bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional frequency‐domain optical anisotropy imaging of biological tissues with near‐infrared light
Authors: Addoum Ahmad , Contassot‐Vivier Sylvain , Asllanaj Fatmir
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Near‐infrared optical imaging aims to reconstruct the absorption and scattering coefficients in order to detect tumors at early stage. However, the reconstructions have only been limited to and due to theoretical and computational limitations. The authors propose an efficient method of the reconstruction, in three‐dimensional geometries, of the anisotropy factor g of the Henyey–Greenstein phase function as a new optical imaging biomarker.

Methods

The light propagation in biological tissues is accurately modeled by the radiative transfer equation (RTE) in the frequency‐domain. The reconstruction algorithm is based on a gradient‐based updating scheme. The adjoint method is used to efficiently compute the gradient of the objective function which represents the discrepancy between simulated and measured boundary data. A parallel implementation is carried out to reduce the computational time.

Results

We show that by illuminating only one surface of a tissue‐like phantom, the algorithm is able to accurately reconstruct optical values and different shapes (spherical and cylindrical) that characterize small tumor‐like inclusions. Numerical simulations show the robustness of the algorithm to reconstruct the anisotropy factor with different contrast levels, inclusion depths, initial guesses, heterogeneous background, noise levels, and two‐layered medium. The crosstalk problem when reconstructing simultaneously and g has been reported and achieved with a reasonable quality.

Conclusions

The proposed RTE‐based reconstruction algorithm is robust to spatially retrieve and localize small tumoral inclusions. Heterogeneities in g‐factor have been accurately reconstructed which makes the new algorithm a candidate of choice to image this factor as new intrinsic contrast biomarker for optical imaging.
Aquae Granni und Sulfur
Authors: Offermanns Heribert
Published: June 2019

Sein charakteristischer Geruch hat das Aachener Thermalwasser berühmt gemacht. Chemikern, die im Herbst zum GDCh‐Wissenschaftsforum Chemie nach Aachen reisen, dürfte der Duft von Schwefelwasserstoff und organischen Schwefelverbindungen vertraut sein.
Bilanz 2018: Henkel
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: June 2019

Bei Henkel stagnierten die Umsätze im Jahr 2018. Der Konzern zahlt dennoch die höchsten Dividenden der Unternehmensgeschichte.
Measuring the effects of guided clinical reasoning on the Advanced Nursing Process quality, on nurses’ knowledge and attitude: Study protocol
Authors: Leoni‐Scheiber Claudia , Mayer Hanna , Müller‐Staub Maria
Published: June 2019

Aim

This article is a report of a study protocol designed to examine the effects of guided clinical reasoning on the quality of the Advanced Nursing Process—the evidence‐based version of the traditional nursing process. It aims to describe the theoretical framework—Kirkpatrick's evaluation model, the key concepts and the instruments for the planned study.

Design

A complex experimental intervention study using data and method triangulation is proposed.

Methods

Registered Nurses (N = 92), nursing records (N = 180) and 24 patients will be included. Nurses’ knowledge and attitude will be evaluated by questionnaires/tests, their clinical performance by observations. Patients’ perspective will be addressed by qualitative interviews and patient records by using the instrument Quality of Diagnoses, Interventions and Outcomes revised (Q‐DIO R).

Discussion

Kirkpatrick's model (including quantitative and qualitative methods) is providing evaluations from different perspectives on the quality of the Advanced Nursing Process and on intervention effects.
Main‐chain poly(1,2,3‐triazolium hydroxide)s obtained through AA+BB click polyaddition as anion exchange membranes
Authors: Flachard Dimitri , Serghei Anatoli , Fumagalli Matthieu , Drockenmuller Eric
Published: June 2019

A series of aromatic poly(1,2,3‐triazolium iodide)s were synthesized by step growth polymerization of dipropargyl bisphenol A with aliphatic and aromatic diazides followed by quantitative or partial N‐alkylation of the main‐chain 1,2,3‐triazole groups using iodomethane. After characterization by 1H NMR spectroscopy, SEC and DSC the corresponding self‐standing membranes were obtained by hot pressing. Poly(1,2,3‐triazolium iodide) membranes were converted to the corresponding hydroxide‐containing membranes by anion exchange. Structure–property correlations are discussed based on the evolution of water uptake and ionic conductivity with respect to the ionic exchange capacities of the different materials having distinct chemical structure, quaternization degree and counter‐anion structure. Poly(1,2,3‐triazolium hydroxide) anion exchange membranes exhibit water uptakes below 150% and ionic conductivity in the hydrated state up to 4 mS cm−1 for ionic exchange capacities up to 3.2 meq g−1. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Pests and diseases of trees in Africa: A growing continental emergency
Authors: Graziosi Ignazio , Tembo Mathias , Kuate Jean , Muchugi Alice
Published: June 2019

Societal Impact Statement

The increasing occurrence of native and non‐native pests and diseases of trees in Africa is impacting rural livelihoods, economic development, and biodiversity across the continent. Here we provide an updated and comprehensive overview of insect pests and pathogens targeting natural and planted forests in Africa, and raise awareness of this growing emergency. Data availability and limited biosecurity of some countries are limiting the ability to tackle this invasion. An improved knowledge of taxonomy, distribution, and damage caused by these organisms will be crucial for developing continent‐wide strategies to manage this emergency and enhance country‐level intervention capacity.

An increasing multitude of insect pests and pathogens is targeting indigenous trees of natural forests, agroforestry systems, and exotic trees in planted forests in Africa. This is raising major concerns for a continent already challenged by adaptations to climate change, as it threatens a vital resource for food security of rural communities, economic growth, and ecosystem conservation. The accidental introduction through trade of non‐native species in particular is accelerating, and it adds to the damage to tree‐based landscapes by native pests and diseases. Old‐time and new invaders heavily impact planted forests of exotic eucalypts, pines, and acacias, and are spreading quickly across African regions. But many non‐native pathogens are recently found affecting important indigenous trees. We describe the threat to African trees by providing an overview of highly relevant insect pests and diseases of indigenous and exotic trees in Africa, and discuss implications for management and future research. The implementation of an integrated and globally coordinated approach based on improved biosecurity, biological control, and tree resistance would contribute to mitigate the potentially devastating impact of these invasions on African natural resources.
ATLAS mPBPK: A MATLAB‐Based Tool for Modeling and Simulation of Minimal Physiologically‐Based Pharmacokinetic Models
Authors: Mavroudis Panteleimon D. , Ayyar Vivaswath S. , Jusko William J.
Published: June 2019

Minimal physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) models are frequently used to model plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) data and utilize and yield physiologically relevant parameters. Compared with classical compartment and whole‐body physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic modeling approaches, mPBPK models maintain a structure of intermediate physiological complexity that can be adequately informed by plasma PK data. In this tutorial, we present a MATLAB‐based tool for the modeling and simulation of mPBPK models (ATLAS mPBPK) of small and large molecules. This tool enables the users to perform the following: (i) PK data visualization, (ii) simulation, (iii) parameter optimization, and (iv) local sensitivity analysis of mPBPK models in a simple and efficient manner. In addition to the theoretical background and implementation of the different tool functionalities, this tutorial includes simulation and sensitivity analysis showcases of small and large molecules with and without target‐mediated drug disposition.
A two‐stage degradation model considering the stage‐varying of dispersity regulation
Authors: Wang Zhihua , Wei Yian , Wu Qiong , Liu Chengrui
Published: June 2019

In reliability analysis, degradation test has been recognized as an effective method for high reliable products and complex systems when key performance indicators can be observed. Then, a reasonable degradation model becomes a key issue to guarantee a reasonable reliability assessment. Motivated by practical needs, this paper proposes a novel two‐stage degradation model considering the different dispersity regulations corresponding to the two stages. A maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method for unknown parameters is established, and an initial guess procedure is given to improve the efficiency of optimization algorithm. Then, the reliability inference regarding the product population is discussed. A comprehensive simulation study is conducted to validate the proposed approach where the two‐stage Wiener process model is adopted as a reference for a better understanding. Finally, the constructed model is further verified by two real applications. Comparative results clearly demonstrate the reasonability and effectiveness of the proposed model.
Recurrent lung nodules as a presentation of ventricular septal defect‐related endocarditis
Authors: Trytell Adam , Darby Jonathan , Conron Matthew , Newcomb Andrew , Burns Andrew
Published: June 2019

Infective endocarditis is an uncommon microbial infection of the endocardial surface of the heart. Patients with structural heart disease, such as a ventricular septal defect, are at higher risk for infective endocarditis and clinicians must have a high index of suspicion in such patients presenting with recurrent fevers. We present a patient with a known ventricular septal defect presenting with recurrent fevers associated with migratory lung nodules following a “low‐risk” dental procedure without antibiotic prophylaxis. The unusual presentation delayed the diagnosis of the migratory lung lesions as septic pulmonary emboli and consequentially the diagnosis of ventricular septal defect related infective endocarditis. The patient made an uneventful recovery following antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention.
Investigation of {001} Texture Reservation and Grain Boundary Character Distribution of Fe–6.9 wt%Si Magnetic Material by Warm–Cold Rolling
Authors: Cai Guojun , Li Zhanpeng , Huang Yanru
Published: June 2019

In this work, the texture evolution, grain boundary character distribution, and magnetic properties of nonoriented Fe–6.9 wt%Si electrical steel are studied. It is found that Fe–6.9 wt%Si steel obtains the higher magnetic inductions based on the heredity of {001} orientation texture during warm rolling, whereas the change in γ‐fiber recrystallization texture is attributed to a significant increase in the frequency of coincidence site lattice grain boundaries after annealing. Meanwhile, the increased recrystallization nuclei in the shear bands lead to the improvement of recrystallization nucleation rate and the decline of grain size because of the accumulation of internal stored energy. Finally, the values of magnetic inductions (B8, B50) and iron losses (P10/50, P10/400) decrease with increasing warm rolling temperatures.
Socio-economic determinants of participation in the Lolland-Falster health study
Authors: Jepsen Randi , Wingstrand A. , Abild S. L. , Ellervik C. , Simonsen E. , Rasmussen K. , Andersen Z. J.
Published: June 2019

Aim

The Lolland-Falster Health Study (LOFUS) is an ongoing prospective cohort study at Lolland-Falster, one of the most socio-economically disadvantaged areas of Denmark. The aim of this study was to examine the participation rates and socio-economic determinants of participation in LOFUS, approximately halfway through the data collection.

Subjects and methods

LOFUS started in 2016 and should include 20,000 participants from the total of 103,000 inhabitants of Lolland-Falster by the end of 2019. For the participation analyses, we used data on the 36,883 subjects invited between January 2016 and November 2018. For the analyses of determinants of participation, we used data on the 24,283 adults (aged ≥ 18 years) invited between January 2016 and June 2018, for whom we extracted data on personal income, employment, education, marital status, citizenship, and household type from Danish registers. We used logistic regression to estimate associations between socio-economic factors and participation, adjusting for age and gender.

Results

34.1% of invited subjects participated (men: 31.9%, women: 36.4%), with the highest rate in women aged 60–69 years (47.5%) and the lowest in women aged ≥ 90 years (7.3%). Odds ratios for participation increased with income, education level, and employment status, and among married persons, Danish citizens, middle-aged persons (aged 50–69 years), and women.

Conclusion

Subjects with lower socio-economic status were underrepresented halfway through the LOFUS data collection, in line with other cohort studies.
Sequentializing cellular automata
Authors: Kari Jarkko , Salo Ville , Worsch Thomas
Published: June 2019

We study the problem of sequentializing a cellular automaton without introducing any intermediate states, and only performing reversible permutations on the tape. We give a decidable characterization of cellular automata which can be written as a single sweep of a bijective rule from left to right over an infinite tape. Such cellular automata are necessarily left-closing, and they move at least as much information to the left as they move information to the right.
Some properties on $$\mathrm{IA_Z}$$-automorphisms of groups
Authors: Taheri Hamid , Moghaddam Mohammd Reza R. , Rostamyari Mohammad Amin
Published: June 2019

LetGbe a group and$$\mathrm{IA}(G)$$IA(G)denote the group of all automorphisms ofG, which induce identity map on the abelianized group$$G_{ab}=G/G'$$Gab=G/G′. Also the group of those$$\mathrm{IA}$$IA-automorphisms which fix the centre element-wise is denoted by$$\mathrm{IA_Z}(G)$$IAZ(G). In the present article, among other results and under some condition we prove that the derived subgroups of finitep-groups, for which$$\mathrm{IA_Z}$$IAZ-automorphisms are the same as central automorphisms, are either cyclic or elementary abelian.
Charge Engineering of Mo2C@Defect-Rich N-Doped Carbon Nanosheets for Efficient Electrocatalytic H2 Evolution
Authors: Lei Chunsheng , Zhou Wen , Feng Qingguo , Lei Yongpeng , Zhang Yi , Chen Yin , Qin Jiaqian
Published: June 2019

Charge engineering of carbon materials with many defects shows great potential in electrocatalysis, and molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) is one of the noble-metal-free electrocatalysts with the most potential. Herein, we study the Mo2C on pyridinic nitrogen-doped defective carbon sheets (MoNCs) as catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Theoretical calculations imply that the introduction of Mo2C produces a graphene wave structure, which in some senses behaves like N doping to form localized charges. Being an active electrocatalyst, MoNCs demonstrate a Tafel slope as low as 60.6 mV dec−1 and high durability of up to 10 h in acidic media. Besides charge engineering, plentiful defects and hierarchical morphology also contribute to good performance. This work underlines the importance of charge engineering to boost catalytic performance.
Duration of preclinical, prodromal, and dementia stages of Alzheimer's disease in relation to age, sex, and APOE genotype
Authors: Vermunt Lisa , Sikkes Sietske A.M. , van den Hout Ardo , Handels Ron , Bos Isabelle , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Kern Silke , Ousset Pierre‐Jean , Maruff Paul , Skoog Ingmar , Verhey Frans R.J. , Freund‐Levi Yvonne , Tsolaki Magda , Wallin Åsa K. , Olde Rikkert Marcel , Soininen Hilkka , Spiru Luisa , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Scheltens Philip , Muniz‐Terrera Graciela , Visser Pieter Jelle ,   for the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,   AIBL Research Group,   ICTUS/DSA study groups
Published: June 2019

Introduction

We estimated the age‐specific duration of the preclinical, prodromal, and dementia stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the influence of sex, setting, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, and cerebrospinal fluid tau on disease duration.

Methods

We performed multistate modeling in a combined sample of 6 cohorts (n = 3268) with death as the end stage and estimated the preclinical, prodromal, and dementia stage duration.

Results

The overall AD duration varied between 24 years (age 60) and 15 years (age 80). For individuals presenting with preclinical AD, age 70, the estimated preclinical AD duration was 10 years, prodromal AD 4 years, and dementia 6 years. Male sex, clinical setting, APOE ε4 allele carriership, and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid tau were associated with a shorter duration, and these effects depended on disease stage.

Discussion

Estimates of AD disease duration become more accurate if age, sex, setting, APOE, and cerebrospinal fluid tau are taken into account. This will be relevant for clinical practice and trial design.
Mormonism and Violence
Authors: Mason Patrick Q.
Published: June 2019

In popular culture and scholarship, a consistent trope about Mormonism is that it features a propensity for violence, born of the religion's theocratic impulses and the antinomian tendencies of special revelation. Mormonism and Violence critically assesses the relationship of Mormonism and violence through a close examination of Mormon history and scripture, focusing on the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Element pays special attention to violence in the Book of Mormon and the history of the movement, from the 1830s to the present.
The Departure from Equilibrium of Turbulent Boundary Layers
Authors: McDonald H.
Published: June 2019

Recently two authors, Nash and Goldberg, have suggested, intuitively, that the rate at which the shear stress distribution in an incompressible, two-dimensional, turbulent boundary layer would return to its equilibrium value is directly proportional to the extent of the departure from the equilibrium state. Examination of the behaviour of the integral properties of the boundary layer supports this hypothesis. In the present paper a relationship similar to the suggestion of Nash and Goldberg is derived from the local balance of the kinetic energy of the turbulence. Coupling this simple derived relationship to the boundary layer momentum and moment-of-momentum integral equations results in quite accurate predictions of the behaviour of non-equilibrium turbulent boundary layers in arbitrary adverse (given) pressure distributions.
On the Bifurcational Buckling of Elastic Beams, Plates and Shallow Shells
Authors: Pope G. G.
Published: June 2019

The buckling behaviour of elastic beams, plates and shallow shells must often be investigated by calculating the slope at the instant of buckling of a curve relating the applied loading and the deformation parallel to the undeformed middle surface. This paper demonstrates the circumstances under which this slope can be calculated exactly without taking into account changes in the mode shape as the buckle amplitude increases.
Establishment of the Bow-Wave in the Supersonic Flow of Carbon Dioxide Past a Sphere
Authors: Zienkiewicz H. K. , Malloch I. D.
Published: June 2019

An experimental study of bow-wave trajectories for a sphere in CO2 has been made in a shock tube, using a drum-camera-schlieren technique, for incident shock Mach numbers of 2·4, 2·8 and 4·0. Results show that vibrational relaxation has only a slight effect on the bow-wave formation time but significantly affects the stand-off distance in steady flow.
The Bending of Symmetrically Loaded Circular Plates of Variable Thickness under Uniform Compression
Authors: Dhaliwal R. S.
Published: June 2019

The solution has been obtained for the problem of a uniformly compressed and symmetrically loaded circular ring plate of linearly varying thickness. Four particular cases have been discussed and numerical values of the maximum deflection have been obtained for various sizes of the hole of the ring.
Theoretical Analysis of an Internally-Braced, Two-Dimensional Air Strut which is Partially Buckled
Authors: Newman B. G. , Jones D.
Published: June 2019

A theoretical analysis is presented for a two-dimensional air strut with walls consisting of thin membranes which are joined by many inextensible strings. The strut is deflected through large angles so than an appreciable portion of each membrane is buckled and lies along the solid plates which form the ends of the strut. Numerical solutions are obtained for two cases and, in particular, the resultant force on each end plate is determined.
Supersonic Flow Past a Wedge with a Flame at its Apex
Authors: Foster R. , Clarke J. F.
Published: June 2019

The wholly supersonic flow past a two-dimensional wedge is analysed on the assumption that release of chemical energy into the stream can be accomplished across a thin discontinuous plane flame front attached to the apex. Forces experienced by the wedge are calculated and representative flow patterns exhibited. Some typical interactions between the flame and shocks or centred simple waves are discussed, with emphasis on the use of pressure-flow-deflection diagrams to obtain results.
Some Finite Two-Dimensional Contractions
Authors: Mills R. D.
Published: June 2019

General solutions for two-dimensional incompressible potential flow occurring between two equipotential planes perpendicular to the x-axis are given. The first form is the two-dimensional analogue of Thwaites’s solution for axisymmetric flow and allows the calculation of the flow when the axial velocity distribution is specified as a Fourier cosine series in x. The second form of solution, obtained by “inverting” the first form, allows the calculation of the flow when the shape of the “boundary streamline” is specified by a similar series in the velocity potential ϕ.

It is shown how the second form of solution may be utilised to design contracting channels between equipotential planes. The computation of the contraction shapes and velocities is straightforward. In particular, contractions are derived from smoothing conditions similar to those used by Thwaites, and from a flow having a single (ϕ, y) step-discontinuity. It is shown in the Appendix that the latter flow possesses a closed form representation in terms of elliptic functions.
A Note on a Non-Linear Theory on Bending of Orthotropic Sandwich Plates
Authors: Ueng Charles E. S. , Lin Y. J.
Published: June 2019

The derivation of a non-linear theory on bending of orthotropic sandwich plates is carried out by the principle of complementary energy from elasticity. The governing differential equations and natural boundary conditions are obtained. The assumptions used are, namely, the facings are orthotropic thin elastic plates with negligible bending rigidities and are made of the same material; the orthotropic core can take the transverse shear only; and the transverse shortening of the core may be ignored. The geometrical non-linearities are equivalent to von Kármán’s theory for single-layered plates. Through the introduction of a “shear function”, the number of differential equations is reduced to three and the equations are in rather simple form. It appears that the equations obtained here would require, comparatively, the least amount of work for analysing the finite deflection sandwich plate problems having a wide range of properties of practical interest.
An Experimental Investigation of a Low-Speed Circulation-Controlled Aerofoil
Authors: Kind R. J. , Maull D. J.
Published: June 2019

Experiments performed on a low-speed circulation-controlled aerofoil are described. The aerofoil was of elliptic section with the circulation controlled by means of a jet blowing around the blunt trailing edge. Results for the lift, drag and pitching moment on the aerofoil are presented as functions of the blowing momentum coefficient and the angle of incidence. The results are for a two-dimensional aerofoil. Possible applications of this type of aerofoil are briefly discussed.
Differential Eigenvalue Problems with Particular Reference to Rotor Blade Bending
Authors: Wadsworth M. , Wilde E.
Published: June 2019

A differential equation which contains an eigenvalue is considered as a pair of simultaneous differential equations by augmenting the main equation with the equation λ′=0. This ensures the constancy of the eigenvalue λ. The differential eigenvalue problem is thus reduced to a pair of simultaneous non-linear differential equations with two-point boundary conditions. An iterative method for the solution of the two-point boundary value problem is described.

To demonstrate the method, the normal modes and frequencies in flapping of a helicopter rotor blade are calculated. In the case considered the stiffness and mass/(unit length) of the blade have points of discontinuity. The method may also be applied when the blade parameters are given in the form of experimental data.
A Unified Approach to the Initial Buckling of Stiffened Panels in Compression
Authors: Wittrick W. H.
Published: June 2019

This paper provides the basis for a very general approach to the determination of initial buckling stresses of long stiffened panels in uniform longitudinal compression. The panels are assumed to consist of a series of long flat strips, rigidly connected together at their edges, as in panels with top-hat or Z-section stringers, or in sandwich panels with corrugated cores. Whatever the buckling mode, the individual flats are subjected, just after buckling, to sinusoidally varying systems of both out-of-plane and in-plane edge forces and moments, superimposed on the basic state of uniform compression. The stiffness matrices corresponding to these sinusoidal edge loads are derived, taking account of the destabilising effect of the basic longitudinal compressive stress, not only in the out-of-plane but also in the in-plane deformations. For the latter purpose a non-linear theory of elasticity is used. The application of these stiffness matrices to specific panels is briefly described. All possible modes are incorporated within one determinantal equation. For panels with identical stiffeners spaced at equal intervals, the order of the determinant is independent of the number of stiffeners.
An Analysis of the Large Deflections of Beams using the Rayleigh-Ritz Finite Element Method
Authors: Walker A. C. , Hall D. G.
Published: June 2019

The Rayleigh-Ritz finite element method is used to obtain an approximate solution of the exact non-linear energy functional describing the large deflection bending behaviour of a simply-supported inextensible uniform beam subjected to point loads. The solution of the non-linear algebraic equations resulting from the use of this method is effected, using three different techniques, and comparisons are made regarding the accuracy and computing effort involved in each. A description is given of an experimental investigation of the problem and comparison of the results with those of the numerical method, and of the available exact continuum analyses, indicates that the numerical method provides satisfactory predictions for the non-linear beam behaviour for deflections up to one quarter of the beam’s length.
The Effect of Shear Flexibility and Rotatory Inertia on the Natural Frequencies of Uniform Beams
Authors: Carr J. B.
Published: June 2019

An energy approach has been used to obtain approximations to the natural frequencies of uniform beams when the effects of shear flexibility and rotatory inertia are included. The characteristic functions of simple beams are used to describe the bending deflection and the necessity for an assumed shear deflection shape has been eliminated by the use of simple relationships which exist between the effects of shear flexibility and rotatory inertia. A comparison of the approximate frequencies with the exact frequencies shows good agreement even at the higher frequencies. The method has been applied to hinged-hinged, fixed-free, free-free, fixed-fixed, fixed-hinged and free-hinged beams.
Le rôle des cas dans les tours prépositionnels en attique et en latin classique
Authors: Moreux Bernard
Published: June 2019

Les tours prépositionnels jouent le même rôle que les cas: ils expriment des relations. Jusqu’ici tout le monde est d’accord; les divergences commencent quand on veut préciser la nature de ces relations. Pour des linguistes comme R. Jakobson, B. Pottier et J. R. Gallup (ces derniers suivant une tradition guillaumienne), pour le Hjelmslev de La Catégorie des cas, pour un latiniste comme Perret, elles sont sémantiques; pour la philologie traditionnelle et pour des linguistes comme J. Kuryłowicz, E. Benvéniste, R. H. Robins, J. Perrot et des tenants de la grammaire générative comme N. Ruwet, elles sont parfois uniquement syntaxiques. Cette dernière perspective s’attache à rendre compte du « fonctionnement des éléments de langue » et, comme l’étude fonctionnelle du latin et surtout du grec a été négligée par la philologie traditionnelle presque uniquement occupée de diachronie, c’est cette perspective que nous adopterons, en nous en tenant au latin classique d’une part, à l’attique d’autre part, états (approximatifs) de langue assez semblables en ce qui concerne le problème qui nous occupe.
Some Techniques of Experimentation with Tea in North-East India
Authors: Sen A. R. , Biswas Asim K.
Published: June 2019

An attempt is made to investigate some techniques of experimentation, based on data from uniformity trials and experiments on tea conducted in different regions of north-east India. The study showed that:

i.

Adjustment of yield due to covariance generally ceased to be efficient after the first four years of experimentation in manurial trials and after two years in pruning trials. Adjustment based on average yield over a period of four to six years resulted in an increase in efficiency.

ii.

Among the ancillary variables of pretreatment yield and pruning weight, the former proved to be generally more efficient, but when cost of operation is taken into account the latter was economical and, therefore, preferable. The two variables together, in a multiple regression, did not show any extra gain. Use of the pretreatment late crop, from September to December, was generally more efficient than using the whole season's crop.

iii.

Coefficient of variation showed a declining tendency with age, the fall being more marked up to six years of age. This suggests that, for a given degree of precision, more replication would be required for experiments with young tea than with mature tea.

iv.

Increase in plot size, up to 48 bushes, resulted in an increase in information per replicate in Darjeeling, though plots of smaller size would be more economical.

v.

On the basis of five uniformity trials in the Assam valley, Darjeeling and Cachar district, it was observed that for the same values of cost components proportional to number of replications and total area under experiment, the optimum plot size in Darjeeling and Cachar was about half that for the Assam valley.

vi.

Long and narrow plots, oriented with their longer sides extending along the contour lines, within blocks of which the longer sides ran down the slope, proved more efficient than other alternatives in Darjeeling district.

vii.

Systematic plucking of 1 in 2 out of the totality of plucking rounds, for experiments running for two or more years, provided estimates of treatment contrasts within 5 per cent of the population mean (P = 0-05). For a higher margin of error, of 10 per cent of the mean, systematic pluckings of 1 in 3 or even 1 in 4 would suffice if the treatment comparisons were based on five or more years.
Effects of Time of Nitrogen Application on Yield of Maize in the Tropics
Authors: Fayemi Adeboyejo A.
Published: June 2019

A four-year study from 1958 to 1962 showed that time of application of fertilizer nitrogen greatly influenced the yield of grain, the percentage of nitrogen and the crude protein of the grain under Nigerian conditions characteristic of the early maize cropping season from March to July. Split applications of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased maize grain yield by 35 per cent when two equal doses were given one month and two months after planting; and by 31 per cent when four equal doses were supplied at planting and one month, two months and three months after seeding. Yield was significantly reduced when application was delayed two months after planting. High yields of maize were not obtained by supplying the whole of nitrogen fertilizer at one time, eidier at sowing or any time later during the growing season. However, applying all of the nitrogen fertilizer one month after planting significantly increased the percentage of nitrogen and of the crude protein content of the grain. The maize ear weight was favourably influenced by spreading the nitrogen application over the three-month period of the maize growth.
Studies on The Reaction of Some Cacao Varieties to Phytophthora Palmivora (Butl.) Butl. in Jamaica
Authors: Leather R. I.
Published: June 2019

A simple method of studying the reaction of detached cacao pods to Phytophthora palmivora is described. The results, which bear a close relation to field observations, are discussed in this context.
Studies On Browse Plants in Ghana II. Digestibility, (d) Digestibility Of Grewia Carpinifolia From The Accra Plains, Using Local Cattle As Experimental Animals
Authors: Mabey G. L. , Rose Innes R.
Published: June 2019

Digestibility of the palatable indigenous shrub Grewia carpinifolia was investigated. Digestion coefficients (%) were—organic matter 70, dry matter 70, crude protein 78, crude fibre 54, nitrogenfree extract 81, ether extract 13 and ash 52. Calculated nutritive values were—starch equivalent 27.3 and digestible crude protein 5.0, giving a nutritive ratio of about 1 : 5. The material used was moderately young.
The Productivity Of Mashona Cattle in Rhodesia
Authors: Oliver J.
Published: June 2019

The productivity of a herd of Mashona cattle is described, where hand-feeding was practised in winter to prevent loss of body weight. Calves weighed about 50 lb at birth, and gained weight at the rate of 1.27 lb a day to six months of age, compared widi 1.56 and 0.87 lb a day for calves at two other sites. Young animals gained an average of ½ lb a day from weaning to maturity. Mashona steers responded to pen-feeding and produced carcasses which were satisfactory for the Smithfield market. The mature weight of breeding cows was just under 700 lb and the calving rate varied from 72 to 92 per cent. Cows which failed to calve and those whose calves were early-weaned gained almost 100 lb liveweight by the end of die grazing season. Early-weaned calves fed a complete diet were 40 lb heavier than their contemporaries at 28 weeks of age. The need to develop die breed is discussed.
Rainfall Conservation and The Yields Of Sorghum and Groundnuts in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Lawes D. A.
Published: June 2019

The use of cultivation techniques to conserve rainfall, by preventing runoff, and to improve the soil surface infiltration rate, has produced spectacular increases in the yield of cotton on the Loess Plain soils of Northern Nigeria, where yields of the order of 2000 lb seed cotton per acre can now be produced regularly irrespective of the rainfall pattern. As yields of this level had not been obtained previously, it has been concluded that lack of soil moisture and poor soil aeration have in the past set a ceiling to seed cotton yields. The effects of these cultivation treatments on the two other major crops of the area, sorghum and groundnuts, have now been examined, and results from a series of field experiments over six seasons indicate that adequate soil moisture is essential to the production of high yields, but that the other soil conditions which are alleviated by these cultivations are not so critical for these two crops as they are for cotton. Reasons are suggested why spectacular increases in yield in response to the treatments are not generally to be expected with sorghum and groundnuts.
Preparing Papers For Scientific Journals
Authors: Kirkman A. J.
Published: June 2019

Scientific papers must be accurate and readable. Writers must deliberately arrange their information in a way that will interest and be useful to readers, and write clearly and directly, in the simplest possible English. There is no need for scientific writing to be ponderously overformal. Key features of style are short sentences, a minimum of jargon, use of familiar words, active rather than passive constructions, and personal, direct statements.
Assyrian Statecraft and the Prophets of Israel
Authors: Holladay John S.
Published: June 2019

The explosive emergence of the so-called “writing prophets” in the history of Israel is one of the great historical mysteries of Old Testament scholarship. The first, and in some ways one of the greatest of these figures, Amos of Tekoah, can hardly be dated much before 750 B.C., and the beginnings of the prophetic careers of Hosea ben Beeri, Isaiah of Jerusalem, and Micah of Moresheth all fall within the following decade and a half. From this time forward, with the single exception of the dark and bloody reign of Manasseh, there is a steady succession of prophetic literature, ending somewhere around the mid-fifth century B.C. Once initiated, this succession moves in what seems to the historian, operating with the full confidence of hindsight, to be an entirely logical and reasonably consistent fashion. Yet its origins are wholly obscure. Like Melchizedek, Amos seems to have been born without benefit of ancestors. (And it goes without saying that such an [apparently] “uncaused happening” in the historical sphere is as troubling to the modern historian as the thought of an ancestorless Jebusite king would be to the historian's colleague in the biology department.) But what sort of events would be deemed to constitute “sufficient historical causation” for the rise of the classical prophets of Israel?
Aspects of Samaritan and Jewish History in Late Persian and Hellenistic Times
Authors: Cross Frank Moore
Published: June 2019

In 1962, papyri of the fourth century B.C. were discovered by Beduin in a desolate canyon north of Jericho on the rim of the Jordan rift. These documents, known by their place of discovery as the Wâdī Dâliyeh Papyri, were inscribed in Samaria during the half century before the conquest of Alexander the Great. The papyri are without exception legal documents, not a few executed before the governor and prefect of Samaria. Among the surprises to be found in the new documents is the appearance twice of the name Sanballat, or more properly Sin'uballiṭ. In each instance Sanballat is listed as father of the governor of Samaria, once on an official sealing inscribed in Palaeo-Hebrew script, once in Aramaic in the context of a document of about the mid-fourth century.
Two Concepts of God
Authors: Lachs John
Published: June 2019

Philosophers have long debated the question of the existence of God. This is one of many philosophical issues in which the motivation for inquiry has come more perhaps from the side of human feeling than from disinterested scientific curiosity. Powerful emotions appear to prompt thinkers to devote effort to the attempt to prove or disprove the existence of God. The urgency of this task has made some of these philosophers pay less than adequate heed to the concepts they employ. It appears to have escaped the attention of many of them that the word “God” does not have a single meaning either in religious language generally or in philosophical theology. It is obvious that one of the important ways in which religious traditions differ is in their conceptions of the Deity. But a considerable number of different God-concepts may be distinguished in the Judeo-Christian religious tradition itself, and not even in Christian theology proper is the word “God” free of ambiguity.
Notes on the Text and Transmission of the Apocryphal Psalms 151, 154 (= Syr. II) and 155 (= Syr. III)
Authors: Strugnell John
Published: June 2019

The Hebrew originals of the above-mentioned Psalms have been recently published by J. A. Sanders from a scroll containing approximately the last quarter of the Psalter which was found in the Eleventh Cave at Qumrân. In his preliminary notice on the unrolling of this scroll Sanders had already written:

There are seven non-canonical compositions, aside from Ps 151, interspersed among the psalms. One of these is a prose account of the psalms and songs composed by David and the purposes for which he wrote them. The total number of musical compositions attributed to David is 4050.
The Death of Adam — An Armenian Adam Book
Authors: Stone Michael
Published: June 2019

This short work was published by S. Hovsepceancc, and the present translation is made from that text. The only previous English translation is that of J. Issaverdens, from which this rendering differs at a number of points. A German translation based on three MSS was published by E. Preuschen. Since he offers neither an Armenian text nor any information at all about his MSS or their location, use has been made as far as possible of his translation and notes. Significant variants reflected in his translation have been recorded in the notes on the translation offered here. For convenience a system of verse numbering was introduced.
Can God Create Men and Address them Too?
Authors: Neville Robert C.
Published: June 2019

The philosophical problem of whether God can create free men has a special form for Christian theologians. Among the many kinds of freedom that might be claimed for men, theologians are most interested in the kind that involves the human response to God. For Christians the important response is to God's revelation in Christ. The form of the problem of creation and freedom of chief interest to Christian theologians, therefore, is whether these two doctrines are compatible:

1. that God is the creator of everything finite and contingent, including men and their responses, and

2. that through the gospel of Jesus Christ God addresses men who may respond freely.
Exodus 32 and the Theory of Holy War: The History of a Citation
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: June 2019

Throughout much of the history of political thought in the West, the Bible was at once a constitutional document and a kind of case book, putatively setting limits to speculation as well as to conduct. Theologians and political theorists were forced to be judges interpreting a text or, more often, lawyers defending a particular interpretation before the constituted powers in church and state or before the less authoritative court of opinion. The Bible became, like other such texts, a dissociated collection of precedents, examples and citations, each of which meant what the lawyers and judges said it meant.
The Parable of the Regretful Son
Authors: Michaels J. Ramsey
Published: June 2019

The textual problems involved in the parable of the two sons (Matt. 21:28–32) are well known and extraordinarily complex. The parable has been handed down in the manuscript tradition in three forms.
Notes on the Critical Apparatus in Aland's Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum
Authors: Swanson Reuben J.
Published: June 2019

It is urgent that the critical apparatus of the Greek NT be modernized and corrected. My review of Aland's Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum indicates that its apparatus could be improved. It repeats some errors of long standing; the present number of readings could be reduced by eliminating unimportant variants and substantially enlarged by adding others of greater significance. In this note I wish to demonstrate this my contention by an analysis and evaluation of Aland's citation of three sources — the Chester Beatty papyrus (P45), Codex Sinaiticus (ℵ)4, and Clement of Alexandria. The changes suggested are of three kinds: corrections, citation from these sources in support of readings given, and the addition of noteworthy readings.
A Philosophy of Unity
Authors: Richardson Herbert W.
Published: June 2019

The distinguishing trait of twentieth-century intellectual life is emergence and proliferation of the “meta-disciplines” (or “metasciences”): e.g., meta-mathematics, meta-logic, meta-ethics, meta-jurisprudence, meta-politics, meta-theater, meta-language (hermeneutics and linguistic analysis), meta-sociology (sociology of knowledge), etc. The emergence of these meta-disciplines signifies a fundamental change in human orientation. We may compare this contemporary movement with the development in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries of the special sciences as self-contained disciplines: chemistry, biology, botany, geology, history, psychology, etc. Whereas this earlier period proliferated special sciences through the application of rigorous techniques which critically reduced (and therefore multiplied) the objects of science per se, the characteristic of contemporary intellectual life is the proliferation of meta-disciplines through the critical analysis of the methods and the presuppositions of the special sciences themselves. I believe this peculiar intellectual activity, which underlies the emergence of all contemporary meta-disciplines, is the major clue to understanding the fundamental reorientation of personal and social consciousness which is going on today. Moreover, this change is rich with possibilities for new ways of dealing with the technological and institutional impasse which is the fruit of the development of the special sciences.
Two Ontologies of Power: A Comparison of Santayana and Tillich
Authors: Comstock W. Richard
Published: June 2019

The positions of George Santayana and Paul Tillich disclose remarkable strands of congruent concern and approach. In spite of obvious differences in temperament and philosophical heritage, both thinkers see their philosophies as the culmination of traditional perspectives in Western thought and also as modern criticisms of them. Neither thinker is interested in a radical originality of thought severed from its roots in the past. Both rather want to formulate a general philosophy of culture that is eclectic in the best sense of that abused word.

Working independently of each other, both finally focus their
attention on a similar concern that they see operating in the tradition and which is considered by them to have a continuing importance in the present. This is the problem of power and the appropriate human response to its manifestations. The intriguing features of agreement and disagreement in this common exploration are examined in the present essay.
The Nature of the Great Synagogue
Authors: Mantel Hugo
Published: June 2019

The first historical record of the Men of the Great Synagogue (or Assembly) appears in Tannaitic lierature. In the list of the chain of tradition, they are placed between the prophets and the Zugot (that is, the Pharisaic leaders after the Maccabean victory). The Talmud ascribes to the Men of the Great Synagogue a threefold achievement. (1) They canonized certain Scriptural books, as Ezekiel, the Minor Prophets, Daniel, and, according to some versions, also Esther, Proverbs, Canticles and Ecclesiastes. (2) They instituted prayers and benedictions, including Kiddush and Habedallah (at the entrance and exit of Sabbaths and festivals, respectively). (3) They classified the Oral Law into Midrash, Halakah and Haggadah. These activities go a long way toward making the Men of the Great Synagogue the Fathers of Pharisaic Judaism.
Some Remarks on the Textual Criticism of IV Ezra
Authors: Stone Michael
Published: June 2019

The student of IV Ezra is in the happy position of having a variety of versions at his disposal. The book exists in Latin, Syriac, Ethiopic, a number of complete and some fragmentary Arabic versions, Armenian, Georgian and even a fragmentary Coptic text. Yet, in spite of the number of versions, or perhaps because of it, the text of the book has remained the subject of considerable scholarly discussion. A critical review of the most recent theories has become necessary and in particular of observations made about the Armenian version.