bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Galactosaemia in a Brazilian population: High incidence and cost–benefit analysis
Authors: Camelo J. S. , Fernandes M. I. Machado , Maciel L. M. Zanini , Scrideli C. A. , Santos J. L. Ferreira , Camargo A. S. , Passador C. Souza , Leite P. Carvalho , Resende D. Ruffato , de Souza L. Oliveira , Giugliani R. , Jorge S. Moysés
Published: May 2009

Objectives:

To study the incidence of galactosaemia in the state of São Paulo and the benefit/cost (B/C) ratio of the introduction of neonatal screening for galactosaemia, comparing it with a selective approach.

Methods:

An enzymatic‐colorimetric assay was used for the screening of total galactose (TG) in a sample of 10% of the births in São Paulo in one year and positive cases were confirmed by the activity of galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT). Detected and referred cases were genotyped using enzyme restriction studies for Q188R, N314D and S135L mutations of the GALT gene. The economic analysis was determined by calculating the B/C ratio and by analysis of sensitivity as a function of the incidence of the disease detected and the variation of the interest rate in the economy.

Results:

59 953 newborns were screened for TG, with 3 cases of galactosaemia being identified (0.26% false positives), corresponding to a frequency of 1:19 984 liveborns (95% confidence interval: 1:7494 to 1:59 953). One classical case and one Duarte 2 variant referred to as a selective approach were confirmed. With an incidence of 1:19 984, the B/C ratio was 1.04 for the 11.75% interest rate in effect in Brazil, with values already decapitalized. With a maximum possible incidence of 1:7494, the B/C ratio was 2.79.

Discussion:

There is an economic advantage in introducing neonatal screening for galactosaemia in the national neonatal screening programme. This advantage could increase with a reduction of the current interest rates in the economy.
High School Biology/Life Science Teachers’ Presentation of Genetic Counseling and Health Care Career Options in Their Classrooms
Authors: Owens Thea A. , Tabangin Meredith E. , Huether Carl A. , Bowling Bethany Vice , Warren Nancy Steinberg
Published: May 2009

Studies show teachers play an influential role in the career decision‐making process of students and early knowledge of genetic counseling (GC) increases the likelihood students will consider this career option. This quantitative study is the first to explore the presentation of GC and other health care career options by high school (HS) biology/life science (B/LS) teachers in their classrooms. Our findings indicate most B/LS teachers present GC as a career option to HS students, agree it complements classroom activities, and perceive students as interested in learning about the profession. However, teachers note many barriers to spending class time presenting GC careers. Consequently, a substantial number of teachers spent a minimal amount of time presenting health care careers in general. We discuss ways genetic counselors can enhance career resources, reduce barriers, and foster student interest in pursuing a career in GC by developing partnerships with HS B/LS teachers.
Heat Conduction of Air in Nano Spacing
Authors: Zhang Yao-Zhong , Zhao Bo , Huang Gai-Yan , Yang Zhi , Zhang Ya-Fei
Published: May 2009

The scale effect of heat conduction of air in nano spacing (NS) is very important for nanodevices to improve their life and efficiency. By constructing a special technique, the changes of heat conduction of air were studied by means of measuring the heat conduction with heat conduction instrument in NS between the hot plate and the cooling plate. Carbon nanotubes were used to produce the nano spacing. The results show that when the spacing is small down to nanometer scale, heat conduction plays a prominent role in NS. It was found that the thickness of air is a non-linear parameter for demarcating the heat conduction of air in NS and the rate of heat conduction in unit area could be regard as a typical parameter for the heat conduction characterization at nanometer scale.
Tuberous sclerosis complex: everything old is new again
Authors: Ess Kevin C.
Published: May 2009

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a multiorgan genetic disease caused by loss of function of either the TSC1 (encodes hamartin) or TSC2 (encodes tuberin) genes. Patients with TSC have benign tumors (hamartomas) in multiple organs though brain involvement is typically the most disabling aspect of the disease as very high rates of neurodevelopmental disorders are seen. While first described well over 120 years ago, recent advances have transformed TSC into a prototypical disorder that exemplifies the methods and potential of molecular medicine. This review will detail historical aspects of TSC and its strong associations with neurodevelopmental disorders focusing on epilepsy and autism. Finally, promising new approaches for the treatment of epilepsy and autism in patients with TSC as well as those in the general population will be discussed.
Study of Some Experimental Parameters in the Synthesis of Triacylglycerols with CLA Isomers and Structural Analysis
Authors: Blasi Francesca , Maurelli Silvia , Cossignani Lina , D’Arco Gilda , Simonetti Maria Stella , Damiani Pietro
Published: May 2009

The present research deals with the synthesis of structured triacylglycerols (TAG) by enzymatic treatment of sn‐1,3‐diacylglycerol (sn‐1,3‐DAG) with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers using the immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme® IM) under different experimental conditions. In particular, the influence of reaction parameters, such as temperature, enzymatic load, reaction time and DAG/CLA ratio has been evaluated using an experimental design software with a screening objective. Two responses have been selected, they are the percentage of CLA isomers in total TAG and in the sn‐2‐ position and a three‐level‐4‐factor fractional factorial experimental design was used to screen the variables. The results showed that the selected experimental variables have an influence on the enzymatic reaction, in particular, the DAG/CLA substrate ratio and the temperature, both of which inversely correlated with CLA incorporation, but also the enzymatic load and the reaction time, both directly correlated with CLA incorporation. The best results for CLA isomer % content both in total TAG (46.3%) and in the sn‐2‐ position (52.2%) were obtained at 40 °C for 96 h, with 20% enzymatic load and a 0.5 reactive ratio.
Leg muscle atrophy in idiopathic congenital clubfoot: Is it primitive or acquired?
Authors: Ippolito Ernesto , De Maio F. , Mancini F. , Bellini D. , Orefice A.
Published: May 2009

Purpose

To investigate whether atrophy of the leg muscles present in congenital clubfoot (CCF) is primitive or secondary to treatment of the deformity.

Methods

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of both legs was taken in three cohorts of patients with unilateral congenital clubfoot (UCCF): eight untreated newborns (age range 10 days to 2 weeks); eight children who had been treated with the Ponseti method (age range 2–4 years); eight adults whose deformity had been corrected by manipulation and casting according to Ponseti, followed by a limited posterior release performed at age 2–3 months (age range 19–23 years). All of the treated patients wore a brace until 3 years of age. Muscles were measured on transverse MRI scans of both legs taken midway between the articular surface of the knee and the articular surface of the ankle, using a computer program (AutoCAD 2002 LT). The same program was used to measure leg muscles in the histologic cross sections of the legs of two fetuses with UCCF, spontaneously aborted at 13 and 19 weeks of gestation, respectively. Measurements of the whole cross section of the leg (total leg volume: TLV), of the muscular tissue (muscular tissue volume: MTV), and of the adipose tissue (adipose tissue volume: ATV) of the tibia, fibula, and of the other soft tissues (tendons, nerves, and vessels) were taken by using an interactive image analyzer (IAS 2000, Delta System, Milan, Italy).

Results

Marked atrophy of the leg muscles on the clubfoot side was found in both fetuses and untreated newborns, with a percentage ratio of MTV between the normal and the affected leg of 1.3 and 1.5, respectively. Leg muscle atrophy increased with growth, and the percentage ratio of MTV between the normal and the affected leg was, respectively, 1.8 and 2 in treated children and adults. On the other hand, fatty tissue tended to increase relatively from birth to adulthood, but it could not compensate for the progressive muscular atrophy. As a result, the difference in TLV tended to increase from childhood to adulthood.

Conclusions

Our study shows that leg muscular atrophy is a primitive pathological component of CCF which is already present in the early stages of fetal CCF development and in newborns before starting treatment. Muscular atrophy increases with the patient's age, suggesting a mechanism of muscle growth impairment as a possible pathogenic factor of CCF.
Fem1a is a mitochondrial protein up‐regulated upon ischemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Cambier Linda , Lacampagne Alain , Auffray Charles , Pomiès Pascal
Published: May 2009

Various expression studies have shown a preferential muscle expression of the mouse Fem1a gene, but no data is available on the subcellular localization of the corresponding protein. Here, using a specific antibody, we show that Fem1a is expressed preferentially in cardiac muscle, brain and liver. Moreover, using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, as well as biochemical assays, we demonstrate that Fem1a is localized within mitochondria of C2C12 myoblasts and cardiac muscle cells. Finally, we show that the expression of Fem1a, which is a cellular partner of the EP4 receptor for prostaglandin E2, is increased in mouse hearts after myocardial infarction.
The role of N‐glycosylation in transport function and surface targeting of the human solute carrier PAT1
Authors: Dorn Madlen , Jaehme Michael , Weiwad Matthias , Markwardt Fritz , Rudolph Rainer , Brandsch Matthias , Bosse-Doenecke Eva
Published: May 2009

In the present study we show in the Xenopus laevis expression system that the proton‐coupled amino acid transporter 1 (PAT1, SLC36A1) is glycosylated at asparagine residues N174, N183 and N470. To determine the functional role of N‐glycosylation, glycosylation‐deficient mutants were analyzed by two‐electrode voltage‐clamp measurements after expression in X. laevis oocytes. Single replacements of asparagine residues had no effect on transport activity. However, multiple substitutions resulted in a decreased transport rate, leaving K
t unchanged. Immunofluorescence localisation revealed a diminished plasma membrane expression of glycosylation‐defective mutants. This indicates that N‐glycans are not required for transport function, but are important for membrane targeting.
Theoretical mimicry of biomembranes
Authors: Kar Parimal , Seel Max , Weidemann Thomas , Höfinger Siegfried
Published: May 2009

The study of membrane proteins requires a proper consideration of the specific environment provided by the biomembrane. The compositional complexity of this environment poses great challenges to all experimental and theoretical approaches. In this article a rather simple theoretical concept is discussed for its ability to mimic the biomembrane. The biomembrane is approximated by three mimicry solvents forming individual continuum layers of characteristic physical properties. Several specific structural problems are studied with a focus on the biological significance of such an approach. Our results support the general perception that the biomembrane is crucial for correct positioning and embedding of its constituents. The described model provides a semi‐quantitative tool of potential interest to many problems in structural membrane biology.
Activation of NFAT signal by p53‐K120R mutant
Authors: Shinmen Natsuko , Koshida Toshifumi , Kumazawa Takeshi , Sato Keizo , Shimada Hideaki , Matsutani Tomoo , Iwadate Yasuo , Takiguchi Masaki , Hiwasa Takaki
Published: May 2009

The tumor suppressor p53 is activated by phosphorylation and/or acetylation. We constructed 14 non‐phosphorylated, 11 phospho‐mimetic, and 1 non‐acetylated point p53 mutations and compared their transactivation ability in U‐87 human glioblastoma cells by the luciferase reporter assay. Despite mutations at the phosphorylation sites, only the p53‐K120R and p53‐S9E mutants had marginally reduced activities. On the other hand, the Nuclear factor of activated T‐cells (NFAT)‐luciferase reporter was more potently activated by p53‐K120R than by wild‐type p53 and other mutants in glioblastoma, hepatoma and esophageal carcinoma cells. This suggests that acetylation at Lys‐120 of p53 negatively regulates a signaling pathway leading to NFAT activation.
Expression of the homeobox genes PAX6, OTX2, and OTX1 in the early human fetal retina
Authors: Larsen Karen B. , Lutterodt Melissa , Rath Martin F. , Møller Morten
Published: May 2009

We studied the spatial and temporal expression of the homeobox genes PAX6, OTX2, and OTX1 using a developmental series of human fetal eyes aged from 6 to 10 weeks post‐conception. Previous animal studies have shown that PAX6 may regulate progenitor cell proliferation, timing of differentiation and neural retina cell fate determination. OTX2 may play a role in development of the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor differentiation, whereas OTX1 may be important in ciliary body development.

In this study, we demonstrate the presence of the mRNAs and proteins for these genes within human fetal retinas of different stages. By in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we show that PAX6 was primarily localized to nuclei of the neural retina, OTX2 was localized to the nuclei of retinal pigment epithelium and OTX1 expression was confined to anterior retina. Expression peaks for PAX6 occur at days 51–60 and for OTX2 occur around fetal days 48–54.

We conclude that the human expression patterns correspond spatially with the patterns observed in the rat retina. Further, the expressions occur during similar fetal stages as described in the developing rat retina.
The differential impact of product complexity, inventory level, and configuration capacity on unit and order fill rate performance
Authors: Closs David J. , Nyaga Gilbert N. , Voss M. Douglas
Published: May 2009

This paper examines the simultaneous impact of configuration capacity, inventory level, and complexity on service performance as measured by unit and order fill rates in a configure‐to‐order environment. Demand skew is treated as a control variable. A simulation model based on data from a leading electronics manufacturer is used to test the hypotheses and identify the impact. Results suggest that there are differential direct and interactive effects of examined variables on unit and order fill rates.
CONVOLUTIONS OF GENERIC ORBITAL MEASURES IN COMPACT SYMMETRIC SPACES
Authors: GUPTA SANJIV KUMAR , HARE KATHRYN E.
Published: May 2009

We prove that in any compact symmetric space, G/K, there is a dense set of a1,a2∈G such that if μj=mK*δaj*mk is the K-bi-invariant measure supported on KajK, then μ1*μ2 is absolutely continuous with respect to Haar measure on G. Moreover, the product of double cosets, Ka1Ka2K, has nonempty interior in G.
Parental crowding influences life-history traits inLocusta migratoriafemales
Authors: Chapuis M.-P. , Crespin L. , Estoup A. , Augé-Sabatier A. , Foucart A. , Lecoq M. , Michalakis Y.
Published: May 2009

Parental environments could play an important role in controlling insect outbreaks, provided they influence changes in physiological, developmental or behavioural life-history traits related to fluctuations in population density. However, the potential implication of parental influence in density-related changes in life-history traits remains unclear in many insects that exhibit fluctuating population dynamics, particularly locusts. In this study, we report a laboratory experiment, which enabled us to characterize the life-history trait modifications induced by parental crowding of female individuals from a frequently outbreaking population ofLocusta migratoria(Linnaeus) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). We found that a rearing history of crowding led to reduced female oviposition times and increased offspring size but did not affect the developmental time, survival, fecundity, and the sex-ratio and the number of offspring. Because all studied females were raised in a common environment (isolation conditions), these observed reproductive differences are due to trans-generational effects induced by density. We discuss the ecological and evolutionary implications of the observed density-dependent parental effects on the life-history ofL. migratoria.
Comparison of synthetic membranes in the development of anin vitrofeeding system forDermanyssus gallinae
Authors: Harrington D.W.J. , Guy J.H. , Robinson K. , Sparagano O.A.E.
Published: May 2009

Although artificial feeding models for the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) most frequently use biological membranes consisting of day-old chick skin, there are ethical considerations associated with the use of skin. The few studies reported in the literature that have investigated the use of synthetic membranes to feedD. gallinae in vitrohave reported limited success. The current study describes an investigation into the use of synthetic membranes made from either Nescofilm® or rayon and silicone, used either alone or in combination with different feather or skin extracts, as well as the use of capillary tubes. In all, 12 different treatments were used, and the feeding rate ofD. gallinaewas compared to that of day-old chick skin. Allowing mites to feed on a membrane consisting of Nescofilm with a skin extract resulted in the highest proportion of mites feeding (32.3%), which was not significantly different to the feeding rate of mites on day-old chick skin (38.8%). This study confirms that synthetic membranes can be used to feedD. gallinaeartificially. Further optimization of the membrane and mite storage conditions is still necessary, but the study demonstrates a proof of concept.
Distribution of mosquitoes in relation to urban landscape characteristics
Authors: Gleiser R.M. , Zalazar L.P.
Published: May 2009

The current global increase in prevalence of vector borne diseases, as well as an expansion of tropical infections to more temperate zones, justifies further studies on vector populations. Urban areas may favour viral transmission to humans through close contacts between the vectors and the vertebrate hosts, and also affecting mosquito populations by offering larval habitat, refuges and adequate microclimates to survive the winter. This work analyses the spatial distribution of potential vector mosquitoes in relation to landscape characteristics in an urban environment in a temperate climate region. Mosquitoes were trapped monthly from October 2005 to March 2006 in 25 sites within Córdoba city and suburbs with miniature light traps+CO2. Nine species were collected, and the most abundant were Culex quinquefasciatus (37.1%), C. apicinus (26.6%) and Aedes aegypti (13.9%). Species that may be involved in SLEv transmission were recorded throughout the sampling. C. quinquefasciatus was detected in 92% of the sites; however, only two sites showed consistently larger collections. The site of highest C. quinquefasciatus abundance was located within an area of high Saint Louis Encefalitis virus prevalence and risk of infection, further supporting this species involvement as a vector. Significant correlations were detected between land cover characteristics and abundance of C. apicinus, C. interfor and C. maxi that were consistent with previous knowledge about their larval habitat and domestic preferences, which may be useful for targeting vector control operations.
HOW CAN AGRICULTURE RESEARCH MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN COUNTRIES EMERGING FROM CONFLICT?
Authors: ERSKINE W. , NESBITT H.
Published: May 2009

Conflict is the most common cause of food insecurity. Foreign aid to countries emerging from conflict often allows a funded but brief window for the confirmation-testing and diffusion of agricultural innovation in affected areas. This paper asks the question: what lessons has agricultural research learned through its involvement in this process in countries emerging from conflict? Drawing on experience from Afghanistan and other countries, this paper documents some cases in which it has been possible to inject an element of simple hypothesis testing, often in farmer-managed trials, into post-conflict plans leading to useful lessons. Agricultural researchers need to be cognizant of this approach so that the practice becomes more widely used and lessons recorded for future use.
Does rational analysis stand up to rational analysis?
Authors: Evans Jonathan St. B. T.
Published: May 2009

I agree with Oaksford & Chater (O&C) that human beings resemble Bayesian reasoners much more closely than ones engaging standard logic. However, I have many problems with their “rational analysis” framework, which appears to be rooted in normative rather than ecological rationality. The authors also overstate everyday rationality and neglect to account for much relevant psychological work on reasoning.
Design, analysis, and stiffness optimization of a three degree of freedom parallel manipulator
Authors: Gao Zhen , Zhang Dan , Hu Xiaolin , Ge Yunjian
Published: May 2009

This paper proposed a novel three degree of freedom (DOF) parallel manipulator—two translations and one rotation. The mobility study and inverse kinematic analysis are conducted, and a CAD model is presented showing the design features. The optimization techniques based on artificial intelligence approaches are investigated to improve the system stiffness of the proposed 3-DOF parallel manipulator. Genetic algorithms and artificial neural networks are implemented as the intelligent optimization methods for the stiffness synthesis. The mean value and the standard deviation of the global stiffness distribution are proposed as the design indices. Both the single objective and multi-objective optimization issues are addressed. The effectiveness of this methodology is validated with Matlab.
Constructive Gelfand duality for C*-algebras
Authors: COQUAND THIERRY , SPITTERS BAS
Published: May 2009

We present a constructive proof of Gelfand duality for C*-algebras by reducing the problem to Gelfand duality for real C*-algebras.
Smooth structures and Einstein metrics on
Authors: RǍSDEACONU RAREŞ , ŞUVAINA IOANA
Published: May 2009

We show that each of the topological 4-manifolds $\bcp^2\# k\overline{\bcp^2}$, for k = 5, 6, 7, 8 admits a smooth structure which has an Einstein metric of scalar curvature s > 0, a smooth structure which carries an Einstein metric with s < 0 and infinitely many non-diffeomorphic smooth structures which do not admit Einstein metrics. We also exhibit new examples of higher dimensional manifolds carrying Einstein metrics of both positive and negative scalar curvature.
Motivic integration and projective bundle theorem in morphic cohomology
Authors: TEH JYH-HAUR
Published: May 2009

We reformulate the construction of Kontsevich's completion and use Lawson homology to define many new motivic invariants. We show that the dimensions of subspaces generated by algebraic cycles of the cohomology groups of two K-equivalent varieties are the same, which implies that several conjectures of algebraic cycles are K-statements. We define stringy functions which enable us to ask stringy Grothendieck standard conjecture and stringy Hodge conjecture. We prove a projective bundle theorem in morphic cohomology for trivial bundles over any normal quasi-projective varieties.
Note from the Editors
Authors: Ringen Catherine , Vikner Sten
Published: May 2009

This is the first issue of volume 32 of the Nordic Journal of Linguistics. The NJL is the journal of the Nordic Association of Linguists. Individuals may subscribe to the Nordic Journal of Linguistics by joining the Nordic Association of Linguists. The NAL membership form can be found on the Cambridge University Press website of the NJL, , as well as on the NAL website, .
Call for papers: NJL Special Issue on the Nordic Languages and Second Language Acquisition Theory
Authors: Bohnacker Ute , Westergaard Marit
Published: May 2009

The second issue of Volume 33 (2010) of the Nordic Journal of Linguistics will be a special issue devoted to the Nordic Languages and Second Language Acquisition Theory, edited by Ute Bohnacker and Marit Westergaard.
Peas and pancakes: On apparent disagreement and (null) light verbs in Swedish
Authors: Josefsson Gunlög
Published: May 2009

Two variants of what looks like disagreement between a subject and a predicative adjective are explored:

(i)

(ii)

Having shown how Construction NOM and Construction PROP differ, I demonstrate that the subject of Construction PROP is clausal. I argue that the topmost XP of the subject phrase of both constructions contains a null neuter element. This accounts for the neuter predicative agreement; hence the idea of default agreement or semantic agreement can be dismissed. I also argue that the subject in (ii) contains avP, the head of which is a null light verb. Other instances of null light verbs in Swedish are identified too. Finally, I propose an analysis that accounts for the close relation between Construction PROP and the corresponding construction with amed-phrase ‘with-phrase’.
A Linguistic Hermeneutic Approach to Paul Rohrbach'sKriegsbotschaften
Authors: Rash Felicity
Published: May 2009

This paper applies the methods of linguistic hermeneutics devised by Wengeler (2005) to the pre- and early First World War propaganda essays of Paul Rohrbach. The analysis illustrates the discourse strategies and rhetoric of this staunchly nationalist German writer who was also Settlement Commissioner to German South-West Africa between 1903 and 1906. The texts are good examples of German nationalist propaganda of the Second Empire and were widely read at the time of their publication and afterwards. Their influence is likely to have extended to the period after the First World War, when National Socialism was inchoate.
Post-Vernacular Language Use in a Low German Linguistic Community
Authors: Reershemius Gertrud
Published: May 2009

In a time of rapid shift and loss of smaller, regional and minority languages it becomes apparent that many of them continue to play a role as post-vernacular varieties. As Shandler (2006) points out for Yiddish in the United States, some languages serve the purpose of identity building within a community even after they have ceased to be used as a vernacular for daily communication. This occurs according to Shandler through a number of cultural practices, such as amateur theatre, music and folklore, translation, attempts to learn the language in evening classes, etc. This paper demonstrates that the paradigm developed by Shandler for Yiddish can be applied to other linguistic communities, by comparing the post-vernacular use of Yiddish with Low German in Northern Germany. It focused on the linguistic strategies that individuals or groups of speakers apply in order to participate in a post-vernacular language community.
Wie wär's mit einem richtigen Mädelsabend?Plural -swithin Compounds in Colloquial Northern German
Authors: Fehringer Carol
Published: May 2009

In standard German, the non-occurrence of -splurals as the first element of a lexical compound (e.g., *Auto-s-berg‘heap of cars') vs. the regular occurrence of the other plural suffixes (e.g.,Kind-er-club‘children's club',Frau-en-fete'women's party') has often been quoted as evidence for a dual mechanism model of morphology, which sees irregular forms as stored in the mental lexicon while regular forms are generated by rule (see Marcus et al. 1995). However, in colloquial northern German, where thes-plural is more widely used than in the standard language, it is possible to form productive compounds containing this suffix (e.g.,Mädel-s-treff‘girls’ meeting'). This paper investigates to what extent -splurals are acceptable within compounds in colloquial northern German, whether they are subject to any linguistic constraints (for example, morphological or phonological), and what implications they might have for current morphological theory.*
Coding and Word Order of Sentences with Dummy-esin a Valency Dictionary for English-Speaking Learners of German
Authors: Roe Ian F.
Published: May 2009

A problem in the formatting and coding of entries in a valency dictionary for learners of German is the need to reflect the flexibility of German word order without having recourse to a multiplicity of potentially confusing symbols. In sentences with dummy-esand postponed nominative subject or subject clause, failure to code and indicate the position of the subject may be vital (even if the subject might otherwise be omitted in coding), as errors of the type *Jetzt bestehteskeinenGrund, daran zu zweifelnfrequently occur. This paper summarises the way the problem has been addressed in earlier valency dictionaries and in a number of standard grammars of German before suggesting strategies for coding and layout with the aim of compiling entries that are easy to understand but which help learners to avoid these and related errors.
Cleft Sentences: Form, Function, and Translation
Authors: Fischer Klaus
Published: May 2009

Although cleft sentences are possible constructions in both English and German, they are far more frequent in English texts. Durrell (2002: 479) observes in his Hammer's German Grammar and Usage that “with the exception of the type Er war es, der mich davon abhielt […], cleft sentence constructions sound unnatural in German and should be avoided.” The article discusses the form and function of cleft sentences in the context of other focusing devices. It shows that, although German and English cleft sentences have the same information structure, their stylistic value is very different. Using a short translation, Durrell's observation is confirmed: in translating cleft sentences into German, semantic equivalence is often sacrificed for stylistic appropriateness. Although structural features of both languages are the ultimate cause of the contrast, they cannot explain choices in each individual case. The article argues that structural typology should be complemented with a typology of parole: the respective frequencies of cleft sentences in both languages reflect neatly into the more verbal style, more hierarchical sentence construction and, in certain respects, greater semantic transparency of English texts (by comparison with their German counterparts).*
Conditional Constructions: The Special Case of Modern Dutch mits
Authors: Daalder Saskia
Published: May 2009

As a contribution to research into conditional constructions, this article presents a novel analysis of the Modern Dutch construction defined by the conditional conjunction mits ‘provided that', a less frequent subordinating conjunction that differs in meaning from the main conditional conjunctions als and indien (both ‘if'). Using examples from a corpus of 300 text passages containing the construction, we discuss its syntactic and semantic characteristics. It is found that clauses introduced by mits are only appended as a condition to matrix expressions that imply the existence of some specific desirability. We discuss the general viability of the notion of desirability for grammatical analysis. In the interpretation of each instance of a mits-construction, the precise identity of the desirability concerned has to be determined, as well as its locus. This process makes knowledge available about a specific balance of interests of the communicators and other concerned parties. The Dutch mits-construction is thus found to lead the interpreter to understand details of configurations of diverging interests.*
Building a Swiss Chalet in an Irish Legal Landscape? Referendums on European Union Treaties in Ireland & the Impact of Supreme Court Jurisprudence
Authors: Barrett Gavin
Published: May 2009

Irish legal framework on European referendums – Case-law – Judicial activism – No appropriate legislative reaction – Essential scope or objectives test – Constitutional amendment necessary if test not met – Single Act – Pressure for referendum at each new treaty – Political implications – Positive and negative sides of referendums – Referendum-elites – Government sidelined – Equal access to broadcasting – Issues of equality – Diminished role of political parties
Schengen, the European Court of Justice and Flexibility under the Lisbon Treaty: Balancing the United Kingdom's ‘Ins’ and ‘Outs’
Authors: Fletcher Maria
Published: May 2009

Types of flexibility – Tension: demands for diversity v. logic of uniformity – United Kingdom and differentiation under Maastricht and Amsterdam – Court of Justice (77/05 and 137/05) on Articles 4 and 5 Schengen Protocol: a clear signal disapproving UK's ‘pick and choose’ approach – Lisbon Protocols: unparalleled possibilities for differentiation coupled with coercive procedural constraints and threats of ‘expulsion’.
The Lisbon Treaty Versus Standing Still: A View from the Third Pillar
Authors: Hinarejos Alicia
Published: May 2009

Third pillar – European Arrest Warrant – Nature of third
pillar – Litigation before national constitutional courts –
Primacy of EU law over national law – Differing national attitudes
with regard to the status of third pillar law – Process of
approximation: first pillar and third pillar – Achieving consistency
through primacy of third pillar – Judicial protection of position of
individual – Lisbon Treaty and the unification of EU law
Noninvasive Psychophysiological Ambulatory Recordings
Authors: Houtveen Jan H. , de Geus Eco J.C.
Published: May 2009

Rapid technical developments have greatly facilitated noninvasive 24-hour recording of physiological signals at relatively low costs, including blood pressure, activity of the autonomic nervous system, respiratory behavior, and activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Ambulatory noninvasive recordings can be used to study the baseline levels of these physiological variables as well as their reactivity to naturalistic stressors. Levels and reactivity can be compared across groups differing in exposure to risk factors (e.g., stress, genotypes) or used to sharpen the clinical profile of individual subjects (e.g., in panic or somatoform disorders). The focus of the current paper is on the importance of a priori choices in study design and data analysis strategies when ambulatory recording specifically targets the reciprocal relationship between physiological and psychological events. These choices are illustrated with ambulatory-assessed indices of the cardiac autonomic nervous system, blood pressure, respiration, and cortisol secretion.
Ambulatory Activity Monitoring
Authors: Bussmann Johannes B.J. , Ebner-Priemer Ulrich W. , Fahrenberg Jochen
Published: May 2009

Behavior is central to psychology in almost any definition. Although observable activity is a core aspect of behavior, assessment strategies have tended to focus on emotional, cognitive, or physiological responses. When physical activity is assessed, it is done so mostly with questionnaires. Converging evidence of only a moderate association between self-reports of physical activity and objectively measured physical activity does raise questions about the validity of these self-reports. Ambulatory activity monitoring, defined as the measurement strategy to assess physical activity, posture, and movement patterns continuously in everyday life, has made major advances over the last decade and has considerable potential for further application in the assessment of observable activity, a core aspect of behavior. With new piezoresistive sensors and advanced computer algorithms, the objective measurement of physical activity, posture, and movement is much more easily achieved and measurement precision has improved tremendously. With this overview, we introduce to the reader some recent developments in ambulatory activity monitoring. We will elucidate the discrepancies between objective and subjective reports of activity, outline recent methodological developments, and offer the reader a framework for developing insight into the state of the art in ambulatory activity-monitoring technology, discuss methodological aspects of time-based design and psychometric properties, and demonstrate recent applications. Although not yet main stream, ambulatory activity monitoring – especially in combination with the simultaneous assessment of emotions, mood, or physiological variables – provides a comprehensive methodology for psychology because of its suitability for explaining behavior in context.
Personal Goals of Older Female Twins
Authors: Salmela-Aro Katariina , Read Sanna , Nurmi Jari-Erik , Koskenvuo Markku , Kaprio Jaakko , Rantanen Taina
Published: May 2009

This study examined genetic and environmental influences on older women’s personal goals by using data from the Finnish Twin Study on Aging. The interview for the personal goals was completed by 67 monozygotic (MZ) pairs and 75 dizygotic (DZ) pairs. The tetrachoric correlations for personal goals related to health and functioning, close relationships, and independent living were higher in MZ than DZ twins, indicating possible genetic influence. The pattern of tetrachoric correlations for personal goals related to cultural activities, care of others, and physical exercise indicated environmental influence. For goals concerning health and functioning, independent living, and close relationships, additive genetic effect accounted for about half of the individual variation. The rest was the result of a unique environmental effect. Goals concerning physical exercise and care of others showed moderate common environmental effect, while the rest of the variance was the result of a unique environmental effect. Personal goals concerning cultural activities showed unique environmental effects only.
Anxiety, Processing Efficiency, and Cognitive Performance
Authors: Derakshan Nazanin , Eysenck Michael W.
Published: May 2009

There have been many attempts to account theoretically for the effects of anxiety on cognitive performance. This article focuses on two theories based on insights from cognitive psychology. The more recent is the attentional control theory ( Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, 2007 ), which developed from the earlier processing efficiency theory ( Eysenck & Calvo, 1992 ). Both theories assume there is a fundamental distinction between performance effectiveness (quality of performance) and processing efficiency (the relationship between performance effectiveness and use of processing resources), and that anxiety impairs processing efficiency more than performance effectiveness. Both theories also assume that anxiety impairs the efficiency of the central executive component of the working memory system. In addition, attentional control theory assumes that anxiety impairs the efficiency of two types of attentional control: (1) negative attentional control (involved in inhibiting attention to task-irrelevant stimuli); and (2) positive attentional control (involved in flexibly switching attention between and within tasks to maximize performance). Recent (including unpublished) research relevant to theoretical predictions from attentional control theory is discussed. In addition, future directions for theory and research in the area of anxiety and performance are presented.
The Rorschach and the Body
Authors: Lottenberg Semer Norma , Yazigi Latife
Published: May 2009

Introduction: The Rorschach has proved to be of value in studies addressing the mind-body relationship since it enhances the understanding of this complex relation and its repercussions. Objective: To use some aspects of the Rorschach to explore the mental representation of the body through the study of self-esteem in children with enuresis. Method: The Rorschach Comprehensive System was administrated to 26 children with enuresis and 26 children without enuresis (children of the same age and social class) and 10 selected variables were tested; the Concept of the Object Scale for assessing object representations (ORS) was also used. Results: There is a significant difference in the X+% and EGO, so the children with enuresis show low self-esteem and difficulties perceiving reality. As for ORS, the children without enuresis showed greater freedom to fantasize, to use their imagination, and to identify their emotions and anxieties. The children with enuresis exhibited a greater tendency toward fragmentation in the perception of the self and of others, thus, a partial object relation. Conclusions: The Concept of the Object Scale for assessing object representations proved to be a useful instrument to grasp the level of the child’s psychological development. The study of the psychosomatic aspects permits an identification of relations between the body and self-esteem.
The Logical Axis in the Rorschach
Authors: Schvartzapel de Kacero Etel
Published: May 2009

The paradigm of complexity that rules the current conception of knowledge proposes to observe and understand reality through multiple perspectives. This paradigm emphasizes relations and interactions, leading us to pay special attention to transformations that take place over time. These concepts are particularly valid when reading a subject’s Rorschach productions, inasmuch as the goal is to make visible psychic motions, modalities thereof, as well as the subject’s defense strategies and effectiveness. After having analyzed the spatial, temporal, and bonding perspectives elsewhere, as well as the linguistic resources used in responses, the author focuses in this paper on the logical axis, trying to show subjects’ prevailing codes for attributing meaning and significance to the realities they are seeing. An attempt is made to find out the rules constraining subjects to see and think in a certain way, thus, determining their behavior. From this angle, the goal lies in making plain the problems that subjects have regarding each plate-specific configuration, the way and words they resort to when rationalizing their responses, and the kind of solutions they reach.
The Use of the Defense Mechanism Test to Aid in Understanding the Personality of Senior Executives and the Implications for Their Careers
Authors: Khaleelee Olya
Published: May 2009

This paper describes the use of the Defense Mechanism Test as an aid in helping to assess senior executives in four areas: for selection, development, career strategy, and crisis intervention. The origins of this test, developed to measure the defense mechanisms used to protect the individual from stress, are described. The paper shows how it was used to predict the capacity of trainee fighter pilots to withstand stress and its later application to other stressful occupations. Finally, some ideal types of the test are shown followed by four real test profiles, two of them with their associated histories.
Two‐scale analytical homogenization of Richards' equation for flows through block inclusions
Authors: Sviercoski R. F. , Warrick A. W. , Winter C. L.
Published: May 2009

In this paper we propose an analytical form for the upscaled coefficient applicable to the nonlinear Richards' equation. Block inclusions are symmetrically centered in a grid cell, and flow is dominated by capillary forces on the small scale. The nonlinear boundary value problems can be defined in a three‐dimensional bounded domain, with a periodic and rapidly oscillating saturated hydraulic conductivity coefficient. The new result is derived by applying a corrector to an analytical approximation of the well‐known cell problem obtained by the two‐scale asymptotic expansion to the original heterogeneous nonlinear problem. The previously known analytical results for the upscaled coefficient, including the geometric average for the checkerboard geometry, can be regarded as particular cases of this new form. We perform numerical simulations to obtain the error between the fine‐scale solution and the upscaled solution, respectively, as well as convergence properties of the approximation, corroborating results in the literature. There is no limitation regarding either the ratio of permeability between the matrix and inclusion or its shape for both computing the upscaled coefficient and obtaining the upscaled equation. This is illustrated by the comparison with known results and by numerically demonstrating convergence properties with a medium having square and circular inclusions in a main matrix with heterogeneity ratio of 1:100 and 1:10. Even though the derivation and applications are presented for single phase and steady state, the results are valid for multiphase and transient flow conditions. We also show that the approximation is independent of the relative saturated hydraulic relationship.
Seismic observations of sea swell on the floating Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Cathles L. M. , Okal Emile A. , MacAyeal Douglas R.
Published: May 2009

A seismometer operating on the floating Ross Ice Shelf near its seaward ice front (Nascent Iceberg) for 340 days (out of 730 days) during the 2004, 2005, and 2006 Antarctic field seasons recorded the arrival of 93 distantly sourced ocean swell events displaying frequency dispersion characteristic of surface gravity waves propagating on deep water. Comparison of swell event dispersion with the NOAA Wave Watch III (NWW3) ocean wave model analysis reveals that 83 of these events were linked to specific storms located in the Pacific, Southern, and Indian oceans. Nearly all major storms in the NWW3 analysis of the Pacific Ocean were linked to signals observed at the Nascent site during the period of seismometer operation. Swell‐induced motion of the Ross Ice Shelf is found to increase by several orders of magnitude over the time period that sea ice surrounding Antarctica decreases from its maximum extent (October) to its minimum extent (February). The amplitude of vertical vibration of the ice shelf in the frequency band between 0.025 and 0.14 Hz varies between tens of micrometers to millimeters as sea ice decays to its minimum seasonal extent. This suggests that climate influence on sea ice extent may indirectly modulate swell energy incident on the calving margins of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. The largest swell signals observed on the Ross Ice Shelf come from storms in the tropical Pacific and Gulf of Alaska. These remote events emphasize how the iceberg calving margin of Antarctica is connected to environmental conditions well beyond Antarctica.
Upwelling flow dynamics in long canyons at low Rossby number
Authors: Waterhouse Amy F. , Allen Susan E. , Bowie Alexander W.
Published: May 2009

Submarine canyons, topographic features incising the continental slope, vary in both shape and size. The dynamics of short canyons have been observed and described in the field, in the laboratory, and with numerical simulations. Flow within long canyons, such as Juan de Fuca canyon, located between Vancouver Island and Washington State in the Pacific Northwest, is less well understood. Physical models of both long and short canyons have been constructed to understand the upwelling dynamics in long canyons and how upwelling changes, as compared with the dynamics of short canyons, at low Rossby number. Stratification and rotation, both important parameters in determining the dynamics in canyons, can be controlled and scaled accordingly for replication of oceanic conditions. The physical model is spun up to an initial rotation rate, and the flow is forced by increasing the rotation rate over the equivalent of several days. Flow visualization is used to determine the strength and location of upwelling, the strength and mechanisms generating vorticity, as well as the differences between the flow within the long and short canyons. The pattern of upwelling between the two canyons is significantly different in the horizontal with upwelling occurring through the canyon head in the short canyon and upwelling occurring close to the mouth along the downstream rim in the long canyon. At high Rossby number, upwelling is similar in both the long and short canyon and is driven by advection. However, as Rossby number decreases, the flow in the long canyon is more strongly affected by the strong convergence of the isobaths near the canyon than by advection alone.