bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AFTER PARTIAL ADRENALECTOMY IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

By careful aseptic operation it was found possible to remove approximately three-quarters to seven-eighths of the adrenal tissue of guinea pigs without causing symptoms of adrenal insufficiency. Guinea pigs were immunized to Bacillus typhosus or to hen corpuscles at varying intervals before or after the operation, and the curves of antibody formation traced for 2 to 3 months after immunization. Comparisons with the antibody curves of control animals similarly immunized fail to show that the adrenalectomy had any influence upon the rise or persistence of antibodies in the blood.

For the purposes of the study it was not deemed necessary to produce an acute adrenal insufficiency. If the adrenal glands were the site of antibody formation or played an essential part in immunity processes, it does not seem probable that the small remainder of adrenal tissue left in situ to sustain life would affect quantitatively the antibody response to a given antigen injection as do the entire normal glands. We therefore interpret the experiments to indicate that not only are the adrenal glands not one of the important sources of typhoid agglutinins, or of hemagglutinins or hemolysins, but they play no essential part in the mechanism by which these antibodies are produced and maintained in the body.
COCCIDIOSIS IN YOUNG CALVES
Authors: Smith Theobald , Graybill H. W.
Published: June 2004

Discharges of blood per rectum, associated with oocysts of coccidia, were observed occurring in young calves during the warmer season of the year. In a small percentage of the cases death was probably due directly to the coccidiosis. Although the disease, known as red dysentery in Switzerland, may have existed in this country for some time, there seems to have been no knowledge of its existence and no reports of it have thus far been published. The coccidia have been artificially cultivated and shown to produce four spores. Two oocysts of quite different dimensions and having minor differential characters were encountered in the same animal in several instances.

The invasion of the epithelium of the small intestine was slight. The chief seat of the parasitism was the large intestine. The lesions following the loss of epithelium were superficial hemorrhages and filling up of the denuded tubules with polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
STUDIES IN BOVINE MASTITIS
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

It seems clearly established that non-hemolytic streptococci are responsible for a considerable number of cases of bovine mastitis. Of the 81 animals examined, 31 were suffering from infections of this type. The lesions produced in invaded quarters varied from an involvement of only the lining epithelium of the large milk ducts to severe degeneration and necrosis of the secreting epithelium. In one instance a considerable portion of the glandular elements had been replaced with connective tissue.

The streptococci fall into two groups when their action on the various carbohydrates is considered. Thirty-four strains fermented dextrose, lactose, saccharose, maltose, and salicin; five others attacked the first four sugars but failed to produce acid in salicin. All mastitis streptococci failed to act upon raffinose, inulin, or mannite. One species isolated from a mammary abscess produced acid in all the carbohydrates.

All the strains were agglutinated with an antiserum prepared from one typical strain. The agglutination titer varied over wide limits, although all the streptococci were agglutinated at a dilution of 1:500. None of the strains inoculated proved pathogenic for rabbits. A pig fed on the milk from two typical cases of mastitis remained well.
PROTEOSE INTOXICATIONS AND INJURY OF BODY PROTEIN
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Van Slyke Donald D.
Published: June 2004

The acute intoxication following an injection of a toxic proteose is usually associated with a large increase (40 per cent or more) in the non-protein nitrogen of the blood. This increase is found chiefly in the blood urea nitrogen, but the amino and peptide nitrogens also may show small increases. The changes observed in the blood non-protein nitrogen are identical with those which follow the feeding of large amounts of meat (8).

These facts indicate that the proteose intoxication causes an abnormally rapid autodigestion of tissue proteins, but that the nitrogenous end-products are, in chief part at least, the same that result from normal catabolism of food proteins. There is no evidence that the autolytic products play any part in causing the intoxication. The possibility of such a part and a resultant vicious circle is not excluded, but from the available facts the autolysis appears more as a result rather than cause of the intoxication.

It appears possible that in disease or intoxication tissue catabolism may be enormously accelerated and yet yield the end-products of normal protein metabolism.
STUDIES IN BOVINE MASTITIS
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

Hemolytic streptococci produce more or less severe inflammations of the udders of cows. Frequently infected quarters are swollen, firm, hot, and tender. In a number of instances it has not been possible to detect gross changes in the mammary gland.

The streptococci isolated from the invaded quarters have produced clear zones of hemolysis immediately surrounding the colonies when cultivated in horse blood agar plate cultures. The hemolytic zone has varied from a clear, narrow band up to zones 1.7 to 2 mm. wide.

When the streptococci are classified according to their action upon carbohydrates, they fall into two broad groups: the larger consists of nineteen strains fermenting dextrose, lactose, saccharose, maltose, and salicin; and a smaller number comprising ten species produces acid in dextrose, lactose, saccharose, and maltose and fails to ferment salicin. One of the non-salicin-fermenting strains did not attack saccharose. In no instance was acid production noted in raffinose, inulin, or mannite.

All streptococci except three were agglutinated by an antiserum obtained from a rabbit immunized with a single strain.

Freshly isolated cultures when injected intravenously into rabbits possess but slight pathogenicity. Localizations in the joints occurred in two instances. The others either failed to affect the general condition of the animals or produced only a slight febrile reaction.
THE ETIOLOGY OF EPIDEMIC POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Tsen Edgar T. H.
Published: June 2004

Streptococci have been isolated from the central nervous system of monkeys dead of poliomyelitis.

Streptococci have also been isolated from the central nervous system of monkeys dead of other causes as well as from the brains of normal rabbits.

Streptococci isolated from poliomyelitic monkeys do not differ from those isolated from monkeys and rabbits dead from other causes.

An etiological relation has not been established between streptococci and poliomyelitis.

We have at several times isolated an organism that was similar to the globoid bodies culturally, morphologically, and in staining reaction, but have not been able to carry it along for more than three generations. The pathogenicity of these organisms has therefore not been tested on monkeys.

We have not been able to produce typical lesions of poliomyelitis in rabbits by the injection of either the poliomyelitic virus or streptococci.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE UPON THE VELOCITY OF THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTION IN SYPHILIS
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

Examination of syphilitic serum or cerebrospinal fluid can be made at any temperature between 23° and 37°C. The velocity of the fixation reaction, including the fixation of complement and subsequent hemolysis, is greater at a higher temperature, the optimum point being 37°C. The maximum reaction is also reached, however, when the mixture of lipoids, syphilitic serum, and complement is allowed to stand for a long enough period at a lower temperature, the minimum thermal point being near 23°C. For the optimum temperature (37°C.) an incubation of 30 minutes is sufficient, while for the minimum temperature (23°C.) 2 hours are necessary. At the temperature of 30°C. the reaction proceeds with moderate velocity and is complete within 60 minutes.

Guinea pig complement gave a sharper reaction with the sera which contained less than one unit of the fixing substance. Fixation is complete, however, at any of the three temperatures within 20 minutes when there are more than two units present. A serum containing one unit of fixing substance will complete reaction within 30 minutes at 37°C., 60 minutes at 30°C., and 2 hours at 23°C., irrespective of whether human or guinea pig complement is used.

For many reasons a properly adjusted thermostat for 37°C. is recommended for conducting the serum diagnosis of syphilis when possible, but it should not be overlooked that at a temperature near 30°C. an entirely reliable result can be obtained without a special incubator. Even at a temperature as low as 23°C. the test can be carried out if sufficient length of time is allowed.

The foregoing conclusions refer only to the systems in which the acetone-insoluble fraction of tissue lipoids is used as antigen.
AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF NUZUM'S ANTIPOLIOMYELITIC SERUM
Authors: Amoss Harold L. , Eberson Frederick
Published: June 2004

The antistreptococcic serum of Nuzum and Willy has failed to show in the monkey neutralizing or therapeutic power when applied by their methods against small doses of the virus of poliomyelitis. Under the same conditions the serum of monkeys recovered from experimental poliomyelitis proved neutralizing and protective.

The experimental and other evidence adduced by those who regard the streptococcus as playing an essential part in the pathology of epidemic poliomyelitis and the antistreptococcic sera as exhibiting therapeutic properties for man and monkeys is regarded as imperfect and inconclusive.
A PLEOMORPHIC BACILLUS FROM PNEUMONIC LUNGS OF CALVES SIMULATING ACTINOMYCES
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

A bacillus was found associated in pure culture with an extensive lobar bronchopneumonia in calves. It occurs in the exudate as a minute bacillus in small groups. In cultures it appears in three forms: as a bacillus, as a coccus-like endospore or arthrospore, and as a conglomerate Actinomyces-like flake or colony with peripheral clubs. The bacillar and coccoid forms occur on agar, the Actinomyces form in the condensation water of coagulated serum (horse). The coccoid form is probably a spore state, the minute refringent spore being contained in a roundish, unstainable mass representing either the remnants of bacillar substance or some capsular material. The somewhat striking similarities between this organism and Actinomyces are expressed by the massed growth with terminal clubs, the bacillar and coccoid stages, all of which are characteristic of Actinomyces.

Sealing the tubes is essential for multiplication. Cultures must be renewed within a few days, otherwise multiplication fails. The substance which forms the bulk of the radiate flocculi is probably of capsular nature, greatly overproduced in serum tubes and scarce or absent on agar. Its nature is unknown.

The organism is not appreciably pathogenic when injected into certain small laboratory animals.
THE OPTIMUM HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION FOR THE GROWTH OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Dernby K. G. , Avery O. T.
Published: June 2004

1. The optimum hydrogen ion concentration for the growth of the various types of pneumococcus is a pH of about 7.8.

2. The limiting hydrogen ion concentrations for the growth of pneumococcus are a pH of 7.0 and a pH of 8.3.

3. Phosphates used in adjusting reactions of media retard growth if present in a concentration greater than 0.1 molecular.

4. Culture media for pneumococci should, therefore, have an initial reaction between a pH of 7.8 and 8.0 and a total salt concentration not exceeding 0.1 M.
A FURTHER STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL PAROTITIS
Authors: Wollstein Martha
Published: June 2004

A new series of inoculations into cats of the filtered sterile salivary secretions derived from cases of parotitis has been described. They confirm the observations made in 1915–1916 and extend them to include the epidemic parotitis occurring in our military forces.

Incidentally confirmatory evidence of the filterable nature of the causative agent of mumps has been obtained.

It has been determined that the saliva of man and of inoculated cats, and the inoculated glands of the latter animals, contain the filterable, infective agent.

The lesions present in the inoculated organs conform to those described in our first publication. In addition, the lymph glands adjacent to the salivary glands on the uninoculated side were sometimes found to be swollen and to exhibit microscopic lesions. Probably the involvement resulted from salivary and lymphatic infection.

The "virus" of parotitis was detected most readily in the saliva during the first 3 days of the disease, less easily on the 6th day, and not at all on the 9th day. It was detected also in the blood of patients showing marked constitutional symptoms, and in the saliva of a case of recurrent mumps at the periods of enlargement of the parotid glands, but not 2 weeks after the swelling had subsided. It was not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid.
SPIROCHÆTA HEBDOMADIS, THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF SEVEN DAY FEVER (NANUKAYAMI)
Authors: Ido Yutaka , Ito Hiroshi , Wani Hidetsune
Published: June 2004

A new species of spirochete which we have called Spirochæta hebdomadis has been described as the specific etiological agent of seven day fever, a disease prevailing in the autumn in Fukuoka and other parts of Japan.

This spirochete is distinguishable from Spirochæta icterohæmorrhagiæ to which it presents certain similarities.

Young guinea pigs are susceptible to inoculation with the blood of patients and to pure cultures of the spirochete, and those developing infection exhibit definite symptoms suggestive of those of seven day fever in man.

The blood serum of convalescents from seven day fever contains specific immune bodies acting spirochetolytically and spirocheticidally against the specific spirochetes, but not against Spirochæta icterohæmorrhagiæ.

The field mouse (Microtus montebelli) is the normal host of the spirochetes, which have been detected in the kidneys and urine of 3.3 per cent of the animals examined.

The endemic area of prevalence of seven day fever corresponds with the region in which field mice abound.
THE STABILITY OF THE ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM OF THE BLOOD IN NATURALLY NEPHROPATHIC ANIMALS AND THE EFFECT ON RENAL FUNCTION OF CHANGES IN THIS EQUILIBRIUM
Authors: MacNider William deB.
Published: June 2004

1. A 0.9 per cent solution of sodium chloride when given intravenously to anesthetized naturally nephropathic animals is not effective in preventing the development of an acid intoxication and the associated kidney injury.

2. A solution of sodium carbonate equimolecular with a 0.9 per cent solution of sodium chloride when given intravenously to anesthetized naturally nephropathic animals confers a variable degree of protection to the kidney.

3. The degree of protection conferred by the alkaline solution is associated with the ability of the solution to maintain a normal acid-base equilibrium of the blood of the anesthetized animal.
ACID PRODUCTION GRAPHICALLY REGISTERED AS AN INDICATOR OF THE VITAL PROCESSES IN THE CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA
Authors: Fischer Albert
Published: June 2004

We may formulate the results as follows:

1. Bacillus paratyphosus in lactose-peptone-water causes a fall in the curve. The explanation of this must be left to later investigations.

2. Bacillus paratyphosus in glucose-peptone-water shows at the beginning a rise similar to that produced by coli, but a fall in the curve follows.

3. If Bacillus coli is added to a 24 hour paratyphosus lactose culture a very long latent period is obtained before the formation of acid by coli becomes apparent, presumably due to accumulated basic metabolic products.

4. If Bacillus coli is added to a 24 hour paratyphosus glucose culture the curve is not changed from the normal to any perceptible degree.

5. Bacillus coli communis and Bacillus paratyphosus in lactose in mixed cultures give a longer latent period than coli alone. The first ascending part of the curve is due to acid formation by the coli which in the beginning is dominant. Later paratyphosus dominates and causes an ultimate decline in the curve.

6. Bacillus coli communis and Bacillus paratyphosus in glucose in mixed culture behave like Bacillus paratyphosus in pure culture.

The purpose of these investigations has been for the present to show the usefulness of the method. It is hoped that by these investigations material of particular interest relating to the biochemical and physiological processes within the bacterial culture will be obtained.
EFFECT OF INTRABRONCHIAL INSUFFLATION OF SOLUTIONS OF SOME INORGANIC SALTS
Authors: Wollstein Martha , Meltzer S. J.
Published: June 2004

Intrabronchial injections of isotonic as well as of hypotonic solutions of sodium chloride or even of distilled water cause no pulmonary lesions.

Intrabronchial injections of mercuric chloride even in a dilution of 1:10,000 cause a marked pulmonary lesion. The lesion is not of an inflammatory character; it consists of congestion, formation of thrombi, and hemorrhage.

Intrabronchial injections of hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride as well as of sodium sulfate cause, in most instances, no lesions whatsoever. In a smaller number of cases in which moderate lesions were present they may have been due either to a previous infection (distemper) or to some predisposing cause (winter months).

Intrabronchial injection of magnesium salts apparently tends to cause moderate pulmonary lesions (bronchopneumonia). This seems especially true of magnesium sulfate.
A SPECIFIC POISON IN THE LIVER EXTRACTS OF RABBITS INOCULATED WITH TYPHOID AND PRODIGIOSUS BACILLI INTRAVENOUSLY
Authors: Parker Julia T.
Published: June 2004

1. The livers of rabbits inoculated with cultures of Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus under certain conditions contain a toxic substance extractable with salt solution. When the toxic extracts are injected intravenously into normal rabbits the latter animals develop symptoms resembling those of anaphylactic shock and succumb. The lethal doses of the toxic extracts are far smaller than those of normal liver extract.

2. The livers of rabbits injected with typhoid antigen also yield a toxic extract.

3. Boiling as well as filtration through a Berkefeld filter only partially detoxicates the extract.

4. Tolerance to one to two lethal doses of the poisonous extracts can be induced by cautious immunization.

5. Rabbits actively immunized to Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus usually resist one lethal dose of the homologous liver poison; and animals tolerant to the typhoid liver poison resist one minimum lethal dose at least of Bacillus typhosus.

6. Typhoid immune serum is not detoxicating either in vivo or in vitro for the typhoid liver poison.

7. The liver poisons are specific, since rabbits actively immunized to either Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus withstand at least one minimum lethal dose of the homologous but not of the heterologous-liver poisons.
A NEW TYPE OF SYRINGE, ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OR THE ASPIRATION OF BLOOD
Authors: Brown James Howard
Published: June 2004

In rabbits destroying transfused blood constantly during a period of many months a pronounced and widespread siderosis ensues, practically identical with that characterizing human hemochromatosis. The findings do not indicate the ultimate cause of this disease, but they throw light on its various features and its course, and suggest a means for its diagnosis.
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING SUGAR UPON THE ESTERASE CONTENT OF THE BLOOD SERUM AND ORGANS IN PHOSPHORUS POISONING
Authors: Simonds J. P.
Published: June 2004

1. Clear, filtered glycerol extracts of chopped liver, spleen, and kidney contain an ester-splitting ferment.

2. The esterase content of extracts of the liver and spleen of normal dogs is reasonably constant.

3. The amount of esterase in the liver does not appear to vary to any great extent from the normal, in poisoning with chloroform and phosphorus.

4. Feeding large quantities of sugar and increasing the amount of glycogen in the liver is accompanied by a marked increase in the esterase content of that organ. This increase is also evident in phosphorus-poisoned animals which have been fed large amounts of sugar.

5. The feeding of sugar does not prevent the increase in esterase in the blood serum of animals poisoned with phosphorus.

6. The esterolytic power of extracts of the kidney varies considerably in different dogs.
RELATIVE IRRITANT PROPERTIES OF THE CHLORINE GROUP OF ANTISEPTICS
Authors: Cullen Glenn E. , Taylor Herbert D.
Published: June 2004

1. The use of the ears of rabbits is proposed in testing the irritant effect of antiseptics.

2. It is necessary, because of individual variations, to use solutions having definite irritant actions as controls.

3. 0.5 per cent sodium hypochlorite solutions have minimum irritant effects over a range of alkalinity of from about 100 to 1,000 times that of water (pH about 9 to 10). Solutions may be adjusted within these limits by use of the end-points of powdered phenolphthalein, of alcoholic solutions of either o-cresolphthalein or phenolphthalein.

4. Sodium hypochlorite solutions kept within the above range of alkalinity by either borate or carbonate buffer salts, i.e. Dakin's solution, show the same irritative properties whether made from bleaching powder and sodium carbonate, or from chlorine and sodium carbonate.

5. Electrolytically prepared solutions of the same concentration have similar irritant action.

6. Solutions, however, that have an alkalinity less than that indicated by the end-point of alcoholic phenolphthalein solutions (pH of 8.5 to 8.8) or greater than that indicated by the end-point to powdered phenolphthalein (pH of 10.2) are intensely irritating.

7. 0.5 per cent sodium hypochlorite solution from which most of the calcium has been precipitated and calcium hypochlorite solution of equivalent hypochlorite concentration are only slightly irritating.

8. 2 per cent chloramine-T solution has no irritant action.

9. 5 per cent dichloramine-T in chlorcosane and chlorcosane alone irritate rabbit ears to a slight degree only.
STUDIES IN BOVINE MASTITIS
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

1. The principal sources of streptococcic infection, aside from clinical cases, are apparently normal cows which carry the virus in the udder.

2. These carriers may be grouped as follows: (a) those that have been infected recently and have not yet developed symptoms; (b) those that have suffered from inflammation of the udder and after recovery still harbor streptococci; (c) those that have had no clinical history of mastitis. There is some evidence to lead one to regard the latter group as naturally immune.

3. A milker may readily carry streptococci on his hands from an infected to an uninfected cow.

4. The vaginae of 34 of the 64 cows examined contained non-hemolytic streptococci. Of the 34 strains isolated 32 differed in their cultural characters and agglutination affinities from those associated with mastitis. The other two strains may be regarded as of etiological significance.

5. In no instance have hemolytic streptococci been isolated from the vagina.
THE SURVIVAL OF THE HOG-CHOLERA VIRUS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS, PARTICULARLY THE RAT
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl
Published: June 2004

The attempts to demonstrate the virus of hog-cholera in rabbits 12 days after intravenous and intraabdominal inoculations were unsuccessful. Likewise the attempts to show that the virus might be found in the guinea pig 6 and in the pigeon 7 days after inoculation were negative. It was shown, however, that the virus can be found in the bodies of white rats for at least 7 days after either intraabdominal or intracerebral inoculations. One attempt to demonstrate it after 10 days was negative. From the fact that the rats show no evidence of illness such as loss in weight, pyrexia, or visible pathological changes, and that after either intraabdominal or intracerebral inoculation the virus is only found in the abdominal organs and possibly only in the spleen, it seems likely that it does not multiply but that in the rat tissue, particularly in the spleen, it is not destroyed so rapidly as in the organs of other animals. Careful study of the records fails to show that passing one strain of virus alternately through pigs and rats for three transfers in each species changes the virulence for swine or causes the virus to become virulent for rats.

Attempts to introduce the virus into the body of the rat by feeding virulent material and an attempt to pass the virus from one lot of rats to another were unsuccessful, so that we have evidence from the experiment that the rat does not play a part in the transmission of hog-cholera.
THE TROPISTIC ACTION OF BLOOD VESSELS ON THE MIGRATION OF CHROMATOPHORES
Authors: Taylor Herbert D.
Published: June 2004

1. The migrations of the chromatophores of the yolk sac of Fundulus heteroclitus seem to be chemotropic in character.

2. The determining factor seems to be either a high tension of oxygen or a comparatively low concentration of hydrogen ions.
THE SOURCE OF THE LYMPHOCYTOSIS INDUCED BY MEANS OF HEAT
Authors: Nakahara Waro
Published: June 2004

A striking number of mitotic figures have been observed in the germinal center of the spleen and lymph glands during the regeneration of the cellular elements of these organs after the destructive effect of heat. This enhanced cell proliferation is interpreted as more than compensating for the degenerated cells, because of the subsequent enlargement of the organs. It has also been pointed out that the characteristic decrease in the number of lymphocytes immediately after the heat treatment is always accompanied by an extensive cell degeneration in spleen and lymph glands at the corresponding period.

On this basis it seems evident that the pronounced lymphocytosis induced by means of heat treatment of the animal is due, at least in part, to the enhanced proliferative activity of germinal centers in the spleen and lymph glands, reacting to the destructive effect of heat upon lymphoid cells.
THE LYMPHOCYTES IN NATURAL AND INDUCED RESISTANCE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

The marked and durable stimulation of the lymphoid elements induced by dry heat applied to the animal results in the establishment of a high degree of immunity to certain transplantable cancers in mice. This immunity is evident when the tumor used gives a low, as well as when it gives a high percentage of takes.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE RÔLE OF LYMPHOID TISSUE IN THE RESISTANCE TO EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS IN MICE
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

Mice with high lymphocyte counts and increased activity of the lymphoid tissue induced by one exposure to intense dry heat exhibit a marked increase in the resistance to large doses of bovine tubercle bacilli as compared with that shown by control animals given a similar inoculation. This resistance, judged by the time of survival after inoculation, is increased from two- to threefold. The average length of life after inoculation for three groups of heated mice was 88, 69, and 67 days respectively, while the control groups averaged 16, 29, and 28 days respectively.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Nakahara Waro
Published: June 2004

1. The small dose of x-rays applied to the rabbit has no appreciable destructive effect on the lymphoid tissue.

2. Indications of stimulation of the lymphoid tissue appear immediately after the treatment, become most pronounced in 2 (in lymph glands) to 4 (in the spleen) days, and persist, in a slight degree, up to the 14th day.

3. These facts suggest that the lymphocytosis induced by the small dose of x-rays is due to a primary stimulative effect upon the lymphoid tissue of the animal.
BLOOD VOLUME IN WOUNDED SOLDIERS
Authors: Robertson Oswald H. , Bock Arlie V.
Published: June 2004

Blood volume tests made by the vital red method (Keith, Rowntree, and Geraghty) on patients after hemorrhage showed a marked reduction in the total blood bulk. Not uncommonly the blood volume was less than 60 per cent of the normal. The reduction after a certain point had been reached seemed to parallel the decrease in blood pressure. This relation of diminished blood volume to low pressure suggested a rough method of estimating blood volume from the change in blood pressure.

By means of the blood volume and the hemoglobin per cent the actual amount of blood loss was determined. Cases of severe anemia showed a loss of as much as five-sixths of their total hemoglobin.

Progressive changes in blood volume following hemorrhage were estimated in three ways: (1) repeated vital red tests; (2) calculation from changes in hemoglobin per cent produced by the injection of gum acacia; (3) calculation from changes in hemoglobin per cent following the dilution of the blood by the patient's own body fluids.

The effects of the different methods of transfusion and of injection of gum acacia on blood volume were observed. No differences were apparent. It was found that transfusion and gum injections only partially restored the blood volume. Forced fluids by mouth were found to bring about its complete restoration in a comparatively short time.

It was observed that the organism did not restore its blood volume beyond a certain point when a further increase in it would, by dilution, have brought the hemoglobin per cent to a very low figure. In such cases a further increase of the blood volume occurred only when the hemoglobin rose. In cases with a low hemoglobin per cent as the result of a restoration of the blood bulk an abnormally high blood pressure appeared, which continued until the hemoglobin per cent again increased.

Accompanying the low blood pressure seen shortly after hemorrhage was a well marked difference in hemoglobin per cent between capillary and venous blood, with a relative concentration on the capillary side. As compensation occurred and blood pressure rose this difference lessened until the two readings were identical, indicating an even redistribution of the red blood cells.

Reticulated red cell counts made in these cases showed that a marked bone marrow stimulation occurs after hemorrhage. However, except in the very anemic cases the degree of increased blood production seemed to depend largely on the restoration of the blood volume. The patients who were put on forced fluids, with consequent rapid restoration of blood volume, showed a much higher per cent of reticulated cells than those in whom no attempt was made to increase the amount of fluid in circulation.
BLOOD VOLUME IN WOUNDED SOLDIERS
Authors: Robertson Oswald H. , Bock Arlie V.
Published: June 2004

Blood volume tests made on a number of soldiers recovering from hemorrhage have shown that in many instances dilution of the blood occurs very slowly. The principal reasons for this seem to be (a) an initial lack of reserve fluid of the tissues, and (b) the absence of any subsequent attempt by the body to make up this fluid deficiency.

By putting such patients on a large fluid intake by mouth and rectum it has been found that their blood volume can be promptly and greatly increased. Hemorrhage cases transfused, yet still showing a low blood volume, were first treated in this way. Then the effect of forced fluids without transfusion was tried. Immediately after a hemorrhage, or as soon as the patient came under observation, he was given large quantities of water by mouth, and salt solution by rectum. Under such treatment the blood pressure soon began to show a progressive rise, the volume increased, and the red cells became more evenly redistributed, as shown by the relative hemoglobin percentages of the capillary and venous blood. These changes were often well marked after only 2 or 3 hours of the treatment.

More than this, forcing fluids in cases where the amount of bleeding is difficult to estimate on account of the presence of a high hemoglobin percentage is of distinct value, since the dilution of the blood which results serves to show the extent of the hemorrhage through the drop in hemoglobin that it entails.

In attempting to determine the condition of the patient after hemorrhage with a view to deciding the most suitable form of treatment, it is of much importance to learn the total blood loss—which is often not even indicated by the hemoglobin concentration of the remaining blood. With a total hemoglobin reduced to 25 per cent or under transfusion is needful. New blood is necessary, not only to supply more oxygen-carrying cells, but also because it actually enables the circulation to increase its volume. For, as has been pointed out in Paper I, the hemoglobin percentage must be above a certain point if a rapid restoration of the blood volume by means of the organism's own activities is to come about. With the total hemoglobin above 25 per cent the chief need is for increased blood volume, and if the patient's condition demands an immediate and large addition of circulating fluid, gum acacia solution should be given. If the condition is not so urgent, forced fluids by the alimentary tract are indicated.

The blood volume can be considerably reduced and yet a normal blood pressure maintained. It is pointed out that the vasomotor mechanism which, has adapted itself to the diminished blood bulk may in any individual case be very near the margin of its compensatory power. Increased strain in such instances may cause a failure of this mechanism with a resulting fall in blood pressure.

The beneficial results of forced fluids after secondary hemorrhage suggest the value of the early use of fluids by the alimentary tract in cases of primary hemorrhage.
SPIROCHÆTA HEBDOMADIS, THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF SEVEN DAY FEVER (NANUKAYAMI)
Authors: Ido Yutaka , Ito Hiroshi , Wani Hidetsune
Published: June 2004

1. Spirochata hebdomadis is always present in seven day fever and can be confirmed by animal experiments with guinea pigs of light weight.

2. The causative agent of this disease can also be found in film preparations of the blood of patients, though it is not present in large numbers.

3. Spirochæta hebdomadis is discharged in the urine of patients having seven day fever. The number of spirochetes in the urine is great during convalescence.

4. Seven day fever is a disease found not only in the Prefecture of Fukuoka, but in many other districts of Japan as well.
THE USE OF THE FINAL HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENTIATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS OF HUMAN AND BOVINE TYPES
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Cullen Glenn E.
Published: June 2004

1. Under the conditions of these experiments, there appears to be a distinct and constant difference in the final hydrogen ion concentration of Streptococcus hæmolyticus from human and bovine sources.

2. Of 124 strains of Streptococcus hæmolyticus from known human origin, 116 reached a final hydrogen ion concentration of from pH 5.0 to 5.3. Only 8 reached a pH more acid than 5.0 and none more acid than pH 4.8.

3. Of 45 strains of Streptococcus hæmolyticus from bovine sources, including 26 strains isolated from milk and the udder of cows, and 19 from cream cheese, 40 reached a final hydrogen ion concentration of pH 4.3 to 4.5. Of the remaining 5 which reached a pH of 5.0 to 5.2, two were of known human type and three of uncertain diagnosis.

4. A rapid and practical application of this method is proposed as a presumptive test in the differentiation of human and bovine types of Streptococcus hæmolyticus.
A STUDY OF ATYPICAL TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Stillman Ernest G.
Published: June 2004

1. At least twelve subgroups of atypical Type II pneumococcus may be recognized by specific agglutination reactions. They have been designated Subgroups IIa, IIb, IIc, IId, IIe, IIf, IIg, IIh, IIj, IIk, IIl, and IIm.

2. These subgroups have an incidence of 11 per cent in lobar pneumonia, and of 18 per cent in normal mouths.

3. Certain groups, IIb, IIc, IIf, and IIm, occur in normal mouths.

4. Subgroups IIa and IIh are met with largely in connection with disease.

5. The mortality of acute lobar pneumonia due to these atypical Type II pneumococci is fairly high—32 per cent.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE LENGTH OF LIFE OF TRANSFUSED BLOOD CORPUSCLES IN MAN
Authors: Ashby Winifred
Published: June 2004

1. It is possible in mixtures of corpuscles of different groups to separate the corpuscles practically quantitatively by treating with a serum that agglutinates the corpuscles of one kind, leaving the others unagglutinated.

2. After a recipient has been transfused with blood of a group other than his own, specimens of his blood treated with a serum that will agglutinate his own corpuscles but not the transfused corpuscles show unagglutinated corpuscles in large numbers.

3. These unagglutinated corpuscles which appear in the recipien's blood after such a transfusion are the transfused corpuscles and their count is a quantitative indicator of the amount of transfused blood still in the recipient's circulation.

4. The life of the transfused corpuscle is long; it has been found to extend for 30 days and more. The beneficial results of transfusion are without doubt not due primarily to a stimulating effect on the bone marrow, but, it is reasonable to assume, to the functioning of the transfused blood corpuscles.
I. RENAL FUNCTION INFLUENCED BY INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: McQuarrie Irvine , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Associated with the intoxication of intestinal obstruction there exists a definite impairment of the excretory function of the kidneys.

The degree of functional depression corresponds roughly with the intensity of the clinical intoxication.

The decrease in the urea ratio and in the capacity of the kidneys to excrete sodium chloride is more marked than is the percentage decrease of phenolsulfonephthalein elimination.

The great increase in the non-protein nitrogen of the blood usually observed in acute intestinal obstruction, which has hitherto been explained as being due entirely to an increased rate of protein catabolism, is due in part to retention of the products released from the injured cell protein.

It is probable that the impaired renal function is due to direct action of the toxic substances upon the renal epithelium.

The actual demonstration of this renal injury is perhaps the strongest evidence so far obtained to prove the presence of an actual toxic substance in the blood during intestinal obstruction.

This obscure disability of the kidneys during the height of the intoxication of acute ileus should always be considered in the clinical management of this condition. It may also serve as a guide to indicate the degree of intoxication.
II. RENAL FUNCTION INFLUENCED BY PROTEOSE INTOXICATION
Authors: McQuarrie Irvine , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

The injection of the toxic proteose obtained from the contents of the obstructed small intestine causes a definite impairment of the eliminative function of the kidneys as shown by a decreased capacity to excrete urea, sodium chloride, and phenolsulfonephthalein.

This involvement of the renal function is similar to that shown by the preceding report (1) to accompany the intoxication of intestinal obstruction.

The observed depression of function is readily demonstrable even when large amounts of fluid and urea, dye, or salt are injected directly into the blood stream.

There is in all probability a temporary injury of the kidney cells, since the most important extrarenal factors have been largely eliminated in the above experiments.

There is no appreciable impairment of the renal function following the injection of a number of other proteose preparations from a variety of sources.

This study affords new evidence in favor of the view that the function of an organ can be profoundly disturbed for a time without any demonstrable anatomical lesions.

The repair of this type of injury promptly follows the disappearance of the intoxication and is functionally and anatomically perfect.
RESULTS OF PROPHYLACTIC VACCINATION AGAINST PNEUMONIA AT CAMP WHEELER
Authors: Cecil Russell L. , Vaughan Henry F.
Published: June 2004

1. 13,460 men, or about 80 per cent of the entire camp strength, were vaccinated against pneumonia with pneumococcus lipovaccine.

2. The dosage employed in all cases was 1 cc. of the lipovaccine containing approximately 10 billion each of Pneumococcus Types I, II, and III.

3. Both the local and general reactions produced by the vaccine were usually mild. Only 0.7 per cent of those who received the vaccine were sufficiently affected to need hospital care. None of these was seriously ill, and a majority of them returned to duty on the 2nd or 3rd day after admission.

4. Most of the troops inoculated were under observation for 2 or 3 months after vaccination. During this period there were 32 cases of Pneumococcus Type I, II, and III pneumonia among the vaccinated four-fifths of camp, and 42 cases of pneumonia of these types among the unvaccinated one-fifth of camp. If, however, all cases of pneumonia that developed within 1 week after vaccination are excluded from the vaccinated group, there remain only 8 cases of pneumonia produced by fixed types, and these were all secondary to severe attacks of influenza. This exclusion is justified by the fact that protective bodies do not begin to appear in the serum until the 8th day after injection of pneumococcus lipovaccine.

5. There is no evidence whatever that pneumococcus vaccine predisposes the individual even temporarily toward either pneumococcus or streptococcus pneumonia.

6. The weekly incidence rate for pneumonia (all types) among the vaccinated troops was conspicuously lower than that for the unvaccinated troops.

7. The pneumonia incidence rate per 1,000 men during the period of the experiment was twice as high for unvaccinated recruits as for vaccinated recruits, and nearly seven times as high for unvaccinated seasoned men as for vaccinated seasoned men.

8. Influenza causes a marked reduction in resistance to pneumonia even among vaccinated men. Of the 155 cases of pneumonia (all types) developing 1 week or more after vaccination, 133 were secondary to influenza.

9. The death rate for 155 cases of pneumonia (all types) that developed among vaccinated men 1 week or more after vaccination was only 12.2 per cent, whereas the death rate for 327 cases of all types that occurred among unvaccinated troops was 22.3 per cent. The death rate for primary pneumonia among vaccinated troops was 11.9 per cent. Among unvaccinated, it was 31.8 per cent, almost three times as great. On the other hand, the mortality rate in pneumonia secondary to influenza is about the same for the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups.

10. In conclusion, it must be admitted that the results of pneurnococcus vaccination at Camp Wheeler have not been so striking as those obtained at Camp Upton in 1918, largely on account of the influenza epidemic; but, although influenza obscured to some extent the effect of pneumococcus vaccination at Camp Wheeler, the results are sufficiently encouraging to justify its further application in civil as well as in military life.
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

The clinical and pathological features of the yellow fever prevalent in Guayaquil conform with those described by other investigators of this disease as it has occurred elsewhere, both epidemically and endemically.
THE PASSAGE OF MENINGOCOCCIC AGGLUTININS FROM THE BLOOD TO THE SPINAL FLUID OF THE MONKEY
Authors: Amoss Harold L. , Eberson Frederick
Published: June 2004

Agglutinins for the meningococcus were not found in the spinal fluid of normal monkeys which had received antimeningococcic serum intravenously.

The intraspinal injection of isotonic salt solution, normal horse serum, or a culture of living meningococci allows agglutinins for the meningococcus to pass from the blood to the spinal fluid of the passively immunized monkey; and the rate of the passage is affected by the severity of the inflammation induced in the meninges.

The rates of elimination from the blood and spinal canal of meningococcic antibodies, as shown by the agglutination reaction, were compared in monkeys treated with immune serum (a) intraspinally, (b) intravenously, and (c) intraspinally and intravenously in combination.

(a) When immune serum is given intraspinally the agglutinins are very much diminished after 8 hours and practically disappear at 12 hours. They appear in the blood at the 4th hour after injection and quickly diminish.

(b) After intravenous injection of immune serum, when the meninges are inflamed, agglutinins appear in the spinal fluid in small amounts in about 12 hours and increase to the 25th hour. More than one-half of the agglutinins disappear from the blood within 8 hours and remain in low concentration at 25 hours.

(c) After combined intraspinal and intravenous injection the agglutinins remain in higher concentration in the spinal fluid and for a longer time than by method (a) or (b). The curve descends after 12 hours, and agglutinins are present at 25 hours. They remain in maximum concentration in the blood for 25 hours.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE MODE OF INFECTION IN EPIDEMIC MENINGITIS
Authors: Amoss Harold L. , Eberson Frederick
Published: June 2004

The lower monkeys as represented by Macacus rhesus are resistant to a high degree to infection with cultures of the meningococcus introduced into the general blood.

The lower monkeys are less resistant to infection when the meningococcus cultures are injected directly into the subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture.

Relatively virulent cultures, which have been passed through several monkeys, acquire the power of surviving in the circulating blood of the monkeys for a maximum period of about 72 hours. Nothing has, however, been observed to indicate that the injected meningococci actually multiply in the blood.

It has not been found possible to direct the meningococci circulating in the blood into the cerebrospinal meninges of monkeys. In this effort an aseptic meningitis was induced by injecting horse serum, saline solution, or protargol into the subarachnoid space preceding the introduction of the meningococci into the blood.

In rabbits the meningococci were able to pass into the spinal fluid from the blood when a physical break in the continuity was made; however, under the conditions of chemical inflammation of the meninges the rabbit reacted just as the monkeys, and the organisms did not pass.

Because of the high insusceptibility of the monkey to infection with meningococcus, it is not believed that the experiments throw any new light on the mode of invasion of the body in man by that microorganism.

The experiments do not lend any support to the notion that an intraspinal injection of the antimeningococcus serum, early in the course of invasion of meningococcus in man, and possibly at a period at which the meninges do not yet show evidences of inflammation, favors its diversion from the blood stream into the subarachnoid space.