bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE AGE OF MENARCHE IN SYDNEY SCHOOLGIRLS IN 1973 WITH COMMENT ON THE SECULAR TREND
Authors: MARDER K. , HARVEY J. , RUSSO P.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

The age of menarche was investigated in a cross‐sectional sample of 840 girls aged 9 to 17 years attending state schools in Sydney in 1973. A probit analysis yielded a mean of 13.26 ± 0.069 yr with a standard deviation of 1.10 yr. Norms for onset of menstruation were estimated for girls 9 to 18 years in 6‐monthly intervals. The results were in close agreement with Melbourne data from Towns et al. (1966). A retrospective mean was also found (12.76 yr) which did not differ significantly from a recent similar analysis on Sydney schoolgirls by Harper and Collins (1972). A survey of recent overseas studies using probit analyses found a consensus in Western Europe of 13.0 to 13.4 yr although older and younger means are in evidence elsewhere. An examination of the evidence on a secular trend in menarche in Australia suggested the evidence was not sound enough to allow any positive statement.
THE USE OF MOTOR MILESTONES TO DETERMINE RETROSPECTIVELY THE CLINICAL ONSET OF DISEASE
Authors: PEARN J. H.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

The technique of determining a child's age when clinical disease is first manifest is described formally. Single or selected motor milestones are used in a manner different from that encompassing general developmental testing to formulate age for diagnostic or prospective use. By the use of such motor milestones, together with appropriate frequency distribution curves and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease in question, objective data can be collected which is not obtainable by other means. Its use is of particular relevance to the clinical management of infants and children who are known to be at risk from genetically determined neuromuscular disease of all types; and to nosological research in paediatrics. The method is of special value clinically in the management of those diseases whose prognosis is correlated with the child's age when clinical onset of the disease first becomes manifest.
THE USE OF A CARBOHYDRATE‐FREE FEEDING FORMULA IN AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC DIARRHOEA
Authors: GRACEY M. , HENDERSON R.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

A newly devised carbohydrate‐free feeding fromula (CF1, Nestlé) was used in 48 Aboriginalinfants and children with malnutrition and diarrhoeal illnesses. It was effective in rapidly reducing diarrhoea in most patients, and in some requiring intravenous feeding it was a useful additional source of calories. Such a formula should prove useful in malnourished children with diarrhoea, and a simple, standardized regime is put forward for trial in ares where medical and nursing supervision are in short supply.
JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PRESENTING AS TORTICOLLIS
Authors: ROBINSON M. J. , BARTLETT JOHN
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

Involvement of the cervical spine may be the first manifestation of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. This occurred in 2 out of 105 patients with thisdisease at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne; both presented astorticollis.
THE 18p‐ SYNDROME: A CASE REPORT AND BRIEF REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: FITZGERALD MARGARET G.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

A female baby with multiple developmental anomalies died at 2 months of age. The malformations included microcephaly and gross facial defects. Chromosome studies revealed a deletion of the short arms of a no. 18 chromosome.
Morphological Development of The Lung: A Review
Authors: ALCORN D. G. , ALEXANDER I. G. S. , MALONEY J. E. , RITCHIE B. C. , WALKER A. M.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

This literature review compares the developing lung structure of several mammalian species and identifies those features which are common at birth. Potential air‐conducting structures are formed early in gestation with the bronchial tree being developed well before the alveoli and gas exchanging structures. The distal pulmonary epithelium differentiates into alveolar type I and II cells whilst capillaries proliferate in the pulmonary mesenchyme. Late in gestation structures similar in shape to adult alveoli form and potential gas exchanging areas are detectable. Cell inclusions associated with the production of pulmonary surfactant develop during the latter part of gestation and are abundant at term. Whilst the relative rates of development of these pulmonary structures vary between species, the lung has a common fundamental architecture at birth.
TEMPORARY RESOLUTION OF GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE WITH CYTOTOXIC THERAPY
Authors: KEIPERT J. A.
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSIS

Geographic tongue had been present prior to the development of lymphosarcoma in a boy aged 7 years. The lymphosarcoma was treated with cyclical courses of cytotoxic therapy (M.O.P.P.), consisting of nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisolone, with initial remission, but later recurrence. Remission and recurrence of the geographic tongue occurred in a cyclical fashion, and could be correlated with courses of MOPP. This association has not apparently been described.

These changes are documented, and the possible causes of this phenomenon are considered, but the multiple components of MOPP make it difficult to ascribe the changes to one component or function of therapy.
Ventilatory Disturbance in Children with Obstructive Lung Disease
Authors: MELLIS CRAIG M. , LANDAU LOUIS I.
Published: March 2008

Mellis, C. M. and Landau, L. I. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 77–82. Ventilatory disturbance in children with obstructive lung disease. Disease in the small airways leads to alteration in the slope of phase III of the single breath nitrogen washout following a breath of 100% oxygen. Normal children and those with asthma and cystic fibrosis were studied by this technique. Measurement of the slope of phase III of the single breath washout appeared to be a sensitive indicator of abnormal pulmonary function in children with these diseases. Results obtained in many children with cystic fibrosis suggested that the upper lung regions were predominantly affected.
A 20‐Year Follow‐up of Children with a Partial Thoracic Stomach (Hiatal Hernia)*
Authors: CARRE IVO , ASTLEY ROY , LANGMEAD‐SMITH RHODA
Published: March 2008

Carre, I., Astley, R. and Langmead‐Smith, Rhoda (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 92–94. A 20‐year follow‐up of children with a partial thoracic stomach (hiatal hernia). A preliminary report is presented of a long‐term prospective study undertaken to ascertain the prognosis of children with a partial thoracic stomach (hiatal hernia) beyond childhood. This survey relates to 94 children who were originally studied by two of the authors (I.C. & R.A.) during 1950–1955. These patients had either received no specific treatment or had been managed conservatively by postural therapy. Although over 90% were free of symptoms, about one half still had a well defined intrathoracic gastric loculus on fluoroscopic examination.
Extreme Hypernatraemia in a Child Receiving Gastrostomy Feeding
Authors: HOWMAN‐GILES R. H. , ROY L. P.
Published: March 2008

Howman‐Giles, R. H. and Roy, L. P. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 167–170. Extreme hypernatraemia in a child receiving gastrostomy feeding. A 2‐year 7‐month‐old child with oesophageal atresia developed extreme hypernatraemic dehydration after being given hyperosmolar feedings in a fixed volume via gastrostomy. His thirst had been met by increasing his sham oral intake and no water was added to gastrostomy feeds.

When medical intervention removes a patient's ability to respond normally to homeostatic demands, hypernatraemic dehydration must be anticipated and those caring for the patient instructed how to correct this deficiency. The parents of a child with a long‐standing gastrostomy must be aware of the need to make appropriate corrections to the feedings in response to the child's indication of hunger or thirst.
Tasmanian Infant Feeding Survey, 1974
Authors: COY J. F. , LONGMORE E. A. , MAIR C. H. , RATKOWSKY D. A.
Published: March 2008

Coy, J. F., Longmore, E. A., Mair, C. H. and Ratkowsky, D. A. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 171–175. Tasmanian infant feeding survey, 1974. Information on infant feeding practices were collected during a one‐month period in 1974 throughout Tasmania. Child health sisters interviewed 394 mothers of 3 months old babies born between March 31 and April 27, 1974. The results are compared with similar surveys conducted in 1952, 1964 and 1969, and indicate that the downward trend in the incidence of breast feeding in the previous decades has been halted. There is a continuing decline in the use of cow's milk as an artificial feed.
Growth and Development of Fat in Adolescent School Children in Victoria: Part 2. Influence of Ethnic, Geographic and Socio‐Economic Factors
Authors: COURT J. M. , DUNLOP MARJORIE , REYNOLDS M. , RUSSELL J. , GRIFFITHS LEONIE
Published: March 2008

Court, J. M., Dunlop, Marjorie, Reynolds, M., Russell, J. and Griffiths, Leonie (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 305–312. Growth and development of fat in adolescent school children in Victoria. Part II. Influence of ethnic, geographic and socio‐economic factors.

Data from the survey of growth attainment of 5347 Victorian school children aged 11 to 18 years has been analysed to determine the influence of ethnic, geographic and socio‐economic factors on measurements of height, weight and skin‐fold thickness.

Children living in the country tended to be taller than those living in the metropolitan area of Melbourne, and were slimmer as measured by skinfold thickness.

Second generation Australian boys were taller than boys from families in which one or both parents had migrated to Australia. The same was true for girls until the age of 15 years.

Skinfold thickness measurements from children with Italian or Greek born parents were greater than second generation Australian children, most of whose families came originally from the U.K.

The effect of socio‐economic factors on growth could not be assessed from this study because of overlap of the variables studied. It was concluded however that both ethnic and geographic factors were independently related to growth in height and body fat.
Selection of Patients by Ultrasonic Echography for Fetal and Immediate Neonatal Surgery
Authors: GARRETT WILLIAM J. , KOSSOFF GEORGE
Published: March 2008

Garrett, W. J. and Kossoff, G. (1976).
Aust. paediat. J., 12, 313–318. Selection of patients by ultrasonic echography for fetal and immediate neonatal surgery. Many congenital anatomical anomalies can be diagnosed by two‐dimensional grey scale ultrasonic echography in the fetus and neonate at an earlier stage than has hitherto been possible. This information allows immediate neonatal surgery to be undertaken and demonstrates the possibility of the intrauterine surgical relief of obstructive conditions. Illustrative examples are given.
Problems encountered in the diagnosis of galactosaemia
Authors: OBERKLAID FRANK , DANKS DAVID M. , DAVIES HAROLD E.
Published: March 2008

Oberklaid, F., Danks, D.M. and Davies, H.E. (1976). Aust. paediat. J., 12 14–18. Problems encountered in the diagnosis of galactosaemia. A review of 10 babies with galactosaemia revealed wide variation in the mode of clinical presentation, and emphasized the importance of constant vigilance to ensure that the diagnosis is not missed. Diagnosis is simple provided that the possibility of galactosaemia is remembered in young babies with a wide range of rather non‐specific symptoms. The advent of neonatal screening will not diminsh the need for vigilance because babies with galactosaemia may become ill and even die before the result of the screening test is available.
Health Survey‐Disadvantaged Schools
Authors: ROBERTS R. W. , MACK J. , WOODHEAD D.
Published: March 2008

Roberts, R. W., Mack, J. and Woodhead, D. (1976). Aust. paediat, J., 12, 31–36. Health survey — disadvantaged schools. A health survey of 10 year olds in 3 ‘disadvantaged’ and 3 ‘non‐disadvantaged’ schools in Western Australia is described. Little difference was found in physical growth and general nutrition between the two groups, but there were highly significant differences in behaviour. There was a trend in impaired physical growth in the most disadvantaged school population compared with the other 5. The findings are discussed.
Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice in Chinese, Malay and Indian Infants
Authors: TAN K. L.
Published: March 2008

Tan, K. L. (1976). Aust. paediat. J. 12, 43–46. Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice in Chinese, Malay and Indian infants. The effectiveness of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice was compared in three closely matched groups of Chinese, Malay and Indian infants. Reduction in bilirubin levels was achieved in all three groups, and no significant difference was demonstrated among them.

Phototherapy appears to be equally effective in reducing bilirubin levels in Chinese, Malay and Indian infants.
Childhood urinary candidiasis successfully treated with 5‐fluorocytosine
Authors: Lines D.R.
Published: March 2008

Lines, D. (1976). Aust. paediat. J., 12, 49–52. Childhood urinary candidiasis successfully treated with 5‐fluorocytosine. Urinary candidiasis is a relatively rare problem in children which, until recently, required amphotericin either intravenously or by bladder wash out for eradication. Two children who developed this infection secondary to neurological bladder disease were treated with 5‐fluorocytosine. Very high levels of the 5‐fluorocytosine were found in the urine and a rapid clinical and bacteriological response obtained. No signs of toxicity were seen on clinical or biochemical examination. It is concluded that 5‐fluorocytosine is a safe, effective form of therapy for urinary candidiasis.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation in systemic Candida albicans infection treated successfully with heparin and prothrombin concentrate
Authors: GATOT D. , SMITH P. J. , EKERT H.
Published: March 2008

Gatot, D., Smith, P. J. and Ekert, H. (1976). Aust. paediat. J., 12, 53‐55. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in systemic Candida albicans infection treated successfully with heparin and prothrombin concentrate. An 11 year old boy receiving intravenous hyperalimentation developed disseminated intravascular coagulation as a complication of Candida albicans septicaemia. This usually fatal complication was successfully treated with heparin and a prothrombin concentrate, as documented by clinical improvement, and improvement in platelet count and coagulation studies.
Parasites of Horses and Dogs in N.S.W
Authors: ROSS I. CLUNIES
Published: March 2008

Abstract of paper read before the Veterinary Section of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, Adelaide, August, 1924.
SOME ASPECTS OF PARASITIC GASTROENTERITIS OF SHEEP.*
Authors: McL. Gordon Hugh
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The nature of parasitic gastro‐enteritis of sheep is discussed from a number of aspects.

The necessity is stressed for the separation of “parasitic gastro‐enteritis” into various disease entities before it is possible to understand its pathogenesis, treatment and prevention.

The more important gastro‐intestinal helminthiases of sheep in Australia are discussed as to reasons for their importance, symptomatology, epidemiological considerations with special reference to seasonal occurrence, and diagnosis.

The less important parasites are discussed briefly.

The extent and significance of parasitic gastro‐enteritis in sheep in Australia is examined with comments on the number of sheep involved and the nature and range of losses which may occur.

The effects of sub‐clinical levels of infestation are discussed and their general contribution to unthriftiness in sheep is stressed.

The influence of the complex effects of parasitic infestations and the variations in their intensity from year to year combine to make for inefficiency of intermittent control measures and necessitate continuous control measures based on epidemiological information.

Some information is presented on the costs of control measures, chiefly regarding costs of anthelminties. The cost of an “epidemiological” plan of treatment is given.

The uses, testing and efficiency of anthelmintics are discussed with emphasis on preventive or strategic use as opposed to curative use.

The application o f anthelmintics for greatest preventive effect depends on epidemiological information to determine the strategic and tactical timing of treatments. Results of trials of anthelmintics under outbreak conditions are presented to place the value of anthelmintics in proper perspective.

Preventive measures are considered in the light of indications for points of attack in the life‐cycle and with regard for difficulties in early diagnosis and complex seasonal fluctuations in parasite populations.

Long term plans may be necessary for some parasitic diseases, notably oesophagos‐tomiasis due to Oe. columbianum.

A knowledge of the ways in which resistance may be influenced is capable of making a large contribution to the development of control measures, despite the absence of precise understanding of the mechanism of resistance.

The special case of the “Self‐Cure” phenomenon is discussed further and doubt is cast oil the hypothesis suggested in a previous paper (Gordon, 1948a).
THE TOXICITY OF ATALAYA HEMIGLAUCA (“Whitewood”) FOR HORSES
Authors: Murnane D.
Published: March 2008

Experiments were carried out in which nine horses were given in their daily ration the dried leaves and dried fruit of Atalaya hentiglauca at several dose rates.

The horses were born and bred in Victoria and the plant material was collected in the Kimberley district of Western Australia.

Up to 190 lb. of dlried leaves were consumed over a period of approximately six months without the production of toxic effects. The dried fruit when consumed in quantities as small as 0.5 oz. daily proved lethal in 179 days.

A higher dose rate of the dried fruit proved lethal in a shorter time, The highest dose rate was 6 oz. daily which proved lethal in three days, after 1 lb. 2 oz. had been consumed.

Although the fruit of the plant was found to be highly toxic to horses the results of the experiment did not reveal what, if any, association there play be between the consumption of the plant and the occurrence of Kimberley horse disease.
THE VALUE OF THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES MALATHION AND DIAZINON FOR THE PROTECTION OF SHEEP AGAINST BODY STRIKE.1
Authors: Riches J. H. , O'Sullivan P. J.
Published: March 2008

The efficiency of the organic phosphorus insecticides, malathion and diazinon, in protecting sheep against body‐strike by Lucilia cuprina, under semi‐field conditions, was evaluated in comparison with aldrin, dieldrin and BHC.

The insecticides were applied by jetting to that area of the sheep on which the majority of body‐strikes originate, namely a strip about 12 inches wide from just in front of the withers to the butt of the tail. Care was always taken to saturate the wool down to the skin.

Efficiency was measured weekly by placing 2–300 freshly hatched blow‐fly larvae on the skin of the treated portion of the experimental animals and checking survival rates 24 hours later. A treatment was considered to have lost its efficiency when larvae survived for 24 hours on two separate occasions on 50 per cent. of the sheep.

Malathion at concentrations of 0.05 per cent., 0.1 per cent. and 0.25 per cent. was efficient for 7, 8 to 9 and 10 weeks respectively. Aldrin and dieldrin at the same concentrations were efficient for 11 to 18 weeks.

In one experiment diazinon at a concentration of 0.008 per cent. was effective for 23 weeks and at 0.04 per cent. for 33 weeks whereas aldrin at 0.05 per cent. lost its efficiency after 9 weeks. In a second experiment performed during a period of high summer rainfall (35.56 inches in 18 weeks) diazinon at 0.02 per cent. gave protection for only 16–18 weeks and dieldrin at 0.025 per cent. for 7–9 weeks. In this experiment no difference in the efficiency of either insecticide could be detected in sheep with wool 3/4 to inches, 1 3/4 to 2 inches or 2 1/2 to 3 inches in length.

The results showed that a concentration of not less than 0.02 per cent. diazinon would probably be necessary under field conditions to prevent body‐strike for long periods during which high rainfall occurs.
TRANQUILLISERS IN VETERINARY PRACTICE
Authors: H.D.A. H. R. Spira. B.V.SC.
Published: March 2008

summary

The value and uses of tranquillisers have been discussed as they apply to the field of small animal medicine.

Comparison has been made in the use of tranquillisers and narcotic and sedative drugs in premedication to anaesthesia as well as between tranquillising agents and barbiturate anaesthetics in the sedation of small animal patients.
NEONATAL MORTALITY IN LAMBS ASSOCIATED WITH GOITRE
Authors: Setchell B. P. , Dickinson D. A. , Lascelles A. K. , Bonner R. B.
Published: March 2008

Enlarged thyroids up to 100 g were found on three properties in the Crookwell district of New South Wales in new‐born lambs which died within a few days of birth. A decrease in thyroid iodine concentration and a retardation in the osseous maturity were found in many of these lambs. Histologically, the thyroids showed colloid goitres. This was associated on two of the properties with a 30% loss of lambs in the first few days after birth.

Some increase in thyroid size could be detected in clinically normal lambs.

None of the known goitrogenic plants was known to have been eaten by the ewes, which had grazed largely on subterranean clover and rye grass.
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF PIGS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Campbell E. A. , Lingam S. A.
Published: March 2008

The handling and training of boars used as donors in artificial insemination is described.

Training takes from one to two months.

Techniques of collection vary slightly depending on apparatus used.
CRITICAL AND CONTROLLED LABORATORY TRIALS IN SHEEP WITH TETRAMISOLE
Authors: Hart J. A. , Curr C.
Published: March 2008

Critical and controlled anthelmintic tests were carried out using tetramisole hydrochloride per os against adult and immature gastro‐entestinal nematodes of sheep.

The drug was highly effective against adult Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia spp, Trichostrongylus axei, intestinal Trichostrongylus spp, Nematodirus spp, Oesophagostomum columbi‐anum and Chabertia ovina, and against 5th stage worms of the two latter species, at 10 mg/kg bodyweight and above. Efficiency against Trichuris ovis ranged from 67 to 100% at 20 mg/kg.

A dose rate of 10 mg/kg was 98 to 100% effective against 14‐day old H. contortus and T. axei, and against both 7‐day and 14‐day old intestinal Trichostrongylus spp infections, but a rate of 15 mg/kg was required for high activity against 14‐day old Ostertagia spp. Seven‐day old infections of H. contortus, T. axei and particularly Ostertagia spp were more resistant, and drug activity was variable at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg.

Tetramisole would appear to have good activity against 7‐day and 14‐day old larvae of O. columbianum at 15 mg/kg in lambs in which the development of this species tended to be retarded.
METHOXYCHLOR RESIDUES IN THE MEAT AND MILK OF CATTLE FOLLOWING LIMITED APPLICATIONS OF METHOXYCHLOR FOR THE CONTROL OF BUFFALO FLY (HAEMATOBIA EX1GVA)
Authors: Hurwood I. S.
Published: March 2008

Cattle were treated either on the neck and withers or on the backline with limited volumes of methoxychlor aqueous emulsion at concentrations up to 2.0% to simulate field control measures against the buffalo fly (Haematobia exigua). The persistence and the potential for accumulation of residual methoxychlor in the fat of treated animals and its excretion in milk were examined following different methods of pesticide application.

Methoxychlor residues persisted in fatty tissues for at least 21 days after a single spray application while levels of the order of 1.0–1.5 ppm methoxychlor occurred 15 days after exposure. Where animals were exposed to multiple treatments, at intervals of 21 days, accumulation was of a low order and cumulative residues did not exceed the concentration of 3.0 ppm permitted in the United States of America. The application of pesticide by painting resulted in a higher concentration of methoxychlor in fat than that obtained from spray application of similar volumes. No excessive localised accumulation of methoxychlor occurred immediately below the treated areas.

A maximum concentration of 0.46 ppm methoxychlor was found in milk taken 2 days after exposure. More than four‐fifths of the total excretion of methoxychlor in milk occurred within six days following treatment. At the end of a 30‐day post treatment period, levels of methoxychlor were in excess of 0.01 ppm.
THE EFFECT OF FASCIOLOSIS ON THE WOOL PRODUCTION OF MERINO SHEEP
Authors: Roseby F. B.
Published: March 2008

The wool production of 20 Merino sheep, artificially infected with Fasciola hepatica, was compared with that of 20 uninfected controls. Sheep of two different ages, 6 months and 4 years, were fed in pens ad lib on two different diets giving high and low planes of nutrition.

The midside tatooed patch technique was used to measure the wool production over periods of 6 weeks prior to the infection date, and 0–6, 6–12, 12–18 and 18–24 weeks after this date. Infection with F. hepatica caused a significant reduction of 20–39% in wool production from 6 weeks after infection, irrespective of the age of the sheep or the plane of nutrition.

It was found that a reduction in wool production may occur without symptoms of fasciolosis being apparent.
EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS INFECTION IN CALVES
Authors: Spradbrow P. B. , Watt D. A. , Chung V. S.
Published: March 2008

Nine calves, were inoculated intravenously with the Innisfail strain of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Apart from a mild fever, no obvious clinical signs were noted. A low titre viraemia was demonstrated in all 5 calves from which blood was collected, and EMC virus was recovered from the myocardium of 3 of 6 calves at 2, 3 and 6 days after inoculation. Virus was not recovered from the central nervous system. No excretion of EMC virus in urine or faeces was detected in 3 calves.

Histopathological lesions were present in brain tissue from only 1 calf, destroyed 14 days after inoculation, and in the heart muscle from another calf, destroyed 7 days after inoculation. Macroscopic lesions were not seen in these organs.

Both neutralising and haemagglutination‐inhibiting antibodies were produced within one week of infection, reached a peak in 3–4 weeks and persisted undiminished until 9 weeks after inoculation. By nitration on Sephadex G 200, it was shown that the early response was due to IgM type antibodies, and these were replaced by IgG antibody.

One calf was inoculated intracerebrally with EMC virus. It developed a flaccid posterior paralysis and was destroyed 6 days later. Virus was recovered from the brain and spinal cord, but no significant histopathological lesions were detected in brain or spinal cord from this calf.
OSTEOMYELITIS OF THE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE IN DOGS CAUSED BY GRASS‐SEED FOREIGN BODIES
Authors: Johnston D. E. , Summers B. A.
Published: March 2008

Osteomyelitis of lumbar vertebrae was seen in three dogs in association with penetration of grass seeds. In one dog a sinus extended from the sublumbar abscess to the flank. In two dogs there was extensive destruction of two lumbar vertebrae and hind limb weakness. All cases responded to removal of the grass seed and drainage. The possible route of entry of the seed is discussed.
THE PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES TO ADENOVIRUSES IN HORSES FROM QUEENSLAND AND NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Harden T. J. , Pascoe R. R. , Spradbrow P. B. , Johnston K. G.
Published: March 2008

The prevalence of antibodies to the EAM‐1 strain of equine adenovirus was studied in six groups of horses, totalling 433, from New South Wales and Queensland, Australia, and New Zealand. Within groups, virus neutralising antibodies were detected in 69–100%, complement fixing antibodies in 41–68% and precipitating antibodies in 10–19%. The prevalence within areas was similar. Passive transfer of colostral antibodies to equine adenovirus from the mare to the foal was demonstrated. The prevalence of antibody to EAM‐1 increased with age such that approximately 70% of yearlings and two‐year‐old horses possessed SN and CF antibodies; this incidence was similar to that of older horses.
STUDIES ON EQUINE HERPESVIRUSES 5. Isolation and Characterisation of Slowly Cytopathic Equine Herpesviruses in Queensland
Authors: Harden T. J. , BaugustB.V.Sc. T. J. , PascoeM.V.Sc. R. R. , SpradbrowB.V.Sc. P. B.
Published: March 2008

The isolation and characterization of 71 strains of slowly cytopathic herpesviruses (EHV2) from horses in Queensland is described. Specimens from aged horses at slaughter yielded 7 isolates from leucocytes and 4 from tonsils, but EHV2 strains could not be detected in salivary glands, spleen, kidney or intestinal wall. A further EHV2 strain (EK550) was isolated from cell cultures prepared from the kidney of an adult horse. Repeated sampling yielded 39 nasal, ocular and genital EHV2 strains from a group of 16 mares and their young foals, and 20 strains from a group of 6 yearlings.

Laboratory examination of these EHV2 strains demonstrated variations in plaque size and growth in non‐host cell cultures, and at least two serological groups were detected. EHV2 infection of foals transplacentally was not detected, but neonatal infection of foals from chronically infected mares appeared probable.
PERINATAL LAMB MORTALITY IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA 4. Neonatal Infections
Authors: Dennis S. M.
Published: March 2008

Infection was found in 14.5% of dead lambs classified as delayed or late post‐parturient deaths or in 7.5% of the 4,417 lambs autopsied. Eighteen species of bacteria were isolated from these acquired neonatal infections. Many infections resulted from umbilical contamination at birth, some by ingestion, some were superimposed complications upon an already existing condition such as starvation, others occurred as post‐marking sequellae. Neonatal infections were divided into hebdomadal (first week) and post‐hebdomadal (7 to 28 days). The microorganisms isolated from hebdomadal deaths were Cl. septicum, C. pyogenes, Staph, aureus, Past. haemolytica, Past, multocida, and E. coli, from post‐hebdomadal deaths Staph, aureus, F. necrophorum, C. pyogenes, Corynebacterium spp, E. coli, Cl. septicum, Cl. perfringens, Past, haemolytica. Streptococcus spp, pleomorphic gram‐negative rod, A. lignieresii, Dermatophilus congolensis and miscellaneous species. It was estimated that acquired neonatal infections were responsible for one‐thirteenth of the perinatal lamb deaths in the agricultural area of Western Australia or for approximately 1% of births.
A MUCOSAL DISEASE VIRUS AS A CAUSE OF ABORTION HAIRY BIRTH COAT AND UNTHRIFTINESS IN SHEEP
Authors: PLANT J. W. , ACLAND HELEN M. , GARD G. P.
Published: March 2008

A condition resembling border disease has been transmitted by the inoculation of pregnant ewes with material from affected lambs. Forty‐nine merino ewes, mated to merino rams 7 to 87 days previously, were inoculated with, an homogenate of brain, spinal cord and spleen from affected lambs. Mummified foetuses, abortions and stillbirths were observed, and lambs with hairy birth coats were born to ewes inoculated between days 12 to 70 of gestation. A mucosal disease virus (MDV), present in the original material, was recovered from the aborted foetuses and lambs. Attempts to induce passive protection using bovine anti‐serum to the C24V strain of MDV were not successful.

The condition was also transmitted by inoculation of pregnant ewes with a cell culture supernatant prepared from tissue cultures that had been inoculated with an organ homogenate pool. MDV was present in the supernatant and was recovered from aborted foetuses and lambs.

It is suggested that a condition in sheep in Australia resembling border disease is due to the infection of the pregnant ewe by a mucosal disease virus.
A MUCOSAL DISEASE VIRUS AS A CAUSE OF ABORTION, HAIRY BIRTH COAT AND UNTHRIFTINESS IN SHEEP
Authors: GARD G. P. , ACLAND HELEN M. , PLANT J. W.
Published: March 2008

A condition in Australian sheep resembling border disease was transmitted by the inoculation of pregnant ewes with material from affected lambs. This material contained mucosal disease virus (MDV). Twenty‐two lambs comprising 6 from uninoculated control ewes, together with 11 with hairy coats and 5 with normal coats from inoculated ewes, were observed from 7 to 182 days after birth. Nine of the lambs from inoculated ewes died during the experiment from a variety of causes.

Glial cell abnormalities were observed in control and affected lambs, but only 4 of the 11 hairy lambs were judged to have abnormal glial cells. There were no consistent histopathological findings indicative of MDV infection.

MDV was recovered from tissues of all 11 hairy lambs, but not from any of the lambs with normal coats. The hairy lambs appeared to be immunologically tolerant to the virus. Susceptible sheep in contact with the hairy lambs were infected with MDV.

It is suggested that a condition in Australian lambs characterised by hairiness of the birth coat and poor viability is due to foetal infection with a mucosal disease virus.
THE USE OF BOVINE PPD TUBERCULIN IN THE SINGLE CAUDAL FOLD TEST TO DETECT TUBERCULOSIS IN BEEF CATTLE
Authors: LEPPER A. W. D. , NEWTON‐TABRETT, D. A. , CORNER, L. A. , CARPENTER, M. T. , SCANLAN, W. A. , WILLIAMS, O. J. , HELWIG, D. M.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The efficiency of 2 different doses of bovine PPD tuberculin was compared using the caudal fold test for the detection of tuberculosis in beef cattle. Two matched groups of 98 cattle were selected on the basis of their reactivity to HCSM tuberculin. Cattle in each group were tested with a single 0.1 ml dose of bovine PPD tuberculin containing either 0.1 mg or 0.2 mg bovine PPD respectively. Two further groups of 100 young stock from a herd with an incidence of tuberculosis of less than 0.1% were selected as controls. Tests were interpreted subjectively by palpation and observation and objectively by caliper measurement at 48, 72 and 96 h. All cattle were examined post mortem for the presence of visible lesions.
ATAXIA AND PARALYSIS ASSOCIATED WITH BOVINE EPHEMERAL FEVER INFECTION
Authors: HILL, M. W. M. , SCHULTZ, K.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Three adult cattle that had been ataxic for 5 to 7 months and a bull that had been paralysed for 24 days following bovine ephemeral fever infection were studied clinically and pathologically. Severe bilaterally symmetrical Wallerian degeneration was demonstrated in the spinal cords of all 4 cattle; in 3 animals an area of primary damage was present in the first cervical segment of the cord and in the other animal it was at the level of the lumbar cord. Pressure on the cord resulting from trauma was considered to be the most likely aetiology because of the similarity of the lesion to other syndromes causing pressure on the cord and the absence of the usual inflammatory changes seen with infectious agents.
THE USE OF HORMONES IN REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE MARE
Authors: H.ughes, J. P. , Stabenfeldt G. H.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A brief review is presented of the use in equine veterinary medicine of anterior pituitary hormones, posterior pituitary hormones, placental hormones, steroid hormones and prostagalandins. These hormones are used frequently in clinical application without a scientific basis for their expected activity.
ANOXIA IN THE BOVINE FOETUS
Authors: Dufty J. H. , Sloss V. , Vet. (Giessen) Dr. Med.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Laparohysterotomies were performed, under local analgesia, on 18 plurigravid Hereford cattle and the response of their foetuses to anoxia was examined. All control and 4 of 6 foetuses subjected to 4 minutes of anoxia survived whereas all others died when the umbilical cord was clamped for 6 or 8 minutes. Death mostly occurred just before or soon after delivery, which was undertaken immediately following release of the umbilical clamp. In 2 cases, however, the calves survived for at least 2 days before being slaughtered when death appeared imminent. During the intervening period both animals failed to suck although one was able to stand temporarily following the oral administration of glucose and milk.
MYCOTIC NASAL GRANULOMA IN CATTLE
Authors: MCKenzie, R. A. , Connole, M. D.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSeven cases of eosinophilic granulomas containing fungal chlamydospores and short septate hyphae in the submucosa of the anterior nasal cavity were described from Queensland beef cattle during 1966–75.Drechslera rostratawas isolated from 2 cases and unidentified dematiaceous fungi from 2 others.
BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AFRICAN THEILERIA MUTANS (THEILER 1906) AND TWO BENIGN SPECIES OF THEILERIA OF CATTLE IN AUSTRALIA AND BRITAIN
Authors: Uilenberg G. , Mpangala C. , McGregor W. , Callow L. L.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Serological and morphological comparisons between the theilerias found in Australian and British cattle and of these with African Theileria mutans (Theiler 1906) showed that the Australian and British parasites were similar to each other but different from T. mutans. Further investigations are required to determine taxonomic affinities between the Australian and British theilerias and T. sergenti, a similar parasite found in eastern Asia.
INCIDENCE OF NEUROFIBROMA IN CATTLE IN ABATTOIRS IN NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Doughty F. R.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The incidence of neurofibroma in slaughtered cattle in New South Wales during a four‐year period is reported.
SEROLOGICAL RESPONSES IN EXPERIMENTAL BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lepper, A. W. D. , Corner, L. A. , W. Pearson, Catherine
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Five two‐year‐old heifers were each Inoculated intravenousjy with 0.02 mg M. bovis strain AN5. Clinical, haematological and microbiological observations were made during the course of the experiment and antibody levels were measured before and after Infection by means of the indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) and bentonite flocculation tests. All cattle developed M. bovis infection varying in severity from peracute tuberculous pneumonia resulting in death within 33 days to chronic progressive generalised tuberculosis. Only cattle developing peracute or acute forms of tuberculosis showed marked haematological changes characterised by leucopenia with lymphopenia. Bacteraemia was detected In the two cattle with peracute tuberculosis 22 days after infection. Anti‐myco‐bacterial antibody was detected after infection in all cattle but fluctuated markedly during the course of the disease. Of a total of 61 serum samples examined from all cattle after inoculation with M. bovis, only 38 were positive to the IFA test and 30 to the bentonite flocculation test. Only 18 were positive to both tests at any one time. IgM was the predominant type of anti‐mycobacterial antibody detected by the IFA test and this was found to cross‐react with M. avium in almost every sample.
PATHOLOGY OF CONGENITAL BOVINE EPIZOOTIC ARTHROGRYPOSIS AND HYDRANENCEPHALY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO AKABANE VIRUS
Authors: Hartley, W. J. , De Saram, W. G. , Della‐Porta, A. J. , Snowdon, W. A. , Shepherd N. C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The 1974 epizootic of congenital bovine arthrogryposis/hydranencephaly syndrome in south‐eastern New South Wales afforded the opportunity to study the pathology, serology and virology of field cases from the outbreak. For ease of description, the lesions observed were grouped into 5 stages which possibly approximate to the gestational age of the foetus at the time of initial insult Group 1: calves born incoordinate and microscopic examination revealed a universal mild to moderate non‐suppurative acute encephalomyelitis. Group 2: calves born incoordinate or showed mild arthrogryposis and microscopically a mild to moderately severe acute Wallerian type degeneration of all zones of the spinal cord except the dorsal funiculi was observed. Group 3: calves born with arthrogryposis and microscopically there was a severe diffuse loss of myelinated fibres in the lateral and ventral funiculi of affected areas of the spinal cord. There was also a moderate to severe atrophy of the skeletal musculature. Group 4: calves born with hydranencephaly, sometimes associated with arthrogryposis, with almost complete replacement of both cerebral hemispheres by a fluid filled cavity. Group 5: calves born with micrencephaly and hydranencephaly and sometimes arthrogryposis and loss of anterior and mid brain stem and cerebellar cavitation. There was often an overlap of the lesions between groups and the groups have been placed in the order in which they were observed in the field during this epizootic.
STUDIES ON POXVIRUS ISOLATED FROM A MAGPIE IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Chung, Y. S. , Spradbrow, P. B.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An avian poxvirus was isolated from a black‐backed magpie in Queensland. The virus produced pocks on the chorio‐allantoic membrane of chicken embryos and lesions on the skin of chickens. Comparison by passive haemagglutinatlon test and neutralisation test indicated that the virus was related more closely to pigeonpox virus than to fowl pox virus.
WHITE MUSCLE DISEASE OF SHEEP AND ASSOCIATED TISSUE SELENIUM LEVELS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Gabbedy B. J. , Masters H. , Boddington E. B.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY White Muscle Disease of sheep occurs in Western Australia as distinct syndromes in lambs and weaner sheep. Mean liver selenium concentrations of lambs and weaners with WMD and unaffected by WMD were 0.19 and 0.46 ppm, and 0.20 and 0.41 ppm (dry weight) respectively. There was considerable overlap between levels suggesting that selenium status was not the only factor involved in the development of WMD.
THE USE OF SIMULATION MODELLING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BRUCELLOSIS ERADICATION
Authors: Beck A. C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Problems faced by Government veterinarians in the planning and implementation of the national bovine brucellosis eradication campaign are described. These problems stem from the uncertainty associated with the epidemiology of the disease and its initial status in eradication areas. They are compounded by constraints on abattoir capacity, finance and time.

A computer simulation model is discussed which is designed to assist campaign organisers to cope with these problems. Inputs related to expected test and slaughter rates, district disease prevalence and proposed campaign intensity are entered into the model. Output from the model includes distributions giving predicted testing workloads, cattle slaughtered and disease status over the course of the campaign.

The operation of the model is illustrated using data from the Bangalow district of New South Wales.
THE OESTROUS CYCLE OF THE MARE AND ITS UTERINE CONTROL
Authors: Hughes J. P. , Stabenfeldt G. H. , Evans J. W.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The reproductive findings from a group of nonpregnant mares were studied. Oestrous cycle length averaged 20.6 days (range 13–34) excluding anoestrous periods, or 25 days (31–141) if included. Average oestrus length was 5.7 days (range 1–24) but from February to May it averaged 7.6 days (range 2–24) and from May to November 4.8 days (range 1–10). Seventy‐eight per cent of the mares ovulated within 48 hours prior to the end of oestrus, 10% were out of oestrus before ovulation occurred, while 76% of the ovulations occurred between 4 p.m. and 8 a.m. Follicles averaged 45 mm in size the day of ovulation and multiple ovulations occurred 25.5% of the time. Oestrus without associated ovulation was very uncommon in this group of mares, whereas ovulation without oestrus occurred in 6 of the 11 mares, including one mare who ovulated 32 of 34 times without oestrus. The CL were palpable for an average period of 8.9 days (range 1–18). On occasions, a hematoma formed within the ovulation site, reached a size of 10–12 cm in length and persisted beyond the next ovulation without affecting cycle length.

Dioestrus averaged 15.4 days (range 6–25) excluding anoestrus, or 19.5 days (range 6–121) if anoestrus was included. Dioestrous ovulations unaccompanied by signs of oestrus and with the cervix pale, tight, dry and sticky occurred in 10 of the 11 mares. The CL formed following dioestrous ovuations were normal, but did not affect cycle length.

A syndrome of spontaneous prolongation of the corpus luteum for 2 to 3 months was observed in 6 of the 11 mares. Oestrus was not manifested during this time, but considerable follicular activity and, in some instances, ovulation was observed. Hysterectomised mares and some mares with pyometra had prolonged CL and follicular activity with a few ovulating similar to mares with spontaneously‐prolonged CL. Other mares with pyometra had normal cyclic ovarian activity. Evidence suggests that the endometrium had been destroyed by the infection in the anoestrus mares with pyometra and, thus, was incapable of forming and/or releasing luteolytic factors. Experimental intrauterine inoculation of Streptococcus zooepidemicus during dioestrus reduced oestrous cycle length in 5 of 7 inoculations, whereas inoculations during oestrus failed to alter cycle length.
ECOLOGY OF MYCOPLASMAS IN CLINICALLY HEALTHY CATS
Authors: Tan R. J. S. , Lim Ek Wang , Ishak Baharudin
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Mycoplasmas were isolated from various sites and organs of a series of 319 clinically healthy cats. They include M. felis, M. gatese, M. arginini, A. laidlawii, feline ureaplasmas, M. pulmonis, M. arthritidis, and M. gallisepticum. In addition, there were 10 strains of mycoplasmas which could not be identified with the specific antiserums by growth inhibition tests.

Antibody against M. felis was demonstrated by haemagglutination‐inhibition and complement‐fixation tests in cats which were over 6 months of age. However, no such antibody against M. felis was detected in animals which were less than 6 months old. No antibody against A. laidlawii, M. gateae, M. arginini and feline ureaplasmas was demonstrated by the same serological methods. The significance of these mycoplasmas in cats is described.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF BOVINE EPHEMERAL FEVER
Authors: BURGESS G. W. , SPRADBROW P. B.
Published: March 2008

A study of the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever confirmed that the major clinical signs were fever lasting no more than 2 days, with increased respiratory rate, dyspnoea and some degree of lameness. Haematological observations revealed a neutro‐philia with a left shift and a lymphopaenia at the time of peak clinical reaction. The net result was a slight leucopaenla on the day after this reaction. The most prominent pathological changes involved the lungs and synovial joints. Pulmonary emphysema and alveolar collapse with bronchiolitis, degenerative changes in synovial membranes and increased synovial fluid were observed. Specific fluorescence indicating the presence of BEF viral antigen could be detected at the time of peak clinical response in individual cells in the lungs, spleen and lymph nodes as well as neutrophils. Before and after the peak fever some fluorescence was seen in cells which appeared to be reticular cells in the lymph nodes. Viral isolation in mice could be made from blood, lungs, spleen and lymph nodes over a period of no more than 3 days.

It is postulated that viral growth takes place mainly in the reticuloendothelial cells in the lungs, spleen and lymph nodes and not in vascular endothelium or lymphoid cells.

The authors wish to acknowledge Professors J. Francis and B. W. Manktelow for helpful advice and the Australian Meat Research Council for financing the project.