bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scientism and Planning
Authors: Blackman Allan
Published: March 2007

Here, the author summarizes ideas discussed by John Dyckman, Ido de Groot, Francis Ventre, Daniel Carson and himself. This particular formulation of the ideas, is Mr. Blackman's. Daniel Carson co-authored the paper "Environmental Stress" summarized earlier; Francis Ventre wrote the review following. John Dyckman is Professor of City and Regional Planning and Chairman of the Center For Planning and Development Research at the University of California, Berkeley. Ido de Groot is an Epidemiologist with the Field Studies Branch of the Division of Air Pollution, U.S. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio.
A Social Science Bibliographic System
Authors: Koh Hesung C.
Published: March 2007

Computer techniques of information processing are useful not only for retrieving desired references from diverse col lections but also for managing large-scale bibliographies with a common focus. Dr. Hesung Chun Koh, Director of the Korea Project at the Human Relations Area Files, de scribes the use of computers in developing a comprehen sive social science bibliography on Korea.
Older People and Health Care Reform
Authors: BINSTOCK ROBERT H.
Published: March 2007

This discussion of older people and health care reform begins with a brief overview of the patterns through which older people use health care services and account for one third of total U.S. health care expenditures. Particular attention is paid to high usage rates at advanced old ages because the American older population is rapidly becoming older, within itself, indicating that future health care costs for older people may be enormous. Following this are analyses of measures to reform Medicare, proposals to ration the care of older people, and issues involved in expanding public long-term-care insurance. The article concludes by considering what impact the politics of older persons and old-age interest groups may have as American health care reform efforts unfold in the next few years.
Editor's Introduction
Authors: HILL RONALD PAUL
Published: March 2007

There comes a time in a man's [woman's] life when to get where he [she] has to go—if there are no doors or windows—he [she] walks through a wall.

—Bernard Malamud
Knowledge Construction and Racist `Science'
Authors: BREWER ROSE M.
Published: March 2007

The central thesis of this essay is that The Bell Curve must be situated in the context of right-wing ideology, a changing political economy, and intellectual racism. I contend that the interplay between those who focus their research on the so-called genetic inferiority of some groups and the resultant policy recommendations coming from such arguments must be viewed in the context of racial stratification, gender inequality, class exploitation, and public discourse on who is intellectually able and who is not. Moreover, I contend that changes in cultural meanings and practices about intelligence are heavily constructed through racist science. That is, The Bell Curve is not simply another social science research tract but reflects the politics and ideological imperatives of intellectual racism. Given this, I attempt to move the discussion from a mild intellectual exchange about the “issues” of The Bell Curve to situating this work in social, political, and economic context. The Bell Curve is the latest expression of deeply rooted notions of superiority and inferiority in Western discourses on intelligence. Thus I employ a critical sociology of knowledge framework with an eye on generating a progressive counterresponse to the public reemergence of the intellectual racism expressed in The Bell Curve.
The Curriculum, the Students, and the World
Authors: WILLIAMS JOHN A.
Published: March 2007

The author recommends increased emphasis on interethnic conflict around the world as part of an education in pluralism. Educators have been set the task of overcoming intolerance and heading off conflict in an increasingly diverse society. A widespread response has been to require students to study other cultures and evaluate them in relativist terms to achieve a tolerant pluralism. This “way of life” approach tends to essentialize culture and inhibit the consideration of interactions between societies or of conflicts within them. By contrast, an approach focusing on conflict and context rather than, or in addition to, studying ways of life would be more effective in fostering intergroup understanding. Instead of relativizing, students would face difficult issues and make judgments.
U.S. Retired Persons in Mexico
Authors: YOUNG OTERO LORENA MELTON
Published: March 2007

A phenomenon that is already having a worldwide effect is the aging of the world's population. In order to better understand the ramifications of population aging, the migration of United States retired persons into Mexico is examined, followed by discussion of preliminary data on the demographic profile of these retirees in one part of Mexico, and concluding with a prediction of future trends based on a combination of this demographic profile and of projections of aging into the 21st century.
Bill Clinton and the 1996 Presidential Campaign
Authors: SMITH CRAIG ALLEN
Published: March 2007

The 1996 campaign for president was never close. President Clinton's projected electoral votes never fell below the 271 he needed for re-election and Senator Dole peaked in March at 69 projected electoral votes. This essay uses two underutilized subnational data sets—the Hotline's “Electoral Scoreboards” and the Pew Center for the People and the Press's typology of American voters—to explain the apparent contradiction between Clinton's modest aggregate public approval ratings and his landslide re-election.
“Tenure Wars”
Authors: ENGSTRAND GARY
Published: March 2007

The author discusses the controversies that erupted at the University of Minnesota over attempts to change the tenure code. He points out why the problems arose, what took place, the principle actors involved, and the resolution to what was arguably the worst crisis to rock the institution this century. He concludes by offering lessons that were learned about discussions over tenure.
The Case for Support Services in Substance Abuse Treatment
Authors: PLATT JEROME J. , WIDMAN MINDY , LIDZ VICTOR , RUBENSTEIN DAVID , THOMPSON ROBERT
Published: March 2007

Comprehensive services, including employment/vocational interventions, family therapy, medical care, and case management, have been shown by the literature to be critical elements of programs that provide effective treatment for substance abusers. Despite clear research findings, clients are often unable to obtain needed adjunctive services at their clinics. When services are not provided on site, clients typically are not effectively placed for services at other agencies. This article reviews the recent literature on comprehensive services as elements of substance abuse treatment, focusing on four areas that the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has established as priorities for health services research: (a) the effectiveness and outcomes of treatment services, (b) the organization and management of treatment services, (c) the actual availability of services to clients, and (d) the impact of managed care on the provision of adjunctive treatment services. Recommendations are also made for future research, and policy implications are discussed.
Futures Studies as an Intellectual and Applied Discipline
Authors: SLAUGHTER RICHARD A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores some of the reasons for the transition of Futures Studies (FS) from an insubstantial “perspective” to an applied discipline. It begins with an outline of the author's own starting points and continues with a brief account of critical futures studies. It reviews how this perspective was implemented in master's courses within three universities and describes aspects of the knowledge base of FS that emerged at the time. Finally, the article traces some of the links between the intellectual foundations of FS and emerging applications in a variety of organizations. It concludes that the kinds of knowledge and capability created will be increasingly useful throughout society in negotiating the turbulence ahead.
Social Change and Futures Practice
Authors: BISHOP PETER
Published: March 2007

The study of society contains two branches: statics and dynamics. Social stability is the ability of a group to persist over time, even as its members come and go. Stability rests on biology, culture, and agreements (laws, contracts, etc.). Social change is the ability of a group to behave differently, even to creating brand-new elements, within the same social identity. The mechanisms of social change are more complex, involving natural selection, self-organization, and the emergent properties of organic systems. As a result, transformational change is rare, but so is natural, incremental change. The result is “sticky” change that waits too long, then lurches to catch up. Human intention, although the single most powerful force for change, is not as powerful as the many unconscious forces at work in society and the environment. These assumptions are different from those of many futurists.
Teaching a Futures-Seeking Communicative Policy Process
Authors: SOTARAUTA MARKKU
Published: March 2007

This article examines how teaching in regional planning at the Department of Regional Studies and Environmental Policy of the University of Tampere in Finland provides students with views of development and modes of thinking about planning that bind together futures-oriented strategic thinking and interactive communicative policy processes. First, the ongoing change in policy-making procedures is surveyed with the help of the concepts of government of uncertainty and governance of ambiguity. Second, attention is focused on futures-seeking communicative strategy, which is one form of governance of ambiguity. Third, a course in regional planning is briefly presented as an example of both innovative teaching methods and of the combining of policy processes and futures-seeking strategic planning.
Mixtec Activism in Oaxacalifornia
Authors: RIVERA-SALGADO GASPAR
Published: March 2007

In the context of the globalization of capital and the increased mobility of labor across international borders, this article analyzes the experience of indigenous migrant workers from the state of Oaxaca who have formed permanent communities in northern Mexico and in California. It focuses specifically on the experience of the Mixtec transnational community whose participation in the Frente Indígena Oaxaqueño Binacional has strengthened and changed the ethnic identities that hold together these communities across a fractured geography of different borders (at the local, state, and international levels) and has served as one of the bases to organize across these transnational borders. This analysis contributes to an understanding of how the activism of transnational political organizations promotes the construction of new political alliances along ethnic lines in a post-melting-pot California and the consolidation of indigenous migrant organizations within the context of increasing U.S.-Mexican economic integration.
Stakeholder Legitimacy Management and the Qualified Good Neighbor: The Case of Nova Nada and JDI
Authors: Driscoll Cathy , Crombie Annie
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the company-stakeholder relationship between a large pulp and paper company and a small monastery and nature retreat center. The literature on stakeholder management and organizational legitimacy provides a theoretical foundation. The analysis demonstrates how organizational power and legitimacy can influence stakeholder legitimacy. The authors illustrate the ways that a company can manage the legitimacy of stakeholders through the use of political language and symbolic activity. The results contribute to a better understanding of stakeholder identification, salience, and the different contexts of legitimacy in the company-stakeholder relationship. Implications for stakeholder research and practice are also discussed.
Intra-Industry Performance Comparison and Industrial Concentration
Authors: Lippit Jeffrey W. , Oliver Bruce L.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the importance of economies of scale in measuring the concentration-profits relationship. Firms are grouped into industries facilitating within industry analyses. Replacement cost disclosures are utilized to evaluate any price change bias resulting from the use of traditional accounting statements.

This study produces no indication of economies of scale in high or low concentration industries. In medium concentration industries there is a weak tendency for larger firms to have higher returns. This result cannot, however, be attributed to scale economies. Observed replacement cost price adjustments are not randomly distributed across firms.
Social Issues in Management Research
Authors: Carroll Archie B.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the findings, analysis, and commentary on survey results of academicians in the Social Issues in Management (SIM) field. The three major themes guiding the study were (a) current and future research in the SIM field, (b) strengths and weaknesses of research in the SIM field, and (c) research versus management practice in the SIM field. A number of specific questions were posed: What are the current topics on which you are conducting research? What topics do you see as most important for the SIM field for the balance of the 1990s? What recent articles will most impact SIM research in the 1990s? What are the strengths and weaknesses of current SIM research? What topics will be most relevant to practicing managers? What recommendations do you propose for bridging the gap between SIM research and management practice? The experts' responses were categorized and discussed so that current and future scholars might have a basepoint for evaluating future research. The analysis and commentary concludes with a SIM research framework for the 1990s.
How and Why Participatory Management Improves a Company's Social Performance
Authors: Collins Denis
Published: March 2007

Many of the humanistic values that CSR3 theorists would like to see embedded in business organizations are the foundation of participatory management theory. Does the institutionalization of democratic processes and values-in the form of nonmanagement employees voicing their opinions on production issues and electing representatives to key decision-making teams-improve a company's social performance? This research question is examined based on the documentation of changes in stakeholder policies and outcomes at four companies operating under a Scanlon-type gainsharing system for 4 to 6 years. Gainsharing's collaborative problem-solving mechanisms benefited owners in terms of cost savings, customers in terms of improved product quality and service, suppliers in terms of product feedback, and production employees in terms of improved health and safety conditions, as well as a variety of other favorable changes in policies and outcomes.
Membership Has Its Privileges
Authors: DICKSON BRUCE J. , RUBLEE MARIA ROST
Published: March 2007

This article compares the relative importance of political capital (in the form of membership in the Chinese Communist Party) and human capital (in the form of higher education) in urban China. Survey data from urban China strongly support two key elements of the intellectual New Class theory: intellectuals will have privileged access into the party, and the importance of education relative to political reliability will increase over time. The data also show how political capital and human capital are converted into high paying and prestigious jobs. There is also evidence of a separate path of career mobility: for the most socially prestigious jobs, a college degree—not a party card—is the key. Economic reforms of the post-Mao era are creating a gap between political power, on one hand, and social prestige and economic power, on the other. This gap can be expected to grow as the reforms continue.
Parchment, Equilibria, and Institutions
Authors: Carey John M.
Published: March 2007

Institutions are rules that constrain political behavior. Although there is consensus that being written down is neither necessary nor sufficient for an institution to be effective, much research on comparative institutions focuses on formal, parchment, institutions. This article argues that parchment can contribute to the generation of shared mutual expectations among political actors, which are essential to the effectiveness of institutions. Next, the article distinguishes between research that emphasizes the role of institutions in aggregating preferences into political decisions and research that relies on coordination models to identify conditions favoring certain equilibrium outcomes when multiple equilibria are possible. The article notes the increasing prominence of such coordination models in research on comparative institutions and concludes with some reflections about the prospects for this trend to foster connections between institutional analysis and the field of comparative politics more broadly.
Declining Voter Turnout in Advanced Industrial Democracies, 1950 to 1997
Authors: GRAY MARK , CAUL MIKI
Published: March 2007

Past comparative voting-behavior research has revealed that electoral institutions can explain much of the variation in voter turnout between nations. This study takes an alternative and dynamic approach by identifying and explaining a pattern of turnout decline within industrial democracies, which is beyond purely institutional explanation. Multivariate analysis of a pooled cross section of 18 industrial democracies between 1950 and 1997 suggests that turnout decline can best be explained in terms of changing patterns of group mobilization and electorate demographics. The authors specifically point to the decline of unions and labor parties, which have traditionally been associated with the mobilization of peripheral voters and the real increases in the cost of mobilization. The authors control for institutional changes and find that they are less useful in explaining variation in turnout within advanced industrial democracies.
What Are the Origins of Political Trust?
Authors: MISHLER WILLIAM , ROSE RICHARD
Published: March 2007

Popular trust in political institutions is vital to democracy, but in post-Communist countries, popular distrust for institutions is widespread, and prospects for generating increased political trust are uncertain given disagreements over its origins. Cultural theories emphasizing exogenous determinants of trust compete with institutional theories emphasizing endogenous influences, and both can be further differentiated into micro and macro variants. Competing hypotheses drawn from these theories are tested using data from 10 post-Communist countries in Eastern and Central Europe and the former Soviet Union. Aggregate data on economic and political performance are combined with survey data on interpersonal and political trust, political socialization experiences, and individual evaluations of national performance. Results strongly support the superiority of institutional explanations of the origins of political trust, especially micro-level explanations, while providing little support for either micro-cultural or macro-cultural explanations. This encourages cautious optimism about the potential for nurturing popular trust in new democratic institutions.
Political Dynamics and Bureaucratic Career Patterns in the People's Republic of China, 1949-1994
Authors: ZHOU XUEGUANG
Published: March 2007

Bureaucrats and bureaucratic organizations are at the center of political and economic institutions of state socialism. This study examines the link between political dynamics and bureaucratic career patterns in the People's Republic of China to shed light on the evolution of state socialist bureaucracy. The author argues that political dynamics induced by shifting state policies and tensions between state and bureaucratic interests led to the recruitment and promotion of separate cohorts of bureaucrats with distinctive characteristics and divided loyalties. Using the life histories of a representative sample drawn in 20 cities in China, the author examines patterns of access to the Chinese bureaucracy and promotion patterns during the period from 1949 through 1994. The evidence shows varying selection criteria over time and two distinct patterns of promotion between national bureaucratic systems and within workplaces. These findings portray an image of bureaucrats as highly differentiated groups rather than a homogeneous ruling class.
Left-Wing Mobilization and Socioeconomic Equality
Authors: BROOKS JOEL E.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a theoretical and empirical cross-national analysis of the relationship between two composite concepts: left-wing mobilization (entailing consideration of the degree of social democratic party rule, left-wing party opposition, and trade union strength) and socioeconomic equality. A typology of this latter concept is presented that focuses upon four dimensions of equality: meritocratic (equality of opportunity), welfarist (ethos of the modern welfare state), emancipatory (socio-proportional equality for sexual, ethnic, and racial groups), and egalitarian (equality of income distribution). After consideration of the theoretical literature on the impact of the partisan composition of government (as well as the role of opposition and trade union forces) upon the degree of socioeconomic equality, hypotheses are derived to test empirically this relationship for the advanced capitalist states of Western Europe, North America, and the Pacific during the postwar era. The findings lend credence to a view (termed in this article the Constrained Socialism school of thought) that perceives severe politico-economic constraints in the ability to increase substantially those dimensions of socioeconomic equality that are not highly compatible with the interests of advanced capitalism.
Urban Popular Movements, Identity, and Democratization in Brazil
Authors: MAINWARING SCOTT
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the political impact and limits of grass-roots popular movements in Brazil during the past decade. In the second half of the 1970s, as Brazil's military regime promoted a gradual process of political liberalization, grass-roots popular movements burgeoned, generating widespread hopes among the forces that opposed the regime. Nearly a decade after this initial wave of optimism, it has become apparent that the earlier expectations have not been borne out. The author analyzes why this has been the case, and argues that although a wide amalgam of social movements did oppose the military regime and did work toward democratization, their enormous heterogeneity made unity difficult to attain, except for very short times and for very specific conditions. Despite egregious poverty and inequalities, the popular classes have had difficulty creating a political identity based on common interests. Moreover, the state has intentionally pursued a policy of dividing social movements, and political parties have generally reinforced the fragmentation and isolation of grass-roots movements. While underscoring these limits in grass-roots movements, the author also argues that they have helped the popular classes conquer a sense of common identity and citizenship, and that they have helped put popular issues on the political agenda to a greater extent than in previous years.
The Mouse that Roared
Authors: CHAN STEVE
Published: March 2007

This analysis seeks to contribute to the growing literature on the subject of “the weak in the world of the strong.” It examines Taiwan's attempts to cope with U.S. commerical pressure in view of its mounting bilateral trade surplus in the recent years ($10.6 billion in 1985, and $6.2 billion in the first half of 1986). Taiwan's past ability to achieve relatively favorable outcomes in its commerical dealings with the United States is explained at two levels. At the more micro level of bargaining tactics used by the weak in managing the strong, attention is directed to Taiwan's resort to: (1) problem redefinition, (2) damage limitation, (3) exploring loopholes, (4) linkage politics, and (5) transnational coalitions. These measures are complemented by more long-term and basic economic adaptation termed positive adjustment. At the more macro level, two prerequisites suggested by Yoffie (1983) for successful adaptation in a protectionist and competitive economic environment are discussed: (1) Taiwan's policy capacity, and (2) U.S. accommodative behavior. Taiwan's institutional capabilities (especially in terms of the autonomy and strength of the state), and its historical niche in U.S. domestic politics and Washington's Cold War containment policy are examined. The discussion argues that Taiwan's coping behavior in the trade area must be understood in the broader context of a metagame that seeks to preserve vital political and security contributions from the United States as well.
Ethnic Nationalism and Collective Choice Theory
Authors: MEADWELL HUDSON
Published: March 2007

This article assesses how different kinds of divisions of labor constrain and enable ethnic collective action. The argument begins from the issue of the completeness of the group's division of labor and pursues the contradiction between Hechter's and Rogowski's position on the importance of the skill distribution among cultural group members. The article demonstrates that each of these positions draws on a different theory of international trade. The argument emphasizes the importance of “trading for independence,” as a condition for the emergence of ethnic collective action, when the group is incomplete. The argument also emphasizes the importance of preference aggregation within a group, and thus reinterprets the conventional treatment of ethnic nationalism as a single-issue movement.
Agrarian Capitalism, Property Rights, and Rural Class Behavior
Authors: WELLHOFER E. SPENCER
Published: March 2007

The research examines the relationship between class behavior and agrarian capitalism. Agrarian capitalism is a mode of production in which the forms of production vary according to the internal distribution of property rights and market involvement. Property rights are defined as appropriated advantages to dispose of valued goods for gain: land, labor, capital goods, the technology of husbandry and the enterprise produce. Bundles of these rights define enterprise types. Two general hypotheses are tested: the greater the engagement of the enterprise in the market, the greater the potential for political activity: the greater the alienation of property rights from the cultivator/worker, the more likely the commitment to redistributive politics. Additional hypotheses are tested by Latent Variable Path Analysis with data from Argentina between 1908 and 1946.
Comparative Pork Barrel Politics
Authors: LANCASTER THOMAS D. , PATTERSON W. DAVID
Published: March 2007

A growing literature exists on constituency service and pork barrel politics in the United States. Comparative research on an electoral connection between representatives and their constituents has been limited, generally confined to the British case. The research reported here takes an initial step in broadening comparative research on pork barrel politics beyond the American and British cases. Although a case study of the Federal Republic of Germany, this article maintains a strong comparative perspective through its analysis of different types of electoral systems - single- and multimember districts. Our analysis tests the hypothesis that, ceteris paribus, single-member district systems possess stronger incentives than multimember districts for the distributive allocation of pork barrel projects. Through a close-ended mail questionnaire of representatives of the 1983-1986 German Bundestag, this research produces significant evidence to corroborate empirically this theoretical argument. We conclude that district type affects representatives' perceptions of pork barrel allocations as a special type of constituency service.
Church Base Communities and Democratic Change in Brazilian Society
Authors: KRISCHKE PAULO J.
Published: March 2007

This article is an interpretation of the role of the Comunidades Eclesiais de Base (CEBs) - church base communities - in Brazil's democratization, inspired by Habermas's theory of “communicative action.” The basic point is that CEB influence is focused on motivational effects rather than on a direct politicization. These effects may have a crucial importance for the process of democratization, when they relate to local changes in the political culture. They may help popular groups to overcome submissiveness to authoritarian traditions and to work out new values and strategies for social action and political participation. The formation and development of democratic institutions and ideologies depends, nevertheless, on other historical conditions beyond the influence of the CEBs. The first part of the article examines the influence of the CEBs on urban neighborhood associations of low income groups in two different cities, presenting data on local changes in political culture. The second part looks at the CEBs' internal processes of resocialization, comparing their motivational consequences for sociopolitical change in three different regions, two of them in the countryside.
Democratization and the Institutionalization of Latin American Political Parties
Authors: DIX ROBERT H.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author assesses the prospects for the consolidation of democracy in Latin America in the 1990s, compared with the failure to achieve that goal in the 1960s, by examining the institutionalization of political parties in the two time periods. Samuel Huntington's criteria of institutionalization (adaptability, complexity, autonomy, and coherence) are used and employ a variety of indicators (some empirical, some more judgmental) to assess the degree of change between the 1960s and the 1980s. He concludes that, although there is significant variation among countries, for the majority of them, and for the Latin American region as a whole, political parties have indeed become somewhat more institutionalized over time, thereby modestly enhancing the prospects for the consolidation of democracy in the 1990s.
The Strong State as a Problem for the Consolidation of Democracy
Authors: HEPER METIN
Published: March 2007

Consolidation of a democracy requires the establishment of a balance between the horizontal and vertical dimensions of democracy, that is, between participation and responsible leadership. The balance in question necessitates a harmonious relationship between the state and civil society. A too strong state as well as a too weak one poses difficulties for a viable democracy to flourish. This article elaborates this view by a comparison of the fortunes of democracy in Turkey and Germany. Both countries have had strong states. In Turkey, however, the state had been stronger than the state in Germany, and, as compared to the Germans, the Turks found it more difficult to consolidate their democracies.
From Above and Below
Authors: BRYSK ALISON
Published: March 2007

What role does the international system play in amplifying the impact of domestic social movements on social change? The Argentine human rights movement reached the international system through the projection of cognitive and affective information—persuasion. International response was facilitated by the international human rights regime, and transnational nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) played a critical role. This challenge from above and below did have a clear impact on the target government and the development of broader mechanisms for the protection of human rights—even under the most severe conditions of repression and powerlessness.
Foreign Experts, Capitalists, and Competing Agendas
Authors: MEANEY CONSTANCE SQUIRES
Published: March 2007

This article examines privatization and privatization ministries in Poland, Czechoslovakia/the Czech Republic, and Hungary, stressing the comparability of these organizations and the context in which they originated. The author focuses on the activities and agendas of foreign experts employed or retained by ministries of privatization and the programs they supported. She assesses the degree to which outcomes to date approximated a neoliberal economic agenda of rapid privatization. She distinguishes between (a) opposition to rapid privatization agendas that can be identified with “Leninist legacies” or distributional coalitions attached to the satae industrial sector and (b) promoters of privatization who may work at cross-purposes with supporters of rapid privatization agendas, in particular investment banking firms assisting ministries of privatization. The purpose of the analysis is to suggest the range of capitalist activities surrounding privatization that are emerging in Eastern Europe, adding a further dimension to the dichotomy of Leninist legacies versus “liberal imperatives.” Whether or not enterprise insiders or neoliberal agendas have the upper hand, it most certainly is capitalism that is emerging.
Protest and Rebellion in Africa
Authors: SCARRITT JAMES R. , McMILLAN SUSAN
Published: March 2007

This article examines the sub-Saharan African portion of the global Minorities at Risk project. It analyzes the relationships between group characteristics, grievances, mobilization, state characteristics, and nonviolent protest and rebellion in Africa and compares these relationships with those found in a global analysis using the same data set. Mobilization is more important than group characteristics or grievances in explaining nonviolent protest and rebellion in the 1980s globally, and especially in Africa because political action there is taken mainly in response to the dynamics of mobilization and state response over the last 30 years. The state characteristics that are associated with the two forms of political action in Africa and globally differ; in the former case the strongest relationships are between greater—although partial—democracy in the 1960s and nonviolent protest and between competitiveness of participation in the 1960s and rebellion. An interpretive explanation of these differences is presented.
Political Learning and Democratic Consolidation
Authors: MO JONGRYN
Published: March 2007

Although the concept of political learning is recognized as a key to understanding the success of democratic consolidation, it has been difficult to operationalize it. The author argues that if we use as an independent variable the messages with which actors update their beliefs, we can develop a theory of democratic consolidation based on political learning. In the Korean case, political learning took place among workers who had to decide whether to use illegal means to protest the rules of the game. Because of their weak electoral power, Korean workers had to resort to their market power to contest the labor laws outside of electoral and legislative arenas. If the rules of the game had been contested in a less confrontational manner, the process of political learning may have been less protracted.
Elite Strategy, Social Cleavages, and Party Systems in a New Democracy
Authors: CHHIBBER PRADEEP , TORCAL MARIANO
Published: March 2007

Electoral studies of the Spanish party system have consistently noticed that social class has no influence on the vote. This paper will argue that social class has emerged as influential in determining the vote between the two major parties—the PSOE and PP. The development of these links between social class and political parties resulted from the strategic programmatic choice made by the political elites of both major parties since 1989 and the policy adopted by the governing PSOE. Evidence for this argument will be drawn from a very large Spanish survey conducted in 1992, a textual analysis of party platforms, and a survey of government economic policy since 1989. The attribution of this association between social class and the vote in Spain to the strategic policy choices made by elites also offers an additional perspective on how social divisions come to be linked to party systems.
A Politics of Institutional Choice
Authors: FRYE TIMOTHY
Published: March 2007

This work uses incomplete contracting theory to account for variation in the specific and residual powers of post-Communist presidencies. It uses evidence from 24 post-Communist countries to test theories of institutional choice that link presidential powers to economic reform, institutional legacies, party systems, and social cleavages. It argues that two factors can account for variation in presidential powers: the bargaining power of the electoral favorite and the degree of uncertainty over the electoral outcome. It tests this model in greater detail against four cases: Russia, 1991; Estonia, 1992; Russia, 1993; Belarus, 1994. Three insights flow from these cases. First, political institutions can be analyzed as the by-products of power-seeking politicians making choices under varying degrees of uncertainty. Second, despite the great uncertainty of the transition, actors understand their interests and strategies. Third, high uncertainty compels political actors to hedge their bets when designing political institutions.
Civic Association and Democratic Participation in Central America
Authors: SELIGSON AMBER L.
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to build on and refine Putnam's thesis that participation in associations produces better democracy, this article seeks to determine two things. First, are his findings replicable in Central America? Second, is participation in all forms of associations equally generative of democracy, as Putnam suggests? In this study, Putnam's thesis is tested with survey samples drawn from all of the six Spanish-speaking countries in Central America. The author finds that although participation in community improvement associations is a consistent predictor of democratic behavior at an individual level, participation in other kinds of associations is not.
From Labor to Finance
Authors: PÉREZ SOFÍA A.
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to explain the Spanish Socialist Party's (PSOE's) failure to reverse Spain's dismal employment record during the course of its long government tenure from 1982 until 1996. Most efforts to explain Spain's position at the extreme of the unemployment spectrum in Europe follow the prevalent tendency in the comparative political economy literature by giving causal primacy to labor market institutions. This article challenges this labor-market-centered view by arguing that the failure of the Socialist government's economic policy strategy is to be found in the interaction of two other factors: the biased course of financial liberalization and the perverse effects of the PSOE's macroeconomic policy strategy on inflation and on the process of social concertation (national wage bargaining). The article also seeks to explain the PSOE's choices in these policy areas.
A New World Order:
Authors: HOLM HANS-HENRIK , SØRENSEN GEORG
Published: March 2007

We wish to find out how much has changed in international relations and in what way. We contend that economic changes shape an increased differentiation within an evermore interdependent economic hierarchy of countries where the core/periphery distinction between North and South is the major dividing line. At the political level, the state is being challenged as the dominant focus of political authority by processes of democratization, nationalism and individualism. Among the industrialized countires, both economic and political developments have led to the formation of a security community. This means a qualitative change in relations traditionally characterized by anarchy. In this emerging order, the distinction between domestic and international politics is becoming increasingly blurred, and we are seeing a growing demand for international governance. The final section asks about the consequences of these recent developments for the traditional IR-paradigms. We argue that globalism will come more into focus than hitherto; that modified neorealism and modified neopluralism will merge into a single paradigm; finally, a new prominent paradigm, global individualism, is emerging.
Reading and Writing Non-Offensive Defence: Closing the Debate?
Authors: HUYSMANS JEF
Published: March 2007

Bjørn Møller has written two books on non-offensive defence (NOD) that synthesize the core of the debate in the 1980s: its German character and its viability as a security instrument. It is a very good synthesis of this core, but as a synthesis it is not simply a reproduction of a debate but also a (re)interpretation. Two main dimensions of this (re)interpretation are examined in this essay. First, the particular way in which Bjørn Møller develops the argument that NOD is a credible security instrument, and, second, his understanding of politics. The essay concludes that the books close the debate in a double sense: on the one hand, they are a major synthesis of a debate for which the heyday is over, and, on the other hand, they attempt to lock the debate into a particular understanding of international relations and of politics.
Beyond Sovereignty, Within Territoriality
Authors: FORSBERG TUOMAS
Published: March 2007

According to some widespread ideas, the erosion of state sovereignty also implies the vanishing importance of territoriality in global politics. Indeed, at the end of the Cold War, some scholars have been willing to declare not only the end of history but also the end of geography. This kind of view, however, is based on a misreading of the role of territoriality in world politics. The problem is that territoriality is too often discussed only in terms of territorial sovereignty. Drawing on the recent theoretical and empirical literature in international relations and political geography, the article discusses the changing aspects of territoriality in the post-Cold War world. Notwithstanding the changes that challenge the state sovereignty, it is argued that territoriality will be preserved pivotal in world politics. Furthermore, territoriality should not be conceived as something inherently negative, but it can be seen as a positive aspect of one's identity and it can be defended as a means with which to organize power. In short, being more sensitive to different forms of territoriality could help us find better answers to the problems of late-modern world politics.
`From Lambs to Lions'
Authors: PRESTON THOMAS
Published: March 2007

This article argues that increasingly widespread proliferation of nuclear and delivery system capabilities to smaller states represents a fundamental redistribution of power in the international system away from Great Power dominance — forever altering the traditional `power politics' relationship between states first described by Thucydides. Building upon the broader security studies literature, the rapidly evolving nuclear security relationships between states in the international system are discussed and a new theoretical framework for explaining them is proposed. This new framework outlines in detail several factors critical to shaping interstate security relationships: (1) the nuclear capabilities of the state (i.e., size, differentiation, range, and interceptibility of force structure); (2) the survivability of its arsenal (i.e., redundancy, mobility, site defense, subterfuge characteristics of forces); and (3) the credibility of its nuclear threat to the decision-makers in the target nation (i.e., perception by target of opponent's capability, survivability, control over situation, and threat to central/peripheral state interests). These characteristics combine to create a variety of nuclear security relationships between states (realpolitik, nascent/local, regional, and great power) which affect the deterrent ability, crisis stability, and available nuclear strategies of small nuclear states. Finally, both the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Gulf War are discussed in order to underscore the continuing evolution of Great Power-small state nuclear security relationships. In particular, the Gulf War is argued to provide strong support for the argument that future small nuclear states will be able to deter Great Power threats because of four critical lessons demonstrated by that conflict: (1) the effectiveness and survivability of covert nuclear weapons programs; (2) the effectiveness and survivability of small state delivery systems; (3) the ineffectiveness of strategic defense systems in intercepting potential attacks; and (4) the fact that threats of unconventional weapon use by small states are taken seriously by Great Powers.
Making and Taking Risky Decisions
Authors: VERTZBERGER YAACOV Y.I.
Published: March 2007

This paper is part of a comprehensive interdisciplinary study of risk taking, with a focus on foreign policy risks. The focus is on the effects of three contextual factors: (1) salience and vividness, (2) planning, and (3) commitment to a particular course of action; and their implications for risk perceptions and risk-acceptability preferences. Beginning with a brief definition of the essence of risk and the meaning of risk perception and risk acceptability, this paper proceeds to discuss the three contextual factors and concludes by pointing out their synergistic relationships. Brief examples of risky decisions of foreign military intervention serve to illustrate some of the arguments.
Managing for Effective Workforce Diversity
Authors: Iverson Kathleen
Published: March 2007

To measure the success of actual employee-diversity initiatives, this article reports on the workplace experiences of 74 hospitality managers and supervisors who themselves represent a diverse population by virtue of their gender, race, and ethnic background. Through content analysis, this study collected from those 74 managers hundreds of isolated accounts of their organizational experiences. Those experiences were coded and then clustered according to the inherent meaning the managers gave them. The emerging clusters, or themes, formed a comprehensive model that managers can use to create a climate that encourages diversity and to optimize multiculturalism in the workplace. The three main themes that emerged are: culture (organization-wide image and concern for equality); opportunity (career development and hiring practices); and leadership (management practices). The most important factors relating to a climate where diversity is valued concerned management practices. That finding highlights the need to hire and develop top-level staff members who are sensitive to the concerns of multicultural employees.
Daewoo Adds Luster to the Pearl of Southeast Asia
Authors: Cho Minho , Patton Mark E.
Published: March 2007

How do you develop a hotel in an unfamiliar place? First, you have to find a friend.
How Big Is Small?
Authors: Lanier Pamela , Caples David , Cook Helen
Published: March 2007

Although one might typically think of the segment comprising B&Bs and country inns as a small part of the lodging industry, a review of the statistics for this segment shows otherwise. Most industry indices do not tally the results for this segment (e.g., Smith Travel Research tracks only properties with 20 rooms or more). The authors estimate that more than 16,000 inns are operating in the United States, representing almost one third of the total lodging properties in the nation. While the national occupancy for inns and B&Bs lags that of the industry as a whole (50 percent versus 64 percent), the inns make up some of that difference with a strong ADR ($122, versus $79 for the remainder of the industry). The greatest number of inns are found in California, followed by New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. Surprisingly, however, the number-one city for inns and B&Bs is New Orleans, followed by Key West. Taken strictly on the basis of population per number of inns, the states with the greatest undersupply of inns are Alabama, Nevada, and Illinois.