bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pyridazines. XXIII. A novel pyridazine into pyrazole ring transformation
Authors: Heinisch Gottfried , Waglechner Richard
Published: April 2009

Treatment of phenyl(4‐pyridazinyl)methanols 1a and 1b with p‐toluenesulfonic acid at elevated temperatures causes transformation into the C‐4 substituted pyrazole derivatives 8a and 8b. Limitations of this novel rearrangement reaction as well as mechanistic considerations are discussed. Furthermore, the preparation of hitherto unknown 4‐pyridazinylmethanols 1b, 3, and 7 is described.
Reaction of methyl tetronate with some amines. Synthesis of substituted 4‐aminobut‐2‐enolides
Authors: Shandala Mowafak Y. , Ayoub Mikdad T. , Mohammad Moyayed J.
Published: April 2009

A series of substituted 4‐aminobut‐2‐enolide derivatives have been synthesized by reaction of a variety of substituted amines with methyl tetronate. The 1H and 13C nmr spectral analysis of all compounds synthesized are given.
Reaction of ethyl γ‐bromo‐β‐methoxycrotonate with carbonyl compounds. Synthesis of 4‐methoxy‐6‐substituted‐5,6‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones and 3‐substituted 3‐pyrazolin‐5‐ones
Authors: Shandala Mowafak Y. , Ayoub Mikdad T. , Mohammad Mouayed J.
Published: April 2009

Ethyl β‐methoxycrotonate I reacts with substituted carbonyl compounds II in benzene to give 4‐methoxy‐6‐substituted‐5,6‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones III. The reaction of IIIa and j with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol leads to 3‐[(1′‐thienyl‐1‐hydroxy)methyl]‐5‐hydroxy‐1H‐pyrazole (IVa) and 3‐[1′‐styryl‐1′‐hydroxy)methyl]‐5‐hydroxy‐1H‐pyrazole (IVj) in good yields. The structure of the products were assigned and confirmed on the basis of their elemental analysis and the electronic absorption, infrared and nmr spectra.
Synthèse de dérivés imidazopyridiniques et pyridinotriaziniques
Authors: Mayrargue Joëlle , Labidalle Serge , Randriatsoa Jean , Moskowitz Henri , Miocque Marcel
Published: April 2009

Les propargyl‐1 pyridiniums substitues en 2 par un reste hydroxylamine ou hydrazine se cyclisent par chauffage en imidazopyridiniums. Les analogues substitués par la méthylhydrazine ou la N,N‐diméthylhydrazine sont, dans les mèmes conditions, cyclisés avec formation de pyridino‐as‐triaziniums. Cette différence de réactivaté est discutée.
Synthesis of new derivatives of 4‐amino‐2,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one as potential antibacterial agents
Authors: Malbec Frédérique , Milcent René , Vicart Patrick , Bure Anne Marie
Published: April 2009

Thirty new 2‐substituted‐4‐amino‐5‐alkyl or aryl‐2,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ones and ten 2‐substituted‐5‐alkyl or aryl‐4‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furfurylidene)amino‐2,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ones were synthesized and characterised by their sharp melting points, elemental analysis, ir and 1H nmr spectra. These new derivatives of 5‐nitro‐2‐furaldehyde were screened for their antibacterial activities. Most of the compounds showed good activity against one test organism, Staphylococcus aureus. For a few compounds, C.M.I. ranged from 4 to 8 μg/ml (higher results than nitrofurantoin).
The synthesis of polycyclic thiophenes derived from phenanthrene intermediates
Authors: Baldwin Larry J. , Tedjamulia Marvin L. , Stuart John G. , Castle Raymond N. , Lee Milton L.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of benzo[b]triphenyleno[2,1‐d]thiophene (9), benzo[b]triphenyleno[1,2‐d]thiophene (13), 5‐methylbenz[7,8]anthra[2,1‐b]thiophene (17), l‐methylchryseno[3,4‐b]thiophene (18), triphenyleno[1,2‐c]dibenzothiophene (22), triphenyleno[2,1‐a]dibenzothiophene (26), triphenyleno[1,2‐a]dibenzothiophene (29), and triphenyleno[2,1‐b]dibenzothiophene (30) is described.
MNDO studies on five‐membered 1,3‐heterocyclic systems. Part I. The acidity of the azolium cations
Authors: Geijo Fernando , López‐Calahorra Francisco , Olivella Santiago
Published: April 2009

The technique of energy partitioning in the MNDO SCF‐MO method has been used to understand the main electronic factors which determine the acidity order of the azolium cations. It is found that the greater acidity of thiazolium cation relative to the imidazolium one can be ascribed to a substantial stabilization of the one‐center energy term associated to the sulphur atom in the conjugate base, suggesting a higher effective electronegativity of this atom.
Studies on the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. XV. Preparation of a new series of macrocycles with the diglycolyl moiety
Authors: Podda Gianni , Anchisi Carlo , Corda Luciana , Fadda Anna Maria , Maccioni Antonio
Published: April 2009

A new series of macrocycles containing the diglycolyl moiety have been prepared. The compounds prepared were: 7,9,18,20‐tetrahydrodibenzo[b,k][1,4,7,10,13,16]hexaoxacyclooctadecin‐6,10,17,21‐tetraone (1), 1,4,7,10,13,16‐hexaoxacyclooctadecane‐2,6,11,15‐tetraone (2), 8,7,17,18‐tetramethyl‐1,4,7,10,13,16‐hexaoxa‐cyclooctadecane‐2,6,11,15‐tetraone (3) and 2,5,8,15,18,21 ‐hexaoxatricyclo[20,4,0,09.14]hexacosan‐3,7,16,20‐tetraone (4). The compound 4 has been isolated in the four diastereoisomers: trans‐syn‐trans 4a, trans‐anti‐trans 4b, cis‐syn‐cis 4c and cis‐anti‐cis 4d.
Factors which influence the formation of oxadiazoles from anthranilhydrazides and other benzoylhydrazines
Authors: Peet Norton P. , Sunder Shyam
Published: April 2009

The cyclization of o‐aminobenzoylhydrazine (1a) and its 5‐methyl derivative 1b with four equivalents and with one equivalent of triethyl orthoacetate (TEOA) was studied. 3‐Amino‐2‐methyl‐4(3H)‐quinazolinone (2a), 3,4‐dihydro‐2‐methyl‐5H‐1,3,4‐benzotriazepin‐5‐one (3a) and an imino ether derivative of 2a, N‐[2‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐3(4H)quinazolinyl]ethanimidic acid ethyl ester (4a) were obtained from the reaction of 1a with four equivalents of TEOA. These results were compared with those of Merour [1] who isolated 2a and 3a using the same conditions. When 1a was treated with one equivalent of TEOA, 2a, 3a, and a new product, 2‐(5‐methyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl)benzenamine (5a) were produced, and 4a was not. Similar results were obtained with the reactions of 1b with TEOA. Authentic samples of oxadiazoles 5a and b were prepared by alternate routes. Novel acid‐catalyzed rearrangements of benzotriazepinones 3a and b, to mixtures of aminoquinazolinones 2a and b and oxadiazoles 5a and b, respectively, were found. The different relative amounts of aminoquinazolinones 2 and oxadiazoles 5 which were produced from these rearrangements allowed us to choose between two potential mechanisms for these interesting rearrangements. Treatment of 5‐nitrobenzoylhydrazine (37) with four equivalents of TEOA gave three products which were characterized, but did not lead to benzotriazepinone formation.
1,3,4‐Benzotriazepinones. Formation and rearrangement
Authors: Scheiner Peter , Frank Leroy , Giusti Irene , Arwin Sara , Pearson Shirley A. , Excellent Frendy , Harper Althea P.
Published: April 2009

Anthranilic hydrazide reacts with orthoesters to produce mixtures of 3 products: 3,4‐dihyro‐5H‐1,3,4‐benzotriazepin‐5‐ones (1), 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐4‐quinazolinones (2) and 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles (4). The origin of these materials has been investigated. Product distributions depend on the nature of substituents, solvent and time. In ethanol benzotriazepinones are kinetically favored, but formed reversibly they subsequently rearrange to 2 and 4. Aminoquinazolinone formation is suppressed in aprotic solvents at moderate temperatures. Earlier failures to obtain 1 are due to its tendency to isomerize. Acid, base and thermal rearrangements have been observed. Mechanisms are proposed for the formation of 1, 2 and 4, and for the rearrangements of the benzotriazepinones. Pyrazolo‐ and imidazotriazepinones have been prepared from the corresponding o‐aminoazole hydrazides.
1‐Ethyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐7‐(pyridinyl)‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acids. II. Synthesis
Authors: Carabateas Philip M. , Brundage R. Pauline , Gelotte Karl O. , Gruett Monte D. , Lorenz Roman R. , Opalka Chester J. , Singh Baldev , Thielking William H. , Williams Gordon L. , Lesher George Y.
Published: April 2009

The preparation of a variety of 1‐ethyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐7‐pyridinyl‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acids with a range of substituents on the pyridine ring is described. Starting with the appropriately substituted aniline and using the first two steps of the Gould‐Jacobs quinoline synthesis the 7‐pyridinyl‐3‐quinolinecarboxylates can be obtained. Ethylation at the 1‐position and hydrolysis of the ester group gives the desired acid products. These compounds have significant antibacterial activity: 1‐ethyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐7‐(4‐pyridinyl)‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acid is now in clinical study and 7‐(2,6‐dimethyl‐4‐pyridinyl)‐1‐ethyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acid is under advanced evaluation.
The synthesis of 4‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidones and 3‐methyl‐1‐pyrrolidines and their mass spectral study
Authors: Lin Tay‐Yean , Kingsbury Charles A. , Cromwell Norman H.
Published: April 2009

A number of 1‐alkyl‐4‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidones have been prepared from methyl 4‐alkylamino‐3‐methyl butenoates. The corresponding 1‐alkyl‐3‐methyl‐pyrrolidines are obtainable by the reduction of the pyrrolidones with lithium aluminum hydride. The mass spectra of pyrrolidones and pyrrolidines have been studied. Three different mechanisms which lead to the base peak have been proposed.
Total assignment of the 13C‐NMR spectra of 5H‐indolo[1,7‐ab][1]benzazepine and 6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐indolo[1,7‐ab][1]benzazepine using two‐dimensional proton‐carbon chemical shift correlation experiments
Authors: Hallberg Anders , Martin Arnold R. , Martin Gary E. , Grönberg Gunnar
Published: April 2009

13C‐nmr chemical shift assignments for 5H‐Indolo[1,7‐ab][1]benzazepine and 6,7‐Dihydro‐5H‐indolo‐[1,7‐ab][1]benzazepine, made on the basis of two‐dimensional 1H‐13C chemical shift correlation experiments are reported.
1‐Iminoalkylimidazoles via cuprous imidazolide
Authors: Castro C. E. , Wade R. S. , Fukuto J.
Published: April 2009

1‐Iminoalkylimidazoles are obtained from the novel reaction of cuprous imidazolide with alkyl halides and nitriles. The condensation produces a new class of imidazole derivatives and the ease of the reactions suggests a reasonable scope. The compound N‐(1‐N‐t‐butylimino)ethylimidazole exhibits nematicidal activity against larvae of Meloidogyne javanica at 1 ppm.
Effect of late 1970's climate shift on tropospheric biennial oscillation—role of local Indian Ocean processes on Asian summer monsoon
Authors: Pillai Prasanth A , Mohankumar K
Published: April 2009

The tropical climate has undergone noticeable changes on interdecadal time scales. The climate shift that occurred in the late 1970s attained enormous attention owing to its global‐scale variations in ocean temperature, heat content and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) properties. Earlier studies presented the effect of this shift on ENSO and the Asian summer monsoon–ENSO relationship. The present study is an attempt to investigate the effect of late 1970's climate shift on tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO), which is an important tropical phenomenon that includes both air–sea processes in the tropical Indian and Pacific Ocean regions. TBO is the tendency for the Asian–Australian monsoon system to alternate between relatively strong and weak years. The study comprises a detailed analysis of the TBO cycle in the time periods before (1951–1975) and after (1978–2002) the climate shift in 1976 with the help of National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) data sets of 200‐hPa velocity potential; the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) and circulation are more obvious after the shift, although they were significant in the Pacific Ocean before 1976. The effect of ENSO in the biennial cycle is reduced with climate shift. The persistence of Asian‐to‐Australian summer monsoon has weakened in recent decades, as it is controlled by ENSO. Local oceanic processes in the Indian Ocean and local monsoon Hadley circulation have an increased role in the biennial oscillation of the Asian summer monsoon after 1976. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Antioxidant activity determines on‐tree maturation in ‘Golden Smoothee’ apples
Authors: Molina‐Delgado Diana , Larrigaudière Christian , Recasens Inmaculada
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: Harvest date clearly determines the postharvest storage behaviour and sensitivity of fruit to physiological disorders. Generally fruit are picked following their maturity indexes but often these indexes poorly represent the physiological state of the fruit. With this in mind, this work aimed to determine a biochemical marker capable of predicting on‐tree maturation in ‘Golden Smoothee’ apples. Changes in the non‐enzymatic and in enzymatic antioxidant potential of fruit were assessed for different harvest dates.

RESULTS: Significant differences in antioxidant levels, especially ascorbate and catalase, were found. These changes were related to climatic variations, especially relating to temperature, that appeared to determine the capability of the fruit to produce ethylene. Fruit exposed to higher temperature produced less ethylene and exhibited a significant delay in the induction of their climacteric. In both seasons, changes in quality parameters during on‐tree ripening were not related to the capability of the fruit to produce ethylene, but rather to endogenous levels of antioxidants, especially catalase and ascorbate, at the earliest picking date.

CONCLUSION: We hypothesize that ascorbate and antioxidant activity play a role in changes in maturity patterns exhibited by apples in orchards. Both parameters appear to be interesting markers to follow these changes. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical affinities between the major volatile compounds present in a grape pomace distillate
Authors: Cortés Sandra , Gil M Luisa , Fernández Esperanza
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: The distillation of vinification by‐products to obtain alcoholic drinks is potentially an important source of income for the producing countries and avoids the environmental problem of waste management. Traditional technologies of distillation involve an important cost in terms of time and staff. Nowadays, companies install new distillation equipment, with high capacity and equipped with rectification columns, which is an important advance. Nevertheless, few studieshave been published concerning their correct management. In this study, the major volatile compounds were determined by gas chromatography in 61 samples of grape pomace distillate, corresponding to the fractions collected during seven complete distillation cycles.

RESULTS: With a high degree of significance, the concentrations of 1,1‐diethoxyethane, propanol, hexanoate and ethyl acetate present positive correlations with the ethanol. However, those of benzyl alcohol, 2‐phenylethanol, furfurol, lactate, ethyl mirystate and diethyl succinate, were negative, which indicates that both groups of compounds were vented in the fractions of major or minor alcoholic degree, respectively. In addition, knowledge of the relationships between the volatile compounds contributes to improved management of an industrial distillation unit.

CONCLUSION: The correlations established between the concentrations of the different volatile compounds indicate their physico‐chemical affinities or their biochemical origin. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The role of surgical intervention in the management of duodenal lymphoma
Authors: Sarkhosh Kourosh , Bathe Oliver F. , Stewart Douglas A. , Mack Lloyd A.
Published: April 2009

Background and Objectives

The role of surgical management in duodenal lymphoma is controversial due to the rarity of this tumor subtype. A retrospective review of a provincial cancer registry was performed to assess the rationale for surgical management in duodenal lymphoma.

Methods

Patient demographics, presentations, pathologies, surgical interventions, treatment, and associated disease‐specific survival were assessed and descriptively presented.

Results

From 1985 to 2005, 23 patients (mean age 58 years [22–82]) were diagnosed. The most common histology was large B‐cell lymphoma (74%). A significant proportion presented in a complicated fashion: obstruction (30%), perforation (17%), and hemorrhage (4%). Eight patients (35%) were treated with surgery alone, eight (35%) with surgery and chemotherapy, five (22%) with chemotherapy alone, and two (9%) with supportive care. Of those treated with surgery, indications were mostly emergent conditions including obstruction (58%), perforation (33%), and hemorrhage (8%). Overall median follow‐up was 14 months (1–168 months) and overall median survival was 12 months (1–168 months). There were no significant differences in survival by histology, stage, or treatment type.

Conclusions

Chemotherapy continues to represent the therapeutic mainstay for GI lymphomas. However, in duodenal lymphoma, a high proportion of patients require surgery mainly because of complicated presentations. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:428–432. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HILIC LC‐MS for the determination of 2′‐C‐methyl‐cytidine‐triphosphate in rat liver
Authors: Pucci Vincenzo , Giuliano Claudio , Zhang Rena , Koeplinger Kenneth Alan , Leone Joseph F. , Monteagudo Edith , Bonelli Fabio
Published: April 2009

A very accurate and selective LC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of 2′‐C‐modified nucleoside triphosphate in liver tissue samples. An efficient pretreatment procedure of liver tissue samples was developed, using a fully automated SPE procedure with 96‐well SPE plate (weak anion exchange sorbent, 30 mg). Nucleotide hydrophilic interaction chromatography has been performed on an aminopropyl column (100 mm×2.0 mm, 3 μm) using a gradient mixture of ACN and ACN/water (5:95 v/v) with 20 mM ammonium acetate at pH 9.45 as mobile phase at 300 μL/min flow rate. The 2′‐C‐modified nucleoside triphosphate was detected in the negative ESI mode in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Calibration curve was linear over the 0.05–50 μM concentration range. Satisfying results, confirming the high reliability of the established LC‐MS/MS method, were obtained for intraday precision (CV = 2.5–9.1%) and accuracy (92.6–94.8%) and interday precision (CV = 9.6–11.5%) and accuracy (94.4–102.4%) as well as for recovery (82.0–112.6%) and selectivity. The method has been successfully applied for pharmacokinetic studies of 2′‐C‐methyl‐cytidine‐triphosphate in liver tissue samples.
Complications of fractional CO2 laser resurfacing: Four cases
Authors: Fife Douglas J. , Fitzpatrick Richard E. , Zachary Christopher B.
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective

Fractional ablative laser therapy is a new modality which will likely be widely used due to its efficacy and limited side‐effect profile. It is critical to recognize, characterize, and report complications in order to acknowledge the limits of therapeutic efficacy and to improve the safety of these devices.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The photographs, treatment parameters, and clinical files of four female patients aged 54–67 who had scarring or ectropion after fractional CO2 laser resurfacing on the face or neck were carefully reviewed to search for any possible linking factors.

Results

Patient 1 developed erosions and swelling of the right lower eyelid 2 days postoperatively, which developed into scarring and an ectropion. Patient 2 developed linear erosions and beefy red swelling on the right side of the neck which developed into a tender, band‐like scar over 1‐month. Patient 3 developed stinging and yellow exudate in multiple areas of the neck 3 days postoperatively. Cultures grew methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Despite appropriate treatment, she developed multiple areas of irregular texture and linear streaking which developed into scars. Patient 4 developed an asymptomatic patchy, soft eschar with yellowish change on the left side of the neck. Azithromycin was started, however at 2‐week follow‐up she had fibrotic streaking which developed into horizontal scars and a vertical platysmal band. The treatment and final outcome of each patient are described.

Conclusion

Scarring after fractional CO2 laser therapy may be due to overly aggressive treatments in sensitive areas (including excessive energy, density, or both), lack of technical finesse, associated infection, or idiopathic. Care should be taken when treating sensitive areas such as the eyelids, upper neck, and especially the lower neck and chest by using lower energy and density. Postoperative infections may lead to scarring and may be prevented by careful taking of history, vigilant postoperative monitoring and/or prophylactic antibiotics. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:179–184, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypertrophic scarring of the neck following ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser resurfacing
Authors: Avram Mathew M. , Tope Whitney D. , Yu Thomas , Szachowicz Edward , Nelson J. Stuart
Published: April 2009

Background

Ablative fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser treatments have gained popularity due to their efficacy, shortened downtime, and decreased potential for scarring in comparison to traditional ablative CO2 resurfacing. To date, scarring with fractional CO2 lasers has not been reported.

Objective

Five patients treated with the same fractional CO2 laser technology for photodamage of the neck were referred to our practices 1–3 months after treatment. Each patient developed scarring. Of the five cases, two are discussed in detail. The first was treated under general anesthesia on the face and anterior neck at a pulse energy of 30 mJ (859 µm depth) with 25% coverage. Eleven days after treatment, three non‐healing areas along the horizontal skin folds of the anterior neck were noted. At 2 weeks after CO2 ablative fractional resurfacing, these areas had become thickened. These raised areas were treated with a non‐ablative fractionated 1,550 nm laser to modify the wound healing milieu. One week later, distinct firm pale papules in linear arrays with mild hypopigmentation had developed along involved neck skin folds. Skin biopsy was performed. For the second patient, the neck was treated at a pulse energy of 20 mJ (630 µm depth) with 30% coverage of the exposed skin, with a total treatment energy of 5.0 kJ. Minimal crusting was noted on the neck throughout the initial healing phase of 2 weeks. She then experienced tightness on her neck. Approximately 3 weeks after treatment, she developed multiple vertical and horizontal hypertrophic scars (HS).

Results

Histopathology for the first case confirmed the presence of a hypertrophic scar. The papules in this case completely resolved with mild residual hypopigmentation after treatment with topical corticosteroids. HS failed to resolve in the second case to date after 1 month.

Conclusion

As with traditional ablative CO2 laser resurfacing, HS is a potential complication of ablative fractional CO2 laser resurfacing, particularly on the neck. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment HS of neck skin may be reversible. We urge caution when treating the neck with this device and close attention to wound care in the post‐operative period. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:185–188, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractional nonablative 1540 nm laser resurfacing for thermal burn scars: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hædersdal Merete , Moreau Karen E.R. , Beyer Ditte M. , Nymann Peter , Alsbjørn Bjarne
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective

Burn scars cause permanent and disfiguring problems for many patients and limited treatments are available. Nonablative fractional lasers induce a wound healing response, which may lead to remodeling of burn scar texture. This randomized trial evaluates efficacy and adverse effects of 1540 nm fractional laser versus untreated control for burn scars.

Materials and Methods

Seventeen adult patients with burn scars of 1 year or older and Fitzpatrick skin types I–III were included in the study. Side‐by‐side test areas were randomized to (i) three monthly 1540 nm fractional laser treatments and (ii) no treatment. Blinded on‐site response evaluations were performed 4 and 12 weeks after final treatment. Primary endpoints were change in skin texture (0–10 categorical scale), pain and adverse effects. Secondary endpoints were change in skin color and patient satisfaction (0–10 categorical scales).

Results

Preoperative skin texture was similar and moderately uneven in treated and untreated sites (6 (5.5–8), P = 1). Postoperative laser‐treated skin appeared significantly more even and smooth compared to adjacent untreated control sides (4 weeks: 4 (2.5–6), P = 0.0015; 12 weeks: 4 (2–5), P = 0.0007). Patients were satisfied with treatments (week 12: 7 (4–8.5)) and 8/17 patients evaluated burn scars to be moderately or significantly improved. Skin redness increased transiently from laser treatments. No significant differences were found in skin pigmentation. Patients experienced moderate pain (5 (3.5–6)), erythema (17/17/16 patients, after first/second/third treatments), edema (9/9/8), bullae (3/0/3), and crusts (4/0/4). One patient had minor scarring. No adverse effects were seen in untreated control areas.

Conclusions

Nonablative 1540 nm fractional laser improves burn scar texture, which raises a new potential for future burn scar treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:189–195, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser phototherapy as topical prophylaxis against head and neck cancer radiotherapy‐induced oral mucositis: Comparison between low and high/low power lasers
Authors: Simões Alyne , Eduardo Fernanda P. , Luiz Ana Claudia , Campos Luana , Sá Pedro Henrique R.N. , Cristófaro Márcio , Marques Márcia M. , Eduardo Carlos P.
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective

Oral mucositis is a dose‐limiting and painful side effect of radiotherapy (RT) and/or chemotherapy in cancer patients. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effect of different protocols of laser phototherapy (LPT) on the grade of mucositis and degree of pain in patients under RT.

Patients and Methods

Thirty‐nine patients were divided into three groups: G1, where the irradiations were done three times a week using low power laser; G2, where combined high and low power lasers were used three time a week; and G3, where patients received low power laser irradiation once a week. The low power LPT was done using an InGaAlP laser (660 nm/40 mW/6 J cm−2/0.24 J per point). In the combined protocol, the high power LPT was done using a GaAlAs laser (808 nm, 1 W/cm2). Oral mucositis was assessed at each LPT session in accordance to the oral‐mucositis scale of the National Institute of the Cancer—Common Toxicity criteria (NIC‐CTC). The patient self‐assessed pain was measured by means of the visual analogue scale.

Results

All protocols of LPT led to the maintenance of oral mucositis scores in the same levels until the last RT session. Moreover, LPT three times a week also maintained the pain levels. However, the patients submitted to the once a week LPT had significant pain increase; and the association of low/high LPT led to increased healing time.

Conclusions

These findings are desired when dealing with oncologic patients under RT avoiding unplanned radiation treatment breaks and additional hospital costs. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:264–270, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of low level laser therapy (830 nm) with different therapy regimes on the process of tissue repair in partial lesion calcaneous tendon
Authors: Oliveira Flávia Schlittler , Pinfildi Carlos Eduardo , Parizoto Nivaldo Antônio , Liebano Richard Eloin , Bossini Paulo Sergio , Garcia Élvio Bueno , Ferreira Lydia Masako
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective

Calcaneous tendon is one of the most damaged tendons, and its healing may last from weeks to months to be completed. In the search after speeding tendon repair, low intensity laser therapy has shown favorable effect. To assess the effect of low intensity laser therapy on the process of tissue repair in calcaneous tendon after undergoing a partial lesion.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Experimentally controlled randomized single blind study. Sixty male rats were used randomly and were assigned to five groups containing 12 animals each one; 42 out of 60 underwent lesion caused by dropping a 186 g weight over their Achilles tendon from a 20 cm height. In Group 1 (standard control), animals did not suffer the lesion nor underwent laser therapy; in Group 2 (control), animals suffered the lesion but did not undergo laser therapy; in Groups 3, 4, and 5, animals suffered lesion and underwent laser therapy for 3, 5, and 7 days, respectively. Animals which suffered lesion were sacrificed on the 8th day after the lesion and assessed by polarization microscopy to analyze the degree of collagen fibers organization.

Results

Both experimental and standard control Groups presented significant values when compared with the control Groups, and there was no significant difference when Groups 1 and 4 were compared; the same occurred between Groups 3 and 5.

Conclusion

Low intensity laser therapy was effective in the improvement of collagen fibers organization of the calcaneous tendon after undergoing a partial lesion. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:271–276, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the 3p12.3‐pcen region associated with tumor suppression in a novel ovarian cancer cell line model genetically modified by chromosome 3 fragment transfer
Authors: Cody Neal A.L. , Shen Zhen , Ripeau Jean‐Sebastien , Provencher Diane M. , Mes‐Masson Anne‐Marie , Chevrette Mario , Tonin Patricia N.
Published: April 2009

The genetic analysis of nontumorigenic radiation hybrids generated by transfer of chromosome 3 fragments into the tumorigenic OV‐90 ovarian cancer cell line identified the 3p12.3‐pcen region as a candidate tumor suppressor gene (TSG) locus. In the present study, polymorphic microsatellite repeat analysis of the hybrids further defined the 3p12.3‐pcen interval to a 16.1 Mb common region containing 12 known or hypothetical genes: 3ptel‐ROBO2‐ROBO1‐GBE1‐CADM2‐VGLL3‐CHMP2B‐POU1F1‐HTR1F‐CGGBP1‐ZNF654‐C3orf38‐EPHA3‐3pcen. Seven of these genes, ROBO1, GBE1, VGLL3, CHMP2B, CGGBP1, ZNF654, and C3orf38, exhibited gene expression in the hybrids, placing them as top TSG candidates for further analysis. The expression of all but one (VGLL3) of these genes was also detected in the parental OV‐90 cell line. Mutations were not identified in a comparative sequence analysis of the predicted protein coding regions of these candidates in OV‐90 and donor normal chromosome 3 contig. However, the nondeleterious sequence variants identified in the transcribed regions distinguished parent of origin alleles for ROBO1, VGLL3, CHMP2B, and CGGBP1 and cDNA sequencing of the hybrids revealed biallelic expression of these genes. Interestingly, underexpression of VGLL3 and ZNF654 were observed in malignant ovarian tumor samples as compared with primary cultures of normal ovarian surface epithelial cells or benign ovarian tumors, and this occurred regardless of allelic content of 3p12.3‐pcen. The results taken together suggest that dysregulation of VGLL3 and/or ZNF654 expression may have affected pathways important in ovarian tumorigenesis which was offset by the transfer of chromosome 3 fragments in OV‐90, a cell line hemizygous for 3p. Mol. Carcinog. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial bioenergetic background confers a survival advantage to HepG2 cells in response to chemotherapy
Authors: Loiseau Dominique , Morvan Daniel , Chevrollier Arnaud , Demidem Aicha , Douay Olivier , Reynier Pascal , Stepien Georges
Published: April 2009

Cancer cells mainly rely on glycolysis for energetic needs, and mitochondrial ATP production is almost inactive. However, cancer cells require the integrity of mitochondrial functions for their survival, such as the maintenance of the internal membrane potential gradient (ΔΨm). It thus may be predicted that ΔΨm regeneration should depend on cellular capability to produce sufficient ATP by upregulating glycolysis or recruiting oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). To investigate this hypothesis, we compared the response to an anticancer agent chloroethylnitrosourea (CENU) of two transformed cell lines: HepG2 (hepatocarcinoma) with a partially differentiated phenotype and 143B (osteosarcoma) with an undifferentiated one. These cells types differ by their mitochondrial OXPHOS background; the most severely impaired being that of 143B cells. Treatment effects were tested on cell proliferation, O2 consumption/ATP production coupling, ΔΨm maintenance, and global metabolite profiling by NMR spectroscopy. Our results showed an OXPHOS uncoupling and a lowered ΔΨm, leading to an increased energy request to regenerate ΔΨm in both models. However, energy request could not be met by undifferentiated cells 143B, which ATP content decreased after 48 h leading to cell death, while partially differentiated cells (HepG2) could activate their oxidative metabolism and escape chemotherapy. We propose that mitochondrial OXPHOS background confers a survival advantage to more differentiated cells in response to chemotherapy. This suggests that the mitochondrial bioenergetic background of tumors should be considered for anticancer treatment personalization. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of regional body composition with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Correlation of regional lean mass and quantitative strength
Authors: Skalsky Andrew J. , Han Jay J. , Abresch Richard T. , Shin Chris S. , McDonald Craig M.
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was to assess regional body composition and its correlation with regional strength in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) subjects and able‐bodied controls. Regional dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measurements and isometric strength were obtained for 23 DMD subjects and 23 control subjects. DMD subjects showed a decreased regional lean mass (P < 0.001). The correlation between regional strength and regional lean mass was stronger for controls than for DMD subjects. DMD subjects had decreased regional lean mass, increased regional fat mass, and decreased strength. Muscle Nerve 39: 647–651, 2009
Ulnar entrapment neuropathy along the medial intermuscular septum in the midarm
Authors: Nakajima Masashi , Ono Nobuko , Kojima Tomoko , Kusunose Koichi
Published: April 2009

We report a patient with primary ulnar entrapment neuropathy in the midarm. Stimulation of multiple sites along the ulnar nerve showed a motor conduction block at a distance of 7.5–10 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle, where the nerve was compressed by the medial intermuscular septum. Anatomically, the possibility of ulnar nerve entrapment in this segment has long been suggested, and stimulation at least 10 cm above the medial epicondyle may reveal the entrapment. Muscle Nerve 39: 707–710, 2009
Equal strain consolidation for stone columns reinforced foundation
Authors: Xie Kang‐He , Lu Meng‐Meng , Liu Gan‐Bin
Published: April 2009

Column consolidation and deformation are considered by assuming that the quantity of water flowing through the disturbed soil zone into the column is not equal to that flowing out from the column and the difference between them is equal to the volume change of the column. In addition, three patterns of distribution of the horizontal permeability of soil in the disturbed zone are also considered to account for the disturbance effect of columns construction on the surrounding soil. These three patterns include the constant distribution pattern (Pattern I), the linear distribution pattern (Pattern II) and the parabolic distribution pattern (Pattern III). By incorporating the aforementioned characteristics into the analyses, the governing equations containing two variables (i.e. the average excess pore‐water pressures within the column and within the entire foundation at any depth) for the consolidation of a composite foundation are derived. The solutions of the governing equations are then obtained using a new initial condition derived from the assumption of equal strain and the equilibrium condition. On the basis of the solutions for excess pore‐water pressures, the average degree of consolidation of a composite foundation is obtained and discussed. Finally, a comparison is made of some available solutions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A finite deformation mortar contact formulation using a primal–dual active set strategy
Authors: Popp Alexander , Gee Michael W. , Wall Wolfgang A.
Published: April 2009

In recent years, nonconforming domain decomposition techniques and, in particular, the mortar method have become popular in developing new contact algorithms. Here, we present an approach for 2D frictionless multibody contact based on a mortar formulation and using a primal–dual active set strategy for contact constraint enforcement. We consider linear and higher‐order (quadratic) interpolations throughout this work. So‐called dual Lagrange multipliers are introduced for the contact pressure but can be eliminated from the global system of equations by static condensation, thus avoiding an increase in system size. For this type of contact formulation, we provide a full linearization of both contact forces and normal (non‐penetration) and tangential (frictionless sliding) contact constraints in the finite deformation frame. The necessity of such a linearization in order to obtain a consistent Newton scheme is demonstrated. By further interpreting the active set search as a semi‐smooth Newton method, contact nonlinearity and geometrical and material nonlinearity can be resolved within one single iterative scheme. This yields a robust and highly efficient algorithm for frictionless finite deformation contact problems. Numerical examples illustrate the efficiency of our method and the high quality of results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia
Authors: Parker Caroline
Published: April 2009

In the second of a new series of articles on the major psychiatric drug groups, produced in association with the College of Mental Health Pharmacists, the author discusses the use of antipsychotics through a review of the clinical literature. Pharmacology, interactions and side‐effects as well as drug choice and information to give to patients are discussed. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Diagnosis and recommended treatment of helminth infections
Authors: Abbas Allifia , Newsholme William
Published: April 2009

A number of worm infections are seen in the UK and, apart from threadworm, are mostly acquired through foreign travel or found in immigrants. Our Drug review discusses currently recommended treatments, followed by sources of further information. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Current density functional theory for one‐dimensional fermions
Authors: Dzierzawa Michael , Eckern Ulrich , Schenk Stefan , Schwab Peter
Published: April 2009

The frequency‐dependent response of a one‐dimensional fermion system is investigated using Current Density Functional Theory (CDFT) within the local approximation (LDA). DFT‐LDA, and in particular CDFT‐LDA, reproduces very well the dispersion of the collective excitations. Unsurprisingly, however, the approximation fails for details of the dynamic response for large wavevectors.

In particular, we introduce CDFT for the one‐dimensional spinless fermion model with nearest‐neighbor interaction, and use CDFT‐LDA plus exact (Bethe ansatz) results for the groundstate energy as function of particle density and boundary phase to determine the linear response. The successes and failures of this approach are discussed in detail (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantum gate design: A perspective
Authors: Geller Michael R. , Pritchett Emily J. , Galiautdinov Andrei , Martinis John M.
Published: April 2009

We give a general discussion of the problem of designing quantum logic gates for physical quantum computing architectures, and explain the use of perturbation theory and the concept of local equivalence (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Operator techniques in the Hopf algebra for a symmetric group within Racah calculus for Bethe Ansatz eigenfunctions
Authors: Jakubczyk Paweł , Jakubczyk Dorota , Lulek Tadeusz
Published: April 2009

We propose some operator techniques, applicable in the procedure of an immediate diagonalization for the Heisenberg chain, such as projection operators for subspaces with definite quasimomentum, total or partial spin, quasimomenta of strings etc. These techniques yield, in particular, matrices of appropriate Clebsch–Gordan coefficients, and reduce significantly the size of an effective Hamiltonian matrix. We apply the basis of wavelets to exploit the translational symmetry, along the Schwinger scheme of unitary geometry, applied to a single N‐dimensional magnon space (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recent progress in open quantum systems: Non‐Gaussian noise and decoherence in fermionic systems
Authors: Neuenhahn Clemens , Kubala B. , Abel B. , Marquardt Florian
Published: April 2009

We review our recent contributions to two topics that have become of interest in the field of open, dissipative quantum systems: non‐Gaussian noise and decoherence in fermionic systems. Decoherence by non‐Gaussian noise, i.e. by an environment that cannot be approximated as a bath of harmonic oscillators, is important in nanostructures (e.g. qubits) where there might be strong coupling to a small number of fluctuators. We first revisit the pedagogical example of dephasing by classical telegraph noise. Then we address two models where the quantum nature of the noise becomes essential: “quantum telegraph noise” and dephasing by electronic shot noise. In fermionic systems, many‐body aspects and the Pauli principle have to be taken care of when describing the loss of phase coherence. This is relevant in electronic quantum transport through metallic and semiconducting structures. Specifically, we recount our recent results regarding dephasing in a chiral interacting electron liquid, as it is realized in the electronic Mach–Zehnder interferometer. This model can be solved employing the technique of bosonization as well as a physically transparent semiclassical method (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonclassical correlations in superconducting circuits
Authors: Migliore Rosanna , Scala Matteo , Guccione Marina , Sánchez‐Soto Luis L. , Messina Antonino
Published: April 2009

A key step on the road map to solid‐state quantum information processing (and to a deeper understanding of many counterintuitive aspects of quantum mechanics) is the generation and manipulation of nonclassical correlations between different quantum systems. Within this framework, we analyze the possibility of generating maximally entangled states in a system of two superconducting flux qubits, as well as the effectof their own environments on the entanglement dynamics. The analysis reported here confirms that the phenomena of sudden birth and sudden death of the entanglement do not depend on the particular measure of the entanglement adopted (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Kondo effect in oscillating molecules
Authors: Mravlje Jernej , Ramsak Anton
Published: April 2009

We consider electronic transport through break‐junctions bridged by a single molecule in the Kondo regime. We describe the system by a two‐channel Anderson model. We take the tunneling matrix elements to depend on the position of the molecule. It is shown, that if the modulation of the tunneling by displacement is large, the potential confining the molecule to the central position between the leads is softened and the position of the molecule is increasingly susceptible to external perturbations that break the inversion symmetry. In this regime, the molecule is attracted to one of the leads and as a consequence the conductance is small. We argue on semi‐classical grounds why the softening occurs and corroborate our findings by numerical examples obtained by Wilson's numerical renormalization group and Schönhammer–Gunnarsson's variational method (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Addressing climate change democratically. Multi‐level governance, transnational networks and governmental structures
Authors: Lidskog Rolf , Elander Ingemar
Published: April 2009

The purpose of the article is to discuss the democratic implications of climate change and whether or not it is possible to harmonize basic democratic values with the challenges raised by global warming. Highlighting three central democratic mechanisms it is argued that even if participation and deliberation are crucial for addressing the challenge of climate change this must be done within a system of democratic representation. To become both efficient and democratic, climate governance has to include different spheres and levels of authority. As there is no blueprint for a new institutional order of this kind we have to build upon and better utilize the patchwork of multi‐level governance at hand. The growing number of trans‐national networks, including a great variety of coalitions between actors from formal as well as informal institutions, has a great potential as an arena for deliberation of the challenge of climate change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A socio‐metabolic transition towards sustainability? Challenges for another Great Transformation
Authors: Haberl Helmut , Fischer‐Kowalski Marina , Krausmann Fridolin , Martinez‐Alier Joan , Winiwarter Verena
Published: April 2009

Over the last two million years, humans have colonized almost the entire biosphere on Earth, thereby creating socio‐ecological systems in which fundamental patterns and processes are co‐regulated by socio‐economic and ecological processes. We postulate that the evolution of coupled socio‐ecological systems can be characterized by a sequence of relatively stable configurations, here denoted as ‘socio‐metabolic regimes’, and comparatively rapid transitions between such regimes. We discern three fundamentally different socio‐metabolic regimes: hunter‐gatherers, agrarian societies and industrial society. Transitions between these regimes fundamentally change socio‐ecological interactions, whereas changes and variations within each regime are gradual. Two‐thirds of the world population are currently within a rapid transition from the agrarian to the industrial regime. Many current global sustainability problems are a direct consequence of this transition. The central hypothesis discussed in this article is that industrial society is at least as different from a future sustainable society as it is from the agrarian regime. The challenge of sustainability is, therefore, a fundamental re‐orientation of society and the economy, not the implementation of some technical fixes. Based on empirical data for global resource use (material and energy flows, land use), this essay questions the notion that the promotion of eco‐efficiency is sufficient for achieving sustainability, and outlines the reasons why a transition to a new socio‐metabolic regime is now required. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Complementarity, capabilities, and the boundaries of the firm: the impact of within‐firm and interfirm expertise on concurrent sourcing of complementary components
Authors: Parmigiani Anne , Mitchell Will
Published: April 2009

Theories of the firm raise conflicting arguments about how complementarities between two or more components affect firms' knowledge and production boundaries. Traditional arguments in the boundaries of the firm literature suggest that firms will tend to produce sets of complementary components internally, while more recent modularity studies argue that firms can outsource to gain flexibility. We resolve these views by examining concurrent sourcing, which arises when firms both make and buy the same components. We argue that concurrent sourcing of complementary components becomes more common in two cases: when firms have relevant knowledge about the components in conjunction with suppliers (interfirm expertise) and, perhaps more surprisingly, within the firm (within‐firm shared expertise). The results suggest that firms often need to make in order to know, but can partially outsource if they possess sufficient expertise. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.