bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estudio exploratorio de mercado para Lippia alba como alternativa de producción sostenible en la cuenca media y baja del Rio Las Ceibas, Neiva Colombia
Authors: Fajardo Sandra Vianney , Tovar Lizcano Pavel
Published: October 2017

Las plantas medicinales son un componente importante del recurso forestal no maderable del bosque, que puede contribuir al desarrollo sostenible de los habitantes presentes en las áreas protegidas. Según diversos autores el mercado mundial de las plantas medicinales se valora en US 47 millones; sin embargo, en Colombia su comercialización prevalece la informalidad, lo que dificulta estimar su valor e impacto en las comunidades rurales.En la cuenca del río Las Ceibas que abastece de agua la ciudad de Neiva, se encontró que la planta Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br es un recurso forestal no maderable que con fines medicinales posee el mayor potencial para el aprovechamiento sostenible de los habitantes de este ecosistema estratégico. Por lo anterior resulto oportuno realizar un estudio exploratorio de mercado y elaborar una propuesta de producción sostenible de Lippia alba como alternativa estratégica para la gestión de la cuenca media y baja del río Las Ceibas. Se identificaron las limitaciones y oportunidades que tienen los habitantes de la cuenca media y baja del río Las Ceibas para incursionar con Lippia alba en la cadena productiva de las plantas medicinales en Colombia, así como también, los diferentes actores institucionales que pueden contribuir en este proceso y las posibilidades que a partir de un desarrollo agroindustrial a mediano y largo plazo se pueda incursionar en el mercado nacional e internacional de sus aceites esenciales.
Aplicación del Método Extendido de Hildebrand a la solubilidad de la mitomicina C en mezclas etanol + agua
Authors: Rojas Gerson R. , Rivera Andrés F. , Delgado Daniel Ricardo
Published: October 2017

En este trabajo se aplicó el método extendido de solubilidad de Hildebrand (MESH) para evaluar la solubilidad de mitomicina C en mezclas etanol + agua a 293,15 K. Se reporta la solubilidad experimental y algunas propiedades de fusión de éste fármaco que fueron utilizados para los cálculos del método extendido de Hildebrand. En particular, EHSA presenta un buen carácter predictivo mediante el uso de un polinomio regular de orden cinco para el parámetro de interacción W en una función del parámetro de solubilidad de mezclas cosolvente libre de fármaco.
Sistemas de detección de somnolencia en conductores: inicio, desarrollo y futuro
Authors: Garcés María Agustina , Salgado José De Jesús , Cruz Jesus Andres , Cañon William Henry
Published: October 2017

Muchas son las causas de accidentes de tránsito e industriales a nivel mundial, algunas de estos suceden por errores humanos y otros por fallas mecánicas. El hombre en su afán de proteger vidas, ha inventado sistemas que minimicen el impacto de estos accidentes, pero más que disminuir el daño ahora se piensa en la prevención de los mismos. Uno de los errores humanos más comunes que terminan en accidentes es cuando el conductor u operario industrial es víctima de fatiga y/o somnolencia. Las investigaciones sobre este tema que comenzaron hace 60 años han dejado a través del tiempo novedosos sistemas que permiten determinar el estado de somnolencia de las personas usando técnicas de visión por computador, y un naciente interés por el análisis de señales cerebrales que determinan de forma aún más precisa las diferentes etapas del sueño. En este trabajo se presentan cada una de las técnicas empleadas hasta el momento para detectar somnolencia y su importancia como sistema activo de prevención de accidentes de tránsito e industriales.
Simulación y evaluación de arreglo de antenas MIMO para sistemas de comunicaciones inalámbricos mediante el uso del paradigma de tensores
Authors: Bravo Martín Diomedes , Trujillo Daniela , Barrera C. Andrés
Published: October 2017

En este trabajo, se propone el uso de estructuras con tensores como método de implementación de esquemas MIMO, con el objetivo de ampliar los grados de libertad que se tiene al trabajar con matrices, su importancia radica en la flexibilidad que ofrecen los tensores al poder incluir más variables de un sistema para transmitir o recibir información, pero con un costo en complejidad computacional. Se verificó que el uso de estructuras con tensores sobre las estructuras MIMO permite obtener los mismos resultados de tasa de error de bit, además de permitir aprovechar un mayor número de grados de libertad en los esquemas de transmisión de múltiples antenas. Finalmente se optimizaron los resultados obtenidos con el esquema tensorial, mediante la teoría de Descomposición de valores singulares (SVD) donde se logró una mejor respuesta gracias a la utilización de los canales con mejores características en cuanto a menor distorsión de la señal y mayor rendimiento del esquema, a expensas de un retraso en la respuesta del sistema y una mayor complejidad computacional.
Funcionalidades de la minería de datos
Authors: Medina Rojas Ferley , Gomez Cristina
Published: October 2017

En este documento se ha revisado una metodología y los algoritmos utilizados para abordar un problema de predicción o clúster de datos de acuerdo a la información solicitada. La minería de datos emerge de las áreas de base de datos (data base), repositorio de datos (Data Warehouse) y de las grandes bases de datos (big Data), como un proceso de extracción de información fundamentado en la matemáticas y la estadística. Siendo necesario realizar la selección del modelo, la exploración de los datos, la clasificación de datos, la predicción de valores en función de los datos, el modelamiento de las dependencias para resolver el problema, el descubrimiento de nuevas reglas y visualizar los resultados, con lo que se realiza el análisis e interpretación de la información obtenida.Es así, como algunas de las aplicaciones de la minería de datos son: en la educación, en la multimedia, en el comercio, en el sector financiero, en la medicina, en el sector agropecuario, en las ciencias sociales, en la gestión gubernamental, y en la tecnología. Para realizar el proceso de extracción de los datos solicitados de estas aplicaciones se requiere el uso de algunos algoritmos como los de regresión lineal, y logística, redes bayesianas, bayesnaive, árboles y reglas de decisión, lógica e inferencia difusa y redes neuronales.
Desarrollo de software para el modelamiento de las depositaciones inorgánicas incorporando daño a la formación por depositaciones inorgánicas en yacimientos de petróleo
Authors: Pinzón Torres Carmen , Ramírez Javier Felipe , Guanacas Luis Augusto
Published: October 2017

En este documento se describe el procedimiento realizado para el desarrollo de un software llamado ECOINCRUSTACIÓN cuya función es diagnosticar la reducción en la producción de petróleo debida a los depósitos inorgánicos en el yacimiento. En esta herramienta se incluyó un modelo termodinámico que permite predecir las condiciones a las cuales se formará precipitado de los componentes inorgánicos más comúnmente encontrados en sistemas de producción, tales como la calcita, barita, siderita, halita, hemidrita, yeso y anhidrita. El modelo se basa en la teoría de interacción iónica de Pitzer que permite representar matemáticamente la relación entre las diferentes especies iónicas presentes en la salmuera para luego utilizar otros modelos (Oddo y Tomson, 1991; Mogadashi et al, 2006; Valone y Skillem, 1982) y predecir la precipitación de sales poco solubles a diferentes condiciones físicas y químicas. Adicionalmente se desarrolló un modelo que describe el efecto de la incrustación inorgánica en el yacimiento a partir de los modelos de Robert (1996), Civan (2001) y Fadairo (2009), el cual se desarrolló con una modificación matemática propuesta por los autores; dicha modificación se realizó con el fin de ajustar el modelo a datos reales. El modelo físico de yacimiento calcula el daño a la formación, el radio de daño, la reducción en la permeabilidad y la caída de presión adicional por efecto de la depositación a partir de los resultados del modelamiento termodinámico de los minerales incluidos en el software.
Levantamiento estratigráfico detallado para el miembro Shale de Bambucá en dos secciones de la subcuenca de Neiva
Authors: Vargas Cuervo Roberto , Pérez Badillo Carlos Andrés , Díaz Quimbaya Carlos Iván
Published: October 2017

El estudio de los ambientes de sedimentación, proporcionan a la industria del petróleo el conocimiento sobre los sucesos sedimentarios ocurridos y que llevaron a cabo la existencia de las formaciones productoras, generadorasy sello; en este documento son estudiadas las rocas generadoras del miembro Shale de Bambucá, perteneciente la formación Villeta en la Subcuenca de Neiva; Valle Superior del Magdalena (VSM). Para el desarrollo de la investigación se levantaron columnas estratigráficas en dos sitos, La Tribuna y Los Yuyos; en los cuales se observan secciones predominantes de lodolitas con características que las identifican en ambientes de plataforma, fuera de la influencia del oleaje. Las columnas fueron analizadas y divididas en secuencias y parasecuencias, enfocadas en los cambios eustáticos que a su vez determinaron la depositación de sedimento y materia orgánica.
Calidad del agua en la reserva forestal regional productora del norte de Bogotá, Thomas Van der Hammen
Authors: Jaramillo Ángela María , Cabrera Luz Marina
Published: October 2017

En este estudio se analizó y caracterizó la calidad fisicoquímica del agua en la Reserva Forestal del Borde Norte de Bogotá – Thomas Van der Hammen. La Reserva Forestal, es una zona clave de conectividad entre los cerros orientales del norte de Bogotá y el río del mismo nombre. Esta Reserva, fue declarada como tal mediante el Acuerdo 11 de 2011, expedido por la Corporación Autónoma de Cundinamarca – CAR. De su conservación depende el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad de fauna y flora del norte de Bogotá. Se tomaron varias muestras en diferentes drenajes superficiales durante la época seca y la época lluviosa en 2011. En cada muestreo se midieron 20 parámetros de calidad del agua y fueron interpretados usando análisis estadísticos multivariados. Los resultados muestran que la calidad del agua no alcanza los objetivos marcados por la CAR en el acuerdo número 43 del 17 de octubre de 2006 para la cuenca del río Bogotá. Las principales causas son la contaminación por mineralización y por materia orgánica.
Evaluación de sistemas de riego localizado en cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao) como estrategia de aumento de la producción en el departamento del Huila
Authors: Pachón Bejarano Rodrigo A. , Figueroa Paiva Oscar E. , Chavarro Díaz Jorge Ivan
Published: October 2017

Teniendo en cuenta que el manejo productivo tradicional del cultivo de cacao en áreas agrícolas del departamento del Huila causa un deterioro acelerado en los recursos suelo – agua, debido a las in- adecuadas prácticas de riego con bajas eficiencias y láminas de agua que superan los 2500 mm/ha, el presente artículo presenta los resultados de la evaluación de tres sistemas de riego localizado (goteo, microaspersión micromanguera) con tres repeticiones, propuestos para aumentar la uniformidad en la entrega del agua al cultivo de cacao en tres regiones del departamento.El Coeficiente de Uniformidad promedio entre los tres municipios muestra que el sistema más eficiente en el uso del agua para el cultivo de cacao es el de riego por goteo con un CU = 97,31%, se- guido del riego por microaspersión con un CU = 96,42% y por último y no muy distante el sistema de riego con micromanguera con un CU = 85,06% los dos primeros sistemas calificados con tipo de uniformidad excelente y el último con tipo de Uniformidad buena, lo que posiciona a este sistema como una buena alternativa para solucionar problemas de déficit hídrico en cultivos de cacao y a más bajo costo si es comparado con los sistemas de riego por goteo y microaspersión.
Diseño e implementación de un prototipo inhibidor de señales de celular para un salón de clases
Authors: Bravo Obando Martín Diomedes , Carvajal Vega Juan Gabriel , Torres Camacho Alejandro Fabián
Published: October 2017

Este proyecto, consiste en el diseño y la implementación de un prototipo inhibidor de señales de celular para un salón de clases y así, evitar el plagio académico por medio de la red celular. Existen varias técnicas para realizar un Jammer, nombre con el cual también se conocen los inhibidores, siendo la técnica de inhibición por ruido la más conveniente debido a la gran dificultad para tener acceso a la información técnica necesaria de la señal a inhibir; los aspectos necesarios para poder ejecutar esta técnica son: conocer los rangos de frecuencia donde opera la señal objetivo y disponer de un analizador de espectros. Por último, se logró desarrollar un prototipo inhibidor de celulares con un comportamiento efectivo dentro de un radio de 3 metros a la redonda, se aclara que por fuera de este rango (3 a 10 metros de radio) también se impide la comunicación pero la inhibición no es tan efectiva, sólo degrada la calidad de la señal.
Evaluación de la eficiencia del uso de combustible en los hornos tradicionales de curado de Tabaco
Authors: Cerquera Peña Néstor Enrique , Pastrana Bonilla Eduardo
Published: October 2017

El cultivo del tabaco se ha convertido en uno de los más importantes en Colombia, generando empleo a mano de obra calificada y no calificada. En la poscosecha del tabaco se han detectado varias problemáticas a resolver, una de ellas la concerniente al alto costo del combustible empleado en los hornos de curado. Por ello, se realizó una evaluación al intercambiador de calor tradicional tipo hornilla para determinar la eficiencia del uso del combustible. La información obtenida deja en evidencia la gran dificultad que se tiene con este sistema de transferencia de calor por convección natural para mantener temperaturas estables al interior del horno, generando condiciones ambientales que se alejan considerablemente de las previstas para este proceso, dependiendo estas variaciones, en gran medida, de la frecuencia de cargue de la hornilla, encontrándose además, que la eficiencia en el aprovechamiento de la energía entregada por el carbón es menor del 10%.
DAS TYPUS-PROFIL DER MORROCOYAL-FORMATION (UNTERLIAS; DEPTO. BOLIVAR, KOLUMBIEN)
Authors: Geyer Otto F.
Published: October 2017

Se describe el perfil típico de la formación Morrocoyal. La fauna de amonitas define la edad de las capas como la parte superior del Sinemuriano Inferior. La biofacies manifiesta condiciones de aguas someras hasta nériticas durante el tiempo de sedimentación. Se discuten las relaciones regionales de la formación.
CONTAMINACION DEL MAR
Authors: Geriach Sebastián A.
Published: October 2017

El artículo siguiente apareció ya en el año 1977 en lengua alemana, en la publicación Baylerisches Landwirtschaftliches Jahibuch (Año 53, Número extraordinario 3). Los problemas se tratan más detalladamente en mi libro "Meeresverschmutzung" (Contaminación del mar), publicado por Springer-Verlag (Berlín- Heidelberg-Nueva York, 1976, 145 páginas).
HOST IDENTIFICATION OF ARTHROPOD BLOODMEALS BY AGAR ELECTROPHORESIS*)
Authors: Marinkelle Cornelis J.
Published: October 2017

A relatively easy and inexpensive method of rapid gel electrophoresis suitable for the host identification of arthropod bloodmeals was investigated. Electrophoretic conditions (preparation of agar and buffer, voltage, temperature, time, etc.) are discussed. The method of preparing and applying the arthropod bloodmeal to the slides is discussed in detail. Two minutes after the start of the electrophoretic run the suitability of the arthropod meal for testing was apparent. When there was visible migration of more than one Hb fraction towards the anode, digestion has proceeded too far for host identification. Bloodmeals of Aedes togoi, Aedes aegypti, Culex fatigans, Anopheles sp., Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma infestans, Triatoma dimidiata, Cimex lectularius, Pediculus humanus, Ornithodorus moubata, Ornithodorus savignyi and Ornithodorus rudis from man, Cebus and rhesus monkey, dog, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, rat, mouse, chicken, pigeon, snake, toad and frog were studied and compared with the serum and hemolyzed blood of the host species. It was possible to identify the host from the pattern of the arthropod bloodmeals. A number of details on arthropod digestion processes are given.
DIE BANANENZONE VON SANTA MARTA, NORDKOLUMBIEN PROBLEME IHRER WIRTSCHAFTSSTRUKTUR UND MOGLICHKEITEN DER AGRARPLANUNG
Authors: Mertins Günter
Published: October 2017

Die vorliegende Untersuchung von G. Mertins ist die erste Arbeit des vom Geographischen Institut der Justus Liebig-Universitát Gieften begonnenen Forschungsvorhabens einer „Geographischen Landesaufnahme der Region von Santa Marta". Dieses soil von der AulSenstelle des Tropeninstituts der Justus Liebig-Universitát, dem Instituto Colombo-Alemán in Santa Marta, aus in einer Reihe von Untersuchungen auf Teilgebieten der Geographie und benachbarten Fáchern das Material zu einer intensiven Erfassung der natur- und kulturlandschaftlichen Struktur des Küstenlandes um Santa Marta, der Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, der Gebirgsfufizonen (u. a. mit der Bananen- und der Viehzuchtzone in ihrem westlichen Vorland) und der Haff- und Nehrungsgebiete des Magdalena-Deltas aufbereiten und schlieftlich in den angewandten Fragestellungen einer regionalen Entwicklungsplanung gipfeln.
BIOSPELEOLOGY OF THE MACAREGUA CAVE (COLOMBIA)
Authors: Grose Elizabeth S. , Marinkelle Cornelis J.
Published: October 2017

A description of the findings in an unusual cave in San Gil (Santander, Colombia), infested with histoplasma.
ZUR BEDEUTUNG VON ANTITRANSPIRATIONSMITTELN FÜR TROPISCHE KULTURPFLANZEN
Authors: Steubing Lore , Herrmann Reimer , Michler Richard
Published: October 2017

The influence of different foliar sprays as antitranspirants (solutions of Octodecanol 0.1-0.5% and some substances which are commonly used in Columbia as pesticides such as Triton 15%, Cresopinol 10%, oil emulsion 1%) have been tested on Trifolium repens, Phaseolus vulgaris and Manihot esculenta under field and under glass-house conditions. The water loss of these plants decreased considerably after application. A remarkable reduction of the speed of water transport in the stem could be measured as well as a decline of both transpiration and water deficit of the leaves. Decrease of leaf temperatures and porometer values have been observed. Octodecanol was most efficient, followed by Triton 500. A spray of oil caused infiltration and toxic effects; the same influences have been noted after application of Cresopinol, but somewhat less frequently.
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DIE GESCHWINDIGKEIT DES WASSERAUFSTIEGES IM SPROFI UND DEN BLATTFLÁCHENZUWACHS VON COFFEA ARABICA L. UND CITRUS AURANTIUM SINENSIS ENGLER IN VERSCHIEDENEN KLIMAZONEN KOLUMBIENS
Authors: Michler Richard
Published: October 2017

The total increase of leaf area and the rate of water movement in the stems of Coffea arabica L. and Citrus aurantium sinensis Engler were deter- *) Gekürzte Fassung einer am 18. 12. 1969 von der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultat der Universitát Giessen als Dissertation angenommenen Abhandlung. mined in various climatic regions of Columbia. During the rain season the maximum rate of water transport decreased with increasing height above sea level. This effect was observed to be more evident in Citrus than in Coffea. At the end of the dry season however, the maximum rate of water movement was measured in 1250 m (Citrus) and 1850 m (Coffea) above sea level. In case of sunshine the maximum values were higher than in case of clouded sky. The most considerable increase of total leaf area was reached at Coffea in 1850 m and at Citrus in 1250 m respectively. With reference to the water economy the cultivation of Citrus could be forced in sea levels about 1250 m with simultaneous displacement of Coffea cultivation to colder climatic regions. Diurnal variations showed, that if the intensity of radiation increased suddenly, the rate of water movement in the stems of Citrus trees accordingly increased. With Coffea trees different results were obtained. During the morning the rate of water transport in trees always increased. At noon the values either remained high or varied in irregular intervals. Moreover, in the hot climatic regions diurnal variations sometimes showed two maximums of rate of water flow in the stems of Coffea arabica. Above all, the type of observed diurnal variations depended on the sea level distance of the measuring point, the season, the intensity of radiation and the species of plant.
MEDICIONES RADIOMÉTRICAS EN RED BEDS DEL PALEOZOICO JOVEN Y MESOZÓICO ANTIGUO DEL NORTE DE COLOMBIA
Authors: Cediel Fabio , Geyer Orro F.
Published: October 2017

Background measurements of gamma radiation were made on the Jordán (Upper Permian ?), Guatapurí (Triassic ?), Girón (Triassic-Jurassic), Ranchogrande (Triassic-Jurassic ?) and Morrocoyal (Lower Jurassic) Formations in northeastern Colombia. The lutites of the Girón Formation produce the highest values (impulses y per minute). In the region of Bucaramanga (Dept. of Santander), the redbeds of the Jordán and Girón Formations give quite different radiometric values. The usefulness of radiomatric measurements as a means of differentiating stratigraphic units and facies changes is discussed.
PLEISTOZANE UND REZENTE MOLLUSKEN VON SAN ANDRÉS (KARIBISCHES MEER, KOLUMBIEN) MIT BEMERKUNGEN ZUR GEOLOGISCHEN ENTWICKLUNG DER INSEL
Authors: Geister Jörn
Published: October 2017

Investigations in the Pleistocene and Recent reef complexes of San Andres Island yielded a collection of 38 Pleistocene and 121 Recent species of marine mollusks. Recent species collected show an ecological distribution according to the following major biotopes: rocky shore, coral, sand, mangrove, rocky flats, and deep water, each environment being populated by certain key species. Collecting in the Pleistocene was restricted to outcrops of fossil rocky shore, coral and sand environments, others being covered by vegetation or absent. This fact and the lack of very shallow water mollusks may explain the apparent poverty of the Pleistocene fauna. Quantitative collections in Pleistocene and Recent lagoonal environments show strongly divergent faunal spectra as might be expected for different water depths. The Pleistocene lagoon depth at collecting locality, as tentatively inferred from mollusk spectra, indicates a position of former sea level 6,5-8 m higher than the present one. This is in agreement with morphological and other evidence.
ESTUDIOS BACTERIOLÓGICOS EN LA CIÉNAGA GRANDE DE SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Jeske Renate
Published: October 2017

Among the aquatic bacteria of the Ciénaga Grande halophilic forms predominate in the salinity range of brackish* water. Their number further rises while the salinity decreases during the rainy season. Only at salinities below 10 %o, however, the fresh water bacteria increase. They reach a temporary maximum at about 3 %o salinity. At the same time the halophilic flora decreases. Using the intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli as indicator, a certain degree of pollution can be detected near the fishing-villages, rarely in the rest of the lagoon. 100 oysters (Crassostrea rhizoforae) were examined for Salmonellas and gave negative results. 4 out of 6 water samples collected between the lakedwellings of Bocas de Aracataca contained Salmonellas. The present degree of pollution of the Ciénaga Grande is not alarming with respect to oyster fishery.
CALOMICROLAIMUS RUGATUS N.GEN., N. SP. (DESMODORIDAE, NEMATODA) FROM A SANDY BEACH IN COLOMBIA
Authors: Lorenzen Sievert
Published: October 2017

Calomicrolaimus rugatus gen., n., sp. n. (Microlaiminae, Desmodoridae) from a sandy beach of the Atlantic coast of Colombia is described. The new genus possesses three outstanding features: The male amphids are smaller than the female ones and have a rodlike corpus gelatum; the males have conspicuous cervical setae, and they have special ventral thickenings of the body annules in the preanal region.
EINIGE ERGEBNISSE AUS FELDBEOBACHTUNGEN AN PHYLLOBATES PALMATUS (AMPHIBIA: RANIDAE) IN KOLUMBIEN
Authors: Lüddecke Horst
Published: October 2017

Se presentan datos sobre el comportamiento y la ecología de Phyllobates plamatus, una rana, la cual hasta el momento solamente ha sido encontrada en Colombia. la especie vive exclusivamente cerca del agua. Con frecuencia forma agrupaciones de muchos individuos en un área bien definida. Dentro de este viven en su mayoría en territorios individuales. Los machos prefieren puntos elevados de su territorio como lugar para sus cantos. Se observaron tres tipos de campos: El primer tipo parece tener la función de un canto de apareamiento; el segundo está, probablemente, relacionado con la defensa del territorio y el tercer tipo de canto se observa solamente inmediatamente ante la introducción a la postura de los huevos. A menudo se observan cantos alternos entre dos machos vecinos. Tanto la temperatura como la intensidad de la luz influyen el canto, determinando así la duración, el comienzo y el final del mismo. De acuerdo con la permanente actividad de cantar, todo el año pueden encontrarse parejas en apareamiento.
ÜBER EIN HOLOZÄNES KORALLEN- UND MANGROVENVORKOMMEN NAHE SANTA MARTA, KOLUMBIEN
Authors: Von Erffa Axel Freiherr , Geister Jörn
Published: October 2017

In November 1969 high swell from a hurricane in the northwestern Caribbean Sea caused temporary beach erosion at the "Punta La Loma", a sandy spit situated in front of the airport of Santa Marta. The erosion revealed the substrate of the spit which is formed of granodiorite incrusted by reef corals and covered with cemented sand, in which numerous remains of lithiied roots have been found. All the corals belong to species presently known from the Recent fauna of the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Based on their internal structure the lithiied roots have been attributed to mangroves. The fossil deposits are situated up to 1 m above low tide level. Their age has been estimated as Holocene. This is supported by the obvious lack of recrystallization of the corals. The considerable uplift of the Sierra Nevada that occurred during Pleistocene time, too suggests a very young i. e. Holocene age of the fossils
RODOFICEAS NUEVAS PARA LA COSTA ATLANTICA DE COLOMBIA
Authors: Schnetter Reinhard , Bula Meyer Germán
Published: October 2017

Eight species of Rhodophyceae hitherto not found on the Caribbean coast of Colombia are reported: Ochtodes secundiramea, Champia salicornioides, Dohrniella antillarum, Wrangelia penicillata, Acrosorium uncinatum, Hypoglossum temiifolium, Martensia pavonia and Polysiphonia denudata.
CONTRIBUCION AL CONOCIMIENTO DE LAS ACTINIAS EN LA REGION DE SANTA MARTA
Authors: Manjarrés Gustavo A.
Published: October 2017

Ten species of Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria belonging to nine families, were found in the Santa Marta area and its sorroundings. The spccies were found in depths ranging from 1.0 to 2 5 m distributed in diferent biotopes.
DISTRIBUCION Y ECOLOGIA DE LOS MAJIDAE (Crustacea: Brachyura) EN LA REGION DE SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Vélez F. Margarita María
Published: October 2017

This study gives a brief account of the species of Majidae that are found in the region of Santa Marta. Twenty-eight species were collected, some of them very common on the shallow coast biotops.Keys, descriptions and illustrations are given to identify the various species. General observations on the ecology and biology of the species found in the region are also provided.
ASPECTOS ETOLOGICOS Y ECOLOGICOS DE CAMARONES LIMPIADORES DE PECES (Natantia: Palaemonidae, Hippolytidae, Stenopodidae).
Authors: Críales María Mercedes , Corredor Lilliane
Published: October 2017

"Ethological and Ecological Aspects of Fish Cleaner Shrimp (Natantia: Palaemonidae, Hippolytidae, Stenopodidae)". Field observations by means of diurnal and nocturnal SCUBA diving, were made on the ethology of the fish cleaner shrimp of Santa Marta Bay (Colombia) and Young Island Channel (Saint Vincent Island, W. I.), from January to September 1976. Detailed notes on the cleaning behavior of two diurnal shrimp species and of three nocturnal ones were recorded, along with data on the frequency of cleaning particular fish species. The diurnal shrimp showed a preference in cleaning the mouth and gills of their hosts. The nocturnal ones showed a preference towards the external surfaces. The different poses assumed by the fish during day and night, suggest that these can differentiate the tactile stimuli of nocturnal and diurnal cleaners. In addition, some ecological notes on these shrimp and on other species considered as possible cleaners, were made.
PYLOPAGURUS SAMARIENSIS SP. NOV. (Crustacea, Anomura, Paguridea) DE LA COSTA DEL CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Sánchez M. Hernando
Published: October 2017

A new species of hermit crab, Pylopagurus samariensis is described. It is found in shallow waters of the rocky littoral zone in areas nearby Santa Marta, Colombia. Also presented here are morphological comparisons P. operculatus Stimpson and P. holthuisi Provenzano, in view of their similarity to this new species.
RODOFICEAS NUEVAS PARA LA COSTA ATLANTICA DE COLOMBIA
Authors: Schnetter Reinhard , Bula Meyer Germán
Published: October 2017

Four species of Rhodophyceae hitherto not found on the Caribbean coast of Colombia are reported: Pseudogloiophloea halliae, Cbampia feldmannii, Ceramiella atlantica and Ceramiella huysmansii.
LISTA PRELIMINAR DE LOS CARACOLES TERRESTRES DE LA REGION SEPTENTRIONAL DE COLOMBIA
Authors: Gótting Klaus Jürgen
Published: October 2017

Fifteen species of terrestrial gastropods from the northern of Colombia, S. A., are described. Two species living in the mountain area of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta ara prosobranchs, the others pulmonates. Some of these represent species wich are rarely found till now. Short descriptions and illustrations of all mentioned snails are given.
NUEVOS ENCUENTROS DE ACTINIAS (HEXACORALLIA) EN LA REGION DE SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Manjarrés Gustavo A.
Published: October 2017

Four species of Actiniaria are described, their distribution and some ecological notes are given. All occur tipically on coral formations and rocky shores.
HIDROIDES DE TRES ESTEROS ADYACENTES A MAZATLAN, COSTA NOROESTE DE MEXICO
Authors: Alvarez León Ricardo , Wedler Eberhard
Published: October 2017

This is the first report of seven hydroid species: Corydendrium parasitum, Bougainvillia crassa(})t Eudendrium carneum, Eudendrium ramosum(7)> Halecium muricatum, Clytia striata and Halopteris constricta(t) from the system of esteros adjacent to Mazatlán.
THE PORCELLANID CRABS OF THE ISLA GORGONA, PACIFIC COAST OF COLOMBIA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF CLASTOTOECHUS GORGONENSIS SP. NOV. (CRUSTACEA: ANOMURA)
Authors: Werding Bernd , Haig Janet
Published: October 2017

A collection of porcellanid crabs was made on the Isla Gorgona, Colombia, during a one week period, sampling as completely as possible a number of different biotopes. The majority of the 16 species in six genera that were collected occurred in the formations of pocilloporid corals and between stones in the sublittoral zone.Clastotoechus gorgonensis sp. nov. lives in the burrows of the sea urchin Echinometra vanbrunti A. Agassiz in the intertidal zone. Seven species are new additions to the porcellanid fauna of Gorgona and two of them are new records for Colombia. A total of 18 species are now known to occur on Isla Gorgona.
CORAL REEFS OF GORGONA ISLAND, COLOMBIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CORALLIVORES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND REEF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Glynn Peter W. , Von Prahl Henry , Guhl Felipe
Published: October 2017

This study offers an overview of the distribution and structure of coral reefs and coral communities at Gorgona Island, off the Pacific coast of Colombia. Biotic interactions, mainly the effects of corallivores, are examined and compared with coral communities elsewhere in the eastern Pacific in order to provide a basis for understanding regional differences in community structure. Located at the south end of the Panamá Bight and ca. 30 km offshore, Gorgona is largely removed from the influence of upwelling and freshwater dilution. The key corallivore Acanthaster, which is widely distributed in the tropical eastern Pacific, is absent from Gorgona, probably a result of unfavorable physical conditions (low temperatures and low salinites) for larval development in the Panamá Bight area. True fringing coral reefs are present at Gorgona and are best developed on the eastern or leeward side, but they also occur in one area on the western and exposed side of the island. The La Azufrada reef, the largest of the fringing reefs, was about 1 km long and 150 m wide, had a minimum thickness of 8 m and supported live corals to a depth of 15 m. Pocilloporid corals predominated on the reef crest and upper to mid forereef slope, and massive and small species increased in relative abundance in the deep forereef and sand plain zones. A corallivorous pufferfish and ovulid gastropod were abundant, but other known corallivores (e. g., Acanthaster, hermit crabs and Eucidaris) were either absent, uncommon or not feeding on live coral. Damage inflicted on live massive colonies by a damselfish, in order to "farm" algae, could play an important role in altering the relative abundances of corals in shallow reef zones. A comparison of coral reefs at Gorgona and Panamá, in areas with and without Acanthaster, show that nonpocilloporid corals, which are preferred prey items, have a higher relative abundance on reefs where the predatory sea star is absent.
A SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL DATA FROM THE BAY OF SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN
Authors: Salzwedel Horst , Müller Klaus
Published: October 2017

Data on rainfall, water surface temperature and salinity from the Bay of Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean, are presented for the period November 1978 tó May 1982. Including data already published (Müller, 1979) generalizations of the anual patterns are obtained. Additional measurements of the variation of water temperature and salinity in the course of one day, preliminary values of light quanta, together with available data on oxygen content and saturation, pH, alcalinity, stability, wind direction and velocity, hours of sunshine, air temperature, and water discharge of the river Manzanares permitted a quantitative characterization of the dry and rainy season which can be observed in the area of investigation.
NUEVOS REGISTROS DE PECES ARRECIFALES PARA EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Garzón F. Jaime , Acero P. Arturo
Published: October 2017

20 species of reef fishes collected in coastal waters of the Colombian Caribbean are described, 19 of which are reported for the first time for this region. Biological and ecological information on these species is given as well.
THE LITTLE BIVALVE Planktomya UNMASKED
Authors: Moore Donald R.
Published: October 2017

The enigmatic bivalve Planktomya henseni has masqueraded as a holoplanktonic animal for nearly a century. Allen and Scheltema (1972) showed that all the evidence pointed to a benthic clam with an unusually long planktonic larval stage. This benthic clam has finally been found in the tropical western Atlantic, and appears to be a member of the Family Sportellidae. Comparison with fossil species in this family shows a trend toward a large prodissoconch and apparently a long planktonic larval stage
PORCELANIDOS (CRUSTACEA: ANOMURA: PORCELLANIDAE) DE LA ISLA DE PROVIDENCIA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Werding Bernd
Published: October 2017

Thirteen species of porcelain crabs are reported from Isla de Providencia (Old Providence Island), including eight new records from the island. Petrolisthes dissimulatus Gore, 1983 is reported for the first time after the original description, extending its known range to the western part of the Caribbean.
INDUCCION DEL DESOVE, DESARROLLO EMBRIONARIO Y LARVAL DE Chaetodipterusfaber (BROUSSONET) (PISCES, EPHIPPIDAE) EN LA ISLA MARGARITA, VENEZUELA
Authors: Gómez Gaspar Alfredo
Published: October 2017

The paguara Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782) is a species of economic importance in the South Caribbean. Juveniles were collected near sandy beaches of Margarita Island (Venezuela) and maintained in pompano cage cultures until they reached maturation of their gonads. Adults were selected and spawning was induced by means of gonadotropin hormones. The eggs of Chaetodipterus faber are spherical, transparent and bouyant, with a diameter of 0.9 - 1.1 mm and a single globule oil of 0.25 - 0.35 mm diameter. Hatching of C. faber eggs took place within 26 h at temperatures of 24.5 - 28.5°C (31-32 h at 20-23.5°C) and salinities between 37.5 - 38.5°/oo. Newly hatched larvae vary in length from 1.9 to 2.1 mm and have a yolk sac of 1.1. - 1.3 mm in total length which is deploted after two or three days. The larval phase was completed 25 days after hatching. Juveniles 45 days old have 17.17 ± 1.75 mm in total length and weigh 0.21 + 0.07 g. Development of eggs and larvae are described.
ICHTHYOTOXIC, CYTOTOXIC AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME SPONGES OF THE COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN
Authors: Zea Sven , Medina Alvaro , Duque Carmenza
Published: October 2017

The icthyotoxic, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of aqueous, ethanol and chloroform extracts of 11 sponges from the Santa Marta region, Colombian Caribbean, were assayed. All studied sponges showed antimicrobial activity; 6 were ichthyotoxic and 7 were cytotoxic. Ircinia campana, Verongula rígida, Agelas conifera and Didiscus oxeata, were found to have activity in all three kinds of tests.
HABITOS ALIMENTARIOS DE LOS PECES DEL GENERO Haemulon (PISCES: HAEMULIDAE) DE LOS ARRECIFES DE LA REGION DE SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Estrada R. Martha
Published: October 2017

The feeding habits of species of the genus Haemulon vary along their life cycle, therefore juveniles of H. aurolineatum, H. chrysargyreum, H. melanurun and H. striatum less than 80 mm total length are planctophagus and feed during light hours (except H. chrysargyreum which feeds at night). Juveniles of H. flavolineatum feed on planctonic and benthic invertebrates. In adults feeding changes to a diet of benthic organisms, more frequently decapod crustaceans, molluscs and polychaete worms in species such as H. aurolineatum, H. carbonarium, H. flavolineatum, H. melanurum, H. macrostomum, H. parrai, H. plumieri and H. sciurus. The change from planctonic to benthic feeding is slow and occurs in intermediate size fishes between juvenile and adult stages as it could be proved in H. aurolineatum and H. plumieri with sizes between 60-100 mm total length which diet was made of planctonic and benthic organisms. H. chrysargyreum, H. steindachneri, and H. striatum show mixed diets made of planctonic and benthic organisms. All species (excepts H. chrysargyreum) when adult feed at night. This has probably induced them to acquire behavior and coloration patterns different to those shown during daylight hours.
CARACTERISTICAS HIDROQUIMICAS Y COMPOSICION QUIMICA DE LOS SEDIMENTOS DE LA BAHIA DE NENGUANGE, CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Ramírez T. Gustavo
Published: October 2017

Hydrochemical characteristics of the surface water and several chemical compounds of the sediment in Nenguange Bay were analized in 1982-1983. Seasonal variation of the hydrochemical parameters in three zones of the bay leads to consider two periods in the annual cycle. In the dry season (December to April) temperatures are lower (< 25°C) and salinities are higher (> 37.3 °/oo), which suggests a coastal upwelling phenomenon. During the rainy season, (May to November) the data show different conditions of temperature ( > 29°C) and salinity (<35°/oo), as a reflection of the arrival of continental freshwater; such process seems to make an equal or higher contribution than the upwelling to the inorganic nutrientes of the bay. The coastal lagoon in the southeast side is unstable and shows a wide range of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxigen. Finally, the distribution of organic materials in the sediments from southeast zone of the bay is analyzed.
OBSERVACIONES SOBRE LA ANIDACION DE TORTUGAS MARINAS EN LOS ROQUES (VENEZUELA) Y EVALUACION DE MEDIDAS PARA SU PROTECCION
Authors: Buitrago B. Joaquín
Published: October 2017

The nesting beaches and seasons of three species of marine turtles Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta y Eretmochelys imbricata at Los Roques (Venezuela) were studied. E. imbricata was the most common, while C. mydas and C. caretta were rare. The data about the position of the nest on the beach, clutch size and hatching rate were examined. Five methods for the protection of nests against egg collectors were used camouflage, incubation in boxes from three different development times, and moving the eggs to a protected beach. The hatching success and mortality causes in each method are evaluated, finding that it is possible to move the eggs after 35 days of incubation with good hatching rates. The possibilities of these methods for turtle conservation programs at Los Roques and the Caribbean in general are discused.
DETERMINACION DE METALES PESADOS EN Isognomon bicolor EN LA BAHIA DE SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Campos Néstor Hernando
Published: October 2017

In order to determine the concentrations of cadmium, copper and lead, four collections of the bivalve Isognomon bicolor were made in two stations in the Bahía de Santa Marta between May 1982 and March 1985. Wide variations in the concentrations both temporally and spatially were observed.
LOS PECES GOBIIDAE DE LOS ARRECIFES DEL CARIBE COLOMBIANO. III. EL GENERO Coryphopterus
Authors: Garzón Ferreira Jaime , Acero P. Arturo
Published: October 2017

Descriptive and ecological information on nine species of the gobiid fish genus Coryphopterus, collected mainly in coral reefs of the Colombian Caribbean (including Islade Providencia), is presented; a key for species identification is also included. The most common species in the samples was C. personatus (67%), followed by C. eidolon (52%), C. dicrus (27%), C. glaucofraenum {27%), C. thrix (19%), C. tortugae (10%), C. lipernes (9%), C. hyalinus (4%) and C. alfaides (3%); important differences in their regional ocurrence and abundance were detected. Colombian continental Caribbean populations tend to be more pigmented than those of northern regions of the tropical western Atlantic, probably because southern Caribbean reefs have terrigenous dark sediments. Preliminary data about the feeding habits of eight species suggest that the genus is omnivorous, eating important amounts of detritus and a variety of microinvertebrates; some species also ingest algae.
PRODUCTIVIDAD PRIMARIA EN LA CIENAGA GRANDE DE SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Hernández J. Carlos A. , Gocke Klaus
Published: October 2017

Between January 1987 and January 1988 the primary productivity and related parameters were studied in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta. The Ciénaga is a coastal lagoon with an area of 423 km'2 and mean depth of 1.6 m, which is located at the Caribbean coast of Colombia. The salinity fluctuates seasonally within a wide range. The system is characterized by a high concentration of seston and a great primary productivity. The concentration of chlorophyll " a " ranged from 5.6to 181 ug Ii , the mean value was 59 ug I i . The concentration of proteins was within the extremes of 0.9 and 9.5 mg I"i f the mean value was 4.2 mg I ] . The gross primary productivity in the central part of the Ciénaga amounted to 1690 g C m*2 per year. Considering the temporal fluctuation in the whole system the lowest and highest values were 1.40 and 16.3 g C rrr2 per day. Highest productivity values were encountered when the salinity was low. The primary productivity is controlled by water turbidity and availability of nutrients, thus, seasonal continental waters. The photosynthetic laver ¡s restricted to less than 1.5 m due to the high particle concentration. The mean N: P relation was 4:1 which indicates that the nitrogen compounds are the limiting nutrientes. The high primary productivity sustains an important local fishery. The coastal area in the vicinity of the Ciénaga Grande is benefitted by the export of particulated and dissolved organic matter produced in excess within the coastal lagoon.
SISTEMATICA, BIOLOGIA Y ECOLOGIA DEL TITI Sicydium antillarum Grant (PISCES: GOBIIDAE) EN LA REGION DE SANTAMARTA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Silva Melo Lucio , Acero P. Arturo
Published: October 2017

Sicydiumantillarum Grant isan abundant gobiid fish in the streams which runfrom theSierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) to the sea. The population living in the Quebrada Valencia was studied from February 1987 to January 1988; postlarvae were observed and collected at the mouths of the Manzanares and Gaira rivers. Morphological, meristic and morphometric data of the species are presented; the population spawned between May and December, with peaks in June and October. Sex ratios between January and March were around 1:1; males defend a territory from April to December and are more difficult to capture (mainly in September and October, when the ratios are about nine females per male). The highest number of eggs (91,067) was found in a female 109 mm in length. Twenty-five per cent of the specimens reached maturity between 60.0 and 64.9 mm. The equation relating length (mm) and weigth (gr) is: Weigth = 1.0309x10~6 xtotal length 3*5232 . Condition factor reached a low value in November, that is after the highest spawning peak of the rainy season. The stomach contents studied were composed of algae and bacteria; all the specimens collected at 15:00 had a full stomach, which indicates that the species is diurnal. Postlarvae were detected monthly from August to December, always related to the waning moon. Adults and postlarvae are very hardy and live well in laboratory conditions.
DESARROLLO EMBRIONARIO DEL CALAMAR TROPICAL SEPIOTEUTHIS SEPIOIDEA (BLAINVILLE) (CEPHALOPODA: LOLIGINIDAE
Authors: Fagundez Sylvia , Ramírez Raúl , Robalna Germán
Published: October 2017

A description of the main characteristic stages and processes of embrionic development of Sepioteuthis sepioidea egg clusters collected in their natural enviroment is presented. Eggs were incubated in laboratory conditions (salinity 35 o/oo, temperature 25QC, photoperiod 12 hrs.). Embrionic development of this species is similar to that described for Loiigo pealei and Sepia officinaliswith an approximate duration of 40 days in laboratory. Blastulation and gastrulation processes of the species consumed 25 % of the total developing time (10 to 12 days) and organogenesis the last 75 % (28 to 30 days).
NOTAS SOBRE LAS COMUNIDADES DE PECES DEL NORTE DE ANTIOQUIA (COLOMBIA)
Authors: Román Valencia César , Acero P. Arturo
Published: October 2017

Fish collections at northern Antioquia, including the Golfo de Urabá and the rivers León and Sucio, were made between September 1990 and January 1991. Seventy-one species were found at the marine and estuarine stations, mainly Arius sp. and Mollienesia cf. gilli; 45 species were collected in the two rivers, chiefly Astyanax ruberrimus, Creagrutus affinis, Gephyrocharax cf. sinuensis and Piabucina sp.
ADICIONES A LAS MACROALGAS DE LOS ARRECIFES CORALINOS DE LAS ISLAS DEL ROSARIO, CON NUEVOS REGISTROS PARA EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO Y EL ATLANTICO
Authors: Bula Meyer Germán , Díaz Pulido Guillermo , Celis Rincón Argemiro
Published: October 2017

Twenty macroalgal species are added to the flora of coral reefs of the Rosario Islands, Colombian Caribbean Sea. Four species of Chlorophyta, three species of Phaeophyta and thirteen of Rhodophyta. Among the mentioned species, the green algae Udotea caribaea Littler et Littler and Batophora oerstedii J. Agardh and the red algae Rhodogorgon ramosissima J. Norris et Bucher, Rhodogorgon carriebowensis J. Norris et Bucher, Hydrolithon borgesenii (Foslie) Foslie and Champia vieillardii Kützing, are reported for the first time for the Colombian Caribbean; and Lithophyllum brachiatum (Heydrich) Lemoine and Antithamnion percurrens Dawson for the Atlantic Ocean. Taxonomic changes are made in some species previously reported for the islands, and the probable place of origin and temporal presence of Sargassum fluitans Borgesen and Turbinaria turbinata (Linné) Kuntze are explained.