bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Femmes, famille, fécondité: de la baisse de la fécondité à l'évolution du statut des femmes
Authors: Samuel Olivia , Attané Isabelle
Published: October 2008

Olivia Samuel and Isabelle Attané — Women, families, fertility : From the drop in fertility to the evolution of the status of women. Introduction Fertility decline is taking place in a great variety of ways in the countries of the South, and the effects of this decline on the condition of women and gender relations are far from uniform. On the basis of four national contexts - Iran, Madagascar, China and Brazil -, the authors, demographers and sociologists, analyse the on-going processes in relation to changes in reproductive behaviour, in gender relations and, more broadly, the transformations in sociodemographical contexts. The first contribution takes account of the participation of women in the labour market in Sub-Saharan Africa and its problematic assessment.
Femmes africaines, activités économiques et travail : de l'invisibilité à la reconnaissance
Authors: Charmes Jacques
Published: October 2008

Jacques Charmes — African women, economic activities and labour : From invisibility to recognition Measuring women's work remains an enduring problem though recent efforts have begun to yield fruit. Rates of women's employment are still far from being translated into gdp terms, which would otherwise be the logical outcome. Since the Beijing Conference in 1995, we see the emergence of the notion of labour, broadly defined, which underscores the gender gap, in Africa and elsewhere. An increasing number of surveys reveal the actual contribution of African women to national production and to the welfare of households. The article outlines the current state of affairs and indicates the research trends in this field.
Devenir parent en milieu Malgache. Évolution dans la province d'Antananarivo
Authors: Gastineau Bénédicte
Published: October 2008

Bénédicte Gastineau. — Becoming parents in the rural areas of Madagascar. Changes underway in the province of Antananarivo With regard to the relationship between men and women, Madagascar appears to be an exception. Numerous indicators show that gender relations are more egalitarian than in most African countries. The article presents an analysis of maternity and paternity in the rural areas of Antananarivo province. It shows that a traditional mode of social and economic organisation is still in place, favouring concerted action among men and women in their sexual, matrimonial and reproductive relationships. Responsibility for pregnancies before marriage, decisions about family size and contraception costs are shared by couples.
L'économie indienne face à la mondialisation : un deuxième « atelier du monde » ?
Authors: Hochraich Diana
Published: October 2008

Diana Hochraich - The indián economy and globalization: another "workshop to the world"?

This article attempts to answer two questions. The first concerns the effects of reforms in the 1990s on growth as well as distribution of income. The second focuses on the characteristics of an opening to the outside world unaccompanied by any marked change in international specialization except with regard to services. Unlike China, India has not become an export platform. China and India share many similar problems (government deficits, agriculture), but the two countries seem to be choosing different paths towards development.
De l'aide à la coopération économique : pour un réexamen de la politique japonaise
Authors: Blaise Séverine
Published: October 2008

Séverine Blaise - From aid to economic cooperation: towards a reappraisal of Japanese policy.

The purpose of this paper is to re-examine Japanese aid policy over the long term and to draw some lessons for other donor countries on its effectiveness. The policy offers a new perspective on aid and development, clearly different from that in the West. An analysis of the logic and structure of Japanese aid management shows the potential benefits of greater economic rationalization of aid programs and partnerships between the public and private sectors. Foreign aid seems to be more effective when it falls within broader program of economic co-operation generating exchanges and investments.
La crise des banques coréennes après la crise
Authors: Dymski Gary A.
Published: October 2008

Gary A. Dymski - Korea's Post-Crisis Banking Crisis.

This paper develops the argument that a foreign-bank-led wave of bank mergers and acquisitions will not yield universally higher welfare levels. Korea's banking crisis is not the result of the inefficiency or rent-seeking of its intermediaries, but of a regional structural financial crisis in East Asia after 1990. Most bank mergers and other structural changes in banking in Korea in recent years have resulted in large and risky public-sector debts, with gains taken primarily by overseas private-equity funds. Further, the impact of these structural shifts on lower-income households and small businesses may take Korea further toward a future of economic inequality and social bifurcation.
La finance chinoise après l' OMC
Authors: Sen Sunanda
Published: October 2008

Sunanda Sen - Chinese Finance after the WTO.

The paper demonstrates the continuing ability of the Chinese state to effectively provide a direction to its financial sector by foreclosing its speculatory options, largely with capital account controls and strict regulatory provisions. China's entry to the WTO may not tilt the balance in terms of a greater sphere for speculation as long as China maintains its vigil over the financial sector. Success of China's state capitalism in gearing finance to industry, in avoiding the risk hazards of footloose mobile capital and, above all, in entering the global market at its own terms should not, however, lead us to forget its policy failures to address issues of internal distribution, especially with rising inequalities and discontent affecting large sections of people.
Globalisation, instabilité et insécurité économique
Authors: Fagernas Sonja , Singh Ajit
Published: October 2008

Sonja Fagernas and Ajit Singh - Globalisation, instability and economic insecurity. This paper documents and analyses the volatility of economic growth in rich and poor countries. It concludes that whereas volatility has declined almost universally in advanced countries, the picture is more mixed for developing countries. The paper then concentrates on the case of India, where gdp volatility has declined over the past two decades. The evidence shows that the move away from agriculture has stabilised the economy. Increased financial depth and more favourable developments in terms of trade have had a similar effect. Finally, the paper discusses the relationship between economic instability and insecurity at a general level.
Amartya Sen : une nouvelle ère pour le développement ?
Authors: Bénicourt Emmanuelle
Published: October 2008

Emmanuelle Bénicourt - Amartya Sen: a new era for development? A response to Alexandre Bertin.

This article reviews some of the ambiguities to be found in that of A. Bertin published last year in the Revue Tiers Monde (n° 182) on the topic of Sen's capacity approach. That approach has in fact remained virtually the same since the early 1980s, and there was no break in 1987. This is followed by an outline of the similarities between Sen's concepts and those of the undp and the World Bank. Lastly, the article looks at the effects of the capacity approach on concrete analysis: neither Sen nor the international organizations apply this theoretical framework in their empirical studies.
Migration et marginalité. Les migrants andins dans les quartiers de Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivie)
Authors: Blanchard Sophie
Published: October 2008

Sophie Blanchard - Migration and marginality : Andean migrants in the fringe neighbourhoods of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.

This research looks at the marginalization of migrants moving from the Andes into Santa Cruz, a city in the Bolivian lowlands. In the discourse of urban planners and political authorities, these migrants are associated with the poor fringe neighbourhoods on the outskirts of the city. Yet, the landscapes of these neighbourhoods are distinguished more by poverty than by the origin of their inhabitants. What is emerging is both an urban citizenry defined by loss and a fusion of Andean migrants and people from the lowlands. Despite their image as poor and violent, these neighbourhoods are the scene of a new kind of hybridization.
Maraîcher à Khartoum : entre intégration et marginalisation
Authors: Franck Alice
Published: October 2008

Alice Franck - Market gardeners in Khartoum : Between integration and marginalization.

The study of Khartoum's market gardeners sheds new light on the thinking about the integrating capacity of urban agriculture. The uncontrolled urbanization now at work in the Sudanese capital, causing unprecedented competition for property, points to the limits on the potential integration of farm-workers in the downtown. The fact that this activity is strictly commercial and exercised by a mainly migrant population makes the analysis that much more interesting.
Les caïds de la ville à Jakarta
Authors: Tadié Jérôme
Published: October 2008

Jérôme Tadié - The boss man and the city in Jakarta.

Small-time criminal or godfather, the boss man -preman in Indonesia - is a figure on the fringes of society and the city. As a presence in the urban hierarchy and public spaces, he occupies an interstitial place in the power games between formal actors and the population. He thus contributes to the informal regulation of petty crime and even high crime areas. We analyze the importance of this character in Jakarta, and, through him, how life on the edge allows people to integrate civic life and leads to the formation and appropriation of key areas in the city — its public spaces.
Les territoires de la criminalité à Lagos et Ibadaban depuis les années 1930
Authors: Fourchard Laurent
Published: October 2008

Laurent Fourchard - Criminal areas in Lagos and Ibadan since the 1930s.

In Nigeria's two largest cities, Lagos and Ibadan, urbanist and policing concerns are emerging almost simultaneously but the anticipated links between poor neighbourhoods and criminality are not in evidence : violent crime like delinquency occurs readily outside the geographical boundaries of poverty. This study hopes to show that high crime areas, far from overlapping geographic areas of poverty or poor living conditions, in fact coincide with a wide range of income groups depending on the time period and the charges.
Pourquoi une telle incapacité d'atteindre une croissance élevée et régulière en Amérique latine ?
Authors: Salama Pierre
Published: October 2008

Pierre Salama - How do we explain the failure to attain high levels of sustained growth in Latin America ?

Latin American economies have been showing modest annual growth along with high volatility since the 1990s — less so than in the 1980s but more so than in Asia. This article examines the clear and growing levels of inequality, the pernicious effects of finances, the withdrawal of the State and the lack of a genuine industrial policy. Using the work of CEPAL in the 1960s, the contribution of Kaleckian economists, and the introduction of financialization, the author offers a new way of understanding the trend towards stagnation experienced by Latin American economies over the past fifteen years.
Présentation : contexte et enjeux
Authors: Biadi-Imhof Anne
Published: October 2008

Anne Biadi-Imhof - Introduction: context and major issues

The psychological aspect of life in society appears as a major collective issue which, going beyond politics and psychiatry, concerns society as a whole. This new "social question" cannot be separated from the weighty issues and representations that psychiatry carries with it, either in the industrialized countries of the Northern Hemisphere or in the countries of the South. Psychiatry, subject to a continual process of profound working and reworking owing to its ambitions to find meaning, has since its inception been at the core of debates relating to society.
Santé mentale, coopération et développement
Authors: Carrino Luciano
Published: October 2008

Luciano Carrino - Mental health, international aid and development.

The approaches currently adopted by mental health professionals show conceptual insufficiencies when applied in situations of extreme poverty and insecurity. International partnership for development helps a process of rethinking with regard to the relationship between the needs of individuals, the function of the Ego in the quest for well-being and the responsibility of society when it imposes routes towards satisfaction that produce exclusion and feed destructive conflicts.
Rencontre avec Pierrette Soumbou
Authors: Biadi-Imhof Anne
Published: October 2008

Anne Biadi-Imhof - A meeting with Pierrette Soumbou.

During an interview on the question of mental health, a Congolese woman in France talked about the advantages and insufficiencies of traditional collective methods of intervention. These approach psychiatric trouble not as an individual problem but as a social one. This collective means, aiming for basic overall mental health, does not enable an individual to appropriate his or her own history. An intermediary level of professional care that might allow that is missing. The dramatic events that have marked Congo's recent history hold clues for understanding how individuals'accounts of their suffering contribute to the reconstruction of a collective memory, yet without in any way curing the traumas experienced.
Peut-on parler d'une crise ou d'un renouveau de l'économie du développement durant la dernière décennie ?
Authors: Hugon Philippe
Published: October 2008

Philippe Hugon - Can we talk of a crisis or of a renewal of development economics over the past decade?

Development economics, built up after the end of the Second World War and extended since, is now being called into question by three main critical groups : the upholders of free-market globalization, the ecologist movements and anti- development culture-centred tendencies. However, it could be considered that the discipline has been strengthened in the context of global fracture, differentiation between emerging countries and those caught in the pitfalls of underdeve- lopment, and that the intuitions of the development pioneers have been brought up to date by contemporary economic analyses. This article presents a criticism of the main empirical results of development processes (I) and the theoretical renewal of the foundations of development economics in the course of the past decade (II).
Libéralisation économique et marginalisation de la paysannerie en Haïti : le cas de l'Arcahaie
Authors: Fréguin Sandrine , Devienne Sophie
Published: October 2008

Sophie Devienne, Sandrine Fréguin - Economic liberalization and the marginalization of family smallholders in Haiti: the case of the Arcahaie region.

The article describes the agrarian changes and developments occurring in the Haitian region of Arcahaie, in relation to trade liberalization. It shows how the small farmers, faced with an increase in food imports, specialized in the only crop that was still profitable, plantain banana, which they sell in order to buy imported rice. They were thus prompted to develop production systems that were both effectively unsustainable from the agronomic point of view and economically vulnerable. This crop is now at the mercy of competition from the Dominican Republic whose agricultural productivity levels are higher. This competition has a heavy impact on prices and poses a threat of serious crisis for the smallholder farmers of Arcahaie, who now have no alternative crop to produce as a back-up.
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors vs Sulfonylureas for Gout Prevention Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Receiving Metformin
Authors: McCormick Natalie , Yokose Chio , Lu Na , Wexler Deborah J. , Aviña-Zubieta J. Antonio , De Vera Mary A. , McCoy Rozalina G. , Choi Hyon K.
Published: April 2024

Importance

Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a revolutionary treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D) with cardiovascular, kidney, and serum urate-lowering benefits.

Objective

To compare risk of incident gout and rate of recurrent flares between patients with T2D initiating SGLT2i vs sulfonylurea, most common second-line glucose-lowering therapy, when added to metformin monotherapy.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This sequential, propensity score-matched, new-user comparative effectiveness study using target trial emulation framework included adults with T2D receiving metformin monotherapy in a Canadian general population database from January 1, 2014, to June 30, 2022.

Exposures

Initiation of SGLT2i vs sulfonylurea.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was incident gout diagnosis, ascertained by emergency department (ED), hospital, outpatient, and medication dispensing records. Secondary outcomes were gout-primary hospitalizations and ED visits and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), as well as recurrent flare rates among prevalent gout patients. Heart failure (HF) hospitalization was assessed as positive control outcome and osteoarthritis encounters as negative control. For target trial emulations, we used Cox proportional hazards and Poisson regressions with 1:1 propensity score matching (primary analysis) and overlap weighting (sensitivity analysis). The analysis was conducted from September to December, 2023.

Results

Among 34 604 propensity score matched adults with T2D initiating SGLT2i or sulfonylurea (20 816 [60%] male, mean [SD] age, 60 [12.4] years), incidence of gout was lower among SGLT2i initiators (4.27 events per 1000 person-years) than sulfonylurea initiators (6.91 events per 1000 person-years), with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.48-0.80) and a rate difference (RD) of −2.64 (95% CI, −3.99 to −1.29) per 1000 person-years. Associations persisted regardless of sex, age, or baseline diuretic use. SGLT2i use was also associated with fewer recurrent flares among gout patients (rate ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.55-0.82; and RD, −20.9; 95% CI, −31.9 to −10.0 per 1000 person-years). HR and RD for MACE associated with SGLT2i use were 0.87 (95% CI, 0.77-0.98) and −3.58 (95% CI, −6.19 to −0.96) per 1000 person-years. For control outcomes, SGLT2i users had lower risk of HF (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.38-0.76), as expected, with no difference in osteoarthritis (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.94-1.34). Results were similar when applying propensity score overlap weighting.

Conclusions

In this population-based cohort study, the gout and cardiovascular benefits associated with SGLT2i in these target trial emulations may guide selection of glucose-lowering therapy in patients with T2D, at risk for or already with gout.
Stigmatizing Language, Patient Demographics, and Errors in the Diagnostic Process
Authors: Brooks Katherine C. , Raffel Katie E. , Chia David , Karwa Abhishek , Hubbard Colin C. , Auerbach Andrew D. , Ranji Sumant R.
Published: April 2024

This cohort study assesses the association between stigmatizing language, demographic characteristics, and errors in the diagnostic process among hospitalized adults.
Entering Medicine as a Physician and a Patient
Authors: Gibson Frederick Thomas
Published: April 2024

This essay describes the author’s experience with the line between life and death and what the fragility of life means for patients and their medical teams.
Characterization of a novel VenusX orthogonal dual‐layer multileaf collimator
Authors: Wang Qingxin , Li Qifeng , Wang Zhongqiu , Yang Chengwen , Zhang Daguang , Wang Jun , Wang Ping , Wang Wei
Published: April 2024

Purpose

To investigate and characterize the performance of a novel orthogonal dual‐layer alpha multileaf collimator (αMLC) mounted on the LinaTech VenusX linac.

Methods

We evaluated leaf positioning accuracy and reproducibility using an electronic portal imaging device through the picket fence test. The average, interleaf, intraleaf, and leaf tip transmissions of the single and dual layers were measured using an ionization chamber. Square and rhombus fields were used to evaluate the leaf penumbra of αMLC. To investigate the advantages of the orthogonal dual‐layer multileaf collimator (MLC) in field shaping, right triangular and circular pattern fields were formed using both the dual layers and single layers of the αMLC.

Results

The average maximum positioning deviations of the upper and lower αMLC over 1 year were 0.76 ± 0.09 mm and 0.62 ± 0.07 mm, respectively. The average transmissions were 1.87%, 1.83%, and 0.03% for the upper‐, lower‐ and dual‐layer αMLC, respectively. The maximum interleaf transmissions of the lower‐ and dual‐layer were 2.43% and 0.17%, respectively. The leaf tip transmissions were 9.34% and 0.25%, respectively. The penumbra of the square field was 6.2 mm in the X direction and 8.0 mm in the Y direction. The average penumbras of the rhombus fields with side lengths of 5 and 10 cm were 3.6 and 4.9 mm, respectively. For the right triangular and circular fields, the fields shaped by the dual‐layer leaves were much closer to the set field than those shaped by single‐layer leaves. The dose undulation amplitude of the 50% isodose lines and leaf stepping angle change of the dual‐layer leaves were smaller than those of the single‐layer leaves.

Conclusions

The αMLC benefits from its orthogonal dual‐layer design. Leaf transmission, dose undulations at the field edge, and MLC field dependence of the leaf stepping angle of the dual‐layer αMLC were remarkably reduced.
Molecular Insights into [2.2]Paracyclophane‐Based Functional Materials: Chemical Aspects Behind Functions
Authors: Hassan Zahid
Published: April 2024

Many of the functions and features of practically useful materials are the province of molecular‐level chemistry and their modulation at different length‐scale. This report illustrates the molecular‐level chemistry behind functions and features of the [2.2]paracyclophane‐based materials with a particular focus on the most recent explorations on through‐space conjugated small‐molecule organic emitters, π‐stacked macrocyclic molecules and polymers, poly(p‐phenylenevinylene)s featuring well‐defined donor‐acceptors sequence control, and surface engineering of technologically‐relevant parylenes that finds broad applications across the field of chemical science and technology. This report largely deals with the potential and opportunities associated with molecular features and functions of planar chirality, conformational behaviors, strain‐induced non‐planarity of the aromatics, the profound impacts of through‐space conjugation and π‐electron interactions/delocalization on optoelectronic properties of the π‐conjugated organic emitters, polymers and extended structures consisting of cyclophanes. A special focus is put on the concept of supramolecular polymers using chemically‐programmed chiral cyclophanes via non‐covalent stacking and controlled conformational arrangements. Illustrating cyclophane as precursors/monomers and fabrication strategies for their incorporation in structurally‐controlled (poly(p‐xylylene)s formed via chemical vapor deposition polymerization and post‐deposition fabrication for interface engineering is described. Demonstrating a rather different approach of electronically‐dictated ring‐opening metathesis polymerization employing strained cyclophane‐diene precursors that generate conjugated poly(p‐phenylenevinylene)s with well‐defined (i.e., low dispersity) and donor‐acceptor sequence control is also discussed. This report will serve as an indispensable one‐stop reference for organic, and polymer chemists, as well as material scientists working with cyclophanes for research innovations.
Silicon Solid State Battery: The Solid‐State Compatibility, Particle Size, and Carbon Compositing for High Energy Density
Authors: Boorboor Ajdari Farshad , Asghari Parnaz , Molaei Aghdam Ali , Abbasi Fereshteh , Rao Rayavarapu Prasada , Abbasi Aliakbar , Ghasemi Fatemeh , Ramakrishna Seeram , Mikaeili Chahartagh Nima
Published: April 2024

Solid‐state battery research has gained significant attention due to their inherent safety and high energy density. Silicon anodes have been promoted for their advantageous characteristics, including high volumetric capacity, low lithiation potential, high theoretical and specific gravimetric capacity, and the absence of lethal dendritic growth. Addressing concerns such as low conductivity, pulverization, fracture, dense solid electrolyte interface layer, and low coulombic efficiency has substantially improved the use of silicon electrodes in solid‐state batteries. Researchers have explored carbon additions, solid electrolyte suitability for Si anodes, pressure optimization, and particle size effects (nano/micro) to enhance energy density. Recent studies have investigated the conductivity mechanism, stack pressure, and anode‐solid electrolyte compatibility to improve energy density. Micro‐ and nano‐sized silicon have attracted attention in carbon‐based composites due to their exceptional conductivity, uniform distribution, efficient electron migration, and diffusion channels. The development of solid‐state batteries with high energy density, safety, and extended lifespan has been a major focus. This review sheds light on significant insights and strategic approaches for researchers working on solid‐state silicon‐based systems to overcome existing challenges.
Photo Switchable 4D Printing Remotely Controlled Responsive and Mimetic Deformation Shape Memory Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Feng Shiwei , Peng Xuelin , Cui Jingjing , Feng Ruiqi , Sun Yongding , Guo Yunlong , Lu Zhe , Gao Weizi , Liu Fukang , Liang Chen , Hu Guang , Zhang Biao
Published: April 2024

Photo‐triggered shape morphing structures can be found in myriads of areas. Utilizing light as a switch can effectively control and regulate the precise deformation of structures. However, the integration of photo‐switching functions in shape‐morphing structures with complex geometries remains a challenge. Here, photoswitchable digital light processing based 4D printing high‐resolution and highly complex geometries, based on UV curable WO2.9 nanoparticle doped shape memory polymer nanocomposites is reported, which are highly deformable (stretchability up to ≈1000% at rubbery state) and fatigue resistant (repeatedly loaded >1200 times at ambient temperature). The presence of just trace WO2.9 nanoparticles (<0.20 wt.‰) contributes to the controlled photothermal property of nanocomposite via selective absorption of light, which enables reversibly photoswitchable (>50 times), spatial and remote control of 4D printing shape morphing structures. These findings offer a promising approach to expanding the applications of photo‐triggered shape‐morphing structures.
Interface‐Dominated Zn2+ Storage in Hydrogen‐Bonding Interfaces
Authors: Liu Dixiang , Wang Weijuan , Li Sumin , Shen Xiaojuan , Xie Haijiao , Xu Hui
Published: April 2024

Interface storage is an exciting mechanism for electrode materials to obtain high‐energy and high‐power densities simultaneously. However, constructing suitable and abundant interfaces in composites to achieve interface‐dominated storage is greatly challenging. Here, it is demonstrated for the first time that interface‐dominated Zn2+ storage can be realized in the hydrogen‐bonding (H‐bonding) interface between vanadium oxide (VOx) and graphene oxide (GO). This interface featuring reversibility, universality, self‐healing nature, and high per‐volume concentration can store more Zn2+ faster than the bulk by decoupling transport and storage of Zn2+ and electrons through reversible break/reconstruction of the interfacial N···H─O bonds. Density functional theory calculations reveal that an appropriate number of N···H─O bonds is crucial for maintaining high reversibility of interface storage. Additionally, the presence of carbon vacancies in the GO plane near the interfacial bonds facilitates an expansion of the interface storage limitation. Finally, it is demonstrated that intercalation pseudocapacitance is the nature of interface storage, which circumvents the solid‐state diffusion limitation in the bulk and achieves a high level of pseudocapacitive storage in the interface (464 and 126 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 10.0 A g−1, respectively). This work establishes an excellent paradigm for implementing interface‐dominated Zn2+ storage in H‐bonding interfaces and demonstrates exceptional universality and broad application prospects.
Decoding Excimer Formation in Covalent–Organic Frameworks Induced by Morphology and Ring Torsion
Authors: Chakraborty Jeet , Chatterjee Amrita , Molkens Korneel , Nath Ipsita , Arenas Esteban Daniel , Bourda Laurens , Watson Geert , Liu Chunhui , Van Thourhout Dries , Bals Sara , Geiregat Pieter , Van der Voort Pascal
Published: April 2024

A thorough and quantitative understanding of the fate of excitons in covalent–organic frameworks (COFs) after photoexcitation is essential for their augmented optoelectronic and photocatalytic applications via precise structure tuning. The synthesis of a library of COFs having identical chemical backbone with impeded conjugation, but varied morphology and surface topography to study the effect of these physical properties on the photophysics of the materials is herein reported. The variation of crystallite size and surface topography substantified different aggregation pattern in the COFs, which leads to disparities in their photoexcitation and relaxation properties. Depending on aggregation, an inverse correlation between bulk luminescence decay time and exciton binding energy of the materials is perceived. Further transient absorption spectroscopic analysis confirms the presence of highly localized, immobile, Frenkel excitons (of diameter 0.3–0.5 nm) via an absence of annihilation at high density, most likely induced by structural torsion of the COF skeletons, which in turn preferentially relaxes via long‐lived (nanosecond to microsecond) excimer formation (in femtosecond scale) over direct emission. These insights underpin the importance of structural and topological design of COFs for their targeted use in photocatalysis.
Dynamic (Sub)surface‐Oxygen Enables Highly Efficient Carbonyl‐Coupling for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Chu You‐Chiuan , Chen Kuan‐Hsu , Tung Ching‐Wei , Chen Hsiao‐Chien , Wang Jiali , Kuo Tsung‐Rong , Hsu Chia‐Shuo , Lin Kuo‐Hsin , Tsai Li Duan , Chen Hao Ming
Published: April 2024

Nowadays, high‐valent Cu species (i.e., Cuδ+) are clarified to enhance multi‐carbon production in electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Nonetheless, the inconsistent average Cu valence states are reported to significantly govern the product profile of CO2RR, which may lead to misunderstanding of the enhanced mechanism for multi‐carbon production and results in ambiguous roles of high‐valent Cu species. Dynamic Cuδ+ during CO2RR leads to erratic valence states and challenges of high‐valent species determination. Herein, an alternative descriptor of (sub)surface oxygen, the (sub)surface‐oxygenated degree (κ), is proposed to quantify the active high‐valent Cu species on the (sub)surface, which regulates the multi‐carbon production of CO2RR. The κ validates a strong correlation to the carbonyl (*CO) coupling efficiency and is the critical factor for the multi‐carbon enhancement, in which an optimized Cu2O@Pd2.31 achieves the multi‐carbon partial current density of ≈330 mA cm−2 with a faradaic efficiency of 83.5%. This work shows a promising way to unveil the role of high‐valent species and further achieve carbon neutralization.
Synergizing Fe2O3 Nanoparticles on Single Atom Fe‐N‐C for Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia at Industrial Current Densities
Authors: Murphy Eamonn , Sun Baiyu , Rüscher Martina , Liu Yuanchao , Zang Wenjie , Guo Shengyuan , Chen Yu‐Han , Hejral Uta , Huang Ying , Ly Alvin , Zenyuk Iryna V. , Pan Xiaoqing , Timoshenko Janis , Cuenya Beatriz Roldán , Spoerke Erik D. , Atanassov Plamen
Published: April 2024

The electrochemical reduction of nitrates (NO3−) enables a pathway for the carbon neutral synthesis of ammonia (NH3), via the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR), which has been demonstrated at high selectivity. However, to make NH3 synthesis cost‐competitive with current technologies, high NH3 partial current densities (jNH3) must be achieved to reduce the levelized cost of NH3. Here, the high NO3RR activity of Fe‐based materials is leveraged to synthesize a novel active particle‐active support system with Fe2O3 nanoparticles supported on atomically dispersed Fe–N–C. The optimized 3×Fe2O3/Fe–N–C catalyst demonstrates an ultrahigh NO3RR activity, reaching a maximum jNH3 of 1.95 A cm−2 at a Faradaic efficiency (FE) for NH3 of 100% and an NH3 yield rate over 9 mmol hr−1 cm−2. Operando XANES and post‐mortem XPS reveal the importance of a pre‐reduction activation step, reducing the surface Fe2O3 (Fe3+) to highly active Fe0 sites, which are maintained during electrolysis. Durability studies demonstrate the robustness of both the Fe2O3 particles and Fe–Nx sites at highly cathodic potentials, maintaining a current of −1.3 A cm−2 over 24 hours. This work exhibits an effective and durable active particle‐active support system enhancing the performance of the NO3RR, enabling industrially relevant current densities and near 100% selectivity.
The Impact of Local Strain Fields in Noncollinear Antiferromagnetic Films
Authors: Johnson Freya , Rendell‐Bhatti Frederic , Esser Bryan D. , Hussey Aisling , McComb David W. , Zemen Jan , Boldrin David , Cohen Lesley F.
Published: April 2024

Antiferromagnets hosting structural or magnetic order that breaks time reversal symmetry are of increasing interest for “beyond von Neumann” computing applications because the topology of their band structure allows for intrinsic physical properties, exploitable in integrated memory and logic function. One such group are the noncollinear antiferromagnets. Essential for domain manipulation is the existence of small net moments found routinely when the material is synthesized in thin film form and attributed to symmetry breaking caused by spin canting, either from the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction or from strain. Although the spin arrangement of these materials makes them highly sensitive to strain, there is little understanding about the influence of local strain fields caused by lattice defects on global properties, such as magnetization and anomalous Hall effect. This premise is investigated by examining noncollinear antiferromagnetic films that are either highly lattice mismatched or closely matched to their substrate. In either case, edge dislocation networks are generated and for the former case, these extend throughout the entire film thickness, creating large local strain fields. These strain fields allow for finite intrinsic magnetization in seemingly structurally relaxed films and influence the antiferromagnetic domain state and the intrinsic anomalous Hall effect.
Rapid Selenoprotein Activation by Selenium Nanoparticles to Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis and Pathological Bone Loss
Authors: Zou Binhua , Xiong Zushuang , Yu Yanzi , Shi Sujiang , Li Xiaoling , Chen Tianfeng
Published: April 2024

Osteoclast hyperactivation stands as a significant pathological factor contributing to the emergence of bone disorders driven by heightened oxidative stress levels. The modulation of the redox balance to scavenge reactive oxygen species emerges as a viable approach to addressing this concern. Selenoproteins, characterized by selenocysteine (SeCys2) as the active center, are crucial for selenium‐based antioxidative stress therapy for inflammatory diseases. This study reveals that surface‐active elemental selenium (Se) nanoparticles, particularly lentinan‐Se (LNT‐Se), exhibit enhanced cellular accumulation and accelerated metabolism to SeCys2, the primary active Se form in biological systems. Consequently, LNT‐Se demonstrates significant inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, in vivo studies underscore the superior therapeutic efficacy of LNT‐Se over SeCys2, potentially attributable to the enhanced stability and safety profile of LNT‐Se. Specifically, LNT‐Se effectively modulates the expression of the selenoprotein GPx1, thereby exerting regulatory control over osteoclastogenesis inhibition, and the prevention of osteolysis. In summary, these results suggest that the prompt activation of selenoproteins by Se nanoparticles serves to suppress osteoclastogenesis and pathological bone loss by upregulating GPx1. Moreover, the utilization of bioactive Se species presents a promising avenue for effectively managing bone disorders.
High Hydrogen Storage in Trigonal Prismatic Monomer‐Based Highly Porous Aromatic Frameworks
Authors: Kim Dae Won , Chen Yu , Kim Hyunlim , Kim Namju , Lee Young Hoon , Oh Hyunchul , Chung Yongchul G. , Hong Chang Seop
Published: April 2024

Hydrogen storage is crucial in the shift toward a carbon‐neutral society, where hydrogen serves as a pivotal renewable energy source. Utilizing porous materials can provide an efficient hydrogen storage solution, reducing tank pressures to manageable levels and circumventing the energy‐intensive and costly current technological infrastructure. Herein, two highly porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs), C‐PAF and Si‐PAF, prepared through a Yamamoto C─C coupling reaction between trigonal prismatic monomers, are reported. These PAFs exhibit large pore volumes and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller areas, 3.93 cm3 g−1 and 4857 m2 g−1 for C‐PAF, and 3.80 cm3 g−1 and 6099 m2 g−1 for Si‐PAF, respectively. Si‐PAF exhibits a record‐high gravimetric hydrogen delivery capacity of 17.01 wt% and a superior volumetric capacity of 46.5 g L−1 under pressure‐temperature swing adsorption conditions (77 K, 100 bar → 160 K, 5 bar), outperforming benchmark hydrogen storage materials. By virtue of the robust C─C covalent bond, both PAFs show impressive structural stabilities in harsh environments and unprecedented long‐term durability. Computational modeling methods are employed to simulate and investigate the structural and adsorption properties of the PAFs. These results demonstrate that C‐PAF and Si‐PAF are promising materials for efficient hydrogen storage.
Atom‐Level Tandem Catalysis in Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhang Jing , Zhang Yongzheng , Li Huihua , Chen Peng , You Caiyin , Liu Meinan , Lin Hongzhen , Passerini Stefano
Published: April 2024

High‐energy‐density lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are limited by reaction or diffusion barriers with dissatisfactory electrochemical kinetics. Typical conversion‐type lithium sulfur battery systems exemplify the kinetic challenges. Namely, before diffusing or reacting in the electrode surface/interior, the Li(solvent)x+ dissociation at the interface to produce isolated Li+, is usually a prerequisite fundamental step either for successive Li+ “reduction” or for Li+ to participate in the sulfur conversions, contributing to the related electrochemical barriers. Thanks to the ideal atomic efficiency (100 at%), single atom catalysts (SACs) have gained attention for use in LMBs toward resolving the issues caused by the five types of barrier‐restricted processes, including polysulfide/Li2S conversions, Li(solvent)x+ desolvation, and Li0 nucleation/diffusion. In this perspective, the tandem reactions including desolvation and reaction or plating and corresponding catalysis behaviors are introduced and analyzed from interface to electrode interior. Meanwhile, the principal mechanisms of highly efficient SACs in overcoming specific energy barriers to reinforce the catalytic electrochemistry are discussed. Lastly, the future development of high‐efficiency atomic‐level catalysts in batteries is presented.
PEGgel‐Based Multimodal Soft Sensors Capable of Decoupling Thermal and Mechanical Stimuli
Authors: Chen Yuqian , Liu Jing , Li Zhongqi , Gao Yuliang , Gao Yang , Wang Yiming , Guo Xuhong , Xuan Fuzhen
Published: April 2024

Inspired by human skin, soft sensors that are capable of sensing various external signals have been an active area of research. However, the vast majority of the developed soft sensors still lag far behind human skin in terms of multimodal sensing capability. Herein, this work reports on a multimodal soft sensor that can decouple thermal and mechanical signals. The sensor is made of poly(ethylene glycol) gel (PEGgel) containing ionic liquid, which is stretchable and transparent and shows decent strain and temperature sensing performances. Importantly, analysis of the ion relaxation dynamics shows that the charge relaxation time and capacitance change of the sensor are independently sensitive to the variations of temperature and mechanical deformation, respectively. By measuring the charge relaxation time and capacitance, the thermal and mechanical signals detected by the PEGgel sensor can be nicely decoupled without signal interference. Such a multimodal soft sensor may serve as a starting point for the development of lifelike soft sensors for high‐tech applications in a variety of fields such as soft robotics, the internet of things, and human–machine interaction.
Structural Color Materials with Color Mixing Effect Using Noble Metal‐Free Plasmonic Particles in SiO2–ZrN System
Authors: Noguchi Shinji , Lama Milena , Fujii Yuta , Miura Akira , Tadanaga Kiyoharu
Published: April 2024

Structurally colored materials with a color mixing effect are developed using SiO2–ZrN core–shell particles, where ZrN nanoparticles used as shells exhibited localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). ZrN nanoparticles (10–30 nm) are attached to monodispersed SiO2 particles by modifying SiO2 particles with polymers. The attached ZrN nanoparticles exhibited a plasmon resonance absorption band at 700 nm. These SiO2–ZrN core–shell particles have a highly monodisperse particle size and assemble into a particle‐stacked film with Bragg diffraction light in the visible spectrum. The particle‐stacked film of the SiO2–ZrN core–shell particles exhibited the maximum reflection depending on the particle size of the SiO2 core. The ratio of the reflection intensity in the long‐wavelength region corresponding to the ZrN absorption to that in the short‐wavelength region of the particle‐stacked film containing the ZrN shell is less than that of the ratio in only SiO2 particle‐stacked film. The results reveal that these particle‐stacked films exhibit a “color mixing effect” that combines specific wavelength absorption through plasmon resonance and specific wavelength diffraction owing to the periodic structure without using precious metals.
Determination, categorization, and hierarchy of content for a pediatric emergency medicine curriculum designed for emergency medicine residents
Authors: Cavallaro Sarah C. , Schutzman Sara , Li Joyce , Pusic Martin
Published: April 2024

Background

Currently, the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education requires time‐based pediatric experiences for emergency medicine (EM) residents in both pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) and critical care settings. The American Board of Emergency Medicine has published the Model of the Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine, which is a list of content an EM resident should learn. However, this list is large and without prioritization and therefore can be difficult to incorporate into time‐limited curricula.

Objectives

The primary objective of this study was to develop comprehensive categorization of PEM content using an EM lens. The second objective was to suggest a prioritization for the EM learner of the enumerated PEM elements.

Methods

We first assembled a comprehensive list of PEM concepts, diagnoses, and procedures that might be taught to EM residents. We then convened focus groups composed of key stakeholders to help formulate content and concept themes important for EM resident training. Once the themes were identified, we divided the list of PEM topics into appropriate themes and then carried out a second round of focus groups expanded to include more diverse expert input for prioritizing the elements of the comprehensive list within each theme.

Results

We prioritized 168 important PEM concepts from previous standards and emerging PEM literature among 10 identified themes: the pediatric normal, the bottom‐line boil‐it‐down approach, common presentations, high‐acuity pediatric cases and procedures, differences between children and adults, same between children and adults, red flags, infrequency of caring for a child compared with an adult, keep breadth but promote self‐directed depth, and triage and disposition.

Conclusions

Based on input from stakeholders in EM resident education, we identified key themes within PEM education and created a framework for the hierarchical categorization of PEM content for within an EM residency.
Halogen‐Atom Transfer Enabled Catalytic Enantioselective Coupling to Chiral Trifluoromethylated Alkynes via Dual Nickel and Photocatalysis
Authors: Lu Shanya , Hu Zihao , Wang Dong , XU Tao
Published: April 2024

With halogen‐atom transfer as an effective tool, a novel catalytic enantioselective protocol to generate chiral trifluoromethylated alkynes has been established by a cooperative photoredox and nickel catalysis system, providing a straightforward and modular route to access this type of product in good yields and enantioselectivities. The halogen‐atom transfer process is essential for the reaction and this novel strategy offers another promising way to utilize alkyl halides with highly negative reduction potentials. It firstly expands nickel‐catalyzed asymmetric reductive cross‐couplings of organohalides from the traditional single‐electron transfer to halogen‐atom transfer.
Properties of soybean oil oleogels produced from sophorolipid‐derived hydroxy fatty acids, methyl esters and hydrogenated Lesquerella seed oil
Authors: Winkler‐Moser Jill K. , Ashby Richard D. , Yosief Hailemichael O. , Msanne Joseph , Peterson Steven C. , Bantchev Grigor B. , Cermak Steven C. , Felker Frederick C.
Published: April 2024

Sophorolipids (SL) are glycolipids composed of a sophorose head‐group linked to a hydroxy‐fatty acid tail which makes them a potential source of structurally unique biobased hydroxy fatty acids. Furthermore, Lesquerella is a native southwestern plant that has been commercially cultivated as a replacement for castor seed oil due to high seed oil concentrations of 14‐hydroxy‐eicosenoic acid (14‐OH‐C20:1c11). In this study, SL‐derived hydroxy fatty acids and methyl esters containing 15‐hydroxy‐palmitic acid (15‐OH‐C16), 17‐hydroxy‐stearic acid (17‐OH‐C18), 15‐hydroxy‐palmitic acid methyl ester (15‐OH‐C16ME), 17‐hydroxy‐stearic acid methyl ester (17‐OH‐C18ME), and 13‐hydroxy‐behenic acid methyl ester (13OH‐C22ME) were obtained from the SL produced by two yeast strains. In addition, hydrogenated Lesquerella oil (HLO) was made with ~62% 14‐OH‐eicosanoic (C20) acid (14‐OH‐C20). These materials, along with 12‐hydroxy‐stearic acid (12‐OH‐C18) as a standard for comparison were used to make soybean oil oleogels, and their properties determined. The minimum gelation concentration (MGC) of 12‐OH‐C18 was 1% (wt/wt), while the MGC of 15‐OH‐C16 and 17‐OH‐C18 were 5% and 10%, respectively. The MGC for 15‐OH‐C16ME was 5%, but 17‐OH‐C18ME was unable to form a stable gel at concentrations up to 10%. HLO formed a viscous solution rather than an oleogel, but its crystal morphology underwent a large transformation during storage over a 2.5‐month period, after which it was able to form a stable gel. SL‐based hydroxy fatty acids were able to form oleogels in soybean oil and have the potential to be considered as a new source of low‐molecular weight oleogelators as well as biobased hydroxy fatty acids.