bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suppression of overtone oscillation and low‐current operation using novel‐design scheme for quartz crystal oscillators
Authors: Satoh Tomio , Izyan Binti Ruslan Ruzaini , Marumo Masahide , Akitsu Tetsuya
Published: December 2011

A novel design is proposed for a low‐frequency quartz crystal oscillator circuit. Negative resistance in a low‐frequency CMOS‐inverter quartz oscillator was reviewed for the fundamental mode at 32 kHz and the overtone oscillation at 200 kHz. Suppression of the overtone oscillation, appropriate gain, and drive current reduction are realized by adding only three circuit components. Experimental results and an estimate of the absolute value of the negative resistance are presented for the conventional Colpitts circuit and two types of the quartz crystal oscillator circuit. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Management of Delayed Presentation of a Right‐Side Traumatic Diaphragmatic Rupture
Authors: Guner Ali , Ozkan Omer Faruk , Bekar Yildiray , Kece Can , Kaya Umit , Reis Erhan
Published: December 2011

Background

Right‐side diaphragmatic rupture is an unusual condition after blunt trauma. The diagnosis may be missed during the early period of trauma and may lead to progressive herniation of intraabdominal contents into the thorax. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the diagnosis and treatment options for the late diagnosis of cases of right‐side traumatic diaphragmatic rupture.

Methods

We evaluated the patients with diaphragmatic hernia who were admitted to the hospital during an 8‐year period. Only patients with a right‐side diaphragmatic hernia and a history of high‐energy trauma were included in the study. Patients with left‐side diaphragmatic hernia or those who were subjected to emergency operation due to diaphragmatic rupture were excluded from the study. Patient characteristics, clinical presentations, diagnostic tools, and treatment options were evaluated.

Results

Eight patients (five men, three women) were enrolled in the study. The most common trauma type was a traffic accident, and the average interval between the trauma and diagnosis was 10 years. Thoracoabdominal computed tomography had high sensitivity and specificity for visualizing the diaphragmatic hernia. No predisposing factor was found to add laparotomy to thoracotomy. There was no postoperative mortality, and no late complications were observed at the assessments during the 45‐month follow‐up.

Conclusions

Clinical presentation of late diagnosed diaphragmatic hernia, which is encountered only rarely on the right side, requires diagnostic and therapeutic approaches different from those associated with acute diaphragmatic rupture. It should not be forgotten during the differential diagnosis in patients with a history of trauma.
From the inverse density–area relationship to the minimum patch size of a host–parasitoid system
Authors: Zhao Zi‐Hua , He Da‐Han , Hui Cang
Published: December 2011

The minimum amount of suitable habitat (MASH) is an important concept in conservation biological control. Two methods for estimating the MASH have been proposed by McCoy and Mushinsky based on an inverse density–area relationship. Using data of the population densities of aphid host–parasitoid–hyperparasitoid collected from wheat fields of different habitat sizes, we argued that the inverse density–area relationship may be an artifact. Significant correlations between population densities and patch sizes from all three trophic levels were found once the population density had been log‐transformed. We could not obtain the same results if the population density had not been log‐transformed. We estimated that the MASH for the aphid M. avena, S. graminum, A. avenae, A. gifuensis, P. aphidis, and Alloxysta sp. were 246, 246, 479, 495, 949, and 835 m2 according to the methods of McCoy and Mushinsky. The scale‐dependence and the systematic spatial variations of the host–parasitoid interaction suggests that we can achieve an optimal effect of biological control by manipulating the habitat patch sizes, although not based on the inverse density–area relationship.
R&D challenges and solutions for highly complex distributed systems: a middleware perspective
Authors: White Jules , Dougherty Brian , Schantz Richard , Schmidt Douglas C. , Porter Adam , Corsaro Angelo
Published: December 2011

Highly complex distributed systems (HCDSs) are characterized by a large number of mission-critical, heterogeneous inter-dependent subsystems executing concurrently with diverse—often conflicting—quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. Creating, integrating, and assuring these properties in HCDSs is hard and expecting application developers to perform these activities without significant support is unrealistic. As a result, the computing and communication foundation for HCDSs is increasingly based on middleware. This article examines key R&D challenges that impede the ability of researchers and developers to manage HCDS software complexity. For each challenge that must be addressed to support HCDSs, the article surveys the state-of-the-art middleware solutions to these challenges and describes open issues and promising future research directions.
Reconstruction after Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture
Authors: Matthias Vanhees , van Riet Roger P.
Published: December 2011

Distal biceps ruptures are relatively uncommon, but should be diagnosed and treated promptly to have good outcome. In this review article we will briefly summarize the anatomy and mechanism of injury, but the focus of this article will be on diagnosis and treatment. The most up to date techniques for clinical examination are described. For the treatment, the most common surgical approach and fixation methods are explained. Throughout the article, the author shares his experience (inlcuding the author's preferred technique) in treating this pathology.
Dietary values of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in Penaeus monodon in the presence and absence of cholesterol supplementation: effect on growth, nutrient digestibility and tissue carotenoid composition
Authors: Niu Jin , Li Chun-Hou , Liu Yong-Jian , Tian Li-Xia , Chen Xu , Huang Zhong , Lin Hei-Zhao
Published: December 2011

Penaeus monodon (mean initial wet weight 1·19 (se 0·01) g) were fed seven diets in triplicate: a control diet (D1) without carotenoids; three diets formulated to supply 0·1 % astaxanthin alone (D2), 0·2 % astaxanthin alone (D3), and a combination of 0·1 % astaxanthin and 1 % cholesterol (D4); three diets with 0·07 % canthaxanthin alone (D5), 0·13 % canthaxanthin alone (D6), and a combination of 0·07 % canthaxanthin and 1 % cholesterol (D7). Weight gain (WG, %), specific growth rate (SGR, %/d) and survival were chosen as parameters of shrimp growth performance. Total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were chosen as indices of shrimp plasma antioxidant capacity. Meanwhile, digestibility, retention efficiency and tissue carotenoids were also investigated to determine the additive effect of cholesterol on the efficiency of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. After 74 d rearing, WG and SGR of shrimp fed D2–D4 and D7 were higher than those of shrimp fed D1 (P < 0·05). Shrimp fed D4 had the highest survival. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of astaxanthin in D2–D4 were higher than those of canthaxanthin in D5–D7 (P < 0·05). Although ADC of astaxanthin were quite high (>98 %) in D2–D4 and no differences were found among them (P>0·05), the carotenoid retention efficiencies in the whole body, muscle and shell (D2–D3 treatments) were considerably low; however, cholesterol supplementation significantly improved the carotenoid retention efficiencies in the whole body, muscle and shell (D4 treatment). Accordingly, the addition of cholesterol also significantly enhanced the carotenoid contents of tissues. Shrimp fed supplemented carotenoid diets (D2–D7) had higher TAS and lower SOD, ALT and AST than shrimp fed D1 (P < 0·05). A low dissolved oxygen stress test was conducted for 7 d after the rearing trial and shrimp survival was also compared among the treatments. The survival of shrimp fed the diets supplemented with astaxanthin or canthaxanthin was higher than that of shrimp fed D1 during the stress test (P < 0·05). In conclusion, all data suggested that astaxanthin was better than canthaxanthin as the dietary carotenoid source in the commercial diet of P. monodon, and the supplement of cholesterol could positively enhance the efficiency of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin.
Lycopene inhibits angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and rat aortic rings
Authors: Elgass Simone , Cooper Alan , Chopra Mridula
Published: December 2011

Angiogenesis is important for tumour vascularisation and growth, and is therefore a promising target for cancer therapy. The present study reports inhibition ofin vitroangiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) as well as in rat aortic rings at physiological concentrations of lycopene, that is, 1–2 μmol/l. At a final concentration of 1·15 μmol/l, a significant reduction (P < 0·05) in network branching, that is, junction numbers, the number of tubules and tubule length, was observed in both HUVEC as well as in the rat aortic rings. The inhibitory effect of lycopene was independent of the presence of the pro-angiogenic agents, vascular endothelial growth factor and TNF-α. The anti-angiogenic effects of lycopene in the present study were shown at a concentration that should be achievable by dietary means. These results extend our knowledge of one of the putative anti-cancer actions of lycopene.
An extract of chokeberry attenuates weight gain and modulates insulin, adipogenic and inflammatory signalling pathways in epididymal adipose tissue of rats fed a fructose-rich diet
Authors: Qin Bolin , Anderson Richard A.
Published: December 2011

Chokeberries are a rich source of anthocyanins, which may contribute to the prevention of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The aim of the present study was to determine if an extract from chokeberries would reduce weight gain in rats fed a fructose-rich diet (FRD) and to explore the potential mechanisms related to insulin signalling, adipogenesis and inflammatory-related pathways. Wistar rats were fed a FRD for 6 weeks to induce insulin resistance, with or without chokeberry extract (CBE) added to the drinking-water (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, daily: CBE100 and CBE200). Both doses of CBE consumption lowered epididymal fat, blood glucose, TAG, cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. CBE consumption also elevated plasma adiponectin levels and inhibited plasma TNF-α and IL6, compared with the control group. There were increases in the mRNA expression forIrs1,Irs2,Pi3k,Glut1,Glut4andGys1, and decreases in mRNA levels ofGsk3β.The protein and gene expression of adiponectin andPparγmRNA levels were up-regulated andFabp4,FasandLplmRNA levels were inhibited. The levels of gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, such asIl1β,Il6andTnfαwere lowered, and protein and gene expression of ZFP36 (zinc finger protein) were enhanced in the epididymal adipose tissue of the rats that consumed the CBE200 extract. In summary, these results suggest that the CBE decreased risk factors related to insulin resistance by modulating multiple pathways associated with insulin signalling, adipogenesis and inflammation.
Reproductive strategy of the female deep-water shark birdbeak dogfish,Deania calcea: lecithotrophy or matrotrophy?
Authors: Paiva Rafaela Barros , Neves Ana , Sequeira Vera , Nunes Maria Leonor , Gordo Leonel Serrano , Bandarra Narcisa
Published: December 2011

Little information is available on the maternal–embryonic relationships among sharks. Birdbeak dogfish (Deania calcea) has been described as ovoviviparous, but this term comprises a wide range of forms on how the embryos are nourished including lecithotrophy and matrotrophy. To evaluate the maternal–embryonic relationship in birdbeak dogfish we have analysed chemical features (fatty acid composition and mercury (Hg) levels) and biological characteristics (egg and embryo dry weight variation, uterus characterization). Monounsaturated fatty acids were the dominant fatty acids in eggs while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were the dominant fatty acids in both pregnant females and embryos. Significant differences were found among eggs, embryos and pregnant females for all fatty acids groups with the exception of saturated fatty acids for embryos and pregnant females. The principal components analysis revealed that embryos are particularly related to n-6 PUFA and pregnant females with n-3 PUFA. A close relationship exists between the Hg level of pregnant females and the Hg level of their embryos which indicates that there is a transfer of mercury from maternal sources. The comparison of the mean dry weight between eggs and embryos showed a gain of 3.8% obtained in the embryos. Histological sections of the uteri of pregnant females showed a high level of both superficial and inner vascularization in the uterine villi as well as the presence of secretor cells. Until now, the importance of this species maternal contribution and interference for the embryos development has never been documented. However, the biological and chemical results observed in the present work show that there is a matrotrophic strategy for the birdbeak dogfish.
Patterns of cleaning behaviour on coral reef fish by the anemoneshrimpAncylomenes pedersoni
Authors: Huebner Lindsay K. , Chadwick Nanette E.
Published: December 2011

Little is known about the cleaning behaviour of shrimps in comparison to that of cleaner fish, and only recently have cleaner shrimps been shown to remove parasites effectively from coral reef fish. Here we describe patterns of cleaning interactions between Pederson shrimpAncylomenes pedersoniand fish clients in St Thomas, US Virgin Islands. Clients observed here were members of at least 16 fish families, including three previously unreported client families. Most cleans lasted <20 seconds; surgeonfish were cleaned most frequently, but lizardfish and groupers received the longest cleans. The shrimp formed social groups of varying sizes on individuals of the host sea anemoneBartholomea annulata, which served as the centres of their cleaning stations. The number and duration of cleans per station increased with the number of resident shrimp, however most anemones hosted small groups of fewer than four individuals, while larger groups of up to nine individuals were relatively rare. Some client fish chased away other fish and competitively excluded them from anemone stations. We conclude that these shrimp clean a wide diversity of clients, vary their clean duration with fish identity, and clean more when in large groups. In addition, clients in part control these patterns of interaction by interfering with access to these stations by other clients.
A review ofLeptocarisincluding a description ofL. ryukyuensissp. nov. (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Darcythompsoniidae)
Authors: Song Sung Joon , Dahms Hans-Uwe , Khim Jong Seong
Published: December 2011

We provide a review on scientific contributions concerned withLeptocaris(Harpacticoida: Copepoda) that includes the zoogeography, ecology, biology, and morphology of this genus. A tabular key is given to aid in the identification of theignavus-group.Leptocaris ryukyuensissp. nov. is included on the basis of specimens collected from Akeijima sandy beach of the Ryukyu Islands in Japan. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by an abexopodal seta and 3 exopodal setae on A2, a barbed inner seta on the proximal, endopodal segment of female P1 to P3, setae of the caudal ramus (setae I and II are very small, and the basal seta is transformed to a big spine), and modified inner setules of P2 enp-2 and P3 enp-2 in the males. The new species belongs to theignavus-group established by Kunz (1994) and is the third species of the genusLeptocarisin East Asia.
Rationality and Goodness
Authors: Foot Philippa
Published: December 2011

The problem I am going to discuss here concerns practical rationality, rationality not in thought but in action. More particularly, I am going to discuss the rationality, or absence of rationality (even, as one might put it, the contra-rationality or irrationality) of moral action. And ‘moral action’ shall mean here something done by someone who (let us suppose rightly) believes that to act otherwise would be contrary to, say, justice or charity; or again not done because it is thought that it would be unjust or uncharitable to do it. The question is whether in so acting, or refusing to act, this person will be acting rationally, even in cases where he or she believes that not only desire but self-interest would argue in favour of the wrongdoing.
Acting well
Authors: Müller Anselm Winfried
Published: December 2011

I am very happy indeed to contribute to this series of lectures, especially because I owe most of my training in philosophy to Elizabeth Anscombe, whose work has given the series its name. I am deeply indebted to the marvellous generosity of her teaching, to the example she set me of an unrelentingly thorough and serious thinker, to the unobtrusive way she introduced me to Wittgenstein's later philosophy. Through Elizabeth Anscombe I also made the acquaintance of my friend Philippa Foot, whose work in moral philosophy has, over decades and more than anyone else's, influenced my own. I hope it will be possible to recognize in what I am going to say here not indeed the excellence but at least traces of the beneficial influence of both these philosophers.
Absolutes and Particulars
Authors: Chappell Tim
Published: December 2011

How is it possible to love some particular personfor herself, orfor himself, alone? Love—especially erotic love—does not typically begin when we love someone ‘for herself alone’. It very often begins with some strikingly superficial feature or property of the beloved: a certain grace of movement, maybe, or a glimpse inside a young man0027;s shirt (Plato,Charmides155d4), or the colour of Anne Gregory's hair in Yeats's poem. As Yeats sardonically points out, it is quite common for love never to get any further than this. It's hardly news that plenty of love affairs have rested on no deeper foundations than hair coloration.
Absolute Prohibitions without Divine Promises
Authors: Lovibond Sabina
Published: December 2011

Elizabeth Anscombe's ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ is read and remembered principally as a critique of the state of ethical theory at the time when she was writing—an account of certain faulty assumptions underlying that theory in its different variants, and rendering trivial the points on which they ostensibly disagree. Not unreasonably, the essay serves as a starting point for the recent Oxford Readings collection on ‘virtue ethics’, and as an authoritative text on the failings of other approaches with which philosophy students have to acquaint themselves. Yet what really commands attention on rereading it is Anscombe's denunciation of the impotence of current moral philosophy to generate resistance to certain quite specific forms of wrongdoing. The question that provides a kind of gold standard here, recurring several times in the course of the discussion, is that of the killing (or judicial execution or other ‘punishment’) of the innocent in order to avoid some putatively greater evil, or to bring about some sufficiently great good.
The Lesser Evil
Authors: Margalit Avishai
Published: December 2011

‘The Russian Revolution and the National Socialist ascendancy in Germany are the two most important sources of evidence of moral philosophy in our time, as the French Revolution was for Hegel and Marx, and later to Tocqueville and for Mill. Although both revolutions produced, both in intention and in effect, a triumph on a gigantic scale, there are often remarked differences between the evil effects planned and achieved.’ This is an observation made by Stuart Hampshire, a keen philosophical connoisseur of the 20th century.
The Ethics of Co-operation in Wrongdoing
Authors: Oderberg David S.
Published: December 2011

There are a number of ways in which a person can share the guilt of another's wrongdoing. He might advise it, command it or consent to it. He might provoke it, praise it, flatter the wrongdoer, or conceal the wrong. He might stay silent when there is a clear duty to denounce the wrong or its perpetrator; or he might positively defend the wrong done. Finally, he might actively participate or cooperate in the wrongdoing. These various activities, apart from cooperation, typically occur before or after the commission of the wrong itself, only provocation being essentially before the fact. As such they fall into the categories of seduction or comfort, seduction being essentially pre-commission and comfort post-commission. In seduction (mutatis mutandis for comfort), the seducer typically leads another into doing wrong who has not definitely made up his mind. He does not assist in the commission, but he leads to its occurring. If the principal (as I will call the one who commits the wrong) has made up his mind, actions which might otherwise amount to seduction are best characterized as amounting to scandal, since they do not lead to wrong but reinforce the principal in his wrongful intent or provide to third parties a bad example since they connote approval of the principal's action. Closely related to the concept of seduction is that of solicitation, though perhaps these are best thought of as two aspects of the same kind of activity. Seduction can be thought of as a strong form of inducement to wrong, typified by command, counsel (where the seducer knows the advice is likely to be relied upon) and enticement through praise or provocation. Solicitation is a softer form of inducement typically involving requests, appeals, and invitations. Whereas the seducer or solicitor leads another into wrong but does not assist in its commission, the co-operator does not lead the principal into wrong but assists in its commission.
Authority
Authors: Teichmann Roger
Published: December 2011

As children, we are often told both what to do and what to think. For a child to learn at all, it must in the first instance simply trust those, such as parents, who teach it things; and this goes for practical as well as theoretical learning. Doubting is necessarily something that comes later, for to be able to doubt one must have some beliefs already, e.g. concerning what sort of reasons count as good reasons, and what count as bad. But in growing up, a person does, or should, develop the capacity for rational doubt, and also the capacity for rational resistance to being told what to do. The first capacity constitutes a critical faculty, and the second is an essential constituent of practical autonomy.
Welfare Systems and Adequacy of Pension Benefits in Europe
Authors: Gough Orla , Adami Roberta
Published: December 2011

During the post-war years many European countries have implemented far-reaching but diverse pension systems with the objective of providing those in retirement with adequate incomes. In this study, we explore the link between pension systems and the adequacy of retirement income. We analyse the mix of public and private pensions and consider the impact of different policies on poverty rates amongst pensioners. We suggest that only a few European countries have been successful in providing combinations of private and public pensions that improve the adequacy of retirement income.
‘Feels like I'm doing it on my own’:Examining the Synchronicity between Policy Responses and the Circumstances and Experiences of Mortgage Borrowers in Arrears
Authors: Wallace Alison
Published: December 2011

The previous administration introduced several measures to prevent mortgage possessions, some of which were modestly effective. However, these hastily introduced initiatives were insufficient to bridge the gap between a fragmented policy framework and borrowers’ circumstances and experiences of managing mortgage debt. The present restructuring of welfare and regulation represents a unique window to address these long-standing policy omissions in relation to sustainable homeownership in the UK. However, in the context of weakening state support, it is uncertain how or indeed whether, the opportunity to reform mortgage safety nets will be grasped. This article reflects upon the continuing misalignment of policy with borrowers’ circumstances and experiences of mortgage arrears using new evidence from this downturn.
Review Article: Household Finances Under Pressure: What is the Role of Social Policy?
Authors: Appleyard Lindsey
Published: December 2011

Within the context of the 2007 financial crisis and the (ongoing) financial crisis for many households and consumers, this review article explores the key debates in the social policy literature surrounding household accumulation of assets and debts. The first section contextualises emerging debates surrounding inequalities, financial exclusion and the need for greater financial citizenship within the post financial crisis era. The second section of the article considers household assets and debts, whilst the third section explores housing wealth and mortgage arrears. The fourth section examines recent research on how households manage their money. The final section of the article concludes by exploring the potential pathways for social policy research in relation to broader debates within the social sciences on household finances, assets and debts.
Multi‐instrument observation on co‐seismic ionospheric effects after great Tohoku earthquake
Authors: Hao Y. Q. , Xiao Z. , Zhang D. H.
Published: December 2011

In this paper, evidence of quake‐excited infrasonic waves is provided first by a multi‐instrument observation of Japan's Tohoku earthquake. The observations of co‐seismic infrasonic waves are as follows: 1, effects of surface oscillations are observed by local infrasonic detector, and it seems these effects are due to surface oscillation‐excited infrasonic waves instead of direct influence of seismic vibration on the detector; 2, these local excited infrasonic waves propagate upwards and correspond to ionospheric disturbances observed by Doppler shift measurements and GPS/TEC; 3, interactions between electron density variation and currents in the ionosphere caused by infrasonic waves manifest as disturbances in the geomagnetic field observed via surface magnetogram; 4, within 4 hours after this strong earthquake, disturbances in the ionosphere related to arrivals of Rayleigh waves were observed by Doppler shift sounding three times over. Two of the arrivals were from epicenter along the minor arc of the great circle (with the second arrival due to a Rayleigh wave propagating completely around the planet) and the other one from the opposite direction. All of these seismo‐ionospheric effects observed by HF Doppler shift appear after local arrivals of surface Rayleigh waves, with a time delay of 8–10 min. This is the time required for infrasonic wave to propagate upwards to the ionosphere.
Culture Media for the Detection and Enumeration of Clostridia in Food
Authors: Fischer Matthias , Zhu Sha , de Ree Ellen
Published: December 2011

The genus Clostridium includes a number of pathogenic species, but only a few are linked to food-borne infection and intoxication. The current chapter focuses on clostridia transmitted by food like Clostridium botulinum and C. perfringens. Additionally, the sulfite-reducing clostridia which are used as indicators for the presence of food poisoning clostridia are broadly discussed. Some of the methods are not limited in their specificity to clostridia but also detect other facultatively anaerobic bacteria, for which the term sulfite-reducing bacteria (SRB) is used. Although C. difficile-associated diseases have not been shown to be food-borne, the methods for isolating C. difficile are discussed because it has been found in food. The most widely used methods in the field of conventional microbiology are discussed. Furthermore, common confirmation methods linked to the selective agars are briefly included in the discussion. Moreover, conventional methods, especially the enrichment broths, play an important role in the enrichment of bacteria before PCR analyses. Therefore this use is discussed for C. botulinum.
Culture Media for the Isolation of Campylobacters, Helicobacters and Arcobacters
Authors: Corry Janet E. L. , Atabay H. Ibrahim
Published: December 2011

The history of the development of selective media for isolation of campylobacters, including the rationale for choice of selective agents, is described. Most important with regard to human disease are the thermotolerant species C. jejuni, C. coli, C upsaliensis and C. lari. Developments have included modifications to allow incubation at 37°C instead of 42 or 43°C and changes in the types and concentrations of antibiotics in order not to inhibit organisms such as Campylobacter upsaliensis, C. jejuni subsp. doylei and some strains of C. coli and C. lari. When examining foods, plating media originally developed for isolation from faeces are normally used, sometimes after liquid enrichment. Most of the media include ingredients intended to protect campylobacters from the toxic effect of oxygen derivatives. Most commonly used are lysed or defibrinated blood, charcoal, a combination of ferrous sulfate, sodium metabisulfite and sodium pyruvate (FBP) and also haemin or haematin.

Enrichment media are sometimes incubated for a few hours at reduced temperature or addition of antibiotics is sometimes delayed in order to avoid inhibitory effects on sublethally damaged cells from toxic components in the formula. The current ISO method for foods in general recommends the use of Bolton broth and modified charcoal, cefoperazone deoxycholate agar. There is a similar ISO method for water which uses Preston broth as well as Bolton broth. For some foods, particularly raw poultry products that can often be contaminated with large numbers of campylobacters, direct plating as well as enrichment plating is recommended, including a second plating medium.

Media for isolating arcobacters are similar to those for campylobacters, except that lower temperatures and sometimes aerobic atmosphere are used for incubation. Some strains of Arcobacter cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii are sensitive to 32 mg L−1 cefoperazone and all Arcobacter spp. are sensitive to colistin used in some campylobacter media.

Helicobacter spp. are more difficult to cultivate that the other two genera. Selective media for H. pylori have been developed, although, with one exception using immunomagnetic beads, they have not been successful in isolating the organism from foods or the environment. Many other Helicobacter-like organisms, seen in gastric or intestinal tissue samples from a variety of animals, have not been successfully cultivated until recently. H. pullorum can be cultivated on blood agar, while more elaborate methods have been found necessary for other species, including H. bizzizeronii, H. suis and H. baculiformis.
Culture Media for Food Spoilage Bacteria of the Order Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Psychrobacter spp.
Authors: Druggan Patrick , Iversen Carol
Published: December 2011

The common Gram-negative food spoilage bacteria consist primarily of Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Psychrobacter spp. The genus Pseudomonas has undergone extensive taxonomic changes in recent years, with species being removed from the order Pseudomonadales and placed in other orders. Selective isolation of Pseudomonadales is facilitated by higher resistance to antimicrobials than other Gram-negative bacteria. Cephaloridine, fucidin and cetrimide can be used to select for Pseudomonas spp., while cefsulodin (a specific inhibitor of Ps. aeruginosa) can be incorporated into media for selection of Acinetobacter spp. Isolation of Psychrobacter spp. is facilitated by their ability to grow at very low temperatures. A fundamental problem in designing media for these organisms is that they have a respiratory metabolism, which does not generate enough acid to lower the pH of media sufficiently to enable differentiation strategies based on sugar metabolism. Differentiation of fluorescent and pigment producing strains is possible on media designed to enhance these traits. Samples with low numbers of competing flora can be examined using non-selective pre-enrichment. However, a selective medium is required for most food and environment samples and a balance needs to be achieved between selectivity, to inhibit competing organisms, and sensitivity, to optimise the recovery of stressed cells. As with all selective media, confirmatory tests need to be made on presumptive positive colonies.
Synthetic Photo-catalytic Proteins – a Model of Photosystem II
Authors: Conlan Brendon , Hillier Warwick , Wydrzynski Tom
Published: December 2011

A primary goal in solar fuels research is the development of an efficient photo-catalyst that splits water into molecular O2 and H2 using solar energy. Uniquely, Nature almost achieved this goal some 2.5 billion years ago by separating the two half-reactions for O2 and H2 production from water into different protein complexes: Photosystem II (PSII) in higher plants and a H+-reducing enzyme (HRE) found in various micro-organisms. In this chapter we briefly summarize some of the bioengineering principles for developing a photo-catalytic protein and describe our first efforts to mimic PSII.
Was gibt es Neues beim Schlaganfall?
Authors: Weber R. , Hajjar K. , Frank B. , Diener H-C. , Weimar C.
Published: December 2011

Anhand von selektierten Publikationen aus den vergangenen 12 Monaten werden aktuelle Entwicklungen und Neuheiten in der Prävention und Behandlung des Schlaganfalls dargestellt. Der orale direkte Thrombininhibitor Dabigatran zeigt weniger intrakranielle Blutungskomplikationen bei überlegener Wirksamkeit gegenüber Warfarin und ist seit August 2011 für die Behandlung von Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern zugelassen. Andere Antikoagulantien der neuen Generation wie Rivaroxaban und Apixaban sind gegenüber Warfarin ebenfalls überlegen, jedoch in Europa bislang noch nicht zur Behandlung von Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern zugelassen. Bei Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern wird das Risiko kardio- oder zerebrovaskulärer Ereignisse durch Angiotensin-Rezeptorblocker nicht reduziert. Eine aggressive Therapie des Diabetes mellitus senkt das Risiko für mikrovaskuläre, nicht jedoch für zerebro- und kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse oder die Sterblichkeit. Das Absetzen von Thrombozytenfunktionshemmern erhöht das Schlaganfall-Rezidivrisiko um 40%. Die Ausweitung des Zeitfensters für eine systemische Thrombolyse von 3 auf 4,5 Stunden hat weder die Blutungsrate oder Mortalität noch die mediane Latenzzeit von Aufnahme bis Lysebeginn erhöht. Ein Alter über 80 Jahre allein sollte kein Grund sein Patienten von der Lysetherapie auszuschließen. Angiotensin-Rezeptorblocker führen weder zur Verbesserung des Behandlungsergebnisses noch zur Reduktion kognitiver Störungen nach Schlaganfall. Zur Behandlung symptomatischer Carotisstenosen ist die Thrombendarteriektomie dem Stenting vorzuziehen. Das Stenting intrakranieller Stenosen und asymptomatischer extrakranieller Stenosen wird eher nicht empfohlen. Die zeitnahe Gabe von niedermolekularen Heparinen zur Thromboseprophylaxe und die Wiederaufnahme der oralen Antikoagulation 10–30 Wochen nach intrazerebraler Blutung sind wahrscheinlich sicher. Durch moderne CT-Diagnostik können Subarachnoidalblutungen und intrakranielle Aneurysmen ausreichend zuverlässig diagnostiziert werden. Endothelin-Rezeptor-Antagonisten sind zur Behandlung von Vasospasmen nach Subarachnoidalblutung unwirksam.
Calculation of chemical potentials of chain molecules by the incremental gauge cell method
Authors: Rasmussen Christopher J. , Vishnyakov Aleksey , Neimark Alexander V.
Published: December 2011

The gauge cell Monte Carlo method is extended to calculations of the incremental chemical potentials and free energies of linear chain molecules. The method was applied to chains of Lennard-Jones beads with stiff harmonic bonds up to 500 monomers in length. We show that the suggested method quantitatively reproduces the modified Widom particle insertion method of Kumar et al. [S. K. Kumar, I. Szleifer, and A. Z. Panagiotopoulos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66(22), 2935 (1991)]10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.2935, and is by an order of magnitude more efficient for long chains in terms of the computational time required for the same accuracy of chemical potential calculations. The chain increment ansatz, which suggests that the incremental chemical potential is independent of the chain length, was tested at different temperatures. We confirmed that the ansatz holds only for coils above the θ temperature. Special attention is paid to the effects of the magnitude of adsorption potential and temperature on the behavior of single chains in confinements that are comparable in size with the free chain radius of gyration. At sufficiently low temperatures, the dependence of the incremental chemical potential on the chain length in wetting pores is superficially similar to a capillary condensation isotherm, reflecting monolayer formation following by pore volume filling, as the chain length increases. We find that the incremental gauge cell method is an accurate and efficient technique for calculations of the free energies of chain molecules in bulk systems and nanoconfinements alike. The suggested method may find practical applications, such as modeling polymer partitioning on porous substrates and dynamics of chain translocation into nanopores.
Competitive ionization processes of anthracene excited with a femtosecond pulse in the multi-photon ionization regime
Authors: Goto M. , Hansen K.
Published: December 2011

To clarify the ionization mechanism of large molecules under multi-photon ionization conditions, photo-electron spectroscopic studies on anthracene have been performed with electron imaging technique. Electron kinetic energy distributions below a few eV reveal that three kinds of ionization channels coexist, viz., vertical ionization, ionization from Rydberg states, and thermionic hot electron emission. Their relative yield is determined by the characteristic of the laser pulse. The duration in particular influences the ratio between the first two processes, while for higher intensities the last process dominates. Our results provide strong evidence that internal conversion plays an important role for the ionization of the molecule.
Split 3-Lie algebras
Authors: Martín Antonio J. Calderón , Piulestán M. Forero
Published: December 2011

In order to begin an approach to the structure of 3-Lie algebras (with restrictions neither on the dimension nor on the base field), we introduce the class of split 3-Lie algebras as the natural extension of the class of split Lie algebras. By developing techniques of connections of roots for this kind of ternary algebras, we show that any of such split 3-Lie algebras \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\mathfrak T}$\end{document}T is of the form \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\mathfrak T}={\mathcal U} +\sum \limits _{j}I_{j}$\end{document}T=U+∑jIj with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\mathcal U}$\end{document}U a subspace of the 0-root space \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\mathfrak T}_0$\end{document}T0 and any Ij a well described ideal of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\mathfrak T}$\end{document}T, satisfying \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$[I_j,{\mathfrak T},I_k]=0$\end{document}[Ij,T,Ik]=0 if j ≠ k. Under certain conditions the simplicity of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\mathfrak T}$\end{document}T is characterized and it is shown that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\mathfrak T}$\end{document}T is the direct sum of the family of its minimal ideals, each one being a simple split 3-Lie algebra.
Spectroscopic studies of iron and chromium in germanium
Authors: Gurimskaya Y. , Mathiot D. , Sellai A. , Kruszewski P. , Dobaczewski L. , Larsen A. Nylandsted , Mesli A.
Published: December 2011

We report on the electronic properties of Fe and Cr in n-type germanium studied using conventional and Laplace Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy techniques (LDLTS). Using Schottky barriers restricts the studies to levels located in the upper half of the band gap. However, by applying external optical excitation to generate minority carriers, the investigation is extended to the lower half of the band gap. Major findings already published by other authors are in several cases confirmed. However, new insight is revealed on the microscopic behavior of these two chemical species such as their interactions with hydrogen giving rise to the generation of complex-related levels in the band gap. For the Fe case, the small difference in energy of its two levels raises the question as to the possibility of negative-U character.
Local pair natural orbitals for excited states
Authors: Helmich Benjamin , Hättig Christof
Published: December 2011

We explore how in response calculations for excitation energies with wavefunction based (e.g., coupled cluster) methods the number of double excitation amplitudes can be reduced by means of truncated pair natural orbital (PNO) expansions and localized occupied orbitals. Using the CIS(D) approximation as a test model, we find that the number of double excitation amplitudes can be reduced dramatically with minor impact on the accuracy if the excited state wavefunction is expanded in state-specific PNOs generated from an approximate first-order guess wavefunction. As for ground states, the PNO truncation error can also for excitation energies be controlled by a single threshold related to generalized natural occupation numbers. The best performance is found with occupied orbitals which are localized by the Pipek-Mezey localization. For a large test set of excited states we find with this localization that already a PNO threshold of 10−8–10−7, corresponding to an average of only 40–80 PNOs per pair, is sufficient to keep the PNO truncation error for vertical excitation energies below 0.01 eV. This is a significantly more rapid convergence with the number doubles amplitudes than in domain-based local response approaches. We demonstrate that the number of significant excited state PNOs scales asymptotically linearly with the system size in the worst case of completely delocalized excitations and sub-linearly whenever the chromophore does not increase with the system size. Moreover, we observe that the flexibility of state-specific PNOs to adapt to the character of an excitation allows for an almost unbiased treatment of local, delocalized and charge transfer excited states.
Note: Higher resolution Brillouin spectroscopy by offset stabilization of a tandem Fabry-Pérot interferometer
Authors: Koreeda Akitoshi , Saikan Seishiro
Published: December 2011

A simple modification to a Sandercock-type tandem Fabry-Pérot interferometer is demonstrated. By adding an independent reference laser with temperature tunability, narrow Brillouin lines that are tens GHz shifted from the Rayleigh line can be recorded with much higher frequency resolution than in the original system.
Note: Optimization of piezoresistive response of pure carbon nanotubes networks as in-plane strain sensors
Authors: Miao Yu , Chen L. , Sammynaiken R. , Lin Y. , Zhang W. J.
Published: December 2011

The use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) for the application in in-plane strain detection is promising. In recent years, in-plane strain sensors constructed from CNT networks have been developed; however, few studied optimization of these sensors. In this paper, a study of the optimization of pure CNT networks in terms of piezoresistive response is reported. The so-called pure CNT networks are CNT networks free of surfactants. The performances of piezoresistive response are gauge factor (GF) and linearity. The variables are the number of layers of networks, concentration of CNT solution, and length of sonication time. As a result, the study concluded an optimal pure CNT networks sensor (GF: 2.59, linearity 0.98) with ten layers of networks, 0.8 mg/ml concentration, and 2 h of sonication time.
Analysis of genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium in elite cotton (Gossypium L.) germplasm in India
Authors: Jena Satya Narayan , Srivastava Anukool , Singh Uma Maheswar , Roy Sribash , Banerjee Nandita , Mohan Rai Krishan , Singh Sunil Kumar , Kumar Verandra , Chaudhary Lal Babu , Roy Joy Kumar , Tuli Rakesh , Sawant Samir V.
Published: December 2011

An understanding of the level of genetic diversity is a prerequisite for designing efficient breeding programs. Fifty-one cultivars of four cotton species (Gossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. herbaceum and G. arboreum) representing core collections at four major cotton research stations with a wide range of eco-geographical regions in India were examined for the level of genetic diversity, distinct subpopulations and the level of linkage disequilibrium (LD) using 1100 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers with 16 primer pairs combinations. The AFLP markers enabled a reliable assessment of inter- and intra-specific genetic variability with a heterogeneous genetic structure. Higher genetic diversity was noticed in G. herbaceum, followed by G. arboreum. The genetic diversity in tetraploid cotton species was found to be less than that in the diploid species. The genotypes VAGAD, RAHS14, IPS187, 221 557, Jayhellar of G. herbaceum and 551, DLSA17, 221 566 of G. arboreum were identified as the most diverse parents, useful for quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis in diploid cotton. Similarly, LRA 5166, AS3 and MCU5 of G. hirsutum and B1, B3, Suvin of G. barbadense were most diverse to develop mapping populations for fibre quality. The internal transcribed spacer sequences were sufficient to resolve different species and subspecies of diploid cotton. Low level of genome-wide LD was detected in the entire collection (r2 = 0.07) as well as within the four species (r2 = 0.11–0.15). A strong agreement was noticed between the clusters constructed on the basis of morphological and genotyping data.
The application of n-butanol improves embryo and green plant production in anther culture of Australian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes
Authors: Broughton Sue
Published: December 2011

The objective of this study was to improve the production from anther culture of embryos and green plants in Australian spring wheat genotypes by testing new treatments such as n-butanol, as well as other protocol modifications. To date, the use of n-butanol to enhance embryogenesis has only been tested in two European wheat cultivars; this is the first study which demonstrates its application across a range of breeding crosses. A 5-h treatment using 0.1 or 0.2% (v/v) n-butanol following anther pretreatment on a solid mannitol medium significantly improved the production of embryos, green plants and doubled haploids in a range of Australian wheat crosses and varieties. Green plant production increased between 3- and 6-fold in the crosses Yitpi/2*Bumper, Tammarin Rock/2*Bumper and Tammarin Rock/2*Magenta. The addition of calcium (Ca) and macronutrients to the mannitol pretreatment medium also significantly improved the number of embryos and green plants in varieties and crosses, but only when used in combination with n-butanol treatment. A factorial experiment with four varieties and two treatments (n-butanol and Ca/macronutrients) revealed significant interactions between treatments and genotype. In three of the four varieties, the application of n-butanol resulted in significant increases in embryos and green plants with either pretreatment medium although the best results were obtained with Ca and macronutrients in the pretreatment medium, with 200, 193 and 52 green plants per 100 anthers obtained for Bumper, Gladius and Magenta, respectively. In the variety Fortune however, n-butanol treatment did not improve embryo or green plant production unless it was combined with Ca and macronutrients in the pretreatment medium and then there were dramatic improvements; from 0 to 27 green plants per 100 anthers.