bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GLUTEN I. ESTIMATION OF MOLECULAR PROPERTIES USING ELECTROPHORETIC AND DIFFUSION DATA
Authors: Colvin J. R. , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

The molecular characteristics of gluten in sodium salicylate solutions have been studied by means of diffusion and electrophoretic techniques. The results of the observations indicate that gluten in sodium salicylate is electrostatically homogeneous with a high mean negative valence of 34 and therefore a high surface charge density. The isoelectric point of gluten in this dispersing agent is below pH 4.0. This low value of the isoelectric point and the high valence of the protein molecule is probably due to selective adsorption of salicylate ions on gluten. The particles in the fraction of gluten molecularly dispersed in 0 5 μ sodium salicylate are prolate ellipsoids of revolution of the order of 25 Å in diameter and 400 to 450 Å long. These are mean values as the molecularly dispersed particles are not uniform in mass. When they are aggregated it is side by side association rather than end to end. The density of dehydrated gluten is 1.291 gm. per cc. Qualitative evidence is given for the view that the degree of hydration of gluten particles is probably not great.
THE INTERMEDIATE METABOLISM OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA: I. THE STATUS OF THE ENDOGENOUS RESPIRATION
Authors: Norris Flora C. , Campbell Jack J. R. , Ney Phyllis W.
Published: April 2011

The endogenous respiration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown to differ in several respects from that of other organisms. Although values obtained for the degree of oxidative assimilation of glucose agree with those reported by other workers, this synthesis of storage products was found not to be inhibited by the usual concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol. The techniques commonly employed to reduce stored products had no effect on this organism. The endogenous respiration was shown to function normally in the presence of added substrate.
PARASITES OF COD AND OTHER MARINE FISH FROM THE BAIE DE CHALEUR REGION
Authors: Heller Anita Fochs
Published: April 2011

not available
THE DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHOLIPID PHOSPHORUS
Authors: Beveridge J. M. R. , Johnson S. E.
Published: April 2011

A simple accurate method for the determination of phospholipid phosphorus is described. Conditions for the digestion of phospholipid have been developed permitting the utilization of a colorimetric procedure for inorganic phosphorus that is characterized by excellent color stability and strict adherence to Beer's law over a range of 0 to 65 μgm. of phosphorus.
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF SOME AROMATIC AMIDINES AND OTHER CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ON THE GROWTH OF INFLUENZA VIRUS IN THE EMBRYONATED EGG
Authors: McClelland Laurella , Rooyen C. E. van
Published: April 2011

The effect of chemicals and biological substances on the growth of influenza virus in the embryonated egg is of interest as a fundamental study and as a means of screening substances for their possible chemotherapeutic activities. This work was done to investigate the activity of some heretofore unreported substances. Most chemicals proved to have no effect on the growth of influenza virus in the developing egg, but one group, the aromatic amidines, and hexamidine in particular, was found to possess some inhibitory action. It was an in vivo rather than an in vitro effect; it was dependent on the route of inoculation and the amount of drug administered; and the activity was exhibited when the introduction of the drug was delayed for as long as 16 hr. after inoculation of the eggs with influenza virus. Preliminary tests have failed to demonstrate any protection of mice infected with influenza and treated with hexamidine.
THE LIPIDOLYTIC ENZYMES OF LARVAE OF GALLERIA MELLONELLA
Authors: Mankiewicz Edith
Published: April 2011

The lipidolylic enzymes of Galleria mellonella and of pancreas are strongly contrasted by their activity on different substrates. The former is distinguished by its action on compounds of higher alcohols with lower fatty acids. More effective methods of extraction and preservation of the enzymes are described. The influence of emulsifying agents on the activity of the enzymes is demonstrated. The activity of Galleria mellonella enzyme on the wax of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a particular feature.
THE WEATHERING CHARACTERISTICS AND ROT RESISTANCE OF COTTON DUCK TREATED WITH THE COPPER COMPLEX OF NITROSOPHENYLHYDROXYLAMINE
Authors: Bayley C. H. , Weatherburn Muriel W.
Published: April 2011

Unbleached cotton tentage duck treated with the copper and copper–iron complexes of nitrosophenylhydroxylamine showed considerable resistance to rotting in soil burial tests but gave evidence of enhanced actinic degradation and loss of treating compound as a result of outdoor weathering for three months during the summer. With samples containing a higher concentration of the complexes this degradation was more severe.
THE OXIDATION, IGNITION, AND DETONATION OF FUEL VAPORS AND GASES: VIII. THE CAUSES OF THE ANTIKNOCK PROPERTY OF RICH MIXTURES
Authors: King R. O. , Wallace W. A. , Durand E. J.
Published: April 2011

The engine experiments of this Part are a sequel to those of Part VII showing that enrichment of a pentane–air mixture accelerates oxidation at end gas temperatures to the antiknock substances, steam, and the carbon oxides. The corresponding antiknock effect in an engine is increased by cooling if enrichment of the mixture leads to an increase in the proportion of the fuel admitted to the engine as liquid. The engine experiments were therefore made using two fuels, n-pentane and a commercial fuel "S", containing high boiling point constituents. The pentane could be vaporized prior to admission to the engine and the antiknock effect due to cooling eliminated. Thus, two concurrent antiknock effects were obtained on enriching the fuel–air mixture—one due to cooling, if the fuel were admitted to the engine in part as liquid, and the other to the consequent increase in the velocity of the heterogeneous oxidation reaction in the end gas. It was also shown by the experiments of Part VII that the oxidation of rich mixtures at end gas temperatures, to steam and carbon dioxide, was greatly accelerated when iron carbonyl was added to the fuel. Similarly, the engine experiments of this Part show that the antiknock effect of enriching the fuel–air mixture is greatly enhanced when iron carbonyl is added to the fuel.
LIQUID AND FROZEN EGG: V. VISCOSITY, BAKING QUALITY, AND OTHER MEASUREMENTS ON FROZEN EGG PRODUCTS
Authors: Pearce Jesse A. , Lavers C. G.
Published: April 2011

Freezing irreversibly increased the viscosity of yolk and whole egg, but did not affect the white. Vigorous mechanical treatment before freezing reduced the viscosity of defrosted yolk, white, and whole egg. The viscosity of defrosted yolk and whole egg increased with increase in freezing or thawing time. Mechanical pretreatment or differences in freezing time did not affect the baking quality of defrosted egg products. Freezing reduced the baking quality of yolk and whole egg, but the baking quality improved after storage for about three months at − 10° and 0° F., and then decreased. A thawing time of four hours resulted in yolk or whole egg of better baking quality than thawing times of 0.03, 24, or 48 hr. There was no relation between viscosity and the baking quality of these egg products. The addition of 2% sodium chloride was equivalent to the addition of 8% sucrose in preserving the foaming quality of frozen yolk.
THE OXIDATION, IGNITION, AND DETONATION OF FUEL VAPORS AND GASES: X. THE CAUSE OF PREIGNITION (SURFACE IGNITION)—UNDOPED LIQUID FUEL
Authors: King R. O. , Durand E. J.
Published: April 2011

The theory is advanced that surface ignition, generally described as preignition, if occurring during compression, is due to partial oxidation of the fuel to aldehyde, a relatively small concentration of this inflammable substance being sufficient for ignition of the charge by the hot surfaces normally present in the combustion space of a high duty engine. The igniting effect may be early or late, that is, before or after spark ignition. Early surface ignition may cause destruction of pistons and exhaust valves of supercharged engines and is indicated by severe knocking. When the effect occurs late in the combustion period there is no destructive effect and the engine will run without spark ignition. The theory is confirmed by engine experiments with rich mixtures which oxidize readily to aldehyde, and it is shown that the occurrence of surface ignition then depends on surface and mixture temperatures. Thus in temperature conditions chosen to eliminate surface ignition, n-heptane can be used in the C.F.R. engine at 10:1 compression ratio and the performance of acetaldehyde does not differ from that of a hydrocarbon fuel. A conclusion of importance in practice is that early surface ignition may occur in a particular cylinder of a multicylinder supercharged engine receiving an extremely rich mixture, because of uneven distribution. If the surface ignition led to the destruction of an exhaust valve or a piston, continued running of a highly supercharged engine on the unaffected cylinders would have the disastrous consequences arising from explosion of the compressed mixture in the induction system.
THE OXIDATION, IGNITION, AND DETONATION OF FUEL VAPORS AND GASES: XI. THE LOSS OF POWER COINCIDENT WITH THE ANTIKNOCK ACTION OF THE CARBONYLS OF IRON AND NICKEL IN RICH MIXTURES
Authors: King R. O. , Durand Edwin J.
Published: April 2011

Experiments are described which show that the increase in usable compression ratio obtained on adding iron or nickel carbonyl to rich mixtures with air, of hydrocarbon fuel used in the high temperature conditions of the A.S.T.M.–C.F.R. motor method of knock testing, is not accompanied by a commensurate increase in power. The percentage by which the observed power for the doped fuel is less than that obtainable if a nonknocking fuel were used at the same compression ratio has been determined for various additions of the iron and nickel carbonyls of Fuel S, a commercial gasoline. The loss of possible power when using iron carbonyl in the concentration of 0.50 cc. per liter, increased from 2% at maximum power mixture strength to over 22% at extremely rich mixtures. The loss is attributed to appreciable oxidation of the fuel to final products, prior to the completion of compression, especially when doped fuel is used. Thus the experimental results confirm the theory, advanced in Part III, that metallic antiknocks act by promoting the high temperature surface (heterogeneous) oxidation of hydrocarbon fuel to steam and carbon dioxide; not by inhibiting a homogeneous oxidation reaction by the breaking of reaction chains, as generally supposed.
MILD OXIDATION OF ALKALI LIGNINS
Authors: Raff R. A. V. , Tomlinson II G. H.
Published: April 2011

Following the discovery that the reinforcement of GR–S rubber by alkali lignins is greatly enhanced if the lignins, prior to their coprecipitation with the latex, are subjected to oxidation, the reaction of alkali lignins with oxygen and the properties of oxidized lignins were studied. It was found that particularly the melting points of the lignins and their lyophilic properties are increased by continued oxidation. This suggested that these two properties are mainly connected with, and possibly responsible for, the reinforcing capacity of the oxidized lignins in the rubber, which in turn is correlated with particle size, surface area, and adsorptive power. It could also be established that, providing definite coprecipitation conditions are maintained, a well defined oxidation range exists, over which lignins display optimal reinforcing properties.
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF IRON GROUP SALTS AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Johnson A. F. , Grayson-Smith H.
Published: April 2011

A magnetic balance of the Sucksmith ring type has been constructed. It is capable of a precision of 0.5 to 1% in measurements of displacement. The estimated maximum error in susceptibility measurements is 2%. This apparatus has been used to measure the temperature variation of the susceptibilities of chromium sulphate, hydrated and anhydrous, and of the nitrates of chromium, cobalt, and nickel. Measurements were made at several values of the magnetic field strength, so that a correction for small amounts of ferromagnetic impurity could be obtained. The reciprocals of the corrected specific susceptibilities were plotted against the absolute temperature. The intercepts on the temperature axis of the resulting straight lines gave the values of the Curie–Weiss constant. These values have been compared with those for other salts of the same ions. The effective Bohr magneton numbers were calculated and compared with theoretical values given by van Vleck.
ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF NEUTRONS AT THE INTERFACE OF TWO ADJOINING MEDIA
Authors: Davison B.
Published: April 2011

Two media separated by a plane interface and each filling an infinite half-space are considered. Neutrons come in infinite number from infinity in one medium and the neutron density vanishes at infinity; in the other medium. Isotropic scattering in the laboratory system of co-ordinates in both media is assumed and all neutrons are assumed to have the same speed. The angular distribution of neutrons emerging from either medium into the other is obtained in terms of the angular distribution of neutrons for the Milne problem, that is, the angular distribution of neutrons emerging from a scattering medium into a vacuum. The latter angular distribution is tabulated in the preceding paper by LeCaine.
CONTINUOUS OBSERVATIONS WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE ON THE FORMATION OF EVAPORATED FILMS OF SILVER, GOLD, AND TIN
Authors: McLauchlan T. A. , Sennett R. S. , Scott G. D.
Published: April 2011

A special specimen holder has been constructed for the evaporation of metals within an RCA–EMU electron microscope. This provides continuous observations on the growth of films of the metal. Micrographs are reproduced which illustrate the formation of films of silver, gold, and tin. The results confirm the usually accepted assumptions regarding the formation of nuclei and the growth of aggregates.
THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ELASTOMERS UNDER STRETCH AND AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Dauphinee T. M. , Ivey D. G. , Smith H. D.
Published: April 2011

Heat conductivity of natural rubber and GR–S was studied in the range from + 50 °C. to − 170 °C. and from 0 to 100% stretch. The apparatus used was a greatly modified version of one designed by Schallamach. The conductivity of both types of rubber at 0% stretch lies in the range between 3.5 × 10−4 and 4.0 × 10−4 cal./sec. cm. deg. C. Stretching increases the rate of change of conductivity with temperature of both natural rubber and GR–S, and decreases the conductivity of the latter. On lowering the temperature and raising it again natural rubber exhibits a complicated hysteresis phenomenon, while GR–S shows a hysteresis loop caused by a second order transition near the brittle point. The hysteresis phenomena of both types of rubber near the second order transition temperature shows considerable similarity to the changes in specific heat observed by Bekkedahl and coworkers. Above and below the transition region the heat conductivity decreases approximately linearly with temperature as might be expected from classical theory. The variation through the second order transition does not agree with classical theory, but may be explained qualitatively on the basis of a diffuse lambda type transition.
CONDUCTANCES OF STRONG SOLUTIONS OF STRONG ELECTROLYTES
Authors: Campbell Alan N. , Kartzmark Elinor M.
Published: April 2011

The conductances, densities, and viscosities of solutions of silver nitrate and of ammonium nitrate, at 25 °C., have been determined at concentrations ranging from 0.1 N to saturation (about 9 and 11 N respectively). By way of comparison, the same data have been obtained for the weak electrolyte acetic acid, up to 99.7% by weight concentration. It is shown that the weak electrolyte, at these concentrations, deviates even more from the Ostwald dilution law than do the strong electrolytes. Various attempts have been made to correct the conductance for viscosity. In addition to the older methods, two new attempts have been made, viz.; sugar was added to N/10 silver nitrate (used as the basis for these calculations) until its viscosity became equal to each of the silver nitrate solutions in turn. The conductance of a N/10 silver nitrate solution containing enough sugar to make its viscosity exactly equal to that of any given silver nitrate solution was used in the evaluation of the conductance ratio. Again, the viscosities of silver nitrate solutions at different temperatures were determined and the conductance found at the temperature at which the viscosity had become equal to that of N/10 silver nitrate at 25 °C. This conductance was used as the numerator in the conductance ratio. All attempts, however, resulted in "overcorrection", that is, in an apparently increasing equivalent conductance, with increasing concentration, after a certain concentration is reached. It is shown that a remarkable agreement exists, in the case of ammonium nitrate, with the Walden modification of the Ostwald formula.
POTENTIAL OF CADMIUM IN SULPHURIC ACID
Authors: Roxburgh J. M. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

The potentials determined for mechanically cleaned cadmium electrodes in air-free sulphuric acid electrolyte were less negative than those reported for deposited electrodes. Cleaning under air-free conditions did not remove this difference. It appears that the physical condition of the electrode surface affects the potential.
β-AMINOETHYLCARBAZOLES
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Kulka Marshall
Published: April 2011

1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-Acetylcarbazoles were converted to the corresponding carbazolylacetamides by the Willgerodt reaction. These were dehydrated with phosphorus oxychloride and the resulting 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-cyanomethylcarbazoles reduced catalytically to the corresponding β-aminoethylcarbazoles. The syntheses of 1- and 4-acetylcarbazoles and 1-methoxy-4-β-aminoethyl-5, 6, 7, 8-tetra-hydrocarbazole are described.
THE ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM SPECIES: XI. NATURE OF THE OXYGEN ATOM IN LYCOPODINE; SOME REACTIONS OF THE BASE
Authors: Manske R. H. F. , Marion Léo , MacLean David B.
Published: April 2011

Lycopodine gives rise to a hydrazone, is reduced to a secondary alcohol, and reacts with phenyl-lithium to form a tertiary carbinol; hence, the oxygen atom of the base is present in a keto group. The base reacts with cyanogen bromide to form two cyanobromolycopodines, α and β. α-Cyanobromolycopodine is converted by potassium acetate in alcohol to α-cyanoacetoxylycopodine, hydrolyzable to α-cyanohydroxylycopodine, which can be oxidized to an acid. The action of methanolic potassium hydroxide on α-cyanobromolycopodine gives rise to a nonoxidizable, nonreducible neutral compound, while a similar isomeric and equally inert substance is produced by the action of a boiling ethanolic solution of potassium acetate on β-cyanobromolycopodine. Both α- and β-cyanobromolycopodines are hydrogenated catalytically to two isomeric products C17H26ON2. α-Cyanobromolycopodine with trimethylamine forms of quaternary salt which, when subjected to the conditions of the Hofmann degradation, gives rise to a base differing from the quaternary salt by the elements of methyl bromide, and to the same neutral product obtainable from α-cyanobromolycopodine by the action of methanolic potassium hydroxide.
ESTIMATION OF REDUCING SUGARS IN STARCH HYDROLYZATES BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Shu Ping
Published: April 2011

A method for quantitative determination of glucose, maltose, and reducing dextrins in starch hydrolyzates is described. The components are separated by paper chromatography and determined colorimetrically by measurement of their reducing power with alkaline copper and arseno-molybdate reagents. The probable error of the determinations with the use of this method is about 2%. A compact apparatus was designed, suitable for handling a large number of samples in the chromatographic separation. It is particularly useful for compounds with low Rfvalues.
SYNTHESIS, POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATIONS, AND ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF 3-OXO-2-PHENYL-4, 4-DISUBSTITUTED-5-PYRAZOLONES AND 3-HYDROXY-2-PHENYL-4-MONOSUBSTITUTED-5-PYRAZOLONES
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Boivin Jean L. , Boivin Paul A.
Published: April 2011

A number of 3-oxo-2-phenyl-4,4-disubstituted-5-pyrazolones and 3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-4-monosubstituted-5-pyrazolones have been prepared by reacting ethyl di- and monosubstituted malonates with phenylhydrazine in the presence of sodium ethylate. The evidence of an oxo group in position 3 in the disubstituted pyrazolones has been obtained by hydrolyzing 4,4-dibenzyl-3-imino-2-phenyl-5-pyrazolone and identifying the product of the reaction with 4,4-dibenzyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-5-pyrazolone prepared from dibenzylmalonic ester and phenylhydrazine. A study of the ultraviolet absorption spectra of the pyrazolones has been made and their ionization constants have been determined by potentiometric titrations.
LES CYPÉRACÉES DE L'ÎLE ANTICOSTI: CAREX ET KOBRESIA
Authors: Raymond Marcel
Published: April 2011

Sixty-two species, seven hybrids, eleven varieties, and two forms of Carex, and one species of Kobresia occur on Anticosti, a 135-mile long island located in the mouth of the St. Lawrence River.After a few historical notes on the early surveys of the Anticosti flora, the author lists in their natural order the different species of Carex occurring on the island, consisting mainly of collections made by Macoun, Schmitt, Frère Marie-Victorin, and his field-associate F. Rolland-Germain, and Jacques Rousseau. Each species has its respective distribution and proper bibliography given. Two new hybrids are described.In the third part, the author gives some phytogeographical conclusions. The sedges enumerated fail in the following categories:1. Arctic-alpine species at their southernmost limit or nearly so: Kobresia simpliuscula, Carex microglochin, and C. rupestris.2. Euryatlantic species, i.e. species occurring on both sides of the Atlantic, but very often with their main area in Europe: C. Hostiana, C. demissa, C. Hartmani, C. flava.3. Species of the upper subarctic: C. capillaris, C. rariflora, C. media, etc.4. Species of the lower subarctic: C. exilis, C. atratiformis, C. pauciflora, C. sterilis, C. castanea, C. Buxbaumii, etc.5. Cold-temperate species at their northernmost limit: C. arctata, C. Crawfordii, C. Deweyana, C. eburnea, C. intumescens var. Fernaldii, C. leptonervia, C. pedunculata, C. retrorsa, C. scoparia, C. tribuloides, C. viridula, C. vulpinoidea, etc.A line drawn from Anticosti island to Lake Mistassini and James Bay seems to constitute an important natural limit for many species in the flora of Quebec.6. Halophytic species: C. hormathodes, C. Lyngbyei, C. Mackenziei, C. nigra, C. paleacea, C. recta. C. Lyngbyei, a species of arctic shores, has its southernmost limit on Anticosti island.Special consideration is given to the members of the critical section EXTENSAE (the flava-group) and their numerous hybrids.The general conclusion is that Anticosti belongs to the colder part of the temperate zone, with arctic or subarctic "islands" on the river flats, on windswept cliffs, or in bogs.The author concludes with a few notes on the economical value of sedges as pasture and their relation to deer-grazing.
THREE YEARS OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AT TORONTO
Authors: Sanderson Marie
Published: April 2011

An experiment to measure the daily potential evapotranspiration from vegetation-covered soil surfaces was conducted in Toronto during the 1947, 1948, and 1949 growing seasons. The potential evaporation from moist bare soil was also measured and compared with the evaporation from dry soil. Results indicate that the Thornthwaite formula for computing potential water loss is valid at this latitude for both vegetation-covered and moist soil. When drying of the surface soil occurred, the water loss was diminished.
THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES OF MICROORGANISMS: II. FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEASES IN SUBMERGED CULTURE
Authors: Dion W. M.
Published: April 2011

The main factors that influence the production of proteolytic enzymes by a few selected cultures have been studied. The time taken to reach the maximum yield of proteases is dependent upon the growth rate of each organism, and varies from two to five days. The fungi tested require the presence of an easily available carbohydrate source in addition to a protein substrate in order to produce high yields of proteolytic enzymes. The Streptomyces cultures will produce proteases in the absence of a carbohydrate source, but yields are generally low. The fungi studied will not produce significant amounts of proteases when grown on predominately inorganic nitrogen sources in contrast with the Streptomyces cultures, one of which produced almost as high yields of proteolytic enzymes when grown with sodium nitrate as when grown with Klim. Of a number of protein sources Klim and malt sprouts provided the best media for protease production. The temperature of incubation and pH of the culture medium are also important factors affecting the yield of proteolytic enzymes.
ANTIBIOTIC XG AS A SEED TREATMENT FOR THE CONTROL OF LEAF AND POD SPOT OF PEAS CAUSED BY ASCOCHYTA PISI
Authors: Wallen V. R. , Skolko A. J.
Published: April 2011

Antibiotic XG has been studied for its possible application as a pea seed treatment in the control of Ascochyta leaf and pod spot. Fungistatic properties of Antibiotic XG against Ascochyta Pisi at various concentrations in relation to pH and temperature in vitro were studied. At antibiotic concentrations up to 1 p.p.m. no fungistatic effect was observed at pH values from 3.5 to 6.5, but, at concentrations above 1 p.p.m., complete inhibition of growth was found at all pH values tested. In the temperature range of 22 °C. to 30 °C. antibiotic concentrations of 1 p.p.m. had no effect on growth. Fungicidal activity to spores of A. Pisi has also been tested. A spore suspension of 10,000 spores per ml. required an exposure of 12 hr. with an antibiotic concentration of 100 p.p.m. for complete lethal dosage. The soaking of diseased pea seed samples in Antibiotic XG at a concentration of 25 p.p.m. for a period of 18 hr. effectively controls A. Pisi infection as determined by laboratory test and does not seriously impair germination. This treatment is compatible with Spergon applied after the seed has been air-dried. Storage of treated seed for a period of three months did not affect the degree of control but reduced the germinative capacity in laboratory plate tests.
MOUSE EPICYTES AND THEIR INTRAMURAL PROCESSES
Authors: Macklin Charles C.
Published: April 2011

Thin paraffin sections of mouse lungs fixed by bronchial filling and stained intensely with iron haematoxylin show numerous and conspicuous epicytes of varying size, form, internal features, and density. Many have a dark lacelike cytoplasm with numerous small clear vacuoloids and a rounded opaque nucleus, while others stain more lightly and have large irregular vacuoloids, and a generally achromatic nucleus. Between these apparent extremes are graded intermediate forms. These epicytes may be arranged in a series perhaps connoting a functional or age sequence. Metabolic, endocrinic, and exocrinic roles have been suggested for them as well as the commonly attributed phagocytic function. The nuclei are often indented by contiguous vacuoloids. In partitions between alveoli, epicytes may have two, three, or even more air faces. Most of them are in the angles where septa between contiguous alveoli join. In many epicytes an extension may be seen arising from a larger nucleated part; and not infrequently two such extensions appear in the section. These processes may be more or less blunt and short, or long and thin; and their ends, of varying area, often form part of the wall of an alveolus, lying directly against the air space. On some of the narrow free ends were seen irregular spicules, which may be rudimentary cilia. In cross sections the processes are of circular or oval outline and are partially or completely buried in the connective tissue of the alveolar wall. Like the juxtanuclear part of the epicyte, the processes are bounded by a delicate cell membrane and show mitochondria in the cytoplasm between the vacuoloids. These processes presumably afford anchorages for the cells to the alveolar walls, and also surfaces through which nutriment may be absorbed from the contiguous capillaries. Epicytes that abut upon the pleura, interlobular septa, or sheaths of air and blood channels usually have only one air face and often appear without a process, partly sunken into the connective tissue, with a mass of frothy cytoplasm bulging into the alveolar space; but more rarely a process is visible arising from them. Release of epicytes from the alveolar walls may be possible, to create the relatively scarce free foam cells. Curious extended epicytes, some looking like dumb-bells, were often found.
THE THYROID GLAND IN RELATION TO THE SEAWARD MIGRATION OF PACIFIC SALMON
Authors: Hoar William S. , Bell G. Mary
Published: April 2011

Histological examination of the thyroid glands from chum salmon fry taken in the river, estuary, or sea shows the organ to be in a quiescent condition at the time of migration. If, however, this species is retained in fresh water for two or three months the gland becomes extremely hyperplastic. The pink salmon thyroid behaves in essentially the same way as that of the chum, but migrating pink fry taken at great distances from the sea have active glands. The thyroids of yearling coho and sockeye moving into the sea display heightened activity. Thyroid activity is apparently greater in coho migrants taken later in the season from the headwaters of rivers. In part, the heightened thyroid activity seen in these migrating Pacific salmon is probably a spring-time seasonal change. It seems, however, to be more particularly related to the increased metabolic work of osmotic regulation and salt balance in a fish physiologically prepared for life in the sea. In general, this study suggests that the increased thyroid activity seen in young migrating salmonoids is largely due to increased demands for thyroid hormone in the metabolism of a fish no longer completely adjusted physiologically to fresh water.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHEEP NEMATODE, STRONGYLOIDES PAPILLOSUS (WEDL, 1856)
Authors: Basir M. A.
Published: April 2011

In studying the morphology and development of Strongyloides papillosus it has been shown that four molts occur during the development of the free-living sexual adults, two molts in the formation of the infective larvae, and two molts in the development of the parasitic adults from the infective larvae. The last two occur in the body of the host, one in the lungs and the other in the intestine. The time required by the eggs to hatch and the larvae to develop to either the infective larvae or the free-living adults varies with temperature; at 27 °C. it is 6 hr. and 28 hr., respectively. The so-called "spears" in the oesophagus of the free-living adults were found to be the cuticularized tubular endings of the rays of the oesophageal lumen. The head in the free-living adults bears two well developed lips and four papillae, while in parasitic adults it has four lips and four papillae. The tail of the free-living male bears two pairs of preanal and two pairs of postanal papillae. No males were found in the parasitic generation, while parasitic females were found only in the intestine of experimental animals.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIRUS AND HOST CELL: THE PREPARATION OF T2r+BACTERIOPHAGE LABELLED WITH RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS
Authors: Lesley S. M. , French R. C. , Graham A. F.
Published: April 2011

T2r+bacteriophage grown in its host, Escherichia coli B, in broth medium in the presence of radioactive inorganic phosphorus was labelled with the isotope. Purified suspensions of this virus had specific activities up to 50,000 c.p.m. per μgm. P. There was little or no exchange of P32between virus and inorganic phosphate. Chemical analysis showed that at least 98% of the virus phosphorus was contained in nucleic acid; of the nucleic acid phosphorus 95.5% was associated with desoxypentose nucleic acid and 4.5% with pentose nucleic acid. More than 99% of the radioactivity of the labelled bacteriophage was contained in the nucleic acid fraction. Preparations of bacteriophage were obtained with sufficiently high specific activity to enable metabolism experiments to be carried out on the growth of the labelled virus in the host cell.
ENTEROCOCCI AS AN INDEX OF FECAL CONTAMINATION IN EGG PRODUCTS
Authors: Brown Helen J. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: April 2011

Enterococci were present in all samples of liquid and frozen egg products examined. They survived spray drying and storage in egg powder better than the coliforms and Escherichia coli and are therefore considered a better index of fecal contamination. There was no relation between the occurrence of Salmonella organisms and the number of enterococci present. Streptococcus faecalis was the species most commonly found. The addition of 0.5% yeast extract to SF medium reduced the number of false negatives and improved the sensitivity, although confirmation on agar was still necessary. Winter and Sandholzer's medium, with bromocresol purple as indicator, could be used without confirmation but was not as sensitive for products containing small numbers of enterococci.
THE OXIDATION, IGNITION, AND DETONATION OF FUEL VAPORS AND GASES: XV. THE CONCENTRATION OF FINELY DIVIDED CARBON IN TOWN GAS-AIR MIXTURES REQUIRED TO INDUCE SEVERE KNOCKING COMBUSTION
Authors: King R. O. , Durand E. J. , Allan A. B.
Published: April 2011

When using gaseous fuels for the C.F.R. engine, the lubricating oil decomposed to finely divided carbon when the gas was hydrogen and optimum spark advance nearly zero. When town gas was used, optimum spark advance varied from 85 to 15 degrees of crank angle, according to mixture strength, and the lubricant yielded carbon of the hard adherent graphitic variety. When using an L head engine having a combustion chamber with a large surface-to-volume ratio and with the spark plug so placed that optimum spark advance for town gas was approximately half that required with the C.F.R. engine, no appreciable carbon deposit of any variety was obtained. Conditions were therefore such that knocking combustion observed on adding finely divided carbon to the gas–air mixture was not caused to any appreciable degree by carbon derived from the lubricant. It was then found on adding carbon, as graphite dust, at a measured rate to the entering mixture, that approximately 0.3 mgm. in the end gas caused a knock intensity of the degree required to reduce brake horsepower by from 10 to 14%.
NOISE SUPPRESSION IN TRIODE AMPLIFIERS
Authors: Ziel A. van der
Published: April 2011

A survey is given of recent work on noise suppression in triode amplifier stages. A theory can be developed, in which the noise factor is expressed in terms of four complex quantities g0, g1, i0, and i1. g0 and g1 are the complex transconductances in the cathode lead and in the anode lead, respectively; i0 and i1 are the Fourier components of the noise currents flowing in these leads, respectively. These quantities are complex owing to transit time effects. The theory is developed under the assumption that i0 and i1 are completely correlated. Experiments indicate that no complete noise suppression is possible if there is no feedback; according to the above theory this means that the real part of (g0 − g1i0/i1) is positive. Knol and Versnel showed recently that a complete noise suppression can always be obtained under the above assumption of complete correlation if a suitable amount of external feedback is applied. With the help of the above theory it is shown, however, that the available power gain under those circumstances is less than unity.
THE EFFECT OF SODIUM SULPHATE ON THE ABSORPTION OF ACID DYES BY WOOL
Authors: Benson Barbara , Larose P.
Published: April 2011

The sorption of the dye Orange II by wool has been determined at the boiling point in the presence of various concentrations of sulphuric acid and of sodium sulphate within the range usually found in practice. Some experiments were also carried out with hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride. It is shown that the results for any one acid and salt concentration can be represented by a simple relation which has the same form for all results. Although this relation has the form of an adsorption isotherm, it remains purely empirical at present. The salt effect is readily explained on the basis of the Donnan equilibrium. The effect of acid strength is to fix the saturation value for the dye.
A MODIFIED BRUCINE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NITRATE: APPLICATION TO MEAT AND SOIL
Authors: MacDougall D. , Roadhouse F. E.
Published: April 2011

A modified brucine method for the determination of small amounts of nitrate in biological material is described. Error due to instability of the reagent has been overcome by dissolving the brucine in 91% ethanol. A 10% solution of the alkaloid was found to be most satisfactory and was stable for up to a year. Less color is developed with the ethanol solution than with other commonly used solvents and the effective working range of the method is thus increased approximately five times. Chloride does not interfere seriously but nitrite must be removed (by adding urea and boiling) prior to the determination. Organic matter in the sample may char slightly when the concentrated sulphuric acid is added but this error is compensated for by appropriate blanks. The method has been applied successfully to cured meat and to soils, and excellent recoveries of added nitrate have been obtained. The results agree with those obtained by the gasometric method but are higher than those obtained by the phenoldisulphonic acid procedure.
THE THIAMINE AND RIBOFLAVIN CONTENT OF MANITOBA GROWN WHEAT, OATS, AND BARLEY OF THE 1947 CROP
Authors: Robinson Allen D. , Tobias Cyril H. , Miles Barbara J.
Published: April 2011

The averages and ranges for thiamine in approximately 250 samples of cereals tested, expressed as μgm. per gm., were: barley 4.2 (3.3–5.7), oats 6.7 (3.8–8.6), wheat 4.5 (3.4–5.9); for riboflavin: barley 1.3 (0.9–1.6), oats 1.3 (1.0–1.7), wheat 1.2 (1.0–1.4). There was a marked increase in the thiamine content of oats over that for 1946—amounting to 0.7 μgm. per gm. Barley and wheat showed slight increases. The values for riboflavin in the three cereals grown in 1947 were about the same as those for the 1946 samples. Varietal effects on thiamine content differed somewhat from those observed in 1946. For barley, Garton, OAC21, Sanalta, and Montcalm were about equal and slightly better than Plush. The order of thiamine content of wheat—for those varieties of which more than 10 samples were tested—was Carlton, Regent, Redman, Thatcher, and agreed with the findings for the previous year. Durum wheats showed higher thiamine levels than spring wheats. There was no varietal effect on the thiamine content of oats. There was no varietal effect on riboflavin content of any of the cereals. None was observed for the 1946 samples. For 1946 no soil zone effect on vitamin content of any of the cereals was noted. In 1947 rendzina and black earth soils produced wheats with higher thiamine contents. An environmental effect other than that for soil zone on the thiamine and riboflavin content of wheat and oats was confirmed.
THE EMULSION POLYMERIZATION OF ISOPRENE
Authors: Clark R. H. , MacLean Harold , Henderson Neil , Barton George M. , Johnson Arthur L. , Grunlund Jean T. , Reynolds Warren L.
Published: April 2011

The polymerization of isoprene has been initiated by peroxide–peroxidase, by various inorganic and organic catalysts, and by air oxidation and anodic oxidation. At moderately high conversion, polymers of isoprene have shown zero gel content and a dilute solution viscosity from 1.5 to 4. The physical properties of some of the polymers have been measured either in our laboratories or those of the Polymer Corporation of Canada.
SEPARATION OF STARCH AND GLUTEN: V. PROBLEMS IN WHEAT STARCH MANUFACTURE ARISING FROM FLOUR PENTOSANS
Authors: Clendenning K. A. , Wright D. E.
Published: April 2011

The voluminous starch sludge or "squeegee" fraction, obtained with all known methods of wheat starch manufacture, consists of strongly hydrated pentosan masses in which starch granules are embedded. The pentosans of the bran and endosperm both contribute to the formation of these heterogeneous complexes. The "squeegee" starch fraction is not abolished by allowing the crude starch slurries to ferment, by exposing them briefly to mildly acid or alkaline solutions, or to C2−C12 monohydric alcohols. The pentosan and protein contents of this low quality starch fraction may be greatly reduced by 24–48 hr. digestion in dilute acid at pH 2.0 before recovering the starch on the centrifuge.
The role of context-specific predation in understanding patterns exhibited by anadromous salmon
Authors: Mather Martha E
Published: April 2011

Predation is frequently studied in aquatic systems that contain salmon. Because these systems are difficult to manipulate and replicate, rigorous across-system comparisons are essential. Herein I review the literature on factors that may influence predation across systems. Specifically, I evaluated how often predation on salmonids was important across prey taxa, life stage, habitat, predator taxa, methodology, and spatial scale. Further, I examined what factors were influential in systems where predation was important. In nine journals from 1959-1996, 45 field studies explicitly tested the importance of direct effects of predation on anadromous salmonid prey. Authors of 36 (80%) studies concluded that predation was important. More studies in which predation was deemed important focused on smolts subjected to fish predation in the transitional river and estuary habitats. Furthermore, field surveys at larger spatial scales were most often used. Finally, most studies reported little information on confounding factors that complicate predation. If we are to learn from these complex systems, we need to collect, analyze, and report similar types of information that are collected across systems and years using rigorous and systematic methods.
Ocean climate influences on critical Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) life history events
Authors: Friedland Kevin D
Published: April 2011

Ocean climate and ocean-linked terrestrial climate affect nearly all phases of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) life history. Natural mortality in salmon occurs in two main phases: juvenile stages experience high mortality during freshwater residency and pre-adult salmon experience high mortality in estuarine and ocean environments. Freshwater survivorship is well characterized and tends to be less variable than marine mortality. Sources of marine mortality are poorly known due to a lack of basic knowledge about post-smolt distributions and habits. Coherence patterns among regional and continental stock groups suggest broad scale forcing functions play a more important role in defining recruitment than mortality effects associated with individual rivers. The action of mesoscale regional environment is most prominent during the post-smolt year when survival, maturation, and migration trajectories are being defined. During the early weeks at sea, growth mediated survival defines recruitment patterns. A correlation between sea surface water temperature and survival has been observed for salmon stocks in the northeast Atlantic suggesting temperature either directly affects growth or modifies post-smolt behavior. Age at first maturity is controlled by environmental as well as genetic factors. The abundance of two seawinter spawners in North America is directly scaled to the size of overwintering thermal habitat in the northwest Atlantic, which suggests a link between maturation and environment.
Life history variation and growth rate thresholds for maturity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
Authors: Hutchings Jeffrey A , Jones Megan EB
Published: April 2011

Based upon published and unpublished data compiled for 275 populations, we describe large-scale spatial and temporal patterns in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, life history and model these data to evaluate how changes to life history influence optimal growth rate thresholds for sea age at maturity. Population means (ranges in parentheses) describe the following for salmon throughout its range: smolt length = 14.8 cm (10.5-21.5 cm); smolt age = 2.91 years (1.04-5.85 years); egg-to-smolt survival = 1.5% (0.2-3.2%); grilse length = 56.8 cm (48.5-70.0 cm); sea age at maturity = 1.60 years (1.00-2.64 years); smolt-to-grilse survival = 7.4% (1.3-17.5%). Growth rate thresholds specify the length increase between the smolt and grilse stages above which reproduction after one winter at sea is favoured over later maturity. Our simulations indicated that increased growth generally favours earlier, but never delayed, maturity. Optimal growth rate thresholds for sea age at maturity are highly sensitive to survival but only moderately sensitive to fecundity, smolt size, and smolt age. Depending on an individual's growth rate at sea, early maturity is favoured by decreased smolt age or by increased smolt length, fecundity, or survival (freshwater or marine). We suggest that future Atlantic salmon life history research focus upon reaction norms and growth rate thresholds for age at maturity, demographic and genetic consequences of male parr maturation, and the origin and maintenance of coexisting anadromous and nonanadromous life history polymorphisms.
A framework for understanding Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) life history
Authors: Marschall Elizabeth A , Quinn Thomas P , Roff Derek A , Hutchings Jeffrey A , Metcalfe Neil B , Bakke Tor A , Saunders Richard L , Poff N LeRoy
Published: April 2011

We took a hierarchical approach to understanding Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) life history patterns by first comparing salmonids to other teleosts, next comparing Atlantic salmon to other salmonids, and finally, mapping correlations among individual life history traits within Atlantic salmon. The combination of anadromy, large eggs, nest construction and egg burial by females, and large size at maturity differentiates salmonids from most other teleosts. Within the family Salmonidae, there is considerable variation in all traits but Atlantic salmon are generally in the middle of the range. Within Atlantic salmon, we were able to map correlations among individual life history traits, but we found that we still lacked an understanding comprehensive and quantitative enough to allow us to predict how the entire life history should respond to environmental changes. Thus, we proposed several general courses of action: (i) use models to synthesize complex patterns and relationships, (ii) collect long time series of data in individual systems, and (iii) design experiments to assess phenotypic plasticity and how environmental influences differ from genetic effects and constraints.