bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pakistan–Bangladesh Partition 1971 and forced migration
Authors: Datta Antara
Published: January 2013

The creation of new nation‐states and the process of decolonization in the post‐World War II period often brought with it bloodshed, mayhem, and the uprooting of communities. When India was partitioned, as colonial rule came to an end, a similar process unfolded – millions of people were displaced and crossed from India to Pakistan and vice versa in what became a virtual exchange of population. If the citizens of the subcontinent believed that such pain and suffering on a gargantuan scale had ended in 1947, and would not be repeated, they were mistaken. Just over a quarter of a century after the first partition of the subcontinent, the distress of population upheavals, mass killings, and rape was to revisit the region. The events of 1971 while creating the new nation of Bangladesh, caused the upheaval of nearly 10 million people, and the death of possibly three million more. The devastation and trauma of 1947 had returned in a new guise to South Asia. The upheaval forced both India and Pakistan to reconsider questions of sovereignty and border control as well as confront questions about who belonged within which borders and why. From an Indian perspective, the entry of millions of refugees led to a changing relationship between the refugee, the state, and those living in the border areas. The aftermath of the crisis, which saw nearly 500,000 people stranded in various parts of subcontinent until a repatriation scheme was devised in 1973, once again raised questions about borders and belonging.
China: profit‐driven institutions and emigration promotion
Authors: Kwong Peter
Published: January 2013

Both push and pull factors need to be present for a migration process to be completed. But pull factors are critical and controlling, in that if a receiving country does not allow immigrants to enter, or if there is no demand for their services, then, regardless of the desire of the would‐be immigrants and the desperate problems of overpopulation, famine, or civil war they face in their home countries, they cannot emigrate. Having said that, the power of push factors can be greatly enhanced by the strength of collective migrant networks, which are capable, once the demand is established, of gathering together large numbers of immigrants very quickly to take advantage of the opportunity. The massive Chinese labor migration network, established and greatly improved over the last two centuries, is a case in point.
Circular migration and gender
Authors: Schwenken Helen
Published: January 2013

Circular migration is a form of repeated and temporary population movement that involves the same migrants; it encompasses both unregulated circulation and movements managed through circular labor migration programs. The latter is a subform of temporary labor migration programs. Circular migration is, as any form of migration, necessarily a gendered process, because it involves men and women and is built upon and affects gender relations. Most circular and temporary migration programs, though, are conceived, negotiated, and implemented in a gender‐blind way. The programs largely ignore the different ways they draw ideologically upon, incorporate, and treat women, men, and notions of genderedness. A gender‐sensitive analysis of circular migration means to systematically include empirical evidence, implicit/explicit meanings of gender, and discursive dimensions. Whether circular and temporary migration programs can be designed in a more gender‐sensitive way remains open for two reasons: so far no attempts have been made, and the gender biases and other problems identified would question these programs as such.
Indigenous migration: Otavalo diaspora in historical perspective
Authors: Schmidt Ella
Published: January 2013

In July 1991 over 100 Otavalo from Ariasucu in the northern Ecuadorian Andes went to the shore of Lake San Pablo to comply with their communal work (
faena
) on the potable water project that the community had long lobbied for. At the insistence of the state engineer in charge, they had gone this day to clear the land around the spring that would provide water for Ariasucu. When they got there, however, women from villages surrounding the spring complained that if the Otavalo went through with their water project, their only source for clean water would be destroyed. After a long negotiation the Otavalo present decided instead to go to the neighboring field of an absentee landowner, clear it, and install the pump there. After the communal work was finished, the state engineer supervising the work got on his motorcycle and went back to the city. Later that day, one of the workers who had participated in the
faena
, an ex‐president of the community, took a plane “with three other local textile dealers and flew to Europe to sell handicrafts” (Colloredo‐Mansfeld 1998: 186).
Indigenous migration: Americas, distinctiveness and scale
Authors: Burns Allan
Published: January 2013

The 21st century has been named the “age of migration” (Castles & Miller 2003), and indigenous migration is a growing feature of the movements of people today. Like migration routes, the causes of migration are always multiple, and for that reason different aspects of indigenous migration have to be seen in concert rather than as distinct types or categories. First, indigenous migrations have a long history. Second, different kinds of forced and voluntary displacements of indigenous people take on greater importance as present‐day nation states emphasize their international boundaries and citizenship within them. Third, nongovernment forces are playing an increasingly important role in indigenous migration, especially drug cartels, youth gangs, and even religious ideology. Changing economic opportunity structures in Latin America are also a key factor within indigenous migration. The pull of opportunities where economies are strong, as well as the push from economies or societies that are no longer viable, affect migration patterns as well as individual decisions.
Indigenous migrations: the emergence of Maya America
Authors: Loucky James
Published: January 2013

Movement is integral to human life, a reality that is evident in how common narratives of migration are in the histories of most peoples and in a worldwide profusion of contemporary experiences. Geographic mobility, whether chosen or forced, is hardly recent for indigenous peoples (Clifford 2007). Certainly this is true for Mesoamerica, a vast isthmus with numerous pathways, where groups of people first moved south and thereafter extended and connected communities and cultures through trade and social relations. Economic and ideological links between Olmec, Maya, and Zapotec regions were possible only because of movement. Colonialism and sequential dictatorships entailed shifts in power and forms of control, but long‐term and seasonal labor, forced uprooting and refugee movements have continued to this day. The scope of human movement and settlement has never been greater – geographically, demographically, and culturally – and the Maya play a major role in this unfolding drama.
Second‐generation migrants: Maghrebis in France
Authors: Swamy Sylvie Durmelat and Vinay
Published: January 2013

The term “second‐generation immigrants” is often used to designate the children of immigrants born in the country to which their parents migrated from their homeland. The term holds sway especially in contemporary France, a nation that historically has seen a large influx of immigrants since at least the late 19th century. Admittedly, there are several complications that need to be considered in order to understand the denotation and connotations of this term. It is the position of the authors of this essay that the designation “second‐generation immigrant” is an oxymoron and is an unfortunate and unsatisfactory formulation, one that we would like to problematize. The term negates the multifaceted work of integration performed by immigrants and their descendants, and continues to stigmatize descendants of immigrants as foreign bodies, as if they could not but inherit their parents' status and thus are still considered to be (de facto) “second class” citizens in their parents' country of residence.
Italy: migration from 1990s to 2010s
Authors: Pegna Serenella
Published: January 2013

Italy has always experienced transit migrations – from invasions to foreign tourists – but mainly it has been a great country of emigration. In 1981, the Italian census unexpectedly showed a small net positive rate: Italians had gone back home and more foreigners had come in. Thirty years later, immigrants amount to 4.5 million (7.5% of the total population) plus 500,000 estimated irregulars and 400,000 not yet registered foreigners. This population of immigrants constitutes around 15 percent of the documented workforce and an important portion of irregulars. Immigrant families raise the scant Italian fertility ratio from 1.3 to 1.4 and foreign students in primary school now constitute 9 percent of the entire primary school population (Caritas Migrantes 2011).
Marriage migration, Europe 1945–2010s
Authors: Schrover Marlou
Published: January 2013

This essay focuses on marriage migration in Europe after 1945. Marriage migration is an administrative category. Whether people are registered as marriage migrants depends on other migration options (Kofman 2004). Migration categories are like communicating vessels: when options in one category decrease, other categories become more important. Since 1975, north‐western European countries have restricted the options for labor migration. As a result the percentage of people migrating for family formation (as marriage migration is frequently labeled) increased, as did refugee migration. After 1975, Germany was more restrictive regarding marriage migration than the Netherlands, and more liberal regarding refugees. As a result Germany received more refugees (percent wise), while the Netherlands received more marriage migrants. When both countries reformed their policies in the 1990s – Germany became more restrictive regarding refugees and the Netherlands more restrictive regarding family migration – this resulted in the swapping over of percentages.
Italy: internal migration 1800–present
Authors: Gallo Stefano
Published: January 2013

As the crossroads of the Mediterranean and a stepping‐stone between Africa and Europe, the Italian peninsula has always whetted the appetite of foreign powers. Its identity is rooted in centuries of invasion, and many different groups have inhabited its coasts and cities. The migration of Goths, Lombards, Arabs, and Turks, and, later, domination by the French, Spanish, and Austrian monarchies have left a deep mark on the cultural and genetic heritage of the Italian people. The country's political unification as an independent state (1861) meant coming to terms with a composite, variegated population that spoke different dialects from one valley to the next, and in which only roughly 2.5 percent spoke the standard Italian language. Moreover, there was a clear economic divide between regions, with intensive agriculture in the north and areas with grain‐based extensive agriculture on latifundia in the south; some scholars have even seen the Italian unification as the annexation of a foreign territory by the north (Schneider 1997).
1 Prehistoric migration and the rise of humanity
Authors: Bellwood Peter
Published: January 2013

The focus in this first volume of the
Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration
is on the founding, through migration, of the human world as we can reconstruct it at the dawn of written history. Using information from human biology, archaeology, and comparative linguistics (the latter discipline only available for societies within the past 10,000 years), the authors travel in time and space from the initial migrations of the incipient genus
Homo
, around two million years ago, to the relatively recent but still prehistoric migrations of populations such as the Eastern Polynesians and Thule Inuit. They introduce to us an enormous array of past human groups, both hunter‐gatherer and agriculturalist. The prehistoric migrations of many of these populations were essential foundations for the ethnic and linguistic patterning that spanned the globe before 1500
CE
, and indeed still does in many regions today.
2 The earliest stages of hominin dispersal in Africa and Eurasia
Authors: Hertler Christine , Bruch Angela , Märker Michael
Published: January 2013

This chapter describes the earliest potential movements of hominins (proto‐humans) within Africa, starting from almost 7 mya, and focusing on the genesis ofAustralopithecusandHomoand the dispersal of the latter into Eurasia soon after 2 mya. The emphasis here is on the fossil record.
3 Hominin migrations beforeHomo sapiens: Out of Africa – how many times?
Authors: Groves Colin
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses both the fossil and the archaeological records for earlyHomodispersal, especially beyond Africa to eastern Asia. The author also offers a simplified classification of hominin genera by subsuming most intoHomo.
6 Pleistocene migrations in the Southeast Asian archipelagos
Authors: Sémah François , Sémah Anne‐Marie
Published: January 2013

This chapter describes further the migrations of early hominins within Southeast Asia, especially to the sometime‐island and sometime‐peninsula formed by Java. The island of Flores was also reached at least one million years ago by crossing ocean passages between islands. Early modern human migrations beyond the Sunda Shelf are also discussed.
5 Early Old World migrations of
Homo sapiens
: archaeology
Authors: Hiscock Peter
Published: January 2013

This chapter complements chapter 4 by focusing on the cultural evidence for the origins and dispersal of early
Homo sapiens.
It points out that the dispersal of modern humans across the Old World was not so clearly marked in the archaeological record as some earlier models suggested, especially those focused only on Africa, the Near East, and Europe.
19 Europe and western Asia: Indo‐European linguistic history
Authors: Heggarty Paul
Published: January 2013

Indo‐European is, by speaker population, by far the world's greatest language family. This chapter looks especially at the “Steppe” and “Anatolian” hypotheses for Indo‐European origins and dispersals, and adds to the discussion begun in chapter 11 about how language families spread in prehistoric times. It also discusses the vexed question of linguistic chronology.
20 Europe: Neolithic colonization
Authors: Pinhasi Ron
Published: January 2013

Chapter 17 examined the spread of Neolithic communities from Anatolia into southeastern Europe, and here the the discussion is continued into Danubian and Mediterranean Europe and the far west. Issues of demic versus cultural diffusion are also raised.
21 Northern Europe and Russia: Uralic linguistic history
Authors: Blažek Václav
Published: January 2013

The author presents the linguistic history of the Uralic language family, comprising mainly hunter‐gatherer populations on the northern fringes of Europe and western Siberia. The family also includes Finnish and Hungarian, both national languages today.
22 Central Asia: genetics and archaeology
Authors: Pinhasi Ron , Heyer Evelyne
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses human migrations in Central Asia, with particular reference to the genetics of the Indo‐Iranian‐ and Turkic‐speaking populations and the archaeological record of pastoralism on the Steppes, from the Caspian Sea to the Tian Shan Mountains.
27 Eastern Asia and Japan: human biology
Authors: Matsumura Hirofumi , Oxenham Marc
Published: January 2013

This chapter focuses on the Holocene population history of Japan and Southeast Asia, as regions strongly influenced by population and cultural developments on the mainland of East Asia. A case is made for significant expansion of agricultural populations in both cases.
28 Japan: archaeology
Authors: Hudson Mark J.
Published: January 2013

This chapter presents archaeological evidence for Jōmon and Yayoi migration within and to Japan. These islands had a remarkable Holocene prehistory that reflected its temperate and maritime location, often developing cultural traditions quite different from those of the East Asian mainland.
29 Korea: archaeology
Authors: Yi Seonbok
Published: January 2013

During the Holocene, the Korean peninsula witnessed significant interactions with adjacent parts of eastern Asia, some no doubt involving migration. Korea was also the source region for the Yayoi Japanese during the 1st millennium
BCE
.
31 South Asia: archaeology
Authors: Fuller Dorian Q.
Published: January 2013

The archaeology of South Asia indicates a spread of agriculture from the northwest, early in the Holocene, together with internal developments of plant domestication in the Deccan and the Ganges plain. These developments related closely with the spreads of the Indo‐European, Dravidian, and Austroasiatic language families in South Asia.
33 Southeast Asian mainland: linguistic history
Authors: Sidwell Paul
Published: January 2013

The major language families of mainland Southeast Asia have reconstructible histories of expansion extending back for at least five thousand years, commencing with the initial spread of Austroasiatic languages from a homeland region that is still under debate.
37 Southeast Asian islands and Oceania: human genetics
Authors: Cox Murray P.
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses the genetic record of human migration into island Southeast Asia and Oceania, firstly during the Pleistocene, and later during the Neolithic with its associated populations of Malayo‐Polynesian speakers. The picture is one of intergradation between Asian and indigenous (western Pacific) population components.
38 Papua New Guinea: indigenous migrations in the recent past
Authors: Allen Bryant
Published: January 2013

The author discusses a number of recent migrations in Papua New Guinea, recorded in ethnographic and linguistic data. They offer interesting case studies of how groups of different ethnolinguistic background can intermix, and how small numbers of migrants can grow into large numbers of settlers, if and when they reach fertile terrain.
41 Polynesia, East and South, including transpacific migration
Authors: Anderson Atholl
Published: January 2013

Polynesia forms the largest archipelago in Oceania in terms of total extent, and its colonization occurred in two separate phases separated by 2,000 years: c.1000
BCE
in Tonga and Samoa, but only after 1000
CE
in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island, some of the most isolated habitable landmasses on earth.
46 Eastern North America: archaeology and linguistics
Authors: Snow Dean R.
Published: January 2013

The Eastern Woodlands and Great Plains of North America witnessed the migrations of both agriculturalist and hunter‐gatherer populations during the past three thousand years, although correlations with the histories of language families such as Iroquoian and Siouan only came into focus during the past millennium.
50 Amazonia: linguistic history
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y.
Published: January 2013

The language families of Amazonia offer a history of great complexity, albeit with much evidence erased by the spread of Spanish and Portuguese. Homelands for the six major families and some aspects of their migration histories are suggested.
Non‐certainty equivalent adaptive control for lower triangular systems based on dynamic scaling and filter
Authors: Li Shengtao , Jing Yuanwei , Liu Xiaomei
Published: January 2013

A new adaptive controller is designed on the basis of dynamic scaling and filter for lower triangular systems. Compared with the available adaptive results in the literature, the proposed adaptive approach does not necessarily need to satisfy the certainty equivalence principle and allows for prescribed dynamics to be assigned to the parameter estimation error. The proposed adaptive state feedback controller that ensures all signals of closed‐loop systems are globally bounded while keeping the output tracking error to the origin simultaneously. It is interesting to note that, viewed from a Lyapunov perspective, the proposed method provides a procedure to add cross terms between the parameter estimates and the system states in every design step. Finally, two comparatively simulation examples are given, highlighting the advantages of the proposed methodology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioinspired Multifunctional Foam with Self‐Cleaning and Oil/Water Separation
Authors: Zhang Xiyao , Li Zhou , Liu Kesong , Jiang Lei
Published: January 2013

Oil/water separation is a worldwide challenge. Learning from nature provides a promising approach for the construction of functional materials with oil/water separation. In this contribution, inspired by superhydrophobic self‐cleaning lotus leaves and porous biomaterials, a facile method is proposed to fabricate polyurethane foam with simultaneous superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity. Due to its low density, light weight, and superhydrophobicity, the as‐prepared foam can float easily on water. Furthermore, the foam demonstrates super‐repellency towards corrosive liquids, self‐cleaning, and oil/water separation properties, possessing multifunction integration. We expect that this low‐cost process can be readily and widely adopted for the design of multifunctional foams for large‐area oil‐spill cleanup.
Large Electrocaloric Effect in a Dielectric Liquid Possessing a Large Dielectric Anisotropy Near the Isotropic–Nematic Transition
Authors: Qian Xiao‐Shi , Lu Sheng‐Guo , Li Xinyu , Gu Haiming , Chien Liang‐Chy , Zhang Qiming
Published: January 2013

The recent findings of large electrocaloric effects (ECEs) in ferroelectric polymers and in ferroelectric ceramic thin films have attracted great interest for developing new cooling cycles that are environmental friendly and have the potential to reach better efficiency than the existing vapor‐compression approach. Compared with these solid state ECE materials, a dielectric fluid with a large ECE can be more interesting because it may lead to new cooling cycles with simpler structures than these based on solid state ECE materials. Here it is shown that a large ECE can be realized in the liquid crystal (LC) 5CB near its nematic–isotropic (N‐I) phase transition. 5CB has a large dielectric anisotropy, which facilitates the electric‐field‐induced large polarization change. As a result, a large ECE, i.e., an isothermal entropy change of more than 23.6 J kg−1 K−1 is observed just above the N‐I transition.
Tunable Hierarchical Metallic‐Glass Nanostructures
Authors: Mukherjee Sundeep , Sekol Ryan C. , Carmo Marcelo , Altman Eric I. , Taylor André D. , Schroers Jan
Published: January 2013

Synthesizing metallic nanostructures with control over morphology, surface chemistry, and length‐scale is important for a wide range of applications. Nanostructures having large surface area paired with suitable chemistry are particularly desirable in catalytic applications to facilitate the reaction kinetics. However, the techniques used for nanostructure synthesis are often lengthy, difficult, require expensive precursors/stabilizers, and limit the control over nanostructure morphology/chemistry. Here tuning metallic‐glass nanostructures to a wide range of morphologies, where the surface is enriched with catalytic noble metal, is reported. By combining thermoplastic nanofabrication together with electrochemical processing, hierarchical metallic nanostructures with large electrochemical surface area and high catalytic activity are synthesized. Due to the versatility in processing and independent control over multiple length‐scales, the approach may serve as a tool‐box for fabricating complex hierarchical nanostructures for wide ranging applications.
Frequency‐sensitive switching control effect induced by two‐photon resonance in an EIT‐based layered medium
Authors: Liau Teh‐Chau , Shen Jian Qi , Kao Yao‐Huang , Yang Tzong‐Jer
Published: January 2013

The optical response of an atomic vapor can be coherently manipulated by tunable quantum interference occurring in atomic transition processes. A periodic layered medium whose unit cells consist of a dielectric and an EIT (electromagnetically induced transparency) atomic vapor is designed for light propagation manipulation. Such an EIT‐based periodic layered medium exhibits a flexible frequency‐sensitive optical response, where a very small change in probe frequency can lead to a drastic variation of reflectance and transmittance. As the destructive quantum interference relevant to two‐photon resonance arises in EIT atoms interacting with both control and probe fields, the controllable optical processes that depend sensitively on the external control field will take place in this EIT‐based periodic layered medium. Such a frequency‐sensitive and field‐controlled optical behavior of reflection and transmission in the EIT photonic crystal can be applicable to designs of new devices such as photonic switches, photonic logic gates and photonic transistors, where one laser field can be controlled by the other one, and would have potential applications in the areas of integrated optical circuits and other related techniques (e.g., all‐optical instrumentations).
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Allylic Alcohols and Derivatives and their Applications in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Lumbroso Alexandre , Cooke Michael L. , Breit Bernhard
Published: January 2013

Allylic alcohols represent an important and highly versatile class of chiral building blocks for organic synthesis. This Review summarizes the plethora of methods developed for the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of enantioenriched allylic alcohols. These include: dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR/DKAT), nucleophilic 1,2‐addition to carbonyl groups, allylic substitution, oxidation of CH bonds, the addition of O nucleophiles to π systems, reduction of unsaturated carbonyl compounds, and an alternative route from enantioenriched propargylic alcohols. Furthermore, these catalytic asymmetric processes are exemplified by their applications in the syntheses of complex molecules such as natural products and potential therapeutic agents.
Fault Detection for Nonlinear Systems with Unknown Input
Authors: Luo Zhen , Fang Huajing
Published: January 2013

This paper extends the problem of fault detection for linear discrete‐time systems with unknown input to the nonlinear system. A nonlinear recursive filter is developed where the estimation of the state and the input are interconnected. Unknown input which can be any type of signal was obtained by least‐squares unbiased estimation and the state estimation problem is transformed into a standard unscented Kalman filter (UKF) problem. By testing the mean of the innovation process, a real‐time fault detection approach is proposed. Simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
HIRREM™: a noninvasive, allostatic methodology for relaxation and auto‐calibration of neural oscillations
Authors: Gerdes Lee , Gerdes Peter , Lee Sung W. , H. Tegeler Charles
Published: January 2013

Disturbances of neural oscillation patterns have been reported with many disease states. We introduce methodology forHIRREM™ (high‐resolution, relational, resonance‐based electroencephalic mirroring), also known as Brainwave Optimization™, a noninvasive technology to facilitate relaxation and auto‐calibration of neural oscillations.HIRREMis a precision‐guided technology for allostatic therapeutics, intended to help the brain calibrate its own functional set points to optimize fitness.HIRREMtechnology collects electroencephalic data through two‐channel recordings and delivers a series of audible musical tones in near real time. Choices of tone pitch and timing are made by mathematical algorithms, principally informed by the dominant frequency in successive instants of time, to permit resonance between neural oscillatory frequencies and the musical tones. Relaxation of neural oscillations throughHIRREMappears to permit auto‐calibration toward greater hemispheric symmetry and more optimized proportionation of regional spectral power. To illustrate an application ofHIRREM, we present data from a randomized clinical trial ofHIRREMas an intervention for insomnia (n = 19). On average, there was reduction of right‐dominant temporal lobe high‐frequency (23–36 Hz)EEGasymmetry over the course of eight successiveHIRREMsessions. There was a trend for correlation between reduction of right temporal lobe dominance and magnitude of insomnia symptom reduction. Disturbances of neural oscillation have implications for both neuropsychiatric health and downstream peripheral (somatic) physiology. The possibility of noninvasive optimization for neural oscillatory set points throughHIRREMsuggests potentially multitudinous roles for this technology. Research is currently ongoing to further explore its potential applications and mechanisms of action.
Integration of the 1,2,3‐Triazole “Click” Motif as a Potent Signalling Element in Metal Ion Responsive Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Ast Sandra , Fischer Tobias , Müller Holger , Mickler Wulfhard , Schwichtenberg Mathias , Rurack Knut , Holdt Hans‐Jürgen
Published: January 2013

In a systematic approach we synthesized a new series of fluorescent probes incorporating donor–acceptor (D‐A) substituted 1,2,3‐triazoles as conjugative π‐linkers between the alkali metal ion receptor N‐phenylaza‐[18]crown‐6 and different fluorophoric groups with different electron‐acceptor properties (4‐naphthalimide, meso‐phenyl‐BODIPY and 9‐anthracene) and investigated their performance in organic and aqueous environments (physiological conditions). In the charge‐transfer (CT) type probes 1, 2 and 7, the fluorescence is almost completely quenched by intramolecular CT (ICT) processes involving charge‐separated states. In the presence of Na+ and K+ ICT is interrupted, which resulted in a lighting‐up of the fluorescence in acetonitrile. Among the investigated fluoroionophores, compound 7, which contains a 9‐anthracenyl moiety as the electron‐accepting fluorophore, is the only probe which retains light‐up features in water and works as a highly K+/Na+‐selective probe under simulated physiological conditions. Virtually decoupled BODIPY‐based 6 and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) type probes 3–5, where the 10‐substituted anthracen‐9‐yl fluorophores are connected to the 1,2,3‐triazole through a methylene spacer, show strong ion‐induced fluorescence enhancement in acetonitrile, but not under physiological conditions. Electrochemical studies and theoretical calculations were used to assess and support the underlying mechanisms for the new ICT and PET 1,2,3‐triazole fluoroionophores.
Combining multi‐observer information in partially rank‐ordered judgment post‐stratified and ranked set samples
Authors: Ozturk Omer
Published: January 2013

This paper develops two sampling designs to create artificially stratified samples. These designs use a small set of experimental units to determine their relative ranks without measurement. In each set, the units are ranked by all available observers (rankers), with ties whenever the units cannot be ranked with high confidence. The rankings from all the observers are then combined in a meaningful way to create a single weight measure. This weight measure is used to create judgment strata in both designs. The first design constructs the strata through judgment post‐stratification after the data has been collected. The second design creates the strata before any measurements are made on the experimental units. The paper constructs estimators and confidence intervals, and develops testing procedures for the mean and median of the underlying distribution based on these sampling designs. We show that the proposed sampling designs provide a substantial improvement over their competitor designs in the literature. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 41: 304–324; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada
Using a Simple Soil Column Method to Evaluate Soil Phosphorus Leaching Risk
Authors: Li Yuyuan , Gao Ru , Yang Rui , Wei Hongan , Li Yong , Xiao Heai , Wu Jinshui
Published: January 2013

The impacts of soil P leaching on water eutrophication have widely been concerned. However, there is no dependable method to quantitatively estimate the P leaching risk of soils. In this study, a simple soil column method was developed using two calcareous Fluvisols, silt loam and loam. The soil column was 20 cm in length and 5 cm in diameter, and distilled water was continuously supplied from the top. The volume and dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations of leachate were measured. Results showed that DRP concentrations in leachate increased slowly for the low soil Olsen‐P levels but rapidly for the high Olsen‐P levels. According to these two‐phase changes in the DRP versus soil Olsen‐P contents, the thresholds of P leaching risk were estimated to be 41.1 and 62.3 mg P kg−1 (Olsen‐P) for silt loam and loam, respectively. The P leaching intensity of soils increased by 3‐ to 540‐fold if the soil Olsen‐P contents accumulated from 6.6 to 155.5 mg P kg−1. The outcomes derived from this study regarding the determination of P leaching threshold and intensity by the soil column method also need a further verification on more soils with a wide range of physical and chemical properties.
Removal of Bromate from Water Using De‐Acidite FF‐IP Resin and Determination by Ultra‐Performance Liquid Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Naushad Mu. , ALOthman Zeid A. , Khan Mohammad R. , Wabaidur Saikh M.
Published: January 2013

Contamination of water due to bromate is a severe health hazard. The aim of the present study was to remove bromate from water using a crosslinked polystyrene based strongly basic anion exchange resin De‐Acidite FF‐IP. Batch experiments were performed to study the influence of various experimental parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, temperature, and effect of competing anions on bromate removal by De‐Acidite FF‐IP resin. At optimum parameters, the removal rate of bromate was very fast and 90% removal took place in 5 min and equilibrium was established within 10 min. The presence of competitive anions reduced the bromate adsorption in the order of Cl− > F− > CO > SO > NO > PO. The practical utility of this resin has been demonstrated by removing bromate in some of the commercial bottled water from Saudi Arabia. The level of bromate was determined using a very sensitive, precise and rapid method based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tendem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS).
Combination of molecular alterations and smoking intensity predicts bladder cancer outcome
Authors: Mitra Anirban P. , Castelao Jose E. , Hawes Debra , Tsao‐Wei Denice D. , Jiang Xuejuan , Shi Shan‐Rong , Datar Ram H. , Skinner Eila C. , Stein John P. , Groshen Susan , Yu Mimi C. , Ross Ronald K. , Skinner Donald G. , Cortessis Victoria K. , Cote Richard J.
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND:

Traditional single‐marker and multimarker molecular profiling approaches in bladder cancer do not account for major risk factors and their influence on clinical outcome. This study examined the prognostic value of molecular alterations across all disease stages after accounting for clinicopathological factors and smoking, the most common risk factor for bladder cancer in the developed world, in a population‐based cohort.

METHODS:

Primary bladder tumors from 212 cancer registry patients (median follow‐up, 13.2 years) were immunohistochemically profiled for Bax, caspase‐3, apoptotic protease‐activating factor 1 (Apaf‐1), Bcl‐2, p53, p21, cyclooxygenase‐2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and E‐cadherin alterations. “Smoking intensity” quantified the impact of duration and daily frequency of smoking.

RESULTS:

Age, pathological stage, surgical modality, and adjuvant therapy administration were significantly associated with survival. Increasing smoking intensity was independently associated with worse outcome (P < .001). Apaf‐1, E‐cadherin, and p53 were prognostic for outcome (P = .005, .014, and .032, respectively); E‐cadherin remained prognostic following multivariable analysis (P = .040). Combined alterations in all 9 biomarkers were prognostic by univariable (P < .001) and multivariable (P = .006) analysis. A multivariable model that included all 9 biomarkers and smoking intensity had greater accuracy in predicting prognosis than models composed of standard clinicopathological covariates without or with smoking intensity (P < .001 and P = .018, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:

Apaf‐1, E‐cadherin, and p53 alterations individually predicted survival in bladder cancer patients. Increasing number of biomarker alterations was significantly associated with worsening survival, although markers comprising the panel were not necessarily prognostic individually. Predictive value of the 9‐biomarker panel with smoking intensity was significantly higher than that of routine clinicopathological parameters alone. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Mechanism of Framework Oxygen Exchange in Fe‐Zeolites: A Combined DFT and Mass Spectrometry Study
Authors: Andrikopoulos Prokopis C. , Sobalik Zdenek , Novakova Jana , Sazama Petr , Sklenak Stepan
Published: January 2013

The role of framework oxygen atoms in N2O decomposition [N2O(g)→N2(g) and 1/2O2(g)] over Fe‐ferrierite is investigated employing a combined experimental (N218O decomposition in batch experiments followed by mass spectroscopy measurements) and theoretical (density functional theory calculations) approach. The occurrence of the isotope exchange indicates that framework oxygen atoms are involved in the N2O decomposition catalyzed by Fe‐ferrierite. Our study, using an Fe‐ferrierite sample with iron exclusively present as FeII cations accommodated in the cationic sites, shows that the mobility of framework oxygen atoms in the temperature range: 553 to 593 K is limited to the four framework oxygen atoms of the two AlO4− tetrahedra forming cationic sites that accomodate FeII. They exchange with the Fe extra‐framework 18O atom originating from the decomposed N218O. We found, using DFT calculations, that O2 molecules facilitate the oxygen exchange. However, the corresponding calculated energy barrier of 87 kcal mol−1 is still very high and it is higher than the assumed experimental value based on the occurrence of the sluggish oxygen exchange at 553 K.
Amorphous tin–iron oxide thin films with 3D reticular porous morphology for lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Zhu Jian , Yang Ting , Mei Lin , Zhang Hao Nan , Yu Xin Zhi , Li Qiu Hong , Wang Tai Hong
Published: January 2013

Porous reticular tin–iron oxide composite have been prepared by electrostatic spray deposition method for lithium‐ion batteries. The structure of depsitied electrodes are investigated by X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), which shows that the film is amorphous. Electrochemical characterization by galvanostatic charge‐discharge tests demonstrate that the conversion reactions in these electrodes enable initial discharge capacities of about 1551 mAh/g for tin–iron oxide thin film electrode, and the reversible capacity stayed in the range of 769–601 mAh/g during the successive 30 cycles. The high porosity of the 3D reticular structure can provide more reaction sites on the electrode surface and accommodate volume variation of Sn particles during Li alloying–dealloying. Such a composite film are expected to be applied as attractive anodes for lithium‐ion batteries.
Unpacking the Peacekeeping–Peacebuilding Nexus: A Human Security Proposal
Authors: Imboden Bahar Akman
Published: January 2013

Peacekeepers are no longer only keeping peace; operating within a human security framework, they are asked to focus on early peacebuilding as well. However, they currently lack the tools to build peace effectively. This article reiterates the necessity to unpack the peacekeeping–peacebuilding nexus so that an integrated approach can be designed. A two‐step human security approach is proposed: (1) conducting a human security threat assessment and (2) conducting an impact assessment of externalities associated with the intervention. The aim is to help policy makers design integrated interventions able to coordinate peacekeeping and peacebuilding activities in a complementary manner.
Role of Power Asymmetry Sensitivity in Jewish–Arab Partnerships
Authors: Desivilya Syna Helena , Rottman Amit
Published: January 2013

This article focuses on Jewish–Arab interorganizational partnership in Israel, examining how to effectively engage the differences resulting from the heterogeneity in the context of protracted national conflict. We argue and demonstrate through a case study that developing intergroup partnerships in a context of protracted national conflicts warrants consideration of the differential needs of the minority versus majority group members, namely, fostering power asymmetry sensitivity (PAS). Such sensitivity is important in terms of structural as well as process aspects of the partnership. A model of practice, designed to implement PAS, is presented and critically discussed.
Conflict Resolution Education and Positive Behavioral Support: A Climate of Safety for All Learners
Authors: Lane‐Garon Pamela , Yergat Jessica , Kralowec Charles
Published: January 2013

Mainstream education movements eventually provide resources for forms of education oriented toward life skills. This article examines a timely convergence: Positive Behavior Intervention Support (PBIS) and conflict resolution education (CRE). PBIS is a mainstream educational model for school climate improvement, and CRE is a proven approach to school safety. In addition to exploring the similarities of these two approaches, findings of a school‐based research study are reported. Variables examined are perspective taking, empathy, and conflict strategy. The authors conclude that PBIS and CRE are making important contributions and that particular strength may be drawn from their combined implementation.
Collective Self‐Healing Process: The Israeli Palestinian Case
Authors: Nets‐Zehngut Rafi
Published: January 2013

This article proposes the existence of a collective self‐healing process, in which parties to intractable conflicts treat their conflicts' wounds independent of their opponents. This process is different from the reconciliation process, in which parties heal past offenses collaboratively. Various theoretical aspects of the proposed process are discussed, including the different domains of parties that take part in this process (i.e., the social, economic, political and psychological), the conflict situations in which this process is relevant, and the factors that influence it. The process is exemplified as it has been conducted by the Israeli Palestinians.
Performance analysis of Doppler shift effects on OFDM‐based and MC‐CDMA‐based cognitive radios
Authors: Bindhaiq Salem , Syed‐Yusof Sharifah Kamilah , Hosseini Haleh
Published: January 2013

The present development of high data rate wireless applications has led to extra bandwidth demands. However, finding a new spectrum bandwidth to accommodate these applications and services is a challenging task because of the scarcity of spectrum resources. In fact, the spectrum is utilized inefficiently for conventional spectrum allocation, so Federal Communications Commission has proposed dynamic spectrum access mechanism in cognitive radio, where unlicensed users can opportunistically borrow unused licensed spectrum, which is a challenge to obtain contiguous frequency spectrum block. This also has a significant impact on multicarrier transmission systems such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multicarrier code division multiple access (MC‐CDMA). As a solution, this paper develops non‐contiguous OFDM (NC‐OFDM) and non‐contiguous MC‐CDMA (NC‐MC‐CDMA) cognitive system. The implementation of NC‐OFDM and NC‐MC‐CDMA systems provides high data rate via a large number of non‐contiguous subcarriers without interfering with the existing transmissions. The system performance evaluates NC‐OFDM and NC‐MC‐CDMA for mobile scenario where each propagation path will experience Doppler frequency shift because of the relative motion between the transmitter and receiver. The simulation results of this paper proved that NC‐OFDM system is a superior candidate than NC‐MC‐CDMA system considering the mobility for cognitive users. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induction of the specific allergic immune response is independent of proteases from the fungus Alternaria alternata
Authors: Denis Olivier , Vincent Muriel , Havaux Xavier , De Prins Sofie , Treutens Greta , Huygen Kris
Published: January 2013

We have analyzed the importance of proteases for the induction of allergic responses against the mold Alternaria alternata. Responses induced in vivo with untreated or heat treated (protease inactivated) extracts were compared in BALB/c, C57BL/6, TLR4 KO, and MyD88 KO mice. In BALB/c mice, both extracts induced similar lung inflammation, upregulation of inflammatory mediators, Th2 cytokines, and Alternaria‐specific antibodies. However heat inactivation abrogated polyclonal IgE production. Similar results were obtained in C57BL/6 albeit lung expression of some Th2 mediators was decreased in mice stimulated with the heat‐treated extract. Treatment of the extract with protease inhibitors did not affect the induction of the allergic response either, except again for the polyclonal IgE response. Th2 responses and lung inflammation were readily induced in TLR4 knockout mice. In contrast, lung inflammation, Th2 responses, cytokine productions, and antibody synthesis were strongly suppressed in MyD88‐deficient mice. Early lung IL‐33 and IL‐1‐α expression were also suppressed. In conclusion, albeit some heat labile proteases are required for the stimulation of the polyclonal IgE secretion, fungal proteases, and TLR4 signaling are not required while MyD88 is essential for triggering the systemic immune response and for the development of lung allergic inflammation in response to Alternaria extracts.
ICOS controls Foxp3+ regulatory T‐cell expansion, maintenance and IL‐10 production during helminth infection
Authors: Redpath Stephen A. , van der Werf Nienke , Cervera Ana M. , MacDonald Andrew S. , Gray David , Maizels Rick M. , Taylor Matthew D.
Published: January 2013

Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are key immune regulators during helminth infections, and identifying the mechanisms governing their induction is of principal importance for the design of treatments for helminth infections, allergies and autoimmunity. Little is yet known regarding the co‐stimulatory environment that favours the development of Foxp3+ Treg‐cell responses during helminth infections. As recent evidence implicates the co‐stimulatory receptor ICOS in defining Foxp3+ Treg‐cell functions, we investigated the role of ICOS in helminth‐induced Foxp3+ Treg‐cell responses. Infection of ICOS−/− mice with Heligmosomoides polygyrus or Schistosoma mansoni led to a reduced expansion and maintenance of Foxp3+ Treg cells. Moreover, during H. polygyrus infection, ICOS deficiency resulted in increased Foxp3+ Treg‐cell apoptosis, a Foxp3+ Treg‐cell specific impairment in IL‐10 production, and a failure to mount putatively adaptive Helios−Foxp3+ Treg‐cell responses within the intestinal lamina propria. Impaired lamina propria Foxp3+ Treg‐cell responses were associated with increased production of IL‐4 and IL‐13 by CD4+ T cells, demonstrating that ICOS dominantly downregulates Type 2 responses at the infection site, sharply contrasting with its Type 2‐promoting effects within lymphoid tissue. Thus, ICOS regulates Type 2 immunity in a tissue‐specific manner, and plays a key role in driving Foxp3+ Treg‐cell expansion and function during helminth infections.
Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxypipecolic Acids
Authors: Cochi Anne , Gomez Pardo Domingo , Cossy Janine
Published: January 2013

This review describes synthetic approaches to 3‐hydroxypipecolic acids 1–4 reported since 1996, focusing on methods allowing the construction and control of the two stereogenic centers.