bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Rosén Frederik
Published: September 2022

Cultural heritage increasingly suffers systematic exploitation, attacks, and destruction in connection with violent conflicts. Such acts are today viewed not only as a cultural tragedy but also as an issue of international security. This volume seeks to deepen our understanding of this evolving nexus between cultural heritage and international security in the twenty-first century. It provides the reader with a collection of chapters that aims to open up new horizons for thinking about the relationship between cultural heritage, security, and international law. Coming from a variety of disciplines and perspectives, the chapters of the book examine a complicated set of relationships between, on the one hand, deliberate violence to cultural heritage in times of violent conflict; and, on the other, basic societal values, legal principles, protection, and security concerns.The overall picture emerging from the chapters indicates the arrival of an era where objects and places of significant cultural value, viz. cultural heritage, increasingly will occupy a central place in politics, security, and violent conflicts. This calls for heightened attention to ethical and public policy challenges and a more elaborate understanding of the fundamental issues at stake as the heritage-security nexus gains prominence in global policy making.
Combating Illicit Trade in Cultural Objects to Defend Peace and Security
Authors: Hausler Kristin , Jakubowski Andrzej
Published: September 2022

This chapter analyzes the emergence of the heritage-security nexus as a new priority in the international protection and security agenda with a focus on the threats associated with the illicit trade of cultural objects originating from conflict-ridden territories. First, it offers an overview of the existing legal framework protecting cultural objects from looting during armed conflict. It then considers how the protection of cultural property has evolved from a humanitarian law issue to one that is tied to the maintenance of international peace and security. In this latter regard, it outlines the growing concern and activity of the UN Security Council in respect of cultural heritage, including the creation of legal obligations established under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. It particularly focuses on Resolution 2347 (2017), widely lauded as “a historic milestone” in the international struggle to safeguard endangered heritage, and analyzes existing and envisaged methods for its implementation. In that regard, the chapter explains how the heritage-security nexus has generated new forms of trans-sectoral, -institutional, and -border cooperation, which can best be described as multilevel (and multilateral) governance modalities of protection, as well as further opportunities for education and awareness building. Finally, this chapter seeks to conceptualize the notion of “cultural heritage security” by analyzing the linkage between the maintenance of international peace and security and a system of multilayered cultural heritage governance built on legally binding international obligations and voluntary policy commitments.
Training for Cultural Property Protection
Authors: Rush Laurie W.
Published: September 2022

When sacred places, agricultural infrastructure, traditional gathering spaces, and other elements of cultural life are spared during conflict, a community in trouble has a greater chance for peace in the future. Since damage by US and Polish Forces at Babylon was reported in 2003, academic and military partners have been working to institutionalize a cultural property protection program within the US Department of Defense and NATO. Archaeologists and other heritage professionals provided subject matter expertise and combined their knowledge with military advice in order to achieve a goal of “the right information to the right people at the right time.” These efforts have included development of cultural property inventory and geospatial information; awareness training and professional military education curriculum; development of military regulations governing identification and management of cultural property forward; and research into the relationships between damage to cultural property and exacerbation of conflict. Cultural Property Protection can and should be implemented during all phases of military operations from the very earliest planning stages, during conflict, and throughout stabilization and return to civil society. The academic military partnership has provided guidance and advice for how to effectively plan for the presence of cultural property on the battlefield including methods for avoidance and minimization of potential and/or collateral damage. Detailed examples and case studies taken from actual military experiences illustrate the value of military organizations having a comprehensive capability for recognizing and respecting cultural property and the consequences when those capabilities are lacking.
Gaming
Authors: Kokas Aynne
Published: September 2022

Gaming companies create borderless worlds, in the sense that they allow interaction among populations around the globe. Yet as sites that move data between different jurisdictions, gaming companies also redefine borders. Chapter 6 argues that gaming companies based in the United States expand China’s sovereign control as part of their corporate financial interest through their data regulation, storage, and security practices. The case of Tencent, the principal figure in the Chinese gaming industry that has acquired large stakes in US gaming companies such as Activision Blizzard, Riot Games, Epic Games, and Cryptic Studios, offers a prime example. Once trafficked, gaming data can be used by China to conduct mis- and disinformation campaigns, gain strategic industrial advantages, and control important infrastructure in the United States.
The Politics-Media-Politics Approach
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Sheafer Tamir , Althaus Scott
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides the central foundations for building the Politics-Media-Politics (PMP) conceptual approach. It argues that PMP should be seen as a conceptual map that can be applied to a wide variety of studies in political communication. It is argued that there is a great need in the field for a broader, more dynamic, and more cross-national approach to the research topics of concern and that PMP provides a major step forward in that direction. Two major propositions are formulated and detailed. The first is the “politics first” proposition, and the second is labeled the “media selection and transformation” proposition. When these two propositions are combined, they provide powerful conceptual tools for explaining the role of all forms of media in everything from election campaigns to violent conflicts. The chapter also provides the reader with the overall plan of the book by describing the content of the various chapters.
PMP, Violent Conflicts, and Peace Processes
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Sheafer Tamir , Althaus Scott
Published: September 2022

This chapter is devoted to demonstrating how the PMP approach can be applied to the study of violent conflicts and peace processes. This is one of the first efforts to use a common conceptual framework for studying both conflict and peace. It is argued that if one wants to understand the role that various forms of communication play in conflicts and peace process, it is critical to begin by considering the surrounding political ecosystem (the “politics first” proposition). Only then should researchers move on to consider how the nature of the communication ecosystem translates what is happening on “the ground” into stories (the “media selection and transformation” proposition). After that, researchers need to think about the “second P”: the impact that all this has on the political processes being discussed. Three outcomes are highlighted in this chapter: the level of support for conflict/peace processes; the extent of internal violence; and the level of political, military, and diplomatic success.
A Hound for the Heresy Hunt
Authors: Fornecker Samuel
Published: September 2022

In 1701, the lower clergy obtained their desired Convocation; its business would concern, in part, the censuring of the bishop of Salisbury, Gilbert Burnet’s Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles (1699). This chapter proceeds to the doctrinal controversy that occupied the Lower House of Convocation under the leadership of Principal Edwards, who led the assault against Burnet—and whom Burnet himself considered his most capable assailant. This chapter unfolds Edwards’s association of Burnet’s Christology with Socinian ideas. It also turns to Burnet’s correspondence with the Dutch Remonstrant, Philip van Limborch, to shed light on the Anglo-Dutch Arminian republic of letters that had found controversial expression from an influential member of William’s bishops’ bench.
Augustinians and Arminians?
Authors: Fornecker Samuel
Published: September 2022

Ten years after Edwards’s assault on Burnet, the controversialist turned his attention to the precentor of Salisbury Cathedral, and Burnet’s personal associate, Daniel Whitby. Whitby’s late rejection of Augustine’s teaching on the imputation of original sin struck Edwards as tantamount to Pelagianism. This chapter unfolds Edwards’s ensuing debate with Whitby as, partly, a clash of two Arminian approaches to reading Augustine—one, associated with Gerhard Vossius, which regarded Augustine as faithful to early Christian teaching on original sin; the other, associated with Jean Le Clerc, for whom Augustine’s doctrine represented a Manichaean lapse in the early Christian doctrine of sin. Whitby’s resonance with Le Clerc’s viewpoint prompted severe criticism from Edwards, who defended Augustine against the detractions of later Remonstrants by appeal to earlier Arminians, including Vossius and Arminius himself.
The Strictest Athanasians
Authors: Fornecker Samuel
Published: September 2022

The year of Edwards’s death, a new controversy arose in the Lower House, related to the controversial christological ideas espoused by the Cambridge cleric, Samuel Clarke. This chapter sets Clarke’s ideas within a broader subordinationistic milieu, drawing important continuities between Clarke and a range of other thinkers, including the Remonstrants, Simon Episcopius and Étienne de Courcelles, as well as English thinkers conversant with Remonstrant figures and texts, including George Bull, Ralph Cudworth, and Isaac Newton. The chapter also examines the response to Clarke set forth by the Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge, Daniel Waterland, whose affirmation of Reformed autotheanism demonstrates the extent to which the “Episcopian” divinity moved otherwise disinclined churchmen to affirm Reformed views.
Algorithms of Life and Death
Authors: Bennett Stephen
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, a utilitarian approach is taken to the issue of self-driving car programming, treating it as an applied ethics problem in the realm of public policy within the Australian context. In doing so, this chapter goes beyond trolley-like crash scenarios and takes much broader factors into account: namely, experimental philosophy, evolutionary psychology, traffic accident data, and, importantly, the broader consequences that are expected to follow from the widespread adoption or rejection of the new technology. Ultimately, this chapter argues that current views on utilitarianism applied to self-driving car programming fail to take important factors into account, and that a self-driving car operating under utilitarianism should always protect its passengers, rather than aiming at causing the least amount of harm within an individual traffic accident scenario.
Autonomous Vehicles, Business Ethics, and Risk Distribution in Hybrid Traffic
Authors: Berkey Brian
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, I argue that in addition to the generally accepted aim of reducing traffic-related injuries and deaths as much as possible, a principle of fairness in the distribution of risk should inform our thinking about how firms that produce autonomous vehicles ought to program them to respond in conflict situations involving human-driven vehicles. This principle, I claim, rules out programming autonomous vehicles to systematically prioritize the interests of their occupants over those of the occupants of other vehicles, including human-driven vehicles. Because there is reason to think that most consumers would prefer to purchase autonomous vehicles that do systematically prioritize the interests of occupants over those of others, if my argument is correct, it generates a substantial ethical restriction on firms’ efforts to gain market share in the initial stages of the introduction of autonomous vehicles onto the road.
The Ethics of Abuse and Unintended Consequences for Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Abney Keith
Published: September 2022

There are several foreseeable problems of abuse for the advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs), which will have risky and often unintended consequences. One is that abusive drivers might play “chicken” with AVs: if they know that a car in the oncoming lane is autonomous, and will swerve to avoid a collision, they could purposefully steer directly at the AV in order to cause trouble. In perhaps the worst imagined cases, drivers could play chicken on narrow roads or cliff sides, where an AV swerving could mean serious injury or death for its passengers. Solutions to the “chicken problem” will involve countermeasures ranging from taking photographic evidence (which would not prevent the casualties, merely document them) to making AV behavior less predictable, or even allowing AVs to deliberately collide with drivers playing chicken. Any such programming solution, of course, also has its costs, as the values of transparency and the autonomy and safety of drivers may conflict with such proposed solutions. More generally, whether it is playing chicken or hacking back against V2V cyberattacks, AVs may need to adopt offensive countermeasures against abusive humans. But humans could modify their behavior in response. New norms of driving could emerge. This chapter concludes by examining the likelihood of a process of parallel evolution between AV programming and human behavior that calls for continuous reexamination and modification.
Second Amendment Sanctuaries
Authors: Spitzer Robert J.
Published: September 2022

The Second Amendment sanctuary is a little understood and little noticed grassroots movement whereby some states and localities have proclaimed the right to ignore the state and federal gun laws they believe to be in violation of the Second Amendment. While the movement, which has spread rapidly in the last decade, is new, its underlying logic dates to the pre-Civil War nullification movement and an extremist interpretation of federalism. It reappeared in the movement to oppose civil rights and defend racial segregation in the post-World War II era. The modern movement’s tenets and arguments are explored, including an examination of the movement’s recent success in the author’s home county. Some elected county sheriffs have taken leadership roles in advancing this movement, generally putting them at odds with most in law enforcement. The movement’s consequences for governance are assessed.
Precision Medicine
Authors: Fleck Leonard M.
Published: September 2022

Precision medicine is the tailoring of medical treatment to individual patient characteristics (i.e., the genetic features of a metastatic cancer to be assailed by a targeted therapy or immunotherapy). However, the genetic heterogeneity of a tumor results in minimizing the effectiveness of these very expensive targeted therapies, the result being marginal gains in life expectancy. This generates the “just caring” problem: limited resources (money) and unlimited health care needs. Metastatic cancer is a terminal illness. A small number of these patients might gain extra years of life from these therapies, but most will only gain weeks or months. Do all of these patients have equally just claims to these expensive therapies in spite of marginal effectiveness, especially when numerous unfulfilled health needs exist outside cancer? Human life is not priceless. The health care justice issues are complex. Rough justice is the best outcome that can be expected.
Rational Democratic Deliberation
Authors: Fleck Leonard M.
Published: September 2022

Given the inadequacies of all theories of justice for addressing the complex wicked problems generated by precision medicine, what is needed instead is a fair and inclusive process of democratic deliberation. To be fair, the deliberative process must be governed by both process constraints and substantive constraints. The process constraints include a commitment to public reason (following Rawls), transparency of reasoning, acceptance of the “burdens of judgment” and value pluralism, mutual respect in deliberation, reasonableness, and inclusion of all who could be affected by the outcomes of the deliberative process. The substantive constraints include constitutional principles of health care justice, respect for medical and scientific facts, respect for well-established considered judgments of health care justice, and the use of wide reflective equilibrium to balance competing perspectives. The deliberative process can be fair and impartial because most people are behind a health care veil of ignorance.
Introduction
Authors: Scribano Emanuela
Published: September 2022

Guiding these essays is a basic methodological idea: that to understand the aim, scope, and meaning of a philosophical theory, it is necessary to examine it through the eyes and knowledge of those sharing the author’s philosophical culture. This approach to philosophical texts is opposed to any reading of texts that focuses exclusively on the texts themselves. At the same time, this methodological approach differs from the one commonly adopted in the history of ideas, in that it does not intend to bring philosophy back to the specific historical aspects of the author’s epoch. The context of reference will always be provided by other philosophical theories or areas of theoretical discussion.
Animals and Clocks
Authors: Scribano Emanuela
Published: September 2022

The theses on animal behavior that Descartes sets out in the Discourse on the Method are in line with Thomas Aquinas’ thoughts on the same topic. The famous Cartesian theory according to which animals are devoid of sensitivity is not present in this work. Instead, it is clearly stated in the Treatise on Man. The Discourse on the Method, on the other hand, is more daring than the Treatise on Man when it comes to the possibility of reading a divine project into the structure of living organisms. This possibility was granted in the Treatise on Man, in agreement with Silhon’s text L’immortalité de l’ame, but it was presented as a provisional hypothesis to be confirmed by further scientific inquiries in the Discourse on the Method.
Demagogues in American Politics
Authors: Zug Charles U.
Published: September 2022

Demagogues in American Politics is a historical analysis of demagoguery in the American political system. Its core argument is that the United States Constitution displaces a classical conception of demagoguery that is moralistic in that it situates responsibility for demagoguery in the character and choices of a particular orator. In the modern conception of the U.S. Constitution, demagoguery is no longer defined as a consequence of moral depravity because political actions are no longer viewed primarily in light of the upright or shameful intentions that are purported to be responsible for them. Instead, the Constitution directs our attention to the merits of the rationale the orator develops to justify public conduct. In this conception, demagogic rhetorical tactics can be justified if integrated into a broader political argument and strategy. Further, the Constitution establishes different offices—Congress, the presidency, and the Supreme Court—from each of which characteristic duties and responsibilities can be inferred. Demonstrating that each office entails different rhetorical responsibilities as well, the book uses case studies to illustrate how to evaluate uses of demagogic rhetoric on the part of individual officeholders.
Demagogues in American Politics
Authors: Zug Charles U.
Published: September 2022

What are some of the factors and considerations that could make the use of demagogic tactics legitimate, even though many cases are acknowledged to be bad? Looking to the basic principles of constitutional democracy, this chapter suggests a way to distinguish instances in American politics where demagogic rhetorical tactics are justifiable from those in which they are not. The goal of this chapter is to help us see the good in rhetorical leadership that we have previously dismissed as mere demagoguery, and to see what is harmful in rhetoric that we currently lack the tools to understand.
Demagoguery in the Founding Perspective
Authors: Zug Charles U.
Published: September 2022

This chapter sketches the theory of demagoguery that was developed by the American founders, and uses that theory as a guide for understanding the U.S. Constitution of 1787. The founders’ theory was an emphatic rejection of theories of demagoguery that had been developed by classical political theorists before them. The founders believed that classical theorists had mistakenly stigmatized demagoguery as a form of leadership; they believed demagoguery could be harnessed and channeled in productive ways by deliberately designed institutions.
Demagogues in the Presidency
Authors: Zug Charles U.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines historical demagogues in the presidency and uses these cases as examples of good and bad uses of demagoguery in the American political system. The chapter discusses the particular rhetorical responsibilities that presidents have with reference to two case studies. Franklin Roosevelt (1882–1945) used demagoguery to fortify a constitutional argument rejecting the Supreme Court’s decision to strike down important components of the New Deal. Donald Trump used demagoguery to manufacture a crisis at the United States-Mexico border and to justify taking unilateral action to restrict immigration between the two countries.
The Dead Hand's Grip
Authors: Brown Adam R.
Published: September 2022

Many states and nations bloat their constitutions with procedural and policy details that other polities leave to statutory or regulatory discretion. American state constitutions vary in length from under 9,000 to almost 400,000 words. Long-lived constitutions can provoke fears that the dead hand of the past may reach into the present; lengthy constitutions strengthen the dead hand’s grip, binding states to a former generation’s solutions to modern problems. Constitutional specificity restricts state discretion, with three major results. First, it compels states to resort more often to burdensome amendment procedures, increasing amendment rates as states flail against constitutional constraints. Second, it increases judicial invalidation rates as state supreme courts enforce narrower limits on state action. Third, and most important, constitutional specificity leads to lower incomes, higher unemployment, greater inequality, and reduced policy innovativeness generally as constrained states struggle to keep pace with social, technological, political, and economic change. Long constitutions harm states.
Specificity and Amendments
Authors: Brown Adam R.
Published: September 2022

Democratic constitutions must balance opposing ideals of democratic responsiveness and constitutional stability. State constitutions strike this balance with a diverse range of amendment procedures, from the simple to the byzantine. In this chapter’s analysis, burdensome amendment procedures do turn out to reduce amendment rates—but not as much as constitutional specificity raises them. Adding detail to a constitution launches a vicious cycle of amendment after amendment as new generations seek to keep diverse constitutional provisions current with changing circumstances. Specificity disrupts a democratic constitution’s balance between responsiveness and stability, leading to frequent constitutional amendment whether founders provide simple amendment procedures or not.
Specificity and Judicial Review
Authors: Brown Adam R.
Published: September 2022

Detailed constitutions restrict the range of institutional and policy options available to legislators, agencies, and local governors, and it falls to judges to enforce those constraints. As a result, state supreme courts invalidate more legislative and executive actions in states with lengthier constitutions. Frequent constitutional amendment to keep the constitution current with legislator preferences helps but does not overcome the effect of a lengthy constitution. Constitutional specificity explains more of the state-to-state variance in judicial invalidation rates than other plausible control variables, such as the ideological distance between a state’s legislature and its highest court, the court’s caseload, or the method of selecting state judges.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Adam R.
Published: September 2022

Detailed constitutions bind states to the past. In states with the lengthiest constitutions, policymakers flail against these constraints by proposing more constitutional amendments and by taking more actions likely to attract judicial invalidation. No wonder they writhe: constitutional specificity hinders economic performance and reduces state innovativeness. Detailed constitutions also endure longer than shorter ones, but not for good reasons; because negotiating a lengthy constitution involves greater bargaining costs than negotiating a shorter one, states with lengthy constitutions are more willing to tolerate governmental underperformance. A lengthy, frequently amended constitution is not a benign alternative to a short, stable one. Constitutional specificity harms states.
Escalating Spells
Authors: Davenport Christian , Appel Benjamin J.
Published: September 2022

Chapter 4 provides the first empirical investigation of what (if anything) impacts escalation within a repressive spell. Again, the analysis identifies the influence of the standard variables employed within the literature. Following this, the chapter moves to explore those variables that emerge from the domestic context (i.e., those used by actors within the territory in question) and those variables that emerge from the international context (i.e., those used by actors outside of the territory in question). The big findings here include pacifying influences of electoral as well as judicial aspects of democracy and civil conflict termination but inflammatory influences of civil conflict, population, economic sanctions, and progovernment as well as neutral military interventions. This reveals that there are different factors influencing distinct parts of the Death/Life repression cycle and that some factors that were believed to reduce state repression (such as economic sanctions) could actually make things worse in terms of human rights violations. The chapter ends with what has been learned about spell escalation.
The Russian Spectrum of Conflict
Authors: Moore Daniel
Published: September 2022

Russia is one of the loudest, most prolific users of offensive cyber operations (OCOs). Rather than viewing cyber as a domain, it instead looks at the full spectrum of information operations; from influencing foreign governments to conducting tactical attacks against networks in wartime. The battle for information supremacy is enshrined into Russian doctrine since the Soviet era. Russia is well-poised to succeed in intangible warfare through its thorough integration of electronic warfare into its warfighting forces alongside an acute awareness of the utility of cyber operations for strategic gains. However, volume does not translate into quality. Russian operations as carried out by the GRU, SVR and others are often characterized by extreme technical competence marred by a recurring lack of operational discipline. As a result, intricate malware is employed poorly, deception operations are unconvincing, and ultimately Russia is frequently unable to achieve objectives through the employment of OCOs. This chapter reviews unique advantages and disadvantages of the Russian approach to OCOs, through the lens of observed operations such as the Sandworm campaigns, military culture and doctrine, and available expertise.
Introduction
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: September 2022

Starting on day 1, public health officials encounter crises of all kinds. These may seem a distraction from the regular work of public health. In fact, managing crises is a key part of the job. Crises are not defined by objective criteria; there is no formula with a cutoff score. Rather, a crisis is defined by the sense of urgency and importance at pivotal moments. The history of public health demonstrates the central role of crises in shaping policy. Public health students and practitioners should learn four key steps of crisis response: identifying the crisis, managing the crisis, addressing communications and politics, and pivoting to long-lasting change.
Crisis Management
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: September 2022

A useful management approach for responding to crises is the incident command system. Developed in the 1970s to coordinate efforts at the scenes of fires and other disasters, incident command is now the standard management structure recommended for a broad range of disasters by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Key attributes of incident command include clear leadership, specified roles, and management by objective. Once an agency has developed the ability to activate an incident command or a modified version of incident command, it is worth using it regularly—including to better manage everyday public health challenges. Doing so builds the muscles of an organization in such areas as mobilizing resources, public communications, and decision-making under pressure.
Responsibility and Blame
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: September 2022

Issues of responsibility and blame are very rarely discussed in public health training, but are seldom forgotten in practice. Blame often follows a crisis, and leaders of health agencies should be able to think strategically about how to handle such accusations before being faced with the pain of dealing with them. When the health agency is not at all at fault, officials can make the case for a strong public health response without reservation. When the agency is entirely to blame, a quick and sincere apology can allow the agency to retain credibility. The most difficult situation is when the agency is partly to blame. The goal in this situation is to accept the appropriate amount of blame while working quickly to resolve the crisis.
Opportunity in Crisis
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: September 2022

Public health has no burning buildings, no sirens, and no heroic surgeries. Our ideas frequently draw the ire of entrenched interests opposed to safety measures. Many of those whose health we are seeking to advance have little political capital of their own. Yet the history of public health is replete with examples of the politically impossible becoming possible during crisis. As a result, crisis offers an unique opportunity for health officials. Those who are reluctant to arouse a sense of crisis—even when there is ample justification—are potentially squandering one of their most important tools for change. Those who embrace crisis leadership and management can achieve significant gains in health for their communities.
The Historical Significance of South Africa’s Third Force
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François
Published: September 2022

Accounts of South Africa's transition from apartheid differ markedly in the role they attribute to violence. The most influential narratives of negotiations tend to portray the violence of the transition period, including that perpetrated by those networks within and without the security forces which have become known collectively as the Third Force, as a reaction to events, doomed to failure and rather disconnected from the main narrative of history. Newly available evidence shows the degree to which the Third Force was integrated into the policy of the National Party (NP) over a long period (from the 1960s onwards), and played a crucial role in determining the nature and outcome of constitutional negotiations in the period 1990–1994. Concentration on the narrative of negotiations, or any account which fails to give due weight to the perpetrators of organized violence including those who constituted the Third Force, implicitly assigns the violence of 1990–1994 to a position somewhat divorced from, or even antithetical to, the pursuit of negotiations. This has deflected attention from the important question of ascertaining the extent to which the agenda and pace of negotiations, and thus the shape of the eventual political and constitutional outcome, were actually driven by proponents of violence who were able to make their influence felt from outside the conference chamber.
Religion and Politics
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François
Published: September 2022

Religious modes of thinking about the world are widespread in Africa and have a pervasive influence on politics in the broadest sense. The authors have published elsewhere a theoretical model as to how the relationship between politics and religion may be understood, with potential benefits for observers not just of Africa, but also of other parts of the world where new combinations of religion and politics are emerging. Application of this theoretical model requires researchers to rethink some familiar categories of social science.
Afterword
Authors: Bayart Jean-François
Published: September 2022

This chapter, inspired by the work of Stephen Ellis, argues that perhaps never before has the interaction between the sphere of religion and that of politics in Africa been so evident. Its main manifestations include the mobilization of Islamic and Christian fundamentalists and the spread of practices of the invisible. There is nothing specifically "African" about this: it is a global and globalized phenomenon. The problem is now to think of the relations between religion and politics no longer in a binary mode, but as a set of combinations and permutations, a "generalized mutual interaction," which the chapter explores via six perspectives on what it calls the paradigm of the "cult city," opening the door to a reinvigoration of the study of the relations between religion and the political, informed by the thorny questions of the colonial encounter and social subalternity.
Underground Penality and Social Control
Authors: Dudai Ron
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the response to informing by rebel groups as a form of social control, where the threat of informing is used to rationalise and expand broader efforts of internal policing and surveillance, beyond the initial operational needs. The analysis reveals a wide set of methods, strategies and goals used by underground groups in this context, which extend beyond direct violence aimed at security breaches, and reach deeper into the organisation and into society at large. The IRA’s punishment and control of informing facilitated wider efforts to uphold obedience and conformity and to enforce rules of conduct within the organisation. Anti-informing norms and practices were also used by Republicans to legitimise social control of the community, and pervaded relations between Nationalist communities and the British state; the category of ‘informer’ was expanded and utilised as part of a broader effort to discourage contacts with the British state. Echoing state practices in the ‘war on crime’, the IRA also enlisted the community in its the struggle against informing, with a combination of threats and didactic public pedagogy, and devised ‘adaptive strategies’ that accepted informing as an inevitable threat and sought to manage rather than eliminate it. The chapter also discusses pragmatic changes in the IRA’s definition of informing and in the image of the informer in Republican rhetoric. Throughout, it demonstrates that penality against informers is part of broader efforts demanding and inculcating discipline, sacrifice and unity—and legitimising control.
Why Study the Personalization of Politics in the European Union?
Authors: Gattermann Katjana
Published: September 2022

This chapter introduces the research objectives of the book. It argues that that in order to understand recent personalization developments in European Union politics and their implications, one needs to take a comprehensive approach and examine the personalization of politics both over time and across domestic political contexts within the EU. It introduces the four key dimensions of personalization, namely institutional personalization, media personalization, personalization of politician behaviour, and personalization in citizen attitudes and behaviour, which are subject to this book. It argues that understanding each of these dimensions have important implications for accountability and representation in the European Union. Moreover, the chapter presents a summary of the argument and provides an overview of the remainder of the book.
Test your Patience
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman
Published: September 2022

Even with good design practices, great art, and the technical framework to back it all up, a game isn’t successful until real players enjoy it. Testing is an integral part of creating a good game, so much so that entire research disciplines have sprung up around it. This chapter gives readers a brief introduction to the ethos of games user research, methods for observing and questioning players, and designing effective testing strategies. It discusses the goals of game evaluation in terms of understanding player motivations, behaviour, and reactions to gameplay. Additionally, it covers several different evaluation designs to support rapid design iteration, comparing alternative designs, and gauging usability, among other common development goals.
The Rationality of Emotion
Authors: Marušić Berislav
Published: September 2022

This chapter aims to explain the sense in which emotions, and specifically grief and anger, are reasons-responsive. It makes a case for the rationality of emotion in the relevant sense and distinguishes it from the rationality of action and the rationality of belief. The chapter also offers a sustained argument against the “wrong kind of reasons” for emotion, arguing, in particular, that appealing to them constitutes confusion. Finally, the chapter clarifies what the objects of grief and anger are and how they are related to reasons for emotion and background conditions for such reasons.
Testimony and the Scientific Enterprise
Authors: Gerken Mikkel
Published: September 2022

Chapter 1 opens with some conceptual clarifications and a provisional taxonomy of types of scientific testimony. Notably, this includes the distinction between intra-scientific testimony, which takes place between collaborating scientists, and public scientific testimony, which is directed at laypersons and comes in two varieties: scientific expert testimony and science reporting. Scientific expert testimony is characterized by the testifier being a scientific expert. Science reporting, in contrast, is public scientific testimony by testifiers, such as journalists, who often lack scientific expertise. Given this initial clarification, Chapter 1 considers how scientific testimony is related to prominent themes in philosophy of science. These include scientific expertise, scientific collaboration, and the division of cognitive labor. In discussing these themes, Gerken articulates conceptual and empirical arguments that scientific collaboration contributes immensely to the epistemic force of science and that intra-scientific testimony is a vital part of such collaboration.
Intra-Scientific Testimony
Authors: Gerken Mikkel
Published: September 2022

Chapter 4 continues the overarching argument that intra-scientific testimony is a vital part of scientific practice by articulating some norms for it. The first one is a Norm of Intra-Scientific Testimony (NIST) according to which a scientist who provides intra-scientific testimony within a scientific collaboration must base it on a contextually determined degree of scientific justification. The focus is then turned from the producer side to the consumer side. The result is a Norm of Intra-Scientific Uptake (NISU). According to NISU, a collaborating scientist receiving intra-scientific testimony should, as a default, believe or accept it insofar as he has contextually adequate warrant for believing that the testimony is properly based on scientific justification. Finally, Gerken argues that these norms partly but centrally contribute to explaining the truth-conduciveness of scientific collaboration. This reflects how intra-scientific testimony is centrally situated in scientific practice.
Coda
Authors: Gerken Mikkel
Published: September 2022

The brief Coda indicates how scientific testimony relates to (cognitive) diversity and epistemic injustice. After characterizing these notions, the author considers how cognitive diversity bears on intra-scientific testimony. He argues that it has good epistemic consequences in virtue of adding critical perspectives but also bad consequences in virtue of complicating intra-scientific communication. Relatedly, he notes that cognitively diverse minorities’ intra-scientific testimony is particularly liable to be received in epistemically unjust ways. Turning to public scientific testimony’s relationship to cognitive diversity and epistemic injustice, he suggests that a social environment characterized by an appreciative deference to scientific testimony may help minimize some types of epistemic injustice for cognitively diverse or epistemically disadvantaged groups. On this basis, he suggests that social and institutional initiatives combating epistemic injustice for cognitively diverse groups should be central to the pursuit of the broader goal of aligning scientific expertise and democratic values.
Introduction
Authors: James Simon P.
Published: September 2022

To understand nature’s contributions to human well-being, one needs a model of value centred on the concepts of cultural meaning and part-whole relations, rather than those of causation and means–end relations. This book presents one such model. The focus, throughout, is fixed on natural entities—that is to say, those whose current states are not the intended result of human actions. The aim, moreover, is to assess the value such entities might have ‘for us’—that is, the value they acquire by contributing to human well-being. Brief summaries of each of the book’s chapters are provided.
Deep Ecology, Essentialism, Narrative, and Relational Value
Authors: James Simon P.
Published: September 2022

In some respects, the part–whole model resembles certain other accounts of environmental value. In particular, the claim that natural entities can have constitutive value as parts of certain meaningful and valuable wholes may call to mind the following claims and approaches: (a) the deep ecological proposal that natural entities have value as parts of what Arne Naess once called one’s ‘comprehensive Self’; (b) the ‘essentialist’ claim, defended by writers such as William J. Fitzpatrick, that nature can have constitutive value because certain kinds of engagement with it are essential components of human well-being; (c) the narrative-based account set out in John O’Neill, Alan Holland, and Andrew Light’s jointly authored book Environmental Values; and (d) the view, chiefly associated with the work of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), that in many cases natural entities have, not just intrinsic and instrumental value, but also relational value. Comparing the part–whole model with these accounts not only situates it within the field of environmental philosophy as a whole; it also illuminates some of its key features.
‘Such Was the End of Their Feast’
Authors: Horning Audrey
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the Ulster Plantation in the early modern period with a particular focus on the role of violence in processes of hybridization. Distinguishing between the experiences and displacement strategies of the political elite from those settlers facing the reality of engagement, settlers to the Ulster Plantation were overwhelmingly outnumbered and dependent on their Irish neighbours. The author argues that such reliance was the cause of certain material adaptations, notably relating to hospitality and architecture, and that behavioural and material mimesis was especially employed by settlers to render comfortable familiarity to their situation. However, mimesis was multi-directional, with mimetic play mutually employed through the political elite as a strategy to amplify coercion and to exert their authority.
Observations of a Diverse Discussion on Power and Diversity
Authors: Card Jeb
Published: September 2022

This concluding chapter offers a short review of the book’s contributions and provides some further observations on key themes. The chapter is structured around a number of sections: scale and interpretation; identity; hybrid practices, labels, and categories; and imperialism and resistance. Recurring themes from the volume are given additional scrutiny, including: that hybrid materials are less important than hybrid practices; that the movement of people and the innovation of social roles affect the material record in subtle ways; and the importance of subversion in understandings of hybridity.
Security and Credit in Roman Law
Authors: Verhagen Hendrik L. E.
Published: September 2022

This book outlines the legal history of pignus and hypotheca in terms of an iterative relationship between transactional lawyers drafting legal transactions and jurists deploying their analytical skills in order to accommodate new transactional practices into the Roman legal system. It reconstructs the evolution of the Roman law of real security, well known through the legal sources (Justinian’s Digest and Code), while matching it with actual banking practices, in particular the secured lending transactions documented in the archive of the Sulpicii. In the late classical period the imperial chancery increasingly interfered with the law of real security in order to provide a considerable degree of protection to debtors. This aspect of legal evolution will not be ignored in this book. The largely but not completely spontaneous evolution of Roman law produced a law of secured transactions that was highly sophisticated and versatile, allowing non-possessory security, multiple charges, pledges of receivables, antichretic pledges, and even floating charges over a dynamic fund of assets. The complexity of the Roman law of real security indicates that pignus and fiducia did play a significant role in the Roman economy. It will be shown that this role was generally a positive one. Its main weaknesses were lack of publicity and the presence of fiscal charges but even these weaknesses did not undermine the effectiveness of secured transactions.