bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A practical theological approach to the challenge of poverty in post-1994 South Africa: Apostolic Faith Mission as a case study
Authors: Kgatle Mookgo S.
Published: November 2017

This article demonstrates a practical theological approach to the challenge of poverty in post-1994 South Africa by using Apostolic Faith Mission (AFM) as a case study. It argues that while the Reconstruction Development Plan, the Growth Employment and Reconstruction strategy, Accelerated Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa, New Growth Path and the National Development Plan have achieved some level of economic growth, the majority of people in South Africa still live in poverty. To establish this argument, the article starts first by describing the challenge of poverty in post-1994 South Africa. The different economic approaches to the challenge of poverty in post-1994 South Africa are also explained in detail. Lastly, the article elaborates on the ways in which the AFM through its local assemblies can alleviate poverty. The article concludes that the AFM is a collaborator to the post-1994 South African government.
Precarious housing in the Salvokop neighbourhood: A challenge to churches in the inner City of Tshwane
Authors: Ntakirutimana Ezekiel
Published: November 2017

This article describes the daunting challenge of precarious housing in Salvokop located in the southern part of inner City of Tshwane, Gauteng Province. Insecure tenure, unmaintained dwellings, overcrowding, mushrooming of backyard shacks and the rise of the informal settlement, all that led to deep levels of vulnerability and neighbourhood deterioration. Current conditions show that life in that neighbourhood is fraught as substandard housing degenerated into slum and squalor. This concern emerged among other salient pressing issues of poverty and vulnerability from the World Café and Focus Groups with the inner city churches including those from Salvokop. The article set out to describe precarious housing, unpleasant living conditions owing to the fact that human beings stay in unsuitable dwellings while the environment deteriorates. Taking into account their circumstances, the article’s aim was to recapture the extent to which the residents suffer as a result of living in dwellings unfit for human habitation, rethinking an alternative model to respond. A theological agenda for future ecclesiological engagement was discerned forthwith recommendations. The article makes a contribution towards the theology of the city in that it stimulates church practices and housing of poor people in Tshwane. It does so by engaging in a unique way grassroots knowledge from the different inner city congregations. This process used the platform of surveys, World Café style gatherings and Focus Groups. In conversation with the primary source, this article also contributed with original data generated with the Salvokop residents whose stories helped to expend on horizons of housing, which is acknowledged. All the inner city church contributors of the realisation of the study objectives are also recognised.
A comparison of mycotoxin contamination of premium and grocery brands of pelleted cat food in South Africa
Authors: Singh Sanil D. , Baijnath Sooraj , Chuturgoon Anil A.
Published: November 2017

Contamination with mycotoxins is of concern to pet owners and veterinary practitioners owing to their ability to cause disease and exacerbate the pathological changes associated with other diseases. Currently, there is a lack of information regarding the mycotoxin content of common premium brand (PB) and grocery brand (GB) cat feeds. Therefore, we undertook to determine the mycobiota content of feed samples, from both categories (n = 6 each), and measured the levels of aflatoxin (AF), fumonisin (FB), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA) by high performance liquid chromatographic analysis. There were high concentrations of mycotoxins in both categories of feed, regardless of the notion that PBs are of a higher quality. The concentration of these toxins may contribute to the development of related pathologies in felines.
Phenotypic hip and elbow dysplasia trends in Rottweilers and Labrador retrievers in South Africa (2007–2015): Are we making progress?
Authors: Kirberger Robert M.
Published: November 2017

Canine hip and elbow dysplasia are major orthopaedic problems prevalent the world over, and South Africa is no exception. Hip and elbow dysplasia phenotypic status is certified by a number of different radiographic schemes in the world. South Africa uses the Fédération Cynologique Internationale system to certify hips, and the International Elbow Working Group scheme to certify elbows. One way of reducing these often crippling conditions is by selective breeding using only dogs with no or marginal dysplastic joints. In South Africa, only seven breeds, including the Rottweiler, have breeding restrictions for hip dysplasia. There are no such restrictions for elbow dysplasia. This study assessed the prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia over a 9-year-period in the Rottweiler and the Labrador retriever in South Africa as evaluated by official national scrutineers. Records from 1148 Rottweilers and 909 Labrador retrievers were obtained and were graded as normal or dysplastic, and numerical values were also evaluated. Data were compared between the two breeds, males and females as well as over time and were compared with similar data of the Orthopaedic Foundation for Animals in the United States. The prevalence values for hip dysplasia in Rottweilers and Labrador retrievers were 22% and 31%, respectively, whereas for elbow dysplasia the values were 39% and 19%, respectively. In Labrador retrievers, this incidence was much higher than in the American population. Rottweiler hip and elbow dysplasia numerical scores significantly improved over time, whereas in Labrador retrievers, only hip dysplasia showed a minor but significant improvement. This study proved that prescribing minimum breeding requirements, as in the Rottweiler in this study, significantly improved the breeding stock, suggesting that minimum hip and elbow breeding requirements should be initiated for all breeds at risk of these often crippling conditions.
Case Report: Myiasis due to Cochliomyia hominivorax and Dermatobia hominis: Clinical and Pathological Differences between Two Species in Northern Peru
Authors: Failoc-Rojas Virgilio E. , Molina-Ayasta Carolina , Salazar-Zuloeta Jaime , Samamé Abel , Silva-Díaz Heber
Published: November 2017

Infestations caused by fly larvae (Myiasis) have been observed in patients with risk factors and in tropical zones. The aim of our study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects and the risk factors associated with the occurrence of obligatory myiasis, as well as the therapeutic approach to patients. We identified the cases of myiasis diagnosed in two referral hospitals in northern Peru from January 2012 to December 2015 and included patients in whom larval development and a compatible clinical profile were observed. Epidemiological, clinical, analytical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and follow-up data were collected from clinical files. Nine clinical cases were compatible with a diagnosis of myiasis; of these, two were pediatric patients, one was a middle-aged adult, and six were elderly patients. Four of the nine patients were male. The identified species were Dermatobia hominis and Cochliomyia hominivorax. The therapeutic approach included antiparasitic therapy with ivermectin, antibacterial, and in some cases, anti-inflammatory drugs. Dermatobia hominis and C. hominivorax are the predominant species causing myiasis in northern Peru.
Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence for Sex-Dependent Differences in the Outcome of Leishmania infantum Infection
Authors: Rodríguez Nilda E. , Lima Iraci D. , Gaur Dixit Upasna , Turcotte Elizabeth A. , Lockard Ryan D. , Batra-Sharma Hemali , Nascimento Eliana L. , Jeronimo Selma M. B. , Wilson Mary E.
Published: November 2017

Leishmania infantum causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil. We previously observed that VL is more common in males than females living in endemic neighborhoods, despite similar exposure. Using a larger sample, we document that VL is more common in males than females, but only after puberty. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mouse models confirmed that there is a biological basis for male susceptibility to symptomatic VL, showing higher parasite burdens in males than females. Female C57BL/6 mice generated more antigen-induced cytokines associated with curative responses (interferon-γ, interleukin [IL]-1β). Males expressed higher levels of IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor, which are linked to exacerbated disease. Different parasite lines entered or survived at a higher rate in macrophages of male- than female-origin. These results suggest that males are inherently more susceptible to L. infantum than females and that mice are a valid model to study this sex-dependent difference.
Conversando con...Momoyo Kaijima
Authors: Gómez Alonso Carlos , Álvarez Isidro Eva , Torres Barchino Ana
Published: November 2017

Momoyo Kaijima es profesora en la Facultad de Arte y Diseño de la Universidad de Tsukuba en la Prefectura de Ibaraki y profesora visitante en la ETH de Zürich, en Royal Academy of Fine Arts, en Rice School of Architecture y en Harvard GSD. A lo largo de los años, Atelier Bow Wow ha colaborado con Krešimir Rogina, arquitecto de Zagreb y socio de la firma internacional Penezic&Rogina, en la realización del Grožnjan International Summer School of Architecture, siendo Rogina el nexo indispensable para propiciar la visita de Kaijima a Valencia.
El dibujo de arquitectura como instrumento de crítica. Un recurso posmoderno
Authors: Salgado de la Rosa María Asunción , Raposo Grau Javier Fco. , Butragueño Díaz-Guerra Belén
Published: November 2017

De la mano de los cambios acontecidos a lo largo de las décadas comprendidas entre los años sesenta y ochenta del siglo xx, las propuestas gráficas de los arquitectos experimentaron un periodo de explosión creativa sin precedentes.

Durante ese periodo, el dibujo de la arquitectura con toda su carga expresiva, fue puesto al servicio no solo de la representación sino también de la crítica. La expresividad y calidad de dichas producciones contrastaban a menudo con la uniformidad de muchas de las construcciones herederas del estilo Internacional.

Con la perspectiva del tiempo, el análisis y la revisión de alguna de estas propuestas, sirve para construir un mapa crítico de este periodo.
Grafiar procesos arquitectónicos. Conclusiones de una experiencia académica
Authors: Lizancos Mora Plácido
Published: November 2017

El siglo xxi anuncia la superación de la arquitectura moderna por la llamada arquitectura avanzada. La reconfiguración ha sido también gráfica pues la nueva disciplina renueva los medios de producción y comunicación.

Al hilo de esto en la Escola de Arquitectura de A Coruña, una materia gráfica –el Análisis Arquitectónico– siente la necesidad de modificar su metodología y experimentar un nuevo utillaje gráfico.

La experiencia ha resultado positiva. Se ha encontrado un medio gráfico apropiado que ha facilitado la integración del estudiantado en el discurso contemporáneo. Queremos ver en este ensayo una experiencia replicable a toda el área EGA.
Las tres emes de la arquitectura doméstica
Authors: Arnau Amo Joaquín
Published: November 2017

En la habitación humana se dan cita el presente (la casa), el pasado (el museo) y el futuro (el mausoleo). La Historia de la Arquitectura recorre esa ruta en sentido inverso. Y la Modernidad, con la ayuda del Dibujo, hace lo propio, a partir de la Ilustración: imagina primero el “cenotafio” (Boullée), habilita luego el “museo” (Soane), sea público o privado, y finalmente reivindica el ámbito “doméstico” (Mies), que el Movimiento Moderno convierte en paradigma de Arquitectura. En la casa concurren la memoria, tan selectiva como inevitable, y la utopía, tan seductora como incierta. Pero el reto concierne al “momento actual”, tan efímero como indispensable. Ése es el “punto” al que alude el poeta y tiene en vilo al arquitecto: que sea, aquí y ahora, lo que “aún no” es y “ya” ha sido. Ni mausoleo, ni museo. Y sin embargo, a la vez, lo uno y lo otro.
Tradução e adaptação transcultural do Hospitalized Elderly Needs Awareness Scale (Henas) para a língua portu- guesa (Brasil e Portugal)
Authors: Cruz Arménio , Tosoli Gomes António Marcos , Parreira Pedro Miguel , Oliveira Denize Cristina de
Published: November 2017

Objetivos: traducir y adaptar el Hospitalized Elderly Needs Awareness Scale (Henas) para el portugués de Brasil y de Portugal. Metodología: se siguieron los procedimientos metodológicos de adaptación cultural y lingüística: traducción inicial, síntesis de las traducciones, retroversión, evaluación por comité de expertos de la equivalencia semántica, idiomática, cultural y conceptual. La versión adaptada fue probada (pre-test) con aplicación de la escala a 249 enfermeros brasileños y portugueses en el 2014. Resultados: no se encontraron palabras o expresiones consideradas divergentes, a excepción de la palabra awareness en el título del instrumento y de la expresión medical acuity del ítem K. De acuerdo con la fase IV del proceso de traducción y adaptación cultural, el comité de expertos planteó alterar la expresión 75 años o más por 65 años o más en la introducción del instrumento. En la versión portuguesa de Brasil, solo se reemplazó la palabra sanita por vaso sanitário. En cuanto la versión adaptada, los participantes no presentaron dudas ni refirieron dificultades en completar el instrumento. Conclusiones: el proceso de traducción y adaptación cultural del Henas para la lengua portuguesa siguió las etapas recomendadas internacionalmente y del cual se obtuvo equivalencia semántica, idiomática, cultural y conceptual. Son necesarias nuevas investigaciones para evaluar otras propiedades del instrumento y su comportamiento en muestras distintas
Human rights education for nurses: An example from Finland
Authors: Hopia Hanna , Lottes Ilsa
Published: November 2017

Background and objective: Nurses deal with complex human rights issues arising from difficult situations and ethical dilemmas involving patients, relatives, and health care professionals. Human rights education can enable nurses to understand principles of human rights and apply them at work in their efforts to provide high quality care. The objective for this study was to describe how human rights material was integrated into a professional ethics course for master degree nursing students and to facilitate nurse educators’ efforts to include such material in their courses.Methods: In this qualitative study, data consisted of responses to a human rights assignment by 23 nursing students at a university of applied sciences in Finland. Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns and themes from the assignment.Results: Participants’ consensus was that human rights education should be part of nursing curricula. Students described what they learned, identified similarities and differences between human rights principles and ethical codes, gave examples applying human rights principles to their work, and stated how they could better protect human rights of nurses and their patients.Conclusions: Learning about human rights reinforces nurses’ knowledge and application of ethical codes and increases their awareness of factors necessary for quality care.
Conflict between Groups of Different Religion and Beliefs Posing as Threat to Heterogeneity in Indonesia
Authors: Susanto Eko Harry
Published: November 2017

After the 1998 political reform in Indonesia, conflicts between groups of different religions and beliefs continued to occur, regardless of the fact that attempts to bolster diversity have been carried out legally and formally by the government and the political elites. In view of such condition, this research attempts to disclose conflicts which increasingly pose dangers on national heterogeneity, various factors which create religious-based conflicts, the roles of government and political elites in handling such conflicts and the communication strategy adopted to establish a civilized heterogenous society. The research methodology is qualitative with its main focus on online data related with conflicts in Indonesia. Online data processing was performed to support the description of conflicts based on religions and beliefs in all its forms which potentially threat national unity in Indonesia. The findings of this research are as follows: Increasing frequency of conflicts, powerplay politics as fuel for conflicts, unoptimized roles of the government and political elites and lack of communication strategy substance between groups by those responsible for public security and welfare.
Use of Kinesiology Taping in Rehabilitation after Knee Arthroplasty: a Randomised Clinical Study
Authors: Woźniak-Czekierda Weronika , Woźniak Kamil , Hadamus Anna , Białoszewski Dariusz
Published: November 2017

Summary
Background. Proprioception and body balance after knee arthroplasty have a considerable impact on restoration of joint function and a normal gait pattern. Kinesiology Taping (KT) is a method that may be able to influence these factors. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of KT application on sensorimotor efficiency, balance and gait in patients undergoing rehabili­ta­­tion after knee replacement surgery.
Material and methods. The study involved 120 male and female patients (mean age was 69 years) after total knee repla­cement. The patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Experimental Group (n=51) and Control Group (n=60). Both groups underwent standard rehabilitation lasting 20 days. In addition, the Experimental Group received KT applications. Treat­ment outcomes were assessed based on tests evaluating balance, joint position sense and functional gait performance, conducted both before and after the therapy.
Results. Statistically significant improvements were noted across all the parameters assessed in the Experimental Group (p<0.005). Significant improvements were also seen in the Control Group (p<0.005), but, in percentage terms, the improvement was higher in the Experimental Group. The only exception was the right/left foot load distribution, whose symmetry improved proportionally in both groups.
Conclusions. 1. Patients after knee replacement surgery have considerable proprioception deficits, impaired body balance and reduced functional performance, which may increase the risk of falls in this group of patients. 2. Both standard physiotherapy and combination therapy with Kinesiology Taping (modified by the present authors) used in patients after knee arthroplasty may considerably improve the level of proprioception, body balance and overall functional performance. 3. The technique of dynamic taping proposed in this paper may optimise standard physiotherapy used in patients after knee arthroplasty and increase its clinical efficacy. Further studies are required.
Wpływ wysokiego ciśnienia parcjalnego
na nawrotową trigeminalgię po
radioterapii stereotaktycznej
Authors: Krzysztofiak Tomasz , Majewski Wojciech
Published: November 2017

Trigeminalgia jest ciężkim, przewlekłym zespołem bólowym, którego leczenie stanowi
wyzwanie, ze względu na jego nawracający i uporczywy przebieg. W tym opisie przypadku przedstawiono
pacjenta cierpiącego na nawrotową trigeminalgię, po leczeniu za pomocą radioterapii stereotaktycznej, którego
hobby – nurkowanie, wydaje się mieć łagodzący wpływ na dolegliwości bólowe. Skonfrontowaliśmy także nasze
obserwacje z bieżącymi badaniami zgłębiającymi temat wpływu zwiększonego ciśnienia parcjalnego na ludzkie
odczuwanie bólu.
Proposition d’un modèle de projection des scénarios économiques pour le développement de la zone CIPRES — Version 2.24
Authors: Gbongué Florent , Planchet Frédéric , Ahoussi Arthur
Published: November 2017

Un générateur de scénarios économiques (GSE) est un outil qui permet de projeter des facteurs de risque économiques et financiers. Il s’agit d’un élément important dans le pilotage technique de l’activité d’assurance, notamment dans l’évaluation des provisions économiques, l’allocation stratégique des actifs et la gestion des risques financiers. Dans la littérature, les modèles du GSE que nous rencontrons, sont applicables difficilement en Afrique subsaharienne francophone, principalement à cause de l’insuffisance ou l’inexistence des données. Pour pallier à ce problème, nous proposons, dans cet article, une démarche de conception d’un générateur de scénarios économique pertinent, adapté au contexte de la zone CIPRES.
Transcriptome sequencing reveals high isoform diversity in the ant Formica exsecta
Authors: Dhaygude Kishor , Trontti Kalevi , Paviala Jenni , Morandin Claire , Wheat Christopher , Sundström Liselotte , Helanterä Heikki
Published: November 2017

Transcriptome resources for social insects have the potential to provide new insight into polyphenism, i.e., how divergent phenotypes arise from the same genome. Here we present a transcriptome based on paired-end RNA sequencing data for the ant Formica exsecta (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). The RNA sequencing libraries were constructed from samples of several life stages of both sexes and female castes of queens and workers, in order to maximize representation of expressed genes. We first compare the performance of common assembly and scaffolding software (Trinity, Velvet-Oases, and SOAPdenovo-trans), in producing de novo assemblies. Second, we annotate the resulting expressed contigs to the currently published genomes of ants, and other insects, including the honeybee, to filter genes that have annotation evidence of being true genes. Our pipeline resulted in a final assembly of altogether 39,262 mRNA transcripts, with an average coverage of >300X, belonging to 17,496 unique genes with annotation in the related ant species. From these genes, 536 genes were unique to one caste or sex only, highlighting the importance of comprehensive sampling. Our final assembly also showed expression of several splice variants in 6,975 genes, and we show that accounting for splice variants affects the outcome of downstream analyses such as gene ontologies. Our transcriptome provides an outstanding resource for future genetic studies on F. exsecta and other ant species, and the presented transcriptome assembly can be adapted to any non-model species that has genomic resources available from a related taxon.
La mujer en la televisión: el caso chileno
Authors:   Universidad de Chile, ANTEZANA BARRIOS LORENA
Published: November 2017

La televisión chilena en la actualidad pone a circular relatos que organizan la vida cotidiana y la normalizan al operar como mecanismos de control social. De esta manera, las imágenes presentadas proponen modelos de comportamiento social coherentes con la visión hegemónica que impera en el país. Nos preguntamos entonces: ¿Cuáles son los modelos sociales de “ser mujer” que circulan en los relatos mediáticos televisivos? Tras el análisis cualitativo de la programación televisiva de ficción y de realidad propuesta por los cuatro canales de cobertura nacional y con mayor rating de audiencia, podemos afirmar que los roles de género que se presentan en la televisión, a pesar de algunos matices, son marcadamente tradicionales y posicionan a la mujer en un lugar de subordinación frente al hombre.
Las representaciones de lo masculino en dos revistas femeninas argentinas
Authors:   Universidad Católica de Cuyo (Argentina), DILLON ALFREDO
Published: November 2017

Este trabajo analiza las representaciones de los varones en dos revistas femeninas argentinas de la década de 1990: Para Ti y Mujeres & Compañía. El propósito es rastrear qué tipo de identidades masculinas se construyen en sus páginas. Por medio del análisis del discurso, se reconocieron cuatro tipos de representaciones dominantes: el varón como pareja, el varón como identidad en cambio, el varón como objeto de risa y como objeto de deseo. Además, se prestó especial atención al modo en que las revistas argentinas dan cuenta de las transformaciones en el terreno de la sexualidad a partir de los avances de las mujeres en la esfera pública.
Introducción. Interculturalidad: el gran desafío de los medios
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, DE FONTCUBERTA MAR
Published: November 2017

La interculturalidad es un concepto clave en el marco de una sociedad global y compleja. Cuando hablamos de lo global hay dos aspectos asociados: el primero remite a Zigumn Bauman cuando considera que el concepto globalización significa que todos, en una dimensión planetaria, dependemos ya unos de otros. El segundo, derivado del anterior, es el que esa red mundial de interdependencias implica, también, múltiples interacciones
Tratamiento informativo de la mujer inmigrante en la prensa española
Authors:   Universidad de Vigo (España), ROMÁN MERCEDES , GARCÍA AURORA ,   Universidad de Vigo (España), Álvarez Sheila ,   Universidad de Vigo, Pontevedra (España)
Published: November 2017

El artículo aborda, desde una perspectiva mediática, la imagen de las mujeres inmigrantes que integra nuestro imaginario colectivo, y constata la importancia que en este momento histórico continúa teniendo la prensa para una adecuada y eficaz transmisión de la cultura que no lesione los intereses ni los logros de tantos esfuerzos pasados. La metodología se centra en un análisis de contenido realizado sobre dos periódicos españoles de gran tirada, ABC y La Vanguardia.
TANTAMOUNT TO GOOD SENSE
Authors: Tee Louise
Published: July 2002

A LANDLORD'S service of a notice to quit by prior arrangement with the tenant is no longer tantamount to a surrender, according to the House of Lords in Barrett v. Morgan [2000] 2 W.L.R. 284. Lord Millett's sensible judgment draws a clear distinction between the termination of a periodic tenancy by a notice to quit and the termination of a tenancy by surrender. It emphasises that the two processes are quite different, in origin and effect. The innocent reader may wonder why the House of Lords was called upon to affirm such an apparently unexceptional principle, but in the curious looking-glass world of leases, nothing can be taken for granted.
Procedural anomalies
Authors: Spencer J.R.
Published: July 2002

FOR centuries, English criminal procedure regarded the “surprise witness” as a legitimate weapon, for the prosecution as well as the defence. In a case in 1823 Park J. complained that the defendant had seen the depositions in advance of trial. “The prosecutor or his solicitor might have access to them, but not the party accused. For what would be the consequence if the latter had access to them? Why, that he would know everything which was to be produced in evidence against him—an advantage which it was never intended should be extended towards him …” (J.F. Stephen, History of the Criminal Law of England (1883), vol. I, p. 228).
GLOBALS OF PSEUDOVARIETIES OF COMMUTATIVE SEMIGROUPS: THE FINITE BASIS PROBLEM, DECIDABILITY AND GAPS
Authors: Almeida Jorge , Azevedo Assis
Published: July 2002

Whereas pseudovarieties of commutative semigroups are known to be finitely based, the globals of monoidal pseudovarieties of commutative semigroups are shown to be finitely based (or of finite vertex rank) if and only if the index is 0, 1 or $\omega$. Nevertheless, on these pseudovarieties, the operation of taking the global preserves decidability. Furthermore, the gaps between many of these globals are shown to be big in the sense that they contain chains which are order isomorphic to the reals.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20M07; 20M05
A PROJECTIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE SPACE OF HOLOMORPHIC GERMS
Authors: Laubin P.
Published: July 2002

A natural topology on the set of germs of holomorphic functions on a compact subset $K$ of a Fréchet space is the locally convex inductive limit topology of the spaces $\mathcal{O}(\sOm)$ endowed with the compact open topology; here $\sOm$ is any open subset containing $K$. Mujica gave a description of this space as the inductive limit of a suitable sequence of compact subsets. He used a set of intricate semi-norms for this. We give a projective characterization of this space, using simpler semi-norms, whose form is similar to the one used in the Whitney Extension Theorem for $C_\infty$ functions. They are quite natural in a framework where extensions are involved. We also give a simple proof that this topology is strictly stronger than the topology of the projective limit of the non-quasi-analytic spaces.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 46A13; 46F15
A NEW RESEARCH PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABILITY RESEARCH IN EGYPT
Authors: ABOUL ENIEN R. , ABDEL SHAFI A. , ABDEL MONEM M. , KAMEL A. , SOLH M. B. , BEDIER M. , KHALIFA H.
Published: July 2002

Sustainability of intensive irrigated agriculture in Egypt has become a critical issue, as land and water resources are limited on the one hand and population is increasing rapidly on the other. Salinization, heavy input use, nutrient export and pollution all threaten the health of soils that have been feeding Egypt for centuries. At the same time, the build-up of newly reclaimed desert soils to economically sustainable productive capacity is a major challenge. In a collaborative effort between the Agricultural Research Center (ARC) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation in Egypt and the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), a long-term resource management programme, funded by the European Union, has been developed to address the issue of resource management in a multidisciplinary way. Long-term agronomic trials (with such variables as water quantity, water quality, nutrient inputs and crop rotations) have been set up at sites representing the old lands, the newly reclaimed areas and the rainfed areas. These trials are complemented by extensive long-term monitoring in villages close to the experimental sites. This covers farmers' perspectives, farming practices and the condition of farmers' soils and crops and is aimed at identifying over time the sustainable and non-sustainable production practices and the social and economic factors that underline them. The project activities began with a Preparatory Phase which comprised inventory studies, rapid rural appraisal and multi-disciplinary surveys. This knowledge was used in the planning of the two closely related activities of long-term trials (LTT) and long-term monitoring (LTM). As the programme was implemented, the complementarity of the LTT and LTM approaches became the most important feature of this programme.
TOLERANCE LEVEL OF ALTERNARIA SESAMI AND THE EFFECT OF SEED INFECTION ON YIELD OF SESAME IN KENYA
Authors: OJIAMBO P. S. , AYIECHO P. O. , NARLA R. D. , MIBEY R. K.
Published: July 2002

Field plots of sesame (Sesamum indicum) with six different levels of seed infection with Alternaria sesami were monitored for Alternaria leaf spot severity at Kibwezi, eastern Kenya. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of seed transmission of the pathogen on yield and tolerance level of the fungus in sesame seed. Increase in percentage leaf area diseased and percentage defoliation fitted the Gompertz model more closely than the logistic model. Areas under disease progress curves (AUDPC), infection and defoliation rates varied among the six infection levels. Disease severity increased with increase in seed infection and was least and most severe in plots established with seeds with 0 and 8% infection levels respectively. Yields ranged from 234.9 to 300.1 kg ha−1 compared with 312.5 kg ha−1 for the control, and losses due to seed infection ranged from 4% to 25%. Disease severity was negatively correlated with seed yield, 1000-seed weight and seeds per capsule. Alternaria leaf spot severity had a major effect on the seed weight component of yield. Tolerance level of A. sesami in sesame seed was determined to be less than 2%.
POTENTIAL OF PASTURE LEGUMES IN LOW-EXTERNAL-INPUT AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (LEISA). 1. RESULTS FROM GREEN MANURE RESEARCH IN LUAPULA PROVINCE, ZAMBIA
Authors: Steinmaier N. , Ngoliya A.
Published: July 2002

In view of soil fertility problems and financial constraints identified in small-scale farming, on-station investigations on Low-External-Input and Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA) were started by the Farming Systems Research Team Luapula Province (FSRT-LP) in order to assess the potential of three annual and six perennial pasture legume species for green manuring purposes. Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana cv NIRS Boma) was used as a control. Over two seasons, a pasture legume-maize rotation trial was established. Different mineral fertilizer amounts were applied to the maize. Of all the species and cultivars tested, the perennial glycine (Neonotonia wightii cv Cooper) had the strongest green manure effect when no mineral fertilizer was applied. Of the annual pasture legumes, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea cv. NIRS 3) and velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens cv. NIRS 16) showed the greatest green manure potential at zero mineral fertilizer level. There were strong indications that the carbon:nitrogen ratio influenced the green manure potential of a species more than its ability to produce biomass. The need to assess the economics and sustainability of current mineral fertilizer practices on maize has been identified.
FARMER PARTICIPATION IN COMMON BEAN GENOTYPE EVALUATION: THE CASE OF EASTERN ETHIOPIA
Authors: MEKBIB F.
Published: July 2002

Advanced genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were tested on-station and on-farm to evaluate their performance and acceptability under farmers' circumstances. Farmers were given seed of the genotypes to plant a minimum area of
100 m2 to be grown as a sole crop or intercropped with sorghum according to their preference. Yield, seed colour, taste, maturity time, disease reaction, growth habit and many other bean characteristics were assessed by farmers. The promising
genotypes were higher yielding than the farmers' genotypes in most testing sites. Pairwise ranking of the genotypes showed that in export-oriented western Hararghe, white pea bean (navy bean) type Awash-1 and food bean G-2816 were preferred. In eastern Hararghe GLP ×92 and G-2816 were highly preferred but white pea beans were not preferred. Genotypes in advanced observation nurseries were also evaluated by the farmers and some of the genotypes have been promoted for further testing in yield trials. Selection criteria have been proposed by the farmers in each region. Future breeding and selection of genotypes will incorporate the proposed selection criteria and priorities of the two regions.
THE RAINFED LOWLAND RICE RESEARCH CONSORTIUM: A MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES IN ASIAN RICE-BASED SYSTEMS
Authors: ZEIGLER R. S.
Published: July 2002

Input-responsive, high yielding rice varieties and associated technologies responsible for the doubling of yields on irrigated lands in Asia have not suited the area of more than 40 million hectares of Asian rainfed lowland rice. These environments are home to some of the poorest rural populations in South and Southeast Asia, and the rice crops are subject to drought, prolonged submergence from uncontrolled flooding and nutrient deficiencies. Farmers grow unimproved varieties and these, combined with abiotic stresses and low inputs, result in grain yields often less than 2 t ha−1. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) have recently joined to form the Rainfed Lowland Rice Research Consortium in order to identify, prioritize and execute strategic research that addresses critical yield and productivity constraints. Principal intervention points for achieving sustainable yield increases are in developing drought- and submergence-tolerant germplasm with good yield potential, improved nutrient management under stress conditions, water use-efficient crop establishment practices, and understanding farmers' approaches to risk management. Multidisciplinary teams of IRRI and NARS scientists execute research at sites selected across the region to represent the key sets of constraints.
Effects of Dmo1 on obesity, dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia in the Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty strain
Authors: OKUNO SHIRO , WATANABE TAKESHI K. , ONO TOSHIHIDE , OGA KEIKO , MIZOGUCHI-MIYAKITA AYAKO , YAMASAKI YUKI , GOTO YOSHIHIRO , SHINOMIYA HIROICHI , MOMOTA HIROSHI , MIYAO HIDEO , HAYASHI ISAMU , ASAI TOSHIHIRO , SUZUKI MIKIO , HARADA YOSUKE , HISHIGAKI HARETSUGU , WAKITANI SHIGEYUKI , TAKAGI TOSHIHISA , NAKAMURA YUSUKE , TANIGAMI AKIRA
Published: July 2002

Whole-genome scans have identified Dmo1 as a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for obesity
and dyslipidaemia in the Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat. We have produced
congenic rats for the Dmo1 locus, using marker-assisted speed congenic protocols, enforced by
selective removal of other QTL regions (QTL-marker-assisted counterselection), to efficiently
transfer chromosomal segments from non-diabetic Fischer 344 (F344) rats into the OLETF
background. In the third generation of congenic animals, we observed a substantial therapeutic
effect of the Dmo1 locus on lipid metabolism, obesity control and plasma glucose homeostasis. We
conclude that single-allele correction of an impaired genetic pathway can generate a substantial
therapeutic effect, despite the complex polygenic nature of type II diabetic syndromes.
An introgression approach to mapping differences in mating success and sperm competitive ability in Drosophila simulans and D. sechellia
Authors: CIVETTA ALBERTO , WALDRIP-DAIL HEIDI M. , CLARK ANDREW G.
Published: July 2002

The progeny of Drosophila females doubly-mated to males from the same and a closely related species are mostly sired by conspecific males. We examined the genetic basis for conspecific mating preference and sperm precedence by using 186 Drosophila lines in which random chromosomal fragments of D. sechellia were introgressed into D. simulans. Sperm competition was measured for each of these lines by crossing ebony D. simulans female with ebony D. simulans males followed by wild-type males from the introgressed lines. Variation in sperm competition (proportion of progeny sired by the second male), mating discrimination (proportion of introgressed males that failed to remate), and male fecundity (proportion of progeny sired by introgressed males) were scored. The introgressed lines exhibited highly significant heterogeneity in the three phenotypes scored, motivating an analysis to locate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for the differences. Applying composite interval mapping, we found eight QTLs that explain a significant level of variation among introgressed lines in the phenotypes scored. Cytological position overlapped among some QTLs suggesting possible pleiotropic effects. Analysis of the joint effects of simulans/sechellia genetic composition at different QTLs and markers suggests that complex interactions among alleles are partially responsible for interspecific differences in sexual traits.
Mapping quantitative trait loci for murine growth:
a closer look at genetic architecture
Authors: VAUGHN TY T. , PLETSCHER L. SUSAN , PERIPATO ANDREA , KING-ELLISON KELLY , ADAMS EMILY , ERIKSON CHRISTOPHER , CHEVERUD JAMES M.
Published: July 2002

Over 20 years ago, D. S. Falconer and others launched an important avenue of research into the
quantitative of body size growth in mice. This study continues in that tradition by locating
quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for murine growth, such as age-specific weights and
growth periods, and examining the genetic architecture for body weight. We identified a large
number of potential QTLs in an earlier F2 intercross (Intercross I) of the SM/J and LG/J inbred
mouse strains. Many of these QTLs are replicated in a second F2 intercross (Intercross II) between
the same two strains. These replicated regions provide candidate regions for future fine-mapping
studies. We also examined body size and growth QTLs using the combined data set from these
two intercrosses, resulting in 96 microsatellite markers being scored for 1045 individuals. An
examination of the genetic architecture for age-specific weight and growth periods resulted in
locating 20 separate QTLs, which were mainly additive in nature, although dominance was found
to affect early growth and body size. QTLs affecting early and late growth were generally distinct,
mapping to separate chromosome locations. This QTL pattern indicates largely separate genetic
and physiological systems for early and later murine growth, as Falconer suggested. We also found
sex-specific QTLs for body size with implications for the evolution of sexual dimorphism.
Hotspot volcanism close to a passive continental margin:
the Canary Islands
Authors: CARRACEDO J. C. , DAY S. , GUILLOU H. , RODRÍGUEZ BADIOLA E. , CANAS J. A. , PÉREZ TORRADO F. J.
Published: July 2002

The Canarian Archipelago is a group of volcanic islands on a slow-moving
oceanic plate,
close to a continental margin. The origins of the archipelago are controversial:
a hotspot or mantle
plume, a zone of lithospheric deformation, a region of compressional block-faulting
or a rupture
propagating westwards from the active Atlas Mountains fold belt have been
proposed by different
authors. However, comparison of the Canarian Archipelago with the prototypical
hotspot-related
island group, the Hawaiian Archipelago, reveals that the differences between
the two are not as great
as had previously been supposed on the basis of older data. Quaternary
igneous activity in the
Canaries is concentrated at the western end of the archipelago, close to
the present-day location of the
inferred hotspot. This is the same relationship as seen in the Hawaiian
and Cape Verde islands. The latter
archipelago, associated with a well-defined but slow-moving mantle plume,
shows anomalies in a
plot of island age against distance which are comparable to those seen
in the Canary Islands: these
anomalies cannot therefore be used to argue against a hotspot origin for
the Canaries. Individual
islands in both archipelagoes are characterized by initial rapid growth
(the ‘shield-building’ stages of
activity), followed by a period of quiescence and deep erosion (erosion
gap) which in turn is followed
by a ‘post-erosional’ stage of activity. The absence of post-shield
stage subsidence in the Canaries is in
marked contrast with the major subsidence experienced by the Hawaiian Islands,
but is comparable
with the lack of subsidence evident in other island groups at slow-moving
hotspots, such as the Cape
Verdes. Comparison of the structure and structural evolution of the Canary
Islands with other
oceanic islands such as Hawaii and Réunion reveals many similarities.
These include the development
of triple (‘Mercedes Star’) rift zones and the occurrence of
giant lateral collapses on the flanks of these
rift zones. The apparent absence of these features in the post-erosional
islands may in part be a result
of their greater age and deeper erosion, which has removed much of the
evidence for their early volcanic
architecture. We conclude that the many similarities between the Canary
Islands and island
groups whose hotspot origins are undisputed show that the Canaries have
been produced in the same
way.
Early Silurian sea-level changes
Authors: LOYDELL DAVID K.
Published: July 2002

Global sea-level fluctuated markedly during the early Silurian,

probably as a result of the waxing
and waning of ice-sheets in the South American portion of Gondwana.
The highest sea-levels of the Silurian
are recorded by the Telychian upper crispus–lower griestoniensis

and spiralis–lower lapworthi biozones.
Other highstands occurred in the early Aeronian, during the
convolutus Zone (mid Aeronian), guerichi Zone
and late turriculatus Zone (early Telychian), and early
Sheinwoodian. Low sea-levels characterized much of
the argenteus and sedgwickii zones (Aeronian), the utilis

Subzone (late guerichi–early turriculatus zones,

early Telychian), the late Telychian (commencing in the mid
lapworthi Zone) and, after a period of apparently
only small amplitude sea-level fluctuations in the late
Sheinwoodian and earliest Homerian, the mid–late
Homerian, in particular the early nassa Zone. Facies (and
faunal) changes in the Lower Silurian do not support
the P and S model of Jeppsson and others, but are consistent with
the sea-level changes proposed herein.
Mid Telychian marine red beds appear to have been deposited
during a minor sea-level fall immediately after
a period of very high sea-levels, rather than during a transgressive
episode as previously suggested.
Comparison of the sea-level curve presented herein with those
constructed in the past is hampered by the lack
of precision currently possible in the correlation of early Silurian
deep water (graptolitic) and shallow water
(shelly) sequences. Improving the precision of this correlation
should be a priority for future research.
BLACKSHIRTS, BLUESHIRTS, AND THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR
Authors: NEWSINGER JOHN
Published: July 2002

The object of this review is to examine recent developments in our understanding of Oswald Mosley's Blackshirts, of Eoin O'Duffy's Blueshirts, and of British and Irish participation in the Spanish Civil War. It argues that fascism can be understood as having three possible phases of development and considers British and Irish fascism from that standpoint. Debates about the nature of British fascism are considered, its attitude towards violence, towards anti-Semitism, towards women, and towards the coming of the Second World War. The review considers the reasons for the movement's failure. It goes on to examine the debate as to whether or not there actually was an Irish fascism in the 1930s. Finally, it discusses recent work on British and Irish participation in the International Brigades and on the performance of O'Duffy's volunteers in Spain.
SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP AND APPEASEMENT: LIBERAL POLICY
TOWARDS AMERICA IN THE AGE OF PALMERSTON
Authors: BERNSTEIN GEORGE L.
Published: July 2002

There was constant tension between Britain and the United States
from 1840 to 1865.
The Liberals, who dominated British government during this period, had
no doubt why: American
governments, pandering to the democratic mob, provoked crises with
Britain for domestic electoral
purposes. They did this by encouraging acts of aggression or
provocation by American citizens, and
by threatening and bullying the British government, in order to
get their way on issues of contention.
Furthermore, they succeeded, even though Britain's leaders
usually thought either that right was clearly
on the British side or was sufficiently ambiguous to justify
greater concessions by the Americans than
were finally secured. This policy of appeasing the United States
was forced on Liberal governments
because their middle-class constituency perceived a ‘special
relationship’ between the two countries,
based on blood, religion, liberal traditions, and trade. They
would not contemplate the threat of war
with the United States, and since no important British interest
was involved, the British government
usually gave way. When it did not, as during the Trent affair,

the British interest was to prevent further crises.