bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction of human skin fibroblasts with moderate wettable polyacrylonitrile–copolymer membranes
Authors: Groth Thomas , Seifert Barbara , Malsch Günter , Albrecht Wolfgang , Paul Dieter , Kostadinova Anelia , Krasteva Natalia , Altankov George
Published: August 2002

The development of a bioartificial skin is a step toward the treatment of patients with deep burns or nonhealing skin ulcers. One possible approach is based on growing dermal cells on membranes to obtain appropriate living cellular stroma (sheets) to cover the wound. New membrane‐forming copolymers were synthesized, based on acrylonitrile (AN) copolymerization with hydrophilic N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) monomer, in different percentage ratios, such as 5, 20, and 30% w/w, and with two other relatively high polar comonomers—namely, sodium 2‐methyl‐2‐propene‐1‐sulfonic acid (NaMAS) and aminoethylmethacrylate (AeMA). All these copolymers were characterized for their bulk composition and number average molecular weight, and used to prepare ultrafiltration membranes. Water contact angles and water uptake were estimated to characterize the wettability and scanning force microscopy to visualize the morphology of the resulting polymer surface. Cytotoxicity was estimated according to the international standard regulations, and the materials were found to be nontoxic. The interaction of the membranes with human skin fibroblasts was investigated considering that these cells are among the first to colonize membranes upon implantation or with prolonged external contact. The overall cell morphology, formation of focal adhesion contacts, and cell proliferation were estimated to characterize the cell material interactions. It was found that the pure polyacrylonitrile homopolymer (PAN) membrane provides excellent conditions for seeding with fibroblasts, comparable only to a copolymer containing AeMA. In contrast, the presence of NaMAS with acidic ionic groups decreased both the attachment and proliferation of fibroblasts. Low content of NVP in the copolymer, up to about 5%, still enabled good attachment and spreading of cells, as well as subsequent proliferation of fibroblasts, but higher ratios of 20 and 30% resulted in a significant decrease of these cellular activities. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 61: 290–300, 2002
Gene expression analysis of osteoblastic cells contacted by orthopedic implant particles
Authors: Pioletti Dominique P. , Leoni Lorenzo , Genini Davide , Takei Hiroshi , Du Pinyi , Corbeil Jacques
Published: August 2002

Particles generated from orthopedic implants through years of wear play an essential role in the aseptic loosening of a prosthesis. We have investigated the biocompatibility of these orthopedic particles on different osteoblast‐like cells representative of different stages of osteoblast maturation. We found the particles induced a caspase‐dependent apoptosis of osteoblasts, with less mature osteoblasts being the most susceptible. An analysis of gene expression was performed on the less mature osteoblasts, which were in contact with the particles. We found that the particles had a profound impact on genes that code for inflammatory cytokines and genes involved in controlling the nuclear architecture. Results from this study suggest that the peri‐implant osteolysis after a total joint replacement can be due in part to a decrease of bone formation and not solely to an overstimulation of bone resorption as is generally proposed. Development of new drugs that promote normal bone formation and osteoblast survival would possibly control peri‐implant osteolysis, resulting in a better prognosis for patients with orthopedic implants. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 61: 408–420, 2002
Transforming growth factor‐β 1, 2, and 3 can inhibit epithelial tissue outgrowth on smooth and microgrooved substrates
Authors: Walboomers X. F. , Dalton B. A. , Evans M. D. , Steele J. G. , Jansen J. A.
Published: August 2002

In this study, we describe the influence of parallel surface microgrooves, and of TGF‐β, on the outgrowth of corneal epithelial tissue. Microgrooves (depth 1 μm, width 1–10 μm) were made in polystyrene culturing surfaces. These surfaces were left untreated, or loaded with TGF‐β 1, 2, or 3 (6.0 ng/cm2). Subsequently, epithelial explants from bovine corneas were placed on the experimental surfaces. After 9 days of culturing, tissue outgrowth was evaluated. Furthermore, the tissue cultures were analyzed histologically. It was shown that epithelial tissue grew from the explants over all experimental surfaces. On microgrooved surfaces outgrowth proceeded in the direction of the grooves, rather than perpendicular to the grooves. The addition of each type of TGF‐β resulted in a reduction of outgrowth. However, outgrowth remained directed by the grooves. Further, the explants had shrunk after TGF treatment. Histology showed that this shrinkage was not related to α‐smooth muscle actin expression in the explants. We conclude that microgrooves can direct, and TGF‐βs can inhibit the outgrowth of epithelial tissue. This finding could be useful in biomaterial applications where the growth of epithelial tissue needs to be discouraged. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 445–451, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.1290
Crystal structure‐based studies of cytosolic sulfotransferase
Authors: Yoshinari Kouichi , Petrotchenko Evgeniy V. , Pedersen Lars C. , Negishi Masahiko
Published: August 2002

Sulfation is a widely observed biological reaction conserved from bacterium to human that plays a key role in various biological processes such as growth, development, and defense against adversities. Deficiencies due to the lack of the ubiquitous sulfate donor 3′‐phosphoadenosine‐5′‐phosphosulfate (PAPS) are lethal in humans. A large group of enzymes called sulfotransferases catalyze the transfer reaction of sulfuryl group of PAPS to the acceptor group of numerous biochemical and xenochemical substrates. Four X‐ray crystal structures of sulfotransferases have now been determined: cytosolic estrogen, hydroxysteroid, aryl sulfotransferases, and a sulfotransferase domain of the Golgi‐membrane heparan sulfate N‐deacetylase/N‐sulfotransferase 1. These have revealed the conserved core structure of the PAPS binding site, a common reaction mechanism, and some information concerning the substrate specificity. These crystal structures introduce a new era of the study of the sulfotransferases. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:67–75, 2001
Sequencing, expression, and characterization of cDNA expressed flavin‐containing monooxygenase 2 from mouse
Authors: Karoly Edward D. , Rose Randy L.
Published: August 2002

The cDNA clone of mouse flavin‐containing monooxygenase 2 (FMO2) was obtained as an expressed sequence tag (EST) isolated from a female mouse kidney cDNA library from the I.M.A.G.E. consortium (I.M.A.G.E. CloneID 1432164). Complete sequencing of the EST derived a nucleotide sequence for mouse FMO2, which contains 112 bases of 5′ flanking region, 1607 bases of coding region, and 309 bases of 3′ flanking region. This FMO2 sequence encodes a protein of 535 amino acids including two putative pyrophosphate binding sequences (GxGxxG/A) beginning at positions 9 and 191. Additionally, this mouse FMO protein sequence shows 87 and 86% homology to rabbit and human FMO2 respectively. The mouse FMO2 sequence was subcloned into the expression vector pJL‐2, a derivative of pKK233‐2 and used to transform XL1‐Blue Escherichia coli. FMO activity in particulate fractions isolated from isopropyl‐β‐D‐thiogalactopyanoside (IPTG) induced cells was heat stable (45°C for 5 min) and demonstrated optimal activity at a relatively high pH of 10.5. The expressed FMO2 enzyme showed catalytic activity towards the FMO substrate methimazole and further analysis of E. coli fractions utilizing NADPH oxidation demonstrated that the mouse FMO2 enzyme also exhibits catalytic activity towards thiourea, trimethylamine, and the insecticide phorate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:300–308, 2001
In vitro human phase I metabolism of xenobiotics I: Pesticides and related chemicals used in agriculture and public health, September 2001
Authors: Hodgson Ernest
Published: August 2002

Human phase I enzymes and their isoforms that metabolize pesticides are listed in a database that will be updated periodically. This initial version includes enzymes and isoforms that metabolize organophosphorus insecticides, chloroacetamide herbicides and triazine herbicides. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:296–299, 2001
Acute sodium arsenite treatment induces Cyp2a5 but not Cyp1a1 in the C57Bl/6 mouse in a tissue (kidney) selective manner
Authors: Seubert John M. , Webb Christopher D. , Bend John R.
Published: August 2002

Modulation of hepatic and extrahepatic detoxication enzymes Cyp1a1, Cyp2a5, glutathione S‐transferse Ya (GSTYa) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (QOR) dependent catalytic activity and mRNA levels were investigated at 1, 2, or 4 days in liver, lung, or kidney of male, adult CD57 Bl/6 mice treated sc with a single dose (85 μmol/kg) of sodium arsenite (As3+). Maximum decreases of total hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase content and catalytic activities, occurring at 24 h, corresponded with maximum increases of heme oxygenase (HO‐1) in all tissues, as well as maximum plasma total bilirubin. Extrahepatic increases in CYP were observed only in non‐AHR dependent isozymes in the kidney, where both Cyp2a5 mRNA and catalytic activity increased maximally 24 h after treatment. In contrast, no significant changes in Cyp2b1/2‐dependent PROD or mRNA activity and decreases in Cyp1a1‐dependent‐EROD activity were noted 1, 2, or 4 days after treatment. Increases in QOR catalytic activities were observed in all tissues examined with increased mRNA in kidney. On the other hand, GSTYa catalytic activity and mRNA increases were only detected in kidney. This study demonstrates the differential modulation of CYP, QOR, and GST‐Ya, important drug metabolizing enzymes after acute As3+ administration. The induction of Cyp2a5, QOR, and GSTYa catalytic activity and gene expression occurred primarily in kidney during or shortly after conditions of oxidant stress. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:96–106, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10023
Hypocalcemic toxicity and atypical reactions in therapeutic plasma exchange
Authors: Weinstein Robert
Published: August 2002

Hypocalcemic toxicity accounts for the most common adverse effects of therapeutic plasma exchange. The symptoms can be related to a fall in plasma ionized calcium. Citrate‐based anticoagulants, notably sodium citrate and ACD formula A, have been indicated as the major cause of hypocalcemic toxicity, but colloid replacement fluids containing human serum albumin are also at fault. Recognition of the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemic toxicity is important because several clinical measures are available to deal with them and to ensure patient comfort. A typical reactions, characterized by flushing and hypotension during plasma exchange, have been attributed to the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Both exchange and adsorption apheresis procedures can result in atypical reactions in patients who have been taking this class of drugs within 48 to 72 hours of an apheresis procedure. These reactions are less common than hypocalcemic toxicity, but can be prevented by paying attention to detail. J. Clin. Apheresis 16:210–211, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Audit Committees: How Good Are They?
Authors: DeZoort F.Todd , Hermanson Dana R. , Houston Richard W.
Published: August 2002

Audit committees must bear some of the blame for recent corporate scandals. Perhaps they were asleep at the
switch. But how much financial expertise do audit committee members really have? And how often do they
discuss materiality issues with auditors? A national survey of 300 audit committee members provides some
answers—and not all of them are comforting. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Basic fibroblast growth factor decreases elastin gene transcription in aortic smooth muscle cells
Authors: Carreras Isabel , Rich Celeste B. , Panchenko Mikhail P. , Foster Judith Ann
Published: August 2002

The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein elastin plays an essential role in the cardiovascular system by imparting elasticity to blood vessel wall. In this study, we examined the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the expression of elastin in aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) to gain insight into events associated with cardiovascular diseases. The results show that bFGF treatment of SMC causes a significant decrease in elastin mRNA and secreted tropoelastin levels. Nuclear run‐on analyses demonstrate that the downregulation is due to a decrease in the level of elastin gene transcription. Transient transfections of SMC with wild‐type and mutated elastin gene promoter/chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) constructs show that a previously identified activator protein‐1‐cAMP response element (AP1/CRE) (−564 to −558‐bp) within the elastin promoter mediates the bFGF‐dependent downregulation of elastin gene transcription in SMC. Addition of bFGF to SMC activates the extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) resulting in their translocation into the nucleus and subsequent induction of Fra‐1. The addition of PD‐98059, an inhibitor of ERK1/2 kinase, abrogates the bFGF‐dependent decrease of elastin mRNA in SMC. The described inhibitory effect of bFGF on elastin gene expression in SMC may significantly contribute to the inefficient repair of elastin in early stages of vascular wall injury. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 592–600, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen and Myc negatively regulate expression of the EphA2 tyrosine kinase
Authors: Zelinski Daniel P. , Zantek Nicole Dodge , Walker‐Daniels Jennifer , Peters Mette A. , Taparowsky Elizabeth J. , Kinch Michael S.
Published: August 2002

Estrogen receptor and c‐Myc are frequently overexpressed during breast cancer progression but are downregulated in many aggressive forms of the disease. High levels of the EphA2 tyrosine kinase are consistently found in the most aggressive breast cancer cells, and EphA2 overexpression can increase metastatic potential. We demonstrate, herein, that estrogen and Myc negatively regulate EphA2 expression in mammary epithelial cells. These data reveal EphA2 as a downstream target of estrogen and Myc and suggest a mechanism by which estrogen and Myc may regulate breast cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 714–720, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Breakpoints of t(4;11) translocations in the human MLL and AF4 genes in ALL patients are preferentially clustered outside of high‐affinity matrix attachment regions
Authors: Hensel Jan Patrick , Gillert Esther , Fey Georg H. , Marschalek Rolf
Published: August 2002

Chromosomal translocations t(4;11) are based on illegitimate recombinations between the human MLL and AF4 genes, and are associated with high‐risk acute leukemias of infants and young children. Here, the question was asked, whether a correlation exists between the location of translocation breakpoints within both genes and the location of S/MARs. In “halo mapping experiments” (to define SARs), about 20 kb of MLL DNA was found to be attached to the nuclear matrix. Similar experiments performed for the translocation partner gene AF4 revealed that SARs are spanning nearly the complete breakpoint cluster region of the AF4 gene. By using short DNA fragments in “scaffold reassociation experiments” (to define MARs), similar results were obtained for both genes. However, Distamycin A competition experiments in combination with “scaffold reassociation experiments” revealed specific differences in the affinity of each tested DNA fragment to bind the isolated nuclear matrix proteins. When the latter data were compared with the known location of chromosomal breakpoints for both genes, an unexpected correlation was observed. DNA areas with strong MAR affinity contained fewer translocation breakpoints, while areas with weak or absent MAR affinity showed a higher density of chromosomal breakpoints. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 299–309, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An ab initio theoretical study of electronic structure and properties of 2′‐deoxyguanosine in gas phase and aqueous media
Authors: Mishra S. K. , Mishra P. C.
Published: August 2002

Molecular geometries of two structural forms of 2′‐deoxyguanosine (keto‐N9R and keto‐N7R, R = the sugar moiety) considering both the C2′‐endo and C3′‐endo conformations of the sugar ring and those of the complexes of these species with two water molecules each were optimized employing the ab initio RHF procedure. A mixed basis set consisting of the 6‐311+G* basis set for the nitrogen atom of the amino group and the 4‐31G basis set for all the other atoms was used. The RHF calculations were followed by correlation correction of the total energy at the MP2 level. Both the structural forms of 2′‐deoxyguanosine were solvated using the polarized continuum model (PCM) of the self‐consistent reaction field (SCRF) theory and the corresponding RHF optimized geometries at the RHF and MP2 levels. Geometry optimization was also performed in aqueous media using the Onsager model at the RHF level using the above‐mentioned mixed basis set, and subsequently, using the reoptimized geometries, single‐point MP2 calculations were performed. It is found that both the keto‐N9R and keto‐N7R forms of 2′‐deoxyguanosine as well as their complexes with two water molecules each would occur, particularly at the water–air interface. Though the normal Watson–Crick‐type base pairing would not be possible with the keto‐N7R form of 2′‐deoxyguanosine(G*), two other (G*‐C and G*‐T) base pairing schemes may occur with this form of the nucleoside, which may cause mutation. The present calculated geometry of the keto‐N9R form of the anti‐conformation of 2′‐deoxyguanosine including the dihedral angle χCN agree satisfactorily with the available crystallographic results. The present results also agree satisfactorily with those obtained by other authors earlier for the keto‐N9R form of 2′‐deoxyguanosine using B3LYP and MP2 methods employing the 6‐31G* basis set. Using transition state calculations, it is shown that tautomerism of guanine and other similar molecules where the tautomers would coexist would be facilitated by the occurrence of the H+ and OH− fragments of water molecules. Further, this coexistence of the two tautomers appears to make the C8 carbon atom located between the N7 and N9 nitrogen atoms susceptible to attack by the OH− group. Thus, an explanation is obtained for the efficient formation of the reaction product 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine, which serves as a biomarker for oxidative damage to DNA in biological systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 530–540, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jcc.10046
Efficiency of the multicanonical simulation method as applied to peptides of increasing size: The heptapeptide deltorphin
Authors: Yaşar Fatih , Arkin Handan , Çelik Tarik , Berg Bernd A. , Meirovitch Hagai
Published: August 2002

The advantage of the multicanonical (MUCA) simulation method of Berg and coworkers over the conventional Metropolis method is in its ability to move a system effectively across energy barriers thereby providing results for a wide range of temperatures. However, a MUCA simulation is based on weights (related to the density of states) that should be determined prior to a production run and their calculation is not straightforward. To overcome this difficulty a procedure has been developed by Berg that calculates the MUCA weights automatically. In a previous article (Yaşar et al. J Comput Chem 2000, 14, 1251–1261) we extended this procedure to continuous systems and applied it successfully to the small pentapeptide Leu‐enkephalin. To investigate the performance of the automated MUCA procedure for larger peptides, we apply it here to deltorphin, a linear heptapeptide with bulky side chains (H‐Tyr1‐D‐Met2‐Phe3‐His4‐Leu5‐Met6‐Asp7‐NH2). As for Leu‐enkephalin, deltorphin is modeled in vacuum by the potential energy function ECEPP. MUCA is found to perform well. A weak second peak is seen for the specific heat, which is given a special attention. By minimizing the energy of structures along the trajectory it is found that MUCA provides a good conformational coverage of the low energy region of the molecule. These latter results are compared with conformational coverage obtained by the Monte Carlo minimization method of Li and Scheraga. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1127–1134, 2002
The performance of different density functional methods in the calculation of molecular structures and vibrational spectra of platinum(II) antitumor drugs: cisplatin and carboplatin
Authors: Wysokiński Rafał , Michalska Danuta
Published: August 2002

A comparison of eight density functional models for predicting the molecular structures, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, and Raman scattering activities of platinum(II) antitumor drugs, cisplatin and carboplatin, is reported. Methods examined include the pure density functional protocols (G96LYP, G96PW91, modified mPWPW and original PW91PW91), one‐parameter hybrid approaches (mPW1PW and mPW1LYP), and three‐parameter hybrid models (B3LYP and B3PW91), as well as the HF and MP2 levels of theory. Different effective core potentials (ECPs) and several basis sets are considered. The theoretical results are discussed and compared with the experimental data. It is remarkable that the mPW1PW protocol introduced by Adamo and Barone [J Chem Phys 1998, 108, 664], is clearly superior to all the remaining density functional methods (including B3LYP). The geometry and vibrational frequencies of cisplatin and carboplatin calculated with the mPW1PW method, and the ECP of Hay and Wadt (LanL2DZ basis set) are in better agreement with experiment than those obtained with the MP2 method. The use of more elaborated ECP and the enlargements of basis sets do not significantly improve the results. A clear‐cut assignments of the platinum‐ligand vibrations in cisplatin and carboplatin are presented. It is concluded that mPW1PW is the new reliable method, which can be used in predicting molecular structures and vibrational spectra of large coordination compounds containing platinum(II). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 901–912, 2001
Collective motions of myosin head derived from backbone molecular dynamics and combination with X‐ray solution scattering data
Authors: Higo Junichi , Sugimoto Yasunobu , Wakabayashi Katsuzo , Nakamura Haruki
Published: August 2002

Collective modes of myosin head, S1, were derived from molecular dynamics trajectories of a simplified protein model, backbone model. Because the model requires only the positions of Cα‐atoms, large proteins are tractable, even when the amino acid sequence and the side‐chain orientations are unknown. The S1 is a large molecule and only the Cα‐atomic positions have been experimentally determined. In the simulation, large flipping motions of the extended α‐helical C‐terminal tail of S1 were found only in the largest and second largest amplitude collective modes, which were approximately perpendicular to each other. A few collective modes other than the first and second largest ones largely deformed the actin binding site of S1. The pair‐distance distribution, obtained from the X‐ray solution scattering, suggests a large conformational change of S1, isolated in solution without binding to actin filament, during the ATP hydrolysis. The modeling of the large conformational change was done with using the collective modes, and showed that the second mode mainly contributed to the large conformational change. The modeling procedure, introduced here, can be easily generalized for various experimental data, and applicable to the collective modes obtained from an all‐atom simulation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1983–1994, 2001
Investigation of the use of density functionals in second‐ and third‐row transition metal dimer calculations
Authors: Yanagisawa Susumu , Tsuneda Takao , Hirao Kimihiko
Published: August 2002

We explore the use of density functionals in calculating the equilibrium distances, dissociation energies, and harmonic vibrational frequencies of the homonuclear diatomics of the second‐row transition metals, platinum, and gold. The outermost s–d interconfigurational energies (ICEs) and the outermost s and d ionization potentials (IPs) were also calculated for the second‐ and third‐row transition metal atoms. Compared with the first‐row transition metal dimer calculations (J Chem Phys 2000, 112, 545–553), the binding energies calculated using the combination of the Becke 1988 exchange and the one‐parameter progressive correlation (BOP) functional and Becke's three‐parameter hybrid (B3LYP) functional are in better agreement with the experiment. However, the pure BOP functional still gives the deep and narrow dissociation potential wells for the electron configurations containing high‐angular‐momentum open‐shell orbitals. Analysis of the s–d ICEs and the s and d IPs suggests that the overestimation may be due to the insufficient long‐range interaction between the outermost s and d orbitals in the exchange functional. The hybrid B3LYP functional seems to partly solve this problem for many systems by the incorporation of the Hartree–Fock exchange integral. However, this still leads to an erroneous energy gap between the configurations of fairly different spin multiplicity, probably because of the unbalance of exchange and correlation contributions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1995–2009, 2001
Coping style of substance‐abuse patients: Effects of anxiety and mood disorders on coping change
Authors: Franken Ingmar H.A. , Hendriks Vincent M. , Haffmans P.M. Judith , van der Meer Chris W.
Published: August 2002

The authors studied the coping style of substance‐abuse patients during clinical cognitive‐behavioral group therapy, and the effects of mood and anxiety disorders on changes in coping style. Change in coping style was studied prospectively in a cohort of 132 residential‐drug‐abuse patients. In addition to pretreatment assessments, which included diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders and addiction severity, repeated measurements of coping style were performed at predetoxification, pretreatment, and after three and six months of treatment. Considerable change in coping style between predetoxification and pretreatment was found, suggesting that coping assessment in a predetoxification phase is confounded by state factors surrounding treatment entry. Coping style of detoxified substance abusers is related to the presence of mood and anxiety disorders. Coping style was not found to be related to the severity of drug abuse. Furthermore, maladaptive coping styles decreased after three months of inpatient‐substance‐abuse treatment, and more‐adaptive coping styles remained stable for another three months of inpatient treatment. Patients with an anxiety disorder improved less on coping style when compared to non‐anxiety patients. Presence of a mood disorder had no impact on coping‐style improvement. The results indicate that more attention should be focused on anxiety disorders during substance‐abuse treatment in order to improve coping style. Furthermore, more studies are needed on the relation between substance abuse, coping style, and psychopathology. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 299–306, 2001.
Whither countertransference in couples and family therapy: A systemic perspective
Authors: Kaslow Florence W.
Published: August 2002

This study addresses various perspectives on transference and countertransference dynamics from the context of couples and family therapy. It considers the phenomena of countertransference in couple and family therapy and illustrates treatment with three specific kinds of patient populations: adult survivors of childhood incest who receive therapy with their partner; couples group therapy; and psychotherapists and their families. How supervisors help trainees recognize and deal with the transference and countertransference in clinical practice also is explored. These reciprocal phenomena are even more complex to identify and handle in couple and family treatment than in individual therapy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 57: 1029–1040, 2001.
Nitric oxide is proangiogenic in the retina and choroid*
Authors: Ando Akira , Yang Amy , Mori Keisuke , Yamada Haruhiko , Yamada Eri , Takahashi Kyoichi , Saikia Jina , Kim Min , Melia Michele , Fishman Mark , Huang Paul , Campochiaro Peter A.
Published: August 2002

Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to have proangiogenic or antiangiogenic effects depending upon the setting. In this study, we used mice with targeted deletion of one of the three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to investigate the effects of NO in ocular neovascularization. In transgenic mice with increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in photoreceptors, deficiency of any of the three isoforms caused a significant decrease in subretinal neovascularization, but no alteration of VEGF expression. In mice with laser‐induced rupture of Bruch's membrane, deficiency of inducible NOS (iNOS) or neuronal NOS (nNOS), but not endothelial NOS (eNOS), caused a significant decrease in choroidal neovascularization. In mice with oxygen‐induced ischemic retinopathy, deficiency of eNOS, but not iNOS or nNOS caused a significant decrease in retinal neovascularization and decreased expression of VEGF. These data suggest that NO contributes to both retinal and choroidal neovascularization and that different isoforms of NOS are involved in different settings and different disease processes. A broad spectrum NOS inhibitor may have therapeutic potential for treatment of both retinal and choroidal neovascularization. J. Cell. Physiol. 191: 116–124, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antibodies against a putative heparin receptor slow cell proliferation and decrease MAPK activation in vascular smooth muscle cells*
Authors: Savage Joyce M. , Gilotti Albert C. , Granzow Catherine A. , Molina Felix , Lowe‐Krentz Linda J.
Published: August 2002

Heparin has long been known to slow the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells. However, the mechanism(s) by which heparin acts has yet to be resolved. The identification of a putative heparin receptor in endothelial cells with antibodies that blocked heparin binding to the cells provided the means to further examine the possible involvement of a heparin receptor in smooth muscle cell responses to heparin. Immunoprecipitation of a smooth muscle cell protein with the anti‐heparin receptor antibodies provided evidence that the protein was present in smooth muscle cells. Experiments with the anti‐heparin receptor antibodies indicate that the antibodies can mimic heparin in decreasing PDGF induced thymidine and BrdU incorporation. The anti‐heparin receptor antibodies were also found to decrease MAPK activity levels after activation similarly to heparin. These results support the identification of a heparin receptor and its role in heparin effects on vascular smooth muscle cell growth. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vascular smooth muscle cell growth‐promoting factor/F‐spondin inhibits angiogenesis via the blockade of integrin αvβ3 on vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Terai Yoshito , Abe Mayumi , Miyamoto Kaoru , Koike Masamichi , Yamasaki Motoo , Ueda Masatsugu , Ueki Minoru , Sato Yasufumi
Published: August 2002

Vascular smooth muscle cell growth‐promoting factor (VSGP) was originally isolated from bovine ovarian follicular fluid as a stimulator of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Homology searches indicate that bovine and human VSGPs are orthologs of rat F‐spondin. Here, we examined whether recombinant human VSGP/F‐spondin affected the biological activities of endothelial cells. VSGP/F‐spondin did not affect the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs); however, it did inhibit VEGF‐ or bFGF‐stimulated HUVEC migration. To clarify the mechanism of this inhibitory effect, we examined the adhesion of HUVECs to extracellular matrix proteins. VSGP/F‐spondin specifically inhibited the spreading of HUVECs on vitronectin via the functional blockade of integrin αvβ3. As a result, VSGP/F‐spondin inhibited the tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) when HUVECs were plated on vitronectin. Moreover, VSGP/F‐spondin inhibited the activation of Akt when HUVECs on vitronectin were stimulated with VEGF. VSGP/F‐spondin inhibited tube formation by HUVECs in vitro and neovascularization in the rat cornea in vivo. These results indicate that VSGP/F‐spondin inhibits angiogenesis at least in part by the blockade of endothelial integrin αvβ3. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The start‐up of anaerobic sequencing batch reactors at 20 °C and 25 °C for the treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater
Authors: Massé Daniel I , Masse Lucie , Verville Annie , Bilodeau Steve
Published: August 2002

The objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility, the stability and the efficiency of a start‐up at 20 °C and 25 °C of anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBRs) treating slaughterhouse wastewater. Influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids concentrations averaged 7500 and 1700 mg dm−3, respectively. Reactor start‐up was completed in 168 and 136 days at 20 °C, and 25 °C, respectively. The start‐up process was stable at both temperatures, except for a short period at 20 °C, when effluent volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations increased from an average of 40 to 400 mg dm−3. Effluent quality varied throughout start‐up, but in the last 25 days of the experiment, as the ASBRs were operated under organic loading rates of 2.25 ± 0.21 and 2.86 ± 0.24 kg m−3 d−1 at 20 °C and 25 °C, respectively, total COD was reduced by 90.3% ± 1.3%. Methanogenesis was not a limiting factor during start‐up. At 20 °C, the limiting factor was the acidification of the soluble organics and, to a smaller extent, the reduction of propionic, isobutyric and isovaleric acids into lower VFAs. At 25 °C, the limiting factor was the hydrolysis of particulate organics. To minimize biomass loss during the start‐up period, the organic loading rate should be increased only when 75 –80% of the COD fed has been transformed into methane within the design hydraulic retention time.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Temperature optimization for glycerol production by batch fermentation with Candida krusei
Authors: Xie Dong‐Ming , Liu De‐Hua , Zhang Jian‐An
Published: August 2002

To maximize the final production yield and control the residual glucose at a low concentration during glycerol production by fermentation, optimal and sub‐optimal temperature control strategies were investigated. The optimal control strategy of the culture temperature was determined precisely by Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. By dividing the fermentation into multiple equal subintervals and optimizing the constant temperatures of all subintervals by a general static constrained global optimization approach, a sub‐optimal control strategy could be obtained, which was more convenient to perform in practical fermentation, whilst a similar temperature profile and final glycerol yield to those of the optimal control strategy. The experimental and simulated results showed that, compared with those at the conventional temperature of 35 °C, the final glycerol yield at the sub‐optimal temperature profile could be increased by 12–14% while the residual glucose was controlled at a value close to or less than 1% (w/v).

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Biomass cooking fuels and prevalence of blindness in India
Authors: Mishra Vinod K. , Retherford Robert D. , Smith Kirk R.
Published: August 2002

Movement up the household energy ladder from smoke‐producing biomass fuels to relatively clean liquid, gaseous and electric fuels is commonly part of the economic transition and thus plays a role in the accompanying health transition. Here, we analyse the relationship between type of cooking fuel and the prevalence of partial and complete blindness in India using data on 173 520 persons age 30 and over from the 1992–93 National Family Health Survey. Logistic regression is used to estimate the net effects of biomass fuel (wood or dung) use on prevalence of partial and complete blindness after controlling for availability of a separate kitchen, house type, crowding, age, gender, urban‐rural residence, education, religion, caste/tribe and geographical region. Persons living in biomass fuel‐using households are found to have a considerably higher prevalence of blindness (partial or complete) than those living in households using cleaner fuels (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.16–1.50). The effects are large and statistically significant for both men (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.12–1.52) and women (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.12–1.50) and for urban areas (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.01–1.49) and rural areas (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.23–1.80). The effects are strong and significant for partial blindness (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.17–1.53), but not for complete blindness (OR 1.09; 95% CI 0.79–1.51). The level of risk and extent of biomass fuel use in India indicate that 18% of partial and complete blindness among persons age 30 and older may be attributed to biomass fuel use. The results strongly suggest that smoke exposure from the use of biomass fuels for cooking substantially increases the risk of partial blindness. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and functional compartmentalization of the cell nucleus in supraoptic neurons
Authors: Berciano María T. , Villagrá Nuria T. , Pena Emma , Navascués Joaquín , Casafont Iñigo , Lafarga Miguel
Published: August 2002

It is well‐established that the neuronal cell nucleus is organized in discrete compartments involved in transcription and RNA processing. The main nuclear compartments in neurons include the chromosome territories, the nucleolus, nuclear speckles of splicing factors, Cajal bodies, and nuclear rodlets. The supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurons provide a powerful model in vivo to study the organization of these nuclear compartments in response to variations of cellular activity. The upregulation of transcription in SON neurons under chronic hyperosmolar conditions is associated with 1) nuclear and nucleolar enlargement, 2) dispersion of chromatin, 3) reduction in the size of nuclear speckles, 4) increase in the number of Cajal bodies implicated in the maturation of splicing small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and 5) proliferation of the fibrillar centers of the nucleolus, the sites of nucleolar transcription of ribosomal genes. These changes revert after the cessation of the activation by rehydration of animals. Under conditions of neuronal stress induced by hypertonic saline injection, SON neurons exhibit an early response of downregulation of transcription. This is accompanied by chromatin condensation, redistribution of splicing factors, reduction in the number of Cajal bodies, and microsegregation of the fibrillar and granular components of the nucleolus and disruption of its fibrillar centers, all of which are associated with a transitory expression of c‐Fos. These changes progressively revert and at 24 hours after the stress induction a rebound upregulation of transcription is observed. These findings illustrate the transcription‐dependent organization and behavior of nuclear compartments in the neuronal model of magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus. Microsc. Res. Tech. 56:132–142, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adrenomedullin and PAMP: Discovery, structures, and cardiovascular functions
Authors: Kitamura Kazuo , Kangawa Kenji , Eto Tanenao
Published: August 2002

We discovered adrenomedullin (AM) from human pheochromocytoma tissue by monitoring the elevating activity of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) in rat platelets in 1993. Since the discovery of AM, it has attracted intense interest from cardiovascular researchers because AM elicits multiple biological activities, including a potent and powerful hypotensive activity caused by dilatation of resistance vessels. AM is biosynthesized and secreted from tissues, including cardiovascular organs. In addition to AM, “proadrenomedullin N‐terminal 20 peptide (PAMP),” another biologically active peptide, was found to be processed from the AM precursor. Plasma AM levels are increased in various cardiovascular and renal diseases. AM, therefore, seems to function as a novel system that controls circulation and body fluid, and may be involved in pathophysiological changes in cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, in this review we will focus on the structure of AM and its gene, distribution, receptor, and the physiological and pathological roles of AM in cardiovascular disease. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:3–13, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent advances in insect olfaction, specifically regarding the morphology and sensory physiology of antennal sensilla of the female sphinx moth Manduca sexta
Authors: Shields Vonnie D.C. , Hildebrand John G.
Published: August 2002

The antennal flagellum of female Manduca sexta bears eight sensillum types: two trichoid, two basiconic, one auriculate, two coeloconic, and one styliform complex sensilla. The first type of trichoid sensillum averages 34 μm in length and is innervated by two sensory cells. The second type averages 26 μm in length and is innervated by either one or three sensory cells. The first type of basiconic sensillum averages 22 μm in length, while the second type averages 15 μm in length. Both types are innervated by three bipolar sensory cells. The auriculate sensillum averages 4 μm in length and is innervated by two bipolar sensory cells. The coeloconic type‐A and type‐B both average 2 μm in length. The former type is innervated by five bipolar sensory cells, while the latter type, by three bipolar sensory cells. The styliform complex sensillum occurs singly on each annulus and averages 38–40 μm in length. It is formed by several contiguous sensilla. Each unit is innervated by three bipolar sensory cells. A total of 2,216 sensilla were found on a single annulus (annulus 21) of the flagellum. Electrophysiological responses from type‐A trichoid sensilla to a large panel of volatile odorants revealed three different subsets of olfactory receptor cells (ORCs). Two subsets responded strongly to only a narrow range of odorants, while the third responded strongly to a broad range of odorants. Anterograde labeling of ORCs from type‐A trichoid sensilla revealed that their axons projected mainly to two large female glomeruli of the antennal lobe. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:307–329, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fossil record of echinoderm regeneration with special regard to crinoids
Authors: Oji Tatsuo
Published: August 2002

Regeneration of skeletal parts of fossil echinoderms is reviewed. Among regenerations of various fossil echinoderms, those of crinoids are most common and many examples have been reported. Mesozoic and Cenozoic crinoids, the subclass Articulata, are characterized by the dominance of muscular articulations in the arms and they have only a small number of ligamentary articulations in localized positions that are specialized for autotomy. The dominance of muscular articulations is most conspicuous in the family Isocrinidae and comatulid (stalkless) crinoids. Most of the regenerated arms of articulate crinoids start on this ligamentary articulation. In contrast, most Paleozoic crinoids have many more ligamentary articulations and fewer muscular articulations in their arms than the Mesozoic to Recent crinoids. The ligamentary articulations of Paleozoic crinoids were probably not capable of autotomy. Fossil and recent stalked crinoids provide data on the degree and style of regeneration after loss of body parts. If the aboral nerve center in the basal part of crown is retained, the entire calyx and arms can be regenerated. In contrast, if the aboral nerve center is lost and only the stalk is preserved, some skeletal parts can only be generated imperfectly and irregularly. This type of imperfect regeneration is better termed as overgrowth. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:397–402, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure of a character and the evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns
Authors: Brakefield Paul M.
Published: August 2002

All butterfly eyespots appear to be formed by a similar developmental mechanism. Thus the great diversity of patterns observed across different species of butterfly has evolved through changes in the genetic modulation of this mechanism. Our descriptions of both the development of eyespots and the genetic variation for eyespot traits in an African butterfly, Bicyclus anynana, are used here to discuss the most appropriate ways of applying the character concept to the evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:93–104, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Female sperm storage in amphibians
Authors: Sever David M.
Published: August 2002

The three orders of extant amphibians are Gymnophiona, Anura, and Urodela. Although all gymnophionans apparently have internal fertilization and many are viviparous, female sperm storage is unknown. Internal fertilization has convergently evolved in a few anurans, but females of just one species, Ascaphus truei, are known to possess oviductal sperm storage tubules (SSTs). The SSTs of A. truei are similar anatomically to such glands in squamate reptiles. This similarity is convergence due to similar functional adaptations and/or internal design constraints. In salamanders and newts (Urodela), absence of sperm storage in females is the ancestral condition (three families). In the derived condition, sperm storage occurs in cloacal glands called spermathecae, and their possession is a synapomorphy for females in the suborder Salamandroidea (seven families). Salamandroids are the only vertebrates with cloacal sperm storage glands. In this paper, a phenetic analysis of variation in spermathecal characters reveals patterns of convergence in certain spermathecal characters in unrelated taxa that breed in similar habitats. In the family Salamandridae, a role in sperm nutrition for the spermathecal epithelium is questioned, and the widespread occurrence of spermiophagy is related to other reproductive strategies. I propose how the packaging of sperm in structurally different types of spermathecae may influence male paternity. J. Exp. Zool. 292:165–179, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of 13C‐labelled tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene
Authors: Christensen Jørn B. , Bechgaard Klaus , Paquignon Gael
Published: August 2002

The synthesis of tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene (4,4′,5,5′‐tetramethyl Δ2,2′‐bis‐1,3‐diselenole) doubly labelled with carbon‐13 in the 2 and 2′‐positions is described. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.