bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neolithic Britain
Authors: Ray Keith , Thomas Julian
Published: November 2020

The Neolithic in Britain was a period of fundamental change: human communities were transformed, collectively owning domesticated plants and animals, and inhabiting a richer world of material things: timber houses and halls, pottery vessels, polished flint and stone axes, and massive monuments of earth and stone. Equally important was the development of a suite of new social practices, and an emphasis on descent, continuity and inheritance. These innovations set in train social processes that culminated with the construction of Stonehenge, the most remarkable surviving structure from prehistoric Europe. Neolithic Britain provides an up to date, concise introduction to the period of British prehistory from c. 4000-2200 BCE. Written on the basis of a new appreciation of the chronology of the period, the result reflects both on the way that archaeologists write narratives of the Neolithic, and how Neolithic people constructed histories of their own. Incorporating new insights from the extraordinary pace of archaeological discoveries in recent years, a world emerges which is unfamiliar, complex and challenging, and yet played a decisive role in forging the landscape of contemporary Britain. Important recent developments have resulted in a dual realisation: firstly, highly focused research into individual site chronologies can indicate precise and particular time narratives; and secondly, this new awareness of time implies original insights about the fabric of Neolithic society, embracing matters of inheritance, kinship and social ties, and the 'descent' of cultural practices. Moreover, our understanding of Neolithic society has been radically affected by individual discoveries and investigative projects, whether in the Stonehenge area, on mainland Orkney, or in less well-known localities across the British Isles. The new perspective provided in this volume stems from a greater awareness of the ways in which unfolding events and transformations in societies depend upon the changing relations between individuals and groups, mediated by objects and architecture. This concise panorama into Neolithic Britain offers new conclusions and an academically-stimulating but accessible overview. It covers key material and social developments, and reflects on the nature of cultural practices, tradition, genealogy, and society across nearly two millennia.
Empirical Methods in Short-Term Climate Prediction
Authors: van den Dool Huug
Published: November 2020

This clear and accessible text describes the methods underlying short-term climate prediction at time scales of 2 weeks to a year. Although a difficult range to forecast accurately, there have been several important advances in the last ten years, most notably in understanding ocean-atmosphere interaction (El Nino for example), the release of global coverage data sets, and in prediction methods themselves. With an emphasis on the empirical approach, the text covers in detail empirical wave propagation, teleconnections, empirical orthogonal functions, and constructed analogue. It also provides a detailed description of nearly all methods used operationally in long-lead seasonal forecasts, with new examples and illustrations. The challenges of making a real time forecast are discussed, including protocol, format, and perceptions about users. Based where possible on global data sets, illustrations are not limited to the Northern Hemisphere, but include several examples from the Southern Hemisphere.
From Genesis to Prehistory
Authors: Rowley-Conwy Peter
Published: November 2020

We are now familiar with the Three Age System, the archaeological partitioning of the past into Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. This division, which amounted at the time to a major scientific revolution, was conceived in Denmark in the 1830s. Peter Rowley-Conwy investigates the reasons why the Three Age system was adopted without demur in Scandinavian archaeological circles, yet was the subject of a bitter and long-drawn-out contest in Britain and Ireland, up to the 1870s.
Mastication
Authors: Atkinson Martin E.
Published: November 2020

Now you have an understanding of the anatomy of the maxilla and mandible, the TMJs, and jaw musculature, we can examine how these structures work together to produce the complex actions involved in the biting and chewing of food. Technically, incision is biting a piece from a larger chunk of food and mastication is the grinding down of that piece into smaller components and mixing them with saliva. Mastication is often used to cover both actions. Box 26.1 briefly compares the anatomy of the human dentition to that of other mammals. As well as knowledge of the TMJ, muscles of mastication, and other muscles used in jaw movements, it is necessary to appreciate some aspects of the static and dynamic relationships of the teeth to understand chewing movements. The first thing to notice is the bigger width of the upper dental arch compared to the lower arch, a condition known as anisognathy. In Figure 26.1A , you can see that the maxillary molars overhang the mandibular teeth by half a cusp width so the buccal cusps of the lower molars and premolars occlude between the buccal and palatal cusps of the maxillary teeth. Observe also that the long axis of the maxillary molars and premolars incline buccally while the corresponding axis of the mandibular teeth incline lingually; the occlusal plane of the posterior teeth is thus curved transversely as illustrated in Figure 26.1A . It would be possible to chew food simply by moving the teeth up and down without any side-to-side movement, but this would be inefficient and not make full use of the cusps on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth. However, we can only chew on one side at a time because of the anisognathy of the upper and lower teeth. Due to anisognathic jaw positions, the maxillary anterior teeth are also going to protrude in front of the mandibular anterior teeth. Figure 26.1B illustrates the normal relationships of the anterior teeth. The maxillary incisors overhang the mandibular incisors by about 2–3 mm in the horizontal plane; this is called the overjet. The upper incisors usually have a vertical overhang, the overbite, of about the same amount. As mentioned in Chapter 24 , the mouth at rest is closed by tonic contraction of the muscles of mastication and facial expression.
Conclusion
Authors: Hingley Richard
Published: November 2020

The works examined above have been explored through a chronological study based upon the four overlapping themes of civility/ Romanization, the walling out of humanity, Roman incomers, and ruination, emphasized through a reading of the sources to explore how the discovery of objects and sites has helped to inform a number of contrasting interpretations that went in and out of fashion. A number of more local and fragmented tales have also been addressed in passing and it is evident that a very different account could have been articulated if I had drawn more directly upon such ideas. Tales, such as those of Onion the Silchester Giant, Graham’s creation of a breach in the Antonine Wall, King Arthur and his ‘O’on’ at Camelon in central Scotland and the activities of the devil at Rodmarton, provide information about how local people interpreted the physical remains of the Romans in Britain. The focus on elite tales in this book should not detract from the potential of local myths, but a thorough study of such material remains to be undertaken. Instead, this book has emphasized stories that have been told about the pre- Roman and Roman history of Britain that served to develop relevant national and imperial tales. The significance of the civilizing of the ancient Britons drove a particular approach to the ancient sources during the early seventeenth century that emphasized the passing on of Roman civility to people of England (or Lowland Britain). From this point of view, the ruined Roman Walls projected the territorial limit of civility, beyond which were the lands of barbarians. Towards the end of the century, a new interpretation arose that placed emphasis on the Roman settlers, their ‘stations’, and roads, reflecting the contemporary military aspect of society while envisaging England (or Lowland Britain) as the inheritor of Roman civility. This military conception was redefined and updated during the succeeding centuries as an analogy for the extension of state control over the Scottish Highlands and later for the exploration, documentation, and domination of territories in India and elsewhere.
Water Engineering in the Ancient World
Authors: Ortloff Charles R.
Published: November 2020

Charles Ortloff provides a new perspective on archaeological studies of the urban and agricultural water supply and distribution systems of the major ancient civilizations of South America, the Middle East, and South-East Asia, by using modern computer analysis methods to extract the true hydraulic/hydrological knowledge base available to these peoples. His many new revelations about the capabilities and innovations of ancient water engineers force us to re-evaluate what was known and practised in the hydraulic sciences in ancient times. Given our current concerns about global warming and its effect on economic stability, it is fascinating to observe how some ancient civilizations successfully coped with major climate change events by devising defensive agricultural survival strategies, while others, which did not innovate, failed to survive.
Infectious Diseases: A Geographical Analysis
Authors: Cliff A. D. , Smallman-Raynor M.R. , Haggett P. , Stroup D.F. , Thacker S.B.
Published: November 2020

The last four decades of human history have seen the emergence of an unprecedented number of 'new' infectious diseases: the familiar roll call includes AIDS, Ebola, H5N1 influenza, hantavirus, hepatitis E, Lassa fever, legionnaires' and Lyme diseases, Marburg fever, Rift Valley fever, SARS, and West Nile. The outbreaks range in scale from global pandemics that have brought death and misery to millions, through to self-limiting outbreaks of mainly local impact. Some outbreaks have erupted explosively but have already faded away; some grumble along or continue to devastate as now persistent features in the medical lexicon; in others, a huge potential threat hangs uncertainly and worryingly in the air. Some outbreaks are merely local, others are worldwide. This book looks at the epidemiological and geographical conditions which underpin disease emergence. What are the processes which lead to emergence? Why now in human history? Where do such diseases emerge and how do they spread or fail to spread around the globe? What is the armoury of surveillance and control measures that may curb the impact of such diseases? But, uniquely, it sets these questions on the modern period of disease emergence in an historical context. First, it uses the historical record to set recent events against a much broader temporal canvas, finding emergence to be a constant theme in disease history rather than one confined to recent decades. It concludes that it is the quantitative pace of emergence, rather than its intrinsic nature, that separates the present period from earlier centuries. Second, it looks at the spatial and ecological setting of emergence, using hundreds of specially-drawn maps to chart the source areas of new diseases and the pathways of their spread. The book is divided into three main sections: Part 1 looks at early disease emergence, Part 2 at the processes of disease emergence, and Part 3 at the future for emergent diseases.
Volcanic Islands
Authors: Verstappen Herman Th.
Published: November 2020

Volcanism is of widespread occurrence in the tectonically active zones of Southeast Asia. It is a dominant feature in many (particularly smaller) islands where other landform types are absent or scarce. The geographic distribution, major landform types, exogenous and endogenous processes, resources, and hazards of southeast Asian volcanic environments are discussed, first in general terms, and thereafter by using the examples of two typical volcanic islands, Bali and Lombok (Indonesia), which also illustrate the interaction between tectonism and volcanism in this part of the world. The distribution pattern of volcanism in Southeast Asia is related to plate tectonics, as discussed in Chapter 1. Three major plates dominate the region: the Eurasian, Indo-Australian, and Pacific, each of which is composed of several sub-plates. They meet at a triple point situated south of the Bird’s Head of Papua. Volcanism develops where, at some distance from the deep sea trenches that mark subduction zones, the subducting material melts and the magma rises to the surface. Volcanic geanticlinal belts, known as volcanic arcs and stretching parallel to the subduction zones, are thus formed. The arcs are often affected by transcurrent or compartmental faulting, and their roofs may collapse in places. The activity of individual volcanoes comes to an end when the magma chambers concerned are emptied or become inactive otherwise. Volcanism becomes extinct in (part of ) a volcanic arc when subduction abates. It may shift in position with changes in the configurations of the related subduction zone and plates. The plates, subduction zones, and the location of the volcanoes in Southeast Asia are shown in Figure 1.1. All volcanoes discussed in this chapter are Quaternary volcanoes in the sense that the oldest and most eroded ones ended their activity in the Lower Quaternary. The volcanism is of the intermediate andesite–basaltic Circum-Pacific suite, but locally more acidic rocks (rhyolites, dacites, etc.) occur. Neogene volcanic materials, intercalated with marine strata, are common, particularly in the flanks of the volcanic arcs of the region. Volcanic rocks, dating from Cretaceous and older geological periods and related to Pre-Tertiary subduction patterns, occur in Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, and other areas outside the present arcs.
Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces
Authors: Howgego Christopher , Heuchert Volker , Burnett Andrew
Published: November 2020

Coins were the most deliberate of all symbols of public communal identities, yet the Roman historian will look in vain for any good introduction to, or systematic treatment of, the subject. Sixteen leading international scholars have sought to address this need by producing this authoritative collection of essays, which ranges over the whole Roman world from Britain to Egypt, from 200 BC to AD 300. The subject is approached through surveys of the broad geographical and chronological structure of the evidence, through chapters which focus on ways of expressing identity, and through regional studies which place the numismatic evidence in local context.
Aspects of Identity
Authors: Williamson George
Published: November 2020

Amodern Example May Help to Clarify some of the issues to be discussed in this chapter. Formerly one of the six republics forming the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), Bosnia-Hercegovina has since 1995’s Dayton Agreement been an uneasy international protectorate, divided into a Croat-Muslim Federation, and the Serbian ‘Republika Srpska’ (RS). Bosnia’s coinage speaks powerfully about the paradoxes of a state created through a bloody war of identity and ethnic cleansing. These two entities—the Federation and the RS— and three communities—Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian Muslim—display strong and sometimes aggrieved senses of their own individual identities, and ethnic divisions can arise over the simplest of everyday differences. For example, car registration stickers until recently identified cars as registered either in the Federation or in the RS. The International Community felt compelled to design a coinage in which ethnic differences were avoided. The currency itself is a paradox—known as the ‘Convertible Mark’ (KM), it converts to another currency, the Deutschmark, which no longer exists. But it is in the choice of iconography that the Bosnian KM is most striking; these are some of the least attractive coins ever issued, more akin to subway tokens than to genuine coinage. One side of the 1 KM coin displays the stylized shield motif of Bosnia-Hercegovina, a device approved by the International Community. The other bears the denomination and the words ‘Bosne i Hercegovina’ twice, in one language, and two alphabets, though Serbs, Muslims, and Croats might deny that the Latin script of Catholic Croatia, and the Cyrillic of Orthodox Serbia represent the same language. Aside from this need for linguistic even-handedness, no other motifs are to be found. An iconographic void appears to be the only means of compromise. What does this tell us? First, any minting authority can use coins to send an ideological and iconographical message. Coinages represent both political and economic acts. Second, coinage is in no sense an unmediated or direct guide to the ethnic identities of communities; it represents deliberate political choices made by those in control and may therefore mirror social attitudes of those not in control, attempt to modify them, or ignore them outright.
The Cities and their Money
Authors: Peter Weiss
Published: November 2020

In their Kind Invitation to Contribute to this book the editors assigned me the topic of ‘Authority/control’. The authors of RPC devoted an intensive discussion to the subject, with many facets and displaying an extraordinary knowledge of the material. This is in many respects a difficult field, and it is obvious how wide and heterogeneous is the material, how different the presuppositions were in the various parts of the Roman empire, and with what a broad timespan one has to deal: some three centuries, in which there were many developments and several changes. Despite its gigantic bulk, the coinage affords far fewer unambiguous indications permitting a clear conception of how minting came about and was controlled than one would wish. Epigraphy, which in other cases provides an enormous fund of information, here by contrast leaves us almost entirely in the lurch. It follows that many differences of opinion exist, and in many matters, even on points of central importance, our vision is still clouded. The topic is too complex to permit a thorough discussion of all the questions before us in this narrow space. For that reason I have undertaken a limited evaluation. In what follows, I am concerned only with coins pertaining to the cities. Attention is therefore not paid, for example, to the cistophori in Asia, the coins of Alexandria in Egypt, or of Caesarea in Cappadocia, or to the provincial coinage of Syria. I shall first consider the question of Roman control, but only in the form of some basic observations and reflections. Much must here remain unresolved. My central concern will therefore be the following set of questions: How did the cities organize their monetary production? How were responsibilities apportioned, and who was directly involved? What range of possibilities was there? How in this context are we to interpret the numerous names and functional titles on the coins of many Roman cities, especially in the west, down to Julio-Claudian times, and above all, in continuity with Hellenistic practice, on very many coins from the Greek poleis in Provincia Asia?
Local Mythologies in the Greek East
Authors: Price Simon
Published: November 2020

The Overall Issue of this Chapter is the articulation of local identities within the broader context of the Greek and Roman world. The development of mythologies, that is, a shared sense of the past, is one of the key ways that this was achieved in the ancient world. Other people and places have done things differently. For example, in the Middle Ages struggles over the possession of the relics of saints was part of the jostling for ecclesiastical and political prominence. This chapter will focus on the High Empire, though it will look back to the Classical and Hellenistic periods. It aims to show the importance of joining up studies of Classical Greek religion with those of later periods. It aims also to illustrate the virtues of being aware of material of different types: not only texts, but also coins, sculpture, and buildings. One theme is that the sculpture and the coins be seen as ‘memory theatres’ in which communities represented to themselves and others images of their past and hence their identities. First, some remarks on the definition of ‘mythology’. Here, the word simply refers to stories about the gods and heroes. The term ‘histories’ would have been equally good, because there was and is a perfectly good case for seeing these stories as actual events, taking place in specific places and at specific times. Upholders of that view naturally believed in the possibility of a continuous narrative, from stories about the gods and heroes down to the present. Such a position was of course debatable and debated, from the fifth century onwards. So Diodorus, writing his Universal History, noted that earlier historians had excluded mythology on the grounds that it contained self-contradictions and confusions (so on evidential, not ontological grounds). He himself, however, proposed to include the deeds of gods and heroes, such as Dionysus and Heracles, who were benefactors of the human race. Such inclusiveness, however, remained controversial: Dionysius of Halicarnassus commended Thucydides’ exclusion of the mythical from his narrative, while noting that local historians did not live up to Thucydidean standards.
Festivals and Games in the Cities of the East during the Roman Empire
Authors: Klose Dietrich O A
Published: November 2020

Under the Roman Empire the Eastern provinces witnessed a revival of festivals and games, after a considerable period of interruption by war, both external and civil. The Olympic games, which had lost much of their splendour in the second and first centuries bc, won back their former prestige and became ‘the pride of hellenism in the East’. The character of the festivals changed more and more towards a form of ‘showbusiness’. The sporting contests were the main elements of these festivals, and in many inscriptions ‘Agon’ not only means the contests, but stands for the whole festival. Thus on coins agonistic types symbolize the whole festival. Besides the revival of traditional festivals, many of which had not been celebrated for a long time, new ones were founded in great numbers. In a period of limited political autonomy— especially as far as foreign relations were concerned— the cities had few possibilities left to compete with others and to distinguish themselves. A matter for vehement quarrel was the competition for pompous honorary titles and the rank of ‘first city’ of the province. Especially severe was the conflict between Ephesus, Pergamum, and Smyrna over the position of first city, Proté, of the province of Asia, about which the emperors themselves had to conciliate on several occasions. More thoughtful people like Dio Chrysostom warned in vain of such quarrels about ‘empty words’. Closely linked to the contest for honorary titles and rank was the rivalry over festivals and games. The cities wanted to celebrate the most splendid festivals possible. A high rank for the city and its games not only satisfied their self-image and the feeling of superiority over their neighbours, but also brought real economic benefits. Many participants, envoys, and visitors joined the splendid festivals of high-ranking cities, and, as at similar occasions today, they left a lot of money behind. Dio Chrysostom, who himself had warned the cities of quarrels about ‘empty words’, hit the mark: ‘Where the greatest crowd is assembled, there also the most money will flow together.’ The more a festival surpassed those of other cities, the better it was for the economy of the city.
Coastal Geomorphology and Sea-Level Change
Authors: Stewart Iain , Morhange Christophe
Published: November 2020

The intricate shores of the Mediterranean Sea twist and turn for some 46,000 km, with three-quarters of their convoluted length confined to only four countries— Italy, Croatia, Greece, and Turkey. Just over half the coast is rocky, much of it limestone, with the remainder encompassing almost every type of littoral environment (exceptions being coral reefs and mangrove wetlands). Such littoral diversity has long made the seaboard of southern Europe, the Levant, and North Africa a fruitful natural laboratory for studying coastal geomorphology and sea-level change. The virtually enclosed sea ensures that wave processes are generally modest and the tidal range is limited (often less than half a metre), a combination that permits observational evidence of many modern shoreline features to be related precisely to mean sea level. Consequently, relative shifts in the position of now relict coastal features can be used to track the rhythms of relative sea-level change and shoreline evolution. Such rhythms have a bearing on several aspects beyond the physical geography of the Mediterranean basin: they inform archaeological reconstructions of the past settlement and exploitation of a coastal zone that has been an important focus of human activity since Palaeolithic times; they provide testing and fine-tuning for geophysical, geodynamic, and palaeoclimatic models for the region; and they set the backdrop to contemporary societal issues, such as future sea-level rise and coastline adjustments to mass tourism, which threaten the long-term sustainability of the Mediterranean littoral. In this chapter, we review these diverse facets of the Mediterranean coastal realm to provide a synthesis of how these shores have evolved into their present-day appearance. The Mediterranean occupies the convergence zone between two major tectonic plates, Africa and Europe, with a third, Arabia, pressing from the east. Caught within the collisional vice of these great plates are several minor plates and crustal blocks, most notably Anatolia and Apulia. The result is a complex network of plate tectonic structures that define the general configuration of the seaboard. In particular, two major subduction systems partition the Mediterranean basin into a patchwork of minor basins and subsidiary seas (Krijgsman 2002; Chapter 1).
Granite Landscapes Transformed
Authors: Migon Piotr
Published: November 2020

An analysis of granite landscapes would not be complete if the modifying human factor were ignored (Godard, 1977). Over the millennia humans have used the resources provided by granite, whether in a solid or weathered state, taken advantage of the spatial configuration of granite landforms, or mimicked natural granite features for various purposes. The combination of rock outcrops, regolith-mantled surfaces, and soil characteristics has acted as a significant constraint on many human activities, especially in the past. Hence many granite areas have very specific histories of human impact. The monumentality of many granite landforms has inspired fear, awe, and spiritual experience, whereas in the modern era the distinctiveness of many granite terrains has become a magnet for tourism. Each of these activities has left its imprint on granite landscapes, to the extent that some of them easily fall into the category of ‘cultural landscapes’, while in others, man-made features have evidently overwhelmed the natural configuration of the land. In this closing chapter of the book a few aspects of human transformation on natural granite landscapes will be briefly addressed. The coverage, and particularly the selection, of examples are by no means exhaustive, and the historical context has not been explored. The intention is rather to review some of the most characteristic relationships between humans and granite landscapes and to show that the characteristics of natural granite landforms dictate very specific adjustments, uses, and strategies of landscape change. Therefore, extensive referencing has also been avoided. The middle and late Neolithic in western Europe (3500–1700 BC) was a period of extraordinary construction activity using local and imported stone. It was not limited to granite lands, but the availability of durable monumental stone was certainly important. Therefore, uplands and rolling plains underlain by granitoid rocks abound in a variety of megalithic structures, including standing stones, stone circles and rows, passage tombs, simple dolmens, burial mounds (cairns), and stone enclosures. Extensive assemblages of Neolithic monuments occur on the Alentejo plain in southern Portugal, in western Spain, in Brittany, France, and on the uplands of south-west England, from Dartmoor through Bodmin Moor, Carnmenellis to Land’s End.
French and Belgian Uplands
Authors: Etlicher Bernard
Published: November 2020

The French Uplands were built by the Hercynian orogenesis. The French Massif Central occupies one-sixth of the area of France and shows various landscapes. It is the highest upland, 1,886 m at the Sancy, and the most complex. The Vosges massif is a small massif, quite similar to the Schwarzwald in Germany, from which it is separated by the Rhine Rift Valley. Near the border of France, Belgium, and Germany, the Ardennes upland has a very moderate elevation. The largest part of this massif lies in Belgium. Though Brittany is partly made up of igneous and metamorphic rocks, it cannot be truly considered as an upland; in the main parts of Brittany, altitudes are lower than in the Parisian basin. Similarities of the landscape in the French and Belgian Uplands derive from two major events: the Oligocene rifting event and the Alpine tectonic phase. The Vosges and the Massif Central are located on the collision zone of the Variscan orogen. In contrast, the Ardennes is in a marginal position where primary sediments cover the igneous basement. Four main periods are defined during the Hercynian orogenesis (Bard et al. 1980; Autran 1984; Ledru et al. 1989; Faure et al. 1997). The early Variscan period corresponds to a subduction of oceanic and continental crust and a highpressure metamorphism (450–400 Ma) The medio- Variscan period corresponds to a continent–continent collision of the chain (400–340 Ma). Metamorphism under middle pressure conditions took place and controlled the formation of many granite plutons: e.g. red granites (granites rouges), porphyroid granite, and granodiorite incorporated in a metamorphic complex basement of various rocks. The neo-Variscan period (340–320 Ma) is characterized by a strong folding event: transcurrent shear zones affected the units of the previous periods and the first sedimentary basins appeared. At the end of this period, late-Variscan (330–280 Ma), autochthonous granites crystallized under low-pressure conditions related to a post-collision thinning of the crust. Velay and Montagne Noire granites are the main massifs generated by this event. Sediment deposition in tectonic basins during Carboniferous and Permian times occurred in the Massif Central and the Vosges: facies are sandstone (Vosges), shale, coal, and sandstone in several Stephanian basins of the Massif Central, with red shale and clay ‘Rougier’ in the south-western part of the Massif Central.
Monumentality and the Roman Empire
Authors: Thomas Edmund
Published: November 2020

The quality of "monumentality" is attributed to the buildings of few historical epochs or cultures more frequently or consistently than to those of the Roman Empire. It is this quality that has helped to make them enduring models for builders of later periods. This extensively illustrated book, the first full-length study of the concept of monumentality in Classical Antiquity, asks what it is that the notion encompasses and how significant it was for the Romans themselves in molding their individual or collective aspirations and identities. Although no single word existed in antiquity for the qualities that modern authors regard as making up that term, its Latin derivation--from monumentum, "a monument"--attests plainly to the presence of the concept in the mentalities of ancient Romans, and the development of that notion through the Roman era laid the foundation for the classical ideal of monumentality, which reached a height in early modern Europe. This book is also the first full-length study of architecture in the Antonine Age--when it is generally agreed the Roman Empire was at its height. By exploring the public architecture of Roman Italy and both Western and Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire from the point of view of the benefactors who funded such buildings, the architects who designed them, and the public who used and experienced them, Edmund Thomas analyzes the reasons why Roman builders sought to construct monumental buildings and uncovers the close link between architectural monumentality and the identity and ideology of the Roman Empire itself.
Clinical Medicine for the MRCP PACES
Authors: Mehta Gautam , Iqbal Bilal
Published: November 2020

Volume 1 of a two volume MRCP text, this book includes cases which mimic the style and approach of the MRCP PACES exam. Clinical Medicine for MRCP PACES will equip the candidate attempting the MRCP examination with the skills and knowledge necessary for success, and will also provide an overview of evidence-based medicine for competency-based training. Throughout this and Volume 2, the authors explore all aspects of the candidate's performance, from clinical examination, to presentation, communication and medical ethics and up-to-date clinical evidence. Volume 1 includes over 150 cases and covers Stations 1, 3 and 5: Station 1 covers the respiratory and abdominal systems; Station 3 covers the cardiovascular and central nervous systems; Station 5 includes 20 Brief Clinical Consultations and supplementary cases covering ophthalmology, dermatology, endocrine and locomotor presentations. Throughout the book, the cases begin with the case presentation, followed by extensive clinical notes for each case. Each case also includes questions commonly asked by the examiners with suggested evidence-based answers and relevant bibliography. Station 5 Brief Clinical Consultations include a standardized approach to preparation and provide a concise summary of the focused history, examination, diagnosis and guidance on how to feedback to both the patient and the examiner. Visit our website for details of our range of titles for MRCP and more in the Oxford Specialty Training series at www.oup.com/uk/medicine/ost http://www.oup.com/uk/medicine/ost Advance praise for Clinical Medicine for MRCP PACES: "The authors have produced two volumes packed with the information needed to pass PACES and to practise high quality medicine. While written specifically for those aspiring to be physicians these volumes deserve to be widely read by all with an interest in clinical medicine. Candidates in particular and patients have good reason to welcome these volumes." Sir Graeme Catto
Crystal Structure Analysis
Authors: Glusker Jenny Pickworth , Trueblood Kenneth N.
Published: November 2020

This book aims to explain how and why the detailed three-dimensional architecture of molecules can be determined by an analysis of the diffraction patterns obtained when X rays or neutrons are scattered by the atoms in single crystals. Part 1 deals with the nature of the crystalline state, diffraction generally, and diffraction by crystals in particular, and, briefly, the experimental procedures that are used. Part II examines the problem of converting the experimentally obtained data into a model of the atomic arrangement that scattered these beams. Part III is concerned with the techniques for refining the approximate structure to the degree warranted by the experimental data. It also describes the many types of information that can be learned by modern crystal structure analysis. There is a glossary of terms used and several appendixes to which most of the mathematical details have been relegated.
Effects of Ocean Acidification on Pelagic Organisms and Ecosystems
Authors: Riebesell Ulf , Tortell Philippe D.
Published: November 2020

Over the past decade there has been rapidly growing interest in the potential effects of ocean acidification and perturbations of the carbonate system on marine organisms. While early studies focused on a handful of phytoplankton and calcifying invertebrates, an increasing number of investigators have begun to examine the sensitivity to ocean acidification of various planktonic and benthic organisms across the marine food web. Several excellent review articles have recently summarized the rapidly expanding literature on this topic (Fabry et al. 2008; Doney et al. 2009 ; Joint et al. 2011). The focus of this chapter is on the potential ecosystem-level effects of ocean acidification. Starting with a brief review of the basic physical, chemical, and biological processes which structure pelagic marine ecosystems, the chapter explores how organismal responses to perturbations of the carbonate system could scale up in both time and space to affect ecosystem functions and biogeochemical processes. As with many chapters in this volume, and indeed much of the ocean acidification literature at present, our review raises more questions than it answers. It is hoped that these questions will prove useful for articulating and addressing key areas of future research. Complexity in marine pelagic food webs results from the interactions of multiple trophic levels across a range of temporal and spatial scales. The traditional view of marine food webs (Steele 1974) involved a relatively short trophic system in which large phytoplankton (e.g. net plankton such as diatoms) were grazed by a variety of mesozooplankton (e.g. copepods), which were in turn consumed by second-level predators, including many economically important fish and invertebrate species. This ‘classic’ marine food web is typical of high-productivity regions such as coastal upwelling regimes (Lassiter et al. 2006). A characteristic feature of these systems is a strong decoupling between primary production and grazing, which results from the different metabolic rates of consumers and producers and, in many cases, ontogenetic and seasonal delays in the emergence of feeding predators. The uncoupling between phytoplankton and their consumers leads to significant export of organic material out of the euphotic zone, the so-called biological carbon pump (discussed further below).
Oxford Assess and Progress: Emergency Medicine
Authors: Gupta Pawan
Published: November 2020

Oxford Assess and Progress is a new and unique revision resource for medical students. Written and edited by clinicians and educational experts the series provides an array of popular assessment questions and extra features, including bonus online questions, to be truly fit for purpose and assessment success! Medical students will benefit from a comprehensive selection of Single Best Answer Questions and Extended Matching Questions designed to test understanding and application of core medical topics. Key professional themes such as decision making, communication and ethics are also teased out to ensure complete revision coverage. Editorials in each chapter unlock difficult subjects. Ideal companions to the best-selling Oxford Handbooks these excellent self-assessment guides can also be used entirely independently. Oxford Assess and Progress: Emergency Medicine doesn't simply reveal the correct or wrong answer. Readers are directed to further revision material via detailed feedback on why the correct answer is best, and references to the Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine and resources such as journal articles. Each question is rated out of four possible levels of difficulty, from medical student to junior doctor. Carefully complied and reviewed to ensure quality, students can rely on the Oxford Assess and Progress series to prepare for their exams.
A history of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynaecology
Authors: Campbell Stuart
Published: November 2020

It is often difficult to know when most developments in medicine actually begin. They tend to evolve and many people will claim the credit of being the first to make the breakthrough. with ultrasound in obstetrics and gynaecology there is no such doubt for it had a very definite beginning with the 1958 classic Lancet paper by Ian Donald, John McVicar, and Tom Brown ‘The investigation of abdominal masses by pulsed ultrasound’. Actually this is an unfortunate title because it does not identify what was truly unique about the paper which is that it was entirely devoted to ultrasound studies in clinical obstetrics and gynaecology and contained the first ultrasound images of the fetus and also gynaecological masses. The other unique feature was that these were the first images taken with a compound contact scanner which was the first practical scanning machine. It would be short-sighted to write about the development of medical ultrasound without mentioning some of the great scientists of the 19th and 20th centuries whose conceptual advances paved the way for the modern ultrasound machine. Thomas Young in 1801 described ‘phase shifting’ in relation to light waves but this concept is used in ultrasound phased array systems to control interference patterns and is used in the production of three-dimensional (3-D) images. Christian Doppler in 1842 described what we now call the ‘Doppler effect’ in relation to the motion of stars but this principle is now used as the basis for blood flow studies in pelvic vessels and the fetus. Pierre Curie in 1880 described the piezo electric effect whereby mechanical distortion of ceramic crystals would produce an electric charge; the reverse of this effect is used in all transducers to generate ultrasonic waves. Paul Langevin in 1915 built the first hydrophone which used ultrasonic waves to locate the position and distance of submarines and is the principle behind the measurement of the fetus and abdominal masses by ultrasound. The development of Radar by watson-watt and his team using electromagnetic waves in 1943 was later adapted for ultrasound to produce two-dimensional (2-D) images.
The Idea of Order
Authors: Bradley Richard
Published: November 2020

Richard Bradley investigates the idea of circular buildings - whether houses or public architecture - which, though unfamiliar in the modern West, were a feature of many parts of prehistoric Europe. Why did so many people build circular monuments? Why did they choose to live in circular houses, when other communities rejected them? Why was it that those who preferred to inhabit a world of rectangular dwellings often buried their dead in round mounds and worshipped their gods in circular temples? Why did people who lived in roundhouses decorate their pottery and metalwork with rectilinear motifs, and why was it that the inhabitants of longhouses placed so much emphasis on curvilinear designs? Although their distinctive character has engaged the interest of alternative archaeologists, the significance of circular structures has rarely been discussed in a rigorous manner. The Idea of Order uses archaeological evidence, combined with insights from anthropology, to investigate the creation, use, and ultimate demise of circular architecture in prehistoric Europe. Concerned mainly with the prehistoric period from the origins of farming to the early first millennium AD, but extending to the medieval period, the volume considers the role of circular features from Turkey to the Iberian Peninsula and from Sardinia through Central Europe to Sweden. It places emphasis on the Western Mediterranean and the Atlantic coastline, where circular dwellings were particularly important, and discusses the significance of prehistoric enclosures, fortifications, and burial mounds in regions where longhouse structures were dominant.
Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Chan W , White Peter
Published: November 2020

In the years since the publication of Atherton and Sheppard's volume, the technique of Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis has matured considerably and is now the standard approach for the routine production of peptides. The basic problems outstanding at the time of publication of this earlier work have now been, for the most part, solved. As a result, innovators in the field have focussed their efforts to develop methodologies and chemistry for the synthesis of more complex structures. The focus of this new volume is much broader, and covers not only the essential procedures for the production of linear peptides but also more advanced techniques for preparing cyclic, side-chain modified, phospho- and glycopeptides. Many other methods also deserving attention have been included: convergent peptide synthesis; peptide-protein conjugation; chemoselective ligation; and chemoselective purification. The difficult preparation of cysteine and methionine-containing peptides is also covered, as well as methods for overcoming aggregation during peptide chain assembly and a survey of available automated instrumentation.
Basic principles
Authors: White Peter D , Chan Weng C
Published: November 2020

Construction of a peptide chain on an insoluble solid support has obvious benefits: separation of the intermediate peptides from soluble reagents and solvents can be effected simply by filtration and washing with consequent savings in time and labour over the corresponding operations in solution synthesis; many of the operations are amenable to automation; excess reagents can be employed to help to drive reactions to completion; and physical losses can be minimized as the peptide remains attached to the support throughout the synthesis. This approach does, however, have its attendant limitations. By-products arising from either incomplete reactions, side reactions, or impure reagents will accumulate on the resin during chain assembly and contaminate the final product. The effects on product purity of achieving less than 100% chemical efficiency in every step are illustrated dramatically in Table 1. This has serious implications with regard to product purification as the impurities generated will, by their nature, be very similar to the desired peptide and therefore extremely difficult to remove. Furthermore, the analytical techniques employed for following the progress of reactions in solution are generally not applicable, and recourse must generally be made to simple qualitative colour tests to detect the presence of residual amines on the solid phase. The principles of solid phase synthesis are illustrated in Figure 1. The C-terminal amino acid residue of the target peptide is attached to an insoluble support via its carboxyl group. Any functional groups in amino acid side chains must be masked with permanent protecting groups that are not affected by the reactions conditions employed during peptide chain assembly. The temporary protecting group masking the α-amino group during the initial resin loading is removed. An excess of the second amino acid is introduced, with the carboxy group of this amino acid being activated for amide bond formation through generation of an activated ester or by reaction with a coupling reagent. After coupling, excess reagents are removed by washing and the protecting group removed from the N-terminus of the dipeptide, prior to addition of the third amino acid residue.
The Last Alchemist in Paris
Authors: Öhrström Lars
Published: November 2020

This is a book about discovery and disaster, exploitation and invention, warfare and science - and the relationship between human beings and the chemical elements that make up our planet. Lars Ohrstrom introduces us to a variety of elements from S to Pb through tales of ordinary and extraordinary people from around the globe. We meet African dictators controlling vital supplies of uranium; eighteenth-century explorers searching out sources of precious metals; industrial spies stealing the secrets of steel-making. We find out why the Hindenburg airship was tragically filled with hydrogen, not helium; why nail-varnish remover played a key part in World War I; and the real story behind the legend of tin buttons and the downfall of Napoleon. In each chapter, we find out about the distinctive properties of each element and the concepts and principles that have enabled scientists to put it to practical use. These are the fascinating (and sometimes terrifying) stories of chemistry in action.