bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who Are the Immigrants?
Authors: Alba Richard , Foner Nancy
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the role of post-World War II immigration laws and policies of France, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands, United States, and Canada in giving rise to the mix of new social groups on their social landscapes. In one fundamental sense, the immigration regimes of European countries, the United States, and Canada are very much alike. All are restrictive in that they set limits on the numbers and type of people who can settle as permanent residents. There are, however, important transatlantic differences, lending some support to the common perception that Canada and the United States are more welcoming of immigration. Western European countries continue to be wary about immigration from outside of Europe. Their wariness is reflected in their attempts to make migration through marriages to the second generation more difficult as well as in immigration laws that constrain economic migration from the global South, keeping its numbers modest while seeking to select high human-capital immigrants.
DSGE Modeling
Authors: Herbst Edward P. , Schorfheide Frank
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models are now widely used by academics to conduct empirical research macroeconomics, as well as by central banks to interpret the current state of the economy, to analyze the impact of changes in monetary or fiscal policy, and to generate predictions for key macroeconomic aggregates. With particular emphasis on the Bayesian estimation of DSGE models, the chapter shows how the DSGE model generates a likelihood function—a joint probability distribution for the endogenous model variables such as output, consumption, investment, and inflation that depends on the structural parameters of the model. These structural parameters characterize agents' preferences, production technologies, and the law of motion of the exogenous shocks.
Metropolis-Hastings Algorithms for DSGE Models
Authors: Herbst Edward P. , Schorfheide Frank
Published: November 2017

This chapter talks about the most widely used method to generate draws from posterior distributions of a DSGE model: the random walk MH (RWMH) algorithm. The DSGE model likelihood function in combination with the prior distribution leads to a posterior distribution that has a fairly regular elliptical shape. In turn, the draws from a simple RWMH algorithm can be used to obtain an accurate numerical approximation of posterior moments. However, in many other applications, particularly those involving medium- and large-scale DSGE models, the posterior distributions could be very non-elliptical. Irregularly shaped posterior distributions are often caused by identification problems or misspecification. In lieu of the difficulties caused by irregularly shaped posterior surfaces, the chapter reviews various alternative MH samplers, which use alternative proposal distributions.
Sequential Monte Carlo Methods
Authors: Herbst Edward P. , Schorfheide Frank
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) algorithms and how they were initially developed to solve filtering problems that arise in nonlinear state–space models. The first paper that applied SMC techniques to posterior inference in DSGE models is Creal (2007). Herbst and Schorfheide (2014) developed the algorithm further, provided some convergence results for an adaptive version of the algorithm, and showed that a properly tailored SMC algorithm delivers more reliable posterior inference for largescale DSGE models with multimodal posteriors than the widely used RMWHV algorithm. An additional advantage of the SMC algorithms over MCMC algorithms, on the computational front, highlighted by Durham and Geweke (2014), is that SMC is much more amenable to parallelization.
From Linear to Nonlinear DSGE Models
Authors: Herbst Edward P. , Schorfheide Frank
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents computational techniques that can be used to estimate DSGE models that have been solved with nonlinear techniques, such as higher-order perturbation methods or projection methods. From the perspective of Bayesian estimation, the key difference between DSGE models that have been solved with a linearization technique and models that have been solved nonlinearly is that in the former case, the resulting state–space representation is linear, whereas in the latter case, it takes the general nonlinear form. The chapter also highlights some of the features that researchers have introduced into DSGE models to capture important nonlinearities in the data, wherein it uses the small-scale New Keynesian DSGE model as illustrative example.
Combining Particle Filters with MH Samplers
Authors: Herbst Edward P. , Schorfheide Frank
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that in order to conduct Bayesian inference, the approximate likelihood function has to be embedded into a posterior sampler. It begins by combining the particle filtering methods with the MCMC methods, replacing the actual likelihood functions that appear in the formula for the acceptance probability in Algorithm 5 with particle filter approximations. The chapter refers to the resulting algorithm as PFMH algorithm. It is a special case of a larger class of algorithms called particle Markov chain Monte Carlo (PMCMC). The theoretical properties of PMCMC methods were established in Andrieu, Doucet, and Holenstein (2010). Applications of PFMH algorithms in other areas of econometrics are discussed in Flury and Shephard (2011).
Combining Particle Filters with SMC Samplers
Authors: Herbst Edward P. , Schorfheide Frank
Published: November 2017

This chapter combines the SMC algorithm with the particle filter approximation of the likelihood function to develop an SMC2 algorithm. As with the PFMH algorithm, the goal is to obtain a posterior sampler for the DSGE model parameters for settings in which the likelihood function of the DSGE model cannot be evaluated with the Kalman filter. The starting point is the SMC Algorithm 8. The chapter adds data sequentially to the likelihood function rather than tempering the entire likelihood function. Moreover, the evaluation of the incremental and the full likelihood function in the correction and mutation steps of Algorithm 8 are replaced by the evaluation of the respective particle filter approximations.
The North Atlantic Triangle
Authors: Berghahn Volker R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with the period between the 1923 economic crisis and an even more severe economic breakdown in 1929. This period saw an engagement of the United States in Europe that had not been possible in the immediate postwar years, generating a few years of relative stability and prosperity in which American manufacturing companies and banks played a major role. It was the phase in which the United States succeeded in deploying its superior industrial and financial power in an attempt to uplift the economies of Europe. During those five years it was not only American ideas and practices of rationalized mass production that came to Europe through massive foreign direct investments; rather Europe, again for the first time, got a taste of mass consumption, even if it was still quite limited in terms of affordable consumer durables.
Introduction
Authors: Sniderman Paul M. , Petersen Michael Bang , Slothuus Rune , Stubager Rune
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to analyze the political controversy generated by the publication of twelve cartoons, some satirizing the prophet Mohammed, by Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten in 2005. The reactions of some Middle Eastern governments and religious leaders outside Denmark, not to mention those of some Danish politicians, could not have been better calculated to provoke a backlash against Muslims in Denmark. But there was no backlash, which is, by orders of magnitude, the most important finding. The chapter then explains the present study offers that its many predecessors have not and explains underlying concepts, including the role of categorization in political judgments, the notion of opposing forces, and the paradoxical ethos of liberal democracy.
The Concept of Inclusive Tolerance
Authors: Sniderman Paul M. , Petersen Michael Bang , Slothuus Rune , Stubager Rune
Published: November 2017

The inclusion of immigrants in general and Muslim immigrants in particular is straining liberal democracies in western Europe. This chapter re-examines an earlier and more expansive understanding of tolerance. To be tolerant, it is now agreed, means to be willing to put up with others that one dislikes or ideas that one disagrees with. So understood, tolerance is a synonym for toleration. Toleration has become not merely the primary but also the sole meaning of tolerance as a value in democratic politics. The consequence has been to bury an older understanding of tolerance: to “support, nourish, maintain, sustain, preserve.” The chapter calls attention to this older understanding of tolerance because it points the way to recognizing what contemporary measures of tolerance actually are capturing. It argues that in addition to identifying those with ill will toward immigrants, standard measures of anti-immigrant attitudes also identify those whose stance toward immigrants is supportive, affirmative, and inclusive—so much so that they treat immigrants as full members of a common community.
Cyrene and the Cyrenaics: A Historical and Biographical Overview
Authors: Lampe Kurt
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the significance of all the named Cyrenaics, as well as the culture of ancient Cyrene, and introduces the members of the Cyrenaic movement. The principal figures are Aristippus, their notional founder, who followed Socrates; the mainstream Cyrenaics, who first codified Aristippus' inspirational example; Hegesias, who accentuated the mainstream Cyrenaics' egoistic individualism and introduced pessimism; Anniceris, who opposed Hegesias by reasserting the importance of personal and civic relationships; and Theodorus, an eclectic and flamboyant thinker, who is most renowned for his supposed “atheism.” The chapter traces their history from around 435 BCE to around 250 BCE. Most of these philosophers were born in or around Cyrene, though some are known to have been active abroad.
Virtue and Living Pleasantly
Authors: Lampe Kurt
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns from theoretical foundations to ideals of happiness. First, it focuses on what Aristippus, the mainstream Cyrenaics, and Annicereans say about education, virtue, and happiness. This analysis shows how their foundational beliefs support a vision of what it means to have a successful life. The chapter then addresses their formulations of the ethical end, where Anniceris appears to have introduced a position that is strikingly unusual in ancient Greek ethics. Happiness is not the end, he says, nor is there any single end for the whole of life. Rather, each action has its own particular end. The chapter attempts a sympathetic interpretation of this innovation, yet acknowledges the problems it creates for other areas of Cyrenaic theory.
The “New Cyrenaicism” of Walter Pater
Authors: Lampe Kurt
Published: November 2017

This chapter talks about a significant re-appropriation of mainstream Cyrenaic ethics: Walter Pater's “new Cyrenaicism.” It suggests that Pater casts light on four elements that remain obscure in ancient Cyrenaic doxography: “unitemporal pleasure,” the relation of hedonism to traditional virtues, the economy of pleasures and pains, and the Cyrenaic argument against the fear of death. The chapter also argues that the narrative framework of Pater's novel communicates how and why Cyrenaicism could attract someone better than arid doxography ever could. Cyrenaic ethics arises from the interaction of particular individuals' pre-philosophical inclinations with critical reasoning, and develops through the dynamic interaction of these two elements with the satisfying or dissatisfying feedback from experience.
The Age of the Democratic Revolution
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book deals with Western Civilization as a whole at a critical moment in its history, or with what has sometimes recently been called the Atlantic Civilization, a term probably closer to reality in the eighteenth century than in the twentieth. The book argues that this whole civilization was swept, in the last four decades of the eighteenth century, by a single revolutionary movement, which manifested itself in different ways and with varying success in different countries, yet in all of them showed similar objectives and principles. This forty-year movement was essentially “democratic,” and these years are in fact the Age of the Democratic Revolution. The “democratic revolution” emphasized the delegation of authority and the removability of officials precisely because neither delegation nor removability were much recognized in actual institutions.
Europe and the American Revolution
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the impact of the American Revolution on the democratic and revolutionary spirit in Europe, to the desire, that is, for a reconstitution of government and society. The first and greatest effect of the American Revolution was to make Europeans believe, or rather feel, often in a highly emotional way, that they lived in a rare era of momentous change. They saw a kind of drama of the continents. The successful War of American Independence presented itself as a great act of retribution on a cosmic stage. There were many Europeans who said that America would someday, in its turn, predominate over Europe.
The Batavian Republic
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter details the Dutch Revolution of 1794–1795, which resulted in the Batavian Republic, the first and the most important of the “satellite” or “sister” republics created under French auspices. The Batavian Republic was important not only in itself but more broadly. It was hoped, by enemies of Great Britain, that the alliance of the French and Batavian Republics, controlling the whole coast without interruption from the Frisian Islands to the Pyrenees, and using the extensive shipping, banking, and other resources of the two together, would form an invincible combination against British trade and sea power. And when Italian, Swiss, German, or Irish revolutionaries wished to explain to the French what they wanted in the following years, they often named the Batavian Republic as their model.
1798: The High Tide of Revolutionary Democracy
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

The period of about a year beginning late in 1797 was the high point of the whole decade, and indeed of all European history until 1848, in the matter of international agitation stirred up by the revolutionary-democratic movement. This chapter attempts to recapture this moment of excitement, and to offer an impression of the movement as a whole before following it again in separate countries. Events happened so swiftly, with so little central direction, and yet with so many immediate repercussions over hundreds and thousands of miles, that no plan of exposition can do justice to the reality, which is best seen, though elusively, in any number of chain reactions. For example, in March 1798 the French occupied the Swiss city of Bern and seized its famous “treasure” of some 6,000,000 livres in coin. The money was used to help finance Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt, which in turn was directed in part against the British in India, where the Earl of Mornington was at war with Tipu Sultan who considered himself an ally of the French Republic.
Britain: Republicanism and the Establishment
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on England during the revolutionary decade. It argues that in Britain and Ireland, as in Eastern Europe, it was counter-revolution that prevailed. The net effect of the revolutionary decade was to demonstrate, or to consolidate, the strength of the established order. The very lengths to which the established order went, however, in dealing with disaffection (or what was called “sedition”) offer a measure of the magnitude of the discontents. The men who ruled England were not the sort to be frightened by witches. The British governing class was neither timid, foolish, intolerant, nor especially ruthless when unprovoked. That Englishmen of this class became fearful of unrest at home, intolerant of ideas or organizations suggesting those of the French Revolution, repressive in Britain, and deliberately terroristic in Ireland can be taken as evidence of the reality of something of which, from their own point of view, they had reason to be afraid. In England as elsewhere there was a contest between democrats and aristocrats.
Introduction
Authors: Bean Lydia
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter presents a new perspective on how white evangelical Christians have become an important constituency for the Republican Party in the United States. Sociologist Robert Wuthnow has described this shift as part of a larger restructuring of American religion that took place within local congregations, denominations, and public life. Before the 1960s, voters were socialized from birth into ethnoreligious communities—Protestant, Catholic, or Jewish—that instilled certain assumptions about party loyalty. Protestants identified with the Republicans and Catholics with the Democrats. But since the 1960s, religious identity has become more voluntary and disconnected from tight-knit ethnic communities. Americans are now divided by the values and lifestyles that they have chosen for themselves, rather than by inherited ethnoreligious loyalties.
Two American Churches: Partisanship without Politics
Authors: Bean Lydia
Published: November 2017

This chapter illustrates how “political” talk was considered unspiritual and inappropriate in the American congregations of Northtown Baptist and Lifeway Assembly of God. But even though both churches avoided politics, they enforced an informal understanding that good Christians voted Republican. The chapter describes how religion and partisanship became fused, as members mapped their subcultural identity and drew on narratives of religious nationalism. Political influence did not work through explicit persuasion or deliberation, but rather through implicit cues about what political affiliations were for “people like us.” These political cues were so powerful precisely because they were distanced from the dirty business of politics; instead, they were woven into the fabric of everyday religious life.
The Boundaries of Political Diversity in Two U.S. Congregations
Authors: Bean Lydia
Published: November 2017

This chapter finds that a broad set of laypeople serve as opinion leaders, helping their less politically engaged peers to link evangelical identity to conservative politics. Local opinion leaders help define evangelical identity in partisan terms, such that voting Democratic is incompatible with being a Christian. The chapter argues that these opinion leaders contribute to “thin coherence” between religious identity and partisanship, even for individuals in their church who subscribe to moderate, progressive, or ambivalent political attitudes. Evangelical Christians do not collectively subscribe to consistently conservative attitudes on economic, moral, and foreign policy issues. The problem with this interpretation is that it treats evangelicalism as the aggregate of the individuals who belong to it. But this ignores the powerful mechanisms that link evangelical identity to partisanship at the congregational level.
From French Empire to French Union
Authors: Cooper Frederick
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at the transformation of the French Empire to the French Union. The French Union would not acquire a juridical basis until the finalization of the new constitution in October 1946 and the meaning of the declarations about citizenship and federation were far from clear or generally accepted. However, a new name for empire had been introduced, the formula of federation had been invoked, and the possibility of an inclusive citizenship had been put on the table. Later, events in Indochina and Algeria would shape the debate over extending citizenship to Africans, but in contradictory ways. The conflicts led some to conclude that French control had to be more rigorous and others to emphasize the need to make overseas subjects feel included in an imperial community.
Mixed Hodge Structures
Authors: Zein Fouad El , Tr ´ang Lˆe D˜ung
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses mixed Hodge structures (MHS). It first defines the abstract category of Hodge structures and introduces spectral sequences. The decomposition on the cohomology of Kähler manifolds is used to prove the degeneration at rank 1 of the spectral sequence defined by the filtration F on the de Rham complex in the projective nonsingular case. The chapter then introduces an abstract definition of MHS as an object of interest in linear algebra. It then attempts to develop algebraic homology techniques on filtered complexes up to filtered quasi-isomorphisms of complexes. Finally, this chapter provides the construction of the MHS on any algebraic variety.
Introduction to Variations of Hodge Structure
Authors: Cattani Eduardo
Published: November 2017

This chapter emphasizes the theory of abstract variations of Hodge structure (VHS) and, in particular, their asymptotic behavior. It first studies the basic correspondence between local systems, representations of the fundamental group, and bundles with a flat connection. The chapter then turns to analytic families of smooth projective varieties, the Kodaira–Spencer map, Griffiths' period map, and a discussion of its main properties: holomorphicity and horizontality. These properties motivate the notion of an abstract VHS. Next, the chapter defines the classifying spaces for polarized Hodge structures and studies some of their basic properties. Finally, the chapter deals with the asymptotics of a period mapping with particular attention to Schmid's orbit theorems.
Introduction to Asymptotic Theory: Volatility Estimation for a Continuous Process
Authors: Aïıt-Sahalia Yacine , Jacod Jean
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents the simple situation of a one-dimensional continuous martingale to “estimate” its integrated volatility. For pedagogical reasons, it demonstrates nearly every statement beyond classical probability theory, without appealing to outside results: “demonstrate” is in fact too ambitious a word, since complete proofs are quite intricate in the most general situation, but a precise scheme is given for all proofs, emphasizing methods and ideas. These schematic proofs can serve as a template for the other situations encountered in the book, whose proofs will typically invoke general central limit theorems that are only stated in Appendix A, or elsewhere in the literature.
Estimating Integrated Volatility: The Base Case with No Noise and Equidistant Observations
Authors: Aïıt-Sahalia Yacine , Jacod Jean
Published: November 2017

This chapter covers the various problems arising in the estimation of the integrated volatility, in the idealized situation where the process is observed without error (no microstructure noise) and along a regular observation scheme. In this case the situation is quite well understood, although not totally straightforward when the process has jumps. In this chapter, our aim is to estimate the (random) quantity Csubscript T at a given time T, upon observing the process X without error, at the discrete times i Δ‎ₙ for i = 0, 1, … , [T/Δ‎ₙ], and when the mesh Δ‎ₙ of the observation scheme goes to 0. Since the initial value X₀ gives no information at all on Csubscript T, we can equivalently suppose that we observe the returns, or log-returns.
Volatility and Irregularly Spaced Observations
Authors: Aïıt-Sahalia Yacine , Jacod Jean
Published: November 2017

Up to now, we only considered regularly spaced observation times. However, it is also essential to develop statistical tools allowing the use of irregularly spaced observations. This chapter studies the case when the observation times are no longer necessarily equidistant, and may be random. It reviews some results concerning the estimation of the integrated volatility for a one-dimensional process, and the estimation of the covariation process for two prices observed at non-synchronous times. The only situation considered is the case where the underlying process is continuous. Moreover, it assumes that there is no observation noise. A fully realistic approach would necessitate a mix between the content of the previous chapter and of this one.
Testing for Jumps
Authors: Aïıt-Sahalia Yacine , Jacod Jean
Published: November 2017

This chapter is devoted to the most basic question about jumps: are they present at all? As seen in Chapter 5, this question can be answered unambiguously when the full path of the underlying process X is observed over the time interval of interest [0, T]. However, we suppose that X is discretely observed along a regular scheme with lag Δ‎₀, so no jump can actually be exactly observed, since observing a large discrete increment may be suggestive that a jump took place, but provides no certitude. We wish to derive testing procedures which are at least consistent. This can only be done under some structural hypotheses on X, and the property of being an Itô semimartingale is a suitable one.
Dynamic Modeling of Core Processes
Authors: Del Vecchio Domitilla , Murray Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes basic biological mechanisms in a way that can be represented by simple dynamical models. It begins with a discussion of the basic modeling formalisms that will be utilized to model biomolecular feedback systems. The focus in this chapter (as well as the next) is on deterministic models using ordinary differential equations. Here, the chapter proceeds to study a number of core processes within the cell, providing different model-based descriptions of the dynamics that will be used in later chapters to analyze and design biomolecular systems. In this chapter, emphasis is placed on dynamics with time scales measured in seconds to hours and mean behavior averaged across a large number of molecules.
Analysis of Dynamic Behavior
Authors: Del Vecchio Domitilla , Murray Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to some of the tools from dynamical systems and feedback control theory that will be used in the rest of the text to analyze and design biological circuits. It first models the dynamics of a system using the input/output modeling formalism described in Chapter 1 and then studies the “robustness” of the system of a given function of the circuit. The chapter then discusses some of the underlying ideas for how to model biological oscillatory behavior, focusing on those types of oscillations that are most common in biomolecular systems. Hereafter, the chapter explores how the location of equilibrium points, their stability, their regions of attraction, and other dynamic phenomena vary based on the values of the parameters in a model. Finally, methods for reducing the complexity of the models that are introduced in this chapter are reviewed.
Quantitative Analysis and Qualitative Case Study Research
Authors: Copeland Dale C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the degree to which an expectations approach can help us make sense of the seemingly contradictory findings of the large-N quantitative research that has dominated the study of interdependence and war over the last two decades. It also lays out a new approach to qualitative historical analysis for rare events research—one that minimizes the problems of selection bias and generalizability by covering the essential universe of cases for a chosen period of time. Additionally, the chapter discusses how qualitative research can help overcome the limitations of quantitative methods in the measuring of leader expectations about the future.
The Origins, Dynamics, and Termination of the Cold War, 1942–91
Authors: Copeland Dale C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the relative causal importance of economic interdependence and changes in commercial expectations which led to the ups and downs of Cold War history. It seeks to rectify the lacuna in the international relations field by showing the truly powerful impact of commercial factors on the dynamics of US–Soviet relations after 1941. The problems with realist and liberal thinking about economic interdependence are starkly revealed by the Cold War case. The theoretical logics for both camps are based on the actual present trade between great power spheres. But in situations where current trade is low or nonexistent, leaders' expectations of future trade and commerce can be still critical to their decision-making processes.
Great Power Politics in the Age of Imperial Expansion, 1856–99
Authors: Copeland Dale C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the forty-five-year period after the Crimean War when great powers of all stripes fell into an intense competition for formal political control over third-party territories. The competition greatly increased the level of tension in the system, even if most of the struggles stopped short of a direct great power war. Most significantly, of course, France, Britain, and Germany dove into a scramble for colonial territory after 1880 that drew most of Africa and large parts of Asia into the European orbit. On two particular occasions—the Austro-Prussian “Seven Weeks' War” of 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870—large-scale war between two great powers did break out. The purpose of the chapter is to uncover to what extent and in what manner economic interdependence shaped the struggles and wars of this almost-half-century period.
A closer look at the stable completion
Authors: Hrushovski Ehud , Loeser François
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the concept of stable completion and provides a concrete representation of unit vector Mathematical Double-Struck Capital A superscript n in terms of spaces of semi-lattices, with particular emphasis on the frontier between the definable and the topological categories. It begins by constructing a topological embedding of unit vector Mathematical Double-Struck Capital A superscript n into the inverse limit of a system of spaces of semi-lattices L(Hsubscript d) endowed with the linear topology, where Hsubscript d are finite-dimensional vector spaces. The description is extended to the projective setting. The linear topology is then related to the one induced by the finite level morphism L(Hsubscript d). The chapter also considers the condition that if a definable set in L(Hsubscript d) is an intersection of relatively compact sets, then it is itself relatively compact.
The main theorem
Authors: Hrushovski Ehud , Loeser François
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the main theorem, which states: Let V be a quasi-projective variety over a valued field F and let X be a definable subset of V x Γ‎superscript Script Small l subscript infinity over some base set V ⊂ VF ∪ Γ‎, with F = VF(A). Then there exists an A-definable deformation retraction h : I × unit vector X → unit vector X with image an iso-definable subset definably homeomorphic to a definable subset of Γ‎superscript w subscript Infinity, for some finite A-definable set w. The chapter presents several preliminary reductions to essentially reduce to a curve fibration. It then constructs a relative curve homotopy and a liftable base homotopy, along with a purely combinatorial homotopy in the Γ‎-world. It also constructs the homotopy retraction by concatenating the previous three homotopies together with an inflation homotopy. Finally, it describes a uniform version of the main theorem with respect to parameters.
The smooth case
Authors: Hrushovski Ehud , Loeser François
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the simplifications occurring in the proof of the main theorem in the smooth case. It begins by stating the theorem about the existence of an F-definable homotopy h : I × unit vector X → unit vector X and the properties for h. It then presents the proof, which depends on two lemmas. The first recaps the proof of Theorem 11.1.1, but on a Zariski dense open set V₀ only. The second uses smoothness to enable a stronger form of inflation, serving to move into V₀. The chapter also considers the birational character of the definable homotopy type in Remark 12.2.4 concerning a birational invariant.
“Whatever”: The Psychology of Mandated Disclosure
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Schneider Carl E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that people are decision averse in the sense that they make decisions less willingly and less thoroughly than disclosurites expect. When researchers give their subjects the consent forms that the law mandates, they would say, “Whatever.” That whatever is the first of several obstacles in mandated disclosure's path, for the attitudes it reflects are contrary to disclosurite assumptions. The chapter begins with an “if you say so” story that highlights one of the principal reasons why mandated disclosure fails: it rests on false assumptions about how people think, act, and live. It then explains how decision aversion makes disclosurite psychology wrong and concludes by discussing the benefits of being decision averse in terms of social practice. The argument put forward in this chapter conflicts with one version of the autonomy principle—the version that sees autonomy as knowledgeably making decisions that affect you.
Make it Simple?
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Schneider Carl E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that simplification helps only sporadically and feebly in terms of addressing the various criticisms leveled against mandated disclosure. For disclosurites, faites simple is almost as essential as full disclosure because it seems to respond so directly to much of the critique of disclosure. However, simplification is more complex than it appears, whether the task is simplifying language, presentation of data, or scores. Furthermore, simplification is at odds with the full disclosure principle. The chapter explains why simplification does not eliminate all the reasons disclosees skip or scan disclosures and make decisions incompletely informed. It contends that simplification can exacerbate sector literacy problems, does not offer a solution to the accumulation problem, and cannot resolve the cognitive and psychological issues involved in turning data into decisions. Finally, some simplifications substitute one complexity for another; others achieve simplicity by omitting or distorting information.
Introduction
Authors: Zim Rivkah
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to explore the similar forms, themes, and functions that tend to recur in the prison writing of European intellectuals. The book juxtaposes different pairs of writers across national and period boundaries, from late antiquity to the late twentieth century. Although the experience of different centuries and regimes varies greatly and there is no single category of space implied—all the subjects of this book suffered involuntary confinement in different conditions—being a prisoner or captive in any period means being cut off and kept apart from the continuities of normal life, however that was defined. Many of these prisoners remain well known—Boethius, Thomas More, John Bunyan, Marie-Jeanne Roland, Oscar Wilde, Antonio Gramsci, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Anne Frank, and Primo Levi. Yet their different kinds of writing in captivity have never been read alongside each other so closely and extensively as specific responses to their various kinds of imprisonment.
The Consolations of Imagination and Lyric Poetry
Authors: Zim Rivkah
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the personal and the political tactics of two remarkable, yet little-known, twentieth-century poets—Joean Cassou and Irina Ratushinskaya—who survived their imprisonments in life-threatening conditions and emerged from confinement to find that their prison poetry had been published and circulated widely, carrying political messages that went beyond their authors' initial situations and declared purposes of resistance and self-preservation. Cassou's thirty-three sonnets are signs of a private inner world that enabled him to resist the psychological pressures of his imprisonment during the winter of 1941–42. By contrast, Ratushinskaya set out to speak for a group of women political prisoners in the last years of the Soviet Union. She used her poetry to sustain the group's morale and willpower to resist the lies and cruelty of their oppressors who controlled the prison camp in which they were interned for various kinds of political dissent.
Invariant subspaces and Jordan form
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter starts by introducing the notion of root subspaces for quaternion matrices. These are basic invariant subspaces, and the chapter proves in particular that they enjoy the Lipschitz property with respect to perturbations of the matrix. Another important class of invariant subspaces are the one-dimensional ones, i.e., generated by eigenvectors. Existence of quaternion eigenvalues and eigenvectors is proved, which leads to the Schur triangularization theorem (in the context of quaternion matrices) and its many consequences familiar for real and complex matrices. Jordan canonical form for quaternion matrices is stated and proved (both the existence and uniqueness parts) in full detail. The chapter also discusses various concepts of determinants for square-size quaternion matrices. Several applications of the Jordan form are given, including functions of matrices and boundedness properties of systems of differential and difference equations with constant quaternion coefficients.
Invariant neutral and semidefinite subspaces
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter concerns subspaces that are simultaneously invariant for one matrix and semidefinite (or neutral) with respect to another. Such subspaces show up in many applications, some of them presented later in Chapter 13. For a given invertible plus-matrix A, the main result here asserts that any subspace which is A-invariant and at the same time nonnegative with respect to the underlying indefinite inner product can be extended to an A-invariant subspace which is maximal nonnegative. Analogous results are proved for related classes of matrices, such as unitary and dissipative, as well as in the context of indefinite inner products induced by involutions other than the conjugation.
Smith form and Kronecker canonical form
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter treats matrix polynomials with quaternion coefficients. A diagonal form (known as the Smith form), which asserts that every quaternion matrix polynomial can be brought to a diagonal form under pre- and postmultiplication by unimodular matrix polynomials, is proved for such polynomials. In contrast to matrix polynomials with real or complex coefficients, a Smith form is generally not unique. For matrix polynomials of first degree, a Kronecker form—the canonical form under strict equivalence—is available, which this chapter presents with a complete proof. Furthermore, the chapter gives a comparison for the Kronecker forms of complex or real matrix polynomials with the Kronecker forms of such matrix polynomials under strict equivalence using quaternion matrices.
Skewhermitian and mixed pencils
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to matrix pencils of the form A + tB, where one of the matrices A or B is skewhermitian and the other may be hermitian or skewhermitian. Canonical forms of such matrix pencils are given under strict equivalence and under simultaneous congruence, with full detailed proofs, again based on the Kronecker forms. Comparisons with real and complex matrix pencils are presented. In contrast to hermitian matrix pencils, two complex skewhermitian matrix pencils that are simultaneously congruent under quaternions need not be simultaneously congruent under the complex field, although an analogous property is valid for pencils of real skewsymmetric matrices. Similar results hold for real or complex matrix pencils A + tB, where A is real symmetric or complex hermitian and B is real skewsymmetric or complex skewhermitian.
Matrix pencils with symmetries: Nonstandard involution
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter involves quaternion matrix pencils or, equivalently, pairs of quaternion matrices, with symmetries with respect to a fixed nonstandard involution φ‎. Here, the chapter provides canonical forms for φ‎-hermitian pencils, i.e., pencils of the form A + tB, where A and B are both φ‎-hermitian. It also provides canonical forms for φ‎-skewhermitian pencils. The canonical forms in question are with respect to either strict equivalence of pencils or to simultaneous φ‎-congruence of matrices. Applications are made to joint φ‎-numerical ranges of two φ‎-skewhermitian matrices and to the corresponding joint φ‎-numerical cones. The chapter fixes a nonstandard involution φ‎ throughout and a quaternion β‎(φ‎) such that φ‎=(β‎(φ‎)) = −β‎(φ‎) and ∣β‎(φ‎)∣ = 1.
Matrix equations
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents applications to polynomial matrix equations, algebraic Riccati equations, and linear quadratic regulators. Without attempting to develop in-depth exposition of the topics, this chapter details these applications in basic forms. Here, maximal invariant semidefinite or neutral subspaces will play a key role. The chapter first considers polynomial equations, with the matrix equation Zⁿ + A
n−1
Z
n−1 + ... + A₁Z + A₀ = 0. It then studies quadratic matrix equations of the form ZBZ + ZA − DZ − C = 0. Finally, this chapter specializes the latter equation by introducing certain symmetries and changing the notation somewhat, until it takes on the form ZDZ + ZA + A*Z − C = 0.
Folktales and Civil Rights
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines African American folktales that teach the importance of strategic thinking and argues that they informed the tactics of the 1960s civil rights movement. It analyzes a number of stories where characters who do not think strategically are mocked and punished by events while revered figures skillfully anticipate others' future actions. It starts with the tale of a new slave who asks his master why he does nothing while the slave has to work all the time, even as he demonstrates his own strategic understanding. It then considers the tale of Brer Rabbit and the Tar Baby, along with “Malitis,” which tackles the problem of how the slaves could keep the meat and eat it openly. These and other folktales teach how inferiors can exploit the cluelessness of status-obsessed superiors, a strategy that can come in handy. The chapter also discusses the real-world applications of these folktales' insights.
Real-World Cluelessness
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows how cluelessness operates in the real world and offers five explanations for cluelessness. First, cluelessness can be considered as just another kind of mental laziness. Second, to enter into another's mind, one must imagine physically entering his body, and a higher-status person finds entering a lower-status person's body repulsive. Third, clueless people rely upon and invest more in social status because it provides literal meaning in complicated situations; people not naturally talented in strategic thinking gravitate toward status-mediated interactions, such as those within hierarchical organizations, because they need the explicit structure that status provides. Fourth, cluelessness can improve one's bargaining position and fifth, entering another's mind may inevitably lead toward empathy. To illustrate the relevance of cluelessness in the real world, the chapter applies these explanations to the U.S. attack on Fallujah in 2004.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows that folk game theory can be found in many different places other than Jane Austen's novels and African American folktales. The Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Oklahoma!, for example, demonstrates the strategic advantages of projecting naivety. Ali Hakim, like Brer Rabbit and Emma Woodhouse, illustrates the perils of overstrategicness. Will Parker, like Flossie's Fox and Sir Walter Elliot, reveals how overattention to social status and literal meaning indicates strategic imbecility. Laurey, like Fanny Price, highlights the importance of strategic thinking for a grown woman. Finally, Curly and Laurey, like Austen's couples, show how strategic partnership is a foundation for marriage. The chapter considers some other lessons that we can learn from Austen in terms of economics, the congruence of narrative and social theory, and the connection of human nature and human behavior to music and mathematics.
Afterword to the Paperback Edition
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

WHEN I WROTE THIS BOOK, I anticipated a very skeptical audience. This explains in part the book’s length, which is three times that of my first book—I figured that skepticism is best met with evidence. The proportion of welcoming reactions thus came as a surprise. I knew that many people love Austen, but I did not know how many people like game theory. Some people have reacted with incredulity, but I had expected this to be the majority opinion. I underestimated the open-mindedness of my audience....
Bialik and the Sephardim
Authors: Levy Lital
Published: November 2017

This chapter reexamines the history and indeed the idea of Modern Hebrew literature through the tension between its dominant narrative, associated with Ashkenazi Jews, and the suppressed perspectives that emerge from the literary and scholarly activities of Arab Jews and Mizraḥim both before and after the founding of the state. It illustrates this history through the saga of a multigenerational affair: the passionate and conflicted romance of the so-called Sephardim (Sephardi, Mizraḥi, and Arab Jews) with Modern Hebrew literature's leading persona, Ḥayim Naḥman Bialik. Their story takes us from the 1920s to 1930s Levant—Baghdad, Jerusalem, and Cairo—to present-day Israel/Palestine, with the spirit of al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) accompanying us all along the way.
“Along Came the Knife of Hebrew and Cut Us in Two”
Authors: Levy Lital
Published: November 2017

This chapter investigates how Mizraḥi writers spanning three generations explored the multivalent and highly contingent meanings of Arabic and of Hebrew in their work. It examines literary negotiations of Arabic, 'ivrit tiknit, and “immigrant Hebrew” in first-and second-generation fiction. The present analysis dwells on particularly creative and innovative uses of language, but embeds them within an argument about linguistic strategies in Mizraḥi literature more broadly. This discussion inevitably expands to include other regional languages as well as the European languages of the colonial past.
“So You Won’t Understand a Word”
Authors: Levy Lital
Published: November 2017

This chapter continues the discussion began in Chapter 5 through readings of poetry and a transgeneric short story/prose poem. Focusing on the idea of the “presence of absence,” it explores the imaginative ways second- and third-generation Mizraḥi authors used language not only to rewrite but to unwrite the idea of Israeli Hebrew, rejecting it altogether. Their ingenious linguistic prestidigitation entails devising “secret” languages as well as writing in archaic forms of Hebrew and in pseudo-languages, while Arabic eventually becomes a metaphor of sorts, a “place holder” for a sense of fragmented identity and the loss of origins. At the same time, the “presence of absence” informs Palestinian writing and art on the erasure of Arabic and of Palestinian memory. The chapter also incorporates visual representations of the Mizraḥi relationship to language. Collectively, these texts and images reimagine Israeli Hebrew as a language intimately intertwined with Arabic and other Middle Eastern languages.