bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small-GTPase-Associated Signaling by the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors CpDock180 and CpCdc24, the GTPase Effector CpSte20, and the Scaffold Protein CpBem1 in Claviceps purpurea
Authors: Herrmann Andrea , Tillmann Britta A. M. , Schürmann Janine , Bölker Michael , Tudzynski Paul
Published: February 2014

Monomeric GTPases of the Rho subfamily are important mediators of polar growth and NADPH (Nox) signaling in a variety of organisms. These pathways influence the ability of
Claviceps purpurea
to infect host plants. GTPase regulators contribute to the nucleotide loading cycle that is essential for proper functionality of the GTPases. Scaffold proteins gather GTPase complexes to facilitate proper function. The guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) CpCdc24 and CpDock180 activate GTPase signaling by triggering nucleotide exchange of the GTPases. Here we show that CpCdc24 harbors nucleotide exchange activity for both Rac and Cdc42 homologues. The GEFs partly share the cellular distribution of the GTPases and interact with the putative upstream GTPase CpRas1. Interaction studies show the formation of higher-order protein complexes, mediated by the scaffold protein CpBem1. Besides the GTPases and GEFs, these complexes also contain the GTPase effectors CpSte20 and CpCla4, as well as the regulatory protein CpNoxR. Functional characterizations suggest a role of CpCdc24 mainly in polarity, whereas CpDock180 is involved in stress tolerance mechanisms. These findings indicate the dynamic formation of small GTPase complexes and improve the model for GTPase-associated signaling in
C. purpurea
.
The Salmonella Spi1 Virulence Regulatory Protein HilD Directly Activates Transcription of the Flagellar Master OperonflhDC
Authors: Singer Hanna M. , Kühne Caroline , Deditius Julia A. , Hughes Kelly T. , Erhardt Marc
Published: February 2014

Infection of intestinal epithelial cells is dependent on theSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium pathogenicity island 1 (Spi1)-encoded type III injectisome system and flagellar motility. Thus, the expression of virulence and flagellar genes is subject to tight regulatory control mechanisms in order to ensure the correct spatiotemporal production of the respective gene products. In this work, we reveal a new level of cross-regulation between the Spi1 and flagellar regulatory systems. Transposon mutagenesis identified a class of mutants that preventedflhDCautorepression by overexpressing HilD. HilD, HilC, RtsA, and HilA comprise a positive regulatory circuit for the expression of the Spi1 genes. Here, we report a novel transcriptional cross talk between the Spi1 and flagellar regulons where HilD transcriptionally activatesflhDCgene expression by binding to nucleotides −68 to −24 upstream from the P5 transcriptional start site. We additionally show that, in contrast to the results of a previous report, HilA does not affect flagellar gene expression. Finally, we discuss a model of the cross-regulation network between Spi1 and the flagellar system and propose a regulatory mechanism via the Spi1 master regulator HilD that would prime flagellar genes for rapid reactivation during host infection.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis presenting as sacral bone metastasis
Authors: Hameed Zeeshan B M , Pillai Sunil Bhaskara , Hegde Padmaraj , Talengala Bhat Shaila
Published: February 2014

We present a rare presentation of squamous cell carcinoma of the kidney with chronic low backache. The diagnosis of this uncommon tumour of the renal pelvis was achieved after incidentally detecting a large staghorn calculus, which on further imaging with contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis was suggestive of the features of renal tumour with sacral bone lesion. The rarity of this metastatic tumour, with its unusual presentation, is discussed.
Access to rheumatologists among patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis in a Canadian universal public healthcare system
Authors: Widdifield Jessica , Paterson J Michael , Bernatsky Sasha , Tu Karen , Thorne J Carter , Ivers Noah , Butt Debra , Jaakkimainen R Liisa , Gunraj Nadia , Ahluwalia Vandana , Bombardier Claire
Published: February 2014

Objectives

Our objective was to estimate the percentage of patients with incident rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were seen by a rheumatologist within 3, 6 and 12 months of suspected diagnosis by a family physician, and assess what factors may influence the time frame with which patients are seen.

Setting

Ontario, Canada.

Participants

Over 2000–2009, we studied patients with incident RA who were initially diagnosed by a family physician.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

We assessed secular trends in rheumatology encounters and differences between patients who received versus did not receive rheumatology care. We performed hierarchical logistic regression analyses to determine whether receipt of rheumatology care was associated with patient, primary care physician and geographical factors.

Results

Among 19 760 patients with incident RA, 59%, 75% and 84% of patients were seen by a rheumatologist within 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. The prevalence of initial consultations within 3 months did not increase over time; however, access within 6 and 12 months increased over time. Factors positively associated with timely consultations included higher regional rheumatology supply (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.35 (95% CI 1.13 to 1.60)) and higher patient socioeconomic status (aOR 1.18 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.30)). Conversely, factors inversely associated with timely consultations included remote patient residence (aOR 0.51 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.64)) and male family physicians (aOR 0.88 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.95)).

Conclusions

Increasing access to rheumatologists within 6 and 12 months occurred over time; however, consultations within 3 months did not change over time. Measures of poor access (such as proximity to and density of rheumatologists) were negatively associated with timely consultations. Additional factors that contributed to disparities in access included patient socioeconomic status and physician sex.
Well London Phase-1: results among adults of a cluster-randomised trial of a community engagement approach to improving health behaviours and mental well-being in deprived inner-city neighbourhoods
Authors: Phillips Gemma , Bottomley Christian , Schmidt Elena , Tobi Patrick , Lais Shahana , Yu Ge , Lynch Rebecca , Lock Karen , Draper Alizon , Moore Derek , Clow Angela , Petticrew Mark , Hayes Richard , Renton Adrian
Published: February 2014

Background

We report the main results, among adults, of a cluster-randomised-trial ofWell London, a community-engagement programme promoting healthy eating, physical activity and mental well-being in deprived neighbourhoods. The hypothesis was that benefits would be neighbourhood-wide, and not restricted to intervention participants. The trial was part of a multicomponent process/outcome evaluation which included non-experimental components (self-reported behaviour change amongst participants, case studies and evaluations of individual projects) which suggested health, well-being and social benefits to participants.

Methods

Twenty matched pairs of neighbourhoods in London were randomised to intervention/control condition. Primary outcomes (five portions fruit/vegetables/day; 5×30 m of moderate intensity physical activity/week, abnormal General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-12 score and Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) score) were measured by postintervention questionnaire survey, among 3986 adults in a random sample of households across neighbourhoods.

Results

There was no evidence of impact on primary outcomes: healthy eating (relative risk [RR] 1.04, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.17); physical activity (RR:1.01, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.16); abnormal GHQ12 (RR:1.15, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.61); WEMWBS (mean difference [MD]: −1.52, 95% CI −3.93 to 0.88). There was evidence of impact on some secondary outcomes: reducing unhealthy eating-score (MD: −0.14, 95% CI −0.02 to 0.27) and increased perception that people in the neighbourhood pulled together (RR: 1.92, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.29).

Conclusions

The trial findings do not provide evidence supporting the conclusion of non-experimental components of the evaluation that intervention improved health behaviours, well-being and social outcomes. Low participation rates and population churn likely compromised any impact of the intervention. Imprecise estimation of outcomes and sampling bias may also have influenced findings. There is a need for greater investment in refining such programmes before implementation; new methods to understand, longitudinally different pathways residents take through such interventions and their outcomes, and new theories of change that apply to each pathway.
Disease-related distress, self-care and clinical outcomes among low-income patients with diabetes
Authors: Pandit Anjali U , Bailey Stacy C , Curtis Laura M , Seligman Hilary K , Davis Terry C , Parker Ruth M , Schillinger Dean , DeWalt Darren , Fleming David , Mohr David C , Wolf Michael S
Published: February 2014

Background

The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of diabetes distress and its relationship with health behaviours and clinical outcomes in low-income patients.

Methods

Secondary analyses were conducted using baseline data from a clinical trial evaluating a diabetes self-management intervention. Interviews were conducted with 666 participants receiving care at nine safety net clinics in Missouri. Distress was measured using the Diabetes Distress Scale, and outcomes included medication adherence, physical activity, nutrition and clinical biomarkers (haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol).

Results

In a sample of 666 participants, 14.1% and 27.3% of patients were identified as highly and moderately distressed, respectively, with higher rates among younger, female and lower income patients. When compared with moderately and no distress groups, highly distressed patients were less adherent to medications (20.7% vs 29.9% vs 39.4%, p<0.001) and had higher HbA1C values (9.3% (SD=2.0) vs 8.2% (SD=1.8) vs 7.8% (SD=1.7), p<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (81.8 (SD=9.4) vs 80.2 (9.7) vs 78.9 (SD=8.8), p=0.02) and LDL cholesterol (104.6 (SD=42.4) vs 97.2 (34.3) vs 95.5 (37.9)) In multivariable analyses, high and moderate distress were associated with lower medication adherence (OR=0.44; 0.27 to 0.23, p=0.001) and (OR=0.58; 0.42 to 0.79; p=0.001), respectively, and higher HbA1C in only the highly distressed group (B=1.3; 0.81 to 1.85; p<0.001) compared with the no distress group.

Conclusions

Diabetes distress is prevalent and linked to poorer adherence to health behaviours and glycemic control in a sample of patients receiving care from low-income clinics.
Modeling agricultural land drainage under spring snowmelt conditions with DRAINMOD
Authors: Morrison J. , Madramootoo C.A. , Chikhaoui M.
Published: February 2014

There are few computer models that can simulate winter freeze–thaw conditions and spring snowmelt hydrology for agricultural tile drained lands. DRAINMOD, which is used widely to simulate tile drainage flows, has not been extensively applied during colder periods in eastern Canada. This study analyzes the performance of DRAINMOD for surface runoff and subsurface drainage predictions in southern Quebec during spring snowmelt. The model was tested with five years of field data. DRAINMOD was found to be adequate in predicting spring snowmelt hydrology, except for subsurface drainage at one site. It was found that soil characteristics had a major influence on model performance.
Magnetic properties of the Campanian Ignimbrite and the marine Y5 tephra layer
Authors: Vigliotti Luigi
Published: February 2014

A set of magnetic measurements (hysteresis loops, thermomagnetic curves, magnetic susceptibility, anhysteretic and isothermal remanences) were performed for samples collected from stratigraphic layers (basal ash, L1, 2a and 2b) of the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) and from its marine equivalent, the Y5 tephra layer. Day plots, Lowrie–Fuller tests and interparametric ratios demonstrate that the carrier of the remanence is low Ti-magnetite with grain size mostly characterized by pseudo-single-domain (PSD) grains. The magnetite content increases toward the top, particularly in the uppermost 2b layer which is also characterized by smaller grain size. The distribution of the magnetic content is different among the different layers and it may reflect a primary signature as well as post-depositional transformation such as zeolitization and/or maghemitization. The magnetic data confirm the correlation between the CI and the Y5 tephra layer and indicate that a unique eruption was responsible for their emplacement. First-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams clearly display that the plinian basal ash can be considered the only true source for the marine tephra layer. The results demonstrate the potential of magnetic methods to characterize pyroclastic flow deposits and provide support for the identification and correlation of distal tephra.
Effect of Cobalt Addition on Structure and Electrochemical Behaviour of Nickel Hydroxide Synthesized by Chemical Precipitation Method under Different Conditions
Authors: Máca Tomáš , Vondrák J. , Sedlaříková Marie , Nezgoda Libor
Published: February 2014

This paper relates to research work focused on utilization of nickel hydroxide with improved electrochemical properties in rechargeable alkaline batteries where it is used as a positive material. A treatment of chemical composition, i.e. cobalt amount, and synthesis conditions of nickel hydroxide were carried out for purposes of the product optimizing ensuring excellent electrochemical parameters and their durability in long-term cycling process. Set of several samples with variously modified molar ratios of cobalt to nickel as well as precipitated from mixed nickelous and cobaltous salt solutions in different concentrations of alkaline hydroxide solutions was prepared. We applied cobalt as two species, primarily incorporated through co-precipitation and secondary as surface modification/coating of particles Ni(OH)2. In this way prepared samples have been electrochemically tested.
Analysis of the Performance of an Open-Cathode Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Stack Using Simultaneous Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements
Authors: Cruz-Manzo Samuel , Chen Rui , Greenwood Paul
Published: February 2014

In this study, an analysis of the performance in a commercial open-cathode polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) stack is conducted using simultaneous electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The factors that limit the performance of the PEFC stack were evaluated with EIS measurements and the impedance model developed in the authors’ previous study. The results showed that adsorbed intermediate species during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) limit the PEFC stack performance. The activation overpotential in the stack was dominated by low electrocatalytic activity from one of the cells. The inhomogeneity of air flow rate for this particular PEFC stack played an important role in oxygen transport limitations and ohmic resistance. This study has demonstrated that simultaneous EIS is a powerful tool for in-situ diagnosis of a PEFC stack. This EIS understanding has enabled an assessment of the state of health and performance of the fuel cell stack.
Kinetic Study of Homogeneously Mediated Electrode Reactions in Glucose-Based BioFuel Cells
Authors: Xu Wei , Danilov Dmitry , Gao Lu , Oudenhoven Jos , Pop Valer , Notten P. H. L.
Published: February 2014

The use of biofuel cells (BFC) is a promising approach to generate electricity. BFC can be successfully applied to achieve long-term autonomous operation of miniaturized implantable Body-Area-Network (BAN) devices. BAN devices are important for the development of future healthcare technologies. Glucose-based enzymatic BFC are a good option to power BAN devices due to the high availability of the fuel (glucose) in body fluids. Moreover, it shows excellent catalytic selectivity and good chemical safety. In this paper, the design of a glucose-based enzymatic BFC demonstrator is described and the performance of both the individual electrodes and the complete cell is evaluated. The measured maximum power output of the designed BFC-demonstrator was 5.8 μWcm-2. Additionally, the kinetics of the detailed energy conversion processes, occurring inside the BFC system, have been investigated from both an experimental and theoretical point of view. The proposed model describes the glucose oxidation at the anode of a BFC and includes the diffusion for all (electro-) chemically active species. The modeling results are qualitatively and quantitatively in good agreement with the experimental results.
Simulation of Charging and Discharging Process in the Lead Acid Battery
Authors: Vyroubal Petr , Maxa Jirí , Tichý Jirí , Bača Petr
Published: February 2014

Computer simulation is very popular method for investigating and describing phenomenons which are described by complex mathematical equations, especially differential equations which are difficult to solve. Computer simulation is used also in electrochemistry where the phenomenon and reactions in batteries and accumulators can be investigated. This method is usually demanding in the sense of computational performance but some tasks only seem to be complicated but there is a possibility how to simplify their mathematical interpretation. This article deals with application of the finite element method for investigating the processes in lead-acid accumulator.
Effect of Potassium on the Steadiness of the Structure of LiCoO2
Authors: Sedlaříková Marie , Kazda Tomáš , Vondrák Jiri
Published: February 2014

The aim of this study was to improve the properties of cathode material for Li-ion batteries based on LiCoO2. As a method of manufacturing of the doped base material was chosen the solid phase reaction method, which has been already tested for the production of the basic material. The main goals were reducing the capacity loss during cycling of the material, maintaining the same or achieving higher capacity or increasing the current carrying capacity of the material LiCoO2 by doping the base material with varying amounts of potassium ions or by substitution of lithium by potassium.
Toward Tin-Based High-Capacity Anode for Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Ferrara Germano , Arbizzani Catia , Damen Libero , Guidotti Martina , Lazzari Mariachiara , Vergottini Francesco Gioacchino , Inguanta Rosalinda , Piazza Salvatore , Sunseri Carmelo , Mastragostino Marina
Published: February 2014

Electrochemical deposition of SnCo alloys inside the nanometric pores of commercial membranes is described. Composition, morphology and crystallographic structure of the synthesized nanostructured alloys are reported as well as the results of electrochemical tests carried out both in half-cell and in full battery configuration to investigate the performance of these SnCo alloys as anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Optimized depositions yielded nanostructured alloys that performed 200 deep galvanostatic cycles at C/2 and 30 °C with 80 % capacity retention and coulombic efficiency higher than 97 % after 40 cycles Moreover, charge-discharge rate capability tests showed the high performance of these SnCo alloys at high C-rate such as 10C. Tests of SnCo alloys in battery configuration against LiFePO4 cathode are also reported.
Rheological Properties of Solvents for Electrolytes of Lithium – Ion Batteries
Authors: Frk Martin , Maca Josef , Rozsivalova Zdenka
Published: February 2014

The article deals with description of rheological properties of solvents for electrolytes of lithium-ion accumulators. Solvents mixture of dimethyl sulfone and sulfolane at different volume ratios and with a lithium salt (LiClO4) appear as potentially suitable electrolyte. The aim of this experiment is to investigate the rheological properties, particularly density and dynamic viscosity, of solvents with lithium salt in temperature dependence and to find the optimal composition of the electrolyte from the perspective of achieving the lowest dynamic viscosity and better electrical conductivity because both quantities are closely related in accordance with Walden’s rule. The vibration method is used to determine the values of dynamic viscosity.
The Hydrogen Bus as a Mathematical Model in Matlab© - Its Actual Operation
Authors: Morte Michal , Doucek Aleš , Kyncl Jan
Published: February 2014

The paper first outlines control strategies for all three cooperating energy sources of TriHyBus and conditions for their cooperation. For optimization of routine operation of the bus a mathematical model in MATLAB© - Simulink© has been developed at Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague. The solution of power flow consists of control strategies for fuel cell, charging of batteries and supercapacitor, and conditions for both limiting situations: lack and surplus of energy on the main bus.. In the second part of the paper the MATLAB© model is tested and verified by data obtained from the actual operation of the bus and the conclusions about differences between the model and the actual operation are made.
Long Time Monitoring of Heat Distribution in Photovoltaic Module by the Thermovision
Authors: Strnadel Jan , Vanek Jiri
Published: February 2014

In this work infrared thermography is used for the analyzing of a photovoltaic system. The focus of the measurement was to monitor and compare the heat distribution and the defects distribution in the module via the work in real conditions. The measurement was taken every week at the same time and the conditions of measuring were noted. The output results were recalculated to the relative value to be possible to make correlation of degradation rate and heat distribution. Once per week at the same time, the thermovision pictures were taken of the photovoltaic module connected to the stable load and also the ambient temperature, light intensity and notes of weather conditions were taken. The efficiency of solar module was measured once per month and the correlation of heat distribution was made.
Parasitic Effects in Power Circuits of High Power Battery Chargers
Authors: Kuzdas Jan , Vorel Pavel
Published: February 2014

This article deals with parasitic effects of a battery charger 16kW operating at a very high switching frequency (100kHz). These parasitic effects are negligible at traditional lower switching frequencies.
The Finite Element Method in Electrochemistry – Modelling of the Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Vyroubal Petr , Maxa Jirí , Kazda Tomáš , Vondrák Jiří
Published: February 2014

Lithium-ion batteries are in the center of attention and research of many scientists. They are ideal for portable devices especially because of their high energy density due to volume. A huge boom can be currently seen in the area of electric cars. Unfortunately there are still some issues which need to be solved – for example heat resistance and flammability. Computer simulation can be used as a tool for saving time and work. This article deals with mathematical description of fundamental processes in Lithium-ion accumulators.
Study of Biocompatible ZrN and ZrN/DLC Coating Deposited on Medical Tools
Authors: Kadlec Jaromír , Joska Zdenek , Kadlec Jaromir
Published: February 2014

The paper presents results of study of mechanical and chemical properties of ZrN and ZrN/DLC coatings. These coatings were deposited on martensitic stainless steel surgical instruments by using PVD arc deposition. After treatment, SEM microscopy, laser confocal microscopy, micro-hardness and indentation test were used to characterize surface morphology, thickness, hardness and adhesion.
Influence of KOH Hydroxide to Conductivity of PVA Membrane for Electrolysis
Authors: Kunovjánek Miroslav , Vondrák Jirí
Published: February 2014

PVA solution in this article is doped with potassium hydroxide to increase the conductivity of membrane. Mixture of PVA and KOH is crosslinked and coated on the nonwoven polypropylene fabric sustain good mechanical properties of the membrane. The article also contains a comparison of the PVA/KOH membrane with a commercial product; the comparison is based on conductivity measurements and real electrolyser performance.
Type 2 diabetes induces subendocardium-predominant reduction in transient outward K+ current with downregulation of Kv4.2 and KChIP2
Authors: Sato Tatsuya , Kobayashi Takeshi , Kuno Atsushi , Miki Takayuki , Tanno Masaya , Kouzu Hidemichi , Itoh Takahito , Ishikawa Satoko , Kojima Takashi , Miura Tetsuji , Tohse Noritsugu
Published: February 2014

In the present study, we examined if and how cardiac ion channels are modified by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Subendocardial (Endo) myocytes and subepicardial (Epi) myocytes were isolated from left ventricles of Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (OLETF) rats, a rat model of T2DM, and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima (LETO) rats (nondiabetic control rats). Endo and Epi myocytes were used for whole cell patch-clamp recordings and for protein and mRNA analyses. Action potential durations in Endo and Epi myocytes were longer in OLETF rats than in LETO rats, and the difference was larger in Endo myocytes. Steady-state transient outward K+ current ( Ito) density was reduced in Endo but not Epi myocytes of OLETF rats compared with LETO rats, although the contribution of the fast component of Ito recovery from inactivation was smaller in both Endo and Epi myocytes of OLETF rats than in LETO rats. Kv4.2 protein was reduced only in Endo myocytes in OLETF rats, although voltage-gated K+ channel-interacting protein 2 (KChIP2) protein levels in both Endo and Epi myocytes were lower in OLETF rats than in LETO rats. Corresponding regional differences in mRNA levels of KChIP2 and Kv4.2 were observed between OLETF and LETO rats. mRNA levels of Iroquois homeobox 5 in Endo myocytes were 53% higher in OLETF rats than in LETO rats. Densities of inward rectifier K+ current and L-type Ca2+ current and mRNA levels of Kv4.3 and Kv1.4 were similar in OLETF and LETO rats. In conclusion, T2DM induces Endo-predominant prolongation of the action potential duration via a reduction of the fast component of Ito recovery from inactivation and reduced steady-state Ito, in which downregulation of Kv4.2 and KChIP2 may be involved. Increased Iroquois homeobox 5 expression may underlie Kv4.2 downregulation in T2DM.
Impaired left ventricular mechanical and energetic function in mice after cardiomyocyte-specific excision of Serca2
Authors: Boardman N. T. , Aronsen J. M. , Louch W. E. , Sjaastad I. , Willoch F. , Christensen G. , Sejersted O. , Aasum E.
Published: February 2014

Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA)2 transports Ca2+ from the cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiomyocytes and is essential for maintaining myocardial Ca2+ handling and thus the mechanical function of the heart. SERCA2 is a major ATP consumer in excitation-contraction coupling but is regarded to contribute to energetically efficient Ca2+ handling in the cardiomyocyte. Previous studies using cardiomyocyte-specific SERCA2 knockout (KO) mice have demonstrated that decreased SERCA2 activity reduces the Ca2+ transient amplitude and induces compensatory Ca2+ transport mechanisms that may lead to more inefficient Ca2+ transport. In this study, we examined the relationship between left ventricular (LV) function and myocardial O2 consumption (MV̇o2) in ex vivo hearts from SERCA2 KO mice to directly measure how SERCA2 elimination influences mechanical and energetic features of the heart. Ex vivo hearts from SERCA2 KO hearts developed mechanical dysfunction at 4 wk and demonstrated virtually no working capacity at 7 wk. In accordance with the reported reduction in Ca2+ transient amplitude in cardiomyocytes from SERCA2 KO mice, work-independent MV̇o2 was decreased due to a reduced energy cost of excitation-contraction coupling. As these hearts also showed a marked impairment in the efficiency of chemomechanical energy transduction (contractile efficiency, i.e, work-dependent MV̇o2), hearts from SERCA2 KO mice were found to be mechanically inefficient. This ex vivo evaluation of mechanical and energetic function in hearts from SERCA2 KO mice brings together findings from previous experimental and mathematical modeling-based studies and demonstrates that reduced SERCA2 activity not only leads to mechanical dysfunction but also to energetic dysfunction.
Reprogramming of COPD lung fibroblasts through formation of induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Basma Hesham , Gunji Yoko , Iwasawa Shunichiro , Nelson Amy , Farid Maha , Ikari Jun , Liu Xiangde , Wang Xingqi , Michalski Joel , Smith Lynette , Iqbal Javeed , Behery Radwa El , West William , Yelamanchili Sowmya , Rennard Deborah , Holz Olaf , Mueller Kai-Christian , Magnussen Helgo , Rabe Klaus , Castaldi Peter J , Rennard Stephen I.
Published: February 2014

Reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) eliminates many epigenetic modifications that characterize differentiated cells. In this study, we tested whether functional differences between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and non-COPD fibroblasts could be reduced utilizing this approach. Primary fibroblasts from non-COPD and COPD patients were reprogrammed to iPSCs. Reprogrammed iPSCs were positive for oct3/4, nanog, and sox2, formed embryoid bodies in vitro, and induced teratomas in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. Reprogrammed iPSCs were then differentiated into fibroblasts (non-COPD-i and COPD-i) and were assessed either functionally by chemotaxis and gel contraction or for gene expression by microarrays and compared with their corresponding primary fibroblasts. Primary COPD fibroblasts contracted three-dimensional collagen gels and migrated toward fibronectin less robustly than non-COPD fibroblasts. In contrast, redifferentiated fibroblasts from iPSCs derived from the non-COPD and COPD fibroblasts were similar in response in both functional assays. Microarray analysis identified 1,881 genes that were differentially expressed between primary COPD and non-COPD fibroblasts, with 605 genes differing by more than twofold. After redifferentiation, 112 genes were differentially expressed between COPD-i and non-COPD-i with only three genes by more than twofold. Similar findings were observed with microRNA (miRNA) expression: 56 miRNAs were differentially expressed between non-COPD and COPD primary cells; after redifferentiation, only 3 miRNAs were differentially expressed between non-COPD-i and COPD-i fibroblasts. Interestingly, of the 605 genes that were differentially expressed between COPD and non-COPD fibroblasts, 293 genes were changed toward control after redifferentiation. In conclusion, functional and epigenetic alterations of COPD fibroblasts can be reprogrammed through formation of iPSCs.
Protection against LPS-induced acute lung injury by a mechanism-based inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (type 2)
Authors: Lee Intae , Dodia Chandra , Chatterjee Shampa , Feinstein Sheldon I. , Fisher Aron B.
Published: February 2014

The phospholipase A2 activity of peroxiredoxin 6 is inhibited by the transition state analog, 1-hexadecyl-3-(trifluoroethyl)- sn-glycero-2-phosphomethanol (MJ33). This activity is required for the activation of NADPH oxidase, type 2. The present study evaluated the effect of MJ33 on manifestations of acute lung injury. Mice were injected intratracheally (IT) with LPS from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (LPS, 1 or 5 mg/kg), either concurrently with LPS or 2 h later, and evaluated for lung injury 24 h later. MJ33 inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by lungs when measured at 24 h after LPS. LPS at either a low or high dose significantly increased lung infiltration with inflammatory cells, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-2), expression of lung vascular cell adhesion molecule, lung permeability (protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, leakage of FITC-dextran, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio), tissue lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, 8-isoprostanes), tissue protein oxidation (protein carbonyls), and activation of NF-κB. MJ33, given either concurrently or 2 h subsequent to LPS, significantly reduced all of these measured parameters. Previous studies of toxicity showed a high margin of safety for MJ33 in the intact mouse. Thus we have identified MJ33 as a potent, nontoxic, and specific mechanism-based inhibitor of NADPH oxidase type 2-mediated ROS generation that protects mice against lung injury associated with inflammation.
Experimental and Theoretical Research on the Compression Performance of CFRP Sheet Confined GFRP Short Pipe
Authors: Li Feng , Zhao Qilin , Chen Li , Shao Guojian
Published: February 2014

The axial compressive strength of unidirectional FRP made by pultrusion is generally quite lower than its axial tensile strength. This fact decreases the advantages of FRP as main load bearing member in engineering structure. A theoretical iterative calculation approach was suggested to predict the ultimate axial compressive stress of the combined structure and analyze the influences of geometrical parameters on the ultimate axial compressive stress of the combined structure. In this paper, the experimental and theoretical research on the CFRP sheet confined GFRP short pole was extended to the CFRP sheet confined GFRP short pipe, namely, a hollow section pole. Experiment shows that the bearing capacity of the GFRP short pipe can also be heightened obviously by confining CFRP sheet. The theoretical iterative calculation approach in the previous paper is amended to predict the ultimate axial compressive stress of the CFRP sheet confined GFRP short pipe, of which the results agree with the experiment. Lastly the influences of geometrical parameters on the new combined structure are analyzed.
On the Long Time Simulation of Reaction-Diffusion Equations with Delay
Authors: Li Dongfang , Zhang Chengjian
Published: February 2014

For a consistent numerical method to be practically useful, it is widely accepted that it must preserve the asymptotic stability of the original continuous problem. However, in this study, we show that it may lead to unreliable numerical solutions in long time simulation even if a classical numerical method gives a larger stability region than that of the original continuous problem. Some numerical experiments on the reaction-diffusion equations with delay are presented to confirm our findings. Finally, some open problems on the subject are proposed.
A Study of Feature Combination for Vehicle Detection Based on Image Processing
Authors: Arróspide Jon , Salgado Luis
Published: February 2014

Video analytics play a critical role in most recent traffic monitoring and driver assistance systems. In this context, the correct detection and classification of surrounding vehicles through image analysis has been the focus of extensive research in the last years. Most of the pieces of work reported for image-based vehicle verification make use of supervised classification approaches and resort to techniques, such as histograms of oriented gradients (HOG), principal component analysis (PCA), and Gabor filters, among others. Unfortunately, existing approaches are lacking in two respects: first, comparison between methods using a common body of work has not been addressed; second, no study of the combination potentiality of popular features for vehicle classification has been reported. In this study the performance of the different techniques is first reviewed and compared using a common public database. Then, the combination capabilities of these techniques are explored and a methodology is presented for the fusion of classifiers built upon them, taking into account also the vehicle pose. The study unveils the limitations of single-feature based classification and makes clear that fusion of classifiers is highly beneficial for vehicle verification.
Thymic Epithelial Cell Development and Its Dysfunction in Human Diseases
Authors: Sun Lina , Li Hongran , Luo Haiying , Zhao Yong
Published: February 2014

Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are the key components in thymic microenvironment for T cells development. TECs, composed of cortical and medullary TECs, are derived from a common bipotent progenitor and undergo a stepwise development controlled by multiple levels of signals to be functionally mature for supporting thymocyte development. Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family members including the receptor activator for NFκB (RANK), CD40, and lymphotoxinβreceptor (LTβR) cooperatively control the thymic medullary microenvironment and self-tolerance establishment. In addition, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), Wnt, and Notch signals are essential for establishment of functional thymic microenvironment. Transcription factors Foxn1 and autoimmune regulator (Aire) are powerful modulators of TEC development, differentiation, and self-tolerance. Dysfunction in thymic microenvironment including defects of TEC and thymocyte development would cause physiological disorders such as tumor, infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases. In the present review, we will summarize our current understanding on TEC development and the underlying molecular signals pathways and the involvement of thymus dysfunction in human diseases.
Evidence of a Lead Metathesis Product from Calcium Hydroxyapatite Dissolution in Lead Nitrate Solution
Authors: Saisa-ard Oratai , Somphon Weenawan , Dungkaew Winya , Haller Kenneth J.
Published: February 2014

Calcium hydroxyapatite, CaHAp, synthesized by the precipitation method, was utilized to study the calcium-lead metathesis reaction on dissolution in a lead nitrate solution under reflux conditions to prepare larger lead hydroxyapatite, PbHAp, crystals from CaHAp. SEM images show development of crystalline PbHAp on the surfaces of CaHAp. The needle-like crystal morphology observed for PbHAp after 24 h reaction time developed into hexagonal-rod crystal morphology within 48 h reaction time. The largest PbHAp crystals obtained from 48 h reaction time have approximate size of 10 × 10 × 40 μm. Powder X-ray diffraction results show mixed phases of CaHAp and PbHAp due to difficulty in separating the PbHAp product from the CaHAp substrate. The PbHAp peaks observed after 24 h of reaction sharpen and increase in intensity after 48 h of reaction confirming that the PbHAp phase is the major product for the 48 h reaction time. EDX results of the crystalline products show high intensity Pb peaks with lead to phosphorous ratio (5 : 3) as expected for PbHAp. Lower intensity Ca peaks are also observed, consistent with incomplete coverage of the CaHAp growth substrate.
Investigation of Dielectric Properties of Industrial Waste Reinforced Particulate Polymer Composites
Authors: Nimmagadda Vijaya Kumar , Sarcar M. M. M. , Koona Ramji
Published: February 2014

Environmental awareness today motivates the worldwide researchers on the studies of industrial waste reinforced polymer composites. Rapid industrialization has resulted in the generation of huge quantity of solid and liquid wastes such as sugar, paper and pulp, fruit and food processing, distilleries, dairies, and poultries. The redundancy of industrial waste and government regulations have prompted researchers to try for industrial waste reinforced composites. Being low cost, ease of manufacturing, and high mechanical and other properties, an industrial waste represents a good alternative to the most common composites. In the present study, industrial wastes collected from different industries are used as particulate reinforcement in unsaturated polyester matrix and also in polypropylene and investigated dielectric properties. Results reveal that coupling agent treated composites produce improved dielectric strength due to improvement in compatibility between matrix and reinforcement interface. Results also reveal that industrial waste reinforced in polypropylene has more dielectric strength as compared to reinforcement in polyester.
Serotonin Transporter Availability in Early Stage Parkinson’s Disease and Multiple System Atrophy
Authors: Suwijn S. R. , Berendse H. W. , Verschuur C. V. M. , de Bie R. M. A. , Booij J.
Published: February 2014

Background. Differentiating Parkinson’s disease (PD) from multiple system atrophy (MSA) can be challenging especially early in the course of the disease. Previous studies have shown that midbrain serotonin transporter (SERT) availability in patients with established MSA was significantly lower compared to PD. It is unknown if this is also true for early-stage patients. Methods. 77 early-stage, untreated PD patients were recruited between 1995 and 1998, underwent [123I]β-CIT SPECT imaging, and were followed for at least five years. 16 patients were lost to followup, and in 4 the diagnosis was changed to another atypical parkinsonian syndrome, but not in MSA. In 50 patients, the PD diagnosis was unchanged at followup. In seven patients, the diagnosis was changed to MSA at followup. We retrospectively assessed baseline midbrain SERT availability as well as midbrain SERT-to-striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) ratios.
Results. No difference in baseline [123I]β-CIT SERT availability was found. The midbrain SERT-to-striatal DAT ratio for whole striatum was significantly lower in patients with PD compared to MSA (P=0.049). However, when adjusting for the disease duration at imaging this difference is not significant (P=0.070). Conclusion. Midbrain SERT availability is not different between early-stage PD and MSA. Therefore, SERT imaging is not useful to differentiate between early PD and MSA.
On the Instability Threshold of Journal Bearing Supported Rotors
Authors: Mendes Ricardo Ugliara , Cavalca Katia Lucchesi
Published: February 2014

Journal bearing supported rotors present two kinds of self-excited vibrations: oil-whirl and oil-whip. The first one is commonly masked by the rotor unbalance, hence being rarely associated with instability problems. Oil-whip is a severe vibration which occurs when the oil-whirl frequency coincides with the first flexural natural frequency of the shaft. In many cases, oil-whip is the only fluid-induced instability considered during the design stage; however, experimental evidences have shown that the instability threshold may occur much sooner, demanding a better comprehension of the instability mechanism. In this context, numerical simulations were made in order to improve the identification of the instability threshold for two test rig configurations: one on which the instability occurs on the oil-whip frequency, and another which became unstable before this threshold. Therefore, the main contribution of this paper is to present an investigation of two different thresholds of fluid-induced instabilities and their detectability on design stage simulations based on rotordynamic analysis using linear speed dependent coefficients for the bearings.
Unicity of Entire Functions concerning Shifts and Difference Operators
Authors: Liu Dan , Yang Degui , Fang Mingliang
Published: February 2014

We prove a unicity theorem of entire functions that share two distinct small functions with their shifts. The corollary of the theorem confirms the conjecture posed by Li and Gao (2011).
Protective Effect of Repeatedly Preadministered Brazilian Propolis Ethanol Extract against Stress‐Induced Gastric Mucosal Lesions in Rats
Authors: Nakamura Tadashi , Ohta Yoshiji , Ikeno Kumiko , Ohashi Koji , Ikeno Takeyuki
Published: February 2014

The present study was conducted to clarify the protective effect of Brazilian propolis ethanol extract (BPEE) against stress‐induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. The protective effect of BPEE against gastric mucosal lesions in male Wistar rats exposed to water‐immersion restraint stress (WIRS) for 6 h was compared between its repeated preadministration (50 mg/kg/day, 7 days) and its single preadministration (50 mg/kg). The repeated BPEE preadministration attenuated WIRS‐induced gastric mucosal lesions and gastric mucosal oxidative stress more largely than the single BPEE preadministration. In addition, the repeated BPEE preadministration attenuated neutrophil infiltration in the gastric mucosa of rats exposed to WIRS. The protective effect of the repeated preadministration of BPEE against WIRS‐induced gastric mucosal lesions was similar to that of a single preadministration of vitamin E (250 mg/kg) in terms of the extent and manner of protection. From these findings, it is concluded that BPEE preadministered in a repeated manner protects against gastric mucosal lesions in rats exposed to WIRS more effectively than BPEE preadministered in a single manner possibly through its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory actions.
Designing Stipulated Gains of Aircraft Stability and Control Augmentation Systems for Semiglobal Trajectories Tracking
Authors: Elshabasy Mohamed Mostafa Y. B. , Yoon Yongki , Omran Ashraf
Published: February 2014

The main objective of the current investigation is to provide a simple procedure to select the controller gains for an aircraft with a largely wide complex flight envelope with different source of nonlinearities. The stability and control gains are optimally devised using genetic algorithm. Thus, the gains are tuned based on the information of a single designed mission. This mission is assigned to cover a wide range of the aircraft’s flight envelope. For more validation, the resultant controller gains were tested for many off-designed missions and different operating conditions such as mass and aerodynamic variations. The results show the capability of the proposed procedure to design a semiglobal robust stability and control augmentation system for a highly maneuverable aircraft such as F-16. Unlike the gain scheduling and other control design methodologies, the proposed technique provides a semi-global single set of gains for both aircraft stability and control augmentation systems. This reduces the implementation efforts. The proposed methodology is superior to the classical control method which rigorously requires the linearization of the nonlinear aircraft model of the investigated highly maneuverable aircraft and eliminating the sources of nonlinearities mentioned above.
Postpercutaneous Nephrolithotomy Nephrostogram: Is It Mandatory? A Single Center Experience
Authors: Khawaja Abdul Rouf , Dar Tanveer Iqbal , Sharma Ajay Kumar , Bashir Farzana , Tyagi Vipin Kumar , Bazaz Mohammad Sajid
Published: February 2014

Aims and Objective. “Postpercutaneous nephrolithotomy nephrostogram” (PPNN) is routinely performed in most of the centers. No published series could be found in the literature without post percutaneous nephrolithotomy nephrostogram. Hence, the aim of our study is to highlight that post percutaneous nephrolithotomy nephrostogram is not mandatory and it only adds to cost and morbidity without adding any information in the management of such patients.Methods. It was a prospective study from 2005 to 2012, conducted in our institute. It included 119 patients of renal stones who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy performed under the guidance of a single surgeon. Postoperative nephrostogram was not done in any of the patients.Results. Complete stone clearance was achieved in 97.5% of patients and 2.5% of patients needed two to three sessions of ESWL later on. None of the patients needed second look percutaneous nephrolithotomy or nephrostogram.Conclusion. Postpercutaneous nephrolithotomy nephrostogram increases chances of infection, inconvenience, contrast related complications, and cost, with no added advantage over plain X-ray KUB, and it should not be done as a routine investigation prior to the removal of PCN tube in patients with complete stone clearance.