bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Craniofacial cephalometric evaluation in habitual snorers with and without obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Zucconi Marco , Ferini‐Strambi Luigi , Palazzi Stefano , Curci Chiara , Cucchi Emanuele , Smirne Salvatore
Published: January 2017

Cephalometry has been used to evaluate soft tissue and craniofacial dimensions in moderate‐to‐severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA), but rarely in habitual snoring, the preclinical stage of OSA. This study deals with craniofacial bone measurements in a sample of 28 male habitual snorers with and without OSA, and 10 healthy non‐snorers. Habitual snorers showed a significant decrease in sagittal dimensions of the cranial base and mandibular bone; there was also a shorter maxilla in group B (apnea plus hypopnea index more than 10) with respect to group A (apnea plus hypopnea index less or equal to 10). Facial height and angle dimensions were not different between snorers and non‐snorers. These findings indicate that some habitual snorers may have some anatomic disposition to upper airway obstruction during sleep.
Management of hydrocephalus resulting from acoustic neuromas
Authors: Briggs Robert J. S. , Shelton Clough , Kwartler Jed A. , Hitselberger William
Published: January 2017

Patients with large acoustic neuromas may have secondary obstructive hydrocephalus and occasionally significant neurologic deficit develops. At the House Ear Clinic, we have managed patients with hydrocephalus by translabyrinthine tumor removal without preoperative ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Forty‐three patients with documented hydrocephalus who underwent acoustic neuroma removal have been reviewed. Six patients had neurologic deficit resulting from raised Intracranial pressure before surgery. In each of these six cases, the deficit resolved after tumor removal without requiring shunting. Two patients had had ventriculoperitoneal shunts inserted because of neurologic deficit before referral for tumor removal. Two other patients underwent postoperative shunting for neurologic deficit — One at 2 weeks and one at 2 years. Cerebral or cerebellar herniation was not noted in any case. Cerebrospinal fluid leak occurred In five patients (11.6%) and culture‐positive meningitis in two patients (4.6%). We conclude that decompression by translabyrinthine tumor removal is a safe method of management for patients with hydrocephalus resulting from large acoustic tumors.
Hearing improvement after conservative approach for large posterior fossa meningioma
Authors: Goebel Joel A. , Vollmer Dennis G.
Published: January 2017

Hearing preservation during the posterior fossa surgery depends on many factors, including tumor size and site of origin. In many cases, regardless of the presumed tumor origin, the severity of the pure‐tone loss or decline in speech discrimination on preoperative testing prompts the surgeon to choose a surgical approach (translabyrinthine or transcochlear) that negates the chance for postoperative functional hearing in the involved ear. We describe a 41‐year‐old woman with unilateral severe sensorineural hearing loss who experienced a remarkable recovery of hearing after combined retrolabyrinthine and retrosigmoid removal of a 4 cm petrous ridge meningioma using intraoperative cochlear monitoring. Despite the tumor size, early intraoperative loss of wave I and proximity of the tumor to the porus, complete tumor removal was accomplished with preservation of the cochleovestibular bundle. Three weeks postoperatively, the patient noted marked subjective improvement and speech audiometry demonstrated an improvement in word recognition, from 0% to 86%. This improvement has remained 1 year postoperatively, with no evidence of persistent tumor on repeat MRI scan. The case report illustrates the possibility of not just hearing preservation but improvement after removal of even large posterior fossa meningiomas that do not directly invade the cochlear nerve itself.
Retropharyngeal cellulitis: A manifestation of kawasaki disease in children
Authors: Hester T. Oma , Harris J. Peter , Kenny Jean F. , Albernaz Marcus S.
Published: January 2017

Kawasaki disease (KD) or mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome is an acute febrile illness with prominent vasculitic features. The cause is unknown and the disease is seen most commonly in young children. After Its initial description in Japan,1 the disease was thought to be rare in the United States, but recognition has dramatically increased over the past decade. Common symptoms of the disease for which the otolaryngologist may be initially consulted include inflammation of the lips and oral cavity and acute cervical lymphadenopathy. We present a case of Kawasaki disease initially complicated by retropharyngeal soft tissue swelling. Similar reports are rare in the pediatric literature; however, no such reports appear in the otolaryngology literature.
Natural ostiotomy vs. inferior antrostomy in the management of sinusitis: An animal model
Authors: Benninger Michael S. , Kaczor Janet , Stone Chad
Published: January 2017

An animal model was used to compare the surgical treatment of chronic sinusitis by opening the natural ostium vs. inferior antrostomy. Fifteen rabbits had surgical occlusion of the natural maxillary sinus ostia to induce sinusitis. At a second operation, the sinuses were entered and In each animal the natural ostia was reopened on one side and an Inferior antrostomy was performed on the opposite sinus. Eight weeks after these operations the sinuses were evaluated. No differences were found in antrostomy patency rates, gross evidence of acute or chronic inflammation, or light or electron microscopic findings between sinuses with natural ostiotomy and those with lower antrostomy. The gross appearances and light and electron microscopic findings are discussed.
The protective effects of allopurinol and superoxide dismutase on noise‐induced cochlear damage
Authors: Seidman Michael D. , Shivapuja Bhagylakshmi G. , Quirk Wayne S.
Published: January 2017

Several studies have demonstrated that noise exposure may result in local vasoconstriction of cochlear vessels. The subsequent decrease in cochlear blood flow may lead to hypoxia and predispose to the formation of free oxygen radicals (FORs). If hypoxia occurs in response to noise exposure, then drugs that scavenge or block the formation of FORs should protect the cochlea from damage resulting from hypoxic or ischemic events as well as noise trauma. Rats were exposed to 60 hours of continuous broad‐band noise (90 dB SPL) and treated with superoxide dismutase — Polyethylene glycol (SOD‐PEG), allopurinol, or a control vehicle. Exposure to noise resulted in significant threshold shifts at each frequency tested (3, 8, 12, and 18 kHz) as measured by tone burst‐evoked compound action potentials and cochlear microphonics recorded from the round window. Both of these thresholds In drug‐treated animals were attenuated compared with animals exposed to noise alone. These findings show that SOD‐PEG and allopurinol may preserve cochlear sensitivity associated with noise exposure. This suggests that noise‐induced damage to the cochlea may be related to the activity of FORs.
Systemic reactions to immunotherapy: The american academy of otolaryngic allergy morbidity and mortality survey
Authors: Cook Paul R. , Bryant James L. , Davis William E. , Benke Theodore T. , Rapoport Arnold S.
Published: January 2017

Anaphylaxis may be defined as a systemic, Immunoglobulin E‐mediated (Gell‐Coombs type I) hypersensitivity reaction triggered by exposure to an antigen in a previously sensitized patient. Anaphylaxis may occur in a varlety of circumstances: however, when it occurs as the result of Immunotherapy, it is of great concern to the practicing allergist. When describing or reporting anaphylaxis relating to Immunotherapy, most allergists speak in terms of the types of reactions, local vs. systemic. Germane to this discussion is the use of the term systemic reaction, which can mean anything from mild allergy symptoms resulting from an allergy injection to bradycardia and hypotension (shock). In this article we report serious or significant systemic reactions, which are characterized by any of the following symptoms: urticaria, sneezing or nasal obstruction, throat tightness or congestion, wheezing, and shock (bradycardta or hypotension). There were no fatalities reported from the survey group. The overall reaction rate was 0.3%.
malbranchea pulchella fungal sinusitis
Authors: Benda Thomas J. , Corey Jacquelynne P.
Published: January 2017

Fungal sinus disease Is being reported with increasing frequency. We could find no previously reported cases of sinonasal infections with Malbranchea pulchella and only two prevously reported cases of human infection of any kind. We now report on a case of suspected sinonasal Malbranchea pulchella in a patient with aspirin‐sensitive triad asthma.
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with normal computed tomography scans
Authors: Cook Paul R. , Nishioka Gary J. , Davis William E. , McKinsey Joel P.
Published: January 2017

Eighteen patients were operated on by functional endoscopic sinus surgery who had no ostiomeatal unit obstruction on computed tomography scan and had unremarkable paranasal sinuses. These patients also had no apparent ostiomeatal unit obstruction on diagnostic nasal endoscopy. Data were collected on these patients regarding the impact of very limited functional endoscopic sinus surgery on their principal complaint of recurrent sinusitis with facial pain/headache thought to be of sinogenic origin. Sixteen patients (88.9%) had a reduction in the number of sinus infections requiring antibiotic therapy. This reduction was significant at p < 0.0001. Twelve of 14 patients whose facial pain/headache was believed to be of sinogenic origin had a significant reduction in severity (95% confidence interval, 49.2% to 95.3%). We discuss the role of reversible nasal mucosal disease in the pathophysiology of recurrent rhinosinusifts in this patient population. This was a very small, select group of patients who had specific complaints and had had medical treatment failures. This therapy Is not recommended for every patient, but only a select few with classic complaints of sinus headaches or recurrent sinusitis and negative computed tomography scans.
Admission planning and complications of direct laryngoscopy
Authors: Hendrix Robert A. , Ferouz Aliya , Bacon Charles K.
Published: January 2017

Increasingly, third party payers are challenging the necessity of a hospital admission for endoscopic procedures. Direct laryngoscopy (DL), with or without open, rigid esophagoscopy or flexible, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, was evaluated for the incidence of perioperative complications and associated risk factors. A retrospective review of 200 in‐patient admissions between 1987 and 1990 for direct laryngoscopy or panendoscopy is presented. Complications were classified as major for untoward events that required hospitailzation for proper management. Complications were otherwise considered minor. The incidence of major complications was at least 19.5%, with minor complications occurring in 21% of patients. The total population was partitioned into subsets according to the occurrence of major complications, minor complications, and no complications. For the total population and each subset, distributions were developed by age, sex, habitus, physical status level, diagnosis of molignancy, presence of a malignant lesion in the aerodigestive tract, or medical history of head and neck surgery or radiation therapy. Statistical analysis indicates that these parameters do not offer reliable predictors of which patients are at risk for minor or major complications. It is concluded that all patients who undergo direct laryngoscopy are most safety managed in an in‐hospital setting for a period on the order of 24 hours.
Intralabyrinthine schwannomas
Authors: Doyle Karen Jo , Brackmann Derald E.
Published: January 2017

Intraiabyrinthine schwannomas are unusual tumors of the vestibule, cochiea, semicircular canals, or some combination of these three, which in the past have been reported as incidental findings at autopsy or surgery. We summarize eight cases of intralabyrinthine schwannomas diagnosed by magnetic resonance Imaging at the House Ear Clinic during the past 3 years. We discuss the typical clinical presentation and treatment of cochlear vs. vestibular intralabyrinthine schwannomas.
Aspects of facial correction and reconstruction by using transplants (composite grafts and implants) with special reference to surgical membrane implants
Authors: Waiter Claus
Published: January 2017

This article contains a survey of the methods of facial reconstruction I have used for the past more than 35 years. The advantages of free grafts, especially composite grafts, the place for local flaps or in other areas for defect cover by a combination of flaps and grafts are explained. A few patient examples Illustrate the described methods.
Cranial base surgery: Results in 183 patients
Authors: Janecka Iva P. , Sen Chandranath , Sekhar Laligam N. , Ramasastry Sai , Curtin Hugh D. , Barnes E. Leon , D'Amico Frank
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE

To learn about the effects of cranial base surgery.

DESIGN

Cohort study with a mean follow‐up of 30 months.

SETTING

Population‐based.

PATIENTS

A consecutive sample of 183 patients who underwent cranial base surgery; 118 patients had malignant skull base tumors, the majority of which were previously treated; 50 had benign tumors; 9 had congenital malformations of the skull base; 3 had inflammatory lesions, and 3 had traumatic defects of the skull base.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Disease‐free Interval, overall survival, and rate of complications and functional status.

INTERVENTION

Cranial base surgery was followed by radiotherapy (In previously untreated patients).

RESULTS

After completion of follow‐up (mean, 30 months), 30 (25.4%) patients had died of their malignant tumors and 8 (6.8%) had died of other causes. One patient (0.84%) was lost to follow‐up. The overall cancer survival rate without regard to histologic type was 67% (63% with no evidence of disease). Among the patients who were treated for benign neoplasm, 72% had no evidence of disease at a mean follow‐up of 39 months. The group of patients with congenital malformations and inflammatory and traumatic lesions demonstrated successful correction of their presurgical problem with skull base surgery. One patient (who had invasive aspergillosis) died of disease. The overall surgical‐medical mortality rate was 2%; the complication rate was 33%, and the Kamofsky performance score was improved or unchanged after surgery in 83% of patients. The average duration of surgery, number of blood transfusions used, and length of the hospital stay were 10 hours, 3 units, and 15 days, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Cranial base surgery is a valid surgical technique for treatment of cranial base afflictions. In this study It was found to be beneficial In controlling benign and malignant disease and to be the treatment of choice for selected congenital malformations, trauma, and inflammatory lesions.
Fetal wound healing
Authors: Neel H. Bryan , Harner Stephen G. , Broker Brian J. , Reiter David
Published: January 2017

Wound healing research has produced some startling discoveries during the past decade. Foremost among these is the observation that cutaneous wounds created and healed in utero are histologically indistinguishable from intact, unwounded tissue. Observers have documented that the acute inflammatory response and endogenous immunoglobullns that characterize healing in human beings after birth are absent in the fetal wound. Determination of the cellular and biochemical differences between fetal and postdelivery wound healing offers the promise of Improved control over the process of tissue repair. Another promise of fetal wound healing research is the option of in utero repair of defects such as cieft lip and palate. We review what is known at present about fetal wound healing.
Methods and materials for wound management
Authors: Reiter David
Published: January 2017

Rumor, myth, and unsubstantiated opinion have guided wound management since our forebearers achieved upright ambulation. The past decade has seen discovery of specific substances and pathways that initiate, control, and terminate healing. The roles of oxygen, nutrition, and growth factors are rapidly revealing themselves to wound healing researchers, and a scientific basis for wound management is emerging. Although the healing process still harbors much mystery, we know enough to improve our methods of wound management. We can now pick from a variety of tools for surgical incision. Scientific studies help in the choice of sutures, needles, and needle holders, as well as alternative closure methods and materials. Natural and synthetic tissue adhesives vie with staples and tapes for use in wound repair. Dressing materials may be active, passive, selectively interactive, or inert. Wound management can be changed to meet changing wound needs, with dressings as diverse as hydrocollolds, silicone gels, and amino acids. We have new ways of Improving hypertrophic scarring and practical hopes for its prevention. This article offers a summary of currently available methods and materials for wound management, along with the scientific information that supports and guides their use.
Growth factors and wound healing in otolaryngology
Authors: Hom David B.
Published: January 2017

An immense amount of knowledge has been gained over the last decade in the realm of polypeptide growth factors. Only recently has this new information made an impact in otolaryngology. This article Is a brief overview of peptide growth factors in relation to wound healing and otolaryngology.
Surgical Management of Epitympanic Cholesteatoma with Intact Ossicular Chain: The Modified Bondy Technique
Authors: Naguib Maged B. , Aristegui Miguel , Saleh Essam , Cokkeser Yasar , Russo Alessandra , Sanna Mario
Published: January 2017

The results of 37 cases surgically treated with the modified Bondy technique during a 6‐year period at the Gruppo Otologico‐Placenza, Italy, are reported. This technique, indicated in epitympanic cholesteatoma with good hearing and intact ossicular chain and pars tensa, provides a one‐stage mastoid cavity exteriorization with radical removal of cholesteatoma while preserving the preoperative hearing levels. The technique, indications, results, and comparison with other current techniques are discussed in this article.
Transnasal Endoscopic Repair of Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea and Skull Base Defects: A Review of Twenty‐Nine Cases
Authors: Dodson Edward E. , Gross Charles W. , Swerdloff Jason L. , Gustafson L. Mark
Published: January 2017

The management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea has historically plagued the neurosurgeon and the otolaryngologist—head and neck surgeon. Intracranial repair is still favored at many institutions, despite its inherent morbidity. Extracranial nonendoscopic techniques have been previously described but have not gained wide acceptance. More recently, several reports have been published describing a variety of endoscopic techniques in limited patient series used to manage cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. We present our series of 29 patients with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, treated with endoscopic techniques between December 1989 and June 1993, with follow‐up ranging from 3 to 43 months. This represents the largest reported series to date of patients treated with this technique. Our technique has evolved during this time period but centers around the use of free tissue grafts from various donor sites. The causes of the skull base defects in this series included neurosurgical procedures (9), functional endoscopic sinus surgery (8), and trauma (3). Defects occurred spontaneously in 9 cases. The fovea ethmoidalis and sphenoid sinus were the site in 11 and 12 cases, respectively, and the cribriform plate was involved in 6 cases. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was documented by nasal endoscopy with or without intrathecal fluorescein, laboratory studies, computed tomography with or without contrast cisternography, and radioisotope cisternography in various combinations. Resolution of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was achieved in 22 of 29 patients (75.9%) with one endoscopic procedure and 25 of 29 patients (86.2%) after a second attempt. Four patients required neurosurgical intervention for recurrent cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Complications were minimal and were related primarily to the original pathology or procedure. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea can be managed safely and effectively with endoscopic techniques in a majority of cases, and the morbidity of open procedures can be avoided.
Surgical Management of Iatrogenic Facial Nerve Injuries
Authors: Green J. Douglas , Shelton Clough , Brackmann Derald E.
Published: January 2017

Surgical management of an latrogenic facial nerve injury represents a significant challenge for the otologic surgeon. The decision to perform facial nerve grafting is a difficult one and is based on the extent of injury to the nerve. We conducted a review of 22 patients who had sustained latrogenic facial nerve injuries during otologic surgery that required surgical exploration. The facial nerve was transected more than half its diameter in 13 of the patients. All of these patients' nerves were repaired either with direct reanastomosis of the facial nerve or with a cable nerve graft. The transection was less than 50% in nine of the patients in the study group. Eight of these patients underwent only decompression of the facial nerve. No patient with a neural repair (direct anastomosis or cable graft) had better than a House grade III result. All of the patients undergoing direct anastomosis of the nerve obtained a House grade III result. The most common result in patients undergoing cable nerve grafting was a House grade IV. The only patients with normal or near‐normal facial nerve function (House grade I or II) had only decompression of the facial nerve. Five of the eight patients undergoing decompression had results similar to those undergoing cable nerve grafts. We conclude that acceptable results can be obtained when the facial nerve is repaired by direct anastomosis or a cable nerve graft. These results are comparable with those of patients treated with decompression only. When in doubt as to the extent of injury, it is preferable to repair the facial nerve, because the extent of injury may be underestimated.
Clinical Diagnosis of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Validated by Polysomnography
Authors: Goldstein Nira A. , Sculerati Nancy , Walsleben Joyce A. , Bhatia Nasima , Friedman Deborah M. , Rapoport David M.
Published: January 2017

The decision to perform tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy for treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is often made on a clinical basis without formal polysomnography. To examine the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, we prospectively evaluated 30 children with obstructive symptoms by a standardized history, physical examination, and review of a tape recording of breathing during sleep. On the basis of this clinical evaluation, patients were divided into three predictive groups: (1) definite obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, (2) possible obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and (3) unlikely to have obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Nocturnal polysomnography was used to determine the presence or absence of true sleep apnea. Ten of 18 (55.6%) patients predicted clinically to have definite obstructive sleep apnea syndrome had positive nocturnal polysomnographies. Two of six (33.3%) patients predicted to have possible obstructive sleep apnea syndrome had positive nocturnal polysomnographies. One of six (16.7%) patients predicted to be unlikely to have obstructive sleep apnea syndrome had a positive nocturnal polysomnography. Six nocturnal polysomnographies negative by conventional criteria were suspicious for apnea, but considering these positive for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome did not improve the specificity of the clinical prediction. Our results show that clinical assessment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children is sensitive (92.3%) but not specific (29.4%) for making the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome as compared with nocturnal polysomnography and may contribute to the decision to obtain nocturnal polysomnography in specific circumstances.
Kaposi's Sarcoma of the Head and Neck in Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Singh Bhuvanesh , Har‐El Gady , Lucente Frank E.
Published: January 2017

Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common neoplastic process in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Moreover, the occurrence of Kaposi's sarcoma in human immunodeficiency virus—infected patients advances their classification to having the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. We reviewed the medical records of 48 patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection who had Kaposi's sarcoma documented on their initial visit to the hospital. The onset of Kaposi's sarcoma occurred independent of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classification of human immunodeficiency virus infection (modified to exclude Kaposi's sarcoma). This neoplasm developed more frequently in patients who acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection by sexual contact (75% of cases), but manifestations were not significantly different in any of the risk populations for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Kaposi's sarcoma lesions were unpredictable and either showed progression, remained static, or occasionally, regressed spontaneously. Moreover, the lesions were usually multifocal at presentation, with the head and neck (62.5% of cases) as the primary site of involvement. In this region cutaneous lesions predominated (66.7%), followed by mucosal (56.7%) and deep structure (13.3%) involvement. The majority of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Kaposi's sarcoma involving head and neck structures were asymptomatic (80% of cases). Mucosal lesions were associated with symptoms in 29.3% of cases, whereas cutaneous lesions had symptoms in 5% of cases.
Effects of Antiepidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibody 528 on the Proliferation and Differentiation of Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Sturgis Erich M. , Sacks Peter G. , Masui Hideo , Mendelsohn John , Schantz Stimson P.
Published: January 2017

Antibodies directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor may impede proliferation and induce differentiation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of monoclonal antibody 528 directed against epidermal growth factor receptor on the proliferation and differentiation of monolayer cells and multicellular tumor spheroids from three head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (1483, MDA 686Ln, and MDA 886Ln) and the epidermal growth factor—responsive vulvar carcinoma A431. All head and neck squamous cell carcinoma lines were shown to express high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor by Scatchard analyses. Epidermal growth factor inhibited the growth of monolayer cells but stimulated the growth of 886 and A431 multicellular tumor spheroids. Epidermal growth factor modulated the differentiation of A431 and 686 with respect to involucrin immunohistochemistry and cornified envelope competency. Monoclonal antibody 528 directed against epidermal growth factor receptor Inhibited cellular proliferation as measured by cell number, thymidine incorporation, and multicellular tumor spheroid volume. A mild promotion of differentiation was observed in the epidermal growth factor—responsive cells. In conclusion, monoclonal antibody 528 directed against epidermal growth factor receptor inhibits growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells bearing high levels of epidermal growth factor receptors and promotes differentiation in some tumors. The use of a multicellular tumor spheroid model to evaluate growth factor responsiveness and inhibition of proliferation may more accurately reflect in vivo tumor growth than monolayer cells. Antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptor may prove effective in modulating disease progression in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Economics, Politics, and Governance*
Authors: Jalan Bimal
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses the dynamics of economics, politics, and governance and its implications for the Indian economy in general and the governance issues of educational institutions in particular.

Independent India was founded on a democratic framework and an operational governance structure. The vision was to attain the specific economic and social goals that the country had set for itself. What is puzzling is the fact that despite the ideal combination of economics, politics, and civil service, the expected results were not achieved. What might have happened is the development of a substantial gap between the economically sound and the politically feasible policies, on the one hand, and the disharmony between the different levels of the administrative machinery, on the other.

The author agrees with the renowned economist, Hanson, who found an answer to the problem not in the theory of planning or the people making the plans but with the unrealistic assumptions about the likely responses of the people. For instance, it was assumed that the people elected to power, the citizens of the country, and the labour and management of the public enterprises would all work selflessly to achieve the economic objectives of the country. In reality, however, regional and sectional interests dominated the political and economic decisions making the Indian economy self-centric, narrow, and wasteful. The channelization of economic benefits to the special interest groups led to the lop-sided distribution of wealth. To add to this was the political corruption which was accepted as an unavoidable feature of the electoral process. Another blow came from the public sector enterprises which, instead of generating public savings, led to the accumulation of internal public debt and lower investment. What is unfortunate is that all this continued for a long time despite the realization that they were going against the basic assumptions of the post-Independence policy framework.

Taking the issue of fee determination in the case of IIMs, the author feels that it is again a complex interplay of the three elements - economics, politics, and governance. The economic issue from the public policy point of view is: why the larger subsidy from public funds and for whose benefit? While it is a popular political move to grant subsidies, it is a matter of conscious political choice as to which target group should get the benefit.

Towards making India's vision a reality, the author suggests the adoption of pragmatic and flexible approaches with the contemporary realities in mind. The steps would include: simplifying administrative procedures managing fiscal deficit through fiscal policy changes ensuring accountability through legal reforms avoiding bureaucratic interference eliminating administrative discretion

While a lot needs to be done in all these areas, the author is confident that with the economic potential of the country and the innate ability of the people of this country, it would definitely be possible to realize the full potential within the next two decades.
Rekindling the Heart and the Soul of Management
Authors: Singh J
Published: January 2017

A concerted set of initiatives over the last 50 years has transformed management into a profession and a popular discipline for formal study. However, there has been a steady deterioration in the quality of working life in modern organizations. Contrary to the oft-repeated cliche about people being valuable assets, they are increasingly being treated as liabilities that can no longer be afforded. This is best reflected in the frenzy of ‘rightsizing’- a weak euphemism for turning employees out. Those who are lucky enough to survive are then subjected to a mechanistic culture devoid of human sensitivity. The focus is on squeezing the maximum out of them but not doing enough to make them feel wanted or to enhance their sense of self-worth and self-respect. Compounding these problems is the more dramatic fall in leadership standards. As the spate of recent scandals suggest, many organizations have fallen into the hands of greedy impostors masquerading as leaders.

Simultaneously, the public image of business corporations has been severely tarnished. Because of frauds and other misdemeanours that have been uncovered and publicized, they are perceived less as creators of social wealth and progressively more as exploitative organizations seeking to prosper at the expense of the common good. Business ethics, good governance, and corporate social responsibility may be fashion- able themes for conferences but they are not much in evidence in practice.

Any insightful observer is, therefore, likely to infer that modern corporations have lost their hearts (and hence the people-are-liabilities mindset) and their souls (hence their lack of sensitivity to social well-being). This paper underscores the urgent need for rekindling the corporate heart and soul — reorienting the prevailing approaches to dealing with employees and changing the mindset about corporate purpose. What people require is a genuinely supportive environment and a persevering, diligent leader to show the way. For creating the right kind of environment, the author suggests the following measures: appoint the right person treat people like assets - not liabilities invest generously in culture-building cultivate the right attitudes.

For rekindling the corporate soul, the following initiatives are suggested: follow ethical conduct appoint ethical people get oriented towards social responsibility.

Only when all these are achieved will business organizations provide enriching work experiences to their employees and ultimately succeed in transcending profit-making in its narrow sense to attain their more altruistic, nobler purposes. Among the various prescriptive measures, the most crucial is the selection of individuals for leadership roles. The importance of character is vital. Yet, it is perhaps the one requirement that is most often compromised.
Does Higher Price Signal Better Quality?
Authors: Verma D P S , Gupta Soma Sen
Published: January 2017

With differentiated products, consumers may not be aware of the quality and features of the products they buy. They are often unable to make a quality comparison among various brands. Moreover, they often gather little information even when the financial commitment involved is substantial. A popular belief is: ‘You get what you pay for.’ Therefore, consumers tend to believe that high price is an indicator of better quality. Although many studies conducted on price-quality relationship have supported this belief, there are other studies that have found the relationship to be product-specific and weak in general.

This study seeks to examine the relationship between the price of the product and the buyers' perception of quality in respect of durable, semi-durable, and non-durable products in the Indian context. Three products were selected for the purpose of the study: colour television as a durable product; T-shirt as a semi-durable product; and toothpaste as a non-durable product. Data were collected from the primary sources with the help of a non-disguised, pre-structured questionnaire.

In particular, the authors sought to explore answer to two questions: (1) Does high price have a positive influence on the buyers' perception of product quality? (2) Is there a significant difference in the buyers' perception of the quality of products falling in different price ranges?

The major findings of the study are as follows: For a durable product, like colour television, setting the price too low will negatively affect the quality image of the product and the consumer would be reluctant to buy a low-priced brand as it might lower his image in the society. Pricing it reasonably high will give the product a high-quality image. However, the marketer should take care of the competitors' pricing policies and the buyers' purchasing power. The target market for T-shirt in India consists mainly of the young, especially the college students, having limited purchasing power. They prefer local, or little known, but trendy brands of T-shirts rather than expensive ones. Also, they would opt for a T-shirt of a reputed brand if it is within their purchasing power. However, reducing the price of the T-shirt may dilute its brand image. Hence, the marketer of the T-shirt should think of market segmentation strategies and select the appropriate target segment(s) and price the product accordingly. For toothpaste, brand reputation is a critical factor and the marketer should price the product according to the reputation enjoyed by the brand. However, the price-quality relationship for this product has been found to be weak in comparison to colour television and T-shirt. The marketer, therefore, should be wary of charging a very low price as it would create an inferior quality image in the mind of the buyer.

The findings have important marketing implications for pricing, market segmentation, target marketing, and product positioning.
Governance of Higher Education Institutions
Authors: Pandey I M
Published: January 2017

Governance includes the issues of autonomy and accountability. In most countries, including developing countries, autonomy is being extended to higher education institutions (HEIs) in order to increase the flexibility which these institutions require to meet the needs of the society and the economy. Autonomy is the prerogative and the ability of an institution to act by its own choices in pursuit of its mission and goals. This ensures optimum allocation of resources for achieving the stated goals and missions of HEIs which are knowledge creation and dissemination. These institutions are mission- oriented and although they have a significant impact on the economy and the society, their action and results are not directly measurable in financial terms. Autonomy encompasses three areas - academic, institutional, and financial. Academic autonomy is the freedom for faculty members to operate freely which would lead to intellectual wealth of great quality. Institutional autonomy includes operational freedom and freedom of decision-making by the institute's constituents. Financial autonomy means the freedom to raise and use funds according to its priorities and internal rules. An institution cannot have full institutional autonomy without financial autonomy. Allowing financial autonomy with accountability would assess the effectiveness of the institution in disseminating knowledge to its students.

Autonomy of publicly funded institutions also implies societal accountability. Institutions operate in a given environment. Therefore, their actions and outcomes must be consistent with the demands of the external environment. Societal concern assumes great significance as governance in HEIs cannot be devoid of environment and social responsibility. Every organization's actions influence the members of the society, directly or indirectly. Therefore, HEIs should strive to strike a balance between needs of their stakeholders, demands of the society, and autonomy. A socially responsible HEI should perform the following duties: Be a resource and supporter for public policies and issues. Ensure admission to all qualified students from all sections of the society. Facilitate quality education and research. Assist in professionalizing management practice of socially desirable but under-managed sectors. Help business and industry through training, research, and consultancy. Research on the issues that are significant for the government, the industry, and other sectors and disseminate the research findings. Collaborate with other academic institutions to help them improve their aca- demic standards.

Organizations take a lot from the society and hence should also give back to the society. This attitude will sustain them over a long period of time.
Drucker: On Learning (to Learn) Management
Authors: Srinivasan Shiva Kumar
Published: January 2017

This paper argues that there is an intrinsic link between the concepts of “learning-to-learn” and the “knowledge worker” in the work of Peter Drucker. This is because the increasing life-span of knowledge workers and the decreasing life-span of organizations in the contemporary world have changed the underlying nature of the “social contract” that has hitherto governed the relationship between workers and organizations. Furthermore, these changes are forcing all stakeholders to confront the demands of learning-to-learn and self-management as the necessary modalities of professional and social mobility for knowledge workers in the global economy. Drucker therefore argues that formalizing an ethic of learning-to-learn will provide both knowledge workers and organizations, by implication, with a competitive advantage in “the next society.”

Understanding the importance of learning practices and knowledge management will also make it possible for knowledge workers and knowledge-based organizations to continually renew themselves despite the intensity of competition and the relentless demands for individuation, differentiation, and innovation in the global economy. Drucker cites his own career as an example of such a possibility by demonstrating that “intellectual omnivorousness” can serve as an emotional and intellectual reservoir of possibilities for knowledge workers over a long life span. What knowledge workers need then is a “method of study.” In addition to spelling out a possible model of study based on his own formative experiences, Drucker also cites the sources from which he initially learnt the modalities that he calls for in a general theory of learning-to-learn in knowledge workers and organizations.

The essential modality in making knowledge “actionable” for Drucker is “feedback analysis,” a practice that he identifies with the Jesuits and the Calvinists in Europe. In other words, decision-makers must have the confidence and patience to write decision reports and check to see if they have been able to anticipate the consequences of a given decision through feedback analysis. They must also develop a high degree of self-awareness on what constitutes their cognitive style by deciding whether their style of information-processing demands the style of a “reader or listener” and act accordingly. This relates to the larger necessity of acting from strengths rather than from weaknesses in Drucker's thought. And, finally, the knowledge worker must be willing to learn from the experience of artists, musicians, and scientists on the possibilities of creativity in old-age and internalize the moral obligation to pursue perfection whenever or wherever possible.
Regret and Disappointment: A Conceptualization of their Role in Ethical Decision-making
Authors: Rajeev Priya , Bhattacharyya Sanghamitra
Published: January 2017

Workplaces provide settings for the manifestation of an assortment of emotions that impact managerial decisions, ethical or otherwise, in a variety of ways. Most of the research work in this domain has concentrated on identifying and analysing the influence of positive affect on decision-making, with little work done on negative affect and its implications. To address this gap, the paper seeks to study the role of negative affect in ethical decision-making by managers.

All decisions have outcomes. Post-decision affect may be negative when a decision appears to be wrong in retrospect, and ⁄ or when the outcome of a decision is not what was expected. How does negative affect experienced by an individual as a consequence of a decision impact his⁄her potential ethical decision-making process? In order to develop a model that illustrates how negative affect might impact the components of an individual's ethical decision-making process, this paper makes use of two negative emotions: Regret Dissappointment.

Although regret and disappointment have a lot in common, they differ in ways that are relevant to decision-making. Unlike other emotions, regret is unique in its relation to decisionmaking and responsibility. Individuals regret an outcome when they could have taken a different decision and prevented that outcome. Being an outcome of individual choice and hence personal agency, its behavioural consequences comprise an active attempt to undo the unpleasant effects of the decision that went wrong. Disappointment on the contrary is experienced when the negative outcome is the result of a random procedure rather than choice. The behavioural consequences of disappointment might include complaining and talking about the event to others, feelings of powerlessness and a tendency to do nothing and get away from the situation. The paper discusses the possible behavioural consequences of the two emotions in terms of ethical decision-making.

As numerous ethical decision-making models have succeeded in integrating personspecific, issue contingent, and organizational contributors to ethical decisions, the need now is to probe further into specific causalities. Understanding affect induced by work is important to gain further insights into the person-specific variables that impact ethical decisions. This paper is an attempt in that direction.
Ethical Leader Behaviour and Leader-Member Exchange as Predictors of Subordinate Behaviours
Authors: Dadhich Anubha , Bhal Kanika T
Published: January 2017

The role of leader or leadership in management has occupied the attention of both theorists and practitioners alike. Of late, its role has also been considered significant in ethical issues given the exposure of various ethical scandals. Research on ethical leadership, despite its importance, is limited. Part of the problem may lie in the difficulties associated with studying ethical leadership in a field setting. This study, therefore, uses an experimental design to explore the impact of ethical leadership on subordinates' outcomes (behaviours and perceptions).

This concept of ethical leadership is juxtaposed with exchange-based relationship between the leader and the member (leader-member-exchange or LMX). LMX focuses on one-to-one exchange-based relationship between a leader and a subordinate. However, ethical leadership based on Brown et.al's (2005) work is conceptualized as the leader's ethical-moral behaviour in general.

This study explores the relative impact of ethical leader behaviour and LMX on subordinate outcomes which are distinguished in terms of ethics-related (leaders honesty, willingness to report problems, affective trust, and cognitive trust) and work-related (leaders effectiveness, satisfaction with the leader, and extra effort) outcomes. The study makes several contributions to the existing leadership literature. To begin with, and to the best of our knowledge, no research has explored the relative impact of one-on-one relationship with the leader (LMX) and ethical leaders' behaviour on subordinate outcomes. Second, subordinate outcomes have been conceptualized as belonging to either of the two categories — pragmatic⁄generic jobrelated behaviours (outcomes), (e.g., extra effort of the subordinate, effectiveness of the subordinate, and satisfaction with the leader) or idealistic ethics-related outcomes like (leader's honesty, willingness to report problems, affective trust, idealized behaviour, and idealized attribute). It is argued that theoretically, though LMX is a strong determinant of pragmatic job-related behaviour (outcomes), ethical leadership is more likely to predict idealistic ethicsrelated outcomes.

The hypotheses are tested through an experimental study. The overall design of the experiment was a 2 (Ethical Leadership: Ethical, Unethical) X 2 (LMX: Low; High) between-participants factorial, employing four versions of scenarios. All the dependent variables were measured through standard scales and they showed high reliability coefficients. ANOVA tests indicated that not only ethics-related behaviours but work-related behaviours of the subordinates too were predicted by ethical leader behaviour which shows the functional significance of ethical leader behaviour. The results are discussed for their theoretical and practical implications while mentioning the limitations of the study.