bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phytic Acid: From Antinutritional to Multiple Protection Factor of Organic Systems
Authors: Silva Elisângela O. , Bracarense Ana Paula F.R.L.
Published: May 2016

Several studies have shown the benefits of natural antioxidants on health and food preservation. Phytic acid (IP6) is a natural antioxidant that is found mainly in cereals and vegetables and, for a long period of time, was considered an antinutritional factor. However, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated its beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of several pathological conditions and cancer. Despite the numerous benefits of IP6, the signs and intracellular interactions mediated by this antioxidant remain poorly understood. This review describes the main chemical and biological aspects of IP6, as well as its actions in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.
Medium and Long Chain Fatty Acids Differentially Modulate Apoptosis and Release of Inflammatory Cytokines in Human Liver Cells
Authors: Li Lumin , Wang Baogui , Yu Ping , Wen Xuefang , Gong Deming , Zeng Zheling
Published: May 2016

Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) can be more easily absorbed and supply energy more rapidly than long chain fatty acids (LCFA). However, little is known about the inflammatory response by the treatment of MCFA in human liver cells. Thus this study used human liver cells (LO2) to evaluate the effects of MCFA on apoptosis and inflammatory response. Tetrazolim‐based colorimetric assay and lactate dehydrogenase assay were used to measure the viability of LO2 cells, isolated spleens and liver cells from BALB/C mice. Inverted fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to assess the cell apoptosis. Activity of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde level were measured to determine the oxidative damage. mRNA or protein levels of classical pro‐inflammatory cytokines were analyzed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. The results showed that the liver cells treated with the fatty acids at 200 μM for 24 h exhibited good viability. Fatty acids induced inflammatory cytokines at transcriptional and translational levels to a lesser extent than lipopolysaccharide. LCFA (oleic acid) up‐regulated tumor necrosis fator‐α, monocyte chemoattractant‐1 and interleukin‐1β while down‐regulated IL‐6 and IL‐8 secretion to a higher extent than MCFA in mRNA and protein levels. These findings suggested that MCFA may induce apoptosis to a less extent and exert more gentle inflammation than LCFA in human liver cells.
Analysis of defence systems and a conjugative IncP‐1 plasmid in the marine polyaromatic hydrocarbons‐degrading bacterium Cycloclasticus sp. 78‐ME
Authors: Yakimov Michail M. , Crisafi Francesca , Messina Enzo , Smedile Francesco , Lopatina Anna , Denaro Renata , Pieper Dietmar H. , Golyshin Peter N. , Giuliano Laura
Published: May 2016

Marine prokaryotes have evolved a broad repertoire of defence systems to protect their genomes from lateral gene transfer including innate or acquired immune systems and infection‐induced programmed cell suicide and dormancy. Here we report on the analysis of multiple defence systems present in the genome of the strain Cycloclasticus sp. 78‐ME isolated from petroleum deposits of the tanker ‘Amoco Milford Haven’. Cycloclasticus are ubiquitous bacteria globally important in polyaromatic hydrocarbons degradation in marine environments. Two ‘defence islands’ were identified in 78‐ME genome: the first harbouring CRISPR‐Cas with toxin‐antitoxin system, while the second was composed by an array of genes for toxin‐antitoxin and restriction‐modification proteins. Among all identified spacers of CRISPR‐Cas system only seven spacers match sequences of phages and plasmids. Furthermore, a conjugative plasmid p7ME01, which belongs to a new IncP‐1θ ancestral archetype without any accessory mobile elements was found in 78‐ME. Our results provide the context to the co‐occurrence of diverse defence mechanisms in the genome of Cycloclasticus sp. 78‐ME, which protect the genome of this highly specialized PAH‐degrader. This study contributes to the further understanding of complex networks established in petroleum‐based microbial communities.
Monitoring African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and cattle (Bos taurus) movement across a damaged veterinary control fence at a Southern African wildlife/livestock interface
Authors: Chigwenhese Leoba , Murwira Amon , Zengeya Fadzai M. , Masocha Mhosisi , de Garine‐Wichatitsky Michel , Caron Alexandre
Published: May 2016

We test the extent to which fence damage or fence permeability (resulting from human and elephant damage) influences patterns of cattle and buffalo movement at the periphery of Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe. We used spoor data to detect and compare the frequency of cattle and buffalo movement across the fence boundary. Results show that spoor proportions for cattle were significantly higher on fence partially damaged by humans than buffalo spoor. Conversely, buffalo spoor proportions were significantly higher on sections with totally removed fence as a result of elephant damage. Results suggest that cattle and buffalo use different sections of the damaged fence.
National Swedish study of immigrant children with type 1 diabetes showed impaired metabolic control after three years of treatment
Authors: Söderström Ulf , Samuelsson Ulf , Åman Jan
Published: May 2016

Aim

This study examined the clinical status and socio‐demographic conditions of children with type 1 diabetes at baseline and after three years of treatment, comparing those born to immigrant parents and Swedish parents.

Methods

This observational nationwide population‐based cohort study used prospectively collected registry data from Swediabkids, the National Quality Registry for Paediatric Diabetes in Sweden from 2000 to 2010. Of the 13 415 children with type 1 diabetes, there were 879 born to immigrant parents. We selected three children born to Swedish parents from the same registry for each immigrant child matching them by gender, age and year of diabetes onset (n = 2627; with 10 control children missing probably due to the matching procedure).

Results

Immigrant children had a higher median glycated haemoglobin level (HbA1c) than their Swedish peers, but there was no difference in the frequency of hypoglycaemia or ketoacidosis between the two cohorts. A linear regression model with HbA1c as a dependent variable showed that insulin units per kilogram of body weight were the main reason for inferior metabolic control.

Conclusion

Children with type 1 diabetes born to immigrant parents had inferior metabolic control three years after disease onset compared to children with Swedish born parents. Social family support and educational coping programmes are needed to improve treatment outcomes in immigrants with diabetes.
Methodological quality of antimalarial randomized controlled trials during pregnancy and its impact on the risk of low birth weight
Authors: Muanda Flory T. , Bérard Anick
Published: May 2016

Aim

To describe biases in antimalarial randomized controlled trials (RCTs) during pregnancy and their influence on antimalarial drug efficacy to reduce the risk of low birth weight (LBW).

Methods

RCT characteristics and results were retrieved from a previous systematic review on the efficacy of antimalarials. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment was used to investigate source of biases in each RCT. The quality of RCT reporting published after the introduction of the CONSORT statement in medical literature in 1996 were compared to those published before 1996. A meta‐regression analysis was performed to examine the impact of bias on the efficacy of antimalarials to reduce LBW after controlling for the time period prior to 1996.

Results

Twenty out of 25 RCTs (80%) had a high risk of bias. The proportion of RCTs having a low risk of bias was higher in manuscripts published after the introduction of CONSORT compared to those published before 1996 for sequence generation (P = 0.04) and allocation concealment (P = 0.04). Heterogeneity between RCTs was associated with an overestimation of the efficacy of antimalarial drugs in reducing LBW in RCTs with inadequate methods for randomization, allocation concealment or not being free of other bias.

Conclusion

Antimalarial RCTs during pregnancy are poorly reported but may be improved by using the CONSORT statement. After taking into account the time period before 1996, we found that biases had an impact on the efficacy of antimalarials to reduce the risk of LBW.
Method for a homogeneous distribution of pollens in an environmental exposure chamber
Authors: Kenney P. , Bønløkke J. , Hilberg O. , Ravn P. , Schlünssen V. , Sigsgaard T.
Published: May 2016

Background

A variety of different environmental exposure chambers (EECs) have been used to evaluate treatments for allergic rhinitis.

Objective

To describe and test a system for a homogenous distribution of grass pollen, Phleum Pratense, in an EEC to be used for controlled pollen exposure studies in allergic participants.

Methods

A chamber made of stainless steel with completely rounded corners, seating four individuals at a time, was used. Room pressure, temperature, humidity and the air change rate were kept constant throughout the study period.

A rotating pipette dispensed a uniform supply of pollen into a turntable's v‐shaped grooves. A stainless steel capillary tube sucked the pollens into a venturi throat at which time the pollens were mixed with a high‐pressure airstream of compressed high‐efficiency particulate arrestance filtered air and then transported to a spreading plate inside the EEC.

To achieve uniform concentrations in the EEC, the turntable's rotating speed was continuously adjusted using information from video‐coupled feedback and feed forward mechanisms. Pollen levels were detected using standard volumetric air samplers and laser particle counters. The target pollen exposure level was 1000 pollens/m3. Twenty‐one participants were exposed to pollens in the EEC twice for 210 min. Participants evaluated their symptoms every 30 min using a total nasal symptom score (TNSS) consisting of blocked nose, runny nose, nasal itching and sneezing.

Results

Across fifteen study days, the average pollen level was 982 pollens/m3 (SD, 102 pollens/m3). On average, participants experienced a 10% difference in overall pollen levels between their two visits to the EEC. The mean TNSSs rose throughout the exposure period, with a low at baseline of 0.43 (SD, 0.68) to a high of 4.71 (SD, 2.43) just before exiting the EEC.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

This EEC provides a reproducible, precise and homogenous distribution of pollens making it suitable for single‐centre allergy clinical trials.
Effects of Single‐ and Mixed‐Species Group Composition on the Flight Initiation Distances of Plains and Grevy's Zebras
Authors: Brubaker Alexali S. , Coss Richard G.
Published: May 2016

Zebras, as prey species, attend to the behavior of nearby conspecifics and heterospecifics when making decisions to flee from predators. Plains zebras (Equus quagga) and Grevy's zebras (E. grevyi) frequently form mixed‐species groups in zones where their ranges overlap in Kenya. Although anecdotal observations suggest that Plains zebras are more flighty around humans than Grevy's zebras are, this has not been empirically confirmed, and relatively little is known about how they may influence each other's flight behavior. We addressed these questions by examining the flight initiation distances (FIDs) of Plains and Grevy's zebras in single‐species and mixed‐species groups from an approaching human. One target individual per group was approached steadily on foot, with start distance, alert distance, and FID recorded from this target. Using start distance and alert distance separately as covariates, 22 Plains zebras in single‐species groups exhibited a significantly longer mean FID than 15 Grevy's zebras in single‐species groups. The FIDs of 7 Plains zebras and 5 Grevy's zebras tested in mixed‐species groups were virtually equivalent and intermediate to those of Plains and Grevy's zebras in single‐species groups, suggesting a bidirectional moderating influence of heterospecifics on risk assessment. This effect was most pronounced for Plains zebras in mixed‐species groups that exhibited an FID that was significantly shorter than that of Plains zebras in single‐species groups. Our findings underscore the importance of recognizing that related equids may be differently impacted by anthropogenic stress.
Describing a developing hybrid zone between red wolves and coyotes in eastern North Carolina, USA
Authors: Bohling Justin H. , Dellinger Justin , McVey Justin M. , Cobb David T. , Moorman Christopher E. , Waits Lisette P.
Published: May 2016

When hybridizing species come into contact, understanding the processes that regulate their interactions can help predict the future outcome of the system. This is especially relevant in conservation situations where human activities can influence hybridization dynamics. We investigated a developing hybrid zone between red wolves and coyotes in North Carolina, USA to elucidate patterns of hybridization in a system heavily managed for preservation of the red wolf genome. Using noninvasive genetic sampling of scat, we surveyed a 2880 km2 region adjacent to the Red Wolf Experimental Population Area (RWEPA). We combined microsatellite genotypes collected from this survey with those from companion studies conducted both within and outside the RWEPA to describe the gradient of red wolf ancestry. A total of 311 individuals were genotyped at 17 loci and red wolf ancestry decreased along an east–west gradient across the RWEPA. No red wolves were found outside the RWEPA, yet half of individuals found within this area were coyotes. Hybrids composed only 4% of individuals within this landscape despite co‐occurrence of the two species throughout the RWEPA. The low proportion of hybrids suggests that a combination of active management and natural isolating mechanisms may be limiting intermixing within this hybrid system.
Narrative Therapy's Relational Understanding of Identity
Authors: Combs Gene , Freedman Jill
Published: May 2016

We describe how we think of identity as relational, distributed, performed, and fluid, and we illustrate the use of this conceptualization within a narrative worldview. Drawing on the work of Michael White, we describe how this relational view of identity leads to therapeutic responses that give value to interconnection across multiple contexts and that focus on becoming rather than on being. We show how a narrative worldview helps focus on the relational, co‐evolving perspective that was the basis of our early attraction to family therapy. We offer detailed examples from our work of practices that help us stay firmly situated in a relational worldview that is counter to the pervasive influence of individualism in our contemporary culture.
Seasonal variability of cephalopod populations: a spatio‐temporal approach in the Western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Puerta Patricia , Quetglas Antoni , Hidalgo Manuel
Published: May 2016

Cephalopod populations show wide temporal fluctuations in abundance, which have usually been investigated at inter‐annual scales related to environmental variability. However, cephalopods are also strongly linked to seasonal environmental fluctuations owing to their short life cycles and single seasonal breeding. Therefore, population abundance critically depends on the success of breeding and recruitment from the previous year and the optimization of resources in a narrow period of favorable conditions. This adaptation of population dynamics is paramount in marked oligotrophic systems, such as the western Mediterranean Sea. We used monthly landings per unit effort (LPUE) to explore the spatio‐temporal variability in seasonal patterns of three cephalopod species (Illex coindetii, Eledone cirrhosa and Octopus vulgaris). Common trends across the study area were characterized for each species. In all cases, seasonal patterns were geographically aggregated in relation to differences in local environment (i.e., primary production and surface hydro‐climatology). Variability in the mean seasonal pattern over time was also investigated under contrasting environmental or population regimes. The mean seasonal trend was more pronounced in regimes of high‐population densities, suggesting a density‐dependent control that can modify the strength of the environmental forcing in the seasonal patterns. Our study also evidences a spatial synchrony in the seasonal fluctuations of LPUEs. Scales of synchrony ranged from 70 to 200 km, indicating a patchy‐aggregated spatial pattern as a part of complex population structures in the western Mediterranean. Improving our understanding of seasonal dynamics of cephalopods across temporal and spatial scales may lead to improved forecasts and management strategies.
Influence of Hydraulic Fracturing on Overlying Aquifers in the Presence of Leaky Abandoned Wells
Authors: Brownlow Joshua W. , James Scott C. , Yelderman Joe C.
Published: May 2016

The association between hydrocarbon‐rich reservoirs and organic‐rich source rocks means unconventional oil and gas plays usually occur in mature sedimentary basins—where large‐scale conventional development has already taken place. Abandoned wells in proximity to hydraulic fracturing could be affected by increased fluid pressures and corresponding newly generated fractures that directly connect (frac hit) to an abandoned well or to existing fractures intersecting an abandoned well. If contaminants migrate to a pathway hydraulically connected to an abandoned well, upward leakage may occur. Potential effects of hydraulic fracturing on upward flow through a particular type of leaky abandoned well—abandoned oil and gas wells converted into water wells were investigated using numerical modeling. Several factors that affect flow to leaky wells were considered including proximity of a leaky well to hydraulic fracturing, flowback, production, and leaky well abandonment methods. The numerical model used historical records and available industry data for the Eagle Ford Shale play in south Texas. Numerical simulations indicate that upward contaminant migration could occur through leaky converted wells if certain spatial and hydraulic conditions exist. Upward flow through leaky converted wells increased with proximity to hydraulic fracturing, but decreased when flowback and production occurred. Volumetric flow rates ranged between 0 and 0.086 m3/d for hydraulic‐fracturing scenarios. Potential groundwater impacts should be paired with plausible transport mechanisms, and upward flow through leaky abandoned wells could be unrelated to hydraulic fracturing. The results also underscore the need to evaluate historical activities.
Effectiveness and safety of daclatasvir plus asunaprevir for patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1b aged 75 years and over with or without cirrhosis
Authors: Ogawa Eiichi , Furusyo Norihiro , Yamashita Naoki , Kawano Akira , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Dohmen Kazufumi , Nakamuta Makoto , Satoh Takeaki , Nomura Hideyuki , Azuma Koichi , Koyanagi Toshimasa , Kotoh Kazuhiro , Shimoda Shinji , Kajiwara Eiji , Hayashi Jun ,   The Kyushu University Liver Disease Study(KULDS) Group
Published: May 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 24‐week daclatasvir (NS5A inhibitor) plus asunaprevir (NS3/4 A protease inhibitor) treatment for elderly patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b infection.

Methods

This prospective, multicenter study consisted of 321 Japanese HCV genotype 1b patients who were interferon‐ineligible/intolerant or non‐responders to interferon‐based regimens, including 103 (32.1%) aged ≥75 years and 127 (39.6%) with cirrhosis. Sustained virological response (SVR) at 24 weeks after the end of treatment and adverse effects were analyzed according to age.

Results

The overall SVR rate was 90.3%. In terms of by age, 94.5% (69/73), 88.3% (128/145), and 90.3% (93/103) of the patients aged <65, 65–74, and ≥75 years, respectively, achieved SVR. For the entire cohort, pre‐existent NS5A resistance‐associated variants and prior simeprevir failure were independently associated with treatment failure. According to the analysis of patients without these unfavorable pretreatment factors, 90.8% (89/98) aged ≥75 years achieved SVR, although this was significantly lower than for those aged <65 years (98.5%, 66/67) (P < 0.05). The frequency of adverse effects was comparable for the <75 and ≥75 age groups, the most common being an elevated alanine aminotransferase level (>150 U/L, 8.7%), however, no decompensating events were seen.

Conclusions

Daclatasvir plus asunaprevir for HCV genotype 1b was well tolerated and effective for patients without pre‐existent NS5A resistance‐associated variants or simeprevir failure, irrespective of fibrosis status. However, it was less effective for very old patients aged ≥75 years compared to those aged <65.
Drug breakthrough offers hope to arthritis sufferers: qualitative analysis of medical research in UK newspapers
Authors: Hanson Helen , O'Brien Nicola , Whybrow Paul , Isaacs John D , Rapley Tim
Published: May 2016

Background

Newspaper stories can impact behaviours, particularly in relation to research participation. It is therefore important to understand the narratives presented and ways in which these are received. Some work to date assumes journalism transmits existing medical knowledge to a passive audience. This study aimed to explore how newspaper articles present stories about medical research and how people interpret and use them.

Design

Qualitative research methods were employed to analyse two data sets: newspaper articles relating to ‘rheumatoid arthritis’ and ‘research’ from UK local and national news sources; and existing transcripts of interviews with patients with rheumatoid arthritis and their carers.

Results

Newspapers present a positive account of medical research, through a simple narrative with three essential components: an ‘innovation’ offers ‘hope’ in the context of ‘burden’. Patients frequently feature as passive subjects without attributed opinions. Few articles include patients’ experiences of research involvement. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and their carers read articles about medical research critically, often with cynicism and drawing on other sources for interpretation.

Conclusions

An understanding of the simple, positive narrative of medical research found in newspaper articles may enable researchers to gain mass media exposure for their work and challenge this typical style of reporting. The critical and cynical ways patients and carers read stories about medical research suggest that concerns about newspaper articles misinforming the public may be overstated, but any effect on research engagement is unknown. Newspaper articles rarely present patients’ views or their experiences of research, and this can be conceptualized as ‘depersonalization bias’.
A Comparison of General and Work‐specific Personality Measures as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Wang Qiang , Bowling Nathan A.
Published: May 2016

The current study compared general and work‐specific measures of personality as predictors of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Consistent with the literature on frame‐of‐reference effects in personality assessment, two of the Five Factor Model dimensions – agreeableness and conscientiousness – were significantly related to OCB. Use of a frame of reference that is conceptually relevant to the criterion led to increased validity as a result of the decrement in between‐subject variability and within‐subject inconsistency. Results indicated that work‐specific personality yielded significant incremental relationships with OCB even after general personality is controlled. Finally, regression analyses found that the incremental variance predicted by work‐specific personality decreased as the degree of between‐subject variability and within‐subject inconsistency increased. Overall, the results suggest that there are benefits to considering the work‐specific measure of personality in the prediction of OCB.
The Perceived Nature and Incidence of Dysfunctional Assessment Center Features and Processes
Authors: Dewberry Chris , Jackson Duncan J. R.
Published: May 2016

The aims of this research are to identify, for the first time, the dysfunctional features and processes perceived to take place in assessment centers (ACs) from multiple perspectives (assessment center designers, assessors, and candidates) and to indicate the frequency of these phenomena. Two surveys were conducted in this study. In the first, a wide variety of dysfunctional processes and events were identified, and, in the second, many of these processes are reported to occur with regularity. Based on these findings, it is proposed that ACs should be construed, researched, and managed, not only as large‐scale psychometric systems, but also as complex administrative, social, and political events susceptible to a broad range of dysfunctional phenomena.
Characteristics of residents who thrive in nursing home environments: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Patomella Ann‐Helen , Sandman Per‐Olof , Bergland Ådel , Edvardsson David
Published: May 2016

Aim

To describe what characterizes residents with higher levels compared with those with lower levels of thriving in nursing homes using the Thriving of Older People Assessment Scale.

Background

Thriving is conceptualized as people's experiences of well‐being in relation to the environment where they live. Thriving has the potential to emphasize health‐promotion and positive experiences in nursing home residents in addition to current focus on illness and symptoms.

Design

Cross‐sectional design.

Methods

Data from a total sample of 191 residents in a large Swedish nursing home facility were separated into two groups; rated as having high and low thriving based on a median split of thriving total score for each participating resident. The characteristics of residents with higher and lower levels of thriving were compared using bivariate analyses to investigate differences. Data were collected in 2013.

Results

Residents with higher levels of thriving had shorter length of stay at the facility, higher functioning in Activities of Daily Living and less cognitive impairment, lower frequency of behavioural and psychological symptoms and higher assessed quality of life. The ability to walk and possibilities to spend time outdoors were higher among those with higher levels of thriving.

Conclusion

Nursing home residents who experience thriving have a higher level of functioning in activities of daily living, a higher quality of life and are less physically and cognitively impaired.
Parental experience caring for cleft lip and palate infants with nasoalveolar moulding
Authors: Hopkins Emily E. , Gazza Elizabeth , Marazita Mary L.
Published: May 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore the experience of parents caring for an infant with a cleft lip and palate receiving nasoalveolar moulding.

Background

Nasoalveoral moulding is a pre‐surgical orthopedic appliance used to approximate an infant's cleft lip and palate, mould the nose and reduce surgical correction. Use of nasoalveolar moulding can be intensive, costly and lengthy requiring parental commitment to the process since it involves several months of weekly visits for appliance adjustment. Although extensive research has been conducted on surgical outcomes after use, little evidence exists pertaining to parental experiences caring for an infant undergoing the nasoalveolar moulding treatment process.

Design

The qualitative design phenomenology was used to best capture parents' lived experiences.

Methods

Eight mothers and four fathers participated in informal, semi‐structured interviews during the months of April–May 2010.

Results

Four themes were identified: (1) You do what you have to do; (2) We weren't left alone in the dark; (3) It's just amazing to see the difference; and (4) It's like nothing ever happened. Findings indicated that despite some difficulties, parents' were dedicated to the treatment process and expressed the benefits exceeded any additional work nasoalveolar moulding required.

Conclusion

Multiple recommendations to assist parents with the nasoalveolar moulding treatment process were identified. Improving nasoalveolar moulding education and providing support can substantially improve challenges that are experienced by parents throughout this process – strengthening the importance of their role for successful nasoalveolar moulding outcomes.
Estimating heritability of wool shedding in a cross‐bred ewe population
Authors: Vargas Jurado N. , Leymaster K.A. , Kuehn L.A. , Lewis R.M.
Published: May 2016

Low wool prices and high production costs in sheep systems have resulted in the introduction of genotypes that shed wool into flocks to reduce shearing costs. Wool shedding occurs naturally in a few breeds and can be incorporated by cross‐breeding. The opportunity to enhance shedding through selection depends on the extent of genetic variability present. Genetic and environmental parameters for wool shedding for ewes from a three‐breed composite population were estimated using Bayesian inference. Data on 2025 cross‐bred ewes, including 3345 wool shedding scores (WS) and 1647 breeding weight (BW) records, were analysed using bivariate and, for WS, univariate animal repeatability models. Breeding weight was included to account for possible selection bias. Breeding weight was moderately heritable and highly repeatable with means of 0.317 and 0.724, respectively. Under both models, WS was found to be moderately heritable and repeatable with means of 0.256 and 0.399, respectively. Based on a cumulative link model and contingency table analysis, age and reproductive activity influenced the extent of WS (p < 0.05). Given that WS is moderately heritable, selective gain in WS can be achieved.
Do Dominant Firms Provide More Training?
Authors: Bilanakos Christos , Green Colin P. , Heywood John S. , Theodoropoulos Nikolaos
Published: May 2016

A canonical Cournot competition model shows that the profitability of training can increase as the number of competitors decreases. British establishment evidence from 1998, 2004, and 2011 confirms that firms in less competitive markets provide more formal training. This persists within three separate cross‐sections and in two separate panel estimates. It persists with alternative measures of training, with alternative measures of market competition and in estimates designed to account for endogeneity. These results suggest that a dominant product market position, indeed, increases the incentives to invest in training.
Overcoming redundancies in bedside nursing assessments by validating a parsimonious meta‐tool: findings from a methodological exercise study
Authors: Palese Alvisa , Marini Eva , Guarnier Annamaria , Barelli Paolo , Zambiasi Paola , Allegrini Elisabetta , Bazoli Letizia , Casson Paola , Marin Meri , Padovan Marisa , Picogna Michele , Taddia Patrizia , Chiari Paolo , Salmaso Daniele , Marognolli Oliva , Canzan Federica , Ambrosi Elisa , Saiani Luisa , Grassetti Luca
Published: May 2016

Rationale

There is growing interest in validating tools aimed at supporting the clinical decision‐making process and research. However, an increased bureaucratization of clinical practice and redundancies in the measures collected have been reported by clinicians. Redundancies in clinical assessments affect negatively both patients and nurses.

Methods

To validate a meta‐tool measuring the risks/problems currently estimated by multiple tools used in daily practice. A secondary analysis of a database was performed, using a cross‐validation and a longitudinal study designs. In total, 1464 patients admitted to 12 medical units in 2012 were assessed at admission with the Brass, Barthel, Conley and Braden tools. Pertinent outcomes such as the occurrence of post‐discharge need for resources and functional decline at discharge, as well as falls and pressure sores, were measured. Explorative factor analysis of each tool, inter‐tool correlations and a conceptual evaluation of the redundant/similar items across tools were performed. Therefore, the validation of the meta‐tool was performed through explorative factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and the structural equation model to establish the ability of the meta‐tool to predict the outcomes estimated by the original tools.

Results

High correlations between the tools have emerged (from r 0.428 to 0.867) with a common variance from 18.3% to 75.1%. Through a conceptual evaluation and explorative factor analysis, the items were reduced from 42 to 20, and the three factors that emerged were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. According to the structural equation model results, two out of three emerged factors predicted the outcomes.

Conclusions

From the initial 42 items, the meta‐tool is composed of 20 items capable of predicting the outcomes as with the original tools.
Technical pre‐analytical effects on the clinical biochemistry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
Authors: Braceland M , Houston K , Ashby A , Matthews C , Haining H , Rodger H , Eckersall P D
Published: May 2016

Clinical biochemistry has long been utilized in human and veterinary medicine as a vital diagnostic tool, but despite occasional studies showing its usefulness in monitoring health status in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), it has not yet been widely utilized within the aquaculture industry. This is due, in part, to a lack of an agreed protocol for collection and processing of blood prior to analysis. Moreover, while the analytical phase of clinical biochemistry is well controlled, there is a growing understanding that technical pre‐analytical variables can influence analyte concentrations or activities. In addition, post‐analytical interpretation of treatment effects is variable in the literature, thus making the true effect of sample treatment hard to evaluate. Therefore, a number of pre‐analytical treatments have been investigated to examine their effect on analyte concentrations and activities. In addition, reference ranges for salmon plasma biochemical analytes have been established to inform veterinary practitioners and the aquaculture industry of the importance of clinical biochemistry in health and disease monitoring. Furthermore, a standardized protocol for blood collection has been proposed.
Insufficient evidence of benefit regarding mortality due to albumin substitution in HCC‐free cirrhotic patients undergoing large volume paracentesis
Authors: Kütting Fabian , Schubert Jens , Franklin Jeremy , Bowe Andrea , Hoffmann Vera , Demir Muenevver , Pelc Agnes , Nierhoff Dirk , Töx Ulrich , Steffen Hans‐Michael
Published: May 2016

Background

Current guidelines for clinical practice recommend the infusion of human albumin after large volume paracentesis. After inspecting the current evidence behind this recommendation, we decided to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis in order to address the effect of albumin on mortality and morbidity in the context of large volume paracentesis.

Methods

We performed a comprehensive search of large databases and abstract books of conference proceedings up to March 15th 2016 for randomized controlled trials, testing the infusion of human albumin against alternatives (vs no treatment, vs plasma expanders; vs vasoconstrictors) in HCC‐free patients suffering from cirrhosis. We analyzed these trials with regard to mortality, changes in plasma renin activity (PRA), hyponatremia, renal impairment, recurrence of ascites with consequential re‐admission into hospital and additional complications. We employed trial sequential analysis in order to calculate the number of patients required in controlled trials to be able to determine a statistically significant advantage of the administration of one agent over another with regard to mortality.

Results

We were able to include 21 trials totaling 1277 patients. While the administration of albumin prevents a rise in PRA as well as hyponatremia, no improvement in strong clinical endpoints such as mortality could be demonstrated. Trial sequential analysis showed that at least 1550 additional patients need to be recruited into RCTs and analyzed with regard to this question in order to detect or disprove a 25% mortality effect.

Conclusions

There is insufficient evidence that the infusion of albumin after LVP significantly lowers mortality in HCC‐free patients with advanced liver disease.
Comprehensive profiling of virus microRNAs of Epstein–Barr virus‐associated gastric carcinoma: highlighting the interactions of ebv‐Bart9 and host tumor cells
Authors: Tsai Chun‐Yi , Liu Yu Yin , Liu Keng‐Hao , Hsu Jun‐Te , Chen Tse‐Ching , Chiu Cheng‐Tang , Yeh Ta‐Sen
Published: May 2016

Background and Aim

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is suggested to actively utilize its ebv‐microRNAs (miRNAs) to manipulate viral and cellular functions during neoplasia transformation. A systemic profiling of ebv‐miRNAs expressed in EBV‐associated gastric carcinoma (EBVa GC) helps understand its epigenetic regulation of carcinogenesis.

Methods

A total of 1039 patients with gastric cancer were screened for EBVa GC using EBV‐encoded RNAs in situ hybridization. A comprehensive profiling of ebv‐miRNAs expressed in EBVa GC was constructed using stem‐loop quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Functional assay of specific ebv‐miRNA was conducted. Expression of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers among EBVa GC and non‐EBVa GC was compared.

Results

The prevalence of EBVa GC was 5.0% (52 out of 1039) in our series. The most abundant ebv‐miRNAs of EBVa GC were Bart4, followed by Bart11, Bart2, Bart6, Bart9, and Bart18, in the decreasing order. Of them, Bart9 exhibited the same seed sequence as to hsa miR‐200a and miR‐141. Expression of E‐cadherin of EBV‐positive SNU‐719 was increased after BART9 knockdown. Depleting endogenous Bart9 of SNU‐719 induced a surged expression of miR‐200a and miR‐141, accompanied by decreased proliferative and invasive ability. Expression of mesenchymal markers in EBVa GC was increased compared with those of non‐EBVa GC, albeit the two cohorts exhibited a comparable long‐term survival.

Conclusions

We constructed a comprehensive profiling of ebv‐miRNAs in EBVa GC. BART9 plays an important role during carcinogenesis through EMT. Inherent mesenchymal phenotype of EBVa GC represents a unique virus‐induced morphology and microenvironment rather than being able to predict the prognosis.
Blood pressure as prognostic marker for body condition, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Mietsch Matthias , Baldauf Katrin , Reitemeier Susanne , Suchowski Marcel , Schoon Heinz‐Adolf , Einspanier Almuth
Published: May 2016

Background

The increasing life span ofCallithrix jacchusin combination with the occurrence of metabolic and age‐dependent diseases requires improved health surveillance for this species.

Methods

The health status of 56 marmosets was studied using a non‐invasive blood pressure (BP) device. Age‐, weight‐, and sex‐dependent changes were analyzed. Four animals with strikingBPfindings had follow‐up exams.

Results

Physiological and pathologicalBPvalues could be defined.BPpositively correlated with age and weight, while no effect of sex could be found. Measurement time for female and older animals was shorter than for male and younger individuals. Further analysis of the suspicious patients revealed renal or hepatic diseases and cardiac alterations.

Conclusion

The description of age and weight influences onBPdelivers physiological and pathological values for common marmosets. This may contribute to the understanding of aging process and cardiology in this primate species.
A very rare cause of abdominal pain
Authors: Sade Recep , Polat Gokhan , Oğul Hayri , Yüce İhsan , Kantarci Mecit
Published: May 2016

See Answer
Research Development from Acceptance to the Meaning of Acquired Disability in People with Impaired Mobility in Japan
Authors: Tagaki Masakuni
Published: May 2016

Japanese studies examining psychosocial issues in people with acquired mobility‐related disabilities have been developed under the influence of rehabilitation psychology theories, such as the theory of value change and stage theory, established in theUnitedStates. InJapan, the combination of disability acceptance and stage theory is distinctive, focusing on the occurrence of depression. These psychosocial studies have been criticized, because they have placed excessive emphasis on individual factors and have underestimated sociocultural factors from a long‐term perspective. Therefore, researchers have begun to examine the meanings of disabilities via qualitative analysis, as they have not assumed psychological goals, such as acceptance or adjustment. These studies have revealed that people with disabilities tend to revise the meanings of disabilities, as they lead their lives in diverse contexts with respect to coping. Stories that have involved “subjunctivizing” reality have deepened participants’ understanding of their lives and have allowed for the identification of new meanings for disabilities. These studies also value identity development in people with disabilities via relationships with those with diverse disabilities. Further studies examining the association between these results and disability welfare from a lifespan perspective are required.
Cost‐effectiveness and budget impact of interferon‐free direct‐acting antiviral‐based regimens for hepatitisCtreatment: theFrench case
Authors: Deuffic‐Burban S. , Obach D. , Canva V. , Pol S. , Roudot‐Thoraval F. , Dhumeaux D. , Mathurin P. , Yazdanpanah Y.
Published: May 2016

We evaluated the cost‐effectiveness and the budget impact of newDAA‐based regimen use in France. A Markov model simulated chronic hepatitis C (CHC) treatment interventions withIFN‐based andIFN‐free regimens at stage of fibrosis ≥F3, ≥F2 or regardless of fibrosis stage, and treatment either with the least or the most expensive combination. It estimated quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs). It also assessed the budget impact over 5 years of treating allCHC‐screened patients, regardless of fibrosis, assuming ≤20 000 patients treated/year and priority to ≥F3. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted. For genotypes (G) 1–4, the initiation ofIFN‐free regardless of fibrosis was a cost‐effective strategy compared to prior standard of care (SOC) initiated at stage F2: €40 400–88 300/QALYgained in G1; similar results were obtained for patients infected with G4. Considering G2–3, the most cost‐effective strategy wasIFN‐based regimens regardless of fibrosis compared to priorSOCinitiated at stage F2: €21 300 and €19 400/QALYgained, respectively; the strategy withIFN‐free regimens being more effective but not cost‐effective at current costs. The budget impact of treating allCHC‐screened patients over 5 years would range between 3.5 and 7.2 billion €, depending on whether one considers the least or the most expensive combination of newDAAs and whether one treats G2–3 withIFN‐based orIFN‐free newDAAs. In France, treatment initiation with newDDAs regardless of fibrosis stage is cost‐effective, but would add 3.5–7.2 billion € to an already overburdened medical care system.
In memoriam: Richard G. Harrison – his life and legacy
Authors: Howard Daniel J. , Grosberg Richard K. , Noor Mohamed A. F. , Normark Benjamin B. , Rand David M. , Shaw Kerry L. , Willett Christopher S.
Published: May 2016

Richard G. Harrison passed away unexpectedly on April 12th, 2016. In this memoriam we pay tribute to the life and legacy of an extraordinary scientist, mentor, friend, husband, and father.
Revisiting Zipfian Frequency: L2 Acquisition of English Prenominal Past Participles
Authors: ZHANG XIAOPENG , DONG XIAOLI
Published: May 2016

This study examined the effectiveness of Zipfian frequency at facilitating the acquisition of English prenominal past participles. Chinese middle school students (N = 103) were randomly assigned to a sequenced Zipfian frequency (SZF) group, a random Zipfian frequency (RZF) group, a balanced frequency (BF) group, and a control group. A mixed experimental design was used to detect the development of the learners’ prenominal past participles. An untimed acceptability judgment task and a timed grammaticality judgment task were employed to assess the learning effect triggered by different types of frequency. Results of the timed grammaticality judgment task indicated that SZF was as effective as RZF and BF for learners to learn the grammatical prenominal past participles but more effective than RZF and BF for them to unlearn the ungrammatical ones in the midtest. Results of the untimed acceptability judgment showed that SZF was not superior to RZF and BF when learners learned the grammatical prenominal past participles, but more beneficial for them to unlearn the ungrammatical ones than RZF and BF in the post‐ and delayed posttests. Pedagogical implications for second language construction teaching are discussed.
Comparative genomics reveals genes significantly associated with woody hosts in the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae
Authors: Nowell Reuben W. , Laue Bridget E. , Sharp Paul M. , Green Sarah
Published: May 2016

The diversification of lineages within Pseudomonas syringae has involved a number of adaptive shifts from herbaceous hosts onto various species of tree, resulting in the emergence of highly destructive diseases such as bacterial canker of kiwi and bleeding canker of horse chestnut. This diversification has involved a high level of gene gain and loss, and these processes are likely to play major roles in the adaptation of individual lineages onto their host plants. In order to better understand the evolution of P. syringae onto woody plants, we have generated de novo genome sequences for 26 strains from the P. syringae species complex that are pathogenic on a range of woody species, and have looked for statistically significant associations between gene presence and host type (i.e. woody or herbaceous) across a phylogeny of 64 strains. We have found evidence for a common set of genes associated with strains that are able to colonize woody plants, suggesting that divergent lineages have acquired similarities in genome composition that may form the genetic basis of their adaptation to woody hosts. We also describe in detail the gain, loss and rearrangement of specific loci that may be functionally important in facilitating this adaptive shift. Overall, our analyses allow for a greater understanding of how gene gain and loss may contribute to adaptation in P. syringae.
Molecular characterisation and antifungal susceptibility of clinical Trichosporon isolates in India
Authors: Rastogi Vijaylatha , Honnavar Prasanna , Rudramurthy Shivaprakash M , Pamidi Umabala , Ghosh Anup , Chakrabarti Arunaloke
Published: May 2016

In Asian countries, Trichosporon infection is a well‐known disease in Japan. In India, the infection is increasingly recognised. The study was conducted to characterise the clinical Trichosporon isolates from India by phenotypic and molecular techniques. A total of 31 Trichosporon clinical isolates, recovered from patients of 14 hospitals across India were sequenced (ITS and IGS1 regions of rDNA). In vitro drug susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed against amphotericin‐B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole. IGS1, rather than ITS sequences, correctly identified the isolates: Trichosporon asahii, 20; Trichosporon ovoides, 3; Trichosporon inkin, 2; Trichosporon asteroides, 1; Trichosporon mucoides, 1; Trichosporon loubieri, 1; Trichosporon debeurmannianum, 1; and Trichosporon dermatis, 1. Trichosporon asahii genotype III was the most common type, followed by genotype I and VII. Both these targets did not help to identify one Trichosporon to the species level. Trichosporon debeurmannianum, T. dermatis and T. asteroides were isolated for the first time from a human disease in India. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for voriconazole and posaconazole were within effective range. The study highlights the presence of wide range of Trichosporon species causing infection in India. Voriconazole or posaconazole may be the better drugs to treat such patients.