bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognostication in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension with Submaximal Exercise Testing
Authors: Khatri Vinod , Neal Jennifer , Burger Charles , Lee Augustine
Published: February 2015

Introduction: The submaximal exercise test (SET), which gives both a measure of exercise tolerance, as well as disease severity, should be a more robust functional and prognostic marker than the six-minute walk test (6MWT). This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of SET as predicted by the validated REVEAL (Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Disease Management) registry risk score (RRRS). Methods: Sixty-five consecutive patients with idiopathic and associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) underwent right-heart catheterization, echocardiogram, 6MWT and a three-minute SET (Shape-HF™). Analyses explored the association between SET variables and prognosis predicted by the RRRS. Results: Although multiple SET variables correlated with the RRRS on univariate analyses, only VE/VCO2 (r = 0.57, p < 0.0001) remained an independent predictor in multivariate analysis (β = 0.05, p = 0.0371). Additionally, the VE/VCO2 was the most discriminatory (area under receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.84) in identifying the highest-risk category (RRRS ≥ 10), with an optimal cut-off of 40.6, resulting in a high sensitivity (92%) and negative-predictive value (97%), but a lower specificity (67%). Conclusion: SETs, particularly the VE/VCO2, appear to have prognostic value when compared to the RRRS. If validated in prospective trials, SET should prove superior to the 6MWT or the RRRS, with significant implications for both future clinical trials and clinical practice.
A Dynamic Combinatorial Approach for Identifying Side Groups that Stabilize DNA-Templated Supramolecular Self-Assemblies
Authors: Paolantoni Delphine , Cantel Sonia , Dumy Pascal , Ulrich Sébastien
Published: February 2015

DNA-templated self-assembly is an emerging strategy for generating functional supramolecular systems, which requires the identification of potent multi-point binding ligands. In this line, we recently showed that bis-functionalized guanidinium compounds can interact with ssDNA and generate a supramolecular complex through the recognition of the phosphodiester backbone of DNA. In order to probe the importance of secondary interactions and to identify side groups that stabilize these DNA-templated self-assemblies, we report herein the implementation of a dynamic combinatorial approach. We used an in situ fragment assembly process based on reductive amination and tested various side groups, including amino acids. The results reveal that aromatic and cationic side groups participate in secondary supramolecular interactions that stabilize the complexes formed with ssDNA.
Antimicrobial Polymeric Materials with Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Salts
Authors: Xue Yan , Xiao Huining , Zhang Yi
Published: February 2015

Polymeric materials containing quaternary ammonium and/or phosphonium salts have been extensively studied and applied to a variety of antimicrobial-relevant areas. With various architectures, polymeric quaternary ammonium/phosphonium salts were prepared using different approaches, exhibiting different antimicrobial activities and potential applications. This review focuses on the state of the art of antimicrobial polymers with quaternary ammonium/phosphonium salts. In particular, it discusses the structure and synthesis method, mechanisms of antimicrobial action, and the comparison of antimicrobial performance between these two kinds of polymers.
Structural Analysis of the Complex between Penta-EF-Hand ALG-2 Protein and Sec31A Peptide Reveals a Novel Target Recognition Mechanism of ALG-2
Authors: Takahashi Takeshi , Kojima Kyosuke , Zhang Wei , Sasaki Kanae , Ito Masaru , Suzuki Hironori , Kawasaki Masato , Wakatsuki Soichi , Takahara Terunao , Shibata Hideki , Maki Masatoshi
Published: February 2015

ALG-2, a 22-kDa penta-EF-hand protein, is involved in cell death, signal transduction, membrane trafficking, etc., by interacting with various proteins in mammalian cells in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Most known ALG-2-interacting proteins contain proline-rich regions in which either PPYPXnYP (type 1 motif) or PXPGF (type 2 motif) is commonly found. Previous X-ray crystal structural analysis of the complex between ALG-2 and an ALIX peptide revealed that the peptide binds to the two hydrophobic pockets. In the present study, we resolved the crystal structure of the complex between ALG-2 and a peptide of Sec31A (outer shell component of coat complex II, COPII; containing the type 2 motif) and found that the peptide binds to the third hydrophobic pocket (Pocket 3). While amino acid substitution of Phe85, a Pocket 3 residue, with Ala abrogated the interaction with Sec31A, it did not affect the interaction with ALIX. On the other hand, amino acid substitution of Tyr180, a Pocket 1 residue, with Ala caused loss of binding to ALIX, but maintained binding to Sec31A. We conclude that ALG-2 recognizes two types of motifs at different hydrophobic surfaces. Furthermore, based on the results of serial mutational analysis of the ALG-2-binding sites in Sec31A, the type 2 motif was newly defined.
Strain-Dependent Gene Expression during Mouse Embryonic Palate Development
Authors: Jin Jiu-Zhen , Ding Jixiang
Published: February 2015

The effect of strain background on gene function in growth and development has been well documented. However, it has not been extensively reported whether the strain background affects the gene expression pattern. Here, we found that the expression of homeobox gene Meox-2 and FGF receptor 1 gene Fgfr1 during mouse palate development is strain-dependent. On the C57B6 inbred background, Meox-2 is expressed in the palatal outgrowth on Embryonic Day 11.5 (E11.5); the expression shifts posteriorly and is restricted to the back of palate on E14.5. On the Swiss Webster outbred background, Meox-2 expression covers both anterior and posterior regions with the same intensity from E12.5 to E14.5. On the Black Swiss background, Meox-2 expression also covers the entire palate A-P axis, but is much weaker in the anterior region on E14.5. Fgfr1 also displays distinct expression patterns in the palatal outgrowth on E11.5 in these three strains. On the Black Swiss outbred background, the expression is restricted to the anterior palatal outgrowth. In marked contrast, the expression in the Swiss Webster outbred strain is located exclusively in the posterior palate outgrowth on E11.5, whereas in the C57B6 inbred strain, the expression is undetectable in the palatal outgrowth on E11.5.
A New Method Combining Finite Element Analysis and Digital Image Correlation to Assess Macroscopic Mechanical Properties of Dentin
Authors: Wang Wenlong , Roubier Nicolas , Puel Guillaume , Allain Jean-Marc , Infante Ingrid , Attal Jean-Pierre , Vennat Elsa
Published: February 2015

A literature review points out a large discrepancy in the results of the mechanical tests on dentin that can be explained by stress and strain assessment during the tests. Errors in these assessments during mechanical tests can lead to inaccurate estimation of the mechanical properties of the tested material. On top of that, using the beam theory to analyze the bending test for thick specimens will increase these experimental errors. After summarizing the results of mechanical tests on dentin in the literature, we focus on bending tests and compare the stress assessment obtained by finite element analysis (FEA) and by beam theory application. We show that the difference between the two methods can be quite large in some cases, leading us to prefer the use of FEA to assess stresses. We then propose a new method based on coupling finite element analysis and digital image correlation (DIC) to more accurately evaluate stress distributions, strain distributions and elastic modulus in the case of a three-point bending test. To illustrate and prove the feasibility of the method, it is applied on a dentinal sample so that mean elastic modulus and maximum tensile stress are obtained (11.9 GPa and 143.9 MPa). Note that the main purpose of this study is to focus on the method itself, and not to provide new mechanical values for dentin. When used in standard mechanical testing of dentin, this kind of method should help to narrow the range of obtained mechanical properties values.
Influence of Crosslink Density and Stiffness on Mechanical Properties of Type I Collagen Gel
Authors: Lin Shengmao , Gu Linxia
Published: February 2015

The mechanical properties of type I collagen gel vary due to different polymerization parameters. In this work, the role of crosslinks in terms of density and stiffness on the macroscopic behavior of collagen gel were investigated through computational modeling. The collagen fiber network was developed in a representative volume element, which used the inter-fiber spacing to regulate the crosslink density. The obtained tensile behavior of collagen gel was validated against published experimental data. Results suggest that the cross-linked fiber alignment dominated the strain stiffening effect of the collagen gel. In addition, the gel stiffness was enhanced approximately 40 times as the crosslink density doubled. The non-affine deformation was reduced with the increased crosslink density. A positive bilinear correlation between the crosslink density and gel stiffness was obtained. On the other hand, the crosslink stiffness had much less impact on the gel stiffness. This work could enhance our understanding of collagen gel mechanics and shed lights on designing future clinical relevant biomaterials with better control of polymerization parameters.
Coral-Derived Compound WA-25 Inhibits Angiogenesis by Attenuating the VEGF/VEGFR2 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Lin Shih-Wei , Huang Shih-Chung , Kuo Hsiao-Mei , Chen Chiu-Hua , Ma Yi-Ling , Chu Tian-Huei , Bee Youn-Shen , Wang E-Ming , Wu Chang-Yi , Sung Ping-Jyun , Wen Zhi-Hong , Wu Deng-Chyang , Sheu Jyh-Horng , Tai Ming-Hong
Published: February 2015

Background: WA-25 (dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol, a synthetic derivative of marine compound WE-2) suppresses atherosclerosis in rats by reducing neointima formation. Because angiogenesis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the present study investigated the angiogenic function and mechanism of WA-25. Methods: The angiogenic effect of WA-25 was evaluated using a rat aortic ring assay and transgenic zebrafish models were established using transgenic Tg(fli-1:EGFP)y1 and Tg(kdrl:mCherryci5-fli1a:negfpy7) zebrafish embryos. In addition, the effect of WA-25 on distinct angiogenic processes, including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, endothelial cell proliferation and migration, as well as tube formation, was studied using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The effect of WA-25 on the endothelial vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway was elucidated using qRT-PCR, immunoblot analysis, immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analyses. Results: The application of WA-25 perturbed the development of intersegmental vessels in transgenic zebrafish. Moreover, WA-25 potently suppressed microvessel sprouting in organotypic rat aortic rings. Among cultured endothelial cells, WA-25 significantly and dose-dependently inhibited MMP-2/MMP-9 expression, proliferation, migration and tube formation in HUVECs. Mechanistic studies revealed that WA-25 significantly reduced the VEGF release by reducing VEGF expression at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, WA-25 reduced surface VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2/Flk-1) expression by repressing the VEGFR2 mRNA level. Finally, an exogenous VEGF supply partially rescued the WA-25-induced angiogenesis blockage in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: WA-25 is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor that acts through the down-regulation of VEGF and VEGFR2 in endothelial cells. General Significance: WA-25 may constitute a novel anti-angiogenic drug that acts by targeting endothelial VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling.
Microfluidic Vortex Enhancement for on-Chip Sample Preparation
Authors: Haller Anna , Spittler Andreas , Brandhoff Lukas , Zirath Helene , Puchberger-Enengl Dietmar , Keplinger Franz , Vellekoop Michael
Published: February 2015

In the past decade a large amount of analysis techniques have been scaled down to the microfluidic level. However, in many cases the necessary sample preparation, such as separation, mixing and concentration, remains to be performed off-chip. This represents a major hurdle for the introduction of miniaturized sample-in/answer-out systems, preventing the exploitation of microfluidic’s potential for small, rapid and accurate diagnostic products. New flow engineering methods are required to address this hitherto insufficiently studied aspect. One microfluidic tool that can be used to miniaturize and integrate sample preparation procedures are microvortices. They have been successfully applied as microcentrifuges, mixers, particle separators, to name but a few. In this work, we utilize a novel corner structure at a sudden channel expansion of a microfluidic chip to enhance the formation of a microvortex. For a maximum area of the microvortex, both chip geometry and corner structure were optimized with a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model. Fluorescent particle trace measurements with the optimized design prove that the corner structure increases the size of the vortex. Furthermore, vortices are induced by the corner structure at low flow rates while no recirculation is observed without a corner structure. Finally, successful separation of plasma from human blood was accomplished, demonstrating a potential application for clinical sample preparation. The extracted plasma was characterized by a flow cytometer and compared to plasma obtained from a standard benchtop centrifuge and from chips without a corner structure.
The Role of Phosphoglycans in the Susceptibility of Leishmania mexicana to the Temporin Family of Anti-Microbial Peptides
Authors: Eggimann Gabriela , Sweeney Kathryn , Bolt Hannah , Rozatian Neshat , Cobb Steven , Denny Paul
Published: February 2015

Natural product antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been proposed as promising agents against the Leishmania species, insect vector borne protozoan parasites causing the neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis. However, recent studies have shown that the mammalian pathogenic amastigote form of L. mexicana, a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, is resistant to the amphibian-derived temporin family of AMPs when compared to the insect stage promastigote form. The mode of resistance is unknown, however the insect and mammalian stages of Leishmania possess radically different cell surface coats, with amastigotes displaying low (or zero) quantities of lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and proteophosphoglycan (PPG), macromolecules which form thick a glycocalyx in promastigotes. It has been predicted that negatively charged LPG and PPG influence the sensitivity/resistance of promastigote forms to cationic temporins. Using LPG and PPG mutant L. mexicana, and an extended range of temporins, in this study we demonstrated that whilst LPG has little role, PPG is a major factor in promastigote sensitivity to the temporin family of AMPs, possibly due to the conferred anionic charge. Therefore, the lack of PPG seen on the surface of pathogenic amastigote L. mexicana may be implicated in their resistance to these peptides.
Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Chromium and Selenium in Feathers of Shorebirds during Migrating through Delaware Bay, New Jersey: Comparing the 1990s and 2011/2012
Authors: Burger Joanna , Tsipoura Nellie , Niles Lawrence , Gochfeld Michael , Dey Amanda , Mizrahi David
Published: February 2015

Understanding temporal changes in contaminant levels in coastal environments requires comparing levels of contaminants from the same species from different time periods, particularly if species are declining. Several species of shorebirds migrating through Delaware Bay have declined from the 1980s to the present. To evaluate some contaminants as cause for the declines, we examine levels of mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium and selenium in feathers of red knot (Calidris canutus, N = 46 individuals), semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla, N = 70) and sanderling (Calidris alba, N = 32) migrating through Delaware Bay, New Jersey, USA, from 1991 to 1992 (N = 40), 1995 (N = 28), and 2011–2012 (N = 80) to determine if levels have changed. We found: (1) arsenic, chromium, and lead increased in red knot and decreased in semipalmated sandpiper; (2) cadmium decreased in semipalmated sandpipers; (3) mercury decreased in red knot and sanderlings; (4) selenium decreased in red knot and increased in semipalmated sandpipers. In 2011/2012 there were significant interspecific differences for arsenic, mercury and selenium. Except for selenium, the element levels were well below levels reported for feathers of other species. The levels in feathers in red knots, sanderling, and semipalmated sandpipers from Delaware Bay in 2011/2012 were well below levels in feathers that are associated with effect levels, except for selenium. Selenium levels ranged from 3.0 µg·g−1 dry weight to 5.8 µg·g−1 (semipalmated sandpiper), within the range known to cause adverse effects, suggesting the need for further examination of selenium levels in birds. The levels of all elements were well below those reported for other marine species, except for selenium, which was near levels suggesting possible toxic effects.
Le soutien à la parentalité : une nouvelle politique en Europe ?
Authors: Martin Claude
Published: February 2015

Depuis la fin des années 1990, de nombreux pays européens ont développé des mesures de soutien à la parentalité. Peut-on pour autant, et à quelles conditions, parler d’une ou plusieurs « politiques » en ce domaine ? Le périmètre, les finalités et les instruments sont-ils communs ou en passe de le devenir à l’échelle européenne ? Cet article aborde cette question sous l’angle des idées (et des savoirs d’appui), des instruments et des acteurs (décideurs publics, experts, professionnels), pour comprendre le processus de définition de ce secteur d’action publique dans cinq configurations nationales choisies pour leurs différences en matière de politique familiale. L’auteur s’appuie sur une recherche menée dans cinq pays (France, Allemagne, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni et Suède) avec le soutien de quatre agences nationales de la recherche (programme « Open research area » ). L’article aborde tout d’abord la question du périmètre et celle de la nouveauté de cette politique par rapport à des interventions initiées au cours du XXe siècle, puis défend l’hypothèse d’un tournant, d’un « turn to parenting » depuis une vingtaine d’années. Cette approche généalogique qui compare le processus de construction de ces politiques (« process sequencing » ou « policy tracing » ) permet de dessiner un champ de luttes entre des options possibles de ce soutien aux parents et de proposer une série d’angles de comparaison.
Le positivisme
Authors: Dworkin Ronald
Published: February 2015

R.D. critique le positivisme juridique, spécialement dans la version de Hart. Selon cette théorie, le droit est un système de règles. Or, il comporte en réalité d'autres standards, notamment des principes. D'autre part, selon les positivistes, les juges doivent, en l'absence d'une règle applicable, trancher les litiges en usant de leur pouvoir discrétionnaire. En réalité, ils sont liés par les principes. R.D. examine alors de quelle manière les principes peuvent être et sont en fait appliqués.
La Chaîne du droit
Authors: Dworkin Ronald
Published: February 2015

In this chapter, Professor Dworkin compares judges to writers who are collaborating on the production of a collective work. Each of them, one after the other, contributes a chapter to the growing whole. At each stage the author has to take account of preceding chapters, doing his best to add to the work so that its best qualities are brought out. In the same way judges, in interpreting the body of legal rules and institutions, must place this corpus in its best light while adding to it.
"La théorie du droit comme interprétation"
Authors: Dworkin Ronald
Published: February 2015

Les juristes énoncent des propositions de droit. Quel en est le sens et quelles en sont les conditions de vérité ? Après avoir critiqué les réponses positivistes à ces questions, R.D. soutient que les propositions de droit sont des interprétations, dont l'objet est de justifier une pratique juridique existante. Elles sont vraies si elles présentent une bonne justification.
L'impact de Dworkin sur la philosophie du droit anglo-américaine
Authors: Carty Anthony
Published: February 2015

L'œuvre de Dworkin a suscité de nombreuses critiques, qui tiennent à l'importance des questions qu'il soulève : le pouvoir discrétionnaire des juges, l'existence de droits individuels. A.C. évoque les arguments échangés à propos de ces questions par les principaux protagonistes : Dworkin lui-même, J. Raz, MacCormick, Sandel. Il souligne le refus par Dworkin de toute métaphysique, mais conclut qu'il lui faut préciser ce qu'est la personne humaine, dont il entend sauvegarder la liberté.
Le juge, la politique et la neutralité. A propos des travaux de Ronald Dworkin
Authors: Leader Sheldon
Published: February 2015

This essay examines the work of Ronald Dworkin against the background of current debates about the role of courts in England and America. It begins by providing for a French readership an account of the current state of discussion about the role of the judiciary in politics. It considers arguments for and against the notion that the courts can be neutral in political issues, and connects this issue with debates about whether or not courts properly make law or should confine themselves to finding out what it already is. The essay offers a framework of concepts within which Dworkin's leading arguments relevant to these issues can be analysed. It then suggests directions in which the theory might be developed, as well as indicating the pitfalls it faces. Here it focuses on two potential obstacles : the possibility of circularity in the theory, and the danger of obscuring the role of ideology in the law. A way of avoiding these two problems it then suggested.
Le rapprochement entre la méthodologie marxiste et la méthodologie féministe est-il possible ? (Et est-ce important pour la sociologie du droit ?)
Authors: Cain Maureen
Published: February 2015

Dans cet article, l'auteur commence par soutenir que marxisme et féminisme dépendent tous deux d'une ontologie réaliste, et par considérer dans ce cadre la possibilité d'une position spécifiquement féministe à partir de laquelle la connaissance puisse être constituée. Sont examinées ensuite les implications techniques de ce point de vue pour la recherche en sciences humaines. Les techniques déclarées féministes dans les écrits sur le sujet font l'objet de deux interrogations : cette technique est-elle compatible avec une approche marxiste ? Est-ce une position nécessaire, ou seulement possible, pour le féminisme ? Les caractéristiques affirmées spécifiques de la recherche féministe sont : 1) la qualité relationnelle, 2) l'accent mis sur l'expérience, 3) l'engagement politique, 4) l'anti-hiérarchie, 5) l'antidualisme, 6) la faculté pour ceux qui sont analysés de rester des sujets et 7) la réflexivité tant personnelle que théorique. L'auteur démontre que les différences entre marxisme et féminisme dans leur relation à ces caractéristiques sont complexes et non-unitaires. En particulier, elle soutient que, si sur le plan politique, les alliances sont certainement possibles, sur le plan épistémologique, il est impossible d'être simultanément et féministe et marxiste. Puis est développée l'idée que la sociologie du droit est restée systématiquement silencieuse à propos des femmes et du genre, sauf dans les domaines comme la famille et le droit de la famille, où l'on considère traditionnellement que les femmes ont une place. De ce point de vue, la sociologie du droit a renforcé les idéologies existantes.
Loi des lois. Quelques réflexions
Authors: Kurczewski Jacek
Published: February 2015

In this paper, the task is to check why we do question the validity of a certain explanation of behaviour even if at the same time this explanation serves us as a frame of reference in our everyday professional research and action. We mean here the most trivial and, simultaneously, the most problematic explanation of behaviour in terms of legal rules. In general, the paper addresses the most important of theoretical problems in sociology of law, that is, does sociology of law have at its disposal a theory at all. In particular, as law of laws (LL) this explanation was selected as it seems to be of fundamental role for sociology of law in the whole.
Le rôle de l'expert dans la procédure d'adoption : problèmes et perspectives
Authors: Maggioni Guido , Ronfani Paola
Published: February 2015

Les auteurs de cet exposé analysent les rôles du juge et de l'expert dans le cadre de la législation italienne sur l'adoption. Ils soulignent en particulier la divergence d'opinions entre les personnes qui s'occupent d'adoption, au niveau aussi bien théorique que pratique, sur la façon de concevoir les formes de collaboration entre les juges et les experts. Aux deux extrêmes, on propose la création d'une « culture commune », et le maintien d'une distinction rigoureuse entre les différents rôles et les diverses compétences. Selon les auteurs, il est opportun d'exiger une claire « division du travail » entre les juges et les experts afin que leur coopération ne se traduise pas en chevauchements ambigus.
Georges Gurvitch et les professionnels de la pensée juridique
Authors: Belley Jean-Guy
Published: February 2015

In spite of its exceptional importance, the legal sociology of Georges Gurvitch has not had a significant influence on the development of the discipline. Gurvitch's theory has been accused of being confusing, full of outmoded ideas and too complex. But the true reason behind the indifference manifested by most sociologists of law lies in Gurvitch's radical rejection of the legal ideology concerning the role played by reason, political power and professional knowledge in the social reality of law. In view of the present renewal of interest in a legal sociology more critical of the dogmatic concept of law, Gurvitch's thought could receive better consideration in the future.
Connaissances et représentations du "juridique" chez les enfants et les adolescents : concepts et méthodes d'interprétation dans la recherche sur la socialisation juridique
Authors: Kourilsky Chantal
Published: February 2015

The exploratory study of knowledge and representations about the « legal » in childhood and adolescence reported on in this paper takes place in a field located at the cross-roads of two research trends developed in the sixties and seventies : research on legal socialization carried out in USA and research on knowledge about law and legal consciousness done in Europe. Learning from these two fields is necessary in order to determine the object and conception of legal socialization. The choice of the verbal association method allows to embrace diverse aspects of the « legal » object of socialization and to test interpretative models used in the field of legal socialization as well as in the field of cognitive and moral development.
Le juridique des anthropologues
Authors: Assier-Andrieu Louis
Published: February 2015

Cet article envisage de façon critique certaines des conventions les plus notables par lesquelles les anthropologues balisent le champ juridique lorsqu'ils le prennent pour objet. Il met notamment en évidence le caractère relatif de certaines divisions cardinales tenant soit à la substance du droit (distinction droit-coutume), soit à ses fonctions (représentation de l'harmonie sociale et gestion des conflits) pour plaider en faveur d'une approche plus contextuelle de la production du juridique, tant comme ordre de faits que comme prisme intellectuel.
Considérations sur une "pieuse hypocrisie" : la forme des arrêts de la Cour de cassation
Authors: Bancaud Alain
Published: February 2015

This research tries to comprehend why the french Supreme Court always employs a highly logistic reasoning, while even some of its own members acknowledge that they use in fact others means in the decision making process. This phenomemon leads to the study of their attitudes towards logic and the law, but also their own power. The resulting analysis must go beyond cynicism and illusion and forces us to note the substancial ambivalence of the most highly placed members of the judiciary.
La place de Max Weber dans la sociologie du droit allemande contemporaine
Authors: Treiber Hubert
Published: February 2015

This contribution describes and analyses how Maw Weber's sociology of law was received by German post-war Rechtssoziologie. Since this discipline is covered both by jurists and social scientists, we outline the history of how Weber's sociology of law was received both by jurisprudence (including the history of law and comparative law) and by the social sciences. We begin with 1947, the year when the third edition of Economy and Society was published. Particular attention is paid to the present situation.

It becomes clear that Weber is acknowledged as a classical thinker, even though little notice was taken of his sociology of law for a long time. It is only recently, since the Seventies, that a change has taken place in this respect. In the case of jurisprudence in such a way that, with the establishment of the sociology of law as a discipline in university teaching, textbooks and introductions to the sociology of law came on the market which acknowledged Weber and his sociology oflaw. It has also to be stated, however, that it is generally rare for jurists to "work" with Weber. Within the social sciences, Weber's sociology of law has received attention to the extent that the leading interpreters of Weber became involved with the reconstruction of Weber's theory of rationalisation. With a few exceptions, which deal directly with Weber's sociology of law (in the sense of a reconstruction of the legal process of rationalisation, the examination of the theses inherited from Weber, taking up again the questions that he prompted), Weber's sociology of law thus occupies a special place in the social sciences, since it is presented as being embedded in greater theoretical contexts (theories of rationalisation, theories concerning the origins of the modem age). This can be proved with the aid of the theoretical drafts of Habermas, Schluchter and Muench that are presented in this paper. We do not restrict ourselves exclusively to describing the history of its reception, but with the aid of the extensive material we also deal with the question of the conditions for the reception of this classic study by Weber. Attention is also paid to the question of which subjects (e.g. increasing legalization or "explosion of statutory law") have become independent through the reception of Weber's sociology oflaw, and which determine the present discussion in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Droit : une carte de la lecture déformée. Pour une conception post-moderne du droit
Authors: de Sousa Santos Boaventura
Published: February 2015

Une des caractéristiques de la culture post-moderne est l'importance accordée à l'espace et à la particularisation des espaces. L'analyse des phénomènes et des représentations sociales peut donc bénéficier de la science (ou de l'art ?) qui nous a appris à lire l'espace : la cartographie. C'est justement cela que l'on propose ici, dans le domaine de la sociologie du droit, à l'aide de la cartographie symbolique du droit. La relative décanonisation du droit ainsi obtenue permet de poser des questions et d'avancer des classifications totalement indépendantes de la science juridique et indispensables à la constitution d'un objet théorique spécifique de la sociologie du droit. A la nouvelle théorie que l'on suggère président les concepts de pluralité juridique, d'interlégalité et un nouveau sens commun juridique.
Le juge, l'expert et le contrôle de la réalité dans les juridictions de la jeunesse en France et en Angleterre
Authors: King Michael , Garapon Antoine
Published: February 2015

Cet article a pour objectif de vérifier trois postulats.

Premièrement, toute juridiction de la jeunesse, quel que soit le système juridique auquel elle se réfère, se caractérise par une compétition entre le juge et l'expert qui a pour enjeu le contrôle de la réalité.

Deuxièmement, il est possible de rapprocher les juridictions anglaises et françaises en soulignant les constantes dans les relations entre ces deux types d'acteurs, à savoir leurs influences réciproques sur la décision et d'autre part la protection de l'expert à l'égard de tout ce qui peut menacer son savoir et donc son statut.

Troisièmement, ce processus de reconstruction de la réalité, extrêmement complexe dans la pratique et qui résulte généralement d'une négociation et d'un compromis entre le juge et l'expert, est essentiel au succès des objectifs de l'institution.
L'enfant, cet absent omniprésent de la scène juridique
Authors: Manaï Dominique
Published: February 2015

In order to study the way in which law rules childhood, the author opposes swiss law with its practice as regards the blurred notion of the child's interest. By so doing, she draws through her analysis four parameters which are used by legal practice in order to convey a concrete content to this undeterrnined notion, and like'wise elaborate a specific legal profile for the child, this new character on the legal scene, object of the preoccupations of the swiss legislator, at the time of the revision of the right of filiation in 1976.

While examining the child's wavering between parental authority and the authority of governmental institutions, the author puts into light the social dynamics of a dual movement in the child's submission :

a) towed by the nuclear family considered as the normative mould ;

b) its subordination to new governmental institutions, the hegemony of which surreptitiously but slowly nibbles away the area of freedom of the household.

The conclusions of this legal enquiry are enlightering : for the sake of his interest, the child's right of speech is stolen away from him. This appropriation is set in the framework of new public morals which have invested the private sphere with new legitimations.
Rationalité juridique et grammaire classique
Authors: Henry-Lorcerie Françoise
Published: February 2015

The classical grammar in France (from the Port-Royal to the reedition of the Grammaire des Grammaires in 1842) has been studied particularly as a theory of representation, or as a theory of meaning. It is suggested in this paper that it could be best considered as a juridical theory. There are numerous legal aspects especially in the metadiscourse of the grammar of that time, no matter what the school of the grammarian be. The article illustrates this point and outlines some general themes arising out of it.
Vertus professionnelles et morale collective : la normalisation des pratiques en matière de procréation artificielle
Authors: Memmi Dominique
Published: February 2015

For Durkheim, the moralization of professions is an essential determination for moralization of society as a whole. Present debates among "specialists" attempting to develop artificial procreation ethics allow to think in a different way. Chances indeed that an individual has to take part in the development of collective morals prove to depend on the way he can solve what appears to him as an antinomy between two normative orders.

A comparison between attitudes of biologists and physicians of medecine involved in these debates show that access to an "ethical" position appears as a transgression of this "special moral" that professional ideal represents. Expressive compulsions facilitate it, but only professional dominance and extra-professional visibility authorize it.
Au-delà de la rhétorique du juridique : justifier par l'éthique, légitimer par l'esthétique
Authors: Parret Herman
Published: February 2015

La sémiotique du droit ne peut éviter le problème de la justification et de la légitimation des catégories centrales de valeur et de norme. Les conditions rationnelles du fait juridique reposent sur la justification du droit par l'éthique et sa légitimation par l'esthétique. D'abord, la "raison" justificatrice de tout acte juridique est l'èthos ou le sentiment de valeur. Déjà, pour Aristote, l'art de persuader caractérisant le discours juridique ne peut être une simple technologie. L'a priori du discours et de l'argumentation présuppose une communauté idéale qui sert de norme à n'importe quelle axiologie fonctionnant dans le droit. Toutefois, la question de la valeur de la valeur ne peut être posée avec pertinence qu'au niveau de la légitimation par l'aisthèsis ou le sentiment d'existence. C'est l'attitude de "bon goût" (Geschmacksurteil, selon Kant) qui nous mène vers le Sensus Communia (le sens commun à tous) : c'est ainsi que l'exigence de bonheur (on n'a pas le droit d'être malheureux) légitime la normativité de tout acte juridique.
Le destin d'un savoir : une analyse des origines de la sociologie du droit au Brésil
Authors: Severo Rocha Leonel
Published: February 2015

The sociology of law in Brasil has its origins between the end of last century and the begining of our century. It is a matter of knowledge which, however it has been infîuenced by the european thought (nowadays strongly), has always responded in concrete terms to the problematics historically existing. Nevertheless, because of the very theoritic content of its constitutive paradigm, turned more towards theoritic and political than the research, but in the very actuality, it starts to define itself like a critical knowledge of the social materiality
Introduction à l'œuvre de Niklas Luhmann
Authors: Garcia Amado Juan Antonio
Published: February 2015

L'oeuvre très étendue de Niklas Luhmann constitue une tentative d'explication globale du fonctionnement des systèmes sociaux. On prétend offrir dans cet article un panorama d'ensemble de la théorie de Luhmann dans sa version la plus achevée. Pour cela, on commence par montrer que certains éléments rendent possible n'importe quelle forme d'interaction sociale, pour ensuite décrire comment, à partir du système social global ou de la société, au fur et à mesure que la dite société devient de plus en plus complexe, les différents sous-systèmes sociaux, comme le juridique, l'économique, le scientifique, etc., se différencient. En dernier lieu, on met l'accent sur ce qui, selon Luhmann, constitue les mécanismes du fonctionnement autonome de chacun de ces systèmes. Tout cela est enfin illustré par des exemples à propos du système juridique.
Orientations théoriques de la sociologie du droit empirique en République fédérale
Authors: Gessner Volkmar , Höland Armin
Published: February 2015

Ce n'est que dans les années 60 que la sociologie juridique allemande s'est mise à mener des enquêtes empiriques avec la mise en lumière des simples "faits légaux" demandée par les juristes et les législateurs. A cette époque, l'orientation théorique principale s'est largement inspirée du structuralisme fonctionnel, récemment importé de la sociologie américaine. Aujourd'hui, elle peut se faire à partir de trois courants majeurs : la théorie des conflits, la théorie de l'action sociale et la théorie des systèmes.

D'après les auteurs, le dialogue entre les théories différentes aussi bien qu'entre les approches d'orientation davantage théorique et la recherche empirique souffre d'ignorance mutuelle. Cette rareté d'échanges est due principalement au manque de sophistication des instruments de l'enquête d'une part et d'autre part au peu d'efforts accomplis par les théoriciens de la sociologie pour rendre leurs conceptions opérationnelles. A présent, les effets de ce "dialogue de sourds" se font ressentir, notamment dans les débats actuels menés autour de la théorie des systèmes.
Du particulier au général : le traitement administratif de l'obligation d'entretien
Authors: Choquet Luc-Henry
Published: February 2015

Un dispositif récent associe le versement d'une prestation et la mise en oeuvre d'une procédure de recouvrement de la pension alimentaire impayée. Ce dispositif, qui rend plus visible la construction sociale de catégories qui expriment l'incapacité à satisfaire à l'obligation ou le droit à bénéficier de la prestation (les "ayants droit" et les "hors d'état") constitue un exemple de la contribution administrative à la mise en forme de l'espace social. Les créancières comme les cadres administratifs chargés de la gestion de l'allocation sont conduits à effectuer tout un travail de déqualification des aspects locaux, personnels et singuliers de la relation ou du dossier en vue de requalifier cette relation ou ce dossier sous les formes générales qui prévalent dans les sphères judiciaire et administrative. Ce déplacement du registre domestique au registre civil ne s'effectue pas sans difficultés.
Discours juridique et colonisation du moi dans l'Etat moderne
Authors: Barron Anne
Published: February 2015

Anne Barron looks at the implications of Foucault 's social theory for liberal democratic constitutional theory. Collectivist administration is not the consequence of later 19th century political-social developments, but is the shadow side of the Enlightenment project itself. The constitution expresses the People as subject, administration, the People as object. Enlightenment legality is not only a matter of delimiting the sphere of co-existing sovereignties, but of creating the social body in which the incapacitated, or otherwise inadequate individual becomes socially normal.
Du post-modernisme en théorie et en sociologie de droit, ou Rousseau et Durkheim lus par Baudrillard
Authors: Carty Anthony
Published: February 2015

Anthony Carty déconstruit la notion d'universalité dans le droit telle qu'elle est exprimée par Rousseau. Il établit une dichotomie entre le général et le particulier qui confère au premier une priorité ontologique sur le second. Ces deux notions sont ensuite traduites en termes d'objectif et de subjectif. L'épistémologie moderniste suppose que la méthodologie soit l'instrument par lequel on puisse s'échapper de la subjectivité du particulier pour atteindre l'objectivité du général. Carty souligne les implications de ce postulat pour les théories analytique et pure du droit et pour l'étude du droit dans une perspective sociologique. La disparition du général et la fin du social conduisent les études juridiques à une impasse.
Les implications de la théorie du droit naturel en sociologie du droit
Authors: Beyleveld Deryck , Brownsword Roger
Published: February 2015

Deryck Beyleveld et Roger Bronsword examinent dans cet article si le défi post-moderniste peut opposer une résistance à une perspective interne/herméneutique du droit, qui est sans fondement du fait qu'elle ne recoure pas à un Nous collectiviste tel que le Peuple ou la Société. Tandis que le droit se compose de plusieurs institutions, sa pratique est un entrecroisement de plusieurs actions individuelles. Inutile d'abandonner une objectivité et une légitimité collectives pour le néant absolu. Le principe de Gewirth d'une consistance générique (actions individuelles en accord avec les droits génériques des autres) constitue une base rationnelle pour une herméneutique moralement neutre des actions juridiques individuelles.
Recours à des catégories juridiques et "judiciarisation" dans un conflit du travail
Authors: Soubiran-Paillet Francine
Published: February 2015

Le recours à la justice donne lieu à une reconstruction de la réalité qui se superpose aux rapports concrets dans l'entreprise. Cet article montre quel est l'usage, dans cette reconstruction, de catégories juridiques. Il s'agit d'appréhender le jeu des catégories et qualifications à partir desquelles se trouve reformulé le vécu social ; de mettre l'accent sur le rôle des acteurs. Car les classifications juridiques engendrent l'affrontement des acteurs sociaux. On peut comparer l'affrontement des protagonistes au sein d'un tribunal au travers des conclusions et plaidoiries pour obtenir la modification d'un classement de catégories juridiques en leur faveur aux "luttes de classements" de représentants de groupes professionnels qui visent à modifier l'enregistrement de leur profession dans les nomenclatures statistiques.
La Barragania, du mariage par "usus" au simple concubinage. Formes et évolutions des unions extra-canoniques en Espagne entre le XIIIème et le XVIème siècle
Authors: Ruiz-Galvez Estrella
Published: February 2015

The "barragania" is an extra canonic conjugal form which was used very much in Spain during the Middle Age. The "barragania" is legally established by some lavas as famous as the Alfonso X's Partidas (XIII century). Nevertheless the definition of the term "barragana" (women living under the marriage status of "barragania") gives place to a lot of ambiguous contradictory meanings. From this observation, we tired to delimit the real nature of the legal tie which exists between the spouses as well as the women's social and legal status by studying carefully : a) the vocabulary ; b) the basic legal texts ; c) the barragana charters ; that is to say the agreements fixing the rights and the duties specific to man and woman. The study of the rights granted to the children born from this union and the noted charges between the Partidas and the Law of Toro (1505) allowed us to examine the negative evolution of "barragania" union, as well as the decline resulting from progress of the canonic marriage.
Le changement juridique dans le monde arabe ou le droit comme enjeu culturel
Authors: Henry Jean-Robert
Published: February 2015

More than for other societies or other times, the cultural visibility of law challenges those observing current juridical change in arab world. In the case of the later, law is now a major cultural stake. This pertains to the twofold nature oflaw, which is always both a condensation of social culture and an instrument of transforming or preserving values. When applied to a compound normative network, this ambivalence provides to users a greater capacity of "variance" , which is to say a capacity of playing on different registers to enhance their juridical experience and express their expected identities.
Désarroi bilingue : note sur le bilinguisme juridique en Algérie
Authors: Babadji Ramdane
Published: February 2015

Algeria lives a bilingual situation. The study of this bilingualism shows the tensions between the arabic language as an element of the national identity, and the French language as the language of the juridical modernity. The study of these effects allows to ask the question : legislating in arabic language does not lead the sacralisation of the law ?
Système d'information et pratiques sociales
Authors: Cam Pierre
Published: February 2015

This article analyses the effects on employee's behaviour of the emergence of professional and technicists in labour law beside the traditional opinion's leaders of the working classes. The first effect of this professionalization is that workers have recourse easier today to labour 's inspection or barrister than to trade union or syndical counsel.

This disqualification, among the employees, of traditional opinion's leaders, is not unconnected with the state interventionism in the source of the labour law. The fashioning, the interpreting and the applying of the labour law escape more and more, in France, from "social partners". One other effect in the manifestation of this "abstract" knowledge of law — abstract because alien and uncontrollable — is the development of a legal imagination that feeds with the worker's fantasms about a society fitted with their aspirations. These hopes and wishes are nursed and fostered by the multiplication and the multiplicity ofthe information services in matter of labour law. Corning from a service going to another, the worker procures and gets finally an inconsistent information about the appropriate rule. Here as in any other domain of the information, the proliferation of the knowledge sources and their competition is driving at last to a progressive disinformation of the general public and a people scepticism about media and news.