bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advancing irrigation development in the European Union*
Authors: Cvejić Rozalija , Pintar Marina , Zupanc Vesna
Published: March 2021

Large‐scale irrigation systems (LIS) are massively utilized in agriculture worldwide to ensure food security and mitigate the effect of global warming. LIS face unpredictable changes in climate, technologies, and societal tendencies during their lifetime, potentially becoming unusable or insufficient. In this case study of Slovenia, the evolution of LIS was divided into five characteristic periods in terms of motivation, mechanisms, and the key stakeholders. The heyday of LIS development in the late 1980s was followed by denationalization and privatization, and construction was replaced by measures for improving the status irrigation at the state level. Simultaneously, there was a shift in global development towards modernization as LIS should be adaptive to changes throughout their existence in order to preserve their functionality. The construction of LIS resumed less intensively in the European Union during 2007–2013, with recognition of effective LIS functioning as necessity. This study confirms that irrigation development follows the global imperative focus on more effective use of the existing LIS along with simultaneous reduction in the environmental impact of agricultural production through smarter use of water, nutrients, and plant protection products. This should be achieved by organized LIS users, increased knowledge, efficient LIS maintenance and management, and improved connections to the local markets.
Comparison of sounds and words as sample stimuli for discrimination training
Authors: Halbur Mary , Kodak Tiffany , Williams Xi'an , Reidy Jessi , Halbur Christopher
Published: March 2021

A portion of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulty acquiring conditional discrimination. However, previous researchers suggested that the discrimination of nonverbal auditory stimuli may be acquired more efficiently (Eikeseth & Hayward, 2009; Uwer, et al., 2002). For example, a child may learn to touch a picture of a piano after hearing the musical instrument more quickly than when the auditory stimulus is the spoken word “piano.” The purpose of the present study was to extend previous research by assessing the acquisition of conditional discriminations with sample stimuli presented as either automated spoken words or high‐ and low‐disparity nonverbal auditory stimuli (i.e., environmental sounds). Conditional discriminations with high‐disparity environmental sounds as sample stimuli were acquired rather than or more efficiently than those trained with low‐disparity environmental sounds and words as sample stimuli.
Acute and subacute inhalation toxicity assessment of WS‐23 in Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Wu Ze‐Hong , Liu Yue‐Song , Li Xin‐Duo , Xu Te , Xu Jing , Yang Xue‐Min , Ma Ren‐Qiang , Jiang Xing‐Tao
Published: March 2021

2‐isopropyl‐N,2,3‐trimethylbutyramide (WS‐23) is a well‐known artificial synthesis cooling agent widely used in foods, medicines, and tobaccos. As a commonly cooling agent in e‐cigarette liquids, WS‐23 has led to concerns about the inhalation toxicity with the prosperous of e‐cigarettes in recent years. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the acute and subacute inhalation toxicity of WS‐23 in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. In the acute toxicity study, there was no mortality and behavioral signs of toxicity at the limit test dose level (340.0 mg/m3) in the exposure period and the following 14‐day observation period. In the subacute inhalation toxicity study, there was no significant difference observed in the body weights, feed consumption, and relative organ weights. Haematological, serum biochemical, urine, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis revealed the non‐adverse effects after 28‐day repeated WS‐23 inhalation (342.85 mg/m3), accompanied by slight changes in few parameters which returned to normal during the 28‐day recovery period. The histopathologic examination also did not show any differences in vital organs. In conclusion, the maximum tolerated dose for WS‐23 acute inhalation is not less than 340.0 mg/m3, and the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of WS‐23 subacute inhalation was determined to be over 342.85 mg/m3.
microRNA‐186 alleviates oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reoxygenation‐induced injury by directly targeting hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α
Authors: Li Shengnan , Wang Yajun , Wang Mengxu , Chen Linfa , Chen Shaofeng , Deng Fu , Zhu Peiyi , Hu Weidong , Chen Xinglan , Zhao Bin , Ma Guoda , Li You
Published: March 2021

Previous studies have suggested that microRNA‐186 (miR‐186) can be induced under hypoxic conditions, and is associated with apoptosis. This study was undertaken to explore the exact role of this microRNA (miRNA) in the apoptotic death of neurons during cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. To model cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries, we utilized a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion approach in rats, as well as a model of oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in Neuro2a cells. We found that in both in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral I/R injuries, levels of miR‐186 were markedly decreased. When we overexpressed miR‐186, this was associated with a reduction in the apoptotic death of neuroblastoma cells in the OGD/R model system, whereas the opposite was true when this miRNA was instead inhibited. We further found miR‐186 to directly target hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) by interacting with the 3′‐untranslated region of this mRNA. When we knocked down HIF‐1α, this partially overcame the apoptotic death of cells in response to OGD/R injury and associated miR‐186 downregulation. Our findings indicate that miR‐186 is able to reduce ischemic injury to neurons at least in part through downregulating HIF‐1α, suggesting that the miR‐186/HIF‐1α axis is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
Development of quantum dot‐based fluorescence lateral flow immunoassay strip for rapid and quantitative detection of serum interleukin‐6
Authors: Tang Jinsong , Wu Lili , Lin Jingtao , Zhang Erying , Luo Yong
Published: March 2021

Background

Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is an inflammatory factor that increases rapidly in response to infectious diseases including sepsis. The aim of this study is to develop a quantum dot (QD)‐based fluorescence lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) strip that can rapidly and accurately detect IL‐6 levels.

Methods

QD‐based LFIA strips were fabricated by conjugating CdSe/ZnS QDs to the IL‐6 antibody. Performance verification and clinical sample analysis were carried out to evaluate the newly developed strip.

Results

QD‐based LFIA strips were successfully fabricated. The test strip's linear range was 10–4000 pg/ml, with a linear correlation coefficient of R2 ≥ .959. The sensitivity of the test strip was 1.995 pg/ml. The recovery rate was 95.72%–102.63%, indicating satisfying accuracy. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the intra‐assay was 2.148%–3.903%, while the inter‐assay was 2.412%–5.293%, verifying the strip's high precision. The cross‐reaction rates with various interleukins (IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐4, and IL‐8) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) were all <0.1%. When the strip was placed in a 50°C oven for 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks, the test results were not significantly altered compared to storage at room temperature. Furthermore, 200 clinical serum samples were analyzed to compare the strip with the Beckman chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) kit, which revealed a high correlation (n = 200, R2 = .9971) for the detection of IL‐6.

Conclusions

The QD‐based test strip can rapidly and quantitatively detect IL‐6 levels, thus meeting the requirement of point‐of‐care test (POCT) and showing excellent clinical prospects.
Modelling of a bioelectrochemical system for metal‐polluted wastewater treatment and sequential metal recovery
Authors: León‐Fernandez Luis Fernando , Rodríguez Romero Luis , Fernández‐Morales Francisco Jesús , Villaseñor Camacho José
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

This work develops a simplified mathematical model to predict the performance of a bioelectrochemical system (BES), first working as a microbial fuel cell (MFC) and then as a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC), for the recovery of dissolved metals (Fe, Cu, Sn, and Ni) from simulated industrial wastewater. Experimental data from a previous work were used as starting points for mathematical modelling. Wastewater was used as the catholyte and contained Cu2+ and Fe3+ (500 mg L−1) as well as Sn2+ and Ni2+ (50 mg L−1), while the anolyte was composed of sodium acetate. Two mixed microbial populations were considered in the anode compartment (electrogenic and non‐electrogenic biomass). Dissolved metal ions were the electron acceptors in the electrogenic mechanism: Cu2+ and Fe3+ under MFC mode and then Fe2+, Ni2+, and Sn2+ under MEC mode.

RESULTS

The model predicted the organic substrate and microbial biomass (anode chamber) and Fe3+ and Cu2+ (cathode chamber) concentrations during MFC operation. Monod kinetic and stoichiometric parameters were calibrated, and it was observed that most of the organic substrate underwent a non‐electrogenic mechanism. The generation of electric current until electron acceptors were removed was also predicted. Concentration profiles and first‐rate constant values for the decreased Sn2+, Ni2+, and Fe2+ concentrations during the subsequent MEC operation were also obtained. The model was then used for simulations under different experimental conditions.

CONCLUSION

This work offers a single grey‐box model proposal that is easy to implement, and it can be used as a practical tool for testing the removal of dissolved metals in BESs. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Effective removal of proteins using carbon‐based nanoadsorbent: relevancy to the application of membrane‐driven pre‐water treatment
Authors: Somu Prathap , Singh Vineeta , Paul Subhankar
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

Protein is one of the key components of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and poses challenges in water treatment such as membrane fouling. The removal of proteins in preliminary treatment should transform wastewater treatment into a more feasible and cost‐effective process by preventing membrane fouling. In this study, we chemically synthesized nanographene oxide (NGO) and explored its potential as a nanoabsorbent for adsorbing the proteins lysozyme (LYZ) and bovine serum albumin (BSA).

RESULTS

Here, NGO was synthesized by incorporating some changes in a modified Hummer's method and characterized by various physicochemical methods. We demonstrated the excellent adsorption potential of NGO for the removal of LYZ and BSA from solution. We observed that the adsorption isotherm obeyed the nonlinear Langmuir model; maximal adsorption capacities of 1743.23 and 1156.54 mg g−1 were estimated for LYZ and BSA, respectively. Further, we also demonstrated the excellent regeneration efficiency of NGO whereby removal efficiency dropped by only 5–8% after repeated cycles of adsorption and desorption. Moreover, NGO demonstrated the high antibacterial potential in its protein adsorbed as well as regenerated state against both Gram‐positive and ‐negative bacteria.

CONCLUSION

Our findings revealed that carbon‐based NGO might be used as nanoadsorbent for preliminary wastewater treatment before membrane treatment to overcome problems including membrane biofouling, viscosity and foaming that otherwise can cause interference and complications in membrane operation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Seed priming with copper‐loaded chitosan nanoparticles promotes early growth and enzymatic antioxidant defense of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings
Authors: Gomes Diego G , Pelegrino Milena T , Ferreira André S , Bazzo José HB , Zucareli Claudemir , Seabra Amedea B , Oliveira Halley C
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

The unique features of nanoparticles can improve the effectiveness of seed priming with metallic ions, boosting plant growth and the defense response. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of nanopriming of maize (Zea mays L.) seeds with chitosan nanoparticles containing copper ions (NPCu) on the growth and photosynthetic activity of non‐stressed seedlings, as well as on the germination and antioxidant response of seeds undergoing deterioration caused by high relative humidity and temperature.

RESULTS

Seed priming with bulk or nanoencapsulated Cu2+ influenced the initial development of greenhouse‐grown maize seedlings, mainly by increasing shoot growth and photosynthetic electron transport, compared to the control. Chitosan nanoparticles without Cu (NP) induced minor morphophysiological responses. In the laboratory assay with stressed seeds, NPCu stood out for strongly increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In contrast, priming with NP induced oxidative stress in maize seedlings.

CONCLUSION

Under normal growing conditions, Cu2+ promoted the initial growth of maize seedlings regardless of the nanoencapsulation. In the stressful condition caused by the deterioration process, NPCu combined the properties of chitosan with the essentiality of Cu2+, promoting the enzymatic antioxidant response. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Hydrometallurgical recycling strategies for recovery of rare earth elements from consumer electronic scraps: a review
Authors: Akcil Ata , Ibrahim Yahaya Alhaji , Meshram Pratima , Panda Sandeep ,   Abhilash
Published: March 2021

The global demand for rare earth elements (REEs) for use in hi‐tech applications is constantly rising, yet their supply is a matter of concern given high rates of disposal. However, urban waste such as consumer electronic scrap (CE‐Scrap) has remarkable potential to come to the rescue and meet this growing demand, in line with circular economy principles. Notwithstanding this, globally, their commercial extraction and recovery are yet to be adopted, as <1% of REEs are obtained from recycled CE‐Scrap, with the rest removed from the materials cycle. Considering the economic importance and industrial applicability of REEs, the current status of the potential CE‐Scrap resources for REEs recycling is presented herein. The summarized availability of all REEs, their mode of occurrence and the prospects of relevant recycling processes, typically by the hydrometallurgical route, are discussed. The feasibility of using established REE extraction and recovery technologies is discussed concerning CE‐Scrap such as spent fluorescent lamps, spent NiMH hybrid batteries, computer monitor scrap, and scrap NdFeB magnets. Furthermore, the pros and cons associated with their separation are discussed along with the future directions of research and policies to be envisaged in urban resource recycling. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
The scope of dental education during COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review
Authors: Santos Glaucia N. M. , da Silva Helbert E. C. , Leite André F. , Mesquita Carla R. M. , Figueiredo Paulo T. S. , Stefani Cristine M. , Melo Nilce S.
Published: March 2021

Introduction

COVID‐19 forced e‐learning processes to develop abruptly and posed challenges to the educational infrastructure. Emergency Remote Teaching was designated to distinguish the new educational scheme. This concept involves production of online activities that may return to face‐to‐face format as soon as the isolation period ends.

Objective

From March through September of 2020, this systematic review attempted to elucidate experiences, benefits, and challenges enforced in dental education due to the pandemic, the learning technologies, and methods used to maintain education.

Methods

A literature search was conducted on Cochrane, Embase, Lilacs, Livivo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Gray literature was also contemplated. Studies in which online teaching methods were described and dental learners were the subjects during pandemic were included.

Results

Learning technology, pedagogical model, knowledge gain, and dental learners’ satisfaction and attitudes toward remote learning were assessed. The Joanna Briggs Institute JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Reports was applied as the methodological quality assessment to the 16 included studies. Assessments were related to demographic and historical characteristics of the participants, the intervention procedure, pre‐ and post‐intervention descriptions, and identification of unanticipated events. All studies described the use of learning technology to ensure education continuity, and 15 studies highlighted the pedagogical model applied. Eight studies investigated knowledge gain while 12 searched the learners’ satisfaction with online technologies.

Conclusion

The evidence suggests that learning technologies can support continuity in dental education. Reported problems include poor knowledge of faculty members on how to deal with technology, Internet connection, and content transition to online education.
Stress and work‐life balance in undergraduate dental students in Birmingham, United Kingdom and Hong Kong, China
Authors: Narwal Simran , Narwal Pavandeep , Leung Yiu Yan , Ahmed Bilal
Published: March 2021

Purpose/objectives

Dentistry is a challenging profession, subjecting students to various stressors which can affect well‐being. This study in 2019 investigates the relationship between stress and work‐life balance in dental students at University of Birmingham and The University of Hong Kong, from two different countries.

Methods

Online anonymous questionnaires were completed by 54 students from Birmingham and 48 students from Hong Kong. Ethical approval was gained by both centres. Quantitative and qualitative data were captured with Likert scales and open questions. Using simple descriptive statistics in SPSS, Pearson chi‐square tests determined statistical significance between categorical and quantitative variables (p < 0.05).

Results

The majority of students from University of Birmingham (38.9%) felt “extremely stressed,” whereas the majority of students from The University of Hong Kong (45.8%) only felt “slightly stressed” (p < 0.001). Exercise and emotional support appeared to be positive approaches for stress relief. Hong Kong dental students (68.8%) reported a good work‐life balance compared to significantly fewer students (24.1%) in University of Birmingham (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Major stressors in this study included examinations and fear of failure. Students found that hobbies and extracurricular activities contributed to a healthier lifestyle. A better work‐life balance reduced reported stress levels.
ABO subgroup incompatibility with severe hemolysis after consecutive allogeneic stem cell transplantations
Authors: Hecker Judith S. , Wahida Adam , Hameister Erik , Filo Aneta , Ruland Jürgen , Bassermann Florian , Hildebrandt Martin , Verbeek Mareike , Poeck Hendrik
Published: March 2021

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCTs) represent a curative strategy for treating hematologic malignancies yet bear dangerous and frequently life‐threatening complications including the development of graft‐versus‐host disease. Here, we present a case of a patient that suffered from relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, a hematologic neoplasm characterized by clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. During the course of his disease, the patient underwent consecutive allogeneic HSCTs, during which he developed a clinical meaningful and hitherto unreported ABO subgroup incompatibility, leading to persistent hemolysis. Testing for ABO subgroups during donor selection, especially after consecutive allogeneic HSCTs, may therefore aid to prevent these complications.
A comparison of the effectiveness of respondent‐driven and venue‐based sampling for identifying undiagnosed HIV infection among cisgender men who have sex with men and transgender women in Tijuana, Mexico
Authors: Pines Heather A , Semple Shirley J , Magis‐Rodríguez Carlos , Harvey‐Vera Alicia , Strathdee Steffanie A , Patrick Rudy , Rangel Gudelia , Patterson Thomas L
Published: March 2021

Background

Efforts to increase HIV testing, diagnosis and care are critical to curbing HIV epidemics among cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC). We compared the effectiveness of respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) and venue‐based sampling (VBS) for identifying previously undiagnosed HIV infection among MSM and TW in Tijuana, Mexico.

Methods

Between March 2015 and December 2018, we conducted RDS within the social networks of MSM and TW and VBS at venues frequented by MSM and TW to socialize and meet sexual partners. Those reached by RDS/VBS who reported at least 18 years of age, anal sex with MSM or TW, and no previous HIV diagnosis were eligible for HIV testing.

Results

Of those screened following recruitment via RDS (N = 1232; 98.6% MSM; 1.3% TW), 60.8% (749/1232) were eligible for HIV testing and 97.5% (730/749) were tested for HIV infection, which led to the identification of 36 newly diagnosed HIV infections (4.9%). Of those screened following recruitment via VBS (N = 2560; 95.2% MSM; 4.6% TW), 56.5% (1446/2560) were eligible for HIV testing and 92.8% (1342/1446) were tested for HIV infection, which led to the identification of 82 newly diagnosed HIV infections (6.1%). The proportion of new HIV diagnoses did not differ by recruitment method (ratio = 0.81, 95% confidence interval: 0.55 to 1.18). Compared to those recruited via RDS, those tested following recruitment via VBS were younger, more likely to identify as gay, and more likely to identify as TW. Compared to those recruited via VBS, those newly diagnosed with HIV infection following recruitment via RDS reported higher levels of internalized stigma and were more likely to report injection drug use and a history of deportation from the United States.

Conclusions

Despite RDS and VBS being equally effective for identifying undiagnosed HIV infection, each recruitment method reached different subgroups of MSM and TW in Tijuana. Our findings suggest that there may be benefits to using both RDS and VBS to increase the identification of previously undiagnosed HIV infection and ultimately support HIV care engagement among MSM and TW in Mexico and other similar LMIC.
Monoclonal antibodies capable of binding SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding motif specifically prevent GM-CSF induction
Authors: Qiang Xiaoling , Zhu Shu , Li Jianhua , Chen Weiqiang , Yang Huan , Wang Ping , Tracey Kevin J , Wang Haichao
Published: March 2021

A severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently caused a pandemic COVID-19 disease that infected approximately 94 million and killed more than 2,000,000 people worldwide. Like the SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 also employs a receptor-binding motif (RBM) of its envelope spike protein for binding the host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to gain viral entry. Currently, extensive efforts are being made to produce vaccines against a surface fragment of a SARS-CoV-2, such as the spike protein, in order to boost protective antibodies that can inhibit virus-ACE2 interaction to prevent viral entry. It was previously unknown how spike protein-targeting antibodies would affect innate inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infections. Here we generated a highly purified recombinant protein corresponding to the RBM of SARS-CoV-2, and used it to screen for cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We found two RBM-binding mAbs that competitively inhibited its interaction with human ACE2, and specifically blocked the RBM-induced GM-CSF secretion in both human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and murine macrophage cultures. Our findings have suggested a possible strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2-elicited “cytokine storm,” and revealed a potentially anti-inflammatory and protective mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 spike-based vaccines.
Evaluation of a stacked‐FET cell for high‐frequency applications (invited paper)
Authors: Piacibello Anna , Costanzo Ferdinando , Giofré Rocco , Quaglia Roberto , Colantonio Paolo , Pirola Marco , Camarchia Vittorio
Published: March 2021

This paper presents the design, electromagnetic simulation strategies and experimental characterisation of a two‐stage stacked‐FET cell in a 100 nm GaN on Si technology around 18.8 GHz, suited for Ka band satellite downlink applications. A good agreement is found between the electromagnetic simulations and the measured performance on the manufactured prototype, thus demonstrating that a successful voltage combining architecture can be obtained in the frequency range of interest with the selected topology, based on a symmetric fork‐like connection between the transistors. This proves the effectiveness of an appropriate electromagnetic simulation set‐up in correctly predicting the crosstalk, which typically affects this structure, leading to a correct stacking operation.
High accessory pathway conductivity blocks antegrade conduction in Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome: A simulation study
Authors: Haraguchi Ryo , Ashihara Takashi , Matsuyama Taka‐aki , Yoshimoto Jun
Published: March 2021

Background

Wolff‐Parkinson‐White (WPW) syndrome is characterized by an anomalous accessory pathway (AP) that connects the atrium and ventricles, which can cause abnormal myocardial excitation and cardiac arrhythmias. The morphological and electrophysiological details of the AP remain unclear. The size and conductivity of the AP may affect conduction and WPW syndrome symptoms.

Methods

To clarify this issue, we performed computer simulations of antegrade AP conduction using a simplified wall model. We focused on the bundle size of the AP and myocardial electrical conductivity during antegrade conduction (from the atrium to the ventricle).

Results

We found that a thick AP and high ventricular conductivity promoted antegrade conduction, whereas a thin AP is unable to deliver the transmembrane current required for electric conduction. High ventricular conductivity amplifies transmembrane current. These findings suggest the involvement of a source‐sink mechanism. Furthermore, we found that high AP conductivity blocked antegrade conduction. As AP conductivity increased, sustained outward transmembrane currents were observed. This finding suggests the involvement of an electrotonic effect.

Conclusions

The findings of our theoretical simulation suggest that AP size, ventricular conductivity, and AP conductivity affect antegrade conduction through different mechanisms. Our findings provide new insights into the morphological and electrophysiological details of the AP.
Thinking of you thinking of me: An integrative review of meta‐perception in the workplace
Authors: Grutterink Hanneke , Meister Alyson
Published: March 2021

Decades of research demonstrate a fundamental human tendency to care about how one is seen by others, and for good reason; the perceptions and appraisals of others affect a wealth of important outcomes in our lives. In the workplace, for example, these outcomes include dismissals, bonuses, and promotions. In this review, we integrate a diverse body of research surrounding human “beliefs about how we are seen by others” and define these beliefs as meta‐perceptions. We derive an overarching framework to highlight what we do and do not know about meta‐perceptions in the workplace by disentangling their content, structural composition, and effects. Our review highlights that meta‐perceptions can have important implications for employees' affect, cognition, and behavior, yet there is a lack of research exploring meta‐perceptions in work settings and an inconsistency in how they are conceptualized and explored. Finally, we suggest several pathways for future research into the role of meta‐perception in the workplace.
FTIR spectral band shifts explained by OM–cation interactions
Authors: Ellerbrock Ruth H. , Gerke Horst H.
Published: March 2021

Background: The organic matter (OM) in soils interacts with polyvalent cations such as Ca2+ through hydroxyl (OH), carboxylic acid, ester, keto, aldehyde (summarized as C=O), and carboxylate (COO−) functional groups. Such interactions affect the bonding strength of the double bond between the C and the O atom in the functional groups, which is assumed to shift the wavenumber (WN) region of O–H (hydroxyl), C=O, COO−, and OMcat (i.e., C=O interacting with cations plus O–H groups) absorption band maxima in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Such band shifts limit the evaluation of spectral information on OM in soil samples.

Aims: The objective of this study was to analyze the extent of band shifts and the changes in absorption band intensities for relations with cation concentrations, and to estimate effects of band shifts on OM properties such as potential wettability of OM evaluated from FTIR absorption band ratios.

Methods: Polygalacturonic acid (PGA) solutions were mixed with a CaCl2 solution at different relations. The freeze‐dried mixtures were analyzed with FTIR spectroscopy in the mid‐infrared spectral range by using KBr‐technique. The FTIR spectra were interpreted with respect to O–H, C=O, COO−, and OMcat bands, the latter reflecting the formation of PGA‐Ca2+ complexes.

Results: The FTIR spectra of the PGA–Ca mixtures compared to that of pure PGA indicate band shift effects by CaCl2 addition on both, intensity and WN value of the OMcat, C=O and COO− absorption band maxima. The COO−/C–O–C ratio increased with Ca2+ concentration while the C–H/C–O–C ratio decreased. Furthermore, the C=O and COO− absorption band maxima were shifted towards lower WN values, while the OMcat absorption band was shifted towards higher WN values. The shift of OMcat band maxima was two times higher than that of the C=O band maximum and increased with Ca2+ concentration.

Conclusion: Spectral band shifts depend on polyvalent cation concentration and limit automated interpretations of FTIR spectra without prior soil‐specific spectral corrections.
Influence of different hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography stationary phases on method performance for the determination of highly polar anionic pesticides in complex feed matrices
Authors: Dias Jonatan , López Sonia Herrera , Mol Hans , de Kok André
Published: March 2021

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography is an alternative liquid chromatography mode for separation of polar compounds. In the recent years, this liquid chromatography mode has been recognized as an important solution for the analysis of compounds not amenable to reverse phase chromatography. In this work, we evaluated three different hydrophilic liquid chromatography stationary phases for the determination of 14 highly polar anionic molecules including pesticides such as glyphosate, glufosinate, ethephon and fosetyl, their main metabolites, and bromide, chlorate, and perchlorate. Several mobile phase compositions were evaluated combined with different gradients for the chromatographic run. The two columns that presented the best results were used to assess the performance for the determination of the 14 compounds in challenging highly complex feed materials. Very different matrix effects were observed for most of the compounds in each column, suggesting that different interactions can occur. Using isotopically labeled internal standards, acceptable quantitative performance and identification could be achieved down to 0.02 mg kg−1 (the lowest level tested) for most compounds. While one column was found to be favorable in terms of scope (suited for all 14 compounds), the other one was more suited for quantification and identification at lower levels, however, not for all analytes tested.
Rapid determination of 13 organophosphorus flame retardants in milk by using modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique, solid‐phase extraction, and HPLC‐MS/MS
Authors: Chen Xuelei , Li Wei , Li Jingguang , Fan Sai , Shi Zhixiong
Published: March 2021

Organophosphorus flame retardants are a class of widely used plasticizers and flame retardants. In this study, an analytical methodology for the simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphorus flame retardants in milk was developed by using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry in combination with a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique and solid‐phase extraction. The experimental parameters of the sample purification procedure and high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry were optimized. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection, recovery, and precision. The method showed a linear response in the 1–100 ng/mL concentration range and the limits of detection ranged from 0.001 to 0.3 ng/mL. The mean recoveries for most organophosphorus flame retardants were in the ranges of 75.0–115.8% (spiked at 2.5 ng/mL) and 76.7–124.8% (spiked at 25 ng/mL), with relative standard deviations of <13.09%. The developed methodology was successfully applied to the analysis of nine human milk samples and nine commercial cow milk samples. Eleven organophosphorus flame retardants were detected in the human milk samples, with median concentrations that ranged from lower than the limit of detection to 1.47 ng/mL, and only nine organophosphorus flame retardants were detected in cow milk samples, with median levels of <0.32 ng/mL.
Website design in tourism and hospitality: A multilevel review
Authors: Chan Irene Cheng Chu , Law Rob , Fong Lawrence Hoc Nang , Zhong Lina
Published: March 2021

Synthesizing and integrating the works of 78 journal articles on the effect of website design on consumers, this study reconceptualizes and redefines five design features constituting effective website design for tourism and hospitality. The review shows that content and system designs are the most studied design features, followed by social, sensory, and hedonic features. Existing website design research predominantly focuses on website‐level outcomes, overlooking the importance of product‐ and consumer‐level outcomes. An integrative framework encompassing the four crucial elements of website design (i.e., design features, outcomes, processes, and conditions) in tourism and hospitality research is proposed.
Simulating potential impacts of climate changes on distribution pattern and carbon storage function of high‐latitude wetland plant communities in the Xing'anling Mountains, China
Authors: Xue Zhenshan , Jiang Ming , Zhang Zhongsheng , Wu Haitao , Zhang Tingting
Published: March 2021

Though one of the most vulnerable terrestrial ecosystems, wetlands provide multiple ecosystem services, most notably storing carbon. It is now widely recognized that climate change could have a large impact on high‐latitude wetlands. A key question is how climate change will affect the distribution pattern of wetland plant communities, and to what extent the transitions among different wetland plant communities respond to regional warming? To answer this question, we estimated the total SOC storage with 139 soil profiles in the Xing'anling Mountains and performed ensemble species distribution modelling for 11 dominant wetland plant communities by using numerous vegetation plots. Results show that 4.5–23.8% of the high‐latitude wetlands in the study area would be lost following widespread thawing of permafrost under different climate warming scenarios by the end of this century. The total wetland SOC in the Xing'anling Mountains is estimated to be 1.58 Pg, about 25.5–29.3% of the total of China's wetlands, however, predicted wetland loss could put 5.4–20.5% (0.08–0.32 Pg C) of the total SOC storage at risk of instability. Our results also predicted a significant northward migration of southern Deyeuxia angustifolia communities driven by future climate changes. This wetland succession could profoundly reduce future carbon sequestration capacity of wetlands in the study area. The findings presented here are helpful for both current reserve management and future conservation planning of wetlands in the study area.
Recent Progress of DNA Nanostructures on Amphiphilic Membranes
Authors: Piao Jiafang , Yuan Wei , Dong Yuanchen
Published: March 2021

Employing DNA nanostructures mimicking membrane proteins on artificial amphiphilic membranes have been widely developed to understand the structures and functions of the natural membrane systems. In this review, the recent developments in artificial systems constructed by amphiphilic membranes and DNA nanostructures are summarized. First, the preparations and properties of the amphipathic bilayer models are introduced. Second, the interactions are discussed between the membrane and the DNA nanostructures, as well as their coassembly behaviors. Next, the alternative systems related to membrane protein‐mediated signal transmission, selective distribution, transmembrane channels, and membrane fusion are also introduced. Moreover, the constructions of membrane skeleton protein‐mimicking DNA nanostructures are also highlighted.
Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation: A Review on Investigating Mesoscale Properties of Polymer Systems
Authors: Wang Jihao , Han Yufen , Xu Zhiyang , Yang Xiaozhen , Ramakrishna Seeram , Liu Yong
Published: March 2021

Polymer systems have typical multiscale characteristics, both in space and time. The mesoscopic properties of polymers are difficult to describe through traditional experimental approaches. Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) is a simulation method used for solving mesoscale problems of complex fluids and soft matter. The mesoscopic properties of polymer systems, such as conformation, dynamics, and transport properties, have been studied extensively using DPD. This paper briefly summarizes the application of DPD to research involving microchannel flow, electrospinning, free‐radical polymerization, polymer self‐assembly processes, polymer electrolyte fuel cells, and biomedical materials. The main features and possible development avenues of DPD are described as well.
Imaging‐Based Metrics Drawn from Visual Perception of Haze and Clarity of Materials. I. Method, Analysis, and Distance‐Dependent Transparency
Authors: Busato Stephan , Kremer Daniel , Perevedentsev Aleksandr
Published: March 2021

A versatile imaging‐based method is presented for quantifying the transparency of materials based on “illumination diffusion” (ID), representing scattering‐ and refraction‐induced change in the spatial distribution of transmitted light intensity. Samples are backlit through a graticule mask, with analysis performed by comparative evaluation of graticule images recorded as‐is and viewed through a sample, mimicking visual perception. ID‐haze is quantified as the reduction of contrast, while ID‐sharpness is derived from imaged knife‐edge acuity. Measurements are performed for diverse materials, including clarified polyolefins, silica‐filled amorphous polymers, semicrystalline films, and etched polymer sheets. Comparisons with the respective haze and clarity values obtained using a common ASTM D1003 haze‐meter are made in terms of their quantitative correlation and suitability for applications. In particular, unlike conventional instruments, ID‐based analysis captures the variation of transparency with sample‐to‐object “airgap” distance. Gratifyingly, ID‐haze generally features a one‐to‐one correlation with standard ASTM haze, when determined at a specific distance. The presented method also enables sensitive detection of local defects—differentiating them from large‐area characteristics—and accurately extracts the contribution of luminescence to loss of transparency. ID‐based method therewith offers unique opportunities for application‐ and airgap‐specific transparency analysis, and advanced options for optical process‐ and quality control.
Freedom and giving in game streams: A Foucauldian exploration of tips and donations on Twitch
Authors: Yoganathan Vignesh , Osburg Victoria‐Sophie , Stevens Callum James
Published: March 2021

Twitch is a full‐fledged marketplace for game consumption, where gameplay is live streamed by players for the benefit of viewers/followers. Using Foucault's notions of freedom as a practice, we provide a psychosocial understanding of game stream engagement, and especially, user motivations for tipping streamers or donating to charity (i.e., “giving”). Following a netnographic approach, we analyse contributions to a large online forum and data gathered from 15 focus groups. We find that giving arises as an outcome of users exercising their freedom, whilst negotiating personal difficulties, for social gratification (e.g., status among peers), self‐determination (i.e., feeling control over one's life), and self‐extension (i.e., feeling affinity with others to achieve ideal self). By providing opportunities for self‐extension and self‐determination, which lead to better connectivity and stronger community support compared to social media, Twitch enables users to “give freely” (i.e., without obligation or compunction). Consequently, Twitch offers scope for more effective and mutually beneficial means of fundraising than traditional nonprofit marketing strategies, particularly by reaching younger target groups. Ultimately, the paper integrates three widely used theories under one (Foucauldian) metatheoretical perspective and highlights the central role of freedom in understanding game stream user engagement. Practical implications for nonprofit fundraising are also considered.
A study of innate immune kinetics reveals a role for a chloride transporter in a virulent Francisella tularensis type B strain
Authors: Matz Lisa M. , Petrosino Joseph F.
Published: March 2021

Tularemia is a zoonotic disease of global proportions. Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis (type A) and holarctica (type B) cause disease in healthy humans, with type A infections resulting in higher mortality. Repeated passage of a type B strain in the mid‐20th century generated the Live Vaccine Strain (LVS). LVS remains unlicensed, does not protect against high inhalational doses of type A, and its exact mechanisms of attenuation are poorly understood. Recent data suggest that live attenuated vaccines derived from type B may cross‐protect against type A. However, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding virulent type B pathogenesis and its capacity to stimulate the host's innate immune response. We therefore sought to increase our understanding of virulent type B in vitro characteristics using strain OR96‐0246 as a model. Adding to our knowledge of innate immune kinetics in macrophages following infection with virulent type B, we observed robust replication of strain OR96‐0246 in murine and human macrophages, reduced expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokine genes from “wild type” type B‐infected macrophages compared to LVS, and delayed macrophage cell death suggesting that virulent type B may suppress macrophage activation. One disruption in LVS is in the gene encoding the chloride transporter ClcA. We investigated the role of ClcA in macrophage infection and observed a replication delay in a clcA mutant. Here, we propose its role in acid tolerance. A greater understanding of LVS attenuation may reveal new mechanisms of pathogenesis and inform strategies toward the development of an improved vaccine against tularemia.
Magnetically focused 70 MeV proton minibeams for preclinical experiments combining a tandem accelerator and a 3 GHz linear post‐accelerator
Authors: Mayerhofer Michael , Datzmann Gerd , Degiovanni Alberto , Dimov Veliko , Dollinger Günther
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Radiotherapy plays an important role for the treatment of tumor diseases in two‐thirds of all cases, but it is limited by side effects in the surrounding healthy tissue. Proton minibeam radiotherapy (pMBRT) is a promising option to widen the therapeutic window for tumor control at reduced side effects. An accelerator concept based on an existing tandem Van de Graaff accelerator and a linac enables the focusing of 70 MeV protons to form minibeams with a size of only 0.1 mm for a preclinical small animal irradiation facility, while avoiding the cost of an RFQ injector.

Methods

The tandem accelerator provides a 16 MeV proton beam with a beam brightness of as averaged from 5 µs long pulses with a flat top current of 17 µA at 200 Hz repetition rate. Subsequently, the protons are accelerated to 70 MeV by a 3 GHz linear post‐accelerator consisting of two Side Coupled Drift Tube Linac (SCDTL) structures and four Coupled Cavity Linac (CCL) structures [design: AVO‐ADAM S.A (Geneva, Switzerland)]. A 3 GHz buncher and four magnetic quadrupole lenses are placed between the tandem and the post‐accelerator to maximize the transmission through the linac. A quadrupole triplet situated downstream of the linac structure focuses the protons into an area of (0.1 × 0.1) mm2. The beam dynamics of the facility is optimized using the particle optics code TRACE three‐dimensional (3D). Proton transmission through the facility is elaborated using the particle tracking code TRAVEL.

Results

A study about buncher amplitude and phase shift between buncher and linac is showing that 49% of all protons available from the tandem can be transported through the post‐accelerator. A mean beam current up to 19 nA is expected within an area of (0.1 × 0.1) mm2 at the beam focus.

Conclusion

An extension of existing tandem accelerators by commercially available 3 GHz structures is able to deliver a proton minibeam that serves all requirements to obtain proton minibeams to perform preclinical minibeam irradiations as it would be the case for a complete commercial 3 GHz injector‐RFQ–linac combination. Due to the modularity of the linac structure, the irradiation facility can be extended to clinically relevant proton energies up to or above 200 MeV.
Evaluating a symptom‐triggered gastric residual volume policy in a surgical trauma intensive care unit: Simple and safe
Authors: Prest Phillip J. , Reath Jessica Justice , Bell Nathaniel , Rabieh Mona , Moore Aaron , Jones Mark , Watson Christopher , Bynoe Raymond
Published: March 2021

Background

Routine checking of gastric residual volumes (GRVs) during enteral feeding within surgical trauma intensive care units (STICUs) is a common practice. However, data on the necessity of this practice and its impact on nutrient delivery are limited. We aim to study the association between the replacement of a routine GRV (rGRV) policy with a triggered GRV (tGRV) policy and the safe achievement of daily nutrition goals.

Methods

We prospectively collected data on patients after we instituted a tGRV policy and compared them with a historical cohort of patients who had rGRV assessments in our STICU at a level 1 trauma center. The primary end point was achieving 80% of prescribed nutrient goals. Secondary end points included aspiration pneumonia, witnessed emesis, and glycemic control.

Results

A total of 145 patients accounting for 1405 STICU days were treated under the tGRV policy, and 156 patients accounting for 1694 STICU days were treated under the rGRV policy. There were no statistically significant differences between the tGRV and rGRV groups with regard to the proportion of days meeting or exceeding protein (56.7% vs 56.2%) or calorie (56.4% vs 56.0%) goals. After adjusting for in‐hospital deaths, injury severity score, complications, and STICU time, the predictive margins for meeting caloric and protein goals were higher among the tGRV patients (57% vs 56%), but these differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusion

A tGRV policy did not change protein or calorie delivery among patients or increase the risk of emesis compared with traditional monitoring methods.
Physiology of the Weight‐Reduced State: A Report from a National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Workshop
Authors: Laughlin Maren R. , Osganian Stavroula K. , Yanovski Susan Z. , Lynch Christopher J.
Published: March 2021

Preventing regain of lost weight is the most difficult challenge in the treatment of obesity. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases convened a workshop, “The Physiology of the Weight‐Reduced State,” on June 3 to 4, 2019, in order to explore the physiologic mechanisms of appetitive and metabolic adaptation that take place in the weight‐reduced state and counter an individual’s efforts to maintain reduced weight following weight loss.