bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artificial selection on reproductive timing in hatchery salmon drives a phenological shift and potential maladaptation to climate change
Authors: Tillotson Michael D. , Barnett Heidy K. , Bhuthimethee Mary , Koehler Michele E. , Quinn Thomas P.
Published: November 2018

The timing of breeding migration and reproduction links generations and substantially influences individual fitness. In salmonid fishes, such phenological events (seasonal return to freshwater and spawning) vary among populations but are consistent among years, indicating local adaptation in these traits to prevailing environmental conditions. Changing reproductive phenology has been observed in many populations of Atlantic and Pacific salmon and is sometimes attributed to adaptive responses to climate change. The sockeye salmon spawning in the Cedar River near Seattle, Washington, USA, have displayed dramatic changes in spawning timing over the past 50 years, trending later through the early 1990s, and becoming earlier since then. We explored the patterns and drivers of these changes using generalized linear models and mathematical simulations to identify possible environmental correlates of the changes, and test the alternative hypothesis that hatchery propagation caused inadvertent selection on timing. The trend toward later spawning prior to 1993 was partially explained by environmental changes, but the rapid advance in spawning since was not. Instead, since its initiation in 1991, the hatchery has, on average, selected for earlier spawning, and, depending on trait heritability, could have advanced spawning by 1–3 weeks over this period. We estimated heritability of spawning date to be high (h2 ~0.8; 95% CI: 0.5–1.1), so the upper end of this range is not improbable, though at lower heritabilities a smaller effect would be expected. The lower reproductive success of early spawners and relatively low survival of early emerging juveniles observed in recent years suggest that artificial and natural selection are acting in opposite directions. The fitness costs of early spawning may be exacerbated by future warming; thus, the artificially advanced phenology could reduce the population’s productivity. Such artificial selection is known in many salmon hatcheries, so there are broad consequences for the productivity of wild populations comingled with hatchery‐produced fish.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in affected skin and increased mitochondrial DNA in serum from patients with psoriasis
Authors: Therianou Anastasia , Vasiadi Magdalini , Delivanis Danae A. , Petrakopoulou Theodora , Katsarou‐Katsari Alexandra , Antoniou Christina , Stratigos Alexandros , Tsilioni Irene , Katsambas Andreas , Rigopoulos Dimitris , Theoharides Theoharis C.
Published: November 2018

Psoriasis is characterized by keratinocyte proliferation and chronic inflammation, but the pathogenesis is still unclear. Dysregulated mitochondria (mt) could lead to reduced apoptosis and extracellular secretion of mtDNA, acting as “innate pathogen” triggering inflammation. Serum was obtained from healthy volunteers and psoriatic patients. Mitochondrial DNA was extracted from the serum and amplified with quantitative PCR (qPCR). Punch biopsies were obtained from lesional and non‐lesional psoriatic skin (10 cm apart) and from healthy volunteers, were placed in RNA later and were stored at −80°C until RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized; gene expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), Dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) and calcineurin, involved in the regulation of mitochondria function, was detected with qPCR. Mitochondrial DNA was significantly increased (7s, P = 0.0496 and Cytochrome B, CytB, P = 0.0403) in the serum of psoriatic patients (n = 63) as compared to controls (n = 27). Gene expression was significantly reduced for UCP2 (P = 0.0218), Drp1 (P = 0.0001) and calcineurin (P = 0.0001) in lesional psoriatic skin, as compared to non‐lesional or control skin. Increased serum extracellular mtDNA in psoriatic patients and decreased expression of mitochondrial regulatory proteins in psoriatic skin suggest increased inflammation and reduced keratinocyte apoptosis, respectively. Inhibitors of mtDNA secretion and/or UCP2 stimulants may be potential treatment options.
Managing at Maximum Sustainable Yield does not ensure economic well‐being for artisanal fishers
Authors: Giron‐Nava Alfredo , Johnson Andrew F. , Cisneros‐Montemayor Andrés M. , Aburto‐Oropeza Octavio
Published: November 2018

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) is a common target for fisheries aiming to achieve long‐term ecological sustainability. Although achieving MSY may ensure the long‐term sustainability of fish populations, we ask whether it will provide economic security for fishers. Here we use 16 years of daily landing records to estimate potential catches and revenues per capita if fisheries were exploited at MSY in 11 subregions across Mexico. We then compare fishers’ estimated revenues per capita against national poverty limits at the household level. Our results show that even if MSY is reached in artisanal fisheries, the overcapacity of fleets and the dissipation of rents threatens the economic well‐being of fishers and their families, pushing revenues per capita below poverty levels. Our work demonstrates the importance of resolving the trade‐offs between achieving economic, social and environmental objectives when managing for the long‐term sustainable use of natural resources.
From single cells to tissue self‐organization
Authors: Xavier da Silveira dos Santos Aline , Liberali Prisca
Published: November 2018

Self‐organization is a process by which interacting cells organize and arrange themselves in higher order structures and patterns. To achieve this, cells must have molecular mechanisms to sense their complex local environment and interpret it to respond accordingly. A combination of cell‐intrinsic and cell‐extrinsic cues are decoded by the single cells dictating their behaviour, their differentiation and symmetry‐breaking potential driving development, tissue remodeling and regenerative processes. A unifying property of these self‐organized pattern‐forming systems is the importance of fluctuations, cell‐to‐cell variability, or noise. Cell‐to‐cell variability is an inherent and emergent property of populations of cells that maximize the population performance instead of the individual cell, providing tissues the flexibility to develop and maintain homeostasis in diverse environments. In this review, we will explore the role of self‐organization and cell‐to‐cell variability as fundamental properties of multicellularity—and the requisite of single‐cell resolution for its understanding. Moreover, we will analyze how single cells generate emergent multicellular dynamics observed at the tissue level ‘travelling’ across different scales: spatial, temporal and functional.
Governing through accountability: Gendered moral selves and the (im)possibilities of resistance in the neoliberal university
Authors: De Coster Marjan , Zanoni Patrizia
Published: November 2018

Drawing on Judith Butler's early work on gender as performance and her later work on the ethically accountable subject, this study examines the production of gendered moral subjects under neoliberal governance in contemporary academia. The analysis of 40 semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with postdoc researchers and assistant, associate and full professors in a Belgian university reveals how in academics’ narratives of their ethical relations of (non‐)accountability towards multiple stakeholders, gendered subjects are performed along the heterosexual matrix reproducing the gender binary. The conjunction of gendered and ethical demands imposed through relations of accountability further opens up distinctively gendered possibilities of consent and resistance under neoliberal governance. We advance the extant literature on gender in academia which largely focuses on women's symbolic struggle to (dis)identify with a masculine professional norm. By locating power in the gendered relations of accountability towards multiple others, it re‐conceptualizes gender as an ontological struggle in the constitution of the self as moral along gendered norms. The study rejoins recent scholarship that calls for the recognition and elaboration of a relational ethics by showing how such ethics enables the emergence of open and responsive subjectivities in relations of accountability.
Hydrophobic‐assembled curcumin–porcine plasma protein complex affected by pH
Authors: Wang Peng , Guo Xiaoya , Wu Changling , Huang Qian , Xu Xinglian , Zhou Guanghong , Bai Yun
Published: November 2018

Porcine plasma protein (PPP) was used as encapsulation material based on its hydrophobic regulation through pH shifting, as follows: the exposed hydrophobic residues of PPP provide binding sites to curcumin at extreme alkaline pH value 12, and then, PPP–curcumin complex is formed by re‐adjusting the pH to a near neutral value. The stability and dispersibility of curcumin were significantly improved by this pH shifting method with PPP as carrier. The highest encapsulation efficiency (65.4%) of curcumin–PPP complex was obtained at 0.2 mg mL−1 curcumin concentration. The stability of curcumin–PPP complex improved with increasing ultimate pH value. The antioxidant activity of curcumin bound to the complex was comparable with that of native curcumin and did not get affected by heating at 121 °C for 1 min. Overall, a stable curcumin–PPP complex was formed by pH shifting method without organic solvents or specific equipment; this approach may considerably contribute to utilisation of PPP in the food industry.
Changing attitudes: The impact of Expert by Experience involvement in Mental Health Nursing Education: An international survey study
Authors: Happell Brenda , Platania‐Phung Chris , Scholz Brett , Bocking Julia , Horgan Aine , Manning Fionnuala , Doody Rory , Hals Elisabeth , Granerud Arild , Lahti Mari , Pullo Jarmo , Vatula Annaliina , Koski Johanna , van der Vaart Kornelis Jan , Allon Jerry , Griffin Martha , Russell Siobhan , MacGabhann Liam , Bjornsson Einar , Biering Pall
Published: November 2018

Reform to nursing education is essential to ensure future generations of nurses are strongly positioned to value, know, and deliver strength‐based, recovery‐oriented mental health practice. A promising pathway to effectively drive reform is the coproduction of curricula by nursing academics and people with lived experience of recovery from mental distress referred to as Experts by Experience. The Co‐production in Mental Health Nursing Education (COMMUNE) project is an international collaboration for development and implementation of consumer coproduced curricula. This study evaluated the inclusion of Expert by Experience‐led mental health nursing education on nursing students' attitudes to people labelled with mental illness, mental health nursing, and consumer participation. A repeated self‐report measures design was implemented in Australia, Ireland, and Finland to ascertain level of generalizability of consumer involvement within undergraduate nursing programmes. Data were collected from nursing students (n = 194) immediately before and after the education module, using three self‐report instruments on attitudes (Mental Health Nurse Education Survey, Consumer Participation Questionnaire, and Opening Minds Scale). Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Eighty‐nine per cent of the 27 points of change reflected more favourable and accepting attitudinal change. Of these, 41% were significant at Bonferroni adjusted alpha of 0.0025. There was a statistically significant increase in preparedness for practice in the mental health field in each of the three countries. The most pronounced change is related to the social and systemic inclusion of people with a diagnostic label and recovery‐oriented care more broadly.
Weight change and mortality: Long‐term results from the trials of hypertension prevention
Authors: Cook Nancy R. , Appel Lawrence J. , Whelton Paul K.
Published: November 2018

Although weight loss improves blood pressure (BP), its association with mortality remains unclear. In the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP), individuals aged 30‐54 years with high normal BP were randomized to weight loss, usual care or other intervention over 18 months (TOHP I) or 3‐4 years (TOHP II), with average 23‐year mortality follow‐up. We examined mortality and (a) randomized weight loss and (b) observed weight change among all with high baseline weight. Among 2964 randomized participants, 227 deaths occurred, with no intervention difference (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75‐1.26, P = 0.84). Among 3828 high‐weight participants, weight change was directly related to mortality (HR = 1.14 per 5% change, 95% CI = 1.02‐1.28, P = 0.019). During the trial 15% lost >5% (HR = 0.82), 29% lost 0‐<=5% (HR = 0.94), 41% gained 0‐<5% (reference), and 16% gained >5% (HR = 1.29) (P‐trend = 0.046). This is consistent with a long‐term beneficial effect of presumed intentional weight loss on mortality.
Comparison of glucose monitoring between Freestyle Libre Pro and iPro2 in patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kumagai Ryo , Muramatsu Aiko , Fujii Masanao , Katakura Yukino , Ito Kei , Fujie Keiko , Nakata Yoshio , Hashimoto Koichi , Yagyu Hiroaki
Published: November 2018

Aims/Introduction

Flash and continuous glucose monitoring systems are becoming prevalent in clinical practice. We directly compared a flash glucose monitoring system (FreeStyle Libre Pro [FSL‐Pro]) with a continuous glucose monitoring system (iPro2) in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods

Glucose concentrations were simultaneously measured using the FSL‐Pro, iPro2 and self‐monitoring blood glucose in 10 patients with diabetes mellitus, and agreement among them was assessed.

Results

Parkes error grid analysis showed that the 92.9 and 7.1% of glucose values measured using the FSL‐Pro fell into areas A and B, respectively, and that 96.3, 2.8 and 0.9% of those determined using iPro2 fell into areas A, B and C, respectively. The median absolute relative differences compared with self‐monitoring blood glucose were 8.1% (3.9–12.7%) and 5.0% (2.6–9.1%) for the FSL‐Pro and iPro2, respectively. Analysis of 5,555 paired values showed a close correlation between FSL‐Pro and iPro2 glucose values (ρ = 0.96, P < 0.01). Notably, 65.3% of all glucose values were lower for the FSL‐Pro than the iPro2. Median glucose values also decreased by 3.3% for the FSL‐Pro compared with the iPro2 (177.0 [133.0–228.0] vs 183.0 [145.0–230.0] mg/dL, P < 0.01). The difference in glucose values between the two systems was more pronounced in hypoglycemia. The median absolute relative difference between FSL‐Pro and iPro2 during hypoglycemia was much larger than that during euglycemia and hyperglycemia.

Conclusions

Both the FSL‐Pro and iPro2 systems are clinically acceptable, but glucose values tended to be lower when measured using the FSL‐Pro than the iPro2. Agreement was not close between these systems during hypoglycemia.
Decision‐making styles, anxiety levels, and critical thinking levels of nurses
Authors: Polat Şehrinaz , Kutlu Leman , Ay Fatma , Purİsa Sevim , Erkan Habibe A.
Published: November 2018

Aim

This research was carried out so as to reveal the relationships between the anxiety state of nurses, their critical thinking disposition, and decision‐making strategies.

Methods

Survey forms and scales that were related to demographic attributes, anxiety, critical thinking and decision‐making were used in this research. The sampling was formed with 326 nurses who were selected by using the random sampling method. The data were collected between November, 2014 and January, 2015 via a Descriptive Information Form, the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory, State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Decision‐Making Strategies Scale.

Results

Of the nurses, 91.4% were discovered to have low critical thinking disposition levels. The nurses’ scores in analytics, open‐mindedness, and curiosity were higher, compared to the other categories. As for decision‐making, independent decision‐making was the most commonly used strategy. There was a poor positive relationship between the age of the nurses and their points of independent decision‐making and intuitive decision‐making. It was detected that age and open‐mindedness affected the total points of independent decision‐making, intuitive decision‐making, and rational decision‐making.

Conclusion

The critical thinking training of nurses affects their rational decision‐making levels and their age affects independent, intuitive, and rational decision‐making. Systematicity affects only indecision in a negative way, whereas open‐mindedness negatively affects intuitive decision‐making, rational decision‐making, and indecision. Anxiety negatively affects independent decision‐making, whereas it affects indecision strategy positively. The working style of nurses does not affect their decision‐making strategies. Indecision strategy is negatively predicted by open‐mindedness, systematicity, and self‐confidence and it is positively predicted by anxiety.
Primary hypoaldosteronism in a dog with pituitary and adrenal T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Béguin J. S. , Chevallier L. , Rannou B. , Fontaine J. J. , Benchekroun G.
Published: November 2018

A 7‐year‐old mixed breed dog was presented with a 2‐week history of vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness and loss of appetite. Initial laboratory tests revealed hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia consistent with hypoadrenocorticism. Basal plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations were not suggestive of primary hypoadrenocorticism but the aldosterone concentration was undetectable. Abdominal ultrasound scan showed a mass within the left kidney and a nodular enlargement of the left adrenal gland. Cytological analysis revealed a large granular lymphoma. The dog died 17 days later.Post mortemhistological and immunohistochemical examinations revealed a diffuse large granular T‐cell lymphoma involving the mediastinal lymph node, kidneys, pancreas, adrenal and pituitary glands.
Seasonal sex steroids indicate reproductive costs associated with snake fungal disease
Authors: Lind C. M. , Lorch J. M. , Moore I. T. , Vernasco B. J. , Farrell T. M.
Published: November 2018

Emergent diseases may result in population declines by inducing mortality directly or through sublethal effects on host reproduction. Snake fungal disease (SFD) is an emerging threat to biodiversity, but the sublethal impacts of disease on host fitness are poorly characterized. The cryptic nature of most snakes makes direct assessment of the fitness consequences of SFD challenging. In such contexts, measurement of sex steroids that correlate positively with seasonal reproductive investment may be useful in inferring the scope of disease impacts. To test the hypothesis that SFD is associated with reproductive suppression, we measured testosterone and estradiol in free‐ranging pygmy rattlesnakes with varying clinical signs of SFD. We also used real‐time PCR to validate the relationship between clinical signs and Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola (Oo) DNA presence on the skin. Infected males had lower testosterone compared to uninfected males during summer spermatogenesis and the fall breeding season. Infected females were less likely to have elevated estradiol compared to uninfected females during spring vitellogenesis. Approximately 85% of individuals with clinical signs were positive for Oo DNA. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that coping with SFD comes at a cost to the reproductive success of afflicted individuals, and that seasonal sex steroids may be valuable early indicators of sublethal effects.
Fleas from domestic dogs and rodents in Rwanda carry Rickettsia asembonensis and Bartonella tribocorum
Authors: Nziza J. , Tumushime J. C. , Cranfield M. , Ntwari A. E. , Modrý D. , Mudakikwa A. , Gilardi K. , Šlapeta J.
Published: November 2018

Fleas (Siphonaptera) are ubiquitous blood‐sucking parasites that transmit a range of vector‐borne pathogens. The present study examined rodents (n = 29) and domestic dogs (n = 7) living in the vicinity of the Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda, for fleas, identified flea species from these hosts, and detected Bartonella (Rhizobiales: Bartonellaceae) and Rickettsia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) DNA. The most frequently encountered flea on rodents was Xenopsylla brasiliensis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). In addition, Ctenophthalmus (Ethioctenophthalmus) calceatus cabirus (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae) and Ctenocephalides felis strongylus (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) were determined using morphology and sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II genes (cox1 and cox2, respectively). Bartonella tribocorum DNA was detected in X. brasiliensis and Rickettsia asembonensis DNA (a Rickettsia felis‐like organism) was detected in C. felis strongylus. The present work complements studies that clarify the distributions of flea‐borne pathogens and potential role of fleas in disease transmission in sub‐Saharan Africa. In the context of high‐density housing in central sub‐Saharan Africa, the detection of B. tribocorum and R. asembonensis highlights the need for surveillance in both rural and urban areas to identify likely reservoirs.
A novel technique for performing transseptal puncture guided by a non‐fluoroscopic 3D mapping system
Authors: Sawhney Vinit , Breitenstein Alexander , Watts Troy , Garcia Jason , Finlay Malcolm , Lowe Martin , Hunter Ross , Earley Mark J , Schilling Richard J , Sporton Simon , Dhinoja Mehul
Published: November 2018

Background

Transseptal puncture (TSP) is commonly performed under fluoroscopic guidance in left atrial ablation procedures. This exposes patients and healthcare professionals to deleterious ionizing radiation. We describe a novel technique for performing TSP non‐fluoroscopically using a three‐dimensional (3D) mapping system only. The safety and efficacy of this technique is compared to traditional fluoroscopy guided TSP.

Methods

Retrospective, single‐center study of patients undergoing TSP for left atrial ablation. Those undergoing TSP using 3D mapping system alone (nonfluoroscopy group) were compared to those undergoing fluoroscopic guided TSP (Fluoroscopy group). Clinical, procedural data and complications were analyzed from a prospective registry.

Results

Twenty patients (32 TSPs) in the nonfluoroscopy (NF) group were compared to 14 patients (25 TSPs) in fluoroscopy (F) group. TSP success rates were similar across the groups (88% vs 96% in the NF and F groups, P = 0.97). In the NF group, there was one cardiac tamponade, two unsuccessful TSPs (previous cardiac surgery—required TOE guided TSP), and one patient required fluoroscopy on a background of CRTD device to avoid lead displacement. The mean fluoroscopy time and dose were significantly lower in the nonfluoroscopy group (0.75  ±  0.50 vs 5.32 ± 3.23 min, P  <  0.001; 92.5 ± 60.7 vs 394.3 ± 182.7 cGy/cm2, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Our study shows that TSPs can be performed safely and effectively using this non‐fluoroscopic novel technique in a select group of patients. Radiation exposure is reduced significantly without compromising patient safety. Larger studies are required to substantiate these results. Patients with cardiac implantable devices and previous cardiac surgery may pose a challenge to using this technique.
Service users’ first accounts of experiencing endings from a psychological service or therapy: A systematic review and meta‐ethnographic synthesis
Authors: Webb Kimberley , Schroder Thomas A. , Gresswell David M.
Published: November 2018

Purpose

To review and synthesize the qualitative literature on service users’ experiences of endings from a psychological service or therapy.

Methods

A systematic search of the peer‐reviewed literature identified qualitative studies meeting specific inclusion criteria. A modifiedCASPtool was used to critically appraise their quality, and a meta‐ethnographic approach was used to synthesize their findings.

Results

Twelve papers met the inclusion criteria. The interpretation of findings suggested three key themes: anticipation of ending, service user control, and sense of responsibility. Although studies varied in geographical location and type of service, they were consistently of high quality.

Conclusions

The review highlights the importance of service users’ perspectives in understanding the experiences of endings. The findings complement existing literature and provide new interpretations. Considerations for practice were limited; however, the review provides useful directions for future research.

Practitioner points

When ending therapy, clinicians should consider the dyadic nature of the therapeutic relationship and the emotional impact this may have upon both service users and staff.

Further consideration should be given to how staff manage their responses to the ending.

The time‐limited structure of therapy may aid the ending process by relieving staff and service users of responsibility.
Applicability of the Investment Model Scale in a natural‐fertility population
Authors: Winking Jeffrey , Eastwick Paul W. , Smith Leigh K. , Koster Jeremy
Published: November 2018

Relationship quality is a construct that is central to theories of relationships and one that is used widely by psychologists. However, all prior assessments of relationship quality have derived from samples living in industrialized nation states. Here, the authors expand the breadth of this cultural variation to examine the means, reliability, and structure of the Investment Model Scale (IMS) in a sample from a natural‐fertility, subsistence‐level indigenous population of Nicaragua. Results indicate that the IMS captures real variation in the quality of relationships in this sample, although explorations of internal reliability and structure suggest poorer validity. Possible reasons for this disparity are discussed, including impacts of the necessary alterations to the instrument, as well as cross‐cultural differences in the nature of marriage.
Effect of Affective Reward on Cognitive Event‐related Potentials and its Relationship with Psychological Pain and Suicide Risk among Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Song Wei , Li Huanhuan , Guo Ting , Jiang Songyuan , Wang Xiang
Published: November 2018

Objective

The present study aimed to explore the electrophysiological correlates involved in three‐dimensional psychological pain and their relationship with suicide in patients with major depressive disorder.

Method

The sample comprised 23 and nine patients with major depressive disorder with high and low risk for suicide, respectively, and 24 healthy controls. All participants completed the measurements and performed an event‐related potential‐based analogue of the affective incentive delay task. The event‐related potential components previously associated with motivationally salient cue (contingent negative variation, P2, and cue‐P3), target (target‐P3), and feedback (reward vs. punishment, feedback‐related negativity, and feedback‐P3) stimuli were examined.

Results

All inventory scores differed significantly among the high‐risk, low‐risk, and healthy control groups. During the expectant phase, the main effect of group and interaction between group and condition was significant in the average amplitudes of the cue‐P2 component. During the feedback phase, the feedback‐P3 elicited by positive feedback had a significant main effect of group and of the interaction between group and condition. Specifically, the feedback‐P3 elicited by negative feedback in the punitive condition showed significant positive correlations with the total and subscale scores on the Three‐Dimensional Psychological Pain Scale.

Conclusions

Feedback‐P3 may be an electrobiological component underlying the processing of psychological pain in suicidality.
Unveiling one of the rarest ‘butterflies’ ever (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae, Noctuidae)
Authors: Zilli Alberto , Grishin Nick V.
Published: November 2018

Many insect species named by the Danish entomologist J.C. Fabricius remain enigmatic due to loss of the original type specimens, sketchy descriptions and lack of illustrations, but even some well‐illustrated taxa remain unrecognized. This is the case forHesperia busiris, a ‘butterfly’ illustrated by W.J. Jones, the identity of which has puzzled experts for 225 years. Here we argue that the description and illustrations of this species are a perfect fit to a colourful moth later described by F. Walker asEusemia contigua. Furthermore, we present evidence that Walker unwittingly based his name on the same specimen as Fabricius, and that this is the only known example of this species. An extraordinary sequence of misconceptions led the geographic origin of this specimen to become thoroughly confused, so that it is currently unknown where on Earth this species may occur (although a substantial body of evidence points to West Africa) and if it is even still extant.

This published work has been registered in ZooBank,http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3D148142‐C738‐4368‐9CA8‐69789A6D3E6A.
Anti‐dumping duty circumvention through trade rerouting: Evidence from Chinese exporters
Authors: Liu Xuepeng , Shi Huimin
Published: November 2018

We study the evasion of US anti‐dumping duties by some Chinese exporters through trade rerouting via third countries or regions. Using detailed monthly trade data reported by China and the US Customs during the period of 2002–06, we find that US anti‐dumping actions against China lead to a stronger positive correlation between US imports from third countries and Chinese exports to the same third countries. Such a positive correlation is more pronounced for the products subject to anti‐dumping duties (treatment groups) than similar products not subject to these duties (control groups). The evidence is stronger for less‐differentiated products whose certificates of origins are easier to be modified and is stronger for third countries where the rerouting cost is low. These findings are consistent with a trade rerouting story, rather than a simple story of trade diversion (i.e., increase in some third countries' imports from China) and trade deflection (i.e., increase in some third‐country exports to the US). We also rule out other alternative stories, consider prior production in third countries and concurrent anti‐dumping actions against China or third countries, pay a particular attention to the many zero trade flows in the monthly level data and check the robustness to using an alternative control group and quarterly data, etc.
One Health as a moral dilemma: Towards a socially responsible zoonotic disease control
Authors: van Herten Joost , Bovenkerk Bernice , Verweij Marcel
Published: November 2018

During the last decade, the concept of One Health has become the international standard for zoonotic disease control. This call for transdisciplinary collaboration between professionals in human, animal and environmental health has produced several successes in zoonotic disease control, surveillance and research. Despite the lack of a clear definition, a shared agenda or institutional governance, One Health has proven to be a fruitful idea. Due to its ambiguity, the One Health concept functions as a boundary object: by leaving room for interpretation to fit different purposes, it facilitates cooperation. In many cases, this results in the promotion of health of humans, animals and the environment. However, there are also situations in which this mutual benefit of a One Health approach is not that evident, for instance, when healthy animals are culled to protect public health. Although such a strategy could well be part of a One Health approach, it is hard to understand how this contributes to the health of concerning animals. Consequently, these practices often lead to public debate. This raises questions on how we should understand the One Health concept in zoonotic disease control. Is it really about equally improving the health of humans, animals and the environment and is this even possible? Or is it ultimately just public health that counts? In cases of conflict between different values, the lack of a universal definition of the One Health concept contributes to this complexity. Although boundary objects have many positive aspects, in the context of One Health and zoonotic disease control, this conception seems to conceal underlying normative differences. To address moral dilemmas related to a One Health approach in zoonotic disease control, it is important to reflect on moral status and the meaning of health for humans, animals and the environment.
Lamina‐specific population encoding of cutaneous signals in the spinal dorsal horn using multi‐electrode arrays
Authors: Greenspon Charles M. , Battell Emma E. , Devonshire Ian M. , Donaldson Lucy F. , Chapman Victoria , Hathway Gareth J.
Published: November 2018

Key points

Traditional, widely used in vivo electrophysiological techniques for the investigation of spinal processing of somatosensory information fail to account for the diverse functions of each lamina.

To overcome this oversimplification, we have used multi‐electrode arrays, in vivo, to simultaneously record neuronal activity across all laminae of the spinal dorsal horn.

Multi‐electrode arrays are sensitive enough to detect lamina‐ and region‐specific encoding of different subtypes of afferent fibres and to detect short‐lived changes in synaptic plasticity as measured by the application of cutaneous electrical stimulation of varying intensity and frequency.

Differential encoding of innocuous and noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli were also detected across the laminae with the technique, as were the effects of the application of capsaicin.

This new approach to the study of the dorsal spinal cord produces significantly more information per experiment, permitting accelerated research whilst also permitting the effects of pharmacological tools to modulate network responses.

The dorsal horn (DH) of the spinal cord is a complex laminar structure integrating peripheral signals into the central nervous system. Spinal somatosensory processing is commonly measured electrophysiologically in vivo by recording the activity of individual wide‐dynamic‐range neurons in the deep DH and extrapolating their behaviour to all cells in every lamina. This fails to account for the specialized processes that occur in each lamina and the considerable heterogeneity in cellular phenotype within and between laminae. Here we overcome this oversimplification by employing linear multi‐electrode arrays (MEAs) in the DH of anaesthetized rats to simultaneously measure activity across all laminae. The MEAs, comprising 16 channels, were inserted into the lumbar dorsal horn and peripheral neurons activated electrically via transcutaneous electrodes and ethologically with von Frey hairs (vFHs) or an aluminium heating block. Ascending electrical stimuli showed fibre thresholds with distinct dorsoventral innervation profiles. Wind up was observed across the DH during the C‐fibre and post‐discharge latencies following 0.5 Hz stimulation. Intrathecal application of morphine (5 ng/50 μl) significantly reduced Aδ‐ and C‐fibre‐evoked activity in deep and superficial DH. Light vFHs (≤10 g) predominantly activated intermediate and deep laminae whereas noxious vFHs (26 g) also activated the superficial laminae. Noxious heat (55°C) induced significantly greater activity in the superficial and deep laminae than the innocuous control (30°C). The application of these arrays produced the first description of the processing of innocuous and noxious stimuli throughout the intact DH.
The Mackey-Glass models, 40 years later
Authors: Roussel Marc R
Published: November 2018

In 1977, Michael Mackey and Leon Glass published a short paper thatВ presented and analyzed three delay-differential physiological models, oneВ of which, now known as the Mackey-Glass equation, was shown to generateВ chaotic behavior. This paper also introduced the concept of a dynamicalВ disease. In this perspective article, I attempt to place the Mackey-Glass paperВ andВ a 1979 followup in historical context, and thereby to gain someВ understanding of the very significant influence it has had across theВ sciences. This influence is mapped through a citation analysis, revealingВ both the timelessness of the themes broached in the Glass-Mackey papers, andВ of the broad influence of these papers, far transcending the specificВ scientific problems originally tackled.
A stochastic model for active transport
Authors: Purnichescu-Purtan Raluca , Badralexi Irina
Published: November 2018

We develop a stochastic model for an intracellular active transport problem. Our aims are to calculate the probability that a molecular motor reaches a hidden target, to study what influences this probability and to calculate the time required for the molecular motor to hit the target (mean first passage time). We study different biologically relevant scenarios, which include the possibility of multiple hidden targets (which breed competition) and the presence of obstacles. The purpose of including obstacles is to illustrate actual disruptions of the intracellular transport (which can result, for example, in several neurological disorders. From a mathematical point of view, the intracellular active transport is modelled by two independent continuous-time, discrete space Markov chains: one for the dynamics of the molecular motor in the space intervals and one for the domain of target. The process is time homogeneous and independent of the position of the molecular motor.
Directional Caliper Tool Development
Authors: Davis Dylan , Zazuliak Robert , Westwood Stephen
Published: November 2018

TransCanada owns and operates more than 91,500km of natural gas pipelines in North America and since 2014 they’ve been aggressively pursuing the assessment of the unpigged portion of their system. To expand the In-Line Inspection coverage in the system TransCanada identified the need to develop a bi-directional caliper tool. This development allowed TransCanada to attain both Magnetic Flux Leakage and Caliper data while reducing the overall cost of its multi-year baseline assessment program. This paper will discuss the technical features of the bi-directional caliper tool and an overview of the model used by TransCanada which drove the development of the bi-directional caliper technology and to demonstrate the advantages of utilizing unconventional In Line Inspection technology in order to obtain MFL and Caliper data.
Pipeline Operations Improvement With Ultrasonic Meter Diagnostics
Authors: Rasool Noman , Un Nabi Waqas
Published: November 2018

Ultrasonic meters are widely accepted as being robust, reliable and having the ability to provide custody transfer accuracy over varied application ranges. Because of these characteristics and their inherent advanced signal processing and non-intrusive design, the meters have the capability to deliver unique performance and diagnostic information that can be used to improve Pipeline operations and Leak Detection applications.

This paper presents real time data from liquid ultrasonic meters. The data helps to improve pipeline operations including dual Drag Reducing Agent (DRA) injections, Batch Detection (BD), Commodity Movement Tracking (CMT) etc. Diagnostic data can also identify upstream instrumentation anomalies and illustrate the abilities of the utilizing diagnostics within liquid ultrasonic meters to further improve current leak detection real time transient models (RTTM) and pipeline operational procedures. The paper discusses considerations addressed while evaluating data and understanding the importance of accuracy within the metering equipment utilized. It also elaborates on significant benefits associated with the utilization of ultrasonic meters capabilities and the importance of diagnosing other pipeline issues and uncertainties outside of measurement errors.
Interaction Rule Guidance for Corrosion Features Reported by ILI
Authors: Smart Lucinda , Li Yanping , Nestleroth J. Bruce , Ward Suzanne
Published: November 2018

Corrosion anomalies which reduce the strength of the pipeline must be mitigated appropriately. When corrosion defects have varying morphologies it is not always simple to determine the point at which the corrosion region becomes a safety concern, particularly for complex corrosion areas where multiple corrosion anomalies may interact with one another. Therefore, understanding how various anomalies may interact is important to determining the overall remaining strength of a pipeline under pressure. Many criteria for this spacing and how to apply the rules are recommended in the literature and have been studied either as the focus or periphery by several more, but no single criterion is provided as regulation. The task is left to the pipeline operator to choose the interaction rule for what is defined as ‘closely spaced corrosion.’ The method by which the failure pressure is calculated should be considered as varying levels of conservatism are inherent in these assessments.

Recommendations for interaction guidelines have been determined by either empirical or analytical approaches. The empirical approaches may be limited when an insufficient number and variety of pipes can be burst tested. Many analytical approaches are based upon relationships of remaining wall and simple corrosion morphologies which may not be applicable to real world corrosion. The source of the corrosion anomaly data is an important variable when selecting and applying interaction rules. In-line inspections (ILI) are the most common methods by which to obtain corrosion anomaly data, but each technology has an inherent measurement error and bias which should be considered. This paper will go into detail on each of the items discussed, present the current state of research into this subject in the industry, and will present a general recommendation for selection of an interaction criterion for corrosion features reported by ILI.
Evaluation of Corrosion Growth Prediction Methodologies Using Burst Pressure Comparisons From Repeated In-Line Inspections
Authors: Wright Chance , Dessein Thomas , Li Yanping , Ward Suzanne
Published: November 2018

At the forefront of the effort to understand and mitigate pipeline corrosion is the prediction of corrosion growth rates. It is important to understand the effect of corrosion growth estimates on integrity management decisions. An overly conservative approach results in unnecessary digs, while removing conservatism increases the potential for a missed feature to grow to a threatening size. While approaches to feature depth growth have been well-established, there has been less investigation into the growth of feature lengths. A literature review was performed on the methodologies applicable to length growth, and their performance was compared to those that only account for depth growth using a sample analysis.

For pipelines with multiple in-line inspection (ILI) runs, feature or signal matching can be used to estimate the change in feature size. These rates can be used directly on individual features, averaged across pipe joints, or compiled into a statistical distribution. Alternatively, only one ILI measurement can be used and an assumption made on the age of the defect. These approaches are more commonly applied to depth growth but could be used to predict length growth as well.

To compare the growth methodologies, the study used historical ILI measurements of a liquid pipeline to predict feature sizes and estimated burst pressures determined at the time of the latest ILI. The number of defects correctly predicted to have an insufficient burst pressure safety factor for safe operation was compared to the number of defects that were erroneously predicted to not meet this criterion, and those that were predicted to be safe but later found to not meet the safety factor requirement. The number of erroneously flagged defects was found to vary the most between methodologies. For the assessed data set, using the joint average rate based on feature box-matching was non-conservative on average. It was also found that incorporating length growth did not significantly affect the accuracy of the burst pressure predictions.
Third-Party Damage Model for Gas Distribution Pipelines
Authors: Santarelli Joseph S. , Zhou Wenxing , Dudley-Tatsu Carrie
Published: November 2018

Third-party damage (TPD) is any damage to underground infrastructure that occurs during work unrelated to the asset. In 2015, there were 10,107 TPD incidents in Canada causing over a billion dollars in estimated damage. TPD is the leading cause of failure for distribution gas pipelines; since distribution pipelines are generally located in areas with high population densities, TPD has significant safety and economic implications. In this study, a probabilistic model is developed to qualify the probability of failure of distribution pipelines due to TPD. The model consists of a fault tree model to quantify the probability of hit given the occurrence of third-party excavation activities and the methodology to evaluate the probability of failure given hit. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a top down, deductive failure analysis method which uses Boolean logic to combine a series of basic events to analyze the state of a system. Earlier prior research demonstrated the ability of a FTA to quantify the probability of TPD occurring on natural gas transmission pipeline systems. These models allow for a quantitative analysis of preventative measures and, in conjunction with current practices, facilitate a predictive method to plan and optimize resource allocation for damage mitigation and emergency preparedness. The developed TPD model is validated using the data provided from a region in Southwest Ontario. The model will provide distribution companies with a practical tool to identify third-party damage hot spots, develop proactive third-party damage prevention measures, and prioritize damage repair activities using a risk-based approach.
Some Factors Affecting Initiation of Stress Corrosion Cracking of an X80 Pipe Steel in Near-Neutral pH Environment
Authors: Kang Jidong , Bibby Darren , Gianetto James A. , Gesing Mark , Arafin Muhammad
Published: November 2018

Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking (NNpHSCC) continues to be a concern for existing high pressure pipelines used to transport oil and gas in Canada. Although several studies have focused on the role of pipe steel microstructure on the initiation and growth of NNpHSCC, most used specimens machined from sub-surface locations that did not preserve the original pipe surface, which is the material that ultimately exposed.

In the present work, a series of test specimens were designed to preserve the external pipe surface and allowed shallow 0.05 mm root radius surface notches with depths from 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mm to be machined and tested. All specimens were machined in the hoop (transverse) direction from a 1067 mm diameter, 12.5 mm thick X80 pipe. The specimens were subjected to a constant load of 95% of the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) (equivalent to 80% of the actual pipe hoop yield strength) using proof rings for extended durations, e.g., 110, 220, 440 or 660 days. The results show that there was no apparent SCC developed on the smooth specimens with the original surface even after being tested for up to 660 days. In contrast, SCC were found to have initiated at the machined notches, irrespective of their depth after testing for 220 days. To provide further understanding of specimen design, the same SCC testing conditions were applied to smooth round-bar test specimens machined in the hoop direction of this same pipe close to the external surface and the mid-wall locations. While minor SCC initiation was found in the near surface specimens, significant SCC was observed in the specimens taken from the mid-wall location. This finding suggests that the heterogeneous or variable microstructure through the pipe wall thickness plays a critical role in SCC initiation for the X80 pipe investigated. It also suggests that careful attention must be paid to the design of test specimens as well as the location that they are removed from a test pipe in order to realistically assess the SCC susceptibility of pipe steels.