bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPLICATION OF JURISDICTION AGREEMENTS
Authors: Kupelyants Hayk
Published: July 2016

IN Vizcaya Partners Ltd. v Picard [2016] UKPC 5, the Privy Council considered an attempt to enforce a New York judgment in Gibraltar. The judgment debtor was not present in New York at the time the New York court assumed jurisdiction, which suggested that enforcement of the US judgment would be refused for want of jurisdiction. However, the argument of the judgment creditor was that an express choice of New York law in the contract, coupled with other factors, was sufficient to imply submission of the parties to the courts of New York (and, accordingly, vest the New York courts with jurisdiction for the purposes of enforcement of the New York judgment). The crux of the case was thus whether the terms of the contract could indicate submission to the jurisdiction of a foreign court, even if that submission was not crystallised in the form of an express contractual provision. The Privy Council held that, while, in principle, it might be possible to imply submission, on the facts, there was no such submission so that the judgment was unenforceable.
The molecularization of identity: science and subjectivity in the 21st century
Authors: McGONIGLE IAN VINCENT , BENJAMIN RUHA
Published: July 2016

Recent advances in biological and computational technologies are changing the way different social groups imagine race, gender, kinship, citizenship and disease risk. Existing taxonomies are being displaced or reconfigured, impacting the ways in which people are governed, how lives are lived, how groups are known and how power is exercised. Herein we report on a two-day international symposium that we co-organized, titled ‘The molecularization of identity: science and subjectivity in the 21st century,’ that was held on 29–30 April 2016 at the Program on Science, Technology and Society, at Harvard University. The symposium drew upon the tools and expertise from multiple disciplines and diverse geographical regions and consisted of 24 original research presentations and an interdisciplinary roundtable. Specific attention was paid to the bioethical, material and lived dimensions of recent developments in molecular technologies, and discussions interrogated the complex ways in which the ‘molecular realm’ is an emerging site for constituting human identities in the 21st century. Herein we summarize some of the key findings of the conference and raise three further issues for practitioners and researchers to consider in relation to the broader impact of genetics research. Namely: transnational governance of emerging biotechnologies; representation of different interest groups in policy decisions; and rights of access to emerging technologies.
Screening for arteriovenous malformations in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: Jervis S , Skinner D
Published: July 2016

Objective:

To determine whether patients with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia were being screened according to international guidelines, and to review recent evidence in order to provide up-to-date guidelines for the initial systemic management of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia.

Methods:

A retrospective case note analysis was conducted, assessing patients in terms of screening for: genetics, cerebral arteriovenous malformations, pulmonary and hepatic arteriovenous malformations, and gastrointestinal telangiectasia. Databases searched included Medline, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Embase.

Results:

Screening investigations were most frequently performed for hepatic arteriovenous malformations and least frequently for genetics. Recent data suggest avoiding routine genetic and cerebral arteriovenous malformation screening because of treatment morbidities; performing high-resolution chest computed tomography for pulmonary arteriovenous malformation screening; using capsule endoscopy (if possible) to reduce complications from upper gastrointestinal endoscopy; and omitting routine liver enzyme testing in favour of Doppler ultrasound.

Conclusion:

Opportunities for systemic arteriovenous malformation screening are frequently overlooked. This review highlights the need for screening and considers the form in which it should be undertaken.
Selective prevention of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder using attention bias modification training: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wald I. , Fruchter E. , Ginat K. , Stolin E. , Dagan D. , Bliese P. D. , Quartana P. J. , Sipos M. L. , Pine D. S. , Bar-Haim Y.
Published: July 2016

Background

Efficacy of pre-trauma prevention for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has not yet been established in a randomized controlled trial. Attention bias modification training (ABMT), a computerized intervention, is thought to mitigate stress-related symptoms by targeting disruptions in threat monitoring. We examined the efficacy of ABMT delivered before combat in mitigating risk for PTSD following combat.

Method

We conducted a double-blind, four-arm randomized controlled trial of 719 infantry soldiers to compare the efficacy of eight sessions of ABMT (n = 179), four sessions of ABMT (n = 184), four sessions of attention control training (ACT; n = 180), or no-training control (n = 176). Outcome symptoms were measured at baseline, 6-month follow-up, 10 days following combat exposure, and 4 months following combat. Primary outcome was PTSD prevalence 4 months post-combat determined in a clinical interview using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Secondary outcomes were self-reported PTSD and depression symptoms, collected at all four assessments.

Results

PTSD prevalence 4 months post-combat was 7.8% in the no-training control group, 6.7% with eight-session ABMT, 2.6% with four-session ABMT, and 5% with ACT. Four sessions of ABMT reduced risk for PTSD relative to the no-training condition (odds ratio 3.13, 95% confidence interval 1.01–9.22, p < 0.05, number needed to treat = 19.2). No other between-group differences were found. The results were consistent across a variety of analytic techniques and data imputation approaches.

Conclusions

Four sessions of ABMT, delivered prior to combat deployment, mitigated PTSD risk following combat exposure. Given its low cost and high scalability potential, and observed number needed to treat, research into larger-scale applications is warranted. The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier is NCT01723215.
Risk and functional significance of psychotic experiences among individuals with depression in 44 low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Koyanagi A. , Oh H. , Stickley A. , Haro J. M. , DeVylder J.
Published: July 2016

Background

Studies on whether the co-occurrence of psychotic experiences (PEs) and depression confers a more pronounced decrement in health status and function compared with depression alone are scarce in the general adult population.

Method

Data on 195 479 adults aged ⩾18 years from the World Health Survey were analysed. Using the World Mental Health Survey version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), depression in the past 12 months was categorized into four groups: depressive episode, brief depressive episode, subsyndromal depression, and no depression. Past 12-month psychotic symptoms were assessed using four questions on positive symptoms from the CIDI. Health status across seven domains (cognition, interpersonal activities, sleep/energy, self-care, mobility, pain/discomfort, vision) and interviewer-rated presence of a mental health problem were assessed. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to assess the associations.

Results

When compared with those with no depression, individuals with depression had higher odds of reporting at least one PE, and this was seen across all levels of depression severity: subsyndromal depression [odds ratio (OR) 2.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.02–2.81], brief depressive episode (OR 3.84, 95% CI 3.31–4.46) and depressive episode (OR 3.75, 95% CI 3.24–4.33). Having coexisting PEs and depression was associated with a higher risk for observable illness behavior and a significant decline in health status in the cognition, interpersonal activities and sleep/energy domains, compared with those with depression alone.

Conclusions

This coexistence of depression and PEs is associated with more severe social, cognitive and sleep disturbances, and more outwardly apparent illness behavior. Detecting this co-occurrence may be important for treatment planning.
Institutional Individualisation? The Family in European Social Security Institutions
Authors: FRERICKS PATRICIA , HÖPPNER JULIA , OCH RALF
Published: July 2016

Welfare institutions have long been set up in most European countries in ways oriented towards the family as the one basic principle. Reforms in recent times however have fundamentally changed the conception of the social citizen. Yet social rights are still mainly conceptualised in the literature in terms of employee rights, and family elements are often interpreted as a kind of vestige of the traditional welfare-state policies of industrial societies.

In this paper we develop a formula for making the weight of the family in social security visible and comparing it through the evaluation of cross-country levels of institutional individualisation. We deliver original theoretical, conceptual and empirical insights into the welfare-institutional order with the aim of furthering the understanding of the current social constitution of European societies. The findings show that there is considerable variation in the degree to which welfare institutions treat the social citizen as an individual and that the results do not correspond to common welfare categorisations.
Distributed adaptive control strategy for flexible link manipulators
Authors: Raouf Fareh , Mohamad Saad , Maarouf Saad , Maamar Bettayeb
Published: July 2016

This paper presents an adaptive distributed control strategy for n-serial-flexible-link manipulators. The proposed adaptive controller is used for flexible-link-manipulators: (1) to solve the tracking control problem in the joint space, and (2) to reduce vibrations of the links. The dynamical model of flexible link manipulators is reorganized to take the form of n interconnected subsystems. Each subsystem has a one-joint and one-link pair. The system parameters are deemed to be unknown. The adaptive distributed strategy controls one subsystem in each step, starting from the last one. The nth subsystem is controlled by assuming that the remaining subsystems are stable. Then, proceeding backward to the (n-1)th system, the same strategy is applied, and so on, until the first subsystem is reached. The gradient-based estimator is used to estimate the parameters of each subsystem. The control law of the ith subsystem uses its own estimated parameters and the estimated parameters of all upper level subsystems. The global stability of the error dynamics is proved using Lyapunov approach. This algorithm was implemented in real time on a two-flexible-link manipulator, and a comparison with the non-adaptive version shows the effectiveness of this approach.
Design and Operational Problems of the Transonic Jet–Driven Wind Tunnel
Authors: Kirk J. A.
Published: July 2016

In this short paper on the transonic jet-driven tunnel, I will place the emphasis on the word transonic and deal only with the jet drive as it affects the design or operation of the transonic working section. I also would like to say that, although a fair amount of the information discussed afterwards will refer to the D.H. transonic tunnel, the problems are more or less general to the jet–driven tunnel and some will even be applicable to electrically–driven transonic tunnels using diffuser suction.
Flame Quenching
Authors: Massey B. S. , Lindley B. C.
Published: July 2016

The possibility of explosions in a duct or chambers, which may contain a mixture of an explosive vapour and air, is a hazard commonly occurring in industrial plant, often necessitating a very strong and costly form of construction which would otherwise not be required. Where the structure is not strong enough to withstand explosion pressures serious damage results, frequently with injury to personnel.
Supersonic Jet Deflection
Authors: Fraser R. P. , Rowe P. N.
Published: July 2016

Appreciable forces can be obtained for steering a vehicle by the use of aerofoils whenever the relative air velocity is high and the air density is not too small. In practice this means velocities greater than 100 ft./sec. and altitudes below about 50,000 ft. Even when they are not in use for steering, aerofoils necessarily add to the drag of the vehicle.
A Note on the Wave Drag of “Exposed” Rectangular Wings
Authors: Sheppard L. M.
Published: July 2016

This Note Gives a simple relationship between the zero-lift wave drag of the wing of a rectangular wing and body combination and the wave drag of the portion of the gross wing blanketed by the body, both evaluated as if isolated (i.e.ignoring the interference of other parts of the combination). The result is valid only when the tip Mach cones of the wing lie downstream of the blanketed wing. Detailed results are given for the case of wings with double-wedge section, the maximum thickness being at mid-chord.
Thinking about Aircraft Engines
Authors: Lombard A. A.
Published: July 2016

We all recognise that the aircraft turbine engine has permitted a revolution in aircraft design and performance, opening up avenues of progress which were not practicable with other forms of propulsion. The question that is asked is, what further progress is possible with aircraft turbine engines and what are the major problems which are likely to be encountered on the way?
A Note on One-Term Approximate Solutions for Non-Linear Vibration Problems
Authors: Mahalingam S.
Published: July 2016

Several methods are available for the solution of problems of forced vibration of systems with nonlinear elastic characteristics. Of these, the Martienssen, Den Hartog and Rauscher methods may be applied even if the restoring force characteristic is only known graphically, while the Duffing and Perturbation methods are only applicable when the restoring force characteristic is expressed in a convenient mathematical form. Successive approximations are used in the Duffing, Perturbation and Rauscher methods and therefore any desired degree of accuracy can be obtained. The Den Hartog and Martienssen methods give a two-term and one-term solution respectively.
Prediction of Transition in the Boundary Layer on an Aerofoil
Authors: Crabtree L. F.
Published: July 2016

Transition to turbulence in the boundary layer on an aerofoil may occur in several different ways, not the least important of which is by bubble separation of the laminar layer. Thus in establishing an empirical criterion for the limit of existence of a laminar boundary layer the necessary parameters must be able to describe separation and instability, as well as being physically reasonable and simple to calculate and use.
Flight Tests of a Meteor Aeroplane Fitted with Jet Deflection
Authors: Ashwood P. F.
Published: July 2016

The idea of using engine power directly to provide the lift required to sustain flight has recurred frequently throughout the history of aviation. Most of these proposals have concerned some form of helicopter, but in a few cases methods of changing the line of action of the normal propulsive thrust to assist the landing and take-off manoeuvres have been suggested. Few, if any, of these schemes were ever successfully put into practice, one of the main difficulties being the excessive weight and bulk of the power plant, but with the development of the jet engine with its compactness and low specific weight this objection largely disappeared and the idea was brought nearer the realm of practical realisation.
Note on the Temperature Transients in a Supersonic “Blow-Down” Wind Tunnel
Authors: Leavy L. E.
Published: July 2016

In recent years, due to the high cost of continuous supersonic wind tunnels, much attention has been focused on the simpler intermittent “blow-down” tunnel.

Considerable data has been published on most aspects of the design of this type of equipment and quite a number of large installations have recently been brought into operation in the United States, with even larger numbers currently building both in this country and in the United States.
A Theory of the Cylindrical Ejector Supersonic Propelling Nozzle
Authors: Pearson H. , Holliday J. B. , Smith S. F.
Published: July 2016

The so-called ejector nozzle has received a large amount of experimental study as a means for achieving efficient supersonic expansion of the main jet without the difficulties of a mechanically variable convergentdivergent nozzle. No satisfactory theory for the calculation of its performance has yet been put forward and it is the object of this paper partly to remedy this defect.
The Acceleration of a Single Degree of Freedom System Through its Resonant Frequency
Authors: Hother-Lushington S. , Johnson D. C.
Published: July 2016

It is Sometimes required to find the maximum amplitudes of vibration attained and the speeds at which they occur when a machine is run through its critical speed with different accelerations. The solution of this problem for single degree of freedom systems has been obtained by Lewis and by Ellington and McCallion for mechanical vibrations and by Hok for the equivalent electrical case. These solutions require higher mathematics (contour integration, Fresnel's integrals or series solutions leading to Bessel functions). The purpose of this note is to show how, by using simple integration only, an alternative method of solution can be obtained for both zero and small values of damping.
The Bloodhound
Authors: Farrar D. J.
Published: July 2016

A surface-to-air guided weapon system is the result of many years work by a large and diverse team and includes radars and fire control equipment as well as the actual missile. In the time available it is impossible to cover the whole weapon system and therefore no apology is made for concentrating on the development history of the missile itself. It must be remembered, however, that there are many parts of the Bloodhound weapon system, a major contribution to the whole, which will not be mentioned.
Tensile Strut-Testing Machines
Authors: Chilver A. H.
Published: July 2016

In a recent note, Fessler has suggested that some of the practical problems of strut testing can be overcome by using a “tensile strut-testing machine”. As Fessler points out, slender struts are frequently tested with pinned ends, either in the form of knife-edges or ball-ends.
On the Evaluation of Certain Finite Sums of Progressive Products
Authors: Collar A. R.
Published: July 2016

This note is concerned with the evaluation of the finite sum

where the m quantities Zi are arbitrary and where

is the binomial coefficient in a series of n terms. Summations of this kind appear in the evaluation of matrix products involving the reciprocal of order n of a segment of a Hilbert matrix or of a generalised Hilbert matrix. Such products are found, for example, in the representation of a lifting aerodynamical surface by a set of horseshoe vortices.

Let the m factors (r+Zi) be multiplied out, and let Pl be the sum ∑Zi, P2 the sum of the products taken in pairs, and so on; then
The Third Agricultural Aviation Research Conference
Authors: Southwell P. H.
Published: July 2016

The first of these conferences was held in 1953, the second in 1954 and the third in November 1958 at Milwaukee. This third conference was sponsored by the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture and, to promote worthwhile discussions, attendance was by invitation only.

Twenty papers were presented on four main themes, economics, progress as regards agricultural applications, progress as regards forest applications and, finally, a review of present and proposed research.
The Griffon Aircraft and the Future of the Turbo-Ram-Jet Combination in the Propulsion
of Supersonic Aeroplanes
Authors: Daum Noël
Published: July 2016

The Twelfth Louis Blériot Lecture, “The Griffon Aircraft and the Future of the Turbo-Ram-Jet Combination in the Propulsion of Supersonic Aeroplanes” was given by General Noël Daum, Technical Director, Nord Aviation, on 12th March 1959 at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Birdcage Walk, London, S.W.I. Sir Arnold Hall, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.Ae.S., President of the Society, presided.

Before introducing the Lecturer, Sir Arnold presented the Society ̓s Gold Medal, the highest award the Society can confer, which the Council had awarded to Monsieur Marcel Dassault and which they felt it would be particularly appropriate to present on this occasion—their annual joint meeting with the Association Francaise des Ingenieurs et Techniciens de l ̓Aéronautique (A.F.I.T.A.)
The Mechanism and Application of Effusion Cooling
Authors: Green L.
Published: July 2016

In his excellent review of the “state of the art” of effusion cooling (p. 73, February Journal, 1959), Dr. P. Grootenhuis clearly distinguishes the two mechanisms which contribute to the cooling effectiveness; namely, efficient abstraction of heat from the porous wall material by internal transfer to the effusing coolant, and reduction of the rate of external transfer of heat from the stream to the wall as a result of boundary layer injection. An observation that deserves emphasis, however, is that the first of these mechanisms is the predominant one. This fact is illustrated by the good agreement between the theory assuming laminar flow conditions (i.e. involving integration of the Navier-Stokes equations and the use of a one-parameter velocity-profile expression proposed by Schlich-ting for the laminar boundary layer with injection) and the various experiments, all of which involved turbulent stream conditions. This observed agreement indicates that the surface temperature is primarily controlled by the internal heat transfer within the porous wall and is relatively insensitive to the external heat-transfer conditions.
Wakes in Axial Compressors
Authors: Pearson H. , McKenzie A. B.
Published: July 2016

The tendency in the past has been to assume that when wakes or non-uniform total head profiles are fed into an axial compressor then substantially constant static pressure prevails at the entry, the variations in total head appearing as variations in velocity. This variation in velocity causes variation in incidence on the early stage blade rows and thus can give rise to excitation of blade vibration. This assumption is implicit, for instance, in References 1 and 2, but we think has been a common assumption by most of the people working in this field.

Where the compressor is fed by a duct of substantially parallel walls for a reasonable length ahead, such an assumption appeared justifiable. Such a duct when given an air flow test with its outlet discharging, for instance, to atmosphere instead of to the compressor, then the distribution assumed would normally be obtained and in fact many surveys of such ducts have been represented in this fashion. The object of this note is to show that, in fact, this distribution will not normally occur when the compressor is present and we may normally expect much more nearly a constant velocity into the compressor with attendant static pressure distributions to match with the total head variations ahead of the intake, with of course, the attendant curved flow to support the static pressure gradients.
Some Developments in Boundary Layer Research in the Past Thirty Years
Authors: Schlichting H.
Published: July 2016

Boundary layer theory is the cornerstone of our knowledge of the flow of air and other fluids of small viscosity under circumstances of interest in many engineering applications, especially also in aeronautics. Many complex problems in aerodynamics, as for instance the problem of skin friction, which was theoretically attacked very early by F. W. Lanchester, have been clarified by studying the flow within the boundary layer and its effects on the general flow around the body.

Research work on boundary layers, as started by Prandtl in 1904. was for the first twenty years—up to Prandtl's Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture to the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1927—almost entirely restricted to Prandtl's Institute at Göttingen. But since about 1930 boundary layer theory has been generally accepted, and in the past thirty years there has been an almost exponential rise of the number of contributors to its further development.

The author tries to trace certain lines, along which this important branch of modern fluid dynamics has developed in the past thirty years. In this connection the following topics are treated to some extent:

I.

Transition from laminar to turbulent flow.

II.

Boundary layer control for high lift and low drag of aerofoils.

III.

Aerodynamic heating at high speed (high Mach numbers).

IV.

Boundary layer efff cts on swept wings and on rotating bodies.

I. The theoretical investigations of the problem of transition start from Reynolds' and Lord Rayleigh's hypothesis of the instability of laminar flow. After many unsuccessful attempts Tollmien, 1930, finally succeeded in calculating the critical Reynolds number for the boundary layer on a flat plate. More than ten years later Tollmien's stability theory was completely confirmed by very careful experiments of Dryden and his co-workers.

II. After many wind tunnel experiments the investigations of boundary layer control for high lift of aerofoils led to the construction of two aeroplanes with boundary layer suction at the aerodynamische versuchsanstalt gottingen, in 1938, which were quite successful. later on, also, a considerable reduction of the skin friction of aerofoils was obtained with the advent of the laminar flow aerofoil.

III. In flow at high Mach numbers the velocity boundary layer is accompanied by a thermal boundary layer which is caused by frictional heating. The large increase in the temperature of a solid surface in a high speed stream which can be calculated from boundary layer theory only, poses a serious problem to aeronautical engineers (“thermal barrier”).

IV. The aerodynamic characteristics of swept wings and Delta wings are largely governed by the behaviour of their boundary layer. Some of the draw-backs of such wing plan forms can be remedied by boundary layer control, as for instance by a “boundary layer fence.” For turbo-machines the influence of the centrifugal forces on the boundary layer plays an important role for their aerodynamic coefficients.
Some Practical Aspects of Compressor Blade Vibration
Authors: Armstrong E. K. , Stevenson R. E.
Published: July 2016

The object of this paper is to set down an overall picture of the practical aspects of compressor blade vibration. In doing so it is inevitable that a certain content is effectively a repeat of other people's contributions to the subject. The authors make no apology for this and offer the paper as a "state of the art" as practised at Bristol Siddeley Engines Ltd. In bringing together the many relevant issues of this problem, it is hoped that a useful presentation is obtained.

There is little hesitation in indicating the most obvious and important practical aspect of blade vibration as that of the inherent danger of blade failure and it is known that the axial flow compressor is susceptible to complete failure caused by the fatigue of one blade.

The multi-stage axial flow compressor is a highly complex aerodynamic machine with, its early and late stages required to operate over wide ranges of incidence and Mach number conditions. To some extent, of course, use of variable geometry can reduce this to less taxing proportions. The aerodynamic environment of front stages has broad boundaries somewhat wider than those relating to rear stages, while middle blade rows generally operate under sensibly constant conditions. This diminishing “severity” of operation, front, rear to middle stage blading is not unrelated to the incidence of blade vibration problems which shows a similar pattern.
Free Vibration and Hysteretic Damping
Authors: Lancaster P.
Published: July 2016

I would like to add yet another note to those already published on the notions of viscous and hysteretic damping in a simple oscillator. In particular, I would like to hammer a nail into the coffin of the so-called “complex stiffness.“

One of the features which hysteretic damping may be defined to possess is the property that the energy loss per cycle (in sinusoidal motion) is independent of the frequency of oscillation, ω. This property is derived from some experimental evidence. It is shown in Reference 1 that this behaviour is reproduced by the particular integral of the equation
A Simplified Method for Estimating the Properties of Thin Aerofoils Influenced by Jet
Authors: Pivko Svetopolk
Published: July 2016

To predict the aerodynamical properties of a thin aerofoil, provided with a high velocity jet sheet in its trailing edge region, a simple procedure is proposed as follows. Two general separate cases concerned with the effect of a jet on an aerofoil are considered. In the first case, the jet is blown tangentially over the upper surface of the aerofoil, while in the second case, the jet is ejected at a deflection angle from the trailing edge. In this analysis a procedure which is similar to the classical Glauert treatment of thin aerofoils is applied.

Consider first the special case of a thin aerofoil placed at zero incidence in a two-dimensional inviscid flow of velocity V0, with a jet emerging with an exit velocity V1 at distance x1 from the leading edge and blown tangentially over the upper surface of the aerofoil (Fig. 1). It is assumed that an effectively attached flow may be obtained.
The Stability of Flow Through Porous Screens
Authors: Morgan P. G.
Published: July 2016

In many cases of the flow through porous screens, one may consider it to be made up of a number of jets passing through the openings of the screen. These jets are separated by a series of wakes behind the solid parts of the screen. The majority of investigations on the flow through such screens have been concerned with the measurement of pressure drop and its variation with different flow conditions; it has been assumed that the pressure is discontinuous at the screen itself and that the pressure drop coefficient Δp/½ρυ2 provides sufficient information, where Δp is the pressure drop across the screen, ρ the density of the fluid, and υ the velocity of approach to the screen.
Supersonic Flutter of a Cylindrical Panel in an Axi–Symmetric Mode
Authors: Johns D. J.
Published: July 2016

In ref. 1 an extensive review was made of the panel flutter problem and analyses dealing with flutter of cylindrical shells of finite length were discussed in considerable detail. It was stated that one of the central points of controversy is in the choice of the appropriately simplified governing equations for the thin–walled elastic shell. Related to this is the choice of flutter mode and the question as to how the critical flutter speed depends upon the number of circumferential and axial waves in that mode.

Stepanov and Strack and Holt found that the critical Mach number decreases with increasing number of circumferential waves, and Fung has concluded that the axially symmetric mode is of the greatest interest.

The purpose of this note is to present a relatively simple analysis in which only axi–symmetric deformations of the shell are considered. The shell is assumed to be unreinforced longitudinally.
Mathematics and Aeronautics
Authors: Lighthill M. J.
Published: July 2016

The 48th Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture, “Mathematics and Aeronautics” was given by Mr. M. J. Lighthill, F.R.S., before a large and distinguished audience at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1 Birdcage Walk, on 19th May 1960. Dr. E. S. Moult, C.B.E., B.Sc, F.R.Ae.S., M.I.Mech.E., President of the Society, presided.

As has become the custom, before the lecture was delivered the President presented the awards made by the Council for 1960 for outstanding contributions to aeronautics. In the unavoidable absence of the Secretary he was assisted by Miss E. C. Pike, M.A., A.F.R.Ae.S., Secretary of the Medals and Awards Committee and Editor of The Aeronautical Quarterly. The list of the awards presented on this occasion was published in the June 1960 Journal—(p. XXXII).

The President, introducing the lecturer, reminded the audience that the Wilbur Wright Lecture commemorated the first manned, powered controlled flight by Wilbur Wright at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on 17th December 1903. The first Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture was held in 1913 and they had been held each year ever since, through two World Wars; in itself a wonderful record. The custom had been, and would continue to be, to have alternately a lecturer from the United Kingdom and a lecturer from the United States; last year the lecture had been by Mr. McCarthy of Chance Vought and next year again it would be by an American.

The Wilbur Wright Lectures had been a most distinguished series by distinguished lecturers, and he was sure that the lecture that night would be in keeping. His pleasant duty was to introduce Professor Lighthill—or as they had to call him Mr. Lighthill now that he was Director of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, which was an even greater distinction. Mr. Lighthill was the youngest Director that the R.A.E. had ever had—that alone was a tribute to Mr. Lighthill's ability and his high standing in the profession. Before joining the Royal Aircraft Establishment Mr. Lighthill was Professor of Applied Mathematics at Manchester University, and for a time, after leaving Cambridge, had worked at the National Physical Laboratory where he applied the mathematics of Cambridge to the problems of aerodynamics. His lecture was on “Mathematics and Aeronautics” he would ask Mr. Lighthill to deliver the 48th Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture.
Some British Research on the Basic Aerodynamics of Powered Lift Systems
Authors: Williams John
Published: July 2016

The paper mainly discusses recent R.A.E. and N.P.L. research on the aerodynamics of Direct jet lift (turbo-jet and turbo-fan), Propeller lift (tilt-wing and deflected slipstream), Jet flaps, and Boundary layer control (blowing and suction). Some of the work at Firms and Universities is also mentioned where the information has been made available for general circulation. Attention is drawn to the present state of knowledge in relation to V.T.O.L. and S.T.O.L. aircraft applications and to some major aerodynamic problems which need further study.
Man as an Aero Engine
Authors: Wilkie D. R.
Published: July 2016

The first basis for the design of any power-driven mechanism is an exact knowledge of the characteristics and capabilities of the power unit available. Without such information no designer is able to start on the initial sketch of the mechanism. The man powered aircraft is no exception and its designers have suffered in the past by insufficient knowledge about man's power. This may seem remarkable because until about two centuries ago almost all the world's work was done by muscle-power, and much of the muscle was human.
Relationship Between Theory and Practice in Aircraft Structural Problems
Authors: Troughton A. J.
Published: July 2016

When designing an aircraft structure, the structural engineer has to achieve given standards of airworthiness in respect of strength, stiffness and fatigue life while ensuring that the final weight is as low as possible to give operating economy or flexibility. At the same time he must ensure that a minimum of design effort is used, manufacture is as easy as possible, the serviceability is good, the aerodynamic shape is retained, aeroelastic effects minimised and so on. The structural engineer of today has to ensure that the fatigue life is satisfactory, together with the older concept of purely static strength, and if he has resorted to the use of fail safe principles he has to establish those characteristics as well.
The Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer
Authors: Blackman D. R. , Joubert P. N.
Published: July 2016

An experimental verification of coles’ postulate of the Law of the Wake in three dimensions has been attempted. This hypothesis, which is strongly supported by experimental evidence in two dimensions, purports to represent the velocity vector in a yawed boundary layer by the sum of two vectors, whose magnitudes are found from the universal law of the wall, and a second universal function, the law of the wake. It has been found that the velocity vector can be represented in this way and the wake function required for this is very similar to Coles’ form. Limitations of the experimental arrangement however prohibited the comparison of vector directions with that proposed by Coles.
A spliceosome intermediate with loosely associated tri-snRNP accumulates in the absence of Prp28 ATPase activity
Authors: Boesler Carsten , Rigo Norbert , Anokhina Maria M. , Tauchert Marcel J. , Agafonov Dmitry E. , Kastner Berthold , Urlaub Henning , Ficner Ralf , Will Cindy L. , Lührmann Reinhard
Published: July 2016

The precise role of the spliceosomal DEAD-box protein Prp28 in higher eukaryotes remains unclear. We show that stable tri-snRNP association during pre-catalytic spliceosomal B complex formation is blocked by a dominant-negative hPrp28 mutant lacking ATPase activity. Complexes formed in the presence of ATPase-deficient hPrp28 represent a novel assembly intermediate, the pre-B complex, that contains U1, U2 and loosely associated tri-snRNP and is stalled before disruption of the U1/5′ss base pairing interaction, consistent with a role for hPrp28 in the latter. Pre-B and B complexes differ structurally, indicating that stable tri-snRNP integration is accompanied by substantial rearrangements in the spliceosome. Disruption of the U1/5′ss interaction alone is not sufficient to bypass the block by ATPase-deficient hPrp28, suggesting hPrp28 has an additional function at this stage of splicing. Our data provide new insights into the function of Prp28 in higher eukaryotes, and the requirements for stable tri-snRNP binding during B complex formation.
Genomics-informed isolation and characterization of a symbiotic Nanoarchaeota system from a terrestrial geothermal environment
Authors: Wurch Louie , Giannone Richard J. , Belisle Bernard S. , Swift Carolyn , Utturkar Sagar , Hettich Robert L. , Reysenbach Anna-Louise , Podar Mircea
Published: July 2016

Biological features can be inferred, based on genomic data, for many microbial lineages that remain uncultured. However, cultivation is important for characterizing an organism’s physiology and testing its genome-encoded potential. Here we use single-cell genomics to infer cultivation conditions for the isolation of an ectosymbiotic Nanoarchaeota (‘Nanopusillus acidilobi’) and its host (Acidilobus, a crenarchaeote) from a terrestrial geothermal environment. The cells of ‘Nanopusillus’ are among the smallest known cellular organisms (100–300 nm). They appear to have a complete genetic information processing machinery, but lack almost all primary biosynthetic functions as well as respiration and ATP synthesis. Genomic and proteomic comparison with its distant relative, the marine Nanoarchaeum equitans illustrate an ancient, common evolutionary history of adaptation of the Nanoarchaeota to ectosymbiosis, so far unique among the Archaea.
Optimising, generalising and integrating educational practice using neuroscience
Authors: Colvin Robert
Published: July 2016

Practical collaboration at the intersection of education and neuroscience research is difficult because the combined discipline encompasses both the activity of microscopic neurons and the complex social interactions of teachers and students in a classroom. Taking a pragmatic view, this paper discusses three education objectives to which neuroscience can be effectively applied: optimising, generalising and integrating instructional techniques. These objectives are characterised by: (1) being of practical importance; (2) building on existing education and cognitive research; and (3) being infeasible to address based on behavioural experiments alone. The focus of the neuroscientific aspect of collaborative research should be on the activity of the brain before, during and after learning a task, as opposed to performance of a task. The objectives are informed by literature that highlights possible pitfalls with educational neuroscience research, and are described with respect to the static and dynamic aspects of brain physiology that can be measured by current technology.
Chloroplast genome structure in Ilex (Aquifoliaceae)
Authors: Yao Xin , Tan Yun-Hong , Liu Ying-Ying , Song Yu , Yang Jun-Bo , Corlett Richard T.
Published: July 2016

Aquifoliaceae is the largest family in the campanulid order Aquifoliales. It consists of a single genus,Ilex, the hollies, which is the largest woody dioecious genus in the angiosperms. Most species are in East Asia or South America. The taxonomy and evolutionary history remain unclear due to the lack of a robust species-level phylogeny. We produced the first complete chloroplast genomes in this family, including sevenIlexspecies, by Illumina sequencing of long-range PCR products and subsequent reference-guidedde novoassembly. These genomes have a typical bicyclic structure with a conserved genome arrangement and moderate divergence. The total length is 157,741 bp and there is one large single-copy region (LSC) with 87,109 bp, one small single-copy with 18,436 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IR) with 52,196 bp. A total of 144 genes were identified, including 96 protein-coding genes, 40 tRNA and 8 rRNA. Thirty-four repetitive sequences were identified inIlex pubescens, with lengths >14 bp and identity >90%, and 11 divergence hotspot regions that could be targeted for phylogenetic markers. This study will contribute to improved resolution of deep branches of theIlexphylogeny and facilitate identification ofIlexspecies.
Proteome-wide measurement of non-canonical bacterial mistranslation by quantitative mass spectrometry of protein modifications
Authors: Cvetesic Nevena , Semanjski Maja , Soufi Boumediene , Krug Karsten , Gruic-Sovulj Ita , Macek Boris
Published: July 2016

The genetic code is virtually universal in biology and was likely established before the advent of cellular life. The extent to which mistranslation occurs is poorly understood and presents a fundamental question in basic research and production of recombinant proteins. Here we used shotgun proteomics combined with unbiased protein modification analysis to quantitatively analyze in vivo mistranslation in an E. coli strain with a defect in the editing mechanism of leucyl-tRNA synthetase. We detected the misincorporation of a non-proteinogenic amino acid norvaline on 10% of all measured leucine residues under microaerobic conditions and revealed preferential deployment of a tRNALeu(CAG) isoacceptor during norvaline misincorporation. The strain with the norvalylated proteome demonstrated a substantial reduction in cell fitness under both prolonged aerobic and microaerobic cultivation. Unlike norvaline, isoleucine did not substitute for leucine even under harsh error-prone conditions. Our study introduces shotgun proteomics as a powerful tool in quantitative analysis of mistranslation.
Purification of Logic-Qubit Entanglement
Authors: Zhou Lan , Sheng Yu-Bo
Published: July 2016

Recently, the logic-qubit entanglement shows its potential application in future quantum communication and quantum network. However, the entanglement will suffer from the noise and decoherence. In this paper, we will investigate the first entanglement purification protocol for logic-qubit entanglement. We show that both the bit-flip error and phase-flip error in logic-qubit entanglement can be well purified. Moreover, the bit-flip error in physical-qubit entanglement can be completely corrected. The phase-flip in physical-qubit entanglement error equals to the bit-flip error in logic-qubit entanglement, which can also be purified. This entanglement purification protocol may provide some potential applications in future quantum communication and quantum network.
Germline viral “fossils” guide in silico reconstruction of a mid-Cenozoic era marsupial adeno-associated virus
Authors: Smith Richard H. , Hallwirth Claus V. , Westerman Michael , Hetherington Nicola A. , Tseng Yu-Shan , Cecchini Sylvain , Virag Tamas , Ziegler Mona-Larissa , Rogozin Igor B. , Koonin Eugene V. , Agbandje-McKenna Mavis , Kotin Robert M. , Alexander Ian E.
Published: July 2016

Germline endogenous viral elements (EVEs) genetically preserve viral nucleotide sequences useful to the study of viral evolution, gene mutation, and the phylogenetic relationships among host organisms. Here, we describe a lineage-specific, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-derived endogenous viral element (mAAV-EVE1) found within the germline of numerous closely related marsupial species. Molecular screening of a marsupial DNA panel indicated that mAAV-EVE1 occurs specifically within the marsupial suborder Macropodiformes (present-day kangaroos, wallabies, and related macropodoids), to the exclusion of other Diprotodontian lineages. Orthologous mAAV-EVE1 locus sequences from sixteen macropodoid species, representing a speciation history spanning an estimated 30 million years, facilitated compilation of an inferred ancestral sequence that recapitulates the genome of an ancient marsupial AAV that circulated among Australian metatherian fauna sometime during the late Eocene to early Oligocene. In silico gene reconstruction and molecular modelling indicate remarkable conservation of viral structure over a geologic timescale. Characterisation of AAV-EVE loci among disparate species affords insight into AAV evolution and, in the case of macropodoid species, may offer an additional genetic basis for assignment of phylogenetic relationships among the Macropodoidea. From an applied perspective, the identified AAV “fossils” provide novel capsid sequences for use in translational research and clinical applications.
Mobility and subcellular localization of endogenous, gene-edited Tau differs from that of over-expressed human wild-type and P301L mutant Tau
Authors: Xia Di , Gutmann Julia M. , Götz Jürgen
Published: July 2016

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and a subset of frontotemporal dementia termed FTLD-Tau are characterized by a massive, yet incompletely characterized and understood redistribution of Tau. To establish a framework for understanding this pathology, we used the genome-editing tool TALEN and generated Tau-mEOS2 knock-in mice to determine the mobility and subcellular localization of endogenous Tau in hippocampal cultures. We analysed Tau in axons, dendrites and spines at three stages of maturation using live-cell imaging, photo-conversion and FRAP assays. Tau-mEOS2 cultures were compared with those over-expressing EGFP-tagged forms of human wild-type (hWT-Tau) and P301L mutant Tau (hP301L-Tau), modelling Tau accumulation in AD and FTLD-Tau, respectively. In developing neurons, Tau-mEOS2 followed a proximo-distal gradient in axons and a subcellular distribution similar to that of endogenous Tau in neurons obtained from wild-type mice, which were abolished, when either hWT-Tau or hP301L-Tau was over-expressed. For the three conditions, FRAP analysis revealed a similar mobility in dendrites compared with axons; however, Tau-mEOS2 was less mobile than hWT-Tau and hP301L-Tau and the mobile fraction was smaller, possibly reflecting less efficient microtubule binding of Tau when over-expressed. Together, our study presents Tau-mEOS2 mice as a novel tool for the study of Tau in a physiological and a pathological context.