bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
D3: distributed approach for the detection of dumb nodes in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Roy Arijit , Kar Pushpendu , Misra Sudip , Obaidat Mohammad S.
Published: January 2015

In this work, we propose D3—a distributed approach for the detection of ‘dumb’ nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN). A dumb node can sense its surroundings, but is unable to transmit these sensed data to any other node, due to the sudden onset of adverse environmental effects. However, such a node resumes its normal operations with the resumption of favorable environmental conditions. Due to the presence of dumb nodes, the network is unable to provide the expected services. Therefore, it is prudent to re‐establish connectivity between dumb and other nodes, so that sensed data can be reliably transmitted to the sink. Before the re‐establishment of connectivity, a node needs to confirm its actual state of being dumb. Dumb behavior is dynamic in nature, and is, thus, distinct from the traditional node isolation problem considered in stationary WSNs. Therefore, the existing schemes for the detection of other misbehaviors are not applicable for detecting a dumb node in a WSN. Considering this temporal behavior of a dumb node, we propose an approach, D3, for the detection of dumb nodes. In the propose scheme, we uses cumulative sum test, which helps in detecting the dumb behavior. The simulation results show that there is 56% degradation in detection percentage with the increment in the detection threshold, whereas energy consumption and the message overhead increase by 40% with the increment in detection threshold.
‘It Takes Me Half a Bottle of Whisky to Get through One of Your Assignments’: Exploring One Teacher Educator's Personal Experiences of Dyslexia
Authors: Glazzard Jonathan , Dale Kirsty
Published: January 2015

This article uses a life history approach to explore personal experiences of dyslexia of one higher‐education lecturer and its impact on her professional identity. The informant is currently employed as a lecturer of initial teacher training in a UK university. She worked as a primary school teacher for over a decade prior to embarking on an academic career in teacher education. The informant draws on her own experiences as a pupil, teacher and lecturer, and additionally, she presents accounts of student teachers with dyslexia drawn from her current professional context.

Although the data are not generalizable, the account nevertheless illustrates the positive impact of the social model of disability for the informant and her students who had been identified as dyslexic during their initial training as teachers. Additionally, the account also illustrates the ways in which teachers' personal experiences of dyslexia can shape professional identities in very positive ways. Implications for both teacher training and pedagogic approaches in schools to support learners with dyslexia are drawn out of the narrative. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discordance between morphological and molecular species boundaries among Caribbean species of the reef sponge Callyspongia
Authors: DeBiasse Melissa B. , Hellberg Michael E.
Published: January 2015

Sponges are among the most species‐rich and ecologically important taxa on coral reefs, yet documenting their diversity is difficult due to the simplicity and plasticity of their morphological characters. Genetic attempts to identify species are hampered by the slow rate of mitochondrial sequence evolution characteristic of sponges and some other basal metazoans. Here we determine species boundaries of the Caribbean coral reef sponge genus Callyspongia using a multilocus, model‐based approach. Based on sequence data from one mitochondrial (COI), one ribosomal (28S), and two single‐copy nuclear protein‐coding genes, we found evolutionarily distinct lineages were not concordant with current species designations in Callyspongia. While C. fallax, C. tenerrima, and C. plicifera were reciprocally monophyletic, four taxa with different morphologies (C. armigera, C. longissima, C. eschrichtii, and C. vaginalis) formed a monophyletic group and genetic distances among these taxa overlapped distances within them. A model‐based method of species delimitation supported collapsing these four into a single evolutionary lineage. Variation in spicule size among these four taxa was partitioned geographically, not by current species designations, indicating that in Callyspongia, these key taxonomic characters are poor indicators of genetic differentiation. Taken together, our results suggest a complex relationship between morphology and species boundaries in sponges.
Analysis of temporal and spatial distribution and change‐points for annual precipitation in Kansas, USA
Authors: Rahmani Vahid , Hutchinson Stacy L. , Harrington Jr John A. , Hutchinson J. M. Shawn , Anandhi Aavudai
Published: January 2015

Precipitation directly impacts agricultural production, water resources management, and recreational activities, all of which significantly affect a state's economy. As the human population increases, demand for water escalates due to its crucial role in human health and food production. The question then becomes, can current water management strategies ensure sustainable access to clean water, maintain food supplies, and permit industrial uses given a changing climate? Developing a solid understanding of rainfall patterns and trends is vital, particularly for regions like Kansas with high spatial and temporal climate variability. In this study, three statistical methods were used to analyse annual rainfall trends in Kansas using daily rainfall data from 1890 through 2011: (1) a linear regression model, (2) the Mann‐Kendall test, and (3) the Spearman test. A gradual increase in total annual rainfall was noted for 21 of 23 stations, including eight statistically significant upward trends. The 23 station period of record average slope for Kansas was 6.8 mm per 10 year with a minimum value of −8.5 mm per 10 year for Saint Francis in the northwest and a maximum value of 20.1 mm per 10 year for Independence in the southeast. In addition, sudden change analyses were conducted using cumulative sum and Pettitt tests. At 12 stations, significant change‐points were detected as early as 1940 and as recently as 1980. The increasing trend, particularly after the significant change‐points, is useful in updating water management plans. Total annual rainfall correlates with available water in soil, lakes, streams, and reservoirs and can assist with agricultural production decisions such as crop selection and new plant variety development when combined with rainfall distribution analysis throughout the year.
Fast pyrolysis biochar from sawdust improves the quality of desert soils and enhances plant growth
Authors: Laghari Mahmood , Hu Zhiquan , Mirjat Muhammad Saffar , Xiao Bo , Tagar Ahmed Ali , Hu Mian
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND

Biochar has been mostly used in conventional arable soils for improving soil fertility. This study investigated the effect of biochars of different temperatures on plant growth and desert soil properties. Biochars of different temperatures (i.e. 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C) were mixed in the soil with 5% by mass, and the treatments were designated as T‐400, T‐500, T‐600, T‐700 and T‐800, respectively. Sorghum was used as a test crop, and the effect of biochar on plant height, yield and soil properties was evaluated.

RESULTS

Sorghum yield increased by 19% and 32% under T‐400 and T‐700, respectively, above the control. Biochar reduced depth‐wise moisture depletion in soil columns and hence improved soil water‐holding capacity by 14% and 57% under T‐400 and T‐700, respectively. Soil hydraulic conductivity was reduced by 15% and 42%, and moisture‐retention capacity was improved by 16% and 59%. Hence, sorghum net water‐use efficiency increased by 52% and 74% in T‐400 and T‐700, respectively. Biochar also improved soil total carbon, cation exchange capacity and plant nutrient content.

CONCLUSION

The addition of fast pyrolysis biochar made from pine sawdust improved the quality of Kubuqi Desert soil and enhanced plant growth. Hence, it can be used for desert modification. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
A memory‐in‐pixel reflective‐type LCD using newly designed system and pixel structure
Authors: Tamaki Masaya , Fukunaga Yoko , Mitsui Masashi , Maeda Kazuyuki , Kabe Masaaki , Teranishi Yasuyuki , Nakanishi Takayuki , Omori Hideyuki , Hayashi Shuji , Takasaki Naoyuki , Goto Fumitaka , Harada Tsutomu
Published: January 2015

A 7.03‐in. extended graphics array reflective LCD prototype has been developed by using memory‐in‐pixel (MIP) technologies with a newly designed system and pixel structure. The MIP system comprising a MIP backplane and a display driver has been optimized to reduce power consumption. The MIP backplane has specific circuits that allow accessing row drivers randomly, and the display driver manages which row should be accessed. Thus, the system is capable of showing a mixture of still and moving images, resulting in low power consumption. A dithering block embedded in the display driver enables to select an appropriate dithering algorithm according to the types of images and the position on the screen. In addition, the novel pixel structure, “three divided patterns”, has been designed to improve image quality and to provide visibility in dark environments. The latter is based on a novel approach; interpixel area is used for an aperture to transmit light from the backlight, and the fringe field from adjacent pixel electrodes is used to control LC directions. The feature of the pixel structure is also effective for obtaining equivalent gamma between reflective and transmissive images.
Prognostic indicators in well‐differentiated thyroid carcinoma when controlling for stage and treatment
Authors: Krook Kaelyn A. , Fedewa Stacey A. , Chen Amy Y.
Published: January 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

The incidence of thyroid carcinoma is rising. Few studies have examined patient characteristics that influence survival when adjusting for treatment and tumor stage/extent.

Study Design

Retrospective analysis was performed using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registry data among patients diagnosed with well‐differentiated thyroid (WDT) carcinoma during 1988–2009.

Methods

Kaplan–Meir survival curves were used to estimate 5‐ and 10‐year cause‐specific and overall survival differences by sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, and treatment. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

A total of 83,985 patients were identified with WDT carcinoma. Blacks had higher hazard of death at 5 years (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.42‐1.96) and 10 years (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.37‐1.80) when compared to Caucasians, but there were no significant differences in cause‐specific deaths. Hispanics had higher overall and cause‐specific 5‐year and 10‐year hazard of death (5‐year cause‐specific: HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.23‐1.99). Age was the most significant predictor of cause‐specific and overall survival, with risk increasing in a nonlinear fashion. After age 45 years, the HR for 5‐ and 10‐year cause‐specific survival rose drastically, reaching an HR of 153 for individuals aged 85 years and older (HR, 153.45; 95% CI, 97.84–240.67).

Conclusions

Age was the strongest factor associated with WDT cancer in our study. African Americans had worse overall survival, although only Hispanics had a significantly worse cause‐specific survival. These factors should be taken into account in counseling patients and treatment planning.

Level of Evidence

2c. Laryngoscope, 125:1021–1027, 2015
Residual hearing preservation after cochlear implantation via round window or cochleostomy approach
Authors: Sun Chuan‐Hung , Hsu Chuan‐Jen , Chen Peir‐Rong , Wu Hung‐Pin
Published: January 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether cochlear implantation using the round window approach provided better preservation of residual hearing than the cochleostomy approach.

Study Design

Case‐control study.

Methods

We designed a case‐control study including 40 patients from a tertiary referral center who underwent cochlear implantation surgeries using devices from MED‐EL Co., Innsbruck, Austria. Between November 2013 and July 2014, we prospectively enrolled 20 subjects for cochlear implantation surgery using the round window insertion approach. In addition, 20 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects from the database of cochlear implantees treated using the cochleostomy approach between January 2008 and October 2013 were retrospectively enrolled. The residual hearing of the operated ear was measured before and after surgery. The variables analyzed were the pure‐tone average threshold at 250, 500, and 1,000 Hz and the residual hearing at frequencies of 250 to 8,000 Hz. The residual hearing was considered as preserved when the audiometric changes were <10 dB hearing loss for each variable. The audiological results of the two groups were compared.

Results

No statistically significant difference in the preservation of residual hearing was found in the two groups (P > .05 for all of the variables).

Conclusions

The round window and cochleostomy approaches for cochlear implant surgery may preserve residual hearing at similar rates across a range of frequencies.

Level of Evidence

3b Laryngoscope, 125:1715–1719, 2015
The application of robotics to microlaryngeal laser surgery
Authors: Buckmire Robert A. , Wong Yu‐Tung , Deal Allison M.
Published: January 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate the performance of human subjects, using a prototype robotic micromanipulator controller in a simulated, microlaryngeal operative setting.

Study Design

Observational cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Twenty‐two human subjects with varying degrees of laser experience performed CO2 laser surgical tasks within a simulated microlaryngeal operative setting using an industry standard manual micromanipulator (MMM) and a prototype robotic micromanipulator controller (RMC). Accuracy, repeatability, and ablation consistency measures were obtained for each human subject across both conditions and for the preprogrammed RMC device.

Results

Using the standard MMM, surgeons with >10 previous laser cases performed superior to subjects with fewer cases on measures of error percentage and cumulative error (P = .045 and .03, respectively). No significant differences in performance were observed between subjects using the RMC device. In the programmed (P/A) mode, the RMC performed equivalently or superiorly to experienced human subjects on accuracy and repeatability measures, and nearly an order of magnitude better on measures of ablation consistency. The programmed RMC performed significantly better for repetition error when compared to human subjects with <100 previous laser cases (P = .04).

Conclusions

Experienced laser surgeons perform better than novice surgeons on tasks of accuracy and repeatability using the MMM device but roughly equivalently using the novel RMC. Operated in the P/A mode, the RMC performs equivalently or superior to experienced laser surgeons using the industry standard MMM for all measured parameters, and delivers an ablation consistency nearly an order of magnitude better than human laser operators.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:1393–1400, 2015
Corticosteroid treatment regulates mucosal remodeling in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: de Borja Callejas Francisco , Martínez‐Antón Asunción , Picado César , Alobid Isam , Pujols Laura , Valero Antonio , Roca‐Ferrer Jordi , Mullol Joaquim
Published: January 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

To investigate the effect of oral plus intranasal corticosteroid (CS) treatment on nasal polyp (NP) mucosa remodeling from patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).

Study Design

Case series, retrospective study.

Methods

Patients (n = 18) with severe CRSwNP were treated with oral prednisone for 2 weeks and intranasal budesonide for 12 weeks. NP biopsies were obtained from patients biopsies before (w0) and after 2 weeks (w2) and 12 weeks (w12) of CS treatment. Matrix metalloprotease 1 (MMP‐1), MMP‐2, MMP‐7, MMP‐9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease type 1 (TIMP‐1) expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in cell and tissue structures. Epithelial damage, eosinophil infiltration, and collagen content were also examined in NP tissues before and after CS treatment.

Results

Compared to w0: 1) oral plus intranasal CS significantly (P < .01) increased presence of submucosal glands at w2, decreased epithelial cell hyperplasia at w12, and decreased tissue eosinophilia at w2 and w12; 2) CS treatment significantly (P < .05) increased immunoreactivity for MMP‐1 and MMP‐2 in the epithelium at w2, but decreased immunoreactivity for MMP‐9 in the epithelium at w2 and w12; 3) at w12, CS significantly (P < .05) reduced MMP‐9 immunoreactive positivity and intensity in the extracellular matrix, while increasing total collagen amount in the extracellular matrix; and 4) CS treatment significantly (P < .01) reduced the number of eosinophils and their MMP and TIMP‐1 immunoreactive expression.

Conclusions

CS treatment modulates NP mucosa remodeling, particularly by promoting epithelial repair, regulating tissue remodeling markers, increasing total collagen content, and reducing tissue eosinophil infiltration.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 125:E158–E167, 2015
Advancements in multiresolution analysis
Authors: Moore John A. , Li Ying , O'Connor Devin T. , Stroberg Wylie , Liu Wing Kam
Published: January 2015

Materials have a hierarchical nature, deriving often their most useful properties from microscale or nanoscale constituents. Multiresolution analysis, a generalized continuum mechanics‐based theory, uses extra degrees of freedom to account for an arbitrary number of these nested length scales. In the past, multiresolution analyses have focused mostly on metal alloys. While this article addresses recent advances in image‐based multiresolution analysis of metal alloys, it also highlights extensions to multiresolution theory for modeling of bone mechanics and multiresolution analysis of polymers and polymer nanocomposites. A strong link between molecular dynamics simulations and macroscale multiresolution analyses is shown for both polymers and polymer nanocomposites. The forthcoming work is greatly indebted to the pioneering advances of Ted Belytschko in many areas of computational mechanics; his influence on our work and on the field of finite elements as a whole is substantial Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learn how 2‐year, 4‐year collaborations support enrollment goals
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: January 2015

Well‐designed articulation agreements can help your adult learners transfer seamlessly from a two‐year to a four‐year college. But officials at Missouri State University have developed partnerships with two‐year institutions that encompass much more than streamlined course transfers.
How would you address rumors about a new president?
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: January 2015

Your institution's long‐term president has retired and a new one is coming on board. There is a lot of gossip around campus about the changes that might occur. Your staff members are anxious about what they are hearing. What would you do?
Functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as reinforcing agents for poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl alcohol)/starch nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization and properties
Authors: Massoumi Bakhshali , Jafarpour Parivash , Jaymand Mehdi , Entezami Ali Akbar
Published: January 2015

This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and PVA/starch nanocomposites with poly(ethylene glycol)‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs‐PEG). For this purpose, MWCNTs were carboxylated by a conventional acid oxidation process and then poly(ethylene glycol) monomethylether was covalently attached to the carboxylated MWCNTs via esterification. Sonication was used to assist the dispersion of MWCNTs‐PEG and the resulting suspension was added dropwise to a stirred aqueous solution of poly(ethylene glycol) and PVA/starch to produce PVA/MWCNTs‐PEG and PVA/starch/MWCNTs‐PEG nanocomposites. The chemical structures of all samples as representatives were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the morphology of the nanocomposites was probed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, it was observed that the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were improved due to presence of functionalized MWCNTs. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Sugarcane proteomics: An update on current status, challenges, and future prospects
Authors: Barnabas Leonard , Ramadass Ashwin , Amalraj Ramesh Sundar , Palaniyandi Malathi , Rasappa Viswanathan
Published: January 2015

Sugarcane is one of the most important commercial crops cultivated worldwide for the production of crystal sugar, ethanol, and other related by‐products. Unlike other comparable monocots like sorghum, maize, and rice, sugarcane genome by virtue of its polyploidy nature remains yet to be fully deciphered. Proteomics—an established complementary tool to genomics is at its infancy in sugarcane as compared to the other monocots. However, with the surge in genomics research accomplished by next‐generation sequencing platforms, sugarcane proteomics has gained momentum. This review summarizes the available literature from 1970 to 2014, which ensures a comprehensive coverage on sugarcane proteomics—a topic first of its kind to be reviewed. We herewith compiled substantial contributions in different areas of sugarcane proteomics, which include abiotic and biotic stresses, cell wall, organelle, and structural proteomics. The past decade has witnessed a paradigm shift in the pace with which sugarcane proteomics is progressing, as evident by the number of research publications. In addition to extensively reviewing the progress made thus far, we intend to highlight the scope in sugarcane proteomics, with an aspiration to instigate focused research on sugarcane to harness its full potential for the human welfare.
A green scheduling with adaptive spatial division multiple access grouping for multi‐user coordinated multi‐point networks
Authors: Chaabane Imen Ben , Hamouda Soumaya , Tabbane Sami
Published: January 2015

Multi‐User Coordinated Multi‐Point (MU‐CoMP), which couples CoMP with Multi User‐Multiple Input Multiple Output (MU‐MIMO), appears as a promising solution to enhance the Long Term Evolution‐Advanced (LTE‐A) system performance. However, some challenging issues in MU‐CoMP networks require more investigation. First, the set of users transmitting under CoMP mode should be properly identified. Secondly, time‐frequency resource should be efficiently partitioned between CoMP and non‐CoMP users in order to improve the system radio capacity. Thirdly, a fair and green scheduler is much needed for a more energy efficient system. This paper deals with these three issues. We propose an adaptive transmission mode selection according to the total load in the cluster and to users' quality of service. The adequate size of the Spatial Division Multiple Access users' groups is also analyzed. We finally propose a new scheduling algorithm to further enhance the radio capacity and the energy consumption in the cluster. Simulations results showed that significant improvements are obtained in terms of total system throughput and outage probability in the cluster with our proposed scheme. Moreover, energy efficiency has increased by four times with our proposed scheduling algorithm as compared to commonly used schedulers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methodology for the characterisation of characteristic spectral profiles, applied to chromium Kβ
Authors: Smale L. F. , Chantler C. T. , Kimpton J. A.
Published: January 2015

The investigation of tests of quantum electrodynamics in the X‐ray regime down to 2–20 parts per million (ppm) amplifies the need for improved characterisation of asymmetric reference sources and energies in this regime. While several transition metal characteristic energies have been defined, most are not referenced to accurate profiles or robust links to the metre via X‐ray optical interferometry. Lower intensity Kβ transitions have relatively poor accuracy – we ask how to determine Kβ transitions to an accuracy approaching those of Kα transitions. Instrumental broadening normally encountered in X‐ray experiments shifts the features of profiles used for calibration, such as peak energy, by a significant amount many times the quoted accuracies. We present a study of a methodology used recently to determine energies and profiles experimentally down to 4.5 and 2.7 ppm for Ti and V Kβ. In this study, we investigate the robustness of the methodology for a difficult data set and demonstrate that the approaches to and characterisation of the chromium Kβ spectral profile are consistent with accurate measurements in the literature down to 24 ppm. The peak energy of the chromium Kβ spectral profile is found to be 5946.68(14) eV prior to instrumental broadening. Characterisation of the spectral profile of the radiation, including the instrumental broadening, allows us to obtain an accurate and notably transferable standard. Significantly, we present a widely applicable methodology for achieving and using this standard. This approach has been used down to an accuracy of 2–5 ppm.
Framing recommendations to promote prevention behaviors among people at high risk: A simulation study of responses to melanoma genetic test reporting
Authors: Taber Jennifer M. , Aspinwall Lisa G.
Published: January 2015

A CDKN2A/p16 mutation confers 76 % lifetime risk of developing melanoma to US residents, and high‐risk individuals are counseled to use sunscreen. Generally, for patients at population risk, gain framing more effectively promotes prevention behaviors; however, it is unknown whether loss frames might more effectively promote behavioral intentions and perceived control over disease risk among high‐risk patients. Undergraduates (N = 146) underwent a simulated genetic counseling and test reporting session for hereditary melanoma. Participants watched a video of a genetic counselor providing information in which genetic risk of melanoma (Low: 15 %; High: 76 %) and framed recommendations to use sunscreen (Loss: Risk may increase by 15 % if don't use sunscreen; Gain: Risk may decrease by 15 % if use sunscreen) were manipulated. Controlling for baseline sunscreen use, high‐risk participants given loss frames reported greater beliefs that sunscreen would reduce risk than high‐risk participants given gain frames. Further, high‐risk participants with fair skin tended to report greater intentions to use sunscreen when given loss frames versus gain frames. Perceived control over risk mediated the effect of message frame and disease risk on intentions to use sunscreen. When counseling patients with elevated cancer risk, genetic counselors may consider framing prevention behavioral recommendations in terms of potential losses.
Outcomes after Radiocarpal Dislocation: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Yuan Brandon J. , Dennison David G. , Elhassan Bassem T. , Kakar Sanjeev
Published: January 2015

Background

Radiocarpal dislocations are rare, high-energy injuries. High morbidity and poor functional outcomes are common. Currently, there is limited data on functional outcomes following treatment of this injury.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted analyzing the radiographic and clinical outcome of patients treated for a radiocarpal dislocation from 1979 to 2010. Outcome assessments included wrist range of motion, grip strength, Mayo wrist score, patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE), and disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score. Statistical analysis was performed with the Student's t test.

Results

Twenty-six patients (26 wrists) were treated for a radiocarpal dislocation during the study period; 23 wrists were treated acutely (within 4 weeks of injury), and 3 were treated after a delayed presentation (>4 weeks). Clinical follow-up of more than 6 months was available in 17 patients. Three patients (12 %) underwent primary fusion as initial treatment (two radioscapholunate fusion; one total wrist fusion). Four wrists (24 %) failed initial treatment and were salvaged with scapholunate ligament reconstruction (one wrist) or partial wrist fusion (three wrists). Seventeen patients completed PRWE and DASH questionnaires with a mean of 14.6 years following surgery (range 2–32 years). Subjective outcomes tended to be superior in those patients treated with ligament reconstruction versus partial or complete wrist fusion; however, comparisons were not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Radiocarpal dislocations result in significant osseous and ligamentous injury to the distal radius and carpus. Early recognition and treatment of radiocarpal dislocations with open reduction, internal fixation, and repair of ligaments may result in improved long-term functional outcomes when compared to acute partial or complete wrist arthrodesis.
The Effects of Mortality on Fertility: Population Dynamics After a Natural Disaster
Authors: Nobles Jenna , Frankenberg Elizabeth , Thomas Duncan
Published: January 2015

Understanding how mortality and fertility are linked is essential to the study of population dynamics. We investigate the fertility response to an unanticipated mortality shock that resulted from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which killed large shares of the residents of some Indonesian communities but caused no deaths in neighboring communities. Using population-representative multilevel longitudinal data, we identify a behavioral fertility response to mortality exposure, both at the level of a couple and in the broader community. We observe a sustained fertility increase at the aggregate level following the tsunami, which was driven by two behavioral responses to mortality exposure. First, mothers who lost one or more children in the disaster were significantly more likely to bear additional children after the tsunami. This response explains about 13 % of the aggregate increase in fertility. Second, women without children before the tsunami initiated family-building earlier in communities where tsunami-related mortality rates were higher, indicating that the fertility of these women is an important route to rebuilding the population in the aftermath of a mortality shock. Such community-level effects have received little attention in demographic scholarship.
Whey protein isolate decreases murine stomach weight and intestinal length and alters the expression of Wnt signalling-associated genes
Authors: McAllan Liam , Speakman John R. , Cryan John F. , Nilaweera Kanishka N.
Published: January 2015

The present study examined the underlying mechanisms by which whey protein isolate (WPI) affects energy balance. C57BL/6J mice were fed a diet containing 10 % energy from fat, 70 % energy from carbohydrate (35 % energy from sucrose) and 20 % energy from casein or WPI for 15 weeks. Mice fed with WPI had reduced weight gain, cumulative energy intake and dark-phase VO2 compared with casein-fed mice (P< 0·05); however, WPI intake had no significant effects on body composition, meal size/number, water intake or RER. Plasma levels of insulin, TAG, leptin, glucose and glucagon-like peptide 1 remained unchanged. Notably, the intake of WPI reduced stomach weight and both length and weight of the small intestine (P< 0·05). WPI intake reduced the gastric expression of Wingless/int-1 5a (Wnt5a) (P< 0·01) and frizzled 4 (Fzd4) (P< 0·01), with no change in the expression of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2) and LDL receptor-related protein 5 (Lrp5). In the ileum, WPI increased the mRNA expression of Wnt5a (P< 0·01) and caused a trend towards an increase in the expression of Fzd4 (P= 0·094), with no change in the expression of Ror2 and Lrp5. These genes were unresponsive in the duodenum. Among the nutrient-responsive genes, WPI specifically reduced ileal mRNA expression of peptide YY (P< 0·01) and fatty acid transporter protein 4 (P< 0·05), and decreased duodenal mRNA expression of the insulin receptor (P= 0·05), with a trend towards a decreased expression of Na–glucose co-transporter 1 (P= 0·07). The effects of WPI on gastrointestinal Wnt signalling may explain how this protein affects gastrointestinal structure and function and, in turn, energy intake and balance.
Under-reporting of dietary energy intake in five populations of the African diaspora
Authors: Orcholski Lindsay , Luke Amy , Plange-Rhule Jacob , Bovet Pascal , Forrester Terrence E. , Lambert Estelle V. , Dugas Lara R. , Kettmann Elizabeth , Durazo-Arvizu Ramon A. , Cooper Richard S. , Schoeller Dale A.
Published: January 2015

Studies on the role of diet in the development of chronic diseases often rely on self-report surveys of dietary intake. Unfortunately, many validity studies have demonstrated that self-reported dietary intake is subject to systematic under-reporting, although the vast majority of such studies have been conducted in industrialised countries. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether or not systematic reporting error exists among the individuals of African ancestry (n324) in five countries distributed across the Human Development Index (HDI) scale, a UN statistic devised to rank countries on non-income factors plus economic indicators. Using two 24 h dietary recalls to assess energy intake and the doubly labelled water method to assess total energy expenditure, we calculated the difference between these two values ((self-report − expenditure/expenditure) × 100) to identify under-reporting of habitual energy intake in selected communities in Ghana, South Africa, Seychelles, Jamaica and the USA. Under-reporting of habitual energy intake was observed in all the five countries. The South African cohort exhibited the highest mean under-reporting ( − 52·1 % of energy) compared with the cohorts of Ghana ( − 22·5 %), Jamaica ( − 17·9 %), Seychelles ( − 25·0 %) and the USA ( − 18·5 %). BMI was the most consistent predictor of under-reporting compared with other predictors. In conclusion, there is substantial under-reporting of dietary energy intake in populations across the whole range of the HDI, and this systematic reporting error increases according to the BMI of an individual.
The Way We Perform Now
Authors: Jackson Shannon
Published: January 2015

This piece is adapted from a lecture delivered in the “Performing Institutions” series curated by Artists Space with the 2012 Whitney Biennial. The event also included David Velasco of Artforum as well as Sarah Michelson, who had just become the first choreographer to win the Bucksbaum Award for the best work presented at the Whitney Biennial. Artists Space represented the Performing Institutions series in the following terms: “Taking as its starting point the 2012 Whitney Biennial's allocation of the fourth floor Emily Fischer Landau Galleries as a performance space for music, dance, theater, and participatory programming, this series of talks consider the status of performance and ‘virtuosity’ within the parameters of an institutional public sphere. Does this turn toward ‘activity without end product’ potentially shift entrenched relations between institution and artist, artwork and viewer, or reinforce a contemporary experience of totalizing social production?”
Opening Hours
Authors: Moreno Inés
Published: January 2015

Once performance has a place in museums as a mode of exhibition, it problematizes its relationship to the event, and shifts its reception thresholds and expectations. This article offers an analysis of a number of durational exhibition formats based on the experience of temporality they offer, so as to examine how a system of temporal regimes comes into play. These projects have a duration that is dictated by the opening hours of the museum. The focus will be on the implications of this openness for the production of other modalities of spectatorship, and on the reconfiguration of institutional praxis.
Ohmic heating and space charge effects in microwave-plasma interaction
Authors: Niknam A. R. , Mirzaye T. , Khorashadizadeh S. M.
Published: January 2015

The nonlinear propagation of high power microwave beam in unmagnetized collisional plasma is studied taking into account the ponderomotive force, space charge and Ohmic heating effects. It is shown that the amplitude of electron temperature distribution is enhanced by increasing the microwave energy flux, and decreases when the microwave frequency increases. It is also demonstrated that the steepening of the electron density distribution increases when the amplitude of electron temperature profiles reduces and vice versa. Furthermore, by increasing the initial electron density, the amplitude and number of peaks are decreased, but the electron density distribution, the space charge field and the dielectric permittivity profiles are increased.
Concomitant leptospirosis-hantavirus co-infection in acute patients hospitalized in Sri Lanka: implications for a potentially worldwide underestimated problem
Authors: SUNIL-CHANDRA N. P. , CLEMENT J. , MAES P. , DE SILVA H. J. , VAN ESBROECK M. , VAN RANST M.
Published: January 2015

Two global (re-)emerging zoonoses, leptospirosis and hantavirus infections, are clinically indistinguishable. Thirty-one patients, hospitalized in Sri Lanka for acute severe leptospirosis, were after exclusion of other potentially involved pathogens, prospectively screened with IgM ELISA for both pathogens. Of these, nine (29·0%) were positive for leptospirosis only, one (3·2%) for hantavirus only, seven (22·5%) for both pathogens concomitantly, whereas 13 (41·9%) remained negative for both. Moreover, in a retrospective study of 23 former patients, serologically confirmed for past leptospirosis, six (26·0%) were also positive in two different IgG ELISA hantavirus formats. Surprisingly, European Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) results were constantly higher, although statistically not significantly different, than Asian Hantaan virus (HTNV), suggesting an unexplained cross-reaction, since PUUV is considered absent throughout Asia. Moreover, RT–PCR on all hantavirus IgM ELISA positives was negative. Concomitant leptospirosis-hantavirus infections are probably heavily underestimated worldwide, compromising epidemiological data, therapeutical decisions, and clinical outcome.
Suicide in Slovenia Between 1997 and 2010
Authors: Roškar Saška , Zorko Maja , Podlesek Anja
Published: January 2015

Background: With an average suicide rate of approximately 30 per 100,000, Slovenia has been regarded as a country with a high suicide rate. In the last decade, however, the suicide rate has gradually decreased to 20.3 per 100,000. Aim: To undertake an analysis of the suicide rate and its characteristics between 1997 and 2010 and to establish whether preventive activities had a significant effect on the suicide rate in the period studied. Method: Data on all 7,317 completed suicides between 1997 and 2010 were obtained from the National Mortality Database. Trends over this period were assessed separately for gender, age, method of suicide, and regional distribution. Data on implemented suicide preventive activities were assessed via regional Public Health Institutes. Results: The suicide rate declined in both genders and in all age groups, except in males aged 10–19 years. The most frequently used method in both genders was hanging. Regions with the highest suicide rate are concentrated in the eastern part of Slovenia. The suicide rate significantly decreased in six regions, but no firm association with preventive activities could be established. Conclusion: Suicide in Slovenia declined significantly during the study period. Preventive activities appear not to have had any notable effect on this decline.
Enhanced transcriptome maps from multiple mouse tissues reveal evolutionary constraint in gene expression
Authors: Pervouchine Dmitri D. , Djebali Sarah , Breschi Alessandra , Davis Carrie A. , Barja Pablo Prieto , Dobin Alex , Tanzer Andrea , Lagarde Julien , Zaleski Chris , See Lei-Hoon , Fastuca Meagan , Drenkow Jorg , Wang Huaien , Bussotti Giovanni , Pei Baikang , Balasubramanian Suganthi , Monlong Jean , Harmanci Arif , Gerstein Mark , Beer Michael A. , Notredame Cedric , Guigó Roderic , Gingeras Thomas R.
Published: January 2015

Mice have been a long-standing model for human biology and disease. Here we characterize, by RNA sequencing, the transcriptional profiles of a large and heterogeneous collection of mouse tissues, augmenting the mouse transcriptome with thousands of novel transcript candidates. Comparison with transcriptome profiles in human cell lines reveals substantial conservation of transcriptional programmes, and uncovers a distinct class of genes with levels of expression that have been constrained early in vertebrate evolution. This core set of genes captures a substantial fraction of the transcriptional output of mammalian cells, and participates in basic functional and structural housekeeping processes common to all cell types. Perturbation of these constrained genes is associated with significant phenotypes including embryonic lethality and cancer. Evolutionary constraint in gene expression levels is not reflected in the conservation of the genomic sequences, but is associated with conserved epigenetic marking, as well as with characteristic post-transcriptional regulatory programme, in which sub-cellular localization and alternative splicing play comparatively large roles.
Coalescence preference in densely packed microbubbles
Authors: Kim Yeseul , Lim Su Jin , Gim Bopil , Weon Byung Mook
Published: January 2015

A bubble merged from two parent bubbles with different size tends to be placed closer to the larger parent. This phenomenon is known as the coalescence preference. Here we demonstrate that the coalescence preference can be blocked inside a densely packed cluster of bubbles. We utilized high-speed high-resolution X-ray microscopy to clearly visualize individual coalescence events inside densely packed microbubbles with a local packing fraction of ~40%. The surface energy release theory predicts an exponent of 5 in a relation between the relative coalescence position and the parent size ratio, whereas our observation for coalescence in densely packed microbubbles shows a different exponent of 2. We believe that this result would be important to understand the reality of coalescence dynamics in a variety of packing situations of soft matter.
Near-infrared excited ultraviolet emitting upconverting phosphors as an internal light source in dry chemistry test strips for glucose sensing
Authors: Valta T. , Kale V. , Soukka T. , Horn C.
Published: January 2015

UV-emitting upconverting nanophosphors can be used as an internal light source in test strips for glucose measurement.
Measurement of polyethylene pellets near the glass transition temperature to enhance Raman spectral selectivity among samples and improve accuracy for density determination
Authors: Kim Saetbyeol , Shinzawa Hideyuki , Chung Hoeil , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: January 2015

A simple and effective strategy for improving the accuracy of the multivariate determination of polyethylene (PE) density using Raman spectroscopy has been demonstrated.
Examination of mercaptobenzyl sulfonates as catalysts for native chemical ligation: application to the assembly of a glycosylated Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue
Authors: Cowper Ben , Sze Tsz Mei , Premdjee Bhavesh , Bongat White Aileen F. , Hacking Andrew , Macmillan Derek
Published: January 2015

3/4-Mercaptobenzyl sulfonates were investigated as aryl thiol catalysts for native chemical ligation (NCL).
Synthesis of colloidal Janus nanoparticles by asymmetric capping of mesoporous silica with phenylsilsesquioxane
Authors: Ujiie Hiroto , Shimojima Atsushi , Kuroda Kazuyuki
Published: January 2015

Janus-type mesoporous silica nanoparticles asymmetrically capped with non-porous phenylsilsesquioxane have been prepared by simply adding phenyltriethoxysilane to an aqueous dispersion of mesostructured silica–surfactant composite nanoparticles.
Size-controlled synthesis of Pd nanosheets for tunable plasmonic properties
Authors: Li Yi , Yan Yucong , Li Yuheng , Zhang Hui , Li Dongsheng , Yang Deren
Published: January 2015

The Pd nanosheets with controlled edge length were simply synthesized and exhibited tunable localized surface plasmon resonance properties.
Oxygen-induced changes to selectivity-determining steps in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction
Authors: Zhang Yin-Jia , Peterson Andrew A.
Published: January 2015

The state of the electrocatalyst surface—including the oxidation state of the catalyst and the presence of spectator species—is investigated on Cu surfaces with density functional theory in order to understand predicted ramifications on the selectivity of CO2 reduction between CH4 and CH3OH.
Towards a new FRET system via combination of pyrene and perylene bisimide: synthesis, self-assembly and fluorescence behavior
Authors: Wang Gang , Chang Xingmao , Peng Junxia , Liu Kaiqiang , Zhao Keru , Yu Chunmeng , Fang Yu
Published: January 2015

Excitation at Py monomer position and emitting at far red, the emission of PBI aggregates due to FRET from Py to PBI.
Improved Raman and photoluminescence sensitivity achieved using bifunctional Ag@SiO2 nanocubes
Authors: Kha Nguyen Minh , Chen Ching-Hsiang , Su Wei-Nien , Rick John , Hwang Bing-Joe
Published: January 2015

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and metal-enhanced photoluminescence (MEPL) responses can be greatly improved by introducing a thin coating of silica (SiO2) on silver nanocubes.
Tailoring buckybowls for fullerene recognition. A dispersion-corrected DFT study
Authors: Josa Daniela , González-Veloso Iván , Rodríguez-Otero Jesús , Cabaleiro-Lago Enrique M.
Published: January 2015

The shape of a buckybowl plays a fundamental role in the enhancement of fullerene recognition. Compounds whose structure possesses flaps at the rim of the bowl show an enhanced ability.
Pulse-coupled BZ oscillators with unequal coupling strengths
Authors: Horvath Viktor , Kutner Daniel J. , Chavis III John T. , Epstein Irving R.
Published: January 2015

A host of asymptotically stable, temporally periodic patterns are found when chemical oscillators are pulse coupled,e.g., the 1 : 2 and 1 : D–N type patterns shown here.
Temperature-induced amorphisation of hexagonal ice
Authors: Handle Philip H. , Loerting Thomas
Published: January 2015

We studied for the first time systematically the temperature-induced amorphisation (TIA) of hexagonal ice.
Editorial
Authors: Baiker Alfons
Published: January 2015

This themed issue guest edited by Alfons Baiker (ETH-Zurich) provides inspiring insight into new developments in asymmetric catalysis on chiral surfaces covering various catalyst design strategies, mechanistic aspects, and catalytic performances.
TPPS supported on core–shell PMMA nanoparticles: the development of continuous-flow membrane-mediated electrocoagulation as a photocatalyst processing method in aqueous media
Authors: Dambruoso Paolo , Ballestri Marco , Ferroni Claudia , Guerrini Andrea , Sotgiu Giovanna , Varchi Greta , Massi Alessandro
Published: January 2015

Photons and electrons cooperate for effective, clean sulfoxidations in pure water.
On water: catalyst-free chemoselective synthesis of highly functionalized tetrahydroquinazolines from 2-aminophenylacrylate
Authors: Saunthwal Rakesh K. , Patel Monika , Tiwari Rakesh K. , Parang Keykavous , Verma Akhilesh K.
Published: January 2015

A green and catalyst free atom-ecomonic straightforward tandem approach for the synthesis of highly functionalized tetrahydroquinazolines by the reaction of 2-aminophenylacrylate1with isothiocyanates2using water as an environmental friendly solvent is described.
The role of vanadium in biology
Authors: Rehder Dieter
Published: January 2015

Biological functions of vanadium are based on both the vanadate–phosphate analogy and interactions of the oxidovanadium moiety with proteins.