bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jerusalem/Daughter Zion in Isaiah
Authors: Poulsen Frederik
Published: October 2020

While the fate of Jerusalem is a central literary theme in Isaiah as a whole, several divergent motifs occur side by side. After presenting a concise review of recent scholarship, this chapter surveys three distinct images of Jerusalem. First, it examines the motif of Yhwh’s special protection of his chosen city and a remnant of survivors against attacking enemies, commonly referred to as the “Zion tradition.” Then, it studies the visions of divine restoration of Jerusalem, a motif that presupposes a state of complete destruction. Female imagery powerfully illuminates the suffering and abandonment of the city, casting Jerusalem as a bereaved mother and a deserted wife. Finally, the chapter looks at the visions of Jerusalem as a worldwide center for peace, wisdom, and worship.
Sin and Punishment in the Book of Isaiah
Authors: Scheuer Blaženka
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores the themes of sin and punishment through the lens of a theodicy that the authors and redactors of Isaiah offer to justify Yhwh’s actions and to instruct the Israelites to stay loyal to him. The three parts of Isaiah agree that the exile was Yhwh’s punishment for the Israelites’ rebellion demonstrated through social injustice and idolatry. However, because of the different historical realities that they address, they present varied understandings of the identity of the sinners and of the rationale for their punishment. The chapter also surveys the changes in recent scholarship in the study of sin and of the correspondence between sin and punishment in the Hebrew Bible. It draws attention to the fact that amid all the declarations of the Israelites’ sins, Isaiah gives voice to the human experience of unjust punishment.
Isaiah in Aramaic
Authors: Tooman William A.
Published: October 2020

This chapter begins with a description of the variety of ancient Aramaic translations of Isaiah: Targum Jonathan of the Prophets, the Targumic Toseftot to Isaiah, and Aramaic quotations of Isaiah in Rabbinic and Medieval Jewish literature. The sources, provenances, and purposes of each is reviewed. The main part of the chapter focuses on Targum Jonathan, which represents the greater part of the Aramaic material on Isaiah. Targum Jonathan encodes an understanding of Isaiah that is shared by many communities across many centuries, an understanding that is kept alive because it is rehearsed again and again even today. Bracketing questions of historical development, this chapter summarizes Targum Jonathan’s unique understanding of five of Isaiah’s major foci (God, Israel, Zion and Temple, Messiah, and the Afterlife), as they are reflected in the completed Targum.
Post-Shoah Readings of Isaiah
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A.
Published: October 2020

The book of Isaiah takes on new meaning when read in the aftermath of the Shoah in which some six million Jews were deliberately murdered, along with six million Gentiles, by Nazi Germany and its European sympathizers during World War II. The book of Isaiah attempts to interpret the period from the late eighth century bce through the early fourth century bce, when both Israel and Judah were destroyed respectively by the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires, and Judah was ultimately restored as a subject province of the Persian Empire. In the aftermath of this experience, the ideals articulated in Isaiah are not realized by the end of the book. Isaiah’s failure to realize its ideals raises questions concerning Yhwh’s power, presence, and righteousness in relation to Yhwh’s own failure to protect Jerusalem, Judah, and Israel from invasion and destruction by foreign empires. Insofar as such questions arise in relation to the modern experience of the Shoah, it is appropriate to raise critical questions about Yhwh’s fidelity to the covenant with Israel analogous to those raised in relation to the Shoah. This chapter therefore proceeds by examining several key features of the book that raise such questions, including Isaiah’s commission account in Isa 6; the portrayal of King Ahaz of Judah in relation to the Syro-Ephraimitic War and the hiddenness of Yhwh in Isa 7–12; the identification of Yhwh with the Persian Empire in Isa 13–27 and 40–55; and the attempts to blame the people of Jerusalem, Judah, and Israel in Trito-Isaiah and elsewhere in the book rather than Yhwh for the failure to ensure national security. Overall, this essay argues that humans cannot depend upon G-d for protection. Instead, humans must take their share of responsibility for ensuring the righteousness, holiness, and integrity of the world in partnership with G-d.
Isaiah in Liberation Theology
Authors: Dempsey Carol J.
Published: October 2020

Liberation theology is now more than fifty years old, and the book of Isaiah has played a prominent role in shaping it and continues to influence it today as theologians and Bible scholars strive to articulate a vision of justice for all creation. This essay explores the use of the Isaian text in the work of liberation theologians. Next, the essay highlights how the book becomes foundational to the work of liberationist Bible scholars read Isaiah in the context of today’s globalized world. The essay then moves from an anthropocentric focus to a cosmological one to discuss how some liberation theologians now recognize the interrelatedness of human and nonhuman suffering and the interlocking oppressions that all communities of life are experiencing. A conclusion offers a ringing call to read Isaiah from feminist and womanist perspectives to expose the systemic and structural injustices and forms of oppression that exist in today’s twenty-first-century world. Despite being more than fifty years old, liberation theology, its use of Isaiah, and its work of liberation has only just begun.
Simplified Hazard Modeling and Structural Reliability Analysis Considering Non-Synoptic Wind Systems (NSWS) in Canada
Authors: Hong Han Ping , Huang Qian
Published: October 2020

High-intensity wind events such as tornadoes and downbursts can be very destructive to structures and infrastructure systems. In the present chapter, an overview of the assessment of the wind hazard due to tornadoes and downbursts for Canadian sites is provided. Available tornado occurrence information available in Canada that can be used as the basis to develop a tornado occurrence model is discussed. The chapter presents an overall framework to develop tornado wind-velocity hazard maps for Canada. It also explores the use of simple equivalent along height wind profile that could be used to evaluate tornadic wind loading for line-like structures and of a practical procedure to evaluate the failure probability of structures subjected to high-intensity wind events. It is indicated that for a certain class of prismatic structures, the use of nonlinear static pushover analysis can be adequate to evaluate the capacity curve of the structure subjected to downburst wind loading. A probabilistic model of the capacity curve obtained in such a manner can then be used to evaluate the structural reliability by incorporating the assessed wind-velocity hazard map and equivalent wind profile.
Racializing Performances in Colonial Time-Spaces
Authors: Wirtz Kristina
Published: October 2020

Starting from the premise that colonialism begat the racial systems that continue to undergird hierarchies of power and privilege, the chapter argues that colonial time-spaces (chronotopes) remain productive of racial orders. Even in ostensibly postcolonial contexts, colonial-era racial logics have long half-lives and often continue to circulate through performances that represent or re-enact colonial time-spaces. The chapter traces the semiotic workings of racial performances, from mundane everyday interactions to staged spectacles (and back), in order to examine how they selectively highlight or erase the genealogies connecting past and present and performatively enact configurations of racializing signs that can mark physical bodies, social types, locations, voices, dispositions, and practices, usually in overdetermined, if not necessarily consistent ways. The chapter draws upon critical theory and ethnographies of performance in the Americas to discuss the case of Cuban bozal, a figuration of “untamed” African presence in contemporary Cuban religious and folklore performances.
Language, Race, and the (Trans)Formation of Cisheteropatriarchy
Authors: Alim H. Samy , Lee Jooyoung , Mason Carris Lauren , Williams Quentin E.
Published: October 2020

This chapter highlights how young men use creative, improvised linguistic performances to dialogically co-construct particular meanings of gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, and the body. In our analyses of two case studies (one in Los Angeles, the other in Cape Town), we demonstrate how young men of color often challenge the dominance of whiteness, while simultaneously celebrating and reifying particular kinds of “blackness/colouredness” at the expense of already marginalized gendered and sexualized bodies. These hegemonic practices reconstitute social divisions that benefit cisheteropatriarchy, an ideological system that naturalizes normative views of what it means to “look” and “act” like a “straight” man and marginalizes women, femininity, and all gender non-conforming bodies that challenge the gender binary. While our analysis offers a window into the interactional formation of cisheteropatriarchy, we conclude by emphasizing the power of language in interaction to (trans)form dominant ideologies of race, gender, sexuality, and the body.
What Does a Terrorist Sound Like?
Authors: Khan Kamran
Published: October 2020

This chapter explicates how microcultural practices that appear overtly flattering—“you speak English so well,” “you speak good English,” or “you’re so articulate,” for example—(re)produce racist meanings and (re)enforce racializing regimes. Bringing together race theory with the language ideological literature in linguistic anthropology, the chapter describes processes of raciolinguistic exceptionalism—whereby exceptionalism occurs through white racist evaluations of, and ideologies about, both language and race—to consider how ideas about minoritized groups and their speech serve to reinforce racist narratives about Asianness, blackness, indigeneity, Latinidad, etc. The chapter argues that raciolinguistic exceptionalism is sinister in that it is simultaneously exceptionalizing and homogenizing, while remaining provisional, that is, dependent upon one’s most recent performance. Its analysis further shows that processes of raciolinguistic exceptionalism take form differently across racialized groups with histories shaped by varying processes of domination, enslavement, settler colonialism, occupation, racial segregation, and other forms of global, racist capitalist exploitation.
African Languages, Race, and Colonialism
Authors: Severo Cristine Gorski , Makoni Sinfree B.
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores how language was used in the racial construction of differences and equalities in colonial and post-independent contexts by analyzing the meanings attributed to Portuguese as a language in the colonial era of Brazil and Angola, two former Portuguese colonies. Brazil and Angola played an important role in Portuguese colonization by both contributing and suffering the effects of the use of categories such as language and race as strategy of control and resistance. The chapter argues and illustrates that the ideas of customs, language, and other cultural markers were signs of “civilization” in Portuguese colonization. The deliberate designing of the overlapping categories of language and Portuguese social customs has produced ethnic, social, and political differentiations whose legacy is still apparent in pernicious ways.
The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics
Authors: Hooker Brad
Published: October 2020

After preliminaries concerning different accounts of the good and the distinction between actual-consequence consequentialism and expected-value consequentialism, this paper explains why consequentialists should prescribe a moral decision procedure dominated by rules. However, act consequentialists deny rules have a role in the criterion of moral rightness. But prescribing a decision procedure dominated by rules and then denying rules a role in the criterion of moral rightness seems problematic. Rule consequentialism gives rules roles first in the decision procedure agents should use and second in the criterion of moral rightness. But giving rules this second role has attracted objections, some of which are outlined and answered here. The final section of the paper considers some recent developments.
Understanding the Demandingness Objection
Authors: Sobel David
Published: October 2020

My aim in this article is to help us understand and assess the Demandingness Objection to consequentialism. I first try to motivate the Objection. Then I consider traditional replies that consequentialists have offered in an attempt to undermine the force of the Objection. Next I argue that for the Objection to be successful, it must explain which costs are deemed especially demanding and which costs are not, and why morality should be thought to prioritize the former. I show that the Objection cannot function as a persuasive critique of Consequentialism without prioritizing some costs over others. Finally, I consider reasons to doubt that the Objection can successfully meet this challenge.
Must I Benefit Myself?
Authors: Cholbi Michael
Published: October 2020

Morality seems to require us to attend to the good of others, but it does not require that we assign any importance to our own good. Standard forms of consequentialism thus appear vulnerable to the compulsory self-benefit objection: they require agents to benefit themselves when doing so is entailed by the requirement of maximizing overall impersonal good. Attempts to address this objection by appealing to ideally motivated consequentialist agents; by rejecting maximization; by leveraging consequentialist responses to the more familiar special relationships and demandingness objections; or by appealing to dual rankings of moral and all-things-considered reasons fall short of adequately answering this objection. A satisfactory response to the compulsory self-benefit objection is elusive because of consequentialism struggles to account for directed options (in this case, an option not to maximize one’s own good but not that of others) and for moral considerations that do not rest on the value of outcomes or states of affairs.
Effective Altruism
Authors: Lichtenberg Judith
Published: October 2020

In this essay I examine the contemporary movement known as effective altruism (EA). I argue that most understandings of EA imply some version of consequentialism. That in itself may sound like a rather modest conclusion (dictated by a certain vagueness in EA and the cornucopia of forms of consequentialism), but the arguments for it illuminate aspects of both EA and consequentialism. I also argue that the claim that one is obligated to maximize the good is not essential to consequentialism, that in fact this is a difficult claim to defend, and that therefore the standard “demandingness objection” misses the target. Nevertheless, what is essential to any consequentialist theory is the view that producing more good is always morally better than producing less. Deontological criticisms of this view are familiar. I focus instead on its clash with common-sense views about moral goodness and admirability.
Act Consequentialism and the No-Difference Challenge
Authors: Lawford-Smith Holly , Tuckwell William
Published: October 2020

According to act-consequentialism, only actions that make a difference to an outcome can be morally bad. Yet, there are classes of actions that don’t make a difference, but nevertheless seem to be morally bad. Explaining how such non-difference making actions are morally bad presents a challenge for act-consequentialism: the no-difference challenge. In this chapter we go into detail on what the no-difference challenge is, focusing in particular on act consequentialism. We talk about how different theories of causation affect the no-difference challenge; how the challenge shows up in real-world cases, including voting, global labor injustice, global poverty, and climate change; and we work through a number of the solutions to the challenge that have been offered, arguing that many fail to actually meet it. We defend and extend one solution that does, and we present a further solution of our own.
Introduction
Authors: Portmore Douglas W.
Published: October 2020

I argue that a theory is consequentialist if and only if it is, in the important respects, sufficiently similar to classical utilitarianism. Unfortunately, though, philosophers can’t seem to agree on what the important respects are. So there is no one way that the term “consequentialism” is used, but only several different ways that it’s used by various sets of philosophers with different views about what’s most important about classical utilitarianism. But if, like many philosophers, we accept that what’s most important about classical utilitarianism is that it takes the deontic statuses of actions to be a function of how various possible outcomes rank, then we can, I show, reconcile consequentialism with deontology. And I explore whether this ability to be reconciled with other theories, such as deontology, undermines the importance of the consequentialism/nonconsequentialism distinction. I then end by summarizing each of this anthology’s four parts and the issues that are explored in their corresponding chapters.
Inequality and Social Justice in Latin America
Authors: Scalon Celi , de Oliveira Pedro Paulo
Published: October 2020

Drawing on focus group research, this study analyzes the perceptions and opinions on class inequality, social justice, and social mobility expressed by youth from Rio de Janeiro whom the authors identify as “middle” and “popular class.” The authors also examine their opinions on affirmative action and the role of state and civil society in fighting inequality. Fieldwork was carried out in 2008, not with the goal of answering specific questions but with presenting elements for reflection in the debate on perceptions of inequality and justice. In broad terms, middle-class youth revealed a more critical, complex, and diverse explanatory repertoire about the causes of inequality in Brazil and the possibility of overcoming that inequality. Lower class youth held a repertoire of more generic prescriptions and expressed greater faith in education and hard work as primary means for overcoming inequalities and gaining upward mobility, thereby linking success or failure to individual achievement.
States, Religion, and Democracy in Southeast Asia: Comparative Religious Regime Formation
Authors: Hamayotsu Kikue
Published: October 2020

This chapter seeks to account for the political origins of “religious regimes”—institutional relations between political authority (a secular state) and clerical authority (organized religion)—through a comparative historical analysis of three Muslim-majority Southeast Asian nations: Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei. Despite relatively similar historical, geopolitical, and sociocultural conditions—and against their original intentions—these three nations have established distinctive types of religious regimes since independence: secular-dominant (Indonesia), established-religion (Malaysia), and religious monarchy (Brunei). The chapter argues that the varying pathways adopted by these three nations are the result of state formation, specifically the ways in which secular political elites pursued and consolidated their state powers and domination during post-independence institution-building. Moreover, the chapter’s comparative analysis suggests that the type of—and timing of—religious regime formation is essential to account for the ability and willingness of late-developing democracies such as Indonesia and Malaysia to protect basic civil rights and freedom of religious (and nonreligious) communities and people. In contrast to Christian-dominant Europe, where mostly secular regimes were formed concomitantly to facilitate democratic transition and consolidation, late-developing Muslim democracies have seen the consolidation of religious regimes prior to the formation of modern state and popular democratic movements and consolidation. As a result, late-developing Muslim democracies have tended to see more aggressive religious authorities contesting and complicating the trajectories of democratic consolidation.
Islam and Political Structure in Historical Perspective
Authors: Chaney Eric
Published: October 2020

For centuries, scholars have argued that religion and politics are uniquely linked in the Islamic world. This chapter argues that the region’s current equilibrium stems not from Islamic doctrine, but from a sequence of critical junctures in history. Specifically, a tension between tribal modes of governance and those based on landed elites led to the emergence of military slavery, the decay of secular bureaucratic structures, and the emergence of an influential class of religious scholars. The chapter concludes by examining how these historical developments continue to impact the region today and how the region’s present-day democratic deficit is rooted in the crystallization of this institutional framework.
Ethical Issues in Research Involving Employees and Students
Authors: Resnik David B.
Published: October 2020

Employees and students often participate in research conducted or supported by investigators at their organizations or institutions. Most of these studies do not provide direct benefits to participants, but some do. While these studies offer potential benefits for society, they raise ethical issues related to coercion, undue influence, privacy, confidentiality, and risk. Investigators should pay special attention to these issues when designing and implementing studies. Relatedly, research ethics committee members should address these issues when reviewing or overseeing studies. This chapter will both review the ethical issues related to including employees and students in research and discuss some practices and policies for protecting their rights and welfare.
Lessons of Educating Tomorrow’s Business Leaders
Authors: Weick Cynthia Wagner
Published: October 2020

Narrowing the gap between chief executive officer and worker pay, contributing to social and economic amelioration, harnessing the talents of a diverse workforce, addressing climate change, managing uncertain global economic and political dynamics, and leveraging advances in science and technology: Perhaps more than ever in history, these challenges demand that we recast our concept of what makes for effective business leadership. Leadership is best viewed not as a single person but as a process that is spread throughout the organization and considers a wide range of stakeholders. The dimensions aligned with this distributed leadership model include tenacity, judgment, communication skills, sensitivity to a wide array of stakeholders and external trends, emotional intelligence, the capacity to learn, moral virtue, humility, and the ability to create environments that inspire others. Approaches for learning these dimensions include formal education, on-the-job learning, and self-directed learning. Meeting the challenges business leaders face will demand that they think deeply about the legacy they wish to create for themselves and their organizations.
On the Verge of Citizenship
Authors: Shachar Ayelet
Published: October 2020

The requirements of naturalization tell us a great deal about a given society’s vision of citizenship, the expressive function of law, and the power dynamics revealed when one stands on the cusp of membership. Contributing the burgeoning literature on global and domestic legal pluralism, this chapter explores how states determine “who belongs” to the political community, and according to what criteria. It also reveals the centrality of agency and resistance in testing the boundaries of membership. Combining insights from law and political theory, the chapter offers a fascinating study of the textual and performative aspects of the citizenship oath and its centrality to the process of becoming a member, especially in diverse societies negotiating the trilemma of constituting identity, respecting diversity, and promoting equality.
An Anthropological Perspective on Legal Pluralism
Authors: Merry Sally Engle
Published: October 2020

The concept of legal pluralism has proved enormously fruitful in challenging ideas about the centrality of state law and increasing awareness of the diversity of ways that individuals interact with the law. As scholars seek to understand international law as a sociocultural as well as a legal field, the concept of global legal pluralism offers a useful framework. It provides a way to theorize the fluidity and fragmentation of international law as well as its spaces of openness and opportunity. It is a way to understand its regulatory role in conjunction with regional, national, and local systems and the structures of local, national, and global power which shape its practices. The concept of global legal pluralism highlights both the global nature of the new legal terrain as well as the relative normativities of various orders, from the strictly “legal” to those based on cultural practices rather than state law. The anthropological concept of legal pluralism helps to understand the complexity of the global legal order, with a focus on the way its fragmentation and incommensurability operates in practice in the highly complex sociocultural global situation.
International Criminal Law and Legal Pluralism
Authors: van Sliedregt Elies
Published: October 2020

International criminal law is not a single unified body of norms, and the pluralism paradigm is useful to describe its heterogeneity. This chapter aims to answer the question of how to do justice to the universalist claim of international criminal law as an inherently pluralist body of law. The chapter formulates principles to manage legal pluralism while doing justice, as much as possible, to the universalist and cosmopolitan ethos of international criminal law.
Heinrich Bullinger’sDecades
Authors: Gordon Bruce
Published: October 2020

Heinrich Bullinger’s Decades, presented as a set of sermons on the major points of Christian doctrine, was one of the first comprehensive statements of Reformed theology. The 50 sermons provide a robust defence of the orthodoxy of the Zurich church by demonstrating its adherence to the historical teachings of the early church. Bullinger wrote the work both to instruct and edify, and the tone of the Decades is deeply pastoral, offering a guide to the Christian life. Translated into numerous languages, including Dutch and English, the Decades became a key text of the growing Reformed churches of the Reformation period, making Bullinger the first major international leader of the movement.
The Three Forms of Unity
Authors: Bierma Lyle D. , Sinnema Donald
Published: October 2020

‘|The Three Forms of Unity’ refers to three documents that have served as doctrinal standards for the Dutch Reformed family of churches for 400 years: the Belgic Confession (1561), Heidelberg Catechism (1563), and Canons of Dort (1619). The Belgic Confession is a systematic summary of Reformed theology, composed by Guido de Brès in the southern part of the Low Countries to educate and comfort persecuted Protestants and defend them against Roman Catholic charges of heresy and sedition. The Heidelberg Catechism was commissioned by the ruler of the German Palatinate as a tool for teaching young people, a guide for doctrinal preaching, and a form of confessional unity among several Protestant factions in the territory. The Canons of Dort was a fivefold statement of doctrine adopted by a national synod in the Netherlands in response to the views of Arminius and his followers about how divine sovereignty relates to human responsibility in salvation.
Friedrich Schleiermacher’s Christian Faith
Authors: Poe Shelli M.
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses Friedrich Schleiermacher’s mature theology in his Christian Faith (1830/31), or Glaubenslehre. The chapter situates the work in its modern context, highlights its ecclesial and ecumenical function, and introduces its dogmatic genre and theological method. The chapter argues that Schleiermacher’s Glaubenslehre is beneficially interpreted within the Reformed tradition, and offers two hermeneutical keys that unlock its Reformed features: interpret the text backward, and treat the conclusion as a climactic summary of the work as a whole. These two keys highlight the anti-speculative and Trinitarian features of Schleiermacher’s Christian Faith. The chapter discusses Schleiermacher’s ecclesial pneumatology, Christology, and doctrines of creation and sin. It closes with a consideration of the Glaubenslehre’s enduring influence in the Reformed tradition and the wider theological landscape.
Abraham Kuyper’s Lectures on Calvinism
Authors: Mouw Richard J.
Published: October 2020

Abraham Kuyper’s Lectures on Calvinism make available in printed form his 1898 Stone Lectures delivered at Princeton Theological Seminary, locating ‘Calvinism’ amongst other major philosophies and religions. Given the erroneous manner in which each of these other world-views—Paganism, Islamism, Romanism and Modernism—depict the fundamental relationship between God and the world, they cannot help but fall far short in their understandings of the other two basic relationships: between human and human, and between humankind and the rest of created reality. Calvinism alone, then, with its conception of human life as lived directly (in an unmediated manner) in the presence of God, can preserve the all-important conviction that all of human life, including the relationships of human beings to the non-human creation, be carried out in obedience to the Creator who desires the flourishing of the whole creation.
Reformed Theology and Medieval Theology
Authors: Cleveland Christopher
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the relationship between medieval theology and Reformed theology. The Reformation broke with medieval thought upon key issues, but in many areas, medieval influence remained. Many of the Reformers, including Luther, Zwingli, Bucer, and Vermigli, were trained in various forms of medieval thought, such as Thomism, Scotism, and Nominalism. Calvin was unique in that he was mostly self-trained in theology, although the nature of his training remains disputed. As Reformed theology became institutionalized, medieval theology became a valuable tool in the defence of Reformed thought, as exemplified in the writings of John Owen and Francis Turretin. The chapter also examines Reformed theology in the areas of the doctrine of God, of providence, of predestination, of sanctification, and of the person of Christ, noting the influence of medieval thought upon the formulation of these doctrines.
Christ
Authors: Davidson Ivor J.
Published: October 2020

Where Reformed theology has been at all conscious of its roots, it has continued to reflect on Christological themes in ways that had already begun to assume a certain shape within the first generation of its history. The conceptual issues with which the earliest Reformed theologians wrestled had a lengthy history already; the specific styles in which those issues were pursued further became distinctive of a movement that offered its own refractions of a catholic doctrinal inheritance. In their efforts to mark out essential features of God’s self-disclosure in Jesus Christ, Reformed theologians developed their own particular emphases in respect of conciliar teaching and contemporary debates concerning the divine and human natures in the person of Christ: on the ‘communication of attributes’, on the so-called extra Calvinisticum, and on the threefold office of the mediator. Reformed Christology in the modern period has been very diverse and contested; for all the immense effects of cultural change, ‘deconfessionalizing’, and doctrinal criticism, a good number of the underlying instincts of Reformed reasoning have not disappeared.
Reformed Theology in Scholastic Development
Authors: Wisse Maarten
Published: October 2020

Reformed scholasticism has been studied afresh in recent decades by ‘new school’ historians who have recaptured the movement in its own context, particularly in the work of Richard Muller and those involved in the so-called Utrecht School of research into this area of Reformation and post-Reformation historical theology. This chapter assesses ways in which that recent historiography has helped illumine features about the period, its texts, its controversies, and its contexts relative to earlier ‘old school’ analyses of the post-Reformation handbook tradition. It will analyse doctrinal topics which have received predominant attention, noting areas of gain as well as potential opportunities for distortion. It will then shift to assess ways in which ‘new school’ research ought to progress still further both in its historical analysis of the Reformation and post-Reformation periods and in its theological appropriation today. To employ Reformed scholastic resources from previous periods demands greater attention to its polemical concerns, its innovative functions, its literary genre, and its own theological diversity before one can put it to constructive use today.
Reformed Theology and the Enlightenment
Authors: Sytsma David S.
Published: October 2020

Reformed theologians both promoted and opposed philosophical trends, such as Cartesianism and Christian Epicureanism, normally associated with the Enlightenment. But although Reformed theologians initially divided over response to more moderate forms of Enlightenment associated with Descartes and Locke, they remained firmly opposed to the radical Enlightenment represented by Spinoza and deism. Reformed theology was also impacted by the growing popularity of Remonstrant theology and Anglican Latitudinarianism. These new religious currents were contributing factors to a shift in Reformed sentiment about the correct use of reason in theology, the method of biblical interpretation, and the employment of traditional scholastic sources and terminology. Under the impact of a changed philosophical and religious climate, Reformed theologians began to alter various doctrinal loci, including free choice, the Trinity, and person of Christ, thereby inviting doctrinal controversy and contemporary accusations of heterodoxy.
Irish Gothic Fiction
Authors: Killeen Jarlath
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses the nature and function of the Gothic mode in Irish fiction. Given the general acceptance that elements of the Gothic can be found in the work of almost every major Irish writer since the eighteenth century, the chapter investigates the ‘Irishness’ of Irish Gothic writing. It argues that Irish Gothic fiction as a genre often employs strategies of closure, while simultaneously articulating a suspicion of, or disillusionment with, the Gothic itself. The chapter examines how the Gothic often functioned as one way in which the atavistic monsters of the past could be exorcized and banished, thus opening a clearing in which civilized modernity could be established. Irish Gothic fiction, then, can be read as working against itself, calling to mind all the associations that the genre and mode bring with them, but only to launch a war with these associations in a bid to eradicate them. This attempted exorcism of the Gothic generally fails, however, and the Gothic always returns, undiminished in power.
House, Land, and Family Life
Authors: Whyte Pádraic
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines representations of house, land, and family life in significant works of modern Irish fiction for children from the late nineteenth century to the present day. It analyses key narrative trends and explains how different manifestations of home are in dialogue with each other. With a focus on realist fiction, the chapter identifies notable touchstones and examines specific depictions of home, from the Big House to the thatched cottage; from gender construction within the domestic sphere to the collision of traditional and modern forces within the home; from diverse family structures in urban homes to fractured families during the conflict in Northern Ireland; and from the interweaving of private and public histories to the creation of sanctuaries for young adults. A chronological analysis of varying types of homes reveals the complicated cultural and social discourses at play in modern Irish children’s fiction.
Irish Crime Fiction
Authors: Ross Ian Campbell
Published: October 2020

This chapter surveys the history of Irish crime fiction, a genre whose contemporary popularity tends to obscure its origins in the works of nineteenth-century writers including Gerald Griffin, Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, Oscar Wilde, and L. T. Meade. The discussion highlights some of the most significant works that lie along the broad spectrum of writing that ‘crime fiction’ occupies and, in so doing, reveals the plurality of ‘Irish’ crime fiction over the course of 180 years. Among the topics covered are the features that distinguish nineteenth-century Irish crime writing from its British counterpart; the emergence of Irish-language crime fiction in the early part of the twentieth century, and the defining features of contemporary Irish crime fiction, which has flourished domestically and internationally since the 1990s.
Myth and Myth-making
Authors: Piccini Jon
Published: October 2020

Modern societies function through a variety of interconnected myths. Stories of who we are, where we have come from, and where we are going next are necessitated by mass society. This chapter contends that Australia myth-making can be helpfully analysed by separately exploring its colonial, nationalist, and modern forms. The first section pieces together how perceptions of Terra Australis as a wild and uncivilized land mass and the myth of a peaceful conquest informed early mythologizing. The expansion of pastoralism in the face of wild nature also informed the birth of Australia’s first national ‘type’, the ‘bushman’. The chapter then turns to twentieth-century myth-making, exploring how the acronym for Australia and New Zealand Army Corps quickly became a noun after the landings at Gallipoli in 1915 were reinterpreted from bloody calamity into a story of national birth. The landings also inaugurated the masculinist mythology of the ‘digger’, which denied the significant role and achievements of women in pre-war politics and society. Egalitarianism, the concept that no man is better than his mate, also became central to Australia’s sense of self in the early twentieth century. The chapter concludes by considering how Australia’s myths have morphed or fossilized as the nation has been dragged into a globalized world and a deregulated economy. It considers Australia’s new-found status as a ‘multicultural success story’, asking just how dead and buried the White Australia policy is, whether concepts of egalitarianism, mateship, and the ‘fair go’ are truly universal, and what, if any, effects the extinguishment of terra nullius has had on the polity.
“Even Therapists Need Therapists”: Ethical Issues in Working with LGBTQ+ Clients
Authors: Addison Sheila M. , Ryan Whit
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the complex interplay of ethical and clinical considerations in psychotherapy, research, and supervision with sexual and gender minority (SGM) clients. Using ethical codes and “best practices” documents from mental health organizations throughout the Anglophone world, the authors explore topics such as clinical competence, nonmaleficence, non-discrimination, confidentiality, multiple relationships, using and conducting research, financial matters, advertising, assessment and diagnosis, and supervision through a feminist, queer lens. Ethical considerations are illuminated through brief vignettes grounded in affirmative clinical practices and a cultural humility approach.
Psychotherapy Ethics in Film
Authors: Eichinger Tobias
Published: October 2020

Cinematic depictions of psychotherapy and its practitioners have been very popular since the beginning of film history. Most of these portrayals are not realistic or commendable, but rather obey the laws of film narration, entertainment, and pleasure of spectatorship. Regarding psychotherapy ethics, the quartet of stereotypical images of the crazy (“Dr. Dippy”), the bad (“Dr. Evil”), the good (“Dr. Wonderful”), and the sexually suggestive (“Dr. Horny”) therapist refers to the ethical requirements of the profession and constitutes an index of ethical misconduct. Nevertheless, cinematic depictions of psychotherapeutic work may serve as an ideal tool for teaching psychotherapy ethics, where learning objectives as developing moral sensitivity, the competence to identify, articulate, reflect upon, and handle the moral dimensions and questions arising from therapeutic work, may be targeted very well, especially in view of not so ideal filmic examples.
Language
Authors: Carré Nathalie
Published: October 2020

The rise of information and communications technologies (ICTs) since the year 2000 has had a transformative effect on authorship, especially in the developing world. Mobile telephones, tablets, and internet cafés have, along with the social media that thrive on them, created entirely new avenues for writers to connect with a worldwide audience, often bypassing the traditional gatekeepers of global celebrity. But ICTs, owing to technological limitations and the fact that the vast majority of them originate in the developed world, frequently present access hurdles of their own to authors writing in so-called smaller languages. What happens, for example, to authors who favour a language with a script not yet universally supported by social media platforms? As Nathalie Carré shows in this chapter, small languages may well be dependent on translations to ensure their survival in a global literary system, but this process is a two-way street.
Nation
Authors: Boes Tobias
Published: October 2020

Goethe’s 1827 aphorism that ‘national literature is now a rather unmeaning term; the epoch of world literature is at hand’ is cited approvingly in virtually every critical study of the ways authors and literature move about in the world. But is it actually true? As Tobias Boes shows in this contribution, the global literature industry remains subdivided along national lines, with publishers’ catalogues, prize competitions, and trade fairs more or less resembling a ‘cultural Olympiad’. Many twenty-first-century authors struggle with this phenomenon of ‘national exemplification’, as Boes calls it, while other writers derive great commercial benefit from hitching their wagon to the destiny of a national community. This chapter explores whether national exemplification will still be the way forward as we progress into the twenty-first century.
Readers
Authors: Hussain Zahid
Published: October 2020

In this chapter, Zahid Hussain, perhaps best known as the author of The Curry Mile, takes us on various journeys through the north of England, and to Pakistan, where he engages with a wide variety of people—schoolchildren, self-important academics, clueless audience members. The chapter explores how twenty-first-century authors interact with their audience in a wide variety of manners, only some of which are centred on the texts that brought them together in the first place. Hussain inverts the way we ordinarily think about the author–reader relationship. Readers may construct images of authors in order to fulfil personal or communal needs—the desire to be represented in the global literary sphere, for example. But, as Hussain shows through his multilayered autofictional chapter, in which successive encounters with ‘readers’ give rise to ever-new stories, authors just as vitally depend upon imagined constructions of their audience to sustain their creativity.
Commissions
Authors: Page Ra
Published: October 2020

Commissions have a poor reputation in contemporary critical discourse. Too strong is the associative link with the grand seigneurs of times past, who relied on poets to praise their conquests. But precisely because they have such a proven track record of controlling historical and political narratives, commissions are an undeniably strong example of ‘worlding’ through authorship. And by no means can this force be deployed only for negative ends. In this chapter, Ra Page, the founder and editor-in-chief of the Manchester-based publishing house Comma Press, demonstrates how such a process might work. The author offers case studies of short-story anthologies that unapologetically try to alter our perception of the world. They do so not just through their subject matter, but also by how they conceptualize the process of authorship and of the ideological commitments that it entails.
Memory development
Authors: Bauer Patricia J. , Dugan Jessica A.
Published: October 2020

Memory and its development are multifaceted. Different forms of long-term memory—non-declarative and declarative—have different developmental courses. Some types of non-declarative memory are apparent early and are relatively developmentally invariant. In contrast, different forms of declarative memory have different trajectories. Semantic memory, our storehouse of world knowledge, begins to develop early and the contents of the knowledge store accumulate over the life course. The other major forms of declarative memory, namely, episodic and autobiographical memory, have a protracted course of development that is related to age-related changes in the basic memory processes of encoding, consolidation, and retrieval, from infancy throughout childhood. In turn, changes in basic memory processes are related to changes in the temporal-cortical network (medial-temporal structures and association cortices) that subserves them.
Longitudinal structural and functional brain development in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Mills Kathryn L. , Tamnes Christian K.
Published: October 2020

The development of the human brain involves a prolonged course of maturation, enabling us to learn to navigate our complex social environments. Here, the authors give short introductions to post-mortem and animal studies on postnatal brain development and selected methodological considerations for longitudinal developmental neuroimaging. The authors then describe typical developmental changes in brain structure and function from childhood to adulthood. The authors focus on measurements derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and on longitudinal data. Specifically, the authors discuss brain structural development based on morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies, and functional development based on resting-state and task-based functional MRI. Finally, the authors highlight selected current overarching research questions and argue that an important step in answering these questions is to study individual differences in longitudinal brain development.
Anglicanism
Authors: Percy Martyn
Published: October 2020

The Anglican tradition had a particular role to play in the elevation of Christmas, moving it from a contested liturgical and cultural day, to a publicly celebrated festival and season—a status that has now become thoroughly pervasive in most cultures. Episcopalians in the United States in the first quarter of the nineteenth century were prominent in the promotion of Christmas as a festival that celebrated family life, gifts, and new forms of social cohesion, and that departed from the rather rowdier commemorations of the feast in previous generations. In the twentieth century, aspects of Christmas—such as the festival of Nine Lessons and Carols from King’s College, Cambridge—have showcased the adaptive hybridity of Anglican worship, and its capacity to engage with wider audiences beyond mere denominational membership. The synergies of Christianity and culture that are present in many contemporary celebrations of Christmas are rooted in Anglican polity—especially the pragmatic and pastoral ethos of its incarnational theological tradition. There are even traces of this to be found in the identity of Santa Claus.