bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technological cycle of mechanical processing of silicon-on-sapphire chip substrates
Authors: Kalinichenko A.S. , Tychinskaya I.D. , Basinyuk V.L.
Published: December 2024

The article presents the results of studies of blade processing using modern modifications of cubic boron nitride (CBN) substrates of thin plates made of sapphire used for the manufacture of “Silicon-on-Sapphire” microcircuits (SOS). These microcircuits are focused on application in space and special equipment due to increased speed and resistance to radioactive exposure. With the right choice of cutting tool geometry, tooling parameters and cutting modes, such processing can be carried out and allows you to obtain a roughness at the level of 20…30 nm.
Effect of stearic acid and 1-dodecanethiol on the superhydrophobic properties of electrochemical copper coatings obtained under diffusion limitations
Authors: Glukhov V.G. , Botryakova I.G. , Polyakov N.A.
Published: December 2024

The work is devoted to the study of the possibility of using stearic acid and 1-dodecanethiol as hydrophobizators to obtain a superhydrophobic coating. Stearic acid was otained from an alcoholic solution, 1-dodicanthiol both from an alcoholic solution and from vapors. To test hydrophobizators, a dendritic coating was used, obtained from a dilute copper plating sulfate electrolyte at the limiting diffusion current, followed by reinforcement the resulting structures with a thin layer of metal deposited at a low current. The thicknesses of the resulting layers of stearic acid and dodecanethiol-1 were estimated, the effect of hydrophobizators on the coating morphology at the micro- and submicro - levels was studied, the wetting angles on the resulting coatings and their stability in a corrosive-aggressive environment were measured.
Electrochemical behavior and corrosion resistance of wrought aluminum alloys with decorative black plasma-electrolytic coatings of silicon-on-sapphire chip substrates
Authors: Rakoch A.G. , Chan V.T. , Monakhova E.P.
Published: December 2024

In this article, a electrolyte composition for obtaining black decorative coatings on wrought aluminum alloys by plasma-electrolytic oxidation is proposed. The mechanisms of the highest anticorrosion ability of relatively thin coatings (approximately 17 μm) at relatively short (24 h) exposures in an aqueous solution containing chloride ions, and thick coatings (48, 82 μm) - at long exposure times in this solution, are proposed.
Anode behavior of E-AlMgSi (“Aldrey”) conductive aluminium alloy with cadmium in NaCl solution
Authors: Ganiev I.N. , Jayloev J.H. , Ganieva N.I. , Khojanazarov Kh.M. , Kholov Y.J. , Amonzoda I.T.
Published: December 2024

When creating new materials designed to work in particularly harsh conditions, the task arises of imparting corrosion resistance to them, the practical solution of which is associated with the level of knowledge in the field of protecting metals from corrosion. When using conductive aluminum alloys to make thin wire, such as winding wire, etc. certain difficulties may arise due to their insufficient strength and a small number of kinks before failure. In recent years, aluminum alloys developed that, even in a soft state, have strength characteristics that allow them to be used as a conductor material. One of the conductive aluminum alloys is E-AlMgSi («Aldrey»), which belongs to heat-strengthened alloys. It has high strength and good ductility. This alloy with appropriate heat treatment acquires a high electrical conductivity. Wires made from it used almost exclusively for overhead power lines.

The paper presents the results of a study of the anodic behavior of the aluminum conductor alloy E-AlMgSi with cadmium, in an electrolyte medium of 0,03; 0,3 and 3,0% NaCl. The corrosion-electrochemical study of the alloys was carried out by the potentiostatic method on a PI-50-1.1 potentiostat at a potential sweep rate of 2 mV/s. It has been shown that alloying the E-AlMgSi aluminum alloy with cadmium increases its corrosion resistance by 20%. The potentials of corrosion, pitting formation and repassivation of alloys when alloyed with cadmium shifted to the positive range of values, and from the concentration of sodium chloride in the negative direction of the y-axis.
Protective and Anti-icing Superhydrophobic Coatings on AA5056 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Petrushina A.A. , Abrashov A.A. , Grigoryan N.S. , Hafizova A.I. , Asnis N.A. , Kasatikova A.S. , Parfenova V.D.
Published: December 2024

The issues of applying superhydrophobic coatings to the surface of metals, metal products and structures are considered. This is relevant, for example, for anti-icing protection of vehicles (airplanes, ships), power lines, buildings and structures for various purposes. In these cases, superhydrophobic coatings perform the function of ice-phobic coatings. Superhydrophobic coatings also help increase the wear resistance of metal products. This work proposes a method for increasing the wear resistance of superhydrophobic coatings through the preliminary application of an adhesive sublayer using various passivating solutions. Over the course of this work, it was found that superhydrophobic coatings with a Ti-Zr-containing sublayer have the highest abrasion resistance. The results of polarization measurements showed that the application of an adhesive sublayer also improves the protective ability of superhydrophobic coatings. The increase in protective ability was also confirmed by salt spray tests. The time until the appearence of the first signs of corrosion increased from 140 to 430 hours. During the work, two technique for determining the adhesion of ice to an aluminum surface were compared. The first technique was based on the parallel “tearing out” of a rod from the ice mass. The second technique is based on the perpendicular pulling of an of aluminum disc out of the ice mass located in the cylinder. It has been shown that when ice is detached from a surface with identical coatings, the adhesion values obtained using different methods differ: with normal detachment, the adhesion values are always lower. Obviously, this is due to the fact that during normal detachment, only the adhesion of ice to the superhydrophobic surface is determined, and during tangential separation, an additional contribution is made by the mechanical engagement of ice with surface protrusions and an increase in the force of ice pressure on the rod, resulting from the expansion of ice during freezing water. The normal tear-off method is considered more relevant.
Oil Compositions with Paraffin and Additive M-531 to Protect Copper from Atmospheric Corrosion
Authors: Knyazeva L.G. , Kur’yato N.A. , Dorokhov A.V. , Bryksina V.A.
Published: December 2024

Inhibited oil compositions are widely used for anticorrosion protection of metals from atmospheric corrosion. Compositions based on industrial I20-A, motor M10G2k, fresh and waste (WMO), oils with the addition of an imported combined corrosion inhibitor M-531, as well as domestic P-2 paraffin in an amount of 3…10 wt. % for the protection of copper was investigated in the work. The kinematic viscosity was measured by the Brookfield method on a rotational viscometer, the contact angles were measured on an Easy Drop device. Polarization measurements were carried out using an IPC-Pro MF potentiostat in the potentiodynamic mode with a potential sweep rate of 0.66 mV/s in a 0.5 M NaCl solution. Empirical equations were obtained, which are a special case of the Reynolds-Filonov equation, describing the viscosity-temperature dependences for oil compositions with a high reliability of linear approximation in the temperature range of 20…60 °C. The study of the contact angles of wetting showed that water actively wets the studied oil coatings. The maximum values of the contact angles of wetting with water of oil coatings were reached after 1 day. Protective coatings on the metal were formed during the day. According to electrochemical studies, the use of a combined imported corrosion inhibitor M-531 and domestic paraffin P-2 in oil compositions for anticorrosive protection of copper is equally effective at a concentration of 10 wt. %.
Assessment of Local Corrosion Based on Data Obtained from Electrical Resistance Sensors (Part 2)
Authors: Markin A.N.
Published: December 2024

Corrosion monitoring of oilfield equipment condition is a necessary requirement for ensuring the reliability of technological processes of oil production and transportation. The «electrical resistance» (ER) method is one of the corrosion monitoring methods used in the oil and gas industry. The disadvantage of the ER method is that the devices currently used do not allow to assess the local corrosion losses on the surface of the material, that is, they cannot identify the process of local corrosion development, while it is local corrosion that leads to failures of oilfield equipment. In the article, based on the consideration and interpretation of experimental data (laboratory and field), it is shown that the analysis of the dependencies «electrical resistance of the sensor sensitive element – time» makes it possible to detect the manifestation of local corrosion.

Laboratory experiments were carried out in an oxygen-free model of the aqueous phase of production from producing wells in Western Siberia and in a medium providing intense local corrosion of carbon steel at a partial pressure of carbon dioxide of 1 atm.

The experimental curves were approximated using the least squares method using the MS Excel «Solver» application.

Further development of the proposed approach will make it possible to improve corrosion meters implementing the ER method to register local corrosion.
On the Technology of Increasing the Efficiency and Reliability of Boilers Burning Biowaste in a Fluidized Bed of Inert Material
Authors: Milovanov O.Yu. , Klimov D.V. , Kuzmin S.N. , Grigoriev S.V. , Milovanov K.I.
Published: December 2024

The use of biomass (biowaste) as a renewable energy source is of great interest from the point of view of ecology and environmental protection. However, when burning biomass in fluidized bed furnaces, a number of problems are observed: corrosion of convective heating surfaces of boilers, agglomeration of particles of inert material and biomass ash, defluidization, etc.

The article considers the characteristic problems of burning various plant wastes and, in particular, sunflower husks, since this type of biowaste is very common in Russia.

The ways of solving problems that reduce the risk of corrosion damage to boiler heating surfaces, improve the fuel and operational characteristics of biomass are determined. These include preliminary washing of biomass with hot water, torrefaction, rational selection of fluidized bed materials, and a number of others.
Fully Developed Radionuclide Nickel Plating Electrolyte
Authors: Ershova N.A. , Polyakov N.A.
Published: December 2024

The present work highlights the distinctive features of the process of developing an electrolyte for radionuclide nickel plating. The development of electrochemical methods for producing radionuclide coatings is associated with a number of technological and metrological difficulties caused by the radiochemical specificity of the process, such as: the use of depletable electrolytes ultra-diluted in metal, special control of wash waters, a small volume of electrolytic baths coupled with an extremely high price of the isotopically enriched material, the need to obtain special permits and licenses. An electrolyte composition is proposed that allows electrochemical deposition of nickel until the bath is completely depleted in metal, which not only allows precise control over the quantitative characteristics of the deposits, but also avoids the formation of liquid radioactive waste. The paper also demonstrates the feasibility of determining, directly or indirectly, based on direct radiometric monitoring of baths and coatings, such process parameters as the completeness of electrolyte depletion by target metal, the rate of decrease in metal concentration in the solution, the current efficiency for the deposition reaction. Practical material was collected in the process of developing a complex alkaline depletable electrolyte for the precipitation of radioactive isotopes of iron group metals.
Return to play in professional football players following traumatic cervical spine injury: expert opinions from the National Football League spine surgeons
Authors: White Michael D. , Hersh Andrew M. , Weber-Levine Carly , Jiang Kelly , Davidar A. Daniel , Bergstein Victoria , Vattipally Vikas N. , Zuckerman Scott L. , Sills Allen K. , Porter Randall W. , Theodore Nicholas
Published: December 2024

OBJECTIVE

There is a paucity of high-quality return-to-play (RTP) data following treatment of cervical spine injuries in contact sports. In this study, the authors gathered insights from National Football League (NFL) team spine surgeon consultants to highlight current practices in treating cervical spine injuries and report decision-making regarding RTP in professional American football players.

METHODS

A cross-sectional, online survey was distributed to all NFL consulting physicians specializing in the management of spine injuries. The survey covered the following five clinical vignettes of cervical spine injuries: 1) radiculopathy, 2) myelopathy, 3) unilateral facet fracture, 4) unilateral facet dislocation, and 5) neck pain with MRI showing a ligamentous STIR signal. Participants were asked about management options and criteria to clear players for RTP using a combination of multiple-choice and open-ended answers.

RESULTS

A total of 26 physicians from 21 of 32 (66%) teams responded. Anterior surgery was most commonly recommended for cervical disc herniation causing radiculopathy or myelopathy (73% and 88%, respectively). A rigid cervical orthosis was preferred by 68% of experts for initial management of nondisplaced unilateral facet fracture, but single-level anterior fusion was preferred by 56% for a unilateral facet dislocation. Common criteria to clear players for RTP with cervical disc herniation causing radiculopathy included a normal examination (85%), radiographic fusion postoperatively (58%), and pain-free range of motion (50%). Contraindications for RTP included persistent stenosis (35%), instability (31%), multilevel fusion (27%), and persistent cord signal change (23%). Additional criteria for RTP in players with facet fractures or dislocations included radiographic evidence of fracture healing (32% and 24%, respectively) and normal flexion/extension radiographs (24% and 32%, respectively). Finally, for players with isolated ligamentous STIR signal changes, resolution of MRI findings was required by 36% of responding physicians prior to RTP.

CONCLUSIONS

Decision-making regarding RTP after cervical spine injuries in professional football players is complex and influenced by improvement of symptoms, pain-free range of motion, and radiographic evidence of fusion or fracture healing. Respondents preferred anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for disc herniations causing cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy, rigid orthosis for unilateral facet fractures, and surgery for unilateral facet dislocations. The results of this study provide insight into how surgeons serving as consultants to professional football teams may counsel players who sustain cervical spine injuries.
Tubular single-port endoscope-assisted surgery for fetal myelomeningocele repair
Authors: Cavalheiro Sergio , da Costa Marcos Devanir Silva , Barbosa Mauricio Mendes , Dastoli Patrícia Alessandra , Sarmento Stéphanno Gomes Pereira , Capraro Suriano Ítalo , Pares David , Kusano Cid Ura , Moron Antônio Fernandes
Published: December 2024

OBJECTIVE

The authors aimed to describe a low-cost and easily reproducible alteration of the Bruner and Tulipan procedure to preserve uterine muscular fibers. They conducted a retrospective cohort study of 10 pregnant women whose fetuses developed lumbosacral myelomeningocele (MM). The MM was repaired through a fetal neurosurgical procedure using a tubular single-port endoscope-assisted technique.

METHODS

This study was conducted at the Santa Joana Hospital and São Paulo Hospital between January 2020 and June 2023. The procedure consisted of tubular retraction of circular fibers from the uterine body without excision of the uterine wall. Tubular devices with progressively larger diameters were used for retraction without cutting the uterine muscular fibers, and a 25-mm-diameter tubular retractor was used to allow endoscope-assisted closure of the MM using microsurgical techniques.

RESULTS

The average birth age was 36 weeks 3 days. Defect repair was possible in all cases. The mean surgical time was 130 minutes. Two of the patients developed hydrocephalus. One patient underwent a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and the other underwent endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus coagulation.

CONCLUSIONS

This procedure avoids excision of the uterine wall, promotes a workspace for microsurgical techniques assisted by endoscopy, and is possibly the first step for future single-port correction using robotic techniques.
Ensuring balance reliability in planning the development of electric power systems: methodological, informational and regulatory content
Authors: Chukreev Yu. Ya. , Chukreev M. Yu.
Published: December 2024

The stages of improving the methodological and model support balance reliability problem of electric power systems in recent years from the standpoint of substantiation reservation levels are considered. The analysis new methodological instructions for the design development of energy systems and possible impact of their application on decisions in modern conditions are given the analysis of developed and approved by the Russian Ministry of Energy.
Features of power consumption management in complex production systems
Authors: Papkov B. V. , Ilyushin P. V. , Kulikov A. L.
Published: December 2024

Solving the problems of optimizing modes and power consumption management in complex production systems is closely related to the availability of sufficient and reliable information about the features of the technological process. The features of non-stationary production modes and the possibilities of power consumption management in these conditions are considered. The results of the analysis of power consumption modes are obtained on the basis of taking into account a number of random factors determined by both internal and external circumstances, provided that the production plan (task) is mandatory. The application of the theory of emissions of random processes to increase the reliability of the initial information is justified. The necessity of further investigation of the features of technological processes in complex production systems based on the probabilistic structure and random functions is substantiated. This is due to the fact that the radiation characteristics are physically visible, they are quite easy to measure, and in many tasks, they allow you to make the transition from analog to digital representation of information simultaneously with measurements.
Improved method for calculating fuel burnout in pulverized coal furnaces
Authors: Boyko E. A. , Pachkovsky S. V. , Lebedev K. V.
Published: December 2024

An improved method of engineering calculation of the degree of burnout of pulverized solid organic fuel in the flare furnaces of steam boilers is proposed, taking into account the kinetics of the processes of moisture evaporation, the release of volatile substances with a separate assessment of individual gaseous components and tar release and their combustion, secondary cracking of tars, combustion and gasification of coke residue, conversion of mineral part of the fuel, which allows for assessment and control of the implementation of material balances of individual stages, stages and, in general, the entire gross process of coal combustion, and ultimately an adequate determination of the magnitude of heat losses with mechanical and chemical incompleteness of combustion. Methodological provisions have been developed to take into account the kinetic and diffusion processes of the thermochemical transformation of coal to establish a quantitative relationship between the temperature-time characteristics of the combustion of pulverized coal particles and the local parameters of the combustion process. The technique is implemented in the form of specialized algorithmic and software and makes it possible to assess the degree of fuel burnout, both for the active combustion zone and for zones located in the cooling chamber of the combustion space during design and operational adjustment work.
Numerical study of convective heat transfer between core and steam generator in severe accident with loss of heat removal to secondary side of VVER reactors
Authors: Dolganov K. S. , Krutikov A. A. , Nikolaeva A. V.
Published: December 2024

The article discusses the possibility of overheating and failure of heat exchanging tubes in VVER steam generators in the course of severe accidents. The importance of this phenomenon is due to the risk of bypassing the containment by radioactive substances. Natural convection of superheated steam in the hot leg of the main circulation loop is considered as the major mechanism for heat transfer from the core to steam generators. To model convective flows and steam temperature distribution in a system, three-dimensional CFD codes are used. The simulation results demonstrate that the intensity of convective heat transfer from reactor to hot collector of steam generator is insufficient for significant heating and catastrophic degradation of strength of the heat exchange tubes material.
Sound Waves in a Medium with Resonant Inclusions of a Dipole Type
Authors: G. Kanev N. G. , Mironov M. A.
Published: December 2024

An elastic medium with inclusions that are small compared to the sound wavelength and differ in density is considered. If the inclusions are resonators that respond equally to the influence of waves coming from different directions, then the effective density of the medium in a certain frequency band becomes negative. If the direction of the dipole moment of the resonators is fixed, then the medium with inclusions has an anisotropic effective density. The Helmholtz equation for such a medium was obtained, and the field of a point source was studied.
Adjustable Acoustic Delay Line as Phase Shifter
Authors: Zaytsev B. D. , Borodina I. A. , Teplykh A. A. , Semyonov A. P.
Published: December 2024

An acoustic delay line consisting of two Y–X cut lithium niobate plates with a thickness of 0.2 mm, located on top of each other, was experimentally studied. An interdigital converter is located at the edge of each plate. An RF voltage (pulse or continuous) is applied to one converter, which excites a piezoactive acoustic wave with transverse-horizontal polarization traveling in the first plate. The electric field of this wave, penetrating into the second plate, excites an acoustic wave in it, which is converted into an electrical signal using a second interdigital transducer. By changing the distance between the converters by shifting one plate relative to the other, you can change the phase of the output signal and the delay time.
Estimation of the Distance to a Concentrated Inhomogeneity on an Acoustic Path in a Shallow Sea in the Presence of Background Disturbances
Authors: Lunkov A. A. , Shermeneva M. A.
Published: December 2024

We consider the problem of estimating the position of a concentrated inhomogeneity on a stationary acoustic path organized between a single sound source and a vertical receiving antenna in a shallow waveguide in the presence of background disturbances. A local bottom rise and a soliton-like internal wave are chosen as model inhomogeneities. It is proposed to determine the distance from the source to the inhomogeneity by cepstral analysis of the amplitude of the first waveguide mode isolated on the antenna, with preliminary deformation of the frequency axis. Using numerical modeling, the stability of this approach is studied in the presence of several concentrated inhomogeneities or additional disturbances: bottom slope, background internal waves, wind waves, bottom irregularities. Estimates of the signal-to-noise ratio required to implement the proposed approach are provided.
The Combined Influence of Wind Waves and Internal Waves on the Coherence of Low Frequency Acoustic Signals and the Effectiveness of Their Spatial Processing in Shallow Sea
Authors: Raevsky M. A. , Burdukovskaya V. G.
Published: December 2024

The combined influence of random internal waves and developed wind waves on the coherence and efficiency of spatial processing of narrow-band acoustic signals in shallow seas is studied analytically and numerically. A theoretical model is proposed for the correlation matrix of a multimode signal at the aperture of a horizontal antenna array (AR), using the difference in the spatiotemporal scales of acoustic field fluctuations caused by wind and internal waves. The results of numerical modeling for hydrological conditions in summer are presented. The antenna gain is analyzed for three spatial processing methods: phased array method, optimal linear processing method, and optimal quadratic processing method. The main attention is paid to the dependence of the antenna gain on the intensity of wind waves and the distance R between the source and the antenna. It is shown that, despite the summer-type hydrology, wind waves can have a significant impact on the gain of a horizontal antenna over a wide range of distances R~10–100 km.
Possibilities of increasing the effectiveness of organoprotective therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: focus on renoprotection
Authors:   Gorky Donetsk State Medical University, STEFANENKO А. V. , BAGRIY A. E. ,   Gorky Donetsk State Medical University, MIKHAILICHENKO E. S. ,   Gorky Donetsk State Medical University, STEFANENKO E. R. ,   Gorky Donetsk State Medical University, SOVPEL YA. A. ,   Gorky Donetsk State Medical University
Published: December 2024

The purpose to study the organoprotective efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Material and methods. The study included 62 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (average age 63.1 (9.3) years). All patients underwent a standard examination to determine the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), lipids, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), uric acid and cystatin C in the blood, and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) of urine. Echocardiographic examinations, ultrasound examinations of the brachiocephalic arteries, and a test with reactive hyperemia were performed. All patients were recommended adequate hypoglycemic, hypotensive and organoprotective therapy. Using the envelope method, patients were randomized into 2 groups: group A consisted of 32 people who were prescribed dapagliflozin at a dose of 10 mg/day as a component of hypoglycemic therapy; and group B, which included 30 people who received other classes of hypoglycemic drugs (without gliflozines). The duration of observation was 6 months.

Results. In both groups, there was a distinct comparable decrease in HbA1C values, as well as a decrease in blood pressure levels, more significant in group A. The treatment had a significant beneficial effect on the parameters of cardiovascular remodeling, more expressed in the dapagliflozin group. In group A, after 6 months, the degree of increase in GFR was 10.2 (4.1) %, in group B, no such effect was found. In group A, ACR values decreased by 49.7 (24.2) % in 6 months. In group B, a similar effect also occurred, but was less significant. A more significant renoprotective effect of dapagliflozin was recorded in individuals with stage III CKD, baseline ACR levels > 300 mg/g, and cystatin C concentrations > 1.4 mcg/ml.

Conclusions. The high hypoglycemic and organoprotective efficacy of dapagliflozin, demonstrated in this study, motivates its wider use in clinical practice.
Differential diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in children (part 1). Clinical and epidemiological aspects
Authors:   Republican Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital named after Prof. A.F. Agafonov, GATAULLIN M. R. , KHALIULLINA S. V. ,   Kazan State Medical University, ANOKHIN V. A. ,   Kazan State Medical University, SEMENOVA D. R. ,   Republican Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital named after Prof. A.F. Agafonov, SHAIKHIEVA G. S. ,   Republican Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital named after Prof. A.F. Agafonov, EVDOKIMOVA A. E. ,   Kazan State Medical University
Published: December 2024

Today, viruses predominate in the overall structure of pathogens causing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. The «share contribution» of pathogens, according to epidemiological studies, is as follows: 30–70% are respiratory viruses, 7–17% are atypical bacteria, 2–8% are pyogenic bacteria. In children of the first two years of life (except for newborns), pneumonia is most often caused by respiratory viruses; typical bacterial pathogens are more often registered in preschoolers; the significance of atypical bacteria sharply increases starting from the age of 5. The increase in the incidence of viral and classical bacterial pneumonia occurs throughout the cold season, of atypical one — in September to December. The incidence of respiratory mycoplasmosis is often outbreak-like with intervals of 3–7 years and a total duration of 1–3 years.

The introduction of specific prophylaxis of pneumococcal and hemophilic infections has led to a reduction in the registered cases of CAP by 5–10 times and the frequency of hospitalizations by 15–65%.

Experts are unanimous that it is impossible to speak unequivocally about the etiology of CAP based on the disease clinical picture only. WHO uses this indicator (> 60 breaths/min in children under 2 months; > 50 breaths/min in infants 2 to 12 months; > 40 breaths/min in children of 1 to 5 years; > 20 breaths/min in children ≥ 5 years) as the only criterion for defining pneumonia in children with cough or difficulty breathing when chest X-ray is not possible. Developers of pneumonia risk scales at the «pre-X-ray» stage define the following as the main positions for making a diagnosis: fever, wheezing, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation level.
Etiology of recurrent pelvic organ prolapse: what is known so far?
Authors:   Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, ORAZOV M. R. , RADZINSKIY V. E. ,   Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, MINNULLINA F. F. ,   Kazan Federal University
Published: December 2024

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a serious problem for health care systems in developed countries. According to epidemiologic studies, the prevalence of this condition ranges from 2.9 to 41%, but there are no precise data on the POP incidence. Surgical reconstruction is the only treatment for POP that can effectively control prolapse symptoms, but it carries surgical risks, as well as a high risk of recurrence (58%) and reoperation (up to 30%).

It is not possible to reduce the incidence of primary prolapse under the global population aging; therefore, clinicians should reduce the recurrence risk. To do so, it is necessary to understand the etiology of POP recurrence, which will provide an optimal approach to the pre- and postoperative management of patients and the choice of surgical correction method.

We analyzed publications in the scientific databases CochraneLibrary, PubMed, ELibrary, and Science Direct for 2010–2024 by keywords «pelvic organ prolapse», «recurrence», «etiology», «risk factors», and «vaginal wound healing».

Analysis of published data suggests that the high recurrence rate of POP is based on impaired healing of surgical wounds, possibly related to altered functionality of fibroblasts, connective tissue, intracellular matrix (ICM), growth factors, and estrogen deficiency. Better determination of POP recurrence etiological factors will improve pre- and postoperative management of patients and allow choosing the optimal method of surgical reconstruction of the pelvic floor.

The purpose — to analyze the modern literature and to summarize the data on etiology of POP recurrence accumulated so far.

Conclusions. Data on the risk factors for POP recurrence are contradictory, and there is no reliable evidence base available. In this regard, it is not possible to select the optimal tactics of pre- and postoperative management of patients, to choose the most appropriate method and volume of surgical treatment, and to determine achievable goals of intervention.

There is an urgent need to develop effective strategies for healing of surgical wounds, which will improve the results of surgical intervention in POP.
Disturbance of local hemodynamics as a key mechanism of pelvic organ prolapse recurrence
Authors:   Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, ORAZOV M. R. , RADZINSKIY V. E. ,   Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, MINNULLINA F. F. ,   Kazan Federal University
Published: December 2024

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition with its incidence in the female population increasing with age. The severity of symptoms increases with the degree of genital prolapse, from asymptomatic to significant impact on quality of life, which becomes an indication for surgical treatment. The lifetime risk for women to undergo surgery for POP is estimated at 10%.

Surgical reconstruction is the most effective method of treatment, but is associated with a high risk of recurrence — up to 50%. This necessitates the search for treatment approaches that reduce the likelihood of symptom recurrence after surgical treatment. To this end, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the POP recurrence development.

The purpose — to analyze the data on the mechanisms of POP recurrence, wound healing and hemodynamics disturbance in the soft tissues of the pelvic floor after surgical reconstruction.

Material and methods. We analyzed the evidence data published in PubMed, CochraneLibrary, ELibrary, and Science Direct electronic libraries by the keywords «pelvic organ prolapse», «recurrence», «pathogenesis», «microcirculation», «wound healing» from 2010 to 2024.

Results. Based on the work performed, it was found that the quality of wound healing in the postoperative period can affect the mid- and long-term results of surgical reconstruction of the pelvic floor, and the risk of recurrence. However, we found an extremely limited available knowledge about the pathogenesis of recurrent POP, impaired wound healing of pelvic floor after surgical treatment, which makes it difficult to develop targeted therapeutic and preventive measures.

Conclusions. To develop effective perioperative strategies to reduce the risk of POP recurrence, it is necessary to clearly understand the mechanisms of impaired wound healing and hemodynamics in the pelvic floor soft tissues after surgical intervention. Qualitative morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular-biologic studies on large samples are necessary to expand the understanding of recovery after the small pelvis surgical reconstruction and to study the peculiarities of soft tissue repair.
Dynamical Edge Modes in Yang-Mills Theory
Authors: Ball Adam , Ciambelli Luca
Published: December 2024

We study the symplectic structure and dynamics of Yang-Mills theory in the presence of a boundary. We introduce a decomposition of the fields on a Cauchy slice such that the symplectic form splits cleanly into independent bulk and edge parts. However, we find that the dynamics inherently couples these two symplectic sectors, a feature arising from the non-abelian nature of the gauge group. This is shown by extending to Yang-Mills theory the dynamical edge mode boundary condition recently introduced in Maxwell theory. We finish with analyses of the weak-field expansion and the horizon limit, finding in the latter case that the dynamical interplay between bulk and edge degrees of freedom persists.
Innovative trends, practices and technologies of general secondary education in the European and North American regions: a monograph
Authors:   Institute of Pedagogy of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Lokshyna Olena , Sysoieva Svitlana ,   Institute of Pedagogy of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Hlushko Oksana ,   Institute of Pedagogy of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Dzhurylo Alina ,   Institute of Pedagogy of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kravchenko Svitlana ,   Institute of Pedagogy of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Maksymenko Oksana ,   Institute of Pedagogy of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Nikolska Nina ,   Institute of Pedagogy of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Shparyk Oksana ,   Institute of Pedagogy of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine
Published: December 2024

The monograph is devoted to the problem of innovations in education in Europe, the USA and Canada. The authors substantiate the essence of innovations in the domestic and foreign research space, describe successful practices of innovative development of general secondary education in foreign countries in the context of the reform of general secondary education in Ukraine.
For educators, educational policy makers, researchers and doctoral students, teachers and students of higher education institutions.
Selection and study of depressant additives to improve the low-temperature properties of high waxy crude oils from the Western region of Ukraine
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Shyshchak O.M. , Topilnytskyy P.I. ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Skorokhoda V.Y. ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: December 2024

The effect of pour point depressants on crude oil properties is critical for ensuring smooth operations and efficient transportation. This paper presents experimentally determined characteristics of two high waxy crude oils from the Western region of Ukraine: Dolyna and Boryslav. The study demonstrates that selecting optimal additives can significantly enhance low-temperature properties, reducing the pour point and improving flowability. The selection process for depressant additives is justified, and their comparative characteristics are discussed. Considering efficiency, cost, and availability on the Ukrainian market, the depressant additives of Dodiflow brand manufactured by Clariant company and the depressant additive Rena 2210 of domestic production (Halychyna company) were chosen for the study. Among the Dodiflow variants, Dodiflow 5236 and Dodiflow 5773 exhibited the highest depressant effects for Dolyna and Boryslav high waxy oils, reducing the pour point by 15–210C at consumptions of up to 1000 ppm. The highest depressant effect of Rena 2210 additive (the pour point of oils with the additive decreased by 8–110C) was achieved only at its consumption of 1000 ppm. Further studies will investigate the effect of the most effective depressant additives on the rheological properties of oils from the Western region of Ukraine.
Analytical approach of kinetic-spectrophotometric and redox titration methods in the quantitative determination of ticarcillin
Authors:   National University of Pharmacy, Karpova S.P. , Zhuravel I.O. , Kolisnyk S.V. , Kryskiv O.S. , Krutskikh T.V. , Maslov O.Yu.
Published: December 2024

This article explores the search for new analytical reactions and the determination of optimal conditions that can serve as a basis for the quantitative analysis of penicillins. Two unified procedures have been developed for the quantitative determination of ticarcillin in pure substance and pharmaceutical formulations using kinetic-spectrophotometric and redox titration methods with potassium hydrogenperoxomonosulphate. A chemical transformation scheme of ticarcillin with potassium hydrogenperoxomonosulphate has been proposed. The kinetics of the coupled reactions of S-oxidation and perhydrolysis of ticarcillin in an alkaline medium were studied by measuring the increase in light absorbance of the reaction product at 295 nm. The appearance of a new absorption band enables the development of a novel procedure for the quantitative determination of ticarcillin. The reaction rate was monitored spectroscopically and displayed in real time. A differential variation of the tangent method was used to process the kinetic data.
Innovative technological concept for the production of high-density cathodes for lithium reserve power sources with increased specific energy
Authors:   Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies, Markevych O.V. , Polishchuk Y.V. ,   Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies, Zinin V.V. , Vavilon K.I. , Sukhyy K.M. ,   Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies
Published: December 2024

This paper presents an innovative technological concept that significantly enhances the specific energy (both gravimetric and volumetric) of primary lithium power sources. A composition and laboratory-scale process for manufacturing composite cathodes with minimal electrochemically inactive ("ballast") components have been developed. The proposed approach enables the production of high-density cathodes without significantly reducing their porosity. The composite cathodes were tested in disc-shaped primary power sources with dimensions of 2325 (23 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in height). The effect of graphene content in the cathode mass on the discharge voltage of the cells was investigated. It was demonstrated that a graphene content of 3% by weight of MnO2 in the cathode mass increases the average discharge voltage of the cells from 2.1 V to 2.5 V at a discharge current of 1 mA. Testing at a discharge current of 1 mA revealed that the capacity of the developed cells exceeds that of the best commercial counterparts by at least 40%.
Implications of Independet Learning Policy on PAI Learning Evaluation Design
Authors: Selma Eva Sari Wati Tampubolon , Kumala Siti , Bashith Abdul
Published: December 2024

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Independent Learning Curriculum Policy in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning and its impact on the design of learning evaluations. The results of the study indicate that the Independent Learning Curriculum brings significant changes in the evaluation of PAI learning, with a focus on student mastery of competencies, not just memorization. The evaluations implemented include formative, summative, performance, and portfolio, which focus on understanding Islamic teachings in everyday life. In addition, this policy supports the use of technology in the evaluation process, making it easier for teachers to provide constructive feedback. However, the main challenges in its implementation are the inequality of resources and teacher readiness. In conclusion, although this policy has great potential to improve the quality of PAI learning, the success of its implementation is highly dependent on the support of more intensive training and coaching for teachers and the provision of adequate facilities.
Antibacterial activity of Novel PCMX Derivatives
Authors: Vijay D. Gangan  , Tanuja P. Parulekar  , Ajitha S. Nair
Published: December 2024

Chloroxylenol, or Parachlorometaxylenol (PCMX), is an antiseptic and disinfectant agent used for skin disinfection and surgical instruments. It is found in antibacterial soaps, wound-cleansing applications, and household antiseptics. Its analogues viz. Ethers, esters and hybrid derivatives also possess various biological activities which prompted us to synthesize a novel analogue for future application as bioactive molecule. These synthesized compounds were tested against certain Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains to evaluate their potential antibacterial activity.
What is social studies?
Authors: Adler Susan , Kho Ee Moi
Published: December 2024

This paper explores the question of the nature and purpose of social studies with the aim of showing the relevance and importance of teaching the subject well. The authors argue that social studies is about citizenship education and as such, is an important subject in the school curriculum. Teachers’ orientations towards the subject, that is, the beliefs about the goals of the subject and perspectives that teachers may hold about what constitute critical knowledge, skills and values to be taught are also discussed. Some key knowledge, skills and values essential to developing young people to become informed, concerned and participative citizens are highlighted with some examples of what lessons may look like.
Teaching geographical concepts and skills in primary social studies
Authors: Sim Hwee Hwang
Published: December 2024

Geography is a subject that helps children understand and appreciate the world they live in. The subject enables them to make thoughtful decisions and take responsible actions towards sustainable living. This article focuses on the teaching of geographical concepts and skills in the primary social studies curriculum. Questions on what is geography, why teach geography, what are the key geographical concepts and skills in the primary social studies curriculum and how can these concepts and skills be taught will be elaborated.
A dialogic teaching approach: Talk moves to deepen students’ understanding in the geography classroom
Authors: Lim Yi Xuan Debi
Published: December 2024

In most Singapore classrooms, lessons are typically characterised by the traditional Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) instructional sequence. Such an approach limits students’ ability to engage in meaningful classroom discussions and is contrary to achieving 21st Century skills. This paper analyses the power of dialogic talk in the classroom to engage students in more critical thinking and learning. This paper examines how the quality of dialogue and learning outcomes in the classroom will be influenced when students are conferred more authority in the classroom and positioned as significant figures of knowledge construction. This topic of study is significant as the foundation of Singapore geography is underpinned by an inquiry approach, where knowledge construction is anchored upon asking key and guiding questions.
Assessing historical discussion
Authors: Barton Keith C.
Published: December 2024

Discussion can be a valuable element of history classrooms, and assessing participation can provide an important means of improving students’ engagement in this valuable form of communication. Doing so requires that teachers identify the specific skills of historical discussion that they want students to master; teach those skills systematically; and develop practical procedures for collecting information on students’ participation. This article suggests guidelines for teachers to consider in preparing for each of these tasks.
Immigrant teachers in Singapore schools: Backgrounds, integration, and diversification
Authors: Yang Peidong , Chow Lee Tat
Published: December 2024

Immigrant-background teachers make up a fragment of the teacher population in mainstream Singapore schools. Though modest in terms of number, the presence of these teachers in the Singapore teaching workforce is arguably significant in other ways. To date, little research attention has been paid to this unique group of teachers. Based on a Ministry of Education-National Institute of Education (MOE-NIE) funded study (OER 16/17 YPD), this article provides an overview of the characteristics and experiences of immigrant teachers in mainstream Singapore primary and secondary schools, with a focus on the practical challenges and value tensions they encounter in the professional settings. Findings show that immigrant teachers are generally well integrated into the Singapore education system notwithstanding certain challenges. Meanwhile, some teachers’ experiences of negotiating with value differences suggest that immigrant teachers may have the potential to add diversity to the education system, although this potential appears to be limited by the pragmatic imperative of professional integration.