bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The efficacy of immediate implant placement in the anterior maxilla with dehiscence in the facial alveolar bone: A case series
Authors: Mizuno Keiichiro , Nakano Tamaki , Shimomoto Takuya , Fujita Yuya , Ishigaki Shoichi
Published: December 2021

Background

There is no clear evidence that immediate implant placement can be applied to cases with dehiscence in the facial alveolar bone prior to extraction.

Purpose

To evaluate the results of immediate implant placement in the anterior maxilla with facial alveolar bone dehiscence.

Materials and Methods

We super positioned pre‐ and post‐operative cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) three‐dimensional reconstruction images. A CBCT was taken before tooth extraction (T0), when the definitive restoration was placed (T1), and 1 year after placing the definitive restoration (T2). The depth and width of the dehiscence at T0, and the height and width of the facial hard and soft tissues are measured at the implant site at T1 and T2. We calculated the change in the amount of hard and soft tissues from T1 to T2 and determined the correlation between preoperative facial alveolar bone morphology and postoperative gingival recession.

Results

13 women and 7 men were recruited. A total of 20 implants were evaluated. The implant survival rate was 100%. The mean facial alveolar bone dehiscence width was 3.9 ± 1.6 mm, and the mean depth from platform level was 2.9 ± 1.7 mm. The mean implant body exposure on the buccal was 4.8 ± 1.7 mm, and the mean socket width gap was 2.1 ± 0.8 mm. At T1, the mean facial hard tissue width was 2.1 ± 0.7 mm, and the mean height was 2.0 ± 0.7 mm. The mean change in vertical gingival recession from T1 to T2 was 0.5 ± 0.5 mm. We found a positive correlation between facial alveolar bone dehiscence width and gingival recession (r = 0.46, p‐value = 0.04) and between dehiscence depth and gingival recession (r = 0.48, p‐value = 0.03).

Conclusions

The results of our CBCT superposition method indicated that immediate implant placement can be considered in patients with facial alveolar bone dehiscence. However, there may be a higher risk of gingival recession with wide or deep dehiscence.
Training undergraduate students for rapid on‐site evaluation of fine needle aspiration cytology samples using a simulation‐based education activity
Authors: Miranda Alina , Shield Paul W. , Williams Vincent , Starkey Debbie , Kelly Michelle
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Demand for rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is rising and the role is increasingly being performed by non‐medical cytologists. Undergraduate training for cytologists has traditionally focused on laboratory‐based procedural activities and their theoretical underpinning, with minimal attention given to communication and other skills required to operate in an interprofessional setting. We evaluated the effectiveness and student reaction to a simulation‐based education (SBE) exercise in ROSE designed to fill this void.

Methods

We designed and evaluated an SBE exercise based on FNA ROSE across two tertiary institutions with 79 students. The exercise accurately reproduced the demands on cytologists operating as part of a multi‐disciplinary team in a time‐ pressured environment.

Findings

Pre‐ and post‐simulation questionnaires indicated an improvement in technical knowledge related to the procedure. Students' perception of their competence and confidence in their role also improved significantly post simulation. Students uniformly found the exercise engaging and a valuable addition to their curriculum.

Discussion

The simulation successfully provided a pseudo‐clinical environment that highlighted the realities of practising technical and diagnostic tasks under time pressure and interacting with other health professionals to provide an optimal patient outcome. The exercise is a useful supplement to on‐the‐job training for ROSE.
Mechanical aortic valve prostheses offer a survival benefit in 50–65 year olds: AUTHEARTVISIT study
Authors: Traxler Denise , Krotka Pavla , Laggner Maria , Mildner Michael , Graf Alexandra , Reichardt Berthold , Wendt Ralph , Auer Johann , Moser Bernhard , Mascherbauer Julia , Ankersmit Hendrik Jan
Published: December 2021

Background

The present population‐based cohort study investigated long‐term mortality after surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) with bioprosthetic (B) or mechanical aortic valve prostheses (M) in a European social welfare state.

Methods

We analysed patient data from health insurance records covering 98% of the Austrian population between 2010 and 2018. Subsequent patient‐level record linkage with national health data provided patient characteristics and clinical outcomes. Further reoperation, myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke were evaluated as secondary outcomes.

Results

A total of 13,993 patients were analysed and the following age groups were examined separately: <50 years (727 patients: 57.77% M, 42.23% B), 50–65 years (2612 patients: 26.88% M, 73.12% B) and >65 years (10,654 patients: 1.26% M, 98.74% B). Multivariable Cox regression revealed that the use of B‐AVR was significantly associated with higher mortality in patients aged 50–65 years compared to M‐AVR (HR = 1.676 [1.289–2.181], p < 0.001). B‐AVR also performed worse in a competing risk analysis regarding reoperation (HR = 3.483 [1.445–8.396], p = 0.005) and myocardial infarction (HR = 2.868 [1.255–6.555], p = 0.012). However, the risk of developing heart failure and stroke did not differ significantly after AVR in any age group.

Conclusions

Patients aged 50–65 years who underwent M‐AVR had better long‐term survival, and a lower risk of reoperation and myocardial infarction. Even though anticoagulation is crucial in patients with M‐AVR, we did not observe significantly increased stroke rates in patients with M‐AVR. This evident survival benefit in recipients of mechanical aortic valve prostheses aged <65 years critically questions current guideline recommendations.
Persistent burglars and knocks on doors: Causal indispensability of knowing vindicated
Authors: Logins Artūrs
Published: December 2021

The aim of the present article is to accomplish two things. The first is to show that given some further plausible assumptions, existing challenges to the indispensability of knowledge in causal explanation of action fail. The second is to elaborate an overlooked and distinct argument in favor of the causal efficacy of knowledge. In short, even if knowledge were dispensable in causal explanation of action, it is still indispensable in causal explanation of other mental attitudes and, in particular, some reactive attitudes and factive emotions. Taking into account this sort of causal efficacy in determining which mental states are genuine mental states opens up new perspectives for defending the view that knowledge is the most general factive and genuine mental state.
“I think it’s communication and trust and sharing everything”: Qualitative evidence for a model of healthy intimate relationships in Black women living with HIV and men in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: Belus Jennifer M. , Bradley Valerie D. , van Heerden Alastair , Msimango Lindani I. , Barnabas Ruanne V. , van Rooyen Heidi
Published: December 2021

In South Africa, couple‐based interventions (CBIs) have been used to increase HIV testing, reduce HIV transmission, and shift relationship dynamics. To understand local definitions of healthy relationships, this study sought to collect qualitative data on a model of healthy relationships in a semi‐rural area of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. We conducted semi‐structured qualitative interviews with HIV‐positive women (n = 15) and men of mixed HIV status (n = 15) who were in heterosexual, monogamous relationships (not with each other). Thematic analyses guided coding. Three primary healthy relationship behaviour themes emerged, labelled open communication, couple‐level problem‐solving, and active relationship building, which were related to various relationship facets (trust, support, respect, commitment, and connection). We purposively explored contextual themes, namely the role of HIV, positive community involvement, and power dynamics, to better situate the healthy relationship behaviour themes. HIV was not central to relationship conceptualisations and three different power structures (shared power/flexible gender norms, shared power/traditional gender norms, male‐dominated power/traditional gender norms) were described as being healthy. This model of healthy relationships is similar to observed definitions in other African countries and in high‐income settings. Findings can inform HIV programming content for couples in KwaZulu‐Natal, particularly the active relationship building component.
Growth and division mode plasticity is dependent on cell density in marine‐derived black yeasts
Authors: Goshima Gohta
Published: December 2021

The diversity and ecological contribution of the fungus kingdom in the marine environment remain understudied. A recent survey in the Atlantic (Woods Hole, MA, USA) brought to light the diversity and unique biological features of marine fungi. The study revealed that black yeast species undergo an unconventional cell division cycle, which has not been documented in conventional model yeast species such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast). The prevalence of this unusual property is unknown. Here, I collected and identified 65 marine fungi species across 40 genera from the surface ocean water, sediment, and the surface of macroalgae (seaweeds) in the Pacific (Sugashima, Toba, Japan). The Sugashima collection largely did not overlap with the Woods Hole collection and included several unidentifiable species, further illustrating the diversity of marine fungi. Three black yeast species were isolated, two of which were commonly found in Woods Hole (Aureobasidium pullulans and Hortaea werneckii). Surprisingly, their cell division mode was dependent on cell density, and the previously reported unconventional division mode was reproduced only at a certain cell density. For all three black yeast species, cells underwent filamentous growth with septations at low cell density and immediately formed buds at high cell density. At intermediate cell density, two black yeasts (H. werneckii and an unidentifiable species) showed rod cells undergoing septation at the cell equator. In contrast, all eight budding yeast species showed a consistent division pattern regardless of cell density. This study suggests the plastic nature of the growth/division mode of marine‐derived black yeast.
Characteristic tryptic peptides and gelling properties of porcine skin gelatin affected by thermal action
Authors: Sha Xiao‐Mei , Zhang Li‐Jun , Chen Wen‐Mei , Wang Guang‐Yao , Li Jin‐Lin , Hu Zi‐Zi , Tu Zong‐Cai
Published: December 2021

Thermal action in extraction process had effects on characteristic tryptic peptides identification and gelling properties of porcine gelatin. SDS‐PAGE, HPLC‐LTQ/Orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometry, texture analyser and rheometer were used to evaluate collagen depolymerisation degree, characteristic tryptic peptides and gelling properties of gelatins prepared in various thermal actions. Results showed that with increasing temperature and time, depolymerisation degree enlarged, while gel strength, gelling and melting temperature decreased. Mass spectra showed that 47 and 49 common characteristic tryptic peptides were identified in gelatins extracted at 50 °C and 100 °C with various times, respectively. Moreover, 34 common characteristic tryptic peptides were identified in all gelatin samples. Further comparison between this work and our previous investigations yielded 20 common characteristic tryptic peptides, which stably exist in various thermal actions. These common characteristic tryptic peptides may be very helpful for the accurate authentication of porcine gelatin.
A meme‐based research programme for management and organization studies
Authors: Gill Jameson , Price Ilfryn
Published: December 2021

Memes are proposed as cultural equivalents to genes, and meme‐based research (memetics) has been undertaken to examine cultural aspects of management and organization studies (MOS). However, variable operationalization of the meme concept for a fragmented range of research topics has hampered the development of a coherent memetic MOS discipline. In particular, there is a largely unrecognized dilemma regarding the ontological status of the meme because it is unclear if the concept represents a real cultural gene‐like entity or a gene metaphor. This paper provides a fresh view of the applications of the meme in MOS and the degree to which fundamental meme theory supports the memetic endeavour for the field. The paper aims to improve the accessibility of memetics to MOS scholars, whose interests involve cultural phenomena, by summarizing the heterogeneity in the extant research and providing the basis for the next stage of the memetic MOS research programme. A conceptualization is provided to show how applications of the meme can be made, either as a real gene‐like entity or a gene metaphor. Ideas are provided for how research can be conducted that will contribute to MOS and support evaluation of the ontological status of the meme.
Using narratives and numbers in performance prediction: Attitudes, confidence, and validity
Authors: Niessen A. Susan M. , Kausel Edgar E. , Neumann Marvin
Published: December 2021

In a preregistered prediction‐task experiment, we investigated the effect of narrative versus quantified information on decision‐maker perceptions, confidence, predictor weighting, and predictive accuracy when making performance predictions. We also investigated the effect of who quantifies information (the decision maker or someone else). As expected, we found higher perceived informativeness and use intentions for narrative than quantified information. Information presented narratively was also weighted somewhat more heavily than quantified information. Using quantitative information quantified by decision makers themselves yielded higher perceived autonomy and use intentions than quantitative information quantified by someone else. However, no differences in prediction confidence were found and self‐ and other‐produced quantifications received identical weight. Moreover, unexpectedly, differences in weighting did not translate to differences in predictive accuracy.
Spatial deprivation: Impact on settlement intentions of eco‐migrants
Authors: Yang Haijuan , Hu Xiwu , Li Mingji , Song HakJun
Published: December 2021

Studies have demonstrated that spatial deprivation (SD) exists in the process of ecological migration, but few studies have examined whether SD affects the settlement intention of eco‐migrants. Based on 648 valid questionnaires from 65 villages in China, this study investigates the effect of SD on the continued settlement intention (CSI)of eco‐migrants by developing a new theoretical model with integrating Expectation—Confirmation Model—Theory of planned behaviour (ECM–TPB) structural equation model. We find that the theoretical model has a high explanation with R2 = 75 per cent for CSI; the SD of villages are different from moving periods and landforms, and it has significant main effect on CSI and significant moderating effects on the relationship between settlement attitude, settlement satisfaction and CSI; settlement attitude has significant mediating effect on settlement usefulness to CSI. The study concludes that countries should reduce SD by optimizing the allocation of spatial resources to stabilize the settlement intention of eco‐migrants.
Excess burden of critical illness related to inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Laupland Kevin B. , Shekar Kiran , Tabah Alexis , Clement Pierre , Edwards Felicity , Ramanan Mahesh
Published: December 2021

Background

Although inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with major morbidity and mortality, few studies have evaluated its associated burden of critical illness.

Aims

To examine the epidemiology and outcome of intensive care unit (ICU) admission among patients with IBD in North Brisbane, Australia.

Methods

A population‐based cohort design was used. All admissions to ICU serving the Metro North Hospital and Health Service among adult residents during 2017–2019 were included. Data were obtained from ICU clinical information systems with linkages to statewide admissions and death registries.

Results

Among 9011 ICU admissions, 101 (1.1%) were among patients with IBD, of which 57 (0.6%) and 44 (0.5%) had ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD) respectively. The incidence of ICU admission was 379, 1336, 1514 and 1429 per 100 000 annually among those without IBD, CD, UC and IBD respectively. Patients with IBD were at excess risk for admission across all age groups, with women aged <50 years at highest risk and men thereafter. The all‐cause 90‐day case‐fatality rates following ICU admission were not significantly different among patient groups and were 18%, 12%, 15% and 12% for CD, UC, IBD and non‐IBD respectively. However, as compared with non‐IBD patients, those with CD (151.8 vs 39.4 per 100 000; relative risk (RR) 3.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25–9.02; P = 0.013), UC (159.4 vs 39.4 per 100 000; RR 4.05; 95% CI 1.48–8.84; P = 0.005) and IBD (155.6 vs 39.4 per 100 000; RR 3.95; 95% CI 1.96–7.10; P = 0.002) were at significantly higher risk for mortality.

Conclusions

Patients with IBD suffer a major burden of critical illness.
The impact of topical agents and dressing on pH and temperature on wound healing: A systematic, narrative review
Authors: Derwin Rosemarie , Patton Declan , Avsar Pinar , Strapp Helen , Moore Zena
Published: December 2021

To assess the impact of topical agents and dressings on surface wound pH, temperature, and subsequent wound healing. This was a systematic, narrative review of the literature, following the PRISMA (2020) guidelines. The databases searched were Medline PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. Data synthesis and analysis were conducted using a structured narrative synthesis. The quality of the included clinical studies was appraised using the Evidence‐Based Literature (EBL) Critical Appraisal Tool. A total of six clinical studies were assessed as eligible for inclusion, A total of six dressings/topical agents were assessed and the types of wounds included non‐healing chronic wounds. Of the studies, five explored pH and one explored temperature. The EBL validity of the clinical studies was low (mean quality score was 51.3%). The five clinical studies that explored pH investigated different dressings and topical agents reporting an associated reduction in pH and improved wound outcomes. One clinical study investigated the impact of topical sodium nitrite on temperature and found that sodium nitrite increased peri‐wound skin temperature and improved wound outcomes with a reduction in leg ulcer size. Given the low certainty of the evidence, we cannot confidently recommend the use of any particular topical agent or dressing to manipulate pH, or temperature to improve wound outcomes. Thus, there is a need for further research to develop a greater understanding of this topic. Irish Research Council, Enterprise Partnership Scheme.
An assessment of three methods for extracting bacterial DNA from beach sand
Authors: Gallard-Gongora Javier , Lobos Aldo , Conrad James W. , Peraud Jayme , Harwood Valerie J.
Published: December 2021

Aims

Beach water quality is regulated by faecal indicator bacteria levels, sand is not, despite known human health risk from exposure to beach sand. We compared the performance of three methods to extract bacterial DNA from beach sand as a step toward a standard method.

Methods and results

The analytical sensitivity of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for Enterococcus was compared for the slurry (suspension, agitation, membrane filtration of supernatant), versus direct extraction using PowerSoil™ or PowerMax Soil™ kits. The slurry method had the lowest limit of detection at 20–80 gene copies g−1, recovered significantly more DNA, and the only method that detected Enterococcus by qPCR in all samples; therefore, the only method used in subsequent experiments. The slurry method reflected the spatial variability of Enterococcus in individual transect samples. Mean recovery efficiency of the microbial source tracking marker HF183 from wastewater spiked marine and freshwater beach sand was 100.8% and 64.1%, respectively, but varied, indicating that the mixing protocol needs improvement.

Conclusions

Among the three methods, the slurry method had the best analytical sensitivity and produced extracts that were useful for culture or molecular analysis.

Significance and impact of study

Standardization of methods for extraction of bacterial DNA from sand facilitates comparisons among studies, and ultimately contributes to the safety of recreational beaches.
A phylogenetically controlled test does not support the prediction of lower putative anti‐herbivore leaf traits for insular woody species
Authors: Moreira Xoaquín , Abdala‐Roberts Luis , Castagneyrol Bastien , Caujapé‐Castells Juli , Cruz‐Guedes José , Lago‐Núñez Beatriz , Vicens‐Fornés Magdalena , García‐Verdugo Carlos
Published: December 2021

Aim

It is predicted that insular plant taxa have evolved reduced defences in response to lower herbivore pressure on islands. However, the few studies testing this hypothesis have addressed variation in individual defensive traits, without paying attention to patterns of correlated trait expression (i.e. defence syndromes).

Location

Balearic and Canary Islands.

Taxon

Ninety‐one woody plant species.

Methods

We tested whether plant species with contrasting histories of insularity (namely, endemics, non‐endemic natives and exotics) differed in their defensive syndromes using a suite of morphological, physical, and chemical traits putatively associated with herbivory. For this, we measured eight leaf traits of 42 endemic, 29 native non‐endemic and 20 introduced species for which specimens were sourced from botanical gardens found in two archipelagos: the Balearic and Canary Islands.

Results

We conducted phylogenetic‐controlled analyses which showed that, contrary to predictions, insular taxa (endemics and non‐endemic natives) across both archipelagos were more defended (thicker, smaller leaves with less nutrients) than exotic species. There were no differences in chemical defence (phenolic compounds) between endemics, non‐endemic natives and exotics. Finally, we also found different defence syndromes between archipelagos: whereas species from the Balearic Islands were more physically defended, on average, those from the Canary Islands had higher chemical defences.

Main conclusions

Overall, these results point to a defence syndrome based on low‐nutrient and physically defended leaves characteristic of insular plant taxa that is indistinct for endemic and non‐endemic taxa, relative to introduced species, as well as quantitative and qualitative differences in defences between archipelagos owing to changes in species composition and likely also to different histories of biotic or abiotic pressure.
Maturity‐onset diabetes of the young type 5, presenting as diabetic ketoacidosis with alkalemia: A report of a case
Authors: Hayakawa‐Iwamoto Akiko , Aotani Daisuke , Shimizu Yuki , Kakoi Shota , Hasegawa Chie , Itoh Shunsuke , Fujii Asami , Takeda Katsushi , Yagi Takashi , Koyama Hiroyuki , Imaeda Kenro , Nozu Kandai , Nagano China , Kataoka Hiromi , Tanaka Tomohiro
Published: December 2021

A 34‐year‐old man visited our Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan, because of dry mouth and weight loss. His plasma glucose level was 32.8 mmol/L and serum levels of ketone bodies were increased, but with metabolic alkalemia. He was also suffering from renal tubular hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia. Abdominal computed tomography showed bilateral renal cysts. These findings were suggestive of maturity‐onset diabetes of the young type 5. Genetic testing showed heterozygous hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 beta gene deletion. In the present case, it seemed reasonable to view hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 beta gene deletion as the common cause of maturity‐onset diabetes of the young type 5‐associated diabetic ketoacidosis and tubular malfunction‐induced hypokalemic alkalosis. This case exemplifies the importance of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 beta gene abnormality as a potential cause of diabetic ketoacidosis with alkalemia.
Hyperactive neutrophil chemotaxis contributes to anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α treatment resistance in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Yau Tung On , Vadakekolathu Jayakumar , Foulds Gemma Ann , Du Guodong , Dickins Benjamin , Polytarchou Christos , Rutella Sergio
Published: December 2021

Background and Aim

Anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α (anti‐TNF‐α) agents have been used for inflammatory bowel disease; however, it has up to 30% nonresponse rate. Identifying molecular pathways and finding reliable diagnostic biomarkers for patient response to anti‐TNF‐α treatment are needed.

Methods

Publicly available transcriptomic data from inflammatory bowel disease patients receiving anti‐TNF‐α therapy were systemically collected and integrated. In silico flow cytometry approaches and Metascape were applied to evaluate immune cell populations and to perform gene enrichment analysis, respectively. Genes identified within enrichment pathways validated in neutrophils were tracked in an anti‐TNF‐α‐treated animal model (with lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation). The receiver operating characteristic curve was applied to all genes to identify the best prediction biomarkers.

Results

A total of 449 samples were retrieved from control, baseline, and after primary anti‐TNF‐α therapy or placebo. No statistically significant differences were observed between anti‐TNF‐α treatment responders and nonresponders at baseline in immune microenvironment scores. Neutrophil, endothelial cell, and B‐cell populations were higher in baseline nonresponders, and chemotaxis pathways may contribute to the treatment resistance. Genes related to chemotaxis pathways were significantly upregulated in lipopolysaccharide‐induced neutrophils, but no statistically significant changes were observed in neutrophils treated with anti‐TNF‐α. Interleukin 13 receptor subunit alpha 2 (IL13RA2) is the best predictor (receiver operating characteristic curve: 80.7%, 95% confidence interval: 73.8–87.5%), with a sensitivity of 68.13% and specificity of 84.93%, and significantly higher in nonresponders compared with responders (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Hyperactive neutrophil chemotaxis influences responses to anti‐TNF‐α treatment, and IL13RA2 is a potential biomarker to predict anti‐TNF‐α treatment response.
Bank Examiners’ Information and Expertise and their Role in Monitoring and Disciplining Banks Before and During the Panic of 1893
Authors: CALOMIRIS CHARLES W. , CARLSON MARK
Published: December 2021

We examine whether examiners were informed and contributed to the health of the banking sector. Examiners’ knowledge included quantitative information that eventually was made public, quantitative information that remained private, and subjective information dependent on the examiner's production of additional, “soft” information that informed examiner assessments of the quality of bank assets and management. All three types of information were useful for gauging the condition of the bank and affected bank behavior, including generating a publicly observable signal (skipping a dividend payment). Participants in the market for bank liabilities reacted to this signal in ways that promoted market discipline.
Antagonists targeting eEF2 kinase rescue multiple aspects of pathophysiology in Alzheimer’s disease model mice
Authors: Kasica Nicole P. , Zhou Xueyan , Yang Qian , Wang Xin , Yang Wenzhong , Zimmermann Helena R. , Holland Caroline E. , Koscielniak Elizabeth , Wu Hanzhi , Cox Anderson O. , Lee Jingyun , Ryazanov Alexey G. , Furdui Cristina M. , Ma Tao
Published: December 2021

It is imperative to develop novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementia syndromes based on solid mechanistic studies. Maintenance of memory and synaptic plasticity relies on de novo protein synthesis, which is partially regulated by phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) via its kinase eEF2K. Abnormally increased eEF2 phosphorylation and impaired mRNA translation have been linked to AD. We recently reported that prenatal genetic suppression of eEF2K is able to prevent aging‐related cognitive deficits in AD model mice, suggesting the therapeutic potential of targeting eEF2K/eEF2 signaling in AD. Here, we tested two structurally distinct small‐molecule eEF2K inhibitors in two different lines of AD model mice after the onset of cognitive impairments. Our data revealed that treatment with eEF2K inhibitors improved AD‐associated synaptic plasticity impairments and cognitive dysfunction, without altering brain amyloid β (Aβ) and tau pathology. Furthermore, eEF2K inhibition alleviated AD‐associated defects in dendritic spine morphology, post‐synaptic density formation, protein synthesis, and dendritic polyribosome assembly. Our results may offer critical therapeutic implications for AD, and the proof‐of‐principle study indicates translational implication of inhibiting eEF2K for AD and related dementia syndromes.

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Cover Image for this issue:
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15392
Unemployment, tax competition, and tax transfer policy
Authors: Tamai Toshiki , Myles Gareth
Published: December 2021

The reduction of capital tax rates witnessed over the past two decades has been motivated by the wish to boost investment and reduce unemployment. Previous models of tax competition have explored the consequences for capital allocation in great detail, but have mostly been silent on the employment effects due to the assumption of a perfect labor market. To address the impact of tax competition on employment and public good provision, this paper reconsiders the analysis in the presence of a labor market imperfection that generates unemployment. We incorporate a wage rigidity and intergovernmental transfers financed by the labor income tax into the standard tax competition model to explore the outcome of federal–state policy interaction. The key factors in determining the efficiency are the capital–labor substitutability/complementary and the cost of the efficient level of public good supply relative to the ability of the labor income to generate revenue. When the labor income tax is insufficient for financing, there can only be efficiency if the aggregate externality is negative—but this outcome is only one of multiple equilibria. We also show that federal government leadership is effective to provide public goods efficiently by state governments if capital and labor are substitutes.
BIOMARKER GEOCHEMISTRY OF PALEOGENE CRUDE OILS AND SOURCE ROCKS FROM THE RAOYANG SAG, BOHAI BAY BASIN, NE CHINA: AN OIL – SOURCE ROCK CORRELATION STUDY
Authors: Su Shengmin , Jiang Youlu
Published: December 2021

This study presents a systematic geochemical analysis of Paleogene crude oils and source rocks from the Raoyang Sag in the Jizhong sub‐basin of the Bohai Bay Basin (NE China). The geochemical characteristics of fifty‐three oil samples from wells in four sub‐sags were analysed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Twenty core samples of mudstones from Members 1 and 3 of the Eocene‐Oligocene Shahejie Formation were investigated for total organic carbon (TOC) content and by Rock‐Eval pyrolysis and GC‐MS to study their geochemistry and hydrocarbon generation potential. The oils were tentatively correlated to the source rocks.

The results show that three groups of crude oils can be identified. Group I oils are characterized by high values of the gammacerane index and low values of the ratios of Pr/Ph, Ts/Tm, 20S/(20S+20R) C29 steranes, ββ/(ββ+αα) C29 steranes, C27 diasteranes/ C27 regular steranes and C27/C29 steranes. These oils have the lowest maturity and are interpreted to have originated from a source rock containing mixed organic matter deposited in an anoxic saline lacustrine environment. The biomarker parameter values of Group III oils are the opposite to those in Group I, and are interpreted to indicate a highly mature, terrigenous organic matter input into source rocks which were deposited in suboxic to anoxic freshwater lacustrine conditions. The parameter values of Group II oils are between those of the oils in Groups I and III, and are interpreted to indicate that the oils were generated from mixed organic matter in source rocks deposited in an anoxic brackish–saline or saline lacustrine environment.

The results of the source rock analyses show that samples from Member 1 of the Shahejie Formation were deposited in an anoxic, brackish – saline or saline lacustrine environment with mixed organic matter input and are of low maturity. Source rocks in Member 3 of the Shahejie Formation were deposited in a suboxic to anoxic, brackish – saline or freshwater lacustrine environment with a terrigenous organic matter input and are of higher maturity. Correlation between rock samples and crude oils indicates that Group I oils were probably derived from Member 1 source rocks, while Group III oils were more likely generated by Member 3 source rocks. The Group II oils with transitional characteristics are likely to have a mixed source from both sets of source rocks.
A consumer perspective on managing the consequences of chain liability
Authors: Hartmann Julia , Forkmann Sebastian , Benoit Sabine , Henneberg Stephan C.
Published: December 2021

Consumers tend to hold a focal firm responsible for its suppliers' unsustainable practices (chain liability), suggesting that firms need effective responses that can mitigate negative consumer reactions. In applying psychological contract theory to investigate recovery efforts related to such chain liability, the current study addresses three broad focal firm responses: Do nothing, choose a nonsubstantive response that verbally clarifies its own and the supplier's roles in the incident, or substantively rectify the supplier's wrongdoing with sustainability‐focused responses, such as termination, monitoring or development. With a vignette‐based experiment, we examine consumer perceptions and behaviors in three stages: before the unsustainable supplier incident (pre‐incident), after the incident (post‐incident) and after the focal firm has responded (post‐response). A nonsubstantive, clarification response decreases consumers' purchase intentions; substantive focal firm activities increase purchase intentions, though not fully back to pre‐incident levels. For consumers, termination, monitoring and development seem like equally adequate responses. Although combining several substantive responses offers even greater effectiveness for recovering purchase intentions, it still falls short of reaching pre‐incident levels. Thus, our findings demonstrate the focal firm's capacity to address suppliers' unsustainable practices substantively and recover, at least partially, its damaged relationship with consumers.
DIACYLGLYCEROL KINASE 5 regulates polar tip growth of tobacco pollen tubes
Authors: Scholz Patricia , Pejchar Přemysl , Fernkorn Max , Škrabálková Eliška , Pleskot Roman , Blersch Katharina , Munnik Teun , Potocký Martin , Ischebeck Till
Published: December 2021

Pollen tubes require a tightly regulated pectin secretion machinery to sustain the cell wall plasticity required for polar tip growth. Involved in this regulation at the apical plasma membrane are proteins and signaling molecules, including phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid (PA). However, the contribution of diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) is not clear.

We transiently expressed tobacco DGKs in pollen tubes to identify a plasma membrane (PM)‐localized isoform, and then to study its effect on pollen tube growth, pectin secretion and lipid signaling. In order to potentially downregulate DGK5 function, we overexpressed an inactive variant.

Only one of eight DGKs displayed a confined localization at the apical PM. We could demonstrate its enzymatic activity and that a kinase‐dead variant was inactive. Overexpression of either variant led to differential perturbations including misregulation of pectin secretion. One mode of regulation could be that DGK5‐formed PA regulates phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate 5‐kinases, as overexpression of the inactive DGK5 variant not only led to a reduction of PA but also of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate levels and suppressed related growth phenotypes.

We conclude that DGK5 is an additional player of polar tip growth that regulates pectin secretion probably in a common pathway with PI4P 5‐kinases.
Assessing Photosensitized Membrane Damage: Available Tools and Comprehensive Mechanisms†
Authors: Rezende Laura G. , Tasso Thiago T. , Candido Pedro H. S. , Baptista Mauricio S.
Published: December 2021

Lipids are important targets of the photosensitized oxidation reactions, forming important signaling molecules, disorganizing and permeabilizing membranes, and consequently inducing a variety of biological responses. Although the initial steps of the photosensitized oxidative damage in lipids are known to occur by both Type I and Type II mechanisms, the progression of the peroxidation reaction, which leads to important end‐point biological responses, is poorly known. There are many experimental tools used to study the products of lipid oxidation, but neither the methods nor their resulting observations were critically compared. In this article, we will review the tools most frequently used and the key concepts raised by them in order to rationalize a comprehensive model for the initiation and the progression steps of the photoinduced lipid oxidation.
Characterization of UVB and UVA‐340 Lamps and Determination of Their Effects on ER Stress and DNA Damage
Authors: Bahamondes Lorca Verónica A. , McCulloch Mary Kate , Ávalos‐Ovando Óscar , Govorov Alexander O. , Rahman Faiz , Wu Shiyong
Published: December 2021

Ultraviolet B‐light (UVB) has been often used as a “physiological” UV in photobiology studies. How representative and equivalent these studies are compared to the effect of the sunlight is always of great interest. We now characterized the spectrum and intensity of two commonly used UV sources, a UVB lamp and a UVA‐340 lamp which simulate the solar spectrum in the UVB/UVA range in the presence or absence of a UVB band pass filter that reduces >80% UVA from the UVA‐340 lamp. The spectrum of each lamp was used in computational modeling for skin penetration. The effects of the lamps on endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐stress response and DNA damage in cultured keratinocytes HaCaT cells were analyzed. Our data show that the UVB lamp is a better inducer for both eIF2α phosphorylation and PERK modification, as well as a better reducer of ATF6 expression. The UVB lamp is also the best inducer of gamma‐H2AX expression and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers formation. However, the UVA‐340 lamp is a better inducer for ATF4 expression. Our results indicate that different spectral characteristics of UV lamps can produce different results for the activation of the ER‐stress responses and the differences do not always follow a defined pattern.
HMGB1 augments cognitive impairment in sepsis‐associated encephalopathy by binding to MD‐2 and promoting NLRP3‐induced neuroinflammation
Authors: Xiong Yanan , Yang Jilin , Tong Haiyang , Zhu Chenting , Pang Yinhu
Published: December 2021

Background

Sepsis‐associated encephalopathy (SAE) always manifests with severe inflammatory symptoms and cognitive impairment. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine. In this study we investigated the role of HMGB1 in SAE.

Methods

An SAE mouse model was established through cecal ligation and puncture surgery and then injected with adenovirus short hairpin RNA (Ad‐sh)‐HMGB1 or Ad‐sh‐myeloid differentiation protein (MD‐2). The cognitive impairment and pathological injury in mice of different groups were evaluated using the Morris water maze experiment, Y‐maze test, tail suspension test, fear conditioning test, and haematoxylin‐eosin staining. The expressions of HMGB1 (fully reduced and disulfide (ds)HMGB1), MD‐2, and NLRP3 in SAE mice were determined. Then, levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured. The binding relation between HMGB1 and MD‐2 was predicted and certified. Additionally, MD‐2 was downregulated to verify the role of the binding of HMGB1 and MD‐2 in neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in SAE.

Results

Expressions of HMGB1, MD‐2, NLRP3, and inflammatory cytokines were enhanced in the SAE mouse model, which were in parallel with impaired cognitive function. HMGB1 silencing resulted in downregulated NLRP3 expression and alleviated neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in SAE mice. Mechanically, dsHMGB1 bound to MD‐2 to activate NLRP3, thereby exacerbating neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in SAE mice. The limited binding of HMGB1 and MD‐2 downregulated NLRP3 expression to alleviate neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in SAE mice.

Conclusion

HMGB1 was overexpressed in SAE, and dsHMGB1 bound to MD‐2 to activate NLRP3 inflammasome, inducing neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in SAE.
A systematic review of the application of a diary for people with dementia: how to maximise the effect of diary use?
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Fang Shuyan , Wang Wenxia , Li Yijing , Zhang Xu , Meng Xiangfei , Su Jianping , Chang An , Sun Jiao
Published: December 2021

Diaries have been widely used among people with dementia as a data collection tool and memory aid. An understanding of their usage is conducive to the subsequent development of intervention measures, but comprehensive evidence is still lacking. This review synthesises the existing literature to obtain an in‐depth understanding of the positive and negative effects of diary usage among people with dementia and the influencing factors. The data were collected from eight databases from the inception of each database to November 2020. A thematic synthesis method was used to sort and summarise the included studies. Ten studies were chosen for the review. The following three analytical themes were identified: (i) positive changes; (ii) factors affecting the record; and (iii) negative feelings. Diaries can cause positive changes in people with dementia, but the specific patterns of stimulation and changes over time remain to be explored. Furthermore, researchers should encourage patients and their families to have a correct understanding of the diary, improve their motivation and social support, fully use the positive effects of the diary, and reduce the occurrence of negative effects. Medical staff should help caregivers improve their awareness of the usefulness and ease of the diary and encourage them to provide support and companionship to people with dementia while exhibiting a positive attitude.
Direct feedback and social conformity promote behavioral change via mechanisms indexed by centroparietal positivity: Electrophysiological evidence from a role‐swapping ultimatum game
Authors: Bogdan Paul C. , Moore Matthew , Kuznietsov Illia , Frank Justin D. , Federmeier Kara D. , Dolcos Sanda , Dolcos Florin
Published: December 2021

Our behavior is shaped by multiple factors, including direct feedback (seeing the outcomes of our past actions) and social observation (in part, via a drive to conform to other peoples' behaviors). However, it remains unclear how these two processes are linked in the context of behavioral change. This is important to investigate, as behavioral change is associated with distinct neural correlates that reflect specific aspects of processing, such as information integration and rule updating. To clarify whether these processes characterize both direct learning and conformity, we elicited the two within the same task, using a role‐swapping version of the Ultimatum Game—a fairness paradigm where subjects decide how to share a pot of money with other players—while electroencephalography (EEG) data were recorded. Behavioral results showed that subjects decided how to divide the pot based on both direct feedback (seeing whether their past proposals were accepted or rejected) and social observation (copying the splits that others just proposed). Converging EEG evidence revealed that increased centroparietal positivity (P2, P3b, and late positivity) indexed behavioral changes motivated by direct feedback and those motivated by drives to conform. However, exploratory analyses also suggest that these two motivating factors may also be dissociable, and that frontal midline theta oscillations may predict behavioral changes linked to direct feedback but not conformity. Overall, this study provides novel electrophysiological evidence regarding the different forms of behavioral change. These findings are also relevant for understanding the mechanisms of social information processing that underlie successful cooperation.
Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification of the mining bee family Andrenidae
Authors: Bossert Silas , Wood Thomas J. , Patiny Sébastien , Michez Denis , Almeida Eduardo A. B. , Minckley Robert L. , Packer Laurence , Neff John L. , Copeland Robert S. , Straka Jakub , Pauly Alain , Griswold Terry , Brady Seán G. , Danforth Bryan N. , Murray Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2021

The mining bees (Andrenidae) are a major bee family of over 3000 described species with a nearly global distribution. They are a particularly significant component of northern temperate ecosystems and are critical pollinators in natural and agricultural settings. Despite their ecological and evolutionary significance, our knowledge of the evolutionary history of Andrenidae is sparse and insufficient to characterize their spatiotemporal origin and phylogenetic relationships. This limits our ability to understand the diversification dynamics that led to the second most species‐rich genus of all bees, Andrena Fabricius, and the most species‐rich North American genus, Perdita Smith. Here, we develop a comprehensive genomic dataset of 195 species of Andrenidae, including all major lineages, to illuminate the evolutionary history of the family. Using fossil‐informed divergence time estimates, we characterize macroevolutionary dynamics, incorporate paleoclimatic information, and present our findings in the context of diversification rate estimates for all other bee tribes. We found that diversification rates of Andrenidae steeply increased over the past 15 million years, particularly in the genera Andrena and Perdita. This suggests that these two groups and the brood parasites of the genus Nomada Scopoli (Apidae), which are the primary cleptoparasitic counterparts of Andrena, are similar in age and represent the fastest diversifying lineages of all bees. Using our newly developed time frame of andrenid evolution, we estimate a late Cretaceous origin in South America for the family and reconstruct the past dispersal events that led to its present‐day distribution.
Bulk segregation analysis in the NGS era: a review of its teenage years
Authors: Li Zhiqiang , Xu Yuhui
Published: December 2021

Bulk segregation analysis (BSA) utilizes a strategy of pooling individuals with extreme phenotypes to conduct economical and rapidly linked marker screening or quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. With the development of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technology in the past 10 years, BSA methods and technical systems have been gradually developed and improved. At the same time, the ever‐decreasing costs of sequencing accelerate NGS‐based BSA application in different species, including eukaryotic yeast, grain crops, economic crops, horticultural crops, trees, aquatic animals, and insects. This paper provides a landscape of BSA methods and reviews the BSA development process in the past decade, including the sequencing method for BSA, different populations, different mapping algorithms, associated region threshold determination, and factors affecting BSA mapping. Finally, we summarize related strategies in QTL fine mapping combining BSA.