bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Livestock
Authors: Deng Xiaohu
Published: March 2018

The exponential population growth rate is increasingly straining the supply of food and resources. Meat is a key component in the diet of many global cultures. The increase in demand for meat has shifted production from small farms and ranches to large corporate livestock production facilities. The complexity of the livestock industry and production processes has increased the need to manage the financial risk associated with raising the various types of livestock, such as feeder cattle, live cattle, and lean hogs, and the processing, packaging, and distribution of livestock products. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange has created an array of financial futures and options to assist livestock producers and processors with their price risk management needs.
Metals
Authors: Leonard Greg
Published: March 2018

Metals and metal products have long been traded on commodity markets. Trading in futures and options, as well as forwards, swaps, and other derivatives, is available for about a dozen metals. Traditionally metals have been divided into precious metals and base metals, used in industrial applications. Today the precious metals silver, platinum, and palladium are also primarily used in industrial applications, while gold is still primarily used as a store of value. CME Group exchanges and the London Metal Exchange are the best-known exchanges for metals derivatives trading. In recent years, trading volumes in all metals on exchanges in China have increased tremendously, and these exchanges have begun to contribute to global price discovery. Steel has the largest production of the base metals, but on-exchange trading of steel and its precursor iron ore has become significant only in the last few years, with trading focused in China.
Commodity Trading Advisors and Managed Futures
Authors: Simsek Koray D.
Published: March 2018

Managed futures strategies provide investors with a dynamic exposure to commodities. Among other ways of investing in them, commodity trading advisors (CTAs) have become synonymous with this asset class, as they provide professional money management services using derivatives markets either in a pooled or individual setting. Most managed futures strategies display trend-following and momentum-type systematic trading features, which result in adopting a long-short portfolio approach. This chapter explains the characteristics and the growth of this commodity investing industry and provides an extensive literature review. Much of the literature finds that managed futures investing through CTAs provides excellent diversification benefits and performs well, especially in crisis times. Conversely, the non-uniformity of the databases and indices used in these studies lead to several biases. Some recent studies that directly address these shortcomings question the performance persistence of CTAs after fees.
Pricing of Futures Contracts
Authors: Krause Timothy A.
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the relation between futures prices relative to the spot price of the underlying asset. Basic futures pricing is characterized by the convergence of futures and spot prices during the delivery period just before contract expiration. However, “no arbitrage” arguments that dictate the fair value of futures contracts largely determine pricing relations before expiration. Although the cost of carry model in its various forms largely determines futures prices before expiration, the chapter presents alternative explanations. Related commodity futures complexes exhibit mean-reverting behavior, as seen in commodity spread markets and other interrelated commodities. Energy commodity futures prices can be somewhat accurately modeled as a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) process, although whether these models provide economically significant excess returns is uncertain.
Food Prices and Food Price Volatility
Authors: Larson Donald F.
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines food prices from 1900 to 2015. Despite growing populations, rising incomes, new technologies, globalization, and the emergence of commodities as an asset class, no trends are evident in food price levels or volatility. Still, food prices have averaged higher since 2010, harming the poor and raising fears that agricultural productivity growth has slowed. Consistently since 1900, food prices have been more volatile than the prices of manufactured goods and most other commodity groups. This relation drives terms-of-trade volatility, which slows economic growth. At the farm level, price volatility impedes investment and technology adoption, and encourages low-income livelihood strategies. Past policies to manage food prices have not worked and governments have shifted to policies aimed at mitigating the consequences of high and volatile food prices. Extending the reach of risk markets, warehouse receipt systems, index insurance, and contract farming can be useful policy components.
Energy Risk Management
Authors: Barkley Thomas
Published: March 2018

The backdrop of rapid growth of worldwide energy consumption and increasing concerns about global energy sustainability and environment protection, as well as an increasing uncertainty of commodity prices, require energy companies to use derivatives to hedge against risks related to energy trading. Over time, this situation has led to a more important role for energy risk management as part of a company’s core business operation. This chapter discusses the primary financial instruments used in the energy sector and risk management for energy companies. It reviews the application of several important quantitative methodologies, including Value at Risk and its variant risk metrics, to measure market risk. The chapter also examines credit risk measures and credit risk migration. Lastly, it discusses liquidity risk, operational risk, and legal risk. Overall, the chapter focuses more on the risk the commodity producer/deliverer faces and less on the end user.
Financialization of Commodity Markets
Authors: Putnam Kyle J.
Published: March 2018

In the early 2000s, financial investors began pouring billions of dollars into the commodity futures markets seeking the unique investment benefits of this distinct asset class. This “financialization” process has called into question the fundamental risk and return properties of commodity futures as evidence has emerged favoring the idea that the massive increase in investor flows caused a rise in futures prices, volatility, and intra- and intermarket return correlations. However, a contrarian line of research contends that the effects of the new “speculative” capital on the futures markets are unsubstantiated and the increased participation of financial investors poses little consequence to the economics of the marketplace. This latter line of literature maintains that the investment benefits of commodity futures have not been diminished and that fundamental factors and business cycle variations can explain the observed changes in commodity price behavior.
Disempowering Empowerment
Authors: Brown Kate Pride
Published: March 2018

Corporations confront civil society in a field of power. Occasionally, they will partner together by trading power through cause marketing. For such a trade, corporations need a strong and independent civil society. But they do not want civil power to be used against them. This chapter examines how En+ deals with this apparent contradiction through its partnership with local environmental organizations. Specifically, the company designs and funds socialization projects that affirm environmental values while still giving the values of business a higher priority. These “value projects” seek to create a system of stratification among socially held values. While pluralist society offers a profusion of various types of socialization projects, these endeavors have variable ideological degrees of freedom. By socializing young people to take business norms for granted, En+ insulates itself from civil society’s power.
Inner Worlds
Authors: Weinel Jonathan
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to consciousness, and explores how our subjective experiences change during a variety of altered states of consciousness. An overview of cognition is given, outlining the processes involved in the construction of our experiences within the ‘stream’ or ‘theatre of consciousness’. Next, the main varieties of altered states of consciousness are discussed: psychosis, psychedelic experience, dreaming, hypnagogic hallucinations, sensory deprivation, meditation, trance, and hypnosis. Using existing dimensional models, these can be understood not as discrete states, but as points on a continuum, which significantly diverge from ‘normal waking consciousness’. For the purposes of Inner Sound, these altered states of consciousness can be represented or induced with the aid of sound and music; here an initial outline of how this may occur is given.
Psychedelic Illusions
Authors: Weinel Jonathan
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores how music technologies and electronic studio processes relate to altered states of consciousness in popular music. First, an overview of audio technologies such as multi-tracking, echo, and reverb is given, in order to explore their illusory capabilities. In the rock ’n’ roll music of the 1950s, studio production techniques such as distortion provided a means through which to enhance the energetic and emotive properties of the music. Later, in surf rock, effects such as echo and reverb allowed the music to evoke conceptual visions of teenage surf culture. In the 1960s and 1970s, these approaches were developed in psychedelic rock music, and space rock/space jazz. Here, warped sounds and effects allowed the music to elicit impressions of psychedelic experiences, outer space voyages, and Afrofuturist mythologies. By exploring these areas, this chapter shows how sound design can communicate various forms of conceptual meaning, including the psychedelic experience.
Shamanic Diffusions
Authors: Weinel Jonathan
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores how electroacoustic music takes the listener on a journey through unreal, imaginary, or hallucinatory sound-worlds. The chapter commences with a general explanation of electroacoustic music, and how it may allow illusory representations of real and unreal sounds and spaces. Following this, various compositions of electroacoustic music are discussed, which are explicitly based on altered states of consciousness such as dreams, shamanic visions, and hallucinations. It is proposed that the typical listening experience of these compositions can be characterized as introspective or meditative in form. The analysis of these works is also used to inform a conceptual model, which defines possible approaches for sound design related to altered states of consciousness according to several dimensions. In particular, this model considers approaches through which sound may either ‘represent’ or ‘induce’ altered states of consciousness—functions that are considered as distinct, yet related.
Synaesthetic Overdrive
Authors: Weinel Jonathan
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses altered states of consciousness in audio-visual media, such as films, psychedelic light shows, and VJ performances. First, some background theory is introduced, explaining the main categories of film sound, and what research tells us regarding the way in which sound influences the perception of visual images and vice versa. Following this background section, a tour is provided through various films that represent altered states of consciousness, including surrealist movies, ‘trance films’, and Hollywood feature films. These demonstrate a progression, where more recent movies are able to make use of digital audio and visual effects to represent the subjective experience of altered states with improved accuracy. Meanwhile, beyond the traditional confines of the cinema, ‘expanded cinema’ works such as visual music, psychedelic light shows, and VJ performances have provided increasingly sophisticated synaesthetic experiences, which are designed to transform the consciousness of their audience.
Agents
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses agent judgment and when relying on agents will be a more or less reliable strategy. The chapter explores agent motivation and why it is critical to successful Navigation by Judgment. Agent motivation is a function of both treatment and selection effects. Job design can play an important role in changing agent motivation for better or for worse (treatment); job design can also prompt differential exit and entry of motivated agents into international development organizations (IDOs) (selection). It argues that there may be different equilibria IDOs can meet, with a Theory Y equilibrium of agent initiative and intrinsically motivated agents on the one hand and a Theory X equilibrium of tight principal control and extrinsically motivated agents on the other.
How to Know What Works Better, When
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: March 2018

This chapter develops testable hypotheses of when Navigation by Judgment will be more or less successful. It develops theory as to why environmental predictability and project external verifiability play important mediating roles in the relationship between navigation strategy and success. The chapter argues that returns to Navigation by Judgment will rise as environmental unpredictability rises and as task verifiability falls. The chapter also introduces the quantitative and qualitative data that will be used in chapters 6 and 7 and discusses quantitative and qualitative data-collection methods at some length. The chapter also operationalizes for quantitative analysis the key variables, including Project Success, the propensity of international development organizations to Navigate by Judgment, and environmental unpredictability.
Understanding Domestic Violence among Immigrant Latina Women
Authors: Fuchsel Catherine
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines domestic violence among immigrant Latina women, including prevalence and barriers to accessing services such as fear of deportation, lack of legal status, inability to speak English, and the challenges of separating from family members. Transnational elements for immigrant Latinas experiencing domestic violence is an important concept because of the implications in accessing services and support systems. In addition, help-seeking behaviors, barriers to reporting incidences of domestic violence, and understanding legal rights and services are discussed. Under the Violence Against Women’s Act, immigrant Latina women who lack legal status have legal rights in the United States and can apply for specific visas determining they were in a domestic violence–related relationship. Immigrant Latina women are also eligible to receive public benefits. Finally, an examination of domestic violence programs and interventions in community-based agencies is discussed, specifically, intervention programs for immigrant Latina women.
Introduction
Authors: Fonneland Trude
Published: March 2018

In the introduction, the outline of the chapters is presented, and the context for the study of contemporary shamanisms in Norway is drawn. The chapter provides an outline for why I have chosen to examine the field of shamanism in Norway through interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. I argue that the project, although obviously not exhaustive, nor even representative of the contemporary setting, represents a rare opportunity to study a late modern religious tradition in the process of evolution.
Shamanism in Secular Arenas
Authors: Fonneland Trude
Published: March 2018

The figure of the shaman seems to fit exceptionally well into contemporary structures of needs and motivations in different cultural areas beyond the religious-spiritual field. By exploring the stories and images that are the focus of the spiritual entrepreneur Esther Utsi, I elaborate how, in the wake of Sámi shamanism, a variety of hybrid products have been established, catering for broader audiences and for a variety of needs, including tourism, entertainment, and regional development.
Articulating the Task of EU Translation
Authors: Baaij C.J.W.
Published: March 2018

The task that EU Translation needs to accomplish originates from the combined policy objectives of legal integration and language diversity, which in turn rest on two EU fundamental principles: the advancement of a European Internal Market and the respect and protection of Europe’s cultural diversity, respectively. However, a comparison of language versions of EU legislation in the field of consumer contract law illustrates the ways in which the multilingual character of EU legislation might hamper the uniform interpretation and application of EU law. It articulates why pursuing effective legal integration and protecting language diversity requires EU translators and lawyer–linguists to accomplish absolute concordance between language versions.
The Mixed Approach of Current EU Translation
Authors: Baaij C.J.W.
Published: March 2018

The current EU Translation practices prove to be internally inconsistent and thus less than fully effective. The most important methods of EU Translation, using neologisms for EU legal terminology and maintaining close textual homogeny, are not incompatible as such. Rather, the aims that these methods seek to satisfy turn out to be inconsistent. In terms of Friedrich Schleiermacher’s essay on translation, EU Translation is at once both “receiver-oriented” and “source-oriented.” In view of the contradictory philosophical concepts of language underpinning these translation orientations, EU Translation thus aims to both “foreignize” and “familiarize” the recipients of language versions. The principles of legal integration and language diversity require absolute concordance among the 24 language versions of EU legislation. Yet, different theoretical approaches to translation provide different answers as to what such concordance entails. Improving EU Translation thus lies in settling for either a receiver- or source-oriented approach.
State Violence and Buddhist Monks
Authors: Jerryson Michael
Published: March 2018

In the twenty-first century, nation-states such as Myanmar, Thailand, and Sri Lanka rely on Buddhist monks for political legitimation. Some of these Buddhist-influenced governments are dictatorial and/or autocratic. While this state-sangha relationship has been well researched on the ways in which these governments exert overt and subtle Buddhist influences, very little work has been on the political power of the Buddhist monks in these countries. This chapter explores the ways in which Buddhist-influenced governments provide monks with potent political influence to support to destabilize autocratic governments. Buddhist scriptures emphasize the political influence of Buddhist monks, but they provide very little space for lay political power. The lack of a lay model for political influence does not support the advent of democracies. Rather, this doctrinal background provides conditions for autocratic governments and their state violence in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
The Negotiation of Violence
Authors: Jerryson Michael
Published: March 2018

The relationship between militaries and Buddhist traditions yields new roles for Buddhists. This is no more evident than in Thailand. In Thailand, the Buddhist military chaplain is neither a layperson nor a monk. Rather, he assumes a liminal role that is betwixt and between ordination and lay status. Applicants to the Thai military chaplaincy must be bhikkhus (male monks) of the highest Pali exams, yet they must defrock in order to join the military. This chapter looks at the historical conditions that have led to the advent of the Thai Buddhist military chaplaincy and a new role within Buddhist traditions.
Religious Freedom
Authors: Dillon Michele
Published: March 2018

The secular principle of religious freedom is complicated by the postsecular recognition that religion has societal relevance beyond the religious sphere. This chapter focuses on the public activism of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops’ (USCCB) regarding religious freedom. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) contraception mandate, which the bishops rejected, provided the political and legal opportunity for the bishops’ campaign. The chapter shows, however, that its evolution can be traced pre-ACA to the growing momentum in favor of same-sex marriage. It discusses the thematic content of the bishops’ “Fortnight for Freedom” campaign, and the cultural salience of the claims advanced. It also highlights the limits in both the bishops’ construal of religion in civil society and secular expectations of it. Such limits, the chapter shows, are also evident in the polarized views of doctrinally conservative and liberal Catholics, and in the ambiguity in how Americans more generally evaluate pluralism and religious freedom.
The Ecologies of Film Noir
Authors: Fay Jennifer
Published: March 2018

Postwar American film noir explores an artificial world that does not foster human happiness and growth, but leads to a kind of human incapacity to act and respond. Beyond merely depicting these negative environments, noir lays bare the attachments to bad living and unsustainable striving that underwrite the accumulating culture of the Anthropocene at midcentury. Positioning itself as the genre that critiques postwar peaceful prosperity, noir gives us the characters, places, and scripts for human expiration as the counter to both nuclear survivalism and consumer capitalism. The hospitality of film noir is rental property. Indeed, impermanent dwelling of the individual and humanity as a whole is one of noir’s lessons for the Anthropocene. American noir is an ecological genre that teaches us in the spirit of Roy Scranton’s book how “to die in the Anthropocene.”
Jills of All Trades
Authors: Smyth J. E.
Published: March 2018

The most significant shift in the wartime and postwar history of the Hollywood producer was the rise of women. Joan Harrison and Virginia Van Upp are best known, but little has been written about the producing careers of Harriet Parsons, Helen Rathvon, Ruth Herbert, Frances Manson, Ginger and Lela Rogers, Constance Bennett, Joan Bennett, Helen Deutsch, Jane Murfin, Theresa Helburn, Bette Davis, Katharine Hepburn, Kay Francis, and Rita Hayworth. Together with Mary Pickford, longtime partner of United Artists Studios, and Ida Lupino, actress turned writer-director-producer, they formed a formidable contingent of women who sought to redefine and re-energize the creative role of the producer. Many of these women combined screenwriting, editing, acting, and producing duties. During the war years, two factors advanced women’s executive roles in Hollywood: women outnumbered men in the United States and public and cross-party support for the Equal Rights Amendment was at its peak.
The Shape of Identity
Authors: Manglos-Weber Nicolette D.
Published: March 2018

Migrations abroad for a better life take place within the context of complex lifelong trajectories. While Ghanaians coming to the United States are usually motivated by specific aspirations, frequently having to do with education or professional opportunities, their aspirations often change over time and in response to opportunities and setbacks. They are constantly revising their aspirations while also negotiating their identities along dimensions of race, ethnicity, and nationality. Furthermore, this process is deeply embedded in the relationships they hold on to from home and the new ones they form abroad. In that sense, revisions of aspirations and negotiations of identity are embedded in social networks. This chapter steps slightly away from the topic of religion to the more general issues of aspiration and identity, in order to support the ultimate argument that religious-based relationships of personal trust influence such revisions and negotiations.
Conclusion
Authors: Manglos-Weber Nicolette D.
Published: March 2018

This chapter summarizes the argument made in the preceding chapters and discusses what it means for religious membership to serve as a basis of social trust, and specifically personal trust enacted within social relationships. It then takes on the question of whether religious membership is ultimately helpful for immigrant integration, a major long-running debate among sociologists. It argues that while there is some evidence that religious membership in an ethnic church can detract from integration, ultimately there is much more evidence to support the opposite conclusion. Furthermore, many of the processes that seem to fuel segregation are in fact the result of inequality and the racial order, which challenge the ability of religious membership to realize its integrative potential. As a result, for transnational Ghanaians, religious memberships and their associated trust networks are generally helpful for the integration process; but not even as much as they could be, or as much as these particular immigrants would like.
Healing, Authority, and Ordinances
Authors: Stapley Jonathan A.
Published: March 2018

Healing is the most historically diverse liturgy within Mormonism in terms of rituals and participants. Both men and women have performed healing rituals with church authority. Authority in the church can be conceptualized as belonging to three categories: liturgical, ecclesiastical, and priestly. The healing liturgy is a useful tool in exploring the dynamics between these authorities. Eventually church leaders created a set of formalized “ordinances,” or rituals, to be performed by priesthood officers. During the twentieth century, leaders concentrated all church authority within the male priesthood bureaucracy of the church as part of the progressive priesthood reforms and correlation movement.
Politics and Capital
Authors: Attanasio John
Published: March 2018

This book is about good government, especially an ethical and fair government and constitution. It has five key ideas. Understanding these ideas is critical to addressing the problems besetting the American political and economic systems. First, the book proposes the new principle of distributive autonomy to guarantee first-order rights. The principle sharply contrasts with modern, individualistic libertarian ideas. Good governance must be centrally concerned with the distribution of freedom for all. If your own autonomy matters, so does everyone else’s. Valuing the autonomy of others is authentic autonomy. A core aspect of ethical governance must value the autonomy of everyone. Second, the book demonstrates how the campaign finance cases violate distributive autonomy and completely subvert the American system of government. Third, the book deploys Thomas Piketty’s data to correlate the campaign finance cases with the dramatic rise in wealth and particularly income inequality in the United States. Fourth, the book demonstrates that the distorted allocation of income has adversely affected the centrally important demand curve of the American economy, which may be helping to drive economic stagnation and the debt overhang. Fifth, the book concludes that political freedom, in the sense of distributive autonomy, is necessary for participatory democracy and that participatory democracy may be a necessary condition to sustain long-term, prosperous capitalism.
Introduction: Adolescence in a Global Context
Authors: Banati Prerna , Lansford Jennifer E.
Published: March 2018

Adolescence is a unique window of development and a profound period of social, psychological, economic, and biological transition. Children do not take a direct path to adulthood; more is known today about the challenges faced and opportunities available during the adolescent period and how these shape life trajectories. The Sustainable Development Agenda has laid out an ambitious set of goals that when implemented will have an impact on their life chances, choices, and transitions to adulthood. The chapter describes a number of definitional and conceptual issues in adolescent development research. It raises a challenge to policymaking, which will need to engage with the interdependent and complex nature of adolescent development embedded in context and evolving over the life course. An integrated framework for policy-coherent responses for adolescents is proposed, reinforcing protection and empowerment as two sides of a coin. Implications for a maturing field of adolescent development research are discussed.
Neurocognitive Development During Adolescence
Authors: Lee Nikki C. , Hollarek Miriam , Krabbendam Lydia
Published: March 2018

The chapter Neurocognitive Development During Adolescence describes the interplay of biological, psychological, and environmental influences on adolescent development. It provides an overview of how recent neurocognitive research can further our understanding of both adaptive and maladaptive adolescent behaviors and the development of their underlying neurocognitive processes. First, recent findings regarding brain maturation during adolescence are outlined; an introduction to the techniques used to study this is provided. Then brain–behavior relationships are discussed that elucidate how cognitive control and socioemotional processing develop during adolescence. Finally, work examining how individual differences in neurocognitive development can occur due to external influences such as peers, parents, and the sociocultural environment adolescents where grow up is reviewed.
Push Out, Pull Out, or Opting Out? Reasons Cited by Adolescents for Discontinuing Education in Four Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Singh Renu , Mukherjee Protap
Published: March 2018

By drawing on Bronfenbrenner’s (1999) ecological framework, this mixed-method paper recognizes school discontinuation not as an event but as a culmination of an interplay of various factors over time. Adopting a life course perspective and analyzing reasons given by adolescents for “not being in school” across the four middle- and low-income Young Lives study countries, three broad categories of reasons for early school leaving emerge. These are push factors, pull factors, and opted-out factors. Findings revealed that pull factors emerge as the greatest contributor toward children discontinuing education as they enter middle and late adolescence. Besides household dynamics and shocks, boys in particular discontinue schooling due to paid work, while girls spend long hours in domestic chores at the cost of attending school. While in-school factors, particularly quality, cannot be ignored, it is important to provide social protection nets to the poorest families in order to achieve Sustainable Development Goal Goal 4.
Social Protection, Adolescent Well-Being, and Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Verma Suman
Published: March 2018

Effective social protection policies are crucial to realizing adolescents’ rights, ensuring their well-being, breaking the cycle of poverty and vulnerability, and helping them realize their full developmental potential. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have extended social security coverage to ensure basic protections—while continuing to develop social protection systems. Social protection for LMIC adolescents in the context of gross violations of their basic rights is examined. Prevalence, consequences of protection rights violations, and the role and impact of social protection programs in ensuring enhanced opportunities for development and well-being among young people are discussed. Results demonstrate direct impacts (e.g., increased income, consumption, goods and services access; greater social inclusion; reduced household stress). LMICs need integrated social protection policy and program expansion if the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is to be realized. With adolescent-centered policies and investments, governments can help adolescents realize their rights to a fulfilling and productive life.
Introduction
Authors: Herman David
Published: March 2018

Emphasizing the power of narrative to reframe the cultural models or ontologies that undergird hierarchical understandings of humans’ place in the larger biotic communities of which they are members, the introduction acknowledges that narrative can at the same time be used to shore up, reproduce, and even amplify human-centric understandings of animals and cross-species relationships. After situating the book’s approach more fully within the broader context of contemporary narrative studies as well as human-animal studies (and related fields), the introduction then uses a case study in storytelling across media—more specifically, a comparison of Julia Leigh’s 1999 novel The Hunter and its 2011 cinematic adaptation by director Daniel Nettheim—to provide a sketch of the concerns to be explored in each chapter and also a brief demonstration of the analytic methods that will be used to engage with those concerns.
Multispecies Storyworlds in Graphic Narratives
Authors: Herman David
Published: March 2018

Chapter 4 returns to questions of media first posed in the introduction. Specifically, it considers how the creators of comics and graphic novels in which nonhuman animals are focal participants use the verbal-visual affordances of the medium to project nonhuman worlds. The chapter highlights two key issues in this connection. The first issue concerns the ways in which animal comics at once bear the impress of and also comment reflexively on animal geographies, or cultural understandings of where animals belong relative to the places associated with human institutions, practices, and activities. The second issue, on which chapters 6 and 7 provide additional perspectives, concerns the techniques used in graphic narratives to evoke animal experiences. At stake here is the extent to which, and the specific ways in which, narrative constitutes a transmedial resource for engaging with forms of nonhuman subjectivity.
Animal Minds across Discourse Domains
Authors: Herman David
Published: March 2018

This chapter uses a variety of example narratives to consider how cultures’ ways of orienting to animals (i.e., cultural ontologies) translate into, and depend for their support on, constellations of “discourse domains.” This technical term refers to the arenas of conduct in which strategies for negotiating self-other relationships—including human-animal relationships—take shape. At issue are frameworks for activity that determine what kinds of subjective experiences it is appropriate and warranted to attribute to others, nonhuman as well as human. The chapter draws on these ideas to reframe debates organized around a polarity between legible and illegible animal minds, commonly associated with fiction and nonfiction, respectively. To work past this polarity, the chapter outlines techniques for documenting and analyzing the attested range of mind-ascribing practices in a given culture or subculture, as they manifest themselves in nonfictional as well as fictional narratives about animals across different discourse domains.
Coda: Toward a Bionarratology; or, Storytelling at Species Scale
Authors: Herman David
Published: March 2018

The coda to the book puts forward the hypothesis that narrative, even though it is grounded in and optimally calibrated for meso-level, human-scale phenomena, furnishes routes of access to emergent structures and processes extending beyond the size limits of the lifeworld, including species transformations at the macro level of phylogenetic history. In this way, the coda suggests how the study of what can be called storytelling at species scale constitutes an important aspect of narratology beyond the human. Focusing on the heuristic potentials of “multiscale narration” across a range of fictional and nonfictional examples, the chapter explores how narrative provides structural affordances that can be used to trace out pathways between, on the one hand, localized environments in which temporally and spatially bounded events involving particular animals or groups of animals take place, and, on the other hand, more or less massively distributed transformations at species scale.
Counter-Movement Discourses and Governmental Responses
Authors: Lee Francis L. F , Chan Joseph M
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the government’s responses to the Umbrella Movement. After the initial attempts of quickly ending the occupation failed, the government turned to the strategy of attrition. The government and the pro-establishment forces utilized three major frames—intrusion of foreign powers, the rule of law, and public nuisance—to challenge the legitimacy of the movement. Two of the frames were coupled with governmental actions and/or counter-mobilization efforts to undermine the occupation. This chapter also examines the government and pro-establishment forces’ presence in digital and social media, as well as how public opinion toward the Umbrella Movement was constructed in the mainstream media. It contributes to an understanding of the dynamics leading to the end of the occupation.
Politics after Dispossession
Authors: Levien Michael
Published: March 2018

This chapter shows how the politics that followed dispossession in Rajpura were shaped by the conflicting forces outlined in the previous chapters. Although the Rajasthan government avoided an initial “land war” in Rajpura, dispossession and marginalization from good jobs and facilities inside the SEZ generated widespread anger. But a shared sense of victimization was undercut by the inequalities land speculation magnified within Rajpura. Differentiation by speculation weakened the types of social relations—within castes and families—that would be necessary for collective action. In place of a populist upsurge or radicalized proletariat, there were individualized forms of resistance and adaptation. While Rajpurans continued to aspire for inclusion into “development,” their vision of development is unattainable under the current trajectory of Indian capitalism. It is this mismatch between subjective aspirations and objective possibilities that will shape politics in Rajpura going forward.
Movement Memories
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Andretta Massimiliano , Fernandes Tiago , Romanos Eduardo , Vogiatzoglou Markos
Published: March 2018

Chapter 5 is devoted to the impact of memories of past movements (with an emphasis on transition) on the movements that follow. After singling out main events, places, symbols, and persons that condense the memory of past movements in each country, it analyzes the mnemonic activities of social movements. The chapter looks at the ways in which collective memory is constructed and strategically used by the memory agents—in this case, the anti-austerity social movements of the European south. The memory building blocks invoked by the movements of each country are identified, and then the specific mechanisms, tactics, and broader strategies they employed are examined. Recent anti-austerity protests represent a main empirical focus for the analysis.
Legacies, Memories, and Social Movements
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Andretta Massimiliano , Fernandes Tiago , Romanos Eduardo , Vogiatzoglou Markos
Published: March 2018

The concluding chapter summarizes the empirical results along the main analytic dimensions presented in the introduction. It discusses in particular the main theoretical insights in considering protest as a critical juncture and choice point. It also points to the role played by memories as resources and constraints and the strategic choices of movements as mnemonic agents. Memories are part of movements’ inheritance, working as anchors for contentious politics; they either offer cues and legitimacy or deny them. New generations learn from older ones, but they also often contest, or at least try to overcome, the mistakes of their seniors, following specific generational tastes for frames and action as well as technological opportunities. Opening to further research, the chapter stresses the importance of considering the effects of time and history on contentious politics especially in times of change.
Ukraine’s Reformists and Their Rivals
Authors: Marat Erica
Published: March 2018

Police reform in Ukraine began following the deaths of roughly 100 civilians in central Kyiv during the Euromaidan protests in 2013–2014. The interruption of the existing state-society relationship motivated civil society activists to increase their engagement with the government on future reform programs, either through existing formal channels of communication or by finding new venues to access top officials. Ukraine’s case, however, also demonstrates that a strong push for police reform can be obstructed by lingering autocratic tendencies. Changes in the Interior Ministry were not achieved as the result of public demands but rather as a result of a perceived understanding of the public’s needs and the new police’s political role in post-Euromaidan Ukraine. The urgency of reform overshadowed the need for openness and accountability.
Conclusions
Authors: Marat Erica
Published: March 2018

The concluding chapter brings together and recapitulates the findings of the case studies and their significance. It explains that reforms do not solve the issues of societies at large, but incremental change comes from responding to the issues of singled-out communities. As societies become more accepting toward previously invisible or nonexistent groups, the demand for police reform arises anew. The nature of violence and police reform is therefore cyclical. With each cycle of violence and reform, the police can become more receptive to outside influence. The chapter highlights the significance of understanding post-Soviet police in the broader studies of policing.
Ethics as Teamwork
Authors: Braedley Susan
Published: March 2018

Ethics as Teamwork details how well-planned collaborative teamwork processes offer opportunities to develop an ethical research praxis that extends well beyond formal ethics reviews. The chapter provides an analysis of teamwork processes involved in the “reimagining” ethnographies and their impact on procedural ethics (formal ethics reviews), practice ethics (issues emerging while conducting the research), project ethics (issues related to the international, interdisciplinary, and collaborative project design). Processes identified include building consensus through meetings of many kinds, problem-solving consultation, team reflexivity and the use of discretion when democracy was not possible. Situating these processes within the frame of critical feminist research, the chapter makes links between these ethical processes and research that aims to create change.
Feminist Political Economy and Flexible Team Interviewing
Authors: Daly Tamara J , Lowndes Ruth
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores how we approached and conducted creative team interviewing during this multiyear ethnographic study of long-term care homes. We discuss interviewing from the theoretical standpoint of feminist political economy and feminist and interpretive interviewing. We outline our creative team interviewing method, as well as identify examples of what worked well and the relational, spatial, and temporal challenges we addressed. The chapter’s final section offers critical reflections on our contributions to creative team interviewing. Specifically, an explicitly feminist orientation in our research enabled us to use interviewing to pay attention to the everyday realities of the work and care in long-term care settings. Feminist political economy enabled us to see and hear experiences from nursing homes in context and in relation to others who live, work, and visit.
Fieldnotes
Authors: Lowndes Ruth , Storm Palle , Szebehely Marta
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses the taking, writing up, and analyzing of fieldnotes as part of the rapid ethnographic methodology. It describes the preparatory process the team members went through to learn how to conduct observations, and the guiding documents/principles used by the research team throughout the site visits. We explain how observations were carried out and how fieldnotes were captured in our project, comparing this process to that of traditional ethnographic research. It compares the process of writing up and analyzing fieldnotes in traditional ethnography with the process used in the team-based rapid ethnography, drawing on our individual experiences in conducting both types. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of the team-based approach.
Something Old, Something New
Authors: Glausser Wayne
Published: March 2018

This book explores a significant if underappreciated relationship between religious and secular interests. In entanglement, secularity competes with religion, but neither side achieves simple dominance by displacing the other. As secular ideas and practices entangle with their religious counterparts, they interact and alter each other in a contentious but oddly intimate relationship. Each chapter focuses on a topic of contemporary relevance that shows entanglement at work. After brief introductory analyses of the “War on Christmas” and controversies surrounding stem cell research, the book turns to debates sparked by new atheism. Chapter 2 analyzes the rhetoric of new atheists, many of them scientists; chapter 3 conversely analyzes the rhetoric of faithful scientists who see no incompatibility between scientific reason and belief in God. The new atheists’ rhetoric reveals their subtle entanglement with religious discourse, even as they aim to supplant it. The faithful scientists present scientific arguments for belief in God, but analysis of their rhetoric turns up difficulties that jeopardize any simple convergence of science and faith. Chapter 4 examines the complicated relationship between canonical Christian works and the reigning secular paradigm in literary studies. In the next chapter, the Pope Francis’s secular-friendly positions mix surprisingly with his attachment to archaic, seemingly superstitious devotions. After analyzing the entanglement of Aquinas’s moral theology with contemporary cognitive science (“The Seven Deadly Sins”), the book concludes with “Psychedelic Last Rites”: recent experiments in psychedelic therapy for the dying share purposes and problems with the Catholic sacrament of extreme unction.
John Woolman and the Government of Christ
Authors: Kershner Jon R.
Published: March 2018

This book discusses the theology of the colonial New Jersey Quaker tailor John Woolman (1720–1772). Woolman is recognized as an antislavery advocate and as a reformer among eighteenth-century Quakers. This book discusses the theological motivations for those reforms, and explores the way Woolman constructed theological meaning in an individualized way to address the issues of colonial America. Woolman took on the role of a “lay” theologian to innovate within his Quaker tradition. Woolman’s theology is best classified as apocalyptic because it was centered on a vision of Christ’s immediate presence governing all aspects of human affairs, and so was creating a new perfected world out of the old corrupted one. Woolman’s apocalypticism is analyzed in relation to five main theological themes: divine revelation, propheticism, eschatology, perfection, and divine judgment. These themes are evident in Woolman’s belief that (1) God intervened in world affairs to reveal God’s will for humanity on earth in a way unavailable to the senses and natural faculties; (2) God’s will made claims on society and God commissioned human agents to confront apostasy and be God’s spokespeople; (3) the faithful embodied the kingdom and pointed to the transformation of all things to establish the “government of Christ”; (4) the faithful were able to navigate the complexities of the British imperial world and maintain faithfulness because they could perfectly hear and obey God’s will for them; and (5) God’s will would inevitably be done and the faithful would be vindicated as God intervened in world events to enforce the divine will.