bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“A Theatre For The World”: Nationalism And The American Republic
Authors: Wentz Richard E
Published: November 2023

When we read in the present state of the world, the approach of a new historical period, whose character and course are to be determined prevail ingly by the new order of life which reigns in America, we are not so foolish as to conceive of this under the form of a simple triumph of our national spirit, as it now stands, over the political institutions of the old world. . . .The revolutionary spirit of the age [has its significance] in the yet undeveloped life toward which transitionally it points and leads. This lies in the direction which the course of history has already begun to take in America. . . by means of the theatre here opened.
Violence in the Black Imagination
Authors: Takaki Ronald T
Published: November 2023

1992 has been an explosive year for racial relations in the United States—from the reactions to the Rodney King verdict to debate about Malcolm X and the film portrayal of his role in American history. What relations do the recent events in Los Angeles have to the Watts Riots in 1965? Violence in the Black Imagination shows that these recent events force us to understand the history of racism in America and its legacy of antagonism and violence. Ronald T. Takaki presents three short novels of major African-American leaders in the nineteenth century: Frederick Douglass, the leading black abolitionist; Martin Delany, the father of black nationalism; and William Wells Brown, a pioneer of the black novel. The novels are accompanied by substantive essays which provide both biographical information on the author and explore the common theme of their work—the issue of black revolutionary violence in antebellum America. The work includes a new preface which examines the 1992 South Central Los Angeles racial explosion in relationship to Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, and the 1965 Watts Riot.
Introduction
Authors: Takaki Ronald T
Published: November 2023

I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids-:and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me.... That invisibility to which I refer occurs because of a peculiar disposition of the eyes of those with whom I come in contact. A matter of the construction of their inner eyes, those eyes with which they look through their physical eyes upon reality. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man THE invisibility Ralph Ellison so eloquently denounces has tragically influenced the ways many scholars have interpreted the history of antebellum black America. Historians have in many cases been able to see blacks only as they wished to see them-only as servile, lazy, and happy, or only as defiant, discontented, and rebellious. The invisibility may, however, be the result of something more pernicious and less obvious than ideological or racial biases. It may be not merely “a matter of the construction of their inner eyes” but also a matter of methodology.
Not Afraid to Die: Frederick Douglass and Violence
Authors: Takaki Ronald T
Published: November 2023

He murdered Mary Dalton, accidentally, without thinking, without plan, without conscious motive. But, after he murdered, he accepted the crime. And that’s the important thing. It was the first full act of his life; it was the most meaningful, exciting and stirring thing that had ever happened to him. He accepted it because it made him free, gave him the possibility of choice, of action, the opportunity to act and to feel that his actions carried weight. Iain’t trying to forgive nobody, said Bigger Thomas, and Iain’tasking for nobody to forgive me. Iain’t going to cry. They wouldn’t let me live and I killed. Maybe it ain’t fair to kill, and Jreckon I really didn’t want to kill. But when I think of why all the killing was, I begin to feel what I wanted, what I am. ... They would do well to read Fanon; for he shows clearly that this irrepressible violence [of the colonized against the colonizer] is neither sound and fury, nor the resurrection of savage instincts, nor even the effect of resentment: it is man re-creating himself. I think we understood this truth at one time, but we have forgotten it-that no gentleness can efface the marks of violence; only violence itself can destroy them.
War Upon the Whites: Black Rage in the Fiction of Martin Delany
Authors: Takaki Ronald T
Published: November 2023

In one of his insightful comparisons, Frederick Douglass summed up the essential difference between himself and Martin Delany. “I thank God for making me a man simply,” he observed, “but Delany always thanks him for making him a black man.”2 Unlike Douglass, Delany viewed revolutionary violence in relation to black separation and emigration to Africa rather than integration in America. As an abolitionist, Delany believed violence was necessary in the struggle for black liberation. “Shall the American slave,” he asked in the newspaper North Star in 1849, “remain in abject bondage, waiting patiently, toiling on and suffering on, having nothing in prospect but the hope of his heartless relentless master’s good will? Never. Let him be taught that he dare strike for liberty,-let him know this, and he at once rises up disenthralled-a captive redeemed from the portals of infamy to the true dignity of his nature-an elevated freeman.” At the 1854 National Emigration Convention, Delany again advocated resistance.
American Fundamentalism: The Ideal of Femininity
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

During a 1989 television interview, Bailey Smith, a fundamentalist and an official in the Southern Baptist Convention, offered his views of women. “The highest form of God’s creation,” he said, “is womankind.”1
Indian Islam: The Shah Bano Affair
Authors: Awn Peter J
Published: November 2023

Numerous scholars, when discussing issues of gender, single out the Islamic world for particularly sharp criticism, for what they perceive as its systematic oppression of women. Traditional patriarchies still wield enormous control in many Islamic societies, limiting women’s access to the broader society and controlling their ability to make independent choices. But whether Islam as a religious system is the main support of this enduring patriarchal structure is not explored in the current study. Suffice it to say that Islamic religious law, while affirming the equality of men and women before God, nevertheless distinguishes clearly between the rights of men and women. And men, time after time, are afforded greater rights than women.
Whom to Believe?
Authors: Harris Edward M
Published: November 2023

When setting out to write a study of the political career of Aeschines, one is immediately confronted with the problem of how to use the sources. The problem is not an unusual one for modem historians of Classical Greece, who often have to rely on accounts written long after the event or on a single contemporary account com posed by an author whose bias and unreliability are readily apparent. In one regard, however, the career of Aeschines presents unique problems with sources: virtually all of our information about him has to be extracted from his own speeches and those of his most bitter enemy, Demosthenes. Although there are numerous sources for the period in which he lived-Plutarch’s Lives, in particular those of Demosthenes, Phocion, and Alexander.
Getting to Know Philip
Authors: Harris Edward M
Published: November 2023

When Aeschines first addressed the Assembly in 348, Athens was not enjoying a golden age. The Athenians still possessed the largest fleet in the Aegean, but it had not won them the hegemony that they had once held in the fifth century s.c. and had been eager to regain ever since. For a short time after the founding of the Second Athenian Confederacy in 378, it looked as if the goal of uniting all the Greeks of the Aegean under Athenian leadership might again be attained. But the goal proved to be elusive. The inhabitants of the islands and the cities that ringed the Aegean joined the Athenian Confederacy primarily out of fear of Sparta. Once the threat of Sparta was removed by the defeat of her hoplites at Leuctra in 371 and the subsequent invasion of the Peloponnese by the victorious Thebans, the members of the confederacy began to see little advantage in remaining under Athenian leadership. And when the Athenians took the step of concluding an alliance with Sparta, they under mined the main rationale for the confederacy, making it just a matter of time before the stronger, more independently minded members went their own way. To aggravate the situation further, the Athenians, who had posed as liberators, revived their imperialistic ambitions in northern Greece by seeking to retake their former colony Amphipolis, a move which must have increased the suspicions of their already skeptical allies.
Conclusion
Authors: Harris Edward M
Published: November 2023

A study of Aeschines’ career shows how mistaken it is to speak in terms of a single pro-Macedonian party either in Athens or throughout Greece. Aeschines’ approach to relations with Philip and Alexander differed in crucial respects from the position of Isocrates, whose ideal of Panhellenic unity he never espoused, and of Demades, whose style of diplomacy he chose not to imitate. In fact, Aeschines’ own position often differed, ranging from initial opposition to a policy of close alliance with Philip. Contrary to Demosthenes’ claims, the Greeks who cooperated at one time or another with Philip and later with Alexander did not form a single band of traitors, who were united by a single approach. There were several shades of opinion, and any account of the period that does not take into account this diversity in approaches to Philip will present an oversimplified picture of the events that led to the establishment of Macedonian hegemony.
Starting from Scratch
Authors: Elms Alan C
Published: November 2023

In One Of My previous lives I was an experimental social psychologist. I learned that when you change people’s attitudes in the laboratory, the change often fails to influence their later behavior, unless you give your audience a detailed and practical plan of action to carry into real life.1 I don’t work on experimental research subjects’ attitudes any more, but I suspect that what I learned then applies to what I’m doing now. To promote the cause of psychobio graphical progress most effectively, I need to go beyond inspirational homilies. So this chapter will offer a variety of specific, basic suggestions about how to get started as a psychobiographer especially about how to collect the data you’ll need when you try to understand a life. Even if you’re absolutely sure you’re never going to write a psychobiography, I suggest you give the chapter a try.
The Auntification of C. G. Jung
Authors: Elms Alan C
Published: November 2023

Henry Murray often said that all theory is autobiography. Andre Maurois observed that biography is sometimes disguised autobiography.1 I’d almost be willing to add a dictum of my own: “No psychobiography without autobiography.” It’s frustrating if not impossible to do a psychobiographical analysis when your data deal only with the externals of an individual’s life. A few autobiographers have striven to remain entirely in the realm of observable behavior,2 but most blend descriptions of their subjective experiences with accounts of external events. Rarely is the inner life given as large a role as in C. G. Jung’s Memories, Dreams, Reflections.
Allport Meets Freud and the Clean Little Boy
Authors: Elms Alan C
Published: November 2023

In Gordon Allport’s brief autobiography, written a year before he died, he asked this question repeatedly about his own life: “How shall a psychological life history be written?” It was a question he had asked recently about another life, as he prepared to publish a book of letters from an elderly woman friend along with an array of theories that might explain her peculiar personality. It was a question he had asked more broadly a quarter-century earlier, when he wrote a monograph on The Use of Personal Documents in Psychological Science. It was a question he had asked quite early in his career, in his study of a confessional work as odd as its title: The Locomotive God.
The Thing from Inner Space: John W Campbell, Robert E. Howard, Cordwainer Smith
Authors: Elms Alan C
Published: November 2023

In 1938, John W Campbell, Jr. published a SO-page novella under the pseud­ onym Don A. Stuart. “Who Goes There?” is now widely regarded as one of the best science fiction stories ever written.I The 1951 film version, ‘The Thing from Another World,” is often referred to as a classic. John Carpenter’s 1982 remake is nowhere close to classic, but it does feature one of the most disgusting monsters in all of science fiction film.
Nabokov Contra Freud
Authors: Elms Alan C
Published: November 2023

In 1973 I wrote a letter to Vladimir Nabokov. What I wanted, I told him, was “information which may assist me in writing a fairly serious essay, tentatively titled ‘Nabokov’s Anti-Freudianism.”‘ I then explained, in what I thought of as a semi-Nabokovian style: I have admired your work intensely since my first reading, as a college freshman, of that racy novel Lolita. I have admired Sigmund Freud’ work intensely since my first reading, at about the same time, of the equally racy Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. I am well aware of your extreme distaste for Freud and his followers; and according to the currently popular psychological theory of “cognitive consistency,” such an imbalanced situation (Elms admires Nabokov; Elms admires Freud; Nabokov abhors Freud) will not permit me to rest until I somehow convert the perceived inconsistency into consistency.
Carter and Character
Authors: Elms Alan C
Published: November 2023

Psychobiography is largely a postdictive enterprise. It looks backward over the course of a person’s life and tries to sort out why things happened as they did. That’s usually hard enough; predicting the forward course of a single life is a far trickier business. Even predicting the average behavior patterns of a large group of individuals is often more than psychologists can manage. As Sigmund Freud noted at the end of his Leonardo book, the individual’s personality constantly intersects with chance occurrences, in ways that set substantial “limits ... to what psycho-analysis can achieve in the field ofbiography.”1 These limits apply to psychobiography in general, not just to psychoanalytic biography.
The Existence of God
Authors: Goodman L E
Published: November 2023

By God we mean an absolute being, a being of infinite perfection. The synthesis that purges the idea of God of all projections of evil allows the goodness in all things to be understood in relation to God’s goodness. All reality, conceived as a value, and all truth, conceived as the adequacy of things to their projects, can then be seen as God’s work, expressing his will and idea. The idea of God readily conjures up folklore and mythic images, enriching, diluting, clarifying, or muddying its content. The core idea, I think, is not very far from what many myths and fables seek to convey. Thus the Midrash characteristically brackets its parables of God in an “as it were” (ke-ve-yakhol), focusing on a single point but barring implication to or from the contexts that familiar images might suggest—as if to say: “This sets no precedent.” When visions stray from the idea of perfection, however, it is the work of imagination that must yield. For absolute perfection is the sole coherent outcome of the dialectical and moral honing of the idea of divinity. This, then, is the concept that philosophers must address, much as Abraham dismissed all deities that proved to be the mere work of human hands or were subject to diminution. Religiously, our matter must be more than a narrative or natural history of human fears and wishes.
Income Inequality and Health
Authors: Kawachi Ichiro
Published: November 2023

The world’s wealth is becoming concentrated in fewer hands. According to the 1996 Human Development Report (United Nations Development Program—UNDP) (1996), the world’s 358 richest individuals controlled assets equivalent to the combined annual incomes of countries where 45 percent of the world’s people live.
Status Relations in Marriage Alliances
Authors: Milner Murray
Published: November 2023

How the caste system emerged, and which aspect of it came first, is shrouded in uncertainty.1 But there is little doubt about what serves as the core of this system in the modern period; it is the maintenance of some degree of endogamy through marriage alliances. If most Indians ever carried out their “traditional” caste occupations, this time has long past. While some continue to participate in the traditional division of labor, the modern economy has severely eroded this part of the caste system; this trend is almost certain to continue. Radical changes have also occurred with respect to the norms of commensuality. In urban areas intercaste dining is common. Even in rural areas, the rigor of these norms has been greatly relaxed.
Eschatology
Authors: Milner Murray
Published: November 2023

Chapter 14 focused on salvation and conceptualized it as a form or analogue of social mobility. But salvation, like all mobility, occurs in a context. For worldly social mobility, that context is the societal stratification system. For salvation that context is an other world.1 Just as an adequate analysis of social mobility, and status transformation must be linked to the social context in which it occurs, an analysis of the means and types of salvation needs to be linked to the broader characteristics of the other world in which it occurs. Hence it is necessary to describe some of the features of this other world and its relation to salvation. For lack of a better term I use the admittedly Western concept of eschatology to refer to this other world.2
Vowels in Medial and Final Syllables in Latin
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

In initial syllables L preserves the quality and quantity of PIE vowels reasonably intact, likewise the diphthongs “ay and “aw; but in medial and final syllables short vowels undergo far-reaching coalescences and even loss, and some Pita!. diphthongs have different reflexes depending on their position in the word. The traditional term for these phenomena, especially as they apply to the changes in the short vowels, is weakening. Reduction in contrast between vowels, or their complete loss, is generally a concomitant of weak stress in languages in which different syllables are pronounced with significant differences in prominence. In L, however, the location of the stress in the historical period-familiar from school grammars of the language and vouchsafed by the location of the accent in the Romance languages-has no bearing on the sound laws governing the weakening of L vowels. That is, in foetus and refectus the Pltal. “a of the root shows two different reflexes, even though the root vowel has the tonic stress in both L forms. If it is true that vowels weaken chiefly in unstressed syllables, then we must infer that in a prehistorical phase of L the system of word accent was different from the historically attested one, namely, that it always fell on the initial syllable of the word.
Phonetics of Long and Short Vowels
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Spurious Diphthongs (Greek secondary E and o). In many dialects, including Att.-Ion., Greek E and o differed in tongue height from ‘Y/ and w. This is unremarkable in itself, indeed it is the norm. But for mid and high vowels, most commonly, the long vowels are HIGHER than the corresponding short ones, such as was the case in L for instance, whereas in Greek it is evident that the inherited long mid vowels written ‘Y/ and w were LOWER than the short ones. The long vowels which came from E and o by contraction with a like vowel (86.1) or by compensatory lengthening (79.1) retained in some dialects the tongue position of the short vowels, and therefore did not merge with ‘Y/ and w. In Attic and the KOLV these new long vowels were written EL and ov. In the former case, for a time, the diphthong [ey] and the long mid front vowel higher than ‘Y/ (E in effect) remained distinct, but eventually they merged. In the case of the back vowel, the inherited diphthong ov and the new higher mid long vowel quite a bit earlier fell to­ gether (61.1), and the result soon became [u:]. Eventually, once the new long vowels and the original diphthongs had fallen together, they were both written EL and ou. The new long mid vow­ els, written like diphthongs, are traditionally if infelicitously called spurious diphthongs.
Lengthening of Vowels in Latin
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

1. Certain consonant groups, such as medial sn and sId and final ns, simplify with lengthening of the preceding vowel (225.1). 2. Vowels were regularly lengthened before a nasal plus a fricative (ns, nf), and before net, as in consul, ‘fnjrii, iunctus. Similar lengthening before nx is but vaguely attested; on the one hand there is the epigraphic evidence of forms like CONIVNXIT, while on the other hand Priscian expressly states that the first vowel of vinx’f is short. LACHMANN’s RULE. As Roman authorities themselves point out, in some few verbs the past participle (and similar forms, like action nouns intio) had a long vowel when the pres. stem had a short one; and that this phenomenon was typical of roots ending in a voiced stop. Thus to roots ending in g;. lectus, rectus, tectus, iictus, tiictus, piictus but pres. legii, regii, tango, ago, tegii, pango; and to those ending in d, v’fsus, fiisus, esus, ciisum, but video, [undo, edii, cado. This antique rule of thumb has latterly been promoted to a phonological principle, whereby the lengthening is regarded as resulting from the change of the voiced root-final voiced consonant to a voiceless one. However, lengthening is not invariable with devoicing, as is proved by stn”ctus (stringii), passum (pandii), ftssus (ftndii), scissus (scindii), sessum (sfdii), ingressus (ingredior), and others.
Consonants
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The PIE consonants fell into four natural classes, according to manner of articulation: STOPS, RESONANTS, the single FRICATIVE “s, and LARYNGEALS. Of these the stops (131-64) comprise the most complex system. The resonants (175-207; known interchangeably as the semivowels) are the six elements that are sometimes syllabic and sometimes consonantal. The syllabic forms “i, “u, “r, “!, “1t1, and ““:, have been discussed under vowels, above (37-9, 93-109); the consonantal forms “y, “w, “r, “l, “m and “n will be treated here. The PIE consonant system has an oddly meager ration of fricatives (168-74) in view of its overall elaborateness. English, for example, has some 24 consonants, of which eight are fricatives and two are affricates; a ninth fricative /x/ was only recently lost. By contrast, PIE had some 25 consonants, more or less (the extreme views range from 20 to about 50), but only a single fricative and no affricates. Owing to the indirect nature of most of the evidence, the number, occurrence, arid phonetic properties of the larynageals (165-7) are still the subject of debate. There are almost as many ‘laryngeal theories’ as there are Indo-Europeanists, though there are of course schools of thought.
Bilabial Stops
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

PIE “bis virtually unreconstructable. An example of forms which might point to *bis the following array: L labia, labea, labium, labrum all ‘lip’; OE lippa, MDu. lippe (NHG Lippe a loan from Low German). The following observations are true not only of these forms, they are typical of sets seeming to point to “b: (1) *b is found in nominal forms (rather than verbal roots), which are (2) usually shared only by two or three (usually adjacent) languages; and (3) there are many problems about the details of the forms: in the case of the ‘lip’ example, L -a- cannot be brought into accord with Gmc. -i-, and the variability within L itself is patternless and eccentric. Such sets of words are probably not in fact PIE, but come from such sources as slang and regional loan-words from non-IE sources. For all that, there can be little doubt that the language we call PIE had a • b, at least in a few loan-words, perhaps the clearest being •kan(n)abis ‘hemp’> G K&vva(3ic;, OE hceep, MHG hanef (L cannabis, whence VL canabum, is a lw. from G.) All the things that are true of lip above are true of this comparison, but there can be little serious doubt that we are dealing here with an actual item of (Western) PIE vocabulary; and it is equally evident that it is a loan word from some non-IE language. That is probably the story with most instances of bin PIE, but it is manifestly so in the case of the name of a plant which was probably not native to the PIE world.
Dorsal Stops
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

In considering the relations of the PIE dorsals-the general term for all kinds of k-sounds-it is necessary to distinguish two main series and, as regards their reflexes, to divide the IE languages into two groups (11). One series, known as the palatals and denoted here by *k, *i,, and *i,h --other notations are met with-is represented by simple dorsals in the more conservative IE languages. These are the western group (Greek, Italic, Celtic, and Germanic, and unattested strains of BS); Tocharian in the extreme east of the range; and Anatolian in the extreme south of it. In the innovative (‘satem’) subgroup, the palatals are reflected as sibilants; these languages are Armenian, Albanian, Indo-lranian, and the historically attested members of BS (132). The other series, the !abiove!ars, are denoted here by *kw, *gw, and *gwh; other notations are common, especially in the older literature. In the satem languages these stops reveal no trace of a labial coarticulation. Instead, they split into affricated or palatal articulation before front vowels (PIE front vowels, that is), while remaining dorsal stops elsewhere. The ‘centum languages’ without exception attest to labialized articulation, though it is manifested in various ways (cf. 155, below, on P- and .Q:dialects).
Liquids and Nasals
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

PIE “r and “/ are unchanged in both G and L. PIE “rewdh- (various grades and suffixes) ‘red’ > G epv0po<; (e- prothetic, 89), L ruber: Ved. r6hita- and l6hita- (dh sporadically > Skt. h, 144.3), OE read, Lith. raiidas. PIE “bher- ‘carry’ > G ¢ipw, L faro : Ved. bhdrati, NE bear, Oir. Berith /bep’d0’/. PIE “klew- ‘hear’; “klu-t6- ‘famous’ > G KAvro<;, L inclutus: Ved. frutd-, OE hlysnan ‘listen’; full grade in OCS slava ‘glory’. PIE “plew- ‘flow, float’ (a commonplace polysemy) > G 1rAi(f)w ‘swim’, L pluit ‘is raining’ : Ved. pravanta 3Pl. aor. midd. ‘they swim’ (the usual Epic and Classical form of the root is plu-, 175.3), NE flow, flood.
Changes in Groups of Consonants
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The majority of changes in groups of consonants fall under the head of assimilation. The assimilation may be of the first consonant to the second (anticipatory assimilation, also called regressive), as in L accipio ‘receive’ from “ad-kapio; or of the second to the first (lag assimilation, also called progressive), as in L ferre ‘to carry’ from “fer-si. It may be in the features of voicing and aspiration only, as in L strictus ‘drawn together’ from “strig-to- (stn’ngo) or G E1rAh-0r,v ‘was plaited’ (aor.pass. of 1rAEKw); or it may involve point of articulation, as in L aggredior ‘approach’ from “ad­ grad-; or it may involve both, as in accipio. In G and L, as was also the case in PIE, voicing and aspiration adjustments in clusters are routine, unlike changes in point of articulation. And as in all languages, anticipatory as­ similation is far more general than lag assimilation. However, in certain combinations a particular consonant may dominate regardless of relative position. Thus “dl, “ldboth give L ll, as do “nl and “ln (223,1).
Groups of Three or More Consonants
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Note that the development of u5, written i, is the same: to PIE ‘werg- ‘work’ are built G °Epl,w ‘do, make’, fut. °Ep w, and a doublet peiw of the same meaning. The starting point was the PIE stem ‘wr;g-y’/o-, a formation reflected in Av. varazyeiti, Go. waurkeip. The first stage, PreG ‘wragyo and ‘wargyo, became PG ‘wrefo and ‘werfo per 200 (somewhere along the line the vocalism of both was altered, partly owing to the prevailing pattern of thematic presents but probably also influenced by specific forms like ‘wergon ‘work’). Thus straightforwardly Miw; but as i stood for [zd] (201), ‘werzdo > fEp5w, °Epl,w in accord with the sound law governing u between consonants.
Latin
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Latin is the only Italic language for which we have any information regarding accent, and the occurrence of tonic syllables in L is un­ related to PIE accentuation. Furthermore, it appears that between the PIE system of free accent and the historical L accent there intervened a period when all words were stressed on the first syllable; see 65. It was during this interim accentual system that most of the syncope and weakening of vowels described in 65-75 took place. In numerous cases, like dexter from”deksiteros or perfectus from “perfaktos, the vowels affected by weakening stand in what under the historical system would have been the accented syllables. The older system must have prevailed when such G forms as r&A.cxvrov ‘scales; talent’, EA.mfi5t. ‘olive’ (42.5), (Dor.) µi5t.xcxvfi ‘machine’, and the place name ‘AKp&”(i5t.c;, -cxvroc; were borrowed, as these developed into L talentum, olfva, miichina, and Agrigentum. The historical L accent resembled the G in that it could not stand farther back than the third syllable from the end of the word, but beyond this general restriction the resemblances cease. In L the penult (a syllable which plays almost no role in the G system) determined the position within these limits; in G the governing syllable was the ultima (a syllable which plays no role in the L system).
Declension
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The familiar classification of the parts of speech is based on a description worked out over time by Greek philosophers and grammarians, from whom it was borrowed by Roman grammarians; and still later it pro­ vided the framework for the grammatical analysis of most European lan­guages. But the longevity of Greek grammatical theory is no warranty of fundamental truth. It was based upon a hodge-podge of criteria-a word’s meaning, its form (case markers as part of the definition of noun), its relation to other words, or even mere location (thus 1rpo0wa;/ praepositi— though thanks to a shift to a vaguely functional notion of the term, we may speak without real absurdity of a postpositive preposition). Partly owing to the mixture of criteria, there are difficulties of precise definition-for the category pronoun, for example-which increase when the analysis is applied to languages of different structure from the one it was devised for. It is a very poor framework for describing English, for example. But with all its defects it is a fairly workable system, and other classifications have never attained currency.
Declension of Nouns
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

There is one stem-class which is prevailingly masculine and neuter, the a-stems (258-61); and two which are prevailingly feminine, the eH2- stems (that is, a-stems, 262-6) and the “iH2/yeHz-stems (that is, f/ya-stems, 268-9; note a, below). In both G and L, but unique to them among IE groups, there are a fair number of feminine a-stems, not formally different from a-stem masculines in any way; and in G a new and productive type of masculine a-stems grew up, with distinctive forms for a few cases (267). The antiquity of these cross-gender types is disputed. Indic, for example, has no feminine a-stems (= the a-stems of G and L) or masculine a-stems at all; and of the seven masculine nouns in -f (268) which occur in the RV, five are names. In any case, in all IE languages the reflexes of “eH2- and “yeHrstem ADJECTIVES are purely feminine.
I-Stems
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

In PIE, i-stems formed nouns of all genders, and adjectives. Adjectives and nouns inflected alike, and the genders differed only as regards the details characteristic of the neuter, namely no ending in the nom./acc.sg., and the special endings of the nom./acc.du. (257.16) and pl. The neuter i-stem nouns, however, are few in the IE languages that have any at all; and it is not possible to trace any specific lexical items to PIE with confidence. The attested relationship-attested is the operative word, here between stem and ending in PIE was as follows, taking “m’f}-ti- ‘thought’ for the singular and “tri- ‘three’ for the pl. Note particularly the ablaut gradation in the stem:
u-Stems and u-Stems
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

In PIE, nouns and adjectives were built to an ablauting u-stem exactly parallel to the i-stems (302-3), that is, having u or w where the i­ stems have i or y, respectively. Thus nom.sg. “-us like “-is, nom.pl. “-ewes like •-eyes, and so on. But in both G and L the i- and u-stem paradigms sharply diverged: in L, sound laws were the main cause; in G, the i-stems apart from rpE”i<; ‘three’ were radically remodeled (304) along lines largely unparalleled by anything in the u-stem paradigm. To be sure, a certain parallelism is found in Att., where there was a shared tendency for -E- to spread as a stem vowel, especially in the du. and pl.; thus -Ewv gen., -EL<; ( < -Ev<;) acc., -EUL dat. are endings found in both stem types, replacing both -vwv, -vv<;, -vm in the u-stems and -Lwv, -Lv<;, -LUL in the i-stems. Note how- ever that the i-stem development in question is Attic only, whereas in the u-stems the spread of -Ef- is at least Att.-lon. (The situation in the other dialects is imperfectly known.)
Consonant Stem Adjectives
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Root Adjective. The declension of G µi-yac; ‘big’ continues the only primary root adjective of PIE, “megH2-. Thus “megIJ2-s nom.sg.m.f., “meglf2 nom./acc.n. by regular sound laws yield G µi-yot<; (m. only), µi-yot n. (= Ved. mdhi). The expected “µi-yot acc.sg.m. < “megH21!1is replaced by or remodeled as µi-yotv, while all the other forms are from the elaborated stem µE-yot->-.o-, µE-yot->-.cx-. Ved. too shows enlarged stems-a number of them in fact (mahdnt-, mahds-, mahd-, mahiid-)-and other peculiarities, such as no nom.sg.m. built directly to the root; but neither Ved. nor any other IE language has forms which correspond to G µE-yot>-.o-, for which various explanations have been attempted.
Demonstrative, Interrogative, Indefinite, and Relative Pronouns
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Compared to the personal pronouns (360-71), the other pronouns agree more nearly with nouns and adjectives overall, but nevertheless present a number of peculiarities. Some of these are typical of the whole class; others are found only in certain paradigms. They are as follows: 1. SuPPLETION. Many pronouns, some would say all true pronouns, are characterized by being built from more than one stem in the same paradigm. This is radical in the personal pronouns: “egoH (nom.sg.), “m- (oblique); “we- (nom.pl.), “n- (oblique). It is similarly radical in the deictic *so (nom.sg.m.), “seH2 (nom.sg.f.), *to- (elsewhere); but it is no less salient in say the interrog. “kwi- (nom. and acc. all numbers), “Pe- (elsewhere). As the latter examples show, the distributional details vary, but the common thread is a distinctive root or stem for the nom. In attested IE languages, suppletion in pronouns is general not only because it is their patrimony but also as the result of subsequent conflation of different paradigms, as in NE he vs. they; and the appearance of suppletion can result from sound changes,
Cardinal Numbers
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

One. PIE had two roots usually translated ‘one’: “oy- and “sem (294.I). This state of affairs has been variously accounted for. The opinion endorsed here takes PIE “oy- as denoting singularity and uniqueness, and unity in a counting sense, namely in the sense that nine is ‘one more’ than eight. This kind of ‘one’ is briefly called ‘one-alone’; the implications of isolation or uniqueness are overt in such derivatives as Goto ‘alone, solitary’ and OLP’YJ ‘one-spot’ (on dice). Compound adjectives would have the sense of ‘having (only) one such-and-such’ (a unicorn, for example). PIE “sem- was ‘one-together’, that is, several things taken as a whole, or considered a unit for some purpose (as when several people ‘speak with one voice’), or several things are regarded as interchangeable in some way (cf. NE one and the same). Accordingly the term shades into notions like ‘same’ and, adverbially, ‘at the same time’ (for example Ved. sa-dyds ‘on the same day’)
Survey of the Pie Verb System
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Verb Systems Generally Considered. The verb system of most languages is a complicated affair. This has nothing to do with elaborate paradigms, but with functional categories however they are marked. The formal categories of a language in fact cannot be depended upon to mark functional categories straightforwardly. First, functional categories are commonly combined in various ways: in PIE you could not specify a subject’s person without also specifying number, and vice-versa. Second, functional categories are often expressed by formally inconsistent means. A few examples from English will make these points clearly, since English is usually regarded as elementary in these regards compared to the luxuriance of G, L, and Skt. But the relationships between form and function in English are anything but elementary, as we shall see, and have little congruence with the terminology of the school grammars. In English the present tense is usually regarded as self-explanatory; in the words of a dictionary, s.v. present: ‘Gramm. Denoting, or pertaining to, time that now is; as the present tense. To the contrary: the ‘present tense’ of English turns out to have very little in the way of reference to ‘time that now is’. The four principal functions of the NE ‘present tense’ are: (1) it is used of future events; (2) it is used of reiterated or habitual events; (3) it is used of a state, which has no tense; (4) it is used with a special class of verbs known as performatives, such as say, declare, promise.
Eventive Stems In Pie
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Thematic stems, to which the person endings are added, are invariant (tonic accent and all) apart from the o-ablaut of the theme vowel. The athematic paradigms add the person endings directly to a stem­ final consonant (those stems that appear to consist of a long vowel or “;}, such as the opt. marker traditionally written “-ye-, 539, are now known to have contained laryngeals). Tonic accent typically was mobile: in the dominant pattern, it stood on the stem in the sg.act., but on the person endings in the du. and pl., and in all forms of the middle. The stems themselves alternate between the e- (tonic) and zero grade (440), in accord with the position of the accent.
The Greek Perfect System
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The G perfect paradigm which most faithfully reflects the PIE formation as to gradation of the root syllable (as seen in Inlr. and Gmc.), and in adding the endings directly to the root, is oioa ‘know’. The regular G treatment of two apical stops (212) accounts for 2pl. ‘iun and possibly for the 2sg. oiu0a, though the latter may actually continue “woyd-stH2e rather than “woyd-tH2e (514.2). The Att. 1pl. ‘iuµEP, for the more original ‘ioµEv as in Hom., shows the influence of L<JTE. But the 3Pl. ‘iua<JL is a new formation. It is from “wid-santi (cf. the parallel Att. E’i aui, 3Pl. oHmKOI ‘am like’), whence Hom. ‘iuua<JL beside ‘iua<JL, Dor. ‘iuavn. The starting point is 3Pl. “wid-san, Hom. ‘iuav, which has 0uav from the u-aor.
Catch-up and Convergence in the Postwar Growth Boom and After
Authors: Abramovitz Moses
Published: November 2023

A central feature of the postwar growth boom is the convergence of the productivity levels of those relatively advanced industrialized nations that organize economic activity mainly by means of business enterprises and relatively free markets. The original members of the OECD, as organized in 1961, are the group of nations that share these characteristics, and this chapter focuses on their experience. It is the record of this group during the great postwar growth boom that, more than any other single consideration, brought to the convergence hypothesis the attention it enjoys today.
Social Organization and Technological Leadership
Authors: Lazonick William
Published: November 2023

This contribution to the convergence debate is dedicated to the propositions that as we reach the end of the twentieth century, the United States is falling behind both technologically and organizationally and that the United States, having fallen behind, will find it very difficult to put in place a mode of social organization required to catch up to the new leaders. Let me summarize the basic competitive dynamics involved. A national economy (say, Japan's) that rises to international industrial leadership does so on the basis of a mode of social organization that is capable of generating higherquality products at lower unit costs than can be achieved on the basis of the mode of social organization that characterizes the old industrial leader (say, the United States). The old leader seeks to compete on the basis of what has now become a traditional mode of social organization. Indeed the old leader finds that by adapting to the new competition on the basis of the modes of organization and the types of technologies that made it successful in the past, it can continue to remain competitive for a time. Meanwhile, however, the new leader is continuing to use the social organization of its economy to generate innovation. By the time the old leader recognizes that it must change its mode of social organization in order to compete, the new leader has forged ahead.
Multinational Corporations and Productivity Convergence in Mexico
Authors: Blomström Magnus , Wolff Edward N
Published: November 2023

During the last 30 years, the developing countries have witnessed very different experiences regarding income and productivity growth and the extent to which they have converged on developed countries. Some, like the Asian newly industrialized countries (NICs), clearly are in a process of rapid convergence, whereas others, like most countries in Africa, show no sign of convergence. This indicates that the realization of the potentiality for productivity catch-up simply because of backwardness depends strongly on another set of causes, some of which are internal and others external to the countries themselves (see Abramovitz 1986).
Native American Tribalism
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy
Published: November 2023

This is a reissue of Native American Tribalism with a new Introduction by Peter Iverson. In this book the late D’Arcy McNickle, Professor of Anthropology at the University of Saskatchewan, member of the Flathead Tribe of Montana, and founding member of the National Congress of American Indians reviews the history of almost four hundred years of contact between North American Indians and the dominant - and often domineering - Western civilization. McNickle shows that contrary to the white man’s early expectations, the Indians of North America have maintained their cultural identity, social organization, size, locations of their population, and unique position before the law. He points out that even while stigmatized with the generalization of being an inferior race, harsh treatment by the white North American cultures, and severe obstacles such as epidemics of small pox, Indians have managed to remain an ethnic cultural enclave within American and Canadian society from colonial times through the present. McNickle maintains that Indians are eager to adopt knowledge and technology from the white society, but they want to fit these changes into their own culture. He argues that by emphasizing tribal self-determination, the federal government can best help Indians to modernize and achieve independence while maintaining their ancient heritage. Peter Iverson’s Introduction discusses McNickle’s contribution to Native American studies and provides an overview of recent events and scholarship in the field. He has also updated the appendix describing the geographical distribution of the principle tribes in the United States and Canada.
A Generalized View
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy
Published: November 2023

The assumption had come down from earliest times, not always voiced, but implicit, that the native inhabitants of the New World would become extinct. They belonged to an inferior race and must give way to a stronger. As Count Alexis de Tocqueville was moved to remark in r 83 r while he watched a muted body of displaced Choctaw tribesmen, “The Indians have been ruined by a competition which they had not the means of sustaining.”
Travail In The North
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy
Published: November 2023

The Indians of Canada had no head of government to speak in favor of tribal autonomy and community self-determination. Instead, Prime Minister Trudeau declared publicly in 1969, “We won’t recognize aboriginal rights,” and insisted that Indians “should become Canadians as all other Canadians.”
Modern Escape-from the Home of the Brave?
Authors: Lee Philip J
Published: November 2023

There are two instinctive human reactions in the face of danger: one is to fight; the other is to flee. At times, the only sensible solution seems to be escape from whatever threatens the life or wellbeing of the person. When the world is seen as shrouded in dense fog and darkness, when evil is perceived to be the overwhelming force within the world (Calvin wrote that the “Manichees ... made the devil almost the equal of God” ), when there is no hope for unalloyed earthly joy and love (and the gnostics were interested in no other kind), then obviously the desire to flee is very strong indeed. Whatever can be said of the original Calvinism-and nearly everything derogatory has been said-in no way could it be accused of being escapist. Calvin’s was no “pie in the sky by and by” faith. Alongside the ethic of St. -Thomas, normative for the Roman Catholic Church, the Genevan ethic was proposed as a universal system, which like its counterpart would enable “the Christian to be active in the world with a good conscience and without a break between the Christian-ethical and the worldly ideals.
Narcissism: From the Sacred Community to the Inner Self
Authors: Lee Philip J
Published: November 2023

Tolkien has eloquently defended the logic of escape-escape from the ugliness and sterility of modern life into the world of myth and fantasy. He makes an important distinction, however, between escape as a willful act of self-preservation and escape as desertion. The former, escape into fantasy, music, and poetry, is not only an acceptable but a necessary aspect of our humanity. Gnostic escape, on the other hand, would fall under Tolkien’s other category of desertion for two reasons. First, the gnostic does not retreat temporarily into a fortress of imagination for the regaining of sanity and strength with which once again to confront the world as it presents itself; he or she remains in the fortress of imagination. Second, the gnostic does not escape into another aspect of the world which has a tangible reality of its own to judge and direct his or her own psyche; rather, the gnostic escapes into the self. Within that secure realm of self, there can be no accurate scales of judgment and no precise charts for traveling. But once having entered this domain, the gnostic no longer needs those measured guides, for after the escape within, right and wrong turns are no longer being considered; the journey has ended.