bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Celestial amplitudes: conformal partial waves and soft limits
Authors: Nandan Dhritiman , Schreiber Anders , Volovich Anastasia , Zlotnikov Michael
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Massless scattering amplitudes in four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime can be Mellin-transformed to correlation functions on the celestial sphere at null infinity called celestial amplitudes. We study various properties of massless four-point scalar and gluon celestial amplitudes such as conformal partial wave decomposition, crossing relations and optical theorem. As a byproduct, we derive the analog of the single and double soft limits for all gluon celestial amplitudes.
Graviton propagator in a 2-parameter family of de Sitter breaking gauges
Authors: Glavan D. , Miao S.P. , Prokopec T. , Woodard R.P.
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We formulate the graviton propagator on de Sitter background in a 2-parameter family of simple gauges which break de Sitter invariance. Explicit results are derived for the first order perturbations in each parameter. These results should be useful in computations to check for gauge dependence of graviton loop corrections.
Solving LPN Using Covering Codes
Authors: Guo Qian , Johansson Thomas , Löndahl Carl
Published: October 2019

We present a new algorithm for solving the LPN problem. The algorithm has a similar form as some previous methods, but includes a new key step that makes use of approximations of random words to a nearest codeword in a linear code. It outperforms previous methods for many parameter choices. In particular, we can now solve the $$(512,\frac{1}{8})$$(512,18) LPN instance with complexity less than $$2^{80}$$280 operations in expectation, indicating that cryptographic schemes like HB variants and LPN-C should increase their parameter size for 80-bit security.
Barriers to Women Entering Surgical Careers: A Global Study into Medical Student Perceptions
Authors: Marks I. H. , Diaz A. , Keem M. , Ladi‐Seyedian Seyedeh‐Sanam , Philipo G. S. , Munir H. , Pomerani T. I. , Sughayer H. M. , Peter N. , Lavy C. , Chang D. C.
Published: October 2019

Background

Barriers to female surgeons entering the field are well documented in Australia, the USA and the UK, but how generalizable these problems are to other regions remains unknown.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was developed by the International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations (IFMSA)’s Global Surgery Working Group assessing medical students’ desire to pursue a surgical career at different stages of their medical degree. The questionnaire also included questions on students’ perceptions of their education, resources and professional life. The survey was distributed via IFMSA mailing lists, conferences and social media. Univariate analysis was performed, and statistically significant exposures were added to a multivariate model. This model was then tested in male and female medical students, before a further subset analysis by country World Bank income strata.

Results

639 medical students from 75 countries completed the survey. Mentorship [OR 3.42 (CI 2.29–5.12) p = 0.00], the acute element of the surgical specialties [OR 2.22 (CI 1.49–3.29) p = 0.00], academic competitiveness [OR 1.61 (CI 1.07–2.42) p = 0.02] and being from a high or upper‐middle‐income country (HIC and UMIC) [OR 1.56 (CI 1.021–2.369) p = 0.04] all increased likelihood to be considering a surgical career, whereas perceived access to postgraduate training [OR 0.63 (CI 0.417–0.943) p = 0.03], increased year of study [OR 0.68 (CI 0.57–0.81) p = 0.00] and perceived heavy workload [OR 0.47 (CI 0.31–0.73) p = 0.00] all decreased likelihood to consider a surgical career. Perceived quality of surgical teaching and quality of surgical services in country overall did not affect students’ decision to pursue surgery. On subset analysis, perceived poor access to postgraduate training made women 60% less likely to consider a surgical career [OR 0.381 (CI 0.217–0.671) p = 0.00], whilst not showing an effect in the men [OR 1.13 (CI 0.61–2.12) p = 0.70. Concerns about high cost of training halve the likelihood of students from low and low‐middle‐income countries (LICs and LMICs) considering a surgical career [OR 0.45 (CI 0.25–0.82) p = 0.00] whilst not demonstrating a significant relationship in HIC or UMIC countries. Women from LICs and LMICs were 40% less likely to consider surgical careers than men, when controlling for other factors [OR 0.59 CI (0.342–1.01 p = 0.053].

Conclusion

Perceived poor access to postgraduate training and heavy workload dissuade students worldwide from considering surgical careers. Postgraduate training in particular appears to be most significant for women and cost of training an additional factor in both women and men from LMICs and LICs. Mentorship remains an important and modifiable factor in influencing student's decision to pursue surgery. Quality of surgical education showed no effect on student decision‐making.
Sarcopenia as an independent predictor of the surgical outcomes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis
Authors: Erős Adrienn , Soós Alexandra , Hegyi Péter , Szakács Zsolt , Benke Márton , Szűcs Ákos , Hartmann Petra , Erőss Bálint , Sarlós Patricia
Published: October 2019

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at risk of sarcopenia, which is associated with poor clinical outcomes. We conducted this study to assess whether sarcopenia predicts the need for surgery and postoperative complications in patients with IBD. We performed a systematic search of four electronic databases, last updated in March, 2019. Data from studies comparing rates of surgery and postoperative complications in sarcopenic IBD patients versus non-sarcopenic IBD patients were pooled with the random-effects models. We calculated the odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Ten studies with a collective total of 885 IBD patients were included in our meta-analysis. Although the analysis of raw data did not reveal significant differences between the two groups with respect to the rate of surgery and postoperative complications (OR = 1.826; 95% CI 0.913–3.654; p = 0.089 and OR = 3.265; 95% CI 0.575–18.557; p = 0.182, respectively), the analysis of adjusted data identified sarcopenia as an independent predictor for both of the undesirable outcomes (OR = 2.655; 95% CI 1.121–6.336; p = 0.027 and OR = 6.097; 95% CI 1.756–21.175; p = 0.004, respectively). Thus, early detection of sarcopenia in patients with IBD is important to prevent undesirable outcomes.
Influence of Air Humidity on Transonic Flows with Weak Shock Waves
Authors: Dykas Sławomir , Majkut Mirosław , Smołka Krystian
Published: October 2019

The paper presents CFD results for the transonic flow of dry and moist air through a diffuser and a compressor rotor. In both test geometries, i.e. the Sajben transonic diffuser and the NASA Rotor 37, the air humidity impact on the structure of flows with weak shock waves was examined. The CFD simulations were performed by means of an in-house CFD code, which was the RANS-based modelling approach to compressible flow solutions. It is shown that at high values of relative humidity, above 70%, the modelling of the transonic flow field with weak shock waves by means of the dry air model may produce wrong results.
Utilization of a novel activated carbon adsorbent from press mud of sugarcane industry for the optimized removal of methyl orange dye in aqueous solution
Authors: Rondina Dominic Justine G. , Ymbong Deanne V. , Cadutdut Macvon Jovy M. , Nalasa Jhon Ray S. , Paradero Jonas B. , Mabayo Val Irvin F. , Arazo Renato O.
Published: October 2019

In this study, a novel activated carbon adsorbent from the press mud of a sugarcane industry was used to remove methyl orange dye (MOD) from aqueous solution and was optimized via response surface methodology using the central composite design. The adsorbent was characterized by FTIR and SEM analysis and showed the presence of functional groups such as alcohols, nitriles, amides, alkane, alkyl halides, and alkenes, and it also showed fibrous surface morphological appearance. The factors affecting MOD adsorption, such as initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time were examined, and optimal pH 2.0 to remove MOD in an aqueous solution that is found in various studies is also utilized. The results showed maximum MOD removal rate of 98.68% when the initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time were optimally set as 24.17 mg/L, 0.5 g, and 20 min, respectively. The analysis of the equilibrium data revealed that MOD adsorption using press mud activated carbon best fitted the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.96103) which implies monolayer adsorption process. Also, the kinetics of MOD adsorption using press mud activated carbon followed a pseudo-first-order model (R2 = 0.96096) which means that the active sites are proportional to the non-active sites during the adsorption process.
Comparative study of a vitrinite-rich and an inertinite-rich Witbank coal (South Africa) using pyrolysis-gas chromatography
Authors: Moroeng Ofentse M. , Mhuka Vimbai , Nindi Mathew M. , Roberts R. James , Wagner Nicola J.
Published: October 2019

This study aims to compare iso-rank vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich coal samples to understand the impact of coal-forming processes on pyrolysis chemistry. A medium rank C bituminous coal was density-fractionated to create a vitrinite-rich and an inertinite-rich sub-sample. The vitrinite-rich sample has 83 vol% total vitrinite (mineral-matter-free basis), whereas the inertinite-rich counterpart has 66 vol% total inertinite. The vitrinite-rich sample is dominated by collotelinite and collodetrinite. Fusinite, semifusinite, and inertodetrinite are the main macerals of the inertinite-rich sample. Molecular chemistry was assessed using a pyrolysis gas chromatograph (py-GC) equipped with a thermal desorption unit coupled to a time of flight mass spectrometer (MS) (py-GC/MS) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP-MAS SS NMR). The pyrolysis products of the coal samples are generally similar, comprised of low and high molecular weight alkanes, alkylbenzenes, alkylphenols, and alkyl-subtituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, although the vitrinite-rich sample is chemically more diverse. The lack of diversity exhibited by the inertinite-rich sample upon pyrolysis may be interpreted to suggest that major components were heated in their geologic history. Based on the 13C CP-MAS SS NMR analysis, the inertinite-rich sample has a greater fraction of phenolics, reflected in the py-GC/MS results as substituted and unsubstituted derivatives. The greater abundance of phenolics for the inertinite-rich sample may suggest a fire-related origin for the dominant macerals of this sample. The C2-alkylbenzene isomers (p-xylene and o-xylene) were detected in the pyrolysis products for the vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich samples, though more abundant in the former. The presence of these in both samples likely reflects common source vegetation for the dominant vitrinite and inertinite macerals.
Immersive VR Experience of Redeveloped Post-industrial Sites: The Example of “Zeche Holland” in Bochum-Wattenscheid
Authors: Edler Dennis , Keil Julian , Wiedenlübbert Timo , Sossna Melvin , Kühne Olaf , Dickmann Frank
Published: October 2019

Modern hardware and software innovations in the field of virtual reality (VR), such as VR headsets and accessible game engines, allow cartographers to create 3D environments which can be experienced from the ego perspective in real time and with a simulated illusion of physical presence (immersion) in the virtual representation. The new immersive experience of these virtual environments requires new ideas on how to present and orchestrate geographical information for the benefit of planning applications. This paper intends to present examples how VR-based 3D environments use can be enriched (based on the game engine Unreal Engine 4) to support the district development of a restructured post-industrial area. A VR model of a representative former industrial area in the German Ruhr district which was revitalized and part of a large urban transformation programme (IBA Emscher Park), serves an example. Today, the area of “Zeche Holland” in Bochum-Wattenscheid is characterized by a mix of residential and commercial uses. The area is used as a leisure route for locals and tourists, with an old winding tower as an important urban landmark in its centre. VR techniques allow to transport additional spatial information which cannot be experienced when visiting the real physical area. This paper addresses the potential of immersive VR environments representing a multifaceted and redeveloped area for planning and related usage scenarios. It shows how peculiarities of game engine-based VR can help to extend the immersive (3D) experience of geographic information.
Brain Aβ load association and sexual dimorphism of plasma BACE1 concentrations in cognitively normal individuals at risk for AD
Authors: Vergallo Andrea , Houot Marion , Cavedo Enrica , Lemercier Pablo , Vanmechelen Eugeen , De Vos Ann , Habert Marie‐Odile , Potier Marie‐Claude , Dubois Bruno , Lista Simone , Hampel Harald ,   INSIGHT‐preAD study group,   Alzheimer Precision Medicine Initiative (APMI)
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Successful development of effective β‐site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1)–targeted therapies for early stages of Alzheimer's disease requires biomarker‐guided intervention strategies.

Methods

We investigated whether key biological factors such as sex, apolipoprotein E (APOE ε4) allele, and age affect longitudinal plasma BACE1 concentrations in a large monocenter cohort of individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease. We explored the relationship between plasma BACE1 concentrations and levels of brain amyloid‐β (Aβ) deposition, using positron emission tomography global standard uptake value ratios.

Results

Baseline and longitudinal mean concentrations of plasma BACE1 were significantly higher in women than men. We also found a positive significant impact of plasma BACE1 on baseline Aβ–positron emission tomography global standard uptake value ratios.

Discussion

Our results suggest a sexual dimorphism in BACE1‐related upstream mechanisms of brain Aβ production and deposition. We argue that plasma BACE1 should be considered in further biomarker validation and qualification studies as well as in BACE1 clinical trials.
Hospital Preparedness Plans for Chemical Incidents and Threats: A Systematic Review
Authors: Moradi Majd Parisa , Seyedin Hesam , Bagheri Hasan , Tavakoli Nader
Published: October 2019

In a wide range of events, people may be acutely exposured to chemical substances. Particular hospital preparedness plans and vital resources are essential for appropriate health-care measures. The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review to summarize and evaluate the existing evidence on hospital preparedness plans or protocols against chemical incidents and threats. In this aim, through May 15, 2018, 5 electronic databases were searched in MEDLINE (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) for the following key words: hospital preparedness, plan, protocol, chemical incident, and chemical threat. The final review included 11 peer-reviewed papers that met inclusion criteria. The systematic review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for the Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis protocol (PRISMA) (www.prisma-statement.org). Finally, of 16,540 selected papers, 11 papers were included in the final analysis. The thematic analyses revealed 11 major categories of chemical incidents and threats planning, such as planning requirements, planning prerequisites, preparation team member (multidisciplinary team), decontamination, personal protective equipment, education and training, job descriptions and roles, communication, database, staff /volunteer organization, as well as planning barriers and challenges for chemical incidents. Most countries have launched hospital preparedness planning against chemical incidents and threat activities, but the preparedness of hospitals is often less than desirable. Many items, such as databases, hospital preparation team members, communications, etc., are still challenging.
Challenges to Transforming Unconventional Social Media Data into Actionable Knowledge for Public Health Systems During Disasters
Authors: Chan Jennifer L. , Purohit Hemant
Published: October 2019

Every year, there are larger and more severe disasters and health organizations are struggling to respond with services to keep public health systems running. Making decisions with limited health information can negatively affect response activities and impact morbidity and mortality. An overarching challenge is getting the right health information to the right health service personnel at the right time. As responding agencies engage in social media (eg, Twitter, Facebook) to communicate with the public, new opportunities emerge to leverage this non-traditional information for improved situational awareness. Transforming these big data is dependent on computers to process and filter content for health information categories relevant to health responders. To enable a more health-focused approach to social media analysis during disasters, 2 major research challenges should be addressed: (1) advancing methodologies to extract relevant information for health services and creating dynamic knowledge bases that address both the global and US disaster contexts, and (2) expanding social media research for disaster informatics to focus on health response activities. There is a lack of attention on health-focused social media research beyond epidemiologic surveillance. Future research will require approaches that address challenges of domain-aware, including multilingual language understanding in artificial intelligence for disaster health information extraction. New research will need to focus on the primary goal of health providers, whose priority is to get the right health information to the right medical and public health service personnel at the right time.
The role of rotary motion on vortices in reverse flow
Authors: Smith Luke R. , Jung Yong Su , Baeder James D. , Jones Anya R.
Published: October 2019

The physics of a rotary wing in forward flight are highly complex, particularly when flow separation is involved. The purpose of this work is to assess the role of three-dimensional (3-D) vortex dynamics, with a focus on Coriolis forces, in the evolution of vortices in the reverse flow region of a rotating wing. High-fidelity numerical simulations were performed to recreate the flow about a representative rotating wing in forward flight. A vorticity transport analysis was performed to quantify and compare the magnitudes of 2-D flow physics, vortex tilting and Coriolis effects in the resulting flow fields. Three-dimensional vortex dynamics was found to have a very small impact on the growth and behaviour of vortices in the reverse flow region; in fact, the rate of vortex growth was successfully modelled using a simple 2-D vortex method. The small role of 3-D physics was attributed to the Coriolis and vortex tilting terms being approximately equal and opposite to one another. This ultimately lead to vortex behaviour that more closely resembled a surging wing as opposed to a conventional rotating wing, a feature unique to the reverse flow region.
The rise of judicial diplomacy in the UK: aims and challenges
Authors: Davies Gregory
Published: October 2019

This paper examines the aims and challenges of ‘judicial diplomacy’ in the form of bilateral meetings between UK and supranational judges. Drawing from in-depth interviews, extra-judicial writings and other documentary sources, it argues that judicial diplomacy has become an important feature of the work of senior judges in the UK, allowing them to pursue jurisprudential and strategic aims. In jurisprudential terms, the judges have sought to improve the quality of judicial decision-making at the domestic and supranational levels. Strategically, they have striven to maintain robust inter-institutional relations and maximise their influence at the supranational level. The pursuit of these aims has taken on renewed significance in the context of Brexit but may raise questions for the protection of judicial independence and impartiality. The judiciaries should therefore consider steps to improve the visibility of these interactions and their value.
The provision of grower and breeder information on the frost susceptibility of wheat in Australia
Authors: Cocks N. A. , March T. J. , Biddulph T. B. , Smith A. B. , Cullis B. R.
Published: October 2019

The frost susceptibility of Australian commercial cereal crops, in particular wheat and barley, has become an economically devastating issue for growers. The relative risk to frost damage of the currently available varieties is obtained through testing varieties in a series of field experiments at locations susceptible to frost events (FEs). The experimental design, measurement protocols and resultant data from these frost expression experiments (FEEs) are complex due to the unpredictability of the timing and severity of FEs, and the maturity of the plants at the time of the events. Design and protocol complexities include the use of multiple sowing dates and the recording of plant maturity. Data difficulties include a high degree of unbalance, and in the instance of multiple frosts in a FEE, there is a longitudinal aspect. A linear mixed model analysis was adopted to accommodate these characteristics of individual FEEs and the multi-environment trial analysis of 17 FEEs. Finally, an approach is demonstrated for dissemination of results that are of use to both growers and breeders.
Parallel plications may enhance surface function: physical properties of transparent tunics in colonial ascidiansClavelina cyclusandC. obesa
Authors: Sakai Daisuke , Kakiuchida Hiroshi , Harada Kenji , Nishikawa Jun , Hirose Euichi
Published: October 2019

An array of nano-scale protrusions, called the nipple array, is found on the body surface of various invertebrates, and this structure is believed to decrease light reflectance and water wettability on the surface in the terrestrial environment. However, its potential functions have not been well studied in aquatic environments.Clavelinaspp. are colonial ascidians that have the nipple array on their integumentary matrix (i.e. tunic). We examined the physical properties on the surface of the tunic ofC. cyclusandC. obesa, such as hardness, wettability and refractive indices, to evaluate the functional importance of this structure. The tunic cuticle of both species was covered with the nipple array, and the cuticle ofC. cycluswas bent into folds forming parallel plications. TheClavelinatunic was very soft and had high bubble- and oil-repellency. The refractive-index deviation between the tunic and seawater was 0.07–0.095 for 589-nm light (D-line). Rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) showed that the nipple array slightly reduced reflectance on the surface and the parallel plications reduced the reflectance still more. The nanoimprinted plates imitating the parallel plications have higher bubble repellency and lower reflectance than the flat plates. These findings support the functional importance of the plications as well as the nipple array.
Proper name compounds: a comparative perspective
Authors: ALEXIADOU ARTEMIS
Published: October 2019

The article discusses compound formation involving proper names from a comparative perspective. While proper names can appear within compounds in English, this is not possible in Greek. The article argues that this follows from a basic difference between English and Greek: English, but not Greek, allows phrases as non-heads of right-headed compounds. As proper names in English are referential in the absence of a determiner, due to the process of D-N merger, they can still be recognized as such within compounds. This is not possible in Greek, where proper names require the presence of a determiner to establish reference.
Bilateral breast cancer: a case study
Authors: Tudu Rajanigandha , Kumar Anup , Singh Rashmi , Raina Payal
Published: October 2019

Background:

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females worldwide. Increasing breast cancer incidence rates, improved diagnosis and management modalities and growing life expectancy have resulted in increasing numbers of women at risk of developing contralateral primary breast cancer. Bilateral breast cancer can occur synchronously or metachronously.

Material and methods:

This study reports three cases of bilateral breast cancer patients treated at our oncology department between March 2018 and March 2019. The features of presentation, investigation, diagnosis and follow-up care are the highlights of this study.

Results:

Bilateral breast cancer was noted in three patients among the study population in the age group of 35 –55 years. Two of these patients had metachronous bilateral breast cancer, and one patient developed cancer in the second breast during the course of management. The second breast cancers differed histologically from primary breast cancer.

Conclusion:

Poor awareness on breast cancer care and the lack of national screening guidelines and programmes, and poor infrastructure, all contribute to late presentation and difficult breast cancer management. Proper history, clinical examination and imaging of opposite breast should be done to ensure adequate and timely management of bilateral breast cancer.
Risk of involuntary admission among first-generation ethnic minority groups with early psychosis: a retrospective cohort study using health administrative data
Authors: Rodrigues Rebecca , MacDougall Arlene G. , Zou Guangyong , Lebenbaum Michael , Kurdyak Paul , Li Lihua , Shariff Salimah Z. , Anderson Kelly K.
Published: October 2019

Aims

Ethnic minority groups often have more complex and aversive pathways to mental health care. However, large population-based studies are lacking, particularly regarding involuntary hospitalisation. We sought to examine the risk of involuntary admission among first-generation ethnic minority groups with early psychosis in Ontario, Canada.

Methods

Using health administrative data, we constructed a retrospective cohort (2009–2013) of people with first-onset non-affective psychotic disorder aged 16–35 years. This cohort was linked to immigration data to ascertain migrant status and country of birth. We identified the first involuntary admission within 2 years and compared the risk of involuntary admission for first-generation migrant groups to the general population. To control for the role of migrant status, we restricted the sample to first-generation migrants and examined differences by country of birth, comparing risk of involuntary admission among ethnic minority groups to a European reference. We further explored the role of migrant class by adjusting for immigrant vs refugee status within the migrant cohort. We also explored effect modification of migrant class by ethnic minority group.

Results

We identified 15 844 incident cases of psychotic disorder, of whom 19% (n= 3049) were first-generation migrants. Risk of involuntary admission was higher than the general population in five of seven ethnic minority groups. African and Caribbean migrants had the highest risk of involuntary admission (African: risk ratio (RR) = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.34–1.73; Caribbean: RR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.37–1.82), and were the only groups where the elevated risk persisted when compared to the European reference group within the migrant cohort (African: RR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.04–1.48; Caribbean: RR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.07–1.56). Refugee status was independently associated with involuntary admission (RR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.02–1.32); however, this risk varied by ethnic minority group, with Caribbean refugees having an elevated risk of involuntary admission compared with Caribbean immigrants (RR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.15–2.58).

Conclusions

Our findings are consistent with the international literature showing increased rates of involuntary admission among some ethnic minority groups with early psychosis. Interventions aimed at improving pathways to care could be targeted at these groups to reduce disparities.
Combining Ground‐ and ASTER‐Based Thermal Measurements to Constrain Fumarole Field Heat Budgets: The Case of Vulcano Fossa 2000–2019
Authors: Mannini Stefano , Harris Andrew J. L. , Jessop David E. , Chevrel Magdalena Oryaëlle , Ramsey Michael S.
Published: October 2019

Vulcano Fossa's fumarole field (Italy) has been active for more than a century and has become a well‐studied benchmark for fumarolic degassing, often being considered the “model” hydrothermal system. Satellite thermal monitoring is increasingly being used to monitor such systems, so we here use Vulcano to test a new method for assessing heat flux at such systems. Our methodology involves converting ground‐based vent temperature measurements to heat fluxes emitted by the fumaroles, with the diffuse heat flux obtained from satellite‐sensor (in our case Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) data. While diffuse heat losses were typically 9 MW, vent heat losses were 1 MW. The average total flux of 10 MW over the 19‐year period of study places Vulcano in the top 20 most active hydrothermal systems globally. This work highlights the value of high spatial resolution infrared satellite data in building thermal inventories for persistently active hydrothermal systems.
A Definition of Rapid Weakening for Tropical Cyclones Over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Ma Zhanhong , Fei Jianfang , Huang Xiaogang
Published: October 2019

The statistical characteristics of rapid weakening (RW) tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific are explored from 1988 to 2017. The RW is defined as approximately the 95th percentile of all 24‐hr over‐water weakening rates, corresponding to a 40 kt (20.6 m/s) or greater decrease in the maximum surface wind over a 24‐hr period. Statistical analysis suggests that RW tropical cyclones tend to possess higher intensities and faster translation than non‐RW tropical cyclones. Relative to the non‐RW cases, the RW cases occur in regions with a stronger meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradient and smaller SST. The SST difference between RW and non‐RW cases is amplified during the weakening phase. Strong vertical wind shear plays a crucial role in leading to the RW events, while the contribution of midlevel dry‐air intrusion is found to be not statistically important in the western North Pacific basin.
Relationship Between Global Plasmapause Characteristics and Plasmapause Structures in the Frame of Interchange Instability Mechanism
Authors: Bandić Mario , Verbanac Giuliana , Pierrard Viviane
Published: October 2019

Recent studies based on CLUSTER, CRRES, and especially on THEMIS satellite data have revealed the statistical behavior of the global plasmapause such as eastward azimuthal plasmapause propagation and radial plasmapause motion between 21 and 07 magnetic local times (MLTs) most likely at postmidnight. The results are shown to be in a good agreement with characteristics of the plasmapause modeled using interchange instability mechanism. The present study is based on the plasmapause modeled with the mentioned physical mechanism, and it aims to link the observed global plasmapause dynamic with formation and evolution of plasmapause structures. We investigated two plasmapause datasets obtained using real Kp values and certain type of time‐dependent changes in the Kp (thereafter Kp jumps) as input in the simulations. The Kp jumps include sharp Kp increase, sharp Kp decrease, short‐time burst enhancement (increase‐decrease within 3 hr) in Kp, and their combinations in order to obtain plumes, shoulders, and notches, the structures most often observed in the nature. The cross‐correlation analyses is applied to the modeled plasmapause and to the geomagnetic Kp index at different 1‐hr MLT bins. We have shown that the cross‐correlation curves provide deeper insight in the physical processes related to the plasmapause dynamic and evolution. Their behavior is interpreted as the imprint of the plasmapause structure passages through specific MLT sector. Taking into account that the plasmapause in the single events shows very complex and different behaviors, the most important finding of the present study is the simple explanation of what causes global plasmapause motions and deformation in time.
Gamma Ray Flashes Produced by Lightning Observed at Ground Level by TETRA‐II
Authors: Pleshinger D. J. , Alnussirat S. T. , Arias J. , Bai S. , Banadaki Y. , Cherry M. L. , Hoffman J. H. , Khosravi E. , Legault M. D. , Rodriguez R. , Smith D. , Smith D. , del Toro E. , Trepanier J. C. , Sunda‐Meya A.
Published: October 2019

In its first 2 years of operation, the ground‐based Terrestrial gamma ray flash and Energetic Thunderstorm Rooftop Array (TETRA)‐II array of gamma ray detectors has recorded 22 bursts of gamma rays of millisecond‐scale duration associated with lightning. In this study, we present the TETRA‐II observations detected at the three TETRA‐II ground‐level sites in Louisiana, Puerto Rico, and Panama together with the simultaneous radio frequency signals from the lightning data sets VAISALA Global Lightning Dataset, VAISALA National Lightning Detection Network, Earth Networks Total Lightning Network, and World Wide Lightning Location Network. The relative timing between the gamma ray events and the lightning activity is a key parameter for understanding the production mechanism(s) of the bursts. The gamma ray time profiles and their correlation with radio sferics suggest that the gamma ray events are initiated by lightning leader activity and are produced near the last stage of lightning leader channel development prior to the lightning return stroke.
Subsurface Cyclonic Eddies Observed in the Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Yang Guang‐Bing , Zheng Quanan , Xiong Xue‐Jun , Yuan Yeli , Zhuang Zhanpeng , Hui Zhenli , Guo Yan‐Liang , Yu Long , Sun Jia , Ju Xia , Ma De‐Jing , Hu Xiaomin
Published: October 2019

In this study, we for the first time observed two subsurface cyclonic eddies (SCEs) in the southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean. One SCE (SCE‐C) was observed along 8°S transect during the cruise conducted in July 2016. Another SCE (SCE‐A) was also observed near 8°S but by an Argo float in November 2005. The SCE‐C had a maximum thickness of about 500 m (300–800 m) and a radius of ~90 km, while the SCE‐A has a vertical extent of 700 m (200–900 m) and a radius larger than 110 km. The water trapped by SCE shows a three‐compartment structure. Both the two SCEs are characterized by stratified water with negative lens structure and cause prominent temperature/salinity/spiciness anomalies in a wide density range. As the water carried by SCEs is stratified, we can trace the SCE origin by finding an area sharing the same water property with the SCE on different density surfaces. The result suggests that the two SCEs originate from the southwest coast of the Sumatra Island. Considering the topography and hydrologic characteristics of the SCE origin, we speculate that the SCEs are generated due to topography‐induced South Java Undercurrent instability.
Author Correction: Targeted exon skipping with AAV-mediated split adenine base editors
Authors: Winter Jackson , Luu Alan , Gapinske Michael , Manandhar Sony , Shirguppe Shraddha , Woods Wendy S. , Song Jun S. , Perez-Pinera Pablo
Published: October 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Disruptive mutations in TANC2 define a neurodevelopmental syndrome associated with psychiatric disorders
Authors: Guo Hui , Bettella Elisa , Marcogliese Paul C. , Zhao Rongjuan , Andrews Jonathan C. , Nowakowski Tomasz J. , Gillentine Madelyn A. , Hoekzema Kendra , Wang Tianyun , Wu Huidan , Jangam Sharayu , Liu Cenying , Ni Hailun , Willemsen Marjolein H. , van Bon Bregje W. , Rinne Tuula , Stevens Servi J. C. , Kleefstra Tjitske , Brunner Han G. , Yntema Helger G. , Long Min , Zhao Wenjing , Hu Zhengmao , Colson Cindy , Richard Nicolas , Schwartz Charles E. , Romano Corrado , Castiglia Lucia , Bottitta Maria , Dhar Shweta U. , Erwin Deanna J. , Emrick Lisa , Keren Boris , Afenjar Alexandra , Zhu Baosheng , Bai Bing , Stankiewicz Pawel , Herman Kristin ,   University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, Nickerson Deborah A. , Bamshad Michael J. , Mercimek-Andrews Saadet , Juusola Jane , Wilfert Amy B. , Abou Jamra Rami , Büttner Benjamin , Mefford Heather C. , Muir Alison M. , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Regan Brigid M. , Malone Stephen , Gecz Jozef , Cobben Jan , Weiss Marjan M. , Waisfisz Quinten , Bijlsma Emilia K. , Hoffer Mariëtte J. V. , Ruivenkamp Claudia A. L. , Sartori Stefano , Xia Fan , Rosenfeld Jill A. , Bernier Raphael A. , Wangler Michael F. , Yamamoto Shinya , Xia Kun , Stegmann Alexander P. A. , Bellen Hugo J. , Murgia Alessandra , Eichler Evan E.
Published: October 2019

Postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins have been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Here, we present detailed clinical and genetic data for 20 patients with likely gene-disrupting mutations in TANC2—whose protein product interacts with multiple PSD proteins. Pediatric patients with disruptive mutations present with autism, intellectual disability, and delayed language and motor development. In addition to a variable degree of epilepsy and facial dysmorphism, we observe a pattern of more complex psychiatric dysfunction or behavioral problems in adult probands or carrier parents. Although this observation requires replication to establish statistical significance, it also suggests that mutations in this gene are associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders consistent with its postsynaptic function. We find that TANC2 is expressed broadly in the human developing brain, especially in excitatory neurons and glial cells, but shows a more restricted pattern in Drosophila glial cells where its disruption affects behavioral outcomes.
Sample descriptors linked to metagenomic sequencing data from human and animal enteric samples from Vietnam
Authors: Woolhouse Mark , Ashworth Jordan , Bogaardt Carlijn , Tue Ngo Tri , Baker Steve , Thwaites Guy , Phuc Tran My
Published: October 2019

There is still limited information on the diversity of viruses co-circulating in humans and animals. Here, we report data obtained from a large field collection of enteric samples taken from humans, pigs, rodents and other mammal hosts in Vietnam between 2012 and 2016. Each of 2100 stool or rectal swab samples was subjected to virally-enriched agnostic metagenomic sequencing; the short read sequence data are accessible from the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA). We link the sequence data to metadata on host type and demography and geographic location, distinguishing hospital patients, members of a cohort identified as a high risk of zoonotic infections (e.g. abattoir workers, rat traders) and animals. These data are suitable for further studies of virus diversity and virus discovery in humans and animals from Vietnam and to identify viruses found in multiple hosts that are potentially zoonotic.
The human amygdala disconnecting from auditory cortex preferentially discriminates musical sound of uncertain emotion by altering hemispheric weighting
Authors: Manno Francis A. M. , Lau Condon , Fernandez-Ruiz Juan , Manno Sinaí Hernandez-Cortes , Cheng Shuk Han , Barrios Fernando A.
Published: October 2019

How do humans discriminate emotion from non-emotion? The specific psychophysical cues and neural responses involved with resolving emotional information in sound are unknown. In this study we used a discrimination psychophysical-fMRI sparse sampling paradigm to locate threshold responses to happy and sad acoustic stimuli. The fine structure and envelope of auditory signals were covaried to vary emotional certainty. We report that emotion identification at threshold in music utilizes fine structure cues. The auditory cortex was activated but did not vary with emotional uncertainty. Amygdala activation was modulated by emotion identification and was absent when emotional stimuli were chance identifiable, especially in the left hemisphere. The right hemisphere amygdala was considerably more deactivated in response to uncertain emotion. The threshold of emotion was signified by a right amygdala deactivation and change of left amygdala greater than right amygdala activation. Functional sex differences were noted during binaural uncertain emotional stimuli presentations, where the right amygdala showed larger activation in females. Negative control (silent stimuli) experiments investigated sparse sampling of silence to ensure modulation effects were inherent to emotional resolvability. No functional modulation of Heschl’s gyrus occurred during silence; however, during rest the amygdala baseline state was asymmetrically lateralized. The evidence indicates changing hemispheric activation and deactivation patterns between the left and right amygdala is a hallmark feature of discriminating emotion from non-emotion in music.
Author Correction: A Genetic Screen for Investigating the Human Lysosomal CystineTransporter, Cystinosin
Authors: Deshpande Anup Arunrao , Shukla Anuj , Bachhawat Anand Kumar
Published: October 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Element Effects on High-Entropy Alloy Vacancy and Heterogeneous Lattice Distortion Subjected to Quasi-equilibrium Heating
Authors: Huang E-Wen , Chou Hung-Sheng , Tu K. N. , Hung Wei-Song , Lam Tu-Ngoc , Tsai Che-Wei , Chiang Ching-Yu , Lin Bi-Hsuan , Yeh An-Chou , Chang Shan-Hsiu , Chang Yao-Jen , Yang Jun-Jie , Li Xiao-Yun , Ku Ching-Shun , An Ke , Chang Yuan-Wei , Jao Yu-Lun
Published: October 2019

We applied Simmons–Balluffi methods, positron measurements, and neutron diffraction to estimate the vacancy of CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs) using Cu as a benchmark. The corresponding formation enthalpies and associated entropies of the HEAs and Cu were calculated. The vacancy-dependent effective free volumes in both CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeMnNi alloys are greater than those in Cu, implying the easier formation of vacancies by lattice structure relaxation of HEAs at elevated temperatures. Spatially resolved synchrotron X-ray measurements revealed different characteristics of CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeMnNi HEAs subjected to quasi-equilibrium conditions at high temperatures. Element-dependent behavior revealed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping indicates the effect of Mn on the Cantor Alloy.
Metabarcoding assessment of prokaryotic and eukaryotic taxa in sediments from Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary
Authors: Polinski Jennifer M. , Bucci John P. , Gasser Mark , Bodnar Andrea G.
Published: October 2019

Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS) in the Gulf of Maine is a historic fishing ground renowned for remarkable productivity. Biodiversity conservation is a key management priority for SBNMS and yet data on the diversity of microorganisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, is lacking. This study utilized next generation sequencing to characterize sedimentary communities within SBNMS at three sites over two seasons. Targeting 16S and 18S small subunit (SSU) rRNA genes and fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences, samples contained high diversity at all taxonomic levels and identified 127 phyla, including 115 not previously represented in the SBNMS Management Plan and Environmental Assessment. A majority of the diversity was bacterial, with 59 phyla, but also represented were nine Archaea, 18 Animalia, 14 Chromista, eight Protozoa, two Plantae, and 17 Fungi phyla. Samples from different sites and seasons were dominated by the same high abundance organisms but displayed considerable variation in rare taxa. The levels of biodiversity seen on this small spatial scale suggest that benthic communities of this area support a diverse array of micro- and macro-organisms, and provide a baseline for future studies to assess changes in community structure in response to rapid warming in the Gulf of Maine.
Site-specific N-glycosylation of HeLa cell glycoproteins
Authors: Turiák Lilla , Sugár Simon , Ács András , Tóth Gábor , Gömöry Ágnes , Telekes András , Vékey Károly , Drahos László
Published: October 2019

We have characterized site-specific N-glycosylation of the HeLa cell line glycoproteins, using a complex workflow based on high and low energy tandem mass spectrometry of glycopeptides. The objective was to obtain highly reliable data on common glycoforms, so rigorous data evaluation was performed. The analysis revealed the presence of a high amount of bovine serum contaminants originating from the cell culture media – nearly 50% of all glycans were of bovine origin. Unaccounted, the presence of bovine serum components causes major bias in the human cellular glycosylation pattern; as is shown when literature results using released glycan analysis are compared. We have reliably identified 43 (human) glycoproteins, 69 N-glycosylation sites, and 178 glycoforms. HeLa glycoproteins were found to be highly (68.7%) fucosylated. A medium degree of sialylation was observed, on average 46.8% of possible sialylation sites were occupied. High-mannose sugars were expressed in large amounts, as expected in the case of a cancer cell line. Glycosylation in HeLa cells is highly variable. It is markedly different not only on various proteins but also at the different glycosylation sites of the same protein. Our method enabled the detailed characterization of site-specific N-glycosylation of several glycoproteins expressed in HeLa cell line.