bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response-ability in Practice
Authors: Amamoto Florence D.
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores what it means for a person from one religious tradition (Buddhism) to work at an institution committed to a different tradition (Christianity). In what ways can the individual and the institution make space for each other, and what might transpire as a result? The author begins by presenting her own story of negotiating these issues, demonstrating that attention to both diversity and institutional identity is necessary to provide for meaningful interfaith encounters. The chapter then provides two concrete examples of the advantages that can accrue in the vocationally significant areas of academic advising and teaching the general education curriculum. The chapter’s overall theme is that of “response-ability”: not simply responsibility in the usual sense, but an ability and a willingness to respond thoughtfully in all situations—and particularly in the religiously diverse context of higher education today.
Do You Love Us?
Authors: Carlson Jeffrey
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on the student academic experience as a whole; it explores the ways that a multi-faith environment can inspire and encourage students and teachers to enter into deeper conversations with one another. More specifically, it can help to focus attention on ultimate questions: What gives life meaning? What counts as a truly good life? How will my own understanding of these questions be reshaped by my encounter with people who hold different beliefs and engage in different practices? How do I understand my own identity in light of these questions? This chapter calls for educators to allow themselves to be shaped by the responsibility, and the joy, of empowering students to participate in an ongoing interreligious conversation about what makes for a good life. It includes an account of the author’s own experience of this kind of education, as well as the ways it is playing out in his current institutional location.
Moccasin Telegraph
Authors: Yandell Kay
Published: December 2018

Nineteenth-century European American telegraph writers often conceive Native telegraph systems, not as primitive, merely metaphorical precursors to their own superior technology, but as in some ways differing, in some ways equivalent, always valid, and potentially threatening real telegraphs. Crow chief Plenty Coups and Crow medicine woman Pretty Shield tell of Native telegraphs that combat U.S. technologies throughout the Indian Wars and especially at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, with surprising national divisions and results, to show the extent to which perceptions about Native telecommunication systems potentially influence nineteenth-century and current understandings of telegraphy.
Emily Dickinson’s Telegrams from God
Authors: Yandell Kay
Published: December 2018

Dickinson’s telegraph poems explore the larger poetic connotations surrounding a natural power—electricity—which, harnessed by humankind in the medium of the telegraph, conveys meaning with the speed and energy of lightning. Dickinson sometimes poetically allies lightning with the voice of God and suggests that the electric telegraph harnesses God’s lightning voice to transmit the words of humankind. For this reason, while she sometimes poetically celebrates the telegraph as an emblem of individual autonomy against the voice of authority, she elsewhere considers the spiritual risks of blaspheming God’s lightning voice by training it to carry the words of humankind.
Evangelization
Authors: Matovina Timothy
Published: December 2018

Millions of devotees acclaim the Nahuatl-language Nican mopohua account of the apparitions of Our Lady of Guadalupe to Juan Diego as the foundational text of the Guadalupe tradition. A number of scholarly analyses have examined the Nican mopohua as a prime source for that tradition. But no previous study has focused on a theological examination of Luis Laso de la Vega’s Huei tlamahuiçoltica, in which the Nican mopohua was first published. Huei tlamahuiçoltica is the premier publication focused on Guadalupan catechesis of the Nahuas of central Mexico. It encompasses the Nican motecpana account of miracles attributed to Guadalupe’s intercession and the earliest published synopsis of Juan Diego’s life posed as a model for Christian discipleship. This chapter explores the evolution of natives’ devotion over the first century of the Guadalupe cult, as well as the strengths and limitations of priests’ evangelizing initiatives and catechetical treatises such as Huei tlamahuiçoltica.
Covenant
Authors: Matovina Timothy
Published: December 2018

Father Miguel Hidalgo famously adopted the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe as the banner for the insurrectionary movement that led to Mexican independence. Following independence, Guadalupe’s strong association with national identity led interpreters to emphasize that her appearance established a singular election of Mexico as her chosen nation. Guadalupan preachers addressed a variety of national concerns through allusions to biblical notions of covenant, avowing that Guadalupe had established a pact with the Mexican people in similar fashion to God’s covenants with Noah, David, and especially Moses and the people of Israel. Nineteenth-century Guadalupan preachers addressed the theme of covenant as Mexicans won their independence, struggled to establish a new nation, and mounted a successful campaign for papal authorization of an 1895 Guadalupe coronation. This chapter examines their theological claims, the growing devotion to Guadalupe as Mexico’s national symbol, and the unprecedented increase in devotion to Guadalupe among native peoples.
Historical Ontology
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter lays out the historical methodology of the book. The primary inquiry of this book is ontological, but not foundational. It is historical. In other words, it does not aim to identify the absolute and immutable structure of being forever and all time (being qua being). The contribution of Being and Motion is to locate a new historical ontology of motion—a minimal condition that, from the perspective of the present, appears to have always been a hidden dimension of the past. The aim is therefore to take one the most important (not the only or essential) features of contemporary reality (motion) and use it to reinterpret the dominant notions of ontology, such as space, time, force, quality, quantity, relation, and so on. From the vantage point of the present, the past can now be reinterpreted anew, without foreclosing the future.
Realism and Materialism
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter lays out a methodology of transcendental realism and new materialism based on motion. Transcendental realism is the study of the real minimal ontological conditions for the actual emergence of the historical present. The purpose of this method is to give a description of what previous being must at least be like given that it appears as it does today: in motion. The chapter offers critiques of constructivism, empiricism, metaphysics, and transcendental idealism. It also offers a critique of vitalist new materialism, negative materialism, object-oriented ontology, formalism, and all ahistorical methods of thinking about matter and materialism. It concludes with a theory of “process materialism.”
Continuum
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that being flows if and only if the twin conditions of continuity and motion are satisfied. If being were only continuous it would be a homogeneous totality. Being would be One—a finite or infinite unity—without the possibility of change or motion outside of itself, since there would be no outside to it. In this case, all movement, as Zeno and Parmenides once argued, would be an illusion. However, if being was One total being that contained all of being, the being that contained all of being would have to be different from the being that was contained by it.
Multiplicity
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that flows are neither one nor many, but multiple. Every flow both composes and is composed by at least one other flow, ad infinitum. As a nested continuum of entangled and folded flows, there is never only one flow or any simple totality of flows, but rather a continuous process, an open multiplicity of flows. As such, a flow is by definition a nonunity and nontotality. As continuous movements, flows are by definition infinite. If flows are infinite, and being is composed of flows, then being must be infinite. Being has no beginning and no end—just like its flows.
Junction
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that being flows, but it also folds. Being flows, but it also folds over itself in habitual cycles and patterns of dynamic equilibrium, creating regional stabilities-in-motion. A fold is produced by the junction or intersection of a flow with itself. It is like an eddy or whirlpool in the flows of being. If we begin philosophy from discontinuity and stasis, the challenge is to theorize movement. However, if we begin philosophy from the primacy of movement, the challenge is to theorize stability. This chapter provides a kinetic theory of how folds emerge from flows through junctions and conjoin with one another to produce larger composites or conjunctions.
Conjunction
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that folds of motion are connected together through one or more conjunctions. A conjunction is the connection between two or more junctions or intersections. As such, it is also the connection between different qualities and quantities, each with its own affect and number. The conjunction of folds is a “thing.” However, since every fold is both qualitative and quantitative, so is every thing. Therefore, with respect to the connection of the periods of folds, sensate qualities, or affects, we call the conjoined thing an “image.” With respect to the connection of cycles or numerical quantities, we call the conjoined thing an “object.” Image and object are two kinetically distinct but inseparable dimensions of a thing.
Knot
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that fields circulate and order folds as degrees of flux, but that fields can also combine themselves into larger and smaller knotworks based on their shared circulations and folds. A knot is thus the intersection of two or more fields at two or more of the same folds or junctions. In a kinetic knot, each field remains distinct but also becomes connected at specific junctions to other fields, making possible a series of shared or collective qualities and quantities. Folds are what tie the knots together. Two fields are knotted together by their shared affects, but these shared affects can also produce their own field in turn: a knot. The chapter develops a theory of knots, nests, pores, and knotworks.
Kinos, Logos, Graphos
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter introduces the central argument of Book II, which is that each historical period under investigation, along with its dominant description and inscription of being, follows a precise kinetic pattern that allows us to put forward an original kinetic ontology of space, eternity, force, and time. The structure of Book II is ordered accordingly. It is divided into four parts, corresponding to the four dominant historical regimes of motion that define ontological practice. Each historical regime marks the emergence and rise to dominance of a certain descriptive name for being in Western ontological practice. Further, each part is divided into three sections, each corresponding to a kinetic dimension of its ontological practice: kinos, logos, and graphos.
Speech
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that the spatial description of being first emerged as historically dominant in the mythology and mythograms of prehistoric and Neolithic peoples, but at the same time was also inscribed on the body of the speaker of those same mythologies through speech. Therefore, the mythological description of being as space also presupposes a kinetic and historical transformation of the human body into a speaking body. The kinetic structure of this new surface of inscription is the subject of the present chapter. The thesis that follows is that the historical coemergence of spatial mythologies explored in the previous chapter and the new kinographic technology of speech follow the same dominantly centripetal field of motion during this time.
Ancient Cosmology II
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter shows that the third major cosmological description of this time period occurs when the sky father kills the mother and her son-lover and becomes the sole creator—and the origin of centrifugal motion. This occurs in a historical description of theomachy and can be found in Babylonian and Greek cosmology. The Babylonian cosmology found in the Enuma Elish adds another dimension to the previous Bronze Age cosmological descriptions. In Archaic Greece, a similar cosmological theomachy emerged. Hesiod’s Theogony gives us one of the oldest and clearest accounts of Archaic Greek cosmology and theomachy.
Ancient Cosmology III
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that the fourth and final cosmokinetic description of eternity occurs in the description of the figure of the ex nihilo eternal sky father, the first and only creator of all of being. In this final kinetic operation we reach the ultimate inversion of centripetal motion. Eternity appears not as the product of a theomachy or prior motion, but as the original and immobile process constitutive of all motion as such. Ex nihilo creation does not refer here strictly to the creation of the world by God, but more generally to the ex nihilo creation of motion from immobility.
Writing II
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that the fourth major kinographic operation in the ancient world finally occurred when the graphisms created by tablets and the phonisms of speech entered into a mutual subordination to an abstract meaning or idea. In other words, once graphism was liberated from its concrete tokens, it could create abstract signs for anything, including the discrete sounds made in human speech called phonemes. The practice of connecting written graphisms to speech first emerged in Sumer around 3500–3390 bce with the use of cuneiform, a written means of representing the Sumerian language. Egyptian hieroglyphics connected to language emerged around 3300 bce. The earliest alphabet is traced to proto-Sinaitic inscriptions (c. 1850 bce).
Tensional Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

Beginning around the fifth century ce, alongside the decline of the Roman Empire and the increasing decentralization of political power in the West, a new regime of motion began to take hold: tensional force. The task of Part III is to create a kinetic concept of force and explain the theological (descriptive) and kinographic (inscriptive) conditions of its dominant historical emergence in the West. Chapter 23 offers a purely kinomenological theory of the tensional motions that define the being as force. The thesis of the chapter is that dynamic being is defined by a material and kinetic tensional motion. The kinetic concept of force has three major kinetic features: tensional motion, triangulation, and relation.
Medieval Theology III
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that the third kinetic operation or feature in the ontological description of force is the internalization of motion. This is the motion that occurs when a flow is disjoined or released from a given field of circulation and then either recirculated back in or folded into another field. The transfer or flow of motion from one body to another therefore presupposes a double internalization of motion: first in the primary body within which the force is originally contained, and second within the receiving body that takes up this motion and continues it from the first. This chapter describes this type of motion at work in the theory of conatus.
Modern Phenomenology I
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

The chapter argues that the regime of elastic motion rises to historical dominance during the modern period—around the eighteenth to the twentieth century. The rise of this new kinetic regime occurred alongside the rising predominance of a new ontological description of being as fundamentally temporal: phenomenology. During this period one of the most historically marginalized concepts of Western ontology, time, became the most fundamental description of all reality. Of course, all the other major ontological descriptions of space, eternity, and force persisted in various ways, especially during the transitional seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but by the end of the eighteenth century all these other names had become increasingly reinterpreted temporally.
Modern Phenomenology II
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that the descriptive primacy of time in modern ontology follows an elastic regime of motion. As noted in the previous chapter, some degree of elasticity had always been part of the kinetic structure of “tensional” time. In early modern descriptions of abstract or absolute time, the folds of lived time could expand and contract, as could the flow of time itself. However, this elasticity was also simultaneously subordinated to the ontological tensions of a more primary divine force. This chapter discusses time in the work of Kant, Hegel, and Marx.
The Keyboard II
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that the kinetics of the computer keyboard are defined primarily by a binary modulation, introduced in the mid-twentieth century. In addition to the binary circulation introduced by the typewriter, the transistor computer and computer keyboard move not only by mechanical and electrical circulation, but also by a quantum kinetic modulation of those circulations themselves. In particular, the computer keyboard not only has elastic oscillating keys supported by springs or rubber, but also relies on the work of transistors to modulate or modify the flow of energy released from the key contact. Transistors in turn rely not on a mechanical or even electrical switch, but on the modulation of a purely quantum flux in the subatomic structure of a semiconductor material. This kinetic operation is thus defined by three suboperations: modulated oscillation, modulated elasticity, and modulated subjectivity.
Working from Within
Authors: Verhaegh Sander
Published: December 2018

During the past few decades, a radical shift has occurred in how philosophers conceive of the relation between science and philosophy. A great number of analytic philosophers have adopted what is commonly called a “naturalistic” approach, arguing that their inquiries ought to be in some sense continuous with science. Where early analytic philosophers often relied on a sharp distinction between science and philosophy—the former an empirical discipline concerned with fact, the latter an a priori discipline concerned with meaning—philosophers today largely follow Willard Van Orman Quine (1908–2000) in his seminal rejection of this distinction. This book offers a comprehensive study of Quine’s naturalism. Building on Quine’s published corpus as well as thousands of unpublished letters, notes, lectures, papers, proposals, and annotations from the Quine archives, this book aims to reconstruct both the nature (chapters 2–4) and the development (chapters 5–7) of his naturalism. Accordingly, this book aims to contribute to the rapidly developing historiography of analytic philosophy and to provide a better, historically informed, understanding of what is philosophically at stake in the contemporary naturalistic turn.
Analytic and Synthetic
Authors: Verhaegh Sander
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines Quine’s evolving views on the analytic-synthetic distinction. Following Quine’s two-tiered argument in “Two Dogmas of Empiricism,” it answers three questions: (1) When did Quine start demanding a behavioristically acceptable definition of analyticity? (2) When did he stop searching for such a definition? and (3) When did he reject the dogma of reductionism, concluding that there is no need for an analytic-synthetic distinction in the first place? This chapter argues that it is impossible to identify a specific moment at which Quine definitively rejected the analytic-synthetic distinction; from a developmental perspective, all three questions require an independent answer. The second part of this chapter reconstructs Quine’s evolving views on the analytic-synthetic distinction after 1951 and challenges the common misconception that he changed his mind about logic, holism, and analyticity in the later stages of his career.
In Hip Hop Time
Authors: Appert Catherine M.
Published: December 2018

In Hip Hop Time goes beyond popular narratives of hip hop resistance to address Senegalese hip hop—Rap Galsen—as a musical movement deeply tied to indigenous performance practices and changing social norms in a modernizing Africa. This is a story of globalization, of diasporic movement and memory, of an imagined African past and contemporary African realities, of urbanization and socioeconomic struggle, and of the relationship between popular music and social change. The book takes readers from Senegalese hip hop’s beginnings among cosmopolitan youth in Dakar’s affluent neighborhoods in the 1980s, to its spread throughout the city’s ghettoized working-class neighborhoods in the mid- to late-1990s, and up to the present day, where political activism and hip hop musicality vie for position in local and global arenas. It connects these classed and generational shifts to postcolonial political, social, and religious structures, as well as to globally circulating narratives of Afrocentricity and Blackness. It shows how, through social networks constructed through and around a shared system of aesthetic values called hip hop, Senegalese youth negotiate gender, class, and family in the context of underdevelopment. An ethnography of the inextricability of musical and social meaning in hip hop practice, In Hip Hop Time charts new intellectual territory in a growing, interdisciplinary body of scholarship on hip hop in Africa and around the world.
Voicing Galsen
Authors: Appert Catherine M.
Published: December 2018

This chapter turns to the vast majority of Senegalese rappers who locate themselves in the underground, to show how they construct hip hop meaning in dialogue with other performance genres. Demonstrating how Wolof-centric processes of urbanization create a sense of distance from tradition, it positions mbalax as a modern musical tradition whose ties to indigenous communicative norms and speech genres render it antithetical to hip hoppers’ claims to a liberal, agential voice. It argues that hip hop undergoes a similar traditionalizing process, so that origin stories don’t just reflect local realities, but also comment on and voice them. It shows that, although hip hoppers contest lived experiences of underdevelopment through themes of education and consciousness raising, local hierarchies ultimately continue to limit the possibilities of hip hop voice.
Remix
Authors: Appert Catherine M.
Published: December 2018

Resampling earlier chapters’ stories about urbanization, tradition, voice, gender, and genre, this epilogue looks back at changes in the Senegalese hip hop scene in the wake of the 2011–2012 Y’en a Marre movement. Showing how global narratives about hip hop resistance can have unexpected consequences, it reflects on scholars’ material and representational responsibilities to the communities we work with. It connects these to the complicated question of state involvement in Senegalese hip hop, linking the cultural diplomacy of the US Department of State to a growing anti-Islam sentiment, while also acknowledging how these programs have contributed to improved material conditions for some Senegalese hip hoppers.
Conflict Management and the Political Economy of Recognition
Authors: Borgen Christopher
Published: December 2018

States increasingly find themselves in competition and conflict with non-State actors, including terrorist networks, insurgencies, separatist regimes, criminal cartels, and other groups. The effects of the law and practice of recognition—including the recognition of States, of governments, and of belligerencies—on conflicts with such illicit non-State actors has been underappreciated. The rules of recognition are not external to these conflicts; they interact with the strategy and the tactics of the parties to the conflict and of third-party States. While States have access to global markets, judicial protections, and the privileges and immunities of sovereignty, unrecognized entities use illegal strategies to find necessary resources to continue their fight. This chapter describes the range of actors that are both involved in violent conflict and also operate on the fringes of recognition. It will review the various aspects of law of recognition and consider practices old and new in order to understand the effects of recognition decisions, including how recognition interacts with the laws of armed conflict. It will also discuss how nonrecognition affects access to resources, such as financing and skilled labor, and the variety of responses by unrecognized entities. To understand the strategy of the illicit non-State actors in conflict with States, one must not only appreciate their motivations and goals, but perceive their constraints. The political economy of conflict is not separate and apart from the public international law of recognition; they are intertwined.
U.S. Attorneys, Political Control, and Career Ambition
Authors: Miller Banks , Curry Brett
Published: December 2018

United States Attorneys (USAs), the chief federal prosecutors in each judicial district, are key in determining how the federal government uses coercive force against its citizens. How much control do national political actors exert over the prosecutorial decisions of USAs? In this book, the authors investigate this question using a unique data set of federal criminal prosecutions between 1986 and 2015 that captures both decisions by USAs to file cases as well as the sentences that result. Utilizing intuitions from principal-agent theory, work on the career ambition of bureaucrats and politicians, and selected case studies, they develop and advance a set of hypotheses about control by the President and Congress. Harnessing variation across time, federal judicial districts, and five legal issue areas—immigration, narcotics, terrorism, weapons, and white-collar—Miller and Curry find that USAs are subject to considerable executive influence in their decision making, supporting findings about the increase of presidential power over the last three decades. In addition, they show that the ability of the President to appoint USAs to higher-level positions within the executive branch or to federal judgeships is an important mechanism of that control. This investigation sheds light on how the need to be responsive to popularly elected principals channels the enormous prosecutorial discretion of USAs. Clearly written and empirically sophisticated, the authors’ study has important cross-disciplinary implications and engages salient questions for students of politics, law, and criminal justice.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Banks , Curry Brett
Published: December 2018

This introductory chapter provides background on the working environment of U.S. Attorneys (USAs), including the formation of the Department of Justice and the recent expansion of federal criminal law. Chapter 1 briefly introduces Assistant U.S. Attorneys (AUSAs) and the concept of prosecutorial discretion. We explore the expansion of the U.S. criminal code and growth in the number of AUSAs employed in USA’s offices, focusing on how the increasing scope of the criminal code has made control of U.S. Attorneys potentially valuable and how civil service protections may have made AUSAs more difficult to control. Lastly, we discuss the potential future careers of USAs and how these careers relate to the possibility of political control.
Three Case Studies in Political Control
Authors: Miller Banks , Curry Brett
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores three periods in the development of the relationship between U.S. Attorneys (USAs) and the Department of Justice. The first case study considers the executive branch’s use of USAs in attempts to rein in racial violence during Reconstruction. The second case study centers on the savings and loan crisis of the late 1980s and highlights the efforts of national principals to focus federal prosecutors on politically salient crimes. The final case study examines the USA firing scandal of 2006, an ultimately failed attempt by the George W. Bush administration to control USAs. Throughout, we emphasize the ways in which centralized control of the USAs has evolved over time.
Political Responsiveness and Career Prospects
Authors: Miller Banks , Curry Brett
Published: December 2018

This chapter considers the relationship between performance as a U.S. Attorney (USA) and subsequent career prospects. Results indicate that adherence to presumed partisan preferences relates to the likelihood of both promotion within the executive branch and nomination to the federal bench. USA performance is less likely to matter for positions such as entering private practice, over which national principals have little control. These results underscore an alternative mechanism under which shirking by federal prosecutors may be punished. Additionally, we find that ideological distance from the President is a potent predictor of the probability of nomination to the federal courts but has no association with elevation within the executive branch.
The (non)veridicality theory of polarity and negator selection
Authors: Chatzopoulou Katerina
Published: December 2018

In this chapter the theory of nonveridicality is presented, along with the relevant evidence from Standard Modern Greek regarding negator choice. It is argued that negator choice in Modern Greek must be understood as a polarity phenomenon: NEG2 μη‎(
ν‎) /mi(n)/ is a polarity item licensed in nonveridical contexts. For this reason NEG2 cooccurs with subjunctives, questions and other nonveridical elements. Furthermore, crosslinguistic extensions are identified of the idea that negator choice depends on nonveridicality regarding a number of indoeuropean (Vedic, Hittite, Armenian, Albanian), as well as typologically and genetically unrelated languages, such as Zulu and Algonquian.
Developments in Hellenistic-Roman times and the Nonveridicality projection (third century BC to fourth century AD)
Authors: Chatzopoulou Katerina
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines sentential negation during the Hellenistic Koine stage of Greek based on non-atticizing texts mainly from the first century BC to the second century AD. Structural developments of the language are presented that support a treatment for nonveridicality as encoded in a syntactic projection, independent from morphological mood and independent from complementizer position. A treatment of the licensing of polarity items is proposed—among which is the Greek NEG2—in terms of syntactic agreement. Nonveridical operators are taken to introduce the Nonveridicality Phrase (NONVERP) in syntax, encoding the observation that nonveridical environments tend to be morphologically marked in ways that can be distinct from mood marking. Furthermore, in the Koine Greek stage, NEG2 gets more specialized in its lexical negation function at the expense of NEG1, while Negative Concord structures get significantly reduced, a change that was linked to Greek word-order particulars.
Late Medieval and beyond: the renewal of NEG1
Authors: Chatzopoulou Katerina
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses negator distribution in Late Medieval Greek with texts from the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries AD. Spoken Greek of this period depicts a stage of variation in the forms of NEG1 and NEG2. Both elements have developed counterparts with which they appear in free variation, as the former NEG1-thing, οὐδέν‎ /udhén/, and NEG2-thing, μηδέν‎ /midhén/, indefinites have bleached into plain sentential negators. Two instances of parameter resetting in Late Medieval Greek are identified: (i) the specifier-to-head shift in the syntactic status of the negators and (ii) the loss of NEG2 from the conditional protasis. The NEG2 was lost from the conditional antecedent for reasons that relate to its syntactic status shift and exact location on the expanded CP.
How China is Reshaping the Global Economy
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: December 2018

The growth of China and its re-emergence as a major economic power has been a key feature of globalization in the twenty-first century. China has become an increasingly significant actor in the global economy, and this is likely to continue in the foreseeable future. The implications of this for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have been a source of major debate. This book examines the arguments drawing on a growing body of research on China’s economic involvement in SSA and LAC. It begins by considering the process of economic reform in China from the late 1970s that provided the basis for China’s growing integration with the global economy. It considers four aspects of this integration: the growth of China as a global manufacturing centre, its impact on global commodity markets, the overseas expansion of Chinese firms as part of the ‘Go Global’ policy, and the increased role of China in global capital flows. Discussion of China’s impact on SSA and LAC is characterized by disagreements over both the extent of its presence and the underlying drivers. The book documents the different forms of Chinese economic involvement and clarifies some of the confusion that has arisen over the extent of China’s presence. It then analyzes the economic, social, political, and environmental impacts of China on both regions, to show a much more varied picture than the one that is often presented. These impacts depend to a significant extent on local conditions and actors, and cannot simply be read off as a consequence of Chinese expansion.
Introduction
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: December 2018

This is a brief introduction to the re-emergence of China as a global economic power, emphasizing the role played by changes in the global economy from the 1970s and the internal reforms in China from the end of the 1970s. It describes briefly the importance of economic relations with China for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and introduces contrasting views of the impact of China on SSA and LAC. It emphasizes a framework which highlights both the direct and indirect impacts of China on the two regions, and identifies both positive and negative effects. It provides an outline of the main parts and chapters of the book.
Making Sense of a Quiet Revolution
Authors: Leisering Lutz
Published: December 2018

This chapter introduces the topic of the book, social cash transfers for the poor in the global South, and depicts the research questions, theories, methods, indicators, and data of the analysis. The research questions relate to what kind of social cash transfer programmes have been set up in the global South, how international organizations came to accept the concept and constructed models of cash transfers, what factors made for the global spread of cash transfers, and if cash transfers have brought social citizenship to the poor. Drawing on Georg Simmel, T. H. Marshall, John W. Meyer, and Franz-Xaver Kaufmann, the theoretical approach of the book combines sociological theories of social policy, constructivist institutionalism, and world society theory, to complement the dominant approaches from welfare economics and political economy. Research includes qualitative and quantitative data and methods, with a unique large N data set. A figure depicts the research plan of the book.
Theorizing Social Policy in Development Contexts
Authors: Leisering Lutz
Published: December 2018

A theory of ‘social policy in development contexts’ is a desideratum, since Northern theories cannot be simply applied to the South. This chapter outlines a sociological theory of social policy that covers North and South. The emphasis is on processes of social recognition, complementing political economy approaches that focus on redistribution. Building on F.-X. Kaufmann, the chapter develops an ‘onion skin model’ that maps the cognitive and normative foundations of social policy on four layers or ‘skins’. The model specifies layered political commitments that reflect recognition of the ‘social’, linked to discursive frames. The argument is that social policy is predicated on the articulation of political commitments to the social at four layers, in conjunction with powerful frames, such as human rights or a collective use for society. To specify the ‘social’, T. H. Marshall’s work on social citizenship is revisited. Ways of measuring theoretical concepts are also discussed.
Case Study
Authors: Leisering Lutz
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides a case study of the most common and particularly successful cash transfer programme, ‘social’ (non-contributory) pensions, based on a unique database that covers all social pensions in all countries of the global South, with differentiated variables. The chapter charts the massive spread of social pensions since the 1990s, and investigates if and how social pensions have created social citizenship rights for older persons. While ‘universal’ (non-means-tested) social pensions are often seen as embodying social citizenship rights, in this chapter a more complex social citizenship index is constructed. Using this index, a fuzzy set analysis reveals that the contribution of social pensions to social citizenship cuts across the distinction ‘universal’ vs. means-tested. Moreover, social pensions are located in the overall arrangement of old-age security in a country, giving rise to four models of social citizenship in old age.
National and International Drivers of the Spread of Social Cash Transfers
Authors: Leisering Lutz
Published: December 2018

This chapter seeks to explain the remarkable spread of social cash transfer programmes in the countries of the global South. General explanatory models of social policy development are discussed, and then specified and tested for social pensions, using multivariate quantitative analysis (event history analysis, 1971–2011). Theories familiar from explaining the historical rise of Northern welfare states have to be modified and extended to accommodate development contexts. Three major groups of drivers of the spread of social pensions are found: socio-economic modernization and political regime type; global norms; and pension reform events. By way of qualitative analysis, three mechanisms are identified, by which global ideas and norms influence domestic policies: cultural linkages, theorization, and quantification. These mechanisms also help to explain the diffusion of new ideas within transnational communities and within domestic political arenas.
Social Cash Transfers
Authors: Leisering Lutz
Published: December 2018

This chapter draws together the findings from the earlier chapters, depicting achievements, limitations, and backgrounds of the global rise of social cash transfers. Cash transfers have turned millions of the poor into rights-holders, indicating an entitlement revolution. Cash transfers bring material betterment, but also a social recognition of the poor as agents of their own lives and as contributors to economic development. The rise of cash transfers reflects far-reaching changes in domestic and global politics, namely a ‘socialization’ of politics, growing political commitments to the social, and powerful new frames. Still, the politics of ‘Leaving no one behind’ remain thin; categorically fragmented and particularistic rather than universalistic cash transfer regimes prevail, and political commitments are uneven. Generally, cash transfers are Janus-faced, reflecting social citizenship as well as social control. Based on the findings, the onion skin model of political commitments and frames developed in Chapter 2 is refined.
The State and Civil Society
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole
Published: December 2018

State regulation of civil society organizations such as interest groups, parties, and public benefit organizations is expanding yet widely contested, often portrayed as illegitimate intrusion. Despite ongoing debates about the nature of state–voluntary relations in various social science disciplines, we know surprisingly little about why long-lived democracies adopt more or less constraining legal approaches in this sphere. Drawing on insights from political science, sociology, and comparative law as well as public administration research, this book addresses this important question, conceptually, theoretically, and empirically. It addresses the conceptual and methodological challenges related to developing systematic, comparative insights into the nature of complex legal environments affecting voluntary membership organizations, by simultaneously covering a wide range of democracies and the regulation applicable to different types of voluntary organizations. Proposing the analytical tools to tackle those challenges, it studies in depth the intertwined and overlapping legal environments of political parties, interest groups, and public benefit organizations across nineteen long-lived democracies. After presenting an innovative interdisciplinary theoretical framework theorizing democratic states’ legal disposition or disinclination to regulate voluntary membership organizations in a constraining or permissive fashion, this framework is empirically tested. Applying Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), the comparative analysis identifies three main ‘paths’ accounting for the relative constraints in the legal environments democracies have created for organized civil society, defined by different configurations of political systems’ democratic history, their legal family, and voluntary sector traditions. Providing the foundation for a mixed-methods design, three ideal-typical representatives of each path—Sweden, the UK, and France—are selected for the in-depth study of these legal environments’ long-term evolution, to capture reform dynamics and their drivers that have shaped group and party regulation over many decades.
The Legal Regulation of Organized Civil Society
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole
Published: December 2018

This introduction specifies the central questions addressed in this study—namely, what are the legal environments (as constituted by binding legal regulation) that have been created in long-lived democracies to steer the behaviour of membership-based, voluntary organizations—interest groups, parties, and public benefit organizations—that constitute organized civil society? And why do democracies adopt more or less constraining regulation in this sphere, in which state intervention is generally considered contentious? Having done so, it addresses three fundamental issues stressing the importance of these themes: first, why bother writing a book-length study on the legal regulation of voluntary organizations in particular? Second, why not focus on one particular type of organization (for example, interest groups or parties), as earlier cross-national studies have done? And, finally, what do we gain substantially and analytically by comparing the nature of legal regulation not only across a variety of countries but also across distinct organizational types and why focus on the three types of interest groups, parties, and public benefit organizations and not others?
Studying Legal Regulation of Organized Civil Society Cross-Nationally
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole
Published: December 2018

This chapter defines the basic concepts this study builds on (state privilege and constraint; legal inclusiveness and complexity) and, on this basis, proposes an analytical framework allowing for the cross-national analysis of the legal regulation applicable to the three types of voluntary organizations: interest groups, parties, and public benefit organizations. Specifically, the framework proposes a study organization-centred legal regulation by capturing regulation in the three stages of organizational formation, operation (organizations’ constitutive function and resources), and dissolution, by going beyond regulation that explicitly names the three organizational types (for example, political party), that uses a particular legal concept (for example, charity), or that regulates central organizational functions (for example, lobbying). This analytical framework underpins the construction of cross-national indicators across a wide range of regulatory target areas, which is detailed alongside the methods for analysis and the rationale for selecting the nineteen long-lived democracies covered.
The Voluntarist Path towards a Permissive Legal Environment for Organized Civil Society
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole
Published: December 2018

In the last part of the study, ideal-typical representatives of three ‘sufficient paths’ identified by the QCA analysis were chosen for in-depth analysis. After explaining the case selection, this chapter analyses the evolution of the legal framework in Sweden representing the ‘voluntarist’ path towards a permissive environment for voluntary organizations. Despite various initiatives towards the adoption of legal regulation of voluntary organizations, reforms were usually considered not sufficiently beneficial for the organizations targeted, or legislation was considered unsuitable as an instrument to address the problem at hand, tendencies rooted in the informality of historically grown relations between the state and organizations in this social democratic voluntary sector regime. If legislation was adopted, it echoed characteristics of Scandinavian civil law by tending towards broad principles that impose few direct constraints on the organizations targeted, leaving plenty of room for interpretation, while putting an emphasis on benefit allocation.
The Functionalist Path towards a Constraining Legal Environment for Organized Civil Society
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole
Published: December 2018

The UK represents the ‘functionalist path’ towards a constraining legal environment for voluntary organizations and contrasts strikingly with the Swedish scenario. Its long-term evolution has been characterized by the adoption of highly specific and constraining legislation by now applicable to charities, interest groups, and political parties, echoing broader tendencies associated with statutory legislation in common-law systems. Taking the democratic system’s long-term stability for granted, constraining legislation was adopted often with limited considerations of the possibly intrusive effects on civil society actors and without seeing the need to actively support voluntary organizations through a broader provision of direct state benefits.
The Statist Path towards a Constraining Legal Environment for Organized Civil Society
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole
Published: December 2018

France represents the ‘statist path’ towards a constraining legal environment. While legal constraints on civil society actors were generally justifiable as a means to protect the state and to assure the political regime’s long-term stability, legal constraints imposed on voluntary organizations tended to be enhanced in conjunction with state benefits made available to them to strengthen the democracy’s societal underpinning. Such a balanced approach is visible in the regulation of parties but also of service-providing organizations. The latter gained increasing importance from the early 1980s onwards, feeding into an expansion of legal constraints as well as funding opportunities for voluntary organizations in this corporatist voluntary sector regime. Since then, concerns about regime stability as a driver of constraining regulation have become less important as France enjoys long-term political stability. This contrasts with incentives generated by the country’s corporatist voluntary sector traditions, which have gained in importance instead.