bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduced order ℋ∞ controller design for vibration control using genetic algorithms
Authors: Canahuire Ruth , Serpa Alberto Luiz
Published: August 2015

The design of vibration controllers for flexible structures requires special attention due to the size of structural models, generally with a high number of degrees of freedom. The implementation of full order controllers for structures with high numbers of degrees of freedom often requires a high computational processing effort and advanced hardware. To avoid this, it is desirable to use reduced order controllers. The design of reduced order [Formula: see text]∞ controllers characterizes a nonconvex optimization problem. In this context, this work presents a direct minimization method to design reduced order [Formula: see text]∞ controllers in the controllable canonical form. An optimization problem is formulated to minimize the [Formula: see text]∞ norm with an additional constraint to consider stability of the closed-loop system. The solution of the optimization problem is obtained using genetic algorithms, exploiting the advantage of this point of view in the solution of nonconvex problems. This formulation is verified in the active vibration control of a cantilever beam. A comparison of the proposed formulation with the formulation that uses linear matrix inequalities and the Augmented Lagrangian method is presented in this work and some numerical aspects of the problem are discussed.
Media Management Education
Authors: Förster Kati , Rohn Ulrike
Published: August 2015

The media sphere has changed significantly as a result of globalization, technology, and new habits of media use. Scholars in journalism and mass communication thus call on a transformation and reinvention of higher education in the field. The purpose of this article is to investigate how media management is taught across different institutions, and how educators cope with this interdisciplinary, international, and dynamic field. In an online-survey, we asked educators from fourteen different countries across Europe about the key themes addressed in teaching, the pedagogies applied, and the fundamental challenges they perceive.
Attention, Motivation, and Study Habits in Users of Unprescribed ADHD Medication
Authors: Ilieva Irena P. , Farah Martha J.
Published: August 2015

Objective: Despite the limited effectiveness of ADHD medications on healthy cognition, prescription stimulants’ cognitive enhancement use is increasing. This article examines enhancement users’ attention, motivation, and study habits. Method: A total of 61 users of unprescribed stimulants and 67 controls (no history of prescription stimulant use) completed tests of objectively measured and subjectively reported attention. Self-reports on study habits, as well as motivation during laboratory attention testing, were also administered. Results: Our data replicated previous findings of relatively lower self-reported attention functioning in users. Extending past research, we showed that user-control differences in attention were still present but less pronounced on objective measures than on self-report. In addition, we obtained evidence of lower motivation during cognitive testing and less optimal study habits among users, as compared with their non-using peers. Conclusion: Unprescribed stimulant use is more strongly related to compromised study habits, low motivation, and a subjective perception of attention problems than to objective attention performance.
“In My Dream She Finds Me…And She Wants Me Just the Way I Am”
Authors: Lesch Elmien , Kelapile Chandapiwa
Published: August 2015

Limited research is available with regard to the experience of biological fathers who are interested in being involved in their children’s lives but are restricted from doing so. In this study, we aimed to contribute to understanding these paternal constraints and to give unmarried fathers a platform to voice their experiences regarding restricted contact with their children. Interviews were conducted with six single, Setswana-speaking black fathers in South Africa. The phenomenological analysis revealed fatherhood to be an unplanned event at an early age; the cultural responsibilities and conventions regarding marriage and children, and the role these played in restricting contact; constructions of fathers as financial providers; and fathers’ emotional experience of restricted access to their children. We conclude that constraining fatherhood constructions make it difficult for fathers, and also mothers and grandparents, to conceive of fathers’ contributions beyond financial provision. These constructions curtail unmarried fathers’ involvement with their children.
Animating the classroom: Pedagogical responses to internationalisation
Authors: Mangan Anita , Kelemen Mihaela , Moffat Sue
Published: August 2015

Internationalisation of the postgraduate classroom has become a feature of UK business schools, but traditional seminar-led learning often does not suit international students’ learning needs. This article reports on a pilot project that used experiential drama workshops, held in a local theatre, as a response to the challenges created by internationalisation. As part of a collaborative auto-ethnography between two academics and a theatre practitioner, the article focuses on a theatre workshop where UK and Chinese MA Management students (the latter being the majority) were given full creative control to create a theatrical performance about the collapse of Enron. We outline how the project provided students with an opportunity to learn about ethical leadership through a series of experiential drama exercises and how it equipped the lecturers with tools and understandings that were subsequently used to teach leadership and critical management studies in a more inclusive way. We conclude by discussing the benefits of using drama techniques to address internationalisation challenges and urge business schools with a large international cohort to engage in a degree of pedagogical risk-taking in order to foster alternative ways of learning that are more inclusive and experientially based.
Striking with social media: The contested (online) terrain of workplace conflict
Authors: Upchurch Martin , Grassman Rickard
Published: August 2015

In this article, we review the workplace battleground and explore the potential of social media for mobilizing social movements in labour conflicts and beyond. By conducting a case study with empirical accounts obtained from the 2010–2011 British Airways cabin crew dispute in the United Kingdom, along with secondary sources, we discern social media in the workplace as a contested field. Inquiring into the unfolding dynamic of social media and workplace conflict, we investigate the mobilizing prospects of theoretical concepts like ‘distributed discourse’ and ‘accelerated pluralism’ through the analytical prism of our interviews. Our analysis of these empirical accounts will tease out certain empowering potentials in the use of social media to shape discourse and mobilise movement. However, we also note that these same communicative actions may challenge internal union authority, generate counter-mobilising efforts and constitute an integral part in exposing both our private and working lives to the processes of marketisation and commodification.
“Your job is to take care of us”: Teaching our way through the Boston Marathon bombings
Authors: Bentley Dana Frantz
Published: August 2015

The concept of social justice and critical thinking are prevalent topics in conversations about early childhood education. Usually, critical conversations around these practices tend to involve academics in discussion rather than include practitioners. In today’s world, young children are frequently confronted with the realities of violence and tragedy. It is through critical pedagogy in critical-thinking classroom communities that children are able to develop empowered, thoughtful, agentive perspectives on these experiences that shape their lives. This article addresses an important intersection in social justice in early childhood: a critical perspective from the stance of a practitioner. As a preschool teacher, the author situates herself as a critical participant in the practice of social justice and critical awareness in her classroom as she and her students work to make sense of the Boston Marathon bombings. The author examines the dimensions of this practice, addressing not just what to teach, but how critical awareness might evolve in a classroom community. The interweaving of theory and practice, of research and daily reality, offers an essential perspective on the evolution of critical perspectives that support and empower the voices of young children.
Kindergarten practitioners’ experience of promoting children’s involvement in and enjoyment of physically active play: Does the contagion of physical energy affect physically active play?
Authors: Bjørgen Kathrine , Svendsen Birgit
Published: August 2015

This research is based on interviews that explore the reflections of 10 Norwegian kindergarten practitioners with regard to the importance of their involvement in children’s physically active outdoor playtime. The data were analysed from a qualitative phenomenological perspective and resulted in basic themes that describe the practitioners’ experiences. The findings highlight the intersubjectivity, physical communication and reciprocity involved in promoting children’s involvement in and enjoyment of physically active play. From the practitioners’ perspectives, their ability to be involved in and share experiences of physically active play with the children is essential for encouraging children to be inspired and involved in such play. They see themselves as important role models, and think that offering support and sharing responses with children in these situations is valuable for children’s physical mastery. The findings from this study emphasize the importance of practitioners being involved and actively promoting children’s physically active play.
House of Cards—An analysis of Macao's resident support for tourism and casino development
Authors: McCartney Glenn , Weng In Winnie Lei
Published: August 2015

Tourism contribution to Macao's gross domestic product in 2013 was 86% positioning it as a global leader in terms of reliance on tourism revenues, to which casinos contribute over 90%. Most Macao residents are linked to tourism's economic success yet this study shows the rapid development has created negative sentiment toward the industry and specifically casinos. While acknowledging economic benefits, this study showed residents were concerned more about traffic congestion, overcrowding, and living costs with a greater wish for improved public transportation and leisure offerings and less casino development emphasis. A tourism development strategy firmly focused on tourism diversification issues was urgently suggested.
The gastroprotective effect of pogostone from Pogostemonis Herba against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats
Authors: Chen Xiao-Ying , Chen Hai-Ming , Liu Yu-Hong , Zhang Zhen-Biao , Zheng Yi-Feng , Su Zu-Qing , Zhang Xie , Xie Jian-Hui , Liang Yong-Zhuo , Fu Lu-Di , Lai Xiao-Ping , Su Zi-Ren , Huang Xiao-Qi
Published: August 2015

Pogostemonis Herba, known as “Guang-Huo-Xiang” in Chinese, has been widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction. Pogostone is one of the major constituents of Pogostemonis Herba. The aim was to scientifically evaluate the possible gastroprotective effect and the underlying mechanisms of pogostone against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Rats were orally treated with vehicle, lansoprazole (30 mg/kg) or pogostone (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) and subsequently exposed to acute gastric lesions induced by indomethacin. Gross evaluation, histological observation, gastric mucosal superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione content, catalase activity, malonaldehyde level and prostaglandin E2 production were performed. Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, as well as terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay, immunohistochemistry for heat-shock protein 70, B-cell lymphoma-2 and Bax were conducted. Results indicated that rats pretreated with pogostone showed remarkable protection from the gastric mucosa damage compared to vehicle-treated rats based on the ulcer index and inhibition percentage. Histologically, oral administration of pogostone resulted in observable improvement of gastric injury, characterized by reduction of necrotic lesion, flattening of gastric mucosa and alleviation of submucosal edema with hemorrhage. Pogostone pretreatment significantly raised the depressed activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase, while reduced the elevated malonaldehyde level compared with indomethacin-induced group. Pogostone-pretreated group induced a significant increase in gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2 level and obvious up-regulation of protein levels and mRNA expressions of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2. Furthermore, antiapoptotic effect of pogostone was verified by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay, and the apoptotic process triggered by pogostone involved the up-expression of heat-shock protein70 and B-cell lymphoma-2 protein, and suppression of Bax protein expressions in the ulcerated tissues. It is speculated that the gastroprotective effect of pogostone against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration might be associated with its stimulation of cyclooxygenase-mediated prostaglandin E2, antioxidant and antiapoptotic effect.
In vitro and in vivo characterization of the anticancer activity of Thai stingless bee (Tetragonula laeviceps) cerumen
Authors: Nugitrangson Pongvit , Puthong Songchan , Iempridee Tawin , Pimtong Wittaya , Pornpakakul Surachai , Chanchao Chanpen
Published: August 2015

Tetragonula laeviceps cerumen was sequentially extracted with 80% (v/v) methanol, dichloromethane, and hexane and also in the reverse order. By the MTT assay and the respective 50% inhibition concentration value, the most active fraction was further purified to apparent homogeneity by bioassay-guided silica gel column chromatography. α-Mangostin was identified by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. It had a potent cytotoxicity against the BT474, Chago, Hep-G2, KATO-III, and SW620 cell lines (IC50 values of 1.22 ± 0.03, 2.25 ± 0.20, 0.94 ± 0.01, 0.88 ± 0.16, and 1.50 ± 0.39 µmol/L, respectively). The in vitro cytotoxicity of α-mangostin against the five human cancer cell lines and primary fibroblasts was further characterized by real-time impedance-based analysis. Interestingly, α-mangostin was more cytotoxic against the cancer-derived cell lines than against the primary fibroblasts. Later, the migration assay was performed by continuously measuring the attachment of cells to the plate electrodes at the bottom of the transwell membrane. The combined caspase-3 and -7 activities were assayed by the Caspase-Glo® 3/7 kit. It showed that the cytotoxic mechanism involved caspase-independent apoptosis, while at low (non-toxic) concentrations α-mangostin did not significantly alter cell migration. Furthermore, the in vivo cytotoxicity and angiogenesis were determined by alkaline phosphatase staining in zebrafish embryos along with monitoring changes in the transcript expression level of two genes involved in angiogenesis ( vegfaa and vegfr2) by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. It was found that the in vivo cytotoxicity of α-mangostin against zebrafish embryos had a 50% lethal concentration of 9.4 µM, but no anti-angiogenic properties were observed in zebrafish embryos at 9 and 12 µM even though it downregulated the expression of vegfaa and vegfr2 transcripts. Thus, α-mangostin is a major active compound with a potential anticancer activity in T. laeviceps cerumen in Thailand.
Fighting crime, battling injustice: The world of real-life superheroes
Authors: Fishwick Elaine , Mak Heusen
Published: August 2015

This article explores the motivations, actions and experiences of real-life superheroes, those individuals who adopt a superhero persona inspired by both comic books and films, to engage in a range of activities that involve, amongst others, fighting crime, providing community support and battling injustice. Drawing on 13 in-depth interviews with individuals from different countries, as well as an ethnographic content analysis of online material, this innovative research explores the merging of the fictional and the real, the virtual and the terrestrial in the lives of interviewees. The article also enriches our understanding of the ‘carnival of crime’ and ‘edgework’ by arguing that risk, pleasure, excitement and transgression can also be found in a carnival of ‘doing good’ as well as in ‘wrongdoing’.
Cardiovascular disease and type 1 diabetes: prevalence, prediction and management in an ageing population
Authors: Lee Siang Ing , Patel Mitesh , Jones Christopher M. , Narendran Parth
Published: August 2015

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). However, evidence of its risks and management is often extrapolated from studies in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients or the general population. This approach is unsatisfactory given that the underlying pathology, demographics and natural history of the disease differ between T1D and T2D. Furthermore, with a rising life expectancy, a greater number of T1D patients are exposed to the cardiovascular (CV) risk factors associated with an ageing population. The aim of this review is to examine the existing literature around CVD in T1D. We pay particular attention to CVD prevalence, how well we manage risk, potential biomarkers, and whether the studies included the older aged patients (defined as aged over 65). We also discuss approaches to the management of CV risk in the older aged. The available data suggest a significant CVD burden in patients with T1D and poor management of CV risk factors. This is underpinned by a poor evidence base for therapeutic management of CV risk specifically for patients with T1D, and in the most relevant population – the older aged patients. We would suggest that important areas remain to be addressed, particularly exploring the risks and benefits of therapeutic approaches to CVD management in the older aged.
Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace
Authors: Tønnesson Stein
Published: August 2015

Nuclear deterrence and economic interdependence are key factors in cost calculations underpinning decisions on war or peace between states. This paper combines deterrence and interdependence in a proposed theory of major power peace, with reference to a number of insightful works on the ongoing transition of power from the US to a rising China. The paper explores the hypothesis that as long as the US and China can deter each other with a combination of conventional and nuclear forces, and refrain from actions to drastically reduce their economic dependence on each other, there is little risk of war between them. Peace will be further secured if important third party countries, notably Japan, remain covered by US extended deterrence and integrated economically with both China and the USA through trade and transnational production chains. Only if the US, Chinese or Japanese governments take politically motivated actions to radically reduce their economic dependence on one another are they likely to engage in a security competition of sufficient intensity to generate an arms race and a substantial risk of war. This does not just hold for all-out war but for limited war as well, given the risk of escalation.
Power transition theory and the rise of China
Authors: Kim Woosang , Gates Scott
Published: August 2015

Does the rise of China inexorably anticipate the onset of global instability or even a great power war? Today, routine comparisons are made between a rising China with that of Germany over 100 years ago. Organski, in his original explication of power transition theory, however, was far more cautious. Despite predicting the remarkable rise of China nearly 60 years ago in his book (1958), World Politics, Organski was circumspect in predicting a great power war involving China and the United States. This article examines the development of power transition theory by a variety of scholars since Organski. We draw on these developments of power transition theory to analyze the implications of the rise of China. We also introduce the other articles that compose this Special Issue of International Area Studies Review on power transition theory and the rise of China.
The Effect of Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in TB/HIV-Coinfected Patients
Authors: Abay Solomon M. , Deribe Kebede , Reda Ayalu A. , Biadgilign Sibhatu , Datiko Daniel , Assefa Tigist , Todd Maja , Deribew Amare
Published: August 2015

Background:

The importance of early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for tuberculosis (TB) and HIV-coinfected patients is controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of early initiation of ART (within 2-4 weeks of TB treatment) on several treatment outcomes among TB/HIV-coinfected patients.

Method:

A systematic search of clinical trials was performed in PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Medscape, and the Cochrane library. Clinical trials which were published in any language before the last date of search (March 31, 2015) were included. The qualities of the studies were assessed using criteria from the Cochrane Library. Heterogeneity test was conducted to assess the variations among study outcomes. For each study outcome, the risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated as a measure of intervention effect. The Mantel-Haenszel method was used to estimate the RR using a fixed-effects model.

Findings:

A total of 2272 study participants from 6 trials were included in the meta-analysis. Early ART initiation during TB treatment was associated with reduced all-cause mortality (RR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.63-0.98) and increased rate of TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS; RR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.77- 2.70) and death related to TB-IRIS (RR = 6.94; 95% CI = 1.26-38.22). However, the time of ART initiation has no association with TB cure rate (RR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.81-1.07), rate of drug toxicity (RR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.93-1.08), death associated with drug toxicity (RR = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.14- 1.16), rate of low viral load (less than 400 copies/mL; RR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.96-1.04), and rate of new AIDS-defining illness (RR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.60-1.18). Immunological response in early ART arms of study participant in different trials showed a greater or equal response compared with late ART arms.

Conclusion:

This systematic review presents conclusive evidence on the reduction of all-cause mortality as a result of early initiation of ART. However, this study also confirms the high rate of TB-IRIS and death associated with it. Operational and implementation research are required to maintain the benefit of early ART initiation and proper management of TB-IRIS. Studies on the timing of ART in extrapulmonary and multidrug-resistant TB are recommended.
Evaluating the Impact of a Pharmacist-Led Antiretroviral Stewardship Program on Reducing Drug Interactions in HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Billedo Julie Anne S. , Berkowitz Leonard B. , Cha Agnes
Published: August 2015

Purpose:

To compare the number of antiretroviral-related clinically significant drug–drug interactions (CSDDIs) occurring in hospitalized patients that were intervened upon before and after Antiretroviral Stewardship Program (ARVSP) expansion and to classify the interventions made to prevent errors.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review of adult patients treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) and who were hospitalized from September 2012 to February 2013. A CSDDI was defined as requiring an alternative therapy, dose adjustment, or schedule modification. Findings were compared to a prior study.

Results:

A total of 185 admissions were included and 76 CSDDIs were identified, 19 (25%) occurred after ART approval. The percentages of CSDDIs that occurred after ART approval and were intervened upon before and after ARVSP expansion were 43% and 95%, respectively ( P < .001). An additional 80 other interventions were made by the ARVSP.

Conclusion:

An ARVSP is critical in the prevention of CSDDIs and errors to improve safety in HIV-infected patients.
A ‘god-guarded’ city? The ‘new’ medieval town of Butrint
Authors: Hodges Richard
Published: August 2015

This essay describes the archaeology of the revival in the later tenth- to eleventh-century of the town of Butrint, ancient Buthrotum in south-west Albania. Based on the extensive excavations by the Butrint Foundation, all the elements (fortifications, town-planning, roads, property boundaries, dwellings, churches, wells) of a new urban centre are considered, as is its economy and its wider historical context in the southern Adriatic Sea.
Oriental borrowings in Medieval Greek: new evidence from the BnF manuscript Supplément persan 939
Authors: Shukurov Rustam
Published: August 2015

This article deals with a quadrilingual lexicon from a unique manuscript in the Bibliothéque Nationale in Paris, which was compiled in 1439 and contains abundant material on Medieval Greek vocabulary and phraseology. The article analyses Oriental loan-words in the Greek part of the lexicon as evidence of Oriental influences on the Greek language during the late Byzantine period.
Reinventing Paradise: the Greek Crisis and contemporary British travel narratives
Authors: Wills David
Published: August 2015

In the second half of the twentieth century Greece became a subject for travel writers in search of a European ‘Paradise’. But ‘Hell was also to be found in Greece, often in the form of frustrations over allegedly ‘non-European’ standards of living, facilities, and attitudes. A sample of travel narratives published between 2006 and 2014 suggests the extent to which, in the light of the ‘Greek Crisis’, twenty-first-century writers are abandoning these formerly conventional themes. There is now the potential for the realignment of narratives, with Greece becoming the Hell, rather than the Heaven, of Europe.
Effects of Sn, Ca additions on thermal conductivity of Mg matrix alloys
Authors: Wang C. , Liu Z. , Xiao S. , Chen Y.
Published: August 2015

In the present work, the effects of Sn, Ca additions on thermal conductivity were investigated in as cast Mg–Sn–Ca alloys. The measured values of thermal conductivity of Mg–3Sn– xCa alloys obviously increased from 85.6 to 126.3 W m− 1 K− 1 with the increasing Ca from 0 to 1.5 wt-, and then decreased to 98.3 W m− 1 K− 1 with the 2.5 wt- Ca. In addition, the thermal conductivity of the Mg–Sn–Ca (Sn/Ca atomic ratio of 1) alloys decreased slightly from 154.2 to 132.1 W m− 1 K− 1 with the increasing Sn, Ca. Meanwhile, the microstructures of the selected alloys were discussed in detail, suggesting that the solute atoms that caused lattice distortion had greater effect on thermal conductivity compared with the second phases formed in as cast Mg–Sn–Ca alloys.
Six-year longitudinal course and outcomes of subtypes of
depression
Authors: Lamers F. , Beekman A. T. F. , van Hemert A. M. , Schoevers R. A. , Penninx B. W. J. H.
Published: August 2015

Background

Clinical and aetiological heterogeneity have impeded our understanding of
depression.

Aims

To evaluate differences in psychiatric and somatic course between people
with depression subtypes that differed clinically (severity) and
aetiologically (melancholic v. atypical).

Method

Data from baseline, 2-, 4- and 6-year follow-up of The Netherlands Study
of Depression and Anxiety were used, and included 600 controls and 648
people with major depressive disorder (subtypes: severe melancholic
n = 308; severe atypical n = 167;
moderate n = 173, established using latent class
analysis).

Results

Those with the moderate subtype had a significantly better psychiatric
clinical course than the severe melancholic and atypical subtype groups.
Suicidal thoughts and anxiety persisted longer in those with the
melancholic subtype. The atypical subtype group continued to have the
highest body mass index and highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome
during follow-up, although differences between groups became less
pronounced over time.

Conclusions

Course trajectories of depressive subtypes mostly ran parallel to each
other, with baseline severity being the most important differentiator in
course between groups.
Empathy in individuals clinically at risk for psychosis: Brain and behaviour
Authors: Derntl Birgit , Michel Tanja Maria , Prempeh Pamela , Backes Volker , Finkelmeyer Andreas , Schneider Frank , Habel Ute
Published: August 2015

Background

Empathy is a basic human ability, and patients with schizophrenia show dysfunctional empathic abilities on the behavioural and neural level.

Aims

These dysfunctions may precede the onset of illness; thus, it seems mandatory to examine the empathic abilities in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis.

Method

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured 15 individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis (CHR group) and compared their empathy performance with 15 healthy volunteers and 15 patients with schizophrenia.

Results

Behavioural data analysis indicated no significant deficit in the CHR group. Functional data analysis revealed hyperactivation in a frontotemporoparietal network including the amygdala in the CHR group compared with the other two groups.

Conclusions

Despite normal behavioural performance, the CHR group activated the neural empathy network differently and specifically showed hyperactivation in regions critical for emotion processing. This could suggest a compensatory mechanism reflecting emotional hypersensitivity or dysfunctional emotion regulation. Further investigations should clarify the role of these neural alterations for development and exacerbation of psychosis.
One-pot Synthesis of Tetralin Derivatives from 3-Benzoylpropionic Acids: Indium-catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Ketones and Carboxylic Acids and Intramolecular Cyclization
Authors: Sakai Norio , Kobayashi Taichi , Ogiwara Yohei
Published: August 2015

This reducing system was composed of a small amount (1 mol %) of In(OAc)3, Me2PhSiH, and I2 that effectively catalyzed the hydrosilylation of two different carbonyl groups, a ketone and a carboxylic acid found in 3-benzoylpropionic acids, followed by a subsequent intramolecular cyclization that led to the one-pot preparation of tetralin derivatives.
Facile Synthesis of Cyclic Fluorosiloxanes
Authors: Oguri Naoki , Takeda Nobuhiro , Unno Masafumi
Published: August 2015

Novel 1,3,5,7-tetrafluorocyclotetrasiloxanes were synthesized from cyclotetrasiloxanetetraol by a facile synthetic method. By adjusting the amount of the fluorinating reagent, synthesis of a single isomer of 1,3,5,7-tetrafluorocyclotetrasiloxanes as well as the preparation of all four isomers were accomplished. The products are expected to serve as potential precursors to not only well-defined silsesquioxanes but also asymmetric cyclic siloxanes.
Pressure ulcer prevalence and prevention practices: a cross-sectional comparative survey in Norway and Ireland
Authors: Moore Z. , Johansen E. , Etten M. van , Strapp H. , Solbakken T. , Smith B. Eskerud , Faulstich J.
Published: August 2015

Objective:

This study explored whether the risk assessment method, structured versus clinical judgment, influences pressure ulcer (PU) prevalence or prevention strategies.

Method:

A cross section survey design was employed with use of a pre-designed data collection instrument. Following ethical approval and consent, data was gathered from two acute care settings, one in Norway (clinical judgment) and one in Ireland (structured risk assessment using the Maelor Score).

Results:

Data were obtained from 180 patients, 59 in Norway and 121 in Ireland. Of the patients 48% were male and 49% were female, gender was not recorded for 3%. The most common age bracket was 70–99 years of age, 46% of the study population. PU prevalence was 54% in the Norwegian site with the majority of PUs (69%) being category 1, and 12% in the Irish site with the majority (50%) being category 2. Only 8% of patients in the Norwegian site were risk assessed on admission compared with 85% in the Irish site. No dynamic mattresses and four pressure redistribution cushions were in use in the Norwegian site, whereas, in the Irish site, 27 dynamic mattresses and 11 pressure redistribution cushions were used, the majority (44%) for high-risk individuals. Of those at risk of PU development, 15% in the Norwegian site and 56% in the Irish site had a documented repositioning care plan when in bed, and 0% in the Norwegian site and 13% in the Irish site for when seated on a chair.

Conclusion:

There were inconsistencies in approach to PU risk assessment and prevention across the two clinical settings. However, prevalence rates differed, mainly relating to category 1 PU damage. Even though formal risk assessment is well established in the Irish site, this is not necessarily followed up with appropriated PU prevention. Thus, the method of risk assessment does not seem to influence subsequent care planning, questioning the role of formal risk assessment; however, despite this, risk assessment does put a focus on an important clinical problem. In the Norwegian site, a lack of risk assessment and appropriate equipment may be a confounding factor worthy of further exploration.
Clinical effectiveness of a silicone foam dressing for the prevention of heel pressure ulcers in critically ill patients: Border II Trial
Authors: Santamaria N. , Gerdtz M. , Liu W. , Rakis S. , Sage S. , Ng A.W. , Tudor H. , McCann J. , Vassiliou T. , Morrow F. , Smith K. , Knott J. , Liew D.
Published: August 2015

Objective:

Critically ill patients are at high risk of developing pressure ulcers (PU), with the sacrum and heels being highly susceptible to pressure injuries. The objective of our study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a new multi-layer, self-adhesive soft silicone foam heel dressing to prevent PU development in trauma and critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Method:

A cohort of critically ill patients were enrolled at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. Each patient had the multi-layer soft silicone foam dressing applied to each heel on admission to the emergency department. The dressings were retained with a tubular bandage for the duration of the patients’ stay in the ICU. The skin under the dressings was examined daily and the dressings were replaced every three days. The comparator for our cohort study was the control group from the recently completed Border Trial.

Results:

Of the 191 patients in the initial cohort, excluding deaths, loss to follow-up and transfers to another ward, 150 patients were included in the final analysis. There was no difference in key demographic or physiological variables between the cohorts, apart from a longer ICU length of stay for our current cohort. No PUs developed in any of our intervention cohort patients compared with 14 patients in the control cohort (n=152; p<0.001) who developed a total of 19 heel PUs.

Conclusion:

We conclude, based on our results, that the multi-layer soft silicone foam dressing under investigation was clinically effective in reducing ICU-acquired heel PUs. The findings also support previous research on the clinical effectiveness of multi-layer soft silicone foam dressings for PU prevention in the ICU.
Microcirculatory responses of sacral tissue in healthy individuals and inpatients on different pressure-redistribution mattresses
Authors: Bergstrand S. , Källman U. , Ek A-C. , Engström M. , Lindgren M.
Published: August 2015

Objective:

The aim of this study was to explore the interaction between interface pressure, pressure-induced vasodilation, and reactive hyperaemia with different pressure-redistribution mattresses.

Method:

A cross-sectional study was performed with a convenience sample of healthy young individuals, and healthy older individuals and inpatients, at a university hospital in Sweden. Blood flow was measured at depths of 1mm, 2mm, and 10mm using laser Doppler flowmetry and photoplethysmography. The blood flow, interface pressure and skin temperature were measured in the sacral tissue before, during, and after load while lying on one standard hospital mattress and three different pressure-redistribution mattresses.

Results:

There were significant differences between the average sacral pressure, peak sacral pressure, and local probe pressure on the three pressure-redistribution mattresses, the lowest values found were with the visco-elastic foam/air mattress (23.5 ± 2.5mmHg, 49.3 ± 11.1mmHg, 29.2 ± 14.0mmHg, respectively). Blood flow, measured as pressure-induced vasodilation, was most affected in the visco-elastic foam/air group compared to the alternating pressure mattress group at tissue depths of 2mm (39.0% and 20.0%, respectively), and 10mm (56.9 % and 35.1%, respectively). Subjects in all three groups, including healthy 18–65 year olds, were identified with no pressure-induced vasodilation or reactive hyperaemia on any mattress (n=11), which is considered a high-risk blood flow response.

Conclusion:

Interface pressure magnitudes considered not harmful during pressure-exposure on different pressure-redistribution mattresses can affect the microcirculation in different tissue structures. Despite having the lowest pressure values compared with the other mattresses, the visco-elastic foam/air mattress had the highest proportion of subjects with decreased blood flow. Healthy young individuals were identified with the high-risk blood flow response, suggesting an innate vulnerability to pressure exposure. Furthermore, the evaluation of pressure-redistribution support surfaces in terms of mean blood flow during and after tissue exposure is not feasible, but assessment of pressure-induced vasodilation and reactive hyperaemia could be a new way to assess individualised physiological measurements of mechanisms known to be related to pressure ulcer development.
Disrupting the biofilm matrix improves wound healing outcomes
Authors: Wolcott R.
Published: August 2015

Objective:

The most unyielding molecular component of biofilm communities is the matrix structure that it can create around the individual microbes that constitute the biofilm. The type of polymeric substances (polymeric sugars, bacterial proteins, bacterial DNA and even co-opted host substances) are dependent on the microbial species present within the biofilm. The extracellular polymeric substances that make up the matrix give the wound biofilm incredible colony defences against host immunity, host healing and wound care treatments. This polymeric slime layer, which is secreted by bacteria, encases the population of microbes, creating a physical barrier that limits the ingress of treatment agents to the bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine if degrading the wound biofilm matrix would improve wound healing outcomes and if so, if there was a synergy between treating agents that disrupted biofilm defenses with Next Science Wound Gel (wound gel) and cidal agents (topical antibiotics).

Method:

A three-armed randomised controlled trial was designed to determine if standard of care (SOC) was superior to SOC plus wound gel (SOC + gel) and wound gel alone. The wound gel used in this study contains components that directly attack the biofilm extracellular polymeric substance. The gel was applied directly to the wound bed on a Monday–Wednesday–Friday interval, either alone or with SOC topical antibiotics.

Results:

Using a surrogate endpoint of 50% reduction in wound volume, the results showed that SOC healed at 53%, wound gel healed at 80%, while SOC plus wound gel showed 93% of wounds being successfully treated.

Conclusion:

By directly targeting the wound biofilm matrix, wound healing outcomes are improved.
Lateral malleolar region defects with exposed implants: proximally based peroneus brevis muscle flap
Authors: Ceran C. , Demirseren M.E. , Aksam E. , Cicek C. , Demiralp C.O.
Published: August 2015

Objective:

Reconstruction of lateral malleolar region defects with exposed implants is a problematic situation for the reconstructive surgeon because there are limited options. The objective of our study was to revise the management of these defects and point out the role of proximally based peroneus brevis muscle flap.

Method:

Patients with an implant exposed tissue defects of the lateral malleolar region were evaluated retrospectively. All defects reconstructed with proximally based peroneus brevis muscle flap were included in this study.

Results:

Of the 17 patients identified the mean age was 37.1 years (range 16–58 years). The size of the defects were 2–9cm in length (mean: 4.9cm) and 2–4cm in width (mean: 2.6cm). All defects were successfully covered with proximally based peroneus brevis muscle flaps combined with split-thickness skin grafts. All flaps healed with no complication or need for secondary surgery. The mean follow-up was18.8 months (range 12–32 months).

Conclusion:

Proximally based peroneus brevis muscle flap is a good alternative for reconstruction of lateral malleolar region defects with reliable blood supply, short surgical time, and minimal donor site morbidity.
Danish translation and validation of the International Skin Tear Advisory Panel Skin Tear Classification System
Authors: Skiveren J. , Bermark S. , LeBlanc K. , Baranoski S.
Published: August 2015

Objective:

The aim of this study was to translate, validate and establish reliability of the International Skin Tear Classification System in Danish.

Method:

Phase 1 of the project involved the translation of the International Skin Tear Advisory Panel (ISTAP) Skin Tear Classification System into Danish, using the forward–back translation method described by the principles of good practice for the translation process for patient-reported outcomes. In Phase 2, the Danish group sought to replicate the ISTAP validation study and validate the classification system with registered nurses (RN) and social and health-care assistants (non-RN) from both primary health care and a Danish university hospital in Copenhagen. Thirty photographs, with equal representation of the three types of skin tears, were selected to test validity. The photographs chosen were those originally used for internal and external validation by the ISTAP group. The subjects were approached in their place of work and invited to participate in the study and to attend an educational session related to skin tears.

Results:

The Danish translation of the ISTAP classification system was tested on 270 non-wound specialists. The ISTAP classification system was validated by 241 RNs, and 29 non-RN. The results indicated a moderate level of agreement on classification of skin tears by type (Fleiss’ Kappa=0.460). A moderate level of agreement was demonstrated for both the RN group and the non-RN group (Fleiss’ Kappa=0.464 and 0.443, respectively).

Conclusion:

The ISTAP Skin Tear Classification System was developed with the goal of establishing a global language for describing and documenting skin tears and to raise the health-care community's awareness of skin tears. The Danish translation of the ISTAP classification system supports the earlier ISTAP study and further validates the classification system. The Danish translation of the classification system is vital to the promotion of skin tears in both research and the clinical settings in Denmark.
Diversity of butterflies in four different forest types in Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: WIDHIONO IMAM
Published: August 2015

Widhiono I. 2015. Diversity of butterflies in four different forest types in Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia.Biodiversitas 16: 196-204. The study was carried out in four different habitat types (secondary forest, plantation forest, agroforest, andtourist area) on the southern slope of Mount Slamet, Baturaden Forest, Central Java, Indonesia from July 2009 to August 2010. A totalof 99 species belonging to eight families showed a dominance of Nymphalidae (30 species) followed by Pieridae (17 species),Lycaenidae (15 species), Papilionidae (13 species), Satyridae (11 species), Danaidae (6 species), Amathusidae (4 species), andRiodinidae (3 species). From the 99 butterflies species found on the southern slope of Mount Slamet, 32 species (30%) were specific tothe forest, whereas 63 species (60.6%) were common to all habitats sampled, and the last 10 species (9.4%) were endemics species withone protected species (Troides helena). The present results was showed that butterflies diversity, abundance, and endemism is stillrelatively high, representing 18% of all butterfly species found in Java and supporting 71.4% endemic species found in Central Java.The plantation forest were contributed the highest diversity and abundance of butterfly species, whereas the agroforest showed thelowest diversity, abundance, and endemism. Among all habitats surveyed, the secondary forest represented the most suitable habitat forbiodiversity conservation and maintenance of rare and endemic species.
Augmenting Predictive Modeling Tools with Clinical Insights for Care Coordination
Program Design and Implementation
Authors: Johnson Tracy L. , Brewer Daniel , Estacio Raymond , Vlasimsky Tara , Durfee Michael J. , Thompson Kathy R. , Everhart Rachel M. , Rinehart Deborath J. , Batal Holly
Published: August 2015

Context: The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI) awarded Denver
Health's (DH) integrated, safety net health care system $19.8 million to implement a
“population health” approach into the delivery of primary care. This major practice
transformation builds on the Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) and Wagner’s Chronic
Care Model (CCM) to achieve the “Triple Aim”: improved health for populations, care to
individuals, and lower per capita costs.Case description: This paper presents a case
study of how DH integrated published predictive models and front-line clinical judgment
to implement a clinically actionable, risk stratification of patients. This population
segmentation approach was used to deploy enhanced care team staff resources and to
tailor care-management services to patient need, especially for patients at high risk of
avoidable hospitalization. Developing, implementing, and gaining clinical acceptance of
the Health Information Technology (HIT) solution for patient risk stratification was a
major grant objective.Findings: In addition to describing the Information Technology
(IT) solution itself, we focus on the leadership and organizational processes that
facilitated its multidisciplinary development and ongoing iterative refinement,
including the following: team composition, target population definition, algorithm rule
development, performance assessment, and clinical-workflow optimization. We provide
examples of how dynamic business intelligence tools facilitated clinical accessibility
for program design decisions by enabling real-time data views from a population
perspective down to patient-specific variables.Conclusions: We conclude that population
segmentation approaches that integrate clinical perspectives with predictive modeling
results can better identify high opportunity patients amenable to medical home-based,
enhanced care team interventions.