bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Some Psychometric Properties of Fiedler's Contingency Model of Leadership
Authors: Stewart David W. , Latham Donald R.
Published: March 2007

Afactor analysis of Fiedler's Least Preferred Co- Worker (LPC) Scale and measure of situational control produced eight factors: (1) emotional stability, (2) dependability and surgency in the LPC, (3) leader/member relations, (4) goal clarity, (5) decision verifiability, (6) solution multiplicity, (7) training and experience, and (8) power of sanction in the situational control measure. Several factors failed to demonstrate internal consistency upon replication. It is argued that the LPC and situational control measure are more complex than generally assumed. Further attention to the operational measurement of Fiedler's constructs is suggested as an initial first step toward testing the Contingency Model of Leadership.
The Revised Exchange-Orientation Scale
Authors: Murstein Bernard I. , Wadlin Robert , Bond Charles F.
Published: March 2007

The literature regarding exchange-orientation in relationship to marital adjustment and cohabitation and friendship compatibility is briefly reviewed and a revised exchange-orientation scale is constructed. The items selected were judged relevant to exchange and passed internal consistency tests as well as differentiating between high and low scorers. Various versions for husbands and wives are presented. All versions show high reliability as measured by coefficient alpha.
Factors Related To Group Cohesiveness
Authors: Roark Albert E. , Sharah Hussein S.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the relationship of group cohesiveness to empathy, self-disclosure, acceptance, and trust, and compares three different groups (personal growth groups, DUI groups, and psychotherapy groups) on measures of cohesiveness. Three hypotheses are tested, using 65 group members divided into the three subgroups. As hypothesized, personal growth groups showed a significantly higher level of cohesiveness. All factors examined correlated significantly with cohesiveness and with one another. Trust seemed to be an independent factor underlying the entire process.
Overcoming Denial Through the Group
Authors: Rugel Robert P. , Barry Denise
Published: March 2007

Twenty-eight participants in alcohol treatment groups showed decreases in denial of drinking problems and decreases in psychopathology following 12 weeks of group counsel-ing. Participants who experienced the group as most accepting experienced greatest degrees of self-acceptance as predicted by the Rogerian model. Greater self-acceptance was associated with greater decreases in denial. Several Yalom categories including catharsis, hope, and identification were also associated with decreases in denial and psychopathology.
Quality of Group Member Agendas and Group Session Climate
Authors: Kivlighan Dennis M. , Jauquet Carol A.
Published: March 2007

This research addressed the relationship between group members' approach to group sessions (their agendas) and group session climate. Also examined was the relationship between length of time in group and agenda quality. In the study, 36 members of six personal growth groups set agendas prior to 6 of the 26 group sessions and rated the climate of the group following these same sessions. The results of a 6 (groups) x 3 (early, middle, late sessions) repeated-measures MANOVA confirmed the expectation that agendas would become more realistic, interpersonal, and here-and-now as time in group progressed. On a group level, average ratings of interpersonal and here-and-now dimensions of agendas were significantly related to the average perception of group climate as more engaged and less avoiding during middle and late sessions. The realistic dimension was related to perceived engagement during early sessions; the here-and-now dimension related to conflict during middle sessions. The clinical usefulness of the results is discussed, and suggestions forfuture research are made.
Modifying Power Asymmetry in Dyads via Environmental Reinforcement Contingencies
Authors: Judson D. H. , Gray L. N.
Published: March 2007

Previous behavioral research has demonstrated the ability to modify individuals' behavior in simple choice situations, and more complex models have been shown to predict the behavior of groups. T/iis article uses an equity-based balancitng model to show how reinforcement schedules can be used to modify the equality of power in two-person groups. Using a behavioral measure of power asymmetry, how to derive predictions about equality from an eqity-based model is shown. The ability to modify power asymmetry using environmental rewards is demonstrated with 18 dyads tlat participated in apattern-guessing game. The results are in accord with predictions. The theoretical and therapeutic implications of this finding are discussed.
Group Member Satisfaction
Authors: Wiiteman Hal
Published: March 2007

Self-reports representing three types of member satisfaction (decision-making activity, communication in the group, and leadership); perceptions of three conflict-management styles (i.e., solution orientation, control, and nonconfrontation); and motivation to work for the group were collected after 24 groups completed each of four different sets of tasks structured to represent different steps of the "standard agenda. " Propositions associating a variety of general group activities and facets of group life to the nature of group conflict were used to generate hypotheses that related the satisfaction measures to measures of style and motivation and that suggested how satisfaction measures were likely to change across the four periods of interaction. With the exception of the relationship between motivation and satisfaction with decision-making activity, data confirmed expectations and showed that the measures of satisfaction were positively related to solution orientation and motivation and negatively related to nonconfrontation. Repeated measures tests indicated that there were differences between groups in how levels of satisfaction changed over time and that satisfaction with both decision activity and communication in the group changed in curvilinear fashion.
Family Diagnostics
Authors: Kroger F. , Drinkmann A. , Herzog W. , Petzold E.
Published: March 2007

In clinical work with families suffering from eating disorders, SYMLOG allowed us to document family interactional and perceptual processes and to make them accessible for therapeutic purposes and evaluations. For a group of 26 families with a daughter afflicted with anorexia, our SYMLOG findings suggest that a decision vacuum exists. These findings confirm the descriptive resultsfirom clinicalpractice. They further confirm that the parents' incorrect mutual perceptions have an effect on the daughter's perceptions.
Leadership in a Long-Term Leaderless Women'S Group
Authors: Counselman Eleanor F.
Published: March 2007

Leaderless groups are found in a variety of settintgs, from self-help organizations to peer-supervision groups. Relatively little has been written about leaderless group dynamics, and most of the literature that does exist is pessimistic about long-term viability. The author offers evidence that long-term leaderless groups can function very effectively if certain tasks typically performed by the leader are assumed by the group. Leadership functions connected wit/h the contract, such as structure, gatekeeping, group norms, and adherence to task are crucial for long-term leaderless group survival. This article describes ways in which contract-related leadership functions can be handled by a leaderless group and gives examples from a leaderless womenr s group that is in its 1 7th year of continuous e-xistence.
Guidelines For Computer-Assisted Group Problem Solving
Authors: Broome Benjamin J. , Chen Minder
Published: March 2007

Over the past decade, several computer-based systems have been developed for assistance with group decision making and problem solving. The goal of such systems is to make meetings more productive by increasing the speed at which decisions are reached and to improve the quality of the resulting decisions. Although there are indications that computer assistance has been successful in helping groups fulfill their normal tasks more efficiently, the challenge confronting the next generation of computer-assisted systems is to provide greater support for complex problem situations. The demands of complexity differ from those faced by groups working on more traditional meeting tasks. Computer assistance needs to help groups (a) move beyond the status quo of group problem solving, (b) develop a greater focus on shared meaning, (c) adopt a new view of human rationality, (d) balance technology with the behavioral demands of group work, and (e) emphasize both individual and group learning. Such computer assistance must be developed as an integrated system of planning and design that is conceived with a holistic view of the requirements of complexity.
When a Group Is Not a Group
Authors: Nagasundaram Murli , Dennis Alan R.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that a large part of idea-generation behavior in electronic brainstorming (EBS) can be explained by viewing EBS as an individual, cognitive (rather than a social) phenomenon from the human information processing system (IPS) perspective. EBS incorporates a set of structuringmechanisms meant to overcome the limitations of the human IPS. Consequently, a group using an EBS outperforms both verbal brainstorming and nominal groups by operating not as a group but as a collection of individuals who interact with an evolving set of ideas rather than with other individuals. We present a research agenda oriented toward the development of strategies, procedures, and technologiesfor stimulating idea generation. Based on this agenda, we identify the problem of information overload in EBS; develop a set of strategies for addressing the problem, grounded in human information-processing theory; andformulate a set of propositions for testing the strategies.
Script Management
Authors: Keleman Ken S. , Lewis L. Floyd , Garcia Joseph E.
Published: March 2007

An important contribution of Group Support Systems (GSSs) may come from improvement of organizational memory and learning through dynamic script management. The evolution of script management is briefly outlined with suggested links to organizational memory and learning. Practical suggestions and research questions are proposed based on the relationships among scripts, meetings, and broader organizational processes.
Intergroup Competition and Cooperation within Autocratic and Democratic Management Regimes
Authors: Oostrum Jos Van , Rabbie Jacob M.
Published: March 2007

Since the classic leadership studies of Lewin, there has been an effort to identify the contingency variables that may moderate the effects of participation in decision making (PDM) on task satisfaction and performance. In this study, the effects of democratic and autocratic management regimes were examined in laboratory organizations in which groups or departments had either cooperative or competitive orientations toward each other This allows the examination of possible moderating effects of intergroup competition and cooperation on tasksatisfaction andperformance. As expected, people reported more total control or influence, less hierarchization of influence, and more task satisfaction, as a consequence of the greaterPDM, in the democratic than in the autocratic condition. Cooperative-compared with competitive-intergroup relations produced higher task satisfaction and better task performance. As expected, intergroup competition resulted in more mutual hostility and rivalry than cooperative relations, particularly in democratic groups in which the members had more opportunities to interact with each other than in autocratic groups. Group members attributed more total influence in the competitive condition, in which they had to cope with a more complex, threatening task environment than in the cooperative condition, in which they were faced with a more benign environment. All in all, it appears that intergroup competition and cooperation within organizations might be another important contingency variable that mediates the effect of PDM on task performance and satisfaction.
Status Inconsistency and Gender
Authors: Schneider Joachim , Cook Karen
Published: March 2007

This study addresses the debate regarding the way in which status-ability inconsistency is resolved in task-oriented groups. Most recent research supports the combining principle, according to which actors aggregate performance expectations based on all relevant status and ability information. The research reported here represents an attempt to test the validity of the combining principle in a more interactive context than is the case in the standard experimental design used by expectation states theory. The authors conducted an experimental investigation of the joint effects of differences in gender (male vs. female) and specific task ability (high vs. low) on influence and also examined changes in social influence patterns over time. Overall, although the combining mechanism does not predict the exact ranking of influence among the different conditions, it is supported in that subjects incorporated expectations based on both their ability and gender in making their decisions.
Are We Still Stereotyping Leadership?
Authors: Kolb Judith A.
Published: March 2007

This study used both self-reported and group assessments of leader emergence in conjunction with descriptions of leader behavior to explore the relationship among gender, gender role, attitude, experience, and leader emergence. The results, as expected, indicated nonsignificant biological sex effects. Support was found for masculine and androgynous individuals emerging as leaders with greater frequency than feminine or undifferentiated individuals. Additionally, a masculine gender characteristics measure proved to be a significantpredictor for self-reported leader emergence. Attitude toward leadership was a significant predictor for group-assessed leader emergence. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
The Effects of Conscientiousness and Opportunity to Caucus on Group Performance
Authors: Waung Marie , Brice Thomas S.
Published: March 2007

Given the increasing use of work teams in organizations, personnel selection procedures based on individual conscientiousness are likely to result in groups composed of highly conscientious members. This laboratory experiment examined the performance of groups of either high or low conscientious individuals, with the groups being given more (caucus condition) or less (no caucus condition) opportunity to develop performance norms. Groups of high-conscientious individuals given the chance to caucus were less productive than such groups that were not given the opportunity to caucus and less productive than groups of low-conscientious individuals given the chance to caucus. Thesefindings are explained in terms of the development of quality norms by the high-conscientious caucus groups at the expense of productivity.
Testing a Typology of Tasks
Authors: Straus Susan G.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an empirical test of McGrath’s group task circumplex, which has been used as a theoretical basis for numerous empirical and conceptual articles. Data from Straus and McGrath (1994) were used to test the hypothesis that the degree to which tasks pose requirements for member interdependence will be positively associated with the amount of communication that reflects consensus building and coordination processes in groups. Seventy-two, 3-person groups completed three tasks with increasing levels of member interdependence as prescribed by the vertical dimension of the task circumplex: an idea generation task, an intellective task, and a judgment task. Groups communicated either in computer conferences or face-to-face discussions. Patterns of group communication show support for the vertical dimension of the task circumplex. In addition, results suggest that some aspects of group process serve different purposes as a function of communication medium.
Simulation/Gaming in a Postmodern World
Authors: Law-Yone Hubert
Published: March 2007

This article is an attempt at a look into the future of simulation/gaming based on a look at its history. This is a personal account, looking at personalities and events and is intended to lead to a speculative and interpretative debate rather than to serve as a scientific analysis. The major trends of continuity and serendipity that have characterized the development of ISAGA are set against the recent climate of postmodernism, and several questions are raised as to the future viability of simulation/gaming.
Mapping Market Entry in the Classroom: The Market Access Planning System (MAPS)
Authors: Mitri Michel , Karimalis Grigorios N. , Cannon Hugh , Yaprak Attila
Published: March 2007

The structure and application of a computer-based program, Market Access Planning System (MAPS), is described. MAPS can be used for teaching international marketing by serving as an expert system for developing market entry strategies and plans. It can be used in both academic and practical business decision-making situations. The article also discusses the system and how it can be used as an adjunct to conventional case analysis.
The Changing Nature of Business Simulation/ Gaming Research: A Brief History
Authors: Faria A. J.
Published: March 2007

The Association for Business Simulation and Experiential Learning (ABSEL) has recently passed its 25th birthday, and a review of the 25 years of ABSEL conference proceedings starting with Oklahoma City in 1974 provides a good overview of the changing nature of business simulation/gaming research. This article reviews the history of business simulation/gaming research through the eyes and articles of ABSEL members over the past 25 years. The review is limited to several areas of major research interest and examines research in the area of business gaming but not experiential learning.
Assessing and Improving Medical Competency: Using Strategic Management Simulations
Authors: Satish Usha , Streufert Siegfried , Barach Paul
Published: March 2007

“Technology transfer” has become a popular concept at the National Institutes of Health and at universities, including medical schools, which engage in research. In most cases, this transfer means that an invention or novel methodology is provided to a different user of the technology. More rarely, the transfer occurs among different fields of research or between different fields of application. This article provides information about the transfer of simulation technology from one applied field to another, specifically from earlier work on managerial decision making to at least three fields within the realm of medicine. With the publication of this article, the authors hope to (a) encourage others to consider using existing technologies fromoutside of medicine to advance medicine (without having to expend the time and money that is often needed to develop novel technologies) and (b) show how a single technique can be applied across multiple aspects of medicine.
Connecting with Computer Science Students by Building Bridges
Authors: Freiermuth Mark R.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses a simulation used with computer science students studying English for specific purposes in a technical writing class at a university in Japan. In this simulation, students were asked to build a paper bridge as a project team and then asked to write up a technical proposal as a team. Language learning goals focused primarily on a team’s ability to write effectively the essential parts of a technical proposal. Success in building the bridge and in the writing process was primarily dependent on a group’s ability to work as a team. A debriefing questionnaire showed that the bridge-building simulation was not only successful in helping students see the purposes of writing a technical proposal but also gave students a feel for resolving tasks as a team. Moreover, the task proved to be highly motivating to the students.
Language Learning Simulations: A Piagetian Perspective
Authors: Kovalik Doina L. , Kovalik Ludovic M.
Published: March 2007

This article approaches language learning simulations from the standpoint of Piaget’s philosophy, and it is meant to achieve two goals. The first goal is to point to some of the similarities existing between the principles underlying symbolic play and those underlying language learning simulations, and the second is to show that Piaget’s ideas are at the core of classroom language learning simulations. The latter goal is fulfilled by describing a simulation currently used in an English as a second language composition class at Oklahoma State University.
Language Learning through Computer Adventure Games
Authors: Baltra Armando
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with the use of computer adventure games for the development of communicative fluency in language learners. The author concentrates on student-centered activities focused on the cooperative learning approach, where the teacher is seen more as a facilitator than as an instructor. The major issue addressed is how an investigation of what makes computer games fun can offer an interesting new light on what will motivate a student to learn.
U.S. Constitutional Amendments, the Ratification Process, and Public Opinion: A Computer Simulation
Authors: Whicker Marcia Lynn , Strickland Ruth Ann
Published: March 2007

A computer simulation model tested the importance of several factors impacting the ratification of Constitutional amendments in the United States. Through sensitivity testing, two factors —the distribution of national opinion for approving an amendment across small and large states, and decision rules pertaining to the proportion of states required to ratify an amendment-were found to be significant. Two other factors —the time period used (which reflected various ratios of population differences between large and small states) and the weighting of state votes by state population -were not significant in determining the number of amendments ratified. The model implies that decision rules and public opinion, rather than state population differences "drive" the constitutional amendment ratification process.
Simulations in English Language Teaching: A Cooperative Approach
Authors: Carrier Michael
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the methodology of computer-assisted simulations for English language teaching, stressing the need for cooperative group approaches to a communication-based problem-solving activity. It argues the case for fluency goals in language teaching, as opposed to a narrow focus on discrete-point language teaching, and provides examples of classroom methodologies based on available simulations.
Debriefing: Toward a Systematic Assessment of Theory and Practice
Authors: Lederman Linda Costigan
Published: March 2007

Experiential learning in the educational context incorporates real-life-based processes into the educational setting in order for them to be used and scrutinized The heart of these sorts of learning experiences is the postexperience analytic process, generally referred to as the debriefing session. This essay focuses on the debriefing process as it accompanies one form of experiential learning, simulations and games. It provides a review of the existent literature on debriefing, an analysis of the debriefing process, and effective strategies for its use. It provides an analysis of the process, identifies its components and essential phases, and presents a systematic approach to the assessment of the conduct of debriefing sessions.
A Participants' DSS for a Management Game with a DSS Generator
Authors: Yeo Gee Kin , Nah Fui Hoon
Published: March 2007

A decision support system for a management game has been built with emphasis on total model integration, easy database access, and efficient model building by participants themselves. A decision-support-system generator has been used to provide a wide range of modeling capabilities. This article describes its design principles and major features.
Social Conflict and Social Cooperation: Simulating "The Tragedy of the Commons"
Authors: Tsai Yung-Mei
Published: March 2007

This article reports a design and the results of its implementation to simulate "the Tragedy of the Commons" in a college classroom setting. Interesting results and implications were found and discussed.
Simulating the Client's Internal Dialogue as a Counselor Training Technique
Authors: Pedersen Paul
Published: March 2007

The Triad Training Model is designed to make explicit a client's positive and negative internal dialogue through direct and immediate feedback in simulated counseling interviews. The counselor trainee is presented with an explicit verbal exchange with the client, the counselor's own implicit internal dialogue, and positive/negative messages of the client's internal dialogue through feedback from the anticounselor and procounselor. The theoretical basis for the Triad Training Model is discussed and supporting research is presented. The specific functions of a procounselor and anticounselor are outlined for persons seeking to use the Triad Training Model.
The Relation of Entrepreneurship Education to Business Education
Authors: Porter Lyman W.
Published: March 2007

The articles on simulation and experiential learning in entrepreneurship education in this issue of S&G are discussed in light of recent criticism of traditional business education. A desirable general trend is noted in the articles, reflecting the use of alternative pedagogical goals and methods and based on a more realistic approach to education. However; further challenges remain for entrepreneurship educators.
A Business Gaming Odyssey
Authors: Keys J. Bernard
Published: March 2007

This article chronicles the author's experiences, beginning with the use of the Ralph Day MARKETING IN ACTION game in 1965 and concluding with predictions about the total enterprise game of the future. The author's gaming odyssey includes a number of different experiences, all of which have, in retrospect, had an impact on his teaching/learning philosophy and the design of games that he has co-authored. The odyssey included coaching 12 intercollegiate business game teams and the co-authorship of three total enterprise business games, one of which, THEMULTINATIONAL MANAGEMENTGAME, continues to be the major focal point of the author's professional development work. It also includes consulting work on three noncomputerized games, one for the National Rehabilitation Administration, one for Oklahoma City, and one for the Southeastern National Park Service. Much of the odyssey describes his interaction with the Association for Business Simulation and Experiential Learning (ABSEL), an association that he cofounded and for which he served as the first president.
Criminal Trial Simulations in an English as a Second Language Classroom
Authors: Livingston Gary D.
Published: March 2007

Simulations in foreign language or second language classrooms have been shown to be useful in language acquisition. This article describes a procedure that an English as a second language instructor used to adapt high-profile criminal trials for use in classroom trial simulations. The results showed that the trial simulations helped students improve their communicative language skills, their cultural knowledge, and their social interaction abilities.
CRISISLAB: Evaluation and Improvement of Crisis Management Through Simulation/Gaming
Authors: Quanjel M. M.H. , Willems A. J. , Talen A. N.
Published: March 2007

In thefield of disaster management, people realize that some kind ofpreparation on a disaster is necessary. The current management exercises lack realistic interaction, objective measurement ofperformance, structuredfeedback, and the building of shared mental models. At these points, simulation/games can generate added value. That is why CRISISLAB has been developed.
The Design of an ITS-Based Business Simulation: A New Epistemology for Learning
Authors: Gold Steven C.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the design and use of an intelligent tutoring system (ITS)for computerized business simulations. It is argued that intelligent tutoring systems are a natural complement to computerized business simulations and could significantly enhance their pedagogical effectiveness. The use of ITS as an instructional technology and its success are reviewed. Afundamental modelforan ITS-based business simulation ispresented. The user interface and the linkbetween the ITS and the simulation are examined. It is recommended that the ITS consist of three distinct modules: expert consultant, diagnostic testing, andpedagogical support. The integration of ITS with business simulations offers a new epistemologyfor learning, the significance of which has yet to be fully understood.
Simulations and Communication Skills in Secondary Schools
Authors: Jones Ken
Published: March 2007

Simulations differ from games and informal dramas and their benefits have not been fully realized because of misunderstandings and a subject-bound approach.
Invited Essay Review : DSM-IV and the Hunt for Gold: A Review of the Treasure Map
Authors: Kutchins Herb , Kirk Stuart A.
Published: March 2007

A Review of Task Force on DSM-IV. (1991). DSM-IV Options Book: Work in progress. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. (Pages unnumbered, $10.00 paperback, no ISBN).
Does Subsidized Child-Care Availability Promote Welfare Independence of Mothers on AFDC
Authors: Bowen Gary L. , Neenan Peter A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the degree to which the expanded availability of publicly subsidized child care in local communities may promote, through employment, the welfare independence of recipients of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) with preschool-aged children. An experimental group of 300 AFDC recipients with preschool children were offered, by mail, relatively immediate, guaranteed, subsidized child care for all their children under 12 should the casehead secure full-time, unsubsidized employment. A control group of 302 was not made such an offer; members of this group were subject to the normal conditions for obtaining sub sidized, employment-contingent child care. Both aggregate AFDC, Medicaid, and Food Stamp Program expenditures and AFDC participation were subsequently tracked for all participants over a 12-month time frame. The results suggested that the special child care offer had no statistically significant effects either an reducing aggregate welfare expenditures or in promoting client independencefrom the welfare system. Implications for practice andfurther research are suggested.
Evaluating an Intervention for the Elderly at Increased Risk of Suicide
Authors: Morrow-Howell Nancy , Becker-Kemppainen Susan , Judy Lee
Published: March 2007

This article presents an evaluation of Link-Plus, a social work service provided over the telephone under the auspices of a suicide prevention hot line agency. The program targets the elderly at increased risk of suicide by virtue of depression, social isolation, and unmet needs. A two-group pretest-posttest design with randomization was used to test its effectiveness After receiving standard crisis intervention, 31 participants provided a wait-list control group, whereas 30 participants received immediate treatment. At 4 months, the amount of social contact was improved, and there was a trend toward the reduction of depressive symptomatology. At an 8-month observation, the difference between the clients' pretest scores and posttest scores on unmet needs was marginally significant, with clients having fewer unmet needs after receiving services. This outreach strategy and telephone intervention is moderately effective in treating older adults with depressive symptomatology, social isolation, and unmet needs.
Comments on the Right to Effective Treatment
Authors: Brieland Donald
Published: March 2007

Three barriers identified in this response to Corcoran's article preclude a mandated right to effective treatment for persons with mental illness: current lack of any federally mandated right to treatment, deinstitionalization that reduced supervision, and refusing or discontinuing medication—options easily available to the outpatient. The latter two make determining effec tiveness especially difficult.
The Right to Effective Treatment: A Premature Debate
Authors: Wynn Pamela
Published: March 2007

In Coreoran's discussion of the legal basis for a possible right to effective treatment, the primary ground for action he cites is that of negligence. This article concludes that until the profession can reach consensus as to what constitutes the proper standard of care, a debate about the right to effective treatment is premature.
Group Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Preliminary Outcomes
Authors: Fischer Daniel J. , Himle Joseph A. , Hanna Gregory L.
Published: March 2007

A clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a 7-week group behavioral therapy program for adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Group sessions included therapist-assisted exposure and response prevention exercises, information regarding OCD, and the extensive use of behavioral homework assignments. An additional family session was conducted to educate families about OCD and to encourage participation in the group member's behavioral program. At the end of the group, all clients showed improvement on their Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale scores; 6-month follow-up revealed further improve ment. Our findings provide preliminary support for the efficacy of group behavioral therapy for adolescents with OCD.
Women’s Experiences of Stigma in Relation to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia
Authors: Åsbring Pia , Närvänen Anna-Liisa
Published: March 2007

Chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia are characterized by being difficult to diagnose and having an elusive etiology and no clear-cut treatment strategy. The question of whether these illnesses are stigmatizing was investigated through interviews with 25 women with these illnesses. The women experienced stigmatization primarily before receiving a diagnosis, and the diffuse symptomatology associated with the illnesses were significant for stigmatization. Stigma consisted of questioning the veracity, morality, and accuracy of patient symptom descriptions and of psychologizingsymptoms. Coping with stigma was also explored and found to comprise both withdrawal and approach strategies, depending on the individual’s circumstances and goals.
Resident Learning in Ambulatory Care: Skill Adaptation and Faculty Supervision
Authors: Lowdermilk Deitra , McGaghie William C.
Published: March 2007

Resident learning in ambulatory care settings requires the adaptation of clinical skills acquired from work on inpatient services. In this observational study, several ways in which a group of internal medicine residents adapted to the stress of clinical work were documented. The quantity and quality of faculty supervision of the residents' ambulatory experiences were examined, noting that close supervision rarely occurs. Suggestions are made about several possible approaches toward enhancing the educational quality of residents'experiences in ambulatory care settings.
Sympathetic Connections between Qualitative Methods and Health Research
Authors: Lincoln Yvonna S.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that shifting paradigms for health promotion research would result in a better fit between research intents and social and behavioral phenomena. Further, it argues that the constructivist paradigm exhibits great utility, power, and synergism with emerging concepts in health research. Such inquiry also provides for grounded theory and more stakeholder-based policy analyses and evaluation studies. For the purposes of health promotion, qualitative and constructivist research provides a model superior to conventional research.
Developing a Multilevel Understanding of Heart Disease: An Interview Study of MONICA Participants in an Australian Center
Authors: Treloar Carla
Published: March 2007

This study explored the experiences of people hospitalized with heart disease at each of four levels: personal, interpersonal, organizational, and societal. Twenty patients (and 13 family members) who were in the hospital during 1994 with heart problems and who were recruited to a large epidemiologic project were interviewed. The interviews were audiotaped and the transcriptions subjected to qualitative analysis to identify emergent themes at each of the four levels and links between the levels. Results of this study can be used to examine (a) prevention messages, (b) techniques to enhance the therapeutic impact of the doctor-patient relationship in light of patients' etiological beliefs, and (c) patients' evaluation of the medical profession in light of the financial impact of heart disease. This study demonstrates how a multilevel analysis of patients' health and illness experiences can be used to better equip health care providers and educators in their exchanges with future heart disease patients.
Conflicting Values
Authors: DAVID CAROL , GRAHAM MARGARET BAKER
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes a CEO's use of extended epic metaphor in building corporate culture. Whereas much of the research on management's use of narrative has examined shorter stories and anecdotes, here the authors analyze the text of a speech written by a newly hired CEO for his upper management team. The speech, which was never delivered but was instead sent out in a leadership manual to managers in the conglomerate, begins with a narrative history of the CEO's first five months in office. In his description of events, the metaphoric language suggesting heroes and competition contradicts the principles of team management that the CEO intends to implement throughout the company. These heroic metaphors valorize individual achievement, agency, and action—values more likely to be familiar to the business culture than the cooperative values of teams. Drawn from war and sports metaphors common in the language of the popular American lexicon, the images generate more excitement and appeal than those of cooperative planning inherent in team management systems.
A Classroom with a Worldview: Making Spiritual Assumptions Explicit in Management Education
Authors: Daniels Denise , Franz Randal S. , Wong Kenman
Published: March 2007

When one considers the role that spirituality plays in management practice and pedagogy, a more fundamental issue begs to be investigated: What is spirituality? The impact spirituality has depends on how one conceives it. The authors present a two-dimensional framework that differentiates between various worldview perspectives based on divergent metaphysical and epistemological assumptions. They show how each worldview has a different conception of spirituality. Implications of worldview for management practice and pedagogy are developed. Emphasis is given to how spirituality rooted in the Christian tradition can influence management education, and examples from a private, Christian university are provided.
The Importance and Invasiveness of Student Team Selection Criteria
Authors: Connerley Mary L. , Mael Fred A.
Published: March 2007

The type of information that students desire to know about prospective team members and the degree to which the behaviors covered by that information had affected satisfaction in previous classroom team experiences were examined. Communication skills, achievement orientation, and dependability explained a large proportion of the variance in overall satisfaction with a team member. Surprisingly, a number of items that could be considered both task relevant and relatively public knowledge were seen as invasive. The results provide a framework for allowing students to choose team members that will result in more cohesive teams and more satisfying classroom experiences.
The Silent Chinese: The Influence of Face and Kiasuism on Student Feedback-Seeking Behaviors
Authors: Hwang Alvin , Ang Soon , Francesco Anne Marie
Published: March 2007

Based on a qualitative study and a follow-up survey of 503 Singapore management students, the authors discuss the emergence of a new cultural attitude, kiasuism, one that has roots in the Chinese concept of face. The term kiasu, literally meaning “afraid to lose” in the Chinese Hokkien dialect, may lead students either to put in more effort so as to gain an upper hand over others (kiasu-positive) or to act in ways to prevent others from getting ahead of them (kiasu-negative). The impact of this attitude on in-class and out-of-class feedback-seeking behaviors is examined.
The Killer Group
Authors: Byrnes Joseph F.
Published: March 2007

This article is built around a series of incidents in a negotiation course. Starting in an experiential exercise, in which they adopted a predatory role, one group of students took on, maintained, and appeared to relish the label of "killer group." Their behavior generated a high level of energy within the class but also produced disquieting feelings for everyone involved. This example is used to raise several fundamental questions about experiential exercises and the responsibilities and risks that instructors assume in using them.
Understanding the Organizational Behavior Classroom: An Application of Developmental Theory
Authors: Gallos Joan V.
Published: March 2007

Explorations of developmental theory at work in the OB classroom suggest there is much to learn from understanding the interaction between human development and an instructor's approach to the teaching of organizational behavior. This article explores such linkages. It introduces instructors to developmental theory; examines the developmental meaning of student and instructor roles, teaching and evaluation methods, and course content and design for the OB classroom; and discusses five critical implications of developmental thinking for effective management teaching.
Stage 4: The Raging Debates
Authors: Mullins John W. , Fukami Cynthia V.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the ongoing debates that have followed major curriculum change to a transdisciplinary, integrated core in the MBA program at the University of Denver: consistency within and across courses, alternative models of disciplinary integration, and the role of student course evaluations in a team teaching environment. The article concludes by sharing lessons learned from the experience and by offering advice to those who might also invest in major curricular change.
Quality Assessment Projects as Teaching and Learning Tools
Authors: Bloomfield Stefan D. , Paschke Paul E.
Published: March 2007

Quality management is a broad subject whose principles and practices are best understood when studied in the context of real-life organizations. This article describes a major quality assessment field project that serves as the integrative vehicle for an MBA curriculum. Each year the entire entering MBA class devotes a portion of 8 months to performing comprehensive quality audits of external organizations. Whereas they reinforce the principles of quality management, the field projects also require students to integrate the knowledge gained from each of their MBA courses in critically examining all operational areas of their host organizations.
Culture Circles: A Cultural Self-Awareness Exercise
Authors: Coombs Gary , Sarason Yolanda
Published: March 2007

The authors designed an experiential exercise to initiate a dialogue about cultural diversity that encourages students to begin discussing their own cultural background as a source of identity and pride. Students are also asked to imagine themselves with a different cultural identity and to talk about their newly adopted identity as a source of pride. This exercise encourages discussion about diversity from all individuals in a positive atmosphere. The exercise fits the call for students to understand their own cultural roots as a necessary preparatory step to learning about others' cultures. Guidelines for classroom administration and discussion questions are provided.
Exploring the Glass Ceiling: An Exploration of Gender Differences in Management-Development Experiences
Authors: McDonald Kimberly S. , Hite Linda M.
Published: March 2007

Students preparing for the diverse workplace of the future need to understand the glass-ceiling phenomenon and its ramifications for both individuals and organizations. This article suggests that an effective way to explain this concept is by examining gender differences in management development. The rationale for this perspective is provided. A review of the literature that indicates that gender differences in developmental activities create and perpetuate the glass-ceiling effect is also provided. Suggestions are included for ways to teach students about the glass ceiling.
Organization Structure and Design: The Club ED Exercise
Authors: Harvey Cheryl , Morouney Kim
Published: March 2007

Using cases and news reports about Club Med's evolution, we have developed a five-stage exercise that involves students in the design and redesign of an organization as it changes from a simple, single-site enterprise to a complex, multinational business. Students grope with discovering the solutions to the problems of differentiation and integration, control, operating in a variety of cultural rather than national contexts, and responding with strategic and organization design changes to shifts in the competitive environment. This exercise can be done in one 3-hour session or extended over two or more shorter class periods.
Economics of Organization and Management: An Integrative Course Proposal
Authors: LeClair Daniel R.
Published: March 2007

This article proposes a new approach, based on the economics of organization and management (EOM), to the core business course in managerial economics. EOM is a relatively new area of economic study that seeks to understand managerial decisions and activities within organizations. The proposed course will provide students with a framework for integrating business concepts across the curriculum, introduce more substantive and direct managerial applications, and create an environment conducive to interactive learning. The justifications for these statements are delineated in a discussion of the limitations of current perspectives and the benefits of adopting the integrative approach.
Social Skills Training and Cognitive Restructuring for Adolescents on Hemodialysis
Authors: Beecroft Pauline C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to test a social skills and cognitive restructuring intervention designed for adolescents undergoing hemodialysis. A single-case experimental design with multiple baselines across subjects was used. Cognitive restructuring and assertive skills training were incorporated into eight weekly instructional modules. A convenience sample of 6 adolescents entered the program; 3 subjects completed the program. Data were analyzed using visual analysis. Although no striking changes could be seen between pre- and post-intervention phases for self-efficacy and self-report of assertive behaviors, there was a trend toward growth in overall social skills for 2 subjects. Another subject made some obvious increases in all areas of self-efficacy in comparison to other subjects. This study points out the merit of identifying depression as factor in cognitive impairment and the exercise of personal efficacy.