bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative evaluation of Tuned Aperture Computed Tomography ® for the detection of mandibular fractures
Authors: Nair M K , Webber R L , Johnson M P
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To compare the diagnostic efficacy of Tuned Aperture Computed Tomography (TACT) with conventional imaging modalities for detection of fractures of the mandible.

METHODS

Fractures were induced using blunt trauma in human defleshed mandibles. Conventional extra-oral and indirect digital images, unprocessed TACT images reconstructed from eight and 16 basis images (BI) and iteratively restored TACT images from eight and 16 BI were used for fracture evaluation. Twelve observers recorded their diagnoses using a five-point confidence rating scale. The data were analysed using ROC curve analysis.

RESULTS

Significant differences were found (P < 0.0001) in the areas under the curve (Az): film, 0.6954; digital images 0.6169; TACT unprocessed images using 8 BI, 0.7420; TACT unprocessed images using 8 BI, 0.7667; TACT unprocessed images using 16 BI, 0.7730; TACT iteratively restored images using 16 BI, 0.8143. No observer-based differences were found. Fractures in the condylar and coronoid regions were more difficult to detect than those in the ramus and body of the mandible.

CONCLUSIONS

Iteratively restored TACT images generated using 16 BI had a superior diagnostic performance to all the other imaging modalities. Studies are in order to evaluate its in vivo potential.
Computer-based registration for digital subtraction in dental radiology
Authors: Lehmann T M , Gröndahl H G , Benn D K
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

(1) To review computerized a posteriori techniques for geometry and contrast registration prior to digital subtraction in dental radiography; (2) to define a uniform notation for their methodological and technical classification and based on this key code; (3) to derive criteria for successful application of computer-based a posteriori registration for routine clinical subtraction.

METHODS

All techniques are classified with respect to the (1) dimension of geometry registration; (2) origin; (3) abstraction level, and (4) linkage of features used for registration of geometry; (5) elasticity; (6) domain, and (7) parameter determination of the geometrical transform used; (8) interaction of geometrical registration; as well as (9) origin of features, (10) model of transform, and (11) interaction of procedure for contrast correction.

RESULTS

With respect to clinical practicability, superior registration techniques are based on the low level abstraction of intrinsic features for both geometry and contrast registration. By approximately linking the features, a global projective transform should be generated for geometry registration by automatic methods, while automatic contrast correction should be non-parametric. This challenge is met only by one out of 36 published algorithms. Hence, although numerous computer-based techniques have been published, only a few of them are applied more than once in practice.

CONCLUSION

The key code proposed in this paper is useful for technical classification of a posteriori registration methods in dental radiography and allows their objective comparison. Further investigations will focus on standardization of practicable procedures to evaluate the robustness of competing methods.
Thickening of the glenoid fossa in osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint. An autopsy study
Authors: Honda K , Larheim T A , Sano T , Hashimoto K , Shinoda K , Westesson P L
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the thickness of the roof of the glenoid fossa of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in relationship to the stage of internal derangement from autopsy material.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The minimum thickness of the roof of the glenoid fossa was measured with a caliper in 61 TMJ autopsy specimens. Based on macroscopic examination the joints were categorized as normal (30 joints), disk displacement (eight joints), disk displacement with osteoarthritis (12 joints) and osteoarthritis with perforation of the disk or posterior attachment (11 joints). The relationship between thickness of roof of the glenoid fossa and status of the joint was analysed.

RESULTS

The roof of the glenoid fossa was on the average 0.6 mm in normal joints, 1.1 mm in joints both with disk displacement and disk displacement with osteoarthritis and 2.6 mm in joints with osteoarthritis and perforation. The difference between the normal joints and those with perforation was significant (P<0.01).

CONCLUSION

Progressive remodeling with thickening of the roof of the glenoid fossa seems to be associated with perforation of the disk or posterior attachment.
Radiographic image enhancement. Part I: spatial domain techniques
Authors: Analoui M
Published: October 2024

Digital image enhancement techniques provide a multitude of choices for improving the visual quality of diagnostic images. Appropriate choice of such techniques is greatly influenced by the imaging modality, task at hand and viewing conditions. This sequence of two articles will provide an overview of underlying concepts, along with algorithms commonly used for radiographic image enhancement. The first article focuses on spatial domain techniques for radiographic image enhancement, with particular reference to point processing methods, histogram modification and unsharp masking.
High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: an in vitro study
Authors: Tetsumura A , Yoshino N , Amagasa T , Nagumo K , Okada N , Sasaki T
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To determine in vitro the potential of high-resolution MRI for evaluating the depth of tumor invasion of the tongue.

METHODS

Twenty-one resected specimens of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue were examined on a 1.5T MRI system with a 4 cm surface coil using four different sequences; T1W SE, T2W SE, 3D-FISP and 3D-CISS. The thickness of normal epithelium, tumor depth and width were measured on both MR images and histopathological sections.

RESULTS

The mucosal epithelium, lamina propria and muscles of the tongue were clearly identifiable on MRI. All 21 carcinomas, including three early invasive carcinomas, were clearly demonstrated. A high correlation was found between the values measured by MRI and histopathology for thickness of mucosal epithelium and both depth and width of tumors. There was a good agreement between the T2W SE and the other imaging sequences for measurements of both depth and width of tumors.

CONCLUSION

High-resolution MR imaging appears reliable for the in vitro evaluation of depth of tumor invasion in carcinoma of the tongue.
Radiographic imaging of the mastoid process with conventional tomography: a novel positioning technique
Authors: Kaeppler G , Nestle B , Reinert S
Published: October 2024

The Scanora (Soredex, Helsinki, Finland) is a multimodal unit for maxillofacial imaging combining narrow beam radiography and pluridirectional spiral tomography. We describe a novel technique for imaging the mastoid process based on a modification of the program for coronal tomography of the ear. This technique is of potential clinical value for implant planning and postoperative evaluation in the temporal bone.
Calcification of the stylohyoid complex in Londoners and Hong Kong Chinese
Authors: MacDonald-Jankowski D S
Published: October 2024

AIM

To compare the prevalence and pattern of calcification of the stylohyoid complex in Hong Kong Chinese with that in London.

METHODS

The panoramic radiographs of two consecutive series of patients attending the primary dental care departments were reviewed, 862 patients in Hong Kong and 800 in London. The morphology of the stylohyoid complex was allocated to one of 12 patterns.

RESULTS

A normal styloid process is significantly more prevalent in Hong Kong (P<0.01). A calcified stylohyoid ligament is significantly more common in London (15.8%) than Hong Kong (3.9%, P<0.01), whereas there is no difference in the prevalence of an elongated styloid process (7.8% in London and 8.6% in Hong Kong). Segmentation was significantly more prevalent in London (P<0.01), whereas symmetry predominated in Hong Kong (P<0.01). Although the mean age of the Hong Kong patients was significantly older than those in London (P<0.001), those with a calcified stylohyoid ligament tended only to be older (0.025>P>0.01). There was no significant difference in age for an elongated styloid process.

CONCLUSION

There are significant differences in the morphology of the stylohyoid complex between London and Hong Kong. A calcified stylohyoid ligament is more prevalent in Londoners.
Sensitometric and clinical evaluation of a new F-speed dental X-ray film
Authors: Syriopoulos K , Velders X L , Sanderink G C , van Der Stelt P F
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

To compare the sensitometric properties, diagnostic efficacy and image quality of the InSight (F-speed) and Ektaspeed Plus (E-speed) dental X-ray films (Kodak Eastman Co, Rochester, USA).

METHODS

Characteristic curves were constructed, using manual and automatic processing, in order to compare film speed and average gradient. The diagnostic yield was compared by assessment of endodontic file length. Endodontic files, sizes 10 and 15, were placed at the root apex or 1.5 mm short. The exposure time for the InSight films was 20% lower than that of Ektaspeed Plus. Seven dentists rated the position of file tip using a 5-point confidence scale. ROC data were analysed by means of analysis of variance. The null hypothesis was rejected when P<0.05. In order to compare the image quality, 100 pairs of bitewing radiographs of the left (using Ektaspeed Plus) and the right sides (using InSight) of the same patient were made. Four dentists viewed the radiographs and the data were analysed using Kendall's coefficient of concordance.

RESULTS

InSight was faster than Ektaspeed Plus. It was an E-speed film when processed in manual conditions and an F-speed film when processed automatically. The films had comparable average gradient. No significant difference was found in the diagnostic yield using the two films (P=0.648). Two observers showed a significant preference for Ektaspeed Plus.

CONCLUSIONS

The first results of the new InSight film are promising: the exposure time can be reduced by 20% in comparison with Ektaspeed Plus at no detriment to diagnostic efficacy.
An optimized fast protocol for magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint
Authors: Honda E , Sasaki T , Simm F C , Maruyama K
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To provide a fast protocol for MR imaging of the TMJ with high contrast resolution of both soft tissue and joint fluid.

METHODS

A fast turbo-spin echo (TSE) pulse sequence was developed. The new technique was compared with T1W conventional spin echo (CSE) and T2W TSE sequences in imaging 57 TMJs in 50 patients. Disc location and contour and bone delineation were assessed on three images of each TMJ by one observer. Presence and location of intra-articular fluid were evaluated on both standard T2W and new TSE images. Image quality was scored on a 3 point-scale by one observer.

RESULTS

The net image acquisition time for one plane was 2 min with the new TSE sequence compared with approximately 5-10 min for T1W and 4 min for T2W. The new sequence provided equivalent diagnostic information to a combination of T1W CSE for disc position and contour and bone contour and T2W TSE sequence for joint fluid.

CONCLUSIONS

The examination time for MRI of the TMJ can be considerably reduced with the new fast TSE pulse sequence without compromising image quality.
Continuous radiographic visualization of the mandibular nutrient canals
Authors: Wang P D , Serman N J , Kaufman E
Published: October 2024

The continuous radiographic appearance of the course of mandibular nutrient canals (NC), originating from the incisive branch of the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle bilaterally, showing anastomoses and terminating in the interdental area of the anterior teeth, is reported for the first time.
Evaluation of a new digital panoramic system: a comparison with film
Authors: Ramesh A , Tyndall D A , Ludlow J B
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the Orthophos DS digital panoramic system (Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) for the detection of dento-alveolar disease in comparison with film.

METHODS

Five patients selected for admission to the School of Dentistry had a panoramic radiograph obtained with the Orthophos Plus (Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) system, a digital panoramic image obtained with the Orthophos DS (Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) system and a full mouth series. The ground truth was determined from the full mouth series by a panel of board certified oral and maxillofacial radiologists using the Delphi method. Four observers scored both the film and digital panoramic images for the presence of caries and marginal periodontitis. Results were statistically analysed using ROC analysis and ANOVA.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference (P=0.704) between the two modalities for the detection of caries but there was a significant difference (P=0.015) for the detection of periodontal disease where conventional panoramic film performed better than the digital image.

CONCLUSIONS

Though the conventional film was better than the digital image for the detection of periodontal disease, further studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of this result in relation to the potential advantages of digital technology.
Diagnostic yield of conventional and digital cephalometric images: a human cadaver study
Authors: Gijbels F , Bou Serhal C , Willems G , Bosmans H , Sanderink G , Persoons M , Jacobs R
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To compare the clinical efficacy of digital and conventional cephalometric imaging.

METHODS

Conventional and photostimulable phosphor cephalometric radiographs were obtained from three human cadavers at nine different exposure settings. Subjective image quality was assessed by six observers who evaluated six cephalometric landmarks. Organ doses were measured with TLDs and effective doses calculated.

RESULTS

Compared with conventional cephalometric images, digital images had a consistently better subjective image quality for all exposure settings which was significant (P<0.05) for all but two. Organ doses were comparable. Higher kV and lower mAs settings yielded the lowest effective dose, which was highly dependent on the position of the thyroid gland in the beam.

CONCLUSION

Relatively small variations in exposure settings do not influence subjective diagnostic image quality of digital cephalometric radiographs. Higher kV and lower mAs settings have the lowest effective dose and should therefore be preferred.
Root fracture detection: a comparison of direct digital radiography with conventional radiography
Authors: Kositbowornchai S , Nuansakul R , Sikram S , Sinahawattana S , Saengmontri S
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To compare the diagnostic potential of direct digital radiography with conventional film for detecting experimental root fractures.

METHODS

Two hundred and one extracted single-rooted human teeth were endodontically instrumented and divided into two groups, a control group of 100 teeth and a fractured group of 101 teeth in which root fractures were produced experimentally. Each tooth was imaged using the paralleling technique with a CCD-based digital system and D-speed film. The images were interpreted by an experienced radiologist without prior knowledge of the distribution of the root fractures. The degree of agreement in detecting root fractures with each imaging system compared with the actual condition was expressed as the kappa value. The difference between the radiographic systems was then assessed by chi(2)-test at the 95% significance level.

RESULTS

There was substantial agreement between the digital system and the actual condition (kappa=0.71; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.62 to 0.80) and close agreement between the film and the actual condition (kappa=0.63; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.53 to 0.74). However, this difference was not significantly different (P=0.2).

CONCLUSIONS

The performance of CCD-based digital radiography in detecting root fractures is similar to film-based radiography.
Osteoradionecrosis of the mandible. Comparison of the effects of external beam irradiation and brachytherapy
Authors: Støre G , Evensen J , Larheim T A
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

To compare the difference in location and severity of osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the mandible following either external beam irradiation alone or combined with brachytherapy in the management of orofacial cancer.

METHODS

CT was used to evaluate ORN in relation to the radiation source and field and the site of malignancy in 31 patients with orofacial carcinomas. Twenty-three patients received combined radiotherapy and brachytherapy and eight patients only external radiotherapy. The radiation dose distribution to the mandible was calculated retrospectively.

RESULTS

In the combined radiotherapy group all patients had ORN of the lingual cortex, mostly adjacent to the position of previous iridium implants. Lingual defects were also found in the contralateral mandible in 35% of patients. Defects in the buccal cortex were seen in 30%. In the external radiotherapy group, ORN was found in both buccal and lingual cortices and 50% also in the contralateral mandible. When brachytherapy with iridium implants was used the dose to the buccal cortex was about one-third of that to the lingual cortex. There was no dose gradient between the cortices using external beam irradiation alone.

CONCLUSIONS

Evidence of ORN was found in both groups of irradiation regimens. Thus, the entire irradiated mandible should be considered as a compromised tissue at risk of ORN.
A comparison of diagnostic accuracy of a newly developed photofluorographic panoramic system with conventional panoramic radiography
Authors: Nagata Y
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To compare the diagnostic accuracy of a prototype photofluorographic panoramic system with that of a conventional panoramic system.

METHODS

We used 14 human skulls with four artificial apical bone defects in each and 13 clinical cases with 21 periapical lesions. Six dental radiologists and six senior dental students rated the presence of defects on each image on a five-point scale. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed and the area under each curve (Az) was compared as an index of accuracy. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences between the photofluorographic and the conventional panoramic systems (P=0.074) in detecting artificial apical defects. However, there were significant differences (P=0.03) in detecting natural defects.

CONCLUSIONS

The diagnostic accuracy of the prototype photofluorographic panoramic system appears comparable with that of the conventional panoramic system. However, variability may arise from the observers' diagnostic experience and training.
Analysis of fractal dimensions of rat bones from film and digital images
Authors: Pornprasertsuk S , Ludlow J B , Webber R L , Tyndall D A , Yamauchi M
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

(1) To compare the effect of two different intra-oral image receptors on estimates of fractal dimension; and (2) to determine the variations in fractal dimensions between the femur, tibia and humerus of the rat and between their proximal, middle and distal regions.

METHODS

The left femur, tibia and humerus from 24 4-6-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were radiographed using intra-oral film and a charge-coupled device (CCD). Films were digitized at a pixel density comparable to the CCD using a flat-bed scanner. Square regions of interest were selected from proximal, middle, and distal regions of each bone. Fractal dimensions were estimated from the slope of regression lines fitted to plots of log power against log spatial frequency.

RESULTS

The fractal dimensions estimates from digitized films were significantly greater than those produced from the CCD (P=0.0008). Estimated fractal dimensions of three types of bone were not significantly different (P=0.0544); however, the three regions of bones were significantly different (P=0.0239). The fractal dimensions estimated from radiographs of the proximal and distal regions of the bones were lower than comparable estimates obtained from the middle region.

CONCLUSIONS

Different types of image receptors significantly affect estimates of fractal dimension. There was no difference in the fractal dimensions of the different bones but the three regions differed significantly.
The relationship of primary tumor thickness in carcinoma of the tongue to subsequent lymph node metastasis
Authors: Hayashi T , Ito J , Taira S , Katsura K
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To study whether primary tumor thickness of stage I/II tongue carcinoma provides information about subsequent lymph node metastasis.

METHODS

Twenty consecutive patients with T1N0M0 or T2N0M0 tongue carcinoma were studied. Primary tumor thickness was measured with post-contrast helical computed tomography or intra-oral sonography. Cervical lymph nodes were evaluated periodically with sonography at intervals of 2-4 weeks. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for subsequent metastasis was calculated.

RESULTS

Positive sonographic findings appeared in nine nodes of nine patients during this follow-up period. Eleven patients underwent neck dissections, and nine had histopathologically positive nodes. Nine patients had no sonographic findings of metastasis during a minimum follow-up period of 20 months. Primary tumor thickness varied from 3-16 mm. Using 5 mm as a cut-off thickness, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for subsequent lymph node metastasis were 64, 100 and 75% respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with stage I/II tongue carcinoma which is more than 5 mm thick are more likely to develop lymph node metastasis.
Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography for cervical metastases at different anatomical levels in carcinoma of the tongue
Authors: Ogura I , Kurabayashi T , Amagasa T , Sasaki T
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the variation in diagnostic accuracy of CT in the assessment of cervical lymph node metastases from tongue carcinoma at different anatomical levels.

METHODS

Sixty-one patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue who underwent radical neck dissection were included in this study. The CT and histopathological findings at nodal levels I-V were compared for the presence or absence of lymph node metastases. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) of CT were evaluated for each nodal level.

RESULTS

The sensitivity of CT was: level I, 85%; level II, 77.8%; level III, 53.3%; level IV, 66.7% and level V, 25%. There was a significant difference in the sensitivity between the level I-II group (80.9%) and level III-V group (53.6%) (P=0.012). There was no significant difference in the specificity, NPV, and PPV between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The sensitivity of CT in detecting cervical lymph node metastases was significantly smaller at levels III-V than at levels I-II.
Diagnostic value of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging for salivary gland diseases: a preliminary study
Authors: Suenaga S , Indo H , Noikura T
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To determine the diagnostic value of dynamic MR imaging for the differentiation between benign tumours, malignant tumours, and inflammatory lesions in the major salivary glands.

METHODS

T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo and dynamic gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted spin-echo imaging sequences were performed in 27 patients (28 salivary gland lesions). The enhancement curve patterns and tumour margins on dynamic MR imaging were analysed.

RESULTS

All pleomorphic adenomas showed a continuous gradual or rapid increase in the enhancement pattern, whereas other benign tumours had a rapid or gradual enhancement-attenuation pattern. Malignant tumours generally showed a gradual enhancement-attenuation pattern. Inflammatory lesions showed a rapid or gradual enhancement-attenuation pattern. A well-defined margin was observed in all 13 (100%) benign tumours and three of six (50%) malignant tumours.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggests that dynamic curve patterns and tumour margin appearance may help to differentiate between benign tumours, malignant tumours and inflammatory lesions.
Organ doses and subjective image quality of indirect digital panoramic radiography
Authors: Gijbels F , Sanderink G , Bou Serhal C , Pauwels H , Jacobs R
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To determine if slight variations in exposure will affect diagnostic image quality and absorbed radiation doses for digital and analogue panoramic radiography.

METHODS

Thermoluminescent dosimeters were placed in the thyroid gland, eyes, submandibular glands, parotid glands and skin of two human cadaver heads. Three different exposure settings were used: 70 kV, 120 mAs; 77 kV, 75 mAs; and 81 kV, 60 mAs. Subjective image quality was assessed using a phantom head. Storage phosphor (SP) images were printed on film and both analogue and SP images were assessed for their subjective image quality on a five-point rating scale. The results were statistically analysed using logistic regression analysis and chi(2) tests.

RESULTS

Highest organ doses were measured for the submandibular glands, followed by the parotid glands. Salivary gland doses tended to be higher at lower kV settings. Image quality was not statistically different for the different exposure settings. Imaging technique did not seem to influence diagnostic image quality, except for the periapical status of upper premolars where SP was better. The main reason for any differences appeared to be interobserver variation.

CONCLUSIONS

Analogue and SP panoramic radiography performed equally well for subjective diagnostic image quality. No significant differences could be found at the exposure settings used in this study. Radiation doses were highest for the salivary glands, especially at lower kV settings.
Management of oral and maxillofacial radiology clinics in Taiwan's dental schools
Authors: Chen S K , Chien H H , Lin L
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To investigate management of Taiwanese dental school Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (OMFR) clinics and to suggest alternative management strategies.

METHODS

A management questionnaire was designed for the faculty responsible for teaching the Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology curriculum.

RESULTS

Data from all seven Taiwanese schools indicated inadequate supervision of the prescription of radiological examinations in the absence of guidelines. Most schools are understaffed and not properly equipped. There is a significant shortage of trained dentists in the field of OMFR. In some schools no dentist is involved in the management of OMFR clinics. Some aspects of quality assurance procedures should be enhanced. An average of 21.4% of films were reported lost, with the highest rate at 40%, demonstrating serious problems in image archiving. Clinician satisfaction with clinic management averaged 74.3%, with a minimum of 50%.

CONCLUSION

A set of standards is recommended by the Taiwanese OMFR Association after reviewing the survey findings. Prescription for OMFR examination should be supervised by licensed clinicians, and there is a need for guidelines. Trained and dedicated personnel should be assigned for the management of OMFR clinics. More quality assurance procedures should be performed. A computer-based image archiving system is desirable.
Influence of the number of basis images and projection array on caries detection using tuned aperture computed tomography (TACT).
Authors: Abreu M , Tyndall D A , Ludlow J B , Nortjé C J
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

to determine if the number of basis images and spatial distribution of the projection array used for TACT slice generation influence observer performance in caries detection.

METHODS

In the first experiment, 2, 4, 8 and 12 basis projections of each of 40 teeth were acquired using a CMOS digital radiography sensor. Projections were distributed radially in space using a 20 degree angular disparity. TACT slices were generated from the four subgroups of images, presented to eight observers, and viewed on a high-resolution monitor. Observers scored the presence/absence of caries using a 5-point confidence scale. Gold standard was histological examination of tooth sections. ROC curves measured observer diagnostic performance. ANOVA tested for significant differences between observers and experimental conditions. In the second experiment, the number of basis projections judged to be satisfactory for TACT slice generation was used. Horizontal and vertical linear arrays of projections were compared to the circular projection array.

RESULTS

There was a statistically significant difference between the numbers of basis projections in the detection of both occlusal (P=0.006) and proximal caries (P=0.005). No significant difference was found between projection arrays in the detection of either occlusal (P=0.065) or proximal (P=0.515) caries.

CONCLUSIONS

The number of TACT basis projections significantly influences caries detection. Eight or more images should be used. Either linear-vertical, linear-horizontal or circular arrays of basis projections may be used for TACT slice generation in caries detection tasks.
A method to calculate angular disparities between object and receptor in "paralleling technique"
Authors: Schulze R K W , d'Hoedt B
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

To develop an image analysis method for calculation of angular disparities between an object, temporarily equipped with a reference system, and a radiographic receptor.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A mathematical method based on a reference system containing two metallic spheres is developed, allowing calculation of inclination between the inter-spherical axis and the digital image receptor using image features. Experimental evaluation was done in standardized projection geometry for two sphere sizes at four randomly chosen inclinations per size, with each radiograph assessed three times. Truth was assessed threefold from photographs obtained at each inclination.

RESULTS

Mean standard deviation between single assessments was 2.6 degrees. Significant differences (P Maloney/Rastogy=0.00) were found between absolute values of truth and calculated values (mean: -0.9 degrees; range: -6.0 degrees; 3.6 degrees), indicating a significant lack of accuracy.

CONCLUSIONS

Although so far not sufficiently accurate, the method yields information relevant for correction of distortion in intra-oral radiology.
Periosteal osteosarcoma of the mandible.
Authors: Koyama J , Ito J , Hayashi T
Published: October 2024

We report a rare case of periosteal osteosarcoma of the mandible in a 15-year-old girl. Extension of the tumour into the bone marrow by way of the periodontal ligament is demonstrated.
A comparison of the effective dose from scanography with periapical radiography
Authors: Gijbels F , Jacobs R , Sanderink G , De Smet E , Nowak B , Van Dam J , Van Steenberghe D
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To compare organ and effective doses from analogue scanographic and periapical radiography.

METHODS

Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD-700) were inserted in the parotid glands (bilateral), submandibular glands (bilateral) and bone marrow (left ascending ramus) of three human cadavers. Dosimeters were also attached to the skin, thyroid gland and lens of both eyes. Central, left lateral and left posterior scanograms were obtained with a Cranex Tome (Soredex, Helsinki, Finland) multimodal imaging system. A similar procedure was applied for periapical radiographs of the midline, left lateral and left molar regions using E-speed film both with and without rectangular collimation. Organ and effective doses were calculated for scanograms and periapical radiographs.

RESULTS

The effective doses for the scanograms were 0.001 mSv (central), 0.011 mSv (lateral) and 0.015 mSv (posterior). The effective doses for periapical radiographs were 0.001 mSv (anterior), 0.001 mSv (lateral) and 0.003 mSv (posterior) for rectangular collimation and 0.001 mSv (anterior), 0.002 mSv (lateral) and 0.005 mSv (posterior) for round collimation.

CONCLUSIONS

When a larger area of the upper or lower jaw needs to be visualised, scanograms might be considered as an alternative to periapical radiography since the effective dose is lower.
Oligonucleotide Synthesis and State-of-the-Art Drug Discovery
Authors: Osawa T. , Obika S.
Published: October 2024

Oligonucleotide therapeutics are currently attracting attention as one of the new drug discovery modalities for difficult-to-treat diseases. In addition, research on the development of oligonucleotide therapeutics is becoming more active, and research areas related to nucleic acid chemistry have made rapid progress in recent years. This chapter focuses on antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), as typical oligonucleotide therapeutics, and introduces the mechanism of action, sequence design guidelines, and chemical modifications to enhance antisense activity and reduce toxicity.
A polychloride-enabled synthesis of [NEt3Me][PCl6] serving as a potential PCl3-storage and PCl5-reagent
Authors: Ernst Moritz J. , Kleoff Merlin , Voßnacker Patrick , Thiele Günther , Müller Christian , Riedel Sebastian
Published: October 2024

The reaction of the ionic liquid [NEt3Me][Cl3] with white phosphorus (P4) gives, quantitatively, hexachlorophosphate [NEt3Me][PCl6], which shows similar reactivity as PCl5 and can be used as a potential PCl3-storage material.
Charge-redistributed Co3O4/Fe0.3Co0.7P heterointerfaces for efficient electrocatalytic urea oxidation
Authors: Zhang Shan , Zhao Ming , Zhang Xiaoyan , Wang Chao , Zhang Chunmei , Xing Huanhuan , Yang Chunzi , Ma Ruguang , Guo Chunxian
Published: October 2024

Unique Co3O4/Fe0.3Co0.7P heterostructures with abundant interfaces were elaborately designed and fabricated as effective electrocatalysts for the urea oxidation reaction.
CRISPR/Cas12a assay for amol level microRNA by combining enzyme-free amplification and single particle analysis
Authors: Zhang Chengchao , Zhao Xin , Chen Xiao , Lin Xu , Huang Zili , Hu Jianyu , Liu Rui , Lv Yi
Published: October 2024

A new dual-amplification CRISPR-miRNA assay combining HCR and single-particle analysis mitigates PCR-related issues like high costs, non-specificity, and primer interference.
Construction of a Pr/CDs/SSS/PbO2 composite electrode for highly efficient degradation of organic pollutants
Authors: Li Hui , Yi Guiyun , Wu Yuanfeng , Wang Xikui , Xing Baolin , Zhang Yulong
Published: October 2024

In this study, a Pr/CDs/SSS/PbO2 electrode with good electrocatalytic activity and superior stability was successfully prepared by an electrodeposition process.
Oxidation of fine aluminum particles: thermally induced transformations in particle shells and kinetics of oxide nucleation
Authors: Korshunov Andrey V.
Published: October 2024

A submicron aluminum particle during oxidation is a shrinking spherical segment due to the growth of a single γ-Al2O3 nucleus.
Triple-chain boron clusters: lengthening via phosphorus doping and enhancing stability through {P} by {CH} substitution
Authors: Duong Long Van , Tam Nguyen Minh , Karton Amir , Nguyen Minh Tho
Published: October 2024

This theoretical study presents novel insights into the doping of boron clusters with an increasing number of dopant atoms, ranging from 1 to 4, that preserve the integrity of the original boron framework. The B16P4 cluster has a triple-chain shape.
The role of reticular chemistry in photoenzymatic reaction
Authors: Shu Ying , Lee Jimin , Liang Weibin , Huang Jun
Published: October 2024

Photoenzymatic catalysis faces challenges like low stability and recyclability. Reticular framework materials offer solutions by enabling enzyme protection and reuse. This review highlights recent advances, design strategies, and future directions.
Green synthesis of N-sulfonyl amidine using a CuI-incorporated CoFe2O4 nano-catalyst in aqueous medium
Authors: Charaimuria Samrat , Phukan Prodeep
Published: October 2024

A magnetically separable nanocatalyst has been developed by the incorporation of CuI on the functionalized surface of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for the synthesis of N-sulfonyl amidines in aqueous medium at ambient temperature.
Retraction: Eco-friendly repurposing of by-pass waste for optics and radiation protection: addressing hazardous material challenges
Authors: Zakaly Hesham M. H. , Hashim H. , Issa Shams A. M. , Darwish Moustafa A. , Obiedallah Fatma M. , Koubisy M. S. I. , Saudi H. A.
Published: October 2024

Retraction of ‘Eco-friendly repurposing of by-pass waste for optics and radiation protection: addressing hazardous material challenges’ by Hesham M. H. Zakaly et al., Mater. Adv., 2024, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ma01062g.
Assistive robotics and the human–machine interface: an interview with Professor Tom Carlson
Authors: Carlson Tom
Published: October 2024

Tom Carlson is Professor of Assistive Robotics at University College London. Here, we interview Professor Carlson to learn more about his background, his areas of research and the future of robotics.
The ACT-DR5 MCMF galaxy cluster catalog
Authors: Klein M. , Mohr J. J. , Davies C. T.
Published: October 2024

Galaxy clusters are useful cosmological probes and interesting astrophysical laboratories. As the cluster samples continue to grow in size, a deeper understanding of the sample characteristics and improved control of systematics becomes more crucial. For this analysis we created a new and larger ACT-DR5-based thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Effect- (tSZE-) selected galaxy cluster catalog with improved control over sample purity and completeness. We employed the red sequence based cluster redshift and confirmation tool MCMF together with optical imaging data from the Legacy Survey DR-10 and infrared data from the WISE satellite to systematically identify true clusters from a new cluster candidate detection run on the ACT-DR5 dataset. The resulting ACT-DR5 MCMF sample contains 6,237 clusters with a residual contamination of 10.7%. This is an increase of 49% compared to the previous ACT-DR5 cluster catalog, making this new catalog the largest tSZE-selected cluster catalog to date. The zphot>1 subsample contains 703 clusters, three times more than in the previous ACT-DR5 catalog. Cross-matching the ACT-DR5 MCMF cluster catalog with a deeper tSZE sample from SPTpol 500d allows us to confirm the completeness and purity of the new ACT-DR5 MCMF sample. Cross-matching to the two largest X-ray-selected cluster samples, the all-sky RASS MCMF and the western Galactic hemisphere survey eRASS1, confirms the sample purity of the RASS MCMF sample and in the case of eROSITA eRASS1 reveals that 43% of the matched clusters are designated in eRASS1 as X-ray point sources rather than groups and clusters. Cross-correlating the ACT-DR5 MCMF cluster catalog with ACT-DR6 lensing maps results in a 16.4σ detection of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) lensing around the clusters, corresponding to the strongest signal found so far for a galaxy cluster sample. Repeating the measurement for the z > 1 cluster subsample yields a significance of 4.3σ, which is the strongest CMB lensing detection in a z>1 cluster sample to date.
The true age of multi-planet host star HD 110067
Authors: Loupien Maddie , Schröder Klaus-Peter , Fridlund Malcolm , Rosas-Portilla Faiber , Schmitt Jürgen H. M. M. , Jack Dennis
Published: October 2024

HD 110067 is a near (d = 32.22 pc, V = 8.43 mag) K0V star in Coma Ber that was recently discovered to host a six-planet system in stable resonances. The star has a very old age of 8+/−4 Gyr. However, by the nature of the respective evolution tracks (i.e. with masses of 0.78...0.85 M⊙), which run parallel to the zero-age main sequence for ≈8 Gyr, such age estimates are impossible unless the mass and luminosity are independently known to very high precision. We demonstrate this point using physical parameters derived from two different spectroscopic methods. As an alternative age indicator, we looked at the emission in Ca II H&K using TIGRE/HEROS spectra (Guanajuato, Mexico) and 78 archive TNG/HARPS-N spectra from 2021 to 2024. Surprisingly, HD 110067 has a high and persistent activity level of SMWO = 0.32. From the estimated empirical and Rossby number of 0.4, and with the parameterised spin-down timescale, we derive an activity age of ≈2.5(±0.8) Gyr. Similarly, a possible rotation period of 20 days, consistent with TESS photometric variations and our vsin(i), suggests Ro = 0.32 and an age of just 1.7 Gyr. Such a relatively young activity age is indeed consistent with a very small lithium signature (the equivalent width of the 6707.8 Å doublet is 1.1 ± 0.2 mÅ) and implies that HD110067 can be directly compared to its virtual twin σ Draconis, which has an even weaker lithium presence and an activity cycle around ⟨S⟩MWO ≈ 0.22.
Implementation of thermal conduction energy transfer models in the Bifrost solar atmosphere MHD code
Authors: Cherry George , Szydlarski Mikolaj , Gudiksen Boris
Published: October 2024

Context. Thermal conductivity provides important contributions to the energy evolution of the upper solar atmosphere, behaving as a non-linear concentration-dependent diffusion equation. Recently, different methods have been offered as best-fit solutions to these problems in specific situations, but their effectiveness and limitations are rarely discussed.

Aims. We have rigorously tested the different implementations of solving the conductivity flux, in the massively parallel magnetohydrodynamics code, Bifrost, with the aim of specifying the best scenarios for the use of each method.

Methods. We compared the differences and limitations of explicit versus implicit methods, and analyse the convergence of a hyperbolic approximation. Among the tests, we used a newly derived first-order self-similar approximation to compare the efficacy of each method analytically in a 1D pure-thermal test scenario.

Results. We find that although the hyperbolic approximation proves the most accurate and the fastest to compute in long-running simulations, there is no optimal method to calculate the mid-term conductivity with both accuracy and efficiency. We also find that the solution of this approximation is sensitive to the initial conditions, and can lead to faster convergence if used correctly. Hyperdiffusivity is particularly useful in aiding the methods to perform optimally.

Conclusions. We discuss recommendations for the use of each method within more complex simulations, whilst acknowledging the areas where there are opportunities for new methods to be developed.
Refugee recognition: reconsidering Honneth in light of Benjamin and Klein
Authors: Sharp Rob
Published: October 2024

Using data collected from participant observation through creative workshops in two regions of the UK in 2019 and 2020 with participants going through the asylum system, this paper seeks to redress the under-theorisation of Axel Honneth’s use of critical and psychoanalytic theory including the work of Donald Winnicott within Honneth’s book The Struggle for Recognition. Crucially, this approach sees Honneth’s primary intersubjective process of recognition, love, as ambivalent, as opposed to monolithically conceived, a common criticism of Honneth’s early work, and applies this conception to empirical data. Following the work of philosopher Amy Allen, this paper also resolves to apply Jessica Benjamin’s use of the Third to a number of empirical case studies relating to creative workshops conducted with participants going through the asylum system. By taking this ambivalent approach, this paper shows how meaningful recognition might more successfully be achieved beyond the limits of such the punitive regimes of asylum.
A New Metric for Face Mask Evaluation
Authors: Ikenson Ben
Published: October 2024

Aerosol circumvention efficiency may inform improved designs based on real-world use conditions.
Existence results for p-Kirchhoff type problems on closed manifolds
Authors: Bai Xiaojin , Chen Nanbo , Liu Xiaochun
Published: October 2024

This paper is to establish the existence, uniqueness, and compactness of positive solutions for the p-Kirchhoff type problems on a closed Riemannian manifold (M, g) of dimension n ≥ 3. Both subcritical and critical cases are considered under certain conditions by variational methods. Our results generalize several previous works from the special case of p = 2 to the general case of 1 < p < n.
Investigating instabilities in magnetized low-pressure capacitively coupled RF plasma using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations
Authors: Ganta Sathya S , Bera Kallol , Rauf Shahid , Kaganovich Igor , Khrabrov Alexander , Powis Andrew T , Sydorenko Dmytro , Xu Liang
Published: October 2024

The effect of a uniform magnetic field on particle transport in low-pressure radio frequency (RF) capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) has been studied using a particle-in-cell model. Three distinct regimes of plasma behavior can be identified as a function of the magnetic field. In the first regime at low magnetic fields, asymmetric plasma profiles are observed within the CCP chamber due to the effect of E→×B→ drift. As the magnetic field increases, instabilities develop and form self-organized spoke-shaped structures that are distinctly seen within the bulk plasma closer to the sheath. In this second regime, the spoke-shaped coherent structures rotate inside the plasma chamber in the −E→×B→ direction, where E→ and B→ are the DC electric and magnetic field vectors, respectively, and the DC electric field exists in the sheath and pre-sheath regions. The spoke rotation frequency is in the megahertz range. As the magnetic field strength increases further, the rotating coherent spokes continue to exist near the sheath. The coherent structures are, however, accompanied by new small-scale incoherent structures originating and moving within the bulk plasma region away from the sheath. This is the third regime of plasma behavior. The threshold values of the magnetic field between these regimes were found not to vary with changing plasma reactor geometry (e.g., area ratio between ground and powered electrodes) or the use of an external capacitor between the RF-powered electrode and the RF source. The threshold values of the magnetic field between these regimes shift toward higher values with increasing gas pressure. Analysis of the results indicates that the rotating structures are due to the lower hybrid instability driven by density gradients and electron-neutral collisions. This paper provides guidance on the upper limit of the magnetic field for instability-free operation in low-pressure CCP-based semiconductor deposition and etch systems that use the external magnetic field for plasma uniformity control.
Effect of three-body interaction on structural features of phosphate glasses from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Marchin Navid , Urata Shingo , Du Jincheng
Published: October 2024

Understanding the structures of phosphate glasses is important to many of their technological applications. Molecular dynamics simulations are commonly used to generate structure models of sodium phosphate glasses, and those with partial charge pairwise potentials have been successfully applied for modeling other network glasses, such as silicate and aluminosilicate glasses. In this work, we show that the addition of a three-body term is essential in regulating the intertetrahedral bond angles, as well as Qn speciation in comparison to experiments. Simulation results with and without three-body terms were compared and validated with experimental results, including neutron structure factors. Further comparison with glass structures fully relaxed with first-principles density functional theory was performed to evaluate the simulation results. The results show that the addition of three-body terms is vital for the modeling of phosphate glasses, and it can significantly improve the description of short- and medium-range structures and properties.