bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On-site reduction of nitrogen oxides at an emission hotspot using actively vented photocatalytic reactors in a highway tunnel
Authors: Ehm Clemens , Frohmüller Max O. , Flassak Thomas , Stephan Dietmar
Published: April 2022

This study presents our solution of an active nitric oxides (NOx) control method for large traffic tunnels. A titanium dioxide (TiO2) coated carrier material is assessed using lab-based photocatalysis experiments, leading to a coating with high photocatalytic activity (deposition speed of 1.4 cm/s for nitrogen monoxide, NO). The coating is tested on several carrier materials to maximize the interaction between the reactive surface and the pollution molecules in the air. Several reactor prototype geometries and carrier materials are simulated and tested on a pilot plant scale. A coated PU-foam with 3 cm thickness and porosity of five pores per inch proved to be the most effective carrier material, while a reactor design with vertically flowed stacks of the foam carrier is capable of optimally exploiting the potential of the photocatalytic coating for high volume flows. With data from on-site measurements of the atmospheric conditions and pollution in the highway tunnel ‘Rudower Höhe’ in Berlin, Germany, we could build a simulated tunnel setup of our reactors within the tunnel. An estimate based on these simulations assumes a reduction potential of 25% of the NOx mass generated in the tunnel. In conclusion, actively vented TiO2 surfaces are controversial yet could achieve high removal rates while simple to clean or exchange.
Invisible Workers
Authors: LeClercq Desirée
Published: April 2022

In the parable, The Emperor Has No Clothes, an emperor walks naked through a public procession, assured by his own pride and vain advisors that he was wearing a magnificent robe visible only to the smart and worthy. Like the emperor, governments imagine that they have cloaked international economic law in a new “worker-centered” trade policy. This essay explains how their efforts have merely exposed the deficits in international economic law. They have failed to account for asymmetries between capital and labor and hierarchies between sectors of workers. They also exclude the voices of the world's most vulnerable workers—particularly those who do not benefit from union representation or job formality. The essay proposes that if policymakers intend to give workers an authentic voice and bargaining power, they must critically examine international economic law's very corpus.
Environmental Justice Challenges to International Economic Ordering
Authors: Dehm Julia
Published: April 2022

The relationship between trade, investment, and environmental protection is complex, and environmental activists have engaged with international economic law in a wide variety of ways. Some environmental activists have sought to use trade systems as leverage to advance environmental protections aims, while others have been concerned about how international economic law constrains unilateral national environmental action. The dominant account of the harmonization of economic and environmental norms and the promotion of sustainable development through trade and investment is challenged by sobering statistics of ecological decline. In the face of intersecting ecological, economic, and social crises facing the global community, the often-marginalized critique developed by environmental justice activists of neoliberal globalization and the legal regimes that enable it is more urgent than ever. These perspectives and voices—which sometimes align with other environmental activists and sometimes directly oppose market-orientated environmental agendas—have been marginalized in the scholarship on international economic law, but offer an indispensable resource for imagining more equitable and ecologically just forms of global economic cooperation. This essay shows how environmental justice activists have enacted a powerful politics of refusal, resisting international economic law as well as articulating visions of how to achieve systemic change and sustainable societies based on environmental, social, economic, and gender justice and peoples’ sovereignty.
“Building Your Neurology Acumen”: A Flipped Classroom Approach for Internal Medicine Residents
Authors: Zaeem Zoya , Smyth Penelope , King Sharla , Daniels Vijay J.
Published: April 2022

Globally, internal medicine (IM) residents often feel they lack the knowledge and skills to approach patients presenting with neurologic issues. We conducted a multiple method needs assessment to determine the feasibility of a novel neurology flipped classroom (FC) curriculum for internal medicine residents. Our primary findings include participants: (1) finding neurology a useful rotation; (2) feeling uncomfortable with the neurological examination; and (3) endorsing flipped classroom as a potential alternative but with significant barriers. Our findings elucidate upon the various extrinsic/intrinsic motivators for resident education and illustrate the need to re-examine the way in which neurology is being taught to off-service residents.
Thermoacoustic stability prediction using classification algorithms
Authors: Gaudron Renaud , Morgans Aimee S.
Published: April 2022

Predicting the occurrence of thermoacoustic instabilities is of major interest in a variety of engineering applications such as aircraft propulsion, power generation, and industrial heating. Predictive methodologies based on a physical approach have been developed in the past decades, but have a moderate-to-high computational cost when exploring a large number of designs. In this study, the stability prediction capabilities and computational cost of four well-established classification algorithms—theK-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) algorithms—are investigated. These algorithms are trained using an in-house physics-based low-order network model tool called OSCILOS. All four algorithms are able to predict which configurations are thermoacoustically unstable with a very high accuracy and a very low runtime. Furthermore, the frequency intervals containing unstable modes for a given configuration are also accurately predicted using multilabel classification. The RF algorithm correctly predicts the overall stability and finds all frequency intervals containing unstable modes for 99.6 and 98.3% of all configurations, respectively, which makes it the most accurate algorithm when a large number of training examples is available. For smaller training sets, the MLP algorithm becomes the most accurate algorithm. The DT algorithm is found to be slightly less accurate, but can be trained extremely quickly and runs about a million times faster than a traditional physics-based low-order network model tool. These findings could be used to devise a new generation of combustor optimization tools that would run much faster than existing codes while retaining a similar accuracy.
Electro-fluid-mechanics of the heart
Authors: Verzicco R.
Published: April 2022

This article presents an overview of the dynamics of the human heart and the main goal is the discussion of its fluid mechanic features. We will see, however, that the flow in the heart can not be fully described without considering its electrophysiology and elastomechanics as well as the interaction with the systemic and pulmonary circulations with which it is strongly connected. Biologically, the human heart is similar to that of all warm-blooded mammals and it satisfies the same allometric laws. Since the Paleolithic Age, however, humans have improved their living conditions, have modified the environment to satisfy their needs and, more recently, have developed advanced medical knowledge which has allowed triple the number of heartbeats with respect to other mammals. In the last century, effective diagnostic tools, reliable surgical procedures and prosthetic devices have been developed and refined leading to substantial progress in cardiology and heart surgery with routine clinical practice which nowadays cures many disorders, once lethal. Pulse duplicators have been built to reproduce the pulsatile flow and ‘blood analogues’, have been realized. Heart phantoms, can attain deformations similar to the real heart although the active contraction and the tissue anisotropy still can not be replicated. Numerical models have also become a viable alternative for cardiovascular research: they do not suffer from limitations of material properties and device technologies, thus making possible the realization of truly digital twins. Unfortunately, a high-fidelity model for the whole heart consists of a system of coupled, nonlinear partial differential equations with a number of degrees of freedom of the order of a billion and computational costs become the bottleneck. An additional challenge comes from the inherent human variability and the uncertainty of the heart parameters whose statistical assessment requires a campaign of simulations rather than a single deterministic calculation; reduced and surrogate models can be employed to alleviate the huge computational burden and all possibilities are currently being pursued. In the era of big data and artificial intelligence, cardiovascular research is also advancing by exploiting the latest technologies: equation-based augmented reality, virtual surgery and computational prediction of disease progression are just a few examples among many that will become standard practice in the forthcoming years.
Reverse transition of a turbulent spiral Poiseuille flow at
Authors: Manna M. , Vacca A. , Verzicco R.
Published: April 2022

Direct numerical simulations of a turbulent spiral Poiseuille flow (SPF) in a narrow-gap geometry at low Taylor number have been performed to analyse the reverse transition dynamics. The presently investigated SPF results from a Taylor–Couette arrangement with a rotating inner cylinder and a stationary outer one, subject to a time-constant axial pressure gradient. Keeping fixed the Taylor number and reducing the axial Reynolds number, several flow regimes have been obtained until a complete laminarization occurred. In agreement with previous experimental evidence, it has been found that the laminar state is achieved at a Reynolds number significantly smaller than the corresponding non-rotating value. Moreover, the route to turbulence suppression has been shown to differ in the two cases, as confirmed by the increased Reynolds number friction coefficient envelope. The differences occurring in the reverse transition process between SPF and plain Poiseuille flow are attributed to a modification of the isotropy of the Reynolds stress tensor, caused by an alteration of the velocity pressure-strain redistribution mechanisms.
Dialect proficiency and Mandarin rating in dialect identification: The case of Jiangsu province
Authors: Jiao Dan , Gnevsheva Ksenia
Published: April 2022

This paper investigated origin identification in Jiangsu province, China. In total, ten localities were involved, including nine from Jiangsu province and the city of Beijing. Listeners were presented with recordings of forty speakers (four speakers from each locality) speaking local Mandarin and were asked to identify the region of origin of the speaker and score their Mandarin. Results revealed significant effects of speaker dialect and listener dialect in the identification of speaker origin. Firstly, listeners were able to make distinctions between speakers of Jiangsu province dialect and speakers of non-Jiangsu province dialect (Beijing speakers). Secondly, listeners from Jiangsu province were significantly better than non-Jiangsu listeners at correctly identifying the origin of speakers. In addition, we found significant effects of speaker gender, speaker dialect proficiency, listener dialect proficiency, and speaker Mandarin rating on the identification accuracy of speaker origin in individual analyses of dialect areas.
Labor Informality and the Vote in Latin America: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Baker Andy , Dorr Dalton
Published: April 2022

Conventional wisdom among scholars of Latin American politics holds that informal workers are less participatory and less left-leaning than formal workers. Relevant empirical findings, however, are mixed and in need of synthesis. This article provides that synthesis by conducting meta-analyses on the universe of previous quantitative studies of informality and the vote. It finds that informal workers are indeed less likely to vote than formal workers, but the effect of informality is small—just four to seven percentage points. It further finds that informal workers are more likely to vote for the left, not the right, but here the effect size is even smaller. Meta-regression analyses reveal that in countries where organized professional activity among informal workers is high, gaps in turnout between the two sectors are minimal. The article concludes that the conventional wisdom over-states the individual-level political consequences of labor informality in Latin America.
Varieties of Economic Vulnerability: Evidence on Social Policy Preferences and Labor Informality from Mexico
Authors: Altamirano Melina , Berens Sarah , Deeg Franziska
Published: April 2022

In many Latin American countries, social policy preferences among economically vulnerable citizens seem largely unpolarized. However, current studies rarely confront citizens with realistic policy options and often lack the required detail to capture the heterogeneity of economic vulnerability. Drawing on the dualization debate, we expect individuals facing different degrees of vulnerability to show distinct social policy preferences. Using original survey data from Mexico and a conjoint experiment, our findings reveal a complex divide, where the most economically vulnerable are least supportive of public solutions. Sharing the home with a formal labor market participant does not seem to mitigate social policy skepticism among the vulnerable. In contrast, magnified vulnerability via household composition reduces support for welfare policy expansion. Social policy preferences become much less distinct when policy design alternatives are introduced, suggesting reduced expectations about the state’s role and a lack of clarity about the tangible benefits of social policy reform.
Chechnya’s Paradiplomacy 2000–2020: The Emergence and Evolution of External Relations of a Reincorporated Territory
Authors: Klyszcz Ivan Ulises
Published: April 2022

From the year 2000 on, Chechen official international relations – called “paradiplomacy” – have centered around legitimacy-building, security cooperation and investment attraction, priorities set by the republic’s first official, pro-Russian president, Akhmat Kadyrov (in office 2000–2004). Kadyrov’s successors, Alu Alkhanov (2004–2007) and Ramzan Kadyrov (2007–to date) developed Grozny’s international engagements further, introducing new partners – such as China – and new dimensions to the external action – such as militarization. At each step, Grozny operated between full autonomy and collaboration with Moscow, involving itself in high-level diplomacy and furthering Moscow’s agenda abroad, primarily in the Middle East. In this article, I argue that Chechen paradiplomacy is an instrument for the inclusion of Chechnya into the governance structures of Russia’s federal order. The argument rests on two premises: Chechnya’s paradiplomacy is framed by the Kremlin’s proactive support and coordination, and Chechnya’s paradiplomacy is closely connected to the Kremlin’s security priorities. Since reincorporation, Chechen paradiplomacy has not been an addition to Russian federal relations but an intrinsic part of the post-2000 political arrangement between Grozny and Moscow. To empirically ground this argument, I trace the evolution of Chechen paradiplomacy across the three post-incorporation presidencies, ending in 2020.
Empathy and the Evolutionary Emergence of Guilt
Authors: Ramsey Grant , Deem Michael J.
Published: April 2022

Guilt poses a unique evolutionary problem. Unlike other dysphoric emotions, it is not immediately clear what its adaptive significance is. One can imagine thriving despite or even because of a lack of guilt. In this article, we review solutions offered by Scott James, Richard Joyce, and Robert Frank and show that although their solutions have merit, none adequately solves the puzzle. We offer an alternative solution, one that emphasizes the role of empathy and posttransgression behavior in the evolution of guilt. Our solution, we contend, offers a better account of why guilt evolved to play its distinctive social role.
A Chemostat Model for Evolution by Persistence: Clade Selection and Its Explanatory Autonomy
Authors: Neto Celso , Doolittle W. Ford
Published: April 2022

Many contemporary biologists and philosophers of biology admit that selection occurs at any level of the biological hierarchy at which entities showing heritable variation in fitness are found, while insisting that fitness at any level entails differential reproduction, not differential persistence. Those who allow that persistence can be selected doubt that selection on nonreproducing entities can be reiterated, to produce “complex adaptations.” We present here a verbal model of subclones evolving in a simple idealized chemostat that calls into question these suppositions and is usefully explanatory when taken as an analogy to selection for persistence of clades.
A NOTE ON THE SINGULARITY OF ORIENTED GRAPHS
Authors: MA XIAOBIN , JIANG FAN
Published: April 2022

An oriented graph is called singular or nonsingular according as its adjacency matrix is singular or nonsingular. In this note, by a new approach, we determine the singularity of oriented quasi-trees. The main results of Chen et al. [‘Singularity of oriented graphs from several classes’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.102(1) (2020), 7–14] follow as corollaries. Furthermore, we give a necessary condition for an oriented bipartite graph to be nonsingular. By applying this condition, we characterise nonsingular oriented bipartite graphs
$B_{m,n}$
when
$\min \{m,n\}\leq 3$
.
AVERAGES OF EXPONENTIAL TWISTS OF THE VON MANGOLDT FUNCTION
Authors: REN XIUMIN , ZHANG WEI
Published: April 2022

We obtain some improved results for the exponential sum
$\sum _{x<n\leq 2x}\Lambda (n)e(\alpha k n^{\theta })$
with
$\theta \in (0,5/12),$
where
$\Lambda (n)$
is the von Mangoldt function. Such exponential sums have relations with the so-called quasi-Riemann hypothesis and were considered by Murty and Srinivas [‘On the uniform distribution of certain sequences’, Ramanujan J.7 (2003), 185–192].
PRIMITIVE ELEMENT PAIRS WITH A PRESCRIBED TRACE IN THE CUBIC EXTENSION OF A FINITE FIELD
Authors: BOOKER ANDREW R. , COHEN STEPHEN D. , LEONG NICOL , TRUDGIAN TIM
Published: April 2022

We prove that for any prime power$q\notin \{3,4,5\}$, the cubic extension$\mathbb {F}_{q^{3}}$of the finite field$\mathbb {F}_{q}$contains a primitive element$\xi $such that$\xi +\xi ^{-1}$is also primitive, and$\operatorname {\mathrm {Tr}}_{\mathbb {F}_{q^{3}}/\mathbb {F}_{q}}(\xi )=a$for any prescribed$a\in \mathbb {F}_{q}$. This completes the proof of a conjecture of Guptaet al.[‘Primitive element pairs with one prescribed trace over a finite field’,Finite Fields Appl.54(2018), 1–14] concerning the analogous problem over an extension of arbitrary degree$n\ge 3$.
A checklist of helminths associated with reptiles (Tetrapoda: Reptilia) from Peru
Authors: Cuellar I. , Sáez G. , Cantú S. , Sánchez L. , Mendoza C. , Conga D.F. , Cruces C.L. , Luque J.L. , Chero J.D.
Published: April 2022

An annotated checklist of the helminth parasites associated with reptiles from Peru is provided, as the result of a compilation of parasitological papers published between 1963 and January 2022 and records of species deposited in national and international collections. The list provides data on hosts, developmental stage, sites of infection, geographical distribution in Peruvian territory, code of material deposited in helminthological collections, references and taxonomic notes. The database includes records of 106 different species of helminth parasites (82 nominal species and 24 taxa identified at the generic level), the majority in the adult stage. These helminth parasites come from 18 of the 25 official Peruvian regions. Nematodes have the highest richness in number of species (79 species), followed by trematodes (17 species) and cestodes (nine species). The acanthocephalans are represented by only one species. The parasites with the highest number of records werePhysaloptera retusaRudolphi, 1819 (11 hosts),Physalopteroides venancioi(Lent, Freitas & Proença, 1946) (nine hosts),Strongyluris oscariTravassos, 1923 (seven hosts), andParapharyngodon scleratusTravassos, 1923 (five hosts), all of which are nematodes. The 106 taxa of helminth parasites have been reported infecting 55 species of reptiles in Peru, distributed in 34 genera and 14 families. The reptile species harbouring the highest number of helminth parasites are the yellow-footed tortoiseChelonoidis denticulatus(Linnaeus) with 18 species (three trematodes and 15 nematodes), followed by the Peru desert teguDicrodon guttulatumDuméril & Bibron (Teiidae) with 11 species (three cestodes and eight nematodes) and the yellow-spotted Amazon River turtlePodocnemis unifilisTroschel (Podocnemididae) with 10 species (five trematodes and five nematodes). Of the 524 species of reptiles reported in Peru, only 55 (>10%) are reported as hosts of helminths representing a small proportion considering the great variety of reptile hosts that inhabit the various tropical and subtropical geographical areas of Peru.
Cognitive effort-based decision-making in major depressive disorder
Authors: Ang Yuen-Siang , Gelda Steven E. , Pizzagalli Diego A.
Published: April 2022

Background

The association between major depressive disorder and motivation to invest cognitive effort for rewards is unclear. One reason might be that prior tasks of cognitive effort-based decision-making are limited by potential confounds such as physical effort and temporal delay discounting.

Methods

To address these interpretive challenges, we developed a new task – the Cognitive Effort Motivation Task – to assess one's willingness to exert cognitive effort for rewards. Cognitive effort was manipulated by varying the number of items (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) kept in spatial working memory. Twenty-six depressed patients and 44 healthy controls went through an extensive learning session where they experienced each possible effort level 10 times. They were then asked to make a series of choices between performing a fixed low-effort-low-reward or variable higher-effort-higher-reward option during the task.

Results

Both groups found the task more cognitively (but not physically) effortful when effort level increased, but they still achieved ⩾80% accuracy on each effort level during training and >95% overall accuracy during the actual task. Computational modelling revealed that a parabolic model best accounted for subjects' data, indicating that higher-effort levels had a greater impact on devaluing rewards than lower levels. These procedures also revealed that MDD patients discounted rewards more steeply by effort and were less willing to exert cognitive effort for rewards compared to healthy participants.

Conclusions

These findings provide empirical evidence to show, without confounds of other variables, that depressed patients have impaired cognitive effort motivation compared to the general population.
Cooperative Multi-Volume Histories of Africa
Authors: Fage J. D.
Published: April 2022

The UNESCO project for a General History of Africa has been around for some time now. It was launched in 1964 by a resolution of the General Conference of UNESCO, and was essentially a consequence of the accession to the United Nations and to UNESCO of the large number of new African states which secured their independence in the early 1960s. These felt, rightly, that Africa had too long been ‘the dark continent’ of world history, and that it was high time that, the history of its peoples and cultures was placed on the same level of public record as that of the other continents.

The first positive step taken by UNESCO was to call a ‘meeting of experts’ at Abidjan in 1966. This seems to have taken the line that the first thing to be done if the history of Africa were to be written on a major scale was to provide support for research into it.
Whites in Africa
Authors: Ranger Terence
Published: April 2022

ASAUK's conference last September on ‘Whites in Africa - Past, Present and Future’ aroused suspicions in at least one correspondent. Addressing himself to the ‘Pink ASAUK’, and enclosing a cutting from West Africa in which news of the forthcoming conference was omenously included on the same page as a report on ‘Freetown’s Rubbish Plan, the writer made two points. ‘Human beings are citizens, not colours or numbers as.your hollow minds suggest’; ‘Now that Africa is nearly free from imperialism and exploitation … dishonest intellectuals from British institutions are conspiring to draw a new map of Africa’.

The first of these points was regularly made and as regularly demonstrated throughout the conference. It did indeed turn out to be very difficult to correlate ‘whiteness’ with any particular range of activities.
The library and archives of the Methodist Missionary Society
Authors: Goddard Stephen
Published: April 2022

Methodist missionary work overseas began in 1786. The first missionaries to be sent out from this country went to Canada and the West Indies however, and it was not until 1811 that the first Methodist mission was set up in Africa. This mission was located at newly established Freetown in Sierra Leone. Three years later other Methodists were active in Cape Colony on the southern tip of the continent and the Wesleyan Missionary Society's two major fields of missionary activity in Africa, the West Coast and Southern Africa, had been defined. From Freetown the Society's influence spread to Bathurst on the Gambia River in 1821, Cape Coast on the Gold Coast in 1835 and in 1854 to the old slaving port of Lagos. From Cape Coast the mission spread inland to Ashanti and from Lagos Island into Yorubaland. By 1905 there were over 1,000 Methodist chapels and 19 expatriate Methodist missionaries scattered throughout West Africa.
African Studies in Comparative Librarianship
Authors: Johnson A. F.
Published: April 2022

Comparative studies in librarianship are new to the curriculum of many library schools, in contrast to Comparative Education, Comparative Linguistics and Comparative Politics which have a long and distinguished history in other disciplines. Librarianship in recent years has become internationalised through the activities of UNESCO, IFLA and F.I.D., by an increasing number of young students from overseas attending British library schools and the readiness of senior librarians to journey to distant places on working or consultative assignments. The effect of international exchanges is to enhance the role of comparative librarianship in shaping the course of studies for British as well as overseas students.
Western Ways and Nigerian Means: University Librarianship in Nigeria
Authors: Ratcliffe F. W.
Published: April 2022

I must emphasise at the outset that the views expressed here are those of someone who had never visited Nigeria, or indeed the African Continent, until last year. I am all too conscious of the fact that much of what I say will be self-evident to many of you, who must know that Continent from the inside, and possibly naive, or even completely wrong.

If my views have any value this must in fact be due to this, to the newness to me of Africa, to my uncontaminated, if you like virgin, state, to my hitherto clearly circumscribed Library vision. British and Germanic speaking libraries of Europe pretty, well sums up my library experience, a thoroughly parochial background in the context of the Third World. I was, as it turned out, only superficially prepared for what one of my new-found colleagues in Zaria termed “cultural shock”, the impact of Nigerian life on the raw European visitor.
Books and Ujamaa: The Tanzania Library Service: its Problems and Prospects
Authors: Ilomo C. S.
Published: April 2022

Since independence in 1961 the Tanzania Government has recognized the important role books and libraries play in economic and social development. Indeed, education is a basic investment for development and books in turn are a basic tool of education. At the opening of the National Central Library in Dar es Salaam in 1967, President Nyerere stressed the role of books when he said “…books are a very, important way to knowledge, and to self-improvement; from them we can learn new ideas, new techniques of working and new methods. We can learn about the development of man in all its different aspects; we can broaden our understanding of other peoples and even of ourselves.”
Scolma and African Periodicals
Authors: Travis Carole
Published: April 2022

1976 should see the coming to fruition of one of SCOLMA's major bibliographical tasks - the publication of a bibliography and union list of African periodicals.

SCOLMA's broad aims on its establishment in April 1962 were “to facilitate the acquisition and preservation of library materials needed for African studies and to assist in the recording and use of such material” and, in the early discussions, the bibliographical control and acquisition of African periodicals was identified as a major problem. The need was two-fold - for comprehensive information about what periodicals had been and were currently published, and for the locations of those which were held by UK libraries. As with other SCOLMA projects, an important consideration was the identification of gaps in holdings as a basis for further acquisition. The creation of such a list of periodicals was thus one of the first tasks SCOLMA set itself once funds were available.
History: African and Contemporary
Authors: Hargreaves J. D.
Published: April 2022

By a regrettable anomaly in our Association's practice, now removed, two distinguished historians who preceded me in this office — Roland Oliver and John Fage — were never called upon to deliver Presidential Addresses. So, with the exception of our first President (Dame Margery Perham) — whose historical writing achieves a distinction which few of us can hope to emulate, but who has been so much else besides — I find myself the first historian to discharge this duty. I feel somewhat as Lepidus must have done when invited to speak on behalf of the Triumvirate.

I suppose I should begin by claiming — as I think I can justly do — that historians have played a distinctive and important part in the development of African Studies during the last quarter century, and in the affairs of our own young Association.
Sources for West African Economic and Business History
Authors: Davies P. N.
Published: April 2022

In recent years the enhanced academic interest in all things African has resulted in a flood of books and articles which in most disciplines have generously supplemented the previously meagre published works. This has been as marked in West African economic and business history as elsewhere but much remains to be done and this brief article is designed to assist those who are either contemplating or just beginning their research in these fields.

An obvious first step is to examine the bibliographies of studies that have been completed in the past few years. This should include reference to both published works such as A. G. HOPKINS, An Economic History of West Africa, and my own The Trade Makers, and to theses which have not yet appeared in print. A useful example of this latter type is the Ph.D. produced by A. OLORUNFEMI at the University of Birmingham entitled Anglo-German Commercial Rivalry in West Africa.
An Acquisitions Tour in North Africa and Europe
Authors: McKee M.D.
Published: April 2022

I was released by the School of Oriental and African Studies on leave of absence from 7 November to 16 December 1977 to visit Paris, Khartoum, Rome, Tunis, Nouakchott, Rabat, and Lisbon to acquire publications for the Library, to visit universities, libraries, bookshops, etc. and to renew previous contacts.

In Europe I endeavoured to obtain older French, Italian and Portuguese publications which the Library had not acquired in the past. In Africa the object of my journey was to concentrate mainly on more recent publications which would have been difficult toiget without a personal visit.
The Personal Papers of will Freshwater (1872-1936), Missionary in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Freshwater Peter B.
Published: April 2022

I am not everybody,But I am somebody,I cannot do everything,But I can do something,What I can do,I ought to do,What I ought to do,By the Grace of GodI will do.

So wrote Will Freshwater in a family commonplace book on 1 October 1900. It must have been shortly before then that he had resolved to train for the African mission field. Eighteen months later-he was to embark with other, more experienced missionaries for Chinde in Mozambique, en route for the London Missionary Society's (LMS) Central Africa Mission in North Eastern Rhodesia. At his death in 1936 he left a small collection of private papers which is still in the keeping of his family.
Progress of the SCOLMA Area Specialisation Scheme
Authors: Freshwater P. B. , Trevett G.
Published: April 2022

Two factors govern the acquisitions policy of West Africana in Birmingham University Library: the teaching and research programmes of the Centre of West African Studies, and participation in the SCOLMA area specialisation scheme.

The Centre of West African Studies was set up in 1963, in the words of its Director, Professor J. D. Fage, ‘as the happy coincidence between thinking in the University…and the University Grants Committee’. Begun and maintained as an interdisciplinary centre, and supported by earmarked Treasury grants as recommended by the Hayter Report in 1961, it has developed during its first ten years into one of the main centres of African studies in the United Kingdom. The interests of its members have always been centred on Nigeria, Ghana and Sierra Leone, with a certain amount of research interest in the French-speaking areas also.
New Writing in Africa: Continuity and Change, November 1984
Authors: Niven Alistair
Published: April 2022

Conferences on aspects of African literature are no longer the rarity that they were ten years ago. They are fairly frequently held under the auspices of such bodies as the African Literature Association of America or in African universities. Nevertheless, there had been for some years a felt need — expressed at these annual gatherings among other places — for the kind of assessment conference that would possibly re-direct criticism and discussion of African writing in the next few years. If such a conference was to take place then it would need to get away from the issues which had become commonplace at ordinary gatherings of Africanists: ‘what is African literature’, ‘are European critical standards the appropriate ones for evaluating it’ and ‘should the African writer be concerned with the past or the present’, for example.
African Studies in the English-Speaking Caribbean
Authors: Rouse-Jones Margaret D.
Published: April 2022

African studies has increasingly gained recognition as an area of study on both sides of the Atlantic. For us in the Caribbean it is of particular significance since Africa is the ancestral home of the majority of the population in most of the territories which comprise the English-speaking Caribbean. Among the legacies of colonialism was an education system based on the English curriculum which resulted either in the absence of or a biased representation of Africa in schools. There have been, however, particularly in Jamaica initially, distinct elements in the society for whom Africa had an even greater significance. The movement associated with Marcus Garvey and also the Rastafari cult are both groups which believed that Africa was home and whose members looked forward to the day when they might return there.
A Note on Current Research in African Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Authors: Turfan R.B.
Published: April 2022

As the largest specialist in African studies in the United Kingdom, SOAS holds a place at the centre of academic research in the humanities and social sciences relating to Africa. In view of the sheer extent of research undertaken at the School, an article such as this must therefore confine itself to the briefest of reviews.

While the School is ordered academically by discipline, its very strong area orientation is reflected in, for example, the Centre for African Studies and the Department of the Languages and Cultures of Africa. These provide a focus for African research undertaken by staff of the School and for courses in African studies, at undergraduate and post-graduate levels, offered by the School.
Francis can inform you on Africa
Authors: Rahard Maryse , Bourdin Jean-Francois
Published: April 2022

Have you ever heard of FRANCIS? This database may be very useful for you if you need any bibliographic reference on the human and social sciences.

Created in 1972, it has been produced and managed by the Centre de Documentation Sciences Humaines (CDSH) of the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, a branch of the “Ministere des Universites”.

This computerized file has been increasing by 90,000 new items each year and now contains about 1,000,000, from which may be extracted any research literature from all over the world in the fields of geography, ethnology, linguistics, religion, administative science, sociology, education, prehistory etc. The references obtained contain bibliographic information, keywords and often abstracts of the documents (articles, books, theses, working papers, symposium proceedings, conferences etc). These documents are published in all European languages but above all in French and English.
Colonial Archives and The Kenya National Archives
Authors: Walford John
Published: April 2022

Last year I visited the Kenya National Archives (KNA) as a consultant for UNESCO to review its functions, organisation, staffing and relations with other institutions working in related fields. I did not examine the contents of the archives in detail, although I was able to get a general idea of its holdings. My brief was to assess how it was working now rather than, from an evaluation of its contents, how effectively or otherwise it had operated in the past. Nevertheless it became clear that whatever was happening in 1982, much that ought to have been done earlier had not been done, with consequent gaps in the records.

Since 1980 the KNA has been housed in what is by any standards an impressive building. It is sited on the intersection of Moi Avenue and Tom Mboya Street, between the tourist, commercial and main shopping areas of Nairobi, near the main bus station and on the other side of a pleasant square from the multi-storey Union Hotel.
National Register of Manuscripts (Narem) South Africa
Authors: Geber Jill
Published: April 2022

In 1970, the editorial of the South African Archives Journal - mouthpiece of the Southern African Society of Archivists, expressed the view that previous attempts towards a national register of manuscripts had not materialised. It noted however, that the South African Government Archives Service was considering this undertaking, and suggested that whenever this register came about, in whatever form, the “key requirement should remain its suitability for complete publication”.

In 1977 the first initiative towards the register came from the Bibliographical Committee of the South African Library Society, when it requested the South African Library to draw up a register of manuscripts and other material in South African libraries. Circulars were sent out to prospective participants and the South African Library produced a guide to its own collection in Cape Town.
Social science scholarly publishing in Africa: the CODESRIA experience
Authors: Aina Tade Akin
Published: April 2022

A tradition of social science scholarly publishing exists in Africa, dating back not only to the establishment of the early university presses such as the University of Ibadan Press in 1951, but rather further back to the anthropological writings and historical, social and economic analyses that characterized the social science disciplines during the colonial period. Although some of these writings were by Africans, the vast majority were by expatriates consisting in the main of colonial officials, educationists, missionaries and the founding members of the faculties that made up the early colleges in Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tunis, Nigeria, Liberia, Senegal, Egypt, Uganda and South Africa.

In general, not much distinction either in origin, class or orientation existed between these producers of social science publications, and quite often they shifted positions between being missionaries, colonial officials, educationists and academics.
Galton in Africa
Authors: Middleton Dorothy
Published: April 2022

Francis Galton was one of those Victorian polymaths - gifted amateurs in scientific and technical fields - who were such a feature of the times. Members of learned societies, they were wealthy, leisured, intensely curious about the world surrounding them and of natural phenomena of all kinds. They followed their own bent and were virtually independent of laboratories; they dominated the learned world which was centred in London in the reseach organizations of which The Royal Society was the chief. Galton designed the weather maps which were first printed in The Times on April 1st, 1875; he established the importance of fingerprints as a means of identification; he participated enthusiastically in the affairs of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (he saw their yearly meetings as the modern equivalent of the Canterbury Pilgrims).
The Southern African Computerised Data/Text (SACDT) System
Authors: Munslow Barry , Pycroft Christopher
Published: April 2022

As the pace of change accelerates in Southern Africa researchers find themselves increasingly dependent upon press sources. Media items are an essential primary source material both for research projects and for carrying out the necessary groundwork for preparing development projects. The volume and complexity of the source material makes the organisation and retrieval of usable information increasingly difficult. One answer to this problem is to store all the media material on computer and then let the computer manipulate, collate and retrieve the information ready for interpretation.

Given the complex interrelationships within the Southern African region, events in one country can have an immediate impact on others. A retrieval system is able to rapidly extract the linkage implications within the region. It is also possible to input the key international dimensions.
The Documentation of African research
Authors: Kirk-Greene A.H.M.
Published: April 2022

As a support paper for the international, Ford Foundation-funded project on “Democratic Transition and Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, 1984-1992” (jointly directed by Drs. Larry Diamond of the Hoover Institution, Oyedele Oyediran of the University of Ibadan, and the present writer representing the University of Oxford), which plans to distil into two volumes the fifty papers presented at the sequential Conferences held at the Hoover Institution, Stanford, in August 1990 and at the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, Lagos, in January 1991 for publication to coincide with the Nigerian military’s withdrawal from government scheduled by President Ibrahim Babagida for late 1992,1 constructed a select calendar of primary official documentation relating to Nigeria’s constitutional history from 1919 to 1989. This, of course, takes no account of the secondary literature.
African Studies in Schools - The Role of the Publisher
Authors: Warwick Peter
Published: April 2022

Within British educational publishers the provision of textbooks for schools, colleges and universities in Africa is an important area of publishing activity. The Africa and Caribbean Division of Longman, for example, publishes about 100 new books each year, and educational publishing houses such as Heinemann, Macmillan, Oxford University Press, Nelson and Evans, also produce significant numbers of new titles annually. Most of the books produced by these publishers are school books, designed to suit local syllabuses and educational requirements and written mainly by local specialists. African publishing is nowadays undertaken in close partnership with subsidiary and associated publishing houses in the. Anglophone countries of Africa. Currently Nigeria represents the largest single market for British educational publishers in Africa, followed by countries such as Kenya and Zimbabwe.
West Africa Magazine as an
Historical Archive, 1917-1997
Authors: Whiteman Kaye
Published: April 2022

For a long time, indeed as long as I can recall in my many years working for the magazine West Africa, I have been struck by how many writers, researchers, and students preparing theses for masters degrees or doctorates found incredible use for the material in the magazine. It was brought home to me vividly when reviewing a book called The World and Nigeria by the late Suzanne Cronje; I was astonished by the hundreds of footnotes referring to items in West Africa. It is true the book referred particularly to the period of the civil war, when I know myself that the magazine took its responsibilities as a paper of record very seriously, running almost throughout a ‘war diary’ chronicling the day by day happenings in the war, albeit largely from the federal side, distilled from a mixture of Nigerian newspapers, news agency material and other special sources.
New dimensions for library services in Ghana
Authors: Amissa-Arthur Matilda
Published: April 2022

Economic, social, educational and technological developments have brought pressure to bear on libraries. As librarians are faced with a major challenge in proving the need for continued sustenance of our libraries, we are also confronted with a major opportunity to explore possible new dimensions of services. The way we respond to the challenge and make use of the opportunities open to us will be a determining factor of our future success.

In recent years the priority that was given to libraries has been substantially reduced in the face of competing social needs, increasing economic problems and changing government fiscal policies. Despite these, libraries are expected to be cost-effective in order to ensure the maximization of the use of their resources. Faced with the declining levels of financial support and the rising demand for accountability, libraries are under pressure to re-examine their operations and priorities.
The Ranfurly Library Service and the Textbooks for Africa Project
Authors: Membrey David
Published: April 2022

On the 21st of April the Ranfurly Library Service (RLS) entered a new stage in its 30 year history with the launch of an ambitious new project, planned and executed with the support of (amongst others) the British Council and the Overseas Development Administration. The changes signalled by the launch of the ‘Textbooks for Africa Project” (TAP) did not come about overnight but this new scheme is a visible sign of the changes that all involved with RLS have been (and are still) striving for.

The single most important aim of RLS in the past few years has been the improvement of the quality of the books despatched. The most important factor by which we measure the quality of book selection is the degree to which books sent match the needs of the recipient. There are several ways in which we have been trying to improve this.