housed within the university and kept at a distance of about 1.5 km from the small animal clinic also had diarrhoea. The most common condition associated with diarrhoea in dogs in Ibadan was intestinal parasitism caused mainly by Ancylostoma caninum (six cases) Isospora canis (five cases) and Dipylidium caninum (one case). The other causes of diarrhoea were canine distemper, bacterial enteritis, canine babesiosis, traumatic gastroenteritis and eosinophilic gastroenteritis.
Portovenoram findings in cases of elevated bile acid concentrations following correction of portosystemic‐shunts
Authors: Burton C. A. , White R. N.
Published: October 2008

The case records of 36 cats and dogs undergoing surgical correction of a single extrahepatic portosystemic shunt were reviewed. In 12 animals, the shunt was fully ligated during the first surgical procedure, while, in the remaining 24, the shunting vessel could only be partially ligated. Assessment of serum bile acid concentrations demonstrated complete shunt occlusion In 15 of these latter 24 animals (63 per cent) between one and six months postoperatively. Ten animals (28 per cent) had persistently high serum bile acid concentrations postoperatively. Portovenogram findings in these individuals revealed six that demonstrated shunting solely through the original vessel; in five of these, full shunt attenuation was achieved at second surgery. Further shunt manipulation was not possible in the sixth case due to extensive adhesion formation. In the remaining four animals with raised bile acid concentrations, the portovenogram demonstrated shunting through the original vessel as well as the development of multiple acquired shunts.
Assessment of survey radiography as a method for diagnosis of congenital cardiac disease in dogs
Authors: Lamb C. R. , Boswood A. , Volkman A. , Connolly D. J.
Published: October 2008

In order to assess the diagnostic accuracy of survey radiography for canine congenital cardiac anomalies, thoracic radiographs of 57 dogs with congenital cardiac anomalies, 31 normal dogs and 27 dogs with acquired cardiac disease were mixed, and reviewed by two independent observers, who were blinded to any patient information. The congenital anomalies were aortic stenosis (n=25), pulmonic stenosis (n=10), patent ductus arteriosus (n=Q), ventricular septa1 defect (n=8), tricuspid dysplasia (n=3) and mitral dysplasia (n=2). Both observers were moderately accurate at identifying dogs with cardiac disease. Their ability to distinguish dogs with congenital versus acquired cardiac disease was poorer and this assessment was probably influenced by the recognition of patients that were skeletally immature, which biased observers towards a diagnosis of congenital cardiac anomaly. The diagnosis rate for specific congenital anomalies was also poor (the differential list included a correct diagnosis in only 40 and 37 per cent of cases). Radiographic signs of specific cardiac chamber enlargement or pulmonary vascular abnormalities were recognised by both observers in only 20 per cent of Instances in which they might be expected. They were, however, recognised more frequently in dogs with anomalies that imposed a volume load on the heart than in dogs with anomalies that induced a pressure load on the organ. It is concluded that survey radiography is an inaccurate method for diagnosis of canine congenital cardiac anomalies because of the difficulty of recognising radiographic signs, which are not present in many cases.
Transient renal tubulopathy in a Labrador retriever
Authors: Jamieson P. M. , Chandler M. L.
Published: October 2008

A four‐month‐old male Labrador retriever was presented for polyuria, polydipsia and persistent euglycaemic glucosuria. On referral, diagnostic tests demonstrated abnormal fractional excretions of electrolytes, increased urinary excretion of selected amino acids, mild renal tubular acidosis and mild proteinuria, indicating renal tubular dysfunction. Pyelonephritis was suspected and potentiated amoxycillin was administered. On reevaluation at six months of age, the dog was no longer polyuric or polydipsic and the metabolic abnormalities associated with the tubulopathy had resolved. Transient Fanconi's syndrome has not previously been reported in small animals. This report demonstrates the potential for recovery of function in cases presenting with renal tubulopathies.
Pseudomycetoma caused byMicrosporum canisin a Persian cat: lack of response to oral terbinafine
Authors: Bond R. , Pocknell A. M. , Toze C. E.
Published: October 2008

An eight‐year‐old neutered female Persian cat with a four‐year history of relapsing skin disease, characterised by ulcerated nodules with a yellow granular discharge, was examined. A diagnosis of granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis (pseudomycetoma) caused byMicrosporum caniswas made on the basis of history, clinical signs, histopathological examination of skin biopsy specimens and culture of macerated tissue. Because previous therapy, comprising repeated surgical excision and the administration of griseofulvin and itraconazole, had not been successful, terbinafine was administered for an eight‐month period. However, lesions progressed despite this treatment and the cat was euthanased.
Surgery for disc‐associated wobbler syndrome in the dog — an examination of the controversy
Authors: Jefferyq N. D. , Mckee W. M.
Published: October 2008

Controversy surrounds treatment of disc‐associated ‘wobbler’ syndrome in the dog, centring on the choice of method of surgical decompression used. In this review, details of previously published case series are summarised and critically examined in an attempt to compare success rates and complications of different types of surgery. Unequivocally accurate comparisons were difficult because of differences in methods of case recording between series. Short‐term success rates were high (approximately 80 per cent), but there was a high rate of recurrence (around 20 per cent) after any surgical treatment, suggesting the possibility that the syndrome should be considered a multifocal disease of the caudal cervical region. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in success rates between the various reported decompressive surgical techniques
Assessment of cytological criteria for diagnosing basal cell tumours in the dog and cat
Authors: Stockhaus C. , Teske E. , Rudolph R. , Werner H. G.
Published: October 2008

A retrospective study was undertaken in which cytological features of basal cell tumours from 18 dogs and 12 cats were examined. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy was performed for cytological examination and diagnosis was confirmed on histopathological examination of excised tumour specimens. Cytological smears were analysed for occurrence of cystic areas, as well as frequencies of squamous cells, fibrocytes, fibroblasts, neutrophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, melanocytes and basal cells. Basal cell aggregates were examined for indicators of malignancy, evidence of basaloid cell structure, well defined cellular borders and cell aggregation patterns. Cellularity and quality of smears was moderate to good, although, in six aspirates, cellularity was poor due to a high amount of degenerate material within the tumours. Fifteen of the smears revealed between one and three nuclear criteria of malignancy. However, despite the less well differentiated appearance of basal cells that was sometimes seen, the tumours were considered benign based on histopathological examination. Basal cell tumours are therefore likely to be underdiagnosed on cytological examination due to non‐specific features. The occurrence of other cell populations and lack of cells with basaloid structures and linear aggregation patterns might further confuse the tumour diagnosis. The authors conclude that the cytological diagnosis of basal cell tumours can be based on the criteria described in the present study.
Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of meloxicam in cats with painful locomotor disorders
Authors: Lascelles B. D. X. , Henderson A. J. , Hackett I. J.
Published: October 2008

The ability of two non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs to modify the clinical manifestations of pain associated with locomotor disease was assessed. Sixty‐nine cats with acute or chronic locomotor disorders were recruited from 14 first opinion UK veterinary practices and randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups. Group A received meloxicam drops (0.3 mg/kg orally on day 1 followed by 0.1 mg/kg daily for four more consecutive days) and group B received ketoprofen tablets (1‐0 mg/kg orally once daily for five days). Each cat underwent a full clinical examination before treatment, 24 hours after initiation of treatment and 24 hours after completion of treatment. General clinical parameters (demeanour and feed intake) and specific locomotor parameters (weightbearing, lameness, local inflammation and pain on palpation) were scored using a discontinuous scale scoring system. The two groups did not differ in terms of age, weight, gender distribution or duration of clinical signs; nor did they differ in terms of general clinical or specific locomotor scores pretreatment. Both treatment regimens resulted in a significant improvement in demeanour, feed intake and weightbearing, and a significant reduction in lameness, pain on palpation and inflammation. No significant difference was observed between the two treatment groups with respect to any of the parameters measured and both treatments were associated with minimal observed side effects. Meloxicam and ketoprofen were found to be effective analgesics and well tolerated in cats with acute or chronic locomotor disorders when administered for short‐term treatment (five days) in such cases. However, meloxicam was assessed to be significantly more palatable than ketoprofen.
Management of calcium ureterolithiasis in a French lop rabbit
Authors: White R. N.
Published: October 2008

A 19‐month‐old entire male French lop rabbit was presented with a two‐week history of a depressed appetite and lethargy. Clinical and laboratory findings, together with abdominal radiographic studies, suggested a diagnosis of right‐sided calcium ureterolithiasis. Management included the surgical removal and analysis of the urolith. Confirmation of a calcium‐containing urolith and the presence of hypercalcaemia necessitated the introduction of a low calcium diet. Recovery was complicated by the occurrence of a second urolith within the left ureter. This was also removed successfully by surgical means. The rabbit made a full recovery and assessment of serial serum calcium concentration has since confirmed the long‐term maintenance of calcium levels within their normal range.
Diagnosis of renal agenesis in a beagle
Authors: Diez‐Prieto I. , García‐Rodríguez M. B. , Ríos‐Granja M. A. , Cano‐Rábano M. J. , Gonzalo‐Orden J. M. , Pérez‐García C. C.
Published: October 2008

A case of right renal agenesis in a beagle, of interest because of the age of the dog at the time of diagnosis, is described. Physical, haematological, biochemical and urinary examinations, including measurement of endogenous creatinine clearance, were performed to assess renal function. Survey radiography, excretory urography, ultrasonography, computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance examinations were also used to confirm the absence of a kidney. The effect of kidney agenesis on renal function, evaluated on the basis of endogenous creatinine clearance, is discussed together with the benefits of the various imaging techniques to enable in vivo detection of renal abnormalities.
Accessory carpal bone displacement in two dogs
Authors: Guilliard M. J.
Published: October 2008

The diagnosis and treatment of luxation of the accessory carpal bone in a racing greyhound, and subluxation of the same bone in a lurcher, are described. The injury in the lurcher occurred in both carpi, but on separate occasions. Both dogs had severe thoracic limb lameness with marked carpal swelling. The diagnosis of luxation was obvious from carpal radiographs. The subluxations were difficult to detect on palpation, but were suspected and confirmed on exploratory surgery, which showed an avulsion of the lateral support structures of the accessory carpal bone from the distal ulna. Pancarpal arthrodesis with accessory carpal bone excision undertaken in the greyhound was successful. Following repair of the torn ligaments, the lurcher returned to full activity without lameness before sustaining the same injury to the other carpus. The anatomy of the accessory carpal support structures and the aetiology of the injuries are discussed.
Horner's syndrome associated with a mandibular symphyseal fracture and bilateral temporomandibular luxation
Authors: Baines S. J. , Langley‐Hobbs S.
Published: October 2008

Interruption of the postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic pathway to the eye is reported to be a common cause of Horner's syndrome in the cat, although there are few clinical reports identifying the site and nature of the lesion responsible. A case of Horner's syndrome resulting from trauma to the periorbital structures following reduction of temporomandibular joint luxation is presented. In this case, the ophthalmic abnormalities resolved spontaneously over eight days.
The Scope and the Subtleties of the Contextualism–Literalism–Relativism Debate
Authors: Stojanovic Isidora
Published: October 2008

In recent years, a number of new trends have seen light at the intersection of semantics and philosophy of language. They are meant to address puzzles raised by the context‐sensitivity of a variety of natural language constructions, such as knowledge ascriptions, belief reports, epistemic modals, indicative conditionals, quantifier phrases, gradable adjectives, temporal constructions, vague predicates, moral predicates, predicates of personal taste. A diversity of labels have consequently emerged, such as ‘contextualism’, ‘indexicalism’, ‘invariantism’, ‘literalism’, ‘minimalism’, and ‘relativism’, variously qualified. The goal of this essay is to pinpoint the issues that lie at the heart of the recent debates, clarify what is at stake, and provide a snapshot of the current theoretical landscape.