bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and Geographic Variation in Condition of Juvenile Walleye Pollock in the Western Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Buchheister Andre , Wilson Matthew T. , Foy Robert J. , Beauchamp David A.
Published: September 2006

Body length, length‐specific weight, and length‐specific whole‐body energy content (WBEC) of juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma were examined for evidence of seasonal and geographic variation. Identifying the impact of winter on these measures of fish condition was of primary concern, but we also sought to determine whether condition varies among different geographic regions. The 2000 year‐class of walleye pollock was sampled in the western Gulf of Alaska during four seasons (the autumn of 2000 and the winter, summer, and autumn of 2001), and the study area was divided into three regions (Kodiak, Semidi, and Shumagin). In each region, length‐specific weight decreased from autumn to winter by up to 17%, subsequently increasing into the summer by 13–20%. Significant seasonal changes in length‐specific WBEC varied by region but reflected the same trends as length‐specific weight. Walleye pollock from the Kodiak region were in better condition than those from other regions, as evidenced by larger lengths in winter (18‐mm difference) and summer, a 5.9% higher length‐specific weight in autumn of 2000, and higher length‐specific WBEC in autumn of 2000 (0.783 kJ/g wet weight, or 18.3%, higher) and in the following winter (0.607 kJ/g, or 14.1%, higher). The poorer condition of juvenile walleye pollock in winter may be widespread through the Gulf of Alaska, but spatial heterogeneity in habitat can also greatly influence the size and condition of juveniles. The impact of such variability on growth and mortality remains uncertain.
Cohort Dynamics of Summer‐Spawned Bluefish as Determined by Length‐Frequency and Otolith Microstructure Analyses
Authors: Taylor David L. , Able Kenneth W.
Published: September 2006

Elucidating recruitment processes in marine fish is difficult when species occupy distinct habitats at different ontogenetic stages and when multiple cohorts determine year‐class strength. Currently, there is insufficient information on the cohort dynamics of the early life history stages of summer‐spawned bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix to critically evaluate each cohort's role in regulating population dynamics. The objective of this study was to provide greater insight into the cohort dynamics of summer‐spawned bluefish during the summer and fall on the inner continental shelf off southern New Jersey. Length‐frequency and otolith microstructure analyses were used to estimate the age, hatch date, and growth of neustonic individuals collected from shelf surface waters during August–October 1998. Bluefish ranged between 9 and 46 d in age, corresponding to back‐calculated hatch dates between 27 June and 13 September. Hatch date frequencies were decomposed into a series of normal curves and identified three cohorts with mean hatch dates occurring in early July (cohort 1), late July to early August (cohort 2), and late August to early September (cohort 3). Cohort‐specific growth rates ranged between 0.28 and 0.81 mm standard length/d. Otolith microstructure analysis revealed that growth was significantly faster for cohort 1 than for the other cohorts, most likely because of spatial and temporal variability in the environment (e.g., temperature) and size‐selective processes (e.g., mortality). Back‐calculated spawning dates indicated that the functional spawning output of bluefish was significantly greater during the first‐quarter phase of the lunar cycle. Collectively, these observations suggest that the cohort structure of bluefish is more complex than previously recognized.
Growth of Freshwater Drum from Lotic and Lentic Habitats in Alabama
Authors: Rypel Andrew L. , Bayne David R. , Mitchell Justin B.
Published: September 2006

We analyzed variations in the age and growth of freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens in Alabama rivers and reservoirs. Lotic environments produced significantly more robust freshwater drum (associated with higher growth rates) than did lentic settings. Shorter reservoir retention times (more lotic reservoirs) also produced more robust and faster‐growing freshwater drum, which supported the hypothesis that hydraulic‐based habitat was an important variable in determining freshwater drum condition and growth. Linear declines in relative weight and percent lipid were revealed along a hydrologic gradient in Lake Logan Martin and were strongest in older freshwater drum. Von Bertalanffy predictions supported these results but also exposed a unique caveat: If freshwater drum lived long enough (>12 years), they were ultimately able to grow to larger sizes (>L∞) in reservoirs. Freshwater drum may be capable of moving between available lentic and lotic habitats during their lifetime to maximize invertebrate and fish prey bases. These results exposed interesting possibilities for the biology and movement of freshwater drum, which apparently live much longer (>30 years) than originally thought and may be of some use in extensive ecological time series analyses.
Evaluation of a Negative Relationship between Abundance during Spawning and Size at Maturity in Kokanee
Authors: Grover Mark C.
Published: September 2006

The relationship between average size at maturity and the number of individuals present at the peak of the spawning run was evaluated in a population of kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka that experienced a large increase in accessible spawning habitat after the loss of a spawning barricade at Bucks Creek, California. Data on peak abundance, peak population density, and body sizes of spawning kokanee were compared with available data from years when the barricade restricted the spawning run. The data, which spanned a period of 34 years, collectively demonstrated that a negative size–abundance relationship caused by density‐dependent growth has been a persistent feature of the population. Peak kokanee abundance during spawning was unaffected by the presence of the spawning barricade, but peak spawning density was significantly higher during years when the spawning run was restricted by the spawning barricade than during years when the spawning run was unrestricted. The magnitude of this difference was inversely proportional to the reduction in accessible spawning habitat associated with the presence of the spawning barricade, indicating that kokanee crowded into available habitat during each spawning run and that territorial spacing did not limit peak abundances. Peak abundance increased markedly from 1999 to 2004 (the period subsequent to the loss of the spawning barricade), while size at maturity steadily declined in a manner that affected all individuals in the population. These trends indicated that (1) individual growth rates were tightly linked to population density, (2) kokanee abundance at the peak of the spawning run was related to prespawning population density, and (3) influences such as territorial spacing and temporal variation in the average age at maturity did not significantly alter or obscure the negative size–abundance relationship.
Estimation of Stock Composition and Individual Identification of Chinook Salmon across the Pacific Rim by Use of Microsatellite Variation
Authors: Beacham Terry D. , Candy John R. , Jonsen Kimberly L. , Supernault Janine , Wetklo Michael , Deng Langtuo , Miller Kristina M. , Withler Ruth E. , Varnavskaya Natalia
Published: September 2006

Variation at 13 microsatellite loci was surveyed for over 52,000 Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha sampled from 325 localities ranging from Russia to California; the variation was applied to estimate stock composition in mixed‐stock fishery samples. A rapid increase in the accuracy of estimated stock composition in simulated mixtures with respect to population sample size was observed for sample sizes of up to about 75 individuals, at which point a 90% accuracy of assignment to population was achieved. The number of alleles observed at a locus was related to the power of the locus in providing accurate estimates of the stock composition of single‐population mixtures. In analysis of single‐population mixtures where the Pacific Rim baseline was used for estimation of stock identification, 75% accuracy for the average population was achieved by employing approximately 55 alleles in the analysis. Increasing the accuracy of the estimated stock composition to 90% for the average population required approximately 350 microsatellite alleles. The precision of estimated stock composition increased rapidly for approximately the first 100 alleles used; standard deviations declined from 20.0% to 8.0%. Analysis of known‐origin samples indicated that accurate regional estimates of stock composition were obtained. The accuracy of assigning individuals to a specific region or river drainage averaged 84% for 54 populations in multipopulation samples. The estimated stock compositions of mixed‐fishery samples from northern and southern locations in British Columbia were quite different among samples and reflected whether samples were derived from migrating or resident Chinook salmon. Microsatellites have the ability to provide accurate estimates of stock composition from many fisheries in the Pacific Rim distribution of Chinook salmon.
Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Stenosis by Prosthetic Hollow Stents: Clinical Experience in Eight Patients
Authors: Eppley Barry L. , Sadove A. Michael , Hennon David , van Aalst John A.
Published: September 2006

Objective

A series of nasopharyngeal appliance designs is presented that represents our evolving experience over a 20-year period in the adjunctive use of prosthetic stents in the surgical correction of nasopharyngeal stenosis.

Design

Retrospective assessment of effectiveness of two nasopharyngeal stenosis hollow stent designs in a consecutive series of patients for relief of nasal obstructive symptoms.

Setting

Tertiary academic medical center, Craniofacial Program at Children's Hospital.

Patients

Four patients with nasopharyngeal stenosis were treated with a preoperatively fabricated stent made from a clasped palatal appliance onto which hollow acrylic conduits were extended through surgically re-created pharyngeal ports. A subsequent set of four patients with nasopharyngeal stenosis were treated with intraoperatively-fashioned silastic grommets, as opposed to palatal appliances.

Interventions

Postoperative intraoral stenting of nasopharyngeal ports.

Main Outcome Measures

Maintenance of pharyngeal port opening after 1 year, improvement in nasal airway obstructive symptoms.

Results

The palatal appliance stents were less well tolerated and had a lower maintenance of port patency after device removal (4 of 8, 50%). The silastic grommets provided better retention into the ports and increased patient tolerance, as well as better 1-year port maintenance (6 of 8, 75%).

Conclusions

The grommet stent appliance offers numerous advantages over a conventional dental-clasped appliance for prosthetic nasopharyngeal stenting, including obviation of extensive preoperative preparation, ease of insertion and removal, and exchange of air during the stenting period. Improved nasopharyngeal patency with this device may be due to greater patient tolerance and subsequent longer use.
A Multicenter Outcomes Assessment of Five-Year-Old Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Flinn Wanda , Long Ross E. , Garattini Giovanna , Semb Gunvor
Published: September 2006

Objective

Compare 5-year-old dental arch relationships of patients from three centers with differing primary protocols.

Design

Retrospective study of treatment outcomes using blinded evaluation of dental study casts.

Setting

Three major cleft-craniofacial centers; one (center A) is a free-standing institution, and two (centers B and C) are university hospitals.

Patients

118 (A = 41; B = 33; C = 44) consecutively treated 5-year-old patients with complete, nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate.

Interventions

Centers A and C completed primary repair without presurgical orthopedics by 18 months (center A in three surgeries and center C in two surgeries). Center B used passive presurgical orthopedics with lip/soft palate repair at 6 months and gingivo-alveoloplasty/hard palate repair at 18 to 36 months.

Main Outcome Measure

Averaged ratings of dental casts using the 5-year yardstick were computed for each patient. The Wilcoxon two-sample test was used to compare means; a chi-square test was used to compare distributions.

Results

Intra- and interexaminer reliability tests showed excellent reliability (>.90). Mean scores were not significantly different. Distribution of scores differed significantly. Center A had the highest percentage of good scores and the lowest percentage of poor scores (72% versus 6.5%), followed by center B (63% versus 6.6%) and center C (59% versus 16.3%).

Conclusions

Centers A and B had comparable scores and completely different protocols in surgical technique, timing, sequencing, and nonuse/use of appliances. Center C's results were slightly lower than those of 1 and 3, but the center had the protocol with the least burden of treatment (only two surgeries, without use of appliances).
The Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech—Augmented: A Validated and Reliable Measure for Auditing Cleft Speech
Authors: John Alexandra , Sell Debbie , Sweeney Triona , Harding-Bell Anne , Williams Alison
Published: September 2006

Objectives

To develop an assessment tool for use in intercenter audit studies of cleft speech and to test its acceptability, validity, and reliability. The tool is to be used systematically to record and report speech outcomes, providing an indication of treatment needs and continuing burden of care.

Setting

Regional Cleft Center, U.K.

Methods

The Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech—Augmented (CAPS-A) was developed by three cleft speech experts who identified the key features required from existing assessment measures. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech—Augmented outcomes reported for 20 cases with clinical assessment results and other investigations. Intra- and interrater reliability were tested following the training of specialist speech and language therapists who used the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech—Augmented on two occasions to assess 10 cases. The raters evaluated acceptability and ease of using a questionnaire.

Results

The mean percentage agreement for criterion validity in each section was 87% (range 70% to 100%). Both intra- and interexaminer reliability were rated as good/very good (Kappa 0.61 to 1.00) for seven sections and moderate (Kappa 0.41 to 0.60) for three sections. Raters reported that the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech—Augmented was acceptable and easy to use with appropriate training.

Conclusion

An acceptable, valid, and reliable cleft speech audit tool has been developed based on a small sample. The Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech—Augmented is recommended for use in intercenter audit studies in the U.K. and Ireland and could be used in other English-speaking countries. In addition, it has wider applicability for use in reporting speech outcomes of surgical procedures.
Cerebellar Involvement in Midline Facial Defects with Ocular Hypertelorism
Authors: Giffoni Silvyo David Araújo , Gonçalves Vanda Maria Gimenes , Zanardi Verônica Araújo , Gil-da-Silva-Lopes Vera Lucia
Published: September 2006

Objective

Twenty-four patients were evaluated to better characterize neurological and neuroradiological aspects of midline facial defects with ocular hypertelorism.

Methods

After a clinical genetics evaluation, the individuals were divided into two groups: 12 isolated cases (group 1) and 12 associated with multiple congenital anomalies (group 2). The investigation protocol included medical and family history, as well as dysmorphological, neurological, and neuroradiological evaluations by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scan.

Results

Because there was no significant difference concerning the neurological aspects of groups 1 and 2, they were analyzed together. Mild hypotonia (24 of 24), abnormalities in cranial shape (24 of 24), cranial nerves (19 of 24), motor coordination (18 of 24), dynamic equilibrium (14 of 24), and language problems (8 of 24) were noted. Measurements of the posterior fossa showed hypoplastic cerebellar vermis (8 of 17), the cerebellum at lower normality limits (5 of 17), and signs of cerebellar hypoplasia (3 of 7).

Conclusion

This study clearly demonstrates the presence of structural and functional neurological abnormalities related to midline facial defects with ocular hypertelorism, as well as involvement of the cerebellum. It provides a basis for future investigation of midline facial defects with ocular hypertelorism and should be considered during planning of rehabilitation treatment.
Soft Tissue Facial Angles in Individuals with Ectodermal Dysplasia: A Three-Dimensional Noninvasive Study
Authors: Sforza Chiarella , Dellavia Claudia , Goffredi Maria , Ferrario Virgilio F.
Published: September 2006

Objective

To supply quantitative information about the facial soft tissues of patients with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

Design

Prospective assessment.

Setting

National meetings of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia patients and families.

Patients and Main Outcome Measures

Facial and mandibular corpus convexities in the horizontal plane; facial convexity in the sagittal plane; interlabial, naso-labial, nasal convexity, and left and right soft tissue gonial angles were calculated from the three-dimensional coordinates of 11 soft tissue facial landmarks obtained in 18 male and 17 female hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia patients aged 3 to 41 years and in 504 reference healthy individuals. In addition, z-scores were computed and the patients were grouped by cluster analysis.

Results

Male and female z-scores did not differ. In the pooled group, facial convexities in the horizontal and sagittal planes were significantly (Student's t, p < .01) increased (flatter) in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia patients, compared with normal controls. The naso-labial angle was significantly reduced (more acute). Upper and lower facial convexity and mandibular corpus convexity in the horizontal plane deviated less from the norm with increasing age. Facial convexity in the horizontal and sagittal planes, soft tissue gonial angles, and naso-labial and interlabial angles deviated less from the norm with increasing number of teeth present in the mouth. Cluster analysis identified three homogeneous groups, all characterized by a peculiar facial phenotype. Modifications in facial convexity and gonial and interlabial angles differentiated each cluster.

Conclusions

Patients with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia had flatter faces in the horizontal and sagittal planes than normal controls had. Cluster analysis revealed patterned differences in facial phenotype.
Pierre Robin Sequence with Esophageal Atresia and Congenital Radioulnar Synostosis
Authors: Ozkan Keramettin Ugur , Coban Yusuf Kenan , Uzel Murat , Ergun Mehmet , Oksuz Hafize
Published: September 2006

A wide spectrum of anomalies can be associated with Pierre Robin sequence. This report presents a 3-day-old infant with micrognathia, U-shaped cleft palate, low-set right ear with microtia, glossoptosis, esophageal atresia, and right congenital radioulnar synostosis. The association of congenital radioulnar synostosis and esophageal atresia with Pierre Robin sequence has not been previously described.
Macrostomia, Preauricular Tags, and External Ophthalmoplegia: A New Autosomal Dominant Syndrome within the Oculoauriculovertebral Spectrum?
Authors: Richieri-Costa Antonio , Ribeiro Lucilene Arilho
Published: September 2006

Objective

First and second branchial arch involvement during early embryonic development results in a wide spectrum of anomalies that encompass diverse, superimposed, and heterogeneous phenotypes within the so-called oculoauriculovertebral spectrum. Nine members of a Brazilian family presenting typical branchial arch involvement in association with external opthalmoplegia are reported.

Conclusion

Macrostomia or abnormal mouth contour, preauricular tags, and uni- or bilateral ptosis were present in association in several patients. To our knowledge, this is the first report on this type of autosomal dominant condition. Clinical and genetic aspects are discussed.
Results of Randomized Controlled Trial of Soft Palate First versus Hard Palate First Repair in Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Richard Bruce , Russell Joyce , McMahon Siobhan , Pigott Ron
Published: September 2006

Objective

To compare the outcomes for primary repair of unilateral cleft lip and palate, operating on the soft palate first versus the hard palate first.

Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting

The Regional Cleft Service of West Nepal.

Patients

Forty-seven consecutive patients with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate, of whom 37 were assessed 4 to 6 years after completing primary surgical repair.

Interventions

Primary repair of unilateral cleft lip and palate by two differing sequences: (1) soft palate repair, with hard palate and lip repair 3 months later; and (2) lip and hard palate repair, followed by the soft palate repair 3 months later.

Main Outcome Measures

Analysis of dental study models, weight gain, and speech recordings.

Results

Four to 7 years after completing the cleft closure, there was no significant difference in facial growth between the two types of repair sequencing. Completing posterior repair first had no effect on anterior alveolar gap width. It narrowed the hard palate gap by reducing the intercanine distance. Anterior repair dramatically closed the anterior alveolar gap, and narrowed the intercanine distance. Comparing anterior alveolar gap width with age at first presentation demonstrated that there was no spontaneous narrowing of the cleft in older children. Completing posterior closure first had a weight gain advantage over anterior closure first. Improved oropharyngeal closure, and thus swallowing, is the likely explanation.

Conclusion

Changing the sequencing of cleft closure has no demonstrable difference in facial growth at 4 to 7 years after completion of the primary surgery.
Evaluation of Potential Modifiers of the Palatal Phenotype in the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Driscoll Deborah A. , Boland Torrey , Emanuel Beverly S. , Kirschner Richard E. , LaRossa Don , Manson Jeanne , McDonald-McGinn Donna , Randall Peter , Solot Cynthia , Zackai Elaine , Mitchell Laura E.
Published: September 2006

Objective

To evaluate potential modifiers of the palatal phenotype in individuals with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

Design

Data from 356 subjects enrolled in a study of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome were used to evaluate potential modifiers of the palatal phenotype. Specifically, subjects with and without velopharyngeal inadequacy and/or structural malformations of the palate were compared with respect to gender, race, and genotype for variants of seven genes that may influence palatal development.

Methods

The chi-square test or Fisher exact test was used to evaluate the association between palatal phenotype and each potential modifier. Odds ratios and their associated 95% confidence intervals were used to measure the magnitude of the association between palatal phenotype, subject gender and race, and each of the bi-allelic variants.

Results

The palatal phenotype observed in individuals with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome was significantly associated with both gender and race. In addition, there was tentative evidence that the palatal phenotype may be influenced by variation within the gene that encodes methionine synthase.

Conclusions

Variation in the palatal phenotype observed between individuals with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome may be related to personal characteristics such as gender and race as well as variation within genes that reside outside of the 22q11.2 region.
Congenital Isolated Midline Sinus of the Upper Lip: Clinical and Embryological Approaches
Authors: Charrier Jean-Baptiste , Rouillon Isabelle , Roger Gilles , Denoyelle Françoise , Collon Sylvie , Garabedian Eréa Noël
Published: September 2006

Objectives

Congenital sinuses or fistulas of the lip are uncommon malformations, yet true medial upper-lip fistulas (MULFs) are extremely rare. We present a new case of congenital upper-lip fistula located in the midline of the philtrum of an 8-month-old girl.

Intervention

Complete surgical removal was performed with a combined extra- and intraoral approach. Histological examination revealed that the fistula was lined by squamous epithelium with sebaceous and mucous glands and hair follicles.

Results

Several embryological hypotheses have been proposed concerning these anomalies. This article reexamines and discusses major embryological theories on pathogenesis of sinuses or fistulas of the upper lip. We propose that early ectodermal inclusion events may occur in the medial fusion area during formation of the intermaxillary process. This embryological approach is highly concordant with our recent hypothesis on nasal dermoid sinus cysts (NDSCs) pathogenesis, in which we proposed an embryological hypothesis with early ectodermal inclusion phenomenon in the midline suture area to explain NDSCs pathogenesis.

Conclusions

Common early ectodermal inclusion phenomena could be involved in both NDSCs and MULFs pathogenesis.
Digital Surface Photogrammetry for Anthropometric Analysis of the Cleft Infant Face
Authors: Krimmel Michael , Kluba Susanne , Bacher Margit , Dietz Klaus , Reinert Siegmar
Published: September 2006

Objective

To analyze the three-dimensional morphology of the cleft infant face with digital surface photogrammetry.

Design

Fifty plaster casts of unoperated infants with cleft lip and palate were imaged three-dimensionally with digital surface photogrammetry. Twenty-one standard craniofacial measurements were taken. The plaster casts were divided into 4 groups with unilateral, bilateral, complete, and incomplete clefts of the lip and palate. The measurements were compared with standard values for healthy infants.

Results

Significant differences (p < .0025) were found for the alar base width (33% to 55%), the alar base root width (59% to 103%), the width of the nose (7% to 25%), the length of the alar wing (18% to 25%), and the intercanthal (6% to 17%) and biocular (4% to 12%) width, depending on the cleft type. The vertical dimensions of the nose and the upper lip did not differ significantly from the controls.

Conclusion

This study describes preliminary data on the cleft infant facial deformity. The obtained results were mainly in agreement with data in the limited literature. Three-dimensional photogrammetry has proven to be reliable and can be applied more readily to potentially uncooperative patients.
Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding Therapy for the Treatment of Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Spengler Adam L. , Chavarria Carmen , Teichgraeber John F. , Gateno Jaime , Xia James J.
Published: September 2006

Objective

To evaluate the outcome of presurgical nasoalveolar molding therapy in the treatment of patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate.

Design

A prospective study with blinded measurements.

Setting

The Cleft and Craniofacial Clinic at the University of Texas at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas.

Patients

Eight patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate, treated between 2002 and 2004.

Interventions

The starting age for presurgical nasoalveolar molding therapy was 34.9 days and the average length of the therapy was 212.5 days.

Main Outcome Measures

Measurements of intraoral and extraoral casts were performed, and statistical analyses were used to compare the differences between measurements before and after therapy.

Results

Intraoral measurements demonstrated that there was a statistically significant reduction of the premaxillary protrusion and deviation. There was also a significant reduction in the width of the larger cleft. Extraoral measurements revealed that there was a significant increase in the bi-alar width and in the columellar length and width. Moreover, there was a significant improvement in columellar deviation. Finally, the nostril heights of both sides were increased.

Conclusion

The authors have quantitatively shown that presurgical nasoalveolar molding therapy has significant advantages in the treatment of bilateral cleft lip and palate patients. It improves the nasal asymmetry and deficient nasal tip projection associated with bilateral cleft lip and palate. It also forces the protruded premaxillary segment into alignment with the dental alveolar segments, improving the shape of the maxillary arch. As a result, the changes associated with presurgical nasoalveolar molding therapy help decrease the complexity of subsequent surgeries.
Correct Preparation and Administration of Oral Rehydration Solution: Essential for Safe and Effective Home Treatment of Diarrhea in Indonesia
Authors: MacDonald Shannon E. , Moralejo Donna G. , Matthews M. Kathleen
Published: September 2006

Diarrhea-related dehydration is a leading cause of childhood death in developing countries such as Indonesia, despite being largely preventable and treatable through use of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS). While the extent to which ORS is used in Indonesia has been explored in earlier studies, the issue of whether it is being used correctly has not been adequately investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess mothers' ORS preparation and administration practices and to determine their source of instruction for these practices. A structured questionnaire was administered orally to 100 mothers of children under the age of 5 years, in a rural village of West Java, Indonesia. Only 23.7% of mothers were found to have correctly prepared ORS, and none exhibited fully correct administration practices. Primary sources of instruction were health workers (62.9%), package instructions (23.7%), and family members or friends (12.4%). Resulting recommendations include education of health care workers, community health education programs, reallocation of health care resources, and revision of ORS packaging guidelines.
Predicting Childhood Obesity Prevention Behaviors Using Social Cognitive Theory
Authors: Sharma Manoj , Wagner Donald I. , Wilkerson Janice
Published: September 2006

Four commonly suggested public health strategies to combat childhood obesity are limiting television viewing, encouraging daily physical activity, increasing fruit and vegetable intake, and increasing water consumption. This study examined the extent to which selected social cognitive theory constructs can predict these four behaviors in upper elementary children. A 52-item valid and reliable scale was administered to 159 fifth graders. Minutes of physical activity was predicted by self-efficacy to exercise and number of times taught at school ( R2 = 0.072). Hours of TV watching were predicted by number of times taught about healthy eating at school and self-control through goal setting ( R2 = 0.055). Glasses of water consumed were predicted by expectations for drinking water ( R2 = 0.091). Servings of fruits and vegetables consumed were predicted by self-efficacy of eating fruits and vegetables ( R2 = 0.137). Social cognitive theory offers a practically useful framework for designing primary prevention interventions to reduce childhood obesity.
Lay people's and police officers' attitudes towards the usefulness of perpetrator voice identification
Authors: Philippon Axelle C. , Cherryman Julie , Bull Ray , Vrij Aldert
Published: September 2006

Expert and lay knowledge of factors that affect the identification of a voice is an area of research that is still relatively unexplored. Much more research has focused on eyewitness identification and eyewitnesses' common knowledge. However, results from ‘eyewitnessing’ studies may not be directly applicable to ‘earwitnessing’. The present study examines how knowledgeable British lay people and police officers were concerning earwitness identification performance. One hundred nine participants (i.e. 49 lay people and 60 police officers) responded to a specially designed questionnaire. Results showed respondents to be more knowledgeable than expected, although police officers were no more knowledgeable than the general population. The existence of meta‐knowledge is discussed in relation to previous studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Comparisons of traumatic and positive memories in people with and without PTSD profile’
Authors: Megías Jesús L. , Ryan Estrella , Vaquero Joaquín M. M. , Frese Bettina
Published: September 2006

According to most post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) theories, memory mechanisms are involved in its development and maintenance. However, the specific memory characteristics responsible for this disorder are still not well known. In the present study, 210 participants having reported at least one traumatic experience were assigned to a PTSD or to a non‐PTSD symptom profile group. Both groups rated their memories for their most traumatic and intense positive life events. We observed that the traumatic memories of PTSD profile participants were more clear, detailed and judged as significant compared with those of the non‐PTSD profile group. However, participants in the first group acknowledged having more difficulties putting their traumatic memories into words and controlling these remembrances. These differences were absent in their positive memories. Additionally, clear relationships emerged between memory ratings and PTSD symptoms measures. Results are discussed according to fragmentation and superiority views of traumatic memories in PTSD. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐limit interval estimates as reference points
Authors: Teigen Karl Halvor , Halberg Anne‐Marie , Fostervold Knut Inge
Published: September 2006

People often describe uncertain quantities by suggesting a lower or upper limit of an uncertainty interval, rather than the complete range. Five studies are reported, which demonstrate how interval limits function as provisional reference points (PRP), conferring evaluative meanings to the target objects, by suggesting downward or upward comparisons. Thus, a price above X appears expensive, whereas a price below Y appears cheap, even when Y > X. This can give rise to framing effects: a purchase can appear to be recommended or advised against, and a seller can appear as optimistic or pessimistic, and, more generally, an estimate can indicate abundance or scarcity, depending upon which boundary (upper or lower) that is selected. Furthermore, inclusive lower bounds (minimum, at least) and upper bounds (maximum, at most) differ from exclusive lower (more than, above) and upper bounds (less than, below), by suggesting possible (likely) rather than implausible (unlikely) values. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Illuminating Molecular Processes in Living Cells
Authors: Umezawa Yoshio
Published: September 2006

Lately, scientists have explored approaches to developing fluorescent and/or bioluminescent indicators to pinpoint cellular processes in single living cells. These analytical methods have become a key technology for visualizing and detecting what was otherwise unseen in live cells. The target signaling included second messengers, protein phosphorylations, protein–protein interactions, and protein localizations.
The effect of salience on mental accounting: how integration versus segregation of payment influences purchase decisions
Authors: Kim Hyeong Min
Published: September 2006

Although mental accounting principles are generally robust, the integration‐of‐losses principle often fails. This research argues that when information salience is high, people actively segregate. To demonstrate that effect, this research uses purchase decision making for which the total payment is a key decision factor and compares examples such as the following equivalent total payments: “$120.95 for a stroller plus $19.95 for shipping” (i.e., segregation) versus “$140.90 for a stroller including shipping” (i.e., integration). Two studies demonstrate that integration increases purchase intentions when the salience of the smaller payment is higher. Specifically, integration leads to higher purchase intentions than does segregation when (1) the surcharge is visually more salient, (2) the surcharge is easy to process, and (3) price perceptions are stimulus instead of recall driven. Therefore, this research extends mental accounting by identifying conditions in which the integration‐of‐losses principle is likely to prevail. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erratum: Bonus of rebate?: The impact of income framing on spending and saving
Authors: Epley Nicholas , Mak Dennis , Idson Lorraine Chen
Published: September 2006

Bonus of Rebate?: The Impact of Income Framing on Spending and Saving. By N. Epley, D. Mak and L. C. Idson (Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 213–227, 2006). DOI: 10.1002/bdm.519

The above paper was published with an error in the title. The title should read:
Bonus or Rebate?: The Impact of Income Framing on Spending and Saving.
Effect of free ammonia and free nitrous acid concentration on the anabolic and catabolic processes of an enriched Nitrosomonas culture
Authors: Vadivelu Vel M. , Keller Jurg , Yuan Zhiguo
Published: September 2006

The effects of free ammonia (FA; NH3) and free nitrous acid (FNA; HNO2) concentrations on the metabolisms of an enriched ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) culture were investigated using a method allowing the decoupling of growth and energy generation processes. A lab‐scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated for the enrichment of an AOB culture. Fluorescent in‐situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that 82% of the bacterial population in the SBR bound to the NEU probe specifically designed for Nitrosomonas europaea. Batch tests were carried out to measure the oxygen and ammonium consumption rates by the culture at various FA and FNA levels, in the presence or absence of inorganic carbon (CO2, HCO3 −, and CO3 2−). It was revealed that FA of up to 16.0 mgNH3‐N · L−1, which was the highest concentration used in this study, did not have any inhibitory effect on either the catabolic or anabolic processes of the Nitrosomonas culture. In contrast, FNA inhibited both the growth and energy production capabilities of the Nitrosomonas culture. The inhibition on growth initiated at approximately 0.10 mgHNO2‐N · L−1, and the data suggested that the biosynthesis was completely stopped at an FNA concentration of 0.40 mgHNO2‐N · L−1. The inhibition on energy generation initiated at a slightly lower level but the Nitrosomonas culture was still oxidizing ammonia at half of the maximum rate at an FNA concentration of 0.50–0.63 mgHNO2‐N · L−1. The affinity constant of the Nitrosomonas culture with respect to ammonia was determined to be 0.36 mgNH3‐N · L−1, independent of the presence or absence of inorganic carbon. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automated maintenance of embryonic stem cell cultures
Authors: Terstegge Stefanie , Laufenberg Iris , Pochert Jörg , Schenk Sabine , Itskovitz‐Eldor Joseph , Endl Elmar , Brüstle Oliver
Published: September 2006

Embryonic stem cell (ESC) technology provides attractive perspectives for generating unlimited numbers of somatic cells for disease modeling and compound screening. A key prerequisite for these industrial applications are standardized and automated systems suitable for stem cell processing. Here we demonstrate that mouse and human ESC propagated by automated culture maintain their mean specific growth rates, their capacity for multi‐germlayer differentiation, and the expression of the pluripotency‐associated markers SSEA‐1/Oct‐4 and Tra‐1‐60/Tra‐1‐81/Oct‐4, respectively. The feasibility of ESC culture automation may greatly facilitate the use of this versatile cell source for a variety of biomedical applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 195–201. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mesh‐distortion immunity assessment of QUAD8 elements by strong‐form patch tests
Authors: Rajendran S. , Ooi E. T. , Yeo J. H.
Published: September 2006

Strong‐form patch tests are conducted to assess the mesh‐distortion immunity of three types of 8‐noded plane quadrilateral elements. Patches with various types of mesh‐distortions are considered for the purpose. The PM‐QUAD8 element passes all the patch tests, viz., constant‐, linear‐ and quadratic strain patch tests in the strong form. The ability to pass all the patch tests translates to the fact that this element is free from completeness defect as well as compatibility defect. The classical isoparametric element (PP‐QUAD8), however, suffers from completeness defect while its metric counterpart (MM‐QUAD8) suffers from compatibility defect and hence these two elements fail some of the patch tests. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical prediction of the hydrodynamic performance of a centrifugal pump in cavitating flows
Authors: Li Jun , Liu Lijun , Feng Zhenping
Published: September 2006

A computational modelling for the prediction of the hydrodynamic performance of a centrifugal pump in cavitating flows is presented in this paper. The cavitation model is implemented in a viscous Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes solver. The cavity interface and shape are determined using an iterative procedure matching the cavity surface to a constant pressure boundary. The pressure distribution, as well as its gradient on the wall, is taken into account in updating the cavity shape iteratively. Numerical validation of the present cavitation model and algorithms is performed on different headform/cylinder bodies for a range of cavitation numbers through comparing with the experimental data. Flow characteristics trends associated with off‐design flow and twin cavities in the blade channel are observed using the presented cavitation prediction. The rapid drop in head coefficient at low cavitation number is captured for two different flow coefficients. Local flow field solution illustrates the principle physical mechanisms associated with the onset of breakdown. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A refined 5‐node plate bending element based on Reissner–Mindlin theory
Authors: Sofuoglu Hasan , Gedikli Hasan
Published: September 2006

In this study, a simple approach was proposed to develop a new 5‐node plate bending element, named DRMP. This element formulation is based on the Reissner–Mindlin plate theory and can be used for the analysis of both thin and thick plate. The new element formulation was then coded into FEAP to develop 15‐DOF DRMP element for the finite element analysis of plate problems as well as 4‐node quadrilateral DRMQ element with 12 DOF. The convergence and usage of DRMP element along with DRMQ element were investigated and the results of the both elements were then compared with the exact solution and the other elements available in the literature. The numerical studies demonstrated that the proposed elements, DRMQ and DRMP, passed the patch test and possessed fast convergence and high accuracy while DRMP element showed the invariability to the fifth node's position. Moreover, they were independent of the shear locking phenomenon for very thin plates. The presented results showed that 5‐node DRMP element can be used along with 4‐node quadrilateral DRMQ element where mesh refinement is necessary as a transition element. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A test of the interacting cognitive subsystems model using a laboratory analogue of depressive interlock
Authors: Gillanders David , Fleming Paul F. J.
Published: September 2006

The interacting cognitive subsystems (ICS) model has been described as a useful framework within which to understand a wide variety of psychological phenomena. There is now a small literature of studies that have found support for many of the model's basic features. One feature that has not been studied is depressive interlock, described as uncontrollable, repetitious processing of negative themes. To further test some of the predictions derived from ICS, we compared a group of clinically depressed participants with a non‐depressed control group, using a specially designed cognitive task to examine the effects of emotional tone of stimuli on information processing. Results indicated that depression (but not euthymia) is characterized by perseverative responding for both positively and negatively emotionally toned self‐related material, but not for similar neutral material. This result is suggested as further empirical support for the ICS framework. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: Atropodiastereoselective Cleavage of Configurationally Unstable Biaryl Lactones with Amino Acid Esters (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 19/2006)
Authors: Bringmann Gerhard , Scharl Heiko , Maksimenka Katja , Radacki Krzysztof , Braunschweig Holger , Wich Peter , Schmuck Carsten
Published: September 2006

The cover picture shows the efficient synthesis of axially chiral biaryl systems by highly atroposelective ring cleavage of configurationally unstable lactone‐bridged biaryls with amino acid esters as chiral N nucleophiles. The absolute stereostructures of the products were determined by quantum chemical CD calculations and confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The chiral biaryl product with the desired axial configuration will be used for generating novel solid‐phase supported chiral tweezer receptors for the stereoselective binding of peptides in aqueous solvents. Details are discussed in the article by G. Bringmann et al. on p. 4349 ff.
Post‐merger identification as a function of pre‐merger identification, relative representation, and pre‐merger status
Authors: Boen Filip , Vanbeselaere Norbert , Brebels Lieven , Huybens Wouter , Millet Kobe
Published: September 2006

This experiment examined the impact of pre‐merger identification (low, high), pre‐merger group status (low, high) and relative representation (low, high) upon identification with a new merger group. In the first phase of the study, 156 university students were assigned to a pre‐merger team of ‘inductive’ thinkers. Pre‐merger identification was manipulated by giving the participants feedback about the extent to which they used the inductionist style. Pre‐merger status was manipulated by informing participants that their team had performed worse or better than a deductionist team on a decision‐making task. In the second phase, the two pre‐merger teams were combined into a merger team of analyst thinkers. Relative representation was manipulated by maintaining most or none of the features of the pre‐merger team in this new merger team. The results revealed that high pre‐merger identifiers identified more strongly with the merger group than did low pre‐merger identifiers, but only when the relative representation was high. Pre‐merger status did not influence post‐merger identification. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical model for DNA loading in microdevices: Stacking and autogating effects
Authors: El‐Difrawy Sameh A. , Srivastava Alok , Gismondi Elizabeth A. , McKenna Brian K. , Ehrlich Daniel J.
Published: September 2006

Many electrophoresis‐based DNA sequencing and genotyping microdevices rely on field‐driven effects to load and preconcentrate the sample. A quantitative model is developed for a broad class of electrophoresis‐based microfabricated sample injectors. Quantitative predictions of DNA preconcentration are compared with experimental data and are shown to qualitatively reproduce the detailed time‐evolving sample distribution in the injector. The model provides practical guidance on device and protocol design, in order to optimize this critical aspect of microfluidic devices.