bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation method of hydrocarbon yield of source rocks in open, semiopen, and closed systems: A case study on the K1qn Formation, northern Songliao Basin, China
Authors: Wang Wenguang , Wang Min , Lu Shuangfang , Lin Chengyan , Zheng Min
Published: February 2022

Hydrocarbon yield of source rocks is an important parameter in the evaluation of oil and gas resources, and its value determines the potential of conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources. There is no oil cracking into gas in the thermal pyrolysis experiment data of an open system, whereas kerogen cracking into oil in a closed system is involved in the calculation of oil cracking into gas. However, most source rocks in sedimentary basins are a process of hydrocarbon generation and hydrocarbon expulsion, which could lead to insufficient understanding of hydrocarbon yield of source rocks. Based on the multiple thermal pyrolysis experiment data, three hydrocarbon generation kinetic models, and actual geologic data (burial history, thermal history, and hydrocarbon generation threshold), we established the evaluation method and chart of hydrocarbon yield of source rocks under open, semiopen, and closed systems by using the hydrocarbon generation kinetics method. The concept of degree of openness was proposed. From a closed system to an open system, the degree of openness increases gradually, and its value changes from 0 to 1. Taking the K1qn Formation in the northern Songliao Basin as an example, the hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of the K1qn Formation source rock is approximately 70%, and it can be approximated as the degree of openness. Based on our method for evaluating hydrocarbon yield of source rocks, the charts of hydrocarbon yield of source rocks under open system, semiopen system with a degree of openness of 0.7, and closed system of the K1qn Formation in the northern Songliao Basin were established. The oil and gas yields of the K1qn Formation source rocks in a semiopen system with a degree of openness of 0.7 are approximately 540 and 105 mgHC/gTOC at a burial depth of 2000 m, respectively. Our results indicate that the hydrocarbon yield of source rocks in a semiopen system is closer to the hydrocarbon yield of source rocks under geologic condition. We use the thermal pyrolysis experiment data, hydrocarbon generation kinetics model, and geologic data to propose a very valuable evaluation method of hydrocarbon yield of source rock, which has a solid theoretical basis and strong applicability.
Electrode material effect on electromechanical properties of dielectric elastomers in different ambient humidity
Authors: Zuo Yuchen , Zhang Junshi , Zhu Mingliang , Liu Lei
Published: February 2022

The electromechanical properties of dielectric elastomers (DEs) are surely affected by the ambient humidity and electrode materials. In this article, under a varying ambient humidity, the dielectric constant, electromechanical deformation and electrical breakdown strength of Very-High-Bond (VHB) 4905 elastomer with different electrode materials are experimentally investigated. Four common electrode materials, including carbon grease, carbon powder, conductive adhesive, and conductive silicone rubber, are involved. Experimental results directly show that the electromechanical deformation and electrical breakdown strength of DEs with different electrode materials have distinct sensitivity to humidity. Under a condition of diverse humidity, the VHB film with carbon grease is found to generate the largest voltage-induced deformation, while a high electrical breakdown strength is induced by the electrode material of carbon powder.
Phylogenetic analysis of adaptation in comparative physiology and biomechanics: overview and a case study of thermal physiology in treefrogs
Authors: Moen Daniel S. , Cabrera-Guzmán Elisa , Caviedes-Solis Itzue W. , González-Bernal Edna , Hanna Allison R.
Published: February 2022

Comparative phylogenetic studies of adaptation are uncommon in biomechanics and physiology. Such studies require data collection from many species, a challenge when this is experimentally intensive. Moreover, researchers struggle to employ the most biologically appropriate phylogenetic tools for identifying adaptive evolution. Here, we detail an established but greatly underutilized phylogenetic comparative framework – the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process – that explicitly models long-term adaptation. We discuss challenges in implementing and interpreting the model, and we outline potential solutions. We demonstrate use of the model through studying the evolution of thermal physiology in treefrogs. Frogs of the family Hylidae have twice colonized the temperate zone from the tropics, and such colonization likely involved a fundamental change in physiology due to colder and more seasonal temperatures. However, which traits changed to allow colonization is unclear. We measured cold tolerance and characterized thermal performance curves in jumping for 12 species of treefrogs distributed from the Neotropics to temperate North America. We then conducted phylogenetic comparative analyses to examine how tolerances and performance curves evolved and to test whether that evolution was adaptive. We found that tolerance to low temperatures increased with the transition to the temperate zone. In contrast, jumping well at colder temperatures was unrelated to biogeography and thus did not adapt during dispersal. Overall, our study shows how comparative phylogenetic methods can be leveraged in biomechanics and physiology to test the evolutionary drivers of variation among species.
The Rising Value of Time and the Origin of Urban Gentrification
Authors: Su Yichen
Published: February 2022

In recent decades, gentrification has transformed American central city neighborhoods. I estimate a spatial equilibrium model to show that the rising value of high-skilled workers’ time contributes to the gentrification of American central cities. I show that the increasing value of time raises the cost of commuting and exogenously increases the demand for central locations by high-skilled workers. While change in the value of time has a modest direct effect on gentrification of central cities, the effect is substantially magnified by endogenous amenity change driven by the changes in local skill mix. (JEL J22, J24, R21, R23)
Reducing Frictions in College Admissions: Evidence from the Common Application
Authors: Knight Brian , Schiff Nathan
Published: February 2022

College admissions in the United States are decentralized, creating frictions that limit student choice. We study the Common Application (CA) platform, under which students submit a single application to member schools, potentially reducing frictions and increasing student choice. The CA increases the number of applications received by schools, reflecting a reduction in frictions, and reduces the yield on accepted students, reflecting increased choice. The CA increases out-of-state enrollment, especially from other CA states, consistent with network effects. Entry into the CA changes the composition of students, with evidence of more racial diversity and more high-income students and imprecise evidence of increases in SAT scores. (JEL I23, I28)
Yellow Vests, Pessimistic Beliefs, and Carbon Tax Aversion
Authors: Douenne Thomas , Fabre Adrien
Published: February 2022

Using a representative survey, we find that after the Yellow Vests movement, French people would largely reject a tax and dividend policy, i.e., a carbon tax whose revenues are redistributed uniformly to each adult. They overestimate their net monetary losses, wrongly think that the policy is regressive, and do not perceive it as environmentally effective. We show that changing people’s beliefs can substantially increase support. Although significant, the effects of our informational treatments on beliefs are small. Indeed, the respondents that oppose the tax tend to discard positive information about it, which is consistent with distrust, uncertainty, or motivated reasoning. (JEL D83, H23, H31, Q54, Q58)
Improving Preferential Market Access through Rules of Origin: Firm-Level Evidence from Bangladesh
Authors: Sytsma Tobias
Published: February 2022

In countries where there exist limited opportunities to source inputs locally, rules of origin undermine access to preferential trade agreements for final goods exporters. I analyze the 2011 revision to the rules of origin associated with the European Union’s Generalized System of Preferences, which allowed apparel producers in least developed countries to use internationally sourced textiles in exported products. Using transaction-level data on Bangladeshi apparel firms, I find that the rules of origin effectively cut the preferential margin by three-fourths. Liberalizing the rules of origin resulted in firm-level revenue growth, which was driven by the intensive margin through increased shipment sizes and quality upgrading. (JEL F13, F14, L67, O14, O19)
Neophotistoi and Apostates: Greece and Conversion in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Doxiadis Evdoxios
Published: February 2022

Greek historiography no longer ignores the massacres of non-Christians during the Greek War of Independence, but little thought is given to the fate of those Muslims and Jews that survived or how their presence, as non-Christians or as new converts, impacted the new state, its ideology, structures, policies or laws. This article begins to address this gap and attempts to highlight the seriousness with which Greek governments, both in the revolutionary and post-independence periods, confronted this issue. Using a variety of sources such as wills and dowry contracts, court cases, government records and revolutionary memoirs, the article attempts to show that modern historiography has underestimated the numbers and significance of converts and conversion, and that in this regard Greece and the Ottoman Empire share remarkable similarities in their treatment of conversion, the conflicts it generated, and the use of religion to shore up political weakness. As in the Ottoman Empire, conversion was a thorny issue for the early Greek governments that were trying to establish their legitimacy in the international arena. At the same time it provided opportunities for Greece to assert its influence far beyond its physical capacities, presenting itself as the defender of Orthodox Christians, a role previously monopolised by the Russian Empire.
French Involvement in the Greek War of Independence
Authors: Karakatsouli Anna
Published: February 2022

During the wars of the eighteenth century France lost most of its colonies. By 1821 the Restoration had also negated all the gains from Napoleon’s European expansion, meaning France could hardly be considered an imperial power. After 1823, however, it actively turned its focus to the Levant in order to regain a position of power. This article argues that France displayed extraordinary resilience in world politics. It managed to make major inroads into peripheral regions, such as Greece, and achieved considerable influence in the Mediterranean and an important degree of informal power. The article traces some highly diverse French projects and projections in the Eastern Mediterranean to better integrate French interventions in revolutionary Greece into the deployment of France’s global colonial ambitions.
From Warriors to Soldiers: Regularising Military Logistics and the Emergence of Military Medicine. The Case of the Armatoles (c. 1800–1831)
Authors: Barlagiannis Athanasios
Published: February 2022

The article explores the coincidence of military and medical reforms in the Ottoman Empire, which occurred around the turn of the nineteenth century, by connecting both developments to the question of the steady flow of supplies to military camps. The intention to organise a standing army to replace the military force of local warriors, like the armatoles in Rumelia, presupposed the monopolisation of sources of power and the regularisation of logistics. As a result, free warriors became obedient soldiers as they were progressively alienated from the means of warfare. Physicians and surgeons were integrated at one point into the armies of the empire in order to successfully organise their logistics and to expand the definition of the means of warfare to include the soldier’s body – intensifying thus the forces of military discipline. Military medicine was the byproduct of a transformation process that the armatoles were already undergoing before the 1821 Greek Revolution and that Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias (1828–1831) concluded. Ultimately, the article opens up the discussion about the political, medical, cultural and military implications of the transition from the empire to the state and of the emergence in this context of military medicine.
Introduction: 1821 and the Crooked Line to the Nation-State
Authors: Dialla Ada A. , Kotsonis Yanni D.
Published: February 2022

This special issue is the outcome of a renewed interest in the study of 1821 and has its own history. It is the result of a series of workshops co-organised by New York University under the auspices of the Jordan Center for Advanced Study of Russia (New York) and the Research Centre for the Humanities (Athens). These workshops brought together historians and social scientists from different universities, and different national and academic environments, to discuss how the history of 1821 could be reconceptualised. 1821 was and still is, par excellence, an example of the political uses and abuses of history. So we seek to understand the revolution in terms of its own present. We titled these workshops as “1821: What Made it Greek and Revolutionary” because we aimed to view the events as if visiting them for the first time and reconsider them beyond the teleology which so much characterises any kind of revolutionary narrative.
Μία ‘οικοσυστημική’ θεώρηση των αναδυόμενων προκλήσεων στη σχολική εκπαίδευση του 21ου αιώνα – η περίπτωση του ελληνικού δημόσιου σχολείου
Authors: Τζώτζου Μαρία , Πούλου Μαρία , Καραλής Θανάσης , Υφαντή Αμαλία
Published: February 2022

Στην εποχή της παγκοσμιοποίησης που χαρακτηρίζεται από τη διασύνδεση και αλληλεξάρτηση οικονομικών, πολιτικών, κοινωνικών και εκπαιδευτικών συστημάτων σε υπερεθνικό επίπεδο αναδύονται σύγχρονες εκπαιδευτικές προκλήσεις ‘οικοσυστημικού’ χαρακτήρα που αντανακλώνται στη σχολική εκπαίδευση των χωρών του δυτικού κόσμου και ειδικότερα στο ελληνικό δημόσιο σχολείο. Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι να αναδείξει την ανάγκη μίας ‘οικοσυστημικής’ θεώρησης της εκπαίδευσης στον 21ο αιώνα καταγράφοντας αφενός τις διεθνείς τάσεις με βάση την κριτική βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση διεθνών εμπειρικών μελετών και επίσημων εκθέσεων υπερεθνικών οργανισμών, αφετέρου την αναδυόμενη νέα εκπαιδευτική πραγματικότητα στο ελληνικό δημόσιο σχολείο που υφίσταται τις ασκούμενες εξωτερικές δυνάμεις και επιρροές ως αποτέλεσμα της ‘οικοσυστημικής’ αλληλεπίδρασης με το ευρύτερο παγκοσμιοποιημένο κοινωνικό-εκπαιδευτικό περιβάλλον στην εποχή της εκπαίδευσης για την παγκόσμια πολιτειότητα. Το θέμα αναπτύσσεται μέσα από μία κριτική συζήτηση για την αποτύπωση των διεθνών τάσεων και εξελίξεων στο πεδίο που τεκμηριώνει την αναδυόμενη ανάγκη για την κατανόηση της ‘οικοσυστημικής’ προσέγγισης των εκπαιδευτικών προκλήσεων του 21ου αιώνα η οποία κατ’ ουσίαν διέπει το όραμα της εκπαίδευσης για την παγκόσμια πολιτειότητα. Για το σκοπό αυτό, γίνεται ειδική αναφορά στην αποστολή της εκπαίδευσης του 21ου αιώνα που προσδιορίζεται από το όραμα της παγκόσμιας πολιτειότητας και δίνεται το περίγραμμα των ‘οικοσυστημικών’ επιρροών που δέχεται το ελληνικό δημόσιο σχολείο τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες, όπως πολυπολιτισμικές τάξεις, βία και σχολικός εκφοβισμός, ψηφιακό σχολείο, κοινότητες μάθησης-κινητικότητα και δεξιότητες 21ου αιώνα, επισημαίνοντας παράλληλα τις προκλήσεις που προκύπτουν σε επίπεδο εκπαιδευτικής πολιτικής όσον αφορά την αναθεώρηση και αναμόρφωση τόσο των αναλυτικών προγραμμάτων σπουδών όσο και των εκπαιδευτικών πρακτικών καθώς επίσης τον επαναπροσδιορισμό του ρόλου του εκπαιδευτικού και του σύγχρονου δημόσιου σχολείου στον 21ο αιώνα.
SESAME – a synchrotron light source in the Middle East: an international research infrastructure in the making
Authors: Rungius Charlotte , Flink Tim , Riedel Sebastian
Published: February 2022

SESAME (Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East) is an international research centre located in Jordan. The centre was established in the late 1990s with the intention to foster scientific cooperation in a region of the world that has been torn by persistent conflicts. The project is built on the idea that science can help to overcome barriers and cultural differences within the common ground of science and research. SESAME’s core ambition is to operate an international state-of-the-art synchrotron users’ facility in the north of Amman that is accessible to scientists from all of its members: Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, Palestine, Turkey and Jordan. Accordingly, SESAME has been often praised as a paramount example of science diplomacy. Our intention for this report was to investigate a concrete international research infrastructure with a specific science diplomacy interest. What were the enabling conditions for such a project to come into being and what keeps SESAME running? What were the challenges and obstacles? How does the composition of member states play into that? How is SESAME related to (and embedded in) the global synchrotron community, academia, researchers and political actors in the region and the world? Did the science diplomacy ambition behind the project turn out to be successful and how does it affect SESAME's future?
Digital twins for land-based aquaculture: A case study for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Lima Adriano C. , Royer Edouard , Bolzonella Matteo , Pastres Roberto
Published: February 2022

The virtual, digital counterpart of a physical object, referred as digital twin, derives from the Internet of Things (IoT), and involves real-time acquisition and processing of large data sets. A fully implemented system ultimately enables real-time and remote management, as well as the reproduction of real and forecasted scenarios. Under the emerging framework of Precision Fish Farming, which brings control-engineering principles to fish production, we set up digital twin prototypes for land-based finfish farms. The digital twin is aimed at supporting producers in optimizing feeding practices, oxygen supply and fish population management with respect to 1) fish growth performances; 2) fish welfare, and 3) environmental loads. It relies on integrated mathematical models which are fed with data from in-situ sensors and from external sources, and simulate several dynamic processes, allowing the estimation of key parameters describing the ambient environment and the fishes. A conceptual application targeted at rearing cycles of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in an operational in-land aquafarm in Italy is presented. The digital twin takes into account the disparate levels of automation and control that are found within this farm, and considerations are made on preferential directions for future developments. In spite of its potential, and not only in the aquaculture sector, the development of digital twins is still at its early stage. Furthermore, Precision Fish Farming applications in land-based systems as well as targeted at rainbow trout are novel developments.
10-year longitudinal study of malaria in children: Insights into acquisition and maintenance of naturally acquired immunity
Authors: Addy John W.G. , Bediako Yaw , Ndungu Francis M. , Valetta John Joseph , Reid Adam J. , Mwacharo Jedida , Ngoi Joyce Mwongeli , Wambua Joshua , Otieno Edward , Musyoki Jennifer , Said Khadija , Berriman Matthew , Marsh Kevin , Bejon Philip , Recker Mario , Langhorne Jean
Published: February 2022

Background: Studies of long-term malaria cohorts have provided essential insights into how Plasmodium falciparum interacts with humans, and influences the development of antimalarial immunity. Immunity to malaria is acquired gradually after multiple infections, some of which present with clinical symptoms. However, there is considerable variation in the number of clinical episodes experienced by children of the same age within the same cohort. Understanding this variation in clinical symptoms and how it relates to the development of naturally acquired immunity is crucial in identifying how and when some children stop experiencing further malaria episodes. Where variability in clinical episodes may result from different rates of acquisition of immunity, or from variable exposure to the parasite.

Methods: Using data from a longitudinal cohort of children residing in an area of moderate P. falciparum transmission in Kilifi district, Kenya, we fitted cumulative episode curves as monotonic-increasing splines, to 56 children under surveillance for malaria from the age of 5 to 15.

Results: There was large variability in the accumulation of numbers of clinical malaria episodes experienced by the children, despite being of similar age and living in the same general location. One group of children from a particular sub-region of the cohort stopped accumulating clinical malaria episodes earlier than other children in the study. Despite lack of further clinical episodes of malaria, these children had higher asymptomatic parasite densities and higher antibody titres to a panel of P. falciparum blood-stage antigens.

Conclusions: This suggests development of clinical immunity rather than lack of exposure to the parasite, and supports the view that this immunity to malaria disease is maintained by a greater exposure to P. falciparum, and thus higher parasite burdens. Our study illustrates the complexity of anti-malaria immunity and underscores the need for analyses which can sufficiently reflect the heterogeneity within endemic populations.
“An increase in COVID-19 patients would be overwhelming”: A qualitative description of healthcare workers’ experiences during the first wave of COVID-19 (March 2020 to October 2020) at Malawi’s largest referral hospital.
Authors: Limbani Felix , Kapumba Blessings M , Mzinganjira Henry , Phiri Tamara , Mwandumba Henry C , Rylance Jamie , Morton Ben , Desmond Nicola
Published: February 2022

Background 

COVID-19 is currently a global health threat. Healthcare workers are on the front-line of the COVID-19 outbreak response and therefore at heightened risk of infection. There is a dearth of evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa about healthcare worker experiences in managing COVID-19.  We have reported on healthcare worker responses, experiences, and perspectives on epidemic response strategies at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Malawi’s largest referral hospital.  

Methods 

We conducted 39 face-to-face in-depth interviews with a purposively selected sample of healthcare workers during the first wave of COVID-19 in Malawi (March 2020 to October 2020). The study included healthcare workers who provided direct and indirect patient care.  

Results 

During the early phase of the first wave (March to May 2020), healthcare workers expressed concerns with inadequate working space, unconducive infrastructure, delayed and rushed training on the management of COVID-19, and lack of incentives. Additionally, the hospital had staff shortages and limited essential resources such as piped oxygen and personal protective equipment. This increased healthcare worker fears of contracting COVID-19 and they were less willing to volunteer at COVID-19 isolation units. Resource constraints and limited preparedness compromised the care pathway particularly with increased numbers of COVID-19 patients. By the peak of the first wave (June to August 2020) many of these issues had been resolved. The hospital provided refresher training courses, personal protective equipment became available, incentives were offered to healthcare workers working in COVID-19 units and piped oxygen was installed. Staff morale was boosted, and more staff were willing to work at the COVID-19 isolation centres.  

Conclusion 

Experiences of healthcare workers during the first wave of COVID-19 are critical for improving care in future COVID-19 waves. Response strategies in resource-constrained areas should prioritise timely training of staff, creation of adequate isolation areas, provision of adequate medical supplies and strengthening leadership.
Peculiarities of state-public school management
Authors: Shorobura I.
Published: February 2022

The article analyzes the features of public administration of the school. Today, a school cannot exist separately from the needs and interests of the community, but it can be a driver of its development and implementation. In this case, the model of a socially active school can be effective, which aims not only to provide educational services to students, but also to develop the community, involve parents and community members in solving social and other problems that exist in the school. and in the community. The management of socially active schools is based on partnership and volunteer relations, namely the management is carried out on the basic principles of: democracy; prognosticity; adaptability; flexibility and mobility; focus on development, innovation, creativity; personality-oriented and individual approach.

The model of activity of an educational institution as a socially active school includes three components, namely: democratization; volunteering; mutually beneficial partnership in the school-community system, which is implemented through project activities of all participants in the educational process. An important role belongs to the educational district.The growing influence of parents and the public contributes to the creation of public administration bodies, namely the School Board, the Board of Trustees, the Public School Fund, and the Alumni Association. Public authorities of the school consider strategic issues of school development and exercise public control. In the formation of the model of public administration of educational institutions of great importance should be given to work with parents of students. Today, public school bodies are being actively created. They approve strategic development plans, have the opportunity to exercise public control over its work.
Safety and efficacy of cenobamate in patients with uncontrolled focal seizures - a review of the literature
Authors: Pietrzak Zofia , Stefaniak Martyna , Dzikowski Piotr , Nowicka Emilia , Obel Michał , Piecewicz-Szczęsna Halina
Published: February 2022

Epilepsy is one of the most common diseases of the nervous system, characterized by the occurrence of recurrent and unprovoked seizures, which are an expression of abnormal brain activity associated with sudden and excessive bioelectric discharges. Partial seizures come from specific areas of the brain. They can run with motor, autonomic, sensory, and psychological symptoms. Currently, new active substances are sought that can be used in the treatment of drug-resistant partial seizures.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cenobamate in the treatment of patients with uncontrolled, partial seizures. Our study material consisted of publications, which were found in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase databases. In order to find the proper publications, the search has been conducted with the use of a combination of keywords like: “cenobamate”, “focal seizures”, “cenobamate in epilepsy”. The first step was to find proper publications from the last 10 years. The second step was to carry out an overview of the found publications.

Studies have shown that treatment with cenobamate significantly improved seizure control in adults with uncontrolled focal seizures. Long-term use of cenobamate is safe and well-tolerated by patients. Most adverse events are mild or moderate.
Trends of overweight and obesity prevalence among Brazilian adults: Analysis of 2006-2019 VIGITEL by capitals and Federal District
Authors: Rodrigues Paulo Rogério Melo , Moreira Naiara Ferraz , Andrade Amanda Cristina de Souza , Muraro Ana Paula , Ferreira Márcia Gonçalves
Published: February 2022

Objetivo: Avaliar a tendência das prevalências de excesso de peso e obesidade em adultos brasileiros nas 26 capitais estaduais e no Distrito Federal, obtidas por meio de inquéritos telefônicos nacionais. Métodos: As prevalências de excesso de peso e obesidade foram obtidas a partir dos dados do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL) de 2006 a 2019. As prevalências para cada capital e Distrito Federal foram estratificadas por sexo e ajustadas para idade. Foi utilizado o método de regressão linear generalizada de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: A prevalência geral de excesso de peso entre homens aumentou de 47,5% em 2006 para 55,9% em 2019 e entre mulheres de 37,1% para 49,4% com variação percentual anual de 2,5% e 5,1%, respectivamente. A prevalência de obesidade nas 26 capitais e no Distrito Federal aumentou entre homens de 11,1% em 2006 para 18,5% em 2019, com variação percentual anual de 7,3%, e de 11,3% para 18,3% entre mulheres, com variação percentual anual de 7,1%. A maior variação percentual anual para a prevalência de excesso de peso foi observada para mulheres de Belém, Recife e São Paulo, e a menor para homens de Macapá, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Para prevalência de obesidade, a maior variação percentual anual foi observada entre homens do Distrito Federal, e a menor entre homens de São Paulo e mulheres de Fortaleza. Conclusão: Tendências crescentes de excesso de peso e obesidade foram identificadas em adultos brasileiros de ambos os sexos.
Globalização e Processamento de Alimentos: Consumo Alimentar no Nordeste Brasileiro
Authors: Da Silva Catarine Santos , Lima Marilia De Carvalho , Curioni Cintia Chaves , Cabral Poliana Coelho , Villareal Veronica Ileana Hidalgo , Valente Flávio Luiz Schieck , De Lira Pedro Israel Cabral , Filho Malaquias Batista
Published: February 2022

Introdução: O atual modelo globalizado de produção de alimentos acarreta homogeneização na alimentação, com diminuição no consumo de alimentos in natura e grande participação de ultraprocessados. Objetivo: Investigar os fatores associados ao consumo alimentar de adultos, considerando os níveis de processamento de alimentos. Métodos: Estudo transversal com adultos no estado de Pernambuco que avaliou o consumo alimentar e variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, segurança alimentar e outras relacionadas ao modo e prática de aquisição de alimentos. Foi utilizado questionário de frequência alimentar para investigação do consumo, com divisão dos alimentos conforme o nível de processamento, com posterior análise através de escores. Avaliou-se a associação entre consumo alimentar e variáveis explicativas através dos testes “U” de Mann Whitney e Kruskal Wallis, com aplicação, neste último caso, do teste “U” de Mann Whitney a posteriori. Foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes associações com valor de p<0,05. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 1.066 adultos, cuja maioria possuía baixa escolaridade, baixa renda, com participação em programa de transferência de renda e em situação de insegurança alimentar. Essas variáveis mostraram associação com o consumo de determinados grupos alimentares. Também foram observadas diferenças no consumo conforme características como local de moradia, sexo, faixa etária, modo de aquisição de alimentos, local de compra e hábito de leitura do rótulo. Conclusões: Diante do contexto globalizado de estímulo aos industrializados, aspectos como gênero, condições econômicas, local de moradia, ambiente e práticas de compra de alimentos podem se mostrar como protetores para maior consumo de alimentos minimamente processados ou de risco para o consumo de ultraprocessados.
CIRCUITOS ESPACIAIS DA PRODUÇÃO, CÍRCULOS DE COOPERAÇÃO E A MODERNIZAÇÃO DO SETOR AGRÍCOLA BRASILEIRO
Authors: Dos Santos Aracri Luis Angelo
Published: February 2022

O presente artigo foi desenvolvido a partir de uma palestra proferida pelo autor em junho de 2021 em um curso sobre a geografia do agronegócio no Brasil, ministrado no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Tem como objetivo propor uma reflexão sobre a modernização do setor agrícola brasileiro com base nas contribuições de Milton Santos, com destaque para o par conceitual circuitos espaciais da produção / círculos de cooperação. No presente texto, é dada uma ênfase maior aos círculos de cooperação, tendo em vista que estes têm sido menos estudados pelos geoógrafos. Face à questão da modernização do setor agrícola, este paper se atém, principalmente, às formas de cooperação entre firmas e instituições ligadas ao agronegócio e universidades e centros de pesquisa.
O DISCURSO POLÍTICO DO AGRONEGÓCIO
Authors: Ponciano Bittencourt Thaís , Osvaldo Romano Jorge , Aguiar Simões Castilho Ana Carolina
Published: February 2022

O artigo busca reconstruir e analisar o discurso político do agronegócio no Brasil a partir das práticas discursivas de alguns de seus porta-vozes, num contexto de disputa hegemônica com o discurso agroecológico. Teórica e metodologicamente, procuramos articular a Teoria do Discurso com a abordagem de marcos interpretativos.
APRESENTAÇÃO DA EDIÇÃO ESPECIAL SOBRE GEOGRAFIA E AGRONEGÓCIO NO BRASIL
Authors: Bernardes Julia Adão , Monteiro Daniel Macedo Lopes Vasques
Published: February 2022

Editorial
TERRITÓRIO E MUDANÇA: CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA PROFESSORA JÚLIA ADÃO BERNARDES NO ESTUDO SOBRE O AGRONEGÓCIO NO BRASIL
Authors: Silva Catia Antonia da
Published: February 2022

O presente artigo intenciona fazer a reflexão sobre o agir científico e o trabalho de formação de pesquisadores para o tema do agronegócio, efetuado pela professora Doutora em Geografia Júlia Adão Bernardes. A professora atua neste campo desde 1993, quando coordenou o estudo sobre a modernização agrícola no Brasil. Bastante versátil na sua relação entre ensino e pesquisa, ministra uma série de disciplinas que contribuem no entendimento sobre os conceitos de modernização, técnica, relações de poder e formas de reprodução das hegemonias, tendo como foco de investigação os setores: cadeia carne-grãos e sucroenergético.  No presente artigo, a finalidade é divulgar o papel da pesquisadora e professora no fortalecimento da pesquisa cientifica geográfica sobre o tema do agronegócio no Brasil, contribuindo na elaboração de estratégias de organização de rede de estudos que fomentam produções acadêmicas, ementas de disciplinas dos cursos de geografias das universidades públicas nos estados de atuação dos impactos do agronegócio no Brasil e orientações de jovens pesquisadores. O exercício, efetuado de forma crítica e atualizada, acaba por contribuir na luta da visibilidade dos problemas da expansão da modernização agrícola na história dos lugares. As mazelas e impactos nas histórias dos lugares e das regiões são elementos que a Geografia tem assumido o compromisso de dar visibilidade, e Júlia Bernardes tem um papel protagonista importantíssimo na revelação desse modelo de modernização agrícola no território brasileiro
Platelets mediate trained immunity against bone and joint infections in a mouse model
Authors: Gao Tao , Lin Junqing , Wei Haifeng , Bao Bingbo , Zhu Hongyi , Zheng Xianyou
Published: February 2022

Aims

Trained immunity confers non-specific protection against various types of infectious diseases, including bone and joint infection. Platelets are active participants in the immune response to pathogens and foreign substances, but their role in trained immunity remains elusive.

Methods

We first trained the innate immune system of C57BL/6 mice via intravenous injection of two toll-like receptor agonists (zymosan and lipopolysaccharide). Two, four, and eight weeks later, we isolated platelets from immunity-trained and control mice, and then assessed whether immunity training altered platelet releasate. To better understand the role of immunity-trained platelets in bone and joint infection development, we transfused platelets from immunity-trained mice into naïve mice, and then challenged the recipient mice with Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli.

Results

After immunity training, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-17A) and chemokines (CCL5, CXCL4, CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL12) increased significantly in platelet releasate, while the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-13) decreased. Other platelet-secreted factors (e.g. platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, PDGF-AB, PDGF-BB, cathepsin D, serotonin, and histamine) were statistically indistinguishable between the two groups. Transfusion of platelets from trained mice into naïve mice reduced infection risk and bacterial burden after local or systemic challenge with either S. aureus or E. coli.

Conclusion

Immunity training altered platelet releasate by increasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and decreasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Transfusion of platelets from immunity-trained mice conferred protection against bone and joint infection, suggesting that alteration of platelet releasate might be an important mechanism underlying trained immunity and may have clinical implications. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(2):73–81.
Computational method for the optimization of quasimonoenergetic laser Compton x-ray sources for imaging applications
Authors: Effarah Haytham H. , Reutershan Trevor , Lagzda Agnese , Hwang Yoonwoo , Hartemann Fred V. , Barty C. P. J.
Published: February 2022

The development of compact quasimonoenergetic x-ray radiation sources based on laser Compton scattering (LCS) offers opportunities for novel approaches to medical imaging. However, careful experimental design is required to fully utilize the angle-correlated x-ray spectra produced by LCS sources. Direct simulations of LCS x-ray spectra are computationally expensive and difficult to employ in experimental optimization. In this manuscript, we present a computational method that fully characterizes angle-correlated LCS x-ray spectra at any end point energy within a range defined by three direct simulations. With this approach, subsequent LCS x-ray spectra can be generated with up to 200 times less computational overhead.
High-performance unbiased Ge metal–semiconductor–metal photodetector covered with asymmetric HfSe2 contact geometries
Authors: Shao Jifang , Zhang Yichi , Huang Ziqiang , Wang Liming , Liu Tao , Zhang Ningning , Hu Huiyong
Published: February 2022

A Ge metal–semiconductor–metal photodetector covered with asymmetric

H
f
S
e

2

contact geometries has been proposed to realize high-performance unbiased photodetection at 1550 nm. At -1 V bias, the responsivity of this device shows a 71% improvement compared to the device without

H
f
S
e

2

. Moreover, the responsivity and detectivity of this device at zero bias can reach to 71.2 mA/W and

3.27

×

10

10

Jones, respectively. Furthermore, the fall time of this device is 2.2 µs and 53% shorter than the device without

H
f
S
e

2

. This work provides a feasible way to develop unbiased Ge-based photodetectors in the near-IR communications band.
Measurement of absorption cross sections of Co2+:MgAl2O4 crystals with transition of Co2+ ions along two orthogonal directions
Authors: Wang Yu , Wu Weichong , Zhu Zhanda , Hui Yongling , Lei Hong , Li Qiang
Published: February 2022

The nonlinear transmission curves of the

C

o

2
+

:

M
g
A

l

2

O

4

crystal at 1.5 µm are experimentally measured by the pump–probe technique. The measurement results demonstrate that the transition into the near-infrared absorption band is polarized not only along the

C
3

local symmetry axis, but also along the direction perpendicular to the

C
3

axis, arising from the distortion of oxygen tetrahedrons about the

C

o

2
+

ions along the four

C
3

local symmetry axes. The obtained saturation curves are analyzed using a theoretical model taking into account the transition of

C

o

2
+

ions along two orthogonal directions. The ground-state absorption cross sections for polarization parallel and perpendicular to the

C
3

axis are calculated to be

3.4
×

10

−
19

c

m
2

and

2.6
×

10

−
20

c

m
2

, respectively. The excited-state absorption cross section for polarization parallel to the

C
3

axis is estimated to be

4.2
×

10

−
20

c

m
2

.
Radiographic imaging and tomography
Authors: Wang Zhehui
Published: February 2022

Radiographic imaging and tomography (RadIT) come in many types such as
x-ray imaging and tomography (IT), proton IT, neutron IT, muon IT, and
more. We identify five RadIT themes: physics, sources, detectors,
methods, and data science, which are integral parts of image
interpretation and 3D tomographic reconstruction. Traditionally, RadIT
has been driven by medicine, non-destructive testing, material
sciences, and security applications. The latest thrusts of growth come
from automation, machine vision, additive manufacturing, and virtual
reality (the “metaverse”). The five RadIT themes parallel their
counterparts in optical IT. Synergies among different forms of RadIT
and with optical IT motivate further advances towards multi-modal IT
and quantum IT.
Surface plasmon hybridized dressed states
Authors: Vu Cam Nhung , Prados Corentin , Laverdant Julien
Published: February 2022

Surface plasmon hybridization provides new perspectives for light manipulation at the nanoscale and related applications in nanophotonics. Multiple hybridization between metallic layers inside plasmonic nanocavities displays properties similar to atomic dressed states. In this Letter, we propose to numerically and analytically investigate the case of a multilayer structure composed of stacked metallic (M) and insulator (I) thin films. For a small number of MIM blocks, the system shows discrete hybridization schemes arising from plasmonic strong coupling. When the number of layers increases, multiple and stronger couplings occur and give birth to new modes which merge to form a plasmonic energy continuum. A schematic diagram of modes construction is presented to help the design of vertical nanocavities with specific properties such as plasmonic guiding.
Bulk lateral shearing interferometry for spatiotemporal study of time-varying ultrashort optical vortices
Authors: López-Ripa Miguel , Sola Íñigo J. , Alonso Benjamín
Published: February 2022

The spatiotemporal measurement of ultrashort laser beams usually involves techniques with complex set-ups or limited by instabilities that are unable to accurately retrieve the frequency-resolved wavefront. Here, we solve these drawbacks by implementing a simple, compact, and ultra-stable spatiotemporal characterization technique based on bulk lateral shearing spectral interferometry using a birefringent uniaxial crystal. We apply it to retrieve complex spatiotemporal structures by characterizing ultrafast optical vortices with constant and time-varying orbital angular momentum. This technique can operate in all the transparency range of the anisotropic elements, enabling the characterization in different spectral ranges like infrared, visible, or ultraviolet.
Theories of indirect chiral coupling and proposal of Fabry–Perot resonance as a flexible chiral-coupling interface
Authors: Ma Pingzhun , Zhu Junda , Zhong Ying , Liu Haitao
Published: February 2022

The chiral coupling of an emitter to waveguide mode, i.e., the propagation direction of the excited waveguide mode is locked to the transverse spin (T-spin) of a circularly polarized emitter, has exhibited unprecedented applications in nanophotonics and quantum information processing. This chiral coupling can be largely enhanced in terms of unidirectivity, efficiency, and spontaneous emission rate by introducing resonant modes as coupling interfaces. However, this indirect chiral coupling still undergoes limitations in flexibility and miniaturization, and the underlying physical mechanisms are to be clarified. Here, we present an intuitive and rigorous approach for analyzing the direct/indirect chiral coupling, and thereout, derive some general relations between the chiral-coupling directionality and the T-spin of the field or emitter. Based on the theories, we propose an indirect chiral-coupling system on the platform of surface plasmon polariton (SPP), with a nanocavity supporting Fabry–Perot (FP) resonance of dual SPP modes serving as a novel coupling interface. The FP resonance provides flexible design freedoms which can modulate the chirality of the T-spin (and the resultant chiral-coupling directionality) to flip or disappear. A unidirectivity up to 99.9% along with a high coupling efficiency and enhancement of spontaneous emission rate is achieved. Two first-principles-based SPP models for the reciprocal and original problems are built up to verify the decisive role of the FP resonance in achieving the chiral coupling. The proposed theories and novel chiral-coupling interface will be beneficial to the design of more compact and flexible chiral-coupling systems for diverse applications.
Screening the pandemic response box identified benzimidazole carbamates, Olorofim and ravuconazole as promising drug candidates for the treatment of eumycetoma
Authors: Lim Wilson , Nyuykonge Bertrand , Eadie Kimberly , Konings Mickey , Smeets Juli , Fahal Ahmed , Bonifaz Alexandro , Todd Matthew , Perry Benjamin , Samby Kirandeep , Burrows Jeremy , Verbon Annelies , van de Sande Wendy
Published: February 2022

Eumycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous neglected tropical disease that can be caused by more than 40 different fungal causative agents. The most common causative agents produce black grains and belong to the fungal orders Sordariales and Pleosporales. The current antifungal agents used to treat eumycetoma are itraconazole or terbinafine, however, their cure rates are low. To find novel drugs for eumycetoma, we screened 400 diverse drug-like molecules from the Pandemic Response Box against common eumycetoma causative agents as part of the Open Source Mycetoma initiative (MycetOS). 26 compounds were able to inhibit the growth of Madurella mycetomatis, Madurella pseudomycetomatis and Madurella tropicana, 26 compounds inhibited Falciformispora senegalensis and seven inhibited growth of Medicopsis romeroi in vitro. Four compounds were able to inhibit the growth of all five species of fungi tested. They are the benzimidazole carbamates fenbendazole and carbendazim, the 8-aminoquinolone derivative tafenoquine and MMV1578570. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were then determined for the compounds active against M. mycetomatis. Compounds showing potent activity in vitro were further tested in vivo. Fenbendazole, MMV1782387, ravuconazole and olorofim were able to significantly prolong Galleria mellonella larvae survival and are promising candidates to explore in mycetoma treatment and to also serve as scaffolds for medicinal chemistry optimisation in the search for novel antifungals to treat eumycetoma.