bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lithium Nitropyrazolates as Potential Red Pyrotechnic Colorants
Authors: Dufter‐Münster Alicia M. W. , Harter Alexander G. , Klapötke Thomas M. , Reinhardt Elena , Römer Julia , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: January 2022

Strontium‐based red pyrotechnic colorants have fallen into disrepute due to the harmful influence of this alkaline earth metal on adolescents. In this context, the energetic character, safety, and combustion to benign nitrogen gas of nitropyrazoles are used for the design of the corresponding lithiated materials, which are investigated as potential replacements in the current work. For this purpose, the lithium salts of 3,4‐dinitro‐1H‐pyrazole, 3,5‐dinitro‐1H‐pyrazole, 4‐amino‐3,5‐dinitro‐1H‐pyrazole, 3,4,5‐trinitro‐1H‐pyrazole, and 4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dinitro‐1H‐pyrazole were extensively characterized by standard analytical methods, low‐temperature single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, studies of the thermo‐chemical behavior, and sensitivity assessments. Our assumption that the high nitrogen contents and the low oxygen balances of these compounds would adjust a cool, reductive flame atmosphere essential for red emissions by lithium was put to the test.
Flame‐retardant features of various boron compounds in thermoplastic polyurethane and performance comparison with aluminum trihydroxide and magnesium hydroxide
Authors: Ozcelik Gulsah , Elcin Orkun , Guney Suleyman , Erdem Aysegul , Hacioglu Firat , Dogan Mehmet
Published: January 2022

The objective of this research was to examine and compare the flame‐retardant properties of boron compounds with respect to conventional mineral fillers, namely aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide (MH) in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Seven different boron compounds including zinc borate (ZnB), colemanite (C), boron oxide (BO), anhydrous borax (BX), melamine borate (MB), imidazolium borate (IB), and guanidinium borate (GB) were used as flame‐retardant additive. The flame‐retardant characteristics of the composites were investigated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical and horizontal UL‐94 tests, and mass loss calorimeter (MLC) tests. According to the flammability test results, the highest LOI value (33.5%) was obtained with the use of 60 wt% ATH and BO. All samples got HB rating in UL‐94 HB test. The highest UL‐94 V rating of V0 was achieved with the use of ATH (60 wt%), BO (60 wt%), and GB (50 wt%). According to MLC test results, C, BO, and IB showed distinct better performance than ATH and MH. The other ones showed almost the similar fire performances. The lowest pHRR (37 kW/m2) and THE (16.2 MJ/m2) values, which were corresponded to 62% and 20% reduction with respect to those of ATH containing one, were achieved with the use of 60 wt% BO. In brief, all studied additives exerted different levels of fire retardancy depending upon their type and BO showed the highest performance in terms of flammability and fire‐retardant properties.
Generating new mixtures of food additives with antimicrobial and cytotoxic potency against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Selim Samy , Almuhayawi Mohammed S. , Alruhaili Mohammed H. , Zakai Shadi A. , Warrad Mona
Published: January 2022

Food additives have been shown to help regulate or prevent the spread of microbes during food manufacturing. Phloxine B, nisin, and sorbic acid were tested to see whether they had a synergistic impact on the inactivation of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The combination of phloxine B and nisin had a synergistic interaction (FICI: 0.25–0.50) against B. cereus, where it demonstrated an additive effect among the three combinations examined (FICI: 0.91). A time‐kill test was used in both cases to verify that a food additive combination has synergistic antibacterial action against B. cereus and S. aureus. B. cereus had a 50% reduction in bacterial colony count after 10 h, whereas S. aureus had a 60% reduction after 6 h of their independent impacts after 48 h. Phloxine B, nisin, and sorbic acid demonstrated synergistic antibacterial action and might be used as a source of safe and potent antibacterial agents in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Connectivity of organic matter pores in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale, Sichuan Basin, Southern China: Analyses from helium ion microscope and focused ion beam scanning electron microscope
Authors: Zhang Kun , Jiang Shu , Zhao Rui , Wang Pengfei , Jia Chengzao , Song Yan
Published: January 2022

As one of the most important energy sources in the world today, shale gas has attracted extensive research. Numerous scholars agreed that the organic matter (OM) pores in shale provide the main space which benefits effective gas occurrence. However, the connectivity provided by OM pores is more important in the development process than their reservoir properties. A comprehensive portrayal of the 3D connectivity of the OM pores is elaborated in this study. The Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale samples were selected as the research subject. The shale samples are subjected to focused ion beam scanning electron microscope, helium ion microscope observation experiments, 2D microscopic characterization of OM pores, and 3D segmentation extraction. The results indicate that the connectivity of shale is mainly contributed by OM pores. The OM pores have the advantageous structural characteristics of large number per unit area, evenly distributed, regular pore morphology, and large pore size relative to the mineral matrix pores. The OM pores structure in shale is complex with a network structure of small pores nested in large pores, which can increase the adsorption capacity of gas. Besides, the small pores nested in large pores can act as a throat to significantly improve the connectivity. OM pores in the pyrobitumen are interconnected in 3D space, providing the main channels for gas percolation in the shale reservoir.
Determinants of willingness to accept child vaccination against malaria in Ghana
Authors: Immurana Mustapha , Boachie Micheal Kofi , Klu Desmond , Dalaba Maxwell Ayindenaba , Manyeh Alfred Kwesi , Alhassan Robert Kaba
Published: January 2022

Background

Malaria is a public health problem in Ghana with children being one of the most vulnerable. Given this, in 2019, Ghana decided to add the first malaria vaccine (RTS, S) as part of routine immunisations for children in the near future. This study, thus, examines the determinants of malaria vaccine awareness and willingness to uptake the vaccine for children in Ghana.

Method

The study uses data from the 2019 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey while employing the binary logistic regression as the empirical estimation technique.

Results

The study finds that religion, region of residence and awareness of the malaria vaccine, influence the willingness to uptake the vaccine for children. Moreover, younger mothers (15–26 years), households in the richest wealth quintile, male‐headed households and the number of children aged five years and below in a household, are found to be associated with less willingness to uptake the vaccine for children.

Conclusion

Paying attention to awareness creation, region, religion, younger mothers (15–26 years), households in the richest wealth quintile, male‐headed households and households with more children aged five years and below, can ensure optimal uptake of the malaria vaccine for children in Ghana.
Indium Selenide (In2Se3) – An Emerging Van‐der‐Waals Material for Photodetection and Non‐Volatile Memory Applications
Authors: Mukherjee Subhrajit , Koren Elad
Published: January 2022

The search for ultrathin and robust ferroelectrics leads to few promising two‐dimensional (2D) materials. In2Se3has drawn special attention owing to the existence of intercoupled in‐plane (IP) and out‐of‐plane (OOP) ferroelectricity in monolayer form, which makes it a potential candidate for emerging artificial intelligence, information processing and memory applications. In addition, the high optical absorption and phase‐dependent visible to infrared bandgap become advantageous from optoelectronics point‐of‐view. This unique ferroelectric and optoelectronic coupling further leads to explore atomic‐scale multifunctional devices. In this review, we summarized the progress of non‐volatile memory (NVM) and photodetector devices, and their intercoupled applications using 2D In2Se3. We expect that this review will provide an insight towards the promising future of 2D ferroelectric‐(opto)electronics and motivate researchers for further development towards industrial scale.
The productivity paradox of information technology: The Ghanaian bank–level evidence
Authors: Boadi Isaac , Mawutor John Kwaku Mensah , Dzorka Modupeola Adefunso , Kubaje Thompson Aneyire
Published: January 2022

This study attempts to investigate the impact of information technology (IT) investments on efficiency among banks in Ghana. The study further tests the presence of the productivity paradox in the Ghanaian banking sector. This study employs a random effect model (REM) using 23 banks in Ghana from 2000 to 2019, thus yielding 460 observations. The study revealed that there is a significant and negative relationship between IT investments and cost to income ratio used as a surrogate for banks' efficiency. This result, therefore, suggests that investment in IT translates into banks' efficiency. The study further revealed that varied results are produced when the same relationship is tested in terms of banks' ownership structures, different minimum capital requirement regimes and listing status of banks in Ghana. The findings also suggest that while investment in technology by locally‐owned banks enhances efficiency, the introduction and changes of minimum capital requirements do not translate into banks' efficiency. The results have implications for the management of banks, governments and regulators. It shows the need for policy and investments that improve state‐of‐the‐art technology.
Bone mineral density, bone metabolism‐related factors, and microRNA‐218 are correlated with disease activities in Chinese ankylosing spondylitis patients
Authors: Liu Jiayan , Zhao Li , Yang Xue , Liu Congjin , Kong Ning , Yu Yiyun , Xuan Dandan , Wan Weiguo , Xue Yu
Published: January 2022

Objective

To investigate bone mineral density (BMD), bone metabolism‐related factors, and microRNA‐218 in Chinese ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients and to identify their correlation with disease activities and the treatment with TNF‐α inhibitors.

Methods

A total of 89 AS patients were enrolled in the study. Patients’ information and laboratory examination results were collected. BMD of the anteroposterior lumbar spine (L2‐L4), left femoral neck, and whole body were measured and T‐scores were calculated. MicroRNA‐218 was extracted from PBMCs of AS patients and detected by RT‐PCR. Bone metabolism‐related factors were detected using protein chips and flow cytometer.

Results

Out of 86 patients undergoing whole‐body BMD measurement, 14 had osteopenia and 72 had normal BMD without osteoporosis or high BMD. Compared with short‐ (disease duration ≤3 years) and long‐term groups (disease duration ≥10 years), medium‐term group (disease duration ranges from 3 to 10 years) showed lowest BMD. Patients with onset age ≤20 years old had significantly lower BMD than the other groups (p < 0.05). The BMD of femoral neck had negative correlation with CRP (p < 0.05) and no correlation with BASDAI or ESR. Both whole‐body BMD and femoral neck BMD were negatively correlated with BASMI (p < 0.05). Dickkopf‐1 (DKK‐1), platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB), and receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) were significantly increased, while Osteopontin (OPN) was significantly decreased in AS patients. Expression of microRNA‐218 in PBMC of AS patients was low and was positively correlated with BASMI (p < 0.05), but it was not correlated with the duration of disease, age of onset, BASDAI, ESR, or BMD.

Conclusion

Loss of bone mass mainly occurred at the inflammatory sites in AS patients, depending on the severity of inflammation. The alleviation of inflammation can improve loss of bone mass and bone metabolism disorders. Anti‐inflammatory treatment is critical for the treatment of secondary osteoporosis caused by AS.
A k‐nearest neighbor‐based averaging model for probabilistic PV generation forecasting
Authors: Tripathy Debesh Shankar , Prusty B Rajanarayan , Bingi Kishore
Published: January 2022

Probabilistic forecasting of PV generation is crucial in uncertainty management to reinforce PV‐integrated power systems for long‐term planning. In this context, developing a reliable probabilistic forecast model is challenging due to weather conditions' stochastic nature and varying daily PV production patterns at multiple time instants. Due to varying probability distribution patterns, a nonparametric approach, such as quantile regression, is challenging to approximate the forecast error distribution. A forecast combination concept that yields impressive probabilistic forecasting results has rarely been utilized for PV generation forecasting. The use of complementary and sensible point forecasters characterizing different aspects of intricate PV production patterns in a k‐nearest neighbor quantile regression averaging framework is the proposed probabilistic forecasting model. The proposed forecasting model's accuracy is assessed with real‐world PV generation data from the USA for multi‐time instants. The probabilistic forecast performance of the proposed quantile k‐nearest neighbors regression averaging model is evaluated against the traditional quantile regression averaging, quantile regression forests, quantile k‐nearest neighbors, basic quantile regression, and regression bootstrapping in terms of the forecast (quantiles and prediction intervals) accuracy, using relevant error measures and scores. The proposed model has superior performance compared to the other models, as indicated by the lowest forecast errors and scores.
Spatial effects on extreme precipitation in the coastal areas of southeastern China during the raining season
Authors: Qian Weikang , Sun Xun , Li Chao
Published: January 2022

This study investigated the spatial effects of the extreme precipitation during the raining season in the perspective of tropical cyclone‐related (TCEP) and non‐TC‐related extreme precipitation (nTCEP). The seasonal maximum 1‐day precipitation (RX1day) data across 94 stations in the coastal areas of southeastern China from 1964 to 2013 were used and partitioned into different homogenous regions. Regional Bayesian models were developed for generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution to quantify the spatial effects on extreme precipitation in each homogeneous region. Four coastal and one inland homogeneous regions were identified, which were consistent with the TC tracks. The extreme precipitation was found to decrease as the distance from the coastline increases, whose sensitivity to the distance from the coastline differs from region to region. For TCEP, the distance from the coastline has effects on the location and the scale parameters of the regional GEV model in all regions. The 50‐year return level of TCEP in southern regions is five times more sensitive to the distance from the coastline than that in the northern regions. For nTCEP, the distance from the coastline has effects on the scale parameter in all regions, while the location parameter is affected only in two regions in the south. The sensitivity of 50‐year return levels of nTCEP to the distance from the coastline decreases gradually from south to north. Within 200 km from the coastline, the 50‐year return level of TCEP is 15.6–78.9% larger than that of nTCEP in the same region.
Investigation of distal femur microarchitecture and factors influencing its deterioration: An ex vivo high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography study
Authors: Schmidt Constantin , Riedel Christoph , Stürznickel Julian , Mushumba Herbert , Delsmann Maximilian M. , Ries Christian , Kleiss Sebastian , Bannas Peter , Beil Frank Timo , Amling Michael , Püschel Klaus , Rolvien Tim , Hubert Jan
Published: January 2022

While fractures of the distal femur are often considered as fragility fractures, detailed knowledge of the bone microarchitecture at this skeletal site is largely unavailable. Initial evaluation of a patient cohort with distal femur fractures showed a markedly increased occurrence in elderly women. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which demographic characteristics of distal femur fractures are reflected by general age‐ and sex‐specific variations in local microarchitectural parameters. Fifty cadaveric femora were collected from 25 subjects (12 females, 13 males, age 25–97 years). A volume of interest within 3 cm proximal to the condyles was analyzed using high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR‐pQCT), which revealed impaired trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture in women compared to men as well as in osteoporotic compared to normal or osteopenic subjects, as classified by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) T‐score. Linear regression analyzes showed negative associations between age and HR‐pQCT parameters in women (e.g., cortical thickness −14 µm/year, 95% CI: −21 to −7 µm/year), but not in men (e.g., cortical thickness 1 µm/year, 95% CI: −12 to 14 µm/year). HR‐pQCT parameters showed strong positive associations with areal bone mineral density (aBMD) determined by DXA at the hip in both sexes. Taken together, our findings suggest that female sex, advanced age, and low aBMD represent major risk factors for impaired microarchitecture at the distal femur. Both the diagnostic value of DXA for predicting distal femur fractures and the efficacy of bone‐specific agents on fracture risk reduction should be investigated in the future.
Non‐surgical periodontal debridement affects subgingival bacterial diversity in patients with HIV‐1 and periodontitis
Authors: Ramos Peña Diana Estefania , Santos Emerson de Souza , Bezerra Rafael dos Santos , Nobre Átila V. V. , Pólvora Tábata L. S. , da Fonseca Benedito A. L. , Pozzetto Bruno , Lourenço Alan G. , do Nascimento Cássio , Motta Ana Carolina F.
Published: January 2022

Background

Following human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) infection and antiretroviral therapy, the development of periodontal disease was shown to be favored. However, the influence of HIV‐1 infection on the periodontal microbiota after non‐surgical periodontal debridement (NSPD) needs a broad comprehension. This work aimed to compare the subgingival microbiological content of patients infected with HIV‐1 and controls (non‐infected) with periodontitis undergoing NSPD.

Methods

The bacterial profile of subgingival biofilm samples of patients with HIV‐1 (n = 18) and controls (n = 14) with periodontitis was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The samples were collected at baseline, 30, and 90 days after NSPD. The taxonomic analysis of gingival microbiota was performed using a ribosomal RNA database. The microbiota content was evaluated in the light of CD4 cell count and viral load.

Results

Both HIV and control groups showed similar stages and grades of periodontitis. At baseline, the HIV group showed higher alpha diversity for both healthy and periodontal sites. Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Veillonella and Prevotella were the predominant bacterial genera. A low abundance of periodontopathogenic bacteria was observed, and the NSPD induced shifts in the subgingival biofilm of patients with HIV‐1, leading to a microbiota similar to that of controls.

Conclusions

Different subgingival microbiota profiles were identified—a less diverse microbiota was found in patients infected with HIV‐1, in contrast to a more diverse microbiota in controls. NSPD caused changes in the microbiota of both groups, with a greater impact on the HIV group, leading to a decrease in alpha diversity, and produced a positive impact on the serological immune markers in patients infected with HIV‐1. Control of periodontitis should be included as part of an oral primary care, providing the oral health benefits and better control of HIV‐1 infection.
Speciation of soil trace elements in different fumigated soils#
Authors: Yan Dongdong , Fang Wensheng , Wang Qiuxia , Li Yuan , Wang Qian , Cao Aocheng
Published: January 2022

Background

Soil fumigation is widely used as an effective way to control soil‐borne diseases and increase crop yield. Fumigants may also affect the bioavailability and mobility of soil trace elements (STEs) due to the inhibitory and biocidal effects of soil microorganisms.

Aims

Quantification of STEs fractions after fumigation would help us in understanding the role of fumigants on soil environment and provide valuable evidence on the explanation of the “fertilizer effect” of soil fumigants. The overall objective was to quantify the effects of soil fumigation on three main chemical fractions of nine STEs.

Methods

Effects of chloropicrin (PIC), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dazomet (DZ) on STEs were studied in three soils with standard and high dosages of fumigants. STEs fractions were detected using a modified Community Bureau of Reference three‐stage sequential extraction procedure.

Results

Results were evident in three farmland soils: (1) Among the nine elements, three fumigants had a significant impact on Mn and Co elements. Soils had a great complement to the bioavailable Mn and Co after fumigation. The content of Mn and Co in F1, the most available and transportable form for plants, significantly increased after fumigation with PIC, DMDS, and DZ. (2) Soil fumigation has an impact on Mn, Co, and other trace elements due to the process of Mn oxidation changed.

Conclusions

Our study suggested that the complement of bioavailable Mn and Co could be an important factor to promote plant growth and increase crop yield after soil fumigation.
Skull base osteomyelitis in patients with head and neck cancer: Diagnosis, management, and outcomes in a case series of 23 patients
Authors: Czech Mary M. , Hwang Peter H. , Colevas Alexander Dimitrios , Fischbein Nancy , Ho Dora Y.
Published: January 2022

Background

Skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) is an infection of the central cranial bones, most commonly resulting from contiguous spread of infection from adjacent head and neck structures. SBO is a well‐recognized complication of treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC) that results in significant morbidity.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective chart review of HNC patients diagnosed with SBO.

Results

SBO was commonly diagnosed with nasal endoscopy showing mucosal breakdown between the naso/oropharynx and skull base and with characteristic changes on CT/MRI. Culture data were often polymicrobial, inclusive of naso/oropharyngeal flora, but half of the patients additionally had antibiotic‐resistant or atypical pathogens. The mean duration of antimicrobial therapy was 117 +/− 94 days. Recurrent SBO was found in half of the patients, associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and with persistent defects in the mucosa abutting the skull base.

Conclusions

Diagnosis and management of SBO in HNC patients are challenging. Recommendations to aid in clinical care are proposed.

Level of evidence

4, case series.
Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Thoughts in Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Chenini Sofiene , Barateau Lucie , Guiraud Lily , Denis Claire , Rassu Ana Laura , Lopez Regis , Jaussent Isabelle , Dauvilliers Yves
Published: January 2022

Background

Whether depression and suicide thoughts relate to restless legs syndrome (RLS) or comorbidities associated with RLS remain unclear.

Objectives

To determine frequency of depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts in patients with RLS and their change after RLS treatment, associated clinical and polysomnographic factors, and current major depressive episode (MDE) frequency and suicide risk in RLS.

Methods

Overall, 549 untreated patients with RLS and 549 age‐, sex‐, and education level‐matched controls completed a standardized evaluation, including the Beck Depression Inventory‐II that has one item on suicide thoughts. Patients underwent a polysomnographic recording and completed the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking Impulsive Behavior scale. In a subgroup of 153 patients, current MDE and suicide risk were assessed with the face‐to‐face Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A subgroup of 152 patients were evaluated in untreated and treated conditions.

Results

The frequency of depressive symptoms (32.5%) and suicidal thoughts (28%) was 10‐fold and 3‐fold higher, respectively, in patients with RLS than controls. Current MDE (10.5%) and suicidal risk (19.9%) (MINI) were also high. Moderate‐to‐severe depressive symptoms were associated with young age, female sex, insomnia symptoms, and urgency dimension. The suicide risk was associated with depression, impulsiveness, and RLS severity. RLS treatment improved depressive symptoms but not suicidal thoughts.

Conclusion

The rate of depressive symptoms, depression, and suicidal thoughts/risk was higher in patients with RLS, with key associations with insomnia symptoms, urgency dimension, and RLS severity. These results emphasize the importance of detecting these symptoms in current practice and of evaluating their change after treatment, especially in young women, to improve RLS management. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Global dynamics and bifurcation analysis of a fractional‐order SEIR epidemic model with saturation incidence rate
Authors: Ghori Muhammad Bilal , Naik Parvaiz Ahmad , Zu Jian , Eskandari Zohreh , Naik Mehraj‐ud‐din
Published: January 2022

The present paper studies a fractional‐order SEIR epidemic model for the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases such as HIV and HBV that spreads in the host population. The total host population is considered bounded, and Holling type‐II saturation incidence rate is involved as the infection term. Using the proposed SEIR epidemic model, the threshold quantity, namely, basic reproduction number
, is obtained that determines the status of the disease, whether it dies out or persists in the whole population. The model's analysis shows that two equilibria exist, namely, disease‐free equilibrium (DFE) and endemic equilibrium (EE). The global stability of the equilibria is determined using a Lyapunov functional approach. The disease status can be verified based on obtained threshold quantity
. If
, then DFE is globally stable, leading to eradicating the population's disease. If
, a unique EE exists, and that is globally stable under certain conditions in the feasible region. The Caputo type fractional derivative is taken as the fractional operator. The bifurcation and sensitivity analyses are also performed for the proposed model that determines the relative importance of the parameters in disease transmission. The numerical solution of the model is obtained by the generalized Adams–Bashforth–Moulton method. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to illustrate and verify the analytical results. From the obtained results, it is concluded that the order of the fractional derivative plays a significant role in the dynamic process. Also, from the sensitivity analysis results, it is seen that the parameter δ ( infection rate) is positively correlated to
, while the parameter μ (inhibition rate) is negatively correlated to
, which means these parameters are more sensitive than others in disease dynamics.
Cartesian dictionary‐based native T1and T2mapping of the myocardium
Authors: Henningsson Markus
Published: January 2022

Purpose

To implement and evaluate a new dictionary‐based technique for native myocardial T1and T2mapping using Cartesian sampling.

Methods

The proposed technique (Multimapping) consisted of single‐shot Cartesian image acquisitions in 10 consecutive cardiac cycles, with inversion pulses in cycle 1 and 5, and T2preparation (TE: 30 ms, 50 ms, and 70 ms) in cycles 8–10. Multimapping was simulated for different T1and T2, where entries corresponding to the k‐space centers were matched to acquired data. Experiments were performed in a phantom, 16 healthy subjects, and 3 patients with cardiovascular disease.

Results

Multimapping phantom measurements showed good agreement with reference values for both T1and T2, with no discernable heart‐rate dependency for T1and T2within the range of myocardium. In vivo mean T1in healthy subjects was significantly higher using Multimapping (T1= 1114 ± 14 ms) compared to the reference (T1= 991 ± 26 ms) (p< 0.01). Mean Multimapping T2(47.1 ± 1.3 ms) and T2spatial variability (5.8 ± 1.0 ms) was significantly lower compared to the reference (T2= 54.7 ± 2.2 ms,p< 0.001; spatial variability = 8.4 ± 2.0 ms,p< 0.01). Increased T1and T2was detected in all patients using Multimapping.

Conclusions

Multimapping allows for simultaneous native myocardial T1and T2mapping with a conventional Cartesian trajectory, demonstrating promising in vivo image quality and parameter quantification results.
On the fat saturation effect in quantitative ultrashort TE MR imaging
Authors: Chen Yanjun , Li Liang , Le Nicole , Chang Eric Y. , Huang Wenhua , Ma Ya‐Jun
Published: January 2022

Purpose

To investigate the effect of fat saturation (FatSat) on quantitative UTE imaging of variable knee tissues on a 3T scanner.

Methods

Three quantitative UTE imaging techniques, including the UTE multi‐echo sequence for measurement, the adiabatic T1ρ prepared UTE sequence for T1ρ measurement, and the magnetization transfer (MT)‐prepared UTE sequence for MT ratio (MTR) and macromolecular proton fraction (MMF) measurements were used in this study. Twelve samples of cartilage and twelve samples of meniscus, as well as six whole knee cadaveric specimens, were imaged with the three above‐mentioned UTE sequences with and without FatSat. The difference, correlation, and agreement between the UTE measurements with and without FatSat were calculated to investigate the effects of FatSat on quantification.

Results

Fat was well‐suppressed using all three UTE sequences when FatSat was deployed. For the small sample study, the quantification difference ratio (QDR) values of all the measured biomarkers ranged from 0.7% to 12.6%, whereas for the whole knee joint specimen study, the QDR values ranged from 0.2% to 12.0%. Except for T1ρ in muscle and MMF in meniscus (p > 0.05), most of the measurements showed statistical differences for T1ρ, MTR, and MMF (p < 0.05) between FatSat and non‐FatSat scans. Most of the measurements for showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). Strong correlations were found for all the biomarkers between measurements with and without FatSat.

Conclusion

The UTE biomarkers showed good correlation and agreement with some slight differences between the scans with and without FatSat.
Two‐sided Rayleigh quotient iteration for periodic eigenvalue problems
Authors: Chen Xiao Shan , Xu Hongguo
Published: January 2022

A two‐sided Rayleigh quotient iteration is proposed for the periodic eigenvalue problem of a formal matrix product. Local convergence analysis is presented and the cubic local convergence rate is proved. Numerical examples are provided for testing the proposed method.
Prenatal diagnosis of Aicardi syndrome based on a suggestive imaging pattern: A multicenter case‐series
Authors: Pomar Léo , Ochoa José , Cabet Sara , Huisman Thierry A. G. M. , Paladini Dario , Klaritsch Philipp , Galmiche Aurore , Prayer Florian , Gacio Sebastián , Haratz Karina , Malinger Gustavo , Van Mieghem Tim , Baud David , Bromley Bryann , Lebon Sébastien , Dubruc Estelle , Vial Yvan , Guibaud Laurent
Published: January 2022

Objectives

To characterize a suggestive prenatal imaging pattern of Aicardi syndrome using ultrasound and MR imaging.

Methods

Based on a retrospective international series of Aicardi syndrome cases from tertiary centers encountered over a 20‐year period (2000–2020), we investigated the frequencies of the imaging features in order to characterize an imaging pattern highly suggestive of the diagnosis.

Results

Among 20 cases included, arachnoid cysts associated with a distortion of the interhemispheric fissure were constantly encountered associated with complete or partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (19/20, 95%). This triad in the presence of other CNS disorganization, such as polymicrogyria (16/17, 94%), heterotopias (15/17, 88%), ventriculomegaly (14/20, 70%), cerebral asymmetry [14/20, 70%]) and less frequently extra‐CNS anomaly (ocular anomalies [7/11, 64%], costal/vertebral segmentation defect [4/20, 20%]) represent a highly suggestive pattern of Aicardi syndrome in a female patient.

Conclusion

Despite absence of genetic test to confirm prenatal diagnosis of AS, this combination of CNS and extra‐CNS fetal findings allows delineation of a characteristic imaging pattern of AS, especially when facing dysgenesis of the corpus callosum.
Pilot study of the diagnostic utility of 89Zr‐df‐IAB2M and 68Ga‐PSMA‐11 PET imaging and multiparametric MRI in localized prostate cancer
Authors: Vlachostergios Panagiotis J. , Niaz Muhammad J. , Thomas Charlene , Christos Paul J. , Osborne Joseph R. , Margolis Daniel J. A. , Khani Francesca , Bander Neil H. , Scherr Douglas S. , Tagawa Scott T.
Published: January 2022

Background

Accurate diagnosis of localized prostate cancer (PCa) is limited by inadequacy of multiparametric (mp) MRI to fully identify and differentiate localized malignant tissue from benign pathologies. Prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) represents an excellent target for molecular imaging. IAB2M, an 85‐kD minibody derived from a de‐immunized monoclonal antibody directed at the extracellular domain of human PSMA (huJ591), and PSMA‐11, a small molecule ligand have been previously tested as probes for visualization of recurrent/metastatic PCa with PET/CT. This pilot, non‐randomized trial studied their diagnostic utility in patients (pts) with localized PCa.

Methods

Pts planned for radical prostatectomy (RP) were enrolled and underwent mpMRI and PET/CT imaging with 89Zr‐df‐IAB2M and/or 68Ga‐PSMA‐PET/CT. Image results were read by a radiologist blinded to clinical information and pathology results, mapped and compared to corresponding histopathology findings from all lesions, both clinically significant and nonsignificant. The detection rates of all three imaging modalities were measured and correlated.

Results

20 pts with median age of 64.5 (46–79) years and PSA level of 7.5 (1.6–36.56) ng/ml were enrolled. 19 pts underwent RP and were imaged pre‐operatively with 89Zr‐Df‐IAB2M PET/CT and mpMRI. Nine of those were imaged using 68Ga‐PSMA‐11 as well. Out of 48 intraprostatic lesions verified on surgical pathology, IAB2M PET/CT was able to detect 36 (75%). A similar proportion of pathologically confirmed, clinically significant lesions (22/29, 76%) was detected. IAB2M PET/CT was also able to identify 14/19 (74%) extraprostatic lesions. The performance of mpMRI was inferior, with 24/48 detectable lesions (50%) and 18/29 clinically significant intraprostatic lesions (62%). Compared to the current standard (mpMRI), IAB2M PET/CT had a sensitivity of 88%, specificity 38%, positive predictive value 58%, and accuracy 63%. In 9 pts who underwent Ga‐PSMA‐11 as well, the latter yielded a detection rate of 70% (14/20), which was also seen in clinically significant lesions (10/14, 71%). Ga‐PSMA‐11 PET/CT also detected 4/6 (67%) extraprostatic lesions.

Conclusions

In this pilot study, the performance of 89Zr‐df‐IAB2M was superior to mpMRI and similar to 68Ga‐PSMA‐11 PET/CT. The higher detection rate of PSMA‐PET supports its use as a diagnostic tool with consequent management change implications in men with localized PCa.
Historical samples reveal a combined role of agriculture and public‐health applications in vector resistance to insecticides
Authors: Porretta Daniele , Mastrantonio Valentina , Lucchesi Valentina , Bellini Romeo , Vontas John , Urbanelli Sandra
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Insecticide resistance is the major threat to vector control and for the prevention of vector‐borne diseases. Because almost all insecticides used against insect vectors are or have been used in agriculture, a connection between agricultural insecticide use and resistance in insect vectors has been hypothesized. However, it is challenging to find a causal link between past agricultural use of insecticides and current resistance in vector populations without historical data series. Here we investigated the relative contribution across time of agricultural and public‐health insecticide applications in selecting for diflubenzuron (DFB) resistance in Culex pipiens populations. Using DNA sequencing, we looked for DFB resistant mutations in current and historical mosquito samples, dating back to the 1980s–1990s, when DFB was used in agriculture but not yet in mosquito control.

RESULTS

In the samples collected before the introduction of DFB in vector control, we found the resistant mutation I1043M in rural regions but not any of the neighboring urban and natural areas, indicating that the selection pressure was derived by agriculture. However, after the introduction of DFB for vector control, the resistant mutations were found across all study areas showing that the initial selection from agriculture was further boosted by the selection pressure imposed by the mosquito control applications in the 2000s.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings support a combined role of agricultural and public‐health use of insecticides in vector resistance across time and call for specific actions in integrated resistance management, including increased communication between agriculture and health practitioners. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Dynamic Behavior of Polar Nanoregions in Re‐Entrant Relaxor 0.6Bi(Mg1/2Ti1/2)O3–0.4PbTiO3
Authors: Chen Kaiyuan , Zhang Qi , Liu Jia , Wang Jie , Lan Zhencheng , Fang Liang , Hu Changzheng , Luo Nengneng , Peng Biaolin , Long Changbai , Wang Dawei , Liu Laijun
Published: January 2022

The existence of polar nanoregions (PNRs) is the most important characteristic of ferroelectric relaxors; however, the size determination and the dynamic of PNRs remain uncertain. Herein, it is revealed that a re‐entrant relaxor behavior and ferroelectric–paraelectric transition coexist in complex perovskite oxide 0.6Bi(Mg1/2Ti1/2)O3‐0.4PbTiO3. Two dielectric anomalies, 1) the low‐temperature re‐entrant relaxor transition and 2) the high‐temperature diffuse phase transition (DPT), are described by the phenomenological statistical model. The sizes of the two kinds of PNRs corresponding to two ferroelectric states were obtained. The dynamics of PNRs are analyzed using isothermal electrical modulus, which shows three critical temperatures associated with the DPT, the formation, and freezing of PNRs, respectively. The temperature evolution of the PNRs evolution depends on the stoichiometry of bismuth. The results provide new insights into the dynamic behavior of PNRs and the modification way of re‐entrant relaxor behavior.
Measurements on Five Characterizing Properties of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Foils
Authors: Torrisi Lorenzo , Cutroneo Mariapompea , Torrisi Alfio , Silipigni Letteria
Published: January 2022

Micrometric foils of graphene oxide are prepared in the laboratory starting from water dispersed solution of graphene oxide at low concentration. Measurements on five physical properties have been performed in the foils of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. The reduction is obtained thermally, using IR and UV laser irradiations and MeV helium ion beam irradiations at different fluence. The parameters such as the atomic composition, the mass density, the surface roughness, the wetting ability, and the electrical conductivity are investigated. This last parameter assumes different values for the pristine graphene oxide foils and for the reduced ones. Comparison of experimental measurements with the literature data and the results and discussion are presented.
Electron Irradiation Effects and Defects Analysis of the Upright Metamorphic Four‐Junction (UMM4J) Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Yanqing , Zhou Jiaming , Liu Chaoming , Qi Chunhua , Wang Tianqi , Ma Guoliang , Zhou Bin , Xiao Liyi , Huo Mingxue
Published: January 2022

Herein, 1‐MeV electron irradiation is conducted to the AlGaInP (1.89 eV)/AlInGaAs (1.45 eV)/InGaAs (1.14 eV)/Ge (0.67 eV) upright metamorphic four‐junction (UMM4J) solar cell and its upper three key subcells. Light IV (LIV), external quantum efficiency (EQE), and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements are implemented to analyze the degradation of electric properties and evolution of defects of the UMM4J solar cell. The LIV results illustrate that the short circuit current (Isc), open circuit voltage (Voc), and maximum power (Pmax) degrade as a function of the logarithmic change of the electron fluence. EQE curves confirm the excellent anti‐irradiation characteristic of the AlGaInP (1.89 eV) subcell. Three types of electron traps E1(Ec–0.16 eV), E2(Ec–0.47 eV), and E3(Ec–0.55 eV) are detected in the AlGaInP subcell. Two types of hole traps H1(Ev + 0.35 eV) and H2(Ev + 0.70 eV) are discovered in the AlInGaAs subcell and two types of hole traps H3(Ev + 0.05 eV) and H4(Ev + 0.36 eV) are observed in the InGaAs subcell. Nonionizing energy loss (NIEL) of 1‐MeV electrons in are calculated via Screened Relativist method. The defect concentrations show an approximately linear relationship with the displacement dose.
Density Functional Theory Studies on Li Metal Electrode/Garnet‐Type Li7La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolyte Interfaces for Application in All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Iwasaki Rinon , Ishida Kunihiro , Yasuda Risa , Nakano Koki , Tanibata Naoto , Takeda Hayami , Nakayama Masanobu , Watanabe Naoki
Published: January 2022

Garnet‐type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) and its analogs are considered potential candidates as solid electrolytes for all‐solid‐state Li metal batteries because their fast Li‐ion conductivity and chemical stability against Li metal anodes result in both safe and large energy densities. To date, several computational and experimental studies have been performed to obtain a more detailed understanding of the nonreactivity of garnet‐type LLZ with Li metal and related phenomena. Herein, first‐principles calculations based on the density functional theory approach are performed for Li metal/LLZ interfaces to elucidate the electronic and atomistic level aspects. It is confirmed that the valence band maximum and the conduction band minimum for the LLZ phase do not cross the Fermi level corresponding to the Li 2s band. In addition, it is found that the defect formation energies associated with both Li vacancy formation and interstitial Li formation are largely reduced. In particular, the formation energy associated with interstitial Li sites, i.e., Li+ insertion into the LLZ phase, is negative, indicating that spontaneous Li insertion is likely to proceed in the vicinity of the Li/LLZ interface. This new suggestion may help further elucidation of the reported interfacial behavior.
Building a dedicated pediatric pulmonary hypertension program: A consensus statement from the pediatric pulmonary hypertension network
Authors: Handler Stephanie S. , Varghese Nidhy P. , Rosenzweig Erika B. , Yung Delphine , Krishnan Usha , Whalen Elise , Bates Angela , Avitabile Catherine M. , Jackson Emma O. , Hirsch Russel , Fineman Jeffrey , Abman Steven H. ,   For The Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension Network (PPHNet)
Published: January 2022

Pediatric pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe, life‐threatening disease associated with diverse cardiac, pulmonary, and systemic disorders, which generally requires expertise from multiple disciplines for management. Unfortunately, expert centers are limited, often due to inadequate resources or unfamiliarity with needed components for success. The Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension Network (PPHNet) includes expert centers in North America specifically dedicated to advancing the field of pediatric PH through research and excellent clinical care. PPHNet member sites were queried for valuable program components and these findings were discussed for consensus. Here we provide a collective overview of key elements of an optimal pediatric PH program: team composition, access to services, and commitment to education. It is our intention that this document will assist newer and/or smaller programs identify avenues and resources for growth and provide avenues for collaboration.
Rapid screening procedures for a variety of complex forensic samples using laser diode thermal desorption (LDTD) coupled to different mass spectrometers
Authors: Jagerdeo Eshwar , Auger Serge
Published: January 2022

Rationale

The applications shared in this paper demonstrate the wide variety of samples that can be analyzed when Laser Diode Thermal Desorption (LDTD) is interfaced with a high‐resolution mass spectrometer and show the speed at which high quality data can be generated from complex matrices.

Methods

Samples are solvent extracted and spotted in a 96‐well plate. In the case of biological fluids, hydrolysis followed by solid‐phase extraction is required. The solvent in the 96‐well plate is evaporated followed by mass spectrometric (MS) analysis with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Where applicable, the instrument is operated in data‐dependent mode, with a full‐scan mass spectrum followed by MS/MS spectra of the top 10 ions with a total runtime of 0.4 min.

Results

Four applications (MAAQ and Tear Gas, twelve rodenticides, seven explosives, and 40 drugs of abuse) are reported in this paper. MAAQ, tear gas, and rodenticides were identified by full‐scan, followed by MS/MS experiments at levels of 125 μg/L, 125 μg/L, and 500 μg/L, respectively. Explosives were all identified at 102 μg/L by full‐scan experiments. The drugs of abuse were identified by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiments at defined cutoff levels from 2 to 1000 μg/L.

Conclusions

Interfacing LDTD with a mass spectrometer allows for rapid screening of a wide range of samples, with either minimal or complex sample preparation. Using a high‐resolution mass spectrometer with the combination to perform full‐scan and MS/MS experiments adds a high level of specificity.
Time‐varying group formation‐tracking control for general linear multi‐agent systems with switching topologies and unknown input
Authors: Lu Yizhou , Dong Xiwang , Li Qingdong , Lv Jinhu , Ren Zhang
Published: January 2022

Time‐varying group formation tracking problems for general linear multi‐agent systems with unknown control input and switching topologies are studied. There are two kinds of agents, leaders and followers. Leaders with unknown control input can generate unpredictable and maneuverable trajectories. Followers accomplish macroscopic moving guided by single or multiple leaders of respective subgroups and keep desired time‐varying sub‐formations simultaneously. Agents are assigned in groups and interactions within or between groups both exist owning to the design of Laplacian matrix. First, the time‐varying group formation tracking problem is described and group division is analyzed through adjustment of properties in Laplacian matrix. Then the control protocols based on neighboring interaction relationships are introduced. Influence of unknown control input from leaders can be handled and information is delivered effectively so that followers can accomplish expected formations. An algorithm is given to determine control parameters and the formation tracking feasible constraint is presented. Next the stability of the multi‐agent system with group division is proved, which means the general linear multi‐agent system can accomplish time‐varying group formation tracking with unknown control input and switch topologies under designed protocols. At last, a numerical simulation is given to verify the effectiveness of presented theoretical results.
On convergence conditions for generalized Persidskii systems
Authors: Mei Wenjie , Efimov Denis , Ushirobira Rosane , Aleksandrov Alexander
Published: January 2022

The convergence conditions for a class of generalized Persidskii systems and their discretized dynamics are introduced, which can be checked through linear (matrix) inequalities. The case of almost periodic convergence for this class of systems with almost periodic input is also studied. The proposed results are applied to a Lotka–Volterra model and opinion dynamics.