bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF FREIGHT TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ON TRAFFIC SCHEDULE ON MACRO INDICATORS OF THE RAILWAY SYSTEM OF UKRAINE
Authors: Prokhorchenko A. , Kravchenko M. , Gurin D.
Published: January 2021

The article examines the influence of freight transportation technology on special conditions according to the schedule of route trains on the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the operational work of the railway system of Ukraine. The calculations of the components of the freight car turnover are carried out. It was found that the strategy of routing, transportation by RRMP and coordination of loading and unloading terms significantly reduced the downtime of the car under freight operations. The analysis of indicators shows that the implemented technology of cargo transportation according to the RRMP allowed in 2019 to achieve a reduction within the busy flight of the number of technical stations from five stations in 2018 to 4.7 in 2019. The comparative analysis of technical and district speed is carried out and the speed coefficient is calculated. According to the analysis of the change in the speed factor, it can be stated that the ratio of precinct to technical speed remained unchanged in 2019 compared to 2018, which may indicate the lack of impact of transportation technology on dispatching, which was essentially unchanged for two years. Simulation according to the analytical approach of change of turnover of a freight car at increase in a share of transportations of freights under contracts on special conditions is executed. Calculations prove that with the increase of the share of cars of the working fleet, organized in the transportation of goods by RRMP in the element of car turnover - simple car at technical stations, can significantly reduce the overall turnover of the car. The influence of the technology of transportation according to the schedule on the reduction of the most significant element in the turnover of the car - the downtime of the car under freight operations.
The Social Skills of Students in the Pandemic Period (The Case Study in SMAN 1 Kedunggalar, Ngawi District, East Java, Indonesia)
Authors: Mareta Prima Retnaning , Arif M Akhmad , Susanto Susanto
Published: January 2021

The increasingly prolonged pandemic period and its unclear ending have disrupted all human activities, one of which is learning activities in school. After the physical distancing policy is implemented, student-learning activities are carried out at home. This results in a decrease in the affective skills of students. Besides, the teachers also experience limitations in monitoring students’ affective behavior. Hence, this study's goal is to determine the extent to which students' social skills during the pandemic period. The research subjects were students of Kedunggalar 1 Senior High School (SMA Negeri 1 Kedunggalar), Ngawi Regency, with 76 students as respondents who were randomly selected from various classes, majors, and gender. This research was a qualitative descriptive study. Data collection techniques used questionnaires. Data analysis in this study referred to an interactive analysis model consisting of the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. Based on the results of this research, it can be seen how the attitude of students' social skills is during the pandemic.
Breeding Biology of Freshwater Goby Glossogobius Giuris Using Gonadosomatic Index and Gonadal Histology
Authors: Jabbar S , Liza SK , Islam MA , Rashid I , Rahman ML , Hossain MS , Salam MA
Published: January 2021

The breeding season of fishes plays an important role in fish domestication and conservation of fish diversity. Freshwater goby, Glossogobius giuris is an important food fish of Bangladesh. Therefore, a study was performed to determine the breeding biology through assessing the gonadosomatic index (IG), fecundity and histology of gonad of G. giuris. A total of 1371 females and 1051 male fishes were collected from the Belai beel of Gazipur district. Significantly (P<0.05) higher values of mean IG were observed during March and from June to August for both females and males. The highest mean fecundity was recorded in August and the lowest was recorded in May. The smallest mean oocyte length was 0.037±0.005 mm in May and the largest was 0.071±0.001 mm in August. The early and late perinucleolar stages of oocytes were observed from January to March. The yolk vesicle stage was observed during April to May and yolk granule stage was observed during March and from June to August. These results revealed that G. giuris might breed in March and from June to August.

Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2019) 23(1) : 1-13
Replacement of Sodium Bicarbonate and Micronutrients in Kosaric Medium With Banana Leaf Ash Extract for Culture of Spirulina Platensis
Authors: Khatun S , Hossain MA , Akter T , Banu MR , Kawser AQMR
Published: January 2021

Spirulina platensis is one of the most promising microalgae for culture due to its high nutritional values. The main constraint to its production is the high cost of culture media. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of S. platensis with the aim of replacing sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and mineral nutrients in Kosaric medium (KM) with banana leaf ash extract. KM was used as control medium in treatment T1. In treatments T2 to T5, 50% of NaHCO3 in KM was replaced with banana leaf ash extract (BLAE). In addition, micronutrients in KM were reduced to 75%, 50% and 25% in treatments T3 to T5, respectively. The values of different physical and chemical parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and light intensity) of the culture media were within the suitable range for S. platensis culture. Optical density in treatments T2 and T3 were similar to that was in treatment T1. Maximum cell dry weight (0.65 gL-1) was observed in treatment T1 and it was similar to the treatments T2 and T3 where 50% of NaHCO3 in KM was replaced with banana leaf ash extract with 100% and 75% micronutrients supply, respectively. The similar trend was found in chlorophyll a content. It was evident that 50% of NaHCO3 in KM can be replaced with BLAE for the culture of S. platensis, in addition micronutrients in KM can be reduced to 75%.

Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2019) 23(1) : 37-47
Trend Analysis of Rainfall Data in Divisional Meteorological Stations of Bangladesh
Authors: Noorunnahar M , Hossain MA
Published: January 2021

Sixty four years, 1952-2016, rainfall data (monthly rainfall and annual total rainfall) were analyzed using non-parametric methods like Mann-Kendall and Sen’s T test to detect the recent trends in rainfall pattern over seven divisions of Bangladesh. Sen’s non-parametric estimator of slope was frequently used to estimate the magnitude of trend, whose statistical significance was assessed by the Mann–Kendall test. Station basis trend analysis was performed for rainfall data. For rainfall of Bangladesh most of the stations, viz. Dhaka, Sylhet, Rangpur, Khulna showed significant upward trend. There were rising rates of rainfall in some months such as April in Rangpur and September in Khulna and a decreasing trend in some other months as in January in Sylhet were obtained by these statistical tests suggested overall significant changes in rainfall trend in these areas. Monthly rainfall and annual total rainfall were found to decrease at the rates of 4.94 mm/year and 16.11 mm/year, respectively, where the downward trend of monthly total rainfall was insignificant but the trend of annual total rainfall was significant with 5% level of significance.

Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2019) 23(1) : 49-61
Use of Potato as an Alternative Source of Carbohydrate in Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Fish Feed
Authors: Akter T , Khatun HA , Haque F , Rahman MR , Shaha DC , Salam MA
Published: January 2021

The study was conducted to evaluate the potentiality of potato as an alternative source of carbohydrate in fish feed and its effect on the growth performance, glucose level and survivability of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The experiment was designed into four treatments with three replications in each including control T1 (feed without rice bran and potato), T2 (feed with rice bran), T3 (feed with raw potato) and T4 (feed with boiled potato). Tilapia fry (average 6.27±0.07 g) were randomly distributed in each treatment as 40 fish per 300L tank and feed with experimental diets (protein 35%). Significantly higher (P<0.05) survival rate of the fishes were observed in T4 (85%) followed by T2 (72.5%), T3 (57.5%) and T1 (47.5%). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower in T4 (2.76) compared to T2 (2.89) T3 (3.2) and T1 (3.93). Specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T4 (3.11%) followed by T2 (2.94%), T3 (2.85%) and T1 (2.68%). Higher (P<0.05) condition factor (CF) was also observed in T4 (3.19) compared to T2 (2.85), T3 (2.77) and T1 (2.64). Higher glucose level was found in T4 (P<0.05) compared to T2, T3 and T1. The water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate were not significantly (P>0.05) differed among the treatments. The results indicated that boiled potato treated feed would be effective as energy rich growth promoter in tilapia culture. However, further investigation is needed in farm condition adding varying levels of potato in feed.

Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2019) 23(1) : 79-89
Association of Testosterone Level among Lepromatous and Borderline Leprosy Male Patients: Experience of 30 Cases in Bangladesh
Authors: Mohammad Abu Sayeed , Mia Tarequzzan , Hamid MA , Hossain Shahadat , Khan Zulfiqur Hossain
Published: January 2021

Background: Hormonal dysfunction is reported among the leprosy patients.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to see the association of testosterone level among male patients presented with lepromatous and borderline leprosy.

Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Leprosy Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January to December 2016 for a period of one year. All patients with a known diagnosis of leprosy under follow up at the hospital were included in the study. The serum concentration of testosterone was measured using an enzyme immunoassay technique (ELISA) (DiaMetra, Spello, Italy).

Result: A total number of 30 cases of leprosy were recruited for this study. The mean with SD of the study population was 39.20±9.065 years. Among 30 cases of study population 26 cases were lepromatous leprosy patents and the rest 4 cases were Borderline Leprosy patients. The mean with the standard deviation of testosterone level in serum was 6.41±4.756 mg/dL and 4.71±2.396 mg/L in lepromatous leprosy and borderline leprosy respectively (p=0.497).

Conclusion: In conclusion there is no statistically significant relationship between leprosy and testosterone; however, lower level of testosterone is found among the study population

Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;7(2):36-39
Knowledge of Biosafety Measures among Laboratory Personnel at Tertiary Level Public Hospitals in Dhaka City
Authors: Islam Md Nowfel , Kabir Md Humayun , Yusuf Md Abdullah , Salam Md Badius , Perveen Irin , Shirin Sadia
Published: January 2021

Background: Biosafety is the principles, technologies and practices that are implemented to prevent the unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the Status of biosafety safety measures practice by medical laboratory workers in public hospitals of Dhaka city.

Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with Data from Medical Laboratory Workers of Tertiary Level Public Hospitals of Dhaka City using a Semi-Structured Questionnaire. The study was conducted from May 2015 to November 2015. It was designed to assess the Status of Practicing Biosafety Safety Measures in Tertiary Level Public Hospitals of Dhaka City. The knowledge, training, level of education on Biosafety were assessed by medical laboratory workers.

Result: The Data of this study is obtained from a total of 238 respondents. In this study it is observed that 224(94%) respondents could not say the concept of Biosafety as defined by WHO. In this study 118(49%) respondents do not know about biosafety cabinet and 84(35%) could say up to Biosafety Level IV and 36(15%) can say up to Biosafety Level 3. Orientation with biosafety tools is observed in 138(58%) respondents, 76(32%) got training during course and 78(33%) got training during service.

Conclusion: In conclusion knowledge and training on biosafety of the laboratory worker are inadequate.

Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;7(2):49-56
Exploration of Knowledge of Tuberculosis Patients Regarding their Disease in Quetta, Pakistan
Authors: Haq Noman Ul , Nasim Aqeel , Kakar Palwasha
Published: January 2021

Background: Knowledge of tuberculosis is very important for the patients.

Objective: This study was aimed to assess and explore the knowledge of TB patients regarding their diseases in Quetta, Pakistan.

Methodology: This questionnaire based, cross sectional analysis was conducted in Fatima Jinnah Chest Hospital, Quetta with in all TB patients. Knowledge was assessed by using a pre-validated self-administered questionnaire containing 22 disease related questions. Convenience sampling technique was used for data collection. Descriptive analysis was used to demonstrate the characteristics of the study population.

Result: Mean age of respondents was 40.99±18.10. Study was dominated by 168 (60.00%) of females. Two hundred (71.40%) were married. One hundred sixteen (41.40%) had no any education. One hundred sixty-eight (60.00%) were Pashtun. One hundred thirty-two (47.10%) having income less than 10000 PKR and ranges between 10000 to 18000 PKR respectively. One hundred fifty-six (55.70%) were having rural residency. One hundred fifty-six (58.10%) having no any co-morbidity. Mean score of knowledge was 11.23±3.616.

Conclusion: Knowledge is a key factor in understanding any particular disease. If the level of knowledge is low in some or all parts of the disease, it will actually affect the patient. It can be concluded that there is a need to raise awareness of TB symptoms, mode of transmission, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease through health education.

Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;7(2):78-83
Neonate with Rare Clinical Presentation of COVID-19: A Report of Two Clinically Distinct Cases
Authors: Parvin Ruma , Afroze Sharmin , Bashar AHM Khairul , Sonia Sheikh Farjana , Ghosh Nobo Krishna
Published: January 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread across the world. We describe two cases of neonate, presenting with features like multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), who presented to our neonatal unit of Dr. M R Khan Shishu Hospital, Bangladesh on August, 2020.Case 1 was a 7-day-old male infant presented at 14 hours of life with fever, poor feeding, per rectal bleeding and shock. Detailed examination revealed Down’s fancies and pallor. Case 2 was 15-day old neonate presenting with fever, rash and convulsion and his laboratory values were remarkable for high levels of C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin and his Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings were consistent with aseptic meningitis. Both babies were tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). First case was very critical and referred to tertiary care hospital after stabilization. 2nd case recovered completely and was discharged to home in 15 days. Though till date COVID 19 in neonate is not very well-known to us, it is essential to disseminate information among the medical community regarding severe and atypical presentations of COVID-19 in neonate as prior knowledge can help to quickly identify and treat these patients as they present in the neonatal department.

Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;7(2):102-106
Acute Parkinsonism in Young Adult Following Streptococcal Infection
Authors: Kutty Shahedah Koya , Zainulabid Ummu Afeera
Published: January 2021

Acute parkinsonism following streptococcal infection is rarely reported. To date, there is paucity of literature of post streptococcal immune mediated acute parkinsonism and dyskinesia among adult. We report a case of 18 years old woman, who presented with acute parkinsonism after streptococcal tonsillitis. The patient who was previously well presented with a two-month history of intermittent fever, associated with sore throat and sudden onset of behaviour changes. She has been found to be quieter and respond slowly to questions and commands in the preceding one week prior to admission. Features of secondary parkinsonism was noted during examination. Her blood counts, viral screenings and anti-NMDAR were unremarkable. Her lumbar puncture revealed an opening pressure of 10 cm CSF with normal constituents. The ASO titre was raised up to 400IU/ml. Electroencephalogram (EEG) shows mild encephalopathy changes and MRI brain shows normal finding. She was initially treated initially for meningoencephalitis with intravenous acyclovir 500mg q8h and ceftriaxone 2g q12h, concomitant with intravenous methylprednisolone 1g daily for 3 days. Intravenous immunoglobulin was started on her in view of poor response to the above treatment, which later resulted in significant and rapid clinical improvement. Upon clinic review at 3 months, her tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity resolved. Her medication was able to be weaned off and she was referred to the ENT team for further evaluation for tonsillectomy. This case illustrates the importance of recognising post-streptococcal infection as aetiology of acute parkinsonism in young adults, to avoid treatment delay. As illustrated in our case, the prognosis was excellent with prompt immunomodulatory therapy.

Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;7(2):110-112
Trichobezoar in young Nepalese girl with Rapunzel syndrome: A case report
Authors: R Shrestha , B Nepal , B Purbey , D Khadka , MK Sah , S Baral , J Thapa , B Shrestha , RK Baral , BN Poudel
Published: January 2021

Trichobezoar is a gastric foreign body that is composed of the patient’s own hair in the stomach. Rapunzel syndrome is an unusual form of trichobezoar in stomach,which extends into any part of the small intestine.We are reporting the case of gastric trichobezoar with thin tail extending into the duodenum in a twenty year oldgirl. She had a history of trichophagia. She presented with epigastric pain and vomiting. Endoscopic removal was attempted but this was unsuccessful. Subsequently the patient underwent exploratory laparotomy and gastrotomy.She recovered well and was discharged with advice for psychiatric consultation.

Bangladesh J Medicine January 2021; 32(1) : 69-72
Myopericarditis in a young patient with COVID-19
Authors: Amin Md Robed , Osmany DMM
Published: January 2021

Abstract not available

Bangladesh J Medicine January 2021; 32(1) : 73-74
Obesity needs more attention in Bangladeshi patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Morshed Md Shahed , Hossain Md Firoj , Ghani Md Habibul
Published: January 2021

Abstract not available

Bangladesh J Medicine January 2021; 32(1) : 75-76
Metonimi dan Metafora Jaques Lacan Dalam Subjek Lagu Cidro
Authors: Rozida Silmi
Published: January 2021

Bahasa tidak lagi terpecah akibat makna, akan tetapi bahasa merupakan bagian dari akibat kekosongan. Hasrat merupakan bentuk rasa kekurangan seorang subjek pada benda yang dihasratinya. Sebuah karya merupakan manifes dari hasrat penciptanya. Didi Kempot (selanjutnya Dk) dan syairnya yang berjudul “cidro” merupakan bagian dari entitas subjek dengan hasratnya. Lacan mengidelkan sebuah subjek yang terbebas, dalam hal ini DK sebagai manifest subjek membebaskan hasratnya melalui metonimi dan metafora.
Efektifitas Metode Pembelajaran Snowball Throwing Pada Mata Pelajaran IPA Kelas V SDIT Al Azhar Kota Kediri
Authors: Makhfud  , Imron Ali
Published: January 2021

Salah satu permasalahan pembelajaran adalah ketepatan guru menggunakan metode pembelajaran. Bagi sekolah, permasalahan tersebut selalu dilatar-belakangi oleh ketidak mampuan guru dalam memilih dan melaksanakan metode pembelajaran. Dalam konteks inilah, penting mengkaji efektivitas metode Snowball Throwing pada mata pelajaran IPA di SDIT AL Azhar Kota Kediri. Guna mendapatkan hasil penelitian, metode yang dilakukan peneliti adalah kualitatif diskriptif. Sumber data yang dihasilkan adalah hasil wawancara, pengamatan dan analisis dokumen. Semua data diolah dan diredukasi untuk dipaparkan sebagai hasil penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, efektifitas metode pembelajaran Snowball Throwing pada mata pelajaran IPA kelas SDIT Al Azhar Kota Kediri adalah dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa, proses pembelajaran menjadi lebih menyenangkan, dapat meningkatkan minat dan motivasi belajar, serta dapat membuat siswa terlibat aktif dalam pembelajaran.
BEŞERİ SERMAYENİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜMEYE ETKİSİ: EĞİTİM GÖSTERGELERİ İLE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜLKELERİ ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: BAYSAL KURT Duygu , GÜVENEK Burcu
Published: January 2021

Klasik Büyüme Teorilerinden İçsel Büyüme Modellerine kadar ekonomik büyümenin temel kaynağı sermaye birikimi olarak görülmüştür. İçsel Büyüme Modelleri ile beraber ekonomik büyüme sürecine sermaye birikiminin yanında teknolojik gelişme, bilgi birikimi, araştırma-geliştirme faaliyetleri ve beşeri sermaye de dahil edilmiştir.

Beşeri sermaye ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi araştıran birçok çalışma literatürde yerini almaktadır. Bu çalışmaların genel olarak ulaştıkları sonuç beşeri sermayenin ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif olarak etkilediği yönündedir.

Bu çalışmada beşeri sermayenin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini araştırmak amacıyla beşeri sermayeyi temsil eden eğitim göstergeleri (öğrencilere yapılan finansal yardımların kamu eğitim harcamaları içerisindeki payı, kamu eğitim harcamalarının gayri safi yurtiçi hasılaya oranı, matematik, fen ve teknoloji alanlarından mezun olanların oranı ve 15-24 yaş arası eğitime katılım oranı) kullanılarak 2000-2010 dönemi için Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri üzerine dinamik panel veri analizi yapılmıştır. Ampirik bulgular, kamu eğitim harcamalarının gayri safi yurtiçi hasıladaki payı hariç diğer kullanılan eğitim göstergelerinin ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif etkilediğini göstermiştir.
KAYNAK BAĞIMLILIĞINI YÖNETME STRATEJİLERİNİN FİNANSAL PERFORMANSA ETKİSİ
Authors: YILMAZ Ali İhsan , KARADEMİR Metin
Published: January 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı kaynak bağımlılığını yönetme stratejilerinin finansal performansa etkisini ölçmektir. Bu amaçla İstanbul’da tekstil sektöründe faaliyet gösteren 38 adet büyük ölçekli işletmenin yöneticilerine anket yöntemi kullanılarak veriler elde edilmiştir. Araştırmada toplanan anket cevapları SPSS23 programı ile analiz edilerek yorumlanmıştır. Analiz yöntemleri olarak, korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri kullanılmıştır. Yapılan korelasyon analizi sonucunda kaynak bağımlılığı düzeyi ile kaynak bağımlılığı yönetme stratejilerinden “etki ve kontrol stratejilerinin” anlamlı bir şekilde ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kaynak bağımlılığını yönetme stratejilerinin finansal performansa etkisini ölçmek amacıyla yapılan regresyon analizi sonucunda ise etki ve kontrol stratejilerinin finansal performansı pozitif yönde etkilediği bulunmuştur.
Coronavirus: A Biochemical Approach
Authors: GÜVEN Aysel , ALLAHVERDİ Tülay , GÜVEN Özge Deniz
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study is; to give information about the biological structure, metabolism and interaction of the Covid-19 agent virus with the defense system; to reveal the relationship between biochemical blood values and the defense system in Covid-19 cases and to update the data on preventing the damage that the virus may cause, in line with scientific developments. Relevant articles found by searching the keywords “SARS-CoV-2” and “Coronavirus” in Pubmed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases and Google Search Engine were included in the study. This virus, called SARS-CoV-2, which originated in Vuhan, China and caused the disease called Covid-19, spread to almost all countries of the world and caused a high number of deaths in a very short time. Using the virus RNA, the infected cell begins to produce proteins that will keep the immune system at bay and help create new copies of the virus. For this reason, monitoring the disease and sharing information all over the world, epidemiological contact history, clinical features, biochemical tests in all blood and urine and other conditions are important evaluations for the treatments of the patient. It is imperative to follow the global situation and to make correct decisions according to the changes in epidemiology and to update the information of employees.
Mangrove fish assemblages reflect the environmental diversity of the Galapagos Islands
Authors: Fierro-Arcos D , Marín Jarrín JR , Aburto-Oropeza O , Harvey ES , Rastoin-Laplane E , Salinas-de-León P
Published: January 2021

Mangroves are important habitats for a variety of ecologically, commercially and culturally important fishes. However, little is known about their role within the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP), and particularly in the Galapagos Archipelago, the westernmost limit for mangroves in the Americas, and the only oceanic islands in the TEP where mangroves are present. We describe patterns of fish composition in the 2 Galapagos bioregions where mangroves are present and assess potential environmental factors influencing fish community composition. Underwater Visual Census and Stereo Baited Remote Underwater Video stations (stereo-BRUVS) were used to sample fish communities. We identified 35029 fish representing 93 species, 67 genera and 36 families. Pomacentridae, Mugilidae, Haemulidae and Lutjanidae were the most common families. Juveniles made up 43% of the fish, 30 species were of importance to local artisanal fisheries and 80% of species were associated with reef habitats, suggesting mangroves in Galapagos may provide nursery habitats for economically valued species. Fish assemblage composition varied across bioregions, with 6 taxa responsible for driving these differences, including species of economic importance:Lutjanus novemfasciatusandMycteroperca olfax. Species richness was 17% higher in the Central-Southeastern than in the Western region; while higher species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity and Pielou’s evenness were detected with BRUVS than through visual censuses. Our results highlight the role of mangroves as a habitat for a unique fish community composed of young, endemic and commercially important species, whose composition is likely driven by the isolation of the islands and its location in a convergence zone.
Rocky reefs of St Helena and the tropical Atlantic: how the lack of coral and an isolated oceanic location drive unique inshore marine ecology
Authors: Cowburn B , Graham J , Schratzberger M , Brown J , Henry L , Clingham E , Beard A , Nelson P
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the first quantitative assessment of the rocky reef ecology of St Helena, a remote island in the central tropical Atlantic. Monitoring data were used to characterise different habitat types found around St Helena. These findings were compared with 9 other locations in the tropical Atlantic, in different biogeographic, oceanic and reef settings, along with the environmental variables known to limit coral reef formation. St Helena’s rocky and boulder reefs had ~50% cover dominated by turf and other filamentous algae, with lower levels of sessile invertebrates (15%) and macroalgae (4%). Both coral and rocky reef comparison locations also showed a dominance of turf and filamentous algae, with higher levels of macroalgae and sessile invertebrates in areas with higher nutrient concentrations (e.g. south-east continental Brazil). Coral growth in St Helena appeared to be limited by cool average sea temperatures of 22°C, which is near, but not below, accepted lower thresholds for reef formation. The main trophic groups of fish found on rocky reefs in St Helena were comparable to other Atlantic rocky and coral reefs, with a dominance of planktivores, mobile invertivores and roving herbivores, with the major difference in trophic structure being driven by more planktivores in oceanic vs. continental versus locations. St Helena’s narrow rocky coastal strip varied little in terms of reef geomorphology, resulting in high homogeneity around the island. However, endemic fish were numerous, demonstrating that isolation has produced a unique tropical Atlantic marine assemblage.
Sea Voyage Training and Motion Sickness Effects on Working Ability and Life Quality After Landing
Authors: Qi Rui-Rui , Xiao Shui-Feng , Su Yang , Mao Yu-Qi , Pan Lei-Lei , Li Chen-Hui , Lu Yi-Lin , Wang Jun-Qin , Cai Yi-Ling
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND: The effects of seasickness on working performance during motion exposure have been reported, while the aftereffects on working ability and life quality decline (WLD) still remain unclarified.METHODS: Two cohorts of healthy male Chinese subjects received
either a single (SSV) or repeated (RSV) sea voyage training program on different vessels. A seasickness incidence (SSI) questionnaire was administered to assess the prevalence of seasickness symptoms (vomiting, nausea, other, or no symptoms). A WLD questionnaire was used to survey the general
feeling of WLD (severe, moderate, slight, and none) by a 4-point score as well as the incidence rate (IR) of specific WLD items within 24 h after landing.RESULTS: The RSV cohort had lower overall IR of WLD than the SSV cohort (54.64% vs. 63.78%, N 657 for both cohorts). The
landing ship trainees in both cohorts showed higher general WLD score and higher IRs of physical fatigue, sleep disorder, and spontaneous locomotion decrement than those trained on the small vessels. Subjects with vomiting or nausea had higher general WLD score and higher IRs of concentration
distraction, physical fatigue, anorexia, and spontaneous locomotion decrement than those with no symptoms. Higher IRs of firing accuracy decline (SSV: 21.35% vs. 7.13%, 9.14%; RSV: 22.11% vs. 9.28%, 5.27%), equipment operation disturbance (SSV: 16.85% vs. 3.57%, 6.85%; RSV: 20.47% vs. 7.85%,
7.03%) were also observed in the vomiting subjects than those with other symptoms and no symptoms.DISCUSSION: Significant WLD after landing was associated with transportation types, seasickness severity, and habituation during sea voyage training.Qi R-R, Xiao S-F, Su Y, Mao
Y-Q, Pan L-L, Li C-H, Lu Y-L, Wang J-Q, Cai Y-L. Sea voyage training and motion sickness effects on working ability and life quality after landing. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(2):9298.
The Role of Interest in Unjustified Enrichment Claims
Authors: Visser Daniel , Whitty Niall R
Published: January 2021

This essay addresses the question: when should pre-citation interest be awarded in actions for unjustified enrichment in Scots law? The answer depends mainly on the definition of the elements of enrichment liability, the manner of acquiring the enrichment, the type of enrichment-debtor, and his or her state of mind. The essay argues that (a) generally the actual interest earned (or saved) should be awarded, aided by a rebuttable presumption that interest was earned at a specified rate; (b) interest should normally be awarded at market rates where the defender knows that s/he holds the money or asset unjustifiably; and (c) in enrichment by interference with the pursuer's rights to money or other assets, an interest award might represent the time-value of exercising those rights during the period of interference.
An Initial Foray into the Digital Mapping of London in Children's and Young Adult Literature
Authors: McLeod Madison
Published: January 2021

What kinds of urban places give rise to magic in children's and young adult fantasy literature? Thinking specifically of London, is it the ancient, twisty, almost secret backstreets that seem only visible to those in-the-know that convey magical possibilities waiting to be discovered? Or is it the eclectic mix of whimsical buildings with their beautiful spires and domes alongside dreary tower blocks and council estates that gives us the sense that anything can happen in the city – that anyone can live in and move through London, including wizards, waifs, princesses, and poltergeists? The original methodology described here consists of close reading over two hundred fantasy children's and YA novels set in London. I explain how, by combining Geographic Information Science (GIS), binary coding, literary mapping software, and children's literature scholarship, I have developed a system of annotation that allows me to digitally map the movements of the protagonists to answer questions about how place functions in fantasy fiction set in London and, by extension, cities more generally.
The Appeal of the Fantastic and the Improbable in Late Eighteenth-Century Children's Literature
Authors: Nazari Hossein , Khorasani Maryam
Published: January 2021

Eighteenth-century children's authors implicitly exploited the fantastic and the improbable aspects of fairy tales to complement the persuasiveness of their moralistic teachings. Whereas the coexistence of chapbook residue with middle-class pedagogy in eighteenth-century children's books has already been underlined in scholarly studies, little critical attention has been paid to the rhetorical effects exercised by the incorporation of the fantastic and the improbable in eighteenth-century children's stories. Through appealing to the audience's collective imagination, eighteenth-century children's authors both derived from and built upon a set of common aspirations shared by a middle-class audience, thus cultivating a sense of what Kenneth Burke termed consubstantiality among the readers. Focussing on John Newbery's A Little Pretty Pocket-Book (1744), The History of Goody Two-Shoes (1765), and Maria Edgeworth's ‘The Orphans’ (1796), this study explores the modus operandi through which late-eighteenth-century children's authors sought to communicate serious messages by employing improbable plotlines.
Racial Passing and the Eurasian Question in Kipling'sKim
Authors: Rhee Suk Koo
Published: January 2021

The hero of Rudyard Kipling's novel Kim is an orphaned European boy who ‘goes native’, blending in among Europeans and Indian natives alike. Although Kim is said to be the son of an Irish sergeant, it is far likelier that a child of Kim's class origins would have been mixed-race. In addition to the economic constraints and lack of social status that afflicted poor whites in India, this article also examines the novel against the backdrop of the colonial authorities’ efforts in British India to resolve the ‘Eurasian Question’. It argues that, though Kipling's depiction of the European orphan who can pass for a native is problematic, it nevertheless betrays deep-rooted anxieties about the racial and cultural hierarchies that legitimated the colonial project. Indeed, the ambiguities of the novel lead Kipling to open the door to such ideas as that the ‘Oriental’ traits of his hero are superior to those of his characteristics that could be regarded as Western. Kipling's selective view of his novel's economic and cultural context cannot avoid giving rise to readings that contradict and undermine the determination to justify the imperial project.
AUTOMATIC DETERMINATION OF THE PARTIALLY FILLED TANK VEHICLE COMBINATION BRAKING MODE
Authors:   National Transport University, Sakhno Volodymyr , Popelysh Denis ,   SE «State Road Transport Research Institute», Tomchuk Sergyi ,   SE «State Road Transport Research Institute»
Published: January 2021

The article considers the possibility of identification by automatic control systems of the braking mode of a vehicle combination with a partially filled tank. The algorithms of operation of modern vehicle stabilization systems are based on a reaction to approaching critical points of loss of stability, while the forces with which a fluid acts in a partially filled tank on a vehicle sometimes have a rapid rise when the speed or direction changes, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of such systems. Automatic identification of the braking mode with a partially filled tank can make it possible to predict the negative consequences of fluid flow and carry out preventive manipulations to stabilize the vehicle until it actually approaches critical points of loss of stability. To solve the problem, a comparative analysis of changes in the magnitude of the normal reaction of the supporting surface on the axis of the vehicle combination during braking with a partially filled tank semi-trailer and an equivalent rigidly fixed load was carried out. Such an analysis showed that in the case of transportation of rigid cargo, the load on the axles of the vehicle combination varies linearly and in proportion to deceleration. In the case of a partially filled tank, the axle load varies non-linearly due to the trigonometric nature of the fluid movement relative to the tank. This feature allows you to distinguish between these modes. As a result, it was proposed to use an identifier that can detect the braking mode of a vehicle combination with a partially filled tank by determining the nature of the changes in axle loads. To calculate the identifier, the axle loads and vehicle acceleration over time are used, and data on the design features of the vehicle combination are not required. Keywords: vehicle combination, tank vehicle, partially filled tank, stability, braking.
Engineering Extracellular Matrix Proteins to Enhance Cardiac Regeneration After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Esmaeili Hamid , Li Chaoyang , Fu Xing , Jung Jangwook P.
Published: January 2021

Engineering microenvironments for accelerated myocardial repair is a challenging goal. Cell therapy has evolved over a few decades to engraft therapeutic cells to replenish lost cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle. However, compelling evidence supports that tailoring specific signals to endogenous cells rather than the direct integration of therapeutic cells could be an attractive strategy for better clinical outcomes. Of many possible routes to instruct endogenous cells, we reviewed recent cases that extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins contribute to enhanced cardiomyocyte proliferation from neonates to adults. In addition, the presence of ECM proteins exerts biophysical regulation in tissue, leading to the control of microenvironments and adaptation for enhanced cardiomyocyte proliferation. Finally, we also summarized recent clinical trials exclusively using ECM proteins, further supporting the notion that engineering ECM proteins would be a critical strategy to enhance myocardial repair without taking any risks or complications of applying therapeutic cardiac cells.
Farmer Preparedness for Building Resilient Agri-Food Systems: Lessons From the 2015/2016 El Niño Drought in Malawi
Authors: Mkwambisi David D. , Jew Eleanor K. K. , Dougill Andrew J.
Published: January 2021

Across sub-Saharan Africa, climate change is leading to increasingly erratic weather patterns that challenge farming practices, particularly for smallholder farmers. Preparing farmers for these changes and increasing their resilience to extreme weather events is critical for food security in areas where populations are increasing. The El Niño event of 2015/16 led to drought conditions in Malawi which are expected to become more normal in the future. This resulted in widespread crop failure and the need for external food aid. The experiences of Malawian farmers during this time creates an opportunity to identify areas where adaptations in land management practices as part of resilience building initiatives can prepare farmers for future climates. This paper presents results of household surveys and interviews of 201 farmers from a case study in southern Malawi. Half of the farmers surveyed practice Conservation Agriculture (CA), a Climate Smart Agriculture technology that increased resilience to this drought event. The majority of households relied on agriculture for all their livelihood streams, indicating that diversification away from sole dependence on agriculture would increase resilience. Our study shows that poorer, female farmers are less likely to practice CA than wealthier male farmers. Results also illustrate that while farmers had access to seasonal weather forecasts, a key tool to guide land preparation and planting, they remained reluctant to believe them or to amend cropping or land management practices. Agricultural extension services within Malawi can play a vital role in preparing farmers for future extreme weather events and ensuring forecast communication link to predicted agricultural impacts and land management actions for building resilience into agricultural systems. Extension services need to focus on supporting poorer female farmers to adopt CA practices and providing farmers with the tools and knowledge to respond effectively to seasonal and sub-seasonal climate information.
Wearable Based Calibration of Contactless In-home Motion Sensors for Physical Activity Monitoring in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Schütz Narayan , Saner Hugo , Botros Angela , Buluschek Philipp , Urwyler Prabitha , Müri René M. , Nef Tobias
Published: January 2021

Passive infrared motion sensors are commonly used in telemonitoring applications to monitor older community-dwelling adults at risk. One possible use case is quantification of in-home physical activity, a key factor and potential digital biomarker for healthy and independent aging. A major disadvantage of passive infrared sensors is their lack of performance and comparability in physical activity quantification. In this work, we calibrate passive infrared motion sensors for in-home physical activity quantification with simultaneously acquired data from wearable accelerometers and use the data to find a suitable correlation between in-home and out-of-home physical activity. We use data from 20 community-dwelling older adults that were simultaneously provided with wireless passive infrared motion sensors in their homes, and a wearable accelerometer for at least 60 days. We applied multiple calibration algorithms and evaluated results based on several statistical and clinical metrics. We found that using even relatively small amounts of wearable based ground-truth data over 7–14 days, passive infrared based wireless sensor systems can be calibrated to give largely better estimates of older adults' daily physical activity. This increase in performance translates directly to stronger correlations of measured physical activity levels with a variety of age relevant health indicators and outcomes known to be associated with physical activity.
Soil Solution Analysis With Untargeted GC–MS—A Case Study With Different Lysimeter Types
Authors: Ueberschaar Nico , Lehmann Katharina , Meyer Stefanie , Zerfass Christian , Michalzik Beate , Totsche Kai Uwe , Pohnert Georg
Published: January 2021

Surface-sourced organic compounds in infiltrating waters and percolates are transformed during their belowground passage. Biotic and abiotic processes thereby lead to continuously changing chemical environments in subsurface compartments. The investigation of such transformations of organic compounds aims for tracing subsurface fluxes as well as biotic and abiotic activity. To collect samples of soil solution, different kinds of lysimeters are available, spanning simple free-draining devices that sample water based on gravimetric flow and tension lysimeters allowing for approximating natural hydraulic conditions. Protocols for untargeted analytical profiling of organic soil solution constituents are scarce. We report here a solid phase extraction followed by GC–MS analysis, utilizing two long-term sampling devices in the Hainich Critical Zone Exploratory in Thuringia, Germany. In addition, we introduce a new lysimeter constructed exclusively from inert materials that allows for obtaining samples with little background signals in GC–MS. Polyvinylchloride (PVC)-based lysimeters introduce substantial background signals from plasticizers. We show how signals from these contaminants can be lowered during data analysis using chemometric background removal. Applying multivariate statistics for data analysis, we demonstrate the ability for monitoring of several sugars, fatty acids and phenolic acids at the topsoil-subsoil boundary and even beyond, via an untargeted analytical approach. Statistical tools facilitated the detection of differences in chemical signatures at three different land use sites. Data mining methods for metabolomics led to the identification of 3-carboxyphenylalanin as marker for a pasture site. The combined approach is suitable for the collection and extraction of topsoil and subsoil solution for untargeted metabolomics under near-natural flow conditions.
Influence of Local Sources and Meteorological Parameters on the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Ultrafine Particles in Augsburg, Germany
Authors: Giemsa Esther , Soentgen Jens , Kusch Thomas , Beck Christoph , Münkel Christoph , Cyrys Josef , Pitz Mike
Published: January 2021

Ultrafine particles (UFP; diameter less than 100 nm) are ubiquitous in urban air, and an acknowledged risk to human health. At the same time, little is known about the immission situation at typical urban sites such as high-traffic roads, residential areas with a high amount of solid fuels for home heating or commercial and industrial areas due to missing legal requirements for measurements of UFP. Therefore, UFP were measured and evaluated in the (sub-)urban background as well as on spots influenced by these various anthropogenic local sources in the city of Augsburg, Germany, for the year 2017. In particular, the spatial and temporal correlations of the UFP concentrations between the seven measurement sites, the quantification and valuation of the contribution of local emitters with regard to their diurnal, weekly and seasonal variations and the influence of meteorological conditions on the formation and dispersion of UFP were investigated. Our analysis results demonstrate that urban UFP concentrations show a pronounced temporal and spatial variability. The mean concentration level of UFP varies between below 8,000 ultrafine particles/cm3at the suburban background site and above 16,700 ultrafine particles/cm3at the measurement station located next to a busy street canyon. At this particularly traffic-exposed measurement station, maximum concentrations of over 50,000 ultrafine particles/cm3were measured. The additional UFP load caused by intensive traffic volume during evening rush hour in connection with the unfavourable exchange processes in the street canyon can be quantified to concentrations of 14,000 ultrafine particles/cm3on average (compared to the immission situation of the urban background). An aggravating effect is brought about by inversion weather conditions in connection with air-polluted easterly winds, low wind speeds, lack of precipitation and very low mixing layer heights, such as over Augsburg at the end of January 2017, and cause peak concentrations of UFP.