bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune cell involvement in brown adipose tissue functions
Authors: Bertola Adeline , Gallerand Alexandre , Ivanov Stoyan
Published: October 2022

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contains many immune cells. The presence of macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and mast cells was documented in BAT. However, in comparison to white adipose tissue, relatively little is known on the impact of immune cells on BAT function. By directly interacting with BAT stromal cells, or by secreting pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, immune cells modulate BAT activation and subsequently influence on adaptative thermogenesis and heat generation. In the current manuscript, we will focus on the diversity and functions of BAT immune cells.
Impact of the amount of preoperative erector spinae muscle in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Ueda Daisuke , Tsutani Yasuhiro , Kamigaichi Atsushi , Kawamoto Nobutaka , Tsubokawa Norifumi , Ito Masaoki , Mimae Takahiro , Miyata Yoshihiro , Okada Morihito
Published: October 2022

OBJECTIVES

Erector spinae muscle (ESM) is an antigravity muscle group that can be evaluated as an index of muscle loss on chest computed tomography. The amount of ESM has been reported to be related to the prognosis of several respiratory diseases. However, few studies clarify the impact on postoperative non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated the relationship between ESM and postoperative prognosis in patients with early-stage NSCLC.

METHODS

We reviewed the medical records of 534 patients with stage I NSCLC who underwent lobectomy or segmentectomy. The ESM was identified by preoperative computed tomography, and the amount was normalized according to height and sex. Overall survival, lung cancer-related deaths and non-lung cancer-related deaths (NLCRD) were analysed using log-rank and Gray’s tests. Multivariable analyses were conducted to identify factors that influenced overall survival (OS) and NLCRD.

RESULTS

The amount of ESM normalized according to height and sex was significantly associated with age and body mass index. When the amount was low, OS (5-year OS, 79.6 vs 89.5%; P< 0.001) and NLCRD (5-year cumulative mortality rate, 14.7 vs 6.8%; P< 0.001) were significantly worse, although no difference was found in lung cancer-related deaths.

CONCLUSIONS

The amount of preoperative ESM was strongly related to non-lung cancer-related death and was a significant prognostic factor for stage I NSCLC. Patients with a low amount of the muscle should be treated based on proper risk assessment.
The Capparis spinosa var. herbacea genome provides the first genomic instrument for a diversity and evolution study of the Capparaceae family
Authors: Wang Lei , Fan Liqiang , Zhao Zhenyong , Zhang Zhibin , Jiang Li , Chai Mao , Tian Changyan
Published: October 2022

Background

The caper bush Capparis spinosa L., one of the most economically important species of Capparaceae, is a xerophytic shrub that is well adapted to drought and harsh environments. However, genetic studies on this species are limited because of the lack of its reference genome.

Findings

We sequenced and assembled the Capparis spinosa var. herbacea (Willd.) genome using data obtained from the combination of PacBio circular consensus sequencing and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture. The final genome assembly was approximately 274.53 Mb (contig N50 length of 9.36 Mb, scaffold N50 of 15.15 Mb), 99.23% of which was assigned to 21 chromosomes. In the whole-genome sequence, tandem repeats accounted for 19.28%, and transposable element sequences accounted for 43.98%. The proportion of tandem repeats in the C. spinosa var. herbacea genome was much higher than the average of 8.55% in plant genomes. A total of 21,577 protein-coding genes were predicted, with 98.82% being functionally annotated. The result of species divergence times showed that C. spinosa var. herbacea and Tarenaya hassleriana separated from a common ancestor 43.31 million years ago.

Conclusions

This study reported a high-quality reference genome assembly and genome features for the Capparaceae family. The assembled C. spinosa var. herbacea genome might provide a system for studying the diversity, speciation, and evolution of this family and serve as an important resource for understanding the mechanism of drought and high-temperature resistance.
Balancing quality and quaternary care imperative using a high-risk case review committee in adults
Authors: Ibrahim Michael , Acker Andrew , Weiss Steve , Lawrence Kendall , Ottemiller Stephanie , McGarvey Jeremy , Epler Mark , Williams Matthew , Szeto Wilson Y , Acker Michael
Published: October 2022

OBJECTIVES

Quaternary care centres have an imperative to serve as hospitals of last resort and must also meet professional quality targets. We developed a high-risk committee (HRC) to evaluate cases meeting pre-defined predicted risk cut-offs as a part of an overall quality improvement drive.

METHODS

We describe the structure, outcomes and effects of the Penn HRC. Using propensity-matching, we investigated whether the committee modifies or screens risk. We used multivariable analysis to examine the impact of unmeasured variables on clinical outcomes in this cohort.

RESULTS

Institutional predicted and observed mortality had already been in decline prior to HRC institution in 2017, due to a multi-faceted quality improvement initiative. Between 2017 and 2020, the HRC discussed 205 patients with a median predicted risk of mortality of 10.6% (range 0.4–66%). Coronary artery bypass grafting was the most commonly presented operation. A total of 155 patients underwent operation (risk 10.3%), 12 had surgery deferred for optimization (risk 6%), 50 had surgery declined (risk 11.7%) and 12 patients had a deferred decision for further investigation. Overall 30-day survival was 86% for the entire cohort and 89% for operated patients. A matched analysis of similar patients prior to and following the HRC showed that the HRC did not directly modify outcomes. Most patients had better than expected survival (observed:expected mortality < 1). Predicted risk did not predict 30-day mortality among this high-risk cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

HRCs serve as an important element in quality improvement by encouraging a thoughtful approach and channelling the collective experience of a group of senior surgeons. It may improve patient selection by identifying a cohort with extremely poor survival, while allowing safe operation with acceptable outcomes among a group with very high operative risk.
On sharp stochastic zeroth-order Hessian estimators over Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Wang Tianyu
Published: October 2022

We study Hessian estimators for functions defined over an $n$-dimensional complete analytic Riemannian manifold. We introduce new stochastic zeroth-order Hessian estimators using $O (1)$ function evaluations. We show that, for an analytic real-valued function $f$, our estimator achieves a bias bound of order $ O ( \gamma \delta ^2 ) $, where $ \gamma $ depends on both the Levi–Civita connection and function $f$, and $\delta $ is the finite difference step size. To the best of our knowledge, our results provide the first bias bound for Hessian estimators that explicitly depends on the geometry of the underlying Riemannian manifold. We also study downstream computations based on our Hessian estimators. The supremacy of our method is evidenced by empirical evaluations.
How Do Genomic, Mitochondrial, and Morphological Data Contribute to the Linnean Classification of the Porrostomine Net-Winged Beetles (Coleoptera, Lycidae)?
Authors: Kusy Dominik , Motyka Michal , Bilkova Renata , Bocak Ladislav
Published: October 2022

The Lycidae genera have seldom been tested with phylogenetic analyses. Therefore, we assembled genomic data to estimate the phylogenetic backbone of the porrostomines, one of Metriorrhynchina’s major clades. Further, mtDNA and morphology were employed to assign 352 analyzed species to genera. We present evidence for the paraphyly of Metriorrhynchus and terminal position of Porrostoma, revise the generic classification, and describe eight genera: Maraiakoreus gen. nov., Kuarhynchus gen. nov., Riedelrhynchus gen. nov., Bundikanus gen. nov., Yamarhynchus gen. nov., Bekorhynchus gen. nov., Sundarhynchus gen. nov., and Isuarhynchus gen. nov. We synonymize Stadenus Waterhouse, 1879, syn. nov., Metriorrhynchoides Kleine, 1923, syn. nov., and Oriomum Bocak, 1999a, syn. nov., to Porrostoma Castelnau, 1838. Next, we propose 75 new combinations and four new species: Bundikanus styskalai sp. nov., Kuarhynchus sisrangensis sp. nov., Maraiakoreus argenteus sp. nov., and Yamarhynchus sinopassensis sp. nov. We identified repeated origins of several external morphological traits earlier used to delimitate genera. Therefore, we prefer concordant evidence from the densely sampled mitochondrial phylogenies and male genitalia. The analyses identify high phylogenetic diversity and species richness in New Guinea, much lower phylogenetic diversity of the Australian continental fauna, and the limited permeability of the Wallacea that resulted in a single porrostomine genus in Asia. We point to the common acceptance of paraphyletic and polyphyletic taxa in the current classification. As a result, taxonomy has not provided expected support for any state-of-the-art evolutionary and zoogeographic studies. The phylogeny, species inventory, and classification of porrostomines set the basis for future evolutionary and zoogeographical studies.
Marshall Lecture 2022: The Economics of Women’s Rights
Authors: Tertilt Michèle , Doepke Matthias , Hannusch Anne , Montenbruck Laura
Published: October 2022

Two centuries ago, in most countries around the world, women were unable to vote, had no say over their own children or property, and could not obtain a divorce. Women have gradually gained rights in many areas of life, and this legal expansion has been closely intertwined with economic development. We aim to understand the drivers behind these reforms. To this end, we distinguish between four types of women’s rights—economic, political, labor, and body—and document their evolution over the past 50 years across countries. We summarize the political-economy mechanisms that link economic development to changes in women’s rights and show empirically that these mechanisms account for a large share of the variation in women’s rights across countries and over time.
HIV-induced membraneless organelles orchestrate post-nuclear entry steps
Authors: Scoca Viviana , Morin Renaud , Collard Maxence , Tinevez Jean-Yves , Di Nunzio Francesca
Published: October 2022

HIV integration occurs in chromatin sites that favor the release of high levels of viral progeny; alternatively, the virus is also able to discreetly coexist with the host. The viral infection perturbs the cellular environment inducing the remodelling of the nuclear landscape. Indeed, HIV-1 triggers the nuclear clustering of the host factor CPSF6, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Our data indicate that HIV usurps a recently discovered biological phenomenon, called liquid–liquid phase separation, to hijack the host cell. We observed CPSF6 clusters as part of HIV-induced membraneless organelles (HIV-1 MLOs) in macrophages, one of the main HIV target cell types. We describe that HIV-1 MLOs follow phase-separation rules and represent functional biomolecular condensates. We highlight HIV-1 MLOs as hubs of nuclear reverse transcription, while the double-stranded viral DNA, once formed, rapidly migrates outside these structures. Transcription-competent proviruses localize outside but near HIV-1 MLOs in LEDGF-abundant regions, known to be active chromatin sites. Therefore, HIV-1 MLOs orchestrate viral events prior to the integration step and create a favorable environment for the viral replication. This study uncovers single functional host–viral complexes in their nuclear landscape, which is markedly restructured by HIV-1.
Radiatively driven evaporation from magnetar’s surface
Authors: Demidov Ivan , Lyubarsky Yuri
Published: October 2022

The luminosity of the Soft Gamma Repeater flares significantly exceeds the Eddington luminosity. This is because they emit mainly in the E mode, for which the radiative cross-sections are strongly suppressed. The energy is released in the magnetosphere forming a magnetically trapped pair fireball, and the surface of the star is illuminated by the powerful radiation from the fireball. We study the ablation of the matter from the surface by this radiation. The E-mode photons are scattered within the surface layer, partly being converted into O-photons, whose scattering cross-section is of the order of the Thomson cross-section. The high radiation pressure of the O-mode radiation expels the plasma upwards. The uplifted matter forms a thick baryon sheath around the fireball. If an illuminated fraction of the star’s surface includes the polar cap, a heavy, mildly relativistic baryonic wind is formed.
Conservation priorities for global marine biodiversity across multiple dimensions
Authors: Fan Huizhong , Huang Mingpan , Chen Youhua , Zhou Wenliang , Hu Yibo , Wei Fuwen
Published: October 2022

Marine biodiversity plays important roles in ocean ecosystem services and has substantial economic value. Species diversity, genetic diversity and phylogenetic diversity, which reflect the number, evolutionary potential and evolutionary history of species in ecosystem functioning, are three important dimensions of biodiversity. Marine-protected areas have been demonstrated as an effective area-based tool for protecting marine biodiversity, but only 2.8% of the ocean has been fully protected. It is urgent to identify global conservation priority areas and percentage of the ocean across multiple dimensions of biodiversity based on Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Here, we investigate the spatial distribution of marine genetic and phylogenetic diversity using 80 075 mitochondrial DNA barcode sequences from 4316 species and a newly constructed phylogenetic tree of 8166 species. We identify that the Central Indo-Pacific Ocean, Central Pacific Ocean and Western Indian Ocean harbor high levels of biodiversity across three dimensions of biodiversity, which could be designated as conservation priority areas. We also find that strategically protecting ∼22% of the ocean would allow us to reach the target of conserving ∼95% of currently known taxonomic, genetic and phylogenetic diversity. Our study provides insights into the spatial distribution pattern of multiple marine diversities and the findings would help to design comprehensive conservation schemes for global marine biodiversity.
Pooling Rectal, Pharyngeal, and Urine Samples to Detect Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Mycoplasma genitalium Using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Is as Effective as Single-Site Testing for Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Prazuck Thierry , Lanotte Philippe , Le Moal Gwénaël , Hocqueloux Laurent , Sunder Simon , Catroux Mélanie , Garcia Magali , Perfezou Pascale , Gras Guillaume , Plouzeau Chloé , Lévêque Nicolas , Beby-Defaux Agnès
Published: October 2022

Background

Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) at pharyngeal, urogenital, and anorectal sites is recommended for men who have sex with men (MSM). Pooling samples is a promising technique, but no data are available when pooled screening also includes Mycoplasma genitalium (MG). The main objective of this study was to examine the sensitivity of pooled samples for detecting CT, NG, and MG in MSM using nucleic acid amplification versus single-site testing.

Methods

In this multicenter study, MSM with a positive result for CT, NG, or MG were recalled to the clinic for treatment and were asked to participate in this study. Separate samples were sent to a central virological department that proceeded to form the pooled samples. Testing was performed using the multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction Allplex STI Essential Assay (Seegene, Seoul, Korea), which can simultaneously detect 7 pathogens.

Results

A total of 130 MSM with at least 1 positive test for CT, NG, or MG were included. A total of 25.4% had a coinfection. The sensitivities of pooled-sample testing were 94.8% for CT, 97.0% for NG, and 92.3% for MG. Pooling failed to detect 8 infections, but pooled-sample analysis missed detecting only samples with a low bacterial load (cycle threshold >35).

Conclusions

Pooling samples from MSM to detect CT, NG, and MG is as sensitive as individual-site testing for these 3 pathogens using the Allplex assay. Missed infections with a very low bacterial load could have a low impact on further transmission.

Clinical Trials Registration. NCT03568695.
Antiretroviral Drug Detection in a Community-Randomized Trial of Universal HIV Testing and Treatment: HPTN 071 (PopART)
Authors: Fogel Jessica M , Zewdie Kidist , Clarke William A , Piwowar-Manning Estelle , Breaud Autumn , Moore Ayana , Kosloff Barry , Shanaube Kwame , van Zyl Gert , Scheepers Michelle , Floyd Sian , Bock Peter , Ayles Helen , Fidler Sarah , Hayes Richard , Donnell Deborah , Eshleman Susan H ,   for the HPTN 071 (PopART) Study Team
Published: October 2022

Background

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission risk. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate ART uptake in a trial in Zambia and South Africa that implemented a community-wide universal testing and treatment package to reduce HIV incidence.

Methods

Study communities were randomized to 3 arms: A, combination-prevention intervention with universal ART; B, combination-prevention intervention with ART according to local guidelines; and C, standard of care. Samples were collected from people with HIV (PWH) during a survey visit conducted 2 years after study implementation: these samples were tested for 22 antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. Antiretroviral therapy uptake was defined as detection of ≥1 ARV drug. Resistance was evaluated in 612 randomly selected viremic participants. A 2-stage, cluster-based approach was used to assess the impact of the study intervention on ART uptake.

Results

Antiretroviral drugs were detected in 4419 of 6207 (71%) samples (Arm A, 73%; Arm B, 70%; Arm C, 60%); 4140 (94%) of samples with ARV drugs had viral loads <400 copies/mL. Drug resistance was observed in 237 of 612 (39%) viremic participants (95 of 102 [93%] with ARV drugs; 142 of 510 [28%] without drugs). Antiretroviral therapy uptake was associated with older age, female sex, enrollment year, seroconverter status, and self-reported ART (all P < .001). The adjusted risk ratio for ART uptake was similar for Arm A versus C (1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], .94–1.54; P = .12) and Arm B versus C (1.14; 95% CI, .89–1.46; P = .26).

Conclusions

At the 2-year survey, 71% of PWH were on ART and 94% of those participants were virally suppressed. Universal testing and treatment was not significantly associated with increased ART uptake in this cohort.
Sociology Revised
Authors: Al-Hardan Anaheed
Published: October 2022

Sociology as a modern discipline was born in the capitals of imperialist societies, and its early proponents were concerned with elaborating rules of progress that justified the geopolitical status quo of empires. Unlike his early peers, however, W. E. B. Du Bois based his sociological analysis of the social relations of empires on an anticolonial political commitment. This chapter considers Du Bois’s anticolonial social theory as elaborated in his reflections on the emergent post–World War II global order. It considers his theorization of colonial modernity, the geopolitical divisions of empires, the rationality of colonialism, the relationship between capitalism and colonialism, and colonial knowledge production, as well as the weaknesses and shortcomings in his analysis. The chapter argues that the inclusion of anticolonial social thinkers like Du Bois in sociology recenters colonialism and empires as analytic categories of analysis, making the discipline relevant to the understanding of a world that continues to be marked by colonialism and neocolonialism today.
Feminist Perspectives on Disability, Impairment, and
Ableness
Authors: Chouinard Vera
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines some of the key developments in, and contributions of, feminist perspectives on disability. It argues that both the disability and women’s movements failed to acknowledge and engage with disabled women’s lives. This was an impetus to sharing personal accounts of disabled women’s oppression—some of which were autoethnographic, and others biographical. The general aim, much like that of the women’s liberation movement, was to make the “personal” political and in doing so to provide opportunities for social change. This was a form of consciousness-raising in feminist disability studies and activism. And it contributed to feminist efforts to bring the body and mind back into critical analyses of disability—a focus that had been jeopardized as strong social models of disability that equated disability with social barriers to inclusion, and became increasingly influential among disability scholars and activists. The new millennium has seen feminist accounts of disability further develop and change. Growing emphasis on intersectionality has encouraged a multiplicity of differences to be considered in understanding the lives and oppression of disabled people. This includes studies that broaden the range of mind and body differences considered to be disabling (e.g., being “fat”). Engagement with the interdisciplinary literature on queer studies is encouraging new perspectives on disability, impairment, and ableness including attempts to situate the oppression of disabled people in the dynamics of contemporary global capitalism. In these times of pandemic and war, we urgently need to build on this work to struggle for more enabling societies and places of life.
Aesthetics, Politics, Rhetoric
Authors: Struever Nancy
Published: October 2022

R. G. Collingwood’s early work in art inquiry was of signal importance to his innovations in general inquiry. The Pembroke Trinity Term Lectures of 1924, the Speculum Mentis of 1924, and the Outlines of a Philosophy of Art of 1925 formed an account that took into consideration all experience and mental activity and thus must focus on aesthetic experience and art activity. This energized Collingwood’s critique of Oxonian philosophy and invests his early interest in Aristotle’s De anima and the work of Hobbes and Vico; thus, we have his essay on contemporary political thinking and rhetorical practice in New Leviathan.
An Ethics of Public Political Deliberation
Authors: Chambers Simone
Published: October 2022

This chapter outlines an ethics of public political deliberation with particular attention to the question of the appropriate or inapposite use of rhetoric in the public sphere. Informed by deliberative democracy theory, it argues that standards of appropriateness must themselves be the subject of public debate. Although no rhetorical styles are in principle excluded, all rhetorical dimensions must be open to criticism and question. This argument rejects any suggestion that deliberative democracy insists on a rationalism that either excludes rhetoric or limits it to a narrow band of propositional truth statements offered in a neutral style. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the relative success of Donald Trump’s rhetoric with his base, despite widespread criticism and public condemnation. The analysis attributes this success to the insulation of many of his supporters from the salutary effect of broad public evidence-driven debate and suggests that such debate is not dead in the mainstream American public sphere.
Performing Spectral Ensemble Works by Grisey and Dumitrescu
Authors: Carrick Richard
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines interpretive approaches to some performance scenarios unique to spectral ensemble works by composers Gérard Grisey and Iancu Dumitrescu, developed by first-hand experience conducting their music with the ensembles Either/Or (New York) and Hyperion International (Bucharest). Of special note is the unique role of the conducting-composer (“interpretive conductor”) in Dumitrescu’s music and how this role helps his music break free from barriers of conventional notation to best incorporate acoustic phenomenon in real time performance. This chapter examines non-metric time organization and intonation as a compositional building block in Grisey’s Périodes (1974), as well as Dumitrescu’s “phenomenological” approach to notation, electronics, instrumentation, performers, conducting, and rehearsals in Unstable Molecule and Black Holes Collisions (2016).
Introduction
Authors: Bauer Amy , Cagney Liam , Mason William
Published: October 2022

This chapter, written by the editors, introduces the contents of The Oxford Handbook of Spectral Music. Beginning with a brief account of how spectralism entails a compositional paradigm shift-a shift from pitch-based thinking towards conceiving of musical sound on the micro scale-the chapter goes on to discuss how the handbook deepens scholarly understanding of the historical and stylistic situation of spectral music. The handbook does so in particular through new research on stylistic forbears for the first wave of spectral composers, information about performance practice, and statements by a younger generation of composers inspired by spectral composition. The chapter continues by pointing to three salient themes within the handbook: an expansion of the precursors to spectralism, a renewed focus on space and spatialization, and the increasing turn toward ethnic materials. Finally, the handbook's sections are outlined: spectralist precursors; spectralisms; spectralist performance practice; critical and material perspectives; and composers' viewpoints.
Conon, Narratives
Authors: Sanz Morales Manuel
Published: October 2022

Conon is the author of a Greek mythographical work (Diēgēseis or Narratives) that can be dated to between 36 bce and 17 ce. Witnesses to this collection of fifty short tales are an epitome by Photius (9th century), who summarizes the stories one by one, and a papyrus (2nd century ce) that includes parts of tales 46 and 47, probably the original text. Among its main features, the work shows in general a preference for unfamiliar or strange stories, offers some interesting variants of known myths, and includes a rationalistic exegesis of three myths. However, its most distinctive feature as a mythographical treatise is the lack of any structural or unifying principle. This chapter offers a comprehensive and thorough overview of the most important issues regarding Conon and his work: author and date, work and title, sources, topics, and a short bibliographical essay.
Hyginus, Fabulae
Authors: Fletcher K. F. B.
Published: October 2022

This chapter provides an overview of what we know about the author, date, title, text, and purpose of the Fabulae attributed to Hyginus. Although the Fabulae contains mostly Greek material, its translation and glossing of Greek terms and use of both Roman and Greek sources show that the material was adapted for a Roman audience. The organization and style of the Fabulae suggest that the focus was on utility and ease of consultation, and that it was meant more for reminding people of the core details of various myths than for offering detailed variants, resolving difficulties, or analyzing these myths.
Other Mythography on Papyrus
Authors: Harder Annette
Published: October 2022

This chapter deals with other mythography on papyrus. It first discusses the various forms and contents of the papyri, distinguishing between narratives, lists and catalogues, and other forms, such as monographs and catechisms. Then it deals with the function of these texts in society, where, on the one hand, they served practical purposes, e.g., offering subliterary material for poets or for use in schools, and on the other hand, were important for preserving knowledge of the earlier Greek literary and mythological tradition. The chapter also looks at the style, handwriting, and format of the papyri and the times and places where they appeared. In conclusion, it states that the mythographic papyri can be regarded as part of an active response to the needs of the people of later periods.
Etymologizing
Authors: Pellizer Ezio
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers the nature of ancient Greek and Latin attempts to give texture and meaning to mythical places, personages, and terms through etymological analysis, that is, attempting to relate the form of words to other sorts of meaning either already found connected to a myth or that could then be imported into its interpretation. This is a feature of the exegesis of myth found from the beginning of classical literature to well beyond the end of antiquity. There is particular interest here in two forms of transmitting mythological information, catalogs, and genealogies, but not to the exclusion of other contexts (etymologies in drama, philosophy, and theology, for instance). A survey of the general features of ancient etymological methodologies concludes the chapter.
Mythography and Education
Authors: Smith R. Scott , Trzaskoma Stephen M.
Published: October 2022

Tracing the role of myth and mythography throughout the main periods of a student’s career, this chapter articulates the way that educational practices reflect and reinforce a mythographical mindset, one that organizes and employs mythical data in a variety of ways. From the very beginning students were asked to learn mythical names and combine like with like, then (under a grammaticus) copy and create their own mythical narratives (systematic mythography); as their rhetorical training progressed (under a rhetor), these same students were asked to manipulate myths in new ways, to raise objections (similar to rationalization), to defend the account (similar to allegorizing), and to create more advanced compositions in encomium, comparison and ethopoiia.
Mythography and Geography
Authors: Pretzler Maria
Published: October 2022

This chapter investigates the role of myths in the ancient literary genre and science of geography. Myths had a geographical dimension: many were embedded in the landscape, defining places and their past, some also forged connections between places and regions. Geographers could focus on basic contemporary details of topography, but most refer to the past to define places and regions. This is why geographers often had to engage in mythography. I use Strabo as a main case study: he wrote the most substantial geographical work to survive from antiquity, which preserves much information about the discipline before him, especially in the Hellenistic period. Strabo’s references to myths vary between regions, tracking how far the Greek mythical tradition covered different parts of the world. He always remains selective about mythical traditions and often expresses doubts about their veracity. Homer had a significant influence on Strabo’s thinking about his discipline: the poet is introduced as the first geographer. In some sections, Strabo includes detailed commentaries on geographical details in the Iliad and Odyssey. Strabo demonstrates many different roles for mythography in geography: he documents a long tradition of connecting space, time, and memory through the mythical tradition.
Mythography and the Reception of Classical Mythology in the Renaissance, 1340–1600
Authors: Solomon Jon
Published: October 2022

This chapter surveys the Greco-Roman mythological tradition from the mid-14th century to the late 16th. It begins with Bersuire, who continued the medieval tradition of allegorizing Ovid’s Metamorphoses, and Boccaccio, who continued the genealogical tradition in his Genealogia deorum gentilium and wrote several additional influential works. Boccaccio was the first humanist scholar to incorporate ancient Greek texts, albeit only the Homeric epics. They were followed in the early 15th century by Salutati, Christine de Pizan, Chaucer, Lydgate, and several others. The subsequent expansion of Greek studies inspired both poets (Poliziano) and painters (Pollaiuolo, Botticelli) associated with the Medici court, and the late 15th-century interest in ancient theater, sponsored by other northern Italian dynasties, revived Plautus’s Amphitryon and inspired Niccolò da Correggio’s Cefalo. Poliziano’s Orfeo established a mythological pastoral tradition that in the 16th century produced such popular dramas as Tasso’s Aminta and Guarini’s Il Pastor Fido, and such comprehensive syntheses as Sannazaro’s and Sydney’s Arcadia poems. The nonclassical epics of Tasso (La Gerusalemme Liberata) and Ariosto (Orlando Furioso) adapted numerous myths and Greco-Roman motifs. The survey concludes with the important scholarly contributions of Giraldi, Cartari, and Conti, the Florentine Masquerade of 1565, and the mid-16th-century paintings of Titian.
A Handshake between Anthropocentricism and Capitalism
Authors: Wadiwel Dinesh Joseph
Published: October 2022

Over the last century there has been an extraordinary expansion in the utilization of animals for food, and with this, the intensification of animal agriculture, with now hundreds of billions of land and sea animals confined within industrial production systems. This expansion expresses both the triumph of a hierarchical anthropocentrism that was inherent within the enlightenment project, and the over-production of commodities as a means to generate capital. These two forces are intertwined today in the factory farm: a symbolic handshake between anthropocentricism and industrial capitalism. This chapter explores this relationship and its implications for the organization of animal life. Reflecting on the author’s own process of developing a structural analysis of human violence towards animals, the chapter explores how the contemporary modality of hierarchical anthropocentricism materializes in practices and institutions which are designed to pin down animals, establishing a continuing ‘war like’ relation of violence, domination, and death. First, the chapter describes how these systematic forms of violence interact with animals within the capitalist food system. And second, it draws from the value theory of Karl Marx, examining how animals are positioned as raw materials and labour within production, oriented towards the extraction of surplus and simultaneously as consumption commodities designed to enable the reproduction of human life. This analysis produces an account of how anthropocentricism and capitalism produce remarkable and horrific forms of violence towards animals, perhaps indicating that animals under capitalism occupy a unique structural position.
Honeybee Bias and Bee-washing
Authors: Davies Olivia , Sayers Thomas D.J.
Published: October 2022

Insects are a ubiquitous yet largely overlooked presence in countless modes of organizing and organizational settings. In fact, they are the most abundant form of animal life on the planet. Therefore, the ways in which organizations attend (or not) to our invertebrate companions holds significant ecological and social implications. This chapter draws attention to some of these dimensions in relation to the important ecological and economic activity of insect pollination. With the interrelated organizational phenomena of honeybee bias and bee-washing as the chapter’s empirical foci, the authors identify how dominant organizationally-facilitated and -perpetuated modes of care exhibited towards European honeybees have given rise to socially and ecologically unsound circumstances. The chapter suggests these consequences arise, in part, from the vertebrate-centric approach these organizational care-oriented initiatives are founded on, characterized by an individualistic and universal approach. Like the pollination process, the chapter proposes acts of more-than-vertebrate care can only take place through intimate moments of relationality, and are always entangled with and influenced by other (sometimes invisible, unknowable) situated forces. Through this discussion, the chapter encourages further consideration of what a more-than-vertebrate ethics of care framework might entail for various organizational settings, particularly insect-pollinated systems of commercial importance.
Catching Crab Truth in Seawater
Authors: Hamilton Lindsay
Published: October 2022

This chapter presents rockpools and the act of rockpooling as an affective encounter between the species. Focusing on the theoretical framing of charisma, the intertidal zone is explored as a space of both material and semiotic ‘assemblage’ which makes possible the playful and child-like acts of curatorship through the particular valuation of target species such as fish and crabs. Sketching out some brief vignettes from the experience of rockpooling, as well as sea stories and legends, the chapter considers how a range of positive and negative feelings, senses, and emotions can play out in both real and imagined encounters at the seashore, something which is of considerable value for explaining how and why some species draw the focus of human attention, care, and conservation efforts while others receive little or no interest or care.
Dogs at Work
Authors: Charles Nickie , Fox Rebekah , Miele Mara , Smith Harriet
Published: October 2022

This chapter draws on research into the way dog training constructs the relationship between dog and human to explore how different organizational cultures shape dog-human working relationships. Using a gendered lens, it addresses the idea of partnership and how it develops through training in two contrasting organizational contexts in the UK: the police and an assistance dog charity. Both organizations recognize the importance of the dog-human partnership for dogs’ ability to work effectively and, in the police, for both dog and handler to be able to carry out their often dangerous work. Even though the work dogs do is highly valued in both organizations, partnerships are provisional; they only persist if the dog is working well and are often dependent on the formation of an emotional connection between dog and handler. While work is done to minimize the emotional costs of a partnership that fails, organizational priorities take precedence over the interspecies affective ties on which the partnership depends and which are shaped through the training programme. Partnerships are therefore controlled by the organization, interspecies affective ties are instrumentalized to meet organizational goals, and dog-human relationships only persist insofar as they contribute to those goals. This chapter asks whether the differences in the way the organizations construct this relationship and the work they do in cases of partnership failure can be understood in terms of their gendered cultures and the gendered work the dogs are trained to do.
Reconfiguring the Senses
Authors: Bellet Camille
Published: October 2022

While new sensor technologies can be positive for certain aspects of animal farming and support farmers in their daily practice, there are also downsides. Drawing on a purposing sample of documentary sources in France and the United Kingdom, the chapter examines the sociotechnical imaginaries built in France and the United Kingdom around new sensor technologies in cattle farming. These imaginaries, the chapter argues, underlie broader norms and powers, conventions and etiquettes vis-à-vis sensory practices and human-animal relations in cattle farming, and what rural modernity is and should be. By reconfiguring the senses and producing a new sensorium in cattle farming, cattle sensor technologies are reconfiguring human relations with cows and cattle farming organizations.
Queering our Pedagogy
Authors: Edwards Jane , Baines Sue
Published: October 2022

Critical pedagogy has its origins in the work of Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, with an underpinning imperative that classroom work will interrogate societal structures, attitudes, and tropes that oppress and silence. In this chapter we present meanings of the term queer, and consider the process of queering in relation to music therapy education. The need for the term queer, and our intentional use of it, reflects the view that heteronormativity is entrenched in every aspect of culture including all education which in turn includes health practitioner education in colleges and universities. By using the term queer, and its verb queering, we indicate the need to embrace a wider range of experiences and identities than those that are often hidden within the normative realm. By using the term queer alongside anti-oppressive practice, we acknowledge the shifts and developments in queer studies, and appreciate that queer’s vague positioning and resistance to precise definition is part of its attraction as a means to interrogate contemporary music therapy training. We offer suggestions for queering music therapy class interactions, by challenging the inherent heteronormativity in curriculum for health and social care workers.
Uncertainty in Diverse Teams
Authors: van Dijk Hans
Published: October 2022

This chapter advances an uncertainty perspective to better understand and address the challenges of enhancing performance and inclusion in diverse teams. Decades of research on diversity in teams has spawned very useful insights, but is also riddled with inconclusive findings. Because diversity research tends to rely on and recycle the same theories, this chapter proposes that a better understanding of diversity can be fostered by applying a different perspective. In considering diversity as enhancing uncertainty and corresponding anxiety, this chapter proposes that diversity causes members to manage uncertainty by relying on cognitive shortcuts to make inferences about each other, which is likely to yield inaccurate attributions of intentions and competence and can harm performance. Moreover, in trying to create certainty, diverse and majority team members are likely to behave in conflicting and antagonizing ways, which harms inclusion. As such, the uncertainty perspective provides a novel understanding of the perceptions, behaviors, and corresponding dynamics that shape the performance of diverse teams and members’ experienced levels of inclusion. In suggesting that perceptions and experiences of uncertainty and anxiety underlie processes and outcomes in diverse teams, the uncertainty perspective also offers a number of suggestions to manage diversity-infused uncertainty and enhance team performance as well as inclusion.
AI and Uncertainty in Organizing
Authors: Faraj Samer , Renno Wadih , Bhardwaj Anand
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses how deploying artificial intelligence (AI) systems in three core organizing activities—decision-making, coordination, and control—impacts uncertainty. It identifies three core capabilities of AI—recognizing, predicting, and effectuating—that are consequential for organizing and may reduce uncertainty. Deploying AI can improve the basis of decision-making by incorporating richer and more diverse sources of data, expanding and automating coordination, and providing continuous and more granular forms of control and surveillance. Yet, deploying AI can generate new forms of uncertainty because it can inadvertently reproduce inherent biases, be blind to ethical considerations, blackbox the workings of the technology, and render organizational processes opaque. More importantly, it can simultaneously lead to increasing and decreasing uncertainty when working conditions radically change or when considering how it impacts different stakeholders differently.
Uncertainty and Authenticity during Career Transitions
Authors: Dossinger Karyn , Rees Laura
Published: October 2022

Authenticity has been positioned as an important process in organizational life and may be of critical importance during times of uncertainty in individuals’ careers, but our understanding of its role in how people manage uncertainty during career transitions is limited. In this chapter, the authors examine connections between authenticity and the uncertainty involved in career transitions into, within, and out of organizations. The authors uncover themes in this emerging literature about the uncertainty likely to arise in each type of transition and offer recommendations for future research that expands upon and adds to existing knowledge of how both experienced and perceived authenticity influence and are influenced by these pivotal changes over individuals’ careers. Throughout the analysis in this chapter, the authors directly acknowledge the importance of both the self and the social context of career transitions as they unfold.
Thank You, Next!
Authors: Gottlieb Limor Y. , Schmitt David P.
Published: October 2022

Pair bonding is a central feature of human mating. We are designed to fall in love and to feel the breaking of a romantic bond is something to be avoided. Even so, people vary in their propensity to remain in lifelong marriages and infidelity is often a source of this relational instability. One of the key motivations for engaging in infidelity is the desire for sexual novelty. This chapter outlines the psychological origins of novelty-seeking as a motivation for infidelity. It places this motivation within broader research on infidelity and its links with biological substrates, including personality traits, sociosexuality, executive control, and a wide range of demographic factors. In particular, it reviews evidence that biological sex may play an important role in novelty-seeking and infidelity. According to sexual strategies theory (Buss & Schmitt, 1993), men and women have evolved distinct psychological mechanisms adapted for the pursuit of short-term mating, including infidelity or extrapair mating. From this perspective, men may have evolved a stronger desire for sexual variety, and so are expected to be more likely than women to be unfaithful with multiple partners. Even so, the gender gap in infidelity may be closing, especially in younger adults from the United States, with married women between the ages of 18–29 years more likely to cheat than men. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the importance of age and nuances of culture in explaining sex differences in novelty-seeking motivations for infidelity.
Relationship Quality Between Partners Following Infidelity in the Absence of Renewed Love
Authors: Asayesh Mohammad Hassan , Golpasha Elaheh
Published: October 2022

Infidelity means having any secret emotional, sexual, virtual relationship, or a combination of them outside the marital relationship. Infidelity has a significant prevalence as one of the major reasons of divorce, which causes psychological traumas in victims. Various studies in different cultures have revealed that extramarital affairs in each culture can have different meanings and, consequently, different effects, but what is obvious is that extramarital affairs in any form (emotional, sexual, online, or a combination) as a stressful event have detrimental effects on the family unit and various dimensions of victim’s and his/her spouse’s mental health. Research has shown that infidelity has many psychological effects on its victims. Affective experiences and reactions, cognitive experiences and reactions, psychosomatic and physical experiences and reactions, communication experiences and reactions, as well as spiritual experiences and reactions are among the psychological reactions and complex problems encountered by the victims. If the victims of infidelity are not treated, harmful consequences can last for a long time. Moreover, experts have acknowledged that couples involved in infidelity can be helped out. In this report, in addition to presenting the effects and psychological consequences of infidelity, effective factors for the treatment of these clients are discussed.