bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The fate of the historic fortifications at Alcatraz island based on terrestrial laser scans and ground‐penetrating radar interpretations from the recreation yard
Authors: de Smet T.S. , Everett M.E. , Warden R.R. , Komas T. , Hagin J.N. , Gavette P. , Martini J.A. , Barker L.
Published: March 2019

Alcatraz Island National Historic Landmark is best known as a former high‐security federal penitentiary that once housed many of the United States most notorious gangsters. Today, it is a popular tourist destination adjacent to the Golden Gate Bridge in scenic San Francisco Bay. Alcatraz is less known in its former military role as a 19th‐century coastal fortification protecting the interests of a rapidly westward‐expanding nation during the turbulent era of Manifest Destiny, the 1849 Gold Rush and the Civil War. The fortification, with its underground ammunition magazines and tunnels, is important from a military history perspective, marking the transition to earthen structures from the traditional brick and masonry constructions that characterized earlier 19th‐century coastal defences. In this paper, geophysical interpretations based upon an attribute analysis of ground‐penetrating radar data are combined with terrestrial laser scans, georectifications based on historical documents, maps and photographs to develop an iterative model for locating and determining the extent and integrity of subsurface historical architectural remains beneath the former recreation yard of the Alcatraz penitentiary. Using this approach, remnants of buried structures including a ‘bombproof’ earthwork traverse and its underlying vaulted brick masonry tunnel and ventilation ducts were discovered to run east‐west beneath the recreation yard. This integrative and iterative process permits accurate spatial identification of these and other 19th‐century architectural structures depicted in historical documents. This approach can be applied to subsurface investigations at other important cultural landmarks worldwide.
Machine learning to estimate soil moisture from geophysical measurements of electrical conductivity
Authors: Moghadas Davood , Badorreck Annika
Published: March 2019

Soil water content (θ) is a key variable in different earth science disciplines since it mediates the water and energy exchange between the surface and atmosphere. Electrical and electromagnetic geophysical techniques have been widely used to estimate soil electrical conductivity (σ) and soil moisture. However, obtaining the relationship is not straightforward due to the non‐linearity and also dependency on many different soil and environmental properties. The purpose of this paper is to determine if artificial neural network is an appropriate machine learning technique for relating electrical conductivity to soil water content. In this respect, time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography measurements were carried out along a transect in the Chicken Creek catchment (Brandenburg, Germany). To ensure proper retrieval of the σ and θ, reference values were measured near the beginning of the transect via an excavated pit using 5TE capacitance sensors installed at different depths. We explored robustness and pertinence of the artificial neural network approach in comparison with Rhoades model (as a commonly used petrophysical relationship) to convert the inversely estimated σ from electrical resistivity tomography to the θ. The proposed approach was successfully validated and benchmarked by comparing the estimated values with the reference data. This study showed the superiority of the artificial neural network approach to the Rhoades model to obtain relationship. In particular, artificial neural network allowed for more accurate estimation of the temporal wetting front than the petrophysical model. The proposed methodology thus offers a great promise for deriving spatiotemporal soil moisture patterns from geophysical data and obtaining the in situ relationship, taking into account the non‐linear variations of the soil moisture.
Optimize Backwashing and Filter Ripening Processes
Authors: Martin Barb , Linder Kevin
Published: March 2019

As part of best practices for achieving peak water treatment performance, filtration operation and maintenance are critical. Optimize your facility's backwashing and filter ripening processes for best results.
Water Well Management: A Proactive Maintenance Program Pays Off
Authors: Judkins Michael , Kennison Michael
Published: March 2019

“Run to failure” is a costly approach to well maintenance and rehabilitation. Shifting to a proactive maintenance strategy can extend pump and well service life, save money, and keep water quality consistent.
Management of severe congenital protein C deficiency with a direct oral anticoagulant, edoxaban: A case report
Authors: Watanabe Kentaro , Arakawa Yuki , Yanagi Masato , Isobe Kiyotaka , Mori Makiko , Koh Katsuyoshi
Published: March 2019

A male patient diagnosed with severe congenital protein C (PC) deficiency during the neonatal period was treated with long‐term warfarin but frequently developed purpura fulminans and bleeding. At four years of age, edoxaban was initiated (direct oral anticoagulant [DOAC]). His d‐dimer and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product levels were closely monitored. His PC activity increased from below the sensitivity range to 17%; this increase was thought to be due to a reduction in PC consumption during edoxaban therapy. After edoxaban introduction, he experienced just one episode of purpura fulminans over two years without any adverse events. Thus, DOAC may be a promising alternative for the management of congenital PC deficiency.
Optical, thermal, mechanical properties, and non‐isothermal degradation kinetic studies on PVA/CuO nanocomposites
Authors: Selvi J. , Mahalakshmi S. , Parthasarathy V. , Hu Chechia , Lin Yi‐Feng , Tung Kuo‐Lun , Anbarasan R. , Annie A.A.
Published: March 2019

The CuO nanoparticle doped poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocomposite films were prepared by the solution casting method. The structure of the prepared CuO nanoparticles and PVA nanocomposite films were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and XRD. The (101) crystal plane of PVA was observed at 19.8° in XRD. The size of the CuO nanoparticles was determined as 20 nm using Scherrer's formula. It was further confirmed with HRTEM. The surface morphology of the nanocomposite films was investigated using SEM. The optical properties of the prepared CuO nanoparticles and PVA nanocomposite films were analyzed by UV–Visible spectroscopy. The band gap of PVA was decreased after the incorporation of CuO in PVA. The thermal stability of the pure PVA and its nanocomposites was examined using TGA to assess their thermal degradation temperature at five different heating rates. The thermal stability of PVA nanocomposites was increased as compared with pure PVA. The non‐isothermal degradation kinetic studies were also carried out to determine the energy of activation (Ea) for the degradation process using four different kinetic models. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of PVA nanocomposite films were notably increased with the increasing concentration of CuO nanoparticles. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:3737–3748, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Structural characterization of the Imm52 family protein TsiT in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: She Zhun , Geng Zhi , Xu Jian‐Hua , Li Yan‐Hua , Dong Yu‐Hui
Published: March 2019

The bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) utilizes many toxic effectors to gain advantage over interbacterial competition and eukaryotic host infection. Meanwhile, the cognate immunity proteins of these effectors are employed to protect themselves from the virulence. TseT and TsiT form an effector‐immunity (E‐I) protein pair secreted by T6SS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. TseT is toxic for other bacteria, whereas TsiT can suppress the virulence of TseT. Here, we report the crystal structure of TsiT at 1.6 Å resolution. TsiT is a typical α + β class protein and belongs to a novel Imm52 protein family of the polymorphic toxin system. Apart from TsiT, only one structure of the Imm52 family proteins is present in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), but that structure is not characterized and shares low sequence identity with TsiT. We characterized the basic features of TsiT structure and identified conserved residues of the Imm52 family proteins according to homology comparison. Our work provided structural information of a new protein family and should aid future functional studies.
Statistical generation of SST perturbations with spatio‐temporally coherent growing patterns
Authors: Hotta Daisuke , Ota Yoichiro
Published: March 2019

The medium‐range ensemble prediction system (EPS) at the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), like other operational EPSs, suffers from overconfident probabilistic forecasts in the lower troposphere and over the oceans in particular. To alleviate this issue, a new scheme to perturb the sea surface temperature (SST) is proposed and tested. The proposed method statistically generates SST perturbations that account for time‐varying errors of the SST that is prescribed to the control member. Despite its simplicity and purely statistical nature, the new method is able to produce growing perturbations whose spatial patterns appear to reflect ocean dynamics. Their growth with forecast lead‐time is completely flow‐independent but is statistically consistent with the past records of the error growth of the prescribed SST. Perturbing the SST with the proposed scheme is shown to improve the probabilistic forecast skills of JMA's medium‐range EPS. The improvement is statistically significant over the Tropics throughout the entire troposphere but the impact on the extratropical forecast is found to be neutral. The improvement is largely attributed to enhanced reliability which in turn is achieved through an increase in the ensemble spread. Perturbing SST incurs no harmful impact on the quality of ensemble mean forecast.
High fire disturbance in forests leads to longer recovery, but varies by forest type
Authors: Hislop Samuel , Jones Simon , Soto‐Berelov Mariela , Skidmore Andrew , Haywood Andrew , Nguyen Trung H.
Published: March 2019

Across the world, millions of hectares of forest are burned by wildfires each year. Satellite remote sensing, particularly when used in time series, can describe complex disturbance‐recovery processes, but is underutilized by ecologists. This study examines whether a greater disturbance magnitude equates to a longer recovery length, in the fire‐adapted forests of south‐east Australia. Using Landsat time series, spectral disturbance and recovery maps were first created, for 2.3 million hectares of forest, burned between 2002 and 2009. To construct these maps, a piecewise linear model was fitted to each pixel's Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) temporal trajectory, and used to extract the disturbance magnitude (change in NBR) and the spectral recovery length (number of years for the NBR trajectory to return to its pre‐fire state). Pearson's correlations between disturbance magnitude and spectral recovery length were then calculated at a state level, bioregion level and patch level (600 m × 600 m, or 36 hectares). Our results showed overall correlation at the state level to be inconclusive, due to confounding factors. At the bioregion level, correlations were predominantly positive (i.e. a greater disturbance equals a longer recovery). At the patch level, both positive and negative correlations occurred, with clear evidence of spatial patterns. This suggests that the relationship between disturbance magnitude and recovery length is dependent on forest type. This was further explored by investigating the major vegetation divisions within one bioregion, which provided further evidence that relationships varied by vegetation type. In Heathy Dry Forests, for example, a greater disturbance magnitude usually led to a longer recovery length, while in Tall Mist Forests, the opposite behaviour was evident. Results of the patch‐level analysis were particularly promising, demonstrating the utility of satellite remote sensing in producing landscape scale information to inform policy and management.
Production requires water: Material remains of the hydrosocial cycle in an ancient Anatolian city
Authors: Graff Sarah R. , Branting Scott , Marston John M.
Published: March 2019

Kerkenes is the largest pre‐Hellenistic city in Turkey. It covers 2.5 square kilometers and is enclosed by a 7‐km‐long stone wall. This Iron Age, Phrygian city was well planned, only inhabited for forty to sixty years, and then purposefully destroyed and abandoned. Not only were the city wall and architecture planned but interconnected water management features for the city were also part of how the city was conceived. While some might view the management of water in the city as an indication that the social elite wanted to control the water, the available evidence does not support this idea. Drawing on Linton and Budds's hydrosocial cycle, this article uses water as a lens to examine hydrosocial relations at Kerkenes, specifically instances where water is part of the dialectical and relational process in the production of food, crafts, health, and politics. This article argues that using water as a lens can help archaeologists find traces of sociocultural, economic, and political relationships and may not only reveal insights into water negotiations in the past but also inform contemporary water concerns.
From Chemical Gardens to Quasibiological Inorganic Cells
Authors: Pampalakis Georgios
Published: March 2019

The formation of closed chemical gardens that resemble quasibiological cells at the macroscale (> 1 cm) is demonstrated. The cells are produced by injecting lanthanide salts in alkaline solutions and do not require silicates. The cells can encapsulate chemicals and enzymes and carry out reactions.
Quinoline–1,2,3‐triazole Hybrids: Design and Synthesis through Click Reaction, Evaluation of Anti‐Tubercular Activity, Molecular Docking and In Silico ADME Studies
Authors: Reddyrajula Rajkumar , Dalimba Udayakumar
Published: March 2019

A new series of quinoline‐1,2,3‐triazole derivatives (6a‐j and 10a‐j) were designed based on the molecular hybridization concept and the molecules were synthesized by employing a click chemistry approach. The pharmacophoric units (quinoline and 1,2,3‐triazole) are linked through either an ether or an amide functionality; such a simple structural modification of the linker group significantly enhanced the anti‐tubercular activity of the molecules and all the amide derivatives showed better inhibition activity as compared to their ether analogs. However, these compounds did not inhibit significantly the growth of tested bacterial strains: the activity profile is similar to that observed for standard anti‐TB drugs indicating the specificity of these compounds towards the M.tuberculosis strain. The molecular docking studies of the active compounds with two target enzymes (Inh A and CYP121) of M.tuberculosis revealed the strong binding interactions, mainly through hydrogen bonding, between the molecules and the target receptors. Furthermore, prediction of in silico‐ADME (A: absorption, D: distribution, M: metabolism and E: excretion) parameters indicated that these compounds have an excellent oral bioavailability. The results suggest that these quinoline‐1,2,3‐triazole hybrids are a promising class of molecular entities for the development of new anti‐tubercular leads.
Polydopamine‐Modified Reduced Graphene Oxides as a Capable Electrode for High‐Performance Supercapacitor
Authors: Dong Shu , Xie Zeyu , Fang Yongzheng , Zhu Kai , Gao Yinyi , Wang Guiling , Yan Jun , Cheng Kui , Ye Ke , Cao Dianxue
Published: March 2019

Polydopamine modified reduced graphene oxides (PDA‐rGO) are synthesized by a facile dopamine polymerization reaction. As‐prepared PDA‐rGO shows a capable electrochemical performance as an electrode material for supercapacitors. A capacitance of 120 F g−1 is achieved at current density of 2 A g−1. PDA‐rGO also presents a superior cycling performance with capacitance retention of ∼99% after 10000 cycles. The remarkable electrochemical performance is attributed to the addition of PDA, which prevents the stacking of rGO and enhances the wettability of composite. Meanwhile, the rGO with high conductivity promise fast electronic transport.
Unsettling Faculty Minds: A Faculty Learning Community on Indigenization
Authors: Yeo Michelle , Haggarty Liam , Wida Wathu , Ayoungman Kent , Pearl Catherine M. L. , Stogre Tanya , Waldie Angela
Published: March 2019

This chapter describes a faculty learning community formed at our university, in partnership with local Indigenous communities, as part of our response to Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission Calls to Action. We interviewed participants about their experiences in this group, including their challenges and transformations.
Looking Back to the Potlatch as a Guide to Truth, Reconciliation, and Transformative Learning
Authors: Wilson Justin , Nelson‐Moody Aaron
Published: March 2019

This chapter describes the potlatch as a methodology to engage culturally diverse classrooms in liberation curriculum. The Potlach is a high‐context, community‐based, participatory method offering three intra/interpersonal reflexive waypoints teachers can use when designing and delivering transformative learning.
Toward Being Inclusive: Intentionally Weaving Online Learning, Reconciliation, and Intercultural Development
Authors: Williams Heather
Published: March 2019

This chapter describes the development and impact assessments of an online, co‐curricular intercultural communication course that weaves together material addressing reconciliation with Indigenous communities in Canada with material about cultural difference and communication across cultures. Considerations for inclusive online course design and for the sequencing of core intercultural communication concepts are described.
Management of prenatally diagnosed spina bifida: how do we move ahead?
Authors: Bebbington M.
Published: March 2019

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 53: 293–301

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 53: 302–308

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 53: 309–313
A New Samarium(III) Complex of Liriodenine: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Antitumor Activity, and DNA Binding Study
Authors: Bao Zhichun , Lai Delin , Shen Pengchang , Yu Mengxin , Kumar Rajesh , Liu Yancheng , Chen Zhenfeng , Liang Hong
Published: March 2019

A novel SmIII complex [SmIII(LA)2(pic)3] (Hpic = picric acid), in which LA is a natural‐derived alkaloid, liriodenine, was synthesized and characterized by IR, elemental analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. This complex showed enhanced solubility compared with liriodenine and its metal complexes that have been previously reported. The interaction of the SmIII complex with ct‐DNA was further investigated by various spectroscopic techniques, such as UV/Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD), and viscosity measurement. The results showed that the intrinsic binding constant Kb of the SmIII complex with ct‐DNA was calculated to be 5.03 × 103 L·mol–1 by UV/Vis absorption spectral analysis. The thermodynamic fluorescent spectral analysis suggested that the fluorescence intensity of the SmIII complex was weakened by ct‐DNA mainly through a dynamic quenching mechanism. The presence of Sm complex could increase the viscosity of DNA solution, so it was concluded that the complex bound with ct‐DNA via a moderate intercalative mode. Furthermore, this SmIII complex exhibited significant growth inhibition on the three typical tumor cell lines, HepG2, T‐24, and SK‐OV‐3, with the corresponding IC50 values, 10.76 ± 0.19, 8.85 ± 1.12, and 10.01 ± 0.55 μM, respectively. The in vitro antitumor activity was comparable with LA and cisplatin, which suggested that it might be a new broad spectrum antitumor agent with more satisfying solubility.
ϵK and ϵ′/ϵ in a diquark model
Authors: Chen Chuan-Hung , Nomura Takaaki
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Based on the calculations using the lattice QCD by the RBC-UKQCD collaboration and a large N

c
dual QCD, the resulting ϵ′/ϵ, which is less than the experimental data by more than a 2σ in the standard model (SM), suggests the necessity of a new physics effect. In order to complement the insufficient ϵ′/ϵ, we study the extension of the SM with a colored scalar in a diquark model. In addition to the pure diquark box diagrams, it is found that the box diagrams with one W-boson and one diquark, ignored in the literature, play an important role in the ΔS = 2 process. The mass difference between K

L
and K

S
in the diquark model is well below the current data, whereas the Kaon indirect CP violation ϵ

K
gives a strict constraint on the new parameters. Three mechanisms are classified in the study of ϵ′/ϵ. They include a tree-level diagram, QCD and electroweak (EW) penguins, and chromomagnetic operators (CMOs). Taking the Kobayashi-Maskawa phase as the unique CP source, we analyze each contribution of the three mechanisms in detail and conclude that with the exception of QCD and EW penguins, the tree and CMO effects can singly enhance ϵ′/ϵ to be of

$$ \mathcal{O} $$

O

(10−3), depending on the values of the free parameters, when the bound from ϵ

K
is satisfied.
A Problem with Discretizing Vale–Maurelli in Simulation Studies
Authors: Grønneberg Steffen , Foldnes Njål
Published: March 2019

Previous influential simulation studies investigate the effect of underlying non-normality in ordinal data using the Vale–Maurelli (VM) simulation method. We show that discretized data stemming from the VM method with a prescribed target covariance matrix are usually numerically equal to data stemming from discretizing a multivariate normal vector. This normal vector has, however, a different covariance matrix than the target. It follows that these simulation studies have in fact studied data stemming from normal data with a possibly misspecified covariance structure. This observation affects the interpretation of previous simulation studies.
Fabrication of interlayer-free silica-based membranes – effect of low calcination temperature using an organo-catalyst
Authors: Elma Muthia , Ayu Riani , Rampun Erdina L.A. , Annahdliyah Syarifah , Suparsih Dewi R. , Sari Norlian Ledyana , Pratomo Dhimas Ari
Published: March 2019

Communities in some wetland areas in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, find it difficult to access clean water because surface water is contaminated by saltwater intrusion, especially during the rainy season. Membrane technology provides a solution to this problem by removing the salt contained in the raw water. The membranes used are generally composed of a porous material – thin-film – medium that functions to separate particles with a specific molecular size from the solution. The purpose of this study is to synthesise and fabricate silica-based membranes using an organo-catalyst calcined at a low calcination temperature (200°C and 250°C) through rapid thermal processing. In order to fabricate these membranes, the sol–gel method was applied, using tetraethyl orthosilicate as the silica precursor and citric acid as an organo-catalyst (refluxed at 0°C and 50°C). The results show that all membranes prepared with the organo-catalyst produce mesoporous structures. The highest surface area and pore size achieved were 354 m2/g and 0.215 cm3/g, respectively, refluxed at 0°C. Furthermore, silica-based membranes calcined at 250°C showed lower silanol concentration compared with those calcined at 200°C. In addition, the organo-catalyst (citric acid) acts as a carbon source in the silica matrices and may increase the hydrostability of the silica networks.
Interference and transmission of spatiotemporally locally forced internal waves in non-uniform stratifications
Authors: Supekar Rohit , Peacock Thomas
Published: March 2019

Studies of the effects of constructive or destructive interference on the transmission of internal waves through non-uniform stratifications have typically been performed for internal wave fields that are spatiotemporally harmonic. To understand the impacts of spatiotemporal localization, we present a theoretical and experimental study of the transmission of two-dimensional internal waves that are generated by a boundary forcing that is localized in both space and time. The model analysis reveals that sufficient localization leads to the disappearance of transmission peaks and troughs that would otherwise be present for a harmonic forcing. The corresponding laboratory experiments that we perform provide clear demonstration of this effect. Based on the group velocity and angle of propagation of the internal waves, a practical criterion that assesses when the transmission peaks or troughs are evident is obtained.
Coalescence dynamics of a compound drop on a deep liquid pool
Authors: Deka Hiranya , Biswas Gautam , Sahu Kirti Chandra , Kulkarni Yash , Dalal Amaresh
Published: March 2019

The partial coalescence dynamics of a compound drop in a liquid pool is numerically investigated. We study the effect of the ratio of the inner to outer radii$(R_{r})$of the compound drop while maintaining a constant liquid volume in the outer shell of the compound droplet. It is observed that for small values of the radius ratio, the coalescence dynamics is similar to that of a ‘simple’ drop, but the partial coalescence is suppressed for large values of$R_{r}$. Increasing the value of$R_{r}$decreases the distance migrated by the inner bubble in the downward direction inside the pool. The location of the bubble after coalescence is found to play an important role in the pinch-off process of the satellite drop. The influence of the governing dimensionless parameters on the coalescence dynamics has also been investigated.
Kinematics and wake of freely falling cylinders at moderate Reynolds numbers
Authors: Toupoint Clément , Ern Patricia , Roig Véronique
Published: March 2019

We investigated experimentally the motion of elongated finite-length cylinders (length $L$, diameter $d$) freely falling under the effect of buoyancy in a low-viscosity fluid otherwise at rest. For cylinders with densities $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{c}$ close to the density $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{f}$ of the fluid ($\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{c}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{f}\simeq 1.16$), we explored the effect of the body volume by varying the Archimedes number $Ar$ (based on the body equivalent diameter) between 200 and 1100, as well as the effect of their length-to-diameter ratios $L/d$ ranging from 2 to 20. A shadowgraphy technique involving two cameras mounted on a travelling cart was used to track the cylinders along their fall over a distance longer than $30L$. A dedicated image processing algorithm was further implemented to properly reconstruct the position and orientation of the cylinders in the three-dimensional space. In the range of parameters explored, we identified three main types of paths, matching regimes known to exist for three-dimensional bodies (short-length cylinders, disks and spheres). Two of these are stationary, namely, the rectilinear motion and the large-amplitude oscillatory motion (also referred to as fluttering or zigzag motion), and their characterization is the focus of the present paper. Furthermore, in the transitional region between these two regimes, we observed irregular low-amplitude oscillatory motions, that may be assimilated to the A-regimes or quasi-vertical regimes of the literature. Flow visualization using dye released from the bodies uncovered the existence of different types of vortex shedding in the wake of the cylinders, according to the style of path. The detailed analysis of the body kinematics in the fluttering regime brought to light a series of remarkable properties. In particular, when normalized with the characteristic velocity scale $u_{0}=\sqrt{(\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}-1)gd}$ and the characteristic length scale $l_{0}=\sqrt{dL}$, the mean vertical velocity $\overline{u_{Z}}$ and the frequency $f$ of the oscillations become almost independent of $L/d$ and $Ar$. The use of the length scale $l_{0}$ and of the gravitational velocity scale to build the Strouhal number $St^{\ast }=fl_{0}/u_{0}$ allowed us to generalize to short ($0.1\leqslant L/d\leqslant 0.5$) and elongated cylinders ($2\leqslant L/d\leqslant 12$), the result $St^{\ast }\simeq 0.1$. An interpretation of $l_{0}$ as a characteristic length scale associated with the oscillatory recirculation thickness generated near the body ends is proposed. In addition, the rotation rate of the cylinders scales with $u_{0}/L$, for all $L/d$ and $Ar$ investigated. Furthermore, the phase difference between the oscillations of the velocity component $u$ along the cylinder axis and of the inclination angle $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ of the cylinder is approximately constant, whatever the elongation ratio $L/d$ and the Archimedes number $Ar$.
A Delicate Balance for Innovation: Competition and Collaboration in R&D Consortia
Authors: Chen Dong , Dai Li , Li Donghong
Published: March 2019

This study examines how competitive and cooperative relationships within R&D consortia influence member firms’ innovation output. We propose a U-shaped relationship between the presence of market competitors for a member firm and the firm's joint R&D output with other consortium members, and examine how the relationship is mediated by interactions with other members at the firm level and moderated by collaborative efforts at the consortium level. Using a unique sample of 320 firms from 52 R&D consortia in China, we find support for our predictions. This multi-level study extends our understanding of competition and cooperation in multi-party networks and provides insights for creating a balance between the two forces that is conducive to innovation.
China and the Reshaping of the Auto Industry: A Dynamic Capabilities Perspective
Authors: Teece David J.
Published: March 2019

Chinese firms are grappling with the four paradigm shifts around electric, connected, shared, and autonomous vehicles that are roiling the rest of the global auto industry. This article, which follows my earlier MOR article about the auto industry (Teece, 2018a), looks briefly at the development of capabilities in these fields by Chinese firms. It then analyzes the prospects for Chinese firms to use them to gain a stronger foothold in the global market, and for multinationals to continue to prosper in China. The paradigm shifts are creating new entry points for Chinese firms to capture value in the industry, and some potential global contenders have demonstrated solid dynamic capabilities in electric vehicles (Geely), shared vehicles (Didi Chuxing), and autonomous vehicles (Baidu). However, multinationals are also moving forward in the same fields and have strong complementary assets such as respected brands and well-honed dynamic capabilities.
A perched, high-elevation wetland complex in the Atacama Desert (northern Chile) and its implications for past human settlement
Authors: Sitzia Luca , Gayo Eugenia M. , Sepulveda Marcela , González Juan S. , Ibañez Lucia , Queffelec Alain , De Pol-Holz Ricardo
Published: March 2019

A previously undocumented type of wetland is described from the Atacama Desert in northern Chile (3000 m above sea level), sustained exclusively by direct precipitation and perched above the regional water table. Geomorphological mapping, pedostratigraphy, geochemistry, and analysis of contemporary vegetation is used to understand wetland formation and dynamics during historical and present time periods. The paleowetland deposits overlie a Miocene tuff that acts as an impermeable barrier to water transfer and creates conditions for local shallow ground water. These deposits include several paleosols that were formed during periods when precipitation increased regionally at 7755–7300, 1270, 545, and 400–300 cal yr BP. The similarity in timing with other palaeohydrological records for the Atacama implies that paleosols from this wetland are proxies for reconstructing past changes in local and regional hydrological cycle. Archaeological investigations have revealed the presence of two small farms from the Late Intermediate period, i.e., during the earliest wetter phase represented by the paleosols. Both farms are located near the paleowetland deposits, which suggests that local inhabitants exploited these water sources during late pre-Hispanic times. Results of this study improve knowledge of settlement patterns during this and earlier cultural periods.
Healthy choice label does not substantially improve consumers’ ability to select healthier cereals: results of an online experiment
Authors: Siegrist Michael , Hartmann Christina , Lazzarini Gianna A.
Published: March 2019

The results of numerous studies suggest that front-of-package (FOP) labels enhance consumers’ ability to assess the healthiness of food products. However, most of the studies lack ecological validity. We selected fourteen breakfast cereals stocked by a major Swiss retailer. The participants from an Internet panel (n 780), with a somewhat higher educational level than that of the Swiss population, were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: control (picture of the FOP presented), table (plus the nutrition table with information on the energy and the main nutrients per 100 g), label (plus the healthy choice label for the healthier product) and combined (plus both the nutrition table and the healthy choice label). The participants were asked to select the healthier cereals from all possible ninety-one pair comparisons. The nutrient profile score was used as a ‘gold standard’. For the thirty-three cereal pairs, one of the cereals had a label and the other had none, the median accuracy was only marginally lower in the control condition (91 %) compared with the table (94 %), the label (94 %) and the combined conditions (97 %). Similar results were observed when the incorrect decisions were weighted by the difference in the nutrient profile scores of the two cereals (for all ninety-one product pairs). These findings suggest that a healthy choice label has a limited effect on helping consumers select healthier cereals. In the control condition, the median of the correct choices was about 78 %. Consumers’ perception of the healthiness of foods could be improved.
Rule of whose law? The geography of authority in Juba, South Sudan
Authors: Kindersley Nicki
Published: March 2019

This study asks: in the general absence of a functioning and effective civil administration in Juba's huge suburbs, how have people negotiated personal disputes and neighbourhood management since conflict began in 2013? Who arbitrates in Juba, and on what terms? This study challenges top-down analyses that see political-military elites managing their ethnic enclaves of followers and fighters through nepotism and gifts. Such patronage requires the complex negotiation of responsibilities and rights, including over community safety and order. In Juba, the local authorities who mediate this have been built by men and women with extensive expertise and connections in South Sudan's long history of ‘civil-military’ governance systems. These local authorities have established lasting institutions by negotiating rights to residence in, arbitrating over, and knowing the human geography of their neighbourhoods. Their authority is rooted in this deep politics, drawing on their detailed knowledge of topographies of power in these multi-ethnic, highly military neighbourhood spaces.
Backway or bust: causes and consequences of Gambian irregular migration
Authors: Conrad Suso Catherine T.
Published: March 2019

Gambian irregular migration is a phenomenon that is well known and discussed within this small African nation, yet little is understood of the deep personal and socio-cultural motives to embark on the perilous journey across the Sahara towards Europe. This paper explores the ambitions and capabilities of Gambians who embark on irregular migration, or the so-called ‘backway’.
Spatiotemporal patterns and risk factors concerning hepatitis B virus infections in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei area of China
Authors: Xu C. D. , Xiao G. X. , Li J. M. , Cao H. X.
Published: March 2019

Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei is the largest urban agglomeration in northern China, but the spatiotemporal patterns and risk factors concerning hepatitis B virus (HBV) incidence in this area have been unclear. The present study aimed to reveal the spatiotemporal epidemiological features of HBV infection and quantify the association between HBV infection and socio-economic risk factors. The data on HBV cases in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei from 2007 to 2012 was collected for each county. The Bayesian space–time hierarchy model and the GeoDetector method were used to reveal spatiotemporal patterns and detect risk factors. High-risk regions were mainly distributed in the underdeveloped rural areas in the north and mid-south of the study region, while low-risk regions were mainly distributed in the urban and western areas. The HBV annual incidence rate decreased substantially over the 6-year period, dropping from 7.34/105 to 5.51/105. Compared with this overall trend, 38.5% of high-risk counties showed a faster decrease, and 35.9% of high-risk counties exhibited a slower decrease. Meanwhile, 29.7% of low-risk counties had a faster decrease, and 44.6% of low-risk counties exhibited a slower decrease. Socio-economic factors were strongly associated with the spatiotemporal patterns and variation. The population density and gross domestic product per capita were negatively associated with HBV transmission, with determinant powers of 0.17 and 0.12, respectively. The proportion of primary industry and the number of healthcare workers were positively associated with the disease incidence, with determinant powers of 0.11 and 0.8, respectively. The interactive effect between population density and the other factors exerted a greater influence on HBV transmission than that of these factors measured independently.
Diet specialisation reduces the occupancy of cocoa agroforests by diurnal raptors
Authors: ALMEIDA-ROCHA JULIANA MONTEIRO DE , MONSALVO JULIO AMARO BETTO , OLIVEIRA LEONARDO DE CARVALHO
Published: March 2019

Habitat loss and fragmentation, especially due to agriculture expansion, pose the main threats to biodiversity conservation. While some species are able to survive and proliferate in human-modified habitats (winner species), others are highly dependent on well-preserved habitats, being more vulnerable to extinction (losers). Many raptors can be considered loser species due to their high trophic position, large home ranges, and low reproductive rates. Consequently, this group is frequently used to reflect the environmental quality of habitats and the biodiversity status of communities. Here we describe the diurnal raptor assemblages found in shaded-cocoa agroforests (cabrucas) of Southern Bahia, Brazil, and the determinants of raptor occupancy in this system. We systematically surveyed diurnal raptors in 16cabrucasites using complementary sampling methods – active search, playback, and point-count – and modeled species occupancy using covariates related to vegetation structure, landscape, management intensity, and biological traits (body mass, trophic level, and diet specialisation). We found a high number of species (at least 18) as able to usecabrucasand a negative relationship between species occupancy and the degree of diet specialisation. Thus, our results suggest thatcabrucashave a high potential to mitigate the effects of forest loss and fragmentation on diurnal raptors, but this system alone may not support complete assemblages of this group. It highlights the need for the maintenance of forest remnants in the landscapes to increase species diversity at a regional scale and to assure the conservation of this group in Southern Bahian Atlantic Forest.
Notes on the biology of the threatened Island ThrushTurdus poliocephalus xanthopusin New Caledonia
Authors: VILLARD PASCAL , DUVAL THOMAS , PAPINEAU CHRISTIAN , CASSAN JEAN-JÉRÔME , FUCHS JÉRÔME
Published: March 2019

Three subspecies of Island ThrushTurdus poliocephaluswere historically found in New Caledonia. All these subspecies were considered extinct until 1978, whenT. p. xanthopuswas rediscovered on two small islands, Néba (∼ 3.5 km2) and Yandé (∼ 13 km2). On Néba, we estimated the population at 44–58 individuals. This Island Thrush population is dependent on the coastal forest, the richest habitat for invertebrates. However, the coastal forest habitat has been degraded in quality and extent. The Island Thrush forages in the litter by removing leaves with its bill. Fruits (diameter < 10 mm), picked from trees and swallowed whole, are also a significant component of its diet. Néba and Yandé are currently free of two nest predator species, the black ratRattus rattusand the New Caledonian CrowCorvus moneduloides. On Néba, a low breeding success rate of 15.4% was found. To ensure conservation of these relict thrush populations, two actions at least should be implemented: setting up a biosecurity programme to keep islands free of black rats and increasing the area of coastal forest. The latter could be done by cutting down coconut trees in abandoned groves and planting tree species used by the Island Thrush to provide shade, fruits, good leaf litter, and nest support.
A learning to rank approach for cross-language information retrieval exploiting multiple translation resources
Authors: Azarbonyad Hosein , Shakery Azadeh , Faili Heshaam
Published: March 2019

Cross-language information retrieval (CLIR), finding information in one language in response to queries expressed in another language, has attracted much attention due to the explosive growth of multilingual information in the World Wide Web. One important issue in CLIR is how to apply monolingual information retrieval (IR) methods in cross-lingual environments. Recently, learning to rank (LTR) approach has been successfully employed in different IR tasks. In this paper, we use LTR for CLIR. In order to adapt monolingual LTR techniques in CLIR and pass the barrier of language difference, we map monolingual IR features to CLIR ones using translation information extracted from different translation resources. The performance of CLIR is highly dependent on the size and quality of available bilingual resources. Effective use of available resources is especially important in low-resource language pairs. In this paper, we further propose an LTR-based method for combining translation resources in CLIR. We have studied the effectiveness of the proposed approach using different translation resources. Our results also show that LTR can be used to successfully combine different translation resources to improve the CLIR performance. In the best scenario, the LTR-based combination method improves the performance of single-resource-based CLIR method by 6% in terms of Mean Average Precision.
Financing environmentally-sustainable projects with green bonds
Authors: Agliardi Elettra , Agliardi Rossella
Published: March 2019

A structural model for green bonds is developed to explain the formation and dynamics of green bond prices and to address the issue of the so-called ‘greenium’, that is, the difference between the yields on a conventional bond and a green bond with the same characteristics. We provide answers to the following questions: What are the determinants of the green bond value? Do green bonds enhance the credit quality of the issuer? Are green bonds a relatively cheap tool to fund sustainable investments? We also study the effect of investors' environmental concern on portfolio allocation. Our results have direct policy implications and suggest that an improvement in credit quality could ultimately lead to a lower cost of capital for green bond issuers and that governmental tax-based incentives and an increase in investors' green awareness play a significant role in scaling up the green bonds market.
How medical advances and health interventions will shape future longevity
Authors: Gitsels L. A. , Kulinskaya E. , Wright N. R.
Published: March 2019

Medicine-related research includes numerous studies on the hazards of mortality and what risk factors are associated with these hazards, such as diseases and treatments. These hazards are estimated in a sample of people and summarised over the observed period. From these observations, inferences can be made about the underlying population and consequently inform medical guidelines for intervention. New health interventions are usually based on these estimated hazards obtained from clinical trials. A lengthy lead time would be needed to observe their effect on population longevity. This paper shows how estimated mortality hazards can be translated to hypothetical changes in life expectancies at the individual and population levels. For an individual, the relative hazards are translated into the number of years gained or lost in “effective age”, which is the average chronological age with the same risk profile. This translation from hazard ratio to effective age could be used to explain to individuals the consequences of various diseases and lifestyle choices and as a result persuade clients in life and health insurance to pursue a healthier lifestyle. At the population level, a period life expectancy is a weighted average of component life expectancies associated with the particular risk profiles, with the weights defined by the prevalences of the risk factor of interest and the uptake of the relevant intervention. Splitting the overall life expectancy into these components allows us to estimate hypothetical changes in life expectancy at the population level at different morbidity and uptake scenarios. These calculations are illustrated by two examples of medical interventions and their impact on life expectancy, which are beta blockers in heart attack survivors and blood pressure treatment in hypertensive patients. The second example also illustrates the dangers of applying the results from clinical trials to much wider populations.
Association of eggs with dietary nutrient adequacy and cardiovascular risk factors in US adults
Authors: Melough Melissa M , Chung Sang-Jin , Fernandez Maria Luz , Chun Ock K
Published: March 2019

Objective

Whole eggs are rich sources of several micronutrients. However, it is not well known how egg consumption contributes to overall nutrient adequacy and how it may relate to CVD risk factors. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine how whole egg consumption contributes to nutrient intakes and to assess its association with CVD risk factors in US adults.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

The study was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2012, a nationally representative survey of the US civilian population.

Participants

Adults who completed two dietary recalls and provided information on relevant sociodemographic factors were included in the study (n21 845).

Results

Approximately 73 % of adults were classified as whole egg consumers. Egg consumption was associated with greater intakes of protein, saturated fat, mono- and polyunsaturated fats, Fe, Zn, Ca, Se, choline, and several other vitamins and minerals. Egg consumption was associated with a higher likelihood of meeting or exceeding recommendations for several micronutrients. Egg intake was positively associated with dietary cholesterol consumption, but not with serum total cholesterol (TC) when adjusted for multiple potential confounders. In multiple linear regression analyses, TAG, TAG:HDL-cholesterol and TC:HDL-cholesterol were significantly lower with greater egg consumption. Egg consumption had no significant relationship with LDL-cholesterol or C-reactive protein, but was associated with higher BMI and waist circumference.

Conclusions

Whole eggs are important dietary contributors of many nutrients and had either beneficial or non-significant associations with most CVD risk biomarkers examined.