bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ABSORPTION OF LIGHT AND HEAT RADIATION BY SMALL SPHERICAL PARTICLES: I. ABSORPTION OF LIGHT BY CARBON PARTICLES
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

From Mie's classical theory of the action of small spherical particles on plane waves of light, the expression giving the loss of light due to absorption and scattering is reduced to the formula involving only Bessel functions of orders given by half integral values. The result is used for calculating the absorption by small carbon particles whose diameter is comparable with the wave-length of the incident light, particles that can be measured only by interference methods. When the diameter is less than 0.2 μ the coefficient of absorption decreases toward the red end of the spectrum. The reverse is true for 0.3 and 0.4 μ particles.
SOME PROPERTIES OF A COMPOSITE, BIVARIATE DISTRIBUTION IN WHICH THE MEANS OF THE COMPONENT NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS ARE LINEARLY RELATED
Authors: Charnley F.
Published: April 2011

Equations relating the statistics of a linear, composite, bivariate, normal distribution with those of the component distributions are derived for two types of data; first, for the special (ideal) case when the means represented by the samples correspond to the points of the linear continuum, and the proportions of the component populations remain constant and, second, for the practical case when the point set representing the means of the component distributions from which the samples have been drawn differs from the linear continuum, and the proportions or densities of the component populations vary along the line of relation. The results show that, if the component populations are normal and the variances and correlation coefficient in the component populations are constant, we can calculate at most only two of the parameters of the component populations from the composite data. We can, however, always calculate the values of the slope of the line of relation and the vertical variance around this line irrespective of the functional forms of the component populations, providing the means of the latter are collinear and provided also that the data can be separated into subgroups corresponding to single populations. The use of the equations is illustrated by means of a composite distribution constructed from a known component distribution.
THE MECHANISM OF THE ALKALINE DELIGNIFICATION OF WOOD
Authors: Larocque G. L. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

Measurement was made of the rate of delignification of sprucewood with lithium, barium, sodium, potassium, and tetra-ethyl ammonium hydroxides under closely controlled conditions of temperature and concentration. The reaction rates were compared with the ionic mobilities and adsorption coefficients of the different alkalis. Methanol, ethanol, and glycerol were used as solvents.From these results a mechanism is suggested, according to which adsorption of alkali at the reaction interface is the determining factor in setting the rate of delignification. The rate is also dependent on the specific nature of the alkali cation and varies with the temperature in accordance with the general theory of thermal activation.
THE ANALYTICAL PROBLEM OF MAPLE SAP PRODUCTS
Authors: Riou Paul , Delorme Joachim
Published: April 2011

A systematic study of official methods of analysis of maple sap products has been made in order to investigate their validity as criteria of the purity of these products.A new value, the manganese number, is being proposed as a safer criterion but, in some cases, even this may lead to error.The conclusion of the writers is that, at the present time, it cannot be stated with certainty that a maple product is 100% pure; it is therefore necessary that research work be continued in order to find a criterion of purity that would be valid in every case.
THE SYSTEM NAPHTHALENE–p-NITROPHENOL: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ALL THE VARIABLES IN AN EQUATION OF THE FREEZING POINT CURVE
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Campbell A. J. R.
Published: April 2011

With the object of determining the factors responsible for the inapplicability of the ideal equation of the freezing curve,[Formula: see text]a number of experimental determinations have been carried out on the system naphthalene–p-nitrophenol. These were: (i) specific heat, (ii) heat of fusion, (iii) heat of mixing, (iv) vapour pressure, (v) vapour composition, (vi) density, (vii) surface tension, (viii) viscosity.The conclusion is arrived at that the discrepancy is due principally to the invalidity of Raoult's law in this case. Since the deviation is positive with respect to both components, it cannot be ascribed to compound formation in solution. Apart from the deviation from Raoult's law, the solution does not exhibit marked abnormality.The data obtained also permit of the complete, or almost complete, construction of the p–t–x model for this system.
SELENIUM IN SOILS, GRAINS, AND PLANTS IN ALBERTA
Authors: Walker Osman J. , Harris Walter E. , Rossi Michael
Published: April 2011

Two hundred and twenty-seven samples of wheat, forty soils, and four plants of the Astragalus family, all from the province of Alberta, have been analysed for their selenium content. The selenium content of the soils varied from less than 0.1 to 1 p.p.m., that of wheat, from less than 0.1 to 1 p.p.m., and that of Astragalus plants, from 0.3 p.p.m. in the root of one plant to 600 p.p.m. in the stalks of another. The majority of the wheat samples contained only traces of selenium, and in no case can any one be considered as dangerous. Some of the soils contained over 0.5 p.p.m. of selenium and these may be looked upon as seleniferous. Not enough data are available to indicate the extensiveness of seleniferous soils. Although the underlying strata of much of Alberta is of Upper Cretaceous Age, the soil is derived mostly from glacial drift formed from other types of rock, so that the seleniferous area may be much smaller than that earlier suspected. Analyses of wheat and soils indicate that dangerous areas are more likely to be found in southern Alberta than in central Alberta. Analyses of vetches show that the amount of selenium absorbed is independent of the species and the selenium content of the soil and varies with the part of the plant examined.
PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN THE TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM, ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE, IN THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE REGION
Authors: Schneider W. G. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

Phase equilibria measurements have been made for a 1:1 ethylene-propylene system in the critical temperature region by means of an equilibrium apparatus described by Holder and Maass (3). The critical density of the system was found to be 0.230 gm. per cc. and the critical temperature 58.30° ± 0.05 °C. For mass-volume ratios greater than 0.230, at constant volume, the temperature of liquid disappearance was lower than 58.30 °C., while for mass-volume ratios less than 0.230, the temperature of liquid disappearance was higher than 58.30 °C. With stirring, the phase compositions and phase densities of the liquid and vapour phases were shown to become equal at the critical temperature, whereas in the absence of stirring the attainment of equilibrium is slow and uncertain. The results are discussed on the basis of the liquid persistence theory (5), and the vapour-liquid dispersion theory (1, 9).
A FURTHER MODIFICATION OF THE SKRAUP SYNTHESIS OF QUINOLINE
Authors: Manske Richard F. H. , Leger Frank , Gallagher Geo.
Published: April 2011

It has been found that recent modifications of the Skraup quinoline synthesis can be further improved as to yield and ease of operation by substituting acetylated amines for the free bases.
ÉTUDES SUR LES HYBRIDES DE CISTES : VI. INTROGRESSION DANS LA SECTION LADANIUM
Authors: Dansereau Pierre
Published: April 2011

not available
EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM ACID PHOSPHATE, CANE SUGAR, ETHYL MERCURIC BROMIDE, AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID IN A TALC CARRIER ON THE ROOTING OF STEM CUTTINGS
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Greenwood cuttings of Deutzia Lemoinei, Symphoricarpus albus, and Weigela rosea and dormant cuttings of Lonicera tatarica were treated with a series of 32 talc dusts containing potassium acid phosphate at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10%, in combination with 0 and 10% cane sugar, 0 and 50 p.p.m. ethyl mercuric bromide, and 0 and 1000 p.p.m. indolylacetic acid. The lower concentrations of phosphate tended to increase rooting and reduce mortality of two of the species of greenwood cuttings whereas the 10% concentration was ineffective or injurious. However, this concentration was favourable to the rooting of dormant cuttings. Indolylacetic acid treatment increased the number of rooted cuttings and the number and length of roots. Beneficial effects were indicated for organic mercury and cane sugar treatments. However, these were attributed largely to the combinations with phosphate and indolylacetic acid. The results indicate that the effectiveness of dusts containing indolylacetic acid in the treatment of plant stem cuttings may be increased by the addition of nutrient and disinfectant chemicals.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: XI. SIMULTANEOUS RELATIONS BETWEEN MALT EXTRACT AND TWO OR MORE BARLEY PROPERTIES
Authors: Sallans H. R. , Meredith W. O. S. , Anderson J. A.
Published: April 2011

Inter- and intravarietal relations between malt extract and barley properties (extract, starch, total nitrogen, 1000-kernel weight, salt-soluble nitrogen, saccharifying activity, cellulose-lignin residue, and steeping time) have been investigated by developing prediction equations for malt extract.The most useful single factors for intervarietal prediction are barley extract, starch, and cellulose-lignin residue, in the order given. The inclusion of salt-soluble nitrogen and steeping time, as additional independent variables, with barley extract or starch, results in a significant improvement in the level of prediction. The most accurate equation was: malt extract = 1.1 + 0. 93 barley extract + 7.44 salt-soluble nitrogen − 0.035 steeping time. This equation serves to indicate the relative extract yield of varieties grown at the same station, the standard error being ± 0.8%. The constant, 1.1, varies from station to station; hence, although this average value gives relative extract yields, the constant must be evaluated for specific environments if absolute extract yields are required.The most useful single factors for intravarietal prediction are barley extract, starch, and total nitrogen. Statistical analysis showed that only barley extract and total nitrogen could be effectively combined for prediction purposes. The equation is: malt extract = A + 0. 58 barley extract − 2.4 total nitrogen, standard error ± 0.6%. The factor A is dependent on variety but the data suggest that for Canadian malting varieties this constant has a value of about 35.7.Attempts to develop a generalized equation applicable to all samples, irrespective of varieties and the environment in which they were produced, proved unsuccessful. This is apparently due to significant differences between the inter- and intravarietal partial regression coefficients for the properties studied.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: IX. EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL TREATMENTS AND A WAX SPRAY ON THE OUTDOOR PROPAGATION OF SPRUCE CUTTINGS
Authors: Grace N. H. , Farrar J. L.
Published: April 2011

Norway spruce cuttings were collected at intervals throughout the year, subjected to treatment with talc dusts containing from 5 up to 10,000 p.p.m. of indolylacetic acid, and propagated in outdoor frames. In some experiments, indolylacetic acid treatments were included in a series of dusts involving cane sugar, potassium acid phosphate, and organic mercurial disinfectants. Effects of wax coating of cuttings of Norway and white spruce and eastern white cedar were also considered.Indolylacetic acid treatment failed to have any general beneficial effects on rooting; concentrations of 8000 and 10,000 p.p.m. were usually injurious. However, treatment of apparently dormant cuttings, taken shortly before emergence of new growth, with 1000 p.p.m. gave 25% rooting, as compared to 8% for the controls, and tended to increase the length of root. Treatments with organic mercury, cane sugar, and potassium acid phosphate increased survival of new growth, and, in combination with indolylacetic acid, increased survival and root lengths.Talc treatment increased rooting to as much as 70% for cuttings planted in sand as compared to 25% for the controls, but had no effect on plantings in a sand–peat mixture. Talc effects were the most marked on cuttings taken before emergence of new growth and when planting was delayed for 24 hr. after treatment.Wax application had no effect on dormant spruce cuttings but was markedly injurious to summer collections. Injurious effects were reduced when wax was used in conjunction with indolylacetic acid treatment.
STUDIES IN DIFFERENTIAL REACTIVITY: I. THE RATE AND DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIATION IN THE SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES OF TRILLIUM ERECTUM L.
Authors: Wilson G. B. , Boothroyd E. Roger
Published: April 2011

By suitable treatment the somatic chromosomes of a number of plants may be shown to be longitudinally differentiated as to size and staining capacity. Certain well defined regions appear at metaphase and anaphase to be either understained or of reduced diameter or both.Exposure to cold has been found to produce these regions in two varieties of rye and three species of Trillium.The positions of these differential segments have been found to be highly specific for different chromosomes and species.During a 96-hr. period of exposure to cold the number of chromosomes affected and of differential segments per chromosome increases in T. erectum L.After cessation of treatment the chromosomes resume their normal appearance within a few hours.Homologous chromosome pairs often differ in number, size, and position of affected regions. On the basis of data presented in this paper, these differences cannot be taken as conclusive evidence that these pairs are genetically different.
SEED DEVELOPMENT IN MEDICAGO (ALFALFA) HYBRIDS: I. THE NORMAL OVULE
Authors: Farley Helen M. , Hutchinson A. H.
Published: April 2011

Seed production in Medicago (alfalfa) hybrids is related to many factors, primarily the cytological disturbances due to hybridization. The establishment of new balances results in strains which may occupy different habitats. Deficiencies may appear at one or more of the many stages during the complete process of growth and development. This account on the normal ovule, as a standard for comparison, deals particularly with the histogenesis and development of the nucellus, gynospores, integuments, funiculus, female gametophyte, embryo and endosperm. Some of the food and nutrition problems associated with seed production are considered. A series of papers dealing with special phases of seed development in hybrid Medicago is in progress.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XVII. RANCIDITY IN PORK FAT AFTER FROZEN STORAGE AND CONVERSION TO BACON
Authors: White W. Harold
Published: April 2011

Determination of the peroxide oxygen and free fatty acid content of the fat of pork, stored under various conditions and subsequently converted to bacon, showed that temperature, method of wrapping, and stage in the conversion to bacon were the most important factors governing the oxidation and hydrolysis of the fat. Of the conditions studied, storage at temperatures of −18° to −23 °C. with an aluminium foil wrapping, followed by thawing in brine or pickle were the most effective in retarding rancidity. The greatest increase in the peroxide oxygen content of the fat occurred during cure, whereas that of free fatty acid increased at a relatively uniform rate throughout the various conversion steps. Smoking had greater antioxidant effect on the fat than pale-drying. Since in all instances the content of free fatty acid was low, spoilage in pork or bacon fat is primarily due to oxidation.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XVIII. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND BACTERIAL GROWTH ON NITRITE CONTENT
Authors: White W. Harold , Gibbons N. E.
Published: April 2011

Samples of bacon, with bacterial populations adjusted to two levels, were held at temperatures of 4°, 21°, 38°, and 55 °C. for 20, 40, 80, and 160 hr. Both the total number of organisms and the number capable of reducing nitrate to nitrite were significantly correlated with the nitrite content. Furthermore, the samples adjusted to the high bacterial level usually contained more nitrite after treatment than those from the same hog but containing fewer bacteria. The increase in nitrite, observed here and previously, at temperatures below 55 °C., is attributable primarily to bacterial growth and not to enzymes or other constituents of the bacon.
STUDIES OF WATERFOWL IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: GREATER SCAUP DUCK, LESSER SCAUP DUCK
Authors: Munro J. A.
Published: April 2011

Nyroca marila is an abundant migrant through British Columbia and large numbers winter in the coast region. The sex ratio in winter flocks is predominantly male. Chara was the chief food eaten by 57 specimens from Okanagan Lake, miscellaneous vegetable matter was second, and molluscs third in importance. Food items, listed in order of importance, on coast streams and lakes were: vegetable matter, molluscs, salmon eggs, salmon flesh, and, on salt water: gastropods, sea lettuce (Ulva sp.), crustaceans, and herring eggs. N. affinis nests commonly in parts of the dry interior and elsewhere in the province is a migrant and scarce winter visitant. Sex ratio is predominantly male. Courtship continues through April and May; laying commences in June and late clutches are found in August. Females defend their young vigorously and a habit of combining broods has a probable survival value. Males raft on certain lakes in July and go into eclipse as flight feathers are shed. These populations include yearling and post-breeding females and later, adolescents. The former moult at this time. Adults migrate early and those remaining are largely young of the year. Amphipods are the chief food of all age groups on the nesting ground; aquatic insects and seeds of aquatic plants are also important. Both species of scaup ducks are economically important as food and for sport in the interior but less so on the coast where, because of a different diet, their flesh is less palatable. It was not determined whether the consumption of salmon eggs and herring eggs is of economic significance. Elsewhere than on the coast scaup ducks are related to other interests only to the limited extent to which they are food competitors of trout and other commercially valuable fishes.
THE DIAPAUSE AND RELATED PHENOMENA IN GILPINIA POLYTOMA (HARTIG): III. BIOCLIMATIC RELATIONS
Authors: Prebble M. L.
Published: April 2011

The progress of intracocoon development in relation to temperature and moisture is described for a one-generation and a two-generation area in eastern Canada. In the one-generation area (central Gaspé) the degree of seasonal emergence from the overwintered cocoons can be forecast with considerable accuracy by means of sample analyses during the period of pronymphal and early pupal development. This is possible since few individuals that have not initiated development by late June do so later in the summer, even though environmental conditions are quite favourable. The technique fails in a two-generation area (south central New Brunswick) because members of the overwintered population may continue to respond to favourable temperature and moisture conditions throughout the entire season.On the basis of biologic and climatic data the area occupied by the European spruce sawfly in eastern North America is divided into zones representing the probable distribution of one-, two-, and three-generation areas; intermediate transitional zones are also indicated.
THE DIAPAUSE AND RELATED PHENOMENA IN GILPINIA POLYTOMA (HARTIG): IV. INFLUENCE OF FOOD AND DIAPAUSE UPON REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
Authors: Prebble M. L.
Published: April 2011

Methods of sampling, determination of reproductive capacity, and analysis of data are described. Various physical measurements are positively correlated with reproductive capacity, but regression equations are unsatisfactory for estimation of fecundity outside of the population in which the relationships have been determined, due to variability in the degree of joint variation of size and fecundity under different feeding conditions. Field populations developed on white spruce are more fecund than those developed on black spruce; reductions of 30% or more may result from periodic food shortage.Reproductive capacity of females emerging over a period of three to five years in each of 20 populations, failed to show any consistent trend in relation to the diapause period. From this, and also from the slight reduction in eonymphal dry weight over extended intervals at favourable temperature, it is concluded that the destruction of eonymphal reserves during diapause proceeds very slowly and has no practical effect upon fecundity of females issuing after prolonged diapause.
ROTATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE BIRGE-HOPFIELD BANDS OF N2
Authors: Spinks J. W. T.
Published: April 2011

The 2–10, 3–11, 4–12, 5–13, 5–14, and 6–14 bands of the [Formula: see text] system in N2 (Birge-Hopfield bands) have been photographed and measured. P, Q, and R branches are recorded and the indentification of the transition as 1Π → 1Σ is definitely confirmed. B′, B″, α′, and α″ values are presented.
THE VARIANCES OF THE MEANS AND THE VARIANCE OF THE SLOPE OF THE LINE OF RELATION OF A LINEAR, COMPOSITE, BIVARIATE DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Charnley F.
Published: April 2011

The variances of the means and the variance of the slope of the line of relation of a linear, composite, bivariate distribution, in which the variances and correlation coefficient of the component populations remain constant, are analogous to the corresponding variances of a linear regression line. The variances of the means are respectively, [Formula: see text], and the variance of the slope of the line of relation is, [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] are the variances of the component populations, [Formula: see text] is the vertical variance of the composite distribution around the line of relation, N is the total number of measures, and [Formula: see text] is the variance of the composite distribution around the Y-axis.
SECOND GENUS CROSSED ORBITS
Authors: Buchanan Daniel
Published: April 2011

In a former paper, first genus periodic orbits were obtained for the motion of the electrons in the "crossed orbit" model of the normal helium atom as proposed by Kemble and Bohr. The present paper treats the second genus orbits, i.e., orbits which are in the vicinity of the first genus orbits and which re-enter after the lapse of many first genus periods.The methods employed involve the solutions of differential equations with periodic coefficients. Notation is introduced which greatly expedites the obtaining of these solutions.
OPERATIONAL METHODS OF DEALING WITH CIRCUITS EXCITED BY SINUSOIDAL IMPULSES
Authors: Coulthard W. B.
Published: April 2011

A method is developed of deducing operational expressions for complex wave forms such as repeated sinusoidal impulses. By the use of the Heaviside expansion theorem, formulae are obtained for the current flowing in a circuit consisting of a condenser and a loading resistance when fed from a straight line rectifier.
THE INFLUENCE OF SAMPLE COMPOSITION ON MAGNESIUM, CADMIUM, AND LEAD INTENSITY RATIOS AS RADIATED FROM A SPARK SOURCE
Authors: Langstroth G. O. , Newbound K. B.
Published: April 2011

Marked variations have been observed in the relative intensities of magnesium, cadmium, and lead lines on the addition of various amounts of foreign substances to standard samples and excitation in a condensed spark source. The changes in the interspectra intensity ratios depended on the nature and amount of the added substances, as well as on the elements under consideration. In many instances buffering of the samples with sodium potassium tartrate or potassium nitrate did not reduce the variations. The behaviour cannot be explained solely on the basis of changes in an "effective" discharge temperature. The data permit no obvious generalization that might be helpful as a criterion for the choice of internal standard elements and buffer substances.
THE THEORY OF SOME A-C. COMMUTATOR MOTORS WITH SERIES CHARACTERISTICS: II. THE WINTER-EICHBERG COMPENSATED REPULSION MOTOR
Authors: Cullwick E. G.
Published: April 2011

The method of analysis applied to the simple repulsion motor, in Part I of this paper (1), is now used in a study of the characteristics of the Winter–Eichberg compensated repulsion motor. Elementary explanations of this machine often contain statements that the power factor becomes leading at high speeds, but this is not necessarily true. The effect of the circulating currents in the armature coils short-circuited by the brushes may well be such that the power factor is always lagging and never reaches unity. In the development of the current locus, it is shown how this interesting effect depends on the resistance of the short-circuited coils.
APPENDIX: The determination of chemotherapeutic activity
Authors: Greey Philip H.
Published: April 2011

not available
EFFECT OF INITIAL DRYING TEMPERATURE ON THE APPARENT LIGNIN CONTENT OF PLANT TISSUES
Authors: MacDougall D. , DeLong W. A.
Published: April 2011

A study of the effect of initial drying temperature on the apparent lignin content of various succulent plant tissues has been made. Air-drying, drying in vacuo at 60 °C., air-drying after removal of constituents soluble in cold water and in cold dilute ethanol, and oven-drying at 105 °C. have been compared.Drying of immature or succulent tissues at 105 °C. results in a markedly higher apparent lignin content (as determined by the 72% sulphuric acid method) than is obtained after drying under the other conditions specified. This difference may be of especial importance when it is desired to compare the lignin contents of tissues of different degrees of maturity, or which have received different treatments, as in comparison of ensiled with non-ensiled materials.The nitrogen and methoxyl contents of the lignin preparations isolated indicate that drying at 105 °C. results in the inclusion of nitrogenous or carbohydrate materials, or both, in the lignin fraction. Evidence that the interfering substances are mainly easily soluble and removable prior to desiccation was obtained. It is indicated that non-lignin methoxyl may be present in lignin preparations prepared from tissues dried at 105 °C.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XXXIII. CORYDALIS CHEILANTHEIFOLIA HEMSL.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Corydalis cheilantheifolia Hemsl. was found to contain the following alkaloids,—l-canadine, stylopine, l-corypalmine, l-cheilanthifoline, protopine, and allocryptopine. It is pointed out that the presence of these alkaloids is evidence of the close relation of this plant to C. ophiocarpa. Incidently, further proof for the constitution of ophiocarpine, previously given, has been obtained by oxidation to a corydaldine.
COLUMN PACKING AND THE SEPARATION OF ISOTOPES
Authors: Thode H. G. , Walkling F. O.
Published: April 2011

An expanded shale aggregate packing material for fractionating columns has been investigated. The new packing is inert, cheap, and easily wetted by water. Columns packed with this material have been tested in the distillation of hydrocarbons and with water systems. The results indicate that the new packing compares favourably, both with regard to efficiency and throughput, with other column packings and is more efficient with water systems. It should have industrial applications as well as applications in the separation of isotopes.
THE DECOMPOSITION OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE IN BENZENE
Authors: McClure J. H. , Robertson R. E. , Cuthbertson A. C.
Published: April 2011

A kinetic study has been made of the decomposition of benzoyl peroxide in benzene. Kinetic data for this study have been obtained from three separate sets of measurements. Rate measurements from evolved carbon dioxide and direct iodometric measurements of peroxide are in good agreement. Alkali-metric determinations of the product, benzoic acid, have also been made during the course of the reaction.Gravimetric determinations show that the total evolved carbon dioxide from the reaction is a function of the temperature, and indicate that the mechanism involves two parallel fast reactions, one of which evolves one mole of carbon dioxide per mole of peroxide and the other two moles of carbon dioxide per mole of peroxide. The latter reaction predominates at higher temperatures.A kinetic analysis is included and provides for a slow reaction involving the rupture of the peroxide bond, followed by free radical reactions.[Formula: see text]The secondary free radical reactions would probably form hydrogen radicals, but there is evidence to support the view that these hydrogen radicals are not eliminated by mutual termination.The reaction is first order and the energy of activation was found to be 31,000 cal. per mole.
THE SAP OF THE BIRCH TREE, BETULA PAPYRIFERA MARSH.: I. THE AMYLASE SYSTEM
Authors: Bois E. , Chubb W. O.
Published: April 2011

The amylase system of birch sap consists of a cellobiogenic amylase and most probably a glucogenic amylase. The optimum conditions of pH and temperature are pH 5. 5 at 4 °C. to 6.3 at 60 °C. The maximum production of cellobiose occurred at a temperature of 50 °C. at the optimum pH for this temperature. The optimum conditions for the production of glucose were pH 5.5 and a temperature of 50 °C.It is felt that these new facts throw some additional light on the constitution of starch, and that possibly birch sap might serve as a source of cellobiose, which has heretofore only been prepared commercially by hydrolysis of cellulose acetate.
THE ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM SPECIES: II. SOME DEGRADATION EXPERIMENTS WITH LYCOPODINE
Authors: Marion Léo , Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

The dehydrogenation of lycopodine with selenium has yielded a mixture of five bases, two of which have been identified as 7-methyl-quinoline and 5:7-dimethyl-quinoline respectively. Heating the alkaloid with palladium on barium sulphate or with phthalic anhydride also yields 7-methyl-quinoline. It is concluded that the quinoline nucleus, completely hydrogenated, is present as such in lycopodine. The oxygen may be present as a cyclic ether.
FACTORS IN THE CULTURE MEDIUM THAT AFFECT THE PHOSPHATASE CONTENT OF YEAST
Authors: Eastcott E. V. , Rae J. J.
Published: April 2011

Yeast grown in an inadequately buffered medium may yield a good crop, but the phosphatase content of the yeast obtained is considerably lower than that of yeast grown in a buffered medium. Wide variations in the magnesium concentration of the growth medium have little effect on the phosphatase content of the yeast obtained. Low phosphate concentrations in tomato juice medium result in a yeast with high phosphatase content.
THE HYDROLYSIS OF ALIPHATIC NITRILES IN CONCENTRATED HYDROCHLORIC ACID SOLUTIONS
Authors: Rabinovitch B. S. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

Studies of nitrile hydrolysis in concentrated acid media have been extended to the hydrolysis of hydrocyanic acid, acetonitrile, and cyanoacetic acid in hydrochloric acid solutions of concentration 1 to 8.5 N. It appears that the hydrolysis of aliphatic nitriles in concentrated sulphuric and hydrochloric acids provides systems of consecutive, irreversible unimolecular reactions over the complete range knitrile[Formula: see text]kamide (more dilute acid) to knitrile[Formula: see text]kamide (highly concentrated acid), for a sufficient range of acid concentrations. The limit, knitrile[Formula: see text]kamide, is not attained in hydrobromic acid solutions. The nitriles studied here exhibit a large decrease in activation energy with increase of acid concentration, similar to that observed earlier for propionitrile. The magnitude of the variation of the Arrhenius parameters is specific for each nitrile. For the acetonitrile hydrolysis, the increase in rate with increase of acid concentration largely follows the accompanying activation energy decrease. The relative rates of hydrolysis of different nitriles, at given acid concentration, are not governed by differences in activation energy. The variation of activation energy is briefly discussed in relation to certain other factors.
AROMATICS IN TURNER VALLEY CRUDES
Authors: Hendrickson L. , Hutcheon A. T. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: April 2011

A dispersion method has been developed for the determination of aromatics in the presence of paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons. The method has been applied to selected cuts obtained by fractionation of Turner Valley crudes. The percentages of benzene, toluene, and the xylenes occurring in a series of Turner Valley crudes have been determined.
THE NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF 3-METHOXY-PYRIDINE
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

A volatile base, identified as 3-methoxy-pyridine, has been isolated from Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt.) Richards and from Equisetum arvense L.
SOME SOURCES OF VITAMIN C IN ALBERTA
Authors: Waagen Hilda K. , Pett L. B.
Published: April 2011

Some fruits and vegetables grown in Alberta were investigated as sources of Vitamin C, and the loss occasioned by cooking was determined. Losses due to oxidation during cooking were compared with those due to extraction by the cooking water. Both cause considerable loss of vitamin C from the vegetable pulp; it would therefore be more economical always to use the juice from the vegetables. The vitamin C content of potatoes varies with the season, the peak being reached in September and just before the first frost occurs, and being followed by a steady decrease during storage.
ZYGOSACCHAROMYCES NECTAROPHILUS N. SP. AND ZYGOSACCHAROMYCES RUGOSUS N. SP.
Authors: Lochhead A. G.
Published: April 2011

Two species of osmophilic yeasts, previously described but not named, have been designated respectively Zygosaccharomyces nectarophilus Lochhead and Farrell and Zygosaccharomyces rugosus Lochhead and Farrell.
BIOLOGICAL DECOMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL LIGNIN: III. APPLICATION OF A NEW ULTRA-VIOLET SPECTROGRAPHIC METHOD TO THE ESTIMATION OF SODIUM LIGNOSULPHONATE IN CULTURE MEDIA
Authors: Adams G. A. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: April 2011

An ultra-violet spectrographic method has been developed for estimating the amount of sodium lignosulphonate present in solutions. The method has been applied to the measurement of lignosulphonate losses in liquid media after fungous growth and the results are compared with those obtained under similar conditions by the β-naphthylamine precipitation method. The spectrographic method gave slightly lower values but was free from certain errors present in the chemical method. The results confirmed previous observations that fungi are capable of decomposing lignosulphonates.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: XI. EFFECTS OF TYPE OF CUTTING ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS
Authors: Farrar J. L. , Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Full length Norway spruce cuttings, with and without a heel of old wood, were collected from the lower part of the tree at semimonthly intervals from July to October and were propagated in several media in outside frames.Plain cuttings generally rooted better than cuttings with a heel of old wood, as judged by percentage rooted and the number and lengths of root. Heels, however, for'summer collections favoured survival and rooting in sand, and root length in sand–peat. In several experiments involving early spring collections propagated in sand, the presence or absence of heels had little effect on the responses of the cuttings.A late October collection involved six types of plain cuttings taken from the lower part of the tree and propagated in two different sand–peat media. In sedge peat medium there was little difference in the rooting of second order terminal, second order large lateral, second order small lateral, or third order lateral cuttings, the average rooting being 90%. Third order lateral cuttings showed an inferior development of new growth. The percentage of first order terminal cuttings rooted was 67%; these had markedly superior new growth development; when shortened, only 32% of such cuttings rooted. Irregular differences between the types of cutting occurred in the inferior sphagnum peat medium.
ON THE FRUCTIFICATIONS AND NEW TAXONOMIC POSITION OF DACTYLOTHECA PARALLELA KIDSTON
Authors: Radforth Norman W.
Published: April 2011

Using the transfer and maceration methods, an analysis of the fructifications of Dactylotheca parallela Kidston has been made to obtain a more adequate description of their structural features for the purpose of revising its systematic position.The results of the analyses show that the fructifications, hitherto believed to be single sporangia inserted superficially on the lateral veinlets of the lower surface of the pinnules, are really stalked, three- to five-component synangia inserted in the marginal regions.The spores extracted were generally smooth and thin-walled, measuring 19 μ in average diameter, and the number per synangium was calculated to be 10,000.On the evidence produced, the plant cannot belong to the genus Dactylotheca, and after a comparison with the forms that it most closely resembles it has been concluded that it should belong to the genus Asterotheca which has been extended here to include the scolecopteroid types.Its fructifications appear to be more marginal than those of all other Asterotheca species, their orientation is comparable only with that in A. hemitelioides, and they resemble the scolecopteroid fructifications in that they are stalked.It has accordingly been regarded as specifically distinct, and named Asterotheca parallela n. comb.Its affinities have been discussed, and the evidence seems to warrant its classification as a marattiaceous fern.
THE EFFECTS OF AMOUNT AND DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL ON THE PROTEIN CONTENT OF WESTERN CANADIAN WHEAT
Authors: Paull Allan E. , Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

Data for 14 yr. were used to determine the average effect of rainfall on the protein content of wheat grown at seven stations in the dry belt of southwestern Saskatchewan. Employing the concept of a regressional integral, and working with the rainfall for consecutive five-day intervals from April 1 to August 3, a curve was obtained which represents the change occurring during the growing season in the average regression coefficient (i.e., the average unit decrease in protein content per unit increase in rainfall). It was found that 34% of the residual variance for protein content can be ascribed to variations in rainfall. Above average rainfall during the growing season generally tends to reduce protein content, but this tendency is much more marked during April and early May, and during the latter part of July. These are also the periods during which average rainfall is lowest. The effect on protein content of precipitation occurring during the previous fall is of minor importance.
FURTHER STUDIES OF OSMOTIC AND PERMEABILITY RELATIONS IN PARASITISM
Authors: Thatcher F. S.
Published: April 2011

Changes in host cell permeability induced by fungus parasites selected from several distinctive types of disease relationship were studied by plasmolytic methods.Puccinia graminis Tritici race 21 causes an increase in permeability to cells of the susceptible wheat varieties, Mindum and Little Club.Resistance of Mindum wheat to race 36 is associated with a local decrease of host cell permeability.Narcotization of Mindum wheat increases permeability and renders this variety more susceptible to race 36 of Puccinia graminis Tritici. This information, together with a hypothesis, already expounded, explaining mechanisms involved in food uptake by rusts, was used in the formulation of a theory illustrating a basic component of the factors responsible for rust resistance. This theory seems to interrelate the two main contrasting theories hitherto propounded.Permeability increase is also demonstrated as an effect of tissue invasion by Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum, and Phytophthora infestans on their respective susceptible hosts. This fact is allied with other information to explain the characteristic symptoms associated with the diseases caused by these fungi, and to propose an accessory role of permeability increase in the parasitism of these organisms.The probable cause of wilting induced by hadromycotic fungi is discussed, and the role of a permeability increase demonstrated for leaf cells of tomato subjected to the action of a filtrate of a culture of Fusarium Lycopersici is discussed in this connection.A decrease found in the permeability of tissues of swede "root" near the margin of a necrotic lesion caused by Phoma lingam was interpreted as being a change in accord with Brown's suggestion that a dry rot is determined by the ability of the host plant to restrict the amount of water reaching the parasite and so arrest the progress of its enzymic activity at some intermediate stage.
CLASSIFICATION REVISION IN XANTHOMONAS TRANSLUCENS
Authors: Hagborg W. A. F.
Published: April 2011

The species description of Xanthomonas translucens (J. J. and R.) Dowson is emended to include five closely related organisms, which are distinguishable chiefly by differences in pathogenic capabilities on wheat, oats, barley, and rye. One of these organisms, X. translucens (J. J. and R.) Dowson, is given new rank as X. translucens f. sp. hordei; another, Phytomonas translucens f. sp. undulosa (S. J. and R.) Hagborg, is transferred to the genus Xanthomonas; still another, Phytomonas translucens var. secalis (R. G. and J.) Bergey et al., is given new rank and also transferred to the genus Xanthomonas as X. translucens f. sp. secalis; the remaining two, X. translucens f. sp. hordei-avenae and X. translucens f. sp. cerealis, are described for the first time.The results of non-determinative comparative studies in physiology and serology of the second and last two of the above-mentioned special forms of Xanthomonas translucens (J. J. and R.) Dowson emend, are given; these show their close similarity in characters other than pathogenicity. These studies also show the presence of some variation between different isolates of the same special form. Parallel studies, made at the same time, on cultures of Pseudomonas atrofaciens (McC.) Stapp, P. coronafaciens (Elliott) Stapp, and P. medicaginis var. phaseolicola (Burkh.) Stapp and Kotte, were used as controls on the methods.
TWO NEW CANADIAN SMUTS
Authors: Crowell Ivan H.
Published: April 2011

Burrillia anomala Crowell forms irregularly elongated spots on the leaves of Sparganium diversifolium Graebner var. acaule (Beeby) Fernald & Eames. The spore-ball of this smut is composed of readily disjoined spores, an occurrence reported in only one other species of the genus, namely, B. acori. Both of these species are recorded only from Ontario. Entyloma peninsulae Crowell forms linear sori on leaves of Zizania aquatica L. It differs from E. lineatum (Cooke) Davis in having much longer sori and considerably smaller spores. E. peninsulae is recorded only from the type locality in New Glasgow, N.S.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF RESAZURIN IN MILK
Authors: Johns C. K.
Published: April 2011

The view that resazurin is not a satisfactory substitute for methylene blue in assessing the hygienic quality of milk has been examined.Resazurin is equally as sensitive as methylene blue to the metabolic activities of bacteria in milk. It is decidedly more sensitive to the presence of non-bacterial factors in abnormal milks (mastitis, late lactation, etc.) and therefore furnishes a more comprehensive index of the true quality of the milk.Potentiometric studies with a wide variety of milks have failed to support the view that resazurin exerts such a strong poising action in market milks as to complicate the test or interfere with the interpretation of results. No evidence was obtained in support of the claim that differences in poising properties of different milks are of sufficient magnitude to affect the results of the test.
INTERFERTILITY STUDIES AND INHERITANCE OF LUMINOSITY IN PANUS STYPTICUS
Authors: Macrae Ruth
Published: April 2011

Examination of five collections of Panus stypticus (Bull.) Fries from Europe and of 10 collections from North America has corroborated the findings of other workers that the European form of this fungus is non-luminous and the American form luminous. Series of pairings in all possible combinations of monosporous mycelia from single fruit bodies have shown that both forms are heterothallic and tetrapolar. Pairings between monosporous mycelia of different collections of the American and European forms are fertile. A study of diploid mycelia and fruit bodies of the F1 generation from crosses between the luminous and non-luminous forms, and of haploid mycelia from an F1 fruit body produced by such a cross, has shown that luminosity in this species is an inherited character, that it is governed by a single pair of Mendelian factors in which luminosity is dominant over non-luminosity, and that the luminosity factors form all possible combinations with the interfertility factors. A point of special interest in the study of the inheritance of this factor is in its expression as a dominant character in the dikaryotic mycelium and fruit bodies of the F1 generation.
HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS IN A SEED-BORNE DISEASE OF BARLEY CAUSED BY HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM PAMMEL, KING, AND BAKKE
Authors: Mead H. W.
Published: April 2011

A hulled barley kernel is a caryopsis enclosed by the tightly adhering floral glumes. The testa, which is formed from the inner integument of the ovule, becomes increasingly resistant to fungi. Spikelets may become parasitized during flowering and afterwards, by air-borne spores and fragments of mycelium of H. sativum. The fungus may cause blighting, shrivelling, and discoloration of the spikelets and maturing kernels, the damage depending upon the time of inoculation. Irregular, dark, thick-walled mycelium may be found massed in the parenchyma of the glumes, pericarp, and lodicules, and ungerminated spores between the glumes and pericarp. This dormant mycelium will remain viable for from two to five years. It germinates when the kernel germinates and infects the young tissues of the plumule and radicle as these organs expand and force their way through and past the infected tissues. It also colonizes the soil nearby, to a limited extent. Embryo blight, pre-emergence and postemergence blight, with malformation, stunting, and lesioning of the seedling may follow infection, the amount of each depending upon certain environmental factors.
NON-STERILE SOIL AS A MEDIUM FOR TESTS OF SEED GERMINATION AND SEED-BORNE DISEASE IN CEREALS
Authors: Machacek J. E. , Wallace H. A. H.
Published: April 2011

Experiments with non-sterile soil in large seed beds showed that such soil, if maintained in proper condition, could be used with satisfactory results for tests of seed germinability and of certain kinds of seed-borne diseases in cereals.Non-sterile soil was more easily handled than autoclaved soil and it did not require fresh preparation for each planting.The amount of soil-borne infection in the seedlings was neligible when friable, non-sterile soil was kept moist and at 20 °C.A comparison of the results from 120 different lots of seed showed that a test of seed in non-sterile soil was equal in some respects, and superior in others, to a test on moist paper or to a test on nutrient agar in Petri dishes as a means of measuring seed germinability, seed-borne disease, and physical injury to the seed. With barley seed, a plating test, in addition to the soil test, was found necessary to indicate the amount of seed-borne infection due to Helminthosporium teres.A table of tentative recommendations, based on tests with several thousand seed lots, is given. Seed disinfection is recommended where the smut spore load exceeds 1:128,000 or where seed decay or seedling blight reduces the percentage of healthy seedlings from non-disinfected seed below 91%. Increases in rates of seeding are recommended when the percentage of healthy seedlings, even after seed disinfection, is less than 91% but more than 50%. Seed germinating 50% or less after disinfection is to be discarded.