bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating Maternal Perception of Control and Support in the Postpartum Period and Influencing Factors in Childbirth: A Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Model
Authors: Topçu Tuğba Yazici , Aydin Ruveyde , Aktaş Songül
Published: January 2025

Aim

This study aimed to assess the levels of maternal perception of control and support during birth and the factors influencing them in the postpartum period.

Design

A cross‐sectional design was employed. The STROBE checklist was used.

Methods

The study was conducted between July 2021 and March 2022 with 400 mothers who were in their first 2 months postpartum and lived in Türkiye. Data were collected online using a Maternal Descriptive Information Form and the Support and Control in Birth (SCIB) Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, such as percentage, mean, standard deviation and multiple linear regression analysis, were employed for data evaluation.

Results

The mean score on the total SCIB was 92.4 ± 13.01. Vaginal birth and caesarean section accounted for 47.3% and 52.7% of the study group, respectively, with only 35% being assisted by a midwife. Variables of age, education level, number of pregnancies, mode of birth and health professionals assisting birth showed no significant effect on the total SCIB score (p > 0.05). Maternal satisfaction with birth scores, satisfaction with health professionals involved birth and fulfilled expectations from health professionals were positively associated with high SCIB scores (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The level of SCIB in our study fell within a ‘moderate’ range, considering the lowest and highest scores on the scale. Notably, increased satisfaction with birth experience and healthcare professionals, positively influenced maternal perceptions of control and support during birth. In contrast, certain socio‐demographic and obstetric characteristics did not demonstrate a significant impact. To enhance the sense of support and control during childbirth, it is crucial to identify and fulfil the expectations of mothers from midwives and birth supportive care to ultimately elevate maternal satisfaction in the childbirth experience.

Patient or Public Contribution

None.
The Impact of Body Mass Index and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia on Bone Health of Middle‐Aged and Older Men
Authors: Chuang Tzyy‐Ling , Chen Pao‐Liang , Koo Malcolm , Chuang Mei‐Hua , Wang Yuh‐Feng
Published: January 2025

Objective

Osteoporosis significantly affects older adults by reducing bone mass and increasing fracture risk, thereby impacting morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD), body mass index (BMI), and trabecular bone score (TBS) among middle‐aged and older men with or without benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted using health examination data from male participants aged 50–98 years collected at a regional hospital in southern Taiwan. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were employed to examine the relationships between TBS and the independent variables. A total of 3714 middle‐aged and older men were included in the analysis.

Results

Findings indicated that higher BMI was associated with greater BMD; however, the relationship with TBS suggested potential bone quality degradation in cases of underweight and obesity. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that age, waist circumference, BMD, underweight status, and obesity were significantly associated with TBS.

Conclusion

This study revealed the associative relationship between BMI and bone health: higher BMI was associated with increased bone density but also related to a decline in bone quality as measured by TBS, particularly in cases of obesity. These results emphasized the importance of managing BMI to optimize both bone density and quality, especially in middle‐aged and older men with or at risk of BPH.
A Real‐World Pharmacovigilance Study of FDA Adverse Event Reporting System Events for Obeticholic Acid
Authors: Hai Le , Wu Jiaojiao , Pan Xiaohong , Yin Weicheng , Wu Zhishan
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives

Based on the Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) data from the US FDA, this study mined the adverse drug reactions of obeticholic acid (OCA) in the real world and provided reference for clinical safe drug use.

Methods

Adverse event reports for OCA from the second quarter of 2016 to the third quarter of 2023 were extracted. The analysis for adverse reaction signal detection was conducted using reporting odds ratio, proportional reporting ratio, Bayesian confidence propagation neural network, and multi‐item gamma Poisson shrinker methods.

Results

A total of 5661 OCA‐related adverse event reports were collected, and 105 OCA‐related adverse reaction signals were obtained, involving 14 systems, among which 46 new signals were not previously mentioned in the product labeling. Severe adverse event of OCA accounted for a relatively high proportion (1445 cases, 25.53%), among which the number of hospitalization reports was the largest (1042 cases, 18.41%). The top five adverse events were pruritus, fatigue, constipation, elevated blood alkaline phosphatase, and abdominal distention. The top five adverse reaction signals intensity were abnormal blood alkaline phosphatase, abnormal ratio of albumin globulin, spider nevus, combined with abnormal bilirubin, and γ‐abnormal glutamyl transferase.

Discussion

Based on the pharmacovigilance study of the FAERS database, it is necessary to strengthen the clinical medication monitoring of OCA, so as to provide reference for effective pharmaceutical monitoring and rational clinical medication.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Polycarbonate‐b‐Polyester Block Copolymers From CO2/Epoxide/ε‐Caprolactone Catalyzed by Salen‐Cobalt(III) Complex
Authors: Fan Chaogang , Ge Qingyun , Lu Shujuan , Feng Xianshe , Tu Yingfeng , Jia Li , Lin Shaohui , Pan Qinmin , Ng Flora T. T.
Published: January 2025

A Salen‐Co(III)‐Cl catalyzed copolymerization strategy is developed for the controlled synthesis of polycarbonate‐b‐polyester block copolymers through a one‐pot process involving CO2, 4‐vinyl‐1‐cyclohexene‐1,2‐epoxy (VCHO), and ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL). This procedure is extended to the copolymerization of CO2, VCHO, and lactide. The catalytic system is designed and optimized with temperature and CO2 acting as triggers to switch between CO2/epoxide copolymerization and ε‐CL homopolymerization. In addition, introducing water as the chain transfer agent reduced the polydispersity index (PDI) of the block copolymers. The copolymer composition can be controlled by adjusting the concentration ratio of epoxides and ε‐CL, yielding copolymers with carbonate molar ratios ranging from 14% to 67%. The block copolymers exhibit enhanced thermal stability, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) can be controlled by adjusting the block composition.
Research on Coaxial Direct‐Write Forming Technology for the Integrated Core and Shell of a CL‐20‐Based Micro Detonating Cord
Authors: Cao Haoxing , Tan Kaixin , Li Shijiao , Shi Songchao , Cheng Xiaoying , An Chongwei
Published: January 2025

To investigate a method for rapid prototyping of integrated core and shell of micro detonating cord, core ink and shell ink that are compatible with direct writing process and have excellent microscale detonation performance were designed on the basis of the coaxial direct writing technology and photothermal dual curing technology, and micro detonating cord samples were prepared. The morphology and performance of the direct writing samples were characterized and evaluated using a rheological tester, a universal testing machine, a scanning electron microscope, an optical microscope, and other instruments. The results indicate that the core ink possesses excellent rheological properties and favorable direct writing formability, whereas the shell ink can achieve rapid curing and molding, thereby providing protection and support for the core. The micro detonating cord sample exhibits a complete structure, with core and shell particles evenly distributed, and the CL‐20 explosive crystal maintains its ε form. In comparison to the raw material ε‐CL‐20, the apparent activation energy of the micro detonating cord sample increased by 41.7 kJ mol−1, whereas the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity decreased by 533% and 275%, respectively, demonstrating excellent thermal stability and mechanical safety. When the charge density of the micro detonating cord sample is 1.53 g cm−3, the average detonation velocity reaches 6888 m s−1, and the maximum error of the “one‐in‐three‐out” detonation synchronization is 0.350 µs. The findings demonstrate that the performance of the micro detonating cord samples is superior and that integrated rapid prototyping is feasible, offering new insights into the miniaturization, charge consistency, and rapid assembly of detonating cords.
Polarized UV–Visible Photoluminescence from Bulk β‐Ga2O3 Crystals
Authors: Korona Krzysztof P. , Fink‐Finowicki Jan , Bohdan Aliaksei , Stępniewski Roman , Teisseyre Henryk
Published: January 2025

Herein, a study of photoluminescence (PL) of bulk β‐Ga2O3 crystals measured at different crystallographic directions is presented. The bulk β‐Ga2O3 crystals are grown using the optical floating zone method and cut to prepare three basic planes for optical investigations. The Ga2O3 emits PL from red (1.7 eV) to near UV (3.5 eV). The maximum is at about 3 eV. It is shown that the excitation of Ga2O3 depends on polarization: the lowest excitation energy 4.7 eV is observed for polarization along the b axis. The PL emission is clearly polarized, which can be used to build diodes emitting polarized light: polarized light‐emitting diodes. For example, the main emission from the (100) plane is polarized along [001] direction. Analysis of polarization and dynamics of PL shows that the main emission band is composed of a few spectrally overlapping luminescence bands. The bands are resolved thanks to different polarization and significantly different dynamics. The violet PL at about 3.0 eV has a lifetime τ = 0.6 μs and the blue PL at about 2.8 eV has τ of about 600 μs. Such long lifetimes are characteristic of deep centers, for example, the oxygen vacancy VO or the VGa–Gai–VGa defect.
Preparation of PBAT/PCL Films for Passive Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Cherry Tomatoes
Authors: Zhang Jiatao , Wang Yu , Zhang Yuan , Guo Jia , Li Yulu , Dong Tungalag , Yun Xueyan
Published: January 2025

The uniaxially stretched blend films comprising poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) were prepared using a twin‐screw extruder with the objective of modifying the properties of the PBAT film. The mechanical properties, gas permeability and potential applications in cherry tomatoes of the modified films were determined and evaluated. The addition of PCL resulted in a notable increase in the stiffness of the PBAT films. Nevertheless, no notable alterations were observed in the oxygen permeability of the blend films in comparison to the neat PBAT film. The CO2 and water vapour permeability of PBAT films exhibited a decrease initially and then the increase upon the PCL addition, reaching a minimum value at 20% addition. Notably, the permeability ratio of CO2 to O2 in the PBAT/PCL blend films exceeds 8.1 at 5°C, which is about four times higher than that of the PE film (1.75). It can therefore be concluded that the blend films displayed a notable preservative effect on packaged cherry tomatoes in packaging applications. This was evidenced by the maintenance of high CO2 and extremely low O2 concentrations inside the packaging, which inhibited the postharvest respiration rate of cherry tomatoes. The utilization of PBAT/PCL20 blend films could effectively reduce the decline rate of hardness, weight, soluble solids and ascorbic acid content of cherry tomatoes caused by long‐term storage, especially in low temperature condition. Consequently, the blend films exhibit considerable promise as a passive modified atmosphere packaging material for fruits and vegetables.
The antioxidant activity of monosubstituted edaravone: Theoretical insights
Authors: Vo Quan V. , Trung Nguyen Quang , Yen Tran Thi , Thao Pham Thi Thu , Thong Nguyen Minh , Quang Duong Tuan , Nam Pham Cam , Huong Dinh Quy , Mechler Adam
Published: January 2025

Edaravone (EDV) is a pharmaceutical agent used for the treatment of acute strokes resulting from thrombosis or embolism in the cerebral region. Prior research demonstrated that EDV possesses the ability to safeguard brain cells, diminish atherosclerosis, shield against retinal damage, impede lipid and DNA oxidation, and restrict the production of free radicals in the liver. This work utilized DFT simulations to assess the impact of substituents on the thermodynamic properties and hydroperoxyl radical scavenging activity of EDV derivatives. The ionization energies of the EDV derivatives were shown to be significantly reduced by substituents with electron‐donating property like OMe and NMe2 groups, and increased in all positions where strong electron‐withdrawing substituents such as NO2 and CF3 were located. However, the bond dissociation energy (BDE) of the C4─H bond decreased by substituents at position 4. The investigation revealed that 4‐NMe2‐EDV is the most effective at scavenging radicals and has the potential to act as a CP450 enzyme inhibitor, particularly in lipid environments.
Effect of chitosan coating and organic acid salts on quality and shelf life of black tiger shrimp stored at 0° C
Authors: Tam Le Nhat , Anh Huynh Nguyen Que , Khue Doan Nhu , Huong Nguyen Thi , Tuan Pham Minh , Uyen Phan Thuy Xuan
Published: January 2025

This study investigated the extension of the shelf life of black tiger shrimp stored at 0 °C by applying treatments with organic acid salt solutions combined with chitosan preservation coatings. Four shrimp samples were included: the control sample, the sample treated with 2.5% sodium citrate solution, the sample treated with 2% chitosan solution, and the sample treated with 2.5% sodium citrate solution followed by 2% chitosan. Sensory, chemical, and microbiological quality factors were monitored over 17 days of storage using quality indices such as the quality index (QI) from the quality index method, hypoxanthine, trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA‐N), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), and total viable count (TVC) to assess the shrimp's freshness. As a result, QI and hypoxanthine levels increased linearly with storage time in all shrimp samples. TMA‐N and TVB‐N values exhibited two‐phase linear changes corresponding to the autolysis and decomposition stages of the shrimp. The shelf life was determined to be 8 days for the control sample, 12 days for the citrate sample, 13 days for the chitosan sample, and 15 days for the citrate/chitosan sample. Linear regression equations between the indices and storage time, as well as between the quality indices for each sample, were identified.
Measurement and Verification Framework for Clusters of Buildings: A Comprehensive Approach to Validating and Quantifying Savings in Large-Scale Building Interventions
Authors: Siokas Georgios , Balomenos Athanasios , Fekas Evangelos , Triantafyllis Georgios , Kopsinis Yannis
Published: January 2025

Energy conservation measures (ECMs), also referred to as interventions, are a set of actions intended to enhance energy efficiency or conserve energy consumption. When implementing an intervention in a building or a set of buildings, the actual energy savings cannot be directly quantified. Alternately, savings are calculated by comparing the energy consumption before and after interventions while adjusting to condition changes. Based on the literature, systematic approaches for determining the true impact of an investment in energy efficiency are collectively referred to as measurement and verification (M&V) methods, supported by a well-established set of guidelines, directives, and protocols, e.g. International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP).

Therefore, the paper proposes a methodology based on the available M&V methods to validate, quantify, monitor, and report the achieved energy savings with large-scale aggregated during an operational year. It is designed to integrate and consolidate the available information and provide insights to validate the impact of the energy consumption optimisation strategy. The method describes all the steps, from gathering the data to feature selection to model selection and saving quantification and performance evaluation.

The proposed methodology’s practical application is demonstrated through its testing on Danish residential buildings in the Municipality of Aalborg. A shared adjusted baseline model is constructed per cluster of buildings to predict post-intervention energy consumption. The results show that the method reduces the computational effort of calculating the energy consumption of a series of buildings separately and delivers reliable predictions, underscoring its practical value.
Feasibility Study of Precoated Binder-Type Electric Arc Furnace Oxidizing Slags as Aggregates for Cement Mortar
Authors: Lin Wei-Ting , Sprince Andīna , Hebda Marek , Mucsi Gábor , Cheng An , Pan Huang-Hsing
Published: January 2025

The study used electric arc furnace oxidizing slag (EAFOS) to substitute natural fine aggregates. However, EAFOS replacement may cause volumetric instability. Therefore, a cement, fly ash, or slag layer was coated with EAFOS as a precoated technique. Then, the effect of EAFOS on engineering properties was investigated, and the optimum amount of EAFOS was identified. The amount of coated binders was set at 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% of the weight of EAFOS, and the water-to-binder ratio (w/b) of the coated binders was fixed at 0.50 to 0.20. The proportion of EAFOS replacing fine aggregates was 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, and the w/b of the mortar was fixed at 0.55. The results showed that the proportion of precoated binder was 30% of the EAFOS and the w/b was 0.30. Curing time was up to 28 days, and slag was the appropriate precoated binder. Maximum compressive strengths of mortars made with precoated EAFOS were 42.94 and 56.96 MPa at 7 and 28 days (40% replacement for fine aggregates). The maximum compressive strengths of specimens without coated EAFOS were 36.67 and 47.55 MPa at 7 and 28 days (the identical replacement). The drying shrinkage of 40% precoated slag specimens was 0.054% at 7 days and 0.074% at 28 days. The appearance of the specimens did not reveal any abnormality after 28 days of immersion in water at 70 °C. The precoated technique adopted in this study can be used as a stabilization procedure for replacing natural fine aggregates with EAFOS.
Operational Modal Analysis and Finite Element Model Updating of the Naillac Tower in Rhodes, Greece
Authors: Shabani Amirhosein , Karimi Amir Hossein
Published: January 2025

Mitigating vulnerabilities of cultural heritage assets prevents damage from extreme weather, encourages sustainable restoration practices that cut carbon emissions, and yields long-term cost savings, all while conserving the legacy of historical constructions. Developing a precise numerical model that closely simulates the actual structure is a crucial component of a vulnerability assessment methodology. The objective of this study is to present a finite element (FE) model updating of a historical masonry arch with a corner tower in Rhodes, Greece. The Naillac tower, as part of the medieval city of Rhodes, is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site. Three-dimensional (3D) documentation was conducted using digital cameras, 3D laser scanners, drones, and total stations. These tools were chosen for their effectiveness in capturing the intricate architecture of the structure while expediting the documentation process. A 3D dense point cloud was generated, forming the basis for the subsequent development of a 3D FE model. On the other hand, operational modal analysis (OMA) was conducted based on the ambient vibration testing (AVT) data using accelerometer sensors to define the frequency values and corresponding mode shapes of the structure. The material properties of the FE model are calibrated to match the modal properties of the FE model with those recorded experimentally. Finally, the updated mechanical properties of the stone masonry for different parts of the structure were presented. Significant variations exist between the calibrated material properties and those assumed from empirical equations, underscoring the necessity for model calibration based on OMA.
Numerical Study of a Hybrid Timber–Concrete Floor System
Authors: Tsalkatidis Themistoklis , Alhussain Mohand Morchid
Published: January 2025

The presented research study investigates the structural behaviour and performance of a hybrid timber–concrete floor system. These hybrid systems have been proven to contribute to the reduction of the carbon footprint during the construction of a building. In the current paper, a series of numerical analysis have been conducted. A reference numerical model has been created based on a test specimen from the international literature, and the test results have been used for the calibration and validation of the numerical model. The hybrid floor system consists of a set of glulam beams that are connected to a concrete slab. The flexural strength and the deflection of the system under a four-point bending test configuration have been determined. Moreover, several parameters of the system such as the thickness of the concrete slab, the strength class of the glulam beams, and changing the load placement are further investigated to provide a better insight into the response of the system under examination. The numerical results have been assessed and depict that hybrid timber–concrete systems are a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional steel-concrete floor systems.
Machine Learning-Aided Prediction of Seismic Response of RC Bridge Piers Exposed to Chloride-Induced Corrosion
Authors: Poorahad Anzabi Pooria , Shiravand Mahmoud R. , Mahboubi Shima
Published: January 2025

Different environmental issues such as carbonation and corrosion due to chloride threaten aging reinforced concrete (RC) bridges that are in service in areas highly prone to corrosion and earthquakes. Significant experimental and numerical efforts have been put into scrutinizing the effect of corrosion on nonlinear behavior of structural elements. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, useful methods are now provided to allow for the assessment of such bridges without the drawbacks and limitations of the experimental and numerical methods. In this paper, four machine learning (ML) algorithms are employed; linear regression (LR), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and XGBoost for data fitting of the models, and Bayesian search is used for optimization of hyperparameters. Numerical models of RC piers with stochastic parameters defining geometry, loading, and materials are built, and the degradation due to corrosion is applied with a randomly determined level of corrosion. Then, the corroded models are nonlinearly analyzed with random ground motions scaled to design-based and maximum credible earthquake spectra, and maximum drift ratios are stored. Using the created database, different ML models are compared to find the most accurate one. R-squared, mean absolute error, mean squared error, and root mean squared error metrics are considered as the criteria for the selection of the most accurate model. LR model with R2 = 0.53, MAE = 0.0026, mean squared error (MSE) = 1.4 × 10−5, and root mean squared error (RMSE) = 0.0036 has the lowest accuracy while XGBoost with R2 = 0.8, MAE = 0.0015, MSE = 5 × 10−6, and RMSE = 0.0028 is the most accurate model. DT and RF models with R2 = 0.7 and R2 = 0.73, respectively, are in between.
Analytical and Numerical Approaches in Predicting the Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Authors: Nwankwo Chinyere O. , Mahachi Jeffrey
Published: January 2025

The structural design of buildings, bridges and all other civil engineering structures heavily relies on understanding the beam element, particularly its flexural behaviour. This chapter explores both analytical and numerical approaches to predict the flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams. Force equilibrium and strain compatibility equations were used for the analytical approach, while ANSYS, a finite element software, was used for the numerical approach. Comprehensive insights into the analysis, from concrete and reinforcing steel material models to mesh sensitivity analysis in the numerical approach, are provided. The analytical and numerical methods used were validated with an experimental case study beam. The load–deflection curve of a reinforced concrete beam obtained from experimental, analytical and numerical approaches is presented and found to have good correlation. The chapter further provides insights into the efficiency and limitations of each method in predicting the beam behaviour. The findings of this study will guide researchers and practitioners in selecting appropriate methodologies for structural analysis problems.
Towards Net-Zero Construction Projects by Applying BIM-Enabled Circular Economy
Authors: Bjerke Ana Julie Foseid , Amoudi Omar
Published: January 2025

The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector produces a large sum of the global carbon emissions. Emerging systems and technology, coupled with a rapid modernisation within the construction industry, have been developed as a response to challenges of maintaining sustainable practices and procedures during the whole project life cycle. The technological advancement of Building Information Modelling (BIM) is the focus of this research: to determine its potential to facilitate the adoption of Circular Economy (CE) principles to empower the path towards net-zero carbon within the built environment. The employed research methods include a systematic literature review and a questionnaire survey to collect data from construction professionals on the potentials of using BIM to enhance circularity in the built environment projects. Existing BIM practices for sustainability within the built environment could in this chapter be identified to align with the concept of the CE, which will yield further strategies aiming to maintain the path towards net-zero carbon construction projects in the future. Following the analysis of the data collected, a conceptual framework is developed to demonstrate how BIM features facilitate CE principles and empower sustainability and resource efficiency within construction projects. To achieve the full potential benefits emerging from the BIM utilisation in a CE context, industry professionals and stakeholders should comprehend the acquired BIM knowledge and appliance for sustainable practices. The BIM competencies currently employed by industry professionals could show the current existence of an interconnection between BIM and CE.
Unleashing the Potential of AI in Sustainable Urban Planning and Design
Authors: Rad Arefeh Mortzavi , Karlsen Elsa Haagensen , Nazar Mohammed
Published: January 2025

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming urban planning and design, heralding a new era of sustainability and livability in rapidly expanding cities. By analyzing vast datasets, forecasting future trends, and autonomously executing tasks, AI holds the promise of significantly enhancing urban efficiency and environmental stewardship. Despite its potential, the adoption of AI faces hurdles, including concerns over complexity, privacy, and cost. This article explores the comprehensive impact of AI on urban development, emphasizing its capacity to optimize energy consumption, improve waste management, and streamline public transportation. Central to our discussion is AI’s role in the critical process of evaluating and selecting contractors and suppliers, which is pivotal for integrating sustainable solutions into urban infrastructure. By addressing these challenges, we advocate for a strategic embrace of AI technologies, aiming to unlock their full potential in crafting greener, more resilient cities worldwide. This synthesis aims to clarify the significant contributions of AI in urban development, providing a clear vision for its future role without the distraction of in-text citations.
Exploring the Potential Utilization of Silicon Manganese Slag as a Supplementary Cementitious Material for Cement Replacement in Developing Low-Carbon Composite Binders
Authors: Hettiarachchi Dileepa , Samarakoon S. M. Samindi M. K. , Fosså Kjell Tore , Gebremariam Kidane F. , Khalifeh Mahmoud
Published: January 2025

The continuous increase in demand for cement in the construction industry critically contributes directly to the global carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. Hence, numerous attempts are being made to reduce CO2 emissions in conjunction with cement production, named as low-carbon cement. This has boosted the enthusiasm for searching for alternatives, specifically supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) that are considered the most environmental and economical friendly method for mitigating CO2 emissions associated with the cement-based construction industry. The purpose of this study is to investigate silicon manganese slag (SiMn slag), a by-product of the metal industry as a sustainable alternative for partial replacements with traditional cement. An experimental investigation was conducted utilizing SiMn slag, primarily focusing on evaluating the compressive strength at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days for both binary and ternary sets of binders, the latter being coupled with ground granulated blast furnace slag. The study has investigated the different replacement levels of cement with SiMn slag up to 90% while maintaining water to binder ratio at 0.35. The microstructure and mineralogical analyses of the prepared hardened binders have been conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify phases, morphological changes, and various reaction products. The results indicate that the investigated binary mixture at 30% and 50% cement replacement levels, as well as the ternary mixture at a 50% cement replacement level, exhibited better compressive strength performances. The study suggests using SiMn slag as a supplementary cementitious material in binary or ternary mixtures, potentially achieving improved compressive strength even with higher levels of cement replacement.
Navigating Sustainability: Engineers’ Views Within the Norwegian Construction Industry
Authors: Ahmad Izma , Lilleløkken Kristine , Savcheva Zdravka , Saavedra Makarena , Tadayon Allen
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the perspectives of engineers on sustainability. The intention is to get an insight on the position of sustainability in the construction industry in Norway. The method involved interviewing ten engineers within different fields of engineering and with varying levels of experience. The questions were regarding their understanding of sustainability, attitudes toward sustainable projects, and their views on sustainability in the construction industry. A diverse individual perspective, with a predominant focus on environmental aspects, was observed. Economic factors and government incentives played an important role in the individual’s sustainable choices. The participants emphasized reducing carbon footprint, energy-efficient buildings, and reuse of materials as important for a sustainable development. In order to achieve a more sustainable development, this report suggests stricter regulations and government incentives, in addition to clearer definitions and collaborative responsibility distributions.
Use of the Fine Fraction from High-Quality Concrete Recycling as an Alternative Cement Substitute
Authors: De Brabandere Laurena , Grigorjev Vadim , Van den Heede Philip , Nachtergaele Hannah , Degezelle Krist , De Belie Nele
Published: January 2025

In order to meet the new demand for sustainability and lower carbon emissions for concrete, the production and recycling process has to be adapted. Regarding concrete recycling, the main focus in literature and industry is on the reuse of coarse aggregates. However, the recycling of concrete also generates a fine fraction. In this research, the fine fraction with size 0/2 is ground and studied as a partial cement replacement. First of all, the fines were characterized and their physical, chemical and mineralogical properties were determined. Preliminary tests on pastes and mortars with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% cement replacement, such as isothermal calorimetry and strength tests, were performed. Based on these results, two concrete mixes were made: one reference mix with CEM I as a binder and natural aggregates and a concrete mix with 10% of CEM I replaced by concrete fines and a combination of natural and recycled aggregates. In this second mix, 27.8% of the sand and 100% of the coarse aggregates were replaced by recycled sand and recycled coarse aggregates. The concrete samples were tested on compressive strength, shrinkage and freeze–thaw resistance. The compressive strength of the green concrete was comparable to the strength of the reference concrete after 28, 56 and 90 days of curing. Concrete specimens containing the recycled fines and recycled aggregates had a higher drying shrinkage; however, a lower autogenous shrinkage was measured in comparison to the reference. Regarding durability, the green concrete had a lower freeze–thaw resistance compared to the reference.
Discussion of Physical Performance of Hydraulic Lime and Oyster Shell-Based Mortars
Authors: Bellei Poliana , Flores-Colen Inês , Torres Isabel , Pereira Manuel F. C.
Published: January 2025

This research aims to analyze the physical durability of oyster shells in hydraulic lime-based mortars. Standardized tests were conducted on mortars in fresh and hardened states using molds in the laboratory. The mortars produced were also applied to solid bricks and detached for further testing. The standardized specimens underwent a curing period of 28 days. The detached specimens, representing in-service conditions, also had a 28-day curing time in the laboratory plus accelerated aging curing. Two different types of mortars were investigated: a control group, and a group with a 30% replacement of sand aggregate by oyster shell aggregate. The study revealed distinct behaviors of the mortars in both laboratory and real-world conditions (after curing by accelerated aging, application, and detachment from the substrate). Key properties such as bulk density, open porosity, and water absorption were found to be influenced by actual service conditions. These nuances in behavior may not be readily apparent when studying mortars in standard molds alone. However, examining in-service conditions can provide valuable insights for optimizing dosage and incorporating new materials, thereby contributing to a more sustainable construction industry.
Application of Iron Mine Waste Rock as an Innovative Cement Replacement Material in Mortar
Authors: Cezar Bruna Figueiredo , da Silva Magalhães Margareth , Pimenta André Rocha
Published: January 2025

In recent decades, the world has experienced a surge in extreme environmental events, exacerbated by the ongoing impacts of climate change. Substantial research underscores the role of anthropogenic CO2 emissions as the primary driver behind climate change and global warming. Cement production, constituting roughly 7% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, stands as a significant contributor to this issue. Consequently, there has been a growing focus on mitigation strategies within the cement industry, particularly emphasizing the utilization of mineral admixtures. An innovative yet underexplored material for partial cement replacement is iron mining waste rock, a by-product of open-pit mining operations used to extract iron ore deposits. Unlike underground mining, open-pit methods generate larger volumes of waste rock, typically stored in substantial geotechnical structures like piles, pits, or dams. This study conducted physical–chemical, mineralogical, and morphological characterizations on iron mine waste rock. Subsequently, four mortar mixtures were formulated, integrating iron mine waste as a partial substitute for cement (up to 30% by mass), and compared against a reference mortar. The performance assessment encompassed evaluations of fresh mortar properties, compressive strength, and elastic modulus. Findings revealed that the waste rock demonstrates limited pozzolanic activity, primarily functioning as a filler, and its inclusion in mortar enhances the workability of the mixes. However, a marginal reduction in compressive strength (up to 15%) was observed in mortar mixtures where 30% of the cement was replaced by waste rock.
Effect of Recycled Aggregate Utilization on Strength Properties of Lightweight Concrete Facade Having a Self-Cleaning Characteristic
Authors: Şahin Hatice Gizem , Beytekin Hatice Elif , Mardani Ali
Published: January 2025

Utilization of lightweight concrete results in a reduction in the weight of the structure, leading to lower destructive effects of seismic forces on the building. Additionally, in today’s conditions where more efficient energy use is desired, there is an increasing interest in the use of lightweight concrete facade panels due to their superior performance in terms of heat insulation. It is known that pollutants such as COx and NOx adhere to facades over time, causing pollution and visual deterioration. It was reported that materials with photocatalytic properties are used in concrete elements to prevent such issues. In this context, the use of self-cleaning concrete facades containing materials with photocatalytic properties has become more prevalent in recent years. Among the many semiconductor materials used in the production of self-cleaning concrete, it is understood that the use of TiO2 is more widespread due to the various advantages it offers. On the other hand, it was reported that urbanization is increasing, and the volume of construction waste is rapidly growing, particularly after severe earthquakes. In this context, promoting the use of recycled concrete waste and efficiently disposing of construction and demolition waste are of great importance for the European Green Deal. This study examines the effect of using recycled concrete aggregate on the self-cleaning properties of lightweight concrete mixtures (SCLWC) compressive and flexural strength performance. For this purpose, an SCLWC containing 1% TiO2 and 100% pumice aggregate was prepared. By substituting recycled concrete aggregate with pumice aggregate at 25% and 50% rates, two different SCLWCs with self-cleaning properties were produced. The compressive strength and flexural strength performances of the produced mixtures were examined. It was observed that the increase in pumice aggregate content caused a decrease in both strength performances. It was observed that the increase in pumice aggregate content caused a decrease of up to 53% and 7% in compressive and flexural strength performance, respectively.
Enhancing Strength and CO2 Uptake into Mortar Through Supercritical CO2 Treatment
Authors: Kravanja Gregor , Knez Željko
Published: January 2025

Supercritical CO2 was utilized to accelerate the carbonation process, altering the microstructure and composition of Portland cement mortar blended with metakaolin. Mortar samples were cured in a high-pressure reactor at 323 K and 15 MPa under supercritical CO2 conditions. The results demonstrate a significant enhancement in both compressive and flexural strength for all carbonated mortar samples treated with supercritical CO2 compared to those subjected to ambient curing conditions. Furthermore, longer reaction times resulted in increased overall CO2 utilization within the mortar matrix, with more pronounced effects observed in samples containing metakaolin. Hydrated mortar samples demonstrated a complex pore system characterized by a substantial presence of small gel pores, alongside large gel and mesopores. Upon exposure to supercritical CO2, SEM micrographs revealed a rougher surface, along with the formation of CaCO3 crystals.

Comprehending high-pressure carbonation is vital for several applications, such as carbon capture and storage, improving the properties of recycling concrete, and safely managing toxic elements in construction waste materials.
Material Stories: Assessing Sustainability of Digital Fabrication with Bio-Based Materials Through LCA
Authors: Galluccio Giuliano , Tamke Martin , Nicholas Paul , Svilans Tom , Gaudillière-Jami Nadja , Thomsen Mette Ramsgaard
Published: January 2025

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) stands as a vital tool in gauging the environmental impacts of building endeavors. Extending LCA to emerging research practices like advanced digital manufacturing of bio-based materials becomes pivotal for refining materials, appraising outcomes, and steering architecture toward sustainable development and circularity goals. To outline the main obstacles and to provide a potential methodology, the chapter presents two cases of application of LCA to digital fabrication with bio-based materials in experimental research practice. The application is framed within the ISO and EU standards for LCA and is tested through an ex-post “cradle to construction” analysis of two European Research Council (ERC) funded projects developed by the Center for Information Technology in Architecture (CITA) at the Royal Danish Academy. Specifically, a product LCA is performed for bio-polymeric composited 3D robotic fabrication using a novel collagen-based 3D print material, and a comparative LCA is carried out for Glulam manufacturing optimization connecting data from the timbers source in the forest and sawmill with its design and fabrication. In both cases, the prototypes assembly and exhibition are covered by the analysis. The unavailability of data, difficulties in standard protocols adaptation, and material and energy flows tracing in the research process emerge as the main barriers and contribute to aggravate the analysis’s uncertainty. The chapter shows how to manage such uncertainties via sensitivity analysis to evaluate design options according to different impact scenarios. The knowledge established and the methodology outlined in this research could be useful for researchers, designers and industry in the implementation of sustainable digital fabrication processes and new construction materials.
Advancing Toward Net Zero: The Role of Fibers in Sustainable Concrete Construction
Authors: Pepera Raymond , Shafei Behrouz
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the integration of synthetic fibers—polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), alkali-resistant glass (AG), and polypropylene (PP) fibers—into concrete mixes from the perspective of the structural materials’ carbon footprint and progress toward net-zero construction. It scrutinizes these fibers’ production processes, usage, and end-of-life stages, evaluating their CO2 emissions and broader environmental impact within the sustainable construction framework. The study introduces a specific mix design where the fibers above are added at percentages of 0.25% and 0.50% to concrete, with analysis conducted on six beams for each type of fiber. The results demonstrate that while all fibers enhance concrete’s strength and durability, PP fibers exhibit the lowest CO2 emissions, making them the most environmentally advantageous option among the three. This chapter concludes with strategies to optimize synthetic fibers in concrete, advocating for energy-efficient manufacturing and recycled materials. This research enriches the discourse on sustainable construction materials, offering a detailed examination of synthetic fibers’ potential to reduce the environmental impact of the construction industry.
Environmental Assessment of Fiber-Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Class-F Fly Ash
Authors: Khataei Behnoosh , Ahmadi Masoud , Kioumarsi Mahdi
Published: January 2025

The rapid growth of cities, particularly in developing regions, is driving a significant increase in concrete demand. However, concrete production is a major environmental concern, releasing high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) due to its dependence on cement. This study investigates the use of class-F fly ash as a partial replacement for cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC) to reduce its environmental impact. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is employed to measure the embodied energy (EE) and global warming potential (GWP) of various fiber-reinforced SCC mixes containing different fly ash replacement ratios. The results emphasize the importance of optimizing the amount of fly ash to achieve a balance between desired mechanical performance and minimized environmental burdens. While the study explores the influence of fiber types, the key finding is that incorporating class-F fly ash demonstrably reduces both GWP and EE in SCC. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of fly ash as a sustainable alternative in SCC production, promoting eco-friendly construction practices without compromising performance.
Affordable Phase Change Materials in Lightweight Concrete Walls for Superior Hygrothermal Performance
Authors: Nia Saeed B. , Pepera Raymond , Shafei Behrouz
Published: January 2025

Lightweight concrete is a popular construction material for its numerous benefits, including reduced weight, improved thermal insulation, and enhanced fire resistance. It can combine with functional additives to regulate moisture properties and improve indoor air quality, making it an ideal choice for walls and roofs. This versatile material not only enhances structural performance but also contributes to better indoor comfort. On the other hand, phase change materials (PCMs) have emerged as an effective solution for reducing energy consumption. However, moisture-related issues, such as condensation and mold growth, remain a concern. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the hygrothermal behavior of building materials is essential to mitigate moisture-related risks. This study investigates the potential of glycerin, an affordable PCM, to enhance the hygrothermal performance of lightweight concrete walls. Despite lightweight concrete providing advantageous properties such as low density, high thermal insulation, and sound absorption, they are prone to two significant issues: shrinkage due to gradual water loss and high-water absorption because of their intrinsic porosity. Addressing these challenges, this study explored the application of glycerin as a PCM coating to mitigate the identified drawbacks. The obtained results indicate that a 2 mm layer of glycerin, which was proportionally adjusted to the size of the test specimens in this study, can significantly improve the performance of lightweight concrete. The findings underscore the effectiveness of combining lightweight concrete with an affordable and available PCM choice, presenting a promising energy conservation and sustainable building design solution by minimizing energy consumption and allowing for thinner wall construction.
The Effect of Phase Change Materials (PCM) on the Thermophysical Properties of Cement Mortar
Authors: Asadi Iman , Ji Guomin , Steiner Gerald , Baghban Mohammad Hajmohammadian
Published: January 2025

Cement mortar, a fundamental material in construction, requires advancements to enhance its energy efficiency. Phase change materials (PCMs) offer promise in this regard due to their high thermal energy storage capacity. However, challenges persist in integrating PCMs into cement-based materials. Microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs) present a solution to these challenges. This study evaluates the impact of MPCMs on the properties of cement mortar with various grades (cement-to-sand ratio of 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4), including mechanical, physical, and thermal characteristics. Through regression analysis, predictive equations are derived to estimate key properties based on the cement-to-sand ratio and MPCM content.