bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep gradient reinforcement learning for music improvisation in cloud computing framework
Authors: Alrowais Fadwa , Arasi Munya A. , Alotaibi Saud S. , Alonazi Mohammed , Marzouk Radwa , Salama Ahmed S.
Published: January 2025

Artificial intelligence (AI) in music improvisation offers promising new avenues for developing human creativity. The difficulty of writing dynamic, flexible musical compositions in real time is discussed in this article. We explore using reinforcement learning (RL) techniques to create more interactive and responsive music creation systems. Here, the musical structures train an RL agent to navigate the complex space of musical possibilities to provide improvisations. The melodic framework in the input musical data is initially identified using bi-directional gated recurrent units. The lyrical concepts such as notes, chords, and rhythms from the recognised framework are transformed into a format suitable for RL input. The deep gradient-based reinforcement learning technique used in this research formulates a reward system that directs the agent to compose aesthetically intriguing and harmonically cohesive musical improvisations. The improvised music is further rendered in the MIDI format. The Bach Chorales dataset with six different attributes relevant to musical compositions is employed in implementing the present research. The model was set up in a containerised cloud environment and controlled for smooth load distribution. Five different parameters, such as pitch frequency (PF), standard pitch delay (SPD), average distance between peaks (ADP), note duration gradient (NDG) and pitch class gradient (PCG), are leveraged to assess the quality of the improvised music. The proposed model obtains +0.15 of PF, −0.43 of SPD, −0.07 of ADP and 0.0041 NDG, which is a better value than other improvisation methods.
Random k conditional nearest neighbor for high-dimensional data
Authors: Lu Jiaxuan , Gweon Hyukjun
Published: January 2025

The k nearest neighbor (kNN) approach is a simple and effective algorithm for classification and a number of variants have been proposed based on the kNN algorithm. One of the limitations of kNN is that the method may be less effective when data contains many noisy features due to their non-informative influence in calculating distance. Additionally, information derived from nearest neighbors may be less meaningful in high-dimensional data. To address the limitation of nearest-neighbor based approaches in high-dimensional data, we propose to extend the k conditional nearest neighbor (kCNN) method which is an effective variant of kNN. The proposed approach aggregates multiple kCNN classifiers, each constructed from a randomly sampled feature subset. We also develop a score metric to weigh individual classifiers based on the level of separation of the feature subsets. We investigate the properties of the proposed method using simulation. Moreover, the experiments on gene expression datasets show that the proposed method is promising in terms of predictive classification performance.
The influence of physical activity levels on lactate production during squat training using a functional electromechanical dynamometer
Authors: del-Cuerpo Indya , Jerez-Mayorga Daniel , Chirosa-Ríos Luis Javier , Caamaño-Navarrete Felipe , Delgado-Floody Pedro
Published: January 2025

Objective

This study aimed to determine the association between changes in lactate production and levels of physical activity in a group of healthy young adults in response to two squat training protocols.

Material and methods

Twenty-nine students majoring in Sports Science willingly participated in this study. Participants visited the lab four times within a two-week period, ensuring at least 48 h between visits. In each session, they completed three sets of 12 repetitions at 75% 1RM and three sets of 30 repetitions at 50% of maximum strength, with the order of protocols being randomized.

Results

In the regression analysis, there was a significant positive association between lactate delta changes immediately post-squat at 50% of maximum strength at session 2 with the variable “sex: women” (β: 3.02, 95% CI [−0.18–0.30], p = 0.047) and BMI (kg/m2). Age exhibited a positive association (β: 0.19, 95% CI [0.02–0.36], p = 0.032) with lactate delta changes immediately post-squat at 75% of maximum strength at session 2. There was also a significant inverse association between lactate delta changes at 10 min post-squat test exercise at 75% of maximum strength at session 1 and 2, and vigorous physical activity (−0.01, 95% CI [−0.02–0.00], p = 0.046).

Conclusion

In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the association between lactate production and physical activity levels in young, healthy adults undergoing different squat training protocols. These findings suggest that intense physical activity may be associated with lower lactate production, indicating greater metabolic efficiency. In addition, sex differences in metabolic responses were observed, emphasizing the importance of personalized approaches in program design.
Tea cultivation: facilitating soil organic carbon accumulation and altering soil bacterial community—Leishan County, Guizhou Province, Southwest China
Authors: Shu Yingge , Xie Shan , Fan Hong , Duan Chun , Liu Yuansheng , Chen Zuyong
Published: January 2025

Background

Camellia sinensis is an important cash crop in southwestern China, with soil organic carbon playing a vital role in soil fertility, and microorganisms contributing significantly to nutrient cycling, thus both of them influencing tea tree growth and development. However, existing studies primarily focus on soil organic carbon, neglecting carbon fractions, and the relationship between soil organic carbon fractions and microbial communities is unclear. Consequently, this study aims to clarify the impact of different tea planting durations on soil organic carbon fractions and microbial communities and identify the main factors influencing microbial communities. It provides a theoretical basis for soil quality evaluation in the study area and scientific guidance for tea plantation management, thus fostering the region’s economic sustainability.

Methods

This study selected tea plantations with different tea planting durations of 3–5 years (Y5), 12–16 years (Y15), 18–22 years (Y20), 40–42 years (Y40), and 48–50 years (Y50), as research subjects and adjacent uncultivated forest without a history of tea planting (CK) served as controls. Soil organic carbon (SOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and bacterial diversity were measured in the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers, respectively.

Results

Compared to the adjacent uncultivated forest (CK), the soil organic carbon (SOC), easily oxidizable carbon (EOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents in a 40-year tea plantation significantly increased. Nonetheless, the microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content notably decreased. POC/SOC ratios rose with prolonged planting, signifying enhanced conversion of organic carbon into particulate forms. Bacterial community diversity peaked at 15 years and declined by 40 years post-planting and after tea planting dominated by Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteriota in the tea garden. FAPROTAX analysis highlighted aerobic and anaerobic chemoheterotrophy, cellulolysis, and nitrogen fixation as key bacterial functions. POC and MBC significantly influenced bacterial community structure. In conclusion, tea plantation soil exhibited the highest organic carbon content at 40 years of tea planting, indicating strong carbon accumulation capacity. However, soil acidification in the tea plantation may affect changes in organic carbon and bacterial community. Therefore, in the tea planting process, it is necessary to improve the management system of tea plantations to ensure the maintenance of a good ecological environment in the tea plantation soil, thus achieving sustainable development of the tea industry in the region.
Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles: synthesis and optimization for long-term storage and effective delivery
Authors: Raimbekova Aigul , Kart Ulpan , Yerishova Akbayan , Elebessov Timur , Yegorov Sergey , Pham Tri Thanh , Hortelano Gonzalo
Published: January 2025

Background

Chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) are an effective and inexpensive approach for DNA delivery into live cells. However, most CsNP synthesis protocols are not optimized to allow long-term storage of CsNPs without loss of function. Here, we describe a protocol for CsNP synthesis, lyophilization, and sonication, to store CsNPs and maintain transfection efficiency.

Methods

The size and zeta potential of CsNPs were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and the morphology of CsNPs was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). HEK293 cells were transfected with CsNPs, and expression of H2B-CMV-mScarlet plasmid was assessed by flow cytometry. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize post-transfection gene expression. Time, volume, and effect of sonication were tested to optimize the lyophilization process.

Results

DLS and TEM analysis indicated amine groups on chitosan to phosphate groups on DNA (N:P) ratios yielded smaller CsNPs sizes. Transfection efficiency, measured by FACS and confocal microscopy, peaked at N:P ratios of 2:1 and 3:1 for both fresh and lyophilized CsNPs. Chitosan/DNA complexes remained stable in solution for at least 72 h at a ratio ≥2:1 as assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis. A lower surface charge with lower N:P ratios was indicated by zeta potential measurements. Lyophilized CsNPs lost 50% transfection efficiency compared to those freshly made. In contrast, sonication of lyophilized CsNPs restored their transfection efficiency to the level of fresh CsNPs. Sonicated CsNPs maintained spherical morphology, while unsonicated CsNPs showed aggregates. Cytotoxicity assays revealed high cell viability (>90%) after CsNPs transfection for a ratio of 2:1 or 3:1.

Conclusion

This optimized CsNPs synthesis protocol opens the possibility of long-term storage for CsNPs, which would provide broader applications of this technology.
Comparative Evaluation of Functional Outcomes in High Condylar Fractures Treated with Closed Methods with and without Temporomandibular Joint Arthrocentesis: A Research Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Dubey Sachindra , Bhola Nitin , Agarwal Anchal
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) encompass a range of conditions affecting the joint and surrounding structures, often resulting in pain, restricted movement, and dysfunction. Arthrocentesis involves the insertion of a single needle into the joint space, allowing for irrigation, lavage, and aspiration of the joint. The present procedure aims to alleviate symptoms, improve joint function, and promote healing by removing inflammatory mediators, debris, and adhesions from the joint space.

Need of the study: Arthrocentesis offers several advantages over traditional techniques, including reduced trauma, quicker recovery times, and a decreased risk of complications. It has emerged as a valuable tool in the multidisciplinary approach to managing TMDs, offering patients a minimally invasive option to relieve their symptoms and restore jaw function. Hence, the present study will present the utility of arthrocentesis as an adjunct procedure to closed reduction in high condylar fractures, improving the functionality of the condyle, providing pain relief, increasing mouth opening and bite force, stabilising bilateral occlusion, and normalising excursive movements.

Aim: To compare and evaluate the efficacy of closed reduction with or without arthrocentesis in patients with high condylar fractures regarding functional outcomes.

Materials and Methods: A randomised controlled trial will be conducted at Siddharth Gupta Memorial Cancer Hospital, Sawangi, Wardha, Maharashtra, India, from September 2024 to May 2026, involving 10 patients. The protocol includes examining patients with suspected high condylar fractures, taking detailed case histories, performing clinical examinations focusing on the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ), and recording preoperative measurements of mouth opening and pain levels using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Patients with suspected fractures will undergo radiographic examinations, and those meeting the inclusion criteria will be included in the study after providing informed consent. Arthrocentesis will be performed using a specialised needle with two lumens, inlet and outlet bevels, and a silicone stopper for maximal insertion depth. Statistical analysis will be conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics, specifically the Chi-square test and Student’s paired and Unpaired t-tests, with p-value<0.05 considered significant.
Characterisation of Chemical Constitutes and Spermatogenic Activity of Ushir (Vetiveria Zizanioides Linn) versus Ikshu (Saccharum Officinarum Linn) in Male Wistar Rats: A Research Protocol
Authors: Pargaonkar Akshay Sudhir , Jadhav Jaymala , Jibkate Bhagyashree Ratan , Urkude Minakshi
Published: January 2025

Introduction: In men, infertility may results from impaired sperm quality, quantity and abnormalities. In Ayurveda, there are various herbal medicines that are stated to possess effective aphrodisiac (Vajikarana) properties and purification of the semen (shukrashodhana) activities that are relevant to both aphrodisiac and spermatogenic effects. One such herb that possesses the purification of semen (shukrashodhangana) and is often used is Ushir (Vetiveria zizanioides) and Ikshu (Sugarcane) (Saccharum officinarum). Standardisation of Ayurvedic medicines at the pharmaceutical and analytical levels is important for proceeding with preclinical or clinical studies. The outcomes of animal research have helped consider the drug’s benefits and drawbacks.

Need of the study: There is a need to evaluate this fact. Ikshu swaras (juice of S. officinarum) (Juice of Sugarcane) has a shelf life of one hour, while Ushir churna (powder of V. zizanioidis) is easily available and has a shelf life of two years. If both drugs have similar actions, then Ikshu (sugarcane) can be replaced by Ushir. The phytochemical characterisation of Indian species of these two drugs also needs to be discovered, as it may provide detailed information regarding chemical constituents and may explore additional utility.

Aim: To evaluate the characterisation of chemical constituents and the spermatogenic activity of Ushir (Vetiveria zizanioides) versus Ikshu (Saccharum officinarum) (sugarcane) in male Wistar rats.

Materials and Methods: An experimental study will be conducted at the preclinical animal research facility of Datta Meghe Higher Education and Research (DIMHER), Wardha, Maharashtra, India (DU) from January 2022 to January 2025. The preparation of the drugs will be standardised as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) in the analytical laboratory of Dattatray Rasashala of MGACH&RC Salod, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. Five groups will be formed, each consisting of six male Wistar rats. The groups will include a normal control group, a disease control group, a standard control group and two test groups. Parameters that will be assessed include sperm morphology, sperm motility, pH, agglutination, sperm count, serum testosterone levels and histopathology. The experimental study will be conducted as per Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. For statistical analysis, the mean and standard deviation of the treated groups will be calculated using an unpaired t-test and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis, with a significance level set at p<0.05.
Seroprevalence of Immunoglobulin G Levels (IgG) against Varicella in Healthy Indian Adults: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Singh Huidrom Manimohon , Suri Vikas , Goyal Kapil
Published: January 2025

Introduction: The key role of vaccines is to prevent infections caused by viruses and bacteria. Many adults remain unaware and unvaccinated. Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) is a pathogenic human herpes virus that causes varicella (chickenpox) infections in both children and adults. Only a fraction of the population in India receives the varicella vaccination through private practitioners, as it is not part of the national immunisation programme.

Aim: To determine the levels of protective antibodies against varicella among different age groups of healthy adults.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2019 to September 2020 in the Department of Internal Medicine and the Blood Donation Centre of the Department of Transfusion Medicine at PGIMER, Chandigarh, Punjab, India. The study involved healthy adults aged 18 years and above attending blood donation camps or those accompanying patients in the Internal Medicine Outpatient Department (OPD). They were divided into four groups: Group A: Adults aged 18-30 years, Group B: Adults aged 31-45 years, Group C: Adults aged 46- 60 years, Group D: Adults aged >60 years. Variables like age, sex, socioeconomic status, history of VZV vaccination, history of natural varicella infection in the past and VZV IgG levels tested with a commercially available Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit were analysed. The dependent variables were classified as Varicella IgG positive (>12 U/mL), equivocal (8-12 U/ mL) and negative (<8 U/mL). Data collected were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. The Chi-square test (c) and Fisher’s-exact test were used for proportions, while the Spearman’s correlation test was used to assess the correlation between age and Immunoglobulin (IgG) levels. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant.

Results: Out of 300 participants, 244 (81.3%) were male and the mean±SD age was 44.26±15.50 years. A total of 88.7% had protective levels of varicella IgG >12 U/mL. Lower socioeconomic status and younger age groups were associated with negative or equivocal (<12 U/mL) IgG levels. A positive correlation between age (in years) and VZV IgG (in U/mL) was found in the present study.

Conclusion: Overall, protective immunity among adults against varicella was found to be 88.7%. Serosurveillance surveys in the community and healthcare facilities should be implemented for vaccine-preventable diseases so that vaccination can be offered to the susceptible population, thereby preventing outbreaks.
Joy of Electronic Drawing for Operative Notes: Enhancing Surgical Documentation
Authors: Chung Jong Woo
Published: January 2025

This manuscript explores the integration of electronic drawings into surgical operative notes, highlighting their importance in improving the quality and utility of surgical documentation. Operative notes, as essential components of surgical practice, serve various purposes: they detail procedures, provide critical information to healthcare providers, guide treatment planning, and function as legal records. The transition from traditional hand-drawn illustrations to electronic drawings, enabled by the growing adoption of electronic medical record systems, has transformed surgical documentation. This digital approach offers multiple advantages, including better communication among healthcare providers, enhanced patient care, and more effective teaching tools for surgical residents. By delivering clear and intuitive visual depictions of complex procedures, electronic drawings enable faster information retrieval during time-sensitive consultations and promote a shared understanding among healthcare professionals. In conclusion, incorporating electronic drawings into operative notes significantly enriches surgical documentation, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and advancing the discipline of surgery.
Revisiting Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and Renewable Energy Consumption in India
Authors: Nair Aathira , Maiti Susobhan
Published: January 2025

The relationship between renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental sustainability has been extensively studied, particularly in the context of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The EKC posits an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation, where pollution initially rises with income levels and subsequently declines after reaching a certain income threshold. One of the most important issues in a current era is striking a balance between environmental sustainability and economic prosperity. Considering the said background, this study aims to find out the growth rate of renewable energy consumption per-capita, Gross domestic product per-capita and CO2 emission per-capita. Side by side, it is also trying to revisit the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve in India and how renewable energy consumption per-capita is affected by Gross domestic product per-capita and CO2 emission per-capita. All the data has been collected from World Development Indicator (WDI), World Bank for the period 1990-2020 using a multiple regression analysis. The result suggests that the growth rate of renewable energy consumption per-capita, Gross domestic product per-capita and CO2 emission per-capita is fluctuating in nature. In case of India, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) still exists and Gross domestic product per-capita is affecting renewable energy consumption positively and CO2 emission per-capita negatively.
Digital Currencies: The Future of Money
Authors: Al-Harbi Ahmad
Published: January 2025

This paper explores the transformative impact of digital currencies on the future of money, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize financial systems worldwide. It examines the evolution of digital currencies, including Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) and digital wallets, and their underpinning technologies such as blockchain and distributed ledger technologies. The study analyzes their implications for financial inclusion and efficiency, showing how they democratize access to financial services. It presents case studies illustrating practical applications in simplifying cross-border payments and everyday transactions, focusing on examples from China, Sweden, and the Bahamas. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining historical analysis, and case studies to derive its findings. The conclusion reiterates the pivotal role of digital currencies in shaping the future of money and suggests further research into their implications for global financial stability, including specific areas like regulatory frameworks, international trade impact, and long-term economic implications.
Integrated Approaches to Combat Cucurbit Mosaic Disease in Cucumis sativus: Insights from Assam, India
Authors: Dey Puja , Rajkumari Prarthna , Deka Shobha Dutta , Mishra Ranima
Published: January 2025

Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of various integrated management strategies for management of cucurbit mosaic disease on cucumbers (Cucumis sativus). The aim was to study the effects of various treatments on disease incidence and vector population and promote sustainable farming through eco-friendly management approaches in an integrated manner.
Study Design: Randomised Block Design with six treatments and one control with three replications
Place and Duration of Study: Biswanath Chariali, Assam, India (2021-2022).
Methodology: Local cucumber variety “Ganga” was used to evaluate the treatments, including insect-proof seedling raising, yellow sticky traps, straw mulch, foliar sprays with neem formulation (Azadirachtin 0.03%), mineral oil, biopesticides (Beauveria bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis), and a chemical insecticide (Imidacloprid). Disease incidence were recorded at intervals of 15 days from 30 to 75 days after transplanting. Statistical tests; viz., t-tests, ANOVA, correlation analysis were performed to analyse the treatment effects. Correlation analysis was performed between disease incidence and yield.
Results: Treatment with neem formulation (Azadirachtin 0.03%) at 5 ml/L (T2) significantly reduced disease incidence (38.89%) and increased yield (32.83 q/ha), comparable to the insecticide treatment (Imidacloprid, T6), which had the lowest disease incidence (22.22%) and highest yield (38.55 q/ha). The disease incidence and aphid vector population were mild in treatment T2 and T6, while the control (T0) showed severe disease and high vector density. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between disease incidence and yield (r = -0.969).
Conclusion: Neem formulation has shown high efficacy in managing cucurbit mosaic disease with less hazardous impact on the environment and can be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides. Integrated management strategies incorporating neem-based botanicals provide eco-friendly alternatives for disease management. Integrated management strategies were chosen over traditional methods because they combine biological, cultural, and chemical controls, reducing pesticide reliance, minimizing environmental impact, and promoting long-term sustainability.
Content Creation and Development of Prototype of Mobile Application of Sesamum and Mustard Crops in Northern Telangana Zone, India
Authors: Sadvi P. , Karthik D. , Reddy R. Uma , Rao P. Jagan Mohan
Published: January 2025

Smart phones are widely recognized as one of the greatest inventions of the twentieth century, and they have become inseparable from everyone's pocket. Smart phones are becoming increasingly widely used due to its capabilities in communication, gaming, education, entertainment, technical support, information, daily news coverage, trade, and business. Apps for mobile phones, tablets, and other devices are software programmes that operate on these devices. The design and implementation of a mobile application for farmers seeking information on agro consulting services is required. This study aims to identify the most relevant information needed and accessed by the farmers pertaining to the crops Sesamum and Mustard. It revealed that among the pest, disease, seed, marketing and other problems, Incidence of aphids (62%), phyllody (36%), Powdery mildew (21%), non following of seed treatment (63%), price fluctuations (52%) and difficulty in harvesting(42%) was ranked first as the major problems in sesamum. Incidence of aphids (42%), downy mildew (32%), Not following seed treatment (66%) and lack of marketing facility (72%) were observed in mustard crop. A prototype of mobile application was developed based on the relevancy of content received from judges (30 No.s).
Eco-friendly Management of Mustard Sawfly Athalia lugens proxima (Klug) on Asalio (Lepidium sativum)
Authors: Pawar B.Y. , Gawade S.B. , Patil D.D. , Gaikwad R.T. , Shinde Sharmila
Published: January 2025

The present research was under taken on the mansagement of mustard sawfly, Atthalia lugens proxima (Klug) on Asalio, Lepidium sativum. Athalia lugens proxima (Klug) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) commonly known as mustard sawfly is a major pest of mustard. Seeds are used for recovery of chronic brochial asthma and enhancing milk yield in both animals and human beings. The field experiment was conducted with eight treatments and three replications with plot size of 3 m x 4 m with design RBD. The experiment was conducted during three years 2020-21 to 2022-23 during peak pest infestation on the crop Asalio, Lepidium sativum (Rabi season) at Central Campus, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dist. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. The pooled results of three years data i.e. 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23 presented in the Table 1. Observations on pre count was recorded and the pooled mean was ranged from 7.55 larvae per plant to 7.68 larvae per plant. Subsequently the observations were recorded at 3, 7 and 14 days after sprayings. From the three years pooled data, it was concluded that among all treatment tested the treatment Beauveria bassiana @ 5 g/lit was found statistically significant with minimum survival of larval pest population i.e. 2.66 larvae/plant after first spray and 0.91 larvae/plant after second spray with maximum seed yield 16.10 q/ha and maximum ICBR i.e. 1:12.17 and B:C ratio 2.13.
Introduction
Authors: Rob Engl  , Martin Cook
Published: January 2025

In 2013 excavation works were undertaken at the location of the former Canongate Charity Poorhouse(or workhouse) on the New Waverley development site, at the junction of Calton Road and Old TolboothWynd, Canongate, Edinburgh. The excavation revealed development of the site from the initial cultivationof the ‘backlands’ in the 12th/13th centuries to the construction of the Poorhouse in 1761.A sequence of buried garden soils/middens relating to pre-18th-century activity was recorded, in additionto the remains of a single burgage plot boundary and associated rig and furrow deposits. Substantialstructural features related to the 18th-century Poorhouse were revealed, including sandstone walls withwooden plank and pinion foundation rafting. Seven burials of probable late 17th-/early 18th-century dateassociated with the Canongate Kirk were recorded along the site’s southern boundary (an eighth had beenencountered in 1997).A rich artefact and ecofact assemblage was recovered from the soils and midden deposits, includingimported fine glassware. The ceramic assemblage included Scottish White Gritty Ware (SWGW), ScottishPost-medieval Reduced Ware (SPMRW) and Scottish Post-medieval Oxidised Ware (SPMOW), togetherwith high-status imported material such as a Spanish gaming piece and a rare German stove tile.Consumption patterns revealed by the artefact evidence appear to reflect the high status of the Canongate’sinhabitants prior to the greater development of the site during the 18th century. The creation of thePoorhouse stands in stark contrast to this, revealing the changing fortunes of this part of post-medievalEdinburgh.
Acknowledgements
Authors: Rob Engl  , Martin Cook
Published: January 2025

In 2013 excavation works were undertaken at the location of the former Canongate Charity Poorhouse (or workhouse) on the New Waverley development site, at the junction of Calton Road and Old Tolbooth Wynd, Canongate, Edinburgh. The excavation revealed development of the site from the initial cultivation of the ‘backlands’ in the 12th/13th centuries to the construction of the Poorhouse in 1761.
A sequence of buried garden soils/middens relating to pre-18th-century activity was recorded, in addition to the remains of a single burgage plot boundary and associated rig and furrow deposits. Substantial structural features related to the 18th-century Poorhouse were revealed, including sandstone walls with wooden plank and pinion foundation rafting. Seven burials of probable late 17th-/early 18th-century date associated with the Canongate Kirk were recorded along the site’s southern boundary (an eighth had been encountered in 1997).
A rich artefact and ecofact assemblage was recovered from the soils and midden deposits, including imported fine glassware. The ceramic assemblage included Scottish White Gritty Ware (SWGW), Scottish Post-medieval Reduced Ware (SPMRW) and Scottish Post-medieval Oxidised Ware (SPMOW), together with high-status imported material such as a Spanish gaming piece and a rare German stove tile.
Consumption patterns revealed by the artefact evidence appear to reflect the high status of the Canongate’s inhabitants prior to the greater development of the site during the 18th century. The creation of the Poorhouse stands in stark contrast to this, revealing the changing fortunes of this part of post-medieval Edinburgh.
Progressive Cranial Neuropathy
Authors: Buchberger David S. , Cook Samantha K. , Koyfman Shlomo A.
Published: October 2023

A 68-year-old man had right facial weakness with a droop, slurred speech, and eyelid ptosis that progressed over 5 years from right temple numbness and did not respond to gabapentin or steroids. What is your diagnosis?
Building Bridges With School Boards—An Understudied Seat of Health Equity
Authors: Narayan Aditya , DeLine-Caballero Soneida S. , Prober Charles G.
Published: October 2023

This Viewpoint describes the role of school boards in both education delivery and health outcomes and the importance of clinician involvement in effecting health-promoting policies for all students.
Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Culturable Virus Shedding in Children
Authors: Kumar Nikhilesh , Bendavid Eran , Sood Neeraj
Published: October 2023

This cohort study evaluates the duration of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and its association with vaccination status in children after a positive COVID-19 test result.
Integrative analysis of immune‐related signature profiles in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis
Authors: Kan Xuan , Guan Ruidi , Hao Jianwei , Zhao Chunyuan , Sun Yanan
Published: October 2023

Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (ECRSwNP) is a subtype of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) that is associated with the nasal cavity and sinus polyps, elevated levels of eosinophils, and dysregulated immune responses to environmental triggers. The underlying cause of ECRSwNP is not well understood, and few studies have focused on the unique features of this subtype of CRS. Our study integrated proteomic and transcriptomic data with multi‐omic bioinformatics analyses. We collected nasal polyps from three ECRSwNP patients and three control patients and identified 360 differentially expressed (DE) proteins, including 119 upregulated and 241 downregulated proteins. Functional analyses revealed several significant associations with ECRSwNP, including focal adhesion, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and extracellular matrix (ECM)–receptor interactions. Additionally, a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network revealed seven hub proteins that may play crucial roles in the development of ECRSwNP. We also compared the proteomic data with publicly available transcriptomic data and identified a total of 1077 DE genes. Pathways enriched by the DE genes involved angiogenesis, positive regulation of cell motility, and immune responses. Furthermore, we investigated immune cell infiltration and identified biomarkers associated with eosinophil and M2 macrophage infiltration using CIBERSORT and Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA). Our results provide a more complete picture of the immune‐related mechanisms underlying ECRSwNP, which could contribute to the development of more precise treatment strategies for this condition.
Two‐Dimensional Memtransistors for Non‐Von Neumann Computing: Progress and Challenges
Authors: Wali Akshay , Das Saptarshi
Published: October 2023

The increased demand of high‐performance computing systems has exposed the inherent limitations of the current state‐of‐the‐art von Neumann architecture. Therefore, developing alternate computing primitives that can offer faster computing speed with low energy expenditure is critical. In this context, while several non‐volatile memory (NVM) devices such as synaptic transistors, spintronic devices, phase change memory (PCM), and memristors have been demonstrated in the past, their two‐terminal nature necessitates additional peripheral elements that increase area and energy overhead. Recently, a new multiterminal device prototype known as a memtransistor has shown tremendous potential to overcome these limitations through exceptional control of the gate electrostatics as enabled by 2D channel materials. In this perspective, a brief overview of recent developments in 2D‐memtransistor devices is provided, including their fundamental operational mechanisms and the role of defects in enabling multiple NVM states and optical photoresponse. An overview of their implementation in the context of neuromorphic, probabilistic, information security, and edge‐sensing primitives is also provided. Finally, a futuristic perspective is provided looking toward their successful large‐scale technological integration.
A Multifunctional and Selective Ionic Flexible Sensor with High Environmental Suitability for Tactile Perception
Authors: Yuan Shen , Bai Ju , Li Shengzhao , Ma Nan , Deng Shihao , Zhu Hao , Li Tie , Zhang Ting
Published: October 2023

Inspired by the tactile sensory mechanism of human skin, ionic hydrogels‐derived ionic flexible sensors have attracted much attention since they can produce output signals that match the recognition mode of nerves, showing a potential application in the human‐machine interaction. Unfortunately, the practical sensing properties of ionic hydrogels are restricted by the drawbacks of hydroelastic instability and non‐selective response ability, such as poor mechanical strength, irretentive solvent retaining capacity, and low‐temperature intolerance. Herein, in this study, a novel physical‐crosslink enhanced ionic hydrogel‐PVA/PEG/TA‐MXene‐Na+/Li+ (PPM‐NL) nanocomposite is prepared and shows well comprehensive properties of mechanical strength (400% elongation at break, 0.93 MPa), electrical conductivity (8.1 S m−1), tear resistance, self‐healing and anti‐freezing/drying features (93% water retention after sixty days and frost resistance −27 °C). The PPM‐NL hydrogel‐derived flexible sensor displays selective response behavior to tensile and compressive deformation with high sensitivity (G = 1.12) and rapid response time (only 60 ms). Further, this ionic flexible device is applied to monitor the joint motions of humanoid hands and integrated into manipulators to recognize the thickness and softness of objects, showing superior environmental stability. It can be believed that this ionic flexible sensor will provide inspiration for developing next‐generation biomimetic tactile perception of robots.
Octopi Tentacles‐Inspired Architecture Enables Self‐Healing Conductive Rapid‐Photo‐Responsive Materials for Soft Multifunctional Actuators
Authors: Shi Xiangrong , Zhang Kuiyuan , Chen Juxiang , Qian Hanqi , Huang Yudong , Jiang Bo
Published: October 2023

To mimic biological systems' healing mechanism and sensory motion, the combination of self‐healing, perception, and actuation in a singular soft artificial material is required, which would be enormously valuable for soft robotics that commit to obtaining multifunction and local sensing capacities approaching living organisms. However, most existing soft somatosensory actuators lack self‐healing capability to injuries, and suffer from insufficient actuating performance and sensitivity, and complicated manufacturing operations. Herein, a bioinspired conductive photo‐responsive architecture is reported. Rapidly photo‐responsive anthracene, self‐healing matrix with dynamic interactions, and high‐conductivity slideable silver nanowires chemically integrated with matrix are respectively utilized to mimic the neuromuscular system and effectors, biological tissue systems, and nerve cords and receptors of octopus tentacles. Such a soft somatosensory actuator exhibits rapid actuation (light‐driven bending velocity, 10o s−1), distinctive intrinsic strain sensitivity (gauge factor, 90.88), and decent self‐healing efficiency (92.2%). As a proof of concept, octopi tentacles‐inspired smart grippers are fabricated for various photo‐responsive motions including bending, weightlifting and object grasping that can contemporaneously detect actions by real‐time resistance changes and provide information feedback. This work is anticipated to bring fresh horizons in the design of multifunctional sensory actuating materials and establish a pathway for the advancement of self‐diagnostic soft robots.
Degradable Microneedle Patch Loaded with Doxycycline Hydrochloride and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors for Promoting Diabetic Wound Healing
Authors: Tan Yufang , Wang Yichen , Zeng Ning , Zhang Qi , Wu Min , Wu Yiping
Published: October 2023

Difficult‐to‐heal skin wounds are serious complications of diabetes. Microneedles (MNs) are a new type of physically penetrating wound dressing that can synergistically carry drugs. In this study, good biocompatible gelatin methacrylate (Gelma) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), loading with doxycycline hydrochloride (DH) and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) are used to prepare the DH/VEGF@Gelma‐MNs. Gelma‐MNs possess well‐aligned conical structures, good mechanical, and swelling properties, and could penetrate the skin. DH/VEGF@Gelma‐MNs show biocompatibility and antibacterial ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Besides, DH/VEGF@Gelma‐MNs significantly promote the migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). DH/VEGF@Gelma‐PNs treatment accelerates diabetic wound closure in vivo compared to DH/VEGF@Gelma‐plain patch (DH/VEGF@Gelma‐PPs) flat patch and DH/VEGF solution injection. Histological evaluation shows that DH/VEGF@Gelma‐MNs coverage presents intact wound re‐epithelialization, follicle and sebaceous gland formation, more collagen deposition and remodeling, and angiogenesis. In conclusion, DH/VEGF@Gelma‐MNs exert antimicrobial and angiogenic effects by releasing DH and VEGF to promote diabetic wound healing, posing an intriguing strategy based on a synergistic MN therapeutic platform.
CircNOLC1 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis by Interacting with AZGP1 and Sponging miR‐212‐5p to Regulate Reprogramming of the Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Authors: Yuan Menglang , Zhang Xinsheng , Yue Fangxia , Zhang Feifan , Jiang Sufen , Zhou Xu , Lv Jinjuan , Zhang Zhenyu , Sun Yuzhu , Chen Zihao , Wu Han , Liu Xiaoqian , Yu Xiaoqi , Wei Bowen , Jiang Kexin , Lin Fang , Zuo Yunfei , Ren Shuangyi
Published: October 2023

Liver metastasis is a common cause of death in progressive colorectal cancer patients, but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, it is reported that a conserved and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway‐associated circular RNA, circNOLC1, plays a crucial role in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. It is found that circNOLC1 silencing reduces the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway‐related intermediate metabolites and elevates NADP+/NADPH ratio and intracellular ROS levels, thereby attenuating colorectal cancer cell proliferation, migration, and liver metastasis. circNOLC1 interacting with AZGP1 to activate mTOR/SREBP1 signaling, or sponging miR‐212‐5p to upregulate c‐Met expression, both of which can further induce G6PD to activate oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Moreover, circNOLC1 is regulated by the transcription factor YY1 and specifically stabilized HuR induces its parental gene mRNA expression. The associations between circNOLC1 and these signaling molecules are validated in primary CRC and corresponding liver metastasis tissues. These findings reveal that circNOLC1 interacting with AZGP1 and circNOLC1/miR‐212‐5p/c‐Met axis plays a key role in oxidative pentose phosphate pathway‐mediated colorectal cancer liver metastasis, which may provide a novel target for precision medicine of colorectal cancer.
Symmetrical Catalytic Colloids Display Janus‐Like Active Brownian Particle Motion
Authors: Archer Richard J. , Ebbens Stephen J.
Published: October 2023

Catalytic Janus colloids, with one hemi‐sphere covered by a hydrogen peroxide reduction catalyst such as platinum, represent one of the most experimentally explored examples of self‐motile active colloid systems. This paper comparatively investigates the motile behavior of symmetrical catalytic colloids produced by a solution‐based metal salt reduction process. Despite the significant differences in the distribution of catalytic activity, this study finds that the motion produced by symmetrical colloids is equivalent to that previously reported for Janus colloids. It also shows that introducing a Janus structure to the symmetrical colloids via masking does not significantly modify their motion. These findings could indicate that very subtle variations in surface reactivity can be sufficient to produce Janus‐like active Brownian particle‐type motion, or that a symmetry‐breaking phenomena is present. The study will consequently motivate fresh theoretical attention and also demonstrate a straightforward route to access large quantities of motile active colloids, which are expected to show subtly different phenomenology compared to those with Janus structures.
Trimethylsilyl Compounds for the Interfacial Stabilization of Thiophosphate‐Based Solid Electrolytes in All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Kim Kanghyeon , Kim Taehun , Song Gawon , Lee Seonghyun , Jung Min Soo , Ha Seongmin , Ha A. Reum , Lee Kyu Tae
Published: October 2023

Argyrodite‐type Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl) has attracted much attention as a solid electrolyte for all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) because of its high ionic conductivity and good mechanical flexibility. LPSCl, however, has challenges of translating research into practical applications, such as irreversible electrochemical degradation at the interface between LPSCl and cathode materials. Even for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs), liquid electrolytes have the same issue as electrolyte decomposition due to interfacial instability. Nonetheless, current LIBs are successfully commercialized because functional electrolyte additives give rise to the formation of stable cathode‐electrolyte interphase (CEI) and solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers, leading to supplementing the interfacial stability between electrolyte and electrode. Herein, inspired by the role of electrolyte additives for LIBs, trimethylsilyl compounds are introduced as solid electrolyte additives for improving the interfacial stability between sulfide‐based solid electrolytes and cathode materials. 2‐(Trimethylsilyl)ethanethiol (TMS‐SH), a solid electrolyte additive, is oxidatively decomposed during charge, forming a stable CEI layer. As a result, the CEI layer derived from TMS‐SH suppresses the interfacial degradation between LPSCl and LiCoO2, thereby leading to the excellent electrochemical performance of Li | LPSCl | LiCoO2, such as superior cycle life over 2000 cycles (85.0% of capacity retention after 2000 cycles).
A Bacterial mRNA‐Lysis‐Mediated Cargo Release Vaccine System for Regulated Cytosolic Surveillance and Optimized Antigen Delivery
Authors: Li Yu‐an , Sun Yanni , Zhang Yuqin , Li Quan , Wang Shifeng , Curtiss Roy , Shi Huoying
Published: October 2023

Engineered vector‐based in vivo protein delivery platforms have made significant progress for both prophylactic and therapeutic applications. However, the lack of effective release strategies results in foreign cargo being trapped within the vector, restricting the provision of significant performance benefits and enhanced therapeutic results compared to traditional vaccines. Herein, the development of a Salmonella mRNA interferase regulation vector (SIRV) system is reported to overcome this challenge. The genetic circuits are engineered that (1) induce self‐lysis to release foreign antigens into target cells and (2) activate the cytosolic surveillance cGAS‐STING axis by releasing DNA into the cytoplasm. Delayed synthesis of the MazF interferase regulates differential mRNA cleavage, resulting in a 36‐fold increase in the delivery of foreign antigens and modest activation of the inflammasome, which collectively contribute to the marked maturation of antigen‐presenting cells (APCs). Bacteria delivering the protective antigen SaoA exhibits excellent immunogenicity and safety in mouse and pig models, significantly improving the survival rate of animals challenged with multiple serotypes of Streptococcus suis. Thus, the SIRV system enables the effective integration of various modular components and antigen cargos, allowing for the generation of an extensive range of intracellular protein delivery systems using multiple bacterial species in a highly efficient manner.