bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Harmonic Wave Propagation Through a Metasurface with Helmholtz Resonator Shaped Cells
Authors: Ismail A Y , Koo B Y
Published: December 2021

Harmonic wave propagation through a novel metasurface design is presented in this paper. The metasurface is formed by using the Helmholtz resonator as the cells shape design since such resonator has uniqueness and advantageous performances. The study is conducted both numerically using the finite element method and experimentally using specific measurements to validate the numerical results. Parametric studies of the selected variables are also conducted to obtain broader information on the performance. From the result, it is found that the new proposed metasurface design has the potential to be implemented in future engineering practices.
Study of Alteration Geochemistry and Mineralization in the Jawara Field, Jember Regency, East Java Province
Authors: Widiatmoko F R , Kusdarini E , Irwanto M A , Zamroni A , Sunan H L , Putri R H K
Published: December 2021

The Jawara Field in Jember Regency is a location where it is indicated that there are precious metal deposits in the form of porphyry type Gold and Copper. In this study, the focus is more on the search for metal mineral deposits related to the elements of Gold (Au) and Copper (Cu), namely the metal mineral chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) as the main carrier minerals for Au, Cu, Ag, as impurities. The results of alteration products in the form of weathered minerals are also the focus of research. The analysis used to detect metallic element content and the presence of metallic and non-metallic minerals is by petrographic analysis, mineragraphy analysis, sediment grain analysis and geochemical analysis. Based on the results of the mineragraphy analysis, it was proven that the metal mineral chalcopyrite was found in the JAFA 6 BPS sample which is a carrier mineral for the metallic copper element and silver was also found in JAFA 2 ALT. In addition, the results of the sediment grain analysis also found metal mineral grains and metal elements, namely copper and iron elements in all JAFA samples. The results of petrographic analysis show that the weathered minerals in the form of kaolinite, alunite, and smectite are products of hydrothermal alteration activities. Based on these results, the research area is divided into 3 alteration zones, namely potassic, propylitic, and argillic alteration zones. The results of the geochemical analysis showed that the highest levels of copper were found in JAFA 5 as much as 13.9 ppm and the highest levels of iron in JAFA 6 were 390.8 ppm. From the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that it is true that there are metal mineral deposits and metal elements in the form of sediment grains and porphyry-type Au and Cu elements.
Study of Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralization in the Lahbako Field, Jember Regency, East Java Province
Authors: Widiatmoko F R , Sari A S , Ramadhanty J A N , Putri R H K
Published: December 2021

Administratively, the research location is in Lahbako Field, Jember Regency, East Java Province. This study discusses the geological characteristics, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralization in the study area. The method used is field data collection by mapping and laboratory analysis in the form of petrographic analysis and mineragraphic analysis. The research area is divided into three geomorphology units, namely a unit with steep hills, a unit with undulating hills, and a unit with sloping plains. The stratigraphy of the study area is divided into five-rock units, while the order of rock units from oldest to youngest is the volcanic Breccia unit, the intercalated Sandstone, and Claystone unit with Tuff insertion, the Diorite Intrusion Unit, the Granodiorite Intrusion Unit, and the youngest unit, namely Alluvium Unit. The research area has a high straightness density value and a straight lineage pattern that tends to be dense. The area with high lineament density is assumed to be the area with the best prospect of alteration and mineralization because the lineament reflects the geological structure which is the path of hydrothermal fluid passage that causes alteration and mineralization. Based on petrographic analysis, the research area has undergone alteration with the type of Philic alteration (Chlorite-Quartz-Feldspar), Prophiliic Alteration (Chlorite-Quartz-Feldspar) Feldspar-Quartz-Epidote) and Argillic Alteration (Alunite-Quartz-Biotite). The study area is indicated as an area with high sulfide epithermal mineral deposits where the indication is based on the discovery of vein textures in the form of Vuggy Quartz and ore minerals in the form of Silver, Copper, and Iron in mineragraphic analysis.
Harmonics Analysis of Inverter Circuits on Smart Grid System
Authors: Sulistyowati R , Widiatmoko D , Sujono H A
Published: December 2021

Smart Grid System has Harmonics Distortions. Caused when switching inverters convert DC current into AC that lowers power quality and affects power generation system. Interference occurs in sinusoidal wavelengths of voltage or system currents that have frequency multiples of fundamental frequencies. Therefore, analysis is required based on IEEE Std 519-2014 standard which is for 20kV Bus voltage has a limit value of 3% for VIHD and 5% for VTHD, using ETAP software was conducted simulating the condition of the non-grid bus system has a VTHD value of 4.9%, while the on-grid system conditions that have inverters for buses have a VTHD value of 5.81%, and simulations before passive filters are installed in the 5th order (f = 250 Hz) with a VTHD value of 6.33%; VIHD 4.82% after installing passive filter VTHD value 1.88 %; VIHD 0.00 %, while in the 7th order (f=350 Hz) the VTHD value is 6.33%; VIHD3.33 % after installing passive filter VTHD value 1.88%; VIHD 0.00%. The passive filter used is a single tuned passive filter. Change the PF (Power Factor) value before filtering is installed on the distribution bus = 82.9%, after the passive filter installed is 88.1%.
Prototype of an Automatic Entrance Gate Security System Using a Facial Recognition Camera Based on The Haarcascade Method
Authors: Suryowinoto A , Herlambang T , Tsusanto R , Susanto F A
Published: December 2021

This article aims to test a facial recognition-based front door security system, which can also convey relevant information to the owner’s mobile phone via an SMS gateway. This system is necessary to prevent unwanted criminal activity by the owner. The method used is Hercascade as face recognition for security. Use a set of webcam settings to compare human face objects in the background with face data already stored in the database. Capture images using a Raspberry PI connected to a USB webcam for the sensor, move the front door using a servomotor as a drive, and own the system in the form of a short message from basic communication process data Notify to. There is also an ultrasonic sensor as an activation system to detect human objects when they approach the door and invade. Based on the results of 90 tests on a system with varying distances of objects on the camera (30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm), the average pass rate of the tests is 91.11%. We can conclude that face recognition by the Hercassette method can be applied as an entrance security system.
Microstrip Antenna Design with Array Rectangular Patch 2x2 for Ship Radar at 2.2 GHz
Authors: Santoso A D , Cahyono F B , Suwondo I , Arleiny  , Harianto B B
Published: December 2021

This antenna uses FR4 substrate material with a substrate material thickness of 1.6 mm. The simulation results of the patch array microstrip antenna rectangular 2x2 elements with substrate material are FR4 able to work at a frequency of 2.2 GHz, with a frequency range of 2.1607 – 2.24 GHz, a return loss value of -18,086 dB with a bandwidth of 83.6 MHz, VSWR 1.284, the gain of 4.714 dB and beam width of 53.6 deg, these results will be compared with a single rectangular antenna and array antenna rectangular 1x2 that work at the frequency same of 2.2 GHz with range frequency of a single antenna 2.161 – 2.222 GHz, the return loss value - 13,934 with a bandwidth of 61 MHz, VSWR 1,502, a gain of 2.1988 dB and a beamwidth of 94.9 deg. As for the 1x2 array antenna, the value working range is of frequency a single antenna 2.164 – 2.247 GHz, the return loss value is -20.3717 with a bandwidth of 83 MHz, VSWR 1.21, a gain of 4.58 dB, and a beamwidth of 81.7 deg.
Automatic Fault Location Identification and Isolation Method for Smart Distribution Network in Surabaya City
Authors: Rohiem N H , Soeprijanto A , Penangsang O , Putra N P U , Defianti R , Suheta T
Published: December 2021

There are various types of fault that can occur in the distribution system network, so it is necessary to identify the location of the fault and isolate the fault in the area of the fault. The city of Surabaya is in preparation for the development of a smart city, so it is necessary to prepare a smart distribution system network system that can identify locations and isolate disturbed areas automatically. This paper describes the reconfiguration process to improve the value of losses in the system which results in a decrease in the value of total line losses after reconfiguration of 313.46 kW from 8 scenarios and includes the effect of adding solar energy to the existing network. The process of identifying the fault location and the isolation process on the Surabaya distribution system network in this paper uses the deep learning method. The fault location is determined based on the voltage and current profile of each bus in the system, while the isolation process is carried out by opening the switch closest to the fault area. In this process, deep learning can provide accurate fault location and isolation results for 6 fault tests.
Determination of Service Priority Areas as an Effort to Increase Urban Solid Waste Service Coverage (Case study Ngawi Regency)
Authors: Alfiah T , Yustiani Y M
Published: December 2021

Limited budget and infrastructure require that a selection be made, which areas prioritize solid waste services. The priority of waste services is determined based on the results of the assessment of the interest scale matrix of the service area. Regions with the highest matrix scores receive priority, followed by sites with lower scores. This study aims to determine the importance of increasing the solid waste service area in Ngawi district, with 19 sub-districts. The results showed that the Ngawi sub-district, as the district capital, Ngawi sub-district was the priority to improve solid waste services, followed by Kedunggalar, Karangjati, Mantingan, and Padas sub-districts.
The syntheses of poly (diethylene glycol adipate) in low-intensity ultrasound
Authors: Zarembo V I , Pankov S A , Zarembo D V , Yu Sokolov V
Published: December 2021

Poly (diethylene glycol adipate) is an important product of chemical technology. Several grades of polyesters (P-9, P-9A) are produced in the industry, in which poly(diethylene glycol adipate) is the main component. These composites are used in production of binders of mixed rocket solid fuels, as well as consumer goods. Poly(diethylene glycol adipate) is obtained by polycondensation of diethylene glycol and adipic acid. Usually, the polycondensation is carried out using catalysts. The use of catalysts complicates this process: requires further purification process or in solvent free system might slow reaction rate due to the limiting diffusion between reactants and mass transfer limitations. Therefore, it was proposed to use low-intensity ultrasound, which allows to influence the kinetics of the process without complicating the system. In this work, the reaction of polycondensation of diethylene glycol and adipic acid in low-intensity ultrasound was studied. The results of applying low-intensity ultrasound to the preparation of poly(diethylene glycol adipate) showed an increase in the reaction rate of the formation of a high-molecular compound and a change in the thermal regime. Application of low-intensity ultrasound provides synchronization of vibration and rotation of self-organizing dissipative structures, which leads to the decrease in energy consumption for mass transfer, thereby increasing the reaction rate. The low-intensity ultrasound demonstrated to be an effective method to intensify the polycondensation reaction.
Research results of solid particle erosion resistance of 20GL steel with boriding
Authors: Tkhabisimov A B , Zilova O S , Kalakutskaya O V
Published: December 2021

The paper presents the results of experimental studies of solid particle erosion resistance of 20GL structural steel samples with two different variants of surface modification based on the boriding process. Characteristics of modified layers such as depth, composition, microhardness were determined. Tests were carried out according to ASTM G76-13 standard at air-abrasive flow rate of 170 m/s, flow attack angles of 30º and 90°, sample surface temperature of 25ºC. It was found that both considered options of surface modification at an angle of attack of 90 ° flow do not worsen the abrasion resistance of 20GL steel samples, and at flow attack angle of 30 ° increase not less than 8 times. A change in the wear pattern of boriding samples with an increase in the angle of attack from 30° to 90° is noted. As after the boriding process surface embrittlement was observed, the angle of maximum wear for 20GL steel with boriding became equal to 90° in contrast to steel without treatment, where the maximum level of wear is observed at 30°. Thus, the change of fracture type from plastic to brittle was revealed, which should be taken into account in full-scale operation of the treated parts. The obtained results indicate that the process of boriding of pump parts made of 20GL steel will increase their solid particle erosion resistance and extend their overhaul period.
Friction surface modifiers of carbon-containing material for high-temperature operation
Authors: Roshchin M N
Published: December 2021

The results of high-temperature tribological tests of carbon-containing material in friction on heat-resistant stainless steel 40X13 in the temperature range from 20 to 700 °C under atmospheric conditions are presented. Friction surface modifiers “Argolon-2D” material improve antifriction properties and decrease friction coefficient value. Friction coefficient when using Ni-Se-PTFE modifier at load of 0.67 MPa and speed of 0.16 m/s is less by 5% than at speed of 0.05 m/s, and at speed of 0.25 m/s friction coefficient is less by 13% than at speed of 0.05 m/s. At 500 °C and a load of 0.67 MPa the friction coefficient when using Ni-Se-PTFE modifier is 30% higher than when using InSb-PTFE modifier, and the friction coefficient when using CuO-PTFE modifier is 1.2 times higher than when using InSb-PTFE modifier.
Microstructure of the coating obtained by magnetron sputtering of a Ni-Cr-B4C composite target
Authors: Zaitsev S V , Prokhorenkov D S , Ageeva M S , Skiba A A
Published: December 2021

This paper presents data on obtaining a composite coating by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering of a Ni-Cr-B4C composite target in an inert gas (argon) environment. To make the target, Ni-Cr-B4C composite powder was applied to the copper base of the target by detonation gas-thermal spraying. The obtained targets served as a source of coating material during high-frequency magnetron sputtering. This method of coating production ensures the reproducibility of their properties, as well as the uniformity of coating thickness and good adhesion to various target backings.

The data of the study of the structure and morphology of the composite coating are presented. The resulting composite coating Ni-B/Cr7C3 with a thickness of 2 microns has a dense homogeneous structure with expressed textured polycrystallinity. The surface of the resulting coating is represented by nanoscale and homogeneous grains. There is no columnar crystal growth in the coating, which has a positive effect, as the columnar structure reduces the mechanical characteristics of the coatings due to faster oxygen diffusion along the grain boundaries. It is established that the combined use of the Ni-B and Cr7C3 binary phases in composite coatings leads to an increase in operational properties.
Comparison of the corrosion behavior of the TiNi alloy in the coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained state
Authors: Kayumova E M , Churakova A A , Latypov O R
Published: December 2021

This article studies the corrosion behavior of the TiNi alloy in the coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained states. The study of the influence of the initial microstructure on the corrosion behavior of the TiNi alloy was carried out by the gravimetric method in the NaCl and H2SO4 solution for a month. Studies was shown that as a result of the action of a corrosive medium from a sample in a coarse-grained state, it undergoes greater destruction, pitting corrosion was observed, at the same time, in an ultrafine-grained sample only traces of corrosion products are observed on the surface of the samples. Investigations with an inverted light microscope in a dark field made it possible to observe corrosion products and determine their volume fraction. Evaluation of the corrosion rate showed that in the coarse-grained state it is 126 times higher than the corrosion rate in the ultrafine-grained state. Analysis of X-ray phase analysis showed that in the coarse-grained state after corrosion tests, a significant proportion of the TiNiH1.4 phase is observed, while in the ultrafine-grained state all phases correspond only to the TiNi phases. The TiNi alloy contains an Ti2Ni phase enriched Ti both in the coarse-grained state and in the ultrafine-grained state. Moreover, in a coarse-grained state, its share is 2 times higher.
The outlook for regulatory support for adoption of efficient concretes
Authors: Gabitov A I , Ryazanov A N , Salov A S , Biktasheva A R
Published: December 2021

The analysis of data obtained under studying scientific, technical and normative literature in the area of applying efficient concretes, in particular, fiber-reinforced concrete, in the world and national tunnel construction is presented herein. The European regulatory documents, standard metrologically certified methods and procedures for analyzing and testing, laboratory test equipment and measuring instruments are indicated. Steel fiber concrete studies was explored at the Scientific and Educational Center for Innovative Technologies of the Architectural and Construction Institute of the Ufa State Petroleum Technical University. Prism bending tests were made with different fiber content. In addition to laboratory tests, other tests were made in accordance with the Russian standards, where the prisms are tested without a notch. The correlation between the slope of the load-to-displacement curve of the crack mouth (CMOD - Crack Mouth Opening Displacement) and the length of the crack was used in the course of the study. The fiber content enabling to get an average residual bending strength of at least 1.5 MPa at 0.5 CMOD (equivalent to 0.47 mm center deviation) and an average residual bending strength of at least 1 MPa at 3.5 mm CMOD (equivalent to 3.02 mm of center deviation) is found. Statistical distributions of the Grubbs tests are analyzed by methods of statistical modeling. The regulatory framework for fiber concrete is not currently well developed in the Russian Federation, thereby reducing greatly the application of new generation concretes meeting the current knowledge. The application of fiber concrete in tunnel construction will prove to be economically justified and the areas of applying effective materials are to be developed in future with the wide participation of scientific, design, production, construction and other specialized organizations, as well as educational and training centers.
Advanced Electrode Materials for Lithium-ion Battery: Silicon-based Anodes and Co-less-Ni-rich Cathodes
Authors: Chen Xinyu , Yang Wenhan , Zhang Yu
Published: December 2021

The development of higher-performance rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is critical to the substantial development of electric vehicles and portable electronic devices. The cost of lithium-ion batteries needs to be decreased more and the specific energy as well as recycling degradation rate needs to be enhanced further. Silicon anodes and cobalt-free nickel-rich cathodes are widely regarded as promising materials for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries. This review discusses the current state of research on silicon anode nanomaterials and nickel-rich cathode materials without cobalt.
Research on Optimization of Cross-sectional shape for Aircraft Door Rubber Seal
Authors: Yuan Xiuqi
Published: December 2021

Rubber seals are widely used in aircraft door structures, which play important roles on sealing, sound insulation and heat preservation. Aircraft door rubber seals are critical to the normal flight of the aircraft and the safety of the passengers. In this paper, a finite element model of rubber seals for aircraft door with different cross-sections is established. The deformation and stress distribution of the seals under the action of concentrated force and compressive displacement are analyzed, and the calculation results of seals with different cross-sections are compared. The optimal structural form of the cross-sectional shape of the seal is obtained. The research results are of great significance to improve the safety and durability of seals and enhance the sealing performance.
Analysis of influencing factors of data error in chemical analysis of iron and steel materials
Authors: Bai Yanhong , Wu Yun
Published: December 2021

This paper analyzes the influencing factors of data error in chemical analysis of iron and steel materials, including sample preparation factor, sample decomposition factor, analytical instrument factor, reagent factor, analysis method factor. The purpose is to reduce the error of data measurement results and improve the accuracy of data analysis results by studying the measures of eliminating instrument application error, doing a good job in reagent selection, appropriately increasing the number of experiments, strictly following the operation specifications and reasonably using the allowable deviation table.
A Path Planning Method Based on Robot Automatic Grinding of Drills
Authors: Hao Weidong , Tan Chaoquan , Sun Yulu , Zheng Chuan , Jin Jingsen
Published: December 2021

This paper proposes a path planning method for grinding excess material after PDC bit repair using industrial robots. Firstly, a 3D scanning instrument is used to obtain point cloud data of the bit to be ground, secondly, this data are imported into Geomagic Studio for processing to obtain the triangular sheet file of the area to be ground. Finally, the software based on MATLAB is used to process the file and calculate the motion path of the robot end-effector. The generated path is imported into ROS for simulation. By comparing the generated path with the grinding area, it was verified that the generated path could be used in actual operation.
An air insulated linear pulse transformer for electrodischarge technology
Authors: Zherlitsyn A.A. , Alexeenko V.M. , Kondratiev S.S.
Published: December 2021

A linear pulse transformer with air insulation at
atmospheric pressure was created and tested under both constant
resistance and non linear loads. The maximum power of the
transformer output pulse reached ∼500 MW at a matched load with
a charge voltage 50 kV. The transformer transferred ∼60% of
the stored energy to the load over a characteristic time of about
1 μs. The scalability the generator was studied by connecting
two identical transformers in series which gave a power output of
∼850 MW with doubled output voltage and reduced current. The
frequency mode of operation was studied using one and two
transformers with a charge voltage of 50 kV and a load that was,
close to matched. In both cases, the power maximum and jitter
showed no significant changes at any of the frequencies tested (up
to 5 Hz). These results mean that the use of this generator can be
recommended for a wide field of applications due to its scalability
and low internal impedance.
Study on debris flow risk monitoring and Early Warning in Nujiang Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Huang Qianrui , Yang Shuran , Cheng Xianfeng , Xiang Yungang
Published: December 2021

Debris flow is the mainly the geological disasters in Nujiang Prefecture, while precipitation is the trigger of it, how to implement debris flow forecast based on precipitation monitoring data or forecast data is a hot issue in current debris flow disaster research field. Because of the special geomorphology in Nujiang Prefecture, due to the influence of human activities, geological disasters occur frequently, severely affect the local economic development. As a demonstration area of geological disaster monitoring and early warning in Yunnan Province, to build a well-developed geological disaster warning system, it is very important to spread it to other parts of Yunnan province. Based on the analysis of the current situation of geological disasters in Nujiang Prefecture, adopt appropriate monitoring method and calculation method to select the primary sites for debris flow monitoring and early warning in the Nu River basin for research.
Genesis and evolution of magmas according to data on hot heterogeneous accretion of the Earth
Authors: Shkodzinskiy Vladimir
Published: December 2021

The obtained numerous proofs of hot heterogeneous accretion of the Earth lead to a fundamentally new solution to the problems of genesis and evolution of magmas. According to these data, the Earth’s core was formed earlier than the silicate mantle as a result of the agglutination of iron particles of the protoplanetary disk under the influence of magnetic forces, because with a small body size, these forces were billions of times more powerful thangravitational ones. The accretion of the silicate mantle created a global magmatic ocean under the influence of impact heat release. Its bottom part crystallized and fractionated as a result of the pressure increase of the formed upper parts. Cumulates formed the ultrabasic mantle, and residual melts formed the magmatic ocean. The increase in ocean temperature and depth caused the evolution of bottom residual melts from acidic to ultrabasic, the appearance of corresponding layers in the ocean, and the reverse geothermal gradient in the mantle. As a result of the cooling and crystallization of the ocean from top to bottom after 3.8 billion years ago early Precambrian crystal complexes, acidic crust, and the lithosphere of ancient platforms were formed. The separation of residual melts from various layers caused the evolution of magmatism on them from acidic to akaline-ultramafic and kimberlite. Heating of the mantle by a high-temperature core led to the appearance of a direct geothermal gradient at the end of the Proterozoic, convection in the mantle, and modern geodynamic environments. In them, magmas are formed by the frictional and decompression melting of the differentiates of the magmatic ocean.
A new mineral assemblage from the diorite complex in the Fe-Oxide-Cu-Au ores of the Kis-Kuel deposit (Eastern Yakutia, Russia)
Authors: Kostin Aleksey
Published: December 2021

This research continues our investigations of the iron-oxide copper-gold deposits in the Western Verkhoyansk region, where recent years efforts of the IGABM SB RAS led to the discovery of a new gold Kiskuel deposit. The Kis-Kuel intrusion-related IOCG deposit in Eastern Yakutia (Russia) with a wide range of mineral styles has a direct genetic link with a cooling intrusion during its formation. The IOCG worldwide and the Kis-Kuel deposit have common features for this style - the abundance of iron oxides and low of sulfides. Magmatic contribution to the Kis-Kuel deposit is significant. Intrusive rocks range from diorite to granodiorite in composition. The Kiskuel deposit hosted in diorites and granodiorites; xenoliths confirming deep mineralization represented by pyrrhotite (main), pyrite, chalcopyrite, and clinosafflorite (Co, Fe, Ni)As2, chromite, pentlandite. Clinosafflorite localized at the contact of pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite and at the contact of pyrrhotite and biotite. Chalcopyrite is found in intergrowth with pyrrhotite, were it forms bands and lenses. Parallel to the biotite cleavage, the thinnest layers of chalcopyrite are common. Clinosafflorite is rare and discovered in hydrothermal cobalt-nickel ores of the Bou-Azzer (Morocco), Cobalt (Canada), Glassberg (Germany), Silver Mine (England) and several others. Mineralization of rich mica processes occur in connection with the chromite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite; a common feature of the mineralized dark-colored rock is phlogopite abundance, ilmenite, potassium feldspar, calcite, rarely quartz; clinoenstatite metasomaticaly replaced with phlogopite and dolomite. This new evidence supports a magmatic-hydrothermal model for the formation of IOCG deposit in the Kis-Kuel, where iron-oxide mineralization sourced from intermediate magmas. The deep complex predominantly composed of chromite, ilmenite, magnetite, pentlandite, and clinocafflorite; less of galena and sphalerite. Many diverse mineraization systems from Kis-Kuel classified together as iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposits. The obtained data suggest deep ore-bearing structure of the Kis-Kuel ore-magmatic cluster with the potential for discovering of a new mineral ores style. All of this help in developing a new robust prospecting model.
Production of Ferroboron from Wastes by SHS-metallurgy and influence of Ligatures on the Structure/Properties of Cast Iron
Authors: Zakharov Garegin , Aslamazashvili Zurab , Chikhradze Mikheil , Kvaskhvadze Davit , Khidasheli Nugzar , Gvazava Salome
Published: December 2021

Waste, generated during the industrial process negatively affects the environment, but at the same time it is a valuable raw material and can be used to produce new marketable products. The study of the effectiveness of Self-propagating High temperature Synthesis (SHS) methods, which are characterized by the simplicity of the necessary equipment, the purity of the final product and the high processing speed, is under the wide scientific and practical interest to solve the set problem. The work describes technological aspects of production of ferro boron by the method of SHS - metallurgy from iron-containing wastes of rolled production for alloying of cast iron and results of effect of alloying element on degree of boron assimilation with liquid cast iron. Features of Fe-B system combustion have been investigated and the main parameters to control the phase composition of synthesis products have been experimentally established. Effect of overloads on patterns of cast ligatures formation and mechanisms of structure formation of SHS products was studied. It has been shown that an increase in the content of hematite Fe2O3 in iron-containing waste leads to an increase in the content of phase FeB and accordingly, the amount of boron in the ligature. Boron content in ligature is within 3-14%, and phase composition of obtained ligatures consists of Fe2B and FeB phases. Depending on the initial composition of the wastes, the yield of the end product reaches 91 - 94%, and the extraction of boron is 70 - 88%. Combustion processes of high exothermic mixtures allow obtaining a wide range of boron-containing ligatures from industrial wastes. In view of the relatively low melting point of the obtained SHS-ligature, the positive dynamics of boron absorption by liquid iron is established. According to the obtained data, the degree of absorption of the ligature by alloying gray cast iron at 1450 ° C is 80 - 85%. When combined with the treatment of liquid cast iron with magnesium, followed by alloying with the developed ligature, boron losses are reduced by 5-7%. At that uniform distribution of boron micro-additives in volume of treated liquid metal is provided.
Modelling of Fluidity during Hot Compaction of Ti-B System Synthesized Mass
Authors: Melashvili Zaqaria , Namicheishvili Teimuraz , Tutberidze Aleqsandre , Aslamazashvili Zurab , Chikhradze Mikheil , Zakharov Garegin
Published: December 2021

Developing the scientific basis for making new materials with pre-planned, physical and mechanical properties by SHS (self-propagating high temperature synthesis)-compaction is a fundamental problem of modern metallurgy, which can be solved by imaginative modeling of the structural-phase state of materials. Among the many methods of obtaining metal-ceramic tiles, the ease of process management, cheapness, ecological cleanliness and the possibility of obtaining high-quality products are significantly distinguished by the innovative SHS electrrical rolling process developed at the F. Tavadze Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, which, by maintaining the equilibrium velocities of the rolling and combustion fronts, ensures hot deformation of the hot viscous plastic mass in the deformation core under conditions of continuous compensation of heat losses Namicheishvili, 2016 [1] and Aslamazashvili, 2017 [2].
Structural Evolution of Ore-Controlling Trans-Crustal Faults of the Olchan-Nera Zone: Constraints from the Khangalas Ore Cluster, Yana-Kolyma Metallogenic Belt, NE Russia
Authors: Kudrin Maxim , Fridovsky Valery
Published: December 2021

The article studies the structural evolution of ore-controlling trans-crustal faults of orogenic deposits and occurrences of the Khangalas ore cluster located in the southeastern part of the Olchan–Nera metallogenic zone, in the Upper Indigirka sector of the Yana–Kolyma metallogenic belt, North–East of Russia. Studies have shown that the formation of tectonic structures occurred during four Mesozoic deformation stages. Accretionary thrust stage D1 resulted in formation of the main pattern of the Mesozoic tectonic structures of the region. Further tectonic evolution occurred in a strike–slip setting of the accretionary D2 and post-accretionary D3–D4 stages. Post-ore strike-slip faults activate and complicate the earlier formed structures of the reverse and thrust paragenesis. Mineralization associated with the strike-slip faults has not been established, whereas formation of the gold-antimony mineralization is associated with sinistral strike–slip faults in the Adycha–Taryn metallogenic zone located to the southwest. The new data obtained are consistent with the previously proposed model of the evolution of the deformation structures of the Khangalas deposit.
Ore Geology, RE–OS Isotope Geochemistry of the Au and Au-Sb Mineralizations, Kular–Nera Terrane, Northeast Asia: Implications for Time of Formation and Ore Genesis
Authors: Fridovsky Valery Y. , Kudrin Maxim
Published: December 2021

The paper presents the first results of investigation of the Re–Os isotope system of native gold from the Malo-Tarynskoe, Khangalas, Bazovskoe, and chalcopyrite from the Dvoinoe orogenic gold deposits and stibnite from the Maltan Au-Sb depositin the Kular–Nera terrane, Northeast Asia. The deposits are spatially related to NW-trending lithospheric-scale major brittle faults or controlled by subsidiary faults and fracture zones. Such zones served as pathways for fluids rising from below the crust, and they have a long tectonic and reactivation history. The Kular–Nera terrane consists of Upper Permian, Triassic, and Lower Jurassic clastic sedimentary-rock sequences, metamorphosed to initial stages of greenschist facies. Magmatism is manifested by Kimmeridgian–Berriasian S- and I-types granitoids and mafic dikes of the Tas–Kystabyt magmatic belt. Re concentration in gold varies from 0.168 to 6.997 ppb, and that of osmium – from 0.068 to 1.443 ppb. Chalcopyrite from the Dvoinoe deposit occurrence contains 0.1522 ppb Re and 0.499 ppb Os. Stibnite from the Maltan Au-Sb depositoccurrence contains 0. 236 ppb Re and 0.903 ppb Os. The Re–Os ages of gold from the Malo-Tarynskoe (147.8 ± 3.8 Ma) and Bazovskoe (147.2 ± 1.8 Ma) and Khangalas (137.1 ± 7.6 Ma) orogenic deposits and the Maltan Au-Sb deposits (69.7±1.9 Ma) are determined. Malo-Tarynskoe and Bazovskoe represent the earliest known orogenic gold mineralization in the Kular–Nera terrane. The data obtained permit us to correlate the initiation of orogenic gold-ore systems with the completion of the formation at the end of the Late Jurassic Uyandina–Yasachnaya volcanic belt, crystallization and subsequent cooling in the Late Jurassic–early Early Cretaceous of granitoid massifs of the Tas-Kystabyt magmatic belt, and subduction–accretionary events at the northeastern active continental margin of the Siberian craton. Maltan Au-Sb deposit is related to completion of the formation of the Albian-Late Cretaceous Okhotsk–Chukotka volcano-plutonic belt. Contrasting mantle and/or crustal sources of ore-forming material are established. The osmium initial isotopic ratio in gold 187Os/188Os = 0.2210-0.4275 and antimonite (0,2543-0,2976) is typical for the ore-forming material from the fertile mantle reservoir, and for chalcopyrite (3.1904) – from the crust.
Implementation of the 2030 sustainable development goals - affordable and clean energy in Poland
Authors: Rybak Aurelia , Wlodarczyk Ewelina
Published: December 2021

One of the most serious challenges facing the world, including the European Union and Poland, is the climate crisis and environmental pollution. The article presents an analysis of the implementation of sustainable development goals in the field of Affordable and clean Energy in Poland. The Sustainable Development Goals have replaced the Millennium Goals and enable their continuation. They were defined at the United Nations Conference in 2012. 17 goals and 169 actions were set. Sustainable Development Goals are a set of activities, the implementation of which is to lead to the development of sustainable development in the environmental, social and economic terms. Achieving the goals will be possible among others through changes in the field of climate, education, poverty or the natural environment. The study analyses, inter alia, such indicators related to the discussed objectives like energy import dependency by products, energy productivity, share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption by sector, final energy consumption in households per capita were analysed. This made it possible to indicate the level of achievement of the set goals, as well as to determine the possibility of achieving the goals set by 2030. The authors also presented the results of the generated for the analysed indicators forecasts. The presented results were obtained with the use of mathematical models, which were finally selected by the authors after the validation process. The time horizon of the forecasts was adjusted to the requirements of sustainable development goals. Countermeasures that can be taken to accelerate the deadline for achieving the targets were also outlined.
Principles of using precise inclinometry for landslides
Authors: Sombathy Erik , Mendes Estevao , Huang Qianrui
Published: December 2021

The main goal of this article is to analyze the possibility of using precise inclinometry for landslides. Inclinometric measurements are widely used to monitor landslides, retaining walls, piles and in places where it is necessary to measure deep ground deformations. The value of deep-seated ground deformations is calculated indirectly by using the difference of the inclination of an inclinometer casing installed on a borehole. Inclinometers are used to measure horizontal movements at various levels, usually within earth fills. Inclinometers are used to monitor slopes, indicating movement on a slope before it is visible on the surface of the slope. Inclinometers have often proved very successful in recognizing movement zones and the size, speed and direction of movement not only on slopes, but also on embankments, etc. There are a number of different types of inclinometers, and within each type there are variations produced by different manufacturers. However, the basic principle of precise inclinometry is the same. A guide tube is installed in the borehole and the inclination of the guide tube from the vertical is measured at predetermined intervals. It is measured using a pendulum which is enclosed in a watertight probe. The probe is lowered through the tube. The inclination of the pendulum is measured using electronic devices that are very accurate. The measurement results are determined by pulling out the measuring instrument (inclinometric probe). After assessing the measured values, the course of the profile is determined, if we compare the profiles from different measurements, we can evaluate the direction and size of the shift for the monitored period.
Hybrid inorganic-organic membranes in the service of clean coal technologies
Authors: Rybak Aleksandra , Rybak Aurelia , Joostberens Jaroslaw
Published: December 2021

Clean coal technologies (CCT) are all technological solutions that are designed to increase the efficiency of coal combustion, processing and extraction. They are therefore, all the technologies that will help to reduce its environmental nuisance during the production and use of coal and can be introduced at various stages of coal application. Earlier was stated that none of the energy sources (natural gas, crude oil and renewable energy sources), their native resources, the used technologies and the sources of imports are not able to eliminate hard coal from the energy mix of Poland in the near future. That is why the authors began research to create a new clean-coal technology based on the hybrid inorganic-organic membranes, which can be used for elimination of harmful substances generated during coal combustion, especially CO2. This work concerns the study of the inorganic-organic hybrid membranes based on few modified polymer matrices and various inorganic fillers. It was found that incorporation of zeolite 4A into the polymer matrix had significantly changed the gas transport parameters (D, P, S and α). In turn, the mechanical (Rm and E) parameters have increased with the filler content. The application allows the initial selection of ingredients from which the final membrane will be created. The designed technology does not require high financial expenditures, and it is also highly universal. It can be used both in households, heating plants and, above all, in power plants.
Study of Heavy Metals Toxicity Level in Workplace Atmosphere by Alternative Methods
Authors: Toth Lorand , Angela Călămar , Alexandru Simion , Nicolescu Cristian , Kovacs Izabella
Published: December 2021

Promoting safety and health at work, as part of the overall improvement of working conditions, is an important strategy, not only to ensure well-being of workers, but also to make a positive contribution to productivity. Health, safety and well-being of workers are therefore prerequisites for improving quality and productivity and are important for equitable and sustainable socio-economic development. Toxicological investigation of an industrial objective involves both knowledge of working conditions and the dynamic establishment of occupational pollutants in the workplace atmosphere, as well as bio-toxicological evaluation, being a synthetic representation of the aggressiveness of pollutants entering the body by various paths (respiratory, cutaneous, digestive, etc.) with reference, at the same time, to the adaptability of respective employees. Evaluation of the toxicological investigation has a role in following the evolution of working conditions and health of employees in time, potential technological changes with possible impact on employees’ health, as well as if new conditions occur, requiring the completion of previous toxicological investigations. Use of heavy metals in different industries has increased the quality of products from different production sectors but on the other hand also led to an increase in the toxicity of workplace atmosphere, which requires an assessment of the negative impact produced. The current paper aims at an alternative analysis of the determination of heavy metals content (Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr) in workplace atmosphere, using, on one hand, the method of spectroscopy of atomic emissions with inductively coupled plasma and, on the other hand, fluorescence with X rays. Following statistical processing of data gathered by the two alternative methods, the accuracy, reproducibility, relative standard deviation as well as the fidelity of methods expressed by the coefficient of variation will be established.
Immissions profiling using AI
Authors: Darie Marius , Călămar Angela , Burian Constantin Sorin , Kovacs Marius , Simion Alexandru
Published: December 2021

Industrial activity and not only, generates both emissions and immissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Thus, their magnitude and dynamics will present a specific footprint for each pollutant. The article aims to identify immission profiles using tools specific to artificial intelligence applied to a wide set of recordings of environmental parameters. The first part briefly presents the issue of environmental protection and specific regulations at national and European level, and the second part showcases the database of environmental parameters and the theoretical model of data processing. The last part of the paper is dedicated to results obtained and their analysis which shows the presence of emissions patterns (profiles) measured in different locations and time periods. Seasonality and its impact on emission profiles were also analysed. On this occasion, the use of the Hurst exponent allowed the segregation of various time series of data based on the resulting memory interpreted as a measure of immissions’ persistence. Jumps in the temporal dimension of values allowed the anonymous association of immissions with different locations. Analysis of the topology of clusters associated with immission profiles highlighted the presence of two types: rare clusters and dense clusters. Rare clusters can be associated with immission having accidental dynamics and dense clusters can be associated with systematic immissions. Use of the framed method allows for a classification of pollutants resulting in increased chances of solving the environmental impact.