bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross-Linked Silicone Films as Wash-Wear, Water-Repellent Finishes for Cotton1
Authors: Bullock Joel B. , Welch Clark M.
Published: March 2008

A variety of silicones substituted with hydrogen, methyl, amyl, or cyanoethyl groups have been deposited as cross-linked films on cotton fabric without cross-linking the cellu lose. The films surrounded individual fibers, leaving the air-permeability of fabric un changed. Insolubilization of silicone occurred in 1-5 min with an efficiency as high as 70-90% on curing with organic peroxides at 100-180° C.

Dimethyl silicone imparted a wash-wear rating of 3, along with 240-260° crease recovery, unchanged tearing strength, and, in favorable cases, 70% to 80% retention of breaking strength and flex abrasion resistance. Application from organic solvents and aqueous emulsions, with and without a conventional cellulose cross-linking agent present, was demonstrated on fabrics of native, slack-mercerized, and tension-mercerized cotton. Little crease recovery was imparted by the silicone or benzoyl peroxide applied indi vidually. A mechanism for crease recovery based on cross-linked polymer films sur rounding unaltered cotton fibers is indicated. From the variation in efficiency with molecular weight, it was possible to estimate cross-linking densities in the silicone under different curing conditions.

Methyl hydrogen silicone imparted high water repellency, increased flex abrasion resistance, and moderately increased wrinkle resistance, without loss of tearing strength, when cross-linked on cotton. Mixtures of silicones gave properties intermediate to those imparted separately.
Treatment of Wool With Polyolefins
Authors: Feldtman H.D. , McPhee J.R. , Pratt A.J.
Published: March 2008

Several polyethylenes have been applied to wool from aqueous emulsions and from xylene solution. Resistance to felting shrinkage was found only when the polymer was cross-linked, even though the uncross-linked polymers were not necessarily removed on washing. Cross-linking was achieved either from reactive groups in the polymer chains or by the addition of a free-radical cross-linking agent such as benzoyl peroxide. Polyvinyl acetate behaved similarly to polyethylene, but polypropylene could not be cross-linked and did not shrinkproof.
O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate O-ester with phenylglyoxylonitrile oxime (Bay 77488) as a Mothproofer of Woolen Fabrics
Authors: Bry Roy E. , Lang Joe H.
Published: March 2008

O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate O-ester with phenylglyoxylonitrile oxime (Bay 77488) at calculated deposits as low as 0.05% by weight satisfactorily protected woolen cloth against feeding damage by. larvae of the black carpet beetle Attagenus piceus (Olivier) and of the webbing clothes moth Tineola bisselliella (Hummel). The biological data also showed the Bay 77488 residues to be moderately resistant to washing. highly resistant to drycleaning, and persistent through aging for at least 12 months.

The oral LD 50 to rats is more than 1000 mg/kg.
Pad-Bake Reactions
Authors: Cuculo J.A.
Published: March 2008

A new anhydride/ammonia-cellulose reaction has been developed. It has led to a fast, simple, pad-hake process for modifying cellulose. The structure of the modified reaction product is presumed to be a cellulose half-acid ester.

The easily synthesized cellulose ester derivative may be of possible value as a precursor for subsequent reactions to obtain cellulose fabrics with improved properties. Cellulose hemisuccinate, phthalate, and maleate, are reported.
The Bobtex Yarn-Making Technology: Its Future and Implications
Authors: Bobkowicz Emilian , Bobkowicz Andrew J.
Published: March 2008

"Bobtex" yarns are formed according to the Integrated Composite Spinning (ICS) principle by joining staple fibers and polymer right at the extrusion stage into a composite structure which utilizes the inner polymer-matrix bonding forces to from a spun yarn, with a retained twist in consequence of the interfiber and intermolecular slip in the semimolten polymer while the yarn is produced at linear wind-up speeds from 500-1000 ft/min in one continuous process from staple fibers and resin pellets. The process is fiber-independent, permitting conversion of natural, synthetic, or mineral staple fibers, of long or short staple in a blend with any type of thermoplastic polymer into composite "Bobtex" ICS yarns which are satisfactory for numerous end uses.

The implications of this Canadian invention and development are analyzed in the light of its flexibility to engineer yarn properties as well as considerations of reduced costs of spun yarn production, substantial raw-material savings, as well as increases in productivity per worker and per capital invested.

After many years of intensive research and development activity, the "Bobtex" ICS technology is reaching commercial status. 'I'his activity has also resulted in the "Bobtex" Aerodynamic Brake Spinning (ABS) which is now in the tabora tory stage. Basically different from turbine or centrifugal forces utilizing open-end spinning systems, the "Bobtex" ABS method produces 100% staple fiber yarns twisted in an axial direction by a false-twist type spindle imparting a positive twist and producing a linearly wound-up yarn package at output speeds many times faster than any hitherto known open- end systems.
Preliminary Studies of the Evaluation of Detergent Efficiencies of Soaps from Kinetic Data
Authors: Bediako M.K.B. , Ghosh B.P.
Published: March 2008

Detergent efficiencies for soaps prepared from combinations of oils and aqueous ash extracts from various Ghanaian agricultural wastes were evaluated by means of two criteria: rates of desorption of artificial soil from mutton cloth samples by 5% solutions of the soaps and turnover numbers obtained from the determination of rates of desorption at various soap concentrations. The results correlate well with the total fatty acid contents of the soaps, but the proposed criteria should be better indicators of detergency than fatty acid content in certain cases.
Evidence for Two Types of Accessible Surfaces in Fibrous Cotton
Authors: Roberts E.J. , Bose J.L. , Rowland S.P.
Published: March 2008

Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose, prepared at low DS and without change in crystallinity from that of the original cottons, was subjected to hydrolysis with 2.5 N HCI for various lengths of time ranging from 20 min to 5 hr. The yield of DEAE-hydrocellulose (insoluble fraction) ranged from 90.5% at 20 min to 79.2% at 5 hr. Throughout the hydrolysis, the percent nitrogen in the solubilized fraction was triple that in the insoluble fraction. Gas-liquid chroma tographic analysis to determine the distribution of substituents in the solubilized and insoluble fractions showed that the ratio of substituents in the 2-0- and 6-0-positions was higher in the insoluble fraction than in the solubilized frac tion. The 3-0-/6-0-ratio was higher in the solubilized fraction than in the insoluble fraction. The significance of these results as supporting evidence for two types of accessible surfaces of crystalline elementary fibrils in fibrous cotton cellu lose is discussed.
Polymeric Dye Retarders for Acrylic Fibers
Authors: Dullaghan M.E. , Ultee A.J.
Published: March 2008

This paper describes a new approach to dye retardation wherein fibers containing ionic dye sites are treated with polyelectrolytes of opposite charge. The polymeric material coats the fiber and reduces the rate of dye uptake. Experi mental data obtained with a continuous dye-bath analyzer are presented to clarify the mechanism of polyelectrolyte retardation of cationically dyeable acrylics, and extend the concept to anionically dyeable fibers. Practical applica tions are described using a polycationic retarder to give level dyeing, union dyeings, or tone-on-tone effects with several types of acrylic fibers. A special advantage of these retarder systems over conventional retarders is that they do not interfere with development of crimp in bicomponent fiber and thus do not alter fabric aesthetics.
Acid Chloride Modification of Wool in Dimethylformamide
Authors: Koenig N.H. , Crass Rosa A.
Published: March 2008

Wool has been acylated with several aliphatic acid chlorides. Hot dimethylformamide allows the reagent to pene trate the crosslinked structure of wool. Myristoyl chloride can give a 30% uptake in 0.5 h at 105°C. Increase in crosslinking by diacid chlorides is demonstrated by lower solubility in ammonia after peracetic acid oxidation, by single fiber stress-strain data, and by decreased supercontraction. Also shown are the effects of hydrocarbon chain length and acid chloride functionality on acid solubility, alkali solubility, and fabric mechanical properties. Many treatments greatly reduce laundering shrinkage.
A Mechanism of Carrier Action in Dyeing Polyester with Disperse Dyestuffs
Authors: Hemming David F. , Datyner Arved
Published: March 2008

Experimental evidence is presented that carriers accelerate diffusion of dyes in a polyester substrate by competitive adsorption of carrier and dye molecules for one and the same adsorption sites in the substrate.
A Comparison of Methods of Measuring the Formaldehyde Content of Formaldehyde-Treated Wool
Authors: Reddie R.N. , Nicholls C.H.
Published: March 2008

Methods of assessing the formaldehyde content of formaldehyde-treated wool are examined, particularly in the light of inherent short-comings, and results obtained by several methods are compared. The often-used acid-distillation method is rather inadequate in that no measurement of the total formaldehyde reacted with the wool is obtained, but only a measurement of the add-removable formaldehyde which is present in the treated protein. Measurements of weight increase during formaldehyde treatment of wool are technically feasible but are of little use due to intrinsic factors. Measurement of decrease in solution concentration can be used to gain an estimate of the total formaldehyde removed from the solution, but it does not distinguish between loose and firm formaldehyde-wool associates. A radiochemical technique is shown to be the only currently available method that gives an accurate and reliable measurement of the formaldehyde content of formaldehyde-treated wool.
Analysis of the Effect of Size Formulation Variations on Yarn Tenacity and Elongation
Authors: Mousa A.H.N.
Published: March 2008

Two methods were used to size cotton yarns. The ingredients used in the first method were corn starch, Nordux, and fats. In the second method the ingredients used were: corn starch, Nordux, Tylose, and Trifix. In each case two levels for each ingredient were used. Factorial experiments were used to assess the effect of each treatment condition on the single strength and percentage elongation of the sized cotton yarns.
Effect of Rotor Speed on Open-End Spinning and Yarn Properties
Authors: Simpson Jacic , Patureau Myles A.
Published: March 2008

The effects of rotor speed (417 to 1000 rev/s) on yarn quality were investigated. The following parameters were also varied: rotor diameter and configuration, card type, cotton-fiber properties, and type of takeoff navels. The strength of a 49 mg/m yarn increased as rotor speed increased to 667 rev/s, and then decreased, whereas the strength of 25 mg/m yarn decreased with increased rotor speed. A latively fine, strong-fibered cotton was necessary for spinning at high rotor speeds. However, the difference in strength between yarns from a carded cotton and yarns from a combed cotton was less at high rotor speeds, evidently as a result of more wrappers and greater fiber breakage with longer fibers. Any factor that increased the twisting torque to the yarn-formation point in the rotor, such as large-diameter rotors, fast rotor speeds, and grooves in the takeoff navel, produced yarns with poorer fiber orientation and short-term uniformity. Also, high rotor speeds reduced the fiber parallelazation of the fiber ring in the rotor.
Effects of Combing-Roll Wire Design and Rotor Speed on Open-End Spinning and Cotton Yarn Properties
Authors: Simpson Jack , Murray Michael F.
Published: March 2008

The effects of combing-roll wire design, particularly the front angle, on lint and trash in the trash box, rotor trash, fiber breakage, fiber orientation in the rotor, and yarn properties, were investigated by means of various combining-roll and rotor speeds and different methods of cotton sliver preparation. Combing-roll and rotor speeds and sliver prepara tion had a significant effect on all the yarn properties investigated, while wire design had much less effect. Generally, combining-roll wire front (forward rake) angles of 0 and 30° yielded the poorest results, and the 15° angle wire yielded slightly better results than the other combiriing-roll wires studied.
Fabric Modification Using the Plasmod1 The Effect of Extensive Treatment in Nitrogen and Oxygen Plasmas at Low Pressure
Authors: Gregorski K.S. , Pavlath A.E.
Published: March 2008

Woolen fabrics were treated at 1 mm Hg pressure in nitrogen and oxygen plasmas for 5 to 90 min at power settings of 50 and 100 W. Samples were tested for surface oxidation, area shrinkage, weight loss, fabric tear strength, Allwörden reaction, and yellowness index. Samples treated in oxygen lost more water-soluble material than samples treated in nitrogen under similar conditions. Treatment in oxygen was more effective than in nitrogen for bleaching and controlling felting shrinkage. Fabric shrinkage was decreased to less than 10% without impairing tear strength.
Implications of Disaccharides in Sticky-Cotton Processing : Honeydew Contamination
Authors: Cheung P.S.R. , Roberts C.W. , Perkins H.H.
Published: March 2008

Trimethylsilyl derivatives of the water-surfactant-soluble components of cotton fibers were analyzed by gas chromatog raphy. Substantial quantities of sucrose and turanose were found on localized areas of some very sticky cottons from the San Joaquin Valley of California. These localized areas of high sugar contamination were primarily responsible for the stickiness of these cottons. The contamination is believed to be honeydew secretions from aphids and/or whiteflies.
Evaluation of Cleaning and Washing Processes for Cotten Fiber
Authors: Battigelli Mario C.
Published: March 2008

Chemical and biological assay of dust material obtained from carding washed and unwashed cotton suggests the occurrence of a modest decrease in the histamine content of the dust following the washing process. Histamine-releasing activity is significantly reduced in the washed samples when analyzed by chemical assay. However, biological assay shows only insignificant reduction in histamine releasing after washing.
Variables That Influence Formaldehyde Release from Cottons Finished for Durable Press 1
Authors: Kottes Andrews B.A. , Harper R.J. , Vail Sidney L.
Published: March 2008

Variables were studied that affect the rate of formaldehyde release from cotton fabrics finished for durable press. With dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea as the crosslinking agent, both the catalyst type and concentration are important. Catalysts of predominantly Lewis acid activity produce fabrics with lower formaldehyde release than do those of predominantly Bronsted activity; catalyst concentration must be sufficiently high to catalyze the amount of agent present and to overcome the effects of buffering if a buffered agent is used. The relationship between catalyst and reactant concen tration and cure temperature is discussed. The influence of reducing the ratio of formaldehyde to amide moiety in the reactant on textile properties is compared to the influence of blending a form aldehyde adduct with a nonformaldehyde reactant. The possibility of predicting formaldehyde release in a finished fabric, based on the formaldehyde released from a reactant solution, is explored.
Determination of Cotton Fiber Transverse Geometry by Optical Attenuation
Authors: Krowicki R.S. , Duckett K.E.
Published: March 2008

Mathematics and techniques are described for determining the transverse geometry of cotton fibers using the Fibrograph. Data obtained with the technique are compared to data obtained with the Arealometer. Correlation coefficients and standard estimates of error using projected mass, respec tively, are 0.969 and 15.0 mm-1 for specific area and 0.978 and 5.4 μm 2 for cross-sectional area. Calcu lated values of maturity index compared with values of the Causticaire maturity index had a correlation coefficient of 0.891 and a standard estimate of error of 3.0 when projected mass was used in the calcula tion.
The Behavior of Twistless and Low-Twist Staple Yarns in a Plain-Weave Fabric
Authors: Lord Peter R. , Perez Martha E.
Published: March 2008

Bonded untwisted staple yam has been used experimentally in the production of fabrics. The present study, an extension of previous work, has shown that the tensile strength of fabric made from twistless filling was low. The addition of twist to the filling increases the strength of both the yarn and fabric. Waxed yarns provided the strongest fabrics and caused the tear strength in the warp direction to be markedly improved. Fabric made from bonded yams were less permeable than those made from ring filing.
Clean Cotton: A Research Tool1
Authors: Anthony W. Stanley , Wesley Richard A. , Cocke Joseph B.
Published: March 2008

Small-scale studies in 1978 suggested that human FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s) reactions and card-room dust levels were distinctly lower when clean cotton was processed through a model card room than when standard cotton was processed. Insufficient clean cotton was available from crop year 1978 to adequately replicate the test. Thus, in 1979, more than eight times the quantity of clean cotton for crop year 1978 was procured. The clean cotton was harvested in the unopened boll form, decontaminated, conditioned until opened, hand-picked, ginned with minimal equip ment, and protected from environmental contamination. In addition to the clean cotton, large quantities of cotton of other conditions were collected for comparison.
Methodology for Fire Hazard Analysis of Multilayer Seat Constructions1
Authors: Spieth H.H. , Trabold E.L.
Published: March 2008

The methodology developed at McDonnell Douglas to evaluate fire hazards of multilayer seat constructions is presented. Reported test results include data from the NASA Seat Improvement Program and a similar program undertaken for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART). The seat constructions include those incorporating wool and wool blend decorative fabrics. Tests described include those conducted in a modified Ohio State University calorimeter with capability for animal toxicity testing and measurement of heat, smoke, toxic gas release, and mass burning rates. Also described is full-scale testing in the McDonnell Douglas Cabin Fire Simulator [3.66 by 12.19m (12 by 40 feet long)] with capability for gas analysis, live animal testing, and cabin ventilation simulation. Comparative results of composite constructions tested by these methods are reported.
On Modelling the Statistical Strength of Yarns and Cables Under Localized Load-Sharing Among Fibers
Authors: Pitt Ronald E. , Phoenix S. Leigh
Published: March 2008

This paper describes a statistical model for the strength of long, slender, fibrous structures such as yarns and cables. Emphasis is on the effect of strong mechanical interactions among fibers that arise from the presence of friction or a binding matrix. Basic features are that the structure is viewed as a long chain of statistically and structurally independent bundles whose lengths depend on the local mechanics of fibers at breaks. Within each bundle, localized load-sharing occurs among non-failed fiber elements depending on the local mechanics and fiber spatial geometry. The strengths of the fiber elements vary statistically and are modelled by a Weibull distribution. The analysis is for bundles with few fibers, though previous results under more idealized conditions suggest that the key features of the results will prevail also for much larger bundles. Key conclusions are that, for all practical purposes, a Weibull distribution describes the statistical strength of yarns and cables. The variability in fiber strength has a strong negative effect on the median strength of the yarn or cable and very little effect on its variability in strength. As the load-sharing becomes more diffuse, the median strength of the yarn or cable rises moderately. The size effect for the strength of the cable is very mild when compared to that for the fiber.
Effects on Cotton Fiber of Treating Seed Cotton with Mercerizing-Strength Sodium Hydroxide
Authors: Ramey H.H.
Published: March 2008

Seed cotton samples from two replications of 22 entries of a yield trial were treated with mercerizing-strength sodium hydroxide. The Micronaire reading was increased substantially, length was reduced somewhat, 1/8-gauge fiber tenacity was increased slightly, and fiber-bundle elongation was doubled. Skein tenacity of yarns spun from the mercerized fibers was lower than the skein tenacity of yarns spun from untreated specimens. Single-strand breaking force was also lower for the yarns spun from mercerized fibers, but the yarn elongation was 34 percent greater. Factors that contributed to the changes in yarn tenacity and elongation are uneven drafting of the mercerized fibers, the change in shape of fibers resulting in less specific surface and less fiber-to-fiber contact, and an increase in linear density resulting in fewer fibers per cross section of yarn.
The Enhancement of Fluorescence During Pad-Batch Whitening of Cotton Cloth 1
Authors: Levene R. , Magrizo S.
Published: March 2008

The factors effecting the build-up of fluorescent whiteness of cotton cloth in a pad-batch process have been investigated. Holding of the cloth, impregnated with fluorescent whitening agent (FWA), in a wet state before drying enhances the whitening effect. Raising the temperature at which the wet cloth is held, and the presence of surfactants, both increase the rate of whiteness build-up. The presence of surfactants also has a marked enhancing effect on the optimum whiteness achicved. It is suggested that the enhancement of Huorescent intensity, which is accompanied by penetration of the FWA into the fiber, is caused by decrease in mobility of the planar FWA molecules when fixed onto the polymeric substrate. This retards internal fluorescent quenching processes. A similar mechanism may operate with fiber substrates other than cotton.
Bacterial Counts on Commercial Raw Cotton from the U.S. Crop of 1980
Authors: Simpson Marion E. , Marsh Paul B.
Published: March 2008

A series of 143 commercial cotton fiber samples of widely varying grade from the 1980 U.S. crop was tested for bacterial content because of possible relevance of bacteria to byssinosis. Much sample-to-sample variation occurred in counts for total, gram-negative, and coliform bacteria, even among samples of the same or similar grade and geographical origin. Ratios of the three bacterial categories to each other within single samples also varied widely. Total bacteria ranged from 10,000 to 290,000,000 per gram of fiber..

Especially high counts were found in some spotted and tinged samples, but total bacterial numbers of more than a million per gram of fiber were encountered even in the better white grades. Bacterial numbers were not correlated with fiber pH. Most samples contained residual water-extractable materials capable of supporting addi tional bacterial growth. Bacterial counts on raw cotton fiber, as reported in the literature, were reviewed and found to be generally in the same range as those shown here.
Studies of Some Basic Aspects in Easy-Care Cotton Finishing Part VI. Urea Nitrate Catalyzes Crosslinking of Cotton'
Authors: Hebeish A. , Ibrahim N.A.
Published: March 2008

The feasibility of urea nitrate to catalyze crosslinking of cotton cellulose with N-methylol finishing agents was investigated under a variety of conditions. Urea nitrate proved to be an efficient catalyst for imparting easy-care properties to cotton fabric using the pad-dry-cure, pad-cure, and pad-mild-cure methods. Of particular interest were the results obtained with the pad-mild-cure method. A crease recovery as high as 280° could be achieved by mild curing of the fabric at 70°C for 5 min with only ca. 11 % loss in strength properties. The finishing agents used were commercial types based on carbamate reactant, dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea, dimethylolethyl eneurea, modified triazinone reactant, and modified ethyleneurea. The pad bath was stable up to 24 hours.
Glyoxal as a Non-Nitrogenous Formaldehyde-Free Durable-Press Reagent for Cotton'
Authors: Welch Clark M. , Forthright Danna G.
Published: March 2008

Glyoxal was found to impart a high degree of wrinkle resistance and smooth drying qualities to all-cotton printcloth. Certain aluminum salts were effective catalysts, the least fabric discoloration being produced with aluminum sulfate. Addition of ethylene glycol or glycerol to the treating solutions eliminated almost all of the discoloration and increased the durable-press appearance ratings. Evidence is presented that the catalytic activity of aluminum sulfate is not explainable on the basis of generation of sulfuric acid by partial hydrolysis of the aluminum salt, and that metal ion catalysis, as well as specific catalysis by hydrogen ions, may take place in the case of glyoxal crosslinking of cellulose. Unlike formaldehyde, glyoxal monomer, dimers, and trimers have structures favorable for chelation by polyvalent metal ions, and such complexes may play a part in the crosslinking reactions. At ordinary concentrations of glyoxal, the durable-press treatments produced very large strength losses in the fabric, but the use of high glyoxal concentrations resulted in large improvements in strength retention.
Microwave Sanitization of Polyester and Cotton
Authors: Reagan Barbara M. , Rolow Ann M. , Urban James E.
Published: March 2008

The potential of using 2450-MHz microwave radiation to dry and sterilize polyester and cotton fabrics was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus. B. cereus spores were the most tolerant microorganisms of microwave radiation, and E. coli were the most sensitive. All S. aureus and E. coli cells were killed within seven minutes of exposure to microwave radiation. Fabric conditions of steam released and steam retained did not affect the percentage reduction in microorganisms. Microwave drying was substantially more effective than convection oven drying. Microwave exposure had no effect on the elongation of polyester and cotton, but cotton's strength decreased 10% after five minutes of microwave exposure.
The Transfer of Chemicals from Clothing to Skin
Authors: Hollies Norman R.S. , Krejci Veronika , Smith I. Trevor
Published: March 2008

Several techniques have been investigated for studying the transfer to skin of chemicals from a durable press finish on cotton-containing fabric, under normal wearing conditions. Using flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy, it has been found that the transfer of solid resin to skin was below the sensitivity of the technique (less than about 200 μg of resin per gram of fabric). By differential pulse polarography, it was found that the release of free formaldehyde from shirts did not exceed 10 ng/g in the laboratory air that was drawn over the samples.
Studies of Solvent Dyeing Part II: Solvent Dyeing Behavior of New Disperse Dyes on Polyethylene Terephthalate Fiber
Authors: Siddiqui Sarfraz A. , Needles Howard L.
Published: March 2008

The solubility and dyeing characteristics of a series of new disperse azo dyes containing a pyridine ring were determined in a series of solvents at 85°C and 95°C. Ring substitutents in the dyes were also found to affect the solubility and dyeing characteristics of the dyes. The dyes had improved partition coefficients in perchloro ethylene at 121°C compared to dyes with a phenyl ring.
Cotton Outdoor Fabrics Reinforced with Glass Fiber
Authors: Graham C.O. , Ruppenicker G.F.
Published: March 2008

Outdoor fabrics suitable for tentage, tarpaulin, and similar uses were produced from cotton yarns reinforced with glass fiber. The yarns were made on a conventional ring spinning frame modified to insert continuously a multifilament core, and con tained from 17% to 57% glass fiber. The experimental yarns were evaluated as filling in common warps. Canvas fabrics in a weight range of 200 to 270 g/m2 were woven. The fabrics were given a typical commercial finish for 100% cotton which included mineral dyeing and the application of a wax emulsion to impart water repellency.

Fabrics produced from the cotton/glass filiment core yarns were considerably stron ger than comparable 100% cotton fabrics. The experimental fabrics also lost less strength in accelerated weathering tests. Glass fiber reinforced fabrics treated with a flame retardant had better flammability resistance than 100% cotton fabrics. Ap pearance, hand, and finishing characteristics of the core yarn fabrics were similar to those of the all-cotton fabrics. Use of the glass fiber reinforced yarns could result in the production of stronger, lighter weight outdoor fabrics with the many desirable inherent properties of cotton.
Simultaneous Dyeing and Texturing of Polyester/Viscose Blended Yarn
Authors: Sengupta A.K. , Bajaj P. , Sen Kushal
Published: March 2008

A unique system for simultaneously dyeing and texturing polyester/viscose blended yarn is reported. Dyeing and texturing were accomplished by pad-thermosol and alkali shock treatment. A single bath was used, containing a mixture of disperse and reactive dye, along with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea and an acid catalyst. Dye fixation and texturing were achieved by baking the treated yarn on a Scragg Mini bulk machine using a heater temperature of 210°C for 2.5-5 seconds; however, higher color yields and wash fastness were obtained by post-alkali shock treatment. The results of continuous dyeing and texturing also show a very uniform coloring and high color yield as compared to that obtained by the cross-dyeing involving high temperature dyeing followed by pad-alkali shock treatment of textured yarns. The crimp rigidity and the tensile properties of simultaneously dyed and textured yarns were also not affected in any way, because the dyeing step was incorporated with texturing.
Systematic Errors in Shirley Analyzer Measurements
Authors: Montalvo J.G. , Mangialardi G.J.
Published: March 2008

Lint in the ASTM Shirley analyzer method of testing for visible waste results in a positive bias when measuring the trash content of cotton and a negative bias in the lint cleaning efficiency calculation. An experimental protocol was designed and demonstrated on major grades of ginned cotton to isolate the "true" trash content from Shirley analyzer visible waste. Due to the lint in the visible waste, trash contents were too high by 44.9% for Good Ordinary cotton to 429% for Strict Middling cotton. An equation was derived to predict the cleaning efficiency ( E) systematic error, E(%) = ( n/m - 1)102/( Wb/Wa- 1), where m and Wb are the trash coefficient and visible waste content, respectively, before lint cleaning and n and Wa are the corresponding values after lint cleaning. The error in E(%) is always negatively biased because the operational limit of n/m is < 1 and that of Wb/Wa is > 1. E(%) increases with a decrease in the efficiency and the n/m value. The magnitude of E(%) is greater for successive stages of cleaning than for the cumulative efficiency over several cleaning operations.
Analysis of Heat Transfer Characteristits of Fabrics in an Open Flame Exposure
Authors: Shalev Itzhak , Barker Roger L.
Published: March 2008

Experiments measured the transfer of heat through protective fabrics when the exposure is to a convective source (open flame). An instrumented calorimeter located on the opposite side of the fabric measured the heat transferred. Heat flux data were used to compute a burn protective index based on data on the tolerance of human tissue, developed by Stoll. Among the materials analyzed were fabrics made with flame-resistant cotton, rayon, and wool; fabrics from glass and ceramic fibers; and fabrics from polyaramids, novoloids, modacrylic, polybenzimidazole and stabilized acrylic fibers.
Lightfastness of Lanasol (Acid Reactive) Dyes on Drawn and Undrawn Nylons
Authors: Shah C.D. , Jain D.K.
Published: March 2008

Four Lanasol (acid reactive) dyes applied on drawn and undrawn samples of nylon in both the fixed and unfixed state were examined for lightfastness on the Fade- Ometer. Higher lightfastness on drawn nylon can be attributed to the "diffusion- restriction" effect, and this higher lightfastness also shows that these dyes are probably in a state of very low aggregation. The fixed dyeings are not more fast than the unfixed ones, showing that the dye-fiber bond obtained in reactive dyeing does not seem to contribute to higher lightfastness.
Dependence of Molecular Orientation, Crystallinity, and Thermal Dimensional Stability of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) on Elongation Temperature
Authors: Sawatari Chie , Abumiya Noriko , Inoue Kaori , Matsuo Masaru
Published: March 2008

Orientation of amorphous chain segments and oriented crystallization of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were affected by the elongation temperature. That is, the crystallinity and birefringence of the specimen stretched in 65°C water below the glass transition temperature Tg increased, when the elongation ratio was beyond λ = 2.25, while crystallinity and birefringence in 80°C were constant values equivalent to those in the film prior to stretching. The Young's modulus and thermal dimensional stability were also dependent on the crystallinity of the drawn PET film. The experimental result for the thermal dimensional stability was estimated using the statistical theory of rubber elasticity. The observed result was somewhat in agreement with the calculated result.
Glass Transition Temperature of Wool as a Function of Regain
Authors: Wortmann F.J. , Rigby B.J. , Phillips D.G.
Published: March 2008

The relation between the glass transition temperature and the water content of wool can be described by the Fox equation. Data on transitions from a wide range of sources, including mechanical, dielectric, and calorimetric measurements, are well described by the equation. The utility of the relation for understanding and interpreting experiments on the wrinkle recovery of wool fabrics is shown.
Dye Resist Effect in Polyester Homopolymer During Aqueous Dyeing
Authors: Bhattacharjee Tapan K.
Published: March 2008

Experimental evidence shows that during aqueous dyeing of polyester homopolymer, a dye-resist effect in the polymer is generated. Possibly it is due to the effect of aqueous thermal energy and is eliminated with the use of a carrier in the dyebath.
Magnesium Chloride/Aluminum Dichlorhydroxide Mixed Catalyst for Low Energy Curing of Durable Press Fabrics with Low Formaldehyde Release
Authors: Reeves Wilson A. , Salleh Naimah M.
Published: March 2008

Scoured and bleached cotton printcloth was treated with a methylated DMDHEU using magnesium chloride, aluminum dichlorhydroxide, and three mixtures of mag nesium chloride and aluminum dichlorhydroxide as catalyst. The purpose of the study was to produce durable press fabrics that release a minimum of formaldehyde under cure conditions that conserve energy. Curing was done for 20, 60 and 180 seconds at 140, 170, and 200°C.

Wrinkle recovery values and durable press ratings increased as the amount of aluminum dichlorhydroxide increased in the catalyst systems. The lowest formaldehyde release came from fabrics cured at 140°C and catalyzed with the mixed catalyst containing 0.2% aluminum dichlorhydroxide, but this system failed to produce ad equate wrinkle recovery. For low energy consumption, low formaldehyde release, and high durable press properties the best combination was the mixed catalyst con taining 0.4% aluminum dichlorhydroxide with 1.0% magnesium chloride and a 20 second cure at 170°C.
Studies on n-Butanol Assisted Dyeing of Lanasol (Acid Reactive) Dyes on Nylon 66
Authors: Shah C.D. , Jain D.K.
Published: March 2008

Four Lanasol (acid reactive) dyes were applied on nylon 66 from aqueous and from n-butanol assisted aqueous dyebaths. The n-butanol did not change the hue of the shades in solution or on the substrate to any noticeable extent; n-butanol caused disaggregation of the dyes in solution and also on the substrate. Its presence in the dyebath increased diffusion rate of the dyes in the substrate and also the lightfastness of the dyeings. The increase in lightfastness can be explained as due to greater pen etration of the dyes in the substrate.
A Probabilistic Model of Fiber Distribution in Yarn Surface as a Criterion of Quality
Authors: Zurek W. , Kruci I.
Published: March 2008

A probabilistic model of component fiber distribution in the surface of a blend yam is presented and experimental results for the yarn surface are compared with the model. A criterion for assessing blending irregularity in the yarn surface and an index of migration are formulated.
Effect of Counterions and Ureas on Adsorption of Direct Dye on Cellulose
Authors: Nango Mamoru , Ohta Shozo , Kimura Hirobumi , Shinmen Yuji , Kuroki Nobuhiko
Published: March 2008

The differences in behavior on adsorption of direct dyes with different kinds of counterions on cellulose in the absence of an electrolyte are indicated, and an alternative role for electrolytes on adsorption of the dye on cellulose is proposed. In addition, an interesting effect of urea on the dye adsorption on cellulose at various temperatures is revealed.
Load Elongation Properties of Filaments in a Multifilament Yarn
Authors: Datye Keshav V. , Mishra Sachi
Published: March 2008

This paper describes the technique of finding the distribution of load-at-break and elongation-to-break of filaments in a multifilament yarn from the breaking steps in a load-elongation diagram. There is a correlation between the distribution data and the performance of undrawn nylon 6 yarn on the draw-twisting machine. The dis tribution in the drawn yarn is correlated with that of the undrawn yarn. The effect of spinning speed of the filament yarn on the distribution is brought out using low- speed spun nylon 6 yarn and MOY and POY polyester. The effect of the hot water relaxation process and aqueous dyeing process on the distribution is also studied.
Influence of Macromolecular Orientation and Crystallinity on Critical Dissolution Times of Polyester Fibers
Authors: Rao M.V.S. , Dweltz N.E.
Published: March 2008

The structure sensitivity of the critical dissolution behavior of polyester filaments in Phenol/TCE solution was examined. Macromolecular orientation and crystallinity appear to influence the critical dissolution time only in the case of oriented and crystalline polyester materials, while orientation alone without crystalline order. or crystallinity alone without macromolecular orientation, shows negligible influence on dissolution behavior. Solvent diffusion appears to differ from dye diffusion in its structure sensitivity. Dye diffusion cannot be directly correlated with solvent diffusion because of differences in their structure sensitivities.
Dependence of PET Molecular Weight and Process Conditions on 16 Mil Monofilament
Authors: Broderick T.E.
Published: March 2008

A method for predicting six physical properties of 16 mil monofilament from four process conditions and polymer molecular weight is provided. The method consists of empirical predictor equations, and both graphical and computer techniques are given to aid in simultaneous solutions. Statistical data is supplied to indicate how well the equations fit the data.
Investigating the Structure of Nylon Fibers by Measuring the Diffusion Coefficient of Acid Dyes
Authors: Kobsa Henry , Jones Carl M.
Published: March 2008

A semi-empirical solution of the diffusion equation is proposed for dyeing fibers with round cross sections from finite dye baths with soluble dyes whose adsorption isotherm is of the Langmuir type. This solution is valid during the early part of the dyeing cycle until about 45% of the dye has been exhausted. A method is described for measuring dyeing rates, which can be used to calculate diffusion coefficients. This method of determining diffusion coefficients is much faster than other methods described in the literature.
Vapor Phase Sorption of Formaldehyde on Cotton and Its Role in Formaldehyde Release from Durable Press Cotton
Authors: Kamath Y.K. , Weber R.U. , Hornby S.B. , Weigmann H.-D.
Published: March 2008

The low concentrations of formaldehyde found in the vicinity of durable press fabrics are due to the high affinity of formaldehyde for cellulosic substrates. Transport of formaldehyde that is generated by hydrolysis of the finish to the atmosphere is controlled by a sorption equilibrium that increasingly favors the cellulosic substrate with decrease in temperature, and the high distribution coefficient at ambient temperatures minimizes the exposure risk. Sorption isotherms follow the Langmuir equation, suggesting site sorption. The high heat of sorption indicates chemical rather than physical sorption and suggests that hemiacetal formation is involved. At temperatures above 65°C, hemiacetals react further to form methylene crosslinks, which are hydrolytically very stable and from which formaldehyde is not recovered by simple extraction with water at 60°C.
Kinetics of Bleaching Agent Decomposition in a Single-Stage Preparatory Process
Authors: Sukumar N. , Gulrajani M.L.
Published: March 2008

In a single-stage fabric preparation process, the rate of decomposition of sodium hypochlorite is high at pH 9 compared to pH 10 and 11, both in the absence and presence of cotton. The extent of chlorate formation is high in the absence of cotton, whereas oxygen evolution is greater in the presence of cotton. The degradation of cotton is minimum at higher alkaline conditions. Around 30-35% more sodium hy pochlorite is required in the single-stage process compared to conventional bleaching.
Problems and Possibilities in Sliver Monitoring
Authors: Lord Peter R.
Published: March 2008

Sliver monitoring permits the reporting of errors at the time the material goes out of tolerance during processing. This can greatly reduce the waste of material, time, and money, and it can also improve the quality of the product. Adequate monitoring is only possible if the requisite parameters are measured, but most measuring systems react to changes in several parameters and create ambiguity. Currently, none of the parameters such as fiber length, crimp, and silver bulk are measured continuously, even though better system control would be likely if variations in these data could be incorporated into the control devices. This paper discusses these problems in greater detail and suggests a number of possibilities of extending the range of data available for use in monitoring and control systems.
Rewet of Thermally Bonded Polyester Nonwovens
Authors: Iyengar Y. , Kwok W.K. , Crane J.P.
Published: March 2008

The effects of web characteristics and test methods on the rewet or backflow of liquids after penetration through the web to an absorptive backing were determined for thermally point bonded webs derived from low melting Dacron® polyester binder fibers. Rewet is influenced by the bulk, wettability, and uniformity of the bonded web. An equation derived for rewet from simple capillary concepts includes the bulk and wettability factors. Rewet is also affected by the amount of liquid that passes through the webs (liquid loading) and by the surface tension of the liquid. These effects of web and test method are explained.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Investigations of the Breakdown of Wool by Insect Larvae
Authors: Hammers Ingrid , Arns W. , Zahn Helmut
Published: March 2008

Although wool and other keratinous materials consist of highly crosslinked protein matter and thus are virtually insoluble and resistant to biological attack, some insect larvae are able to digest and use them as food. The digestion of wool by these moth and beetle species involves processes that are not yet fully understood. Scanning electron microscopic investigations of larvae excreta have helped to shed more light on this subject by showing the breakdown of wool and the digestion of the morphological components of wool by moth and beetle larvae, on the basis of the remaining wool fragments. The feces of all larvae species, excreted after feeding on untreated and mothproofed wool, were found to contain wool fragments in different stages of deg radation. In the last stage of degradation, the wool was broken down to its fibrillar structures. Microscopic observations of the excreta indicated a preferential breakdown in the larval gut of some of the low sulfur regions of the wool.
Performance of Spliced Yarn in Warping and Weaving
Authors: Kaushik R.C.D. , Hari P.K. , Sharma I.C. , Sarkar A.K.
Published: March 2008

Yams made from different fibers were pneumatically spliced. An increase in diameter and a reduction in hairiness were observed at the spliced zones. The performance of dry and wet spliced yams was evaluated on the warping and weaving machines. Spliced yams produced significantly lower yam break in both warping and weaving compared to knotted yams. Wet splicing performed better than dry splicing.
Electrical Stimulation of Fabric Filtration
Authors: Lamb George E.R. , Duffy-Morris Kathleen T.
Published: March 2008

Further progress in developing techniques for electric stimulation of fabric filtration (ESFF) will require that baghouse users participate in testing the concept and providing valuable feedback from full-scale operation experience. Participation is more likely if the ESFF system is simple, relatively inexpensive, and easy to maintain. The original one-bag laboratory baghouse developed at TRI consisted of a bag fitted with alternate live and ground wires spaced an inch apart. An approach to simpler systems has taken the form of a charged axial electrode (or "axode") with all bag electrodes grounded. The work described here centers on further simplification and optimization of this arrangement, studying the effect of axode diameter and number of grounded wires in the bag, including a system requiring no bag wires.
Pore Structure and Dyeability of Cotton Crosslinked with DMDHEU and with DHDMI
Authors: Bertoniere Noelie R. , King Walter D.
Published: March 2008

The pore structures of cotton fabrics crosslinked to impart durable press performance with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and dihydroxydimethylimidaz olidinone ( DHDMI ) were compared using a reverse gel permeation chromatographic technique. Water soluble series of ethylene glycols and sugars were used to study the elution characteristics of columns prepared from these fabrics. From these data, dif ferences in pore size distribution in the control and modified cottons were elucidated. The results were compared to the receptivity of these cotton samples to the dye Direct red 81. Although crosslinking of cotton with either DMDHEU or DHDMI reduced accessible internal volume, samples reacted with DHDMI retained substantially more accessible internal volume across the entire range of pore sizes. Increasing add-on of DMDHEU further reduced the accessible internal volume. In contrast, the accessible internal volume in DHDMI-treated cotton was increased by additional add-on of this reagent. The trends with respect to relative receptivity to Direct red 81 generally related better to the quantity of residual large pores ( 17 Å) than to remaining intermediate pores ( 10 Å).
A Model to Estimate the Breaking Elongation of High Twist Ring Spun Cotton Yarns
Authors: Aggarwal S.K.
Published: March 2008

A mathematical model has been evolved to estimate the breaking elongation of highly twisted (3 < TM < 6) singles ring spun cotton yams from fiber characteristics. Results show that the accuracy of estimation of the proposed model is very high. The model is applicable to both carded and combed cottons.