bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shared Value Creation for Sustainability in Not-for-Profit Organisations
Authors: Kandaiya Tony , Chavan Meena
Published: March 2019

The objective of this chapter is to delineate the sustainability problems encountered by not-for-profit organisations and to explore how these challenges can be can be managed through shared value creation by the stakeholders. Case study-abductive research methodology was adopted to explore stakeholder shared values and sustainability. This method of study is especially useful for trying to test theoretical models by using them in real world situations. Findings revealed that the sustainability strategy in not for profit organizations must be a holistic approach. Such an approach needs to build upon value-creation that is integrated to develop social entrepreneurship and create social capital along the three dimensions which includes innovative, proactive, and risk management behavior. This chapter contributes to the shared value with stakeholders to provide a social enterprise pathway for a not for profit organization to achieve long-term financial sustainability while maintaining the core social mission and objectives.
Social Media for Business Model Improvement
Authors: Lee In
Published: March 2019

This chapter reviews some of the major business applications of social media and discusses how social media applications are used to support business model improvement. Social media offers business organizations an array of innovative ways to interact with their employees, customers, partners, and other stakeholders. Consumers have easy ways of interacting with companies and their employees in real time with various social media embedded devices. Managers are realizing that social media affects a wide spectrum of business activities from building product or brand awareness to after-sales services. Therefore, it is crucial for companies to analyze their social media applications, develop a plan to continually monitor their advancements, and quickly respond to the social media needs of customers. For practitioners, this chapter provides managerial guidelines for social media applications for business model improvement.
Socioeconomics of Solidarity
Authors: Saiz-Alvarez José Manuel
Published: March 2019

This work deals with the Socioeconomics of Solidarity analyzed from a double public and private perspectives. The chapter begins with the guiding principles of this emerging economic thought based on the principle of subsidiarity, the search for the Common Good, and the necessary solidarity based on justice. After having grounded these principles, the author develops different solidarity-based public policies, mainly focused on the European Union, by including principles, objectives and stages of the European Official Development Aid, the European Development Fund, and the Common Framework for Joint Multiannual Programming and Efficiency. This analysis is complemented with the ideas rooted on the Socioeconomics of Solidarity that is analyzed following a private perspective, arguing that it is necessary to re-launch these School of Thought based on solidarity and justice to search for an economic world characterized by social welfare and economic wealth.
Translation Learning Environments for the Future
Authors: Ramos Maria del Mar Sanchez
Published: March 2019

This chapter describes how recent years have seen a growing interest in so-called collaborative translation. This is the subject of an open debate in translation studies, where matters such as translator training in social translation or the motivation of volunteer translators are all widely discussed. This chapter recounts a teaching experience performed at a key stage of a localization course. It describes the social constructivist methodology used and the findings obtained from a qualitative analysis to bring collaborative translation into the classroom and to introduce students into new translation models and practices.
Healthcare Security Assessment in the Big Data Era
Authors: Oncioiu Ionica , Ionescu Oana Claudia
Published: March 2019

By its nature, the improvement of the individual's health is a service that involves a rigorous sharing of data in real time. Integrating innovative advances in technologies into the healthcare system by organizations from Turkey is a challenge, an approach to the economic and social boundary, and an attempt to balance consumer-oriented actions. This chapter aims to contribute to the decrease of the shortcomings that exist in the healthcare security assessment by focusing on data mining for public institutions and organizations in Turkey.
Stimulating Local and Regional Economic Projects and Technological Innovation
Authors: Delcart Louis
Published: March 2019

The literature on the development of SMEs is clear: one of the most important obstacles to developing a private sector that also creates jobs is access to financial resources. This chapter presents the various economic players and their accessibility to finance: the public authorities, national, regional and local, the enterprises, and then in particular the SMEs and the traditional civil society. It also shows the conditions that succeed with the most effective results, incentives for start-ups and further developing companies, and the way targets are to be measured.
Urban and Rural Ecotourism in and Around Bolpur
Authors: Batabyal Debasish , Das Dillip Kumar
Published: March 2019

Bolpur is a district town in Birbhum, West Bengal. This place is famous for Viswabharti in Shanti Niketan where a new school of thought was initiated by Rabindranath Tagore. Later on, the place became an epicenter for Bengali education and culture. Though the place has other noteworthy academic and cultural records, this place has immense scope for urban and rural ecotourism. With the blend of rural Bengal and its rich artistic and spiritual exuberance, Birbhum offers a lot. Now, as a mean of entrepreneurship and employment, ecotourism can provide the local people with new alternative scope and opportunities. This chapter is an attempt to revisit and reorganize destination Bolpur with a sustainable marketing orientation for ecotourism. Further attempt is also made to support industry leaders and tourism academicians interested to invest or study for business and commerce. Familiarization trip has been conducted along with a survey for the tourists to better understand their expectations and perceptions.
Indian Tourism Industry
Authors: Saqib Natisha
Published: March 2019

The tourism industry certainly has been a formidable pillar as an unfailing and reliable source of revenue and capital for many nations. Many countries have been elevated from poor to appreciable economic statuses as a result of the invaluable contributions their tourism sectors have succeeded in adding to their overall economic growth. Tourism is a major engine of economic growth and an important source of foreign exchange earnings in India. Over the last decade, India has been the fastest growing tourism region in the world. This chapter primarily aims and seeks to identify and examine the paradigm shifts in the tourism industry over the seeming years and how the trends have behaved in India. It seeks to study the current trends in the tourism industry and evaluates the role of tourism in economic development. The future outlook is bright for the tourism sector, and the region is expected to maintain a high rate of growth well into the next century. The chapter contributes to an improved understanding of economic growth of a country because of tourism development.
Finite Element Modeling Method of Centrifugally Rotary Processing
Authors: Nguyen Van Tho , Soloviev Arkady N. , Tamarkin M.A. , Panfilov I.A.
Published: March 2019

In the present work, the process of interaction of an abrasive particle with the surface of a component is modeled in the framework of dynamic problems of the theory of thermoelasticity, considering plastic deformation, friction and wear of the surface in the contact region. Two boundary contact problems are considered. The first problem deals with the contact interaction of an element of an abrasive particle in the form of a truncated cone and the surface of a part. The circle of smaller diameter of the cone contacts the surface of the part taking into account the friction and plastic deformation of this surface. Kinematic or force boundary conditions are applied to the circle of greater diameter. In the case of kinematic conditions, the normal and tangential displacements of the circle and its rotation are specified. In the case of force conditions, the force and moment are given. In the second task, the hard stamp slides at a constant speed along the flat boundary of the workpiece, the value of the die insertion is set. In the contact area, the sliding friction force is expressed through normal pressure and heating due to the friction and wear. The stress and temperature fields near the contact region are investigated.
Influence of Nitride Hard Coating on Friction and Soldering on Surface of Aluminum High Pressure Die Casting Core
Authors: Luu Thuy Chung , Dinh Thanh Binh , Nguyen Thi Phuong Mai , Tuan Pham Hong
Published: March 2019

Wear and soldering are the two common failure types of high pressure die casting molds. Surface treatment solutions are often offered to limit these two forms of failure. In this study, the authors compared the average frictional force occurring when the die casting core was removed from the aluminum block to evaluate the effect of the chromium nitride and titanium nitride coating on the friction properties of the mold surface. Experience had shown that hard nitride coating significantly reduced the friction between the core and castings by aluminum alloys as well as significantly reduced the amount of adhesive applied on the mold surface. The experiment also showed that the coating of chromium nitride also reduced the level of damage to the core surface in real working conditions.
Designing, Manufacturing and Testing the Cycling Training System Featuring Magnetorheological Brake
Authors: Diep Bao Tri , Dai Hiep Le , Bui Duy Quoc , Tran Quoc Khai , Huynh Minh Huy , Nguyen Quoc Hung
Published: March 2019

In this study, a dual-disc magneto-rheological brake (MRB) with two coils placed on each side housing is proposed for a cycling training system. The cycling training system is integrated a positioning system to simulate the cycling process in different slope ranging from 0 to 150. By adjusting position of the bicycle, braking torque of the brake, a cyclist can experience different riding condition such as riding on flat road or steep road with the slope up to 15o.
Effects of some Parameters on Properties of Cu-Al2O3 Composite Materials Synthesized by Internal Oxidation Process
Authors: Thanh Ho Ky , Nguyen Duc Duy
Published: March 2019

The Cu-Al2O3 composite materials applying for electrode materials were successfully synthesized by internal oxidation process. The process included steps: producing solid solution α-Cu[Al] and oxidizing completely solid solution α-Cu[Al] as powders, then adding pure Cu powders and mixing in planetary ball milling, the mixtures were compressed into cylindrical samples, reduced at 750°C in 3h and sintered at 950°C in 2h in reduction atmosphere. The XRD patterns showed that total Al in Cu-matrix were completely oxidized in range of 20¸25h. After reducing and sintering process, the final products were Cu-Al2O3 composite materials. The results showed that micro-hardness, porosity and compress strength of Cu-Al2O3 materials increased with increasing of Al2O3 content, which was the result of dispersion of the fined Al2O3 grains in Cu-matrix. When Al2O3 content was unchanged, the porosity of received materials decreased with increasing of compress pressure. Whereas, the electrical conductivity of Cu-Al2O3 composite materials decreased comparing with pure Cu and it decreased with increasing of Al2O3 content.
A Methodology for Generating a Variable-Pitch Rotor of Twin-Screw Vacuum Pump
Authors: Tran Van The
Published: March 2019

The twin-screw vacuum pump is widely used in low and medium-low vacuum applications. Its core element consists of a pair of rotors rotating in opposite direction on parallel axes. Screw rotors with uniform pitch are usually finished by the form grinding method, but the rotors with variable pitch are not. In this paper, a manufacturing process for generating the tooth profile of the screw rotor with variable pitch by CNC lathe turning is proposed. The initial position of turning tool and normal profile error of the manufactured screw rotors are derived and verified numerically. Numerical examples are presented to validate the proposed method. The simulation results reveal that the proposed CNC turning process is feasible and flexible.
Investigation and Optimization of Power Based Smart Home Module Integrated with Automatic Solar Tracking System and MPPT Technique
Authors: Dang Thai Viet , Dinh Si Thong , Bui Xuan Toi
Published: March 2019

Currently, the world has a lot of research and practical application of intelligent building systems integrated with intelligent power systems. Because Vietnam is a country with potential for solar energy, the integrator of solar energy is being strongly developed. However, the research result of the optimization of electrical energy used by the intelligent type solar integration is rare. This paper presents the design and structure of the module of intelligent control and monitoring via wireless network integrated with the automatic solar concentration system. The system allows easy connection and operation of all electrical power sources including the dispersal solar power to ensure the efficient and lower power consumption. In addition, the solar cell system is applied the Maximum Power Point Tracking technique (MPPT), which helps to stabilize and improve the power generation efficiency of the PV panels. The test results on the module showed absorption performance of automatic solar-cell flat plate systems is raised by 20-30% and power consumption in small households reduced approximately 30%.
Evaluating Energy Efficiency of Production Machine
Authors: Nguyen Thi Ai Lanh , Tran Le Nhat Hoang , Paris Henri , Museau Mathieu
Published: March 2019

Industry is one of the most important energy consumption sectors. In the world, industry sector accounts for almost a third of energy consumption (28.3%, in 2012) [1]. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce: “Sustainable manufacturing is the creation of manufactured products through economically-sound processes that minimize negative environmental impacts while conserving energy and natural resources”. Nowadays, due to different environmental issues: the deficit of energy resources, the growing concern of the carbon emission, the environment impact... the awareness of energy consumption takes its important in manufacturing industries. In a manufacturing system, production machine is one of the basis energy consumed devices. In order to achieve the long-term goal "sustainable manufacturing", it is necessary then to take into account the energy efficiency of production machine [2]. In fact, increasing energy efficiency of production machine allows to reduce not only energy costs but also the overall environmental impact. Energy efficiency evaluation of production machine is therefore one of the prerequisites for energy saving in manufacturing [3]. In order to support designers during the design phase of the next production machine generation, in this paper, the principal objective is to propose a method to evaluate energy efficiency of a production machine.
Hepatitis B Virus–Induced Imbalance of Inflammatory and Antiviral Signaling by Differential Phosphorylation of STAT1 in Human Monocytes
Authors: Song Hongxiao , Tan Guangyun , Yang Yang , Cui An , Li Haijun , Li Tianyang , Wu Zhihui , Yang Miaomiao , Lv Guoyue , Chi Xiumei , Niu Junqi , Zhu Kangshun , Crispe Ian Nicholas , Su Lishan , Tu Zhengkun
Published: March 2019

It is not clear how hepatitis B virus (HBV) modulates host immunity during chronic infection. In addition to the key mediators of inflammatory response in viral infection, monocytes also express a high-level IFN-stimulated gene, CH25H, upon response to IFN-α exerting an antiviral effect. In this study, the mechanism by which HBV manipulates IFN signaling in human monocytes was investigated. We observed that monocytes from chronic hepatitis B patients express lower levels of IFN signaling/stimulated genes and higher levels of inflammatory cytokines compared with healthy donors. HBV induces monocyte production of inflammatory cytokines via TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling and STAT1-Ser727 phosphorylation and inhibits IFN-α–induced stat1, stat2, and ch25h expression through the inhibition of STAT1-Tyr701 phosphorylation and in an IL-10–dependent, partially autocrine manner. Further, we found that enhancement of STAT1 activity with a small molecule (2-NP) rescued HBV-mediated inhibition of IFN signaling and counteracted the induction of inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, HBV contributes to the monocyte inflammatory response but inhibits their IFN-α/β responsiveness to impair antiviral innate immunity. These effects are mediated via differential phosphorylation of Tyr701 and Ser727 of STAT1.
Challenging diagnoses of toxocariasis: a report of two cases
Authors: Gastaldello Maria Luisa , Bigliocca Marcello , Campanini Mauro
Published: March 2019

The present study illustrates two cases of Toxocara canis infection: a 77-year-old man presenting with bilateral uveitis, sepsis, and non-convulsive status epilepticus (patient A); and a 63-year-old woman with a history of treated breast cancer, presenting with sight loss and paralysis of the right eye, neurological symptoms, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, and a post traumatic vertebral fracture (patient B). Both diagnoses were challenging because the acute comorbidities withdrew the attention from the actual cause of the disease, and in one case the steroid treatment possibly affected the laboratory indexes. The lack of response to antibiotics and the involvement of specific organs and districts suggested parasitic infection. Indeed, immunoblot assay revealed the presence of specific T. canis immunoglobulin G antibodies. Both patients improved with albendazole 800 mg/die (400 mg ×2) for 28 days; the neurological state normalized, while sight and eye motility remained impaired. Overall, the findings from these two toxocariasis cases indicate that the occurrence of severe neurological symptoms associated with ocular involvement should generate suspicion of parasitic infection rather than leading to differential diagnosis of common presentations such as bacterial and viral infections or autoimmune diseases.
Non-celiac wheat sensitivity: a search for the pathogenesis of a self-reported condition
Authors: Mansueto Pasquale , Soresi Maurizio , Iacobucci Rosario , La Blasca Francesco , Romano Giulia , D’Alcamo Alberto , Carroccio Antonio
Published: March 2019

A significant percentage of the general population reports gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms caused by wheat and/or gluten ingestion, even though they do not suffer from celiac disease (CD) or wheat allergy (WS), because they test negative both for CD-specific serology and histopathology. All patients report improvement of symptoms on a gluten-free diet. This clinical condition has been named non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). The objective of this paper was to review some studies regarding the pathogenesis of NCGS to summarize the current hypotheses about the mechanisms, which can lead to NCGS. Particular attention was given to the immunologic and the malabsorptive hypotheses. We reviewed data of our previous studies involving patients diagnosed with NCWS by means of double-blind placebo-controlled wheat challenge. The data indicating a possible wheat allergy diagnosis were examined and other data in the literature were reviewed; we also reviewed the putative role of fermentable oligosaccharides disaccharides monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) and of α-amylasetrypsin inhibitors (ATIs) proteins in the NCGS pathogenesis. NCGS pathogenesis has been attributed to very different mechanisms, among others: i) activation of innate and adaptive immunity (the immune/allergic mechanisms) induced by gluten or the non-gluten ATI family; ii) incomplete digestion and/or absorption of FODMAPs (the intolerance mechanisms); and iii) psychological effect.We suggest that NCGS is a heterogeneous condition, which includes different subgroups of patients who have different pathogenic mechanisms: strong data suggest a direct pathogenic immunogenic/inflammatory role of wheat-cereal proteins (not only gluten) in a subgroup, probably the largest, of these patients.
Incorporation of a Secondary Wheel Assembly using Novel Zigbee based Traction Control System for Vehicle Stability during Tire Blow-Outs
Authors: Thirunavukkarasu M. , Lakshminarayanan V.
Published: March 2019

Tire blow-outs or puncture during the operation of the vehicle is one of the major root causes of road accidents. The drivers lose his/her control of the steering wheel when the tire get punctured or busted leading towards loss of stability of the vehicle causing adverse effects to the vehicle and the passenger. Due to the rapid change in the pressure range within the tyres, the rim of the wheels come in contact with the road surface causing loss of traction and stability of the vehicle leading to accidents. Despite, the rapid advancements witnessed in the field of automobile industry stating from autonomous vehicles to electronic stability unit, a proper solution addressing the issue of accidents caused due to tire blow-outs remains unanswered. In this proposed study, automatic activation of an additional secondary wheel/roller assembly mounted to the chassis using a custom made Zigbee based smart traction system in order to address the traction and stability issues based on the real-time pressure of the tyre is presented. The real-time pressure of the wheels is monitored by the control system which then decides on scheduling the activation of the secondary wheel/roller assembly using a battery operated pneumatic system which will prevent the vehicle from losing its stability. The proposed traction control system consisting of the secondary roller assembly could also be considered as a lifesaving add-on to the passenger vehicle and a replacement for the wheel replacement jack emphasising the market demand of the proposed solution which is a robust and a cost-effective solution.
Effect of Mg, SiC and Fly Ash Particulates in Aluminium Alloy for Automotive Wheel Rim Applications
Authors: Asif Abdul Hafeez , Jayakumar V. , Virinchy Chintala Sai , Shanmuganandam K.
Published: March 2019

For the past few decades the wheels of an automobile are usually made out of alloy materials. Due to the increased demand for peculiarity and enhanced outlook, metal matrix composites can be used for the alloy wheels. They enhance the performance of the vehicle by reducing its weight and thereby increasing its fuel efficiency. Many literature works are initiated and progressed on design and development of automotive alloy wheels. There is a scope for enhancing their properties with reinforcements. This study focuses on manufacturing a novel metal matrix composite material comprising aluminium as metal matrix and magnesium, silicon carbide and fly ash as reinforcements. The newly fabricated composition is tested. The alloy wheel is further analysed using ANSYS. The analysis results are compared with that of the existing aluminium alloy. The obtained results confirm that the proposed metal matrix composite is a reliable replacement for the aluminium alloy.
Production of Biodiesel from Eucalyptus Tereticornis and its Effect on Combustion, Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI Engines
Authors: Hariram V. , Seralathan S. , Prakash R. , Paulson V. , Micha Prem kumar T.
Published: March 2019

In the present investigation, bio-oil from Eucalyptus teriticornisis is extracted through steam distillation process. The effect of esterified bio-oil is analysed in a single cylinder compression ignition engine. For this purpose, Eucalyptus biodiesel is prepared by transesterification process with methanol and NaOH as catalyst under variable parameters. The performance, combustion and emission features of a four stroke diesel engine were investigated using methyl ester of eucalyptus biodiesel (EBD100) and its blend with 50% diesel (D50-EBD50). The test outcome reveals that there is marginal increase in brake thermal efficiency and slight drop in brake specific fuel consumption for biodiesel fuel when compared to that of mineral diesel fuel. The use of this biodiesel resulted in decreased emission of Hydrocarbons and Carbon monoxide and higher emission of Nitrogen oxide and Carbon dioxide at part loads. EBD100 exhibits similar heat release rate and lower in-cylinder pressure compared to that of the diesel fuel at same loads.
Garantizar la Igualdad de Género
Authors: Garza Guerra María Taide
Published: March 2019

Es fundamental que la Igualdad de Género en el País se proyecte a través de políticas públicas con perspectiva de género que permitan a las mujeres tener el mismo acceso, trato digno y oportunidad para gozar de sus derechos: educación, empleo, salud, asociación ciudadana, participación política, vida digna, entre otros, es decir a gozar de las condiciones óptimas y necesarias para el desarrollo, ejercicio pleno de sus aptitudes y capacidades, reivindicando a la vez aquellos derechos que hayan sido vulnerados, equilibrando desigualdades y discriminación entre mujeres y hombres.

Es trascendental considerar la situación que viven las mujeres y niñas, al demandar el cumplimiento de los derechos humanos como responsabilidad del gobierno, implementando medidas efectivas que inciden en la reducción de las desigualdades y discriminación, observando la reforma de junio de 2011 del artículo 1° de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, la legislación en la materia a nivel nacional, así como los compromisos suscritos por el Estado Mexicano en el marco de las convenciones y los tratados internacionales: particularmente, la Convención para la Eliminación de Todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer y la Convención Interamericana para Prevenir, Sancionar y Erradicar la Violencia contra la Mujer.
Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum (Hamman'S Syndrome): Presenting as Acute Severe Asthma
Authors: Mohamed Waddah , Exley Claire , Sutcliffe Ian Michael , Dwarakanath Akshay
Published: March 2019

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is an uncommon finding and clinicians must consider this during their clinical evaluation. High degree of suspicion and appropriate investigations play key roles in early diagnosis and avoiding potential life-threatening complications. SPM usually presents without any comorbidities (primary) or due to an underlying pathology (secondary), such as underlying asthma, barotrauma, valsalva manoeuvre or an oesophageal rupture. Patients can have varying clinical symptoms; the majority will have subcutaneous emphysema and Hamman's sign (mediastinal crunching sound on auscultation). The prognosis of SPM is usually good with resolution in most cases, and it has a low recurrence rate. We report a case of SPM in a young 19-year-old male who presented with symptoms of acute severe asthma and who made a complete resolution with conservative management.
Petr Skrabanek: The Abominable No-Man
Authors: O'Mahony Seamus
Published: March 2019

Petr Skrabanek (1940-94) was a Czech-born doctor, polemicist and literary scholar. He qualified in medicine in Ireland, and spent most of his career at the Medical School of Trinity College Dublin. He was an outspoken critic of modern medicine, particularly of what he called ‘coercive healthism'. Skrabanek's sceptical and iconoclastic ideas are more relevant today than ever. This essay aims to rekindle interest in his life and work.
Sensitivity of GPS tropospheric estimates to mesoscale
convective systems in West Africa
Authors: Nahmani Samuel , Bock Olivier , Guichard Françoise
Published: March 2019

Abstract. This study analyzes the characteristics of GPS tropospheric estimates (Zenith Wet Delays, and gradients, and post-fit phase residuals) during the passage of Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) and evaluates their sensitivity to the research-level GPS data processing strategy implemented. Here, we focus on MCS events observed during the monsoon seasons of West Africa. This region is particularly well suited because of the high frequency of occurrence of MCSs in contrasting climatic environments between the Guinean coast and the Sahel. This contrast is well sampled data with the six AMMA GPS stations. Tropospheric estimates for 3-year period (2006–2008), processed with both GAMIT and GIPSY-OASIS software packages, were analyzed and inter-compared. First, the case an MCS which passed over Niamey, Niger, on 11 August 2006, demonstrates a strong impact of the MCS on GPS estimates and post-fit residuals when the GPS signals propagate through convective cells as detected on reflectivity maps from MIT’s C-band Doppler radar. The estimates are also capable of detecting changes in the structure and dynamics of the MCS. The sensitivity is however different depending on the tropospheric modeling approach adopted in the software. With GIPSY-OASIS, the high temporal sampling (5 min) of Zenith Wet Delays and gradients is well suited for detecting the small-scale, short-lived, convective cells, while the post-fit residuals remain quite small. With GAMIT, the lower temporal sampling of the estimated parameters (hourly for Zenith Wet Delays and daily for gradients) is not sufficient to capture the rapid delay variations associated with the passage of the MCS, but the post-fit phase residuals clearly reflect the presence of a strong refractivity anomaly. The results are generalized with a composite analysis of 414 MCS events observed over the 3-year period at the six GPS stations with the GIPSY-OASIS estimates. A systematic peak is found in the Zenith Wet Delays coincident with the cold-pool crossing time associated to the MCSs. The tropospheric gradients are reflecting the path of the MCS propagation (generally from East to West). This study concludes that Zenith Wet Delays, gradients, and post-fit phase residuals provide relevant and complementary information on MCSs passing over or in the vicinity of a GPS station.
Ice core records of biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan, dehydroabietic and vanillic acids) from Aurora Peak in Alaska since 1660s: A new dimension of forest fire activities in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Pokhrel Ambarish , Kawamura Kimitaka , Ono Kaori , Tsushima Akane , Seki Osamu , Matoba Sumio , Shiraiwa Takayuki , Kunwar Bhagawati
Published: March 2019

Abstract. A 180 m long (ca. 274 years) ice core was drilled in the saddle of the Aurora Peak of Alaska (63.52° N; 146.54° W, elevation: 2825 m). The ice core samples were melt, concentrated and then derivatized with N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide with 1 % trimethylsilyl chloride and pyridine followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses. Levoglucosan, dehydroabietic acid, and vanillic acid are reported for the first time from the alpine glacier to better understand historical biomass burning activities in the source region of southern Alaska. These organic compounds showed higher concentrations with many sporadic peaks in the 1660s–1830s, 1913, and 2005. Moreover, there are few discrepancies of higher spikes among them after the 1970s with sporadic peaks in 1994–2007 for dehydroabietic acid. Historical trends of levoglucosan, dehydroabietic and vanillic acid showed that biomass burning activities from resin and lignin in boreal conifer trees, other higher plants and grasses were significant before the 1840s and after the 1970s in the source regions of southern Alaska, being different from previous ice core studies. Long-range atmospheric transport could be important for levoglucosan compared to dehydroabietic acid in the North Pacific Rim (NPR). We found weak or no correlations of levoglucosan with NO2− (r = 0.06), NO3− (0.04), nss-SO42− (0.08), nss-K+ (0.11), and NH4+ (0.11) from the same ice core, suggesting that these anions and cations do not represent a gleaming signal of biomass burning activities in the source regions for southern Alaska. Hence, this study revels a new dimension of biomass burning periodic cycles in the NPR.
MEMS-based condensation particle counter for real-time monitoring
of airborne ultrafine particles at a point of interest
Authors: Yoo Seong-Jae , Kwon Hong-Beom , Hong Ui-Seon , Kang Dong-Hyun , Lee Sang-Myu , Han Jangseop , Hwang Jungho , Kim Yong-Jun
Published: March 2019

Abstract. We present a microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based condensation particle counter (CPC) for sensitive and precise monitoring of airborne ultrafine particles (UFPs) at a point of interest that is portable, inexpensive, and accurate. The proposed system consists of two main parts: a MEMS-based condensation chip that grows UFPs to micro-sized droplets and a miniature optical particle counter (OPC) that singly counts grown droplets with the light scattering method. A conventional conductive cooling–type CPC is miniaturized through MEMS technology and the 3D printing technique, and the essential elements for growing droplets are integrated on a single glass slide. The proposed system is much more compact (75 mm × 130 mm × 50 mm), lightweight (205 g), and power-efficient (2.7 W) than commercial CPCs. In quantitative experiments, the results indicated that the proposed system can detect UFPs as small as 13.4 nm by growing them to micro-sized (3.16 µm) droplets. The proposed system measured the UFP number concentration with high accuracy (deviation within 4.1 %), and its detectable concentration range of 7.99–7200 N cm−3. Thus, the proposed system can potentially be used for UFP monitoring in both low-concentration (e.g., air filtration system, high-precision industries utilizing cleanrooms) and high-concentration (e.g., indoor/outdoor atmospheres) environments.
The linear growth rate of Rayleigh–Taylor instability in ionospheric F layer
Authors: Liu Kangkang
Published: March 2019

Abstract. It is generally considered that the perturbation electric field generated by the charge accumulation caused by the current divergence is the driving force for Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) in plasma. However, in previous calculation of the linear growth rate of RTI the current continuity equation was applied, which means the contribution of charge accumulation to the growth of RTI was ignored. Applying the perturbation electric field and the current continuity equation simultaneously in calculating the linear growth rate of RTI of the ionospheric F layer will give erroneous results. In this paper, we calculated the linear growth rate of RTI with the standard instability analysis method. The charge conservation equation was used in the calculation instead of the current continuity to study the contribution of charge accumulation to the growth of RTI. The results show that the contribution of charge accumulation to the linear growth rate of RTI is proportional to the ratio of Alfvén speed to the light speed. In ionospheric F layer the ratio is small, the contribution of charge accumulation to the growth of RTI is negligible. This indicates that the previous physical description of the RTI in the ionospheric F layer is wrong and a new physical description of RTI is needed. In the new physical description perturbation electric field and charge accumulation is not the cause, but the result of RTI. In ionospheric layer, background electric field and neutral wind velocity have no effect on the linear growth rate of RTI.
The takeover of science communication: how science lost its leading role in the public discourse on carbon capture and storage research in daily newspapers in Germany
Authors: Schneider Simon
Published: March 2019

Abstract. CCS (carbon capture and storage) is an important issue within the context of
climate-change mitigation options and has played a major role in the agendas
of scientists, researchers, and engineers. While media representations of CCS
in Germany from 2004 to 2014 demonstrated the significant mediatization of
the topic, this cannot be ascribed to science. Instead, CCS media coverage in
Germany has been dominated by other stakeholder groups. While CCS is linked
to various industry sectors, such as cement and steel production, the German
debate has dominantly focussed on the coal and energy branches. This study
looks at the role of science and science public relations (PR) within the
German public debate by analysing the media coverage of CCS in daily
newspapers from 2004 to 2014. If science wishes to remain proactive within
science communication, new approaches for future science PR have to be
deduced to strengthen, once again, the role of science communication. Among
these approaches, it is important to pursue a more differentiated
understanding of target audiences and regional concerns. Science PR has to
accept that science itself is no longer the only stakeholder and actor within
science communication.
The long-term variability of extreme sea levels in the German Bight
Authors: Lang Andreas , Mikolajewicz Uwe
Published: March 2019

Abstract. We investigate the long-term variability of extreme high sea levels (ESL) in the southern German Bight and associated large-scale forcing mechanisms in the climate system using simulations covering the last 1000 years. To this end, global MPI-ESM simulations from the PMIP3 past1000 project are dynamically scaled-down with a regionally coupled climate system model focusing on the North Sea. We find that the statistics of simulated ESL compare well with observations from the tide gauge record at Cuxhaven but show large variations on interannual to centennial timescales. ESL arise independent of preferred systematic oscillations and are to a large extent decoupled from variations of the background sea level (BSL). Large scale circulation regimes associated with periods of high ESL are regionally consistent and similar to those associated with elevated BSL, but the location of the respective centers of action of the governing sea level pressure (SLP) dipole differs. While BSL variations correlate well with the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), ESL variations are rather associated with a dipole between northeastern Scandinavia and the Gulf of Biscay, leading to a stronger local north-westerly wind component in the North Sea. Potential links with solar or volcanic forcing are masked due to the high ESL variability. The high internal variability stresses the irreducible uncertainties related to traditional extreme value estimates based on shorter subsets which fail to account for long-term variations. Existing estimates of future changes in ESL may be dominated by natural variability rather than climate change signals, thus requiring larger ensemble simulations to assess future flood risks.
Large-scale electrical resistivity tomography in the Cheb Basin (Eger Rift) at an ICDP monitoring drill site to image fluid-related structures
Authors: Nickschick Tobias , Flechsig Christina , Mrlina Jan , Oppermann Frank , Löbig Felix , Günther Thomas
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The Cheb Basin, a region of ongoing swarm earthquake activity in the western Czech Republic, is characterized by intense carbon dioxide degassing along two known fault zones – the N-S-striking Počatky-Plesná fault zone (PPZ) and the NW-SE-striking Mariánské Lázně fault zone (MLF). The fluid pathways for the ascending CO2 of mantle origin are subject of an International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) project in which several geophysical surveys are currently carried out to image the near-surface geologic situation, as existing boreholes are not sufficiently deep to characterize the structures. As electrical resistivity is a sensitive parameter to the presence of low-resistivity rock fractions as liquid fluids, clay minerals and also metallic components, a large-scale dipole-dipole experiment using a special type of electric resistivity tomography (ERT) was carried out in June 2017 in order to image fluid-relevant structures. We used static remote-controlled data loggers in conjunction with high-power current sources for generating sufficiently strong signals that could be detected all along the 6.5 km long profile with 100 m and 150 m dipole spacings. Extensive processing of time series and apparent resistivity data lead to a full pseudosection and allowing interpretation depths of more than 1000 m. The subsurface resistivity image reveals the deposition and transition of the overlying Neogene Vildštejn and Cypris formations, but also shows a very conductive basement of phyllites and granites that can be attributed to high salinization or rock alteration by these fluids in the tectonically stressed basement. Distinct, narrow pathways for CO2 ascent are not observed with this kind of setup which hints at wide degassing structures over several kilometers within the crust instead. We also observed gravity/GPS data along this profile in order to constrain ERT results. Gravity clearly shows the deepest part of the Cheb Basin along the profile, its limitation by MLF at NE end, but also shallower basement with an assumed basic intrusion in SW part of profile. We propose a conceptual model in which certain lithological layers act as caps for the ascending fluids, based on stratigraphic records and our results from this experiment, providing a basis for future drills in the area aimed at studying and monitoring fluids.
The Morphology of Ice and Liquid Brine in the Environmental SEM: A
Study of the Freezing Methods
Authors: Vetráková Ľubica , Neděla Vilém , Runštuk Jiří , Heger Dominik
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The microstructure of polycrystalline ice with a threading solution of brine controls its numerous characteristics, including the ice mechanical properties, ice-atmosphere interactions, sea-ice albedo, and (photo)chemical behavior in/on the ice. Ice samples were previously prepared in laboratories to study various facets of ice-impurities interactions and (photo)reactions to model natural ice-impurities behavior. We examine the impact of the freezing conditions and solute (CsCl used as a proxy for naturally occurring salts) concentrations on the microscopic structure of ice samples via an environmental scanning electron microscope. The method allows us to observe in detail the ice surfaces, namely, the free ice, brine puddles, brine-containing grain boundary grooves, individual ice crystals, and imprints left by entrapped air bubbles at temperatures higher than −25 °C. The amount of brine on the external surface is found proportional to the solute concentration and is strongly dependent on the sample preparation method. Time-lapse images in the condition of slight sublimation reveal sub-surface association of air bubbles with brine. With rising temperature (up to −14 °C), the brine surface coverage increases to remain enhanced during the subsequent cooling and until the final crystallization below the eutectic temperature. The ice recrystallization dynamics identifies the role of surface spikes in retarding the ice boundaries propagation (Zeener pining). The findings thus quantify the amounts of brine exposed to incoming radiation, available for the gas exchange, and influencing other mechanical and optical properties of ice. The results have straightforward implications for artificially prepared and naturally occurring salty ices.
Whose discourse? Dialogic Pedagogy for a post-truth world
Authors: Alexander Robin
Published: March 2019

If, as evidence shows, well-founded classroom dialogue improves student engagement and learning, the logical next step is to take it to scale. However, this presumes consensus on definitions and purposes, whereas accounts of dialogue and dialogic teaching/pedagogy/education range from the narrowly technical to the capaciously ontological. This paper extends the agenda by noting the widening gulf between discourse and values within the classroom and outside it, and the particular challenge to both language and democracy of a currently corrosive alliance of digital technology and “post-truth” political rhetoric. Dialogic teaching is arguably an appropriate and promising response, and an essential ingredient of democratic education, but only if it is strengthened by critical engagement with four imperatives whose vulnerability in contemporary public discourse attests to their importance in the classroom, the more so given their problematic nature: language, voice, argument and truth.[1][1] This paper is an edited version of the author’s keynote at the EARLI SIG 20/26 conference Argumentation and inquiry as venues for civic education, held in Jerusalem in October 2018.
The Examination of Factors Influencing Saudi Small Businesses’ Social Media Adoption, by Using UTAUT Model
Authors: Humaid Abeer Bin , Sabri Yasser
Published: March 2019

Social media is becoming a major development in electronic commerce among a wide range of sectors, for example, education, government, health care, and business. In Saudi Arabia, a major movement toward social media has taken place, especially among small business entrepreneurs, due to its low cost and the powerful role it can play in globalization.The goal of this paper is to add to the theoretical knowledge base regarding the adoption of social media among Saudi small businesses, by applying the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model to examine the influences of Saudi small businesses’ social media adoption. An empirical study was carried out using online survey research among 73 Saudi business entrepreneurs. The major findings of the paper are that Saudi small business entrepreneurs tend to use social media for the major constructs of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions. However, although the moderator of gender proved to be effective on the construct of effort expectancy, the effects of the moderators of age, gender, and experience on the other major constructs were not salient.It is believed that the findings will be useful for understanding adoption phenomena better, to help business entrepreneurs to make superior decisions based on them.
Pronitridine and Nitrapyrin With Anhydrous Ammonia for Corn
Authors: Singh Gurbir , Nelson Kelly A.
Published: March 2019

Nitrogen (N) losses due to leaching, denitrification and/or ammonia volatilization are of utmost concerns since they reduce farm profitability and adversely affect environmental quality. To combat these N losses, a new nitrification inhibitor (NI), pronitridine, can be used to slow down the nitrification process. A two-year (2014, 2015) field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of pronitridine at different rates (9.4, 18.7, and 28.1 L ha-1) with anhydrous ammonia (AA) at 112 kg N ha-1 when applied in the fall or pre-plant on claypan soils in northeast Missouri. Using pronitridine at 9.4 L ha-1 with AA in the fall during a low yielding year (2015) increased corn grain yield 7% compared to AA + nitrapyrin (2.3 L ha-1). Agronomic efficiency and yields were greatest with pronitridine at 9.4 L ha-1 than AA + nitrapyrin. Grain N removal was highest for AA + pronitridine at 18.7 L ha-1 compared to AA + nitrapyrin. Pre-plant application of AA + pronitridine at 9.4 L ha-1 increased grain starch content compared to AA without NI, but it was not significantly different from AA + nitrapyrin. Results indicated that pronitridine was effective in increasing yields when applied in the fall and was similar to other NI’s when applied pre-plant in the spring.