bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual Arousal and Aggression: Recent Experiments and Theoretical Issues
Authors: Malamuth Neil M. , Feshbach Seymour , Jaffe Yoram
Published: April 2010

Despite considerable theorizing on the subject, empirical research focusing on hypothesized links between sexual arousal and aggression has been slow to follow. Recent studies have found that under differing experimental conditions there are both mutually facilitative and inverse relationships between sex and aggression. Available models designed to account for these findings are examined. An alternative model is proposed incorporating distinctions between hostile and assertive aggression and placing emphasis on the role of discriminative inhibitory and disinhibitory cues. Some implications and possible applications of this model for human sexual behavior are considered.
Gathering Complete Response from Mexican‐Americans by Personal Interview
Authors: Zusman Marty E. , Olson Arnold O.
Published: April 2010

To investigate the quality of response to the personal interview a survey was undertaken among Mexican‐American migrant parents and children. These representative samples were used to determine how complete the response would be to the interview in terms of sample mortality, item nonresponse, and the detail given to open‐ended items. Differences in respondent characteristics and the type of item were considered. These data indicate the serious problems which may result from utilizing interview results in social action research projects. Significant differences exist in the completeness of response given to demographic as opposed to perceptual items. Differences also exist depending upon the characteristics of the respondent. Implications of the results for social action research projects and future research are discussed.
The Difficulties of a Minority Researcher in Minority Communities
Authors: Maykovich Minako Kurokawa
Published: April 2010

A minority researcher is not immune to various problems in approaching minority communities. This paper examines some of the problems encountered by a Japanese researcher in Japanese communities and in Mennonite communities in California and Ontario, Canada. Emphasis is placed on the fluctuation of social distance between the minority researcher and the community in the course of research. This fluctuation is partially due to the status of the researcher as insider or outsider in relationship to the community.
The Research Experience in a Chinese‐American Community
Authors: Weiss Melford S.
Published: April 2010

Anthropological investigators are well aware of the subleties of “image” and “identity” and ordinarily present a low‐key profile to the native community. Their ability to maintain such a profile however depends not only upon their desire for uninvolved objectivity but upon the community's willingness to accept and tolerate an uncommitted stranger. The modern Chinese‐American community is composed of three significant factions — traditionalists, modernists, and activists — each segment often utilizing different means to pursue divergent goals. They also tend to hold differing views about the anthropologist and may attempt to expand, restrict, or change his/her role, research methodologies, and relationship to the community.
Theory and Practice
Authors: Cartwright Dorwin
Published: April 2010

When Kurt Lewin proposed that “there is nothing so practical as a good theory,” he intended to encourage the development of the kind of theory that can be used for the solution of social problems. He believed that such a theory would have to meet three requirements: (a) behavior should be conceived as the product of an interdependent field of determinants, (b) explanatory concepts should refer to the situation as it exists for the individual whose behavior is to be explained, and (c) causes of behavior should be viewed as contemporaneous with behavior itself. Lewin's adherence to these requirements led him progressively to broaden his conception of the life space to encompass an increasing range of determinants that originate in the social, political, economic, and technological environment. It is argued here that the development of social psychology has, on the contrary, become progressively restricted to processes occurring within individuals and that, as a result, social psychological theory is unable to contribute optimally to the improvement of social practice.
Childhood as a Social Issue: Historical Roots of Contemporary Child Advocacy Movements
Authors: Takanishi Ruby
Published: April 2010

The emergence of childhood as a social issue is barely a century old. The historical roots of current child advocacy movements can be found in an earlier period (1873–1914) characterized as the child‐saving era. The emergence of this social issue during this period appears to be related to changing conceptualizations of the child, the developing “scientific” view of the child, as well as the influence of industrialization and urbanization. The child‐saving era resulted in a number of problematic achievements regarding children's rights. The historical discussion points to the contributions which developmental and social psychology can make to the study of children's rights.
The Role of Children in Alternative Family Styles
Authors: Eiduson Bernice T. , Alexander Jannette W.
Published: April 2010

An examination of parents and children in alternative family lifestyles points toward changing ideologies with respect to values such as achievement, future planning, and authority. These attitudes have implications for their child‐rearing practices and influence a restatement of parental roles and responsibilities of children. Variations in structure, composition, and organization of the family contribute to these changes.
Child Advocacy and Family Privacy
Authors: Feshbach Seymour , Feshbach Norma Deitch
Published: April 2010

The paper is addressed to the proposition that the current norm of privacy surrounding child‐rearing practices should be shifted in the direction of greater openness and freer communication. The rationale for this proposal is considered in terms of society's responsibility toward the child and in terms of current psychological and legal views of the function of privacy. It is suggested that the degree of extant physical and psychological child abuse coupled with the isolation of the nuclear family make it imperative that both parents and the community have an opportunity for a dialogue in regard to socialization strategies, particularly methods of discipline. A voluntary mechanism is described to accomplish this limited objective while leaving intact privacy boundaries necessary to protect family intimacy, communication, and autonomy.
Male Homophobia
Authors: Morin Stephen F. , Garfinkle Ellen M.
Published: April 2010

This article explores the meaning and dynamics of male homophobia, the irrational fear or intolerance of gay men, and relates this phenomenon to the experience of the male role. Literature on homophobia is reviewed from both the standpoint of socialized belief systems within the culture and from the perspective of individual personality characteristics. Issues in defining homophobia are discussed, and the pervasiveness, manifestations, and correlates of homophobia are examined. Male homophobia is observed to serve the function of keeping men within the boundaries of traditionally defined roles. The experiences of gay men are used as a basis to suggest possible creative role violation for all men.
Men and Their Bodies: The Relationship between Body Type and Behavior
Authors: Montemayor Raymond
Published: April 2010

Empirical evidence concerning possible relationships between male body type and men's intelligence, sense of masculinity, and social behavior is reviewed. Particular attention is focused on the muscular male and on whether or not he differs in any important way from the male with a stereotypically less masculine body. The most reasonable conclusion to be drawn from the evidence available is that any association between physique and behavior is very weak, that stereotypical perceptions and expectations cloud the relationships, and that replication and extension of existing work is needed.
The Male Role and Heterosexual Behavior
Authors: Gross Alan E.
Published: April 2010

The intent of this paper is to extract those elements of the traditional male sex role which have relevance for sexual behavior and to suggest how they influence adult male heterosexual behavior in contemporary Western society. Two important themes‐the centrality of sexual behavior to male gender identity, and the relative isolation of sex from other aspects of male heterosocial relationships‐are identified. Then a number of linkages between male sexual behaviors/attitudes and general facets of the male sex role are examined: (a) goals and success, (b) control and power, and (c) aggression and violence. It is argued that many of the influences emanating from a restrictive sex‐typed socialization process are maladaptive, and specifically that recent shifts away from the traditional “sexual animal” stereotype toward a modern “competent lover” image are largely surface alterations, that both have their roots in the same learning process with similar pernicious effects.
Masculinity and Race: The Dual Dilemma of Black Men
Authors: Staples Robert
Published: April 2010

This article delineates the special status of black men in contemporary society. First, considering some of the common stereotypes of black men from a historical perspective, alternative explanations are posited to counter prevailing views of the Afro‐American male as emasculated, dominated by women, and lacking in positive self‐esteem. The socialization process and problems of black youth are examined. Afterwards the special roles of lover, husband, and father are analyzed as black men interpret and carry them out. Finally, black male sexism and the response of black feminism are discussed, as are the problems and prospects for black men in American society.
Gay Male Fantasies and Realities
Authors: Lehne Gregory K.
Published: April 2010

The sexual fantasies of 47 gay men were studied using an open‐ended questionnaire to determine the influences of fantasy on developing a gay identity and lifestyle. Early fantasies, occurring around age 12, preceded interpersonal sexual experience by an average of four years. They functioned as a source of self‐knowledge about respondents' affectional preference and influenced early homosexual experiences. Current affectional and sexual fantasy themes were related to respondents' lifestyles or desire for a male affectional relationship.
Psychotherapy with Lesbians
Authors: Riddle Dorothy I. , Sang Barbara
Published: April 2010

Psychotherapeutic work with lesbians is confounded by both sexist and heterosexist factors. This paper traces three aspects of women's socialization—self‐concept, feminine sex‐role behavior, and sexuality— which have particular implications for lesbians and discusses the implications of these three in therapy. The impact of women's conditioning to base self‐esteem on acceptance by others is noted, particularly as such conditioning combines with the cumulative stresses of lesbian life. Finally, examples of ways in which heterosexual bias may become apparent in therapy are given, and alternative therapeutic approaches are discussed.
A Social‐Psychological Analysis of Physician‐Patient Rapport: Toward a Science of the Art of Medicine
Authors: DiMatteo M. Robin
Published: April 2010

The interpersonal relationship between physician and patient involves a highly charged affective component. As a result, patients' satisfaction with medical care, their compliance with treatment regimens, and the outcome of treatment tend to be substantially related to their physicians' ability to satisfy their socio‐emotional needs in the health care encounter. This critical aspect of health care is termed “rapport.” While it is not yet clear exactly how rapport with patients can be achieved, evidence reviewed here suggests that a physician's ability to establish rapport with patients is at least partially dependent upon his or her communication skills, especially the ability to decode and encode nonverbal messages of affect. Implications for teaching physicians the elements of empathic communication are discussed.
Patient Compliance and the Role of the Expert
Authors: Stone George C.
Published: April 2010

The failure of patients to follow recommendations made to them by health experts usually represents a hazard to the patient's health, a waste of health resources, and a source of frustration to the health expert. Many studies of such failure lead to the conclusion that every patient should be considered as potentially “non‐compliant.” The most promising site for intervention is in the expert‐patient interaction. Viewing compliance as a property of the transaction between expert and client, it is appropriate to see the responsibility for establishing compliance as shared between expert and client. From this viewpoint, several models of the expert‐client relationship are reviewed. Three areas of responsibility can be assigned to experts—exploring the individual patient's situation fully; anticipating the patient's difficulties in following recommendations; and communicating information in a way that will maximize its effectiveness. Recognition of these responsibilities will have numerous consequences for those who teach health professionals and for psychologists engaged in the study of communication processes.
The Social Power of Health‐Care Practitioners as Agents of Change
Authors: Rodin Judith , Janis Irving L.
Published: April 2010

This paper examines dominant sources of social power and influence that affect the degree to which patients adhere to recommended regimens for prevention or treatment and their rate of recovery. Referent power of health‐care practitioners, as contrasted with their expert, coercive, reward and legitimate power, is expected to be most effective when internalization of medical recommendations by the patients is essential. The paper explores specific ways that a health‐care professional can gain referent power, using weight control treatment as an example. It presents a conceptual framework that provides a rationale for a number of relationship‐building techniques and offers evidence that referent power is effective in promoting adherence to treatment and more healthful behavior, and in influencing critical outcome measures such as weight loss. Analysis of the relative efficacy of various methods of building and using referent power and the possible limiting conditions on its effectiveness are also discussed.
Interpersonal Relationships and Cancer: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Wortman Camille B. , Dunkel‐Schetter Christine
Published: April 2010

This paper focuses on the effect of cancer on the patient's interpersonal relationships, and the ultimate impact of these relationships on the patient's emotional adjustment to the disease. In a detailed theoretical analysis, both the patient's reaction to the illness and others' responses toward the patient are explored. Concerning the patient, the following issues are discussed: (1) fears and uncertainties that develop as one attempts to cope with the diagnosis; (2) the consequent need for clarification and support; and (3) the barriers to receiving validation and support from others. Others' reactions to the patient are hypothesized to be a function of a conflict between (1) their feelings about the illness, which are predominantly negative; and (2) their beliefs about appropriate behaviors to display when interacting with cancer patients (optimism and cheerfulness). This conflict results in behavioral responses that are unintentionally damaging to the patient, including physical avoidance, avoidance of open discussion of the illness, and discrepancies among behaviors. The impact of others' behavior on the patient and the patient's subsequent attempts to solve their interpersonal problems are discussed. The paper concludes with implications for intervention and research.
“Healthy Dying”: A Paradoxical Quest Continues
Authors: Kastenbaum Robert
Published: April 2010

Until recently the health care professions gave little systematic attention to psychosocial needs of the dying person and his or her family. There seemed to be no place for death in the prevention and cure‐oriented outlook of our health care systems. This situation is now undergoing rapid change. Analysis of our society's death system indicates that “comfort care” has started to take its place along with the more dominant death system functions of curing and killing. Particular attention is given to the emergence of the hospice movement. Improved care of the terminally ill person may not be enough, however, to meet rising expectations for a higher quality of life, in general, and in the dying situation in particular. It is suggested that our society will not be content with a terminal phase of life in which physical distress is well controlled and individual dignity maintained. Rather, we seem to be questing for a form of dying that is “healthier” than ordinary life and that actualizes values whose attainment had previously been frustrated. Pleasurable dying and glorious death may be major “consumer demands” in the future.
Violence in the American Family
Authors: Gelles Richard J. , Straus Murray A.
Published: April 2010

The paper reviews current knowledge on violence between family members in the United States, including how and why family violence became a topic of interest after years of being masked by a public and professional perceptual blackout. It presents data from a nationally representative sample of 2,143 American families that measured the extent of child abuse, wife abuse, husband abuse, and violence between siblings. The paper then reports differences in child abuse rates according to factors such as the age and sex of the child, family income, occupation, stress, unemployment, social isolation, and previous exposure or experience with violence. It is suggested that the roots of family violence lie in the organization of the family and in the implicit cultural norms tolerating or approving violence as a means for social control.
The Physical Abuse of Adolescents
Authors: Libbey Patricia , Bybee Rodger
Published: April 2010

The literature on adolescent abuse suggests that it may differ from child abuse. Issues raised in the literature focus on severity, provoking behavior by the adolescents, and community norms for discipline as crucial issues. There are several models of the dynamics of adolescent abuse in the literature. These issues and theoretical models are examined by reviewing twenty‐five cases of adolescent abuse from a public welfare office in a large midwestern city. Implications of the findings for reporting injuries and planning interventions are discussed.
Prediction and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Gray Jane D. , Cutler Christy A. , Dean Janet G. , Kempe C. Henry
Published: April 2010

A high‐risk population was successfully identified by the use of perinatal screening procedures. These children encountered significantly different parenting practices than the low‐risk “control” group. There were also significant differences between “High‐Risk” and “Low‐Risk” families on issues concerning social adjustment and mother/infant attachment. Five children in a “High‐Risk Nonintervene” group required hospitalization for serious injuries thought to be secondary to abnormal parenting practices. There were no such hospitalizations in either a High Risk Intervene group or a Low Risk group. Labordelivery observations, and postpartum interviews and observations provided the most accurate predictive information; prenatal interviews and questionnaires did not add significantly. Perinatal assessment and simple intervention with families at high risk for abnormal parenting practices significantly improves the infants' chances for escaping serious hospitalized physical injury.
The Long‐Term Effects of Parental Divorce in Childhood on Adult Adjustment
Authors: Kulka Richard A. , Weingarten Helen
Published: April 2010

Relationships between experiencing a parental divorce or separation prior to age 16 and a variety of measures of adult adjustment and psychological functioning are examined using data from two national cross‐sectional surveys conducted nearly 20 years apart. Although few differences between adults from parentally‐divorced and intact family backgrounds persist when controls for contemporary life circumstances and other social background factors were included, two modest trends are still evident. First, although associations between psychological distress and early experience with parental divorce have weakened somewhat over the past two decades, coming from a non‐intact family of origin still has some significance for adult psychological well‐being. Second, men and women from non‐intact families of origin display different patterns of adjustment to and valuation of the major life roles of spouse and parent. Nevertheless, because such relationships are not very powerful, it is concluded that contrary to much of the literature and popular thought, these early experiences have, at most, a modest effect on adult adjustment.
Children of Divorce: A Family Systems Perspective
Authors: Beal Edward W.
Published: April 2010

This paper is a report of a study of marriage and divorce as processes through which emotional attachments are established and resolved. The concepts of family systems theory and therapy are used to describe the ways in which emotional attachments in general, and child focus in particular, operate in families undergoing separation or divorce. The report begins with a general description of family systems theory, including an examination of the patterns of management of emotional attachment in families and the relationship of these patterns to the ways children experience their parents' separation, divorce, and custody arrangements. Then the management of emotional attachment in families which may have either a mild or severe degree of child focus is compared and contrasted. The final section considers family therapy in relation to these issues.
The Impact of Legalization on Illegal Gambling Participation
Authors: Hybels Judith H.
Published: April 2010

This paper examines the effects of legalization on illegal gambling participation using a multivariate analysis to adjust for the influence of demographic variables. In addition, the incidence of illegal gambling in a nationwide sample was compared with the incidence reported by Nevada residents. Games with similar structures and psychological characteristics appear to be complementary. That is, people who participate in one tend to participate in the other as well, regardless of their legal status. Dissimilar games operate as substitutes for each other.
State Conducted Lotteries: History, Problems, and Promises
Authors: Blakey G. Robert
Published: April 2010

Lotteries have played an important role in American finance through much of this Nation's history. This paper begins with an account of the abuses that led to the prohibition of the privately run lottery during the nineteenth century. It then goes on to analyze the promise and performance of the state run lotteries that have been created during the last decade. The paper argues that the lotteries have failed to fulfill the promises of their proponents, either in raising revenue or in fighting organized crime, and that they constitute a regressive and inefficient form of taxation. It also argues that the promotion of gambling serves to tarnish the image of state government.
The Changing Structure of American Gambling in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Haller Mark H.
Published: April 2010

The author examines some of the factors that altered the economics and control of policy and numbers gambling, bookmaking, and casino gambling from 1900 to 1950. The factors include the emergence of black ghettoes after World War I and the consequent rise of blacks to controlling positions in numbers and policy banks; the changing ownership and activities of the national race and sports information service; the increasing use of the telephone for making sports bets; and the sudden wealth of bootleggers in the 1920's along with their growing involvement in gambling enterprises. The author concludes that these factors exercised a diverse and interrelated influence on the history of American gambling.
Sally's Corner: Coping with Unmarried Motherhood
Authors: Presser Harriet B.
Published: April 2010

This paper examines the coping strategies of unmarried mothers (mostly black) for the 45 month period since the birth of their first child. The study is based on a longitudinal survey of first‐parity mothers in New York City. Their expansion of role responsibilities (employment, school, marriage, and subsequent childbearing) are analyzed, as well as the support systems they utilize (help from the child's father, the woman's parents, friends, and public assistance). The relationship between support systems and subsequent fertility is examined, as well as the practice of birth control since the first birth. In addition to analyzing unmarried mothers as a group, three case studies are presented, followed by a discussion of research and policy issues.
Experimental Social Gerontology: A Social Psychological Perspective
Authors: Schulz Richard , Hanusa Barbara Hartman
Published: April 2010

Social psychological theories and research methods have been a guiding influence in the study of aging for over three decades. However, in the past the emphasis has been more on the sociological than the psychological components of this approach. Sociologists, guided by theories and methods borrowed from sociology, have been the major contributors of new knowledge. More recently, this approach has been supplemented by another view emphasizing the psychological half of the equation. This approach is characterized by its use of experimental methods and its attempt to generate explanations based ultimately on an understanding of the phenomenology of the aged individual. This latter perspective is discussed here. In particular, the recent research examining the effects of control, perceived choice and enhanced competence on the well‐being of the institutionalized aged is reviewed and evaluated.
Specialized Living Environments for Older People: A Conceptual Framework for Evaluation
Authors: Moos Rudolf H.
Published: April 2010

Some demographic and social factors that indicate the need to place high priority on the development of specialized living environments and of community settings that are responsive to the needs of older people are described. The article then focuses on one central aspect of this issue: the formulation of a conceptual framework to guide evaluations of the features and impacts of specialized living settings. The implementation of portions of the framework is illustrated by a description of a new environmental assessment procedure and by discussion of two aspects of congregate settings: person‐environment selection and allocation; and the provision of opportunities for resident choice and control.
Supportive Networks: Life Ties for the Elderly
Authors: Pilisuk Marc , Minkler Meredith
Published: April 2010

Recent studies suggest that the increased vulnerability of the older person to physical and/or mental breakdown is related to loss or deficiency in the pattern of supportive ties.

With increases in the geographical separation of adult children from their parents, and with greater longevity, the needs of the elderly are increasingly being transferred from the family either to public service settings or to voluntary associations. The resource needs depend in part on the individual's existing contacts and state of health, as well as upon the psychological history of the person.

Various programs have addressed the differences in social support for older people in markedly different ways. Six different programs are examined to illustrate the importance of attention to health status, ethnicity, and style of life in the provision of social support. By evaluating the offerings of these programs against the concepts of network theory we are able to show how the needs for social support among the elderly are highly differentiated and deserving of equally differentiated forms of response.
Defining the City: The Use of Objective and Subjective Measures for Community Description
Authors: Krupat Edward , Guild William
Published: April 2010

This paper considers the differing systems and variables used to distinguish city from city, and city from non‐city. A wide variety of approaches to urban description and classification are reviewed, ranging from those of the novelist and social critic to those of the sociologist, economist, geographer and social psychologist. A distinction is made concerning the measurement of community variables using objective and subjective data; and the contributions and problems of each in explaining interpersonal orientations and behavior is considered. In considering the relative usefulness of these two orientations, it is suggested that they are complementary rather than competing systems of description. Each may be relevant to differing kinds of behaviors and outcomes, and it is the interaction between these two forms of data that is likely to prove most useful in explaining the full range of urban behaviors.
Friends and Strangers: The Social Experience of Living in Urban and Non‐urban Settings
Authors: Franck Karen A.
Published: April 2010

Two types of urban social experience are distinguished: contacts with friends and contacts with strangers. Traditional theories of urban life have concentrated on contacts with strangers, which for the most part are impersonal. This has led to the popular view that urban residents are socially isolated even though much of the available evidence on friendship contradicts this. This paper reports a study of newcomers who moved either to New York City or to a town of 31,000. The findings indicate that once the newcomers had lived in the new environment seven or eight months, there were no differences between the two groups with respect to number of friends or frequency of contact with friends. However, the urban group did experience greater difficulty in forming friendships than the non‐urban group. It is suggested that the greater feelings of fear and distrust reported by the urban newcomers were the reason for this difficulty. Thus, it is possible that community size affects friendship in a way that has not previously been explored: fear, distrust, and other aspects of encounters between strangers in a city may make the transition from stranger to friend more difficult than in a smaller community.
Streets of San Francisco: Brunswik's Lens Model Applied to Urban Inference and Assessment
Authors: Craik Kenneth H. , Appleyard Donald
Published: April 2010

Brunswik's probabilistic functionalism and the lens model offers a conceptual framework for linking environmental assessment with environmental perception and cognition in the study of such urban problems as inference and action regarding crime opportunity and crime vulnerability. An adaptation of Brunswik's lens model is applied to analysis of inferences about urban conditions. The ecological validity of cues generated by technical and observational assessments of residential streets in San Francisco is gauged for three conditions: traffic volume, average family income and residents' concern about crime. The functional validity of estimates of these conditions by expert judges is also appraised, and policy capturing is illustrated.
Neighborhood Satisfaction Among Urban Dwellers
Authors: Miller Frederick D. , Tsemberis Sam , Malia Gregory P. , Grega Dennis
Published: April 2010

Three approaches to explaining and predicting neighborhood satisfaction are compared in a survey of 550 New York City residents. The models are: a belief‐affect approach which proposes that evaluations of specific aspects of a community are combined to yield overall satisfaction ratings; a commitment approach, which looks at the impact of emotional and economic ties to the neighborhood; and an availability approach, which emphasizes the impact of salient beliefs about the community on satisfaction. Some support is found for all three models, though it is suggested that the availability approach may provide the most useful and compelling model for explaining the psychological processes involved in evaluating one's neighborhood.
The Implementation of Social Programs: Two Perspectives
Authors: Stone Clarence N.
Published: April 2010

Implementation is the concrete activity that comes as follow‐through to a previously set goal. As a continuing process of specification and reassessment, it inescapably brings about goal modification and becomes a political process. Implementation is a low visibility activity in which prior agreements tend to dissolve and in which political adjustments often are narrowly based, typically are achieved covertly, and therefore encourage self‐serving behavior. Despite a long tradition in political sociology that recognizes the special political character of implementation, there is a managerial view of implementation based in the discipline of economics that treats implementation as a technical process of achieving specified and agreed upon goals. Significantly this managerial view is itself ideological and has paved the way for a new administrative force—policy managers—to emerge as an important power group.
Social Class and the Quality of Work Life in Public and Private Organizations
Authors: Smith Michael P. , Nock Steven L.
Published: April 2010

The conventional wisdom of organizational theory regards public and private bureaucracies as analytically equivalent “complex organizations.” This article challenges the conventional wisdom. Our research compares public and private sector workers' perceptions of the character and quality of their work life. Public and private sector workers perceive and evaluate their jobs in substantially different ways. Blue collar workers in the public sector are a much more satisfied lot than are private sector blue collar workers. Conversely, white collar government employees are less positive about the social relations and intrinsic aspects of their work than are private white collar workers. Differences such as these suggest that private sector models and assumptions are inappropriate guides for understanding worker satisfaction, alienation, and productivity in public organizations.
Community‐Based Services for Juvenile Delinquents: Concept and Implications for Practice
Authors: Coates Robert B.
Published: April 2010

The focus of the article is on the following questions: What constitutes community‐based services for juvenile offenders? What practical principles should be followed in providing services to youth in a community context? and, what kinds of territorial and professional conflicts impede the development of community‐based services?
Ideology and Practice of Deinstitutionalization
Authors: Felton Barbara J. , Shinn Marybeth
Published: April 2010

This article compares the history and current status of deinstitution‐alization efforts for the mentally ill, criminal offenders, and the aged in need of long‐term care. Evidence from other articles in this issue, and elsewhere, suggests that similar ideologies of deinstitutionalization have guided thinking for all three groups but that practices have diverged. Only the mentally ill have moved out of institutions in large numbers, and, for all three groups, many “alternatives” differ little from institutions. Society regards all three groups negatively, but with differences that are reflected in treatment goals. Effective technologies for community treatment are available for the mentally ill, and methods for preventing institutionalization are available for the aged, but few members of even these groups receive such services. The divergence between ideology and practice for the three groups highlights both the constructive force of ideology in guiding policy and research, and its capacity to distort common perceptions of practice.
The Socio‐Cultural Context of Rape: A Cross‐Cultural Study
Authors: Sanday Peggy Reeves
Published: April 2010

This research departs from the familiar assumption that rape is an inherent tendency of male nature, and begins with the assumption that human sexual behavior, though based in a biological need, is an expression of cultural forces. The incidence, meaning, and function of rape in a cross‐cultural sample of tribal societies are presented. Two general hypotheses guide the research: first, the incidence of rape varies cross‐culturally; second, a high incidence of rape is embedded in a distinguishably different cultural configuration than a low incidence of rape. The data suggest that rape is part of a cultural configuration which includes interpersonal violence, male dominance, and sexual separation. Rape is interpreted as the sexual exprsssion of these forces in societies where the harmony between men and their environment has been severely disrupted.
Factors Related to Intentions to Report a Rape
Authors: Feldman‐Summers Shirley , Ashworth Clark D.
Published: April 2010

Approximately 100 women in each of four ethnic groups (Asian, Black, Hispanic and White) completed a questionnaire in which they indicated (a) intentions to report having been raped to each of 10 potential report recipients; (b) perceived outcomes of reporting to each report recipient; and (c) perceived normative expectations to report held by family, friends, etc. It was found that (1) intentions to report varied substantially according to ethnic group membership; (2) subject‐by‐subject analyses indicated that normative expectations were typically better predictors of intentions to report than were perceived outcomes; and (3) with certain exceptions, ethnic differences existed with regard to the specific perceived outcomes that were most closely related to behavioral intentions, while the specific normative expectations that best predicted behavioral intentions tended to be the same for all four groups.
Consumers' Attitudes Toward Energy Conservation
Authors: Olsen Marvin E.
Published: April 2010

Many surveys indicate that about half of all Americans believe that the energy problem is real and serious, and less than one‐fourth are completely unconvinced of the problem. Large proportions of the public also support relatively strong conservation policies, especially if they feel personally responsible for helping solve the problem and hold a broad environmental ethic. The latter values, which are linked with ideas of “voluntary simplicity,” appear to be replacing traditional American beliefs in material consumption. General attitudes toward the energy problem are not associated with reported conservation actions, but people who anticipate experiencing direct personal consequences from the energy problem are likely to take action to save energy. This is congruent with the Fishbein attitude model. Anticipated personal consequences (especially pertaining to one's health and comfort) are also a critical factor in predicting actual reductions in household energy consumption. The two most commonly expressed reasons for conserving energy are to save money and to help solve the energy problem.
Sex Differences in Antecedents of Substance Use Among Adolescents
Authors: Ensminger Margaret E. , Brown C. Hendricks , Kellam Sheppard G.
Published: April 2010

This research focuses on sex differences in teenage marijuana, alcohol and cigarette use. The population consisted of the 705 first‐graders of Woodlawn (a poor black Chicago neighborhood) who were assessed in first grade in 1966–1967 and reassessed ten years later. Teenage males reported more use of marijuana and alcohol than females but males and females reported similar use of cigarettes. We examined these sex differences from two theoretical perspectives, social adaptation and social bonds. The former refers to the success or failure of an individual in meeting the social task demands in a specific social field at a specific stage of life. The latter is concerned with the attachment or commitment of an individual to social institutions such as family, school, and peers. Since we found important sex differences in the antecedent, concurrent and mediating variables relating to adolescent substance use, we conclude that further study of substance use should focus on male and female differences, and that at least some of the origins of substance use differ for males and females.
Sex Differences in Socialization and Family Dynamics of Female and Male Heroin Users
Authors: Binion Victoria Jackson
Published: April 2010

This article examines gender differences in socialization experiences and family dynamics of heroin addicted women and men. While problems do exist in the families of drug addicts, these data indicate a lack of severe pathology in family functioning. However, the existing familial conflicts suggest important gender differences in retrospective perceptions. Initial drug use for women was more closely related to interpersonal affiliative issues. Women who use heroin are more likely to seek out an addict peer group because of poor self‐image and as a reaction to an unhappy family situation. Men, in contrast, experienced the greatest difficulty in their early years with extra‐familial forces, such as school, poverty and peers. Peer group activity was a more important influence on the male addicts' initial drug use. Men were also significantly more likely to report using alcohol and illegal drugs for peer acceptance. Both groups described their mothers more positively than their fathers, with men reporting the most postitve attitudes towards mother. Both addicted men and women need assistance in working through early relationships and in developing realistic vocational goals. These results also indicate the need for family members to participate in drug rehabilitation.
The Treatment‐Delivery System and Alcohol Abuse in Women: Social Policy Implications
Authors: Beckman Linda J. , Kocel Katherine M.
Published: April 2010

This article presents a theoretical model of the treatment utilization process which assumes that individual predisposing factors, perceptions and beliefs, personal enabling traits, social enabling characteristics, and structural features of treatment services all affect the alcoholic's ability to secure and propensity to use services. This theoretical model is used to describe characteristics of women alcoholics and the treatment delivery system that may serve as barriers to treatment for women. Results of a study of the structural characteristics of 53 alcoholism treatment facilities in two California counties showed women congregate in agencies that hire more professionals, provide treatment for children, and provide after‐care services.
Public Issues and Private Problems: Women and Drug Use
Authors: Marsh Jeanne C.
Published: April 2010

Despite the conventional wisdom that defining a problem is an essential step in determining a solution, social problem definitions often obscure strategies for ameliorating problems. A review of social research designed to illuminate our definition of substance abuse reveals the way in which historical and political factors have modified the definition of substance abuse problems over time. Treatment and prevention strategies based on these problem definitions are vulnerable to the same influences. A review of explanations of substance abuse among women shows that they have been limited by the same narrow prescriptions that have been applied to women's behavior more generally. This means, for example, that drug treatment programs have focused on improving vocational skills for men and social skills for women. This paper suggests an alternative starting point for the design of effective services. It is suggested that successive, limited comparisons of actual intervention efforts—particularly those designed with the participation of clients or ex‐clients—is a superior method for determining appropriate services for drug‐using women. Based on findings from evaluations of special drug treatment programs for women, three strategies are discussed for implementing this evaluation feedback approach to program design.
Methodological Issues in Follow‐Up and Replication Studies
Authors: Hoffman Lois Wladis
Published: April 2010

Methodological problems in follow‐up and replication studies and in using projective tests in research are discussed with particular reference to three fear‐of‐success studies: the original research by Horner in 1965, a replication in 1972, and a follow‐up of the original 1965 subjects carried out in 1974. The importance of each of the following is stressed: obtaining responses from the full original sample in follow‐up work; matching the settings in which projective tests are administered; establishing coder reliability between the data sets that are to be compared; and matching the stimulus value of the cue, which may not always mean using the same cue.
Longitudinal Data Sets: Evidence for Ontogenetic Development or Chronicles of Cultural Change
Authors: Schaie K. Warner
Published: April 2010

Limitations of single‐cohort data sets are discussed, and their pitfalls are illustrated by means of a multiple‐cohort study of the cognitive ability of spatial orientation. The questions of gender differences in age changes and experimental attrition are further illustrated by examining a study of the questionnaire‐derived personality traits of social responsibility. Finally, implications are suggested for the internal and external validity of inferences drawn from analysis of the Ginzberg‐Yohalem data set.
Applying Human Capital Theory to Women's Changing Work Patterns
Authors: Mueller Marnie W.
Published: April 2010

Human capital theory (Becker, 1964, 1965) is introduced and defined for the non‐economist. Two empirical studies that attempt to explain female life style choices using assumptions and hypotheses derived from human capital theory are discussed. Future research concerning the impact of investment in human capital on female earnings patterns is suggested.
The Use of Secondary Analysis in the Study of Women and Social Change
Authors: Colby Anne
Published: April 2010

This paper presents a discussion of the special relevance of secondary analysis for the study of women and social change. Methodological problems associated with the use of existing data are summarized and some means of surmounting or taking account of those problems are suggested. The paper concludes with a discussion of the contributions that secondary analysis can make both to individual researchers and to the field of social science generally.
Residential Mobility as a Social Issue and Research Topic
Authors: Shumaker Sally Ann , Stokols Daniel
Published: April 2010

Traditionally, the high rate of mobility in America has been linked to such negative consequences as disintegrating communities and alienation among the populace. Recent perspectives on mobility present a more complex image of the factors underlying a population “on the move” and a more benign view of the effects of mobility. In this article we provide a backdrop for these more recent perspectives by presenting an historical overview of American mobility which includes: the image of the mobile American throughout history; the stability of high mobility rates; the changing patterns of mobility and the implications of these changes; and, a demographic profile of who moves in America. In addition, we review past theories of why people move and the limited research on the consequences of mobility, especially in terms of community pathology. This historical review “sets the stage” for the current approaches to mobility that are presented within this issue of JSI.