bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunological and biochemical indicators in turkeys fed diets with a different Methionine content
Authors: Kubińska M. , Tykałowski B. , Jankowski J. , Koncicki A.
Published: February 2015

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different levels of dietary methionine on selected immune parameters of young turkeys. A total of 357 one-day-old female Hybrid Converter turkeys were randomly divided into three groups with low, medium and high level of dietary methionine (LM, MM, HM) of seven replicates each. Methionine was added to the basal diet (LM) at 0.16% (MM) and 0.32% (HM). At 17 days of age, seven birds per group were vaccinated against Ornithobacterium rhinotraheale (ORT) infection, with ORNITIN (ABIC) vaccine. At 28 days of age, blood was sampled and the birds were euthanized. The serum concentrations and activity of selected biochemical parameters, total IgY and IgM, and vaccine-induced antibody titers (IgY) against ORT were determined. The percentages of CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+ T cell subpopulations and IgM+ B cell subpopulation were determined in blood and organs by flow cytometry.

Different supplementary levels of methionine had no significant effect on vaccine-induced antibody titers against ORT or total serum IgM and IgY levels, as well as on the percentages of peripheral blood T and B cell subsets. Increasing dietary methionine rates decreased the percentage of CD4+ T cell subpopulation, however it has increased the percentage of IgM+ B cell subpopulation in the spleen. Vaccination against ORT resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of CD4+ T cell subset and an increase in the percentage of CD8+ T cell subset in the spleen. It could be concluded that MM turkeys have developed the most desirable values of immune parameters.
Proliferative and oxidative response of hepatocytes (Hep) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) isolated from rats exposed to ketogenic diet
Authors: Wójcik M. , Wessely-Szponder J. , Kosior-Korzecka U.
Published: February 2015

Ketogenic diet (KD) is considered in the context of its anti-epileptic effects, but its influence on liver dysfunction has not been elucidated yet. The study was aimed to investigate the activity of hepatocytes (Hep) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) isolated from rats fed with KD, in respect of NO and superoxide generation by these cells as well as their proliferative activity in vitro. We also sought to characterize the plasma FFA profiles in control and ketogenic rats. Hep and HSC were isolated by the collagenase perfusion method and separated by the Percoll gradient centrifugation. After the 4th, 8th and 12th day of incubation, the media were collected for further analysis. NO generation increased within the time of incubation both in Hep and HSC isolated from KD-rats. In HSC group NO production raised significantly from 2.65 ± 0.07 μM/106 cells on 4th day of incubation to 5.49 ± 1.2 μM/106 cells on 12th day of incubation. In respect to O2-. generation experimental Hep and HSC provide considerably higher quantities of this free radical. until 12th day of incubation (2.5 ± 0.07 and 3.2 ± 0.3 nM/106 cells, respectively). Although KD exerts anti-proliferative effect on hepatocytes, in respect to HSC it intensifies their proliferative activity. Furthermore, as we estimated on the basis of NO and O2-. generation both Hep and HSC exposed to KD are the source of free radicals
Serological studies to determine the occurrence of Johne’s disease and mycoplasma infection in the Northern-East Polish population of European bison (Bison bonasus)
Authors: Krzysiak M.K. , Dudek K. , Krajewska M. , Bednarek D. , Szulowski K.
Published: February 2015

A serological study of twenty three European bison (Bison bonasus) derived from Northern-East Poland for the seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC, Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was conducted. Only specific antibodies to M. bovis were detected in two animals (8.7%) which were connected with the clinical signs and macroscopic anatomopathological lesions.
Response of the coagulation system after application of hemostatic dressings in an animal model
Authors: Jastrzębski P. , Adamiak Z. , Pomianowski A. , Krystkiewicz W. , Holak P. , Sawicki S. , Przyborowska P. , Zhalniarovich Y. , Gudzbeler G.
Published: February 2015

The objective of this study was to determine the response of hemostatic dressings. Coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, red blood cell parameters, platelet and leukocyte counts were evaluated after the application of hemostatic dressings: QuikClot, Chitoauze and Celox gauze. The experiment was performed on ten pigs
Autonomic drugs in the treatment of canine and feline glaucoma – Part I: Medications that lower intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous humour
Authors: Maślanka T.
Published: February 2015

One characteristic of the most common types of glaucoma is increased intraocular pressure (IOP), which has a damaging effect on optic nerve axons, leading to progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells. Therefore, ocular hypotensive drugs are the mainstay of pharmacological therapy for glaucoma. This review article, which is the first part of a two-part series, is dedicated to autonomic drugs which lower IOP by increasing the outflow of aqueous humour. These agents are subdivided into two groups: (a) drugs that lower IOP by increasing the trabecular outflow and the uveoscleral outflow (i.e. nonselective adrenergic agonists), and (b) medications that lower IOP by opening of the drainage angle and by increasing the conventional outflow via the trabecular outflow (i.e. parasympathomimetics). This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on the mechanism of action of these drugs and their effect on IOP in dogs and cats. Moreover, it discusses possible undesirable side effects of these medications and presents the current ideas about their role and position in the medical management of glaucoma in small animals
The missing lynx — understanding hunters' opposition to large carnivores
Authors: Lüchtrath Angela , Schraml Ulrich
Published: February 2015

Local opposition to large carnivores is a frequent source of conflict and a major obstacle for large carnivore conservation worldwide. The aim of our study is to understand hunters' reasons for opposing large carnivores, paying particular attention to the social dimension of the conflict. In an area where a vigorous conflict about lynx (Lynx lynx) exists without there actually being individuals of this species resident, we conducted group discussions with hunters, a group that includes many lynx opponents. Results were interpreted using the theories of social identity and psychological reactance. We found that, despite the absence of large carnivores, hunters' perceptions and reasoning resembled those present in areas with resident large carnivores. This underlines the significance of the social dimension. Results show that the hunters' position in the lynx conflict is shaped by past experiences with pro‐lynx groups (forestry and nature conservation). In this interaction, hunters see their social identity as being threatened which in turn leads to group discrimination and reactance processes — the latter possibly resulting in illegal shootings of lynx. Thus, hunters' opposition is not solely about the impacts of the lynx, but also about defending their social identity and withstanding impairment of their perceived freedoms by other interest groups. We argue that actively dealing with such group dynamics could serve as a missing link between large carnivore protection and conflict management. Future large carnivore management should focus more on shaping the quality of the interaction between the managers, advocates and opponents of large carnivores in order to overcome group‐conflict and reactance processes.
Patient misconceptions concerning lumbar spondylosis diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Franz Eric W. , Bentley J. Nicole , Yee Patricia P. S. , Chang Kate W. C. , Kendall-Thomas Jennifer , Park Paul , Yang Lynda J. S.
Published: February 2015

OBJECT

Patient outcome measures are becoming increasingly important in the evaluation of health care quality and physician performance. Of the many novel measures currently being explored, patient satisfaction and other subjective measures of patient experience are among the most heavily weighted. However, these subjective measures are strongly influenced by a number of factors, including patient demographics, level of understanding of the disorder and its treatment, and patient expectations. In the present study, patients referred to a neurosurgery clinic for degenerative spinal disorders were surveyed to determine their understanding of lumbar spondylosis diagnosis and treatment.

METHODS

A multiple-choice, 6-question survey was distributed to all patients referred to a general neurosurgical spine clinic at a tertiary care center over a period of 11 months as a quality improvement initiative to assist the provider with individualized patient counseling. The survey consisted of questions designed to assess patient understanding of the role of radiological imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of low-back and leg pain, and patient perception of the indications for surgical compared with conservative management. Demographic data were also collected.

RESULTS

A total of 121 surveys were included in the analysis. More than 50% of the patients indicated that they would undergo spine surgery based on abnormalities found on MRI, even without symptoms; more than 40% of patients indicated the same for plain radiographs. Similarly, a large proportion of patients (33%) believed that back surgery was more effective than physical therapy in the treatment of back pain without leg pain. Nearly one-fifth of the survey group (17%) also believed that back injections were riskier than back surgery. There were no significant differences in survey responses among patients with a previous history of spine surgery compared with those without previous spine surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

These results show that a surprisingly high percentage of patients have misconceptions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar spondylosis, and that these misconceptions persist in patients with a history of spine surgery. Specifically, patients overemphasize the value of radiological studies and have mixed perceptions of the relative risk and effectiveness of surgical intervention compared with more conservative management. These misconceptions have the potential to alter patient expectations and decrease satisfaction, which could negatively impact patient outcomes and subjective valuations of physician performance. While these results are preliminary, they highlight a need for improved communication and patient education during surgical consultation for lumbar spondylosis.
Catastrophic neurological complications of emergent endotracheal intubation: report of 2 cases
Authors: Oppenlander Mark E. , Hsu Forrest D. , Bolton Patrick , Theodore Nicholas
Published: February 2015

Although exceedingly rare, catastrophic neurological decline may result from endotracheal intubation of patients with preexisting cervical spine disease. The authors report on 2 cases of quadriplegia resulting from emergent endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit.

A 68-year-old man with ankylosing spondylitis became quadriplegic after emergent intubation. A new C6–7 fracturedislocation was identified, and the patient underwent emergent open reduction and C4–T2 posterior fixation and fusion. The patient remained quadriplegic and ultimately died of pneumonia 1 year later. This is the first report with radiographic documentation of a cervical fracture-dislocation resulting from intubation in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis.

A 73-year-old man underwent posterior C6–T1 decompression and fixation for a C6–7 fracture. On postoperative Day 12, emergent intubation for respiratory distress resulted in C6-level quadriplegia. Imaging revealed acute spondyloptosis at C6–7, and the patient underwent emergent open reduction with revision and extension of posterior fusion from C-3 to T-2. He remained quadriplegic and ventilator dependent. Five days after the second operation, care was withdrawn. This is the first report of intubation as a cause of significant neurological decline related to disruption of a recently fixated cervical fracture.

Risk factors are identified and pertinent literature is reviewed for cases of catastrophic neurological complications after emergent endotracheal intubation. Strategies for obtaining airway control in patients with cervical spine pathology are also identified. Awareness of the potential dangers of airway management in patients with cervical spine pathology is critical for all involved subspecialty team members.
Long-term follow-up of peptidergic and nonpeptidergic reinnervation of the epidermis following sciatic nerve reconstruction in rats
Authors: Kambiz Shoista , Duraku Liron S. , Baas Martijn , Nijhuis Tim H. J. , Cosgun Saniye G. , Hovius Steven E. R. , Ruigrok Tom J. H. , Walbeehm Erik T.
Published: February 2015

OBJECT

Peripheral nerve injuries are a commonly encountered clinical problem and often result in long-term functional deficits. The current gold standard for transected nerves is an end-to-end reconstruction, which results in the intermittent appearance of neuropathic pain.

METHODS

To improve our understanding of the relation between this type of reconstruction and neuropathic pain, the authors transected and immediately end-to-end reconstructed the sciatic nerve in rats. The effect of this procedure on neuropathic pain, as measured by thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity at 4 different time points (5, 10, 20, and 30 weeks), was related to the density of peptidergic and nonpeptidergic fiber innervation in the glabrous skin of rats' hind paws.

RESULTS

Thermal hypersensitivity occurring 20 weeks after reconstruction was accompanied by a significant increase in peptidergic epidermal fibers. However, the lesion-induced reduction in the density of nonpeptidergic epidermal fibers remained decreased at all experimental time points. Moreover, temporal collateral sprouting by undamaged saphenous nerve was visualized using the recently revised Evans blue extravasation technique. Strikingly, as the sciatic nerve repopulated rats' hind paw, the saphenous nerve withdrew to its original territory.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors conclude that the transient thermal hypersensitivity is related to increased density of epidermal peptidergic fibers, which mainly originate from regenerating fibers. Furthermore, a changed composition in the peptidergic and nonpeptidergic epidermal fibers is demonstrated following end-to-end reconstruction of the sciatic nerve.
On-demand pulsatile intracerebral delivery of carisbamate with closed-loop direct neurostimulation therapy in an electrically induced self-sustained focal-onset epilepsy rat model
Authors: Mangubat Erwin Z. , Kellogg Robert G. , Harris Timothy J. , Rossi Marvin A.
Published: February 2015

OBJECT

The authors evaluated the preclinical feasibility of acutely stabilizing an active bihemispheric limbic epileptic circuit using closed-loop direct neurostimulation therapy in tandem with “on-demand'” convection-enhanced intracerebral delivery of the antiepileptic drug (AED) carisbamate. A rat model of electrically induced self-sustained focal-onset epilepsy was employed.

METHODS

A 16-contact depth-recording microelectrode was implanted bilaterally in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus of Fischer 344 rats. The right microelectrode array included an integrated microcatheter for drug delivery at the distal tip. Bihemispheric spontaneous self-sustained limbic status epilepticus (SSLSE) was induced in freely moving rats using a 90-minute stimulation paradigm delivered to the right medial perforant white matter pathway. Immediately following SSLSE induction, closed-loop right PP stimulation therapy concurrent with on-demand nanoboluses of the AED [14C]-carisbamate (n = 4), or on-demand [14C]-carisbamate alone (n = 4), was introduced for a mean of 10 hours. In addition, 2 reference groups received either closed-loop stimulation therapy alone (n = 4) or stimulation therapy with saline vehicle only (n = 4). All animals were sacrificed after completing the specified therapy regimen. In situ [14C]-autoradiography was used to determine AED distribution.

RESULTS

Closed-loop direct stimulation therapy delivered unilaterally in the right PP aborted ictal runs detected in either ipsi- or contralateral hippocampi. Freely moving rats receiving closed-loop direct stimulation therapy with ondemand intracerebral carisbamate delivery experienced a significant reduction in seizure frequency (p < 0.001) and minimized seizure frequency variability during the final 50% of the therapy/recording session compared with closed-loop stimulation therapy alone.

CONCLUSIONS

Unilateral closed-loop direct stimulation therapy delivered to afferent hippocampal white matter pathways concurrent with on-demand ipsilateral intracerebral delivery of nano-bolused carisbamate can rapidly decrease the frequency of electrographic seizures in an active bihemispheric epileptic network. Additionally, direct pulsatile delivery of carisbamate can stabilize seizure frequency variability compared with direct stimulation therapy alone.
Loss to Follow-up Pattern in TB Patients in Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Authors: Soomro Munawar Hussain , Shahzad Faisal , Khan Muhammad Amir , Qadeer Ejaz , Mørkve Odd
Published: February 2015

Background: Tuberculosis is a serious global public health, social and economical problem that affects millions of people particularly in low income countries. The aim of this study was to see the loss to follow up pattern in Tuberculosis patients in district Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Materials and method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in district Rawalpindi between August and October 2010. All sputum smear positive Tuberculosis patients diagnosed and treated in public sector, urban and rural diagnostic centers of the district Rawalpindi during the year 2008 were included in the study.All cases other (smear negative pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) than sputum smear positive and all private hospitals were excluded. Results: A total of 451 patients were enrolled in the study. Majority of the patients (89.6%) were provided with the treatment support. Geographically dropout rate was observed higher in urban patients than in rural 18.7% vs. 10.5%. On the other hand by patient gender, drop out was seen more in male patients than in females 16.5% vs. 13.1%. By patients age groups, interestingly patients under the childhood age group all the patients completed the treatment while drop out was observed more in older age group. Conclusions: Loss to follow up pattern was seen more in urban patients, by gender more in male patients and by age groups observed more in older patients.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v16i1.22374 J MEDICINE 2015; 16 : 10-13
William Ainsworth's Odes, Epodes, and Carmen Sæculare of Horace (c.1625) in a Bodleian Manuscript
Authors: Crabstick Ben
Published: February 2015

The extensive Horace translation in Bodleian MS Rawlinson poetry 104 has been little noticed, but it may constitute the first full English version of the Odes, Epodes, and Carmen Saeculare. Its author is here identified and the likely circumstances of its composition examined. Transcriptions of five samples are supplied: Odes 1.37, 2.10, and 4.7; Epodes 2 and 12.
Potential of Offshore Wind Energy and Extreme Wind Speed Forecasting on the West Coast of Taiwan
Authors: Chang Pei-Chi , Yang Ray-Yeng , Lai Chi-Ming
Published: February 2015

It is of great importance and urgency for Taiwan to develop offshore wind power. However, relevant data on offshore wind energy resources are limited. This study imported wind speeds measured by a tidal station and a buoy into the software WAsP to estimate the high-altitude wind speeds in the two areas. A light detection and ranging (Lidar) system was set up near the tidal station and buoy. High-altitude wind speeds measured by the Lidar system were compared with the WAsP-estimated values, and it was discovered that the two data sets were consistent. Then, long-term wind speed data observed by buoys and tidal stations at various locations were imported into WAsP to forecast wind speeds at heights of 55–200 m on the west coast of Taiwan. The software WAsP Engineering was used to analyze the extreme wind speeds in the same areas. The results show that wind speeds at 100 m are approximately 9.32–11.24 m/s, which means that the coastal areas of west Taiwan are rich in wind energy resources. When a long-term 10-min average wind speed is used, the extreme wind speed on the west coast is estimated to be between 36.4 and 55.3 m/s.
Rationally Modified Estrogen Receptor Protein as a Bio-Recognition Element for the Detection of EDC Pollutants: Strategies and Opportunities
Authors: Pedotti Mattia , Ferrero Valentina , Lettieri Teresa , Colpo Pascal , Follonier Stephane , Calzolai Luigi , Varani Luca
Published: February 2015

The estrogen receptor protein (ER) can bind a vast number of organic pollutants widely spread in the environment and collectively known as Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, EDCs. Its broad selectivity makes it an ideal bio-recognition element for the detection of EDCs. Here we describe the strategy and rationale for the design of ER based biosensors and assays that generate a signal in the presence of EDCs. The opportunity to use either natural or rationally modified ER molecules is discussed. The latter approach was successfully applied in the EU-FP7 project RADAR, with the aim to develop a novel biosensor for the detection of organic pollutants both in the environment and in commercial water products.
Effects of Weather and Heliophysical Conditions on Emergency Ambulance Calls for Elevated Arterial Blood Pressure
Authors: Vencloviene Jone , Babarskiene Ruta , Dobozinskas Paulius , Sakalyte Gintare , Lopatiene Kristina , Mikelionis Nerijus
Published: February 2015

We hypothesized that weather and space weather conditions were associated with the exacerbation of essential hypertension. The study was conducted during 2009–2010 in the city of Kaunas, Lithuania. We analyzed 13,475 cards from emergency ambulance calls (EACs), in which the conditions for the emergency calls were made coded I.10–I.15. The Kaunas Weather Station provided daily records of air temperature (T), wind speed (WS), relative humidity, and barometric pressure (BP). We evaluated the associations between daily weather variables and daily number of EACs by applying a multivariate Poisson regression. Unfavorable heliophysical conditions (two days after the active-stormy geomagnetic field or the days with solar WS > 600 km/s) increased the daily number of elevated arterial blood pressure (EABP) by 12% (RR = 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.21); and WS ≥ 3.5 knots during days of T < 1.5 °C and T ≥ 12.5 °C by 8% (RR = 1.08; CI 1.04–1.12). An increase of T by 10 °C and an elevation of BP two days after by 10 hPa were associated with a decrease in RR by 3%. An additional effect of T was detected during days of T ≥ 17.5 °C only in females. Women and patients with grade III arterial hypertension at the time of the ambulance call were more sensitive to weather conditions. These results may help in the understanding of the population’s sensitivity to different weather conditions.
Rough Set-Probabilistic Neural Networks Fault Diagnosis Method of Polymerization Kettle Equipment Based on Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm
Authors: Wang Jie-Sheng , Song Jiang-Di , Gao Jie
Published: February 2015

In order to realize the fault diagnosis of the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymerization kettle reactor, a rough set (RS)–probabilistic neural networks (PNN) fault diagnosis strategy is proposed. Firstly, through analysing the technique of the PVC polymerization reactor, the mapping between the polymerization process data and the fault modes is established. Then, the rough set theory is used to tackle the input vector of PNN so as to reduce the network dimensionality and improve the training speed of PNN. Shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) is adopted to optimize the smoothing factor of PNN. The fault pattern classification of polymerization kettle equipment is to realize the nonlinear mapping from symptom set to fault set according to the given symptom set. Finally, the fault diagnosis simulation experiments are conducted by combining with the industrial on-site historical datum of polymerization kettle, and the results show that the RS–PNN fault diagnosis strategy is effective.
A Nonlinear Suspended Energy Harvester for a Tire Pressure Monitoring System
Authors: Wang Yu-Jen , Chen Chung-De , Lin Chung-Chih , Yu Jui-Hsin
Published: February 2015

The objective of this study is to develop and analyze a nonlinear suspended energy harvester (NSEH) that can be mounted on a rotating wheel. The device comprises a permanent magnet as a mass in the kinetic system, two springs, and two coil sets. The mass vibrates along the transverse direction because of the variations in gravitational force. This research establishes nonlinear vibration equations based on the resonance frequency variation of the energy harvester; these equations are used for analyzing the power generation and vibration of the harvester. The kinetic behaviors can be determined according to the stiffness in the two directions of the two suspended springs. Electromagnetic damping is examined to estimate the power output and effect of the kinematic behaviors on NSEH. The power output of the NSEH with a 52 Ω resistor connected in series ranged from approximately 30 to 4200 μW at wheel speeds that ranged from nearly 200 to 900 rpm.
Feasibility of Multiple Micro-Particle Trapping—A Simulation Study
Authors: Yu Yanyan , Qiu Weibao , Chiu Bernard , Sun Lei
Published: February 2015

Both optical tweezers and acoustic tweezers have been demonstrated for trapping small particles in diverse biomedical applications. Compared to the optical tweezers, acoustic tweezers have deeper penetration, lower intensity, and are more useful in light opaque media. These advantages enable the potential utility of acoustic tweezers in biological science. Since the first demonstration of acoustic tweezers, various applications have required the trapping of not only one, but more particles simultaneously in both the axial and lateral direction. In this research, a method is proposed to create multiple trapping patterns, to prove the feasibility of trapping micro-particles. It has potential ability to electronically control the location and movement of the particles in real-time. A multiple-focus acoustic field can be generated by controlling the excitation of the transducer elements. The pressure and intensity of the field are obtained by modeling phased array transducer. Moreover, scattering force and gradient force at various positions are also evaluated to analyze their relative components to the effect of the acoustic tweezers. Besides, the axial and lateral radiation force and the trapping trajectory are computed based on ray acoustic approach. The results obtained demonstrate that the acoustic tweezers are capable of multiple trapping in both the axial and lateral directions.
A Robust Kalman Framework with Resampling and Optimal Smoothing
Authors: Kautz Thomas , Eskofier Bjoern
Published: February 2015

The Kalman filter (KF) is an extremely powerful and versatile tool for signal processing that has been applied extensively in various fields. We introduce a novel Kalman-based analysis procedure that encompasses robustness towards outliers, Kalman smoothing and real-time conversion from non-uniformly sampled inputs to a constant output rate. These features have been mostly treated independently, so that not all of their benefits could be exploited at the same time. Here, we present a coherent analysis procedure that combines the aforementioned features and their benefits. To facilitate utilization of the proposed methodology and to ensure optimal performance, we also introduce a procedure to calculate all necessary parameters. Thereby, we substantially expand the versatility of one of the most widely-used filtering approaches, taking full advantage of its most prevalent extensions. The applicability and superior performance of the proposed methods are demonstrated using simulated and real data. The possible areas of applications for the presented analysis procedure range from movement analysis over medical imaging, brain-computer interfaces to robot navigation or meteorological studies.
Tourists’ Perception of Haze Pollution and the Potential Impacts on Travel: Reshaping the Features of Tourism Seasonality in Beijing, China
Authors: Zhang Aiping , Zhong Linsheng , Xu Yong , Wang Hui , Dang Lijuan
Published: February 2015

Haze pollution has worsened and has received close attention by news agencies in the past two years. This type of environmental pollution might have a great effect on tourism image and the entire tourism industry of a destination. This study aimed to reveal the potential impacts of haze pollution on the tourism industry. Based on a case study in Beijing using questionnaires for potential tourists, awareness of haze pollution, impacts of haze pollution on travel and attitudes toward the impacts were discussed. The results indicated that haze pollution has a considerable potential impact on travel, and there are distinct differences among travel elements and tourism market segments. Due to its impacts, haze pollution could be taken into account in tourists’ decision-making processes, causing a portion of potential tourists to cancel tourism plans. As a result, tourist arrivals to similar destinations could decrease by a small margin, but the most significant impact could be on the temporal distribution of tourist arrivals, namely tourism seasonality, due to tourists’ “avoiding” psychology.
Sustainability Assessment of the Residential Land Use in Seven Boroughs of the Island of Montreal, Canada
Authors: Vega-Azamar Ricardo , Romero-López Rabindranarth , Glaus Mathias , Oropeza-García Norma , Hausler Robert
Published: February 2015

High resource utilization in the residential sector, and the associated environmental impacts, are central issues in the growth of urban regions. Land-use urban planning is a primary instrument for the proper development of cities; an important point is the consideration of the urban form’s influence on resource utilization intensity. Emergy synthesis, an energy-based methodological approach that allows the quantification and integration of both natural and human-generated flows interacting in urban environments, was used to assess sustainability of the residential land use of seven boroughs on the Island of Montreal. Natural resources, food, water, acquired goods and services, electricity and fuels were the main flows considered in the analysis. Results suggest that income, household size and distance to downtown are the variables affecting resource utilization intensity more noticeably and that allocation of green area coverage is an important parameter for controlling land use intensity. With the procedure used for calculating resource use intensity in the seven boroughs, it is possible to generate a tool to support urban planning decision-making for assessing sustainable development scenarios. Future research should consider urban green space potential for accommodating local waste treatment systems, acting as a greenhouse gas emissions sink and promoting human health.
Intercultural Interactions in Tourist Bars: Yangshuo, China
Authors: Zhou Lingxu , Wall Geoffrey
Published: February 2015

This article explores intercultural interactions in bars in a tourism destination. Mixed methods are used to compare Western and Chinese tourists' behaviors in Western bars in China where intercultural interactions take place. Western bars provide the physical environment and context
for the encounters of these two groups of tourists. For Western tourists, traveling in China is primarily a cross-cultural experience and requires intercultural adaptation. Chinese tourists visiting Western bars are experimenting with Western culture. Understanding the behaviors and experiences
of tourists will help planners, entrepreneurs, and marketers to better manage and promote tourist bars and similar establishments.
Représentation social et système de catégories. Le cas des hommes politiques
Authors: Brissaud - Le Poizat Anne , Moliner Pascal
Published: February 2015

Résumé Dans cette recherche, nous nous intéressons à la représentation des hommes politiques, étudiée comme un système de catégories. Les sujets, hommes ou femmes, politiquement orientés à Droite ou à Gauche, sont interrogés à propos de la catégorie super ordonnée des « hommes politiques » et à propos des sous-catégories « président de la république », « député » et « maire ». Les résultats sont analysés en référence à la théorie du noyau et au modèle prototypique des catégories. Ils mettent en évidence l’existence d’un noyau commun à toutes les catégories explorées et la présence d’éléments centraux spécifiques à certaines sous-catégories. De plus, nous notons des modulations dans l’importance accordée à certains éléments selon le sexe et l’orientation politique des sujets.
Une approche pragmatique de l'analyse Alceste
Authors: Kalampalikis Nikos , Moscovici Serge
Published: February 2015

Résumé L’approche sémantique est très souvent la seule utilisée pour l’interprétation des résultats des analyses automatiques du discours. Dans le cadre de cet article nous nous intéressons à l’un de ces logiciels, Alceste, souvent utilisé par les chercheurs travaillant dans le domaine des représentations sociales. Nous soutenons qu’une approche pragmatique de la communication et du langage est indispensable du point de vue théorique et pratique. À partir d’une illustration empirique, nous soulignons la possibilité de mettre en avant les traces indirectes de la communication dans le vocabulaire, grâce au concept de température informationnelle et, par là même, nous montrons comment obtenir des indices pragmatiques aux côtés d’indices sémantiques obtenus par ce logiciel.
L'évolution des attributions causales en situation d'accomplissement : effet des situations d'action et de non-action en basket-ball
Authors: Villemain Aude , Lévèque Marc
Published: February 2015

Résumé Cette étude rend compte de l’aspect évolutif des attributions causales de basketteuses énoncées au cours du match ainsi qu’entre le match effectué et son lendemain. Des discours spontanés ont été recueillis pendant 6 matches de basket-ball et sur 21 joueuses. Un système de codage des attributions causales spontanées (le SCLACS) a été utilisé. Des analyses de variance ont été menées. Celles-ci révèlent (1) une évolution des attributions pendant le match vers l’internalité et la contrôlabilité entre le 1 er et le 3 ème quart-temps, (2) une évolution vers plus de stabilité et d’incontrôlabilité entre le match et son lendemain (3) une évolution de la nature des explications : elles sont proches des actions de jeu pendant le match et s’en détachent dans le temps. Il semble que les attributions évoluent dans le temps de manière dynamique, en relation avec les situations.
La relation à l'autre comme condition à l'entretien
Authors: Haas Valérie , Masson Estelle
Published: February 2015

Résumé À travers leurs pratiques de chercheur et d’enseignante en psychologie sociale, les auteurs proposent une relecture de la technique d’entretien non directif de recherche à partir du regard psychosocial et du schéma ternaire sujet - alter - objet définis par Moscovici. Cette technique, qui implique la présence physique du chercheur, relève d’une situation d’interaction sociale et pose de fait des interrogations concernant la place qu’occupe ce dernier dans cet échange : qui est donc cet autrui pour le sujet et dans quelle mesure la représentation qu’il s’en fait détermine-t-elle les contenus recueillis lors d’entretiens ? Après une exploration des principaux paramètres de la situation d’entretien et de leur empreinte sur les matériaux recueillis, l’article portera sur un recueil possible de la parole du sujet à travers une approche compréhensive.
Conformisme et scolarité : les représentations sociales du travail et du non travail chez les jeunes non qualifiés des quartiers défavorisés
Authors: Flament Claude
Published: February 2015

Résumé On s’interroge sur les représentations sociales liées au travail, dans une population de jeunes hommes non qualifiés. Deux sous populations extrêmes sont repérées grâce à un questionnaire portant aussi bien sur le non travail que sur le travail : des sujets tenant le discours socialement dominant sur la nécessité normative du travail, auxquels s’opposent des sujets valorisant le non travail et des formes de sociabilité qui s’y rattachent. On trouve que l’anticonformisme est fortement lié au fait d’avoir quitté l’Ecole, indépendamment de l’âge, mettant ainsi en évidence le caractère transitoire et/ou superficielle de l’influence normative de la scolarisation.
La procédure de porte-au-nez : vers une interprétation motivationnelle
Authors: Terrier Lohyd , Joule Robert-Vincent
Published: February 2015

Résumé La procédure de porte-au-nez (Cialdini, Vincent, Lewis, Catalan, Wheeler et Darby, 1975) permet d’augmenter la probabilité que des sujets acceptent une requête cible en les confrontant préalablement à une requête trop coûteuse pour pouvoir être acceptée. Les interprétations de l’effet de porte-au-nez sont passées en revue, puis deux expérimentations sont rapportées. La première a pour objectif de montrer que le refus de la première requête engendre un état de tension qui entrave la performance des sujets dans des tâches complexes. La seconde a pour objectif de montrer qu’en rendant acceptable le refus de la première requête, on réduit cet état de tension et on réduit la probabilité d’acceptation de la requête cible. Les résultats sont globalement conformes aux hypothèses.
L'entretien non directif comme modèle générique d'interactions
Authors: Magioglou Thalia
Published: February 2015

Résumé L’article porte sur l’utilisation de l’entretien non directif pour la recherche à partir d’une perspective épistémologique dialogique (Moscovici, 1984, Markova, 2003, Bakhtin, 1981). L’entretien non directif est envisagé comme un modèle générique d’interactions, qui permet la mise en scène par l’interviewé des « dialogues » multiples et des discours sociaux auxquels il participe en tant qu’acteur ou récepteur. L’interviewé projette sur l’interviewer divers rôles, par exemple, ceux de ses interlocuteurs habituels. Il s’investit aussi des « soi multiples » en personnifiant des acteurs individuels et collectifs qui participent au débat social sur l’objet de l’étude. Nous soutenons que le manque de neutralité et l’aspect « artificiel » de l’entretien, qui ont été critiqués (Bourdieu, Chamboredon et Passeron, 1983), constituent en effet, une qualité pour la recherche. L’entretien non directif ne sert pas à révéler « la » vérité de l’interviewé sur un objet donné, par un interviewer neutre et objectif, mais permet à la pensée du sens commun de se construire dans sa complexité.
La médecine d'urgence. Du sale boulot à l'expansion sans limite
Authors: Danet François
Published: February 2015

Résumé La médecine d’urgence accueille le reste des problèmes cliniques et non cliniques que la médecine hospitalière classique ne souhaite pas traiter. L’objet de cet article est la professionnalisation de la médecine d’urgence. La méthodologie de cette recherche s’appuie sur l’observation participante active au sein de services d’urgence et de spécialité, et des entretiens semi-directifs et informels avec des personnels médicaux et paramédicaux de services d’urgence et de spécialité. Du « sale boulot » dont ils s’acquittent, à la démocratisation de la médecine qu’ils promeuvent, les médecins urgentistes dévoilent et incarnent les paradoxes habités par le système de soins français, qui oscille entre l’accueil tous azimuts et l’hyperspécialisation.
Enjeux et propositions autour d'un nouveau champ de recherche : l'animatique des groupes
Authors: Faulx Daniel
Published: February 2015

Résumé Cet article fait suite à la proposition de P. De Visscher de créer une science de l’animation des groupes restreints : l’animatique des groupes. Après nous être posé la question du caractère innovant ou non que représenterait cette démarche, nous nous penchons sur la valeur sociale qu’elle revêtirait autour de six arguments : épistémologique, économique, socio-politique, méthodologique, pédagogique et professionnel. Cinq questions de recherches, pouvant constituer le champ futur de l’animatique des groupes, sont alors proposées.
Contact tactile et acceptation d'une requête : une méta-analyse
Authors: Gueguen Nicolas , Joule Robert-Vincent
Published: February 2015

Résumé Parmi les procédures de soumission librement consentie que l’on connaît dans la littérature psycho-sociale, la technique du toucher semble attester d’une réelle efficacité. De nombreuses recherches ont montré qu’un contact tactile fugitif accompagnant la sollicitation à une requête prédisposait la cible de la demande à accepter plus favorablement la requête. Toutefois, contrairement à d’autres techniques d’influence (pied-dans-la-porte, porte-dans-le-nez), l’effcacité du toucher n’a jamais été évaluée par la méthode méta-analytique. L’article ci-après démontre que l’effet du toucher est réel mais apparaît dépendant du type de variables dépendantes utilisées. D’un point de vue méthodologique et théorique, la méta-analyse montre l’intérêt qu’il y a à synthétiser des recherches menées depuis 30 ans pour offrir de nouvelles pistes de recherches.
“Versions et souffrances du corps dans les sociétés du Maghreb”
Authors: Merdaci Mourad
Published: February 2015

Résumé Dans les sociétés du Maghreb, le corps participe de la socialisation de la personne à travers les rites d’apprentissage, la consécration imaginaire mais également l’expérience traumatique. Les diverses formulations du corps dans son exposition publique, son marquage symbolique et son retranchement dans le voilement et la maltraitance constituent des traverses, socioculturelle, psychologique et politique de pratiques de domination et de libération entretenues dans une dimension conflictuelle sociétale et générationnelle.
Penser et pratiquer la formation aujourd'hui : Mise en perspective des approches psychosociales et ergonomiques de la formation
Authors: Faulx Daniel , Petit Lucie
Published: February 2015

Résumé Le domaine de la formation est actuellement dominé, tant du point de vue scientifique que de celui des pratiques, par deux grands courants: le courant psychosociologique et le courant ergonomique. Si l’apport de l’un comme de l’autre est incontestable, on constate une grande méconnaissance entre ces deux courants, ainsi que l’absence d’un dialogue et d’une mise en perspective scientifique. Cette contribution propose d’initier cette démarche, à la fois dans l’optique de développer les pratiques des formateurs – qu’il s’agisse de professionels de la formation ou de personnes appelées à jouer ce rôle ponctuellement dans leur carrière -, mais aussi d’aider les commanditaires de formation à mieux orienter leurs choix de formation grâce à une meilleure compréhension des deux approches. De cette mise en perspective réalisée à partir tant des travaux historiques que des recherches les plus récentes, il ressort d’abord plusieurs points communs. (1) Une volonté de développer de nouveaux modes d’apprentissage, nourris par des recherches scientifiques, et qui rompent avec les approches scolaires. (2) Un lien fort établi entre théorie et action, avec des pratiques qui articulent la pratique et la connaissance, l’intervention sur l’organisation et l’apprentissage individuel. (3) Une vision de l’apprentissage comme résultant de l’action combinée avec la réflexion sur l’action. En contraste avec ces fondements communs, plusieurs points de divergences se prêtant à de fructueux échanges, sont identifiés. (1) Un ancrage prioritaire sur le groupe pour les approches psychosociologiques, sur le travail pour les approches ergonomiques. (2) Une centration sur les aspects plutôt fonctionnels et spécifiques du travail pour l’approche ergonomique, plutôt sur les aspects relationnels et transversaux pour l’approche psychosociologique. (3) Quatre points sur lesquels des échanges de techniques seraient profitables. (4) Une controverse sur la question du lien – nécessaire ou non - entre travail et formation. En prenant acte de la complémentarité des deux approches (à la fois compatibles et différentes), il apparaît utile d’entreprendre un dialogue tant dans une optique de lisibilité des pratiques de formation en organisation que d’efficacité. Un tel constat invite donc les formateurs à intensifier leurs échanges, et les commanditaires à mobiliser les apports conjoints des deux approches afin de développer au mieux les ressources humaines de leurs organisations.
Les peurs des adolescents concernant leur avenir scolaire et professionnel : structure et variations selon le niveau scolaire, le sexe et la classe sociale
Authors: Vignoli Emmanuelle , Mallet Pascal
Published: February 2015

Résumé La présente recherche vise à valider auprès d’adolescents un nouveau construit psychologique : l’anxiété suscitée par l’avenir scolaire et professionnel. Les résultats suggèrent que ce motif général d’anxiété se décline en trois motifs spécifiques : la peur d’échouer, la peur de décevoir ses parents, et la peur de s’éloigner de ses autruis significatifs, dans le cadre de ses parcours scolaire et professionnel. La force de ces motifs d’anxiété présente des différences significatives selon la classe sociale, le sexe et les performances scolaires. Les analyses de régression multiple révèlent que les différences persistent en dépit du contrôle du niveau scolaire. Cette anxiété peut être interprétée comme une composante d’un habitus de classe sociale ou de rôle sexué.
La coanimation mixte dans les groupes de thérapie pour conjoints violents : Une expérience de socialisation aux rôles d'un homme et d'une femme
Authors: Roy Valérie
Published: February 2015

Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude visant à comprendre en quoi la coanimation mixte dans les groupes en violence conjugale participe ou non à la socialisation aux rôles d’un homme et d’une femme. Des entrevues ont été menées auprès de 25 hommes ayant participé à des groupes animés par un homme et une femme. L’analyse interprétative de leur discours suggère différents processus par lesquels le genre se construit dans les interactions au sein du groupe. Les résultats sont discutés à la lumière de l’interactionnisme symbolique et des représentations sociales qui amènent à concevoir l’expérience de socialisation comme progressive, contextuelle et principalement centrée sur la non-violence et l’expression des émotions.
Boules et bulles Un exemple de transfert culturel
Authors: Haack Marie-Laurence
Published: February 2015

L’article s’attache à montrer que le port de la bulle, insigne de la citoyenneté romaine, a fait l’objet d’un double transfert culturel. Un premier transfert s’effectue, quand les Romains empruntent la bulle aux Étrusques, à une époque que certaines sources littéraires identifient comme la monarchie étrusque ; un second transfert se produit, quand la bulle apparaît sur des statues et des statuettes votives d’enfants déposées dans les sanctuaires étrusques, au II e siècle avant J.-C. D’un transfert à l’autre, la bulle change d’usage et de signification.
La construction idéologique du passé agrigentin : Théron et les ossements de Minos
Authors: Cardete del Olmo María Cruz
Published: February 2015

À Agrigente, les frontières constituent un espace d’interaction constante car, tout en séparant les Grecs des Indigènes et les Grecs des autres Grecs, elles contribuent à les mettre en rapport. Leur importance va légitimer l’instrumentalisation des croyances en tant que justification idéologique de l’occupation du territoire. La construction mythique du passé d’Agrigente élaborée par Théron à partir du retour des ossements de Minos, en constitue un exemple.