bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enantiomerically pure chiral building blocks for syntheses of carbocyclic nucleoside analogues: A formal synthesis of aristeromycin
Authors: Helmchen Günter , Krotz Achim , Neumann Hans‐Peter , Ziegler Manfred L.
Published: July 2007

(+)‐(1R,4R)‐Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2‐one (7) was prepared in 78.5% yield by oxidative degradation of (+)‐(1R)‐endo‐bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐ene‐2‐carboxylic acid (4) by using an improved procedure for the oxidation of the dianion of 4 with dioxygen. Dihydroxylation of 7 with osmium tetroxide furnished the cis exo addition product 8c and, via reversible retro aldol reaction, the trans isomer 8t which was characterized by X‐ray crystal structure analysis. 8c was transformed in four reaction steps into the lactone 2 which is a known starting material for a synthesis of the antiviral antibiotic aristeromycin (1). 8t is a potential starting material for syntheses of carbocyclic analogues of arabinofuranosyl nucleotides, e.g., the antiviral agent cyclaradine (3).
A New Asymmetric Synthesis of both Enantiomers of Coniine by 1,2‐Addition of RLi/YbCl3 to Aldehyde SAMP Hydrazones
Authors: Enders Dieter , Tiebes Jörg
Published: July 2007

Both enantiomers of the hemlock alkaloid coniine 8 are prepared by asymmetric synthesis in 98% ee using only one enantiomer of the auxiliary. The key step of the synthesis consists in the 1,2‐addition of organoytterbium reagents to aldehyde SAMP hydrazones with virtually complete asymmetric induction, followed by N–N bond cleavage and cyclization.
Synthesis of Methyl 2,6‐Dideoxy‐4‐thio‐α‐D‐ribo‐hexopyranoside (methyl 4‐thiodigitoxoside) – a Constituent of the Calicheamicins and Esperamicins
Authors: Claßen Arnold , Scharf Hans‐Dieter
Published: July 2007

The 4‐thio analog of 2,6‐dideoxy‐D‐ribo‐hexopyranose (D‐digitoxose) is part of the saccharide chain of the calicheamicins and esperamicins. A straightforward synthesis of the 4‐thiodigitoxoside 12 as its diacetate 13 starting from methyl α‐D‐galactopyranoside (1) is described. Properties and structure of 13 are presented.
Synthese von Calcitonin‐Derivaten durch Fragmentkondensation in Lösung und am 2‐Chlortrityl‐Harz
Authors: Barlos Kleomenis , Gatos Dimitrios , Papaphotiou Georgios , Schäfer Wolfram
Published: July 2007

Synthesis of Calcitonin Derivatives by Fragment Condensation in Solution and on 2‐Chlorotrityl Resin

Ser2,Val8,Gly33)‐human calcitonin (13) was synthesized in 45% yield by sequential assembly of protected fragments on 2‐chlorotrityl resin. An analogous synthesis by fragment condensation in solution yielded (Ser2,Val8)‐human calcitonin (21) in 10% yield.
Diastereoselektive Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen mit α‐Chlornitrososacchariden
Authors: Braun Heinz , Felber Helena , Kresze Günter , Schmidtchen Franz P. , Prewo Roland , Vasella Andrea
Published: July 2007

Diastereoselective Diels‐Alder Reactions with α‐Chloronitroso Saccharides

The α‐chloronitroso reagent 2 obtained from ribose via the lactone oxime 3 reacts with the dienes 6–10 at low temperature to give the chiral dihydrooxazines 11–16 in 63–96% yield and > 96% enantiomeric excess. The reagents 1 and 2 which are approximately mirror images in the vicinity of the chloronitroso function lead to opposite enantiomers of 11–16. The absolute configuration of the products was determined by chemical degradation and comparison with authentic amino and hydroxy acids.
Synthesis of Sphingosines, Part 8. Synthesis of Methyl‐branched Sphingosines
Authors: Bär Thomas , Kratzer Bernd , Wild Robert , Sandhoff Konrad , Schmidt Richard R.
Published: July 2007

Treatment of 2,4‐O‐benzylidene‐D‐threose (3) with the Wittig reagent obtained from 2‐bromopentadecane furnished 5‐methyloctadec‐4‐ene derivatives (E,Z)‐8. The introduction of the azido group into the 2‐position and acid‐catalyzed removal of the benzylidene protective group afforded 5‐methyl‐substituted azidosphingosines (E)‐10 and (Z)‐10 which were converted via azide reduction into the corresponding sphingosines (E)‐1 and (Z)‐1, respectively. Reaction of 3 with methylmagnesium bromide, ensuing selective 2‐O‐mesylation, and then 4‐O‐oxidation gave ketone 13. The Wittig reaction of 13 with triphenyltetradecylphosphorane afforded exclusively 4‐methyloctadec‐4‐ene derivative (Z)‐16 which was transformed into 4‐methyl‐substituted sphingosine (Z)‐2 as described above. For the synthesis of the corresponding E isomer, 3 was converted into carbinols 21h,l. 2‐O‐Silyl protection and then water elimination furnished 4‐methyl‐substituted (4E)‐octadec‐4‐ene derivative (E)‐23 which was transformed into (E)‐2.
Bausteine von Oligosacchariden, CV. Synthese des Pentasaccharids L‐α‐D‐Hep‐(1→3)‐L‐α‐D‐Hep‐(1→5)‐α‐Kdo‐(2→6)‐β‐D‐GlcNhm‐(1→6)‐D‐GlcNhm der linearen Core‐ und Lipoid‐A‐Struktur von Lipopolysacchariden
Authors: Paulsen Hans , Höffgen Elisabeth C.
Published: July 2007

Building Units of Oligosaccharides, CV. – Synthesis of the Pentasaccharide L‐α‐D‐Hep‐(1→3)‐L‐α‐D‐Hep‐(1→5)‐α‐Kdo‐(2→6)‐β‐D‐GlcNhm‐(1→6)‐D‐GlcNhm of the Linear Core and Lipoid A Structure of Lipopolysaccharides

Using the trichloroacetimidate method we synthesized a trisaccharide donor containing the sequence L‐α‐D‐Hep‐(1→3)‐L‐α‐D‐Hep‐(1→5)‐α‐Kdo. This block was coupled stereoselectively with a lipoid A analogue acceptor 22, composed of two glucosamin units, giving the pentasaccharide 23. After deblocking we obtained the pentasaccharide L‐α‐D‐Hep‐(1→3)‐L‐α‐D‐Hep‐(1→5)‐α‐Kdo‐(2→6)‐β‐D‐GlcNhm‐(1→6)‐D‐GlcNhm (28), which represents the linear structure of the inner core and lipoid A chain of lipopolysaccharides. Sheep erythrocytes can be coated with compound 28 by incorporation of the fatty acids into the cell membrane. This complex presents the antigenic determinant composed of two heptose residues and one Kdo residue above the cell surface.
Borane Reduction of the Steroid 20‐Ketone Group in the Presence of Various Chiral β‐Amino Alcohols
Authors: Göndös György , Orr James C.
Published: July 2007

The direction of reduction of 20‐carbonyl group of 3α‐hydroxy‐5β‐pregnan‐20‐one (1) with a complex of borane‐methyl sulfide and chiral β‐amino alcohols, depends on the chirality of the amino alcohol. Where there is a 2‐phenyl or 2‐benzyl substituent, then the S enantiomer gives exclusively the steroid 20R alcohol 3. The R enantiomer of 2‐amino‐2‐phenyl‐1‐ethanol gives the highest steroid 20S (2):20R (3) alcohol ratio.
Ein einfacher Zugang zu den tetracyclischen Vorläufern der Hetero‐ und Secoyohimbane, Strychnos‐ und Oxindolalkaloide
Authors: Rosenmund Peter , Hosseini‐Merescht M. , Bub Christoph
Published: July 2007

A Simple Entry into the Series of Tetracyclic Hetero‐ and Secoyohimbanes, Strychnos and Oxindole Alkaloids

The divinylogous urethane 4a reacts in diluted acetic acid to give the indolochinolizine 9 (yield 40%). The total amount grows up to 65%, if compound 14, prepared from 4a in nearly quantitative yield, is allowed to react with trifluoroacetic acid for a few minutes. Similarily, 4b and 4c give by treatment with SnCl2 and heat in an [4+2]‐cycloaddition reaction the spiroindolines 17 and 18. Oxytryptamine reacts with 2 moles of 2 to give immediately the spirooxindole 21. This compound can be rearranged to give 23 (after treatment with acid, reduction and catalytic hydrogenation). 23 has the cis‐configuration of rhyncophylline. magnified image
Synthesis and phosphorylating properties of 2‐chloro‐2,3‐dihydro‐3‐(methylsulfonyl)‐1,3,2‐benzoxazaphosphole 2‐oxide. Derivatives with chloro substituents on the benzene ring
Authors: Hünsch Sabine , Richter Wolfgang , Ugi Ivar , Chattopadhyaya Jyoti
Published: July 2007

The synthesis and the use of the five‐membered cyclic phosphorylating agents 1a–c are described. Their difunctional phosphorylating properties towards alkanols and hydroxylated amino acids and the cleavage reaction of the formed phosphoric acid triesters to diesters with oximate or platinum/hydrogen are investigated and compared to the “parent” compound 2‐chloro‐2,3‐dihydro‐3‐(methylsulfonyl)‐1,3,2‐benzoxazaphosphole 2‐oxide. Dichlorobenzoxazaphosphole 1b is the most reactive of these reagents with respect to phosphorylation with ring opening and oximate cleavage of the phosphoric acid triesters, followed by o‐chlorobenzoxazaphosphole 1a, the unsubstituted phosphole I, and p‐chlorobenzoxazaphosphole Ic. magnified image
Synthese und Eigenschaften von N4‐Hexadecyl‐2′‐desoxycytidylyl‐(3′‐5′)‐5‐ethyl‐2′‐desoxyuridin und 2′‐Desoxythymidylyl‐(3′‐5′)‐N4‐hexadecyl‐1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosylcytosin, zwei Vertreter einer neuen Prodrug‐Gruppe
Authors: Schott Herbert , Häussler Markus P. , Schwendener Reto A.
Published: July 2007

Synthesis and Properties of N4‐Hexadecyl‐2′‐deoxycytidylyl‐(3′‐5′)‐5‐ethyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine and 2′‐Deoxythymidylyl‐(3′‐5′)‐N4‐hexadecyl‐1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosylcytosine, Two Representatives of a New Kind of Prodrugs

The gram‐scale condensation of N4‐hexadecyl‐2′‐deoxycytidine with the antiviral 5‐ethyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine and of 2′‐deoxythymidine with the antineoplastic N4‐hexadecyl‐1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosylcytosine via a 3′‐5′‐phosphodiester linkage using the hydrogen phosphonate method is described. The purity and the structure of the synthetic products were determined chromatographically (TLC, HPLC) and spectroscopically (MS‐MS, 2D‐NMR). The resulting amphiphilic dinucleoside phosphates represent two examples of a new kind of prodrugs in which lipophilic or hydrophilic nucleoside residues are applied for the masking of 5′‐phosphorylated nucleoside analogues which are known as chemotherapeutics. The prodrugs are soluble in water and can also be incorporated together with matrix lipids into stable liposome dispersions. magnified image
Synthesis and X‐ray Analysis of a Sulfur Dioxide Analog of Triamterene
Authors: de la Cruz Angeles , Goya Pilar , Páez Juan Antonio , Martínez‐Ripoll Martín
Published: July 2007

The synthesis and X‐ray analysis of a sulfur dioxide analog of the diuretic agent triamterene, namely 4,7‐diamino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylpyrazino[2,3‐c][1,2,6]thiadiazine 2,2‐dioxide (2b), is reported. The compound is devoid of the diuretic properties found in other related pyrazino[2,3‐c][1,2,6]thiadiazines. magnified image
Total Synthesis of Myxovirescins, 1 Strategy and Construction of the “Southeastern” Part [O(1)–C(14)]
Authors: Seebach Dieter , Maestro Miguel A. , Sefkow Michael , Adam Geo , Hintermann Samuel , Neidlein Axel
Published: July 2007

In this and the following two papers the synthesis of myxovirescins A1, A2and M2, 28‐membered macrocyclic lactam‐lactones with antibiotic acitivity, is described. A retrosynthetic analysis of the myxovirescin family of ca. 30 target molecules leads to a strategy which could be applied to approximately half of them by slight variations of the building blocks used (Schemes 1–3 and following paper). The southeastern part of the molecule, containing the atoms O(1)–C(14) of myxovirescins A and M is described in this first paper (Scheme 3). The assembly is achieved by using the following appropriately protected units: (S)‐2‐hydroxy‐pentanoic acid, ([1,3]dithian‐2‐ylmethyl)‐amine (Scheme 4), the triflate of (S,R)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐5‐vinyl‐[1,3]dioxolan‐4‐ylmethanol, (E)‐3‐bromo‐2‐buten‐1‐ol, and (E)‐2‐bromo‐2‐buten‐1,4‐diol (Scheme 5), the starting materials for these being malic acid, aminoacetaldehyde, ribose, crotyl alcohol and butyne‐1,4‐diol. The building blocks are put together by using the following key steps: Kolbe electrolysis, amide formation, lithiodithiane alkylation, and Suzuki coupling (Schemes 6 and 8). The only newly created chirality center [C(6) of the target molecules] is generated stereoselectively by a Li‐selectride reduction/Mitsunobu inversion (Table 1, Scheme 7). Theterminiof the O(1)–C(14) fragment (2in Scheme 8) carry a (protected) hydroxy acid and an aldehyde group for the Julia coupling and lactonization, respectively, in the final steps of the synthesis. All intermediates are fully characterized. The X‐ray crystal structures of two compounds prepared for incorporation as N(4)–C(11) and as C(12)–C(14) of the target molecules are also described (Figures 1 and 2).magnified image
Studies on the Constituents of the Leaves of Tinospora tuberculata, II. Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Four New Furanoid Diterpenes, Tinotufolin C–F
Authors: Fukuda Naomichi , Yonemitsu Michiko , Kimura Takeatsu , Isobe Ryuichi , Komori Tetsuya
Published: July 2007

Four new furanoid diterpenes, named tinotufolin C (1), D (2), E (3), and F (4), were isolated from the fresh leaves of Tinospora tuberculata Beumée (Menispermaceae). The structures of 1–5 were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods. magnified image
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of the Sex Pheromone of Nezara viridula (L.)
Authors: Baptistella Lúcia Helena Brito , Aleixo Adriana Mendes
Published: July 2007

The main component of the green stink bug Nezara viridula (L.) sex pheromone, the (Z)‐(1S,2R,4S)‐(−)‐epoxybisabolene (1), has been synthesized by a convergent stereocontrolled sequence, using (S)‐(−)‐perillyl alcohol (2) as starting material.
TMS Triflate‐Promoted O‐Glycosylation of Amino Acids and Peptides by L‐Acosaminal and L‐Ristosaminal
Authors: Kessler Horst , Michael Katja , Kottenhahn Matthias
Published: July 2007

Cyclic and linear peptides are stereoselectively O‐glycosylated by 3‐(acylamino)glycals through activation with TMS triflate (trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate) without Ferrier rearrangement. The yields of the 2‐deoxy‐α‐O‐glycosides obtained range from 18 to 95%. magnified image
Chemie von Aziridincarbonsäuren, V. Asymmetrische Synthese enantiomerenreiner Aziridincarbonsäurederivate aus (R)‐ und (S)‐Glycerinaldehyd‐acetonid
Authors: Ambrosi Horst‐Dieter , Duczek Wolfram , Ramm Matthias , Gründemann Egon , Schulz Burkhard , Jähnisch Klaus
Published: July 2007

Chemistry of Aziridine Carboxylic Acids, V. – Asymmetric Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Aziridine Carboxylic Acid Derivatives from (R)‐ and (S)‐Glyceraldehyde Acetonide

The α‐bromoacrylic acid derivatives 2 reacted with benzylamine by ring closure to cis‐aziridines 3 and trans‐aziridines 4 with ≥99% diastereomeric excess. The aziridines 3 and 4 were hydrogenated by LiAlH4 to give alcohols 5 and 6. Tosylations of 6 yielded the crystalline sulfonamides 7. The absolute configurations of (2R,3S,4R)‐3c, (2S,3R,4S)‐5and (1R,2R,4R)‐7 were determined by X‐ray analyses.
Aminosäuren, 18. Darstellung und Reaktionen von 2‐Isocyanato‐2‐alkensäureestern
Authors: Effenberger Franz , Kühlwein Jürgen , Baumgartner Christian
Published: July 2007

Amino Acids, 18. – Preparation and Reactions of 2‐Isocyanato‐2‐alkenoates

2‐Isocyanato‐2‐alkenoates 3 were obtained in good yields by the perrhenate‐catalyzed decomposition of 2‐azidoalkanoates 1 in the presence of diphosgene (2a) or phosgene (2b). Methyl 2‐azidopropionate (1h) reacts to give a mixture of methyl 2‐isocyanato‐2‐propenoate (3h) and methyl 2‐chloro‐2‐isocyanatopropionate (4). The addition product 4 could easily be converted into 3h by elimination of HCl with triethylamine at 0°C. With benzyl alcohol (5a) and tert‐butyl alcohol (5b) the isocyanates 3 react smoothly to give the corresponding Z‐ or Boc‐protected 2,3‐didehydroamino acid esters 6 and 7, respectively. The acrylic acid derivative 3h reacts as dienophile with various dienes to yield the Diels‐Alder adducts 8–10.
Synthesis of (2R,5R)‐5‐Chloropipecolic Acid via a Homochiral Acyliminium Ion Intermediate
Authors: Herdeis Claus , Held Walter A. , Kirfel Armin
Published: July 2007

An efficient synthesis of (2R,5R)‐5‐chloropipecolic acid hydrochloride (11) is described, starting from the readily available methyl (S)‐5‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxy)‐2‐oxopiperidine‐1‐carboxylate (3).
Synthesis of Pyrano[4,3‐b]Azepines by [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of Photochemically Generated 3‐Alkoxycarbonyl‐1,2‐Didehydroazepines with Enol Ethers
Authors: Tückmantel Werner
Published: July 2007

3‐Alkoxycarbonyl‐1,2‐didehydroazepines, generated by photolysis of alkyl 2‐azidobenzoates, undergo a hetero‐[4 + 2] cycloaddition (stepwise or concerted) with ketone‐derived enol ethers to form intensely colored, paratropic 6,8‐dialkoxy‐8,9‐dihydropyrano[4,3‐b]azepines 5–7 which contain the unusual 3‐azaheptafulvene partial structure. Other derivatives of 2‐azidobenzoic acid as well as aldehyde‐derived enol ethers, other classes of olefins, phenol ethers, and furans are unreactive although 2‐methoxynaphthalene undergoes demethylation to produce methyl 2‐(2‐naphthyloxy)‐3H‐azepine‐3‐carboxylate (8). Acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the title compounds produces 2‐(acylmethylene)‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐azepine‐3‐carboxylates 9 and indoles 10, catalytic hydrogenation generates a tetrahydro derivative 11, and diastereomeric tricarbonyliron complexes 12 are formed with Fe2(CO)9 at the conjugated diene moiety. An intensely colored byproduct 13 of the photolysis reaction is identified as the first known derivative of 3,3′‐diazaheptafulvalene.
Boulton‐Katritzky Rearrangement of 5‐(cyanoimino)‐1,2,4‐Thiadiazolines
Authors: Sonnenschein Helmut , Schmitz Ernst , Gründemann Egon , Schröder Edith
Published: July 2007

The products of the addition of nucleophiles (alcohols, amines) to the cyano group of 5‐(cyanoimino)thiadiazolines 1 undergo a Boulton‐Katritzky rearrangement. The thiadiazoles 4 are formed by subsequent nitrile elimination. In the case of bicyclic thiadiazoloazepine 5 an equilibrium mixture of unrearranged iminothiadiazoline 6 and rearranged thiadiazole 7 is obtained as an intermediate.
Does MRI predict pathologic tumor response in women with breast cancer undergoing preoperative chemotherapy?
Authors: Segara Davendra , Krop Ian E. , Garber Judy E. , Winer Eric , Harris Lyndsay , Bellon Jennifer R. , Birdwell Robyn , Lester Susan , Lipsitz Stuart , Iglehart J. Dirk , Golshan Mehra
Published: July 2007

Background

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy precludes the accurate pre‐surgical pathologic measurement of tumor size. The purpose of this study is to review imaging studies performed in patients who received preoperative chemotherapy prior to surgery and determine whether MRI, ultrasound (US) or physical exam best predicted final pathologic tumor size.

Methods

Stage I, II, and III breast cancer patients were treated with neoadjuvant therapy on trial. As part of the trials, women underwent MRI, US, and physical exam prior to the start of therapy and 1 week after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Results

Of the 68 patients with MRI data, the correlation coefficient (r) of MRI to pathologic size of tumor was r = 0.749. Among the 52 patients who had an US assessment the correlation of US to pathology was r = 0.612. Sixty‐two patients had physical exam data, and the correlation of examination to pathology size was r = 0.439. MRI correctly predicted 8 of 11 complete responders and accurately evaluated the size of non‐responders to neoadjuvant therapy (r = 0.869)

Conclusions

In a select group of women undergoing neoadjuvant therapy for invasive breast cancer, MRI best predicted pathology response. The use of MRI in neoadjuvant therapy may allow for accurate prediction of patients eligible for breast conservation. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:474–480. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An interactive procedure for learning about preferences: Case study of a portfolio manager
Authors: Jog Vijay , Michalowski Wojtek
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a new interactive procedure for learning and interpreting the choices available to a decision maker confronted with a discrete decision problem. The procedure guides a decision maker through the evaluation process, has an ability ‘to learn’ from previous choices and generates a set of rules that describe a decision maker's posterior preferences. The validity of the procedure was tested by creating an investment portfolio. The emphasis of the application is on assisting the portfolio manager to determine the decision consistency of a given portfolio selection process.
Multi‐objective combinatorial optimization problems: A survey
Authors: Ulungu E. L. , Teghem J.
Published: July 2007

In the last 20 years many multi‐objective linear programming (MOLP) methods with continuous variables have been developed. However, in many real‐world applications discrete variables must be introduced. It is well known that MOLP problems with discrete variables can have special difficulties and so cannot be solved by simply combining discrete programming methods and multi‐objective programming methods.

The present paper is intended to review the existing literature on multi‐objective combinatorial optimization (MOCO) problems. Various classical combinatorial problems are examined in a multi‐criteria framework. Some conclusions are drawn and directions for future research are suggested.
An experimental investigation of the interaction between displays and models in multicriteria decision support
Authors: Hussain Hidayat Bin , Wallace William A.
Published: July 2007

An experiment in multicriteria decision support was conducted that examined two types of information displays, two different multiattribute models and two levels of task complexity in a laboratory setting with students as subjects. The findings focused on the ‘process’ behaviour and the ‘design’ elements of the human‐machine interface. Findings concerning the process behaviour suggested that the subjects' actions on data acquisition were guided by their cognitive preference for the attributes, but that the subjects had no discernible search pattern for evaluation. Findings for design included a significant interaction between display and model in weight estimation and assessment. The practical implications for software design are also discussed.
An approach to and computational results on testing the form of a decision maker's utility function
Authors: Murat Köksalan M. , Sagala Paul N. S.
Published: July 2007

In this paper we consider the problem of identifying the form of a decision maker's (DM) utility function. We consider a set of alternatives each defined by a number of criteria and we assume that the DM's preferences are consistent with some underlying utility function. We present some theory and develop approaches to test whether the DM's preferences are consistent with a linear, a quasi‐concave, a quasi‐convex or a general monotonic function. We present our computational experience showing that in almost all cases the approaches correctly identify the form of the underlying utility function and require very little preference information of the DM.
Machine maintenance with workload considerations
Authors: Kaufman David L. , Lewis Mark E.
Published: July 2007

Machine maintenance is modeled in the setting of a single‐server queue. Machine deterioration corresponds to slower service rates and failure. This leads to higher congestion and an increase in customer holding costs. The decision‐maker decides when to perform maintenance, which may be done pre‐emptively; before catastrophic failures. Similar to classic maintenance control models, the information available to the decision‐maker includes the state of the server. Unlike classic models, the information also includes the number of customers in queue. Considered are both a repair model and a replacement model. In the repair model, with random replacement times, fixed costs are assumed to be constant in the server state. In the replacement model, both constant and variable fixed costs are considered. It is shown in general that the optimal maintenance policies have switching curve structure that is monotone in the server state. However, the switching curve policies for the repair model are not always monotone in the number of customers in the queue. Numerical examples and two heuristics are also presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Management implications of government funding of nonprofit organizations: Views from the United States and Canada
Authors: Krashinsky Michael
Published: July 2007

Most American authors approach nonprofit institutions as an alternative to both for‐profit and public provision. This view suggests that the issues surrounding governance focus on the tension between the needs of individuals who finance or benefit from the activities of nonprofits and the goals of those who manage them. A different paradigm is more appropriate in much of the rest of the world. This article focuses on Canada, where the decision to use nonprofit organizations is made largely by governments. Examples from the Canadian experience with health care, higher education, day care, and television illustrate this difference and some of the implications for nonprofit management that follow from it.
The financial information that nonprofit trustees need and how they can get it
Authors: Anthony Robert N.
Published: July 2007

With one exception, the accounting principles governing the information reported on the financial statements of nonprofit organizations should be the same as those for business organizations, and trustees should use this information to decide on budgets and analyze actual performance in essentially the same way as do business boards of directors. The exception is that nonprofit organizations receive capital contributions, which are rare in business corporations. In some nonprofit organizations, especially colleges, the information that trustees actually receive is confusing because of the unnecessary use of fund accounting and other peculiarities. Nevertheless, trustees can insist on businesslike financial statements.
Why nonprofit nursing homes pay higher nurses' salaries
Authors: Holtmann Alphonse , Idson Todd
Published: July 2007

It is generally agreed that nonprofit nursing homes pay higher wages to their employees, hire more staff per patient, and are thus more costly than for‐profit nursing homes. We attempt to show that higher costs in nonprofit nursing homes are related to higher quality of care in these homes. Using the 1985 National Nursing Home Survey, we show that nurses in nonprofit nursing homes have different characteristics than nurses in for‐profit homes and that these differences in characteristics account for the differences in wages, a finding consistent with our hypothesis concerning quality differences between types of homes.
Self‐assessment by nonprofit boards
Authors: Holland Thomas P.
Published: July 2007

Can nonprofit boards conduct accurate and trustworthy evaluations of their own performance? Factors that limit trustee self‐assessments include problems with available instruments as well as with trustees' critical abilities. Drawing upon previous research that identified six dimensions of board competencies, the author developed and field‐tested a new instrument for use in board self‐assessments. Information on the reliability and validity of this approach is presented, and implications are drawn for board efforts to monitor and appraise their performance.
On a career in nonprofit management
Authors: Winnick Louis
Published: July 2007

Careers for Dreamers and Doers: A Guide to Management Careers in the Nonprofit Sector, edited by Lilly Cohen and Dennis R. Young. New York: Foundation Center, 1989, $24.95 paper.

Doing Well by Doing Good: The First Complete Guide to Careers in the Nonprofit Sector, by Terry W. McAdam. New York: Penguin Books, 1988. $6.95 paper.
The strategic restructuring of nonprofit associations: An exploratory study
Authors: Bailey Darlyne
Published: July 2007

In the past decade, many voluntary associations have reported experiencing tension and frustration in the relationships between central offices and local affiliates. The current challenge is how to maintain cohesion of the association and the utility of the central office while accommodating the desire of affiliates for autonomy. Based on an eighteen‐month exploratory study of the evolution of two associations, this article explores these tensions and offers five propositions for the effective restructuring of the leadership and governance of associations over time.
Power in and around nonprofit boards: A neglected dimension of governance
Authors: Murray Vic , Bradshaw Pat , Wolpin Jacob
Published: July 2007

In this article we propose five patterns of board governance based on the distribution of power in and around boards of nonprofit organizations. The typology proposed grew out of our findings in in‐depth case studies in which the dispersion of power became the critical variable for making sense of the patterns of governance observed. These governance patterns were then incorporated into a survey of boards in the voluntary sector. We present the results of this latter phase of the research by focusing on the associations between the five patterns and the background characteristics of board members, organizational and environmental variables, and board and organizational effectiveness. The results of the study suggest that power is an important while largely neglected aspect of board governance in the not‐for‐profit sector.
Culture and change in nonprofit boards
Authors: Holland Thomas P. , Leslie Donald , Holzhalb Carol
Published: July 2007

The actions of boards, like all organizational behaviors, emerge from board culture, which is composed of members' customary practices, shared beliefs, and assumptions about reality. It is a board's culture that enables its participants to deal with ambiguity and complexity by providing familiar meanings and solutions to problems. Board development efforts that do not take these factors directly into account are likely to produce only superficial and short‐term changes. This article presents alternative approaches to board development, using two levels of learning drawn from examinations of board cultures.
The board‐executive relationship in nonprofit organizations: Partnership or power struggle?
Authors: Golensky Martha
Published: July 2007

The interactional dynamics of the board‐executive relationship in the typical nonprofit agency are not well understood. This article first examines conflicting viewpoints in the literature and then describes an in‐depth study of the board‐executive dyad at four nonprofit organizations, using decision making as the focus. The data suggest that, in noncrisis situations, internal factors and the nature of the issue under consideration influence which pattern will be adopted and that the stability arising from this kind of leadership accommodation strongly contributes to organizational effectiveness.
The artistry of leadership: An exploration of the leadership process in voluntary not‐for‐profit organizations
Authors: Kay Richard
Published: July 2007

Recent efforts in research on leadership in voluntary not‐for‐profit organizations, research that has influenced the education and training of leaders, have been concentrated on identifying the behaviors or competencies of effective leaders. This article, while recognizing the value of competence typologies, questions the dominance of that approach and proposes that more research attention should be paid to the wisdom, creativity, and insight of leaders of voluntary organizations, focusing on their theories‐in‐use, which they use to create the meaning of their own and others' experience and action.
Diversity and equity among foundation grantmakers
Authors: Carson Emmett D.
Published: July 2007

This article examines a number of diversity and equity issues related to grantmakers, primarily by using data from the Council on Foundations. In general, the percentage of minority grantmakers approximates their percentage in the overall population. Questions are raised about whether grantmakers receive equal pay regardless of race and whether minority grantmakers disproportionately work on issues related to their population group. The article concludes with a description of the research data that would be needed to definitely answer these types of questions.
Why nonprofit organizations are ripe for total quality management
Authors: Kearns Kevin P. , Krasman Robert J. , Meyer William J.
Published: July 2007

This article reviews the core philosophy of Total Quality Management (TQM) and argues that TQM can enhance the accountability of nonprofit organizations to their many constituencies. A case study of TQM in the United Way of Allegheny County illustrates applications and results.
Structure and adequacy of human service facilities: Challenges for nonprofit managers
Authors: Grønbjerg Kirsten A. , Nagle Ami E.
Published: July 2007

Findings from a statewide survey of nonprofit human service organizations in Illinois show great diversity in access to and use of facilities. Large proportions have facility‐related problems that will require substantial investments beyond the financial capacity of the organizations themselves. The findings also point to major shortcomings in attention to or knowledge about facility‐related problems among managers of these organizations. The findings have important policy implications for nonprofit managers, as well as for public and private funders and policy makers.
The political dimension of effective nonprofit executive leadership
Authors: Heimovics Richard D. , Herman Robert D. , Jurkiewicz Carole L.
Published: July 2007

Recent research by the authors adds to their evolving model of the leadership provided by effective chief executive officers of nonprofit organizations. Effective chief executives understand the centrality of their leadership role and accept responsibility as initiators of action—with their boards—to find resources and revitalize the missions of their organizations. These actions are carried out as part of the political dimension of effective executives. The importance of this criterion of leadership practice is examined in light of the hesitance of chief executives to espouse or advocate political action. Implications for chief executive training and development are discussed.
Cause‐related marketing, philanthropy, and the arts
Authors: File Karen Maru , Prince Russ Alan
Published: July 2007

Joint fundraising and promotional programs between businesses and nonprofits, often referred to as cause‐related marketing, have been on the rise. During the 1980s, many large corporations initiated cause‐related marketing programs. Less is known, however, about how widespread cause‐related marketing has become among medium‐size companies. In the study of 478 medium‐size businesses reported here, one‐fifth made contributions to nonprofits as part of cause‐related marketing programs, and more were becoming interested, but many of the businesses were dissatisfied with the effect of their contributions to nonprofits. Satisfied business participants actively recommended nonprofits to other business owners and intended to increase their own contributions. The authors provide additional insights on business donor motivation through their application of the Seven Faces framework.
The organization of religious congregations: Tackling the issues
Authors: Harris Margaret
Published: July 2007

This article considers responses to the practical problems of organization that arise in religious congregations. Accumulated research findings on the organizational features and issues of congregations are synthesized and discussed under three themes: purposes and goals, the role of clergy, and growth and change. Theoretical frameworks that have been used to analyze congregations are reviewed, and it is suggested that further useful insights can be obtained by conceptualizing congregations as nonprofits and by building on knowledge about their organization and management. At the same time, the author argues, there are distinctive features of congregation organization that demand the development of more specialist theory.
Effective nonprofit board members as seen by executives and board chairs
Authors: Kearns Kevin P.
Published: July 2007

This article examines the personal and professional attributes of nonprofit board members‐their values, behaviors, and skills‐as seen through the eyes of chief executives and board chairs. In the study reported here, an inductive research methodology was employed in order to bring to the surface the underlying assumptions of executive directors and chairs regarding their expectations of board members.
Merging nonprofit organizations: Analysis of a case study
Authors: Schmid Hillel
Published: July 2007

This article presents a case study of merging among nonprofit organizations that provide social and community services. The study sheds light on the dynamics and problems of merging nonprofit organizations, whose espoused ideology focuses on promoting the well‐being of their clients. The author describes and analyzes a merger in metropolitan Jerusalem, Israel, and highlights the potential problems that may ultimately undermine its success. This merger is the outcome of an ongoing power and political struggle. The analysis focuses on the organizational ideologies and culture as well as the strategies and structure of the merging organizations. In addition, the author deals with the underlying motives for merging, the driving and restraining forces, and the implications of merging nonprofit community services organizations with other social and human services organizations.
Recruiting, developing, and managing volunteers
Authors: McCurley Steve
Published: July 2007

Leadership and Management of Volunteer Programs: A Guide for Volunteer Administrators, by James C. Fisher and Kathleen M. Cole. San Frnacisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1993. 208 pp., $23.95 cloth.

Enhancing the Volunteer Experience: New Insights on Strengthening Volunteer Participation, Learning, and Commitment, by Paul J. Ilsley. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1990. 170 pp., $27.95 cloth.

How to Recruit Great Board Members: A Guide for Nonprofit Agencies, by Dorian Dodson. Santa Fe, N.M.: Adolpho Street, 1993, 129 pp., $14.95 paper.
Managing traditionality and strategic change in nonprofit organizations
Authors: Salipante Paul F. , Golden‐Biddle Karen
Published: July 2007

Fundamental differences with the for‐profit sector, and that sector's own experiences, make it unwise for nonprofit leaders to adopt business organizations' externally focused approach to strategic change. Theories of organizational survival and punctuated equilibrium models of change and continuity, as well as the authors' research, suggest that planning aimed toward matching the organization to changes in its environment has limited value. This article argues that due to the relative constancy of societal needs and nonprofits' missions, and the importance of society's demands for reliable, accountable performance, nonprofits should greatly value continuity. Utilizating a typology of changes that nonprofits may confront, the authors clarify why potential organizational change should be approached cautiously, with a strong regard for traditionality as a mechanism of continuity. They then sketch some of the implications of this perspective for nonprofit sector researchers and leaders concerning the role of traditionality in successful organizational adaptation, including the value of historical analyses and the healthy tension between traditionality and change.
Accountability of nonprofit organizations and those who control them: The legal framework
Authors: Chisolm Laura B.
Published: July 2007

Legal accountability, understood as either an obligation to meet prescribed standards of behavior or an obligation to disclose information about one's actions even in the absence of a prescribed standard of behavior, is imposed on nonprofit organizations and those who manage them by state law and by fedral tax‐exemption law. A perception that charities are exempt from both the electoral control that holds government accountable and the market forces that discipline business encourages a tendency to look to law to ensure accountability in the charitable sector, to perceive that shortcomings in the law are responsible for shortcomings in the sector, and to conclude that repair or reconstruction of the legal framework is the appropriate corrective. However, although the legal framework is far from perfect, sweeping change will not likely solve the problems and may well undermine the most positive characteristics of the sector. Some aspects of accountability cannot and should not be the subject of legal rules. Efforts to make charities accountable by redrawing legal standards of behavior in accord with popularly recognized standards of propriety, or even “excellence,” are likely to be counterproductive. Instead, adjustment of the legal framework in the hope of improving accountability should be incremental and should be evaluated in the context of organizing principles and core values that reflect our best understanding of the unique strengths of the sector and the functions it serves in our society.
Factors characterizing the most effective nonprofits managed by volunteers
Authors: Smith David Horton , Shen Ce
Published: July 2007

This article reports on an empirical study of thirty‐nine volunteer‐managed nonprofit organizations (voluntary associations, not paid staff nonprofits) in a small suburb of Boston. Reputation for effectiveness in achieving goals has been found to be significantly associated with nonprofit nature, governance, and formalization. Many hypotheses suggested by others for nonprofit organizations with paid staff do not seem to transfer to volunteer nonprofit groups. Practitioners can utilize the present findings to improve volunteer nonprofits.
New frontiers: Women and girls encounter the nonprofit sector
Authors: Abzug Rikki
Published: July 2007

Reinventing Fundraising: Realizing the Potential of Women's Philanthropy, by Sondra C. Shaw and Martha A. Taylor. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1995, 270 pp., $27.95 cloth.

Women as Donors, Women as Philanthropists, edited by Abbie J. von Schlegell and Joan M. Fisher. New Directions for Philanthropic Fund Raising, no. 2. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1993. 161 pp., $19.95 paper.

Women and Power in the Nonprofit Sector, edited by Teresa Odendahl and Michael O'Neill. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1994, 329 pp., $32.95 cloth.
Careers in the third sector
Authors: Onyx Jenny , Maclean Madi
Published: July 2007

The article explores the concept of career as it relates to third‐sector employees. The results of a survey of third‐sector employees in New South Wales, Australia, suggests a distinctive pattern of work orientation involving a preference for work that is both personally challenging and socially meaningful. Pragmatic considerations are also important for women with young children. These and other findings suggest that the majority of third‐sector employees pursue a career that more closely fits Driver's spiral career model rather than the conventional linear career model. It therefore behooves nonprofit employers to tailor the organizational reward system to the motivational needs of their employees if they hope to maximize worker satisfaction and effectiveness.
Structure and accountability a study of national nonprofit associations
Authors: Young Dennis R. , Bania Neil , Bailey Darlyne
Published: July 2007

In the 1990s, the integrity and performance of nonprofit organizations in the United States have come increasingly under attack, and there are new calls to hold nonprofit organizations more accountable for their behavior and performance. This article reports on a study of the organizational structures of national nonprofit associations and asks how these umbrella organizations can help to self‐regulate the sector through appropriate checks and balances between the national organization and local affiliates. The authors identify a number of differences in how associations with alternative structures hold local affiliates and national organizations responsible for their performances, and they conclude that structure is an avenue of self‐regulation for nonprofit organizations deserving further attention.
Resources for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers two introductions to the nonprofit sector
Authors: Bielefeld Wolfgang
Published: July 2007

The Charitable Nonprofits: An Analysis of Institutional Dynamics and Characteristics, by William G. Bowen, Thomas I. Nygren, Sarah E. Turner, and Elizabeth A. Duffy. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1994. 326 pp., $39.95 cloth.

America's Nonprofit Sector: A Primer, by Lester M. Salamon. New York: Foundation Center, 1992. 110 pp., $14–95. paper.
Why donors give
Authors: Mount Joan
Published: July 2007

This study examines motives that lie behind personal philanthropy and explores how donors are different from nondonors, and why donors give the amounts they do. It then suggests a general model of individual donating behavior consisting of five predictor variables.
Exploring structure‐effectiveness relationships in nonprofit arts organizations
Authors: Kushner Roland J. , Poole Peter P.
Published: July 2007

The authors examined nineteen nonprofit performing arts organizations, investigating the distribution of influence among organizational members, the grouping of volunteers and staff in organizational structures, and the effectiveness of the organizations. The organizations' effectiveness was assessed using multiple performance indicators. The analysis revealed five groupings or configurations of influence, which correlated to the organizations exhibiting the highest and lowest levels of organizational effectiveness. The authors conclude that a variety of structures are associated with good performance but structural dysfunctions are associated with organizational failure, and that members' commitment to an organization's structure is an important element of success.
The news value of nonprofit organizations and issues
Authors: Martens Thomas A.
Published: July 2007

This article reports on a study of the newsworthiness of information about nonprofit organizations and issues. The two‐part study included content analysis of news stories in the 1991 editions of the San Francisco Chronicle and interview with editors and reporters at the paper.
Arts management cutback strategies: A cross‐sector analysis
Authors: Palmer Ian
Published: July 2007

The turbulent economic climate of the arts in the 1990s raises the question of how arts managers are coping with this situation. Exploratory factor analysis of responses from 237 Australian arts managers in public, private nonprofit, and private for‐profit sectors revealed seven different strategic responses: cost reduction, political, cooperative, downsizing, refinancing, commercialization, and relocation. Private sector managers were more likely to use the refinancing strategy, and nonprofit and public managers were more likely to use the political and cooperative strategies. Implications for arts managers in using these strategies are explored.
Surveying the major gifts literature: Observations and reflections
Authors: Cook W. Bruce
Published: July 2007

This article gives only cursory attention to generally accepted and widely known principles that provide the foundation and the context for the major gifts effort; instead, the author focuses more broadly and strategically on the critical importance of mission, quality, leadership, and prestige; the dichotomy between annual and major gift fundraising; and the need for an empirically derived and theoretically driven model of fundraising and philanthropic behavior to inform the major gifts effort.
Board practices and board effectiveness in local nonprofit organizations
Authors: Herman Robert D. , Renz David O. , Heimovics Richard D.
Published: July 2007

This study of sixty‐four locally governed nonprofit charitable organizations used a social constructionist perspective to investigate the relationship between the extent to which nonprofit boards use prescribed board practices and stakeholder judgments of the effectiveness of those boards. A social constructionist perspective implies that different stakeholders use and evaluate different kinds of information in making judgments about board effectiveness. The results suggest that there is wide variation in the use of the prescribed board practices, that judgments of board effectiveness often differ substantially, and that chief executives' judgments of the effectiveness of their boards is moderately related to the extent of use of recommended board practices.