bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cross-sectional study to estimate the knowledge and practices regarding transfats among Panjab University students, Chandigarh
Authors: Singh Kunal , Nandha Ruchika , Prashar Savita
Published: December 2022

Background: Transfats also infamous as ugly fat is unsaturated fat which is formed in industries by hydrogenation of monosaturated fat by thermal processing etc. to make cheaper plant fat look like animal fat. Various organizations like FSSAI have given guidelines on transfats. WHO has committed to removing industrially produced transfats by 2023.Objectives of current study were to estimate the knowledge and practices about transfats among university students and do a comparative analysis of knowledge and practices about transfats among different groups of university students.Methods: The study was conducted at Panjab university. Total N=362. Data were analyzed and comparison was done on basis of gender, educational level, place of stay, and family income.Results: 72% students had knowledge regarding transfats, males (73%) had more knowledge than females (70%) (r=-0.09, p<0.05). Hostellers (85%) had more knowledge than day scholars (75%) and students staying in rented accommodation (60%) regarding transfats (r=-0.015, p<0.05), 58% students had good practices while remaining 42% lack good practices regarding transfats, students in rented accommodation (64%) had better practices than day scholars (32%) and hostellers (43%) regarding transfats (r=0.028, p<0.05).Conclusions: It was found youth lack awareness and knowledge (28%) regarding transfats, had wrong practices (42%) regarding transfats and the adoption of food containing transfats among youth is common.
Identification of risk factors about cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus among employees of selected banks in Indore, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Pathak Nischal , Pattnaik Shweta , Chundawat Bheru Singh , Chaturvedi Dharmesh
Published: December 2022

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the highest cause of mortality in India and the majority of the cases are due to risk factor that includes hypertension smoking diabetes mellitus. Sedentary lifestyle and desk job employees are more prone to such diseases. Therefore, present study aimed to assess the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases among bank employees.Methods: Quantitative exploratory research design was used to conduct the study. A sample of 98 bank employees was selected for the study using non probability convenient sampling technique from different branches of SBI Indore.Results: Risk score for cardio vascular disease among bank employees expressed in percentage calculated through the structured interview scheduled and Joint British Societies for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3) risk calculator. 83% participants were at <10% risk (low), 17% participants were at 10-19.9% (mild) risk, 0 participants were at 20-29.9% (moderate) risk and 0 participants were at ≥30% (high) risk. There was significant association between the risk score and selected socio demographic variable among bank employees.Conclusions: Study concluded that there was a mild to moderate risk of cardiovascular disease among bank employees. Hence, proper awareness regarding various risk factors of cardio vascular diseases can help in reducing such risk among bank employees and personnel with similar working pattern.MethodQuantitative exploratory research design was used to conduct the study. A sample of 98 bank employees was selected for the study using non probability convenient sampling technique from different branches of SBI Indore.ResultsRisk score for cardio vascular disease among bank employees expressed in percentage calculated through the structured interview scheduled and Joint British Societies for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3) risk calculator. 83% participants were at < 10% risk (low), 15% participants were at 10-19.9% (mild) risk, 0 participants were at 20-29.9% (moderate) risk and 0 participants were at ≥ 30% (High) risk. There is signification association between the risk score and selected socio demographic variable among bank employees.ConclusionStudy concluded that there was a mild to moderate risk of cardiovascular disease among bank employees. Hence, proper awareness regarding various risk factors of cardio vascular diseases can help in reducing such risk among bank employees and personnel with similar working pattern.
Are we Cyber aware? A cross sectional study on the prevailing Cyber practices among adults from Thiruvalla, Kerala.
Authors: Sebastian Shaliet Rose , Babu Bichu P.
Published: December 2022

Background: Cyber-crime is described as any unlawful activity which is committed using any computing devices, like computer/smartphone and which is a part of internet. There are different methods by which cyber-crime is committed which include 1) attacks on computer systems, 2) cyber-bullying, 3) email spam, 4) phishing, 5) identity theft. Breaches in cyber security have become a severe danger to world security and the economy, compromising essential infrastructure and wreaking havoc on company performance, resulting in significant cognitive property loss. It is a sad reality that cybercrime cases have witnessed a steady spike. India has witnessed a significant increase in cases of cyber fraud and various cyber-related incidents in the last three years. The present study was done to assess the prevailing cyber practices among adults from Thiruvalla, Kerala.Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted among 340 adults in Thiruvalla, Kerala from January to June, and 2022. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from the study participants after obtaining consent. The quantitative data collected was analysed using the software statistical package for social sciences. The results have been presented as tables and charts showing frequencies and percentages.Results: 133 out of the 350 study participants (38%) believed that it was important to be aware of cyber security risks in general while 52% (182) of the study participants considered cyber security awareness to be the only solution to the existing online scams.Conclusions: Widespread awareness campaigns are necessary to improve the cyber awareness of the community and thereby improve their cyber practices.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice assessment regarding osteoporosis among post-menopausal women attending an urban health centre in south India
Authors: Nelapati Sherly Shulamite
Published: December 2022

Background: This study aimed to assess the awareness of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Objective was to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practices about osteoporosis and its correlation among postmenopausal women.Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the state of awareness in consecutive postmenopausal women using a validated questionnaire- osteoporosis knowledge assessment tool (OKAT).Results: A total of 300 postmenopausal women were enrolled in this study. In spite of being aware of the consequences of osteoporosis, in most subjects there was a generalized lack of awareness concerning available treatment options and risk factors. We have observed about 40% of had poor awareness about osteoporosis.Conclusions: This study showed an evident deficit in awareness of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and there’s a need to emphasize educating and aware, women regarding the consequences of osteoporosis.
Prevalence of anxiety among the adult population during the COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Dixit Priyanshi , Thakur Shafali , Chauhan Soni , Tiwari Surya Kant , Srivastava Saumya P.
Published: December 2022

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the mental health of the global population. The purpose of this study is to investigate anxiety levels of adult population in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: The study utilized a web-based cross-sectional survey design. A total of 236 participants were enrolled via snowball sampling method. Standardized tool coronavirus anxiety scale was used to collect the data regarding COVID-19 related anxiety. The data was collected during August-November 2021.Results: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. The mean age of the participants was 26.64+8.38 years, with the majority being female (65.3%). Approximately half (48.3%) of the participants were healthcare professionals (HCWs). The results revealed that only 5.5% of the participants were anxious about COVID-19, with healthcare workers being the most anxious.Conclusions: During the COVID-19 crisis, appropriate supportive interventions should be implemented with the goal of providing targeted mental health services to those who are more likely to suffer from mental disorders. The psychosocial intervention and support strategy should cover specifically frontline workers who are tasked with the role of combating virus.
Pharmacological approach to smoking cessation and effective intervention models
Authors: Alzahrani Hadeel H. , Alasmari Yasir M. , Almutairi Najwa A. , Aldajani Shikhah G. , Alanazi Faisal O. , Alsadiq Amal A. , Alanazi Eman J. , Abu Moailo Hakeemah A. , Alotaibi Jalawi T. , Alsubhi Ammar M. , Bagais Abdulrahman H. , Asfour Ghassan M.
Published: December 2022

One of the main public health issues is tobacco use, which is also associated with considerate morbidity and mortality worldwide. Smoking cessation lowers mortality and risk of future cardiovascular events. Smoking is a true chronic condition that is defined by the emergence of a dependency state that is primarily caused by nicotine. Smokers are typically unable to quit smoking on their own. There are numerous approaches to treating smoking addiction, including both non-pharmacological such as behavioural counselling and pharmacological therapy. The effectiveness and safety of smoking cessation medications in everyday life are currently widely acknowledged. The primary pharmacological methods for quitting smoking include nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, bupropion, and cytisine. Even in patients with chronic cardiovascular disease, their effectiveness and safety have been demonstrated. It has been demonstrated that nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, varenicline, and cytisine increase the likelihood of cessation. Both varenicline and nicotine replacement therapy in combination are powerful tools for cessation. The likelihood of quitting is likewise increased by nortriptyline. Research suggests that none of the treatments seem to have a frequency of adverse reactions that would limit their usage. The clinician should tailor the smoking cessation strategy based on the most recent scientific data and the patient's preferences, giving particular attention to those patients who have certain cardiovascular and psychiatric comorbidities. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about pharmacological approach to smoking cessation and effective intervention models.
Etiology, evaluation, and management of facial nerve trauma
Authors: Bukhsh Ayman T. , Alosaimi Talal N. , Alhamami Lujain Q. , Alziyadi Yousef M. , Ahmed Wiam M. , Alsanad Areej A. , Alanazi Abdulaziz A. , Gashlan Sarah A. , Aljohani Ghaida G. , Almuwallad Ahlam S. , Alqahtani Salem H.
Published: December 2022

A typical presenting concern in general practitioners' offices, emergency rooms, otolaryngology, and neurology departments are facial nerve paralysis. Penetrating injury to the facial nerve, especially iatrogenic damage, is one of the most frequent traumatic reasons of facial paralysis. The facial paralysis that results from blunt trauma that crushes the nerve frequently appears as an incomplete or delayed paralysis. The affected part of the nerve will determine how the injury manifests clinically. For adequate patient counseling with respect to prognosis and management, accurate diagnosis of facial nerve palsy must be achieved. The most often employed standardized instrument for determining the level of facial weakness is the House-Brackmann 6-grade instrument for facial nerve activity. The greatest success chances for reanimation occur in cases of a recent, sudden nerve transection i.e., less than 72 hours, where the nerve is quickly identified and repaired using direct coaptation or interposition grafts. The primary strategy of care is surveillance in situations with facial nerve paralysis where it is known that the nerve is physically intact such as blunt force trauma with incomplete or delayed complete paralysis. Neurological, muscular, static, and facial plastic treatments are some examples of facial reanimation approaches.
Effectiveness and satisfaction of home-based external bleaching
Authors: Basudan Thuraya Abdulrahim , Alshehri Dhafer Mohammed , Abu Msmar Omar Abdulaziz , Hakami Muath Ali , Alafra Saeed Hadi , Alsanah Abdullah Saeed , Alshahrani Nasser Mohammed , Alqahtani Faris Ali
Published: December 2022

Hydrogen peroxide is the main ingredient in bleaching products (BP), and based on the settings of the reaction, can produce (per-)hydroxyl anions, superoxide anions, and other radicals. The radical-related oxidative mechanism can trigger the breakage of molecular bonds in enameller and dentinal stains, while the exact process is not entirely grasped. Products as a consequence look less colorful. The amount of the active bleaching component, the likelihood of BP interaction with discolorations, and the contact duration all affect the effectiveness of the bleaching treatment. Effectiveness also depends on a number of variables, including the individual's age, the type of staining, and the number of bleaching treatments. A significant number of local adverse effects have been recorded with over-the-counter items due to poorly fitted tray, adjuvants such as binders, preservatives, and flavors as well as a low pH, coexisting gingivitis, abrasion, and erosion. In cases of the coupled utilization of tobacco and excessive alcohol intake because tobacco users demonstrate lower levels of hypersensitivity to the BP and may be heavily influenced by the positive cosmetic effects, they must particularly be counseled against getting bleaching done as the combination has been found to pose elevated oral carcinoma risk. Overall, current literature has found a positive relation between procedure efficacy and patient satisfaction.
Safety and effectiveness of dementia care management in primary care
Authors: Baoum Shada Omar , Al-Ibrahim Azhar Mohammed , Alharthi Mohammed Thabet , Almohamad Asma Abdulkarim , Althobaiti Abdullah Hamoud , Alsagr Wadiah Hassan , Almuhaysin Mahdi Ibrahim , Almuhaymizi Talal Abdulaziz , Althobaiti Sami Atiah , Al-Jehani Rowaa Mohammed , Hakami Tareq Mohammed
Published: December 2022

Globally, dementia affects 47.5 million people, making it a significant health concern. The growing number of people with dementia is posing a challenge to the health care systems. Dementia is a complicated progressive syndrome which is characterized by impairment of cognition, changes in personality leading to impeded daily life activities. Dementia poses burden to patients, their families society and healthcare systems in context of cost and care. People with dementia need intense medical, nursing, psychological, and social support to slow the disease's progression and retain autonomy and social inclusion. Primary care has been shown to be the first point of contact for patients with dementia (PWD), making it an appropriate setting for diagnosis, in-depth needs assessments, and the beginning of dementia-specific therapy and care. The majority of dementia patients are treated in primary care settings and deal with complex medical and psychological conditions. They also suffer from various comorbid diseases along with dementia and take numerous psychotropic medications, including anticholinergics. However, the primary care system frequently fails to recognize their dementia-related symptoms due to certain constraints including time and lack of resources. Hence, the primary care system has to be supported with a variety of resources, such as dementia care managers, access to and coordination with interdisciplinary dementia specialists, and a practical dementia screening and diagnostic procedure, in order to provide better care for these vulnerable patients. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about safety and effectiveness of dementia care management in primary care.
Role of inotropes and vasopressors therapy in the intensive care unit
Authors: Nassar Mazen Alaadeen , Bedaiwi Lama Hisham , Ali Tariq Omar , Alshehri Mazen Saleh , Alotaibi Bashayr Nasyan , Al-Sharif Azizah Mastour , Al-Qamash Afrah Hussein , Al-Ghadeer Ahmed Fadhel , Alqarni Abdulaziz Abdullah , Algargoosh Marwah Munair , Aljohani Nouf Wasel
Published: December 2022

Vasopressors and inotropes are often administered to critically ill patients in intensive care unit for the management and treatment of haemodynamic impairment, heart failure, septic and cardiogenic shock, trauma among certain other diseases. In patients with shock, vasopressors and inotropes are used to induce vasoconstriction or enhance cardiac contractility. Vasopressors induces vasoconstriction, which causes systemic vascular resistance, leading to increase in mean arterial pressure and elevates organ perfusion. While inotropes raise cardiac output, which helps maintain mean arterial pressure and body perfusion. Due to a decreased risk of side effects compared to other catecholamine vasopressors, norepinephrine is considered a first-line vasopressor titrated to attain an optimal arterial pressure. An inotrope such as dobutamine may be given to raise cardiac output to a sufficient level to fulfil tissue demand if tissue and organ perfusion still is not enough. Due to their strengthening effect on cardiac contractility, inotropes have been utilized in the care of patients with heart failure for decades, particularly for patients with systolic dysfunction, or heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.  Along with their beneficial inotropic impact, they also have chronotropic and peripheral vascular effects. For patients with severely reduced cardiac output and peripheral organ hypoperfusion, they are most frequently employed in intensive care unit. Along with their benefits they are also associated with certain considerate side-effects. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about role of inotropes and vasopressors therapy in the intensive care unit.
Detection and screening of obstructive sleep apnea in primary care
Authors: Abdullah Marwah Yakoop , Kailani Abdulrahman Hasan , Alnasser Ali Malik , Alqari Hisham Hamdoon , Alharbi Shahd Ayed , Alshahrani Saeed Saad , Alzahrani Shahad Idhah , Fageeh Nariman Ayman , Alharbi Nada Waleed , Albaqami Abdulilah Mohammed , Alsuaylik Abdullah Mohammed
Published: December 2022

The most prevalent sleep-related breathing condition, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is linked to greater morbidity and poor cardiovascular outcomes. Even though sleep disorders are frequently present, primary care physicians hardly see or treat them. Better OSA symptom and intensity identification and classification to support OSA evaluation and diagnosis were the first outcomes of a task group of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine that produced quality metrics for the treatment of adult patients with the condition in 2015. The OSA screening tools (Berlin questionnaire, Epworth sleepiness scale, STOP Bang) have proven to be effective instruments for screening of sleep disorders. The present primary care practice approach for OSA screening and evaluation is disorganized and inadequate.  Patients with OSA symptomatology are seen by primary care physicians, but they are not regularly screened, assessed, or referred to a sleep specialist. For the OSA screening assessments in general practice, more psychometric investigations are required. The findings from these investigations can be applied in real-world settings to improve OSA identification.
A situation analysis on malnutrition by food-intake practices: link to maternal and child mortality in India
Authors: Barla Praful Kumar
Published: December 2022

Inadequate food and nutrition security affect malnutrition among women and children. This significant global public health issue increases the proportion especially towards maternal and child mortality. Malnutrition poses a grave danger to India’s socio-economic progress and maternal and child health improvement. The aim of the study was to understand the linkages between inadequate food-intake practices and their contribution to maternal and child mortality in India. A situation analysis was done using relevant secondary data from National Family Health Survey reports for assessing nutritional status, sample registration system compendium for evaluating mortality reduction, and National sample survey report was used for assessing per-capita consumption of calories intake. Published and unpublished literature, documents were used to identify linkages of food-intake practices, which increase the proportion of malnutrition and mortality. Findings depict a scarce improvement i. e.; only 109 reductions in maternal mortality (SRS 2007-09 to 2017-19), 5.8 per cent and 8.1 per cent reduction in infant and under-five mortality (NFHS-4 and NFHS-5). They are also increasing consumption of low-nutritive-value food items both in rural and urban India pulling into micronutrient deficiencies, resulting in maximising maternal and child mortality. Policies to intervene in the nutrition issues, agri-organic growth, food accessibility and quality utility, and gender equality would play a vital role in changing the food-intake behaviour among women with a significant impact on maternal and child health in India.
Issues, challenges and opportunities in accessing primary health services in tribal-rural setting in India: a decadal view
Authors: Kumar Vivek , Kumar Dinesh
Published: December 2022

Even after 75 years of independence, the country's most underprivileged tribal population is still far from getting health benefits. Tribals in India have poor health and present a bleak picture in terms of social development metrics, especially health. From this perspective, this paper is intended to identify the problems and existing challenges faced by tribal communities in accessing health care from primary health care settings. Exploring the observations based on reviewed scholarly articles published between 2012 and 2022 from databases like PubMed and Google Scholar and in addition to several government reports and articles. These articles were selected and subsequently analyzed to extract specific outcomes. By applying the principle of the 'five A' approach, the analysis revealed a significant shortfall in the service delivery of health wellness centers. It was implicit that despite the introduction of affirmative policies by the government, gaps still existed in the healthcare system at grass root level. Major gaps are lack of human resources, staff stereotyping indigenous population, and inadequate infrastructure; and high health costs due to out of pocket expenditure and informal payments were evident. The paper recommended both individual and community-level strategies to overcome the barriers of rural health services. More decentralized planning and cultural competency training are immediate measures for the inclusion of tribal-rural people in healthcare services. Further, we proposed developing a "Mangal Health Team' which will coordinate between Health and wellness centre and villagers.
A review on “monoclonal antibodies: effective treatment against COVID-19”
Authors: Dabhadkar Meghana M. , Palekar Samiksha Rohidas , Pawar Kaustubh Navnath
Published: December 2022

Novel coronavirus disease caused by the SARS-CoV-19 virus enters the host cell through the S-spike protein by binding to ACE-2. In December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus originated from Wuhan, China and by the end of 2020, it was recorded in almost every part of the world including Italy, Germany, Iran, Spain, and also United states. This led to a Pandemic which was declared by World Health Organization on 11th March 2020. SARS-CoV-19 causes mild to moderate illness which leads to acute respiratory syndrome, by causing infection in the nose, sinuses, or upper throat. It can also affect the upper or lower respiratory tract and has caused millions of cases and deaths. Many diagnostic tests have been authorized by the WHO including Direct and Indirect tests. Due to the increase in the number of covid 19 cases, many medications were introduced as per the demands like anti-malarial drugs, anti-viral drugs, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, biological agents, etc. The SARS-CoV-2 has a spike protein on its surface that aids in the virus's attachment to and entry into human cells. To attach to the protein of SARS-spike-CoV-2 and stop the virus from infecting human cells, many monoclonal antibodies like Casirivimab, imdevimab, Tocilizumab, Sarilumab, Itolizumab, Siltuximab have been created. As monoclonal antibodies prevent viruses from entering cells and continuing to proliferate, as well as lowering viral loads and lowering the frequency of hospital visits, they can be used as an alternative to conventional therapies. Hence monoclonal antibody treatment can be considered an effective alternative treatment for treating SARS-CoV-2.
Electrophysiological Changes in Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome after Open Carpal Tunnel Release
Authors: Song Chaehyun , Lee Seung Jun , Kim Seong Woo , Kim Sung Hoon , Jeon Ha Ra
Published: December 2022

Objective: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral neuropathy affecting the upper limbs. Various treatment methods exist for this disease, but only a few reports have compared the effects of various treatments using objective indicators. This study analyzed the changes in electrophysiological parameters after carpal tunnel release.Methods: In patients planning to undergo surgical treatment for CTS, electrophysiological studies, including nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG), of both upper extremities were performed before and 6 to 8 weeks after mini-open transverse carpal ligament release and median nerve neurolysis.Results: After surgical intervention, the onset latency and amplitude of the sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) and the onset latency of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of the median nerve improved. Additionally, the grade of abnormal spontaneous activity in needle EMG of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and the severity of the electrodiagnostic study results significantly decreased after the intervention compared to the initial evaluation.Conclusion: This study shows that the onset latency of SNAP and CMAP, the amplitude of SNAP of the median nerve, and EMG findings in the APB can be useful electrodiagnostic parameters for postoperative monitoring in CTS patients.
Low-incomeFilipino mothers’ cultural perceptions of healthy mothers and children do not align with standard nutritional recommendations
Authors: Amarra Maria Sofia Valencia , Cayabyab Babylyn
Published: December 2022

: The study explored cultural concepts of maternal and child health among low-income Filipino mothers, to serve as basis for planning health and nutrition education programs that will achieve behavior change. The objectives were to a) Characterize the following concepts from the point of view of mothers: qualities of a strong healthy mother; qualities of a strong healthy child; and proper nutrition practices to raise strong healthy children; b) Identify concepts that are consistent with good nutrition practices vs. concepts that need to be explained and clarified or corrected, to serve as input for nutrition education programs.

: In-depth interviews were conducted among 26 mothers aged 20 to 35 years with children aged 3 to 12 years. Respondents were asked the following questions: a) What do you think are the qualities of a strong healthy child/mom? b) Complete the following sentence: A strong healthy child /mom is ______; c) In your opinion, what nutrition practices are important to have a strong healthy child during this pandemic?

: Thematic analysis revealed most mothers believed 1) a strong healthy mother is one who is mentally strong and resilient in the face of problems; 2) a strong healthy child is one who is physically engaged and interacts actively with his/her surroundings; 3) while a healthy diet is important, the best nutrition practice to promote child health is to provide daily vitamin and mineral supplements.

Filipino mothers possess cultural health concepts that are not consistent with standard nutritional recommendations.
Household secondary attack rate of COVID 19 and its associated housing factors affecting transmission
Authors: Patel Ravikant Rambhai , Baria Hinal , Nayak Sunil , Patel Hinaben
Published: December 2022

: Overcrowding and household environments are high-risk settings for transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

To calculate the household secondary attack rate among household contacts of confirmed case of COVID-19. 2) To elicit the housing factors affecting the transmission of infection. 3) To know the sociodemographic of the discharge patients.

A prospective study was conducted among the COVID 19 laboratory-confirmed discharged patients admitted at District Covid Hospital, Designated Covid health centre from period May 2020 to July 2020. Total 94 patients were able to contact telephonically. Sociodemographic details were taken after informed Verbal consent. Those who are not able to contact telephonically or didn't give consent are excluded.

Household secondary attack rate is 14.5%. Mean rooms per person were 2.8 with a standard deviation of 1.38. The mean age of the patients was 39 years with a standard deviation of 14.9. A mild negative correlation between the number of positive COVID-19 cases and rooms per person (r= −0.045, p>0.05) and mild negative correlation was seen with the number of family members and proportion of family members (positive COVID-19 cases in family/total members in the family) being infected by COVID-19 (r= −0.20, p>0.05).

Infection control and preventive strategies of household transmission such as good ventilation, isolation precautions of infected person at home, household disinfecting procedures, wearing of mask at home, hand hygiene needs to be encouraged at household level to lower the Secondary attack rate before recommendation of home isolation and home quarantine measures.
Heterogeneity of Emotional Impression and Visual Appearance of Taotie in the Periods of the Ancient Chinese Dynasties of Xia, Shang-Yin and Zhou
Authors: Shapovalova Svetlana
Published: December 2022

Assessing the inlay of art objects and rituals of the Shang-Yin era (1554-1046 BC) with the image of Taotie, the special virtuosity of the ancient masters in the arrangement of visual accents is noted, where the visual center of inlay and fixation of the gaze is the image of a beast-like monster with a menacing ferocious appearance. Awe and fear are the ideas embedded in the image of Taotie, the impact of which is comparable to an encounter with an aggressive animal or with something inexplicably mystical. His mouth suggests a grin, without the existing visible outlines of the lower jaw, complemented by snake-like details twisted into waves and spirals, adding the impression of a tense, ready-to-attack body. This is what a snake, tiger, or even a cat looks like, having a curved tense body at the moment of aggression. The resulting psychological reaction regards the object as a potentially dangerous creature. Despite the dominant position of the Taotie image, which appeared in the era of metal on objects of art and ritual, its appearance is not the same for the three dynasties. Originating from imperfect images in the form of ornaments in the Hia period (2070-1765 BC), most likely associated with the possibilities of bronze casting, it was improved in the Shang Dynasty, when the symbol was given more importance than writing. In the Zhou era (1045-770 BC), his image acquires features that are not clear, without emphasis on the depicted being, explained primarily by the change of priorities from the cult of ancestors to the cult of heaven. Changes in the visual appearance indicate a different attitude towards the character, respectfully special in the Shang period and the early Bronzes of the Hia era, and a certain alienation in the Zhou dynasty, when his image is still used, but at the same time only resembles the national ornament of the ancestors.
Two Photo Albums of Qajar Iran in the Hermitage Collection: On the Role of the Artist and the Commissioner
Authors: Vasilyeva Daria
Published: December 2022

Stored in the Hermitage collection are two Qajar Iran photo albums, datable to 1890s. One of them, recently acquired for the Oriental Department, includes works created in the studio of Antoin Sevruguin (1851–1933), one of the most famous photo artists of Qajar Iran and court photographer of Nasir al-Din Shah. The first owner of the photo prints, who remained unknown, made this commission not earlier than in May 1896. The second album is stored in the collection of the Library of the Oriental Department — one of the branches of the Hermitage Academic Library. Most likely, it was assembled by a Russian military man and amateur photographer Nikolay Remizov (Remizoff) around 1894. The richly decorated binding and the ex-libris of Nicholas II pasted on the doublure of the upper cover, suggests that this artwork could have been gifted to the Russian emperor by its author soon after his return from Iran. The Remizov album is of special interest as an illustrative source, for it consists of photos obviously not intended for multiple copying, unlike the extremely popular prints produced in Sevruguin’s studio. Both albums, created in the same period and similar in terms of their genre scope and thematic contents, show two different approaches to collecting art prints by foreigners visiting Qajar Iran in late 19th — early 20th century. The commissioner of the first album arranged the illustrations according to his own taste, becoming its full-fledged compiler. He selected ready-made works, shot in different years in the studio of the artist of non-Iranian origin, who, nevertheless, had settled in Iran a long time ago and was able to depict places and events hidden from the eyes of an outside observer. In the second case the same person, being an outside observer, acted as both the author and the compiler of the album. Though his view on contemporary Iran was apparently to a greater extent related to his direct observations and personal impressions, his status of the foreigner and the nature of his service must have imposed certain restrictions on the choice of locations and themes of his work.
Synthesis of Calligraphy and Music in the Work of Bahman Panahi
Authors: Matochkina Anna
Published: December 2022

The paper looks into to the work of the modern Iranian calligrapher and artist Bahman Panahi. On the example of his works, one can see the dynamism of the art of calligraphy. This type of Muslim art continues to develop actively and, in combination with other types, such as ornament, music or graffiti, gives rise to new interesting directions. In the work of Bahman Panahi, calligraphy is so naturally combined with music that the artist himself refers his works to the genre of musicalligraphy. “Musicalligraphy” is a term that the artist proposed to refer to his work while studying at the Sorbonne. The activity of Bahman Panahi is, on the one hand, respect for traditions: the artist conducts master classes in the art of calligraphy and creates works using the classical techniques of this art form, and on the other hand, it is an author's view, a synthesis of music and calligraphy, which generates original works. The creative path of the artist, his creations and their theoretical understanding is a vivid example of the combination of tradition and innovation in contemporary art.
Iranian Luster Ceramics: Semiotic Context and Attribution
Authors: Nikolaeva Tatiana
Published: December 2022

In Muslim culture, especially in Iranian culture, a ware represents abundance, embodies the source of wealth and the life itself. The images on Iranian pottery usually have a symbolic meaning. The paper gives an analysis of its decoration, its structural and symbolic elements as well as the technique of manufacturing, permitting to form an opinion about its authenticity.
The Role of Nationalism in Arab-Iranian Relations: Historical and Ideological Dimensions
Authors: Ahmedov Vladimir M.
Published: December 2022

For the last decades Iran has been playing significant role in Middle Eastern politics. Tehran’s rooted involvement in Arab’s political environments provokes tensions and hostilities in Arab-Iranian relations. The author believes that historical legacy of Arab-Iranian interactions has been still determined some important characteristics of Arab-Iranian relations. In this article the author investigates the role of nationalism and national building process in Arab countries and Iran. He shows that the rise of national movement and emergence of new nation-states based on different ideological principals and theoretical models politicized historical Arab-Iranian ethnic and sectarian differences and cultural rivalries. The author studies how developments of various forms of nationalism in Arab countries and Iran, their approaches to national state building affected their relations. The author considers that both Arabs and Iran have been challenged the internal political dynamics and regional transformations were forced to instrumentalized nationalism as a protective tool to secure and legitimize their state suzerainty, establish their presence and provide their interests in the region. In practice, regards their historical territorial, ethnic, religious disputes, both Arabs and Iran frequently exaggerated Iranian threats to Arabism and overestimated Arab nationalism, pan-Arabism as Arab’s ambitions for regional leadership. These fears converted into real politic have spoiled Arab Iranian relations. The author stresses that emphasizing on Islamic feelings at the expense of particular nationalism in Iran after Islamic revolution in 1979 and giving up secular ideas in favor of Islamism in Arab countries after the “Arab Spring” brought neither reconciliation, nor normalization in the Arab-Iranian relations. The author pays special attention to the dynamic of Iranian nationalism in view of the developments in power mechanism of Tehran’s politics in the Middle East.
Review of: Adam C. Schwartz. The Oracle Bone Inscriptions from Huayuanzhuang East. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Inc., 2019. Divinatory Inscriptions from the Eastern Sector of Huayuanzhuang in Yinxu
Authors: Kulikov Dmitry Ye.
Published: December 2022

This review considers the book of the American sinologist A. Schwartz “The Oracle Bone Inscriptions from Huayuanzhuang East. Translated with an Introduction and Commentary” was published in 2019. The book is a commented translation and study of inscriptions on divination bones (turtle shields and bull shoulder blades) from the eastern sector of Huayuanzhuang in Yinxu (Anyang, Henan). This epigraphic monument dates back to the turn of the 13th–12th centuries BC and currently represents the most complete and interesting corpus of divinatory inscriptions. Despite the fact that the inscriptions under consideration cover a relatively short period of time, they contain many details, which, as if piece by piece, form the general picture of Shan reality. It is noteworthy that the customer of these divinations was not the Shang ruler, but a figure from his inner circle — Zi, who was presumably the son of the wang. After a thorough analysis of the inscriptions, A. Schwartz offers a reconstruction of various aspects of the daily activities, rituals, and life of the elite of the Shan society — the wang, his reigning wife, the prince, and the persons who are in their subordination. The basis of A. Schwartz’s research is a complete translation of divinatory inscriptions into English, so this review focuses on the problems of interpreting the most important terms found in divinatory inscriptions from the Eastern Huayuanzhuang Sector.
Passive Tolerance versus Political Engagement. Antistius Constans, Koerbagh, Van den Enden, and Spinoza
Authors: Lavaert Sonja
Published: December 2022

This article investigates the contribution of Spinoza and authors of his circle (Antistius Constans, Van den Enden and Koerbagh) on the modern conception of tolerance. In his Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670), Spinoza launches the libertas philosophandi-question integrating two kinds of freedom between which there is a tension: freedom of thought and speech and freedom of religious conscience. As freedom means living and acting in society in light of one’s own interests, tolerance becomes a political issue that depends from political perspectives and priorities. This insight leads Spinoza to bringing together the control of political authority on religious affairs and a political regime of religious plurality and toleration. These ideas seem to be reminiscent of texts published in his immediate circle: the anonymus De jure ecclesiasticorum (1665); the political pamphlets Kort verhael (1662) and Vrye Politijke Stellingen (1665) of his teacher Van den Enden; the subversive dictionary Een Bloemhof (1668) and the systematic philosophical Een Ligt (1668) of Koerbagh. In these texts the question of religion and religious authority shifts to the question of the nature and origin of political authority. The authors all criticize the abuse of power in light of the idea that there is no freedom without equality and no equality without freedom. Together with Spinoza’s Tractatus politicus (1677), they thereby form an anomaly within the anomaly of the Calvinist Low Countries that regards specifically this radical democratic view. They are not so much talking about tolerance but about everyone’s active participation in political life which is necessary for the rescue of the republic.
Spinoza’s Critique of Religious Intolerance
Authors: Gut Przemysław
Published: December 2022

This article presents a new interpretation of Spinoza’s account of religious intolerance. According to Rosenthal and Steinberg Spinoza explains the origins of religious intolerance in two ways. The first is in the Ethics, which is grounded on the affect of ambition; the second in the Theological-Political Treatise, which is based on the opposed affects of fear and hope. I agree with this interpretation, yet I considerably modify and supplement this account. The interpretation I propose rests on the observation that in order to understand Spinoza's view we need to draw the subtle distinction between the explanation of the psychological causes of religious intolerance and the elucidation of why religious intolerance appears to appeal so much. First, I shall discuss Spinoza’s account of the origin of religious intolerance. Second, I shall consider the measures which, in his view, should be taken in order to curb religious intolerance effectively.
Plantinga’s Interpretation of Epistemological Deontologism
Authors: Odoj Ewa
Published: December 2022

Alvin Plantinga challenges the rooted tradition of thinking about justification as the subject’s fulfillment of his or her epistemic duty. I try to show that, in several respects, Plantinga misinterprets the idea of epistemic duties and that, consequently, his argument against deontologism is not sound. I begin by summarizing Plantinga’s understanding of epistemological deontologism and then offer my own critique of this interpretation, which focuses on five issues: the problem of recognizability of epistemic duty, describing epistemic duty as subjective, Plantinga’s assumption of the principle of obviousness, the understanding of justification as absence of guilt, and the issue of doxastic voluntarism.
Antitrinitarianism in Poland Before Socinus. A Historical Outline
Authors: Ogonowski Zbigniew
Published: December 2022

This is a reprint of the chapter “Prelude: Antitrinitarianism in Poland before Socinus” by Zbigniew Ogonowski in his "Socinianism: History, Views, Legacy" (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 2021), 3–56. Reprinted with the permission of Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. We are grateful to Valentina Saraceni for her permission to reprint this material in the present volume.

The paper takes an in-depth look at an early, pre-Socinian stage of Polish antitrinitarianism. First, it outlines the historical reasons for the emergence of antitrinitarianism in Poland. Second, it explains how the early Polish antitrinitarians were able to develop a view substantial enough to provide a basis  for Socinianism, a philosophical and religious movement with a pan-European reach. Third, it discusses similarities and differences between the two stages of Polish "Arianism", pre-Socinian and Socinian.
John Crell on Religious Tolerance and Salvation
Authors: Iwanicki Marcin
Published: December 2022

The essay discusses the defense of religious tolerance presented in Johann Crell’s treatise On Freedom of Conscience, pointing to the tension between Christian exclusivism on the one hand and religious practicalism and rationalism on the other inherent in Crell’s views. This tension can be resolved by adopting theistic minimalism or extreme practicalism.
Armia najeźdźców vs armia obrońców. Wernakularne prezentacje sił zbrojnych Ukrainy i Rosji w polskich cybermemach
Authors: Dojwa-Turczyńska Katarzyna
Published: December 2022

Agresja Rosji na Ukrainę w 2022 roku rezonuje na wielu płaszczyznach i w licznych wymiarach, szczególnie silnie absorbuje uwagę mieszkańców krajów sąsiadujących – w tym Polaków. Głównym celem artykułu było przedstawienie obrazów Rosji i Ukrainy kreślonych w polskim Internecie za pomocą internetowych memów obrazkowych. Ich rekonstrukcja pozwoliła na udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak internauci w Polsce postrzegają obie strony konfliktu? W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań niereaktywnych, zrealizowanych za pomocą jakościowej analizy treści. Głównym problemem badawczym było pytanie o to, jak prezentowane są potencjały militarne Ukrainy i Rosji? Analiza 287 obiektów pozwoliła ex post na wyodrębnienie kilku obszarów. Odnosiły się one do: potencjału militarnego Rosji i Ukrainy, prezydentów państw jako zwierzchników sił zbrojnych, dowódców, wojsk i żołnierzy, sposobów prowadzenia walki oraz wsparcia cywilnego dla zaangażowania militarnego. Analiza pozyskanych obiektów pokazuje bipolarne prezentacje obu państw w cybermemach.
Rosyjska koncepcja wojny nowej generacji w świetle pierwszych doświadczeń z wojny w Ukrainie
Authors: Meissner Jacek
Published: December 2022

Artykuł omawia wyniki analiz poświęconych rosyjskiej koncepcji wojny nowej generacji w świetle pierwszych doświadczeń z wojny w Ukrainie z 2022 roku. Autor omawia rolę w rosyjskiej myśli wojskowej działań asymetrycznych poniżej progu wojny, jak również intensywnego konfliktu zbrojnego z wysokim nasyceniem techniki wojskowej. Dokonywana jest próba oceny realizacji przez Federację Rosyjską własnych założeń militarnych na gruncie realnych działań wojennych. Autor weryfikuje, w jakim stopniu podstawowe elementy rosyjskiej koncepcji wojny nowej generacji zostały właściwie zastosowane w działaniach przeciwko Ukrainie, w jakim stopniu zawiodło wykonanie i odejście od własnych planów, w tym w takich aspektach jak działania informacyjne, operacje w cyberprzestrzeni, wykorzystanie środków walki radioelektronicznej i precyzyjnych środków rażenia na dalekie odległości, czy robotyzacja pola walki.