19 Preseason Neurocognitive Test Performance and Symptom Reporting Among Student Athletes with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Cook Nathan E. , Iverson Ila A. , Maxwell Bruce , Zafonte Ross , Berkner Paul D. , Iverson Grant L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective:

Participation in sports likely confers multiple benefits for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Adolescent student athletes often undergo preseason testing as part of a broader concussion management program for schools. This study compares preseason neurocognitive functioning and symptom reporting between high school athletes with and without ASD.

Participants and Methods:

Participants were derived from a database of 60,751 adolescent student athletes from Maine (aged 13-18) who completed preseason testing between 2009 and 2019 and did not have missing data on the history question relating to ASD. There were 425 students (0.7%) who self-reported having been diagnosed with ASD in their health history. Cognitive functioning was measured by ImPACT, and the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) was used to obtain symptom ratings. Group differences between the ASD and the population control group on the five ImPACT cognitive test composite raw scores and the total symptom score from the PCSS were examined using Mann-Whitney U tests.

Results:

Compared to the population control sample, those with ASD reported much greater rates of comorbid conditions: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (50.1% vs. 10.3%), special education (39.2% vs. 4.4%), learning disabilities (43.8% vs. 4.4%), and prior treatment for a psychiatric condition (23.4% vs. 7.5%). Groups differed significantly across all neurocognitive composites (p values <.002). However, all differences were negligible in terms of the magnitude of the effects (r values range from 0.01-0.03). The groups also differed significantly on the PCSS total symptom score (p<.001), but the magnitude of the difference was negligible (r=.031). Among boys, the ASD group endorsed 21 of the 22 symptoms at a greater rate. Among girls, the ASD group endorsed 11 of the 22 individual baseline symptoms at a greater rate than the control group. Examples of symptoms that were endorsed at a higher rate among both boys and girls with ASD: sensitivity to noise (girls: odds ratio, OR=4.38; boys: OR=4.99), numbness or tingling (girls: OR=3.67; boys: OR=3.25), difficulty remembering (girls: OR=2.01; boys: OR=2.49), difficulty concentrating (girls: OR=1.82; boys: OR=2.40), sleeping more than usual (girls: OR=1.94; boys: OR=1.97), sensitivity to light (girls: OR=1.82; boys: OR=1.76), sadness (girls: OR=1.72; boys: OR=2.56), nervousness (girls: OR=1.80; boys: OR=2.27), and feeling more emotional (girls: OR=1.79; boys: OR=2.84).

Conclusions:

Students with ASD participating in organized sports are likely high functioning, on average. There were small differences in their cognitive test scores compared to the population control sample. They endorsed more symptoms, however, during baseline preseason testing. If they sustain a concussion, their clinical management should be more intensive to maximize the likelihood of swift and favorable recovery.