bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sugarbeet Root Maggot Control, St. Thomas, North Dakota, 1973
Authors: Frye R. D. , Dregseth R. L.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were screened in randomized-complete block tests at 2 locations. The soil was mostly silty clay loam with a pH of approximately 7 and 5-8% organic matter. Plots consisted of six 100 ft rows, and were planted on May 4 and 11. Insecticides were applied to the 4 center rows at 3 mph. Treatments were made in the furrow, in 7 in . bands over the rows at planting, and in 7 in . bands over the rows at post (June 2 and 12) and late post (June 17 and 26) - fly emergence. Peak fly emergence occurred on June 13. All but the in furrow treatments were lightly incorporated into the soil with drag chains ( 1 3/4 in. links). Liquid materials were applied in 18 gals water/acre with 8002E nozzles at 40 psi. Weather conditions were generally favorable for good beet growth and insecticide application. Significant rain fell after the insecticides were applied. Data consisted of yields from 30 f t. from row 3 (from the left) in each plot at harvest. The data was transformed byX, and analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan's new multiple range test. The functional maggot infestation (based on the amount damage to beets) in the plots indicates that there were sufficient maggots to provide satisfactory data. Damage in untreated beets was light to moderate. The ave damage rating was 2.45 on a scale of 1 (no damage) to 5 (severe damage).
Tomato Pinworm and Leafminer Control on Tomato Seedlings, 1976
Authors: Schuster David J .
Published: March 2022

Five-day old seedlings were set January 3, 1976 into Speedling styrofoam trays (128 3.8 cm square inverted pyramid holes/tray), filled with a 1:1 peat moss and vermiculite (50% coarse and 50% fine) media mix. Individual trays were considered plots and arranged in four replications in a randomized complete block design in a greenhouse with open ends. Insecticides were applied January 27, February 2, 11, 18, 15, March 3 and 10. On March 12 the number of plants damaged by the tomato pinworm, the number of tomato pinworm larvae, the number of total and active (those with a living larva present) leafmines and the number of plants damaged by the insecticide sprays were counted on 50 plants/tray.
Cost/Benefits of Candidate Insecticides For Control of Potato Leafhopper and Alfalfa Blotch Leafminer, 1976
Authors: Gesell Stanley G.
Published: March 2022

Alfalfa was seeded June 12. Epfam was worked into the soil prior to seeding. Insecticidal sprays were applied to 8 × 25 feet plots in a randomized block with 3 replications. Sprays on the first crop were applied July 29 when leafhopper population averaged 0.9 and adult blotch leafminer numbers were 10 per sweep. The sprayer delivered 40 gal/A at 40 psi. Potato leafhopper counts and percent of leaflets infested with alfalfa blotch leafminers were recorded July 16. The crop was harvested July 20 with samples of each treatment sent to our forage analysis laboratory. The same plots were sprayed with the same insecticides, in the same manner on Aug 3 with the exception of the SD43775 dosage of 0.075 lb. This rate was reduced to 0.0187 lb. Potato leafhopper and alfalfa blotch leafminer i n festations were taken Aug 31 and the crop was harvested Sept 1.
Control of Root Maggots on Japanese Radish, in 1977 and 1978
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

Nerima radish was planted in 5- by 20-ft row beds with 22-inch interrow and 4 to 6-inch Interplant spacing on Jul 26, and Jul 27, at Yakima, WA. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. The at-planting granular treatments of Dasanit were applied and incorporated by using the “bow wavex#x201D; method whereby the opening and covering shoes of the seeder are used to distribute and incorporate the insecticide. These were followed by the 30-day postplanting (= 40-day preharvest) application of a band spray of the SC formulation applied in 3.5 gal water/1000 lineal ft of row to the soil surface through “TEEJET#x201D; 8005 even spray flat fan nozzles operated at 60 psi by air pressure. Both procedures deposited 6-inch wide bands of insecticide over the row. The efficacy of the treatments was determined by removing, washing, and examining the roots of 15 plants selected at random from each bed at harvest. The number of plants Injured and the degree of injury were noted and recorded.
Evaluation of Insecticides Used on Demand for Tomato Pinworm Control, 1979
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Plots were direct seeded Jan 10 in Rockdale soil and later thinned to 1 plant/ft. Each plot was a single row on 6-ft centers, 15-ft long. Normal cultural practices were followed using black plastic mulch and overhead irrigation. There were 4 replications/treatment in. a randomized complete block design. Some treatments were applied on a once weekly schedule while others were applied on demand based on tomato pinworm counts. These weekly counts were taken by counting the no. of pinworm mines on the 3 expanded top leaves of 10 plants/plot. If the mean no. of mines/plant was 1 or more for a particular treatment, the insecticide was applied that week. They were applied with a tractor mounted sprayer with 5 nozzles/row, 250 psi, and in 100 gal of water/acre. Mature green to ripe fruit was harvested Apr 27. The percent tomato pinworm damaged fruit was determined by examining 25 randomly selected fruit/plot. Duncan's multiple range test was used to separate treatment means.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Insect Pests of Tomatoes, 1979
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Plots were direct seeded Jan 10 in Rockdale soil and later thinned to 1 plant per foot. Each plot was a single row on 6-ft centers, 15-ft long. Normal cultural practices were followed using black plastic mulch and overhead irrigation. There were 4 replications/treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied weekly from Feb 1 to Apr 26 for a total of 13 applications. They were applied with a tractor mounted sprayer with 5 nozzles/row, 250 psi, and in 100 gal of water/acre. On Mar 12-13 the number of tomato pinworm larvae/leaf and the number of vegetable leafminer larvae/terminal trifoliate were counted on 10 randomly selected leaves (third fully expanded leaf from growing terminal) per plot. Mature green to ripe fruit were harvested Apr 27. The percent tomato pinworm and tomato fruitworm damaged fruit were determined by examining 25 randomly selected fruit/plot. The vegetable leafminer population was normal and the tomato pinworm population built to an unusually high level. Duncan's multiple range test was used to separate treatment means.
Preemergence Systemic Insecticides for Establishment of New Alfalfa Seedings, 1979
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

Furadan insecticide was applied as preplant incorporated soil applications to a new planting of alfalfa in spring seeding. These applications were made with both granular and liquid formulations to assess not only the insecficidal benefit of establishing new stands of alfalfa but the effect on stand, reduction of seeding rate, yield, and spectrum of insect control. At planting incorporated broadcast treatments were mode to the seed bed after Eptam and fertilizer were incorporated into the topsoil. Treatments were applied May 11’79 to plots 3 × 15 ft randomized in a complete block design with 3 replications. Granular applications were made with a hand held shaker can combining seed amount and insecticide with a small amount of sand added and thoroughly mixed to aid even distribution of mixture. Liquid Furadan 4F applications were sprayed on with a CO2 bottle sprayer at a volume of 30 GPA after seeding. All treatments were then raked lightly to incorporate seed and treatments into the well fitted soil. Three rates of alfalfa seeding (10, 15 and 20 lb) were used with Furadan 10G. Stand populations were sampled twice with post treatment insect samplings done at 75 days using 5-180° insect sweep net collections per plot. Yields were sampled at 75 days by taking square foot samples out of plot centers and weighing all the cut hay to determine green weights.
Alfalfa, Egyptian Alfalfa Weevil and Blue Alfalfa Aphid Control, 1978
Authors: Stern V. M. , Bowen W. R.
Published: March 2022

Experiment No. 1 (table 1) was conducted on variety Lahonton in the Antelope Valley near Lancaster, Calif. This southern desert valley has an elevation of ca. 2400 ft and winter temperatures may go below 15-20° F in Dec and Jan. Only dormant alfalfa varieties are grown there. There is essentially one weevil generation per year which is present on the first cutting. When necessary, a single chemical application eliminates the weevil problem for the season. The sprays were applied to 15 × 50 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates for treated and untreated plots. The alfalfa was ca. 8-10 inch tall when the materials were applied on April 3 with a back-pack CO2 pressurized sprayer using 30 psi and ca. 10 gal finished spray per acre. Sixteen single 180° samples were taken per replicate with a standard sweep net, 15 inch diameter hoop, 26 inch handle. During the test period the mean H-L temperatures were 65-37°F. All materials and dosages gave very effective control of the Egyptian alfalfa weevil which was mainly composed of 2-4 instar larvae. Untreated plots suffered severe damage.
Armyworm Control in “No Till” Corn, 1979
Authors: Hellman John L. , Curtis William , Venables Lee , Chaudhari Narendra
Published: March 2022

The test field was located in Howard County, Maryland. Corn was planted Apr 30 in 30 inch rows. At time of treatment, corn was 15 inch high and planted in a rye cover crop. Damage in test area ranged 50-60%. Treatment plots of 5 × 25 ft rows were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied June 6 when 80% of the armyworms were 4th and 5th instars. Post treatment counts were taken on June 8 from 20 random plant samples taken within the middle 2 rows. Sprays were applied with a “back-pack” hand held CO2 pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 36 gpa at 30 psi.
Fall Armyworm Control in Late Planted Field Corn, 1979
Authors: Hellman John L. , Curtis William , Hochmuth Bob , Chaudhari Narendra
Published: March 2022

Test was conducted in a production corn field near Quantico, Wicomico County, Maryland. Corn was planted June 29 and approximately 3 1/4 - 4 ft high at time of treatment on August 10. Treatment plots were four 15 ft rows arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Fall armyworm populations (1-4 worms/plant) and damage levels (90-100%) were high. Sprays were applied by a back-pack CO2 pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gpa at 30 psi. Post treatment counts were taken on August 14 and 17. Ten random plant samples were selected from the center 2 rows/plot and the number of live armyworms recorded.
In-Whorl Treatments for Fall Armyworm Control in Field Corn, 1979
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Pless C. D.
Published: March 2022

Field corn 'Pioneer 3147' was planted on June 8. Plots were 20 ft × 4 rows with 5—ft alleys between blocks, and rows were spaced 40 inches apart. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Corn was thinned to 30 plants/20 ft-row. On July 24, when 52% of the plants were infested, insecticide treatments were applied. Granular insecticides were applied into the whorls with shaker jars. Liquid formulations were sprayed with 2.5 gal compressed air sprayers at 40 gal/acre. Portable CO2 tanks supplied a constant sprayer tank pressure of 30 psi. Yields were measured on October 16.
Field Evaluation of Insecticide Seed Dressings on Corn for Control Of Corn Seedling-Maggot, Batangas, Philippines, 1979
Authors: Venugopal M. S. , Litsinger J. A. , Apostol R. F.
Published: March 2022

A trial on farmer's field in the village of Cale, Tanauan municipality, Batangas province, Philippines, evaluated 8 insecticides applied as seed dressings on corn for control of corn seedling maggot, Atherigona oryzae Malloch. Each insecticide was applied at 2 dosages, 5 and 10 g a i / k g seed, to replicated plots (25 sq.m) in a randomized complete block design. Seeds, including the untreated check, were placed in a plastic bag and 25% gum arable water solution was added and agitated until the seed surfaces were evenly coated. Insecticide was then added and agitated to uniform coverage. The field was sown by hand by placing seeds (2 seeds/hill, 60 cm between hills) in plow furrows 75 cm wide attaining 52,000 plants/ha (13 kg seeds/ha). Germination percentage was recorded on 7 days after crop emergence (DE) from whole plots. At weekly intervals from 7 and 28 DE, 10 plants were randomly chosen per plot to record percentage dead hearts (infested leaves). Plant height was measured from random plants on 30 DE. The soil was a clay loam alfisol with pH 6. Rainfall was 255, 24, 121, and 19 mm during the four weeks after crop emergence, respectively.
Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Control, 1978
Authors: Lentz Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Deltapine 16 was planted May 18'78 at the Ames Plantation, Grand Junction, T N. Plots 4 rows wide (38-inch) by 47 ft long were arranged in a modified randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. One application of Temik was sidedressed at 1.5 lb ai / acre on June 21 and 26 to reduce beneficial arthropods. Insecticides for Heliothis suppression were applied with a 4-row boom at the rate of 8.7 gal of mixture per acre, 3 mph, 40 psi, 2 × - 6 nozzles per row, with a CO2 pressurized system mounted on an IH 660 high clearance sprayer. Applications were made Aug 9, 14, 21, and 25'78. Square damage counts were made by randomly selecting 15 and 10 squares from the center 2 rows of each plot on Aug 16 and 23, respectively. The bollworm constituted 90+% of the population during the test. Populations were considered light to moderate, but typical of Tennessee Heliothis infestations. Yields were determined by machine picking the center 2 rows on Oct 6 and 30.
Control of Red-Necked Peanutworm in Nonirrigated Peanuts, 1979
Authors: Berberet Richard , Guilavogui Foday
Published: March 2022

Peanuts were planted on June 7 with 0.9 m row spacing in light, sandy soil. Insecticides were first applied on Aug 30 utilizing 2 flat spray nozzles over each row and a total volume of 190 l/ha. A second application was made on Sept 13. Treatments were replicated 3 times on 4 row × 25 m plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Thirty plant terminals were collected at random from the center 2 rows of each plot on each sampling date and examined for larvae of peanutworms. Counts were converted to larvae/m of row based on terminal bud counts made over the experimental area.
Fumigation Activity of Insecticides Applied as Granules Against Rice Planthoppers and Leafhoppers, 1978
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Valencia S. L.
Published: March 2022

Granular insecticides at the rate of 0.75 kg ai/ha were applied on the soil of 25 day-old rice plants growing in porcelain pots at the IRRI laboratory, Manila. Cylindrical mylar film cages containing an upper (fumigation chamber) and lower compartment (containing the treated plants) separated by a nylon screen were placed over the treated plants. Several untreated 10 day-old seedlings were placed in the top chamber to serve as a food source for the insects subjected to fumigation.
Minimum Effective Rates of Insecticides Applied as Foliar Sprays for Rice Planthopper and Leafhopper Control, 1978
Authors: Helnrichs E. A. , Valencia S. L.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied on 45 day-old plants at a rate of 200, 100, 50 and 25 g ai/ha at the IRRI laboratory in Manila. Four replications of 10 insects each were placed on the plants at 1, 7 and 14 days after treatment (DT). Mortality readings were taken at 48 hours after placing the hoppers on the treated plants. The study was conducted at a temperature of 27 t 1�C. Mortality values were adjusted using Abbott’s formula.
Sorghum Midge Control, 1979
Authors: Gardner Wayne A. , Duncan R. R. , Touchton J. T.
Published: March 2022

Two tests planted in Cecil loamy soil were utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of several materials in controlling the sorghum midge. Test 1 was planted on Jun 28’79 by conventional tillage methods with Funk’s G522DR. Test 2 was planted on Jul 27’79 by minimum tillage behind corn with Funk’s G399DR. All plots were 6.1m × 3 rows and separated by 1 untreated row or 1-m alleys. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Pretreatment numbers of adult midges were determined by careful inspection of 60-75 blooming heads randomly scattered over the treatment plots. Applications were made with a compressed-air sprayer calibrated to deliver 40 gal water/acre. Spray was directed to each side of the heads by walking along each side of a row. Two applications 3 days apart (Aug 24’79, Aug 27’79) were required in Test 1 due to numbers of adult midges on flowering heads (9.8/head and 2.8/head, respectively). One application on Oct 1’ 79 was required in Test 2 (0.7 midges/head). Ten days after application 10 heads were clipped and placed in bags for later counting of emerged midge adults. Twenty heads from each plot were rated for midge damage 3-4 weeks after treatment. Yield samples were obtained in Test 1; however, cool temperatures prevented grain maturation in Test 2.
Insecticide Effects on Silver Spotted Skipper in Soybeans, Delaware, 1979
Authors: Graustein Mark R. , Boys Frank
Published: March 2022

Soybean plots were established in a commercial field located near Bridgeville, Delaware. The unreplicated plots consisted of 3-80 ft rows. Broadcast spray treatments were applied on June 27, with a wheel barrow design, CO2 sprayer which delivered 28 gal per acre at 40 psi. Plot evaluations for control were made on July 6 by examining the plants along 8 ft of row in 3 locations per treatment.
Potato Leafhopper and Seedcorn Maggot Efficacy Trials, 1979
Authors: Pedigo L. , Buntin D. , Funderburk J. , Higgins R.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-four soybean plots (var. Elf) were established near Ames, Iowa. Each measured 40 ft by 4 rows (30-in centers) and was bordered by 2 rows. Five treatments (Table 1) and a check were arranged in a randomized completeblock design, with 4 blocks. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow at planting on May 23 with a 2-row John Deere 71 flex planter. Plants emerged on May 31. Stand counts were taken on June 14. Each plot was examined for phytotoxic symptoms and assigned a value from 0 (no symptoms) to 5 (severe curling and discoloration of leaves and growing tip). Seedcorn maggot damage was evaluated by counting the number of plants with snakeheads (maggot-eaten growing tip) and/or cotyledonary scarring in 4 1-m row sections/plot. Plots were sampled (10-sq ft/plot) for potato leafhopper nymphs and adults with a D-Vac vacuum insect net (1-sq ft sampling cone). Post-emergence samples (20, 30, 45, and 60 days post-emergence) were taken on July 19 (3-trifoliate stage), June 29 (5-trifoliate stage), July 13 (mid-bloom stage) and July 27 (beginning pod-fill stage), respectively. D-Vac sampling was supplemented with shake sampling, 2 samples of 2 adjacent 1 row-ft/plot, for nymphs at 45 and 60 days post-emergence. Total rainfall for June and July was 2.9 and 4.5 in, respectively. Plots were harvested Oct 25 and bean weight/10 row-ft determined.
Black Cutworm Control on Tobacco, 1979
Authors: Southern P. S.
Published: March 2022

An on-farm test was conducted in Beaufort County, North Carolina, to assess the effectiveness of insecticides against an infestation of the black cutworm. When the site was located, cutworm damage was already extensive. Larvae were cutting off individual leaves or the top portion of the rather woody plants. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 0.029 acres (89 ft × 4 rows) separated by vacant fifth rows and eleven-foot alleys. Treatments were applied between 6:00 and 8:00 p.m. Sprayable treatments were applied using a backpack sprayer equipped with three Teejet TG 3 nozzles. Seventy gallons per acre of mixture were applied at 60 psi. Baits were applied by hand in a band approximately 12 inches wide over the top of the row. Prior to treatment, stand counts were made and all severed plant parts removed. One night (14 hours) after treatment, a second stand count was made, the number of newly injured plants recorded (determined by the presence of severed leaves or plants) and all severed plant parts again removed. Four days after treatment, the number of plants newly injured during the period 14-84 hours after treatment was determined. Numbers of damaged plants for each post-treatment period were converted to a percentage of the stand count at the beginning of the period and subjected to an arcsine transformation. Each treatment was compared to the check and all other treatments using a two-way analysis of variance.
Control of Bagworms on Arborvitae, 1979
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Young Jerry
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were tested to control bagworms on arborvitae that were located at a trailer park in Stillwater, Oklahoma. The plants were from 5 to 6 ft high. Treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times. Plants were separated by sufficient distance to avoid drift. Treatments were sprayed until runoff with a John Bean 55 sprayer and a Spraying Systems Gun, Jet No. 43 which delivered 3.2 gal/ min. at 300 psi. The plants were treated Jun 26'79 when the temperature was 80°F and the wind velocity ranged 0-5 mph. A pretreatment count from 10 locations on each of the 24 plants showed an average of 10.2 larvae 3/8 to 1/2 inch in size per 18 inches of terminal branch. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each treatment at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after applications.
Azalea Phytotoxicity Test, 1979
Authors: Moore Robert E. B.
Published: March 2022

The phytotoxicity of three insecticides was evaluated on eleven varieties of azalea. The test plants were located at a commercial nursery in Suffield. In spring of 1978, the plants were taken from a propagation house and transplanted into a bark, peat, and sand mix in one-gallon containers. Plots consisted of 5 plants; each treatment was replicated four times. Granular aldicarb was applied to the soil surface and watered in on June 4 and 5, and the liquid formulations were applied with a 2-gal hand-held sprayer (30 psi). New shoot growth was evident in all plots at time of treatment, June 18.
Grasshopper Control, 1979
Authors: Peters Leroy L.
Published: March 2022

Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design in Clay County, Nebraska. Plots were 20 ft (6 m) wide and 100 ft (30.5 m) long, replicated three times. One end of each plot bordered a bromegrass pasture and the other end bordered a field of grain sorghum. Liquid insecticides were applied with a compressed air plot sprayer mounted on a tractor. Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8002 nozzle tips were used to apply approximately 17.7 gal (67 L) per acre on Jul 9'79. Sevin baits were hand cast throughout the designated plot area. Grasshopper populations were deter-mined by making two separate sweeps in each plot at each date of observation.
Chrysanthemum, Thrips, Mite, and Aphid Control, 1979
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

A series of twelve treatments was applied to a private planting of chrysanthemum of two varieties 'Mini Pink' and 'Buckeye' on July 3'79. The experiment utilized a random block design, replicated three times. Spray applications were made with a B & G stainless steel one gallon sprayer operating at 30 psi. The temperature was 82°F. On August 5th flower heads and foliage sample 6 inches long were removed, bagged, transported to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Seventy-two hours later the numbers of aphids, thrips, and mites were counted under a binocular microscope.
Space Fumigation Tests Against Selected Greenhouse Pests, 1979
Authors: Neal John W. , Pilitt Dana R. , Webb Ralph E. , Cawley Bryant M.
Published: March 2022

Technical materials formulated as aerosols, pesticidal dusts and an emulsifiable concentrate were tested as space fumigants against certain greenhouse pests on either host plants or insect rearing media by fumigation of 2400 sealed trailers in Baltimore, MD on July 24-27'79. Preweighed dusts were introduced from outside through the rear door; aerosols and EC were released by an applicator within the trailer. Dusts were formulated in HTS11 233. The DDT/carbaryl dust contained 42.5% active of each compound. All aerosols were formulated with propellent F12 with percent active ingredients actual. FMC 35171 formulation required 10% ethanol cosolvent. The EC formulation was ap-plied undiluted from a hand-held battery powered spinning disc atomizer (Micron West, Inc., Houston, TX). Doors were opened 10 minutes after pesticide release, and insects were removed after 30 minutes. Temperatures during the test period were 23 to 26° C.
Ovicidal Capacity of Various Chemicals for Control Of West Indian Sugarcane Root Borer on Dracaena Marginata,Plymouth, Fl., 1979
Authors: Herbaugh Larry L. , Masteller Ernest C.
Published: March 2022

A colony of adult Diaprepes abbreviatus was maintained in a twelve by ten by twenty-four-inch styrofoam cage. Twelve pair of threeinch Dracaena clippings were secured to the inside top of the cage to provide a place for the deposition of eggs.
Two-Spotted Spider Mite Control on Greenhouse Ornamentals, Georgia, 1978-79
Authors: Oetting Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

Acaracides were evaluated for efficacy in con-trolling two-spotted spider mites on impatiens. Ten different chemical treatments, including 6 different compounds, were tested. Test plants were maintained in 115 mm sq pots on raised greenhouse benches at the GA Exper Sta. Each treatment consisted of 1 plant, treatments were randomized, and were replicated 4 fimes on Dec 14'78 and 5 fimes on Aug 29'79. Foliar sprays were applied to the point of run-off utilizing a hand CO2 sprayer at 35 psi and an 8003 nozzle. Greenhouse temperatures at application time were 21 C on Dec 14 and 30 C on Aug 29. Mite counts were made before application and at 2 days and 7-day intervals following application by removing 2 mature leaves from each plant and counting the number of mites (adult and immatures) and eggs on the lower surface of each leaf.
Pyracantha, Hawthorn Lace Bug Control, 1979
Authors: Manuel Kenneth L. , Bedwell Norman J. , Williams Michael L.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-one 4-5 ft Pyracantha plants infested with hawthorn lace bug were selected for treatment. Plants are part of an ornamental planting along a campus sidewalk. The lace bug population consisted predominately of winged adults. Lace bug counts were made by striking limbs above a hand held 8 1/2 × 11 sheet of white paper attached to a clipboard. All live lace bugs landing on the paper were counted. Each test material was applied to 3 plants which were used as treatment replicates. A single foliar application of the test materials was made on Jun 15'79. Each plant was sprayed to runoff with compressed air sprayers. Control plants were sprayed with water. Counts were taken of live lace bugs 2, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Check counts were made on three control plants.
Taxus, Black Vine Weevil Control, Wooster ,Ohio, 1979
Authors: Dunlap M. J. , Nielsen D. G.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of insecticides for control of black vine weevil adults was evaluated by laboratory bioassay of foliar residues collected from the field at specified intervals after spraying. Finished sprays were applied to runoff with a CO2 com-pression sprayer operating at 40 psi with a TeeJet SS8004 flat fan nozzle on Sept 10'79 under sunny skies at 24-27° C with a slight breeze (6-10 kilometers/ hr). Small sections (0.5-1.0 m wide) of 3+ m tall taxus, growing in the Secrest Arboretum at the OARDC, were thoroughly sprayed with each candidate treat-ment. One day later, 3 10-15 cm twigs were clipped from each treatment section and placed in individual 9 × 16 cm cylindrical paper cartons fitted with a fine-mesh, cloth lid. Three cartons were used per treatment, ea. containing five ovipositing weevils; containers were held at ca. 22° C, 15 hr light/day, and ambient humidity. All weevils used in the bioassay were collected from beneath taxus plants at a location near downtown Wooster, and held in a rearing room with fresh taxus foliage at 22° C and 90% RH. Additional bioassays were conducted at intervals given in Table 1. Mortality was assessed 72 hr after caging weevils with treated foliage.
Control of Eriophyid Mites on Cottonwood With Foliar Sprays, 1979
Authors: Newsome L. , Solomon J. D.
Published: March 2022

Two rates of three insecticides�Sevin, Kelthane, and Dursban-were tested against mites in a cottonwood nursery at Stoneville, Mississippi. Trees were in their 1st growing season and 1.8 to 3.0 m (6-10 ft) tall. Spacing was 1.1 m (3-1/2 ft) between rows and 0.9 m (3 ft) between trees. Five mite-infested trees were selected at random for each treatment and untreated check. We made foliar applications using a 7.6-litre (2-gal) hand sprayer calibrated at 1.4 kg pressure/cm2 (20 lb/in2) to deliver 102.9 litre finished spray per hectare (11 gal/acre). To evaluate treatment effectiveness, we randomly sampled 2 or 3 leaves from the terminal 46 cm (18 in) of each tree 48 h after treat-ment. Sample leaves were placed in petri dishes, taken to the laboratory, and immediately examined under a binocular scope. AM dead and living mites on each leaf were counted.
Control of Sping Cankerworms on Black Jack Oak, 1979
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard
Published: March 2022

Spring cankerworm control was evaluated using seven insecticides in two separate tests between Apr 25 and May 5'79. Black Jack oaks 15 to 25 feet high were utilized and treatments were randomized and replicated three times. Sufficient distance was maintained between tests to avoid spray drift. Ail treatments were made with a John Bean 55 sprayer and a Spraying Systems Gun, Jet No. 43, which delivered 3.2 gal/min at 300 psi. Plants were sprayed until runoff. Temperature and wind velocity at time of treatments were 68°F, 9 mph and 72°F and 7 mph respectively for Test 1 and 2. Pretreatment and posttreatment counts were determined by counting larvae from ten randomly selected 2 ft terminal sections of twigs on each tree. The twig samples were from 4 to approximately 20 ft above ground level.
Ontrol of Grasshoppers on Rangeland With Bendiocarb, 1979
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A.
Published: March 2022

The 50% Flowable formulation was applied to 10-acre plots in 30-foot swaths with a modified John Blue Low Volume Sprayer (John Blue Company, Huntsville, AL) mounted on a 3/4 ton 4-wheel-drive truck. Three dosages were applied, each in 32 fluid ounces of water per acre, and were compared to a standard ULV treatment of 8 fluid oz of 95% technical malathion. All treatments were replicated three times in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied July 18-22 near Three Forks, Montana. The species listed above comprised 70,12,5,4,4, and 2 percent of the infestation, respectively, with only 7.5 percent being adults. Five other species comprised less than 1.0 percent each of the infestation. Prerreatments densities ranged from 1.6 to 5.2/sq yd. Mortality was determined at 3-, 5-, 7-, and 14-day intervals by counting with a pointer the number of grasshoppers in 50 estimated 1 sq yd quadrates per plot. Data for each interval were corrected by Abbott's formula for mortality in untreated control plots and were subjected to analyses of variance.
Remote Sensing and its Potential Role in Pest Management
Authors: Blazquez C. H.
Published: March 2022

Remote sensing is the acquisition of data by electronic or photographic systems not in direct contact with objects or phenomena under study (5, 6 and 7). Remote sensing can best be compared with surveillance or the monitoring of events which can be documented by photographic, electronic, or hybrid photoelectronic systems (8). Remote sensing involves the manipulation of remote sensing systems and knowledge of the electromagnetic spectrum and its component energy parts and their role in radiance, reflectance, absorption, and emission (7 and 8) . There are advantages to different types of both photographic and electronic systems or their hybrid conbinations. It is necessary to study and gather all parameters involved in a study to determine the trade-off necessary to use a specific system or combination for each case at a minimum cost that will give maximum benefit.
Efficacy of Soil-Injecting A Systemic Insecticide for Controlling Two Armored Scales on Hemlock, 1979
Authors: McClure Mark S.
Published: March 2022

Experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of a single soil-injection with the foliar systemic insecticide, Cygon 400, for controlling two hemlock scales having different seasonal histories were conducted at two residential sites in New Haven County, Conn. At one site in New Haven 10 ornamental eastern hemlocks were heavily infested with the elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa, while at the other site in Hamden 10 ornamental Carolina hemlocks were heavily infested with a circular hemlock scale, Tsugaspidiotus tsugae. Trees at both sites were of similar height (6-7m) and DBH (9-10cm). On June 28, one week after peak abundance of F. externa crawlers and one week before peak abundance of T. tsugae crawlers two branches were sampled from the lower crown (0-2m) and upper crown (4-6m) of each tree and the number of scales occurring on 100 young (1979) needles and the number dead per 100 individuals were later deter-mined for each branch by microscopic examination. One hour after sampling five hemlocks randomly selected at each site were each administered 12 gal of Cygon 400 mixed to a concentration of 0.5 lb ai (1 pt concentrate) per 100 gal water. This dose was chosen to approximate 3 gal per 1 inch DBH. The insecticide was delivered through an injection needle to a depth of 0.5m at 10 positions encircling the tree at the dripline using a John Bean pump operating at a pressure of 200 psi. The remaining 5 trees at each site were left untreated to serve as controls. The 20 hemlocks were sampled 14 days following treat-ment and the density and percent mortality of •. externa and J. tsugae were determined as before. Data were analyzed for statistical significance by analysis of variance.
Screening of Acaricides for Control Of one-Host Ticks, 1979
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Larvae of Boophilus annulatus (Say), the cattle tick, and B. microplus (Canestrini), the southern cattle tick, in colony at Falcon Heights, Texas, and of Anocentor nitens (Neumann), the tropical horse tick, and Dermacentor albipictus (Packard), the winter tick, at Kerrville, Texas, are placed onto cattle. Engorged females that detach naturally are used in the test. Usually candidate compounds (technical material) are formulated as emulsifiable concentrates containing 25% active ingredient, 65% xylene, and 10% Triton X-100. Compounds not soluble in xylene are formulated In a 1:1 mixture of l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and the xylene, Triton X-100 combination. Commercial wettable powders or emulsifiable concentrates may be used. All formulations are mixed with water immediately before application. Acaricides are routinely tested at rates of 1, 0.1, and 0.01% active ingredient; the lesser concentrations are obtained by serial dilution of the 1% concentration. For treatment, ticks are washed, dried, sorted into groups of 10, weighed, and placed into 45-50 ml of acaricide, which is stirred vigorously for 30 s and then poured through a screen that retains the ticks. Drained ticks are placed on paper toweling to dry and then held in 8-dram shell vials at 27i" °C and>80% relative humidity for oviposition. After 2-3 wk, the ticks are discarded; however, the eggs are weighed and held for another month when percentage hatch is estimated visually. Controls, groups of 10 ticks, are dipped in an emulsion of 2.6% xylene and 0.4% Triton X-100 and handled as treated ticks.
Cattle-Hypo Derma Lineatum Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1979
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Government-owned Hereford and Angus yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Bullis, Bexar County, Texas, that are naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (de Villers), are treated with new animal systemic insecticides detected with the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test (Drummond, R.O., 1979, Insect. Acaric. Tests 4:216-7). Animals are weighed and given insecticides in initial tests either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray of 4 litres/animal at>150 psi (usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parts). In other tests, insecticides may be administered dermally by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC as above or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly by injection (usually technical grade insecticide in diethyl succinate). Normally, cattle are treated initially at the highest nonlethal dosages as determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists; maximum dosages of initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. After the treatment in May or June, the backs of treated cattle (usually 3 animals/treatment) and untreated cattle of the same age and breed from the same herd are examined monthly from August to Feb. of the next year for encapsulated cattle grubs. As cattle grubs appear, they are located on an outline map of the back of each animal; the cumulative number of grubs in each animal is obtained. Effectiveness of a treatment is determined by comparing the average number of grubs in treated cattle with the average number In untreated cattle. The most recent report of tests with new systemlcs in cattle was presented by Drummond, R.O., 1979, Insect. Acaric. Test 4:209.
Cattle, Evaluation of A Dimilin Bolus formulation For Face Fly Control, 1978*
Authors: Herald Freddie , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Three Angus steers weighing 500,545, and 591 kg were treated with 2, 2, and 3-50g Dimilin (10% a.i.) boluses, respectively. Boluses were placed in the reticulum of each steer via a fistula. Bolus degradation was determined during the 21-week test by weekly weighings of individual boluses. Weekly fecal samples were collected from each steer and bioassayed with first instar face flies. Feces from 3 steers on the same diet were used for untreated checks. Mortalities were corrected by using Abbott's formula. At the end of the test the two steers on the 2 folus treatment were killed and samples of the liver, kidney, fat, and loin muscle were analyzed for Dimilin residue. One steer was killed on the day the boluses were removed and the other steer was killed 2 weeks after the boluses were removed.
Cattle Lice Control, 1979
Authors: Lloyd J. E.
Published: March 2022

Y-Tex Tick Tags (Y-Tex Corp., Cody, WY) containing 10% chlorpyrifos were applied to heifer and bull calves on Dec 22'78. The cattle originated at several locations in south-eastern Wyoming. Animals of each sex were assigned randomly to separate pens of 6 to 9 animals each. One pen each of bulls and heifers received an ear tag in the right ear, ear tags in both ears, and no ear tags. All cattle were inspected prior to treat-ment on Dec 22'78 and then on Feb 2'79 and Mar 23'79. Lice inspection areas were 1, 15-cm hair part on the poll and 3, 15-cm hair parts on the head, brisket, neck, backline and rump-tailhead. Viable lice were determined posttreatment by microscopic examination.
Residual Barn Treatments Using Ectiban Permethrin for the Control of House Flies, 1979
Authors: Foehse M. C. , Hall R. D. , English L. M. , Doisy K. E.
Published: March 2022

Eetiban permethrin formulated as 5.7% EC or 25% WP were applied to the interior and exterior surfaces of 2 livestock barns located on the University of Missouri South Farm near Columbia. A 3rd, untreated barn was used as a control. All barns were ca. 500 m equidistant from one another. Both the EC and WP formulations were extended with water to a concentration of 0.1% Al and sprayed at the rate of 0.09 litre/m (1 gal/450 ft2) using a power sprayer delivering 1034 kPa (150 lb/in2). Fly population were monitored prior to and at regular intervals after treatment by tacking 10 white 3x5 inch (76 × 127 mm) cards inside each barn to accumulate a record of fly specks. We used the same locations in each barn when changing the cards. In addition, we sampled adult fly populations with a 0.25 m Scudder fly grill at regular intervals. Three 30 sec grid counts were taken at each observation.
Control of Green Peach Aphid, 1979
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O .
Published: March 2022

A peach orchard with Hale and Elberta varieties at Columbia View, Orondo, Washington, was selected for this test. Two separate plots were used in the same orchard for two different insecticide timing tests. Four single tree replicates were used in a randomized block design for each treatment. The timings were bud break (Table 1) on Apr 4 and at pink (Table 2) on Apr 11. All plots were sprayed to the point of drip (400 to 500 gal per A) with handguns at 400 to 500 psi. Five terminals were selected at random from each tree. Two counting methods were used. Early season counts were made by examining individual terminals with a binocular microscope. The last counts were made using a washing method. Twigs from each tree were placed in a gallon jar partially filled with water. Ten ml of Methyl-iso-Butyl Ketone was added to water to stimulate release of aphids. The jar was shaken five times and allowed to sit for 30 minutes, then shaken again. The twigs were removed from the jar and rinsed over an organdy cloth funnel. The remaining contents of the gallon jar were poured through the same organdy funnel. The aphids on the organdy cloth were counted under a binocular microscope. See tables for dates different sample methods were used.
Peach: Pydrin 2.4Ec Vs. Oriental Fruit Moth, 1979
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Ponton L. F.
Published: March 2022

Two dosage rates of the insecticide were applied and a control block (52 trees) maintained in a season-long experiment. Each treatment of 0.30 lb ai/A (0.34 kg/ha) and 0.60 lb ai/A (.67 kg/ha) for complete dilute spray was applied (following the alternate row technique) to a 48 tree block of 5 year old peach trees (Red Haven, Sunhigh, Loring, Madison). Equipment used was a Swanson airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa (467.69 litres/ha), when spraying from two sides at 2 mph (3.22 km/W) with a pump pressure of 100 psi (7.03 kg/cm2). Treatments were applied to alternating sides of the rows on May 9, 18; Jun 5, 12, 19, 26; Jul 3, 11 and 19. Fungicidal applications consisted of oversprays of the following (given in dilute rates): Mar 19; Ferbam 76W 2.5 lb/100 gal (.30 kg/litre); Sulfur 95W 6 lb/100 gal (.72 litre) Apr 10, 19; Captan 50W 1.5 lb/100 (.18 kg/litre) May 7, 16; Captan 50W 1.5 lb/100 (.18 kg/litre) + dodine 65W .75 lb/100 (.09 kg/litre) May 25, Jun 1; dodine 65W .75 lb/100 (.09 kg/litre) Jun 6; Dikar 1.5 lb/100 (.18 kg/litre) June 12; Captan 50W 1.5 lb/100 (.18 kg/litre June 22. Visual observations were made on oriental fruit moth (OFM) damage to the terminals (Table 1), the fruit (Table II), number of catfaced fruit (Table III), the occurrence of Japanese beetles on each plot (Table IV) and the abundance of mites (Panonychusulmi (Koch) on each plot at the end of the season (Table V).
Control of Mcdaniel Spider Mite and European Red Mite, 1979
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

A 10 year old block of Italian prunes was selected for this test. An early application of 3 oz/100 gal of Pydrin 2.4EC was used to eliminate predatory mites. A completely random design with 5 single tree replicates per treatment was used in this test. All plots were sprayed to the point of drip (400 to 500 gal per A) with handguns at 400 to 500 psi on Jul 9. Samples of mites were taken at weekly intervals by collecting 25 leaves per tree. Leaves were brushed with a mite brushing machine and the mites counted under a binocular microscope.
Phylloxera Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1979
Authors: Boethel David J. , Shelton Richard R.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on mature 'Schley' pecan trees (ca. 7 trees per acre) at the LSU Pecan Station, Shreveport, LA. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with 6 single tree replications per treatment. Applications were made with a John Bean 957 sprayer with each tree receiving ca. 35 gal per tree. Applications were made Mar 28 and evaluation occurred May 7 by counting the number of terminals infested and the number of phylloxera galls present on 100 randomly selected terminals per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1979
Authors: Boethel David J. , Shelton Richard R.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on mature 'Success' pecan trees (ca. 7 trees per acre) at the L.S.U. Pecan Station, Shreveport, LA. The experimental design was a randomized block design consisting of 3 blocks with 2 trees per treatment per block. Applications were made May 18 with a John Bean 957 sprayer with each tree receiving ca. 35 gal of spray. Evaluation occurred on May 22 by counting the aphids present on 10 randomly selected compound leaves per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Insecticides as Seed Treatments for Control of Seed Maggots on Vegetables, 1979
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

In this study 100 seeds per crop per treatment were treated and planted Aug 3. Plot size was 11 ft × 20 ft, using 3 rows per plot (1 row for each variety tested) in a randomized block design of 3 replications. A screen cone adult fly trap was used to monitor and time planting date for the appearance of third generation adults (peak Aug 10). Plots were baited after planting with 100 lbs/plot of Corenco blood and bone meal (an ovi positional bait), banded over the top of rows in a 7-10 in. band. Thirty seeds of each variety were band planted after receiving treatment at planting Aug 3, by using hopper box, slurried or granular seed dressings. On Aug 29, plant stands were counted and degree of maggot stand injury determined. Percent stand damage calculated in Table 1 reports mean injury on total germinated stand which includes all “bald” or “snake head” plants.
Potato Leafhopper Control on Red Kidney Beans, 1979
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Each treatment consisted of two 25 ft rows bordered on each side by two untreated rows, replicated 4 times and planted Jun 6 in a randomized complete block design. Granules of Temik were applied in the furrow at planting using a John Deere applicator. DiSyston was sidedressed 2 in. to the side and 2 in. deep on Jun 14 using a hand-pushed cone seeder. All applications were based on a 32 in. row width. Efficacy was determined by picking 50 trifoliate leaves from each plot weekly and counting the number of potato leafhopper nymphs. Plots were counted 8 times between Jul 30 and Sep 19. Potato leafhopper numbers were much lower this year than they have been in the previous two.
Cabbage Pest Management Using a Damage Scale, 1978
Authors: Chalfant Richard B.
Published: March 2022

Cabbages were transplanted Mar 17. Plots were 1 row, 40-ft long with 3-ft row width. Experimental design was a split-plot, 4 reps, with threshold levels as main plots and schedules as sub-plots. Soil type was a loamy sand which received 7 in. rain, 1.75 in irrigation. Plots were sprayed by hand with Ambush (0.1 lb ai/acre) in 100 gal water/acre, at 40 psi. When plants began visible growth, 10 plants/plot were sampled 2x weekly. Sprays were based on fixed schedules or when visual damage scores reached threshold. Thresholds were different levels of new feeding holes/plant.