bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Certification Systems for Machine Learning: Lessons from Sustainability
Authors: Matus Kira , Veale Michael
Published: June 2021

Forthcoming (open access) in Regulation and GovernanceAbstract—The increasing deployment of machine learning systems has raised many concerns about its varied negative societal impacts. Notable among policy proposals to mitigate these issues is the notion that (some) machine learning systems should be certified. In this paper, we illustrate how recent approaches to certifying machine learning may be building upon the wrong foundations and examine what better foundations may look like. While prominent approaches to date have centered on networking standards initiatives led by organizations including the IEEE or ISO, we argue that machine learning certification may be better grounded in the very different institutional structures found in the sustainability domain. We first illustrate how policy challenges of machine learning and sustainability have significant structural similarities. Like many commodities, machine learning is characterized by difficult or impossible to observe credence properties, such as the characteristics of data collection, or carbon emissions from model training, as well as value chain issues, such as emerging core-periphery inequalities, networks of labor, and fragmented and modular value creation. We examine how focusing on networking standards, as is currently done, is likely to fail as a method to govern the credence properties of machine learning. While networking standards typically draw their adoption and enforcement from a functional need to conform in order to participate in a network, salient policy issues in machine learning issues benefit from no such dynamic. Finally, we apply existing research on certification systems for sustainability to the qualities and challenges of machine learning to generate lessons across the two, aiming to inform design considerations for emerging regimes.
How (un-)informative are experiments with students for other social groups? – A study of agricultural students and farmers
Authors: Gruener Sven , Lehberger Mira , Hirschauer Norbert , Mußhoff Oliver
Published: June 2021

Experiments are often used to study individual decision-making under controlled circumstances. Due to their low opportunity costs and high availability, university students are frequently recruited as the study population. Even though they are rather untypical with regard to many characteristics (e.g. age, income) compared to the representatives of the social group of interest, the experimental behaviors of students are sometimes prematurely generalized to other social groups or even to humans in general. Given the widespread challenges in the agricultural and environmental sector, it is particularly interesting to address farmers’ decision-making. We analyze whether agricultural students can be used to approximate the behavior of farmers in simple economic experiments which are often used to measure risk aversion, impatience, positive reciprocity, negative reciprocity, altruism, and trust. Moreover, we consider the role of systematically varied monetary incentives. We find no differences between agricultural students and farmers in their risk aversion; farmers’ positive reciprocity and trust are positively associated with the incentive level, which cannot be observed with agricultural students. Findings regarding altruism in the two populations are mixed and challenge the finding of earlier studies of students being less pro-social. Agricultural students are a lower boundary of impatience and negative reciprocity. These heterogeneous results suggest that scientific inference from agricultural students to farmers should be made cautiously. However, we deal not with a representative sample of our target population (e.g. gender). Replication studies are required to evaluate the generalizability of our findings.
Self-removal of long-acting reversible contraception: A content analysis of YouTube videos
Authors: Broussard Kathleen , Becker Andréa
Published: June 2021

Objective: To explore publicly available information about the self-removal of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) on a popular video-sharing website. Study Design: We conducted a comprehensive keyword search of YouTube videos related to self-removal of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)—namely intrauterine devices (IUDs) and implants. We analyzed video content to explore demographic characteristics, method and duration of LARC use, and motivations and experiences of self-removal. Results: Our keyword search identified 58 videos that met the criteria for inclusion, including 48 videos that featured individuals who removed an IUD and 10 who removed an implant. Collectively, videos had over 4 million views. We identified most video creators as white (53.4%), 31% as Black, and 14.3% as Latinx. Reasons for LARC discontinuation included negative side effects, fear of potential side effects, and desire for pregnancy. Users were motivated to remove their own device by both preferences and barriers to formal care. Fifty-six individuals (96.6%) successfully removed their device, and most described their experience in positive terms related to the ease of removal. Conclusion: This study builds upon prior research by describing publicly available information about LARC self-removal. The over-representation of Black women in our sample may reflect a higher prevalence of LARC self-removal among this population. Positive experiences of self-removal and high levels of viewer engagement with online videos suggest a greater need for provider counseling on LARC removal at the time of insertion. Implications: Prior to LARC insertion, patients should be made aware of any financial requirements for discontinuation. Provider counseling for self-removal at the time of insertion will likely minimize health risks and affirm patient reproductive autonomy.
Protective effect of 24-epibrassinolide on wheat plants under water deficit
Authors: Lubynova A.R. , Maslennikova D.R. , Shakirova F.M.
Published: June 2021

We studied the effect of 24-epibrassinolide (EB) on growth, proline content, the state of wheat seedling antioxidant system under water deficit, modeled by 12% polyethylene glycol (PEG). It was found that under drought EB-pretreatment has a protective effect on wheat plants, stabilizing the state of the antioxidant system, regulating the balance of hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase activity, as well as inducing the additional accumulation of proline, which was reflected in maintaining a higher level of mitotic activity in apical root cells of these plants.
The enigmas of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Mavzyutov A.R. , Garafutdinov R.R. , Khalikova E.Yu. , Gazizov R.R. , Baymiev An.Kh. , Nikonorov Yu.M. , Maksimov I.V. , Kuluev B.R. , Baymiev Al.Kh. , Chemeris A.V.
Published: June 2021

The emergence of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has given rise to many enigmas, to which there are no answers yet. However, the degree of threat to humanity, due to the fact that by the beginning of February 2021, more than 100 million people were ill in the world, of which 2 million died, led to the fact that the efforts of many researchers were aimed at combating this disease, including massive sequencing of the complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2, as this is necessary for diagnostics and prediction of the epidemiological situation, including in the long term. Currently, a fairly high level of conservativeness of the SARS-CoV-2 genome is shown, but there is also a significant variability of intra-host viral RNA, confirming the concept of the existence of quasispecies for RNA-containing viruses. As of February 2021, the complete genomes of almost half a million coronavirus isolates have been sequenced worldwide, and a number of nomenclatures have been proposed to streamline their analysis, including the convenient dynamic nomenclature Pango lineage. Variations of SARS-CoV-2 genomes in the form of consensus SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and intra-host iSNVs (intra-host Single Nucleotide Variant) were demonstrated. Taking into account iSNV and minor mutations, about 85% of the 29.9 thousand nucleotides viral genome were changed at least once, but only a very few of them turned into major mutations due to certain features that ensure the predominant distribution of such strains. The example of the S-protein gene, taking into account iSNV, minor and major mutations, shows its significant variability, which is detected when sequencing hundreds of thousands of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. On the basis of the analysis of 400 complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes isolated on the territory of the Russian Federation during 2020, the dynamics of the circulation of individual strains with acquired major mutations, the representation of which is slightly different from the changes in the SARS-CoV-2 genome in the rest world, is estimated. The possibility of long-term persistence of the new coronavirus in the human body is note, while the reservoirs for the latent existence of SARS-CoV-2, in contrast, for example, to the herpes simple virus, remain unknown. There is no consensus on the possibility of reactivation of SARS-CoV-2 or reinfection. The latter is theoretically possible in cases where SARS-CoV-2 strains belonging to other genetic lineages and clades are found in the body of the "re-infected". This, however, does not exclude the possibility of mutating the virus within a single host. Despite significant progress in monitoring the spread of SARS-CoV-2, many questions remain, but as knowledge of the biology of the new coronavirus accumulates, they will also be answered.
Regularities of the genotype’s distribution of phylogenetically homogenous bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum in the nodules of separate populations of Lathyrus vernus (spring pea) plants
Authors: Baymiev An. , Lastochkina O. , Koryakov I. , Akimova E. , Vladimirova A. , Baymiev Al.
Published: June 2021

The genotypes of phylogenetically homogeneous Rhizobium leguminosarum bacterial strains in nodules of Lathyrus vernus plants were studied. The degree of genetic variation between bacteria within nodules of one L. vernus population correlated with the distance between host plants: the greater the distance, the greater the genetic differences between their microsymbionts. This may be due to the ongoing process of exchanging genetic information between Rhizobium strains, with the depends on the distance between them. But in some cases, this pattern was not observed, and there were significant differences between the microsymbionts of neighboring plants. Most likely, with the exception of spatial limitations, there are some other barriers that exist to the free exchange of genetic information between nodule bacteria.
Keamanan dan Akses Data Pribadi Penerima Pinjaman Dalam Peer to Peer Lending di Indonesia
Authors: Agusta Hendrawan
Published: June 2021

Perkembangan teknologi informasi telah merubah pola hidup masyarakat, salah satunya membawa perubahan paradigma mengenai jenis kekayaan baru sehingga muncul fenomena Data is The New Oil. Model bisnis baru yang muncul dari perkembangan teknologi informasi telah menyentuh industri keuangan dan melahirkan Teknologi Finansial, salah satunya pinjam-meminjam uang berbasis teknologi informasi (Peer to Peer Lending/P2P Lending). Selain melahirkan peluang melalui kemudahan mendapatkan akses keuangan, P2P Lending juga menimbulkan tantangan terkait Data Pribadi. Sekali Data Pribadi Penerima Pinjaman (Pengguna Aplikasi) masuk ke dalam Sistem Elektronik Penyelenggara P2P Lending, Penerima Pinjaman selaku Pemilik Data Pribadi tidak lagi memiliki kontrol penuh terhadap Data Pribadinya. Penelitian ini membahas Keamanan Data Pribadi dan Akses Data Pribadi dalam P2P Lending. Keamanan Data Pribadi memegang peranan penting untuk mencegah terjadinya kebocoran Data Pribadi, sedangkan Akses Data Pribadi merupakan sarana bagi Penerima Pinjaman untuk melakukan kontrol atas Data Pribadinya.
Criminal Policy di Masa Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Hasibuan Edi Saputra
Published: June 2021

Negara yang besar lahir dari pemerintahan yang cerdas, terutama dalam memecahkan masalah dan rintangan yang selalu datang menghampiri. Begitu juga yang terjadi saat ini, kemunculan virus Covid-19 menjadi serangan nyata yang bukan hanya dirasakan oleh satu atau dua wilayah, namun di seluruh dunia. Hal ini acapkali membuat para pemimpin bergerak cepat dan sigap dalam mengambil tindakan. Indonesia yang juga merasakan dampak masive dari pandemi ini telah melakukan berbagai upaya, baik penanganan maupun pencegahan. Polri yang merupakan garda terdepan soal keamanan dalam negara langsung diterjunkan untuk menertibkan dan mengamankan setiap wilayah yang menjadi zona merah penyebaran virus Covid-19. Penerapan PSBB serta protokol kesehatan di setiap daerah di terapkan dengan melibatkan Polri. Hal ini ternyata mendorong Polri untuk membuat gebrakan atau kebijakan baru yang efektif dalam rangka menjaga situasi dan ketertiban di masa pandemi ini.
Kompol Yuni Dalam Pusaran Kasus Penyalahgunaan Narkoba; Sebagai Pelaku Atau Korban?
Authors: Ali Johardi
Published: June 2021

Kasus Penyalahgunaan Narkoba dapat ditinjau dari berbagai dimensi, antara lain dimensi Hukum, dimensi Sosial, dan dimensi Kesehatan. Ketiga dimensi tersebut disatu titik, memiliki keterpaduan dan saling mendukung/ menguatkan. Namun di sisi lain, terdapat perbedaan yang sangat signifikan, bahkan saling berseberangan. Sisi perbedaan yang paling mencolok adalah penetapan status orang yang menggunakan/ menyalahgunakan Narkoba, menurut dimensi kesehatan adalah orang sakit (korban) yang harus diterapi dan rehabilitasi sesuai standar kesehatan. Namun yang melihat dari dimensi Hukum, maka orang yang menyalahgunakan Narkoba adalah pelaku tindak pidana sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang Undang, khususnya Undang Undang nomor 35 tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika dengan ancaman pidana yang berat. Ketika kasus Narkoba yang melibatkan anggota Polri, yaitu Kompol Yuni dan sebelas anak buahnya di Polsek Astana Anyar Bandung, ditinjau dari ketiga dimensi diatas, maka sesungguhnya Kompol Yuni bukan hanya sebagai pelaku tindak pidana Penyalahgunaan Narkoba, namun sekaligus sebagai korban.
The Analysis of Consincing Money Deposits in The State Court As A Form of Accountability of Land Liberation Land Loading In Sumatera Toll Road In Kalianda State Court
Authors: Oksitania Dilla Nandya , Erlina B  , Yulia Hesti
Published: June 2021

Land is the most important element for humans to live, this is because land is a place where natural and man-made resources grow and are also built. Indonesia even regulates land ownership through this Land Law so that land use or management can be carried out carefully in the present and in the future. Land issue is a problem that concerns the most basic rights of the people. If the person in possession of the receivable refuses payment from the debtor, then the party owed can make cash payment of the debt by offering a payment made by the bailiff accompanied by 2 (two) witnesses. If the debtor refuses to receive payment, the money is deposited in the cash registrar of the District Court as a deposit / consignment. The offer and safekeeping must be legalized by a judge's order. By carrying out a consignment, it will be freed from the obligation as the debtor, because a consignment can be equated with making payments. However, all this must be done in a manner regulated by statutory regulations. KThe signaling was carried out after the deliberation mechanism which was supposed to be a means of finding a middle way in determining the amount of compensation often failed to reach an agreement. the consignment was carried out so that government projects for the sake of continued progress

 

Keywords: Consignment, Settlement of Land Acquisition Loss, Sumatran Toll Road
Potensi Kekayaan Intelektual Dalam Pengembangan Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah
Authors: Sudjana
Published: June 2021

UMKM menempati posisi penting dalam menunjang perekonomian bangsa karena  itu perlu  dikembangkan  secara berkesinambungan agar menjadi usaha yang tangguh dan mandiri sehingga dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraannya. Upaya  mengembangan  usaha tersebut  dilakukan  dengan menciptakan kreasi dan inovasi yang  asli, berbeda,  dan baru  sehingga berpotensi mendapat Kekayaan Intelektual.  Metode Penelitian: pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan meneliti bahan pustaka; tahap penelitian: studi perpustakaan yaitu mengkaji data sekunder; dan metode analisis:  normatif kualitatif yaitu mendeskripsikan data yang diperoleh kemudian menganalisis berdasarkan  aspek hukumnya.  Hasil kajian menunjukan bahwa pengembangan UMKM menurut hukum Positif dilakukan oleh Pemerintah  dan Pemerintah Daerah dalam   memfasilitasi bidang produksi dan pengolahan;  pemasaran; sumber daya manusia; dan desain dan teknologi. Sedangkan  Dunia usaha dan masyarakat berperan aktif melakukan  pengembangan  yang mencakup tata cara pengembangan, prioritas, intensitas,  dan  jangka waktu pengembangan. Kreasi dan inovasi UMKM berkaitan dengan kekayaan intelektual apabila memenuhi persyaratan berpotensi memperoleh hak  Rahasia  Dagang, Merek , Hak Cipta, Desain Industri dan Paten.
Perspektif Hukum Dalam Ruang Publik Masyarakat Demokrasi
Authors: Radita Gora
Published: June 2021

Hukum dalam masyarakat berfokus pada masalah otoritas dan kontrol yang memungkinkan kehidupan kolektif manusia selalu berada dalam keadaan yang relatif tertib dan berketeraturan. Kekuatan kontrol dan otoritas pemerintah sebagai pengemban kekuasaan negara yang mendasari kontrol itulah yang terbentuk dalam suatu sistem aturan yang disebut dengan “Hukum”, atau disebut juga dengan istilah “Hukum Perundang-undangan nasional”. Hukum menciptakan sebuah mekanisme yang menerjemahkan kekuasaan komunikatif ke dalam kekuasaan administratif yang diamanahkan oleh pemegang trias politica. Keberadaan hukum tentunya juga tidak lepas dari adanya ruang publik yang dinaungi lingkup komunikasi berupa pendapat atau gagasan masyarakat dalam mewujudkan keteraturannya. Ruang publik pada dasarnya menghendaki masyarakat yang bebas di dalam wadah demokrasi dan politiknya, di satu sisi hukum secara hakiki melindungi kebebasan para anggota masyarakat. Sehingga kaitan hukum di dalam ruang publik adalah kembali mengacu pada tiga nilai dasar hukum, yaitu Kesamaan, Kebebasan, dan Solidaritas.
Grody mazowieckie między Pisą, Biebrzą i Narwią (X–XIII w.)
Authors: Ościłowski Jarosław
Published: June 2021

Obszar między Pisą, Narwią i Biebrzą stanowił we wczesnym średniowieczu północno-wschodnie pogranicze Mazowsza, sąsiedztwo prusko-jaćwieskie od północy skutkowało wzniesieniem grodów strzegących szlaków komunikacyjnych oraz osadnictwa. Ze względu na rozległą bagienną kotlinę biebrzańską na wschodzie i niedostępne obszary puszczy porastającej na zachód od Pisy obszar pomiędzy nimi stanowił naturalny korytarz osadniczy i drogę na północ z Mazowsza, w kierunku ziem pruskich i jaćwieskich. Większość grodzisk, jak Stara Łomża, Mały Płock, Wizna, Ruś-Sambory, Pieńki-Grodzisko (-Okopne) i Truszki-Zalesie, znanych było badaczom już pod koniec XIX i na początku XX w. Obiekt w Stawiskach znaleziono w połowie XX w. Najpóźniej, bo dopiero w początkach XXI w. zlokalizowano grodzisko w Ławsku.W większości przypadków położenie grodów można wytłumaczyć naturalną obronnością terenu. W Ławsku i w Truszkach-Zalesiu grody zbudowano na kępach, wśród zabagnionych lub podmokłych dolin. Takie położenie zapewniało dodatkową ochronę w cieplejszych porach roku. Grody nad Narwią w Starej Łomży, Wiźnie i Rusi-Samborach (przy ujściu Biebrzy) zbudowano w miejscach naturalnie wyniesionych. Oprócz dobrych warunków obronnych, wpływ na taką lokalizację miała doskonała widoczność na całą okolicę. Mały Płock nad Czetną założono na granicy obszaru podmokłego i suchego. Inne posadowiono na brzegach mniejszych rzek w płaskim lub nieznacznie wyniesionym terenie, jak warownie w Pieńkach-Grodzisku i Stawiskach. Grody te wzniesiono na obszarach o dobrych i bardzo dobrych pod względem rolniczym glebach, co oznacza, że obszar ten musiał być już w znacznej częścizasiedlony, a grody zbudowano dla ochrony i kontroli tutejszego osadnictwa. Innym ważnym wnioskiem płynącym z analizy mapy jest niezwykła wręcz regularność przestrzenna mazowieckiej sieci grodowej dostosowanej do rzeźby i układu rzecznego obszaru. W większości mają one usytuowanie sieciowe, co wskazuje, że były ze sobą związane drogami liniowymi. Najazdy jaćwieskie w XIII w. spowodowały znaczne wyludnienia obszarów północno-wschodniego Mazowsza, potwierdza to informacja z 1253 r. zanotowana w Kronice Wielkopolskiej dotycząca ziemi wiskiej. Jedynym grodem funkcjonujacym jeszcze w XIV w. była Wizna, co świadczy o przetrwaniu osadnictwa w dolinie Narwi. W tym okresie powstaje teżkolejny gród w Nowogrodzie przy ujściu Pisy. Ponowna kolonizacja obszaru na lewym brzegu Narwi oraz na Wysoczyźnie Kolneńskiej w końcu XIV w. i w XV w., a wraz z nią powstanie miast w miejsce dawnych centrów osadniczych, zmieniły znacznie stary układ dróg zastępując go nowym.
Pieczęcie z XIII i XIV wieku w zasobie archiwum historycznego klasztoru kanoników regularnych w Krakowie
Authors: Łatak Kazimierz
Published: June 2021

Artykuł prezentuje trzynasto- i czternastowieczne pieczęcie w zasobie historycznym archiwum klasztoru kanoników regularnych w Krakowie. Dotychczasowa kwerenda pozwala szacować, że w zasobie tym znajduje się ponad tysiąc odcisków różnorodnych pieczęci, w tym blisko trzysta z okresu przedtrydenckiego. Mimo tak pokaźnej liczby, zbiór nie doczekał się dotąd osobnej rozprawy. W artykule, który jest pierwszym z planowanej serii, zamieszczono informacje jedynie o pieczęciach z XIII i XIV w. Są wśród nich pieczęcie wystawców świeckich i kościelnych, a zatem władców, książąt, urzędników królewskich, szlacheckich właścicieli ziemskich, urzędów miast, papieży, biskupów i ich urzędników. Stąd opis lokuje się nie tylko w przestrzeni sfragistyki polskiej, ale też europejskiej.
“Hai la fanciulla grande? Tu non hai maggiore tesoro di quello a guardare”. I doveri della madre in alcune prediche di Bernardino da Siena
Authors: Głusiuk Anna
Published: June 2021

Bernardino of Siena is regarded as one of the most important preachers of Medieval Italy. His sermons addressed strictly spiritual matters as well as other topics, and they offer valuable insights into social affairs and the daily lives of his contemporaries. This article explores the expectations placed on mothers by the Church and society at the time of Bernardino of Siena. Bernardino was a strong advocate of educating and preparing girls for their future role as wives, which suggests that many women neglected their duties and turned a blind eye on their daughters’ idleness and frivolous behavior that did not find favor with the strict preacher of Siena.
Railways of Galicia before the First World War
Authors: Klapchuk Volodymyr , Makaruk Ihor , Klapchuk Mykhailo
Published: June 2021

The Galician rail network in Austria and Austria-Hungary was built before the outbreak of World War I. The first railway construction projects were developed in the 1830s. The construction of the first rail tracks began in the late 1840s. The first railway connecting Western and Eastern Galicia was put into operation in 1861. Before WWI, the Galician rail network spanned a total length of more than 4,000 km. The construction of local wide and narrow gauge railways began in the same period. The railway construction process, transport capacity and the railway infrastructure in Galicia have never been comprehensively studied in view of recently emerged data. This article offers a thorough analysis of the Galician network of strategic and local railways beginning from their construction to the outbreak of WWI.
Wizerunek działaczek ruchu polskiego w twórczości Marii Zientary-Malewskiej
Authors: Daniluk Joanna
Published: June 2021

Działalność wielu polskich aktywistek (nauczycielek, wychowawczyń przedszkoli) z terenów dawnych Prus Wschodnich została utrwalona w autobiograficznych zapisach oraz utworachpoetyckich Marii Zientary-Malewskiej. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wizerunków działaczek ruchu polskiego – Joanny Pieniężnej, Ludwiki Rikowskiej, Heleny Sierakowskiej, Marty Sendrowskiej (Hanowskiej), Otylii Teszner (Grotowej), Marii Gąszczakówny, Emilii Hanowskiej (Maczugowej), Marii Kensbok w prozie i wierszach autorstwa Marii Zientary-Malewskiej.
Emigracja sezonowa z Polski do Estonii w latach 1937–1939
Authors: Grzybowski Jerzy
Published: June 2021

Emigracja zarobkowa z Polski do Estonii była konsekwencją sytuacji społeczno-gospodarczej w tych państwach. Do wewnętrznych determinantów emigracyjnych należy zaliczyć przeludnienie agrarne i ubóstwo wsi polskiej. W zaistniałej sytuacji wielu ludzi widziało szansę na poprawę swojego bytu w emigracji. Problem nadmiaru rąk do pracy na wsi polskiej zbiegł się w czasie z rozwojem gospodarczym państwa estońskiego. W czasie, gdy Polska borykała się z przeludnieniem i nadmiarem siły roboczej na wsi, kraj bałtycki dotykał diametralnie odmienny problem. Ruch emigracyjny do Estonii trwał w okresie od 1937 do 1939. Liczbę robotników polskich, którzy wówczas byli zatrudnieni w rolnictwie estońskim, szacuje się na ok. 8,5 tys. osób. Wiele wskazuje na to, że gdyby nie został on przerwany wybuchem II wojny światowej, osiągnąłby znaczne rozmiary. Celem artykułu jest analiza podstaw prawnych emigracji, procedury rekrutacji i transportu emigrantów, warunków życia i pracy oraz ukazanie kontaktów emigrantów zarówno z pracodawcami i społecznością miejscową, jak i miejscową Polonią. Analizie poddano również opiekę konsularną nad emigrantami.
Роль Польщі у трансформації європейської східної політики після Холодної війни
Authors: Astramowicz-Leyk Teresa , Rosłoń Dominika Anna , Turchyn Yaryna
Published: June 2021

Poland’s eastern policy focused on three interrelated issues: Polish-German reconciliation; the recognition of the first declaration of independence of the Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania and their new borders, with emphasis on the strategic importance of these declarations for Polish sovereignty; and the attempts to establish strong relations with these countries. One of the goals of Poland’s eastern policy was to establish a free and democratic Poland in a democratic and peaceful Europe, and these efforts paved the way to reconciliation with Germany and Poland’s admission to the NATO and the European Union. Poland’s eastern policy before and after Poland’s accession to the EU was shaped by several factors. Firstly, Poland had to fulfil the requirements for EU membership, whereas the EU had to meet Poland’s demands. Secondly, Poland had made several attempts to initiate institutional changesin the EU before it became an EU Member State. Thirdly, Poland’s eastern policy was influenced by the Ukrainian political crisis of 2004 and its outcome, in particular Polish involvement in the Orange Revolution (2004) in the Ukraine. According to most Polish observers, the EU’s involvement in the Ukrainian crisis testified to the absence of a cohesive eastern policy in the EU.
Educational contexts of migration. The case of East Prussia / Warmia and Mazury in 1945
Authors: Lewandowska Izabela
Published: June 2021

Millions of people were forced to emigrate when World War II came to an end in 1945. Migration processes were particularly pronounced in East Prussia, the German territory that was partitioned between Poland and the USSR after the war. Germans fled from East Prussia, and their farms were settled by newcomers from central Poland and the Eastern Borderlands that had been ceded to the Soviet Union. This article discusses the narrative surrounding the wave of post-war migration in Polish and German academia, museums and informal education. An analysis of textbooks and academic scripts revealed that this topic has received broad coverage in the German educational system. Museum exhibitions focusing on emigration from East Prussia and the Eastern Borderlands were also examined, and the results of the analysis indicate that German museums displayed a greater interest in the topic.In the last step, websites dedicated to migration issues were compared as a form of informal education. The comparison revealed a similar number of websites as well as similar levels of activity in Polish and German websites.
Próba rozbicia wyznania Świadków Jehowy w 1950 roku na przykładzie województwa olsztyńskiego
Authors: Jasiński Grzegorz
Published: June 2021

Streszczenie: Praca stanowi kontynuację badań poświęconych działaniom władz politycznych i aparatu przymusu zmierzającym do likwidacji wyznania Świadków Jehowy na terenie Polskiw 1950 r. („Akcja J”). Skupiłem się w niej na opisie wydarzeń rozgrywających się na terenie województwa olsztyńskiego. Początkowe zatrzymania, dokonane w czerwcu 1950 r. na polecenie Ministerstwa Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego objęły osoby sprawujące funkcje kierownicze w wyznaniu oraz mające kontakt z wcześniej aresztowanymi reprezentantami Rady Głównej Wyznania Świadków Jehowy w Polsce. Brutalnie prowadzone przesłuchania wymusiły na kilku osobach przyznanie się do szpiegostwa na rzecz Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki, co rozszerzyło krąg represjonowanych. Z kolei oddanie przez Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego wolnej ręki swoim wojewódzkim i powiatowym strukturom spowodowało, że pragnący wykazać się przed zwierznikami funkcjonariusze zaczęli aresztować znanych im Świadków Jehowy, tylko z powodu samej przynależności do wyznania. W sumie na terenie województwa, wśród liczącej ok. 1000 osób społeczności Świadków Jehowy aresztowano od czerwca do końca grudnia ponad 100 osób, wobec blisko 20 osób wszczęto postępowania sądowe. W artykule nie poruszam, także z uwagi na rozpiętość zagadnienia, kwestii następstw „Akcji J”: procesów, wyroków, rozmaitych decyzji administracyjnych, prób pozyskania współpracowników spośród zatrzymanych czy zmuszania ich do złożenia deklaracji o zerwaniu z wyznaniem.
Quartet in Autumn and the Meaning of Barbara Pym
Authors: Burton Antoinette
Published: June 2021

Barbara Pym’s fiction has been viewed as an anthropological approach to the social mores of postwar Britain. In this article, I use one of her last novels, Quartet in Autumn, to sharpen that reading to think through how Pym articulated an aesthetics of decline by trumpeting the dying world of the White English spinster. Quartet fictionalizes the agony of what Ramon Soto-Crespo calls “decapitalized Whiteness,” that is, where economic loss and a sense of racial disenfranchisement go hand in hand. The transatlantic desire it satisfied for a world that was lost yet redeemable through good old-fashioned English “women’s” literature prefigures the nostalgia for a preglobal Britain that has underwritten much of Brexit’s affective appeal.
Machiavellian Moments and the Exigencies of Leaving
Authors: Ward Stuart
Published: June 2021

J. G. A. Pocock’s magnum opus, The Machiavellian Moment, seems an unlikely contender as an intimation of Brexit. Published in 1975, his study of the revival of classical Republicanism in Renaissance Italy and the struggle to uphold a universal ideal of active citizenship could not be further removed from Britain’s departure from the European Union forty-five years later. But the wider production context suggests that it might be worth probing the possible connections. This article examines Pocock’s protracted reckoning with Britain’s entry into the European Economic Community in the early 1970s amid the ruptures of empire’s end. It seeks to tease out the existential underpinnings not only of the latter-day exigencies of leaving but also of the persistent habit of harnessing that ambition to a reimagining of Britain’s global coordinates.
Must Labour Lose?
Authors: Riley Charlotte Lydia
Published: June 2021

This article explores Mark Abrams, Richard Rose, and Rita Hinden’s 1960 publication Must Labour Lose? in order to demonstrate that contemporary debates around British identity and political culture are nothing new. The concerns about political, party, and national identity in this book clearly prefigure 2016 debates about Britain, not least because a specific question—how to vote—became a conversation about a broader set of ideals. This article explores how Must Labour Lose? constructed an image of British politics in 1959. It interrogates its silences around racial identity and argues that we must read race into this book and others like it. And it concludes that research like this enables a much wider understanding of the British electorate than simply how they voted.
Brexit, Erewhon, and Utopia
Authors: Fermanis Porscha
Published: June 2021

Viewing Brexit as part of a longer history of Anglo-Saxon racial and cultural exceptionalism, this article reflects on what Samuel Butler’s satirical novel Erewhon, or Over the Range (1872) can tell us about the utopian impulses informing Brexit’s neoimperialist ideology and hence about British identity politics today. Set in an inward-looking, socially homogeneous, and postindustrial society somewhere in the colonial southern hemisphere, Erewhon provides an anachronistic simulacrum of both an isolationist “Little England” and an imperial “Global Britain,” critiquing the idea of the self-sufficient, ethnonationalist “island nation” by demonstrating the extent to which it relies on the racial logic of White utopianism, as well as on a disavowal of the non-British labor that supports and sustains it.
The Dream of Greater Britain
Authors: Kennedy Dane
Published: June 2021

This article examines the enduring influence of Charles Dilke’s Greater Britain (1868), which persists today in the ambitions of Brexit’s proponents. Dilke characterized Britain as the center of a world system bound together by a common identity. Yet his explanation of that identity was riddled with inconsistencies. While he cast it mainly in racial terms, he also proposed cultural and linguistic criteria. These inconsistencies would complicate the efforts to define and delineate the reach of Greater Britain by those who followed in Dilke’s footsteps. This includes the leading Brexiteers who have advanced Greater Britain’s modern iteration, the Anglosphere, as an alternative to EU membership.
İş-yaşam çatışmasının Koronavirüs (COVID-19) pandemisi sürecinde yeniden değerlendirilmesi: Kadın akademisyenler açısından nitel bir araştırma
Authors: ELMAS-ATAY Sevgi , GERÇEK Merve
Published: June 2021

Akademisyenlik, doğası gereği akademik ve idari çalışmaların çalışılan fiziksel alanlar ile sınırlı kalmadığı, ev veya farklı mekânlarda da sürdürülebildiği bir meslektir. Akademisyenlerin belirli/sınırlı çalışma saatlerinin olmadığı, mesai saatlerinin dışına taştığı, iş ve özel yaşam alanlarının sıklıkla birbirine karıştığı söylenebilir. Bu durumun sonucu olarak, özellikle kadınların aile taleplerini karşılamada öncelikli role sahip olduğu toplumlarda, akademisyenlik mesleğini tercih eden kadınların iş-yaşam çatışmasını erkeklere kıyasla daha çok deneyimledikleri görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada Koronavirüs (COVID-19) Pandemisi sürecinde kadın akademisyenlerin evden çalışma olgusuna yönelik görüşleri iş-yaşam çatışması bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Bu amaçla pandemi döneminde evden çalışan 20 kadın akademisyenle yapılan görüşmeler içerik analizi ile incelenmiştir. Verilerin analizi sonucunda kadın akademisyenlerin, iş ve yaşam alanlarının pandemi öncesi dönemde fiziksel bakımdan birleşmiş olmasının alanlar arasındaki sınırların bulanıklaşması, alan taşması, rol çatışması ve farklı taleplere karşılık vermekte zorluklara neden olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Katılımcıların çoğunluğunun pandemi döneminde evden çalışma olgusuna yönelik olumsuz görüşlere sahip olduklarına, çevrelerinin akademisyenlik mesleğine olan bakış açılarının içeriğine, kadının toplumsal cinsiyet rolüne bağlı olarak iş ve ev talepleri nedeniyle psikolojik ve fiziksel açıdan yıprandığına yönelik bulgular elde edilmiştir.
Einstein’s Local Realism vs. Bohr’s Instrumental Anti-Realism: The Debate Between Two Titans in the Quantum Theory Arena
Authors: Simões Eduardo
Published: June 2021

The objective of this article is to demonstrate how the historical debate between materialism and idealism, in the field of Philosophy, extends, in new clothes, to the field of Quantum Physics characterized by realism and anti-realism. For this, we opted for a debate, also historical, between the realism of Albert Einstein, for whom reality exists regardless of the existence of the knowing subject, and Niels Bohr, for whom we do not have access to the ultimate reality of the matter, unless conditioning it to the existence of an observer endowed with rationality, position adopted in the Interpretation of Complementarity (1927) – posture that was expanded in 1935 when Bohr assumed a “relationalist” conception, according to which the quantum state is defined by the relationship between the quantum object and the entire measuring device. This is an extremely important debate, as it further consolidates the results of nascent Quantum Mechanics, guaranteeing Bohr the leadership of the orthodoxy based on the interpretation of complementarity. Here, when dealing with Quantum Theory, we will not make any distinction between the terms Quantum Physics, Quantum Theory or Quantum Mechanics. The entire discussion will be held under the name “Quantum Theory”. Theory that tries to analyze and describe the behavior of physical systems of reduced dimensions, close to the sizes of molecules, atoms and subatomic particles. We hope that the reader will appreciate the genius of these two titans in this field of Physics when they magnificently formulate the arguments that support the object of their defenses.
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH JELANTAH SEBAGAI ALTERNATIVE INCOME BAGI MASYARAKAT TERDAMPAK COVID-19
Authors: Prastanti Agustina Dwi , Indrati Rini , Katili M. Irwan , Daryati Siti , Nurbaiti Salis
Published: June 2021

Minyak jelantah merupakan limbah dari minyak goreng yang jika diolah lagi memiliki potensi ekonomi. Banyak masyarakat yang masih mengkonsumsi minyak jelantah padahal limbah tersebut jika dikonsumsi berdampak bahaya bagi kesehatan. Selain itu ada pula masyarakat yang membuang minyak jelantah disaluran air. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan penyumbatan saluran air dan rusaknya ekosistem air. Sehingga jumlah minyak jelantah yang semakin bertambah perlu penanganan khusus, salah satunya mengolahnya kembali menjadi sabun pembersih piring. Tujuan pelatihan ini adalah memberikan edukasi pembuatan sabun pembersih piring dari minyak jelantah melalui pendampingan secara intensive untuk meningkatkan taraf kesehatan dan ekonomi masyarakat terutama yang terkena dampak pandemi COVID-19. Metode pengabmas menggunakan ceramah, diskusi dan praktek langsung. Unsur pengabmas melibatkan ketua PKK RT, RW dan kader kesehatan. Praktek langsung pembuatan sabun dari minyak jelantah oleh masyarakat didapatkan hasil berupa sabun pembersih piring dari olahan minyak jelantah yang dijernihkan terlebih dahulu sebagai bahan dasarnya. Sabun pembersih piring siap digunakan setelah melewati masa saponifikasi selama kurun waktu 14 hari. Tolok ukur keberhasilan pembuatan sabun dari minyak jelantah dinilai dari sabun dapat digunakan sebagai pembersih piring dengan baik secara menyeluruh dan piring menjadi mengkilap dan kesat kembali.
Nosology in the 21st century: defining sarcopenia
Authors: Cruz Jentoft Alfonso J.
Published: June 2021

Las enfermedades musculares estaban infrarrepresentadas en los libros de texto hasta hace pocas décadas, sin considerar la importancia de la masa y las funciones de los músculos esqueléticos y sus cambios relacionados con el envejecimiento. En 1987 se creó el término sarcopenia para definir la pérdida de masa y función del músculo esquelético y sus importantes consecuencias funcionales. Desde entonces su definición ha progresado con los avances de la investigación.
En este artículo se revisan los primeros pasos de esta enfermedad, inicialmente definida solamente por la baja masa muscular, mediante la incorporación progresiva de la función muscular y el rendimiento físico. Se describe luego la aparición de varias definiciones de consenso de sarcopenia alrededor de 2010. Estas definiciones demostraron que la sarcopenia aumenta de forma muy significativa la mortalidad, las caídas y la dependencia funcional. Aunque permitieron que la sarcopenia fuera incluida en la clasificación internacional de enfermedades, no lograron que fuera diagnosticada de forma habitual en la práctica clínica. Se revisan por último las actualizaciones de estas definiciones en los últimos dos años, con la intención de que su traslación a la práctica permita empezar a aliviar las graves consecuencias de la sarcopenia.
Adult hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Syndrome and disease
Authors: Fernández-Rañada y de la Gándara José María
Published: June 2021

HLH is a specific disease and always a syndrome characterized by excessive immune activation and clinical and analytical data of hyperinflammation that leads to a short survival if the appropriate treatment is delayed or not applied. It has been a poorly diagnosed and its incidence has apparently increased in recent times, perhaps due to its greater recognition. Genetic /familial-based cases occur in childhood from an inherited disorder of a poor cytotoxic function of T / NK cells. In adults, the majority of patients have predisposing causes, such as Epstein Barr virus infection, neoplasms most commonly due to non-Hodgkin lymphoma of T origin, autoimmune processes, and rarely are some patients classified as idiopathic. Therapy is based on the administration of the LHH-94 treatment protocol, promoted by the Histiocytic Society. All cases with a genetic base require the subsequent application of an allogeneic transplantation of hematopoietic progenitors, which is also a therapeutic option for adults with disease resistant, progressive or recurrent.
β-Intermediate Thalasemia: triplication of genes α / β thalassemia heterozygous in Spain
Authors: Ropero Paloma , González Fernández Fernando Ataulfo , Martínez Nieto Jorge , Torres Jiménez Williana Melissa , Benavente Cuesta Celina
Published: June 2021

Objectives. Check with hematological data that the diagnosis and clinical grade of β-thalassemia intermedia can be established when a triplication of genes alpha (αααanti 3.7) and heterozygous β-thalassemia are coherent.
Methods. Retrospective study in which 73 patients of Caucasian origin participated, who simultaneously showed a tripling or quadrupling of the genes α and heterozygous β-thalassemia.
Screening for the most frequent α-thalassemia mutations, as well as gene triplication (αααanti 3.7) was carried out by multiplex PCR followed by reverse hybridization and confirmed by MLPA. The molecular diagnosis of β-thalassemia was carried out by automatic sequencing according to the Sanger’s method.
Results. Genotypes have been classified into three groups according to the number of α-globin genes and the severity of the alteration in the β-globin gene. All had a mutation in the β-globin gene (β0-thalassemia, severe β+-thalassemia, and mild β+-thalassemia). Group I patients who have inherited 6 α globin genes. Group II and group III have inherited 5 α globin genes. In group III, the patients were carriers of mutations affecting the β and δ globin genes. The most significant hematological parameters were hemoglobin levels, mean corpuscular volume, red deep width, and percentage of fetal hemoglobin.
Conclusions. In group I, patients who have inherited of 6 α globin genes, either by homozygous triplication (ααα/ααα) or heterozygous quadruplication (αααα/αα), with heterozygous β-thalassemia results in severe to moderate anemia that may require transfusion therapy, being the severity of the β-globin gene mutation that would determine the clinical variation. Group II patients behaved phenotypically like mild thalassemia intermedia. Finally, group III patients behaved like a thalassemic trait since all were carriers of mutations that increase the overexpression of g genes.
Contribution of 18F-FDG PET/CT in occult breast carcinoma
Authors: Valhondo-Rama Raquel , Brenes Sánchez Juana M , Wakfie-Corieh Cristina G , Rodríguez Rey Cristina , Herrera De la Muela María , Carreras Delgado José L
Published: June 2021

Early detection of primary lesion with isolated axillary lymph node metastasis without any clinical or radiological evidence of tumour is still a pending issue. It is important to offer these patients a better management and survival. The definition of occult breast carcinoma is redefined as radiological diagnostic techniques progress.
We emphasize the contribution of whole-body fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography associated with computed tomography for staging, surgical approach and adjuvant treatments recommendations for these patients.
PENGEMBANGAN BUKU BRAILLE STATISTIK DASAR PADA PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK INFORMATIKA DI UNIVERSITAS PAMULANG
Authors: Ibnatur Husnul Nisak Ruwah , Masitoh Lisda Fitriana
Published: June 2021

Tunanetra yang tidak disertai dengan hambatan intelektual berhak mendapatkan pendidikan di sekolah inklusi. Saat ini pendidikan inklusi di Indonesia telah berkembang pada tingkat perguruan tinggi untuk memfalitiasi mahasiswa tunanetra belajar. Dalam perjalanannya pendidikan inklusi di perguruan tinggi menemui berbagai kendala. Salah satunya kesulitas mahasiswa tunenetra belajar matematika. Kesulitan terjadi karena pembaca layar yang digunakan mahasiswa tunanetra untuk memahami file dari dosen tidak bisa membaca persamaan atau simbol matematika. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan buku braille statistika dasar untuk memfasilitasi mahasiswa tunanetra belajar di kelas inklusi bersama dengan mahasiswa lainnya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan dengan adaptasi pengembangan model pengembangan Borg & Gall yang meliputi tahap penelitian dan pengumpulan data, perencanaan, pengembangan produk awal, uji coba terbatas, revisi produk, uji coba lapangan dan revisi akhir. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah lembar validasi, lembar observasi, pedoman wawancara dan tes statistika. Hasil dari penelitian ini telah menghasilkan buku braille statistika dasar yang layak digunakan karena memenuhi kriteria valid, praktis dan efektif berdasarkan hasil uji coba lapangan. Oleh karena itu buku braille statistika dasar dapat digunakan sebagai pilihan alternatif dalam membantu mahasiswa tunanetra belajar materi statistika dasar, khususnya di program studi Teknik informatika.
Being a good employee: Contribution of internal locus of control to work discipline
Authors: Salim Emil , Darmayanti Nefi , Siregar Mulia , Razi Astri Delia
Published: June 2021

Discipline is a condition of employee self-control and orderly behavior that indicates the true level of teamwork within an organization. One important but often difficult aspect of internal employee relations is the application of disciplinary action. This study aims to look at the relationship between the locus of internal control and the discipline of work. The subjects in this study were personnel of the Mobile Brigadier Unit in the North Sumatra Regional Police with a total of 80 personnel. The data analysis method used in this study was Pearson's correlation and obtained a very significant positive relationship between the locus of internal control and the work discipline, where r = 0.4714 and p < 0.01. This means that the higher the locus of internal control, the higher the work discipline. On the contrary the less locus of internal control, the lower the discipline of its work. The internal locus of control contributes to the work discipline of 0.510. This means 51% of internal locus control affects personnel work discipline. From this percentage, it can be stated that there is still 49% influence of other factors on the work discipline of Mobile Brigadier personnel, among them are leadership style factors, and work environment.