bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Death as Deterrent or Prosecutorial Tool? Examining the Impact of Louisiana’s Child Rape Law
Authors: West Angela D.
Published: January 2017

This project measures the impact of a 1995 amendment to Louisiana’s aggravated rape statute that allows juries to consider imposing the death penalty for convicted child rapists. Preamendment populations of cases from two large parishes (counties) were compared to postamendment populations of cases. In addition, 40 individual case files were randomly selected and reviewed. Variables measuring certainty, severity, and swiftness of punishment were compared. The only significant change was the reduction of trials, which may be linked to an increased propensity for plea agreements, dismissals, and charge reductions. In general, offenders initially charged with aggravated rape of a child seemed to benefit from the passage of this amendment, as did district attorneys’ offices. Unfortunately, the state of Louisiana does not seem to be benefiting from the increased deterrence and retribution that this amendment was touted to deliver.
Focus on Further Education
Authors: Martin Lindsay
Published: January 2017

A review of the impact of ERA on the government of collages
Under Fives
Authors: Locke Michael
Published: January 2017

A number of reports, but not much action
Focus on Further Education
Authors: Martin Lindsay
Published: January 2017

Potential for partnership or conflict?
From the Office
Authors: Hart John
Published: January 2017

Time-management Techniques for the Stressed Manager
Growth, Development, and Aging of Orofacial Tissues: Neural Aspects
Authors: Storey A.T. , Kenny D.J.
Published: January 2017

Neural factors influence post-natal growth, development, and aging throughout the body. This influence may be mediated through sensory or motor effects interacting with endocrine and immunological factors. Growth effects may be expressed directly by sensory or motor nerves on the tissue or indirectly by motor function. Direct neurotrophic effects have been well-documented in the development of striated muscle, the taste bud, and the amphibian limb. Evidence for a trigeminal neurotrophic effect on tooth development and facial development is lacking. Growth disturbances of the jaws consequent to lesioning of the trigeminal nerve are due most likely to functional disturbances rather than neurotrophism. Examples of function impact on orofacial growth are abundant. Oral and facial target tissues, like those elsewhere in the body, determine the nature of the target tissue innervation and its central organization. Central effects consequent to tooth loss or dental pulp entirpation are well-documented. Inflammation and pain may exert growth effects through release of "wound hormones" or secondarily to somatic and autonomic effects. There is evidence that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) elaborated from sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons may have a modulatory role in growth.

While the effects of longstanding motor pathologies on skeletal growth are well-known, concomitant sensory deficits and soft tissue disturbances have not been examined. However, the pathological models beg the question of normal regulation. While muscle develops in the absence of innervation, neurotrophic effects are clearly identified. Little is known about the interaction of simple and complex motor behavior on growth.

Regulation of growth is frequently visualized within a form-function paradigm. For example, anterior open bites have been seen as the consequence of tongue thrusting or tongue thrusting as a consequence of open bites. Low tonic forces in posture are thought to be more important in the development of both the face and the dental alveolar complex than the higher intermittent forces in mastication and swallowing. The need for an active (reflex) contribution to growth at the TMJ is in dispute. The specific chemical regulators of bone cartilage and soft tissue growth identified elsewhere in the body probably act in a similar fashion in orofacial development. The lack of chemical regulators common to both lists of growth factors and putative and demonstrated neural transmitters suggests that most post-natal growth regulation is secondary to function.

Short- and long-term strategies are offered to address questions suitable for immediate and future investigation.
Forty Years of Progress
Authors: Löe H.
Published: January 2017

The celebration of the 40th anniversary of the National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR) provides an opportunity for reviewing the growth of dental research over the decades. The Institute owes its origin to public and professional concern over the dental health of Americans and the prospect that a Federal investment in dental research could pay off. The early years of the Institute were devoted to studies of fluoride and dental caries, with notable achievements in clinical trials of water fluoridation and caries microbiology. During the 1960s came the discovery that the periodontal diseases, like dental caries, were bacterial infections that could be prevented. Basic and clinical research expanded, and the research manpower pool grew with the addition of microbiologists, immunologists, salivary gland investigators, and other basic biomedical and behavioral scientists. The Institute created special broad-based Dental Research Institutes and Centers to foster interdisciplinary research, and continued to expand its research base. A national survey undertaken by NIDR in the late 1970s showed major declines in caries prevalence in schoolchildren. Recent NIDR surveys of adults and older Americans as well as a second children's survey have demonstrated overall improvements in oral health and a continued decline in childhood caries. There remain serious oral health problems among older Americans and among individuals and groups susceptible to disease. NIDR will focus on these high-risk individuals in future research aimed at eliminating edentulousness. At the same time, the Institute will continue the cell and molecular biology studies in the area of development, oncology, bone research, and other basic and clinical fields that mark the emergence of dental research as a major force and contributor to biomedical advances today.
Advances in the Epidemiological Study of Oral-Facial Diseases
Authors: Burt B.A. , Albino J.E. , Carlos J.P. , Cohen L.K. , Dubner R. , Gershen J.A. , Greene J.C.
Published: January 2017

Both demographic patterns and disease distribution are changing rapidly in the United States. These developments have led to the recognition that the epidemiology of many conditions is poorly understood, and that other research has thus been hindered. Four areas of epidemiological study were chosen for detailed analysis of how new technology will affect the conduct of future research. These areas, selected because information about them will be increasingly needed in an aging society, were periodontitis, temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and other orofacial pain, salivary gland disturbances, and health services research. The potential effect of new technology was examined in the short, intermediate, and long term.

While the nature of epidemiological study is unlikely to change with the advent of new technology, the scope of potential studies will become broader. Advances in diagnostic techniques from elsewhere will permit far more precise diagnosis than is possible at present. Computer technology will permit an efficient system of epidemiological surveillance to provide current data on trends in tooth loss, caries, and periodontitis—data which will complement the results of national surveys. Analytical studies to produce hypotheses on the etiology of oral conditions, especially in such poorly-understood areas as chronic pain and TMD, will help direct clinical research in those areas.
Splice of Life: Toward Understanding Genetic Determinants of Oral Diseases
Authors: Slavkin H.C.
Published: January 2017

The introduction of recombinant DNA technology has led to a rapid advancement of our knowledge of genes and genomic structure. Such technology, applied to the human genome, has provided valuable information concerning the nature and possible treatment of inherited disorders throughout the human life span. A number of oral diseases can be attacked by use of molecular biological techniques in conjunction with genetic linkage analysis. It will be possible to identify carriers of inherited diseases, to utilize prenatal and antenatal diagnosis when appropriate, and to pursue studies on the mode of inheritance of specific oral diseases. Present and projected advances in this dimension of dental research provide the knowledge and strategies for approaching and solving a number of major problems as we continue to pave the way for improvements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of many oral and craniofacial diseases. This position paper examines a few of the promising areas and suggests future goals toward establishing a knowledge of the genetic determinants for oral diseases.
Practice Variation: Learned and Socio-Economic Factors
Authors: Maryniuk G.A.
Published: January 2017

Much variation exists in the practice of dentistry with regard to diagnosis of caries and recommendations for treatment. This is a particular problem with respect to the replacement of restorations, with responsible factors related to both the patient and the dentist. The aim of this paper is to look at factors, exclusive of clinical data, that may explain why there is so much variation in the practice of dentistry, and specifically pertaining to replacement of restorations. Due to the paucity of studies related specifically to dentists, findings from physician studies will be presented. No studies are available that compare variation in medical and dental practices, but since both professions deal with the provision of health care and function in similar circumstances, comparisons are arguably generalizable between the two groups. Development of clinical judgment will be explored based on dental training experiences, and two explanatory models of practice pattern variation will be discussed—the dentist as a self-fulfilling practitioner and the dentist as the patient's agent. Along with these models, the matter of uncertainty in clinical practice and the development of routines will also be discussed in light of explaining variations.
The Role of Extracellular Matrix in the Morphogenesis and Differentiation of Salivary Glands
Authors: Cutler L.S.
Published: January 2017

The processes of morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation are partially linked, independently regulated processes. The full expression of both processes is modulated or controlled, at least in part, by components of the extracellular matrix. This paper reviews the body of work that demonstrates a role for epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and various extracellular matrix molecules in the induction, control, and maintenance of salivary gland morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation. In addition, new, preliminary information which further elucidates the role of laminin and type IV collagen in the processes of morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation is presented.

With regard to the role of extracellular matrix molecules in the regulation of salivary gland morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation, it appears that types I, III, and IV collagen, laminin, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan play roles in the control of glandular morphogenesis. With the exception of type IV collagen, these molecules do not appear to be involved in the regulation of cytodifferentiation of salivary gland secretory cells. On the other hand, of the extracellular matrix molecules tested so far, only type IV collagen appears to play a role in the regulation of salivary gland secretory cell differentiation.
Cell-Surface Galactosyltransferase Acts as a Modulator of Rat and Human Acinar Cell Proliferation
Authors: Humphreys-Beher M.G. , Zelles T. , Maeda N. , Purushotham K.R. , Cassisi N. , Schneyer C.A.
Published: January 2017

Several physiological parameters were examined for inducing acinar cell proliferation and corresponding increased expression of β1-4 galactosyltransferase. In this study, dietary changes causing acinar cell proliferation included the following: the introduction of animals to a liquid diet (causing gland atrophy) followed by re-introduction of solid chow, gustatory stimulation provided by the introduction of 0.5% citric acid to animal drinking water, and removal of the submandibular gland with subsequent reliance on the parotid gland for saliva protein and fluid. Alterations in growth factor levels were produced by injecting animals with a chronic (three-day) regimen of either nerve growth factor (NGF) or epidermal growth factor (EGF). In all cases of acinar cell proliferation in vivo, generated by the above treatments, cell-surface galactosyltransferase was detected along with the unique expression of a 4.5-kb proliferation-associated mRNA. Parotid gland proliferation could be blocked in all cases by the injection of the galactosyltransferase specific modifier protein, a-lactalbumin. Propranolol, a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, blocked proliferation in all cases except EGF treatment. EGFinduced proliferation could, however, be prevented if the animals were treated with monoclonal antibody to EGF receptor or with the galactosyltransferase modifier a-lactalbumin.

As a comparison, human parotid tissue samples obtained from neoplastic pleomorphic adenomas, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and a bulimia patient were analyzed for galactosyltransferase expression by Northern blot of mRNA and plasma membrane isolation. Elevated levels of galactosyltransferase were found in all neoplastic tissue preparations as well as in the bulimia sample. Amylase synthesis was reduced in samples compared with surrounding normal tissue from the same patient. In vitro cell culturing of pleomorphic adenoma cells in the presence of galactosyltransferase modifier a-lactalbumin and substrate UDP-galactose inhibited proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion. Southern blot analysis of DNA from neoplastic parotid cells showed an alteration in chromosomal gene structure for the galactosyltransferase activator cDNA from the adenoid cystic carcinoma.

These results for induced acinar cell proliferation as well as human neoplastic pathologies suggest a direct role for cell surface β1-4 galactosyltransferase in signaling growth. Furthermore, the proliferation-associated activity of galactosyltransferase suggests that it may be considered as a new type of cell growth regulator.
The Epidemiology of Root Surface Caries: North American Studies
Authors: Beck J.D.
Published: January 2017

After some problems resulting from the lack of standardized methods in the conduct of root caries studies and the lack of standardized reports of findings are reviewed, the prevalence and incidence of root surface caries in North America are reviewed through a combination of epidemiologic studies and large clinical trials. As part of this review, the available evidence on the relationship between root caries and missing teeth is presented. These data lead to the conclusion that the prevalence and, to some extent, the incidence of root caries are underestimated in adults with missing teeth.

This review resulted in a number of observations regarding the status of root caries as an oral health problem. First, there is little evidence that would allow conclusions regarding the secular increase or decrease in the prevalence or incidence of root caries to be drawn. Other observations gleaned include the remarkably similar prevalence and incidence rates obtained from the studies reviewed, positive associations between root caries and age, negative associations between the prevalence and incidence of root caries and consumption of water containing fluoride, indications that root caries is a problem in adults with incidence rates that approach caries rates in children, and associations between the prevalence and incidence of root caries and a wide variety of oral, behavioral, and medical conditions. The final observation is the need for the acceptance of conventions for the definition of root caries as well as the reporting of findings in order for more firm conclusions to be drawn from future studies.
Temporomandibular Disorders: Assessment of Psychological Factors
Authors: Rugh J.D. , Woods B.J. , Dahlström L.
Published: January 2017

Factors such as psychological stress, anxiety, depression, oral habits, and chronic pain behaviors have been found in subgroups of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) patients. This paper reviews the current status of diagnostic methods and instruments designed to identify various psychological factors. The authors offer the following general conclusions: Although the DSM-III-R has significant limitations, it is currently the most common gold standard with which other psychological instruments are compared. There are several specific assessment instruments, such as the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, which have been found to have acceptable sensitivity and specificity scores. In addition, certain simple screening questions may be cost-effective for the identification of psychological factors. Because of studies indicating that the dentists' recognition of psychological factors is inaccurate, a brief screening questionnaire may be useful in TMD patients. The literature does not support the routine use of the MMPI. A major conclusion of this review is that there are several psychological instruments available which have demonstrated reasonable validity through a blind comparison with a gold standard. There is need for further development and testing of brief screening instruments using clinical decision methods.
Reliability and Validity of Imaging Diagnosis of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder
Authors: Westesson P.-L.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this article is to review reliability and validity of imaging diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders. Plain-film and tomography are basic imaging techniques for assessment of the temporomandibular joint. These can be used for evaluation of osseous disease and as a baseline for follow-up. In patients with symptoms from the joint, plain-film and tomography are rarely definitive, and evaluation of the soft tissues is frequently necessary. Arthrography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging have all been used for evaluation of the soft-tissue components of the joints. Accuracy studies of these techniques have demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy for magnetic resonance imaging. Arthrography is relatively insensitive for detection of medial and lateral displacements. Magnetic resonance imaging accurately depicts both hard and soft tissues, and this technique is emerging as the prime diagnostic imaging technique in patients presenting with clinical signs and symptoms of a disorder of the temporomandibular joint. The most frequent findings when patients with clinical symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders are "imaged" are different forms of disc displacement and degenerative joint disease. Studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of different forms of disc displacement in patients, although these abnormalities are also seen in some asymptomatic volunteers. Future research should further refine imaging techniques to come closer to an understanding of the association between morphologic alterations and patient symptoms.
The Strategy and Advantage in Use of an Electronic Probe for Attachment Measurement
Authors: Clark W.B. , Magnusson I. , Namgung Y.Y. , Yang M.C.K.
Published: January 2017

Attachment level has been used as the "gold standard" for assessment of the progression of periodontal disease. However, the measurement of attachment level by periodontal probing can be subject to a large number of error sources. Recently, we have designed experiments by using an electronic probe to identify the magnitude of error components due to the instrument, gingival tissue condition, position or probing angle, and time interval between replicate probings. Even with a very careful clinical setting, a few percent of uncontrollable large errors or outliers could not be avoided. A previously used 'option-3' probing scheme to reduce the unexpected large error is justified from the mathematical viewpoint.
Human Experimental Caries Models: Intra-Oral Environmental Variability
Authors: Fejerskov O. , Nyvad B. , Larsen M. Joost
Published: January 2017

In situ caries models serve purposes other than just being a simpler way to obtain data than running a clinical trial. However, variation in information obtained not only among individuals but also, in particular, depending on different locations of the models within the oral cavity have so far been given little attention. In the present review, the aim has been to characterize the different designs of in situ caries models and to describe some important factors which may vary within the oral cavity and thus influence the outcome of the way the different in situ models are used. Advantages and disadvantages of in vivo models vs. in situ models are discussed. In the latter case, the distinction is made between dental appliance models and so-called "single tooth" models. The review concludes that in situ models differ distinctly with regard to their "biological potential". Because of regional differences in salivary film velocity, pH, and composition of the microflora, results obtained by the various models are not likely to be immediately comparable. Moreover, local factors in relation to specimen environment, such as degree of "protection" and plaque thickness, may further add to the differences. It is suggested that these observations are important in considerations of the relevance of substituting clinical trials with in situ studies. Because of the pronounced intra-oral variation in certain parameters thought to be important for caries lesion development, we conclude that no in situ model can, by itself, fulfill the role as the "model of choice". Finally, although in situ models are useful adjuncts in attempts to estimate the relative effects of new anticaries methods or compounds on caries initiation, the selection of in situ study model design will strongly depend on the aim and purpose of the study.
Interactions of Fluoride and Non-Fluoride Agents with the Caries Process
Authors: Ingram G.S. , Edgar W.M.
Published: January 2017

Fundamental to the caries process and its inhibition is an understanding of the composition and structural relationships of dental mineral. These have received greater study in recent years, leading to a better understanding of the processes involved. Fluoride has been the most successful of the anti-caries agents to date, and many studies have concentrated on this ion. The anti-caries action of fluoride has been only partially explained by the early finding that fluoride-treated mineral was less soluble, and this criterion is now less widely accepted. The dissolutive process of caries is inhibited by fluoride, monofluorophosphate, trimetaphosphate, and zinc. However, only the first three of these show anti-caries activity. The presence of fluoride during in vivo and in vitro caries is conducive to the formation of an apparently intact surface zone. Current evidence is that this zone reforms during the caries process, thus acquiring fluoride and having larger crystallites compared with sound enamel. Trimetaphosphate also favors the formation of a surface zone. There is a clear beneficial involvement of fluoride, even at low levels, in the process of lesion remineralization. It is highly probable that this process results from re-growth of residual enamel crystallites rather than de novo precipitation of calcium phosphates. Levels of fluoride found in saliva can interact with dental mineral. Although zinc has been shown to adsorb upon apatite mineral and to restrict subsequent crystal growth, it does not appear to affect the action of fluoride, including remineralization, adversely. This may be due to the fact that the uptake of zinc is reversible.

It is unlikely that endothermic processes would lead to changes inhibiting caries. Calorimetric studies may provide information on physicochemical changes and interactions during caries and its prevention.
Systemic Fluorides
Authors: O'Mullane D.M.
Published: January 2017

Fluoridation of domestic water supplies has been shown to be effective in reducing the prevalence of dental caries in numerous studies conducted world-wide over the last 50 years. The most widely used systemic alternative to water fluoridation is salt fluoridation, which has been found to be effective against dental caries in programs conducted in Switzerland and Hungary. Currently, fluoridated salt is sold in eight countries. Studies conducted on fluoridated milk in Scotland, Hungary, and Bulgaria have shown it to be effective against dental caries, and a number of fluoridated milk programs are currently at the planning stage. The feasibility of using fluoridated sugar in communities where alternative preventive strategies are not feasible is currently being investigated.
Studies on Plaque Fluoride After Use of F-Containing Dentifrices
Authors: Duckworth R.M. , Jones Y. , Nicholson J. , Jacobson A.P.M. , Chestnutt I.G.
Published: January 2017

Increased fluoride levels in plaque and saliva have been associated with improved protection against dental caries for dentifrices which contained sodium monofluorophosphate (Duckworth et al., 1992). The main aim of the present work was to test whether oral fluoride retention depended on F source after use of dentifrices containing either NaF or Na2FPO 3. In study 1, plaque samples were collected from 474 subjects who had been using one of six test dentifrices for two years, and analyzed by F extraction with water. The dentifrices contained 1000 or 1500 μg F/g as either NaF or Na2FPO3. Significantly more fluoride was found in plaque from subjects who were using the NaF dentifrices than in plaque from subjects who were using Na2FPO3 dentifrices of the same F content. Subsets of plaque samples were large enough to divide into two parts for extraction by both acid and water. No significant difference was found between mean fluoride contents, indicating that the majority of fluoride retained in plaque from these conventional dentifrices appears to be relatively labile. The results of two small-scale human enamel studies showed that NaF dentifrices gave elevated F concentrations in plaque and saliva, respectively, compared with Na2FPO3 dentifrices of equivalent F content, consistent with the main plaque study 1. These findings demonstrate that oral F retention from dentifrices is dependent on the source of ionic fluoride and support the view that NaF dentifrices may be more clinically effective than dentifrices which contain the same amount of F as Na2FPO3.
Food Components and Caries
Authors: Bowen W.H.
Published: January 2017

For many decades, sugars have been the dietary constituents receiving the most attention in relation to their effects on dental caries. Frequently, however, there is little relationship between the amount of sugar in a food and its ability to induce caries. Therefore, it is clear that constituents in the diet can influence the ability of plaque to lower the pH of sugar solutions. For instance, replacing sugar in foods with xylitol, sorbitol, saccharin, oraspartamemay lead to areduction in the incidence of dental caries. All these sugar substitutes are non-cariogenic, and some may possess cariostatic properties. The presence of arginine-rich proteins in the diet may provide a ready source of this amino acid, which is the substrate for the arginine deiminase pathway which can result in a rapid elevation of plaque pH values. Proline can act as an acceptor for protons from lactate in the Stickland reaction. This is a major but much-neglected metabolic pathway in dental plaque. The presence of fat in experimental diets has been shown to affect their cariogenicity. The effects have been ascribed to enhanced clearance of sugars from the mouth. It is also conceivable that several fatty acids express a potent antibacterial effect. The presence of calcium and phosphorus has been shown to influence the cariogenicity of foods; the effect, however, is restricted to the food containing the minerals. Evidence suggests that pyridoxine (vitamin B6) may exert a cariostatic effect by enhancing decarboxylation activity in dental plaque. It is clear that sugar alone is not the sole determinant of whether food is cariogenic. Furthermore, myriad substances may hinder or enhance the caries-promoting properties of sugars in the diet.
Cariogenicity Tests
Authors: Imfeld T.
Published: January 2017

An American Dental Association Scientific Consensus Conference on Methods for the Assessment of the Cariogenic Potential (CP) of Foods was held in San Antonio, Texas, in 1985. The aim was to establish a scientific consensus regarding methods to assess the CP of foods. As a result, a sequential food-testing program was proposed involving Animal Caries, Human Plaque Acidity, and Demineralization/ Remineralization Models. Two categories of CP-namely, no CP and low CP-were included. The test protocol has hardly been followed since, primarily because the category of low CP was not considered useful in dietary counseling. It is advocated that research into possible caries-preventive factors of food will be more beneficial for improvements of the oral health of the general population than assessments of low CP.
Preventive Therapy for Periodontal Diseases
Authors: Johnson N.W. , Curtis M.A.
Published: January 2017

Rational approaches to the prevention of destructive periodontitis should be based on a clear understanding of etiology and pathogenesis. However, we are dealing with a heterogeneous family of diseases in which different factors operate. It is an oversimplification to regard poor oral hygiene, and hence an accumulation of non-specific dental bacterial plaque, as the major risk factor. Epidemiological evidence indicates that host factors are likely to be of overriding importance for the most severe forms. The limitations of non-specific plaque control are therefore discussed. Specific inhibitors of virulence factors provide a logical approach, but their clinical application awaits improved knowledge. Improvement of general health and resistance to disease by proper nutrition, the avoidance of intercurrent disease, and elimination of smoking and stress-induced risk are encouraged. The genetic basis of susceptibility to periodontitis is increasingly understood, and, while gene therapy is not likely to be a practicable approach to prevention, genetic markers of risk are emerging.
Exploring the Effects of Collaborations on Member Organizations: Washington Country’s Welfare-to-Work Partnership
Authors: Stone Melissa M.
Published: January 2017

Through a case study, this article explores the question of whether and how actions taken by a collaborative alliance influence the strategic behavior of its nonprofit members. The article then assesses how well the existing strategy formulation models accommodate an environment of collaborative alliances. The study finds that this and other local partnerships increased the complexity of the nonprofits’ decision-making environment; had amplifying and rippling effects on their strategic direction; and changed, to some degree, perceptions of managerial roles. Despite these effects, organization-level strategic planning did not take into account the actions and decisions of these partnerships. The article argues that traditional strategy formulation models often assume a more static and apolitical environment than is the case when collaborative alliances are a significant part of that environment.
Nonprofit and for-Profit Partnerships: Rationale and Challenges of Cross-Sector Contracting
Authors: O’Regan Katherine M. , Oster Sharon M.
Published: January 2017

Increasingly, nonprofit, for-profit, and public organizations have been cooperating in producing and distributing a wide range of goods and services. In many cases, the partnerships have arisen from the recognition that different activities are best suited to different governance structures. Yet, working through a cross-sectoral partnership can bring with it complicated managerial issues. This article explores partnering in two important sectors: higher education and welfare reform. In both areas, cooperation across the sectors is widespread and follows lines of comparative advantage. At the same time, there is ample evidence in our cases of classic transactions costs in implementing cross-sectoral partnerships. The article explores ways in which organizations deal with problems of opportunism and imperfect information in contracting across the sectors.
‘Chaos in France’: Fieldnotes from the French punk experience
Authors: Beauchez Jérôme
Published: January 2017

While punk and skinhead experiences in the English-speaking world have been widely documented, the same cannot be said for the French space where these subcultures nonetheless took root from the end of the 1970s onwards. This article paints the portraits of punks and skinheads who each embody, in their own way, a certain sense of ‘chaos in France’. In doing so, it opens up a research avenue that not only fills a gap in existing studies but also suggests a new way of examining the signification of subcultural resistance to dominant normativities. The article draws on observation and interviews, as well as auto-ethnographic material and critical analysis of text, music and film archives. This produces a variety of perspectives, which bring out subcultural dynamics in an analysis that is as closely focused as possible on the lives of those who embodied these dynamics to the bitter end, in all the contradictions of rebellion.
Advocating Abortion Rights in Northern Ireland
Authors: O’Rourke Catherine
Published: January 2017

It is frequently claimed that the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is more significant for the cultural, rather than legal, work that it does in reframing locally contested gender issues as the subject of international human rights. While this argument is well developed in respect of violence against women, CEDAW’s cultural traction is less clear in respect of women’s right to access safe and legal abortion. This article examines the request made jointly by Alliance for Choice, the Family Planning Association Northern Ireland and the Northern Ireland Women’s European Platform to the CEDAW Committee to request an inquiry under the CEDAW Optional Protocol into access to abortion in the jurisdiction. The study found that the CEDAW framework was useful in underpinning alliances between diverse pro-choice organizations but less effective in securing the support of ‘mainstream’ human rights organizations in the jurisdiction. The article argues that the local cultural possibilities of CEDAW must be understood as embedded within both the broader structural gendered limitations of international human rights law and persistent regressive gendered sub-themes within mainstream human rights advocacy.
Abortion Rights as Human Rights
Authors: Rebouché Rachel
Published: January 2017

This essay maps how human rights have helped advance abortion rights, and it explores the relationship between human rights discourses and abortion access in jurisdictions with under-resourced health systems. The first part describes the incorporation of abortion rights in international human rights documents and in the opinions and reports of human rights bodies. The second part discusses why courts increasingly cite human rights texts in national opinions, noting courts’ invocation of universal values, consensus on limited abortion permission, and state duties to protect women’s rights. The third part examines on-the-ground obstacles to implementing court judgments and national abortion laws. This essay argues that human rights reasoning, rooted in claims to universalism and modernity, may minimize the problems that follow legal change, particularly in places with weak health-care infrastructures. The conclusion considers public health law research that keeps in view the differences among countries’ health-care systems.
Beyond Down and Dirty: From Good to Great Sex
Authors: Daniels Brandy , Deifelt Wanda , Hunt Mary E. , Beattie Jung Patricia , Besa Panganiban Alicia , Williams Marcelle , Yugar Theresa A.
Published: January 2017

The AAR-SBL Women’s Caucus session on ‘Beyond Down and Dirty: From Good to Great Sex’ revisited the Good Sex: Feminist Perspectives from the World’s Religions project and book with the participation of two of its co-editors, Mary E. Hunt and Patricia Beattie Jung, and co-author and collaborator, Wanda Defeilt. Scholar colleagues, Brandy Daniels, Fitri Junoes, and Alicia Besa Panganiban, presented intriguing papers on feminist religious and ethical reflections on what constitutes great sex as they examined the issues discussed by feminist scholars and activist authors of Good Sex.

Moreover, the session was an exhilarating dialogue of international, interreligious, and intergenerational perspectives on what women think is great sex. It was an exciting starting ground for intergenerational discussion with senior scholars, associated with the Good Sex book, providing generous, constructive, and well-considered responses to the presentations of their colleagues. The diverse international audience of masters, doctoral and senior scholars – male and female – was included in the complex, fun, and challenging discussion of sex. Amidst various issues raised, there was a consensus that discussions on great sex must address issues of safety, justice, and pleasure. Overall the session was a success as the platform for the presentations modelled a feminist method that was intentionally designed to give more time for discussion, not only among panelists but also with the audience.
Book Review: In The Name of Honor
Authors: Nath Lopita
Published: January 2017

Mukhtar Mai and Marie Theresa Cuny, In The Name of Honor, translated by Linda Coverdale, Washington Square Press, New York, 2006. 171pp. ISBN: 1-4165-3228-5 (pbk)
Thailand’s Greater Mekong Sub Region: Role and Potential Linkages to Southwest China and Northeast India
Authors: Chirathivat Suthiphand
Published: January 2017

Recent development of the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) has encouraged Thailand to explore the importance and new opportunities of further trade and economic linkages with Southwest China and Northeast India. This development is made possible by the growing GMS economies and cooperation, in particular, trade and investment facilitation, and key transport corridors. In examining linkages with Southwest China and Northeast India, this paper argues that potential trade and investment opportunities for Thailand with these regions exist and need to be further explored.
Agricultural Trade Facilitation in Asia: Prioritising the Invisible Infrastructure
Authors: Kumar C Nalin
Published: January 2017

In the backdrop of the growing agricultural and food trade across Asia, this paper argues that the installed food safety and associated infrastructure could be seen as only necessary conditions whereas the sufficient conditions would be to make an enabling policy environment which would reduce the overall transaction costs of trade. Imports also assume equal importance and the arrival of duty-free raw materials for further processing and value addition enables more employment generation, higher income for stakeholders, and forward movement in the value chain. As tariffs do not account for a substantial influence on the course of trade and prices of many farm commodities, the attention has to turn towards the enabling policy regime specific to commodities and thereby the development of infrastructure which would encourage value addition and re-exports. Trade facilitation and infrastructure are often taken in the general sense at the policy level and only partly address the specific issues related to the reduction of risks and transaction costs in the context of agricultural trade, i.e. the invisible infrastructure such as easy documentation, customs procedures, regulatory regimes and mutual recognition. Different commodities have different requirements in terms of costs, time and reliability of logistics and trade facilitating policies are to be formulated taking into consideration a wider set of factors and indicators in the context of agricultural trade.

JEL Codes: F13, F14, F18, Q17, Q18.
Food Security in South Asia with Special Reference to India
Authors: Kalamkar Shrikant K.
Published: January 2017

The paper aims to study the extent of food insecurity in South Asian Countries (SAC) with special focus on India. Agriculture is the predominant sector of economies of all SAC and poverty and hunger are the most serious problems faced by this region. Agriculture is caught in a low equilibrium trap with low productivity of staples, supply shortfalls, high prices, low returns to farmers and area diversification, which result in a threat to food security. The growth of agricultural output has slowed down in most of these countries and in other countries where growth is still reasonably high, it is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain that. India has produced adequate food reflected in mounting buffer stocks, but there are millions of food insecure and undernourished people. The per capita availability of foodgrains has fallen substantially during the last decade of reforms. Besides this, decreasing per capita availability of arable land, climate change risks and natural resource degradation are compounding the challenge of meeting food demand. India needs an agricultural growth rate of 4.0 to 4.5 percent to reduce poverty and food insecurity significantly and needs to take necessary steps towards achieving food security.
Book Review: Fresh Food Retail Chains in India: Organisation and Impacts
Authors: Bathla Seema
Published: January 2017

Sukhpal Singh and Naresh Singla: Fresh Food Retail Chains in India: Organisation and Impacts, Allied, New Delhi, 2011
Growth Effects of Fiscal Policy of India States
Authors: Trivedi Pushpa , Rajmal
Published: January 2017

As witnessed in the recent past, lopsided regional development has become a threat to inter-state migration in India. This can also thwart the peace and security in the country. No wonder then that development has become an electoral agenda at the state level. The development deficit at the state level is being taken cognisance of not only by the academicians but by political leadership as well. In view of this, this paper examines the role of fiscal policy implemented by the states in reducing the regional disparities in the economic growth across states. We examine the growth effects of fiscal policy instruments of the major states of India during the period 1980-81 to 2006-07, using the panel data approach. The study finds that fiscal deficits of the states result in contraction of growth. As regards the impacts of the various items that constitute the fiscal deficit, viz., taxes, revenue expenditures and capital expenditures, the impact of each of these items on the growth of the states has been found to differ. Capital expenditures, particularly those on transport, communications and education are found to promote economic growth, albeit with a time lag. The study also raises concerns over the deterioration in the quality of fiscal deficit of states due to its adverse implications on economic growth. Based on the empirical results, we advocate increased capital expenditure at the state level as an integral part of the strategy for regionally-balanced growth. A positive externality of this strategy could also reduce expenditure on the internal aggression across the states of India.
AIDS-Related Stigma in Thailand
Authors: Hasan Md Kamrul
Published: January 2017

Since the emergence of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, a growing body of research literature documented HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination in Thailand and elsewhere. The purpose of this study was to better understand community attitudes towards persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) in the context of the decreasing rates of HIV/AIDS infection and the HIV/AIDS intervention programs in Thailand. This study applies focus group discussion method to investigate community attitudes towards the PLWHAs in a Northern Thai district. Research participants comprised both non-infected community people and HIV-positive people in the district which has a relatively high concentration of PLWHAs. The study indicates that despite remarkable positive changes in the community attitudes, stigma and discrimination were still persisting in different spheres of community life. It also indicates that PLWHAs also self-stigmatise themselves. Policy options for fighting AIDS-related stigma are discussed.
The Deteriorating Labour Market Conditions and Crime: An Analysis of Indian States during 2001-2008
Authors: Abraham Vinoj
Published: January 2017

Incidence of crime in India has been mounting at a fast pace, especially during the last decade. Moreover, crime on body seems to be increasing in comparison to crime on property. Economics and Sociology literature on crime attributes labour market as a transmitting institution for crime. This paper is an attempt to understand the issue of crime in India as a socio-economic problem with particular reference to the Indian labour market. I argue that the poor labour market conditions in the Indian economy that has been developing in the recent past may be a prime factor in explaining the spate of rise in crime rates recently. Panel data analysis of Indian states during the period 2001-2008 show that unemployment and wage inequality are key variables that explains the crime rate in India, especially crime on body. Education similarly seems to reduce property crime rate. Crime seems to be deterred by an efficient judicial delivery.
Civil Society Participation at CONFINTEA VI
Authors: Haddad Sérgio
Published: January 2017

This article analyzes the participation of civil society in the Sixth International Conference on Adult Education held in Belém do Pará, Brazil, 1–4 December 2009. As a foundation, the discussion first illuminates the important role that civil society in general plays in democratic issues and the relation between the state and society followed by a review of the Brazilian context and the historical background of civil society participation in the field of Youth and Adult Education (EJA). Discussed as well are the impacts upon Brazil of its participation in CONFINTEA V, in Hamburg, Germany in 1997 and, finally, the involvement of Brazilian and the entire international civil society in CONFINTEA VI.
The Role of Brushite and Octacalcium Phosphate in Apatite Formation
Authors: Johnsson Mats S.-A. , Nancollas George H.
Published: January 2017

Studies of apatite mineral formation are complicated by the possibility of forming several calcium phosphate phases. The least soluble, hydroxyapatite (HAP), is preferentially formed under neutral or basic conditions. In more acidic solutions phases such as dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (Brushite, DCPD) and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) are often found. Even under ideal HAP precipitation conditions the precipitates are generally nonstoichiometric, suggesting the formation of calcium-deficient apatites. Both DCPD and OCP havea been implicated as possible precursors to the formation of apatite. This may occur by the initial precipitation of DCPD and/or OCP followed by transformation to a more apatitic phase.

Although DCPD and OCP are often detected during in vitro crystallization, in vivo studies of bone formation rarely show the presence of these acidic calcium phosphate phases. In the latter case the situation is more complicated, since a large number of ions and molecules are present that can be incorporated into the crystal lattice or adsorbed at the crystallite surfaces. In biological apatite, DCPD and OCP are usually detected only during pathological calcification where the pH is often relatively low. In normal in vivo calcifications these phases have not been found, suggesting the involvement of other precursors or the formation of an initial amorphous calcium phosphate phase (ACP) followed by transformation to apatite.