bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fashion Model's Age as an Influence on Consumers' Attitudes and Purchase Intent
Authors: Steinhaus Nancy H. , Lapitsky Mary
Published: March 2007

Generally, women's fashion magazines have not featured models over age 40 to communicate fashion messages to the older population. A counter‐balanced de sign was used to test whether age similarity between a message source (fashion model) and a message receiver (fashion consumer) would (1) affect consumers' attitudes toward fashion models and (2) influence consumers' purchase intent of fashion apparel. Respondent and model ages were the variables investigated. Respondents 46 and under were defined as younger (n = 48); respondents over 46 were older (n = 48). A pretest ascertained that models were perceived as younger (established at about 25 years) or older (close to 55 years). Using a ran domized plan, subjects completed two identical attitude measures (each with a photograph of either a younger or older model), a purchase intent measure and a demographic measure. The attitude questionnaire measured perceived age simi larity, source credibility and interpersonal attraction. Age similarity between older models and older consumers resulted in significant positive effects for source credibility and interpersonal attraction. Younger consumers evaluated older models higher than younger models on one dimension of credibility, but indi cated no other significant differences in attitudes toward younger or older models. Purchase intent was not affected by age similarity or dissimilarity.
Perceptions of Competencies Needed by Older Adults for Independent Living
Authors: Merrill Chloe D. , Norris Carilyn K.
Published: March 2007

This study was conducted to determine the competencies needed to meet the individual needs of older adults when they choose independent living. The ob jectives were to determine the perceptions of 150 older adults, age 60 or over, and 251 home economists with regard to the levels of competencies needed by older adults for independent living in: (a) housing, (b) clothing, (c) personal and family relations, (d) foods and nutrition, and (e) home management and con sumer economics. The competencies were listed on two Likert‐type question naires. Findings revealed that there were significant differences, at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of significance, as to the perceptions of older adults and home economists as to the importance of each competency needed. Since significant differences were perceived in all five competency areas, home economists should include older adults on advisory boards when designing programs and curricula for them.
Energy Use And Quality Of Foods Cooked By Different Appliances
Authors: Odland Dianne , Davis Carole , Vettel Ruth , Harris James E.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to compare the energy consumption, cooking time, and quality of five foods cooked by procedures adapted for several electric appli ances. Appliances studied included electric range surface units and oven, induc tion cooktop, electric frypan, microwave oven, and toaster oven. “Stovetop‐ type” methods (range surface units, induction cooktop, and electric frypan) used for foods typically cooked in the oven saved considerable energy and sometimes required significantly less time than oven cooking, thereby illustrating the practi cality of adapting traditional cooking procedures to somewhat nontraditional procedures that are less “energy intensive.” The induction cooktop, an appliance predicted to be a major method of surface cooking in the future, was among the most energy‐conserving cooking appliances. For most of the products studied, cooking treatment had little impact on overall quality.
Husband and Wife Agreement on Indicators of Objective and Subjective Economic Well‐Being
Authors: Wilhelm Mari S. , Iams Donna R. , Rudd Joel
Published: March 2007

The present study investigates the extent to which husbands and wives agree on their responses to survey items designed to measure Objective‐Actual, Subjec tive‐Actual, and Subjective‐Relative indicators of economic well‐being. An Urban/Growth sample and Rural/Recession sample were included. Results indi cate that correlations varied considerably across indicators and across samples. However, few significant differences were found.
Creating Understanding That Cultivates Change
Authors: McWilliam Carol L.
Published: March 2007

Dissemination of research findings through the traditional vehicles of academic publication no longer fulfills funders' expectations. "Deliverables" now often include evidence of effect, or demonstrable change. This article describes strategies for intentional effort to create change in human behavior as an outcome of discoveries made through interpretive research. The approaches emerged from and are illustrated by one phenomenological study but have potential applicability in any investigation of everyday experience. Strategies direct attention to (a) the sociopolitical context; (b) personalized findings; (c) ownership of findings; (d) the use of defense mechanisms; (e) conflict resolution; (f) opportunities for change; and (g) support during the implementation of changes. The author illuminates the benefits, the risks, and the moral responsibility associated with using qualitative research findings to affect change.
Artful Inquiry: A Symbolic Constructivist Approach to Social Science Research
Authors: Barry David
Published: March 2007

This article introduces symbolic constructivism, a qualitative research approach that uses artlike, nonroutine portrayal (e.g., sculpture, photographs, drawings, dramatization, etc.) to elicit, challenge, and shift existing sense-making frameworks. Unlike art-based methods that rely on expert interpretation, symbolic constructivism stresses the development of intersubjective understanding; researcher and respondent interpretations interact to create multiple forms of meaning. After introducing the approach and discussing its connections to other informing frameworks (notably symbolist thought, constructivism, hermeneutics, art therapy, and visual sociology), some methodological guidelines are developed that revolve around the kinds and degrees of change sought by inquiring parties.
Using Focus Groups With Lower Socioeconomic Status Latina Women
Authors: Madriz Esther I.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the use of focus groups when interviewing lower socioeconomic status Latina women in some areas of New York City and northern New Jersey. Drawing from the author's research experience, the article discusses the use of focus groups within the framework of feminist methodology, the author's experience with the use of focus groups in studying the fear of crime, and some of the issues faced by the author related to narrowing the gap between the researcher and the participants and creating together ness among the interviewees.
Glimpses of Street Life: Representing Lived Experience Through Short Stories
Authors: Diversi Marcelo
Published: March 2007

The author has been writing short stories about his experiences with kids who live on the streets of Campinas, Brazil, since his last field trip in 1996. At the beginning of this article, he briefly explains his rationale for using short story, a literary genre, to represent lived experience in social sciences texts. He also explains how he wrote the stories. The four short stories are the heart of this text, in which the author has attempted to show glimpses of the dominant narratives shaping these kids' lives and of the lived experiences he shared with them. The goal is to make stories of these lived experiences part of people's understanding of street kids and part of the cultural narratives that shape these kids' everyday lives.
The Meanings of Research: Kids as Subjects and Kids as Inquirers
Authors: Nespor Jan
Published: March 2007

This article helps problematize the category of childhood as well as our habits of making summary statements about children as research participants. Drawing on data from a 2-year ethnographic study of an urban elementary school that combined conventional interview and observation research on kids with efforts to enlist kids as researchers, the article suggests that even relatively young people have experiences with "research" in the course of their everyday and institutional activities that shape how they interpret and participate in our research endeavors (a point ignored generally, not just in the case of kids). The article makes a case for articulating participant inquiry with researcher- driven inquiry as a way of opening up new questions and new understandings of participants' worlds and their links to researchers' worlds.
Sexual Violence in Women's Lives
Authors: RANDALL MELANIE , HASKELL LORI
Published: March 2007

This article is a summary of the methods and quantitative prevalence findings from a community-based study of sexual violence in women's lives. The research was based on in-depth face-to-face interviews with 420 women who comprised a random sample of women living in the city of Toronto, Canada's largest urban center. The study generated findings on the prevalence and effects of various forms of sexual abuse and violence in women's lives, including an exploration of the links between these forms of violence over the course of women's lifetimes. Sexual abuse in childhood (including incest), sexual assault, sexual harassment, and physical assault in intimate relationships were documented, as was revictimization and the increased vulnerability for sexual assault and violence experienced by many women sexually abused in childhood. Among the findings were that 1 in 4 women in the sample was physically assaulted by a male intimate, 1 in 2 women reported being raped or experiencing an attempted rape, and nearly half of the respondents reported experiencing some kind of sexual abuse before reaching 16 years of age.
Some Didn't Call it Hate
Authors: HOOD JANE C. , ROLLINS STEPHEN
Published: March 2007

On November 19, 1994, over 100 bound volumes of gender and gay studies journals were taken from five shelves at the University of New Mexico (UNM) general library, and several of the remaining volumes had been defaced with swastikas and slogans. Ten days later, the missing volumes were found concealed behind other journals on a high shelf. In this article, a feminist scholar at the University of New Mexico combines official and unofficial, firsthand and secondary observations of the incident and its aftermath to determine what it can teach us about gender-based hate crime and what strategies might be developed to best address this type of hate crime.
The Influence of the Victim's Consumption of Alcohol on Perceptions of Stranger and Acquaintance Rape
Authors: SCRONCE CHRISTINE A. , CORCORAN KEVIN J.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has suggested that observers perceive rape victims who consume alcohol prior to being assaulted as more culpable for the attack than they do nondrinking victims. It is uncertain whether such attributional biases result from the victim's perceived violation of traditional gender norms or from the presumption that drinking victims are ambiguous in their refusal of sexual advances. The mediating effects of the victim's relationship to the attacker and knowledge of the outcome of the attack on observers' perceptions of victim responsibility are also unclear. The present study was conducted to clarify the influence of victim alcohol consumption, familiarity with attacker, and outcome of attack on participants' attributions about rape in nondating situations by systematically manipulating these variables in scenarios read by subjects. Results indicated that female subjects were more likely to blame the victim if she had consumed alcohol prior to the assault. Participants also rated the victim as less culpable if she was attacked by an acquaintance and as more responsible—and less cautious—if she had consumed alcohol and if the rape was completed rather than attempted.
Rural Woman Abuse
Authors: WEBSDALE NEIL
Published: March 2007

Using an ethnographic method that relies heavily on 85 in-depth interviews, 50 of them with rural battered women, this article provides rich empirical data on the much-neglected topic of rural woman abuse in Kentucky. My interviews indicate women experience a considerable amount of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse by their husbands or partners. I contextualize this intimate violence against the physical and social isolation that characterizes the lives of many rural battered women. The article concludes with a discussion of how rural patriarchy necessitates certain social policy initiatives.
General and Culture-specific Factors Influencing African American Women's Reporting Patterns and Perceived Social Support Following Sexual Assault
Authors: NEVILLE HELEN A. , PUGH AALECE O.
Published: March 2007

This exploratory investigation is one of the first studies to empirically investigate both general and culture-specific factors influencing African American women's post-sexual assault behaviors. Twenty-nine African American sexual assault survivors completed a paper-and-pencil survey and a semistructured interview. Findings from this investigation offer some support suggesting that both general and culture-specific factors contribute to women's decision not to report the assault to police. In addition, the majority of the participants disclosed the last incident to significant and generalized others. Moreover, the majority of the disclosing participants reported receiving, on average, positive reinforcement from the confidant(s). These findings provide some support to counter previous research suggesting that Black women and men are insensitive to sexual assault victims.
The Relative Visibility of Rape Cases in National Popular Magazines
Authors: CARINGELLA-MacDONALD SUSAN
Published: March 2007

This content analysis examines the nature of rape cases selected for coverage by magazines and the types of characteristics that differentiate high- from low-publicity cases between 1980 and 1996. Concerns pivot around whether articles on rape continue the historic focus on stereotypical stranger, gang rape committed by lower-class minority men. Findings indicate that articles are broader than covering stereotypical “real” rapes exclusively, and factors such as race, class, victim-offender relationship did not differentiate the high- from low-visibility cases. The equivocal nature of the findings are viewed in the context of the backlash against feminism and the resistance to it. Conclusions draw on finer details of cases (e.g., stranger vs. acquaintance “pickups”) to broaden the conceptualization about rape to better mirror the complex realities of victimization.
Voter Turnout in City Elections
Authors: Wood Curtis
Published: March 2007

The author used a random sample of 57 cities with populations between 25,000 and 1,000,000 to predict the impact of the form of government on voter turnout in city elections, controlling for socioeconomic variables and the timing of elections. Results show that voter turnout is dependent on the form of government. Political cities have the highest voter turnout, while administrative cities have the lowest voter turnout. By comparing structural differences between cities with different forms of government, the author determined that the direct election of the mayor, the expansion of mayoral executive authority, the separation of political power between the mayor and council, and/or the full-time status of the mayor and council are likely contributors to higher voter turnout in city elections.
Urban Secession and the Politics of Growth
Authors: Hogen-Esch Tom
Published: March 2007

The author argues that the current movement to secede San Fernando Valley from the city of Los Angeles exposes significant weaknesses in the existing literature on urban fragmentation. By constructing a theoretical framework, the author explains the effort as primarily a conflict between interest groups over the power to control urban growth. Second, existing scholarship cannot explain why progrowth Valley business organizations and slow-growth Valley homeowner associations have aligned to form a potent, though seemingly unlikely, urban coalition. The author concludes that these traditional land-use foes share far more common ground on growth issues than conventional theories predict. In particular, both share elements of a suburban land-use vision that provides a substantive foundation for collective action.
The Reliability of Density Measurements
Authors: Crothers Charles
Published: March 2007

Data from a land-use study of small and medium-sized towns in New Zealand are drawn on to ascertain the relationship between official and effective density measures. It was found that the reliability of official measures of density is very low overall, although reliability rises as a function of community sizes.
From Boosterism to Qualitative Growth
Authors: Miranda Rowan , Rosdil Donald
Published: March 2007

In much of the literature on local development, scholars assume a single continuum from progrowth to antigrowth. This article instead begins with the assumption that every city government is prodevelopment provided that it can have development on its own terms. A factor analysis of development policies from a large sample of cities does not support the view that city governments are either exclusively progrowth or antigrowth; no single continuum emerges. This study demonstrates that development approaches are considerably more complex, and the classifications include multifaceted strategies such as promarket (classic booster and entrepreneurial), qualitative growth, historic preservation, environmentally harmful growth, and redistributive growth (linkage and minority-equity strategies).
The Nature of Civic Involvement and Educational Change in Pittsburgh, Boston, and St. Louis
Authors: Jones Robin R. , Portz John , Stein Lana
Published: March 2007

Urban school systems face many problems and challenges. Policy responses require not only improvement within schools but also a broad structure of civic support. These authors focus on the creation and activation of civic support for public education. Pittsburgh, Boston, and St. Louis provide very different examples of how civic support develops or fails to develop. Our comparative analysis highlights two major elements in this process: institution building to redirect business coalitions from a focus on economic development to a focus on education and leadership in activating civic capacity on behalf of public education.
Policy Partners—Nursing and Psychiatry in the Capital: An Interview With Dr. Mary Jane England
Authors: Valentine Nancy M.
Published: March 2007

In this era of change in psychiatric service delivery, we have been bombarded with the realities of man aged care. At the same time we are forging new rela tionships with payers, providers, and with each other. To most nurses, the term collaboration means work ing cooperatively with one's interdisciplinary team. Yet in this changing world where we are forced to ex pand our horizons at an increasingly faster rate, it is important to create dialogs with others who are influ ential in arenas other than those we live in day to day. Our guest is a well-known and highly respected child psychiatrist who rose to national prominence from her roots in Boston. She also has a very special orientation to nurses because her mother was a nurse graduate of the Eastern Maine Medical Center in Bangor, Maine, and practiced for many years at the Boston Lying-in Hospital, the Florence Crittenden- Hastings Home, and at the Phillips House of the Mas sachusetts General Hospital. At a time in psychiatry's evolution when so many are squabbling over turf is sues, Dr. Mary Jane England offers a fresh and non- discipline-specific view of the future of the delivery sys tem for psychiatric services and one where in the con tinuum of care nurses can best serve clients and their families.

Dr. England is a child psychiatrist trained in adult psychiatry at Boston University Hospital and at Mount Zion in San Francisco. She also received training in child psychiatry at Boston City Hospital. After that she worked in the neighborhoods of Boston. In the mid- 1970s, she was appointed Associate Commissioner of the Department of Mental Health in Massachusetts. After 5 years, she was appointed Commissioner of So cial Services, a new state agency in Massachusetts for children and families. After 10 years in state govern ment, Dr. England joined the faculty at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, where she was Associate Dean and Director of the Mid-Career Master in Public Administration Program. From academia she went to the Prudential Insurance Com pany of America as National Vice-President of Men tal Health and Substance Abuse, responsible for policy and program development for 25 million Americans. In 1990 she was recruited to serve as president of the Washington Business Group. The Washington Busi ness Group on Health is a national nonprofit health policy group whose membership includes the nation's largest employers, mostly from the private sector, such as International Business Machines, Chrysler, Ford Mo tor Company, Honeywell, and Pepsico. Some of the large public employers, such as the U.S. Postal Service and the California Public Employees Retirement Sys tem, are also members. Dr. England is the president of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the third woman to hold the position.
Political Balance on Television
Authors: Semetko Holli A.
Published: March 2007

This article compares news making on television during recent national election campaigns in the United States, Britain, and Germany and focuses on one of the most interesting problems confronting news professionals in modern democracies at election time: the concept of balance. The principle of balance conflicts with the principle of objectivity. Television news professionals are thus faced with a dilemma at election time: how to report the campaign impartially while adhering to news values as the basis for story selection. This article shows that this dilemma is resolved differently in each country, based on data from observation and interviews in TV newsrooms as well as content analysis of main evening news coverage during the final weeks of recent election campaigns. The article argues that the way in which the dilemma is resolved in each country is influenced by journalistic culture, itself shaped by systemic factors, institutional rules, and political culture.
Imag(in)ing Africa
Authors: Crawford Neta C.
Published: March 2007

Despite the lament that there is little press coverage of Africa, there are many stories about Africa in the U.S. media. Why is so much written detailing “unimaginable” horror and suffering about a place we imagine is ignored? Perhaps the dire tone that characterizes the coverage facilitates Africa's marginalization or paves the way for “benevolent” interventions into Africa. Perhaps these imaginings are not so much about Africa as they are about the United States—American identity, history, dreams, and fears—in a multicultural society increasingly ill at ease with itself.
The Media Politics of the Irish Peace Process
Authors: McLaughlin Greg , Miller David
Published: March 2007

This article examines British television news coverage of the Irish peace process from its public emergence in 1993 up to mid-1994. The analysis is undertaken in the context of the promotional strategies of the protagonists—especially those of the British government—and assesses their significance for understanding the role of the media in relation to negotiations and decision making.
Campaigning on the Internet
Authors: Margolis Michael , Resnick David , Tu Chin-chang
Published: March 2007

Will cyberspace bring new forms of participatory democracy as computer-mediated communication reduces organizational costs? The Internet has the potential to change the nature of American electoral politics, but we doubt that it will. The character and popularity of cyberspace are more likely to foster an on-line electoral environment that replicates the real world, albeit in a slick electronic form. Notwithstanding the novelty and explosive growth of campaigning on the Internet, we foresee the Internet in general, and the World Wide Web in particular, as more likely to reinforce the existing structure of American politics than to change it.
The Effect of the Commercialization of Swedish Television on Journalistic Culture
Authors: Machill Marcel
Published: March 2007

Swedish television news has undergone a fundamental transformation in tandem with the reorganization of the welfare state. The sector was commercialized at the beginning of this decade, with clear consequences for the culture of journalistic practice. Before 1987, there were only two television stations, both of them public. Commercial satellite broadcasters broke this monopoly from abroad in 1991, when privately owned TV4 became available via the terrestrial broadcasting network. At first, public television news programs mimicked elements of their new rival's style, but subsequently they returned to traditional formats. Today, two TV journalism cultures exist side by side.
Invariants of the Stretch Tensors and their Application to Finite Elasticity Theory
Authors: Steigmann David J.
Published: March 2007

The principal invariants of the stretch tensors in the polar decomposition of the deformation gradient stand in one-to-one relation to the principal invariants of their squares, the Cauchy—Green deformation tensors. These relations are used to obtain the derivatives of the first set of invariants with respect to the deformation gradient. The latter generate expressions for the stretch and rotation factors in the polar decomposition as explicit functions of the deformation gradient, and lead to new formulae for the stress and elastic moduli for isotropic elastic materials.
Micromechanical Modeling of the Finite Deformation of Thermoelastic Multiphase Composites
Authors: Aboudi Jacob , Arnold Steven M.
Published: March 2007

A micromechanical model is proposed for the prediction of nonlinearly thermoplastic, multiphase particulate, and/or continuous reinforced composites in which any or all constituents exhibit large strain (finite deformation). The analysis provides closed-form representations for the instantaneous mechanical and thermal concentration tensors, as well as the effective tangent mechanical and thermal properties of the composite. The micromechanical model predictions are assessed by a comparison with an analytical spherical composite model, valid for hydrostatic loadings only Very good agreement between the two approaches was obtained. Similarly, results demonstrating the effects of nonlinearity are given for particulate and continuous fiber-reinforced SiC/Al compositesFinally, the nonlinear response of cellular solids idealized by open-cell and closed-cell structures are compared and contrasted.
Elastic Boundary Conditions in the Theory of Plates
Authors: Constanda Christian
Published: March 2007

The direct boundary integral equation method is used to solve the interior and exterior boundary value problems with elastic conditions on the contour for plates with transverse shear deformation.
Regular and Critical States in Elastic Nonlinear Systems with Displacement Constraints
Authors: Mirasso Anibal E. , Godoy Luis A.
Published: March 2007

A consistent formulation in terms of generalized coordinates is presented for elastic, conservative systems with kinematic constraints. Constraint functions are defined and formulated together with the total potential energy of the system; this leads to equilibrium conditions in terms of variational inequalities. In the present approach, the equilibrium conditions are rewritten in the form of the Kuhn-Tucker conditions. Next, a perturbation analysis is carried out to investigate uniqueness of the solution and to distinguish between regular and critical points. The authors develop two ways to classify a state. In the first approach, a matrix is defined in terms of the Hessian of the Lagrangian and the gradient of the active constraints. In the second approach, the projection of the Hessian of the Lagrangian on a tangent space is employed.
Aspects of Saint-Venant's Principle in the Dynamical Theory of Linear Micropolar Elasticity
Authors: Chirita S. , Aron M.
Published: March 2007

A principle of Saint-Venant type is established for the theory of linear micropolar elastodynamics, and the connection that exists between this principle and the domain of influence theorems, uniqueness theorems, and continuous dependence theorems is discussed. The body, which is assumed to be of arbitrary regular shape and is subjected to loadings that possess a bounded support DT for the time interval [0, T], can be bounded or unbounded. According to this principle, there exists a constant c > 0 such that a certain energetic measure of the displacement vanishes for r > ct and decays to zero for r < ct, where r is the distance from a generic point to the support DT, and t is any time in the interval [0, T]. The decay rate is controlled by the factor 1 -r/(ct).
On the Relationship between the Cosserat and Kirchhoff-Love Theories of Elastic Shells
Authors: Steigmann D. J.
Published: March 2007

An attempt is made to clarify the interpretation of Kirchhoff-Love shells as constrained one-director Cosserat surfaces.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: A look at treatment and prophylaxis
Authors: Hedrick Lori E.
Published: March 2007

Although treatment protocols have been available and are proving to be effective against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), studies show that 60% of all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients will progress to contract PCP as their primary opportunistic infection. Prophylaxis has proven to be effective in both prolonging survival and decreasing the occurrence of this sometimes fatal disease. These medications need to be accessible, affordable, and accurately instructed to patients. The home care nurse is a vital link to ensure that medical protocols are available and patients are compliant to increase their quality of life.
Infiltration and phlebitis: Assessment, management, and documentation
Authors: Angeles Tess , Barbone Marijane
Published: March 2007

Today in health care, with the increase in the number of patients with higher acuity levels, IV therapy and intravenous (IV) therapy-related complications are also on the rise. Nurses and patients trained to self-administer IV medications or solutions must be educated to identify potential IV complications, such as infiltration and phlebitis. This article discusses in detail the predisposing factors, symptomatology, and specific nursing interventions for these two com mon IV-related complications. Key words: algorithm, blood return, infiltration, inflammation
The senior companion/visiting nurse partnership: A marriage made in heaven
Authors: Williams Elaine
Published: March 2007

The senior companion/visiting nurse partnership is one of the best kept secrets in health care. It brings together the resources of the public and private sector; caring and curing, a short-term focus with a long-term pool; and professional and companion. The deep commitment of the senior companions and visiting nurses to their patients ensures continuity of care, quality of service, and maximum functioning and independence for the patient despite limitations. It also ensures compassionate caring, heart-to-heart connections, and a holistic approach to service, with healing taking place medically, physically, socially, and emotionally. This is exactly why the senior companions and the visiting nurse associations are perfect partners. Key words: car ing, companions, home care, support
Home Telemedicine: A Home Health Care Agency Strategy for Maximizing Resources
Authors: Crist Theresa M. , Kaufman Stephen B. , Crampton Kathleen R.
Published: March 2007

American Nursing Care (ANC) conducted retrospective chart reviews to assess the potential of new home telemedicine technology as a way to control health care costs. Using the functionality of the Home Assisted Nursing Care (HANC) network as the home telemedicine system, ANC estimated that 31 % of a selected group of home health care patients and 67% of the patients readmitted to a hospital 30 days after discharge might have benefited from home telemedicine. Such results suggest that home telemedicine may have a significant role to play in managing health care costs.
A Performance Improvement Program for Home Infusion Pharmacy
Authors: Kulischak Danielle
Published: March 2007

This article describes the key concepts involved in performance improvement, the cycle for improving organizational performance: design, measure, assess, improvement, and innovation. The performance improvement program for a home infusion pharmacy is described, acknowledging the need for the pharmacist to be an integrated health care team member who collaborates and communicates with patients, physicians, and nurses to achieve continuous pharmaceutical care. Two performance indicators that address the need for pharmacists to provide pharmacokinetics and nutritional clinical monitoring for home health care patients are described.
Application of the Precede-Proceed Model for Comprehensive Community Assessment, Education Programming, and Evaluation in a Combat Hospital Community during the Gulf War
Authors: Hale Janet Fraser
Published: March 2007

The PRECEDE-PROCEED model is an appropriate framework to consider for community assessment and health promotion planning, implementation, and evaluation because of its applicability in many varied settings-including its potential for effective assessment, coordination, planning, and delivery of quality of home health care. This article addresses a military field hospital! combat hospital community during the Gulf War as it completely evolved and dissolved as a community in the desert of Saudi Arabia from December 1990 to May 1991. The capabilities of this portable, self-sustaining hospital community, transported to a barren, isolated section of the desert, were maximally challenged in this unusual setting. Building and sustaining the community in support of the hospital was as energy consuming as the operation of the hospital and the provision of care to the culturally diverse patients.
Assistive Technology for Older Adults: Opportunities for Advocacy
Authors: Guerette Paula , Anthony Patricia
Published: March 2007

For older adults with functional impairments, assistive devices can often provide increased safety, independence, and improved quality of life. However, many older adults are unaware of the types of devices available and/or may have difficulty obtaining these devices due to a lack of knowledge of sources of assistive technology or a lack of personal funds. Professionals, volunteers, and family members who provide in-home assistance are often in the best position to observe difficulties with activities of daily living and to offer recommendations for simple, low-tech assistive devices and home modifications. Along with making recommendations, it is often necessary to provide follow-up advocacy to ensure that recommended devices and home modifications are obtained. The Ability Program for Older Adults (APOA) provides both in-home assessment and extensive follow-up advocacy for assistive devices needed by functionally impaired older clients. This article describes the APOA approach, as well as ways that others who provide in-home services or assistance might be able to incorporate the recommendation of simple assistive technology and follow-up advocacy into their service delivery.
The US Home Health Care Industry: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Munchus George , Roberts Velma , Rivers Patrick Asubonteng , Gingerich Barbara Stover
Published: March 2007

The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the general factors that have contributed to the growth in the home health care segment of the US health care industry. These factors are related to the demographic imperative, technology, and government regulations. The demands of the aging population for intermittent care have a significant impact on the demographic imperatives affecting home health care usage. The effect of technology on the increase in longevity and the availability of portable high-technology products have improved the level of care available in the home setting. The increases in state and federal funding for home health care have outpaced other segments of the health care industry, making the integration of home health care into an organization's medical care continuum an important consideration for health care administrators. Finally, a description of home health services and its future implications will be presented.
Development of a Learning Needs Assessment Tool for Patients with Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Lile Jan Barrett , Buhmann Jan , Roders Susan
Published: March 2007

Lack of knowledge about diet and medications by patients with congestive heart failure is a major factor contributing to noncompliance with treatment regimens, and subsequent high hospital readmission rates. The Learning Needs Assessment Tool (LNAT) was developed to include three key assessment areas: family/environment, current knowledge, and learning style. Feasibility of adding the LNAT to the practice of home health care was tested with a sample of seven home health nurses during a 5-month field test. Content validity was established through initial expert review and postfield-testing evaluations through interviews and questionnaires with the participants. Replication of the study with a larger sample is needed to establish reliability and utility of the tool.
Corporate Interest and Trade Liberalization
Authors: Grossman Perry
Published: March 2007

This article examines rhetoric by corporations about the inclusion of environmental issues in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It provides a greater understanding of corporate pressure on regulatory measures by indicating how corporate actions change in relation to social movement and state actions. The author develops a cultural political economy perspective to show how issues are not fixed but are shaped by power relations and ongoing meaning construction. In doing so, he argues for the integration of theories of the firm with theories of the state to reveal the relationship between organizations and their social and political environment. The author shows how corporate rhetoric in the NAFTA debate does not fit neatly into prevailing theories of organizational and political sociology and suggests, instead, a political economy perspective that indicates a dynamic cultural process by which corporations attempt to ensure profit maximization under changing circumstances.
Using Aldo Leopold’s Land Ethic to Read Environmental History
Authors: Walck Christa , Strong Kelly C.
Published: March 2007

Aldo Leopold’s notion of a land ethic provides a useful conceptual framework for interpreting environmental histories, which in turn may be used to plan more effective land use policies for the future. In this article, the authors use a Leopoldian framework as a heuristic device to interpret the environmental history of the land in one small place—the Keweenaw Peninsula of northern Michigan—where successive human purposes altered the landscape dramatically over time. This article identifies the historical roles that power relations and the land ethic have played in land use and land health. The article concludes by identifying the need for community action based in a land ethic to maintain a healthy forest through sustainable use. Although it is unlikely the Keweenaw forest will return to its preindustrial state, the community can aim for a forest that exemplifies Leopold’s qualities of integrity, stability, productivity, and beauty.
Contemporary Environmental Politics In Chile: The Struggle Over The Comprehensive Law
Authors: Silva Eduardo
Published: March 2007

This article examines the politics of environmental policymaking in newly democratized Chile in relation to two questions. What are the key axes of conflict over environmental policy? How and when do ideas, international actors, social forces, and state institutions influence policy outcomes? With respect to the first question, the paper argues that differences in two major competing views of sustainable development—a market-friendly and a pro gressive, alternative one—lie at the core of dissention in environmental poli tics. In the Chilean case, the recently enacted comprehensive environmental law facilitates a market-friendly approach. With respect to the second ques tion, the paper contends that international actors (principally the U.S. gov ernment and the World Bank) played an indirect, or permissive, role in the shaping of policy agendas through "green" conditionality on aid and trade negotiations. Ideas also shaped the policy agenda. They offered diagnoses of the problem and policy prescriptions. As a result, in the newly established democratic government of Patricio Aylwin (1990-1994), competing coalitions of state and social actors formed around the market-friendly and alternative interpretations of sustainable development. The final outcome largely depended on the fact that the former controlled a larger measure of state- institutional and economic power. The conclusion explores the implications of the Chilean case for the rest of Latin America.
Abbreviated Conners' Rating Scales revisited: A confirmatory factor analytic study
Authors: Parker J.D.A. , Sitarenios G. , Conners C.K.
Published: March 2007

The abbreviated Conners' Rating Scales for parents (CPRS-HI) and teachers (CTRS-HI) are two of the most widely used measures in the study of childhood psychopathology. The present study sought to clarify the factor structure of the CTRS-HI using a more heterogeneous sample than in previous research, and to examine the factor structure of the CPRS-HI for the first time. The factor structure for both 10-item scales was examined in a series of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with a sample of 2345 parents who completed the CPRS-HI and 1736 teachers who completed the CTRS-HI. The present study found that the CPRS-HI and the CTRS- HI are multidimensional measures when used with normal children and adolescents. The two scales have an identical two-factor structure: a restless/impulsive dimension and an emotional lability dimension. These dimensions were found to be highly correlated for both scales.
Performance on the Continuous Performance Task and the impact of reward
Authors: Corkum P.V. , Schachar R.J. , Siegel L.S.
Published: March 2007

It is widely believed that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) display a core deficit in their ability to sustain attention. Empirical support is primarily based on tasks which purport to measure this construct (e.g., the Continuous Performance Task; CPT). However, there exists a lack of converging evidence in this research literature. The aim of the present study was to: 1) determine if children with ADHD evidenced a sustained attention deficit as defined by both poorer performance as well as a differential vigilance decrement on a pre-selected CPT; and 2) examine the nature of these sustained attention deficits in relation to a motivation/compliance hypothesis. The results indicated that the ADHD children could be con sidered to display a sustained attention deficit based on the pre-selected CPT (i.e., they evi denced poorer performance and a differential vigilance decrement over time). However, this deficit in sustained attention could not be accounted for by motivational issues.
Consumer Preferences and Water Charging Options in a Large Urban Municipality
Authors: Higgs Helen , Worthington Andrew
Published: March 2007

Limited dependent variable techniques are used to model the decision-making process in a dual-pricing household water system as employed in Brisbane, Australia. In this system, households could initially choose to remain on a standard ratable value principle of payment for water or to move to a volumetric, user-pays system. Because of uncertainty associated with future household water demand, the option to remain on the existing system has value and is thereby incorporated into the appropriate decision-making model. A number of property and household characteristics are found to influence the choice of water charging system along with the value of the option. These include property size and ratable value, the number of household members, the type of garden vegetation, and the presence of various household appliances.
Traffic Calming in Public Works
Authors: Ochia Krys
Published: March 2007

Traffic calming is becoming an important public works traffic management tool for improving neighborhood livability in many U.S. jurisdictions. However, most published works on traffic calming focus on devices used, along with engineering design and standards or financing. In this study, the roles of engineers and planners in the delivery of traffic calming public works projects are examined. To better understand these roles, some characteristics of those public agencies involved with traffic calming are also discussed. Engineers play significant roles in the delivery of traffic calming public works services, from project ranking, design, and public involvement/outreach to project construction. Planners, on the other hand, contribute to such services in only about a third of surveyed jurisdictions, where they spend a substantial amount of their time on citizen involvement. Public agencies should encourage engineers and planners to collaborate in the delivery of traffic calming to maximize staff contributions and service to the public.
Segregation and Crime
Authors: SHIHADEH EDWARD S. , MAUME MICHAEL O.
Published: March 2007

Among the handful of studies that examine the influence of segregation on crime, there is a heavy reliance on the idea that segregation is a structured form of inequality that generates high crime rates in ways similar to that of other forms of inequality. The authors attempt to sharpen the link between Black segregation and Black crime by considering whether the centralization of urban Blacks to inner-city areas is associated with high rates of Black violence in the United States. Using racially disaggregated U.S. census and Uniform Crime Report data for 1990, the authors estimate sequential ordinary least squares models that examine the link between segregation and Black violence. A positive relationship between the city rates of Black homicide and the geographic centralization of Blacks relative to Whites is found. The evidence suggests that the structural impediments unique to the inner city are strongly related to the rates of Black homicide in those areas.
A Reconsideration of Some Aspects of the Utility Sacrifice Rules of Taxation
Authors: Vitaliano Donald F.
Published: March 2007

This paper derives the type of tax system (progressive, proportional or regressive) required by different marginal income utility functions to satisfy the equal absolute and equal proportional sacrifice of utility among taxpayers. The context is that in which the rules were originally formulated, namely, the old welfare economics of measurable and comparable utility. It is found that equal absolute sacrifice calls for progression only if marginal income utility decreases at a faster rate than income increases (inelastic schedule). All other marginal utility curves require regressive taxation, save the unit elastic Bernoulli curves which requires proportional taxation. Equal proportional sacrifice indicates proportional taxation if the ratio of the area formed by the product of income and marginal utility to the total area under the marginal curve up to that income level is the same for all income levels. If this ratio decreases, progressive taxation is required; if it increases, regressive taxation is needed. With equal absolute sacrifice, the degree of progression is shown to be independent of the amount of utility sacrificed, whereas with equal proportional sacrifice the greater the proportion of utility to be sacrificed the more progressive (or less regressive) must be the tax structure. Finally, Musgrave's assertion that a unit elastic marginal income utility curve calls for proportional taxation under either rule is shown to be incorrect.