bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Literature review of user needs, toward user requirements
Authors: Naves Claudia , Amorim David , Geisler-Moroder David , Laike Thorbjörn , Martyniuk-Peczek Justyna , Szybinska Matusiak Barbara , Pohl Wilfried , Sokol Natalia
Published: March 2021

This report has been developed in the frame of the IEA SHC Task 61 Subtask A “User requirements”. The main objective was to rethink and reformulate user requirements to lighting (daylighting and electric lighting) in public buildings on the basis of a thorough literature study. The work is a joint effort of a number of scientists and represents collective knowledge in this topic. The concept of Lighting quality is the one, among many lighting concepts, which expresses the user perspective best. Lighting quality is the important goal of lighting designers and planners; however, it is difficult to define and to measure.
BSDF Generation Procedures for Daylighting Systems
Authors: Geisler-Moroder David , Lee Eleanor S. , Ward Gregory , Bueno Bruno , Grobe Lars O. , Wang Taoning , Deroisy Bertrand , Wilson Helen Rose
Published: March 2021

This white paper summarizes the current state of the art in the field of measurement and simulation characterization of daylighting systems by bidirectional scattering distribution functions (BSDFs) and provides recommendations broken down by classes of systems and use cases.
Reference applications for renewable heat
Authors: Pag F. , Jesper M. , Jordan U. , Gruber-Glatzl W. , Fluch J.
Published: March 2021

There is a high degree of freedom and flexibility in the way to integrate renewable process heat in industrial processes.  Nearly in every industrial or commercial application various heat sinks can be found, which are suitable to be supplied by renewable heat, e.g. from solar thermal, heat pumps, biomass or others. But in contrast to conventional fossil fuel powered heating systems, most renewable heating technologies are more sensitive to the requirements defined by the specific demand of the industrial company. Fossil fuel-based systems benefit from their indifference to process temperatures in terms of energy efficiency, their flexibility with respect to part-load as well as on-off operation, and the fuel as a (unlimited) chemical storage. In contrast, the required temperature and the temporal course of the heat demand over the year determine whether a certain regenerative heat generator is technically feasible at all or at least significantly influence parameters like efficiency or coverage rate.
Infraestrutura PAAS para um ambiente seguro e escalável da Plataforma Retratos da Atenção Primária à Saúde
Authors: Valadares Oliveira Eduardo Jorge , Valente Mayrink Nadja Naira , De Araújo Furtunato Alex Fabiano , Renny de Medeiros Welkson
Published: March 2021

A computação em nuvem surgiu como uma solução para diversos problemas de disponibilidade e resiliência de aplicações na internet. Novos conceitos surgiram com esse novo paradigma como, por exemplo, “conteinerização” de aplicações, infraestrutura como código, microsserviços, entre outros. Este trabalho propõe um novo ambiente de infraestrutura para os sistemas do ecossistema de projetos do Núcleo Avançado de Inovação Tecnológica – NAVI e tomando como estudo de caso o sistema Retratos da Atenção Primária à Saúde. O novo ambiente é baseado em uma solução de nuvem computacional conhecida como PaaS. É proposta uma nova estratégia de implantação de aplicações utilizando o OpenShift com scripts de CI/CD, permitindo aos desenvolvedores um maior controle no processo de integração contínua e de implantação dos seus projetos. Além das vantagens de gerenciamento de implantações, os resultados obtidos mostram que o novo ambiente proposto também traz ganhos consideráveis de performance das aplicações e nova possibilidades de escalonamento horizontal das aplicações. Nos testes realizados, foi obtido um ganho mínimo de 13% de performance.
Higaonon Tribe Justice System
Authors: ACABO JISSREL
Published: March 2021

The tribal justice processes are part of a well-structured, time-proven social system geared towards reconciliation, maintenance, and social relationships improvement. The purpose of the study was to give an insight to the readers about the Higaonon Tribe Justice System. This study utilizes descriptive and qualitative approaches, specifically observation and immersion. The findings concluded that all violations that had happened within their tribal community should be settled within their tribal justice court. The result also revealed that the proven guilty should pay according to the gravity of the offense. However, when the suspect cannot afford the victims’ side’s demands, all Datu/Tribal Leaders will help. It was recommended that the legal department of the Municipality of Buenavista would conduct a Para- Legal Justice training to build the capacities of recognized mediators and potential leaders in the tribal criminal justice system to enhance their existing local knowledge. Through the Barangay officials and Police officer, the government shall introduce ‘’jail’’ into the tribal community to help government solve jail congestion. Moreover, the tribal council should appoint members of the barangay to record the settlement (paghusay) by having a hard document. These records will contain the date, time, and venue, persons attending during the hearing, and agreements or decisions. Thus, this record will significantly help for future reference.
Carta a Desiderio Navarro
Authors: Nogueras Luis Rogelio
Published: March 2021

Preliminary note that introduces the letter that Luis Rogelio Nogueras wrote to Desiderio Navarro in Febrary 1985, based on some reflections on intertextuality and games in his poetry.
REPRESENTASI PEREMPUAN SEBAGAI SIMBOL PERLAWANAN PADA NOVEL JALAN PANJANG MENUJU PULANG KARYA PIPIET SENJA: KAJIAN FEMINISME RADIKAL
Authors: Caroline Suci Annisa , Anoegrajekti Novi , Saputra Heru S. P.
Published: March 2021

In a dominant patriarchal culture, women are considered lower than men in many aspects such as education, politics, workplace, and the sexuality discourse. This article shows the representation of women who symbolize her resistance which is reflected in the novel entitled Jalan Panjang Menuju Pulang by Pipiet Senja. It is used qualitative method supported by descriptive analysis on the basis of theoretical of radical feminism. The results of the study show that woman (Fatin) is subjugated by men. There are physical violence, psychological violence, and also domestic violence which happened to Fatin. Hans did Sexual harassment, while sexual violence done by Frankie. Meanwhile her husband ,Rimbong, threat her and hit her. Fatin suffers psychic and also physical violence. This spouse fought for the custody right. This research discuss about how Fatin showing her resistance to the domestic violence and sexual violence. In her apartment, Fatin dares to scuffles then reports Frankie to the police. She also reveals her resistance by hiding away her child when her husband will take her child.
TINDAK TUTUR ILOKUSI DALAM INTERAKSI JUAL BELI DI PASAR TEMPUREJO, JEMBER
Authors: Sari Resti Purnama , Sofyan Akhmad , Rochiyati S. A. Erna
Published: March 2021

Tempurejo Market is a traditional market mostly visited by people who live in Tempurejo Village and its surroundings to varying the speech acts used. Sellers and buyers have an interesting narrative method or strategy so that they achieved a deal. The speech acts that are often used in buying and selling interactions at Tempurejo Market are illocutionary speech acts and bargaining strategies so that the research problem is how illocutionary speech acts and bargaining strategies are used between sellers and buyers in Tempurejo Market, Jember Regency. This study describes illocutionary speech acts and bargaining strategies in buying and selling interactions at this market. The method used in this research is descriptive and equivalent. The second method is used to match the data with illocutionary speech act theory. The results showed five kinds of illocutionary speech acts: assertive, directives, expressive, commissives, and declarative. Illocutionary speech acts often used in buying and selling interactions at Tempurejo Market are assertive speech and expressive speech. The bargaining strategies used in the buying and selling interactions at Tempurejo Market offer strategy, bargaining strategy, the bid approval strategy, and the seller strategy to reject the offering. The bargaining strategy often used in buying and selling interactions at Tempurejo Market is the offering strategy.
PELANGGARAN PRINSIP KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA SISWA KELAS VII-B MTs MUHAMMADIYAH 3 YANGGONG DALAM BERKOMUNIKASI DENGAN GURU
Authors: Mahmudi Abdul Ghoni , Irawati Lulus , Soleh Dwi Rohman
Published: March 2021

This research describes the breach of politeness in learning Indonesian in class VII-B MTs Muhammadiyah 3 Yanggong, Ponorogo Regency. In the Indonesian learning process, especially in the topic "Speaking Indonesian properly and correctly" students should use polite language whenever communicating to the teacher. However, there are still many students who break the principle of politeness. This research used descriptive qualitative method—data collection using the observation method with note-taking and recording techniques. The results of this study indicate that there is a violation of all politeness maxims in learning Indonesian. A form of violating the maxims of wisdom is that students do not respond to their teachers by answering unserious or joking. Flouting of generosity maxims is shown by how students convey their intentions or wishes emotionally. The students violate the maxims of approbation, in which students criticize directly or frankly. Violation of the maxims of modesty is delivered by underestimating the partner. Violation of the agreement's maxims is indicated by students' attitude who do not respect their teacher's orders by speaking in a rude Javanese speech style or ngoko. The students break the maxims of sympathy by boasting or praising themselves in front of their teachers and classmates.
REPRESENTASI KEARIFAN LOKAL DARI NOVEL KE FILM RAKSASA DARI JOGJA: KAJIAN EKRANISASI
Authors: Siswara Ajeng Yuditya , Saputra Heru S.P. , Maslikatin Titik
Published: March 2021

This article analyzes the ecranization pattern between the novel Raksasa Dari Yogya and the adapted film. Filmize novel usually changes the story text's content because not all novel story text content can be moved on the screen. This study aims to get the changes that occur in the novel's adaptation pattern to the form of a film medium, and the shape of representations existed in the two works. This study uses an ecranization perspective. The methodology used in this study is qualitative because the data are in the form of narrative text in novels and visual texts which are the results of the film captured Raksasa Dari Yogya. The data collection method was collected by reading, taking notes, watching, recording film source data, and processing it. Data analysis is in the form of interpretation of data obtained from novel texts and films. The study results show that there are changes: reducing, adding, or varying modifications in terms of the content of the story text. It is caused by the difference between the media used between novels and films. Books and movies reveal Yogyakarta local wisdom representations in the form of arts and tourism. The local wisdom depicted in novels and movies reflects Yogyakarta culture's richness, strengthening a region's identity. The changes can make the film more attractive without changing the substance of the novel as a whole.
BIAS PATRIARKI DI BALIK PELAKSANAAN TRADISI TUNDUAK DI MINANGKABAU
Authors: Rosa Silvia
Published: March 2021

In Minangkabau society, the Tunduak is a tradition when the newly marriage visits father in law's house for the first time. This article aims to discuss the meaning of implementing the Tunduak Tradition carried out by the bride in Solok Regency, West Sumatra Province. The research method used is a cognitive semiological methods. Data were collected through field surveys in photographs and words or narration obtained through audio and visual recording techniques. Data analysis was performed using the semiotic theory of myth by Rolland Barthes. The implementation of this tradition is accompanied by members of the bride's relatives who come with various kinds of luggage to be presented to the groom's relatives. The study results show that the implementation of the Tunduak Tradition in the view of the Minangkabau custom in Solok Regency gives its characteristics in Minangkabau customs' performance. Namely the accompaniment of the group's configuration walking to the house of the bride's parents-in-law while carrying the luggage placed on the head, and only done by the woman's close relatives of the bride. It reflects a cultural parade that can be used as an exciting spectacle in various areas in Solok Regency. The study results concluded that the implementation of the Tunduak Tradition represents an institutionalized myth to glorify the position and position of men in the matrilineal society in Minangkabau.
RESISTENSI DALAM NOVEL STUDENT HIDJO KARYA MAS MARCO KARTODIKROMO: KAJIAN POSKOLONIAL
Authors: Mahattir Nando Zikir , Anoegrajekti Novi , Muhamad Abu Bakar Ramadhan
Published: March 2021

This research use Mas Marco's novel Student Hidjo as material object. The Postcolonial theory will be used to analys Student Hidjo novel’s by Mas Marco. Postcolonial is a set of theories to explore the effects of colonialism in various documents and behaviors, including literature. This study uses qualitative methods to obtain the necessary data from the novel. This type of analysis uses descriptive analysis. The analysis will use deconstruction method. This is in accordance with postcolonialism which is a reversal of the colonial discourse. Such a method is useful for reversing the colonial discourse which presents the relationship between colonizers >< colonized in the novel.. The relationship that seemed stable was undermined by the subjectivity of the colonized through their resistance. The various resistances presented by the colonized were understood by the postcolonialists as a form of an ambivalent legacy of colonialism. The ambivalent side occurs because the resulting resistance strikes both sides. On the one side attacking the invaders, but on the other side attacking resisting subject.

Keywords: postcolonial, deconstruction, colonizers, colonized, ambivalent
Orthophonic exercises in Polish language teaching
Authors: Fiszbak Jolanta
Published: March 2021

The author argues that orthophonic exercises need to be urgently included in Polish language teaching. It is important not only because such exercises help to develop a student’s speech organs; they are generally beneficial in personal development, as well as supporting Polish language education. She also points to problems which many Polish people come across concerning correct articulation, and she presents the origins of such struggles: the influence of new media as well as the negligence of this matter at school. The article presents various orthophonic exercises, presents their aims and rules of employing them in Polish language teaching. Moreover, the author explains how to organise these exercises during Polish language classes.
The ability to listen in fourth graders. Diagnosis attempt
Authors: Chyb Marta U.
Published: March 2021

The subject of this article is to present the results of the research aimed at diagnosing the level of listening skills of 4th grade students. The study was conducted on a sample of 210 students from eight primary schools in Opole. An original test based on a popular song was used for the diagnosis. It consisted in checking the mastery of selected receptive and productive skills (both at a global and local level). The research shows that receptive skills are better mastered by fourth graders than productive ones. As part of their receptive skills, students are good at understanding the song at a global level, while it is difficult for them to understand the text at the local level. In turn, as part of productive skills, the tendency is reversed: for those under examination it is easier to use detailed information from the text in practice than sense it over. The obtained research results help to answer the question as to which perceptive skills should be developed as part of the Polish language educa-tion to prepare students for competent listening in out-of-school situations.
Auditory attention disorders in the functioning of children’s language
Authors: Skowronek Jolanta
Published: March 2021

Hearing has a decisive role in human life and human development. It conditions proper functioning in terms of both primary and higher skills. Sometimes, despite the normative level of physiological hearing, there are difficulties in perception and auditory analysis. The article describes the importance of the sense of hearing in human life. The auditory attention function and its components are described. Basic profiles of auditory attention occurring in children and the difficulties that they condition — especially in the development of communication competence and school situation — are also described. The article ends with developed proposals for strategies for working with children with impaired hearing attention. The recommendations developed are the result of literature studies, observations and numerous consultations with parents. The article aims to increase the awareness and alertness of teachers towards children with the behaviours described in the article.
Eﬀectiveness of crime scene examination and detectability of crime perpetrators
Authors: Herbowski Piotr
Published: March 2021

One of the primary purposes of criminal proceedings is to detect perpetrators of crimes. Among the most important factors aﬀ ecting the eﬀectiveness of these activities should be the high eﬃciency of the crime scene examination. It depends to a large extent on the quality of police work, but also on a number of other factors whose existence, as has been Polish investigation practice for many years, cannot be ignored.
Recydywa penologiczna w Republice Słowackiej i krajach europejskich
Authors: Griger Jozef , Jasiński Krzysztof
Published: March 2021

The authors are focused on the grasping the importance of correct recidivism as a background for adopting systemic measures in the criminal policy of the state. It also raises issues of deﬁning and estimating penitentiary recidivism, which is understood diﬀerently depending on the country, legal system and social and criminal conditions.
Performance of a drop-in biofuel emulsion on a single-cylinder research diesel engine
Authors: Bogarra-Macias Maria , Doustdar Omid , Fayad Mohammed A. , Wyszyński Miroslaw L. , Tsolakis Athanasios , Ding P , Pacek Andrzej , Martin Peter , Overend Ralph , O’Leary Shane
Published: March 2021

Current targets in reducing CO2 and other greenhouse gases as well as fossil fuel depletion have promoted the research for alternatives to petroleum-based fuels. Pyrolysis oil (PO) from biomass and waste oil is seen as a method to reduce life-cycle CO2, broaden the energy mix and increase the use of renewable fuels. The abundancy and low prices of feedstock have attracted the attention of biomass pyrolysis in order to obtain energy-dense products. Research has been carried out in optimising the pyrolysis process, finding efficient ways to convert the waste to energy. However, the pyrolysis products have a high content in water, high viscosity and high corrosiveness which makes them unsuitable for engine combustion. Upgrading processes such as gasification, trans-esterification or hydro-deoxynegation are then needed. These processes are normally costly and require high energy input. Thus, emulsification in fossil fuels or alcohols is being used as an alternative.
In this research work, the feasibility of using PO-diesel emulsion in a single-cylinder diesel engine has been investigated. In-cylinder pressure, regulated gaseous emissions, particulate matter, fuel consumption and lubricity analysis reported. The tests were carried out of a stable non-corrosive wood pyrolysis product produced by Future Blends Ltd of Milton Park, Oxfordshire, UK. The product is trademarked by FBL, and is a stabilized fraction of raw pyrolysis oil produced in a process for which the patent is pending. The results show an increase in gaseous emissions, fuel consumption and a reduction in soot. The combustion was delayed with the emulsified fuel and a high variability was observed during engine operation.
A new generation of F1 race engines – hybrid power units
Authors: STĘPIEŃ Zbigniew
Published: March 2021

The paper aims at reviewing the evolution of the F1 engine technology and the associated regulatory framework governing the sport over the last 10 years. Technical regulations, in force since 2014, replaced the 2.4-liter V8 naturally aspirated engines with sophisticated hybrid units such as the 1.6-liter V6 turbocharged engines supported with energymanagement and recovery systems. Since 2014 the fundamental trend in the development of powertrains has been the advancement of their efficiency. Due to the fact that the fuel flow rate has been restricted, the maximum performance is now entirely dependent on the engine efficiency.
The influence of fuel injection pump malfunctions of a marine 4-stroke Diesel engine on composition of exhaust gases
Authors: LEWIŃSKA Joanna
Published: March 2021

The article presents results of a laboratory study on exhaust gas emission level from a marine diesel engine. The object of the laboratory study was a four-stroke marine diesel engine type Al 25/30 Sulzer, operated at a constant speed. The examination on the engine was carried out according to regulations of the Annex VI to MARPOL 73/78 Convention. The laboratory study consisted of 3 observations: the engine assumed to be operating without malfunctions, delay of the fuel injection by 5° of crankshaft angle in the second engine cylinder, and the leakage of the fuel pump on the second engine cylinder. Additionally, parameters of fuel consumption and thermodynamic parameters of the marine engine were measured during the research. Simulated malfunctions caused changes in total weighed NOx, CO, and CO2 emissions for all considered engine loads. All simulated malfunctions caused a small change in measured thermodynamic parameters of the engine. The engine operation with the delayed fuel injection and the fuel leakage in the fuel pump in one cylinder caused a decrease of NOx and CO emission level. Fuel leakage in the fuel pump causes the CO2 emission to decrease only at low engine load. Calculations of the weighed specific fuel consumption present a 1-2% change in the engine efficiency.
The effect of alternative fuels injection timing on toxic substances formation in CI engines
Authors: WOJS Marcin K. , ORLIŃSKI Piotr , LASOCKI Jakub
Published: March 2021

The present study describes selected issues associated with the emission level in toxic exhaust gases and fuel injection timing. The study was focused on the following types of fuels: Diesel oil (the base fuel) and the other fuels were the mixture of fatty acid methyl ester with Camelina (L10 – diesel fuel with 10% V/V FAME of Camelina and L20 – diesel fuel with 10% V/V FAME of Camelina) was used. Fuel injection advanced angle was set for three different values – the factory setting – 12° before TDC, later injection – 7° and earlier injection – 17°. The most important conclusion is that in most measurement points registered in the same engine operating conditions, the concentration of fuel NOx in L10 and L20 increased but PM emissions decreased which is caused by active oxygen located in the internal structure of the fuel. This fact contributes to the rise in temperature during the combustion process. At the same time factory settings of the angle makes NOx emissions lower and close to reference fuel.
The evaluation of the regularity of the combustion process in the SI engine fueled with petrol and ethanol
Authors: STELMASIAK Zdzisław , PIETRAS Dariusz
Published: March 2021

In the paper are presented results of a research work concerning automotive spark ignition engine fueled with ethyl alcohol. The research was performed on a Fiat 1100 MPI engine adapted to dual fuel feeding. Injection of ethyl alcohol was accomplished in area near inlet valve with use of original injectors, the same as used in case of gasoline feeding. The subject-matter of the study was to compare smoothness of engine operation fueled with alcohol in relation to parameters of the engine fueled traditionally with gasoline. There were analyzed combustion parameters calculated on the basis of recorded indicated diagrams of successive individual combustion cycles and averaged diagrams of successive 50 cycles. Performed investigations are pointing at smooth engine operation running on neat alcohol, and on improvement of performance parameters such as effective power and overall efficiency.
A 4-stroke spark-ignition engine fuelled with low quality gas
Authors: BRZEŻAŃSKI Marek , MARECZEK Michał , SUTKOWSKI Marek , SMUGA Wojciech
Published: March 2021

Huge amount of by-products is still considered as waste and is simply disposed, for example by-product gas is usually flared. Political and social pressure to reduce air pollution and national needs for energy security make these waste fuels interesting for near-future power generation. Unfortunately most of these waste fuels, even when liquefied or gasified, have very low quality and can hardly be used in high-efficiency power systems. Among main challenges are low calorific value and composition fluctuation. Additionally very often there is a high content of sulphur, siloxanes, tars, etc., which have to be removed from the fuel. Modern 4-stroke gas engines designed for power generation applications provide very high efficiency, high reliability and availability. Unfortunately, these gas engines require high quality fuel with stable composition. Horus-Energia together with Cracow University of Technology developed a novel gas supply system HE-MUZG that can adapt to current gas quality and change engine settings accordingly.This article will present results from the HE-MUZG system tests on modern 4-stroke spark-ignition gas engine. Tests focus on low quality gas, such as gas with low calorific value, gas with very low methane number and gas with very big variations of calorific value. Test results compared with performance of that engine in the original configuration show huge improvements. Moreover the HE- MUZG system is easy to implement in commercial gensets.
The proposition of utilisation the vehicle in 1:5 scale to construction and testing of an autonomous vehicle
Authors: PARCZEWSKI Krzysztof , ROMANISZYN Kazimierz M.
Published: March 2021

In the near future, vehicles will be moving autonomously with little participation or completely without the driver affecting on the vehicle move. Task of driver will be limited to identify the end point of the vehicle route. Vehicles, to meet this challenge, must be equipped with the control systems and supervising the movement of the vehicle, reacting onto the movement of pedestrians and other vehicles, road signs, time of day and weather conditions. The movement of the vehicle will be controlled and driven by a system on board a vehicle, but will also be required to tracking the vehicles position and its movement parameters using of the vehicle satellite navigation systems. In addition, the motion trajectory of the vehicle will be determined and any deviation from the target track will be corrected. The article presents a proposal for determining the trajectory of the vehicle based on the control points specified by the coordinates of the location of the vehicle and ways of correcting the trajectory of the vehicle. For this purpose was utilized the vehicle in scale.
Environmental aspects of the impact of the technical condition of motor vehicles on environmental pollution
Authors: IDZIOR Marek , CZAPLIŃSKI Edward
Published: March 2021

The article presents selected aspects related to the influence of toxic components of exhaust gases from vehicle transport vehicles on environmental pollution and human health. The paper describes the quantitative structure of motor vehicles that are operating in Poland. The structure of used passenger cars that were imported from abroad and first registered in Poland was presented. The procedure for periodic control tests in exhaust emission diagnostic stations is also described. The results of the study allowed to distinguish a group of vehicles that did not meet the limits of pollution established by the legislator.
Evaluation of the efficiency of the three-way catalytic converter of a spark ignition engine of the chosen aromatic hydrocarbons removing
Authors: SKRĘTOWICZ Maria , WOŹNIAK Joanna , WRÓBEL Radosław
Published: March 2021

In the paper the results of measurement of the most popular aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene and xylenes) in the exhaust of spark ignition engine before and after three-way catalytic reactor were presented. The investigations have been conducted at fixed rotational speed, 2500 rpm and at a few different values of torque in range 0 – 80 Nm, every 10 Nm. Based on obtained results, the calculations of catalytic reactor efficiency in removing analysed components have been made. The measurements showed high efficiency of the catalytic converter in reduction of that pollutants in exhaust gases.
Correlation investigations into pollutant emission and the operational states of compression-ignition engines in dynamic tests
Authors: CHŁOPEK Zdzisław , LASOCKI Jakub
Published: March 2021

This study investigates the correlation dependences between pollutant emission intensity and the engine operational states determining these properties, in various conditions, both in relation to measurements of engine operational states and their dynamic nature. The research was carried out in a variety of dynamic tests. Investigations into the correlations of processes occurring in combustion engines make it possible to assess the impact of one process on another and the relationship between the various processes.In general, it was found that similar dependencies occur for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, but were often substantially different for nitrogen oxides.
Bio-oil blended butanol as a fuel to the spark ignition internal combustion reciprocating engine
Authors: CHWIST Mariusz , SZWAJA Stanisław , GRAB-ROGALIŃSKI Karol , PYRC Michał
Published: March 2021

The article presents results on combustion of the bio-oil blended butanol in the spark ignition engine. Bio-oil is a mixture of hydro-carbons condensing to liquified phase while cooling it down to ambient temperature. In general, the liquid called bio-oil is a byproduct of the pyrolysis process of organic matter. Results from analysis presented in the manuscript include the following: in-cylinder pressure traces and toxic exhaust emissions. Finally, comparison of these results with results from combustion of n-butanol reference fuel were provided. Obtained results indicate satisfactory, eco-friendly possibility for utilization of bio-oil in the internal combustion engine
CFD numerical simulation of the indirect cooling system of an internal combustion engine
Authors: BIAŁY Michał , PIETRYKOWSKI Konrad , TULWIN Tytus , MAGRYTA Paweł
Published: March 2021

The paper presents an analysis of the fluid flow in the cooling system of an internal combustion engine with oposite pistons.The purpose of the work was to optimize the flow of fluid through the channels located in the engine block. Simulation studies and subsequent iterations were performed using Ansys Fluent software. Two-equation k-epsilon turbulence model was used in the simulation model. Boundary and initial conditions were taken from previously made simulations conducted in AVL Boost software. The average wall temperature of the cylinder and the temperature of the outer walls of the cylinder were assumed for simulations. The results of the analyzes were graphically illustrated by the speed streamline distribution of velocity fields and temperature.
Selection of an algorithms controlling operation of supercharged compression ignition engine with additional fueling with CNG gas
Authors: STELMASIAK Zdzisław , LARISCH Jerzy , PIETRAS Dariusz
Published: March 2021

The article presents an issues concerning selection of controlling algorithms for operation of supercharged compression ignition engine fueled additionally with CNG gas, including implemented control procedures, adjustment algorithms and operational algorithms. As the result, the engine which is run in dual fuel system operates under control of two controllers, factory ECU controller, governing fueling with the base fuel (Diesel oil) and all fueling parameters, and the second controller for gaseous fuel supply. Priority of operation of the controllers relates to fueling with Diesel oil, while the gas is treated as supplementary fuel. Due to possibility of usage of factory made original ECU controller as used with Diesel oil supply; it has been presented proposal of its software in form of array algorithms.
Inflammability evaluation of hydrocarbon fuels mixtures formed directly in the combustion chamber
Authors: SIDOROWICZ Maciej , PIELECHA Ireneusz
Published: March 2021

The proposed article involves an investigation of the processes taking place during the preparation of mixed fuels that are combined directly before combustion. The fuel dose formed in this way must take into account the qualitative and quantitative composition of the fuels and the amount of air in the process. Given that liquid fuels similar to gasoline (e.g. methanol, ethanol, butanol) are characterized by different properties, their comparison would be useful in order to use their ratio to influence the combustion process. The process of fuel preparation plays a decisive role in this issue.
The article describes abilities of modelling the injection of various fuels simultaneously to the combustion chamber for creating fuel mixture directly before ignition. First part of the article consists of analysis of light hydrocarbon fuels mixing abilities, supported with present research data. Next part describes the evaluation of execution of the assumed system – two fuel injectors with analysis of spray penetration. The modelling of the injection and spray was performed in the AVL FIRE 2014.2 environment and the results were presented. The injection possibility was proven by injecting the fuel to the combustion chamber model. Local values of air-fuel ratio, density and ambient pressure were presented to better understand the potential in mixing fuels directly before ignition. The conclusion includes description of fuel mixing abilities, influence of various fuels on creation of a stratified mixture and definition of controllability of charge ignition.
The role and tasks of the support mats in construction of catalytic converters
Authors: KOZIOL-JAROSZ Magdalena , BRZEŻAŃSKI Marek
Published: March 2021

The purpose of support mats used in catalytic converters as connecting element between the ceramic core and the metallic converter housing has been presented in article. The functional requirements and operating conditions have been discussed as well as support mat types and manufacturing methods. The support mat choice and basic design features have been also presented.
Nanoparticle emissions from gasoline vehicles DI & MPI
Authors: CZERWINSKI Jan , COMTE Pierre , GUEDEL Martin , BONSACK Peter
Published: March 2021

The nanoparticles (NP) count concentrations are limited in EU for all Diesel passenger cars since 2013 and for gasoline cars with direct injection (GDI) since 2014. For the particle number (PN) of MPI gasoline cars there are still no legal limitations. In the present paper some results of investigations of nanoparticles from five DI and four MPI gasoline cars are represented. The measurements were performed at vehicle tailpipe and in CVS-tunnel. Moreover, five variants of “vehicle – GPF” were investigated. The PN-emission level of the investigated GDI cars in WLTC without GPF is in the same range of magnitude very near to the actual limit value of 6.0 × 10^12 1/km. With the GPF’s with better filtration quality, it is possible to lower the emissions below the future limit value of 6.0 × 10^11 1/km. The modern MPI vehicles also emit a considerable amount of PN, which in some cases can attain the level of Diesel exhaust gas without DPF and can pass over the actual limit value for GDI (6.0 × 10^12 1/km). The GPF-technology offers in this respect further potentials to reduce the PN-emissions of traffic.
Study of the efficiency of on-board electricity generation in the city bus
Authors: GRABOWSKI Łukasz , WENDEKER Mirosław , BARAŃSKI Grzegorz , DUK Mariusz
Published: March 2021

This paper discusses the methodologies to investigate the efficiency of on-board electricity generation in the city bus. The research object, i.e. the Mercedes Conecto was tested under steady conditions. A chassis dynamometer, i.e. the MAHA LPS 3000 LKW provided the same conditions during the entire research. The paper presents the samples of the measurements performed at a single operating point of a given crankshaft speed and torque. This operating point was specified in line with the guidelines for the WHSC test. In our study, an electrical load was changed with an extra receiver, or a light bulb, at a fixed amount of fuel. The electrical loads were 0.4 kW, 1.6 kW and 2.8 kW. The research results enabled us to specify the amount of fuel to generate 1 kWh of electrical energy.
Utilization of the zero unitarization method for the building of a ranking for diagnostic marine engine parameters
Authors: ZADRĄG Ryszard , KNIAZIEWICZ Tomasz
Published: March 2021

Changing some of the parameters of the engine structure affects the emission of harmful components in the exhaust gases This primarily concerns damage in the cargo exchange system as well as in the fuel system and engine boost system. Changes in emissions of harmful compounds are often ambiguous, depending largely on the parameters that shape the combustion process. An additional problem is that often simple but undesired interactions occur with the interaction of these parameters. It is therefore possible to speak of different diagnostic parameters sensitivity to the same extractions from the engine structure, but implemented in other load states. In cases where the set of parameters is numerous and the values of these parameters are similar, there is a real problem with their proper classification, often based on the discretion of the researcher. In the paper the authors propose a methodology for classification of acquired diagnostic parameters. In previous papers [4, 5], Hellwigs method of information capacity index was proposed as a measure of diagnostic parameter sensitivity. This method can be used to build a diagnostic parameter ranking that divides the set of diagnostic variables into stimulators, destimulators and nominators. This normalization of the set seems to be helpful in making a diagnostic decision not influenced by the discretion of the researcher. The zero unitary method can also be helpful in creating diagnostic tests.
Estimating pollutant emission from motor vehicles in the years 2000–2015
Authors: BEBKIEWICZ Katarzyna , CHŁOPEK Zdzisław , SZCZEPAŃSKI Krystian , ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA Magdalena
Published: March 2021

National annual emission from motor vehicles were estimated with the use, for the first time in Poland, of the COPERT software programme developed in support of official reporting under the EU cooperation framework. The quantification of vehicular emission covered the period 2000–2015. The results were analysed for the following cumulated vehicle categories: passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, heavy duty vehicles, urban buses, coaches, motorcycles and mopeds. The national annual emission from motor vehicles in Poland was found to be markedly declining. The relative national annual emission of individual pollutants was balanced against the situation in the year 2000. Starting from 2006, a distinct decreasing trend was observed for the relative national annual emission of pollutants from a representative motor vehicle; this was valid for all the substances except for nitrous oxide alone.
Hazard identification process in the selected analysis domain of the F100 turbofan engines maintenance system
Authors: SZRAMA Sławomir , KADZIŃSKI Adam
Published: March 2021

The multirole F-16 is the most advanced aircraft in the Polish Air Forces. It has been equipped with the very modern, sophisticated and advanced turbofan engine F100-PW-229. Due to the fact, that there is only one engine, its reliability, durability efficiency and performance are the crucial factors for the safety reasons. In the article authors researched maintenance system of the F100 turbofan engines, which are built on the multirole F-16 aircraft. For the study purposes F100 maintenance system model has been created. From this model, the main analysis domain was derived, comprising “Major engine objects discrepancies removal” process. Considering such an analysis domain, on the basis of the schematic diagram of the hazard identification process, authors presented the following procedures: tools preparation for the hazard sources identification, hazard sources identification, hazard sources grouping and hazards formulation. The main goal of this article was to provide hazard identification process results as hazard specifications, which include: a group of hazard sources, hazards formulation and the most probable/predictable consequences, severities and losses/harms of the hazard activation.
CAN network in real time on board systems
Authors: ŚMIEJA Michał , WIERZBICKI Sławomir , MAMALA Jarosław
Published: March 2021

The network system of data exchange between the various components is an inherent element of every car. Because of the specific and different requirements for data transfer between specific devices, currently used communication protocols have different properties of performance, security, and degree of determinism. The paper presents the increasing complexity of the data exchange system based on the example of the latest requirements for digital tachographs. The article describes also the data transmission initialization methods in the context of network data exchange organization. The hybrid use of time triggering and event triggering mechanisms has been presented in relation to the operation of the CAN network under increased real-time conditions requirements implemented as TTCAN (time triggered CAN).
Particle number measurements in the European legislation and future JRC activities
Authors: GIECHASKIEL Barouch , LAHDE Tero , SUAREZ-BERTOA Ricardo , CLAIROTTE Michael , GRIGORATOS Theodoros , ZARDINI Alessandro , PERUJO Adolfo , MARTINI Giorgio
Published: March 2021

The solid particle number method was introduced in the European Union (EU) light-duty legislation for diesel vehicles to ensure the installation of the best-available technology for particles (i.e., wall-flow diesel particulate filters) without the uncertainties of the volatile nucleation mode and without the need of large investment for purchasing the equipment. Later it was extended to gasoline vehicles with direct injection engines, heavy-duty engines (both compression ignition and positive ignitions) and non-road mobile machinery engines. Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing on the road with Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) for particle number (and NOx) during type approval and in-service conformity testing was recently (in 2017) introduced for light-duty vehicles, and is under discussion for heavy-duty vehicles in-service conformity testing. This paper will summarize the existing legislation regarding solid particle number and discuss the on-going activities at EU level. The main focus at the moment is on improving the calibration procedures, and extending the lower detection size below 23 nm with inter-laboratory exercises. In parallel, discussions are on-going to introduce testing at low ambient temperature, regeneration emissions in the light-duty regulation, a particle limit for other technologies such as gasoline port-fuel injection vehicles, and the feasibility of particle measurements to L-category vehicles (mopeds, motorcycles, tricycles and minicars). A short overview of periodical technical inspection investigations and the situation regarding non-exhaust traffic related sources with special focus on brakes and tyres will be described.
Evaluation of the test drive cycle conditions impact on exhaust emissions from an internal combustion engine
Authors: ANDRYCH-ZALEWSKA Monika , CHŁOPEK Zdzisław , MERKISZ Jerzy , PIELECHA Jacek
Published: March 2021

Test results of exhaust emission sensitivity to engine operating conditions from a vehicle with a compression ignition engine have been analyzed. These results were determined in driving tests: NEDC (New European Driving Cycle), RDE (Real Driving Emissions) and Malta, an original drive cycle developed at Poznan University of Technology. The tests in the NEDC and Malta cycles were carried out on the engine dynamometer in driving tests simulation conditions, while the RDE test was carried out in the real conditions of passenger car traffic. The mean exhaust emission test results of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide as well as the mean particle number in individual tests have been provided. A high sensitivity of the tested emission values to the changes in engines operating conditions was found, both for static and dynamic conditions. The strongest impact of engine operating conditions was found for hydrocarbons emissions and the number of particles, followed by carbon monoxide, a smaller impact was found for nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide. The largest differences in the values characterizing exhaust emissions were found for the NEDC test, which differed the most in dynamic engine operating conditions from other tests that closer resemble real driving conditions of vehicles.
A physical model of energetic processes in a diesel marine generator set
Authors: KNIAZIEWICZ Tomasz , ZACHAREWICZ Marcin
Published: March 2021

The paper presents a physical model of energy related processes taking place in a diesel marine generator set. The development of a physical model was preceded by an analysis of the design structure of the investigated object and the flow of parameters among the functional modules of the model object. The above was completed by developing of functional and topological models. Only their analysis allowed the development of the proper physical model.
The CFD analysis of influence the start of fuel injection (SOI) on combustion parameters and exhaust gas composition of the marine 4-stroke engine
Authors: KOWALSKI Jerzy
Published: March 2021

The paper presents a theoretical analysis of the impact of injection timing on the parameters of the combustion process and the com-position of exhaust gas from a 4-stroke engine designed to shipbuilding. The analysis was carried out based on a three-dimensional multi-zone model of the combustion process. This model has been prepared on the basis of properties of the research facility. The input data to the model were obtained through laboratory tests. Results of calculations showed that the change of the start of injection angle (SOI) from the value of 14 degrees before TDC to 22 degrees before TDC results in changes in the combustion rate and thus an increase in the temperature of the combustion process as well as the increase of nitric oxides fraction in the exhaust gas. Simultaneously the maximum combustion pressure increases also.