bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrocarbon oxidation by iron-porphyrin immobilized on SBA-15 as biomimetic catalyst: role of silica surface
Authors: Zanatta L. D. , Barbosa I. A. , Zanardi F. B. , de Sousa Filho P. C. , Bolzon L. B. , Ramos A. P. , Serra O. A. , Iamamoto Y.
Published: October 2016

We describe a heterogeneous catalyst containing iron-porphyrins in SBA-15 structures for biomimetic catalysis, correlating surface adsorption/wetting characteristics to oxidation mechanisms.
Inactivation of E. coli bacteria ingested by Limnoithona sinensis and Daphnia magna using chloramines
Authors: Lin Tao , Miao Gang , Ding Lei , Chen Wei
Published: October 2016

Inactivation ofE. coliinternalized byL. sinensisandD. magnain different conditions.
Cascade reaction for the construction of CF3 containing tetrasubstituted furan ring
Authors: Choudhary Manoj K. , Rao Ganga Venkata Subba , Menapara Tusharkumar , Kureshy Rukhsana I. , Khan Noor-ul H. , Abdi Sayed H. R. , Suresh Eringathodi
Published: October 2016

Activated olefins are well known nucleophiles, but proton abstraction from the substituted α-methyl group in nitroolefin is rare.
Removal of gas-phase Hg0 by Mn/montmorillonite K 10
Authors: Wu Yinghong , Xu Wenqing , Yang Yang , Shao Mingpan , Zhu Tingyu , Tong Li
Published: October 2016

Mn/montmorillonite K 10 (Mn/MK10) prepared by an impregnation method was studied to remove Hg0 in simulated coal-fired flue gas. ​4% Mn/MK10 was the optimal sample with outstanding Hg0 removal efficiency over the temperature range of 100–400 °C.
Hairy cylinders based on a coil-comb-coil copolymer
Authors: Yang Bo , Huang Qiutong , Liu Huanhuan , Zhao Youliang , Du Jianzhong
Published: October 2016

We present the preparation and possible formation mechanism of hairy cylinders self-assembled from a coil-comb-coil copolymer.
Preparation and characterization of Cu–rare earth/Al2O3 catalysts and their application in the electrochemical removal of p-nitrophenol
Authors: Duan Xiaoyue , Ren Fang , Chang Limin
Published: October 2016

Cu and rare earth composite catalysts (Cu–rare earth/Al2O3) were prepared on Al2O3 particles using an impregnation method for the electro-catalytic oxidation of p-nitrophenol in this study.
Silanization induced inherent strain in graphene based filler influencing mechanical properties of polycarbonate urethane nanocomposite membranes
Authors: Thampi Sudhin , Muthuvijayan Vignesh , Parameswaran Ramesh
Published: October 2016

Nanosheet type fillers apart from their size and surface functional groups may have numerous attributes affecting the mechanical properties of polymeric nanocomposites.
Electrospinning of PLA/pearl powder nanofibrous scaffold for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Dai Jiamu , Yang Shenglin , Jin Junhong , Li Guang
Published: October 2016

Natural pearl powder was proved a promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering, PLA/pearl powder nanofibrous scaffold was prepared via electrospun to improve the weak biocompatibility and mineralization ability of PLA.
Copper-catalyzed carbonylation of anilines by diisopropyl azodicarboxylate for the synthesis of carbamates
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Ren Zhi-Hui , Wang Yao-Yu , Guan Zheng-Hui
Published: October 2016

Herein, a simple Cu-catalyzed system for the synthesis of carbamates has been developed using anilines with diisopropyl azodicarboxylate as a carbonyl source under solvent-free conditions.
Proposition of classification models for the direct evaluation of the quality of cattle and sheep leathers using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis
Authors: Neiva Ariane Maciel , Chagas Jacinto Manuel Antonio , Mello de Alencar Maurício , Esteves Sérgio Novita , Pereira-Filho Edenir Rodrigues
Published: October 2016

This study proposes classification models for the prediction of the quality parameters of cattle and sheep leathers.
Schottky–ohmic converted contact, fast-response, infrared PbTe photodetector with stable photoresponse in air
Authors: Lin Zhonghai , Yang Zhi , Wang Pingjian , Wei Guangfen , He Aixiang , Guo Wen , Wang Minqiang
Published: October 2016

In this paper, TBAI treated PbTe CQD film photodetectors with fast-response show infrared photoelectronic properties in air.
Direct evaluation of CVD multilayer graphene elastic properties
Authors: Barcelos I. D. , Marçal L. A. B. , Deneke Ch. , Moura L. G. , Lacerda R. G. , Malachias A.
Published: October 2016

Rolling semiconductor tubes with graphene layers allows the integration of distinct material classes as well as the evaluation of elastic properties.
Synthesis of novel ZnO/ZnAl2O4 multi co-centric nanotubes and their long-term stability in photocatalytic application
Authors: Nasr Maryline , Viter Roman , Eid Cynthia , Warmont Fabienne , Habchi Roland , Miele Philippe , Bechelany Mikhael
Published: October 2016

Based on the Kirkendall effect, novel double, triple and quadruple co-centric nanotubes of ZnO/ZnAl2O4 have been successfully fabricated by combining the two techniques of electrospinning and atomic layer deposition.
Bifunctional nanocapsules for magnetic resonance imaging and photodynamic therapy
Authors: Zhang Hecheng , Peng Shan , Xu Suying , Chen Zhengguang
Published: October 2016

A bifunctional protein nanospheres was successfully constructed through self-assembly of hydrolysed α-lactalbumin for magnetic resonance imaging and photodynamic therapy.
Efficient one-pot per-O-acetylation–thioglycosidation of native sugars, 4,6-O-arylidenation and one-pot 4,6-O-benzylidenation–acetylation of S-/O-glycosides catalyzed by Mg(OTf)2
Authors: Mukherjee Mana Mohan , Basu Nabamita , Chaudhury Aritra , Ghosh Rina
Published: October 2016

Sequential one-pot per-O-acetylation–S-/O-glycosidation under neat condition, regioselective 4,6-O-arylidenation and sequential one-pot benzylidenation–acetylation of Mg(OTf)2as non-hygroscopic, recyclable catalyst are reported.
Tuning metal cluster catalytic activity with morphology and composition: a DFT study of O2 dissociation at the global minimum of PtmPdn (m + n = 5) clusters
Authors: Lv Peng , Lu Zhansheng , Li Shuo , Ma Dongwei , Zhang Wenjin , Zhang Yi , Yang Zongxian
Published: October 2016

The catalytic property for O2 dissociation of the pure Pt5 cluster can be further improved by introducing the Pd atoms based on the morphology and composition.
Analysis of burn-in photo degradation in low bandgap polymer PTB7 using photothermal deflection spectroscopy
Authors: Upama Mushfika Baishakhi , Wright Matthew , Puthen-Veettil Binesh , Elumalai Naveen Kumar , Mahmud Md Arafat , Wang Dian , Chan Kah Howe , Xu Cheng , Haque Faiazul , Uddin Ashraf
Published: October 2016

Sub-bandgap defect characterization in PTB7 by photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS).
Few molecule SERS detection using nanolens based plasmonic nanostructure: application to point mutation detection
Authors: Das Gobind , Alrasheed Salma , Coluccio Maria Laura , Gentile Francesco , Nicastri Annalisa , Candeloro Patrizio , Cuda Giovanni , Perozziello Gerardo , Di Fabrizio Enzo
Published: October 2016

Self-similar chain based nanolens plasmonic devices were fabricated for detecting single point mutations.
In situ growth of small Au nanoparticles on ZnO nanorods via ultrasonic irradiation toward super-enhanced catalytic activity
Authors: Song Xueling , Zhang Xiao , Yang Ping
Published: October 2016

Au/ZnO NRs created via a sonochemical method exhibit superior photocatalytic performance and enhanced CO oxidation activity.
Polymer supported DMAP: an easily recyclable organocatalyst for highly atom-economical Henry reaction under solvent-free conditions
Authors: Das Diparjun , Pathak Gunindra , Rokhum Samuel Lalthazuala
Published: October 2016

Polymer supported catalysts are regarded as a borderline class of catalysts, which retains the advantages of homogeneous catalysts while securing the ease of recovery by simple filtration and workup of heterogeneous systems.
Green fabrication of magnetic recoverable graphene/MnFe2O4hybrids for efficient decomposition of methylene blue and the Mn/Fe redox synergetic mechanism
Authors: Peng Xiyue , Qu Jiangying , Tian Shuo , Ding Yanwei , Hai Xi , Jiang Bo , Wu Mingbo , Qiu Jieshan
Published: October 2016

Magnetic RGO/MnFe2O4hybrids were fabricated in a green manner for significant MB decomposition with an experimentally proven Fe/Mn redox couple synergetic catalytic mechanism.
Infrared spectroscopy of the nitrogenase MoFe protein under electrochemical control: potential-triggered CO binding
Authors: Paengnakorn P. , Ash P. A. , Shaw S. , Danyal K. , Chen T. , Dean D. R. , Seefeldt L. C. , Vincent K. A.
Published: October 2016

Electrochemical control over nitrogenase allows us to examine electrocatalytic proton reduction and potential-triggered CO inhibition using infrared spectroscopy.
Understanding the electrochemical properties of A2MSiO4 (A = Li and Na; M = Fe, Mn, Co and Ni) and the Na doping effect on Li2MSiO4 from first-principles calculations
Authors: Li Yuhan , Sun Weiwei , Liang Jing , Sun Hao , Di Marco Igor , Ni Lei , Tang Shuwei , Zhang Jingping
Published: October 2016

First-principles calculations suggest that Na doping is an efficient method for improving the electrochemical performance of silicate cathode materials.
A layered 2D triaminoguanidine–glyoxal polymer and its transition metal complexes as novel insensitive energetic nanomaterials
Authors: Yan Qi-Long , Cohen Adva , Chinnam Ajay K. , Petrutik Natan , Shlomovich Avital , Burstein Larisa , Gozin Michael
Published: October 2016

A new member of the 2D carbon–nitrogen-rich family of nanomaterials was synthesized by polycondensation of triaminoguanidine hydrochloride with glyoxal. This new polymer (TAGP) and its transition metal complexes (TAGP–Ms) were found to be energetic and insensitive.
A diketopyrrolopyrrole-based low bandgap polymer with enhanced photovoltaic performances through backbone twisting
Authors: Wen Shuguang , Chen Weichao , Fan Meijie , Duan Linrui , Qiu Meng , Sun Mingliang , Han Liangliang , Yang Renqiang
Published: October 2016

Two DPP-BDT alternating conjugated polymers with a twisted backbone were synthesized and a high efficiency of 8.11% was obtained in a photovoltaic device.
Doping and alloying for improved perovskite solar cells
Authors: Zhou Yuanyuan , Zhou Zhongmin , Chen Min , Zong Yingxia , Huang Jinsong , Pang Shuping , Padture Nitin P.
Published: October 2016

Studies on doping and alloying for the advancement of perovskite solar cells are critically reviewed.
Three-dimensional printing of tricalcium silicate/mesoporous bioactive glass cement scaffolds for bone regeneration
Authors: Pei Peng , Qi Xin , Du Xiaoyu , Zhu Min , Zhao Shichang , Zhu Yufang
Published: October 2016

Tricalcium silicate/mesoporous bioactive glass (C3S/MBG) cement scaffolds were successfully fabricated for the first time by 3D printing with a curing process, which combined the hydraulicity of C3S with the excellent biological property of MBG together.
Pamidronic acid-grafted nHA/PLGA hybrid nanofiber scaffolds suppress osteoclastic cell viability and enhance osteoblastic cell activity
Authors: Haider Adnan , Versace Davy-louis , Gupta Kailash Chandra , Kang Inn-Kyu
Published: October 2016

Controlling osteoclast activity helps in prevention of bone resorption.
Fabrication of metallic patterns on highly curved substrates via nanoimprint lithography in association with an etch-in process
Authors: Hu Xin , Wang Hongquan , Zhai Chun , Ge Haixiong , Cui Yushuang
Published: October 2016

Cr and Au gratings are fabricated on both planar and highly curved substrates via nanoimprint lithography in association with an etch-in process. Furthermore, a 330 nm deep surface relief fiber Bragg grating is fabricated via RIE using the Cr mask on an optical fiber.
Ultrasound synthesis of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals
Authors: Jang Dong Myung , Kim Duk Hwan , Park Kidong , Park Jeunghee , Lee Jong Woon , Song Jae Kyu
Published: October 2016

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals with a wide range of compositions were synthesized using ultrasound irradiation.
The mutational signature of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Parker Helen , Strefford Jonathan C.
Published: October 2016

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies continue to unravel the cancer genome, identifying key biological pathways important for disease pathogenesis and clinically relevant genetic lesions. These studies have provided unprecedented resolution of the cancer genome, facilitating significant advances in the ability to detect many cancers, and predict patients who will develop an aggressive disease or respond poorly to treatment. The mature B-cell neoplasm chronic lymphocytic leukaemia remains at the forefront of these genomic analyses, largely due its protracted natural history and the accessibility to suitable material for study. We now possess a comprehensive view of the genomic copy number mutational landscape of the disease, as well as a detail description of clonal evolution, and the molecular mechanisms that drive the acquisition of genomic lesions and more broadly, genomic complexity. Here, recent genomic insights with associated biological and clinical implications will be reviewed.
Protein pyrophosphorylation: moving forward
Authors: Saiardi Adolfo
Published: October 2016

Genetic ablation of inositol pyrophosphate synthesis has established the fundamental importance of this class of molecules to the eukaryote cell. These studies, however, must be complemented by cell biology and biochemical approaches to appreciate the signalling involved in the processes regulated by inositol pyrophosphates. A recent study by Chanduri et al. published in the Biochemical Journal, by integrating multiple experimental approaches, demonstrated that inositol pyrophosphates regulate intracellular vesicular movement. In particular, the vesicular transport along the microtubule that is driven by the motor protein complex dynein. Importantly, one subunit of this cellular motor, dynein 1 intermediate chain 2, undergoes serine pyrophosphorylation, a post-translational modification driven by inositol pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphorylation status of this dynein intermediate chain regulates its interaction with dynactin, which recruits the motor to vesicles. This mechanistically might explain how inositol pyrophosphates control intracellular membrane trafficking. By dissecting the serine pyrophosphorylation process, this work increases our awareness of this modification, underappreciated by the scientific literature but probably not by the eukaryotic cell.
The bacterial enhancer-dependent RNA polymerase
Authors: Zhang Nan , Darbari Vidya C. , Glyde Robert , Zhang Xiaodong , Buck Martin
Published: October 2016

Transcription initiation is highly regulated in bacterial cells, allowing adaptive gene regulation in response to environment cues. One class of promoter specificity factor called sigma54 enables such adaptive gene expression through its ability to lock the RNA polymerase down into a state unable to melt out promoter DNA for transcription initiation. Promoter DNA opening then occurs through the action of specialized transcription control proteins called bacterial enhancer-binding proteins (bEBPs) that remodel the sigma54 factor within the closed promoter complexes. The remodelling of sigma54 occurs through an ATP-binding and hydrolysis reaction carried out by the bEBPs. The regulation of bEBP self-assembly into typically homomeric hexamers allows regulated gene expression since the self-assembly is required for bEBP ATPase activity and its direct engagement with the sigma54 factor during the remodelling reaction. Crystallographic studies have now established that in the closed promoter complex, the sigma54 factor occupies the bacterial RNA polymerase in ways that will physically impede promoter DNA opening and the loading of melted out promoter DNA into the DNA-binding clefts of the RNA polymerase. Large-scale structural re-organizations of sigma54 require contact of the bEBP with an amino-terminal glutamine and leucine-rich sequence of sigma54, and lead to domain movements within the core RNA polymerase necessary for making open promoter complexes and synthesizing the nascent RNA transcript.
Active mode-locking via pump modulation in a Tm-doped fiber laser
Authors: Wang Yu , Set Sze Y. , Yamashita Shinji
Published: October 2016

We propose and experimentally realize a new class of actively mode-locking technique using pump modulation for rare-earth doped fiber lasers. A Tm-doped fiber laser at 2 μm is mode-locked using the proposed active mode-locking via pump modulation technique. Low-threshold continuous-wave mode-locking is achieved with a transform-limited pulse width of 4.4 ps, a spectral bandwidth of 0.9 nm, and a repetition rate of 12.9 MHz. Second-harmonic mode-locking is also demonstrated by simply driving the pump current at an appropriate frequency. More importantly, we believe that this technique can be applied to mode-lock other rare-earth doped fiber laser systems such as erbium- and ytterbium-doped fiber lasers.
Accurate electron affinity of V and fine-structure splittings of V− via slow-electron velocity-map imaging
Authors: Fu Xiaoxi , Luo Zhihong , Chen Xiaolin , Li Jiaming , Ning Chuangang
Published: October 2016

We report the high-resolution photoelectron spectra of negative vanadium ions obtained via the slow-electron velocity-map imaging method. The electron affinity of V was determined to be 4255.9(18) cm−1 or 0.527 66(20) eV. The accuracy was improved by a factor of 60 with regard to the previous measurement. The fine structure of V− was well resolved: 35.9(11) (5D1), 103.8(12) (5D2), 204.17(74) (5D3), and 330.58(40) cm−1 (5D4) above the ground state 5D0, respectively.
High-efficiency AlGaInP solar cells grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Faucher J. , Sun Y. , Jung D. , Martin D. , Masuda T. , Lee M. L.
Published: October 2016

AlGaInP is an ideal material for ultra-high efficiency, lattice-matched multi-junction solar cells grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) because it can be grown lattice-matched to GaAs with a wide 1.9–2.2 eV bandgap. Despite this potential, AlGaInP grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has yet to be fully explored, with the initial 2.0 eV devices suffering from poor performance due to low minority carrier diffusion lengths in both the emitter and base regions of the solar cell. In this work, we show that implementing an AlGaInP graded layer to introduce a drift field near the front surface of the device enabled greatly improved internal quantum efficiency (IQE) across all wavelengths. In addition, optimizing growth conditions and post-growth annealing improved the long-wavelength IQE and the open-circuit voltage of the cells, corresponding to a 3× increase in diffusion length in the base. Taken together, this work demonstrates greatly improved IQE, attaining peak values of 95%, combined with an uncoated AM1.5G efficiency of 10.9%, double that of previously reported MBE-grown devices.
Geometric phase effects in the ultracold H + H2 reaction
Authors: Kendrick B. K. , Hazra Jisha , Balakrishnan N.
Published: October 2016

The H3 system has served as a prototype for geometric phase (GP) effects in bimolecular chemical reactions for over three decades. Despite a large number of theoretical and experimental efforts, no conclusive evidence of GP effects in the integral cross section or reaction rate has been presented until recently [B. Kendrick et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 153201 (2015)]. Here we report a more detailed account of GP effects in the H + H2(v = 4, j = 0) → H + H2(v′, j′) (para-para) reaction rate coefficients for temperatures between 1 μK (8.6 × 10−11 eV) and 100 K (8.6 × 10−3 eV). The GP effect is found to persist in both vibrationally resolved and total rate coefficients for collision energies up to about 10 K. The GP effect also appears in rotationally resolved differential cross sections leading to a very different oscillatory structure in both energy and scattering angle. It is shown to suppress a prominent shape resonance near 1 K and enhance a shape resonance near 8 K, providing new experimentally verifiable signatures of the GP effect in the fundamental hydrogen exchange reaction. The GP effect in the D + D2 and T + T2 reactions is also examined in the ultracold limit and its sensitivity to the potential energy surface is explored.
Impact of implantation geometry and fluence on structural properties of AlxGa1-xN implanted with thulium
Authors: Fialho M. , Magalhães S. , Chauvat M. P. , Ruterana P. , Lorenz K. , Alves E.
Published: October 2016

AlxGa1-xN (x = 0.15 and 0.77) films, grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy, were implanted with 300 keV Tm ions. Implantation damage accumulation is investigated with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry/channeling (RBS/C), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD). Distinct damage behavior for samples with different AlN contents was found. Surface nanocrystallization occurs for samples with x = 0.15, similar to implantation effects observed in GaN. Samples with x = 0.77 approach the behavior of AlN. In particular, surface nanocrystallization is suppressed and the depth range of the stacking fault network, typical for implanted III-nitrides, is decreased. The crystalline quality of the sample with x = 0.15 was investigated to compare random and channeled implantation, showing less concentration of damage but with a higher range for channeled implantation. Surprisingly, the strain field caused by the implantation reaches much deeper into the sample than the defect profiles measured by RBS/C and TEM. This is attributed to the fact that XRD is much more sensitive to low defect densities caused by ions which are channeled to deep regions of the sample.
Phase coexistence in ferroelectric solid solutions: Formation of monoclinic phase with enhanced piezoelectricity
Authors: Lu Xiaoyan , Zhang Hangbo , Zheng Limei , Cao Wenwu
Published: October 2016

Phase morphology and corresponding piezoelectricity in ferroelectric solid solutions were studied by using a phenomenological theory with the consideration of phase coexistence. Results have shown that phases with similar energy potentials can coexist, thus induce interfacial stresses which lead to the formation of adaptive monoclinic phases. A new tetragonal-like monoclinic to rhombohedral-like monoclinic phase transition was predicted in a shear stress state. Enhanced piezoelectricity can be achieved by manipulating the stress state close to a critical stress field. Phase coexistence is universal in ferroelectric solid solutions and may provide a way to optimize ultra-fine structures and proper stress states to achieve ultrahigh piezoelectricity.
Observation of charge transport through CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in a single-electron transistor structure
Authors: Kobo Masanori , Yamamoto Makoto , Ishii Hisao , Noguchi Yutaka
Published: October 2016

We fabricated single-electron transistors (SETs) having CdSe/ZnS core-shell-type quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS-QDs) as a Coulomb island using a wet chemistry technique. The CdSe/ZnS-QDs were deposited onto Au electrodes with or without the assistance of a self-assembled monolayer of octane(di)thiols. The CdSe/ZnS-QDs were adsorbed onto the Au electrodes even without the interlayer of thiol molecules depending on the concentration of the CdSe/ZnS-QD solution. The electron-transport characteristics through the CdSe/ZnS-QDs were examined in an SET structure at 13 K. Coulomb blockade behavior with typical gate voltage dependence was clearly observed. The estimated charge addition energies of a CdSe/ZnS-QD ranged from 70 to 280 meV. Moreover, additional structures, including negative differential conductance, appeared in the stability diagram in the source-drain bias region beyond 100 mV; these structures are specific to single-charge transport through the discrete energy levels in the Coulomb island.
Downstream plasma parameters in laminar shocks from ion kinetics
Authors: Gedalin M.
Published: October 2016

Ion dynamics in oblique shocks is governed by the macroscopic electric and magnetic fields of the shock front. In laminar shocks, these fields are time-independent and depend only on the coordinate along the shock normal. The shock ramp is narrow and the ion motion across the shock is manifestly non-adiabatic. The ion distribution just behind the ramp is significantly non-gyrotropic. Gyrotropy is achieved well behind the ramp mainly due to the gyrophase mixing. The asymptotic values of the ion density and temperature are determined by the eventual collisionless relaxation of the gyrating ion distribution. Given a distribution at the downstream edge of the ramp, the moments of the distribution after gyrophase mixing are derived using proper spatial averaging. The obtained expressions can be used for independent determination of the downstream plasma state and implementation in Rankine-Hugoniot relations.
Nonlinear asymmetric tearing mode evolution in cylindrical geometry
Authors: Teng Q. , Ferraro N. , Gates D. A. , Jardin S. C. , White R. B.
Published: October 2016

The growth of a tearing mode is described by reduced MHD equations. For a cylindrical equilibrium, tearing mode growth is governed by the modified Rutherford equation, i.e., the nonlinear Δ′(w). For a low beta plasma without external heating, Δ′(w) can be approximately described by two terms, Δ′ql(w), ΔA′(w) [White et al., Phys. Fluids 20, 800 (1977); Phys. Plasmas 22, 022514 (2015)]. In this work, we present a simple method to calculate the quasilinear stability index Δql′ rigorously, for poloidal mode number m≥2. Δql′ is derived by solving the outer equation through the Frobenius method. Δ′ql is composed of four terms proportional to: constant Δ′0, w, wlnw, and w2. ΔA′ is proportional to the asymmetry of island that is roughly proportional to w. The sum of Δql′ and ΔA′ is consistent with the more accurate expression calculated perturbatively [Arcis et al., Phys. Plasmas 13, 052305 (2006)]. The reduced MHD equations are also solved numerically through a 3D MHD code M3D-C1 [Jardin et al., Comput. Sci. Discovery 5, 014002 (2012)]. The analytical expression of the perturbed helical flux and the saturated island width agree with the simulation results. It is also confirmed by the simulation that the ΔA′ has to be considered in calculating island saturation.
Absence of detectable current-induced magneto-optical Kerr effects in Pt, Ta, and W
Authors: Riego Patricia , Vélez Saül , Gomez-Perez Juan M. , Arregi Jon Ander , Hueso Luis E. , Casanova Fèlix , Berger Andreas
Published: October 2016

We explore the possibility to detect spin accumulation due to the spin Hall effect (SHE) by means of the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). For this purpose, we utilize the generalized magneto-optical ellipsometry (GME), which enables the disentanglement of different magnetization components contributing to the resulting MOKE signal, and perform measurements for three different materials: Pt, W, and Ta. Although we observe a current-induced effect in the light intensity in our polarization sensitive GME setup, it does not arise from a SHE-induced light polarization signal in any of the materials, but from a change in reflectivity due to heating effects. Based on the sensitivity achieved in our experiments, we conclude that state-of-the-art magneto-optical methods utilizing linear optics are not sufficiently sensitive to detect SHE-induced spin accumulation in these metals.
Perovskite-type oxyhydride with a two-dimensional electron system: First-principles prediction of KTiO2H
Authors: Sato Nobuya , Tsuneyuki Shinji
Published: October 2016

We investigate an unsynthesized perovskite-type oxyhydride KTiO2H using first-principles calculations. Based on a comparison of the total energy with some other configurations of hydrogen and non-perovskite-type structures, the presented structure is found to be more stable. The optimized structure of KTiO2H is orthorhombic and its polarization of 101 μC/cm2 is comparable to that of PbTiO3. The density of states is similar to that of the other perovskite-type oxides, except that it is constant near the top of the valence band. At the top of the valence band, the band dispersion is small in the direction perpendicular to the Ti–O–H plane, which is reflective of the two-dimensionality of the electronic state. Furthermore, the electronic structure is compared with that for KTiO2F, and it is found that the dispersionless states can be regarded as antibonding states of in-plane oxygen and hydrogen and that the low electron affinity of hydrogen is important to prevent overlap with other states.
Manipulating the exchange bias effect of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3/CoFe2O4/NiO heterostructural films by electric fields
Authors: Li Yong-Chao , Pan Dan-Feng , Wu Jun , Li Ying-bin , Wang Guang-hou , Liu Jun-Ming , Wan Jian-Guo
Published: October 2016

The Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3/CoFe2O4/NiO heterostructural films with exchange bias (EB) effect have been prepared on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si wafers using a sol-gel process, and reversible manipulation of EB effect by electric fields has been realized. Compared with the exchange bias field (Heb = −75 Oe) at as-grown state, the modulation gain of Heb by electric fields can reach 83% (Heb = −12.5 Oe) in the case of +5.0 V and 283% (Heb = −287.5 Oe) in the case of −5.0 V, respectively. Moreover, such electrically tunable EB effect is repeatable and has good endurance and retention. Through analyzing the energy band structures in different electric treatment states, we discuss the mechanism of such electric-field-tunable EB effect. Two factors, i.e., the filling (or releasing) of electrons into (or from) the defect levels produced by oxygen vacancies at positive (or negative) electric voltages, and the redistribution of electrons due to the ferroelectric polarization, both of which give rise to the variation of the strength of exchange interaction in the CFO layer, have been revealed to be responsible for the electric modulation of EB effect. This work provides a promising avenue for electrically manipulating the EB effect and developing high-performance memory and storage devices with low power consumption.
Ultra-sensitive graphene photodetector with plasmonic structure
Authors: Su Yue , Guo Zhongxun , Huang Wen , Liu Zhiwei , Gong Tianxun , He Yiwen , Yu Bin
Published: October 2016

We report a graphene-based photodetector with ultra-high photoresponsivity and wavelength selectivity, targeting at the mid-infrared (MIR) regime. To enhance the spectral selectivity, a gold-grating structure is designed and implemented under the graphene layer to excite surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). The electromagnetic field with specific wavelength can be guided to and confined within the designed subwavelength structures. The graphene layer contacted by metal is slightly p-type doped due to gold grating, improving the interband transition rate of electrons. The built-in potential established in the contact region facilitates the separation of non-equilibrium carriers generated on graphene layer, leading to a photovoltage. With optimized structural design the photodetector exhibits excellent photoresponsivity of 1 V/μW at the wavelength of 9 μm.
Strategies for tuning a linear quadruple quantum dot array to the few electron regime
Authors: Bogan Alex , Bergeron Laurent , Kam Alicia , Zawadzki Piotr , Studenikin Sergei , Gaudreau Louis , Sachrajda Andrew
Published: October 2016

The tunability of a versatile gate-defined lateral quadruple quantum dot array in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure was investigated. Two strategies were evaluated for systematically tuning the device into the few-electron regime. The outcome of one approach was found to be prone to meta-stability of the charge state of the array, specifically related to the occupancy of quantum dots that were not directly connected to the leads. The mechanism behind this meta-stability is discussed. An alternative approach provides a more efficient method of tuning the device into the few-electron regime while avoiding the meta-stability complication.
Electronic structures and abnormal phonon behaviors of cobalt-modified Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-6%BaTiO3 single crystals
Authors: Huang T. , Zhang P. , Xu L. P. , Chen C. , Zhang J. Z. , Hu Z. G. , Luo H. S. , Chu J. H.
Published: October 2016

Optical properties, electronic structures, and structural variations of x wt% cobalt (Co) doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-6%BaTiO3 (x=0%, 0.5%, 0.8%) single crystals have been studied by temperature-dependent optical ellipsometry and Raman spectra from 250 to 650 K. Based on the temperature evolution of electronic transitions (Ecp1 and Ecp2) and the phonon modes involving Ti-O vibrations, two critical temperature points exhibit an increasing trend with Co dopants, which are related to structural variations for ferroelectric to anti-ferroelectric, and anti-ferroelectric to paraelectric transition, respectively. Additionally, distinguishing abnormal phonon behaviors can be observed from Raman spectra for the crystal of x=0.5% and 0.8%, which show reverse frequency shift of the modes involving Ti-O vibration. It can be ascribed to different relative concentration of Co2+ and Co3+ in the crystals, which has been confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy data.
Scaling laws of nanorods in two-photon polymerization nanofabrication using a continuous scanning method
Authors: Lin Jieqiong , Jing Xian , Zhou Xiaoqin , Zheng Xu , Gao Rui , Wang Yibo
Published: October 2016

We report on the scaling laws of nanorods in two photon polymerization nanofabrication using a continuous scanning method. We focus on a cross-sectional plane of a nanorod to investigate how a moving laser focal spot effects on the photoresist. Under a hypothetical polymerizing threshold of free radicals concentration, lateral and vertical size models were established by transforming the continuously changing photon intensity to an equivalent constant value. A transformational relationship of voxels and nanorods with a same lateral size is deduced to validate the proposed models. In the experiment, voxels were obtained by an ascending scan method while nanorods were fabricated by a cantilever method. The experimental data shows a good agreement with predicted data.
An Efficient Chemical Synthesis of Lassomycin Enabled by an On-Resin Lactamisation–Off-Resin Methanolysis Strategy and Preparation of Chemical Variants
Authors: Harris Paul W. R. , Cook Gregory M. , Leung Ivanhoe K. H. , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: October 2016

An efficient synthesis of the naturally occurring cyclic peptide lassomycin that bears a unique Asp–Gly isopeptide bond and a C-terminal methyl ester is described. On-resin cyclisation between 1Gly and side chain 8Asp and a subsequent solution-phase transesterification reaction afforded synthetic lassomycin in high yield. Several analogues were also prepared using the optimised methodology. None of the cyclised peptides, including the synthetic natural product, exhibited any significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Comparison of the spectroscopic data for synthetic lassomycin with naturally occurring lassomycin concluded they were otherwise identical.
Global mapping of antibody recognition of the hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein: Implications for vaccine design
Authors: Pierce Brian G. , Keck Zhen-Yong , Lau Patrick , Fauvelle Catherine , Gowthaman Ragul , Baumert Thomas F. , Fuerst Thomas R. , Mariuzza Roy A. , Foung Steven K. H.
Published: October 2016

Significance

Hepatitis C virus is a major public health concern, infecting approximately 3% of the world’s population, with no vaccine currently available. To enable rational vaccine design for this highly diverse and dynamic virus, we performed alanine scanning of nearly all positions of the E2 envelope protein, which is the primary target of the antibody response, using a panel of 16 human monoclonal antibodies that target a broad range of epitopes. This approach provided an unprecedented global view of the determinants of E2 stability, residue connectivity, and neutralizing antibody recognition. These insights and mapping data provide a framework to engineer E2 to modulate antibody recognition and optimize its capacity to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies in the context of a vaccine.
The role of gigaxonin in the degradation of the glial-specific intermediate filament protein GFAP
Authors: Lin Ni-Hsuan , Huang Yu-Shan , Opal Puneet , Goldman Robert D. , Messing Albee , Perng Ming-Der
Published: October 2016

Alexander disease (AxD) is a primary genetic disorder of astrocytes caused by dominant mutations in the gene encoding the intermediate filament (IF) protein GFAP. This disease is characterized by excessive accumulation of GFAP, known as Rosenthal fibers, within astrocytes. Abnormal GFAP aggregation also occurs in giant axon neuropathy (GAN), which is caused by recessive mutations in the gene encoding gigaxonin. Given that one of the functions of gigaxonin is to facilitate proteasomal degradation of several IF proteins, we sought to determine whether gigaxonin is involved in the degradation of GFAP. Using a lentiviral transduction system, we demonstrated that gigaxonin levels influence the degradation of GFAP in primary astrocytes and in cell lines that express this IF protein. Gigaxonin was similarly involved in the degradation of some but not all AxD-associated GFAP mutants. In addition, gigaxonin directly bound to GFAP, and inhibition of proteasome reversed the clearance of GFAP in cells achieved by overexpressing gigaxonin. These studies identify gigaxonin as an important factor that targets GFAP for degradation through the proteasome pathway. Our findings provide a critical foundation for future studies aimed at reducing or reversing pathological accumulation of GFAP as a potential therapeutic strategy for AxD and related diseases.
Greek and Roman Metaphysics
Authors: Marmodoro Anna
Published: October 2016

Metaphysics, in its broadest definition, is about what there is. Its domain is so vast that it is not possible to give an exhaustive but only a representative range of questions it engages with. These are questions about the nature of reality: what its ultimate constituents are; what populates the world in which we live; how the world changes and things interact causally within it; and much more. Metaphysics is as “old” as human thought about nature is. The word itself (even if Aristotle himself did not use it) derives from the title of one of Aristotle’s works. It was an editor (in all probability, Andronicus of Rhodes), at least one hundred years after Aristotle’s death, who titled one of his works “Ta meta ta physika,” meaning literally “the [books] after the physical ones,” where the “physical ones” are the collection of books that we now call Aristotle’s Physics. Like other sciences, metaphysics has aims and a methodology: in very broad terms, its goal is to advance our understanding of reality by analyzing problems and developing explanatory models for them, which are then “tested” against possible counterexamples that the proposed account might not be able to explain. While the domain of interest of metaphysics has continuously evolved since Aristotle’s time, there is continuity between ancient and contemporary metaphysics in subject matter and methodology. The reader interested in this entry might also want to browse the Oxford Bibliographies article in Philosophy “Contemporary Metaphysics.” Acknowledgments: thanks are due to Sophie Cartwright for the research assistance she provided for this work.
Liberal Pluralism
Authors: Mookherjee Monica
Published: October 2016

Recalling J. S. Mill’s consciousness of the different goals of human life, the modern debate about pluralism has gathered momentum in liberal philosophy largely as a consequence of the intellectual historian and political theorist Isaiah Berlin. In his seminal essay, “Two Concepts of Liberty,” Berlin prompted thought about the potential overlap between the plurality of human values and the liberal tradition. In the years following, a vigorous debate with numerous strands has arisen around a synthesis of these concepts, in the form of the theory of “liberal pluralism.” A key area of controversy is whether the acceptance of pluralism supports a “perfectionist” theory of the state; or whether, by contrast, it generates a neutral liberalism that abstains from difficult questions about the highest good. A related question is whether the concepts of liberal pluralism fit together at all. Some of Berlin’s interpreters such as John Gray suggest that value pluralism does not privilege liberalism, and that the relationship between these ideas is historically contingent. Liberal pluralists such as George Crowder disagree. From their perspective, liberals defend first-order political values such as fairness or personal autonomy, to protect the various conceptions of the good life citizens personally endorse. Moreover, the most recent decades have seen a burgeoning examination by analytical political theorists of the implications of liberal pluralism for state neutrality and the protection of minority cultural or religious rights. While the equally vast literature on toleration, political liberalism, and the politics of recognition is not considered in depth in this article, unless it explicitly invokes the theory of liberal pluralism, key works that apply liberal pluralism to minority cultural, religious, and ethnic identities are represented in the later sections. Therefore, this article overall reflects different dimensions of debate on a complex and much debated contemporary theory. Following the overview of Foundational Works, and background readings on the relationship between liberalism and the politics of difference and identity, the next substantive section covers critical studies of Berlin’s liberal pluralism. This is then followed by a section addressing the conceptual relationship between value pluralism and liberalism generally, before moving on to consider more specific works addressing the relation between liberal pluralism and the concept of neutrality. The final sections consider critical literature applying liberal pluralism to conditions of ethnic, subnational, cultural, and religious diversity. This is crucial, because the defense of liberal pluralist theories is clearly designed to be applied to such real-world situations of diversity.
Essay Film
Authors: Moss Yelizaveta
Published: October 2016

The term “essay film” has become increasingly used in film criticism to describe a self-reflective and self-referential documentary cinema that blurs the lines between fiction and nonfiction. Scholars unanimously agree that the first published use of the term was by Richter in 1940. Also uncontested is that Andre Bazin, in 1958, was the first to analyze a film, which was Marker’s Letter from Siberia (1958), according to the essay form. The French New Wave created a popularization of short essay films, and German New Cinema saw a resurgence in essay films due to a broad interest in examining German history. But beyond these origins of the term, scholars deviate on what exactly constitutes an essay film and how to categorize essay films. Generally, scholars fall into two camps: those who find a literary genealogy to the essay film and those who find a documentary genealogy to the essay film. The most commonly cited essay filmmakers are French and German: Marker, Resnais, Godard, and Farocki. These filmmakers are singled out for their breadth of essay film projects, as opposed to filmmakers who have made an essay film but who specialize in other genres. Though essay films have been and are being produced outside of the West, scholarship specifically addressing essay films focuses largely on France and Germany, although Solanas and Getino’s theory of “Third Cinema” and approval of certain French essay films has produced some essay film scholarship on Latin America. But the gap in scholarship on global essay film remains, with hope of being bridged by some forthcoming work. Since the term “essay film” is used so sparingly for specific films and filmmakers, the scholarship on essay film tends to take the form of single articles or chapters in either film theory or documentary anthologies and journals. Some recent scholarship has pointed out the evolutionary quality of essay films, emphasizing their ability to change form and style as a response to conventional filmmaking practices. The most recent scholarship and conference papers on essay film have shifted from an emphasis on literary essay to an emphasis on technology, arguing that essay film has the potential in the 21st century to present technology as self-conscious and self-reflexive of its role in art.
Travel Writing
Authors: Pettinger Alasdair
Published: October 2016

A minimal definition of travel writing might be any account of a journey or description of a place that is based on firsthand experience. As such, it may be found in many different kinds of text: diaries, letters, postcards, newspaper and magazine articles, blogs, essays, official reports, promotional brochures, and ethnographies, as well as travel books. Travel writing is often distinguished from guidebooks on the one hand and imaginative fiction, drama, and poetry on the other, but the term may sometimes include them, especially when discussing writings from before the 19th century, when such distinctions would have carried less weight with authors and readers. While it has long served as a vital source material by historians and biographers, travel writing rarely, even in those cultural histories documenting the “images” of or “attitudes” toward “other” races or nationalities that proliferated in the 1960s and 1970s, attracted the kind of close critical attention commonly given to literary fiction until the 1980s, coinciding with several related developments. First, there was an increasingly politicized self-questioning within literary studies and anthropology, combined with an interdisciplinary theoretical sophistication. Second, beyond the academy, there was a surge in popularity of literary travel writing, associated with authors such as Bruce Chatwin, Jonathan Raban, Paul Theroux, Colin Thubron, and others, promoted especially in the English-speaking world by Granta magazine. Within two decades, travel-writing studies could claim to be an academic discipline in its own right, with dedicated journals, textbooks, research centers, and conferences. If most of the influential early studies were dominated by anglophone critics studying anglophone texts, the field has since broadened significantly. Nevertheless, many studies of travel writing, without announcing it in their titles, continue to be largely concerned with English-speaking authors, often British. The reasons for restricting their scope in this way are rarely explicitly addressed; it is as if this is a default position for the scholars concerned rather than because “British and Irish travel writing” is a coherent object of study as such. As in many other fields, “British” is often used when “English” would be more accurate, and “English” sometimes silently includes texts that might be better described as Scottish, Welsh, or Irish.