bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic Facilitation of Escape Responding and Disruption of Anal Body Temperature in the Golden Hamster
Authors: Nevitt James R. , Truby Wib , Harriman Arthur E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of ultrasonic pure tone on Mesocricetus auratus, a Murine rodent that does not organize rigidly into colonies as do some cricetid rodents. Subjects were 4 male and 4 female adult golden hamsters. All animals were trained to bar-press in a modified operant chamber to escape 24-v D.C. footshock. An experimental group was exposed to a 30-kHz tone at 60 dB during testing in the operant chamber with footshock absent. Similar testing trials were also given to assess the effect of ultrasonic sound on anal body temperature. It was noted that the experimental group demonstrated both behavioral arousal by bar-pressing significantly more often than controls ( F = 6.95, df = 1/6, p > .05) and physiological arousal by increased body temperature ( F = 6.88, df = 1/6, p > .05).
Influence of Temporal Frequency on Perceived Speed
Authors: Delorme André , Frigon Jean-Yves
Published: September 2011

The visual perception of velocity was studied in three experiments. The stimulus used in the first experiment was an endless striped belt moving behind a stable fixation line. In the second experiment a vertical moving line was presented in front of a stable striped background. In the third experiment the same moving line was pursued by the eye but the background was stable or moving either with the moving stimulus or in the opposite direction. The variables studied were the speed of the moving stimulus, the speed of the background, and the density (spatial frequency) of the stripes. Two theoretical explanations of the perceptual effects obtained are compared. The first explains variations of perceptual velocity in terms of density. The second asserts effects of perceptual velocity are contingent upon temporal frequency of encounters between the moving stimulus and the stable or moving contextual elements. The results favor the latter interpretation in the three experiments, but part of the results of Exp. 3 could be explained by the influence of ocular pursuit.
Neuroticism and Proxemic Behavior
Authors: De Julio Steven , Duffy Karen
Published: September 2011

The relationship between proxemic behavior and neuroticism was examined. 50 male and 43 female subjects individually self-selected seats in a classroom where they were administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory by one of four experimenters (two male, two female). A significant relationship was found between proxemic distance and both neuroticism and experimenter's sex.
Taste Preferences in the Cotton Rat (Sigmodon Hispidus)
Authors: Nevitt James R. , Harriman Arthur E.
Published: September 2011

This study focused on taste preferences in hispid cotton rats ( Sigmodon hispidus) as measured by 2-bottle, 48-hr. drinking tests. In a series of continuous tests, fluid intakes were recorded for 5 sugar solutions (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose and lactose), 3 salt solutions (KCl, MgSO4 and NaCl), and 2 acid solutions. In an attempt to supplement incomplete and divergent comparative data on rodents' taste preferences, this study investigated sugar and salt preferences at five concentrations (.005, .05, .10, .50, and 1.0 M) and acid preferences at six concentrations (4.0, 2.3, 2.0, 1.8, 1.6, and 1.5 pH). Significant differences in concentration in intake of all salts, acids and sugars were noted. Significant sex differences were observed for intakes of sucrose and NaCl at several concentrations. All sugars were preferred maximally at .10 M. The salts NaCl and KCl were preferred maximally at .005 M and MgSO4 was preferred maximally at .05 M. The role of the sugars used in the experiment was discussed in terms of incentive values and possible reinforcers for later experiments.
Communicability and Complexity as Predictors of Creativity: Validity of the Barron-Welsh Art Scale
Authors: Ridley Dennis R.
Published: September 2011

The construct validity of the Barron-Welsh Art Scale as a measure of creativity was questioned. It was hypothesized that figure preferences of creative subjects are more strongly determined by stimulus communicability than stimulus complexity. In a first study a significant negative relationship between operational measures of communicability and complexity of Barron-Welsh drawings was found. A second study of 24 undergraduate subjects showed communicability to be significantly related to peer ratings of creativity whereas complexity was not. A third study of 60 high school subjects showed that a derived score, reflecting the relative preference for drawings of low communicability and low complexity over those of high communicability and high complexity, was significantly related to staff's ratings of creativity. These results were in direct opposition to an interpretation involving complexity in previous research on the Barron-Welsh Art Scale. An alternative interpretation was discussed.
Daydreaming Styles and Nocturnal Dreaming: Further Observations
Authors: Starker Steven
Published: September 2011

This investigation examines the relationship between patterns of daydream activity and nocturnal dreams. When persons of differing but relatively pure daydream styles are compared as to nocturnal dream characteristics, the stylistic consistencies observed in waking fantasy appear also in dream productions, particularly affective polarity and bizarreness. Dreams and daydreams appear to be highly interrelated aspects of the fantasy process, sharing important affective and structural components.
Directionality in Qolla Indian Drawings
Authors: Bolton Ralph
Published: September 2011

Profiles of human figures drawn by 68 adult males in a Qolla Indian community (Peru) showed a marked tendency to face toward the left. Increasing education was found associated with a strengthening of this left orientation in drawings, while age had no effect on directionality.
Intersubject Communication: Effect of Perceived Relevance of Message on Young Children's Experimental Performance
Authors: White David G.
Published: September 2011

In an investigation of intersubject communication, young school children (18 boys and 18 girls) were asked to identify two ambiguous figures of dogs. The identifications made showed that confidential experimental details were communicated quickly to large numbers of potential subjects. Subjects used communicated information when identifying only one of the two figures, suggesting that such information was used only when they understood its implications.
Similarities and Differences in Encoding Processes in Chronic Schizophrenics and Normals
Authors: Pharr Daniel R. , Connor Jane M.
Published: September 2011

The encoding of visual stimuli was compared for 9 female chronic nonparanoid schizophrenics and 9 normals using the Sternberg paradigm. This paradigm allows an examination of several hypothetical stages in information processing using a reaction time measurement. Degradation level (degraded vs nondegraded), type faces of letter stimuli (varied versus constant type face), and order of degradation levels (mixed or constant level across a block of trials) were manipulated in order to examine differences in encoding processes between the two groups. Results suggest two subprocesses in encoding, only one of which is deficient in schizophrenics. Additional processing of encoded information at a memory stage may be comparable in normals and schizophrenics. Chronic schizophrenics are also more easily disrupted by the context of varying stimulus conditions such as mixing degradation levels and type faces. This finding suggests schizophrenic perseveration in encoding processes.
Anticipated Interaction and Perceived Helpfulness
Authors: Dingus C. Mary
Published: September 2011

Data from 24 male and 24 female college students who watched a video-tape of a same-sex person performing difficult anagrams showed greater attribution of skill for the more successful outcome. Subjects accurately recalled percentages of correct recall across trials. Those subjects who anticipated interacting with the videotaped person showing good performance perceived such a person to be more helpful than one of lesser skill.
A Validity Study of the Neural Efficiency Analyzer in Relation to Selected Measures of Intelligence
Authors: Sturgis Randy , Lemke Elmer A. , Johnson James J.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to determine the validity of the Ertl Neural Efficiency Analyzer as a measure of intellectual ability by using NEA-Alpha and Neural Efficiency scores to predict college grade point average (GPA) both alone and in combination with paper-and-pencil measures of intelligence for 22 male and 64 female college students. Results indicate that NEA-Alpha scores can predict GPA with moderate success and also that NEA-Alpha scores account for variability in grade point average not associated with paper-and-pencil tests.
A Paralinguistic Consideration of Proxemic Behavior
Authors: Ford J. Guthrie , Cramer Robert E. , Owens Gayle
Published: September 2011

The relationship between conversational voice amplitude and interpersonal distance was assessed. 40 male and 40 female subjects served as speakers, delivering a message to male and female listeners. It was predicted from Argyle's intimacy model that a person with a loud speaking voice would space further from a listener than a quieter speaker. The hypothesis was confirmed with the results being most clear for the female subjects. Possible roles of general dispositional variables and immediacy variables in the proxemic area were discussed.
Critical Evaluation of the Obscure Figures Test as an Instrument for Measuring “Cognitive Innovation”
Authors: Voss Hans-Georg , Keller Heidi
Published: September 2011

The Obscure Figures Test has been conceptualized by Acker and McReynolds (1965) as a measure of Cognitive Innovation. As a general concept Cognitive Innovation refers to an integration of different kinds of behavioral systems, e.g., creativity and exploratory behavior. Considering recent research about the relationship between curiosity and creativity as well as basic assumptions underlying this test, it is hypothesized that this is an instrument for measuring creativity rather than curiosity. 41 boys and 41 girls ranging from 7 to 10 yr. of age were given a battery of tests of curiosity and creativity. There were significant correlations between Obscure Figures Test and creativity measures. No such relationships were found between obscure figures and curiosity measures. A factor analysis yielded two factors which could be interpreted as “visual exploration” and “creativity,” the obscure figures being a marker variable on the latter factor. Results are discussed in terms of the theoretical assumptions underlying the concepts of curiosity, creativity, and Cognitive Innovation. Further implications with respect to the requirements for an operationalization of Cognitive Innovations are mentioned.
Comparison of Recall by Policemen and Civilians under Conditions of Long and Short Durations of Exposure
Authors: Clifford Brian R. , Richards V. Jerry
Published: September 2011

In a field situation policemen and civilians were asked to recall details of a target person to whom they had spoken 30 sec. earlier. The target person had either (a) asked for the time (Short Exposure) or (b) asked for directions (Longer Exposure). Over-all police were significantly more accurate than civilians but only at longer exposure intervals, there being no difference at short exposure. The number of errors by civilians and police did not differ but there was a significant interaction due to police being poorer at shorter intervals than longer intervals of exposure and civilians being poorer at longer intervals than shorter. Civilians produced more ‘no answers’ than police over all, with no difference for civilians between long and short durations but police giving more after short than after longer exposure. These results were interpreted in terms of qualitative and quantitative differences in processing capacity of police and civilians.
Components Underlying the Relation between Field Dependence and Extraversion
Authors: Loo Robert , Townsend Phyllis J.
Published: September 2011

Components of Eysenck's Extraversion scale were examined to account for previous findings indicating that field independence, as measured by individual and group forms of the embedded-figures test, is associated with Introversion. In two of the three samples of female university students, field independence, as measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test, was associated with low impulsivity and slow decision time, as measured by items on Eysenck's Extraversion scale.
Concept and Verbal Ability as Related to the Cerebral Hemispheres
Authors: Cook Norman D.
Published: September 2011

A new theory of human brain function is outlined in terms of the cooperative interaction of the cerebral hemispheres. The well-established verbal, symbolic functions of the left hemisphere and the wholistic, spatial functions of the right hemisphere are seen as separate and independent manifestations of the normally integrated verbal-analytic (or “error detector”) and conceptual (or “goal state”) functions of the left and right, respectively. The relationship between the hemispheres is described in terms of the “goal-directed” system of cybernetics and then compared with related ideas previously presented by Dimond, Penfield, and Piaget.
Short-Latency Acceleration of Human Heart Rate as a Function of Stimulus Intensity
Authors: O'Gorman J. G. , Jamieson R. D.
Published: September 2011

The study examined the effectiveness of three intensities of white noise in evoking short-latency acceleration of human heart rate. 3 groups of 10 female subjects were presented with 1-sec. bursts of white noise with virtually instantaneous rise times at intensities of 100 db (re 20 μN/m2), 90 db, or 80 db SPL as measured at the headset. 5 bursts were presented at intervals of 45 sec. while the EKG was recorded. An increase in heart rate during poststimulus beats 3 and 4 compared with the mean rate of the three beats prestimulus was reliably evoked on the first two trials in the 100-db and 90-db groups but not in the 80-db group. Apart from a recovery of acceleration on Trial 5 for the 100-db group, the 100-db and 90-db groups did not differ in amplitude or rate of habituation of the response. Poststimulus heart-rate level was not significantly related to prestimulus level as expected in terms of the law of initial values. The results were interpreted as consistent with F. K. Graham's interpretation of short-latency cardiac acceleration as a component of startle.
Static and Dynamic Balance Skills of Trainable Children with Down's Syndrome
Authors: Blanc Dave Le , French Ronald , Shultz Barry
Published: September 2011

This study compared static and dynamic balance performance of 25 subjects with Down's Syndrome and 25 without Down's Syndrome; controls were placed on CA and IQ. No significant difference between the two samples' static balance performance was noted; subjects with the Down's Syndrome had significantly superior dynamic balance performance.
Deliberate Presleep Control of Dream Content: An Experimental Study
Authors: Griffin M. L. , Foulkes D.
Published: September 2011

29 subjects attempted, over a period of 10 nights, to influence their dreams using techniques described in Garfield's book, Creative Dreaming (1974). A target suggestion was selected from a list of six suggestions compiled by, or for, each subject. Subjects kept daily records during the experiment both of their efforts at dream influence and of the dreams they recalled. Four judges attempted to identify from the dream material the target suggestion on each subject's suggestion list. The results indicated that the judges were unable to do so at better than chance levels. Thus analysis indicated no reliable evidence that conscious presleep suggestions become incorporated into dream content.
Trade-Off between Remembering Words and Their Source of Location
Authors: Haberlandt Karl F. , Baillet Susan
Published: September 2011

On each of 32 trials subjects heard 32 words, 16 presented to each ear in a randomly alternating manner. The subjects were requested to remember the location of the source of the words and to recall the words themselves. Memory for location was assessed by a recognition probe. A probe presented on each trial had to be judged as new or old and, if it was called old, it had to be identified as left or right. Then free recall followed. The subjects were able to identify the location of the probe at a better than chance level. However, further analysis gave evidence of such memory only on trials with relatively low recall. These results replicate findings by Geiselman and Belleza (1976) that retaining the location of verbal materials occurs at the expense of remembering the materials.
The Arrow-Dot Test as a Predictor of Police Officer Performance
Authors: Baehr Melany E. , Froemel Ernest C.
Published: September 2011

In the course of validating a test battery for the selection of police officers (Baehr, Furcon, & Froemel, 1969), project personnel were searching for objectively scored, pencil-and-paper measures of behavior variables. One product of this search was an adaptation of the Arrow-Dot subtest of the four-part IES test battery (Dombrose & Slobin, 1958). This adaptation was designed for group administration and for improved reliability as a possible predictor of performance. Intercorrelational analysis and factor analysis of intercorrelations with other potential predictor variables and performance criteria provided some information on the nature of the Arrow-Dot scores. The test's ability to predict police officers' performance was assessed through multiple regression analyses of its scores both as independent predictors and as contributors of unique variance in a wider predictor battery. Its usefulness for diagnosis of specific problems in police officers' performance was also investigated. Application in five additional studies permitted an exploration of the “characteristic” Arrow-Dot dimension profile for police officers.
Sex-Role Orientation: Effect on Self-Esteem, Need Achievement and Internality in College Females
Authors: Bedeian Arthur G. , Zarra Michael J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of sex-role orientation on self-esteem, n Achievement, and internality in 98 college females. Specifically it was predicted that (a) college females possessing a non-traditional sex-role orientation would score higher in n Achievement than those possessing a traditional sex-role orientation; (b) no statistical difference would exist in the self-esteem scores of the two groups; and (c) the strength of the relationship between self-esteem and internality would vary for “non-traditional” ( r = .41) and “traditional” females ( r = .11). All three hypotheses received support from data of 98 undergraduates.
Judgments of Time Intervals by Young Children
Authors: Friedman Estelle R.
Published: September 2011

22 preschool children were either trained (experimental group) or not trained (control group) to indicate a 15-sec. time interval by the method of production. The accuracy was significantly improved by brief training. The children were generally accurate whether attending to the stopwatch at the right or left ear or given sound- or light-filled intervals. Neither age nor sex differences were found. These results demonstrate the possibility of conducting research on time-estimation at an early age if the procedures are relatively short and of interest to the young child. Because most of the children were unable to count as a guide to their judgments, the inner neural clock theory is supported.
Individualized, Success Oriented Instructions in Achievement and Self-Concept of First Graders
Authors: Backer Jacquelin C. , Wooden Sharon , Muller Douglas
Published: September 2011

Gains in achievement and self-concept of 23 first graders receiving individualized, supportive, success-emphasizing instruction were compared with those of 22 receiving more traditional instruction. The individualized group showed greater gains in certain academic skills but no greater gain in self-concept. This study did not support the contention that a supportive, success-emphasizing classroom environment enhances self-concept.
Students' Perception of Visual Testing
Authors: Tanner Jerome , Dwyer Francis M.
Published: September 2011

To assess students' perceptions toward visual testing 152 university students were randomly assigned to one of seven treatment groups. Each student received a 50-item multiple-choice criterion measure and a Student Preference Questionnaire within a 5-wk. period. Students preferred to be evaluated via the conventional unpaced pencil-paper format. Regardless of their personal preference for the printed over the examiner-paced slide format, students achieved as well on the visual test as on the printed one.
Lateral Eye Movements and Field-Dependence—Independence
Authors: Hoffman Curt , Kagan Spencer
Published: September 2011

The relationship between field-dependence—independence and lateral eye movements was investigated for a sample of 41 male and 39 female right-handed undergraduates. Subjects were administered the Portable Rod-and-frame Test, the Embedded-figures Test, and the Block Design, Object Assembly, and Picture Completion scales of the WAIS. Eye movements in response to 60 questions requiring reflective thought were recorded. Contrary to predictions, right-movers did not perform better than left-movers on the tests of field-dependence—independence. Among males, however, both consistent right- and left-movers performed significantly better than inconsistent movers. The correlation, for males, between lateral eye-movement consistency and a composite measure of field-dependence—independence was .65 ( p < .001). It was argued that eye-movement consistency and cognitive ability level are a joint function of extent of brain lateralization.
Effects of Physical and Phenomenological Distance on Self-Disclosure
Authors: Hazlewood Michael G. , Schuldt W. John
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to investigate the effects of physical and phenomenological distance on self-disclosure. Two physical distances, culturally appropriate and culturally inappropriate, and three degrees of phenomenological closeness were selected. Differences in physical and phenomenological distances had significant effects upon the subjects' ( n = 60) durations of self-disclosure. Subjects' feelings toward the experimenter and experiment were affected by differences in physical distance. No significant interactions between physical and phenomenological distance were evident.
Gender Stereotypes, Ascribed Gender and Social Perception
Authors: Rosen Alexander C.
Published: September 2011

This study studied the effects of gender labeling on the descriptions made by naive observers (43 males and 104 females) of filmed presentations of five individuals. For several of the five individuals the chromosomal and anatomic gender was discrepant with the apparent gender assumed from dress or physical appearance. The observers were informed after the first rating of the biological gender of the five persons and were asked to repeat their descriptions. Merely changing the label, i.e., male/female, significantly altered the descriptions. The label appeared to invoke the observers' stereotypic model of male/female qualities and overrode “objective” assessment.
Further Comments on Nonparametric Multiple-Comparison Tests
Authors: Wike Edward L. , Church James D.
Published: September 2011

A Monte Carlo study of four nonparametric multiple-comparison tests (the Ryan, Nemenyi, Steel, and Wilcoxon) for k independent groups indicated that the Wilcoxon rank-sum test performed optimally when it was used after a significant over-all Kruskal-Wallis H test.
Effects of Marijuana on Human Reaction Time and Motor Control
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: September 2011

In this research were analyzed the effects of marijuana on human reaction time and on performance for motor responses involving both linear and rotary serial arm movements aimed at a target. A total of six experienced marijuana users served as subjects and three drug conditions (dose levels) were used, i.e., 0, 6.5, and 19.5–26.0 mg δ-THC. The results showed that (a) (simple and complex) reaction time was not significantly affected by marijuana or by the interaction between drug conditions and the amount of information transmitted during the task, (b) linear movement time was significantly reduced after smoking marijuana, while rotary movement time was not significantly affected, (c) interaction between drug conditions and task complexity was insignificant in the case of both linear and rotary movements, and (d) error rates for the two types of motor movements increased significantly and especially for linear movements as the dose level increased.
Perception of the Figure-Ground Continuum
Authors: Zusne Leonard
Published: September 2011

Confirmation was obtained that the phenomena of figure obscured by random noise and embedded figures form a triangular, planar continuum. 80 preschoolers, third- and sixth-graders, and college students searched for and recognized a nonrepresentational figure obscured to different degrees by noise that varied from random and unrelated to the contours of the figure to highly embedding contexts. Response time varied directly with the amount of noise and with embeddedness, and inversely with age, producing analogous response planes along the age dimension.
Handedness Classification: Preference versus Proficiency
Authors: Todor John I. , Doane Thomas
Published: September 2011

Relative hand preferences as indicated by questionnaire were compared with asymmetries in manual proficiency at three levels of task difficulty ( N = 63 adults). Correlations between odd/even trial relative hand proficiency scores were .887 and .879 attesting to their stability. Test-retest (6-wk. interval) reliabilities for relative hand proficiency ranged from .831 to .893. Spearman rhos between the questionnaire responses and relative hand proficiency were .733, .689, and .619. These relatively low relationships, especially at the highest level of task difficulty ( r2 = 38%), indicate that hand preference does not reflect relative hand proficiency at moderate to high levels of task difficulty.
Comparison of Scores of Normal Children on the Wisc-R and Stanford-Binet, Form LM, 1972
Authors: Sewell Trevor , Manni John
Published: September 2011

Correlations of .86, .71, and .86 were obtained for 106 children, aged 6–0 to 16–10, between Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs and the Stanford-Binet. On both tests mean IQ of the younger group was higher.
Room Function and Appropriateness Judgments of Color
Authors: Slatter Philip E. , Whitfield Thomas W. A.
Published: September 2011

10 males and 6 females ranked 9 color samples in order of appropriateness for the walls of a simulated building interior. Half the subjects were informed that the neutral simulation represented a living room, and the other 8 that it was a bedroom. The results supported the hypothesis that the judged appropriateness of color varies with room function.
Marijuana and Human Performance: An Annotated Bibliography (1970–1975)
Authors: Pagel Melody L. , Sanders Michael G.
Published: September 2011

A bibliography of 199 annotated references was compiled to aid the reader in determining the impact of marijuana on psychomotor, cognitive, and physiological factors considered pertinent to flight performance. The bibliography contains an index which categorizes the references into the following major areas: (1) reviews or overviews of issues, literature or research; (2) psychological effects of marijuana use; (3) physiological and pharmacological research; (4) medical comments and research critiques; and (5) additional reference sources. The basic period of coverage is 1970 to 1975, although selected studies from earlier years are also included.
Methylphenidate Effect on Attentional and Cognitive Behavior in Six- through Twelve-Year-Old Males
Authors: Gabrys Jan B.
Published: September 2011

Attentional and cognitive behavior was studied in 84 learning disabled boys aged 6 through 12 yr., before and during treatment with methylphenidate (Ritalin). The “WISC Digit Span and Coding, identified as measures of primarily attentional behavior, showed significant improvement with methylphenidate treatment. Block Design, Picture Arrangement, Mazes, and Nonverbal IQ showed significant improvement as a result of general increase in attentional behavior but the WISC Verbal IQ showed no improvement. Covariates were pretest and posttest age, parental occupational group, and length of treatment. A multivariate analysis of covariance supported the concept that methylphenidate (Ritalin) did improve performance on tests with high attentional component. Implications for the treatment of learning disabled children are discussed.
Hemispheric Asymmetry in Reaction Time to Color Stimuli
Authors: Pirot M. , Pulton T. W. , Sutker L. W.
Published: September 2011

The simple detection of colored stimuli in the right, center, and left visual fields was examined. 10 male subjects were used in a reaction time paradigm with color (red, green, or blue), field, and hand as independent variables. A significantly faster RT to stimuli presented in the left visual field was observed, and further the left visual field-left hand combination was the fastest of all the combinations of visual-field × hand. A significant interaction of color × field suggested that red may be processed on a higher order level even in a simple detection task.
Comparisons of Intervals between Subjective Numbers, an Extension
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J. , Shepley Karen
Published: September 2011

Following the procedure used by Rule (1972), 25 subjects judged whether the mid-point (standard) of two numbers was subjectively closer to the higher or lower number. Since subjects generally chose the higher number as closer more often than the lower number, the results were interpreted as supporting Rule's hypothesis that subjective number is a negatively accelerated function of objective number, at least over the first 100 integers.
Brief Screening for Developmentally Delayed Preschoolers
Authors: Moore C. L. , Burns William J.
Published: September 2011

23 preschool boys and girls with developmental delays were administered the Peabody-A, Riley Design, McCarthy Designs, and the Riley human figure. Correlations among scores ranged from .58 to .80 suggesting preliminary screening might be undertaken by a qualified teacher though this sample was very small and special.
Role of Errors in Children's Discrimination Learning
Authors: Everett Frances Leivo
Published: September 2011

The role of errors in children's discrimination learning was explored. 108 second grade children mastered simultaneous intradimensional discriminations (line tilts) or interdimensional discriminations (line tilt and dot) in either an errorful or errorless fashion. Errorful learners acquired the discriminations with a trial and error procedure. Errorless learning was experimentally produced by use of a progressive S— fading procedure. Following acquisition all children received generalization tests along the line-tilt continuum. The post-discrimination generalization gradients for children trained on the intradimensional tasks demonstrated negative peak-shift effects and no positive peak-shift effects. The S— post-discrimination generalization gradients for children trained on the interdimensional tasks were flat indicating no S— control. No differences were noted in the post-discrimination generalization gradients for the errorful and errorless learners. It was concluded that young children can master a simultaneous discrimination without noticeable S— control and that making errors or responding to S— during simultaneous discrimination acquisition is not a sufficient condition for the establishment of S— dimensional control.
Effects of Modality of Presentation on Delayed Recognition
Authors: Engle Randall W. , Durban Elizabeth D.
Published: September 2011

Auditorily and visually presented lists were either tested or not tested immediately after input and were later tested on a delayed recognition test. For those lists given the immediate free-recall test, auditory presentation was superior on this immediate test. On the delayed recognition test the tested lists led to higher performance than non-tested lists. For tested lists auditory presentation led to superior recognition for the terminal serial positions, while for non-tested lists visual presentation led to higher performance on the last few positions. The fact that modality of presentation had opposite effects on delayed recognition of the lists was discussed in terms of current models of modality effects.
An Automated Procedure for Correlation of Q-Sorts
Authors: Dibb Gary S. , Alexander Bruce K.
Published: September 2011

A set of computer programs which calculates correlations between Q-sort decks is described. These programs automatically process Q-sort decks in which the items are printed directly on IBM cards, thus enabling the rapid analysis of large volumes of Q-sort data. An application of this method to the assessment of family interaction is described.
Comparison of Self-Report and Performance Measures of Attention: A Second Look
Authors: Nideffer Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the failure of earlier researchers to find relationships between the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style and behavioral measures of attentional processes. Data are presented which illustrate the attenuation in correlations as a result of improper selection of subjects. When this problem is addressed, the predicted relationships between subjective and behavioral measures of attention are obtained. Results provide additional evidence of construct validity for the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style.
Visual Observing Behavior in the Albino Rat: Effects of Nature and Complexity of Visual Stimuli and Stage of Estrus
Authors: Deitchman Robert , Maloney Patrick , Walsh Kevin , Haude Richard H.
Published: September 2011

The effect of varying levels of complexity within two types of visual stimuli on observing behavior of albino rats (60 females, 30 males, CD Strain, Charles River) was examined. Measures of frequency and duration of looking, as well as measures of general activity, were recorded. Differences in duration of observing as a function of group membership and type of stimuli were obtained. Activity was affected by the level of complexity. A re-examination of the concept of complexity is suggested. Further delineation of variables affecting observing behavior is also needed.
Nasality and Precision of Articulation
Authors: Sherman Dorothy , Hall Penelope K.
Published: September 2011

Two reading passages, one with nasal consonants and one without, were tape-recorded for 72 subjects: 34 selected as having precise articulation and 38 selected as having imprecise articulation. These speech samples were evaluated for degree of precision and also for degree of nasality by the psychological scaling method of equal-appearing intervals employing a 7-point scale. Analysis indicated a relationship between degree of precision and degree of unpleasant nasality, that is, a tendency for decreases in precision to be accompanied by increases in nasality and a tendency for males to be more imprecise in articulation and more nasal than females.
Heart Rate, Recall, and Reaction-Time Measures of Levels of Processing
Authors: Shangi L. M. , Das J. P. , Mulcahy R.
Published: September 2011

A problem of circularity emerges in any attempt to index depth by retention alone. In the present study, reaction time (RT), and heart-rate response were used to index the three qualitatively distinct levels of physical, phonemic, and semantic processing. An additional objective was to distinguish between the three levels under incidental vs intentional learning conditions. Subjects were 46 male undergraduates who were given 30 trials. A trial consisted of the presentation of an orienting question and an imperative word-stimulus separated by a 6-sec. interval. There were three types of questions in order to induce processing to one of the three target levels. The results indicated that recall as well as heart-rate acceleration distinguished between two (physical vs phonemic and semantic) rather than three levels of processing in the incidental condition. Heart-rate change differentiated between incidental and intentional, the intentional condition showing a smaller change. Semantic and phonemic RTs were faster than physical RT, but there were no differences between semantic and phonemic RTs. Intentional recall was superior to incidental recall. It is suggested that psychophysiological indices can provide independent evidence for ‘levels of processing.’
Visual Short-Term Memory, Response Delay, and Age
Authors: Adamowicz J. K. , Hudson B. R.
Published: September 2011

Recall and recognition memory performance of 12 young ( M = 19 yr.) and 12 older ( M = 72 yr.) females was studied in relation to response delay (5, 25, and 125 sec.) and stimulus complexity (6.1 and 13.7 bits of information). The subjects were matched on verbal IQ, visual acuity, and educational levels. Stimuli were abstract, black and white, 4 × 4 square matrices. Age-related decrements in memory performance were associated with stimulus complexity but not with response delay. Older subjects also reported experiencing encoding difficulties during the registration phase. The results were discussed with reference to the locus of age-related decrements in visual short-term memory.
Psychophysiological Correlates of the Spontaneous K-Complex
Authors: Scott Robert , Karle Werner , Switzer Alan , Hart Joseph , Corriere Richard , Woldenberg Lee
Published: September 2011

A pilot study covering three nights and two studies were carried out to investigate the psychophysiological correlates of the spontaneous K-complex in relation to intense psychotherapy. The pilot study produced evidence that the K-complex was not consistent and stable within or across nights and that its variability might be sensitive to psycho-emotional influences. In the first major study 2 subjects were recorded non-consecutively over a 3-wk. period during experience of intensive therapy while in the second 6 subjects were studied before and after two therapeutic sessions. Results indicated that nights after therapy differed significantly from baseline nights and a significant interaction took place between subjects and therapy on one or more variables of the K-complex and several eye movement indices. Some relationship to length of time in therapy was also noted. These findings were interpreted to indicate a possible relationship between complete expression of feeling and the occurrence of phasic events in the sleeping EEG.
Affective Response to Exceptional Children by Students Preparing to be Teachers
Authors: Buttery Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

A semantic differential was administered to 56 majors in early childhood, elementary, and middle school at the University of Georgia. Subjects' affective response to exceptional children was higher when they perceived having only a single exceptional child vs many in a regular classroom.
Teaching Reading and Writing Skills to a Teenaged Spastic Cerebral Palsied Person: A Long-Term Case Study
Authors: Block James D.
Published: September 2011

After a 2-mo. combined reading and writing training period followed by a 1 1/2-yr. lapse, an initially 16-yr.-old paraplegic cerebral palsied boy received 1 yr. of reading training followed by 2 3/4 yr. of writing training. Reading speed increased from 5 pages/hr. to about 40 pages/hr. Tolerance for protracted reading increased from a maximum of 15 min. to well over 2 hr. Writing progressed from the printing of letters more than 1/2 in- high with a fist grasp of the pen, to cursive writing of letters 1/8 to 1/4 in. high. Writing speed increased to about one-third of the normal rare. Training modes ranged from biofeedback methods employing EMG, electrooculogram, inertia detector, strain gage, contact detector, and amplified-image closed-circuit TV to discussions of attitudes, task orientation, and time scheduling. Intermediate were methods employing intrinsic feedback mechanisms. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, as well as trainability of this spastic boy well beyond childhood. The methods devised provide a base for further application and investigation.
Dimensions of Assertiveness: Factors Underlying the College Self-Expression Scale
Authors: Kipper David A. , Jaffe Yoram
Published: September 2011

A total of 447 Israeli students, both males and females, from four educational institutions were administered the College Self-expression Scale, a measure of assertiveness. The obtained responses were factor analyzed using the principal axis solution and the varimax rotation method. The results showed four main factors which included 43 of the 50 items of the original scale. These factors were identified as the willingness to take risks in interpersonal interactions, the ability to communicate feelings, setting rules and rectifying injustices, and the presence or absence of a tendency to invoke a self-punitive attitude. The findings were interpreted as adding support to the validity of the scale as a measure of assertiveness.
Effects of Noise on Accuracy, Visible Volume, and General Response Production for Human Subjects
Authors: Bailey Glen , Patchett Robin F. , Whissell C. Mavrides
Published: September 2011

40 subjects were required to perform the task of stroking out the letters ‘e’ in a type-written passage for nine minutes under conditions of no noise or continuous 95-dB “white” noise or 95-dB “white” noise presented in a regular time pattern or 95-dB “white” noise presented in an irregular time pattern. The noise conditions made no difference to the performance of the task except during the second 3-min. interval of the 9-min. period when patterned noise had an inhibitory effect on the volume of material scanned but a facilitatory effect on accuracy of performance.
Daytime State and Night-Time Sleep; A Sleep Study after a Marathon Group Experience
Authors: Glaubman Hannanyah , Hartmann Ernest
Published: September 2011

The nocturnal sleep of 9 subjects was recorded under two conditions following a “normal” weekend and following a weekend in which the subjects participated in a psychodynamic marathon group activity. Differences between the two experimental conditions were found for sleep latency and on one measurement of D-latency. Both latencies were reduced after the marathon group. No differences were found on the remaining 12 measurements. These findings tend to reaffirm the stability of sleep patterns under various pre-sleep conditions.
Sex Differences in Responses of Children to the Hand Test
Authors: Stoner Sue
Published: September 2011

The Hand Test was administered to 69 boys and 65 girls enrolled in the second grade. Significant differences were found on 11 of the 24 variables. Girls gave significantly more Exhibition and Failure responses, took longer to organize and verbalize a perception (AIRT) and longer to respond to the cards (H - L). Boys gave significantly more Active, Environmental, Description, Withdrawal and Pathology responses; had a higher Acting Out Score (AOS); and gave a greater number of responses (R).
Failure and its Relationship to the Social Facilitation Effect: Evidence for a Learned Drive Interpretation of the Social Facilitation Effect
Authors: Lombardo John P. , Catalano John F.
Published: September 2011

Social facilitation theory states that an audience functions as a conditioned stimulus for generalized drive and that this drive effect is learned through classical conditioning. In the present study an attempt was made to condition classically an aversive drive to an audience by having a subject fail a task in front of an audience. A sample of 61 subjects took part in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Half of the subjects did not perform a first task but only a complex motor task. Half of these subjects performed in the presence of an audience, half without an audience present. Of those subjects exposed to failure on the first task, half performed a second complex motor task in the presence of the same audience. Results indicated that performance of subjects who failed a first task in the presence of an audience and then performed the second task in the presence of that audience was significantly poorer than all of the other groups. The findings were taken as evidence that the social facilitation effect may be based on an aversive learned drive.
Effects of Color and Trait Anxiety on State Anxiety
Authors: Reeves Robert A. , Edmonds Ed M. , Transou Dollie L.
Published: September 2011

A 2 (trait anxiety) × 4 (color) factorial design was used to determine the effects of red, green, yellow, and blue on state anxiety as a function of high and low trait anxiety. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to assess both trait (A-Trait) and state (A-State) anxiety for the 10 students assigned to each of the eight treatment combinations. High A-Trait students were significantly more anxious while viewing blue, red, and green than were the low A-Trait students and blue produced significantly more state anxiety than did either yellow or green. These results are consistent with state-trait theory and indicate that the effects of color on state anxiety may be confounded with trait anxiety unless the levels of A-Trait are equivalent for each color condition. The role of cultural and individual differences in the relationship between color and emotion and implications for research are discussed.
Role of Two-Dimensional Surface Characteristics in Pictorial Depth Perception
Authors: Hagen Margaret A. , Glick Rochelle , Morse Barbara
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present experiment was to test the hypothesis that flat surface information for the plane of projection is the essential difference between ordinary and pictorial perception. Adults were asked to make relative size judgments of pairs of squares and triangles placed and pictured at various distances. The conditions were: real scene controls, life-size slides and prints, and real scenes viewed through clear glass, textured glass, a screen and a 50-mm lens. The error rate was significantly lower with real scenes than with either slides or prints which did not differ. The control data for real scenes were used for comparison to test for the effects of interposed flat surfaces on size judgments of real scenes. Viewing real scenes through either a clear glass pane or a 50-mm lens increased the error rate two and one-half times that of the controls for real scenes. Neither textured glass nor a screen significantly affected error rate. Results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that information about a flat surface for the plane of projection is the critical variable determining the special character of picture perception.
Influence of Professional Background and Sex of Therapist on Attitudes towards Patients
Authors: Stein Leonard S. , Del Gaudio Andrew C. , Carpenter Paul J. , Ansley Martha Y.
Published: September 2011

A brief report of the attitudes of therapists towards psychiatric outpatients, varying in socioeconomic background, insight levels and degrees of disturbances, is presented. Results suggest that the professional affiliation and sex of therapists influenced their attitudes towards the patients.
Cross-Modality Matching of Lingual Pressure to Loudness
Authors: Leeper Herbert A. , Feth Lawrence L. , Appl Franklin J.
Published: September 2011

A cross-modality matching test was employed to study the relationship between articulatory pressure and loudness. Each of 6 male adults adjusted tongue pressure to match the loudness of a white noise signal. Power functions adequately described the estimation, production, and cross-modality matching data. The power function exponent of the cross-modality match was 0.73. The role of the lingual pressure-sensing system was discussed in terms of exponential differences between speech and non-speech tasks and the servo-control of the oral-facial muscular complex.