bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Training of Artificial Neural Networks Using Information-Rich Data
Authors: Singh Shailesh , Jain Sharad , Bárdossy András
Published: July 2014

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are classified as a data-driven technique, which implies that their learning improves as more and more training data are presented. This observation is based on the premise that a longer time series of training samples will contain more events of different types, and hence, the generalization ability of the ANN will improve. However, a longer time series need not necessarily contain more information. If there is considerable repetition of the same type of information, the ANN may not become “wiser”, and one may be just wasting computational effort and time. This study assumes that there are segments in a long time series that contain a large quantum of information. The reason behind this assumption is that the information contained in any hydrological series is not uniformly distributed, and it may be cyclic in nature. If an ANN is trained using these segments rather than the whole series, the training would be the same or better based on the information contained in the series. A pre-processing can be used to select information-rich data for training. However, most of the conventional pre-processing methods do not perform well due to large variation in magnitude, scale and many zeros in the data series. Therefore, it is not very easy to identify these information-rich segments in long time series with large variation in magnitude and many zeros. In this study, the data depth function was used as a tool for the identification of critical (information) segments in a time series, which does not depend on large variation in magnitude, scale or the presence of many zeros in data. Data from two gauging sites were used to compare the performance of ANN trained on the whole data set and just the data from critical events. Selection of data for critical events was done by two methods, using the depth function (identification of critical events (ICE) algorithm) and using random selection. Inter-comparison of the performance of the ANNs trained using the complete data sets and the pruned data sets shows that the ANN trained using the data from critical events, i.e., information-rich data (whose length could be one third to half of the series), gave similar results as the ANN trained using the complete data set. However, if the data set is pruned randomly, the performance of the ANN degrades significantly. The concept of this paper may be very useful for training data-driven models where the training time series is incomplete.
Capital Asset Pricing Model Testing at Warsaw Stock Exchange: Are Family Businesses the Remedy for Economic Recessions?
Authors: Lipiec Jacek
Published: July 2014

In this article, we test the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) by measuring the performance of two portfolios composed of construction firms: family-controlled and nonfamily controlled. These portfolios were selected from the WIG-Construction (WIG—Warszawski Indeks Giełdowy—Warsaw Stock Exchange Index). The performance of both portfolios was measured in the period from 2006 to 2012 with respect to three sub-periods: (1) pre-crisis period: 2006–2007; (2) crisis period: 2008–2009; and (3) post-crisis period: 2010–2012. This division was constructed in this way to find out how family firms performed in crisis times in relation to nonfamily firms. In addition, the construction portfolio was chosen due to its sensitivity to recessions. When an economy faces a downturn, construction firms are among the first to be exposed to risk. The performance was measured by using the capital asset pricing model with statistical inference. We find that public family firms significantly outperformed non-family peers in the crisis times.
Identifying the Subfamilies of Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels Using Feature Selection Technique
Authors: Liu Wei-Xin , Deng En-Ze , Chen Wei , Lin Hao
Published: July 2014

Voltage-gated K+ channel (VKC) plays important roles in biology procession, especially in nervous system. Different subfamilies of VKCs have different biological functions. Thus, knowing VKCs’ subfamilies has become a meaningful job because it can guide the direction for the disease diagnosis and drug design. However, the traditional wet-experimental methods were costly and time-consuming. It is highly desirable to develop an effective and powerful computational tool for identifying different subfamilies of VKCs. In this study, a predictor, called iVKC-OTC, has been developed by incorporating the optimized tripeptide composition (OTC) generated by feature selection technique into the general form of pseudo-amino acid composition to identify six subfamilies of VKCs. One of the remarkable advantages of introducing the optimized tripeptide composition is being able to avoid the notorious dimension disaster or over fitting problems in statistical predictions. It was observed on a benchmark dataset, by using a jackknife test, that the overall accuracy achieved by iVKC-OTC reaches to 96.77% in identifying the six subfamilies of VKCs, indicating that the new predictor is promising or at least may become a complementary tool to the existing methods in this area. It has not escaped our notice that the optimized tripeptide composition can also be used to investigate other protein classification problems.
Blends and Nanocomposite Biomaterials for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering
Authors: Doulabi Azadehsadat , Mequanint Kibret , Mohammadi Hadi
Published: July 2014

This review provides a comprehensive assessment on polymer blends and nanocomposite systems for articular cartilage tissue engineering applications. Classification of various types of blends including natural/natural, synthetic/synthetic systems, their combination and nanocomposite biomaterials are studied. Additionally, an inclusive study on their characteristics, cell responses ability to mimic tissue and regenerate damaged articular cartilage with respect to have functionality and composition needed for native tissue, are also provided.
Effect of Bias Correction of Satellite-Rainfall Estimates on Runoff Simulations at the Source of the Upper Blue Nile
Authors: Habib Emad , Haile Alemseged , Sazib Nazmus , Zhang Yu , Rientjes Tom
Published: July 2014

Results of numerous evaluation studies indicated that satellite-rainfall products are contaminated with significant systematic and random errors. Therefore, such products may require refinement and correction before being used for hydrologic applications. In the present study, we explore a rainfall-runoff modeling application using the Climate Prediction Center-MORPHing (CMORPH) satellite rainfall product. The study area is the Gilgel Abbay catchment situated at the source basin of the Upper Blue Nile basin in Ethiopia, Eastern Africa. Rain gauge networks in such area are typically sparse. We examine different bias correction schemes applied locally to the CMORPH product. These schemes vary in the degree to which spatial and temporal variability in the CMORPH bias fields are accounted for. Three schemes are tested: space and time-invariant, time-variant and spatially invariant, and space and time variant. Bias-corrected CMORPH products were used to calibrate and drive the Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) rainfall-runoff model. Applying the space and time-fixed bias correction scheme resulted in slight improvement of the CMORPH-driven runoff simulations, but in some instances caused deterioration. Accounting for temporal variation in the bias reduced the rainfall bias by up to 50%. Additional improvements were observed when both the spatial and temporal variability in the bias was accounted for. The rainfall bias was found to have a pronounced effect on model calibration. The calibrated model parameters changed significantly when using rainfall input from gauges alone, uncorrected, and bias-corrected CMORPH estimates. Changes of up to 81% were obtained for model parameters controlling the stream flow volume.
Predictive Mapping of Dwarf Shrub Vegetation in an Arid High Mountain Ecosystem Using Remote Sensing and Random Forests
Authors: Vanselow Kim , Samimi Cyrus
Published: July 2014

In many arid mountains, dwarf shrubs represent the most important fodder and firewood resources; therefore, they are intensely used. For the Eastern Pamirs (Tajikistan), they are assumed to be overused. However, empirical evidence on this issue is lacking. We aim to provide a method capable of mapping vegetation in this mountain desert. We used random forest models based on remote sensing data (RapidEye, ASTER GDEM) and 359 plots to predictively map total vegetative cover and the distribution of the most important firewood plants, K. ceratoides and A. leucotricha. These species were mapped as present in 33.8% of the study area (accuracy 90.6%). The total cover of the dwarf shrub communities ranged from 0.5% to 51% (per pixel). Areas with very low cover were limited to the vicinity of roads and settlements. The model could explain 80.2% of the total variance. The most important predictor across the models was MSAVI2 (a spectral vegetation index particularly invented for low-cover areas). We conclude that the combination of statistical models and remote sensing data worked well to map vegetation in an arid mountainous environment. With this approach, we were able to provide tangible data on dwarf shrub resources in the Eastern Pamirs and to relativize previous reports about their extensive depletion.
EMAS Regulation in Italian Clusters: Investigating the Involvement of Local Stakeholders
Authors: Merli Roberto , Preziosi Michele , Massa Ilaria
Published: July 2014

The last revision of the EMAS (Eco Management and Audit Scheme) Regulation encouraged a cluster approach to increase the participation of the organizations and to involve local stakeholders in the commitment to sustainability. Our research activity intends to partially fill the literature gap in the field by investigating the Italian cluster approach to EMAS, characterized by the creation of a cluster Managing Committee (MC)—which can receive an EMAS Cluster Certificate—in order to improve the implementation of the scheme. We investigated the effectiveness of MCs actions on different stakeholder categories in the nine Italian clusters with EMAS Cluster Certificate. We present the results of a survey conducted through different stakeholder categories in the considered clusters. The main goals of the investigation are to determine the effectiveness of EMAS Certificate for: local stakeholder involvement, network creation, environmental performance improvement and the increase in EMAS single registration. We find that EMAS Cluster Certificate is perceived as effective in improving environmental performance of the area and enhancing cluster image. Despite the recognition of these positive aspects, few organizations showed interest in EMAS registration because of the costs involved and the lack of incentives available from public institutions.
Membranous Replication Factories Induced by Plus-Strand RNA Viruses
Authors: Romero-Brey Inés , Bartenschlager Ralf
Published: July 2014

In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the membranous replication factories of members of plus-strand (+) RNA viruses. We discuss primarily the architecture of these complex membrane rearrangements, because this topic emerged in the last few years as electron tomography has become more widely available. A general denominator is that two “morphotypes” of membrane alterations can be found that are exemplified by flaviviruses and hepaciviruses: membrane invaginations towards the lumen of the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) and double membrane vesicles, representing extrusions also originating from the ER, respectively. We hypothesize that either morphotype might reflect common pathways and principles that are used by these viruses to form their membranous replication compartments.
Resistance Analyses of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors within Phase 3 Clinical Trials of Treatment-Naive Patients
Authors: White Kirsten , Raffi Francois , Miller Michael
Published: July 2014

The integrase (IN) strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir (EVG) and dolutegravir (DTG), comprise the newest drug class approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, which joins the existing classes of reverse transcriptase, protease and binding/entry inhibitors. The efficacy of first-line regimens has attained remarkably high levels, reaching undetectable viral loads in 90% of patients by Week 48; however, there remain patients who require a change in regimen due to adverse events, virologic failure with emergent resistance or other issues of patient management. Large, randomized clinical trials conducted in antiretroviral treatment-naive individuals are required for drug approval in this population in the US, EU and other countries, with the primary endpoint for virologic success at Week 48. However, there are differences in the definition of virologic failure and the evaluation of drug resistance among the trials. This review focuses on the methodology and tabulation of resistance to INSTIs in phase 3 clinical trials of first-line regimens and discusses case studies of resistance.
Full-Length Genome Analyses of Two New Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Strains from Mustached Monkeys (C. Cephus) in Gabon Illustrate a Complex Evolutionary History among the SIVmus/mon/gsn Lineage
Authors: Liégeois Florian , Schmidt Fabian , Boué Vanina , Butel Christelle , Mouacha Fatima , Ngari Paul , Ondo Bertrand , Leroy Eric , Heeney Jonathan , Delaporte Eric , Peeters Martine , Rouet François
Published: July 2014

The Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) mus/mon/gsn lineage is a descendant of one of the precursor viruses to the HIV-1/SIVcpz/gor viral lineage. SIVmus and SIVgsn were sequenced from mustached and greater spot nosed monkeys in Cameroon and SIVmon from mona monkeys in Cameroon and Nigeria. In order to further document the genetic diversity of SIVmus, we analyzed two full-length genomes of new strains identified in Gabon. The whole genomes obtained showed the expected reading frames for gag, pol, vif, vpr, tat, rev, env, nef, and also for a vpu gene. Analyses showed that the Gabonese SIVmus strains were closely related and formed a monophyletic clade within the SIVmus/mon/gsn lineage. Nonetheless, within this lineage, the position of both new SIVmus differed according to the gene analyzed. In pol and nef gene, phylogenetic topologies suggested different evolutions for each of the two new SIVmus strains whereas in the other nucleic fragments studied, their positions fluctuated between SIVmon, SIVmus-1, and SIVgsn. In addition, in C1 domain of env, we identified an insertion of seven amino acids characteristic for the SIVmus/mon/gsn and HIV‑1/SIVcpz/SIVgor lineages. Our results show a high genetic diversity of SIVmus in mustached monkeys and suggest cross-species transmission events and recombination within SIVmus/mon/gsn lineage. Additionally, in Central Africa, hunters continue to be exposed to these simian viruses, and this represents a potential threat to humans.
Sur la teneur en protéines et en acides aminés de Capsicum acuminatum conc. cayennense Haz. (Solanacée)
Authors: Ferrari Jean-Patrick
Published: July 2014

Cette variété de piment possède une teneur en protéines voisine de celles des autres genres proches de Solanacées. Les amino acides essentiels y sont convenablement représentés notamment la lysine et l'argininl. On note pourtant une légère pauvreté en cystine, leucine et méthionine.
Les utilisations de la Mangrove
Authors: Rollet Bernard
Published: July 2014

A l'occasion de la rédaction d'une bibliographie générale sur la mangrove on a analysé les 1175 références se rapportant aux différents usages de la mangrove : alimentaires, médicinaux, agricoles, piscicoles, horticoles, ainsi que les divers produits. Les usages forestiers seront traités dans une 2e partie. Beaucoup de ces usages n'ont plus qu'une valeur historique ou ethnographique comme les aliments, les médicaments, les menus produits. L'essor et le déclin de ces diverses récoltes a dépendu essentiellement des prix de revient et de la possibilité de les remplacer par des produits de meilleure qualité.
Présence de la tortue dans la vie des Indiens Galibi de Guyane française
Authors: Fretey Jacques , Renault-Lescure Odile
Published: July 2014

The carib Indians from French Guiana have a good knowledge about Tortoises and Sea Turtles. The latter account an important part in their food-diet and in their oral and artistic traditions. In the other hand they do not seem to be interested by marshy and fluvial species.
Un tableau des productions animales
Authors: Sigaut François
Published: July 2014

A methodological approach is proposed for the systematic study of products of animal origin, using pigs, dogs and fowls as exemples.
Les élus locaux et la santé : des enjeux politiques territoriaux
Authors: Clavier Carole
Published: July 2014

Local politicians and health : territorial political issues

This paper analyses how local politicians legitimise local governments’ public health policies : their discourses show that they appropriate and rephrase public health issues in terms of political competition. We first show that the legitimisation of territorial policies rely on local governments’ possibilities of influencing the social determinants of health, as well as on a widespread discourse on the alleged merits of proximity. Secondly, we emphasize two different strategies whereby local politicians use health to assert themselves in territorial politics. They resort to different legitimising strategies depending on their professional and political experiences, insisting either on medical or political skills.
Saproxylic beetles of the Po plain woodlands, Italy
Authors: Stefanelli Silvia , Della Rocca Francesca , Bogliani Giuseppe
Published: July 2014

Forest ecosystems play an important role for the conservation of biodiversity, and for the protection of ecological processes. The Po plain woodlands which once covered the whole Plain, today are reduced in isolated highly threatened remnants by modern intensive agriculture. These close to natural floodplain forests are one of the most scarce and endangered ecosystems in Europe.

Saproxylic species represent a major part of biodiversity of woodlands. The saproxylic insects are considered one of the most reliable bio-indicators of high-quality mature woodlands and have a very important role in regard to the protection and monitoring of forest biodiversity due to their highly specific living environments. As a result of the dramatic reduction of mature forests and the decreased availability of deadwood most of the saproxylic communities are greatly diminishing.

The study was conducted in the Ticino Valley Regional Park and the aim is to contribute to the expansion of knowledge on the saproxylic beetles of Lombardy. We investigated 6 sampling sites belonging to alluvial and riparian mixed forests. For each forest we selected 12 trees. For beetles’ collection we used two different traps: Eclector Traps and Trunk Window Traps (total of 72 traps and 864 samples collected).

We determined 4.387 beetles from 87 saproxylic species belonging to 21 families. Of these species 51 were not included in the previous checklist of the Park.

By comparing the two different techniques used for catching saproxylic beetles, we found a significantly high difference in species richness between Window Traps (WT) and Eclector Traps (ET) with a higher number of species captured in the Window Traps. However, the combined use of two different types of traps significantly expanded the spectrum of insects captured

Among the species reported as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List, we found interesting species such as the Elateridae Calambus bipustulats, the Eucnemidae Melasis buprestoides and the following species never previously found in the Park: Cerambycidae Xylotrechus rusticus, the Cetoniidae Valgus hemipterus, the Elateridae Lacon punctatus, the Mycetophagidae Mycetophagus piceus, Litargus connexus.

Although we didn’t find species listed in the Annexes of the EU Habitat Directive, some of the species found are locally threatened because of their rarity, local distribution, and strong linkage to old forests. Among these species there are the Bothrideridae Bothrideres bipunctatus, the Cerambycidae Prionus coriarius and Xylotrechus rusticus, the Dryophthoridae Dryophthorus corticalis, the Eucnemidae Nematodes filum (with only 1 individual captured in Alnus unmanged forest), the Histeridae Aeletes atomarius and Paromalus flavicornis, the Laemophloeidae Cryptolestes duplicatus, the Latridiidae Enicmus rugosus and Latridius hirtus, the Mycetophagidae Mycetophagus piceus, and the Zopheridae Colydium elongatum and Pycnomerus terebrans.
Formes du passage à l'acte chez l'adolescent à l'ère hypermoderne
Authors: Ramírez Camilo
Published: July 2014

Avec l’entrée dans l’hypermodernité, à la fin du xx e siècle, l’accélération du rythme de la vie et des changements sociaux a connu une exacerbation inouïe, due notamment à la globalisation et aux avancées des communications. L’hypermodernité remanie de façon extrêmement rapide le rapport que les adolescents entretiennent avec les nouveaux objets produits par le capitalisme, favorisant l’apparition de modes de jouir ancrés sur des circuits pulsionnels qui ne sont pas sans provoquer une augmentation de l’angoisse, aussi bien que diverses formes de passage à l’acte, comme réponse à l’excès produit par notre civilisation.
De la fonction porte-parole du corps dans l'agir des adolescentes d'aujourd'hui
Authors: Perret Anne
Published: July 2014

Le langage des adolescents se situe à la lisière du mot et de la chose, à la frange entre corps et pensée. Ces sujets rendent compte de la fonction fondatrice du langage chez l’homme et attestent de l’origine du langage et de l’accès à la fonction symbolique. C’est ce qui explique la fréquence de la clinique de l’agir à cet âge, en particulier chez les filles, adeptes d’une certaine clinique du corps : tentatives de suicide, scarifications, troubles des conduites alimentaires ... Le corps de la fille se fait porteur, par l’agir, d’une parole en abîme se frayant la voie de son expression. Il peut être également porteur d’une trace, qui marquera progressivement la césure entre le maternel et le féminin, le long d’un trajet amenant à la nomination. Il s’agirait en quelque sorte, pour la fille, de repasser par le corps maternel pour constituer son propre corps comme lieu. L’espace transférentiel offert par l’analyste peut être un tel lieu de dénouage et de construction.
Le mineur devant le juge des enfants : être jugé le rend-il responsable de ses actes ?
Authors: Fayol-Noireterre Jean-Marie
Published: July 2014

Le mineur délinquant est juridiquement responsable de ses actes en droit français. S’il est reconnu coupable, il fait prioritairement l’objet de mesures éducatives d’investigations sur la personnalité, et de traitement de sa délinquance, et à titre exceptionnel, de peines. Il est jugé par des magistrats spécialisés, et selon une procédure particulière qui favorise une cohérence d’interventions dans le temps et dans l’espace, et peut permettre un suivi par un même juge qui responsabilise le mineur face à ses passages à l’acte. Mais cette cohérence est mise en cause par des réformes récentes induisant un jugement des seuls passages à l’acte, sans une prise en compte de la personnalité du mineur, voire en le considérant comme un majeur, rendant impossibles la compréhension et l’intégration de son acte. Pour notre société, le mineur délinquant ne serait plus un mineur en danger mais un mineur dangereux.
La plainte comme convocation de l'acte thérapeutique
Authors: Rubio Manuel
Published: July 2014

À partir du cas d’un garçon de 13 ans, l’auteur interroge la fonction de la plainte dans ses rapports avec l’acte thérapeutique. La plainte somatique est considérée dans ses différentes dimensions de rupture, qui redéfinissent un imaginaire du corps propre au patient et clivent les équipes dans leurs actes diagnostiques ou thérapeutiques. Accentuer l’écart entre la demande et la réponse soignante permet de ménager un temps de délibération collective afin d’adopter une attitude thérapeutique pertinente. L’articulation entre soins pédiatriques et soins pédopsychiatriques permet l’analyse de la plainte en acceptant l’irrésolution du tout. Le clinicien, jamais délivré de l’urgence, peut décrire l’itinéraire d’une demande aux adresses successives, qui procède d’une spatialité subjective toujours singulière. Le traitement du symptôme par l’acte analytique permet de dépasser l’opposition classique entre approche symptomatique, dite technicienne, et approche globale, dite humaniste.
L'acte de création et ses processus dans les médiations thérapeutiques pour enfants autistes et psychotiques
Authors: Brun Anne
Published: July 2014

À l’appui de cas cliniques d’enfants psychotiques et autistes, cet article montre comment les médiations thérapeutiques comme la peinture ou le modelage offrent un cadre privilégié pour favoriser l’émergence de formes primaires de la symbolisation. Ces dispositifs permettent aux enfants d’engager des processus de symbolisation spécifiques, par la mise en jeu d’une associativité sensori-motrice dans la confrontation à un médium et de différentes formes de transfert, en lien avec l’acte créateur. Un des enjeux principaux des médiations thérapeutiques dans la clinique de la psychose consiste à pouvoir réactualiser, sous forme de sensations hallucinées, des expériences sensori-affectivo-motrices non symbolisées, afin qu’elles adviennent à la figuration, et prennent sens dans la dynamique transférentielle.
Les freins à la révélation de la situation de danger par le professionnel
Authors: Kompé-Tchamgoué Adeline
Published: July 2014

Ignorer la part subjective du professionnel face à une situation d’enfant en danger serait une erreur. Dans cet article, nous proposons de rappeler la part des facteurs de subjectivité du professionnel susceptibles de paralyser ses signaux d’alerte, constituant alors de véritables freins à sa mission de protection. La singularité des situations, les enjeux intersubjectifs et la dynamique psychique intime de chaque professionnel doivent justifier le maintien d’un questionnement constant.
Autisme et shiatsu : une autre modalité de la relation
Authors: Gusso Gabriella
Published: July 2014

Cet article relate l’expérience que fut la mise en place d’un atelier sensoriel de shiatsu, technique de toucher d’origine orientale, auprès d’un groupe de cinq enfants âgés de 8 à 9 ans, atteints de troubles autistiques et présentant un retard développemental sévère. Il a été conduit dans un institut médico-éducatif, pendant une année scolaire. Le projet a été conçu pour répondre à des demandes précises de l’équipe éducative quant à la création d’outils sensoriels utilisables au quotidien, permettant de répondre aux problématiques suivantes : occuper les temps calmes, gérer les moments difficiles, notamment les crises émotionnelles, apporter la détente physique, apprendre aux enfants à s’apaiser de façon autonome.
Paolo Virno, lector de Marx: General Intellect, biopolítica y éxodo
Authors: Gómez Villar Antonio
Published: July 2014

Este trabajo pretende mostrar que la suspensión es la temporalidad inmanente a la noción de éxodo en Paolo Virno, a través de la potencia negativa tal como es entendida en el pensamiento de G. Agamben. La argumentación se articulará en tres momentos: en primer lugar, atenderemos a la lectura de “El Fragmento de las máquinas” de los Grundrisse de Marx que realiza Paolo Virno, en la que sostiene que la propia naturaleza del General Intellect implica que una parte importante de los conocimientos no sea susceptible de ser depositada en las máquinas, sino que contiene como condición necesaria su manifestación directa del trabajo vivo y, por tanto, en fuerza de trabajo; en segundo lugar, analizaremos cómo el cuerpo biológico del individuo, en tanto que potencia puesta a producir, es el fundamento de la biopolítica; y, finalmente, nos adentraremos en el pensamiento de G. Agamben para sostener la tesis planteada.
Notas sobre fetichismo, historia e incertidumbre: más allá de la crítica a la austeridad
Authors: Bonefeld Werner
Published: July 2014

Estamos en medio de una onda enorme de protestas, rechazos masivos y multitudinarios de las condiciones contemporáneas. El trabajo se pregunta qué significa decir NO en una sociedad que requiere de los pobres y miserables que subsidien el sistema financiero para mantener la ilusión de una riqueza abstracta. Este subsidio es necesario en la sociedad existente, para asegurar su riqueza y prevenir su implosión. La sociedad
capitalista no puede combatirse de una formadirecta e inmediata - ¿qué significa realmente luchar contra el dinero, resistir el movimiento de monedas, combatir el movimiento de tipos de interés, luchar contra los movimientos de precios, y resistir a la pobreza en un modo de reproducción social que conlleva la pobreza en su concepto de riqueza? El rechazo a aceptar las cosas tal y como son es enteramente negativo con respecto a las condiciones existentes de reproducción social. Demanda que su progreso continuo se ponga en suspenso.
Libertad y orden en la Filosofía política kantiana. Acerca de los límites del uso público de la razón en El conflicto de las Facultades
Authors: Beade Ileana
Published: July 2014

En este trabajo proponemos examinar una doble exigencia formulada por Kant en El conflicto de las Facultades –a saber, la exigencia de libertad y la exigencia del orden–, a fin de señalar la premisa básica subyacente a dicha exigencia, esto es: la idea de que el orden público constituye la condición fundamental para la preservación del estado civil, entendido como el único estado en el que los hombres pueden ejercer plenamente su derecho innato a la libertad. Atendiendo a este objetivo, examinaremos el modo en que Kant caracteriza la contienda entre las Facultades, destacando el sentido
eminentemente político del conflicto, y analizaremos la función específica que asigna a cada una de las Facultades, haciendo especial énfasis en la determinación de los límites establecidos para el libre ejercicio de la razón filosófica.
Vector-Encoded Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil-Activating Protein Promotes Maturation of Dendritic Cells with Th1 Polarization and Improved Migration
Authors: Ramachandran Mohanraj , Jin Chuan , Yu Di , Eriksson Fredrik , Essand Magnus
Published: July 2014

Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) is a major virulence factor involved in H. pylori infection. Both HP-NAP protein and oncolytic viruses encoding HP-NAP have been suggested as immunotherapeutic anticancer agents and adjuvants for vaccination but with little known about its mode of action to activate adaptive immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key players in bridging innate and adaptive immune responses, and in this study we aim to evaluate the effect of HP-NAP on DC maturation, migration, and induction of adaptive immune response. Maturation markers CD83, CD80, CD86, HLA-DR, CD40, and CCR7 were upregulated on human DCs after treatment with supernatants from HP-NAP adenovirus–infected cells. HP-NAP–activated DCs had a Th1 cytokine secretion profile, with high IL-12 and relatively low IL-10 secretion, and migrated toward CCL19. Ag-specific T cells were efficiently expanded by Ag-presenting HP-NAP–activated DCs, which is an important property of functionally mature DCs. Furthermore, intradermal injections of HP-NAP–encoding adenovirus in C57BL/6 mice enhanced resident DC migration to draining lymph nodes, which was verified by imaging lymph nodes by two-photon microscopy and by phenotyping migrating cells by flow cytometry. In conclusion, therapeutic effects of HP-NAP are mediated by maturation of DCs and subsequent activation of Ag-specific T cells in addition to provoking innate immunity.
Copy Number Variation of TLR-7 Gene and its Association with the Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Female Patients from Yucatan Mexico
Authors: Pacheco Guillermo Valencia , Cruz Darig Cámara , Herrera Lizbeth J. González , Mendoza Gerardo J. Pérez , Amaro Guadalupe I. Adrián , Ueji Yumi E. Nakazawa , Ramírez Angélica V. Angulo
Published: July 2014

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against self-antigens, which occurs most often in women between 15 and 40 years of age. The innate immunity is involved in the pathogenesis of SLE through TLR-7. Genetic factors such as copy number variation (CNV) of target genes may contribute to disease development, but this possible risk has not yet been studied in SLE patients from Yucatan, Mexico. The CNV of TLR-7 gene was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay using TaqMan probes in 80 SLE women and 150 control subjects. The results showed that 10% of SLE patients exhibited more than two copies of TLR-7 gene, whereas no mRNA overexpression was detected. These data suggested that increased CNV of the TLR-7 gene in Yucatan SLE women can be a risk factor for this disease.
Lyme Disease Risk Influences Human Settlement in the Wildland–Urban Interface: Evidence from a Longitudinal Analysis of Counties in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Larsen Ashley E. , MacDonald Andrew J. , Plantinga Andrew J.
Published: July 2014

The expansion of human settlement into wildland areas, including forests in the eastern United States, has resulted in fragmented forest habitat that has been shown to drive higher entomological risk for Lyme disease. We investigated an alternative pathway between fragmentation and Lyme disease, namely whether increased risk of Lyme disease results in a reduced propensity to settle in high-risk areas at the interface of developed and undeveloped lands. We used longitudinal data analyses at the county level to determine whether Lyme disease incidence (LDI) influences the proportion of the population residing in the wildland–urban interface in 12 high LDI states in the eastern United States. We found robust evidence that a higher LDI reduces the proportion of a county's population residing in the wildland–urban interface in high-LDI states. This study provides some of the first evidence of human behavioral responses to Lyme disease risk via settlement decisions.
Comparing turbulent parameters obtained from LITOS and radiosonde measurements
Authors: Schneider A. , Gerding M. , Lübken F.-J.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Stratospheric turbulence is important for the mixing of trace species and the energy balance, but direct measurements are sparse due to the required resolution and accuracy. Recently, turbulence parameters such as the energy dissipation rate ε were inferred from standard radiosonde data by means of a Thorpe analysis. To this end, layers with vertically decreasing potential temperature are analysed, which is expected to drive turbulence. Such an application assumes a proportionality between the Thorpe length LT and the Ozmidov scale LO. While this relation is accepted for the ocean, experimental evidence for such proportionality in the stratosphere is sparse. We have developed a high-resolution (8 kHz) turbulence measurement system called LITOS, which for the first time resolves the inner scale of turbulence in the stratosphere. Therewith the energy dissipation rate ε can be determined by spectral analysis. This independent value for ε enables us to check the relation LO ∝ LT. It turns out that no proportionality can be seen in our measurements. Furthermore, dissipation rates obtained from radiosondes deviate up to a factor of ~ 3000 to those obtained by spectral analysis. Some turbulent layers measured by LITOS are not observed by the radiosonde at all, and vice versa.
A multi-model evaluation of aerosols over South Asia: Common problems and possible causes
Authors: Pan X. , Chin M. , Gautam R. , Bian H. , Kim D. , Colarco P. R. , Diehl T. L. , Takemura T. , Pozzoli L. , Tsigaridis K. , Bauer S. , Bellouin N.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Atmospheric pollution over South Asia attracts special attention due to its effects on regional climate, the water cycle, and human health. These effects are potentially growing owing to rising trends of anthropogenic aerosol emissions found there. In this study, the spatio-temporal aerosol distributions over South Asia from 7 global models, for the period of 2000–2007, are evaluated systematically against aerosol retrievals of NASA satellite sensors and ground-based measurements. Overall, substantial underestimations of aerosol loading over South Asia are found systematically in 6 out of 7 models. Averaged over the entire South Asia, the annual mean Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) is underestimated by a range of 18–45 % across models compared to MISR, which is the lowest bound among various satellite AOD retrievals (from MISR, SeaWiFS, MODIS Aqua and Terra). In particular at Kanpur located in northern India, AOD is underestimated even more by a factor of 4, and annual mean Aerosol Absorption Optical Depth (AAOD) is underestimated by about a factor of 2 in comparison with AERONET, during the post-monsoon and the wintertime periods (i.e. October–January) when agricultural waste burning and anthropogenic emissions dominate. The largest model underestimation of aerosol loading occurs in the lowest boundary layer (from surface to 2 km) based on the comparisons with aerosol extinction vertical distribution from CALIPSO. The possible causes for the common problems of model aerosol underestimation over south Asia are identified here, which are suggested as the following. During the winter, not only the columnar aerosol loading in models, but also surface concentrations of all aerosol components (sulfate, nitrate, organic aerosol and black carbon) are found lower than observations (ISRO-GBP, ICARB and CALIPSO), indicating that anthropogenic emissions, especially biofuel, are likely underestimated in this season. Nitrate, a major component of aerosols in South Asia, is either not considered in 4 out of 7 models or significantly lower than observations in other 2 models. Surprisingly, the near-surface relative humidity in these models is found significantly lower than observations in the winter, resulting in suppression of the hygroscopic growth of soluble aerosols and formations of sulfate and nitrate, and thereby underestimation of AOD. During the post-monsoon season, the deficiency of agricultural waste burning emissions in GFED2 biomass burning emission inventory, used by the models, partly contributes to the model underestimation of aerosol loading over South Asia in burning seasons.
Die Gestaltung städtischer Abschließung im 21. Jahrhundert
Authors: Wacquant L.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. This paper draws on my books Urban Outcasts and Punishing the Poor, on the transformation of the forms and policy management of marginality in advanced society, to probe the use of space as a medium for social closure and control in the city. This first part sketches a framework for the (comparative) analysis of sociospatial seclusion, the process whereby particular social categories and activities are corralled and isolated in a reserved and restricted quadrant of physical and social space. The second part applies this schema to present a compressed analysis of the divergent trajectories of the black American ghetto and the French working-class borough in the post-Fordist age anchored by the three spatially inflected concepts of ghetto, hyperghetto and anti-ghetto. It concludes by stressing the role of the state in directing processes of seclusion at the top and at the bottom of the urban order, along a gradient from constraint to choice.
Post-LIA glacier changes along a latitudinal transect in the Central Italian Alps
Authors: Scotti R. , Brardinoni F. , Crosta G. B.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The variability of glacier response to atmospheric temperature rise in different topo-climatic settings is still matter of debate. To address this question in the Central Italian Alps we compile a post-LIA (Little Ice Age) multitemporal glacier inventory (1860-1954-1990-2003-2007) along a latitudinal transect that originates north of the continental divide in the Livigno mountains, and extends south through the Disgrazia and Orobie ranges, encompassing continental-to-maritime climatic settings. In these sub-regions we examine area change of 111 glaciers. Overall, total glacierized area has declined from 34.1 to 10.1 km2, with a substantial increase in the number of small glaciers due to fragmentation. Average annual decrease (AAD) in glacier area has risen of about an order of magnitude from 1860–1990 (Livigno: 0.45; Orobie: 0.42; and Disgrazia: 0.39 % a−1) to 1990–2007 (Livigno: 3.08; Orobie: 2.44; and Disgrazia: 2.27 % a−1). This ranking changes when considering glaciers <0.5 km2 only (i.e., we remove the confounding caused by large glaciers in Disgrazia), so that post-1990 AAD follows the latitudinal gradient and Orobie glaciers stand out (Livigno: 4.07; Disgrazia: 3.57; and Orobie: 2.47 % a−1). More recent (2007–2013) field-based mass balances in three selected small glaciers confirm post-1990 trends showing consistent highest retreat in continental Livigno and minimal area loss in maritime Orobie, with Disgrazia displaying a transitional behaviour. We argue that the recent resilience of glaciers in Orobie is a consequence of their decoupling from synoptic atmospheric temperature trends. A decoupling that arises from the combination of local topographic configuration (i.e., deep, north-facing cirques) and high winter precipitation, which ensures high snow-avalanche supply, as well as high summer shading and sheltering. Our hypothesis is further supported by the lack of correlations between glacier change and glacier attributes in Orobie, as well by the higher variability in ELA0 positioning, post-LIA glacier change, and inter-annual mass balances, as we move southward along the transect.
Legislação ambiental e degradação ambiental do solo pela atividade petrolífera no Brasil
Authors: Machado Carlos José Saldanha , Vilani Rodrigo Machado , Franco Marcio Gonçalves , Lemos Siomara Dias da Costa
Published: July 2014

Os objetivos deste trabalho são: i) analisar a degradação ambiental resultante da intensa atividade antrópica, particularmente a contaminação do solo, sob a perspectiva do desenvolvimento sustentável e da legislação ambiental brasileira, e ii) contribuir para a superação das lacunas encontradas na regulamentação e nas políticas públicas voltadas para a proteção dos solos no país e para futuras pesquisas empíricas de avaliação dos impactos ambientais, reais e potenciais, causados pelo petróleo e seus derivados ao solo. Após uma análise bibliográfica de textos sobre solo, políticas públicas, desenvolvimento sustentável, direito ambiental e Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente e do arcabouço legal relativo à legislação federal em vigor até março de 2012, sob a perspectiva do desenvolvimento sustentável, são apontados os pontos de aproximação e distanciamento entre as disposições legais e conceituais acerca da sustentabilidade e a realidade das práticas governamentais em relação à manutenção da qualidade do solo no Brasil. Conclui-se afirmando que há uma ausência de regulamentação clara sobre a poluição do solo causada por petróleo e derivados e o seu tratamento é considerado de forma secundária, o que dificulta uma integração entre o desenvolvimento da atividade petrolífera no país e a conservação da qualidade do solo para as presentes e futuras gerações.
Eco(Teo)logia: discurso teológico ambiental x prática comunitária evangélica
Authors: Limeira Amelia Ferreira Martins , Andrade Maristela Oliveira de
Published: July 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir as problemáticas que se inscrevem na intersecção entre sociedade e natureza, apresentando a Eco(Teo)logia como uma proposta interdisciplinar que procura convergir os discursos científico e religioso integrando a Ecologia e a Teologia em sua reflexão sobre o meio ambiente. Para a Eco(Teo)logia, é imprescindível a contribuição da tradição discursiva bíblica, por meio de releituras das narrativas da criação, da destruição e da restauração, encontradas nos livros de Gênesis e Apocalipse das Escrituras Sagradas judaico-cristãs. Para uma análise sobre esta formação discursiva, foi feita uma incursão nas contribuições de alguns teólogos, como Cullmann (1996), Murad (2009), Pfeiffer (1999), Reimer (2006, 2011), Stott (2010, 2011) e Wolff (2007), cuja abordagem está focada na proposta de torná-la um instrumento para a conscientização ambiental, contribuindo para o engajamento das causas ecológicas por parte da Igreja Evangélica. Mas, como esse discurso encontra-se ainda muito restrito a certas esferas institucionais, não alcançando contingentes mais amplos de evangélicos, este trabalho procura questionar e compreender como os textos bíblicos podem inspirar uma visão eco(teo)lógica, visando verificar se o discurso teológico pode, de fato, contribuir para uma conscientização ambiental, apresentando as práticas institucional e eclesiástica do discurso teológico ambiental evangélico. A pesquisa investigou a participação de algumas ONGs Cristãs Evangélicas, a Convenção Batista Brasileira, a Igreja Batista no Brasil e na cidade de Cabedelo, PB, para melhorar a qualidade de vida das comunidades locais por meio do estímulo a ações de responsabilidade dos fiéis evangélicos.
Assessing the Role of Socio-Ecological Learning in Participatory Governance: Building Resilience in Six Brazilian River Basin Committees
Authors: Browning-Aiken Anne , Da Silva Márcio Claudio Cardoso , Fernandes Neto José Antonio Silvestre , Da Silva Daniel
Published: July 2014

O Brasil tem incorporado o processo de aprendizagem socioecológica na gestão participativa dos conselhos de bacias hidrográficas por meio de suas “leis-irmãs” sobre a água e o meio ambiente. GTHIDRO, ou Grupo Transdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Governança da Água e do Território/Tecnologias Sociais para a Gestão da Água (TSGA), um grupo transdisciplinar de pesquisadores da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, abordou essas leis e desenvolveu novas interpretações de aprendizagem socioecológica. Eles incorporaram um componente ético e um programa dinâmico e complexo dos “ciclos de aprendizagem” participativos que trouxeram as comissões e as comunidades a um entendimento comum sobre os processos socioecológicos, as leis e o potencial para a ação coletiva. Usando a teoria da resiliência como uma estrutura para a compreensão de como manter e melhorar a capacidade de adaptação (Folke et al., 2002), este artigo analisa os processos de aprendizagem socioecológica, incluindo grupos focais, a dinâmica física que mistura o conceitual com o físico, a visão de futuro, o mapeamento socioecológico, o planejamento de projetos e celebrações comunitárias por meio de entrevistas, notas de reuniões e documentos escritos dos seis estudos de caso. O potencial de aprendizagem socioecológica como ferramenta para a construção da capacidade dos comitês de bacias (Turvo, Ermo, Nova Veneza, Orleans e Braço do Norte, na parte sul do Estado, Urubici, na região montanhosa, e Concórdia, no centro-leste) para planejar e implementar projetos está fundamentado como uma ferramenta importante para a construção da resiliência dos sistemas combinados. Os estudos de caso indicam que a sua maior conquista é o Modelo de Planejamento Estratégico para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, intitulado PEDS, que esquematiza a forma de melhorar a capacidade do núcleo do grupo de gestão para planejar e implementar projetos de sua própria concepção, o uso de estratégias que se aprenderam e as redes que se estabeleceram em sua bacia hidrográfica e em seu Estado. Enquanto o potencial de conflito sobre a água e energia entre os diversos setores econômicos é forte no Brasil e em outros lugares, com o modelo GTHIDRO o potencial para a colaboração em questões de recursos torna-se ainda mais forte. Observação dos Editores: O artigo foi publicado online em 16 de julho de 2014. Em 30 de julho de 2014, o arquivo foi substituído para inclusão de nomes de coautores.