bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Signatures of landscape and captivity in the gut microbiota of Southern Hairy-nosed Wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons)
Authors: Eisenhofer Raphael , Helgen Kristofer M. , Taggart David
Published: January 2021

Background

Herbivorous mammals co-opt microbes to derive energy and nutrients from diets that are recalcitrant to host enzymes. Recent research has found that captive management—an important conservation tool for many species—can alter the gut microbiota of mammals. Such changes could negatively impact the ability of herbivorous mammals to derive energy from their native diets, and ultimately reduce host fitness. To date, nothing is known of how captivity influences the gut microbiota of the Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat (SHNW), a large herbivorous marsupial that inhabits South Australia. Here, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized the faecal microbiota of SHNWs in captivity and from three wild populations, two from degraded habitats and one from an intact native grass habitat.

Results

We found that captive SHNWs had gut microbiota that were compositionally different and less diverse compared to wild SHNWs. There were major differences in gut microbiota community membership between captive and wild animals, both in statistically significant changes in relative abundance of microbes, and in the presence/absence of microbes. We also observed differences in microbial composition between wild populations, with the largest difference associated with native vs. degraded habitat.

Conclusions

These results suggest that captivity has a major impact on the gut microbiota of SHNWs, and that different wild populations harbour distinct microbial compositions. Such findings warrant further work to determine what impacts these changes have on the fitness of SHNWs, and whether they could be manipulated to improve future management of the species.
Could insulin receptor H1085H C > T single nucleotide polymorphism predict insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic and chronic hepatitis C virus patients in Egypt?
Authors: Bedair Rania Nabil , Magour Gehan M. , Ooda Said Ahmed , Amar Eman M. , Awad Ahmed Mostafa
Published: January 2021

Background

Insulin-receptor (INSR) is an α2β2 heterotetramer disulfide-linked trans-membrane glycoprotein and a family member of tyrosine kinase receptors. It mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin regulating glucose homeostasis. It is encoded by a single gene: INSR gene. The INSR gene comprises 22 exons. Exons 17–22 encode the tyrosine kinase domain, and mutations in this region impair the function of the insulin receptor that may cause insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Single nucleotide polymorphism with C > T substitution at His 1058 position of INSR (rs 1799817) located in exon 17 was considered to be involved in insulin resistance. Insulin receptor might be counter-regulated by degradation, differential expression, or modification by phosphorylation in cells expressing HCV core protein. HCV infection eventually leads to liver steatosis and fibrosis, increased oxidative stress, and peroxidation, all of which trigger a cascade of inflammatory responses, thus contributing to the development of insulin resistance. The present retrospective case-control aimed to study INSR H1085H C > T (rs 1799817) SNP in Egyptian patients suffering from chronic HCV infection with DM. The current study was conducted on two hundred and two participants of 100 males and 102 females, divided as follows: the control group (group I) included 50 apparently healthy volunteers of comparable age, sex, and socioeconomic status as patients groups, group II included 50 type 2 DM patients without HCV infection, group III included 52 chronic HCV infected patients without DM, and group IV included 50 HCV patients with DM.

Results

HOMA-IR and QUICKI index was significantly higher in the patient groups (groups II, III, and IV) than in controls (P < 0.001, P = 0.019, and P < 0.001, respectively). It was significantly lower in patients of group III than in patients of groups II and IV with P < 0.001 for both. DM patient group without HCV infection (group II) and HCV with DM (group IV) showed a significant decrease in CC genotypes and a significant increase in TT genotypes than the controls (P < 0.001, P = 0.018, respectively). HCV patients with DM (group IV) had the highest frequency of heterozygous genotype (CT) (50%). HCV-infected patients with T2DM (group IV) also showed a significantly higher frequency of minor allele (T) (35%) than controls (20%), and a lower frequency of the wild allele (C) (65%) than controls (80%).

Conclusion

The mutant allele “T” of INSR H1085H C > T (rs 1799817) SNP might be associated with an increased risk of developing insulin resistance and T2DM.
Stabilization of inter-area oscillations in two-area test system via centralized interval type-2 fuzzy-based dynamic brake control
Authors: Fayez Mohamed , Mandor Mohamed , El-Hadidy Mohamed , Bendary Fahmy
Published: January 2021

Inter-area oscillations are, by far, the most detrimental oscillation category to the integrity of synchronously interconnected power systems. Inter-area oscillations are characterized by the inherent weak damping. The inherent poor damping associated with the inter-area oscillations leaves open wide probabilities for irrevocable widespread blackouts with the consequent eventual devastating outcomes measured in terms of the huge economic casualties and the possible human fatalities. The main purpose of this work is to mitigate inter-area power oscillations. This article explores the effectiveness of dual thyristor controlled braking resistor units with Interval Type-2 fuzzy-based centralized architecture for neutralizing the jeopardy of inter-area power oscillations in Kundur’s two-area test system using MATLAB™/Simulink environment. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is examined by considering four case studies with different degrees of severity. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is simple yet effective in treating the inter-area oscillations appropriately under the considered case studies.
Conceptual Framework to Guide Early Diagnosis Programs for Symptomatic Cancer as Part of Global Cancer Control
Authors: Koo Minjoung Monica , Unger-Saldaña Karla , Mwaka Amos D. , Corbex Marilys , Ginsburg Ophira , Walter Fiona M. , Calanzani Natalia , Moodley Jennifer , Rubin Greg P. , Lyratzopoulos Georgios
Published: January 2021

Diagnosing cancer earlier can enable timely treatment and optimize outcomes. Worldwide, national cancer control plans increasingly encompass early diagnosis programs for symptomatic patients, commonly comprising awareness campaigns to encourage prompt help-seeking for possible cancer symptoms and health system policies to support prompt diagnostic assessment and access to treatment. By their nature, early diagnosis programs involve complex public health interventions aiming to address unmet health needs by acting on patient, clinical, and system factors. However, there is uncertainty regarding how to optimize the design and evaluation of such interventions. We propose that decisions about early diagnosis programs should consider four interrelated components: first, the conduct of a needs assessment (based on cancer-site–specific statistics) to identify the cancers that may benefit most from early diagnosis in the target population; second, the consideration of symptom epidemiology to inform prioritization within an intervention; third, the identification of factors influencing prompt help-seeking at individual and system level to support the design and evaluation of interventions; and finally, the evaluation of factors influencing the health systems’ capacity to promptly assess patients. This conceptual framework can be used by public health researchers and policy makers to identify the greatest evidence gaps and guide the design and evaluation of local early diagnosis programs as part of broader cancer control strategies.
The complex three-dimensional organization of epithelial tissues
Authors: Gómez-Gálvez Pedro , Vicente-Munuera Pablo , Anbari Samira , Buceta Javier , Escudero Luis M.
Published: January 2021

Understanding the cellular organization of tissues is key to developmental biology. In order to deal with this complex problem, researchers have taken advantage of reductionist approaches to reveal fundamental morphogenetic mechanisms and quantitative laws. For epithelia, their two-dimensional representation as polygonal tessellations has proved successful for understanding tissue organization. Yet, epithelial tissues bend and fold to shape organs in three dimensions. In this context, epithelial cells are too often simplified as prismatic blocks with a limited plasticity. However, there is increasing evidence that a realistic approach, even from a reductionist perspective, must include apico-basal intercalations (i.e. scutoidal cell shapes) for explaining epithelial organization convincingly. Here, we present an historical perspective about the tissue organization problem. Specifically, we analyze past and recent breakthroughs, and discuss how and why simplified, but realistic, in silico models require scutoidal features to address key morphogenetic events.
A muscle growth-promoting treatment based on the attenuation of activin/myostatin signalling results in long-term testicular abnormalities
Authors: Vaughan Danielle , Mitchell Robert , Kretz Oliver , Chambers David , Lalowski Maciej , Amthor Helge , Ritvos Olli , Pasternack Arja , Matsakas Antonios , Vaiyapuri Sakthivel , Huber Tobias B. , Denecke Bernd , Mukherjee Abir , Widera Darius , Patel Ketan
Published: January 2021

Activin/myostatin signalling acts to induce skeletal muscle atrophy in adult mammals by inhibiting protein synthesis as well as promoting protein and organelle turnover. Numerous strategies have been successfully developed to attenuate the signalling properties of these molecules, which result in augmenting muscle growth. However, these molecules, in particular activin, play major roles in tissue homeostasis in numerous organs of the mammalian body. We have recently shown that although the attenuation of activin/myostatin results in robust muscle growth, it also has a detrimental impact on the testis. Here, we aimed to discover the long-term consequences of a brief period of exposure to muscle growth-promoting molecules in the testis. We demonstrate that muscle hypertrophy promoted by a soluble activin type IIB ligand trap (sActRIIB) is a short-lived phenomenon. In stark contrast, short-term treatment with sActRIIB results in immediate impact on the testis, which persists after the sessions of the intervention. Gene array analysis identified an expansion in aberrant gene expression over time in the testis, initiated by a brief exposure to muscle growth-promoting molecules. The impact on the testis results in decreased organ size as well as quantitative and qualitative impact on sperm. Finally, we have used a drug-repurposing strategy to exploit the gene expression data to identify a compound – N6-methyladenosine – that may protect the testis from the impact of the muscle growth-promoting regime. This work indicates the potential long-term harmful effects of strategies aimed at promoting muscle growth by attenuating activin/myostatin signalling. Furthermore, we have identified a molecule that could, in the future, be used to overcome the detrimental impact of sActRIIB treatment on the testis.
Predictors of COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mudatsir Mudatsir , Fajar Jonny Karunia , Wulandari Laksmi , Soegiarto Gatot , Ilmawan Muhammad , Purnamasari Yeni , Mahdi Bagus Aulia , Jayanto Galih Dwi , Suhendra Suhendra , Setianingsih Yennie Ayu , Hamdani Romi , Suseno Daniel Alexander , Agustina Kartika , Naim Hamdan Yuwafi , Muchlas Muchamad , Alluza Hamid Hunaif Dhofi , Rosida Nikma Alfi , Mayasari Mayasari , Mustofa Mustofa , Hartono Adam , Aditya Richi , Prastiwi Firman , Meku Fransiskus Xaverius , Sitio Monika , Azmy Abdullah , Santoso Anita Surya , Nugroho Radhitio Adi , Gersom Camoya , Rabaan Ali A. , Masyeni Sri , Nainu Firzan , Wagner Abram L. , Dhama Kuldeep , Harapan Harapan
Published: January 2021

Background: The unpredictability of the progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be attributed to the low precision of the tools used to predict the prognosis of this disease.

Objective: To identify the predictors associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19.

Methods: Relevant articles from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science were searched as of April 5, 2020. The quality of the included papers was appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). Data of interest were collected and evaluated for their compatibility for the meta-analysis. Cumulative calculations to determine the correlation and effect estimates were performed using the Z test.

Results: In total, 19 papers recording 1,934 mild and 1,644 severe cases of COVID-19 were included. Based on the initial evaluation, 62 potential risk factors were identified for the meta-analysis. Several comorbidities, including chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension were observed more frequent among patients with severe COVID-19 than with the mild ones. Compared to the mild form, severe COVID-19 was associated with symptoms such as dyspnea, anorexia, fatigue, increased respiratory rate, and high systolic blood pressure. Lower levels of lymphocytes and hemoglobin; elevated levels of leukocytes, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, high-sensitivity troponin, creatine kinase, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, and procalcitonin; and a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate were also associated with severe COVID-19.

Conclusion: More than 30 risk factors are associated with a higher risk of severe COVID-19. These may serve as useful baseline parameters in the development of prediction tools for COVID-19 prognosis.
AI in healthcare: A narrative review
Authors: Väänänen Antti , Haataja Keijo , Vehviläinen-Julkunen Katri , Toivanen Pekka
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we focus on providing a narrative review of healthcare services in which artificial intelligence (AI) based services are used as part of the operations and analyze key elements to create successful AI-based services for healthcare. The benefits of AI in healthcare are measured by how AI is improving the healthcare outcomes, help caregivers in work, and reducing healthcare costs. AI market in healthcare sector have also a high market potential with 28% global compound annual growth rate. This paper will collect outcomes from multiple perspectives of healthcare sector including financial, health improvement, and care outcome as well as provide proposals and key factors for successful implementation of AI methods in healthcare. It is shown in this paper that AI implementation in healthcare can provide cost reduction and same time provide better health outcome for all.
Examining implicit beliefs in a replication attempt of a time-reversed priming task
Authors: Schlitz Marilyn , Delorme Arnaud
Published: January 2021

Background:Psi research is a controversial area of science that examines telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, and psychokinesis (mind over matter). Central to the debate over the existence of psi is of whether independent investigators can replicate reportedly successful psi experiments. One important variable involves the beliefs of experimenters and participants. A preregistered experiment is presented that sought to replicate and extend previously published parapsychology experiments suggestive of precognition by examining implicit beliefs.

Methods:On each trial of the standard (non-psi) priming task, a pleasant or unpleasant word (the "prime") is briefly shown on computer screen, followed immediately by a pleasant or unpleasant picture. Trials on which the image and the priming word have different valences are termed “Incongruent”; trials on which the picture and the priming word share a common valence are termed “Congruent”. Participants in such experiments typically respond more slowly on Incongruent trials than on Congruent trials. In this "time-reversed" psi version of the experiment, the presumed cause-effect sequence is reversed so that the prime is not flashed untilafterthe participant has already recorded his or her judgment. The experimental hypothesis remains the same: response times will be longer on trials with Incongruent prime/picture pairs than on trials with Congruent prime/picture pairs. Additionally, the study assesses expectations of success on the psi task of 32 experimenters—each testing 12 participants—using self-report questionnaires and the Implicit Association Task (IAT).

Results:A significant correlation was found between the Implicit Association Test (IAT) effect and the participants’ reported beliefs in psi, with the effect in the direction opposite to the hypothesized correlation.

Conclusions:This study offers an innovative approach to the role of beliefs in psi in a precognition study and speaks to the challenges of replication in controversial science.
BioPAN: a web-based tool to explore mammalian lipidome metabolic pathways on LIPID MAPS
Authors: Gaud Caroline , C. Sousa Bebiana , Nguyen An , Fedorova Maria , Ni Zhixu , O’Donnell Valerie B. , Wakelam Michael J.O. , Andrews Simon , Lopez-Clavijo Andrea F.
Published: January 2021

Lipidomics increasingly describes the quantitation using mass spectrometry of all lipids present in a biological sample.  As the power of lipidomics protocols increase, thousands of lipid molecular species from multiple categories can now be profiled in a single experiment.  Observed changes due to biological differences often encompass large numbers of structurally-related lipids, with these being regulated by enzymes from well-known metabolic pathways.  As lipidomics datasets increase in complexity, the interpretation of their results becomes more challenging.  BioPAN addresses this by enabling the researcher to visualise quantitative lipidomics data in the context of known biosynthetic pathways.  BioPAN provides a list of genes, which could be involved in the activation or suppression of enzymes catalysing lipid metabolism in mammalian tissues.
ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES AND EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS IN THE EU: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Koziuk Viktor , Dluhopolskyi Oleksandr , Voznyi Kazymyr
Published: January 2021

The system of environmental taxes in EU countries is expected to have an impact on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Since 2010 the emphasis on environmental regulation has shifted towards the EU 2020 strategy. This research continues the previous author’s studies about the environmental measurement of welfare economics. The article tests the hypothesis of the inverse effect of the environmental taxation level on CO2 emissions. The method of cross-correlation analysis was used to confirm the hypothesis. As the dependent variables were chosen emission indicators (CO2, PM2.5mg), and the independent variables were selected environmental taxes, the share of renewable energy, the number of businesses in the country that have an environmental certificate ISO 14001. The level of environmental taxation has a significant impact on the amount of CO2 emissions in the direction of their reduction. The share of renewable energy in final consumption also has a significant impact on the dynamics of changes in the amount of CO2. The analysis of environmental tax revenues in the EU showed the dominance of their fiscal component over the regulatory one.
What is the patient's and multidisciplinary team's perspective on telephone clinics?
Authors: Bouri Sonia , Sheth Roosey , LeBlanc Jean-Frédéric , Misra Ravi , Kamperidis Nikolaos , Poufou Gabriela , Younge Lisa , Tyrrell Tracy , Tozer Phil , Hart Ailsa
Published: January 2021

Background/Aims

During the COVID-19 pandemic, inflammatory bowel disease clinics were converted to telephone clinics at St. Mark's Hospital in Harrow. This study assessed the response of patients and clinicians to remote telemedicine services, with the view of establishing whether there was scope for increasing the role of remote services in the inflammatory bowel disease clinics.

Methods

Clinicians administered a questionnaire to patients at the end of their appointments regarding their opinions on the telephone clinic format. Eleven questions used a 5-point Likert scale while a further three questions asked the patient for their comments on future clinics. Clinicians provided information about the patients' condition and management, as well as their own comments.

Results

Overall satisfaction with telephone clinics was found to be high among patients and clinicans, with many feeling that telephone clinics were more convenient. In total, 94.3% of patients said they would prefer either all telephone or a mix of phone and face-to-face clinics in the future. However, some patients felt that it was more complicated to have blood or stool tests done and roughly a quarter of patients were concerned that something could be missed without a physical examination.

Conclusions

High patient satisfaction can be achieved by delivering a mix of telephone, video and face-to-face clinics. In certain clinical situations, face-to-face clinics would be appropriate, such as patients with active diseases and first appointments. The pandemic is an opportunity respond to patients' preferences by increasing the range of remote care options.
Analysis and verification of fluorescence super-resolution microscopy via polarization modulation in reciprocal space
Authors: Wang Xiao , Zhou Wenxia , Xu Dongdong , Yin Jianhua
Published: January 2021

Based on the polarization property of fluorescent dipoles, fluorescence super-resolution microscopy recently has been proposed by modulating the polarization of the excitation light. In this technique, the super-resolution image is reconstructed by processing the polarization-modulated fluorescence image stack with an iteration algorithm. However, the mechanism of resolution improvement by polarization modulation has been questioned. In this paper, the mechanism of resolution enhancement by polarization modulation is analyzed in reciprocal space. The mathematical model and the reconstruction algorithm of fluorescence super-resolution microscopy via polarization modulation are proposed in reciprocal space. The corresponding simulation results and analysis show that polarization modulation can enlarge the highest detected spatial frequency of fluorescence microscopy to achieve super resolution, which verifies the role of polarization modulation in resolution improvement and provides a useful reference to study fluorescence super-resolution microscopy via polarization modulation in reciprocal space.
Peculiar polarization response in chiral liquid crystal stacks for multispectral camouflage
Authors: He Ziqian , Yin Kun , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: January 2021

Chiral liquid crystals are self-organized Bragg reflectors which respond to circularly polarized light. Manipulation of the chiral structure has aroused great research interest. The x-y plane two-dimensional patterning of chiral liquid crystals leads to reflective planar optics, and the z-axis modulation results in a variety of photonic bandgap controls. Here, the optical properties of even-number left- and right-handed chiral liquid crystal stacks are investigated, with emphasis on the linear polarization response. Under certain conditions, a linearly polarized incidence can result in a linearly polarized reflected light. More intriguingly, the linear polarization has different forms of response to thick and thin chiral liquid crystal sublayers and responds to the rotation of liquid crystal alignment. Based on the peculiar polarization response, a new type of wavelength-response camouflage and anti-counterfeiting is conceptually proposed, which can hide two different images simultaneously within a small spectral range. Our work paves the way for three-dimensional manipulation of chiral liquid crystals and enlightens novel applications.
Super-extended nanofiber-guided field for coherent interaction with hot atoms
Authors: Finkelstein R. , Winer G. , Koplovich D. Z. , Arenfrid O. , Hoinkes T. , Guendelman G. , Netser M. , Poem E. , Rauschenbeutel A. , Dayan B. , Firstenberg O.
Published: January 2021

We fabricate an extremely thin optical fiber that supports a super-extended mode with a diameter as large as 13 times the optical wavelength, residing almost entirely outside the fiber and guided over thousands of wavelengths (5 mm), to couple guided light to warm atomic vapor. This unique configuration balances between strong confinement, as evident by saturation powers as low as tens of nW, and long interaction times with the thermal atoms, thereby enabling fast and coherent interactions. We demonstrate narrow coherent resonances (tens of MHz) of electromagnetically induced transparency for signals at the single-photon level and long relaxation times (10 ns) of atoms excited by the guided mode. The dimensions of the guided mode’s evanescent field are compatible with the Rydberg blockade mechanism, making this platform particularly suitable for observing quantum nonlinear optics phenomena.
Publishing, signaling, social capital, and gender: Determinants of becoming a tenured professor in German political science
Authors: Schröder Martin , Lutter Mark , Habicht Isabel M.
Published: January 2021

We apply event history analysis to analyze career and publication data of virtually all political scientists in German university departments, showing that each published refereed journal article increases a political scientist’s chance for tenure by 9 percent, while other publications affect the odds for tenure only marginally and in some cases even negatively. Each received award and third party funding increases the odds for tenure by respectively 41 and 26 percent, while international experience, social capital and children hardly have a strong influence. Surprisingly, having degrees from a German university of excellence strongly decreases the odds for tenure. Women with similar credentials have at least 20 percent higher odds to get tenure than men. Our data therefore suggests that the lower factual hiring rates of women are better explained by a leaky pipeline, e.g. women leaving academia, rather than because women are not hired even when they are as productive as men. The article contributes to a better understanding of the role of meritocratic and non-meritocratic factors in achieving highly competitive job positions.
An assessment of temporal, spatial and taxonomic trends in harmful algal toxin exposure in stranded marine mammals from the U.S. New England coast
Authors: Fire Spencer E. , Bogomolni Andrea , DiGiovanni Robert A. , Early Greg , Leighfield Tod A. , Matassa Keith , Miller Glenn A. , Moore Kathleen M. T. , Moore Michael , Niemeyer Misty , Pugliares Katie , Wang Zhihong , Wenzel Frederick W.
Published: January 2021

Despite a long-documented history of severe harmful algal blooms (HABs) in New England coastal waters, corresponding HAB-associated marine mammal mortality events in this region are far less frequent or severe relative to other regions where HABs are common. This long-term survey of the HAB toxins saxitoxin (STX) and domoic acid (DA) demonstrates significant and widespread exposure of these toxins in New England marine mammals, across multiple geographic, temporal and taxonomic groups. Overall, 19% of the 458 animals tested positive for one or more toxins, with 15% and 7% testing positive for STX and DA, respectively. 74% of the 23 different species analyzed demonstrated evidence of toxin exposure. STX was most prevalent in Maine coastal waters, most frequently detected in common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), and most often detected during July and October. DA was most prevalent in animals sampled in offshore locations and in bycaught animals, and most frequently detected in mysticetes, with humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) testing positive at the highest rates. Feces and urine appeared to be the sample matrices most useful for determining the presence of toxins in an exposed animal, with feces samples having the highest concentrations of STX or DA. No relationship was found between the bloom season of toxin-producing phytoplankton and toxin detection rates, however STX was more likely to be present in July and October. No relationship between marine mammal dietary preference and frequency of toxin detection was observed. These findings are an important part of a framework for assessing future marine mammal morbidity and mortality events, as well as monitoring ecosystem health using marine mammals as sentinel organisms for predicting coastal ocean changes.
Geography as non-genetic modulation factor of chicken cecal microbiota
Authors: Pin Viso Natalia , Redondo Enzo , Díaz Carrasco Juan María , Redondo Leandro , Sabio y. Garcia Julia , Fernández Miyakawa Mariano , Farber Marisa Diana
Published: January 2021

The gastrointestinal tract of chickens harbors a highly diverse microbiota contributing not only to nutrition, but also to the physiological development of the gastrointestinal tract. Microbiota composition depends on many factors such as the portion of the intestine as well as the diet, age, genotype, or geographical origin of birds. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the influence of the geographical location over the cecal microbiota from broilers. We used metabarcoding sequencing datasets of the 16S rRNA gene publicly available to compare the composition of the Argentine microbiota against the microbiota of broilers from another seven countries (Germany, Australia, Croatia, Slovenia, United States of America, Hungary, and Malaysia). Geographical location played a dominant role in shaping chicken gut microbiota (Adonis R2 = 0.6325,P= 0.001; Mantel statistic r = 0.1524,P= 4e-04) over any other evaluated factor. The geographical origin particularly affected the relative abundance of the families Bacteroidaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Clostridiaceae. Because of the evident divergence of microbiota among countries we coined the term “local microbiota” as convergent feature that conflates non-genetic factors, in the perspective of human-environmental geography. Local microbiota should be taken into consideration as a native overall threshold value for further appraisals when testing the production performance and performing correlation analysis of gut microbiota modulation against different kind of diet and/or management approaches. In this regard, we described the Argentine poultry cecal microbiota by means of samples both from experimental trials and commercial farms. Likewise, we were able to identify a core microbiota composed of 65 operational taxonomic units assigned to seven phyla and 38 families, with the four most abundant taxa belonging toBacteroidesgenus, Rikenellaceae family, Clostridiales order, and Ruminococcaceae family.
Novel method for modified interlaminar approach using contralateral oblique view: A technical suggestion
Authors: Baek Jungwon , Kim Jia , Cho Seunghee , Jeong Yujin , Kim Eung Don
Published: January 2021

A modified interlaminar (MIL) approach has been proposed for improved accessibility to the target epidural space. However, even with fluoroscopic guidance, uncertainty about the distance between the needle tip and the epidural space can remain. Using the contralateral oblique (CLO) view, determination of the epidural space can be easier with clearer identification of the interlaminar opening. We inserted the needle at the midpoint of the interlaminar opening on the fluoroscopic anteroposterior (AP) view and made the needle oriented toward the pedicle of the target side. Then, CLO view was created by rotating the intensifier approximately 45 degrees to the contralateral side of the target. Through the CLO view, the ventral interlaminar line (VILL) was confirmed and the needle was able to enter the epidural space more easily. The medical records of 29 patients who were conducted MIL approach using CLO view were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of this procedure. The accessibility to the ventral epidural space was 93.1%. There was no procedure-related complication. Using CLO view, uncertainty can be reduced during the MIL approach, which in turn shortens procedure time and improves safety.
produção social do espaço público na cidade de Belém-PA
Authors: De Castro Milene de Cássia Santos , Tavares Angelo Cezar Pinho
Published: January 2021

O espaço urbano no período recente tem atravessado uma forte influência mercadológica que altera o processo de produção e organização sócio espacial, que em grande parte complexificam e fragmentam estes espaços. Sendo assim, os espaços públicos nas grandes cidades acabam entrando na lógica de interesses privados que restringem os seus usos para determinados agentes sociais. Portanto, o problema central levantado nesta pesquisa se refere a: como o Complexo Feliz Lusitânia e a Feira do Açaí, se constituem enquanto públicos a partir de seus usos e organização sócio espacial? Dessa maneira, este artigo visa analisar como as práticas e usos presentes no Complexo Feliz Lusitânia e na Feira do Açaí os caracterizam enquanto espaços públicos. Como metodologia este artigo se utiliza de fontes bibliográficas, documentais e analise de conteúdo auxiliado por trabalho de campo realizado nos lócus de pesquisa delimitados. Como resultados, consideramos que os espaços públicos belenenses apesar de juridicamente se caracterizarem enquanto públicos, em grande parte não permitam a real condição de público destes espaços ao restringirem seus usos quase que exclusivamente ao consumo exacerbado, restringindo assim, aspectos de maior importância como a sociabilidade, a cooperação e a participação política da sociedade.
Почему не верят опросам, или Как фреймируются результаты опросов общественного мнения в современных российских СМИ
Authors: Душакова Ирина Сергеевна
Published: January 2021

Статья посвящена изучению фреймирования результатов опросов общественного мнения в современных российских СМИ как не заслуживающих доверия, а также распределения ролей в медийных сообщениях между опросными компаниями и СМИ как между двумя фреймирующими машинами. Исследование проведено при помощи фрейм-анализа на материалах медийных сообщений (N = 3035) с использованием базы данных «Медиалогия» за период с 2009 по 2019 гг. Традиционно результаты опросов общественного мнения привлекаются при проверке эффективности используемых фреймов, в данной статье они рассматриваются как медийно фреймируемая информация. Автор выделяет четыре варианта представления результатов опросов в СМИ по осям «доверие — недоверие» и «скрытое — явное», где тексты с недоверием к результатам опросов составляют четвертую часть выборки. В статье проанализированы и проиллюстрированы фреймирующие технологии, при помощи которых СМИ производят недоверие к опросам. Опираясь на традиционное для акторно-сетевой теории различение на «проводников» и «посредников», автор показывает, что СМИ описывают работу опросных компаний таким образом, чтобы все возможные поломки относились к их работе, тогда как работа самих медийных площадок оказывается скрытой. Представляя определенным образом результаты опросов и выступая, по сути, посредниками, СМИ фреймируют как посредника опросную компанию, а себя — как проводника.
Благодарность. Исследование выполнено при поддержке стипендиальной программы Oxford Russia Fellowship 2019-2020. Автор выражает признательность А. С. Титкову и В. С. Вахштайну за комментарии и замечания, которые позволили сделать текст лучше.
Цифровизация социальных контактов среди студенческой молодежи в России во время пандемии коронавируса
Authors: Андреенкова Анна Владимировна
Published: January 2021

Внедрение цифровых технологий приводит к изменениям во многих областях социальной жизни, постепенному переходу к «цифровому обществу». Карантинные меры по предотвращению распространения COVID-19 стали стимулирующим фактором развития цифровых социальных контактов. В первую очередь эти изменения затрагивают молодежь. Данные сравнительного исследования «Международный опрос о благополучии студентов в период коронавируса» (ISSC-МОБС) показывают, что во время режима самоизоляции социальные контакты остались важнейшим элементом образа жизни студенческой молодежи благодаря использованию цифровых форм взаимодействия. Внедрение цифровых технологий в социальную жизнь повысило интенсивность межпоколенных, личных и общих социальных контактов. В период карантина цифровые коммуникации позволили существенно снизить риски социальной изоляции, сохранить социальные связи, поддержать стабильность системы социальных отношений.
Цифровые контакты не становятся заменой личному общению с семьей, партнером и близким кругом людей, не ведут к меньшей интенсивности таких контактов, а дополняют имеющиеся возможности. Форма социальных контактов и субъекты контактов значимо влияют на социально-психологическое состояние людей во время карантинных мер. Интенсивное общение с близкими людьми в любой, в том числе цифровой форме, положительным образом сказывается на социально-психологическом состоянии, снижает вероятность проявления симптомов депрессии и одиночества, стимулирует положительные эмоции. Однако длительное время, проведенное в социальных сетях, безличные формы контактов без установления стабильной эмоциональной связи, напротив, ведут к увеличению симптомов депрессии, негативно влияют на социально-психологическое самочувствие студенческой молодежи.
Влияние цифровизации двойственно: оно ведет к расширению возможностей для социальных контактов с близкими людьми в кризисных ситуациях или в условиях территориальной удаленности, но в случае интенсивного погружения в мир цифровых социальных сетей оказывает негативный социально-психологический эффект.
Pengaruh Dukungan Sosial dan Proses Adaptasi dengan Status Kesehatan Mental Ibu Rumah Tangga Akibat Kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar di Kota Jakarta Timur
Authors: Calista Alvira Putri , Sriatmi Ayun , Budiyanti Rani Tiyas
Published: January 2021

Imposing large-scale social restrictions has resulted in a transition of activity patterns in society. This change results in many activities that must be done at home, so that housewives try to adjust quickly to the situation. This demand raises mental health problems, which can also affect physical health, so that other people to provide support can be important value to housewives. This study aims to analyze the effect of social support and adaptation processes on the mental health status of housewives, including levels of depression, levels of anxiety disorders, and levels of stress because of large-scale social restrictions. This research is a survey research with quantitative methods and using a cross-sectional design. Respondents of this study were 100 housewives who were taken using accidental sampling. Collecting data using a questionnaire and analyzed using the Rank Spearman test. The results showed a relationship between social support with the level of depression (p-value = 0.014) and the level of anxiety disorders (p-value = 0.030), as well as the adaptation process with the level of depression (p-value = 0.002). There is a relationship between social support with the level of depression and the level of anxiety disorders in housewives, and the adaptation process with the level of depression in housewives. It is recommended that the East Jakarta City Government develop a program that involves selected communities to become mental health counselors. In addition, the puskesmas can make innovations in mental health efforts for families and optimize the role of mental health cadres.
A imagem de Cristo no cinema
Authors: Faissol Pedro de Andrade Lima
Published: January 2021

A filósofa Marie-José Mondzain, em sua pesquisa acerca do imaginário contemporâneo, faz um recuo à segunda crise do iconoclasmo bizantino para resgatar um conceito operatório comum na análise das imagens produzidas e difundidas na contemporaneidade. Partiremos desse debate, sintetizado na oposição eikon/ eidolon, para comparar a imagem de Cristo em dois filmes religiosos: Rei dos Reis (1927), de Cecil B. DeMille, e O Rei dos Reis (1961), de Nicholas Ray. A análise fílmica verificará como os dois realizadores se posicionaram em relação ao dilema da idolatria: no filme de DeMille, para evitar uma representação idólatra de Jesus, adota-se uma operação marcada por um excesso de mediações, caracterizando-O de acordo com um imaginário iconográfico prévio; já no filme de Ray, a representação exacerbada de Cristo parece refletir, como um autêntico produto de seu tempo, a imagem de uma sociedade idólatra.
Intra- and inter-cultivar genetic variability in Bulgarian tobacco
Authors: Bojinov B. , Bozhinova R.
Published: January 2021

PURPOSE: The genus Nicotiana is a well-defined group of species of which tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is the most important crop plant and plays a significant role in the economies of many countries. Recent advances in molecular genetics of the crop allowed the identification of many important genes and their location on chromosomes. However, the genetic analysis of this inbreeding, highly homozygous plant that serves as a model in many other studies is still very much work in progress. METHODS: A large proportion of the tobacco genome is represented by highly repeated DNA sequences, which makes molecular markers, based on them, an obvious first choice in diversity studies. Here we present an assessment with Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers of the intra- and inter-cultivar variability in a set of Bulgarian tobacco varieties. RESULTS: The screening of the 4 primers revealed a varying number of bands generated by different primers. The total number of bands varied between 4 and 13. No correlation between the total number of bands and the number of polymorphic bands was observed. Testing with ISSR primers revealed that plants with different DNA profiles can be found in varieties used. The highly similar profiles when E7 primer was used in two of the tested varieties from different production types indicate that the DNA fingerprinting technique may present a particular challenge in this crop. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates the power of the ISSR technique as a tool for diversity identification in tobacco.
Adults learning additional languages in their later years
Authors: Singleton David , Záborská Dorota
Published: January 2021

This article will explore the experience—challenges, benefits, and satisfactions— that awaits older adults who embark on the adventure of learning additional languages, either as ‘true’ or ‘false’ beginners, or in some cases as resilient lifelong (foreign language) learners (to be distinguished from polyglots). Drawing on the increasing number of studies focusing on third-age language learning, the article will address the self-doubt afflicting many third-age language learners and the difficulties claimed to be imposed on them by the effects of an age-related decline in language-learning capacity. It will go on to discuss the benefits that are said to accrue for older learners of languages other than their first. Finally, it will address and exemplify from our own data the intense enjoyment which many older adults derive from language learning.
What’s in the family app?
Authors: Palviainen Åsa , Kędra Joanna
Published: January 2021

Communication within contemporary families is increasingly and to a significantextent mediated through technological devices and digital applications.Although the everyday reality of many multilingual families is permeated by technology, research on their digital and language practices has been scant. This article argues for the need for eclectic approaches that draw upon theories, practices, and findings from research on transnational families and migration, digitally mediated family communication, parental mediation, multilingualism online, and family multilingualism and language transmission. Two empirical case studies are presented on multilingual family constellations in Finland in which the instant messaging application WhatsApp was used to create space to sustain transnational family relationships, to negotiate about agency, to create cultural identity and group membership, as well as to practise and develop literacy. Whereas previous research has focused on digital practices in families, on multilingual practices on internet platforms, or on language transmission processes in families, we argue that future research should focus more on the digital multilingual family and explore the role of languages as embedded in digital media activities and interwoven in everyday family life.
Where are the new languages?
Authors: Van der Walt Christa
Published: January 2021

The use of the ecology metaphor is widespread in language studies, particularly in discussions about language policy and planning and minority language maintenance. Attributed to Haugen (1972), the metaphor emphasises the context in which languages are used, providing a holistic view of language and communication practices in a particular environment. Some authors link language diversity explicitly to environmental protection, noting that biodiversity coincides with language diversity (Krauss, 1992; Nettle and Romaine, 2000; Skutnab-Kangas, Maffi, and Harmon, 2003). The ecology metaphor seems to be linked mainly to the conservation of minoritized languages. In this article the argument is put forward that we need to recognise the limits of this metaphor where newly emerging languages are concerned. The implicit metaphor in the term ‘language ecology’ depends on an understanding of the natural world, so it can be argued that just as new species and new habitats are being discovered in the natural world, new languages should be acknowledged as part of the language landscape. Using the example of Sepitori and other urban varieties in South Africa, the article supports the recognition of newly emerging languages because it has important implications for education and for the potential of translanguaging classroom practices.
Multilingual awareness and metacognition in multilingually diverse classrooms
Authors: Jessner Ulrike , Allgäuer-Hackl Elisabeth
Published: January 2021

Research interest in multilingual development and multilingual awareness (MLA) has been growing over the last years, and MLA has been defined as a key component of multilingual learning and multiple language use. The first part of the article focuses on the development of MLA in learners as a subcomponent of metacognition and a key factor of emergent properties in multilinguals as presented from a dynamic systems and complexity theory perspective in the Dynamic Model of Multilingualism (DMM) (Herdina and Jessner, 2002). The second part describes a DMM-based language teaching and learning approach, the Five Building Blocks of Holistic Language Education/Learning, which visualises the relationship between linguistic and cognitive processes and enables teachers and learners to reflect on language acquisition and use in order to develop MLA.