bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research‐Based Reading Instruction
Authors: Grabe William , Yamashita Junko
Published: December 2023

This review of teaching reading addresses three foundations for reading development: (a) reading research findings that provide insights into the construct of academic reading abilities, (b) the translation of research findings into a coherent set of curricular principles for reading instruction, and (c) a set of effective instructional practices that draw upon research findings and curricular principles. Research has shown the complexity of skilled reading which integrates a large number of specific linguistic skills and underlying cognitive skills. Two lines of research have major implications for reading instruction: The first centers on the powerful roles of vocabulary and syntax in second language (L2) reading development, and the second centers on the widespread affirmation among researchers that reading experience is the key to becoming a skilled reader. The amount of reading that L2 readers engage in serves as the primary explanation for their developing L2 vocabulary, syntax, fluency, and comprehension skills; amount of reading also supports a range of underlying cognitive abilities critical for reading development (background knowledge, motivation, inferencing, comprehension monitoring, goal setting, and self‐regulation, among others). The curricular principles, stemming from these findings as well as research into effective teaching, highlight concepts that drive effective reading instruction. The instructional practices recommended rely on both the research evidence reviewed and best practices among skilled educators.
Writing and Language Learning
Authors: Manchón Rosa M.
Published: December 2023

This entry is a synthesis of theoretical and empirical developments on the connection between writing and language learning. It starts by tracing the origins of this strand in original postulations of the language learning potential of writing that were based on empirical findings in both laboratory conditions and classroom settings. This is followed by a synthesis of those lines of research that are more closely linked to ISLA concerns, namely, task modality and task complexity studies, on the one hand, and research on learning effects of the provision and engagement with written corrective feedback, on the other. The entry finishes with suggestions for future research that pursues implications for teaching. It is concluded that this future pedagogically relevant work on the language learning potential of writing should adopt more ecologically valid research approaches as well as measure learning through writing over time, which will entail the conduct of longitudinal research. Given also the attested complex range and interaction of variables that play a role in the connection between writing and language learning, it is also concluded that future studies will require more complex research designs.
Specific Learning Differences and Language Learning
Authors: Kormos Judit
Published: December 2023

In this entry, current research findings on how specific learning differences (SpLDs) influence the processes and outcomes of second language (L2) development are reviewed. The entry starts with an overview of different conceptualization of disabilities and SpLDs. Then a concise summary of the types of SpLDs and the cognitive causes of SpLDs is given. This is followed by a discussion of the cognitive impact of SpLDs on the learning of additional languages. The entry also highlights the substantial role of anxiety and motivation in the language learning processes of individuals with SpLDs. Next, differences in language learning outcomes of students with SpLDs and their peers with no SpLDs in the areas of L2 reading, writing, listening, and vocabulary knowledge are discussed. The entry concludes with potential directions for future research.
Mixed Methods Research (MMR): An Overview
Authors: Riazi A. Mehdi
Published: December 2023

This entry intends to provide a context for the subsequent entries in this section. To this end, the critical concepts and aspects of mixed methods research (MMR) will be briefly discussed. The fundamental elements of MMR to be addressed are the philosophical underpinnings of MMR and the purposes for which quantitative and qualitative methods might be mixed. In addition, the design structures and research questions, the MMR sampling, and MMR inference, also called meta‐inference, will be discussed. Each of these aspects will be briefly discussed so that readers get a bird's eye view of MMR and better benefit from reading the entries in this section.
Nanomaterials as Microglia Modulators in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders
Authors: Battaglini Matteo , Marino Attilio , Montorsi Margherita , Carmignani Alessio , Ceccarelli Maria Cristina , Ciofani Gianni
Published: December 2023

Microglia play a pivotal role in the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, acting as housekeepers and defenders of the surrounding environment. These cells can elicit their functions by shifting into two main phenotypes: pro‐inflammatory classical phenotype, M1, and anti‐inflammatory alternative phenotype, M2. Despite their pivotal role in CNS homeostasis, microglia phenotypes can influence the development and progression of several CNS disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injuries, and even brain cancer. It is thus clear that the possibility of modulating microglia activation has gained attention as a therapeutic tool against many CNS pathologies. Nanomaterials are an unprecedented tool for manipulating microglia responses, in particular, to specifically target microglia and elicit an in situ immunomodulation activity. This review focuses the discussion on two main aspects: analyzing the possibility of using nanomaterials to stimulate a pro‐inflammatory response of microglia against brain cancer and introducing nanostructures able to foster an anti‐inflammatory response for treating neurodegenerative disorders. The final aim is to stimulate the analysis of the development of new microglia nano‐immunomodulators, paving the way for innovative and effective therapeutic approaches for the treatment of CNS disorders.
3D Printing of Flow‐Inspired Anisotropic Patterns with Liquid Crystalline Polymers
Authors: Houriet Caroline , Damodaran Vinay , Mascolo Chiara , Gantenbein Silvan , Peeters Daniël , Masania Kunal
Published: December 2023

Anisotropic materials formed by living organisms possess remarkable mechanical properties due to their intricate microstructure and directional freedom. In contrast, human‐made materials face challenges in achieving similar levels of directionality due to material and manufacturability constraints. To overcome these limitations, an approach using 3D printing of self‐assembling thermotropic liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) is presented. Their high stiffness and strength is granted by nematic domains aligning during the extrusion process. Here, a remarkably wide range of Young's modulus from 3 to 40 GPa is obtained by utilizing directionality of the nematic flow the printing process.   By determining a relationship between stiffness, nozzle diameter, and line width, a design space where shaping and mechanical performance can be combined is identified. The ability to print LCPs with on‐the‐fly width changes to accommodate arbitrary spatially varying directions is demonstrated. This unlocks the possibility to manufacture exquisite patterns inspired by fluid dynamics with steep curvature variations. Utilizing the synergy between this path‐planning method and LCPs, functional objects with stiffness and curvature gradients can be 3D‐printed, offering potential applications in lightweight sustainable structures embedding crack‐mitigation strategies. This method also opens avenues for studying and replicating intricate patterns observed in nature, such as wood or turbulent flow using 3D printing.
Rotaxane‐Functionalized Dyes for Charge‐Rectification in p‐Type Photoelectrochemical Devices
Authors: Bouwens Tessel , Bakker Tijmen M. A. , Zhu Kaijian , Huijser Annemarie , Mathew Simon , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: December 2023

A supramolecular photovoltaic strategy is applied to enhance power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of photoelectrochemical devices by suppressing electron–hole recombination after photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Here, the author exploit supramolecular localization of the redox mediator—in close proximity to the dye—through a rotaxane topology, reducing electron–hole recombination in p‐type dye‐sensitized solar cells (p‐DSSCs). Dye PRotaxane features 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene recognition sites (DNP‐arms) with a mechanically‐interlocked macrocyclic redox mediator naphthalene diimide macrocycle (3‐NDI‐ring), stoppering synthetically via click chemistry. The control molecule PStopper has stoppered DNP‐arms, preventing rotaxane formation with the 3‐NDI‐ring. Transient absorption and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy studies show ultrafast (211 ± 7 fs and 2.92 ± 0.05 ps) PET from the dye‐moiety of PRotaxane to its mechanically interlocked 3‐NDI‐ring‐acceptor, slowing down the electron–hole recombination on NiO surfaces compared to the analogue . p‐DSSCs employing PRotaxane (PCE = 0.07%) demonstrate a 30% PCE increase compared to PStopper (PCE = 0.05%) devices, combining enhancements in both open‐circuit voltages (VOC = 0.43 vs 0.36 V) and short‐circuit photocurrent density (JSC = −0.39 vs −0.34 mA cm−2). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that PRotaxane devices exhibit hole lifetimes (τh) approaching 1 s, a 16‐fold improvement compared to traditional I−/I3−‐based systems (τh = 50 ms), demonstrating the benefits obtained upon nanoengineering of interfacial dye‐regeneration at the photocathode.
Ozone‐Induced Rapid and Green Synthesis of Polydopamine Coatings with High Uniformity and Enhanced Stability
Authors: Tan Liru , Zhu Tang , Huang Yuchan , Yuan Huixin , Shi Ludi , Zhu Zijuan , Yao Pingping , Zhu Caizhen , Xu Jian
Published: December 2023

The development of green, controllable, and simplified pathways for rapid dopamine polymerization holds significant importance in the field of polydopamine (PDA) surface chemistry. In this study, a green strategy is successfully devised to accelerate and control the polymerization of dopamine through the introduction of ozone (O3). The findings reveal that ozone serves as an eco‐friendly trigger, significantly accelerating the dopamine polymerization process across a broad pH range, spanning from 4.0 to 10.0. Notably, the deposition rate of PDA coatings on a silicon wafer reaches an impressive value of ≈64.8 nm h−1 (pH 8.5), which is 30 times higher than that of traditional air‐assisted PDA and comparable to the fastest reported method. Furthermore, ozone exhibits the ability to accelerate dopamine polymerization even under low temperatures. It also enables control over the inhibition–initiation of the polymerization process by regulating the “ON/OFF” mode of the ozone gas. Moreover, the ozone‐induced PDA coatings demonstrate exceptional characteristics, including high homogeneity, good hydrophilicity, and remarkable chemical and mechanical stability. Additionally, the ozone‐induced PDA coatings can be rapidly and effectively deposited onto a wide range of substrates, particularly those that are adhesion‐resistant, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
Engineering Sensory Ganglion Multicellular System to Model Tissue Nerve Ingrowth
Authors: Ma Junxuan , Eglauf Janick , Grad Sibylle , Alini Mauro , Serra Tiziano
Published: December 2023

Discogenic pain is associated with deep nerve ingrowth in annulus fibrosus tissue (AF) of intervertebral disc (IVD). To model AF nerve ingrowth, primary bovine dorsal root ganglion (DRG) micro‐scale tissue units are spatially organised around an AF explant by mild hydrodynamic forces within a collagen matrix. This results in a densely packed multicellular system mimicking the native DRG tissue morphology and a controlled AF‐neuron distance. Such a multicellular organisation is essential to evolve populational‐level cellular functions and in vivo‐like morphologies. Pro‐inflammatory cytokine‐primed AF demonstrates its neurotrophic and neurotropic effects on nociceptor axons. Both effects are dependent on the AF‐neuron distance underpinning the role of recapitulating inter‐tissue/organ anatomical proximity when investigating their crosstalk. This is the first in vitro model studying AF nerve ingrowth by engineering mature and large animal tissues in a morphologically and physiologically relevant environment. The new approach can be used to biofabricate multi‐tissue/organ models for untangling pathophysiological conditions and develop novel therapies.
Highly Energy‐Efficient Spin‐Orbit‐Torque Magnetoresistive Memory with Amorphous W─Ta─B Alloys
Authors: Hibino Yuki , Yamamoto Tatsuya , Yakushiji Kay , Taniguchi Tomohiro , Kubota Hitoshi , Yuasa Shinji
Published: December 2023

The spin Hall effect enables fast and reliable writing operations for next‐generation spin‐orbit‐torque magnetoresistive random‐access memories (SOT‐MRAMs). To develop SOT‐MRAMs; however, the spin Hall material should have a sufficiently low writing energy and high annealing stability for the semiconductor integration process. Thus far, none of the crystalline‐based spin Hall materials are able to satisfy these requirements. Here, a promising solution for SOT‐MRAMs is provided using amorphous W─Ta─B alloys. Even without a long‐range crystal order, W─Ta─B alloys exhibit both large effective spin Hall angles up to 40% derived from a Ta substitutional doping and superior annealing stability (up to 400 °C) due to the addition of B, enabling them to satisfy both requirements. Nanoscale three‐terminal SOT‐MRAM cells are fabricated, and these are demonstrated to have high magnetoresistance ratios (up to 130%) and extremely low intrinsic switching current densities (down to 4 × 106 A cm−2). These results show that amorphous spin Hall materials can provide the key for realizing high‐performance SOT‐MRAMs.
Enhancement of Conformality of Silicon Nitride Thin Films by ABC‐Type Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Kim Jiwon , Yeon Changbong , Cho Deok‐Hyun , Jung Jaesun , Shong Bonggeun
Published: December 2023

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is utilized for the fabrication of miniaturized electronic devices with nanometer‐scale features. However, the conventional ALD process on high‐aspect‐ratio (HAR) substrates often results in the deposition of thin films with suboptimal conformality over the depth of the trench structures. This study introduces an ABC‐type ALD of silicon nitride (SiNx) employing vapor‐deliverable tert‐butyl chloride (TBC) as a surface inhibitor. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate the surface reaction mechanisms, confirming the inhibition of the Si precursor by the t‐butyl moiety. Notably, the ABC‐type ALD exhibits reduced growth per cycle relative to the conventional process while avoiding detectable carbon contamination in the SiNx thin films. Applying this process to substrates with trench structures revealed a substantial improvement in conformality following the introduction of TBC. Furthermore, the step coverage of the deposited SiNx can be modulated by adjusting TBC exposure, enabling greater film thickness at the bottom than that at the top of the trench. The proposed method of modulating ALD processes holds potential for the high‐volume manufacturing of semiconductor devices with HAR structures.
Constructing LiCl‐Rich Solid Electrolyte Interphase by High Amine‐Containing 1,2,4,5‐Benzenetetramine Tetrahydrochloride Additive
Authors: Lin Zhihua , Bettels Frederik , Li Taoran , Satheesh Sreeja K , Liu Yuping , Zhang Chaofeng , Ding Fei , Zhang Lin
Published: December 2023

Strategies that aim to achieve highly stable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are extensively explored. To date, the controlled formation of high‐quality inorganic SEI is still quite challenging, which requires a deep understanding and hence the fine‐tuning of solvation chemistry by using functional additives in the electrolyte. In this work, a high amine‐containing 1,2,4,5‐benzenetetramine tetrahydrochloride (BHCL) is developed as a dual‐function electrolyte additive for LMBs. The amine group with a high donor number increases the lithium affinity, while the phenyl group with a strong inductive effect prevents the decomposition of solvents, and the free chloride ions replace anions mediating the formation of the rigid inorganic LiCl‐rich SEI layer. The experimental results corroborate the theoretical findings. The modified Li||Li symmetric battery is stably cycled for over 2500 h at 1 mA cm−2 current density with an overpotential of ≈45 mV. The performances of the Li||Cu and Li||LFP cells are also significantly enhanced. Therefore, this work provides a promising design principle of multifunctional electrolyte additive.
Influence of planting date, maturity group, and harvest timing on soybean yield and seed quality
Authors: Campos Priscila , Miller Donnie , Copes Josh , Netterville Melanie , Brown Sebe , Price Trey , Moseley David , Genetimis Thanos , Egbedi Peters , Parvej Rasel
Published: December 2023

As in other soybean‐producing regions in the United States, planting date and maturity group (MG) are two of the most important factors, along with variety selection and timely harvest, that can set the stage to optimize soybean yield potential in Louisiana. Limited data are available on the effect of these factors along with harvest timing on soybean seed quality. Field studies evaluated the influence of planting date, MG, and harvest timing on soybean yield and seed quality at the Louisiana State University AgCenter Northeast, Macon Ridge, and Dean Lee Research Stations in 2018–2020. Soybean yield was optimized when MG 4 and 5 soybean varieties were planted between mid‐April and mid‐May. Earlier and later planting dates did not result in maximum yield. Planting date effects on seed quality, however, were negligible. Greatest soybean quality was obtained when planting relative maturities (RM) 5.4–6.0 soybean; however, as indicated in the planting date study, yield was not maximized. Planting RM 3.0–4.4 soybean varieties in Louisiana resulted in lower seed quality. Soybean varieties within RM 4.5–5.3 resulted in acceptable seed quality and maximum yield in Louisiana, assuming plants are harvested at the optimum harvest timing (when seed reaches 13% moisture) and not delayed 14–28 days.
Estimating adult age categories in commingled skeletons with Transition Analysis 3
Authors: Bolster Alyssa L. , JeanLouis Hannah J. , Gregoricka Lesley A. , Ullinger Jaime M.
Published: December 2023

Objectives

We estimate adult age frequencies from Unar 1 and Unar 2, two late Umm an‐Nar (2400–2100 BCE) tombs in the modern‐day Emirate of Ras al‐Khaimah, United Arab Emirates. These collective tombs each contained hundreds of skeletons in commingled, fragmented, and variably cremated states. Previous studies placed the vast majority of this mortuary community in a generalized “adult” category, as have most analyses of similar tombs from this period. We sought to test how adult age estimation methods compare in identifying young, middle, and old‐age individuals in commingled assemblages.

Materials and Methods

We employed Transition Analysis 3 (TA3) and traditional age estimation methods to generate adult age frequencies for each tomb. We compared these frequencies between tomb contexts as well as by method.

Results

Unar 1 and Unar 2 had similar adult age frequencies within each method, but TA3 age frequencies included significantly more middle and older adult individuals than those generated by traditional methods.

Discussion

These results support findings of earlier iterations of transition analysis in regard to sensitivity in old adult age estimation, compared with traditional methods. Our findings indicate a potential use of TA3 in reconstructing age frequencies and mortality profiles in commingled skeletal assemblages. Increasing our understanding of everyday life in the distant past necessitates better understandings of adult age, and here, we illustrate how age estimation method choice significantly changes bioarchaeological interpretations of aging in Bronze Age Arabia.

Research Highlights

Adult age estimation using TA3 revealed significantly more middle and older adults than traditional methods in two commingled tombs.

Similar mean maximum likelihood point estimates by side and across skeletal elements were found between tombs.
Threatened aquatic Andean frogs and mining activity in the Lithium Triangle of South America: Can both coexist?
Authors: Salica María J. , Gastón María S. , Akmentins Mauricio S. , Vaira Marcos
Published: December 2023

The aquatic Andean frogs of genusTelmatobiusare one of the most threatened amphibian taxa, with many species having suffered drastic declines and even possible extinction. The Laguna de los Pozuelos' rusted frogTelmatobius rubigois a fully aquatic species that inhabits lotic systems in the Argentinean vertex of the Lithium Triangle of South America.

This study estimated the environmental suitability of an area and geographical distribution ofT. rubigothrough an ecological niche model. This study also aimed to assess the possible extent of impacts related to mining operations on this threatened species.

The ecological niche model ofT. rubigowas obtained using specific freshwater habitat variables and the MaxEnt algorithm. The possible extent of impacts related to mining operations was evaluated by overlaying the mining tenure and the estimated distribution ofT. rubigoresulting from the model.

According to the ecological niche models,T. rubigocould occupy 2,001 km2in four Argentine basins and three hydrographical units of southern Bolivia and is unlikely to occur in northern Chile. Five environmental variables had the highest contribution to the best selected model: shrub coverture, soil pH, soil organic carbon, and two variables related to the upstream air temperature. The suitable area forT. rubigooverlaps with mining operations by 61.8%.

We advise the local communities, governmental environmental agencies, mining companies, and environmental assessors to consider the presence of threatenedTelmatobiusspecies in areas subject to mining to protect them and their environment. We encourage incorporating the aquatic Andean frogs as key species into management, environmental monitoring, and remediation plans.
Mucilage‐assisted fabrication of molybdenum trioxide nanostructures for photothermal ablation of breast cancer cells
Authors: Alomari Reem A. , Athinarayanan Jegan , Periasamy Vaiyapuri Subbarayan , Alshatwi Ali A.
Published: December 2023

Nanostructures have been used for various biomedical applications due to their optical, antibacterial, magnetic, antioxidant, and biocompatible properties. Cancer is a prevalent disease that severely threatens human life and health. Thus, innovative and effective therapeutic approaches are urgently required for cancer. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising approach to killing cancer cells. In this investigation, we developed a low‐cost, simple, green technique to fabricate molybdenum trioxide nanostructures (MNs) using Opuntia ficus‐indica mucilage as a template. Moreover, the MNs were functionalized with folic acid (FA) for cancer PTT. The X‐ray diffractometer results revealed that the prepared MNs have an orthorhombic crystal phase. The transmission electron microscope image of MNs shows a flake shape with 20–150 nm diameter. The cytotoxicity of MNs and FA‐conjugated MNs was studied in vitro. These cell viability assay results suggested that fabricated MoO3 nanostructures reduced 25% of cell viability in MCF‐7 cells, even at high doses. However, even with high‐dose treatment, FA/MNs do not cause significant cell death. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining revealed DNA and chromatin condensation in MCF‐7 cells exposed to MNs. Overall, the in vitro study results suggested that FA/MNs have excellent biocompatibility, which applies to biomedical applications. MNs dispersion temperature gradually increases from 26 to 58°C under 808 nm laser irradiation. We found significant mortality rates after NIR irradiation in MNs‐ or FA/MNs‐treated MCF‐7 cells. These findings suggest that FA/MNs can be used as an effective photothermal agent to treat breast cancer.
Building sustainable and decent refugee livelihoods through adult education? Interplay between policies and realities of five refugee groups
Authors: Dagar Preeti
Published: December 2023

Most of the world's refugees live in Global South countries, where they struggle to find quality education and opportunities for decent livelihoods. This paper explores the underexamined yet highly relevant interlinkage between sustainable livelihoods and adult learning among urban refugees residing in three major cities in India. It speaks to the tight intersection of education, livelihoods and aspirations of five refugee communities: Afghan, Rohingya, Somali, Chin and Tibetan. Building on interviews, focus groups and participatory drawing sessions involving 66 refugee and staff respondents, the study highlights the refugees' extremely limited learning opportunities, which result in low skills and being forced to take discriminatory and undignified work in the informal sector. By integrating the capabilities approach with sustainable livelihoods, the paper argues for more diverse educational opportunities and a broader understanding of refugee livelihoods that goes beyond pure economics to encompass consideration of freedom and human dignity.
School staff's views on causes of early school leaving in regular secondary and adult education: Identifying the role of individual, job‐related and school climate characteristics
Authors: De Coninck David , Clycq Noel , Van Praag Lore
Published: December 2023

Understanding early school leaving (ESL) remains a key issue on political and academic agendas. Most research focuses on the experiences of young people who intend to leave or have left school early without a qualification from secondary education. In addition, most studies focus on regular secondary schools. We aim to add to this literature by studying how school staff in regular secondary and adult education schools explain ESL, and to understand how both groups' views differ. We also study whether school climate has an effect on the explanations of ESL given by staff. We analysed survey data collected in Flanders (northern part of Belgium) among 780 staff members using exploratory factor analysis and multilevel modelling. Findings indicate that staff in adult education have moderate views on the causes of ESL compared to staff in regular education. Staff in adult education have a strong focus on student‐focused explanations for ESL, rather than on contextual or systemic explanations. Future research could delve deeper into the impact of school characteristics, conduct more cross‐comparative research and/or include more views on diversity. Policymakers could prioritise the follow‐up of ESL, including feedback mechanisms to inform school staff on reasons why individual students decided to leave school early.
Middle leaders' identity–practice framings: A site‐ontological view of identity in and as practice
Authors: Edwards‐Groves Christine , Grootenboer Peter , Petrie Kirsten , Rönnerman Karin
Published: December 2023

This paper presents an examination of identity in and as practice as it relates to a group of educational practitioners known as middle leaders. Drawing on the theory of practice architectures as a site‐ontological approach for conceptualising educational leading, the paper considers an individual's identity as being informed by, and accomplished amidst, the sayings, doings and relatings of practice. Although theorising the connections between identity and practice is not new, a central argument presented is that identity occurs at the nexus of the individual and social practices. Data are drawn from an empirical study of the practices of nine middle leaders responsible for facilitating a district‐wide initiative aiming to improve literacy pedagogy in their particular primary schools. Thematic analysis of semi‐structured interviews with the middle leaders revealed 11 identity–practice framings which evolve over time and space, negotiated in response to site‐based conditions. Findings contribute to understandings about the dynamic multifaceted nature of middle leaders' identities.
Self‐attention based generative adversarial network with Aquila optimization algorithm espoused energy aware cluster head selection in WSN
Authors: Soundararajan S. , Tapas Bapu B. R. , Sargunavathi S. , Poonguzhali I.
Published: December 2023

WSNs have a wide range of applications, and the effective Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) design includes the best energy optimization techniques. The nodes in wireless sensor networks run on batteries. The existing cluster head selection methods do not take into account the latency and rate of wireless network traffic when optimizing the node's energy constraints. To overcome these issues, a self‐attention based generative adversarial network (SabGAN) with Aquila Optimization Algorithm (AqOA) is proposed for Multi‐Objective Cluster Head Selection and Energy Aware Routing (SabGAN‐AqOA‐EgAwR‐WSN) for secured data transmission in wireless sensor network. The proposed method implements the routing process through cluster head. SabGAN classifiers are utilized to select the CH based on firm fitness functions, including delay, detachment, energy, cluster density, and traffic rate. After the selection of the cluster head, the malicious node gains access to the cluster. Therefore, the ideal path selection is carried out by three parameters: trust, connectivity, and degree of amenity. These three parameters are optimized under proposed AqOA. The data are transferred to the base station with the support of optimum trust path. The proposed SabGAN‐AqOA‐EgAwR‐WSN method is activated in NS2 simulator. Finally, the proposed SabGAN‐AqOA‐EgAwR‐WSN method attains 12.5%, 32.5%, 59.5%, and 32.65% higher alive nodes; 85.71%, 81.25%, 82.63%, and 71.96% lower delay; and 52.25%, 61.65%, 37.83%, and 20.63% higher normalized network energy compared with the existing methods.
Adulthood effects of developmental exercise in rats
Authors: Perez Emma C. , Gehm Kevin H. , Lobo Valeria Gaume , Olvera Marcelle , Leasure J. Leigh
Published: December 2023

Exercise is known to promote efficient function of stress circuitry. The developing brain is malleable and thus exercise during adolescence could potentially exert lasting beneficial effects on the stress response that would be detectable in adulthood. The current study determined whether adolescent wheel running was associated with reduced stress response in adulthood, 6 weeks after cessation of exercise. Male and female adolescent rats voluntarily ran for 6 weeks and then were sedentary for 6 weeks prior to 10 days of chronic restraint stress in adulthood. Fecal corticosterone levels were measured during stress, and escape from the restraint tube was assessed on the final day as a proxy for depressive‐like behavior. Anxiety‐like behavior was measured 24 h later with the elevated plus maze and locomotor behaviors with the open field. Brain and body measurements were taken immediately following behavioral testing. Developmental exercise and adulthood stress both exerted independent effects on physiological and behavioral outcomes in adulthood. Exercise history increased the odds ratio of escape from restraint stress in males, but did not influence other stress‐induced behaviors. In summary, exercise early in life exerted lasting effects, but did not substantially alter the adulthood response to restraint stress.
Immediate and repeat interrogative suggestibility in a sample of adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Authors: Gilbert David J. , Allely Clare S. , Gudjonsson Gisli , Mukherjee Raja A. S. , Cook Penny A.
Published: December 2023

Individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are more likely to be involved with the criminal justice system (CJS) than neurotypical individuals. Interrogative suggestibility is theorised to be a weakness in this population; this is the first experimental evidence of interrogative suggestibility in adolescents with FASD. Fifty‐two participants (aged 11–16 years) completed the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale immediately and after 1 week; the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; and the Behavioural Rating of Executive Function. Compared to the control group, individuals with FASD were more vulnerable to leading questions, negative feedback and evidenced significantly higher suggestibility, immediately and after 1 week. A significant correlation was found between immediate and repeat suggestibility at 1‐week follow‐up. Poorer memory recall, lower intelligence quotient and higher impulsivity were also observed in the FASD population. The results indicate the importance for the CJS to establish whether suspects, witnesses, and victims of crimes may have been impacted by prenatal alcohol exposure since this is a significant source of vulnerability that could lead to false confessions or miscarriage of justice.
Use of intraoperative haemoadsorption in patients undergoing heart transplantation: a proof‐of‐concept randomized trial
Authors: Nemeth Endre , Soltesz Adam , Kovacs Eniko , Szakal‐Toth Zsofia , Tamaska Eszter , Katona Hajna , Racz Kristof , Csikos Gergely , Berzsenyi Viktor , Fabry Szabolcs , Ulakcsai Zsuzsanna , Tamas Csilla , Nagy Beata , Varga Marina , Merkely Bela
Published: December 2023

Aims

The aim of this trial was to compare the clinical effects of intraoperative haemoadsorption versus standard care in patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT).

Methods and results

In a randomized, controlled trial, OHT recipients were randomized to receive intraoperative haemoadsorption or standard care. Outcomes were vasoactive‐inotropic score (VIS), frequency of vasoplegic syndrome (VS) in the first 24 h; post‐operative change in procalcitonin (PCT) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels; intraoperative change in mycophenolic acid (MPA) concentration; frequency of post‐operative organ dysfunction, major complications, adverse immunological events and length of in‐hospital stay and 1‐year survival. Sixty patients were randomized (haemoadsorption group N = 30, control group N = 25 plus 5 exclusions). Patients in the haemoadsorption group had a lower median VIS and rate of VS (VIS: 27.2 [14.6–47.7] vs. 41.9 [22.4–63.2], P = 0.046, and VS: 20.0% vs. 48.0%, P = 0.028, respectively), a 6.4‐fold decrease in the odds of early VS (OR: 0.156, CI: 0.029–0.830, P = 0.029), lower PCT levels, shorter median mechanical ventilation (MV: 25 [19–68.8] hours vs. 65 [23–287] hours, P = 0.025, respectively) and intensive care unit stay (ICU stay: 8.5 [8.0–10.3] days vs. 12 [8.5–18.0] days, P = 0.022, respectively) than patients in the control group. Patients in the haemoadsorption versus control group experienced lower rates of acute kidney injury (AKI: 36.7% vs. 76.0%, P = 0.004, respectively), renal replacement therapy (RRT: 0% vs. 16.0%, P = 0.037, respectively) and lower median per cent change in bilirubin level (PCB: 2.5 [−24.6 to 71.1] % vs. 72.1 [11.2–191.4] %, P = 0.009, respectively) during the post‐operative period. MPA concentrations measured at pre‐defined time points were comparable in the haemoadsorption compared to control groups (MPA pre‐cardiopulmonary bypass: 2.4 [1.15–3.60] μg/mL vs. 1.6 [1.20–3.20] μg/mL, P = 0.780, and MPA 120 min after cardiopulmonary bypass start: 1.1 [0.58–2.32] μg/mL vs. 0.9 [0.45–2.10] μg/mL, P = 0.786). The rates of cardiac allograft rejection, 30‐day mortality and 1‐year survival were similar between the groups.

Conclusions

Intraoperative haemoadsorption was associated with better haemodynamic stability, mitigated PCT response, lower rates of post‐operative AKI and RRT, more stable hepatic bilirubin excretion, and shorter durations of MV and ICU stay. Intraoperative haemoadsorption did not show any relevant adsorption effect on MPA. There was no increase in the frequency of early cardiac allograft rejection related to intraoperative haemoadsorption use.
Waste heat recovery from household biomass gasifier stoves (HBGSs) for thermoelectric generators: Effect of the primary air valve angle
Authors: Kaewluan Sommas , Wiriyasart Songkran
Published: December 2023

Household biomass gasifier stoves (HBGSs) are used in remote areas using natural firewood that is burned in the HBGS for general purposes, such as cooking and warming in winter. The heat dissipation from the walls is assumed to be heat loss. This paper evaluates the electrical performance of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) using heat recovered from the hot walls of an HBGS, considering the effect of three primary air valve angles of 0°, 9°, and 18°. The heat recovered from the HBGS that is electrically transferred through a TEG is assessed. The results showed that the wall heat loss increases with the primary air valve angle of the HBGS. The upper zone near the HBGS gas combustion zone exhibits higher wall temperatures than the middle and lower zones, with a maximum wall temperature of 140°C resulting in an output voltage of 2.55 V. However, the middle and lower zones are also considered as their capacities are consistent with the TEG temperature range. The heat loss from the HBGS is considerably larger than that from other heat sources, and the specific heating area of the heat source is a variable that should be considered to increase the number of TEGs to achieve the desired output values for practical applications. Furthermore, this research serves as a guideline for applying TEGs to recover waste heat from various applications.
Association of low muscle mass and obesity with increased all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in US adults
Authors: Kim Donghyun , Lee Junghoon , Park Raekil , Oh Chang‐Myung , Moon Shinje
Published: December 2023

Background

Sarcopenic obesity, defined as the coexistence of low muscle mass and high adiposity, is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. However, to what extent sarcopenia contributes to these risks independently or in conjunction with other cardiovascular risk factors remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association of low muscle mass, central obesity (COB), metabolic abnormalities, and their combinations with CVD and mortality risk.

Methods

This cross‐sectional analysis used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2006 and 2011–2018. Participants aged >20 years and with reported whole‐body dual X‐ray absorptiometry data were included. Participants were divided into eight groups based on low muscle mass, metabolic abnormalities, and COB status.

Results

The mean age of participants was 55 years, and 50.4% of participants were male. Low muscle mass was observed in 2472 (14.6%) out of 16 839 participants. Among the eight groups, the metabolically unhealthy COB group with low muscle mass had the highest hazard ratio (HR) for all‐cause mortality (HR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.56–2.56; P < 0.001), whereas the metabolically healthy COB group with low muscle mass had the highest HR for CVD mortality (HR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.53–6.65; P = 0.001). The mediation analysis showed that low muscle mass directly increased the risk of both all‐cause mortality (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.35–1.79; P < 0.001) and CVD mortality (HR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.40–2.31; P < 0.001). Additionally, subgroup analysis revealed that low muscle mass significantly increased the risk of all‐cause and CVD mortality in participants without a prior CVD history and those with diabetes mellitus.

Conclusions

Low muscle mass is an independent risk factor for all‐cause and CVD mortality, especially in individuals with metabolic abnormalities and COB.
Probable 4‐Repeat Tauopathy Criteria Predict Brain Amyloid Negativity, Distinct Clinical Features, and FDG‐PET/MRI Neurodegeneneration Patterns in Corticobasal Syndrome
Authors: Parmera Jacy Bezerra , de Godoi Carneiro Camila , de Almeida Isabel Junqueira , de Oliveira Marcos Castello Barbosa , Barbosa Pedro Melo , Studart‐Neto Adalberto , Ono Carla Rachel , Nitrini Ricardo , Buchpiguel Carlos Alberto , Barbosa Egberto Reis , Brucki Sonia Maria Dozzi , Coutinho Artur Martins
Published: December 2023

Background

Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is associated with diverse underlying pathologies, including the four‐repeat (4R)‐tauopathies. The Movement Disorders Society (MDS) criteria for progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) proposed the novel category “probable 4R‐tauopathy” to address the phenotypic overlap between PSP and corticobasal degeneration (CBD).

Objectives

To investigate the clinical ability of the MDS‐PSP criteria for probable 4R‐tauopathy in predicting a negative amyloid‐PET in CBS. Additionally, this study aims to explore CBS patients classified as 4R‐tauopathy concerning their clinical features and neuroimaging degeneration patterns.

Methods

Thirty‐two patients with probable CBS were prospectively evaluated and split into those who fulfilled or did not fulfill the 4R‐tauopathy criteria (CBS‐4RT+ vs. CBS‐4RT−). All patients underwent positron emission tomographies (PET) with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and [11C]Pittsburgh Compound‐B (PIB) on a hybrid PET‐MRI scanner to perform multimodal quantitative comparisons with a control group.

Results

Eleven patients were clinically classified as CBS‐4RT+, and only one had a positive PIB‐PET. The CBS‐4RT+ classification had 92% specificity, 52% sensitivity, and 69% accuracy in predicting a negative PIB‐PET. The CBS‐4RT+ group presented with dysarthria and perseveration more often than the CBS‐4RT− group. Moreover, the CBS‐4RT+ group showed a prominent frontal hypometabolism extending to the supplementary motor area and striatum, and brain atrophy at the anterior cingulate and bilateral striata.

Conclusions

The 4R‐tauopathy criteria were highly specific in predicting a negative amyloid‐PET in CBS. Patients classified as 4R‐tauopathy presented distinct clinical aspects, as well as brain metabolism and atrophy patterns previously associated with tauopathies.
High‐throughput, microscopy‐based screening and quantification of genetic elements
Authors: Zhang Rongrong , Huang Yajia , Li Mei , Wang Lei , Li Bing , Xia Aiguo , Li Ye , Yang Shuai , Jin Fan
Published: December 2023

Synthetic biology relies on the screening and quantification of genetic components to assemble sophisticated gene circuits with specific functions. Microscopy is a powerful tool for characterizing complex cellular phenotypes with increasing spatial and temporal resolution to library screening of genetic elements. Microscopy‐based assays are powerful tools for characterizing cellular phenotypes with spatial and temporal resolution and can be applied to large‐scale samples for library screening of genetic elements. However, strategies for high‐throughput microscopy experiments remain limited. Here, we present a high‐throughput, microscopy‐based platform that can simultaneously complete the preparation of an 8 × 12‐well agarose pad plate, allowing for the screening of 96 independent strains or experimental conditions in a single experiment. Using this platform, we screened a library of natural intrinsic promoters from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and identified a small subset of robust promoters that drives stable levels of gene expression under varying growth conditions. Additionally, the platform allowed for single‐cell measurement of genetic elements over time, enabling the identification of complex and dynamic phenotypes to map genotype in high throughput. We expected that the platform could be employed to accelerate the identification and characterization of genetic elements in various biological systems, as well as to understand the relationship between cellular phenotypes and internal states, including genotypes and gene expression programs.
Multidimensional mental representations of natural environment among Chinese preadolescents via draw‐and‐write mapping
Authors: Yue Zhihui , Meng Yichuan , Chen Jin
Published: December 2023

The mental associations that children have with the natural environment can be referred to as their natural representations. These representations encompass a blend of shared consensus and individual differences, playing a pivotal role in shaping human relationships with nature and influencing attitudes and behaviours. However, comprehending children's natural representations, particularly among preadolescents with limited verbal narrative abilities, remains a challenge.

To address this challenge, we conducted a study employing a draw‐and‐write task and a questionnaire survey. Our investigation aimed to understand how the level of nature experiences and demographic variables affects the multidimensional representations of nature among preadolescents (aged 9–12) in China. Specifically, we examined the impacts of direct, indirect and vicarious nature experiences on their natural representations. These representations included dimensions such as the level of wildness, cognitive complexity, extent of elaboration, expression of emotion and representation style. These dimensions were based on literature review and supported by empirical data collected from children's drawings.

Our findings showed that children's drawings of nature not only share similarities but also display significant variations. Most of their drawings include natural components, such as living and non‐living elements, while a notable proportion of drawings depicts human activities. Interestingly, we observed notable differences in the level of wildness, elaboration and representation style among preadolescents from different regions. Additionally, we found that vicarious nature experiences have a significant positive impact on the cognitive complexity, extent of elaboration and positive emotional expression in children's drawings, while direct nature experiences also have a weaker but still significant positive effect on the elaboration. Moreover, female students exhibit greater proficiency in these three aspects compared to their male counterparts.

The study highlights the significance of the surrounding environment and nature experiences, especially vicarious nature experience, in shaping the natural representations of preadolescents. Using draw‐and‐write mapping is recommended as a valuable approach to understanding the children's mental representations of the natural environment.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.