bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Epidemiology of Prehospital Emergency Responses for Older Adults in a Provincial EMS System
Authors: Goldstein Judah , Jensen Jan L. , Carter Alix J. E. , Travers Andrew H. , Rockwood Kenneth
Published: May 2015

Objectives

Societal aging is expected to impact the use of emergency medical services (EMS). Older adults are known as high users of EMS. Our primary objective was to quantify the rate of EMS use by older adults in a Canadian provincial EMS system. Our secondary objective was to compare those transported to those not transported.

Methods

We analysed data from a provincial EMS database for emergency responses between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2010 and included all older adults (≥65 years) requesting EMS for an emergency call. We described EMS use in relation to age, sex, and resources.

Results

There were 30,653 emergency responses for older adults in 2010, representing close to 50% of the emergency call volume and an overall response rate of 202.8 responses per 1,000 population 65 years and older. The mean age was 79.9±8.5 years for those 57.3% who were female. The median paramedic-determined Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) score was 3 and the mean on-scene time was 24.2 minutes. Non-transported calls (12.3%) for the elderly involved predominantly (54.9%) female patients of similar mean age (78.3 years) but lower acuity (CTAS 5) and longer average on-scene times (32.6 minutes).

Conclusions

We confirmed the increasingly high rate of EMS use with age to be consistent with other industrialized populations. The low-priority and non-transport calls by older adults consumed considerable resources in this provincial system and might be the areas most malleable to meet the challenges facing EMS systems.
MAGDALENE VON DEWALL (1927–2014): A PORTRAIT
Authors: von Falkenhausen Lothar
Published: May 2015

Magdalene von Dewall was the only anthropologically oriented specialist in East and Southeast Asian archaeology in Germany in her generation. Her scholarly work on chariots, Dian bronzes, funerary archaeology, and other topics, was often far ahead of its time when published, and it remains worth reading. This article attempts to recount Magdalene von Dewall's biography and intellectual lineage and to characterize her scholarly contributions. It also describes how, largely thanks to Magdalene von Dewall's assiduous efforts, her field of study has gradually gained a certain measure of academic recognition in Germany during recent years.
Carbapenems Versus Piperacillin-Tazobactam for Bloodstream Infections of Nonurinary Source Caused by Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Ofer-Friedman Hadas , Shefler Coral , Sharma Sarit , Tirosh Amit , Tal-Jasper Ruthy , Kandipalli Deepthi , Sharma Shruti , Bathina Pradeep , Kaplansky Tamir , Maskit Moran , Azouri Tal , Lazarovitch Tsilia , Zaidenstein Ronit , Kaye Keith S. , Marchaim Dror
Published: May 2015

A recent, frequently quoted study has suggested that for bloodstream infections (BSIs) due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL) Escherichia coli, treatment with β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors (BLBLIs) might be equivalent to treatment with carbapenems. However, the majority of BSIs originate from the urinary tract. A multicenter, multinational efficacy analysis was conducted from 2010 to 2012 to compare outcomes of patients with non-urinary ESBL BSIs who received a carbapenem (69 patients) vs those treated with piperacillin-tazobactam (10 patients). In multivariate analysis, therapy with piperacillin-tazobactam was associated with increased 90-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 7.9, P=.03). For ESBL BSIs of a non-urinary origin, carbapenems should be considered a superior treatment to BLBLIs.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(8):981–985
The Likelihood of Hospital Readmission Among Patients With Hospital-Onset Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Khong Carolyn J. , Baggs James , Kleinbaum David , Cochran Ronda , Jernigan John A.
Published: May 2015

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) increase the likelihood of readmission.

DESIGN

Retrospective matched cohort study for the years 2008–2009.

SETTING

Acute care hospitals.

PARTICIPANTS

Medicare recipients. CLABSI and readmission status were determined by linking National Healthcare Safety Network surveillance data to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ Medical Provider and Analysis Review in 8 states. Frequency matching was used on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification procedure code category and intensive care unit status.

METHODS

We compared the rate of readmission among patients with and without CLABSI during an index hospitalization. Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to assess rate of readmission (the first hospitalization within 30 days after index discharge). Multivariate models included the following covariates: race, sex, length of index hospitalization stay, central line procedure code, Gagne comorbidity score, and individual chronic conditions.

RESULTS

Of the 8,097 patients, 2,260 were readmitted within 30 days (27.9%). The rate of first readmission was 7.1 events/person-year for CLABSI patients and 4.3 events/person-year for non-CLABSI patients (P<.001). The final model revealed a small but significant increase in the rate of 30-day readmissions for patients with a CLABSI compared with similar non-CLABSI patients. In the first readmission for CLABSI patients, we also observed an increase in diagnostic categories consistent with CLABSI, including septicemia and complications of a device.

CONCLUSIONS

Our analysis found a statistically significant association between CLABSI status and readmission, suggesting that CLABSI may have adverse health impact that extends beyond hospital discharge.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(8):886–892
A review of 733 published trials on Bio-Mos®, a mannan oligosaccharide, and Actigen®, a second generation mannose rich fraction, on farm and companion animals.
Authors: Spring P. , Wenk C. , Connolly A. , Kiers A.
Published: May 2015

Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), as zootechnical feed ingredients, are widely used in animal nutrition. MOS has been commercially available since the launch of Bio-Mos® in the early 1990's and has a substantial body of scientific papers and practical examples of its efficacy. Since 1999, the use of MOS in animal feed has become more prominent, mainly due to the European ban on prophylactic antibiotic growth promoters in animal feed. MOS, with its ability to bind and limit the colonisation of gut pathogens, has proven to be an effective solution for antibiotic-free diets, as well as providing support for immunity and digestion. MOS has been shown to improve gastrointestinal health, thus improving wellbeing, energy levels and performance. Most MOS products, particularly those that have been scientifically developed, derive from the cell wall of the yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In 2009, a mannose-rich fraction (MRF) product was commercially launched as a ‘second generation’ of these MOS-type products, with enhanced activities in immune modulation and intestinal health. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing data on the benefits of MOS for all species of animals, discuss its mechanisms of actionin vivoand compare the benefits of using second generation MRF to original MOS.
A thin drop sliding down an inclined plate
Authors: Benilov E. S. , Benilov M. S.
Published: May 2015

We examine two- and three-dimensional drops steadily sliding down an inclined plate. The contact line of the drop is governed by a model based on the Navier-slip boundary condition and a prescribed value for the contact angle. The drop is thin, so the lubrication approximation can be used. In the three-dimensional case, we also assume that the drop is sufficiently small (its size is smaller than the capillary scale). These assumptions enable us to determine the shape of the drop and derive an asymptotic expression for its velocity. For three-dimensional drops, this expression is matched to a qualitative estimate of Kim et al. (J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 247, 2002, pp. 372–380) obtained for arbitrary drops, i.e. not necessarily thin and small. The matching fixes an undetermined coefficient in Kim, Lee and Kang’s estimate, turning it into a quantitative result.
Review of Indigenous Health Curriculum in Nutrition and Dietetics at One Australian University: An Action Research Study
Authors: Wilson Annabelle M. , Mehta Kaye , Miller Jacqueline , Yaxley Alison , Thomas Jolene , Jackson Kathryn , Wray Amanda , Miller Michelle D.
Published: May 2015

This article describes a review undertaken in 2012–2013 by Nutrition and Dietetics, Flinders University, to assess the Indigenous health curriculum of the Bachelor of Nutrition and Dietetics (BND) and Masters of Nutrition and Dietetics (MND). An action research framework was used to guide and inform inquiry. This involved four stages, each of which provided information to reach a final decision about how to progress forward. First, relevant information was collected to present to stakeholders. This included identification of acknowledged curriculum frameworks, a review of other accredited nutrition and dietetics courses in Australia, a review of Indigenous health topics at Flinders University, including liaison with the Poche Centre for Indigenous Health and Well-Being (Indigenous health teaching and research unit), and a review of BND and MND current curriculum related to Indigenous health. Second, input was sought from stakeholders. This involved a workshop with practising dietitians and nutritionists from South Australia and the Northern Territory and discussions with Flinders University Nutrition and Dietetics academic staff. Third, a new curriculum was developed. Nine areas were identified for this curriculum, including reflexivity, approach and role, history and health status, worldview, beliefs and values, systems and structures, relationship building and communication, food and food choice, appreciating and understanding diversity, and nutrition issues and health status. Fourth, a final outcome was achieved, which was the decision to introduce a core, semester-long Indigenous health topic for BND students. A secondary outcome was strengthening of Indigenous health teaching across the BND and MND. The process and findings will be useful to other university courses looking to assess and expand their Indigenous health curriculum.
Lipid-rich diet enhances L-cell density in obese subjects and in mice through improved L-cell differentiation
Authors: Aranias Thomas , Grosfeld Alexandra , Poitou Christine , Omar Amal Ait , Le Gall Maude , Miquel Sylvie , Garbin Kévin , Ribeiro Agnès , Bouillot Jean-Luc , Bado André , Brot-Laroche Edith , Clément Karine , Leturque Armelle , Guilmeau Sandra , Serradas Patricia
Published: May 2015

The enterohormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is required to amplify glucose-induced insulin secretion that facilitates peripheral glucose utilisation. Alteration in GLP-1 secretion during obesity has been reported but is still controversial. Due to the high adaptability of intestinal cells to environmental changes, we hypothesised that the density of GLP-1-producing cells could be modified by nutritional factors to prevent the deterioration of metabolic condition in obesity. We quantified L-cell density in jejunum samples collected during Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in forty-nine severely obese subjects analysed according to their fat consumption. In mice, we deciphered the mechanisms by which a high-fat diet (HFD) makes an impact on enteroendocrine cell density and function. L-cell density in the jejunum was higher in obese subjects consuming >30 % fat compared with low fat eaters. Mice fed a HFD for 8 weeks displayed an increase in GLP-1-positive cells in the jejunum and colon accordingly to GLP-1 secretion. The regulation by the HFD appears specific to GLP-1-producing cells, as the number of PYY (peptide YY)-positive cells remained unchanged. Moreover, genetically obese ob/ob mice did not show alteration of GLP-1-positive cell density in the jejunum or colon, suggesting that obesity per se is not sufficient to trigger the mechanism. The higher L-cell density in HFD-fed mice involved a rise in L-cell terminal differentiation as witnessed by the increased expression of transcription factors downstream of neurogenin3 (Ngn3). We suggest that the observed increase in GLP-1-positive cell density triggered by high fat consumption in humans and mice might favour insulin secretion and therefore constitute an adaptive response of the intestine to balance diet-induced insulin resistance.
Intestinal B0AT1 (SLC6A19) and PEPT1 (SLC15A1) mRNA levels in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) reared in fresh water and fed fish and plant protein sources
Authors: Rimoldi Simona , Bossi Elena , Harpaz Sheenan , Cattaneo Anna Giulia , Bernardini Giovanni , Saroglia Marco , Terova Genciana
Published: May 2015

The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of diets with descending fish meal (FM) inclusion levels and the addition of salt to the diet containing the lowest FM level on growth performances, feed conversion ratio, and intestinal solute carrier family 6 member 19 (SLC6A19) and oligopeptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) transcript levels, in freshwater-adapted European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We first isolated by molecular cloning and sequenced a full-length cDNA representing the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 in sea bass. The cDNA sequence was deposited in GenBank database (accession no. KC812315). The twelve transmembrane domains and the ‘de novo’ prediction of the three-dimensional structure of SLC6A19 protein (634 amino acids) are presented. We then analysed diet-induced changes in the mRNA copies of SLC6A19 and PEPT1 genes in different portions of sea bass intestine using real-time RT-PCR. Sea bass were fed for 6 weeks on different diets, with ascending levels of fat or descending levels of FM, which was replaced with vegetable meal. The salt-enriched diet was prepared by adding 3 % NaCl to the diet containing 10 % FM. SLC6A19 mRNA in the anterior and posterior intestine of sea bass were not modulated by dietary protein sources and salt supplementation. Conversely, including salt in a diet containing a low FM percentage up-regulated the mRNA copies of PEPT1 in the hindgut. Fish growth correlated positively with the content of FM in the diets. Interestingly, the addition of salt to the diet containing 10 % FM improved feed intake, as well as specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio.
Psychological Predictors of Vocational Success for People with Psychotic Illness
Authors: Matthewson Mandy , Langworthy Jennifer , Higgins Dominique
Published: May 2015

People diagnosed with psychotic illness continue to be underrepresented in the workforce despite the widespread provision of vocational rehabilitation services for people experiencing mental illness. A systematic literature review was undertaken using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify psychological predictors of successful return to work for this population. The databases searched were PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed, ProQuest, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), and Taylor & Francis Online. A total of 4,076 articles were located and of these, 29 articles were analysed as part of this review. The data extracted was synthesised using a narrative approach. A number of psychological factors were identified which are predictive of successful return to work. These factors include but are not limited to identity, self-management of illness, social cognition, hope and self-esteem and motivation. On the basis of the reviewed literature, practice guidelines are proposed which support the psychological processes identified as pivotal to vocational success for people diagnosed with psychotic illness.
Impact of monoamine-related gene polymorphisms on hippocampal volume in treatment-resistant depression
Authors: Phillips Jennifer Lynne , Batten Lisa Ann , Tremblay Philippe , Aldosary Fahad , Du Lisheng , Blier Pierre
Published: May 2015

Objective

In major depressive disorder (MDD), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in monoaminergic genes may impact disease susceptibility, treatment response, and brain volume. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of such polymorphisms on hippocampal volume in patients with treatment-resistant MDD and healthy controls. Candidate gene risk alleles were hypothesised to be associated with reductions in hippocampal volume.

Methods

A total of 26 outpatients with treatment-resistant MDD and 27 matched healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging and genotyping for six SNPs in monoaminergic genes [serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), norepinephrine transporter (SLC6A2), serotonin 1A and 2A receptors (HTR1A and HTR2A), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)]. Hippocampal volume was estimated using an automated segmentation algorithm (FreeSurfer).

Results

Hippocampal volume did not differ between patients and controls. Within the entire study sample irrespective of diagnosis, C allele-carriers for both the NET−182 T/C [rs2242446] and 5-HT1A−1019C/G [rs6295] polymorphisms had smaller hippocampal volumes relative to other genotypes. For the 5-HTTLPR (rs25531) polymorphism, there was a significant diagnosis by genotype interaction effect on hippocampal volume. Among patients only, homozygosity for the 5-HTTLPR short (S) allele was associated with smaller hippocampal volume. There was no association between the 5-HT2A, COMT, and BDNF SNPs and hippocampal volume.

Conclusion

The results indicate that the volume of the hippocampus may be influenced by serotonin- and norepinephrine-related gene polymorphisms. The NET and 5-HT1A polymorphisms appear to have similar effects on hippocampal volume in patients and controls while the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism differentially affects hippocampal volume in the presence of depression.
Inflammatory and metabolic responses to high-fat meals with and without dairy products in men
Authors: Schmid Alexandra , Petry Nicolai , Walther Barbara , Bütikofer Ueli , Luginbühl Werner , Gille Doreen , Chollet Magali , McTernan Philip G. , Gijs Martin A. M. , Vionnet Nathalie , Pralong François P. , Laederach Kurt , Vergères Guy
Published: May 2015

Postprandial inflammation is an important factor for human health since chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with chronic diseases. Dairy products have a weak but significant anti-inflammatory effect on postprandial inflammation. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of a high-fat dairy meal (HFD meal), a high-fat non-dairy meal supplemented with milk (HFM meal) and a high-fat non-dairy control meal (HFC meal) on postprandial inflammatory and metabolic responses in healthy men. A cross-over study was conducted in nineteen male subjects. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after consumption of the test meals. Plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, TAG and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at each time point. IL-6, TNF-α and endotoxin concentrations were assessed at baseline and endpoint (6 h). Time-dependent curves of these metabolic parameters were plotted, and the net incremental AUC were found to be significantly higher for TAG and lower for CRP after consumption of the HFM meal compared with the HFD meal; however, the HFM and HFD meals were not different from the HFC meal. Alterations in IL-6, TNF-α and endotoxin concentrations were not significantly different between the test meals. The results suggest that full-fat milk and dairy products (cheese and butter) have no significant impact on the inflammatory response to a high-fat meal.
Cytokine and growth factor profiling in patients with the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Mirhafez Seyed Reza , Pasdar Alireza , Avan Amir , Esmaily Habibollah , Moezzi Atefeh , Mohebati Mohsen , Meshkat Zahra , Mehrad-Majd Hassan , Eslami Saied , Rahimi Hamid Reza , Ghazavi Hamed , Ferns Gordon A. , Ghayour-Mobarhan Majid
Published: May 2015

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with a pro-inflammatory milieu that may partially account for its association with an increased cardiovascular risk. We aimed to (1) evaluate the serum concentrations of twelve cytokines and growth factors (epidermal growth factor (EGF), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-1α/-1β/-2/-4/-6/-8/-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), TNF-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) in 303 individuals with or without the MetS; and (2) explore their relationship with the presence of the MetS. Patients with the MetS had significantly higher serum concentrations of IFN-γ, EGF, IL-1α/-1β/-2/-4/-6/-8/-10, MCP-1 and TNF-α, whilst serum VEGF concentrations were markedly lower compared with the control group (e.g. 38·55 v. 82·18 pg/ml; P< 0·05). Amongst these parameters, IFN-γ and IL-1α emerged as the most significant independent predictors of the MetS. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that patients with the MetS had an altered blood cytokine and growth factor profile that may partially account for its adverse clinical outcomes. Further prospective studies in larger multi-centre settings are required to unravel the role and association of the emerging biomarkers with the MetS and their implication in therapeutic intervention.
Abnormalities inmyo-inositol metabolism associated with type 2 diabetes in mice fed a high-fat diet: benefits of a dietarymyo-inositol supplementation
Authors: Croze Marine L. , Géloën Alain , Soulage Christophe O.
Published: May 2015

We previously reported that a chronic supplementation withmyo-inositol (MI) improved insulin sensitivity and reduced fat accretion in mice. We then tested the potency of such dietary intervention in the prevention of insulin resistance in C57BL/6 male mouse fed a high-fat diet (HFD). In addition, some abnormalities in inositol metabolism were reported to be associated with insulin resistance in several animal and human studies. We then investigated the presence of such anomalies (i.e. inosituria and an inositol intra-tissue depletion) in this diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model, as well as the potential benefit of a MI supplementation for inositol intra-tissue deficiency correction. HFD (60 % energy from fat) feeding was associated with inosituria and inositol intra-tissue depletion in the liver and kidneys. MI supplementation (0·58 mg/g per d) restored inositol pools in kidneys (partially) and liver (fully). HFD feeding for 4 months induced ectopic lipid redistribution to liver and muscles, fasting hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance and obesity that were not prevented by MI supplementation, despite a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity parameterKinsulin tolerance testand a reduction in white adipose tissue (WAT) mass ( − 17 %,P< 0·05). MI supplementation significantly reduced fatty acid synthase activity in epididymal WAT, which might explain its beneficial, but modest, effect on WAT accretion in HFD-fed mice. Finally, we found some abnormalities in inositol metabolism in association with a diabetic phenotype (i.e. insulin resistance and fasting hyperglycaemia) in a DIO mouse model. Dietary MI supplementation was efficient in the prevention of inositol intra-tissue depletion, but did not prevent insulin resistance or obesity efficiently in this mouse model.
Low postoperative dietary intake is associated with worse functional course in geriatric patients up to 6 months after hip fracture
Authors: Goisser Sabine , Schrader Eva , Singler Katrin , Bertsch Thomas , Gefeller Olaf , Biber Roland , Bail Hermann-Josef , Sieber Cornel C. , Volkert Dorothee
Published: May 2015

We examined the relationship between postoperative dietary intake (DI) of geriatric hip fracture (HF) patients and their functional and clinical course until 6 months after hospital discharge. In eighty-eight HF patients ≥ 75 years, postoperative DI was estimated with plate diagrams of main meals over four postoperative days. DI was stratified as >50, >25–50, ≤ 25 % of meals served. Functional status according to Barthel index (activities of daily living) and patients' mobility level before fracture, postoperatively, at discharge and 6 months later were assessed and related to DI levels. In-hospital complications were recorded according to clinical diagnosis. Associations were evaluated using χ2and Kruskal–Wallis tests, and repeated-measures ANOVA and ANCOVA. Postoperatively, 28 % of participants ate >50 %, 43 % ate >25–50 % and 28 % ≤ 25 % of meals served. Irrespective of pre-fracture functional status, patients with DI ≤ 25 % had significantly lower Barthel index scores at all times after surgery (allP< 0·05) and ANOVA revealed a significant time × DI interaction effect (P= 0·047) on development of Barthel index scores that remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders. Patients with DI >50 % more often had regained their pre-fracture mobility level than those with DI ≤ 25 % at discharge (>50 %: 36 %; >25–50 %: 10 %; ≤ 25 %: 0 %;P= 0·001) and 6 months after discharge (88; 87; 68 %;P= 0·087) and had significantly less complications (median 2 (25th–75th percentile 1–3); 3 (25th–75th percentile 2–4); 3 (25th–75th percentile 3–4);P= 0·012). To conclude, geriatric HF patients had very low postoperative voluntary DI and thus need specific nutritional interventions to achieve adequate DI to support functional and clinical recovery.
Favourable effects of grape seed extract on intestinal epithelial differentiation and barrier function in IL10-deficient mice
Authors: Yang Guan , Xue Yansong , Zhang Hanying , Du Min , Zhu Mei-Jun
Published: May 2015

The impairment in the rate of cell proliferation and differentiation leads to a negative consequence on the renewal of the intestinal epithelium, which is the aetiological factor of a number of digestive diseases. Grape seed extract (GSE), a rich source of proanthocyanidins, is known for its beneficial health effects. The present study evaluated the beneficial effects of GSE on colonic cell differentiation and barrier function in IL10-deficient mice. Female mice aged 6 weeks were randomised into two groups and given drinking-water containing 0 or 0·1 % GSE (w/v) for 12 weeks. GSE supplementation decreased serum TNF-α level and intestinal permeability, and increased the colonic goblet cell density that was associated with increased mRNA expression of mucin (Muc)-2. Immunohistochemical analyses showed lower accumulation of β-catenin in the crypts of colon tissues of the GSE-supplemented mice, which was associated with a decreased mRNA expression of two downstream effectors of Wingless and Int (Wnt)/catenin signalling, myelocytomatosis oncogene protein (Myc) and cyclin D1 (Ccnd1). Consistently, GSE supplementation decreased the number of colonic proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells, a well-known cell proliferation marker, and a weakened extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signalling. In summary, these data indicate that supplementation of 0·1 % GSE for 12 weeks improved gut barrier function and colonic cell differentiation in the IL10-deficient mice probably via inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Urinary enterolactone associated with liver enzyme levels in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Authors: Xu Cheng , Liu Qian , Zhang Qunwei , Jiang Zhao-Yan , Gu Aihua
Published: May 2015

Phyto-oestrogens are a family of plant-derived xeno-oestrogens that appear to have beneficial effects on human health. To date, no data are available about phyto-oestrogen consumption affecting liver health in a population. The present study aimed to explore the relationship of urinary phyto-oestrogen metabolites with serum liver enzymes in US adults. A nationally representative sample of US adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–10 was analysed. The cross-sectional study sample consisted of 6438 adults with data on urinary phyto-oestrogen levels, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyl transaminase (GGT) concentrations and data on other potential confounders. Multivariate logistic regression and linear regression were applied to assess associations between urinary phyto-oestrogen levels and ALT, AST, ALP and GGT concentrations. We found a remarkable association between urinary enterolactone and GGT in both adult males (OR 0·37, 95 % CI 0·22, 0·61;P= 0·003) and females (OR 0·37, 95 % CI 0·26, 0·54;P= 0·009). Moreover, elevated enterolactone levels were inversely associated with ALT and AST levels in adult males. However, no association was present between levels of urinary daidzein,O-desmethylangolensin, equol, enterodiol or genistein with liver enzyme levels in this population. The present study results provide epidemiological evidence that urinary enterolactone levels are associated with liver GGT levels in humans. This suggests a potential protective effect of enterolactone on human liver function. However, the underlying mechanisms still need further investigation.
Contingent Democratization: When Do Economic Crises Matter?
Authors: Tang Min , Huhe Narisong , Zhou Qiang
Published: May 2015

This article argues that the effect of economic crises on democratic transition is contingent on economic structure. Specifically, a high level of state engagement in the economy makes social forces dependent on the ruling elites for patrimonial interests and, therefore, the authoritarian regime liable for economic failure. Moreover, when authoritarian elites own a high share of economic assets, this aggravates the economic loss of both the business class and the masses when economic crises occur, which in turn makes defection of the business class, the revolt of the masses and the alliance of the two social classes more likely. Cross-national analyses show that economic crises trigger democratic transition only when state engagement in the economy is above a certain level.
A NOTE ON OVID,HEROIDES13.63–4
Authors: Kokoszkiewicz Konrad
Published: May 2015

In her epistle to Protesilaus, Laodamia expresses her fears concerning Hector, the chief Trojan hero:Hectora nescio quem timeo: Paris Hectora dixitferrea sanguinea bella mouere manu.Hectora, quisquis is est, si sum tibi cara, caueto;   (65)signatum memori pectore nomen habe!hunc ubi uitaris, alios uitare mementoet multos illic Hectoras esse puta.
Questioning a widespread euxinia for the Furongian (Late Cambrian) SPICE event: indications from δ13C, δ18O, δ34S and biostratigraphic constraints
Authors: WOTTE THOMAS , STRAUSS HARALD
Published: May 2015

Results from a high-resolution study of δ13Ccarb, δ18Ocarb, δ34SCAS, δ34SCRSand elemental concentrations (Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn and Sr) in the Furongian Kyrshabakty section, southern Kazakhstan, are reported here. The investigated interval covers the Drumian to Jiangshanian stages of the Cambrian Period, respectively the regionalPtychagnostus atavustoIvshinagnostus ivshini-Irvingella majortrilobite zones. δ13Ccarbdata include the Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion (SPICE) with a local peak value of +5‰. The onset of SPICE corresponds to theKormagnostus simplex–Glyptagnostus stolidotuszones and pre-dates the base of the Paibian Stage/Furongian Series. δ34SCASdata already increase during theLejopyge armatabiozone culminating in three positive excursions prior and after the SPICE maximum. Differences in onset, peak values and shape of the δ13Ccarband/or δ34SCASexcursions at Kyrshabakty, but also in almost all sections characterized by the SPICE, are pointing towards Furongian seawater that was low in sulphate concentration and heterogeneous in its carbonate carbon and sulphate sulphur isotopic composition. The occurrence of benthic faunal elements in almost all SPICE-related sections strongly supports oxygenated conditions at the seafloor, therefore excluding widespread anoxia or euxinia. Regional anoxic conditions are most probable. A positive δ18Ocarbexcursion parallel to the SPICE could probably be explained by a decline in seawater pH associated with a sea-level rise. Again, no euxinic conditions would be mandatory for explaining the SPICE event.
Do Terrorists Win? Rebels' Use of Terrorism and Civil War Outcomes
Authors: Fortna Virginia Page
Published: May 2015

How effective is terrorism? This question has generated lively scholarly debate and is of obvious importance to policy-makers. However, most existing studies of terrorism are not well equipped to answer this question because they lack an appropriate comparison. This article compares the outcomes of civil wars to assess whether rebel groups that use terrorism fare better than those who eschew this tactic. I evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of terrorism relative to other tactics used in civil war. Because terrorism is not a tactic employed at random, I first briefly explore empirically which groups use terrorism. Controlling for factors that may affect both the use of terrorism and war outcomes, I find that although civil wars involving terrorism last longer than other wars, terrorist rebel groups are generally less likely to achieve their larger political objectives than are nonterrorist groups. Terrorism may be less ineffective against democracies, but even in this context, terrorists do not win.
Regional sanctions against Burundi: the regime's argumentative self-entrapment
Authors: Grauvogel Julia
Published: May 2015

This paper examines the impact of regional sanctions on the trajectory of the Burundian regime following the 1996 coup. Despite the country's socioeconomic and geopolitical vulnerability, the Buyoya government initially withstood the pressure from sanctions. Through a vocal campaign against these measures, the new government mitigated the embargo's economic consequences and partially re-established its international reputation. Paradoxically, this campaign planted the seed for long-term comprehensive political concessions. While previous literature has attributed the embargo's success to its economic impact, the government actually responded to the sanction senders' key demand to engage in unconditional, inclusive peace talks once the economy had already started to recover. Based on a novel framework for studying the signalling dimension of sanctions, I show how the regime's anti-sanctions campaign, with its emphasis on the government's willingness to engage in peace talks, backfired, with Buyoya forced to negotiate after having become entrapped in his own rhetoric.
Overview of the biodiversity and distribution of the Class Homoscleromorpha in the Tropical Western Atlantic
Authors: Domingos Celso , Lage Anaíra , Muricy Guilherme
Published: May 2015

In this study we revise the current knowledge on the biodiversity and distribution of the Class Homoscleromorpha in the Tropical Western Atlantic (TWA). Twenty-seven species are currently recognized in the TWA, belonging to the generaOscarella(O. nathaliae),Plakortis(P. angulospiculatus, P. dariae, P. edwardsi, P. halichondrioides, P. insularis, P. microrhabdifera, P. myrae, P. petrupaulensis, P. potiguarensis, P. simplex, P. spinalis, P. zyggompha),Plakinastrella(P. globularis, P. microspiculifera, P. onkodes, P. stinapa),Plakina(P. coerulea, P. elisa, P. jamaicensis, P. monolopha, P. tetralopha, P. trilopha, P. versatilis),Corticium(C. diamantense, C. quadripartitum) andTetralophophora(T. mesoamericana). Three of these ‘species’ are cosmopolitan and in fact represent complexes of cryptic species:Plakina monolopha, P. trilophaandPlakortis simplex. All other 24 species reported are TWA endemics. Only four species are found both in the Caribbean and in Brazil:Plakortis angulospiculatus, P. halichondrioides, Plakinastrella microspiculiferaandP. onkodes, but these may also be species complexes. Seven species are Brazilian endemics:Plakina coerulea, Plakinastrella globularis, Plakortis insularis, P. microrhabdifera, P. petrupaulensis, P. potiguarensisandP. spinalis. Thirteen species are restricted to the Tropical North-western Atlantic:Corticium diamantense, C. quadripartitum, Oscarella nathaliae, Plakina elisa, P. jamaicensis, P. tetralopha, P. versatilis, Plakortis dariae, P. edwardsi, P. myrae, P. zyggompha, Plakinastrella stinapaandTetralophophora mesoamericana. The Greater Antilles is the richest ecoregion, with 12 species reported. Only the Guianan ecoregion has no records of Homoscleromorpha. Several undescribed species ofOscarellaandPlakinaare also known from the TWA. We estimate that the biodiversity of Homoscleromorpha in the TWA is at least twice as high than currently known.
Ampharetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Japanese waters. Part IV. Miscellaneous genera
Authors: Reuscher Michael , Fiege Dieter , Imajima Minoru
Published: May 2015

In the fourth paper about Ampharetidae from Japan, we describe 12 species in seven genera. The genusOrochigen. nov. and the eight speciesAmage ehlersisp. nov.,A. longitorussp. nov.,Glyphanostomum hessleisp. nov.,Lysippe nipponicasp. nov.,Melinnopsis augenerisp. nov.,M. mcintoshisp. nov.,Orochi palacephalusgen. et sp. nov., andSamytha annenkovaesp. nov. are newly described.Orochigen. nov. is characterized by the shovel-like prostomium, the high membrane, from which all four pairs of branchiae emerge and the presence of neuropodia of the abdominal type in the last thoracic unciniger. In the discussions of the remaining genera, we comment on the taxonomic changes suggested by Jirkov (2011). Furthermore, we provide a list of all Ampharetidae species that have been recorded from Japan.
More bark than bite? The role of livestock guarding dogs in predator control on Namibian farmlands
Authors: Potgieter Gail C. , Kerley Graham I. H. , Marker Laurie L.
Published: May 2015

The conflict between predators and livestock farmers is a threat to carnivore conservation. Livestock guarding dogs are promoted as a non-lethal, environmentally friendly method to mitigate this conflict. As part of a farmer–carnivore conflict mitigation programme, the Cheetah Conservation Fund breeds Anatolian shepherd (also known as Kangal) dogs to protect livestock from predators. During 2009–2010 we interviewed 53 commercial and 20 subsistence Namibian farmers that are using 83 such dogs. Fewer commercial and subsistence farmers reported livestock losses to predators during the most recent year of guarding-dog use compared to the year before dogs were introduced. All subsistence farmers, but not all commercial farmers, ceased killing predators during the most recent year of guarding-dog use. All farmers ceased killing cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and leopard Panthera pardus during this year, and one dog killed a single cheetah. Conversely, dogs and farmers killed more black-backed jackals Canis mesomelas between them in the survey year than the farmers reported killing in the year before acquiring dogs. Two of the dogs reportedly killed non-target carnivore species, and 15 killed prey species. Thus our results challenge the categorization of livestock guarding dogs as a non-lethal conflict mitigation method. We suggest that the conservation status and body size of wild carnivores relative to the size of the guarding dogs be considered before introducing dogs to protect livestock. Additionally, corrective training for dogs that chase or kill non-target species should be implemented, especially where farmers value these species or where non-target species are threatened.
Fasciola hepaticafrom naturally infected sheep and cattle in Great Britain are diploid
Authors: BEESLEY N. J. , CWIKLINSKI K. , WILLIAMS D. J. L. , HODGKINSON J.
Published: May 2015

Diploid (2n= 2x= 20) and triploid (2n= 3x= 30)Fasciola hepaticahave been reported in the UK, and in Asia diploid, triploid and mixoploid (2x/3x)Fasciolaspp. exist but there is little information to indicate how common triploidy is, particularly in UK fluke. Here the ploidy of 565 adultF. hepaticafrom 66 naturally infected British sheep and 150 adultF. hepaticafrom 35 naturally infected British cattle was determined. All 715 of these parasites were diploid, based on observation of 10 bivalent chromosomes and sperm (n= 335) or, since triploids are aspermic, sperm alone (n= 380). This constitutes the first extensive analysis of the ploidy ofF. hepaticafield isolates from Great Britain and shows that mostF. hepaticaisolated from cattle and sheep are diploid and have the capacity to sexually reproduce. These data suggest that triploidy, and by extension parthenogenesis, is rare or non-existent in wild BritishF. hepaticapopulations. Given thatF. hepaticais the only species ofFasciolapresent in Britain our results indicate that the parasite is predominantly diploid in areas whereF. hepaticaexists in isolation and suggests that triploidy may only originate in natural populations where co-infection ofF. hepaticaand its sister speciesFasciola giganticacommonly occurs.
Simulation of proton radiography terminal at the Institute of Modern Physics
Authors: Yan Yan , Sheng Lina , Huang Zhiwu , Wang Jie , Yao Zeen , Wang Junrun , Wei Zheng , Yang Jiancheng , Yuan Youjin
Published: May 2015

Proton radiography is used for advanced hydrotesting as a new type radiography technology due to its powerful penetration capability and high detection efficiency. A new proton radiography terminal will be developed to radiograph static samples at the Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Science. The proton beam with the maximum energy of 2.6 GeV will be produced by Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou-Cooling Storage Ring. The proton radiography terminal consists of the matching magnetic lens and the Zumbro lens system. In this paper, the design scheme and all optic parameters of this beam terminal for 2.6 GeV proton energy are presented by simulating the beam optics using WINAGILE code. My-BOC code is used to test the particle tracking of proton radiography beam line. Geant4 and G4beamline codes are used for simulating the proton radiography system. The results show that the transmission efficiency of proton without target is 100%, and the effect of secondary particles can be neglected. To test this proton radiography system, the proton images for an aluminum plate sample with two rectangular orifices and a step brass plate sample are respectively simulated using Geant4 code. The results show that the best spatial resolution is about 36 μm, and the differences of the thickness are not >10%.
EFFICACY OF CARPENTIER-EDWARDS PERICARDIAL PROSTHESES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Magliano Carlos Alberto S. , Saraiva Roberto M. , Azevedo Vitor Manuel P. , Innocenzi Adriana M. , Tura Bernardo R. , Santos Marisa
Published: May 2015

Objectives: The Carpentier-Edwards pericardial (CEP) prostheses are the type of bioprostheses most used worldwide. Although they were designed to minimize the rate of valve deterioration and reoperation, their clinical superiority over other prostheses models still lacks confirmation. The objective of this study was to evaluate its effectiveness.

Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Lilacs databases. Operative mortality, overall mortality and reoperation rates after heart valve surgery were compared between the use of CEP and other cardiac prostheses. Two independent reviewers screened studies for inclusion and extracted the data. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. The GRADE criterion was used to assess the evidence quality.

Results: A total of twenty-eight studies were selected, including 19,615 individuals. The studies presented a high heterogeneity and low quality of evidence what limited the reliability of the results. The pooled data from the selected studies did not demonstrate significant differences between CEP and porcine, pericardial or stentless prostheses regarding operative mortality, overall mortality and reoperation rates. However, the pooled data from 3 observational trials pointed out a higher risk for reoperation after valve replacement using CEP prostheses against mechanical prostheses (OR 4.92 [95 percent confidence interval 2.43–9.96]).

Conclusions: The current data present in the literature still does not support a clinical advantage for the use of CEP prostheses over other bioprostheses. The quality of the studies in the literature is limited and further studies are needed to address if CEP prostheses will have a clinical advantage over other prostheses.
Global Maritime Surveillance by Airliner-Based AIS Detection: Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Plass Simon , Poehlmann Robert , Hermenier Romain , Dammann Armin
Published: May 2015

Demands on security, safety, and environmental protection in worldwide shipping are steadily increasing. Shipboard broadcast transponders based on the Automatic Identification System (AIS) can be easily detected close to coastal or waterway areas. Satellite-based AIS receivers detect globally but are limited in high-density traffic areas. This paper investigates the challenges and performance of AIS detection on aircraft at altitudes between 8 500 m and 10 000 m. During flight trials over sea and land, AIS signals were recorded. Post-processing of the recorded data allows the evaluation but also faces challenges due to the nature of overlapping AIS signals at the aircraft. A comparison of detected signals at the aircraft with received AIS signals on the ground is given, including the evaluation of the reception footprint of the aircraft. Finally, a concept for worldwide AIS detection via airliners is presented. The study shows the potential for global complementary surveillance coverage via airliner-based AIS detection.
Multi-AUV Underwater Cooperative Search Algorithm based on Biological Inspired Neurodynamics Model and Velocity Synthesis
Authors: Cao Xiang , Zhu Daqi
Published: May 2015

Ocean currents impose a negative effect on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) underwater target searches, which lengthens the search paths and consumes more energy and team effort. To solve this problem, an integrated algorithm is proposed to realise multi-AUV cooperative search in dynamic underwater environments with ocean currents. The proposed integrated algorithm combines the Biological Inspired Neurodynamics Model (BINM) and Velocity Synthesis (VS) method. Firstly, the BINM guides a team of AUVs to achieve target search in underwater environments; BINM search requires no specimen learning information and is thus easier to apply to practice, but the search path is longer because of the influence of ocean current. Next the VS algorithm offsets the effect of ocean current, and it is applied to optimise the search path for each AUV. Lastly, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed integrated approach, simulation results are given in this paper. It is proved that this integrated algorithm can plan shorter search paths and thus the energy consumption is lower compared with BINM.
X-ray powder diffraction data for lanthanum trilactate trihydrate
Authors: Pažout R. , Maixner J. , Bartůněk V.
Published: May 2015

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit cell parameters, and space group for a new organometallic compound, lanthanum trilactate trihydrate, LaC9H21O12, are reported [a = 9.986(1) Å, b = 9.158(1) Å, c = 11.200(1) Å, α = 115.08(1), β = 117.41(1), γ = 88.61(1), unit cell volume V = 804.70 Å3, Z = 2 and space group P1]. All measured lines were indexed. No detectable impurity was observed.