bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glass: The carrier of light—Part II—A brief look into the future of optical fiber
Authors: Ballato John , Dragic Peter D.
Published: September 2020

Glass optical fibers have reached a scale and commercial maturity that few, if any, other material and form can claim. Furthermore, optical fibers not only enable a remarkably broad range of applications but are, themselves, unique tools for fundamental studies into light‐matter interactions. That said, despite such ubiquity and global impact, increasing demands from existing systems, coupled with new expectations from novel emerging technologies, are necessitating a remarkably creative renaissance in optical fiber materials, structures, and processing methodologies. This paper, a follow‐on to a previous historical retrospective [Ballato and Dragic, Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci. 7, 413 (2016)], discusses current and future trends, recent advances in optical fiber materials, processing and properties, and muses about their forthcoming prospects and areas for further study and development. Specifically, optical fibers employed in present and future communications, sensors, and laser systems are discussed along with material innovations that could yield revolutionary advances in performance or manufacturability.
Friend or foe of innate lymphoid cells in inflammation‐associated cardiovascular disease
Authors: Gong Xiangmei , Xia Lin , Su Zhaoliang
Published: September 2020

Following cardiac injury, IL‐33 produced by fibroblast promoted ILCs and macrophages showing the type II immune phenotype to ameliorate inflammation; in pericardial fluid, IL‐5 and IL‐13 secreted by activated ILC2s led to cardiac fibroblasts to produce a large number of eotaxin; furthermore, the production of IL‐1β by cardiac macrophages may promote ILCs differentiation into ILC3s.
“The Great Communicator” and “The Great Talker” on the Radio: Projecting Presidential Personas
Authors: Sigelman Lee , Whissell Cynthia
Published: September 2020

This article analyzes the impressions thai two recent presidents (“the Great Communicator, ” Ronald Reagan; and “the Great Talker, ” Bill Clinton) conveyed in their Saturday morning radio addresses. Attention centers on two dimensions: activity and positivity. Clinton projected a more active anda more positive image than Reagan. On these dimensions, Reagan's use of language was closer to the American norm than Clinton's, although the differences between them were not truly fundamental. These findings help clarify why Reagan is generally considered the more effective communicator of the two and reinforce earlier indications of the “generic” character of presidential rhetoric.
In situ characterization of residual stress evolution during heat treatment of SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites using high‐energy X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Knauf Michael W. , Przybyla Craig P. , Shade Paul A. , Park Jun‐Sang , Ritchey Andrew J. , Trice Rodney W. , Pipes R. B.
Published: September 2020

Volumetric strains were measured in silicon carbide/silicon carbide melt‐infiltrated ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) at ambient and high temperatures using high‐energy synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Both silicon and silicon carbide constituents were interrogated utilizing a broad spectrum of diffracting planes that would be largely inaccessible to common laboratory XRD equipment. Residual room‐temperature principal strains in the melt‐infiltrated silicon phase were found to be approximately 1100 με in compression, corresponding to stresses of approximately 300 MPa using simplifying constitutive assumptions. Residual room‐temperature principal strains in silicon carbide particles found throughout the matrix were approximately 500 με in tension, corresponding to approximately 300 MPa. Residual strains were found to decrease considerably as temperatures increased from ambient temperature to 1250°C. Residual strains returned to approximately preheat treatment values after cool‐down to ambient temperature. Strain measurements in the silicon phase were found to be significantly affected by dissolved boron dopant levels causing contraction of the silicon lattice. This contraction must be accounted for in high‐temperature experiments for accurate calculation of stresses in the silicon phase.
Secular trends of hypertension prevalence based on 2017 ACC/AHA and 2018 Chinese hypertension guidelines: Results from CHNS data (1991‐2015)
Authors: Zheng Liqiang , Dai Yue , Fu Peng , Yang Tiangui , Xie Yanxia , Zheng Jia , Gao Jinyue , Niu Tiesheng
Published: September 2020

This study aimed to assess the impact of the 2017 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline and the 2018 Chinese hypertension guidelines on the different secular trends for hypertension prevalence. A total of 82 665 eligible individuals aged ≥20 years were selected from nine cross‐sectional study periods (1991‐2015) from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Over the 24‐year period, the long‐term trend for the prevalence of the 2017 ACC/AHA‐defined age‐adjusted hypertension showed an increase from 32.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 31.0%‐33.3%) in 1991 to 60.0% (95% CI: 58.6%‐61.3%) in 2015 (Ptrend < 0.001). According to the 2018 Chinese guideline for hypertension, the weighted hypertension prevalence increased from 10.0% (95% CI: 9.4%‐10.5%) in 1991 to 28.7% (95% CI: 27.9%‐29.6%) in 2015 (Ptrend < 0.001). However, slopes of increasing prevalence of hypertension were significantly greater according to the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline than that based on Joint National Committee (JNC 7) report (β = 1.00% vs β = 0.67% per year, respectively, P = 0.041). Based on the 2017 ACC/AHA definition, the prevalence of stage 1 hypertension and elevated blood pressure significantly increase from 22.3% and 6.9% in 1991 to 31.2% and 10.1% in 2015 (all P < 0.05), respectively. The secular trend for the prevalence of hypertension according to the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline showed a greater rate of increase compared with the prevalence based on the 2018 Chinese hypertension guidelines. Public health initiatives should focus on the current status of hypertension in China because of the possible high prevalence of hypertension and concomitant vascular risks.
Biological roles of Yin Yang 2: Its implications in physiological and pathological events
Authors: Li Lang , Li Yanjun , Timothy Sembiring Meliala Ian , Kasim Vivi , Wu Shourong
Published: September 2020

Yin yang 2 (YY2) is a multifunctional zinc finger protein that belongs to the yin yang (YY) family. YY2 has dual function in regulating gene expression, as it could act either as a transcriptional activator or as a repressor of its target genes. YY2 could regulate genes that have been previously identified as targets of yin yang 1 (YY1), another member of the YY family, by binding to their common binding sequences. However, recent studies revealed that YY2 also has its own specific binding sequences, leading to its particular biological functions distinct from those of YY1. Furthermore, they have different levels or even opposite regulatory effects on common target genes, suggesting the importance of balanced YY1 and YY2 regulations in maintaining proper cellular homeostasis and biological functions. Recent studies revealed that YY2 plays crucial roles in maintaining stemness and regulating differentiation potential of embryonic stem cells, as well as in the development of the brain, nervous and cardiovascular systems. YY2 expression is also closely related to diseases, as it could act as a tumour suppressor gene that regulates tumour cell proliferation and metastasis. Moreover, YY2 is also involved in immune regulation and immune surveillance. Herein, we summarize recent perspectives regarding the regulatory functions of YY2, as well as its biological functions and relation with diseases.
Growth arrest‐specific 6 modulates adiponectin expression and insulin resistance in adipose tissue
Authors: Su Sheng‐Chiang , Chiang Chi‐Fu , Hsieh Chang‐Hsun , Lu Giieh‐Hua , Liu Jhih‐Syuan , Shieh Yi‐Shing , Hung Yi‐Jen , Lee Chien‐Hsing
Published: September 2020

Aims/Introduction

Obesity is characterized by disturbed adipocytokine expression and insulin resistance in adipocytes. Growth arrest‐specific 6 (GAS6) is a gene encoding the Gas6 protein, which is expressed in fibroblasts, and its related signaling might be associated with adipose tissue inflammation, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations among Gas6, adipocytokines and insulin resistance in adipocytes.

Materials and Methods

Mature Simpson Golabi Behmel Syndrome adipocytes were treated with high levels of insulin to mimic insulin resistance, and were examined for the expressions of Gas6, cytokines and adipocytokines from preadipocytes in differentiation. In an animal study, high‐fat diet‐induced obese mice were used to verify the Gas6 expression in vitro.

Results

During the differentiation of adipocytes, the expression of Gas6 gradually decreased, and was obviously downregulated with adipocyte inflammation and insulin resistance. Gas6 levels were found to be in proportion to the expression of adiponectin, which has been regarded as closely relevant to improved insulin sensitivity after metformin treatment. Similar results were also confirmed in the animal study.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that Gas6 might modulate the expression of adiponectin, and might therefore be associated with insulin resistance in adipose tissues.
Optical properties of bisacryl‐, composite‐, ceramic‐ resin restorative materials: An aging simulation study
Authors: Sulaiman Taiseer A. , Suliman Abdulhaq A. , Mohamed Esraa A. , Rodgers Brandon , Altak Ali , Johnston William M.
Published: September 2020

Objective

Compare optical properties of a bisacryl‐, composite‐, and ceramic‐resin restorative materials pre and post artificial aging.

Methods

Bisacryl‐resin (LuxaCrown [LC], DMG), resin‐composite (Filtek Supreme Ultra, [Filtek SU] 3M ESPE), and ceramic‐resin (Enamic, VITA Zahnfabrik) specimens were prepared. The L*, C*ab, and hab values were measured pre and post artificial aging to determine color stability (CIEDE2000) and changes in contrast ratio (CR), transmittance block, and relative translucency parameter. The datasets were analyzed using 2‐way ANOVA followed by pairwise comparisons.

Results

Color difference data showed a significant interaction between materials and treatments [F(6:60) = 375.04, P < .0001] with Enamic being most color stable material and coffee having most effect on color stability. CR data showed a significant interaction between materials and treatments [F(6:60) = 4.12, P = .0016]. LC showing most change in CR values with coffee treatment. Change in transmittance blocked by Filtek SU and LC was greater for coffee treatment than that by each of the other treatments (P < .0001). Filtek SU and LC, coffee produced a greater decrease in relative translucency than that each of the other treatments (P < .0001).

Conclusions

Resin‐based materials demonstrate optical properties that encourage their use for direct/indirect restorative options. Color stability and translucency of these materials are proportionally related.

Clinical significance

Understanding the optical properties of resin‐based materials provides help in material selection and provides insight into clinical performance and esthetic longevity. The optical stability of certain bisacryl‐resin is better than what was previously determined for these restorative materials.
Nutritional and functional properties of spent coffee ground‐cheese whey powder
Authors: Osorio‐Arias Juan , Contreras‐Calderón José , Martínez‐Monteagudo Sergio I. , Vega‐Castro Oscar
Published: September 2020

A novel food ingredient with desirable nutritional properties was developed from two by‐product streams, cheese whey (CW) and spent coffee ground (SCG). The CW was concentrated up to 39% total solids and combined with different quantities of SCG (4, 10, and 16%, w/w). The mixtures were spray‐dried on a pilot scale unit and analyzed using a battery of tests including concentration of chlorogenic acids (CGAs), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), furfural, and available lysine. The seven major species of CGAs were detected in all samples, ranging from 210 to 810 μg/g of dry matter. Interestingly, the values of HMF and furfural were 0.13–0.65 and 0.08–0.44 mg/100 g protein, respectively, whereas the values of available lysine were 2.23–4.07 g/100 g protein. The developed ingredient showed high content of available lysine as well as high concentration of CGAs. The outcomes derived from this investigation can be used for fortification of food formulations.

Practical application

A new ingredient was obtained from CW and SCG with desirable nutritional composition (high polyphenol content, CGAs, and available lysine). The combination of two abundant by‐products to obtain a food ingredient represents opportunities for the utilization of industrial by‐products. The newly developed ingredient may be used in the formulation of confectionary, dairy, beverages, and desserts.
Performance of combined technologies for the inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli in pomegranate juice: The effects of a continuous‐flow UV‐Microwave system
Authors: Gómez‐Sánchez Diana Laura , Antonio‐Gutiérrez Oscar , López‐Díaz Andrea Selene , Palou Enrique , López‐Malo Aurelio , Ramírez‐Corona Nelly
Published: September 2020

During the past decade, the application of new technologies such as high pressure, ultrasound, pulsed electric fields, short‐wave ultraviolet C (UVC) light, and microwave (MW) has been thoroughly investigated for food processing. Combinations of UVC light with different technologies have been previously investigated, with promising results when combined with mild thermal treatments. The objective of this work was to study the inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli inoculated in pomegranate juice within a unit of UVC‐coiled (254 nm) equipment and the continuous‐flow MW (876 W energy output). Individual and combined treatments were evaluated at two flow rates through the tested systems. The combined technologies notably improved the inactivation of the target microorganisms. Our findings indicated a synergistic effect between the systems, respectively yielding 6.1 and 5.5 log‐cycle reductions in the yeast and bacteria for the UVC–MW treatment with a flow rate of 400 ml/min. When increasing the flow rate, different results were observed, depending on the temperature pattern. A dynamic model was obtained for MW temperature profiles and residence time distributions for the studied systems to better explain the obtained results.

Practical applications

Nowadays, alternative food‐processing technologies are under research to obtain safe, fresh‐tasting, and nutritive foods using mild temperatures or no heat. This work aimed to evaluate a configuration wherein a unit of UVC‐coiled equipment was coupled with a continuous‐flow MW system. Processing times for treating juices can be significantly reduced by combining a UVC coiled equipment with a continuous flow microwave system, because of the enhanced effect of UVC at mild temperatures and the faster heating due to the MW. Its potential implementation will allow the food industry to offer minimally processed products with clean labels and at an affordable cost.
Viral infection and smell loss: The case of COVID‐19
Authors: Glezer Isaias , Bruni‐Cardoso Alexandre , Schechtman Deborah , Malnic Bettina
Published: September 2020

Olfactory disorders have been increasingly reported in individuals infected with SARS‐CoV‐2, the virus causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Losing the sense of smell has a strong impact on the quality of life, since it may lead to malnutrition, weight loss, food poisoning, depression, and exposure to dangerous chemicals. Individuals who suffer from anosmia (inability to smell) also cannot sense the flavor of food, which is a combination of taste and smell. Interestingly, infected individuals have reported sudden loss of smell with no congested nose, as is frequently observed in common colds or other upper respiratory tract infections. These observations suggest that SARS‐CoV‐2 infection leads to olfactory loss through a distinct mechanism, which is still unclear. This article provides an overview of olfactory loss and the recent findings relating to COVID‐19. Possible mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced olfactory loss are also discussed.

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Serum levels of soluble PD1 in pemphigus vulgaris: A useful marker for disease severity
Authors: Zeid Ola Abu , Rashed Laila , Khalifa Shimaa , Saleh Marwah Adly , Ragab Nanis
Published: September 2020

Background

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a life‐threatening autoimmune blistering disease targeting the skin and mucous membranes. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) is an immune checkpoint which binds to two ligands, PDL1 and PDL2 resulting in negative regulation of antigen receptor signaling, thus, play a critical role in the immune regulation of autoimmune diseases.

Aim

In this work we aimed to assess serum levels of soluble PD1 (sPD1) in patients with active PV and in patients in remission in an attempt to evaluate its effect on disease severity.

Methods

In this case‐control study, 60 pemphigus vulgaris patients (30 clinically active and 30 in a clinical remission) and 30 age matched healthy control subjects were included. Severity of PV was assessed using pemphigus disease area index (PDAI) score. Serum levels of sPD1 were measured by ELISA for both patients and healthy control.

Results

Serum levels of sPD1 were significantly lower in PV patients than in controls (P < .001) and significantly lower in patients with active disease than in those in remission (P < .001). Serum sPD1 correlated negatively with the severity of the disease (P < .001, r = −0.4).

Conclusion

A defect in PD1 pathway is suggested in PV patients, and this defect plays a substantial role in determining the severity of the disease. Thus, sPD1 could be considered a useful marker for disease severity and targeting PD1 pathway could be a potential aim for future therapies of PV.
Examination of androgenetic alopecia with serum biomarkers
Authors: Balık Ahmet Rıfat , Balık Zeynep Büşra , Aktaş Akın , Neşelioğlu Salim , Karabulut Ercan , Karabulut Aysun Bay
Published: September 2020

Background

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss and affects approximately 50% of the male population.

Aims

In the present study, to investigate microinflammation, perifollicular fibrosis, and oxidative stress in AGA cases, some serum biomarker levels were measured and evaluated.

Patients/Methods

Serum samples were drawn from patients (n = 58) and control (n = 30) groups referring to Atatürk Training and Investigation Hospital Dermatology Outpatient clinic. In serum samples, NF‐κB, TNF‐α, TGF‐β1, thioredoxin, nitric oxide, TOS, TAS, and thiol disulfide homeostasis (native thiol, total thiol, disulfide) were measured and evaluated.

Results

In patients with AGA, NF‐κB (P = .005), TNF‐α (P = .008), TGF‐β1 (P = .028), thioredoxin (P = .004), nitric oxide (P < .001), and TOS (P < .001) serum levels were found to be significantly higher than those in control group, while TAS (P = .003), native thiol (P < .001), total thiol (P < .001), and disulfide (P < .001) serum levels were found to be significantly lower.

Conclusions

According to the results of the present study, it was concluded that in that AGA androgens lead to oxidative stress by increasing free oxygen radicals, which accelerates hair loss by causing microinflammation and fibrosis. The recognition of the effect of androgens and associated factors on the hair follicle cycle is essential for the development of new and effective treatment methods.
Anaemia and its determinants among young children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia (2005–2016)
Authors: Heinrichs Helen , Endris Bilal Shikur , Dejene Tariku , Dinant Geert‐Jan , Spigt Mark
Published: September 2020

Anaemia in children remains a significant public health threat. Recent numbers from Ethiopia showed that more than two‐thirds of children under the age of 2 years were anaemic. This study aimed to investigate the determinants of anaemia throughout Ethiopia over 11 years, making use of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) rounds 2005, 2011 and 2016. The EDHS made it possible to use data on blood tests and detailed questionnaires among infants and young children. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to assess the association of anaemia and different immediate and underlying determinants. A total of 7,324 children aged 6–23 months were included in the analysis, with prevalences of anaemia being 71% in 2005, 61% in 2011 and 72% in 2016. The following determinants were significantly associated with childhood anaemia throughout the entire period: children younger than 1 year, anaemic mothers and those growing up in pastoralist regions. Risk factors such as diet and infections were consistently not significantly associated with anaemia. Given the tremendous adverse health effects of anaemia in young children, urgent action is needed. Hence, this study recommends nationwide multisectoral interventions targeting pastoralist regions, maternal and child health, screening and treatment of risk groups that could reduce the prevalence of anaemia.
Involvement of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa MexAB–OprM efflux pump in the secretion of the metallophore pseudopaline
Authors: Gomez Nicolas Oswaldo , Tetard Alexandre , Ouerdane Laurent , Laffont Clémentine , Brutesco Catherine , Ball Geneviève , Lobinski Ryszard , Denis Yann , Plésiat Patrick , Llanes Catherine , Arnoux Pascal , Voulhoux Romé
Published: September 2020

To overcome the metal restriction imposed by the host’s nutritional immunity, pathogenic bacteria use high metal affinity molecules called metallophores. Metallophore‐mediated metal uptake pathways necessitate complex cycles of synthesis, secretion, and recovery of the metallophore across the bacterial envelope. We recently discovered staphylopine and pseudopaline, two members of a new family of broad‐spectrum metallophores important for bacterial survival during infections. Here, we are expending the molecular understanding of the pseudopaline transport cycle across the diderm envelope of the Gram‐negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We first explored pseudopaline secretion by performing in vivo quantifications in various genetic backgrounds and revealed the specific involvement of the MexAB–OprM efflux pump in pseudopaline transport across the outer membrane. We then addressed the recovery part of the cycle by investigating the fate of the recaptured metal‐loaded pseudopaline. To do so, we combined in vitro reconstitution experiments and in vivo phenotyping in absence of pseudopaline transporters to reveal the existence of a pseudopaline modification mechanism, possibly involved in the metal release following pseudopaline recovery. Overall, our data allowed us to provide an improved molecular model of secretion, recovery, and fate of this important metallophore by P. aeruginosa.
The underlying trend of OPEC energy intensity and the environmental implications
Authors: Tajudeen Ibrahim A. , Wossink Ada
Published: September 2020

Given the upward trend of OPEC energy intensity, policymakers need a good understanding of the underlying factors and the environmental impacts when considering future energy policies. An index decomposition analysis is used to decompose OPEC energy intensity covering 1971–2017. The link between the decomposed energy indices and CO2 emissions is examined using structural time series and least square dummy variable corrected models. Both models also estimate the underlying carbon emission trend (UCET) which arguably reflects the impact of non‐economic factors. For OPEC as a group, increases in energy intensity are linked to both energy inefficiency and structural shifts towards energy‐intensive activities. About 62 per cent of the increases are attributed to the former, and the remaining 38 per cent is due to the later. The country‐level results also show major contributions from both components to energy intensity. The econometric results show that shifts towards energy‐intensive activities and, notably, deteriorating energy efficiency generally go in tandem with substantial increases in CO2 emissions. The estimated UCET is upward sloping indicating carbon‐emitting behaviour, taste and lifestyle. Therefore, policies aimed at conserving energy and limiting the concentration of energy‐intensive activities in the oil‐exporting countries should be considered alongside other policies that attempt to influence behaviours and lifestyles.
Remote magnetic navigation ablation via the right jugular vein approach in patient with interruption of the inferior vena cava and incessant left atrial flutter
Authors: Romanov Alexander , Filippenko Alexey , Elesin Dmitriy , Losik Denis , Grishkov Alexander , Shabanov Vitaliy
Published: September 2020

Remote magnetic navigation (RMN) can be safely and effectively utilized in patients with difficult cardiac arrhythmias and complex anatomy. Interruption of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a rare congenital abnormality that results in the inability to use conventional femoral access in patients that require interventional procedures. The present case demonstrates the feasibility of left atrial flutter ablation using RMN via jugular approach in a patient with interruption of IVC.
Predictors of increase in pacing threshold after transcatheter pacing system implantation due to micro‐dislodgement
Authors: Higuchi Motoaki , Shinoda Yasutoshi , Hasegawa Tomoaki , Ishibashi Mayu , Yamada Norihiro , Chiba Yoshiro , Ohira Koji , Murata Minoru , Aonuma Kazutaka
Published: September 2020

Background

Achieving a favorable pacing threshold with a Micra transcatheter pacing system (Micra‐TPS) is needed to reduce battery depletion. In some cases, the threshold increases shortly after the device is implanted, and a higher pacing threshold may be required. This study aims to identify the causes and predictors of the increase in pacing threshold observed shortly after Micra‐TPS implantation.

Methods

The study included 64 consecutive patients who underwent Micra‐TPS implantation between 2017 and 2020. The patients were divided into two groups depending on their pacing threshold: the increased pacing threshold (IPT) group (threshold increased by ≥0.5 V/0.24 ms within 1 month of implantation) and the stable pacing threshold (SPT) group.

Results

Excluding four patients who could not be followed up, of the 60 remaining patients, nine (15%) were in the IPT group and 51 (85%) were in the SPT group. The IPT group had significantly lower implant impedance values and higher implant thresholds than the SPT group (582 ± 59 vs 755 ± 167 Ω [P < .001] and 1.29 ± 0.87 vs 0.71 ± 0.40 V/0.24 ms [P = .014]). Implant impedance and threshold may serve as predictors of a threshold increase after implantation (area under the curve: 0.737‐0.943 and 0.586‐0.926, respectively).

Conclusions

An IPT was noted shortly after Micra‐TPS implantation owing to micro‐dislodgement because of insufficient anchoring of the device to the myocardium. Impedance >660 Ω and threshold <1.0 V/0.24 ms may predict an increase in pacing threshold.
Test‐Retest Reliability of Pain Measures in Institutionalized Older Adults: Number of Painful Body Sites, Pain Intensity, and Pain Extent
Authors: Silva Anabela G. , De Francesco Silvia , Rodrigues Milton , Queirós Alexandra , Cerqueira Margarida
Published: September 2020

Objective

The reliability of pain assessment in frail and older adults has seldom been assessed. This study aims to assess the test‐retest reliability of (1) the number of painful body sites, (2) pain intensity, and (3) pain extent in institutionalized older adults.

Methods

Seventy‐four older adults who were institutionalized were assessed in 2 separate sessions, 2 days to 1 week apart, for pain intensity, number of painful body sites, and pain extent (in pixels) using a vertical pain numeric scale (0 to 10), a body chart divided into 50 body regions, and ImageJ, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable differences (MDDs) were calculated.

Results

In session 1, the mean values (± standard deviation) were 5.54 ± 2.12 points for pain intensity, 4.47 ± 3.27 for number of painful body sites, and 2,726.00 ± 2,322.09 for pain extent. ICCs were 0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.72 to 0.89) for pain intensity, 0.89 (95% CI = 0.83 to 0.93) for number of painful body sites, and 0.74 (95% CI = −0.07 to 0.91) for pain area. The MDDs were 2.46 for pain intensity, 3.14 for number of painful body sites, and 4,997.60 for pain extent.

Conclusions

The vertical pain rating scale and the body chart seem reliable to assess pain intensity and number of pain sites, respectively. The wide CI for the ICC found for pain area and the high measurement error compromise its potential clinical relevance.
The Lure of New Jobs: How Framing Impacts Perceptions of Local Subsidies for Sports Teams
Authors: Connolly Jennifer M. , Touchton Michael
Published: September 2020

Municipalities often use public funds to support private projects in pursuit of economic growth or improved quality of life. How does the framing of municipal subsidies impact public support for such funding? We examine the case of government‐funded minor league baseball stadiums to address this question. Using nationally representative survey data, we find respondents are much more likely to support funding for stadiums when told that baseball will bring jobs and improve the local economy, compared to other frames. Local governments may therefore rely on positive, economic frames to gain public support, despite a lack of evidence that sports stadiums deliver net economic benefits.
Current landscape of Oculocutaneous Albinism in Japan
Authors: Okamura Ken , Suzuki Tamio
Published: September 2020

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), which is roughly divided into non‐syndromic and syndromic OCA, is a group of autosomal recessive disorders caused by mutations in genes associated with pigmentation. Patients with OCA have hypopigmentation and ocular manifestations such as photophobia, amblyopia, and nystagmus. Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS), the most common syndromic OCA, is characterized by the additional features of a bleeding tendency and other critical systemic comorbidities such as pulmonary fibrosis and immunodeficiency. NGS‐based gene analyses have identified several new causative genes for OCA and have detected rare subtypes of OCA with high accuracy including Japanese patients. In our survey of 190 Japanese OCA patients/families, OCA4 is the most common subtype (25.3%) followed by OCA1 (20.0%), HPS1 (14.7%), and OCA2 (8.4%). Similar to the A481T variant in OCA2, which is associated with a mild form of OCA2 and skin color variation, the c.‐492_489delAATG variant located in the promoter region of SLC45A2 has been uniquely identified in Japanese patients with a mild form of OCA4. Further, rare OCA subtypes, including OCA3, HPS2, HPS3, HPS4, HPS5, HPS6, and HPS9, have also been identified in Japanese patients. The clinical characteristics and underlying molecular mechanisms of each subtype of OCA are concisely summarized in this review.
NUDT15 polymorphism in healthy children with Bai nationality in Yunnan of China
Authors: Pu Gangling , Wang Yali , Duan Shaoqin , Chen Jingpei , Yang Chunhui , Cui Tingting , Fang Chunlian , Zhou Yan , Zhang Han , Tian Xin
Published: September 2020

Background

Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) polymorphism is one of the causes of the toxicity of thiopurines, but this is rarely seen in Asian populations. Rather, the nucleoside diphosphate‐linked X‐component motif 15 (NUDT15) gene is frequently linked to mercaptopurine (MP) intolerance and myelotoxicity in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in East Asians; however, little is known about the NUDT15 polymorphism in healthy children, especially in ethnic minorities in China.

Methods

A total of 162 cases of healthy children with Bai nationality were enrolled for NUDT15 genotyping.

Results

Three coding variants were identified in the NUDT15 gene including rs186364861, rs746071566 and rs116855232. Notably, the rs746071566 and rs116855232 in NUDT15 showed much higher frequencies in healthy children with Bai nationality compared with healthy East Asian populations, suggesting a concentrated distribution of these variants in the Bai ethnic group.

Conclusions

This finding reveals the genetic polymorphism of NUDT15 in children with Chinese Bai nationality, providing a biological genetic background for the individualized therapy of thiopurines for children with Bai nationality in China.
The end is just the beginning: Turnover events and their impact on those who remain
Authors: Laulié Lyonel , Morgeson Frederick P.
Published: September 2020

Turnover is not only the ending of an employment relationship, it is also the potential beginning of a new reality for those who remain in the organization. The impact of voluntary and involuntary turnover events on organizational “stayers” represents an unfortunate gap in extant turnover theory. Conceptualizing turnover as a beginning rather than an ending suggests the possibility that turnover events may increase, decrease, or have no effect on cognitions, decisions, and behaviors of those who remain in the organization. Yet, despite this possibility, we know very little about what happens to organizational members after turnover events occur. To address this gap, we develop Turnover Event Theory (TET). TET is a middle‐range, event‐centered theory that describes how turnover events first activate stayers’ attention and then are subject to a distinctive psychological interpretation process. By describing the processes that follow a turnover event, TET provides a needed explanation of how a turnover event may cause or derail downstream turnover events and change stayers’ behaviors and cognitions. We develop specific propositions to better understand this phenomenon and offer guidelines for future theoretical and empirical research.
Development of a COVID‐19 alternate care site from ground zero: A nursing perspective
Authors: Stewart Terri , Day Sara W. , Russell Jennifer , Wilbanks Cory , Likes Wendy , Webb Sherry , Haushalter Alisa , Cashion Ann K.
Published: September 2020

The novel coronavirus disease SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19) outbreak rapidly generated an unprecedented global, national, and state public health crisis with the need to rapidly develop alternate care sites (ACS) to care for COVID‐19 patients within an overburdened health care system. A hospital care model ACS to increase the health care capacity, provide care for mild to moderately symptomatic patients, and offer local self‐sustainment for a surge of patients was developed in Memphis, Tennessee located in Shelby County. We completed a temporary conversion of a large unused newspaper publication building to a health care facility for COVID‐19 patients. Developing an ACS from ground zero was met with many challenges, and throughout the process important lessons were learned. With the goal to complete the building conversion within a 28‐day timeframe, collaboration among the numerous governmental, health care, and private agencies was critical and nursing leadership was key to this process. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of a COVID‐19 ACS in Memphis, TN, which has a large at‐risk population with limited access to health care. Specifically, we will discuss the strong leadership role of nursing faculty, key challenges, and lessons learned, as well as provide checklists and models for others in similar circumstances.
Individual differences in emotion differentiation modulate electrocortical dynamics of cognitive reappraisal
Authors: Wang Yali , Liao Caizhi , Shangguan Chenyu , Shang Wenjing , Zhang Wenhai
Published: September 2020

Cognitive reappraisal plays an important role in individuals’ mental health and adaptation and depends on individual differences in emotion differentiation. However, it is unclear how individual differences in emotion differentiation modulate the electrocortical dynamics of cognitive reappraisal. To this end, we employed event‐related potentials (ERPs) and source analysis to characterize temporal dynamics and cortical functions of cognitive reappraisal related with positive emotion differentiation. The electroencephalogram (EEG) data from 36 participants (aged 18–25 years) were recorded when they were required to view neutral, pleasant emotional stimuli, or positively reappraise neutral emotional stimuli. Results showed that, compared with the individuals with low positive emotion differentiation, the individuals with high positive emotion differentiation presented larger late positive potential (LPP) amplitude enhancement during positive reappraisal. Source analysis further found that individuals with high positive emotion differentiation exhibited more activations in the middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann area [BA] 11), superior temporal gyrus (BA 38), and inferior frontal gurus (BA 47) when they implemented cognitive reappraisal as compared with their counterparts. Our findings deepen our understanding of the dynamic cortical organization of how positive emotion differentiation impacts cognitive reappraisal and informs cognitive reappraisal interventions for individuals with low emotion differentiation.
Minute oscillation stretching: A novel modality for reducing musculo‐tendinous stiffness and maintaining muscle strength
Authors: Ikeda Naoki , Yonezu Takahisa , Kawakami Yasuo
Published: September 2020

A novel stretching modality was developed to provide repetitive small length changes to the plantar flexors undergoing passive stretch defined as "minute oscillation stretching" (MOS). This study investigated the effects of MOS on neuromuscular activity during force production, the rate of torque development (RTD), and the elastic properties of the plantar flexors and Achilles tendon. Ten healthy males participated in this study. The neuromuscular activity of the triceps surae and tibialis anterior muscles during maximal voluntary plantar flexion torque [MVT], RTD of plantar flexion, Achilles tendon stiffness, and muscle stiffness were measured before and after two types of interventions for a total of 5 minutes: static stretching (SS) and MOS at 15 Hz and without intervention (control). Achilles tendon stiffness was calculated from the tendon elongation measuring by ultrasonography. Muscle stiffness was determined for the medial gastrocnemius [MG] using shear wave elastography. The MVT, mean electromyographic amplitudes [mEMG] of MG and lateral gastrocnemius [LG], and RTD were significantly decreased following SS (MVT: −7.2 ± 7.9%; mEMG of MG: −8.7 ± 10.2%; mEMG of LG: −12.4 ± 10.5%; RTD: −6.6 ± 6.8%), but not after MOS. Achilles tendon stiffness significantly decreased after SS (−13.4 ± 12.3%) and MOS (−9.7 ± 11.5%), with no significant differences between them. Muscle stiffness significantly decreased in SS and MOS, with relative changes being significantly greater for MOS (−7.9 ± 8.3%) than SS (−2.3 ± 2.9%) interventions. All variables remained unchanged in the controls. In conclusion, MOS changed muscle‐tendon compliance without loss of muscle function.
Return to training in the COVID‐19 era: The physiological effects of face masks during exercise
Authors: Epstein Danny , Korytny Alexander , Isenberg Yoni , Marcusohn Erez , Zukermann Robert , Bishop Boaz , Minha Sa'ar , Raz Aeyal , Miller Asaf
Published: September 2020

COVID‐19 outbreak has a profound impact on almost every aspect of life. Universal masking is recommended as a means of source control. Routinely exercising in a safe environment is an important strategy for healthy living during this crisis. As sports clubs and public spaces may serve a source of viral transmission, masking may become an integral part of physical activity. This study aimed to assess the physiological effects of wearing surgical masks and N95 respirators during short‐term strenuous workout. This was a multiple cross‐over trial of healthy volunteers. Using a standard cycle ergometry ramp protocol, each subject performed a maximal exercise test without a mask, with a surgical mask, and with an N95 respirator. Physiological parameters and time to exhaustion were compared. Each subject served his own control. Sixteen male volunteers (mean age and BMI of 34 ± 4 years and 28.72 ± 3.78 kg/m2, respectively) completed the protocol. Heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and time to exhaustion did not differ significantly. Exercising with N95 mask was associated with a significant increase in end‐tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) levels. The differences were more prominent as the load increased, reaching 8 mm Hg at exhaustion (none vs N95, P = .001). In conclusion, in healthy subjects, short‐term moderate‐strenuous aerobic physical activity with a mask is feasible, safe, and associated with only minor changes in physiological parameters, particularly a mild increase in EtCO2. Subjects suffering from lung diseases should have a cautious evaluation before attempting physical activity with any mask.
Adaptation to a ketogenic diet modulates adaptive and mucosal immune markers in trained male endurance athletes
Authors: Shaw David M. , Merien Fabrice , Braakhuis Andrea , Keaney Lauren , Dulson Deborah K.
Published: September 2020

This study examined the effect of short‐term adaptation to a ketogenic diet (KD) on resting and post‐exercise immune markers. Using a randomized, repeated‐measures, crossover design, eight trained, male, endurance athletes ingested a 31‐day low carbohydrate (CHO), KD (energy intake: 4% CHO; 78% fat) or their habitual diet (HD) (energy intake: 43% CHO; 38% fat). On days 0 and 31, participants ran to exhaustion at 70% VO2max. A high‐CHO (2 g·kg−1) meal was ingested prior to the pre‐HD, post‐HD, and pre‐KD trials, with CHO (~55 g·h−1) ingested during exercise, whereas a low‐CHO (<10 g) meal was ingested prior to the post‐KD trial, with fat ingested during exercise. Blood and saliva samples were collected at pre‐exercise, exhaustion, and 1 hour post‐exhaustion. T‐cell‐related cytokine gene expression within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and whole‐blood inflammatory cytokine production were determined using 24‐hour multi‐antigen‐stimulated whole‐blood cultures. Multi‐antigen‐stimulated PBMC IFN‐γ mRNA expression and the IFN‐γ/IL‐4 mRNA expression ratio were higher at exhaustion in the post‐KD compared with pre‐KD trial (P = 0.003 and P = 0.004); however, IL‐4 and IL‐10 mRNA expression were unaltered (P > 0.05). Multi‐antigen‐stimulated whole‐blood IL‐10 production was higher in the post‐KD compared with pre‐KD trial (P = 0.028), whereas IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐8, and IFN‐γ production was lower in the post‐HD compared with pre‐HD trial (P < 0.01). Salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) secretion rate was higher in the post‐KD compared with pre‐KD trial (P < 0.001). In conclusion, short‐term adaptation to a KD in endurance athletes may alter the pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory immune cell cytokine response to a multi‐antigen in vitro and SIgA secretion rate.
Determining Mehlich‐3 and DTPA extractable soil zinc optimum economic threshold for maize
Authors: Martínez Cuesta Nicolás , Wyngaard Nicolás , Saínz Rozas Hernán , Reussi Calvo Nahuel , Carciochi Walter , Eyherabide Mercedes , Colazo Juan Cruz , Barraco Miriam , Guertal Elizabeth A. , Barbieri Pablo
Published: September 2020

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most susceptible crops to zinc (Zn) deficiency. However, in much of the world, soil Zn tests are poorly calibrated, and thus determining a critical soil test, level for Zn is challenging. The objectives of this study were to: (i) produce a field calibration of the Zn Mehlich‐3 (M3‐Zn) method for predicting maize grain yield response to Zn fertilizer application, (ii) compare the capacity of DTPA extractable Zn (DTPA‐Zn) with M3‐Zn for predicting the response of maize yield to Zn fertilizer, (iii) determine whether inclusion of soil pH, organic matter (SOM) and extractable phosphorus in a M3‐Zn model improves its predictive capacity and (iv) evaluate an economic approach for determining soil Zn thresholds. We conducted 55 field experiments covering a wide range of edaphic and climatic conditions. Maize responded to Zn fertilizer in 29% of the trials. The capacity of M3‐Zn and DTPA‐Zn to predict relative yield of maize was similar. Inclusion of other soil variables (pH, extractable phosphorus and SOM) did not or only slightly improve the prediction of M3‐Zn. Based on the relationship between M3‐Zn and DTPA‐Zn (R2 = 0.89), one test can be predicted from the other without affecting the calibration. The M3‐Zn 'economic threshold' ranged from 0.98 to 2.79 mg kg−1, while for DTPA‐Zn it varied from 0.41 to 1.61 mg kg−1. The broad range of economic thresholds shows that differences in maize productivity and grain price between regions and seasons make establishing a single Zn threshold for all economic‐productive situations inappropriate.
Clinical Implication of Immunohaematological Tests in ABO haemolytic disease of newborn: Revisiting an old disease
Authors: Das Soumya , Shastry Shamee , Chakravarthy P Kalyana , Baliga Poornima B
Published: September 2020

Objective

We aimed to assess the frequency distribution of of ABO haemolytic disease of newborn (ABO‐HDN) and to know the predictive value of immunohaematological tests in identifying at risk neonates.

Background

ABO incompatibility, although a common cause of haemolytic disease of newborn, has several unaddressed issues related to it.

Material and methods

A prospective study over 20 months was carried out in a tertiary care centre in South India. Blood grouping, Direct Antiglobulin test (DAT) and elution studies were performed on neonatal samples, whereas blood grouping, antibody screening and antibody titration were performed on maternal samples. In suspected cases, ABO‐HDN was diagnosed after excluding other possible causes for haemolysis. The laboratory results were correlated with the clinical details to assess the predictive value of the tests.

Results

Of the total 2856 pregnancies, 34% had ABO incompatibility. On testing with columnagglutination test (CAT), the overall DAT positivity and that among ABO‐incompatible cases were 3.8% and 11.2%, respectively,) whereas by conventinal tube technique (CTT) it was 0.6% and 2.4% respectively. CAT was found to have higher sensitivity, and the predictive value was higher for CTT. Maternal IgG titre showed a positive linear relationship with the DAT strength and the rise in indirect bilirubin levels. The positive predictive value of combination of tests such as DAT, elution and titation was 94.12%, which was much higher than that of the individual tests.

Conclusion

DAT positivity is a predictor of early rise in serum bilirubin level, and a combination of tests has a better predictive value than individual tests towards development of clinically significant hyperbilirubinemia in ABO‐HDN.
Phosphorylation of Rab GTPases in the regulation of membrane trafficking
Authors: Waschbüsch Dieter , Khan Amir R.
Published: September 2020

Rab GTPases are master regulators of membrane trafficking in eukaryotic cells. Phosphorylation of Rab GTPases was characterized in the 1990s and there have been intermittent reports of its relevance to Rab functions. Phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism has gained prominence through the identification of Rabs as physiological substrates of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). LRRK2 is a Ser/Thr kinase that is associated with inherited and sporadic forms of Parkinson disease. In recent years, numerous kinases and their associated signaling pathways have been identified that lead to phosphorylation of Rabs. These emerging studies suggest that serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation of Rabs may be a widespread and under‐appreciated mechanism for controlling their membrane trafficking functions. Here we survey current knowledge of Rab phosphorylation and discuss models for how this post‐translational mechanism exerts control of membrane trafficking.