bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the importance of primary tropical forest protection as a mitigation strategy
Authors: Mackey Brendan , Kormos Cyril F. , Keith Heather , Moomaw William R. , Houghton Richard A. , Mittermeier Russell A. , Hole David , Hugh Sonia
Published: March 2020

Given the short time-frame to limit global warming, and the current emissions gap, it is critical to prioritise mitigation actions. To date, scant attention has been paid to the mitigation benefits of primary forest protection. We estimated tropical forest ecosystem carbon stocks and flows. The ecosystem carbon stock of primary tropical forests is estimated at 141–159 Pg C (billion tonnes of carbon) which is some 49–53% of all tropical forest carbon, the living biomass component of which alone is 91–103% of the remaining carbon budget to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels. Furthermore, tropical forests have ongoing sequestration rates 0.47–1.3 Pg C yr−1, equivalent to 8–13% of annual global anthropogenic CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions. We examined three main forest-based strategies used in the land sector—halting deforestation, increasing forest restoration and improving the sustainable management of production forests. The mitigation benefits of primary forest protection are contingent upon how degradation is defined and accounted for, while those from restoration also depend on how restoration is understood and applied. Through proforestation, reduced carbon stocks in secondary forests can regrow to their natural carbon carrying capacity or primary forest state. We evaluated published data from studies comparing logged and unlogged forests. On average, primary forests store around 35% more carbon. While comparisons are confounded by a range of factors, reported biomass carbon recovery rates were from 40 to 100+ years. There is a substantive portfolio of forest-based mitigation actions and interventions available to policy and decision-makers, depending on national circumstances, in addition to SFM and plantation focused approaches, that can be grouped into four main strategies: protection; proforestation, reforestation and restoration; reform of guidelines, accounting rules and default values; landscape conservation planning. Given the emissions gap, mitigation strategies that merely reduce the rate of emissions against historic or projected reference levels are insufficient. Mitigation strategies are needed that explicitly avoid emissions where possible as well as enabling ongoing sequestration.
Low-cost UAV surveys of hurricane damage in Dominica: automated processing with co-registration of pre-hurricane imagery for change analysis
Authors: Schaefer Martin , Teeuw Richard , Day Simon , Zekkos Dimitrios , Weber Paul , Meredith Toby , van Westen Cees J.
Published: March 2020

In 2017, hurricane Maria caused unprecedented damage and fatalities on the Caribbean island of Dominica. In order to ‘build back better’ and to learn from the processes causing the damage, it is important to quickly document, evaluate and map changes, both in Dominica and in other high-risk countries. This paper presents an innovative and relatively low-cost and rapid workflow for accurately quantifying geomorphological changes in the aftermath of a natural disaster. We used unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys to collect aerial imagery from 44 hurricane-affected key sites on Dominica. We processed the imagery using structure from motion (SfM) as well as a purpose-built Python script for automated processing, enabling rapid data turnaround. We also compared the data to an earlier UAV survey undertaken shortly before hurricane Maria and established ways to co-register the imagery, in order to provide accurate change detection data sets. Consequently, our approach has had to differ considerably from the previous studies that have assessed the accuracy of UAV-derived data in relatively undisturbed settings. This study therefore provides an original contribution to UAV-based research, outlining a robust aerial methodology that is potentially of great value to post-disaster damage surveys and geomorphological change analysis. Our findings can be used (1) to utilise UAV in post-disaster change assessments; (2) to establish ground control points that enable before-and-after change analysis; and (3) to provide baseline data reference points in areas that might undergo future change. We recommend that countries which are at high risk from natural disasters develop capacity for low-cost UAV surveys, building teams that can create pre-disaster baseline surveys, respond within a few hours of a local disaster event and provide aerial photography of use for the damage assessments carried out by local and incoming disaster response teams.
The Diplomatic Teacher: The Purpose of the Teacher in Gert Biesta’s Philosophy of Education in Dialogue with the Political Philosophy of Bruno Latour
Authors: Portin Fredrik
Published: March 2020

In this theoretical and explorative essay, two issues are discussed, which are based on personal experiences of teaching ethics. The first is what educational purpose does it serve to challenge students as ethical subjects while teaching a class? This issue is mainly discussed through an analysis of Gert Biesta’s works. He argues that an essential purpose for teachers is to enable students to appear as subjects. For this to happen, the teacher must “interrupt” the students by presenting that which challenges his or her basic ethical preconceptions, which in turn forces the student to choose as a subject. However, if the teacher gives priority to such interruptions, s/he risks a conflict with his or her students. That gives rise to the second issue raised in the essay, whether the teacher should express his or her ethical perspectives while teaching ethics. The issue is discussed by analyzing Bruno Latour’s political philosophy. He argues that conflict is an essential feature in any democratic society where everyone’s concerns are presented. For that reason, he argues for the need of public “diplomats,” whose function is to enable an endeavor for peace. As diplomats, both their ethical agency and ability to judge what is worth highlighting is recognized. Thus, the essay concludes that a diplomatic teacher is someone who has the judgement to decide whether his or her ethical perspectives should be highlighted while teaching a class, or if it would disrupt an endeavor for peace.
Studying in the Superdiverse City: System_D and the Challenge of Solidarity in Brussels
Authors: Schildermans Hans , Vandenabeele Joke , Vlieghe Joris , Zamojski Piotr
Published: March 2020

In recent years, the relation between studying and learning has been a topic of debate. This article is mainly interested in a concept of study practices, conceived of as practices that are strongly engaged with issues of living together in a superdiverse city. Such practices firstly require to think the relation between studying and learning in other-than-oppositional terms, and secondly, to raise questions concerning the political role of education. The aim of the article is double in that it wants to further elaborate the concept of study practices in relation to a concrete practice on the one hand, and, on the other, that it has the objective to rethink in educational terms the notion of solidarity—deeply entwined with matters of living together in superdiversity. These aims are pursued based on an analysis of the study practice of System_D, a film festival in the disadvantaged neighborhoods of Brussels, drawing on the work of Isabelle Stengers and Donna Haraway.
Standing up for the victim or supporting the bully? Bystander responses and their associations with moral disengagement, defender self-efficacy, and collective efficacy
Authors: Thornberg Robert , Wänström Linda , Elmelid Rasmus , Johansson Alexandra , Mellander Emelie
Published: March 2020

The aim of the current study was to examine whether moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy at individual level and collective efficacy to stop peer aggression at classroom level were associated with defending and reinforcing in school bullying situations in late childhood. Self-reported survey data were collected from 1060 Swedish students from 70 classrooms in 29 schools. Multilevel analysis found that greater defender self-efficacy at individual level and collective efficacy to stop peer aggression at classroom level were associated with greater defending. We also found that greater moral disengagement and less (but very weakly) defender self-efficacy at individual level and less collective efficacy to stop peer aggression at classroom level were associated with greater reinforcing. The positive relationship between moral disengagement and reinforcing and the negative relationship between defender self-efficacy and reinforcing were less strong in classroom high in collective efficacy to stop aggression.
Are cities hotspots for bees? Local and regional diversity patterns lead to different conclusions
Authors: Banaszak-Cibicka Weronika , Żmihorski Michał
Published: March 2020

With the decline of natural habitats, there is an ongoing debate about the importance of the urban environment for pollinating insects. Our research assessed patterns in wild bee species composition, as well as α-, β- and γ-diversity patterns and the nestedness structure in urban, suburban and rural areas. For three years bees were collected along 18 sampling transects in the Poznań area in western Poland. The average species diversity (α-diversity) and the average number of specimens per sample (local abundance) did not differ significantly between the three classes of urbanization. The rarefaction analysis, however, was partly contradictory to the results recorded on the local scale. The highest dissimilarity in the species composition among the samples was observed in the rural areas, while the lowest (more homogenous) was in the urban areas. The differences were significant. This resulted in the highest γ-diversity (cumulative number of species) in the rural areas and the lowest in the urban areas. Furthermore, the bee community in the habitats studied was significantly nested, indicating that species-poor sites (sites with high rank) constituted subsets of species-rich sites (sites with low rank) and that this pattern was not random. Samples collected in urban areas had a significantly higher nestedness rank compared to samples from the other two classes of urbanization, thus suggesting that the urban bee community is a subset of the rural bee community. This is an important conclusion, which emphasises that different components of species diversity need to be screened to identify the real biological impact of urbanisation on bee communities.
Rare earth oxide tracking coupled with 3D soil surface modelling: an opportunity to study small-scale soil redistribution
Authors: Szabó Judit Alexandra , Király Csilla , Karlik Máté , Tóth Adrienn , Szalai Zoltán , Jakab Gergely
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Small-scale runoff and soil redistribution processes are important factors in rainfall simulation studies. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to examine the feasibility of rare earth oxide (REO) tracking combined with 3D surface modelling and soil crust analysis by scanning electron microscopy.

Materials and methods

Four 40 mmh−1rainfall simulations (divided into two blocks) were conducted on a Luvisol sample at 9% slope steepness. In a block, two successive simulations were run on a tilled, and then, on a crusted surface. Before the first rainfall simulation of a block, the tilled surface was prepared by hoeing and application of four REO tracers (Pr6O11Sm2O3, Ho2O3and Yb2O3) to the freshly tilled surface. REOs divided the parcel into two back, and two front sub-parcels. The REO runoff content was measured by XRF, while the redistributed REOs were measured by SEM on polished crust samples taken after the second experiment in each block. Additionally, before and after 3D models of the surface were created for determining runoff direction and redistribution pattern.

Results and discussion

According to the REO content of the soil loss samples, the soil washed down from the front sub-parcels, while back parcels started contributing to soil loss only during the second block experiments. The surface microtopography changed between the experiments. The runoff path from the back sub-parcels headed to one side of the parcel. This strong, cross-side runoff pattern explained the lack of the back sub-parcel REOs in the soil loss. Meanwhile, in the crust samples, several forms of the redistribution were identified. The REOs of the back sub-parcels were found in the samples that were collected in runoff paths, and the leaching pattern became traceable with REOs. Moreover, we were able to reconstruct the original surface easily on SEM images.

Conclusions

Small-scale redistribution and the role of the microtopography of the surface should be considered as an erosional factor in erosion studies in a more detailed way. Behaviour of the REO as a soil sediment tracer has great potential, although questions remain. REO tracing applied with runoff direction modelling and SEM analysis of soil crust samples was suitable to monitor the runoff path, and explain the soil redistribution pattern horizontally and vertically.
Protein Phosphatase 2A as a Drug Target in the Treatment of Cancer and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Wei Hui , Zhang Hui-liang , Xie Jia-zhao , Meng Dong-li , Wang Xiao-chuan , Ke Dan , Zeng Ji , Liu Rong
Published: March 2020

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase which participates in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. As a confirmed tumor suppressor, PP2A activity is downregulated in tumors and its re-activation can induce apoptosis of cancer cells. In the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, decreased PP2A activity also plays a key role in promoting tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ generation. In this review, we discussed compounds aiming at modulating PP2A activity in the treatment of cancer or AD. The upstream factors that inactivate PP2A in diseases have not been fully elucidated and further studies are needed. It will help for the refinement and development of novel and clinically tractable PP2A-targeted compounds or therapies for the treatment of tumor and AD.
Two-Phase Flow in Porous Electrodes of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Jiao Daokuan , Jiao Kui , Du Qing
Published: March 2020

Water management in porous electrodes bears significance due to its strong potential in determining the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. In terms of porous electrodes, internal water distribution and removal process have extensively attracted attention in both experimental and numerical studies. However, the structural difference among the catalyst layer (CL), microporous layer (MPL), and gas diffusion layer (GDL) leads to significant challenges in studying the two-phase flow behavior. Given the different porosities and pore scales of the CL, MPL, and GDL, the model scales in simulating each component are inconsistent. This review emphasizes the numerical simulation related to porous electrodes in the water transport process and evaluates the effectiveness and weakness of the conventional methods used during the investigation. The limitations of existing models include the following: (i) The reconstruction of geometric models is difficult to achieve when using the real characteristics of the components; (ii) the computational domain size is limited due to massive computational loads in three-dimensional (3D) simulations; (iii) numerical associations among 3D models are lacking because of the separate studies for each component; (iv) the effects of vapor condensation and heat transfer on the two-phase flow are disregarded; (v) compressive deformation during assembly and vibration in road conditions should be considered in two-phase flow studies given the real operating conditions. Therefore, this review is aimed at critical research gaps which need further investigation. Insightful potential research directions are also suggested for future improvements.
Comparison of biomass estimates from multiple stratification approaches in a swept area method for Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the western North Pacific
Authors: Hashimoto Midori , Kidokoro Hideaki , Suyama Satoshi , Fuji Taiki , Miyamoto Hiroomi , Naya Miyako , Vijai Dharmamony , Ueno Yasuhiro , Kitakado Toshihide
Published: March 2020

Fishery-independent surveys using sea surface trawl nets for Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the western North Pacific since 2003 have enabled the investigation of their annual distribution patterns and total biomass during June and July, prior to the main fishing season in Japan. We compared biomass estimates and their associated variances derived based on five different post-stratification approaches in a swept area method, and then observed that these approaches have little effect on biomass estimates and their precision, owing to well-organized survey designs and homogeneously allocated sampling stations. We were able to utilize decreasing biomass estimates for 15 years as an essential abundance index in the ongoing stock assessment. Notably, examination based on stratification along with longitudinal survey lines indicated that the estimated biomass had decreased in the western survey area, resulting in an eastward shift in the gravity center of Pacific saury distribution after 2010. We recommend biomass estimation in an east–west direction based on longitudinal stratification as an effective measure to develop population dynamics models which reflect westward migration into the fishing grounds around Japanese coastal waters, and to forecast the expected catch during the subsequent fishing period.
Impact of dedicated hemostasis device for distal radial arterial access with an adequate hemostasis protocol on radial arterial observation by ultrasound
Authors: Kawamura Yota , Yoshimachi Fuminobu , Nakamura Norihito , Yamamoto Yoshiya , Kudo Takeaki , Ikari Yuji
Published: March 2020

There is no established hemostasis method or protocol for the transdistal radial approach. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether “the PreludeSYNC DISTAL” radial compression device (PSD; Merit Medical Systems, Inc., South Jordan, UT) can effectively prevent distal radial artery (dRA) occlusion following catheterization procedures. This retrospective study analyzed patients who underwent hemostasis using the PSD from January 1, 2019, to March 31, 2019. The primary endpoint was occlusion or excessive stenosis of the radial artery (RA) 1 month after catheterization. Pulsatile blood flow and vessel diameters of the dRA and forearm RA (fRA) were measured using vascular ultrasound before and 1 month after catheterization to determine arterial damage. Secondary endpoints were achievement of hemostasis, bleeding, hematoma, aneurysm, neurological abnormality, and functional disturbance of the fingers or hand. Fifty patients (mean age, 70.9 ± 10.7 years; male, 72.0%) were enrolled in this study. Complete hemostasis was achieved in all cases. Total hemostasis time was 161 ± 45 min. No procedure-associated complications were noted. Pulsations of the dRA and fRA were maintained at 1 month. No functional disturbance or neurological abnormality was observed. Vessel diameters of the dRA and fRA were not significantly different before and 1 month after catheterization. No dissection, pseudoaneurysm, or occlusion/stenosis was observed on ultrasound. Distal radial access with a unique device and protocol effectively achieved hemostasis and prevented injury and occlusion of the dRA and fRA.
Exploration and production practice of oil sands in Fengcheng oilfield of Junggar Basin, China
Authors: Huang Wenhua , Wang Xiaojun , Sun Xinge , Xie Zongrui , Zhou Boyu , Xiong Weili , Zhou Haiyan
Published: March 2020

Oil sands are characterized by shallow burial and extremely high viscosity, whose exploration technologies and production methods are quite different from that of conventional oil and gas. Oil sands with the largest reserve scale and best quality in China are developed in Fengcheng area of Junggar Basin. This paper presents the forming conditions and enrichment rules of oil sands in Fengcheng area. The dividing standards for effective thickness of oil sands are established with exploration technologies like high-density drilling, whole well section coring and the method of weight percentage of bitumen. The geologic reserves of oil sands are calculated with the method of weight percentage of bitumen. Open-pit mining practices and SAGD double horizontal well development tests are carried out, and good effects are obtained in SAGD production. At present, Fengcheng oil sands have been developed on a large scale with SAGD technology.
Stress magnification factor for angular misalignment between plates with welding-induced curvature
Authors: Mancini Federica , Remes Heikki , Romanoff Jani , Reinaldo Goncalves Bruno
Published: March 2020

The construction of lightweight structures poses new design challenges as a result of the different mechanics of deformation experienced by thinner-plated structures. Because of a reduced bending stiffness, thin plates are particularly sensitive to welding-induced distortions, which include a curvature, in addition to the axial and global angular misalignment observed on thick plates. The curvature shape and amplitude determine a local angular misalignment at the welded joint, which causes non-negligible secondary bending effects. Therefore, the commonly used stress magnification factors km solution for flat plates need a further development to include the curvature effect. This study proposes new analytical formulations, which extend the applicability of the existing solutions to the assessment of the structural stress of a curved thin plate under an axial load. The improved formulations are consistent with the geometrical non-linear finite element analysis under compression (up to $\sim 80$∼80% of the buckling limit) and tension (up to the yield strength). A sensitivity analysis is presented in order to show the dominant role of the curvature effect in the estimation of the km factor. Regardless of the load applied, the presence of the curvature causes a flat plate solution inaccuracy greater than 10% when the local angular misalignment is more than 1.25 times higher than the global angular misalignment in the case of a thin and slender structure.
Correction to: Ubrogepant: First Approval
Authors: Scott Lesley J.
Published: March 2020

The article Ubrogepant: First Approval, written by Lesley J. Scott, was originally published published Online First without Open Access. After publication online Allergan Sales, LLC requested that the article be Open Choice to make the article an open access publication. Post-publication open access was funded by Allergan Sales, LLC. The article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made.
The freedom trap: digital nomads and the use of disciplining practices to manage work/leisure boundaries
Authors: Cook Dave
Published: March 2020

The digital nomad idea of freedom is often a generalised and subjective notion of freedom that imagines a lifestyle and future where the tensions between work and leisure melt away. This paper finds that in practice, digital nomadism is not always experienced as autonomous and free but is a way of living that requires high levels of discipline and self-discipline. The research suggests that digital nomads often overlook the role of disciplining practices when first starting out, and do not foresee how working in sites of leisure and tourism might make managing a balance between work and non-work problematic. Longitudinal ethnographic fieldwork examines the extent of these disciplining practices and reveals that they are utilised to keep work and leisure time separate.
Contraception in chronic kidney disease: a best practice position statement by the Kidney and Pregnancy Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology
Authors: Attini Rossella , Cabiddu Gianfranca , Montersino Benedetta , Gammaro Linda , Gernone Giuseppe , Moroni Gabriella , Santoro Domenico , Spotti Donatella , Masturzo Bianca , Gazzani Isabella Bianca , Menato Guido , Donvito Valentina , Paoletti Anna Maria , Piccoli Giorgina Barbara
Published: March 2020

Even though fertility is reduced, conception and delivery are possible in all stages of CKD. While successful planned pregnancies are increasing, an unwanted pregnancy may have long-lasting deleterious effects, hence the importance of birth control, an issue often disregarded in clinical practice. The evidence summarized in this position statement is mainly derived from the overall population, or other patient categories, in the lack of guidelines specifically addressed to CKD. Oestroprogestagents can be used in early, non-proteinuric CKD, excluding SLE and immunologic disorders, at high risk of thromboembolism and hypertension. Conversely, progestin only is generally safe and its main side effect is intramestrual spotting. Non-medicated intrauterine devices are a good alternative; their use needs to be carefully evaluated in patients at a high risk of pelvic infection, even though the degree of risk remains controversial. Barrier methods, relatively efficacious when correctly used, have few risks, and condoms are the only contraceptives that protect against sexually transmitted diseases. Surgical sterilization is rarely used also because of the risks surgery involves; it is not definitely contraindicated, and may be considered in selected cases. Emergency contraception with high-dose progestins or intrauterine devices is not contraindicated but should be avoided whenever possible, even if far preferable to abortion. Surgical abortion is invasive, but experience with medical abortion in CKD is still limited, especially in the late stages of the disease. In summary, personalized contraception is feasible, safe and should be offered to all CKD women of childbearing age who do not want to get pregnant.
Assessing the safety of autologous stem cell transplant pathway via ambulatory care for patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Yip Hao Meng , Yong Kwee , De-Silva Dunnya , Rabin Neil
Published: March 2020

High-dose chemotherapy (HDT) with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is the standard of care for eligible multiple myeloma (MM) patients with improved progression-free and overall survival. We reviewed the ambulatory care unit pathway for MM patients who underwent HDT/ASCT in a tertiary hospital to assess safety efficacy and outcomes. We concluded that the ambulatory care model offered for MM patients undergoing HDT/ASCT is a safe alternative pathway and highlighted further improvements.
Smart materials hold a lot of promise
Authors: Smye Ben
Published: March 2020

If there’s one word that synonymises the advancements of the twenty-first century, it has to be “smart”. This trend for smarter technologies extends beyond electronic devices and into the materials that create them. In materials science, smart materials have been a fascinating field of study for decades, and it’s one that continues to grow in popularity among design engineers. Here, Ben Smye, Head of Growth at materials database Matmatch, explores some key technologies, materials and applications at the heart of the smart material boom.
WEIGHTED COMONOTONIC RISK SHARING UNDER HETEROGENEOUS BELIEFS
Authors: Liu Haiyan
Published: March 2020

We study a weighted comonotonic risk-sharing problem among multiple agents with distortion risk measures under heterogeneous beliefs. The explicit forms of optimal allocations are obtained, which are Pareto-optimal. A necessary and sufficient condition is given to ensure the uniqueness of the optimal allocation, and sufficient conditions are given to obtain an optimal allocation of the form of excess of loss or full insurance. The optimal allocation may satisfy individual rationality depending on the choice of the weight. When the distortion risk measure is value at risk or tail value at risk, an optimal allocation is generally of the excess-of-loss form. The numerical examples suggest that a risk is more likely to be shared among agents with heterogeneous beliefs, and the introduction of the weight enables us to prioritize some agents as part of a group sharing a risk.
Refugees, Foreign Nationals, andWageni: Comparing African Responses to Somali Migration
Authors: Whitaker Beth Elise
Published: March 2020

Host governments have responded to the migration of Somali refugees throughout Africa in recent decades in different ways. Kenyan policymakers have treated Somalis primarily as a security threat, imposing restrictions on them that especially target this group. In South Africa, where economic and political competition fuel xenophobia, Somalis are part of a larger foreign national population that is seen as having disproportionate economic influence. However, Somali Bantus have been welcomed in Tanzania, which granted them citizenship even as it limited the mobility and activities of other refugees. A comparative analysis suggests that the relative balance among security, economic, political, and normative considerations shapes the extent and scope of host government policies.
Navigating Patchwork Governance: Somalis in Kenya, National Security, and Refugee Resettlement
Authors: Balakian Sophia
Published: March 2020

Refugee resettlement is accomplished through the intersecting administration of state and non-state actors with competing claims and interests. These competing claims are caught between humanitarian imperatives to rescue the most vulnerable refugees on one hand and security demands to protect national borders from those deemed undesirable and undeserving on the other. Based on ethnographic research with Somali refugees in Nairobi from 2013 to 2015, Balakian examines the ways in which refugees maneuver through an unsynchronized assemblage of institutions to which they are subject; she brings this assemblage into relief through ethnographic accounts of Somali refugees as they attempt to navigate the resettlement system and are simultaneously caught in Kenya’s 2014 anti-refugee security operations. Based on this case, the research demonstrates that being subject to multiple, competing governing bodies is central to the condition of statelessness in twenty-first century Africa.
Agency of Somali Migrant Women in Nairobi and Johannesburg: Negotiating Religious and Cultural Identifications in Diasporic Spaces
Authors: Ripero-Muñiz Nereida
Published: March 2020

An ethnographic analysis of two interconnected cities for the Somali diaspora—Nairobi and Johannesburg—helps to uncover alternative narratives about the lives of Somali women and the ways they renegotiate their cultural and religious identities in diasporic contexts, moving beyond the widespread representation of Somali women in the global imagination as helpless victims. Using the domains of marriage and female circumcision, Ripero-Muñiz analyzes how these women exercise their agency while at the same time negotiating the cultural and religious practices of their community. By focusing on the ways in which Somali women re-negotiate their identities, this article helps to locate the agency of women in refugee and migrant communities in sub-Saharan Africa.
Disciplining Member States: EU Loyalty in External Relations
Authors: ECKES Christina
Published: March 2020

This Article argues that the cooperation obligations of the Member States under EU law are best understood as forming part of an overall duty of EU loyalty and elaborates on the consequences of framing it in this way. EU loyalty legally requires Member States to make the common EU interest their own. The Article further demonstrates that EU loyalty is more relevant and more stringently applied in EU external relations than within the EU legal order. Loyalty obligations of the Member States reach into the future, extend to hypothetical situations, and are at a comparatively high level of abstraction aimed to protect the Union's ability to act effectively on the international plane. This limits Member States’ margin of manoeuvre, including when they take unilateral external action within the realm of their retained national competences. The Article explains that this may be functionally justified by the high stakes of non-concerted external action. However, and in particular with the EU's increased external powers and the ever-growing relevance of international cooperation, the stringent application of cooperation requirements should be (better) explicated and justified.
PERIODIC TWISTS OF -AUTOMORPHIC FORMS
Authors: KOWALSKI EMMANUEL , LIN YONGXIAO , MICHEL PHILIPPE , SAWIN WILL
Published: March 2020

We prove that sums of length about

$q^{3/2}$

of Hecke eigenvalues of automorphic forms on 

$\operatorname{SL}_{3}(\mathbf{Z})$

do not correlate with

$q$

-periodic functions with bounded Fourier transform. This generalizes the earlier results of Munshi and Holowinsky–Nelson, corresponding to multiplicative Dirichlet characters, and applies, in particular, to trace functions of small conductor modulo primes.
Trial Chamber Case 002/02 Against Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan (Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia)
Authors: Yang Suhong
Published: March 2020

On November 16, 2018, the Trial Chamber of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) rendered the judgment in Case 002/02 against Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan. The full written version of the judgment was notified in Khmer, English, and French on March 28, 2019. The Chamber found Nuon and Khieu guilty of crimes against humanity, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, and genocide of the Vietnamese ethnic, national, and racial group. The Chamber additionally convicted Nuon of genocide of the Cham ethnic and religious group under the doctrine of superior responsibility. Both Nuon and Khieu were sentenced to life imprisonment.
Origin and tectonic significance of the metavolcanic rocks and mafic enclaves from the Palaeoproterozoic Birimian Terrane, SE West African Craton, Ghana
Authors: Sakyi Patrick Asamoah , Su Ben-Xun , Manu Johnson , Kwayisi Daniel , Anani Chris Y. , Alemayehu Melesse , Malaviarachchi Sanjeewa P.K. , Nude Prosper M. , Su Ben-Can
Published: March 2020

The Palaeoproterozoic Birimian Supergroup of the West African Craton (WAC) consists of volcanic belts composed predominantly of basaltic and andesitic rocks and intervening sedimentary basins composed predominantly of wackes and argillites. Mafic metavolcanic rocks and granitoid-hosted enclaves from the Palaeoproterozoic Lawra Belt of Ghana were analysed for geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic data to constrain the geological evolution of the southeastern part of the WAC. The metavolcanic rocks display mainly tholeiitic signatures, whereas the enclaves show calc-alkaline signatures. The high SiO2 contents (48.6–68.9 wt%) of the enclaves are suggestive of their evolved character. The high Th/Yb values of the samples relative to that of the mantle array may indicate derivation of their respective magmas from subduction-modified source(s). The rocks show positive εNd values of +0.79 to +2.86 (metavolcanic rocks) and +0.79 to +1.82 (enclaves). These signatures and their Nd model ages (TDM2) of 2.31–2.47 Ga (metavolcanic rocks) and 2.39–2.47 Ga (enclaves) suggest they were probably derived from juvenile mantle-derived protoliths, with possible input of subducted pre-Birimian (Archean?) rocks in their source(s). Their positive Ba–Th and negative Nb–Ta, Zr–Hf and Ti anomalies may indicate their formation through subduction-related magmatism consistent with an arc setting. We propose that the metavolcanic rocks and enclaves from the Lawra Belt formed in a similar island-arc setting. We infer that the granitoids developed through variable degrees of mixing/mingling between basic magma and granitic melt during subduction, when blobs of basic to intermediate parental magma became trapped in the granitic magma to form the enclaves.
WILD RAMIFICATION IN TRINOMIAL EXTENSIONS AND GALOIS GROUPS
Authors: BENSEBAA BOUALEM , MOVAHHEDI ABBAS , SALINIER ALAIN
Published: March 2020

It is proven that, for a wide range of integers s (2 < s < p − 2), the existence of a single wildly ramified odd prime l ≠ p leads to either the alternating group or the full symmetric group as Galois group of any irreducible trinomial Xp + aXs + b of prime degree p.
Gender and Age in Funerary Practices in the Ceramic Periods in Central Chile
Authors: Sanhueza Lorena
Published: March 2020

The Ceramic Periods in central Chile are a scenario of major changes in mobility and subsistence systems, associated with the incorporation of cultigens as the basis of subsistence. In this paper, we present a study of the funerary contexts of the Ceramic Periods in central Chile in order to assess whether in this scenario, generally considered very significant in the low-scale societies studied here, gender categories were constructed or signified, and how this changed over time. The results of the analysis suggest that gender categorization was not always important in this scenario. Among Llolleo groups, the offerings associated with females and children suggest their relation with production spheres; in Bato groups, on the other hand, age categories seem to be more important. In the Late Intermediate Period, it is the collective aspect that appears to be stressed in the funerary contexts.
Who Makes a Compromise? Adopting Pledges in Czech Coalition Agreements
Authors: Vodová Petra
Published: March 2020

Translating party pledges into coalition agreements is a crucial goal of after-election coalition negotiations. Full adoption is the best result for the bargaining party, while limited adoption is a kind of compromise forced by coalition partners, and non-adoption can be seen as a defeat. The question of what undermines the compromise and defeat in coalition agreements is, however, rarely answered. This article formulates hypotheses concerning the effect of consensual pledges among coalition parties, and party and voter-issue salience on parties’ ability to adopt their pledges and adopt them fully or partially. The effect of party level characteristics is considered. The analysis is provided on a new dataset of narrow Czech coalition party pledges in three governments established after elections in 2006, 2010 and 2013. Multinomial logit regression is used for the statistical analysis.
How citizens evaluate participatory processes: a conjoint analysis
Authors: Christensen Henrik Serup
Published: March 2020

This study examines how characteristics of participatory processes affect citizens’ evaluations of such processes and thereby establish what kind of participatory process citizens demand. The literature on democratic innovations has proposed different criteria for evaluating participatory innovations. What remains unclear, however, is how citizens evaluate these participatory mechanisms. This is here examined in a conjoint analysis embedded in a representative survey of the Finnish population (n= 1050). The conjoint analysis examines the impact of inclusiveness, popular control, considered judgment, transparency, efficiency, and transferability on citizens’ evaluations of participatory processes. Furthermore, it is examined whether the evaluations differ by the policy issues and process preferences of the respondents. The results show that people want transparent participatory processes with face-to-face interaction among participants and expert advice to deal with complicated issues. The participatory processes should also be advisory and should not include too many meetings. These effects appear to be uniform across policy issues and do not depend on the process preferences of citizens.
Incidence and general hospital costs of self-harm across England: estimates based on the multicentre study of self-harm
Authors: Tsiachristas Apostolos , Geulayov Galit , Casey Deborah , Ness Jennifer , Waters Keith , Clements Caroline , Kapur Nav , McDaid David , Brand Fiona , Hawton Keith
Published: March 2020

Aims

The aim of this study was to estimate incidence of self-harm presentations to hospitals and their associated hospital costs across England.

Methods

We used individual patient data from the Multicentre Study of Self-harm in England of all self-harm presentations to the emergency departments of five general hospitals in Oxford, Manchester and Derby in 2013. We also obtained cost data for each self-harm presentation from the hospitals in Oxford and Derby, as well as population and geographical estimates from the Office for National Statistics. First, we estimated the rate of self-harm presentations by age and gender in the Multicentre Study and multiplied this with the respective populations to estimate the number of self-harm presentations by age and gender for each local Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) area in England. Second, we performed a regression analysis on the cost data from Oxford and Derby to predict the hospital costs of self-harm in Manchester by age, gender, receipt of psychosocial assessment, hospital admission and type of self-harm. Third, the mean hospital cost per age year and gender were combined with the respective number of self-harm presentations to estimate the total hospital costs for each CCG in England. Sensitivity analysis was performed to address uncertainty in the results due to the extrapolation of self-harm incidence and cost from the Multicentre Study to England.

Results

There were 228 075 estimated self-harm presentations (61% were female) by 159 857 patients in 2013 in England. The largest proportions of self-harm presentations were in the age group 40–49 years (30%) for men and 19–29 years (28%) for women. Associated hospital costs were approximately £128.6 (95% CI 117.8−140.9) million in 2013. The estimated incidence of self-harm and associated hospital costs were lower in the majority of English coastal areas compared to inland regions but the highest costs were in Greater London. Costs were also higher in more socio-economically deprived areas of the country compared with areas that are more affluent. The sensitivity analyses provided similar results.

Conclusions

The results of this study highlight the extent, hospital costs and distribution of self-harm presentations to hospitals in England and identify potential sub-populations that might benefit from targeted actions to help prevent self-harm and assist those who have self-harmed. They can support national as well as local health stakeholders in allocating funds and prioritising interventions in areas with the greatest need for preventing and managing self-harm.
In Water‐Limited Landscapes, an Anthropocene Exchange: Trading Lakes for Irrigated Agriculture
Authors: Wine Michael L. , Laronne Jonathan B.
Published: March 2020

Lakes—quintessential features of Earth's surface prized from perspectives of water security, aquatic ecosystems, and recreation alike—are shrinking in water‐limited regions of all of Earth's inhabited continents. Here we assessed Landsat‐derived long‐term decrease in global lake area relative to historical lake extent aiming to determine the role of recent Anthropocene levels of irrigated agriculture in the global phenomenon of lake desiccation. As of 2015, 11% (1.8 · 105km2) of global lake area has already been lost, primarily due to increased water consumption in support of irrigated agriculture in endorheic basins within water‐limited regions. However, current levels of irrigated agriculture portend substantial additional shrinkage of global lakes before reaching new equilibria with present‐day inflows, with an additional 60–130% increase in endorheic lake loss anticipated. The time required for shrinking lakes to attain new equilibria ranges from decades to centuries depending on lake hyposometry. Even a small decrease in lake area can portend lake transition from exorheic to endorheic and dramatic reductions in water quality. Thus, lake area changes severely understate the perilous condition of global lakes. The watershed area contributing to shrinking (endorheic and exorheic) lakes accounts for 18% of Earth's land area, far too large for the irrigated agriculture therein to be transferred elsewhere in order to save these lakes, though continued developments in the efficiency of water consumption in agriculture and urban areas can save significant quantities of water. This suggests that global lake shrinkage may be a harbinger signaling mankind having exceeded Earth's sustainable carrying capacity.
Predicting Imminence of Analog Megathrust Earthquakes With Machine Learning: Implications for Monitoring Subduction Zones
Authors: Corbi F. , Bedford J. , Sandri L. , Funiciello F. , Gualandi A. , Rosenau M.
Published: March 2020

Subduction zones are monitored using space geodesy with increasing resolution, with the aim of better capturing the deformation accompanying the seismic cycle. Here, we investigate data characteristics that maximize the performance of a machine learning binary classifier predicting slip‐event imminence. We overcome the scarcity of recorded instances from real subduction zones using data from a seismotectonic analog model monitored with a spatially dense, continuously recording onshore geodetic network. We show that a 70–85 km‐wide coastal swath recording interseismic deformation gives the most important information on slip imminence. Prediction performances are mainly influenced by the alarm duration (amount of time that we consider an event as imminent), with density of stations and record length playing a secondary role. The techniques developed in this study are most likely applicable in regions of slow earthquakes, where stick‐slip‐like failures occur at time intervals of months to years.
Distinct Orogenic Processes in the South‐ and North‐Central Tien Shan From Receiver Functions
Authors: Zhang Bingfeng , Bao Xuewei , Xu Yixian
Published: March 2020

Uplifting mechanisms for the Tien Shan, an active intracontinental orogenic belt, have been under debate for decades, a key issue being how the convergence has been accommodated at depth. Here we investigate the Moho structure across the Central Tien Shan by common‐conversion‐point imaging and H‐k‐c stacking of receiver functions from a dense array. The observed Moho exhibits distinct characteristics among subblocks. A southward‐dipping diffuse Moho is imaged in the South‐Central Tien Shan (SCTS), in contrast with the relatively flat and sharp Moho beneath the Tarim Basin. This feature along with the large Moho offset beneath the South‐Boundary Fault suggests that the shortening and thickening of the Tien Shan crust rather than the underthrusting of the Tarim Basin are responsible for the uplift of the SCTS. In the North‐Central Tien Shan, however, the imaged Moho doublet provides direct evidence for the underthrusting of the Kazakh Shield accommodating the convergence there.