bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONSTRAINT PROPAGATION IN SOFTWARE LIBRARIES OF TRANSFORMATION SYSTEMS
Authors: KATZ MARTIN DAVID , VOLPER DENNIS J.
Published: November 2004

Domain modeling can be applied to collections of reusable designs and reusable software. Libraries of such collections can be used when applying a refinement by transformation technique to software construction. There already exist systems that can automatically or semi-automatically perform program transformations that constitute refinements. An important question is how to organize such libraries so that transformation tools may feasibly use them.

We show that transformation of a high level program with constraints on the transformations is an NP-complete problem; however, appropriately organized libraries are tractable. Moreover, we define a property which a library of transformations can have, ensuring that any consistent high level program can be transformed into an executable form. Finally, we give approximations which reduce the complexity of transformations for libraries which do not have this property.

The most important aspect of this work is that it implies certain rules should be followed in constructing libraries and the domains that are placed in them.
A MANAGEMENT DISCIPLINE OF SOFTWARE METRICS AND THE SOFTWARE QUALITY MANAGER
Authors: OH SANG HUN , LEE YOON JOON , KIM MYOUNG HO
Published: November 2004

A management discipline of software metrics facilitates their consistent measurement and usage during the life cycle of software systems, by maintaining knowledge and data related to their evaluation tasks and application domain knowledge. To investigate environment of the management discipline, we represent software engineering environments by an activity flow model and a micro cycle model. A unified management view of software metrics is established by their collectivity and comprehensiveness in two-dimensional flows of the activity flow model. Then, we propose the Software Quality Manager (SQM) as a realization of the management discipline of software metrics. The proposed software quality manager makes use of two knowledge bases: (1) knowledge about application domain in the form of reusable software components and (2) knowledge about software engineering. The three-stage architecture and preparation process of the proposed system are also presented. Finally, we propose how to support the measurement and analysis task for database management systems within the context of the software quality manager.
USING AUTOMATED REASONING TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE SOFTWARE REUSE
Authors: JENG JUN-JANG , CHENG BETTY H. C.
Published: November 2004

Reusing software may greatly increase the productivity of software engineers and improve the quality of developed software. Software component libraries have been suggested as a means for facilitating reuse. A major difficulty in designing software libraries is in the selection of a component representation that will facilitate the classification and the retrieval processes. Using formal specifications to represent software components facilitates the determination of reusable software because they more precisely characterize the functionality of the software, and the well-defined syntax makes processing amenable to automation.

This paper presents an approach, based on formal methods, to the classification, organization and retrieval of reusable software components. From a set of formal specifications, a two-tiered hierarchy of software components is constructed. The formal specifications represent software that has been implemented and verified for correctness. The lower-level hierarchy is created by a subsumption test algorithm that determines whether one component is more general than another; this level facilitates the application of automated logical reasoning techniques for a fine-grained, exact determination of reusable candidates. The higher-level hierarchy provides a coarse-grained determination of reusable candidates and is constructed by applying a hierarchical clustering algorithm to the most general components from the lower-level hierarchy. The hierarchical organization of the software component specifications provides a means for storing, browsing, and retrieving reusable components that is amenable to automation. In addition, the formal specifications facilitate the verification process that proves a given software component correctly satisfies the current problem. A prototype browser that provides a graphical framework for the classification and retrieval process is described.
USING ATMS TO EFFICIENTLY VERIFY THE TERMINATION OF REWRITE RULE PROGRAMS
Authors: KURIHARA MASAHITO , KONDO HISASHI , OHUCHI AZUMA
Published: November 2004

Assumption-based truth maintenance systems (ATMS) have become powerful and widely used tools in artificial intelligence problem solvers. In this paper, we apply ATMS to verification of termination of computer programs written as a set of rewrite rules. Compared with the traditional methods based on the ordinary backtracking, our method can greatly improve the overall efficiency by virtue of the ATMS's ability to avoid futile backtracking, rediscovering inferences, and rediscovering contradictions. The originality of our work lies in the practical use of the ATMS in a software engineering problem and in the communication protocol between the termination verifier and the ATMS.
PERFORMANCE-PARAMETERIZED REUSABLE SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
Authors: SITARAMAN MURALI
Published: November 2004

Current programming languages support construction of parameterized reusable components that can be adapted and composed to create new functionality. For widespread reuse, software components must also have readily adaptable performance. This paper introduces language mechanisms for creating such performance-parameterized reusable software components and for controlling their performance by "plugging in" appropriate constituent components. A key element of the proposed approach is that it provides inexpensive performance tuning. It permits performance of a tunable component to be changed without modifications to the functionality of the component or its clients; in principle, without the need for re-compilation or re-validation of functionality.
ENUMERATING INTERDISTANCES IN SPACE
Authors: SALOWE JEFFREY S.
Published: November 2004

In this paper, we study the enumerative versions of the interdistance in terdis stance ranking and selection problems in space, namely, the fixed-radius near neighbors and interdistance enumeration problems, respectively. The input to the fixed-radius near neighbors problem is a set of n points S⊆ℜd and a nonnegative real number δ, and the output consists of all pairs of points within interdistance δ. We give an algorithm which, after an O(n log n) time preprocessing step, answers a fixed-radius near neighbors query with respect to an Lp metric in O(n+ρ(δ)) time, where ρ(δ) is the rank of δ. The space needed is O(n). The input to the interdistance enumeration problem is a set of n points S⃄ℜd and an integer k, [Formula: see text], and the output is a set of point pairs, each corresponding to an interdistance having length less than or equal to the interdistance with rank k. We offer an O(n log n+k) time, O(n+k) space algorithm for this problem. This algorithm also works for any Lp metric.
PARALLEL ALGORITHMS FOR COMPUTING THE CLOSEST VISIBLE VERTEX PAIR BETWEEN TWO POLYGONS
Authors: HSU F.R. , CHANG R.C. , LEE R.C.T.
Published: November 2004

In this paper, we are concerned with the closest visible vertex pair problem, which is defined as follows: we are given two simple non-intersecting polygons P and Q with m and n vertices respectively, we are asked to find a closest visible pair of vertices between P and Q. We shall show that we can solve this problem in O( log (m+n)) time with O(m+n) processors in the CREW PRAM model.
A SIMPLE ON-LINE RANDOMIZED INCREMENTAL ALGORITHM FOR COMPUTING HIGHER ORDER VORONOI DIAGRAMS
Authors: AURENHAMMER FRANZ , SCHWARZKOPF OTFRIED
Published: November 2004

We present a simple algorithm for maintaining order-k Voronoi diagrams in the plane. By using a duality transform that is of interest in its own right, we show that the insertion or deletion of a site involves little more than the construction of a single convex hull in three-space. In particular, the order-k Voronoi diagram for n sites can be computed in time [Formula: see text] and optimal space [Formula: see text] by an on-line randomized incremental algorithm. The time bound can be improved by a logarithmic factor without losing much simplicity. For k≥ log 2 n, this is optimal for a randomized incremental construction; we show that the expected number of structural changes during the construction is ⊝(nk2). Finally, by going back to primal space, we obtain a dynamic data structure that supports k-nearest neighbor queries, insertions, and deletions in a planar set of sites. The structure promises easy implementation, exhibits a satisfactory expected performance, and occupies no more storage than the current order-k Voronoi diagram.
HOPF ALGEBRAS OF SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND TENSOR PRODUCTS OF SYMMETRIC GROUP REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: THIBON JEAN-YVES
Published: November 2004

The Hopf algebra structure of the ring of symmetric functions is used to prove a new identity for the internal product, i.e., the operation corresponding to the tensor product of symmetric group representations. From this identity, or by similar techniques which can also involve the λ-ring structure, we derive easy proofs of most known results about this operation. Some of these results are generalized.
ON GROUPS WITHOUT DIMENSION PROPERTY
Authors: GUPTA NARAIN
Published: November 2004

For each n ≥ 4, we exhibit a 5-generator group Gn which contains subgroups without k-th dimension property for each 4 ≤ k ≤ n.
ON DIRECT PRODUCT DECOMPOSITIONS OF FINITE $\mathscr J$-TRIVIAL SEMIGROUPS
Authors: ALMEIDA JORGE
Published: November 2004

A nontrivial decomposition of the class J of all finite [Formula: see text]-trivial semigroups as a join of two pseudovarieties is given. The definition of these pseudovarieties and the proof are purely syntactical, being based on a complete description of the implicit operations on J obtained by the author in a previous paper.
VERIFYING THAT A GROUP IS VIRTUALLY FREE
Authors: GILMAN ROBERT H.
Published: November 2004

This paper is concerned with computation in finitely presented groups. We discuss a procedure for showing that a finite presentation presents a group with a free subgroup of finite index, and we give methods for solving various problems in such groups. Our procedure works by constructing a particular kind of partial groupoid whose universal group is isomorphic to the group presented. When the procedure succeeds, the partial groupoid can be used as an aid to computation in the group.
CASSON'S IDEA ABOUT 3-MANIFOLDS WHOSE UNIVERSAL COVER IS R3
Authors: STALLINGS JOHN R. , GERSTEN S. M.
Published: November 2004

Metric conditions "Cα" and "[Formula: see text]" are defined for finite group presentations. If the fundamental group of a closed aspherical 3-manifold has some presentation which satisfies C2 or [Formula: see text], then its universal cover is simply connected at infinity. These ideas are derived from work by A. Casson and V. Poénaru.
ALGEBRAIC CONNECTIVITY
Authors: NEHANIV CHRYSTOPHER LEV
Published: November 2004

Let [Formula: see text] be a type of algebra in the sense of universal algebra. By defining singular simplices in algebras and emulating singular [co] homology, we introduce for each variety, pseudo-variety, and divisional class V of type [Formula: see text], a homology and cohomology theory which measure the V-connectivity of type-[Formula: see text] algebras. Intuitively, if we were to think of an algebra as a space and subalgebras which lie in V as simplices, then V-connectivity describes the failure of subalgebras to lie in V, i.e., it describes the "holes" in this space. These [co]homologies are functorial on the class of type-[Formula: see text] algebras and are characterized by a natural topological interpretation. All these notions extend to subsets of algebras.

One obtains for this algebraic connectivity, the long exact sequences, relative [co]homologies, and the analogues of the usual [co]homological notions of the algebraic topologists. In fact, we show that the [co]homologies are actually the same as the simplicial [co]homology of simplicial complexes that depend functorially on the algebras. Thus the connectivities in question have a natural geometric meaning. This allows the wholesale import into algebra of the concepts, results, and techniques of algebraic topology. In particular, functoriality implies that the [co]homology of a pair of algebras A ⊆ B is an invariant of the position of A in B. When one V contains another, we obtain relationships between the [co] homology theories in the form of long exact sequences. Furthermore for finite algebras, V-[co]homology is effectively computable if membership in V is.

We obtain an analogue of the Poincaré lemma (stating that subsets of an algebra in V are V-homologically trivial), extremely general guarantees of the existence of subsets with non-trivial V-homology for algebras not in V, long exact V-homotopy sequences, as well as analogues of the powerful Eilenberg-Zilber theorems and Kunneth theorems in the setting of V-connectivity for V a variety or pseudo-variety. Also in the more general case of any divisionally closed V, we construct the long exact Mayer-Vietoris sequences for V-homology. Results for homomorphisms include an algebraic version of contiguity for homomorphisms (which implies they are V-homotopic) and a proof that V-surmorphisms are V-homotopy equivalences.

If we allow the divisional classes to vary, then algebraic connectivity may be viewed as a functor from the category of pairs W ⊆ V of divisional classes of [Formula: see text]-algebras with inclusions as morphisms' to the category of functors from pairs of [Formula: see text]-algebras to pairs of simplicial complexes.

Examples show the non-triviality of this theory (e.g. "associativity tori"), and two preliminary applications to semigroups are given: 1) a proof that the group connectivity of a torsion semigroup S is homotopy equivalent to a space whose points are the maximal subgroups of S, and 2) an aperiodic connectivity analogue of the fundamental lemma of complexity.
SOME PROPERTIES OF FINITELY DECIDABLE VARIETIES
Authors: VALERIOTE MATTHEW A. , WILLARD ROSS
Published: November 2004

Let [Formula: see text] be a variety whose class of finite members has a decidable first-order theory. We prove that each finite member A of [Formula: see text] satisfies the (3, 1) and (3, 2) transfer principles, and that the minimal sets of prime quotients of type 2 or 3 in A must have empty tails. The first result has already been used by J. Jeong [9] in characterizing the finite subdirectly irreducible members of [Formula: see text] with nonabelian monolith. The second result implies that if [Formula: see text] is also locally finite and omits type 1, then [Formula: see text] is congruence modular.
REFINING KNOWN RESULTS ON THE GENERALIZED WORD PROBLEM FOR FREE GROUPS
Authors: STEWART IAIN A.
Published: November 2004

We refine the known result that the generalized word problem for finitely-generated subgroups of free groups is complete for P via logspace reductions and show that by restricting the lengths of the words in any instance and by stipulating that all words must be conjugates then we obtain complete problems for the complexity classes NSYMLOG, NL, and P. The proofs of our results range greatly: some are complexity-theoretic in nature (for example, proving completeness by reducing from another known complete problem), some are combinatorial, and one involves the characterization of complexity classes as problems describable in some logic.
ALL-OPTICAL SWITCHING IN POLARIZATION-MAINTAINING FIBERS
Authors: VANHERZEELE H. , NAYAR B.K.
Published: November 2004

Dual-wavelength optical switching in a polarization-maintaining fiber is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that the group velocity dispersion, generally considered to be a disadvantage, can be exploited to achieve complete switching for any pair of signal and control pulse durations. In addition, group velocity dispersion ensures the broadband operation of the modulator/switch. Experimentally, complete switching of 2 ps-30 ps signal pulses in the wavelength range 0.85 µm–0.95 µm is demonstrated using 50-ps control pulses at 1.053 µm. The effectiveness of the device for pulse compression, pedestal removing and suppression of interpulse radiation is also demonstrated.
SIZE-DEPENDENT NONRESONANT THIRD-ORDER NONLINEAR SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF CdS CLUSTERS FROM 7 TO 120 Å
Authors: WANG YING , HERRON NORMAN
Published: November 2004

We report the third-order nonlinear susceptibilities χ(3) of CdS clusters (quantum dots) from 7 to 120 Å, measured by third-harmonic generation technique at a fundamental wavelength of 1.91 µm. In the size regime studied, the value of χ(3) first increases with cluster size and then levels off for cluster diameter larger than 60 Å. The volume normalized χ(3) of CdS cluster is about a factor of 2 higher than that of the bulk. These data can be explained by the enhancement in electric field inside the clusters due to the dielectric confinement effect. The size and wavelength dependences of this local field effect have been calculated for CdS clusters. Several trends in the nonresonant χ(3) can be identified: (i) In the absence of quantum confinement effect, the magnitude of χ(3) should be constant in the < 200 Å size regime. It then increases with increasing particle size until the structural resonance regime is reached. (ii) The magnitude of χ(3) can be enhanced by either lowering the refractive index of the surrounding medium or raising the refractive index of the semiconductors. (iii) Quantum confinement, which shifts the band gap to the blue and lowers the refractive index of the semiconductor clusters, reduces the nonresonant χ(3). This is in direct contrast to the resonant nonlinearity which is enhanced by the quantum-confinement effect. Finally, we discuss the size-dependent figure-of-merit of CdS composites for all-optical switching.
A NEW DISCRETIZED MODEL IN NONLINEAR KINETIC THEORY—THE SEMICONTINUOUS BOLTZMANN EQUATION
Authors: BELLOMO N. , LONGO E.
Published: November 2004

This paper deals with the mathematical modeling and analysis of a new model of the Boltzmann equation with a finite number of velocity moduli, but with a continuous dependence on the velocity directions. The mathematical model is derived in the first part of the paper. Then the analysis of the equilibrium Maxwellian state is dealt with in the second part of the paper with the purpose of showing that the space of collision invariants is the correct one.
THE INITIAL BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM FOR THE FOUR-VELOCITY PLANE BROADWELL MODEL
Authors: TOSCANI GIUSEPPE , WALUŚ WŁODZIMIERZ
Published: November 2004

The initial boundary value problem for the four-velocity Broadwell equations on a square with specular reflection on the boundary is considered. Uniqueness and existence of solutions on finite time interval is established. The length of the time interval depends on the initial data. The proof of existence uses the procedure known in numerical analysis as the fractional step method. It shows that the method is convergent justifying its usage in computations.
TOPOLOGICAL CHAOS FOR A CLASS OF LINEAR MODELS
Authors: PROTOPOPESCU V. , AZMY Y.Y.
Published: November 2004

We construct an example of linear rate equation in the Banach space of summable sequences, l1, that exhibits the three properties required as signature of topological chaos, namely: (i) topological transitivity, (ii) dense periodic orbits, and (iii) positive Lyapunov exponents. The example is based on the properties of the backward shift operator on the Banach space l1. Since linear chaos in the sense described above can occur only in an infinite-dimensional setting, possible finite-dimensional approximate manifestations are investigated. The relationship between the linear backward shift and the nonlinear Bernoulli shift is also discussed.
AN INVERSE PROBLEM FOR THE HYPERBOLIC HEAT EQUATION
Authors: SAVATEEV E.G. , DE SOCIO L.M.
Published: November 2004

In this paper we prove a theorem of local existence and uniqueness for the solution of the hyperbolic heat equation in the case where the coefficient of the diffusive term is unknown. The problem is one-dimensional in space and the ratio of the two characteristics times, upon which the physics depends, is small. The demonstration relies on a constructive solution.
REGULARIZED DIFFERENCE SCHEMES FOR EVOLUTIONARY SECOND ORDER EQUATIONS
Authors: SAMARSKII ALEKSANDR A. , VABISHCHEVICH PETER N.
Published: November 2004

The questions of approximate solution of unstable problems for evolutionary second order equations are discussed in this paper. The classical Cauchy problem for elliptic type equation is a significant example of such problem. Incorrectness of this problem (the Hadamard example) is due to instability of the solution towards small perturbations of the initial conditions.

The extension problem of the solutions of well-posed elliptic problems beyond the calculation region boundary is also discussed. The stability of corresponding difference schemes is investigated by basing on general theory of ρ-stability. The principle of the regularization of three-layer difference schemes is developed for the unstable problems. It is shown that the regularized difference schemes correspond to some modification of quasi-inversion method.
THE DISCRETE ORDINATES METHOD FOR THE NEUTRON TRANSPORT EQUATION IN AN INFINITE CYLINDRICAL DOMAIN
Authors: ASADZADEH MOHAMMAD , KUMLIN PETER , LARSSON STIG
Published: November 2004

We prove a regularity result for a Fredholm integral equation with weakly singular kernel, arising in connection with the neutron transport equation in an infinite cylindrical domain. The theorem states that the solution has almost two derivatives in L1, and is proved using Besov space techniques. This result is applied in the error analysis of the discrete ordinates method for the numerical solution of the neutron transport equation. We derive an error estimate in the L1-norm for the scalar flux, and as a consequence, we obtain an error bound for the critical eigenvalue.
FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF ELECTRON OPTICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: AVALDI L. , QUARTERONI A. , SALERI F.
Published: November 2004

Electron optical systems are of interest in several fields of instrumentation and technology. Here we consider a device and approximate beam shape and electron trajectories throughout the whole system. From the mathematical viewpoint, the problem is modeled by Laplace equation with mixed Dirichlet-Neumann boundary conditions. This problem is approximated by finite elements, and solved by a domain decomposition algorithm. We investigate the theoretical convergence properties of this method, and we carry out several numerical tests on significant examples.
APPLICATION OF DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER CONTROL MODEL IN WILDLIFE DAMAGE MANAGEMENT
Authors: LENHART SUZANNE M. , BHAT MAHADEV G.
Published: November 2004

A bioeconomic model for optimal control of wildlife damage by migratory small mammal populations is developed under the framework of a nonlinear distributed parameter control problem. The model first simulates the spatio-temporal dynamics of dispersal population by parabolic diffusive Volterra-Lotka partial differential equation and then optimizes a criterion function of present value combined costs of wildlife damage and harvesting. The existence of a unique optimal solution for a finite time problem is proved. An iterative procedure for numerical solution of the Optimality System with parabolic equations of opposite orientations is developed. The theoretical model is applied to a real life problem using biological and economic data for beaver populations under certain simplistic assumptions.
FROM TYPE SYSTEMS TO KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION: NATURAL SEMANTICS SPECIFICATIONS FOR DESCRIPTION LOGICS
Authors: BORGIDA ALEXANDER
Published: November 2004

We first explore the similarities and differences between concept definitions in description/terminological logics such as KL-ONE, Classic, Back, Loom, etc. and the types normally encountered in programming languages. The similarities lead us to consider the application of natural semantics — the mechanism most frequently used to describe type systems — to the definition of knowledge base management systems that use such description logics. The paper presents inference rules in the natural semantics style for a variety of judgments involving descriptions, such as “subsumption” and “object membership”, and provides the full definition of subsumption in the Classic KBMS as a proof system. One of our objectives is to document some advantages of this approach, including the utility of multiple complementary semantics, and especially the characterization of implementations that are computationally tractable but are incomplete relative to standard denotational semantics.
THE FOURTH DECADE OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING: SOME ISSUES IN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
Authors: BLUM BRUCE I.
Published: November 2004

This paper examines the future of software engineering with particular emphasis on the development of intelligent and cooperating information systems (ICISs). After a brief historical overview, the applications of the 1990s are characterized as having open requirements, depending on reuse, emphasizing integration, and relying on diverse computational models. It is suggested that experience with TEDIUM, an environment for developing interactive information systems, offers insight into how software engineering can adjust to its new challenges. The environment and the methods for its use are described, and its effect on the software process is evaluated. Because the environment employs a knowledge-based approach to software development, there is an extended discussion of how TEDIUM classifies, represents, and manages this knowledge. A final section relates the experience with TEDIUM to the demands of ICIS development and evolution.
AN ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF OBJECT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Authors: POPOVICH STEVEN S. , KAISER GAIL E.
Published: November 2004

Much work has been done in the last decade in the related areas of object-oriented programming languages and object-oriented databases. Researchers from both areas now seem to be working toward a common end, that of an object management system, or OMS. An OMS is constructed similarly to an OODB but provides a general purpose concurrent object-oriented programming language as well, complementing the OODB query facilities. In this paper, we will define several different types of object systems (object servers, persistent OOPL’s, OODB’s and OMS’s) in terms of their interfaces and capabilities from the viewpoint of how these support the requirements of cooperative information systems. We will examine the distinguishing features and general architecture of systems of each type in the light of a general model of OMS architecture.
THE REFLEXIVITY OF 2-KNOTS IN S2 × S2
Authors: SATO YOSHIHISA
Published: November 2004

We consider a locally flat 2-sphere embedded in S2 × S2, which is referred to as a 2-knot in S2 × S2, and we study the problem whether a 2-knot in S2 × S2 is determined by its exterior. In this paper, we show that for almost homology classes ξ, 2-knots in S2 × S2 representing ξ are determined by their exteriors.
STATE SUM MODELS FOR TRIVALENT KNOTTED GRAPH INVARIANTS USING QUANTUM GROUP SLq(2)
Authors: PIUNIKHIN SERGEY
Published: November 2004

Four approaches to construct polynomial invariants for trivalent knotted graphs in S3 are compared. The first approach is based on vertex model with R-matrices and Glebsh-Gordan coefficients, appearing in SLq(2)-representations theory, as Boltzman weights. The second approach is based on Kauffman's quantum spin network theory, the third one is based on Witten-Turaev area-coloring model (or face model) based on quantum 6j-symbols, where q is root of unity. The fourth approach is based on the same face (or area-coloring) model, but q is not root of unity. The coincidence (up to certain normalization) of topological invariants, arising from these four state models, is proved.
RACKS AND LINKS IN CODIMENSION TWO
Authors: FENN ROGER , ROURKE COLIN
Published: November 2004

A rack, which is the algebraic distillation of two of the Reidemeister moves, is a set with a binary operation such that right multiplication is an automorphism. Any codimension two link has a fundamental rack which contains more information than the fundamental group. Racks provide an elegant and complete algebraic framework in which to study links and knots in 3–manifolds, and also for the 3–manifolds themselves. Racks have been studied by several previous authors and have been called a variety of names. In this first paper of a series we consolidate the algebra of racks and show that the fundamental rack is a complete invariant for irreducible framed links in a 3–manifold and for the 3–manifold itself. We give some examples of computable link invariants derived from the fundamental rack and explain the connection of the theory of racks with that of braids.
INTRAPRENEURSHIP AND EXOPRENEURSHIP IN MANUFACTURING FIRMS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF PERFORMANCE IMPLICATIONS
Authors: CHANG JANE
Published: November 2004

Entrepreneurship has been closely associated with small businesses and new ventures. It has the idea of an individual identifying new markets, new process, new system and new substitutes for raw materials and new products. In recent years, entrepreneurial activities take place in large organization known as intrapreneurship and it is associated with innovation that uses existing entrepreneurial resources within a large and established organization. Exopreneurship is another term with the same notion as intrapreneurship that is entrepreneurship within large organization but innovation is brought into the organization with the assistance of external entrepreneurial resources known as exopreneurs. Given that intrapreneurship and exopreneurship may exist within large organization, how do they manifest themselves? This paper attempts to link firms' performances that practiced intrapreneurship and exopreneurship. This research examined the performance implications of different level of intrapreneurship and exopreneurship. The respondents from manufacturing sector did not show any differences in the importance and satisfaction of performance. The results of the study support intrapreneurship and exopreneurship as valid foci for research and as desirable strategies for implementation.
THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF THE EXTERNALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH CULTURAL GOODS
Authors: TOHMO TIMO
Published: November 2004

This study examined the economic value of the externalities associated with cultural goods. The purpose of this study is to clarify the willingness to pay to maintain the Central Finland museum of the ones which had filled a 18 year of Jyväskylä inhabitants and of factors which affect a payment willingness. From dichotomous choice valuation (DC-method) data we have estimated the cumulative probability density function (cdf). From estimated cdf we can calculate welfare measures such as median of the estimated distribution of CV. The study found firstly that the surplus of the consumer is thus 1.17 MFIM measured on the basis of the median value. In the respondents' opinion the value of the Central Finland museum is at least as big as the amount of taxes directed to it presently. DC-method can be used as a help for the decision-making when making decisions to how much and in what targets the financial support should be divided. Secondly different factors among the high bids (Bid>78fim) and among low bids (Bid≤78fim) are explaining the respondents willingness to pay to maintain the Central Finland museum. Among the high bids (Bid>78fim) such factors as paying too little for Central Finland museum, intends to visit the Central Finland museum and use of other cultural services (dancing exhibitions) were more frequently cited as underlying motives for high payment willingness. Among low bids (Bid≤78fim) motivating influences were more often times that respondents has visited in the Central Finland museum.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND INDIVIDUAL DETERMINANTS OF ENREPRENEURIAL GROWTH: AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION
Authors: LIAO JIANWEN , WELSCH HAROLD P. , PISTRUI DAVID
Published: November 2004

Entrepreneurial growth is predicted to be related to micro variables (motivations) and macro variables (infrastructure elements) but in a differential way. Infrastructure variables are tested as moderators in the motivation-growth relationship. Motivations are further categorized into intrinsic pull and extrinsic push factors. A rich sample of 405 recently-minted entrepreneurs in a privatizing economy (Romania) was surveyed. Results essentially confirmed the predictions, with motivations playing a larger role than anticipated. Implications were discussed for policymakers charged with the responsibilities of economic development through entrepreneurship.
A CASE STUDY OF ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND IDEOLOGICAL ISSUES IN A JOINT VENTURE IN CHINA
Authors: JIANG XIAOLI
Published: November 2004

This study utilises interviews to investigate issues within a joint venture (JV) in China. The findings demonstrate that the organisational culture of this JV was dominated by its former state-owned enterprise (SOE) culture. The culture was influenced by Chinese culture, particularly by Maoist ideology. This organisational culture appeared not to be compatible with the liberalist ideology of the capitalist market economy. This incompatibility had contributed to management difficulties and financial losses for the JV. Discontent existed between the Chinese staff/workers and Western expatriates. Changing the organisational culture by changing staff may assist the JV to survive in the market economy.
INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THE CONCEPT OF INTELLECTUAL INTERNATIONALISATION
Authors: GEURSEN GUS M , DANA LEO PAUL
Published: November 2004

Much of the internationalisation literature deals with how firms have grown by extending their technologies, brands or organisational structures internationally. These literatures are about firms extending operational territories and gaining access to larger markets. However, in contemporary economies territorial extension is not the only form of internationalisation. Some individuals travel to new countries and see entrepreneurial opportunities. Their contribution to a new or existing venture is "intellect" as part of an internationalisation culture. Somehow, the global environment has changed from a place to be conquered by large corporations to and opportunity-rich environment for sensitive, entrepreneurial participants. The purpose of this exploratory study is to stimulate future research that examines what has changed, in business contexts, structures and markets, and to place intellectual entrepreneurship at the core of the internationalisation discussion.
WHY CAN'T JAPANESE MULTINATIONALS UTILIZE BOTH INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL HUMAN RESOURCES IN ASEAN?: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: SHIRAKI MITSUHIDE
Published: November 2004

The theme of this paper is to extract the characteristics and problems of Japanese multinationals International Human Resource Management (IHRM) by comparing the operations of Western multinationals with those of Japanese multinationals operating in ASEAN.

What kind of IHRM systems are constructued and practiced by Western multinationals that are operating in ASEAN? Are there any big differences in IHRM between Japanese multinationals and Western multinationals? And furthermore, what kind of management issues are they facing in this region and what kind of implications are there for their Japanese counterparts? This papers aims to clarify these points through case studies in this region. Finally some entreprenuerial strategies to tackle these problems Japanese headquarters are investigated.
THE ROLE ANGEL INVESTORS IN THE ASSEMBLY OF NON-FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF NEW VENTURES: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: ARDICHVILI ALEXANDER , CARDOZO RICHARD N. , TUNE KATHLEEN , REINACH JUDY
Published: November 2004

This study investigated the types of non-financial resources that private investors contribute to fledgling businesses, and reasons for providing these resources. The study is grounded in the resource-based theory of the firm (Penrose, 1959; Rumelt, 1984), and agency theory (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). In-depth interviews were conducted with 27 serial angel investors. Results documented in detail the types of non-financial resources that angels provide to new firms, including business ideas, top managers and network connections - as well as funds. We demonstrate that angles manage risk through a combination of techniques, which has as much to do with managing returns for the business as with managing agency risk. We also describe in detail distinct patterns of investment behavior among private investors, ranging from the dominant pattern of "partnership" with entrepreneurs to the rarer pattern of "passive" investing. Differences in patterns of investment behaviour appear to have significant implications for entrepreneurs seeking startup support from private investors. This study provides a starting point for development of a theory of resource provision and assembly for new firms.
ANTECEDENTS TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN SINGAPORE: BELIEFS, ATTITUDES AND BACKGROUND
Authors: PHAN PHILLIP H. , WONG POH KAM , WANG CLEMENT K.
Published: November 2004

Extant studies on entrepreneurial success that focus on the process of resource acquisition and value creation have led to a deeper understanding of the resource requirements of entrepreneurs, but have shed less light on the antecedents to the propensity for entrepreneurial startups. Our study models the characteristics of university students as antecedents to startups. These are background and experience, beliefs about organizations and attitudes towards entrepreneurship. Background and attitudes are hypothesized to predict the propensity for entrepreneurship while beliefs are hypothesized to moderate the relationship between attitudes and the propensity to start a new business. Empirical data from a large survey of university students in Singapore provide support for the model.
EAST MEETS WEST IN EXPORT PRACTICES: FINDINGS FROM SURVEY OF ASIAN AND INDIGENOUS (WHITE)-OWNED U.K. FIRMS
Authors: CRICK DAVE , CHAUDHRY SHIV
Published: November 2004

This paper reports on an ongoing, government funded empirical investigation into U.K. managers' export behaviour and assistance requirements. Specifically, it focuses on one aspect of the study and establishes using MANOVA that differences exist between managers of U.K. small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) owned by executives from particular ethnic origins in relation to their motives for engaging in export activities. It provides a contribution to the knowledge in the area of cross-cultural entrepreneurial research since, although a body of literature exists on the topics of export management in SMEs and the business practices of ethnic minority-owned firms, there is the need to bring these two topics together in the form of a single study to establish the extent to which managers from different sub-cultures differ in their export behaviour and assistance requirements. The study concludes that since managers from particular ethnic origins are found to differ in their export behaviour, policy makers may need to reconsider the ways in which support is provided and targeted to avoid wasting scarce resources.
THE IMPACT OF CULTURAL TRENDS ON BUSINESS PRACTICES
Authors: MAYSAMI RAMIN COOPER , GOBY VALERIE PRISCILLA
Published: November 2004

The Chinese, the largest ethnic population in the world, have traditionally been successful business owners. From various studies, personal characteristics and management styles, as well as social and cultural values, have been cited as reasons that contribute to the success of Chinese business owners in general, and to the prosperity of Singaporean Chinese entrepreneurs in particular. This article, aims to identify such success factors and to outline the evolution of Chinese-Singaporean culture, which at times impede entrepreneurship, and suggest ways to remedy the situation.
DOES THE BUSINESS START-UP PROCESS DIFFER BY GENDER? - A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF NASCENT ENTREPRENEURS
Authors: ALSOS GRY AGNETE , LJUNGGREN ELISABET
Published: November 2004

In Scandinavia, several policy programs have been directed at increasing the number of women entrepreneurs. These programs appear to build on the idea that women have particular problems in the business start-up process, leading to a lower probability among nascent women entrepreneurs of actually starting a business. This study investigates whether there are gender differences with regard to what nascent entrepreneurs do during their business start-up processes. Using longitudinal data, we also examine to what extent men and women who attempt to start a business succeed in actually doing so. The findings show some gender differences in the start-up process; however these do not lead to lower start-up probabilities for women. Hence there is no evidence that women are less effective business founders than men.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP: METAPHORS AND RELATED CONCEPTS
Authors: HYRSKY KIMMO
Published: November 2004

In past research there has been continuous controversy over the definition of entrepreneurship and the identification of entrepreneurs. By combining the ideas of entrepreneurship and linguistics, this paper takes a different approach to examining entrepreneurial definitions. An exploratory analysis of entrepreneurial metaphors and concepts is conducted to study informants' perceptions of these two terms. The sample consists of 751 respondents from Scandinavia, Ireland, Australia and Canada. In the quantitative analysis of entrepreneurial concepts, respondents defined the terms 'entrepreneur' and 'entrepreneurship' with suggested conceptual equivalents. In the metaphor analysis, informants came up with metaphorical expressions of entrepreneurship. Particular attention was paid to looking for differences in conceptualizations between (1) entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs, (2) males and females, and (3) Scandinavians and native English speakers. Entrepreneurial respondents perceived the concepts of entrepreneurship more positively than other respondents. The same applied to differences between females and males respectively. In the cross-cultural comparison, the Scandinavians seemed to have a more positive picture of entrepreneurship than their English-speaking counterparts. As regards the entrepreneurial metaphors, they are grouped into the following semantic categories: Machine(ry) and other Physical Objects, Warfare and Adventure, Sports and Games, Creativity and Activity, Nature, "Disease", Food Items, and Special Features.
A PRELIMINARY FRAMEWORK FOR EXPLAINING THE "SUCCESS" OF THE INTERNATIONAL VENTURES OF SMALL- AND MEDIUM-SIZED COMPANIES
Authors: VACHANI SUSHIL
Published: November 2004

Japanese small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have invested abroad increasingly in recent years. This research reports on their experiences based on interviews with senior managers of ten SMEs drawn from a range of industries. It demonstrates that the success of SMEs' international ventures is jeopardized by serious problems in their foreign operations owing to a number of strategic and environmental factors. These problems are described, categorized and analyzed. Recommendations are made for guiding SMEs in avoiding such problems. A preliminary framework is developed to bring together the factors that affect success of SMEs' international ventures to guide future research.
CULTURE, LEADERSHIP-STYLES AND STRESS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JAPANESE AND AMERICAN JOINT VENTURES IN INDONESIA
Authors: GROTENHUIS F. D. J. , NEUIJEN J. A. , DWIATMADJA C.
Published: November 2004

This exploratory study examined differences between Japanese- and American joint ventures in Indonesia in relation to culture. Especially leadership-styles and stress are examined as effects of differences in national cultures. It was expected that the Japanese management-style would better fit in with the expectations of Indonesian workers and that the level of stress experienced by Indonesian workers would subsequently be lower in these Japanese/Indonesian joint-ventures, compared to the American/Indonesian joint-ventures in our study. In decision making we expected the Japanese managers to focus more on consensus, which would result in a more 'human-oriented' leadership-style. American managers on the other hand would be more 'task-oriented' as a result of their focus on goal-attainment. Result indicate that the leadership-style of Japanese managers fits in better with the expectations of Indonesian workers than do the leadership-styles of American managers. However, we found that both Japanese and Indonesian managers are more human-oriented than American managers and more task-oriented as well. They simply seem to be more active than the American managers. Indonesian employees managed by American managers experienced less stress than Indonesian employees managed by Japanese or Indonesian managers.
FOKKER, A CLASH OF CULTURE
Authors: ULIJN JAN , HEERKENS HANS
Published: November 2004

What role do cultural play in the survival of companies that face existential problems? We try to provide some answers by looking at the decline of the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker. In 1996 this company went bankrupt and among the causes of this event cultural factors rank high, at least at first sight.

We show that differences in national culture could have played a role in one of the defining moments in Fokker's existence: the failed take-over by the German aerospace giant Deutsche Aerospace (DASA). But we also show that an over-ambitious management was responsible for the situation in which there were no other options to survive besides a take-over by DASA. An increasing gap between the ambitions of the management to be one of the worlds prime aerospace companies and the limited resources of what was essentially a second-league player put Fokker in such a bad financial condition that it surely had to become an unbearable burden for DASA. So culture played a role in Fokker's decline, but its influence was at its peak long before the problems that brought the company down were recognised.
LOCAL DEALS AND HIGH FINANCE: INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN CAR DEALING AND CURRENCY TRADING
Authors: LIGHTFOOT GEOFFREY
Published: November 2004

Von Mises famously declared that all human action, unfettered by the state is entrepreneurial. Yet curiously, it is where the state and the market collide that some of the more striking aspects of entrepreneurialism are made most visible. Most spectacularly, where governments have attempted to control currencies through both rhetoric and financial intervention, currency traders have stepped in to take advantage of the difference between the set value and the 'market' rate. As a result, high profile traders such as Soros have achieved notoriety for their calculated exploitation of the currency instability.

This battle is repeated at a more terrestrial level. A new market sector has opened up as entrepreneurial car dealers have taken advantage of the strong pound by buying Japanese automotive exotica and selling them for less than the more mundane versions command in the UK. Such moves have also been strongly opposed - Mitsubishi, for example, has traded on the rhetoric of differences in government safety standards in an attempt to curtail such trading.

Currency trading and car dealing initially appear wildly different trading environments. Yet a close reading of the accounts given by and of these entrepreneurs reveals considerable similarity in their approaches to the calculation of potential margin, entrepreneurial action, inequalities and regulation, implying a need for greater awareness of discursive resources when discussing entrepreneurship.