bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accelerated invasion through the evolution of dispersal behaviour
Authors: Narimanov Nijat , Bauer Tobias , Bonte Dries , Fahse Lorenz , Entling Martin H.
Published: October 2022

Aim

The continuous spread of invasive species is attributed to demographic processes and high dispersal rates. Both can change and evolve during range expansion, eventually accelerating spread dynamics. Here, we document such an accelerated spread for one of the most invasive spiders in Europe, the dwarf spider Mermessus trilobatus, and test whether dispersal, reproduction or competitive ability is at the source of this pattern.

Location

Europe.

Time period

1981–2021.

Major taxon studied

Mermessus trilobatus (Arachnida: Araneae: Linyphiidae).

Methods

First, we collected records from 21 countries across Europe to document the speed of progression of the invasion front over the last 40 years. Second, we collected live individuals from populations in the longest and more recently invaded areas and compared the dispersal propensity of offspring raised under standardized conditions. Third, we compared the reproduction and competitive ability of females derived from the populations of long‐invaded areas against areas with more recent establishment.

Results

The progression of the invaded range increased from about 150 km in the 1980s to some 400 km between 2010 and 2020. Dispersal‐related behaviour was nearly twice as frequent in offspring from invasion front populations compared to the core area. By contrast, we found no differences in reproduction or competitive ability among the studied populations. Further, neither joint inheritance nor trade‐offs of dispersal, reproduction or competitive ability were identified.

Main conclusion

As high dispersal is recessively inherited in M. trilobatus, our results suggest that the accelerated invasion is due to the accumulation of dispersive but not more reproductive or competitive genotypes in newly colonized areas. Given the high climatic amplitude of the species in North America, we expect it to spread over the remaining parts of Europe and large parts of Asia in the coming decades. Accelerated range expansion through the evolution of dispersal behaviour could play a role in numerous arthropod invasions worldwide.
In/visible: The intersectional experiences of women of color in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine in Australia
Authors: Nash Meredith , Moore Robyn
Published: October 2022

It is now well‐established that science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) institutions globally should invest in building diverse and inclusive workforces. However, women of color remain underrepresented in STEMM in Australia and their organizational experiences are under‐researched. To address this gap, we used a qualitative approach to explore the complex intersections of race/ethnicity and gender that may contribute to women's underrepresentation in Australian STEMM. Primary data encompassed interviews with 30 self‐identified women of color working in academia, industry, and government STEMM organizations. We drew on intersectionality theory to explore participants' experiences of their working environments and grounded theory in our analysis. This article focuses on an understudied area related to the maintenance of white male power in STEMM and everyday experiences of “in/visibility”—the paradoxical space of invisibility and hypervisibility that women of color occupy within STEMM fields. For example, various features of women of color's identities, such as physical appearance, cultural background, accent, and name, led to participants feeling “different” and hypervisible in STEMM workplaces in Australia, in which the stereotype of a white male scientist predominates. Women also felt hypervisible as race/gender tokens when they were expected to do the diversity work of the institution. In contrast, participants felt invisible when they were professionally and socially excluded from networking events, such as after‐work drinks. Women of color's experiences of having to work much harder than white colleagues to gain recognition of their organizational value also contributed to feelings of invisibility. The study findings provide deep insight into Australian STEMM cultures by foregrounding how in/visibility shows up in the experiences of women of color. This study builds on our understanding of women's STEMM careers as inextricably linked to intersectional features of social identity and white masculine power dynamics in organizations and society more broadly. We conclude by advocating for a more nuanced understanding of “women in STEMM” in Australia (e.g., via more sophisticated data collection and analysis) to ensure that national policies and initiatives benefit all women.
Patient and general practitioner experiences of implementing a medication review intervention in older people with multimorbidity: Process evaluation of the SPPiRE trial
Authors: McCarthy Caroline , Pericin Ivana , Smith Susan M. , Kiely Bridget , Moriarty Frank , Wallace Emma , Clyne Barbara
Published: October 2022

Introduction

The SPPiRE cluster randomized controlled trial found that a general practitioner (GP)‐delivered medication review that incorporated screening for potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIP), a brown bag review and a patient priority assessment, resulted in a significant but small reduction in the number of medicines and no significant reduction in PIP. This process evaluation aims to explore the experiences of GPs and patients and the potential for system‐wide implementation.

Methods

The trial included 51 general practices and 404 participants with multimorbidity aged ≥65 years, prescribed ≥15 medicines. The process evaluation used mixed methods and ran parallel to the trial. Quantitative data was collected from the SPPiRE intervention website and analysed descriptively. Qualitative data on medication changes were collected from intervention GPs (18/26) and a purposive sample of intervention patients (27/208) via semi‐structured telephone interviews. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a thematic analysis. Qualitative and quantitative data were integrated using a triangulation protocol.

Results

The analysis generated two themes, intervention implementation and mechanisms of action, and both were underpinned by the theme of context. Intervention delivery varied among practices and 45 patients (28%) had no review, primarily due to insufficient GP time. 80% of reviewed patients had ≥1 PIP identified, 59% had ≥1 problem identified during the brown bag review and 79% had ≥1 priority recorded. The brown bag review resulted in the most deprescription of medications. GPs and patients responded positively to the intervention but most GPs did not engage with the patient priority‐setting process. GPs identified a lack of integration into practice software and resources as barriers to future implementation.

Conclusion

The SPPiRE intervention had a small effect in reducing the number of medicines and this was primarily mediated through the brown bag review. The context of resource shortages and deep‐seated views around medical decision‐making influenced intervention implementation.

Patient or Public Contribution

Qualitative data on the implementation of the medication review and their wider views on their medicines was collected from older people with multimorbidity through semi‐structured telephone interviews.

Clinical Trial Registration

The SPPiRE trial was registered prospectively on the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN12752680).
A content analysis on the perceptions of LGBTQ+ (centred) health care on Twitter
Authors: Van Diepen Cornelia , Rosales Valdes Diego
Published: October 2022

Background

LGBTQ+ individuals have experienced many barriers to receiving quality health care, but the worldwide implementation of person‐centred care should make a positive change. However, as forthright disclosures are difficult to find using traditional methods, novel approaches should be utilized to uncover opinions and experiences on LGBTQ+ health care. Twitter could be a place where people post on this topic.

Aim

This study aimed to explore tweets mentioning LGBTQ+ (centred) health care.

Methods

The methods consisted of an explorative qualitative content analysis of tweets. The tweets were collected between 26 February and 30 March 2021, resulting in 2524 tweets of which 659 were relevant for content analysis.

Results

The results showed an excess of political tweets involving LGBTQ+ health care. Many tweets included general statements on the need for LGBTQ+ health care. The few tweets on personal experiences in LGBTQ+ health care showed the overwhelming need for quality care that has been made difficult by political developments.

Conclusion

Most tweets were made to inform others of the necessity of quality health care for LGBTQ+ individuals, but the utilization of person‐centred care is hardly noticeable.

Public Contribution

This study was conducted with the involvement of a public partner (second author) who contributed to the design, data analyses and writing of the paper. Moreover, this study involves the analysis of data provided by the public and published on social media.
Little amounts of carbon nanotubes as anti‐wear reinforcement for alumina in dry sliding
Authors: Goswami Sourav , Ghosh Kunal , Ghosh Ranajit , Mandal Nilrudra
Published: October 2022

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a leading choice for reinforcing oxide and nitride ceramics, but investigations into the tribological performance of CNT–ceramic composites remain inconclusive. Here, we show that reinforcement with only .1 wt% multi‐walled CNTs improves the antifriction and anti‐wear performance of zirconia‐toughened alumina by up to 23% and 51%, respectively. Dry sliding tests under normal loads of 40–60 N for a sliding distance of 1000 m reveal a load‐dependent transition in the lubrication mechanism—CNTs retain their tubular morphology at low loads and reduce friction via a sliding–rolling response, whereas high sliding loads trigger the formation of a uniform, thin lubricating film by the repeated crushing and smearing of exfoliated nanotubes. Raman spectra analyses confirmed that the carbon‐rich tribo‐film possesses a graphitic structure. Well‐dispersed CNTs prevent wear loss by mechanisms, such as crack bridging and grain anchoring. The present work opens up new frontiers for the application of CNT–alumina tribo‐ceramics in anti‐wear, unlubricated, and high contact stress applications, such as in the manufacturing and mining industries.
Buy and buy again: The impact of unique reference points on (re)purchase decisions
Authors: Willows Gizelle D. , Richards Daniel W.
Published: October 2022

Behavioral finance has uncovered that investor engage emotionally when trading. We investigate how three psychological factors influence purchase and repurchase decisions: representativeness, the influence of prior gains, and reference points. Using trading data of 7200 UK investors we find that purchase decisions are influenced by representative heuristic and repurchase decisions are influenced by both representative heuristic and prior profitability. Further survival analysis showed that investors use the prior selling price as a unique reference point. Investors are more likely to repurchase a stock when trading above its reference point, but more likely to initiate the repurchase when trading below. Investors are influenced by previous experience and engage learning behavior when they seek to reinforce past success. As reference points are inferred but infrequently researched, this research adds to the literature and provides important and robust results for those engaging with financial planning clients.
Level of maternal antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) nucleoprotein at birth and risk of RSV very severe lower respiratory tract infection
Authors: Receveur Matthieu , Ottmann Michèle , Reynes Jean‐Marc , Eleouet Jean‐François , Galloux Marie , Receveur Aurore , Ploin Dominique , Fiorini Sylvie , Rivat Nathalie , Valette Martine , Lina Bruno , Casalegno Jean‐Sebastien
Published: October 2022

Background

The nucleoprotein (N protein) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a candidate antigen for new RSV vaccine development. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between maternal antibody titers against the RSV N protein at birth and the newborns' risk of developing very severe lower respiratory tract infection (VS‐LRTI).

Methods

In this single‐center prospective cohort study, 578 infants born during the RSV epidemic season in France were included. Among these, 36 were hospitalized for RSV VS‐LRTI. A generalized linear model was used to test the occurrence of a VS‐LRTI in function of sex, mode of delivery, parity of the mother, type of pregnancy, date of birth in relation to the peak of the epidemic, and antibody titer against N protein.

Results

All cord blood samples had detectable antibodies against N protein. The mean titers were significantly lower in newborns with risk factors for RSV severe LRTI (preterm infants, birth before the peak epidemic, multiparous mother). There was no association between antibody titer against the N protein and a protection against VS‐LRTI.

Conclusions

Further studies are needed to support the hypothesis that transfer of maternal antibodies against the RSV N protein can provide a significant immune protection early in infancy and that N protein candidate vaccine may be a suitable target for maternal vaccine.
The clinical effectiveness of an integrated multidisciplinary evidence‐based program to prevent intraoperative pressure injuries in high‐risk children undergoing long‐duration surgical procedures: A quality improvement study
Authors: Ciprandi Guido , Crucianelli Serena , Zama Mario , Antonielli Giancarlo , Armani Riccarda , Aureli Stefano , Barra Gianmarco , Beetham Charlie Joseph Charles , Bernardini Giulio , Cancani Federica , Carai Andrea , Cajozzo Marta , Carlesi Laura , Cialdella Alessandra , Ciaralli Italo , Ciliento Gaetano , Corsetti Tiziana , De Chirico Benedetta , Di Corato Paolo , Dotta Andrea , Filippelli Sergio , Franci Marina , Frattaroli Jacopo , Grussu Francesca , Lico Silvia , Losani Patrizia , Giergji Marjola , Magli Simonetta , Marino Simone Faustino , Mongelli Antonella , Nazzarri Martina , Pace Mauro , Palmieri Giancarlo , Pannacci Ilaria , Paparozzi Franca , Pomponi Manuel , Portanova Anna , Preziosi Alessandra , Ragni Angela , Raponi Massimiliano , Renzetti Tommaso , Rizzo Mirialda , Roberti Marco , Sasso Eleonora , Savarese Immacolata , Secci Simone , Selvaggio Daniele , Serafini Laura , Spuntarelli Giorgio , Urbani Urbano , Vanzi Valentina , Permatunga Roshani , Santamaria Nick
Published: October 2022

The prevention of hospital‐acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) in children undergoing long‐duration surgical procedures is of critical importance due to the potential for catastrophic sequelae of these generally preventable injuries for the child and their family. Long‐duration surgical procedures in children have the potential to result in high rates of HAPI due to physiological factors and the difficulty or impossibility of repositioning these patients intraoperatively. We developed and implemented a multi‐modal, multi‐disciplinary translational HAPI prevention quality improvement program at a large European Paediatric University Teaching Hospital. The intervention comprised the establishment of wound prevention teams, modified HAPI risk assessment tools, specific education, and the use of prophylactic dressings and fluidized positioners during long‐duration surgical procedures. As part of the evaluation of the effectiveness of the program in reducing intraoperative HAPI, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 200 children undergoing long‐duration surgical procedures and compared their outcomes with a matched historical cohort of 200 children who had undergone similar surgery the previous year. The findings demonstrated a reduction in HAPI in the intervention cohort of 80% (p < 0.01) compared to the comparator group when controlling for age, pathology, comorbidity, and surgical duration. We believe that the findings demonstrate that it is possible to significantly decrease HAPI incidence in these highly vulnerable children by using an evidence‐based, multi‐modal, multidisciplinary HAPI prevention strategy.
Impact of negative pressure wound drainage compared with natural wound drainage after thyroid tumour surgery: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Imam Mohamed S. , Abdel‐Sattar Randa M. , Alamri Amr S. , Alqurashi Abdullah M. , Amer Alnefaie Ahmed M. , Abdelrahim Mohamed E. A.
Published: October 2022

We conducted a meta‐analysis to compare the effectiveness of negative pressure wound drainage to that of spontaneous wound drainage after thyroid tumour surgery. A thorough analysis of the literature up to July 2022 revealed that, of the 1234 patients who used surgery for thyroid tumours, 615 used negative pressure wound drainage and 619 used natural wound drainage. To measure the influence of negative pressure wound drainage in comparison to natural wound drainage following thyroid tumour surgery, mean difference (MD) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were measured using the contentious and dichotomous approaches with a random or fixed‐effect model. Subjects who used negative pressure wound drainage had significantly higher averages for drained material (OR, 12.52; 95% CI, 6.78‐18.26, P = 0.001), shorter drain placement times (MD, −1.06; 95% CI, 1.57 to −0.55, P = .001), lower rates of infection at the surgical site (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.05‐0.60, P = .006), higher rates of wound healing (OR, 5.91; 95% CI, 1.56‐22.34, P = .009), and lower rate of wound seroma (OR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.10‐0.42, P < .001) in subjects after thyroid tumour surgery in comparison to subjects who used natural wound drainage after thyroid tumour surgery. Those who used negative pressure wound drainage had significantly higher averages of drained material, shorter drain placement times, lower rates of wound infection at the surgical site, higher rates of wound healing, and lower rates of wound seroma. Care must be used when analysing the results because of the small sample size of 7 of the 13 studies included in the meta‐analysis and the lack of studies in several comparisons.
Improved microwave dielectric characteristics in CaHf1−xTixO3 ceramics
Authors: Wang Xi , Shi Jun Zuo , Zhu Xiao Li , Li Lei , Chen Xiang Ming
Published: October 2022

In the present work, effects of Ti‐substitution for Hf upon microwave dielectric characteristics for CaHfO3 ceramics were investigated. CaHf1−xTixO3 solid solution in space group Pnma was determined in the present ceramics with x = 0–0.075, and only minor amount of secondary phases of CaHfO3 (R, 1.3 wt%) and Ca2Hf7O16 (R, 0.8 wt%) was detected. The significantly improved microwave dielectric characteristics were achieved with Ti‐substitution in CaHfO3 ceramics. With increasing x, the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency τf was substantially tuned from negative to positive through zero, which was caused by the decrease of oxygen octahedral tilting, and the Qf value was apparently improved simultaneously and reached the maximum of 43670 GHz at x = 0.025, while the dielectric constant εr increased monotonously. The remarkable improvement of Qf was attributed to the enhancement of octahedral framework rigidity and the decreased nonuniform distribution of inner chemical bonding in crystal based on the change of chemical bond parameters calculated by the Phillips–Van Vechten–Levine bond theory, which was further confirmed by the higher frequency and narrower width of stretch mode of octahedron (i.e., A1g(O) near 730 cm−1) in Raman spectra. An interesting phenomenon was found in titanium‐containing perovskite ceramics that they had consistent trend of τf changing with tolerance factor, which was helpful to design temperature‐stable perovskite microwave dielectric ceramics. The best combination of microwave dielectric characteristics was achieved at x = 0.035:  εr = 27.2, Qf = 42 870, and τf = +3 ppm/°C. For practical applications of the present ceramics, further improvement of Qf is required, and it is expected to be achieved through microstructure optimization.
‘Go Tell the Spartans, Passerby’: Whom to Remember Ahead of Whom?
Authors: Stemplowska Zofia
Published: October 2022

The dead are among us. We are reminded of their names through the books we read, the hoovers we buy, the sandwiches we consume, the tarmac we travel on, the wellingtons we wear, or, frequently, the buildings we visit. Even if we settled on the criteria for being worthy of commemoration, what should we do about the fact that there seem to be so many people who would likely meet them? Commemoration is a form of attention giving, and attention is a scarce resource. It is scarce even if it could be permissibly commanded at will. It is even more scarce when commanding attention may violate someone's freedom to decide for themselves where to bestow it. I will argue that when it comes to public commemorative attention, there are duties that fall on us all to remember the now dead victims of injustice. I will also offer reasons for why such duties would normally mean that we need to prioritize the remembrance of the victims of injustice ahead of remembrance that might be owed to those who had expectations of being remembered or even took steps by donations to secure such remembrance.
Extra‐pair paternity correlates with genetic diversity, but not breeding density, in a Neotropical passerine, the black catbird
Authors: LaPergola Joshua B. , Riehl Christina , Martínez‐Gómez Juan E. , Roldán‐Clarà Blanca , Curry Robert L.
Published: October 2022

The frequency of extra‐pair paternity (EPP) varies widely across socially monogamous birds, but the proximate mechanisms driving this variation remain unclear. In this study, we tested two major factors hypothesized to influence extra‐pair mating – breeding density and genetic diversity – by comparing genetic mating patterns in two populations of black catbirdsMelanoptila glabrirostris. This Neotropical songbird is endemic to the Yucatán Peninsula, including eastern Mexico, and its offshore islands. We sampled one mainland (Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve) and one island (Isla Cozumel) population and used single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to quantify heterozygosity and genetic parentage over two breeding seasons. Moderate levels of EPP occurred in both populations (9.5–35% of offspring and 17–45% of nests). Contrary to predictions, breeding density did not affect EPP: although breeding densities were much higher on the mainland than on the island, EPP rates did not differ between populations, and local breeding density was not correlated with EPP at individual nests. In contrast, partial support emerged for the hypothesis that genetic diversity influences EPP: extra‐pair offspring were more heterozygous than within‐pair offspring. However, the two populations did not differ in genetic diversity, and neither the heterozygosity of social fathers nor within‐pair relatedness predicted EPP. These results are consistent with recent comparative studies suggesting that breeding density is not a critical driver of EPP rates, and that not all tropical songbirds exhibit low rates of EPP.
A survival analysis of bipolar steroid‐eluting and unipolar nonsteroid‐eluting epicardial leads
Authors: Fazelifar Amir Farjam , Taghavyan Nina Jalily , Moeeni Mahdi , Baharestani Bahador , Shahandashti Farshad Jalili , Haghjoo Majid , Hoseini Saeed , Kamali Farzad , Madadi Shabnam , Yoonesi Ali Asghar , Koolaji Sogol
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Epicardial pacemakers are known as an alternative for endocardial pacemakers in some cases such as heart block, and complex congenital heart diseases. Considering recent advances and improvement of epicardial lead subtypes, it is essential to investigate the long‐term function of them. In this study, we aimed to assess the sensing and pacing characteristics, and survival of bipolar steroid‐eluting and unipolar nonsteroid‐eluting epicardial pacemakers.

Methods

We conducted an entirely concentrated search on the documents of all patients who had undergone epicardial lead implantation in the Shaheed Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical & Research Center during 2015–2018. Implant, and follow‐up data were extracted. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Weibull regression hazards model were applied for the survival analysis.

Results

Eighty‐nine leads were implanted for 77 patients. Of the total leads, 52.81%, 53.93%, and 47.19% were implanted in children (under 18‐year‐old), females, and patients with congenital heart diseases, respectively. Bipolar steroid‐eluting leads comprised 33.71% of 89 leads. The pacing threshold of unipolar nonsteroid‐eluting leads that were implanted on the left ventricle and right atrium increased significantly during the follow‐up to greater records than bipolar steroid‐eluting leads. Survival analysis also revealed that bipolar steroid‐eluting leads are significantly better in 48‐month survival (Weibull hazard ratio [HR]: 0.13 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02–0.99), p = .049). Age, ventricular location of the lead, and acute pacing characteristics were not associated with survival.

Conclusions

Bipolar steroid‐eluting epicardial leads have an acceptable survival compared with unipolar nonsteroid‐eluting, without a significant difference regarding patients age. Therefore, they could be an excellent alternative for endocardial ones.
Preference of Cosmopolites sordidus for fusarium wilt‐diseased banana plants
Authors: Guillén Sánchez César , de Lapeyre de Bellaire Luc , Sandoval Fernández Jorge Arturo , Tixier Philippe
Published: October 2022

The objective of this study was to understand the role of Cosmopolites sordidus in the dispersal of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 (Foc) and more specifically to determine whether C. sordidus is preferentially attracted to Foc‐contaminated banana plant material vs. Foc‐free material. The attraction of C. sordidus to healthy and Foc‐contaminated Gros Michel banana bulbs and pseudostems, as well as to pure cultures of Foc, was compared using four‐choice olfactometers. Males and females were studied separately. After storage in a dark room, weevils were placed in the central chamber of olfactometers. After 15 min, the orientation of each of the weevil was determined according to the food source located in each of the four peripheral chambers of the olfactometer. Overall, 560 olfactometer assays were carried out. Weevils were found to prefer Foc‐infected plant tissues. Weevil preference was not significantly affected by weevil sex. The attraction of C. sordidus to Foc‐contaminated plant material suggests that this insect could be important for the dissemination of Foc, especially in early stages of epidemics, when Foc‐infected plants are scarce.
Effect of type of emulsifier and co‐solvent on the morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of γ‐oryzanol and β‐sitosterol organogels
Authors: Sawalha Hassan , Venema Paul , Flöter Eckhard
Published: October 2022

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of addition of various types of emulsifiers on the morph/ology and thermal and mechanical and properties of organogels. For the preparation of the organogels, γ‐oryzanol and β‐sitosterol mixed at 60:40 w/w ratio were dissolved in decane containing various types of emulsifiers, including Span 80, PGPR, and lecithin, and co‐solvents (butanol and pentanone). The firmness, morphology, and thermal properties of the organogels were studied. SEM micrographs showed branched and twisted strands of the tubular network within the gels prepared in decane. Addition of emulsifiers and co‐solvents increased the polarity of the continuous oil phase and noticeably changed the alignment of the tubules. More linear tubular structures that resemble ribbons with elongated tubules were observed. The firmness of the organogels dropped with addition of emulsifiers and co‐solvents, except for Span‐80, where the firmness is initially increased up to 10% w/w and then decreased. The firmness of the gels prepared with PGPR, lecithin, pentanone, and butanol decreased linearly on increasing the respective emulsifier or co‐solvent concentration between 1% and 20% (w/w). The organogels prepared with Span‐80 were stronger than those prepared with PGPR and lecithin. Moreover, the gels prepared with pentanone were stronger than those prepared with butanol. In addition, the gel‐solution transition temperature of the organogels decreased with increasing emulsifier and co‐solvent concentration. The addition of the emulsifiers seems to interfere with the self‐assembly of the tubular structure and disturb the organization of the hydrophobic tail of oryzanol‐sitosterol in the continuous decane phase. This prevents the formation of a complex branched tubular network resulting in weaker gels.
High auxin stimulates callus through SDG8‐mediated histone H3K36 methylation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ma Jun , Li Qiang , Zhang Lei , Cai Sen , Liu Yuanyuan , Lin Juncheng , Huang Rongfeng , Yu Yongqiang , Wen Mingzhang , Xu Tongda
Published: October 2022

Callus induction, which results in fate transition in plant cells, is considered as the first and key step for plant regeneration. This process can be stimulated in different tissues by a callus‐inducing medium (CIM), which contains a high concentration of phytohormone auxin. Although a few key regulators for callus induction have been identified, the multiple aspects of the regulatory mechanism driven by high levels of auxin still need further investigation. Here, we find that high auxin induces callus through a H3K36 histone methylation‐dependent mechanism, which requires the methyltransferase SET DOMAIN GROUP 8 (SDG8). During callus induction, the increased auxin accumulates SDG8 expression through a TIR1/AFBs‐based transcriptional regulation. SDG8 then deposits H3K36me3 modifications on the loci of callus‐related genes, including a master regulator WOX5 and the cell proliferation‐related genes, such as CYCB1.1. This epigenetic regulation in turn is required for the transcriptional activation of these genes during callus formation. These findings suggest that the massive transcriptional reprogramming for cell fate transition by auxin during callus formation requires epigenetic modifications including SDG8‐mediated histone H3K36 methylation. Our results provide insight into the coordination between auxin signaling and epigenetic regulation during fundamental processes in plant development.
Differences in the cross‐sectional area along the ankle tendons with both age and sex
Authors: Mansur Henrique , Durigan João Luiz Quagliotti , de Noronha Marcos , Kjaer Michael , Magnusson S. Peter , de Araújo Bruno Abdo Santana , de Cássia Marqueti Rita
Published: October 2022

Increasing age appears to influence several morphologic changes in major tendons. However, the effects of aging on the cross‐sectional area (CSA) of different ankle tendons are much less understood. Furthermore, potential differences in specific tendon regions along the length of the tendons have not been investigated in detail. Sixty healthy adult participants categorized by age as young (n = 20; mean ± SD age = 22.5 ± 4.5 years), middle‐age (n = 20; age = 40.6 ± 8. 0 years), or old (n = 20; age = 69.9 ± 9.1 years), from both sexes, were included. The tendon CSA of tibialis anterior (TA), tibialis posterior (TP), fibularis (FT), and Achilles (AT) was measured from T1‐weighted 1.5 T MR images in incremental intervals of 10% along its length (from proximal insertion) and compared between different age groups and sexes. The mean CSA of the AT was greater in the middle‐age group than both young and old participants (p < 0.01) and large effect sizes were observed for these differences (Cohen's d > 1). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in CSA in all three groups along the length of the different tendons. Region‐specific differences between groups were observed in the distal portion (90% and 100% of the length), in which the FT presented greater CSA comparing middle‐age to young and old (p < 0.05). In conclusion, (1) great magnitude of morpho‐structural differences was discovered in the AT; (2) there are region‐specific differences in the CSA of ankle tendons within the three groups and between them; and (3) there were no differences in tendon CSA between sexes.
Innovation and social welfare: A new research agenda
Authors: Castellacci Fulvio
Published: October 2022

Innovation research is motivated by the understanding that new technologies contribute to address societal challenges and foster welfare. Extant research in the economics of innovation has, however, adopted a narrow definition of social welfare, which focuses on economic performance and material well‐being, and that mostly disregards distributional impacts of innovation. This paper critically reviews the concept of social welfare in the economics of innovation literature, and it outlines a new research agenda that will investigate the impacts of innovation on individuals’ well‐being and aggregate social welfare. The new research program has two major pillars. First, it adopts a broader notion of agents’ well‐being that comprises also non‐economic factors and capabilities alongside income and material wealth. Second, it argues that welfare analyses of innovation must explicitly take into account equity and social justice in addition to efficiency and economic performance. This new research agenda opens up several novel questions for future innovation research and policy‐making, pointing to the existence of trade‐offs and dilemmas between efficiency and equity, and between short‐ and long‐run impacts of innovation on social welfare.
Sexting at an Early Age: Patterns and Poor Health‐Related Consequences of Pressured Sexting in Middle and High School*
Authors: Parti Katalin , Sanders Cheryl E. , Englander Elizabeth K.
Published: October 2022

BACKGROUND

Sexting is sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages, images, or videos through electronic means. Research has examined sexting in high school and college students. This study seeks to add to the existing literature by exploring the nature of pressured or problematic sexting in middle school‐aged subjects.

METHODS

We asked participants in public colleges in Massachusetts, Colorado, and Virginia, to recall their sexting‐related experiences in middle and high school. We utilized an online survey tool for data collection. We performed bivariate quantitative statistical analyses to examine attitudinal and behavioral differences, as well as motivations and consequences of adolescent sexting.

RESULTS

The study revealed unique patterns of early‐onset sexting compared to sexting in later adolescence. Early‐onset adolescents typically start sexting before they become sexually active and are at a higher risk for poor outcomes associated with sexting, they are more likely to seek therapy. Early sexting is significantly more pressured than sexting in later adolescence.

CONCLUSIONS

The study is an important contribution to the existing research on pressured sexting. Exploring pressured sexting at very early ages finds that early sexting activity is more likely pressured, creates more stress than later in life, and hence, it needs attention from school mental health professionals and education programs. The authors suggest that comprehensive sex education, including sexting should begin earlier than middle school to prevent risky online sexual behavior and provide for learning coping mechanisms for adolescents.
Patterns of fluoride intake from 6 to 17 years of age: The Iowa Fluoride Study
Authors: Bhagavatula Pradeep , Comnick Carissa L. , Warren John J. , Levy Steven M.
Published: October 2022

Objectives

This article reports on estimated daily fluoride intake from water, other beverages and selected foods, dentifrice, and dietary fluoride supplements by both individual sources, and all sources combined, among 787 children participating in the Iowa Fluoride Study (IFS) from 6 to 17 years of age.

Methods

Total daily fluoride intake (mg F) and fluoride intake per kilogram bodyweight (mg F/kg bw) were estimated using responses to questionnaires sent every 3–6 months. Dietary assessments included frequencies and amounts of beverage intake for the previous week from water, milk, ready‐to‐drink beverages, beverages made by adding water to concentrate or powder, and selected foods with substantial water content. Descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariable analyses with linear mixed models were used to assess associations with each of mg F and mg F/kg bw.

Results

Mean combined dietary fluoride (mg F) from all sources examined in the study increased slightly with age, whereas the fluoride intake per kg bw decreased with age. Age, sex, and socioeconomic status were significantly associated with fluoride intake (mg F and mg F/kg bw). Each year increase in age was associated with a 0.02‐mg increase in fluoride consumption, on average, after adjusting for the effects of covariates.

Conclusions

Daily mean fluoride intakes from single and combined sources were relatively stable, while the intake of fluoride per kg bw decreased from 6 to 17 years of age. Fluoridated water was the major source of ingested fluoride, contributing over 50% of total daily intake at all ages.
Effect of dietary supplementation of Jerusalem Artichoke extract on performance, blood biochemistry, antioxidant parameters, and immune response of growing Japanese quail
Authors: Abdel‐Wahab A. A. , Elnesr Shaaban S. , Abdel‐Kader I. A.
Published: October 2022

This study aimed to examine the impact of the Jerusalem Artichoke extract (JAEx) as a feed additive on the performance, blood biochemistry, antioxidant indices, immunity, and intestinal microbiota in growing Japanese quails. In total, 270 birds were randomly divided into three groups, with six replicates of 15 birds each. The first group was fed a control diet without JAEx. The second and third groups received the control diet plus 200 and 400 ppm JAEx, respectively. The groups fed the diet containing 200 and 400 ppm JAEx had the best body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio, and faster growth rate with the best performance index, compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The control quails had a lower feed intake than the JAEx‐treated quails. The groups fed JAEx 200 and 400 ppm had the lowest lipid profile, blood glucose, liver enzymes, Salmonella and Escherichia coli population and the highest antioxidant indices, immune responses and Lactobacilli population number compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of JAEx at 400 ppm followed by 200 ppm improved the productive performance, antioxidant capacity, blood biochemical and immunological indices, and intestinal microbiota in growing Japanese quails.
Nutrient enrichment alters risk assessment in Giant clams
Authors: Barbee B. E. , Lin M. K. R. , Min I. A. , Takenami A. M. , Philson C. S. , Blumstein D. T.
Published: October 2022

Many species exhibit state‐dependent risk assessment. Photosynthetic giant clams (e.g. Tridacna maxima) retract their mantles and close their shells as an anti‐predator response. Although being open allows clams to photosynthesize or siphon‐feed, staying open increases vulnerability to predation. Prior studies indicate that giant clam risk assessment is state‐dependent. Hiding time differs based on body condition, shown by the light deprivation of clams for varying amounts of time. Nutrient enrichment has been shown to impact giant clam growth and photophysiology through their symbiotic zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium sp.). Although previous work by Hayes et al. (2021) examined risk assessment in light‐deprived giant clams, nutrient enrichment and its potential effects on giant clam risk assessment are unstudied. Here, we tested whether nutrient enrichment would alter risk assessment of giant clams by conducting two experiments that quantified hiding time for nutrient‐enhanced clams and two control treatments following an experimentally induced mantle closure: one with a singular simulated predator probe per trial and then with repeated simulated predator probes in the same trial. In our single predation probe experiment, nutrient‐enriched clams significantly increased their hiding time over multiple days. Nutrient‐enrichment did not, however, modify their response to repeated probes. Overall, our results support that nutrient enrichment modulates clam risk assessment. This indicates support for prior state‐dependent risk assessment literature, suggesting nutrient enriched clams will take less risks to forage. This is in direct contrast to results found by Hayes et al. (2021) that suggested that energetically depleted clams were taking less risks to forage, warranting additional research into the mechanisms behind clam energetics and behaviour.
Acting on justiciable problems in a welfare state context: Does income matter?
Authors: Hoekstra Myrte Sophie , Ter Voert Marijke J.
Published: October 2022

This paper discusses the effect of income on access to justice in the context of the Dutch welfare state, which offers subsidized legal aid to low‐income households and also has a well‐established market for private legal expenses insurance (LEI). We find that access to non‐state legal resources such as LEI is a key determinant of the liklihood of seeking legal advice, particularly for middle‐income groups whose socioeconomic position is increasingly precarious. The importance of non‐state legal resources for the middle class demonstrates the cushioning effect of subsidized legal aid for low‐income households, but also raises questions about how to safeguard access to justice for households other than those with the lowest incomes.
Using Dialogic Writing Assessment to Support the Development of Historical Literacy
Authors: Beck Sarah W. , del Calvo Andrew O.
Published: October 2022

Though discipline‐specific approaches to literacy instruction can support adolescents' academic literacy and identity development, scant attention has been paid to ways of targeting such instruction to address individual student needs. Dialogic writing assessment is an approach to conducting writing conferences that foregrounds students' composing process so that teachers can assess and support that process with instructional feedback. Because such feedback is immediate, teachers can observe how students take it up. While dialogic assessment has shown promise as an approach to revealing and supporting students' writing processes in English Language Arts classrooms, it remains to be explored how this approach can support developing writers in other subject areas. This paper offers an analytic narrative account of how a high school social studies teacher used this method to support the writing process of one student, exploring what the method revealed about the challenges the student faced in writing about history, the gaps and misconceptions in their understanding of history and the intersection between the two. We discuss how certain ‘mediational moves’ the teacher employed enabled the student to compose collaboratively with the teacher, and in this collaborative composing, to capture ideas that she later used in her independent writing.
Discriminating between impact or nonimpact origin of small meteorite crater candidates: No evidence for an impact origin for the Tor crater, Sweden
Authors: Plado Jüri , Losiak Ania , Jõeleht Argo , Ormö Jens , Alexanderson Helena , Alwmark Carl , Wild Eva Maria , Steier Peter , Awdankiewicz Marek , Belcher Claire
Published: October 2022

Compared to intensive research on km‐sized meteorite impact craters, fewer studies focus on smaller craters. The small craters are often hard or impossible to recognize using “classical” criteria like the presence of shatter cones, shocked quartz, and geochemical indicators. Therefore, a long list of candidate structures awaiting approval/disapproval of their origin has been formed over the last decades. One of them is the Tor structure in central Sweden. To test a hypothesis of an impact origin of this structure, we have performed topographical analysis, geophysical studies, 10Be exposure dating of boulders, and 14C dating of Tor‐associated charcoal. None of the methods gave us a reason to claim the Tor structure is of impact origin. Thus, we support a recently suggested idea of Tor being formed by a grounded iceberg within a glacial lake.
Re‐examining technology's destruction of blue‐collar work
Authors: Snell Darryn , Gekara Victor
Published: October 2022

Despite research suggesting certain death of blue‐collar work due to technological advancements, blue‐collar jobs continue to be in demand. Through a study of the blue‐collar dominant Transport and Logistics sector in Australia, we apply a Critical Realist framework to consider the tendencies contributing to, and limiting, technological uptake and worker displacement. Our analysis of interviews with sector managers demonstrate how technological uptake decisions to enact labour saving technologies are often constrained by other causal mechanisms and associated (counter) tendencies. Causal mechanisms related to geographical artifacts, industry structure and established business models, along with class structure, mitigate against ‘big bang’ technological transformation and the demise of blue‐collar work. We conclude that tracking the future of work is important, but it cannot be done solely on the basis of technological capacities to displace labour or without consideration of the complex interplay of causal mechanisms and tendencies shaping employer decisions about technology.
Estimating Case‐based Individual and Social Learning in Corporate Tax Avoidance
Authors: Huang Minjie , Zhao Shunan , Pape Andreas
Published: October 2022

We build an econometric learning model based on case‐based decision theory to analyse tax avoidance by Chinese manufacturing firms. In our model, firms forecast the consequences of tax avoidance by judging the similarity between present and remembered circumstances. We allow firms to consider not only their own experiences but also those of neighbouring firms. This is the first empirically fitted model of case‐based individual and social learning. Our measure of tax avoidance is based on underreported profits, which we measure using difference‐in‐difference (DID) and propensity score matching (PSM) with a case‐based similarity function between non‐state and state firms. We find that firms learn from their past and neighbours' experiences weighted as about 65% as important as their own. We also find that the average tax audit rate for non‐state firms is less than 2% and that more than half of non‐state firms practice tax avoidance. Our government policy simulations suggest that increasing the tax audit rate or fine would significantly deter tax avoidance.
Multiple idiopathic cervical root resorption: A systematic review
Authors: Wang Ningxiang , Zhang Mei , Zhu Jiaye , Zhu Yaoyao , Wu Juan
Published: October 2022

The current literature on multiple idiopathic cervical root resorption (MICRR), a rare and aggressive form of external root resorption, is limited to case reports and series. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of this condition. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Web of science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, and WANFANG was conducted using key terms relevant to MICRR, supplemented by a grey literature search. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane's and Joanna Briggs Institute's tools. A total of 36 studies with 47 cases were included. MICRR is more common among younger females and may be related to hormonal changes and denosumab use. Initially, the premolars are usually affected but all permanent teeth may eventually be involved. Cone‐beam computed tomography is recommended for diagnosis and assessment of resorptive lesions. The management is focused on complete removal and restoration of the resorptive tissue to maintain the tooth's structural integrity. However, MICRR usually has a poor prognosis. Due to its invasive and aggressive behavior, MICRR requires greater attention.