bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solvent‐Mediated Reconstruction of the Metal–Organic Framework HKUST‐1 (Cu3(BTC)2)
Authors: Majano Gerardo , Martin Oliver , Hammes Markus , Smeets Stef , Baerlocher Christian , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier
Published: February 2014

The principle of integral metal–organic framework (MOF) reconstruction is demonstrated for differently degraded HKUST‐1 via a facile, one‐step, solvent‐assisted treatment. Controlled MOF degradation by exposure to 77% humidity, liquid water, and diluted hydrochloric acid produces a mixture of non‐porous crystalline hybrid materials containing protonated linker and copper‐oxo species, which are then reconstructed back into high‐quality HKUST‐1 by contacting them with ethanol. X‐ray diffraction and sorption kinetics reveal a true memory effect of the system from completely degraded materials. The reconstruction approach is consequently extrapolated to gas‐ and liquid‐phase treatments in a fixed‐bed reactor with ethanol and ethanol/water mixtures for use in CO2 capture from a simulated pre‐combustion gas stream. Up to a maximum of 94% porosity and 85% CO2 sorption capacity can be recovered from a steamed material. A degradation‐reconstruction model is put forward based on X‐ray diffraction observations and structural analyses, microscopy, N2 sorption, thermogravitry–mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy observations, particularly elucidating the influence of various degradation pathways on the reconstruction.
“Regioselective Deposition” Method to Pattern Silver Electrodes Facilely and Efficiently with High Resolution: Towards All‐Solution‐Processed, High‐Performance, Bottom‐Contacted, Flexible, Polymer‐Based Electronics
Authors: Ji Deyang , Jiang Lang , Guo Yunlong , Dong Huanli , Wang Jianpu , Chen Huajie , Meng Qing , Fu Xiaolong , Tian Guofeng , Wu Dezhen , Yu Gui , Liu Yunqi , Hu Wenping
Published: February 2014

“Regioselectivity deposition” method is developed to pattern silver electrodes facilely and efficiently by solution‐process with high resolution (down to 2 μm) on different substrates in A4 paper size. With the help of this method, large‐area, flexible, high‐performance polymer field‐effect transistors based on the silver electrodes and polyimide insulator are fabricated with bottom‐contact configuration by all‐solution processes. The polymer devices exhibit high performance with average field‐effect mobility over 1.0 cm2 V−1 s−1 (the highest mobility up to 1.5 cm2 V−1 s−1) and excellent environmental stability and flexibility, indicating the cost effectiveness of this method for practical applications in organic electronics.
Silane Deuteration Catalyzed by Ruthenium Bis(dihydrogen) Complexes or Simple Metal Salts
Authors: Smart Katharine A. , Mothes‐Martin Emmanuelle , Annaka Tatsuro , Grellier Mary , Sabo‐Etienne Sylviane
Published: February 2014

The deuteration of a diverse group of silanes: alkyl‐, aryl‐, alkoxy‐ and chlorosilanes, siloxane and silazane, under an atmosphere of dideuterium (D2) was explored with ruthenium bis(dihydrogen) dihydride complexes and hydrated metal salts. Deuterium incorporation of greater than 97% for the silanes O(SiMe2H)2, Et3SiH, (EtO)3SiH and Me2ClSiH was possible with 0.1 mol% of the ruthenium complex [RuH2(η2‐H2)2(PCyp3)2] [0.05 mol% for O(SiMe2H)2] when catalysis was conducted in the neat silane at 30 °C under 1 bar of D2 for 3.5 h. The air‐stable ruthenium trichloride salt RuCl3⋅x H2O was also an efficient catalyst for the deuteration of O(SiMe2H)2 and Et3SiH; deuterium incorporations for the two silanes of 93% and 90%, respectively, were possible under the same conditions as for [RuH2(η2‐H2)2(PCyp3)2] with 0.1% catalyst loading. Hydrogen–deuterium exchange of O(SiMe2H)2 catalyzed by the rhodium trichloride (RhCl3⋅x H2O) and iridium trichloride (IrCl3⋅x H2O) was similarly efficient as with RuCl3⋅x H2O although catalytic alacrity dropped for Et3SiH.

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Antikörper‐Wirkstoff‐Konjugate: ein neues Konzept in der Krebstherapie
Authors: Chari Ravi V. J. , Miller Michael L. , Widdison Wayne C.
Published: February 2014

Herkömmliche Chemotherapeutika gegen Krebs gehen oft mit einer systemischen Toxizität im Patienten einher. Einen alternativen, tumorselektiven Behandlungsansatz bieten monoklonale Antikörper gegen Antigene oder Krebszellen. Allerdings sind die meisten monoklonalen Antikörper nicht wirksam genug, um allein für sich therapeutisch aktiv zu sein. Antikörper‐Wirkstoff‐Konjugate (ADCs) verwenden Antikörper, um eine potente cytotoxische Verbindung selektiv zu Tumorzellen zu befördern, und erhöhen so die therapeutische Breite chemotherapeutischer Wirkstoffe. Die kürzlich erfolgte Zulassung zweier ADCs, Brentuximab Vedotin und Ado‐Trastuzumab Emtansin, zur Krebsbehandlung hat dem Forschungsinteresse auf diesem Gebiet weiteren Schub verliehen. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt, wie die Erkenntnisse aus Studien an den ADCs der ersten Generation zu erfolgreichen Verbesserungen aller Komponenten – Antikörper, cytotoxische Verbindung und Linker – geführt haben. Die Ausgestaltung von in der klinischen Entwicklung befindlichen ADCs sowie Ergebnisse mechanistischer Studien und präklinischer und klinischer Tests werden diskutiert, ebenso wie neu aufkommende Technologien, die zu weiteren Fortschritten in diesen aufregenden Gebiet führen werden.
Disruption of the actin cortex contributes to susceptibility of mammalian cells to nanosecond pulsed electric fields
Authors: Thompson Gary L. , Roth Caleb , Tolstykh Gleb , Kuipers Marjorie , Ibey Bennett L.
Published: February 2014

Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) perturb membranes of cultured mammalian cells in a dose‐dependent manner with different types of cells exhibiting characteristic survivability. Adherent cells appear more robust than non‐adherent cells during whole‐cell exposure. We hypothesize that cellular elasticity based upon the actin cytoskeleton is a contributing parameter, and the alteration of a cell's actin cortex will significantly affect viability upon nsPEF exposure. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that are (a) untreated, (b) treated with latrunculin A to inhibit actin polymerization, or (c) exposed to nsPEFs have been probed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) force‐indentations. Exposure to 50 or 100 pulses of 10 ns duration and 150 kV/cm in a single dosage approximately lowers average CHO cell elastic modulus by half, whereas latrunculin lowers it more than 75%. Latrunculin pre‐treatment disrupts the actin cortex enough that it negates cumulative damage by equally fractionated (i.e., two rounds of 50 pulses each, separated by 10 min) dosages of nsPEFs as seen in untreated and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)‐treated cells with propidium uptake, phosphatidylserine externalization, and 24 h viability according to MTT and CellTiter Glo assays. These results suggest a correlation among cell stiffness, cytoskeletal integrity, and susceptibility to recurrent exposures to nsPEFs, which emphasizes a mechanobiological underpinning of nsPEF bioeffects. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:262–272, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A moderate static magnetic field enhances TRAIL‐induced apoptosis by the inhibition of Cdc2 and subsequent downregulation of survivin in human breast carcinoma cells
Authors: Lin Tingting , Wan Ling , Qi Xin , Shi Wenlong , Lin Jun
Published: February 2014

Tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) exhibits its potent antitumor activity via membrane receptors on cancer cells without deleterious side effects for normal tissue. However, as many other cancer types, breast cancer cells develop a resistance to TRAIL. In the present study, we reported that exposure to 3.0 mT static magnetic field (SMF) mediated the sensitization of breast cancer cells to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis. This effect was significantly reduced by the forced expression of survivin, suggesting the sensitization was mediated at least in part through the inhibition of survivin expression. In addition, SMF alone or in combination with TRAIL induced a cell cycle arrest within the G2/M phase, and the reduction in the survivin protein level was associated with the downregulated expression of Cdc2, a cyclin B‐dependent kinase that is necessary for the entry into the M phase. Taken together, our results demonstrated that SMF promoted TRAIL‐induced apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of Cdc2 and, subsequently, survivin. Of note, SMF did not sensitize untransformed human mammary epithelial cells to TRAIL‐mediated apoptosis. Therefore, the combined treatment of SMF and TRAIL may offer an attractive strategy for safely treating resistant breast cancers. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:337–346, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of the single‐strand linker composition on the structural/dynamical properties of a truncated octahedral DNA nano‐cage family
Authors: Iacovelli Federico , Alves Cassio , Falconi Mattia , Oteri Francesco , de Oliveira Cristiano L. P. , Desideri Alessandro
Published: February 2014

The structural/dynamical properties of three truncated octahedral DNA nano‐cages composed by identical double helices but single strand linkers with different composition, namely 7 thymidines, 7 adenines, and 7 alternated thymidines and adenines, have been investigated through classical molecular dynamics simulations. Trajectories have been analyzed to investigate the role of the linkers in defining nano‐cages stability and flexibility, including possible influence on the internal cages motions. The data indicate that the cages behavior is almost identical and that the structural/dynamical parameters measured along the trajectories are not particularly affected by the presence of different bases. These results demonstrate that the constraints imposed by the nano‐structure geometry are the main factor in modulating these properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 992–999, 2014.
Ruthenium–Nitrosyl Complexes Derived from Ligands Containing Two Carboxylate Functional Groups and Studies on the Photolability of Coordinated NO
Authors: Ghosh Kaushik , Kumar Sushil , Kumar Rajan
Published: February 2014

Ruthenium complexes [RuIII(L1)(PPh3)2(Cl)] (1) and [RuIII(L2)(PPh3)2(Cl)] (2) (in which L1H2 and L2H2 are iminodiacetic acid and pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid, respectively, and H stands for a dissociable proton) derived from the ligands that contain two carboxylate groups were synthesized and characterized. These complexes were treated with in situ generated NO derived from acidified nitrite solution, which afforded the formation of two {Ru–NO}6 complexes [Ru(L1)(PPh3)2(NO)](ClO4) (1a) and [Ru(L2)(PPh3)2(NO)](ClO4) (2a). The molecular structure of the representative complex [Ru(L2)(PPh3)2(NO)](ClO4) (2a) was determined using X‐ray crystallography. Characterization of complexes 1a and 2a by IR and NMR spectroscopic studies revealed the presence of {Ru–NO}6 species with S = 0 ground state. ESI‐MS data also supported the formation of 1a and 2a. Exposure to UV light promoted rapid loss of NO from both ruthenium nitrosyls to generate RuIII photoproducts of the type [Ru(L)(PPh3)2(S)](ClO4) (in which S stands for solvent). The quantum yields of NO photorelease for complexes 1a and 2a were measured using a chemical actinometry study. The NO released in solution was estimated using the Griess reagent, and the results were compared with the data obtained from sodium nitroprusside (SNP). A 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical quenching assay was performed to estimate the amount of generated reactive nitrogen species and/or reactive oxygen species under aerobic conditions during photolysis of NO.
Hexachloroplatinate(IV) Anion Induced Cucurbituril Supramolecular Assembly with Linear Channels
Authors: Ji Ning‐Ning , Cheng Xiao‐Jie , Zhao Yi , Liang Li‐Li , Chen Kai , Xiao Xin , Zhang Yun‐Qian , Zhu Qian‐Jiang , Xue Sai‐Feng , Tao Zhu
Published: February 2014

In the present work, we demonstrate the formation of a typical cucurbit[6]uril (Q[6])‐based porous material in the presence of the hexachloroplatinate(IV) anion [PtCl6]2– as an inorganic structure inducer. The driving forces for the structure directing effect of the [PtCl6]2– anion could be attributed to ion–dipole and hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the anion and the ≡CH or =CH2 groups on the back of the Q[6] molecule.
Total Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Benzils, Scandione and Calophione A
Authors: Worayuthakarn Rattana , Boonya‐udtayan Sasiwadee , Ruchirawat Somsak , Thasana Nopporn
Published: February 2014

The synthesis of the title unsymmetrical benzils, scandione and calophione A, is described. The key processes involve intramolecular cyclization reaction of the carbanion at the benzylic position of the arylbenzyl ether to the adjacent ester group followed by oxidation. The palladium(II)‐catalyzed oxidative cyclization was also used to establish the benzofuran unit of calophione A.
Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Trisubstituted Cyclopentannulated Benzothiophenes through an Acid‐Mediated, Solvent‐Free, One‐Pot Domino Process
Authors: Satpathi Bishnupada , Dhiman Seema , Ramasastry S. S. V.
Published: February 2014

The synthesis of 1,2,3‐trisubstituted cyclopenta[b]thiophenes was achieved through a Brønsted acid mediated domino process under solvent‐free conditions. In this one‐pot process, benzothienylation of 1,3‐dicarbonyls follows an intramolecular aldol‐type reaction leading to the generation of functionalized and highly substituted annulated benzothiophenes. This class of compounds find potential applications in molecular electronics and exhibit significant biological activities. A brief theoretical investigation established a significant relationship between the energy of the regioisomers and their distribution.
Probabilistic risk analysis of structural impact in seismic events for linear and nonlinear systems
Authors: Chase J. Geoffrey , Boyer Florent , Rodgers Geoffrey W. , Labrosse Gregoire , MacRae Gregory A.
Published: February 2014

Earthquake‐induced structural pounding is a significant risk for buildings in densely populated cities and for other applications, such as adjacent bridge deck sections of long‐span bridges. Although significant research has been undertaken into structural pounding, this manuscript focuses on a parametric, probabilistic study of the likelihood of structural pounding occurring while also quantifying the likelihood of that impact leading to displacement increase in the structures involved. Additional metrics are also used to define minimum gap ratios (GRs) (expressed in relation to structure spectral displacements) that are required to avoid impact occurring, or to limit the magnitude of displacement increases that result from impact. The parametric study also includes the influence of structural nonlinearities, such as the coefficient of restitution during impact and the influence of column inelasticity.

Results indicate that the probability of impact between structures increases as the GR decreases and structural period differences increase. The same general behavior was noticed for the risk of increasing displacement because of impact. An increase in the coefficient of restitution leads to an increase in the risk of increased displacement response. The inclusion of nonlinear column behavior leads to a drop in both probability of impact occurring and the risk of increasing displacement response, as compared with the same structures without impact occurring. The results presented also indicate that the likelihood of an increase in displacement response because of structural pounding is independent of the gap ratio for smaller GR values. Above this value of GR, the reduction of impacts leads to a smaller probability of a displacement increase. Finally, a probabilistic design metric is presented using these results that assesses risk of significant displacement increase because of impact above a set design limit to the gap ratio.

Overall, this study utilizes a simplified, two degree‐of‐freedom structural model, but presents a parametric study to investigate the probabilistic risk analysis of building pounding and the associated effect on building response with a focus on use in design or the retrofit of structures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of ester compounds on biogas production: beneficial or detrimental?
Authors: Yanti Heri , Wikandari Rachma , Millati Ria , Niklasson Claes , Taherzadeh Mohammad J.
Published: February 2014

Esters are major flavor compounds in fruits, which are produced in high volume. The widespread availability of these compounds in nature attracts interest on their behavior in anaerobic digestion in waste and wastewater treatments. The aim of this work was to study the effects of various esters at different concentrations in anaerobic digestion followed by determination of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and to study the effect of chain length of functional group and alkyl chain of ester on methane production. Addition of methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and hexyl acetate at concentration up to 5 g L−1 increased methane production, while their higher concentrations inhibited the digestion process. The MIC values for these esters were between 5 and 20 g L−1. Except hexyl acetate, the esters at concentration 5 g L−1 could act as sole carbon source during digestion. For ethyl esters, increasing number of carbon in functional group decreased methane production. For acetate esters, alkyl chain longer than butyl inhibited methane production. Effect of ester on methane production is concentration‐dependent.
Effect of induction chemotherapy on swallow physiology and saliva production in patients with head and neck cancer: A pilot study
Authors: Mittal Bharat B. , Pauloski Barbara Roa , Rademaker Alfred W. , Discekici–Harris Muveddet , Helenowski Irene B. , Mellot Ann , Agulnik Mark , Logemann Jerilyn A.
Published: February 2014

Background

No objective data are available to assess the potential damage induction chemotherapy alone contributes to swallowing physiology and salivary production in patients with locally and regionally confined head and neck cancer.

Methods

Thirteen patients with head and neck cancer were evaluated preinduction and postinduction chemotherapy. Assessment included: (1) percentage of nutrition taken orally and food consistencies in diet; (2) videofluorographic swallow evaluation; (3) whole mouth saliva collection; (4) quality‐of‐life questionnaire; and (5) pain and oral mucositis scores.

Results

All patients were able to consume most foods and took 100% of their nutrition orally both preinduction and postinduction chemotherapy. Although a number of swallow measures worsened, no statistically significant differences were observed in diet, quality of life measures, pain, or saliva weight, or in most temporal swallow measures. Pharyngeal residue decreased significantly after chemotherapy.

Conclusion

Induction chemotherapy alone did not significantly negatively alter swallowing physiology and salivary secretion, although the trend was toward worsening in function. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 567–572, 2015
Redox Properties of Benzoquinone Ansamycins in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Samuni Amram , Goldstein Sara
Published: February 2014

Geldanamycin (GM) is an inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) with potent and broad anti‐cancer properties, but with unacceptable levels of hepatotoxicity. These characteristics have led to the devise of a range of less toxic GM structural analogues. Redox properties and thiol reactivity are central to the therapeutic and toxicologic effects of quinones, and the question arises as to whether the toxicity of GM and its analogues relates to the reduction potential of the quinone. Using pulse radiolysis, we have previously determined the one‐electron reduction potentials (vs. the normal hydrogen electrode [NHE]) at pH 7.0 of GM, 17‐(dimethylaminoethylamino)‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17‐DMAG), and 17‐allylamino‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17‐AAG) to be −62±7 mV, −194±6 mV, and −273±8 mV, respectively. These experimental results are now used to establish a predictive relationship for the reduction potential of GM analogues based on the Hammett para substituent constants. These values correlate well with the drugs effects in vivo. We show that cytotoxicity of the benzoquinone ansamycin increases as its respective reduction potential increases, even after blocking of the C19‐position from nucleophilic addition. We conclude that the cytotoxicity is directly related to the reduction potential of the quinone/semiquinone couple.
Decomposability in the space of HKP‐integrable functions
Authors: Porcello Giovanni
Published: February 2014

In this paper we introduce the notion of decomposability in the space of Henstock‐Kurzweil‐Pettis integrable (for short HKP‐integrable) functions. We show representations theorems for decomposable sets of HKP‐integrable or Henstock integrable functions, in terms of the family of selections of suitable multifunctions.
Development of Molecular Weight Distribution in ATRP with Radical Termination
Authors: Mastan Erlita , Zhou Dapeng , Zhu Shiping
Published: February 2014

In a previous work, a model of full molecular weight distribution (MWD) for atom transfer radical polymerization with radical termination has been developed, using analogy to a series of continuous stirred tank reactors. This model assumes constant reaction rates, which is applicable to low conversion batches or steady‐state continuous processes. In this work, the model is generalized to any polymerization condition, which provides variations of the reaction rates with conversion are known. Using this extended model, the effect of monomer conversion on the MWD is demonstrated, for the cases with and without radical termination. The conversion dependence of MWD is found to be significant. The broadening of distribution is correlated to the lack of control and/or the loss of livingness. Both control and livingness are necessary conditions for narrow MWD. It is also found that the effects of these two factors are very different, yielding different distribution shapes, even with similar average chain lengths (rN) and polydispersity indexes (PDI).
Cure Depth of Photo‐Polymerized Gels
Authors: Hatanaka Masashi
Published: February 2014

Cure depth of photo‐polymerized gels is theoretically analyzed. The critical point in a frontally photo‐polymerized sample is determined by the critical degree of polymerization, which is derived by the concentration ratio of monomer and initiator. While the total polymer depth or gel depth weighed by the monomer conversion depends on both radiation energy and light intensity, the averaged cure depth around the critical point depends on radiation energy only. The profile is consistent with experimental results. This is a practical formulation of the cure depth of photo‐polymerized gels without any empirical parameter.
Influence of Barium Titanate on poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)‐based composite polymer blend electrolytes for lithium battery applications
Authors: Kesavan K. , Rajendran S. , Mathew Chithra M.
Published: February 2014

Nanocomposite polymer blend electrolytes based on poly (ethylene oxide), poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) that contained lithium perchlorate as a dopant, propylene carbonate (PC) as a plasticizer and Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) as a filler were prepared for various concentrations of BaTiO3 using solvent casting technique. The structural and complex formations of the composite electrolyte membranes were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and FTIR analysis. The addition of BaTiO3 nanofillers improved the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolytes to some extent when the content of the BaTiO3 is 10 wt%. The addition of BaTiO3 also enhanced the thermal stability of the electrolyte. The surface morphology of the sample having a maximum ionic conductivity was studied by AFM. Molecular motion in the polymeric media was supported by fluorescence studies. The charge transfer arises between the polymer blend and Li‐ions were confirmed by UV‐Vis analysis. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:302–311, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Laser‐assisted atom probe tomography of MBE grown GaN nanowire heterostructures
Authors: Sanford N. A. , Blanchard P. T. , Brubaker M. , Bertness K. A. , Roshko A. , Schlager J. B. , Kirchhofer R. , Diercks D. R. , Gorman B.
Published: February 2014

Laser‐assisted atom probe tomography (L‐APT) was performed on GaN nanowires (NWs) and axial GaN/InGaN nanowire heterostructures. All samples were grown by MBE on Si(111) substrates. The laser pulse energy (PE) at 355 nm used in L‐APT analysis of GaN NWs was restricted to the range of 2‐50 fJ in order to recover the correct GaN stoichiometry within experimental uncertainty. Higher PE at 355 nm generally returns an apparent (but unphysical) deficit in N composition for GaN. Axial GaN/InGaN NW heterostructures were also grown by MBE. In these experiments a GaN NW segment was first grown at 820 °C followed by GaN‐capped InGaN marker layers grown variously at 585 and 615 °C. The capped InGaN markers were separated by GaN spacer layers. L‐APT revealed that under certain growth conditions, In diffused throughout the quantum well region. These observations were corroborated by HRTEM. Moreover, L‐APT performed on the GaN/InGaN NWs with PE = 2 fJ revealed that regions with dispersed In showed an (unphysical) N deficit but regions where the InGaN marker layers remained localized showed the approximately correct stoichiometry. Interestingly, even when the In markers remain localized, background In is still found in the GaN spacers between the markers. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
RIAPPA: a Robust Identity Assignment Protocol for P2P overlays
Authors: Caubet Juan , Esparza Oscar , Muñoz José L. , Alins Juanjo , Mata‐Díaz Jorge
Published: February 2014

Peer‐to‐peer (P2P) overlay networks have been proposed to solve routing problems of big distributed infrastructures, even for Internet scale. But the research community has been questioning the security of these networks for years. Most prior work in security services was focused on trust and reputation systems, anonymity, and secure routing. However, the proper management of identities in overlays is an important prerequisite to provide most of these security services. In this paper, we propose a protocol to control the access to a P2P overlay and to assign identities in a secure way; all this preserving the anonymity of users. This protocol involves two trusted third parties (TTPs), thanks to which it is possible to preserve the users’ anonymity within the network without losing traceability. Users are authenticated by a TTP using real‐world digital certificates, they select their network identifier jointly with the other TTP, and finally, the two TTPs issue the internal certificate to them. The protocol also provides revocability and protection against Sybil attacks, Eclipse attacks, whitewashers, and so on. A detailed protocol description is presented, and a performance and security analysis of the protocol is also provided. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non-uniqueness of weak solutions to the wave map problem
Authors: Widmayer Klaus
Published: February 2014

In this note we show that weak solutions to the wave map problem in the energy-supercritical dimension 3 are not unique. On the one hand, we find weak solutions using the penalization method introduced by Shatah [12] and show that they satisfy a local energy inequality. On the other hand we build on a special harmonic map to construct a weak solution to the wave map problem, which violates this energy inequality.

Finally we establish a local weak-strong uniqueness argument in the spirit of Struwe [15] which we employ to show that one may even have a failure of uniqueness for a Cauchy problem with a stationary solution. We thus obtain a result analogous to the one of Coron [2] for the case of the heat flow of harmonic maps.
Apparitions and Thought-Transference
Authors: Podmore Frank
Published: February 2014

Frank Podmore (1856–1910) was a paranormal researcher and socialist who co-founded the Fabian Society. He became interested in spiritualism while studying at Oxford and joined the Society for Psychical Research. Forced to leave his employment at the Post Office amid rumours of a homosexual scandal, Podmore was later found drowned in suspicious circumstances. This 1894 volume is a detailed and comprehensive study of a variety of unexplained phenomena. The author reviews numerous scientific tests of telepathic ability involving the transmission of thoughts, tastes and images (illustrated by reproduction of sketches purportedly sent between psychics). Also reported are researches into clairvoyance, automatic writing and even attempts to induce sleep using telepathy. The author explores a variety of rational explanations for the phenomena, including fraud and the influence of hypnosis and suggestibility. Diligent and carefully argued, Podmore's examination of the scientific study of the supernatural is also colourful and enthralling.
James Mill
Authors: Bain Alexander
Published: February 2014

Who was James Mill (1773–1836)? What was his legacy to British society and culture? The achievement of this Scottish-born political philosopher, economist and historian has been overshadowed by that of his son, John Stuart Mill, but as Alexander Bain (1818–1903), himself a philosopher and empiricist, shows in this biography, published in 1882, Mill's range of interests was remarkable. He wrote on education and psychology, and developed theories on political economy and the need for parliamentary reform. Mill was also critical of the history of British colonialism (his three-volume History of India is reissued in this series), and argued for religious tolerance, as well as collaborating with Jeremy Bentham as a proponent of utilitarianism, the philosophy which sought 'the greatest happiness of the greater number'. Bain places the facts of Mill's life in the context of the remarkable changes undergone by British society and culture in this period.
A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive
Authors: Mill John Stuart
Published: February 2014

This two-volume work, first published in 1843, was John Stuart Mill's first major book. It reinvented the modern study of logic and laid the foundations for his later work in the areas of political economy, women's rights and representative government. In clear, systematic prose, Mill (1806–73) disentangles syllogistic logic from its origins in Aristotle and scholasticism and grounds it instead in processes of inductive reasoning. An important attempt at integrating empiricism within a more general theory of human knowledge, the work constitutes essential reading for anyone seeking a full understanding of Mill's thought. Continuing the discussion of induction, Volume 2 concludes with Book VI, 'On the Logic of the Moral Sciences', in which Mill applies empirical reasoning to human behaviour. A crucial early formulation of his thinking regarding free will and necessity, this book establishes the centrality of 'the social science' to Mill's philosophy.
Note on the triad interactions of homogeneous turbulence
Authors: Moffatt H. K.
Published: February 2014

Triad interactions, involving a set of wave-vectors $\{\pm \boldsymbol {k}, \pm \boldsymbol {p}, \pm \boldsymbol {q}\}$, with $ \boldsymbol {k} + \boldsymbol {p}+ \boldsymbol {q}=0$, are considered, and the results of triad truncation are compared with the results of exact Euler evolution starting from the same initial conditions. The essential two-dimensionality of the triad interaction is used to separate the problem into two parts: a nonlinear two-dimensional flow problem in the triad plane, and a linear problem of ‘passive scalar’ type for the evolution of the component of velocity perpendicular to this plane. Several examples of triad evolution are presented in detail, and the marked contrast with Euler evolution is demonstrated. It is known that energy and helicity are conserved under triad truncation; it is shown that the ‘in-plane’ energy and enstrophy are also conserved. However, it is also shown that, in general, the evolution of the vorticity under triad truncation cannot be represented as transport by any divergence-free velocity field, with the consequence that the detailed topology of the vorticity field is not conserved under this truncation.
Tradeoff between reproduction and resistance evolution to Bt-toxin in Helicoverpa armigera: regulated by vitellogenin gene expression
Authors: Zhang W.N. , Xiao H.J. , Liang G.M. , Guo Y.Y. , Wu K.M.
Published: February 2014

Evolution of resistance to insecticides usually has fitness tradeoffs associated with adaptation to the stress. The basic regulation mechanism of tradeoff between reproduction and resistance evolution to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Ha), based on the vitellogenin (Vg) gene expression was analyzed here. The full-length cDNA of the Vg gene HaVg (JX504706) was cloned and identified. HaVg has 5704 base pairs (bp) with an open reading frame (ORF) of 5265 bp, which encoded 1756 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 197.28 kDa and a proposed isoelectric point of 8.74. Sequence alignment analysis indicated that the amino acid sequence of HaVg contained all of the conserved domains detected in the Vgs of the other insects and had a high similarity with the Vgs of the Lepidoptera insects, especially Noctuidae. The resistance level to Cry1Ac Bt toxin and relative HaVg mRNA expression levels among the following four groups: Cry1Ac-susceptible strain (96S), Cry1Ac-resistant strain fed on artificial diet with Bt toxin for 135 generations (BtR stands for the Cry1Ac Bt resistance), progeny of the Cry1Ac-resistant strain with a non-Bt-toxin artificial diet for 38 generations (CK1) and the direct descendants of the 135th-generation resistant larvae which were fed on an artificial diet without the Cry1Ac protein (CK2) were analyzed. Compared with the 96S strain, the resistance ratios of the BtR strain, the CK1 strain and the CK2 strain were 2917.15-, 2.15- and 2037.67-fold, respectively. The maximum relative HaVg mRNA expression levels of the BtR strain were approximately 50% less than that of the 96S strain, and the coming of maximum expression was delayed for approximately 4 days. The overall trend of the HaVg mRNA expression levels in the CK1 strain was similar to that in the 96S strain, and the overall trend of the HaVg mRNA expression levels in the CK2 strain was similar to that in the BtR strain. Our results suggest that the changes in reproduction due to the Bt-toxin resistance evolution in the BtR strain may be regulated by the Vg gene expression. The down-regulation of HaVg at the early stages resulted in a period of delayed reproduction and decreased fecundity in the BtR strain. This performance disappeared when the Bt-toxin selection pressure was lost.
Increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and reduced adult life span in an insecticide-resistant strain ofAnopheles gambiae
Authors: Otali D. , Novak R.J. , Wan W. , Bu S. , Moellering D.R. , De Luca M.
Published: February 2014

Control of the malaria vectorAn. gambiaeis still largely obtained through chemical intervention using pyrethroids, such as permethrin. However, strains ofAn. gambiaethat are resistant to the toxic effects of pyrethroids have become widespread in several endemic areas over the last decade. The objective of this study was to assess differences in five life-history traits (larval developmental time and the body weight, fecundity, hatch rate, and longevity of adult females) and energy metabolism between a strain ofAn. gambiaethat is resistant to permethrin (RSP), due to knockdown resistance and enhanced metabolic detoxification, and a permethrin susceptible strain reared under laboratory conditions. We also quantified the expression levels of five antioxidant enzyme genes:GSTe3, CAT, GPXH1, SOD1, andSOD2. We found that the RSP strain had a longer developmental time than the susceptible strain. Additionally, RSP adult females had higher wet body weight and increased water and glycogen levels. Compared to permethrin susceptible females, RSP females displayed reduced metabolic rate and mitochondrial coupling efficiency and higher mitochondrial ROS production. Furthermore, despite higher levels ofGSTe3andCATtranscripts, RSP females had a shorter adult life span than susceptible females. Collectively, these results suggest that permethrin resistance alleles might affect energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and adult survival ofAn. gambiae. However, because the strains used in this study differ in their genetic backgrounds, the results need to be interpreted with caution and replicated in other strains to have significant implications for malaria transmission and vector control.
Enhancing writing pedagogy with learner corpus data
Authors: Cotos Elena
Published: February 2014

Learner corpora have become prominent in language teaching and learning, enhancing data-driven learning (DDL) pedagogy by promoting ‘learning driven data’ in the classroom. This study explores the potential of a local learner corpus by investigating the effects of two types of DDL activities, one relying on a native-speaker corpus (NSC) and the second combining native-speaker and learner corpora. Both types of activities aimed at improving second language writers’ knowledge of linking adverbials and were based on a preliminary analysis of adverbial use in the local learner corpus produced by 31 study participants. Quantitative and qualitative data, obtained from writing samples, pre/post-tests, and questionnaires, were converged through concurrent triangulation. The results showed an increase in frequency, diversity and accuracy in all participants’ use of adverbials, but more significant improvement was made by the students who were exposed to the corpus containing their own writing. The findings of this study are thus interpreted as suggestive that combining learner and native-speaker data is a feasible and effective practice, which can be readily integrated in DDL-based instruction with positive impact.
A Mixed-methods Pilot Study of Disaster Preparedness and Resiliency Among Faith-based Organizations
Authors: Muller Valerie M. , Burke Rita V. , Berg Bridget M. , Lin Ann C. , Upperman Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Faith-based organizations represent a source of stability and are an established presence in a community. They frequently serve their community following disasters. They are not formally included or identified as a disaster resource; thus, there is an opportunity to increase the effectiveness with which faith-based organizations prepare for and respond to disasters.

Problem

This pilot study aimed to assess perceptions of the level of disaster preparedness and resiliency among faith-based organizations as a first step in understanding how to improve disaster preparedness and resiliency among these organizations and their communities.

Methods

Survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted with six faith-based organizations, one with a leader and one with a staff member. Frequency distributions of survey questions were obtained. Interviews were transcribed and thematic analysis was supported by analytical software, ATLAS. ti.

Results

Results of the survey indicated strong social networks among congregation and community members. However, half of the members indicated that they did not socialize often with other races and other neighborhoods. Additionally, trust of other groups of people was generally low. Themes that emerged from qualitative analysis were: (1) perceived disaster preparedness and resiliency; (2) barriers to community preparedness and resiliency; (3) lessons learned from past disasters; (4) social services and networks; and (5) willingness to be prepared.

Conclusions

The results suggest that there is a need for interventions to improve disaster preparedness and resiliency among faith-based organizations.

MullerV,BurkeR,BergB,LinA,UppermanJ.A mixed-methods pilot study of disaster preparedness and resiliency among faith-based organizations.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(2):1-7.
Understanding the Characteristics of Patient Presentations of Young People at Outdoor Music Festivals
Authors: Hutton Alison , Ranse Jamie , Verdonk Naomi , Ullah Shahid , Arbon Paul
Published: February 2014

Outdoor music festivals are unique events given that they are, for the most part, bounded and ticketed, and alcohol is served. They frequently have a higher incidence of patient presentations when compared with similar types of mass gatherings. Often, however, single events are reported in the literature, making it difficult to generalize the findings across multiple events and limiting the understanding of the “typical” patient presentations at these mass gatherings. The aim of this paper was to understand the characteristics of young people who have presented as patients to on-site health care at outdoor music festivals in Australia, and the relative proportion and type of injury and illness presentations at these events. This research used a nonexperimental design, utilizing a retrospective review of patient report forms from outdoor music festivals. Data were collected from 26 outdoor music festivals across four States of Australia during the year 2010. Females presented at greater numbers than males, and over two-thirds presented with minor illnesses, such as headaches. Males presented with injuries, in particular lacerations to their face and their hands, and alcohol and substance use made up 15% of all presentations.

HuttonA, RanseJ, VerdonkN, UllahS, ArbonP. Understanding the characteristics of patient presentations of young people at outdoor music festivals. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(2):1-7.
Diffuse Interstellar Band Profiles
Authors: Sarre P. J.
Published: February 2014

A short review of the profiles of diffuse interstellar bands and their possible interpretation is given, largely from the perspective of absorption by gas-phase molecules. Potentially a crucial source of information on the nature of the diffuse band carriers, profile studies provide a promising avenue of research towards finding the solution to their identification. Detection and modelling of fine structure in particular offers a valuable benchmark against which any proposed carriers(s) can be tested.
Extragalactic Diffuse Interstellar Bands: A Universal Problem
Authors: Cordiner M. A.
Published: February 2014

The first extragalactic diffuse interstellar band (DIB) detections were of λ4430 in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC) in the 1960s and 70s. Driven mainly by the increased sensitivity afforded by 8-10 m-class telescopes, the last 13 years have witnessed an explosion of DIB discoveries throughout the nearby and distant universe. This review focuses on the history of extragalactic DIB studies, including some of the important results that have come out of this field, and looks to the future for what can be learned about DIBs in external galaxies with the next generation of large telescopes. So far, DIBs have been observed in the Magellanic Clouds, starburst galaxies, DLAs, and nearby (≤30 Mpc distant) spiral galaxies, and are found to be ubiquitous in the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) of extragalactic environments wherever dust is present. Important results include the finding that DIB carriers are significantly more closely related to dust than to neutral hydrogen, and that the λ6283 DIB tends to be anomalously weak in low-metallicity sightlines.
Diffuse Interstellar Bands as Probes of Small-Scale Interstellar Structure
Authors: Smith K. T. , Cordiner M. A. , Sarre P. J.
Published: February 2014

We present observations which probe the small-scale structure of the interstellar medium using diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs). Towards HD 168075/6 in the Eagle Nebula, significant differences in DIB absorption are found between the two lines of sight, which are separated by 0.25 pc, and λ 5797 exhibits a velocity shift. Similar data are presented for four stars in the μ Sgr system. We also present a search for variations in DIB absorption towards κ Vel, where the atomic lines are known to vary on scales of ~ 10 AU. Observations separated by ~ 9 yr yielded no evidence for changes in DIB absorption strength over this scale, but do reveal an unusual DIB spectrum.
Why is the Red Rectangle Unique?
Authors: Van Winckel H.
Published: February 2014

The Red Rectangle is a spectacular bipolar nebula centred around the eccentric evolved binary HD 44179. The nebula is rich in spectral signatures: it is the brightest source of the Extended Red Emission (ERE), of the Blue Luminescence (BL) as well as one of the brightest sources of mid-IR PAH bands. Moreover, and unique to this source, a plethora of narrow emission lines is detected on top of the diffuse ERE. Some of these molecular features show rotational contours which become narrower at larger angular separation from the central engine. Some converge to wavelengths and profiles of narrow DIBs. All these observations show that the Red Rectangle is a very rich laboratory to study active astrochemical processes within the nebula. We also address, but fail to answer, the question why this source is so unique among the many observed post-AGB binary analogues.
Spectroscopy of Fullerenes, Fulleranes and PAHs in the UV, Visible and Near Infrared Spectral Range
Authors: Cataldo F. , García-Hernández D. A. , Manchado A. , Iglesias-Groth S.
Published: February 2014

The spectra of fullerenes C60 and C70, higher fullerenes C76, C78 and C84 and hydrogenated fullerenes (fulleranes) were studied in laboratory in the UV and in the visible spectral range and could be used for searching and recognizing these molecules in space. Furthermore, the radical cation spectra of all the mentioned fullerene series and also of a series of large and very large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were generated in the laboratory and studied in the near infrared spectral range.
Spectra of Hot Molecules of Astrophysical Importance: an Update on the ExoMol Project
Authors: Tennyson J. , Yurchenko S. N.
Published: February 2014

The ExoMol project aims at providing comprehensive line lists of molecular transitions which are likely to be important in the atmospheres of extra-solar planets and cool stars, including brown dwarfs. The physics of the molecules involved varies and can be categories according to the number atoms in the species. Thus the molecules can be grouped as diatomics, both closed and open and shell, triatomics, tetratomics, methane and larger species. Progress in providing complete sets of line list for the molecules in each of these categorizes is considered. The latest line lists and related data for each of the species can be found on the project website www.exomol.com.
Formation, Evolution and Destruction of Possible DIB Carriers: Dirty Molecular Hydrogen Ice Clusters
Authors: Lynch D. K. , Bernstein L. S. , Clark F. O.
Published: February 2014

We suggest that the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are absorption lines arising from electronic transitions in molecular clusters primarily composed of a single molecule, atom, or ion (“seed”), embedded in a single-layer shell of H2 molecules (Bernstein et al. 2013). We refer to these clusters as CHCs (Contaminated H2 Clusters). CHCs arise from cm-sized, dirty H2 ice balls, called CHIMPs (Contaminated H2 Ice Macro-Particles), formed in cold, dense, Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs), and later released into the interstellar medium (ISM) upon GMC disruption. Absorption by the CHIMP of a UV photon releases CHCs. CHCs produce DIBs when they absorb optical photons. When this occurs, the absorbed photon energy disrupts the CHC.