bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular and neurological characterizations of three Saudi families with lipoid proteinosis
Authors: Salih Mustafa A , Abu-Amero Khaled K , Alrasheed Saleh , Alorainy Ibrahim A , Liu Lu , McGrath John A , Van Maldergem Lionel , Al-Faky Yasser H , AlSuhaibani Adel H , Oystreck Darren T , Bosley Thomas M
Published: March 2011

Background

Lipoid proteinosis is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by cutaneous and mucosal lesions and hoarseness appearing in early childhood. It is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in theECM1gene. The disease is largely uncharacterized in Arab population and the mutation(s) spectrum in the Arab population is largely unknown. We report the neurologic and neuroradiologic characteristics andECM1gene mutations of seven individuals with lipoid proteinosis (LP) from three unrelated consanguineous families.

Methods

Clinical, neurologic, and neuro-ophthalmologic examinations; skin histopathology; brain CT and MRI; and sequencing of the fullECM1gene.

Results

All seven affected individuals had skin scarring and hoarseness from early childhood. The two children in Family 1 had worse skin involvement and worse hoarseness than affected children of Families 2 and 3. Both children in Family 1 were modestly mentally retarded, and one had typical calcifications of the amygdalae on CT scan. Affected individuals in Families 2 and 3 had no grossneurologic, neurodevelopmental, or neuroimaging abnormalities. Skin histopathology was compatible with LP in all three families. Sequencing the full coding region ofECM1gene revealed two novel mutationsin Family 1 (c.1300-1301delAA) and Family 2 (p.Cys269Tyr) and in Family 3 a previously described 1163 bp deletion starting 34 bp into intron 8.

Conclusions

These individuals illustrate the neurologic spectrum of LP, including variable mental retardation, personality changes, and mesial temporal calcificationand imply that significant neurologic involvement may be somewhat less common than previously thought. The cause of neurologic abnormalities was not clear from either neuroimaging or from what is known aboutECM1function. The severity of dermatologic abnormalities and hoarseness generally correlated with neurologic abnormalities, with Family 1 being somewhat more affected in all spheres than the other two families. Nevertheless, phenotype-genotype correlation was not obvious, possibly because of difficulty quantifying the neurologic phenotype and because of genetic complexity.
Treatment of limited stage follicular lymphoma with Rituximab immunotherapy and involved field radiotherapy in a prospective multicenter Phase II trial-MIR trial
Authors: Witzens-Harig Mathias , Hensel Manfred , Unterhalt Michael , Herfarth Klaus
Published: March 2011

Background

The optimal treatment of early stage follicular Lymphoma is a matter of debate. Radiation therapy has frequently been applied with a curative approach beside watchful waiting. Involved field, extended field and total nodal radiation techniques are used in various protocols, but the optimal radiation field still has to be defined. Follicular lymphoma is characterized by stable expression of the CD20 antigen on the tumour cells surface. The anti CD20 antibody Rituximab (Mabthera®) has shown to be effective in systemic therapy of FL in primary treatment, relapse and maintenance therapy.

Methods/design

The MIR (Mabthera® and Involved field Radiation) study is a prospective multicenter trial combining systemic treatment with the anti CD20 antibody Rituximab (Mabthera®) in combination with involved field radiotherapy (30 - 40 Gy). This trial aims at testing the combination's efficacy and safety with an accrual of 85 patients.

Primary endpoint of the study is progression free survival. Secondary endpoints are response rate to Rituximab, complete remission rate at week 18, relapse rate, relapse pattern, relapse free survival, overall survival, toxicity and quality of life.

Discussion

The trial evaluates the efficacy of Rituximab to prevent out-filed recurrences in early stage nodal follicular lymphoma and the safety of the combination of Rituximab and involved field radiotherapy. It also might show additional risk factors for a later recurrence (e.g. remission state after Rituximab only).

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials (NCT): NCT00509184
Impacts of highway traffic exhaust in alpine valleys on the respiratory health in adults: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Hazenkamp-von Arx Marianne E , Schindler Christian , Ragettli Martina S , Künzli Nino , Braun-Fahrländer Charlotte , Liu Lee-Jane S
Published: March 2011

Background

Most studies having shown respiratory health effects from traffic exhaust were conducted in urban areas with a complex mixture of air pollution sources. This study has investigated the potential impact of traffic exhaust on respiratory symptoms among adults living along a Swiss alpine highway corridor, where traffic exhaust from the respective trans-Alpine highway is the predominate source of air pollution.

Methods

In summer 2005, we recruited 1839 adults aged 15 to 70 from a random sample of 10 communities along the Swiss alpine highway corridors. Subjects answered a questionnaire on respiratory health (asthmatic and bronchitic symptoms), risk factors, and potential confounding variables. We used logistic regression models to assess associations between respiratory symptoms and traffic exposure being defined a) as living within 200 m of the highway, and b) as a bell-shaped function simulating the decrease of pollution levels with increasing distance to the highway.

Results

Positive associations were found between living close to a highway and wheezing without cold (OR = 3.10, 95%-CI: 1.27-7.55) and chronic cough (OR = 2.88, 95%-CI: 1.17-7.05). The models using a bell-shaped function suggested that symptoms reached background levels after 400-500 m from the highway. The association with chronic cough was driven by a subgroup reporting hay fever or allergic rhinitis.

Conclusions

Highway traffic exhaust in alpine highway corridors, in the absence of other industrial sources, showed negative associations with the respiratory health of adults, higher than those previously found in urban areas.
Effects of a multi-herbal extract on type 2 diabetes
Authors: Yeo Jiyoung , Kang Young-Mi , Cho Su-In , Jung Myeong-Ho
Published: March 2011

Background

An aqueous extract of multi-hypoglycemic herbs of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer, Pueraria lobata, Dioscorea batatas Decaisne, Rehmannia glutinosa, Amomum cadamomum Linné, Poncirus fructus and Evodia officinalis was investigated for its anti-diabetic effects in cell and animal models.

Methods

Activities of PPARγ agonist, anti-inflammation, AMPK activator and anti-ER stress were measured in cell models and in db/db mice (a genetic animal model for type 2 diabetes).

Results

While the extract stimulated PPARγ-dependent luciferase activity and activated AMPK in C2C12 cells, it inhibited TNF-α-stimulated IKKβ/NFkB signaling and attenuated ER stress in HepG2 cells. The db/db mice treated with the extract showed reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels, improved postprandial glucose levels, enhanced insulin sensitivity and significantly decreased plasma free fatty acid, triglyceride and total cholesterol.

Conclusion

The aqueous extract of these seven hypoglycemic herbs demonstrated many therapeutic effects for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in cell and animal models.
Transfusion in trauma: thromboelastometry-guided coagulation factor concentrate-based therapy versus standard fresh frozen plasma-based therapy
Authors: Schöchl Herbert , Nienaber Ulrike , Maegele Marc , Hochleitner Gerald , Primavesi Florian , Steitz Beatrice , Arndt Christian , Hanke Alexander , Voelckel Wolfgang , Solomon Cristina
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Thromboelastometry (TEM)-guided haemostatic therapy with fibrinogen concentrate and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) in trauma patients may reduce the need for transfusion of red blood cells (RBC) or platelet concentrate, compared with fresh frozen plasma (FFP)-based haemostatic therapy.

Methods

This retrospective analysis compared patients from the Salzburg Trauma Centre (Salzburg, Austria) treated with fibrinogen concentrate and/or PCC, but no FFP (fibrinogen-PCC group, n = 80), and patients from the TraumaRegister DGU receiving ≥ 2 units of FFP, but no fibrinogen concentrate/PCC (FFP group, n = 601). Inclusion criteria were: age 18-70 years, base deficit at admission ≥2 mmol/L, injury severity score (ISS) ≥16, abbreviated injury scale for thorax and/or abdomen and/or extremity ≥3, and for head/neck < 5.

Results

For haemostatic therapy in the emergency room and during surgery, the FFP group (ISS 35.5 ± 10.5) received a median of 6 units of FFP (range: 2, 51), while the fibrinogen-PCC group (ISS 35.2 ± 12.5) received medians of 6 g of fibrinogen concentrate (range: 0, 15) and 1200 U of PCC (range: 0, 6600). RBC transfusion was avoided in 29% of patients in the fibrinogen-PCC group compared with only 3% in the FFP group (P< 0.001). Transfusion of platelet concentrate was avoided in 91% of patients in the fibrinogen-PCC group, compared with 56% in the FFP group (P< 0.001). Mortality was comparable between groups: 7.5% in the fibrinogen-PCC group and 10.0% in the FFP group (P = 0.69).

Conclusions

TEM-guided haemostatic therapy with fibrinogen concentrate and PCC reduced the exposure of trauma patients to allogeneic blood products.
Medical pre-hospital management reduces mortality in severe blunt trauma: a prospective epidemiological study
Authors: Yeguiayan Jean-Michel , Garrigue Delphine , Binquet Christine , Jacquot Claude , Duranteau Jacques , Martin Claude , Rayeh Fatima , Riou Bruno , Bonithon-Kopp Claire , Freysz Marc ,   The FIRST (French Intensive Care Recorded In Severe Trauma) Study Group
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Severe blunt trauma is a leading cause of premature death and handicap. However, the benefit for the patient of pre-hospital management by emergency physicians remains controversial because it may delay admission to hospital. This study aimed to compare the impact of medical pre-hospital management performed by SMUR (Service Mobile d'Urgences et de Réanimation) with non-medical pre-hospital management provided by fire brigades (non-SMUR) on 30-day mortality.

Methods

The FIRST (French Intensive care Recorded in Severe Trauma) study is a multicenter cohort study on consecutive patients with severe blunt trauma requiring admission to university hospital intensive care units within the first 72 hours. Initial clinical status, pre-hospital life-sustaining treatments and Injury Severity Scores (ISS) were recorded. The main endpoint was 30-day mortality.

Results

Among 2,703 patients, 2,513 received medical pre-hospital management from SMUR, and 190 received basic pre-hospital management provided by fire brigades. SMUR patients presented a poorer initial clinical status and higher ISS and were admitted to hospital after a longer delay than non-SMUR patients. The crude 30-day mortality rate was comparable for SMUR and non-SMUR patients (17% and 15% respectively; P = 0.61). After adjustment for initial clinical status and ISS, SMUR care significantly reduced the risk of 30-day mortality (odds ratio (OR): 0.55, 95% CI: 0.32 to 0.94, P = 0.03). Further adjustments for the delay to hospital admission only marginally affected these results.

Conclusions

This study suggests that SMUR management is associated with a significant reduction in 30-day mortality. The role of careful medical assessment and intensive pre-hospital life-sustaining treatments needs to be assessed in further studies.
Constitutive Gs activation using a single-construct tetracycline-inducible expression system in embryonic stem cells and mice
Authors: Hsiao Edward C , Nguyen Trieu D , Ng Jennifer K , Scott Mark J , Chang Wei Chun , Zahed Hengameh , Conklin Bruce R
Published: March 2011

Introduction

The controlled expression of many genes, including G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), is important for delineating gene functions in complex model systems. Binary systems for inducible regulation of transgene expression are widely used in mice. One system is the tTA/TRE expression system, composed of a tetracycline-dependent DNA binding factor and a separate tetracycline operon. However, the requirement for two separate transgenes (one for each tTA or TRE component) makes this system less amenable to models requiring directed cell targeting, increases the risk of multiple transgene integration sites, and requires extensive screening for appropriately-functioning clones.

Methods

We developed a single, polycistronic tetracycline-inducible expression platform to control the expression of multiple cistrons in mammalian cells. This platform has three basic constructs: regulator, responder, and destination vectors. The modular platform is compatible with both the TetOff (tTA) and TetOn (rtTA) systems. The modular Gateway recombineering-compatible components facilitate rapidly generating vectors to genetically modify mammalian cells. We apply this system to use the elongation factor 1α (EF1α) promoter to drive doxycycline-regulated expression of both the fluorescent marker mCherry and an engineered Gs-coupled GPCR "Rs1" separated by a 2A ribosomal skip site.

Results

We show that our combined expression construct drives expression of both the mCherry and Rs1 transgenes in a doxycycline-dependent manner. We successfully target the expression construct into the Rosa26 locus of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Rs1 expression in mouse ES cells increases cAMP accumulation via both basal and ligand-induced Gs mechanisms and is associated with increased embryoid body size. Heterozygous mice carrying the Rs1 expression construct showed normal growth and weight, and developed small increases in bone formation that could be observed in the calvaria.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate the feasibility of a single-vector strategy that combines both the tTA and TRE tetracycline-regulated components for use in cells and mouse models. Although the EF1α promoter is useful for driving expression in pluripotent cells, a single copy of the EF1α promoter did not drive high levels of mCherry and Rs1 expression in the differentiated tissues of adult mice. These findings indicate that promoter selection is an important factor when developing transgene expression models.
Off-resonance effects in surface nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Walbrecker Jan O. , Hertrich Marian , Green Alan G.
Published: March 2011

Surface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a noninvasive geophysical tool used to investigate groundwater reservoirs. The relevant physical process in surface NMR is the nuclear spin of hydrogen protons in liquid water. Standard single-pulse surface NMR experiments provide estimates of water content in the shallow subsurface. Under favorable conditions, pore-structure and even hydraulic-conductivity information can be extracted from double-pulse surface NMR data. One crucial issue in surface NMR experiments is the resonance condition: the frequency of the excitation field should closely match the Larmor frequency of the protons, which is controlled by the local magnitude of the earth’s magnetic field. Although the earth’s field can be measured accurately by an on-site magnetometer, several effects impede perfect matching of the frequencies. These include temporal variations of the earth’s field, instrumental imperfections, and the magnetic susceptibility of the underlying rocks. We assess the impact of violating the resonance condition on surface NMR experiments. Our investigation involves numerical simulations and measurements using a sample-scale earth-field NMR device and a surface NMR acquisition system. For frequency offsets up to 5 Hz, we find that relatively standard single-pulse surface NMR recording procedures are likely to produce reliable water-content estimates as long as the pulse moments are small to moderate or the aquifer is relatively deep. If strong pulse moments are required or shallow aquifers are probed, off-resonance conditions can lead to anomalous increases in recorded amplitudes that can be mistakenly interpreted in terms of deepwater occurrences. Double-pulse surface NMR experiments are particularly sensitive to off-resonance effects, such that the results may be highly biased even for the small-frequency offsets commonly encountered in field situations.
Near-surface resistivity contrast mapping with a capacitive sensor array and an inductive source
Authors: Macnae James , Adams Christopher
Published: March 2011

Electromagnetic survey methodology is adapted to use the electric component to directly detect buried resistors and map resistivity contrasts in the near surface. System implementations do not require ground contact because they use capacitive electric-field sensors and an inductive source and may be operated at walking pace. This study outlined theoretical basis, computational modeling, and verification for the methodology. The systems are designed to operate at low enough frequency that any responses are at the resistive limit; as such, the electric fields they measure are insensitive to horizontal layering and absolute conductivity. A surface integral equation algorithm is used to model regular discrete objects in a half-space. Anomalies are controlled by geometry and lateral resistivity contrast rather than by absolute resistivity values. A prototype electrode array system called CARIS 1 reliably detects resistive objects submerged in a saltwater tank, and the measured responses are consistent with numerical modeling. These results provided the basis for further development of the CARIS II system with flexible geometry that is adaptable to detect resistive or conductive targets in any background environment. CARIS is designed to be useful where conventional electromagnetics, ground-penetrating radar, and conventional resistivity face difficulties or fail, and it has easily detected a range of buried targets in the near surface. However, it is quite sensitive to disturbed ground and surface undulation and inhomogeneity.
This issue of GEOPHYSICS
Authors: Grechka Vladimir
Published: March 2011

In this article, the Editor of Geophysics provides an overview of all technical articles in this issue of the journal.
Neuroanatomical profiles of personality change in frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Authors: Mahoney Colin J. , Rohrer Jonathan D. , Omar Rohani , Rossor Martin N. , Warren Jason D.
Published: March 2011

Background

The neurobiological basis of personality is poorly understood. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) frequently presents with complex behavioural changes, and therefore potentially provides a disease model in which to investigate brain substrates of personality.

Aims

To assess neuroanatomical correlates of personality change in a cohort of individuals with FTLD using voxel-based morphometry (VBM).

Method

Thirty consecutive individuals fulfilling consensus criteria for FTLD were assessed. Each participant's carer completed a Big Five Inventory (BFI) questionnaire on five key personality traits; for each trait, a change score was derived based on current compared with estimated premorbid characteristics. All participants underwent volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging. A VBM analysis was implemented regressing change score for each trait against regional grey matter volume across the FTLD group.

Results

The FTLD group showed a significant decline in extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness and an increase in neuroticism. Change in particular personality traits was associated with overlapping profiles of grey matter loss in more anterior cortical areas and relative preservation of grey matter in more posterior areas; the most robust neuroanatomical correlate was identified for reduced conscientiousness in the region of the posterior superior temporal gyrus.

Conclusions

Quantitative measures of personality change in FTLD can be correlated with changes in regional grey matter. The neuroanatomical profiles for particular personality traits overlap brain circuits previously implicated in aspects of social cognition and suggest that dysfunction at the level of distributed cortical networks underpins personality change in FTLD.
Previous prenatal loss as a predictor of perinatal depression and anxiety
Authors: Blackmore Emma Robertson , Côté-Arsenault Denise , Tang Wan , Glover Vivette , Evans Jonathan , Golding Jean , O'Connor Thomas G.
Published: March 2011

Background

Prenatal loss, the death of a fetus/child through miscarriage or stillbirth, is associated with significant depression and anxiety, particularly in a subsequent pregnancy.

Aims

This study examined the degree to which symptoms of depression and anxiety associated with a previous loss persisted following a subsequent successful pregnancy.

Method

Data were derived from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort, a longitudinal cohort study in the west of England that has followed mothers from pregnancy into the postnatal period. A total of 13 133 mothers reported on the number and conditions of previous perinatal losses and provided self-report measures of depression and anxiety at 18 and 32 weeks' gestation and at 8 weeks and 8, 21 and 33 months postnatally. Controls for pregnancy outcome and obstetric and psychosocial factors were included.

Results

Generalised estimating equations indicated that the number of previous miscarriages/stillbirths significantly predicted symptoms of depression (β = 0.18, s.e. = 0.07,P<0.01) and anxiety (β = 0.14, s.e. = 0.05,P<0.01) in a subsequent pregnancy, independent of key psychosocial and obstetric factors. This association remained constant across the pre- and postnatal period, indicating that the impact of a previous prenatal loss did not diminish significantly following the birth of a healthy child.

Conclusions

Depression and anxiety associated with a previous prenatal loss shows a persisting pattern that continues after the birth of a subsequent (healthy) child. Interventions targeting women with previous prenatal loss may improve the health outcomes of women and their children.
Removal of Azo Dye Molecules from Aqueous Solution Using Novolac Resin Based Network Polymer
Authors: Ghosh Samaresh , Acharyya Mridula , Manna Rajkumar , Dey Chandan K
Published: March 2011

Synthesis of novolac resin based novel network polymer 1 based on the reaction between novolac epoxy resin and ethylenediamine has been achieved for the first time and its sorption characteristics toward methyl orange as azo dye source have been investigated.
Mechanistic Studies on Fluorobenzene Synthesis from 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane via Pd-Catalyzed Dehydrofluoro–Dehydrogenation
Authors: Tojo Masahiro , Fukuoka Shinsuke , Tsukube Hiroshi
Published: March 2011

The chemical reactivity and reaction mechanism of fluorobenzene synthesis via dehydrofluoro–dehydrogenation of 1,1-difluorocyclohexane was investigated. 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane reacted with molecular oxygen to give fluorobenzene in good yields in the presence of both Pd and metal fluoride catalysts. The reaction proceeded with dehydrofluorination of 1,1-difluorocyclohexane to yield 1-fluorocyclohexene as the sole intermediate species, followed by oxidative dehydrogenation. The present system offers a selective synthesis of fluorobenzene.
Inclusion Complexes of Cyclodextrins with Benzo[c]cinnoline, Phenanthridine, and Phenanthrene in Aqueous Solution Containing an Organic Ion Having a Long Alkyl Chain
Authors: Hamai Sanyo
Published: March 2011

In aqueous solution, γ-CD forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with phenanthrene analogs (phenanthrene (Phen), phenanthridine (Phent), and benzo[c]cinnoline (Bcc)). The equilibrium constants, K1, for the formation of the 1:1 inclusion complex for the phenanthrene analogs have been evaluated from the fluorescence intensity change. The K1 values for the phenanthrene analogs are in the range from 100 to 150 mol−1 dm3. The 1:1 inclusion complexes further associate with an alkyltrimethylammonium cation (alkyl sulfate or alkanesulfonate) to form a 1:1:1 γ-CD–phenanthrene analog–alkyltrimethylammonium cation (alkyl sulfate or alkanesulfonate) inclusion complex. The equilibrium constants, K2, for the formation of the 1:1:1 inclusion complex have been evaluated from a simulation for the fluorescence intensity change. The K2 value for the same alkyltrimethylammonium cation is decreased on going from Phen to Bcc. The K2 value of the phenanthrene analog is increased with the alkyl chain length of the alkyltrimethylammonium cation (alkyl sulfate or alkanesulfonate). In the case of Phen, the K2 value for an alkyltrimethylammonium cation is less than that for alkyl sulfate or alkanesulfonate having the same alkyl group as the alkyltrimethylammonium cation.
Outliers as a Cause of False Cardiac Troponin Results: Investigating the Robustness of 4 Contemporary Assays
Authors: Pretorius Carel J , Dimeski Goce , O'Rourke Peter K , Marquart Louise , Tyack Shirley A , Wilgen Urs , Ungerer Jacobus PJ
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND

It is important that cardiac troponin be measured accurately with a robust method to limit false results with potentially adverse clinical outcomes. In this study, we characterized the robustness of 4 analytical platforms by measuring the outlier rate between duplicate results.

METHODS

We measured cardiac troponin concurrently in duplicate with 4 analyzers on 2391 samples. The outliers were detected from the difference between duplicate results and by calculating a z value: z = (result 1 − result 2) ÷ √(SD1est2 + SD2est2), with z > 3.48 identifying outliers with a probability of 0.0005.

RESULTS

The outlier rates were as follows: Abbott Architect i2000SR STAT Troponin-I, 0.10% (0.01%–0.19%); Beckman Coulter Access2 Enhanced AccuTnI, 0.44% (0.25%–0.63%); Roche Cobas e601 TroponinT hs, 0.06% (0.00%–0.13%); and Siemens ADVIA Centaur XP TnI-Ultra, 0.10% (0.01%–0.19%). The occurrence of outliers was higher than statistically expected on all platforms except the Cobas e601 (χ2 = 2.7; P = 0.10). A conservative approach with a constant 10% CV and z > 5.0 identified outliers with clear clinical impact and resulted in outlier rates of 0.11% (0.02%–0.20%) with the Architect i2000SR STAT Troponin-I, 0.36% (0.19%–0.53%) with the Access2 Enhanced AccuTnI, 0.02% (0.00%–0.06%) with the Cobas e601 TroponinT hs, and 0.06% (0.00%–0.13%) with the ADVIA Centaur XP TnI-Ultra.

CONCLUSIONS

Outliers occurred on all analytical platforms, at different rates. Clinicians should be made aware by their laboratory colleagues of the existence of outliers and the rate at which they occur.
Asymptotic utility-based pricing and hedging for exponential utility
Authors: Kallsen Jan , Rheinländer Thorsten
Published: March 2011

This paper deals with pricing and hedging based on utility indifference for exponential utility. We consider the limit for vanishing risk aversion or, equivalently, small quantities of the contingent claim. In first order approximation the utility indifference price and the corresponding hedge can be determined from the corresponding quadratic hedging problem relative to the minimal entropy martingale measure. This extends similar results obtained by Mania and Schweizer [21], Becherer [3], and Kramkov and Sîrbu [20,19].
On the maximization of financial performance measures within mixture models
Authors: Hentati Rania , Prigent Jean-Luc
Published: March 2011

We introduce mixtures of probability distributions to model empirical distributions of financial asset returns. In this framework, we examine the problem of maximizing performance measures. For this purpose, we consider a large class of reward/risk ratios such as the Kappa measures and in particular the Omega ratio. This latter measure is associated to a downside risk measure based on a put component. All these measures can take account of the asymmetry of the probability distribution, which is important when dealing with mixture of distributions. We examine first a fundamental example: the ranking and maximization of Gaussian mixture distributions, according to the Omega performance measure. Then we provide a general result for the maximization of mixture distributions with respect to a very large family of performance measures, including Kappa measures.
Bridging endometrial receptivity and implantation: network of hormones, cytokines, and growth factors
Authors: Singh Mohan , Chaudhry Parvesh , Asselin Eric
Published: March 2011

The prerequisite of successful implantation depends on achieving the appropriate embryo development to the blastocyst stage and at the same time the development of an endometrium that is receptive to the embryo. Implantation is a very intricate process, which is controlled by a number of complex molecules like hormones, cytokines, and growth factors and their cross talk. A network of these molecules plays a crucial role in preparing receptive endometrium and blastocyst. Furthermore, timely regulation of the expression of embryonic and maternal endometrial growth factors and cytokines plays a major role in determining the fate of embryo. Most of the existing data comes from animal studies due to ethical issues. In this study, we comprehend the data from both animal models and humans for better understanding of implantation and positive outcomes of pregnancy. The purpose of this review is to describe the potential roles of embryonic and uterine factors in implantation process such as prostaglandins, cyclooxygenases, leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin (IL) 6, IL11, transforming growth factor-β, IGF, activins, NODAL, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and heparin binding-EGF. Understanding the function of these players will help us to address the reasons of implantation failure and infertility.
Primary Treatment for Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate in Children in Japan
Authors: Uchiyama Takeshi , Yamashita Yukari , Susami Takafumi , Kochi Shoko , Suzuki Shigehiko , Takagi Ritsuo , Tachimura Takashi , Nakano Yoko , Shibui Takeo , Michi Ken-Ichi , Nishio Juntaro , Hata Yuiro
Published: March 2011

Objective

To investigate current trends in primary treatment for children with cleft lip and/or cleft palate in Japan.

Design

Nationwide, retrospective study under the direction of the Academic Survey Committee of the Japanese Cleft Palate Association based on analysis of data obtained via a booklet-style questionnaire completed by institutions providing primary treatment for cleft lip and/or palate patients.

Participants, Patients

Patients were 4349 children undergoing primary repair for cleft lip and/or palate at 107 participating institutions between 1996 and 2000.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Cleft type, laterality; use of infant palatal plate; and timing and technique of primary repair for cleft lip and/or palate were evaluated by cleft surgeons at 107 participating institutions.

Results

Of a total of 2874 patients with cleft lip and palate or cleft palate only, infant palatal plates were used with 1087 (37.8%) and were not used with 1787 (62.2%). Primary unilateral lip repair was performed at the age of 2 to 6 months in more than 90% of patients. Bilateral cleft lip was treated by one-stage repair in 285 patients (44.5%) and by two-stage repair in 258 (40.2%). Primary one-stage palatal repair was performed in 2212 (76.9%) and two-stage palatal repair in 262 (9.1%) cleft palate patients. Information on treatment of the remaining 400 (14%) patients was unavailable.

Conclusion

This investigation clarified current trends in primary treatment for cleft lip and/or palate in Japan. The results suggest the need for an increase in regional core hospitals and greater variation in treatment options.
Local scour due to an upwards inclined circular wall jet
Authors: Mehraein Mojtaba , Ghodsian Masoud , Neyshaboury Seyed A. A. Salehi
Published: March 2011

The results of experiments on the scour due to an upwards inclined circular wall jet are presented. Outflow water jets with a velocity of 0·5–1·67 m/s at different angles of 0–20° using two pipes of 1 and 2 cm inner diameter were considered. The tailwater depth varied from 3 to 22 cm. The scour process due to horizontal and inclined wall jets is presented, and the effect of wall jet angle, tailwater depth and densimetric Froude number on the scour hole parameters is investigated. By using available data from different sources and considering the jet angle, new equations for estimation of scour parameters are developed.
A simple model of storage control for a reservoir system using a novel intelligent state dropping mechanism
Authors: Ganji A. , Pouyan S.
Published: March 2011

Dynamic programming (DP) models have been proposed by a number of researchers to develop optimal reservoir operation. In this paper, we propose to eliminate the fixed threshold values, specifically the maximum allowable release and reservoir storage from the DP model and replace them with dynamic dependent values calculated by a fuzzy inference engine. For this purpose, a simple model of DP is modified based on a novel intelligent state dropping (ISD) mechanism. The ISD mechanism is designed based on fuzzy logic theory. Although the proposed methodology is widely used for broadband satellite based internet protocol network congestion control, its application in water resources management has not been reported to date. Application of the ISD mechanism incorporates the inflow uncertainty in reservoir optimization model in a simpler way than the stochastic DP-based optimization models (SDP). Furthermore, the multi-purpose objective function of DP-model is changed to a single objective function. The simulation results showed that the newly proposed model reduces the shortfall in supplying demand and improves the reservoir operation performance indices, i.e., the reservoir reliability indices, as compared with the results by the DP and SDP models.
Removal of aqueous phenol and phenol derivatives by immobilized potato polyphenol oxidase
Authors: Loncar Nikola , Bozic Natasa , Andjelkovic Ivan , Milovanovic Aleksandra , Dojnov Biljana , Vujcic Miroslava , Roglic Goran , Vujcic Zoran
Published: March 2011

Phenols containing halogens, which tend to deactivate the aromatic nuclei,
constitute a significant category of highly toxic and difficult-to-degrade
pollutants, which arise from a wide variety of industries. The main purpose
of this study was to obtain an inexpensive immobilized enzyme for the removal
of phenols. Partially purified potato polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was
immobilized onto different commercial and laboratory produced carriers. Three
of the obtained biocatalysts, with the highest PPO activities, namely
Eupergit C250L-PPO; Celite-PPO and Cellulose M-PPO, were tested in a batch
reactor for the removal of phenol, 4-chlorophenol and 4-bromophenol. In the
case of 2.5 mM substrates with Eupergit C250L-PPO, an around 45% removal of
4-bromophenol was achieved, while the removals 4-chlorophenol and phenol were
35% and 20%, respectively. The reusability of Eupergit C250L-PPO for the
removal of 4-chlorophenol was tested. After eight repeated tests, the
efficiency of 4-chlorophenol removal by Eupergit C250L-PPO immobilizate had
decreased to 55%.
Phenolation of vegetable oils
Authors: Ionescu Mihail , Petrovic Zoran
Published: March 2011

Novel bio-based compounds containing phenols suitable for the synthesis of
polyurethanes were prepared. The direct alkylation of phenols with different
vegetable oils in the presence of superacids (HBF4, triflic acid) as
catalysts was studied. The reaction kinetics was followed by monitoring the
decrease of the double bond content (iodine value) with time. In order to
understand the mechanism of the reaction, phenol was alkylated with model
compounds. The model compounds containing one internal double bond were
9-octadecene and methyl oleate and those with three double bonds were
triolein and high oleic safflower oil (82% oleic acid). It was shown that
the best structures for phenol alkylation are fatty acids with only one
double bond (oleic acid). Fatty acids with two double bonds (linoleic acid)
and three double bonds (linolenic acid) lead to polymerized oils by a Diels
Alder reaction, and to a lesser extent to phenol alkylated products. The
reaction product of direct alkylation of phenol with vegetable oils is a
complex mixture of phenol alkylated with polymerized oil (30-60%), phenyl
esters formed by transesterification of phenol with triglyceride ester bonds
(<10 %) and unreacted oil (30%). The phenolated vegetable oils are new
aromatic-aliphatic bio-based raw materials suitable for the preparation of
polyols (by propoxylation, ethoxylation, Mannich reactions) for the
preparation of polyurethanes, as intermediates for phenolic resins or as
bio-based antioxidants.
Efficacy of Ultrasonography in Detecting Intestinal and Biliary Ascariasis
Authors: Sharma UK
Published: March 2011

Introduction: Ascariasis is a common helminthic infection particularly in the tropics and subtropics. Ultrasound can be a useful tool in the detection of adult intestinal and biliary ascariasis. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonography in intestinal and biliary ascariasis. Methods: A prospective study was designed to evaluate the prevalence incidence, clinical features, and ultrasound findings of intestinal and biliary ascariasis from August 2005 to July 2006. Results: A total of 3000 patients underwent abdominal ultrasonography. In 60 (2%) patients, worm infestation was detected. Intestinal ascariasis was detected in 54 patients and biliary ascariasis in six. Four patients had Common bile duct (CBD) ascariasis, one gall bladder (GB) ascariasis with acute cholecystitis and one had ascaris induced liver abscess. Complications like intussusception and subacute intestinal obstruction were found in one each. Intestinal ascariasis was detected with the use of only high frequency linear transducer. Fifty three patients were treated conservatively, three patients underwent surgery. Endoscopic removal of CBD ascaris was done in four patients, where as in one patient there was spontaneous exit of the worm. Conclusions: Ultrasonography is a very useful method for detection of intestinal and biliary ascariasis. The use of high frequency linear transducer can be used for the detection of intestinal ascariasis. Keywords: ascariasis; ultrasound; common bile duct DOI: 10.3126/hren.v9i1.4353Health Renaissance, 2011: Vol.9 No.1:3-6
A Prospective Randomized Control Trial Comparing Proximal Femoral Nail and Sliding Hip Screw in The Management of Trochanteric Fracture of The Femur
Authors: Kam NK , Jain Ashis , Nepal P , Singh Mahi Pal , Das N
Published: March 2011

Introduction: There are various implants designed for fixation of trochanteric fracture which can be extramedullary (Sliding hip screw) and intramedullary (Proximal Femoral Nail). A randomized controlled trial comparing these techniques was conducted at BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. Objective: To compare efficacy of proximal femoral nail and sliding hip screw in the management of trochanteric fractures. Methods: Patients in both groups were matched for age (mean 67 years, 50 to 100) and gender. We excluded all pathological fractures, patients presenting at more than one week, multiple fractures or any bone and joint disease interfering with rehabilitation. Results: The amount of blood loss and length of incision were significantly higher in the sliding hip screw group (p < 0.05). The time of union, range of movement and Western Ontario and McMasterUniversity knee scores were comparable at two years. The mean Harris hip score was better in proximal femoral group. Conclusion: The number of patients showing shortening, external malrotation and varus angulation was more in sliding hip screw group. There was one case of wound infection and a single case of breakage of implant in sliding hip screw group. Keywords: fracture trochanter; proximal femoral nail; sliding hip screw DOI: 10.3126/hren.v9i1.4354Health Renaissance, 2011: Vol.9 No.1:7-11
Sensitivity and specificity of clinical features used in Alvarado scoring system
Authors: Mahato IP , Bhandari R , Rajbhandari R , Kumari S , Yadav AK
Published: March 2011

Introduction: Alvarado score is one of the scoring systems for diagnosis of appendicitis. Objective: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of clinical features used in Alvarado score. Subjects and methods: A prospective study of 171 patients with pain in the right iliac fossa presenting to emergency at BPKIHS, Dharan, Nepal was conducted. The sensitivity and specificity of clinical features and lab parameters used in Alvarado score were evaluated comparing with final diagnosis based on operative and histopathological findings. Results: The sensitivity of clinical parameter were: migrating right iliac fossa pain- 99.1%, anorexia- 45.7%, nausea/vomiting- 73.7%, right iliac fossa tenderness- 100%, fever- 24.5%, rebound tenderness in right iliac fossa- 89.8%, leucocytosis (>10,000)- 84.7% and a neutrophilic shift to the left (>75%)- 68.6%. The specificity of clinical parameters were: migrating right iliac fossa pain- 45.3%, anorexia- 86.7%, nausea/vomiting- 54.7%, right iliac fossa tenderness- 1.8%, fever- 81.1%, rebound tenderness in right iliac fossa- 64.1%, leucocytosis (>10,000)- 83.1% and a neutrophilic shift to the left (>75%)- 71.6%.Conclusion: Migrating right iliac fossa pain, right iliac fossa tenderness and rebound tenderness in right iliac fossa had a high sensitivity, leucocytosis (>10,000) had both high sensitivity and high specificity. Thus, in our set up, use of Alvarado score appears helpful for diagnosis of appendicitis Keywords: Alvarado score; sensitivity; specificityDOI: 10.3126/hren.v9i1.4355Health Renaissance, 2011: Vol.9 No.1:12-14
Primary Blair Fusion in Displaced Comminuted Fracture Neck of Talus
Authors: Chaudhary P , Karn NK , Shrestha BP , Khanal GP , Maharjan R
Published: March 2011

Background: Fracture-dislocation of the talus is one of the most severe injuries of the ankle. Opinion varies widely as to the proper treatment of this injury. Objective: To assess effectivness modifed blair technique-retention of the talar body white performing arthrodetis with anterion sliging grafl. Subjects and methods: It was an interventional prospective study. The cases & displaced tala necle fracture were included. They were treated using modifid Blair technique. The treatment and couses was anemed. Results: Tibiotalar fusion was acluwead is all the ankles at an average of 18 weeks. The results in 4 cut of 6 were encellent, and 2 had grand results. Conclusion: A good long-term result with tibiotalar arthrodesis with modification in blair technique was achived. Keywords: Anterior tibial sliding graft; arthrodesis; avascular necrosis of talus; Fracture dislocation of talus DOI: 10.3126/hren.v9i1.4357Health Renaissance, 2011: Vol.9 No.1:20-23
Community Diagnosis Program - A multi-professional education and team approach for medical, dental and nursing students
Authors: Jha N
Published: March 2011

Multi-professional Education (MPE) is now recognized as the cornerstone of community based education programs. This is especially important since there is a need for the various streams of training to appreciate the roles of each other. The objectives of this study were to know the students. feedback about the each component of Community Diagnosis Program (CDP) and to identify the knowledge and skills learnt by the students. A total 636 students from MBBS, BDS and B Sc Nursing students were posted together for the CDP in different years for various activities in the field. The students were asked to give their feedback by the help of semi-structured questionnaire given to them. The data were analyzed. All 636 students reported that the CDP was very useful. The knowledge and skills learnt by the student during this posting were communication skills, working in a team, collection, compilation, analysis and interpretation of data, health problems of the community, the socio-economic factors affecting health and diseases, skills related to organizing Focus Group Discussion, Health Education Session, Health Exhibition and Health checkup program and preparation and presentation of report. This CDP provides the students with a comprehensive picture of the health problems of the people, a clear understanding of the physical, socio-economic environmental factors affecting health of the people and health needs of the communities they would serve in future as health professionals. Keywords: community based education; community diagnosis medical education; community oriented program; multi-professional education; Nepal DOI: 10.3126/hren.v9i1.4361Health Renaissance, 2011: Vol.9 No.1:41-44
Microstructural evolution of ferritic steel powder during mechanical alloying with iron oxide
Authors: Wen Yuren , Liu Yong , Liu Donghua , Tang Bei , Liu C. T.
Published: March 2011

Mechanical alloying of mixed powders is of great importance for preparing oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels. In this study, the microstructual evolution of ferritic steel powder mixed with TiHx, YH2 and Fe2O3 in the process of mechanical alloying is systematically investigated by using X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and microhardness tests. It is found that titanium, yttrium hydrides and iron oxide are completely dissolved during milling, and homogeneous element distribution can be achieved after milling for 12 h. The disintegration of the composite powder particles occurs at 24 h and reaches the balance of welding and fracturing after 36 h. The oxygen content increases sharply with the disintegration of powder particles due to the absorption of oxygen at the solid/gas interface from the milling atmosphere, which is the main source of extra oxygen in the milled powder. Grain refinement down to nanometer level occurs due to the severe plastic deformation of particles; however, the grain size does not change much with further disintegration of particles. The hardness increases with milling time and then becomes stable during further milling. The study indicates that the addition of iron oxide and hydrides may be more beneficial for the dispersion and homogenization of chemical compositions in the powder mixture, thus shortening the mechanical alloying process.
Texture and mechanical properties of strip cast and hot rolled magnesium AZ31
Authors: Zi Aikaterini , Brokmeier Heinz-Günter , Palkowski Heinz
Published: March 2011

Strips of AZ31 were produced by Direct Strip Casting and subsequent hot rolling at 400°C. The texture and microstructure of the strips in as cast and hot rolled condition were investigated. The cast strip exhibited a random distribution of the grain orientations while a strong basal-type texture was observed in the hot rolled sheets. The flow curves of the Direct Strip Cast material were obtained by hot compression experiments and dynamic recrystallization was found to occur at all studied temperatures and strain rates. The tensile properties of strip cast and hot rolled magnesium were examined by tests at room temperature. Grain refinement and the development of the basal texture during hot rolling resulted in high strength of the hot rolled magnesium sheet.
Phase behavior of Ni- and Co-doped SnO2 via reactive sintering and solution annealing
Authors: Lin Hsin-Yi , Pan Ching-Yu , Shen Pouyan
Published: March 2011

SnO2–NiO and SnO2–CoO powders mixed in a molar ratio of 92: 8 were reactively sintered for up to 200 h at 1400 °C to form composites having NiO and Co2SnO4 particles embedded in Ni- and Co-doped SnO2 grains, respectively. Analytical electron microscopic observations indicated the embedded particles remained nonepitaxial with respect to the host grains despite prolonged holding at a high homologous temperature, owing to a rather limited solid solubility and vague interfacial energy cusp. Upon cooling or solution annealing at 900 °C, the Niand Co-doped SnO2 formed {100}, {110}, {101} and/or (001)-specific Guinier–Preston zone plates and dislocations. The formation of additional commensurate superstructure in Ni- but not Co-doped SnO2 indicated a coupled atom clustering and ordering process for the former during solution annealing.