bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lgr4 and Lgr5 drive the formation of long actin-rich cytoneme-like membrane protrusions
Authors: Snyder Joshua C. , Rochelle Lauren K. , Marion Sébastien , Lyerly H. Kim , Barak Larry S. , Caron Marc G.
Published: February 2015

Embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis require precise information exchange between cells and their microenvironment to coordinate cell behavior. A specialized class of ultra-long actin-rich filopodia, termed cytonemes, provides one mechanism for this spatiotemporal regulation of extracellular cues. We provide here a mechanism whereby the stem cell marker Lgr5, and its family member Lgr4, promote the formation of cytonemes. Lgr4/5-induced cytonemes exceed lengths of 80 µm, are generated through stabilization of nascent filopodia from an underlying lamellipodial-like network, and functionally provide a pipeline for the transit of signaling effectors. As proof-of-principle, we demonstrate that Lgr5-induced cytonemes act as conduits for cell signaling by demonstrating that the actin-motor and filopodial cargo carrier protein Myosin X (Myo10) and the GCPR signaling effector ß-arrestin-2 (Arrb2) transit into cytonemes. This work delineates a biological function for Lgr4/5 and provides the rationale to fully investigate Lgr4/5 function and cytonemes in mammalian stem cell and cancer stem cell behavior.
Development of Novel n-Type Materials Based on Benzothiadiazole Derivatives for Organic Photovoltaics: Effects of Acceptor Terminal Substituents
Authors: Shibata Yosei , Kono Takahiro , Usui Hiroyo , Yoshida Yuji
Published: February 2015

Novel n-type materials of BTD-CN (1) and BTD-CF3 (2) were synthesized for organic photovoltaics. Both materials show approximately the same HOMO–LUMO level and position of absorption peaks. However, the organic photovoltaic performance of a device with 1 is clearly higher than that with 2. In this paper, we discuss the effects of terminal substituents on film morphology, crystallinity, and photovoltaic performance. The results suggest that cyano-modified benzothiadiazole is useful because of its crystallinity, carrier recombination, and series resistance.
Adhesion and Friction Force on Various Smooth Hydrophobic Silane Coatings
Authors: Miyamoto Takumi , Sakai Munetoshi , Isobe Toshihiro , Matsushita Sachiko , Nakajima Akira
Published: February 2015

Various smooth hydrophobic silane coatings were prepared on a Si substrate using CVD. Then adhesion and friction force for these coatings were evaluated using force curve measurements and friction force microscopy with Si3N4-coated Si cantilevers in the ambient atmosphere. The adhesion force depended on the cosine of the water contact angle, which suggests that it was governed by the capillary force. The water contact angle, packing density, rigidity, and molecular interaction contribute to the friction coefficient of the coatings.
The Case for Paying College Athletes
Authors: Sanderson Allen R. , Siegfried John J.
Published: February 2015

Big-time commercialized intercollegiate athletics has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Popularity of this uniquely American activity, measured by attendance, television ratings, or team revenues, has never been higher. At the same time, however, several high-profile scandals exposing unseemly behavior on the part of players, coaches, and even respected higher education institutions—as well as questions about the distribution of the enormous revenues pouring into university athletic departments—have marred the image of these college football and men's basketball programs. Currently there are several legal challenges to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and its member institutions that may change dramatically and permanently the arrangements between the NCAA cartel, its member colleges and universities, and the “student-athletes” who play on the teams. These challenges all focus on the NCAA's collective fixing of players' wages. We describe this peculiar “industry,” detailing the numerous market imperfections in both output and labor markets, the demand for and supply of college athlete labor, and possible alternative arrangements in the college athlete labor market, including the ramifications of compensating players beyond the tuition, room, board, books, and fees that some current players already receive as grants-in-aid.
Pricing in the Market for Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Howard David H. , Bach Peter B. , Berndt Ernst R. , Conti Rena M.
Published: February 2015

In 2011, Bristol-Myers Squibb set the price of its newly approved melanoma drug ipilimumab—brand name Yervoy—at $120,000 for a course of therapy. The drug was associated with an incremental increase in life expectancy of four months. Drugs like ipilimumab have fueled the perception that the launch prices of new anticancer drugs and other drugs in the so-called “specialty” pharmaceutical market have been increasing over time and that increases are unrelated to the magnitude of the expected health benefits. In this paper, we discuss the unique features of the market for anticancer drugs and assess trends in the launch prices for 58 anticancer drugs approved between 1995 and 2013 in the United States. We restrict attention to anticancer drugs because the use of median survival time as a primary outcome measure provides a common, objective scale for quantifying the incremental benefit of new products. We find that the average launch price of anticancer drugs, adjusted for inflation and health benefits, increased by 10 percent annually—or an average of $8,500 per year—from 1995 to 2013. We argue that the institutional features of the market for anticancer drugs enable manufacturers to set the prices of new products at or slightly above the prices of existing therapies, giving rise to an upward trend in launch prices. Government-mandated price discounts for certain classes of buyers may have also contributed to launch price increases as firms sought to offset the growth in the discount segment by setting higher prices for the remainder of the market.
Matthew Gentzkow, Winner of the 2014 Clark Medal
Authors: Shleifer Andrei
Published: February 2015

The 2014 John Bates Clark Medal of the American Economic Association was awarded to Matthew Gentzkow of the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. The citation recognized Matt's “fundamental contributions to our understanding of the economic forces driving the creation of media products, the changing nature and role of media in the digital environment, and the effect of media on education and civic engagement.” In addition to his work on the media, Matt has made a number of significant contributions to empirical industrial organization more broadly, as well as to applied economic theory. In this essay, I highlight some of these contributions.
Retrospectives: The Marginal Cost Controversy
Authors: Frischmann Brett M. , Hogendorn Christiaan
Published: February 2015

From 1938 to 1950, there was a spirited debate about whether decreasing-average-cost industries should set prices at marginal cost, with attendant subsidies if necessary. In 1938, Harold Hotelling published a forceful and far-reaching proposal for marginal cost pricing entitled “The General Welfare in Relation to Problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates.” After several years and many pages of discussion, Ronald Coase gave a name and a clear formulation to the debate in his 1946 article “The Marginal Cost Controversy.” We will tell much of the story of this controversy by comparing the frameworks of Hotelling and Coase, while also bringing in other contributors and offering some thoughts about contemporary relevance. The arguments marshaled by Coase (and his contemporaries) not only succeeded in this particular debate, as we shall see, but more generally served as part of the foundation for various fields of modern economics, particularly institutional, regulatory, and public choice economics as well as law and economics. Yet the underlying issues are quite difficult to resolve, and the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments for marginal cost pricing can turn on specific elements of the industry.
The Rise and Decline of General Laws of Capitalism
Authors: Acemoglu Daron , Robinson James A.
Published: February 2015

Thomas Piketty's (2013) book, Capital in the 21st Century, follows in the tradition of the great classical economists, like Marx and Ricardo, in formulating general laws of capitalism to diagnose and predict the dynamics of inequality. We argue that general economic laws are unhelpful as a guide to understanding the past or predicting the future because they ignore the central role of political and economic institutions, as well as the endogenous evolution of technology, in shaping the distribution of resources in society. We use regression evidence to show that the main economic force emphasized in Piketty's book, the gap between the interest rate and the growth rate, does not appear to explain historical patterns of inequality (especially, the share of income accruing to the upper tail of the distribution). We then use the histories of inequality of South Africa and Sweden to illustrate that inequality dynamics cannot be understood without embedding economic factors in the context of economic and political institutions, and also that the focus on the share of top incomes can give a misleading characterization of the true nature of inequality.
Putting Distribution Back at the Center of Economics: Reflections on Capital in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Piketty Thomas
Published: February 2015

When a lengthy book is widely discussed in academic circles and the popular media, it is probably inevitable that the arguments of the book will be simplified in the telling and retelling. In the case of my book Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2014), a common simplification of the main theme is that because the rate of return on capital r exceeds the growth rate of the economy g, the inequality of wealth is destined to increase indefinitely over time. In my view, the magnitude of the gap between r and g is indeed one of the important forces that can explain historical magnitudes and variations in wealth inequality. However, I do not view r > g as the only or even the primary tool for considering changes in income and wealth in the 20th century, or for forecasting the path of income and wealth inequality in the 21st century. In this essay, I will take up several themes from my book that have perhaps become attenuated or garbled in the ongoing discussions of the book, and will seek to re-explain and re-frame these themes. First, I stress the key role played in my book by the interaction between beliefs systems, institutions, and the dynamics of inequality. Second, I briefly describe my multidimensional approach to the history of capital and inequality. Third, I review the relationship and differing causes between wealth inequality and income inequality. Fourth, I turn to the specific role of r > g in the dynamics of wealth inequality: specifically, a larger r − g gap will amplify the steady-state inequality of a wealth distribution that arises out of a given mixture of shocks. Fifth, I consider some of the scenarios that affect how r − g might evolve in the 21st century, including rising international tax competition, a growth slowdown, and differential access by the wealthy to higher returns on capital. Finally, I seek to clarify what is distinctive in my historical and political economy approach to institutions and inequality dynamics, and the complementarity with other approaches.
Formation and evaluation of consumer properties dressings devices by means of method of marketing research
Authors: Самкова  , Samkova I. , Мельникова  , Melnikova O.
Published: February 2015

The problem of creating new qualified, safe and effective native medicine items was considered in this article. This problem was solved by analysis of consumer preferences. Evaluation of selected consumer properties was carried out by the consumers, who evaluated the use-function and the feasibility of creation of rational, efficient and safe dressing for burn treatment. The authors were interviewed 230 consumers in the framework of this approach. Research was conducted by surveying on an especially composed questionnaire. Pharmacist filling of the form carried out by results of interrogation. The results of this research are the following: dressing tool for burn treatment must have such utility properties, namely: providing of wet environment, removing excess exudate, prevention further traumatic wound, protection wounds from contamination and pathogens. Because of they must provide gas exchange. In consequence of the research of consumer preferences a new dressing “Novokomb” was created. It has the above properties. Iodine is used for giving antiseptic properties. Novocain is used for the anesthetic effects. Polyvinylpyrrolidone creates a prolonged action. The dressing protects a wound from contamination, provided gas exchange and prevented trauma wound.
Non-pharmacological principled approach to rehabilitation of athletes
Authors: Кулемзина  , Kulemzina T.
Published: February 2015

Shows the possible aspects of non-drug means and methods in the recovery period after considerable training and competitive downloads. Marked advantages of non-traditional methods of recovery, the efficiency of their application in individual rehabilitation schemes. An important condition for the development and formation of the state of fitness is the optimum effect of exercise. Adequate load, causing physiological stress, stimulates positive changes in the body of the athlete, bringing it to a more intensive mode. Those physical activities that go beyond the optimal (assuming extreme, debilitating), lead to distress, ir-reversible depletion allowance adaptation - to the exclusion. To a significant extreme stresses not addictive, there is no habituation (adaptation), and disease. The ultimate goal of rehabilitation programs is to eliminate changes in the affected segment, restoring the original level of general and special sporting performance and readaptation to limit power, intensity and duration of physical activity. To solve these problems can and should be used, including non-drug methods. The purpose of the study - to explore the possibilities of effective application of non-drug methods of re-covery in integrated programs rehabilitation of athletes.
Ultrasound imaging of biliodigestive anastomoses
Authors: Рязанцев  , Ryazantsev A. , Благовестнов  , Blagovestnov D. , Гончарова  , Goncharova T. , Митрошенкова  , Mitroshenkova O.
Published: February 2015

The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records of 71 patients operated on biliary obstruction with biliodigestive anastomoses. In the early postoperative period of 71 patients with various types of complications were observed in 14 (19,7%) patients of еarly postoperative mortality was 5,6% (4 patients) and 56 patients were observed from 1 year to 7 years after surgery. All patients in the postoperative period were performed trans-abdominal ultrasound imaging, tomography, magnetic resonance tomography, fistulography. The technique of improving ultrasonic visualization of the distal bile duct and area BDA and ultrasound semiotics state of biliodigestive anastomoses in the early and late postoperative period were developed. Ultra-sound criteria of insolvency biliodigestive anastomoses in the early postoperative period, and signs of scarring biliodigestive anastomoses and development of reflux cholangitis in the late postoperative period were carried out and systematized. High precision of data of ultrasonic imaging with a clinical diagnosis was noted. The sen-sitivity of ultrasound in detecting reflux cholangitis amounted to 100%; specificity – 83,7%; accuracy was 87,5%. The sensitivity of ultrasound in detecting scar stricture biliodigestive anastomoses amounted to 87,5%; the specificity was 93,8% of the respondents; the accuracy of 92,9%.
The impact of liquids with different redox potential for caries and periodontitis
Authors: Брездынюк  , Brezdynyuk A. , Аджи  , Adzhi Yu. , Енин  , Enin A. , Резников  , Reznikov K. , Трофимова  , Trofimova T.
Published: February 2015

The defeat teeth multiple caries leads to their premature loss, violates the chewing function, which affects the development of the dental system in the period of formation of permanent teeth and leads to the formation of anomalies of maxillofacial area. In experiment were 30 white rats of both sexes and 30 three months white rat pups with a healthy, without pathologically changed tissues of the teeth and periodontium. In experiments on rats 35-day monitoring damaged by caries white rats showed that when using liquid with a positive redox potential is reduction of the area of the zones carious lesions on the 14th day – by 23%, 21 day – 41%, at 28 days – 59%, 35 day – 69%. The remaining liquid didn’t cause changes in the dimensions of zones of caries in time. For long (8 weeks) oral use a white rat pups liquids with negative redox potential and the subsequent 30-day getting glucoso-lactose diet the incidence of dental caries was only 3% in the control group 86%. The article shows that the liquids with positive and negative redox potential doesn’t have a damaging effect on the mucous membrane of the mouth cavity and the hard tissue of teeth, however optimize the recovery processes in case of chronic generalized periodontitis moderate.
Application of transcutaneus electroneurostimulation in complex therapy and rehabilitation of diabetic neuropathic pain
Authors: Аль-Замиль  , Al-Zamil M. , Божко  , Bozhko S. , Кудаева  , Kudaeva L.
Published: February 2015

. In this article expediency of application of monophasic, high frequency and low amplitude transcutaneous neuroelectrostimulation in treatment of neuropathic pain in patients with diabetic distal polyneuropathy of lower extremity was proved.

This study included 159 patients with acute distal neuropathic pain in lower extremity. In all patients di-abetic mellitus 2 type was diagnosed and clinical signs and symptoms of distal polyneuropathy were found.

Comparative dynamics of clinical and electromyographic manifestations of diabetic distal polyneuropathy between basis and control groups were analyzed. 62 patients in control group undergone treatment by the Duloxetine 60 mg every day within 3 months. In basis group 97 patients in addition to the Duloxetine were treated by transcutaneous neuroelectrostimulation during 30 minutes per day after day for 15 days.

This study showed that complex treatment by combination use of transcutaneous neuroelectrostimula-tion with central analgesic more effective than traditional analgesic therapy in treatment of neuropathic pain in patients with diabetic distal polyneuropathy.
The clinical manifestations of rotavirus infection in children
Authors: Федулова  , Fedulova T. , Сапожников  , Sapozhnikov Vladimir , Дёмина  , Demina S.
Published: February 2015

Currently, there is prevalence of rotavirus infection among children, mass outbreaks of infections which are independent on the sanitary-hygienic conditions, there is no rational approach to the treatment of this disease. However, the clinical manifestations of this disease are vary depending on the age and are associated to available conditionally pathogenic flora. The study revealed that the most pronounced are the symptoms of gastro-duodenal lesions in children with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis at the initial stage of the disease. Flatu-lence, bloating, phenomena hematolite didn’t observed in any child with this nosology. Intestinal syndrome to a greater extent was expressed in acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in combination with conditionally pathogenic microflora at the initial stage of the disease. The effects of toxicity and exitosa were more pronounced in child-ren at younger ages and in acute gastroenteritis; it is combined with conditionally pathogenic microflora. Severe toxemia and exsicosis wasn’t revealed in any of the examined children. In this research, the purpose was to study the history, clinical features of the progress of rotaviruses infection in children of different ages.
About method of prediction morbidity natural-focal infections
Authors: Евстегнеева  , Evstegneeva V.
Published: February 2015

Epidemiological analysis of morbidity natural-focal infections showed, that at Tula state territory registers high level of morbidity leptospirosis, hemolytic fever with renal syndrome, that exceeds morbidity at Central Federal State and average Russian indexes. For prediction of morbidity used analysis of time series, regression analysis, method group analysis arguments, algebraic model constructive logic. By using method artificial neural networks made mathematical model of prediction morbidity hemolytic fever with renal syndrome (hemolytic fever with renal syndrome), leptospirosis, tick-borne infectious borelliosis. Found that number of main infection carriers and climatic factors effect on morbidity level. By modeling of prediction morbidity prediction morbidity found that main role playing number of bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and average temperatures at April and July.
Reflexotherapeutic methods for chronic migraine
Authors: Сафонов  , Safonov M. , Наприенко  , Naprienko M.
Published: February 2015

Chronic migraine is polyetiological and multi-factor disease. There is no consensus about the transformation from episodic to chronic form triggers. Genetic factors, dysfunction of anti-nociceptive systems, gender, the harmful factors are discussed in this work. A high percentage prevalence among the working-age population, expressed degree of decrease in quality of life are forcing scientists to develop new drug and non-drug approaches to the treatment of this disease. Reflexology has a special place in non-drug therapies, including acupuncture, electro-acupuncture, trans-cutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and Su-Jok therapy. Sufficient experience has been accumulated in use of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic pain syndrome in general and chronic forms of primary headaches in particular. Most methods have confirmed the effectiveness that is comparable to drug therapy. The tolerability of these methods, due to their larger physiology, is superior to pharmacotherapy, and the frequency of adverse reactions is minimized. These features contribute to the growth of the worldwide interest in non-drug methods of treatment and new purposes of the researchers must be focused on comparing the effectiveness of methods among themselves, standardization of techniques of reflexology and develop more differentiated approaches to non-drug therapy.
Ion-molecular memory model. The formation of the information space in the memory by means of hydrogen ions
Authors: Герасимов  , Gerasimov I. , Яшин  , Yashin A.
Published: February 2015

Regular publications on the development of ion-molecular memory model focuses on the development of information area of memory. As in the previous paper, the main active agents are hydrogen ions. Formation of information code is regarded as the effectiveness of the range of activity of hydrogen ions (SAHI). Spectrum of activity is considered as dominant in the organization of transfer processes, storage and conversion information in developed model of memory. According to the position of modern knowledge the diagram of a hypothetical way to the library memory was developed and justified. The authors noted that the possibility of formation of an information code by means of SAHI is physical-logically consistent within the complex logic A.A. Zinoviev as the most perfect in the real time logic device. There is no need to ask the question: why dominates the spectrum of hydrogen? - This chemical is vital in the evolution of the bioorganic world. Supplemental approval is given in the paper, - the possibility of information duality of SAHI show a clear analogy between the latter and DNA. The above is illustrated in this paper as general physical and biophysical arguments and detailed mathematical analysis and thermodynamic description of SAHI. In general, it can be assumed that the proposed model of formation of the information space in memory by means of hydrogen ions carries the actual quality of the adequacy and in private provisions don’t contrary to popular works.
Automation of accounting and reporting of preventive medical exams and clinical examination in medical organizations
Authors: Теплякова  , Teplyakova E. , Щербаков  , Shcherbakov S.
Published: February 2015

Implementation of information technology in health care is one of the urgent tasks of modernization. Questions automation of accounting and reporting on clinical examination carried out by certain groups of adults, clinical examination of orphans, professional examinations and adult medical examination of the child population (preventive, preliminary, periodic) make up a significant part of the activities of medical organizations both in terms of achieving the goals of the organization. The implementation of a software system "health card", its implementation and use in the medical organization is effectively used in the integration of medical information system in a medical organization. The functions of the system meet all the requirements necessary to meet its work regulations governing the procedure and forms for clinical examination and professional examinations, monitoring of accounting work, the results of clinical examination and analysis of professional examinations, the acceleration of employees by automatically filling out forms, flexible system configuration. Integration of "health map" with electronic medical records enables to collect card baseline medical examination (clinical examination) of the input specialists medical examinations and investigations.Automation of accounting and reporting of preventive medical exams and clinical examination allows medical organization to reduce the labor of doctors and other staff to fill in the documentation and accounting work to avoid mistakes in documents and reports, provide timely and accurate reporting of the established forms of the Ministry of Health.
Algorithmization of health social sanogenesis on the basis of indicators of quality of life in older age groups
Authors: Колпина  , Kolpina Lola
Published: February 2015

In the article the diagnostics results on indicators of life quality among persons of older age groups according to SF-36 questionnaire (the Russian-language version) are presented. The assessment of population life quality was carried out on the basis of the comparative analysis of life quality data in control group (people of 40-59 years; N=32 persons) and in the main group (60-89 years, N=106 people), then in the main group between elderly people (60-74 years, N=64 persons) and between people of senile age (75-89 years, 42 persons). During the inspection the reliable decrease on all indicators in physical health from control group to the main was revealed. On psychological health the reliable decrease from control group to the main doesn´t registered, but only on indicators of social and emotional-role functioning. It is established that social functioning decreases only from group of the interrogated 40-59 years to group of 60-74 years, and further, in group of the interrogated 75-89 years it remains at the same level. On the obtained data basis the recommendations about improvement of senior age groups population life quality through the increase of environmental readiness for elderly people social inclusion, about their adaptation to the age pensioner status, correction of their social and role functioning are offered.
Structural and semantic peculiarities of medical terms in the english and french languages, the problems of translation into the russian
Authors: Данилова  , Danilova I. , Данилова  , Danilova Yu.
Published: February 2015

This short report presents the studying results of the structural and semantic peculiarities of the terms of the medicine in the English and French languages. The actual material for this study was 950 medical terms. The authors used the following methods: continuous sampling method, component and comparative analysis, method of word definition. The authors gave a characterization of the stages and factors of the development concept “terminology”, in particular, medical terminology. The analysis of scientific texts, articles in medicine and biology allows to identifying the eponymic terms. A proper name is a characteristic feature of these eponymic terms as binary phrase. Formation of the derived from a large number of compound terms confirms the viability and morphological value of this type of terms. Their translation into the Russian language is accompanied by a number of problems. The authors present the possible ways of translating eponymic terms in Russian: descriptive translation with the personal name and descriptive-explanatory translation without personal name. The first method can be effective for eponymic terms that have become traditional and understandable for every medical practitioner. This method requires the translation with transliteration of personal name. The second method, descriptive-explanatory, may be useful if there are multiple synonymic eponymic terms. This translation must take into account the field of medicine.
Markers of endothelial dysfunction in pregnant after flu during pregnancy: performance and prognostic significance
Authors: Калиматова  , Kalimatova D. , Шатунова  , Shatunova E.
Published: February 2015

It was performed the study of endothelial dysfunction markers dynamics in pregnant with influenza and evaluation of the prognostic significance of these parameters. It analyzed the data 44 included pregnant women (average age of 28,2±7,3 years) diagnosed with flu mean (n=26) and severe (n=18) degrees. 22 pregnant women with no evidence of infectious and somatic diseases in the control group (mean age 27,2±5,4 years). The diagnosis of highly pathogenic H1N1 was confirmed using virological examination, all patients were hospitalized. Found that pregnant women who have had the flu during gestation, it reveals significant shifts of the levels of markers of endothelial dysfunction in blood plasma: reducing the concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) reduced compared with healthy pregnant women and increased levels of endothelial protein C receptor along with increasing concentrations endothelin-1. It is shown that with increasing severity of flu during pregnancy, the severity of the imbalance of these markers is increased. The presence of significant correlation coefficients significant moderate force between the frequency of complications of pregnancy, childbirth and perinatal outcomes and degree of changes in the concentrations of markers of endothelial dysfunction. It is concluded that high prognostic value of assessing these factors, it is proposed to include them in the definition of an algorithm for pregnant women with influenza.
Development of a method of intravenous laser irradiation of blood, "blue" laser (λ=532) in patients with diabetic foot
Authors: Балеев  , Baleev M. , Нуриев  , Nuriev E. , Шимко  , Shimko V.
Published: February 2015

There is a distinct correlation between the concentration of sugar in the blood level of C level occurrence of diabetic foot syndrome. Treatment with drugs that eliminate insulinrezistentnost in Russia currently applies only in a small number of patients, in most cases, surgical treatment of diabetic foot.

The search for new and effective methods of sustained therapeutic effect, more cost-effective and devoid of side effects, effects on the body remains relevant. One of these methods may be intravenous laser irradiation of blood with frequency λ=532 nm, this study confirms the effectiveness of its application.

As shown by the experimental data, to the use of intravenous laser blood irradiation intravenous laser ir-radiation of blood indicators of glucose in the study and control groups was higher than normal. After the intra-venous laser irradiation of blood these figures were significantly reduced in the intervention group and the con-trol group showed a tendency to preserve the performance on the data at the beginning of the study.

The study suggests that the inclusion of therapy intravenous laser irradiation of blood "blue" laser with a wavelength of 532 nm in patients with diabetic foot has a positive impact on the index of blood glucose. The foregoing gives rise to the following conclusions: in patients with diabetic foot syndrome was a significant in-crease in blood glucose therapy in the form of intravenous laser irradiation of blood "blue" laser with a wave-length of 532 nm significantly reduces the level of glucose
Specialized software for analysis of optical density digital images micropreparations
Authors: Рудалев  , Rudalev V. , Алексеева  , Alekseeva N. , Сереженко  , Serezhenko N. , Базурина  , Bazurina K.
Published: February 2015

The development of software for densitometric analysis is actual nowadays. The main task in performing the densitometric analysis is the estimation of light quantity rate which passed through the product of histochemical reaction of examined object to some sample transparent field without an analyzed object, delaying the light flow, such as slide-glass, coverslip, mounts environment. As a a rule, the information on the color of reaction products is of no interest to the study. That is why monochrome digital cameras are preferred for densitometric analysis. The article presents the issues of creating software for the analysis of digital micrographs of biological objects. The introduction sets out the problem statement and artifacts that result in errors during the densitometric analysis. The problem of constructing software for digital image processing micropreparations obtained using a microscope. The realization of software, mathematical methods of treatment, the results of applying these methods to real data.
Assessment and screening the risk of dental caries in children in the rural municipality.
Authors: Русанова  , Rusanova T. , Юденкова  , Yudenkova S. , Куралесина  , Kuralesina Viktoriya , Ипполитов  , Ippolitov Yuriy , Гарькавец  , Garkavec Svetlana , Маркина  , Markina T.
Published: February 2015

The purpose of research: development and evaluation of the effectiveness of methods for assessing and forecasting risk of occurrence and development of dental caries in children of primary school age in the rural municipality. Materials and methods: In accordance with the purpose and tasks we undertook a study of the prevalence and intensity of caries in children of primary school age in the rural municipality. Conclusions: the study of the question of forecasting and assessing the risk of caries in children is a problem, because on the basis of these data, you can define the means-tested child population in the therapeutic and prophylactic activities, calculate the necessary amount of dental care, evaluate the effectiveness of preventive and treatment activities. Effectiveness of screening (prediction) programs can be demonstrated by conducting a randomized studies that have evaluated all available results. The value of screening also depends on adequate screening tests, the accuracy of the test is determined by its sensitivity and specificity. The introduction of prevention programmes leads to a sharp decrease in the intensity of dental caries and periodontal diseases, significant reduction of cases of tooth loss at a young age and increase of the number of children and adolescents from intact teeth.
Short on Time: Intertemporal Tensions in Business Sustainability
Authors: Slawinski Natalie , Bansal Pratima
Published: February 2015

This inductive study of five firms in Alberta’s oil sands examines how organizations attend to the intertemporal tensions between the short term and long term that are inherent in business sustainability. Grounding our insights in organizational responses to the climate change issue, we find that firms that juxtapose the short term and long term also confront the tension between business and society. These firms are, therefore, more likely to recognize the complexity of climate change and the need for integrated, multidimensional solutions. These insights contribute to prior research in business sustainability.
Cardiovascular disease in rabbits
Authors: Chitty John
Published: February 2015

Cardiovascular disease is relatively common in pet rabbits. This may reflect increasing numbers of older rabbits being seen, or increased ante-mortem diagnosis. It can, however, be difficult to diagnose, as clinical signs are often non-specific. This article will provide an overview of the types of cardiovascular disease seen and of diagnostic methods and therapy.
The lame cat: common culprits of non-traumatic lameness when pain localises to the elbow or shoulder
Authors: Perry Karen L
Published: February 2015

Elbow degenerative joint disease is the most common cause of non-traumatic thoracic limb lameness in the cat. Medial epicondylitis is also being diagnosed with increasing frequency. Lameness originating from the shoulder is not as common in cats as in dogs but shoulder joint dysplasia has been described. Radiographic signs can be subtle or even absent in the early stages of disease and repeat imaging or alternative forms of imaging may be required to facilitate a diagnosis. Many cases respond to non-surgical treatment but surgical options are available for those cases where discomfort persists.
Why vitamin D is vital during pregnancy and early childhood
Authors: Patience Sara
Published: February 2015

Vitamin D is crucial for good bone health, explains Sara Patience. Supplementing children early can avoid adverse health effects manifesting in later life
CPD and ITT
Authors: Clay Bridget
Published: February 2015

The recommendations of the government-commissioned review of initial teacher training could also apply to schools' CPD strategies. Bridget Clay explains
Spotting the signs…
Authors: Thornton Stephanie
Published: February 2015

Continuing her series on mental health, Dr Stephanie Thornton discusses how teachers and support staff on the frontline can recognise the warning signs of possible mental health issues
Focus on teaching and learning
Authors: Wardell Amos
Published: February 2015

Charged with improving teaching quality at her school as part of its journey to outstanding, Amos Wardell describes some of the actions she took
New species of Diabrotica Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) and a key to Diabrotica and related genera: results of a synopsis of North and Central American Diabrotica species
Authors: Derunkov Alexander , Prado Laura R. , Tishechkin Alexey K. , Konstantinov Alexander S.
Published: February 2015

The following 18 new species of Diabrotica are described and illustrated as a result of the synopsis of North and Central American species: D. barclayi sp. nov., Guatemala; D. caveyi sp. nov., Costa Rica; D. costaricensis sp. nov., Costa Rica; D. dmitryogloblini sp. nov., Mexico; D. duckworthorum sp. nov., Honduras; D. hartjei sp. nov., Panama; D. josephbalyi sp. nov., Costa Rica; D. lawrencei sp. nov., Mexico; D. mantillerii sp. nov., Panama; D. martinjacobyi sp. nov., Honduras; D. mitteri sp. nov., Panama; D. perkinsi sp. nov., Guatemala; D. redfordae sp. nov., Costa Rica; D. reysmithi sp. nov., Costa Rica; D. salvadorensis sp. nov., El Salvador; D. sel sp. nov., Panama; D. spangleri sp. nov., Costa Rica; D. waltersi sp. nov., Panama. In addition, a key to separate Diabrotica from related genera is presented.
Experimental Study of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for Direct Analysis of Coal Particle Flow
Authors: Zheng Jianping , Lu Jidong , Zhang Bo , Dong Meirong , Yao Shunchun , Lu Weiye , Dong Xuan
Published: February 2015

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed to directly analyze coal particles in the form of descending flow. Coal-particle ablation was performed using a 1064 nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser at atmospheric conditions. Spectral identification schemes were used to acquire spectra containing all the emission lines of the important elements in coal. These acquired spectra were classified as representative spectra. The background of the line emission plus three times the standard deviation of the background of the representative spectra was chosen as the threshold value. A method using a single line and a method using combined multiple lines (C, 247.8 nm; N, 746.8 nm; Si, 288.2 nm; and Ca, 396.8 nm) were compared to obtain the best results for the spectral identification of coal particle flow. The feasibility of rejecting the partial breakdown spectra was verified using quantitative analysis of fixed carbon in coal.
White Light Photothermal Lens Spectrophotometer for the Determination of Absorption in Scattering Samples
Authors: Marcano Aristides , Alvarado Salvador , Meng Junwei , Caballero Daniel , Moares Ernesto Marín , Edziah Raymond
Published: February 2015

We developed a pump-probe photothermal lens spectrophotometer that uses a broadband arc-lamp and a set of interference filters to provide tunable, nearly monochromatic radiation between 370 and 730 nm as the pump light source. This light is focused onto an absorbing sample, generating a photothermal lens of millimeter dimensions. A highly collimated monochromatic probe light from a low-power He–Ne laser interrogates the generated lens, yielding a photothermal signal proportional to the absorption of light. We measure the absorption spectra of scattering dye solutions using the device. We show that the spectra are not affected by the presence of scattering, confirming that the method only measures the absorption of light that results in generation of heat. By comparing the photothermal spectra with the usual absorption spectra determined using commercial transmission spectrophotometers, we estimate the quantum yield of scattering of the sample. We discuss applications of the device for spectroscopic characterization of samples such as blood and gold nanoparticles that exhibit a complex behavior upon interaction with light.
Perturbation Factors in the Clinical Handling of a Fiber-Coupled Raman Probe for Cutaneous in Vivo Diagnostic Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Schleusener Johannes , Gluszczynska Patrycja , Reble Carina , Gersonde Ingo , Helfmann Jürgen , Cappius Hans-Joachim , Fluhr Joachim W. , Meinke Martina C.
Published: February 2015

The application of fiber-coupled Raman probes for the discrimination of cancerous and normal skin has the advantage of a noninvasive in vivo application, easy clinical handling, and access to the majority of body sites, which would otherwise be limited by stationary Raman microscopes. Nevertheless, including optical fibers and miniaturizing optical components, as well as measuring in vivo, involves the sensibility to external perturbation factors that could introduce artifacts to the acquired Raman spectra and thereby potentially reduce classification performance. In this study, typical perturbation factors of Raman measurements with a Raman fiber probe, optimized for clinical in vivo discrimination of skin cancer, were investigated experimentally. Measurements were performed under standardized conditions in clinical settings in vivo on human skin, as well as ex vivo on porcine ears. Raman spectra were analyzed in the fingerprint region between 1150 and 1730 cm−1 using principal component analysis. The largest artifacts in the Raman spectra were found in measurements performed under the influence of strong ambient light conditions as well as after miscellaneous pre-treatments to the skin, such as use of a permanent marker or a sunscreen. Minor influences were also found in measurements using H2O immersion and when varying the probe contact force. The effect of reasonable variation of the fiber-bending radius was found to be of negligible impact. The influence of measurements on hairy or sun-exposed body sites, as well as inter-subject variation, was also investigated. The presented results may serve as a guide to avoid negative effects during the process of data acquisition and so avoid misclassifcation in tumor discrimination.
Next Generation Laser-Based Standoff Spectroscopy Techniques for Mars Exploration
Authors: Gasda Patrick J. , Acosta-Maeda Tayro E. , Lucey Paul G. , Misra Anupam K. , Sharma Shiv K. , Taylor G. Jeffrey
Published: February 2015

In the recent Mars 2020 Rover Science Definition Team Report, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has sought the capability to detect and identify elements, minerals, and most importantly, biosignatures, at fine scales for the preparation of a retrievable cache of samples. The current Mars rover, the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity, has a remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument, a type of quantitative elemental analysis, called the Chemistry Camera (ChemCam) that has shown that laser-induced spectroscopy instruments are not only feasible for space exploration, but are reliable and complementary to traditional elemental analysis instruments such as the Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer. The superb track record of ChemCam has paved the way for other laser-induced spectroscopy instruments, such as Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. We have developed a prototype remote LIBS-Raman-fluorescence instrument, Q-switched laser-induced time-resolved spectroscopy (QuaLITy), which is approximately 70 000 times more efficient at recording signals than a commercially available LIBS instrument. The increase in detection limits and sensitivity is due to our development of a directly coupled system, the use of an intensified charge-coupled device image detector, and a pulsed laser that allows for time-resolved measurements. We compare the LIBS capabilities of our system with an Ocean Optics spectrometer instrument at 7 m and 5 m distance. An increase in signal-to-noise ratio of at least an order of magnitude allows for greater quantitative analysis of the elements in a LIBS spectrum with 200-300 μmm spatial resolution at 7 m, a Raman instrument capable of 1 mm spatial resolution at 3 m, and bioorganic fluorescence detection at longer distances. Thus, the new QuaLITy instrument fulfills all of the NASA expectations for proposed instruments.