Milankovitch Theory and Global Monsoon
Authors: Cheng Hai 
Published: March 2022

&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160; The Milankovitch Theory of orbital climate change postulates that changes in the caloric summer half-year insolation (or Northern Hemisphere summer insolation (NHSI) at ~65&amp;#176;N latitude) drive changes in the ice-sheets extent (i.e., global ice-volume) at Earth&amp;#8217;s orbital periods (i.e., the &lt;em&gt;sensu-stricto&lt;/em&gt; theory). These insolation-driven changes in turn, incite ancillary changes in other parts of the global climate systems via various forcing and feedback mechanisms (the &lt;em&gt;sensu-lato&lt;/em&gt; hypothesis). In this theoretical framework the high-latitude glaciation processes took the center stage while the low-latitude global monsoon was essentially excluded. In the last two decades, large numbers of cave d&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O records with precise radiometric chronologies have propelled speleothems to the forefront of paleoclimatology. Of particular interest are the speleothem records from North America that reveal a persistent orbital pacing of the North American climate at the precession band, which is nearly in phase with changes in the global ice-volume and atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; but lags June insolation at 65&amp;#176;N by ~5000 years, in accordance with the &lt;em&gt;sensu-stricto&lt;/em&gt; Milankovitch theory. Contrastingly, the low-latitude tropical speleothem records manifest an orbital-scale pattern of global monsoon, which is dominated by precession cycles with a nearly anti-phased relation between the two hemispheres. Importantly, the monsoon variations track summer (July/January) insolation without significant lags at the precession band. We thus suggest that precession-induced changes in summer insolation produce distinct climate variability in the ice-sheet proximal and tropical regions predominantly via the (delayed) ice-volume/CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; forcing/feedbacks and nearly-in-phase monsoon/CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; responses/feedbacks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160; As for global-scale millennial events that were superimposed on orbital-scale climate variations, the essence of these events&amp;#8212;i.e., conventional ice age terminations and other smaller events (the so-called &amp;#8216;low-amplitude versions of terminations&amp;#8217;), is virtually similar. The time-series of millennial-scale variations after removing orbital insolation signals from the speleothem monsoon record and long-term trend in the Antarctic ice core temperature (&amp;#948;D) record characterize the millennial climate variances of both ice age termination and low-amplitude versions of termination events. Remarkably, the millennial-scale variations show significant obliquity and precession cycles that are in-phase with North Hemisphere June insolation, implying a critical role of changes in orbital insolation in triggering the ice age terminations. These observations, in turn, provide new insights into the classic &amp;#8216;100 ka problem&amp;#8217;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160; Indeed, a more comprehensive picture of orbital theory of climate is steadily emerging with the growth of new geological proxy data, particularly the low-latitude speleothem data from the vast global monsoon regime, providing critical complements to marine and ice-core data.&lt;/p&gt;