bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Girdling on ‘Thompson Seedless’ and ‘Ruby Seedless’ Table Grapes in Morocco
Authors: Ezzahouani A. , Lasheen A. M. , Walali L.
Published: September 2022

‘Thompson Seedless’ and ‘Ruby Seedless’ vines were girdled and/or treated at bloom with GA3 (‘Thompson Seedless’ at 5 ppm and ‘Ruby Seedless’ at 1, 5, and 20 ppm), and/or at fruit set (just after berry shatter) at 20 and 40 ppm. Results for ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) indicate a significant increase in berry weight resulting from GA3 spray or girdling at fruit set. The greatest increase was obtained from a combination of girdling and GA3 spray. Soluble solids and titratable acidity were not significantly affected. Results for ‘Ruby Seedless’ grapes indicate significant fruit thinning at 5 and 20 ppm but not at 1 ppm. No increase in berry size was recorded, but a significant increase in soluble solids and a decrease in acidity were obtained with bloom-sprayed vines at 5 and 20 ppm.
The Influence of Honey Bee “Sideworking” Behavior on Cross-pollination and Fruit Set in Apples
Authors: DeGrandi-Hoffman Gloria , Hoopingarner Roger , Baker Karen K.
Published: September 2022

Poor fruit set in ‘Delicious’ apple has been associated with blossom morphology, which permits honey bees to obtain nectar while standing on the petals (side-working). We observed honey bees foraging on ‘Delicious’ and recorded the percentage that touched the stigmata. In addition, the percentage of cross-pollinated ‘Delicious’ stigmata was determined daily. The percentage of foragers sideworking ‘Delicious’ initially was low, but increased daily. By the time sideworking became the predominant foraging method, after peak bloom, most blossoms had been cross-pollinated. Initial fruit set on cultivars that can be sideworked was greater than or equal to that on ‘Mcintosh’. These data indicate that cross-pollination and fruit set are not limited significantly because of sideworking.
The Use of a Split-root Technique to Study Zn Movement and Activity in a Nodulating Cowpea Root System
Authors: Marsh Dyremple B. , Waters Luther , Ascher Peter D.
Published: September 2022

Equal half-root systems of cowpea seedlings were achieved with a split-root technique. By use of a high humidity chamber and growth pouches, it was determined that the survival rate of seedlings with bisected root systems was greater than 95%, and the development of the half root systems was uniform and adequate. There were no marked differences in growth and development of plants when treatments were applied to different halves of the root system. However, there was evidence of Zn translocation from noninoculated half-root systems which received Zn, to inoculated half-roots not receiving Zn, which resulted in increased nodulation and N2 fixation. This result supports reports of a direct relationship of Zn nutrition to nodulation and N2 fixation.
Determination of Pollen Number of Beans Using an Electrical Particle-counting Device
Authors: Pechan Paul M. , Webster Barbara D.
Published: September 2022

The number of pollen grains in anthers of Phaseolus vulgaris L. was estimated using a Coulter Counter, an electrical particle-counting device. Nine green buds were collected randomly from 3 plants grown in a growth chamber. From each bud, one anther at a time was excised and placed in liquid Ν for 3 sec. Pollen grains were transferred from the anthers into a drop of 0.3 M NaCl on a glass slide. The saline-pollen grain mixture was cleaned of all debris, and pollen was washed into a beaker containing the same solution. This procedure was repeated for the remaining 9 anthers of each bud. The total number of pollen grains per bud was determined using a Coulter Counter.
Training Volunteer Fieldmen to Conduct Trials for Minor Crop Herbicide Registrations
Authors: Hanson Eric J. , William R. D. , Rackham R. L.
Published: September 2022

As many as 50 different vegetable seed crops are grown annually in Oregon on an estimated 8000 total acres. Often less than 100 acres of parsley [Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Num.] or celery [(Apium graveolens L. (Dulce group)] are grown, whereas several hundred acres of carrot (Daucus carota L.), radish (Raphanum sativus L.), and other crucifers are produced annually in Oregon. Many of these crops are planted in late summer and overwintered for vernalization. Both fall and spring planted crops are harvested in mid to late summer. Weeds must be controlled throughout the 4-11 months from planting to harvest to reduce interference and to prevent weed seeds from contaminating the harvested seed. Seed company representatives expressed concern that additional herbicide registrations were needed to control weeds in overwintering seed crops. Because these crops are considered to be minor by potential registrants, chemical manufacturers indicated little interest in adding seed crops to their labels, and university resources were inadequate to pursue registrations for the multitude of vegetable seed crops. A program patterned after 4-H efforts was designed to obtain herbicide registrations through the cooperative efforts of seed company volunteers and the extension service. The program provided training in field research techniques to enable seed company fieldman to conduct the field trials necessary to register herbicides for use on vegetable seed crops in Oregon.
Phalaenopsis Orchids as Potential Pot Plants
Authors: Griesbach R. J.
Published: September 2022

Phalaenopsis are epiphytic orchids native to tropical Asia. The taxonomy of this genus is quite complex. For horticultural purposes, however, the species can be placed in one of 2 sections. One section contains those species (e.g., Phal. amabilis, Blume) which usually are spring blooming and produce inflorescences with 10 to 100 flowers. The flowers are quite large with a 5 to 10 cm natural spread and are pastel colored. The other section contains those species (e.g., Phal. lueddemanniana, Rchb.) which usually are summer blooming and produce inflorescences with 1 to 4 flowers. The flowers are quite small, only having a 3 to 5 cm natural spread, and are very brightly colored and patterned (1).
The Scientific Name of the Pecan
Authors: Grauke L. J.
Published: September 2022

At the meeting of the Crop Advisory Committee for Pecans and Hickories held on 24 Sept. 1984 in Albany, Ga., a question was raised concerning the legitimate scientific name of the pecan tree. Two names are currently in use: Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch (3, 6, 7, 10, 12, 19) and Carya illinoinensis (Wang.) K. Koch (1, 2, 11, 18, 21). Current usage is heavily in favor of the former epithet. When the 2 names were used as key words in the BIOSIS Previews computer search file for articles written between 1977 and the present, 199 were retrieved under C. illinoensis, whereas only 1 was found under C. illinoinensis. Since Hortus Third uses the latter epithet, articles on pecan submitted for publication in horticultural journals are occassionally returned to their authors for revision. The purpose of this paper is to trace the history of the nomenclature of the pecan as it relates to this dispute and in the process, demonstrate that the strict rules of scientific nomenclature and common sense can both be satisfied by the use of the epithet Carya illinoensis.
Genotypic Variability in Bermudagrass Damage by Ectoparasitic Nematodes
Authors: Tarjan A. C. , Busey P.
Published: September 2022

Eight bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. and related species] clonal selections were inoculated with a mixed sample of ectoparasitic nematodes and were grown for 5 months in 13-cm pots. Relative to control (noninoculated) pots, nematodes reduced root dry weight 13% (P < 0.01) but had no effect on overall shoot (clippings) yield. Commercially available cultivars ‘Tifgreen’ and ‘Tifdwarf’ had significantly greater root weight reductions and also supported significantly higher densities of the lance nematode, Hoplolaimus galeatus, than most other clones.
Water Management of Greenhouse Tomatoes
Authors: Abbott John D. , Peet Mary M. , Willits D. H. , Gough Robert E.
Published: September 2022

Crack-susceptible and crack-resistant tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill.) cultivars were grown in soil beds and in bags filled with a peat-vermiculite mix. Plants in soil were drip-irrigated 1 or 4 times daily, or hand-watered every day or as needed based on soil moisture tension. Plants in bags received only drip-irrigation treatments. Genotype had the greatest effect on fruit cracking, with 3.8% by weight cracked fruit in the crack-resistant compared to 35.3% in the crack-susceptible cultivar. Growing plants in bags reduced the weight and the percentage of cracked fruit per plant, but, in both cultivars, total and No. 1 fruit weights were greatest from the soil treatments with drip-irrigation. Irrigation frequency and method did not affect fruit weight except in the crack-resistant cultivar grown in bags where increasing irrigation frequency increased weights. Cracking was decreased by 22% in tomatoes irrigated manually every day, compared to those irrigated only when needed. In the soil treatment, raising the irrigation frequency significantly decreased cracking in the susceptible, but not in the resistant cultivar. In the soilless treatment, frequent irrigation increased cracking in both cultivars.
Effect of Roadside Market Display Method on Weight Loss of Selected Vegetables
Authors: Cohen R. A. , Hicks J. R.
Published: September 2022

Broccoli, cauliflower, cucumber, pepper, and muskmelon were displayed (a) in direct sun, (b) in the sun under intermittent mist, (c) in the shade under intermittent mist, (d) in the shade, and (e) on ice at a simulated roadside market for 1-day intervals. In addition, some produce was precooled prior to display. Either ice or the shade under mist treatment was effective in reducing weight loss during display, particularly for broccoli and cauliflower. The prime factor involved in differences in weight loss among crops or between cultivars of the same crop seemed to be the surface area to volume ratio. Precooling prior to display slightly reduced the weight loss for cucumbers and muskmelons but had no effect on the other commodities.
Cypressvine Morning-glory Control in Gladiolus
Authors: Gilreath J. P.
Published: September 2022

Oryzalin and pronamide provided excellent control of cypressvine morningglory (Ipomoea quamoclit L.) when applied 2 or more times at rates of 2.24 kg a.i./ha. When only one application was made, pronamide was superior to oryzalin for morningglory control. Gladiolus (Gladiolus × hortulanus L.) flower spike number, length, number of florets per spike, and number of corms were not affected by either herbicide; however, spike fresh weight and weights of corms and cormels were reduced in plots treated with pronamide. Chemical names used: 4-(diproplyamino)-3, 5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (oryzalin); 3,5-dicloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl) benzamide (pronamide).
Influence of Four Cultural Systems upon Geranium Stock Plant Productivity
Authors: Vetanovetz Richard P. , Peterson John C.
Published: September 2022

Rooted Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bailey ‘Yours Truly’ and ‘Irene’ geranium cuttings were planted 15 Oct. in raised beds, 11.3 liter plastic pots, 85 liter poly bags, or nutrient film systems within 2 double poly greenhouses. In one greenhouse, high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps supplemented natural light (86 µmol s-1m-2 ± 10 µmol s-1m-2) from 0800 to 2400 hr and in the other greenhouse light was not supplemented. Ambient carbon dioxide levels were enriched with an additional 300–600 ppm of carbon dioxide during daylight hours in the greenhouse without supplemental lighting and during lighted hours in the greenhouse equipped with HPS lights. Cutting number, dry weight, basal stem caliper, and the length of roots produced on harvested cuttings were recorded from 18 Nov. to 3 Jan. There were no differences among cultural systems for any of the parameters measured under natural daylight conditions. When supplementary HPS lighting was utilized, differences in number of cuttings produced and cutting dry weight were apparent, with NFT grown stock plants being the most productive. Growth differences between cultivars were evident for all parameters measured. Treatment of the stock plants was not observed to affect rooting response of cuttings.
Induction of Basal Shoots in Spathiphyllum ‘Tasson’ following Treatment with BA
Authors: Henny R. J. , Fooshee W. C.
Published: September 2022

Treatment of Spathiphyllum ‘Tasson’ with BA as a soil drench at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/liter significantly increased the number of basal shoots compared to untreated plants, or plants treated with a foliar BA spray. The largest increase in number of shoots on drenched plants occurred during the first 8 weeks following treatment. Increase in height of drenched plants was less compared to untreated or sprayed plants after 20 weeks. Fresh weight of main stems from sprayed and drenched plants (less roots) was less than controls, whereas fresh weight of basal shoots was greater for treated plants. Combined weights of the main shoot and basal shoots for all sprayed and drenched plants were not significantly different. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)- 1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Incorporating Fungicides into Fluid Drilling Gel to Control Damping-off of Guayule
Authors: Richardson J. M. , Stutz J. C. , Backhaus R. A.
Published: September 2022

Etridiazole, etridiazole/thiophanate, fenaminosulf, Captan, and pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) were tested for prevention of damping-off of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) seedlings in greenhouse tests. Fungicides were incorporated into a magnesium silicate fluid drilling gel containing pregerminated seeds. The seeds were sown into vermiculite and inoculated with Pythium debaryanum or Rhizoctonia solani. Phytotoxic levels of the fungicides were determined. PCNB was very effective in controlling damping-off caused by R. solani. Captan and fenaminosulf provided over 50% protection from damping-off caused by P. debaryanum. Etridiazole and etridiazole/thiophanate controlled preemergence damping-off, but did not control postemergence damping-off caused by P. debaryanum. Chemical name used: 3a,4,7,7atetrahydro-2-[(trichloromethyl)thiol]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (Captan).
Effect of Temperature on Pollen Germination, Pollen Tube Growth, Effective Pollination Period, and Fruit Set of Pear
Authors: Vasilakakis Miltiadis , Porlingis I. C.
Published: September 2022

Fruit setting factors of Pyrus communis L., ‘Tsakoniki’ pear, were observed under field and controlled environmental conditions during 1980—83. Pollen germination of ‘Tsakoniki’ and ‘Coscia’ was reduced at temperatures below 15°C whereas pollen tube growth rate in vitro and in vivo increased with temperatures between 5° and 25°C. Pollen tube growth in selfed styles of ‘Tsakoniki’ at all temperatures tested was slower than in crossed ones and pollen tubes reached the base only in 10% to 20% of the styles. Effective pollination period (EPP) was prolonged at low temperature and ranged between 3 and 13 days under various temperature treatments. Fruit set of ‘Tsakoniki’ was limited chiefly by pollen transfer and to a lesser extent by poor pollen tube growth at low temperature.
Pollen Longevity of Blackberry Cultivars
Authors: Perry Julia L. , Moore J. N.
Published: September 2022

Blackberry pollen germination in vitro decreased linearly with increased duration of storage at 22°C. Time required to reach 50% nonviability varied among cultivars from 2.5 to 10 days. Storage at 6° more than doubled the time required to reach 50% non viability. A 20% sucrose-agar medium was satisfactory for germination assay of pollen from tetraploid blackberries but gave poor results on a diploid clone.
Inoculation Methods for Evaluating Verticillium Wilt Resistance in Strawberry Germplasm
Authors: Maas J. L. , Draper A. D. , Galletta G. J.
Published: September 2022

Four methods of inoculation with Verticillium were tested for effectiveness in infecting strawberry plants grown in a greenhouse bench. The most severe and early symptoms were produced with a macerated mycelium root dip inoculum. Effect of inoculum aggressiveness on the extrapolation of plant resistance information is discussed.
Stimulation of Lateral Branch Development in Tree Fruit Nursery Stock with GA4+7 + BA
Authors: Cody C. A. , Larsen F. E. , Fritts R.
Published: September 2022

Spray applications of 1000 and 2000 ppm Promalin to scion growth of first year nursery trees of ‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.), ‘Bing’ cherry (Prunus avium L.), and ‘Oregon Spurr II Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), when scion growth was 40 to 60 cm, generally caused increased lateral branching in the nursery. Double applications of Promalin at reduced concentrations also showed promise. Chemical treatments usually affected neither branch angle or length on pear, often increased branch angle on apple, and often increased both length and angle on cherry. Tree height and caliper usually were unaffected, Chemical name used: GA4+7 + BA (Promtalin).
Survival of in Vitro Cultured Tissue of ‘Jonathan’ Apples Exposed to −196°C
Authors: Kuo Chiung-Chi , Lineberger R. Daniel
Published: September 2022

Shoot tip explants taken from proliferating cultures of apple (Malus domestica ‘Jonathan’) survived freezing to −196°C in the presence of cryoprotectants. Regrowth following freezing to −196° was in the form of callus growth, indicating that the meristems were injured to such an extent that organized growth of the shoot meristem was precluded. A cold acclimation period of up to 6 weeks at 4° in the dark was required to obtain acceptable survival levels. Glycerol generally was more effective than DMSO in providing cryoprotection to cold acclimated shoot tips.
Effect of Growth Retardants on Ivy Geranium
Authors: Holcomb E. Jay
Published: September 2022

Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L’Her, the ivy geranium, has been increasing in popularity during the last 1 0 years, although it has been popular in Germany for many years. Today about 2 0 % of the asexually reproduced geraniums are ivy geraniums (2). There is a need to improve quality and symmetry of ivy geraniums by controlling shoot elongation so that the small pots will be attractive.
FORMATPLUS, a Microcomputer Program for Conversion of Data Files Created Using GATHER to Files Structured for SAS
Authors: Gilreath J. P.
Published: September 2022

A menu-driven data collection program, “Gather”, was written for a TRS-80 Model 100 (Radio Shack, a division of Tandy Corp., Fort Worth, TX 76102) portable microcomputer (3). This program creates an ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) (4) data file with each line consisting of the data entry for each observation of a single variable.
‘Sunhome’ Nectarine
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Lyrene P. M. , Sharpe R. H.
Published: September 2022

‘Sunhome’ nectarine is released by the Univ. of Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. All nectarines released by the Univ. of Florida begin with the prefix of “Sun”. The suffix “home” indicates the intended use of flower, fruit, and foliage in the home yard and garden. ‘Sunhome’ closely resembles ‘Sunred’ nectarine in all respects, except that the spring foliage of the former is red.
Broccoli Breeding Lines OSU 101–OSU 115
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Kean D.
Published: September 2022

Fifteen broccoli (Brassica oleraceae L. Italica Group) breeding lines, OSU 101–OSU 115, have been released for use by commercial breeders. Favorable combining ability has been shown by various experimental hybrid combinations among these lines and between these lines and clubroot resistant Oregon State Univ. (OSU) lines released concurrently and described separately (2). This group of lines includes a range of characteristics which should be useful for breeding or direct use in F1 hybrids, including upright growth habit with good head exsertion for efficient harvest, excellent blue-green color, deeply branched heads, desirable bud type, earliness, and some resistance to downy mildew.
‘Benning’s Yellow Tint’ Summer Squash
Authors: Paris Harry S. , Burger Yosef , Karchi Zvi , Nerson Haim
Published: September 2022

‘Benning’s Yellow Tint’ is a summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) of the scallop or patty-pan cultivar group that has uniformly light yellow exterior color and excellent quality.
Precocious Caserta Summer Squash Breeding Line
Authors: Paris Harry S. , Nerson Haim , Burger Yosef
Published: September 2022

Precocious Caserta is a summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) of the vegetable marrow type. Unlike other vegetable marrows, its fruit are yellow with yellow broken stripes, and the flesh is bright golden yellow. Plant characteristics resemble those of ‘Caserta’, but leaves may exhibit much yellow spotting.
Tackling World Hunger and Malnutrition through Horticultural Research, Graduate Education, Extension, and Management in Cooperation with U.S. Universities Presidential Address1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P.
Published: September 2022

Horticulturists can contribute significantly, in association with other professions, to the alleviation of the most poignant human stresses of our age, namely, poverty, hunger, malnutrition, and the social unrest and diseases which they engender in the least developed countries (LDCs). These stresses are accentuated by escalating populations which need to be addressed by others. The problems haunt our souls and challenge our intellect for solutions. Millions afflicted by famine cry out desperately and repeatedly for aid on our television screens; nowhere was this more evident than in Africa in 1985. Millions more, in silence and in oblivion, live anguished lives of abject poverty and misery.
The New Horticulture — Programming the Future Plennary Address1
Authors: Wittwer Sylvan H.
Published: September 2022

We are now in the foothills of the 21st century. As we ascend to the summit, mountainous issues and challenges confront us as to new directions in horticultural research and education. As we look to the future (3, 40, 68), the issues and challenges are both domestic and international. I shall direct my comments first, to the immediate past and present situation; 2nd, lost opportunities and areas of neglect; 3rd, where to from here: options, opportunities, and challenges; and finally, my conclusions.
Intensive Vegetable Production with Row Covers
Authors: Wells Otho S. , Brent Loy J.
Published: September 2022

Horticulturists have, from antiquity, attempted to circumvent climate-imposed limitations to crop production. The challenge has been to modify effectively both the predictive and nonpredictive elements of weather to take advantage of out-of-season production. Although there has been little, if any, success in actually controlling the weather, the progress in compensating for low temperatures has been phenomenal. One such compensatory factor has been the use of row covers for temperature modification. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to review the recent advances in using row covers for vegetable production, and to speculate on their potential uses in horticulture.
Public Programs on Genetics and Breeding of Horticultural Crops in the United States
Authors: Brooks Howard J. , Vest Grant
Published: September 2022

A questionnaire on genetics and breeding of horticultural crops, in conjunction with our responsibilities to the National Plant Genetics Resources Board (an advisory board to the Secretary of Agriculture under authority of Secretary’s Memorandum 1875 Revised dated 23 Feb. 1978), was sent to appropriate department chairmen or program leaders in Land Grant Universities, 1890 institutions, and the USD A Agricultural Research Service (ARS). The purpose of the questionnaire was to survey past, present, and anticipated programs on breeding and genetics of horticultural crops and to solicit views on national needs for germplasm of horticultural crops. Responses on the status of programs were received from all 98 questionnaires, and 74 respondents made comments on national needs.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Weintraub M.
Published: September 2022

The topic of this symposium “Virus Diseases: A Dilemma for Plant Breeders”, is of widespread interest, as shown by the joint sponsorship of 6 groups: the Canadian Society for Horticultural Science; and the Working Groups on Fruit Breeding, Vegetable Breeding, Genetics and Germplasm, Tissue Culture, and Seed Research.
An End to the Dilemma — Virus-free All the Way
Authors: Hansen A. J.
Published: September 2022

Mention the word ‘‘virus” to a plant breeder, pomologist, or nurserymen, and chances are you have made an instant and lifelong enemy (24). There are 2 reasons for the deplorable resulting confrontations: psychological and technical.
Effect of Short-term Water Stress on Leaf Gas Exchange Processes and Plant Water Potential in Schefflera
Authors: Lorenzo-Minguez P. , Ceulemans R. , Gabriels R. , Impens I. , Verdonck O.
Published: September 2022

Increasing water stress situations were imposed on Schefflera arboricola Hayata ‘Compacta’ for up to 7 days under controlled growth chamber conditions. Net CO2 exchange and transpiration rates, stomatal conductance to water vapor and xylem water potential were measured at constant temperature, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), and atmospheric humidity. A strong relationship was found for transpiration and CO2 exchange process. When the water content of the substrate decreased as a result of transpiration and soil surface evaporation, both transpiration and CO2 exchange rates decreased drastically. Xylem water potential remained fairly constant during this soil moisture deficit. Following the drying cycle, efficient and fast recovery of the plants was observed.
Wild and Cultivated Proso Millet Responses to Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Carpenter Judith L. , Hopen Herbert J.
Published: September 2022

The effect of postemergence applications of mefluidide at 0, 0.14, 0.28, and 0.56 kg/ha or MON 4621 at 0, 2.2, 3.3, and 4.4 kg/ha on growth and seedhead development of wild and cultivated proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) was determined. Application of mefluidide at 0.56 kg/ha 17 days after seeding reduced plant height and fresh shoot weight and inhibited panicle formation of both millets, whereas the 0.28 and 0.14 kg/ha rates had no effect on plant growth. When applied 23 days after seeding, mefluidide at 0.56 and 0.28 kg/ha reduced plant height of both millets and fresh shoot weight of wild proso millet. These rates also caused abnormal panicle formation. The 0.14 kg/ha rate had no effect on plant growth. All 3 rates of MON 4621, applied 16 days after seeding, reduced plant height and fresh shoot weight of both millets, and the 3.3 and 4.4 kg/ha rates were very effective in preventing panicle formation. Chemical names used: N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl]amino] phenyl]acetamide (mefluidide); (acetamide, N-[(acetylamino)methyl]-2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)(MON 4621).
Preliminary Study of a New Preharvest Stem End Rot and Associated Microflora in Mango
Authors: Lakshminarayana S. , Gómez-Cruz A. , Martínez-Romero S.
Published: September 2022

‘Tommy Atkins’ (Mangifera indica L.) is an important mango cultivar grown in Mexico. A new disease, causing heavy fruit loss and not yet reported in any other mango, was noted in 1973 and has since spread to all plantings of ‘Tommy Atkins’. Losses vary from 10% to 80% depending on season, less in dry than in wet years. The disease appears only on physiologically overmature fruit, and is not transmitted to healthy fruit after harvest, even in storage (3). It is a dry rot, visible at the stem end as a necrotic zone, grayish or dark in color, sometimes confused with the external color of the fruit itself. The internal tissue below the stalk end is dark brown, fibrous, extending to the pulp and stone (endocarp) and affecting the seed (Fig. 1). The cut end of the peduncle often shows darkened resin ducts.
‘Jerseydawn’ Peach
Authors: Mehlenbacher Shawn A. , Hough L. Fredric , Bailey Catherine H.
Published: September 2022

‘Jerseydawn’ is an early-ripening, yellow-fleshed, semi-freestone peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] for the fresh market. The fruit ripens 10-14 days before ‘Redhaven’ and was introduced to meet the need for a quality peach in this season. The tree is of medium vigor and is productive. The leaves and fruit are resistant to bacterial spot [Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni (Smith) Young et al.]. Flower bud hardiness appears to be slightly less than that of ‘Redhaven’. Split pit has not been a problem. ‘Jerseydawn’ is performing well in trials at Geneva, N.Y.; East Lansing, Mich.; and throughout New Jersey.
‘Gold Nugget’ Tomato
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Kean D.
Published: September 2022

‘Gold Nugget’ is a determinate, fruitful tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivar, bearing golden colored cherry-type tomatoes, resembling ‘Yellow Plum’ in flavor. It was developed for home gardeners in western Oregon under cool summer conditions where it is early maturing and has a strong tendency for seedless fruit.
‘Piedmont’ Tomato
Authors: Gardner R. G.
Published: September 2022

‘Piedmont’ is a midseason, determinate, fresh-market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) developed at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, N.C. ‘Piedmont’ has good resistance to fruit cracking and is adapted to ground and stake culture for mature-green and vine-ripe harvest. It was evaluated in North Carolina as NC 7990-1A-4-IF-1H and in the Southern Tomato Exchange Program (STEP) as STEP 670.
Sequential Yield Component Analysis of Processing Peas
Authors: Anderson W. C. , Haglund W. A. , Eaton G. W. , Fraser Joanna
Published: September 2022

Individual plants of 3 cultivars of peas (Pisum sativum L.)—‘Early Frosty’, ‘Darkskin Perfection 70A’, and ‘Puget 715’—were harvested to derive the plant yield components: numbers of filled pods, seeds/pod, seeds/plant, and fresh mean seed weight at processing maturity. These cultivars differed for number of filled pods, seeds/pods, and seeds/plant, but not for mean fresh seed weight. Following the conversion of yield component data to the log scale, a sequential yield component analysis was conducted via serial inclusion in a multiple regression equation. Both forward and backward sequential yield component analyses were computed. Across the 3 cultivars, the yield component contributing most to plant variation was pod number in both the forward and backward analysis. Contributions of the yield components to the total yield variation, ranked in declining order of importance for the forward analysis, were number of pods (73.6%), seeds/pod (13.6%), and weight/seed (12.9%). Backward analysis did not change the ranking, and the respective percentages were 47.9%, 40.6%, and 11.5%. Yields estimated through yield components were 7% to 14% higher than those measured from harvested plots.
Weekly Price Forecasting Model for Georgia Peaches
Authors: Epperson J. E. , Fu T. T. , Mizelle W. O.
Published: September 2022

Retail buyers of fresh Georgia peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] generally prefer a lead time of 2-3 weeks for promotion purposes before peaches are shipped. Thus, a viable forward contract market for growers and retail buyers has potential provided an information base can be established for forward price negotiations. For this reason, a price forecasting model for Georgia peaches was developed that can be used to predict price 3 weeks ahead and estimate the probability that the price in 3 weeks will exceed a benchmark price. A similar procedure may be used for other fresh produce items.
Chlormequat-induced Early Flowering of Hybrid Geranium: The Influence of Gibberellic Acid
Authors: Armitage A. M.
Published: September 2022

Application of 1500 ppm chlormequat (CCC) prior to flower initiation accelerated flowering in hybrid geranium, but not when applied after flowers had initiated. The addition of 10 ppm GA3 to the chlormequat resulted in the same flowering time as control plants when applied prior to flower initiation. Fifty and 250 ppm GA3 retarded flowering time when applied prior to or after flower initiation. The data indicate that one of the reasons for early flowering due to CCC is that CCC may suppress endogenous GA levels. Exogenous GA3 increased flower diameter when applied only after flower initiation and increased plant height regardless of time of application. Increasing GA3 concentration generally resulted in a linear trend for time to flower, flower diameter, and nodes to peduncle regardless of time of application. Chemical name used: 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat).
Application Methods and Rates of Ancymidol on Plant Height and Seed Germination of Bedding Plants
Authors: Murray Gary E. , Sanderson Kenneth C. , Williams J. C.
Published: September 2022

Various rates of ancymidol granular incorporated, granular broadcast, soil drench, and foliar spray treatments were tested on 7 breeding plant species. Generally, treatment of media affected plant height more than foliar sprays. Media treatments reduced height linearly, with increasing rates reducing plant height. Effects were similar for Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem. & Schultz and Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey plants. Height of Targetes erecta L. plants was controlled most effectively by 311 to 622 mg a.i. m−3 drenches or granular incorporated. Begonia semperflorens - cultorum Hort., and Antirrhinum majus L. plant height was best controlled with granular incorporated ancymidol at rates of 155 to 622 mg a.i. and 311 to 1243 mg a.i. m−3, respectively. Germination of Tagetes and Pelargonium seed was unaffected by granular incorporated ancymidol at 78 to 311 mg a.i. m−3. Chemical names used: a-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol).
Effect of 16 and 24 Hours Daily Radiation (Light) on Lettuce Growth
Authors: Koontz H. V. , Prince R. P.
Published: September 2022

A 50% increase in total radiation by extending the photoperiod from 16 to 24 hr doubled the weight of all cultivars of loose-leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) ‘Grand Rapids Forcing’, ‘Waldmanns Green’, ‘Salad Bowl’, and ‘RubyConn’, but not a Butterhead cultivar, ‘Salina’. When total daily radiation (moles of photons) was the same, plants under continuous radiation weighed 30% to 50% more than plants under a 16 hr photoperiod. By using continuous radiation on loose-leaf lettuce, fewer lamp fixtures were required and yield was increased.
Susceptibility of Peaches and Nectarines, Plant Introductions, and Other Prunus Species to Bacterial Spot
Authors: Werner Dennis J. , Ritchie David F. , Cain David W. , Zehr Eldon I.
Published: September 2022

During the 1984 growing season, 156 peach and 40 nectarine cultivars, 49 plant introductions, and 33 Prunus species or species hybrids were evaluated for susceptibility to bacterial spot [Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni (Smith 1903) Dye 1978] in North Carolina and South Carolina. Fruit and leaf infection and percentage of defoliation were evaluated in North Carolina, while only leaf infection data were evaluated in South Carolina. No cultivar was immune, but susceptibility varied greatly. Based on leaf infection in the 2 locations, it was concluded that disease pressure was greater in North Carolina. Correlation of fruit infection severity with leaf infection severity and percentage of defoliation in North Carolina was r = 0.30 (P = 0.01) and r = 0.54 (P < 0.01), respectively. Correlation between leaf infection severity and percent defoliation was r = 0.51 (P < 0.01) and r = 0.00 (NS) in North and South Carolina, respectively.
In Vitro Propagation of Cuphea wrightii
Authors: Janick Jules , Whipkey Anna
Published: September 2022

In vitro propagation of Cuphea wrightii Gray was achieved by culturing leaves or shoots in a basal medium based on Murashige and Skoog salts. The cytokinin BA induced callus from leaves, shoots, hypocotyls, and epicotyls that was capable of initiating shoots as well as axillary branching, but callus induced from seedling roots did not differentiate shoots. Proliferated shoots transferred to a basal medium without BA produced roots and were successfully transferred to soil. Freshly harvested seed failed to germinate, but 31% of excised embryos developed when cultured on basal medium, and 63% developed in response to basal medium supplemented with 4.4 μM (lmg/liter) BA. Chemical names used: N-(phenlmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D); and 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
CO2 Exchange Rate, Stomatal Conductance, and Transpiration in Attached Leaves of ‘Valencia’ Orange
Authors: Vu J. C. V. , Yelenosky G. , Bausher M. G.
Published: September 2022

CO2 exchange rate (CER), stomatal conductance (Cs), and transpiration in mature attached leaves of ‘Valencia’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were determined outdoors from predawn to 1100 EDT. The maximum values of CER and Cs, which were about 7 μmol CO2·s−1m−2 and 0.27 cm·s−1, respectively, at solar photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 500-700 μmol·s−1m−2, remained at these levels as PPFD, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) between leaf and air continued to increase. Transpiration rates, with maximum values ranging from 1 to 4 mmol H2O·s−1m−2, increased throughout the measurement periods of the morning as leaf-air VPD increased. Thus, photosynthetic water use efficiency decreased with increasing VPD.
‘Floriana Mist’ and ‘Floriana Cascade’ Gypsophila
Authors: Wilfret G. J. , Weiler T. C. , Harbaugh B. K. , Hammer P. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Floriana Mist’ and ‘Floriana Cascade’ gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculata L.) are selections of Gypsophila ‘Bristol Fairy’ (Caryophyllaceae), the double-flowered Baby's Breath used in floral arrangements. These clones were selected because of consistent flowering when rooted cuttings were planted from September through February in central Florida. Inconsistent flowering of commercial cuttings of ‘Bristol Fairy’ when planted during short days (<12 hr light) and cool nights (10° to 15°C) led to the selection of clones which would flower consistently, independent of planting date. ‘Floriana Mist’ and ‘Floriana Cascade’ have performed well in commercial field trials in Florida and California from 1977 to 1981. They were released cooperatively by the Univ. of Florida and Purdue Univ. in 1983.
The Tomato Processing Industry in Portugal
Authors: Portas C. A. M. , Oliveira W. , Stilwell M. R. , Calado A. M. , Dias V. M. B. , Ruiz-Altisent M.
Published: September 2022

Portugal is a major producer of tomatoes for processing. Its export industry now ranks 4th worldwide; before the strongly protectionist European Common Market policy initiated in the early 1970s it ranked 3rd (Table 1). The culture of tomatoes for processing in irrigated areas of Portugal is favored by the dry, warm summer that characterizes Mediterranean climates. In addition the summer in Portugal is not too hot for a good tomato set (Table 2).
Influence of Disk Cultivation and Subsoiling on Productivity of a Mature Pecan Orchard
Authors: Wood Bruce W. , White A. Wilson
Published: September 2022

One-time tillage treatments in a 70-year-old ‘Moneymaker’ pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] orchard with traffic-induced soil compaction, showed nut yields to be increased by disk harrowing in comparison to the untilled check or subsoiling treatments. All tillage treatments increased soil pH in the surface soil, with leaflet Zn and Al levels declining and B levels increasing in tilled vs. nontilled treatments. Tillage had no influence on leaflet N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, or Cu levels. Periodic disk harrowing appears to be a beneficial cultural practice for increasing nut yield in orchards with certain soil compaction problems. Harrowing also improves soil pH by incorporating surface applied lime into the plow layer.
Effect of Shading on Growth of Fraser Fir in Irrigated Transplant Beds
Authors: Hinesley L. Eric
Published: September 2022

Two-year-old (2-0) Fraser Fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] seedlings were planted in a transplant bed and grown for 2 years under shade intensities of 0%, 30%, 51%, and 76%. Shade intensity of 30% had little effect on growth, but growth decreased significantly when shade intensity was increased from 51% to 76%. Plants grown in full sunlight or 30% shade were 2- to 2-times heavier and 75% larger in diameter than those grown under 76% shade. The effect of shade was similar for roots and shoots.
Development of a Foam Microenvironment for Enhanced Seedling Establishment
Authors: Taylor A. G. , Kenny T. J. , Carney E. P. , Gibbs G. H.
Published: September 2022

There are 2 corrections in the article “Development of a Foam Microenvironment for Enhanced Seedling Establishment“ by A.G. Taylor, T.J. Kenny, E.P. Carney, and G.H. Gibbs (HortScience 18:696–697, Oct. 1983)
An Industry Viewpoint: Horticultural Testing—Is Our Language Confusing?
Authors: Kirven Dennis M.
Published: September 2022

Horticultural analytical services are coming out of the shadow of agronomic soil testing, but the multiplicity of test procedures and the numbers they generate appear to be confusing. Progressive horticulturists are not content with using knowledge and services within the confines of their immediate geographical area. Various horticultural publications provide a wealth of practical experience and research results from national and international sources. Growers commonly use a combination of university and private or commercial laboratory services. As valuable as this knowledge base may be, the results, recommendations, and information provided can lead to confusion rather than enlightenment. Scientific journal articles, university reports, horticultural trade articles, or troubleshooting using more than one analytical service often present conflicting information. One should not construe that we have not made progress in the area of analysis of organic media. We have made great progress. Horticulture is no longer the stepchild to agronomic analytical services. Specifically, nutrient extraction concentrations are now expressed as parts per million, rather than pounds per acre. Also, many private labs and some university labs now offer specific horticultural analyses in addition to the usual agronomic analysis. Furthermore, guidelines for interpreting results have in some instances been characterized for various commodity crops.
Annual Strawberry Hill Cultural System in Southeastern North Carolina
Authors: Poling Barclay , Durner Edward F.
Published: September 2022

The potential for annual cropping of strawberries in hill culture on black plastic mulch was investigated using 2 experimental plantings in southeastern North Carolina from 1982-1984. In 1982-1983, a plant density trial was conducted with freshly dug plants set in mid-October at a plant spacing of 33 cm between the double rows and spacings of 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm between plants in the row. Except with ‘Titan’, the highest strawberry yields in the spring of 1983 were obtained at the 15 cm in-row spacing. Fruit size of all cultivars was somewhat reduced at closer spacings. In a 1983-1984 trial, summer planting of dormant plants was compared to that of freshly dug plants set in mid-October. In December of 1983, record cold temperatures (− 14°C) severely damaged leaves, crown tissues, and blossom primordia of dormant plants, whereas freshly dug plants had less freeze injury and higher fruit yields the following spring.
Use of Herbicides as Harvesting Aids for Field-grown Caladiums
Authors: Gilreath J. P. , Harbaugh B. K.
Published: September 2022

One pot study and 2 field experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of ethephon, acifluorfen, endothall, dinoseb, glyphosate, oxyfluorfen, and paraquat as harvesting aids (removal of root and shoot tissue) in caladium (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey) tuber production. Of these 7 compounds, paraquat and oxyfluorfen showed the most potential with 2 applications at 15-day intervals reducing ‘Canadium’ and ‘Freida Hemple’ caladium root weight as much as 51% and shoot weight up to 90%. No residual effects were observed for these herbicide treatments when tubers were subsequently forced in a greenhouse. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); [2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phonoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate (acifluorfen) (7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (endothall); 2-(l-methylpropyl)-4,6-cinitrophenol (dinoseb); N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate); 2-chloro-l-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluormethyl)benzene (oxyfluorfen); (1,1-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion (paraquat).
Effect of Criconemella xenoplax and Clitocybe tabescens on Cold Hardiness of Greenhouse-grown Peach Trees
Authors: Okie W. R. , Reilly C. C. , Nyczepir A. P.
Published: September 2022

Rooted cuttings of ‘Nemaguard’ peach were grown for 10 months in soil infested with or without Criconemella xenoplax (Raski) Luc and Clitocybe tabescens (Fr.) Bres. Trees were pruned in early December and placed in an unheated greenhouse subject to large temperature fluctuations during the winter. In March, 8 of 9 trees infested with C. xenoplax and all infested with C. xenoplax + C. tabescens showed severe stem cambial browning typical of cold injury and did not leaf out, although the root systems were still viable. All check trees and 7 of 9 trees infested with C. tabescens grew normally, although budbreak in the check trees occurred 2 weeks earlier than those infested. Symptoms were similar to symptoms of cold injury associated with peach trees short life in orchards.
Effect of Girdling Sour Orange Seedlings on Mycorrhizal Development
Authors: Davis R. M. , Fucik J. E.
Published: September 2022

Six-month-old nonmycorrhizal or mycorrhizal [Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerd. and Trappe] sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seedlings grown in a sandy soil amended with 0, 50, or 100 μg P/g soil were completely girdled 5 mm below the basal leaves. Eight weeks later, root exudates and extracts were analyzed and one-half of the nonmycorrhizal plants were inoculated with G. fasciculatum. Amounts of soluble sugars were greater in exudates from girdled nonmycorrhizal plants than in exudates from nongirdled or mycorrhizal plants. Girdling consistently reduced the amount of sugars in root extracts in all plants. Amounts of amino acids in exudates or extracts were not consistently affected by any treatment. Intensity of mycorrhizal infection was similar in girdled and nongirdled plants grown in sand without supplemental phosphorus, but mycorrhizal development was insignificant in plants inoculated after girdling and grown in sand amended with 50 or 100 μg P/g soil. Root infection was apparently dependent both on levels of photosynthates supplied to the roots and on the amount of nutrients in root exudates.
In Vitro Shoot Proliferation of Camellia ‘Purple Dawn’
Authors: Carlisi Jacqueline A. , Torres Kenneth C.
Published: September 2022

Success with in vitro propagation of camellias has been limited to juvenile material of Camellia japonica L. (1, 2, 6). Beauchesne (1) obtained callus from meristems cultured on either Knops or Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (2) amended with 1H- indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA), N-(phenyl-methyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D). Callus proliferated rapidly when cotyledons of camellias were cultured on a diluted (MS) medium (2). Subculturing the callus onto fresh media resulted in plantlet formation; however, no data were reported on multiplication rates to support these findings. More recently, Samartin et al. (6) reported callus formation from juvenile nodal explants of Camellia cultured on a modified MS medium supplemented with N-(2-fur-anylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin) (4.6 μM) and BA (4.4 μM). The objectives of this research were to define some of the requirements for shoot proliferation of mature Camellia ‘Purple Dawn’ in vitro.