bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social work for adaptation of the military personnel: essence, functions, and techniques
Authors: Vasyuk Andrei Grigorievich
Published: February 2021

The subject of this research is the social work with military personnel, while the object is the socio-psychological adaptation of young soldiers. This article demonstrates the problems of adaptation of military personnel to the conditions of army. Special attention is given to socio-psychological problems of adaptation of the participants of military operations, which should be solved on the state level, as well as to the development of new social policy with regards for military personnel and their families. It is underlined that is an immensely serious, psychologically difficult process that requires scientific approaches, high level of competence of the persons performing such activity, and elaboration of the new normative legal framework that can meet the demands for their professional training. Taking into account the key aspects and techniques of social work on adaptation of military personnel, theoretical and methodological research on the topic, the author comes to the conclusion that a wide range of activities requires better professional training of the people involved, and it should be provided in the higher education institutions with the specialization in “Social Work”. Such activity should be conducted on the state level, as it implies the development of a new normative legal framework that regulates the introduction of social services into military units, as well as the organization of training of military personnel within the system of education of social workers that incorporates research and implementation of new social work techniques with regards to military personnel.
Pedagogical heritage of the Russian abroad in the studies of E. G. Osovsky
Authors: Kirzhaeva Vera Petrovna , Marinichenko Alla Ivanovna , Piskunova Alina Andreevna
Published: February 2021

The subject of the research is the works of the outstanding Russian historian of education, corresponding member of the RAO E.G. Osovsky (1930-2004), devoted to the study of school, education and pedagogical thought of the Russian abroad. The article outlines the reasons for the scientist's choice of a new pedagogical topic at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, identifies the research approaches and problem fields implemented by him, and offers an analysis of the most important works. The comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of pedagogical emigration presented in the scientist's works opened up opportunities for subsequent generations of researchers to build a holistic picture of the formation and development of schools, education and pedagogical thought in foreign Russia. The authors present the main directions of the scientist's research, the characteristics of their influence on the development of modern historical and pedagogical science and its prospects, which determines the relevance of the article. The wide coverage of sources, the accounting of materials from the personal archive of the scientist, the involvement of works from inaccessible publications and the introduction of the entire complex of materials into scientific circulation determine the scientific novelty of the article. The implementation of such an approach, which is based on a complex combination of traditional methods of historical and pedagogical science and new methods of analysis (hermeneutical, contextual, microhistoric), provides the necessary interdisciplinarity and allows us to talk about the productivity of its application in the study of the heritage of outstanding Russian teachers.
On the effectiveness of online English courses within the system of extracurricular education
Authors: Novokhatskaya Ol'ga Eduardovna
Published: February 2021

This research aims to understand the teaching trends for the students who chose learning English online, as well as assess the effectiveness of such education. The author considered the innovative technologies and the skills that students acquire using such online methods. An attempt was made to answer the question on the effectiveness of online methods in comparison to the traditional in-class learning, when students interact with each others and the teachers. For accumulation of information the author carried out a survey and in-depth interviews with the respondents from various institutes and research centers that are located in Moscow. The scientific novelty consists in proving that online education is the most promising type of learning based on a number of objective factors; its signature features allow prompt effective solution of the problems of continuous education. The work also defines the criteria for assessing the effectiveness of online learning, which is on a par with the traditional form of learning. The conducted research demonstrates that the students who completed their education online will most likely perform on the same level as students who attended the college. The prospects for further scientific pursuits seem to lie in development of an original online scientific methodological complex for teaching English language to adults within the system of extracurricular education.
Professional competences of mediators with varying degree of success in conduct of conciliation procedures
Authors: Korneeva Yana Aleksandrovna , Shakhova Lyudmila Ivanovna , Sorvanova Anna Konstantinovna
Published: February 2021

Mediation has become an increasingly popular reconciliation procedure that allows increasing the psychological security of parties to the conflict in educational and social environment, as well as legal practice. The profession of mediator is highly demanded; however, the questions of professional competence of the specialists and requirements to their personality did not receive due coverage in the scientific literature. The goal of this research consist in development of the model of professional competence and assessment of the level of professional competences of mediators with varying degree of success in conduct of reconciliation procedures. A list of professional competences and their indicators mediators, considering the professional standard – “Specialist in the Field of Mediation (mediator)”. The research involved 42 mediators from Arkhangelsk Region. The following methods were applied: questionnaire (the author developed an original questionnaire for self-assessment of professional competences of the mediator), and psychological testing based on the Five-Factor Model of Personality of Costa and McCrae's in adaptation of M. V. Bodunov and S. D. Biryukov. Statistical processing was carried out via the method of descriptive statistics, correlation and step-type multivariate regression analyses (Pearson's chi-squared test) using the software SPSS 23.00 (license agreement No.Z125-3301-14). The following conclusion was made: the model of professional competences of mediator includes communication skills, conflict management, case study, planning, and self-control. The author developed and tested the questionnaire for self-assessment of professional competences of mediators that can be implemented via 360-degree feedback method. It is established that the successful outcome of reconciliation procedure is affected by such professional competences as self-control and communication skills. Out of the list of professionally important qualities of mediator, the author highlights activity, concreteness, openness, self-restraint, self-discipline, responsibility and sociability as directly related to the success of reconciliation procedures.
Social-psychological factors of formation of polycultural identity of foreign students
Authors: Larionova Anastasiya Vyacheslavovna , Liventsova Evgeniya Yur'evna , Fakhretdinova Aleksandra Pavlovna , Kostyukova Tat'yana Anatol'evna
Published: February 2021

This article describes the experience of studying social-psychological factors the impact the formation of polycultural identity of foreign students. The content of such concepts as “polyculturalism”, “ethnic identity” and “polycultural identity” is disclosed. The results of a series of research carried out in Tomsk in 2019-2020 are provided. A complete sample included 393 respondents (foreign students, Russian students, and educators of state universities of Tomsk). The following research methods were employed: questionnaire, interview, psychological assessment (method of ethnic identity of J. Finney and methodology of comprehensive examination of acculturation of J. Berry), statistical data analysis (descriptive statistics, frequency and correlation analyses). The scientific novelty of this work is defined by systemic approach towards determination of social-psychological factors (ethnic identity, attitude of accepting community, strategies of acculturation) that influence the formation of polycultural identity of foreign students, as well as the role played by each factor in the process of integration of migrants into the accepting society and its culture. The acquired results allow revealing the key barriers in the context of adaptation of educational migrants in the university, as well as making recommendations on their elimination. The authors establish correlation between the strategies of acculturation and the characteristics of ethnic identity of educational migrants, and determine the peculiarities of the attitude of accepting community towards educational migrants.
The origin of satire in Yakut literature
Authors: Semenova Valentina Grigorevna , Molokotin Aiaal Innokent'evich
Published: February 2021

This article is dedicated to examination of the process of conception of satire in Yakut literature. The object of this research is the origin and evolution of satire in Yakut poetry. The subject is the satirical compositions of the founders of Yakut literature A. E. Kulakovsky and P. A. Oyunsky. The goal consists in determination of the role of the first writers in conception and development of satire. Yakut literary studies feature research dedicated to particular authors and works, rather than satire as a whole. Therefore, the relevance of this article lies in the holistic review of satire. The theoretical-methodological framework is comprised of the cultural-historical method, within the framework of which the conception of satire is considered a product of social life and cultural-historical conditions of Yakutia of the early XX century. The work also employs the specific-historical and comparative-typological methods of research. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that the Yakut literary studies currently do not have a comprehensive and systemic research of satirical genre in national poetry. It is established that the pioneer satire in Yakut literature is the founder of Yakut literature A. E. Kulakovsky, who devoted his works to harsh criticism of the conservative traditions of patriarchal-feudal society, rapacity and inhumanity of the new capitalist relations. Kulakovsky was first to create gallery of the satirical portraits of social nature, such as socially classified images of stingy wealthy man, drunken bourgeois, etc. In the 1920s, the pioneer of Yakut Soviet literature P. A. Oyunsky composed works that of socially charged nature. The poet introduced the following new genres into Yakut literature: fable, pamphlet, and parody. Their works surged public thought and marked the birth of satirical genres in Yakut poetry.
Shaman as a Prophet in the lyrics of Alampa
Authors: Semenova Valentina Grigorevna , Androsova Nadezhda Vasil'evna
Published: February 2021

The subject of this research is the theme of the mission of poet and poetry in works of the pioneer of Yakut lyrics A. I. Sofronov-Alampa. The goal of this article consists in comprehensive analysis of the image of poet in his lyrics. The theme of poet and poetry is traced throughout his artistic journey. Alampa’s poetic heritage features 43 compositions on this topic, which is 12.6% of all his poems. It is noted that the aesthetic views and principles of Alampa were formed under the influence of the poetry of A. Pushkin and M. Lermontov. Reminiscences, constant references to the image of Prophet allow concluding that adoption of traditions of the classics led the poet to portraying the image of the Creator – a mediator between the divine powers and a human. However, the poet took a different approach towards this matter, through the “prism of the spiritual heritage of his nation”, and introduced into his native literature the image of Shaman as the higher force possessing the power of healing and word. Reflecting on the genesis of nature and poetic talent, Alampa refers to the founder of Yakut literature Alexey Kulakovsky as the Shaman – a Creator from God. But first of all, the Shaman at Alampa is a benevolent person – Algyschyt, who heals the wounded and lost souls with power of the word, and guides to the path of happiness. Sofronov grants a special mission and higher purpose to the Shaman-poet – “touch the hearts of the people with the word”.  The scientific novelty consists in the attempts to examine the image of poet in the lyrics of Alampa.
The metaphor of stopped time in the novel “The Tin Drum” by Günter Grass
Authors: Oparina Kseniya Sergeevna
Published: February 2021

The goal of this article consist in interpretation of the major metaphor in Günter Grass’ novel “The Tin Drum”,  and coverage of its interrelation with symbolism of the image of the protagonist Oskar Matzerath. The subject of this research is the metaphor of stopped time. The time stops for Oscar with regards to physical and emotional development. Special attention is given to the fact that the protagonist of the novel, who comes into the world with adult intelligence, deliberately stops his development at the age of three. Using the indicated metaphor, the author of the novel forms the key traits of the image of the protagonists: perpetual child, demiurge, trickster. The novelty of this research and special contribution of the author consists in revelation of direct correlations between the aforementioned traits of the main character of the fundamental problems of human existence. A child who refuses to grow up, symbolizes infantilism and denial of the generally accepted socio-ethical norms. At the same time, G. Grass describes dissolution of the surrounding world and blames specific nation in the crimes against humanity, endowing Oskar Matzerath with the traits of trickster and demiurge. The acquired results can be used in textbooks on the history of foreign literature and culturology; as well as in writing term and graduation theses by students majoring in the humanities.
Subjective-evaluative adjectives of general assessment of yakhshy ‘good’ / yaramay ‘evil’
Authors: Asanova Zera
Published: February 2021

The goal of this research consists in the description of subjective-evaluative adjectives of general assessment of yakhshy ‘good’ / yaramay ‘evil’ on the material of Crimean Tatar language. The relevance of this research is defined by the need existing in Crimean Tatar Language for studying the evaluative function of an adjective. Theoretical framework of this research is comprised of the works of such scholars as O. Jespersen, A. A. Potebnja, V. V. Vinogradov, A. M. Shcherbak, E. M. Volf, N. D. Arutyunov, etc. The research employs the methods of analysis, generalization, and classification. The acquired materials can be used in the practice of teaching Crimean Tatar language. The novelty lies in the fact that this article is first to examine the semantics of adjectives yakhshy ‘good’ / yaramay ‘evil’ with evaluative meaning. It is established that these adjectives can move from one lexical-semantic group to another, due to the fact that semantics of the word initially carries its figurative meaning. The adjectives yakhshy ‘good’ / yaramay ‘evil’ in Crimean Tatar language can be on the periphery of multiple lexical-semantic groups, which can be divided into two main groups: sensory perceived by a human characteristics of the inanimate object, and properties that describe the appearance, age, and socio-communicative traits of a human.
Psycholinguistic and linguoculturological aspects of carrying out exam for the status of native speaker of the Russian language for foreign citizens and stateless persons
Authors: Polyarush Darya Nikolaevna , Chelak Elena Anatolevna
Published: February 2021

The subject of this research is psycholinguistic and linguoculturological aspects of the procedures carrying out an exam for the status of “Russian native speaker”. Relevance of this work is substantiated by the need to develop a unified strategy for commissioners in decision-making procedure of recognition of foreign citizens in all regions of the Russian Federation. The research objective is to accelerate unification of the procedure by specifying the requirements for the status of “Russian native speaker”. In substantiation of the term that has descriptive character and is not codified in reference literature, emphasis is placed on the notional, content-related component. An attempt is made to set a requirement that the tasks must correspond to the content of modern representations on history, culture and national values. The examples of tasks with high though-provoking potential that can demonstrate the commonality of cultural and axiological worldview with the Russian society among the applicants for the status of “Russian native speaker”. The examples of practical application of such types of tasks by the authors of this article in terms of sitting of the commission on designation of the status of “Russian native speaker” to foreign citizens or stateless persons in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug –Yugra. The novelty lies in consideration of the concept from the perspective of axiology. The article is first to raise the question on correspondence of not only the level of command of grammatical rules of the language, but also the level of congeniality of the content of answers to the cultural worldview of the Russian society. This research authors can serve as the materials for formation of tasks in all regions of the Russian Federation, and help the applicants to prepare for the procedure.
The satirical grotesque in Evelyn Waugh's novel "Decline and Destruction"
Authors: Iarovikova Iuliia Vladimirovna , Balygina Elena Anatol'evna , Ermolova Tat'yana Viktorovna , Logvinova Ol'ga Konstantinovna
Published: February 2021

The present research is carried out in line with literary stylistics, focusing on the linguistic and expressive means of artistic representation of reality and the peculiarities of their use by one or another author. The research material was the novel "Decline and Destruction", written by one of the recognized masters of the English satirical novel Evelyn Waugh. The "Decline and Destruction" of twentiethвЂ“century England is a cross-cutting theme of the entire work of I. Vo, whose stylistic dominant is the satirical grotesque. The above-mentioned determined the purpose of the study, which consists in explicating the main mechanisms and means of creating a satirical grotesque in the novel, exposing and ridiculing the vices of English society in the 1920s, sharpening and criticizing the shortcomings of the existing education system in privileged educational institutions in England. В  In accordance with this goal, the article considers the problem of the emergence of the term "grotesque", its connection with the aesthetic category of the comic is indicated, the role and place of this artistic device in the work of I. Vo are indicated. It is revealed that with the help of a satirical grotesque, Vo creates his own special вЂ“ secondary to the real вЂ“ world, violating the boundaries corresponding to our ideas of plausibility, for which any means available to the author are suitable. The study showed that the key mechanisms determining the grotesque beginning of the novel are a combination of mutually exclusive, hyperbolization, reification of characters, etc. A special satirical expressiveness and tragicomism, brought to the point of absurdity, is manifested at various levels of the work's organization (lexical, onomastic, morphological, syntactic, graphic). From this point of view, the novel "Decline and Destruction" is being studied for the first time, which determines the novelty of the research undertaken and outlines further prospects in the field of research devoted to the work of Evelyn Waugh and the satirical grotesque, in particular.
Leaf Nutrient Concentrations and Dry Biomass of Fig Plants as Modified by the Application of NPK: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Márquez-Guerrero Selenne Yuridia , Figueroa-Viramontes Uriel , Zegbe Jorge A. , Arreola-Ávila Jesús Guadalupe , Cueto-Wong José Antonio , Trejo-Calzada Ricardo
Published: February 2021

Aims: The effect of a complete NPK matrix on leaf nutrient concentrations and dry biomass of ‘Black Mission’ fig plant organs was tested under an intensive culture system and protected environment.

Study Design: A randomized complete block design with four blocks was employed.

Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted from April to November 2016 at the Campo Experimental La Laguna, located in Matamoros, Coahuila, Mexico. This research station belongs to the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) of Mexico. The experiment was set up under a macro tunnel equipped with a shade mesh with 50% sunlight attenuation.

Methodology: Two-year-old fig plants (cv. ‘Black Mission’) previously propagated from stem cuttings were used. There were three application rates each for N (0, 80, and 160 kg ha-1), P (0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1), and K (0, 80, and 160 kg ha-1) arranged in a balanced factorial matrix of 27 treatments. After harvest, leaf samples were collected to determine nutrient concentrations and they were split into roots, shoots, leaves, and fruit

Results: The greatest total dry biomass was produced by the interaction of 80 kg ha-1 N and 40 kg ha-1 P and yielded the following leaf nutrient concentrations (mean ± SD): N 2.9 ± 0.3%, P 0.11 ± 0.01%, K 2.1 ± 0.4%, Ca 1.4 ± 0.7%, Mg 0.34 ± 0.03%, Fe 166.4 ± 49.5 mg kg-1, Cu 6.3 ± 1.7 mg kg-1, Mn 83.3 ± 20.9 mg kg-1, and Zn 22. 6 ± 3.8 mg kg-1. Application of 80 kg ha-1 N and 40 kg ha-1 P could be suggested for commercial fig production.

Conclusion: Application of 80 kg ha-1 N and 40 kg ha-1 P could be tested under similar commercial production systems; however, the addition of supplemental K deserves further study.
Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Problems among Cobblers in Footwear Repairing Work
Authors: Pandey Deepika , Vats Aditi
Published: February 2021

Cobbling or shoe-repairing is one of the aged old occupations belonging to unorganized sector. Majority of workers are dependent on this occupation for livelihood. The cobblers work in sitting position mainly on the busy routes with congested surroundings. The present study was conducted among 100 cobblers working in Uttarakhand State, India with an objective to find out the musculoskeletal pain or discomfort faced by them during their work. The data was collected using Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Results revealed that the cobblers suffered from pain or discomforts in different body regions especially lower back, neck and lower leg. Sitting with folded legs and continuous bending of neck during work were the major reasons of pain/discomfort. Various muscle relaxing exercises can help the cobblers to overcome the risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders. Further, an ergonomic workstation design will help in improving their workplace wellbeing.
Effects of Vegetation Destruction on the Socio-Economic Well-being of Households within the Soapstone Quarrying Areas of Gucha South Sub-County, Kenya
Authors: Okong’o George , Mutinda Mark Ndunda , Imaita Isaiah Gitonga
Published: February 2021

Soapstone quarrying and carving has taken place at the Tabaka region of Gucha South Sub-County for many decades. The activities associated with soapstone quarrying include clearing of vegetation, removal of top soil, earth moving, excavation of the stones and chopping off the unwanted parts of the soapstone. These activities have caused serious environmental impacts in the quarrying areas. This study focused on the effects of vegetation destruction as a result of soapstone quarrying on the socio-economic well-being of households within the quarrying areas of Gucha South Sub-County, Kenya. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of vegetation destruction (loss of cover and biodiversity erosion) by quarrying on the socio-economic well-being of households within the quarry areas. A cross-sectional survey research design was adopted. Purposive sampling procedure was utilized where 102 households were purposively selected based on their nearness to the soapstone quarries. Data collection was done using a questionnaire, recording observations and taking photographs. Descriptive (Frequency distribution, percentages, means, median and mode) and Inferential (Regression, Chi-square and ANOVA) statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings of this study indicate that vegetation destruction as a result of soapstone quarrying activities has negative effects on the socio-economic wellbeing of the households found within the soapstone quarrying areas. Thus, there is need to regulate the soapstone quarrying activities. There is also an urgent need for an Environmental Impact Assessment and audit to be carried out to determine the state of the environment in the soapstone quarrying areas.
Assessment of Performance on Yield and Yield Contributing Attributes of Summer Tomato Genotypes in Bangladesh
Authors: Mahmuda Sumaia , Rahman M. Mizanur , Islam M. Shahidul. , Hassan Jahidul , Raihan M. Sharif
Published: February 2021

Twenty three tomato genotypes were evaluated during summer season of 2011 to characterize and evaluate the yield performance under high temperature conditions. Days to first flowering ranged from 41.00 to 51.33 days among the studied genotypes. The highest number of fruits per plant (45.27) was recorded from the genotype FP5 × WP10 followed by C41 ×TLB182 (30.90) while it was the lowest (2.27) for the genotype TLB182. The genotype C41 × VRT004 had the highest fruit weight (80.81 g) closely followed by C51 × VRT004 (79.75 g). The genotype FP5 × WP10 yielded the highest amount of fruits per plant (1.90 kg) followed by C71 × VRT004 (1.61 kg). The corresponding yield (t/ha) was also the highest (64.6 t/ha) for FP5 ×WP10 followed by C71 ×VRT004 (54.74 t/ha).
Effect of Novel Herbicides and Herbicide Mixtures on Yield and Economics of Transplanted Rice
Authors: Venkatesh B. , Parameswari Y. S. , Madhavi M. , Prakash T. Ram
Published: February 2021

A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2019 at Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment done with twelve treatments and three replications. The study was taken to find out which herbicide mixture most effective in controlling of weeds leads to maximum yields with higher benefit cost ratio. The results revealed that, application of herbicide mixture florpyrauxifen-benzyl + cyhalofop-butyl 10% EC 150 g/ha PoE fb hand weeding at 40 days after transplanting (DAT) gave higher yields and net returns with high benefit cost ratio (B: C) which was statistically on par with minimum competitive plot. Unweeded plot yield was deviated about 48 % compare to florpyrauxifen-benzyl + cyhalofop-butyl 10% EC 150 g/ha PoE fb hand weeding at 40 days after transplanting.
Effect of Continuous 0.5% Ganciclovir Eye Drop Treatment in Secondary Glaucoma Associated with Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis
Authors: Otsuka Takaaki , Yokoyama Katsuhiko , Nakamuro Takako , Sakino Yuji , Nakano Satoko , Kimoto Kenichi , Kubota Toshiaki
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment outcomes of secondary glaucoma caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV)-anterior uveitis (AU) with continuous 0.5% ganciclovir eye drop.

Study Design: Retrospective observational study.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, Oita University Hospital, between January 2012 and December 2017.

Methodology: Nineteen eyes of 19 patients with secondary glaucoma associated with CMV-AU diagnosed by a polymerase chain reaction analysis from human aqueous samples were enrolled. They were treated with continuous 4-times-daily topical 0.5% ganciclovir in addition to topical steroids and anti-glaucoma medications. We performed glaucoma surgery for patients with poorly medically controlled intraocular pressure (IOP).

Results: Anterior chamber inflammation and IOP were controlled without systemic ganciclovir or glaucoma surgery during the follow-up period (mean: 59.2±27.0 months) in 9 (47%) eyes. Five (26%) eyes required systemic ganciclovir and ten (53%) eyes required glaucoma surgery. Patients were divided into two groups for the comparison: one group requiring glaucoma surgery and one treated with medication. The mean IOP and number of anti-glaucoma medications at the first visit were significantly higher in the surgery group than in the medication group. The mean number of IOP spikes per year (IOP >30 mmHg) was 1.4±0.9 in the surgery group and 0.4±0.5 in the medication group. The recurrence of anterior chamber inflammation was suppressed in both groups. The cumulative survival rate after glaucoma surgery was 80% at 12 months and 70% at 36 months.

Conclusion: The anterior chamber inflammation and IOP were controlled with continuous 0.5% ganciclovir eye drop treatment in half of the patients with CNV-AU. A high IOP at the first visit and frequent IOP spikes were risk factors for additional glaucoma surgeries.Cytomegalovirus
Verschiedene nachhaltige Kohlenstoffnanopunkte für die freie radikalische Photopolymerisation, die Photo‐ATRP und die Photo‐CuACC Chemie
Authors: Kütahya Ceren , Zhai Yingxiang , Li Shujun , Liu Shouxin , Li Jian , Strehmel Veronika , Chen Zhijun , Strehmel Bernd
Published: February 2021

Kohlenstoffnanopunkte (CDs), die aus unterschiedlicher Biomasse stammen, besitzen unterschiedliche Reaktivitäten hinsichtlich der Sensibilisierung der Photo‐ATRP‐ und der Photo‐CuAAC‐Reaktion bei Verwendung von sichtbarem Licht. Die radikalische Polymerisation von Tri(propylenglykol)diacrylat zeigte auch eine gute Effizienz bei Verwendung von CDs in Kombination mit einem Iodoniumsalz unter Einsatz von LEDs, die entweder bei 405 nm, 525 nm oder 660 nm emittieren. Photo‐ATRP‐Experimente bestätigten die kontrollierten Polymerisationsbedingungen unter Verwendung von CuII im ppm‐Maßstab, was zu Dispersitäten zwischen 1.06 und 1.10 führte. Die selektive Reaktion der Kettenenden wurde erfolgreich durch Kettenverlängerung und Blockcopolymerisation nachgewiesen, wobei der lebende Charakter der Polymerisation unter Verwendung eines CDs bestätigt wurde, der aus Färberlack (“lac dye”) synthetisiert wurde und olefinische Einheiten in der ursprünglichen Biomasse enthielt. Eine Globalanalyse der zeitaufgelösten Fluoreszenzmessungen zeigte das Auftreten mehrerer emittierender Spezies, die zur Reaktivität der angeregten Zustände beitrugen. Unterschiedliche zytotoxische Antworten wurden von MCF‐10A‐Zellen in einem Durchflusszytometrie‐Assay nachgewiesen (400 μg mL−1). Somit war die Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen im Fall von CD‐2–CD‐5 höher als 80 %, während die von CD‐1 bei etwa 70 % lag.
Zeolite‐Stabilized Di‐ and Tetranuclear Molybdenum Sulfide Clusters Form Stable Catalytic Hydrogenation Sites
Authors: Weindl Roland , Khare Rachit , Kovarik Libor , Jentys Andreas , Reuter Karsten , Shi Hui , Lercher Johannes A.
Published: February 2021

Supercages of faujasite (FAU)‐type zeolites serve as a robust scaffold for stabilizing dinuclear (Mo2S4) and tetranuclear (Mo4S4) molybdenum sulfide clusters. The FAU‐encaged Mo4S4 clusters have a distorted cubane structure similar to the FeMo‐cofactor in nitrogenase. Both clusters possess unpaired electrons on Mo atoms. Additionally, they show identical catalytic activity per sulfide cluster. Their catalytic activity is stable (>150 h) for ethene hydrogenation, while layered MoS2 structures deactivate significantly under the same reaction conditions.
Enantioselective Alkoxycyclization of 1,6‐Enynes with Gold(I)‐Cavitands: Total Synthesis of Mafaicheenamine C
Authors: Martín‐Torres Inmaculada , Ogalla Gala , Yang Jin‐Ming , Rinaldi Antonia , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: February 2021

Chiral gold(I)‐cavitand complexes have been developed for the enantioselective alkoxycyclization of 1,6‐enynes. This enantioselective cyclization has been applied for the first total synthesis of carbazole alkaloid (+)‐mafaicheenamine C and its enantiomer, establishing its configuration as R. The cavity effect was also evaluated in the cycloisomerization of dienynes. A combination of experiments and theoretical studies demonstrates that the cavity of the gold(I) complexes forces the enynes to adopt constrained conformations, which results in the high observed regio‐ and stereoselectivities.
Distinct Sustainable Carbon Nanodots Enable Free Radical Photopolymerization, Photo‐ATRP and Photo‐CuAAC Chemistry
Authors: Kütahya Ceren , Zhai Yingxiang , Li Shujun , Liu Shouxin , Li Jian , Strehmel Veronika , Chen Zhijun , Strehmel Bernd
Published: February 2021

Carbon nanodots (CDs) originating from different biomass result in different activities to sensitize photo‐ATRP and photo‐CuAAC reaction protocols with visible light. Free radical polymerization of tri(propylene glycol)diacrylate also exhibited a good efficiency using CDs in combination with an iodonium salt employing LEDs emitting either at 405 nm, 525 nm or 660 nm. Photo‐ATRP experiments confirmed controlled polymerization conditions using CuII at the ppm scale resulting in dispersities between 1.06 to 1.10. Chain end fidelity was successfully provided by chain extension and block copolymerization additionally approving the living feature of polymerization using a CD synthesized from lac dye comprising olefinic moieties in the originating biomass. By global analysis, time resolved fluorescence measurements indicated the appearance of several emitting species contributing to the reactivity of the excited states. Different cytotoxic response appeared following the answer of MCF‐10A cells in a flow cytometry assay; that is 400 μg mL−1. Thus, cell viability was greater 80 % in the case of CD‐2–CD‐5 while that of CD‐1 was close to 70 %.
The Synthesis and Characterisation of a Molecular Sea‐Serpent: Studies of a {Cr24Cu7} Chain
Authors: Alotaibi Rajeh , Fowler Jonathan M. , Lockyer Selena J. , Timco Grigore A. , Collison David , Schnack Jürgen , Winpenny Richard E. P.
Published: February 2021

A finite chain of thirty‐one paramagnetic centers is reported, synthesized by reaction of hydrated chromium fluoride, copper carbonate and pivalic acid in the presence of 1,4,7,10‐tetrazacyclododecane (cyclen). Magnetic studies show predominantly anti‐ferromagnetic exchange leading to a high density of low‐lying spin states and large saturation field.
Improvement of caffeic acid biotransformation into para‐hydroxybenzoic acid by Candida albicans CI‐24 via gamma irradiation and model‐based optimization
Authors: Singab Raghda Abdelnasser , Elleboudy Nooran Sherif , Elkhatib Walid Faisal , Yassein Mahmoud Abdulmegead , Hassouna Nadia Adelhaleem
Published: February 2021

Para‐hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) has great potential in biological applications due to its putative antiviral activity against SARS‐CoV‐2 and its antimicrobial activity in the face of the radically increasing number of multidrug‐resistant pathogens. This is in addition to its antimutagenic, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antiestrogenic, and antiplatelet aggregating activities. In this study, an approximate sixfold increase in the production of PHBA was achieved via biotransformation of caffeic acid by Candida albicans. The improvement was performed in two steps: first, through mutation by gamma irradiation (5 KGy dose), resulting in the recovery of a mutant (CI‐24), which produced approximately triple the amount of PHBA produced by the wild‐type isolate. Then, biotransformation by this mutant was further optimized via response surface methodology model‐based optimization. The maximum PHBA production (7.47 mg/mL) was obtained in a fermentation medium composed of 1% w/v yeast extract as a nitrogen source, with an initial pH of 6.6, incubated at 28 °C at an agitation rate of 250 rpm. To further enhance the performance and economics of the process, cells of the CI‐24 mutant were immobilized in calcium alginate beads and could retain an equivalent biotransformation capacity after three successive biotransformation cycles.
Complexation of an Anthracene‐Triptycene Nanocage Host with Fullerene Guests through CH⋅⋅⋅π Contacts
Authors: Kajiyama Kazuki , Tsurumaki Eiji , Wakamatsu Kan , Fukuhara Gaku , Toyota Shinji
Published: February 2021

A bicyclic anthracene macrocycle containing two triptycene units at the bridgehead positions was synthesized by Ni‐mediated coupling of the corresponding precursor as a cage‐shaped aromatic hydrocarbon host. This cage host formed an inclusion complex with C60 or C70 guest in 1 : 1 ratio in solution. The association constants (Ka) determined by the fluorescence titration method were 1.3×104 and 3.3×105 L mol −1 for the C60 and C70 complexes, respectively, at 298 K in toluene. DFT calculations revealed that the guest molecules were included in the middle of the cavity with several CH⋅⋅⋅π contacts. The strong affinity of the cage host for the fullerene guests and the high selectivity toward C70 are discussed on the basis of spectroscopic and structural data.
Late‐stage Rh(II)‐catalyzed Nitrene Transfer for the Synthesis of Guaianolide Analogs with Enhanced Antiproliferative Activity
Authors: Castro Sebastián J. , Padrón José M. , Darses Benjamin , Nicotra Viviana E. , Dauban Philippe
Published: February 2021

A set of new guaianolide derivatives (1–9) was obtained from ludartin, achalensolide, and 11,13‐dihydroachalensolide by application of catalytic nitrene transfer reactions. Intermolecular nitrene C(sp3)−H insertions led to the amination of C‐1, C‐2, and C‐10 positions, while alkene aziridination was also observed under these reaction conditions. The antiproliferative activity of natural compounds and their derivatives was evaluated against a panel of human solid tumor cell lines. The results show that an increase in the biological activity was observed following amination at the C‐2 position of Ludartin, thereby demonstrating the interest in late‐stage C−H amination to improve the bioactivity of natural products.
Research Progress of Phase Change Storage Material on Power Battery Thermal Management
Authors: Lin Xiangwei , Zhang Xuelai
Published: February 2021

With the rapid development of electric vehicles (EVs), thermal safety issues have become increasingly prominent. In the charging and discharging process, a proper battery thermal management system (BTMS) can control the temperature of the power battery pack, which is essential to ensure the performance and safety of EVs. Among various cooling technologies, phase change material (PCM) cooling is widely used in BTMS due to its excellent characteristics, such as simple structure, good cooling effect, and no extra energy consumption. Herein, the research progress of PCM on BTMS is reviewed, including the overview of PCMs, the studies of single PCM‐based BTMS, and the development of hybrid PCM‐based BTMS. The results have found that the cooling performance of PCM‐based BTMS is determined by excellent PCM properties and suitable BTMS structure. In addition, the fin‐enhanced structure and active phase change slurry (PCS) can effectively improve the reliability and flexibility of BTMS applications. The hybrid BTMS consisting of PCM and other cooling technology can promote the heat dissipation of PCM, which helps to solve PCM heat saturation and further reduce the battery temperature. Finally, insufficient studies in current research are pointed out, and a future development direction is also reported.
The impact of atmospheric moisture transport on winter Arctic warming: Radiation versus latent heat release
Authors: Hao Mingju , Lin Yanluan , Luo Yong , Nath Reshmita , Zhao Zongci
Published: February 2021

Atmospheric moisture transport (AMT) contributes significantly to the recent accelerated Arctic warming. However, the impact of AMT has not been well quantified, not to mention the relative contribution of its impact on microphysical latent heating (LAH) and longwave radiative heating (LWH). A series of Polar‐WRF model experiments with different magnitudes of AMT are conducted to study the response of winter Arctic temperature to AMT variations. Results show that atmospheric precipitable water is very sensitive to AMT variations and thus can define the changes in surface air temperature by altering surface downward longwave radiation. Additionally, because evaporation and sublimation tend to balance the AMT‐induced moisture changes near the surface, LWH in the lower troposphere is determined by downward longwave radiation and thus can be the dominant factor for temperature variations. However, temperature in the mid‐ and upper troposphere is primarily determined by changes in LAH, because the content of ice‐phase cloud aloft is significantly affected by AMT. In addition, the changes in LWH in the mid‐ and upper troposphere are governed by upward longwave radiation, thus offsetting some of the temperature variations. These findings have implications for the attribution of Arctic current warming and the prediction of its future temperature change.
Comparison of Angler Interventions for Smallmouth Bass Experiencing Barotrauma in Catch-and-Release Angling Tournaments
Authors: Elliott Connor W. , Row Alexander J. , Tufts Bruce L.
Published: February 2021

Black bass Micropterus spp. in North America are commonly targeted by recreational anglers who are participating in catch-and-release angling tournaments. In deeper water bodies, Smallmouth Bass M. dolomieu are often caught from depths greater than 6 m and held in a boat’s live well until they are weighed in. Smallmouth Bass that are caught from such depths typically display symptoms of barotrauma, where the swim bladder becomes overinflated and the fish cannot maintain proper orientation. We examined the effects of three common practices that are used by tournament anglers who hold fish that exhibit symptoms of barotrauma: no treatment, weighted fin clips (rubber-coated weighted alligator clips), and fizzing (venting the swim bladder with a hypodermic needle). After receiving a treatment, the Smallmouth Bass were held in experimental live wells for a period of 3 h and their condition was monitored using reflex action mortality predictors. Condition declined for the Smallmouth Bass that received no treatment, whereas both fin clips and fizzing demonstrated improved fish condition. Fizzing was also found to be a more rapid and effective treatment than fin clips. As the weight and capture depth of fish in the control group increased, there was a significant decrease in final condition, as indicated by reflex impairment. For tournaments that hold fish in live wells prior to release, these results demonstrate that interventions shortly after capture can effectively reduce reflex impairment in Smallmouth Bass that experience barotrauma and that fizzing is more effective than fin clips.
Zooarchaeology of Tver Kremlin (12th–18th centuries, Tver, Russia)
Authors: Zinoviev Andrei V.
Published: February 2021

The paper is focused on the comparative zooarchaeological analysis of one of the Russian medieval strongholds. Animal bones originating from the sediments of the Tver stronghold (Tver Kremlin), accumulated over the period of its existence (12‐18th centuries), are analysed. The composition and nature of the bones of animals from Tver Kremlin correspond in general to those from strongholds of other medieval cities of Russia's forest zone. The basic set of bones and characteristics of animals from the Tver Kremlin are similar to bones and animals from medieval Tver town. At the same time, some features characterize the Tver Kremlin as a status place. The paper provides the first chronological breakdown of the substantial zooarchaeological assemblages from the excavations at Tver.
Structural and functional understanding of the toll‐like receptors
Authors: Asami Jinta , Shimizu Toshiyuki
Published: February 2021

Recognition of invading pathogens by the innate immune system is essential to initiate antimicrobial responses and trigger adaptive immunity. This is largely mediated by an array of pattern‐recognition receptor families that are essential for recognizing conserved molecular motifs characteristic of pathogenic microbes. One such family is the Toll‐like receptors (TLRs). Activation of TLRs induces production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons: the former triggers the synthesis of inflammatory mediators which cause fever, pain and other inflammation, and the latter mediates antiviral responses. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in structural elucidation of TLRs in higher eukaryotes. The TLR structures with and without agonist and antagonist have been revealed by X‐ray crystallography and cryo‐electron microscopy studies, demonstrating the activated dimer formation induced by the agonistic ligand and the inhibition mechanism of the antagonistic ligand. Intracellular assembled structures and the TLR‐chaperone complex are also reported. As the structural understanding of TLRs becomes better integrated with biochemical and immunological studies, a more comprehensive picture of their architectural and functional properties will emerge. This review summarizes recent advances in structural biological and mechanistic studies on TLRs.
Microfluidic Production of Mechanochromic Photonic Fibers Containing Nonclose‐Packed Colloidal Arrays
Authors: Kim Jong Hyun , Kim Kyung Han , Lee Gun Ho , Kim Ji-Won , Han Sang Hoon , Lee Chang-Soo , Kim Shin-Hyun
Published: February 2021

Photonic fibers are important raw materials for structurally colored fabrics. In particular, the mechanochromic fibers potentially provide color‐tunable clothes, like chameleon skins. Herein, microfluidic jetting to continuously produce mechanochromic fibers in a controlled manner is used. The jet is produced by flow‐focusing the photocurable dispersions in a surfactant‐laden carrier fluid using microfluidic devices. The dispersions contain monodispersed silica particles in an elastomer‐forming resin. As the silica particles have repulsive interparticle potential in the resin, they spontaneously organize into a nonclose‐packed regular array, developing structural colors. The jet of the dispersions is photocured in situ by irradiation of ultraviolet at the exit of the microfluidic channel, continuously producing the photonic fibers. As the interparticle separation among silica particles is shortened along the radial direction by stretching the elastic fibers, the structural colors are dynamically blue shifted. Also, the original colors are reversibly recovered by relaxing the fibers as the deformation is fully elastic. The nonclose‐packed array of inelastic silica particles provides a wide range of color tuning and high reversibility. Moreover, microfluidic jetting enables the production of Janus fibers composed of two distinct color domains, which enriches the available structural colors through color mixing.
Impact of AI/Robotics on Human Relations: Co-evolution Through Hybridisation
Authors: Donati Pierpaolo
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines how the processes of human enhancement that have been brought about by the digital revolution (including AI and robotics, besides ICTs) have given rise to new social identities and relationships. The central question consists in asking how the Digital Technological Matrix, understood as a cultural code that supports artificial intelligence and related technologies, causes a hybridisation between the human and the non-human, and to what extent such hybridisation promotes or puts human dignity at risk. Hybridisation is defined here as entanglements and interchanges between digital machines, their ways of operating, and human elements in social practices. The issue is not whether AI or robots can assume human-like characteristics, but how they interact with humans and affect their social identities and relationships, thereby generating a new kind of society.