bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using solar wind data to predict daily GPS scintillation occurrence in the African and Asian low‐latitude regions
Authors: Carter B. A. , Retterer J. M. , Yizengaw E. , Wiens K. , Wing S. , Groves K. , Caton R. , Bridgwood C. , Francis M. , Terkildsen M. , Norman R. , Zhang K.
Published: November 2014

The feasibility of predicting the daily occurrence of Global Positioning System scintillation events using forecasts of common geophysical indices to drive a physics‐based model of the system is demonstrated over a 5 month period for the African and Asian longitude sectors. The output from the Wing Kp model, which uses solar wind data to predict the geomagnetic activity level up to 4 h in advance, was used to drive the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere/ionosphere model, from which the strength of the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability growth rate was calculated to determine the likelihood of scintillation. It is found that the physics‐based model demonstrates superior skill to an empirical scintillation model (Wideband Model (WBMOD)) in forecasting scintillation suppression events during seasons when scintillation is common. However, neither of the models driven in this way possess the ability to forecast isolated scintillation events during transitional and off‐peak seasons.
A seismological model for earthquakes induced by fluid extraction from a subsurface reservoir
Authors: Bourne S. J. , Oates S. J. , van Elk J. , Doornhof D.
Published: November 2014

A seismological model is developed for earthquakes induced by subsurface reservoir volume changes. The approach is based on the work of Kostrov () and McGarr () linking total strain to the summed seismic moment in an earthquake catalog. We refer to the fraction of the total strain expressed as seismic moment as the strain partitioning function, α. A probability distribution for total seismic moment as a function of time is derived from an evolving earthquake catalog. The moment distribution is taken to be a Pareto Sum Distribution with confidence bounds estimated using approximations given by Zaliapin et al. (). In this way available seismic moment is expressed in terms of reservoir volume change and hence compaction in the case of a depleting reservoir. The Pareto Sum Distribution for moment and the Pareto Distribution underpinning the Gutenberg‐Richter Law are sampled using Monte Carlo methods to simulate synthetic earthquake catalogs for subsequent estimation of seismic ground motion hazard. We demonstrate the method by applying it to the Groningen gas field. A compaction model for the field calibrated using various geodetic data allows reservoir strain due to gas extraction to be expressed as a function of both spatial position and time since the start of production. Fitting with a generalized logistic function gives an empirical expression for the dependence of α on reservoir compaction. Probability density maps for earthquake event locations can then be calculated from the compaction maps. Predicted seismic moment is shown to be strongly dependent on planned gas production.
Mapping thunder sources by inverting acoustic and electromagnetic observations
Authors: Anderson J. F. , Johnson J. B. , Arechiga R. O. , Thomas R. J.
Published: November 2014

We present a new method of locating current flow in lightning strikes by inversion of thunder recordings constrained by Lightning Mapping Array observations. First, radio frequency (RF) pulses are connected to reconstruct conductive channels created by leaders. Then, acoustic signals that would be produced by current flow through each channel are forward modeled. The recorded thunder is considered to consist of a weighted superposition of these acoustic signals. We calculate the posterior distribution of acoustic source energy for each channel with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo inversion that fits power envelopes of modeled and recorded thunder; these results show which parts of the flash carry current and produce thunder. We examine the effects of RF pulse location imprecision and atmospheric winds on quality of results and apply this method to several lightning flashes over the Magdalena Mountains in New Mexico, USA. This method will enable more detailed study of lightning phenomena by allowing researchers to map current flow in addition to leader propagation.
Influence of the Central American Seaway and Drake Passage on ocean circulation and neodymium isotopes: A model study
Authors: Pfister Patrik L. , Stocker Thomas F. , Rempfer Johannes , Ritz Stefan P.
Published: November 2014

The sensitivity of the neodymium isotopic composition (ϵNd) to tectonic rearrangements of seaways is investigated using an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity. The shoaling and closure of the Central American Seaway (CAS) is simulated, as well as the opening and deepening of Drake Passage (DP). Multiple series of equilibrium simulations with various intermediate depths are performed for both seaways, providing insight into ϵNd and circulation responses to progressive throughflow evolutions. Furthermore, the sensitivity of these responses to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and the neodymium boundary source is examined. Modeled ϵNd changes are compared to sediment core and ferromanganese (Fe‐Mn) crust data. The model results indicate that the North Atlantic ϵNd response to the CAS shoaling is highly dependent on the AMOC state, i.e., on the AMOC strength before the shoaling to shallow depths (preclosure). Three scenarios based on different AMOC forcings are discussed, of which the model‐data agreement favors a shallow preclosure (Miocene) AMOC (∼6 Sv). The DP opening causes a rather complex circulation response, resulting in an initial South Atlantic ϵNd decrease preceding a larger increase. This feature may be specific to our model setup, which induces a vigorous CAS throughflow that is strongly anticorrelated to the DP throughflow. In freshwater experiments following the DP deepening, ODP Site 1090 is mainly influenced by AMOC and DP throughflow changes, while ODP Site 689 is more strongly influenced by Southern Ocean Meridional Overturning Circulation and CAS throughflow changes. The boundary source uncertainty is largest for shallow seaways and at shallow sites.
Properties ofCO2Mixtures and Impacts on Carbon Capture and Storage
Authors: Li Hailong , Wilhelmsen Øivind , Yan Jinyue
Published: November 2014

The technologies for CO2capture and storage (CCS) differ much in design, operation conditions, and the amount and nature of impurities in the captured CO2. The presence of impurities affects the thermophysical properties of CO2significantly. In particular, properties such as phase equilibrium behavior, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficient are much affected. The development and technical breakthrough of new CCS technology rely on a deeper understanding of the thermophysical properties of CO2mixtures. In this chapter, the available experimental data and theoretical models about the thermodynamic and transport properties of mixtures at conditions relevant to CCS have been summarized. Knowledge gaps have been identified; in particular, more measurements are needed to close the experimental gaps. In addition, the impacts of impurities on operation of different CCS processes have been discussed, including CO2conditioning, compression, liquefaction, transport, and storage. Recommended levels of impurities from different sources have been reviewed and compared.
Geothermal Heat Pumps
Authors: Cui Ping , Man Yi , Fang Zhaohong
Published: November 2014

Geothermal heat pump (GHP) technologies utilize the underground environment as a heat source/sink to provide space cooling and heating. From a thermodynamic perspective, the operating cost of the GHP system is much lower than that of the air source heat pump because the underground environment experiences less temperature fluctuation compared to the ambient air temperature swing. Geothermal heat pumps, which may use various underground sources, have been basically grouped into three categories: groundwater heat pump, surface water heat pump, and ground‐coupled heat pump.

The basic concepts and various options of the GHP systems that include groundwater heat pump, surface water heat pump, and ground coupled heat pump have been described in this chapter. The brief history of the GHP system has been addressed in terms of its research development and engineering applications. In addition, the advantages and limitations of each type of GHP systems have been summarized respectively. This chapter has also focused on the description of the design strategy or guidelines for these systems, especially for the vertical GCHP system that is considered to be the most widely used type of GHP throughout the world. Finally, various hybrid GCHP systems and some novel technologies have been comprehensively reviewed in order to further broaden and strengthen the applicability of the GHP systems.

This chapter provides some design recommendations for various GHP systems, which can assist design engineers in determining what type of system is most suitable for the given location and in designing an optimal GHP system with lowest operating cost and capital cost.
Electric Vehicles and the Electric Grid
Authors: Ortega‐Vazquez Miguel A. , Kintner‐Meyer Michael
Published: November 2014

In order to decarbonize the transport sector and to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels, it is expected that large fleets of plug‐in electric vehicles (PEVs) will constitute an important share of the electricity demand in the not‐so‐distant future. These devices can and would behave as any regular demand if they are allowed to charge as soon as they are connected to the electric grid. If such charging process is allowed, then several adverse impacts on the power grids such as increased system‐wide peak demand and early reinforcements of the distribution, transmission, and/or generation systems would be required. However, as opposed to conventional demands, these new devices are equipped with a battery that enables them deferring their needs for electric energy in time. If the pliant nature of this demand is exploited in such a way that the charging of these devices takes place when it is more convenient for the power system, then not only the adverse impacts to the system would be avoided but also a new stream of services could be offered to the electric power grid in the form of demand response, power injections in vehicle‐to‐grid, and regulating reserves. This article discusses the consequences of integrating significant volumes ofPEVsinto power systems, in both uncontrolled and controlled manners.
Evaporative Gas Turbine (EvGT)/Humid Air Turbine (HAT) Cycles
Authors: Rao Ashok
Published: November 2014

In a combined cycle, a physical separation exists between the working fluids of the topping gas turbine cycle and of the bottoming steam turbine cycle. It is possible to combine the working fluids of these two cycles to result in a single “mixed cycle.” There are a number of alternate approaches to the manner in which these two working fluids may be combined, that is, the manner in which the liquid water is evaporated/combined with the other working fluid resulting in different cycle arrangements with very different thermal performance. This article is devoted to a discussion of the various evaporative gas turbine cycles incorporating this mixed cycle approach such as the steam injected, recuperative water injected, and humid air turbine (HAT) cycles, and will mainly focus on the systems whereH2Oaddition can attain a significant fraction (10–20%) of the airflow. Thermodynamic merits and technological drawbacks will be illustrated and their thermal performance compared on a consistent basis.

Major emphasis of this article is theHATcycle while the other mixed cycles will provide the necessary background on this topic. Development of theHATcycle is aimed at having the advantages of the combined cycle in terms of its high thermal efficiency but having a low specific cost of an open simple cycle by eliminating the need for the expensive components such as the steam turbine, condenser, and cooling medium circulation circuit of a combined cycle. Challenges related to operating commercial gas turbine engines in theHATcycle mode are also discussed including the variations to the cycle arrangement to minimize the development of specialized turbomachinery.
Low‐Density High‐Strength Bulk Metallic Glasses and Their Composites: A Review
Authors: Jiang Jian‐Zhong , Hofmann Douglas , Jarvis David John , Fecht Hans‐J.
Published: November 2014

This review gives an overview of the field of low‐density (<6 g cm−3) bulk metallic glasses/composites and their potential engineering and space applications. The review focuses on four systems, Al‐, Mg‐, Ca‐, and Ti‐based metallic glass‐forming systems. In the following sections, glass forming ability, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and corrosion resistance of the four metallic glass systems and their composites are presented.
Eliminating the Trade‐Off between the Throughput and Pattern Quality of Sub‐15 nm Directed Self‐Assembly via Warm Solvent Annealing
Authors: Kim Jong Min , Kim YongJoo , Park Woon Ik , Hur Yoon Hyung , Jeong Jae Won , Sim Dong Min , Baek Kwang Min , Lee Jung Hye , Kim Mi‐Jeong , Jung Yeon Sik
Published: November 2014

The directed self‐assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) has been suggested as a promising nanofabrication solution. However, further improvements of both the pattern quality and manufacturability remain as critical challenges. Although the use of BCPs with a high Flory‐Huggins interaction parameter (χ) has been suggested as a potential solution, this practical self‐assembly route has yet to be developed due to their extremely slow self‐assembly kinetics. In this study, it is reported that warm solvent annealing (WSA) in a controlled environment can markedly improve both the self‐assembly kinetics and pattern quality. A means of avoiding the undesirable trade‐off between the quality and formation throughput of the self‐assembled patterns, which is a dilemma which arises when using the conventional solvent vapor treatment, is suggested. As a demonstration, the formation of well‐defined 13‐nm‐wide self‐assembled patterns (3σ line edge roughness of ≈2.50 nm) in treatment times of 0.5 min (for 360‐nm‐wide templates) is shown. Self‐consistent field theory (SCFT) simulation results are provided to elucidate the mechanism of the pattern quality improvement realized by WSA.
Antimicrobial Polymers
Authors: Jain Anjali , Duvvuri L. Sailaja , Farah Shady , Beyth Nurit , Domb Abraham J. , Khan Wahid
Published: November 2014

Better health is basic requirement of human being, but the rapid growth of harmful pathogens and their serious health effects pose a significant challenge to modern science. Infections by pathogenic microorganisms are of great concern in many fields such as medical devices, drugs, hospital surfaces/furniture, dental restoration, surgery equipment, health care products, and hygienic applications (e.g., water purification systems, textiles, food packaging and storage, major or domestic appliances etc.) Antimicrobial polymers are the materials having the capability to kill/inhibit the growth of microbes on their surface or surrounding environment. Recently, they gained considerable interest for both academic research and industry and were found to be better than their small molecular counterparts in terms of enhanced efficacy, reduced toxicity, minimized environmental problems, resistance, and prolonged lifetime. Hence, efforts have focused on the development of antimicrobial polymers with all desired characters for optimum activity. In this Review, an overview of different antimicrobial polymers, their mechanism of action, factors affecting antimicrobial activity, and application in various fields are given. Recent advances and the current clinical status of these polymers are also discussed.
Flow‐Through Microbial Capture by Antibody‐Coated Microsieves
Authors: Nguyen Ai T. , van Doorn Ronald , Baggerman Jacob , Paulusse Jos M. J. , Klerks Michel M. , Zuilhof Han , van Rijn Cees J. M.
Published: November 2014

A new flow‐through method for rapid capture and detection of microorganisms is developed using optically‐flat microengineered membranes. Selective and efficient capture of Salmonella is demonstrated with antibodies coated on membranes (microsieves) having a pore size much larger than the microorganism itself. The silicon‐nitride membranes are first photochemically coated with 1,2‐epoxy‐9‐decene yielding stable Si–C and N–C linkages. The resultant epoxide‐terminated microsieves are subsequently biofunctionalized with anti‐Salmonella antibodies. The capture efficiency of antibody‐coated microsieves with different pore sizes (2.0–5.0 μm) is studied with Salmonella enterica enterica serotype Typhimurium suspensions (107 cfu mL–1). The antibody‐coated microsieves capture 52% (2 μm microsieves), 30% (3.5 μm microsieves), and 12% (5 μm microsieves) of Salmonella from the suspension. The influence of flow rate (0.8–16 μL min–1 mm–2) on the capture efficiency of antibody‐coated 3.5 μm microsieves is investigated. The capture efficiency increases from ≈30% to ≈70% when the flow‐rate decreases from 16 to 0.8 μL min–1 mm–2. Antibody‐coated 3.5 μm microsieves can capture Salmonella rapidly and directly from fresh milk suspension (capture 35% at concentration of 80 cfu mL–1). The use of antibody‐coated microsieves as microbial selective capture devices is thus shown to be highly promising for the direct capture of microorganisms.
Ceria Nanocrystals Exposing Wide (100) Facets: Structure and Polarity Compensation
Authors: Pan Yi , Nilius Niklas , Stiehler Christian , Freund Hans‐Joachim , Goniakowski Jacek , Noguera Claudine
Published: November 2014

Compact CeO2(111) films grown on Ru(0001) can be transformed into well‐shaped nanoparticles by annealing them in an oxygen‐poor environment. With increasing temperature, the particles undergo a distinct shape evolution that finally leads to crystallites exposing wide (100) facets. The atomic structure of the (100) termination is determined with a combination of high‐resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory. Two surface reconstructions are identified that are compatible with the need to compensate for the intrinsic dipole of the (100) plane and with a substantial reduction of the oxide material. Our study provides insights into the rarely explored (100) surface of ceria, which can be considered as model system for studying chemical processes on the polar termination of reducible oxides.
Rational Design of Nanoparticles with Efficient Lanthanide Luminescence Sensitized by Iridium(III) Complex for Time‐Gated Luminescence Bioimaging
Authors: Zhao Qiang , Liu Yahong , Cao Yunfa , Lv Wen , Yu Qi , Liu Shujuan , Liu Xiangmei , Shi Mei , Huang Wei
Published: November 2014

A nanoprobe with highly efficient lanthanide luminescence sensitized by transition metal complex has been developed for luminescence imaging in living cells. In this work, Ir(III) complex as the sensitizer and Eu(III) complex as the energy acceptor have been chosen. Both the sensitizer and the energy acceptor have been embedded into the silica nanoparticles through covalent attachment. By optimizing the ligand structures and triplet energy levels of Ir(III) complex, efficient energy transfer from Ir(III) moiety to Eu(III) complex occurred in nanoparticles, which leads to the stable and intense red emission from Eu(III) complex in aqueous solution under the visible excitation of up to 488 nm. This nanoprobe exhibits multiple advantages, including long excitation wavelength, high quantum efficiency, long emission lifetime, narrow emission bands, high photostability, excellent water dispersibility, and good biocompatibility, all of which are very beneficial for applications in bioimaging. The successful application of nanoprobe in bioimaging with visible excitation has been demonstrated. Thus, the design strategy will be a versatile and convenient way to realize excellent lanthanide(III) complex‐based bioprobes for practical biomedical applications.
To meat or not to meat? New perspectives onNeanderthal ecology
Authors: Fiorenza Luca , Benazzi Stefano , Henry Amanda G. , Salazar‐García Domingo C. , Blasco Ruth , Picin Andrea , Wroe Stephen , Kullmer Ottmar
Published: November 2014

Neanderthals have been commonly depicted as top predators who met their nutritional needs by focusing entirely on meat. This information mostly derives from faunal assemblage analyses and stable isotope studies: methods that tend to underestimate plant consumption and overestimate the intake of animal proteins. Several studies in fact demonstrate that there is a physiological limit to the amount of animal proteins that can be consumed: exceeding these values causes protein toxicity that can be particularly dangerous to pregnant women and newborns. Consequently, to avoid food poisoning from meat‐based diets, Neanderthals must have incorporated alternative food sources in their daily diets, including plant materials as well. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 156:43–71, 2015. © 2014 American Association of Physical Anthropologists
Pd(II) salen complex covalently anchored to multi‐walled carbon nanotubes as a heterogeneous and reusable precatalyst for Mizoroki–Heck and Hiyama cross‐coupling reactions
Authors: Movassagh Barahman , Parvis Fatemeh S. , Navidi Mozhgan
Published: November 2014

A Pd(II) salen complex anchored to multi‐walled carbon nanotubes showed excellent catalytic activity and stability for the Mizoroki–Heck and Hiyama cross‐couplings of aryl halides with olefins and phenylsiloxanes. Furthermore, the heterogeneous catalyst could be reused up to four times with the catalytic activity being recovered easily after simple manipulations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling vapor pressure of fatty acid and fatty acid methyl esters using cubic equations of state
Authors: Joshipura M. H. , Patel R. J.
Published: November 2014

Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternates to fossil fuels. Production process of biodiesel requires separation of fatty acids (FAs) and their esters from the other products and reactants. This requires the phase equilibrium studies of the FA and their esters. For phase equilibrium study through equation of state (EOS), accurate prediction of vapor pressure is necessary. It was shown that most of the predictive methods fail to estimate acceptable values of vapor pressure. Peng–Robinson EOS was used in the present study to predict the vapor pressure. Proper values of critical properties are required for accurate prediction of vapor pressure through cubic EOS. Obtaining experimental critical properties of FAs and their ester are difficult. Ten methods for the prediction of critical properties were compared, and suitable methods for FA, FAME, and their mixtures were proposed. For accurate prediction of vapor pressure using cubic EOS, one requires suitable cohesion factor model. Predictive cohesion factor models did not perform well; hence, four compound‐specific cohesion factor models were compared. Constants for all the four models for the compound considered were presented, and the models were compared for the accurate prediction of vapor pressure. It was observed that modified Trebble–Bishnoi type of cohesion factor model outperformed other models. Boiling points for pure FA and FAME were obtained with these four models. Prediction of boiling points for real‐world biodiesel was also carried out. Modified Trebble–Bishnoi type model was found to be suitable for predictions of boiling points as well. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of carbazole‐substituted poly(dimethylsiloxane) and its improved refractive index
Authors: Nordin Norhuda Hidayah , Ramli Mohamad Riduwan , Othman Nadras , Ahmad Zulkifli
Published: November 2014

A series of substituted 9‐vinylcarbazole polysiloxane was synthesized followed by room temperature vulcanization to afford a crosslink network via trimethoxysilane crosslinker. Structural confirmation was made using FTIR, one and two‐dimensional1H‐ and29Si‐NMR spectroscopy. Quantitative estimation of the amount of substituted carbazole was made based on NMR data. These were related to the refractive index whose values were in the range of 1.4370–1.4625 at increasing carbazole content. These values are higher than uncrosslink series, attributable to the tightness of the systems. They displayed an improved thermo‐optic coefficient compared to linear unsubstituted polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The synergistic effect of substituted carbazole unit with the crosslink network of PDMS presents a viable choice of encapsulant for opto‐electronic devices. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41654.
Hybrid Methods for Detection and Identification of Faults in Dynamic Systems
Authors: Martins Rodrigo S. , Vale Marcelo R. B. G. , Maitelli Andre L.
Published: November 2014

Since the 1960s, when automation became essential to productivity, methods for the detection and identification of faults have been proposed. Physical systems are diversified and can be mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, electronic, or a combination of these. In addition, real plants have a large number of these devices, which are for its own operation, sensoring or control. Therefore the solutions given for detection of faults are generally very specific or particular. This paper aims to describe and analyze two hybrid methods of detection and fault identification based on residue and to check whether their inclusion with other methods, combining different techniques, can produce a better fault detection and identification system. The methods use the state observers for the generation of residues, which serve for the detection and identification and the set called the bank of signatures to identify the faults. Thereafter, the methods use different approaches to diagnose the fault: the first uses the approach of the mean square error, and the second uses a decision tree.
Tunable mid‐infrared luminescence from Er3+‐doped germanate glass
Authors: Li Bingpeng , Wei Tao , Tian Ying , Jing Xufeng , Chen Fangze , Wang Fengchao , Zhang Junjie , Cai Muzhi , Xu Shiqing
Published: November 2014

Er3+‐doped germanate glasses with superior thermal stability were prepared. Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters and important spectroscopic properties were discussed in detail. Upon 800 nm and 980 nm LD pumping, 2.7 µm fluorescence characteristics were investigated and it was found that the effective 2.7 µm emission bandwidth can reach to 101.79 nm in prepared glasses. The tunability of the 2.7 µm emission band can be realized by adjusting the Er3+ content. Moreover, a high‐emission cross‐section (11.09 ×10‐21 cm2), large gain bandwidth (772.30 ×10‐28 cm3) and gain coefficient (6.72 cm‐1) were obtained in the prepared sample. Hence, Er3+‐doped germanate glass might be a promising mid‐infrared material for tunable amplifiers or lasers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC/QTOF‐MS/MS application to investigate phenolic constituents from Ficus pandurata H. aerial roots
Authors: Zhang Xiaoping , Lv Huiqing , Li Zuguang , Jiang Kezhi , Lee Maw‐Rong
Published: November 2014

Ficus pandurata H. aerial roots are used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of uarthritis, indigestion and hyperuricemia. However, the bioactive constituents responsible for the pharmacological effects of F. pandurata H. are unclear. A simple and efficient HPLC/QTOF‐MS/MS (high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry) method was established to detect and identify active constituents in the n‐butanol extract of F. pandurata H. aerial roots. Chemical constituents were separated and investigated by HPLC/QTOF‐MS/MS in the negative‐ion mode. Thirty‐seven compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, hydroquinone glycosides, flavonoid glycosides, etc., were identified or tentatively characterized in the n‐butanol extract of F. pandurata H. aerial roots by comparing the UV spectra, accurate mass spectra and fragmentation pathways and retrieving the reference literatures. Moreover, the flavonoid trisaccharides and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives were tentatively characterized in F. pandurata H. for the first time. The analytical tool used here is very valuable in the rapid separation and identification of the multiple and minor constituents in the n‐butanol extract of F. pandurata H. aerial roots. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prepare for impact from DOJ regs implementing Titles II, III of ADAAA
Authors: Goren William D.
Published: November 2014

At the end of this past January, the U.S. Department of Justice proposed a set of rules implementing Titles II and III of the Americans with Disabilities Act in light of the amendments made to the ADA.
Will colleges have to accommodate medical marijuana?
Authors: Adele Goldie
Published: November 2014

During the past few years, we have seen a fast‐moving trend nationally toward greater acceptance of marijuana, with myriad states voting to permit the sale and consumption of the drug for the treatment of various conditions. In particular, marijuana is thought to reduce the pain and progression of chronic health conditions.
Learn when you may disclose information under health and safety emergency provision
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: November 2014

In 1992, a University of Iowa graduate student killed several UI faculty and staff members and a student. As a result of that action, from 1993–2013, UI officials disclosed nondirectory information without students' written consent to the local county sheriff's office whenever a UI student applied for a gun permit.
Quantum Binary and Triplet Distribution Functions of Plasma by using Green's Function
Authors: Hussein N. A. , Eisa D. A. , Osman A.‐N. A. , Abbas R. A.
Published: November 2014

The aim of this paper is to calculate the binary and triplet distribution functions for one and two component Plasmas in terms of Green's function technique. We obtained the triplet distribution function in two form; one of them is based on the Kirkwood Superposition Approximation (KSA) which is consisting of the assumption that the potential in a set of three particles is the sum of the three pair potentials, this is equivalent to assuming that the triplet distribution function is the product of the three binary distribution functions, but the other form is calculated from BBGKY hierarchy. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The application of flow cytometry for evaluating biological aggressiveness of intracranial meningiomas
Authors: Lin Yu‐Wen , Tai Shih‐Huang , Huang Yu‐Hsuan , Chang Che‐Chao , Juan Wei‐Sheng , Chao Liang‐Chun , Wen Miin‐Jye , Hung Yu‐Chang , Lee E‐Jian
Published: November 2014

Background

Meningiomas have classically been considered to include benign and atypical/anaplastic tumors. Despite the availability of clinical and pathologic parameters for prognostic prediction prognosis, the behavior of each meningioma may be difficult to predict. Here, we used DNA flow‐cytometric studies to predict biological tumor behaviors of intracranial meningiomas.

Methods

The specimens were obtained from fresh tumoral tissues of 43 microsurgically resected meningiomas as approved by the institutional review board. The presence of G2/M‐phase and S+G2/M‐phase fractions were analyzed and correlated with the proliferation index of Ki‐67 and the World Health Organization grading. The check point of G2/M‐phase fraction, cyclin B, and pCdk1 (Y15), were analyzed by Western blotting.

Results

Our results showed that there were significant differences in Ki‐67, G2/M‐phase, S+G2/M‐phase fractions, and cyclin B between benign and atypical/anaplastic meningiomas. The optimal cutoff point of G2/M‐phase and S+G2/M‐phase fractions were 5.12 and 7.52%, respectively, and this can be used to discriminate those cases with benign or atypical/anaplastic meningiomas. Besides, both the G2/M‐phase and S+G2/M‐phase fractions were correlated well with Ki‐67 and the histopathological features such as focal necrosis, infiltration of dura mater and mitotic activity. In addition, the occurrence of tumor recurrence and patient age were correlated to the G2/M‐phase and S+G2/M‐phase fractions, respectively. The G2/M‐phase and S+G2/M‐phase fractions, however, did not correlate well with histologic invasion to adjacent bone, sinus, or brain tissues.

Conclusions

The use of flow cytometry facilitates additional information for G2/M‐phase and S+G2/M‐phase fractions represent tumoral grading and risk of recurrence in patients with meningiomas. © 2014 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Inhibition of LPS‐Induced TLR4 Signaling Products in Murine Macrophages by Phenylmethimazole: An Assay Methodology for Screening Potential Phenylmethimazole Analogs
Authors: Deosarkar Sudhir P. , Bhatt Pooja , Gillespie Jessica , Goetz Douglas J. , McCall Kelly D.
Published: November 2014

Preclinical Research

Phenylmethimazole (C10) is an inhibitor of Toll‐like receptor (TLR3 and TLR4) expression and signaling. In this study, we carried out a detailed investigation of the effect of C10 on TLR4 and its molecular signaling products in RAW 264.7 macrophages using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ELISA and cell toxicity assays, a set of in vitro assays that may be used to screen future C10 analogs. C10 exhibited an inhibitory effect on TLR4 MyD88‐dependent and MyD88‐independent pathways. Within the TLR4 pathway, C10 inhibited the expression of cytokines, cytokine receptors, kinases, adapter molecules and transcription factors, suggesting a pathway‐wide inhibitory effect. We also found that C10 dose‐dependently inhibited the expression of TLR4 signaling products, specifically IL‐6, inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and IFNβ. Additionally, pre‐treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with C10 resulted in protection from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) insults, suggesting C10 may be bound to the target thus exhibiting activity during/following LPS stimulation. Also, dimethyl sulfoxide, the solvent for C10 exhibited inhibitory effect on TLR4 signaling products independent from the effects of C10. Combined, this study enhances understanding of the actions of action on TLR4 signaling pathway providing a path for the development of new C10 analogs for inhibiting TLR expression and signaling.
Antidiabetic Effect of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus Involves Inhibition of the Sodium Glucose Cotransporter
Authors: Qu Yue , Chan Judy Yuet‐Wa , Wong Chun‐Wai , Cheng Ling , Xu Chuanshan , Leung Albert Wing‐Nang , Lau Clara Bik‐San
Published: November 2014

Preclinical Research

Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus (SCF), the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (family Schisandraceae) is traditionally used as a tonic and antidiabetic agent in Asia. In this study, SCF was investigated for its effects on sodium glucose cotransporters 1 and 2 (SGLT 1 and 2) expressed in a COS‐7 cell line for its specificity in inhibiting SGLT2, which is a novel mechanism to screen for potential antidiabetic agents. Using a bioassay‐guided fractionation, we then tried to isolate and identify the active fraction(s)/component(s). The ethanol extract of SCF at a concentration of 1 mg/mL significantly inhibited 89% of SGLT1 and 73% of SGLT2 activities in a [14C]‐α‐methyl‐d‐glucopyranoside ([14C]‐AMG) uptake assay. Fractionation of the ethanol extract yielded nine fractions, of which F8, at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, was specific in inhibiting SGLT 2 (42% inhibition, P < 0.001), without inhibiting SGLT 1. Using LC/MS‐MS, three compounds, deoxyschisandrin, schisandrin B (γ‐schisandrin) and schisandrin were identified in F8 and their amounts quantified. However, subsequent evaluation in the [14C]‐AMG uptake assay showed that these three compounds failed to inhibit SGLT 2 activity indicating that the SGLT active component(s) from SCF have yet to be identified. Drug Dev Res 76 : 1–8, 2015
DifferentialFoxP2andFoxP1expression in a vocal learning nucleus of the developing budgerigar
Authors: Whitney Osceola , Voyles Tawni , Hara Erina , Chen Qianqian , White Stephanie A. , Wright Timothy F.
Published: November 2014

The forkhead domain FOXP2 and FOXP1 transcription factors are implicated in several cognitive disorders with language deficits, notably autism, and thus play a central role in learned vocal motor behavior in humans. Although a similar role forFoxP2andFoxP1is proposed for other vertebrate species, including songbirds, the neurodevelopmental expression of these genes are unknown in a species with lifelong vocal learning abilities. Like humans, budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)learn new vocalizations throughout their entire lifetime. Like songbirds, budgerigars have distinct brain nuclei for vocal learning, which include the magnocellular nucleus of the medial striatum (MMSt), a basal ganglia region that is considered developmentally and functionally analogous to Area X in songbirds. Here, we usedin situhybridization and immunohistochemistry to investigateFoxP2andFoxP1expression in the MMSt of juvenile and adult budgerigars. We foundFoxP2mRNA and protein expression levels in the MMSt that were lower than the surrounding striatum throughout development and adulthood. In contrast,FoxP1mRNA and protein had an elevated MMSt/striatum expression ratio as birds matured, regardless of their sex. These results show that life‐long vocal plasticity in budgerigars is associated with persistent low‐levelFoxP2expression in the budgerigar MMSt, and suggests the possibility thatFoxP1plays an organizational role in the neurodevelopment of vocal motor circuitry. Thus, developmental regulation of theFoxP2andFoxP1genes in the basal ganglia appears essential for vocal mimicry in a range of species that possess this relatively rare trait. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 778–790, 2015
BST2/Tetherin is constitutively expressed on human thymocytes with the phenotype and function of Treg cells
Authors: Epeldegui Marta , Blom Bianca , Uittenbogaart Christel H.
Published: November 2014

In contrast to peripheral plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), thymic pDCs constitutively express low levels of IFN‐α. This leads to induction of interferon secondary genes (ISGs) in medullary thymocytes, raising the question whether IFN‐α may play a role in T‐cell development. When characterizing further differences between peripheral and thymic pDCs, we found that thymic pDCs have a phenotype consistent with an “activated signature” including expression of TNF‐α and bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2), but no expression of ILT7. Given that BST2 is induced by IFN‐α, and IFN‐α secretion is controlled by interaction between ILT7 and BST2, this regulatory pathway is apparently lost in thymic pDCs. Further, we also show that BST2 is constitutively expressed on a subset of medullary thymocytes at the mRNA and protein level reflecting a history of IFN‐α transduced signals. The majority of BST2+ thymocytes express CCR5 rendering them prevalent targets for R5‐tropic HIV infection. Moreover, BST2+ thymocytes express Foxp3 and CD25, consistent with the phenotype of natural Treg cells, and exert suppressive activity as they impair the proliferation of autologous CD3+ thymocytes. Collectively, our results suggest that low levels of IFN‐α secreted by thymic pDCs play an important role in the development of natural Treg cells.
Transitional‐2 B cells acquire regulatory function during tolerance induction and contribute to allograft survival
Authors: Moreau Aurélie , Blair Paul A. , Chai Jian‐Guo , Ratnasothy Kulachelvy , Stolarczyk Emilie , Alhabbab Rowa , Rackham Chloe L. , Jones Peter M. , Smyth Lesley , Elgueta Raul , Howard Jane K. , Lechler Robert I. , Lombardi Giovanna
Published: November 2014

In humans, tolerance to renal transplants has been associated with alterations in B‐cell gene transcription and maintenance of the numbers of circulating transitional B cells. Here, we use a mouse model of transplantation tolerance to investigate the contribution of B cells to allograft survival. We demonstrate that transfer of B cells from mice rendered tolerant to MHC class I mismatched skin grafts can prolong graft survival in a dose‐dependent and antigen‐specific manner to a degree similar to that afforded by graft‐specific regulatory T (Treg) cells. Tolerance in this model was associated with an increase in transitional‐2 (T2) B cells. Only T2 B cells from tolerized mice, not naïve T2 nor alloantigen experienced T2, were capable of prolonging skin allograft survival, and suppressing T‐cell activation. Tolerized T2 B cells expressed lower levels of CD86, increased TIM‐1, and demonstrated a preferential survival in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate a synergistic effect between tolerized B cells and graft‐specific Treg cells. IL‐10 production by T2 B cells did not contribute to tolerance, as shown by transfer of B cells from IL‐10−/− mice. These results suggest that T2 B cells in tolerant patients may include a population of regulatory B cells that directly inhibit graft rejection.
Palladium‐Catalyzed α‐Arylation Reactions in Total Synthesis
Authors: Sivanandan Sudheesh T. , Shaji Ashna , Ibnusaud Ibrahim , Seechurn Carin C. C. Johansson , Colacot Thomas J.
Published: November 2014

The development of palladium‐catalyzed α‐arylation of carbonyl compounds has emerged as a new avenue in the design of new routes for the synthesis of natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In many cases, syntheses based on α‐arylation strategies provide elegant routes in terms of increasing the overall yields, improving the synthesis scope, and decreasing the number of steps. This microreview aims to highlight the importance of palladium‐catalyzed α‐arylation methodologies, covering a range of notable reported examples of the total syntheses of structurally important compounds, thereby highlighting the importance of this powerful methodology for key steps in organic synthesis.
Rapid automated detergent screening for the solubilization and purification of membrane proteins and complexes
Authors: Lantez Violaine , Nikolaidis Ioulia , Rechenmann Mathias , Vernet Thierry , Noirclerc‐Savoye Marjolaine
Published: November 2014

Membrane proteins constitute about one third of proteins encoded by all genomes, but only a small percentage have their structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank. One bottleneck in the pipeline from expression to structure determination is the identification of detergents that maintain the protein in a soluble, stable, and active state. Here, we describe a small‐scale automated procedure to easily and rapidly screen detergents for the solubilization and purification of membrane proteins, to perform detergent exchange, or to identify conditions preserving protein interactions in complexes. Hundreds of conditions can be tested in a few hours to select detergents that keep proteins folded and nonaggregated, from single membrane preparations of cells overexpressing the protein(s) of interest. Thirty‐one prokaryotic, eukaryotic, and viral membrane proteins were analyzed by our small‐scale procedure to identify the best‐associated detergents. Examples of results obtained with a bitopic and multitopic membrane proteins and membrane protein complexes are presented in more detail. DDM, DM, DMNG, TritonX‐100, LAPAO, and Fos‐12 appeared effective for successful membrane solubilization and protein purification of most selected targets. Eukaryotic proteins are in general more difficult to extract and purify from Escherichia coli membranes than prokaryotic proteins. The protocol has been developed for His‐tagged proteins, but can readily be adapted to other affinity tags by adjusting the chromatography resin and the buffer composition.
Heterogeneous DNA methylation contributes to tumorigenesis through inducing the loss of coexpression connectivity in colorectal cancer
Authors: Wang Quan , Jia Peilin , Cheng Feixiong , Zhao Zhongming
Published: November 2014

Increasing evidence indicates the high heterogeneity of cancer cells. Recent studies have revealed distinct subtypes of DNA methylation in colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the mechanism of heterogeneous methylation remains poorly understood. Gene expression is a natural, intermediate quantitative trait that bridges genotypic and phenotypic features. In this work, we studied the role of heterogeneous DNA methylation in tumorigenesis via gene expression analyses. Specifically, we integrated methylation and expression data in normal and tumor tissues, and examined the perturbations in coexpression patterns. We found that the heterogeneity of methylation leads to significant loss of coexpression connectivity in CRC; this finding was validated in an independent cohort. Functional analyses showed that the lost coexpression partners participate in important cancer‐related pathways/networks, such as ErbB and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Our analyses suggest that the loss of coexpression connectivity induced by methylation heterogeneity might play an important role in CRC. To our knowledge, this is the first study to interpret methylation heterogeneity in cancer from the perspective of coexpression perturbation. Our results provide new perspectives in tumor biology and may facilitate the identification of potential biomedical therapies for cancer treatment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Item Order and Response Options in College Student Surveys
Authors: Bowman Nicholas A. , Schuldt Jonathon P.
Published: November 2014

This chapter discusses an experimental study that shows that the order of items on a questionnaire and the response options for those items both affect the results of college student surveys.
Implementation of a graphical user interface for the virtual multifrequency spectrometer: The VMS‐Draw tool
Authors: Licari Daniele , Baiardi Alberto , Biczysko Malgorzata , Egidi Franco , Latouche Camille , Barone Vincenzo
Published: November 2014

This article presents the setup and implementation of a graphical user interface (VMS‐Draw) for a virtual multifrequency spectrometer. Special attention is paid to ease of use, generality and robustness for a panel of spectroscopic techniques and quantum mechanical approaches. Depending on the kind of data to be analyzed, VMS‐Draw produces different types of graphical representations, including two‐dimensional or three‐dimesional (3D) plots, bar charts, or heat maps. Among other integrated features, one may quote the convolution of stick spectra to obtain realistic line‐shapes. It is also possible to analyze and visualize, together with the structure, the molecular orbitals and/or the vibrational motions of molecular systems thanks to 3D interactive tools. On these grounds, VMS‐Draw could represent a useful additional tool for spectroscopic studies integrating measurements and computer simulations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.