bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual Responsiveness of Female Canaries To Song Bout Organization
Authors: Kreutzer Michel , Vallet Eric , Nagle Laurent
Published: April 2008

Recent experiments demonstrated that in oscine species, 1) Some special sequences of multipartite songs convey more sexual information than others and 2) Stimulus change or switching is often associated with intersexual interactions. We looked for an influence of these two song cues in common domesticated canaries. Female canaries were tested for their sexual copulation solicitation display (CSD) in response to the playbacks of different strings of song sequences from males of the same breed. In order to induce habituation, three monotonous strings were created: A.A.A.A.A.A; B.B.B.B.B.B and C.C.C.C.C.C. (repetition of the same song sequence). In order to manage disrupt of habituation by stimulus changes, four types of strings including two types of song sequences were created: B.B.B.A.A.A., A.A.A.B.B.B., C.C.C.B.B.B. and B.B.B.C.C.C. We found that a monotonous repetition of the same sequence leads to habituation when the sexual potency of the sequence is high (sequences A and B) and that song sequences may greatly differ in eliciting sexual displays (A >B>C). Subsequent stimulus change may elicit an immediate response recovery. But such a disrupt of habituation occurs only if a prefered sequence follows a non prefered one. We discuss prominent parameters that may have influenced female sensitivity and responsiveness to string organization in domesticated canaries.
Use of Trill Vocalizations To Coordinate Troop Movement Among White-Faced Capuchins: a Second Field Test
Authors: Boinski Sue , Campbell Aimee F.
Published: April 2008

The white-faced capuchin, Cebus capucinus, employed a specialized vocalization, the trill, to coordinate troop movement at La Selva, an Atlantic wet-forest study site in Costa Rica. We analyse the contexts in which this intra-group vocalization was emitted, including responses elicited from other group members. A cumulative 26.6 hours of continuous samples and 3,314 spectrograms (including 1,295 trills) were analysed from a study troop with 16 focal subjects. These results generally corroboratc the conclusions of a comparable field study of white-faced capuchins at Santa Rosa, a Pacific coast dry-forest site in Costa Rica (BOINSKI, 1993, Amer. J. Primatol. 30, p. 85-100). At both sites, (I) trills were closely associated with the initiation of movement by a stationary troop in a specific direction. (2) Trills were emitted at a much higher rate in the leading edge of a travelling troop than in following positions. (3) Individuals often reinforced the efforts of other troop members to coordinate troop movement. (4) Lack of consensus among troop members over the travel route was evident. (5) In rare instances trills were employed in tactical maneuvers suggestive of intentionality and the ability to anticipate behavioural effects. Differences in the usage of trills at these two sites were also detected. (1) At La Selva all troop members, with the exception of infants, used trills in the coordination of troop movement, whereas at Santa Rosa marked age, sex and rank distinctions in the extent of participation were apparent. (2) Capuchins at Santa Rosa altered the trajectory of travelling troops with trills, even reversing directions, but not at La Selva. These disparities may follow from differences between the sites in the extent of visual and auditory contact typical among troop members, social structure, susceptibility to predation, and possible genetic variation.
Behavioural Patterns in Baboon Group Encounters: the Role of Resource Competition and Male Reproductive Strategies
Authors: Cowlishaw Guy
Published: April 2008

Female Between Group Contest BGC competition for limited and monopolizable ecological resources such as food and water is the conventional explanation for behaviour during primate intergroup encounters. It is further advocated as an explanation for the evolution of social groups. This paper tests this explanation (H1) against two competing hypotheses. These are that patterns of intergroup interaction represent (H2) BGC mediated through males or (H3) male reproductive strategies. Four predictions are generated from these hypotheses and tested with data from two sources: (1) a cross-population Papio baboon literature survey and (2) a population-specific chacma baboon Papio cynocephalus ursinus case study. This population consisted of five groups (four habituated) in the semi-desert Pro-Namib region of Namibia. The predictions were: (P1) female OR male aggression dominates encounters, (P2) the number of females OR males determines the outcome of encounters, (P3) there is frequent aggression OR tolerance at resources during encounters, and (P4) males chase females away from their group OR into their group through herding during group encounters. Tests of these predictions using both databases failed to support H 1 or H2, but did provide evidence in favour of H3; namely female aggression was absent, male aggression was infrequent and directed towards either infants of other groups or females of their own group in herding episodes, and encounters with displacements tended to occur only rarely and mostly where resources were either non-monopolizable or absent. These results imply that BGC is not currently a selective force maintaining baboon social groups in either the study population or other populations across Africa. In order to further investigate the complex behavioural patterns observed in baboon intergroup encounters, data describing the demography and relatedness of groups and individuals are required.
The Effect of Schistocephalus Solidus (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) On the Foraging and Shoaling Behaviour of Three-Spined Sticklebacks, Gasterosteus Aculeatus
Authors: Barber Iain , Huntingford Felicity A.
Published: April 2008

In this paper we review recent experimental work on the effects of the parasite Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) on the feeding behaviour of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). We also discuss how increased feeding motivation and subsequent altered foraging behaviour may be a mechanism for parasite-associated changes in the shoaling behaviour of infected sticklebacks. The presence of S. solidus plerocercoids in the body cavity constricts the stomach, increases the handling time for large prey and consequently reduces the profitability of such prey for infected fish. This is reflected in a switch in dietary preference from large to small prey in the laboratory and in altered stomach contents and impaired nutrient reserves in the wild. By altering their hosts' nutritional state by direct competition for nutrients from digested food (and possibly indirectly by altering diet and reducing competitive ability) and also by altering the fishes' appearance, such parasites have the potential to alter the costs and benefits involved in joining a shoal of conspecifics. Experimental work on the shoaling decisions of S. solidus-infected sticklebacks supports this hypothesis, and such behavioural modification is discussed in the context of the manipulation hypothesis of parasite transmission.
Recruitment Screams of Pigtail Monkeys (Macaca Nemestrina): Ontogenetic Perspectives
Authors: Gouzoules Harold , Gouzoules Sarah
Published: April 2008

In several species of nonhuman primates screams given by victims of attack elicit interventions from allies in the social group. In the present study, the screams of 16 pigtail macaques (M. nemestrina) under three years of age were assessed with respect to production and contextual usage. Data obtained from these animals three years later were compared with those from the previous period for evidence of changes in usage and production. It was hypothesized that these monkeys (8 males and 8 females), when three years older, would show patterns of contextual usage and production for agonistic screams that were more similar to those of adult animals. For control and comparison, 10 monkeys (9 females and 1 male) who had been older than three years of age during the earlier study were also sampled during the subsequent period. Calls of all subjects were assigned to one of four agonistic contexts (defined by the severity of the aggression and the dominance rank of the opponent) using discriminant functions that had been generated from the earlier data. While the successful classification rate improved for the 16 subjects that were originally three years of age or younger, no significant change was found for screams of the 10 older control monkeys. The probabilities with which screams of the 16 younger subjects were assigned correctly to context (a measure of call production) also were significantly higher during the second period. No such change was evident in the calls of the 10 control subjects. Data from the earlier study period had suggested that, among juveniles, females appeared to be more proficient than males in both the production and usage of these calls. During the second period of study, the proportion of calls that was classified correctly increased significantly for both males and females. The results of tests comparing the proportion of correctly classified calls for individuals revealed no differences between males and females during the second period, confirming similar results for pooled data analyses. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between males and females in the assignment probabilities with which calls were correctly classified. These results suggest that, with age, the younger monkeys became more proficient in the contextual usage and production of screams.
Many Mates Make Male Pipefish Choosy
Authors: Berglund Anders
Published: April 2008

In the sex-role reversed pipefish Syngnathus typhle males search for mates, and prefer to mate with large rather than small females. When mate density was experimentally manipulated, males exerted a mate choice only under high mate density, whereas no mate choice could be demonstrated under low mate density. Hence, when mates are infrequently encountered, males reduce the costs associated with an extended mate search by accepting females that otherwise would have been rejected.
Responses To Conspecific Advertisement Calls in the Green Frog (Rana Clamitans) and Their Role in Male-Male Communication
Authors: Bee Mark A. , Perrill Stephen A.
Published: April 2008

We investigated vocal communication between males in a central Indiana population of the green frog, Rana clamitans. Three playback experiments were conducted. In the first test, we broadcasted a single-note and a multiple-note conspecific advertisement call and a control call (Acris crepitans) to calling males. In response to the conspecific stimuli, males increased the number of calls made per minute, increased note duration, lowered the dominant frequency in the call, and often approached the speaker platform. In a second playback test, designed to examine changes in the sound pressure levels of response calls, we broadcasted a conspecific single-note advertisement call and the control call to calling males. Males in this test lowered the intensity of their responses to the conspecific stimulus. We take these altered response calls to be encounter calls used in the vocal defense of a territory during agonistic male-male interactions. We examine the function of these calls and discuss their possible role in communication between males. In the third test, we broadcasted a second type of conspecific multiple-note call and the control call. In their responses, males increased the number of the second multiple-note calls. The multiple-note stimulus used in this test failed to elicit the agonistic responses of the first two conspecific calls. The role of this second type of multiple-note call in male-male communication remains unclear.
Function and Meaning of Wild Gorilla 'Close' Calls
Authors: Harcourt A.H. , Stewart K.J.
Published: April 2008

We investigate the social significance of the within group ('close') calls of
gorillas by examining correlates of calling with dominance rank and with
relatedness of adults, and by examining whether the outcomes of interactions
between adults differ depending on the calls given during the interactions. In
two wild gorilla groups, the majority of adults give most of their calls when
near another adult and fully in sight of them. Thus gorillas' use 'close' calls
as more than mere contact calls. An adult gorilla's use of 'close' calls
correlates with its own and with its partner's dominance rank, with effects
being most obvious for the most dominant animals, the fully adult males. Thus
the proportion of 'double grunts', the most common 'close' call, in an
individual's repertoire correlated consistently with dominance rank; all
non-silverback adults gave a higher percent of double grunts in the presence of
subordinates than they did near dominant animals; individuals were most likely
to give 'non-syllabled' grunts in the adult male's presence; and they
consistently exchanged calls at a higher rate with the adult males than with
other group members. An adult's type of calls did not obviously differ depending
on whether their neighbour was kin or non-kin, but kin were overall more likely
to give calls in the presence of kin, and to exchange calls with kin than with
non-kin, although the association was not consistent throughout the two years of
the study. With regard to the consequences of calling, subordinates were less
likely to be feeding one minute after an approach by a fully adult male during
which calls were exchanged than during silent approaches. In contrast to
findings from studies of some other species, calling did not correlate with
duration of grooming. We suggest that, among other functions, gorillas' 'close'
calls mediate social interactions. One form of calls, 'non-syllabled' calls, are
interpretable as appeasement signals. The broadest interpretation of the 'double
grunt' is that it is an exaggerated announcement of presence, whose function is
to attract attention to the caller, and to signal conditional future
activity.
Maternal State Induction in Female Spiders By the Young
Authors: Roland C. , Gundermann J.L. , Horel A.
Published: April 2008

Females of the spider species Coelotes terrestris must successively attend their egg sacs, then their young, in the course of their reproductive cycles. The various activities have been shown to depend on defined reproductive states. The purpose of the present work is to clarify whether maternal responses can be experimentally induced outside normal periods. Females, which spontaneously do not attend spiderlings, were either kept with groups of spiderlings for one week, or kept in isolation for the same duration. Females exposed to spiderlings adopted the behaviour of provisioning to the young and were more tolerant towards them, while no behavioural changes were noticed in isolated females. This phenomenon is consistent with the relative behavioural flexibility exhibited by this spider species.
Aggression, and the Acquisition and Function of Social Dominance in Female Anolis Carolinensis
Authors: Andrews Thomas J. , Summers Cliff H.
Published: April 2008

Female green anoles, Anolis carolinensis, were paired in terraria to investigate behavioral components of social interaction. Resources (perching sites, prey, and males as potential mates) were limited to assess their importance to cohabiting females. During interaction, paired females exhibited aggressive social behavior which contributed to the development of dominant-subordinate relationships. Dominant status and its relationship to differential resource acquisition was defined primarily by frequency of displacement of another female. Along with displacement, dominant females also had increased frequency of assertion displays, challenge displays, attacks and biting (Figs 1 & 2). Subordinate females were displaced more often and assumed submissive postures. No differences were found between dominant and subordinate females for perch site selection, body color or in prey capturing latency or success (Figs 3 & 4). Perch site elevation was not different between dominant and subordinate females, but was significantly lower than males. The color of paired females was not different unless males were present, in which case dominant females were darker. Paired females also respond differently to courtship display (Fig. 5). Dominant females responded with displays significantly more often than subordinate females to male courtship, indicating receptivity. The role of dominant-subordinate relationships among female A. carolinensis may include courtship and reproductive success as an important component, with consequences for the outcome of aggressive and reproductive social interactions with males.
Female-Female Competition and Male Mate Choice in Barbary Macaques (Macaca Sylvanus)
Authors: Kuester Jutta , Paul Andreas
Published: April 2008

Due to a strong breeding synchronization, the Barbary macaque is a likely candidate for female competition for access to mates, female reproductive suppression, and male mate choice. The present study evaluated the significance of these factors for the mating system of this species. Female competition was analysed from focal observations of 19 out of 59 potentially reproductive females in their conception period. Ad libitum recorded sexual interactions of all animals were used for an analysis of male mate choice. The focal females were aggressive towards females once per 6.1 h and received aggression from females once per 3.8 h. However, they were three times more frequently the target of male aggression (once per 1.2 h), whereby the aggressor was often the momentary sexual partner. Rate of aggression received from males and females was not related with female rank. Females of all cycle stages disturbed sexual contacts, whereby the intruder was dominant to the target in most episodes (86 out of 100). Intruders more attractive than their targets were most successful in terminating the sexual association of their target, but success of intrusions was low and not related with female rank. The intruder copulated with the former partner of her target in only 5 intrusion episodes. Rate and date of conception and infant survival was not related with female rank, indicating that aggression against females during the conception period and intrusions into sexual contacts did not impair reproduction. Therefore, female
Relation Between Behaviour and Physiological Maturation in a Ponerine Ant
Authors: Fénéron Renée , Durand Jean-Luc , Jaisson Pierre
Published: April 2008

In the ponerine ant, Ectatomma tuberculatum, workers pass through successive functional stages over the course of their adult life. This behavioural ontogeny from brood care to foraging activity appears to be closely related to glandular changes. Intranidal workers have growing or mature ovaries, while extranidal workers have degenerated ovaries but a well-developed reservoir of the poison gland. Our study, which was based on individual marking and multidimensional analyses, evidenced that the behavioural differences recorded among workers of a same age class are related to at least one physiological parameter. It means that variations in the course of the functional stages as compared to a basic age polyethism, may be partly explained by physiological maturation. We suggested then to substitute the term of 'age polyethism' by a more appropriate one, such as 'maturation polyethism'.
Do Female Chacma Baboons Compete for a Safe Spatial Position in a Southern Woodland Habitat?
Authors: Ron Tamar , Henzi S. Peter , Motro Uzi
Published: April 2008

In this study troop of chacma baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) at Mkuzi Game Reserve, Zululand, South-Africa, it is suggested that risk of predation and competition over safe spatial position had more importance and effect on female behaviour than did competition for food. Only 6.4% of all agonistic events were over food patches and no significant correlation was found between a female's dominance rank and proportion of time spent feeding, feeding bout length or diet composition. Parameters of reproductive success, such as inter-birth intervals and infant mortality were not correlated with female dominance rank. Female mortality, however, was related to dominance rank and all of the five females who disappeared during the study were low-ranking. Four of the five females disappeared after troop fission. There is circumstantial evidence supporting the suggestion that predation by leopards is the main cause of mortality of females at Mkuzi. High levels of female aggression were recorded, with almost no occurrences of support coalitions. Most of the aggression took place among similar ranking females, or was directed by the top ranking toward the lowest ranking females. Most of the female-to-female agonistic encounters were in a social context, and more than half were over a spatial position next to other adult troop members. Aggression among females increased after troop fission. It is suggested that the higher-ranking females may be better protected from predation, through access to more central spatial positions in the troop. Indeed, a positive correlation was found between a female's dominance rank and the time spent next to other adult troop members. It may be that avoiding food competition by keeping larger distances from others, while foraging, was translated in lower ranking females to a cost of higher predation risk.
Agonistic Behaviour in Larvae of the Northwestern Salamander (Ambystoma Gracile): the Effects of Kinship, Familiarity and Population Source
Authors: Walls Susan C. , Conrad Charles S. , Murillo Michelle L. , Blaustein Andrew R.
Published: April 2008

We examined whether kinship and familiarity influenced the agonistic behaviour of larvae from three different populations of the Northwestern salamander, Ambystoma gracile. We tested for differential behaviour (1) between individuals within each population; (2) among the three populations; and (3) between non-siblings originating from the same, versus a different, pond. Within each population, larvae failed to discriminate conspecifics based upon either their genetic relatedness or their familiarity. However, individuals from one population displayed significantly more agonistic behaviour than did larvae from the other two populations. Neither familiarity nor the population source of individuals, by themselves, influenced the ability of individuals to discriminate between unrelated larvae from the same, versus a different, pond. Rather, familiarity and pond of origin interacted to alter larval behaviour in a non-additive fashion. This familiarity x pond interaction suggests that, under some conditions, larvae could distinguish between conspecifics from their own, versus a different pond; i.e. larvae significantly reduced acts of aggression and submission toward unrelated individuals from a different pond, but only when they were familiarized. The apparent lack of kin discrimination in A. gracile contrasts with the discriminatory abilities of most other amphibians that have been investigated. Thus, scrutiny of the life history and ecology of this species may provide important clues as to the selective forces operating on the evolution of kin discrimination in larval amphibians.
Effect of Scent-Marking in Delaying Territorial Invasion in the Blind Mole-Rat Spalax Ehrenbergi
Authors: Zuri I. , Gazit I. , Terkel J.
Published: April 2008

The blind mole-rat (Spalax ehrenbergi) is a solitary fossorial rodent which inhabits its own tunnel system. Mole-rats are highly aggressive, and encounters between two animals in the laboratory may end in the death or injury of one of them. The ability to detect the presence of another animal's territory when tunneling may inhibit a neighbouring mole-rat from unwanted and unexpected invasion of an adjacent tunnel system as well as postpone an aggressive encounter. We aimed to determine whether mole-rats use olfaction to mark their own territorial boundaries and to detect the territories of other mole-rats while foraging. First, we examined whether mole-rats scent-mark their territorial boundaries in response to the location of a neighbouring mole-rat. We found that when an intruder was introduced, the test animal almost always shifted its latrine location to the intruder's side. Then, we used soil plugs saturated with urine plus faeces or with water to determine whether scent-marks influence mole-rat excavation patterns and whether there are differences in mole-rat reaction to a stranger's scent. Our findings showed that only soil saturated with intra-specific male excretions prolongs inhibits excavation by male intruders; soil saturated with water or female urine and faeces, or with inter-specific urine and faeces (Rattus norvegicus) did not have such an effect. Thus latrines may function as scent-marking stations and play a role in delaying conspecifics from entering the territory. We suggest that the olfactory channel of communication enables mole-rats to mark their territorial borders with a relatively long-lasting signal, inhibiting the entry of potential intruders (particularly males).
Does Behaviour After Weaning Affect the Dominance Status of Adult Male Mice (Mus Domesticus)?
Authors: Collins S.A. , Gosling L.M. , Hudson J. , Cowan D.
Published: April 2008

To investigate whether behaviour in the litter predicted later dominance status, male mice were observed whilst within their litters from three weeks old, and when paired with an unrelated male as an adult. We found that males that were dominant in their litter were not more likely to become dominant as an adult. The best predictor of adult dominance status was the relative scent marking rate when with littermates, males that marked more than their adult partner were more likely to become dominant. The high scent mark rate of dominant males may be the cause not the consequence of dominance, they scent mark at a higher rate before becoming dominant. It was also shown that there are strong family resemblances for scent mark rate, body weight and most urogenital gland weights. This indicates that scent mark rate and urogenital gland weights may be determined genetically, or partly determined by parental effects. As found in previous work the preputial gland was heavier in dominant males than subordinates. Furthermore, dominant males were lighter than subordinates at the end of the experiment indicating that there may be a cost to maintaining dominance.
Does Brood Size Manipulation Affect Later Competitive Behaviour of Offspring?
Authors: De Kogel C.H.
Published: April 2008

Data from several field experiments support the existence of a trade-off between number and quality of offspring. However, long term effects of brood size on fitness related traits of offspring have been a relatively neglected area of research. In a laboratory experiment the effect of manipulated brood size on subsequent competitive ability of adult offspring was investigated. Zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, were reared in small or large broods and young were exchanged in such a way that natural siblings from different rearing conditions could be compared. Competitive behaviour was assessed in two different contexts: competition for food (both sexes tested) and competition for mates (only males tested). There was no significant difference between males from small and large broods in number of succesfull attacks (after which the other male moved away) during male-male aggressive interactions provoked by the presentation of a female in an adjacent cage. Nor did brood size affect latency to eat, time spent eating or success at displacing the other bird from the feeder during food competition tests. The results thus suggest consistently that later competitive ability of offspring is not affected by brood size in this species.
The Influence of the Postnatal Maternal Environment in Accounting for Differences in Aggression and Behavioural Strategies in Mus Domesticus
Authors: Benus R.F. , Röndigs M.
Published: April 2008

House mice of selection lines for short attack latency (SAL) and long attack latency (LAL) differ fundamentally in the way they interact with their environment. A previous study showed marked differences in maternal behaviour between dams from both lines. The present study was designed to determine, by reciprocal cross-fostering, to what extent the postnatal SAL and LAL maternal environment contributes to observed differences in aggression and behavioural strategy between SAL and LAL mice. At a subadult age there were neither differences in attack latency between lines nor between control and cross-fostered groups. In adulthood there was a significant difference in attack latency between SAL and LAL mice, which was not influenced by maternal type. Also coping, as measured by the readiness to encounter a challenge, was not influenced by maternal type. Both at a subadult age as in adulthood, SAL mice encountered unknown situations much faster than LAL mice, but there were no differences between control and cross-fostered groups. As found in previous studies, SAL mice were more routine-like in their behaviour than LAL mice. However, SAL mice that were reared by LAL dams were more flexible in their behaviour than SAL mice reared by their own mothers. This postnatal maternal effect on
The Effects of Predator Exposure On the Female Choice of Guppies (Poecilia Reticulata) From a High-Predation Population
Authors: Gong Anson
Published: April 2008

Studies have shown that, under intense predation, guppy (Poecilia reticulata) populations have evolved duller male colouration and weaker female preference for brightly coloured males. Gong & Gibson (1996) found that females descended from a low-predation population responded to the presence of a fish predator by becoming less receptive and reversing their typical sexual preference for the brighter and more active of a pair of males. Here, I investigated whether this response is more strongly developed in guppies descended from a captive population exposed to predation from a natural predator. I measured the social and sexual preferences of virgin females for a pair of males both before and after visual exposure to a predatory cichlid in an adjacent tank. Females initially preferred the more actively displaying male. Exposure to the cichlid caused some females to become unreceptive and the remainder avoided the previously preferred male. These effects did not differ in magnitude from the responses of females descended from a low-predation population (Gong & Gibson, 1996). The avoidance of conspicuous males by females seems to be a generalized response to predation risk that is independent of current predation pressure on a population.
Shark Bay Dugongs in Summer. I: Lek Mating
Authors: Anderson Paul K.
Published: April 2008

In a shallow sparsely vegetated cove in eastern Shark Bay, Western Australia, approximately 20 solitary dugongs occupied small mutually exclusive zones of activity in the springs of 1988 and 1989. Occupants of those activity zones bordering on shoal areas patrolled their zones, defended them against intruders, and engaged in unique activities (bottom swims, situps, and belly-ups) which appeared to be intrasexual and/or intersexual displays. Forage biomass in the cove was inadequate to meet dugong maintenance requirements and known or presumed females appeared only in contexts implying mating. I infer that all residents of the cove were male. Sexual activity observed in this cove contrasted with the 'mating herd' pattern reported for sirenians elsewhere in that courtship and mating occurred in a pair context, a presumed female was herded within an exclusive territory, females were not harassed by groups of males, and apparent copulation occurred without persistent interference or harassment by additional males. I believe the cove is a traditional arena where an aggregation of males on display territories meets all the requirements of a classic lek.
Survey and Distribution of Crustacea Malacostraca in Poland
Authors: Jaźdźewski Krzysztof , Konopacka Alicja
Published: April 2008

The paper presents a survey of Polish malacostracan fauna. In two tables the distribution of freshwater and Baltic species is presented according to the regionalization of the country used in "Catalogus Faunae Poloniae". Figures present some interesting distributions of freshwater malacostracan taxa. Own studies as well as the review of ample literature aimed at the preparation of the successive issues of "Catalogus Faunae Poloniae" allowed to present this survey of 121 malacostracan taxa, viz., Bathynellacea - 1 species, Mysidacea - 9, Amphipoda - 50, Isopoda - 47, Tanaidacea - 1, Cumacea - 1, Euphausiacea - 1, Decapoda - 11. In inland waters 31 species and subspecies do occur (Batynellacea - 1, Mysidacea - 1, Amphipoda - 22, Isopoda - 2, Decapoda - 5). In brackish waters of the Baltic Sea and its lagoons- 54 species (Mysidacea - 8, Amphipoda - 24, Isopoda - 12, Tanaidacea - 1, Cumacea - 1, Euphausiacea - 1, Decapoda - 8). Bi-environmental species are Asellus aquaticus and Eriocheir sinensis. The land malacostracan fauna of Poland includes 4 amphipod and 34 isopod (oniscoid) taxa. The Polish malacostracan fauna is composed mainly of species that have invaded this region of Europe in the postglacial period, but the oldest, preglacial elements are subterranean amphipods (niphargids, Crangonyx) and Bathynella natans, occurring only in southern Poland. The earliest postglacial invaders of the Baltic and/or the northern lakes were glacial relict species like the Mysis relicta group, Pallasiola quadrispinosa, Monoporeia affinis and Saduria entomon. The Southern Baltic malacostracan fauna is dominated by Boreal and Arctic/(Subarctic)-boreal elements but one third of this fauna is Mediterranean-boreal or Lusitanian-boreal in origin. Inland waters were probably settled next by Gammarus lacustris, G. pulex, Synurella ambulans, Asellus aquaticus and Astacus astacus, then by later incomers, like Gammarus balcanicus. Canal constructions in the XVIIIth century helped the immigration of Ponto-Caspian elements: Corophium curvispinum and Echinogammarus ischnus. Intentionally introduced to Polish waters are Astacus leptodactylus, Orconectes limosus and Pacifastacus leniusculus; unintentionally brought along were Eriocheir sinensis and Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus, as well as Talitroides alluaudi and Trichorhina tomentosa to some greenhouses.
Evolution of Larval Developmental Patterns and the Process of Freshwaterization in the Prawn Genus Macrobrachium Bate, 1868 (Decapoda, Palaemonidae)
Authors: Jalihal D.R. , Sankolli K.N. , Shenoy Shakuntala
Published: April 2008

The inland prawn genus Macrobrachium Bate, 1868, is supposed to have originated from marine ancestors sometime in the beginning of the Pleistocene and since then its members have invaded freshwaters to different degrees. As such, these prawns are found to occupy almost all types of aquatic bodies right from purely marine through estuarine, riverine to impounded waters. Consequently, they have evolved various types of developmental patterns. Based on information available on more than 40 species, three basic types of larval developmental patterns can abe recognized in this genus viz., Prolonged or Normal Type (with 8 to 20 stages), Partially Abbreviated Type (with 2 or 3 stages) and Completely Abbreviated Type (with only 1 stage). However, there are several species showing transitional developmental patterns. Thus, the process of freshwaterization seems to be still continuing in the genus. Incidentally, the above knowledge can be applied in prawn culture as a basis for selection of a suitable candidate for forage species.
Presence of Milocra Frontalis H. Milne Edwards, 1840 (Isopoda, Flabellifera) On the Southern Atlantic Coast of the Iberian Peninsula: Spectrum of Parasitism and Parasitic Relationship With Gobius Paganellus Linnaeus, 1758 (Pisces, Gobiidae)
Authors: Nieto P. , Alberto L.J.
Published: April 2008

Analysis of the occurrence of Anilocra frontalis H. Milne Edwards, 1840, on intertidal fish of the Spanish-Atlantic coast over four years has broadened the known spectrum of parasitism to seven species. The abundance of the goby Gobius paganellus Linnaeus, 1758 and its high index of parasitation by Aniloera frontalis, has permitted a more detailed analysis of the parasite-host relationship. In more than 90% of the cases the parasites are situated between or immediately behind the eyes. There is a positive correlation between length of parasite and length of host, and a slightly higher percentage of parasitism in the males and in the smaller specimens of Gobius paganellus. Finally, there are great variations in the percentage of infcction of Gobius paganellus at neighbouring points of the coast.
Laboratory Observations On the Life History of the Isopod Sphaeroma Quadridentatum Say, 1818
Authors: Borowsky Betty
Published: April 2008

Adult Sphaeroma quadridentatum were maintained in the laboratory for up to tcn months. It was found that males exhibit terminal molts, but females continue to molt until they die. Mature females alternate reproductive and resting intermolt periods, and these periods are characterized by distinct oostegite morphologies. Immature females have small rounded oostegites; brooding females have large, overlapping oostegites, and females in the resting stage have small oostegites with arrow-shaped, angled tips. Amplexus only precedes a reproductive molt, but is not a prerequisite for fertilization. Copulation occurs in the interval between the female's shedding the posterior and anterior parts of the exoskeleton. Brood sizes ranged from 14 to 67, x = 33.7±11.3. Offspring were cultured to maturity in the laboratory, but this took as long as five months, and there was a mortality rate of 48%. Given the relatively lengthy time to maturity, and the relatively high rate of juvenile mortality, culturing this species for use in bioassays is not cost-effective.
The Puerulus Settlement of Red Spiny Lobster (Panulirus Interruptus) in Bahía Tortugas, Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Alejandro Villa B. , Belmar-Pérez Jorge , Sara De La Campa J. , GUZMÁN-DEL PRÓO Sergio A. , Carrillo-Laguna Jorge
Published: April 2008

The settlement of the puerulus stage of the Red Spiny Lobster (Panulirus interruptus) was measured in Bahía Tortugas, Baja California, using artificial collectors of the GuSi type. In the period 1993-1995 monthly sampling during the new moon phase was carried out. Catch rates per collector ranged from 1 to 10 pueruli. Mean catch per site ranged from 0 to 2.52 puerulus/collector/new moon phase. The general settlement pattern showed a conspicuous seasonal cycle where autumn was the dominant season, during spring there was a second minor peak. In both years September and October showed the highest catches, but September 1994 to February 1995 was a longer settlement period with maximum catches. The carapace length varied from 6.5 to 33.5 mm, 7.5 mm being the most frequent size. The season of maximum settlement seems to be related with a maximum sea temperature (20 to 21°C) which in Baja California occurs during the autumn.
Grasping Behavior of Male Snow Crab Chionoecetes Opilio (O. Fabricius, 1788) (Decapoda, Majidae)
Authors: Comeau Michel , Moriyasu Mikio
Published: April 2008

The grasping behavior of snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio, was observed in 43 males when only male crabs were collectively held in an aquarium. A larger male always grasped a smaller sized male which exhibited submissive behavior similar to a mature female in a mating pair. This grasping behavior was observed in terminal molt larger sized males except for one case observed for one intermolt juvenile male. During the mating season, although a wide size range of morphometrically mature males was present (51.0-131.0 mm in carapace width) in the wild population, mainly larger sized morphometrically mature males (72.1-128.4 mm in carapace width) participated in the mating courtship. A small number of solitary males was observed on the mating ground and their sizes were comparable to the males in mating pairs. Among the males in mating pairs, the larger sized males tend to occupy favorable mating grounds at greater depths, while the smaller sized males are found on less favorable grounds. The grasping behavior observed in the aquarium and in the wild suggests that the male-male grasping behavior appears to be related to the establishment of hierarchy among the mating males. Smaller sized morphometrically mature males appear to be eliminated before the mating pairs are formed and appear on the mating ground. On the mating ground, the second phase of competition among males occurs for favorable mating grounds.
Historical Review of Lobster Life History Terminology and Proposed Modifications To Current Schemes
Authors: Lawton Peter , Lavalli Kari L.
Published: April 2008

Terms for the life history and developmental phases of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, vary substantially and have been frequently revised (Cobb et al., 1983; Hudon, 1987; Barshaw & Bryant-Rich, 1988; Wahle & Steneck, 1991; Cobb & Wahle, 1994). Their evolution shows several trends: (1) acknowledgement of pronounced morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes accompanying a metamorphic molt into the fourth pelagic stage; (2) recognition of behavioral changes (facilitated by decreasing mortality risk) leading to increased vagility over the size range ~ 5 to 40 mm carapace length (CL), and (3) consideration of the impact of reproductive maturation on lobster movement and social interaction. Before further modifying current terminological schemes (Wahle & Steneck, 1991; Cobb & Wahle, 1994), a historical perspective is provided and problems with existing schemes are presented. Our proposed scheme, which better integrates ecological ontogeny with developmental, biological, and individual behavioral attributes, partitions the life history into seven phases (exclusive of the attached egg and prelarval stages): pelagic larval, postlarval, shelter-restricted juvenile, emergent juvenile, vagile juvenile, adolescent, and adult. It should also provide a template from which to standardize life history schemes for spiny lobsters where there are similar problems with current terminology.
A Detailed Redescription of the Pseudochirella Obesa Female (Copepoda, Calanoida). Ii. Antennae and Mouthparts
Authors: Rijerkerk C.D.M. , Von Vaupel Klein J.C.
Published: April 2008

In this Part II of the detailed account on the morphology of the Pseudochirella obesa female, the antennae and the oral appendages are reported upon. Reference is made to Parts I and III, respectively, for technical details and for a summary discussion of the results (cf. Von Vaupel Klein & Rijerkerk, 1996 and in press).
Oniscidea (Isopoda) From Lord Howe Island
Authors: Lewis Fiona
Published: April 2008

Six species of Oniscidea have previously been recorded from Lord Howe Island: Ligia australiensis, Tasmanoniscus evansi, Australophiloscia nichollsi, Australiodillo insularis, Australiodillo primitivus, and Orthodillo chiltoni. The following new taxa from Lord Howe Island are here described: Trichorhina sp., two new species of Anchicubaris, four new species of Australiodillo, seven new species of Cubaris, a new species each of Pseudodiploexochus and Pyrgoniscus, and a new genus and species Sphenodillo agnostos. The presence of Actaecia bipleura (Lewis & Green, 1995) is noted. A key to the species of Armadillidae of Lord Howe Island is given.
Phenomenological Research in Schizophrenia: From Philosophical Anthropology to Empirical Science
Authors: Davidson Larry
Published: April 2008

The subjective experience of schizophrenia, its cause, and its course have been consistent topics of interest within the phenomenological tradition since its inception. After 80 years of study and the efforts of many investigators, however, phenomenological contributions have so far had only a modest impact on current understandings of this disorder. In this article, the author reviews the methodological and theoretical issues involved in the development of a phenomenological approach to understanding schizophrenia. Drawing examples from his own empirical research, the author illustrates the three steps of description, understanding, and explanation required by an application of the phenomenological method to this empirical domain. He then considers obstacles to the acceptance of insights generated through this method by the mainstream psychiatric community. In conclusion, he suggests that the promise offered by a phenomenological approach will most likely be fulfilled when investigators appeal to the phenomenological conviction in intentionality to provide the guidelines for an empirical science of subjective life.
A Phenomenological Study of Dream Interpretation Among the Xhosa-Speaking People in Rural South Africa
Authors: Schweitzer Robert
Published: April 2008

Psychologists investigating dreams in non-Western cultures have generally not considered the meanings of dreams within the unique meaning-structure of the person in his or her societal context. The study was concerned with explicating the indigenous system of dream interpretation of the Xhosa-speaking people, as revealed by acknowledged dream experts, and elaborating upon the life-world of the participants. Fifty dreams and their interpretations were collected from participants, who were traditional healers and their clients. A phenomenological methodology was adopted in explicating the data. Themes explicated included : the physiognomy of the dreamer's life-world as revealed by significant dreams, the interpretation of significant dreams as revealed through action, and human bodiliness as revealed in dream interpretations. The participants' approach to dreams is not based upon an explicit theory, but upon an immediate and pathic understanding of the dream phenomenon. The understanding is based upon the interpreter's concrete understanding of the life-world, which includes the possibility of cosmic integration and continuity between personal and trans-personal realms of being.
Gaston Bachelard and Phenomenology: Outline of a Theory of the Imagination
Authors: Thiboutot C. , Martinez A. , Jager David
Published: April 2008

Gaston Bachelard's thought remains a continual source of inspiration for a phenomenological psychology that takes human habitation as a fundamental given and as an abiding mystery of the human condition. the following essay explores the ideas Bachelard developed in the course of his study of poetry. It examines in particular his vision of imagination as a unique passage way by means of which we reach an inhabitable, intersubjective and fully human world. Within that perspective, our lives are constantly renewed by the appearance of a revealing image or a telling metaphor. Each time that we are awakened by this appeal we commemorate the birth and rebirth of a human world.
Reading Plato before Platonism (after Heidegger)
Authors: Warnek Peter
Published: April 2008

"Platonism" is not only an example of this movement, the first "in" the whole history of philosophy. It commands it, it commands this whole history. [But the "whole" of this history is conflictual, heterogenous; it gives place to only relatively stabilizable hegemonies. Thus, it is never totalized, never totalizes itself.] A philosophy as such (an effect of hegemony) would henceforth always be "Platonic." Hence the necessity to continue to try to think what takes place in Plato, with Plato, what is shown there, what is hidden, so as to win there or lose there.1
Future Plans and Perspectives of the Archaeological Institute, Moscow
Authors: Alexeev V.P.
Published: April 2008

Since the 19th c. Russian archaeologists have studied the legacy of classical civilization in a broad area from S. Russia to the Caucasus and Central Asia, and its interaction with local cultures. The work of the Dept. of Classical Archaeology of the Institute of Archaeology focusses on 10 important Classical sites in the former USSR and on the history of the Bosporan and Chersonesite states. A new trend is the complex investigation of ancient cities and their chora (esp. of areas under threat from agriculture, building and a general deterioration of the ecology). The Dept. of Classical Archaeology collaborates in this work with several foreign research centres and ensures a wide distribution of its results through works for the general reader and exhibitions.