bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The COVID-19 pandemic era impact on the incidence of the custodial death, due to illness in 36 states and union territories of India-A comparison study (2017–2022)
Authors: Kumar Piyush , Anupama Advocate
Published: February 2024

Mahatma Gandhi said that “crime is due to diseased mind and jail should have an environment like hospitals for prisoner’s treatment and care”. A lot of research is carried out globally during COVID-19, on the well being of peoples staying outside the prisons, but very few large scale researches are available to know about the well being of the prisoners during COVID-19 era. The data is provided by the Prison Section of all the 36 States/UTs in prearranged Performa of the NCRB, through an application made by NCRB. A total of 11,289 custodial death occurred among the prisoners residing in various prisons of India, during the study period, out of which 9,406 (83.32 percent, Total-9406 (Obs-216, Mean-43.55, Std. Dev.- 68.87, Min-0, Max-401, Std. Err.- 4.69, 95% Conf. Interval of mean-34.31 -52.78) mortalities were attributed due to illness. Compared to year 2020, our study revealed that the COVID-19 year 2021 has attributed to largest (16.47 percent increased illness custodial death and 12.14 percent increased total mortalities) number of custodial death due to illness. The study revealed that during the study period, majority of the mortalities were due to heart diseases in prisoners (27.28 percent, Total-2566 (Obs-216, Mean-11.88, Std. Dev.- 19.30, Min-0, Max-123, Std. Err.- 1.31, 95% Conf. Interval of mean-9.29 -14.47). Cholera / Diarrhoea attributed to the least number of mortalities during the study period (0.21 percent, Total-20 (Obs-216, Mean-0.09, Std. Dev. − 0.40, Min-0, Max-4, Std. Err. − 0.03, 95% Conf. Interval of mean-.04 − .15). This six years of study revealed that most of the custodial death (42%), due to illness in prisoners of India was due to CVDs and pulmonary diseases. This study also revealed that 27% of custodial deaths due to illness were not clearly categorized. Honourable Justice Lokur, of Supreme Court of India, said in a landmark judgment, in 2013, that "The distinction made by the NCRB [National Crime Records Bureau] between natural and unnatural custodial deaths is not clear. For example, if a prisoner dies due to a lack of proper medical attention or timely medical attention, would that be classified as a natural custodial death or an unnatural custodial death?" The policymakers and decision-makers must think on the necessity of developing Prisoners care policies following the COVID-19 pandemic, in light of the findings of this research study.
Classification and Diagnosis of Heart Disease Using Machine Learning
Authors: Mohsen‬‏ ‪Ayedh Abdulaziz , Naoufel Kharroubi , Alrashahy Taher , Noaman Somia
Published: February 2024

Heart disease is one of the most common causes of death worldwide, and accurate and rapid diagnosis is needed to avoid serious complications. This study aimed to present a system for diagnosing and classifying common heart diseases using machine learning techniques. The data used are a set of medical records for heart patients at Ibb Medical Clinic, Ibb City, Yemen. Fourteen different classification algorithms were implemented using the Weka tool to classify different heart diseases, including eight heart diseases. The results showed that the RF algorithm was the best in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specification, and F-measure. Based on this algorithm, a web system based on the ASPX language was designed to help users enter patient data and obtain a diagnosis and classification of heart disease. The system can help doctors in the diagnosis process and increase the medical awareness of the community.
Qualitative Evidence Synthesis Using the Costaqda Online Software
Authors: Costa King , Letlhogonolo	Mfolo
Published: February 2024

The use of Qualitative Evidence synthesis (QES) in policy-making across sectors such as education, public health and management and economic sciences is rapidly growing across the globe as more scholars and practitioners require distilled information about “what works” as an intervention. However, QES methodology requires high levels of expertise and capabilities to ensure a rigorous study is conducted in line with established international standards. Furthermore, integrating the QES project with capabilities provided by computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) is a further improvement to producing reliable/dependable knowledge whose methods can be replicable in similar situations. The COSTAQDA is one of the newly developed intuitive cloud based CAQDAS applications that enable scholars to conduct robust literature-based studies while maintaining the highest levels of rigor, including using Inter-Coder Reliability Statistics using Cohen’s Kappa. This chapter presents the best possible methods of using QES to assist policy-makers and decision-makers with credible and trustworthy information that has been processed through rigorous methods. Advantages and disadvantages, including limitations, are discussed, with further opportunities for effectively responding to these methodological constraints through the RETREAT framework. Finally, the COSTAQDA application is presented briefly and demonstrated by visuals to assist users on project creation to completion.
Ophthalmology Residents Experience in Cataract Surgery: Pre-Operative Risk Factors, Intraoperative Complications and Surgery Outcomes
Authors: Cnaany Yaacov , Goldstein Ayelet , Lavy Itay , Halpert Michael , Chowers Itay , Ben-Eli Hadas
Published: February 2024

Introduction
This retrospective study explores the connection between preoperative patient risk factors, the experience of ophthalmology residents, and the outcomes of cataract surgeries conducted at Hadassah Medical Center. It is hypothesized that with increased experience, residents may demonstrate greater proficiency in handling surgeries on higher-risk patients, potentially leading to improved surgical outcomes overall.
Methods
Data from 691 consecutive cataract surgeries conducted by Ophthalmology residents at Hadassah Medical Center (1.2018–2.2022) were examined. Demographics, surgeon experience, and preoperative cataract risk assessment score, and pre- and post-operative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were analyzed. The risk score was based on cataract density, previous vitrectomy, presence of phacodonesis, small pupil, extreme axial length (> 30mm or < 21.5mm) or abnormal axial length (26-30mm), shallow anterior chamber (< 2.5 mm), poor patient cooperation, oral alpha-1 blocker use, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, and having one functioning eye. This study focused on the correlation of risk scores with residents' surgical experience, and surgical outcomes.
Results
As residents gained experience, surgeries on patients with at least one risk factor increased from 54% (1st year) to 75% (2nd year; p < 0.001) and fluctuated between 75%, 82%, and 77% (3rd, 4th, and 5th years, respectively), with initial pre-operative BCVA declining progressively. Despite handling more complex cases over time, the percentage number of intraoperative complications per patient decreased with each year of residents' experience (17%, 13%, 11%, 17%, 6%; respectively). Patients without any risk factor had a higher post-operative BCVA compared those with one or more risk factors (mean ± SD LogMAR,0.16 ± 0.26 vs. 0.27 ± 0.35; p < 0.001) and a higher BCVA percentage of improvement (63% vs 57%, p = 0.016).
Conclusions
Using a preoperative risk assessment scoring system to allocate surgeries to residents at varying experience levels may reduce the risk for surgical complications, thereby, ensuring patient safety, and providing residents with a gradual learning experience.
Hydro-Economic Approach for Quantifying Well Performance Thresholds and Recoverable Groundwater Yields in Texas
Authors: Thompson Justin C. , Young Michael
Published: February 2024

Groundwater overdraft may increase the depth of the potentiometric surface, or depth-to-water, over time; reducing potentiometric head available to support well operation and increasing the cost of pumping. These hydro-economic impacts create well failure thresholds. Understanding these impacts and thresholds is a critical issue for groundwater management but tools to assess them are not widely available or established. Therefore, an analytical model developed in this study quantifies changes in well performance with depth-to-water, calculates well failure thresholds, and estimates feasible storage yields for variable uses, wells, and aquifers. The model is developed and tested using both a single well and a regional analysis of the Carrizo-Wilcox Aquifer in Texas, U.S.A., where a contemporary groundwater dataset is available and management is depth-to-water-based. Results reveal how storage conditions drive well performance and suggest that performance in shallow and unconfined settings may be more limited by operational thresholds than affordability thresholds, while performance in deep and confined settings may be inversely limited. At the tested parameters for a single well, failure to account for drawdown would overestimate operationally feasible yields by 98% – 108% and economically feasible yields by 24%. The model could directly support manager, stakeholder, and policymaker consideration of desired future conditions.
FÁRMACOS NA PANDEMIA DA COVID-19: UMA TEMÁTICA PARA A EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL CRÍTICA NO ENSINO DE QUÍMICA ANALÍTICA
Authors: Cecilio Mariana , Passos Camila , Pazinato Maurícius , Sirtori Carla
Published: February 2024

PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A THEME TO CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION ON ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TEACHING. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the pursuit of a cure for the disease resulted in an excessive consumption of various pharmaceuticals, even after their inefficacy had been scientifically demonstrated. This scenario highlights the urgency of educational initiatives that improve students’ critical thinking and promote awareness of indiscriminate use of pharmaceuticals and its environmental and social implications. This research described the educational initiative “Pharmaceuticals in the COVID-19 pandemic” based on the study case method, implemented at an analytical chemistry class, and analyzed its potential on promoting Critical Environmental Education through a content analysis guided by the indicators proposed by Luz and Tonso. Students were divided into groups and studied different cases about pharmaceuticals featured in the media during the pandemic. They were expected to gather relevant data regarding the case scenario; to take a position on a socio-environmental dilemma; propose an analytical chromatographic methodology for the pharmaceutical in the case and present their results in a final report. The educational initiative was considered aligned with Critical Environmental Education principals due to the presence of six out of the seven indicators. As a future perspective, we aim to optimize the educational initiative in order to include all the indicators and students’ suggestions.
Coordinating Buyback Contract in Supply Chains with Limited Funding
Authors:   HSE University, Berezinets Irina , Song Irina ,   St. Petersburg State University, Zenkevich Nikolay ,   HSE University
Published: February 2024

The paper considers the problem of supply chain profit maximization with the buyback contract. The solution is given for a two-echelon supply chain where a retailer is faced with limited funding and chooses between bank financing and trade credit provided by a supplier. It is shown that the buyback contract does not coordinate the considered supply chain as the supplier’s profit in this case does not achieve its maximum. Therefore conditional coordination of the supply chain with limited funding is considered. It identifies the situation where the retailer’s and the supply chain’s profits are maximized while the supplier’s profit is greater than that earned with the wholesale-price contract. It is proved that the examined supply chain achieves conditional coordination both with bank loan and trade credit, and trade credit is preferred to bank financing as the supply chain’s individual and total profits are higher than those earned with bank loan. Based on the model solution an algorithm for selecting the parameters of conditionally coordinating buyback contract with limited funding is proposed.
Generalized Integral Equations for Timing Games
Authors:   St.Petersburg State University of Economics, Lutsenko Mikhail M.
Published: February 2024

We consider timing games, the payoff functions of which have additional break lines outside the unit square diagonal. A special case of such games are games with piecewise constant payoff functions. Solving these games is reduced to solving a pair of integral equations for the distribution functions of equalizing strategies. The proposed solution methods can be used in the study of random walks on a segment in a variable environment.
Assessment of surface water dynamics through satellite mapping with Google Earth Engine and Sentinel-2 data in Manipur, India
Authors: Pandey Vanita , Pandey Pankaj Kumar , Lepcha Pema Tshering , Devi Naorem Nirmala
Published: February 2024

Accurate surface water mapping is crucial for watershed planning and safeguarding regional water resources. The study aimed to extract the extent of seasonal surface water, focusing on selected districts of Manipur, northeast India from 2016 to 2021, utilizing Sentinel-2 data in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Employing multiple indices and the Random Forest classifier, the methodology addressed challenges such as cloud and shadow interference, particularly in high-altitude regions. Results revealed Bishnupur had the maximum surface water extent (124 km2) and Tengnoupal had the minimum (0.24 km2) during the study period. A notable 6% gain in Bishnupur surface water was observed from pre- to post-monsoon in 2016, while changes in other districts were negligible. Conversely, a maximum loss of 7% occurred in Bishnupur during pre-monsoon from 2016 to 2021. Overall, post-monsoon expansion exceeded that of pre-monsoon in all districts. Discrepancies were evident in both seasons in 2021. The applied techniques proved reliable and innovative, ensuring accurate surface water extent mapping. The GEE platform facilitated enhanced access to satellite data, significantly expediting processing through machine learning algorithms. The findings of this study have the potential to inform surface water planning and management, offering valuable insights for efficient resource utilization.
NAD Pathways in Diabetic Coronary Heart Disease: Unveiling the
Key Players
Authors: Liu Yuan , Zhan Wenjing , Wang Lexun , Wang Weixuan
Published: February 2024

Diabetic coronary heart disease is a global medical problem that poses a serious
threat to human health, and its pathogenesis is complex and interconnected. Nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an important small molecule used in the body
that serves as a coenzyme in redox reactions and as a substrate for non-redox processes.
NAD levels are highly controlled by various pathways, and increasing evidence has
shown that NAD pathways, including NAD precursors and key enzymes involved in
NAD synthesis and catabolism, exert both positive and negative effects on the pathogenesis
of diabetic coronary heart disease. Thus, the mechanisms by which the NAD pathway
acts in diabetic coronary heart disease require further investigation. This review
first briefly introduces the current understanding of the intertwined pathological mechanisms
of diabetic coronary heart disease, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia,
oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and intestinal flora dysbiosis. Then, we mainly
review the relationships between NAD pathways, such as nicotinic acid, tryptophan, the
kynurenine pathway, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, and sirtuins, and the
pathogenic mechanisms of diabetic coronary heart disease. Moreover, we discuss the potential
of targeting NAD pathways in the prevention and treatment of diabetic coronary
heart disease, which may provide important strategies to modulate its progression.
Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis by Flow Cytometry Serology using the rMELEISH Multiepitope Antigen Coupled in a Functional Bead
Authors: Moura Henrique Bonifácio , Ker Henrique Gama , Ramos Luana S. , Nogueira Lais M. , Machado Juliana M. , Dias Daniel S. , Rodrigues Rita Alaíde Leandro , da Paz Mariana Campos , Teixeira-Neto Rafael Gonçalves , Reis Alexandre Barbosa , Galdino Alexsandro S. , Silva Eduardo S.
Published: February 2024

Background:

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease, with dogs being the
main reservoir of the Leishmania infantum parasite.

Objective:

To develop a new flow cytometry test to diagnosis canine VL (CVL) diagnosis.

Methods:

The current study addresses a new flow cytometry test using beads coupled to the
multiepitope antigen rMELEISH.

Results:

In the study set of samples a sensitivity (87.1%) and specificity (89.9%) was observed.
Considering the dogs’ clinical status, 20/20 (100.0%) of the symptomatic sera tested positive,
while 19/22 (86.4%) of the oligosymptomatic and 16/20 (80.0%) of asymptomatic were positive.
In the non-infected control, all samples (0/30) tested as negative. In the cross-reaction control,
the test was more efficient in dogs infected with L. braziliensis (2/10) and Trypanosoma cruzi
(0/10), than those with Babesia canis (4/10) and Ehrlichia canis (4/10). Dogs immunized with
different vaccines (Leishmune, Leish-Tec®, or LBSap) did not present serological reactivity.

Conclusion:

The flow cytometry serology through coupling the antigen rMELEISH in functional
beads showed high accuracy in diagnosing CVL.
Molecular Players at the Sorting Stations of Malaria Parasite ‘Plasmodium falciparum’
Authors: Kaur Jasweer , Mishra Prakash Chandra , Hora Rachna
Published: February 2024

The apicomplexan pathogenic parasite ‘Plasmodium falciparum’ (Pf) is responsible for
most of the malaria related mortality. It resides in and refurbishes the infected red blood cells (iRBCs)
for its own survival and to suffice its metabolic needs. Remodeling of host erythrocytes involves
alteration of physical and biochemical properties of the membrane and genesis of new parasite
induced structures within the iRBCs. The generated structures include knobs and solute ion
channels on the erythrocyte surface and specialized organelles i.e. Maurer’s clefts (MCs) in the iRBC
cytosol. The above processes are mediated by exporting a large repertoire of proteins to the
host cell, most of which are transported via MCs, the sorting stations in parasitized erythrocytes.
Information about MC biogenesis and the molecules involved in maintaining MC architecture remains
incompletely elucidated. Here, we have compiled a list of experimentally known MC resident
proteins, several of which have roles in maintaining its architecture and function. Our short review
covers available data on the domain organization, orthologues, topology and specific roles of
these proteins. We highlight the current knowledge gaps in our understanding of MCs as crucial
organelles involved in parasite biology and disease pathogenesis.
Electroacupuncture Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by
Regulating the S1PR2/TLR4/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway via m6A Methylation
of lncRNA H19
Authors: Zhang Han-Rui , Ma Gu-Quan , Lv He-Qun , Feng Yao-Ting , Peng Yong-Jun
Published: February 2024

Electroacupuncture (EA) treatment plays a protective role in cerebral ischemiareperfusion
(CIR) injury. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still not fully elucidated.

Methods:

All rats were randomly divided into five groups: the SHAM group, MCAO group,
MCAO+EA (MEA) group, MCAO+METTL3 overexpression+EA (METTL3) group and
MCAO+lncRNA H19 overexpression+EA (lncRNA H19) group. The middle cerebral artery
occlusion (MCAO) rats were established to mimic CIR injury. The overexpression of lncRNA
H19 and METTL3 was induced by stereotactic injection of lentiviruses into the rat lateral ventricles.
The rats in the MEA, METTL3, and lncRNA H19 groups were treated with EA therapy on
“Renzhong” (DU26) and “Baihui” (DU20) acupoints (3.85/6.25Hz; 1mA). Besides, the neurological
deficit scoring, cerebral infarction area, pathological changes in brain tissue, total RNA
m6A level, and the expression of METTL3, S1PR2, TLR4, NLRP3 and lncRNA H19 were detected
in this experiment.

Results:

EA improved the neurological deficit scoring, cerebral infarction area, and pathological
injury in MCAO rats, while these beneficial effects of EA on CIR injury were attenuated by the
overexpression of METTL3 or lncRNA H19. More importantly, EA down-regulated the total
RNA m6A level and the expression of METTL3, S1PR2, TLR4, NLRP3 and lncRNA H19 in
MCAO rats. Instead, the overexpression of METTL3 or lncRNA H19 was found to reverse the
EA-induced down-regulation.

Conclusion:

The findings indicated that EA might down-regulate the S1PR2/TLR4/NLRP3 signaling
pathway via m6A methylation of lncRNA H19 to alleviate CIR injury. Our findings provide
a new insight into the molecular mechanism of EA on CIR injury.
Thyroid Metastases from Breast Cancer Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Guan Yumei , Ma Qinjun , Zhang Yiqing , Zhao Jiuda , Guo Xinjian
Published: February 2024

Background:

Thyroid metastasis arising from primary breast cancer is a rare phenomenon,
with only a handful of cases documented in both national and international literature. The
management approach and prognosis of this occurrence have sparked debates and uncertainties.

Case Presentation:

Herein, we report the case of a 55-year-old woman with breast cancer. She previously
underwent extensive excision of the breast lesion with adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine
therapy. After 9 years, she presented with neck discomfort and examination suggested
right thyroid metastasis and lymph node metastasis in the neck. Imaging showed pulmonary and
bone metastases. Furthermore, the patient received endocrine therapy. After 7 months of follow-
up, the patient survived without any new distant metastases. Thyroid metastases originating
from breast cancer often unfold with a subtle, intricate nature, making early detection challenging.
They tend to emerge inconspicuously, intertwining with widespread systemic metastases, hinting
at a less favorable prognosis.

Conclusion:

Given the unusual clinical indicators, identifying heterochronic thyroid metastases in
patients with tumors poses a distinct challenge, requiring clinicians to navigate the follow-up process
with heightened sensitivity. The key lies in timely detection and early intervention, factors
that can significantly enhance the overall quality of life for patients.
An Overview of the Dichotomous Role of Microbiota in Cancer Progression and Management
Authors: Jain Pooja , Mohapatra Sradhanjali , Farooq Uzma , Hassan Nazia , Mirza Mohd. Aamir , Iqbal Zeenat
Published: February 2024

It is a well-known fact that cancer is considered the second leading cause of mortality
across the globe. Although the human oral cavity and intestine are the natural habitat of thousands
of microbes, dysbiosis results in malignancies, such as oral squamous cell carcinoma and colorectal
cancer. Amongst the intestinal microbes, H. pylori is a deadly carcinogen. Also, causative
pathogens for the development of pancreatic and colorectal cancer are found in the oral cavity,
such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Many periodontopathic micro-
organisms, like Streptococcus sp., Peptostreptococcus sp., Prevotella sp., Fusobacterium sp.,
Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Capnocytophaga gingivalis, strongly have an impact on the development
of oral cancers. Three basic mechanisms are involved in pathogen-mediated cancer development,
like chronic inflammation-mediated angiogenesis, inhibition of cellular apoptosis, and release
of carcinogenic by-products. Microbiota has a dichotomous role to play in cancer, i.e., microbiota
can be used for cancer management too. Shreds of evidence are there to support the fact that
microbiota enhances the chemotherapeutic drug efficacy. This review presents the possible mechanism
of the oncogenic effect of microbiota with emphasis on the oral microbiome and also attempts
to explain the intricate role of microbiota in cancer management.
The Advancement and Obstacles in Improving the Stability of
Nanocarriers for Precision Drug Delivery in the Field of Nanomedicine
Authors: Mahajan Kalpesh , Bhattacharya Sankha
Published: February 2024

Nanocarriers have emerged as a promising class of nanoscale materials in the fields of
drug delivery and biomedical applications. Their unique properties, such as high surface area- tovolume
ratios and enhanced permeability and retention effects, enable targeted delivery of therapeutic
agents to specific tissues or cells. However, the inherent instability of nanocarriers poses
significant challenges to their successful application. This review highlights the importance of
nanocarrier stability in biomedical applications and its impact on biocompatibility, targeted drug
delivery, long shelf life, drug delivery performance, therapeutic efficacy, reduced side effects, prolonged
circulation time, and targeted delivery. Enhancing nanocarrier stability requires careful design,
engineering, and optimization of physical and chemical parameters. Various strategies and
cutting-edge techniques employed to improve nanocarrier stability are explored, with a focus on
their applications in drug delivery. By understanding the advances and challenges in nanocarrier
stability, this review aims to contribute to the development and implementation of nanocarrier-
based therapies in clinical settings, advancing the field of nanomedicine.
Selective Hydrogenation Reaction: Utilizing a Microreactor for
Continuous Flow Synthesis of Nickel Nanoparticles
Authors: Srivastava Vivek
Published: February 2024

Introduction:

In this investigation, we employed a continuous flow reactor to synthesize
nickel (Ni) nanoparticles exhibiting uniform size distribution and excellent stability. Our focus centered
on exploring the impact of reactant dilution and flow rate on the synthesis process.

Result:

It was observed that the optimization of these parameters played a pivotal role in obtaining
small-sized Ni nanoparticles. Specifically, we achieved successful synthesis using a solution of
0.00025 M NiCl2·6H2O and 0.002 M NaBH4, with a flow rate of 25 mL/h. The resulting Ni nanoparticles
were effectively coated with the CTAB surfactant, as confirmed through thorough analysis
using TEM and PSD techniques. Additionally, the interaction between the surfactant and nanoparticles
was verified via FTIR analysis. We subjected them to high-pressure alkene hydrogenation to
assess the catalytic activity of the synthesized Ni nanoparticles.

Method:

Encouragingly, the Ni nanoparticles exhibited excellent performance, producing hydrogenated
products with high yields. Moreover, we capitalized on Ni nanoparticles' catalytic effect for
synthesizing two natural compounds, brittonin A and dehydrobrittonin A. Remarkably, both compounds
were successfully isolated in quantifiable yields. This synthesis protocol boasted several advantages,
including low catalyst loading, omission of additives, broad substrate scope, straightforward
product separation, and the ability to recover the catalyst up to eight times. In summary, this
study effectively showcased the potential of continuous flow reactor technology in synthesizing stable
and uniformly distributed nanoparticles.

Conclusion:

Additionally, it highlighted the effectiveness of Ni nanoparticles as catalysts in various
chemical reactions. The findings from this study hold significant implications for developing more
efficient and sustainable chemical synthesis protocols.
Neurological Manifestations of Influenza Virus and RSV Infections in Children
Authors: Xerra Federica , Cafarella Giulia , Ferrante Federica , Macchione Gaetano , Amato Melania , Lugarà Cecilia , Randazzese Simone Foti , Gambadauro Antonella , Giorgianni Ylenia
Published: February 2024

:

The most significant viral contributors to acute respiratory tract infections in children
are Respiratory Syncytial Viruses (RSV) and influenza virus, causing substantial seasonal respiratory
infections annually. Furthermore, severe neurological complications, notably seizures and encephalopathy,
can be attributed to these viruses. Children with chronic or pre-existing neurological
conditions are particularly susceptible to increased morbidity and sequelae. An active area of
research to date is focused on the potential mechanisms of viral neurological invasion, which
could be relevant for future therapeutic strategies. Influenza virus is frequently an important cause
of epidemic or pandemic disease causing high costs of hospitalization and primary care. Furthermore,
different subtypes of influenza viruses can induce various influenza-associated neurological
complications, varying from mild (i.e. headache) to severe (i.e. meningoencephalitis and acute necrotizing
encephalopathy), both in adults and children. While affecting the respiratory tract, RSV
can also give rise to neurological manifestations, potentially resulting in long-term neurological
impairment. Neurological changes associated with RSV encompass seizures, lethargy, ataxia, febrile
or epileptic states, central apnea, difficulties in feeding or swallowing, tone abnormalities,
strabismus, abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid, and encephalopathy. Patients infected with RSV
can also develop neuromotor difficulties or present learning impairment. In conclusion, viral respiratory
infections can result in significant extrapulmonary symptoms, potentially leading to enduring
health consequences in affected children. Substantial research efforts are necessary to prevent
or treat these infections, particularly within the most vulnerable populations.
Effects of Diabetes and Hyperlipidemia in Physiological Conditions - A Review
Authors: Hazra Sayan , Chakraborthy Gunosindhu
Published: February 2024

Background:

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an autoimmune manifestation defined by
persistent hyperglycemia and alterations in protein, fatty substances, and carbohydrate metabolism
as an effect of problems with the secretion of insulin action or both. Manifestations include
thirst, blurred eyesight, weight loss, and ketoacidosis, which can majorly lead to coma. There are
different types of diabetes according to class or by cellular level. They are interrelated with hyperlipidemia
as they are involved in the metabolism and regulation of physiological factors.
Most parameters are seen at cellular or humoral levels, yet the underlying concern remains the
same.

Objective:

To create a systematic correlation between the disease and locate the exact mechanism
and receptors responsible for it. So, this article covers a proper way to resolve the conditions
and their manifestation through literacy and diagrammatic.

Conclusion:

Hence, this will be an insight for many scholars to understand the exact mechanism
involved in the process.
Development and Evaluation of Celecoxib Emulgel by Using Natural Oil
Authors: Rajput Aarti , Gaur Rishabh , Kulshreshtha Mayank , Jadaun Sumedha Singh , Kumari Vibha
Published: February 2024

Background:

Emulgel combines the qualities of an emulsion with those of a gel. In order to create an emulgel w/o or o/w, emulsions have to be formulated, which are then com-bined with a gelling agent, resulting in a dual-control drug release. Celecoxib exhibits analge-sic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities and is used to treat osteoarthritis, severe pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and other medical conditions.

Methods:

Celecoxib Emulgel was developed and evaluated by using natural oil and carbopol-940 as a gelling agent in different concentrations. The screening of various oils, co-surfactants and surfactants was performed to determine the solubility. The essential oils (eucalyptus oil and turpentine oil) were used as penetration modifiers. Studies on compatibility with polymers have been conducted, and the results indicate that there should be no physical or chemical interactions between the polymers and the drug substance. For the preparation of emulgel, various emulsions were prepared with Smix (cosurfactant and surfactant) ratios (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1). The selection of a gelling agent was done by incorporating the selected emulsion system ratio of 1:1 with the combinations of polymers carbapol 940, carbapol 934, and HPMC (0:1:0, 0:0.5:1, 0:0:3, 0.5:0:1, 1:0:0) gel base to make a homogenous emulgel.

Results:

The emulgel was examined visually to see if it had any phase behaviour, feel, spread-ability, and grittiness by applying its thin layer to a slide. Then, all six formulations of emulgel were prepared with the selected gelling agent. All emulgels were evaluated for pH, physical properties (consistency, homogeneity, colour, texture), drug content, spreadability, extrudabil-ity, swelling index, viscosity, stability and centrifugation. A Franz diffusion cell and an egg membrane were used to perform in-vitro drug release.

Conclusion:

Among all prepared formulations, EG1 had a better release, higher viscosity, higher drug content, and a higher swelling index than the others. The formulation EG1 showed higher drug release (91.25%) within 8 hours.
Machine Learning (ML) Techniques in Healthcare Systems: A Mini Review
Authors: Singha Partha Sarathi , Panda Barsha , Firdaus Syed Benazir , Ghosh Debosree
Published: February 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) has made its own place in the present world. Almost in every
field, AI is being utilized for betterment and advancement. Machine learning (ML) is a part of AI
and has been applied extensively currently in various fields of science and technology including
healthcare system. ML is the technique that uses AI to analyze, interpret and make decisions.
To summarize the applications of ML in various healthcare systems in order to understand the
strength and loopholes of the use of ML in medical science.
The mechanisms and methods of ML approach in various medical issues have been analyzed and
discussed. ML technique is being used to make decisions in medical cases, for determining the
treatment regime of a particular patient, for designing and developing drugs, in personalized medicine,
in designing and selecting diagnoses for any particular disease, for automated tracking of patient's
recovery. Available clinical data and history are being used by ML techniques to compare,
classify, select and execute results for any task being assigned. In a nutshell, ML uses earlier available
information and data about the disease, the treatment protocols followed, and the results in correspondence
with the clinical symptoms and pathological findings.
Several achievements using ML in the healthcare system, yielded significant novel results that have
been patented. There have been several thousand patents in the field of application of ML in
healthcare systems from the years 2012 to 2023.
Though, ML in healthcare comes with some risks and unknown possibilities yet, restricted and monitored
application of ML in healthcare may hasten the healthcare system, save time, help to make
efficient decisions in non-invasive ways, and may open up new possibilities in the healthcare system.
Learning Framework for Joint Optimal Node Placement and Resource
Management in Dynamic Fog Environment
Authors: S Sheela , Kumar S. M. Dilip
Published: February 2024

Background:

With recent improvements in fog computing, it is now feasible to offer
faster response time and better service delivery quality; however, the impending challenge is to
place the fog nodes within the environment optimally. A review of existing literature showcases
that consideration of joint problems such as fog node placement and resource management are less
reported. Irrespective of different available methodologies, it is noted that a learning scheme facilitates
better capability to incorporate intelligence in the network device, which can act as an enabling
technique for superior operation of fog nodes.

Objective:

The prime objective of the study is to introduce simplified and novel computational
modelling toward the optimal placement of fog nodes with improved resource allocation mechanisms
concerning bandwidth

Methods:

Implemented in Python, the proposed scheme performs predictive operations using the
Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) method. Markov modelling is used to frame the model.
OpenAI Gym library is used for environment modelling, bridging communication between the
environment and the learning agent.

Results:

Quantitative results indicate that the proposed scheme performs better than existing
schemes by approximately 30%.

Conclusion:

The prime innovative approach introduced is the implementation of a reinforcement
learning algorithm with a Markov chain towards enriching the predictive analytical capabilities of
the controller system with faster service relaying operations a.
Exploring the Depths of Marine Biotechnology: Discoveries, Diversity, and
Future Horizons
Authors: Mishra Manoj Kumar , Shukla Ajay Kumar , Dev Suresh Kumar , Ahmad Razi
Published: February 2024

Among the various technological advancements in different fields that help fulfill our
needs further, marine biotechnology is one that has brought a significant change in the overall
bleak outlook of the limited resources that the oceans have to offer. Marine biotechnology has not
just revolutionized the method of farming and increased productivity, but it has also ensured a consistent
supply to various cuisines throughout the world. In recent years, marine biotechnology has
outgrown its traditional image in the seafood-related industry to one that caters to a plethora of industries
such as enzyme technology, pharmaceuticals, tanning industry, cancer therapeutics, cosmetic
industry, biodegradable polymers, and bioremediation. These are a few among a broad spectrum
of industries where it finds applications and many more are yet to be explored. Remarkably,
marine biotechnology has not only helped restore the normal local flora and fauna of the oceans
but has also contributed extensively to conservation efforts. In this review, an attempt has been
made to follow the trails of the wide applicability of marine biotechnology as well as its impact on
various sectors in recent years.
A Statistical-based Stability-Indicating Assay for the Estimation of
Salbutamol and Ketotifen using HPLC and HPTLC Methods
Authors: Ghosh Manik , Bandewar Reetu , Mondal Arijit , Dey Suddhasattya , Sarkar Saptarshy , Behera Padma Charan , Jha Sajal Kumar , Mandal Sudip Kumar
Published: February 2024

Background::

There are very few methods for simultaneously determining a combined dose
of SAL and KET.

Objectives::

The current study aims to explore accurate, precise, simple, and cost-effective HPLC and
HPTLC techniques for the simultaneous assessment of Salbutamol (SAL) and Ketotifen (KET).

Methods::

The determination of Salbutamol and Ketotifen was performed by HPLC and HPTLC methods
using 280 nm and 258 nm as the determination wavelength, respectively. Methanol was used to
dissolve the drug for estimation in HPLC using mobile phase methanol: 10mM di-Potassium hydrogen
orthophosphate in the ratio of 55:45 v/v of pH 4 at a flow rate of 1mL/min and in chloroform: toluene:
methanol (7: 2: 3 v/v/v) for the estimation in HPTLC. Moreover, a statistical comparison was made between
the results obtained through HPLC and HPTLC of Salbutamol (SAL) and Ketotifen (KET) using
the Student’s t-test and F-test.

Results::

A linear response was observed in the range of 4-24 μg/mL and 2-12 μg/mL, respectively, for
SAL and KET for HPLC. R2 was found to be 0.9998 and 0.9999, respectively. For HPTLC, the linear
response was observed in the concentration range of 20-120 ng/ spot and 10 - 60 ng/ spot for SAL and
KET, respectively. R2 was found to be 0.9988 and 0.9998, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD)
for HPLC was estimated as 0.34 μg/ml and 0.10 μg/ml for SAL and KET, respectively, and for the
HPTLC method, the LOD was estimated as 4.8 μg/ml and 1.5 μg/ml, respectively. Analysing the marketed
formulation by using both methods, SAL and KET within the range of 100 ± 2% were recovered.
The results obtained after the estimation of the Mastifen S tablet by applying both methods were according
to nominal content. Degradation studies were performed using both methods. It was found that
Salbutamol was unstable in hydrolytic, oxidative and thermal degradation, whereas stable in photolytic
conditions. Ketotifen was found to be stable in thermal and photolytic conditions and unstable in hydrolytic
and oxidative conditions.

Conclusion::

The proposed stability indicating HPLC and HPTLC methods for SAL and KET was
found to be simple, accurate, and reproducible for quantitative estimation in pharmaceutical dosage
form, without interference from the excipients or degradation products from the main drug component.
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: A Novel Platform in the Formulation of Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Putchakayala Naga Sri Devi , Morusu Keerthana , Ramisetty Sireesha , Ravoru Nagaraju
Published: February 2024

Background:

Lipid-based formulations, such as Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs),
have been thoroughly studied as drug delivery platforms. NLCs are binary systems composed of
both solid and liquid lipids that aim to produce a lipidic core that is less ordered. Components of
NLCs particularly influence the physicochemical characteristics and efficacy of the final product.

Morphology:

They contain a solid matrix at room temperature and are thought to be superior to
many other conventional lipids-based nanocarriers, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanoemulsions,
and liposomes because of their improved stability, drug loading capacity, good biocompatibility,
enhanced permeability, bioavailability, extended half-life, fewer side effects, tissue-
specific delivery and wide range of potential applications.

Significance:

NLCs have multiple applications in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics
due to their ease of preparation, the feasibility of scale-up, non-toxic, improved targeting efficiency
and potential for site-specific delivery via various routes of administration.

Scope of Review:

This review enlightens about the most recent developments of NLCs as a drug
delivery system, types of NLCs, current techniques to prepare NLCs, and characterization techniques
that are essential for the development of safe, effective and stable formulation. It also encompasses
the potential of using NLCs for various administration routes and recent developments
in pharmaceutical applications with successful outcomes.

Conclusion:

This review certainly provide great insight into formulation considerations using design
experts and modification strategies for improved targeting. On the whole, NLCs are broadly
explored and preferred lipid nanocarrier systems with several advantages.
DHA and EPA in Sickle Cell Disease Favor Clinical Improvement and Contribute to Better Quality of Life: A Qualitative Systematic Review
Authors: da Conceicao Souza. Jamille , Azevêdo Macêdo Ana Paula , dos Santos Gonçalves Mariane , de Souza Santos Monteiro Adriano , Gomes Barbosa Cynara , David Couto Fábio , David Couto Ricardo
Published: February 2024

Background:

Sickle cell disease is a severe genetic disorder, and searching for therapeutic
strategies is indispensable for prolonged and improved life for people affected by this condition.

Objective:

This qualitative systematic review aimed to highlight the therapeutic potential of omega-
3 (n-3) in people with sickle cell disease.

Methods:

The search was performed by combining sickle cell disease and n-3 descriptors in DeCS/
MeSH databases, including Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Virtual
Health Library. The risk of bias assessment in the primary studies was performed using the
Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized controlled trials. The evidence quality was evaluated using
the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool.

Results:

From the 187 records identified, seven were selected for data collection. Based on the evidence,
n-3 supplementation contributes to lower activation of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, improves
the concentration of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids in the erythrocyte membrane,
provides better hemostatic response, and helps in vaso-occlusive crisis, pain episodes, and
hospitalization reduction.

Conclusion:

The findings suggest that n-3 adjuvant therapy favors the clinical and general aspects
of people with sickle cell disease.
Financial Wellness on Campus: Interlinkages between Financial Knowledge, Behaviour and Decision-making among College Students
Authors: Kushwaha Anjali , Singh Tirthraj
Published: February 2024

Given the growing significance of financial literacy as a vital life skill, it is essential to understand how students handle their financial situations. This study examines the intricate interconnections among financial knowledge, behaviour, and financial decision-making confidence among college students. The study is descriptive in nature and uses quantitative data for analysis. The findings of the study reveal a notable imbalance between the acquisition of financial knowledge and its utilization in their financial behaviour. While students exhibit a satisfactory comprehension of financial concepts, they do not consistently implement this knowledge in their everyday financial choices and actions. The research highlights the importance of bridging the gap between theoretical understanding of finance and actual application. A lack of confidence was found among students in their financial capabilities which may account for the disparities between their financial knowledge and their actual financial behaviours. This emphasizes the need of not only teaching financial literacy but also fostering students' confidence in their ability to make wise financial decisions. The research findings of this study provide valuable insights for educational and financial institutions seeking to equip college students with the not only necessary knowledge but also develop skills and attitudes to boost their confidence so as to achieve financial stability and success in the future.
Job Related Uncertainty in the age of Artificial Intelligence and Gig Economy
Authors: Singh Rohit , Bisen Gaurav Kumar
Published: February 2024

In this article, we explore the duality of the gig economy enabled by artificial intelligence (AI) in terms of volatility and the promise it offers. We focus primarily on underrepresented and disadvantaged groups of workers who have found a new home, thanks to the gig economy made possible by AI. We examine how their uncertainty is perceived in the existing literature. We then reveal the lack of attention to this group of workers, whose exclusion from the traditional labour market was not problematic in the first place, and who are now portrayed as suffering from poor AI regulation. As such, we expose the hypocrisy of how the development of an AI-enabled gig economy exacerbates job insecurity, but often overlooks the potential of the gig economy to open up opportunities for atypical workers. One problem we have identified is the overrepresentation of atypical workers in the industry. We show that an AI-powered gig economy that does not introduce uncertainty is possible if the sector is effectively regulated. We offer a short roadmap with multi-layered regulatory measures to combat the instability of the artificial gig economy.