bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
iCompose: context-aware physical user interface for application composition
Authors: Davidyuk Oleg , Gilman Ekaterina , Milara Iván , Mäkipelto Jussi , Pyykkönen Mikko , Riekki Jukka
Published: December 2011

Ubiquitous computing environments advocate creating applications by plugging together various resources (mobile devices, displays, augmented everyday objects, and so on) and Web Services to support the user’s everyday activities and needs. This approach is referred to as application composition, and such applications are called composite. Due to the dynamic nature of ubiquitous environments, application composition has to be supported at runtime, so that the applications are able to adapt to the situation within the environment and other contexts. Application composition is usually performed by autonomous context-aware mechanisms that provide limited or no control for users. Still, users need to be aware of their environments and be able to control and configure applications when they are composed and executed. Towards this goal we present in this article a context-aware application composition system based on the iCompose interface for composing and controlling applications at runtime. Users compose applications by simply touching the resources in the environment with their mobile devices, while the iCompose interface provides feedback and assists users by suggesting them possible further actions. The interface relies on a rule-based reasoner and utilizes various context sources to support users dynamically, according to the situation in which they compose applications. We present a complete implementation of the system and report the results of a user evaluation study conducted with 21 participants. This study assesses the issues of control, usability, feasibility and user acceptance of the iCompose interface for context-aware application composition and the prototype as a whole.
Clustgrams: an extension to histogram densities based on the minimum description length principle
Authors: Luosto Panu , Kontkanen Petri
Published: December 2011

Density estimation is one of the most important problems in statistical inference and machine learning. A common approach to the problem is to use histograms, i.e., piecewise constant densities. Histograms are flexible and can adapt to any density given enough bins. However, due to the simplicity of histograms, a large number of parameters and a large sample size might be needed for learning an accurate density, especially in more complex problem instances. In this paper, we extend the histogram density estimation framework by introducing a model called clustgram, which uses arbitrary density functions as components of the density rather than just uniform components. The new model is based on finding a clustering of the sample points and determining the type of the density function for each cluster. We regard the problem of learning clustgrams as a model selection problem and use the theoretically appealing minimum description length principle for solving the task.
Three-dimensional numerical modeling of the water exchange between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman through the Strait of Hormuz
Authors: Hassanzadeh Smaeyl , Hosseinibalam Fahimeh , Rezaei-Latifi Ali
Published: December 2011

In this study, the Navier-Stokes equations that embrace conservation equations of momentum, volume, heat and salt are solved by using a 3-D numerical model. Then, based on the values obtained, the structure and variability of the outflow/inflow between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman is investigated. The basic equations are cast in a bottom-following, sigma coordinate system which greatly simplifies the numerical solution. Conservative finite difference methods are used to discretise the mathematical model in space. The model results, which are in agreement with limited direct measurements in the Strait, show a volume transport of deep outflow and a near-surface outflow from the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman through the southern part of the Strait. About 65% of total outflow occurs in the bottom layer (40 m to the bottom) and 35% in the upper layer (from the surface to 40 m deep) during the year. The annual mean of surface inflow from the Gulf of Oman to the Persian Gulf, which occurs within the northern part of the Strait is about 0.2 Sv. The net volume transport annual mean through the Strait into the Persian Gulf is about 0.03 Sv. Strong temperature and density contrasts between bottom and surface layer waters are established in spring and summer. These are more pronounced in the southern part of the Strait. In the northern part of the Strait, the salinity contrast is nearly constant, but in the southern half it varies significantly during the year.
Avian Vision and Egg Colouration: Concepts and Measurements
Authors: Stevens Martin
Published: December 2011

Avian egg colours and patterns are spectacularly diverse and provide a wonderful system to study both the functional and mechanistic basis of animal colouration. In order to do this, it is essential to consider the vision of the appropriate receiver, particularly birds, and to use methods and models to quantify the colour patterns independent of subjective human assessment. In this paper, I summarise some of the key features of avian colour, luminance, and pattern vision, and provide an outline of the methods available to quantify visual signals, including their associated benefits and limitations. In doing so, I make links to various recent studies of avian eggshell colouration, and a range of other relevant studies. Overall, I argue that considering receiver vision and employing appropriate methods to quantify eggshell appearance is crucial to understanding the basis of avian egg diversity.
Egg Recognition in Japanese Quail
Authors: Pike Thomas W.
Published: December 2011

Egg recognition allows birds to reduce the costs of heterospecific or conspecific nest parasitism, by allowing them to reject foreign eggs or abandon parasitised clutches. However, the precise phenotypic characteristics of eggs that are recognised and compared are not well understood. Using Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica), which exhibit extremely high between-female and low within-female variation in egg colour, maculation patterns and shape, I show that females can learn to recognise the salient characteristics of eggs from a given clutch (not necessarily their own) and can use this learned template to discriminate against foreign eggs with a high probability when the eggs are phenotypically distinct. Specifically, female quail appear to use both maculation pattern and, to a lesser extent, egg shape to make these decisions. These findings are discussed with respect to cognitive mechanisms of egg recognition.
ISMIP-HEINO experiment revisited: effect of higher-order approximation and sensitivity study
Authors: Souček Ondřej , Martinec Zdenék
Published: December 2011

We revisit the results of the ISMIP-HEINO benchmark by first analyzing the differences in various model outputs using a wavelet-based spectral technique. Second, the ISMIP-HEINO benchmark experiments are recomputed with a novel numerical ice-sheet model based on the SIA-I algorithm that enables both the shallow-ice and a higher-order approximation of the ice-flow equations to be performed. To assess the significance of the higher-order approximation in the ISMIP-HEINO experiment, a numerical sensitivity study for the shallow-ice approximation (SIA) simulations is also carried out. A high sensitivity of the SIA model response to surface temperature perturbations is found. We conclude that the variations in ISMIP-HEINO results are due to the differences in (1) simulated basal temperatures and (2) numerical treatment of the basal sliding condition.
Kinematic waves in polar firn stratigraphy
Authors: NG Felix , King Edward C.
Published: December 2011

Radar studies of firn on the ice sheets have revealed complex folds on its internal layering that form from the interplay of snow accumulation and ice flow. A mathematical theory for these fold structures is presented, for the case where the radar cross section lies along the ice-flow direction and where the accumulation rate and ice-flow velocity are time-invariant. Our model, which accounts for firn densification, shows how ‘information’ (the depth and slope of isochrones) propagates on the radargram to govern its layer undulations. This leads us to discover universal rules behind the pattern of layer slopes on a distance–age domain and understand why the loci of layer-fold hinges curve, emerge and combine on the radargram to form closed loops that delineate areas of rising and plunging isochrones. We also develop a way of retrieving the accumulation rate distribution and layer ages from steady isochrone patterns. Analysis of a radargram from the onset zone of Bindschadler Ice Stream, West Antarctica, indicates that ice flow and accumulation rates have been steady there for the past ∼400 years, and that spatial anomalies in the latter are coupled to surface topography induced by ice flow over the undulating ice-stream bed. The theory provides new concepts for the morphological interpretation of radargrams.
Modelling the retreat of Grosser Aletschgletscher, Switzerland, in a changing climate
Authors: Jouvet Guillaume , Huss Matthias , Funk Martin , Blatter Heinz
Published: December 2011

For more than a century Alpine glaciers have been retreating dramatically, and they are expected to shrink even more quickly over the coming decades. This study addresses the future evolution of Grosser Aletschgletscher, Switzerland, the largest glacier in the European Alps. A three-dimensional combined surface mass-balance and glacier dynamics model was applied. The ice flow was described with the full Stokes equations. The glacier surface evolution was obtained by solving a transport equation for the volume of fluid. Daily surface melt and accumulation were calculated on the basis of climate data. The combined model was validated against several types of measurements made throughout the 20th century. For future climate change, scenarios based on regional climate models in the ENSEMBLES project were used. According to the median climatic evolution, Aletschgletscher was expected to lose 90% of its ice volume by the end of 2100. Even when the model was driven using current climate conditions (the past two decades) the glacier tongue experienced a considerable retreat of 6 km, indicating its strong disequilibrium with the present climate. By including a model for the evolution of supraglacial debris and its effect in reducing glacier melt, we show that this factor can significantly slow future glacier retreat.
Subsurface hydrology of an overdeepened cirque glacier
Authors: Dow Christine F. , Kavanaugh Jeffrey L. , Sanders Johnny W. , Cuffey Kurt M. , MacGregor Kelly R.
Published: December 2011

To investigate the subsurface hydrological characteristics of an overdeepened cirque glacier, nine boreholes were drilled to the bed of West Washmawapta Glacier, British Columbia, Canada, in summer 2007. All holes were surveyed with a video camera, and four were subsequently instrumented with a combination of pressure transducers, thermistors and conductivity sensors. Diurnal pressure and temperature records indicate the presence of a hydraulically connected subglacial drainage system towards the northern glacier margin. Hydraulic jacking in the overdeepening, controlled by changing water volume in the marginal zone, potentially impacts basal ice flow and erosion. The presence of a sediment layer underlying the glacier also likely impacts hydrology and ice dynamics. Influx of warm groundwater into the basal system raises subglacial water temperatures above the pressure-melting point (pmp) and induces diurnal water temperature fluctuations of as much as 0.8°C; water temperatures above the pmp could affect basal melt rates and the development of subglacial drainage systems. These observations suggest that the characteristics of the subglacial drainage system substantially affect patterns of flow and erosion by this small cirque glacier.
A new laboratory device for study of subglacial processes: first results on ice–bed separation during sliding
Authors: Iverson Neal R. , Petersen Ben B.
Published: December 2011

A new ring-shear device allows basal slip and related processes to be studied in laboratory experiments for the cases of hard or soft beds. The device rotates a confined ring of ice (0.9 m outside diameter) across a horizontal bed at a constant velocity or drag, while a vertical stress is applied and basal water pressure is controlled. A bath with circulating fluid regulated to ∼0.01°C surrounds the ice chamber and keeps the ice at its pressure-melting temperature. In a first experiment with a stepped rigid bed and zero basal water pressure, steady lengths of step cavities depended upon slip velocity raised to a power of 0.59, in general agreement with the square-root dependence of some models of sliding and linked-cavity hydraulics. Transient cavity growth after slip velocity increases was not monotonic, with damped volume oscillations that converged to a steady value. Once ice separated from lee surfaces, drag on the bed was constant and independent of slip velocity and cavity size, consistent with a shear-stress upper bound like that indicated by sliding models. Shear strains near the bed exceeded 30 and ice developed multiple-cluster c-axis fabrics similar to those of sheared ice in temperate glaciers.
An Epidemiologic Study of Tinnitus in a Population in Jiangsu Province, China
Authors: Xu Xia , Bu Xingkuan , Zhou Ling , Xing Guangqian , Liu Cheng , Wang Dengyuan
Published: December 2011

Background:Tinnitus is a common complaint and often of no clinical significance. There are a number of unresolved issues concerning the etiology, pathogenesis, and natural history of tinnitus. There are a few current population-based estimates of the prevalence of tinnitus done
in representative large geographic areas, but there is little data from multi-area, large sample studies of tinnitus in China.Purpose:To investigate the prevalence of tinnitus and related factors in a Chinese population. These data would be used to plan and evaluate health-care services.Research
Design:We carried out an epidemiologic study of tinnitus as part of an epidemiologic study of ear and hearing disorders that was undertaken in Jiangsu Province, China. A question about tinnitus history was included in a comprehensive questionnaire about hearing. All participants also had
both pure tone audiometry and an otological examination.Study Sample:The sample consisted of 6333 people 10 yr of age or older, selected by the methods of probability proportional to size.Data Collection and Analysis:All participants answered a questionnaire concerning their
tinnitus and had pure tone audiometry testing and an ear examination. All data were entered using EPIDATD 3.0 software and analyzed by a chi-squared test and test for trends.Results:The overall prevalence of tinnitus was 14.5%, and the standardized rates were 11.4% in the whole country
and 12.4% in Jiangsu province. Its prevalence increased with age. The prevalence of tinnitus was 11.9 and 15.6% in urban and rural residents, respectively There was no significant difference in prevalence between men and women. Hearing impairment, history of middle ear infections, and noise
exposure were the main risk factors for tinnitus.Conclusion:Tinnitus is a common problem in the population. With the aging of the population, the prevalence of tinnitus will increase. The prevention of tinnitus should focus on hearing impairment screening, otitis media treatment, and
noise exposure reduction. Health services in rural areas should emphasize prevention more.
Microphone Directionality, Pre-Emphasis Filter, and Wind Noise in Cochlear Implants
Authors: Chung King , McKibben Nicholas
Published: December 2011

Background:Wind noise can be a nuisance or a debilitating masker for cochlear implant users in outdoor environments. Previous studies indicated that wind noise at the microphone/hearing aid output had high levels of low-frequency energy and the amount of noise generated is related
to the microphone directionality. Currently, cochlear implants only offer either directional microphones or omnidirectional microphones for users at-large. As all cochlear implants utilize pre-emphasis filters to reduce low-frequency energy before the signal is encoded, effective wind noise
reduction algorithms for hearing aids might not be applicable for cochlear implants.Purpose:The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect of microphone directionality on speech recognition and perceived sound quality of cochlear implant users in wind noise and to derive
effective wind noise reduction strategies for cochlear implants.Research Design:A repeated-measure design was used to examine the effects of spectral and temporal masking created by wind noise recorded through directional and omnidirectional microphones and the effects of pre-emphasis
filters on cochlear implant performance. A digital hearing aid was programmed to have linear amplification and relatively flat in-situ frequency responses for the directional and omnidirectional modes. The hearing aid output was then recorded from 0 to 360° at flow velocities of 4.5 and
13.5 m/sec in a quiet wind tunnel.Study Sample:Sixteen postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant listeners who reported to be able to communicate on the phone with friends and family without text messages participated in the study.Intervention:Cochlear implant users listened
to speech in wind noise recorded at locations that the directional and omnidirectional microphones yielded the lowest noise levels.Data Collection and Analysis:Cochlear implant listeners repeated the sentences and rated the sound quality of the testing materials. Spectral and temporal
characteristics of flow noise, as well as speech and/or noise characteristics before and after the pre-emphasis filter, were analyzed. Correlation coefficients between speech recognition scores and crest factors of wind noise before and after pre-emphasis filtering were also calculated.Results:Listeners
obtained higher scores using the omnidirectional than the directional microphone mode at 13.5 m/sec, but they obtained similar speech recognition scores for the two microphone modes at 4.5 m/sec. Higher correlation coefficients were obtained between speech recognition scores and crest factors
of wind noise after pre-emphasis filtering rather than before filtering.Conclusion:Cochlear implant users would benefit from both directional and omnidirectional microphones to reduce far-field background noise and near-field wind noise. Automatic microphone switching algorithms can
be more effective if the incoming signal were analyzed after pre-emphasis filters for microphone switching decisions.
Leishmaniose tegumentar americana e suas relações sócio ambientais no município de Ubatuba-SP
Authors: Pereira Silva Ana Elisa , Costa Gurgel Helen da
Published: December 2011

A Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana é uma doença vetorial que pode ser contraída por qualquer pessoa, desde que esteja exposta a lugares com mosquitos infectados. A maior incidência de casos ocorre na região Norte do país, porém é ainda bastante presente no Litoral Norte Paulista, região de forte atração turística. A fim de compreender a influência das mudanças sócio-ambientais na dinâmica da doença, analisou-se a distribuição espaço-temporal dos casos notificados entre 1998 e 2006 no município de Ubatuba – SP. Também foram analisados o uso do solo e a variabilidade climática, considerados importante para o desenvolvimento e proliferação do inseto vetor. Para isto, foram utilizadas técnicas de Geoprocessamento e Sensoriamento remoto para a análise destes dados. O interesse pela pesquisa surgiu devido ao aumento no número de casos notificados a partir de 2003, que apresentou chuvas concentradas nos primeiros meses deste ano. O clima quente e úmido da região contribui na proliferação do mosquito transmissor da doença. As análises mostraram que a prevalência ocorreu nos indivíduos economicamente ativos e do sexo masculino. Foi encontrada importante relação entre o uso do solo e a localização da doença, além da proximidade das moradias com a mata. O fator social também parece estar relacionado a isto devido aos valores imobiliários serem usualmente mais baixos em locais na periferia urbana próximo às matas, onde há grande incidência do inseto transmissor. O deslocamento da doença também parece sofrer influência demográfica e econômica, visto que a escolha do local da moradia muitas vezes é motivada pela situação econômica.
The Inference of Phased Haplotypes for the Immunoglobulin H Chain V Region Gene Loci by Analysis of VDJ Gene Rearrangements
Authors: Kidd Marie J. , Chen Zhiliang , Wang Yan , Jackson Katherine J. , Zhang Lyndon , Boyd Scott D. , Fire Andrew Z. , Tanaka Mark M. , Gaëta Bruno A. , Collins Andrew M.
Published: December 2011

The existence of many highly similar genes in the lymphocyte receptor gene loci makes them difficult to investigate, and the determination of phased “haplotypes” has been particularly problematic. However, V(D)J gene rearrangements provide an opportunity to infer the association of Ig genes along the chromosomes. The chromosomal distribution of H chain genes in an Ig genotype can be inferred through analysis of VDJ rearrangements in individuals who are heterozygous at points within the IGH locus. We analyzed VDJ rearrangements from 44 individuals for whom sufficient unique rearrangements were available to allow comprehensive genotyping. Nine individuals were identified who were heterozygous at the IGHJ6 locus and for whom sufficient suitable VDJ rearrangements were available to allow comprehensive haplotyping. Each of the 18 resulting IGHV│IGHD│IGHJ haplotypes was unique. Apparent deletion polymorphisms were seen that involved as many as four contiguous, functional IGHV genes. Two deletion polymorphisms involving multiple contiguous IGHD genes were also inferred. Three previously unidentified gene duplications were detected, where two sequences recognized as allelic variants of a single gene were both inferred to be on a single chromosome. Phased genomic data brings clarity to the study of the contribution of each gene to the available repertoire of rearranged VDJ genes. Analysis of rearrangement frequencies suggests that particular genes may have substantially different yet predictable propensities for rearrangement within different haplotypes. Together with data highlighting the extent of haplotypic variation within the population, this suggests that there may be substantial variability in the available Ab repertoires of different individuals.
Modelling Tauopathies in Drosophila: Insights from the Fruit Fly
Authors: Cowan Catherine M. , Sealey Megan A. , Quraishe Shmma , Targett Marie-Therese , Marcellus Kristen , Allan Douglas , Mudher Amritpal
Published: December 2011

Drosophila melanogaster is an experimentally tractable model organism that has been used successfully to model aspects of many human neurodegenerative diseases. Drosophila models of tauopathy have provided valuable insights into tau‐mediated mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction and death. Here we review the findings from Drosophila models of tauopathy reported over the past ten years and discuss how they have furthered our understanding of the pathogenesis of tauopathies. We also discuss the multitude of technical advantages that Drosophila offers, which make it highly attractive as a model for such studies.
Geology and Geochemistry of Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Igneous Rocks On the eastern North American Continental Shelf
Authors: Jansa L F , Pe-Piper G
Published: December 2011

Late Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous mafic dykes, sills, flows and locally associated volcaniclastics occur from the Baltimore Canyon Trough northwards to the Labrador Shelf. The late Middle Jurassic activity was of a short duration at about 140 m.y. and is
documented here from the Georges Bank. The Cretaceous igneous activity, which is more regionally widespread, continued for about 40 m.y. (95-135 m.y.). All the rocks analysed are alkali basalts and related mafic rocks. Rocks from the Baltimore Canyon, Georges Bank and New England Seamounts show
marked enrichment in light REE and many incompatible trace elements, and appear to have been derived by a small amount of partial melting of enriched mantle of the type associated with mantle plumes. In contrast, rocks from the Scotian Shelf and Grand Banks show slightly convex REE spectra and less
enrichment in incompatible elements and appear to be derived from normal (non-enriched) mantle. Limited data for the Newfoundland Seamounts suggests that they are associated with a slightly enriched mantle source. The regional geochemical differences noted between the Grand Banks - Scotian Shelf
igneous province and the Georges Bank - Baltimore Canyon igneous province may reflect basic differences in mantle composition and evolutionary history. This may be related to; the development of a mantle plume beneath the Georges Bank - Baltimore Canyon trough province. The Cretaceous volcanism
coincides with reactivation and formation of fracture zones as a result of changes in plate stresses culminating in
separation of the Grand Banks and Iberia and initiation of rifting in the Labrador Sea.
The late Middle Jurassic igneous activity on Georges Bank led to the construction of several volcanic cones. The regional distribution of the volcanic ash suggests prevailing offshore winds, blowing to the east. The occurrence of both Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous buried volcanoes under the
upper continental slope off Georges Bank sheds new light on the origin of the New England Seamount chain. An initial shear failure, which probably penetrated the uoper mantle focussed on regional stresses to develop a propagating fracture zone which became the loci of igneous activity at its
propagating tip. After decoupling of the continental plates and the initiation of seafloor spreading in the Labrador Sea (83-92 m.y.), the igneous activity ceased along the eastern North American margin and at the propagating tip of the New England Seamount fracture zone.
Assessment of acoustical technology for seabed geophysical investigations in Arctic Regions of permanent sea ice cover
Authors:   Earth And Ocean Research Ltd
Published: December 2011

A review of sea ice mophology and physical characteristic related to acoustics has been conducted in order to assess the feasibilities and practicalities of conducting high resolution acoustic profiling in Arctic areas of permanent sea ice cover. Using this
information a theoretical model study was conducted to define the preliminary acoustic properties that a profiling system wa.ild require in order to obtain interpretable data in regions of the canadian Arctic Archipelago, and the continental shelves further to the north (<1000 m water
depth). As a result, it appears feasible to conduct surveys from the ice surface providing a suitable acoustic source can be found or developed since there is presently little or no data on high resolution source signatures from the sea ice surface.
A review of previous high resolution survey programs within these regions, and in related areas, has been conducted with the aim of establishing a technical base for future developments en survey systems that can be used here. Though the base of deep seismic en ice work is reasonably extensive there
has been little work, particularly from the ice surface, conducted with the aim of defining the Quaternary sediments within the region. Evaluations of a number of, potentially feasible, profiling methods have been made and their basic technical systems have been defined. These systems fall into four
basic catagories which are: icebreaker surface vessel systems, helicopter/airship systems, "on-ice" (sounding through the ice sheet) systems, and "under ice" systems. The surface vessel systems do not appear cost effective though they may be implimented for political reason. The airship systems do
not have a high probability of success while the 01 and under ice systems show considerable promise. Virtually all of the "on ice" systems presented will require a major source evaluation before they can be fully developed, as this is critical to their operational viability. It is anticipated that a
one to two year development program will be required for these types of systems. Under ice method look very promising though their development costs and time frames are both higher and longer. Development on the unmanned ARCS autonomous vehicle would likely entail two
to four years. Developments on manned nuclear submarines, tha.igh probably the most desireable ultimate system, are tentatively possible by the early 1990's with a significant commitment of operational funds at that time. It is recommended. that the critical path of development should include
immediate work en definition of seismic sources from the sea ice. If this approach proves unworkable then full effort can be directed away from the more expedient and probably cost effective "en ice" methods and toward the under ice methods of acquiring high resolution data.
Sedimentological and Geochemical Data For Sediment and Pore Water From Hudson 84-046 Expedition: southern Nares Abyssal Plain, North western Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Winters G V , Buckley D E , Cranston R E , Fitzgerald R A
Published: December 2011

Geochemical data are compiled for sediment and pore water analyses of 11 cores collected from Nares Abyssal Plain, in the north western Atlantic Ocean (CSS Hudson cruise 84-046). Sediment analyses included grain size, water content, organic carbon, total carbon
and total metals (Ca, Mg, K, Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni). Two chemical leach techniques were used to determine the potential labile metal partitioning in these deep sea sediments: ( 1) batch leach analyses for weak acid leachable metals and reducible metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni); and (2)
sequential leach analyses for weak acid leachable metals, easily reducible metals, moderately reducible metals and residual metals (Fe, Mn, Ca, Zn, Cu and Ni). Pore water analyses included major cations (Na, Mg, Ca and K), nutrients (silicate, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium and phosphate), total
alkalinity, total sulfate, trace metals (Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cd), free hydrogen ion (pH), free electrons (pE) and sulfide ion (pS).
A 35 mm microfilm compilation of collected bathymetry data from Cruise 77024, Labrador Sea, Davis Strait, Baffin Bay, Lancaster Sound, Jones Sound and Smith Sound, eastern Arctic
Authors: Sherin A G , Hardy I A , Merchant S , Beaver D E , Holt D , Cash M
Published: December 2011

The Atlantic Geoscience Centre (AGC) at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO) has investigated several methods of releasing to the public sector its massive collection (of over 150,000 lineal metres) of underway geophysical records collected since 1963. The
investigations and testing conducted by the Program Support Group, AGC in collaboration with the Public Archives of Canada indicated that the most cost-effective technique for distribution and for archiving such large volumes of irreplaceable data was to use microfilm. To maintain the continuous
nature of these records, which can be up to 30 metres in length, special equipment was required such as the Tameran 6000 continuous flow microfilm camera manufactured by Tameran Ltd. of Chagrin Falls, Ohio. All conversion of AGC's geophysical records using this camera was contracted to Manas Media
Ltd. of Ottawa, in consortium with Precision Microfilming Services of Halifax and Archimed Ltd. of Montreal. Operational filming began at the end of March 1987. A series of AGC cruise data will be released in 35 mm microfiim and distributed as Geological Survey ·of Canada Open File reports
during 1988. Master microfilm is curated for each AGC cruise at the National Archives, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia with duplicate&available for viewing at the Data Management Section (PSS), Atlantic Geoscience Centre and at all Geological Survey of Canada libraries in Ottawa, Calgary and
Vancouver.
A 35 mm Microfilm Compilation of Collected Bathymetric Profiles From the Lase (Large Aperture Seismic Experiment) Cruise 81020, Continental Margin of eastern United States, off New Jersey
Authors: Sherin A G , Hardy I A , Merchant S , Beaver D E , Holt D , Cash M
Published: December 2011

The Atlantic Geoscience Centre (AGC) at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO) has investigated several methods ofreleasing to the public sector its massive collection (of over 150,000 lineal metres) of underway geophysical records collected since 1963. The
investigations and testing conducted by the Program Support Group, AGC in collaboration with the Public Archives of Canada indicated that the most cost-effective technique for distribution and for archiving such large volumes of irreplaceable data was to use microfilm. To maintain the continuous
nature of these records, which can be up to 30 metres in length, special equipment was required such as the Tameran 6000 continuous flow microfilm camera manufactured by Tameran Ltd. of Chagrin Falls, Ohio. All conversion of AGC's geophysical records using this camera was contracted to Manas Media
Ltd. of Ottawa, in consortium with Precision Microfilming Services of Halifax and Archimed Ltd. of Montreal. Operational filming began at the end of March 1987. A series of AGC cruise data will be released in 35 mm microfilm and distributed as Geological Survey of Canada Open File reports during
1988. Master microfilm is curated for each AGC cruise at the National Archives, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia with duplicates available for viewing at the Data Management Section (PSS), Atlantic Geoscience Centre and at all Geological Survey of Canada libraries in Ottawa, Calgary and
Vancouver.
The Influence of Environment on Clinical Practice: Unspoken Rules
Authors: Krusen Nancy
Published: December 2011

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to explore organisational social processes as an environmental contributor to the professional culture of practice. Occupational therapy practitioners are expected to be adaptable, responding to ever-changing demands of health care organisations. Occupational therapy students are expected to integrate into multiple settings during their practice education; however, the distinctive culture of organisations is often unspoken, making acculturation difficult.

Method:

This study examined four representative practice settings in the United States through institutional ethnography.

Findings:

Analysis revealed complex, interlaced, poorly documented social processes at immediate, local and external organisational levels. Occupational therapy practitioners revealed that these social processes influenced the ways in which they provide health services, perceive change and respond to change. They also revealed that newcomers, including practitioners and students, must learn to fit in by the sink-or-swim method.

Conclusion:

The findings of the study suggest possible changes in didactic, practical and continuing education to facilitate adaptation to increasingly complex health care systems. Further research is recommended to determine practitioner and student perceptions of hierarchical social processes, commonalities and differences of practice environments, the influence of different environments on practice, and strategies of adaptation.
Mental Health Day Services in the United Kingdom from 1946 to 1995: An ‘Untidy Set of Services’
Authors: Bryant Wendy
Published: December 2011

Introduction:

The evolution of mental health day services in the United Kingdom from the 1940s provides a historical context for the recent modernisation policy.

Method:

This critical review was conducted to inform local responses to modernisation. A wide range of contemporary and retrospective published accounts was critically analysed.

Findings:

Since the first reported mental health day hospital opened in 1946, researchers and practitioners have described and evaluated the services, increasingly involving service users. The importance of social contact, structured occupations and community links has been emphasised throughout. Locations and functions of day services have shifted in response to health and social care policies, and occupational therapists have initiated and evaluated services in further response. Service users have consistently valued day services. Criticisms have indicated issues of insufficient resources and too broad a remit, making services difficult to categorise and evaluate systematically. Tensions throughout have been concerned with the location of services and the scope for user involvement in service provision and evaluation.

Conclusion:

Recognising the origins of these tensions could enhance current approaches to modernisation. Combining social and occupational perspectives would enhance understanding and indicate future directions for day services.
Convergent Validity of the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test (OT-APST) with Two other Cognitive-Perceptual Tests
Authors: Brown Ted , Mapleston Jennifer , Nairn Allison
Published: December 2011

Background:

It is common for individuals with a neurological impairment, such as a stroke, to present with cognitive-perceptual impairments. The early identification of such problems can assist with rehabilitation efforts. Standardised cognitive and perception tests are often used by practitioners to make such identifications; therefore, it is important to examine the measurement properties of these tests.

Objective:

This study investigated the convergent validity of the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test (OT-APST) with two other cognitive-perceptual tests: the Neurobehavioural Cognitive Status Examination (Cognistat) and the Developmental Test of Visual Perception — Adolescent and Adult (DTVP-A). The Cognistat is primarily a test of cognition but has some subscales that evaluate perceptual skills. The convergent validity between the Cognistat and the DTVP-A was also investigated. It is imperative that tests used by therapists have documented validity to ensure that the results obtained actually measure the skills and abilities that the tests claim they measure.

Method:

Thirty-two adult patients, ranging in age between 46 and 91 years (mean = 73, SD = 4.6) with a primary diagnosis of stroke, completed the OT-APST, the Cognistat and the DTVP-A. Spearman's rho was used to analyse the correlations between the tests' subscales.

Results:

Three of the Cognistat subscales were significantly correlated with OT-APST subscales: Cognistat Constructional Ability and OT-APST Body Scheme; Cognistat Memory and OT-APST Functional Skills; and Cognistat Calculations and OT-APST Body Scheme. Only one of the OT-APST subscales, Body Scheme, had statistically significant correlations with the DTVP-A's Figure-Ground, Visual-Motor Search and Visual Closure subscales. There were significant correlations between the Cognistat's Constructional Ability and Judgment subscales and five of the six DTVP-A's subscales.

Conclusion:

Given that only a few of the subscales from the Cognistat and DTVP-A were significantly correlated with those of the OT-APST, this indicates that many of the constructs assessed by the three tests are not associated; hence, limited convergent validity evidence for the OT-APST was present. Further inquiry is required because it is important that such instruments are assessing what they purport to test, particularly when they are used to determine clients' strengths and weaknesses in clinical practice.
Time Use following Spinal Cord Injury: An Examination of the Literature
Authors: Barclay Linda , Callaway Libby , McDonald Rachael , Farnworth Louise , Brown Ted , Broom Lisa
Published: December 2011

Introduction:

Meaningful time use provides an indicator of quality of life and is a key area of interest to occupational therapists. Spinal cord injury is a prevalent and catastrophic acquired neurological impairment, which occurs most commonly in early adulthood. Spinal cord injury has been found to have little impact on life expectancy, but has a profound influence on productivity and participation. Understanding how people with spinal cord injury use their time is imperative if rehabilitation and quality of life outcomes are to be influenced.

Method:

A systematic review was completed and relevant studies located. These studies were then rated to discern their level of evidence.

Results:

A total of four published articles, from two studies, were found that fitted the inclusion criteria. All published studies were cross-sectional surveys. The level of evidence provided in these studies is relatively low.

Conclusion:

There has been limited research completed in the area of time use following spinal cord injury. There is a need for high quality evidence to inform occupational therapists about how people with spinal cord injury spend their time and how satisfied they are with the occupations in which they engage.
Health Related Attitudes and Health Promoting Behaviors: Differences between Health Fair Attenders and a Community Comparison Group
Authors: Waller Paul R. , Crow Carolyn , Sands Dolores , Becker Heather
Published: December 2011

Demographic, attitudinal, and behavioral differences between health fair attenders and a community comparison group were examined along with predictions of health promoting behaviors from demographic and attitudinal variables. Differences between questionnaire responses of 155 health fair attenders and 71 grocery shoppers indicated attenders perceived themselves having better current health and greater internal control of their health, and reported more behaviors indicating health responsibility, exercise, and nutrition than the comparison group. Psychological variables — particularly perceptions of greater self-efficacy and better health status — were the best predictors of attenders' health promoting behaviors; demographic variables were less important. On the other hand, demographic variables were most predictive of comparison group health promoting behaviors with psychological variables playing a lesser role. Further studies of relationships between the variables examined here and experimental studies of the effects of health fair attendance on health knowledge and performance of health promoting behaviors are needed. Assuming health fairs are effective in educating attenders, it was concluded that health fair planners should: 1) encourage nonattenders to become attenders and attenders to be repeat attenders, 2) carefully promote and advertise health fairs, and 3) hold health fairs in locations easily accessible to large numbers of people.
Beyond Blood Pressure Screening: A Rationale for Promoting the Primary Prevention of Hypertension
Authors: Melby Christopher L. , Lyle Roseann M. , Hyner Gerald C.
Published: December 2011

High blood pressure is a major public health problem in the United States. However, the underlying reasons for the chronic elevation of blood pressure (BP) are unknown in most cases of hypertension (HT), and medical care has focused on lowering already elevated BP, primarily by pharmacologic means. Although an important factor in the development of HT appears to be a genetic predisposition, other potentially modifiable lifestyle risk factors associated with elevated BP have been identified. This article describes the scientific rationale for encouraging health promotion specialists to focus on the primary prevention of abnormally elevated blood pressure. Nonbehavioral risk factors such as increasing age, history of HT, Black ancestry, and consistent BP readings in the higher range of normality, and behavioral factors including dietary excesses and deficiencies, excessive body fat, a sedentary life style, and frequent episodes of unmanageable emotional stress are addressed. Recommendations are made based on scientific evidence supporting the relationships between these risk factors and the development of HT.
How to Institutionalize Health Promotion Programs
Authors: Steckler Allan , Goodman Robert M.
Published: December 2011

This article presents six implications for practice that suggest how to optimize the institutionalization of health promotion programs. These six implications were derived from a study of ten health promotion programs funded by the Virginia State Health Department and operated by local schools- and community health agencies.

Institutionalization refers to the long-term survival of health promotion programs, i.e., survival well beyond an initial grant funding period. To generate the implications for practice, a multiple case design for cross-case comparisons was applied to the ten health promotion programs. In brief, the six practice implications are: 1) cultivating a “program champion”; 2) favoring organizations with mature “subsystems”; 3) favoring organizations in which health promotion “fits” with the organization's mission; 4) avoiding brokering relationships; 5) altering lengths of funding periods; and 6) funding existing worthy programs. The significance of these practice implications for both funding and implementing agencies is briefly discussed.
Learning Based on ‘Entrepreneurial Volunteering’
Authors: Clarke Julia , Underwood Sarah
Published: December 2011

This article presents a case study of how a business school has developed enterprise education to incorporate ethics and social responsibility. The authors describe the process of developing volunteering opportunities and embedding them in the curriculum, and outline the underlying pedagogy. They describe how existing approaches to project-based and problem-based learning may be applied to the different stages of learning and teaching development in enterprise, ethics and volunteering education. Finally, they offer their own adaptation of these frameworks to create an entrepreneurial volunteering-based learning, whereby student volunteering opportunities are embedded into enterprise education with a clear disciplinary knowledge base and explicit and assessed learning outcomes in both skills and knowledge.
The Efficacy of Entrepreneurship Education
Authors: Fenton Mary , Barry Almar
Published: December 2011

This paper presents an analysis of the views of Irish graduate entrepreneurs on the efficacy of entrepreneurship education in fostering their development as entrepreneurs. It answers three key questions: (a) what was the graduate entrepreneurs' experience of undergraduate entrepreneurship education; (b) what was the graduate entrepreneurs' experience of graduate entrepreneurship education; and (c) to what extent did entrepreneurship education prepare the graduate entrepreneurs to start their own business? The authors find that graduate entrepreneurs benefit from entrepreneurship education, particularly at graduate level, when it is more relevant, engaging and applied. They conclude that entrepreneurship education can be enhanced through experiential learning and the authentic experience of both students and lecturers.
Airway Epithelium in Atopic and Nonatopic Asthma: Similarities and Differences
Authors: Pillai Prathap , Corrigan Chris J. , Ying Sun
Published: December 2011

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airways, and the airway epithelium has the central role in its pathogenesis. In general, the airway inflammation is characterised by the infiltration of the epithelium and submucosa by a range of inflammatory cells driven largely by Th-2 lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells. The pathogenic mechanisms of nonatopic asthma in comparison to its atopic counterpart have always been a subject of debate. Although clinically are two distinct entities, more similarities than differences have been observed between the two in terms of immunopathogenesis, underlying IgE mechanisms, and so on. in a number of previous studies. More information has become available in recent years comparing the ultrastructure of the epithelium in these two types of asthma. A comparison of airway epithelium in atopic and nonatopic asthma is presented here from the available information in the literature. Similarities outnumber the differences, until we unravel the mystery surrounding these two important phenotypes of asthma in more detail.