bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of Single Expansion Ramp Nozzle Performance Using Pitot Pressure and Static Pressure Measurements
Authors: Laitón Sergio Nicolas Pachón , de Araujo Martos João Felipe , da Silveira Rego Israel , Santos Marinho George , de Paula Toro Paulo Gilberto
Published: February 2019

In order to overcome the drag at hypersonic speed, hypersonic flight vehicles require a high level of integration between the airframe and the propulsion system. Propulsion system based on scramjet engine needs a close interaction between its aerodynamics and stability. Hypersonic vehicle nozzles which are responsible for generating most of the thrust generally are fused with the vehicle afterbody influencing the thrust efficiency and vehicle stability. Single expansion ramp nozzles (SERN) produce enough thrust necessary to hypersonic flight and are the subject of analysis of this work. Flow expansion within a nozzle is naturally 3D phenomena; however, the use of side walls controls the expansion approximating it to a 2D flow confined. An experimental study of nozzle performance traditionally uses the stagnation conditions and the area ratio of the diverging section of the tunnel for approaching the combustor exit conditions. In this work, a complete hypersonic vehicle based on scramjet propulsion is installed in the test section of a hypersonic shock tunnel. Therefore, the SERN inlet conditions are the real conditions from the combustor exit. The performance of a SERN is evaluated experimentally under real conditions obtained from the combustor exit. To quantify the SERN performance parameters such as thrust, axial thrust coefficient Cfx and lift L are investigated and evaluated. The generated thrust was determined from both static and pitot pressure measurements considering the installation of side walls to approximate 2D flow. Measurements obtained by a rake show that the flow at the nozzle exit is not symmetric. Pitot and pressure measurements inside the combustion chamber show nonuniform flow condition as expected due to side wall compression and boundary layer. The total axial thrust for the nozzle obtained with the side wall is slightly higher than without it. Static pressure measurements at the centerline of the nozzle show that the residence time of the flow in the expansion section is short enough and the flow of the central region of the nozzle is not altered by the lateral expansion when nozzle configuration does not include side walls.
Space Precession Target Classification Based on Radar High-Resolution Range Profiles
Authors: Wang Yizhe , Feng Cunqian , Zhang Yongshun , He Sisan
Published: February 2019

Precession is a common micromotion form of space targets, introducing additional micro-Doppler (m-D) modulation into the radar echo. Effective classification of space targets is of great significance for further micromotion parameter extraction and identification. Feature extraction is a key step during the classification process, largely influencing the final classification performance. This paper presents two methods for classifying different types of space precession targets from the HRRPs. We first establish the precession model of space targets and analyze the scattering characteristics and then compute electromagnetic data of the cone target, cone-cylinder target, and cone-cylinder-flare target. Experimental results demonstrate that the support vector machine (SVM) using histograms of oriented gradient (HOG) features achieves a good result, whereas the deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) obtains a higher classification accuracy. DCNN combines the feature extractor and the classifier itself to automatically mine the high-level signatures of HRRPs through a training process. Besides, the efficiency of the two classification processes are compared using the same dataset.
Numerical Investigation into Flutter and Flutter-Buffet Phenomena for a Swept Wing and a Curved Planform Wing
Authors: Chiarelli Mario Rosario , Bonomo Salvatore
Published: February 2019

The results of numerical studies carried out on high-aspect-ratio wings with different planforms are discussed: the transonic regime is analysed for a swept wing and a curved planform wing. The wings have similar aspect ratios and similar aerodynamic profiles. The analyses were carried out by CFD and FE techniques, and the reliability of the numerical aerodynamic results was proven by a sensitivity study. Analysing the performances of the two wings demonstrated that in transonic flight conditions, a noticeable drag reduction can be obtained by adopting a curved planform wing. In addition, for such a wing, the aeroelastic instability condition, consisting in a classical flutter, is postponed compared to a conventional swept wing, for which a flutter-buffet instability occurs. In a preliminary manner, the study shows that, for a curved planform wing, the high speed buffet is not an issue and at the same time notable fuel saving can be achieved.
Immune Modulation of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and the Tumor Microenvironment by Conventional Therapeutics
Authors: Miyauchi Sayuri , Kim Sangwoo S. , Pang John , Gold Kathryn A. , Gutkind J. Silvio , Califano Joseph A. , Mell Loren K. , Cohen Ezra E.W. , Sharabi Andrew B.
Published: February 2019

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) accounts for more than 600,000 cases and 380,000 deaths annually worldwide. Although human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated HNSCCs have better overall survival compared with HPV-negative HNSCC, loco-regional recurrence remains a significant cause of mortality and additional combinatorial strategies are needed to improve outcomes. The primary conventional therapies to treat HNSCC are surgery, radiation, and chemotherapies; however, multiple other targeted systemic options are used and being tested including cetuximab, bevacizumab, mTOR inhibitors, and metformin. In 2016, the first checkpoint blockade immunotherapy was approved for recurrent or metastatic HNSCC refractory to platinum-based chemotherapy. This immunotherapy approval confirmed the critical importance of the immune system and immunomodulation in HNSCC pathogenesis, response to treatment, and disease control. However, although immuno-oncology agents are rapidly expanding, the role that the immune system plays in the mechanism of action and clinical efficacy of standard conventional therapies is likely underappreciated. In this article, we focus on how conventional and targeted therapies may directly modulate the immune system and the tumor microenvironment to better understand the effects and combinatorial potential of these therapies in the context and era of immunotherapy.
Plasma miRNA Levels for Predicting Therapeutic Response to Neoadjuvant Treatment in HER2-positive Breast Cancer: Results from the NeoALTTO Trial
Authors: Di Cosimo Serena , Appierto Valentina , Pizzamiglio Sara , Tiberio Paola , Iorio Marilena V. , Hilbers Florentine , de Azambuja Evandro , de la Peña Lorena , Izquierdo Miguel , Huober Jens , Baselga José , Piccart Martine , de Braud Filippo G. , Apolone Giovanni , Verderio Paolo , Daidone Maria Grazia
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To investigate the potential of circulating-miRNAs (ct-miRNA) as noninvasive biomarkers to predict the efficacy of single/dual HER2-targeted therapy in the NeoALTTO study.

Experimental Design:

Patients with plasma samples at baseline (T0) and/or after 2 weeks (T1) of treatment were randomized into training (n = 183) and testing (n = 246) sets. RT-PCR–based high-throughput miRNA profiling was employed in the training set. After normalization, ct-miRNAs associated with pathologic complete response (pCR) were identified by univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression models were implemented to generate treatment-specific signatures at T0 and T1, which were evaluated by RT-PCR in the testing set. Event-free survival (EFS) according to ct-miRNA signatures was estimated by Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression model.

Results:

In the training set, starting from 51 ct-miRNAs associated with pCR, six signatures with statistically significant predictive capability in terms of area under the ROC curve (AUC) were identified. Four signatures were confirmed in the testing set: lapatinib at T0 and T1 [AUC 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.73–0.98 and 0.71 (0.55–0.86)], respectively; trastuzumab at T1 (0.81; 0.70–0.92); lapatinib + trastuzumab at T1 (0.67; 0.51–0.83). These signatures were confirmed predictive after adjusting for known variables, including estrogen receptor status. ct-miRNA signatures failed to correlate with EFS. However, the levels of ct-miR-140-5p, included in the trastuzumab signature, were associated with EFS (HR 0.43; 95% CI, 0.22–0.84).

Conclusions:

ct-miRNAs discriminate patients with and without pCR after neoadjuvant lapatinib- and/or trastuzumab-based therapy. ct-miRNAs at week two could be valuable to identify patients responsive to trastuzumab, to avoid unnecessary combination with other anti-HER2 agents, and finally to assist deescalating treatment strategies.
Asthmavorhersage bei älteren Patienten auf Basis klinischer Anamnese
Authors: Frohnhofen Helmut
Published: February 2019

Background: The diagnosis of asthma is not always straightforward and can be even more challenging in older adults. Asthma is ideally confirmed by demonstration of variable expiratory airflow limitation. However, many patients with asthma do not demonstrate airflow obstruction nor show bronchodilator reversibility. We aimed to investigate predictors for a positive bronchial challenge test with methacholine in older adults being evaluated for asthma. Methods: This is a diagnostic accuracy study with a cross-sectional design. Participants ≥60 years with suspected asthma and a negative postbronchodilator response on spirometry were included. All participants underwent a methacholine challenge test (MCT). We assessed the value of standard asthma screening questions and additional clinical questions to predict the MCT results. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed to assess the variables independently impacting the odds of a positive MCT result. Results: Our study included 71 participants. The majority were female (n = 52, 73.2%) and the average age was 67.0 years. Those with a positive MCT (n = 55, 77.5%) were more likely to have wheezing or coughing due to allergens (n = 51, 92.7% vs. n = 12, 75.0%; P = 0.004) and difficulty walking several blocks (n = 14, 25.5% vs. n = 1, 6.3%, P = 0.009). After adjustment, having wheezing or coughing due to allergens (OR = 4.2, 95% CI 1.7-7.8, P = 0.012) remained the only significant independent predictor of a positive MCT. Conclusions: In older adults with suspected asthma, questioning about wheezing or coughing due to allergens provides a modest independent value to predict a MCT result in those who previously had a negative postbronchodilator response on spirometry.
Endovascular Thrombectomy in the Elderly: Do Radiological and Clinical Outcomes Differ from Those in Younger Patients? A Prospective Single-Center Experience
Authors: Rezai Mehdi K. , Advani Rajiv , Dalen Ingvild , Fjetland Lars , Kurz Kathinka D. , Kurz Martin W.
Published: February 2019

Objectives: Endovascular treatment (EVT) has emerged as the gold standard therapy for stroke due to large vessel occlusion (LVO). There is however limited evidence to suggest that similar efficacy can be expected in elderly patients. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of EVT in elderly patients (aged > 80), comparing outcomes to younger patients (aged < 80). Material and Methods: A total of 195 patients with LVO stroke treated with EVT were included and dichotomized by age. We compared neurological improvement, clinical 90 day outcome, technical recanalization rates, procedure-related complications, and mortality in between the groups. Results: Both groups showed equally marked neurological improvement. A favorable outcome modified Rankin Scale (mRS < 2) was seen in 28% of the elderly patients compared to 46% of the younger patients (p = 0.01). mRS 0–3 was seen in 46% of the elderly patients and 58% of the younger patients (p = 0.09). The rates of successful technical recanalization did not differ between the groups and there were no differences in procedural complication rates or incidence of symptomatic intracranial bleeding. Three-month mortality rates were however higher in the elderly group. Conclusions: EVT in the elderly resulted in equally notable neurological improvement as compared to younger patients. Although the elderly had a higher mortality rate and fewer favorable clinical outcomes at 3 month follow-up, a strict upper age limit for EVT seems unjustified.
Clinical Significance of Crescent Formation in IgA Nephropathy – a Multicenter Validation Study
Authors: Park Sehoon  , Baek Chung Hee  , Park Su-Kil  , Kang Hee Gyung  , Hyun Hye Sun  , Park Eujin  , Han Seung Hyeok  , Ryu Dong-Ryeol  , Kim Dong Ki  , Oh Kook-Hwan  , Joo Kwon Wook  , Kim Yon Su  , Moon Kyung Chul  , Chin Ho Jun  , Lee Hajeong 
Published: February 2019

Background/Aims: Additional validation study was warranted to confirm the clinical significance of C score, which was recently added to the Oxford classification for immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Methods: We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study in four hospitals in Korea. Patients who had biopsied glomeruli less than eight or inadequate follow-up information were excluded. Clinicopathologic parameters, including the degree of cellular or fibrocellular crescents, were collected and included in multivariable models for Cox regression analysis. The main outcome was a composite renal outcome, defined as a merge of progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and halving of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline. Results: Among included 3,380 biopsy-confirmed IgAN patients, there were 664 (19.6%) patients with C1 and 60 (1.8%) patients with C2 scores in the study population. Although C0 and C1 patients shared similar baseline characteristics, C2 patients frequently had more clinicopathologic risk factors for poor prognosis of IgAN. Both C1 [adjusted HR 1.33 (1.11-1.58), P=0.002] and C2 [adjusted HR 2.24 (1.46-3.43), P< 0.001] scores were associated with an increased risk of the composite outcome. C2 was a strong predictive parameter associated with both progression to ESRD and halving of eGFR, whereas C1 was mainly associated with the increased risk of halving of eGFR. Notably, the proportion of crescent showed a linear association with the risk of adverse renal outcome. Conclusion: The C score in the Oxford classification is a valid predictive parameter for IgAN prognosis. Additional clinical attention is necessary for IgAN patients with identified cellular or fibrocellular crescents.
Hemodialysis Experience of a Large Group of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: All Patients Deserve Effective Treatment
Authors: Gursu Meltem , Arici Mustafa , Ates Kenan , Kazancioglu Rumeyza , Yavas Pinar Guneser , Ozturk Murat , Altun Bulent , Arinsoy Turgay
Published: February 2019

Background/Aims: Refugee dialysis is a worldwide growing dilemma with limited experience. This report presents the largest hemodialysis (HD) patient registry data of Syrian refugees in Turkey. Methods: Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and dialysis practice data of 345 Syrian HD patients during one year were collected and analyzed. Results: There were 345 prevalent Syrian HD patients at the end of 2016. Majority of the patients were placed in the Southeast Anatolian Region. The majority of the patients (74.8%) are in the age range of 20-64 years. Dialysis vintage in Turkey is less than 12 months in 20.8% and less than one month in 29.3% of patients. The vascular access was arteriovenous fistula in the majority of patients (72.5%). Kt/V is over 1.7 in 57%, serum albumin is above 35 g/L in 65.8% and hemoglobin level is more than 100 g/L in %65.2 of the patients. The ratio of patients with serum phosphorus level of 1.13-1.77 mmol/L was 56.2%. Twenty Syrian HD patients (14 male, 6 female) died within the year 2016 and annual mortality rate was 5.7%. Conclusion: This study with the largest number of Syrian refugees undergoing maintenance hemodialysis showed good dialysis practices, acceptable values for dialysis adequacy and biochemical parameters along with lower mortality compared to native HD population of Turkey. Longer follow up will enrich the knowledge related to care of refugee population in all over the world.
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Renal Function, Inflammation and Glycemic Control in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wang Yangyang  , Yang Shikun  , Zhou Qianying  , Zhang Hao  , Yi Bin 
Published: February 2019

Background/Aims: Vitamin D (VD) is widely recognized as renal protective. However, whether VD supplementation provides benefit to patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains controversial. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the impact of VD supplementation on indexes of renal function, inflammation and glycemic control in DN patients, and to explore the potential renal protective mechanism of VD. Methods: We searched Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and three major Chinese biomedical databases (CNKI, WANGFANG and VIP) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of VD or its analogs in DN patients, published between September 2007 and July 2018. Quality assessment and data extraction were performed independently by two authors, according to the Cochrane systematic review methods. Meta-analysis based on the extracted results were performed via Revman 5.2 software. Results: We included 20 RCTs representing 1,464 patients with DN in this meta-analysis. VD supplementation significantly reduced 24-hour urine protein [MD = -0.26; 95% CI (-0.34, -0.17); P < 0.00001; I2 = 95%], UAER [MD = -67.36; 95% CI (-91.96, -42.76); P < 0.00001; I2 = 97%], hs-CRP [MD = -0.69; 95% CI (-0.86,-0.53); P < 0.00001; I2 = 0%], TNF-α [MD = -56.79; 95% CI (-77.05, -36.52); P < 0.00001; I2 = 89%] and IL-6 [MD = -0.73; 95% CI(-1.03, -0.44); P < 0.00001; I2 = 0%]. However, VD supplementation failed to decrease SCr [MD = -0.83; 95% CI (-3.67,2.02); P = 0.57; I2 = 0%] or increase eGFR [MD = 2.13; 95% CI (-2.06, 6.32); P = 0.32; I2 = 0%]. In addition, VD supplementation showed no impact on indexes of glycemic control, such as HbA1c [MD = 0.01; 95% CI (-0.09, 0.11); P = 0.84; I2 = 0%] and FBG [MD = -0.05; 95% CI (-0.29, 0.20); P = 0.70; I2 = 0%]. Analysis of 24-hour urine protein, SCr, eGFR, hs-CRP or HbA1c revealed no difference between subgroups based on the type of VD supplementation, including calcitriol, alfacalcidol and vitamin D3, and the dose or duration of calcitriol usage. Conclusion: In patients with DN, VD supplementation provides beneficial effects on 24-hour urine protein and inflammation indexes, but not on SCr, eGFR or glycemic control indexes. More RCTs that comprehensively evaluate the impact of VD supplementation on indexes of renal function, inflammation and glycemic control in DN atients are required in order to reach conclusive results.
Influence of Hemofiltration on Intradialytic Plasma Volume Decrease
Authors: Tanemoto Masayuki  , Tomita Takeshi  , Motoharu Yosuke  , Urata Masahiro  , Okazaki Yukio 
Published: February 2019

Background/Aims: Compared with hemodialysis (HD), hemodiafiltration (HDF) reduces the frequency of episodes of intradialytic hypotension. Intradialytic plasma volume decrease (IPVD) induced by ultrafiltration is a leading cause of the episodes, and hemofiltration might have a preventive effect on IPVD. This study examined whether online HDF (ol-HDF) prevented IPVD compared with HD. Methods: Online HDF of pre-dilution mode (pre-ol-HDF) and post-dilution mode (post-ol-HDF) and HD were performed in 22 patients on maintenance dialysis. In each session, IPVD was calculated by using an intradialytic change in hematocrit, and IPVD in pre-ol-HDF and post-ol-HDF was compared with that in HD in a crossover manner. Results: While the ratios of intradialytic body weight loss to post-dialysis BW (IBWL/BW) in ol-HDF were generally smaller than those in HD, the levels of IPVD and IPVD/IBWL/BW were generally larger than those in HD; the IPVD levels were 0.108 ± 0.058, 0.113 ± 0.053, and 0.101 ± 0.057 (P = 0.67), and those of IPVD/IWL/BW were 2.21 ± 0.97, 2.32 ± 0.91, and 1.98 ± 1.14 (P = 0.21) in pre-ol-HDF, post-ol-HDF, and HD, respectively. Conclusion: Online mode hemofiltration, in either pre-dilution mode or post-dilution mode, performed in combination with hemodialysis has no preventive effect on IPVD.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЛІКУВАЛЬНО-ПРОФІЛАКТИЧНИХ ЗАХОДІВ У ДІТЕЙ РАННЬОГО ВІКУ, ЯКІ МАЮТЬ ПОРУШЕННЯ ФОСФОРНО-КАЛЬЦІЄВОГО ОБМІНУ
Authors: Kamut N. V.
Published: February 2019

Вступ. Вітамін D відіграє ключову роль в обміні кальцію та фосфору і важливу роль у метаболізмі, тому є необхідним для розвитку дитини.

Мета дослідження – вивчити особливості фосфорно-кальцієвого гомеостазу та забезпечення вітаміном D у дітей раннього віку, народжених з великою масою тіла.

Методи дослідження. У дослідження було включено 82 дитини віком від 3 до 6 місяців та масою тіла при народженні понад 2500 г, гестаційний вік 37 тижнів і більше.

У разі виявлення порушення фосфорно-кальцієвого гомеостазу і забезпечення 25-ОН вітаміном D3 (25(ОH) D3), з метою усунення головних симптомів захворювання з боку кісткової, нервової та інших систем організму дитини і нормалізації показників фосфорно-кальцієвого обміну в дітей, проводили корекцію препаратами вітаміну D3 відповідно до протоколу Міністерства охорони здоров’я України від 10 січня 2005 р. № 9.

Результати й обговорення. З метою оцінки забезпеченості 25(OH)D3 у дітей, хворих на вітамін D-дефіцитний рахіт, у сироватці крові визначали концентрацію 25(OH)D3 як маркера гормональної ланки ремоделювання кісткової тканини. Між показником кальцію в сироватці крові після лікування та рівнем 25(ОН)D3 після лікування існував достовірний прямий помірний зв’язок (R=0,560; p=0,0126) тільки у хлопчиків. Між показником лужної фосфатази в сироватці крові після лікування та рівнем 25(ОН)D3 після лікування відзначали достовірний зворотний сильний зв’язок (R=-0,555; p<0,001). Тобто при більшому вмісті лужної фосфатази після лікування спостерігали тенденцію до зменшення рівня 25(ОН)D3.

Висновки. Діти, народжені з великою масою тіла (понад 4000 г), мають дефіцит вітаміну D3 порівняно з дітьми, народженими з нормальною масою тіла. Маса тіла при народженні й у момент обстеження корелює з рівнем вітаміну D3 і є фактором ризику дефіциту вітаміну D3(негативна кореляція). У результаті проведеної корекції недостатності вітаміну D3 є позитивна динаміка.
ІНТЕНСИВНІСТЬ ПРОЦЕСІВ ЛІПІДНОЇ І БІЛКОВОЇ ПЕРОКСИДАЦІЇ В ДИНАМІЦІ ІММОБІЛІЗАЦІЙНОГО СТРЕСУ НА ТЛІ ГІПОТИРЕОЗУ
Authors: Liubovych O. E. , Klishch I. M.
Published: February 2019

Вступ. Стрес є відображенням eсіх адаптивних реакцій організму, неспецифічних біологічних феноменів, що виникають у відповідь на дію різних подразників і спрямовані на реалізацію пристосувальних механізмів, адаптовують організм до стресового впливу. Важливе місце в реалізації адаптивно-пристосувальних реакцій організму посідають гормони щитоподібної залози, які здатні мобілізувати резерви організму для усунення ушкоджень, викликаних дією стресового чинника. Тиреоїдна вісь закономірно втягується в процеси адаптації організму до дії надзвичайних подразників. Однак самі зміни тиреоїдної функції при стресі й адаптації не дозволяють оцінити значення тиреоїдних гормонів у пристосувальних реакціях. Необхідне комплексне дослідження гормонального спектра і стану окисно-відновних процесів в організмі експериментальних тварин зі зміненим тиреоїдним статусом за умов додаткових стресових впливів різної природи.

Мета дослідження – вивчити інтенсивність процесів ліпідної і білкової пероксидації при іммобілізаційному стресі в щурів з експериментальним гіпотиреозом.

Методи дослідження. Гіпотиреоз моделювали, щоденно вводячи тваринам per os тиреостатик мерказоліл (“Здоров’я”, Україна) у дозі 25 мг/кг протягом 21-ї доби. Гострий іммобілізаційний стрес моделювали шляхом прив’язування піддослідних щурів у положенні на спині за 4 кінцівки без обмеження рухомості голови тривалістю 3 год. Для дослідження концентрації йодовмісних гормонів щитоподібної залози, активності процесів ліпідної і білкової пероксидації використовували спектрофотометричні та імуноферментні методи.

Результати й обговорення. За умов дефіциту йодовмісних гормонів щитоподібної залози активність вільнорадикального окиснення ліпідів і білків була достовірно нижчою, ніж у тварин без змодельованої патології. При дослідженні впливу іммобілізаційного стресу на показники ліпідної і білкової пероксидації встановлено, що на стадії тривоги розвитку стрес-реакції в евтиреоїдних тварин показники пероксидного окиснення ліпідів та білків зростали, що вказувало на посилення активності вільнорикальних процесів. На стадії резистентності відбувалась стабілізація активності вільнорадикальних процесів. Однак при тривалому стресі (стадія виснаження) активність вільнорадикальних процесів знову достовірно підвищувалась, що свідчило про виснаження захисного резерву антиоксидантної системи. У тварин з гіпотиреозом поступово достовірно зростала інтенсивність процесів ліпідної і білкової пероксидації на всіх стадіях розвитку стрес-реакції з максимумом на стадії виснаження.

Висновок. На тлі гіпотиреозу спостерігають більш інтенсивне, ніж в евтиреоїдних тварин, зростання інтенсивності процесів білкової та ліпідної пероксидації на всіх стадіях розвитку стрес-реакції.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ АНТИОКСИДАНТНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ЕКСТРАКТУ ЗІ ШПИНАТУ ГОРОДНЬОГО ЛИСТЯ НА МОДЕЛІ ТЕТРАХЛОРМЕТАНОВОГО УРАЖЕННЯ ПЕЧІНКИ
Authors: Nykyforuk A. Ya. , Fira L. S. , Lykhatskyi P. H.
Published: February 2019

Вступ. За сучасними даними, в Україні 20–30 % усіх захворювань печінки становлять її токсичні ураження. Пошук потенційних гепатопротекторів проводять в останні роки серед великої кількості лікарських речовин різного походження та структури, проте найперспективнішими виявились антиоксиданти природного, переважно рослинного, походження через низьку вартість та високий рівень безпечності.

Мета дослідження – вивчити антиоксидантні властивості густого екстракту зі шпинату городнього листя в експериментах на щурах, уражених тетрахлорметаном.

Методи дослідження. Експерименти проведено на 60 білих щурах-самцях, яким моделювали гостре токсичне ураження печінки шляхом введення дворазово (через день) тетрахлорметану у вигляді 50 % олійного розчину в дозі 1,0 мл/кг маси тіла тварин. Об’єктом досліджень був густий екстракт зі шпинату городнього листя в дозі 150 мг/кг маси тіла. Експерименти проведено на 4-ту, 7-му та 10-ту доби розвитку токсичного гепатиту. Активність окиснювальних процесів і стан антиоксидантної системи оцінювали за вмістом ТБК-активних продуктів, 2,4-динітрофенілгідразонів, церулоплазміну, активністю каталази.

Результати й обговорення. Ураження щурів токсичними дозами тетрахлорметану супроводжувалось активацією процесів ліпопероксидації та окиснювальної модифікації протеїнів, що призвело до розвитку оксидативного стресу в організмі. За цих умов відмічали зменшення активності антиоксидантної системи, на що вказувало пригнічення активності каталази в організмі уражених тварин. Застосування з метою корекції виявлених порушень густого екстракту зі шпинату городнього листя викликало зниження активованих окиснювальних процесів та відновлення захисно-компенсаторних сил організму, про що свідчила нормалізація активності каталази та вмісту церулоплазміну. Цей екстракт за ефективністю дещо відрізнявся від відомого гепатопротектора силімарину (карсилу), але наприкінці досліджень його вплив на показники оксидативного стресу мало відрізнявся від впливу препарату порівняння.

Висновок. Густий екстракт зі шпинату городнього листя за умов токсичного ураження печінки проявляє гепатопротекторні властивості, які реалізуються через антиоксидантний ефект. Це зумовлює доцільність подальшого вивчення даного лікарського засобу.
ВМІСТ САПОНІНІВ У ЛИСТКАХ І КОРЕНЕВИЩАХ З КОРЕНЯМИ КУЛЬТИВОВАНИХ ВИДІВ РОДУ PRIMULA L.
Authors: Sinichenko A. V. , Marchyshyn S. M. , Stoiko L. I. , Slobodianiuk L. V.
Published: February 2019

Вступ. У світoвій флoрі рід Primula L. родини Primulaceae є одним із найчисленіших та oб’єднує понад 600 видів одно- і багаторічних рослин. На території України зростає 9 видів роду Примула. У джерелах літератури є інформація про цілющі властивості примули скельної (Primula saxatilis Коm.) та примули дрібнозубчастої (Primula denticulatа Smith.), які використовують тільки в народній медицині. Водночас у наукових джерелах літератури недостатньо відомостей про їх хімічний склад.

Мета дослідження – визначити вміст сапонінів у листках і кореневищах з коренями декоративних видів роду Примула – примули скельної та примули дрібнозубчастої.

Метoди дoслідження. З метoю виявлення сапонінів у дoсліджуваній сирoвині прoвoдили загальнoприйняті якісні реакції, для чoгo пoпередньo гoтували витяжки. Водні витяжки використовували для проведення проби на піноутворення та осадових реакцій. Визначали також хімічну природу сапонінів у досліджуваних об’єктах. Кількісний вміст сапонінів у перерахунку на есцин визначали спектрофотометричним методом на спектрoфoтoметрі Lambda 25 Perkin Elmer (США) при довжині хвилі 381 нм.

Результати й обговорення. У результаті прoведених досліджень встановлено, що вміст сапонінів у примули дрібнозубчастої листках в 1,4 раза більший, ніж у примули скельної листках, і становив (0,61±0,03) %, вміст сапонінів у примули дрібнозубчастої кореневищах з коренями в 1,2 раза вищий, ніж у примули скельної кореневищах з коренями, і складав (1,79±0,06) %.

Висновки. Проведено фітохімічний аналіз листків і кореневищ з коренями примули скельної та примули дрібнозубчастої, експериментально доведено наявність сапонінів тритерпенового ряду. Вміст сапонінів у примули скельної листках і кореневищах з коренями становив (0,45±0,02) та (1,54±0,07) %, у примули дрібнозубчастої − (0,61±0,03) і (1,79±0,06) % відповідно.
4Q147: An Amulet?
Authors: Feldman Ariel , Feldman Faina
Published: February 2019

Among the tefillin and mezuzot edited by Józef T. Milik in DJD 6 is 4Q147 (4QPhylactère T). Milik was unable to decipher this scroll, and it remains unpublished. This study offers a preliminary edition of 4Q147. Like many tefillin from the Judean Desert, it was written in a tiny semi-cursive script and folded. However, while tefillin contain passages from Exodus and Deuteronomy, 4Q147 features a non-scriptural text. Elaborating on God’s generous provisions and evoking angelic names, this minuscule scroll might be an amulet.
Intertextuality in the De Genio Socratis: The Role of Epaminondas
Authors: Geiger Joseph
Published: February 2019

The appearance of Epaminondas in Plutarch’s De genio Socratis, who neither contributes significantly to the dialogue nor takes part in the liberation of Thebes from the Spartan rulers, seems gratuitous. This essay argues that an intertextual interplay must have existed between Plutarch’s essay and his lost Life of Epaminondas, the author’s favourite hero. Whatever the exact nature of that interplay, the historical background of Plutarch’s work was the recent assassination of Domitian: the forcible removal of tyrants was not only a theoretical question referred to by Epaminondas in the De genio, but also of immediate historical relevance.
The Role of Companion Animals in the Process of Emigration: A Family Perspective
Authors: Marchetti-Mercer M. C.
Published: February 2019

Companion animals contribute to family systems’ relational life and dynamics, providing emotional support and companionship. Little prior research discusses psychological processes informing decisions on companion animals when families emigrate, or the emotional ramifications of such decisions. The article considers decisions around companion animals’ fate during the emigration process as a dimension of the decision to leave. It has several psychological repercussions for family members. Data from a qualitative research project on South African experiences of emigration and its impact on family life show that decisions around companion animals’ fate are often experienced as highly emotional by those considering emigration. Despite onerous financial and practical considerations, some emigrating families decide to take their companion animals with them. They see them as creating a sense of “home” and helping with adjustment in the destination country, especially for young children, where companion animals can provide stability in the disruptive process of emigration.
Do differences in ecological conditions influence grouping behaviour in a solitary ungulate, the Japanese serow?
Authors: Takada H. , Minami M.
Published: February 2019

One aim of animal behaviour research is to explain why animals live in groups. The grouping behaviour of solitary mammals is important for understanding the ecological factors promoting the evolution of sociality. We present field data of Japanese serow, a primitive solitary ungulate, in forest and alpine meadow habitats. We found no differences in group size of all age–sex classes between the forest and alpine meadow habitats, and both populations were mainly solitary. The current findings suggest that group size in the serow is not affected by ecological conditions, including habitat structure, forage abundance, and population density. However, female associations involving up to three females occurred in the alpine meadow habitat throughout the year, whereas such groupings were not observed in the forest habitat. This finding suggests that abundant food supply in the alpine meadow promoted female associations by decreasing the cost of food resource competition.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of Tylencholaimellus zeinabadensis sp. n. (Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimellidae) from Iran, with additional data on five known species of the genus
Authors: Vazifeh Nasir , Niknam Gholamreza , Jabbari Habibeh , Naghavi Arezoo , Peña-Santiago Reyes
Published: February 2019

Six species of the genus Tylencholaimellus, one new and five known, collected in virgin and cultivated soils of East Azarbaijan province, Iran, are studied. Tylencholaimellus zeinabadensis sp. n. is morphologically characterised by its 1.2-1.7 mm long body, lip region 10-13 μm wide and offset by deep and broad constriction, odontostyle 16-20 μm long, stylet 22-30 μm long, neck 186-234 μm long, pharyngeal bulb 30-43 μm long, anterior uterine sac 55-103 μm long or 0.9-1.7 corresponding body diam. long, V = 34-41, tail short and rounded to conoid (20-30 μm, c = 45-83, c′ = 0.5-1.0), spicules 39-50 μm long, and one or two ventromedian supplements with hiatus. Molecular analyses using the D2-D3 expansion regions of the 28S rRNA gene sequences of the new species confirmed the monophyly of this genus based upon currently available data. A population of T. affinis is described and illustrated, and new data (morphometrics, pictures and distribution) are provided for T. loofi, T. paracinctus, T. polonicus and T. striatus.
Here, There, and Anywhere
Authors: Meylan Nicolas
Published: February 2019

There are numerous difficult issues inherent in translating Jonathan Z. Smith’s work into French, among which is the selection of essays to translate. In this piece, I discuss the reasons that led the translators to opt for his essay ‘Here, There, and Anywhere’, a text that not only brings together many of Smith’s lifelong intellectual concerns but also showcases his pedagogical skills.
Vocalization can mediate male–male sexual interactions in Java sparrows
Authors: Adachi Hiroko , Soma Masayo
Published: February 2019

Same-sex sexual behaviors do not have direct fitness outcomes, but might be adaptive. This issue is often discussed in group-living animals, where social bonding is crucial. In our captive environment, around 33% of the Java-sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora) males kept in unisex cages have stable bonded partners. Those bonded males often perch side by side and show allopreening and joint-defensive behaviors towards others. In this study, we aimed to determine how males including such same-sex bonded individuals communicate with each other via vocalizations. We introduced same-sex pairs of Java sparrows, which were bonded or non-bonded, in sound-attenuated boxes and compared their recorded vocalizations with those from male–female pairs. For the male–male pairs, we identified two vocalizations that are usually exchanged between paired partners in intimate contexts: mating trills – which are usually emitted by females during successful copulation – and meowing calls – which are given when both members of the pair are in the nest at the same time. We found that males gave mating trills when their partner males were singing courtship songs, or performed trill duets, which sometimes also included meowing calls. Acoustic analyses revealed that there was no difference between male–male and male–female vocalizations. Meowing calls showed greater within-individual variation in duration and other acoustic parameters, but were similar in same-sex and mixed-sex contexts. Our results indicate that male–male pairs exchanged intimate vocal communications just like male–female couples.
Foreign Military Activities in the Exclusive Economic Zone: Remarks on the Applicability and Scope of the Reciprocal ‘Due Regard’ Duties of Coastal and Third States
Authors: Prezas Ioannis
Published: February 2019

This study examines the applicability and scope of the reciprocal ‘due regard’ duties imposed upon coastal and third states by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in the field of military activities in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The applicability of these duties depends on the existence of a right of third states to conduct military activities in the EEZ of another state. Still, this preliminary issue remains extremely controversial because the rules established by the Convention do not offer any clear guidance. On the other hand, if such a right is recognized in abstracto and thus the applicability of the ‘due regard’ duties is triggered, an enquiry into the potential procedural and substantive scope of these duties is necessary to understand how conflicts between this right and coastal states’ rights and jurisdiction should be resolved in concreto.
Apollonius of Tyana’s Great Book of Talismans
Authors: Raggetti Lucia
Published: February 2019

The Great Book of Talismans (MS Paris BnF Ar. 2250) composed by Apollonius of Tyana is one of the Greek texts that have reached us in its Arabic recension. The Arabic not only preserves a part of the text lost in Greek, but it may bear witness to a more ancient layer of the textual tradition than the Byzantine one, along with the clues to a refined intellectual operation to recontextualize the whole work in the cultural milieu of reception. The kind of public talisman prepared by Apollonius – a metallic plaque or statue inscribed with magical names, either buried or placed on an elevated spot, sometimes protected by a shrine – became a model for talisman making. Some of Apollonius’ talismans, moreover, circulated as erratic textual blocks, entering the Arabic Hermetic literature and, more generally, texts on natural sciences and the technical literature. This paper reconstructs the transmission of the Great Book of Talismans, and offers an anthology of the talismans that Apollonius realized for a number of Near Eastern cities (Alexandria, Antioch, Emesa, Ephesus, Edessa), along with three comparanda that concretely exemplify the fluidity in the transmission of these materials.
The 18th Century as a Time of Religious Renewal and Reform
Authors: Siluk Avraham , Voß Rebekka
Published: February 2019

Varied initiatives for religious revival and reform emerged throughout the 18th century in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; each had a significant impact on its religious community and also contributed to lasting cultural, social, and political change. This introductory essay argues for the importance of early modern religious renewal for understanding transformations in 18th-century life, culture, and thought. Due to their critical roles in society, religious renewal and reform should be considered as key factors for change at the threshold of modernity rather than counters to modernization.
‘Quietismus Sacer’ – Engaging Religious Adversaries
Authors: Mejrup Kristian
Published: February 2019

This essay explores a critical reaction to the turbulence born out of the debate on Quietism at the end of the 17th century. Caspar Exner (1627–1704), a minister and subscriber to Lutheran Orthodoxy, wrote a report in 1689 on the recent outburst of what in his view was misleading theological assumptions. His refutation of so-called false doctrines turned out to be an ambiguous road for engaging religious adversaries. Urged to assess a specific and contested topic, Exner developed a method that confronted religious renewal in general. It is the aim of this essay to demonstrate how rectification was a means for appropriating and moderating contested ideas and surpassing confessional boundaries.
Didactics of Piety in Children’s Edifying Literature in the Early 18th Century
Authors: Schmid Pia
Published: February 2019

This article focuses on an aspect of Pietist education that may be regarded as a reform, namely a new way of upholding the role model to educational ends – or, more simply put, of teaching by example. This new approach to the example, according to my thesis, manifests itself in an implicit, narrative didactics of piety. This will be illustrated by reference to a popular genre of children’ and young people’s literature dating from the 17th and 18th centuries, namely ‘exemplary children’s stories’ (Kinderexempelgeschichten). Such stories consist of biographical model narratives concerning exemplary pious boys and girls. To demonstrate how this implicit, religious didactic was made explicit, I draw on the text ‘Christliche Lebens=Regeln’ (Christian Rules of Life), which was especifically conceived as a systematic elucidation of exemplary stories.
Third Strike: The WTO Panel Reports Upholding Australia’s Tobacco Plain Packaging Scheme
Authors: Voon Tania
Published: February 2019

Two of the four disputes against Australia’s tobacco plain packaging in the World Trade Organization (WTO) have been resolved, with the adoption of the Panel Reports upholding Australia’s tobacco plain packaging scheme with respect to Cuba and Indonesia. The fifth dispute, brought by Ukraine, was previously abandoned. The Panel’s decision deserves close examination, particularly regarding the balance between WTO Members’ legitimate policy objectives and restrictions on trade or on the use of trademarks. The Panel’s approach to the fundamental concepts of trade-restrictiveness and unjustifiability did not conform with the arguments of Australia or the complainants. These areas represent core aspects of the ongoing appeals by Honduras and the Dominican Republic. Although Australia did not appeal, its own arguments before the Panel provide further insights into the Panel’s approach. The significance of the Panel Reports is heightened by the continuing United States blockage of appointments to the WTO Appellate Body.
The Secular State in a Declining Europe
Authors: Ferrari Silvio
Published: February 2019

The article provides data that attest to the severity of the European demographic, economic, and political decline, and considers one of its manifestations, the capacity of the secular state to cope with the transformations of the European religious landscape. The secular state has been a European invention, and the decline of Europe has inevitable repercussions for its vitality, in Europe and beyond. In Europe, the weakness of the secular state has been revealed by the diversification of the European religious landscape. A declining Europe is less and less capable of managing diversity using the tools provided by the secular state. Analysis of the different models of secular states implemented in Europe is followed by a reexamination of the issue of the decline of Europe, and of its effect on the reforms that are required to adapt the secular state to the new conditions.
Regulating Religion in Italy
Authors: Faraguna Pietro
Published: February 2019

This article focuses on state-church relations and on the peculiar implementation of the “idea of secularism” in Italy. First, it explores the formal provisions of the 1848 Constitution. Next, it investigates constitutional provisions that came into force in 1948. Finally, it examines how the actors of the living constitution (legislators, the government, judges, and the Constitutional Court in particular) tried to balance and develop the potentially conflicting principles included in the 1948 Constitution in the area of religious freedom, equality, and state-church relations. The article explores three particularly controversial examples: the teaching of religion in state schools; the display of the crucifix in classrooms; and state funding mechanisms of religious denominations. The main claim of the article is that, with regard to the regulation of religion in Italy, the transformation of the constitutional position of religion did not occur within the formal constitution, but in the “living constitution.”
When Important Is ‘Ahead’: the Use of Motion-Implying front Grams in Spatial Metaphors of Importance in Finnish
Authors: Teeri-Niknammoghadam Krista
Published: February 2019

Human beings often discuss their priorities in terms of spatial language (I put my needs ahead of yours). When describing order of importance, the Finnish language predominantly uses motion-implying front grams, that is, grammatical words that code spatial relations on front-region, and indicate in-tandem motion of Figure and Ground. In such scenarios, the mover ‘ahead’ on the so-called path of importance is regarded as more important than the mover ‘behind’. In this corpus-based cognitive-semantic study, I explore the ways Finnish uses motion-implying front grams and gram constructions in spatial metaphors of importance by conducting a grammatico-semantic analysis on my data. As a result, I present four grammatically and semantically distinctive but related spatial metaphors of importance: important moves ahead, important is placed ahead, unimportant is moved away from ahead of important and important leads movement; these all use the notion of ‘ahead’ to define the importance of an entity.
A new species of Supraserphites Rasnitsyn & Öhm-Kühnle from Burmese amber (Hymenoptera, Serphitidae: Supraserphitinae)

Authors: RASNITSYN ALEXANDR P. , ÖHM-KÜHNLE CHRISTOPH
Published: February 2019

Burmese amber continues to provide a plethora of unexpected fossils, with its extraordinarily rich and speciose mid-Cretaceous fauna of Arthropoda and particularly of Hymenoptera (Ross, 2015; Rasnitsyn et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018; Rasnitsyn and Öhm-Kühnle, 2018a, b; Zhang et al., 2018a–d). Among these specimens, there are abundant, minute and specialized wasps of the superfamily Serphitoidea, the wasp described in the present paper, in which characters of both Serphitidae and Archaeoserphitidae appear.
New Early Cretaceous hylicellids (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) from Southwest Beijing, China

Authors: FU YANZHE , HUANG DIYING
Published: February 2019

The clade Clypeata, Qadri, 1967 unites all living Cicadomorpha (Cercopoidea, Cicadoidea, Myerslopioidea and Membracoidea) and their common stem group (Wang et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2019). The Clypeata first appeared in the Late Permian; and during the early Mesozoic modern cicadomorphan lineages gradually rose and flourished (Shcherbakov & Popov, 2002; Szwedo, 2018).
Caecidae of the northeast Pacific (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda)

Authors: RAINES BRET K.
Published: February 2019

A review of northeast Pacific Caecidae. McLean (1978) reported five species. One additional species is reported here and the taxonomic positions of two other species are updated.