bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Results of a Survey of the Agricultural Zoology of the Aberystwyth Area
Authors: Walton Chas. L.
Published: June 2009

During the period 1913–16, I conducted a Survey of the Agricultural Zoology of the Aberystwyth Area, for which purpose the University authorities received a grant from the Board of Agriculture. The area thus examined comprised N. Cardiganshire and some adjacent borders of Montgomeryshire, roughly about 250 sq. miles. It falls into three main physical divisions:

I. The mountainous upland (or high plateau) of solid rocks frequently covered by a considerable depth of peat. The rock succession is only irregularly exposed in deep stream cuttings, while these valleys are occupied by boulder clay and river deposits.

II. The surface of the coastal plateau shows exposures of rock and of boulder clay. The clay is usually exposed and rarely covered with peat.

III. The fall line, which is intermediate. Here the boulder clay generally follows the valleys, and it is usually covered with a thin layer of peat. Much of this is readily cut through by small streams.
Are Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba ranarum the same Species? An Experimental Inquiry
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

Nobody who studies the parasitic amoeba of the frog (Entamoeba ranarum) and the dysentery amoeba of man (E. histolytica) can fail to be struck by the remarkable resemblance between these organisms. The development of the former I described for the first time in 1908 and 1909, since when I have had exceptional opportunities of studying the latter; and I can state, with some confidence, that there is no constant structural character which will permit of a distinction being drawn between these two species. The active amoebae can usually be readily distinguished from one another by the inclusions (food bodies) in their protoplasm, but not by their own nuclear and cytoplasmic structure; but the precystic amoebae, devoid of all food bodies, and the cysts, at every stage in their development, are so closely alike that preparations of the one could be used as demonstration specimens of the other.
The Incubation Period of the Eggs of Haematopinus asini
Authors: Bacot A. , Linzell L.
Published: June 2009

Three kinds of lice are found on horses, two belonging to the Mallophaga or scale-eating lice and one to the Siphunculata or blood-sucking lice.
The Present Status of the Amphistome Problem
Authors: Stunkard H. W.
Published: June 2009

While working on the amphistomes in the Congo Collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, it has been necessary to review the literature on this group of trematodes. In an earlier paper (1917), the writer described certain amphistomes from reptiles and birds and submitted an arrangement to show the probable relationship of the reptilian and avian amphistomes to those of other vertebrates. The amphistomes of fishes had been studied by Daday (1907), those of frogs by Cohn (1904) and Johnston (1912), while the mammalian species had been the subject of extensive papers by Fischoeder (1903) and Stiles and Goldberger (1910). Many of the descriptions were fragmentary, knowledge of the forms was incomplete, and the classification of Stiles and Goldberger was received with severe criticism, especially by Braun (1911), Odhner (1911) and Looss (1912). In this paper Looss described the lymphatic systems of Schizamphistomum scleroporum and Paramphistomum gigantocotyle, and announced (p. 358) that for many years he had been engaged in preparing a classification of the amphistomes which would be based on the form of the lymph and excretory systems and the structure of the copulatory apparatus.
Edward Alfred Minchin 1866–1915
Authors: Woodcock H. M.
Published: June 2009

Edward Alfred Minchin, M.A., F.R.S., will always be remembered as the first great British protozoologist. He may be said, indeed, to have founded the British School in this important subject and he was, during that period of his life which he devoted to it, outstandingly the leader. A special tribute to his memory, therefore, may most fittingly be paid in this Journal.
On the Life History, Morphology and Systematic Position of Apelma Kieff. and Thyridomyia n.g. (Diptera, Nemat. Ceratopogoninae)
Authors: Saunders Leslie G.
Published: June 2009

The genus Apelma was erected by Kieffer (1919) for the inclusion of two European species, of which he had males only. The characters upon which he laid stress, and by which he separated the genus from Forcipomyia, were the length of the claws and the absence of an empodium. Nothing is known of the early stages of these two species. Subsequently, Ingram and Macfie (1923) described an African species from three males reared by Bacot from larvae in the leaf axils of Dracaena sp. The early stages of this species were not preserved.
On the Life-History and Structure of the Early Stages of Simuliidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Part I
Authors: Puri I. M.
Published: June 2009

Adults of the family Simuliidae have been known in Europe for a very long time as very serious pests affecting both men and cattle, and there were many interesting legends, even up to the middle of the eighteenth century, explaining their origin from grottos in the mountains (Tömösváry). Fabricius (1784) for the first time found a Simulium pupa (probably that of S. venustum Say) and described it under the name Tipula sericea, but to Schönbauer (1795) we owe the discovery that the earlier stages (egg, larva and pupa) of Simulium (Kolumbatczer-Mücke) are to be found in running water.
Naobranchia stibara n.sp., a Parasitic Copepod of Chilomycterus spinosus
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Habitat and Record. Six females, three of which were adult and of equal size and the rest small and imperfect, of a new species of Naobranchia, easily recognisable as being the only one as yet described in which the cephalothorax is definitely shorter than the trunk, were taken by L. Harrison Matthews on 7 viii. 1923 during his visit to Brazil, at Praia de Icarahy, Rio de Janeiro, on the gills of the Diodontid globe-fish Chilomycterus spinosus.
Simple Types of a Museum Case and a Stand for Exhibition of Lantern-Slides
Authors: Nuttall G. H. F.
Published: June 2009

Several visitors to the Molteno Institute having expressed a wish for a description of certain cases in our Museum, and believing that the types of cases I have devised, with the aid of a local carpenter, may appeal to others desiring inexpensive cases or stands for similar purposes, I herewith append an account of them. The cases are intended for the reception of specimens that are not frequently shifted about.
On some Filariae Parasitic in Surinam Mammals, with the Description of Filariopsis asper n.g., n.sp.
Authors: van Thiel P. H.
Published: June 2009

Although our knowledge of Filariae parasitic in animals is continually increasing, the main source of information concerning this group remains still confined to the important monographs by Molin (1858) and Stossich (1898). Molin's descriptions of worms are, however, often so incomplete that in using them as a basis of classification Diesing failed in his attempt to subdivide the genus Filaria, whilst Stossich's descriptions are scarcely better than those of Molin. Stiles has already pointed out the absence of clear and definite characters for the subgenus Filaria of which Filaria martis Gmelin is the type-species. Before any new division of the genus Filaria is proposed the writer thinks it is advisable to re-investigate the already known species and to re-describe them more carefully, laying special stress on such characters as the structure of the female genital organs and the structure of the microfilariae. The knowledge of Filariae parasitic in animals will be of great help in identification of worms parasitic in man.
On the Trematodes of the Digestive Tract of a Common Indian Frog, Rana tigrina, with a description of Centrovitus pentadelphi n.g., n.sp
Authors: Bhalerao G. D.
Published: June 2009

The material for this paper was obtained partly at Allahabad and partly at Nagpur from Rana tigrina. In those dissected at Nagpur Centrovitus pentadelphi n.g., n.sp., was found in the duodenum and in the intestine and but once in the oesophagus. This species was also found in the duodenum and intestines of the frogs at Allahabad, but there in addition was obtained once from the stomach and once from the rectum. Ganeo glottoides (Klein, 1905) was found but twice in the intestines of frogs at Allahabad.
Coccidia of the Genus Isospora in Cats, Dogs and Man
Authors: Wenyon C. M.
Published: June 2009

In a recent number of Parasitology Dobell (1926) has expressed disagreement with certain views put forward by me (1923) in a paper dealing with the coccidia of cats, dogs and man. His criticisms deal particularly with the name Isospora belli1 given by me to the coccidium discovered in man during the war, but my observations on the coccidia of cats and dogs also come under review. As regards the coccidia of these animals Dobell's criticisms would undoubtedly have been considerably modified if he had referred to a note written by myself and Sheather (1925). He has apparently overlooked this note entirely, an omission which is all the more unfortunate in that it has a very direct bearing on many of the statements made in his article.
On Cestodes collected in Burma
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

A single specimen 141 long, 3 broad. Genital pore in centre of proglottis margin, vaginal pore posterior to cirrus sac. Testes approximately 100, in a broad band posterior to female glands and extending laterally to excretory vessels: between ovaries testes extend more anteriorly and are in six transverse rows. Cirrus sac 0·31–0·56 x 0·04–0·06 long, extending just past excretory vessels, containing a small vesicula seminalis. Ovaries practically touching the respective excretory vessels. Vitelline gland rather aporal and posterior to ovary. Gravid segments absent.
Report on a Collection of Cestoda, mainly from Egypt. Part II. Cyclophyllidea: Family Hymenolepididae
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

In cestodes of this family, the number, size, and shape of the rostellar hooks is needed for the identification of the species. While number and size are often quoted (e.g.Fuhrmann, 1924a) the shape is usually ignored owing to the impossibility of reproducing innumerable figures: this greatly lessens the usefulness of such lists as the one above mentioned, especially to workers not in touch with a well-stocked library. For this reason the formula illustrated in Text-fig. 1 is suggested. The base, AB, of the hook is considered as unity and other measurements are expressed in decimals of it. EH is a tangent drawn parallel to AB and touching the hook at its highest point H; GB, FC and KL are perpendiculars drawn from AB to the two extremities G, F of the hook and to the inside, K, of the curve FG. With the points A, G, H and K fixed the approximate shape of the hook is determined: the various formulae may then be compared or the hook itself be reconstructed. Text-fig. 2 gives examples of the various types of hooks and their respective formulae, Text-fig. 3 of their reconstruction from the formulae. This arrangement appears preferable to that of Stevenson (1904) as being simpler and also facilitating reconstruction.
Studies on Malaria in Ceylon. With Special Reference to its Prevention in Agricultural Districts
Authors: Bahr P. H.
Published: June 2009

For the purpose of present study, Ceylon may be regarded as presenting two definite climatic zones—the hot low plains and the damp cool tea-bearing area of the central provinces, a district lying between the isothermal lines of 70–75° F. (vide map 1); these two zones are probably the main factors in influencing the distribution of malaria in the island.
Observations on the Larvae of Fleas
Authors: Bacot A. W. , Ridewood W. G.
Published: June 2009

Fleas are insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis in the course of their development from egg to adult. The eggs laid by the mother are not, as are the eggs of lice, attached in any way to the skin, fur or feathers of the animal on which the parents are parasitic. They fall into the nest, or drop to the ground within the lair or “ run ” of the host. Hatching takes from three to ten days according to the temperature. The larvae are active, whitish maggots, eyeless and legless, which are not parasitic, but feed on organic matter in the host's bed, or in the dust that collects on the ground in its proximity.
A Note on the Presence of Ostertagia trifurcata in the Abomasum of a Sheep in England
Authors: Cave Storrar
Published: June 2009

While examining the strongyles of the fourth stomach of an ewe belonging to the Cambridge University Farm, which had been slaughtered for post-mortem examination, numerous male and female Ostertagia circumcincta (Strongylus cervicornis of MacFadyean) were found. A few specimens of Haemonchus contortus were also present.
Notes on the Anatomy of the Bed Bug, (Acanthia) lectularia L.
Authors: Murray C. Hay
Published: June 2009

In these days of close research into the activities and the anatomy of various insects, it is surprising that the structure of the common, indeed almost ubiquitous, Bed Bug, Acanthia (Cimex) lectularia, has so long escaped the thorough investigation which is called for by the standards of modern science.
Occurrence of Heligmosomum brasiliense Trav. in England
Authors: Dudgeon G. C.
Published: June 2009

In making the examination of a series of 400 rats, Heligmosomum brasiliense was found in 6 per cent. of those examined. The rats were all of the one species, Epimys norvegicus, and were chiefly from London and suburbs; the exceptions being one from Berkshire, one from Hampshire and two from Hertfordshire.
Description of a Box for Collecting and Transporting Living Insects, etc
Authors: Pavlovsky E. N.
Published: June 2009

When collecting small living animals, particularly insects or other small Arthropods, for dissection, or search for parasites, etc., one encounters difficulties in choosing a suitable and convenient arrangement in which the animals may be kept without injuries until they are brought home. The usual entomological corked glass tubes and wide-mouthed jars with a gauze cover are not practicable when a large number must be carried; their bulk hinders free movement, and their fragility renders it necessary to pack them carefully in a box or other suitable containers.
Notes on Larval Flukes from China
Authors: Faust Ernest Carroll
Published: June 2009

1. Collections of flukes made in several centres in China include 25 species of cercariae.

2. Fourteen of these species are described as new.

3. Details of the excretory system are presented for six of the species described. In two of these instances (echinostome larvae and furcocercarjae) differentiation within thenatural group is demonstrated, while in two other larvae, C. styloidea and C. diophthalmica, proof of relationship and correlation with adult groups is established.

4. C. abbrevicauda shows striking resemblances to the larva described as the cercaria of Paragonimus westermanni and may possibly be regarded as identical with the larval stage of that worm. Moreover, the host genus is the same.

5. The stylet organ is shown to be non-specific and the group of the “xiphidio-cercariae” to be a composite of several natural families.

6. No organs of the cercaria save the cephalic glands and flame-cells have thus far proved satisfactory for differential diagnosis of the larva.

7. Further study along these lines will make it possible to demonstrate natural groups where only artificial groups now exist.
On the Life history of a New Gregarine: Pyxinia anobii n. sp. Intestinal Parasite of Anobium paniceum L. (Coleoptera)
Authors: Vincent Mary
Published: June 2009

This gregarine was found inhabiting the alimentary canal, and especially the midgut, of both larvae and imagines of Anobium paniceum. All the larvae examined, and most of the adult beetles, were found to be very heavily infected, and in some of the larvae almost every epithelial cell harboured one or more of the cephalont stages of the parasite (Fig. 1). The lumen of the midgut of these larvae was densely packed with the freely moving sporonts, and a number of newly formed cysts were visible in the hindgut. In the imago only the cephalont stages were observed, and no sporonts or cysts have been found.
Is Leucocytozoon anatis the Cause of a New Disease in Ducks?
Authors: Wickware A. B.
Published: June 2009

During the past summer numerous inquiries were received by Professor Elford, Dominion Poultry Husbandman, Experimental Farm, Ottawa, with regard to an apparently infectious disease appearing among ducks. So frequent and insistent were the appeals for aid in this connection that the co-operation of the Health of Animals Branch was requested. This resulted in an investigation being undertaken to ascertain the clinical nature of the disease; to demonstrate, if possible, the cause; and also institute measures for its prevention.
Experiments in the “Tryposafrol” Treatment of Trypanosomiasis (T. brucei) in Guinea-pigs and of Piroplasmosis in Dogs
Authors: Nuttall G. H. F. , Hindle E.
Published: June 2009

All of our guinea-pigs infected with Trypanosoma brucei (strain “ferox”) died whether they were treated or not. It is evident that both tryposafrol and novo-tryposafrol exerted a directly injurious effect upon the guinea-pigs. Reckoning the day on which the guinea-pigs were inoculated as day 1, the 19 treated guinea-pigs died respectively on days 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 11, 18, 19, 19, 26, 27 and 33. The six untreated guinea-pigs died respectively on days 23, 25, 25, 27, 44 and 45. The two preparations of the dye are therefore worse than useless as remedies for Nagana in guinea-pigs.

Five dogs were infected with Piroplasma canis (Cambridge strain) of which four were treated and one not treated with novo-tryposafrol.

All of the dogs died although treatment was given under the most favourable conditions, starting on the day of inoculation. The four treated dogs died on days 12, 9, 17 and 12 after inoculation respectively; the untreated (control) dog died on the 13th day. The drug exerted no influence upon the course of the disease, nor upon the appearance of the parasites and their progressive increase in the blood. Novo-tryposafrol may therefore be regarded as useless in the treatment of canine piroplasmosis, and, judged from these results on dogs, it will no doubt prove to be equally useless in the treatment of bovine piroplasmosis when it has received a scientific trial in competent hands.

In view of the negative results obtained by ourselves and other independent investigators, working especially with trypanosomiasis, we conclude that the value of tryposafrol or novo-tryposafrol as a remedy for any of the diseases enumerated by the authors is open to grave doubt since the chief claims as to its efficacy were based on experimental results which the authors state that they obtained with Nagana.
A Note on some Helminthic Diseases with special reference to the Housefly as a natural carrier of the Ova
Authors: Shircore T. O.
Published: June 2009

The incidence of Helminthiasis at Mombasa is herein briefly dealt with chiefly in tabular form. The tables give the result of the first 100 examinations conducted on natives of indigenous races complaining of intestinal troubles, admitted into or attending hospital.
Platybdella anarrhichae
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Introduction. In a previous paper (1914, p. 217) I gave, in tabular form, the features which serve to distinguish the two genera Calliobdella van Beneden and Hesse 1863, and Trachelobdella Diesing 1850, which Johansson 1898, pp. 672–675 has also given reasons for distinguishing.
Some Ascarids in the British Museum (Natural History)
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

An examination of a considerable number of specimens of larval Ascarids from the peritoneal tissues of marine fishes has led me to the conclusion that the great majority of these young nematodes are referable to a single species, Ascaris capsularia Rud. The older descriptions of this form are inadequate and superficial, and even by the more recent writers it appears to have been assumed that, as a larval form, it was impossible, or not worth while, to define it more precisely. I believe, however, that by paying attention to the internal structure it is possible, even at this early stage, to discover characters of specific importance. The imperfect recognition of these characters has led, it appears, to considerable confusion, and to the inclusion in the species of some forms which should be regarded as specifically distinct. A full synonymy and bibliography has been given by Stossich (1896, pp. 55–57) and it is unnecessary here to review the literature in detail. It is desirable to point out, however, that some even of the comparatively recent descriptions intended to refer to A. capsularia seem, in reality, to belong to some other form. Thus É. Blanchard (1849) describes and figures under the name of A. salaris a small form, 20–35 mm. in length, having three lips already visible, a lateral caecum at the base of the oesophagus and female genital organs already developed.
Report on a Collection of Parasitic Nematodes, mainly from Egypt
Authors: Boulenger C. L.
Published: June 2009

The present paper is the fifth instalment of the Report on the Molteno Institute collection, of which Parts I–III (Ascaeidae, Heterakidae, Oxyuridae, Camallanidae, etc.) and Part IV (Trichostrongylidae and Strongylidae) were published in thisJournalby Dr H. A. Baylis (1923) and myself (1926). This collection was sent to Cambridge by Dr E. Hindle and consisted chiefly of unnamed material which had accumulated in the Parasitological Laboratory of the Egyptian Government School of Medicine in Cairo. Since commencing the work on the Filarioidea contained in this material, a further series of worms belonging to this order was placed at my disposal by the Cairo Medical School and the results of my study of this collection have been incorporated with those of the Molteno Institute specimens.
A Contribution to the Study of the Dipterous Parasites of the European Earwig (Forficula auriculariaL.)
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: June 2009

The European earwig (Forficula auriculariaL.) accidentally introduced some years ago into the United States, is now abundant in several of the Western and at least one of the Eastern States; it has become established also in New Zealand, where, according to Tillyard, it has become a major pest, eating into peaches, nectarines, and apricots and rendering them useless for sale.
The Mallophagan Family Menoponidae. Part III
Authors: Ferris G. F.
Published: June 2009

Material examined. A male and a female from Ramphastos brevicarinatus, Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone, collected by Mr J. Van Tyne of the University of Michigan, through whose kindness I have been enabled to examine them. The species was originally described from “probably Ramphastos tocard” (which is R. brevicarinatus) from Colombia. My material agrees with the original description and is probably correctly identified, although, as will be further considered, another species of the same genus occurs upon toucans.
The lungworms (Nematoda: Pseudaliidae) of the Odontoceti. Part I
Authors: Dougherty Ellsworth C.
Published: June 2009

The present paper includes two sections of a proposed series on the lungworms of the Odontoceti or toothed whales. Only members of the family Delphinidae among the Odontoceti have so far been reported as hosts to these lungworms.

The first section deals with the systematic relationships of the lungworms of the Odontoceti. They are held to constitute a family Pseudaliidae in the superfamily Metastrongyloidea. The nature of the female reproductive system and specifically of the ovejectoral apparatus in the suborder Strongylina is discussed and the concept expressed that the organization of the latter structure is of phylogenetic and taxonomic importance in this group. On the basis of variations in the ovejectoral apparatus three families of strongyline lungworms (except for Syngamus v. Siebold, 1836) are recognized—Dictyocaulidae Skriabin, 1941, Metastrongylidae Leiper, 1909, and Pseudaliidae Railliet, 1916.

The second section deals with the genus Halocercus Baylis & Daubney, 1925. Previous literature is reviewed. A key and table of measurements for the known species are presented. H. invaginatus (Quekett, 1841) Dougherty, 1943, is redescribed, and H. kirbyi n.sp. named and described.
Studies of Acari. Second series: descriptions of new species and notes on established forms of parasitic mites
Authors: Turk Frank A.
Published: June 2009

The present paper deals with descriptions of some new species of parasitic mites, a fresh study of the forms of Eulaelaps stabularis (Koch), some observations on the occurrence of hypopial forms on other parasitic arthropods, and finally some observations on Radford's ‘Genera and species of parasitic mites’ (1943).
The ecology of the sheep tick,Ixodes ricinusL. The seasonal activity in Britain with particular reference to Northern England
Authors: Milne A.
Published: June 2009

A survey of tick activity curve data for Britain shows:

There are usually two peaks of female activity per annum, one peak in ‘spring’ and a lesser one in ‘autumn’, the date limits of the ‘seasons’ being slightly elastic. For a greater or lesser period in summer female-tick activity is low or practically absent, while in winter it is practically absent.

There are exceptions to the biannual type of female activity. In three areas, only one annual peak occurs. At Hethpool, north-eastern Northumberland, and in Ettrick Valley, southern Scotland, this single peak is in April–May; in the Hill o'Fare area, north-eastern Scotland, it is in July.

The theory of temperature control of activity (the limits being the range 45–60° F. average weekly maximum shade temperature, i.e. corresponding to spring and autumn conditions in Britain) does not stand up to the following facts: At Hethpool, following a spring female activity confined to the range 45–60° F., there was no autumn recrudescence when temperatures again passed through the same range. About half the annual female activity at Crag, south-western Cumberland, and practically all in the Hill o'Fare area occurred at temperatures of 60–70° F. and 60–65° F. respectively.

Solar radiation, evaporativity and humidity, as well as temperatures, of the macro-climate were investigated in relation to female activity. The tentative conclusion is that the duration of humidity level during daylight, in conjunction with temperature, may partly decide the amount and extent of activity in summer.

In spring, where spring activity obtains, males and females appear insmallnumbers a few weeks before nymphs. Thebulkof male, female and nymphal spring activity, however, is concurrent, the curves having peaks at approximately the same date.

Again, where spring activity obtains, spring larval activity commences later than that of males, females and nymphs, the peak being about 1 month later.

Theories of seasonal activity are discussed.
An Annotated List of the Animal Parasites of Foxes
Authors: Riley William A.
Published: June 2009

Few people have any conception of the rapid growth and the importance of the new industry of raising black and silver foxes for their fur. According to Dearborn, 1917, the first profitable fox ranch was established in the Canadian Province of Prince Edward Island in 1894. This ranch, the forerunner of a remarkable industry, was stocked with two pairs of silver foxes, a rare and beautiful colour phase of the common red fox found in nearly all of the United States and Canada.
On the Life-History of Helicosporidium parasiticum, n.g., n.sp., a new type of Protist parasitic in the Larva of Dasyhelea obscura Winn. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) and in some other Arthropods
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

The usual host of this new parasite, Helicosporidium parasiticum, is the larva of a Ceratopogonid, Dasyhelea obscura Winnertz, which lives in the decomposed sap filling the wounds of trees—elm and horse-chestnut. All the material used for this study was derived from the wounds of two trees only: (1) an elm tree standing on the Caius College ground at Newnham, facing Church Rate Walk, and (2) a horse-chestnut standing between the School of Agriculture and Downing College.
The Excretory System in Digenea (Trematoda). IV. A Study of the Structure and Development of the Excretory System in a Cystocercous Larva, Cercaria pekinensis nov. spec
Authors: Faust Ernest Carroll
Published: June 2009

1. Cercaria pekinensis, a new cystocercous cercaria, is described.

2. The excretory system of the developed cercaria consists of a bladder, a drainage channel through the tail and a pair of anterior collecting tubules, each of which receives eight main (tertiary) branches. Each branch is composed of 2 × 4 × 4 units. The posterior-most branch cares for the drainage of the tail, including the corresponding flapper.

3. A study of representative stages in development shows that the common denominator of the excretory system is α + β, while the pattern of the developed cercaria is expressed by 4 (α)2 + 4 (β)2.

4. The fundamental pattern of tie cercaria is likewise found in the sporocyst.

5. These data have a significant bearing on the application of mathematics to the problems of growth and development.
Note on the pigmentation of Lernaeopoda (Copepoda)
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

I am greatly indebted to Prof. O. Nybelin of Göteborg for the loan of two specimens of female Lernaeopoda scyllicola Leigh-Sharpe, 1915 taken by him from the extra-cloacal region of two Scylliorhinus canicula (L.) during the first fortnight of September 1938 at Roscoff which show peculiar cases of pigmentation (Fig. 1).
Fertilization and egg production in the bed-bug, Cimex lectularius L.
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth
Published: June 2009

Previous workers have described the curious method by which the female bed-bug is fertilized. They have suggested that the large quantity of sperm injected serves some function other than that of fertilizing the egg.

The rate of metabolism of the virgin bug is much less than that of the fertilized female.

Ovarian development never occurs until the female has been fertilized. After fertilization, egg development is apparently controlled by a hormone produced by the corpus allatum.

Living sperm will always be found in the spermathecae of females which are laying fertile eggs.

The so-called imperfect eggs produced when the sperm is exhausted are normal save for being unfertilized. They have been considered as malformed because of their tendency to shrivel quickly in dry air.

Sperm remains viable in the female for a definite period depending on the temperature. This period is longer at low than at high temperature. Provided a certain minimum amount of sperm is introduced (this minimum is less than the quantity introduced by a well-nourished male at one copulation), the period of viability of sperm is the same no matter how many eggs are produced. The number of eggs depends only on the amount of food taken.

There is no evidence that the sperm serves any nutritive function in the female.
The coccidia infesting the cottontail rabbit, Sylvilagus nuttallii grangeri (Allen), with descriptions of two new species
Authors: Honess Ralph F.
Published: June 2009

The oocysts studied were concentrated from the contents of the colon and caecum of the cottontail rabbit. The concentration method of Benbrook (1929) has been found to serve best.
On four new species of cercariae. A contribution to Sewell's evolutionary scheme
Authors: D'Rozario A. M.
Published: June 2009

1. Two new species of Xiphidiocercariae have been described. These two forms have been designated as C. lühei and C. gopyjungi.

2. The flame-cell formula of C. lüheiis 2 × 3 × 3 = 18 and that of C. gopyjungi is 2 × 4 × 3 = 24.

3. It is shown that C. gopyjungi has the characters of both the subgroups Polyadena (Cort) and Daswan (Sewell), and the group Cercariae armatae is redefined.

4. Further, two new species of furcocercous cercariae have been described. They have been designated as C. ajmeri and C. anasagari.

5. It has been pointed out that the types of excretory systems as met with in C. ajmeri and C. anasagari are of extreme importance from the evolutionary point of view and fill in gaps in Sewell's (1930) evolutionary scheme.

6. The latter two species have been listed in their proper position in Miller's (1926) scheme of classification of the furcocercous cercariae.
A note upon the systematic position of “Trichomonas” keilini (Bishop, 1935)
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

In 1935 I described a free-living flagellate, which bore a striking resemblance to the genus Trichomonas, and was obtained, on four different occasions during a period of 12 months, from a pond in Lincolnshire. This flagellate has three anterior flagella, and a short marginal flagellum bordering an undulating membrane but without a freely-projecting end. There is no basal fibre at the base of the short membrane. The three free flagella and the marginal flagellum arise from a blepharoplast which lies in front of the single, anteriorly placed nucleus. There is a cystostome. An axostyle frequently is absent, but when present it is slender and siderophilic. Division is similar to that of Trichomonas hominis and T. batrachorum (Bishop, 1931).
Notes on Trombicula deliensis Walch, 1923 (Acarina; Trombidiidae), with description of the adult
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

Life histories of the Trombidiidae, or, for that matter, other families of mites have, with few exceptions, not been studied and very little information is available as a guide. This is not entirely the fault of the acarologists, as not one of them was employed in any country of the world entirely upon the study of mites. Most of them, if official, were entomologists who could spend only a fraction of their time on mites. Their time was spent therefore on systematics, an essential branch of acarology.
Studies on the exo-erythrocytic cycle of malaria
Authors: Fonseca F. , Cambournac F. J. C. , Pinto M. R. , Pereira J. M. , Cunha A.
Published: June 2009

The attempts of Chorine (1938), Gavrilov (1938), Gavrilov, Bobkoff & Laurencin (1938) and Rita (1940) to infect chick embryos with Plasmodium gallinaceum, using either a suspension of sporozoites or infected blood, yielded negative results. They tried inoculation by deposition of the infecting material on the chorion-allantois or by injection into a blood vessel of this membrane, and the negative results observed led Rita to make various deductions by comparing them with other infections which appear in the embryo and not in the adult animal.
The feeding mechanism of Ixodes ricinus L.
Authors: Arthur D. R.
Published: June 2009

1. The structure of the capitulum of I. ricinus L. is described briefly.

2. A stylet-like process is described in detail. Anteriorly it forms a distal attenuation, which widens out at its base near the point of attachment to the hypostome and is continued posteriorly as a distensible pouch overlying the pharynx. Anteriorly the stylet-like process is supported by a ventral sclerotized rod.

3. The stylet-like process effects closure of the pharyngeal orifice during contraction of the pharynx and so prevents the reflux of blood into the wound. In this it is assisted by the closure of the hypostomal gutter.

4. The stylet-like process appears to be a similar structure to that observed by Sen (1935) in three other species of Ixodid ticks and to be comparable in function to the tongue-like process described by Bertram (1939) in Ornithodorus spp.

The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the Advisory Entomologist, Dr E. E. Edwards, in whose department the work was done; to Dr Alec Milne, Unit of Insect Physiology, Agricultural Research Council; Dr P. Tate, Molteno Institute of Parasitology, Cambridge, for reading the original script, for making many useful suggestions and modifications.
Some observations on the bionomics of Bunostomum phlebotomum, a hookworm of cattle
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

Investigations were carried out on the influence of the local environment on the preparasitic stages of B. phlebotomum and the following observations were made.

1. The infective larvae are positively thermo-tropic and positively phototropic. These observations confirm those of Schwartz (1924). The larvae are not negatively geotropic and do not climb grass, but remain in the dung, gaining access to the host by adherence of the dung to the skin.

2. Lack of air, such as would occur in tightly packed faeces; immersion of the faeces in water; temperatures below 10° C.; and lack of moisture, are all inhibitory to development. Infective larvae are resistant to at least 5 days‘ direct exposure to an atmosphere of relative humidity 75 at a temperature of 25° C.; in dry faeces they are resistant to 14 days‘ exposure to the same atmosphere.

3. In Northern Nigeria desiccation is the most important inhibitory factor in development. The extreme dryness of the pastures in the dry season prevents development of the larvae and adherence of dung to the skin. Penetration of the skin of the host probably occurs only in the rainy season, maximal penetration probably occurring just after the rains are regularly established.

4. The female lays 600 eggs in 12 hr. in the early rains, but the output of eggs by the females varies considerably throughout the year. It is greatest in the early rains and lowest in the later months of the dry season.

5. The female hookworm burden of nomadic cattle fluctuates throughout the year. The maximum burden occurs in the later months of the dry season.

6. Three factors, all probably bound up with a single factor, i.e. moisture, seem to influence the degree of pasture infectivity. (a) Inhibition of larval development; (b) failure of faeces to adhere to the skin; (c) fluctuation in the egg-laying rate of the female hookworms. The fluctuating pasture infectivity results in a fluctuating hookworm burden.

7. The period of maximum hookworm burden in nomadic cattle more or less coincides with the period of incidence of a disease in Stock Farm cattle, associated with hookworm infestation.

In the discussion an attempt is made to correlate these observations both in accounting for the seasonal incidence of ‘hookworm disease’ and in suggesting methods of control.

This paper was written during the tenure of a Cooper Centenary Fellowship for which the author is indebted to the Council of the Veterinary Educational Trust. The writer's thanks are also due to his laboratory assistant in Nigeria, Mr R. A. O. Shonekan.
Digestion in Chrysops silacea Aust. (Diptera, Tabanidae)
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B.
Published: June 2009

The histological changes in the gut of Chrysops silacea during the digestion of blood are the same as those described by Cragg in Tabanus.

Digestive enzymes are confined to the posterior half of the mid-gut. They comprise an active invertase, a weak amylase and an active tryptase and peptidase. These results are compared with those in Glossina and Calliphora.

The functions of the crop are discussed.
A Note on the Presence of Supernumerary Lobes in Salivary Glands of Anopheline Mosquitoes
Authors: Roy D. N. , Mayne Bruce
Published: June 2009

It is presumed that the majority of investigators who dissect anopheline mosquitoes for the purpose of detecting the parasites associated with malarial fever are not concerned with the finer details of anatomical relationships. Nor do they take the time to completely isolate the two acinus glands with the accompanying normal six lobes. This latter is assumed not essential in a search for protozoan organisms, as the sporozoites may be found in the torn portions of the acinus material as well as in the muscular tissue and mounting fluid in which the dissection is made.
Haematin in the Tracheae of Blood-sucking Insects: an Artefact
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B.
Published: June 2009

The entry of blood pigment into the tracheal system after a large meal, previously described in Glossina, has been shown to be an artefact of fixation.
Gongylonema macrogubernaculum n.sp. (Nematode) from Monkeys
Authors: Lubimov M. P.
Published: June 2009

The new species herein described was found in three species of monkey at the Moscow Zoopark, the animals having been imported via Germany.
On the Structure and Relationships of the NematodeCapillaria[Hepaticola]hepatica(Bancroft)
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

1. Some account of the occurrence of“Hepaticola” hepaticain various hosts is given, and it is recorded from the wood-mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) in England.

2. Some additions and corrections are made to the morphological des scription of“H.” hepatica, which is shown to possess characters (presence of “bacillary bands,” presence of a spicule in the male) the supposed absence of which had led to the erection of the genusHepaticolaas distinct fromCapillaria.

3. The status of the generaHepaticola, Eucoleus, Thominx, CalodiumandLiniscusis discussed, and the conclusion is reached that these should all be suppressed as synonyms ofCapillaria, which is redefined.
On a New SaccharomyceteMonosporella unicuspidatagen. n. nom., n.sp., Parasitic in the Body Cavity of a Dipterous Larva (Dasyhelea obscuraWinnertz).
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

The genusMonospora(=Monosporellarenamed) was founded by Metschnikoff in 1884 to designate a parasitic fungus which he discovered inDaphnia magna. This monocellular fungus, of which he described only one species,Monospora bicuspidata, lives free in the body cavity of its host, where it multiplies actively by budding in a yeast-like manner (Fig. I, 1, 2, 3).
On some Nematode Parasites of the Zebra
Authors: Boulenger Charles L.
Published: June 2009

Having during the last few years been particularly interested in the Nematode parasites of horses and donkeys I was very pleased to find a tube containing Strongyles from the zebra among some material recently forwarded to me by Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S. These worms formed part of a collection of Helminths from Nairobi, British East Africa, which had been sent for identification by Mr R. Eustace Montgomery, Director of the Nairobi Veterinary Pathological Laboratory.
A Parasitic Spiral Organism in the Stomach of the Cat
Authors: Lim R. K. S.
Published: June 2009

1. A parasitic spiral organism averaging 4 to 8μ long, with regular, closely set spirals about 0·75μ broad, has been found in the stomach in eight cats, none of which showed any obvious signs of gastric disturbance. The organisms occurred in the lumina of ducts and glands throughout the stomach, and also within the oxyntic cells. They were not seen in any part of the intestines except the very beginning of the duodenum, or in any other organ.

2. They are extremely active, and are readily stained by aniline dyes.

3. The mode of passage from one animal to another is not known, but food and faeces may be eliminated as possible sources of infection.
On a Filaria, Loa Papionis n. Sp, Parasitic in Papio Cynocephalus
Authors: Treadgold C. H.
Published: June 2009

Papio cynocephalus from French Guinea frequently harbours Loa papionis n.sp. The intermediate host is unknown. The larvae, in contradistinction to those of the human parasite Loa loa, show no diurnal periodicity.

The occurrence of bacterial disease in adult L. papionis would seem to be a novelty; at any rate I could find no mention of diseased filariae in the literature.

In so far as the biology of Microloa loa is concerned, I am inclined to doubt the correctness of the opinions expressed by Rodenwalt and Fülleborn concerning the structures they term “executory and genital cells”: the current hypotheses concerning the significance of these structures and of the “central viscus,” clearly need revision. Manson's “buccal apparatus” would seem to be nothing more than an optical illusion, while the “neck” or “shoulder” described by the older observers as existing in adult L. loa after fixation, was evidently due to imperfect technique.

I have drawn attention to the desirability of standardising the technicalities which are such essential preliminaries to the accurate mensuration of micro-filariae, and have suggested a method which has certain advantages over those at present in use.

Concerning the pathology of Loa infection, evidence both of the traumatic and toxic action of L. papionis on baboons, was obtained; moreover these parasites seemed definitely toxic for guineapigs, although the single experiment performed needs confirmation. The available evidence favours the supposition that adult baboons from an infected area possess a high degree of immunity both against L. papionis toxaemia and against reinfection by these parasites; but whether their serum is of therapeutic value for human beings infected with L. loa, requires further investigation.
On Fahrenholz's Purported New Species, Sub-Species and Varieties Of Pediculus
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

The object of this paper is to draw attention to certain grave sources of error underlying the present mode of differentiating Anoplura and more especially species of the sub-order Siphunculata. I am unable to say if the criticisms herewith advanced apply equally to the methods employed in differentiating members of the sub-order Mallophaga, because I am not familiar with the latter group, but the two sub-orders mentioned are in many respects so closely allied that it appears difficult to avoid the suspicion that the considerations herein contained may apply equally in both cases.
Observations on the Geographical and Ethnological Distribution of Hookworms
Authors: Darling Samuel T.
Published: June 2009

During the course of investigations, primarily directed to a study of the effects of hookworm infection on people in different parts of the tropics, I have been struck with the peculiar geographical and racial distribution of the two common species of hookworms infecting man, and with its bearing on certain ethnological problems.
A contribution to our Knowledge of the Tapeworms of Poultry
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

The following paper is an account of the results obtained by the study of Cestodes sent to this Department for identification. For the most part, the tapeworms were species with a wide distribution and with many previous records of their occurrence. Among them were several whose anatomy, well-known in many respects, had been inadequately described with regard to characters useful, if not essential, for identification.
A New Species of Cestode (Oochoristica erinacei) from the Hedgehog
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

A number of Cestodes collected from a hedgehog in Mesopotamia by Dr Boulenger were handed to me for identification. Examination showed them to belong to the genus Oochoristica. Five Cestodes [Hymenolepis erinacei (Gm.), Hymenolepis steudeneri V. Janicki, Davainea parva V. Janicki, Taenia valuta V. Linstow, and a Bothriocephalus Larva V. Janicki] have up to the present been recorded from this host. From all these, the present species is distinguished by its possession of numerous testes, situated posteriorly to the female organs. I therefore propose to form a new species for its reception and suggest for it the name Oochoristica erinacei. The key attached to the following description will serve to distinguish this new species from others of the same genus. I wish here to express my indebtedness to Dr Boulenger for placing his material at my disposal.
Leishmania, Herpetomonas, and Crithidia in Fleas
Authors: Basile Carlo
Published: June 2009

Most of the observations recorded in this paper would have been published in 1915, if my duties as a doctor and as an officer had not called me to the Army.