bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Four Sons of the Holocaust: Leah Goldberg's "Keneged arba'ah banim"
Authors: Zierler Wendy
Published: May 2005

Leah Goldberg was not known for writing war poems or poems in response to the Shoah. On the contrary: with the outbreak of World War II, Goldberg provoked a major literary controversy with her declaration in an essay published in Hashomer Hatsa 'ir that she had no intention of writing war poems. This paper examines Leah Goldberg's 1950 poem cycle "Keneged arba' ah banim" (1950), one of the few cycles she wrote in response to the catastrophe of World War II. Using the motif of the Four Sons of the Haggadah, Goldberg's cycle simultareously reinvigorates and undermines liturgical language, offering a provocative reconsideration of what it means to be wise, wicked, simple, or unquestioning in the post-Holocaust era.
Chasing the Mythical Ten Percent: Parental Hearing Status of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in the United States
Authors: Mitchell Ross E , Karchmer Michael A
Published: May 2005

This article investigates the basis for the frequently reported statement that ten percent of deaf persons are born to families with one or more deaf parents. The prevalence of deaf children born to deaf parents (deaf-of-deaf) is important because it is often cited when describing linguistic and educational advantages, along with social and cultural differences, associated with deaf children born to deaf parents compared to deaf children of hearing parents. This analysis provides a current estimate for the distribution of parental hearing status among deaf and hard of hearing students in United States using data from the Annual Survey of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children and Youth (1999�2000). This is the first national estimate that fully utilizes the distinction between children having deaf parents and hard of hearing parents, as well as hearing parents. The authors propose that the key demographic to report, other than that the overwhelming majority of deaf and hard of hearing students have hearing parents, is whether the child has one or two deaf parents. The annual survey findings indicate that less than five percent of deaf and hard of hearing students receiving special education are known to have at least one deaf parent, which is less than half of the presumed ten percent. Reasons for the difference between the present and previous estimates are suggested.
Classroom Discourse Practices of a Deaf Teacher Using American Sign Language
Authors: Smith David Harry , Ramsey Claire L. (Claire Louise)
Published: May 2005

This article describes the classroom discourse practices of an experienced Deaf teacher using American Sign Language (ASL) as the medium of instruction in a fifth-grade classroom in a residential school. The teacher is a native ASL user who has been teaching for more than thirty-five years. The analysis of three lessons illustrates the use of ASL linguistic features to encourage student participation. In constructing a teaching style using ASL, the teacher also employs discourse practices common among skilled teachers, regardless of the medium of instruction, such as maintaining a moderate level of control and selectively modeling na�ve questions. The teacher's ASL fluency and teaching experience interact to yield an effective strategy for increasing student involvement. Implications for classroom practice and suggestions for further research are included.
Conjoining Word and Image in British Sign Language (BSL): An Exploration of Metaphorical Signs in BSL
Authors: Brennan Mary
Published: May 2005

The lexicon of British Sign Language (BSL) is highly motivated. This article places the motivated productive forms of BSL at the center of its analysis.
A Crosslinguistic, Cross-cultural Analysis of Metaphors in Two Italian Sign Language (LIS) Registers
Authors: Russo Tommaso
Published: May 2005

This article deals with two main topics: the interplay of iconicity and metaphors in signed language discourse and the relevance of sociocultural knowledge for a full understanding of LIS metaphors. Metaphors produced in two different signed registers, Conferences and Poetry, are analyzed. I maintain that in signed metaphors, the iconic features of signs play a role in the creative process of determining a mental fit between two different domains, when metaphors are produced. Iconicity mirrors the properties of the structure of a blended space, in which features of both the target and the source domain of the metaphor are projected. The iconic features of signs are dynamically activated during the online cognitive processes aimed at maximizing the similarity between two usually unrelated domains. I also suggest that shared cultural knowledge plays a central role in driving the cross-domain mappings of LIS metaphors. Both topics are related to the general problem of understanding in detail the creative process of mapping target domains onto some particular sources in signed language metaphors.
What Do You Think ? Metaphor in Thought and Communication Domains in American Sign Language
Authors: Wilcox Phyllis Perrin
Published: May 2005

Signed languages researchers who apply the principals of cognitive linguistics to their work on metaphor are finding what appear to be universal metaphors, such as MIND IS A CONTAINER and IDEAS ARE OBJECTS. Their research is also exemplifying differences that reflect the cultural realities of their respective countries. This article explores similarities and differences found in metaphorical domains of thought and communication in several signed languages. It demonstrates that culture plays a powerful role in the nonequivalencies of metaphorical language creation regardless of the modalitysigned or spoken.
Body Partitioning in ASL Metaphorical Blends
Authors: Wulf Alyssa , Dudis Paul
Published: May 2005

This article addresses body partitioning in American Sign Language (ASL). Specifically, it demonstrates how partitioning allows for greater contributions of conceptual metaphor to the structuring of complex grounded blends.
Bolts of Cloth and Sherds of Pottery: Impressions of Caste in the Material Culture of the Seventeenth Century Audiencia of Quito
Authors: Jamieson Ross W.
Published: May 2005

People use domestic material culture to create an image of themselves that they project to others who live in, or visit, their homes. This was as true in the Spanish colonial city as it is in any city today. If, therefore, we wish to investigate status and ethnicity in the Spanish colonies, domestic material culture is an excellent source of information on how people imagined their own place, and that of others, in society. The first step toward this is the reconstruction of the material culture of urban colonial houses. There are two main bodies of evidence available to accomplish this. The first is descriptions of household goods in the notarial archives of the colonies, and the second is the physical remains of household refuse found in archaeological contexts in cities. Each body of evidence can make unique contributions to our understanding of social relations in the colonial city, but each also has unique limitations. I use the interplay between colonial notarial documents and archaeological remains to help define the role of material culture in the study of caste relations in Cuenca, Ecuador. The Spanish colonial régimen de castas was a system that categorized people by caste, using a complex mixture of legal status, ethnicity, racial (or physical) categorization, and economic roles.
Fajitasand the Failure of Refrigerated Meatpacking in Mexico: Consumer Culture and Porfirian Capitalism
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M.
Published: May 2005

Tourists who visit a Mexican market to observe a butcher at work will readily notice the difference between the material cultures of meat in Mexico and the United States. Instead of thick, neatly cut steaks, wrapped in clear plastic, they will find butterflied strips of meat, corresponding to no known part of a cow, sawed with ragged edges but remarkable thinness, and hung on hooks and rods. Thick slabs calledsuaderomight be steak except for the checkerboards carved across the front, and seemingly random chunks ofretazocomplete the baroque display of craftsmanship. Although of little use in making Anglo-American roasts or steaks, these cuts are ideal for such delicacies ascarne asada(grilled meat) andmole de olla(chili pepper stew). Indeed, fajitas—skirt steak pounded thin and marinated, then seared quickly on a hot fire, and served with salsa and fresh tortillas— are nothing more than a Tex-Mex version of the standard method of cooking and eating beef in Mexico. Moreover, the differences between U.S. supermarket meat counters and Mexican artisanal market displays extend beyond national culinary preferences to reflect the historical growth of industrial supply chains. Indeed, meat provides a case study demonstrating the significance of consumer culture in shaping the development of Mexican capitalism during the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz (1876-1911).
Nationalizing Children Through Schools and Hygiene: Porfirian and Revolutionary Mexico City
Authors: Schell Patience A.
Published: May 2005

On a spring morning in 1919, worshipers leaving Mexico City’s cathedral were horrified to discover the body of a little girl who had fallen to her death from the Hotel del Seminario. Yet as far as theExcélsiornewspaper was concerned, the tragedy that had ended that morning had actually begun with her conception. Her mother was a prostitute who lived in the hotel and busybody guests reported that the mother neglected her child. On the day of Domitila’s death, her mother was not at the hotel, as she had been admitted to the Morelos Hospital, which specialized in syphilitic prostitutes. The hotel’s guests did their best to care for Domitila, giving her food, affection, and chiding when she played on balconies: one moment of inattention allowed the tragedy. The article concluded that perhaps it was for Domitila’s own good that she had died falling off a balcony. Readers did not need to be told why Domitila was better off dead, because the case encapsulated common anxieties about childhood and parenting in Porfirian and revolutionary Mexico.
The Archive and the Internet
Authors: Adorno Rolena
Published: May 2005

The American Historical Association has been in the forefront of professional academic organizations that have seen the potential of the Internet for fomenting the production and circulation of academic scholarship and for contributing to the teaching of history. This has been no more apparent than in the AHA Workshop, “Entering the Second Stage of Online History Scholarship,” carried out in the days before the 118th annual meeting of the American Historical Association and under its auspices. In the AHA Workshop, the topic was electronic scholarly publishing: maintaining its quality, mediating its use and access, and assessing its impact on the changing shape of the profession. It took into account the perspectives of all those involved in scholarly production: authors, journal editors, department chairs, university press publishers and editors, and, at the same time, those involved in mediating its use and access at the technical level, that is, the librarians and technicians.
Social Medicine and “Leprosy” in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Cueto Marcos
Published: May 2005

Starting in the early twentieth century, Latin American physicians organized expeditions to study remote rural populations living in their own countries. These expeditions usually aimed to solve scientific mysteries, spread western medicine, protect urban populations from epidemic diseases coming from the countryside and increase the productivity of new areas of economic exploitation. They also produced fascinating knowledge, images and stereotypes on individuals and diseases considered rare in Latin American cities.

In this paper I will analyze a similar case: the medical dimension of an effort to “colonize” or modernize the Peruvian Amazon during the 1940s. This region, an expanse of more than 500 square kilometers, was—according to a prominent Peruvian economist—“territorio inculto” scarcely populated by primitive tribes. Economic, nationalistic and political motivations coincided in the term Colonización de la Amazonía used by governmental and international agencies. Its meaning included diverse proposals such as: to encourage the migration of Andean peasants, the implementation of scientific agriculture, the creation of rural schools and military posts, the “civilization” of local natives—a process developed by religious orders in the nineteenth century—and the construction of roads to facilitate access to urban markets.
Rethinking the Conquest of Goiás, 1775-1819
Authors: Karasch Mary
Published: May 2005

To the sound of trumpets and drums, the people gathered before the church of Our Lady of the Rosary in the square of the small town of Santa Cruz in southern Goiás. They were there for the “jogo dos cavaleiros” (the game of the cavalrymen). First of all, the troops processed from the commandant's house to the square, which was lined in the form of a cross. Enveloped in long mantles, the women of the commandant's family headed a second procession, including soldiers, musicians, and the Austrian visitor, Johann Emanuel Pohl, who accompanied the commander and the judge. The townspeople followed at the end. Receiving them in formation in the “spacious” square were the mounted cavalrymen dressed in Portuguese uniforms. With their swords, they saluted Pohl and the other men of high rank, who took their seats on the top of a stepped platform shaded by a thatched roof, while the soldiers sat below.
Colony of the Sertão: Amazonian Expeditions and the Indian Slave Trade
Authors: Sommer Barbara A.
Published: May 2005

After expelling their European rivals from the Amazon in the early–seventeenth century, the Portuguese set about exploiting the principal assets of the vast basin—the indigenous inhabitants. As allies, converts, and slaves the native population provided the labor and much of the social fabric of the developing colony. While a variety of canoe-borne expeditions ventured ever farther up the main river and its tributaries seeking elusive gold, harvesting forest products, and expanding the crown's domain, prosperity and power for the leaders and sponsors of those forays derived mainly from the human cargo brought downstream to missions, forts, and other settlements. As a result, crown and colonial authorities attempted to regulate and control the expeditions, and fierce competition developed among institutions and individuals involved in the process. Documents in Portuguese and Brazilian archives reveal the key role played by the Indians themselves in collaboration with the little-studied cross-cultural intermediaries, known as cunhamenas.
Thiamine Status in Adult Salmonines in the Great Lakes
Authors: Brown Scott B. , Honeyfield Dale C. , Hnath John G. , Wolgamood Martha , Marcquenski Susan V. , Fitzsimons John D. , Tillitt Donald E.
Published: May 2005

In 1996 and again in 1999, hatchery personnel noted that some Lake Michigan coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch from fall spawning runs on the Platte River weir exhibited abnormal wiggling behavior that was similar to the behavior exhibited by thiamine-deficient Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, from the Baltic Sea. Samples of eggs or gonads, muscle, and liver from salmon and lake trout Salvelinus namaycush exhibiting abnormal behaviors were collected to determine the extent to which the behaviors were related to a thiamine deficiency. We compared these values with those found in normally behaving fish that produced offspring with high embryonic survival. In all adult fish exhibiting abnormal behavior, tissue residues of thiamine were among the lowest observed in the Great Lakes. Where embryonic survival was assessed, abnormal adult behavior was also associated with very high levels of offspring mortality due to early mortality syndrome. While the overall ecological significance remains to be determined, it appears that adult fish also exhibit neurological dysfunction and mortality associated with thiamine deficiency.
Congenitally Missing Teeth in the Israeli Cleft Population
Authors: Aizenbud Dror , Camasuvi Semin , Peled Micha , Brin Ilana
Published: May 2005

Objective

The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of congenitally missing teeth in a group of Israeli children with various types of clefts.

Design

Prevalence of congenitally missing teeth was determined for 179 children with cleft lip, cleft lip and alveolar ridge, cleft lip and palate, and cleft palate. Subgroupings were assessed according to patient sex, origin, cleft type, tooth type, and the side of hypodontia. The diagnosis of congenitally missing teeth (CMT) was based on initial and follow-up panoramic roentgenograms. In case of doubt, occlusal or periapical roentgenograms as well as clinical dental photographs were also used.

Setting

Data collection was conducted at the Rambam Medical Center, Orthodontic and Craniofacial Unit, Haifa, Israel.

Results

In the total cleft group, 67.6% of the patients presented with hypodontia, totaling 246 missing teeth. A statistically significant difference was found in the distribution of patients with CMT of Jewish and minority origin according to sex. Cleft lip and palate was the most frequently affected group in which 195 teeth were missing. The most frequently missing tooth among the cleft population was the maxillary incisor. The order of frequency of the other missing teeth was the same as in the normal population. Hypodontia and malformations of permanent teeth were most common on the cleft side.

Conclusion

The frequency of CMT in the Israeli cleft population studied was higher than in the intact population. This confirms findings in other populations worldwide.
Jordanian Muslim Women’s Intention to Use Oral Contraceptives
Authors: Kridli Suha Al-Oballi , Schott-Baer Darlene
Published: May 2005

Oral contraceptives (OCs) are the second most popular method of contraception in Jordan; however, their use remains low compared with the intrauterine device. The purpose of this article is to report the effect of factors identified by The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on Jordanian Muslim women’s intention to use OCs. TPB was used to develop an investigator-developed instrument, the Intention to Use Oral Contraceptive Tool (IUOCT). The IUOCT measured attitude (general attitude and attitudinal beliefs), social norms and perceived behavioral control factors in a total of 83 women participants. A stepwise regression analysis was calculated using the IUOCT subscales as predictors of Jordanian Muslim women’s intention to use OCs. The findings demonstrated that the attitude, specifically general attitude and positive beliefs, about OC use affect Jordanian Muslim women’s intention to use OCs. However, the findings provide limited support for social norms and perceived behavioral control as factors influencing Jordanian Muslim women’s intention to use OCs. The findings indicate that more attention should be devoted to health education programs on the benefits of using OCs rather than focusing only on correcting misinformation. Nursing implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
The Role of Social Support in the Psychological Well-Being of African American Girls Who Experience Dating Violence Victimization
Authors: Salazar Laura F. , Wingood Gina M. , DiClemente Ralph J. , Lang Delia L. , Harrington Kathy
Published: May 2005

The goals of this study were to test the relationship between dating violence victimization (i.e., verbal, emotional, and physical abuse) and psychological well-being (i.e., depressive symptomatology, self-esteem, and body image) among 522 African American girls, and to determine whether social support acted as a buffer of negative effects (moderator) or as an intervening factor (mediator) in the relationship between dating violence victimization and psychological well-being. Results from structural equation modeling indicated that dating violence victimization was associated with negative psychological outcomes. Although social support did not moderate this relationship, it served as a mediator of the relationship between dating violence victimization and psychological well-being. Dating violence programs for African American girls should consider how to incorporate family, church, and other networks in the community to foster support, and allow adolescent girls to discuss their abusive experiences in a nonblaming environment. If programs are able to buoy girls who experience dating violence, then they may be able to ameliorate the associated negative psychological sequelae.
The Factor Structure of Generalized Workplace Harassment
Authors: Rospenda Kathleen M. , Richman Judith A.
Published: May 2005

We describe the development and psychometric characteristics of the Generalized Workplace Harassment Questionnaire (GWHQ), a 29-item instrument developed to assess harassing experiences at work in five conceptual domains: verbal aggression, disrespect, isolation/exclusion, threats/bribes, and physical aggression. Over 1700 current and former university employees completed the GWHQ at three time points. Factor analytic results at each wave of data suggested a five-factor solution that did not correspond to the original five conceptual factors. We suggest a revised scoring scheme for the GWHQ utilizing four of the empirically extracted factors: covert hostility, verbal hostility, manipulation, and physical hostility. Covert hostility was the most frequently experienced type of harassment, followed by verbal hostility, manipulation, and physical hostility. Verbal hostility, covert hostility, and manipulation were found to be significant predictors of psychological distress.
Intimate Partner Physical Assault Before and During Pregnancy: How Does It Relate to Women’s Psychological Vulnerability?
Authors: Goldstein Karen M. , Martin Sandra L.
Published: May 2005

Most studies of intimate partner violence tend to be behaviorally focused, with scant attention paid to women’s perception of vulnerability in their relationships. Since past research has linked such feelings and cognitions to women’s health problems, it is important to examine multiple aspects of relationships when studying partner violence. Therefore, this study examines women’s perceptions of vulnerability as they relate to their experiences of physical assault by their partner before and during pregnancy. A sample of 86 prenatal care patients were interviewed. The women reported their experiences of partner physical assault using the Conflict Tactics Scale 2, and they reported their perceptions concerning their relationships using the Women’s Experiences with Battering Scale. Bivariate and multivariate analyses found that experiencing intimate partner physical assault was highly predictive of women’s perceptions of vulnerability and loss of control in their relationships, with women who have been in physically violent relationships for longer periods of time being the most likely to express such feelings. Given that previous research has found such perceptions tied to negative health outcomes, clinicians are urged to evaluate their female patients’ feelings of vulnerability as well as their experiences of intimate partner physical assault.
Testing Three Competing Hypotheses for Explaining Lethal Violence
Authors: Wu Bohsiu
Published: May 2005

This study tests three competing hypotheses for explaining lethal violence that is conceptualized as the combination of both suicide and homicide. These three hypotheses differ on how lethal violence can be expressed as either suicide or homicide. Suicide and homicide data, from 1989 to 1991, were obtained from the Multiple Cause of Death study conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. A bivariate analysis shows that there is a positive correlation between suicide and homicide rates for 458 large counties in the US. A weighted least square regression analysis reveals that the attribution hypothesis is supported by the results. Counties with a higher degree of others-blame-worthiness are more likely to express violence as homicide. Neither the socialization nor the social disorder hypotheses is supported by the analysis. Results of this study suggest that it is fruitful to study both suicide and homicide under the same theoretical and empirical framework.
Criminal History and Assault of Dating Partners: The Role of Type of Prior Crime, Age of Onset, and Gender
Authors: Straus Murray A. , Ramirez I. Luis
Published: May 2005

Some studies of assaults on intimate partners have found that most of the perpetrators are not violent outside the family, which suggests a specialized type of crime. However, other studies found domestic violence offenders tend to have extensive criminal histories. To further investigate the extent to which partner assaults are part of a more general pattern of criminal behavior or a specialized type of crime, we studied the dating relationships of 653 university students. Thirty-one percent reported assaulting a partner in the previous 12 months. The rate of assault on partners by females did not differ significantly for males (29%) and females (32%). We also found high rates of other self-reported crime, and much higher rates by males. For example, over one half of the male students and almost one third of the female students reported having stolen money. The male students reported an average of 3.4 crimes committed, and the female students an average of 1.4 crimes. These high crime rates and gender differences are consistent with many previous studies. Logistic regression analysis revealed that a history of prior criminal acts is associated with an increased probability of assaulting a partner. The relationship was greater when there was prior violent crime compared to property crime, when there was early onset of criminal behavior, and when the offender was female. The implications of the findings for understanding partner assaults, criminal careers, and gender differences in the etiology of violence against intimate partners are discussed.
Psychologists’ Judgments of Psychologically Aggressive Actions When Perpetrated by a Husband Versus a Wife
Authors: Follingstad Diane R. , DeHart Dana D. , Green Eric P.
Published: May 2005

Research literature suggests that clinical judgments of men’s versus women’s behavior and symptoms typically rate the men as more pathological and dangerous. To determine whether this view would extend to assessments of psychologically aggressive actions, two separate versions of a survey listing potentially psychologically abusive behaviors perpetrated by either a wife toward her husband or the identical actions perpetrated by a husband toward his wife were sent to a nationwide sampling of practicing psychologists. Results indicated that psychologists, irrespective of demographics, rated the husband’s behavior as more likely to be psychologically abusive and more severe in nature than the wife’s use of the same actions. Psychologists did not differentially rely on any of the three contextual factors (i.e., frequency/duration, intent of the perpetrator, and perception of the recipient) to influence their determination that a behavior was “psychological abuse” dependent upon whether the initiator of the psychological actions was the husband or the wife. Future research could assess more directly the rationale for the psychologists’ differing views of male versus female behavior. In addition, more normative information is needed to inform mental health professionals as to the prevalence and severity of psychologically aggressive actions in the general population.
Improved Student Writing in Business Communication Classes: Strategies for Teaching and Evaluation
Authors: Stowers Robert H. , Barker Randolph T.
Published: May 2005

Students in business communication classes are expected to write various types of documents. Research has illustrated that undergraduate student writing skills have not improved even though most states have begun writing proficiency tests at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. By the time students enroll in college, students are expected to be proficient writers. In some cases, this is true. In far too many cases, students continue to need writing development. In business communication classes, these weaknesses cannot be ignored. This article's purpose is to give guidance to instructors to motivate their students to produce better written products. The difficulty is how to do this most effectively. The authors present some ideas on how to improve student writing through some creative teaching and evaluation strategies.
Prescription for Drug Abuse Education Managing the Mood Changers
Authors: Yolles Stanley F.
Published: May 2005

This article emphasizes the need to prepare youth to make decisions about drug use. To do this it is essential to eliminate hypocrisy about the use of marijuana, to “infuse” the curriculum with drug information and to provide students with realistic learning experiences.

It focuses on such things as the way teachers have been charged with the responsibility to teach about drugs without adequate preparation. The author provides the reader with some practical suggestions and solutions to the dilemma. He presents factual background information about the nature of marijuana, the scope of the problem, and the need for immediate action regarding relevant educational programs. The key areas discussed are: 1) understanding the problem, 2) scope of the problem, 3) the need for drug education, 4) education of professional personnel, and 5) alternatives to drug abuse.
Equity and Satisfaction among the Elderly
Authors: Carp Frances M. , Carp Abraham , Millsap Roger
Published: May 2005

This study compares the contribution of equity to that of aspiration, friends, and typical American as frames-of-reference for current status in predicting domain satisfactions and overall well-being. In their study of the quality of American life, Campbell, Converse and Rogers [1] found that the level-of-aspiration reference frame for viewing one's current situation provided the best prediction of domain satisfaction for younger but not for older adults and suggested equity as possibly relevant. This study of three samples of California adults aged sixty and over confirms the relevance of an equity frame-of-reference in accounting for the satisfaction of older people with specific conditions of their lives and with their overall life satisfaction or sense of well-being.
Guidelines for Drug Education Through Electronic Media
Authors: Goldstein Harris K.
Published: May 2005

Most effective drug education through electronic media appears likely when delivered through television by a person considered knowledgeable, or important by viewers, and with whom they can identify. Content should be educational with minimum fear aroused. Some discomfort (but not too much) to the listener, plus suggestions for alternate socially acceptable behavior appear likely to cause behavior change.
Assessing the Needs of the Elderly: State of the Art
Authors: Little Virginia C.
Published: May 2005

Need is a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional concept. National and international efforts to assess the needs of the elderly confront common problems: lack of an accepted definition of terms such as “need,” “want” and “demand;” perceptions which vary with age, professional role, relationship and time; a range of methodologies encompassing rational, empirical and relativistic approaches, as well as subjective, objective and statistical measures. Research instruments are being refined and shared, but the state of the art remains in its infancy. Use of index of incapacity measures appears to offer the best data base for planning needed services.
Information Search Strategies in Loosely Structured Settings
Authors: Chang Ching-Kuch , McDaniel Ernest D.
Published: May 2005

This study was designed to reveal search strategies in a loosely structured information environment and to examine cognitive and motivational correlates of particular search strategies. Subjects browsed freely through a hyper-card program containing 105 topics on the Vietnam war. Search strategies were evaluated on a continuum ranging from random search to planned, investigative searches. The findings show search strategies to be significantly related to cognitive complexity, academic ability, and need for cognition. More investigative search strategies were also associated with more complex summaries of the information viewed. The search strategies observed are consistent with other studies of search behavior and learning orientations, and tend to validate the role of ability, cognitive complexity and need for cognition as predisposing variables influencing behavior in loosely structured information settings.
The Use of Organizational Strategies to Improve Memory for Prose Passages
Authors: Byrd Mark
Published: May 2005

Previous studies have shown that incidental memory for the material increases when older adults are forced to analyze material to the extent necessary to impose an organizational structure. The present experiment sought to extend this finding by examining the effects of enforced organizational strategies on the memory of older adults for textual material. Young and old adults were required to sort the scrambled sentences of a prose passage into the correct order. A subsequent incidental memory test showed that, when older adults were required to make an in-depth analysis to sort the material, their incidental memory for the textual information was approximately equal to that of their younger counterparts. Additional analysis revealed that, although older adults spent more time sorting the material than did younger adults, it was only when required to analyze the material to a sufficient degree that the older adults showed any improvement in memory.
The Applicability of the Concept of Recruitment to the Communications Study of a Nursing Home: An Ethnographic Case Study
Authors: Sigman Stuart J.
Published: May 2005

A perspective for studying institutional procedures for assigning incoming patients to available wards, and for transferring patients between and among wards, is developed. Ethnographic data collected in one extended-care facility are presented. Staff-patient and patient-patient interactions surrounding ward assignments and transfers are discussed.
Comparing Understanding of Programming Design Concepts Using Visual Basic and Traditional Basic
Authors: Bishop-Clark Cathy
Published: May 2005

This article addresses the question of whether an introductory programming course can be taught using a Visual Language (Visual Basic) without compromising students' understanding of programming design concepts. One group of students took an introductory programming course using a text-based programming language (Qbasic) and a second group took the same course using a visual programming language (Visual Basic). At the end of the semester the two groups were compared on their understanding of the programming design concepts of sequence, selection, iteration, variables, and arrays. Based on this study with eighty-nine students, Visual Basic students master the programming design concepts at least as well as traditional BASIC students and in some cases better. Visual Basic appears to be an excellent choice for a first programming course.
Science Gets Sacked
Authors: Block Jennifer , McMahon Jean
Published: May 2005

The Bush administration's obsession with abstinence-only approaches to AIDS prevention is leading to attacks on the notion of safe sex, manipulation of educational materials, loss of funding and other assaults on HIV-prevention organizations, and manipulation of scientific research itself. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, once a partner to HIV experts, has become a case study in the pitched battle between science and ideology.
Psychosocial Differences between Elderly Volunteers and Non-Volunteers
Authors: Hunter K.I. , Linn Margaret W.
Published: May 2005

Volunteer workers over age sixty-five were compared to retired elderly who did not engage in any type of work activity. Volunteers were found to have significantly higher degree of life satisfaction, stronger will to live, and fewer symptoms of depression, anxiety, and somatization. Since no differences were found on most demographic or background variables, participation in volunteer work appears to be the salient factor in explaining psychosocial differences between volunteers and non-volunteers.
A Study of Community Responses to Drug Problems
Authors: Lasch Henry A. , Farris Edward A.
Published: May 2005

Many programs which are now being developed across the nation are in direct response to community and legislative pressures concerning the abuse of drugs in their jurisdictions. Much of the effort is made toward developing drug education programs for schools, with little regard for total community involvement of adults and youths. Ways must be found to bridge the gap between comprehensive health instruction based on sound principles of curriculum planning and those efforts frequently demonstrated in drug education “crash programs.” A series of workshops held in various regions of a southwestern state may identify logical approaches to bridge this gap. The reactions of workshop participants and the interpretations and impressions of the directors of the programs have provided foundations for developing a total community effort to solve the complex problems related to drugs.

The experiences gained from these sessions which have been conducted during the past five years may serve as guidelines for other communities.
The Effects of an Education Intervention Program for Juvenile Drug Abusers and Their Parents
Authors: Iverson Donald C. , Jurs Stephen , Johnson Lawrence J. , Rohen Rita
Published: May 2005

The Juvenile Intervention Program represents an attempt to intervene in the development of juvenile drug dependence. The program involves the early identification of juvenile drug abusers followed by the recruitment of the juveniles and their parents into the program. The program utilizes the principles of family involvement and peer pressure throughout the program, while the basis of the program involves the education of the participants in such areas as family architecture, family communication patterns and drug knowledge.

The results indicate that the program had a positive effect on the parents with no significant changes among the juveniles. It is hypothesized that the changes that have been initiated within the parents will have a positive effect on the juveniles at the six month follow-up.
Usefulness of Commercial Memory Aids as a Function of Age
Authors: Petro Susan J. , Herrmann Douglas , Burrows David , Moore Cathleen M.
Published: May 2005

Recent research has produced disagreement about the usage and usefulness of external memory aids across age groups. The present study examined the use and perceived usefulness of commercial memory aids as a function of the ages of users and potential users. Three age groups (ages 20, 45, and 65 years) were asked to indicate whether they owned each of thirty different commercial aids and, regardless of ownership, to rate the degree of usefulness of each of the aids. Each age group used certain aids or perceived certain aids as more useful, than did other age groups. The pattern of results suggest that memory aid usage differs with age partly because the memory tasks required of a person change with life stage.
The Employment Disadvantage of Being a Smoker
Authors: Malouff John , Schutte Nicola S.
Published: May 2005

Three studies were done to examine the effects of being a tobacco smoker on employment prospects. In Study 1, thirty-two subjects reviewed application forms and rated four applicants as prospective employees. The subjects rated the nonsmoker version of the job applicants significantly more highly for hiring. In Study 2, forty-four subjects stated whether they preferred to hire smokers or nonsmokers and estimated the preference of employers generally. Those who stated a personal preference gave their reasons. Seven personal reasons for preferring a nonsmoker were mentioned by at least two subjects. The reasons ranged from dislike of tobacco smoke to concern about smokers taking more sick leave. In Study 3, which involved forty-six subjects, degree of endorsement of the attitudes underlying four of the seven preference reasons were found to be associated with degree of preference for nonsmokers. The results of the three studies provide potentially useful information for job applicants and for individuals who design smoking prevention interventions.
College Students' Definitions of Social and Problem Drinking
Authors: Engwall Douglas B. , Goldstein Marc B.
Published: May 2005

College students ( N = 276) completed surveys describing two common drinking situations. One scenario described a student alone in an apartment after a weekday class; the other, the same student at a weekend party. Sex of the drinker in the scenario was systematically varied. Students estimated the number of drinks a social drinker and a problem drinker would have in each situation. Results indicated that: 1) definitions of social and problem drinking are strongly influenced by drinking context, and 2) male and female subjects estimated that problem drinkers of the opposite sex drank more than problem drinkers of their own sex. Problem drinkers were regularly estimated to consume three to four more drinks than the subject would in the same situation. Implications for education and prevention are discussed.
Patronizing the Young: Forms and Evaluations
Authors: Giles Howard , Williams Angie
Published: May 2005

Exploratory work indicated that Californian undergraduates were frequently, and irritatingly, patronized by older adults in a variety of ways. In a follow-up, using multidimensional scaling procedures, three distinct clusters representing young adults' own conceptions of patronizing speech emerged (“non-listening,” “disapproving,” and “parental”). In the main study, young adults were provided with a single vignette of a short conversation between an older and younger person. Eight versions of this vignette were devised independently varying elder's age (40-vs. 70-years) and speech style (neutral vs. non-listening vs. disapproving vs. parental). Participants were required to evaluate both vignette-targets. As expected, the patronizing elders were negatively perceived. An evaluative hierarchy differentiated between the three patronizing forms, and in ways that differed depending on the nature of the judgmental task. Content analyses of open-ended data also revealed interesting differences in interpretive responses to the various vignette conditions.
Silences: Helping Elderly Holocaust Victims Deal with the Past
Authors: Schindler Ruben , Spiegel Chya , Malachi Esther
Published: May 2005

Persons who have faced severe crises such as the Holocaust in Nazi Germany confront painful memories, guilt, and the perceived irrationality of their own survival, which represses thoughts and memories. There is no language to share the dark and difficult years of the past. Silence is their only voice of expression. In later life, when friends are gone, the need to share with others becomes urgent; to bear witness is vital. Helping persons share these experiences is no easy task. To engage the elderly with reminiscences, memory, bereavement, and the working through of guilt provide unusual challenges for the helping professions. Significant family events are also important opportunities for sharing the past. It is the children and grandchildren's desire to know that also prompts the sharing of past horrors and future hopes. They often enable the deepest silences to be shared and it is the elderly that often welcome this opportunity. Being sensitive to these intergenerational dynamics are important in helping elderly Holocaust victims deal with their past.
A Measure of the Trust Beliefs of Elderly Individuals
Authors: Rotenberg Ken J.
Published: May 2005

Rotter's trust scale was modified for use as a measure of trust beliefs of elderly individuals. Analyses of 140 elderly individuals' responses on the scale yielded support for its internal consistency, reliability and validity. As evidence for the latter, the scale was correlated with peer sociometric ratings of trusting. Factor analyses revealed that the trust scale was composed of four factors: 1) dependability of social-legal organizations; 2) fear of being cheated; 3) dependability of specific social groups to fulfill their promises; and 4) adherence to trustworthy ideals within society. A complex relationship was found between trust and income; income correlated positively with the total score and both the first and second trust factors, but negatively correlated with the third factor. This was attributed to the tendency of elderly individuals with low income to place their trust in specific groups rather than social-legal organizations, and to their fear of crime. A curvilinear shift with age was found in the first trust factor and was attributed to post-retirement experiences in middle-old age and a form of generativity in very old age.
Measuring the Impact of Financial Factors on College Persistence
Authors: Braunstein Andrew , McGrath Michael , Pescatrice Donn
Published: May 2005

An earlier study examined the impact of family income and financial aid on the enrollment decisions of accepted applicants at a single institution of higher learning. A companion analysis was undertaken here to analyze the effect these financial factors had on students' persistence at the same institution during the comparable time period. Surprisingly, financial aid did not have a significant impact on freshmen persistence. However, students from families with greater incomes tended to persist. Academic performance was the overwhelmingly most significant factor affecting a freshmen's decision to continue into the sophomore year, as poor performing students tended to drop out.
Changing Investment in Activities and Interests in Elders' Lives: Theory and Measurement
Authors: Adams Kathryn Betts
Published: May 2005

Socioemotional selectivity and gerotranscendence, newer theories with roots in the disengagement theory of aging, provided the theoretical framework for a new measure of perceived change in investment in a variety of pursuits. The 30-item Change in Activity and Interest Index (CAII) was given to a sample of 327 outpatients aged 65–94. Items with at least 30% decreased investment responses included Entertaining in my home, Concern with others' opinions, Shopping and buying things, and Attending social events with new people. Principal Components Analysis of the index with dichotomous recoding ( less vs. more or same investment) resulted in four factors: Active Instrumental (AI), Social Intellectual (SI), Spiritual Concerns (SC), and Transcendence (TR). Support for socioemotional selectivity and gerotranscendence is evident in the reported increase of importance of SI pursuits, with concurrent decrease in importance of AI activities among these respondents. Zero-order correlations of component scores with study variables suggest that AI and SI are more clearly related to older age, functional impairment, and negative affect than are SC and TR. The CAII appears to tap several dimensions of change in interests; the index gives geriatric mental health practitioners and researchers a tool to measure an aspect of social development that has been neglected in gerontology.
The New York State Employee Program
Authors: Ashby Franklyn H.
Published: May 2005

This article reviews New York State's experience with its employee alcoholism program, which was started about three years ago. Methods of training, referral, and success rates are outlined. The article goes on to describe the aims of the program—practical and philosophical—and its extension into areas of other drug abuse, emotional disturbance, marital problems, financial or social difficulty. It is felt that growing acceptance of alcoholism programming will make it easier to meet the coming problem of other drug abuse in government and industry. Cautioning that this type of employee-problem program is slow to get under way, the article nonetheless stresses that there is reason for real optimism—that the best selling point is the living example, the rehabilitated employee.