bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Congenital abnormalities of the heart and great vessels
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael
Published: October 2023

The complex development of the heart and major arteries accounts for a multitude of congenital abnormalities. The majority of cardiac abnormalities involve intracardiac and extracardiac shunts resulting in the mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood. Atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and persistent ductus arteriosus are common congenital cardiac lesions (Figs. 17.1 and 17.2). These shunts may exist with or without associated cardiac obstructive lesions (complex shunts or simple shunts respectively).
Early postoperative management
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael
Published: October 2023

The nursing staff at the paediatric intensive care unit will establish full monitoring as soon as the child arrives. Drug infusions and fluid therapy are then continued as the child’s condition dictates. The basic monitoring set-up is the same as for adults. The child is connected to the ventilator to be mechanically ventilated with the same fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2 or percentage oxygen) as in theatre. The anaesthetist should review the ventilator setting before connecting the child to the ventilator. Pressure-limit ventilation is used in most neonates and infants up to 10 kg (with an inspiratory pressure of 20-25 cmH2O, a positive end-expiratory pressure of 3-5 cmH2O, an inspiratory time of at least 0.7 s, and an appropriate rate obtained by controlling the expiratory pause). For older children, volume control ventilation can be used with a tidal volume of 10-15 ml/kg at an appropriate rate. Ensure that the patient is being ventilated adequately as shown by equal chest excursion, satisfactory oxygen saturation, and, later, by blood gas analysis.
Obesity, lipid metabolism and its disorders (Physiology)
Authors: Laycock John , Wise Peter
Published: October 2023

are mainly digested in the stomach such as the triglycerides are converted to cholesterol in the gut lumen c form micelles with the bile salts P are absorbed mainly along the duodenum Q are absorbed by a carrier-mediated transport process involving sodium ions are normally over 95% absorbed on a moderate fat diet reach the general circulation via lacteal vessels of the lymphatic system c are generally transported in the blood in association with lipoproteins are removed from lipoproteins by the action of endothelial lipoprotein lipase if present in excessive quantities in the circulation are usually associated with obesity
Recovery and street fitness
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue
Published: October 2023

The speed of initial recovery from general anaesthesia is due to drug redistribution. It bears little relationship to elimination of anaesthetic and sedative drugs. Some intra venous agents have active metabolites which can cause sedation after discharge from hospital. Sedatives and anaesthetic drugs may impair psychomotor skills. Studies have shown reductions in performance after outpatient anaesthesia. After anaesthesia or sedation patients must be looked after in a dedicated, properly staffed recovery area. The anaesthetist must stay with the patient until he or she responds to commands, protective reflexes have returned, and breathing and circulation are stable. Patients should remain in hospital under supervision for at least two hours after general anaesthesia. Fitness for discharge should be decided by a qualified person. The patient must be given verbal and written instructions on postoperative care, and arrangements for follow-up.
Analgesia
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue
Published: October 2023

Local anaesthesia is a valuable adjunct in certain injuries. Care must be taken not to mask important physical signs such as those of compartment syndrome. Analgesics must be administered intravenously in small increments until the required response is obtained. Opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective analgesics which can be given parenterally. Antiemetics may be needed in some patients. Entonox is a useful rapid acting agent for brief procedures. Paediatric doses of analgesic drugs should be calculated using the weight of the child.
Local anaesthesia: principles and practice in the A & E department
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue
Published: October 2023

Obtain a brief medical history and record medication and allergies, since these may affect the choice of local anaesthetic drug or technique Double-check the drug labels before drawing up the solution, particularly if adrenaline is contraindicated Before injecting any local anaesthetic check the maximum dose which may be used and be particularly careful in children Local anaesthetic should always be injected slowly Stop injecting immediately if the injection becomes painful or the patient develops symptoms of toxicity, such as tinnitus or tingling around the mouth
Brigadier Sinclair on the Continent
Authors: Ewin Jeannette
Published: October 2023

As the war ground to a halt during 1945, much of the Continent lay in ruins. The people of Great Britain suffered terrible hardship and loss during the war, but did not starve. In fact, under Lease-Lend, American food aid produced a healthier population than had been seen for years. Now, the people of these islands would be called upon to help feed the starving on the Continent, and this would eventually include the Germans. Hard times and hard feelings were certain to follow.
Game to the last
Authors: Ewin Jeannette
Published: October 2023

The International Congress on Essential Fatty Acids, Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes held in 1980 celebrated the 50th anniversary of two apparently unrelated events: the discovery of essential fatty acids by George Burr, and the discovery of powerful hormone-like substances, called prostaglandins, by the Swedish scientist, Ulf Svante Hansson Von Euler. By the time of the conference, there was increasing evidence that essential fatty acids were precursors of prostaglandins, giving these delicate fats new scientific importance.
Novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors: focus on imatinib and gefitinib
Authors: Lakhai Wandena S , Beijnen, Jos H , Schellens Jan H M
Published: October 2023

Signal transduction is the chemistry that allows communication at the cellular level. Cells sense signals from both the outside environment and other cells, and in response they regulate all aspects of cell function. Receptors are pivotal in signal transduction pathways. Binding of ligands to receptors leads to a conformational change in the receptor that initiates signalling. The final response of the cell can be metabolism, cell division, death, survival, differentiation, or movement. Receptor tyrosine kinases are transmembrane proteins that can be divided into those that contain a tyrosine.
Cardiac Hypertrophy In End-Stage Renal Failure
Authors: Rigatto Claudio , Parfrey Patrick S , London Gérard M
Published: October 2023

Cardiac hypertrophy is highly prevalent among patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF). It may present as concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) or LV dilatation with or without compensatory parietal hypertrophy. These abnormalities result in varying degrees of diastolic and systolic dysfunction which in turn predispose to congestive heart failure, a strong independent predictor of early death among dialysis patients. These structural alterations are now known to begin in the pre-dialysis phase, progress in parallel with the deterioration of renal function, and partially regress subsequent to renal transplantation.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Authors: Brown Paul
Published: October 2023

Unique among the neurodegenerative diseases, the spongiform encephalopathies are transmissi- ble, either experimentally or as a result of cannibalistic, iatrogenic, or zoonotic infections in humans. First described in the 1920s by Creutzfeldt and Jakob, whose names memorialize its most common form, human spongiform encephalopathy is now recognized to include four other distinctive syndromes: kuru, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia, and the recently described ‘new variant’ of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). Scrapie, an endemic disease of sheep and goats, is reliably recorded to have existed in Europe since the mid-1700s (Brown and Bradley 1998), and has since spread to many other parts of the world; in more recent times, a spongiform encephalopathy (chronic wasting disease) has been recognized to be endemic in some species of deer and elk living in the western United States.
Practical issues in the management of early onset dementia
Authors: Gregory Carol A , Lough Sinclair
Published: October 2023

This chapter covers a number of practical issues encountered in the management of patients with dementia. The first section considers issues in the management of challenging behaviour. The second examines the advice patients and their families often require regarding driving, legal, and financial matters. As a dementing illness progresses disruptive or challenging behaviours often emerge. It is well established that behavioural disturbances are common in dementia (Hope 1992). Often it is repeated exposure to a sufferer’s challenging behaviours that leads the carer to initiate contact with the medical services (Silver and Yudofsky 1987). Coping on a daily basis with challenging behaviours is a major cause of carer stress (Gilleard et al. 1984). Whilst many carers, both informal and formal, can manage the physical or labour-intensive chores of their role, attempting to deal with disruptive behaviour often leads to extreme strain and intolerance and this can result in the institutionalization of the sufferer (Pearlin et al. 1990).
Non-Transitional Cell Carcinoma Of The Bladder
Authors: Amin Mahul B , Tamboli Pheroze , Ro Jae Y
Published: October 2023

The most common carcinomas of the urinary bladder, up to 90%, arise from the urothelium and are referred to as urothelial or transitional cell carcinomas (TCC). While transitional cell carcinomas predominantly occur in organs lined by urothelium, the other carcinomas of the urinary bladder are also seen at diverse sites in the body. The other carcinomas include squamous cell carcinoma and its variants, adenocarcinoma and its variants, and undifferentiated carcinomas such as small cell carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, and giant cell carcinoma (Table 7.1).
Clinical Presentation And Investigation Of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Stein John P , Skinner Donald G
Published: October 2023

Approximately 75–85% of patients with primary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder present with low-grade tumours confined to the superficial mucosa. The risk of superficial recurrence in those patients with bladder tumours confined to the mucosa is 75%, with the majority of these cancers amenable to initial transurethral resection and selected administration of intravesical immuno-or chemotherapy (1–4). However, 20–40% of all patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder will either initially present with, or develop an invasive carcinoma of the bladder. Furthermore, it has been reported that nearly 50% of these patients treated locally for invasive bladder cancer die of metastatic disease within 2 years of therapy (3). This obviously underscores the need to have a clear understanding of the clinical presentation of patients with bladder cancer, as well as the appropriate investigation (radiographic and cystoscopic evaluation) of this disease. Only with a better understanding of the clinical presentation and appropriate staging of this disease will the urologist be able to diagnose and effectively treat bladder cancer at an early curable stage in the hope of providing patients the best possible survival.
Staging Of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Farrugia David , Oliver R Timothy
Published: October 2023

The last five decades have seen a gradual evolution of systems used for the staging of bladder cancer. These systems are still undergoing changes as it is increasingly realized that close correlation between pathological and clinical staging is required, and that staging should distinguish between patients requiring different approaches to therapy. Additionally, the desire to have one internationally acceptable and universally applicable staging system continues to gain momentum.
Helpline queries: the issues
Authors: Burn Loïc
Published: October 2023

One of the services offered by the NBP A is a helpline which responds to your telephone queries and your letters. Over the years, much material has accumulated and this has been assessed by Myrad Kinloch. We are grateful to her and to the NBPA for allowing access to this information, which forms the basis of the statements in this and the next chapter. The information gives a clear picture of the main concerns you have (particularly with regard to chronic back and neck pain) and of the frequency with which these worries are raised. In many ways it is a record of your life with pain.
A critical appraisal of the factors associated with fatigue
Authors: Richardson Alison
Published: October 2023

The factors that cause fatigue and the exact mechanisms responsible for its production, sustenance, or amelioration are not well understood. However, multiple correlates and mechanisms have been proposed in the literature and integrated within models of cancer-related fatigue. These were introduced and discussed in Chapter 1. Such models have been developed by nurse scientists and scholars from complementary disciplines whilst attempting to understand the fatigue experienced by both healthy and acutely or chronically ill client populations.
Cancer cachexia and anorexia and their role in cancer fatigue
Authors: Castro Mónica , Bruera Eduardo
Published: October 2023

Cancer cachexia is one of the most devastating effects of cancer and an independent negative predictive factor for treatment outcome (Capra et al. 2001) and survival (De Wys et al. 1980; Vigano et al. 2000; Tilignac et al. 2002) in advanced cancer patients.
General practitioners and counselling in primary care
Authors: Cocksedge Simon
Published: October 2023

The GP hit'i a unique place in society tn the UK. He nr she has traditionally been the 'gate keeper’ to the British XI IS and, as such-, the first port of call for anyone needin” non-emergency access to medical care of any description. GPs form a (generally; valued part of all comniunitie's in the UK. The strength of this system of primary care lies in the immediate local accessibility and availability of health care professionals who will often have a loiwa-terni relationship with, a it d knowledge of, lhe individual and their social and family context.
Experiences of the counselled: the client’s perspective
Authors: Keithley Jane , Clients Two
Published: October 2023

From the clients’ point of view, there are obvious reasons for locating counsellors in primary care. Many people ‘medicalizc’ their emotional and relationship problems.
Subtance misuse
Authors: Mason Pip
Published: October 2023

Many of the health problems that prompt patients to visit their GP or practice nurse are related to smoking, heavy drinking or misuse of medication or illicit drugs.
Chronic illness and disability
Authors: Parritt Simon
Published: October 2023

There are estimated to be around SO billion disabled people in the world and whilst the majority of these are in the developing world, in the UK there are around eight million or 121}6 of the population.
Africa
Authors: Nafcker Sarala
Published: October 2023

Africa is a vast and diverse continent comprising 53 countries and approximately 760 million people. It extends over 30 million km2 and is home to people of different ethnic origins, religions and languages. Continuing global population growth and rapid urbanization has forced many millions of city dwellers to live in overcrowded and unhygienic conditions, where lack of clean water and inadequate sanitation foster breeding grounds for infectious diseases. Migration and the mass movement of mil lions of refugees or displaced persons from one country to another, as a result of wars and civil turmoil, have added to the problems of overcrowding and poverty.
Perthes disease: natural history, results of treatment, and controversies
Authors: Herring J A
Published: October 2023

It is not difficult to discuss controversies concerning Legg-perches disease-in fact, it is hard to find a topic which is not controversial! The natural history of the disorder has long been considered to be one of benign resolution in the majority of hips, with only a few having long-term disability. With modem studies the picture has changed and we now know that about half the patients will develop degenerative disease by their sixth decade of life. Methods of classification have evolved and will continue to do so.
The hip in neurological diseases
Authors: Bennet George C , palsy Cerebral
Published: October 2023

In any condition one must measure the results of treatment by their effect upon the natural history of the condition. However, present therapy for cerebral palsy is based upon incomplete knowledge. It is only when one reviews the literature in a short time for a project such as this that one realizes how deficient it is. The scientific standard of papers is low. There are no prospective trials.
Management of the infected total hip arthroplasty: o North American perspective
Authors: McAlinden M Govan , Masri Bossom A , Duncan Clive P
Published: October 2023

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is recognized as one of the great successes of orthopaedic surgery. However, when infection occurs, it remains one of the most devastating complications of this operation. Despite early reports of an unacceptably high infection rate (nine out of 109 patients (9 per cent)),’ use of modern prophylactic measures, which may include prophylactic antibiotics, laminar-flow ventilation systems in the operating theatre, and all-enclosing exhaust suits, has led to a fall in the rate of infection after primary THA to less than r.5 per cent in series from specialist centres and state registries.
Psychological therapies and approaches in dementia
Authors: Ballard Clive , O’Brien John , James Ian , Swann Alan
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the most common and widely practised therapies for people with dementia: behaviour therapy, reality orientation, validation, reminiscence and life review. While behaviour therapy is a direct method of intervening with people displaying challenging behaviours, other approaches aim to reduce the incidence of challenging behaviours by promoting higher levels of contentment, orientation and social interaction.
Training carers in behavioural management skills
Authors: Ballard Clive , O’Brien John , James Ian , Swann Alan
Published: October 2023

One of Florence Nightingale’s (1859) major tenets was that good nurses did not arise through experience or inborn traits but through explicit teaching. Nurses needed to have knowledge in order to perform the functions and skills expected of them. Modem nursing continues to accept this principle, but its application in geriatric nursing has been minimal.
Health economics and patient choice
Authors: Scott Anthony
Published: October 2023

Economics is fundamentally concerned with choice and decision making, and seeks to encourage and influence choices to maximize consumers’ (and therefore society’s) objectives from the limited resources available. Much of economic theory and empirical work is concerned with measuring consumers’ preferences, the influences on decision making, and analysis of the informational asymmetries between economic ·actors’ (Gravelle and Rees 1992). In health care, this includes examining the choices made by health care consumers and providers. Economics therefore has much to say about information, choice, and decision making in health care.
Evidence-based patient choice in secondary care
Authors: Rosenberg William
Published: October 2023

The problems faced in secondary care differ in many ways from those seen in primary care. Patients first encounter secondary care in two settings, the outpatient clinic and the emergency room. In either situation the portents preceding that first hospital consultation carry a greater burden of expectation and anticipation than most primary care consultations. Often the primary care professional will have talked to the patient about their clinical problem. the likely content of the hospital consultation, and possibly even a description of the hospital setting and staff. The patient will arrive primed with ideas, concerns, and expectations, partially shaped by their previous experiences and a range of opinions coming from sources as diverse as their primary care team, their friends, and the daily media. Because of the magnitude of the step undertaken when entering the secondary care consultation, the patient entering outpatients arrives carrying a bundle of issues in addition to their clinical problem. All of these must be addressed if their experience of secondary care is to be beneficial.
The physician’s Viewpoint
Authors: Gerrard David F
Published: October 2023

If really truthful, most physicians will acknowledge that their medical under graduate years were gross]y deficient in clinical sports medicine training and even more bereft of any understanding for the emotional needs of the athlete after the unexpected intrusion of injury or ill-health. The responses of the athlete to injury have been widely observed and well described and vary from absolute frustration to depression and uncontrollable anger.(Some have even compared an athlete’s reaction to injury to a process of grieving a significant personal loss.
Neurolytic coeliac plexus block (NCPB) for cancer pain
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry
Published: October 2023

Clinical bottom line. Based on data from uncontrolled trials, neurolytic coeliac plexus block is an effective method for relieving pain associated with pancreatic and non-pancreatic intra-abdominal malignancies, with approximately 90% of patients achieving at least partial pain relief short term (two weeks) and long term (three months and beyond). There appears to be no added benefit from NCPB with any form of radiological guidance. Common transient adverse effects were local pain, diarrhoea and hypotension. More severe adverse effects included neurological and non-neurological adverse effects, both of which occurred in 1% of patients.
Economic evaluation techniques
Authors: Dolan Paul , Olsen Jan Abel
Published: October 2023

Economic evaluations seek to aid the comparison of alternative treatments within and across programme areas. This chapter discusses some of the different economic evaluation techniques, and focuses on the normative issues associated with their use in informing resource-allocation decisions. The various economic evaluation techniques focus on those attributes of health care programmes that can be classified as costs and benefits. Clearly, if there are no expected benefits from a programme, there is no point in providing it (hopefully nobody would disagree with us on this). The importance of costs is obvious to economists. Resources are scarce, and they will therefore always have an alternative use. The so-called ‘opportunity costs’ refer to the ‘benefits foregone’ from the best alternative use of the resources spent. What seems to be less obvious to economists, though, is to under- stand why in some situations people would neglect the relevance of cost differences—something that will be discussed in Chapter 8. Also in Chapter 8, we will discuss other relevant aspects beyond those that can be squeezed in under the headings of costs or benefits.
The prognosis of hysteria/somatization disorder
Authors: Ron Maria A
Published: October 2023

Neurological symptoms for which no adequate physiological explanation can be found are subsumed under the diagnoses of hysteria and somatization disorder. Controversy remains as to the causal mechanisms, but more is known about their clinical course and comorbidity. In this chapter, follow-up studies of unexplained neurological symptoms are reviewed, including those dealing with childhood presentations. The evidence from these studies suggests that the diagnosis of hysteria/somatization disorder is stable over time when detailed investigations are performed to exclude the presence of neurological disease. These studies also suggest that the prognosis is similar for different unexplained symptoms and that the chances of recovery are higher for young patients, with symptoms of recent onset, while those with personality disorders and chronic symptoms are likely to do worse. The aetiological implications of these findings and the use of health resources by these patients are also discussed.
Clinical assessment and diagnosis
Authors: Koponen Hannu , Rockwood Kenneth , Powell Colin
Published: October 2023

Delirium is a common, costly, and potentially devastating condition for hospitalized older patients. Delirium is a multifactorial syndrome, involving the interrelationship between patient vulnerability, predisposing factors at admission, and the noxious insults and aggravating factors during hospitalization. Despite the prevalence of delirium in hospitals, modern hospital staff tend to be preoccupied with the technological aspects of their practice, and commonly overlook the cognitive and emotional problems of their patients and their carers. No specific diagnostic test for delirium exists, and the diagnosis is made on the basis of its key features. The main challenge in diagnosing delirium is to detect the great variety of fluctuating signs and symptoms of the disorder and to organize them into a definable set of symptoms and signs that span a spectrum of manifestations. The challenge of recognizing delirium is an important one, not just because there are many phenotypes of delirium across this spectrum, from lethargy bordering on coma to agitation bordering on mania, but because the individual features fluctuate. The differential diagnosis of delirium begins with its syndromic distinction and then seeks an aetiological cause. In most cases, the delirium can be distinguished clinically by its unique set of symptoms, its acute onset, and its fluctuating and transient course (Inouye 1994; Meagher 2001).
A ‘final’ assault on the virus
Authors: Tyrrell David , Fielder Michael
Published: October 2023

I was the somewhat reluctant young virologist chosen for this one last effort to catch the virus, and I remember reflecting on how strange it was to find myself in such a position. Here I was being selected for this post and yet it was purely by force of circumstance that I became involved in the realm of virology at all. Having graduated in medicine at Sheffield I had originally been training to do clinical work. But that was in 1949 and all the intermediate training posts were being taken by demobilised doctors—quite rightly, in my view—while I had been rejected for military service. So the path I had originally set for myself was temporarily closed. However, my chief, Professor (later Sir) Charles Stuart-Harris, was a virologist as well as a clinician, and he offered me a job in his tiny research laboratory. I took it and entered the fascinating world of viruses. It was the start of a lifelong association.
A community pest
Authors: Tyrrell David , Fielder Michael
Published: October 2023

Folklore surrounding colds must surely exceed in quantity and variety the tales associated with almost any other human experience. Question any number of people and you will receive a similar number of theories on how colds are caught, how to prevent them, and how to cure them. Lack of research in the past and therefore a lack of knowledge has left the field wide open to speculation, and the result has been the profusion of remedies that are still proposed today. Some of these are the result of common-sense ideas but most are based on very shaky foundations. A common element is the tenacity with which these ideas are held, however unlikely.
Non-inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Li Suzanne C
Published: October 2023

The aim of this chapter is to describe those diseases of bones and soft tissues that are not usually associated with an inflammatory arthropathy, but that are causes of persistent or recurrent musculoskeletal pain, and that may, in some cases, be associated with the development of deformities. Musculoskeletal pain is a common complaint in the paediatric population, of which only a small percentage will be found to be due to a chronic rheumatic condition. Many of the musculoskeletal complaints are secondary to mechanical or non inflammatory causes.
Genetic and cytokine associations in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Thomson Wendy , Woo, Patricia , Donn Rachelle
Published: October 2023

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous condition of unknown aetiology but both environmental and genetic factors are believed to play a role. The aim of this chapter is to review the evidence that supports a genetic basis to JIA and to detail our current under- standing of the genes involved in JIA susceptibility. Evidence for a genetic component to a disease can come from a variety of sources, such as twin studies, family studies, or association studies. The degree of disease concordance in monozygotic (MZ) twins gives an indication of the level of involvement of genetic factors within a given disease.
Virgil
Authors: Griffin Jasper
Published: October 2023

Publius Vergilius Maro, in English normally called Virgil, was a celebrated figure in his own lifetime, and soon after his death a number of writers tried to satisfy the popular curiosity about the life of the greatest of Roman poets. We are consequently much better informed about him than about most poets in antiquity. Like most Roman writers, he was not born in Rome. He came into the world in 70 BC, near Mantua, in what was still called Cisalpine Gaul. Although thoroughly Romanized-we recall that Catullus came from Verona, and Livy from Padua (Patavium)-the area did not receive the Roman citizenship till 49, and it became officially part of Italy only in 42. Virgil’s family seems to have been respectable though by no means prominent. The ultimate origin of the names ‘Vergilius’ and ‘Maro’ was probably Etruscan, but only the credulous will try to explain the poet’s art or his character by invoking Etruscan ancestry.
The Historical Evolution of Design
Authors: Heskett John
Published: October 2023

There has been change and evolution on multiple levels through-out the history of mankind, but human nature has remained remarkably unaltered. We are much the same kind of people who inhabited ancient China, Sumeria, or Egypt. It is easy for us to identity with human dilemmas represented in widely different sources, such as Greek tragedy or Norse sagas.
Utility and Significance
Authors: Heskett John
Published: October 2023

Although design in all its manifestations profoundly influences life on many levels, it does so in diverse ways. Again, it is necessary to find some bedrock of basic explanation in order to create a sense of order from the apparent confusion. A useful tool to this end is a distinction between utility and significance, which is an attempt to clarify the enormous confusion in discussion of design surrounding the term ‘function’.
Objects
Authors: Heskett John
Published: October 2023

4 Objects

The term ‘objects’ is used to describe a huge spectrum of three-dimensional artefacts encountered in everyday activities in such contexts as the home, public spaces, work, schools, places of entertainment, and transport systems. They range from simple single-purpose items, such as a saltshaker, to complex mechanisms, such as a high-speed train. Some are an expression of human fantasy, others of high technology.
Communications
Authors: Heskett John
Published: October 2023

5 Communications

‘Communications’ is here used as a shorthand term to cover the vast array of two-dimensional material that plays such an extensive role in modern life. Two-dimensional media forms have multiplied and expanded to a point where we are continuously bombarded with visual imagery. Their influence is pervasive, in both positive and negative senses: they can inform, direct, influence, arouse, confuse, and infuriate. Switch on the television, browse the Internet, walk down a street, read a magazine, or go into a store, and we are confronted with a huge array of signage, advertising, and social advocacy on a variety of scales.
Visions of the Future
Authors: Bradley Mark Philip
Published: October 2023

On 2 September 1945 Ho Chi Minh mounted a raised wooden podium in Hanoi’s central Ba Dinh Square. Before an enthusiastic crowd of more than 400,000, he proclaimed Vietnam free of French colonial rule. The speech marked the culmination of the August Revolution, which brought to power the first post-colonial independent Vietnamese state, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). Ho began his speech this way: ‘All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.’ Drawing on the American Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, he contrasted the universal ideals of liberty with the lived realities of more than eighty years of French colonial repression. ‘Vietnam’, Ho concluded, ‘has the right to enjoy freedom and independence, and in fact has become a free and independent country.’
War’s End
Authors: Bradley Mark Philip
Published: October 2023

At 2.45 a.m. on 30 January 1968, a team of NLF cadres blasted a hole in the wall surrounding the US Embassy in Saigon and dashed into the courtyard of the compound. For the next six hours, this potent symbol of the US presence in southern Vietnam was the scene of one of the most dramatic episodes of the American war in Vietnam. Unable to get through the heavy door at the main entrance of the Embassy building, the attackers retreated into the courtyard and took cover behind large concrete flowerpots, pounding the building with rockets and exchanging gunfire with a small detachment of military police. They held their positions until 9.15 a.m., when they were finally overpowered.
Bay of Tragedy
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: October 2023

Hudson Bay is a Vast, Frozen Sea that plunges like an icy wedge towards the heart of north america. its waters carry arctic seals and whales, ice and polar bears, deep into the forests of central canada. its southern tip lies less than 700 kilometres north of where I am writing, on the Ottawa River at the edge of urban North America. The geese resting on the autumn river before continuing their southern migration may have left its freezing shores only yes-terday. Dropping out of the northern sky towards the first cornfields they have seen all summer, the wavering lines of tired and quiet birds form a tangible link with that distant northern world.The Bay plays a vital role in the Arctic mythology of Canadians, reflecting the essential part that it occupied in history as the focus of the Hudson’s Bay Company, the fur trade and two centuries of western exploration.
Why?
Authors: Fitzpatrick David
Published: October 2023

Every protagonist in Ireland’s revolution proclaimed the ideal of liberation. Loyalists, nationalists and republicans, tenants, workers, and women: all felt that their entitlements were menaced or withheld by others. The ideal of liberation drew force from the conviction that these entitlements had been recognized and asserted in the past, before some ulterior and malign influence snatched them away. Vying visions of a golden age gave form and meaning to personal failure or discontent, weaving individual experience into the plot of a familiar historical melodrama.
Black Political Struggles and the Reform Era of P. W Botha, 1973-1984
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

From the late 1970s, after three decades of power, the Nationalists were showing signs of vulnerability. The major reason was the growth of political opposition on a number of fronts. In this respect, the Natal strikes of 1973 and the Soweto protests of 1976 were major turning points. By the early 1980s domestic opposi tion was beginning to link more effectively to the banned political movements, whose survival, largely in exile, proved to be of great importance.
Ambiguous Democracy
Authors: Sellers Charles
Published: October 2023

As Disruptive boom brought insurgency to a crest in the mid-18 30s, Old Hickory executed the Jeffersonian legacy by pushing the American political system to its democratic limits. Where Jefferson’s patrician assurance had trusted farmers and workers to follow high-minded gentlemen, Jackson’s patriarchal afflatus forced majority will on recalcitrant politicians. Where the philosopher/statesman conducted a Fabian defense of the yeoman republic, the soldier/ tribune brought to politics the sanguinary maxims of the Roman sack of Carthage. Favoring “warr to the knife, and the knife to the hilt,” he was ever ready to “carry the warr into affrica.”
The Revival of Feminism
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: October 2023

In the fall of 1962, the editors of Harper’s observed a curious phenomenon. An extraordinary number of women seemed “ardently determined to extend their vocation beyond the bedroom, kitchen and nursery,” but very few showed any interest in feminism. Both observations were essentially correct. In the years during and after World War II, millions of women had joined the labor force, many of them leaving the home to take jobs; but the expansion of their “sphere” occurred without fanfare and was not accompanied either by progress toward equality or an organized effort to protest traditional definitions of “woman’s place.” If many women were dissatisfied with what one housewife called the endless routine of “dishwashing, picking up, ironing and folding diapers,” they had no collective forum to express their grievances. Women examined their futures privately and with an unmilitant air. There seemed to be no sanctioned alternative.
Perils of Professionalism
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

In the grim spring of 1945, German professionals faced a defeat that was ‘‘ so immense as to be unprecedented in history.’’ Anti-Fascists welcomed liberation as “a hopeful and passionately desired new beginning,” while many practitioners were “above all glad that everything was over, the fear of the Nazis and the bombing-raids.” To nationalists the “nearly unimaginable chaos” left by the Third Reich appeared to confirm Oswald Spengler’s gloomy prediction of the decline of the West.
Crucible of Conflict: Industrial Languedoc Under the July Monarchy
Authors: Johnson Christopher H
Published: October 2023

The complex interplay among market forces, the changing power structure of the French state, and conflict at the point of production that made the history of industrial Languedoc moved to a new and climactic stage during the July Monarchy. As in so much of France, the Revolution ofl830 marked a fundamental economic and social-as well as political-turning point in the Languedoc woolens district. For its chief towns, it ushered in an era of unprecedented economic growth, Lodeve benefiting immediately from huge army and National Guard orders, Bedarieux skyrocketing from 18,000 pieces to 50,000 from 1831 to 1833, as commerce responded to Orleanist stability.
A Railroad That Never Was
Authors: Johnson Christopher H
Published: October 2023

In this same 1874 inquiry, an unnamed correspondent from Lodeve complained bitterly about the price of coal, which he attributed entirely to high freight rates. But underproduction due to the Graissessac railroad’s technical bottlenecks clearly had an impact as well. In the last five years, the cost of steam-engine coal in Lodeve had risen from Fr 26.75 to Fr 33 per tonne. Surprisingly, this was almost the same price industrialists were paying in Montpellier. How was this possible? By road, Montpellier was 85 kilometers from Graissessac while Lodeve was less than 25. By rail, Mont pellier was a good 130 kilometers via Cette.
Introduction: “Pure Soil, Endlessly Deep, Dark, and Sweet”
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: October 2023

Approximately fifteen thousand years ago, during the final cycle of worldwide glaciation, the Mississippi River and its tributaries cut deep valleys within the Lower Gulf coastal plain. As the glaciers melted and the level of the sea around the mouth of the Mississippi rose, these engorged and sediment-laden streams backed up, flooding the lower Mississippi valleys over an area as much as eighty miles wide at some points and covering them with a thick coating of alluvium drained from a land area encompassing what now amounts to 41 percent of the continental United States. One of the many basins marking the irregular surface of this vast alluvial bed is the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, which is actually more diamond or oval than deltoid in shape. The Mississippi River, which runs southwestward from Memphis to Greenville, where it then bends slightly eastward toward Vicksburg, forms the western boundary of the area. On the east, the Yazoo Delta is defined by a line of bluffs, some reaching two hundred feet in height. These bluffs run from slightly below Memphis south to Greenwood and thence southwesterly along the Yazoo River, which meets the Mississippi at Vicksburg. The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta is approximately two hundred miles long and seventy miles across at its widest point. The area within its boundaries is approximately 7,110 square miles.
Yom Kippur
Authors: Schoenbaum David
Published: October 2023

It took another war, in October 1973, to make people aware that what was remarkable in the aftermath of Jordan was not so much what had happened as what had not. In some ways, the new war was the most frightening to date, a kind of geopolitical Big Bang, that not only shook the earth from Gibraltar to the Persian Gulf but rattled windows as far away as Moscow and Washington. The aftershock was felt around the world. But this time the impact was compounded and amplified by political, economic, even social fallout as diverse and spectacular as suspension of diplomatic relations between Israel and twenty-three black African states, an awkward face-off between the United States and its NATO allies, a worldwide nuclear alert, a 7 percent decline in oil supply, a 300 percent jump in oil prices, carless Sundays in most of Western Europe, and block-long lines at U.S. gas stations.
Step by Step
Authors: Schoenbaum David
Published: October 2023

This time, to a point and for awhile, the quest for Arab-Israeli peace, “balance,” even new friends and influence in the Middle East seemed actually to pay off. Between fall 1973 and spring 1979, “the peace process,” as it was now called, produced a series of successes, even triumphs, like none before, or any that would follow for years afterward. By now, it appeared, U.S. diplomacy had established a kind of pattern. Republican or Democratic, new administrations fantasized about grand designs and comprehensive solutions on taking office, but sooner or later, they settled for what they could get.
Present in the Flesh
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

“In delicate balance” was the way one official described life at the federal penitentiary at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, in the fall of 1954. Perched atop a hill overlooking the Susquehannah River, Lewisburg was undergoing a transition from a minimum-security facility that originally housed Prohibition violators to a maximum-security facility for men found guilty of rape, assault, murder, and lesser crimes. Guarding an overcrowded prison population of twelve hundred was a custodial staff of just a hundred eighty-seven men, who considered themselves underpaid, overworked, and physically at risk. Events beyond the walls also affected the institutional climate. The Supreme Court’s recent Brown decision ordering the desegregation of public schools seemed to many of Lewisburg’s southern inmates a threat to the prison’s segregated housing system Another problem bedeviled prison officials-the Communist issue. In the eating hall, at daily chapel, or exercising in the yard, were men whose names were notorious to Lewisburg’s killers, rapists, and thieves. Daily they saw David Greenglass and Harry Gold, associates of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg who were convicted of atomic espionage and executed in June 1953. Most infamous was Alger Hiss, whose imminent release on November 27 enraged some who faced longer sentences than the three and a half years Hiss served for perjury. Also, there was 37-year-old William Walter Remington. “Brilliant of mind, handsome in appearance, engaging in manner,” noted the New York Herald-Tribune. “Remington was a rising young government economist of outstanding promise in 1948 . . . when Communist accusations against him blasted his career and started him on his road to prison....”
The New Student— Dartmouth, 1934-1936
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

“There was nothing outstanding about Bill Remington when he arrived in Hanover during September 1934, with the other 700 Pea Greens that composed the class of ‘38,” noted the college’s newspaper, The Dartmouth, in 1954: The Greenbook showed he compiled an average record at his hometown high school ... and above his activities there was a picture of a skinny-faced youngster with unruly blond hair and a sheepish grin. If anyone had bothered to check the birth date of the tall, lanky freshman, they might have been surprised to find that he was only 16, but other than that there was nothing out of the ordinary about Bill Remington. This was probably the only time that The Dartmouth described Remington as ordinary. By the time he was a senior, he was perhaps the most controversial man on campus-liked by a few, disliked by many, and a source of irritation, confusion, and, frequently admiration to faculty and administrators. Political scientist Hugh Elsbree thought him “one of the most unusual undergraduates I have encountered in ten years of teaching,” while economist Malcolm Kier confessed that, for a time, he “wasn’t certain whether this man was crazy or a genius.”
Fighting Back
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

“Don’t you think someone should spend the night with you?” William Rogers asked Remington as he left the committee room following Bentley’s testimony. “Oh, nuts!,” Remington replied. “I’m not going to commit suicide.” Still, that next hour was “one of the blackest ... of his life.” He wandered aimlessly for a time, then decided to visit Jane, who provided both solace and good advice. “ ... I was stunned,” he later recalled. “I saw my career ruined. Bentley’s motives were obscure to me, but the Senators’ motives weren’t. Why this public hearing, with Senators Ferguson, McClellan and Ives trying to be district attorneys? Why didn’t they let a loyalty board hear evidence in private?” Remington believed the answer was the political struggle between Republicans and Democrats in that election year. Truman had ordered the Republican-controlled 80th Congress back into session, and his antagonists countered with a special investigation of the Loyalty Program designed to embarrass the President. And he was caught in the middle. Remington wanted to resign immediately, but Jane encouraged him to stay and fight. “I’d been put in the position of being a cause, the last thing I ever wanted to be.... Other government officials were already under suspicion just for knowing me. If I quit under fire, they, too, might be out.”