bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bent functions in the partial spread class generated by linear recurring sequences
Authors: Gadouleau Maximilien , Mariot Luca , Picek Stjepan
Published: August 2022

We present a construction of partial spread bent functions using subspaces generated by linear recurring sequences (LRS). We first show that the kernels of the linear mappings defined by two LRS have a trivial intersection if and only if their feedback polynomials are relatively prime. Then, we characterize the appropriate parameters for a family of pairwise coprime polynomials to generate a partial spread required for the support of a bent function, showing that such families exist if and only if the degrees of the underlying polynomials are either 1 or 2. We then count the resulting sets of polynomials and prove that, for degree 1, our LRS construction coincides with the Desarguesian partial spread. Finally, we perform a computer search of all $$\mathcal{PS}\mathcal{}^-$$

PS

-

and $$\mathcal{PS}\mathcal{}^+$$

PS

+

bent functions of $$n=8$$

n
=
8

variables generated by our construction and compute their 2-ranks. The results show that many of these functions defined by polynomials of degree $$d=2$$

d
=
2

are not EA-equivalent to any Maiorana–McFarland or Desarguesian partial spread function.
Stress-related disorders and subsequent cancer risk and mortality: a population-based and sibling-controlled cohort study in Sweden
Authors: Tian Fan , Fang Fang , Shen Qing , Ye Weimin , Valdimarsdóttir Unnur A. , Song Huan
Published: August 2022

Prior research has suggested a potential role of psychological stress on cancer development while the role of familial factors on this association is underexplored. We conducted a nationwide cohort study including 167,836 individuals with a first-onset stress-related disorder (including post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress reaction, adjustment disorder and other stress reactions) diagnosed between 1981 and 2016 in Sweden (i.e., exposed patients), 1,631,801 birth year- and sex-matched unexposed individuals, and 179,209 unaffected full siblings of the exposed patients. Cox models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) of newly diagnosed cancer and cancer-related death, beyond 1 year after diagnosis of stress-related disorders. We further examined the potential mediation roles of behavior-related morbidities in the associations of stress-related disorders with smoking or alcohol-related cancer incidence and mortality. We found modestly elevated risks of cancer incidence and mortality among exposed patients compared with matched unexposed individuals (incidence: HR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.06; mortality: HR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.07–1.18), while not when comparing with full siblings (incidence: HR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.99–1.08; mortality: HR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.00-1.19). Similarly, the suggested elevations in incidence and mortality of individual cancer sites (or groups) in the population-based comparison attenuated towards null in the between-sibling comparison. The risk elevations for smoking or alcohol-related cancers in the population-based comparison (incidence: HR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.11–1.24; mortality: HR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.12–1.29) were partially mediated by alcohol-related morbidities during follow-up. Collectively, our findings suggest that the association between stress-related disorders and cancer risk and mortality is largely explained by familial factors, including shared behavioral hazards.
A Survey on Adversarial Domain Adaptation
Authors: HassanPour Zonoozi Mahta , Seydi Vahid
Published: August 2022

Having a lot of labeled data is always a problem in machine learning issues. Even by collecting lots of data hardly, shift in data distribution might emerge because of differences in source and target domains. The shift would make the model to face with problems in test step. Therefore, the necessity of using domain adaptation emerges. There are three techniques in the field of domain adaptation namely discrepancy based, adversarial based and reconstruction based methods. For domain adaptation, adversarial learning approaches showed state-of-the-art performance. Although there are some comprehensive surveys about domain adaptation, we technically focus on adversarial based domain adaptation methods. We examine each proposed method in detail with respect to their structures and objective functions. The common aspect of proposed methods besides domain adaptation is considering the target labels are predicted as accurately as possible. It can be represented by some methods such as metric learning and multi-adversarial discriminators as are used in some of the papers. Also, we address the negative transfer issue for dissimilar distributions and propose the addition of clustering heuristics to the underlying structures for future research.
Metabolomic changes in cats with renal disease and calcium oxalate uroliths
Authors: Jewell Dennis E. , Tavener Selena K. , Hollar Regina L. , Panickar Kiran S.
Published: August 2022

Introduction

There is a significant incidence of cats with renal disease (RD) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney uroliths in domesticated cats. Foods which aid in the management of these diseases may be enhanced through understanding the underlying metabolomic changes.

Objective

Assess the metabolomic profile with a view to identifying metabolomic targets which could aid in the management of renal disease and CaOx uroliths.

Method

This is a retrospective investigation of 42 cats: 19 healthy kidney controls, 11 with RD, and 12 that formed CaOx nephroliths. Cats were evaluated as adults (2 through 7 years) and at the end of life for plasma metabolomics, body composition, and markers of renal dysfunction. Kidney sections were assessed by Pizzolato stain at the end of life for detection of CaOx crystals. CaOx stone presence was also assessed by analysis of stones removed from the kidney at the end of life.

Results

There were 791 metabolites identified with 91 having significant (p < 0.05, q < 0.1) changes between groups. Many changes in metabolite concentrations could be explained by the loss of renal function being most acute in the cats with RD while the cats with CaOx stones were intermediate between control and RD (e.g., urea, creatinine, pseudouridine, dimethylarginines). However, the concentrations of some metabolites differentiated RD from CaOx stone forming cats. These were either increased in the RD cats (e.g., cystathionine, dodecanedioate, 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) uridine, 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine) or comparatively increased in the CaOx stone forming cats (phenylpyruvate, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, alpha-ketobutyrate, retinal).

Conclusions

The metabolomic changes show specific metabolites which respond generally to both renal diseases while the metabolomic profile still differentiates cats with RD and cats with CaOx uroliths.
Assessing the carbon footprint of a Colombian University Campus using the UNE-ISO 14064–1 and WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Corporate Standard
Authors: Cano Natalia , Berrio Linda , Carvajal Elizabeth , Arango Santiago
Published: August 2022

Higher education institutions (HEIs) transfer skills and knowledge between industries, the government, and the public, playing a vital role at educating future leaders in creating a globally sustainable system. Therein, evaluating greenhouse gas emissions from an educational institute is the first step towards the proposed reduction targets at the local, national, and international levels. In this research, we report the first approximate carbon footprint calculation of emissions corresponding to scope 1, scope 2, and scope 3 emissions for the main urban campuses of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, using the UNE-ISO 14064–1 and WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Corporate standard. The carbon footprint in 2019 was approximately 7250.52 tons CO2 eq, and 0.432 tons CO2 eq per person. Scope 1 emissions accounted for about 2.84% of the carbon footprint, while scope 2 and 3 emissions each contributed nearly 14% and 83%, respectively. The largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions were the transportation process (58.51%), the wastewater process (17.01%), followed by electricity consumption (14.03%), and the e-mails that are sent (6.51%). It is suggested some proposals and strategies for mitigating and reducing emissions. Colombian HEIs exhibit the lowest ton of CO2 eq. per person compared to the other HEIs. Several reasons explain this behavior across the document such as geographic location (climate and topography), cultural factors (consumption patterns and types of transportation), population size, typology (public or private), gross domestic product (GDP) of each country, and methodology implemented. Results cannot be extrapolated to the Colombian case for the differences in the local conditions; therefore, it is not possible to get solid conclusions on the CF behavior in the Colombian HEIs. In this research, we provide for the first time a carbon footprint calculation where the sociological, political, and geographic conditions not extrapolated representing a valuable contribution to the HEI’s of the country. This research can be a benchmark in the carbon footprint calculation and a methodological contribution to HEIs in the country.
Von den kreativen Künstlersubjekten Jakob Levy Moreno und Joseph Beuys zum Kreativsubjekt in den Gegenwartsgesellschaften
Authors: Marschall Brigitte
Published: August 2022

Dieser Artikel der Zeitschrift für Psychodrama und Soziometrie beschäftigt sich mit den Kreativitätskonzepten von Jakob Levy Moreno und Joseph Beuys und setzt sie in Bezug zueinander. Moreno als auch Beuys konstruierten sich mit ihren jeweiligen Kreativitätskonzepten als Künstlersubjekte. Mittlerweile kann Kreativität als Kulturtechnik in den Gegenwartsgesellschaften bezeichnet werden. Sämtliche Alltags- und Lebensbereiche werden in einen gesellschaftlichen Prozess der Ästhetisierung überführt. Dem vermehrt inflationären Gebrauch des Begriffs „Kreativität“ als Ware und Konsumgut sollen die Konzepte von Moreno und Beuys entgegengesetzt werden. Zu dieser Auseinandersetzung möchte dieser Beitrag anregen.
ALARA in Urology: Steps to Minimise Radiation Exposure During All Parts of the Endourological Journey
Authors: Bhanot Radhika , Hameed Zeeshan B. M. , Shah Milap , Juliebø-Jones Patrick , Skolarikos Andreas , Somani Bhaskar
Published: August 2022

Purpose of the Review

The global burden of kidney stone disease (KSD) and its management relies on ionising radiation. This includes the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of KSD patients. The concept ‘As Low As Reasonably Achievable’ (ALARA) developed in response to the radiation risks and the key principles include optimisation, justification and limitation of radiation. This article provides an overview of the topic including background to the risks and steps that can be taken during all stages of endourological management.

Recent Findings

Our review suggests that ionising radiation is an invaluable tool in delineating the anatomy, localising disease, guiding manoeuvres and monitoring treatment in patients with KSD. It therefore plays an integral role in many stages of patient care; preoperatively, intraoperatively and postoperatively.

The reduction of radiation pre- and post-surgical intervention relies on the use of low-radiation CT scan and ultrasound scan. It can also be achieved through various intraoperative techniques or fluoroless techniques in selected patients/procedures, customised to the patients and procedural complexity.

There are many parts of the patient journey where exposure to radiation can take place. Urologists must be diligent to minimise and mitigate this wherever possible as they too face exposure risks. Implementation of strategies such as teaching programmes, fluoroscopy checklists and judicious use of CT imaging among other things is a step towards improving practice in this area.
Proportion of women in work teams and team performance: a moderated mediation model
Authors: Davcheva Marija , González-Romá Vicente
Published: August 2022

Women’s representation in the workforce is increasing. However, we still do not know how, why, and when the proportion of females in work teams is related to team performance. Based on Social Role Theory and Congruence Theory, the purpose of the study was to ascertain whether the relationship between the proportion of women in work teams and team performance is mediated by team social cohesion, and whether this indirect effect is moderated by the frequency of leader-team member social interactions. Regarding methodological aspects, the study sample was composed of 178 work teams from three banks. We implemented a time-lagged design and collected data from two distinct sources (team members and team leaders) at three different time points. Our findings indicate that the proportion of women in teams was positively related to team performance via team social cohesion. This indirect effect was moderated by the frequency of leader-team member social interactions, so that it was positive and statistically significant only in teams with medium and high frequency of these interactions. This study reveals that team social cohesion is a mechanism through which the proportion of women in work teams can facilitate team performance, especially when team leaders frequently interact with their team members. The theoretical and practical implications of our findings were discussed.
Roles of exosomes as drug delivery systems in cancer immunotherapy: a mini-review
Authors: Fang Zhen , Ding Yixuan , Xue Zhigang , Li Peijuan , Li Jia , Li Fei
Published: August 2022

Exosomes can be released by a variety of cells and participate in intercellular communication in many physiological processes in the body. They can be used as carriers of cancer therapeutic drugs and have natural delivery capabilities. Some biologically active substances on exosomes, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC), have been shown to be involved in exosome-mediated anticancer immune responses and have important regulatory effects on the immune system. Exosome-based drug delivery systems hold great promise in future cancer immunotherapy. However, there are still substantial challenges to be overcome in the clinical application of exosomes as drug carriers. This article reviews the biological characteristics of exosome drug delivery systems and their potential applications and challenges in cancer immunotherapy.
Dietary acrylamide and incident osteoporotic fractures: an 8-year prospective cohort study
Authors: Veronese Nicola , Bolzetta Francesco , Cacco Chiara , Cester Alberto , Smith Lee , Demurtas Jacopo , Cooper Cyrus , Rizzoli Renè , Caruso Maria Gabriella , Notarnicola Maria , Reginster Jean-Yves , Maggi Stefania , Barbagallo Mario , Trott Mike , Dominguez Ligia J.
Published: August 2022

Background

Acrylamide, a component of fried foods, has been associated with several negative health outcomes. However, the relationship between dietary acrylamide and osteoporotic fractures has been explored by a few cross-sectional studies.

Aims

To investigate if dietary acrylamide is associated with the onset of fractures in North American participants at high risk/having knee osteoarthritis (OA), over 8 years of follow-up.

Methods

A Cox’s regression analysis, adjusted for baseline confounders was run and the data were reported as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Dietary acrylamide intake was assessed at the baseline using a food frequency questionnaire and categorized in tertiles (T), whilst fractures’ history was recorded using self-reported information.

Results

Altogether, 4,436 participants were included. Compared to participants with lower acrylamide intake (T1; < 3,313 μg), those with a higher acrylamide intake (T3; > 10,180 μg) reported a significantly higher risk of any fracture (HR = 1.37; 95% CI 1.12–1.68; p for trend = 0.009), forearm (HR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.09–2.77; p for trend = 0.04), spine (HR = 2.21; 95% CI 1.14–4.31; p for trend = 0.04), and hip fracture (HR = 4.09; 95% CI 1.29–12.96; p for trend = 0.046).

Conclusions

Our study is the first to report that high dietary acrylamide may be associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures.
A Comparative Study of Fetal MRI and Antenatal Ultrasound in Prenatal Diagnosis with Histopathological Correlation
Authors: Patil Vikram , Tafheem Mohd , Melkundi Shivanand , Masimade Suresh
Published: August 2022

The aim of this study was to assess the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of fetal anomalies and its correlation with antenatal Ultrasound (US) and histopathology. The study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Basaveshwar Teaching and General Hospital attached to Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College, Kalaburagi. It was conducted over 6 months and included pregnant women with suspected fetal anomalies on US. MR images were read independently by two radiologists and findings were confirmed with histopathology and post natal follow up. 15 patients underwent MRI for different indications all of who were referred after US. In 8/15 cases (53.34%), the US findings and MRI findings were concordant. MRI imaging provided additional information in 7/15 cases (46.66%). With advances in MRI technology and cumulative experience, MRI can be used as a valuable complementary tool to ultrasound in detecting and better evaluating fetal anomalies. The major role of fetal MRI is confirmation of abnormal sonological findings, evaluation of sonological occult fetal CNS pathologies and reassurance in equivocal US findings.
Role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in epidermal wound healing
Authors: Bikle D. D.
Published: August 2022

Purpose

This review will discuss the role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in the epidermal wound response with particular focus on the stem cells of the epidermis and hair follicle that contribute to the wounding response.

Methods

Selected publications relevant to the mechanisms of wound healing in general and the roles of calcium and vitamin D in wound healing in particular were reviewed.

Results

Following wounding the stem cells of the hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis are activated to proliferate and migrate to the wound where they take on an epidermal fate to re-epithelialize the wound and regenerate the epidermis. The vitamin D and calcium sensing receptors (VDR and CaSR, respectively) are expressed in the stem cells of the hair follicle and epidermis where they play a critical role in enabling the stem cells to respond to wounding. Deletion of Vdr and/or Casr from these cells delays wound healing. The VDR is regulated by co-regulators such as the Med 1 complex and other transcription factors such as Ctnnb (beta-catenin) and p63. The formation of the Cdh1/Ctnn (E-cadherin/catenin) complex jointly stimulated by vitamin D and calcium plays a critical role in the activation, migration, and re-epithelialization processes.

Conclusion

Vitamin D and calcium signaling are critical for the ability of epidermal and hair follicle stem cells to respond to wounding. Vitamin D deficiency with the accompanying decrease in calcium signaling can result in delayed and/or chronic wounds, a major cause of morbidity, loss of productivity, and medical expense.
Pre-swirl fins design for improved propulsive performances: application to fast twin-screw passenger ships
Authors: Gaggero Stefano , Martinelli Mattia
Published: August 2022

Pre-swirl fins-based energy saving devices (ESDs) have been designed to improve the propulsive performances of twin-screw ships. To this aim, a combined BEM/RANSE method for efficient self-propulsion prediction is required. The approach is included in a framework for a design by optimization, where systematic variations of the ESD geometry have been used to explore the design space and maximize the energy-saving effect of the device. Surrogate models based on Ordinary Kriging are used too, with the aim of realizing an affordable design workflow for the very preliminary design of such devices. The results show encouraging improvements that reach promising energy-savings up to 3% at the design point and satisfactory savings also in off-design functioning conditions.
Non-pharmaceutical Interventions and Social Distancing as Intersubjective Care and Collective Protection
Authors: Piroddi Corrado
Published: August 2022

The paper discusses non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) as a collective form of protection that, in terms of health justice, benefits groups at risk, allowing them to engage in social life and activities during health crises. More specifically, the paper asserts that NPIs that realize social distancing are justifiable insofar as they are constitutive of a type of social protection that allows everyone, especially social disadvantaged agents, to access the public health sphere and other fundamental social spheres, such as the family and civil society.
The perceived quality of video consultations in geriatric outpatient care by early adopters
Authors: Spronk Romy , van der Zaag-Loonen Hester J. , Bottenberg-Wigbold Nicole , Bovee Nadine , Smits Rosalinde , van Offenbeek Marjolein , Vos Janita F. J. , Luttik Marie Louise , van Munster Barbara C.
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The COVID-19 pandemic caused rapid implementation and upscaling of video consulting. This study examined the perceived quality of care delivered through video consulting at a geriatric outpatient clinic, and how this related to adoption issues and barriers early adopting professionals found themselves confronted with.

Methods

We performed a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with healthcare professionals complemented by the views of geriatric patients, family caregivers and medical secretaries. Participants from five academic centers and six teaching hospitals were included. Three researchers conducted the interviews, coded the data, and used thematic analysis.

Results

Interviews were conducted with 13 healthcare professionals, 8 patients, 7 family caregivers, and 4 medical secretaries. From these early adopters, we infer five criteria positively contributing to perceived quality of care provided by video consulting: (1) the patient has an intact cognitive function; (2) a family caregiver with digital literacy can be present; (3) doctor and patient already have an established relationship; (4) no immediate need for physical examination or intervention; and (5) the prior availability of a comprehensive and concise medical history. Overall, the uptake of video consulting in geriatric outpatient care appeared to be slow and laborious due to several implementation barriers.

Conclusion

The implementation of video consulting use among geriatricians and geriatric patients at the geriatric outpatient clinic was slow due to the absence of many facilitating factors, but video consulting might be offered as an alternative to face-to-face follow-up to suitable patients in geriatric outpatient clinics.
Understanding adolescent mental health and well-being: a qualitative study of school stakeholders’ perspectives to inform intervention development
Authors: Neill Ruth D. , Lloyd Katrina , Best Paul , Tully Mark. A.
Published: August 2022

There has been an increasing prevalence of mental health issues among adolescents. Early interventions in the school setting have been identified as a way to help reduce and prevent these issues. However, the input of key school stakeholders is largely neglected within the intervention development process. This study aims to address this deficit by exploring student and teacher perspectives on adolescent mental health and the barriers and facilitators to intervention development. Data were collected through six focus groups with 32 students and seven semi-structured interviews with teachers were conducted in one secondary school in Northern Ireland, alongside observations across the whole school. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. The main themes identified were Test anxiety as a detrimental factor to adolescent mental health particularly within the school setting. and the use of a multi-component intervention involving communication, education and physical activity could help reduce anxiety and improve well-being. Perceived facilitators for intervention development were co-production, pupil ownership and target age while barriers included the school’s role in mental health prevention, mixed interests of adolescents, and time constraints. Issues such as test anxiety are important factors to consider in designing a school-based intervention. A school-based intervention should be multi-dimensional to allow the programme to be tailored and sustainable for the school setting. Future research with a larger representative sample is required to obtain information on the acceptance of the intervention developed from this research.
Strategic corporate entrepreneurship practices in financial services firms: the role of organizational factors
Authors: Casales Morici Belén
Published: August 2022

The study explores a hitherto neglected area of strategic corporate entrepreneurship in services firms, the association of organizational factors with different strategic corporate entrepreneurship practices. It represents a first step toward understanding how internal organizational factors may spur different forms of strategic corporate entrepreneurship practices within services firms, especially those operating in the financial sector. Data for the study were collected through a survey study and the sample consisted of employees at a major insurance company in Sweden. The sample includes five offices placed in the north-eastern in Sweden and four offices ubicated in Stockholm. Using structural equation modelling, it was found that whereas organizational factors such as management support and reward/reinforcement have a positive effect on both incremental and discontinuous strategic corporate entrepreneurship practices, the organizational factor work discretion presents a differentiated effect. The study provides an important step toward understanding the internal factors that spur employees toward strategic corporate entrepreneurship practices in financial services firms. Moreover, the study develops a potential measure of incremental and discontinuous strategic corporate entrepreneurship practices. In terms of practical implications, the findings offer managers a solid foundation on which to base their decisions to create and improve an internal organizational environment that facilitates strategic corporate entrepreneurship practices.
Feasibility of an External Erectile Prosthesis for Transgender Men Who have Undergone Phalloplasty
Authors: Boskey Elizabeth R. , Jolly Divya , Mehra Geetika , Ganor Oren
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Transgender men interested in achieving penetration after phalloplasty are currently limited to internal devices and makeshift supports. More options are needed to support sexual penetration after phalloplasty.

Aim

This study was designed to assess the feasibility of an external erectile prosthesis (the Elator) for transgender men who have undergone phalloplasty and wish to use their neophallus for sexual penetration, assess how the device affected the sexual experiences of men and their partners, and identify any side effects and concerns.

Methods

Transgender men and their partners were provided with an erectile device to use for one month. They were surveyed at 4 time points: enrollment, measurement, receipt, and after using the device, using a combination of pre-existing and device-specific measures.

Main Outcome Measure

The primary outcome was whether men found it feasible to use an external penile prosthesis for sexual penetration after phalloplasty – defined as interest in, and willingness to, use the device more than once over the study period; intention to continue using the device on the Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS); and no decrease in relationship satisfaction on the Gay and Lesbian Relationship Satisfaction Scale (GLRSS). The secondary outcome was an increase in sexual or relationship satisfaction with use of the device, defined as a statistically significant increase on either the Quality of Sexual Experience Scale (QSE) or the GLRSS.

Results

Fifteen couples enrolled in the pilot study. Of the 10 who completed the study, only 3 found device use feasible and endorsed strongly positive experiences, while the remaining 7 found it unusable. There were no changes in QSE or GLRSS scores. Most device issues were related to proper fit.

Conclusion

There is a great deal of interest in non-surgical options for achieving penetration after phalloplasty. The tested external erectile device can work well, but its utility is limited to individuals with very specific post-phalloplasty anatomy. Most individuals and couples found the device unsuitable for the neophallus and/or that it could not be used comfortably.
Drivers of Warming in Lake Nam Co on Tibetan Plateau Over the Past 40 Years
Authors: Shi Yi , Huang Anning , Ma Weiqiang , Wen Lijuan , Zhu La , Yang Xianyu , Wu Yang , Gu Chunlei
Published: August 2022

The lake surface water temperature (LSWT) on Tibetan Plateau (TP) is sensitive to climate change. Based on a 1‐D lake model, we have investigated the interdecadal variation and long‐term trend of LSWT in Lake Nam Co (LNC) on TP during 1980–2018 and quantified the relative contributions of atmospheric factors to the LSWT trend. Results show LNC was warmed with a rate of 0.29°C decade−1, which is smaller than the warming of ambient air (0.45°C decade−1). The weakened wind speed, rising air temperature, increased downward longwave radiation, and decreased shortwave radiation contributed about 35%, 30%, 20%, and −15% of the estimated long‐term LSWT trend during 1980–2018, respectively. The contribution rate of 32.5% was from the interactions among all forcing variables. The primary warming was completed before 1997 (0.30°C decade−1) and was followed by a hiatus that the LSWT jumped to a warm level with a slightly negative trend (−0.08°C decade−1) after 1997. During this hiatus, the wind speed recovered from decrease and the deceleratingly increased downward longwave radiation slowed down the LNC warming. Particularly, the specific humidity shifted from increasing to decreasing trend played a key role in the hiatus of LNC warming after 1997, despite its slight contribution (−2.5%) to the LSWT trend during 1980–2018. The results showed the particularity of warming for a TP lake compared to the other ice‐covered lakes worldwide and provided a quantitative perspective for understanding the relative contributions of atmospheric factors to the long‐term trend of LSWT.
ICON‐O: The Ocean Component of the ICON Earth System Model—Global Simulation Characteristics and Local Telescoping Capability
Authors: Korn P. , Brüggemann N. , Jungclaus J. H. , Lorenz S. J. , Gutjahr O. , Haak H. , Linardakis L. , Mehlmann C. , Mikolajewicz U. , Notz D. , Putrasahan D. A. , Singh V. , von Storch J.‐S. , Zhu X. , Marotzke J.
Published: August 2022

We describe the ocean general circulation model Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic Weather and Climate Model (ICON‐O) of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, which forms the ocean‐sea ice component of the Earth system model ICON‐ESM. ICON‐O relies on innovative structure‐preserving finite volume numerics. We demonstrate the fundamental ability of ICON‐O to simulate key features of global ocean dynamics at both uniform and non‐uniform resolution. Two experiments are analyzed and compared with observations, one with a nearly uniform and eddy‐rich resolution of ∼10 km and another with a telescoping configuration whose resolution varies smoothly from globally ∼80 to ∼10 km in a focal region in the North Atlantic. Our results show first, that ICON‐O on the nearly uniform grid simulates an ocean circulation that compares well with observations and second, that ICON‐O in its telescope configuration is capable of reproducing the dynamics in the focal region over decadal time scales at a fraction of the computational cost of the uniform‐grid simulation. The telescopic technique offers an alternative to the established regionalization approaches. It can be used either to resolve local circulation more accurately or to represent local scales that cannot be simulated globally while remaining within a global modeling framework.
Short-Term Events Can Shrink the Habitable Zone in Oceans
Authors: Derouin Sarah
Published: August 2022

A new study looks at habitat reduction during low-oxygen events, spurring the question, Could short-term events provide a window into the long-term health of oceans?
Cu‐Isotope Evidence for Subduction Modification of Lithospheric Mantle
Authors: Kempton Pamela D. , Mathur Ryan , Harmon Russell S. , Bell Aaron , Hoefs Jochen , Shaulis Barry
Published: August 2022

Ultramafic xenoliths from southeastern Arizona, USA, provide evidence for Cu‐isotope heterogeneity in the lithospheric mantle. We report new data on Type I (Cr‐, Mg‐rich) peridotites, but also the first Cu‐isotope data for Fe‐Ti‐Al‐rich Type II pyroxenite (±amphibole) xenoliths. Whole rock δ65Cu values of the pyroxenites and cryptically metasomatized Type I lherzolites range to isotopically heavier compositions than asthenospheric mantle (i.e., up to +1.44‰ and +1.12‰, respectively, vs. ∼0‰ ± 0.2‰). Copper leached from the xenoliths using aqua regia, assumed to be hosted in interstitial sulfides, is even more variable (δ65Cu −0.78 to +3.88‰), indicating considerable isotopic heterogeneity within individual samples. Host basalts have low δ65Cu (−0.23‰ to −1.30‰), so basalt—xenolith interactions are not responsible for the compositional variations observed. While mass‐dependent fractionation may be partly responsible, metasomatism by fluids derived from recycled crustal materials is the predominant control on isotopic variations observed. Amphibole megacrysts and amphiboles separated from Type II amphibole‐bearing clinopyroxenite have normal, mantle‐like 18O/16O ratios but H‐isotope compositions (δ2HSMOW −82‰ to −45‰) that range between that of nominally anhydrous mantle (−80 ± 10‰) and seawater (0‰). Host basalts are also enriched in 34S relative to depleted asthenospheric mantle, having δ34SCDT values up to +8‰, i.e., compositions commonly attributed to a component of recycled seawater or hydrated oceanic crust. These new data suggest that formation of Type II metasomes in the lithospheric mantle beneath the Basin and Range Province was associated with subduction of the Farallon plate and not alkali basalt magmatism associated with Basin and Range extension.
PSVM: A Global Database for the Miocene Indicating Elevated Paleosecular Variation Relative to the Last 10 Myrs
Authors: Engbers Y. A. , Bono R. K. , Biggin A. J.
Published: August 2022

Statistical studies of paleosecular variation (PSV) are used to infer the structure and behavior of the geomagnetic field. This study presents a new database, paleosecular variation of the Miocene (PSVM), of high‐quality directional data from the Miocene Epoch (5.3–23 Ma), compiled from 1,454 sites from 44 different localities. This database is used to model the latitude dependence of paleosecular variation with varying selection criteria using a quadratic form based on Model G. Our fitted model parameter for latitude‐invariant PSV (Model G a) is 15.6° and the latitude dependent PSV term (Model G b) is 0.23. The latitude invariant term is substantially higher than previously observed for the past 10 Myrs or any other studied ages. We also present a new stochastic model of the time‐average field, BB‐M22, using a covariant giant Gaussian process (GGP) which is constrained using data from PSVM, PINT and Earth‐like geodynamo numerical simulations. BB‐M22 improves the fit to PSVM data relative to prior GGP models, as it reproduces the higher virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) dispersion observed during the Miocene. Our findings suggest a more variable magnetic field and more active geodynamo in the Miocene Epoch than the past 10 Myrs, perhaps linked to elevated core‐mantle heat flow. Our results suggest that the average axial dipole dominance of the time‐instantaneous field was lower than in more recent times. We note however, that the inclination anomaly estimates, suggest that it cannot be ruled out that the Miocene time averaged field resembles a geocentric axial dipole.
Disturbances in the Ionosphere and Distortion of Radio Wave Characteristics That Accompanied the Super Typhoon Lekima Event of 4–12 August 2019
Authors: Zheng Y. , Chernogor L. F. , Garmash K. P. , Guo Q. , Rozumenko V. T. , Luo Y.
Published: August 2022

We acquired measurements of four observable parameters of refracted signals received from the ionosphere (Doppler shift, Doppler spectrum, number of rays, and signal amplitude) with the oblique HF Doppler technique in the city of Harbin during the super typhoon Lekima event of 4–12 August 2019. The ionospheric response was observed by the Harbin Engineering University multifrequency multiple path coherent radio system in the People's Republic of China. The maximum distortion of radio‐wave characteristics and ionospheric disturbances were observed to occur during the day when the super typhoon Lekima energy gained a maximum value and when the super typhoon approached close to the ionospheric part of the radio‐wave propagation paths. The magnitude of the ionospheric disturbances decreased with the distance between the super typhoon and propagation path midpoints. Both aperiodic (chaotic) and quasi‐sinusoidal disturbances were observed to accompany the action of the super typhoon in the ionosphere. The action of the typhoon was often accompanied by up to ±1.5 Hz broadening of the Doppler spectra, 10–30 dBV variations in the signal amplitude, and quasi‐sinusoidal variations in the Doppler shift with 0.10‐ to 0.40‐Hz amplitudes and periods of 20–30 to 70–80 min. The quasi‐sinusoidal variations in the signal amplitude with a ∼24‐min period, T, are due to focusing and defocusing of rays by wavelike disturbances in the electron density. The periods of the quasi‐sinusoidal disturbances were observed to be ∼12–24 min. Such periods pertain to atmospheric gravity waves. The atmospheric gravity waves generated by the super typhoon gave rise to quasi‐sinusoidal variations in the electron density with relative amplitudes of ∼3%–∼19%.
Brittle Faulting at Elevated Temperature and Vanishing Effective Stress
Authors: Beeler N. M.
Published: August 2022

If brittle fault strength depends only on friction, slip instability is discouraged at low effective normal stress, σ. Stress drop and the critical stiffness necessary for unstable sliding both vanish with σ; small earthquakes cannot occur. Very low σ is inferred in the source region of low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) on the San Andreas fault (SAF). Moreover, if pore pressure, p, is undrained at low σ, then instabilities are prevented at all scales. This is due to dilatant strengthening which arises due to a dependence of porosity on strain rate. Dilatant strengthening is σ‐independent and dominates at low σ. Undrained p is inferred over time scales of less than a few days for the SAF LFEs. Based on experiments that measure rapid contact overgrowth between 350 and 530°C at very low σ, fault failure controlled by time‐dependent cementation is invoked as an explanation for the SAF LFEs. Because this “cohesion” is σ‐independent, stress drops can occur at σ = 0. If in addition cohesion exceeds any dilatant strengthening during slip, cohesion dominates strength at low σ. Dilatancy measured in prior faulting and shear experiments indicate that at all stress levels steady‐state porosity depends on σ in addition to strain rate. Moreover, porosity at low σ depends elastically on the confining and differential stresses. A model with these additional pore pressure effects, friction, and time‐dependent cohesion, applied to the SAF LFEs produces stress drops, slip speeds, and durations that are consistent with the observations, when the shear‐induced dilatancy is not extreme.
Cross‐Slope Heat and Salt Transport Induced by Slope Intrusion Eddy's Horizontal Asymmetry in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Qiu Chunhua , Yi Zhenhui , Su Danyi , Wu Zewen , Liu Hailong , Lin Pengfei , He Yunkai , Wang Dongxiao
Published: August 2022

Material transport caused by mesoscale eddies has been revealed much in the open ocean; however, it is still unclear how much eddy‐induced mass transport in the slope region of the northern South China Sea (SCS). Using the LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model (LICOM) from 2007 to 2017, we identified 47 anticyclonic eddies and 97 cyclonic eddies that intruded onto the continental slope, termed slope intrusion eddies. The slope intrusion eddies are more horizontally asymmetric and energetic than those without entering the slope. These eddies induced cross‐slope heat and salt transport of O (1012) W and O (104) kg s−1 owing to their horizontal asymmetry in both Xisha Islands and Dongsha Islands, where are the intrusion zones of mesoscale eddies. Based on the potential vorticity budget, we found that the horizontal asymmetry of velocity was caused by the asymmetry of potential vorticity, which was mainly generated by eddy‐current nonlinear effect in the Dongsha Islands and topographic beta effect in the Xisha Islands, respectively. This study may promote our understanding on the mesoscale dynamics and oceanic energy redistribution in the continental shelf zone of marginal sea.
How Have Divergent Global Emission Trends Influenced Long‐Range Transported Ozone to North America?
Authors: Mathur Rohit , Kang Daiwen , Napelenok Sergey L. , Xing Jia , Hogrefe Christian , Sarwar Golam , Itahashi Syuichi , Henderson Barron H.
Published: August 2022

Several locations across the United States in noncompliance with the national standard for ground‐level ozone (O3) are thought to have sizable influences from distant extra‐regional emission sources or natural stratospheric O3, which complicate the design of local emission control measures. To quantify the amount of long‐range‐transported O3 (LRT O3), its origin, and change over time, we conduct and analyze detailed sensitivity calculations characterizing the response of O3 to emissions from different source regions across the Northern Hemisphere in conjunction with multidecadal simulations of tropospheric O3 distributions and changes. Model calculations show that the amount of O3 at any location attributable to sources outside North America varies both spatially and seasonally. On a seasonal‐mean basis, during 1990–2010, LRT O3 attributable to international sources steadily increased by 0.06–0.2 ppb yr−1 at locations across the United States and arose from superposition of unequal and contrasting trends in individual source‐region contributions, which help inform attribution of the trend evident in O3 measurements. Contributions of emissions from Europe steadily declined through 2010, while those from Asian emissions increased and remained dominant. Steadily rising NOx emissions from international shipping resulted in increasing contributions to LRT O3, comparable to those from Asian emissions in recent years. Central American emissions contribute a significant fraction of LRT O3 in southwestern United States. In addition to the LRT O3 attributable to emissions outside of North America, background O3 across the continental United States is composed of a sizable and spatially variable fraction that is of stratospheric origin (29%–78%).
Be‐10 Dating of Ice‐Marginal Moraines in the Khumbu Valley, Nepal, Central Himalaya, Reveals the Response of Monsoon‐Influenced Glaciers to Holocene Climate Change
Authors: Hornsey Josephine , Rowan Ann V. , Kirkbride Martin P. , Livingstone Stephen J. , Fabel Derek , Rodes Angel , Quincey Duncan J. , Hubbard Bryn , Jomelli Vincent
Published: August 2022

The dynamic response of large mountain glaciers to climatic forcing operates over timescales of several centuries and therefore understanding how these glaciers change requires observations of their behavior through the Holocene. We used Be‐10 exposure‐age dating and geomorphological mapping to constrain the evolution of glaciers in the Khumbu Valley in the Everest region of Nepal. Khumbu and Lobuche Glaciers are surrounded by high‐relief lateral and terminal moraines from which seven glacial stages were identified and dated to 7.4 ± 0.2, 5.0 ± 0.3, 3.9 ± 0.1, 2.8 ± 0.2, 1.3 ± 0.1, 0.9 ± 0.02, and 0.6 ± 0.16 ka. These stages correlate to each of the seven latest Holocene regional glacial stages identified across the monsoon‐influenced Himalaya, demonstrating that a coherent record of high elevation terrestrial palaeoclimate change can be extracted from dynamic mountain landscapes. The time‐constrained moraine complex represents a catchment‐wide denudation rate of 0.8–1.4 mm a−1 over the last 8 kyr. The geometry of the ablation area of Khumbu Glacier changed around 4 ka from a broad, shallow ice tongue to become narrower and thicker as restricted by the topographic barrier of the terminal moraine complex.
The Spectral Species Concept in Living Color
Authors: Rocchini Duccio , Santos Maria J. , Ustin Susan L. , Féret Jean‐Baptiste , Asner Gregory P. , Beierkuhnlein Carl , Dalponte Michele , Feilhauer Hannes , Foody Giles M. , Geller Gary N. , Gillespie Thomas W. , He Kate S. , Kleijn David , Leitão Pedro J. , Malavasi Marco , Moudrý Vítězslav , Müllerová Jana , Nagendra Harini , Normand Signe , Ricotta Carlo , Schaepman Michael E. , Schmidtlein Sebastian , Skidmore Andrew K. , Šímová Petra , Torresani Michele , Townsend Philip A. , Turner Woody , Vihervaara Petteri , Wegmann Martin , Lenoir Jonathan
Published: August 2022

Biodiversity monitoring is an almost inconceivable challenge at the scale of the entire Earth. The current (and soon to be flown) generation of spaceborne and airborne optical sensors (i.e., imaging spectrometers) can collect detailed information at unprecedented spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions. These new data streams are preceded by a revolution in modeling and analytics that can utilize the richness of these datasets to measure a wide range of plant traits, community composition, and ecosystem functions. At the heart of this framework for monitoring plant biodiversity is the idea of remotely identifying species by making use of the ‘spectral species’ concept. In theory, the spectral species concept can be defined as a species characterized by a unique spectral signature and thus remotely detectable within pixel units of a spectral image. In reality, depending on spatial resolution, pixels may contain several species which renders species‐specific assignment of spectral information more challenging. The aim of this paper is to review the spectral species concept and relate it to underlying ecological principles, while also discussing the complexities, challenges and opportunities to apply this concept given current and future scientific advances in remote sensing.