bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A second triclinic polymorph of azimsulfuron
Authors: Kwon Eunjin , Kim Jineun , Park Hyunjin , Kim Tae Ho
Published: September 2016

The title compound, C13H16N10O5S (systematic name: 1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-3-{[1-methyl-4-(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyrazol-5-yl]sulfonyl}urea), is a second triclinic polymorph of this crystal [for the other, see: Jeon et al., (2015). Acta Cryst. E71, o470–o471]. There are two molecules, A and B, in the asymmetric unit; the dihedral angles between the pyrazole ring and the tetrazole and dimethoxypyrimidine ring planes are 72.84 (10) and 37.24 (14)°, respectively (molecule A) and 84.38 (9) and 26.09 (15)°, respectively (molecule B). Each molecule features an intramolecular N—H...N hydrogen bond. In the crystal, aromatic π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid separations = 3.9871 (16), 3.4487 (14) and 3.5455 (16) Å] link the molecules into [001] chains. In addition, N—H...N, N—H...O, C—H...O and C—H...N hydrogen bonds occur, forming a three-dimensional architecture. We propose that the dimorphism results from differences in conformations and packing owing to different intermolecular interactions, especially aromatic π–π stacking.
5,6-Bis(pyridin-2-yl)-2,3-dihydropyrazine
Authors: Posel Maciej , Stoeckli-Evans Helen
Published: September 2016

The title compound, C14H12N4, has approximate twofold rotational symmetry. The pseudo-twofold axis bisects the C—C bonds of the dihydropyrazine ring, which has a screw–boat conformation. The two pyridine rings are inclined to the mean plane of the dihydropyrazine ring by 30.78 (11) and 39.37 (9)°, and to one another by 62.53 (10)°. The pyridine N atoms arecisto one another, with an N...N nonbonded distance of 3.101 (2) Å. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaa pair of N—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with anR22(6) ring motif. These units are linked by further N—H...H hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to (302). The layers are linked by C—H...π interactions, forming a three-dimensional framework.
Histamine perchlorate
Authors: Okeke Ugochukwu , Gultneh Yilma , Jasinski Jerry P. , Butcher Ray J.
Published: September 2016

The perchlorate salt of the histamine dication [systematic name: 4-(2-azaniumylethyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis(perchlorate)], C5H11N32+·2ClO4−, crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/cwith two formula units in the asymmetric unit. One of the histamine dications is disordered [occupancies of 0.718 (4) and 0.282 (4)] and two of the four perchlorate anions are disordered [occupancies of 0.735 (6):0.265 (6) and 0.637 (5):0.363 (5)]. There is extensive hydrogen bonding in the structure involving both N—H...O and C—H...O interactions, which link the histamine dications and perchlorate anions into a three-dimensional array.
4,7-Dichloro-1H-indole-2,3-dione
Authors: Golen James A. , Manke David R.
Published: September 2016

The title compound, C8H3Cl2NO2, has a single near-planar molecule in the asymmetric unit, with the non-H atoms having a mean deviation from planarity of 0.042 Å. In the crystal, the molecules dimerize through two N—H...O hydrogen bonds. The molecules are further linked through slipped π–π interactions that propagate along theaaxis [inter-centroid distance = 3.8639 (10) Å, interplanar distance = 3.3478 (10) Å and slippage = 1.9292 (15) Å].
2-Aminopyridinium 2,4-dinitrophenolate
Authors: Devi S. Reena , Akilan R. , Kumar R. Mohan , Ganesh T. , Chakkaravarthi G.
Published: September 2016

The asymmetric unit of the title organic salt, C5H7N2+·C6H3N2O5−, comprises two 2-aminopyridinium cations and two 2,4-dinitrophenolate anions. The cations are protonated at the pyridine N atoms, while the anions are deprotonated at hydroxyl O atoms. In the crystal, bifurcated N—H...O hydrogen bonds generate twoR12(6), twoR21(6), and oneR21(4) ring motifs. Adjacent anions and cations are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds into infinite chains along [110]. Weak C—H...O contacts and π–π interactions further link the components, forming a complex three-dimensional supramolecular network.
A survey of augmentative and alternative communication used in an inner city special school
Authors: Norburn Katie , Levin Abigail , Morgan Sally , Harding Celia
Published: September 2016

This study surveyed staff use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) within a large inner city special school for children with complex needs and learning disabilities. A questionnaire asked 72 staff members about the range of AAC strategies they typically used during the working day and how often they used it; training they had received about AAC; and which AAC approaches they found easy to use and those they found difficult. A range of AAC approaches were identified by staff. Participant confidence and understanding of the reasons for using identified AAC strategies was reported to be one of the key barriers to implementing AAC effectively. The implications in relation to how children with complex needs receive support for their receptive and expressive communication within an education environment are discussed.
Depraved, Deprived, Dangerous and Deviant: Depicting the Insane Child in England's County Asylums, 1845–1907
Authors: TAYLOR STEVEN J.
Published: September 2016

The representations and experiences of children inside pauper lunatic asylums embody a significant lacuna in the understanding of children and childhood during the nineteenth century. Considering the Victorian period as a time when the conceptual notion of a sheltered and romantic childhood emerged it is essential, both to studies of childhood and to the history of the asylum, to examine how children thought to be mentally abnormal were incorporated into a discourse of innocence. Families and medical professionals played important roles in the admissions process by providing testimonies that led to certifications of insanity. This article examines the concept of the insane child and how it related to ideas of childhood that emerged during the period. Furthermore, important issues are explored such as the fluid nature of describing mental illness during the period, the motives of both family and medical professionals in creating polarized narratives of the sick child, and the place of the child within the medical institution.
Increased need for interventions predicts mortality in the critically ill
Authors: Efendijev I. , Raj R. , Skrifvars M. B. , Hoppu S. , Reinikainen M.
Published: September 2016

Introduction

The aim of this study was to determine the association of early treatment intensity with hospital mortality of intensive care unit (ICU) patients.

Methods

We performed an observational study based on a national ICU registry. We included adult patients treated in Finnish ICUs between 2003 and 2013 with the length of ICU stay of more than 3 days. We measured treatment intensity with the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS‐76). We assessed mean and daily TISS scores. To define the change in treatment intensity during the first days in the ICU, we calculated the difference between the TISS score on day 3 and the score on day 1 (ΔTISS). We used multivariate logistic regression to adjust for baseline differences and continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI) to determine the impact of adding TISS data to the baseline prediction model on its prognostic performance.

Results

We identified 42,493 patients eligible for the study. For 71% of the patients, ΔTISS was ≤ 0 and crude hospital mortality was 18%. ΔTISS > 0 was observed for 29% of the patients, with a hospital mortality of 23%. When compared to the group ΔTISS ≤ 0, the category ΔTISS > 0 was independently associated with substantially increased mortality. Adding TISS data to the prediction model resulted in the improvement of prognostic performance particularly in the patients with the lowest initial baseline risk.

Conclusions

Early increase in TISS scores was associated with increased risk of death, especially in patients with a lower initial severity of illness.
The marketing potential of corporate social responsibility activities: the case of the alcohol industry in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Pantani Daniela , Peltzer Raquel , Cremonte Mariana , Robaina Katherine , Babor Thomas , Pinsky Ilana
Published: September 2016

Aims

The aims were to: (1) identify, monitor and analyse the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices of the alcohol industry in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and (2) examine whether the alcohol industry is using these actions to market their products and brands.

Methods

Nine health experts from Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay conducted a content analysis of 218 CSR activities using a standardized protocol. A content rating procedure was used to evaluate the marketing potential of CSR activities as well as their probable population reach and effectiveness. The LEAD procedure (longitudinal, expert and all data) was applied to verify the accuracy of industry‐reported descriptions.

Results

A total of 55.8% of the actions were found to have a marketing potential, based on evidence that they are likely to promote brands and products. Actions with marketing potential were more likely to reach a larger audience than actions classified with no marketing potential. Most actions did not fit into any category recommended by the World Health Organization; 50% of the actions involving classroom and college education for young people were found to have marketing potential; 62.3% were classified as meeting the definition of risk management CSR.

Conclusion

Alcohol industry Corporate Social Responsibility activities in Latin America and the Caribbean appear to have a strategic marketing role beyond their stated philanthropic and public health purpose.
Device Strategies for Patients in INTERMACS Profiles 1 and 2 Cardiogenic Shock: Double Bridge With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Initial Implant of More Durable Devices
Authors: Cheng Richard , Ramzy Danny , Azarbal Babak , Arabia Francisco A. , Esmailian Fardad , Czer Lawrence S. , Kobashigawa Jon A. , Moriguchi Jaime D.
Published: September 2016

For Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support profiles 1 and 2 cardiogenic shock patients initially placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), whether crossover to more durable devices is associated with increased survival, and its optimal timing, are not established.

Profiles 1 and 2 patients placed on mechanical support were prospectively registered. Survival and successful hospital discharge were compared between patients placed on ECMO only, ECMO with early crossover, and ECMO with delayed crossover. Survival of patients directly implanted with non‐ECMO devices was also reported.

One‐hundred and sixty‐two patients were included. Mean age was 52.2 ± 13.8 years. Seventy‐three of 162 (45.1%) were initiated on ECMO. Of these, 43 were supported with ECMO only, 11 were crossed‐over early <4 days, and 19 were crossed‐over in a delayed fashion. Survival was different across groups (Log‐rank P < 0.002). In multivariate analysis, early crossover was associated with decreased mortality as compared with no crossover (hazard ratio [HR] 0.201, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.058–0.697, P = 0.011) or with delayed crossover (HR 0.255, 95%CI 0.073–0.894, P = 0.033). Mortality was not different between delayed crossover and no crossover (P = 0.473). In patients with early crossover there were no deaths at 30 days, and 60‐day survival was 90.0 ± 9.5%. Survival to hospital discharge was 72.8%. For patients directly implanted with non‐ECMO devices, 30‐day and 60‐day survival was 90.9 ± 3.1% and 87.3 ± 3.8%, respectively, and survival to hospital discharge was 78.7%.

Both initial implant of durable devices and double bridge strategy was associated with improved outcomes. If the double bridge strategy is chosen, early crossover is associated with improved survival and successful hospital discharge.
Biological Evaluation of Implant Drill Made from Zirconium Dioxide
Authors: Akiba Yosuke , Eguchi Kaori , Akiba Nami , Uoshima Katsumi
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Zirconia is a good candidate material in the dental field. In this study, we evaluated biological responses against a zirconia drill using a bone cavity healing model.

Materials and Methods

Zirconia drills, stainless steel drills, and the drilled bone surface were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), before and after cavity preparation. For the bone cavity healing model, the upper first and second molars of Wistar rats were extracted. After 4 weeks, cavities were prepared with zirconia drills on the left side. As a control, a stainless steel drill was used on the right side. At 3, 7, and 14 days after surgery, micro‐CT images were taken. Samples were prepared for histological staining.

Results

SEM images revealed that zirconia drills maintained sharpness even after 30 drilling procedures. The bone surface was smoother with the zirconia drill. Micro‐CT images showed faster and earlier bone healing in the zirconia drill cavity. On H‐E staining, at 7 days, the zirconia drill defect had a smaller blank lacunae area. At 14 days, the zirconia drill defect was filled with newly formed bone.

Conclusions

The zirconia drill induces less damage during cavity preparation and is advantageous for bone healing. (197 words)
Randomized clinical study assessing two membranes for guided bone regeneration of peri‐implant bone defects: clinical and histological outcomes at 6 months
Authors: Naenni Nadja , Schneider David , Jung Ronald E. , Hüsler Jürg , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Thoma Daniel S.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To test whether or not one of two membranes is superior for peri‐implant‐guided bone regeneration in terms of clinical and histologic outcomes.

Material and methods

In 27 patients, 27 two‐piece dental implants were placed in single‐tooth gaps in the esthetic area. Buccal dehiscence and/or fenestration‐type defects were regenerated using demineralized bovine bone mineral and randomly covered with either a resorbable membrane (RES) or a titanium‐reinforced non‐resorbable membrane (N‐RES). Clinical measurements included vertical defect resolution and the horizontal thickness of regenerated bone at implant placement and at 6 months. Statistics were performed by means of nonparametric testing.

Results

The remaining mean vertical defect measured 4 mm (±2.07) (RES) and 2.36 mm (±2.09) (N‐RES) (P = 0.044) at baseline and 0.77 mm (±0.85) (RES) and 0.21 mm (±0.80) (N‐RES) (P = 0.021) at re‐entry. This translated into a defect resolution of 85% (RES) and 90.7% (N‐RES) (P = 0.10). The horizontal thickness after augmentation measured 3.46 mm (±0.52) (RES) and 2.82 mm (±0.50) (N‐RES) (P = 0.004). The mean loss in horizontal thickness from baseline to re‐entry measured 2.23 mm (SD ±1.21) (RES) and 0.14 mm (±0.79) (N‐RES) (P = 0.017). The horizontal changes in thickness at the implant shoulder level were statistically significant between the groups (P = 0.0001).

Conclusions

Both treatment modalities were clinically effective in regenerating bone as demonstrated by a similar horizontal thickness and vertical defect fill at 6 months. The N‐RES group exhibited significantly less horizontal bone thickness reduction from baseline to follow‐up.
Altered functional brain connectivity in children and young people with opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome
Authors: Chekroud Adam M , Anand Geetha , Yong Jean , Pike Michael , Bridge Holly
Published: September 2016

Aim

Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare, poorly understood condition that can result in long‐term cognitive, behavioural, and motor sequelae. Several studies have investigated structural brain changes associated with this condition, but little is known about changes in function. This study aimed to investigate changes in brain functional connectivity in patients with OMS.

Method

Seven patients with OMS and 10 age‐matched comparison participants underwent 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to acquire resting‐state functional MRI data (whole‐brain echo‐planar images; 2mm isotropic voxels; multiband factor ×2) for a cross‐sectional study. A seed‐based analysis identified brain regions in which signal changes over time correlated with the cerebellum. Model‐free analysis was used to determine brain networks showing altered connectivity.

Results

In patients with OMS, the motor cortex showed significantly reduced connectivity, and the occipito‐parietal region significantly increased connectivity with the cerebellum relative to the comparison group. A model‐free analysis also showed extensive connectivity within a visual network, including the cerebellum and basal ganglia, not present in the comparison group. No other networks showed any differences between groups.

Interpretation

Patients with OMS showed reduced connectivity between the cerebellum and motor cortex, but increased connectivity with occipito‐parietal regions. This pattern of change supports widespread brain involvement in OMS.
Cutaneous manifestations of graft‐versus‐host disease: role of the dermatologist
Authors: Kavand Sima , Lehman Julia S. , Hashmi Shahrukh , Gibson Lawrence E. , el‐Azhary Rokea A.
Published: September 2016

Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) is the major complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and is associated with high mortality in severe cases. The skin is one of the major organs affected in both acute and chronic GVHD. This review aims to elucidate the basic characteristics of GVHD, and the role and contribution of dermatologists in the care of patients with this condition.
Medición de la vulnerabilidad en el empleo en Europa
Authors: BAZILLIER Rémi , BOBOC Cristina , CALAVREZO Oana
Published: September 2016

El aumento de los contratos atípicos y de la rotación laboral en Europa está intensificando la vulnerabilidad en el empleo. Con datos de la Encuesta Social Europea de 2008 y mediante análisis de correspondencias múltiples, los autores elaboran tres índices de vulnerabilidad en el empleo (en función del empleador, del puesto de trabajo y de ambos), que aplican a una muestra de 29 países, fundamentalmente europeos. El primero (equivalente a la definición de empleo vulnerable de la OIT, basada en países en desarrollo) explica el 51 por ciento de los datos. En el segundo, resultan determinantes la categoría ocupacional y la ausencia de responsabilidades de supervisión.
Efectos de las remesas de migrantes mexicanos en el Canadá en las explotaciones agrarias mexicanas
Authors: CARVAJAL GUTIÉRREZ Lidia , JOHNSON Thomas G.
Published: September 2016

Con datos de una encuesta a participantes en el Programa de Trabajadores Agrícolas Temporales México‐Canadá, los autores estiman un modelo de ecuaciones simultáneas de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios y encuentran que las remesas impulsan las inversiones agrícolas en México, que a su vez incrementan los ingresos agrícolas. También observan una influencia positiva de las remesas en los ingresos no agrícolas en México, ya que permiten a los encuestados emprender y diversificar sus inversiones. Ello refrenda la teoría de la «nueva economía de la migración laboral», según la cual las remesas contribuyen al desarrollo económico al compensar la falta de créditos en la función de inversión de las explotaciones agrarias familiares.
NONPARAMETRIC AND SEMIPARAMETRIC PANEL DATA MODELS: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Rodriguez‐Poo Juan M. , Soberon Alexandra
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we provide an intensive review of the recent developments for semiparametric and fully nonparametric panel data models that are linearly separable in the innovation and the individual‐specific term. We analyze these developments under two alternative model specifications: fixed and random effects panel data models. More precisely, in the random effects setting, we focus our attention in the analysis of some efficiency issues that have to do with the so‐calledworking independence condition. This assumption is introduced when estimating the asymptotic variance–covariance matrix of nonparametric estimators. In the fixed effects setting, to cope with the so‐calledincidental parameters problem, we consider two different estimation approaches: profiling techniques and differencing methods. Furthermore, we are also interested in the endogeneity problem and how instrumental variables are used in this context. In addition, for practitioners, we also show different ways of avoiding the so‐calledcurse of dimensionalityproblem in pure nonparametric models. In this way, semiparametric and additive models appear as a solution when the number of explanatory variables is large.
Entry and Product Variety with Competing Supply Chains
Authors: Pagnozzi Marco , Piccolo Salvatore , Bassi Matteo
Published: September 2016

We study a model where an endogenous number of competing manufacturers located around a circle contract with exclusive retailers who are privately informed about their costs. The number of brands in the market (determined by the manufacturers’ zero profit condition) depends on the presence of asymmetric information and on the types of contracts between manufacturers and retailers. With two‐part tariffs, wholesale prices fully reflect retailers’ costs; with linear contracts, wholesale prices are constant and independent of retailers’ costs. The number of brands is lower (resp. higher) with asymmetric information than with complete information when contracts are linear (resp. with two‐part tariffs). Moreover, although the number of brands is always higher with linear contracts than with two‐part tariffs, joint profits of manufacturers and retailers are higher with linear prices. We also discuss manufacturers’ incentives to choose different contract forms and analyze the effects of endogenous entry on welfare.
Foreclosing Competition Through High Access Charges and Price Discrimination
Authors: López Ángel L. , Rey Patrick
Published: September 2016

This article analyzes competition between two asymmetric networks, an incumbent and a new entrant. Networks compete in non‐linear tariffs and may charge different prices for on‐net and off‐net calls. When access charges are high, this allows the incumbent to foreclose the market in a profitable way if switching costs are sufficiently large. In the absence of termination‐based price discrimination, however, such foreclosure strategies are not profitable.
The Atlas of North American English and its impacts on approaches to dialect geography
Authors: Thomas Erik R.
Published: September 2016

The Atlas of North American English (ANAE) is a survey of vocalic variation in North American English and the culmination of Labov's years of work on vowel shifting. It covers the entire continent and employs modern acoustic analysis to reveal shifting patterns. As such, it represents a significant step forward for dialectology. Importantly, its focus is more current than historical. It has some weaknesses, such as poor coverage of minorities and diphthongization and an outdated notation. However, its perspective will drive future approaches to geographical variation and vowel shifting. Sound changes, both for English and for other languages, must now be viewed as components of integrated systems. Geographical surveys should henceforth take the extent of these systems into account.
Labov's contributions to the study of African American Vernacular English: Pursuing linguistic and social equity
Authors: Rickford John R.
Published: September 2016

Even before Labov's celebrated study of the Lower East Side (The Social Stratification of English in New York City) was published in 1966, he had begun research on African American Vernacular English (AAVE) in Harlem. His work there initiated a life‐long study of the structural features, verbal artistry and language use of the African American speech community. It took him to other cities (e.g. Philadelphia) and states (e.g. California, Georgia, South Carolina), and led him to grapple with questions about how linguistics could be used to improve the teaching of reading to speakers of vernacular Englishes and to enhance the life chances of people of color. In this article, I review Labov's contributions to each of these issues, and to diachronic issues about the development ofAAVE. Overall, this research considerably enriched his overall contribution to theoretical, methodological and applied aspects of sociolinguistics and the study of linguistic variation and change.
Review of Teenlink: A health service for children and adolescents of parents with substance use
Authors: Zehetner Anthony , Iatrou Popi , Lampropoulos Basiliki , Phillips Natalie
Published: September 2016

Aim

To evaluate Teenlink, a wide‐ranging medical and psychological health service addressing the needs of children and adolescents in substance‐using families, who are at increased risk of developmental and psychosocial problems.

Methods

Retrospective record review of 124 children, from 92 families seen over a 13 year period.

Results

Polysubstance use and mental illness were common amongst parents. Children often presented with emotional and behavioural problems. Teenlink provided parenting skills, individual and family work, medical care, case management, advocacy, collaboration and education with adult drug and alcohol services.

Conclusions

The chronic and complex nature of parental addiction, need for ongoing support and tailored service utilisation, reflected the length of engagement.
Temporal and bathymetric variation of epiphyte cover and leaf biomass in a southern Posidonia oceanica (L.) meadow: the case of Mahdia coast, Tunisia
Authors: Mabrouk Lotfi , Asma Hamza , Bradai Med N.
Published: September 2016

The aim of this research was to study spatial and temporal variation in epiphyte cover and leaf biomass of Posidonia oceanica in Eastern Tunisia. Sampling was conducted at four stations on the Mahdia coast during October and December 2010, and April and August 2011, which correspond respectively to autumn, winter, spring and summer in this area. Posidonia oceanica shoots were collected at two depths (5 and 10 m). Cover of macroinvertebrates and macroalgae was estimated on adult leaves. The results showed that leaf and epiphyte biomasses vary significantly according to sampling date, with the highest values recorded in August. We found a high diversity of epiphytic assemblages on the leaves of P. oceanica with clear qualitative and quantitative dominance of Rhodophyceae compared to other groups, followed by Phaeophyceae. Most epiphyte species on the leaves of P. oceanica in Eastern Tunisia are the same as those in other parts of the Mediterranean Sea. No bathymetrical variation in the epiphytic community was found in our study area, which can be explained by the high levels of water clarity in Mahdia.
Modified niche optima and breadths explain the historical contingency of bacterial community responses to eutrophication in coastal sediments
Authors: Fodelianakis S. , Moustakas A. , Papageorgiou N. , Manoli O. , Tsikopoulou I. , Michoud G. , Daffonchio D. , Karakassis I. , Ladoukakis E. D.
Published: September 2016

Previous studies have shown that the response of bacterial communities to disturbances depends on their environmental history. Historically fluctuating habitats host communities that respond better to disturbance than communities of historically stable habitats. However, the exact ecological mechanism that drives this dependency remains unknown. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that modifications of niche optima and niche breadths of the community members are driving this dependency of bacterial responses to past environmental conditions. First, we develop a novel, simple method to calculate the niche optima and breadths of bacterial taxa regarding single environmental gradients. Then, we test this method on sediment bacterial communities of three habitats, one historically stable and less loaded and two historically more variable and more loaded habitats in terms of historical chlorophyll‐α water concentration, that we subject to hypoxia via organic matter addition ex situ. We find that communities containing bacterial taxa differently adapted to hypoxia show different structural and functional responses, depending on the sediment's environmental history. Specifically, in the historically less fluctuating and loaded sediments where we find more taxa poorly adapted to hypoxic conditions, communities change a lot over time and organic matter is not degraded efficiently. The opposite is true for the historically more fluctuating and loaded sediments where we find more taxa well adapted to hypoxia. Based on the community responses observed here, we also propose an alternative calculation of community resistance that takes into account how rapidly the communities respond to disturbances and not just the initial and final states of the community.
Beekeeping practices and geographic distance, not land use, drive gene flow across tropical bees
Authors: Jaffé Rodolfo , Pope Nathaniel , Acosta André L. , Alves Denise A. , Arias Maria C. , De la Rúa Pilar , Francisco Flávio O. , Giannini Tereza C. , González‐Chaves Adrian , Imperatriz‐Fonseca Vera L. , Tavares Mara G. , Jha Shalene , Carvalheiro Luísa G.
Published: September 2016

Across the globe, wild bees are threatened by ongoing natural habitat loss, risking the maintenance of plant biodiversity and agricultural production. Despite the ecological and economic importance of wild bees and the fact that several species are now managed for pollination services worldwide, little is known about how land use and beekeeping practices jointly influence gene flow. Using stingless bees as a model system, containing wild and managed species that are presumed to be particularly susceptible to habitat degradation, here we examine the main drivers of tropical bee gene flow. We employ a novel landscape genetic approach to analyse data from 135 populations of 17 stingless bee species distributed across diverse tropical biomes within the Americas. Our work has important methodological implications, as we illustrate how a maximum‐likelihood approach can be applied in a meta‐analysis framework to account for multiple factors, and weight estimates by sample size. In contrast to previously held beliefs, gene flow was not related to body size or deforestation, and isolation by geographic distance (IBD) was significantly affected by management, with managed species exhibiting a weaker IBD than wild ones. Our study thus reveals the critical importance of beekeeping practices in shaping the patterns of genetic differentiation across bee species. Additionally, our results show that many stingless bee species maintain high gene flow across heterogeneous landscapes. We suggest that future efforts to preserve wild tropical bees should focus on regulating beekeeping practices to maintain natural gene flow and enhancing pollinator‐friendly habitats, prioritizing species showing a limited dispersal ability.
Relating fitness to long‐term environmental variations in natura
Authors: Milesi Pascal , Lenormand Thomas , Lagneau Christophe , Weill Mylène , Labbé Pierrick
Published: September 2016

Quantifying links between ecological processes and adaptation dynamics in natura remains a crucial challenge. Many studies have documented the strength, form and direction of selection, and its variations in space and time, but only a few managed to link these variations to their proximal causes. This step is, however, crucial, if we are to understand how the variation in selective pressure affects adaptive allele dynamics in natural settings. We used data from a long‐term survey (about 30 years) monitoring the adaptation to insecticides of Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Montpellier area (France), focusing on three resistance alleles of the Ester locus. We used a population genetics model taking temporal and spatial variations in selective pressure into account, to assess the quantitative relationships between variations in the proximal agent of selection (amounts of insecticide sprayed) and the fitness of resistance alleles. The response to variations in selective pressure was fast, and the alleles displayed different fitness‐to‐environment relationships: the analyses revealed that even slight changes in insecticide doses could induce changes in the strength and direction of selection, thus changing the fitness ranking of the adaptive alleles. They also revealed that selective pressures other than the insecticides used for mosquito control affected the resistance allele dynamics. These fitness‐to‐environment relationships, fast responses and continuous evolution limit our ability to predict the outcome of adaptive allele dynamics in a changing environment, but they clearly contribute to the maintenance of polymorphism in natural populations. Our study also emphasizes the necessity of long‐term surveys in evolutionary ecology.
Is telomere length a molecular marker of past thermal stress in wild fish?
Authors: Debes Paul V. , Visse Marko , Panda Bineet , Ilmonen Petteri , Vasemägi Anti
Published: September 2016

Telomeres protect eukaryotic chromosomes; variation in telomere length has been linked (primarily in homoeothermic animals) to variation in stress, cellular ageing and disease risk. Moreover, telomeres have been suggested to function as biomarker for quantifying past environmental stress, but studies in wild animals remain rare. Environmental stress, such as extreme environmental temperatures in poikilothermic animals, may result in oxidative stress that accelerates telomere attrition. However, growth, which may depend on temperature, can also contribute to telomere attrition. To test for associations between multitissue telomere length and past water temperature while accounting for the previous individual growth, we used quantitative PCR to analyse samples from 112 young‐of‐the‐year brown trout from 10 natural rivers with average water temperature differences of up to 6°C (and an absolute maximum of 23°C). We found negative associations between relative telomere length (RTL) and both average river temperature and individual body size. We found no indication of RTL–temperature association differences among six tissues, but we did find indications for differences among the tissues for associations between RTL and body size; size trends, albeit nonsignificant in their differences, were strongest in muscle and weakest in fin. Although causal relationships among temperature, growth, oxidative stress, and cross‐sectional telomere length remain largely unknown, our results indicate that telomere‐length variation in a poikilothermic wild animal is associated with both past temperature and growth.
Surface proteins of Setaria cervi induce inflammation in macrophage through Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4)‐mediated signalling pathway
Authors: Mukherjee Su. , Mukherjee Sa. , Bhattacharya S. , Sinha Babu S. P.
Published: September 2016

Lymphatic filariasis is a vectorborne parasitic disease that results in morbidities, disabilities and socio‐economic loss each year globally. Inflammatory consequences associated with any form of filariasis have drawn special attention. However, the molecular insight behind the inflammation of host macrophage (MФ) is considered as one of the shaded areas in filarial research. Herein, major emphasis was given to study the signalling pathway of MФ inflammation induced by surface proteins (SPs) of filarial parasite through in vitro and in vivo approaches. Twenty‐four hours of in vitro stimulation of Raw MФs with endotoxin‐free SPs of Setaria cervi resulted in the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α and IL‐1β) that revealed induction of inflammation, which was found to be elicited from classical NF‐кB activation. Moreover, this NF‐кB activation was found to be signalled from TLR4 and mediated by the downstream signalling intermediates, viz. MyD88, pTAK1 and NEMO. In vivo studies in adult Wistar rats, experimentally injected with SPs, clearly supported the outcomes of in vitro experiments by showing higher degree of inflammation rather classical activation of the peritoneal MФs. Therefore, SPs from S. cervi cuticle could be responsible for the induction of pro‐inflammatory response in MФ, which appears to be propagated through TLR4‐NF‐кB route.
Between Children and Transnational Economic Actors:The Discounted “Belongings” of Young Chinese Migrants
Authors: Statz Michele L.
Published: September 2016

Each year, approximately 1,500 Chinese youth (typically aged 15–17) migrate alone and clandestinely to the United States. While most intend to advance themselves and their families socially and economically, not all are immediately successful: some are apprehended and placed in removal proceedings. Here, immigration cause lawyers are tasked with presenting clients who might otherwise be termed “economic migrants” as uniquely vulnerable and deserving of legal status. Drawing on extensive ethnographic research, this article confronts a disconnect between the forms of belonging many young Chinese migrants prioritize—belonging to the workforce and to transnational kin and peer networks—and lawyers’ strategic disregard for these situated identities. It asks: How do young migrants reconcile their largely autonomous maneuvering with the accounts put forth by their attorney—accounts of cultural coercion, parental deficiency, and unagentive “children”? What forces give rise to these narratives, and what are their consequences for clients, and for lawyers? Tracing the utilization and suppression of meaningful identities in various institutional, kin, and community contexts, this article illuminates the ways in which young migrants’ pursuit of one form of status, namely legal, powerfully impacts their valuation and attainment of other, more discrete markers of success.
Public Secrets, Muzzled Science: Agnotological Practice, State Performance, and Dying Salmon in British Columbia
Authors: Viatori Maximilian
Published: September 2016

This article examines recent efforts by the Canadian government to silence a federal scientist from publicly speaking about her research on the decline in Fraser River sockeye salmon. I argue that the information embargo through which Canadian officials silenced government science not only served an agnotological function of demobilizing the opposition by promoting public ignorance about ecological issues, but also functioned as a means of state making by producing an image of the state as a unitary and powerful actor. This performance of secrecy represents a critical component of contemporary governance, and its examination has much to reveal about the central role that the production of a state effect plays in neoliberalism.
Local Tea Party Groups and the Vibrancy of the Movement
Authors: Westermeyer William H.
Published: September 2016

The Tea Party Movement (TPM) is often discussed in terms of Americans for Prosperity, the Republican Party, and other well‐funded, national groups. Yet, grounded ethnographic research reveals vibrant, independent, local organizations, which, while they do draw on nationally disseminated cultural images and discourses, are far from simple agents of the larger organizations and media. Relying on eighteen months of fieldwork among eight local Tea Party groups in central North Carolina, I argue that these small, locally situated groups are crucial components in the TPM and its effects. Using theoretical concepts from social movement studies and social practice theory, I analyze the ways personal and Internet‐based social networks, media, and elite organizations are cocreating new political subjects, and demonstrate the importance of local, face‐to‐face political organizations in cultivating and animating these subjects. I suggest that localized political groups are important for long‐lasting political transformations. [social movements, right wing movements, identity and agency, United States, American South]
P2P Marketplaces and Retailing in the Presence of Consumers' Valuation Uncertainty
Authors: Jiang Lifei , Dimitrov Stanko , Mantin Benny
Published: September 2016

Can peer‐to‐peer (P2P) marketplaces benefit traditional supply chains when consumers may experience valuation risk? P2P marketplaces can mitigate consumers' risk by allowing them to trade mismatched goods; yet, they also impose a threat to retailers and their suppliers as they compete over consumers. Further, do profit‐maximizing marketplaces always extract the entire consumer surplus from the online trades? Our two‐period model highlights the effects introduced by P2P marketplaces while accounting for the platform's pricing decisions. We prove that with low product unit cost, the P2P marketplace sets its transaction fee to the market clearing price, thereby extracting all of the seller surplus. In this range of product unit cost, the supply chain partners are worse off due to the emergence of a P2P marketplace. However, when the unit cost is high, the platform sets its transaction fee to be less than the market clearing price, intentionally leaving money on the table, as a mechanism to stimulate first period demand for new goods in expectation for some of them to be traded later, in the second period, via the marketplace. It is not until the surplus left with the sellers is sufficiently high that the supply chain partners manage to extract some of this surplus, ultimately making them better off due to a P2P marketplace. We further analyze the impact of a P2P marketplace on consumer surplus and social welfare. In addition, we consider model variants accounting for a frictionless platform and consumer strategic waiting.
For the Want of a Nail: The Interaction of Managerial Capacity and Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance
Authors: Melton Erin K. , Meier Kenneth J.
Published: September 2016

Human resource management and managerial capacity are well documented in the public management literature as integral management functions. The field has devoted attention to the importance of human resources, but it has yet to consider whether human resource management interacts with capacity in attaining organizational outcomes. Using a large‐N, multiyear data set of public organizations, this article seeks to rectify this gap in the literature. The findings validate scholarly arguments on the importance of public organizations’ need to manage human resources and capacity effectively, identifying just the right combination for performance gains. Empirical results encourage practitioners to consider the ways in which human resource management and capacity work together to influence performance but sometimes undermine each other in counterintuitive ways.
Rare species and aliens: reconsidering non‐native plants in the management of natural areas
Authors: Dunwiddie Peter W. , Rogers Deborah L.
Published: September 2016

Natural areas are often managed for the protection of native species and ecosystems. The presence of non‐native species is generally perceived to run counter to these objectives; thus, they are often controlled or tolerated but rarely deliberately favored. We suggest greater emphasis be placed on the role species play in ecological settings regardless of their origin, recognizing that only some non‐native plants are invasive, that the risk of causing ecological harm varies considerably, and that distributions will change as species migrate in response to climate change. We sense a disparity between the way this topic—conservation value of non‐native species—is addressed in the literature and how it is applied in management of natural areas. To encourage more discussion and consideration of appropriate roles for non‐natives in natural areas management, we present five case studies illustrating their value in the conservation of rare and endangered species, including Taylor's checkerspot and island marble butterflies, southwestern willow flycatcher, and the giant kangaroo rat. Our last case study describes a proposed conservation action for the rare Brewer spruce—that of assisted colonization, itself the creation of a non‐native for conservation purposes. Although we support continued avoidance of introducing invasives and a cautious treatment of non‐natives, we encourage those with responsibility for natural areas management to not only evaluate the threats posed by non‐natives, but to also consider their potential benefits in relation to management objectives.
Evolution of Strategic Levers in Insurance Claims Management: An Industry Survey
Authors: Mahlow Nils , Wagner Joël
Published: September 2016

This article discusses competing strategic goals and success factors in nonlife insurers' claims management using new and ad hoc empirical data. We structure the study of the companies' aims along the three main conflicting goals: (1) the minimization of claims volume, (2) the optimization of internal claims processes, and (3) the maximization of customer satisfaction. We analyze the insurance industry perspective through a qualitative survey carried out in Germany and Switzerland. Findings on the current and expected importance of selected topics are derived. The results shall lead to managerial implications improving industry practice and serve as a starting point for further research. Our findings are relevant for academics and practitioners beyond the two markets surveyed in the study.
Effects of high‐intensity interval cycling performed after resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy
Authors: Tsitkanou S. , Spengos K. , Stasinaki A‐N. , Zaras N. , Bogdanis G. , Papadimas G. , Terzis G.
Published: September 2016

Aim of the study was to investigate whether high‐intensity interval cycling performed immediately after resistance training would inhibit muscle strength increase and hypertrophy expected from resistance training per se. Twenty‐two young men were assigned into either resistance training (RE; N = 11) or resistance training plus high‐intensity interval cycling (REC; N = 11). Lower body muscle strength and rate of force development (RFD), quadriceps cross‐sectional area (CSA) and vastus lateralis muscle architecture, muscle fiber type composition and capillarization, and estimated aerobic capacity were evaluated before and after 8 weeks of training (2 times per week). Muscle strength and quadriceps CSA were significantly and similarly increased after both interventions. Fiber CSA increased significantly and similarly after both RE (type I: 13.6 ± 3.7%, type IIA: 17.6 ± 4.4%, type IIX: 23.2 ± 5.7%, P < 0.05) and REC (type I: 10.0 ± 2.7%, type IIA: 14.8 ± 4.3% type IIX: 20.8 ± 6.0%, P < 0.05). In contrast, RFD decreased and fascicle angle increased (P < 0.05) only after REC. Capillary density and estimated aerobic capacity increased (P < 0.05) only after REC. These results suggest that high‐intensity interval cycling performed after heavy‐resistance exercise may not inhibit resistance exercise‐induced muscle strength/hypertrophy after 2 months of training, while it prompts aerobic capacity and muscle capillarization. The addition of high‐intensity cycling after heavy‐resistance exercise may decrease RFD partly due to muscle architectural changes.
Hemoglobin glutamer‐250 (bovine) in South Africa: consensus usage guidelines from clinician experts who have treated patients
Authors: Mer Mervyn , Hodgson Eric , Wallis Lee , Jacobson Barry , Levien Lewis , Snyman Jacques , Sussman Martin J. , James Mike , van Gelder Antoine , Allgaier Rachel , Jahr Jonathan S.
Published: September 2016

Hemopure (hemoglobin glutamer‐250 [bovine]; HBOC‐201) is a hemoglobin (Hb)‐based oxygen carrier registered with the Medicines Control Council of South Africa. It is indicated for the treatment of adult patients who are acutely anemic, for the purpose of maintaining tissue oxygen delivery thus eliminating, delaying, or reducing the need for allogeneic red blood cells (RBCs). Hemopure is a volume expander, and circulatory volume must be carefully monitored for signs of fluid overload. Hemopure is not as effective as RBCs for restoring Hb content and concentration, but in cases of severe anemia where allogeneic blood is not an option or is unavailable, it may offer an immediate alternative for improving oxygen transport. This document provides clinical recommendations on the safe and effective use of Hemopure based on the postmarketing experience in South Africa as well as a better understanding of Hemopure properties reflected in recent publications.