bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rice bran FFA determination by diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy
Authors: Özgül‐Yücel Sevil , Proctor Andrew
Published: December 2006

Rice bran with FFA levels above 0.1% cannot be used as a food ingredient due to oxidative off‐flavor formation. However, extracting high FFA oil from bran by in situ methanolic esterification of rice bran oil to produce methyl ester biodiesel produces greater yields relative to low‐FFA rice bran oil. Therefore, high‐FFA bran could be exploited for biodiesel production. This study describes an FTIR spectroscopic method to measure rice bran FFA rapidly. Commercial rice bran was incubated at 37°C and 70% humidity for a 13‐d incubation period. Diffuse reflectance IR Fourier transform spectra of the bran were obtained and the percentage of FFA was determined by extraction and acid/base titration throughout this period. Partial least squares (PLS) regression and a calibration/validation analysis were done using the IR spectral regions 4000‐400 cm−1 and 1731‐1631 cm−1. The diffuse reflectance IR Fourier transform spectra indicated an increasing FFA carbonyl response at the expense of the ester peak during incubation, and the regression coefficients obtained by PLS analysis also demonstrated that these functional groups and the carboxyl ion were important in predicting FFA levels. FFA rice bran changes also could be observed qualitatively by visual examination of the spectra. Calibration models obtained using the spectral regions 4000‐400 cm−1 and 1731‐1631 cm−1 produced correlation coefficients R and root mean square error (RMSE) of cross‐validation of R=0.99, RMSE=1.78, and R=0.92, RMSE=4.67, respectively. Validation model statistics using the 4000‐400 cm−1 and 1731‐1631 cm−1 ranges were R=0.96, RMSE=3.64, and R=0.88, RMSE=5.80, respectively.
Oil‐in‐water emulsions formulated with sunflower lecithins: Vesicle formation and stability
Authors: Pan L. G. , Tomás M. C. , Añón M. C.
Published: December 2006

Oil‐in‐water emulsions (30∶70, vol/vol) were formulated with sunflower lecithin to characterize the destabilization processes and the vesicles formed. Dispersions containing levels of 0.1% lecithin were more stable against coalescence than the control system. When the lecithin concentration was increased to 0.5%, the presence of spherical structures, such as vesicles, was recorded that occluded the emulsion inside. Vesicles underwent a creaming process, and a narrow coalescence zone was detected in the upper layers of the samples. As the lecithin concentration was increased, more vesicles were formed, representing as much as 80% of the system volume. A reduction in the average size of vesicles was observed at high lecithin concentrations (2.5 and 5.0%). The vesicle size distribution changed as a function of lecithin concentration, decreasing the ratio of large to small particles in the same way. Coalescence took place in zones where large‐volume vesicles were in contact in the upper portion of the tube sample. The results obtained suggest that sunflower lecithins present interesting emulsifying properties that may prove useful in food technology.
Chemical characterization of oils and meals from wild sunflower (helianthus petiolaris nutt)
Authors: Perez Ethel E. , Carelli Amalia A. , Crapiste Guillermo H.
Published: December 2006

Chemical characterizations of oils and meals from the wild sunflower species Helianthus petiolaris Nutt and their comparison with those from cultivated sunflower (H. annuus) were performed. Seeds from indigenous populations of H. petiolaris were harvested in Argentina in different years. The analytical parameters studied were as follows: (i) FA profile, PV, p‐anisidine value, oxidative stability, phosphorus and phospholipid content, tocopherols, polar compounds, and waxes in the extracted oils; and (ii) moisture, ash, crude fiber, metals, sugars, urease activity, starch, protein, available lysine, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, gross energy, and amino acid content in the residual meals. The products from wild sunflower seed, which yielded 27–30% oil by solvent extraction, showed some characteristics similar to the commercial products. Nevertheless, the oil had lower quality and stability owing to the high unsaturation levels and lower concentrations of antioxidant components, and the meal had a lower protein content. The phospholipid content was significantly lower than in industrial crude sunflower oils. Most of the important parameters in the meal such as available lysine, gross energy, and digestibility compared favorably with those for cultivated sunflower meals. The results showed the potential for using these meals for animal feed.
Ectodomain shedding of the EGF‐receptor ligand epigen is mediated by ADAM17
Authors: Sahin Umut , Blobel Carl P.
Published: December 2006

All ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which has important roles in development and disease, are made as transmembrane precursors. Proteolytic processing by ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) regulates the bioavailability of several EGFR‐ligands, yet little is known about the enzyme responsible for processing the recently identified EGFR ligand, epigen. Here we show that ectodomain shedding of epigen requires ADAM17, which can be stimulated by phorbol esters, phosphatase inhibitors and calcium influx. These results suggest that ADAM17 might be a good target to block the release of bioactive epigen, a highly mitogenic ligand of the EGFR which has been implicated in wound healing and cancer.
Avoiding or Accepting Conflict in Public Talk
Authors: DUCHESNE SOPHIE , HAEGEL FLORENCE
Published: December 2006

This article gives an account of experimental research conducted in France with focus groups on delinquency. It is based on theoretical work which shows how the political is partly a mode of expression as well as a way of addressing conflict. An empirical analysis is presented of how people take or resist the risk of conflict in public discussion over social issues. The group discussions corroborate previous insights by attesting that conflict in public discussion is generally latent and often repressed. Specific analysis follows of those processes that contribute to the rare transformation from latent to overt conflict, highlighting the evidence that the public expression of conflict proceeds from participants' alliances and biographical narratives. Moreover, a certain hierarchy of social identification is seen among the participants. The influence of political competence on political implication is complex.
What's in a Name? New Labour's Putative Keynesianism
Authors: HAY COLIN
Published: December 2006

Whatever its limitations, the academic literature has not been short in supplying adjectives to describe and characterize the political economy of New Labour. Yet until Ben Clift and Jim Tomlinson's provocative and imaginative intervention in the debate published in this journal, ‘Keynesian’ was not one of them. In a way it is odd that New Labour's political economy should not previously have been labelled Keynesian – it has, after all, been called almost everything else and, as Clift and Tomlinson show well, there is a certain intuitive appeal to this designation.

In this brief response, however, I seek to demonstrate that the label ‘Keynesian’ is ultimately inappropriate, the resulting characterization misplaced. Despite their pretensions to normative neutrality, I suggest, Clift and Tomlinson's self-evident desire to label New Labour's political economy ‘Keynesian’ leads them to mischaracterize both the literature they critique and the putative object of that literature's and their own analytical attentions. I argue that whilst they do largely succeed in showing that New Labour has not ‘decisively repudiated’ Keynesianism, they do not show that it has actively embraced it. Indeed, even if one were to accept every aspect of their analysis, at best they show that the decision to cede operational independence to the Bank of England has bought consecutive New Labour governments since 1997 the fiscal policy discretion to respond – if, as and when the need arises (or is seen to arise) – to recessionary pressures in a Keynesian fashion. In short, they make a far stronger case for suggesting that New Labour's policies since 1997 are not incompatible with future Keynesianism than they do for suggesting that those policies are themselves Keynesian in intent or content.
Tectonic subsidence v. erosional lowering in a controversial intramontane depression: the Jiloca basin (Iberian Chain, Spain)
Authors: RUBIO JOSÉ C. , SIMÓN JOSÉ L.
Published: December 2006

The Jiloca basin is a large intramontane, NNW–SSE-trending topographical depression in which the relative role of tectonic subsidence and erosional lowering is currently a matter of discussion. Geometry and facies of the sedimentary infill at its central sector have now been characterized from compiled borehole data, which allows discussions of how the evolutionary model is constrained. The central Jiloca depression contains a Late Pliocene to Pleistocene sedimentary sequence made up of alluvial fan, pediment mantle and episodic palustrine deposits, overlying a carbonate unit that could represent an early lacustrine stage of Late Miocene–Early Pliocene age. The geometry of these units is partially controlled by NW–SE-striking normal faults. Both the morphological depression and the sedimentary basin truncate previous folds, whose traces beneath the Neogene–Quaternary infill have been interpreted from the geology of the basin margins, borehole data and hydrogeological criteria. The northern and southern sectors of the Jiloca depression are bounded by faults showing measurable hectometric-scale throws (Calamocha and Concud faults). Moreover, in the central sector, the ∼ 350–400 m tectonic uplift of Sierra Palomera has been interpreted from a morphostructural reconstruction of the tilted block which separates the Teruel and Jiloca graben, being similar to the height of the Sierra Palomera mountain front. All these features are consistent with a tectonic basin developed within the framework of the Neogene–Quaternary extensional evolution of eastern Spain. In contrast, they are hardly compatible with genetic models based on erosional deepening, either topographic lowering by numerous nested Tertiary erosion pediplains, or sub-alluvial Pliocene–Quaternary karstic corrosion.
Head torsion technique for detailed observation of larynx and hypopharynx
Authors: Tsunoda A , Ishihara A , Kishimoto S , Tsunoda* R , Tsunoda K
Published: December 2006

We introduce here an easy but effective method for detailed observation of the larynx and hypopharynx. During the endoscopic observation, the patient's head is turned to one side. Anatomical structures on the same side of the endolarynx, such as the laryngeal ventricle and inferior surface of the vocal fold, are easily observed. In addition, observation of the opposite side of the hypopharynx also becomes easier. Such head turning is also useful in patients with an oblique larynx, in whom the epiglottis obstructs insertion of the endoscope. This is a simple but very effective technique for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal observation.
Zurich German
Authors: Fleischer Jürg , Schmid Stephan
Published: December 2006

Zurich German belongs to the High Alemannic subgroup of Alemannic, a dialect group forming part of Upper German (cf. Wiesinger 1983: 835). It is the dialect spoken in the city and in most parts of the canton of Zurich. According to recent census data, the canton of Zurich (whose area roughly coincides with the areal extension of Zurich German) has somewhat more than 1.2 million inhabitants, but since immigration both from other German-speaking areas and from more remote linguistic backgrounds plays an important role for the largest city and the largest canton of Switzerland, the number of speakers of Zurich German is certainly lower.
Community attitudes toward three protected areas in Upper Myanmar (Burma)
Authors: ALLENDORF TERI , SWE KHAING KHAING , OO THIDA , HTUT YE , AUNG MYINT , AUNG MYINT , ALLENDORF KEERA , HAYEK LEE-ANN , LEIMGRUBER PETER , WEMMER CHRIS
Published: December 2006

An effective protected area system is essential for the long-term conservation of Myanmar's biodiversity. This study examined the attitudes of 2915 residents in 97 communities around three protected areas (PAs) in upper Myanmar: Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park in the western mountains, Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary in the hills bordering the Chindwin and Uru rivers, and Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary in the central dry zone. Logistic regression indicated a positive attitude toward the PAs was most highly correlated with a perception of conservation benefits and benefits resulting from management of the areas. Attitude was also significantly correlated with a perception of extraction benefits, conflicts with PA staff and crop damage by wildlife. Socioeconomic variables were less powerful than perceptions in predicting attitude and, unlike perceptions, their effects varied among the areas. The much greater effect of perceptions, especially positive ones, on people's attitudes indicates that understanding perceptions is important to improving the relationship between local residents and these PAs. This finding underscores the fact that a focus on conflicts to understand people's attitudes toward PAs may undervalue or miss critical positive perceptions that people hold. Understanding local residents' perceptions of PAs makes possible the creation of strategic, place-based management strategies that build on people's positive perceptions and mitigate their negative perceptions.
Distribution of novel and previously investigated virulence genes in colonizing and invasive isolates ofStreptococcus agalactiae
Authors: SMITH T. C. , ROEHL S. A. , PILLAI P. , LI S. , MARRS C. F. , FOXMAN B.
Published: December 2006

AlthoughStreptococcus agalactiaehas emerged as an important cause of invasive disease, relatively little is known regarding the genetic basis of virulence of this organism. Three novel genes with characteristics suggesting a role in virulence were identified via comparison of sequenced genomes ofS. agalactiae. The presence of these genes and of the previously identified genesbac,bca,rib, andspb1was determined, and isolates were assigned a binary genetic signature. It was found that isolates containingspb1, previously suggested to be limited to serotype III-3, were represented by 18 different genetic signatures and several serotypes, and that the presence of bothsbp1andribwas more predictive of invasive disease thanspb1alone. Additionally,bac-positive isolates, reported to be genetically homogeneous, were represented by 14 different genetic signatures. Finally, the majority of serotype V isolates examined contained zero or only one of the genes tested, suggesting that much remains undiscovered regarding important virulence factors in isolates of this serotype.
Estimating the undetected burden of influenza hospitalizations in children
Authors: GRIJALVA C. G. , WEINBERG G. A. , BENNETT N. M. , STAAT M. A. , CRAIG A. S. , DUPONT W. D. , IWANE M. K. , POSTEMA A. S. , SCHAFFNER W. , EDWARDS K. M. , GRIFFIN M. R.
Published: December 2006

During the 2004–2005 influenza season two independent influenza surveillance systems operated simultaneously in three United States counties. The New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) prospectively enrolled children hospitalized for respiratory symptoms/fever and tested them using culture and RT–PCR. The Emerging Infections Program (EIP) and a similar clinical-laboratory surveillance system identified hospitalized children who had positive influenza tests obtained as part of their usual medical care. Using data from these systems, we applied capture–recapture analyses to estimate the burden of influenza related-hospitalizations in children aged <5 years. During the 2004–2005 influenza season the influenza-related hospitalization rate estimated by capture–recapture analysis was 8·6/10 000 children aged <5 years. When compared to this estimate, the sensitivity of the prospective surveillance system was 69% and the sensitivity of the clinical-laboratory based system was 39%. In the face of limited resources and an increasing need for influenza surveillance, capture–recapture analysis provides better estimates than either system alone.
Intermediate care in nursing-led units – a comprehensive overview of the evidence base
Authors: Griffiths Peter
Published: December 2006

The development of intermediate care services, aimed predominantly at older people, formed a significant part of the UK Department of Health's National Service Framework (NSF) designed to guide the development of services for older people at the beginning of the 21st Century. The stated intention was to provide a more appropriate environment of care for some of the large number of elderly patients who occupied acute beds ‘inappropriately’. The goal was to prevent unnecessarily extended stay in acute care, to improve the outcome of the transition between acute and community care and prevent ‘excess’ dependence, including unnecessary hospitalization and iatrogenic dependence. Despite such positive statements of intent, the plan to create 5000 intermediate care beds in the UK by 2004 led some to voice concern that this heralded a return to ‘workhouse’ wards. Fears were expressed that patients would experience inadequate rehabilitation and diagnostic failure due to lack of proper assessment.
Alien worlds: astrobiology and public outreach
Authors: Brake Mark , Griffiths Martin , Hook Neil , Harris Steve
Published: December 2006

Over the last three years an outreach programme in astrobiology has been stimulating public interest in South Wales, UK. To date, 550 people have attended an accredited undergraduate course in astrobiology, Alien Worlds. Funded by a European Social Fund grant, this modular course has introduced students to the multidisciplinary nature of astrobiology, coupling academic content to a practical ability to recognise the constellations and objects of the night sky. This paper outlines the course's background, content, delivery and outcomes as an example of the outreach potential of the science and culture of astrobiology.
Aliens and time in the machine age
Authors: Brake Mark , Hook Neil
Published: December 2006

The 19th century saw sweeping changes for the development of astrobiology, both in the constituency of empirical science encroaching upon all aspects of life and in the evolution of ideas, with Lyell's Principles of Geology radically raising expectation of the true age of the Earth and the drama of Darwinism questioning biblically literalist accounts of natural history. This paper considers the popular culture spun on the crackling loom of the emergent aspects of astrobiology of the day: Edward Bulwer-Lytton's The Coming Race (1871), which foretold the race of the future, and satirist Samuel Butler's anticipation of machine intelligence, ‘Darwin Among the Machines’, in his Erewhon (1872). Finally, we look at the way Darwin, Huxley and natural selection travelled into space with French astronomer Camille Flammarion's immensely popular Récits de l'infini (Stories of Infinity, 1872), and the social Darwinism of H.G. Wells' The Time Machine (1895) and The War of the Worlds (1898). These works of popular culture presented an effective and inspiring communication of science; their crucial discourse was the reducible gap between the new worlds uncovered by science and exploration and the fantastic strange worlds of the imagination. As such they exemplify a way in which the culture and science of popular astrobiology can be fused.
Arctic winter 2005: Implications for stratospheric ozone loss and climate change
Authors: Rex M. , Salawitch R. J. , Deckelmann H. , von der Gathen P. , Harris N. R. P. , Chipperfield M. P. , Naujokat B. , Reimer E. , Allaart M. , Andersen S. B. , Bevilacqua R. , Braathen G. O. , Claude H. , Davies J. , De Backer H. , Dier H. , Dorokhov V. , Fast H. , Gerding M. , Godin‐Beekmann S. , Hoppel K. , Johnson B. , Kyrö E. , Litynska Z. , Moore D. , Nakane H. , Parrondo M. C. , Risley A. D. , Skrivankova P. , Stübi R. , Viatte P. , Yushkov V. , Zerefos C.
Published: December 2006

The Arctic polar vortex exhibited widespread regions of low temperatures during the winter of 2005, resulting in significant ozone depletion by chlorine and bromine species. We show that chemical loss of column ozone (ΔO3) and the volume of Arctic vortex air cold enough to support the existence of polar stratospheric clouds (VPSC) both exceed levels found for any other Arctic winter during the past 40 years. Cold conditions and ozone loss in the lowermost Arctic stratosphere (e.g., between potential temperatures of 360 to 400 K) were particularly unusual compared to previous years. Measurements indicate ΔO3 = 121 ± 20 DU and that ΔO3 versus VPSC lies along an extension of the compact, near linear relation observed for previous Arctic winters. The maximum value of VPSC during five to ten year intervals exhibits a steady, monotonic increase over the past four decades, indicating that the coldest Arctic winters have become significantly colder, and hence are more conducive to ozone depletion by anthropogenic halogens.
Observation of coseismic seafloor crustal deformation due to M7 class offshore earthquakes
Authors: Tadokoro Keiichi , Ando Masataka , Ikuta Ryoya , Okuda Takashi , Besana Glenda M. , Sugimoto Shingo , Kuno Masahiro
Published: December 2006

We have developed an observation system for seafloor crustal deformation measurement combining the two following techniques: the precise acoustic ranging and kinematic GPS (Global Positioning System) positioning. On July 14, 2003, we installed the units for this observation system at the seafloor of the Kumano Basin, Japan (33.58°N, 136.60°E). We performed repeated observation six times on 1) July 15–16 and 21, 2004, 2) November 9–10, 2004, 3) May 18 and 20, 2005, 4) July 19–20, 2005, 5) August 18–19, 2005, and 6) August 29–30, 2005. The present observation system can stably determine the seafloor position with an RMS repeatability of ±3 cm in both horizontal components. Two M7 class offshore intraplate earthquakes occurred only 60 km from the Kumano Basin site on September 5, 2004. We observed the coseismic horizontal displacement of 18 cm at the Kumano Basin site using the presently developed seafloor observation system. Our observation system can provide seafloor crustal deformation associated with crustal activities in offshore areas.
Three‐dimensional acoustic monitoring and modeling of a deep‐sea CO2 droplet cloud
Authors: Brewer Peter G. , Chen Baixin , Warzinki Robert , Baggeroer Arthur , Peltzer Edward T. , Dunk Rachel M. , Walz Peter
Published: December 2006

We show that release of 5 liters of liquid CO2 at 1000 m depth can be readily detected acoustically, and tracked for over 30 minutes, and 150 m of ascent, with both surface ship (38 kHz) and ROV (675 kHz) sonars. The released liquid broke up into droplets covered with a hydrate film. The remarkably sensitive acoustic response of the droplets may be attributed to the high sound speed contrast between CO2 (300 m/sec) and sea water (1500 m/sec), the near spherical shape of the droplets created by the hydrate shell, and the high compressibility of the liquid. The observed cloud conformed closely to models of CO2 disposal, allowing for reasonable predictions of larger scale processes. This offers a remarkably sensitive technique for examination in real time of engineered releases of CO2, volcanic sea floor liquid CO2 plumes, or leakage from geologic CO2 storage.
CTM study of changes in tropospheric hydroxyl distribution 1990–2001 and its impact on methane
Authors: Dalsøren Stig B. , Isaksen Ivar S. A.
Published: December 2006

Impacts of emission changes on hydroxyl (OH) and methane lifetime in the troposphere are studied using an emission inventory for the period 1990–2001 as input to a global Chemical Transport Model (CTM) run with repeated year 2000 meteorology. Global OH is estimated to increase, in average by 0.08% per year, with exception of 1997 and 1998 when deviations from the trend result from unusually large biomass burning emissions. The global OH evolution is highly dependent on the CO to NOx emission ratio, and a statistically significant linear relation between this ratio and the OH concentration is found. However, we find large regional variations of OH distributions and methane loss. One third of a calculated increase in global average methane loss (0.50% per year) can be explained by OH changes resulting from emission changes of CO, NOx and NMVOCs, while two third is due to increases in methane itself.
Temporal decrease in upper atmospheric chlorine
Authors: Froidevaux L. , Livesey N. J. , Read W. G. , Salawitch R. J. , Waters J. W. , Drouin B. , MacKenzie I. A. , Pumphrey H. C. , Bernath P. , Boone C. , Nassar R. , Montzka S. , Elkins J. , Cunnold D. , Waugh D.
Published: December 2006

We report a steady decrease in the upper stratospheric and lower mesospheric abundances of hydrogen chloride (HCl) from August 2004 through January 2006, as measured by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard the Aura satellite. For 60°S to 60°N zonal means, the average yearly change in the 0.7 to 0.1 hPa (∼50 to 65 km) region is −27 ± 3 pptv/year, or −0.78 ± 0.08 percent/year. This is consistent with surface abundance decrease rates (about 6 to 7 years earlier) in chlorine source gases. The MLS data confirm that international agreements to reduce global emissions of ozone‐depleting industrial gases are leading to global decreases in the total gaseous chlorine burden. Tracking stratospheric HCl variations on a seasonal basis is now possible with MLS data. Inferred stratospheric total chlorine (ClTOT) has a value of 3.60 ppbv at the beginning of 2006, with a (2‐sigma) accuracy estimate of 7%; the stratospheric chlorine loading has decreased by about 43 pptv in the 18‐month period studied here. We discuss the MLS HCl measurements in the context of other satellite‐based HCl data, as well as expectations from surface chlorine data. A mean age of air of ∼ 5.5 years and an age spectrum width of 2 years or less provide a fairly good fit to the ensemble of measurements.
CEP populations observed by ISEE 1
Authors: Whitaker Katherine E. , Chen Jiasheng , Fritz Theodore A.
Published: December 2006

Observations on October 30, 1978 show the ISEE 1 spacecraft passing though the high‐altitude dayside northern cusp region from roughly 16:00 to 18:30 UT, during a slow solar wind period (∼380 km/s). More than two orders of magnitude enhancements of the cusp energetic particle (CEP) fluxes are observed along with a depressed and turbulent local magnetic field and both ionospheric and solar wind plasma. The clock angle of the local magnetic field is different from that of the IMF, implying that the spacecraft was indeed inside the magnetosphere. The observed variations of the pitch angle distributions provide a unique opportunity to determine the structure of the cusp. The CEP fluxes were measured at about 8.5 hours MLT when the IMF had both an 8–10 nT duskward and southward component. The dawnside location of the cusp under these IMF conditions is unexpected by the existing models. No obvious time‐energy dispersion is measured for the CEP fluxes. The time evolution of the phase space density as the spacecraft crossed the cusp boundary layer exhibits a positive gradient pointed to the high‐altitude cusp, indicating a probable cusp source of the energetic particles. Through a careful analysis of the data available, we report the first detailed study of the equatorial orbiting ISEE 1 spacecraft passing through the high altitude cusp region.
Nonmigrating tides inferred from the Mars Odyssey and Mars Global Surveyor aerobraking data
Authors: Wang L. , Fritts D. C. , Tolson R. H.
Published: December 2006

We analyzed Mars Odyssey (ODY) and Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) accelerometer density retrievals in narrow local‐time (LT) bands during their respective aerobraking phases to study the large‐scale longitudinal density variations in the Martian upper atmosphere. The ODY data and three seasons of MGS data (fall, winter, and spring) all displayed large zonal variations in density (especially wave‐2 and 3) with little vertical phase variation, consistent with previous studies using MGS aerobraking data. The large‐scale density structures were most likely nonmigrating tides sampled at specific LTs. The wave‐2 modes observed in the ODY and MGS data were approximately out of phase, and their respective LT samplings were approximately 12 hours apart. This reinforces the conclusion from previous studies that this mode is most likely an eastward‐propagating diurnal Kelvin wave of zonal wave‐1, which is produced by the interaction of the diurnal thermal forcing and the wave‐2 component of the Martian topography. We also note a close association of enhanced gravity wave variances with the strong longitudinal variations in the large‐scale densities, suggesting the possibility of tidal filtering of the gravity wave (GW) field.
Deglaciating the snowball Earth: Sensitivity to surface albedo
Authors: Lewis J. P. , Weaver A. J. , Eby M.
Published: December 2006

The accepted values for both snow and ice albedo cover a large range, which is reflected in the values used in models studying the Neoproterozoic snowball Earth. The variation in these parameters can have a significant impact on modeling results and are often not explored within the modelling studies. Here we attempt to quantify the relative sensitivity of different surface albedos, using the University of Victoria's Earth System Climate Model, to deglaciating the snowball Earth. We investigate the sensitivity of ice, snow, and land albedo on the minimum CO2 greenhouse forcing required for deglaciating the Neoproterozoic snowball Earth. We find that the amount of CO2 forcing required for deglaciation can vary by nearly an order of magnitude within accepted albedo ranges.
Bottom water warming along the pathway of lower circumpolar deep water in the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Kawano Takeshi , Fukasawa Masao , Kouketsu Shinya , Uchida Hiroshi , Doi Toshimasa , Kaneko Ikuo , Aoyama Michio , Schneider Wolfgang
Published: December 2006

Repeat trans‐Pacific hydrographic observations along the pathway of Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) reveal that bottom water has warmed by about 0.005 to 0.01°C in recent decades. The warming is probably not from direct heating of LCDW, but is manifest as a decrease of the coldest component of LCDW evident at each hydrographic section. This result is consistent with numerical model results of warming associated with decreased bottom water formation rates around Antarctica.
Influence of stratification and topography upon internal wave spectra in the region of sills
Authors: Xing Jiuxing , Davies Alan M.
Published: December 2006

A non‐hydrostatic model in vertical cross section form is used to examine the role of sill width and buoyancy upon the energy cascade into the internal tidal band and higher frequencies in sill regions. Power spectra analysis of computed time series show that as sill width is reduced the energy transfer from the baroclinic tide to its higher harmonics is reduced. However, there is an increase in energy at higher frequencies corresponding to lee wave periods. In addition internal mixing on the lee side of the sill increases. The addition of small scale topography on the sill slope produces a similar spectral change in the internal wave distribution and mixing. For a narrow sill the addition of a surface buoyant layer with a higher buoyancy frequency, significantly reduces the energy cascade to higher frequencies with a corresponding reduction in mixing. The associated spectra have characteristics resembling wide sill topography.
Time‐resolved measurements of water‐soluble organic carbon in Tokyo
Authors: Miyazaki Y. , Kondo Y. , Takegawa N. , Komazaki Y. , Fukuda M. , Kawamura K. , Mochida M. , Okuzawa K. , Weber R. J.
Published: December 2006

Semicontinuous measurements of submicron water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC) aerosol were made simultaneously with organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in the Tokyo urban area in winter, summer, and fall 2004. The measurements of WSOC and OC/EC were made every 6 min and 1 hour, respectively, using a particle‐into‐liquid sampler (PILS) with a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer and with an EC‐OC analyzer using a thermal‐optical technique. The PILS and 12‐hour integrated filter measurements of WSOC agreed to within 12%. The WSOC mass concentrations and WSOC/OC ratio showed diurnal variations with peaks at 1200–1400 LT in summer and later in the afternoon in winter. On average, the WSOC/OC ratio was 0.20 and 0.35 μg C/μg C for winter and summer/late fall, respectively. The difference in the winter and summer frequency distributions of the WSOC/OC ratio suggests that the sampled air masses in summer and fall were more photochemically processed than those in winter. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations were estimated using the EC‐tracer method. The measured WSOC was highly correlated with the derived SOC (r2 = 0.61–0.79), with WSOC/SOC slopes of 0.67 to 0.75 μg C/μg C for each season. These results suggest that the WSOC and SOC were similar in their chemical characteristics in this study. Water‐insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) ( = OC–WSOC) correlated well with EC and CO (r2 = 0.59–0.73). The diurnally averaged WIOC/EC ratios were nearly constant (1.1 ± 0.1 μg C/μg C) throughout the study periods, suggesting that motor vehicle emissions were an important source of WIOC. A dominant portion (about 90% or more) of the POC was water‐insoluble, consistent with previous studies of POC.
A wind profiler trajectory tool for air quality transport applications
Authors: White Allen B. , Senff Christoph J. , Keane Ann N. , Darby Lisa S. , Djalalova Irina V. , Ruffieux Dominique C. , White David E. , Williams Brent J. , Goldstein Allen H.
Published: December 2006

Horizontal transport is a key factor in air pollution meteorology. In several recent air quality field campaigns, networks of wind profiling Doppler radars have been deployed to help characterize this important phenomenon. This paper describes a Lagrangian particle trajectory tool developed to take advantage of the hourly wind observations provided by these special profiler networks. The tool uses only the observed wind profiles to calculate trajectory positions and does not involve any model physics or parameterizations. An interpolation scheme is used to determine the wind speed and direction at any given location and altitude along the trajectory. Only the horizontal winds measured by the profilers are included because the type of profiling radars used in this study are unable to resolve synoptic‐scale vertical motions. The trajectory tool is applied to a case study from the International Consortium for Research on Transport and Transformation air quality experiment conducted during the summer of 2004 (ICARTT‐04). During this international field study, air chemistry observations were collected at Chebogue Point, a coastal station in southwestern Nova Scotia, and factor analysis was used to identify time periods when air pollution from the United States arrived at the site. The profiler trajectories are compared to trajectories produced from numerical model initialization fields. The profiler‐based trajectories more accurately reflect changes in the synoptic weather pattern that occurred between operational upper air soundings, thereby providing a more accurate depiction of the horizontal transport responsible for air pollution arriving in Nova Scotia.
Significant enhancements of nitrogen oxides, black carbon, and ozone in the North Atlantic lower free troposphere resulting from North American boreal wildfires
Authors: Val Martín M. , Honrath R. E. , Owen R. C. , Pfister G. , Fialho P. , Barata F.
Published: December 2006

Extensive wildfires burned in northern North America during summer 2004, releasing large amounts of trace gases and aerosols into the atmosphere. Emissions from these wildfires frequently impacted the PICO‐NARE station, a mountaintop site situated 6–15 days downwind from the fires in the Azores Islands. To assess the impacts of the boreal wildfire emissions on the levels of aerosol black carbon (BC), nitrogen oxides and O3 downwind from North America, we analyzed measurements of CO, BC, total reactive nitrogen oxides (NOy), NOx (NO + NO2) and O3 made from June to September 2004 in combination with MOZART chemical transport model simulations. Long‐range transport of boreal wildfire emissions resulted in large enhancements of CO, BC, NOy and NOx, with levels up to 250 ppbv, 665 ng m−3, 1100 pptv and 135 pptv, respectively. Enhancement ratios relative to CO were variable in the plumes sampled, most likely because of variations in wildfire emissions and removal processes during transport. Analyses of ΔBC/ΔCO, ΔNOy/ΔCO and ΔNOx/ΔCO ratios indicate that NOy and BC were on average efficiently exported in these plumes and suggest that decomposition of PAN to NOx was a significant source of NOx. High levels of NOx suggest continuing formation of O3 in these well‐aged plumes. O3 levels were also significantly enhanced in the plumes, reaching up to 75 ppbv. Analysis of ΔO3/ΔCO ratios showed distinct behaviors of O3 in the plumes, which varied from significant to lower O3 production. We identify several potential reasons for the complex effects of boreal wildfire emissions on O3 and conclude that this behavior needs to be explored further in the future. These observations demonstrate that boreal wildfire emissions significantly contributed to the NOx and O3 budgets in the central North Atlantic lower free troposphere during summer 2004 and imply large‐scale impacts on direct radiative forcing of the atmosphere and on tropospheric NOx and O3.
Equatorial and midlatitude distribution of chlorine measured by Mars Odyssey GRS
Authors: Keller J. M. , Boynton W. V. , Karunatillake S. , Baker V. R. , Dohm J. M. , Evans L. G. , Finch M. J. , Hahn B. C. , Hamara D. K. , Janes D. M. , Kerry K. E. , Newsom H. E. , Reedy R. C. , Sprague A. L. , Squyres S. W. , Starr R. D. , Taylor G. J. , Williams R. M. S.
Published: December 2006

The 2001 Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) has made the first measurement of the equatorial and midlatitude distribution of Cl at the near‐surface of Mars. A mean concentration value of 0.49 wt% Cl has been determined from a grand sum of GRS spectra collected over the planet excluding high‐latitude regions. Cl is significantly enriched within the upper few tens of centimeters of the surface relative to the Martian meteorites and estimates for the bulk composition of the planet. However, Cl is not homogeneously distributed and varies by a factor of ∼4 even after smoothing of data with a 10°‐arc‐radius filter. Several contiguous, geographically large (>20°) regions of high and low Cl concentrations are present. In particular, a region centered over the Medusae Fossae Formation west of Tharsis shows significantly elevated Cl. A large region north of Syrtis Major extending into Utopia Planitia in the northern hemisphere shows the lowest Cl concentrations. On the basis of hierarchical multivariate correlations, Cl is positively associated with H while negatively associated with Si and thermal inertia. We discuss four possible geologic mechanisms (aeolian, volcanic, aqueous, and hydrothermal) that may have affected the Cl distribution seen by GRS. While some of the distribution may be due to Cl‐rich dust deposits transported by aeolian processes, this mechanism does not appear to account for all of the observed variability. We propose that reactions with volcanic exhalations may have been important for enriching Cl in Medusae Fossae Formation material.
Exponential sum absorption coefficients of phosphine from 2750 to 3550 cm−1 for application to radiative transfer analyses on Jupiter and Saturn
Authors: Temma T. , Baines K. H. , Butler R. A. H. , Brown L. R. , Sagui L. , Kleiner I.
Published: December 2006

PH3 exponential sum k coefficients were computed between 2750 and 3550 cm−1 (2.82–3.64 μm), in view of future application to radiative transfer analyses of Jupiter and Saturn in a phosphine absorption band near 3 μm. The temperature and pressure of this data set cover the ranges from 80 to 350 K and from 10−3 to 101 bars, respectively. Transmission uncertainty incurred by the use of the k coefficients is smaller than a few percent as long as the radiation is confined above an altitude of a few bars in the giant planets. In spectral regions of weak absorption at high pressures close to 10 bars, contributions from far wings of strong absorption lines must be carefully taken into account. Our data set helps map the three‐dimensional distribution of PH3 on the giant planets, revealing their global atmospheric dynamics extending down to the deep interior. The complete k coefficient data set of this work is available at the Web site of the NASA Planetary Data System Atmospheres Node.
Micromodel study on repartitioning phenomena of a strongly hydrophobic fluorophore at a colloid/1‐octanol interface
Authors: Baumann Thomas , Niessner Reinhard
Published: December 2006

Colloids are considered as potential carriers of otherwise immobile contaminants. In this framework the contaminant‐colloid interaction is assumed to be permanent, or the contaminant release from the colloids is not explicitly assessed. In this study, we report on micromodel experiments to visualize and quantify the behavior of colloids in a chemically reactive environment. Fluorescent polystyrene latex beads were injected into a micromodel pore network containing water, air, and 1‐octanol. The colloids were found to attach to the hydrophobic 1‐octanol phase with slightly higher attachment rates compared to the solid interface. Colloids attached to the 1‐octanol sometimes disintegrated because of a swelling of the polystyrene polymer. The hydrophobic fluorescent dye was then found to partition into the 1‐octanol. While the 1‐octanol droplets were slowly dissolving, the fluorescent dye was staying in the droplet at first. At high concentrations and very small droplets the dye was dissolving with 1‐octanol. Although one might be tempted to neglect the repartitioning of contaminants from colloids to other phases because of a limited mass of colloid associated contaminants, this effect has to be included into colloid transport models at contaminated sites with nonaqueous phase liquids, which are more attractive to the contaminant than the colloid or which change the stability of the colloid.
Improved hydrogeophysical characterization using joint inversion of cross‐hole electrical resistance and ground‐penetrating radar traveltime data
Authors: Linde Niklas , Binley Andrew , Tryggvason Ari , Pedersen Laust B. , Revil André
Published: December 2006

Appropriate regularizations of geophysical inverse problems and joint inversion of different data types improve geophysical models and increase their usefulness in hydrogeological studies. We have developed an efficient method to calculate stochastic regularization operators for given geostatistical models. The method, which combines circulant embedding and the diagonalization theorem of circulant matrices, is applicable for stationary geostatistical models when the grid discretization, in each spatial direction, is uniform in the volume of interest. We also used a structural approach to jointly invert cross‐hole electrical resistance and ground‐penetrating radar traveltime data in three dimensions. The two models are coupled by assuming, at all points, that the cross product of the gradients of the two models is zero. No petrophysical relationship between electrical conductivity and relative permittivity is assumed but is instead obtained as a by‐product of the inversion. The approach has been applied to data collected in a U.K. sandstone aquifer in order to improve characterization of the vadose zone hydrostratigraphy. By analyzing scatterplots of electrical conductivity versus relative permittivity together with petrophysical models a zonation could be obtained with corresponding estimates of the electrical formation factor, the water content, and the effective grain radius of the sediments. The approach provides greater insight into the hydrogeological characteristics of the subsurface than by using conventional geophysical inversion methods.
Introduction to special section on Colloid Transport in Subsurface Environments
Authors: Saiers James E. , Ryan Joseph N.
Published: December 2006

The Water Resources Research special section on Colloid Transport in Subsurface Environments presents new knowledge that is critical to solving problems related to groundwater pollution by microbial pathogens and hazardous chemicals. This introduction to the special section surveys fourteen manuscripts that advance current understanding of the transport of biocolloids (e.g., bacteria, viruses, and protozoa), mineral colloids, and colloid‐associated contaminants in the vadose zone and in groundwater. These papers present new techniques for elucidating mechanisms that govern colloid mobility, propose mathematical models appropriate for quantifying colloid and colloid‐associated contaminant transport, and report pore‐scale and column‐scale observations requisite for evaluating these models. Together, the papers of this special section illuminate the complexity of the colloid transport problem and describe progress toward understanding this complexity.
Fine Mapping of the Spatial Relationship between Acute Ischemia and Dendritic Structure Indicates Selective Vulnerability of Layer V Neuron Dendritic Tufts within Single Neurons in Vivo
Authors: Enright Lauren E , Zhang Shengxiang , Murphy Timothy H
Published: December 2006

We have evaluated the spatial relationship between clotted vasculature and the structural integrity of layer V cortical neurons in YFP (yellow fluorescent protein)-H transgenic mice 2 to 10 h after photothrombotic stroke. Fortuitously, ischemic zones could be finely mapped about dysmorphic YFP labeled axons and dendrites using histology since texas-red dextran used to assess blood flow in vivo was trapped within fixed clotted vessels. Ischemic damage to layer V neurons located at the border of ischemia was contained within apical tuft spiny dendritic structures and did not propagate to spines on the more proximal region of the apical dendrite. The lateral spread of dendritic damage decayed sharply with distance from the edge of ischemia (50% reduction in beaded dendrites within ~ 100 μm) and increased with time up to 6 h after stroke but not thereafter. Axonal damage also increased with time but extended further laterally than dendritic damage, up to 500 μm from the stroke core. Apoptotic and necrotic cell death cascades were activated 6 h after stroke; however, only within 300 μm of the ischemic core. These data suggest that the axonal and dendritic circuitry of neurons located 300 μm outside of an ischemic zone can be relatively free of damage or commitment to cell death suggesting that they may be in an ideal position to contribute to functional recovery. Given that ischemic damage may have a larger effect on circuitry involving superficial dendrites and projecting axons, it is conceivable that surviving peri-infarct neurons may have unique structural and functional properties.