bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bemerkungen zu Jacques Cujas’ (1522–1590) Vorlesungen zu Papinians Quaestiones
Authors:   Nanzan University, Tanaka Minoru
Published: January 2025

Jacques Cujas (1522–1590) was undoubtedly the most eminent French legal humanist of the sixteenth century. With the principle or motto: doctis scribo, indoctis lego, he seems to have distinguished so clearly the two academic activities as a scholar and as a teacher. Papinian’s Quaestiones, written probably between 193 Common Era – 198 Common Era, was, and is, reputed to be one of the most complicated, sophisticated, even obscure (dunkel), and laconic casuistic legal works during the classical period of Roman jurisprudence. It would therefore be suitable material for doctis scriborather than indoctis lego. But Cujas tried to hold lectures on Papinian’s Quaestionesaccording to his own Palingenesia. The lectures were first published as commentaries (commentaria accuratissima in liberos quaestionum Æmilii Papiniani) after his death, i.e., in his Opera postuma. This article will show how Cujas admirably suceeded in teaching so difficult materials, fragments of Papinian by examining his commentaries on some texts carefully. Cujas made a reconstruction (Palingenesia) of all the fragments from the Quaestiones according to the original order of 37 books (libri) but put them within each book (liber) in the order of Justinian’s Digest. Before interpreting each text, he offered a convincing explanation of the excellence of Papinian compared with other Roman jurists in the classical period.
Rodzaje kar stosowanych w armii szwedzkiej na podstawie artykułów wojskowych Karola XI z 1683 roku
Authors:   Uniwersytet Opolski, Wołoszyn Adam
Published: January 2025

The article presents the types of punishment used in the Swedish army at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries on the basis of the Military Articles of Charles XI Wittelsbach (1660–1697) established on 2 March 1683 in Stockholm, which consisted of 145 rules divided into 25 chapters as well as: five instructions and as many royal edicts and six prayers. It outlines the reasons for the new military codification, which stemmed from the crisis in the Swedish military after the end of the Second Northern War (1655–1660), then characterises its constituent parts and notes its strong connection to the religious sphere (Protestantism). The punishments mentioned in the analysed source were described. These were punishments on the body: capital punishment (hanging, decimation, beheading with a sword, execution, burning at the stake), flogging (including running through the rods), arrest, imprisonment, shackles, starvation, mutilation, carrying a burden; punishments on honour: loss of the public rights of honour, public penance, apology, exile outside the camp, suspension, demotion, expulsion from service; or financial penalties: fine, loss of pay or confiscation of property. For each, it is indicated for which offences it was applied, with an explanation of why different punishments were awarded for the same offence. In contrast, the conclusion notes that Charles XI’s Military Articles were very strict, which translated into high discipline of Swedish troops during the fighting of the Great Northern War (1700–1721). They also provided inspiration for other military codifications, including the Russian Military Code of Peter the Great in 1716.
Marriage and Divorce in Jewish Society in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Istanbul
Authors:   Ariel University (Israel), Bornstein‑Makovetsky Leah
Published: January 2025

The article discusses different aspects of the marriage institution as practiced in the eighteenth and nineteenth century Istanbul by the Jewish community, which first and foremost adhered to the Jewish law but at the same time also followed the Romaniote customs embraced by the local Sephardic community from the sixteenth century and on. The article devotes extensive attention to the old Romaniote custom of betrothal gifts (sivlonot) and deals with the monogamy condition, the age of marriage of men and women, which had social and economic meaning. The article discusses the patterns of divorce among the city’s Jewish society and deals with some patterns of the family life of Istanbul’s Jews. It also includes information on women’s status in the Jewish community. The article will mainly deal with the following topics: Betrothal and marriage; Conditional kiddushin and kiddushin by proxy; Divorce methods and prominent grounds for divorce; Remarriage; Levirate marriage, halitzah, and Agunah status. Throughout the article, the model of the patriarchal family in Istanbul is emphasized. We also learn that the familyused to arrange the marriage, and it was rare to marry for love, and choices based on romantic love were usually not considered legitimate. The article also discusses the application of Jewish women to the Muslim courts for divorce. The information for the article was gleaned mainly from the Responsa literature written in the community, ketubot (marriage contracts) and Jewish court records.
Ewolucja instytucji prawnej więzi członkowskiej w spółdzielczej kasie oszczędnościowo‑kredytowej (unii kredytowej)
Authors:   Uniwersytet Pomorski w Słupsku, Bierecki Dominik , Bierecka Natalia ,   Spółdzielczy Instytut Naukowy w Sopocie
Published: January 2025

The aim of the article is to examine the evolution of the legal institution of the membership bond in credit unions in the Polish law. The research thesis of the article states that the requirement to connect members with a social (membership) bond existed in historical credit unions. The research thesis also states that in the evolution of the membership bond there was a territorial bond based on the place of residence of the credit union members. The article was prepared using the historical-legal, dogmatic-legal and comparative legal methods. The article presents the origins of credit unions in Poland.As part of the genesis of this type of cooperative, the requirement for the existence of a social bond between its members was identified, defining it as the conditions for membership and for receiving financial services from the credit union. For this purpose, the article presents the model of a savings and loan cooperative by Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, the situation of savings and credit cooperatives in Poland after the entry into force of the decree of October 25, 1948 on the banking reform, the regulation of membership bond in a credit union under the Act on December 14, 1995 on credit unions and in the current legal status, in the light of the Act of November 5, 2009 on credit unions.The historical-legal and dogmatic-legal analysis is complemented by conclusions resulting from the use of the comparative legal method, which refers to the legislation of the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Lithuania. The conclusions indicate that the territorial bond existed in various forms before the introduction of cooperative legislation and under historical cooperative law, and currently the requirement for this bond applies to membership of housing communities and organizational units of churches and religious associations of a territorial nature in a credit union.
Leninism – The Substance of Communist Totalitarianism
Authors:   Akademia Humanitas w Sosnowcu, Lityński Adam
Published: January 2025

The author of the article analyzed totalitarianism in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. There is an extensive scientific literature on the research of totalitarianism. Outstanding works on this matter include, in particular: Hannah Arendt’s Korzenie totalitaryzmu [The Roots of Totalitarianism] which had several revised editions, Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzeziński’s Dyktatura totalitarna i autokracja [Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy] also in two editions, Leszek Kołakowski’s Główne nurty marksizmu. Powstanie, rozwój, rozkład [The Main Currents of Marxism. Rise, Development, and Decay], Franciszek Ryszka’s Państwo stanu wyjątkowego. Rzecz o systemie państwa i prawa III Rzeszy [Emergency State. On the System of State and Law of the Third Reich], as well as works by other scholars from many countries.Totalitarianism in the 21st century continues to be a subject of scientific research conducted by historians, political scientists, sociologists, and philosophers. This topic continues to be of interest to the public opinion. The author expresses his belief that Poles are most interested in the features of the Soviet version of totalitarian communism. This is due to the history of Russian-Polish relations:the partitions of Poland, the 1920 Bolshevik-Polish war, the 45 years of Soviet control of the Polish People’s Republic (1944/1945–1989), and today’s threat from Putin’s Russia. With all the wealth of scientific literature by prominent researchers around the world, the author would like to add his comments on the findings on totalitarianism in the Soviet version. These comments come from a person who has already written many scholarly works on the history of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in particular. These are comments from a man who lived for 5 years under Nazis occupation and 45 years under the rule of communists in the Polish People’s Republic.
Prawnoustrojowe uwarunkowania funkcjonowania policji polskiej w systemie okupacyjnym Generalnego Gubernatorstwa. Wokół dokumentu Hansa Franka z 17 grudnia 1939 roku
Authors:   Instytut Pileckiego w Warszawie, Chinciński Tomasz
Published: January 2025

The publication deals with the legal status of the Polish police in the General Government. This Polish police was established as a result of the transformation of the pre-war State Police by the German authorities, similarly to other institutions of the Second Republic of Poland, such as courts and prosecutor’s offices, incorporated into the occupation system. The legal situation of the Polish police has been presented both in the light of the formally binding occupation law and in the perspective of international law, as well as of the position of the Polish authorities.The basic research problem defining the goal of the topic is the question about the nature of changes caused by the law-making activities of the invader in relation to the existing legal system and international conventions in the field of restoring the domestic police. The theses presented in this publication are the result of the analysis of: (1) the document of Hans Frank of December 17, 1939 on the organization of the Polish police, (2) the regulation of the Council of Ministers at Home on the dissolution of the State Police corps and the duties of its officers of August 1, 1944, (3) the decree of the Polish Committee of National Liberation on the dissolution of State Police (the so-called navy blue police) of August 15, 1944, (4) the Hague Convention IV (1907) concerning the laws and customs of war on land and (5) subject literature. The following research methods were used in this work: institutional and legal analysis, comparative method, lexical method and the method of direct and indirect facts establishing.
Germanizacja publicznych instytucji gospodarczych w rejencji katowickiej – przykład przemian organizacyjnych aparatu państwowego III Rzeszy w czasie II wojny światowej
Authors:   Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie, Dąbrowski Karol
Published: January 2025

The economic base was an important element, that ensured the Nazis’ the opportunity for genocidal policies and military expansion. The Germans developed a network of public economic institutions that allowed them to intensify the economic exploitation of the conquered territories. The purpose of this article is the presentation of the research results on the expansion and transformation of public economic institutions on the example of the Regierungsbezirk Kattowitz. It was used as an analysis of primary and secondary sources. The text is largely based on archival sources from the State Archives in Katowice, branches in Bielsko-Biała, Cieszyn and Pszczyna. It also complements the previous achievement in the scientific historical literature.Silesia was chosen because it was a multinational area, inhabited by Czechs, Germans, Poles, Jews, economically important for the German war industry and militarily strategy. The directions of Germanization were multiple. They included the displacement of Poles, the removal of Poles and Jews from professional, economic and public life, the introduction of the Deutsche Volksliste, Holocaust, aryanization of property through trust agencies, strengthening the position of the gauleiter in the structure of another Nazi’s authorities, expansion of NSDAP entities, activity of the Gestapo, the involvement of local German elites, the influx of Germans from the Reich, expansion of the apparatus at the administrative, party, economic, defence and military levels. The Germans changed the territorial division in this region and created the Province of Upper Silesia. It is important to note the role of German industrialists, the German aristocracy, managers and economic experts. Without their involvement, the war machine of national socialism would not have functioned so efficiently.
Normalizacja obowiązku szczepień w ujęciu historycznym, filozoficznym i socjologii medycyny Georgesa Canguilhema i Michela Foucaulta
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Kowalik Katarzyna
Published: January 2025

Based on historical and philosophical perspectives, as well as on the sociology of medicine, the article examines the relationships between the social and legal norms of vaccination and demonstrates how these norms were shaped. Employing the methodology of axiological legal research, the analysis focuses on social processes described, in particular, by Georges Canguilhem and Michel Foucault. The selected works of these philosophers were chosen for discussion due to their contributions to the development of ideas about normalization, health, and disease. Both G. Canguilhem and M. Foucault are the authors of comprehensive studies concerning the gradual and increasing incorporation of medical concepts into individual consciousness and social life, and their works form a semantic whole. The synergy between the social and medical worlds, as described by these philosophers, led to the normalization of sanitary and medical requirements established by the authority. Over time, the number of requirements related to an individual’s biological life increased, and the ubiquitous concern for public health contributed to compliance with these mandates. The article demonstrates how, against the backdrop of history and social processes related to normalization, the social norm of vaccination was shaped. Important concepts for the emerging social norm of vaccination duty, such as “normal”, “pathological” “disciplinary power”, “normalizing power” and “biopower” were analyzed. This allowed the presentation of social trends that led to the emergence of the social norm of vaccinations and, as a result, the legal norm of vaccination was strengthened.
Wartościowanie zabytków na przykładzie środków transportu. Z badań nad problematyką włączania pojazdówdo wojewódzkiej ewidencji zabytków
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Łopatecki Karol
Published: January 2025

The article presents the legal norms and principles regarding the activities of conservation offices in the context of the recognition of a means of transport as a monument. In particular, it concerns the criteria which cars and motorbikes should meet in order to be included in the regional register of historic monuments or entered in the register of historic monuments. Vehicles with historic features may fall into as many as eight different categories. The factor of antiquity plays an important role in them. However, within registered, registered and inscribed on the Heritage Treasures List, three prerequisites are crucial.Firstly, the object should bear witness to a bygone era. In the light of the analysis, this means that the vehicle must have been manufactured before (in) 1989 (it is at least 35 years old in 2024). Junior objects may only be entered if they bear witness to a specific and socially significant event. A proposal for such a catalogue of cases is set out in the rules on collector’s items, where reference is made to vehicles which took part in a historical or sporting event. I would add an element related to scientific issues in the context of mass production to this category. Secondly, the preservation of the object from a public interest perspective must be justified on the grounds of historical, artistic or scientific value. Thirdly, the vehicles should be original, with no significant changes to the chassis, steering or braking system and engine. There is a consensus among conservation services on this aspect, which sometimes translates into 75% original parts.
O prawodawstwie w dawnej Rzeczpospolitej jako przedmiocie badań. W związku z książką Anny Karabowicz Prawodawstwo sejmowe i królewskie za panowania Stefana Batorego (1576–1586), Warszawa 2022
Authors:   Akademia Ekonomiczno-Humanistyczna w Warszawie, Makiłła Dariusz
Published: January 2025

The article discusses a work devoted to parliamentary and royal legislation during the reign of King Stefan Batory (1576–1586). The main purpose of the discussion was to examine the author’s approach to the problem of creating law during the reign of King Stefan Batory, whose rule fell on a special period in the history of the Republic of Poland. On the one hand, King Stefan’s reign coincided with the recent establishment of formal political norms, which created specific constitutional foundations for the highest authorities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the king and the Sejm, whose powers were to some extent intertwined. On the other hand, systemic norms determined the limits and scope of competences of both bodies, which was of particular importance in the process of creating law. The subject of the book was therefore the legislative activity carried out in the political conditions of the constitutional state, which the Polish Commonwealth became in that period, constituting a practical verification of the principles of its functioning.The second issue to discuss was to discuss the legislative achievements of both the Sejm and the king, which is the result of legislative activity and is the legal basis for the existence and functioning of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The presentation of this problem shows the legislative activity during the period of King Stefan’s rule not only from a generic perspective, which – as it turns out – was not only diverse and therefore rich in this respect, but also quantitative. In this respect, this book brings some order to the legislative achievements of the reign of King Stefan Batory. This approach reflects certain processes specific to a developed constitutional state in which law is the fundamental basis for its operation.
Kafala v. Human Rights Migrant Workers at the 2022 Qatar World Cup
Authors: Gunawan Yordan , Akbar M. Fabian , Corral Eva Ferrer
Published: January 2025

The research analyzes violations of human rights against immigrant workers at the 2022 Qatar World Cup. After receiving the privilege of hosting the 2022 World Cup, Qatar was faced with the problem of migrant workers, which has become a concern of the world community. Migrant workers who build infrastructure face discriminatory and exploitative treatment, and hundreds of migrant workers are found working on infrastructure development for the 2022 World Cup, where workers are affected by human rights violations by the companies where they work. The problem is due to the existence of the Kafala system, which is considered to be the root cause of all aspects of the migrant workforce in infrastructure development in Qatar through 2022. The research method used is normative legal research with a case approach. The results of the study show that the sponsorship kafala system implemented by Qatar only facilitates the occurrence of modern slavery through the exploitation of the rights of migrant workers. Therefore, the research examines Qatar's actions on human rights violations and the International Labour Organization (ILO) accountability in efforts to influence policies related to migrant workers in Qatar.
The Evolution of Property Rights in Indonesia
Authors: Salam Syukron , Supardjo Supardjo , Nurlinda Ida
Published: January 2025

The article explains the emergence of property rights over land in Indonesia. Theoretically, the emergence of property rights in Java was deliberate. It is contrasts with the claim that spontaneous evolution of property rights . The article contributes to explaining the deliberate emergence of property rights in the case of the emergence of property rights to land in Java, Indonesia. The study is conducted by tracing the handover traces of land policy development from each period of power. The policy study begins in the period of feudalism where the concept of vorstendomain prevailed. During this period, awareness of property rights had not yet grown because the population considered the land to be the property of the king. Javanese colonialism and its land policy started the seedbed for the emergence of property rights over land. The Priangan system during the VOC started the realisation for the Javanese population about land ownership. Raffles' land-tax further solidified the awareness of land ownership rights. At this time, land distribution occurred to the local elite. The cultuure stelsel policy during Dutch colonialism had weakened land claims for Javanese people, because the workload that had to be borne was in accordance with the amount of cultivated land. Liberalism that grew in Europe had influenced changes in land policy in Java. In 1870, the Dutch colonial government issued the agrarisch wet which recognised land ownership rights for indigenous people in Java.
The Conundrum to Wear Religious Uniform in Indonesia: International Human Rights Law and Islamic Law Perspective
Authors: Sefriani Sefriani , Putro Yaries Mahardika , Putra Jaya Indra Santoso , Monteiro Seguito
Published: January 2025

This study aims to analyze the annulment of the Joint 3 (three) Ministerial Decree concerning School Uniforms for Students, Educators, and School Personnel by the Indonesian Supreme Court and to examine the Supreme Court’s decision under international human rights law and Islamic law. In the annulment of the Joint 3 (Three) Ministerial Decree on School Uniforms for Students, Educators, and School Personnel by the Indonesian Supreme Court, the legal reasoning follows a meticulous analysis rooted in normative legal research. The study employs statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach to unravel the complexities surrounding the decree. Through the descriptive analysis, it is established that the decree runs afoul of the educational values enshrined in the National Education System Act, particularly the imperative to foster religious spiritual strength in students. Moreover, the National Education System Act also mandated that the Indonesian National Education must also be rooted in religious values. The Supreme Court’s decision to annul the Joint 3 (Three) Ministerial Decrees grounded in the rationale that the decree conflicts with the higher law, specifically the National Education System Act. The annulment also aligns with international human rights law and the values of Islamic law. Indonesia has a margin of appreciation in the regulation of religious freedom as practiced in the European Court of Human Rights, adjusting to the condition that Indonesia is not a secular country but also not a religious country. Indonesia is based on Belief in the one and only God and upholds pluralism.
DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOTENSION AND BRADYCARDIA UNDER THE EFFECT OF PROPOFOL ON RATS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors:   SI “Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology NAMS of Ukraine”, Dobrelia N.V. , Ivanova I.V. ,   SI “Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology NAMS of Ukraine”, Sydorenko V.G. ,   SI “Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology NAMS of Ukraine”, Khromov A.S. ,   SI “Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology NAMS of Ukraine”, D.O. Dziuba D.O. Dziuba ,   Shupik National Healthcare University of Ukraine, Loskutov O.A. ,   Shupik National Healthcare University of Ukraine, Soloviev A.I. ,   SI “Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology NAMS of Ukraine”
Published: January 2025

Propofol is an anesthetic that is widely used in clinical practice and recommended for patients with diabetes mellitus because it produces less complications compared to other anesthetics. Furthermore, surgical procedures may result in the develop ment of hypoxia. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of propofol on systemic vascular contractility, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) under normoxia and hypoxia in rats with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes (DM). The effect of propofol (10-9 - 3×10-4 mol/l) on the aortic segments of rats with DM caused a significant dose-dependent relaxation compared with control rats. A single intravenous injection of propofol caused no alterations in the hemodynamics of control rats. Still, it induced a dosedependent reduction in HR and MAP in rats with DM under the maximum dose of the study at normoxia. The administration of propofol under hypoxic hypoxia (HH) caused no decrease in MAP but reduced HR in control rats. In rats with diabetes, propofol treatment under HH induced a gradual decrease in MAP and HR, and the reduction in HR was significantly larger than in control rats. HH, which was exposed to animals after propofol administration, produced a significant decrease in MAP compared to rats without the treatment in both groups of rats. HH caused no changes in HR in control rats regardless of pretreatment with propofol but in rats with DM after propofol administration, hypoxic exposure induced a significant decrease in HR, which was accompanied by a rapid drop in MAP and bradycardia for 37.5% of the animals. Therefore, propofol caused no alterations in hemodynamic parameters in healthy rats under normoxia but reduced HR and MAP in rats with DM. Especially this effect was manifested under hypoxia. The data obtained can help to develop guidelines for propofol use in patients with DM.
Combined Ultrasonic–Mechanical Treatment
Authors:   Dnipro University of Technology, 19 Dmytra Yavornytskoho Prosp., UA-49005 Dnipro, Ukraine, Kozechko V. A. , Kozechko V. I. ,   Dnipro University of Technology, 19 Dmytra Yavornytskoho Prosp., UA-49005 Dnipro, Ukraine
Published: January 2025

It is demonstrated that the application of combined processing, specifically, the simultaneous use of ultrasound and mechanical action (friction), is an ef-fective method for surface treatment. Optimal parameters of influence are identified, which are leading to an increase in hardness, a favourable redistri-bution of stresses, and a reduction in surface roughness. This approach inte-grates the benefits of ultrasonic energy to modify the materials’ subsurface structure with the mechanical smoothing effects of friction. This synergy en-hances material properties by refining the microstructure, promoting homog-enous distribution of alloying elements, and inducing beneficial compressive stresses, all of which contribute significantly to improving the wear resistance and longevity of treated surfaces.
Specifics of Creating Joints from Modern Boron-Microalloyed High-Strength Steels Utilizing Laser, Contact Spot, as Well as Argon-Arc Spot Welding Technologies
Authors:   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, N.A.S. of Ukraine, 11 Kazymyr Malevych Str., UA-03150 Kyiv, Ukraine, Polishko H. , Kostetskyi Yu. ,   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, N.A.S. of Ukraine, 11 Kazymyr Malevych Str., UA-03150 Kyiv, Ukraine, Kostin V. ,   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, N.A.S. of Ukraine, 11 Kazymyr Malevych Str., UA-03150 Kyiv, Ukraine, Pedchenko Ye. ,   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, N.A.S. of Ukraine, 11 Kazymyr Malevych Str., UA-03150 Kyiv, Ukraine, Bernatskyi A. ,   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, N.A.S. of Ukraine, 11 Kazymyr Malevych Str., UA-03150 Kyiv, Ukraine, Sokolovskyi M. ,   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, N.A.S. of Ukraine, 11 Kazymyr Malevych Str., UA-03150 Kyiv, Ukraine, Honcharov P. ,   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, N.A.S. of Ukraine, 11 Kazymyr Malevych Str., UA-03150 Kyiv, Ukraine, Zaitsev V. ,   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, N.A.S. of Ukraine, 11 Kazymyr Malevych Str., UA-03150 Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: January 2025

In this study, an analysis of current welding technologies for new high-strength low-alloyed AHSS sheet steels is presented. Over the course of it, a series of welded joints of sheet metal with a thickness of 1.2 mm made of CR1000Y1370T-CH steel (composition: 0.23% C, 2% Si, 3% Mn, 0.015–2% Al, 1% Cr + Mo, 0.15% Ti + Nb, 0.2% Cu) by Voelstalpine (Austria) is inves-tigated. The joints are produced using laser, spot, and argon-arc spot welding under specified conditions. High-quality weld joints are obtained through laser welding with the formation of a dispersed ferrite–bainite structure with an acceptable hardness level (up to 4000 MPa) without martensitic-type structures and zinc evaporation from the sheet coating along the entire length of the welded joint. As discovered, due to delamination and remnants of zinc coating, it is not possible to achieve a high quality of weld joints while using spot welding, as well as argon-arc spot welding. The selected welding conditions for these technologies are found to be ineffective and require fur-ther refinement.
Мистецтво допомоги через посередництво у надзвичайних ситуаціях
Authors: Бульба Володимир , Поступна Олена
Published: January 2025

Рецензія на книгу: Берхане, посланник миру / під ред. Алі Хінді, Аманди Вуллі, Амануель Ємане, Пітера Рідделл. Нескінченна книжкова шафа, 2023. 187 с. (Berhane, The Peace Messenger / Edited by Ali Hindi, Amanda Woolley, Amanuel Yemane, Peter Riddell. The Endless Bookcase, 2023. 187 р.)
Етика сталості – нова парадигма гідного життя людства
Authors: Чхеайло Ірина , Чхеайло Анна
Published: January 2025

Актуальність полягає у розгляді  сталого розвитку як ефективної стратегії не лише виживання людства та забезпечення його подальшого фізичного існування, а й збереження людяності  та гідного життя людини. Констатуючи загальні етичні принципи побудови стратегії сталого розвитку, актуалізовано та вказано на те, що вирізняє етику сталості від традиційної етики – наголос на віддалених обов’язках та обов’язку «збереження набутого» як визнання сьогодення таким, що має власну цінність.
Метою роботи є дослідження  етики  сталості як етичного договору між живими і тими, хто ще не народився та морального обов’язку враховувати вплив наших дій на прийдешні покоління. Проаналізувати основні напрями та пріоритети забезпечення сталого розвитку в Україні завдяки освіті  з урахуванням викликів сьогодення.
Результати. На прикладі сучасних викликів для України (агресія РФ, повномасштабна війна), доведено, що коли знехтувані етичні настанови, етика сталості, якщо не виконуються міжнародні зобов’язання  захищати глобальні моральні цінності, то успіхи в економічному процвітанні, екологічні позитивні зрушення, боротьба з бідністю, голодом, хворобами, гендерна рівність, які так важко завойовувались міжнародною  спільнотою протягом тридцяти років на шляху до сталого розвитку будуть швидко втрачені.
Висновки. Концепція сталого розвитку в сучасних умовах передбачає не лише узгодження політики економічного зростання з політикою охорони навколишнього середовища та природних ресурсів, а в першу чергу морально-етичну складову. Визнання сталого розвитку  як  ефективної еколого-економічної діяльності, зумовленої розвитком техніки і технологій  має доповнюватися  людським  чинником, а також такими атрибутами людського буття як духовність і моральність, що забезпечуються  та гарантується  освітою як соціальним інститутом, здатним об’єднати минуле, теперішнє та майбутнє, тобто передавати знання, цінності, вміння і навички від покоління до покоління.
Онтологічність оригінального авторського значення тексту в біблійній герменевтиці в епоху постмодернізму
Authors: Білобрам Орест
Published: January 2025

Актуальність. Протестантська гілка християнства базується на реформаторському постулаті Sola Scriptura. Тому для них Біблія являється авторитетним Божим Словом, яким вони керуються, щоб зрозуміти волю Бога. Вони вважають, що саме через Біблію Бог дав Своє одкровення людству, тому читання Біблії, її дослідження, її тлумачення і її виконання являється першочерговою пріоритетною задачею кожного вірянина. Читаючи Біблію, вірянин старається знайти одне значення тексту, щоб чітко вияснити, що хотів передати автор. Але постмодерністський світогляд вносить свої корективи в цей процес, створюючи негативний вплив на біблійну герменевтику. Прихильники постмодернізму стверджують, що Бог помер, автор помер, і в тексті відсутнє одне оригінальне авторське значення тексту. Текст мертвий, і його тільки може оживити читач, надавши йому своє суб’єктивне значення. І, в такому випадку, коли у кожного читача буде своє розуміння тексту Біблії, то Біблія втрачає свою авторитетність, істина стає відносною, і дослідження Біблії, в такому випадку, стає безперспективною працею. Біблія втрачає свій сенс – передати волю Божу людям.     
Мета – з’ясувати ставлення спеціалістів в області біблійної герменевтики щодо онтологічності оригінального авторського значення тексту Біблії. Оцінити твердження прихильників постмодернізму щодо скасування одного авторського значення тексту і його впливу на тлумачення Біблії. 
Результати. Встановлено, що біблійна герменевтика стоїть на твердому фундаменті, що існує одне єдине оригінальне значення тексту. Це значення тексту відповідає авторському задуму. На противагу представникам постмодернізму, які усунули зміст тексту і зробили його автономним і незалежним від автора, прихильники біблійної герменевтики впевнені, що існує оригінальне, єдино можливе, авторське значення тексту. До того ж таки, тлумач може визначити єдине значення тексту за допомогою граматико-історичного методу.
Історичні дослідження античної доби на сторінках «Боннського щорічника» («Bonner Jahrbücher») (2010-2020 рр.): ретроспективний огляд
Authors: Берестень Юрій
Published: January 2025

Мета дослідження полягає в здійсненні спроби аналітичного огляду сучасного стану інтелектуального доробку німецьких дослідників матеріальної та духовної культури Давньої Греції та Риму з 2010 по 2020 роки вміщеному на шпальтах часопису «Bonner Jahrbücher» des LVR-Landesmuseums Bonn und des LVR-Amtes für Bodendenkmalpflege im Rheinland sowie des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden in Rheinlande» («Боннського щорічника»), який є одним з провідних академічних наукових видань, присвячених розлогому висвітленню широкого кола проблем суспільно-політичної, соціально-економічної, соціокультурної історії.
Результати статті полягають у визначенні особливостей проблемного поля сучасних досліджень історії Давньої Греції та Риму, що знайшли своє предметне  відображення в тематичній рубрикації «Боннського щорічника» та об’єктивно унаочнюють модерні тенденції процесу розвитку історичної думки Німеччини в галузі вивчення та реконструкції минулого античної доби.
Висновки. «Bonner Jahrbücher» («Боннський щорічник») - це спеціалізоване наукове видання Боннського земельного музею, служби охорони пам’яток та Спілки поціновувачів античності Рейнланду, що має давні традиції наукової евристики, відіграючи вагому роль в формуванні модерної синтетичної академічної візії узагальненої наукової картини реального процесу розвитку античного урбаністичного простору, різних етапів формування його архітектурного ландшафту (на прикладі реконструкції чисельних об’єктів сакральної, житлової, виробничої та фортифікаційної архітектури), сільської периферії, господарської й фінансової системи, регіональних ремісничих центрів, виробничих осередків переробних галузей економіки й транспортної інфраструктури римських провінцій, фронтирної периферії античної ойкумени, її фортифікаційного облаштування та господарського освоєння.
Система кібербезпеки як складова національної безпеки держави
Authors: Крет Ольга , Крет Роман , Кундеус Оксана
Published: January 2025

Актуальність цього дослідження зумовлена розвитком інформаційних технологій, що супроводжується збільшенням кількості та складності кіберзагроз. Сучасний світ дедалі більше залежить від цифрових систем, що робить держави вразливими до кібернападів на критичну інфраструктуру. Зростання кількості атак на об'єкти державної важливості, такі як енергетичні системи, банківські установи та комунікаційні мережі, підтверджує необхідність надійного кіберзахисту. Кібератаки, що здатні викликати серйозні економічні та соціальні наслідки, стають інструментом тиску, що підвищує значимість теми кібербезпеки для забезпечення національної стабільності.
Метою даного дослідження є визначення основних принципів та елементів системи кібербезпеки як складової національної безпеки держави, вивчення її актуальності та ефективності на основі аналізу сучасних кіберзагроз, а також обґрунтування шляхів удосконалення державної політики у сфері кіберзахисту з урахуванням міжнародного досвіду та конкретних прикладів.
Результати дослідження свідчать про необхідність комплексного підходу до побудови системи кібербезпеки. Захист від кіберзагроз має охоплювати не лише технологічні, але й правові та організаційні аспекти. Зокрема, критичним є міжнародне співробітництво, оскільки загрози в кіберпросторі не мають державних кордонів. Досвід провідних країн свідчить, що для ефективної боротьби з кібератаками необхідно залучати як державний сектор, так і приватний бізнес. Прикладом можуть слугувати ініціативи США та країн ЄС, які розвивають інфраструктуру та співпрацюють на міжнародному рівні.
Висновки підкреслюють, що кібербезпека є ключовим елементом стратегії національної безпеки будь-якої держави. Ефективний захист у кіберпросторі можливий лише за умов тісної співпраці між державою, бізнесом та міжнародними організаціями. Постійне оновлення засобів захисту, а також навчання персоналу та підвищення обізнаності громадян щодо кіберзагроз є критично важливими складовими успішної стратегії кібербезпеки.
Colonization in the context of the tasks of the Russian Empire`s executive bodies in the first half of the 19th century (on the example of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and activities of its leaders)
Authors: Venger N.V.
Published: January 2025

The activity of the Ministry of the Internal Affairs in the period 1802–1837 is studied. It was the stage when this state institution was responsible for the processes of colonization. The activities of the ministry and its leaders are considered in terms of its indirect influence on the formation and the content of the “German issue”. It is proved that some changes in sentiments about foreign colonization had been preceded the formation of the “German issue”. Even though colonization (as a state project) provided the emigrant flows with long-term guarantees of resettlement, it was perceived rather ambiguously by the Russian society. The attitude to colonization and its presentation by the Ministry of Internal Affairs depended on some components: the historical situation in the Russian Empire (acute social problems, serfdom issue, discussions about social injustice), the human factor (a person on the position of a minister) and public thoughts. Since the first change in the paradigm of colonization was explained by economic reasons (1804, V. I. Kochubey’s leadership), next shift (1810, the cadence of O. P. Kozodavlev) had a political reasons and it was accompanied with statement about social injustice and necessity to provide the indigenous peasantry of the empire with same level of guardianship. Throughout the second decade, the land issue was constantly announced as a main reason to slow down and reject the colonization. Despite the law of 1819, colonization was still having some inertia for the following decades. The objective results of the foreign settlements` development (both positive and negative) periodically caused new discussions about the role of colonies and efficiency of funding spent on the project (during the cadence of V. S. Lansky). They gradually transitioned into a political stream with theses about the colonists’ disrespect for the Russian government and Russian laws, their neglect of their obligations to be a model farmer (A. A. Zakrevskyi’s leadership). Even though the critics had drawn attention to the certain groups of settlements, the blame would be extended to all colonists in future. It is concluded that certain components of “German question” arose much earlier than 1840s, and its appearance was connected not only with the difficulties of colonization itself but also with urgent issues of the social development of the empire.
Recomendaciones metodológicas para el estudio del envejecimiento
Authors: Otero Estévez Sonia , Rodríguez Vanesa , Díaz-Menéndez Cecilia
Published: January 2025

El estudio del envejecimiento requiere entrar en contacto con población de edades avanzadas y cuando se afronta un estudio con encuesta surgen problemas derivados del instrumento de medida. En este trabajo, a partir de las actividades realizadas en el marco del Proyecto piloto Elder, presentamos las particularidades de encuestar a personas entre 65 y 100 años. El objetivo de este artículo es proponer, a partir de la experiencia del trabajo de campo, una serie de pautas para la realización de encuestas a personas mayores. El análisis desarrollado muestra las dificultades de aplicación de un cuestionario en este colectivo heterogéneo, caracterizado por sus especificas condiciones de salud y sus diferentes grados de autonomía personal. Los resultados ayudan a adaptar la encuesta a personas con dificultades físicas sin diferenciarlas de aquellas sin estas limitaciones que pertenecen al mismo colectivo. Las recomendaciones aportadas permiten recabar datos sociológicos de manera más efectiva y éticamente más ajustada a los sujetos de estudio.
Comparative analysis of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing pain in the posterolateral region of the ankle
Authors:   Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden, Mocanu Dan , Bokwa-Dąbrowska Katarzyna ,   Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden,   Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sweden, Nilsson Helander Katarina ,   Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,   Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden, Szaro Pawel ,   Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden,   Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sweden
Published: January 2025

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of ultrasound compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a reference in detecting peroneus brevis split ruptures. Material and methods: We re-reviewed 112 ultrasound examinations performed between 2020 and 2021 by three musculoskeletal radiologists with 8–10 years of experience. Patients were referred due to pain lasting at least 8 months in the posterolateral ankle. Ultrasound was performed using a LOGIQ E9 General Electric device with a 6–15 MHz or 18 MHz probe. Sixty-three patients who underwent MRI within 8 months and were in- cluded in the study. Ultrasound and MRI findings were categorized as: a) no peroneus split, b) presence of peroneus split, or c) unspecific findings. MRI served as the reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity, posi- tive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were calculated. Results: Seven cases (11.1%) were false positives (diagnosed on ultrasound but not MRI) and 9 (14.3%) were false negatives (missed by ultrasound but detected on MRI). Six cases (9.5%) were true positives (identified on both ultrasound and MRI), and 41 patients (65.1%) were true negatives (negative on both modalities). Ultrasound showed a sensitivity of 40.0% and specificity of 85.4%. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 46.2%, while the negative predictive value (NPV) was 82.0%. Conclusions: Ultrasound demonstrated limited sensitivity but high specificity in detecting peroneus brevis split ruptures.
O (nie)możliwościach logiki w badaniu języka naturalnego
Authors: Piechowicz Robert
Published: January 2025

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Investigation and research on comprehensive quality assessment in the reform of new college entrance examination
Authors: Zheng Mengna , Ruan Chengwu
Published: January 2025

Comprehensive quality assessment is an assessment system that identifies and explores students’ strengths. By examining the developmental progress made in pilot provinces that have implemented comprehensive quality assessment, valuable insights and guidance can be derived for other provinces preparing to adopt this assessment approach. In this study we conducted an investigation and research involving students, teachers, and middle managers from 12 high schools in 2 pilot areas, the Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces. Using a combination of empirical and qualitative research methods, we aimed to explore the levels of satisfaction and recognition among different research subjects regarding the current implementation situation and to analyse issues in the current implementation process. According to the corresponding theory, an in-depth analysis is conducted from 4 dimensions to uncover the underlying causes of the problem, while proposing recommendations to enhance and advance comprehensive quality assessment. These recommendations are firstly to enhance the standard level of matching and integration in comprehensive quality assessment; secondly to augment the utilisation level of comprehensive quality assessment; thirdly to elevate the significance of comprehensive quality assessment results; and in the fourth place, to improve the credit rating system associated with comprehensive quality assessment.