bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Augmentation
Authors: Batsell W. Robert
Published: March 2003

Recent work in taste-aversion learning has revealed a new phenomenon in classical conditioning. When a preconditioned gustatory cue (taste or odor) is conditioned in compound with a second gustatory cue, conditioning to the second cue is augmented. This enhanced conditioning of the second cue is noteworthy because studies with other forms of classical conditioning have shown blocked conditioning to the second cue. This new phenomenon has been termed augmentation, and it has implications for the study of taste and odor interactions, formal models of learning, and clinical interventions with cancer patients.
Mental Simulation, Affect, and Personality
Authors: Sanna Lawrence J.
Published: March 2003

Recent advances in theory and research on the relations among mental simulation, affect, and personality are summarized and combined. Research has shown that (a) affect and mental simulations can influence each other, (b) mental simulations can serve diverse self-motives, and (c) personality characteristics are related to divergent functions of mental simulations. Findings in these three areas are synthesized into a conceptual framework on the basis of three attributes of mental simulations: (a) time, whether simulations are prospective or retrospective; (b) direction, whether simulations are upward or downward; and (c) focus, whether simulations are contrasted or assimilated. This integrated framework not only may enable a greater understanding of existing findings, but also suggests novel and unique predictions for future research on understanding personality processes, automaticity in simulations, and coping with life events.
Nonconsequential Reasoning and Its Consequences
Authors: Bastardi Anthony , Shafir Eldar
Published: March 2003

According to consequentialism, which underlies the rational theory of choice, decisions should be determined by an assessment of the potential consequences. People, however, do not always consider the relevance of missing information in a consequentialist manner. As a result, they sometimes pursue noninstrumental information—information that may appear relevant but ought not alter the decision. Having pursued such information, people misconstrue it as instrumental for the decision and proceed to make choices they would not otherwise have made. This pattern is observed in the context of consumer, medical, and negotiation decisions. In one scenario, for example, participants made a hypothetical decision about whether to purchase a CD player. Those who chose to postpone and then found out about another component's repair cost were less likely to buy the CD player than those who knew about the required repair cost from the start. Because the initial pursuit and ensuing use of obtained information appear exceedingly reasonable, such decision patterns may be difficult to learn to avoid, yielding decisions that are influenced by contextual nuances that ought not matter. Further research may explore cognitive and motivational factors in nonconsequential reasoning and their normative and prescriptive implications.
Equally Shared Parenting
Authors: Deutsch Francine M.
Published: March 2003

Conventional images of motherhood and fatherhood, social interactions, and gender-based job pressures push couples toward unequal parenting. Equally sharing parents resist those pressures, and construct equality through everyday negotiations and ongoing decisions about family and work. They do not believe that mothers are more responsible for children, or more suited to care for them, than fathers. They avoid gender-based decisions about jobs that reinforce a gender-based division of labor at home. Qualitative research is necessary to unravel the complex interactions between work and family arrangements, and to show how economic, social, and ideological factors constrain family arrangements, but are also transformed in their creation.
The Four Causes of Behavior
Authors: Killeen Peter R.
Published: March 2003

Comprehension of a phenomenon involves identifying its origin, structure, substrate, and function, and representing these factors in some formal system. Aristotle provided a clear specification of these kinds of explanation, which he called efficient causes (triggers), formal causes (models), material causes (substrates or mechanisms), and final causes (functions). In this article, Aristotle's framework is applied to conditioning and the computation-versus-association debate. The critical empirical issue is early versus late reduction of information to disposition. Automata theory provides a grammar for models of conditioning and information processing in which that constraint can be represented.
Working Memory Capacity as Executive Attention
Authors: Engle Randall W.
Published: March 2003

Performance on measures of working memory (WM) capacity predicts performance on a wide range of real-world cognitive tasks. I review the idea that WM capacity (a) is separable from short-term memory, (b) is an important component of general fluid intelligence, and (c) represents a domain-free limitation in ability to control attention. Studies show that individual differences in WM capacity are reflected in performance on antisaccade, Stroop, and dichotic-listening tasks. WM capacity, or executive attention, is most important under conditions in which interference leads to retrieval of response tendencies that conflict with the current task.
Adolescent Neurodevelopment and Psychopathology
Authors: Walker Elaine F.
Published: March 2003

Adolescence is a high-risk period for the onset of psychopathology. The occurrence of depression increases markedly in the years following the onset of puberty, and most individuals who are eventually diagnosed with a psychotic disorder show a marked rise in adjustment problems during adolescence. It is well established that puberty involves increases in the secretion of gonadal hormones. More recently, research has shown that stress hormones show a similar normative rise following puberty. Accumulating findings indicate that the postpubescent period is also characterized by significant neurodevelopment; there are changes in brain structure and function that are partially a consequence of hormonal factors. Researchers are now challenged to elucidate the neural mechanisms relating postpubertal neurodevelopment with the elevations in risk for psychopathology that characterize adolescence. One plausible mechanism is the effect of hormones on gene expression. The normal neuromaturational processes observed in adolescence partially reflect the effect of gonadal hormones on the expression of genes that control brain development. Hormone surges following puberty may also trigger the expression of genes that code for brain abnormalities that give rise to mental disorders.
Schizophrenia: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective
Authors: Conklin Heather M. , Iacono William G.
Published: March 2003

Diverse lines of research suggest that schizophrenia is a genetically influenced neurodevelopmental disorder. Family, twin, and adoption studies suggest that most cases of schizophrenia involve a genetic diathesis that is necessary but not sufficient for development of the disorder. Histological, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological findings converge in providing evidence for medial-temporal and frontal lobe dysfunction that likely predates the onset of psychosis. Behavioral phenomenology and neurobiology suggest that dopamine plays a crucial moderating role between these structural abnormalities and functional impairment. Recently, investigators have used animal models and clinical syndromes to integrate these findings into neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia that hold great potential for yielding etiological insight.
Situation-Behavior Profiles as a Locus of Consistency in Personality
Authors: Mischel Walter , Shoda Yuichi , Mendoza-Denton Rodolfo
Published: March 2003

Traditional approaches have long considered situations as “noise” or “error” that obscures the consistency of personality and its invariance. Therefore, it has been customary to average the individual's behavior on any given dimension (e.g., conscientiousness) across different situations. Contradicting this assumption and practice, recent studies have demonstrated that by incorporating the situation into the search for consistency, a new locus of stability is found. Namely, people are characterized not only by stable individual differences in their overall levels of behavior, but also by distinctive and stable patterns of situation-behavior relations (e.g., she does X when A but Y when B). These if … then … profiles constitute behavioral “signatures” that provide potential windows into the individual's underlying dynamics. Processing models that can account for such signatures provide a new route for studying personality types in terms of their shared dynamics and characteristic defining profiles.
Patient Adherence With Medical Treatment Regimens: An Interactive Approach
Authors: Christensen Alan J. , Johnson Jamie A.
Published: March 2003

Inadequate patient adherence to treatment regimens is a ubiquitous problem in health care and carries a profound personal, societal, and economic cost. This article illustrates a general theoretical framework we believe to be useful for the interpretation, conception, and design of adherence research. The core tenet of this framework is that factors that influence adherence can be better understood by considering the interactive effects of patients’ characteristics, type of adherence intervention, and characteristics of the illness and medical treatment context. This framework represents an extension and application of previous theory and research from personality, social, and clinical psychology concerning the value of an interactionalist perspective. We illustrate the framework using some of our past work involving treatment adherence among patients with chronic renal failure.
Making Group Brainstorming More Effective: Recommendations From an Associative Memory Perspective
Authors: Brown Vincent R. , Paulus Paul B.
Published: March 2003

Much literature on group brainstorming has found it to be less effective than individual brainstorming. However, a cognitive perspective suggests that group brainstorming could be an effective technique for generating creative ideas. Computer simulations of an associative memory model of idea generation in groups suggest that groups have the potential to generate ideas that individuals brainstorming alone are less likely to generate. Exchanging ideas by means of writing or computers, alternating solitary and group brainstorming, and using heterogeneous groups appear to be useful approaches for enhancing group brainstorming.
Regret in Decision Making
Authors: Connolly Terry , Zeelenberg Marcel
Published: March 2003

Decision research has only recently started to take seriously the role of emotions in choices and decisions. Regret is the emotion that has received the most attention. In this article, we sample a number of the initial regret studies from psychology and economics, and trace some of the complexities and contradictions to which they led. We then sketch a new theory, decision justification theory (DJT), which synthesizes several apparently conflicting findings. DJT postulates two core components of decision–related regret, one associated with the (comparative) evaluation of the outcome, the other with the feeling of self–blame for having made a poor choice. We reinterpret several existing studies in DJT terms. We then report some new studies that directly tested (and support) DJT, and propose a number of research issues that follow from this new approach to regret.
The Litaniae maiores and minores in Rome, Francia and Anglo‐Saxon England: terminology, texts and traditions
Authors: Hill Joyce
Published: March 2003

It has been noted that there are Frankish and Anglo‐Saxon texts in which the three days before Ascension are designated as the Major Litanies, a practice generally regarded as an inexplicable deviation from the established norm of designating 25 April as the Major Litany and the three days before Ascension as the Minor Litany. This article shows, however, that this contrastive terminology was not in use in the Anglo‐Saxon and Frankish churches and that the pre‐Ascension litany days – more firmly established than the Roman tradition of 25 April – were commonly designated as the Litaniae maiores in authoritative contexts.
Road pricing and the ‘new deal for transport’
Authors: Bayliss David
Published: March 2003

There are several good reasons why motorists should be charged for using roads, and it is important to understand these and to distinguish between them.

Alternatives, however attractive, fail to stand up to close scrutiny. The change of government attitude showed in the recent White Paper is to be welcomed, but of the three specific proposals, two are questionable. Road pricing should not be used as a major welfare tool.
A new contract for welfare: partnership in pensions
Authors: Cooper Deborah
Published: March 2003

The government's Green Paper proposes reducing state pension costs whilst encouraging private sector provision. The success of the proposed ‘stakeholder pension schemes’ depends on regulation. However, regulation can penalise those it is intended to protect. This is a sensitive issue, since stakeholder pension schemes are expected to attract financially vulnerable, lower paid, employees. Whilst the flat rate accrual of the state second pension confers some benefit, certain groups are put in a difficult position by the retention of means‐tested benefits.
Exchange rate and foreign price effects on UK inflation
Authors: Chamberlin Graeme , Henry Brian
Published: March 2003

The issue of incomplete pass‐through from exchange rate changes to domestic inflation has received considerable attention. Most models try to account for this by using a variety of assumptions about the costs of changing prices. These suggest complete pass‐through, but only after the possible elapse of a considerable delay. In contrast, in this article Graeme Chamberlin and Brian Henry provide evidence that exchange rate effects on inflation may be non‐linear and, more specifically, subject to thresholds. Their tentative results suggest this may be important in describing price‐setting behaviour in the UK.
Social Welfare when Needs Differ: An Axiomatic Approach
Authors: Edbert Udo
Published: March 2003

If the social welfare of households of different demographic type has to be evaluated, we observe considerable disagreement about the way the composition of households is to be taken into account. This paper makes an attempt to differentiate some of the various approaches. It deals with four methods. In order to make their normative content transparent, an axiomatic approach is employed. The methods are completely characterized and some of their implications are demonstrated.
Sen’s Theorem and Externalities
Authors: Campbell Donald E. , Kelly Jerry S.
Published: March 2003

When the outcome space X is a product set, the Paretian‐liberal conflict depends on a special cycle of externalities. Even if the society is countably infinite, the inconsistency vanishes if the individuals can be numbered so that person i does not care about the actions of any h<i, although we assume that the liberal constraint is binding only on finite coalitions.
The Nature of Shocks in Europe and in Germany
Authors: Funke Michael
Published: March 2003

The plan for European Monetary Union (EMU) hangs in part on the incidence of aggregate demand and supply shocks in the participating countries. This paper addresses that question empirically, using a bivariate VAR. Identification of the underlying orthogonal demand and supply shocks is achieved using only long‐run restrictions. Data for 16 European countries and 11 West German states (Länder) show that the correlation of shocks among the EU countries is much lower than within Germany. This implies that there remain questions about the advisability of EMU.
Theories of Convergence and Growth in the Classical Period: The Role of Science, Technology and Trade
Authors: Elmslie Bruce , Criss Antoinette James
Published: March 2003

Recent interest in convergence raises questions in the history of thought concerning the origins of the concern over convergence. We find that in the classical period, interest in convergence centred around the connection between the growth of neighbouring countries and one’s own country. Convergence was often thought to be parasitic; countries grow at the expense of their neighbours. Writers taking this view advocated policies designed to seal their country from the negative effects of such growth. Writers making the opposite connection, i.e. growth is contagious, advocated open market policies and based their optimism on the limitless expansion of scientific knowledge.
Volatility and Investment: Interpreting Evidence from Developing Countries
Authors: Aizenman Joshua , Marion Nancy
Published: March 2003

We uncover a significant negative correlation between various volatility measures and private investment in developing countries, even when adding the standard control variables. No such correlation is uncovered when the investment measure is the sum of private and public investment spending. Indeed, public investment spending is positively correlated with some measures of volatility. These findings suggest that the detrimental impact of volatility on investment may be easier to detect using disaggregated data. We provide several possible interpretations for our findings. Nonlinearities in preferences or budget constraints can cause volatility to have first‐order negative effects on private investment.
Skill Mismatch and Unemployment in OECD Countries Marco Manacorda
Authors: Manacorda Marco , Petrongolo Barbara
Published: March 2003

This paper uses evidence on employment, labour force and wage differentials by education from OECD countries to investigate the characteristics and the consequences of a skill‐biased shift in the structure of labour demand and supply. The empirical analysis shows that there has been some increase in skill mismatch in a few OECD countries over the past two decades, but this has not been a generalized phenomenon. Moreover, the rise in mismatch cannot explain much of the rise in unemployment in continental Europe, while it does explain a significant proportion of the increase in the rate of joblessness in Britain.
For Love or Money? The Impact of Income Taxes on Marriage
Authors: Alm James , Whittington Leslie A.
Published: March 2003

There is a large empirical literature that demonstrates the importance of economic factors in the decision to marry. Taxes, however, have been largely overlooked as a determinant of marriage, even though the tax system in the United States is not marriage‐neutral; that is, when two individuals marry, their marital income tax burden is typically different—sometimes higher, sometimes lower—than their combined single income tax obligations. In this paper we explore the impact of the federal individual income tax, as well as other economic and demographic variables, on the marriage decisions of individuals. Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study on Income Dynamics for the period 1968–92, we estimate a discrete‐time hazard model of the time to first marriage. We find that the probability of marriage is significantly affected by a range of economic and demographic variables. Importantly, we find that an increase in total income taxes paid by married versus single women has a negative effect on the likelihood of marriage, and that the change in the marginal tax rate is also a significant determinant of marriage in some cases; in contrast, the tax effects are rarely significant in determining marriage probabilities among men, although there are some differential responses by race. In general, the impacts of the income tax variables, even when statistically significant, are small.
Scarring: The Psychological Impact of Past Unemployment
Authors: Clark Andrew , Georgellis Yannis , Sanfey Peter
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the psychological impact of past unemployment. Using 11 waves of German panel data, we show that life satisfaction is lower not only for the current unemployed (relative to the employed), but also for those with higher levels of past unemployment. However, the negative wellbeing effect of current unemployment is weaker for those who have been unemployed more often in the past. The panel data also reveal some evidence that those suffering greater falls in wellbeing on entering unemployment are less likely to remain unemployed one year later. Together, these findings offer a psychological explanation of persistent unemployment.
Induced Innovation Revisited
Authors: Funk Peter
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the joint evolution of factor prices, factor shares and the type of technical progress. Its main aim is to give a microeconomic foundation to the Hypothesis of Induced Innovation of the earlier literature, which assumes that the type of progress at any moment of time is chosen so as to maximize the current rate of output growth. An important conclusion of the Hypothesis of Induced Innovation is that in the long run factor–augmenting technical progress takes the form of pure labour augmentation.
Estimating Presidential Elections: The Importance of State Fixed Effects and the Role of National Versus Local Information
Authors: Strumpf Koleman S. , Phillippe John R.
Published: March 2003

Explaining the outcome of presidential elections is central to any model of American government. Previous researchers have found that economic conditions explain a substantial portion of the variation in vote outcomes. We make two contributions to this literature. First, we show that state partisan predisposition is the most important explanatory variable for the period 1972–1992. Several states are simply out of reach for one of the parties, no matter how favorable is the information about their candidate. Second, we find that national economic indicators have an effect on votes that is an order of magnitude larger than state‐level aggregates. Presidents who try to curry favor with certain states through pork barrel projects are unlikely to be rewarded with large vote margins. Our model does a reasonable job forecasting the state‐level vote for the 1996 election when the actual economic conditions are used as regressors. None the less we are skeptical that these type of models can accurately forecast the Electoral College winner because of the wide confidence intervals on each state’s vote forecast and the potential error in predicted economic conditions.
Aid, Growth and Democracy
Authors: Svensson J.
Published: March 2003

To the extent that aid is justified by the benefits to the recipient, rather than to the donor, it might be reasonably judged on two criteria: growth and poverty‐alleviation. We study the first of these criteria. We find that the long‐run growth impact of aid is conditional on the degree of political and civil liberties in the recipient country. Aid has a positive impact on growth in countries with an institutionalized check on governmental power; that is, in more democratic countries. The data suggest, however, that if this is not the case, aid will be used to satisfy the government’s own non‐productive goals. We also find that aid on average is not channeled to more democratic countries, even though there are large cross‐country differences between major donors.
Citizens, Autocrats, and Plotters: A Model and New Evidence on Coups D'État
Authors: Galetovic Alexander , Sanhueza Ricardo
Published: March 2003

We present a model of coups in autocracies. Assuming that policy choices cannot be observed but are correlated with the short‐run performance of the economy we find that: (a) the threat of a coup disciplines autocrats; (b) coups are more likely in recessions; (c) increasing per capita income has an ambiguous effect on the probability of a coup. The implications of the model are consistent with the evidence. On average, one recession in the previous year increases the probability of a coup attempt by 47 percent. By contrast, the effect of the level of per capita income is weak.
Cooption and Repression in the Soviet Union
Authors: Gershenson Dmitriy , Grossman Herschel I.
Published: March 2003

The Soviet ruling elite, the nomenklatura, used both cooption and political repression to encourage loyalty to the communist regime. Loyalty was critical both in defusing internal opposition to the rule of the nomenklatura and in either deterring or defeating foreign enemies of the Soviet Union. The cost of coopting people into the Communist Party was a decrease in the standard of living of members of the nomenklatura, whereas the cost of political repression was the danger that members of the nomenklatura would themselves be victimized. We assume that the nomenklatura determined the extent of cooption and the intensity of political repression by equating perceived marginal benefits and marginal costs. We use this assumption to construct an account of the historical evolution of policies of cooption and political repression in the Soviet Union.
Influence in Decline: Lobbying in Contracting Industries
Authors: Damania Richard
Published: March 2003

Recent empirical work suggests that declining industries lobby more successfully for policy concessions than do growing industries. This paper presents a novel and simple explanation for this phenomenon. It is shown that an industry in decline is constrained in its ability to raise revenue through production and therefore has a greater incentive to protect profits by lobbying for more favourable treatment. However, greater lobbying only translates into policy concessions if government policy is sufficiently responsive to lobby group contributions. The paper further explores the circumstances under which such government behaviour is likely to eventuate. We show that a self‐interested government will always be more receptive to the demands of lobbyists in declining industries.
Will Gradualism Work When Shock Therapy Doesn’t?
Authors: Dehejia Vivek H.
Published: March 2003

When shock therapy is politically infeasible, will gradualism work? This paper takes up this question by: (i) building a political economy model in which it makes sense; (ii) stating the relevant political economy constraint rigorously; and (iii) analyzing the question in the context of a neoclassical model of adjustment, based on Mussa (1978). The paper answers the question in the affirmative, thus contributing to the scientific and policy literature on the economic analysis of policy reform.
Foreign debt and economic growth
Authors: Lin Shuanglin , Sosin Kim
Published: March 2003

This paper empirically examines the relationship between government foreign debt and the growth rate of per capita GDP based on a total sample of 77 countries, as well as sub‐samples of various regions. Cross‐sectional estimates of the coefficient of foreign debt based on the total sample have a negative sign, but are not always statistically significant. Available data from African countries indicate that foreign debt and the growth rate of per capita GDP were negatively related at a high level of significance. For industrialized and Latin American sub‐samples, this relationship is negative but statistically insignificant. The sub‐sample Asian and other developing countries show a positive but insignificant relationship.

JEL classification: F34, H6, O23.
Squatting as a transition problem in South Africa
Authors: Nathan Cedric D. , Spindler Zane A.
Published: March 2003

This paper applies principles of transition to land tenure and squatting in South Africa. Political transition in South Africa reassigned political property rights, which produced contestable, and rent‐seeking incentives for squatting as a means to privatize land and redistribute wealth. Government failure to establish and protect private property rights in a squatter camp resulted in common‐pool problems that resisted private and public resolution with consequent rent dissipation and social loss. In response to this retreat from duty, informal agents emerged to claim their own share of the prize. Without enforceable rules of capture, the growth of squatter camps in South Africa will continue.

JEL classification: D7, H8, K1, K4, R1, R4.
An equilibrium approach to pricing foreign currency options
Authors: Sørensen Carsten
Published: March 2003

The paper presents a modified version of the Garman‐Kohlhagen formula for pricing European currency options. The equilibrium approach deviates from the no‐arbitrage approach by allowing domestic and foreign interest rates and their dynamics to be determined endogenously in the model. By using the relations between exchange rate dynamics and the dynamics of interest rates, I provide a new characterisation of the relevant volatilities for European currency option pricing, which only depends on parameters describing the variability of the log‐exchange rate. The implications of the model for the valuation of American currency options and optimal exercise strategies are examined by applying numerical methods.
Non‐addictive Habit Formation and the Equity Premium Puzzle
Authors: Shrikhande Milind M.
Published: March 2003

I analyse a model in a simple representative‐agent economy with one risky and one riskless asset, populated by habit forming consumer‐investors. These consumer‐investors exhibit non‐addictive habit formation in the sense that the current consumption rate of the consumer‐investors can fall below their past habit‐forming consumption rate. I endogenise the real riskless rate of return in this representative‐agent economy and find that the equity premium puzzle is resolved for plausible values of the coefficient of relative risk aversion, the discount rate, and the intensity of non‐addictive habit formation. These values have been validated in previous empirical or survey‐based studies. Non‐addictive habit‐formation studied here complements and extends current research on habit‐forming preferences. Given a constant investment opportunity set, the real riskless rate in the economy increases with relative risk aversion of the consumer and decreases as the habit‐formation intensity increases. Extensions with time‐varying investment opportunity sets could explain the low risk‐free rate and the relatively large variability of the market return over the variability of the risk‐free rate through time.
Decomposing and Testing Long‐term Returns: an Application on Danish IPOs
Authors: Jakobsen Jan Bo , Sørensen Ole
Published: March 2003

An improved method for measuring and testing long‐run returns is proposed. The method adjusts for the right‐skewed distribution of long‐run buy‐and‐hold by decomposing average cross‐sectional buy‐and‐hold returns into mean components and volatility components. The method is applied to initial public offerings in Denmark. The mean‐component under performance of initial public offering stocks compared to the market is 30% and significant after 5 years. Compared to matching firms the under performance of IPO stocks is 13% after 5 years but insignificant.
European Mutual Fund Performance
Authors: Otten Roger , Bams Dennis
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an overview of the European mutual fund industry and investigates mutual fund performance using a survivorship bias controlled sample of 506 funds from the five most important mutual fund countries. The latter is done using the Carhart (1997) 4‐factor asset‐pricing model. In addition we investigate whether European fund managers exhibit ‘hot hands’, persistence in performance. Finally the influence of fund characteristics on risk‐adjusted performance is considered. Our overall results suggest that European mutual funds, and especially small cap funds are able to add value, as indicated by their positive after cost alphas. If we add back management fees, four out of five countries exhibit significant out‐performance at an aggregate level. Finally, we detect strong persistence in mean returns for funds investing in the UK. Our results deviate from most US studies that argue mutual funds under‐perform the market by the amount of expenses they charge.
Ideologies of Motherhood in European Community Sex Equality Law
Authors: McGlynn Clare
Published: March 2003

This article argues that, in a series of cases from Hofmann in the mid‐1980s to Hill and Stapleton in 1998, the Court of Justice has reproduced, and thereby legitimated, a traditional vision of motherhood and the role of women in the family, and in society generally. This vision, characterised as the ‘dominant ideology of motherhood’, limits the potential of the Community's sex equality legislation to bring about real improvements in the lives of women. Accordingly, far from alleviating discrimination against women, the Court's jurisprudence is reinforcing traditional assumptions which inhibit women's progress. It is argued that the Court should reject the dominant ideology of motherhood and utilise its interpretative space to pursue a more progressive and liberating rendering of women and men's relationships and obligations to each other and their children.
Charter and Enlargement
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech
Published: March 2003

Current debates about the contents, status, and the future role of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights should have a stronger ‘enlargement dimension’: the constitutionalisation of Europe (with the Charter as its key element) and the EU enlargement should be seen as two interrelated (and, possibly, mutually supportive) phenomena rather than as two separate challenges which must be approached one at a time. There are two main aspects to this relationship. First, the Charter may be seen as a yardstick by which the human rights credentials of the candidate states will be tested. Second (the central focus of this article), one may ask whether the candidate states, once involved in the debate about the constitutional future of Europe, will bring any constitutional insights which may affect the articulation of Charter rights. It is argued, against the background of candidate states’ recent experience of constitution‐making, that these insights should be embraced rather than feared, and that the current member states should resist a temptation of adopting a paternalistic approach towards the candidate states as participants in the European constitutional debate.
Modelling for an expert system and a parameter validation method
Authors: Chatzinikolaou A. , Angeli C.
Published: March 2003

A model–based engineering diagnostic method is typically based on the evaluation of the residuals generated from a comparison of important variable values from a simulated system and the corresponding measured values from the system’s performance. Consequently, a model should describe the dynamic behaviour of the system as accurately as possible using suitably selected parameter values. This implies the need for validation of the performance of the model by comparison with the measurements of the actual system. This process is especially important when the detection of faults is performed in real–time conditions. In this paper, the modelling process for hydraulic systems as well as a new parameter validation method that has been developed using the DASYLab data acquisition and control software for the estimation of the uncertain parameter values of the model is presented. This model validation process led to the establishment of a model–based expert system that is able to diagnose real–time faults working in parallel with actual dynamic industrial automated processes.
Accounting System Reform in Japanese Local Governments
Authors: Yamamoto Kiyoshi
Published: March 2003

The New Public Management (NPM), of which the change from cash accounting to accrual accounting is considered an important tool, has been in fashion in many developed countries. Japanese governments, however, have preserved control of expenditures on a cash basis, though recently financial management reforms in local government have begun to adopt NPM ideas. Using a contingency framework which views the reform of accounting sub‐systems (management accounting, financial accounting and auditing) as stimulated by a combination of internal and external pressures, this paper explores why Japanese local governments managed to survive without accrual accounting and the prospects for further reform in the future. It is suggested that system change itself can be accomplished by internal pressures, in the form of mandated policies, alone but that sustained external pressures by citizens are required in order to achieve the intended outcomes of accounting reform.
Casemix Management in a New Zealand Hospital: Rationalisation and Resistance
Authors: Doolin Bill
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the use of a ‘casemix’ information system to rationalise and scrutinise clinical activity in a corporatised New Zealand hospital. The implementation of the casemix system was part of a management strategy to influence clinician behaviour by making visible the financial implications of clinical decisions. Clinicians were able to resist the application of this comparative surveillance system by challenging or diverting the information produced.
National Accounting, Government Budgeting and the Accounting Discipline
Authors: Jones Rowan
Published: March 2003

National accounting and government budgeting include two kinds of financial reporting that are not influenced by, but have an increasing influence on, the accounting discipline. The government budget has changed, over the last sixty years, from a financial statement that was recognisably part of the accounting discipline to one in which national accounting and government budgeting have the dominant influence. There were early attempts to reconcile national accounting and the discipline but these have largely disappeared. Although the three forms of accounting measure the same phenomena, each is different in fundamental ways, in terms of both relevance and reliability.
GASB Statement No. 34:Research Opportunities
Authors: Wallace Wanda A.
Published: March 2003

This article describes researchable issues arising from GASB Statement No. 34, prescribing a new government reporting model. An overview of that statement is followed by a discussion of two researchable issues, detailing research questions, relevant methodology, and expected contributions. Remaining topics are described, with comment on that method most likely to lend insight. Colleagues are encouraged to commit to answering the questions posed, particularly those critically dependent on research being conducted during the implementation phase. Insights can be gained in such important conceptual and applied areas as valuation, aggregation, allocation, incentives, budgeting, inter‐generational equity, users' understanding, independence, and cost/benefit tradeoffs.
Silences Broken, Silences Kept: Gender and Sexuality in African‐American History
Authors: Mitchell Michele
Published: March 2003

In 1989, Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham observed that African Americanists paid scant attention to issues of gender and women's historians typically ignored questions of race; she warned that this silence compromised the very analysis of US history. Much has changed since Higginbotham issued her cautionary words. Not only has Americanist literature on gender and race grown exponentially over the past ten years, African‐Americanist gender historians have produced some of the most influential monographs and articles in their field. This article surveys a decade's worth of conceptual breakthroughs in African‐Americanist historiography as it ponders the question of whether certain silences still remain.
Women and the Public Sphere
Authors: Rendall Jane
Published: March 2003

In Britain during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the contrast between ‘public’ and ‘private’ worlds drew not on one, but on multiple, contrasts. However, recognising such variations does not necessarily provide us with new analytical tools. This article examines some of the ways in which twentieth‐century commentators have attempted to categorise these contrasts. In particular the article critically engages with Habermas's definition of the public sphere and suggests the advantages and disadvantages of using his notion through a discussion of the relationship of the British women's suffrage movement to the debate over citizenship in the 1860s.
Beyond ‘Gender Differences’: A Canadian Study of Women's and Men's Careers in Engineering
Authors: Ranson Gillian
Published: March 2003

This article explores the relationship between gender and career paths for a group of women and men who graduated as engineers during a period of labour market turbulence in western Canada during the 1980s. Using a model adapted from Brown (1982), the article uses ‘career path’ as a device to organize data drawn primarily from telephone and face‐to‐face interviews with 317 graduates. Three career paths provide the focus for the study: the ‘organizational’, characterized by stable employment with one employer; the ‘occupational’, characterized by mobility between employers; and the entrepreneurial, characterized by self‐employment. The use of the career path framework moves the study beyond global comparisons (of the dichotomized ‘gender differences’ kind) between ‘the women’ and ‘the men’. As well as allowing for comparison between the paths, it allows more refined and contextualized comparisons within each path. Such comparisons produce patterns of similarity and difference that sometimes transcend gender.
The Exchange of Aesthetics: Women's Work and ‘The Gift’
Authors: Tyler Melissa , Taylor Steve
Published: March 2003

Drawing on empirical research data on the work of flight attendants, this paper will explore Marcel Mauss's theory of ‘gift’ exchange relations, with particular reference to his concern with the ‘exchange of aesthetics’ (Mauss 1954), as an analytical model which may contribute to our understanding of ‘women's work’ in contemporary Western societies, of which, we shall argue, the work of female flight attendants is a notable example. It will begin by locating the authors' analytical and theoretical concerns with ‘women's work’ within the context of recent empirical research. It will then go on to outline briefly a Maussian model of exchange relations and to identify the potential utility of this analytical model for the study of women's work. This paper then goes on to offer an analytical account of empirical research into the work of flight attendants and to analyse the ways in which airline service provision constitutes a critical case study of women's work, certain elements of which involve a form of ‘gift’ exchange relations which operate, not as an alternative to, but inside — and in the interests of — commodity exchange relations. Finally, in the light of recent feminist work, this paper will conclude by suggesting the wider implications of this analytical model for the study of gender and work.
Just Checking It Out: Exploring the Significance of Informal Gender Divisions Amongst American Supermarket Employees
Authors: Tolich Martin , Briar Celia
Published: March 2003

This paper describes a research project in which some of the dynamics of informal gendered task segregation between male and female workers in American supermarkets with the same job description are explored. It also provides a discussion of the implications of this form of gender inequality for equal opportunities policies.
Analysing Change in Women's Careers: Culture, Structure and Action Dimensions
Authors: Evetts Julia
Published: March 2003

This article addresses a number of related issues. It outlines and illustrates three dimensions of explanations about women's careers: cultural, structural and action dimensions. The three dimensions are considered as aspects of determinism and choice in women's careers and are illustrated with regard to different professional sectors. The article argues that change needs to be a prominent feature in the analysis of women's careers but that change is differently perceived and interpreted in analyses in the three different dimensions.
Prostitution: Collectives and the Politics of Regulation
Authors: West Jackie
Published: March 2003

The regulation of prostitution is changing as rapidly as its organization and sex workers have had more influence on this than usually recognized in either theory or research on prostitutes' rights. Using examples from the UK, Australia, the Netherlands and New Zealand, the paper shows how elements of prohibition, legalization and decriminalization are variously adopted in response to specific interests and their political representation. With the focus on law reform, the impact of collectives is compared to that of other contemporary players in the politics of prostitution, including community groups, councils, the police and the sex industry itself. But attention is also paid to health and occupational initiatives, and the conditions promoting the self‐regulation of sex work both by prostitutes and employers. The paper also argues that the role of collectives, together with changes in the wider regulatory context, reflect and reinforce increasing differentiation within prostitution.
Questioning the Notion of Feminine Leadership: A Critical Perspective on the Gender Labelling of Leadership
Authors: Due Billing Yvonne , Alvesson Mats
Published: March 2003

Traditionally, leadership has been equated with masculinity. Managerial jobs, at least in business and on senior levels, have been defined as a matter of instrumentality, autonomy, result‐orientation, etc. something which is not particularly much in line with what is broadly assumed to be typical for females. Today, however, there seems to be a broad interest in leadership being more participatory, non‐hierarchical, flexible and group‐oriented. These new ideas on leadership are often seen by students of gender as indicating a feminine orientation. This article argues that it is necessary to critically discuss the whole idea of gender labelling leadership as masculine or feminine and suggests that we should be very careful and potentially aware of the unfortunate consequences when we use gender labels. Constructing leadership as feminine may be of some value as a contrast to conventional ideas on leadership and management but may also create a misleading impression of women's orientation to leadership as well as reproducing stereotypes and the traditional gender division of labour.
Growth and Convergence in a Two-Region Model of Unified Germany
Authors: Funke Michael , Strulik Holger
Published: March 2003

The paper sets up a two-region endogenous growth model to discuss growth and regional convergence of unified Germany. It emphasizes the role of private and public capital accumulation during the developing process. The theoretical part derives fiscal policy rules which establish convergence of regional output per capita and convergence of regional human wealth. To assess the speed of convergence the model is calibrated with German data. Given a fiscal policy rule that is consistent with the data on government spending in East and West Germany after unification the model suggests that East Germany will reach 80 per cent of West Germany's income per capita between 20 and 30 years after unification and that actual transfers are approximately sufficient to equalize regional human wealth. The results are compared with an extension of the model that includes wage-setting behaviour and unemployment in the eastern region.
Falling Labor Share and Rising Unemployment: Long-Run Consequences of Institutional Shocks?
Authors: Berthold Norbert , Rainer Rainer , Thode Eric
Published: March 2003

The literature on unemployment has mostly focused on labor market issues while the impact of capital formation is largely neglected. Job creation is often thought to be a matter of encouraging more employment on a given capital stock. In contrast, this paper explicitly deals with the long-run consequences of institutional shocks on capital formation and employment. It is shown that the usual tradeoff between employment and wages disappears in the long run. In line with an appropriation model, the estimated values for the long-run elasticities of substitution between capital and labor for Germany and France are substantially greater than one.