bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A scoping review of the psychosocial correlates of academic performance
Authors: Tindle Richard , Abo Hamza Eid G. , Helal Ahmed A. , Ayoub Alaa Eldin A. , Moustafa Ahmed A.
Published: October 2022

Understanding the psychosocial factors that positively and negatively impact academic performance is important to help students succeed and persist in higher education. In this article, we conducted a scoping review to clarify and identify the psychosocial factors affecting university students' academic performance. The initial search returned 1657 articles and 36 articles met the inclusion criteria. Inspection of the articles was conducted to identify the relationship between psychological and social variables on academic performance. We found that psychosocial factors were significantly related to university students' academic performance. Specifically, academic performance was often correlated with social support, motivation, stress, satisfaction, self‐efficacy, anxiety and depression, prior academic achievement, study effort, adjustment, family, and emotions. This scoping review defines what constitutes a psychosocial factor within the context of university students' academic performance. We encourage future research to explore the understudied psychosocial variables and not overlook the role of social factors on academic performance.

Context and implications

Rationale for this study

This article aims to clarify and identify the psychosocial factors affecting university students' academic performance.

Why the new findings matter

The findings contribute to the existing literature by showing that psychosocial factors are related to university students' academic performance. Further, this review defines what constitutes a psychosocial factor within the context of university students' academic performance.

Implications

This scoping review provides initial results to define what constitutes a psychosocial factor within the context of university students' academic performance. The implications of this review include directing future research to explore the impact of psychosocial variables identified on academic performance. Further, this review provides higher education providers and educators with insight into what psychological and social factors are impacting their students' academic performance. By utilising the information presented, institutions can begin to identify the types of psychosocial support they can offer to help sustain and improve the academic outcomes of their students.
Economic globalisation and inclusive green growth in Africa: Contingencies and policy‐relevant thresholds of governance
Authors: Ofori Isaac K. , Figari Francesco
Published: October 2022

This study employs macrodata for 23 African countries to examine whether good governance interacts with economic globalisation (EG) to foster inclusive green growth (IGG). First, the study finds that EG hampers IGG in Africa. Second, although unconditionally good governance promotes IGG, only government effectiveness interacts with EG to foster IGG. Across the social and environmental sustainability dimensions of IGG, however, the effects differ substantially. Notably, whilst the EG‐governance pathways yield remarkable environmental sustainability net gains, a modest harmful effect was observed for socioeconomic sustainability. Evidence from our threshold analyses also suggests that whilst government effectiveness is critical for propelling EG to promote IGG, across the social and environmental perspectives of IGG, it is investments in building frameworks and structures for corruption control and the rule of law that are crucial. Our results shed new light on IGG and have several implications for Agenda 2030 and Agenda 2063.
34.3: High Resolution and High Speed Inspection Equipment for Mini‐LED Substrates
Authors: Yasuda Toshiro , Kobayashi Kazuhisa , Yamamoto Yuichi , Hamori Hiroshi , Cheng Wei , Ge Ryan , Sugawa Shigetoshi
Published: October 2022

A new mini LED substrate inspection equipment using a non‐connected high‐precision proximity capacitance image sensor system named as “EPIS” (Electrical Picture Inspection System) with one‐unit pixel size of 12μm, the number of pixels of 1080 x 1080 and capacitance detection accuracy of 0.1aF has been developed. In this paper, detection results of a mini LED substrate using EPIS and the equipment are discussed.
56.4: Invited Paper: Optimized Algorithm and BLU for Local Dimming of Automotive Displays
Authors: Xu Chihao , Ayasli Ramazan , Schmidt Maxim
Published: October 2022

Local dimming LCDs with a matrix backlight unit (BLU) are favored by many car manufacturers for high quality and low power displays. Automotive application sets high requirement like safety standard, whereas the temperature range and lifespan are wide. The contents are mostly HMIs with high contrast and circular structures. Thus, the two key components, BLU and the local dimming algorithm need to be adopted to automotive needs/demands and shall be jointly optimized. In this paper, the BLU design aspects and specification are described. Specific features relevant for automotive, like black corners and containment against LED outage, are introduced. The tradeoff between performance and cost is lifted. With a BLU with 384 LEDs, the contrast ratio may be enhanced by a factor of 20, while an average power saving ratio of 50% can be achieved.
P‐3.7: An Improved Dehazing Algorithm for Fog Image at Night
Authors: Nan Xue , Limin Yan
Published: October 2022

In order to solve the problem of lack of detail information and serious damage to the texture of the light source area when the dark channel prior dehazing algorithm processes fog images at night, this paper proposes a dehazing algorithm for nighttime fog images using the dark‐state point light source model. By introducing the dark state point light source model, the dark channel credibility weight factor and the pseudo dehazing image, combined with the nighttime image imaging model, the improved transmittance distribution is obtained, and the fog image at night is dehazed. The experimental results show that the image processed by the algorithm in this paper has little loss of texture details, high image definition, and the contrast between the light and dark of the image is better stretched, which can effectively dehaze the fog image at night.
P‐8.9: Development of High‐reliability Glass Substrate MiniLED Direct Display Encapsulation Technology and Materials
Authors: Liu Ximan , Zhao Yongchao , Jie Chen , Hsieh Chung-Ching , Xiao Juncheng , Zhao Bin
Published: October 2022

Glass‐based mini‐LED has become the development direction of the next generation display technology with its advantages of low cost, low power consumption, high contrast and excellent heat dissipation after mass production. In this paper, in order to improve the reliability of glass‐based direct display mini‐LED, it was sealed with glue, and the moisture permeability of glue and the basic situation of the substrate after sealing were discussed.
P‐12.5: Synthesis of Quaterphenyl Liquid Crystalline Isothiocyanates by Successive Alternating Cross‐linking
Authors: Lugovski Anatoly , Lugovski Alexander , Lapanik Valeri
Published: October 2022

Due to their high dielectric anisotropy, nematic thioisocyanate quaterphenyl liquid crystals have found application in a wide GHz range. This article proposes a method for obtaining a sequential combination of quaterphenyl derivatives of thioiocyanates containing a methyl group lateral substitute on benzene structure. First, the reaction of pentylphenyl boric acid with diazobromotoluene tetrafluoroborates gives the corresponding biphenyl bromo derivatives, which are converted into organozinc derivatives through the Grignard reagent. Terphenyl bromo derivatives were obtained by the Negishi reaction of organozinc compounds with p‐iodobromobenzene. Terphenyl derivatives after transformation into boric acids were further combined according to the classical scheme.
P‐13.14: Comparison between AMOLED and Traditional Display Technology and Application of AMOLED
Authors: Liu Qisheng , Zhang Tao
Published: October 2022

The market demand for AMOLED panels is currently dominated by smartphones. Starting from 2017, iPhoneX has entered a period of rapid outbreak. At present, AMOLED panels have basically become the basic configuration of high‐end mobile phones of various brands. At the same time, due to the emergence of new mobile phone forms such as folding screens and flexible screens, the flexible AMOLED panel market has seen new rapid growth points. Driven by consumer demand, the output of AMOLED terminal products has shown explosive growth. Therefore, AMOLED has gradually become the OLED display Mainstream technology. The most fundamental difference between LCD and OLED is that OLED is self‐luminous, while LCD needs to be illuminated by a backlight to display. But whether it is an AMOLED screen based on OLED material or an improved IPS screen of LCD, they have their own advantages due to different working principles. It is foreseeable that a new generation of display technology is emerging rapidly, and the future AMOLED market prospects can be expected. This article will compare AMOLED and traditional display technology through multiple aspects, highlighting the advantages and prospects of AMOLED. And emphatically introduces the current application of AMOLED and the future application scenarios
P‐15.4: A newly Integrated Ambient Light sensor with full in‐cell structure
Authors: Huang Can , Bu Huanhuan , Song Jiyue , Niu Xiaoyan , Tian Chao , Zhang Guiyang , He Rui , Zha Guowei , Liu Guanghui
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we present a novel integrated light‐dependent sensor which can be used to detect the illuminance of the ambient light. Based on the low temperature polysilicon (LTPS) thin film transistor (TFT) process and photosensitivity of a‐Si, the sensor can realize 0‐10K lux of the monitor range and 0.5 lux/step. It saves more space for terminal devices which will also facilitates the full screen display.
Local inverse inelastic mean free path at interface
Authors: Pauly Nicolas
Published: October 2022

We calculated a local inverse inelastic mean free path (local‐IIMFP) for electrons crossing a medium–medium interface, considering various incident electron energies, crossing angles and combinations of materials. We used an extension of a classical dielectric model developed by Li and co‐workers for an electron crossing a surface (interface vacuum‐medium). Moreover, the integration over the distance of the local‐IIMFP allows to obtain the interface excitation parameter (or IEP) characterizing the change in excitation probability for an electron crossing an interface once caused by the presence of the interface in comparison with an electron for which only volume excitations are considered. We perform these calculations for angles between 0° and 80°, for electron energies between 500 and 2500 eV and for various pairs of materials, as Al/In for its academic interest or Au/Si and SiO2/Si for their technological importance. Small but not negligible variations of the local‐IIMFP and the IEP were observed for metal–metal or metal–semiconductor interfaces, while quite significant variations are obtained when one of the materials is a insulator.
Electrostatic Adsorption Enables Layer Stacking Thickness‐Dependent Hollow Ti3C2Tx MXene Bowls for Superior Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Authors: Du Qinrui , Men Qiaoqiao , Li Ruosong , Cheng Youwei , Zhao Biao , Che Renchao
Published: October 2022

Although transition metal carbides/carbonitrides (MXenes) exhibit immense potential for electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption, their absorbing ability is hindered by facile stacking and high permittivity. Layer stacking and geometric structures are expected to significantly affect the conductivity and permittivity of MXenes. However, it is still a formidable task to simultaneously regulate layer stacking and microstructure of MXenes to realize high‐performance EMW absorption. Herein, a simple and viable strategy using electrostatic adsorption is developed to integrate 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets into 3D hollow bowl‐like structures with tunable layer stacking thickness. Density functional theory calculations indicate an increase in the density of states of the d orbital from the Ti atom near the Fermi level and the generation of additional electrical dipoles in the MXene nanosheets constituting the bowl walls upon reducing the layer stacking thickness. The hollow MXene bowls exhibit a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −53.8 dB at 1.8 mm. The specific absorbing performance, defined as RLmin (dB)/thickness (mm)/filler loading (wt%), exceeds 598 dB mm−1, far surpassing that of the most current MXene and bowl‐like materials reported in the literature. This work can guide future exploration on designing high‐performance MXenes with “lightweight” and “thinness” characteristics for superior EMW absorption.
Biodegradable Redox‐Responsive AIEgen‐Based‐Covalent Organic Framework Nanocarriers for Long‐Term Treatment of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Huang Chenguang , Zhou Shengnan , Chen Chen , Wang Xiaoyu , Ding Rui , Xu Yinshuang , Cheng Ziwei , Ye Zhuqing , Sun Lijun , Wang Zi‐jian , Hu Danyou , Jia Xudong , Zhang Guiyang , Gao Shan
Published: October 2022

Timely restoration of blood supply after myocardial ischemia is imperative for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction but causes additional myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, which has not been hitherto effectively targeted by interventions for MI/R injury. Hence, the development of advanced nanomedicine that can reduce apoptosis of cardiomyocytes while protecting against MI/R in vivo is of utmost importance. Herein, a redox‐responsive and emissive TPE‐ss covalent organic framework (COF) nanocarrier by integrating aggregation‐induced emission luminogens and redox‐responsive disulfide motifs into the COF skeleton is developed. TPE‐ss COF allows for efficient loading and delivery of matrine, a renowned anti‐cryptosporidial drug, which significantly reduces MI/R‐induced functional deterioration and cardiomyocyte injury when injected through the tail vein into MI/R models at 5 min after 30 min of ischemia. Moreover, TPE‐ss COF@Matrine shows a drastic reduction in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improvements in cardiac function and survival rate. The effect of the TPE‐ss COF carrier is further elucidated by enhanced cardiomyocyte viability and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining in vitro. This work demonstrates the cardioprotective effect of TPE‐ss COFs for MI/R injury, which unleashes the immense potential of using COFs as smart drug carriers for the peri‐reperfusion treatment of ischemic heart disease with low cost, high stability, and single postoperative intervention.
Silver–Bismuth Halide Double Salts for Lead‐Free Photovoltaics: Insights from Symmetry‐Based Modeling
Authors: Cucco Bruno , Pedesseau Laurent , Katan Claudine , Even Jacky , Kepenekian Mikaël , Volonakis George
Published: October 2022

Ag/Bi halide double salts, also called rudorffites, constitute a promising path to achieve low‐cost, high‐efficiency lead‐free optoelectronic devices, in particular solar cells. These materials present tunable gaps within the visible range, high short‐circuit currents, and interesting efficiencies in outdoor and indoor devices. Herein, a combination of symmetry analysis and first‐principles calculations is used to explore the structural, electronic, and optical properties of prototypical rudorffites solar cell absorbers AgBiI4 and Ag3BiI6. The challenges to model those ternary materials are first established. It is shown that Ag/Bi double salts cannot be modeled as random alloys. Second, a Wyckoff position splitting method is developed leading to the generation of model structures, which are unique for each compound, and agrees with experimental structural data. These structures are used to establish the optoelectronic properties of AgBiI4 and Ag3BiI6. Finally, the ideal photovoltaic performance of the materials is predicted through the spectral limited maximum efficiency approach. It is shown that AgBiI4 presents a slightly higher potential for solar cell applications, and the realized devices are mostly limited by the low open‐circuit voltage. The structural models developed here can help unveiling complex properties of the materials and explore substitutional engineering within halide double salts.
Enhanced pairing‐free identity‐based broadcast authentication protocol in WSN using ElGamal ECC
Authors: Kumar Vivek , Ray Sangram , Sadhukhan Dipanwita , Karmakar Jayashree , Dasgupta Mou
Published: October 2022

Authentication among the various communicating devices within wireless sensor networks during broadcasting is most significant among the other primary security services. This authentication during broadcasting services allows multiple mobile end‐devices to transmit messages dynamically and securely for fasten consumer tracking and sustaining privacy of the data transferred in the insecure sensor network. To enhance this authentication protocol for secure end‐users message distribution, this research work has introduced a novel identity (ID) based cryptographic technique that employs ElGmal‐elliptic‐curve cryptography and digital signature without implementing bilinear paring operation to reduce huge burden of computation overhead. Additionally, to accelerate the performance of the proposed authentication protocol, the size of the signature along with the encryption key is minimized. Eventually, the authentication protocol provides comparatively less computational complexity with secure and faster key management. The performance analysis supports the aforesaid claim as well as reflects the supremacy of the proposed scheme over the handover authentication protocol and bilinear pairings based authentication schemes.
Iron‐Mediated Peptide Formation in Water and Liquid Sulfur Dioxide under Prebiotically Plausible Conditions**
Authors: Sydow Constanze , Sauer Fabian , Siegle Alexander F. , Trapp Oliver
Published: October 2022

Peptides have essential structural and catalytic functions in living organisms. The formation of peptides requires the overcoming of thermodynamic and kinetic barriers. In recent years, various formation scenarios that may have occurred during the origin of life have been investigated, including iron(III)‐catalyzed condensations. However, iron(III)‐catalysts require elevated temperatures and the catalytic activity in peptide bond forming reactions is often low. It is likely that in an anoxic environment such as that of the early Earth, reduced iron compounds were abundant, both on the Earth's surface itself and as a major component of iron meteorites. In this work, we show that reduced iron activated by acetic acid mediates efficiently peptide formation. We recently demonstrated that, compared to water, liquid sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a superior reaction medium for peptide formations. We thus investigated both and observed up to four amino acid/peptide coupling steps in each solvent. Reaction with diglycine (G2) formed 2.0 % triglycine (G3) and 7.6 % tetraglycine (G4) in 21 d. Addition of G3and dialanine (A2) yielded 8.7 % G4. Therefore, this is an efficient and plausible route for the formation of the first peptides as simple catalysts for further transformations in such environments.
Numerical Analysis of Streamer Discharge Propagation Characteristics in Natural Ester
Authors: Zheng Hanbo , Yang Hang , Feng Yongji , Li Xufan , Peng Qingjun
Published: October 2022

Natural ester is viewed as the most promising future alternative to mineral oil due to its high degradability, but its inferior breakdown characteristics prevent its application of large power equipment. The purpose of this research is to investigate the breakdown characteristics of natural ester. First, the natural ester's ionization potential and molecular number density are calculated. Then, an improved natural ester streamer discharge model is developed using the Poisson's equation and the carrier continuity equation, taking into account the effect of temperature on carrier mobility and incorporating the computed ionization potential and other factors. The results for different lightning impulse voltages were analyzed by COMSOL software. Comparing the mineral oil, the results indicate that the natural ester breakdown voltage is close to and slightly lower than that of the mineral oil but the acceleration voltage is very similar to the breakdown voltage. The lower ability of esters in prevention against the development of fast and energetic streamers is consistent with the description of the experimental results. In addition, the model takes into account the effect of temperature on the carrier mobility. As the applied voltage increases, the change of temperature in the streamer channel accelerates the carrier motion and promotes the propagation of the streamer. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Comparative Study of Flux‐Switching Permanent Magnet Machine with C‐ and E‐Shaped Cores Based on Magnetic Field Modulation Theory
Authors: Wang Peixin , Hua Wei , Wang Guangchen , Zhang Zhiheng , Hu Mingjin
Published: October 2022

Due to high power density, favorable permanent magnet cooling capability, and essentially sinusoidal electromotive‐force (EMF) waveform, the flux‐switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine has aroused wide interest around the world. In this article, to obtain a better topology of the FSPM machine, three FSPM machines, namely 12/10 C‐shaped core, 12/10 E‐shaped core, and 24/10 E‐shaped core FSPM machines, are investigated and compared. First, based on magnetic field modulation theory, the air‐gap modulation magnetic fields as well as their harmonic distribution of the three FSPM machines are modeled and investigated based on magnetic field modulation theory. Then, the optimal rotor tooth widths of the three FSPM machines are determined by finite element analysis. Finally, under the same conditions such as main dimensions, current density, and slot full ratio, the main performances including cogging torque, back‐EMF, output torque, overload capacity, and loss of the above three FSPM machines are predicted and compared, resulting in that the 12/10 E‐shaped core FSPM machine is capable of the best performance under rated condition. In addition, experiment verification on a 12/10 C‐shaped core FSPM prototype machine is conducted. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Significant Improvement of Switching Characteristics in a 1.2‐kV SiC SWITCH‐MOS by the Application of Kelvin Source Connection
Authors: Matsui Kevin , Tawara Takeshi , Harada Shinsuke , Tanaka So , Sato Hiroshi , Yano Hiroshi , Iwamuro Noriyuki
Published: October 2022

Here we show, for the first time, a significant improvement of switching characteristics in a 1.2‐kV SiC Schottky barrier diode‐wall integrated trench MOSFET (SWITCH‐MOS) by the application of a Kelvin source (KS) connection. Turn‐on loss (Eon) was greatly reduced, with superior Eon‐dVDS/dt trade‐off characteristics at a moderate dVDS/dt value of about 10 kV/μs, because the SWITCH‐MOS with KS achieves a more suppressed peak reverse recovery current in embedded Schottky barrier diodes even at a higher dID/dt during the turn‐on operation than a state‐of‐the‐art SiC trench MOSFET with KS. This feature is a peculiarity of the SWITCH‐MOS when the KS connection is applied. Notably, measured and calculated results confirmed that the SWITCH‐MOS with KS had less dissipated turn‐off loss, especially in a second half of turn‐off regions (Region 2), than the SWITCH‐MOS w/o KS. However, owing to a higher negative turn‐off dID/dt, the MOSFET with KS has a larger drain surge voltage. With an optimum gate resistance, the SWITCH‐MOS with KS has 8% less total switching loss than a SWITCH‐MOS without KS, and 29% less than a state‐of‐the‐art SiC trench MOSFET with KS, while keeping a moderately low dVDS/dt of 10 kV/μs and suppressing a drain peak voltage of <720 V. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Determination of the Salmonella intracellular lifestyle by the diversified interaction of Type III secretion system effectors and host GTPases
Authors: Meng Kun , Zhu Ping , Shi Liuliu , Li Shan
Published: October 2022

Intracellular bacteria have developed sophisticated strategies to subvert the host endomembrane system to establish a stable replication niche. Small GTPases are critical players in regulating each step of membrane trafficking events, such as vesicle biogenesis, cargo transport, tethering, and fusion events. Salmonella is a widely studied facultative intracellular bacteria. Salmonella delivers several virulence proteins, termed effectors, to regulate GTPase dynamics and subvert host trafficking for their benefit. In this review, we summarize an updated and systematic understanding of the interactions between bacterial effectors and host GTPases in determining the intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella.

This article is categorized under:

Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology
Assessment of the impacts of climate change on livestock water sources and livestock production: Case study, Karamoja region of Uganda
Authors: Auma Sandra , Badr Nadia
Published: October 2022

The study examined the impact of climate change on livestock water sources and livestock production using the Karamoja region of Uganda as a case study. The study's objectives were to determine the general public's perception of climate change, identify the major climatic factors affecting livestock productivity in Karamoja, and assess the extent to which climate change has affected water sources for animals and productivity of livestock in the study region. A cross‐sectional survey design, as well as a quantitative and qualitative data analysis, was used in the study. The total population of the study unit was 258, and the sample size was 222, which was chosen specifically through a purposive and random sampling technique. From the results and discussion of the study sample, while the general public was aware of and understands climate change, the study concluded that the likely causes of climate change were numerous, including deforestation, charcoal burning, natural events such as lake currents, carbon emissions, and land degradation. In Karamoja, climate change is causing erratic and uneven rainfall, drying of surface water bodies such as dams and rivers, high temperatures, deforestation, and outbreaks of livestock diseases. The major climatic factors identified that affect livestock water sources and productivity are higher temperatures, which have led to decreases in water levels and drying of seasonal surface water sources that livestock depend on, as well as flooding of some regions during heavy rains. The results from the regression model also showed that climate change has affected livestock water sources and productivity, with an 84.7% impact. The following adaptation measures have been proposed: diversification of livestock and crop varieties, agroforestry, awareness and sensitization campaigns, increased government and partner investment in water harvesting and agroforestry schemes, and improved capacity of all organizations and institutes involved.
Biodiversity in the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands: A Synthesis
Authors: Ceríaco Luis M. P. , de Lima Ricardo F. , Bell Rayna C. , Melo Martim
Published: October 2022

The Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands (Príncipe, São Tomé, and Annobón) are among the most endemic-rich regions of the planet. Historical scientific studies of the islands’ unique biodiversity are scattered in a variety of publications, many of which are difficult to access. More recently, there has been a growing interest in the islands, which is reflected in a burst of new studies, reports, and ongoing projects. Here we aim to provide an updated and comprehensive synthesis, covering all the key information and references on the biodiversity of these islands. The goal of the book is to be a comprehensive reference for students, researchers, and conservationists dedicated to the study and preservation of this unique biodiversity. It also intends to serve as a basis for local stakeholders to make informed decisions, namely regarding conservation actions. The book is divided into three main sections: (1) a general overview of the islands and their biodiversity, including aspects of natural and human history (six chapters); (2) detailed accounts on different taxonomic groups (16 chapters); and (3) the conservation, environmental education, and research challenges that lie ahead (three chapters).
Diversity of the Vascular Plants of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands
Authors: Stévart Tariq , Dauby Gilles , Ikabanga Davy U. , Lachenaud Olivier , Barberá Patricia , de Oliveira Faustino , Benitez Laura , do Céu Madureira Maria
Published: October 2022

Despite a long history of botanical collecting in the three oceanic islands of the Gulf of Guinea, no recent studies have documented floristic patterns. This chapter summarizes information on the vascular plants of the islands, including inventories conducted on Príncipe and São Tomé since 2017, as well as two recent expeditions to Annobón. An updated database of the vascular flora was compiled, which includes 14,376 records representing 1285 species and infraspecific taxa (1028 native). Príncipe has 445 species and infraspecific taxa (394 native), São Tomé has 1044 (842 native), and Annobón has 344 (274 native). Recent inventory work has generated collections of more than 90% of the endemic woody species. Several very rare taxa were rediscovered, includingBalthasaria mannii(Oliv.) Verdc., 1969 (Pentaphylacaceae) andPsychotria exelliiR. Alves, Figueiredo and A.P. Davis, 2005 (Rubiaceae), neither of which had been seen for more than 50 years. At least 17 species new to science were also discovered on Príncipe and São Tomé. Of the 1028 indigenous taxa, 164 (16%) are currently considered endemic to the islands. Of the 285 species evaluated according to the IUCN Red List criteria, 2 (0.7%) were Data Deficient, 226 (79.3%) Least Concern or Near Threatened, 55 (19.3%) threatened (including 3 Critically Endangered, 21 Endangered, and 31 Vulnerable), and 2 (0.7%) Extinct. On São Tomé and Príncipe, 325 plant species are used in traditional medicine, 37 of which are endemic. These results should be used to identify new priority sites for conservation, including on Annobón, where priority sites are less well defined.
Butterflies and Skippers (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands
Authors: Mendes Luís F. , Bivar-de-Sousa António
Published: October 2022

The three Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands, Príncipe, São Tomé, and Annobón, have always remained isolated from the African continent and correspond to the westernmost peaks of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, while the island of Bioko, part of the same ridge, was connected to the mainland during glaciations. Despite the small area of the oceanic islands, their relief and remoteness have enabled the evolution of remarkable ecological and biological diversity. Concerning diurnal Lepidoptera, 91 species and subspecies are known from the oceanic islands: 46 from Príncipe, 64 from São Tomé, and 8 from Annobón; and 35 are endemic: 17 to Príncipe, 23 to São Tomé, and only 5 shared among islands. Further species have been reported in error, either due to misidentification or to mislabelling. A revised checklist of the species and subspecies of the Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands Papilionoidea is presented as is a summary of their taxonomy, distribution, and ecology.
Diversity and Distribution of the Arthropod Vectors of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands
Authors: Loiseau Claire , Gutiérrez-López Rafael , Mathieu Bruno , Makanga Boris K. , Paupy Christophe , Rahola Nil , Cornel Anthony J.
Published: October 2022

The known arthropod vector species on the Gulf of Guinea islands belong to orders Diptera and Ixodida. Among the Diptera, the family Culicidae (mosquitoes) has the most species, 34 (6 endemic), Ceratopogonidae has 13 (all in the genus Culicoides), Tabanidae has 6, and Simuliidae has 3 (1 endemic). Ixodida has only 4 species. Most vector species and associated diseases are shared with mainland Africa. Some of these include (1) the human malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii, (2) yellow fever and dengue vector Aedes aegypti, and (3) the spotted fever group rickettsiae and Q fever vector Amblyomma spp. However, there is a considerable lack of information on the natural cycles of many vector-borne diseases that might impact local fauna, for which there may be some endemic pathogen lineages. Increased trade by air and sea should compel authorities to remain vigilant, to keep unwanted vectors and diseases at bay. Entomological diversity data remains scarce for Annobón and for the forested interior of the islands, where future sampling efforts may uncover new endemic species.
The Amphibians of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands
Authors: Bell Rayna C. , Ceríaco Luis M. P. , Scheinberg Lauren A. , Drewes Robert C.
Published: October 2022

This chapter reviews the diversity, evolutionary relationships, ecology, and conservation of the Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands’ endemic caecilian and anuran fauna. A total of nine amphibian species (representing five families) are known from São Tomé and Príncipe islands, all of which are endemic. No amphibians have been reported from Annobón. Taxonomic research on this group of animals began in the second half of the nineteenth century with subsequent refinement following the advent of molecular techniques. The presence of several amphibians from distinct evolutionary lineages is unexpected for oceanic islands and has motivated several biogeographic studies to reconstruct the evolutionary histories of these enigmatic species. Yet, the continental source for many of the islands’ amphibians remains unknown. The amphibians of São Tomé and Príncipe also exhibit intriguing phenotypic diversity for addressing long-standing hypotheses in evolutionary biology, including body size evolution and gigantism on islands, intraspecific variation and interspecific divergence in coloration, and reproductive and dietary niche partitioning. Recent studies have confirmed the presence of the fungal pathogenBatrachochytrium dendrobatidisin amphibian communities on both São Tomé and Príncipe, but it is unclear whether this pathogen is negatively impacting local populations. Most of the Gulf of Guinea oceanic island endemic amphibians are incredibly abundant and widespread, occurring in primary forest, secondary forest, and agricultural habitats across the islands. Three anuran species (Hyperolius thomensis, Leptopelis palmatus, Ptychadena newtoni) have more limited distributions and/or more specialized ecologies; consequently, additional land-use change poses a threat to the long-term persistence of these taxa.
The Sea Turtles of São Tomé and Príncipe: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation Status
Authors: Ferreira-Airaud Betania , Schmitt Vanessa , Vieira Sara , Rio Manuel Jorge de Carvalho do , Neto Elisio , Pereira Jaconias
Published: October 2022

The unique islands of São Tomé and Príncipe harbor five of the seven existent sea turtle species, and offer optimal conditions for these threatened species both on the beaches and on the foraging sites at sea. These populations might have been exploited since the sixteenth century and are still being harvested. In the past decade, our knowledge of these populations has greatly improved, highlighting their regional and global importance. Several conservation initiatives have also prioritized their protection. This chapter reviews our knowledge on the diversity, distribution, and conservation status of sea turtles in São Tomé and Príncipe, providing a brief history of conservation actions from the past 20 years and presenting ongoing research and conservation initiatives.
A Thriving Future for the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands
Authors: Bell Rayna C. , Ceríaco Luis M. P. , de Lima Ricardo F. , Melo Martim
Published: October 2022

The oceanic islands of the Gulf of Guinea hold extraordinary levels of endemism across many taxonomic groups. Biodiversity surveys are still uncovering species new to science, and much work remains to be done on the evolution, ecology, and conservation of this unique biological heritage. The next 10 years will be crucial to find and implement development strategies that can respond to the needs of the islands’ inhabitants while sustaining the biodiversity and ecosystem functions on which they depend. We outline seven priority areas that need to be addressed on the path for a thriving future for both people and biodiversity.
Biogeography and Evolution in the Oceanic Islands of the Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Melo Martim , Ceríaco Luis M. P. , Bell Rayna C.
Published: October 2022

As with most archipelagos, geography played a central role in the assembly and evolution of the endemic-rich biological communities of the Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands. The islands are located at moderate distances from the species-rich African continent that surrounds them to the east and north. This proximity facilitated colonization by many branches of the tree of life, but gene flow between the islands and continent was low enough that many lineages evolved in isolation once they reached the archipelago, resulting in many endemic species. Furthermore, several of the island taxa belong to groups typically considered to be “poor dispersers” across sea barriers, which strongly supports a role for natural rafts in seeding the islands. Oceanic currents, including the freshwater pathways that extend from large river drainages into the Gulf of Guinea during the rainy season, also support this hypothesis. The distances between the islands are equivalent to those between the islands and the continent such that inter-island dispersal events appear to be relatively rare and thus few taxa are shared between them. Still, the islands present multiple cases of secondary contact leading to hybridization and genetic introgression between closely related lineages—providing several models to study the role and consequences of gene flow in evolution. Most taxa for which molecular estimates of divergence time have been derived are much younger than the ages of the islands. This pattern is consistent with high species turnover, likely resulting from a combination of small island sizes, proximity to the African continent and a long history of intense volcanic activity. The Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands provide multiple examples of classical adaptations to island life (the “island syndrome”), including giants and dwarves, ornament and color loss, among others. In addition, emerging studies of birds are highlighting the importance of competition regimes in driving phenotypic change—with examples of both character release (low inter-specific competition) and character displacement (inter-specific competition upon secondary contact). Collectively, the Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands offer unique opportunities to study adaptation and speciation in a range of taxa and contexts.
Fungi of São Tomé and Príncipe Islands: Basidiomycete Mushrooms and Allies
Authors: Desjardin Dennis E. , Perry Brian A.
Published: October 2022

Mushrooms and allies belong to the Agaricomycetes lineage of Basidiomycota. A total of 260 species, belonging in 109 genera, 51 families and 13 orders have been reported from São Tomé and Príncipe between 1851 and 2020, of which 66 were described as new species. They range in body forms from agarics and boletes to polyporoid, clavarioid, coralloid, thelephoroid, stereoid, corticioid, hydnoid, cantherelloid, gasteroid, and jelly fungi. The vast majority are saprotrophs, a small number are plant pathogens, and a rare few may be ectomycorrhizal. Sixty species, 23%, can be classified putative endemics. The current state of knowledge of the Agaricomycetes from the nation is based on fewer than ten expeditions in the past 170 years and represents only a snapshot of the actual diversity that is likely present.
The Bryophyte Flora of São Tomé and Príncipe (Gulf of Guinea): Past, Present and Future
Authors: Garcia César , Sérgio Cecília , Shevock James R.
Published: October 2022

This chapter aims to present a review of the knowledge of the bryological flora for the São Tomé and Príncipe Islands (Gulf of Guinea). An updated catalogue is presented, as well as a brief overview of the first expeditions conducted by the University of Coimbra. The labels of the historical herbarium collections and correspondence were analyzed, which provides an important source of data contributing toward research in taxonomy and conservation of these oceanic islands. Since 2007, exploratory fieldwork was carried out in different habitats of this archipelago along an altitudinal gradient, aiming to improve the knowledge of the ecology and distribution patterns of its bryophyte flora. A total of 304 taxa of bryophytes (133 mosses, 164 liverworts and seven hornworts) are currently reported, of which 21 are endemic to São Tomé and Príncipe and 144 species are shared endemics with the African continent. Several vouchers, especially in the herbaria of the University of Lisbon and of the California Academy of Sciences, are still under study and will likely provide further insights and new discoveries.
Conclusions: My Liberation Is Bound Up with Yours
Authors: Chapman Amy L.
Published: October 2022

This chapter draws conclusions about incorporating social media into civic education, based on a study of high school teachers who used Twitter as part of their civics teaching. This chapter argues that social media has potential to be a participatory and justice-oriented pedagogical tool for civic education. At the same time, teachers who want to use social media in the classroom should teach students about the more problematic aspects of social media, such as misinformation and echo chambers. Implications from this study include developing our theoretical understanding of civic education, next steps for research in both civic education and the use of social media in education, and considerations for teachers who want to incorporate social media into their civic teaching. This chapter also offers conclusions about the potential for the use of social media in civic education.
#CivicEd: Teachers’ Stories of Connection, Civics, and Social Media
Authors: Chapman Amy L.
Published: October 2022

This chapter shares the findings from a study of civic educators who used Twitter as part of their civics instruction. This chapter reviews the experiences of five high-school teachers who participated in this study, presenting each teacher as an individual case study. Each teacher used social media to teach civics. This chapter describes each teacher, their context, and their reasons for using social media to teach civics. Each vignette also discusses each teacher’s main objectives in teaching with social media.
Nurturing a Capacity That May Well Be Limitless: Supporting Student Worth as a Matter of Civic Urgency
Authors: Chapman Amy L.
Published: October 2022

This chapter shares another finding of a study of high-school teachers who included Twitter as part of their civic education teaching. Teachers in this study felt that students did not consider themselves to be worthy of participating in civic life. The teachers believed that their students felt that they were not yet seen as members of the community, and thus did not have either a right or a responsibility to participate in civic life. Teachers used social media to encourage students to see their own value as civic participants, primarily by having them interact with experts, elected officials, and members of their communities. The teachers believed that the way to address students’ feelings of unworthiness was by having students participate in civic activities that were real; the teachers saw social media as a way to do this.
On the Road Again: Onward Migration and Transnational Subjectivity Among Portuguese-Guinean Migrants in Peterborough (UK)
Authors: Formenti Ambra
Published: October 2022

In Guinea-Bissau, as in other African countries, international emigration has intensified in recent decades due to persistent economic depression and institutional instability. In addition to the old routes to Senegal and Gambia, contemporary movements now extend to Europe and beyond. One of the main destinations is Portugal, where Guinean migrants have been attracted by labour demand in the construction sector since the 1980s. However, the recent economic crisis in Portugal has led many Guinean-born citizens to continue their journeys, searching for better opportunities in Northern Europe and benefiting from the acquisition of Portuguese nationality. In this chapter I explore the connections between onward migration and transnationalism by focusing on the case of Portuguese-Guinean migrants living in Peterborough (the UK). Based on ethnographic material, I discuss how transnational ties and practices across various places – including Guinea-Bissau, the UK, Portugal and other sites in the Guinean diaspora – contribute to the emergence of specific forms of subjectivity, marked by manifold identifications in terms of nationality, language, religion, leisure and food.
Becoming Destination(s)? Complex Migration Trajectories, Transnational Lifeworlds and Migration Decisions
Authors: Erdal Marta Bivand , Korzeniewska Lubomiła , Bertelli Davide
Published: October 2022

We depart from a paradox: migrants’ complex migration trajectories challenge dominant, often destination-oriented, conceptualisations of migration decision-making. This prompted us to raise the issue, in the questions pursued in our 30 semi-structured interviews with nurse migrants, of why Norway was chosen as a destination or a base for onward movement. We draw on this dataset, with specific analytical emphasis on eight of these interviews, in which the nurses shared their experiences of complex migration trajectories between Poland, the Philippines and Norway; others included Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Sweden and the UK. Our contribution builds on the case of professional, predominantly female, often South-North migrants, whose experiences to date have not been formative in migration theory, despite the volume of interdisciplinary research on nurse migration. We argue that a fresh and critical perspective may contribute to the adjustment of prevailing theorisations. We trace the geographical patterns of our interviewees’ complex migration trajectories and analyse the dynamics of onward migration decision-making in the context of transnational lifeworlds. We find actual and potential onward migration is a significant feature of nurse migrants’ trajectories, where the notion of ‘a destination’ is illusive, changes over time and is shaped by multi-sited transnational ties.
‘Somehow I’m an Expat and He’s a Migrant’: Intersectional Identities, Multiple Migrations and Family Decision-Making Amongst Middling Migrant Couples
Authors: Roberts Rosie
Published: October 2022

This chapter offers a critical reframing of how migration decision-making can shift between partners over time and space. Told through the lens of the female spouse within two heterosexual migrant couples, the chapter shows how experiences of mobility are not just shaped by individuals’ social positionality but also by the complex intersections between their classed, gendered, religious and racialised identities and that of their partners. The literature on middling migration has often been a story of male-led labour migration, with women occupying the status of the accompanying migrant. Less attention is paid to the experiences of migrant women, particularly those who first relocate on family or spousal visas but who seek to re-negotiate gender-differentiated career progression over time and through multiple relocations. Through a detailed biographical case study of two couples, this chapter seeks to capture the shifts in their trajectories, attachments and decision-making that occur spatially, temporally and relationally to show the diverse experiences and statuses that constitute the often-homogenised category of ‘the middle’.