bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Signaling and epigenetic mechanisms of intestinal stem cells and progenitors: insight into crypt homeostasis, plasticity, and niches
Authors: Smith Ryan J. , Rao‐Bhatia Abilasha , Kim Tae‐Hee
Published: June 2017

The rapid turnover of intestinal epithelial cells is maintained by a small number of stem cells located in pocket‐like gland structures called crypts. While our understanding of the identity and function of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) has rapidly progressed, epigenetic and transcriptional regulation in crypt stem cell and progenitor pools remains an active field of investigation. Surrounded by various types of cells in the stroma, crypt progenitors display high levels of plasticity, harboring the ability to interconvert in the face of epithelial damage. Recent studies analyzing epigenetic patterns of intestinal epithelial cells have provided evidence that plasticity is maintained by a broadly permissive epigenomic state, wherein cell‐lineage specification is directed through activation of signaling pathways and transcription factor (TF) expression. New studies also have shown that the ISC niche, which is comprised of surrounding epithelial and mesenchymal tissues, plays a crucial role in supporting the maintenance and differentiation of stem cells by providing contextual information in the form of signaling cascades, such as Wnt, Notch, and Hippo. These cascades ultimately govern TF expression to promote early cell‐lineage decisions in both crypt stem cells and progenitors. Highlighting recent studies investigating signaling, transcriptional, and epigenetic mechanisms of intestinal epithelial cells, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying crypt homeostasis, plasticity, and niches. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e281. doi: 10.1002/wdev.281

This article is categorized under:

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cell Differentiation and Reversion
Transoral robotic surgery vs. endoscopic partial midline glossectomy for obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Folk David , D'Agostino Mark
Published: June 2017

Objective

To compare sleep‐related outcomes in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients following base of tongue resection via robotic surgery and endoscopic midline glossectomy.

Methods

This was a retrospective study. A total of 114 robotic and 37 endoscopic midline glossectomy surgeries were performed between July 2010 and April 2015 as part of single or multilevel surgery. Patients were excluded for indications other than sleep apnea or if complete sleep studies were not obtained. Thus, 45 robotic and 16 endoscopic surgeries were included in the analysis.

Results

In the robotic surgery group there were statistically significant improvements in AHI [(44.4 ± 22.6) events/h–(14.0 ± 3.0) events/h, P < 0.001] Epworth Sleepiness Scale (12.3 ± 4.6 to 4.5 ± 2.9, P < 0.001), and O2 nadir (82.0% ± 6.1% to 85.0% ± 5.4%, P < 0.001). In the endoscopic group there were also improvements in AHI (48.7 ± 30.2 to 27.4 ± 31.9, P = 0.06), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (12.6 ± 5.5 to 8.3 ± 4.5, P = 0.08), and O2 nadir (80.2% ± 8.6% to 82.7% ± 6.5%, P = 0.4). Surgical success rate was 75.6% and 56.3% in the robotic and endoscopic groups, respectively. Greater volume of tissue removed was predictive of surgical success in the robotic cases (10.3 vs. 8.6 ml, P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Both robotic surgery and endoscopic techniques for tongue base reduction improve objective measures of sleep apnea. Greater success rates may be achieved with robotic surgery compared to traditional methods.
Cartelization and party change in social democracies: a comparative perspective on theParti Socialiste(PS),Partido Socialista Obrero Español(PSOE), andPartito Democratico(PD)
Authors: Vittori Davide
Published: June 2017

In the last decades, the cartel party theory has been one of the most discussed topics in the academic literature on political parties. Several publications have dealt with the application of the theory at the systemic level, using a country as a unit of analysis. Less attention has been given thus far to the party level. This analysis is aimed at improving the study of the cartel party theory by focussing on the transformations of three social-democratic parties in Europe: theParti Socialistein France, thePartido Socialista Obrero Españolin Spain, and thePartito Democraticoin Italy. The main findings in this work will not confirmin totothe theoretical assumption of the cartel party, in particular as regards membership and, in part, political convergence. Albeit declining, membership has been resilient in the last two decades. Despite a clear-cut convergence in EU-related issues, political manifestos of mainstream parties have shown a certain degree of polarization. Finally, while the three parties under examination rely almost entirely on public subventions, political parties proved to be capable of reforming the public funding laws, increasing the transparency of donations and reducing the total amount of public subvention.
Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters and Other Topics: The Sixty-Eighth Session of the International Law Commission
Authors: Murphy Sean D.
Published: June 2017

The International Law Commission held its sixty-eighth session in Geneva from May 2 to June 10, and from July 4 to August 12, 2016, under the chairmanship of Pedro Comissário Afonso (Mozambique). Notably, the Commission completedonsecond reading a full set of eighteen draft articles with commentaries on the protection of persons in the event of disasters and recommended to the United Nations General Assembly that it elaborate a convention based on the draft articles.

Additionally, the Commission adopted on first reading a complete set of draft conclusions, with commentaries, for two topics: identification of customary international law; and subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties. As such, both topics might be completed by the Commission on second reading in 2018.

Progress was also made in developing draft articles on crimes against humanity; draft guidelines on protection of the atmosphere; draft conclusions on jus cogens; and draft principles on protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts. The Commission commenced a debate on a proposed draft article on “limitations and exceptions” to the immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, but, due to insufficient time, the debate will continue in 2017. Furthermore, an additional proposed guideline on the provisional application of treaties was sent to the drafting committee. The Commission decided to add two new topics to its long-term work program: the settlement of international disputes to which international organizations are parties; and succession of states in respect of state responsibility.
Distance to international border shapes the distribution pattern of the growing Little BustardTetrax tetraxwinter population in Northern Iran
Authors: YOUSEFI MASOUD , KAFASH ANOOSHE , MALAKOUTIKHAH SHIMA , ASHOORI ABBAS , KHANI ALI , MEHDIZADE YOUSEF , ATAEI FARHAD , SHEYKHI ILANLOO SAYYAD , REZAEI HAMID REZA , SILVA JOÃO PAULO
Published: June 2017

The Little BustardTetrax tetraxis a Near Threatened grassland bird that is fully migratory within its eastern population, wintering in large numbers across the south Caucasus and northern parts of Iran. The species’ habitat selection has been comprehensively studied in its western European range, but very limited information is available for its eastern population. Surveys carried out between 2010 and 2015 show a considerable population increase and probable range expansion in the region. We modelled the suitability of potential winter habitat for the species and found that distance to country border, land cover and altitude were the most important variables in predicting habitat suitability. There is still considerable hunting pressure in Iran and distance to border is likely to be related to strict hunting prohibition along the border belt imposed for military purposes. This represents an opportunity for the conservation of the species, where management efforts should aim at ensuring the maintenance of suitable land cover.
“THE SESAME THAT OPENS THE DOOR OF TRADE:” JOHN HAYS HAMMOND AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN MINING, 1880–1920
Authors: Hendrickson Mark
Published: June 2017

In the last decades of the nineteenth century, American mining engineers fanned out around the globe to potential or existing mines in China, Mexico, Siberia, South Africa, and beyond. This article examines the rise and work of mining engineer John Hays Hammond and the mining engineers, geologists, and capitalists with whom he worked. The paper reveals ways that a segment of the investor class depended upon members of the emerging professional middle class of university-trained mining experts for collaboration—and even inspiration—regarding possible sources of remunerative investment. The search for raw materials abroad opens up a chapter in the history of U.S. capitalism in which mining engineers like Hammond encouraged and facilitated a new phase of export of redundant U.S. capital and manufactured goods in a direction where investment would be secure, labor recruitable, and profits attractive and subject to repatriation. Filling in this vital narrative makes an essential contribution to the ongoing recovery of the history of the U.S. and world capitalism in the era of rapid industrialization.
Stellar progenitors of black holes: insights from optical and infrared observations
Authors: Mirabel I. F.
Published: June 2017

Here are reviewed the insights from observations at optical and infrared wavelengths for low mass limits above which stars do not seem to end as luminous supernovae. These insights are: (1) the absence in archived images of nearby galaxies of stellar progenitors of core-collapse supernovae above 16-18 M⊙, (2) the identification of luminous-massive stars that quietly disappear without optically bright supernovae, (3) the absence in the nebular spectra of supernovae of type II-P of the nucleosynthetic products expected from progenitors above 20 M⊙, (4) the absence in color magnitude diagrams of stars in the environment of historic core-collapse supernovae of stars with ⩾20 M⊙. From the results in these different areas of observational astrophysics, and the recently confirmed dependence of black hole formation on metallicity and redshift of progenitors, it is concluded that a large fraction of massive stellar binaries in the universe end as binary black holes.
Black holes formed by direct collapse: observational evidences
Authors: Mirabel I. F.
Published: June 2017

Binary black holes as the recently detected sources of gravitational waves can be formed from massive stellar binaries in the field or by dynamical interactions in clusters of high stellar density, if the black holes are the remnants of massive stars that collapsed without natal kicks that would disrupt the binary system or eject the black holes from the cluster before binary black hole formation. Here are summarized and discussed the kinematics in three dimensions of space of five Galactic black hole X-ray binaries. For Cygnus X-1 and GRS 1915+105 it is found that the black holes of ~15 M⊙ and ~10 M⊙ in these sources were formed in situ, without energetic kicks. These observations suggest that binary black holes with components of ~10 M⊙ may have been prolifically produced in the universe.
KETJU: Post-Newtonian-Accurate Supermassive Black Hole Dynamics in GADGET-3
Authors: Rantala Antti , Pihajoki Pauli , Johansson Peter H.
Published: June 2017

We present KETJU, a new regularized tree code based on algorithmic chain regularization and implemented into Gadget-3. This new code is able to follow simultaneously galactic-scale dynamical and astrophysical processes and the small-scale supermassive black hole binary dynamics. We present here the general idea of this new code and show a test simulation of black hole binary dynamics in a galaxy merger of two massive elliptical galaxies. The separation of the black holes at the time of the merger is several orders of magnitude smaller in KETJU than when compared to ordinary Gadget-3 simulations. The merger timescale is also longer by 100 − 200 Myr.
Empirical multi-wavelength prediction method for Very High Energy Gamma-ray emitting BL Lacs
Authors: Ramazani V. Fallah , Lindfors E. , Nilsson K.
Published: June 2017

We present the most up-to-date and complete multi-wavelength correlation analysis on luminosity properties of TeV BL Lacs. Correlation function (power law or linear) parameters are calculated based on linear regression method. Using the lower energy luminosities of a sample of 182 non-TeV BL Lacs and the generated functions, minimum level of VHE gamma-ray emission was calculated for each non-TeV BL Lacs. This multi wavelength prediction method gives us a list of best candidates to be observed with current generation of Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes.
Monitoring of the radio galaxy M 87 at Very High Energy with MAGIC during a low emission state between 2012 and 2015
Authors: Arcaro C. , Bangale P. , Manganaro M. , Mazin D. , Colin P. , Vovk Ie. , Mannheim K. ,   for the MAGIC Collaboration, Hada K. , Jermak H. E. , Madrid J. P. , Massaro F. , Richter S. , Spanier F. , Walker R. C.
Published: June 2017

We present the preliminary results from observing the nearby radio galaxy M 87 for 156 hours (between the years 2012 and 2015) with the MAGIC telescopes, which lead to a significant very high energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) detection of the source in quiescent states each year. Our VHE analysis combined with quasi-simultaneous data at other energies (from gamma-rays, X-rays, optical and radio) provides a unique opportunity to study the source variability and its broadband spectral energy distribution, which is found to disfavour a one-zone synchrotron/synchrotron self-Compton model. Therefore, other alternative scenarios for the photon emission are explored. We also find that the VHE emission is compatible with being produced close to the source radio core as previous data already indicated. A detailed paper presenting full results of the observing campaign is in preparation.
Gamma-ray Bursts Progress and Problems
Authors: Tanvir N. R.
Published: June 2017

Our understanding of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) has come a long way in the past fifty years since their first detection. We now know that GRBs arise in distant galaxies and that there are at least two distinct sub-classes, the long-duration class being produced by some rare massive star core collapse and the short-duration class likely by compact binary mergers involved neutron stars. In both cases, the final remnant will be a stellar-mass black-hole or a massive neutron star. The bursts themselves are associated with ultra-relativistic jetted outflows created by these events, and their afterglows by the impact of these outflows on the surrounding circumburst material. Increasingly GRBs are also being used as probes of the universe, both for understanding galaxy evolution back to the era of reionization, and for the physics of gravitational wave sources. However, many aspects of GRBs remain poorly understood, some pointers to which are given here.
Relativistic loss cone dynamics: Infall and inspiral rates and branching ratios
Authors: Alexander Tal
Published: June 2017

I describe recent advances in the formulation and modeling of relativistic stellar dynamics around a massive black hole, and the implications for the rates of infall (e.g. tidal disruption) and inspiral (e.g. gradual decay by gravitational wave emission) processes, and their branching ratios.
MAGIC detection of sub-TEV emission from gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357
Authors: Prester D. Dominis , Sitarek J. , Becerra J. , Buson S. , Lindfors E. , Manganaro M. , Mazin D. , Rosillo M. Nievas , Nilsson K. , Stamerra A. , Tavecchio F. , Vovk Ie. ,   for the MAGIC Coll.,   the Fermi-LAT Coll.
Published: June 2017

The blazar QSO B0218+357 is the first gravitationally lensed blazar detected in the very high energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray spectral range (Ahnen et al. 2016). It is gravitationally lensed by the intervening galaxy B0218+357G (zl = 0.68466 ± 0.00004, Carilli et al. 1993), which splits the blazar emission into two components, spatially indistinguishable by gamma-ray instruments, but separated by a 10-12 days delay. In July 2014 a flare from QSO B0218+357 was observed by the Fermi-LAT (Large Area Telescope, Atwood et al. 2009, Ackermann et al. 2012), and followed-up by the MAGIC (Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov) telescopes, a stereoscopic system of two 17m Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes located on La Palma, Canary Islands (Aleksić et al. 2016a, 2016b), during the expected time of arrival of the delayed component of the emission. MAGIC could not observe the leading image due to the Full Moon. The MAGIC and Fermi-LAT observations were accompanied by optical data from KVA telescope at La Palma, and X-ray observations by Swift-XRT (Fig. 1 left). Variability in gamma-rays was of the order of one day, while no variability correlated with gamma-rays was observed at lower energies. The flux ratio of the leading to trailing image in HE gamma-rays was larger than in the flare of QSO B0218+357 observed by Fermi-LAT in 2012 (Cheung et al. 2014). Changes in the observed flux ratio can be caused by gravitational microlensing on individual stars in the host galaxy (Neronov et al. 2015), or by other compact objects like for ex. clumps in giant molecular clouds (Sitarek & Bednarek 2016).
X-ray polarimetry – A new Window on Black Hole Systems
Authors: Goosmann René W.
Published: June 2017

Three dedicated X-ray polarimetry mission projects are currently under phase A study at NASA and ESA. The need for this new observational window is more apparent than ever. On behalf of the consortium behind the X-ray Imaging Polarimetry Explorer (XIPE) we present here some prospects of X-ray polarimetry for our understanding of supermassive and stellar mass black hole systems. X-ray polarimetry is going to discriminate between leptonic and hadronic jet models in radio-loud active galactic nuclei. For leptonic jets it also puts important constraints on the origin of the seed photons that constitute the high energy emission via Comptonization. Another important application of X-ray polarimetry allows us to clarify the accretion history of the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center. In a few Black Hole X-ray binary systems, X-ray polarimetry allows us to estimate in a new, independent way the angular momentum of the black hole.
AT1-receptor blockade attenuates outward aortic remodeling associated with diet-induced obesity in mice
Authors: Krueger Friedrich , Kappert Kai , Foryst-Ludwig Anna , Kramer Frederike , Clemenz Markus , Grzesiak Aleksandra , Sommerfeld Manuela , Paul Frese Jan , Greiner Andreas , Kintscher Ulrich , Unger Thomas , Kaschina Elena
Published: June 2017

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and obesity have been implicated in vascular outward remodeling, including aneurysms, but the precise mechanisms are not yet understood. We investigated the effect of the angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1-receptor) antagonist telmisartan on aortic outward remodeling in a diet-induced obesity model in mice. C57/Black6J mice were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 14 weeks. One group of HFD mice was additionally exposed to telmisartan (3 mg/kg per day) for the last 4 weeks. HFD led to aortic outward remodeling, characterized by increased proteolysis, along with structural changes, such as fragmentation of elastic fibers and decreased elastin content. Vascular damage was associated with up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 (MMP-2), MMP-3, MMP-12, cathepsin D, and cathepsin B. HFD aortae exhibited an enhanced inflammatory status, characterized by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) colocalized with adipocytes in the adventitia. HFD resulted in a significant increase in aortic dimensions, evident by ultrasound measurements. Telmisartan abolished aortic dilatation and preserved elastin content. HFD induced enhanced expression of aortic MMP-2, MMP-9, and TNF-α was abrogated by telmisartan. Adventitial proteolytic and inflammatory factors were also examined in samples from human abdominal aneurysms. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MMP-9 was higher in the adventitial fat of diseased vessels compared with healthy tissues. Finally, adipocytes treated with TNF-α showed enhanced MMP-2, MMP-3, and cathepsin D, which was prevented by telmisartan. Taken together, HFD in mice induced aortic dilatation with up-regulation of matrix degrading and inflammatory pathways similar to those seen in human aortic aneurysmatic tissue. The HFD-induced vascular pathology was reduced by AT1-receptor antagonist telmisartan.
Ballontibioplastie zur Reposition von Impressionsfrakturen des Tibiakopfs
Authors: Herath Steven , Braun Benedikt , Veith Nils , Fritz Tobias , Pohlemann Tim , Pizanis Antonius
Published: June 2017

Bei der Behandlung von Impressionsfrakturen des lateralen Tibiaplateaus gilt die offene Reposition und Osteosynthese als Methode der Wahl. Für ausgewählte Frakturen, bei denen die Impression der Gelenkfläche die Hauptkomponente darstellt, kann die Rekonstruktion des Plateaus nach der hier vorgestellten Methode jedoch auch minimalinvasiv mithilfe eines Kyphoplastieballons erfolgen, der statt konventioneller Instrumente zum Anheben der Gelenkfläche benutzt wird. Der Erfolg der Operation hängt dabei von der korrekten Indikationsstellung sowie von der Beachtung einiger Tricks und Fallstricke ab. Eigene Erfahrungen zeigen sehr gute postoperative Ergebnisse nach Tibioplastie von ausgewählten Frakturen.
Kranioplastiken: Indikationen und Materialien
Authors: Kapapa Thomas , Wirtz Christian , Richter Peter
Published: June 2017

Nach Trauma, Infektionen oder Operationen kann es zu kleineren oder größeren Knochensubstanzdefekten am Gesichts- oder Hirnschädel kommen. Kleinere Knochendefekte stellen für das Hirn keine Gefahr dar, auch nicht bei diffusen Traumen, und zeigen keinen Einfluss auf den neurologischen Status. Dennoch ist der Verschluss größerer Knochenlücken am Schädel aus protektiven, kosmetischen und therapeutischen Erwägungen angezeigt. Besonders das „Syndrom des Trepanierten“ oder „Sinking-Skin-Flap-Syndrom“ mit Kopfschmerzen, Übelkeit, Erbrechen, Krampfanfällen und psychischen sowie psychologischen Auffälligkeiten nach Teilentfernung der Schädeldecke zeigt ein gutes Ansprechen auf den Verschluss. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass Kranioplastiken bereits seit Tausenden von Jahren durchgeführt wurden. Was einst als Einbringen eines Fremdkörpers in eine Knochenlücke begann, entwickelte sich zu einem mehrzeitigen, mehrregionalen, komplexen fazioorbitokranialen Eingriff. In dieser Entwicklung spielten über die Jahrhunderte hinweg kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen, von Handgreiflichkeiten bis hin zu moderner Militärtechnologie, in der Entstehung von Schädel-Hirn-Traumen und deren rekonstruktiven Therapien eine große Rolle. Während die letzten Jahrhunderte davon geprägt waren, das richtige Material zur Schädelplastik zu identifizieren, führt nun der weitere Weg über computerassistiertes Design zur zellmodulierenden und somit knochenverschließenden Technik.
Robotergestützte Arm- und Gangreha – Mit neuen Technologien die Praxis erweitern
Authors: Hügler Stephanie
Published: June 2017

Geräte der Robotertechnik sind zum Teil sehr teuer und darum in ambulanten Praxen noch nicht weit verbreitet. Dabei können sie als Ergänzung zur Therapie viele Chancen bieten – für Praxisinhaber, Therapeuten und nicht zuletzt für die Patienten.
Der Stellenwert der klassischen Verbundosteosynthese langer Röhrenknochen und des Beckens
Authors: Pape Alexander , Hofbauer Christine , Kleber Christian , Pyrc Jaroslaw , Fritzsche Hagen , Schaser Klaus-Dieter
Published: June 2017

Aufgrund optimierter systemischer onkologischer Therapien und deutlich weiterentwickelter chirurgischer Verfahren zur Resektion und Defektrekonstruktion ist eine gesteigerte Lebenserwartung von Patienten mit muskuloskeletalen Tumoren zu verzeichnen. Insbesondere steigt die Inzidenz von skeletalen Metastasen primärer Tumoren mit osteotropem Metastasierungsmuster (Schilddrüsen-, Mamma-, Nierenzell-, Prostata- und Bronchialkarzinom) erheblich an. Trotz weiterentwickelter Implantatsysteme (winkelstabile Plattenfixateure, fortgeschrittene Marknagelgenerationen) bleibt die Defektrekonstruktion im osteoporotisch, tumorös oder bestrahlungsinduziert geschwächten Knochen eine Herausforderung. Die Kombination von extra-/intramedullären Osteosyntheseverfahren mit Knochenzement bietet dabei vor allem bei großen Defekten/segmentalem Knochenverlust/pathologischen Frakturen eine valide Option zur Erlangung einer belastungsstabilen Osteosynthese und konsekutiver Schmerzreduktion. Im Hinblick auf die reduzierte Lebenserwartung von Patienten mit Skelettmetastasen erlaubt die klassische Verbundosteosynthese einen hohen Grad an Primärstabilität und somit eine unmittelbare Mobilisierung des Patienten. Die Kombination von Zement und unterschiedlichen Implantatsystemen kann dabei an nahezu allen Skelettabschnitten relativ komplikationsarm angewendet werden.
Die richtige Wahl treffen – Mit Kopf und Bauch
Authors: von Eisenhart Rothe Anna
Published: June 2017

Ob Sie neue Praxisräume suchen, sich für einen neuen Mitarbeiter entscheiden oder ein Auto für Ihre Praxisflotte kaufen wollen – oft ist es nicht ganz einfach, die richtige Entscheidung zu treffen. Aber es gibt Hilfe, wie wir Ihnen am Beispiel eines geplanten Autokaufs zeigen.
Psychosoziale Interventionen für sexuelle Funktionsstörungen bei Männern
Authors: Schmidt Hannah Maren , Höhn Cindy , Widmeier Eugen , Berner Michael Martin
Published: June 2017

Übersicht

Diese systematische Übersichtsarbeit untersucht die Wirksamkeit psychosozialer Interventionen bei Männern mit formal diagnostizierten
sexuellen Funktionsstörungen (SFS). Eingeschlossen sind randomisierte kontrollierte Studien (RCT) und kontrollierte klinische Studien (CCT)
zwischen 1985 und 2014, welche mindestens eine psychosoziale Intervention und eine aktive Vergleichsgruppe (z. B. andere psychosoziale
Intervention, medikamentöse oder somatische Behandlung) oder eine Kontrollgruppe (z. B. Warteliste, Placebo) einschließen.
Studiencharakteristika und Ergebnisse sind durch zwei unabhängige Rater_innen nach einem standardisierten Manual extrahiert worden.
Beurteilt wird zudem das Risiko einer systematischen Verzerrung (Risk of Bias). Es sind 25 Studien eingeschlossen. Die meisten
Studien untersuchen Männer mit Erektionsstörung. Mehr als die Hälfte der Studien verwendet ein sexualtherapeutisches Konzept nach Masters
und Johnson oder ein kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutisches Behandlungskonzept. Insgesamt verbessern psychosoziale Interventionen die sexuelle
Funktionsfähigkeit und Zufriedenheit. Teilweise ergibt sich jedoch auch in der Wartekontroll- oder der Placebo-Gruppe eine Verbesserung der
sexuellen Symptomatik. Bei Erektionsstörungen zeigen sich unterschiedliche Ergebnisse im Hinblick auf die Frage, ob psychosoziale
Interventionen einer pharmakologischen Behandlung überlegen sind. Der vorzeitige Orgasmus wird vermehrt in neueren Studien untersucht;
vermindertes sexuelles Verlangen und verzögerter Orgasmus werden jedoch kaum und nur zusammen mit anderen Störungsbildern betrachtet. Eine
Einschränkung stellt die oft ungenaue Berichterstattung der Primärstudien dar. Die verglichenen Interventionen zeigen meist eine
vergleichbare Wirksamkeit, was auf gemeinsame zugrunde liegende Wirkfaktoren hindeuten kann.
Arterielle Hyper- und Hypotonie assoziiert mit Psychopharmaka: eine Risikobewertung basierend auf den Fachinformationen
Authors: Freudenmann Roland , Freudenmann Ninja , Zurowski Bartosz , Schönfeldt-Lecuona Carlos , Maier Ludwig , Schmieder Roland , Lange-Asschenfeldt Christian , Gahr Maximilian
Published: June 2017

Einleitung Psychopharmaka sind gut bekannte Auslöser klinisch bedeutsamer Blutdruckänderungen. Unser Ziel war es, Rangreihen für das Risiko einer Psychopharmaka-assoziierten arteriellen Hyper- bzw. Hypotonie zu erstellen.

Methoden Es wurden für 105 in Deutschland in der Erwachsenenpsychiatrie zugelassene Psychopharmaka sämtliche in der Roten oder Gelben Liste online verfügbaren 784 Fachinformationen (FI) ausgewertet und die dort standardisiert genannten Risiken einer Blutdrucksteigerung oder -senkung extrahiert.

Ergebnisse Für blutdrucksteigernde Effekte hatte Atomoxetin laut FI das höchste Risiko („sehr häufig“, > 10 %) und 15 weitere Psychopharmaka waren in der Kategorie „häufig“ (> 1 %): Duloxetin, Milnacipran, Venlafaxin, Bupropion, Citalopram, Tranylcypromin (v. a. bei Diätfehlern), Reboxetin, Methylphenidat, Clozapin, Paliperidon, Risperidon, Buprenorphin+Naloxon, Memantin, Galantamin und Rivastigmin. Umgekehrt waren mit Amitriptylin, Tranylcypromin, Chlorprothixen, Flupentixol, Levomepromazin, Olanzapin und Trimipramin 7 Stoffe „sehr häufig“ als mit blutdrucksenkenden Effekten assoziiert beschrieben, weitere 25 „häufig“. Für viele andere Psychopharmaka war kein Hypertonie- bzw. Hypotonie-Risiko dokumentiert. Nebenbefundlich fanden sich in den FIs verschiedener Hersteller zu einer Substanz teils erhebliche Unterschiede (z. B. bei Citalopram), sodass für viele Stoffe keine eindeutige Risikozuordnung bestand.

Diskussion Gemäß den FIs weisen viele Psychopharmaka ein Hypertonie- und stärker noch ein Hypotonie-Risiko auf. Nur vereinzelt zeigten sich Gruppeneffekte, z. B. Blutdruckerhöhung durch noradrenerge Antidepressiva. Gängige Tabellen zu medikamentösen Ursachen der arteriellen Hypertonie sind im Bereich Psychopharmaka revisionswürdig. Unsere Rangreihen dienen der Auswahl geeigneter Psychopharmaka bei Patienten mit bekanntem Hypertonus bzw. Synkopenneigung und bei Blutdruckentgleisungen unter Psychopharmaka. Für eine definitive Risikobewertung sind allerdings kontrollierte Studien nötig.
A calcineurin B-like protein participates in low oxygen signalling in rice
Authors: Ho Viet The , Tran Anh Nguyet , Cardarelli Francesco , Perata Pierdomenico , Pucciariello Chiara
Published: June 2017

Following the identification of the calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase 15 (CIPK15), which is a regulator of starch degradation, the low O2 signal elicited during rice germination under submergence has been linked to the sugar sensing cascade and calcium (Ca2+) signalling. CIPK proteins are downstream effectors of calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), which act as Ca2+ sensors, whose role under low O2 has yet to be established. In the present study we describe CBL4 as a putative CIPK15 partner, transcriptionally activated under low O2 in rice coleoptiles. The transactivation of the rice embryo CBL4 transcript and CBL4 promoter was influenced by the Ca2+ blocker ruthenium red (RR). The bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay associated to fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis confirmed that CBL4 interacts with CIPK15. The CBL4-CIPK15 complex is localised in the cytoplasm and the plasma-membrane. Experiments in protoplasts showed a dampening of α-amylase 3 (RAMY3D) expression after CBL4 silencing by artificial miRNA. Our results suggest that under low O2, the Ca2+ sensor CBL4 interacts with CIPK15 to regulate RAMY3D expression in a Ca2+-dependent manner.
Understanding the factors that make public participation effective in health policy and planning: a realist synthesis
Authors: Pagatpatan Celso P. , Ward Paul R.
Published: June 2017

Although researchers argue for the importance of involving the public in developing health policy, there has been little focus on central research questions – such as what techniques of public participation work, in what circumstances, and why. This paper presents a realist synthesis which identifies and explains the underlying mechanisms and specific contextual factors that lead to effective public participation in health policy and planning. Peer-reviewed, English language literature was searched, which resulted in 77 articles for review and synthesis. This synthesis uncovered the underlying mechanism of ‘political commitment’ that generates public participation effectiveness. The other three possible underlying mechanisms, namely: ‘partnership synergy’, ‘inclusiveness’ and ‘deliberativeness’, were found to potentially provide further explanation on public participation effectiveness for health policy and planning. The findings of this review provide evidence that can be useful to health practitioners and decision-makers to actively involve the public when drafting public health policies and programs and, more importantly, guide them in deciding which strategies to best employ for which contexts.
Age invariance in rapid facial affective reactions to emotionally valenced stimuli
Authors: Nangle Matthew R , Bailey Phoebe E , Henry Julie D , Khlentzos Georgina S , Varcin Kandice J , Whitton Alexis E
Published: June 2017

It has been suggested that an age-related positivity effect may only occur in the context of explicit information processing, but it is unclear whether this bias extends to the processing of rapid facial reactions. In addition, most studies that have looked for evidence of age-related implicit positivity have used attentional (as opposed to sensory) unawareness paradigms, or used broad-based indicators of attentional awareness that do not speak to the nature of the affective response. In the present study, younger and older adults were therefore asked to view non-facial images presented supraliminally (i.e., consciously) as well as outside of sensory awareness (i.e., subliminally) while their facial reactions were indexed using electromyography. The results indicated that both younger and older adults exhibited rapid facial reactions congruent with the emotional valence of non-facial images in both supraliminal and subliminal conditions. Relative to young, older adults did not respond with greater zygomaticus (cheek) activity to positive stimuli or reduced corrugator (brow) activity to negative stimuli in either condition. These data show that rapid facial reactions to emotional stimuli are intact in late adulthood, even in response to stimuli that activate more automatic and implicit forms of emotion processing. However, there is no evidence for any age-related positivity bias in these behavioral responses.
Labor market institutions, the insider/outsider divide and social inequalities in employment in affluent countries
Authors: Biegert Thomas
Published: June 2017

This article investigates the role of labor market institutions for social inequalities in employment. To distinguish institutional impacts for men and women, age groups and educational levels the analysis draws on data from 21 countries using the European Union Labor Force Survey and the Current Population Survey 1992–2012. The analysis demonstrates that there is significant heterogeneity in the relationship between institutions and employment across social groups. In line with the literature on dualization, institutions that arguably protect labor market insiders, i.e. employment protection, unionization and unemployment benefits, are frequently associated with greater inequality between typically disadvantaged groups and their insider peers. By contrast, institutions that discriminate less between insiders and outsiders, i.e. active labor market policies, minimum income benefits and centralized wage bargaining at times boost social equality on the labor market. The insider/outsider argument provides a valuable heuristic for assessing heterogeneity in institutional impacts, yet in several instances the results deviate from the expectations.
ITPA Activity in Adults and Children Treated With or Without Azathioprine: Relationship Between TPMT Activity, Thiopurine Metabolites, and Co-medications
Authors: Citterio-Quentin Antony , Moulsma Mustapha , Gustin Marie-Paule , Boulieu Roselyne
Published: June 2017

Background:

The implication of inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA) on thiopurine drug response variability has been investigated but little data are available on its role on thiopurine metabolites. The ability of ITPA to modify the thiopurine metabolite levels is currently used to optimize azathioprine (AZA) therapy in relation to thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) activity, the aim of this study is to investigate ITPA phenotype in a large population and to evaluate the relation between ITPA and TPMT activities and thiopurine metabolites.

Methods:

ITPA activity was determined in 183 adults and 138 children with or without AZA therapy. 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN), 6-methylmercaptopurine nucleotides (6-MeMPN) levels, and ITPA as well as TPMT activities were measured in red blood cells. Using the Gaussian mixture model, distribution of ITPA activity was evaluated. Intraindividual variability and influence of age, sex, AZA treatment and associated co-medications on ITPA activity were also assessed.

Results:

This retrospective study shows a quadrimodal distribution in ITPA activity. No influence of age, sex, AZA therapy, and co-medications was found. In adults, ITPA activity was not significantly associated with 6-TGN or 6-MeMPN concentrations, whereas a weak negative correlation was observed with 6-MeMPN levels in pediatric populations (rs = −0.261; P = 0.024). A weak positive correlation was observed between ITPA and TPMT activities in children (rs = 0.289; P = 0.001).

Conclusions:

ITPA activity was poorly influenced by nongenetic parameters and has no influence on 6-TGN and 6-MeMPN concentrations in adults and only a weak correlation with 6-MeMPN and TPMT activity in children. These results demonstrate that ITPA is not a rate-limiting enzyme in the formation of 6-TGN but suggest that a decrease in ITPA activity in children may be a risk factor for accumulation of 6-MeMPN in cells.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 Enhances Degradation of Osteoinductive Bioceramic Implants in an Ectopic Model
Authors: Roldán J. Camilo , Klünter Tim , Schulz Peter , Deisinger Ulrike , Diez Claudius , Waiss Waltraud , Kirschneck Christian , Reichert Torsten E. , Detsch Rainer
Published: June 2017

Background:

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the degradation pattern of highly porous bioceramics as well as the bone formation in presence of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) in an ectopic site.

Methods:

Novel calcium phosphate ceramic cylinders sintered at 1,300°C with a total porosity of 92–94 vol%, 45 pores per inch, and sized 15 mm (Ø) × 5 mm were grafted on the musculus latissimus dorsi bilaterally in 10 Göttingen minipigs: group I (n = 5): hydroxyapatite (HA) versus biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP), a mixture of HA and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) in a ratio of 60/40 wt%; group II (n = 5): TCP versus BCP. A test side was supplied in situ with 250 μg BMP-7. Fluorochrome bone labeling and computed tomography were performed in vivo. Specimens were evaluated 14 weeks after surgery by environmental scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and pentachrome staining.

Results:

Bone formation was enhanced in the presence of BMP-7 in all ceramics (P = 0.001). Small spots of newly formed bone were observed in all implants in the absence of BMP-7. Degradation of HA and BCP was enhanced in the presence of BMP-7 (P = 0.001). In those ceramics, osteoclasts were observed. TCP ceramics were almost completely degraded independently of the effect of BMP-7 after 14 weeks (P = 0.76), osteoclasts were not observed.

Conclusions:

BMP-7 enhanced bone formation and degradation of HA and BCP ceramics via osteoclast resorption. TCP degraded via dissolution. All ceramics were osteoinductive. Novel degradable HA and BCP ceramics in the presence of BMP-7 are promising bone substitutes in the growing individual.
Annular Pink Plaque on the Hand
Authors: So Jessica Kim , Jacob Sharon E.
Published: June 2017

Teledermatology is a term to describe the provision of dermatologic medical services through telecommunication technology. In this modality, there is transfer of patient medical information electronically (including history and visual data) obtained in one location to a provider who is in another location. The construct of this column is such that cases are presented in a standardized teledermatology reader format. This is a case of an annular pink plaque on the hand.
Community Priorities for Hospital-Based Prevention Initiatives: Results From a Deliberating Public
Authors: Gold Marthe R. , Realmuto Lindsey , Scherer Maya , Kamler Alexandra , Weiss Linda
Published: June 2017

Context:

Internal revenue service provisions require not-for-profit hospitals to provide “community benefit.” In addition, the Affordable Care Act requires these hospitals to conduct community health needs assessments that involve appropriate stakeholders. These requirements signal government interest in creating opportunities for developing programs that are well tailored and responsive to the needs of the communities served. Gaining meaningful input from residents is a critical aspect of these processes.

Objective:

To implement public deliberations that explore local resident priorities for use of a hospital's community benefit resources to prevent chronic disease.

Methods:

Public deliberation is a method of community engagement that can provide guidance to decision makers on value-laden issues when technical solutions alone are inadequate to provide direction or set priorities. Three deliberations featuring presentations by experts and discussions among participants were convened with a cross section of residents in Brooklyn, New York. Participants were asked whether new hospital initiatives should prioritize: clinical prevention, community-based interventions, or action on broader policies affecting population health. Pre- and postsurveys, as well as qualitative methods, were used to assess knowledge and attitudes.

Results:

Postdeliberation, participants had significant changes in knowledge, particularly on the impact of education on health. Participants prioritized community-based and policy interventions over expanding clinical prevention capacity.

Conclusions:

Public deliberation offers a method to probe informed constituent views of how a hospital can best promote its community's health. Informed local residents felt that hospitals should frame health-promoting activities more broadly than is current practice. Not-for-profit hospitals gain significant tax advantages. Increased insurance rates suggest that some hospitals will experience savings in uncompensated care that can be used to promote health more broadly. Vetting priorities for the use of new resources with informed community members can be accomplished through public deliberation. These results suggest community support for nonclinical approaches to disease prevention.
Proteins with prion-like domains can form viscoelastic condensates that enable membrane remodeling and endocytosis
Authors: Bergeron-Sandoval Louis-Philippe , Kumar Sandeep , Heris Hossein Khadivi , Chang Catherine , Cornell Caitlin E. , Keller Sarah L. , François Paul , Hendricks Adam G. , Ehrlicher Allen J. , Pappu Rohit V. , Michnick Stephen W.
Published: June 2017

Membrane invagination and vesicle formation are key steps in endocytosis and cellular trafficking. Here, we show that endocytic coat proteins with prion-like domains (PLDs) form hemispherical puncta in the budding yeast,S. cerevisiae. These puncta have the hallmarks of biomolecular condensates and enable membrane remodeling to drive actin-independent endocytosis. The puncta, which we refer to as endocytic condensates, form and dissolve reversibly in response to changes in temperature and solution conditions. The condensates are organized around dynamic protein-protein interaction networks, which involve interactions among PLDs with high glutamine contents. The endocytic coat protein Sla1 is at the hub of the protein-protein interaction network. Using active rheology, we indirectly characterized the material properties of endocytic condensates. These experiments show that endocytic condensates are viscoelastic materials and allow us to estimate the interfacial tension between endocytic condensates and their surroundings. We then adapt the physics of contact mechanics, specifically the contact theory of Hertz, to develop a quantitative framework for describing how interfacial tensions among condensates, the membrane, and the cytosol can deform the plasma membrane to enable actin independent endocytosis.
Type III CRISPR-Cas systems generate cyclic oligoadenylate second messengers to activate Csm6 RNases
Authors: Niewoehner Ole , Garcia-Doval Carmela , Rostøl Jakob T. , Berk Christian , Schwede Frank , Bigler Laurent , Hall Jonathan , Marraffini Luciano A. , Jinek Martin
Published: June 2017

In many prokaryotes, type III CRISPR–Cas systems detect and degrade invasive genetic elements by an RNA-guided, RNA-targeting multisubunit interference complex that possesses dual RNase and DNase activities. The CRISPR-associated protein Csm6 additionally contributes to interference by functioning as a standalone ribonuclease that degrades invader RNA transcripts, but the mechanism linking invader sensing to Csm6 activity is not understood. Here we show that Csm6 proteins are activated through a second messenger generated by the type III interference complex. Upon target RNA binding by the type III interference complex, the Cas10 subunit converts ATP into a cyclic oligoadenylate product, which allosterically activates Csm6 by binding to its CARF domain. CARF domain mutations that abolish allosteric activation inhibit Csm6 activityin vivo, and mutations in the Cas10 Palm domain phenocopy loss of Csm6. Together, these results point to a hitherto unprecedented mechanism for regulation of CRISPR interference that bears striking conceptual similarity to oligoadenylate signalling in mammalian innate immunity.
Combining next-generation sequencing and mtDNA data to uncover cryptic lineages of Mexican highland frogs
Authors: Zarza Eugenia , Connors Elizabeth M. , Maley James M. , Tsai Whitney L.E. , Heimes Peter , Kaplan Moises , McCormack John E.
Published: June 2017

Recently, molecular studies have uncovered significant cryptic diversity in the Mexican Highlands, leading to the description of many new endemic species. DNA approaches to this kind of species discovery have included both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing and multilocus genomic methods. While these marker types have often been pitted against one another, there are benefits to deploying them together, as linked mtDNA data can provide the bridge between uncovering lineages through rigorous multilocus genomic analysis and identifying lineages through comparison to existing mtDNA databases. Here, we apply one class of multilocus genomic marker, ultraconserved elements (UCEs), and linked mtDNA data to a species complex of frogs (Sarcohyla bistincta) found in the Mexican Highlands. We generated data from 1,891 UCEs, which contained 1,742 informative SNPs forS. bistinctaand closely related species and captured mitochondrial genomes for most samples. Genetic analyses based on both whole loci and SNPs agree there are numerous distinct and divergent lineages withinS. bistincta. The SNP-based species tree provides the most conservative estimate of 8 well-supported lineages in three major clades. Having linked mtDNA data allowed us to tap into the large number of mtDNA sequences available on GenBank and identify one of these lineages as an already-described species,S. pentheter. One identified clade (containing 2 of the 8 lineages) was 10% divergent in mtDNA and paraphyletic with otherS. bistincta, making this clade a clear candidate for species status. Phylogenies from UCEs and mtDNA mostly agreed in their topologies, but differed in that mtDNA suggested a more complex evolutionary history perhaps influenced by gene flow between some neighboring lineages. Our study demonstrates that the Mexican Highlands still hold substantial undescribed diversity. Combining multilocus genomic data with linked mtDNA data is a useful approach for identifying potential new species and associating them with already described taxa, which is especially important in groups with undescribed subadult phenotypes, where geographic ranges are unclear, or where phenotypes are conserved.