bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on cell proliferation and gene expression
Authors: Lee Hyung Chul , Hong Mi‐Na , Jung Seung Hee , Kim Bong Cho , Suh Young Ju , Ko Young‐Gyu , Lee Yun‐Sil , Lee Byeong‐Yoon , Cho Yeun‐Gyu , Myung Sung‐Ho , Lee Jae‐Seon
Published: August 2015

Owing to concerns regarding possible effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF‐MF) on human health, many studies have been conducted to elucidate whether ELF‐MF can induce modifications in biological processes. Despite this, controversies regarding effects of ELF‐MF are still rife. In this study, we investigated biological effects of ELF‐MF on MCF10A, MCF7, Jurkat, and NIH3T3 cell lines. ELF‐MF with a magnetic flux density of 1 mT at 60 Hz was employed to stimulate cells for 4 or 16 h, after which the effects of ELF‐MF on cell proliferation, cell death, cell viability, and DNA synthesis rates were assessed. Whereas Jurkat and NIH3T3 cells showed no consistent variation in cell number, cell viability, and DNA synthesis rate, MCF10A and MCF7 cells showed consistent and significant decreases in cell number, cell viability, and DNA synthesis rates. However, there was no effect of ELF‐MF on cell death in any of tested cell lines. Next, to investigate the effect of ELF‐MF on gene expression, we exposed MCF7 cells to 2 mT at 60 Hz for 16 h and examined transcriptional responses by using gene expression array. We found a gene, PMAIP1, that exhibited statistically significant variation using two‐fold cut‐off criteria and certified its expression change by using semi‐quantitative and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. From these results, we concluded that ELF‐MF could induce the delay of cell cycle progression in MCF7 and MCF10A cells in a cell context‐specific manner and could up‐regulate PMAIP1 in MCF7 cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:506–516, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Einsatz von Ultraschallecho zur Spanngliedortung bei der Verstärkung von Brückenbauwerken
Authors: Schulze Sebastian
Published: August 2015

Bei der nachträglichen Verstärkung vorgespannter Brücken mit externen Spanngliedern ist die schadensfreie Montage der Umlenk‐ und Verankerungsstellen eine besondere Herausforderung. In Abhängigkeit vom Ausnutzungsgrad der Konstruktion ist unter Umständen selbst die Durchtrennung von schlaffer Bewehrung zu vermeiden; in jedem Fall aber dürfen interne Spannglieder nicht beschädigt werden. Die sichere Feststellung der Lage letzterer kann beispielweise bei der Durchbohrung breiter Plattenbalken für die Quervorspannung lasteinleitender Ankerblöcke problematisch werden. Eine zuverlässige zerstörungsfreie Lageortung interner Spannglieder – z. B. mit Radar – ist nicht immer möglich, besonders, wenn diese sehr tief liegen oder durch engmaschige schlaffe Bewehrung verdeckt sind. In diesen Fällen werden üblicherweise Erkundungsbohrungen oder ähnlich fragwürdige Methoden angewendet, um Bewehrungstreffer zu vermeiden.

Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt eine Lösungsvariante für derartige Fälle, die auf dem Einsatz des zerstörungsfreien Ultraschallecho‐Verfahrens beruht. An der 2014 als erste in der Stadt Hamburg per externer Vorspannung verstärkten Brücke der A7 über die B73 in HH‐Harburg wurden umfangreichen Spanngliedortungen durchgeführt, welche insbesondere im Bereich der Endverankerung über den aktuellen Stand der Technik weit hinausgehen und das Potenzial dieser Methode in der zerstörungsfreien Untersuchung von Bauwerken belegen.

Application of the ultrasound echo method for tendon duct detection for the strengthening of bridges – External pre‐stressing of a motorway bridge in Hamburg

For strengthening pre‐stressed bridges with external tendons, damage‐free mounting of cradles and end anchorages is one of the major challenges during the reconstruction. Depending on the construction's utilization rate, even conventional reinforcement may not be allowed to be cut, not to mention internal tendons. Localisation of the latter may pose a particular problem, especially when it comes to detecting tendons in greater depths or behind strong reinforcement. A common example is the need to drill through T‐beams for transversal pre‐stressing of external anchorage blocks for load application. Common NDT methods like ground penetrating radar (GPR) might not be able to detect all ducts in every case. Hence, exploratory drilling or other questionable methods had to be used to minimize the chance of hitting and harming the reinforcement.

This article describes a possible solution based on the application of nondestructive ultrasound echo methods. Comprehensive tendon duct detections were carried out at a pre‐stressed motorway bridge, which was the first bridge in Hamburg, which was ever strengthened with external tendons. This example exceeds the present state‐of‐the‐art in applied NDT significantly. The results show the potential of the method for further use.
Validation of analytical procedures using HPLC‐ELSD to determine six sesquiterpene lactones in Eremanthus species
Authors: Sousa João Paulo B. , Nogueira Elídia F. , Ferreira Leandro S. , Lopes Norberto P. , Lopes João Luis C.
Published: August 2015

Eremanthus species display sesquiterpene lactones with therapeutic potential. We are proposing the development of a new analytical method that has been completely validated to qualify Eremanthus species and its main lactones in raw material using HPLC‐ELSD. For the sample preparation, 10.0 mg of powdered Eremanthus leaves was extracted with a 5 mL MeOH/H2O (9:1 v/v) solution containing scopoletin at 140 µg/mL as the internal standard. For the separation of eight compounds, six of which were lactones, one internal (IS) and one secondary standard were performed utilizing monolithic columns with a nonlinear gradient. The selectivity, stability, precision and matrix effects parameters showed values of RSD of <10%. The six lactones and scopoletin (IS) were recovered with a proportion between 74 and 90% with accuracy represented by error at −25.41%. The linear dynamic range was obtained between 10.0 and 310.0 µg/mL for all compounds with r2 > 0.9987. The limits of detection and quantitation ranged from 2.00 to 6.79 µg/mL and from 6.00 to 20.40 µg/mL, respectively. Assessing the robustness study, this method can be used in inter‐laboratory studies. Using the HPLC‐ELSD method, six sesquiterpene lactones including 4β,5‐dihydro‐2′,3′‐dihydroxy‐15‐deoxy‐goyazensolide, goyazensolide, 4β,5‐dihydro‐2′,3′‐epoxy‐15‐deoxy‐goyazensolide, centratherin, 4β,5‐dihydro‐15‐deoxy‐goyazensolide and lychnofolide, were detected and quantified from distinct Eremanthus species, which were collected in different regions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
President's page
Authors: Hirsh Sandy
Published: August 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

ASIS&T continues to set new directions with a modernized and reorganized website, option for members to join unlimited number of special interest groups without additional fees and updated online bookstore to come. The Association's self‐evaluation also continues in efforts to position itself for enhanced and extended success, for members and within the information community. The Strategic Planning Task Force has completed data collection through focus groups and surveys with a diverse group of members and nonmembers from three continents and is analyzing the membership database. The group's goal is to address members' changing needs, assess the benefits of membership, better balance the needs of academics and practitioners, promote internal communications and improve awareness of the Association. A draft of priorities and plans will be complete by the 2015 Annual Meeting. Thanks are extended to all who have participated in the process and provided thoughts and suggestions.
Practical Modeling: Making the Invisible Visible
Authors: Elmendorf Joe , Hinton Andrew , Hoff Kaarin
Published: August 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

A fundamental part of information architecture is translating rough ideas through language to a set of organized relationships, understandable to all stakeholders. Modeling information helps visualize the problem to be addressed en route to finding a solution. The process may be complex, iterative and time consuming but necessary to transition from a vague idea to a final implementation. Modeling takes place throughout a project to facilitate analysis of the problem being addressed. It helps clarify relationships and ideas without moving too quickly to specifics, like bubble diagrams of spatial relationships that evolve in phases into detailed architectural drawings. Modeling captures assumptions, even if unstated and invisible, and it can take multiple forms as it progresses to support clear navigation, logical filters and effective discovery.
A Viable Hydrogen Storage and Release System Based on Cesium Formate and Bicarbonate Salts: Mechanistic Insights into the Hydrogen Release Step
Authors: Sordakis Katerina , Dalebrook Andrew F. , Laurenczy Gábor
Published: August 2015

The front cover artwork for Issue 15/2015 is provided by the GCEE—Group of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, LCOM, EPFL, Switzerland. The image shows a safe and effective method for storing hydrogen in cesium formate (CsOOCH) solutions. The opposite reaction takes place upon hydrogenation of cesium bicarbonate (CsHCO3), requiring no change of solvent, catalyst, or pH. See the Full Paper itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201500359.
Continuous Fuel Cell Catalyst Preparation in a Directly Electrically Heated Tubular Reactor
Authors: Grimm Heiner , Kunz Ulrich
Published: August 2015

A continuous process to produce carbon‐supported platinum catalysts by polyol reduction was examined. The reactant dispersion was rapidly heated up to reaction temperature while flowing through a directly electrically heated tube followed by a downstream isothermic tubular reactor. Appropriate inner diameters corresponding to the desired short heating‐up times were calculated. A certain lower limit for the inner diameter is caused by temporary pluggings of particle agglomerates circumventing steady‐state operation. Tube diameters were evaluated with respect to heating‐up times and plugging. It was proved that with a tubular reactor a continuous preparation of carbon nanotube‐supported platinum catalysts with a low particle size and evenly distributed particles is possible.
Palladium Theory of Aqueous‐Phase Heck Alkynylations for Intensification of Discovery and Manufacture
Authors: Sabio Jasmine C. , Domier Ria C. , Moore Jane N. , Shaughnessy Kevin H. , Hartman Ryan L.
Published: August 2015

The influence of water on the catalysis of biphasic Heck alkynylation, a family of palladium‐catalyzed carbon‐carbon bond formations, was investigated. Kinetic theory derived from Hatta moduli and pseudo‐stationary‐state approximations discovered that water, in coordination, reductive elimination, and product dissociation reaction steps of the deprotonation catalytic cycle, increases Gibbs energy barriers compared to values previously estimated by density functional theory calculations of purely organic syntheses involving an aryl iodide. On the contrary, water reduces the energy barrier of reductive elimination in the carbopalladation catalytic cycle. Quantum tunneling in proton transfer mechanism might account for the change. The discoveries permitted E‐factor predictions that could someday help reduce chemical wastes generated during materials, natural products, and pharmaceutical manufactures. Theoretical groundwork is laid that enables data‐driven research in the academic laboratory and data‐driven development by the process chemist.
A Short Multistep Flow Synthesis of a Potential Spirocyclic Fragrance Component
Authors: Baxendale Ian R.
Published: August 2015

The search for novel chemical architectures displaying improved biological properties is a never‐ending synthetic challenge. In this context many new test structures are often conceived by selecting and replicating specific design elements from naturally occurring molecules and displaying them in an alternative format by way of a new chemical assembly. Constructing these newly designed compounds can be a timely and expensive process especially when a large quantity of the target material is required for physiochemical and property testing. To permit easier scale‐up and safer working practice, many chemical researchers are employing flow chemistry approaches to aid in their synthesis challenges. The preparation of a key spirocyclic lactone using flow‐based reaction processing techniques is reported.
Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon with Non‐Precious Metals as Efficient Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction and Na2CO3 Electrolysis
Authors: Huang Mengjie , Tang Yang , Gong Yi , Chen Yongmei , Sun Yanzhi , Yang Xiaojin , Wan Pingyu
Published: August 2015

Developing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts with high activity and low cost is a challenge in the field of electrochemical energy conversion. Here, an efficient catalyst of N‐doped carbon with non‐precious metals (Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) designated as MFCN/NC has been prepared by using a simple pyrolysis method. Pyridinic nitrogen, graphitic carbon, MnO, and Fe–Co–Ni nanoparticles, which are efficient for catalyzing the ORR individually or synergistically, are successfully introduced into the composite catalyst. The optimized MFCN/NC catalyst exhibits four‐electron reduction of O2 with a more positive ORR onset potential (54 mV) and a more positive half‐wave potential (46 mV) than commercial Pt/C. Moreover, MFCN/NC shows remarkable electrocatalytic activity and long‐term stability in Na2CO3 electrolysis. The cell voltages at 10 and 100 mA cm−2 are only 0.86 and 1.45 V, respectively, suggesting an energy‐saving electrolysis of Na2CO3 to regenerate NaHCO3 and NaOH.
Influence of Electronic Effects on the Reactivity of Triazolylidene‐Boryl Radicals: Consequences for the use of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Boranes in Organic and Polymer Synthesis
Authors: Telitel Sofia , Vallet Anne‐Laure , Flanigan Darrin M. , Graff Bernadette , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Rovis Tomislav , Lalevée Jacques , Lacôte Emmanuel
Published: August 2015

A small library of triazolylidene‐boranes that differ only in the nature of the aryl group on the external nitrogen atom was prepared. Their reactivity as hydrogen‐atom donors, as well as that of the corresponding N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐boryl radicals toward methyl acrylate and oxygen, was investigated by laser flash photolysis, molecular orbital calculations, and ESR spin‐trapping experiments, and benchmarked relative to the already known dimethyltriazolylidene‐borane. The new NHC‐boranes were also used as co‐initiators for the Type I photopolymerization of acrylates. This allowed a structure–reactivity relationship with regard to the substitution pattern of the NHC to be established and the role of electronic effects in the reactivity of NHC‐boryl radicals to be probed. Although their rate of addition to methyl acrylate depends on their electronegativity, the radicals are all nucleophilic and good initiators for photopolymerization reactions.
Concentration Threshold and Amplification Exhibited by a Helicene Oligomer during Helix‐Dimer Formation: A Proposal on How a Cell Senses Concentration Changes of a Chemical
Authors: Kushida Yo , Shigeno Masanori , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: August 2015

Sulfonamidohelicene tetramer (M)‐1 exhibits a concentration threshold and amplification phenomena in solution during helix‐dimer formation from a random‐coil. The (M)‐tetramer is a random‐coil below a threshold concentration, and the concentration of the helix‐dimer is irreversibly amplified once the threshold concentration is exceeded. For example, a 15 % increase in (M)‐tetramer total concentration from 0.6 to 0.7 mM induces an 8‐fold increase in the concentration of the helix‐dimer, being 8:0.15=53‐fold amplification, under temperature oscillation conditions between 47 and 49 °C. Experiments without oscillation also exhibit concentration amplification. The threshold and amplification phenomenon involves concentration hysteresis, being away from equilibrium, and self‐catalysis. On the basis of this study, a proposal on how a biological cell senses concentration changes of a chemical substance is provided.
Liquid Chromatography Enantioseparations of Halogenated Compounds on Polysaccharide‐Based Chiral Stationary Phases: Role of Halogen Substituents in Molecular Recognition
Authors: Peluso Paola , Mamane Victor , Cossu Sergio
Published: August 2015

Halogenated chiral molecules have become important in several fields of science, industry, and society as drugs, natural compounds, agrochemicals, environmental pollutants, synthetic products, and chiral supports. Meanwhile, the perception of the halogen moiety in organic compounds and its role in recognition processes changed. Indeed, the recognition of the halogen bond as an intermolecular interaction occurring when the halogen acts as a Lewis acid had a strong impact, particularly in crystal engineering and medicinal chemistry. Due to this renewed interest in the potentialities of chiral organohalogens, here we focus on selected recent applications dealing with enantioseparations of halogenated compounds on polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases (CSPs), widely used in liquid chromatography (LC). In particular, recently the first case of halogen bonding‐driven high‐performance LC (HPLC) enantioseparation was reported on a cellulose‐based CSP. Along with enantioseparations performed under conventional HPLC, representative applications using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) are reported.Chirality 27:667–684, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Entwicklung und Anpassung einer Free‐Flow‐Elektrophorese zur selektiven quantitativen Trennung von Metallionen
Authors: Kotzur Maximilian , König Lea , Egner Siegfried
Published: August 2015

Effiziente Technologien im Metallrecycling werden immer bedeutsamer. Hierbei zeigt sich der Metallionentrennschritt als essentiell für den Aufbereitungsprozesses, da Metalle meist in komplexen Gemischen vorliegen. Eine Alternative zu etablierten Trennmethoden stellt die Free‐Flow‐Elektrophorese dar, deren Trennwirkung auf unterschiedlichem Wanderungsverhalten geladener Teilchen im elektrischen Feld beruht. Hierbei wurden sehr gute Trennergebnisse erzielt, die durch den Einsatz von Komplexbildnern auf eine Reinheit von bis zu 100 % gesteigert wurden. Untersucht wurden Gemische aus Fe, Cu, Dy und Yb.
Cryptic laminar and columnar organization in the dorsolateral pallium of a weakly electric fish
Authors: Trinh Anh‐Tuan , Harvey‐Girard Erik , Teixeira Fellipe , Maler Leonard
Published: August 2015

In the weakly electric gymnotiform fish,Apteronotus leptorhynchus, the dorsolateral pallium (DL) receives diencephalic inputs representing electrosensory input utilized for communication and navigation. Cell counts reveal that, similar to thalamocortical projections, many more cells are present in DL than in the diencephalic nucleus that provides it with sensory input. DL is implicated in learning and memory and considered homologous to medial and/or dorsal pallium. The gymnotiform DL has an apparently simple architecture with a random distribution of simple multipolar neurons. We used multiple neurotracer injections in order to study the microcircuitry of DL. Surprisingly, we demonstrated that the intrinsic connectivity of DL is highly organized. It consists of orthogonal laminar and vertical excitatory synaptic connections. The laminar synaptic connections are symmetric sparse, random, and drop off exponentially with distance; they parcellate DL into narrow (60 μm) overlapping cryptic layers. At distances greater than 100 μm, the laminar connections generate a strongly connected directed graph architecture within DL. The vertical connectivity suggests that DL is also organized into cryptic columns; these connections are highly asymmetric, with superficial DL cells preferentially projecting towards deeper cells. Our experimental analyses suggest that the overlapping cryptic columns have a width of 100 μm, in agreement with the minimal distance for strong connectivity. The architecture of DL and the expansive representation of its input, taken together with the strong expression of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors by its cells, are consistent with theoretical ideas concerning the cortical computations of pattern separation and memory storage via bump attractors. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:408–428, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coexpression of auxiliary subunits KChIP and DPPL in potassium channel Kv4‐positive nociceptors and pain‐modulating spinal interneurons
Authors: Cheng Chau‐Fu , Wang Wan‐Chen , Huang Chia‐Yi , Du Po‐Hau , Yang Jung‐Hui , Tsaur Meei‐Ling
Published: August 2015

Subthreshold A‐type K+ currents (ISAs) have been recorded from the somata of nociceptors and spinal lamina II excitatory interneurons, which sense and modulate pain, respectively. Kv4 channels are responsible for the somatodendritic ISAs. Accumulative evidence suggests that neuronal Kv4 channels are ternary complexes including pore‐forming Kv4 subunits and two types of auxiliary subunits: K+ channel‐interacting proteins (KChIPs) and dipeptidyl peptidase‐like proteins (DPPLs). Previous reports have shown Kv4.3 in a subset of nonpeptidergic nociceptors and Kv4.2/Kv4.3 in certain spinal lamina II excitatory interneurons. However, whether and which KChIP and DPPL are coexpressed with Kv4 in these ISA‐expressing pain‐related neurons is unknown. In this study we mapped the protein distribution of KChIP1, KChIP2, KChIP3, DPP6, and DPP10 in adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord by immunohistochemistry. In the DRG, we found colocalization of KChIP1, KChIP2, and DPP10 in the somatic surface and cytoplasm of Kv4.3(+) nociceptors. KChIP3 appears in most Aβ and Aδ sensory neurons as well as a small population of peptidergic nociceptors, whereas DPP6 is absent in sensory neurons. In the spinal cord, KChIP1 is coexpressed with Kv4.3 in the cell bodies of a subset of lamina II excitatory interneurons, while KChIP1, KChIP2, and DPP6 are colocalized with Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 in their dendrites. Within the dorsal horn, besides KChIP3 in the inner lamina II and lamina III, we detected DPP10 in most projection neurons, which transmit pain signal to brain. The results suggest the existence of Kv4/KChIP/DPPL ternary complexes in ISA‐expressing nociceptors and pain‐modulating spinal interneurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:846–873, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved handover authentication and key pre‐distribution for wireless mesh networks
Authors: Yang Xu , Huang Xinyi , Han Jinguang , Su Chunhua
Published: August 2015

Ticket‐based authentication is a critical technology to secure wireless mesh networks (WMN), which enable efficient communication among laptops, cell phones and other wireless devices. In this paper, we provide a new design of handoff authentication for WMN to reduce the delay caused by handoff. Our major improvement is on the key pre‐distribution for handoff authentication. We apply the attribute‐based encryption to encrypt key pre‐distribution messages for neighbor mesh routers. As a result, key pre‐distribution has constant computation and communication costs, which are independent of the number of neighbor mesh routers. Another advantage of our design is that it can perform immediate handoff authentication once the login authentication is complete, even before key pre‐distribution messages reach the foreign mesh router. The security of our handoff authenticator protocol is also improved by employing home mesh router's digital signature in the handoff ticket and key pre‐distribution messages. Our scheme can efficiently thwart forgery attacks. The proposed scheme provides an efficient and secure solution that meets the requirements of WMN in the era of Big Data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entropy‐based denial‐of‐service attack detection in cloud data center
Authors: Cao Jiuxin , Yu Bin , Dong Fang , Zhu Xiangying , Xu Shuai
Published: August 2015

Cloud data centers today usually lack network resource isolation. Meanwhile, it is easy to deploy and terminate large number of malicious virtual machines in a few seconds, while the administrator is probably difficult to identify these malicious virtual machines immediately. These features open doors for attackers to launch denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks that target at degrading the quality of cloud service. This paper studies an attack scenario that malicious tenants use cloud resources to launch DoS attack targeting at data center subnets. Unlike traditional data flow‐based detections, which heavily depend on the pattern of data flows, we propose an approach that takes advantage of virtual machine status including CPU usage and network usage to identify the attack. We notice that malicious virtual machines exhibit similar status patterns when attack is launched. Based on this observation, information entropy is applied in monitoring the status of virtual machines to identify the attack behaviors. We conduct our experiments in the campus‐wide data center, and the results show our detection system can promptly and accurately response to DoS attacks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopic Observation of the Hydroxy Position in Butanol Hydrates and Its Effect on Hydrate Stability
Authors: Youn Yeobum , Cha Minjun , Lee Huen
Published: August 2015

In this study, we investigate the crystal structures and phase equilibria of butanols+CH4+H2O systems to reveal the hydroxy group positioning and its effects on hydrate stability. Four clathrate hydrates formed by structural butanol isomers are identified with powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD). In addition, Raman spectroscopy is used to analyze the guest distributions and inclusion behaviors of large alcohol molecules in these hydrate systems. The existence of a free OH indicates that guest molecules can be captured in the large cages of structure II hydrates without any hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the hydroxy group of the guests and the water‐host framework. However, Raman spectra of the binary (1‐butanol+CH4) hydrate do not show the free OH signal, indicating that there could be possible hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the guests and hosts. We also measure the four‐phase equilibrium conditions of the butanols+CH4+H2O systems.
A Tool for Predicting Regulatory Approval After Phase II Testing of New Oncology Compounds
Authors: DiMasi JA , Hermann JC , Twyman K , Kondru RK , Stergiopoulos S , Getz KA , Rackoff W
Published: August 2015

We developed an algorithm (ANDI) for predicting regulatory marketing approval for new cancer drugs after phase II testing has been conducted, with the objective of providing a tool to improve drug portfolio decision‐making. We examined 98 oncology drugs from the top 50 pharmaceutical companies (2006 sales) that first entered clinical development from 1999 to 2007, had been taken to at least phase II development, and had a known final outcome (research abandonment or regulatory marketing approval). Data on safety, efficacy, operational, market, and company characteristics were obtained from public sources. Logistic regression and machine‐learning methods were used to provide an unbiased approach to assess overall predictability and to identify the most important individual predictors. We found that a simple four‐factor model (activity, number of patients in the pivotal phase II trial, phase II duration, and a prevalence‐related measure) had high sensitivity and specificity for predicting regulatory marketing approval.
Uniformity investigation of MOCVD‐grown LED layers
Authors: Jiang Zhimin , Yan Han , Liu Sheng , Zhang Zhi , Gan Zhiyin , Fang Haisheng
Published: August 2015

Doped or undoped gallium nitride compounds (GaN/InGaN), usually grown by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, are at the heart of blue and green light emitting diodes (LEDs). Growth uniformities, such as the excited wavelength, luminous intensity and film thickness, critically influence their application in LED devices. In this paper, growth of GaN compounds in a MOCVD reactor, capable of a one‐time production of 36 × 2” wafers of nitrides, has been investigated. To examine growth uniformity across the wafer and from wafer to wafer, the reactor is divided into Zone A, Zone B and Zone C according to distance to the center of the graphite susceptor. Comparative analysis of each zone offers a straightforward view of the mean excitation wavelength, luminous intensity, film thickness and their standard deviations. Conformity of the growth uniformity in each zone is further checked comprehensively through averaging across‐wafer and wafer‐to‐wafer variables and their standard deviations. Zone B is found to retain excellent wavelength uniformity, since it is located at the middle of the susceptor with weaker effects of the susceptor edge and of the inlet gas flow. Zone A, at the center of the reactor, has the best mean intensity and thickness uniformities due to a well control of the infrared temperature measurement during the growth. And Zone C is worst in all uniformities and should be the main focus when optimizing the reactor. The above experimental analysis reveals the principles common to the MOCVD technique, and provides a basic for further optimization of the process window to improve the cycles with considerable reduction of the costs.
Direct Production of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural via Catalytic Conversion of Simple and Complex Sugars over Phosphated TiO2
Authors: Atanda Luqman , Shrotri Abhijit , Mukundan Swathi , Ma Qing , Konarova Muxina , Beltramini Jorge
Published: August 2015

A water–THF biphasic system containing N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) was found to enable the efficient synthesis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from a variety of sugars (simple to complex) using phosphated TiO2 as a catalyst. Fructose and glucose were selectively converted to HMF resulting in 98 % and 90 % yield, respectively, at 175 °C. Cellobiose and sucrose also gave rise to high HMF yields of 94 % and 98 %, respectively, at 180 °C. Other sugar variants such as starch (potato and rice) and cellulose were also investigated. The yields of HMF from starch (80–85 %) were high, whereas cellulose resulted in a modest yield of 33 %. Direct transformation of cellulose to HMF in significant yield (86 %) was assisted by mechanocatalytic depolymerization—ball milling of acid‐impregnated cellulose. This effectively reduced cellulose crystallinity and particle size, forming soluble cello‐oligomers; this is responsible for the enhanced substrate–catalytic sites contact and subsequent rate of HMF formation. During catalyst recyclability, P–TiO2 was observed to be reusable for four cycles without any loss in activity. We also investigated the conversion of the cello‐oligomers to HMF in a continuous flow reactor. Good HMF yield (53 %) was achieved using a water–methyl isobutyl ketone+NMP biphasic system.
A forwarding strategy of counteracting redundancy data in named data networking
Authors: Yan Huan , Gao Deyun , Su Wei , Chao Han‐Chieh
Published: August 2015

In named data networking, a router forwards Interests to all available contents including copies under the original design of forwarding strategy. All of these redundant copies of requested contents are returned to the user, which leads to unnecessary waste of network resources. In this paper, we propose a new forwarding strategy named counteracting redundant data (CRD) to reduce the transmission of redundant Data. The CRD strategy introduces a new packet called Data Acknowledgement (DACK) to stop forwarding redundant data. When a router receives a DACK, it will delete the matched Pending Interest Table (PIT) entry with the same name prefix and same incoming interface as the DACK. Thus, subsequent Data will be discarded when the corresponding PIT entry in the router no longer exists. According to the transmission model with tree structure, forwarding number that indicates the number of DACK being forwarded is a very important factor affecting the transmission overhead of CRD strategy. In our simulation, the results show the CRD strategy can improve transmission efficiency, reduce transmission overhead while ensuring a certain reliability, and also decrease the storage of content store at the same time. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carrageenan–Silica Hybrid Nanoparticles Prepared by a Non‐Emulsion Method
Authors: Soares Sofia F. , Trindade Tito , Daniel‐da‐Silva Ana L.
Published: August 2015

Spherical and monodispersed sub‐micrometer sized particles of organic–inorganic hybrids were prepared by means of a sol–gel non‐emulsion method using the biopolymer κ‐carrageenan and the alkoxysilane 3‐isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (ICPTES). The structural characterization of the carrageenan–silica hybrid particles was performed by using FTIR spectroscopy and solid‐state 29Si and 13C NMR spectroscopy and confirmed that κ‐carrageenan was covalently linked to the siliceous network via urethane bonds. Zeta‐potential measurements indicate the hybrids were functionalized on the surface with sulfonate groups from the polysaccharide. These hybrids display thermal sensitivity, which is of great relevance for biomedical applications such as drug encapsulation and thermally controlled drug‐delivery systems.
Experimental and numerical study on the performance of hollow and concrete‐filled elliptical steel columns subjected to severe fire
Authors: Ali Faris , Nadjai Ali , Goodfellow N.
Published: August 2015

This paper presents the results of an experimental and validated theoretical study to investigate the performance of steel columns with hollow and concrete‐filled elliptical sections subjected to hydrocarbon fire. The test programme involved 18 columns with 200 × 100 × 8‐mm, 300 × 150 × 8‐mm and 400 × 200 × 8‐mm elliptical sections representing slenderness of 50, 33 and 24, respectively. The 1800‐mm columns were subjected to the severe hydrocarbon fire curve and tested under loadings ratios of 20%, 40% and 60% of the EC3 ultimate strength. The paper presents the obtained experimental results including measured axial and lateral displacements, failure temperatures and failure time. A three‐dimensional model was built using the finite element method (FEM) and was validated using the obtained tests results. The finite element model showed an excellent agreement with tests results of failure temperatures, failure modes, and axial and lateral displacements. However, because of restrictions in the software capabilities, the mechanical–thermal behaviour of concrete including spalling was not considered in the model. The verified finite element model was used to conduct a parametric analysis involving a range of parameters of loading level and slenderness. The study has shown that the concrete‐filled sections have demonstrated an improved fire resistance when compared with the hollow sections under the low loading ratios. The FEM model has successfully predicted the unique thermal profile of elliptical section under fire, which was observed during the tests. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light management below ground: lighting technology in tunnelling / Lichtmanagement unter Tage: Beleuchtungstechnik im Tunnelbau
Authors: Maurer Walter
Published: August 2015

New lighting technologies are everywhere and LED (light emitting diode) has become a popular search term for buyers of lighting equipment. The energy saving potential is enormous and energy efficiency has become important in any company, from agricultural and industrial businesses to service providers. To encourage this development, a new law was introduced by the Austrian Ministry of Science, Research and Business in 2014 that requires businesses to determine energy saving potential and reduce energy consumption. Replacement of outdated lighting technologies does have great potential for energy saving, but light is also an essential factor in the world of work, and companies have long underestimated its influence on the performance and motivation of staff. Lighting was and still is a precondition for working underground, but how much light is needed? The following article is intended to draw attention to the importance of light below ground and indicate possible effects on performance and health.

Neue Beleuchtungstechniken wie Leuchtdioden (LED – light‐emitting diode) erobern den Alltag. Das Energieeinsparungspotenzial in der Beleuchtungstechnik ist enorm, und die Energieeffizienzorientierung hat längst in allen Unternehmen, von Agrar‐ und Industriebetrieben bis hin zu Dienstleistern, Einzug gehalten. Um diese Entwicklung weiter voranzutreiben, wurde vom österreichischen Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft im Jahr 2014 ein Maßnahmenpaket verabschiedet, wonach Unternehmen verpflichtet sind, Energieeinsparungspotenziale zu ermitteln und den Energieverbrauch zu reduzieren. Überalterte Beleuchtungstechniken bergen ein großes Energieeinsparungspotenzial, aber Licht ist auch in der Arbeitswelt ein wesentlicher Faktor. Unternehmen haben dessen Einfluss auf die Leistung und die Motivation von Mitarbeitern lange unterschätzt. Unter Tage war und ist Licht eine Voraussetzung für die Arbeit, aber wieviel Licht wird benötigt? Die nachfolgenden Ausführungen sollen das Augenmerk auf die Bedeutung von Licht unter Tage lenken und mögliche Einflüsse auf die Leistungsfähigkeit und Gesundheit aufzeigen.
Automation of rock selection and aggregate quality for reuse in tunnelling and industry
Authors: Petitat Manuel , von Allmen Katja , Burdin Jacques
Published: August 2015

The tunneling industry is flourishing around the world. But what about the spoil material? This paper presents the different steps achieved towards an automation of rock selection and aggregate quality assessment for tunnelling to reduce environmental impacts and maximize the use of excavation materials by analyzing and processing TBM muck on‐line, inside the tunnel, on the tunnel boring machine.
Geogenic versus Anthropogenic: Hydrocarbons in the Spoil from the Falkenstein and Spering Tunnels (A9 Pyhrn Autobahn, Austria)
Authors: Gratzer Reinhard , Bechtel Achim , Sachsenhofer Reinhard F. , Gawlick Hans‐Jürgen
Published: August 2015

In the Falkenstein und Spering tunnels (A9 Pyhrn Autobahn; Northern Calcareous Alps), hydrocarbon contents (HC Index) in excess of the permitted threshold values were detected in the course of the routine statutory analysis of the excavated material. Comparative detailed geochemical analysis of retained reference samples, operational consumables and core samples from boreholes drilled into the tunnel wall show that threshold values of HC indices in the Reifling Limestone are exceeded due to the presence of locally generated natural hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons were probably formed in marly zones of the carbonate rocks and migrated into the well‐developed fracture network. These hydrocarbons are characterized by high contents of n‐alkanes, high Ts/(Ts+Tm) ratios, a predominance of C27 and C29 steranes, and the lack of oleanane. Traces of hydrocarbons in the Wetterstein Limestone contain oleanane due to contamination by operating consumables.

Im Ausbruchmaterial des Falkenstein und Spering Tunnels (A9 Pyhrn Autobahn; Nördliche Kalkalpen) wurden im Rahmen der gesetzlichen Routineanalytik Überschreitungen des Grenzwerts für den Kohlenwasserstoff‐Index (KW‐Index) festgestellt. Vergleichende geochemische Detailuntersuchungen (GC‐MS, Kohlenstoff‐Isotopie) an Rückstellproben des Tunnelausbruchmaterials, an Betriebsmitteln sowie Bohrkernproben von der Strosse zeigen, dass Grenzwertüberschreitungen innerhalb der Reiflinger Kalke auf geogene Kohlenwasserstoffe zurückzuführen sind. Es handelt sich dabei vermutlich um lokal gebildetes Festbitumen, das aus den mergeligen Partien der Reiflinger Kalke in ein Kluftsystem eingewandert ist. Diese Kohlenwasserstoffe sind durch hohe Gehalte an n‐Alkanen, hohe Ts/(Ts+Tm) Verhältnisse, eine Prädominanz von C27 und C29 Steranen und das Fehlen von Oleanan gekennzeichnet. Kohlenwasserstoffspuren im Wettersteinkalk beinhalten Oleanan und sind auf Betriebsmittel zurückzuführen.
Dip variations of the North American and North Caribbean Plates dominate the tectonic activity of Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands and adjacent areas
Authors: Xu Xiao , Keller G. Randy , Guo Xiaoyu
Published: August 2015

The M 7.0 Haiti earthquake of 2010 in the Greater Antilles is a reminder that the northeastern Caribbean is at a high risk for seismic and tsunami hazards. The Greater Antilles consist of the Hispaniola microplate to the west and Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands to the east and are situated between two subduction zones with the Puerto Rico Trench to the north and the Muertos Trough to the south. Although there is no active volcanism on Puerto Rico, earthquake depths and previous seismic tomography results imply that the slabs of Caribbean and North American Plates exist at depth. However, how far the east Muertos Trough subduction of the North Caribbean Plate has extended has not been fully addressed. In addition, the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands are bounded by extensional regimes to both the west (Mona Rift) and east (Anegada Passage). The cause of the extension is still under debate. In this paper, we use new 3D seismic tomography and gravity data to carry out an integrated study of the geometry of the subducting slabs of the North American and North Caribbean Plates in the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands area. The results indicate that both slabs have an increase of dip westward, which is strongly controlled by the subduction rollback of the North American Plate. These variations affected the tectonic evolution of the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands. Thus, the results of this research advance our understanding of the kinematic evolution of the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands and associated natural hazards. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prognostic value of hepatic venous pressure gradient in patients with cirrhosis is highly dependent on the accuracy of the technique
Authors: Silva‐Junior Gilberto , Baiges Anna , Turon Fanny , Torres Ferran , Hernández‐Gea Virginia , Bosch Jaime , García‐Pagán Juan Carlos
Published: August 2015

Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG), the difference between wedged (WHVP) and free hepatic vein pressure (FHVP), predicts survival in patients with cirrhosis. It has been suggested for the use of inferior vena cava (IVC) value instead of FHVP to calculate HVPG when the difference between proximal FHVP (obtained at 2 cm from the hepatic vein outlet) and IVC (measured at the level of the hepatic ostium) is >2 mm Hg. However, there are no data supporting this recommendation. The main aim of the study was to establish which gradient, WHVP‐FHVP (HVPG‐Free) or WHVP‐IVC (HVPG‐IVC), better correlates with orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT)‐free survival. This work was a retrospective evaluation of hepatic hemodynamic studies of 380 consecutive patients with cirrhosis performed from January 2006 to December 2012 with follow‐up until December 2013. Patients had a mean age of 56 ± 10 years and 64.7% were men. Mean Child‐Pugh was 7 ± 2. HVPG‐Free (16 ± 5 mm Hg) was significantly lower than HVPG‐IVC (17 ± 5.5 mm Hg; P < 0.001). During a mean follow‐up of 43 months, 40 patients were transplanted and 111 died. A total of 285 (75%) patients had an FHVP‐IVC difference within ±2 mm Hg (no discrepancy) and 95 (25%) patients <−2 mm Hg or >2 mm Hg (discrepancy). In patients without discrepancy, 16 mm Hg was the best cut‐off value predicting survival, independently of being calculated as HVPG‐Free or HVPG‐IVC. However, in those patients with discrepancy, 16 mm Hg was still the best cut‐off value for HVPG‐Free, but not for HVPG‐IVC, among which 25 patients (26%) were misclassified regarding their risk of OLT/death. Conclusions: Given that WHVP‐FHVP was more accurate in assessing prognosis than WHVP‐IVC, HVPG should be calculated as the gradient between WHVP and FHVP, but not with IVC, in order to optimize its prognostic value and in identifying different risk population. (Hepatology 2015;62:1584–1592)
TP53 mutations are associated with higher rates of pathologic complete response to anthracycline/cyclophosphamide‐based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in operable primary breast cancer
Authors: Wang Yuxia , Xu Ye , Chen Jiuan , Ouyang Tao , Li Jinfeng , Wang Tianfeng , Fan Zhaoqing , Fan Tie , Lin Benyao , Xie Yuntao
Published: August 2015

The role of TP53 mutations in predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer remains controversial. The aims of this study were to investigate whether TP53 mutations were associated with response and survival in breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Therefore, we identified TP53 mutations in the core‐needle biopsy tumor samples obtained before the neoadjuvant chemotherapy from 351 operable primary breast cancer patients who either received anthracycline/cyclophosphamide‐based (n = 252) or paclitaxel (n = 99) neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We found that 41.0% (144 of 351) of patients harbored TP53 mutations, and 14.8% of patients achieved a pCR (pathologic complete response) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Among patients treated with anthracycline/cyclophosphamide (n = 252), patients with TP53 mutations had a significantly higher pCR rate than those with wild‐type (28.6 vs.7.1%; p < 0.001), and TP53 mutation was an independent favorable predictor of pCR [odds ratio (OR) = 3.41; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50–7.77; p = 0.003] in this group; moreover, patients with TP53 mutation had a better distant recurrence‐free survival (DRFS) than those with wild‐type [unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.43; 95% CI 0.20–0.94; p = 0.030] in this group. Among patients treated with paclitaxel (n = 99), no significant difference in pCR rates was observed between patients with or without TP53 mutations (15.2 vs. 11.3%; p = 0.57). Our results suggested that patients with TP53 mutations are more likely to respond to anthracycline/ cyclophosphamide‐based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and have a favorable survival.
TiO2 nanoparticles‐induced apoptosis of primary cultured Sertoli cells of mice
Authors: Hong Fashui , Zhao Xiaoyang , Chen Ming , Zhou Yingjun , Ze Yuguan , Wang Ling , Wang Yajing , Ge Yushuang , Zhang Qi , Ye Lingqun
Published: August 2015

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), as largest production and use of nanomaterials, have been demonstrated to have a potential toxicity on reproductive system. However, the mechanism underlying male reproductive toxicity of TiO2 NPs remains limited. Thus, our study was designed to examine the cellular viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and expression of apoptotic cytokines in primary cultured Sertoli cells isolated from mice under TiO2 NPs exposure. Results showed that TiO2 NPs exposure from 5 to 30 μg/mL resulted in reduction of cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase release, and induction of apoptosis or death on Sertoli cells. TiO2 NPs could migrate to Sertoli cells, which induced mitochondria‐mediated or endoplasmic‐reticulum‐mediated apoptotic changes including elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and reductions in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and releases of cytochrome c into the cytosol. In addition, upregulation of cytochrome c, Bax, caspase‐3, glucose‐regulated protein 78, and C/EBP homologous protein and caspase‐12 protein expression, and downregulation of bcl‐2 protein expression in primary cultured Sertoli cells induced by TiO2 NPs treatment. All of the results suggested that ROS generation may play a critical role in the initiation of TiO2 NPs‐induced apoptosis by mediation of the disruption of ΔΨm, the cytochrome c release, and further the activation of caspase cascade and unfolded protein response signaling pathway. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 124–135, 2016.