bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compound Semiconductor Device Structures
Authors: Stanchina William E. , Lam Juan F.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Key Material Properties

Group
III
–
V
Materials Preparation

Field‐Effect Transistors (
FETs
)

Metal‐Semiconductor
FETs
(
MESFETs
)

Heterostructure
FETs

High Electron Mobility Transistors

Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors

Novel Semiconductor Laser Diodes

Introduction

The Cascade Semiconductor Laser

The Blue‐Green Semiconductor Diode Laser
Integrated Circuit Packaging
Authors: Amey Daniel I.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Package Functions

Integrated Circuit Processing

Die Attachment

Microinterconnect Methods

Wire Bonding

Tape Automated Bonding (TAB)

Flip Chip or Solder Bump

Package Sealing

Rent's Rule

Thermal Management

Thermal Resistance

Cavity‐Up/Down

Package Types

JEDEC

Dual In‐Line Package

Flatpack

Chip Carrier

Small Outline Package

Grid Array Packages

Hybrid Circuit Packages

Package Attachment

Electrical Considerations

Other Package Selection Considerations

Cost

Multichip Modules

Introduction

Multichip Packaging Considerations

Change and Repair

Change Bars

Repair Links

The Future
Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams of Materials
Authors: Pelton Arthur D.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Notation

Gibbs Energy and Equilibrium

Gibbs Energy

Chemical Equilibrium

Predominance Diagrams

Calculation of Predominance Diagrams

Ellingham Diagrams as Predominance Diagrams

Discussion of Predominance Diagrams

Thermodynamics of Solutions

Gibbs Energy of Mixing

Chemical Potential

Tangent Construction

Gibbs–Duhem Equation

Relative Partial Properties

Activity

Ideal Raoultian Solutions

Excess Properties

Activity Coefficient

Multicomponent Solutions

Binary Phase Diagrams

Systems with Complete Solid and Liquid Miscibility

Thermodynamic Origin of Phase Diagrams

Pressure–Composition Phase Diagrams

Minima and Maxima in Two‐Phase Regions

Miscibility Gaps

Simple Eutectic Systems

Regular Solution Theory

Thermodynamic Origin of Simple Phase Diagrams Illustrated by Regular Solution Theory

Immiscibility–Monotectics

Intermediate Phases

Limited Mutual Solubility–Ideal Henrian Solutions

Geometry of Binary Phase Diagrams

Application of Thermodynamics to Phase Diagram Analysis

Thermodynamic/Phase Diagram Optimization

Polynomial Representation of Excess Properties

Least‐Squares Optimization

Calculation of Metastable Phase Boundaries

Ternary and Multicomponent Phase Diagrams

The Ternary Composition Triangle

Ternary Space Model

Polythermal Projections of Liquidus Surfaces

Ternary Isothermal Sections

Topology of Ternary Isothermal Sections

Ternary Isopleths (Constant Composition Sections)

Quasi‐Binary Phase Diagrams

Multicomponent Phase Diagrams

Nomenclature for Invariant Reactions

Reciprocal Ternary Phase Diagrams

Phase Diagrams with Potentials as Axes

General Phase Diagram Geometry

General Geometrical Rules for All True Phase Diagram Sections

Zero Phase Fraction Lines

Choice of Axes and Constants of True Phase Diagrams

Tie‐lines

Corresponding Phase Diagrams

Theoretical Considerations

Other Sets of Conjugate Pairs

Solution Models

Sublattice Models

All Sublattices Except One Occupied by Only One Species

Ionic Solutions

Interstitial Solutions

Ceramic Solutions

The Compound Energy Formalism

Non‐Stoichiometric Compounds

Polymer Solutions

Calculation of Limiting Slopes of Phase Boundaries

Short‐Range Ordering

Long‐Range Ordering

Calculation of Ternary Phase Diagrams From Binary Data

Minimization of Gibbs Energy

Phase Diagram Calculation

Bibliography

Phase Diagram Compilations

Thermodynamic Compilations

General Reading
Solidification
Authors: Müller‐Krumbhaar Heiner , Kurz Wilfried , Brener Efim
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Basic Concepts in First‐Order Phase Transitions

Nucleation

Interface Propagation

Growth of Simple Crystal Forms

Mullins–Sekerka Instability

Basic Experimental Techniques

Free Growth

Directional Growth

Free Dendritic Growth

The Needle Crystal Solution

Side‐Branching Dendrites

Experimental Results on Free Dendritic Growth

Directional Solidification

Thermodynamics of Two‐Component Systems

Scaled Model Equations

Cellular Growth

Directional Dendritic Growth

The Selection Problem of Primary Cell Spacing

Experimental Results on Directional Dendritic Growth

Extensions

Eutectic Growth

Basic Concepts

Experimental Results on Eutectic Growth

Other Topics

Summary and Outlook
Spinodal Decomposition
Authors: Binder Kurt , Fratzl Peter
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

General Concepts

Phenomenological Thermodynamics of Binary Mixtures and the Basic Ideas of Phase Separation Kinetics

TheCahn–Hilliard–Cook Nonlinear Diffusion Equation

Linearized Theory of Spinodal Decomposition

Spinodal Decomposition of Polymer Mixtures

Significance of the Spinodal Curve

Towards a Nonlinear Theory of Spinodal Decomposition in Solids and Fluids

Effects of Finite Quench Rate

Interconnected Precipitated Structure Versus Isolated Droplets, and the Percolation Transition

Coarsening and Late Stage Scaling

Effects of Coherent Elastic Misfit

Survey of Experimental Results

Metallic Alloys

Glasses, Ceramics, and Other Solid Materials

Fluid Mixtures

Polymer Mixtures

Extensions

Systems Near a Tricritical Point

Spontaneous Growth of Ordered Domains out of Initially Disordered Configurations

Phase Separation in Reduced Geometry and Near Surfaces

Effects of Quenched Impurities; Vacancies; and Electrical Resistivity of Metallic Alloys Undergoing Phase Changes

Further Related Phenomena

Discussion

Acknowledgements
High Pressure Phase Transformations
Authors: Kunz Martin
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Pressure‐Driven Phase Transitions

Framework Flexion

Increase in Coordination Number

Pressure‐Induced Ordering

Generating High Pressure

Dynamic Pressure Generation

Static Pressure Devices

Large‐Volume Presses

Diamond Anvil Cells

Probing Phase Transformations in Materials at High Pressure

Volumetric Techniques

Spectroscopic Techniques

Microscopy

Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy

Mössbauer Spectroscopy

X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

NMR

Ultrasonic Sound Velocity

Diffraction Techniques

X‐Ray Diffraction

Neutron Diffraction

Examples

Zincblende‐Type Semiconductors

SiandGe

GaAs

InSb

Materials in theB–C–NSystem

C

BN

CN

BC

BCN

H2O

IceIh,XIandIc

IceII

IceIIIand IceIX

IceV, IceIVand IceXII

IceVI, IceVII, IceVIII, IceX

Amorphous Ice at High Pressure

Acknowledgements
Fundamentals of High Temperature Corrosion
Authors: Schütze Michael
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

High Temperature Corrosion in Technical Applications

High Temperature Corrosion Resistance

Fundamentals of Oxidation

Stability of the Corrosion Product

Formation and Growth of Oxide Scales

Initial Stages

Defect Chemistry

Scale Growth by Solid State Diffusion

Scale Growth Controlled by Mechanisms Other than Solid State Diffusion

Specific Aspects of Oxide Scale Growth on Alloys

Internal Oxidation/Corrosion

The Influence of Mechanical Stress on Oxidation

Stresses in Oxide Scales

Mechanical Scale Failure

Healing of Oxide Scale Cracks

The Role of Internal Corrosion

Chemical Scale Failure

Sulfate Induced Hot Corrosion

Vanadate Induced Hot Corrosion

Corrosion Without the Formation of a Solid Scale

Molten Phases as Corrosion Products

Volatile Corrosion Products

Gas Corrosion by Species Other than Oxygen

Carburization and Metal Dusting

Internal Carburization

Metal Dusting

Sulfidation

Chlorination

Water Vapor

Hydrogen

Experimental Techniques
Microbial Corrosion
Authors: Sand Wolfgang
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Microorganisms and Corrosion

Microorganisms and their Metabolism

Bacteria and Cyanobacteria

Fungi and Yeasts

Algae

Lichens

Microbial Growth

Factors Influencing Growth

Substrate (Energy and Carbon Source)

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Trace Elements

Water and Water Activity

Concentration of Hydrogen Ions

Redox Potential

Aerobiosis, Anaerobiosis, and Oxygen

Temperature

Course of Growth

Growth on Surfaces

Microbially Influenced Destruction of Materials

Mineral Materials

Metallic Materials

Materials of Natural Origin

Plastic Materials

Hydrocarbons

Protection of Materials

Passive Protection of Materials

Selection of Materials

Consideration of the Site

Constructive Measures

Simulation of Biogenic Attack

Active Protection of Materials

Physical Countermeasures

Chemical Countermeasures

Summary and Outlook
Effect of Multiphase Flow on Corrosion
Authors: Gopal Madan , Jepson W. Paul
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Chapter Overview

Introduction

Multiphase Flow

Three Phase Oil/Water/Gas Flows

Flow Regime Map

Oil/Water Flow

Industrial Concerns

Slug Flow Characteristics

Profile of Slug

Mixing Zone of Slug

Bubble Collapse

Froude Number

Effect of Slug Flow on Corrosion

Turbulence and Mass Transfer

Mass Transfer and Pressure Measurements

Surface Damage in Slug Flow Corrosion

Corrosion Rates in Multiphase Oil/Water/Gas Systems

Conclusions
Cathodic and Anodic Protection
Authors: Juchniewicz Romuald , Jankowski Jezmar , Darowicki Kazimierz
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Historical Background

Basic Concepts

Principles of Cathodic Protection

Current and Potential Distribution

Potential Measurement

Reference Electrodes

Cathodic Protection Criteria

Potential Criteria

Kinetic Criteria

Contemporary Trends in Cathodic Protection Criteria

Determination of the Corrosion Current Under Cathodic Protection Conditions

Direct Current Methods

Alternating Current Methods

Impressed Current Cathodic Protection

Electrical System

Cathodic Protection Stations

Anodes

Platinized Titanium

Platinized Niobium and Tantalum

Mixed Metal Oxides

Conducting Polymers

Carbon Backfills

Anodes Installation

Cathodic Protection and Coatings

Cathodic Disbonding

Field Testing of Insulation

Case Study

Sacrificial Anodes

Zinc Anodes

Magnesium Anodes

Aluminum Anodes

Backfills

Shape and Dimensions of Anodes

Installing Anodes

Protection from Stray Currents

General Characteristics of Stray Currents

Sources of Stray Currents

Electric Tractions

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission Lines

Cathodic Protection Systems

Industrial Equipment

Corrosion Caused by Stray Currents

Hazard Determination

Limiting Hazardous Interaction

Preventive Activities

Electrochemical Protection

Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Theoretical Principles

Protection Criteria

Reference Electrodes

Anodes

Extraction of Chlorides

Realkalization of Carbonized Concrete

Cathodic Prevention

Other Applications of Cathodic Protection

Alloy Steels

Ships and Vessels

Offshore Structures

Process Plants

Storage Tanks

Power and Telecommunication Cables

Electrochemical Protection of Water Installations

Designing Cathodic Protection Systems

Current and Potential Distribution in a Stationary Electric Field

Transfer Resistance of a Spherical Anode

Objects of Linear Symmetry

Finite Difference Method of Electric Field Potential Determination

Anodic Protection

Theoretical Principles

Scope of Application

Characteristics of the Method

Functioning and Equipment

Operating Parameters

Electric Systems

Potentiostats

Cathodes

Reference Electrodes

Polarization Method

Protection Range

Case Study

Further Development of Electrochemical Protection

Recent Developments

Future Prospects
Corrosion of Non‐Ferrous Alloys.I. Nickel‐, Cobalt‐, Copper‐, Zirconium‐ and Titanium‐Based Alloys
Authors: Rebak Raúl B.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Test Methods

Nickel‐Based Alloys

Commercial Nickel

General Corrosion of Commercial Nickel

Localized Corrosion of Commercial Nickel

Nickel–Copper Alloys

General Corrosion of Nickel–Copper Alloys

Localized Corrosion of Nickel–Copper Alloys

Nickel–Molybdenum Alloys

General Corrosion of Ni–Mo Alloys

Localized Corrosion ofNiMoAlloys

Nickel–Chromium–Molybdenum Alloys

General Corrosion ofNiCrMoAlloys

Localized Corrosion ofNiCrMoAlloys

Nickel–Chromium–Iron Alloys

General Corrosion ofNiCrFeAlloys

Localized Corrosion ofNiCrFeAlloys

Cast Nickel‐Based Alloys

Cobalt‐Based Alloys

General Corrosion of Cobalt‐Based Alloys

Localized Corrosion of Cobalt‐Based Alloys

Pitting and Crevice Corrosion

Stress‐Corrosion Cracking of Cobalt‐Based Alloys

Copper‐Based Alloys

Coppers and High‐Copper Alloys

Brasses

Bronzes

Copper Nickels

Other Non‐Ferrous Metals

Zirconium

Titanium

General Corrosion of Titanium

Localized Corrosion of Titanium

Tantalum and Niobium

Trade Names
Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
Authors: Elsener Bernhard
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Concrete

Cement Types and Hydration Reaction

Porosity and Transport Properties

Water‐to‐Cement Ratio and Curing

Porosity, Permeability and Percolation

Deterioration of Concrete

Frost and De‐icing Salts

Chemical Attack of Concrete

Sea Water

Attack by Sulfates

Corrosion of Steel in Concrete

General

Electrochemistry of Steel in Concrete

Corrosion Potential

Initiation Phase

Depassivation Due to Chloride Ions

Depassivation Due to Carbonation

Propagation Phase

Chloride‐Induced Corrosion

Preventive Measures

Inhibitors as a Preventive Measure

Mechanism

Nitrites

MFP(Sodium Monofluoro Phosphate)

Organic‐Based Inhibitors

Stainless Steels

Epoxy‐Coated Rebars

Non‐Metallic Reinforcement

Cathodic Prevention

Other Preventive Measures

Monitoring and Condition Assessment ofRCStructures

Half‐Cell Potential Mapping

Principle

Procedure

Interpretation

Resistivity Measurements

General

Measurements at the Surface

Corrosion Rate

General

Determination of the Polarization Resistance

Execution of the Measurements

Corrosion Rate Measurements On‐Site

Interpretation of the Results

Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Structures

General

Structural Conditions

Cause of Deterioration

Expected Service Life of the Structure

Corrosion Inhibitors for Repair

Electrochemical Protection and Repair Methods

Fundamentals

The Electrochemical Reactions at the Cathode (the Rebars)

Laboratory Results

Results from Field Applications

Electrochemical Treatment and Monitoring

Control of the Effectiveness

Durability of the Treatment

Traditional Repair Methods

Outlook
Degradation and Stabilization of Polymers
Authors: Billingham Norman C.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Physical Degradation of Polymers

Thermal Effects on Mechanical Properties

Physical Aging

Environmental Stress Cracking

Chemical Degradation of Polymers

Introduction

Thermal Degradation

Chain Scission with Depropagation

Random Scission without Depropagation

Thermal Reaction without Chain Scission

Oxidative Degradation

Chemistry of Polymer Oxidation

Origins of Embrittlement

Stabilization of Polymers Against Oxidation

Introduction

Chain‐Breaking Antioxidants

Peroxide‐Decomposing Antioxidants

Metal Deactivators

Auto‐ and Co‐Synergism

Antioxidant Formulations

Photo‐Degradation and Photo‐Oxidation

Introduction

Polymers with Intrinsic Chromophores

Polymers with Impurity Chromophores

Photo‐Stabilization of Polymers

Loss of Stabilizing Additives

Hydrolytic and Biological Degradation of Polymers

Hydrolytic Degradation

Biodegradation

Prediction of Polymer Lifetimes
Alkyne Metathesis Polymerization (
ADIMET
) and Macrocyclization (
ADIMAC
)
Authors: Finke Aaron D. , Moore Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Catalyst Development

Poly(Phenylene Ethynylene)s via
ADIMET

ADIMAC
‐Acyclic Diyne Metathesis Macrocyclization

Conclusions
Cylindrical Polymer Brushes
Authors: Yuan Jiayin , Müller Axel H. E.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis ofCPBs

Grafting‐Through Strategy

Homopolymerization of Macromonomers

Copolymerization by Grafting‐Through

Grafting‐Onto Strategy

Side‐Chain Attachment by Nucleophilic Substitution

Side‐Chain Attachment by “Click” Chemistry

Grafting‐From Strategy

Polyinitiator Backbone

Side‐Chain Composition

Homopolymer Side Chains

Core–Shell Diblock Copolymer Side Chains

Other Copolymer Side Chains

Combined Grafting Approach

Grafting‐Onto + Grafting‐From

Grafting‐Through + Grafting‐From

Block Copolymer Self‐Assembly

Selective Crosslinking in Bulk

Core Crystallization in Solution

Comparison with Molecular Brushes

Properties ofCPBs

Solution Properties

Properties in the Bulk

CPBsin Thin Films on Different Substrates

CPBsas a Template for 1‐DInorganic/Hybrid Nanostructures

Core–ShellCPBsas a Template

Polymeric Cylinders from Self‐Assembly as a Template

Closing Remarks
Advances in the Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers
Authors: Elupula Ravinder , Laurent Boyd A. , Grayson Scott M.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Bimolecular Approach

Unimolecular Approach

Homodifunctional Approach

Heterodifunctional Approach

Ring‐Expansion Approach

Conclusions
New Conjugated Polymers and Synthetic Methods
Authors: McNeil Anne J. , Lanni Erica L.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

New Polymers Prepared via Chain‐Growth Methods

End‐Functionalized Polymers

All‐Conjugated Block Copolymers

Mechanism

Initial Observations and Mechanistic Proposal

Subsequent Mechanistic Studies

End‐Group Analysis

Rate and Spectroscopic Studies

Indirect Support for an Intermediate Ni(0)‐Polymer π‐Complex

Remaining Limitations

Conclusions and Outlook
Multicyclic Polymers
Authors: Yamamoto Takuya , Tezuka Yasuyuki
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Ring Polymers with Branches (“Tadpoles”)

Dicyclic Polymers

Fused Dicyclic Polymers

Spiro Dicyclic Polymers

Bridged Dicyclic Polymers

Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Polymers

Fused Tricyclic Polymers

Bridged Tricyclic Polymers

Spiro Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Polymers

Oligocyclic Polymers

Conclusions and Perspectives
Enzymatic Polymerization
Authors: Uyama Hiroshi
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Enzymatic Synthesis of Phenolic Polymers

Enzymatic Oxidative Polymerization of Phenols

Enzymatic Synthesis of Functional Polymers from Phenols

Enzymatic Curing of Phenol‐Containing Biopolymers

Enzymatic Preparation of Coatings

Enzymatic Synthesis of Polyesters

Polycondensation of Dicarboxylic Acid Derivatives and Glycols to Polyesters

Ring‐Opening Polymerization to Polyesters

Enzymatic Synthesis of Functional Materials of Polyesters

Concluding Remarks
Carbocationic Polymerization*This chapter has already been published in: Matyjaszewski, K., Müller, A. H. E., Controlled and Living Polymerizations, 2009. Copyright Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with kind permission of the authors.
Authors: De Priyadarsi , Faust Rudolf
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Mechanistic and Kinetic Details of Living Cationic Polymerization

Living Cationic Polymerization

Monomers and Initiating Systems

Additives in Living Cationic Polymerization

Living Cationic Polymerization: Isobutylene (IB)

β‐Pinene

Styrene (St)

p‐Methylstyrene (p‐MeSt)

p‐Chlorostyrene (p‐ClSt)

2,4,6‐Trimethylstyrene (TMeSt)

p‐Methoxystyrene (p‐MeOSt)

α‐Methylstyrene (αMeSt)

Indene

N‐Vinylcarbazol

Vinyl Ethers

Functional Polymers by Living Cationic Polymerization

Functional Initiator Method

Functional Terminator Method

Telechelic Polymers

Macromonomers

Synthesis using a Functional Initiator

Synthesis using a Functional Capping Agent

Chain‐End Modification

Block Copolymers

Linear Diblock Copolymers

Linear Triblock Copolymers

Synthesis using Difunctional Initiators

Synthesis Using Coupling Agents

Block Copolymers with Nonlinear Architecture

Synthesis ofAnBnHetero‐Arm Star‐Block Copolymers

Synthesis ofAA′B,ABB′, andABCAsymmetric Star‐Block Copolymers using Furan Derivatives

Block Copolymers Prepared by the Combination of Different Polymerization Mechanisms

Combination of Cationic and Anionic Polymerization

Combination of Living Cationic and Anionic Ring‐Opening Polymerization

Combination of Living Cationic and Radical Polymerization

Branched and Hyperbranched Polymers

Surface Initiated Polymerization — Polymer Brushes

Conclusions
Carbenes in Polymer Synthesis
Authors: Williams Kyle A. , Neilson Bethany M. , Bielawski Christopher W.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction to Carbenes

Carbenes as Structural Components of Macromolecules

Carbenes as Monomers for Polymerizations (Type 1)

NHCs
as Monomers for Polymerizations (Type 1)

Carbenes as Polymer Side Groups (Type 2)

Carbene‐Based Polymerization Catalysts

NHCs
as Ring‐Opening Polymerization Catalysts (Type 3)

NHCs
as Group‐Transfer Catalysts (Type 3)

NHCs
as Condensation Polymerization Catalysts (Type 3)

Carbenes as Ligands for Metal‐Based Polymerization Catalysts (Type 3)

Carbenes in Olefin Metathesis Catalysts (Type 3)

Carbenes in Addition Polymerization Catalysts (Type 3)

Carbenes in Condensation Polymerization Catalysts (Type 3)

Carbenes in Free Radical and Ring‐Opening Polymerization Catalysts (Type 3)

Polymerization Catalysts Derived from
NHCs
(Type 3)

Conclusions
Nucleic Acid Polymers and
DNA
Synthetic Polymer Hybrid Materials Generated by Molecular Biology Techniques
Authors: Kwak Minseok , Herrmann Andreas
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

DNA
Hydrogels Mediated by the Action of
DNA
Ligases

DNA
Block Copolymers and
DNA
Networks Generated by the Polymerase Chain Reaction

Generating
DNA
–Synthetic Polymer Hybrids with
DNA
Polymerases

Plasmids and Catenated Nucleic Acid Architectures from Circular
DNA
Molecules

Conclusions
Cyclodextrin‐Based Polyrotaxanes
Authors: Harada Akira , Yamaguchi Hiroyasu
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Rotaxanes

Polyrotaxanes

Rotaxanes Containing
CDs

Polyrotaxanes Containing
CDs

Main‐Chain Polyrotaxanes

Poly[1]rotaxanes

Hydrophobic Polymers

Polyamides and Polyurethanes

π‐Conjugated Polymers

Ionic Polymers

Preparation of Polyrotaxanes by Photoirradiation

Side‐Chain Polyrotaxanes

Polymers with Alkyl Chain as a Side Chain

Polymers with Aromatic Groups as a Side Chain

Formation of Gel by Mixing Host Polymers and Guest Polymers

Polyrotaxane Gels

Polyrotaxanes for Medical Applications

Tubular Polymers
Association of High Body Mass Index With Decreased Treatment Response to Combination Therapy in Recent‐Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: Heimans L. , van den Broek M. , le Cessie S. , Siegerink B. , Riyazi N. , Han K. H. , Kerstens P. J. S. M. , Huizinga T. W. J. , Lems W. F. , Allaart C. F.
Published: February 2013

Objective

To assess the association between high body mass index (BMI) and treatment response in recent‐onset rheumatoid arthritis.

Methods

In the Behandelstrategieën voor Reumatoide Artritis (Treatment Strategies for Rheumatoid Arthritis) study, 508 patients were randomized to initial monotherapy or combination therapy with prednisone or infliximab (IFX). The response to Disease Activity Score (DAS) ≤2.4–steered treatment (first dose and after 1 year) was compared between patients with a BMI <25 kg/m2 and ≥25 kg/m2, using relative risk (RR) regression analyses. DAS, components of DAS, and functional ability during the first year were compared using linear mixed models.

Results

High BMI was independently associated with failure to achieve a DAS ≤2.4 on initial therapy (RR 1.20 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.05, 1.37]). The effect for combination therapy with prednisone was RR 1.55 (95% CI 1.06, 2.28) and for combination therapy with IFX 1.42 (95% CI 0.98, 2.06). The RRs for failure after 1 year were 1.46 (95% CI 0.75, 2.83) and 2.20 (95% CI 0.99, 4.92), respectively. High BMI was also associated with failure on delayed combination therapy with IFX, after adjustment for selection bias related to previous failure on disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs. No significant association was observed in the initial monotherapy groups. In the first year, patients with a high BMI had higher DAS and worse functional ability, with more tender joints and a higher visual analog scale global health, but not more swollen joints and similar systemic inflammation.

Conclusion

High BMI was independently associated with failure to achieve low DAS on initial combination therapy with prednisone and on initial and delayed treatment with IFX. Patients with a high BMI experienced more pain, but not more swelling or systemic inflammation.
Interpretation of Optoelectronic Transient and Charge Extraction Measurements in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Barnes Piers R. F. , Miettunen Kati , Li Xiaoe , Anderson Assaf Y. , Bessho Takeru , Gratzel Michael , O'Regan Brian C.
Published: February 2013

Tools that assess the limitations of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made with new materials are critical for progress. Measuring the transient electrical signals (voltage or current) after optically perturbing a DSSC is an approach which can give information about electron concentration, transport and recombination. Here we describe the theory and practice of this class of optoelectronic measurements, illustrated with numerous examples. The measurements are interpreted with the multiple trapping continuum model which describes electrons in a semiconductor with an exponential distribution of trapping states. We review standard small perturbation photocurrent and photovoltage transients, and introduce the photovoltage time of flight measurement which allows the simultaneous derivation of both effective diffusion and recombination coefficients. We then consider the utility of large perturbation measurements such as charge extraction and the current interrupt technique for finding the internal charge and voltage within a device. Combining these measurements allows differences between DSSCs to be understood in terms such as electron collection efficiency, semiconductor conduction band edge shifts and recombination kinetics.
Rational Design of Advanced Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Yang Jihui , Yip Hin‐Lap , Jen Alex K.‐Y.
Published: February 2013

Advanced thermoelectric technologies can drastically improve energy efficiencies of industrial infrastructures, solar cells, automobiles, aircrafts, etc. When a thermoelectric device is used as a solid‐state heat pump and/or as a power generator, its efficiency depends pivotally on three fundamental transport properties of materials, namely, the thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and thermopower. The development of advanced thermoelectric materials is very challenging because these transport properties are interrelated. This paper reviews the physical mechanisms that have led to recent material advances. Progresses in both inorganic and organic materials are summarized. While the majority of the contemporary effort has been focused on lowering the lattice thermal conductivity, the latest development in nanocomposites suggests that properly engineered interfaces are crucial for realizing the energy filtering effect and improving the power factor. We expect that the nanocomposite approach could be the focus of future materials breakthroughs.
Hospitalizations among people with Down syndrome: A nationwide population‐based study in Denmark
Authors: Zhu Jin Liang , Hasle Henrik , Correa Adolfo , Schendel Diana , Friedman J.M. , Olsen Jørn , Rasmussen Sonja A.
Published: February 2013

Most persons with Down syndrome (DS) now survive to adulthood, but their health care needs beyond childhood are not well described. We followed a national cohort of 3,212 persons with DS and a reference cohort of persons without DS through the Danish National Hospital Register from January 1, 1977, to May 31, 2008. Poisson regression was used to calculate rate ratios for numbers of overnight hospital admissions and hospital days. During the study period, persons with DS had more than twice the rate of hospital admissions and nearly three times as many bed‐days as the population as a whole. Malformations, diseases of the respiratory system, and diseases of the nervous system or sensory organs were the principal indications for hospital admissions. The higher rate ratios for hospital admissions were seen especially among persons less than 20 years of age. Hospitalizations for neoplasms or for diseases of the musculoskeletal system or connective tissue were much less frequent among adults with DS. As survival among persons with DS continues to improve, these findings are likely to be useful for health care planning, although the potential utility may be different for different health care systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conformational dynamics of xylanase a from Streptomyces lividans: Implications for TIM‐barrel enzyme thermostability
Authors: Ding Yanrui , Cai Yujie
Published: February 2013

The conformational dynamics of xylanase A from Streptomyces lividans (Sl‐XlnA) were studied using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation to identify the thermally sensitive regions. Sl‐XlnA begins to unfold at loop4 and this unfolding expands to the loops near the N‐terminus. The high flexibility of loop6 during the 300 K simulation is related to its function. The intense movements of the 310‐helices also affect the structural stability. The interaction between the α4β5‐loop and the neighboring α5β6‐loop plays a crucial role in stabilizing the region from the α4β5‐loop to α6. The most thermally sensitive region is from β3 to loop4. The high mobility of the long loop4 easily transfers to the adjacent β4 and α4 and causes β4 and α4 to fluctuate. And, salt bridges ASP124‐ARG79, ASP200‐ARG159, and ASP231‐LYS166 formed a “clamp” to stabilize the region including α4, β4, β5, β6, and β7. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 99: 594–604, 2013.
Japanese multicenter registry evaluating the retrograde approach for chronic coronary total occlusion
Authors: Tsuchikane Etsuo , Yamane Masahisa , Mutoh Makoto , Matsubara Tetsuo , Fujita Tsutomu , Nakamura Shigeru , Muramatsu Toshiya , Okamura Atsunori , Igarashi Yasumi , Oida Akitsugu ,   Retrograde Summit Investigators
Published: February 2013

Objectives

This registry evaluated the current trends and outcomes associated with retrograde percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO).

Background

Since its introduction, several techniques and technologies have been introduced for retrograde PCI for CTO.

Methods

Eight hundred and one patients who underwent retrograde PCI for CTO in 28 Japanese centers between January 2009 and December 2010 were enrolled in this registry.

Results

Overall procedural and clinical success rates were 84.8 and 83.8%, respectively, of which, retrograde procedures accounted for 71.2 and 70.3%, respectively. The use of channel dilators increased in 2010 compared to that in 2009 (36 vs. 95.3%, P < 0.0001), attributed improving collateral channel crossing using a wire and catheter (70.6% vs. 81.1%, P = 0.0005) and increased availability of epicardial channels (27.6% vs. 36.9%). The use of the reverse controlled antegrade and retrograde tracking technique also increased (41.9 vs. 66.5%). Although these changes decreased procedure time (203.3 min vs. 187.9 min, P = 0.024), they did not significantly improve overall procedural success rate (84.1% vs. 85.3%, P = 0.63). Multivariate analysis identified age 65 years or more and lesion calcification as unfavorable factors and the use of a channel dilator as a favorable factor for retrograde procedural success.

Conclusions

Increased availability of channel dilators has altered strategies for retrograde PCI for CTO. However, retrograde PCI for CTO could be improved by overcoming its main obstacle of severe calcification. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: DFT+U Study of the Oxide‐Ion Conductor Pentalanthanum Hexamolybdenum Henicosaoxide
Authors: Goumri‐Said Souraya , Kanoun Mohammed Benali
Published: February 2013

Calculations of the structural, elastic, electronic, magnetic and optical properties show that La5Mo6O21 is metallic with a high ionic character due to the oxygen composition.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural and Conductivity Studies of CsK(SO4)0.32(SeO4)0.68Te (OH)6.
Authors: Djemel M. , Abdelhedi M. , Zouari N. , Dammak M. , Kolsi A. W.
Published: February 2013

Single crystals of the title compound are prepared at room temperature by slow evaporation of a solution containing H6TeO6, cesium potassium sulfate, and cesium potassium selenate.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Luminescence Properties of Sr0.25Ba0.75Si2O2N2 :Eu2+ — A Narrow Blue Emitting Oxonitridosilicate with Cation Ordering.
Authors: Seibald Markus , Rosenthal Tobias , Oeckler Oliver , Fahrnbauer Felix , Tuecks Andreas , Schmidt Peter J. , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: February 2013

Powder samples of the title compound are prepared by reacting (Sr0.25Ba0.75) 2SiO4:Eu2+ with a stoichiometric amount of Si powder (95:5 N2/H2, 1350 °C, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic, Optical Properties and Chemical Bonding in Six Novel 1111‐Like Chalcogenide Fluorides AMChF (A: Sr, Ba; M: Cu, Ag; and Ch: S, Se, Te) from First Principles Calculations.
Authors: Bannikov V. V. , Shein I. R. , Ivanovskii A. L.
Published: February 2013

The compounds SrAgSF, SrAgSeF, SrAgTeF, BaAgSF, BaAgSeF, and SrCuTeF are characterized by first principles LAPW band structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Ba1‐xNaxTi2Sb2O (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.33): A Layered Titanium‐Based Pnictide Oxide Superconductor.
Authors: Doan Phuong , Gooch Melissa , Tang Zhongjia , Lorenz Bernd , Moeller Angela , Tapp Joshua , Chu Paul C. W. , Guloy Arnold M.
Published: February 2013

The title compounds are synthesized from BaO, BaO2, Na2O, Ti, and Sb (Nb containers, 900 °C, 3 d) and characterized by powder XRD and electrical resistivity and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Perovskite B‐Site Compositional Control of [110]p Polar Displacement Coupling in an Ambient‐Pressure‐Stable Bismuth‐Based Ferroelectric.
Authors: Claridge John B. , et al. et al.
Published: February 2013

A new lead‐free bismuth based perovskite, Bi0.72La0.28 (Fe0.46Ti0.27Mg0.27)O3, is prepared at ambient pressure by ball‐milling of mixtures of Bi2O3, La2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, and 4MgCO3·Mg(OH)2·4H2O, followed by firing in air at 950 °C (14 h).
ChemInform Abstract: New Perspectives on Polyoxometalate Catalysts: Alcohol Oxidation with Zn/Sb‐Polyoxotungstates.
Authors: Ni Lubin , Patscheider Joerg , Baldridge Kim K. , Patzke Greta R.
Published: February 2013

(NH4)10[Zn(H2O)6]2 [Zn2Sb2 (B‐α‐ZnW9O34)2] ·12H2O (I) is prepared prepared by reaction of Na9[SbW9O33] and Zn(OAc)2 (H2O, 85 °C, 90 min) followed by addition of excess NH4Cl at room temperature and slow evaporation of the solvent (10 d, 16% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Characterization of Two New Tl+—Cu2+—Te6+ Oxides: Tl4CuTeO6 and Tl6CuTe2O10.
Authors: Yeon Jeongho , Kim Sang‐Hwan , Green Mark A. , Bhatti Kanwal Preet , Leighton C. , Halasyamani P. Shiv
Published: February 2013

Crystals of the title compounds are prepared by hydrothermal reaction of CuO, Tl2CO3, and TeO2 in aq.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Asymmetric Ring‐Expansion Carbonylation of meso‐Epoxides.
Authors: Ganji Prasad , Ibrahim Hasim
Published: February 2013

The first asymmetric ring‐expansion carbonylation of meso‐epoxides (I), (IV) and (VI) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of α‐Ylidene (Vinylidene, Benzylidene, Styrylmethylidene) Bis[carbonyls] with Copper Mono/Bis[carbonylcarbenoids].
Authors: Merey Goekce , Kaya Mustafa , Anac Olcay
Published: February 2013

The product distribution of the copper‐catalyzed reaction of various conjugated dicarbonyl compounds with either diazomalonate (II) or diazoacetate (XII) are studied (40 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxytrifluoromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes.
Authors: Zhu Rong , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: February 2013

Carboxylic acids, alcohols, and phenols bearing a terminal alkene moiety can serve as suitable nucleophiles for the title reaction with Togni′s trifluoromethylating reagent (II) to give trifluoromethyl containing lactones, cyclic ethers, and epoxides.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxime Radical Promoted Dioxygenation, Oxyamination, and Diamination of Alkenes: Synthesis of Isoxazolines and Cyclic Nitrones.
Authors: Han Bing , Yang Xiu‐Long , Fang Ran , Yu Wei , Wang Chao , Duan Xiao‐Yong , Liu Shuai
Published: February 2013

By using TEMPO or DEAD as the radical initiator, oxime radicals are generated from β,γ‐ or γ,δ‐unsaturated ketoximes to give 4,5‐dihydroisoxazoles and cyclic nitrones, respectively, through C—O and C—N bond forming 5‐exo‐trig cyclization reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Trifluoromethylaminoxylation of Alkenes.
Authors: Li Yi , Studer Armido
Published: February 2013

A novel approach for the radical trifluoromethylation of alkenes is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel, Green 1‐Glycyl‐3‐methyl Imidazolium Chloride—Copper(II) Complex Catalyzed C—H Oxidation of Alkyl Benzene and Cyclohexane.
Authors: Karthikeyan Parasuraman , Bhagat Pundlik Rambhau , Kumar S. Senthil
Published: February 2013

The catalyst can be reused 7 times without significant loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective N‐Acylation of Indoles and Oxazolidinones with Carbonylazoles.
Authors: Heller Stephen T. , Schultz Erica E. , Sarpong Richmond
Published: February 2013

The mild chemoselective acylation of a series of indoles and oxazolidinones is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Ionic Liquid‐Supported Sulfonyl Azide and Its Application in Diazotransfer Reaction.
Authors: Muthyala Manoj Kumar , Choudhary Sunita , Kumar Anil
Published: February 2013

The new ionic liquid azide ILSA is found to be an efficient diazo‐transfer reagent which allows synthesis of a wide range of diazo compounds under mild, simple, and environmentally friendly conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: γ‐Amino Alcohols via Organocascade Reactions Involving Dienamine Catalysis.
Authors: Appayee Chandrakumar , Fraboni Americo J. , Brenner‐Moyer Stacey E.
Published: February 2013

Prolinol‐catalyzed reaction of enals with azadicarboxylates followed by treatment with Hantzsch ester and NaBH4 allows a new access to optically active γ‐amino alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Donor—Acceptor Hydrazones to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes Through Formal Diaza—Ene Reaction: Access to 1,4‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Fernandez Maitane , Uria Uxue , Vicario Jose L. , Reyes Efraim , Carrillo Luisa
Published: February 2013

A new approach for the title reaction is developed under metal‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Selenium and Sulfur Dichlorides as Chlorinating Agents in the Reaction with Alkyl 2,2‐Dichlorovinyl Sulfides.
Authors: Martynov A. V. , Makhaeva N. A. , Amosova S. V.
Published: February 2013

The chlorination of dichlorovinyl sulfides (I) is performed by using selenium or sulfur dichloride in the presence of FeCl3 or AlCl3 as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Access to Ynamides via CuO‐Mediated Oxidative Amidation of Alkynes.
Authors: Tong Xiaogang , Ni Guanghui , Deng Xu , Xia Chengfeng
Published: February 2013

The process is enhanced by addition of catalytic KCl.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Oxidative Rearrangement of Homopropargylic Ether via Oxonium Ylide.
Authors: Xu Mei , Ren Tian‐Tian , Li Chuan‐Ying
Published: February 2013

The reaction occurs with complete (E)‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Hydrocyanation of Aromatic Enones Using Potassium Hexacyanoferrate(II) as an Eco‐Friendly Cyanide Source.
Authors: Li Zheng , Liu Chenhui , Zhang Yupeng , Li Rongzhi , Ma Ben , Yang Jingya
Published: February 2013

An efficient one‐pot two‐step procedure involving initial formation of benzoyl cyanide is developed for the conjugate hydrocyanation of aromatic enones to give the corresponding β‐cyano ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Oxidative Trifluoromethylthiolation of Terminal Alkynes with CF3SiMe3 and Elemental Sulfur.
Authors: Chen Chao , Chu Lingling , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: February 2013

A variety of alkynyl trifluoromethyl sulfides are prepared by the title reaction (22 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of 2,2′‐ and 4,4′‐Methylenebisphenols with Bulky Alkyl Substituents and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity.
Authors: Buravlev Evgeny V. , Chukicheva Irina Yu. , Borisenkov Mikhail F. , Kutchin Aleksandr V.
Published: February 2013

Antioxidant activities of novel compounds, possessing an isobornyl fragment [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Heck Reaction of Salicylaldehydes.
Authors: Shi Zhuangzhi , Schroeder Nils , Glorius Frank
Published: February 2013

The title reaction complements the Heck reaction on carbonyl substrates and provides substrates like aurones, e.g. (III), flavone (XVI), flavanone (XVII), and 2′‐hydroxychalcones, e.g. (XIV), from readily available starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterobimetallic Pd—Sn Catalysis: A Suzuki, Tandem Ring‐Closing Sequence Toward Indeno[2,1‐b]thiophenes and Indeno[2,1‐b]indoles.
Authors: Das Debjit , Pratihar Sanjay , Roy Sujit
Published: February 2013

Only electron‐rich arenes can be used as active nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Expeditious Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of 5‐Alkoxyoxazoles from α‐Triflyloxy Esters and Nitriles.
Authors: Jouanno Laurie‐Anne , Sabot Cyrille , Renard Pierre‐Yves
Published: February 2013

An efficient and widely applicable method to prepare 5‐alkoxyoxazoles is given.
ChemInform Abstract: T3P®‐DMSO‐Mediated One‐Pot Cascade Protocol for the Synthesis of 4‐Thiazolidinones from Alcohols.
Authors: Kumar Kothanahally S. Sharath , Swaroop Toreshettahally R. , Harsha Kachigere B. , Narasimhamurthy Kereyagalahally H. , Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal S.
Published: February 2013

The mild protocol allows the preparation of various biologically interesting thiazole derivatives with a high functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Doped Silica Cuprous Sulfate (CDSCS) as a Highly Efficient and New Heterogeneous Nano Catalyst for [3 + 2] Huisgen Cycloaddition.
Authors: Rad Mohammad Navid Soltani , Behrouz Somayeh , Doroodmand Mohammad Mahdi , Movahediyan Abdollah
Published: February 2013

Newly synthesized copper‐doped silica cuprous sulfate is used as an efficient catalyst in 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions of various acyclic β‐azido alcohols (I) with terminal alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Propylene Oxide Assisted One‐Pot, Tandem Synthesis of Substituted‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2(3H)‐ones in Water.
Authors: Yan Xu , Zhou Shuo , Wang Yuanqiang , Ge Zemei , Cheng Tieming , Li Runtao
Published: February 2013

Title compounds (III) and (V) are synthesized by the present new reaction of different acylhydrazines (I) and (IV) with carbon disulfide (II) promoted by propylene oxide.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of Acylpyrazole Derivatives Containing 1,2,3‐Thiadiazole Moiety.
Authors: Cheng Feng , Shi De‐Qing
Published: February 2013

A series of novel acylpyrazole derivatives (V), (VII) is designed and synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 2‐(Trifluoromethyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromenes with Thiophenols Promoted by Lewis Acid.
Authors: Li Xinjin , Zhao Jingwei , Wang Zhongwei , Han Jianwei , Zhao Jian , Zhu Shizheng
Published: February 2013

The present new substitution reaction between chromene (I) and various thiophenols gives a mixture of 4‐thiophenylchromenes (III) and 2‐thiophenylchromenes (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Nano‐SnCl4·SiO2 — A Versatile and Efficient Catalyst for Synthesis of 14‐Aryl‐ or 14‐Alkyl‐14H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes
Authors: Mirjalili B. F. , Bamoniri A. , Mirhoseini M. A.
Published: February 2013

from 2‐naphthol (I) and various aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes under solvent‐free reaction conditions
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Process for Paroxetine Hydrochloride Substantially Free from Potential Impurities.
Authors: Gangula Srinivas , Kolla Naveen Kumar , Elati Chandrasekar , Dongamanti Ashok , Bandichhor Rakeshwar
Published: February 2013

Selected steps in the synthesis of the antidepressant drug paroxetine (IV) are optimized to control potential impurities and to meet ICH standards.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselectivity in Visible Light‐Induced, Singlet Oxygen [2 + 4] Cycloaddition Reactions (Type II Photooxygenations) of 2‐Pyridones.
Authors: Wiegand Christian , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Bach Thorsten
Published: February 2013

3‐Substituted 2‐pyridones (I) and (III) are enantioselectively converted into the corresponding 3‐hydroxypyridine‐2,6‐diones (II) and (IV) by a sequence of a template‐mediated type II photooxygenation and an acid‐catalyzed rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: An Intramolecular Nitro‐Mannich Route to Functionalized Tetrahydroquinolines.
Authors: Anderson James C. , Noble Adam , Ribelles Torres Pascual
Published: February 2013

The process is highly selective if aromatic aldehydes are used in the first step.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel and Efficient Synthesis of Substituted Quinoline‐1‐oxides and the Complex Compounds SnL2Cl2 (L = 2‐Aminoquinoline‐1‐oxides) with the Aid of Stannous Chloride.
Authors: Fu Lei , Lin Wei , Xu Pan , Xi Yu‐Kun , Wang Man‐Man , Shi Da‐Qing
Published: February 2013

Treatment of nitrophenylacrylonitriles (I), bearing a nitrile or an ester group, with tin dichloride results in formation of complexes (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Au(I)‐Catalyzed and Iodine‐Mediated Cyclization of Enynylpyrazoles to Provide Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines.
Authors: Wu Hung‐Chou , Yang Chia‐Wen , Hwang Long‐Chih , Wu Ming‐Jung
Published: February 2013

Derivatives (III) can be further converted by Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Reactivity of Diaryl α‐Diketones with Thiazolium Carbenes: Discovery of a Novel Multicomponent Reaction for the Facile Synthesis of 1,4‐Thiazin‐3‐ones.
Authors: Bertolasi Valerio , Bortolini Olga , Donvito Adelaide , Fantin Giancarlo , Fogagnolo Marco , Giovannini Pier Paolo , Massi Alessandro , Pacifico Salvatore
Published: February 2013

Two methods with either elaborated temperature or microwave irradiation are also presented giving lower yields.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Benzo[1,4]thiazin‐3(4H)‐ones and a Theoretical Study of the S—N Type Smiles Rearrangement Mechanism.
Authors: Zhao Yongmei , Wu Yanmiao , Jia Jiong , Zhang Dongju , Ma Chen
Published: February 2013

A new, simple, and environmentally friendly method to prepare biologically important benzothiazinones and related compounds is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthetic Approach to Phenothiazine‐2‐amines.
Authors: Takacs Daniella , Egyed Orsolya , Drahos Laszlo , Riedl Zsuzsanna , Hajos Gyoergy
Published: February 2013

A Buchwald—Hartwig protocol is presented for the introduction of amino and amide moieties into position‐2.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of New Bibracchial Lariat Ethers.
Authors: Ebrahimi Sattar , Mobinikhaldei Akbar , Foroughifar Naser
Published: February 2013

Using sodium hydride as the base, macrocycles (I) react with chloroacetic acid derivatives (II) to afford title ethers (III) as cis‐diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Hydrogenation of β‐Ketophosphonates with Chiral Ru(II) Catalysts.
Authors: Tao Xiaoming , Li Wanfang , Ma Xin , Li Xiaoming , Fan Weizheng , Zhu Lvfeng , Xie Xiaomin , Zhang Zhaoguo
Published: February 2013

The chiral Ru complex (S)‐(RUC) efficiently promotes the asymmetric hydrogenation of β‐ketophosphonates yielding various optically active β‐hydroxyphosphonates of biological interest.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of New Imidazo[1,2‐b][1,2]benzothiazine 4,4‐Dioxide Derivatives via Lateral Lithiation of N‐Mesitylenesulfonyl Hydantoins.
Authors: Kacem Yakdhane , Ben Hassine Bechir
Published: February 2013

Lithiation of hydantoins (IV) in the presence of TmsCl results in formation of racemic benzothiazine derivatives (V).