bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 incidence among blood donors in France, 1992 through 2006: use of an immunoassay to identify recent infections
Authors: Pillonel Josiane , Barin Francis , Laperche Syria , Bernillon Pascale , Le Vu Stéphane , Brunet Sylvie , Thierry Damien , Desenclos Jean‐Claude ,   the “Transfusion‐Transmissible Agents Working Group” of the French Society of Blood Transfusion
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: In France, blood donations found to be positive for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) are further tested to detect recent infections (≤180 days) using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA‐RI) developed in 2002. The characteristics of recently infected donors, estimates of HIV‐1 incidence, and the residual risk of transfusion‐transmitted HIV‐1 are presented, in both first‐time and repeat donors.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Of the 1027 donations found to be HIV‐1–positive between 1992 and 2006, a total of 459 could be retrospectively tested with the EIA‐RI. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the donor characteristics associated with recent infection. Incidence rates and residual risk obtained with the EIA‐RI were compared to classical cohort estimates derived from repeat donor histories.

RESULTS: Of the 459 HIV‐1–positive donors studied, 105 (22.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 19.2‐27.0) were identified as recently infected. Factors independently associated with recent infection were repeat donor status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.0; 95% CI, 2.4‐6.9) and non‐B subtypes (AOR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2‐3.6). Incidence decreased from 4.3 (95% CI, 1.9‐9.4) in 1992 through 1994 to 1.3 (95% CI, 0.6‐2.8) per 105 in 2004 through 2006 in first‐time donors and from 3.2 (95% CI, 2.0‐5.0) to 0.8 (95% CI, 0.4‐1.4) per 105 in repeat donors. Incidence and residual risk estimates were similar to those obtained with the classical cohort method.

CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the EIA‐RI can be used to estimate HIV‐1 incidence in a population with low HIV incidence. The estimated HIV‐1 incidence in the blood donor population confirms the extremely low risk (1 in 3,350,000 donations) of HIV‐infected blood donations entering the blood supply in France.
A computer‐assisted transfusion management system and changed transfusion practices contribute to appropriate management of blood components
Authors: Ohsaka Akimichi , Abe Katsumi , Ohsawa Toshiya , Miyake Noriko , Sugita Shio , Tojima Ikuko
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: ABO‐incompatible blood transfusions attributable to inadequate identification (ID) of the patient or the blood unit are among the most serious of transfusion hazards. It has been unclear whether a computer‐assisted transfusion management system connected to a bar code ID system could contribute to the appropriate management of blood components, as well as to the prevention of mistransfusions.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A transfusion management system has been developed that links the hospital information system, a bar code patient‐blood unit ID system, and an automated device for pretransfusion testing. The guidelines for issuing blood components from the transfusion service were also changed. The appropriateness of blood management was evaluated by monitoring the time to initiate transfusion after issuing a blood unit from the transfusion service (time after issuing [TAI]) and by calculating the number of units issued and subsequently returned, as well as the rate of date‐expired red cell (RBC) components.

RESULTS: From July 2002 to December 2006, a total of 49,974 blood components were transfused without a single mistransfusion. The monitoring of TAI and the notice to use the issued blood immediately had the effect of shortening TAI in the inpatient ward. The number of issued and subsequently returned RBC components, as well as the rate of date‐expired RBC components, decreased significantly after the introduction of the system.

CONCLUSION: A computer‐assisted transfusion management system and changing transfusion practices appear useful in preventing mistransfusions and in contributing to the appropriate management of blood components.
External quality assessment of platelet serology and human platelet antigen genotyping: a 10‐year review
Authors: Porcelijn Leendert , Van Beers Wil , Gratama Jan W. , Van't Veer Mars , De Smet Annie , Sintnicolaas Kees
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: In this review, the results of an external quality assessment (EQA) over 10 years of platelet (PLT) serology and of human platelet antigen (HPA) polymorphisms genotyping are shown. The detection and identification of PLT antibodies and the distinction between PLT‐specific antibodies and HLA Class I antibodies are evaluated.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Each year, serum samples from five patients and four donor blood samples for DNA typing were distributed. Laboratories could participate as a screening laboratory (SL; n = 7) or as an identification laboratory (IL; n = 8).

RESULTS: SLs scored 57 to 100 percent correct positive and 91 to 100 percent correct negative results in the detection of PLT‐specific antibodies. SLs only using a PLT immunofluorescence test (PIFT) scored less well than those using a PLT glycoprotein‐based antibody detection method. ILs scored 70 to 100 percent correct positive and 87 to 100 percent correct negative results for, respectively, the detection and identification of PLT‐specific antibodies. Both the specificity and the sensitivity for the detection and identification of PLT‐specific antibodies were not as good in ILs using solid‐phase enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay methods as in those using the monoclonal antibody immobilization of PLT antigens (MAIPA) assay. For HPA‐1, ‐2, ‐3, and ‐5 genotyping, incorrect results were observed only twice in 280 genotyping assays.

CONCLUSION: The data underscore the necessity of using the most accurate methods with a high level of knowledge, experience, and technical training. For screening purposes, it is not sufficient to use only the PIFT, whereas for identification of PLT‐specific antibodies, the MAIPA assay is the superior assay.
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Health: Context or Composition?
Authors: Ross Catherine E. , Mirowsky John
Published: May 2008

Does neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) have a significant positive effect on health over and above the personal and household socioeconomic status of the residents who live there, and, if it does, what is its relative importance compared to an individual's own SES? Resolution of this question has been impeded by lack of conceptual clarity in the definitions of socioeconomic status on the micro– and macro–levels, and unreliable and noncomprehensive adjustment for micro–level socioeconomic status. Using the Community, Crime and Health Survey (CCH), based on a representative sample of Illinois households with linked census tract information, we find that, with adjustment for personal socioeconomic status, residents of socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods have significantly higher levels of physical impairment than do residents of more advantaged neighborhoods. The neighborhood effect is small compared to individual socioeconomic status, especially education, employment status, household income, and economic hardship, all of which have larger associations with health than does neighborhood socioeconomic status (measured as home ownership, college–educated adults, and poverty). in comparison, home ownership on the micro–level does not have a significant effect on physical functioning. We conclude that about 40 percent of the association between neighborhood socioeconomic status and individual health is contextual and about 60 percent is compositional.
Polymorphism of BaTiO3 Acceptor Doped with Mn3+, Fe3+, and Ti3+
Authors: Prades Marta , Masó Nahum , Beltrán Héctor , Cordoncillo Eloisa , West Anthony R.
Published: May 2008

The effect of Mn doping on the cubic to hexagonal phase transition temperature in BaTiO3 has been determined by quenching samples with different Mn contents from a range of temperatures. Under conditions of equilibrating samples in air over the range 1000°–1400°C, cubic solid solutions BaTi1−xMnxO3−δ form over the range 0≤x≤0.015(5), whereas hexagonal solid solutions form for x≥0.02, depending on the temperature. The results are compared with those on doping BaTiO3 with Fe3+ and observations made concerning acceptor doping with Ti3+.
Stereolithographic Fabrication and Microwave Properties of 1D Tunable Photonic Crystals Composed of YIG and Alumina Plates in Resin
Authors: Nakagawa Takuji , Kageyama Keisuke , Takagi Hiroshi , Sakabe Yukio , Kirihara Soshu , Miyamoto Yoshinari
Published: May 2008

One‐dimensional (1D) photonic crystals composed of a center polycrystalline yttrium iron garnet (YIG) plate sandwiched with alternate alumina and resin plates were fabricated using stereolithography. The formed crystals showed a transmission mode of microwave in band gap as a result of resonance at the YIG plate. The transmission frequency and intensity were controlled by applying an external magnetic field. These phenomena can be explained by Faraday and Voigt effects of YIG in magnetic field. The propagation characteristics of microwaves agreed well with the calculated results using the finite element method.
Scaling Analysis of the Effect of Binder Content and Binder Distribution on the Gas Permeability of Porous Green Ceramics
Authors: Yun Jeong Woo , Lombardo Stephen J.
Published: May 2008

Two models have been developed to describe how variations in binder content and binder distribution influence the specific surface and the gas permeability of porous media. In the Core‐Shell model, a shell of binder surrounds each ceramic particle, and the specific surface increases with decreasing volume fraction of binder. In the Multi‐Sphere model, binder particles occupy the interstices between the ceramic particles, and the specific surface generally decreases with decreasing volume fraction of binder. The variation in the permeability with binder content predicted by each model is different as compared with the case of a constant specific surface.
Peculiarities of Pyroelectric Resonance–Antiresonance Phenomena in PZT Ceramics
Authors: Bravina Svetlana , Morozovsky Nicolas , Guiffard Benoit , Lebrun Laurent , Guyomar Daniel
Published: May 2008

The pyroelectric characteristics of lead–zirconate–titanate (PZT) ceramics of composition near the morphotropic phase boundary were studied by the photothermomodulation method. The frequency spectra of the amplitude and phase of pyroelectric response in the current and voltage modes were transformed into thermowave profiles. The asymmetry of thickness profiles of the pyroactivity distribution and its reversal under reversing poling voltage polarity were revealed. Attention has been concentrated on elucidation of the peculiarities of pyroelectric resonance–antiresonance (PyRAR) and inverse antiresonance–resonance (PyARR) sequences observed in the 25–35 kHz range thermowave excitation of flexural mode thermomechanical vibrations induced by periodical thermal stresses in the undersurface layer of PZT disks. External voltage‐controllable reversible inversion of the sequence PyRAR to PyARR under IR‐beam probing of the opposite disk sides, being at different polarities of poling voltage, was found. The connection between poling voltage polarity, the shape of the thermowave profile of pyroelectric parameters, and the inversion of Py (RAR–ARR) sequence were ascertained. The results are compared with those observed earlier for edge‐fixed PVDF and P(VDF/TrFE) copolymer films and discussed in regard to highly sensitive pyroelectric detectors.
Sintering Behavior, Phase Evolution, and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Bi(Sb1−xTax)O4 Ceramics
Authors: Zhou Di , Wang Hong , Yao Xi , Pang Li‐Xia
Published: May 2008

Sintering behavior, phase evolution, and microwave dielectric properties of Bi(Sb1−xTax)O4 ceramics (0.05≤x≤0.60) were studied and their relationships were discussed in detail. Phase studies revealed that a pure monoclinic phase could be formed when x≤0.20 and a pure orthorhombic phase could be obtained when x≥0.50. As the x value increased from 0.05 to 0.60, the densified temperature of Bi(Sb1−xTax)O4 ceramics decreased from 1050° to about 960°C whereas the density increased from 8.07 to 8.41 g/cm3. The microwave dielectric constant increased from 20.5 to 34 whereas the Q×f value decreased from 60 000 to 29 000 GHz. In the monoclinic phase region, the temperature coefficients of resonant frequency shifted linearly from −58 to −45 ppm/°C as the x value increased from 0.05 to 0.2 and then remained constant at about −12 ppm/°C when x≥0.40. The Bi(Sb1−xTax)O4 ceramics are promising for application of low‐temperature cofired ceramics technology.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Bismuth Sulfide Whiskers by a Template‐Free Approach
Authors: Liu Jun , Ma Junfeng , Yao Yan , Ren Yang , Lin Botao , Jiang Xiaohui , Sun Yong , Fang Jingrui , Liu Zhensen
Published: May 2008

Uniform Bi2S3 whiskers were synthesized via a template‐free hydrothermal route using bismuth nitrate (Bi(NO3)3·5H2O), thiourea (CS(NH2)2), and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) as starting materials. The resultant powders were characterized in detail by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and photoluminescent spectra techniques (PL), respectively. It was found that Bi2S3 whiskers could be easily synthesized in the presence of LiOH, whereas only irregular and aggregated particles were obtained without adding LiOH, and that elevating hydrothermal reaction temperature in a certain range would promote the preferred orientation growth of Bi2S3 crystallites. The PL spectra results evidenced that the optical properties of Bi2S3 crystallites were obviously influenced by their size and morphology.
Synthesis of Monodispersed Fine Hafnium Diboride Powders Using Carbo/Borothermal Reduction of Hafnium Dioxide
Authors: Ni De‐Wei , Zhang Guo‐Jun , Kan Yan‐Mei , Wang Pei‐Ling
Published: May 2008

Fine hafnium diboride (HfB2) powders have been prepared by modified carbothermal/borothermal reduction of hafnium dioxide (HfO2) at relatively low temperatures (1500°–1600°C) for 1–2 h. The XRD patterns could be indexed as hexagonal HfB2 and no evidence of HfC, HfO2, or other impurities was observed. Glow discharge mass spectrometer analysis indicates that the synthesized HfB2 powders had high purity. The synthesized HfB2 powders had small average crystallite size (around 1 μm) and low oxygen content (<0.30 wt%). Scanning electron microscopy observation of the as‐prepared powders demonstrated quasi‐column morphology and laser particle size analysis showed monodispersity (polydispersity 0.005).
Effect of alfalfa saponins and flavonoids on pea aphid
Authors: Goławska Sylwia , Łukasik Iwona , Leszczyński Bogumił
Published: May 2008

We studied the development and feeding behaviour of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae), on the Radius and Sapko alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (Fabaceae) cultivars. Three saponins and flavones were identified in the alfalfa cultivars after thin layer chromatography separation. Cultivar Radius differed from Sapko in that it had a higher level of saponins, including zanhic acid tridesmoside and 3‐GlcA,28‐AraRhaXyl medicagenic acid glycoside. The flavones identified, including 7‐O‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranosyl‐4′‐O‐[2′‐O‐E‐feruloyl‐O‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranosyl(1→2)‐O‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranoside] apigenin, 7‐O‐{2‐O‐E‐feruloyl‐[β‐D‐glucuronopyranosyl(1→3)]‐O‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranosyl(1→2)‐O‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranoside} apigenin, and 4′‐O‐[2′‐O‐E‐feruloyl‐O‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranosyl(1→2)‐O‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranoside] apigenin, occurred in tissues of both alfalfa cultivars. However, cv. Radius had very low mean flavonoid concentrations in comparison to cv. Sapko. Pea aphids that fed on cv. Radius plants showed a reduction in reproduction and survival. The aphid pre‐reproductive period on cv. Radius was prolonged and the reproductive and post‐reproductive periods on cv. Radius were reduced, compared to those on cv. Sapko. Cultivar Radius also negatively influenced aphid probing behaviour. This was especially the case during the initial period of the pathway phase. The results suggested that alfalfa cv. Radius, which had a higher level of saponins and a lower level of flavonoids, was less accepted by the pea aphid.
Tooth replantation after keeping the avulsed tooth in oral environment: case report of a 3‐year follow‐up
Authors: Sonoda Celso Koogi , Poi Wilson Roberto , Panzarini Sônia Regina , Sottovia André Dotto , Okamoto Tetuo
Published: May 2008

Abstract –  Clinical practice has shown that most avulsed teeth are replanted after an extra‐alveolar time that compromises the prognosis of replantation. In cases of delayed replantation, the use of adequate media for storage and transportation of the avulsed teeth may improve this prognosis considerably. Difficulties inherent to accidental dental avulsion include the lack of immediate access to ideal storage media, which accentuates the importance of saliva as a viable and readily available option. The authors report the case of an accidentally avulsed permanent maxillary central incisor that was kept into the patient’s oral cavity from the moment of trauma until its replantation, 90 min later. Three years of follow‐up revealed absence of root resorption, ankylosis or abnormal mobility, which demonstrates the feasibility of keeping avulsed teeth in saliva, at least when more indicated storage media are not available immediately.
Consequences and treatment after multiple avulsions of deciduous teeth – a case report
Authors: Freitas Maria Carolina Masiero , De Castilho Aline Rogéria Freire , Marta Sara Nader , Francischone Leda Aparecida , Carrara Carlos Eduardo , Franzolin Solange de Oliveira Braga
Published: May 2008

Abstract –  The prevalence of traumatisms with avulsion of deciduous teeth varies from 7 to 13%, usually involving one tooth only. In this case report, a trauma with multiple losses of deciduous teeth and laceration of soft tissue is described as a consequence of a horse backward kick. After suture of extra‐oral tissue wounds and application of anti‐tetanic vaccine, the patient was referred to the emergency ambulatory of Sacred Heart University. Treatment procedures included radiographic analysis, removal of bone fragments and of a residual root of the tooth involved, remodeling and suture of intra‐oral tissues. The patient was observed periodically and after full recovery, a prosthetic appliance was installed for functional and esthetic rehabilitation.
Fracture strength of tooth fragment reattachments with postpone bevel and overcontour reconstruction
Authors: Stellini Edoardo , Stomaci Dario , Stomaci Massimiliano , Petrone Nicola , Favero Lorenzo
Published: May 2008

Abstract –  The purpose of this study was to test the actual resistance against fracture of a crown fragment fractured and reattached using three different techniques of preparation. Forty bovine incisors were randomly assigned into four groups of which the first was the control group. The elements of the three experimental groups were all cut at a fixed distance of 3 mm for the incisal margin on the buccal surface of the crown in a plane normal to the buccal surface itself, and subsequently re‐bonded using an adhesive system. After the reattachment, on the teeth of group 2, a circumferential chamfer was performed along the fracture line; on the teeth of group 3 a groove called ‘overcontour’ was made also along the fracture line; the teeth in group 4 received a chamfer on the buccal surface and an overcontour on the lingual surface. Finally, all the elements were encompassed in chalk blocks and the models were mounted on the 858 Mini Bionix to perform a fatigue load test. A force was applied on the buccal surface of each tooth at 1.5 mm from the incisor margin, with a velocity of 1 mm min−1, through the use of a steel prick. All the elements of groups 2, 3 and 4 demonstrated a lower resistance to fracture in comparison with the elements of the control group. The teeth of group 2 showed a resistance to fracture equal to 36.1% of the resistance of the elements in the control group; in group 3 the resistance was equal to 50.2%, while in group 4 the resistance reached 55.9%. The difference in resistance between group 3 and group 4 did not result statistically significant (P = 0.82). Reattachment of coronal fragments does not restore the resistance to fracture to an equal level of the intact teeth, in a static test. The different techniques of preparation significantly modify the resistance to the fracture of a re‐bonded fragment. The technique of the circumferential chamfer produced results that were less favourable in terms of resistance against fracture.
Efficacy of spirally filled versus injected non‐setting calcium hydroxide dressings
Authors: Gibson Richard , Howlett Paul , Cole Ben O. I.
Published: May 2008

Abstract –  The aim of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of spirally filled vs injected non‐setting calcium hydroxide (NS Ca(OH)2) in the management of traumatized permanent teeth undergoing endodontic treatment for apexification, control of infection or the management of root resorption. A random selection of patients with traumatized teeth undergoing endodontic procedures was made. A total of 100 cases were assigned for placement of NS Ca(OH)2 by spiral filling and 50 cases by injection of the dressing directly into the canal. Post‐operative radiographs were assessed for complete canal obturation and in particular, the density and length of the dressing within the canal. The results revealed that the injected NS Ca(OH)2 dressing consistently produced better results than the spirally placed dressings. It also completely removed the chance of instrument fracture and as a result of this trial, the department of child dental health has now adopted the use of this injectable system.
Restoring of traumatized anterior teeth: a case report
Authors: Polat Zelal Seyfioğlu , Tacir İbrahim Halil
Published: May 2008

Abstract –  The fracture of anterior teeth in children creates psychological impact on both the parents and the child especially if the injury affects the permanent dentition and involves the loss of extensive tooth structure. Besides the pain and discomfort from the injury, the child’s changed appearance may make him the target for teasing and even ridicule by other children. Traumatic teeth can be treated in different ways, in the WHO system, eight groups were classified according to the anatomical structure involved, and treatment planning depends on the type of the injuries to the teeth and their supporting structures. This article describes the restoration of smile of the patients after fractured of teeth by different treatment options available. Because of the fact that lost fragmans were not recovered, and bearing in mind the patient age, we considered composite‐veneered amalgam restoration of the fractured teeth as the best therapeutic option. The patient was satisfied with the final result.
Referral practice of military corpsmen regarding dento‐alveolar trauma
Authors: Zadik Yehuda , Levin Liran
Published: May 2008

Abstract –  The aim of this study was to evaluate the Israeli military corpsmens’ practice of referral to professional treatment regarding traumatic dental injuries. The study consisted of 250 corpsmen during their military service. Questionnaire and slide show were used to present clinical photos with short history descriptions of dento‐alveolar traumatic injuries. Participants were asked to indicate the preferred referral destination for each case to state the urgency of referral to the destination and to note their regional emergency department with an oral and maxillofacial surgery consultant and the nearest 24‐h emergency dental clinic. Corpsmen immediately evacuated the wounded with full‐thickness lip laceration (59%), tooth avulsion (79%), alveolar fracture (88%) and mandibular fracture (100%). Most corpsmen referred crown fracture to a dental clinic and alveolar‐ or mandibular‐bone fracture to the emergency department. Tooth avulsion cases were equally distributed between the emergency department and dental clinic and full‐thickness lip laceration between the emergency department and general medical office. Familiarity with the nearest 24‐h emergency dental clinic was found in 38% and with the regional emergency department with an oral and maxillofacial surgery consultant in 57%. The knowledge of this group of military corpsmen regarding referral practices was encouraging. However, further continuing education with regards to the regionally available emergency services is needed. Special emphasis should be given to provide primary caregivers with the relevant education to improve their knowledge and ability of dealing dental trauma.
Development of odontoma‐like malformation in the permanent dentition caused by intrusion of primary incisor – a case report
Authors: Shaked Ilanit , Peretz Benny , Ashkenazi Malka
Published: May 2008

Abstract –  A case is presented of a 10‐year‐old girl, referred for consultation for failure of the maxillary central incisor to erupt. At 18 months, the patient underwent intrusion of the right central primary incisor, which re‐erupted several months later. Radiographic examination revealed a complex odontoma‐like malformation located next to the floor of the nose, away from the permanent incisors. Clinical examination revealed space loss of the corresponding permanent incisor and severe hypoplasia of the permanent right lateral incisor. Because of its deep location, it was decided not to remove the odontoma, but to recommend yearly radiographic follow up to rule out the development of a dentigerous cyst. This case describes a very rare complication of intrusion of primary incisors and emphasizes the importance of follow up until eruption of the corresponding permanent teeth.
Clinical and histological alterations in the surrounding periodontium of dog’s teeth submitted for an intrusive luxation
Authors: Gomes Janaína Cristina , Gomes Cinthya Cristina , Bolognese Ana Maria
Published: May 2008

Abstract –  The clinical and histological alterations on periodontium of dog’s teeth after an intrusion luxation was analyzed. An impact device was used on 12 teeth of six adult dogs with the purpose of making a dislocation on the long axis of these teeth. Of the teeth that suffer intrusion luxation, two did not receive treatment and ten were replaced by orthodontic extrusion with activated springs of 100 gf. The traction was initiated either immediately after the trauma or 7 days later. Observation time was 40 days. Endodontic therapy with calcium hydroxide was performed on the fourteenth day after the intrusive luxation. The intruded teeth that did not receive appropriate treatment had signs of extensive and progressive inflammatory resorption. The teeth that were moved immediately after the trauma had lesser degree of replacement resorption compared with those that were extruded 7 days after the trauma.
Nouvelles données sur I'étude des anomalies constitutionnelles des enfants et des particularitéy de leur metabolisme.
Authors: MASSLOV M.
Published: May 2008

Professeur de clinique des maladies infantiles de l'Academie Militaire de Médeeine à Leningrade.
Are the so‐called “A” vitamins in Cod Liver Oil the cause of its toxic effect on the organism; and can a basal diet, complete as regards the so‐called “B” and “C” vitamin contents, prevent this toxic effect?
Authors: AODUHR ERIK
Published: May 2008

(A Criticism of Axel Höjer's article: » Changes in the Heart through the Presence of Cod Liver Oil in the Food. Effect of Cod Liver Oil by Deficiency in Vitamin “B”.)
Early postoperative lipid administration after neonatal surgery
Authors: Sandström K , Nilsson K , Andréasson S , Olegård R , Larsson LE
Published: May 2008

The ability of neonates to eliminate and utilize lipid emulsions after surgery was investigated in 12 patients. All were subjected to major surgery within 29 h of birth. All neonates were given 10% glucose iv intraoperatively. Six patients continued with 10% glucose iv for 24 h postoperatively and 6 patients received a combination of 5% glucose and soy bean emulsion (Intralipid 20%). Both regimes provided equal amounts of fluid and energy. Blood glucose, lactate, triglycerides, free fatty acids, fractions of fatty acids in triglycerides, 3‐hydroxybutyrate and arterial blood gases were measured at predetermined intervals throughout this period. Administration of a lipid emulsion early after neonatal surgery was well tolerated and utilized, with some latency. Concentrations of triglycerides, free fatty acids and 3‐hydroxybutyrate were higher in the lipid group, but no accumulation of these substances was found. Palmitinic and linoleic acid were also higher in the lipid group.
A study of cerebral perfusion using single photon emission computed tomography in neonates with brain lesions
Authors: Haddad J , Constantinesco A , Brunot B , Messer J
Published: May 2008

In this study we used a single photon emission computed tomography technique (SPECT) with radiolabelled 99mTc HMPAO to assess cerebral perfusion in newborn infants with documented cerebral lesions and to determine to what extent brain SPECT might be useful in the neonatal period. A total of 15 newborn infants with the following cerebral pathologies were enrolled: severe parietal bilateral periventricular leucomalacia (PVL, n= 6); moderate parietal bilateral PVL (n= 2); intraventricular haemorrhage grade II with unilateral parietal parenchymal extension (IHV + PE, n= 3); cerebral infarction (CI, n= 2) in the zone of middle cerebral artery; and post‐haemorrhagic hydrocephalus (n= 2). Follow‐up was available in all infants. Alterations in cerebral perfusion were seen in only 12 of 15 infants and at the location of severe PVL, PE and CI. We have noted that the regions of diminished perfusion extended, beyond the apparent extent of cerebral pathology delineated by ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging. Markedly diminished perfusion was seen in 1 infant with hydrocephalus, which recovered following placement of ventriculo‐peritoneal shunt. Regarding outcome, SPECT data failed to provide additional information than that of neuroradiological investigations. We conclude that the use of SPECT, under these conditions, to assess alteration of cerebral perfusion in the neonatal period will not provide any additional information than that of neuroradiological investigations.
Social maturation in juvenile onset diabetes
Authors: Kokkonen J , Lautala P , Salmela P
Published: May 2008

We re‐examined a group of 82 (36F, 46M) patients with juvenile onset diabetes at the age of 19–25 years and compared their social outcome in early adulthood with that of a group of 211 randomly selected controls. Their basic school achievements and vocational or higher education were covered in detail in an interview which also included data on their employment status. Various descriptors of social situation and social maturation assessed in a separate interview formed a social maturation index. Relations between factors probably affecting social maturation and this index were analysed. The average marks scored by the diabetics in Finnish comprehensive schools were significantly lower than those of the controls. High school, vocational and commercial schools were discontinued more often by the patient group. Diabetics (27%) and controls (35%) continued their studies equally often in various vocational high schools or universities. Presently, 17% of the diabetics and 11% of the controls had no vocational education or were not on their way to gaining it. Working experience, employment status and unemployment were similar in both groups, but diabetics were more often employed in public service and commerce. At the time of the study the diabetics were significantly more often unmarried and living in the same household as their parents compared with the controls. Other parameters also indicated difficulties in the diabetic group in separating from parents. The overall social maturation index showed poor social maturation in diabetics more often than in the controls. Neither social background, education nor sex were related to poor social maturation. It is concluded that having diabetes delays social maturation. The patients showed a more dependent life‐style and more separation problems. These findings indicate that diabetic patients and their parents need more support if they are to achieve normal social development in early adolescence.
Methylprednisolone bolus: a novel therapy for severe atopic dermatitis
Authors: Galli E , Chini L , Moschese V , Paone F , Menichelli A , Fraioli G , Rossi P
Published: May 2008

Seven children suffering from severe atopic dermatitis, unresponsive to standard therapy, received an iv bolus dose of methylprednisolone (20 mg/kg/day) for three days. Immunological parameters were evaluated before and after treatment. At the end of bolus therapy both skin lesions and itching improved for several months in five of seven patients. No side effects were observed, but a significant and transient lymphopenic response occurred, with lower CD4 + than CD8 + lymphocyte counts. Our data suggest that this therapy may be a novel and safe therapeutic approach in severe atopic dermatitis.
Comparison of weaning by patient triggered ventilation or synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm infants
Authors: Chan V , Greenough A
Published: May 2008

Forty preterm infants were entered into a randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy and duration of weaning by patient triggered ventilation (PTV) to that of synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). Infants were randomized during recovery from respiratory distress once ventilator rate had been reduced to 40 breaths per minute; weaning during PTV was by reduction in ventilator pressure only, whereas infants randomized to SIMV were weaned by reduction in rate only. Weaning failed in 12 infants, 6 from each group, the 12 infants were more immature than those in whom weaning succeeded (p < 0.01). Overall, the duration of weaning did not differ significantly between the PTV and SIMV groups.
Reiter's syndrome in an adolescent girl
Authors: Thomas DG , Roberton DM
Published: May 2008

This report describes a 14‐year‐old girl who presented with an Escherichia coli urinary tract infection followed by diarrhoea, arthritis and iritis. She had continuing symptoms intermittently for six months, but was HLA‐B27 antigen negative. The occurrence of Reiter's syndrome is unusual in young females and we are not aware of any reports of reactive arthritis following E. coli urinary tract infection in children.
Effect of deprivation on weight gain in infancy
Authors: Wright CM , Waterston A , Aynsley‐Green A
Published: May 2008

Weights were retrieved from child health records for an annual cohort of 3418 children, aged 18–30 months, to explore the relationship between deprivation and weight gain. Their level of deprivation was classified, using census data for their area of residence, as affluent (11%), intermediate (69%) or deprived (20%). Children from deprived areas were smaller at all ages with a widening gap: by one year of age, they were three times as likely as affluent children to be below the third centile for weight. The thrive index, a measure of the degree of centile shift, showed a slight gain over the first year in affluent and intermediate children, while in deprived children it decreased (p= 0.001). Deprived children were 2.2 times more likely than intermediate children to have failure to thrive, as manifest by subnormal thrive index values (p= 0.00008). Unexpectedly, children from affluent areas also showed slightly increased rates. We suggest that this may be explained by higher rates of breast feeding in affluent areas.
Standards for height, weight and head circumference from one month to six years based on Stockholm children born in 1980
Authors: Lindgre Gunilla , Aurelius Göran , Tanner James , Healy Michael
Published: May 2008

Growth data on height, weight and head circumference were collected from Stockholm children from one month to six years of age, born in 1980, and representing all socio‐economic groups. The sample consisted of 2471 children (1264 boys and 1207 girls), most of whom were measured on 10–15 occasions. From these measurements centile standards were constructed using a statistical technique which separates between‐individual and within‐individual variation, since only the former is appropriate to distance standards. Compared to former Swedish standards the present heights and weights were similar up to 2.0 years of age but thereafter considerably greater. Head circumference was larger throughout, perhaps due to a difference in measurement technique.
Iron, zinc, copper and selenium status of breast‐fed infants and infants fed trace element fortified milk‐based infant formula
Authors: Lönnerdal B , Hernell O
Published: May 2008

Infants were fed cow's milk‐based formulas containing 4 mg of iron/I from 1.5 to 6 months of age and their hematological status was compared to infants receiving the same formula but with 7 mg of iron/l and with breast‐fed infants. One formula with 4 mg of iron/l contained iron as ferrous sulfate, in another, part of the iron was provided as bovine lactoferrin. We also studied the effect of selenium (10 μg/l) and copper (0.4 mg/l) supplementation on selenium and copper status. There were no significant differences in hematological indices among the groups at 6 months of age; all infants had satisfactory iron status. Serum transferrin receptor levels, a potential novel indicator of iron status, were highest in breast‐fed infants, suggesting a cellular need for iron, and lowest in infants receiving formula with 7 mg of iron/l. Selenium status, as assessed by serum glutathione peroxidase activity, was similar at 6 months of age in breast‐fed infants and infants fed formula fortified with selenium but lower in infants fed unfortified formula. The lowest levels of glutathione peroxidase activity were found in infants fed the highest concentration of iron (7 mg/l). Serum copper concentrations were similar in all groups, but the lowest levels were found in infants fed the highest concentration of iron. These results suggest that 4 mg of iron/l is adequate for infants up to 6 months of age and that higher levels may have some negative effects.
Clostridium perfringens in stool, intraparturn antibiotics and gastrointestinal signs in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Ahtonen P , Lehtonen O‐P , Kero P , Eerola E , Hartiala K
Published: May 2008

In 1989, we observed in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), an increased number of infants with gastrointestinal signs, including five cases of nccrotizing enterocolitis. Clostridium perfringens was found in 26% of new borns (n= 168) and was associated significantly with the occurrence of flatulence, distended abdomen, foul‐smelling stools, diarrhea and blood in stool (all p < 0.001). C. difficile was found in 17% of the new borns (n= 72). Cesarean section, low gestational age and low birth weight were significantly associated with C. perfringens in stools (all p < 0.001). Treatment with antibiotics was not associated with occurrence of C. perfringens. However, in infants with C. perfringens, intrapartum antibiotics were associated with increased appearance of abdominal distension (p < 0.05). Thus the antibiotics, which disturb primary colonization, may also favor the pathogenic role of opportunistic gut bacteria, such as C. perfringens.
Italian multicentre study on very low‐birth‐weight babies. Neonatal mortality and two‐year outcome
Authors: de Vonderweid U , Spagnolo A , Corchia C , Chiandotto V , Chiappe S , Chiappe F , Colarizi P , Luca TDe , Didato M , Fertz MC , Macagno F , Mansi G , Paludetto R , Priolisi A , Spinelli A , Zaramella P , Zorzi C
Published: May 2008

The Italian multicentre study on very low‐birth‐weight babies is the first collaborative project in Italy on the health status of newborns weighing 500–1499 g at birth: 634 such babies were admitted in 1987–88 to eight Italian NICUs; 424 infants survived and were followed until two years of age, corrected for prematurity. Logistic regression analysis of pre‐admission risk factors of in‐hospital mortality identified eight statistically significant variables: birth weight, gestational age, sex, antepartum steroids, I‐min Apgar score and, on admission to the NICU, body temperature, pH and absence of spontaneous respiration. Using the equation derived from the logistic model, a theoretical mortality rate was calculated for each centre, predicted on the basis of the local incidence of preadmission risk factors. In no case was the predicted mortality significantly different from the observed one. At two years of age, 8 children were blind and 48 had motor disability. Of these, 46 had cerebral palsy: based on a functional evaluation score 14 had severe (degree 4), 20 intermediate (degree 3) and 12 mild cerebral palsy (degree 2). Among 25 variables entered in a logistic regression as risk factors for cerebral palsy, only periventricular leucomalacia and acidosis were significantly associated with the outcome.
Arterial or mixed venous lactate measurement in critically ill children. Is there a difference?
Authors: Murdoch IA , Turner C , Dalton RN
Published: May 2008

Seven critically ill children had simultaneous measurement of whole blood lactate concentrations obtained from a systemic arterial and mixed venous (pulmonary artery) site. An excellent correlation was found (r= 0.995). The mean difference between arterial and mixed venous values was 0.02 mmol/ 1 and the limits of agreement (±0.22) were —0.20 to 0.24. The differences found were clinically insignificant (two‐tailed paired Student's t‐test; p= 0.36) and therefore support the continued use of arterial sampling for blood lactate measurement.
Plasma neuropeptide Y in healthy children: influence of age, anaesthesia and the establishment of an age‐adjusted reference interval
Authors: Kogner Per , Björk Olle , Theodorsson Elvar
Published: May 2008

Plasma concentrations of neuropeptide Y, analysed in 112 healthy children, decreased significantly with age, while sex, discomfort induced by the sampling procedure or induction of general anaesthesia did not have a significant influence. An age‐adjusted upper reference limit was established and proved to be useful when tested prospectively in 56 children with tumours. Two of 18 children with preliminary diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma had elevated plasma neuropeptide Y; both showed malignant ectomesenchymoma (p < 0.01), a mixed tumour with neural crest features. Among 38 children with neural crest derived tumours, all 7 with benign ganglioneuromas had plasma neuropeptide Y concentrations below the reference limit, while 13 of 31 with neuroblastoma had elevated concentrations (p < 0.05). Only neuroblastoma patients with elevated plasma neuropeptide Y had a poor outcome; 10 of 13 died, whereas all with normal concentrations are alive after 3–74 months of follow‐up (p < 0.001).
Prevalence and persistence of stomach ache and headache among children. Follow‐up of a cohort of Norwegian children from 4 to 10 years of age
Authors: Borge AIH , Nordhagen R , Moe B , Botten G , Bakketeig LS
Published: May 2008

Results from a prospective cohort of 136 children, from 4 to 10 years of age, indicated that stomach ache was almost as prevalent among preschool children as children of school age. Headache was almost absent among 4‐year‐olds but prevalent at 10 years of age. Generally, early pain complaints were persistent. The co‐occurrence of stomach ache and headache increased from 4% of children at 4 years of age to 20% when they reached 10 years of age.
Involvement of lysine 1047 in type I collagen‐mediated activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils
Authors: Jaisson Stéphane , Sartelet Hervé , Perreau Corinne , Blanchevoye Charlotte , Garnotel Roselyne , Gillery Philippe
Published: May 2008

Oxidative functions of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), which play a deciding role in the phagocytosis process, are stimulated by extracellular matrix proteins such as type I collagen. Previous studies have demonstrated the involvement of a DGGRYY sequence located within the α1 chain C‐terminal telopeptide in type I collagen‐induced PMN activation, but so far the mechanism has not been completely elucidated. We have recently demonstrated that collagen carbamylation (i.e. post‐translational binding of cyanate to lysine ε‐NH2 groups) impairs PMN oxidative functions, suggesting the potential involvement of lysine residues in this process. The present study was devoted to the identification of lysine residues involved in the collagen‐induced activation of PMNs. The inhibition of PMN activation by collagen in the presence of 6‐amino‐hexanoic acid, a structural analogue of lysine residues, confirmed the involvement of specific lysine residues. Modification of lysine residues by carbamylation demonstrated that only one residue, located within the α1CB6 collagen peptide, was involved in this mechanism. A recombinant α1CB6 peptide, designed for the substitution of lysine 1047 by glycine, exhibited decreased activity, demonstrating that the lysine residue at position 1047 within the collagen molecule played a significant role in the mechanism of activation. These results help to understand in more detail the collagen‐mediated PMN activation mechanism and confirm the prominent involvement of lysine residues in interactions between extracellular matrix proteins and inflammatory cells.
REPORT FROM THE WINGSPREAD CONFERENCE ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND FAMILY COURTS
Authors: Steegh Nancy Ver , Dalton Clare
Published: May 2008

In February 2007 the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges and the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts brought together a working group of thirty‐seven experienced practitioners and researchers to identify and explore conceptual and practical tensions that have hampered effective work with families in which domestic violence has been identified or alleged. Five central sets of issues were raised at the conference and are discussed in this report. These include the following: differentiation among families experiencing domestic violence, screening and triage, participation by families in various processes and services, appropriate outcomes for children, and family court roles and resources. The report emphasizes the need for continued multidisciplinary collaboration in order to better serve families affected by domestic violence and it includes an appendix of consensus points as well as suggestions for formation of ongoing work groups.
DIFFERENTIATION AMONG TYPES OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE: RESEARCH UPDATE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS
Authors: Kelly Joan B. , Johnson Michael P.
Published: May 2008

A growing body of empirical research has demonstrated that intimate partner violence is not a unitary phenomenon and that types of domestic violence can be differentiated with respect to partner dynamics, context, and consequences. Four patterns of violence are described: Coercive Controlling Violence, Violent Resistance, Situational Couple Violence, and Separation‐Instigated Violence. The controversial matter of gender symmetry and asymmetry in intimate partner violence is discussed in terms of sampling differences and methodological limitations. Implications of differentiation among types of domestic violence include the need for improved screening measures and procedures in civil, family, and criminal court and the possibility of better decision making, appropriate sanctions, and more effective treatment programs tailored to the characteristics of different types of partner violence. In family court, reliable differentiation should provide the basis for determining what safeguards are necessary and what types of parenting plans are appropriate to ensure healthy outcomes for children and parent–child relationships.