bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS PERTUMBUHAN GMELINA (Gmelina alborea.Roxb) DAN MAHONI (Swietenia magrophylla.King ) di GORONTALO
Authors: Sandalayuk Daud
Published: October 2018

To know the growth analysis of Gmelina ( Gmelina alborea.Roxb ) and Mahoni (Swietenia  magrophylla.King). It is necessary to look at the growth at a certain period in which a certain moment of growth will decrease so that the consideration in the maintenance can be done very evectively and consideration to harvest as needed in the processing of sawn timber or playwood. Mean Growth at age 10, diameter of gmelina 2,4 cm / tree / year, total volume 144,43 m3 / ha, MAI 14,44 m3 / atun, CAI 28,46 m3, Medium point of intersection of MAI and CAI occurred at age 15 years with total volume 251,80 m3 / ha. The growth of Mahogany at the age of 20 years after the measurement in the field with the width of I ha of 510 trees with an increase of diameter 1.38 cm / year, the number of Volume 174.35 m³ / ha and MAI 8.72 and CAI 12.58. At the time when MAI 9.37 and CAI 9.27 were at one point then it was allowed to harvest with age 30 years with a total voLume of 281.03 m3 / ha. This growth analysis can be used to analyze a tree type and help in analyzing an industrial plant where we want is a shorter age for harvesting so that time and cost are not much wasted
Analisis Potensi Pengembangan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikrohidro Di Kabupaten Bone Bolango
Authors: Doda Nurhayati , Mohammad Herdi
Published: October 2018

Energy is a major need in human life, but along with the population growth will be the availability of electrical energy especially that from fossil fuels are being reduced and insufficient for the needs of small-scale electric power listrik.Pembangkit potential as an alternative to fossil energy sources namely renewable micro hydro power plant availability of electricity in remote villages in the district of Bone Bolango is alarming, so it was done research on Analysis of Potential Development of micro hydro power plant (MHP) in Bone regency Bolango. This study aims to provide an overview and preliminary information on the potential of hydropower as a basis for planning and development of micro hydro power plant. In this research will be outlined potential sites for the development of MHP with power potential, specifications turbindan civilian buildings. Measurement of power was awakened by the amount of streamflow in Mongiilo Desa Ulu Subdistrict Bolango Bone Bolango District. Debit analyzed based on observation of the flow rate by using a current meter. From the analysis of the amount of power potential in getting aroused in the research area of 289,935Kw with ideal flow 12.14 m3 / sec, the average efficiency of 65% with the plan fell 3.75 m high. This power is sufficient magnitude elektrifitas needs of residents in the study area that is equal to 65kW.
Analisis Penggunaan Bahan Bakar Etanol-Pertalite Pada Motor Honda Scoopy 110 cc
Authors: Rifal Mohamad , Rauf Wawan
Published: October 2018

The production of the crude oil in Indonesia is slowly deceasing by the year, while the consumption of the fuel is still increasing. The matter being comparable within its consumtion is that it makes Indonesia keep impoerting the fuel in order to fulfill its need in every year. It is because there is no new invention of the new oil-mill. Thus, a new penetration to provide an alternative fuel to press the consumption level is needed. Ethanol however, is one of the newest alternative fuels which can be used as the additional substance of the use of the fossil fuel. Ethanol contains of up to 35% oxygen so that it will produce the perfect combustion even if it is in small unit of substance. The aim of this research was to find out the effect of the use of the mixture of the ethanol-pertalite toward the fuel combustion. The research was using the Honda Scoopy 110 cc motorcycle with 1 cylinder injection system. The liquid tank is designed by using plastic container so that it will be possible to be detached and paired to make the consumtion measuring easier. The test vehicle was operated above chasis dynamometer. Engine scanner, especially for Honda was used to sett the rpm, finding out the throotle position, ignition timing, oxygen sensor and the ratio of water fuel. The result of the research was showing that the use of the mixture fuel E-40 is the best mixture, in which E-40 usage is 14,3% more frugal rather that the combustion of the pure pertalite.
Analisis Perencanaan Break Water Dalam Penanganan Sedimentasi Pantai Di Desa Botubarani
Authors: Ichsan Ilyas , Suleman Abdul Haris
Published: October 2018

Botubarani Beach is a coastal tourist attraction that has activities that can stimulate economic growth for people who are on the coast. Research and identification of the handling of natural phenomena in the shoreline is needed to provide the right handling solution in order to avoid increasing the level of more severe damage. The purpose of this study is to analyze and plan the types and dimensions of the right coastal protection building at Botubarani Beach. Beach buildings are used to protect the coast against damage caused by wave and current attacks. Coastal buildings are classified into three groups according to their function, ie construction constructed on shore and parallel to the shoreline (revetment), constructed on a straight coastal and coastal (groin and jetty) constructions constructed offshore and approximately parallel to the coastline (breakwater). The results of data analysis and calculation found that the building that will be used to handle sedimentation in Botubarani Beach is a break water building with the type of building that is rubble mount. Plate water level elevation is 1,694 m and for selected tetrapod protected layer.
Pengaruh Belanja Modal Dan Pendapatan Asli Daerah Terhadap Pertumbuhan Kinerja Keuangan Daerah Pada Bpkad Kabupaten Pohuwato
Authors: Moodoeto Moh. Jamal
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine how the effects of capital spending and original local revenue to growth in the area of financial kinaerja BPKAD Pohuwato. The data were obtained by downloading the data on the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance State (djpk.go.id) and on BPKAD Pohuwato. Analysis of the data in this study multiple regression using SPSS 21.These results indicate that partially and simultaneously discovered that the Capital Expenditure of the financial performance of no significant influence certainly shows that the tendency of trends in the data that are inconsistent between the Capital Expenditure Financial Performance for trends in the data for each year is different. Regional Income on financial performance is not significant area shows the negative influence because when PAD increases, financial performance will experience decline as a result of the inefficiency of budgetary revenues local government default. Capital Expenditure and revenue (PAD) simultaneously no significant effect on financial performance Pohuwato 2010-2014. These results indicate that the Capital Expenditure and revenue (PAD) was not able to give an interpretation or able to explain the variable Financial Performance. The greatest effect is seen from the determination coefficient of 12.1%. Thus the need for the Government Pohuwato conducted a study on the importance of public goods expenditures or development expenditures to increase revenues Pohuwato
The founders of the Kyiv Physical-Mathematical Society: Mikhailo Petrovich Avenarius (1835–1895)
Authors: Kletska T.
Published: October 2018

This article highlights the life and work of the Kyiv outstanding physicist and educator Mikhailo Petrovich Avenarius, who made a great contribution to the development of physics education in Ukraine. Avenarius was one of the founders of Kyiv Physical-Mathematical Society. Based on archival sources, scientific publications and memoirs of his colleagues and students, the main stages of his biography have been restored and his professional career has been examined. His work at the Kyiv University of St. Vladimir has been detailed throughout 25 years, as well as his achievements as a scientist, teacher and popularizer of science.
Slhouette in context of modern visual culture of Ukraine
Authors: Khramova-Baranova O.
Published: October 2018

On the basis of research of silhouette, artistic expressiveness of design from a paper, cultural and historical and project pre-conditions of works in this technique, it is necessary to consider silhouette as means of graphic expressiveness and to ground the value of this technique for creation of works with more unusual effects and features, that will stimulate to the free associations in an art and in a design. It costs to pay attention artists, designers to creative possibilities of silhouette, as for today small researches from this range of problems, and exhibitions, use of this technique in the design of interiors, graphic design, editions of catalogues from silhouette not to a full degree represent development of this type of decorative art. A research aim consists in that, to investigate, to analyze development of technique of silhouette, educe and distinguish the personal touches of artistically-expressive forms of silhouette, that stimulate to the free associations in the context of visual culture of Ukraine. Silhouette forms the complex of feeling and opinions of people. If the educator value of other forms of public consciousness carries partial character, then a visual culture in silhouette influences complex in opinion and heart, and there is not such to the corner of human spirit, that it would not touch the influence.
Anomalous Transport Behavior in Quantum Magnets
Authors: Belitz Dietrich , Kirkpatrick Theodore R.
Published: October 2018

Transport behavior that is characterized by a low-temperature electrical resistivity that displays a power law behavior ( ρ ( T → 0 ) ∝ T s ) with an exponent of s < 2 is commonly observed in magnetic materials in both the magnetic and non-magnetic phases. We give a pedagogical overview of this phenomenon that summarizes both the experimental situation and the state of its theoretical understanding. We also put it in context by drawing parallels with unusual power law transport behavior in other systems.
Geographical Accessibility of the Sarcoma Referral Networks in France. Intermediate Results from the IGéAS Research Program
Authors: Fayet Yohan , Coindre Jean-Michel , Dalban Cécile , Gouin François , De Pinieux Gonzague , Farsi Fadila , Ducimetière Françoise , Chemin-Airiau Claire , Jean-Denis Myriam , Chabaud Sylvie , Blay Jean-Yves , Ray-Coquard Isabelle
Published: October 2018

Rare cancer patients face lower survival and experience delays in diagnosis and therapeutic mismanagement. Considering the specificities of rare cancers, referral networks have been implemented in France to improve the management and survival of patients. The IGéAS research program aims to assess the networks’ ability to reduce inequalities. Data analysis of the IGéAS cohort (n = 20,590, sarcoma diagnosed between 2011 and 2014) by gathering medical data and geographical index will identify risk factors associated with the belated access to expertise or with no access to expertise. Intermediate results show that referral networks give sarcoma patients access to sarcoma expertise despite the remoteness of some of them. Regional expert centers mostly receive requests from within their area while national referral centers receive requests from the whole country. Delays in the access to expertise may be reduced by making outside practitioners more sensitive to the issues of rare cancers. The perception and involvement of outside practitioners in this device will be assessed using a qualitative survey. All the results are discussed and will contribute to design guidelines to improve early access to expertise and reduce inequalities. Results of the IGéAS research program may contribute to the assessment of referral sarcoma networks and provide some useful lessons to improve cancer care management.
Mental Health and Environmental Exposures: An Editorial
Authors: Helbich Marco
Published: October 2018

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A Metagenomic Approach to Evaluating Surface Water Quality in Haiti
Authors: Roy Monika A. , Arnaud Jean M. , Jasmin Paul M. , Hamner Steve , Hasan Nur A. , Colwell Rita R. , Ford Timothy E.
Published: October 2018

The cholera epidemic that occurred in Haiti post-earthquake in 2010 has resulted in over 9000 deaths during the past eight years. Currently, morbidity and mortality rates for cholera have declined, but cholera cases still occur on a daily basis. One continuing issue is an inability to accurately predict and identify when cholera outbreaks might occur. To explore this surveillance gap, a metagenomic approach employing environmental samples was taken. In this study, surface water samples were collected at two time points from several sites near the original epicenter of the cholera outbreak in the Central Plateau of Haiti. These samples underwent whole genome sequencing and subsequent metagenomic analysis to characterize the microbial community of bacteria, fungi, protists, and viruses, and to identify antibiotic resistance and virulence associated genes. Replicates from sites were analyzed by principle components analysis, and distinct genomic profiles were obtained for each site. Cholera toxin converting phage was detected at one site, and Shiga toxin converting phages at several sites. Members of the Acinetobacter family were frequently detected in samples, including members implicated in waterborne diseases. These results indicate a metagenomic approach to evaluating water samples can be useful for source tracking and the surveillance of pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae over time, as well as for monitoring virulence factors such as cholera toxin.
Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs): Molecular Triggers for Sterile Inflammation in the Liver
Authors: Mihm Sabine
Published: October 2018

Inflammatory liver diseases in the absence of pathogens such as intoxication by xenobiotics, cholestatic liver injury, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remain threatening conditions demanding specific therapeutic options. Caused by various different noxae, all these conditions have been recognized to be triggered by danger- or death-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), discompartmentalized self-structures released by dying cells. These endogenous, ectopic molecules comprise proteins, nucleic acids, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), or mitochondrial compounds, among others. This review resumes the respective modes of their release—passively by necrotic hepatocytes or actively by viable or apoptotic parenchymal cells—and their particular roles in sterile liver pathology. It addresses their sensors and the initial inflammatory responses they provoke. It further addresses a resulting second wave of parenchymal death that might be of different mode, boosting the release of additional, second-line DAMPs. Thus, triggering a more complex and pronounced response. Initial and secondary inflammatory responses comprise the activation of Kupffer cells (KCs), the attraction and activation of monocytes and neutrophil granulocytes, and the induction of type I interferons (IFNs) and their effectors. A thorough understanding of pathophysiology is a prerequisite for identifying rational therapeutic targets.
Polyamine Metabolism and Gene Methylation in Conjunction with One-Carbon Metabolism
Authors: Soda Kuniyasu
Published: October 2018

Recent investigations have revealed that changes in DNA methylation status play an important role in aging-associated pathologies and lifespan. The methylation of DNA is regulated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b) in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which serves as a methyl group donor. Increased availability of SAM enhances DNMT activity, while its metabolites, S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcSAM), act to inhibit DNMT activity. SAH, which is converted from SAM by adding a methyl group to cytosine residues in DNA, is an intermediate precursor of homocysteine. dcSAM, converted from SAM by the enzymatic activity of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, provides an aminopropyl group to synthesize the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Increased homocysteine levels are a significant risk factor for the development of a wide range of conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. However, successful homocysteine-lowering treatment by vitamins (B6, B12, and folate) failed to improve these conditions. Long-term increased polyamine intake elevated blood spermine levels and inhibited aging-associated pathologies in mice and humans. Spermine reversed changes (increased dcSAM, decreased DNMT activity, aberrant DNA methylation, and proinflammatory status) induced by the inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase. The relation between polyamine metabolism, one-carbon metabolism, DNA methylation, and the biological mechanism of spermine-induced lifespan extension is discussed.
Fatty Acid Composition and Fatty Acid Associated Gene-Expression in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) are Affected by Low-Fish Oil Diets, Dietary Resveratrol, and Holding Temperature
Authors: Torno Claudia , Staats Stefanie , Michl Stéphanie Céline , De Pascual-Teresa Sonia , Izquierdo Marisol , Rimbach Gerald , Schulz Carsten
Published: October 2018

To sustainably produce marine fish with a high lipid quality rich in omega-3 fatty acids, alternative sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are being identified. Moreover, the use of bioactive compounds that would stimulate the in vivo fatty acid synthesis, such as resveratrol (RV), would reduce the dependence on fish oil in aquafeeds. Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) were fed four experimental diets combining two fish oil levels (6% dry matter (DM); 2% DM) with or without 0.15% DM resveratrol supplementation (F6, F2, F6 + RV, F2 + RV) for two months. Additionally, the fish were challenged either at 19 °C or 23 °C. A higher water temperature promoted their feed intake and growth, resulting in an increased crude lipid content irrespective of dietary treatment. The fatty acid composition of different tissues was significantly affected by the holding temperature and dietary fish oil level. The dietary RV significantly affected the hepatic EPA and DHA content of fish held at 19 °C. The observed effect of RV may be partly explained by alterations of the mRNA steady-state levels of ∆6-desaturase and β-oxidation-related genes. Besides the relevant results concerning RV-mediated regulation of fatty acid synthesis in marine fish, further studies need to be conducted to clarify the potential value of RV to enhance fillet lipid quality.
Changes in Morphology and Presence of Pinopodes in Endometrial Cells during the Luteal Phase in Women with Infertility Problems: A Pilot Study
Authors: Aunapuu Marina , Kibur Piret , Järveots Tõnu , Arend Andres
Published: October 2018

Objective: To investigate morphological changes in the endometrial epithelial cells of patients with infertility problems. Materials and methods: Endometrial biopsies were obtained from 10 women who have undergone several unsuccessful in vitro fertilisation (IVF) procedures. Endometrial biopsies were performed between luteinizing hormone surge days LH+6 to +10 of the natural menstrual cycle. Each sample was divided into three parts, which were processed for histological, transmission (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations. Results: Histological investigations demonstrated significant alterations in the apical part of epithelial cells of one patient; in four patients, the gland maturity was low, not matching the cycle day, and thus a phase lag had developed. By TEM examination, we ascertained changes in secretory and ciliated cells in three patients (decreased amount or missing microvilli, irregular cilia in ciliated cells). SEM examination found pinopodes in five patients: three samples contained fully developed pinopodes—larger and completely smooth, with only some wrinkles; one sample contained regressing small pinopodes, with wrinkled surfaces; and one sample had both developed and regressing pinopodes. Conclusions: To conclude, our study shows that the endometrium of patients with poor IVF outcome has either significant changes in the morphology or the endometrial maturation is inhibited and a phase lag often develops. Our study shows that endometrial pinopodes are found throughout the mid-luteal phase up to day LH+10.
Phytochemical Profiling of Fruit Powders of Twenty Sorbus L. Cultivars
Authors: Zymone Kristina , Raudone Lina , Raudonis Raimondas , Marksa Mindaugas , Ivanauskas Liudas , Janulis Valdimaras
Published: October 2018

Rowanberries have been traditionally used in various processed foods. Scientific research demonstrates the pharmacological effects of Sorbus L. fruits are determined by their unique composition of biologically active compounds. The aim of this study was to determine the composition of flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, organic acids and sugars as well as the total antioxidant activity in fruit powders of 20 Sorbus cultivars. Chemical profiles of rowanberry fruit powders vary significantly. Cultivars ‘Burka’, ‘Likernaja’, ‘Dodong’, and ‘Fructo Lutea’ distinguish themselves with exclusive phytochemical composition and high antioxidant activity. Fruit powders from ‘Burka’, ‘Likernaja’ contain the highest contents of anthocyanins while fruit powder samples from ‘Fructo Lutea’ and ‘Dodong’ contain the highest levels of phenolic acids, ascorbic acid and the lowest levels of fructose. Fruit powder samples from ‘Dodong’ also contain the highest levels of β-carotene and sorbitol and the lowest levels of malic acid. Cultivars ‘Burka’, ‘Likernaja’, ‘Dodong’, and ‘Fructo Lutea’ could be selected as eligible raw materials for the preparation of rowanberry fruit powders.
“Korea National Prayer Breakfast” and Protestant Leaders’ Prophetic Consciousness during the Period of Military Dictatorship (1962–1987)
Authors: Yoo Yohan , Kim Minah
Published: October 2018

This paper illuminates the prophetic consciousness of Korean Protestant leaders by examining the “Korea National Prayer Breakfast” (Gukgajochangidohoe, 국가조찬기도회) that they hosted, particularly during the military regimes. In explaining the motivation for and intention of this special religious event in the political arena, most scholars have emphasized the Protestant leaders’ political ambition and their agendas to get the government support and expand their power in Korean society. However, we should take heed of the leaders’ religious aspirations to make the country righteous in God’s sight. They attempted to have a good influence on the inner circle of the military dictatorship, which some Christians regarded as an evil force. Though they preached to and prayed for the military regimes, their sermons were often unpleasant and challenging to the presidents and their associates. The Protestant leaders wanted to play the role of John the Baptist rebuking Herod Antipas rather than the compliant chief priests and scribes serving Herod the Great.
A Novel MIMO–SAR Solution Based on Azimuth Phase Coding Waveforms and Digital Beamforming
Authors: Zhou Fang , Ai Jiaqiu , Dong Zhangyu , Zhang Jiajia , Xing Mengdao
Published: October 2018

In multiple-input multiple-output synthetic aperture radar (MIMO–SAR) signal processing, a reliable separation of multiple transmitted waveforms is one of the most important and challenging issues, for the unseparated signal will degrade the performance of most MIMO–SAR applications. As a solution to this problem, a novel APC–MIMO–SAR system is proposed based on the azimuth phase coding (APC) technique to transmit multiple waveforms simultaneously. Although the echo aliasing occurs in the time domain and Doppler domain, the echoes can be separated well without performance degradation by implementing the azimuth digital beamforming (DBF) technique, comparing to the performance of the orthogonal waveforms. The proposed MIMO–SAR solution based on the APC waveforms indicates the feasibility and the spatial diversity of the MIMO–SAR system. It forms a longer baseline in elevation, which gives the potential to expand the application of MIMO–SAR in elevation, such as improving the performance of multibaseline InSAR and three-dimensional SAR imaging. Simulated results on both a point target and distributed targets validate the effectiveness of the echo separation and reconstruction method with the azimuth DBF. The feasibility and advantage of the proposed MIMO–SAR solution based on the APC waveforms are demonstrated by comparing with the imaging result of the up- and down-chirp waveforms.
A High-Performance Optoelectronic Sensor Device for Nitrate Nitrogen in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
Authors: Wang Cong , Li Zhen , Pan Zhongli , Li Daoliang
Published: October 2018

The determination of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in recirculating aquaculture systems is of great significance for the health assessment of the living environment of aquatic animals. Unfortunately, the commonly used spectrophotometric methods often yield unstable results, especially when the ambient temperature varies greatly in the field measurement. Here, we have developed a novel handheld absorbance measurement sensor based on the thymol-NO3-N chromogenic rearrangement reaction. In terms of hardware, the sensor adopts a dual channel/dual wavelength colorimeter structure that features a modulated light source transmitter and a synchronous detector receiver. The circuit measures the ratio of light absorbed by the sample and reference containers at two LEDs with peak wavelengths at 420 nm and 450 nm. Using the modulated source and synchronous detector rather than a constant (DC) source eliminates measurement errors due to ambient light and low frequency noise and provides higher accuracy. In terms of software, we design a new quantitative analysis algorithm for absorbance by studying colloid absorbing behavior. The application of a buffer operator embedded in the algorithm makes the sensor get the environmental correction function. The results have shown that the sensitivity, repeatability, precision and environmental stability are higher than that by ordinary spectrophotometry. Lastly, we have a brief overview of future work.
RESEARCH OF THE ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT IN SHANGHAI WORLD EXPO PARK
Authors: Li Yangluxi
Published: October 2018

The conceiving of future cities converged at the 2010 Shanghai World Expo from 246 different countries and regional organizations. With a focus on the world energy crisis, the expo’s design, construction and exhibitions offer solutions to this issue. Energy planning is integrated into the overall planning of the expo to continue and diffuse the follow-up effect of the Shanghai World Expo in the social, economic, environmental aspects. In order to obtain a deeper understanding of the urban “heat-island effect” distribution causes and a series of climatic factors closely related to urban heat environment. In this paper, we combine the Ecotect software and CFD software, simulating the thermal environment of the city in the Shanghai World Expo. With broad application, these research methods can also be introduced in future urban planning, formulate design guidelines for corresponding urban climate environments according to different geographical and climatic characteristics of cities. We extract the application and exhibition of a future city’s construction and technology from the World Expo venues. The statistical analysis provides information on the construction trends of future cities.
The Introduction of Thin Open-Cell Metal Foams and their Wider Engineering Applications
Authors: Shi Zhong Liang , Szpunar Jerzy A.
Published: October 2018

Metal foams, having a great of specific surface areas and three-dimensional open cell structures, can be used for electromagnetic shielding and thermal management in electronics, battery electrodes in new energy, catalyst carriers in chemical engineering and lightweight structure in aerospace. The key performance indicators of these open cell metal foams are how to effectively control their pore structures such as pore diameter distribution and porosity and how to make it thinner that can meet different requirements for the component preparation. Summarized about three manufacturing processes are usually used to build metal foams. The first is well-known as physical process. The second is chemical or electrochemical method. The third is a combined process between physical and chemical processes. No matter what kind of process is selected to manufacture open cell metal foam, the specific surface area directly related to the microstructure of the foam is an important parameter in a material selection and design for its application.This paper will introduce a special powder composite plus manufacture process that is developed by Jiangsu Green Materials Hi-Tech. Co. Ltd. The leading manufacture process is a new one that is combined by powder metallurgy, casting, deformation and physical-chemical synthesis. It is environmentally friendly and recyclable from raw material selection, manufacturing process to thermal-mechanical treatment. This paper will also focus on the introduction of the microstructure characterization of open-cell metal foams such as copper, nickel, iron, silver and their alloying foams that we manufactured and give some examples to demonstrate their potential applications in the field of new energy, such as being an electrode for lithium-ion battery, membranes for fuel cell and super-capacitor, in the field of electronic engineering such as thermal management and electromagnetic shielding, in the field of chemical engineering such as separation and catalysts. These examples show their lead roles of these open-cell metal foams and different applications by our developed process.
Quasi-Static Crushing of Aluminum Foam-Filled Thin-Walled Aluminum Tubes
Authors: Yu Yang , Cao Zhuo Kun , Li Min , Luo Hong Jie
Published: October 2018

The effect of aluminum foams with different cell structure on the quasi-static compression behavior and energy absorption of aluminum tubular structures was investigated. For comparison, empty tubes and aluminum foams with different cell structure were also tested, respectively. The results indicated that the value of crushing peak load of aluminum foam-filled tubes increases from 57.88% (1.94mm cell size) to 89.33% (1.22mm cell size) respectively compared with 2.83mm cell size. Splitting deformation of foam filling was found to effect in increasing the extra contact between the foam filling and the tube during progressive crushing, which increases the lateral compressive forces on the tubes. The energy absorption of aluminum foams filled aluminum tubes was also improved significantly due to the change of cell structure.
Structural Transformation of Bilayer Ferro-Foams Caused by Magnetic Field
Authors: Dong Hua Qiao , Liang Jun , Li Fu Yang , Zhang Cheng Chuan , Wang Song Bao , Lei Zuo Sheng
Published: October 2018

Previous researchers have proved that units constituting monodisperse bilayer foams can transform reversibly by changing foam liquid fraction. Structural transformation of bilayer ferro-foams caused by magnetic field is investigated in this paper. It is observed that bilayer ferro-foams transform from Tóth structure to honeycomb structure caused by liquid fraction change which attributes to foam imbibition under a uniform magnetic gradient field. In order to acquire critical structural transformation liquid fraction range, foam liquid fractions are calculated by image analysis. However, we also observed that, when applying a homogeneous magnetic field, bilayer ferro-foams can also perform this transformation at a constant liquid fraction. This phenomenon is related to energy absorption of foam system, which is induced by magnetic interaction of magnetic moments after applying a magnetic field. This self-organizational behavior of foam structure is believed to be based on energy minimization principle. This study opens possible applications in the field of metal foam preparation.
Mechanical Evaluation of Titanium Scaffolds for Orthopedic Implants
Authors: Salehi Akram , Amini Mashhadi Hossein , Abravi Mohammad Sadegh , Baezegar Faezeh , Nokhasteh Samira , Mahdavi Meysam
Published: October 2018

In this study, titanium scaffolds with three different porosities of 50%, 60% and 70% were produced by Ti powder and urea space holder, using powder metallurgy technique. Structural evaluations were done by X-ray diffraction (XRD) apparatus and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to ensure removal of urea particles and non-oxidized samples due to the sintering process and then uniaxial compression test was performed on produced samples to determine yield stress and young modulus. The results of structural evaluations indicated success in production and absence of undesirable phases in the final products. Compression test evaluations showed that all the samples have young modulus in the range of bone application. It was found that the yield stress and Young’s modulus were strongly depended on the porosity. Therefore, the pore structure and properties of the porous titanium could be tailored to satisfy the requirements of biomedical implants.
Human Bone Inspired Design of an Mg Alloy-Based Foam
Authors: Posada Viviana M. , Orozco Camila , Ramirez Patino Juan Fernando , Fernandez-Morales Patricia
Published: October 2018

As an initial step of this research, open cell magnesium foams were obtained by infiltration casting using a preform of salt particles with irregular morphology. Despite this metallic foam was a successful approach to bone replacement scaffold, the properties of a metal foam need to be improved to meet the requirements by accurately adjusting the porous geometry. The tissue scaffold structure should be submissive biologically as well as mechanically and should at best mimic the natural properties of bone to act as an accurate bone substitute. The architectural and mechanical bone scaffold parameters determine the biological outcome.This work aims to design and manufacture an ordered foam with mechanical and architectural properties similar to those of the bone using an Mg alloy as a base material. Accordingly, representative features were identified to generate computer-aided designed (CAD) unit cells. Then, a set of the selected cells was assembled to obtain a specified architecture for bone replacement. Finite element method analysis was applied to calculate the mechanical response. The architectural parameters were varied to match the elastic properties of human bone concerning suitable exposed area, volume, and pore size. The best architecture was determined by compression loading acting on the assembly. Finally, polymeric stamps with sets of truncated octahedrons will be printed from the CAD model and were replicated in a clay made with a combination of salt and flour. Infiltration casting will obtain last of all, open cell magnesium foams.
Mechanical Response of Nano-Porous Copper under Different Temperature and Strain Rate through Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Wei Si Yu , Yao Chang Wei , Wang Lei , Yang Dong Hui
Published: October 2018

As a type of nanostructured material with nanosized porosity and ultrahigh specific surface area, nanoporous metals attract much attention in both industrial and theoretical fields. Through molecular dynamics simulations, the strain energy of nanoporous copper is investigated with special consideration on the effect of temperature and strain rate. First, with the variation of temperature and strain rate, the change of both stress and strain energy is plotted. Dislocation movement and structural response of nanoporous copper are explored in different stages of strain. Secondly, yield points under different conditions are analyzed to demonstrate the super plasticity of nanoporous copper. It is interesting that critical points appears. Based on above mentioned investigation, it is expected to provide a simple description on mechanical property and performance of nanoporous metals.
Relationship between Elastic Module and Porous Structure of Cancellous Bone
Authors: Du Yi Hao , He Si Yuan , Huo Meng Ke , Zhou Ping , Chen Qiang , Bao Ni Rong , Ba Long
Published: October 2018

Trabecular bone, widely presented in the ends of long bones and chine, is a typically porous structure which provides a multifunction such as light weight, undertaking load, impact energy buffer and hosting marrow cells. The structure of trabecular is a dominant factor for the strength of cancellous bone. The prediction of the trabecular bone’s mechanical properties depending on the trabecular structure is very useful for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. The object of this study is to establish a relationship between the mechanical properties and topological, morphological parameters of trabecular bone. The 50 3-D data of cancellous bone are selected from the CT images of three caput femurs and disposed in BoneJ, through which the BV/TV, SMI and genus parameters of each samples are obtained. The deformation behaviors of trabecular bone are simulated in ABAQUS through uniaxial compression on the 3-D model derived from stack images. Then linear-regression analyses are conducted on the BV/TV, genus, SMI and apparent Young’s modulus, resulting a high correlation (R^2=0.84) between the Young’s modulus and the hybrid parameter derived from SMI and normalized genus, corresponding to morphological and topological parameter of the samples respectively. The result indicates that it’s promising to establish the relationship between mechanical properties of trabecular bone and their topological and morphological parameters.
Impact Energy Absorbing System for Space Lander Using Hemispherical Open-Cell Porous Aluminum
Authors: Kitazono Koichi , Tada Raita , Sugiyama Yoshikazu , Miura Toko
Published: October 2018

Impact energy absorbing system for space lander is an important technology for space exploring missions. Open-cell porous aluminum manufactured through 3D selective laser melting process has been used on the energy absorbing system. Compression tests for cylindrical and hemispherical shaped porous aluminum with different porosities revealed the high potential as an energy absorbing component. It was found that the suitable heat treatment were effective to increase the energy absorbing potential of the porous aluminum.
Numerical Simulation on the Compression Property in Different Face Sheet of Sandwich Panel Combined with Aluminum Foam
Authors: Wang Yan Li , Tian Ke Nan , Xu Hong , Wang Lu Cai
Published: October 2018

Sandwich face sheets are very important roles in composite materials. It was simulated that the quasi-static compressive crush performances of three types of sandwich sheets by ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. The aluminum top panels (“half hard”) had the higher plateau stress and its absorption energy reached 20.483J/mm3, were superior to the steel top panel (“hard”); the bottom face sheet rarely affects the energy absorption properties in cases.
Sound Absorption Properties of Stainless Steel Fiber Porous Materials before/after Corrosion
Authors: Ao Qing Bo , Wang Jian Zhong , Ma Jun , Ge Yuan
Published: October 2018

316L stainless steel fiber felt was used as raw material. Sound absorption properties of the porous materials before/after corrosion were measured through the double pipe microphone impedance method. The law of the sound absorption properties was discussed also. In addition, the microstructure of the porous materials was observed by SEM. Some results are concluded as follows: when the hydrochloric acid (HCL) concentration is 1wt%, the sound absorption coefficient of the porous materials before/after corrosion is invariable generally. When the HCL concentration is 10wt%, the one after corrosion is higher than before corrosion, about 0.2 (4000~6000Hz), due to the corrosion pits at the face of the fibers.
Fabrication of Lead-Foam by Infiltration Casting
Authors: Liang Xiao Long , Luo Hong Jie , Ma Xiao Tao , Zhang Zhi Gang , Xu Jian Rong
Published: October 2018

Lead-foam is a type material holding high porosity and specific surface area and can be used as grid material of storage battery and anode material in zinc electrolysis. Based on the infiltration casting system designed according to Pascal's and pressure infiltration principle, lead-foam with porosity 58-61%, cell diameter 1.18-3.35mm was successfully manufactured via infiltration casting method where industrial sodium chloride (NaCl) particles were used as porogens. As preparation of preform is a key step in infiltration casting process, orthogonal tests were performed to study the some process parameters’ effects on the porosity of the preform and the orthogonal test results revealed that the rank from high to low of the parameters’ effects on the porosity of preform was porogen size, cold-compacting pressure, sintering time and sintering temperature.
Porous Titanium Fabricated by a Combination of Vacuum Distillation and Sintering Process
Authors: Lu Xiao Tong , Luo Hong Jie , Yin Wei , Wu Lin Li , He Qi Le
Published: October 2018

As a new type of material combined with special structure and function, the porous titanium was prepared through vacuum distillation and sintering process, by which the titanium powder was used as raw material, magnesium particles and its powder as space holder, anhydrous ethanol as binder. The porosity of porous titanium obtained by this method is between 35% and 75% and its opening ratio runs up to 95%. The experimental result showed that magnesium existed in the compacted precursor was evaporated rapidly in vacuum when temperature reached 750°C and removed completely within 20 minutes. The suitable sintering temperature was between 1050°C and 1250°C, but the porosity of porous titanium decreased from 76.2% to 61.3% with temperature elevated. The precursor uniformity was improved by addition of anhydrous ethanol and its formability and density was also done by addition of magnesium powder. The relative density of precursor increased from 82% to 98% with magnesium powder volume fraction varied from 30 vol.% to 80 vol.%.
Fabrication and Compression Investigation of the Ordered Porous Aluminum with Cubic Pores
Authors: Wang Han , Fu Yu , Su Ming Ming , Hao Hai
Published: October 2018

Ordered porous aluminum is a new kind of porous metals with great potential due to the ordered structure. However, traditional methods are difficult to fabricate the ordered structure. Considering the regularity of the structure, the indirect rapid prototyping method is proposed to prepare the ordered porous aluminum. In this study, the structure of ordered porous aluminum with cubic pores was designed. The infiltration casting process of the indirect rapid prototyping method was simulated by the software ProCAST. The infiltration method, infiltration temperature and preheated temperature were optimized by the numerical simulation investigation. The specimens of the ordered porous aluminum with different structure parameters were prepared successfully by utilizing the optimal process parameters. The actual temperature-time curve was recorded in the experiment of infiltration casting and compared with the curve obtained by simulation. It proved that the simulated results in this study were reliable. The structure characterizations and quasi-static compression tests were also carried out in this study. The compression curves of the ordered porous aluminum with cubic pores showed the typical feature of porous metals. The compressive properties and density of the ordered porous aluminum with cubic pores met the linear relationship.
Potent Activation of Human T Cells by mRNA Encoding Constitutively Active CD40
Authors: Levin Noam , Weinstein-Marom Hadas , Pato Aviad , Itzhaki Orit , Besser Michal J. , Eisenberg Galit , Peretz Tamar , Lotem Michal , Gross Gideon
Published: October 2018

New strategies for augmenting the actual performance of therapeutic T cells in vivo are needed for improving clinical outcome of adoptive cell therapy. Cumulative findings suggest that CD40 plays an intrinsic role in T cell costimulation. Recently, we demonstrated the ability of truncated, auto-oligomerizing CD40 derivatives to induce strong activation of APCs in a ligand-independent manner. We reasoned that constitutively active CD40 (caCD40) can similarly exert enhancing effects on human antitumor T cells. To test this assumption, we transfected human T cells with in vitro–transcribed caCD40 mRNA. In polyclonal T cells, caCD40 triggered IFN-γ secretion and upregulated CD25 and 4-1BB. In antimelanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), caCD40 induced massive production of IFN-γ, exerting a pronounced synergistic effect when coexpressed with constitutively active TLR4 devoid of its extracellular ligand binding. In unselected “young” TILs, caCD40 reproducibly increased surface expression of CD25, OX40, 4-1BB, CD127, and CD28. Three days post-mRNA electroporation of CD8 TILs, caCD40 elevated IFN-γ and TNF-α production and cytolytic activity in the presence of autologous but not HLA-I–mismatched melanoma. Enhanced killing of autologous melanoma by young TILs was observed 4 d posttransfection. These findings suggest that caCD40 can function as a potent T cell adjuvant and provide essential guidelines for similar manipulation of other key members of the TNFR family.
Dicer-2 Regulates Resistance and Maintains Homeostasis against Zika Virus Infection in Drosophila
Authors: Harsh Sneh , Ozakman Yaprak , Kitchen Shannon M. , Paquin-Proulx Dominic , Nixon Douglas F. , Eleftherianos Ioannis
Published: October 2018

Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks pose a massive public health threat in several countries. We have developed an in vivo model to investigate the host–ZIKV interaction in Drosophila. We have found that a strain of ZIKV replicates in wild-type flies without reducing their survival ability. We have shown that ZIKV infection triggers RNA interference and that mutating Dicer-2 results in enhanced ZIKV load and increased susceptibility to ZIKV infection. Using a flavivirus-specific Ab, we have found that ZIKV is localized in the gut and fat body cells of the infected wild-type flies and results in their perturbed homeostasis. In addition, Dicer-2 mutants display severely reduced insulin activity, which could contribute toward the increased mortality of these flies. Our work establishes the suitability of Drosophila as the model system to study host–ZIKV dynamics, which is expected to greatly advance our understanding of the molecular and physiological processes that determine the outcome of this disease.
Cost of charging for water use in the Brazilian Cerrado hydrographic basin
Authors: Alencar Kalesson Martins , Moreira Michel Castro , Silva Demetrius David da
Published: October 2018

This study analyzed the relative cost of charging for water use with respect to water users' production costs in the Grande River Basin, located in the Brazilian Cerrado, considering the principal charging methods existing in Brazil. The study was developed based on: the rights of use grant data surveys pertaining to water resources and the classification of bodies of water into usage classes; a simulation of charging for water use through various methods; and an analysis of the relative cost of charges on the production cost of the water users. The charging methods used by the following were studied: the Committee of the Basin of River Paraíba do Sul (CEIVAP), the Committee of Basins of Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí Rivers (PCJ), the São Francisco River Basin Committee (CBHSF) and the Doce River Basin Committee (CBH-DOCE). The study verified that irrigated agriculture is the sector that uses the most water, representing 46.4% of the outflow granted in the basin. Considering the different charging methods, the collection in the basin of the Grande River potentially allows for investments of US$ 1.2 million (PCJ), US$ 920,000 (CEIVAP), US$ 426,000 (CBH-DOCE), or US$ 297,000 (CBHSF) in this region, leading to average relative costs of 0.68% (irrigation), 0.28% (human) and 0.08% (industry). For this reason, there is the possibility of implanting charges for water use in the Grande River Basin, with either the CEIVAP's or PCJ's method appearing to be the most suitable, given that the parameters of these mechanisms are in line with existing activities in the basin.