bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KEEFEKTIFAN PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK PROFILAKSIS PADA PASIEN BEDAH SESAR (SECTIO CAESAREA)
Authors: Karminingtyas Sikni Retno , Oktianti Dian , Furdiyanti Nova Hasani
Published: July 2019

Bedah sesar (Sectio Caesarea) adalah melahirkan janin melalui suatu insisi pada dinding rahim dengan syarat rahim dalam keadaan utuh serta berat janin di atas 500 gram. Wanita yang melakukan persalinan secara bedah sesar memiliki risiko infeksi lebih besar 5-20 kali lipat dibandingkan persalinan normal. Di Indonesia prevalensi bedah sesar meningkat setiap tahunnya, semakin banyak biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh pasien bedah sesar di rumah sakit yang berhubungan dengan biaya medik langsung. Mengetahui gambaran penggunaan antibiotik profilaksis, keefektifan antibiotik profilaksis dan biaya medik langsung pada pasien bedah sesar di Rumah Sakit Islam Sultan Agung Semarang tahun 2016. Penelitian dilakukan secara non eksperimental (observasional), menggunakan metode deskriptif dan data diperoleh dari rekam medik secara retrospektif. Data yang digunakan sebagai sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 87 pasien dengan metode pengambilan data secara purposive sampling. Analisis data meliputi karakteristik pasien berdasarkan umur, lama perawatan, kondisi keluar rumah sakit, gambaran penggunaan antibiotik profilaksis, keefektifan antibiotik profilaksis yang dinilai dari nilai leukosit, dan suhu tubuh pasien pasca operasi serta biaya medik langsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 87 pasien yang diteliti paling banyak terjadi pada umur 20-35 tahun (75,86%), lama perawatan 5 hari (67,82%), dan kondisi keluar rumah sakit dengan status perbaikan (100%). Antibiotik profilaksis yang digunakan adalah Sefotaksim (66,67%), Sefuroksim (32,18%), dan Sefazolin (1,15%). Keefektifan penggunaan antibiotik profilaksis di Rumah Sakit Islam Sultan Agung Semarang tahun 2016 yakni 100% efektif. Rata-rata biaya medik langsung pada perawatan kelas I sebesar Rp.10.425.014,00, kelas II sebesar Rp. 8.806.403,00 dan kelas III sebesar Rp. 8.733.429,00. Berdasarkan penelitian penggunaan antibiotik profilaksis pada pasien bedah sesar di Rumah Sakit Islam Sultan Agung Semarang tahun 2016 adalah 100% efektif. Rata-rata biaya medik langsung pada perawatan kelas I, II dan III berbeda. Kata kunci      : antibiotik profilaksis, bedah sesar, keefektifan, analisis biaya
PENGARUH PERENDAMAN NaCl TERHADAP KADAR GLUKOMANAN DAN KALSIUM OKSALAT TEPUNG ILES-ILES (Amorphophallus variabilis Bi)
Authors: Ulfa Diah Anita Nurul , Nafi’ah Rohmatun
Published: July 2019

Umbi iles-iles (Amorphophallus Variabilis bi ) mengandung kadar glukomanan yang sangat tinggi dan memiliki banyak manfaat dalam berbagai bidang kesehatan, bidang farmasi,  bidang industri, bidang pangan. Selain memiliki manfaat yang besar umbi iles-iles mengandung kalsium oksalat  yang menyebabkan rasa gatal jika dikonsumsi secara langsung, iritasi dan batu ginjal. Tujuan pada penelitian ini adalah menurunkan kalsium oksalat  dengan  berbagai  perendaman NaCl dengan berbagai konsentrasi 0%, 5%, 10% dan 15% sehingga dapat  menaikkan kadar glukomanan pada tepung iles-iles. Metode yang digunakan dalam penentuan kadar kalsium oksalat adalah titrasi permanganometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa warna tepung yang direndam NaCl dengan konsentrasi 15% lebih putih dibanding NaCl 0 %. Hasil kadar air paling rendah pada konsentrasi NaCl 0% sebesar 7,21%, hasil rendemen tepung iles-iles terbesar yaitu NaCl  dengan konsentrasi 0% sebesar 22,66%, kadar glukomanan tertinggi pada NaCl 15% sebesar 21,55% dan kadar kalsium oksalat pada tepung iles-iles dapat di turunkan sebesar 91,6% pada konsentrasi NaCl 15%. sehingga tepung iles-iles memenuhi syarat ambang batas kalsium oksalat yang layak untuk di konsumsi. Kesimpulan  Pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi NaCl yang digunakan maka dapat  semakin menurunkan kalsium oksalat dan menaikan kadar glukomanan tepung iles-iles. Kata Kunci: Iles-iles (Amorphophallus Variabilisb Bi ), NaCl, Kalsium oksalat, Kadar glukomanan
FORMULASI MOUTHWASH EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KEMANGI (Ocimumbasilicum L.)
Authors: Ningrum Wulan Agustin , Waznah Urmatul
Published: July 2019

Mouthwash  adalah sediaan cair dengan viskositas yang tidak terlalu kental dan tidak terlalu cair, dengan rasa yang enak.  Daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri penyebab bau mulut, karena mengandung metabolit sekunder seperti  flavonoid, eugenol, tritepernoid.  Penelitian ini bertujuan  memformulasikan ekstrak etanol daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.)  ke dalam bentuk sediaan mouthwash. Ekstrak daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) dengan konsentrasi 1%, 2% dan 3% diformulasikan menjadi bentuk mouthwash. Evaluasi yang dilakukan meliputi  organoleptis, pH viskositas dan freeze-thaw cyling test. Hasil pengamatan organoleptis tidakmenunjukkan perubahan warna, bau, rasa maupun pemisahan pada mouthwash. Rentang  nilai pH adalah  6-7. Hasil pengamatan viskositas menunjukkan bahwa terjadi penurunan viskositas pada setiap pengukuran, namun masih mendekati nilai viskositas air. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada pengujian freeze-thaw cycling test, hasil pengamatan organoleptis menunjukkan tidak ada perubahan warna, bau, rasa dan homogenitas pada mouthwash, nilai pH dan nilai viskositas tidak menunjukkan adanya perubahan. Ekstrak daun kemangi  dapat diformulasi ke dalam sediaan mouthwash dan memenuhi persyaratan fisik meliputi pengamatan organoleptis, pengujian pH, viskositas serta Freeze-Thaw Cycling Test.Keywords: Daun kemangi, mouthwash, evaluasi fisik
Tanawu’ Al-Ibadah Di Muhammadiyah: Studi Terhadap Konsep Haji Tamattu’ Dengan Satu Sa’i Hasil Ijtihad Kh. Zen Fanani Magelang
Authors: Miswanto Agus
Published: July 2019

Kajian dalam tulisan berfokus pada fenomena tanawu’ul ibadah yang terjadi di lingkungan Muhammadiyah. Objek kajian ini adalah tentang haji tamattu’ yang merupakan hasil ijtihad dan istinbath KH Zen Fanani Magelang terhadap Alqur’an dan sunnah. Beliau seorang aktivis Muhammadiyah yang dalam konteks praktek haji tamattu’ beliau berbeda dengan fatwa majelis tarjih Muhammadiyah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ternyata di lingkungan Muhammadiyah praktek ibadah tidak selamanya harus persis sama sebagaimana yang difatwakan oleh majelis tarjih. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa fatwa di Muhammadiyah adalah tidak menjadi keputusan mengikat, hal ini berbeda dengan Putusan tarjih yang mengikat secara organisatoris. Dengan demikian, ulama-ulama Muhammadiyah di daerah memiliki independensi dalam hal-hal tertentu; serta mereka bisa memiliki pendapat atau ijtihad yang berbeda dengan hasil fatwa tarjih karena fatwa tarjih berfungsi sebagai irsyad atau bimbingan, tidak mengikat kepada setiap anggota. Fenomena demikian juga menunjukkan bahwa dinamika ijtihad di lingkungan Muhammadiyah tidak didominasi oleh fatwa atau putusan lembaga tarjih tingkat pusat, tetapi ulama-ulama Muhammadiyahdi daerah dan wilayah mempunyai kemerdekaan untuk menentukan pendapat yang didasarkan pada argumentasi atau dalil yang jelas.
Urgensi Diantara Dualisme Metode Pembelajaran Ceramah Dalam Kegiatan Belajar Mengajar Untuk Siswa MI/SD
Authors: Mahmudah Masruroh
Published: July 2019

Dalam perkembangan dunia pendidikan berpengaruh pada proses pembelajaran dan hasil belajar khususnya untuk siswa SD/MI. Berbicara tentang proses pembelajaran sering disebutkan bahwa seorang gurulah yang bertanggung jawab atas keberhasilan suatu kegiatan belajar mengajar. Oleh karena itu ujung tombak keberhasilan sebuah pembelajaran terletak pada guru. Pembelajaran dikatakan berhasil apabila prestasi belajar siswa atau nilai siswa banyak yang diatas KKM. Kreatifitas seorang guru sering dianggap tidak kreatif dan inovatif ketika guru hanya menggunakan metode ceramah, karena banyak kalangan yang mengatakan bahwa metode ceramah adalah metode konvensional dan monoton sehingga saat ini metode ceramah sudah mulai dikesampingkan. Dari banyaknya persepsi yang mengatakan hal itu membuat penulis ingin mengkaji tentang urgensi dan dualisme metode ceramah dalam pembelajaran untuk siswa SD/MI. Menurut penulis metode ceramah adalah sebuah metode yang istimewa yang tidak bisa berdiri sendiri tapi sudah include di setiap model dan metode pembelajaran. Terlebih khususnya untuk siswa SD/MI, Jadi metode ceramah tidak lagi menjadi metode monoton tetapi metode yang istimewa karena menjadi power full transferred informasi materi terhadap siswa dan jalannya proses pembelajaran. Sehingga ceramah bukan lagi metode monoton atupun konvensional tetapi sebuah metode multifungsi.
Efek Hari Libur Idul Fitri Terhadap Abnormal Return Saham Di Bursa Efek Indonesia
Authors: Hinawati Titik
Published: July 2019

This study intends to investigate on the effect of Idul Fitr Holiday on stock abnormal return of the companies accepted in Jakarta Islamic Index. Weekly data of the last 6 years, during the period of 2009-2014, was collected to this paper. The effect of Idul Fitr on Jakarta Islamic Index is examined by comparing abnormal return one week before Idul Fitr Holiday to the other weeks and one week after Idul Fitr Holiday to the other weeks. In this study, independent t-test has been used to test the research hypotheses. The findings offer that there is effect of Idul Fitr Holiday.
Quand la prescription d’opioïdes injectables trop prolongée induit dépendance, sevrage et désocialisation
Authors: Chvetzoff G. , Nichon P. , Penet A.-S. , Renard O. , Fournier M. , Arbiol E. , Brasy S. , Baylot D. , Ray-Coquard I. , Vaz G.
Published: July 2019

Cas clinique : Une jeune femme de 26 ans a été traitée par chimiothérapie puis chirurgie lourde et chimiothérapie adjuvante pour un sarcome d’Ewing des tissus mous envahissant l’aile iliaque droite. Elle a nécessité des opioïdes forts par voie intraveineuse pendant la période de traitement, et ceux-ci ont été poursuivis plusieurs mois après, avec des effets secondaires sévères, à type de syndrome de manque, de somnolence et d’impossibilité de réinvestir la vie quotidienne. Un relais par méthadone per os a permis une levée des effets secondaires très rapide, une réinsertion familiale et professionnelle et sevrage complet en quelques mois sans reprise des douleurs.

Discussion : Les opioïdes forts sont le traitement de référence de la douleur intense en oncologie, et le recours à la voie parentérale est justifié si le contrôle per os est insuffisant. Il est cependant impératif de revenir à une voie orale et de réduire progressivement les doses dès que l’étiologie de la douleur est contrôlée, au risque sinon d’induire des effets délétères potentiellement sévères, tant médicaux que psychosociaux.
Associations entre récepteurs opioïdes : vers de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques pour la douleur et l’addiction
Authors: Gaborit M. , Massotte D.
Published: July 2019

Les récepteurs opioïdes modulent de nombreuses fonctions physiologiques. Ces récepteurs peuvent s’associer entre eux pour former une nouvelle entité fonctionnelle nommée hétéromère dotée de propriétés fonctionnelles spécifiques. Des études in vivo ont révélé que ces hétéromères jouaient un rôle crucial dans la douleur aiguë et chronique ainsi que dans l’addiction, les désignant alors comme une nouvelle cible thérapeutique pour le traitement de ces pathologies.
Le point sur les cas d’abus et de dépendance à la poudre d’opium (Lamaline®, Izalgi®) en France
Authors: Fresse A. , Gibaja V. , Lapeyre-Mestre M. , Tournebize J. , Kahn J.-P.
Published: July 2019

L’objectif de cet article est de faire le point sur les cas d’abus et de dépendance relatifs à la poudre d’opium à partir des différentes données recueillies par les centres d’évaluation et d’information sur la pharmacodépendanceaddictovigilance. La poudre d’opium présente un potentiel d’abus/pharmacodépendance, en particulier primaire. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de surveiller la dernière spécialité à base de poudre d’opium plus fortement dosée, Izalgi®, dont la ressemblance avec Lamaline® peut induire en erreur les prescripteurs, en particulier en termes d’indications.
Society, Morality, Embodiment
Authors: Hausner Sondra L.
Published: July 2019

This issue of Durkheimian Studies presents the collective efforts of the participants of a workshop held in late 2017, the centenary anniversary of Émile Durkheim’s death, at the University of Oxford. The articles that emerged from it, published together in this special issue for the first time along with some new material, demonstrate a continuation of classic Durkheimian themes, but with contemporary approaches. First, they consider the role of action in the production of society. Second, they rely on authors’ own ethnographies: the contributors here engage with Durkheimian questions from the data of their own fieldsites. Third, effervescence, one of Durkheim’s most innovative contributions to sociology, is considered in depth, and in context: how do societies sustain themselves over time? Finally, what intellectual histories did Durkheim himself draw upon – and how can we better understand his conceptual contributions in light of these influences?
What Do Religions Actually Fight About?
Authors: Karsenti Bruno
Published: July 2019

In this article, I use a reading of The Elementary Forms of Religious Life to show the relevance of the sociological point of view developed by Durkheim in the analysis and understanding of issues related to the religious conflicts that affect contemporary societies. In particular, I focus on the definition of the critical social function of religion, based on a certain conception of the necessities of action in society and on a gradual transformation of the idea of salvation into a secular context.
The Bodily Efficacy of the Categories
Authors: Schüttpelz Erhard , Zillinger Martin
Published: July 2019

Between 1900 and 1912, Durkheim, Mauss and other contributors of the L’Année Sociologique developed the most ambitious philosophical project of modern anthropology: a comparative and worldwide social history of philosophical categories. This article briefly summarises three phases of the ‘Category Project’ and gives a preliminary characterisation of its Hegelian ambitions. Further, it points out the common denominator in the diverse success stories of the Category Project, namely the reference to the human body as the site of collective consciousness. In a second step, the article traces the intricate genesis and after-life of the most important category of bodily efficacy and epistemological insight provided by Durkheim and Mauss: the elaboration of ‘effervescence’ and its manifestation of ‘totality’.
From India to Australia and Back Again
Authors: Hausner Sondra L.
Published: July 2019

This article argues that, although we think of Australian tribal ritual as Durkheim’s source material for his masterwork The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, we must also consider the extensive Indological scholarship on which he draws – and with which he debates – as critical inspirations for the text. His extensive engagement with his nephew, Marcel Mauss, whose earlier work, Sacrifice, with Henri Hubert, was premised on an analysis of Vedic ritual, would have been one source for his study of religion writ large; Elementary Forms also takes up in detail the work of Max Müller, among other Indologists, whose work was well known and widely engaged with in the French and broader European intellectual context of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This article argues that the Indological comparative lens was key to Durkheim’s own approach as he worked to articulate the relationship between religion and society; in contrast to the philologists, he argued for the primacy of practice over language in ritual action.
Paraspinal muscle size as an independent risk factor for proximal junctional kyphosis in patients undergoing thoracolumbar fusion
Authors: Pennington Zach , Cottrill Ethan , Ahmed A. Karim , Passias Peter , Protopsaltis Themistocles , Neuman Brian , Kebaish Khaled M. , Ehresman Jeff , Westbroek Erick M. , Goodwin Matthew L. , Sciubba Daniel M.
Published: July 2019

OBJECTIVE

Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) is a structural complication of spinal fusion in 5%–61% of patients treated for adult spinal deformity. In nearly one-third of these cases, PJK is progressive and requires costly surgical revision. Previous studies have suggested that patient body habitus may predict risk for PJK. Here, the authors sought to investigate abdominal girth and paraspinal muscle size as risk factors for PJK.

METHODS

All patients undergoing thoracolumbosacral fusion greater than 2 levels at a single institution over a 5-year period with ≥ 6 months of radiographic follow-up were considered for inclusion. PJK was defined as kyphosis ≥ 20° between the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) and two supra-adjacent vertebrae. Operative and radiographic parameters were recorded, including pre- and postoperative sagittal vertical axis (SVA), sacral slope (SS), lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence (PI), and absolute value of the pelvic incidence–lumbar lordosis mismatch (|PI-LL|), as well as changes in LL, |PI-LL|, and SVA. The authors also considered relative abdominal girth and the size of the paraspinal muscles at the UIV.

RESULTS

One hundred sixty-nine patients met inclusion criteria. On univariate analysis, PJK was associated with a larger preoperative SVA (p < 0.001) and |PI-LL| (p = 0.01), and smaller SS (p = 0.004) and LL (p = 0.001). PJK was also associated with more positive postoperative SVA (p = 0.01), ΔSVA (p = 0.01), Δ|PI-LL| (p < 0.001), and ΔLL (p < 0.001); longer construct length (p = 0.005); larger abdominal girth–to-muscle ratio (p = 0.007); and smaller paraspinal muscles at the UIV (p < 0.001). Higher postoperative SVA (OR 1.1 per cm), smaller paraspinal muscles at the UIV (OR 2.11), and more aggressive reduction in |PI-LL| (OR 1.03) were independent predictors of radiographic PJK on multivariate logistic regression.

CONCLUSIONS

A more positive postoperative global sagittal alignment and smaller paraspinal musculature at the UIV most strongly predicted PJK following thoracolumbosacral fusion.
Croatian Adaptation of the Revised Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET)
Authors: Kotrla Topić Marina , Perković Kovačević Marina
Published: July 2019

The aim of this research was to translate and adapt the revised version of the "Reading the mind in the eyes test" (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) to the Croatian language, and to provide preliminary data on its reliability, factor structure and convergent validity in a healthy population of Croatian students. After translation and adaptation, the Croatian version of the RMET was administered to 146 undergraduate and graduate students (84 female and 62 male participants). Together with the RMET, we administered the Emotional Empathy Scale (Raboteg-Šarić, 1993). Results show low internal consistency reliability of the Croatian adaptation of the RMET and adequate reliability measured with maximal reliability H coefficient. Confirmatory factor analysis marginally supports the unidimensional model. Convergent validity was marginally confirmed by a significant positive correlation between REMT and empathy. Additionally, we created a short version of the RMET, showing adequate fit indices, but containing only seven items. Internal consistency reliability and composite reliability for this scale were satisfactory. We propose further investigation of psychometric properties of the Croatian adaptation of the RMET with research in general, more representative population. We also propose investigating test-retest reliability, as well as discriminant validity of the test.
Neoliberale Subjektivität. Sei du!
Authors: Vater Stefan
Published: July 2019

Der Beitrag unterstreicht und konkretisiert die These einer spezifischen Anrufung der Subjektivität unter postfordistischen oder neoliberalen gesellschaftlichen Verhältnissen. Gleichzeitig fragt er – vor dem Hintergrund postoperaistischer Ansätze – nach dem Ursprung dieser speziellen Anrufung und nach den Perspektiven von Subjektivität in einer neuen Phase der Kapitalentwicklung, in der der Wert nicht nur aus strukturierter Arbeit, sondern aus dem gesamten Potenzial des menschlichen Subjekts gewonnen wird.
Extending the dynamic range of biomedical micro-computed tomography for application to geomaterials
Authors: Edey D.R. , Pollmann S.I. , Lorusso D. , Drangova M. , Flemming R.L. , Holdsworth D.W.
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND:

X-ray computed tomography (CT) can non-destructively examine objects by producing three-dimensional images of their internal structure. Although the availability of biomedical micro-CT offers the increased access to scanners, CT images of dense objects are susceptible to artifacts particularly due to beam hardening.

OBJECTIVE:

This study proposes and evaluates a simple semi-empirical correction method for beam hardening and scatter that can be applied to biomedical scanners.

METHODS:

Novel calibration phantoms of varying diameters were designed and built from aluminum and poly[methyl-methacrylate]. They were imaged using two biomedical micro-CT scanners. Absorbance measurements made through different phantom sections were fit to polynomial and inversely exponential functions and used to determine linearization parameters. Corrections based on the linearization equations were applied to the projection data before reconstruction.

RESULTS:

Correction for beam hardening was achieved when applying both scanners with the correction methods to all test objects. Among them, applying polynomial correction method based on the aluminum phantom provided the best improvement. Correction of sample data demonstrated a high agreement of percent-volume composition of dense metallic inclusions between using the Bassikounou meteorite from the micro-CT images (13.7%) and previously published results using the petrographic thin sections (14.6% 8% metal and 6.6% troilite).

CONCLUSIONS:

Semi-empirical linearization of X-ray projection data with custom calibration phantoms allows accurate measurements to be obtained on the radiodense samples after applying the proposed correction method on biomedical micro-CT images.
Construction of a Full-Atomic Mechanistic Model of Human Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease APE1 for Virtual Screening of Novel Inhibitors
Authors: Khaliullin I. G. , Nilov D. K. , Shapovalova I. V. , Švedas V. K.
Published: July 2019

A full-atomic molecular model of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease APE1, an important enzyme in the DNA repair system, has been constructed. The research consisted of hybrid quantum mechanics/ molecular mechanics modeling of the enzyme-substrate interactions, as well as calculations of the ionization states of the amino acid residues of the active site of the enzyme. The choice of the APE1 mechanism with an Asp210 residue as a proton acceptor was validated by means of a generalization of modeling and experimental data. Interactions were revealed in the active site that are of greatest significance for binding the substrate and potential APE1 inhibitors (potential co-drugs of interest in the chemo- and radiotherapy of oncological diseases).
Recombinant Influenza Vaccines
Authors: Sedova E. S. , Shcherbinin D. N. , Migunov A. I. , Smirnov Yu. A. , Logunov D. Yu. , Shmarov M. M. , Tsybalova L. M. , Naroditskiĭ B. S. , Kiselev O. I. , Gintsburg A. L.
Published: July 2019

This review covers the problems encountered in the construction and production of new recombinant influenza vaccines. New approaches to the development of influenza vaccines are investigated; they include reverse genetics methods, production of virus-like particles, and DNA- and viral vector-based vaccines. Such approaches as the delivery of foreign genes by DNA- and viral vector-based vaccines can preserve the native structure of antigens. Adenoviral vectors are a promising gene-delivery platform for a variety of genetic vaccines. Adenoviruses can efficiently penetrate the human organism through mucosal epithelium, thus providing long-term antigen persistence and induction of the innate immune response. This review provides an overview of the practicability of the production of new recombinant influenza cross-protective vaccines on the basis of adenoviral vectors expressing hemagglutinin genes of different influenza strains.
Identification of Novel RNA-Protein Contact in Complex of Ribosomal Protein S7 and 3’-Terminal Fragment of 16S rRNA in E. coli
Authors: Golovin A. V. , Khayrullina G. A. , Kraal B. , Kopylov А. М.
Published: July 2019

For prokaryotes in vitro, 16S rRNA and 20 ribosomal proteins are capable of hierarchical self- assembly yielding a 30S ribosomal subunit. The self-assembly is initiated by interactions between 16S rRNA and three key ribosomal proteins: S4, S8, and S7. These proteins also have a regulatory function in the translation of their polycistronic operons recognizing a specific region of mRNA. Therefore, studying the RNAprotein interactions within binary complexes is obligatory for understanding ribosome biogenesis. The non-conventional RNAprotein contact within the binary complex of recombinant ribosomal protein S7 and its 16S rRNA binding site (236 nucleotides) was identified. UVinduced RNAprotein cross-links revealed that S7 cross-links to nucleotide U1321 of 16S rRNA. The careful consideration of the published RNA protein cross-links for protein S7 within the 30S subunit and their correlation with the X-ray data for the 30S subunit have been performed. The RNA protein crosslink within the binary complex identified in this study is not the same as the previously found cross-links for a subunit both in a solution, and in acrystal. The structure of the binary RNAprotein complex formed at the initial steps of self-assembly of the small subunit appears to be rearranged during the formation of the final structure of the subunit.
Methanogenic Community Dynamics during Anaerobic Utilization of Agricultural Wastes
Authors: Ziganshin A. M. , Ziganshina E. E. , Kleinsteuber S. , Pröter J. , Ilinskaya O. N.
Published: July 2019

This work is devoted to the investigation of the methanogenic archaea involved in anaerobic digestion of cattle manure and maize straw on the basis of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis of archaeal 16S rRNA genes. The biological diversity and dynamics of methanogenic communities leading to anaerobic degradation of agricultural organic wastes with biogas production were evaluated in laboratory-scale digesters. T-RFLP analysis, along with the establishment of archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, showed that the methanogenic consortium consisted mainly of members of the genera Methanosarcina and Methanoculleus, with a predominance of Methanosarcina spp. throughout the experiment.
The Evolutionary Pathway of X Chromosome Inactivation in Mammals
Authors: Shevchenko A. I. , Zakharova I. S. , Zakian S. M.
Published: July 2019

X chromosome inactivation is a complex process that occurs in marsupial and eutherian mammals. The process is thought to have arisen during the differentiation of mammalian sex chromosomes to achieve an equal dosage of X chromosome genes in males and females. The differences in the X chromosome inactivation processes in marsupial and eutherian mammals are considered, and the hypotheses on its origin and evolution are discussed in this review.
Identification of Novel IGF1R Kinase Inhibitors by Molecular Modeling and High-Throughput Screening
Authors: Moriev R. , Vasylchenko O. , Platonov M. , Grygorenko O. , Volkova K. , Zozulya S.
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study was to identify small molecule compounds that inhibit the kinase activity of the IGF1 receptor and represent novel chemical scaffolds, which can be potentially exploited to develop drug candidates that are superior to the existing experimental anti-IGF1R therapeuticals. To this end, targeted compound libraries were produced by virtual screening using molecular modeling and docking strategies, as well as the ligand-based pharmacophore model. High-throughput screening of the resulting compound sets in a biochemical kinase inhibition assay allowed us to identify several novel chemotypes that represent attractive starting points for the development of advanced IGF1R inhibitory compounds.
Transfer of Silver Nanoparticles through the Placenta and Breast Milk during in vivo Experiments on Rats
Authors: Melnik E. A. , Buzulukov Yu. P. , Demin V. F. , Demin V. A. , Gmoshinski I. V. , Tyshko N. V. , Tutelyan V. A.
Published: July 2019

Silver nanoparticles (NPs), widely used in the manufacture of various types of consumer products and for medical applications, belong to novel types of materials that pose potential risks to human health. The potential negative effects of the influence of these NPs on reproduction are insufficiently researched. A quantitative assessment of the transfer of metallic silver nanoparticles through the placenta and breast milk was carried out during an in vivo experiment. We used 34.9 14.8 nm in size silver NPs that were stabilized by low-molecularweight polyvinylpyrrolidone and labeled with the 110mAg radioactive isotope using thermal neutron irradiation in a nuclear reactor. [110mAg]-labeled NPs preparations were administered intragastrically via a gavage needle to pregnant (20th day of gestation) or lactating (14-16th day of lactation) female rats at a dose of 1.69-2.21 mg/kg of body weight upon conversion into silver. The accumulation of NPs in rat fetuses and infant rats consuming their mothers breast milk was evaluated using a low-background semiconductor gamma-ray spectrometer 24 and 48 hours following labeling, respectively. In all cases, we observed a penetration of the [110mAg]-labeled NPs through the placenta and ther entry into the mothers milk in amounts exceeding by 100-1,000 times the sensitivity of the utilized analytical method. The average level of accumulation of NPs in fetuses was 0.085-0.147% of the administered dose, which was comparable to the accumulation of the label in the liver, blood, and muscle carcass of adult animals and exceeded the penetration of NPs across the hematoencephalic barrier into the brain of females by a factor of 10-100. In lactating females, the total accumulation of [110mAg]-labeled NPs into the milk exceeded 1.94 0.29% of the administered dose over a 48 h period of lactation; not less than 25% of this amount was absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract of infant rats. Thus, this was the first time experimental evidence of the transfer of NPs from mother to offspring through the placenta and breast milk was obtained.
Non-Viral Delivery and Therapeutic Application of Small Interfering RNAs
Authors: Nikitenko N. A. , Prassolov V. S.
Published: July 2019

RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful method used for gene expression regulation. The increasing knowledge about the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon creates new avenues for the application of the RNAi technology in the treatment of various human diseases. However, delivery of RNA interference mediators, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), to target cells is a major hurdle. Effective and safe pharmacological use of siRNAs requires carriers that can deliver siRNA to its target site and the development of methods for protection of these fragile molecules from in vivo degradation. This review summarizes various strategies for siRNA delivery, including chemical modification and non-viral approaches, such as the polymer-based, peptide-based, lipid-based techniques, and inorganic nanosystems. The advantages, disadvantages, and prospects for the therapeutic application of these methods are also examined in this paper.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis and Adaptor Proteins
Authors: Popova N. V. , Deyev I. E. , Petrenko A. G.
Published: July 2019

Macromolecules gain access to the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells using one of several ways of which clathrin-dependent endocytosis is the most researched. Although the mechanism of clathrin-mediated endocytosis is well understood in general, novel adaptor proteins that play various roles in ensuring specific regulation of the mentioned process are being discovered all the time. This review provides a detailed account of the mechanism of clathrin-mediated internalization of activated G protein-coupled receptors, as well as a description of the major proteins involved in this process.
Kinetic Parameters and Cytotoxic Activity of Recombinant Methionine γ-Lyase from Clostridium tetani, Clostridium sporogenes, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Citrobacter freundii
Authors: Morozova E. A. , Kulikova V. V. , Yashin D. V. , Anufrieva N. V. , Anisimova N. Y. , Revtovich S. V. , Kotlov M. I. , Belyi Y. F. , Pokrovsky V. S. , Demidkina T. V.
Published: July 2019

The steady-state kinetic parameters of pyridoxal 5-phosphate-dependent recombinant methionine -lyase from three pathogenic bacteria, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium sporogenes, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, were determined in - and -elimination reactions. The enzyme from C. sporogenes is characterized by the highest catalytic efficiency in the -elimination reaction of L-methionine. It was demonstrated that the enzyme from these three sources exists as a tetramer. The N-terminal poly-histidine fragment of three recombinant enzymes influences their catalytic activity and facilitates the aggregation of monomers to yield dimeric forms under denaturing conditions. The cytotoxicity of methionine -lyase from C. sporogenes and C. tetani in comparison with Citrobacter freundii was evaluated using K562, PC-3, LnCap, MCF7, SKOV-3, and L5178y tumor cell lines. K562 (IC50=0.4-1.3 U/ml), PC-3 (IC50=0.1-0.4 U/ml), and MCF7 (IC50=0.04-3.2 U/ml) turned out to be the most sensitive cell lines.
Improved Traffic Control in Aba using Decade Counter and Solar Reliant Traffic Light System
Authors: Chinenye E Uchegbu , Kelechi Inyama
Published: July 2019

This paper is aimed at designing an efficient traffic light model for the commercial city of Aba in Abia State, Nigeria, using LED (Light Emitting Diode). LED consumes 80 – 90 percent less energy than the normal incandescent lamps, and lasts 5 – 8 years or longer. The traffic control system involves the use of decade counter and timer for the design and circuit simulation. This analysis can efficiently be implemented at intersections in the city of Aba. It also involves the use of an alternative power supply system in the case of public power failure, for an effective constant control system.
Development Strategy for Smallholding Plantation Commodities in West Aceh Regency
Authors: Purnama Fandi , Emma Pravitasari Andrea , Widiatmaka Prof
Published: July 2019

Plantation commodities in West Aceh Regency are one of the regional economic potency that need to be developed because this regency has enormous land potency and plays an important role in improving the regional economy and the socio-economic life of the community. This study aims to 1) find out the leading commodities of smallholding plantation in each sub-district in West Aceh Regency, and (2) the drafting a strategy for developing smallholding plantation commodities in West Aceh Regency. Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift Share Analysis (SSA) method were used to determine leading commodities. Factors of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were analyzed descriptively. The development of a smallholding plantation strategy uses the A'WOT approach. A'WOT is a combination of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) methods. The results of the study show that the commodities of smallholding plantation in West Aceh Regency are oil palm, rubber and coconut. the main strengths factor for the development strategy of smallholding plantation commodities is the potency of large land but has not been used optimally, the main weakness factor is access to capital which is still very limited while the opportunity factors that are the main factors are the contribution to the regional economy is very high and the main threats factor namely environmental issues. The application of the strategy to the development of smallholding plantation commodities, namely strengths-opportunities, namely the development of strengths by exploiting opportunities.
简述超高层建筑幕墙单元体吊装施工技术
Authors: 彭 少军
Published: July 2019

随着我国建筑业可持续发展的推进,超高层建筑越来越多,建筑设计造型也越来越新颖。而单元式幕墙以其装饰效果美观、施工周期快捷、装配质量可靠等优点,已成为高层或超高层外墙装饰的首选类型。本文以太原中铁三局建设科技研发中心幕墙工程为实例,对其超高层幕墙的单元体在现场吊装施工技术进行了简单论述。
论小型农田水利工程建设施工技术要点
Authors: 韦 小龙
Published: July 2019

随着我国农业经济水平的不断提高,农田水利工程在农业发展中的作用日益凸显,特别是小型农田水利工程的重要性越来越大。为了有效提升农田水利工程的施工质量与施工技术水平,农田水利工程施工单位要重视工程施工前的准备工作,为农田水利工程后期施工奠定坚实的基础。基于此,本文就小型农田水利工程建设施工技术要点进行分析。
工民建筑管理问题及有效探讨
Authors: 程 阿鹏
Published: July 2019

我国工民建工程规模随着社会经济的发展以及民众生活水平的提高而不断扩大,同时,其质量问题也引起更多领域人士的关注。无论是人们的生活质量还是社会效益,工程质量与安全问题都会产生直接性影响。因此,不断地挖掘施工管理深度和广度,研究探索出新的管理模式,不仅可确保工程质量优质,而且为企业取得昀大的经济与社会效益提供保障。
论房建工程中混凝土节能施工技术探究
Authors: 彭 雪莹
Published: July 2019

房屋建筑工程是国家建设中的重点,现代中国房屋建筑普遍使用混凝土作为建筑原材料进行房屋建造。在建设初期需要对建筑稳固性差的节点进行加固,工程完毕后由于使用者的使用习惯或者不可抗因素的影响,都将造成工程寿命的缩减,需要对相关结构进行二次加固达到延长工程使用寿命的目的。本文作者根据自己的工作经验,介绍了建筑房屋中混凝土施工技术及建筑施工节能技术。
深基坑围护结构施工技术在桥梁施工中的分析
Authors: 徐 江平
Published: July 2019

在桥梁建设过程中,桥梁基坑是桥梁建设的重要基础,其质量的好坏直接影响着整座桥梁的整体结构和质量。为此,施工单位在施工过程中,应该将工作重心放在桥梁基坑的建设上,同时要确保每一个施工人员具有精湛的基坑建设工艺技术,熟悉掌握好每个工程阶段的施工要领,确保工期和施工质量。本文对桥梁施工中深基坑围护结构施工技术进行了简要分析。
新型绿色建筑工程造价预算与成本控制
Authors: 江 春平 , 周 乐姗
Published: July 2019

随着经济的不断发展,我国城市化进程的推进速度不断加快,这也进一步提升了建筑工程的数量,面对这一情况,建筑企业想要实现良好的未来发展就必须争取更多的工程项目,想要实现这一目标不仅要从整体上提升自身技术实力,同时也要重点向可持续发展方向上进行考虑。当前我国为了有效改善自然生态环境极大强化了各行业的环保要求,在这样的现实情况下,新型绿色建筑工程的概念被逐渐确立。而企业想要实现良好的发展归根结底还是要确保自身经济效益的提升,所以综合当前社会环境以及企业发展根本内容,我们需要对新型绿色建筑工程造价预算与成本控制进行详细的分析。
对建筑施工管理及绿色建筑施工管理的探讨
Authors: 徐 博
Published: July 2019

随着我国城市化进程的不断加快,建筑工程行业的发展也已经进入到了一个新的阶段,人们的整体生活质量得到了很大的提升,建筑工程的施工管理工作重要性得到了逐渐明确。在这样的时代背景之下,人们的环保意识也在不断提升,绿色施工理念的全面深化落实成为了人们关注的重点,做好绿色施工管理工作可以使建筑工程施工的生态性得到有效提升,因此,对绿色施工管理理念的落实情况进行探讨是非常有必要的。
低碳理念在园林景观中的应用
Authors: 张 保平
Published: July 2019

现如今,随着我国城市园林发展越来越快,相关人员已经逐渐认识到低碳理念在园林景观中的重要作用。在实际的园林工程设计中,设计人员不仅仅要考虑到园林景观的审美效果,同时还应该考虑到园林工程施工时是否会对生态环境产生影响。以下是对低碳理念在园林景观中的应用简要阐述,希望对深入研究低碳理念在园林景观中的应用提供合适的参考。
水利工程的现代化和精细化管理
Authors: 牛 红兵 , 张 海山
Published: July 2019

社会主义基础设施建设和完善下,水利工程规模进一步扩大,在社会经济持续增长中做出了重大的贡献。水利工程关乎社会民生,在工程项目建设中,为了保证工程质量,实现资源高效开发和利用,加强水利工程现代化建设和精细化管理很有必要,改变粗放型管理模式不足,将责任细化到各个环节,共同努力下建设高质量的水利工程项目。本文就水利工程现代化和精细化管理进行探究,把握内涵和目标所在,寻求合理措施持续推进水利工程建设活动顺利展开,为社会经济持续增长奠定基础。
论谈建筑工程施工的技术应用分析
Authors: 孙 辉勇
Published: July 2019

建筑工程施工的技术应用直接影响项目的好坏。先进的技术可以促进项工程目的建设,反之亦然将推迟延误工程进度。本文主要讨论了建筑工程中的技术应用。探讨用技术管理措施如何加强建筑工程。
关于建筑工程招投标阶段造价控制的探讨
Authors: 王 玉花 , 杨 寅亚
Published: July 2019

建筑工程项目执行招投标的目的是适应市场经济的客观发展需求,而招投标阶段的造价控制是为了优化资源配置,增大资源综合利用率,保证工程项目在规定时间内交付竣工。基于此,本文主要分析了建筑工程招投标阶段,造价控制的实际价值以及存在的突出性问题,并提出了切实可行的改进策略。
园林绿化冬季施工技术管理措施
Authors: 麻 应伟
Published: July 2019

从园林绿化方面分析,施工技术的管理工作拥有技术性强、实践性强特点。作为施工技术管理工作人员必须要兼具园林绿化理论性知识与现场实践指导能力,由此才能够达成园林绿化工程在艺术性、技术性与科学性层面的契合,全方面提升园林绿化管理成果。以园林绿化冬季施工为例,为了有效提高植株成活率,促进植株的健康、茁壮生长,就必须要加强施工技术管理。
简析城建工程中的水利建筑防渗施工技术及其管理
Authors: 苏 春明
Published: July 2019

水利建筑工程防渗施工是一项非常复杂的工作,因此需要在不同的施工条件下要选择不同的防渗施工技术,这样才能对出现的渗漏问题更好的进行治理,同时在操作中需要结合实际情况,加强对其施工管理,从而保障其安全运行。基于此,本文简述了水利建筑工程的渗水原因,对城建工程中的水利建筑防渗施工技术及其管理进行了简要分析。
住宅小区建筑规划设计的主要构思与设计方法
Authors: 周 聪
Published: July 2019

随着社会经济发展,人们对居住环境的要求也在不断提高,给住宅小区的建筑规划设计带来了越来越大的挑战,住宅小区的建筑规划设计除了要满足居民舒适度要求的同时还要满足居民的精神需求,与此同时,还应符合现代化环保节能理念,从而实现住宅小区的建筑规划设计水平的全面提升,因此,有必要对住宅小区的建筑规划设计的主要构思与方法加以研究分析,有效推动住宅小区的建筑规划设计发展。
BIM信息技术在建筑设计中的应用研究
Authors: 王 小奕
Published: July 2019

BIM信息技术作为较为先进的技术之一,将其应用在建筑设计中,对于建筑行业的发展有着重要意义。本文就对BIM信息技术在建筑设计中的应用进行研究与分析,以供借鉴。
土木工程房建工程质量问题与对策研究
Authors: 惠 旭东
Published: July 2019

随着经济水平的快速提升,建筑企业对房建工程提出了更高的质量要求,土木工程的高质量施工有利于推动建筑行业的稳定发展,但是在实际施工过程中存在着大量的隐患问题,施工人员要树立成品保护意识同时从细节问题抓起对施工各个环节进行严格控制与管理,定期检测施工设备,对存在问题的设施及时更换维修,只有这样才能有效确保房建工程的质量安全,减少隐患问题的发生,防止造成不必要的经济损失。
建筑工程管理的影响因素与对策
Authors: 王 东
Published: July 2019

现代建筑工程管理具有复杂性以及系统性等特点,并且其影响因素较多,因此想要提升建筑工程管理水平,必须充分结合其影响因素,并采取相应的对策。因此为了保障建筑工程管理的有效性,本文简述了建筑工程管理的必要性,对建筑工程管理的影响因素及其对策进行了探讨分析。
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN KEKURANGAN ENERGI KRONIS PADA IBU HAMIL
Authors: Febriyeni Febriyeni
Published: July 2019

Chronic Energy Deficiency is a situation where the nutritional status someone is on the Less Good Condition. Among the 22 health centers in the district of Lima Puluh Kota, CED highest coverage at the health center are Banja Laweh Namely Case 17 (16.50%) of 103 pregnant mothers. Preliminary Survey of 10 pregnant women at health centers Banja Laweh, note 4 people (40%) of them suffered CED. Based on the findings of interviews stating Not pregnant women know the importance of the size upper arm circumference on Against her pregnancy, in addition to pregnant women consume no food Diversified, because lust Eating Less and Economics not sufficient. Objectives for review determine factors related to the occurrence of Chronic energy deficiency on pregnant women. Methods descriptive analytic with cross sectional approach. Data collection is done on Date in January-February 2017. CASE is a whole population of pregnant women in the region are working Health Center Banja Laweh Year 2017, amounted to 55 people, with sampling total sampling. Operating data analysis using univariate and bivariate statistical test Chi Square. Results of univariate analysis 87,3% of respondents experienced Genesis not CED, (60,0%) High Knowledge, (56,4%) Economy High, and 61,8% of Eating Well. Bivariate analysis known Relationship of Knowledge (p = 0.013 and OR = 12,000, Economics (p = 0.035 and OR = 10,000), and Diet (p = 0.019 and OR = 13,200) with the Genesis CED pregnant women. Can be concluded that the factors related to the occurrence of CED pregnant women is Science, Economics and the Diet. Expected to conduct monitoring of the health center and Supervision of pregnant women at risk Against The Genesis CED, so the negative impact of the CED can be addressed early on.
EVALUASI PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM KESEHATAN PEDULI REMAJA (PKPR) DISEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS KOTA BUKITTINGGI TAHUN 2017
Authors: Suciana Sri
Published: July 2019

Seiring dengan perkembangan arus informasi dan teknologi yang berkembang pesat, Remaja sudah mengalami perubahan secara alamiah yang selalu berdampak kepada masalah yang cukup serius, maka masalah – masalah remaja pun mulai kompleks dari periaku seksual remaja ,Program Kesehatan Peduli Remaja adalah program kesehatan yang ditujukan kepada remaja salah satu wadah untuk memecahkan masalah yang mereka hadapi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui evaluasi Pelaksanaan PKPR di Sekolah Menengah Atas Kota Bukittinggi Tahun 2017.

Desain peneilitian ini yaitu studi kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi, dilakukan di Kota Bukitinggi dari bulan januari – februari 2018, Pengumpulan data dengan focus group discussion (FGD) dan wawancara mendalam pada 5 orang informan dan focus group discussion 10 orang informan guna untuk menggali informasi mengenai pelaksanaan program kesehatan peduli remaja sedangkan validasi  data dilakukan dengan triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi metode.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan PKPRdikota Bukittinggi berpedoman pada buku panduan yang dikeluarkan oleh Kementerian Kesehatan RI, dana untuk pelaksanaan PKPR bersumber dari DAK, BOK, Serta pendanaan dari UKS. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah, disarankan agar Pemerintahan Kota Bukittinggi atau Dinas Kesehatan Kota Bukitinggi dan Dinas Pendidikan membuat sebuah metode baru dalam memberikan penyuluhan kesehatan  agar pelaksanaan program ini dapat berjalan secara maksimal guna terciptanya remaja Indonesia yang sehat dan berkualitas

Kata kunci :Evaluasi, Remaja, PKPR, SMA, Kota Bukittinggi.

 
An analysis of implementation nursery competence standard in the serve unit of Achmad Mochtar Hospital Bukittinggi 2018
Authors: Syukri Rahmat
Published: July 2019

Competence is the foundation for most professional practice frameworks, even though concepts are difficult to be understood. Competency models vary and are internal, individual and approach attributes about what is known and what can be done by individuals, to social approaches to external activities that focus on activities or functions that need to be carried out competently.
               The purpose of the research is to find out the analysis, describe and interpret the nurse's competence with the implementation of the nurse's authority in the implementation of nursing actions in Achmad Mochtar government Hospital Bukittinggi of service unit in 2018. This type of research is qualitative by approaching with a phenomenological study. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling with 11 participants. Interview conducted once time. Data analysis on the phenomenological approach according to Creswell (2013) uses a systematic coding process.               The research results found that participants have already a certificate of nursing competence obtained through competency exams, training and workshops. The competency certificates such as BTCLS and STR. The average participant does not have a competency certificate outside nursing               Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that nursing services provided by nurses have been professionally provided to patients who need nursing care. This is evidenced by the implementation of nursing care that is in accordance with the process of nursing care. This research is expected to be a consideration for the hospital so that the operational standard procedure for delegation of doctors' authority to the nurses of Achmad Mochtar Government Hospital Bukittinggi needs to be more detailed and firm and the implementation of the doctor's authority to nurses in writing form.
 

 
Keywords: serve units, nurses, competency standards
Diagnosis Of The Quality Of Educational Outputs Within Quality Assurance Standards Duhok University Model
Authors: Taher Farhad Mikael , Hussein Hussein Ahmed
Published: July 2019

The aim of the research is to study and examine the reality of outputs quality education in the University of Duhok, and in order to accomplish the goal of the research and complete its requirements, the researchers started preparing a theoretical frame work, making use of the practical field aspect which included samples of (158) heads of department and teachers in colleges, A questionnaire was developed to collect data, and through some statistical methods, the results were analyzed and hypotheses tested, The research concluded that the reality of quality of the outputs of education in the University of Duhok for the years of study (2014-2017) varied from year to year, some recommendations were also advised which focused on the teaching quality assurance in the University.