bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
« Hegel et Husserl sur l’intersubjectivité » : la genèse longue d’un écrit de circonstance
Authors: Picardi Roberta , Pavan Chiara
Published: May 2018

Bien qu’il s’agisse d’un écrit de circonstance l’essai de Ricœur « Hegel et Husserl sur l’intersubjectivité » est l’issue d’une gestation longue, que cet article se propose de reconstruire. Cette gestation longue présente en effet un double intérêt. Tout d’abord, elle nous donne un aperçu significatif du corps à corps spéculatif avec d’autres auteurs, tels que Hegel et Husserl, dont se nourrissent sans cesse l’écriture et la pensée de Ricœur. En outre, ce parcours génétique permet de suivre, pas à pas, l’itinéraire qui conduit Ricœur à abandonner la conception de l’intersubjectivité défendue dans les écrits des années 1950, dans lesquels il se réclamait principalement de Kant, selon une orientation à la fois anti-hégélienne et anti-husserlienne. C’est le mouvement non linéaire sous-tendant ce tournant que nous visons à mettre à jour, en nous concentrant sur deux segments de la genèse : les traces du questionnement qui aboutit à la conception du premier « schéma » de l’essai, et les notes sur la « Cinquième méditation » de Husserl.
Vehicular Clouds
Authors: Florin Ryan , Olariu Stephan
Published: May 2018

Vehicular clouds is an active area of research that has emerged at the nexus of conventional cloud computing and vehicular networks. The defining differences between conventional and vehicular clouds include the heterogeneity and volatility of compute resources and the bandwidth-challenged network fabric. A variety of new architectures and services for vehicular clouds have been proposed, mostly as incremental extensions of the VANET platform. As vehicular cloud research continues and expands, a careful eye should be kept on the restrictions that come with the mobility, limited network, and heterogeneity of resources. The first main contribution of this chapter is to survey recent work of VCs with an eye on the realistic and unrealistic. Our second main goal is to realign the VC community with a realistic vision for the future by spelling out a number of challenges faced by the VC research community.
A Recent Study on High Dimensional Features Used in Stego Image Anomaly Detection
Authors: Hemalatha J  , KavithaDevi M.K.  , Geetha S.
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes how ample feature extraction techniques are available for detecting hidden messages in digital images. In the recent years, higher dimensional features are extracted to detect the complex and advanced steganographic algorithms. To improve the precision of steganalysis, many combinations of high dimension feature spaces are used by recent steganalyzers. In this chapter, we present a summary of several methods existing in literature. The aim is to provide a broad introduction to high dimensional features space used so for and to state which the most accurate and best feature extraction methods is.
High Efficient Data Embedding in Image Steganography Using Parallel Programming
Authors: A. Usha B.
Published: May 2018

Steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communication is taking place, by hiding information in other information. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images are the most popular because of their frequency on the Internet. For hiding secret information in images, there exist a large variety of steganographic techniques some are more complex than others and all of them have respective strong and weak points.. As embedding data in an image, is independent of one another. Parallelism can be used to achieve considerable time gain. nography, although it has made communication safe, it has its own drawbacks. One among it is time required to embed data in pixels of the image. This problem is bugging computer scientists from long time. This paper discusses a method which makes OpenMP parallel library to parallelize embedding of data, which basically reduces the time by almost fifty percent and to achieve PSNR ranging from 30 to 50 after embedding data in the pixels of the image.
Cleantech and Water Treatment as a Case of Disruptive Innovation
Authors: Sabourin Vincent
Published: May 2018

Shifts in the disruptive innovations and the growing impact of consumer cleantech are best understood by looking at megatrends in water management. Trends are global long-term forces of development that impact society, economy, environment, culture, and personal lives. Trends are continuously changing the dynamic landscape in which companies operate. This chapter examined commercial opportunities for the internet of things in the market of cleantech with respect to water treatment. The chapter theoretically looked at the four clusters of water management as relates to the application of internet of things: metering, piping, reclamation, and agricultural clusters. An analysis of market strategies and competitive strategies is conducted leading to a brief development of innovation frontiers in water management.
Cultural Landscape
Authors: Uzun Funda Varnaci , Somuncu Mehmet
Published: May 2018

The “cultural landscape” has been a fundamental concept in geography and was first defined as “landscape modified by human activity” by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel in 1890. It was introduced to American geography in the 1920s by Carl O. Sauer (American geographer). Since the 1960s, the concept has been widely used in human geography, anthropology, environmental management, and other related fields. One of the major factors that contributed to the recent popularity of its use, on a global scale, was the adoption of cultural landscapes in the International Convention for the World Heritage Convention by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1992. In this chapter, the basis of this concept, its emergence, and its relationships with other scientific disciplines, particularly geography, will be discussed. Moreover, the place of cultural landscapes within protected areas and UNESCO world heritage sites will be more specifically addressed.
Indigenous Cultural Knowledge for Therapeutic Landscape Design
Authors: McIntosh Jacqueline , Marques Bruno , Hatton William
Published: May 2018

The meanings of place and the relationship between place and health have culturally specific dimensions. This is of particular importance for indigenous people and communities as often regarding landscape as part of a circle of life, establishing a holistic perspective about health and wellbeing. The indigenous Māori of Aotearoa/New Zealand contend that their relationship with the land shapes how the cultural, spiritual, emotional, physical, and social wellbeing of people and communities are expressed. Few studies have explored the influence of the cultural beliefs and values on health, in particular the intricate link between land and health. This chapter broadens the understanding of therapeutic landscapes through the exploration of specific cultural dimensions. It contributes to the expanding body of research focusing on the role of therapeutic landscapes and their role in shaping health, through the development of new research methods.
Fighting for Existence and Recognition Among Sub-Dynasty Communities
Authors: Bobo Tinashe , Nechena Herbert
Published: May 2018

The central focus of this chapter is to discuss the way sub-dynasties create new identities and culture quite different from their original-root-dynasties. The study case is related to the Nerumedzo people who have proven to be a sub-dynasty of the Karanga Duma of Bikita district. The literature highlights that the Nerumedzo people originated from a branch of the Duma Confederacy and have created through time their own new identity, which is based on their culture in a bid to fight for their existence in the Duma community and their alignment with the landscape (which includes their physical geography and insects and the use of identity markers like naming and totems). Their tradition was marked by the birth of Nemeso (who was born double-faced and, for this reason, rejected by his father Pfupajena), the Nerumedzo progenitor. The rejection of the mysterious Nemeso meant a death threat. Therefore, his mother fled with him to her own people with whom he grew up. From a foreign country, he returned to his father who gave him land in the Duma confines of Bikita, where it became the base of his identity.
Time Operations
Authors: Silva Cidália Ferreira
Published: May 2018

This chapter proposes four time operations—gleaning, grounding, stimulating, and transmuting—for practicing time within architecture as an expanded field. By exploring the relationships between the future-past-present through folded time as coexistence and lived time, these time operations unfold the ways to make interprojects for cultural landscape adaptability. First, the background that supports this research is presented, namely, why is it relevant and the main references with which this path was made concrete. Second, the meaning of time is defined as a way to understand what time practice is being deepened. Third, each operation is explored by describing the main features and procedures pertaining to gleaning, grounding, stimulating, and transmuting. Fourth, the chapter discussion continues by revealing the relationships between the operations, namely moving beyond the expected linear succession. The chapter concludes with a hypothesis of further future development as well as the main conclusion and key terms.
Industrial Heritage as an Operative Territorial Resource
Authors: Oliveira Marta Duarte , Ribeiro Jorge Tavares
Published: May 2018

This chapter addresses the main existing issues concerning industrial heritage as a territorial resource for the revitalization or valorization of functional landscapes (former or existing). It addresses the conceptual framework of cultural landscape and its possibility as a “horizon concept,” as well as an object of intervention according to a territorial dimension. The proposal of “Cultural Landscape of Alentejo Pyrite” based on three mining sites—Lousal, Aljustrel, and São Domingos within the Iberian Pyrite—was designed to be a territorial project for mining landscapes. This is a previous response to an existing demand for operative methodologies that can convey a new paradigm of territorial planning, with emphasis on interdisciplinary and prospect views. It provides a voice to an architectural and urban planning point of view to these particular landscapes.
Contemporary Urbanizations in Public Water Reservoirs
Authors: Amador Hélder Caeiro
Published: May 2018

The most important tourism projects since 2005 in Portugal, privately owned and with European funds, were integrated resorts, mostly located in public water reservoirs, as a result of urban policies to encourage the human occupation of the most interior desertified areas. The Alqueva reservoir, although with no visible results, is an emerging paradigm of urban expansion planned for tourism in these areas. This chapter intends to show the importance of the tourism reservoirs, lost with the economic recession, through an analysis of its territorial management tools and a re-focus on innovative urban regeneration and expansion models, using water as a central element of its development.
Urban Landscape Quality Management and Monitoring
Authors: Vaz de Freitas Isabel , Marques Jorge , Rodrigues Carlos Augusto , Sousa Cristina
Published: May 2018

The issue of the landscape quality or, more precisely, of its goal was addressed in the European Landscape Convention in 2000 to guide the public authorities and the aspirations of the population concerning their characteristics. It also happens regarding the landscape management that leads the authors to a sustainable development preservation, orientating and conciliating the changes that result from the human interaction with the environment. For a research on urban landscapes management, it is proposed a methodological analysis to the case study of Porto (Portugal) with a historical approach to understand how the increasing pressure of tourism is manifested on its image. The main goal is to identify the quality of the landscape and guide its sustainability towards a constant monitoring of images perception.
Social Engineering in Information Security Breaches and the Factors That Explain Its Success
Authors: Lackram Jhaharha , Padayachee Indira
Published: May 2018

Social engineering refers to the art of using deception and manipulating individuals to gain access to systems or information assets and subsequently compromising these systems and information assets. Information security must provide protection to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. In order to mitigate information security's weakest link, it becomes necessary to understand the ways in which human behavior can be exploited via social engineering. This chapter will seek to analyze the role of social engineering in information security breaches and the factors that contribute to its success. A variety of social engineering attacks, impacts, and mitigations will be discussed. Human factors such as trust, obedience, and fear are easily exploited, thereby allowing social engineers to execute successful attacks. However, with effective countermeasures such as information security awareness training, education, and audit procedures, the impacts of social engineering can be decreased or eliminated altogether.
Dynamic Risk Assessment in IT Environments
Authors: Mirzaei Omid , Maria de Fuentes José , Manzano Lorena González
Published: May 2018

Security and reliability of information technologies have emerged as major concerns nowadays. Risk assessment, an estimation of negative impacts that might be imposed to a network by a series of potential sources, is one of the main tasks to ensure the security and is performed either statically or dynamically. Static risk assessment cannot satisfy the requirements of real-time and ubiquitous computing networks as it is pre-planned and does not consider upcoming changes such as the creation of new attack strategies. However, dynamic risk assessment (DRA) considers real-time evidences, being capable of diagnosing abnormal events in changing environments. Several DRA approaches have been proposed recently, but it is unclear which technique fits best into IT scenarios with different requirements. Thus, this chapter introduces recent trends in DRA, by analyzing 27 works and proposes a decision guide to help IT managers in choosing the most suitable DRA technique considering three illustrative scenarios – regular computer networks, internet of things, and industrial control systems.
Cyber Resilience for the Internet of Things
Authors: Tanque Marcus , Foxwell Harry J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines and explains cyber resilience, internet of things, software-defined networking, fog computing, cloud computing, and related areas. Organizations develop these technologies in tandem with cyber resilience best practices, such as processes and standards. Cyber resilience is at the intersection of cyber security and business resilience. Its core capabilities encompass integrated strategic policies, processes, architectures, and frameworks. Governments and industries often align defensive and resilient capabilities, to address security and network vulnerability breaches through strategic management processes.
Information Security Management
Authors: Patrick Harold , van Niekerk Brett , Fields Ziska
Published: May 2018

The frequency and sophistication of cyberthreats and attacks are increasing globally. All organizations including governments are at risk as more devices are connected to a growing network coverage. There is no doubt that the new technologies in the Fourth Industrial Revolution bring numerous opportunities for smarter and efficient ways of doing business. However, these new processes, technology, and people interacting increases the cyber-risks. Cyber-risks cause a threat to the reputation, operations, data, and assets of the organization. A holistic information security management plan is needed that will transform the organization's approach to mitigate the cyber-risks, protect its infrastructure, devices, and data. This approach will inevitably improve information technology governance and better accountability to the public.
Inducing Six-Word Stories From Curated Text Sets to Anticipate Cyberwar in 4IR
Authors: Hai-Jew Shalin
Published: May 2018

From curated “cyberwar” text sets (from government, mainstream journalism, academia, and social media), six-word stories are computationally induced (using word frequency counts, text searches, word network analysis, word clustering, and other means), supported by post-induction human writing. The resulting inducted six-word stories are used to (1) describe and summarize the underlying textual information (to enable a bridge to a complex topic); (2) produce insights about the underlying textual information and related in-world phenomena; and (3) answer particular research questions. These resulting six-word stories are analyzed along multiple dimensions: data sources (government, journalism, academia, and social media), expert calls-and-crowd responses, and by time periods (pre-cyberwar and cyberwar periods). The efficacy of this six-word story induction process is evaluated, and the extracted six-word stories are applied to cyberwar potentials during the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR).
Adaptive Refined-Model-Based Approach for Robust Design Optimization
Authors: Chatterjee Tanmoy , Chowdhury Rajib
Published: May 2018

Robust design optimization (RDO) has been noteworthy in realizing optimal design of engineering systems in presence of uncertainties. However, computations involved in RDO prove to be intensive for real-time applications. For addressing such issues, a meta-model-assisted RDO framework has been proposed. It has been further observed in such approximation-based RDO frameworks that accuracy of the meta-model is an important factor and even slight deviation in intermediate iterations may eventually lead to false optima. Therefore, two-tier improvement has been incorporated within existing Kriging model so as to ensure accurate approximation of response quantities. Firstly, the trend portion has been refined so that the model is capable of approximating higher order non-linearity. Secondly, a sequential basis selection scheme has been merged during model building, which reduces computational complexity significantly in case of large-scale systems. Implementation of the proposed approach in a few examples clearly illustrates its potential for further complex problems.
Grouping Concept in Optimum Sizing of Truss Structures
Authors: Bekdaş Gebrail , Nigdeli Sinan Melih , Türkakın Osman Hürol
Published: May 2018

In the optimum design of truss structures, the cross-sectional areas of structural members are optimized in order to minimize the total weight of the structures. This process is done by considering two design constraints, which are the limitation of stress of structural members and displacement of nodes of the structure. The members of truss structures are generally grouped for two reasons related to reduction of computation time and practical production of members. In this chapter, the optimum sizing of truss structures is found by using a non-linear programing tool considering the interior-point algorithm handling a Hessians for the nonlinear constrained multivariable problem. The aim of the chapter is to find the best grouping option for trusses by proposing a strategy. As a conclusion, the best grouping options for the numerical examples are found different from the existing groups in the documented methods.
Implementation of Genetic-Algorithm-Based Forecasting Model to Power System Problems
Authors: Madadi Sajad , Nazari-Heris Morteza , Mohammadi-Ivatloo Behnam , Tohidi Sajjad
Published: May 2018

Power system includes many types of markets. Such markets are generally cleared at certain times, whereas market participators have to determine their operational plans before meeting the actual conditions. Therefore, forecasting methods can assist market players. Forecasting methods are applied to forecast electricity demand. The unknown conditions in the power system are increased by integration of renewable generation units. Forecasting methods, which are used for the load forecasting, are updated because the output power of renewable generation units such as wind farms and photovoltaic (PV) panels have more deviation than power demand. The pool market can be introduced as other parameter that is forecasted by market players. In this chapter, the authors investigate a mathematical model for forecasting of wind. Then, the forecasting model is proposed. Genetic algorithm is applied as an optimization method to handle delay associated with wind forecasting.
Optimization of Windspeed Prediction Using an Artificial Neural Network Compared With a Genetic Programming Model
Authors: Deo Ravinesh C. , Ghimire Sujan , Downs Nathan J. , Raj Nawin
Published: May 2018

The precise prediction of windspeed is essential in order to improve and optimize wind power prediction. However, due to the sporadic and inherent complexity of weather parameters, the prediction of windspeed data using different patterns is difficult. Machine learning (ML) is a powerful tool to deal with uncertainty and has been widely discussed and applied in renewable energy forecasting. In this chapter, the authors present and compare an artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic programming (GP) model as a tool to predict windspeed of 15 locations in Queensland, Australia. After performing feature selection using neighborhood component analysis (NCA) from 11 different metrological parameters, seven of the most important predictor variables were chosen for 85 Queensland locations, 60 of which were used for training the model, 10 locations for model validation, and 15 locations for the model testing. For all 15 target sites, the testing performance of ANN was significantly superior to the GP model.
Conflict Risk and Defense Expenses and Their Impact on the Economic Growth
Authors: Dinçer Hasan , Hacıoğlu Ümit , Yüksel Serhat
Published: May 2018

The main purpose of this chapter is to identify the effects of conflict risk and defense expenses on economic growth. Within this scope, annual data of 17 emerging economies for the period between 1989 and 2014 were analyzed. In addition to this situation, Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality test was taken into consideration in order to reach the objective. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that there is a causality relationship between conflict and defense expenses for these countries. This situation shows that emerging countries, which have high conflict risk, also increase defense expenses so as to minimize the negative effects of these conflicts. Additionally, it was also identified that economic growth is a significant reason of high defense expenses. In other words, it can be said that when the economy of an emerging country is developed, it gives more importance to defense expenses in order to take action for this conflict.
Military Expenditure, Economic Growth, and Foreign Policy Implications
Authors: Osie-Hwedie Bertha Z. , Kurantin Napoleon
Published: May 2018

The chapter discusses the nature of the relationship between military expenditure, economic growth, and foreign policy commitments, and the consequences on economic growth of apportioning an increased part of the gross domestic product to the military in developing countries of Ghana and Nigeria within the Economic Community of West Africa during 1986-2016. Military expenditure has generated controversy, especially in developing countries of Africa, as it competes with demands for sustainable growth and development. Applying the Johansen co-integration test and Granger causality, the results show that high growth rates have enabled the two countries to increase military spending, ensure their own domestic security, and fulfill international security commitments in the West African sub-region and internationally, with negative effect in the long-run and positive effect in the short run on economic growth. The lack of defense and military expenditure linkage with the wider economy is the resultant socio-economic cost recorded over the period under study.
Military Expenditure and Economic Growth Relationship Revisited in Some South Asian Countries
Authors: Datta Kanchan
Published: May 2018

To protect the motherland from foreign invasion, to maintain peace and stabilize border tension, to maintain a balance of strength among neighboring countries, military expenditure is inevitable. On the other hand, if huge money is spent to continue the war game with neighboring countries that shrinks the funds available for investing in health, education, infrastructure, and industrialization. Under this controversy, some researchers feel increase in military expenditure raises national income through multiplier effect, but another group thinks it crowds out investment for generating employment and reduction of poverty especially in developing countries. In this chapter an attempt has been taken to investigate the relation between military expenditure and its impact on economic growth of some South Asian nations (e.g., India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh) by giving special importance to India.
FDI Liberalization in Defense Industry and the Question of Self-Reliance in India
Authors: Bisai Santanu , Mazumdar Debashis
Published: May 2018

In recent years, the government of India has liberalized the FDI policy to promote economic growth. Since defense industry is highly capital—and technology—intensive and there is a scarcity of indigenous production capacity, the import dependence of India is likely to be high. Though the percentage share of FDI in defense to total FDI flow in India is remarkable, the increase in FDI share in defense is likely to enhance the dependence of the country on foreign sources at the expense of attainment of self-reliance in defense. It has been observed that the growth rate in imports on account of defense needs has increased relative to that in exports and export-import ratio has tended to decline in recent years, leading to the worsening of balance of payments. Thus, it is worth overhauling the role of FDI liberalization in promotion of the domestic manufacturing defense goods as what has been intended in this chapter.
The Opportunity Costs of Military Expenditure
Authors: Bhattacharjee Mainak , Mazumdar Debashis
Published: May 2018

The defense or military expenditure is a vital necessity to any nation insofar as the roles of internal peace and immunity against foreign aggression in ensuring progress of a nation in all relevant fronts are concerned. In this chapter, it has been observed that the relationship between military expenditure and the growth rate GDP is nonlinear in the sense that at first with increase in the military expenditure the growth rate rises and after reaching the peak it declines with the further increase. There are also significant opportunity costs of military expenditure both in terms of GDP and economic development as a step-up in the military expenditure leads to the decline in the other forms productive expenditures like that in health, education, infrastructure inter-alia. This implies the necessity of military expenditure needs to be lowered which can be made possible by improving international harmony and imparting more bonhomie among the nations particularly amongst those which are close neighbors.
Defense-Education Expenditure Nexus in Economic Growth of Nigeria
Authors: Edeme Richardson Kojo
Published: May 2018

As defense expenditure in Nigeria has become considerably high, the concern is whether the burden of such expenditure might adversely influence economic growth through its ability to reduce expenditure on education, which is a key sector that accentuates economic growth. This chapter, therefore, analyzes the deleterious effects of defense expenditure on education expenditure in relation to economic growth of Nigeria. The estimated model finds that defense expenditure exerts negative effect on education expenditure. This implies that reducing defense expenditure would not only be good for economic growth but also directly contribute resources into the education sector of the Nigerian economy. The authors also observe the need to reduce expenditure on defense for the development of other social sectors.
Defense Expenditure and Its Impact on Health in the SAARC Countries
Authors: Adhikary Maniklal , Khatun Melisha
Published: May 2018

Resources are scarce, but needs are unlimited. Therefore, the rational attempt must be designed in order to allocate optimally the limited resources to satisfy as maximum as possible our dire needs of life. This chapter attempts to examine the impact of military expenditure (percentage of GDP) on health issues of five selected SAARC countries by employing the panel data model from the period 1995 to 2015. The authors have found that as military expenditure increased, total health expenditure (percentage of GDP), public health expenditure (percentage of GDP), and private health expenditure (percentage of GDP) decreased. The present study has also witnessed an inverse relation between population growth and health expenditure. Military expenditure adversely affected the two health indicators, namely life expectancy at birth and infant mortality rate.
Military Budget, War Against Boko Haram Insurgency, and Its Impact on Nigerian Politics and Economy
Authors: Duruji Moses Metumara , Idowu Sunday , Dibia Okachukwu , Duruji-Moses Favour U.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the relationship between the components of defense spending, the fight against insurgency in Nigeria, particularly Boko Haram in the Northeast, and its impact on the politics and economics of the country for the period 2009-2017. The long duration of military rule in Nigeria contributed significantly to under-developing the military, a strategy by the military men in power to secure their hold on power. Added to this was the general poor performance of the military administrations in Nigeria that suppressed civil society in the country. Consequently, the widening of political space when the country transited to democracy in 1999 opened up the space for bottled-up agitations that gave rise to ethnic and religious sect militias propagating diverse agendas. One of such is the Boko Haram which waged an insurgency against Nigeria in the northeast region of the country. To tackle the challenge, the budget for the military was increased. The chapter also discusses the military budget as a result of the counter insurgency, its management in the prosecution of the war against Boko Haram, and its impact on the Nigerian economy.
Trade-Off Between Defense and Development
Authors: Adhikary Maniklal , Bhattacharya Anindya
Published: May 2018

This chapter looks into the existence and the nature of relationship between defense expenditure and GDP and development expenditure for Indian economy for last 30 years (1987-2016). Using Spline function regression technique and single equation regression approach, it concludes that defense expenditure is not significantly contributing in explanation for changes in GDP growth and development expenditure and its components. Further, defense expenditure shows significant structural breaks in the year 2000, which might be attributed to exorbitant hike in the defense expenditure data during Kargil War in 1998. Considering all these rises in defense expenditure, it is to an extent convenient to find the result that this has neither affected economic growth nor development expenditures in a significant manner.
Women, Armed Conflicts, and Violence
Authors: Srinivasan Rajamanickam
Published: May 2018

Women, peace, and conflict have remained in focus ever since the end of the Holocaust days. UN Platform for Action 1995 recognized that women are specifically affected by armed conflict because of their unequal status in society and their sex. When the intent is to destroy a culture, women are selectively targeted to symbolize superiority, and induce humiliation in defeated men. Apart from the gender specific effects on women, armed conflicts impose severe strain on economy. It is evident that protecting women during conflict situations therefore makes sound economic sense, apart from the humanitarian obligation that it invites. In this backdrop, this chapter examines the provisions of international humanitarian law and India's domestic legal instruments from the point of view of their brief contents and intents. It sums up the examination of legal framework by advocating social awareness and societal subscription to practice what is preached.
A Survey on Grey Optimization
Authors: Negewo Adem Guluma
Published: May 2018

This chapter provides a literature review of optimization problems in the context of grey system theory, as proposed by various authors. The chapter explains the binary interactive algorithm approach as a problem-solving method for linear programming and quadratic programming problems with uncertainty and a genetic-algorithm-based approach as a second problem-solving scheme for linear programming, quadratic programming, and general nonlinear programming problems with uncertainty. In the chapter, details on the computation procedures involved for solving the aforementioned optimization problems with uncertainty are presented and results from these two approaches are compared and contrasted. Finally, possible future work area in the subject is suggested.
Grey Optimization Problems Using Prey-Predator Algorithm
Authors: Hamadneh Nawaf N.
Published: May 2018

The optimization problems are the problem of finding the best parameter values which optimize the objective functions. The optimization methods are divided into two types: deterministic and non-deterministic methods. Metaheuristic algorithms fall in the non-deterministic solution methods. Prey-predator algorithm is one of the well-known metaheuristic algorithms developed for optimization problems. It has gained popularity within a short time and is used in different applications, and it is an easy algorithm to understand and also to implement. The grey systems theory was initialized as uncertain systems. Each grey system is described with grey numbers, grey equations, and grey matrices. A grey number has uncertain value, but there is an interval or a general set of numbers, within that the value lies is known. In this chapter, the author will review and show that grey system modeling is very useful to use with prey-predator algorithm. The benchmark functions, grey linear programming, and grey model GM (1,1) are used as examples of grey system.
A Study of Fully Fuzzy Linear Fractional Programming Problems by Signed Distance Ranking Technique
Authors: Deb Moumita
Published: May 2018

The aim of this chapter is to study fully fuzzy linear fractional programming (FFLFP) problems where all coefficients of the decision variables and parameters are characterized by triangular fuzzy numbers. To deal with this, the authors have first to transform FFLFP problems to fuzzy linear programming (FLP) problems by using Charnes and Cooper method and then use signed distance ranking to convert fuzzy linear programming (FLP) problems to crisp linear programming (LP) problems. The proposed method is solved by using the simplex method to find the optimal solution of the problem. The authors have studied sensitivity analysis to determine changes in the optimal solution of the fully fuzzy linear fractional programming (FFLFP) problems resulting from changes in the parameters. To demonstrate the proposed method, one numerical example is solved.
A Fuzzy Measure of Vulnerability for the Optimization of Vehicle Routing Problems With Time Windows
Authors: Braekers Kris , Janssens Gerrit K.
Published: May 2018

In a vehicle routing problem (VRP) with time windows, the start of service needs to take place within the customer time window. Due to uncertainty on travel times, vehicles might arrive late at a customer's site. A VRP is mostly solved to minimize a total cost criterion (travel time, travel distance, fixed and variable vehicle costs). But the dispatcher might also take into consideration the risk of non-conformance with the service agreement to start service within the time window. Therefore, a measure of risk, called “vulnerability of a solution,” is developed to serve as a second criterion. This chapter develops such a measure based on a distance metric and investigates its strengths and weaknesses.
Experimental Investigation for Performance Optimization of Biodiesel-Fueled Diesel Engine Using Taguchi-Gray Relational Analysis
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Gakkhar R. P.
Published: May 2018

The objective of this analysis is to determine optimum parameters for maximum performance and minimum emission for biodiesel-fueled diesel engine. The experiments were designed using Taguchi L25 orthogonal array. Five parameters—fuel blend, load, speed, injection timing, and injection pressure—each with five levels were selected. Cylinder pressure, exhaust temperature, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, nitric oxide, and smoke were response parameters. Optimum combination of parameters was determined by grey relational analysis. The confirmatory test was performed at optimum combination. The grey relational grade and signal-to-noise ratio was determined. The contribution of individual parameter was determined by ANOVA analysis. Optimum performance was obtained at 80% load and 1900 rpm speed with B50 fuel at injection timing of 15.50 BTDC with 225 bar injection pressure. Finally, grey relational grade was improved by 3.7%.
Land Cover Classification Using the Proposed Texture Model and Fuzzy k-NN Classifier
Authors: Jenicka S.
Published: May 2018

Texture feature is a decisive factor in pattern classification problems because texture features are not deduced from the intensity of current pixel but from the grey level intensity variations of current pixel with its neighbors. In this chapter, a new texture model called multivariate binary threshold pattern (MBTP) has been proposed with five discrete levels such as -9, -1, 0, 1, and 9 characterizing the grey level intensity variations of the center pixel with its neighbors in the local neighborhood of each band in a multispectral image. Texture-based classification has been performed with the proposed model using fuzzy k-nearest neighbor (fuzzy k-NN) algorithm on IRS-P6, LISS-IV data, and the results have been evaluated based on confusion matrix, classification accuracy, and Kappa statistics. From the experiments, it is found that the proposed model outperforms other chosen existing texture models.
Strategies to Empower Women in Higher Education Positions
Authors: Sligh Conway Cassandra Louise , McCrary-Quarles Audrey , Sims Yvonne , Nicholson Cynthia Salley , Ethridge Glacia , Priester Michelle , Thompson Tammara
Published: May 2018

There seems to be a dearth of helpful resources outlining strategic ways that organizations can provide women with empowering and meaningful mentoring opportunities from a global perspective. This effort will include the following objectives: 1) provide a review of research on mentoring women in general; 2) provide a review of conceptual and empirical research available on the mentoring experiences of women in specific positions; 3) discuss the global implications of mentoring and empowering women; 4) provide suggestions and recommendations related to future opportunities that may assist women in obtaining more career and professional development opportunities globally. Several authors provide narratives on their experiences in higher education positions. Women's experiences are unique and specific. Therefore, these experiences need to be documented in the literature as a way for women to become empowered within the higher education arena. This book chapter seeks to provide meaningful experiences of women and their perceptions of being mentored in higher education.
What Women Entrepreneurs Need to Succeed in Emerging Economies?
Authors: Nandamuri Purna Prabhakar , Chakravarthi J. S. K. , Vijayudu Gnanamkonda
Published: May 2018

Many efforts have successfully been implemented by both public and private institutions to advance women entrepreneurship, recognized to be an indicator of overall social development. Despite several efforts, women still represent a minority share of entrepreneurship, specifically among the emerging economies. A study conducted to understand the status of entrepreneurial competencies among the male and female genders in India has proved that women were equally competent to men on the required entrepreneurial competencies. Among the 10 entrepreneurial competencies tested, women were found to be marginally inferior only on three competencies. The degree of difference is very marginal, and the effect size is quantified to be only up to 25% of the sample, which would easily be overcome with further efforts. In view of the observations, the chapter proposes to concentrate on the gender gap rather than skill gap to improve women entrepreneurship, specifically among the emerging economies.
Management Training Insights Emerging From Spiritual Concerns
Authors: Fairholm Matt
Published: May 2018

Traditional management training stresses what could be called the impersonal aspects of organizational life. Managers come to see people as one part of a greater overall organizational system that they can create, control, and change as needed. People become assets to allocate and control. The more personal aspects of peoples' lives are ignored at best and dismissed at worst. By reshaping or rethinking management training to include the more personal, even spiritual, side of workers, today's managers will see both productivity improvements as well as more engaged employees. Insights emerging from spiritual concerns can help organizations understand the content and intent of their current training programs in new ways. Such insights even suggest new categories of issues that can drive management training efforts. With this new understanding, managers can prepare themselves to help workers be productive and useful while also helping them find meaning and personal fulfillment in the work.
Marketing Micro-Credentials in Global Higher Education
Authors: Lemoine Pamela A. , Wilson Wendy M. , Richardson Michael D.
Published: May 2018

Now that society has assumed a global focus, supported by technology, higher education institutions are asked to offer the highest quality education, especially technology skills and competencies, to a widely diverse audience at a cost that can be supported by society. Credentialing is a new concept in higher education advocated for use in the acknowledgement of coursework typically completed online. Credentialing provides a method of accrediting content knowledge rather than course credit for specific knowledge. The award of a credential has been an accepted form of authenticating the official completion of a higher education course of study. Credentials are often used in other forms of education. Yet, credentials have not been widely accepted for use in higher education because they do not fit the traditional model of awarding degrees for program of study completion. However, credentialing is now being examined for wider applications in higher education.
Using Social Media to Facilitate Instruction and Increase Marketing in Global Higher Education
Authors: Richardson Michael D. , Brinson Sarah G. , Lemoine Pamela A.
Published: May 2018

The technological revolution of the past two decades has changed global higher education, particularly with the impact of social media. There are two primary functions of social media in higher education: instruction and marketing. Social media offers higher education students an array of options to socialize, network, stay informed, and connected, but technology proficiency may not be the same for instructors. As social media use by students becomes more established, educators in higher education pursue methods to parlay expertise in instruction into increased opportunities to advertise and market higher education institutions. Social media's impact of instruction in higher education is undeniable. The next major focus is on social media as a robust recruiting instrument to increase enrollment in global higher education.
An Educational Tool for Digital Electronic System Synthesis and Optimization
Authors: Koc Hakduran , Ozturk Seyit
Published: May 2018

Considering the complexity of today's digital electronic systems, it is crucial to have open-source electronic design automation (EDA) tools specifically developed for educational purposes. Such tools can easily be modified to meet the demands of the course being taught and they can be configured to expose the intermediate steps during the design process. This chapter presents an educational EDA tool to help students better understand and implement fundamental concepts in digital electronic design and synthesis courses. The tool receives an intermediate format that represents the target system behavior and a set of constraints as input, and generates the representation of the actual circuit using high-level electronic components such as functional units, memory, and steering logic components available in its technology library. It considers execution delay, area, memory space consumption, and reliability constraints. The user is able to interact with the tool during the design process and select the algorithms to perform various synthesis and optimization tasks.
The Impacts of Trait Emotional Intelligence and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy on Perceived Behavioral Control Among Undergraduate Students
Authors: Torres-Coronas Teresa , Vidal-Blasco María-Arántzazu
Published: May 2018

The economy needs entrepreneurs to identify market opportunities to offer solutions to social problems. Therefore, understanding the factors that affect entrepreneurial intention has become an important research topic. This article examines perceived behavioral control as a determinant of entrepreneurial intention. It also analyzes how trait emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial self-efficacy impact on perceived behavioral control. The resulting model shows that integrating these competences in entrepreneurship programs has a positive impact on perceived control behavior. Gender implications are discussed.