bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Danish Regulation of Low Frequency Noise from Wind Turbines
Authors: Jakobsen Jørgen
Published: April 2013

The Danish statutory order on wind turbine noise was revised in order to establish new rules for low frequency noise [1]. The new regulation entered into force January 1st, 2012, and it applies to wind turbines notified to the municipalities from this date. The new regulation complements the previous noise limits for wind turbines with a new mandatory limit for the low frequency noise, which is 20 dB A-weighted level of the calculated indoor sound level in the 1/3–octave bands 10 – 160 Hz. The purpose of the new regulation is to ensure that neither the usual noise nor the low frequency noise will annoy the neighbours when the wind turbines start to operate.
Case Studies of Field Measurements of Low Frequency Sound and Complaints by a Non Profit Organization for Supporting Noise, Vibration and Low Frequency Noise Complainants in Japan
Authors: Yamada Shinji , Inukai Yukio , Takagi Kimiaki , Sebayashi Tsutae , Koyama Shota , Tanaka Yukiko , Horie Yuji
Published: April 2013

The number of noise complaints of Japan is around 15,000 a year and there are about 200 complaints of low frequency noise. In our NPO (Non Profit Organization), the specialists as volunteers on noise, vibration and low frequency noise take counsel with the complaints and measure the low frequency noise. It is difficult to measure the noise in the night by local government, and in such cases we measure the noise in the night for a long-time in complainant's house. However, sometimes we cannot find the appropriate level of low frequency noise, though the complainant appeals for the serious damage by low frequency noise.

Therefore we measured the complaint's reaction at the same time with low frequency noise in the complainant's house. We analyzed the correlation between the complaint's reaction and measured low frequency noise. In many cases, we cannot find out the correlation between the measured low frequency noise and complainant's reaction.
Structure, Chemistry and Energy of Carbon Surfaces
Authors: Bradley Robert H. , Pendleton Phillip
Published: April 2013

In this paper, the graphene layer is considered as the basic structural unit in a range of carbon materials. The effects of 2D and 3D order in defining the microstructures and macrostructures of carbons are reviewed along with the related concept of graphene layer orientation within the structure and the resulting ratio of basal plane to edge site as well as its effects on surface chemical reactivity and energy. Both non-specific and specific surface forces and the resulting potentials are considered. Theoretical physical models based on the Lennard–Jones potential applied to the basic structural units, either as an ideal, i.e. perfect, single graphene layer or as multiple layers of varied inter-layer spacing and size, are presented. Mention is then made of non-ideal surfaces (stepped or containing vacancies) and their resulting enhanced potential. The effects of incorporating chemical heterogeneity into the surfaces of these structures are also considered: carbon oxidation mechanisms are discussed in terms of bond energy and disruption of the (conjugated) graphene structure and the resulting polar functional groups are shown to increase interactivity with molecules that possess permanent dipoles or multipoles. The resulting increases in the polar component of surface-free energy can be used to control properties of adhesion, adsorption and wettability.
Estimating Pore-Size Distributions of Moderately Hydrophobic Mesoporous Solids
Authors: Gierszal Kamil , Kruk Michal , Jaroniec Mietek
Published: April 2013

In this paper, standard reduced data for adsorption of nitrogen on moderately hydrophobic surface are reported. This surface was obtained by chemical modification of macroporous silica with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane. In addition, the statistical film thickness, t curve, is derived using these data and nitrogen adsorption isotherms measured on two large-pore ordered mesoporous silica MCM-41 samples modified with the same organosilane. The application of these reference adsorption data is shown in the evaluation of pore-size distribution and in the related characterization of mesoporous materials with moderate surface hydrophobicity.
A New Activated Carbon for CO2 Capture from Coal-Fired Boiler Flue Gas
Authors: Carruthers J. Don , Petruska Melissa A. , Krishnan Gopala , Hornbostel Marc , Bao Jianer
Published: April 2013

With the current environmental interest in controlling greenhouse gases, there is a new focus on materials that can discriminate between gas molecules by capturing those gases that must be curtailed and releasing those that pose no adverse effects to the atmosphere. Although zeolites can be applied to such tasks, molecular sieve (MS) carbons have an additional advantage in their ability to both adsorb and desorb molecules cyclically with comparatively little energy demand. ATMI's BrightBlack™ MS carbons have been extensively characterized using a variety of techniques and modified for the task of selectively adsorbing CO2 from a synthetic flue gas in a laboratory and a pilot plant falling-bed adsorber system. The integrated falling-bed adsorber system was then moved to a field test location to capture CO2 from flue gas from a coal-fired stoker boiler. In a 7000-cycle test, the carbon captured CO2 at 90% efficiency, generating product CO2 gas with purity greater than 95%.
Synergistic Effect between TiO2, Zirconium and Carbon in the Photodegradation of Methyl Orange and Methylene Blue
Authors: Ragai Jehane , Yacoub Nahed
Published: April 2013

The photocatalytic behaviour of TiO2 prepared from titanium (IV) ethoxide was determined with regard to the decomposition of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) dyes, respectively. In addition, we compared the behaviour of TiO2 photocatalysts prepared in a similar fashion but which were (1) doped with different amounts of zirconium, (2) mixed with active carbon and (3) doped with different amounts of zirconium and mixed with active carbon. All of the TiO2 samples were found to be mesoporous with some microporosity having an average particle size between 200 and 500 nm and with anatase crystallographic modification. The kinetics of the MO and MB dyes' photocatalytic degradation fitted well with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model and were found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rates were highest for the TiO2 samples doped with both Zr and mixed with the activated carbon. Characterization of these TiO2 photocatalysts was carried out by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and adsorption studies.
Amine-Modified Carbon Aerogels for CO2 Capture
Authors: Marques L.M. , Carrott P.J.M. , Carrott M.M.L. Ribeiro
Published: April 2013

Ten different amines of different molar mass and structure were deposited from aqueous and methanolic solutions of different concentrations onto two types of carbon aerogel. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to quantify the loading, thermal stability and CO2 capture capacity of the materials. Our results show that the amount of amine deposited did not depend on the solvent used, but was generally greater from more concentrated solutions, and increased with increasing molar mass. Deposition of amines was principally achieved by adsorption onto the mesopore walls, but without complete pore filling, and also, in some cases, by adsorption in the aerogel micropores. It was also concluded that the thermal stability of the amines deposited on the walls of the mesopores was independent of the solvent used, concentration or aerogel type. Preliminary studies of CO2 adsorption–desorption were carried out and a good correlation between ln(Cn) and 1/T, where Cn is the capacity at temperature T, was found. This enabled direct comparison to be made with published results obtained at different temperatures, and it was found that those obtained in this work were highly comparable with others found for amine-impregnated porous materials with similar amine loadings.
Shape Optimization of Multi-Chamber Tube-Extended Mufflers within Specified Back Pressures Using a Particle Swarm Method
Authors: Chiu Min-Chie
Published: April 2013

Recently, research on new techniques of single-chamber mufflers hybridized with an internal extended tube has been addressed; however, the research work on space-constrained multi-chamber mufflers conjugated with multiple internal extended tubes which may increase the acoustical performance within a specified back pressure has been neglected. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is not only to analyze the sound transmission loss (STL) of a space-constrained tube-extended muffler equipped with 1∼3 chambers but also optimize the best design shape under a specified pressure drop.

In this paper, the four-pole system matrix for evaluating acoustic performance – sound transmission loss (STL) – is derived. Moreover, a particle swarm optimization (PSO), a robust scheme used to search for the global optimum by imitating bird flocking or fish schooling behavior to achieve a self-evolving system, has been used during the optimization process. Before dealing with a broadband noise, the STL's maximization with respect to a one-tone noise is introduced for a reliability check on the PSO method. Additionally, an accuracy check of the mathematical model is performed. To appreciate the acoustical ability of the internal extended tubes and chambers inside a muffler, three kinds of multi-chamber mufflers hybridized with extended tubes (one-chamber, two-chamber, and three-chamber mufflers) have been assessed and compared. Results reveal that the maximal STL is precisely located at the desired tone. Consequently, a successful approach used for the optimal design of the tube-extended mufflers equipped with 1∼3 chambers under space and back pressure constrained conditions has been demonstrated.
Financing Instruments to Promote Energy Efficiency and Renewables in Times of Tight Public Budgets
Authors: Eichhammer Wolfgang , Ragwitz Mario , Schlomann Barbara
Published: April 2013

In the past, many countries have financed schemes to promote energy efficiency and renewable heat generation mainly through public budgets; support schemes to renewable electricity already have a broader financing basis but have been criticised for providing too little incentives for market integration of renewables. This is why it is essential to overhaul the existing financing instruments by tapping new financing sources in addition to the state budgets and by making them more efficient. This objective is examined in four areas: Market-oriented financing schemes for energy efficiency options, financing options for the thermal renovation of the building stock, efficient schemes for renewable electricity generation and future promotion schemes for renewable energy sources for heat generation. The special issue shows that many financing options are either able to mobilise private capital or to supplement public capital in order to provide the additional investments needed for energy efficiency and renewables. The task which remains at the policy level is to establish an efficient framework based on a mixture of private and public funds which mitigates the risks for companies, is tailored to the technological needs and triggers synergetic policies addressing non-economic barriers.
Coordination or Harmonisation? Feasible Pathways for a European Res Strategy beyond 2020
Authors: Resch Gustav , Gephart Malte , Steinhilber Simone , Klessmann Corinna , del Rio Pablo , Ragwitz Mario
Published: April 2013

With Directive 2009/28/EC, the European Parliament and Council have laid the grounds for the policy framework for renewable energy sources (RES) in the European Union until 2020. The aim of this paper is to look more closely beyond 2020, well in advance, contrasting and analysing potential RES policy options that are currently being discussed. Generally the assessment includes RES in all energy sectors but a topical focus is put on renewable electricity, specifically within the discussion of policy options for a harmonisation of RES support. The results of the policy assessment indicate that cooperation and coordination among Member States appear beneficial to tackle current problems in RES markets, and fruitful for the period beyond 2020. By contrast, “simplistic approaches” to RES policy harmonisation, for example via a uniform RES certificate trading, are not suitable to ensure substantial future RES growth.
Which Role for Market-Oriented Instruments for Achieving Energy Efficiency Targets in Germany?
Authors: Schlomann Barbara , Rohde Clemens , Eichhammer Wolfgang , Bürger Veit , Becker Daniel
Published: April 2013

In order to achieve national or EU-wide energy efficiency targets, a variety of policies is available. Apart from the traditional set of regulative, financial, fiscal and informative instruments, market-oriented instruments as e.g. energy efficiency obligations (EEOs) become more and more important. The new EU Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) even suggests EEOs as the preferred instrument for promoting energy efficiency in all Member States. Their actual impact, however, depends highly on the national framework. With a multi-criteria, semi-quantitative approach we evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of these instruments, taking Germany as an example. The evaluation shows that none of the instruments alone can achieve the prescribed energy efficiency targets, but that a mix of instruments is necessary. The possibility of a budget-independence of the funding in particular supports a supplementary deployment of new market-oriented instruments such as an EEO as part of the future mix of policy instruments in Germany.
Can Competition Accelerate Energy Savings? Options and Challenges for Efficiency Feed-in Tariffs
Authors: Cowart Richard , Neme Chris
Published: April 2013

Numerous studies have documented the critical market barriers that suppress consumer investments in energy efficiency well below economically optimal levels. Meanwhile, the policy imperatives for increasing such investments – particularly the need to address global climate change – have never been more compelling. This paper examines how a new policy construct – an energy efficiency feed-in-tariff (EE FiT) – might be designed to address this problem. While an EE FiT will not always be the best approach, its potential benefits merit serious consideration where alternative programmatic routes to efficiency are not well-established. In particular, EE FiTs offer the potential to create new markets and enable new market entrants to uncover and deliver EE resources. This market-based approach may also have advantages in jurisdictions facing political objections to other methods of funding efficiency initiatives. However, as the European experience with FiTs for renewable power reveals, any jurisdiction considering adoption of an EE FiT will need to consider a range of questions, both fundamental and practical. This paper identifies key policy issues and options for EE FiT design. No jurisdiction to date has created an explicit EE FiT; this paper draws on experience in Europe with white certificate programmes, and in the US with utility efficiency mandates and regional capacity markets, in particular the “standard offer” programmes that have been offered by obligated entities over the past two decades. The standard offer programmes differ from a pure efficiency FiT, as they have been offered as part of a portfolio of measures designed jointly to meet an energy savings obligation, not as the fundamental policy construct for achieving savings. Nevertheless, they offer valuable insights into the policy and implementation choices that would need to be made to enable an EE FiT to effectively deliver on its promise.
On the Use of the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings Equation to Predict Far-Field Jet Noise from Large-Eddy Simulations
Authors: Mendez S. , Shoeybi M. , Lele S. K. , Moin P.
Published: April 2013

This study presents best practices for the use of the permeable-surface Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equations to calculate far-field sound from large-eddy simulations of high-speed turbulent jets. A parametric study of the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equations is performed by post-processing existing large-eddy simulations at different operating conditions gathering subsonic, supersonic, cold, isothermal, and heated jets. It is concluded that using the pressure formulations of the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equations yields better results than the density formulation, especially for the heated jet. In terms of surface closure, best results are obtained with closed surfaces, in conjunction with outflow disk averaging, which confirms the results obtained by Spalart and Shur in 2009. This is different from most previous studies, which recommend using open surfaces. In addition, detailed implementation information and quantified technical recommendations are presented as a guideline for post-processing large-eddy simulations for jet noise.
On an Acoustic Oscillation Energy for Shear Flows
Authors: Campos L. M. B. C. , Kobayashi M. H.
Published: April 2013

The pressure perturbation and its derivative for an acoustic wave in a uniformly moving medium are canonical variables whose Hamiltonean is the acoustic energy. In the present paper is introduced a generalized acoustic Hamiltonean or oscillation energy that: (i) is conserved in a uniform flow, when it reduces to the acoustic energy; (ii) is not conserved in an homentropic unidirectional shear flow, in which case it has minimum at the critical layer where the Doppler shifted frequency vanishes. These properties are illustrated in the case of an unidirectional shear flow with an hyperbolic tangent velocity profile, representing a boundary layer over a flat rigid or impedance wall. The exact solution in the boundary layer can be matched to plane waves in the free stream, and reflection and transmission coefficients are defined for a incident wave of unit amplitude. If there is no critical layer in the boundary layer, a single powers series solutions covers the whole flow region from the free stream up to the wall; it is shown that for a rigid wall the modulus of the reflection coefficient is unity, but the argument is not zero, i.e. all sound is reflected with a phase shift. Also it is shown that, in this case, of a boundary layer without critical layer over a rigid wall, the phase of the transmission coefficient is one-half the phase the phase of the reflection coefficient, i.e. sound takes the same time to cross the boundary layer both ways, bouncing from the wall in between. In more general cases, viz. impedance wall and/or boundary layer with a critical layer, the modulus and phase of the reflection and transmission coefficients are calculated as functions of the angle of incidence, free stream Mach number and boundary layer thickness measured on a wavelength scale. When a critical layer is present in the boundary layer, the two pairs of solutions around it and the free stream must be matched, in order to obtain the acoustic field across the whole boundary layer, and calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients. The special case of critical layer at the free stream is also discussed. The cases discussed include boundary layers with and without a critical layer, subsonic and supersonic free streams with one zone of silence and one or two propagation zone(s), and rigid, inductive, reactive and mixed impedance walls. The generalized acoustic Hamiltonean or oscillation energy is also used to obtain a simple approximation for the modulus of the transmission factor, which is reasonably accurate not far from normal incidence.
Simulation and Analysis of Noise Associated with Muzzle Flow
Authors: Bin Jonghoon , Hussaini M. Yousuff
Published: April 2013

A numerical study of a muzzle blast flow-field is performed and analyzed to understand the evolution of flow structures and to examine the sound wave generation mechanisms in the near field. The analysis of vortex dynamics based on the vorticity transport equation shows that the dilatation term contributes more than the baroclinic term to vorticity generation and deformation. The motion of the vortex structures is found to be similar in the cases studied here: the main vortex formation, additional vortex generation and their interactions. The Helmholtz decomposition and acoustic perturbation equations are used to analyze the sound generation mechanism in the muzzle flow. The most significant sound source term is identified and the dominant sound generation phenomenon is shown to occur near the vortex ring region and not in the shocked jet flow.
Broadband Airfoil Trailing-Edge Noise Prediction from Measured Surface Pressures and Spanwise Length Scales
Authors: Herrig Andreas , Kamruzzaman M. , Würz W. , Wagner S.
Published: April 2013

In this paper an effective approach to estimate airfoil Turbulent Boundary-Layer Trailing-Edge (TBL-TE) far-field noise from measured surface pressure fluctuations (SPF) is evaluated. Measurements of both SPF and TE noise were performed on a NACA 0012 airfoil of 0.4 m chord at Reynolds numbers of 1.0–1.9 millions for various angles of attack. A non-homogeneously spaced array of five Kulite-sensors near the TE at x/ c = 0.989 is employed to measure point spectra and spanwise two-point correlations of surface pressure fluctuations. Finally spanwise SPF length-scales are derived as function of frequency. Comparisons to measured TE noise and semi-empirical predictions of surface pressures and far-field noise show very good agreement. It is found, that the proposed method can cover a larger frequency range than standard acoustic measurement techniques. Therefore it can provide valuable assistance in extending spectra obtained conventionally, mainly to low frequencies. Furthermore, pressure and suction side contributions to far-field noise can be obtained separately.
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Examining the Working Conditions of Women Coaches
Authors: Allen Justine B. , Shaw Sally
Published: April 2013

An interdisciplinary framework allowed psychological and sociological approaches to be combined to examine coaches' working conditions, specifically to examine the structural aspects and social values within the sport organisations as well as the implications for individual aspects. Ten participants from two sport organisations took part in the study. They were eight women performance coaches and two coach managers. Participants were interviewed to explore their perceptions of the working environment in their sport organisation including involvement, support, opportunities, and relationships. Four themes were developed characterising coaches' perceptions of their working conditions. These were relationships with key organisational personnel, coach as a person, learning and development opportunities, and relationships among coaches. The themes were examined both within and between the two sport organisations. The structures and values of one organisation fostered working conditions conducive to the need satisfaction of the coaches. The working conditions within the second organisation were less effective, but reflected its organisational values. The findings are discussed in relation to coaching research and provide an alternative approach to examining the social context of coaching.
Towards Accessible Technologies for Coaching
Authors: Hynes Garrett , O'Grady Michael , O'Hare Gregory
Published: April 2013

Keen observation skills are an essential trait for successful coaches. Technologies by which to quantitatively measure and validate their observations and intuitions remain few and far between. For well funded professional teams and individual athletes, access to highly specialized equipment is available. For highly motivated amateur sports personnel, as well as some professional teams, training staff have little access to such technology. This situation is changing. A new generation of affordable technology will be available in the next few years. This offers coaches an unheralded opportunity to harness technology to improve performance of the teams and athletes in their charge. This paper considers the use of wearable technologies as a means for aiding coaches to plan, monitor and compare training sessions. The design of a prototype system that illustrates the easy applicability and potential of such technologies in coaching is motivated and described. A detailed implementation is provided and an overview of the interface presented.
Going beyond Won-Loss Record to Identify Successful Coaches: Development and Preliminary Validation of the Coaching Success Questionnaire-2
Authors: Gillham Andrew , Burton Damon , Gillham Eva
Published: April 2013

The Coaching Success Questionnaire-2 (CSQ-2) was developed to provide a global assessment of coaches' ability to develop critical athlete outcomes (e.g., self-confidence). Study 1 examined the responses of 212 collegiate athletes on the 106-item CSQ-2A, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) results provided empirical guidance for modification and refinement of the instrument. Study 2 utilized EFA and covariance modeling to examine the responses of 352 participants on the 76-item CSQ-2B, resulting in the final 40-item, 10-factor model. Study 3 confirmed the model with a sample of 396 athletes demonstrating strong factorial validity (i.e., RMSEA =.07; SRMR =.05; NNFI =.98; CFI =.99). Construct validity of the CSQ-2 was also examined using bivariate correlations and multivariate analysis of variance across psychosocial correlate variables (i.e., athlete self-confidence, enjoyment/boredom, motivational climate and athlete burnout). Results provided preliminary support for the construct validity of the CSQ-2 and discussion focused on possible uses of this new measure of coaching success as both a research and coach development tool.
Technique Adjustments Influence the Performance of Sprint Paddling in Competitive Male Surfers
Authors: Sheppard Jeremy M. , Osborne Mark , Chapman Dale W. , Andrews Mark , McNamara Phil
Published: April 2013

The present study evaluated what are considered common and contentious differences in paddling technique within the surfing population, across the three distinct categories of: 1) Paddle Stroke length (Reach); 2) Torso Inclination (Chest Position); and 3) Arm Recovery. To assess the differences among paddling techniques, this study employed a within-subjects comparison of sprint paddling kinematic performance differences. Twenty competitive male surfers (19.1±6.8 years, 168.2±11.3 cm, 61.7±13.6 kg) performed 2 maximal trials each of Long vs. Short Reach, Chest Up vs. Down Position, and High vs. Low Arm Recovery during 15 m sprint paddle trials. The sprint paddle efforts were initiated from a stationary, prone lying position, using a horizontal position transducer attached to the rear waistline of each subjects' board-shorts such that kinematic data was obtained for 5 m, 10 m, and 15 m distances, and peak paddling velocity determined. There was no difference observed between Short and Long paddle strokes for any of the distance intervals, nor for peak paddling velocity (p>0.05). For chest position, the Down condition was found to be faster than the Chest Up position for all criterion variables (p=0.01–0.05), with moderate magnitude (d=0.25–0.43). The Low Arm Recovery resulted in superior performance compared to the High Arm Recovery (p=0.02–0.04), with low and moderate magnitudes (d=0.19–0.47). Sprint paddling is likely best conducted with the surfer's chest low to the board, without considerable extension through the back, and with a low arm recovery.
Knowledge of Error in Relation to the Teaching and Learning of the Osoto-Gari Judo Throw
Authors: Lage Iván Prieto , Gutiérrez-Santiago Alfonso , Foguet Oleguer Camerino , Argilaga Maria T. Anguera
Published: April 2013

The aim of this study was to determine the most frequent technical errors, and their associated behavioural sequences, in the judo throw osoto-gari, proposing improvements to the way in which judo is taught and learnt. Inexperienced students (n=55, 30 males and 25 females; M=24.8 years, SD=2.3) from the Faculty of Educational and Sports Science at the University of Vigo (Spain) were recorded on digital video while performing the technique. The results of this systematic observational study based in descriptive statistics and the sequential analysis of temporal patterns were obtained via the THEME v.5 software, revealing a series of typical errors when learning the osoto-gari. Specific sequences of errors were identified being able to propose motor tasks and teaching-learning processes to ensure that novices successfully learnt the osoto-gari technique. Recommendations about the use of feedback are also provided.
Comparison of Kicking Motion Characteristics at Ball Impact between Female and Male Soccer Players
Authors: Sakamoto Keiko , Asai Takeshi
Published: April 2013

Kicking, and particularly foot–ball impact, is a fundamental soccer skill. To date, most studies of ball impact have examined only male players. However, gender differences among soccer players might affect kicking performance. The competitiveness of female players might therefore be enhanced by providing gender-specific training and coaching. Here we compared the technical characteristics of ball impact during instep and inside kicks between male and female players. Female players exhibited significantly lower ball velocity, foot velocity immediately before impact, striking mass, and average ball-to-foot velocity ratio than male players (p < 0.05). The ball-to-foot velocity ratio decreased as the distance of the impact point from the centre of gravity (CoG) of the foot increased. Our results suggested that training for female players should focus on making contact with the ball near the foot's CoG under various conditions.
Translating Key Methodological Issues into Technological Advancements When Running In-Situ Experiments in Sports: An Example from Sailing
Authors: Pluijms Joost P. , Cañal-Bruland Rouwen , Kats Serge , Savelsbergh Geert J. P.
Published: April 2013

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in capturing and understanding skilled performance by studying complex perceptual-motor skills. In this context, we identify and discuss key methodological issues that are particularly relevant when aiming to translate sport scientific knowledge into practical guidelines for coaches and athletes. These issues are: the representative performance environment (including fidelity of stimuli and type of response), generalisability, and experimental control. After a short introduction of the methodological issues, we first review and critically discuss to what degree past research studying complex perceptual-motor skills in sports has or has not sufficiently taken these issues into account. Second, we illustrate an examination of expertise in sailing as an example of how to address the key issues when performing experiments in-situ. We conclude that the presented example illustrates how the collaboration between coaches, athletes and sports scientists advances the methodological and technological developments to capture skilled performance in complex sports.
Nanowire nanoelectronics: Building interfaces with tissue and cells at the natural scale of biology
Authors: Cohen-Karni Tzahi , Lieber Charles M.
Published: April 2013

The interface between nanoscale electronic devices and biological systems enables interactions at length scales natural to biology, and thus should maximize communication between these two diverse yet complementary systems. Moreover, nanostructures and nanostructured substrates show enhanced coupling to artificial membranes, cells, and tissue. Such nano–bio interfaces offer better sensitivity and spatial resolution as compared to conventional planar structures. In this work, we will report the electrical properties of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) interfaced with embryonic chicken hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes. We developed a scheme that allowed us to manipulate the nanoelectronic to tissue/cell interfaces while monitoring their electrical activity. In addition, by utilizing the bottom-up approach, we extended our work to the subcellular regime, and interfaced cells with the smallest reported device ever and thus exceeded the spatial and temporal resolution limits of other electrical recording techniques. The exceptional synthetic control and flexible assembly of nanowires (NWs) provides powerful tools for fundamental studies and applications in life science, and opens up the potential of merging active transistors with cells such that the distinction between nonliving and living systems is blurred.
Exhibition 5: Cinema and its Others
Authors: Eamon Christopher
Published: April 2013

PUBLIC 46: Prime Mover is a selection of five essays corresponding to five hypothetical exhibitions of works from an influential private collection with which Eamon was professionally involved for more than ten years. The collection, one of the first in private hands to focus almost
exclusively on time-based media, has been the subject of a number of graduate theses and museum catalogues, but this publication aims to bolster these efforts towards better understanding of a collection that has altered the field of media art. In a sense, these essays constitute a history
of moving-image art starting from around 1900 that is meant to be a resource for students of film and video art, on the one hand, and for scholars investigating the history of collections on the other. Although the five exhibitions imagined here evolved separately, they can be read as chapters
of a continuous story, or, alternatively, they can be read as different lenses through which one can look at the history of media art itself, as a necessarily fragmentary history. The different formats and different approaches in this publication all come from the curator’s toolbox,
where one is able to place works of art in a variety of contexts, grouping them in ways that both illuminate the works and, hopefully, the history of art as well.
Art and multitude by Antonio Negri
Authors: Dirisio Michael
Published: April 2013

Antonio Negri builds upon the aesthetic theory of thinkers from Kant and Heidegger to Delueze and Foucault with his recent text Art & Multitude, where he applies this theory to possible modes of political resistance and social change. With an analysis of various shifts in capitalist
production considered in relation to the central art movements of the past two centuries, Negri considers both the realities of the present labour struggles and the possibilities for liberation constructed through artistic action.
Exhibition 4: Real Time, Flux and Modernity
Authors: Eamon Christopher
Published: April 2013

PUBLIC 46: Prime Mover is a selection of five essays corresponding to five hypothetical exhibitions of works from an influential private collection with which Eamon was professionally involved for more than ten years. The collection, one of the first in private hands to focus almost
exclusively on time-based media, has been the subject of a number of graduate theses and museum catalogues, but this publication aims to bolster these efforts towards better understanding of a collection that has altered the field of media art. In a sense, these essays constitute a history
of moving-image art starting from around 1900 that is meant to be a resource for students of film and video art, on the one hand, and for scholars investigating the history of collections on the other. Although the five exhibitions imagined here evolved separately, they can be read as chapters
of a continuous story, or, alternatively, they can be read as different lenses through which one can look at the history of media art itself, as a necessarily fragmentary history. The different formats and different approaches in this publication all come from the curator’s toolbox,
where one is able to place works of art in a variety of contexts, grouping them in ways that both illuminate the works and, hopefully, the history of art as well.
Effectiveness of Asphalt Rejuvenator
Authors: Lee Jusang , Li Shuo , Kim Yongjoo , Lee Jaejun
Published: April 2013

This paper presents an evaluation of maltene rejuvenator effectiveness. The rejuvenator was applied on the U.S.-40 highway in Henry County, IN, and its performance was monitored and evaluated using four different evaluation methods: (1) friction, (2) permeability test, (3) dynamic shear rheometer, and (4) contact-angle test. The results demonstrate that the rejuvenator has no significant effects on pavement permeability. However, the rejuvenator reduced the moduli (i.e., dynamic shear modulus, viscous modulus, and elastic modulus), increased the phase angle, and increased the water drop contact angle of the asphalt binder. The influence depth of the rejuvenator was approximately 12.5 mm from the surface for the test section. The influence life of the rejuvenator lasted longer than 391 days. Even though all average friction numbers (FNs) throughout the measurement period were above the INDOT minimum requirement (i.e., >20 FN), this depended to a large extent on the surface friction of the existing pavement before applying the rejuvenator. There was a significant FN reduction of a maximum of 47 % within a day after the application of the rejuvenator. Based on the friction performance, a friction test on existing pavements should be required prior to application of the rejuvenator. A pavement with a low FN should not receive the rejuvenator application.
Acid Treatment Technique for Determining the Mortar Content of Recycled Concrete Aggregates
Authors: Akbarnezhad A. , Ong K. C. G. , Zhang M. H. , Tam C. T.
Published: April 2013

The presence of old cementitious mortar in recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) has been reported to be one of the main factors contributing to a lowering of the performance of concrete made with RCA relative to those made with natural aggregates (NA). This difference in performance has been attributed to the proportion of mortar present in the RCA vis-à-vis the NA used to cast the original parent concrete. Therefore, determining the mortar content might provide an effective means of assessing the overall quality of RCA. Also, as reported in the available literature, it is essential to take into account the amount of mortar present in RCA as part of the total mortar present when designing concrete mixes cast with RCA. However, an easy-to-use standard method for accurately determining the cementitious mortar content of RCA is not available at present. In this study, an acid treatment testing method is proposed to determine the mortar content of RCA. The method is able to remove most, if not all, of the cementitious mortar and takes approximately 24 h to carry out. In addition, the effects of mortar content on properties of RCA including 24-hour water absorption, bulk density, and Los Angeles abrasion resistance were investigated. The effects of the original parent concrete strength on the relationships between mortar content and RCA properties were also investigated. The study was confined to only granitic coarse aggregates.
A New Device for Simulating Athlete-to-Surface Interactions on Natural and Synthetic Turf
Authors: Thoms Adam W. , Brosnan James T. , Paquette Max R. , Zhang Songning , Sorochan John C.
Published: April 2013

Non-contact athletic injuries are the result of forces generated during athlete-to-surface interactions. Associations between playing surface conditions and injury incidence have been reported and numerous devices have been used to measure the vertical and horizontal forces occurring during athlete-to-surface interactions. However, nearly all of these instruments evaluate horizontal and vertical force separately. The objectives of this research were to (1) develop the Tennessee Athletic Field Tester (TAFT), an instrument for evaluating natural and synthetic playing surfaces that simultaneously generates realistic, peak vertical and horizontal forces that occur during athlete-to-surface interactions; (2) compare the simultaneous, peak vertical and horizontal forces measured by TAFT to values measured by an in-ground force platform at three simulated athlete weights and rates of horizontal velocity; and (3) determine the optimal rate of horizontal velocity for each simulated athlete weight to facilitate comparisons to force platform data. Peak vertical and horizontal force data were collected while operating TAFT on a force platform. The experimental design was the factorial combination of three athlete weights (75 kg, 85 kg, and 95 kg) and three horizontal velocities (500 mm s−1, 750 mm s−1, and 1000 mm s−1). At 1000 mm s−1, peak vertical force values with TAFT were greater than or equal to those captured by the force platform and similar to those reported using human subjects of similar weight. All TAFT configurations generated peak horizontal forces greater than those measured on the force platform and higher than have been observed in human subject trials. TAFT is a new instrument that generates peak vertical and horizontal forces that occur during athlete-to-surface interactions that may allow researchers to better characterize the safety of natural and synthetic turf playing surfaces.
An Experimental Device for Material Characterization of Powder Materials
Authors: Lindskog Per , Andersson Daniel C. , Larsson Per-Lennart
Published: April 2013

An experimental device has been developed intended for the material characterization of powder metals. The experimental approach rests on the uniaxial (die) compaction of powders. The output is the compaction force–depth relationship together with the die wall/powder contact pressure determined at eight different points using pressure sensors placed on the die wall. The recorded data are of such high quality that it can be expected that inverse methods aiming at material characterization can be applied without numerical instability problems. Finite-element methods are used in order to verify the outcome of the experimental approach for the particular case of WC/Co powder materials mechanically described by using an advanced elasto-plastic material model with a large number of constitutive properties.
Carboxyl Modification of Sugarcane Bagasse Hemicelluloses With Succinic Anhydride in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Wang Lijun , Liu Xinliang , Weng Mengling , Wu Fusheng , Li Zhoujun , Wang Shuangfei
Published: April 2013

In this paper, we describe the modification of sugarcane bagasse with succinic anhydride to introduce carboxylic functions to sugarcane bagasse. The properties of the sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses change after carboxyl modification. The influences of the chemical reaction on the conditions, the chemical composition, and the thermal stability of the modified product are described. One gram of dried sugarcane bagasse was modified using 3.0 g succinic anhydride and 0.1 g N-bromination succinic imide with a reaction time of 6 h at 70°C. The obtained materials were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy.
A novel first exon directs hormone-sensitive transcription of the pig prolactin receptor
Authors: Schennink Anke , Trott Josephine F , Freking Bradley A , Hovey Russell C
Published: April 2013

Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine prolactin (PRL) acts through its receptor (PRLR) to confer a wide range of biological functions, including its established role during lactation. We have identified a novel first exon of the porcine PRLR that gives rise to three different mRNA transcripts. Transcription of this first exon is tissue specific, where it increases during gestation in the adrenal glands and uterus. Within the mammary glands, its transcription is induced by estrogen and PRL, while in the uterus, its expression is downregulated by progestin. The promoter region has an enhancer element located between −453 and −424 bp and a putative repressor element between −648 and −596 bp. Estrogen, acting through the estrogen receptor, activates transcription from this promoter through both E-box and transcription factor AP-2 α binding sites. These findings support the concept that the multilevel hormonal regulation of PRLR transcription contributes to the various biological functions of PRL.
Early leptin blockade predisposes fat-fed rats to overweight and modifies hypothalamic microRNAs
Authors: Benoit Charlotte , Ould-Hamouda Hassina , Crepin Delphine , Gertler Arieh , Amar Laurence , Taouis Mohammed
Published: April 2013

Perinatal leptin impairment has long-term consequences on energy homeostasis leading to body weight gain. The underlying mechanisms are still not clearly established. We aimed to analyze the long-term effects of early leptin blockade. In this study, newborn rats received daily injection of a pegylated rat leptin antagonist (pRLA) or saline from day 2 (d2) to d13 and then body weight gain, insulin/leptin sensitivity, and expression profile of microRNAs (miRNAs) at the hypothalamic level were determined at d28, d90, or d153 (following 1 month of high-fat diet (HFD) challenge). We show that pRLA treatment predisposes rats to overweight and promotes leptin/insulin resistance in both hypothalamus and liver at adulthood. pRLA treatment also modifies the hypothalamic miRNA expression profile at d28 leading to the upregulation of 34 miRNAs and the downregulation of four miRNAs. For quantitative RT-PCR confirmation, we show the upregulation of rno-miR-10a at d28 and rno-miR-200a, rno-miR-409-5p, and rno-miR-125a-3p following HFD challenge. Finally, pRLA treatment modifies the expression of genes involved in energy homeostasis control such as UCPs and AdipoRs. In pRLA rat muscle,Ucp2/3andAdipor1/r2are upregulated at d90. In liver, pRLA treatment upregulatesAdipor1/r2following HFD challenge. These genes are known to be involved in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the impairment of leptin action in early life promotes insulin/leptin resistance and modifies the hypothalamic miRNA expression pattern in adulthood, and finally, this study highlights the potential link between hypothalamic miRNA expression pattern and insulin/leptin responsiveness.
Case Control Study of Women Treated With Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer During Pregnancy as Compared With Nonpregnant Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Litton Jennifer K. , Warneke Carla L. , Hahn Karin M. , Palla Shana L. , Kuerer Henry M. , Perkins George H. , Mittendorf Elizabeth A. , Barnett Chad , Gonzalez-Angulo Ana M. , Hortobágyi Gabriel N. , Theriault Richard L.
Published: April 2013

Learning Objectives

Discuss known data regarding outcomes in pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Evaluate outcomes in a single institution when compared to nonpregnant breast cancer patients.

Background.

The purpose of this analysis was to compare disease-free survival (DFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) between pregnant and nonpregnant patients with breast cancer.

Methods.

From 1989 to 2009, 75 women were treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy. Each pregnant case was matched on age and cancer stage to two nonpregnant patients with breast cancer (controls). Fisher's exact test, the Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used.

Results.

Median follow-up time for patients who were alive at the end of follow-up (n = 159) was 4.20 years (range: 0.28–19.94 years). DFS at 5 years was 72% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 58.3%–82.1%) for pregnant patients and 57% (95% CI: 46.7%–65.8%) for controls (p = .0115). Five-year PFS was 70% (95% CI: 56.8%–80.3%) for pregnant patients and 59% (95% CI: 49.1%–67.5%) for controls (p = .0252). Five-year OS was 77% (95% CI: 63.9%–86.4%) for pregnant patients and 71% (95% CI: 61.1%–78.3%) for controls (p = .0461). Hazard ratio estimates favored improved survival for pregnant patients in univariate analyses and multivariate analyses, controlling for age, year of diagnosis, stage, and tumor grade.

Conclusions.

For patients who received chemotherapy during pregnancy, survival was comparable to—if not better than—that of nonpregnant women. Pregnant patients with breast cancer should receive appropriate local and systemic therapy for breast cancer.