bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Authors: Yenidunya Mustafa Kemal
Published: October 2024

With the increase in population and the decrease in infant mortality rates in the world and in Turkey, the problems seen in newborn babies cause more issues in their youth and adulthood. There are blood tests and screenings to detect these problems early on. However, for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH), which is frequently seen in newborns, there is unfortunately no objective parameter that can diagnose the condition early. Diagnosing DDH requires an experienced radiologist and orthopedist, as well as a well-functioning health screening system. Thus, its diagnosis is relatively difficult, and if not detected, the consequences can be more severe. To diagnose and prevent possible complications, each country applies a different systematic approach. The main theme of this systematic approach is to perform a hip examination on every newborn, whether symptomatic or not, and in case of any issues, to follow up with a hip ultrasound and graph scoring for early treatment. In newborns diagnosed and intervened early, the morbidity rate is almost negligible.
Role of Parenting in Developing Self-Concept, Narcissism and Anger Among Adults
Authors: Farzand Maryam
Published: October 2024

The present study aimed to study effects of parenting on self-concept, narcissism and anger among adults. For this purpose, the study was conducted in three phases. Phase one consists of content analysis of the study variables. In order to establish understanding of the previous research trends. In the second phase, permission to use the scales and ethical clearance to carry out the study was done. In the third phase of the study, research objectives and hypotheses were tested. 628 male and female adults were approached and were administered the scales. Results showed good reliability and item total correlations of the instruments. Parenting mediate the relationship between self-concept and narcissism, self-concept and anger; and narcissism and anger. Age moderate the relationship between the study variables. Gender differences across the variables were also studied. Theoretical and clinical implications of this research are discussed along with limitations of these studies. This study further clarifies the role of parenting and speaks to the need for further research in establishing the mechanisms by which parenting may lead to the development of inflated self-concept, narcissistic traits and excessive and inappropriate expression of anger among adults.
Chest X-Ray Technique, Anatomy and Common Radiologic Patterns
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Chest X-ray is among the most frequently performed diagnostic imaging studies worldwide. They are indispensable tools in the medical field, providing critical insights into a variety of conditions affecting the thoracic cavity, including the lungs, heart, and surrounding structures. Despite their ubiquity and importance, interpreting chest X-rays remains a nuanced and complex skill, requiring a blend of normal anatomy, clinical ingenuity, radiologic patterns and experience.

This book aims to demystify the process of chest X-ray interpretation, offering a comprehensive guide for both novice and experienced practitioners. We begin with the fundamental principles of radiologic disease patterns. This indispensable knowledge is essential for understanding how to recognize common image templates to reach a clinical diagnosis. The book is dedicated to specific image patterns correlated with disease pathology, enriched with high-quality images and detailed descriptions to highlight key features and common variations.

Recognizing normal anatomical structures is as crucial as identifying pathological changes. Therefore, we place significant emphasis on normal radiographic anatomy, providing baseline references against which abnormalities can be compared. This approach is particularly beneficial for those early in their training, as it builds confidence and accuracy in interpretation.

Pathological conditions are explored extensively, covering a broad spectrum from common infections and chronic diseases to rare and life-threatening emergencies. Real-world case studies and clinical correlations are incorporated to bridge the gap between theory and practice, illustrating how radiographic findings translate to patient management.

In addition to traditional interpretation techniques, 112 case files comprising various radiologic image patterns were included with background data in order to understand the theoretical information given before completely and clearly. Whether you are a medical student, a radiology resident, or a seasoned clinician, this guide aims to enhance your proficiency and confidence in interpreting chest X-rays, ultimately improving patient care.
Triggering Role of Viruses and Bacteria in Type I Diabetes
Authors: Gumus Hatice Hale
Published: October 2024

The triggering role of viruses and bacteria in type 1 diabetes (T1D) involves complex interactions between genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and the immune system. Viruses, particularly enteroviruses such as Coxsackievirus B, have been implicated in triggering autoimmune responses that lead to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. These viruses can infect pancreatic beta cells directly or trigger an inflammatory response that activates autoreactive T cells, which mistakenly attack and destroy beta cells. Additionally, viral infections may disrupt immune tolerance mechanisms, leading to the production of autoantibodies against pancreatic antigens, a hallmark of T1D.

Bacterial infections, although less extensively studied compared to viruses, may also play a role in T1D pathogenesis. Some studies suggest that infections with certain gut microbiota, such as specific strains of Bacteroides and Firmicutes, could influence immune responses and contribute to autoimmune reactions against beta cells. The mechanisms by which bacteria may trigger or exacerbate T1D are still under investigation but likely involve interactions with the gut mucosa and modulation of immune responses.

Understanding the role of viruses and bacteria in T1D is crucial for developing preventive strategies and potential treatments that target these infectious triggers or modulate immune responses to preserve beta cell function. Ongoing research aims to elucidate these complex interactions and their implications for the development and progression of type 1 diabetes.
Recent Trends in Smart Medicine and Nanotechnology for Diabetes: a Novel Strategy
Authors: Kocaman Suheyla
Published: October 2024

Recent advancements in smart medicine and nanotechnology have introduced transformative approaches to managing diabetes mellitus, focusing on enhancing monitoring, diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions. Smart medicine leverages wearable devices, biosensors, and mobile health applications to enable continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems that provide real-time insights into glucose levels and metabolic trends. These systems not only improve patient compliance but also empower individuals with diabetes and their healthcare providers to make informed decisions regarding insulin dosing and dietary adjustments. Moreover, nanotechnology has revolutionized drug delivery systems with the development of nano-sized carriers and biomaterials that enhance the stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery of insulin and other therapeutics. Nanosensors integrated into CGM devices offer enhanced sensitivity and specificity in glucose monitoring, potentially replacing traditional invasive methods with non-invasive alternatives. Additionally, nanotechnology facilitates the development of implantable devices and tissue-engineered constructs aimed at restoring pancreatic function and ameliorating diabetic complications. By integrating smart medicine and nanotechnology, these innovative strategies pave the way for personalized diabetes management, improved treatment outcomes, and enhanced quality of life for individuals living with diabetes.
The Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes
Authors: Osmanoglu Usame Omer
Published: October 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming the landscape of diabetes diagnosis and treatment by leveraging data-driven approaches to enhance precision and efficiency in healthcare. AI algorithms analyze vast amounts of patient data, including medical records, genetic profiles, and real-time physiological metrics from wearable devices, to identify patterns and predict disease progression. In diagnostics, AI-powered systems can interpret complex datasets to facilitate early detection of diabetes and its complications, such as diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, improving clinical outcomes through timely intervention. Furthermore, AI algorithms aid in personalized treatment strategies by optimizing insulin dosing regimens based on individual patient characteristics and response patterns. Machine learning models continue to evolve, offering healthcare providers decision support tools that streamline care delivery, enhance patient monitoring, and tailor therapeutic interventions to achieve better glycemic control and mitigate long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. As AI technologies advance, their integration into clinical practice holds promise for revolutionizing diabetes management, fostering proactive healthcare strategies, and ultimately improving patient outcomes.
Histopathological Changes in Diabetic Pancreas
Authors: Ragbetli Murat Cetin , Kaya Aysenur
Published: October 2024

Histopathological changes in the diabetic pancreas are characterized by several key alterations that impact its structure and function. In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreatic islets results in their selective loss, termed insulitis. This process involves infiltration of immune cells such as T lymphocytes and macrophages into the islets, leading to progressive beta cell destruction and ultimately insulin deficiency. In contrast, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with insulin resistance and eventual beta cell dysfunction and depletion. Histologically, T2DM pancreases often show features of islet hypertrophy, where individual islets increase in size in response to chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Moreover, deposition of amyloid protein within the islets, known as islet amyloidosis, is commonly observed in T2DM and can contribute to beta cell dysfunction. These histopathological changes reflect the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and metabolic factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes and highlight the importance of understanding pancreatic pathology for developing targeted therapies and interventions.
Role of Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Arici Hasan , Ecesoy Volkan
Published: October 2024

The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) serves as a pivotal diagnostic tool and a measure of glucose metabolism dynamics in diabetes mellitus (DM). In clinical settings, the OGTT involves administering a standardized glucose solution to the patient after an overnight fast, followed by periodic measurements of blood glucose levels over several hours. This test is instrumental in diagnosing impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes mellitus by evaluating how effectively the body processes glucose. Diagnostic thresholds are established based on plasma glucose levels measured at specific time points during the test, with criteria including a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥126 mg/dL or a 2-hour plasma glucose level of ≥200 mg/dL following the glucose load indicating diabetes mellitus.

Beyond diagnosis, the OGTT provides insights into glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, identifying early abnormalities in glucose regulation that may precede the onset of type 2 diabetes. It also aids in monitoring responses to therapeutic interventions aimed at improving glycemic control and managing diabetes-related complications. Despite its diagnostic value, the OGTT requires meticulous preparation, including fasting and multiple blood samples, which can be challenging for patients and healthcare providers alike. Alternative diagnostic methods such as the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test offer convenience but may not capture dynamic changes in glucose metabolism observed with OGTT. Therefore, the OGTT remains a cornerstone in clinical practice for assessing glucose tolerance, guiding treatment decisions, and enhancing the management of diabetes mellitus.
Insulin-Sensitizing Antihyperglycemic Drugs
Authors: Sahin Ali
Published: October 2024

Insulin-sensitizing antihyperglycemic drugs are a class of medications used in the management of diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes, by improving the body’s response to insulin. One prominent group within this category is the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which include drugs like pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. These medications act primarily by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) receptors, which play a key role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. By enhancing insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues such as muscle, adipose tissue, and liver, TZDs help lower blood glucose levels. However, their use has been associated with adverse effects, including weight gain, edema, and an increased risk of heart failure. Another class of insulin-sensitizing agents is the biguanides, such as metformin, which primarily work by reducing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity in the liver. Metformin is widely prescribed as a first-line therapy due to its efficacy, safety profile, and additional benefits such as weight neutrality or modest weight loss. Insulin-sensitizing antihyperglycemic drugs are often used in combination with other diabetes medications to achieve optimal glycemic control, tailored to individual patient needs and considerations regarding potential side effects and comorbidities.
Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Definitions
Authors: Karabagli Pinar
Published: October 2024

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) encompasses a spectrum of metabolic disorders characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, primarily due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Type 1 DM results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Type 2 DM involves insulin resistance in target tissues combined with inadequate insulin secretion. Gestational DM occurs during pregnancy and increases the risk of Type 2 DM later in life. Other specific types include genetic defects affecting beta cell function, diseases of the pancreas, and drug-induced diabetes. Understanding these classifications is crucial for tailored management strategies and prevention efforts against the global burden of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Akca Hatice Seyma
Published: October 2024

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis. It typically occurs in individuals with type 1 diabetes but can also affect those with type 2 diabetes, especially during periods of stress or illness. DKA results from insulin deficiency, leading to an increase in counter-regulatory hormones (e.g., glucagon, cortisol, catecholamines) that promote lipolysis and ketogenesis. Clinical presentation includes symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, abdominal pain, vomiting, and altered mental status. Laboratory findings show hyperglycemia (>250 mg/dL), ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis (low pH, low bicarbonate). Management focuses on fluid resuscitation with isotonic saline to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, followed by insulin administration to reverse ketogenesis and normalize blood glucose levels gradually. Potassium replacement is crucial due to intracellular shifts and urinary losses. Close monitoring of clinical and laboratory parameters guides treatment adjustments, including the transition from intravenous to subcutaneous insulin once DKA resolves. Identification of precipitating factors, such as infections or non-adherence to insulin therapy, is essential to prevent recurrence. Multidisciplinary care involving endocrinologists, emergency physicians, and intensive care specialists ensures comprehensive management and reduces the morbidity associated with DKA.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot in the Emergency Department
Authors: Avci Ali
Published: October 2024

In the emergency department (ED), prompt diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot complications are critical to prevent severe outcomes such as infections and amputations. Clinical assessment should include careful examination for signs of infection, neuropathy, and vascular compromise. Immediate management involves wound care, debridement if necessary, and empirical antibiotic therapy based on the likely pathogens. Ensuring adequate glycemic control and addressing underlying vascular issues are integral parts of treatment. Early involvement of multidisciplinary teams including podiatrists and infectious disease specialists can optimize outcomes and reduce the risk of further complications in diabetic foot emergencies.
Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients in Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Ak Gozde
Published: October 2024

Managing diabetes mellitus in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) requires vigilant monitoring and tailored treatment strategies due to the complexity and critical nature of their medical condition. Close glucose monitoring is essential, often requiring continuous intravenous or frequent point-of-care glucose measurements to maintain tight glycemic control. Insulin therapy is typically the cornerstone, with protocols adjusting doses based on frequent glucose checks to achieve target levels while avoiding hypoglycemia. In ICU settings, stress-induced hyperglycemia is common and may exacerbate pre-existing diabetes. Thus, strategies aim to manage both underlying diabetes and acute stress-related hyperglycemia. Nutrition support is carefully managed to balance glucose control and meet caloric needs, often involving specialized enteral or parenteral nutrition formulations. Furthermore, comorbidities such as infections and cardiovascular issues complicate diabetes management in the ICU, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach involving endocrinologists, intensivists, and specialized nursing teams. Regular reassessment of insulin requirements, adjustment of therapy based on changing clinical conditions, and attention to potential drug interactions are crucial for optimizing outcomes in critically ill patients with diabetes mellitus in the ICU.
Type I Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Buyukinan Muammer
Published: October 2024

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children and adolescents is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency. Its onset is typically abrupt, with symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and fatigue. Management focuses on maintaining blood glucose levels within target ranges to prevent acute complications like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and long-term complications such as retinopathy and nephropathy. Treatment includes insulin therapy tailored to individual needs, balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, and ongoing blood glucose monitoring. Psychological support and education are crucial for patients and families to manage the challenges of living with T1DM effectively, ensuring optimal growth, development, and quality of life.
The Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on Cochlear Functions
Authors: Yucedag Fatih , Sezgin Arife
Published: October 2024

Managing otorhinolaryngologic emergencies in diabetic patients requires a tailored clinical approach due to their increased susceptibility to infections and delayed wound healing. Prompt evaluation and treatment are crucial to prevent complications such as severe otitis externa, sinusitis, or deep neck infections. Close monitoring of blood glucose levels, adequate hydration, and early initiation of antibiotics are essential. Surgical interventions, when necessary, should be performed with caution to minimize the risk of infection and optimize wound healing outcomes. Additionally, educating diabetic patients about the importance of regular ENT evaluations and maintaining good glycemic control can help prevent emergent situations in the future.
Epidemiology of Diabetes in Turkey and Worldwide
Authors: Marakoglu Kamile , Ozmen Muhammet
Published: October 2024

Diabetes has become a significant public health challenge both globally and in Turkey. Worldwide, the prevalence of diabetes has been steadily rising, with approximately 537 million adults living with the condition as of 2021. The burden is particularly high in low- and middle-income countries, where access to healthcare and resources for diabetes management may be limited. In Turkey, diabetes prevalence has also been increasing, driven by factors such as urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and dietary changes. According to recent estimates, around 13% of adults in Turkey have diabetes, reflecting a substantial health concern that necessitates comprehensive prevention and management strategies tailored to local needs and conditions.
Clinical Approach to Otorhinolaryngologic Emergencies in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Sezgin Arife , Yucedag Fatih
Published: October 2024

Managing otorhinolaryngologic emergencies in diabetic patients requires a tailored clinical approach due to their increased susceptibility to infections and delayed wound healing. Prompt evaluation and treatment are crucial to prevent complications such as severe otitis externa, sinusitis, or deep neck infections. Close monitoring of blood glucose levels, adequate hydration, and early initiation of antibiotics are essential. Surgical interventions, when necessary, should be performed with caution to minimize the risk of infection and optimize wound healing outcomes. Additionally, educating diabetic patients about the importance of regular ENT evaluations and maintaining good glycemic control can help prevent emergent situations in the future.
Anesthesia Management in Metabolic Surgeries
Authors: Toprak Hatice
Published: October 2024

Anesthesia management in metabolic surgeries, like bariatric procedures, is complex due to patients’ obesity-related physiological challenges and comorbidities such as diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea. Careful preoperative assessment, selection of appropriate anesthetic agents, and meticulous intraoperative monitoring are crucial to ensure safety, manage hemodynamics, and optimize outcomes. Postoperative care focuses on pain management and preventing complications, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach for comprehensive perioperative management.
Diabetes and Mental Health
Authors: Demiroz Dudu
Published: October 2024

Diabetes and mental health are closely intertwined, with diabetes influencing mental well-being and vice versa. Managing diabetes can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and depression due to the demands of self-care, potential complications, and the impact on daily life. Conversely, mental health conditions can adversely affect diabetes management by contributing to poor adherence to medication, diet, and exercise regimens, thereby leading to worse glycemic control and increased risk of complications. The chronic nature of diabetes can also contribute to emotional distress and psychological issues. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that includes psychological support, education about the relationship between diabetes and mental health, regular screening for psychological symptoms, and integrating mental health care into diabetes management plans. Effective management of both diabetes and mental health can improve overall quality of life and health outcomes for individuals living with diabetes.
Current Approach to Pulmonary Diseases in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Yesildag Mihrican
Published: October 2024

Current approaches to managing pulmonary diseases in patients with diabetes mellitus involve comprehensive care strategies due to the complex interplay between these conditions. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk and severity of pulmonary complications such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and pneumonia. Management focuses on controlling blood glucose levels to reduce the risk of exacerbations and complications. Additionally, optimizing respiratory health through smoking cessation, vaccination against respiratory infections, and regular pulmonary function testing are essential components of care. Collaborative efforts between endocrinologists, pulmonologists, and primary care providers are crucial in achieving optimal outcomes for these patients.
Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sanal Yilmaz Burcu
Published: October 2024

The pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus involves complex mechanisms centered around insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leads to insulin deficiency, resulting in hyperglycemia. Conversely, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, combined with impaired insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Both genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as obesity and a sedentary lifestyle contribute to the development of T2DM. Additionally, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes that increase insulin resistance. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus underscores the importance of insulin regulation and glucose metabolism in maintaining normal physiological function and highlights the diverse etiological factors involved in its development.
Diabetes Mellitus and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Authors: Karadeniz Yusuf
Published: October 2024

Managing diabetes according to current guidelines involves a multifaceted approach aimed at achieving glycemic control, preventing complications, and improving the overall quality of life for patients. Key aspects include personalized treatment plans tailored to individual needs, emphasizing lifestyle modifications such as healthy eating, regular physical activity, and weight management. Medication therapy, including oral antidiabetic agents and/or insulin, is prescribed based on disease severity and patient characteristics. Monitoring blood glucose levels regularly, along with periodic assessments of kidney function, lipid profile, and blood pressure, helps in assessing treatment efficacy and detecting complications early. Patient education plays a crucial role in empowering individuals to self-manage their condition effectively, promoting adherence to therapy and recognizing signs of hypo- or hyperglycemia. Regular follow-up visits with healthcare providers ensure ongoing support, adjustment of treatment plans as needed, and integration of new evidence-based practices into diabetes management strategies. By adhering to these guidelines, healthcare professionals aim to optimize outcomes and enhance the overall health and well-being of individuals living with diabetes.
Cardiac Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
Authors: Ozpamuk Karadeniz Fatma
Published: October 2024

Cardiac macrovascular complications are a significant concern in individuals with diabetes mellitus, stemming from the disease’s profound impact on cardiovascular health. Diabetes accelerates the development of atherosclerosis, characterized by the buildup of plaque within arterial walls, which can lead to coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke. The underlying mechanisms involve chronic hyperglycemia, which promotes oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, contributing to the initiation and progression of vascular damage. Additionally, diabetes often coexists with other cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity, further compounding the risk of macrovascular complications. Management strategies focus on aggressive control of blood glucose levels, along with treatment of hypertension and dyslipidemia, to mitigate these risks. Lifestyle modifications, including smoking cessation, adoption of a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, and adherence to prescribed medications, are crucial in reducing the incidence and severity of cardiac macrovascular complications in individuals with diabetes mellitus.
Definition of Sarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Sarcoidosis is a complex and intriguing disease that has puzzled medical researchers for decades. This chapter provides a comprehensive definition of sarcoidosis, outlining its fundamental characteristics and the mechanisms underlying its development. At its core, sarcoidosis is an inflammatory condition marked by the presence of granulomas—tiny clusters of immune cells that can form in various organs and tissues throughout the body. Most commonly, these granulomas are found in the lungs and lymph nodes, but they can also affect the skin, eyes, heart, and other organs. Despite extensive research, the precise cause of sarcoidosis remains elusive, though it is widely believed to be the result of an abnormal immune response to an unknown trigger.
Cardiac Sarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Among the myriad presentations of sarcoidosis, cardiac involvement stands as a formidable challenge due to its potential for devastating consequences. Cardiac sarcoidosis manifests variably, from asymptomatic conduction abnormalities to life-threatening arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death.

This chapter explores the nuanced aspects of cardiac sarcoidosis, encompassing its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic strategies. Highlighting the importance of early detection and comprehensive management, we navigate through the complexities of this condition to enhance clinical outcomes and improve patient quality of life.
Occupational Sarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Occupational sarcoidosis represents a distinct subset of this multifaceted disease, where exposure to specific environmental agents or occupational hazards may trigger or exacerbate the inflammatory process. This condition underscores the intricate interplay between workplace exposures and immune-mediated responses, leading to granulomatous inflammation primarily in the lungs, but also affecting other organs.This chapter explores the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and preventive strategies pertinent to occupational sarcoidosis. By elucidating these facets, we aim to empower healthcare professionals and occupational safety advocates to recognize, manage, and mitigate the impact of workplace factors on sarcoidosis development and progression.
Immunopathology of Sarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

The immunopathology of sarcoidosis lies at the heart of its complex nature and clinical manifestations. This chapter delves into the intricate interactions of the immune system that underpin the development and progression of sarcoidosis. Central to this understanding are the formation of granulomas-aggregates of immune cells-and the dysregulation of immune responses that characterize the disease. Exploring the roles of T lymphocytes, macrophages, cytokines, and other immune mediators, we aim to unravel the mechanisms driving granuloma formation and tissue damage in affected organs.
Cutaneous Sarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Cutaneous sarcoidosis represents a fascinating and often visible manifestation of this systemic granulomatous disease. This chapter explores the diverse spectrum of skin involvement in sarcoidosis, ranging from subtle papules and plaques to disfiguring nodules and scars. Unlike other organ-specific presentations, the skin offers a unique window into the diagnosis and monitoring of sarcoidosis, reflecting underlying systemic inflammation and granuloma formation. By examining the clinical presentations, histopathological features, and differential diagnoses of cutaneous sarcoidosis, we aim to deepen understanding among clinicians and dermatologists. This knowledge empowers effective management strategies, enhances diagnostic accuracy, and ultimately improves the quality of care for patients with this distinctive form of sarcoidosis.
Clinical Interview
Authors: Bilgin Hulya
Published: October 2024

As in all health professions, a skillfully conducted clinical interview is the cornerstone of nursing. The interview is the best opportunity for a person to tell nurse how they feel about their health condition. Through the use of clinical interviews, nurses can provide a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s medical and family history, symptoms, concerns, daily living habits, and condition, which is useful for determining interventions based on the patient’s needs and developing appropriate care plans. This chapter is prepared to gain the knowledge and deep understanding on the importance and the essences of clinical interview in health care, then to appraise how is possible to make an efficient interview with patients encountered in clinical practice. To be most effective as health care workers, we must recognise that the biological, psychological, and social characteristics of patients are interrelated and be able to approach using this holistic view.
Integumentary System
Authors: Gungor Satilmis Ilkay
Published: October 2024

The integumentary system consists of the skin and its associated structures, sweat and oil glands, hair and nails. The integumentary system reflects dysfunction in other systems. Therefore, assessment of the skin, hair and nails provides valuable information about a patient’s overall health. For example, stress, systemic disease, and skin injury can alter the function, appearance, and texture of the skin. The patient may report subjective skin sensations that could indicate certain health problems. Skin, hair, and nails can provide information about a patient’s nutritional status, respiratory status, thermoregulation, and tissue perfusion. Skin, hair, and nails can also reveal changes in activity, sleep and rest, stress levels, and self-care skills. A patient’s cultural practices and physical environment can greatly infl uence skin and nail health. A patient’s stage of development has a tremendous impact on the appearance and function of these structures. In addition, the appearance of skin, hair, and nails aff ects a person’s self-concept. Skin disorders can aff ect social relationships, roles, and sexuality. This chapter presents the essential components of a comprehensive examination of skin, hair, and nails, as well as the various methods and instruments used in the assessment. However, the importance of early detection and individualized treatment of integumentary disorders is also emphasized.
Histopathological and Molecular Markers of Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Zaim Ceyda Nur , Ersoy Tunali Nagehan
Published: October 2024

In this section, main histopathological and molecular markers of metastatic prostate cancer are highlighted. Digital rectal examination (DRE), and the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test are the two commonly used PCa detection techniques in the clinic. However, since they lack sensitivity and specificity, there’s an urgent requirement for more precise diagnostic approaches. Histopathological assessment of prostate biopsy samples enhances clinical decision-making. However, prostate tissue biopsy approach for diagnostic purposes also has limitations due to the restricted sampling site and the heterogeneity of tumors. Therefore, they should be coupled with sensitive and specific molecular markers. Identification of novel histopathological and molecular markers in both tissue and liquid biopsy samples is of special interest to conclude better decisions for the diagnosis and prediction of the prognosis and aggressiveness of PCa.
Rational Sequential Treatment Options for Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Acarbey Aydin , Gumus Mahmut
Published: October 2024

The treatment of metastatic prostate cancer contains various options. Hormonal agents, chemotherapies, targeted therapies and bone modifying agents are used in different combination and sequence nowadays. In this chapter, the importance of sequencing these treatments is depicted. Because of the numerous factors affecting the clinician’s decision making process, there is a need to simplify the treatment algorithms. Our aim is to spotlight on current treatments thanks to the evidence based data. Since there is rapid progress in randomized clinical trials and increasing body of evidence, one should keep in mind that following the latest guidelines will be the best approach to this topic. We hope our effort may help clinicians in their everyday practice.
Bone Health and Bone Targeted Therapies for Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Alcin Adem , Canat Halil Lutfi
Published: October 2024

This section provides information about bone health and bone-targeted therapies in metastatic prostate cancer. The most common site of metastasis for prostate cancer is the bone. Treatments used in cancer management can also have adverse effects on bones. Bone-related conditions in metastatic prostate cancer are one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality. In bone-targeting treatments, resorption modulators and radiotherapy are the main components. Radionuclide agents are innovative treatments for targeting bones.
Lhrh Agonist and Antagonist for Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Demirtas Bekir , Kazan Ozgur
Published: October 2024

LHRH agonists and antagonists are crucial in managing metastatic prostate cancer. These agents target the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, suppressing the production of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). By doing so, they reduce testosterone levels, a key driver of prostate cancer growth. LHRH agonists like leuprolide and goserelin are widely used as first-line treatments, while newer LHRH antagonists such as degarelix offer alternative options. Both classes of drugs have demonstrated efficacy in delaying disease progression, alleviating symptoms, and improving quality of life in metastatic prostate cancer patients. Treatment selection often considers factors such as patient preferences, side effect profiles, and cost-effectiveness, highlighting the importance of individualized care in optimizing outcomes for patients with metastatic prostate cancer.
Radical Prostatectomy As a Local Therapy in the Management of Patients with Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Keser Ferhat , Cakici Mehmet Caglar
Published: October 2024

Oligometastatic prostate cancer can be defined as a narrow number of metastases in the lymph nodes and/or bones, with no visceral organ metastases. It requires precise imaging techniques covering a wide range of diseases. Cytoreductive radical prostatectomy is a method that can be safely applied and well tolerated in a well-selected group of patients and can prevent complications due to the progression of local disease. Preliminary results suggest that radical prostatectomy may improve oncological survival in the context of a multimodal treatment approach, while waiting for the results of prospective randomized controlled studies to clarify treatment options.
Key Points of Success for Kickboxing Athletes: From Physiology to Performance
Authors: Gencoglu Cebrail
Published: October 2024

From Physiology to Performance"" provides a deep dive into the sport’s multifaceted nature, covering everything from physiological requirements to energy system dynamics essential for peak athletic performance. This comprehensive guide offers a detailed examination of how energy systems fuel the high-intensity demands of Kickboxing, including both aerobic and anaerobic capacities. It integrates performance analysis with theoretical explanations of techniques, enhancing understanding through visual illustrations that demonstrate practical applications.

The book discusses the theoretical underpinnings that govern the training and execution of Kickboxing techniques, ensuring that both novice enthusiasts and seasoned athletes find valuable insights to enhance their skills. It also delves into the strategic aspects of performance optimization, making it an indispensable resource for coaches and athletes focused on elevating their competitive edge.

Designed to bridge the gap between science and application, ""Kickboxing: From Physiology to Performance"" not only educates its readers on the essential components of fitness and fight strategy but also inspires them to apply this knowledge practically in training and competitions. Whether you’re looking to understand the complex bioenergetics of the sport or seeking to refine your techniques, this book provides the essential content to foster your development in the dynamic world of Kickboxing.
Medicinal Plants, Gut Microbiota-Brain Relationship in Brain Disorders
Authors: Yilmaz Fatima Nur , Olcay Bulent
Published: October 2024

Medicinal plants have been an important therapeutic option for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders since ancient times. Among the wide range of diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract, the main areas of application for medicinal plants are functional and chronic gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. Gut microbiota affects human behavior. This is thought to be mediated by hormones involved in brain-gut communication. The role of gut microbiota in the biotransformation of xenobiotics ingested by humans has received significant attention. It is widely acknowledged that gut microbiota can greatly influence the efficacy and toxicity of both synthetic drugs and natural products used to treat various diseases. Recent research has shown that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining normal brain function. The brain and gut have a bidirectional communication system that has been acknowledged for some time. It is suggested that gut microbiota is an important factor in how the body affects the brain, contributes to healthy homeostasis, and influences the risk of diseases such as anxiety and mood disorders.
Ethnobotanical Studies on Brain Health
Authors: Kocyigit Mine
Published: October 2024

Ethnobotanical studies are the branch of science that studies the medicinal applications traditionally used by plants. In conditions where it is difficult to access professional healthcare, people try to treat many diseases with the plants around them. This process has been going on from generation to generation for centuries. It has been recorded through ethnobotanical studies that many plants are used among people in many countries to regulate brain functions. Many plants contain natural ingredients used to support brain health. For example, some herbs, such as ginkgo, are thought to increase memory and cognitive functions. Other herbs, such as ginseng, can help cope with stress and improve mental performance. Ethnobotanical studies are supported by laboratory studies and clinical trials to evaluate the potential effects of plants on brain health. These studies investigate biological mechanisms to understand how herbal ingredients affect brain health. As a result, ethnobotanical studies are helping to discover potential treatments that can use plants to support brain health. However, more research is needed on the effectiveness and safety of these herbs, and people should consult a healthcare professional before using these herbs.
Endorphins and Some Herbal Sources That Support Endorphins
Authors: Kocyigit Mine
Published: October 2024

Endorphins are a type of chemical compound produced naturally in the body and are commonly known as "happiness hormones." Endorphins reduce stress, reduce pain, and promote overall well-being. Some herbal sources may support endorphin production and increase endorphin levels in the body. One of them is chocolate. Cacao can increase endorphin production due to compounds called flavonoids and phenylethylamine found in it. Additionally, capsaicin found in red peppers may also stimulate the release of endorphins. Turmeric is one of the herbal sources that support endorphin production. Thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties, ginger can reduce stress in the body and increase the release of endorphins. As a result, some herbal sources, such as chocolate, cayenne pepper, turmeric, and ginger, can support endorphin production and increase endorphin levels in the body.
Phytotherapeutics for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Mungan Kilic Fatma
Published: October 2024

Dementia brought on by Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition marked by memory loss and cognitive impairment, is the result of AD. Individual differences exist in the degree of dementia and, consequently, the time at which it manifests. populations, influenced by both environmental and genetic variables. The effectiveness of treatment for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases is restricted to managing symptoms, even with the implementation of diverse therapeutic approaches. Treatment strategies that can postpone AD’s onset or progression will have a major impact on lowering the disease’s prevalence. Since ancient times, people have utilized medicinal plants to improve memory and treat other dementia-related issues. Studies show that therapeutic plants and the phytochemicals derived from them may be significant in the management of AD. Different plant parts, which contain numerous valuable phytochemical compounds with a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects, are powerful resources for drug development studies, even though the mechanisms of action are still unclear. This chapter provides an overview of several plants and phytochemicals that have demonstrated encouraging results in the pharmacological domain for slowing the disease’s progression and fostering the creation of successful AD treatment plans, along with an explanation
Microorganisms: Saviors of the Globe Facing the Consequences of Global Warming and Climate Change
Authors: Ahamada Rachid Nahdhoit , Erdogan Hilal , Dogruoz Gungor Nihal
Published: October 2024

Climate change refers to long-term changes in atmospheric conditions, surface temperatures, sea levels, and weather patterns around the world. This change results from natural processes accelerated by anthropogenic activities. These changes have a serious impact on natural ecosystems and endanger life on Earth by causing great pressure on biodiversity and loss of biodiversity. Microorganisms contribute to vital cycles such as carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. It is worrying that the disruption of these cycles and ecological balances by the impact of climate change will negatively affect critical processes such as the food webs in both terrestrial and aquatic environments or soil bioremediation capacity. Research has provided a better understanding of the ability of microorganisms to adapt to climate change and its impacts on ecosystem functions. Even in the face of these extreme conditions caused by global warming, the microbial world continues to spare no effort to help mitigate the consequences of this global scourge.