bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSXV-12 Application of a Survey Instrument for Determining the Impact of Horse Breed Association Youth Programs for Youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Nicodemus Molly , Friend Molly , Evans Holly , Holtcamp Katie , Culwell Julius
Published: September 2022

Almost 10% of U.S. youth are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and while this disorder is not a learning disability, these youth are often labeled academically as “at-risk”. While equine assisted activities and therapy (EAAT) has shown to promote an emotionally safe learning environment for at-risk youth, these programs are often limited and hard to locate, particularly within a rural setting. On the other hand, horse breed associations offer activities for all youth and can be located throughout all U.S. states, and while these programs do not have a therapeutic focus, they are accessible. Therefore, the objective of this study was to utilize a survey instrument to determine the benefit of participation in horse breed association youth programs for youth with ADHD. A survey instrument was developed with 6 fixed response questions consisting of 5 multiple choice questions and one question formatted as a rating scale with a list of 10 life skills for participants to rate. Paper surveys were distributed at various association-sponsored activities in 2021. Participants (n=58) included the following: 1) parents of ADHD youth that had participated or were participating in breed association youth activities or 2) individuals with ADHD that had participated as a youth in these activities. The majority participated in these programs >5 years (67%) with >2 horses (78%). As for tangible returns, the most common were trophies/ribbons (52%) and the least common was scholarships (17%). Respondents were in overwhelming agreement, either responding “somewhat” or “definitely yes”, that these programs had impacted academic (55%) and career (60%) goals. As for development of life skills, all skills reported improvement through participation with “respect” having the highest rating. While EAAT has shown promise for youth with ADHD, breed association youth programs may be an alternative or complimentary approach in working with youth with ADHD.
PSXV-13 Relationship between Velocity and Temporal Variables in the Akhal-Teke Glide
Authors: Nicodemus Molly , Friend Molly , Beranger Jeannette
Published: September 2022

While the conflict between Russia and Ukraine has been noted worldwide, media coverage has not addressed the impact on the equine population within these countries. This is particularly a concern for the Akhal-Teke as the main stud farms for this breed are located within these countries. Preservation of the genetic diversity of this breed and, in turn, the unique phenotypic characteristics is critical as the breed has been labeled by the Livestock Conservancy as “threatened” due to their limited numbers. While the Akhal-Teke is more known for their metallic-appearing haircoat, the smoothness of their intermediate gait, called the Akhal-Teke Glide, is noted by riders. Previous research describes the gait as a four-beat, diagonal stepping gait, similar to the Mangalarga Marchador batida gait, but the relationship between velocity and gait has yet to be studied in the Akhal-Teke. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the influence of velocity on the Akhal-Teke Glide. Horses (n=9) selected by the Akhal-Teke Association of America in collaboration with the Livestock Conservancy were filmed performing a slow and fast Akhal-Teke Glide. Frame-by-frame analysis was performed and means (SD) were determined for 10 strides for each horse per velocity. Velocity effect for each variable was tested using a one-way analysis of variance based on a general linear model procedure (SAS; P< 0.05). Stride and stance duration decreased with velocity as stride length increased (Table 1). The slower gait demonstrated diagonal limb coupling alternating between unipedal (Hind: 8±1%; Fore: 6±2%) and bipedal support. Suspension (19+3%) replaced unipedal support as diagonal limbs paired with increased velocity. The ability of the breed to perform both a four-beat stepping and two-beat leaping gait at trotting velocities allows for the rider to select gait for comfort and functionality and this unique ability should be a consideration in future breeding programs.
PSIII-A-3 An Investigation of the Effect of Folic Acid and its Delivery Routes on Broiler Chickens’ Hatch and Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, and Antioxidant Status
Authors: Oladokun Samson , Adewole Deborah I
Published: September 2022

This study investigated the effect of folic acid (FA) and its delivery routes (in-feed or in ovo) on broiler chicken’s hatch and growth performance, blood biochemistry, and antioxidant status. A total of 1,860 Cobb 500 hatching eggs were incubated for 21 days. On d 12 of incubation, viable eggs were randomly allotted to 3 groups: the non-injected group, in ovo folic acid 1 (FA1), and in ovo folic acid 2 groups (FA2) and subsequently injected with 0.1 ml FA containing 0.1 mg and 0.15 mg/egg, via the amnion, respectively. At hatch, chicks were re-allotted to 5 new treatment groups: FA1, FA2, in-feed folic acid (FA3; 5mg/kg), in-feed bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD; 55 mg/kg), and negative control (NC; corn-wheat-soybean diet) in 6 replicate pens (22 birds/pen) and raised in starter (d 0 -14), grower (d 15-24) and finisher (d 25-35) phases. Hatch parameters were assessed on d 0, and body weight and feed intake (FI) were determined weekly. On d 25, 1 bird/cage was euthanized, and immune organs weighed. Blood samples were collected for biochemistry and antioxidant (Superoxide dismutase-SOD and Malondialdehyde-MDA) analysis. Data were analyzed in a randomized complete block design. While FA1 and FA2 decreased (P< 0.001) hatchability in a dose-dependent manner, FA2 caused a 2% increase (P< 0.05) in average chick weight compared to the non-injected group. Compared to the BMD treatment, FA3 decreased (P< 0.05) average FI across all feeding phases. However, only in the grower phase did BMD treatment record a lower (P< 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the NC treatment. Other treatments recorded intermediate FCR values. FA1 and FA2 recorded a tendency (P< 0.1) to increase MDA levels and SOD activity by 50% and 19%, respectively, compared to the NC treatment. Besides its negative effect on hatchability, FA2 may help improve embryonic development and antioxidant status in broiler chickens.
PSIII-A-1 Acute Stress Effects on Physiological Responses and Meat Quality Changes in Goats
Authors: Naldurtiker Aditya , Shaik Arshad , Batchu Phaneendra , Kouakou Brou , Terrill Thomas H , Kannan Govind
Published: September 2022

Duration of stress prior to processing can significantly affect physiological status and meat quality in goats. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of duration of preslaughter stress on physiological responses and meat quality in goats. In a Randomized Complete Block Design, fifty-four uncastrated male Spanish goats (8-mo old; BW 29.7 ± 2.03 kg) were randomly subjected to one of three treatments (n = 18 goats/treatment): (i) transported for 3 h, (ii) transported for 30 min, or (iii) or held in pens (control) on two different days. Blood samples were collected before and after transport for assessment of stress responses. Goats were slaughtered, using humane procedures, for meat quality analysis. The data were analyzed using MIXED procedures in SAS with treatment and day as fixed variables. Cortisol concentrations were higher (P < 0.01) in both 3 h (117.7 ± 7.96 ng/mL) and 30 min (130.1 ± 8.05 ng/mL) transported groups compared to the control group (27.5 ± 7.59 ng/mL). A similar treatment effect was noticed in plasma non-esterified fatty acid (P < 0.05) concentrations. Glucose concentrations were highest in 180-min, lowest in control, and intermediate in 30-min group (P < 0.01). There were significant positive correlations among muscle desmin concentration after 6 days of aging and 24 h pH (P < 0.05) and calpastatin activity (P < 0.05), suggesting that desmin degradation plays a role in determining the tenderness of aged meat from goats subjected to preslaughter stress. Warner-Bratzler shear force values of loin chops were highest in 180-min, lowest in control, and intermediate in 30-min groups; however, treatment did not influence the color values or cooking loss of loin chops. The results indicate that acute stress prior to processing can affect both physiological responses and meat quality in a duration-dependent manner in goats.
PSIII-A-7 Conditioning of Goats to Livestock Trailer: Effects on Physiological Stress Responses During Long-Distance Transportation
Authors: Batchu Phaneendra , Naldurtiker Aditya , Dykes Gregory , Kouakou Brou , Terrill Thomas H , McCommon George , Kannan Govind
Published: September 2022

Meat goats are often transported long distances under commercial situations in the US. In a split-plot design, 168 twelve-month-old male Spanish goats were used to determine the effects of habituation to trailers on behavior and stress responses when transported for long periods. Animals were separated into two treatment (TRT) groups and maintained on two different paddocks. Concentrate supplement was fed to one group inside two livestock trailers (5.0 × 2.3 m each; habituated group, H), while the other group received the same quantity of concentrate, but not inside the trailers (non-habituated, NH). After 4 weeks of habituation period, goats were subjected to a 10-hour transportation stress in 4 replicates (n = 21 goats/replicate/TRT). Blood samples were collected prior to loading (Preload), 20 min after loading (0 h), and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h of transportation (Time). Behaviors of goats after loading were not affected by treatment. Plasma cortisol, glucose, and urea nitrogen concentrations and creatine kinase (CK) activities were significantly influenced by Time (P < 0.01). Plasma cortisol was not affected by TRT; however, glucose and CK in the H group tended to be lower than the NH group. Plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the H group than the NH group, likely in response to epinephrine release. There was a TRT × Time effect (P < 0.05) on CK activities, with the values increasing in the NH group and decreasing in the H group during the first two hours of transportation. Lymphocyte to neutrophil ratio also increased (P < 0.01) over transportation time. Habituation to trailer may be beneficial during long distance transportation of goats as indicated by certain physiological stress responses. Habituation may also facilitate the loading process, based on behavioral observations.
PSIII-A-5 Blood Catecholamine Profiling of Transportation Stress in Goats Previously Habituated to Livestock Trailer
Authors: Gurrapu Priyanka , Batchu Phaneendra , Naldurtiker Aditya , Kouakou Brou , Terrill Thomas H , Kannan Govind
Published: September 2022

Long distance transportation can cause significant physiological changes in goats that can impact their wellbeing. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of habituation to livestock trailer on plasma catecholamine profile in goats transported for long periods. A total of 168 intact male Spanish goats were separated into two treatment (TRT) groups and maintained on two different paddocks in a split-plot design. Concentrate supplement was fed to one group inside two livestock trailers (5.0 × 2.3 m each; habituated group, H), while the other group received the concentrate supplement, but not inside the trailers (non-habituated, NH). After 4 weeks of habituation period, goats were subjected to a 10-hour transportation stress in 4 replicates (n = 21 goats/replicate/TRT). Blood samples were collected prior to loading (Preload), 20 min after loading (0 h), and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h of transportation (Time) for catecholamine analysis using a sensitive, high-throughput GC-MS/MS method. Habituation did not have any significant effect on dopamine, norepinephrine, and normetanephrine concentrations, while there was a tendency for TRT effect (P < 0.1) on epinephrine, tyramine, and metanephrine concentrations. Phenyethylamine and 5-methoxytryptamine concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the H group compared to the NH group, which may enhance emotional wellbeing and energy levels. While both dopamine and 5-methoxytryptamine concentrations decreased (P < 0.05) with transportation time, dopamine concentrations increased again at 10 h. Plasma metanephrine concentrations were 0.86, 0.85, 4.22, 3.68, 2.30, 2.05, 2.14 (SEM = 0.327) nM, respectively at Preload, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h, indicating that stress peaked during the initial hours and decreased thereafter. Interaction effects were not significant. Habituation to trailer may be beneficial in mood and energy stabilization in goats during long-distance transportation. Metanephrine concentrations may more accurately reflect stress levels in goats.
PSIII-A-14 Lysophospholipids Supplementation Increases Growth Performance and hot Carcass Weight in Finishing Beef Steers
Authors: Junior Jose Oliveira , Kwon Eric , McCann Joshua C
Published: September 2022

The objectives were to evaluate the effects of lysophospholipids supplementation on growth performance and carcass traits of finishing beef steers. Simmental x Angus steers (n = 126; BW 246 ± 30.8 kg) from two contemporary groups were utilized in a randomized complete block design. Steers were blocked by BW, stratified by sire and source herd, and allotted into 21 pens with 6 steers each. Pens (7 pens per treatment) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments: 0 g (LPL0), 5 g (LPL5) or 10 g (LPL10) of lysophospholipids per steer daily (Lipidol® Ultra; Pathways Intermediates USA, LLC). Treatments were delivered via a ground corn-based supplement (0.45 kg/hd) which was added to a dry rolled corn-based finishing ration fed in GrowSafe bunks. After 210 days, steers were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of dietary treatment and block, and random effects of herd source and pen nested within treatment. Overall, final BW was greater (P = 0.01) in steers fed LPL5 (651 kg) and LPL10 (648 kg) compared with LPL0 (627 kg). Moreover, steers fed LPL0 had decreased (P = 0.01) ADG compared with LPL5 and LPL10. No treatment differences were observed in dry matter intake or gain:feed (P > 0.16). Steers fed LPL5 (399 kg) and LPL10 (399 kg) had increased (P = 0.05) hot carcass weight compared with those fed LPL0 (387 kg). Additionally, steers fed LPL10 tended to have a greater (P = 0.06) dressing percentage than LPL5. In conclusion, lysophospholipids fed at 5 or 10 g per steer daily increased growth performance and hot carcass weight in finishing beef steers.
PSVIII-B-15 Potential Involvement of DNA Methylation of First Intron in Transcriptional Regulation During Bovine Subclinical Mastitis Caused by Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Wang Mengqi , Laterrière Mario , Dudemaine Pier-Luc , Bissonnette Nathalie , Gagné David , Ibeagha-Awemu Eveline M
Published: September 2022

DNA methylation involvement in the regulation of mammary gland inflammatory defense against pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus(SA) has been documented. However, the mechanisms are not clear. The possible influence of DNA methylation of first introns (DNA-MeFI) on transcriptional activities during subclinical mastitis was studied by profiling the methylome (whole genome methylation sequencing) and transcriptome (RNA-sequencing) of milk somatic cells from cows(n=15) with SA subclinical mastitis (SACs) and healthy cows (HCs)(n=13), followed by bioinformatics processing with standard tools. The DNA-MeFI was calculated, for each of 19411 genes found as expressed in the samples, by averaging the methylation levels of all CpG sites in the first intron. At genome-wide, the DNA-MeFIs was inversely correlated with gene expression (GE) (Pearson’s r=-0.173, p=1.60×10-122)(Figure 1-A). Similarly, the difference in the DNA-MeFI and GE between SACs and HCs was also inversely correlated (Pearson’s r=-0.149, p=4.25×10-97)(Figure 1-B). Application of machine learning by Gaussian Mixed model (GMM) using scikit-learn in python to the changes of DNA-MeFI and GE between SACs and HCs revealed 2866 outliers (GMM’s p< 0.005) that showed significant changes in the DNA-MeFI and/or GE. 644 genes with >10% difference in DNA-MeFI and |log2FC| >1 in GE were selected and referred to as differentially methylated and expressed genes (DME-genes). 644 DME-genes were significantly enriched in 5 GO terms and 11 KEGG pathways related to diseases and immune functions, including Staphylococcus aureus infection and Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity (Table 1). Furthermore, 74.84% DME-genes showed inverse changes in DNA-MeFI and GE. Besides, the DNA-MeFI of 264 DME-genes were found to correlate significantly with their GE (|rho| >0.3, FDR<0.05), including 225 DME-genes(85.23%) with inverse correlations(rho< -0.3, FDR< 0.05). 39 DME-genes with positive correlations were significantly enriched in 21 GO terms mainly related to metabolic processes. In conclusion, the DNA-MeFI possibly participate in the regulation of gene expression during bovine subclinical mastitis caused by SA.
PSVIII-B-9
Effects of Level and Type of Fiber Sources on Feed Intake, Average Daily Gain, Digestion, and Milk Production by Alpine Goats
Authors: Wang Wei , Lourencon Raquel V , Puchala Ryszard , Ribeiro Luana , Gipson Terry A , Goetsch Arthur L
Published: September 2022

Thirty Alpine does and 32 doelings, averaging 45±1.5 days-in-milk, were used in a study with four 4-wk periods to determine effects of level and type of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) sources on feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), digestion, and milk production. The 60C, 50C, 50W20S, and 40W30S diets were 60, 50, 30, and 30% concentrate and 40, 50, 50, and 40% forage, with 20 and 30% soybean hulls in 50W20S and 40W30S, respectively. Diet NDF concentration was 36, 39, 52, and 52% for 60C, 50C, 50W20S, and 40W30S, respectively. Overall dry matter intake (DMI) was highest (P< 0.05) for 60C and 50C, but differences were greater in periods 1 (2.96, 2.76, 2.06, and 2.27) and 2 (2.67, 2.76, 2.18, and 2.35) than in periods 3 (2.60, 2.55, 2.04, and 2.28) and 4 (2.38, 2.32, 2.07, and 2.13 kg/day for 60C, 50C, 50W20S, and 40W30S, respectively; SEM=0.142). There was a three-way interaction in ADG, with values of 31, 32, -22, and -10 for doelings (SEM=15.1) and 8, 0, -22, and -11 g for does consuming 60C, 50C, 50W20S, and 40W30S, respectively (SEM=18.6). Digestion of organic matter after period 4 was 71.3, 71.3, 80.1, and 80.7% (SEM=0.95) and of NDF was 44.7, 48.8, 73.7, and 75.8% for 60C, 50C, 50W20S, and 40W30S, respectively (SEM=1.56). Milk fat concentration was highest (P< 0.05) for 40W30S (2.81, 2.92, 2.85, and 3.13%; SEM=0.051), with raw milk yield similar among treatments (3.10, 2.87, 2.64, and 2.79 kg/day 60C, 50C, 50W20S, and 40W30S, respectively; SEM=0.144). Average milk energy yield was 7.61, 7.20, 6.48, and 7.20 MJ/day (SEM=0.354) and 2.85, 2.90, 3.11, and 3.18 MJ/kg DMI for 60C, 50C, 50W20S, and 40W30S, respectively (SEM=0.130). In conclusion, high-NDF diets may limit feed intake more in mid- than late lactation and restrict ADG of doelings; however, perhaps because of differences in digestibility, they did not significantly affect milk energy yield.
PSVIII-B-13 Machine Learning-Based co-Expression Network Analysis Unravels Fertility-Related Genes in Beef Cattle
Authors: Diniz Wellison , Banerjee Priyanka , Rodning Soren P P , Dyce Paul W W
Published: September 2022

Reproductive efficiency is a critical component of a sustainable cow-calf system. While several studies have identified factors underlying fertility, the genetic mechanisms contributing to this complex trait are still unclear. Our goal was to identify a set of predictive biomarker signatures from transcriptomics data associated with female cattle fertility. We implemented a multi-tiered approach using machine learning (ML) feature selection, gene co-expression network, and functional analysis. To this end, we retrieved public data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO GSE171577). The RNA-Seq data was generated from uterine luminal epithelial cells of recipient cows sampled on day four before embryo transfer. The data (n = 18 non-pregnant – NP and n = 25 pregnant – P) were analyzed using a standard pipeline based on FastQC, MultiQC, STAR, and DESeq2. Genes with expression values > 0.5 counts per million in 50% of the samples were filtered out. Feature and model selection was implemented through BioDiscML. Further, the PCIT algorithm was used to create gene co-expression networks from 15,039 genes kept after quality control. Our ML approach identified nine genes as predictors of pregnancy status. The genes included: SERPINE3, MRTFA, MEF2B, NAA16, ARHGEF7, PDCD1, FNDC1, ENSBTAG00000054585, and ENSBTAG00000019474. The networks from P and NP cows resulted in five and four thousand significantly co-expressed gene pairs, respectively. We then kept 1,837 pairs with a |r| > 0.7 and were co-expressed with the gene predictors from the ML analysis. Biological processes, such as vasculature development, oxidative phosphorylation, and focal adhesion were over-represented by genes from the P network. We identified immune system development, negative regulation of the biological process, and protein modification over-represented processes in the NP gene network. We have demonstrated the potential of combining different methods to identify fertility-related biomarkers and have provided insights into the complex genomic basis underlying pregnancy establishment in cattle.
PSVIII-B-12 Impact of Ruminal Acidosis on Cattle Energy Metabolism
Authors: Linder Haley F , Li Jiangong , Berger Larry L , Green-Miller Angela R , McCann Joshua C
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a bout of ruminal acidosis on gas emissions of cattle unadapted to a high concentrate diet. Eleven ruminally cannulated steers (body weight = 352 kg ± 27) were blocked into 3 groups based on initial body weight. Prior to the start of the experiment, animals were consuming a forage-based diet as well as adapted to the headbox style respiration chambers. Additionally, prior to the experiment, gas emission data were collected over a 24-hour period when cattle received an ad libitum forage-based diet for use as a covariate in the statistical analysis. For the experiment, steers were moved into headboxes at the conclusion of a 24 hour fast and subsequently received 1 of 2 treatment diets: control (CON), forage-based diet or acidosis (ACID), concentrate-based diet. Steers remained in the headboxes for 48 hours. Gas concentrations from each headbox were collected hourly and analyzed with an infrared photoacoustic gas analyzer. Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. There was a tendency for a treatment × day effect (P = 0.09) with steers on the ACID treatment consuming 1.95 kg less on day 2 than CON steers. Dry matter intake was affected by day (P < 0.01) with steers consuming 4.35 kg less on day 2. There was an effect of treatment (P < 0.01) with CON steers having a greater ruminal pH than ACID steers. Steers on the ACID treatment had less CO2 emissions (P < 0.01) than CON steers, but there were no observed differences (P ≥ 0.19) in O2 emissions or respiratory quotient. Acidosis decreased dry matter intake and CO2 emissions but not O2 emissions for cattle unadapted to a high concentrate diet.
PSXIII-B-6 Effect of Camera Exposure Time on Image Segmentation and Body Weight Prediction
Authors: Bresolin Tiago , Ferreira Rafael , Dorea Joao R
Published: September 2022

External conditions such as lightness and brightness in a scene might have a tremendous effect on the quality of image acquisition, and this may influence on the prediction of phenotypes of interest. Here we investigated the impact of camera exposure time on the performance of image segmentation and body weight (BW) prediction. Top view depth images were acquired from 84 dairy cows using exposure time automatically defined by the camera (Exp0) given the scene light conditions, and manually set as 1,000 milliseconds (Exp1) and 4,000 milliseconds (Exp4) for all cows. Three images per cow from each experiment (n = 252) had the animal body manually traced. A 10-fold cross-validation (random by cow) strategy was used to train and validate three U-Net networks, one per experiment, for semantic segmentation. The trained segmenters were tested on each experiment dataset using intersection over union (IoU) as an evaluation metric. Biological features (BF) including area, volume, circularity, and major axis length were extracted from the segmented images. BF were used as predictors in linear models to predict the BW, and the models’ performance were evaluated using coefficient of determination (R2). IoU remained constant (0.98) when training U-Net using images from Exp0, Exp1, and Exp4 and testing on Exp0 and Exp1, and decreased (0.92) when testing on Exp4. R2 of 0.79, 0.78, and 0.08 were observed to predict BW when the model was trained using BF from Exp0 and Exp1 and tested using BF from Exp0, Exp1, and Exp4, respectively. Lower R2 (0.33, 0.34, and 0.25, respectively) were observed using BF from Exp4 to train the model and test using BF from Exp0, Exp1, and Exp4. Overall, higher exposure times (Exp4) resulted in poorer segmentation quality and consequently less precise BW predictions.
PSXIII-B-11 Identification of Haplotypes Associated with Fetal Loss in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Kiser Jennifer N , Neibergs Holly L
Published: September 2022

Fetal loss occurs in 4 to 13% of dairy cattle worldwide with a subsequent $487 to $1900 economic loss per pregnancy. Previous studies have identified SNPs associated with fetal loss, but few have investigated haplotypes (DNA that segregates to offspring together) associated with fetal loss. The objective of this study was to identify haplotypes associated with fetal loss in Holstein heifers and cows that conceived to the first insemination. This study consisted of 529 Holstein heifers (470 maintained pregnancies to term while 59 experienced fetal loss) and 517 Holstein cows (490 maintained pregnancies to term while 28 suffered fetal loss). Cattle with fetal loss (cases) were genotyped using the Neogen BovineGGP50 BeadChip (SNPs = 43,938) and cattle that calved at term (controls) were genotyped with the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip (SNPs = 777,962). Cases were imputed to HD density using BEAGLE (4.1). Cases and controls were combined to identify 62,819 haplotypes. Haplotype association tests were run for three populations (heifers, cows, and combined) with a chi-squared Bonferroni (BF) corrected significance of p < 0.05. The haplotype analyses identified 121, 47, and 102 haplotypes associated with fetal loss in heifer, cow and combined populations, respectively. Of these, 37 haplotypes were shared between the heifer and cow populations, 39 between cows and the combined, 76 between the heifers and combined, and 37 across all analyses. Loci identified in the haplotype analyses were compared to loci associated (BF p < 0.05) with fetal loss in a SNP by SNP genome wide association analyses. There were 22 loci shared in heifers, 10 in cows and 21 in the combined population. The use of haplotypes, identified an additional 150 loci associated with fetal loss that can be further characterized for their value in selecting cattle that are less prone to late term abortions.
PSXIII-B-17 Risk of Bovine Respiratory Disease by Pathogen Incidence
Authors: Kiser Jennifer N , Neibergs Holly L
Published: September 2022

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) affects millions of cattle in the US annually. This study sought to identify commensal pathogens in animals without clinical signs that were predictive of clinical BRD using the Wisconsin Health Scoring (WHS) system. Cases were healthy cattle that were later diagnosed with BRD (WHS ≥ 5.0), positive controls (PC) were cattle that were diagnosed with BRD at the time of initial sampling and negative controls (NC) were those that remained healthy throughout the study (WHS ≤ 4.0). Beef feedlot cattle were sampled in Colorado (CO; cases = 13, NC = 500, PC = 488) and Washington (WA; cases = 5, NC = 499, PC = 506). Preweaned Holstein dairy calves were sampled from California (CA; cases = 73, NC = 1017, PC = 1003) and New Mexico (NM; cases = 25, NC = 381, PC = 376). For each animal, mid-nasal and deep pharyngeal swabs were used to test for nine BRD pathogens. ANOVA testing (P< 0.05) and odds ratios (OR) were calculated for each population. In CO, bovine viral diarrhea virus (P = 0.0001, OR = 13.1) and Histophilus somni (P = 0.008, OR = 4.2) were predictive of cattle that would be diagnosed with BRD while bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV; P = 1.1 × 10-6, OR = 40.8) was most predictive in WA. In NM, BRSV (P = 0.005, OR = 5.8) was also predictive of clinical BRD. No pathogen was predictive of BRD risk in CA. Prevalence of the predictive pathogen was higher (P < 0.05) in cases than in PC cattle suggesting that the incidence of pathogens taken at the time of BRD diagnosis may not reflect the pathogen initiating disease. These results also highlight geographical differences in the incidence of BRD pathogens which should be considered when managing to reduce disease.
PSXIII-B-12 Identifying Gene and Metabolite Signature Patterns by Mining co-Expression Networks for Fertility in Beef Heifers
Authors: Banerjee Priyanka , Rodning Soren P P , Diniz Wellison , Dyce Paul W W
Published: September 2022

Fertility is a multifactorial trait partially regulated by genetics. Despite advances in reproductive biotechnologies, reproductive failure remains a challenge to the beef industry. Thus, we hypothesized that blood profiles would differ at artificial insemination (AI) between heifers that become pregnant or remained open following AI and three cycles of natural service. We applied untargeted-metabolomics (blood-plasma) and RNA-Seq approaches (GEO-GSE103628, peripheral white blood cells) on six AI-pregnant (AI-P) and six non-pregnant (NP) Angus-Simmental crossbred heifers. After quality control, differential expression analyses of genes (DEGs) and metabolites were performed. We identified 38 DEGs and 15 metabolites at different levels between the AI-P and NP groups. Co-expression network and differential connectivity (DK) analyses were performed using the PCIT and Cytoscape software platforms. The significantly correlated gene pairs (|r| > 0.99) were filtered with DEGs. The gene co-expression network analysis identified 17 and 37 hub genes in AI-P and NP, respectively. Genes that gained connectivity in NP included TGM2, TMEM51, TAC3, NDRG4, and PDGFB. Likewise, ENSBTAG00000027962, ENSBTAG00000034871, ENSBTAG00000047816 and CYTH3 were less connected. The DEGs, co-expressed and DK genes were over-represented for oocyte meiosis, Wnt and glucagon signaling pathways, propanoate metabolism and N-glycan biosynthesis in the AI-P. MAPK signaling pathway and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis were over-represented in NP. The metabolomic analysis identified 18 and 15 metabolite pairs significantly correlated (|r| > 0.9) in AI-P and NP. While ornithine and cysteine were identified as hubs for both AI-P and NP metabolites, allantoic acid, methionine, putrescine, phenylethylamine, kynurenine and xylitol were unique to AI-P. Tryptophan and glutamine were unique to the NP. Tryptophan exhibited a gain in connectivity in NP while allantoic acid had more connectivity in the AI-P. Our findings provide new avenues for fertility research. Further validation of genes and metabolites in a cohort with more animals would establish a framework for early fertility prediction.
PSIII-19 Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality of Pigs from Divergent Groups for Pork Loin Tenderness
Authors: São José Gabryella Luiza F , Nuñez Amoracyr José C , Brito Luiz Fernando F , Schinckel Allan P , Pereira Vanessa Livian A , Filho Albino Luchiari , Carmo Adriana S do , Cesar Aline , Almeida Vivian V
Published: September 2022

Genetic selection for improved feed efficiency and lean growth in pigs has resulted in reduced intramuscular fat content. The aim of this study was to evaluate growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in genetically lean immunocastrated pigs grouped based on divergent Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) values. The WBSF values of the longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle were obtained from a previous trial evaluating 4 diets, 6 replicates per diet, and 3 pigs per pen, summing up to 72 Large White immunocastrated male pigs. Pigs (initial BW = 28.44 ± 2.95 kg) were fed diets containing either 1.5% soybean oil (CON) or 3% soybean oil (SO), canola oil (CO), or fish oil (FO) in a 98-d study. The original dataset was used to segregate pigs into 2 treatments: high (5.4 to 4.3 kg) and low (3.8 to 2.8 kg) WBSF. The SO diet did not show extreme values for WBSF and was not included in the resulting dataset, which comprised 2 treatments (high- and low-WBSF), 3 blocks (CON, CO, and FO), and 6 replicates per treatment (12 experimental units). No significant differences were observed for growth performance between WBSF groups. When compared with low-WBSF pigs, high-WBSF pigs tended to have decreased (P = 0.07) backfat thickness and intramuscular fat content in the LL and greater (P = 0.09) carcass lean percentage and cooking losses. Oleic acid concentration was less (P = 0.05) in the LL intramuscular fat of high- than low-WBSF pigs. There were statistical tendencies for decreased (P = 0.06) total monounsaturated fatty acids and increased (P = 0.09) total polyunsaturated fatty acids concentrations in the LL intramuscular fat of high- than low-WBSF pigs. In conclusion, immunocastrated male pigs with tender meat had improved nutritional attributes of pork, with no effects on feed efficiency and carcass traits.
PSIII-18 Effect of Various Adaptogens on the Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Composition of the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle from Kazakh White-Headed Bulls
Authors: Tepavcevich Jela , Khabibullin Ruzel , Mironova Irina , Khabibullin Ilvir , Nikolaeva Lyudmila , Vasilyeva Irina
Published: September 2022

The study aimed to evaluate qualitative characteristics of beef from bulls upon the introduction of plant- and animal-originated adaptogens. Kazakh white-headed bulls were devided into four groups (n=12): group 1 (control) - the basic ration (BR); group 2 - BR + Rhaponticum carthamoides; group 3 - BR + pantocrin; group 4 - BR + drone homogenate. The analyzed components were introduced with drinking water in an amount of 0.01 mL per 1 kg of body weight. Samples of longissimus dorsi muscle from18-month bulls were selected for analysis. The research used gas chromatography to determine the fatty acid composition of beef and capillary electrophoresis to establish the amino acid content. It was found that tryptophan (326.7 mg%) in the beef from group 1 was less by 4.66% (P≤0.05) than in the beef from group 3 and by 5.35% (P≤0.01) than in the beef from group 4. The oxyproline concentration in the beef obtained from the control group was 58.67 mg%. The value is significantly greater (2.43-4.66%) than the indices derived from groups 2-4. The maximum difference (P ≤ 0.01) was observed in group 4 (basic ration + drone homogenate). The analysis of the fatty acid composition indicates an increase in palmitic acid (by 2.8%; P≤0.05), myristic acid (by 3.2%; P≤0.05), myristoleic acid (by 2.1%; P≤0.05) in the beef from group 4 compared to the control. Rhaponticum carthamoides and pantocrin in the ration improved accumulation of alpha-linolenic acid by 1.8 (P< 0.05) and 2.3% (P< 0.05) compared with the control group. Thus, the analyzed adaptogens optimized the fatty acid and amino acid composition of beef in varying degrees. The drone homogenate demonstrated the greatest effect.
PSXIII-16 Effects of Clay Mineral ‘Illite’ on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Meat-Carcass Grade Quality in Growing-Finishing Pigs
Authors: Kim Ki Moon , Lim Chai Bin , Madesh Muniyappan , Kim In Ho
Published: September 2022

Clays are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicate molecules composed of alkali and alkaline earth cations along with small amounts of various other elements. The best-known are montmorillonite, smectite, illite, kaolinite, biotite and clinoptilolite. Such illite was used in this present study to investigate its effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and meat-carcass grade quality in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 150 pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc); weighted 25.42 ± 3.23kg, were selected and randomly allocated to 2 treatments with 15 replicates per group and 5 pigs per replicates according to initial body weight and sex. The experimental treatments consisted of corn-soybean meal-based basal diet (CON) and basal diet supplemented with 0.5% illite (IL). The experiment period lasted for 126 days. Pigs fed IL supplemented diet had greater (P<0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) and reduction in G:F during 43 to 70 and 99- 126 days compared with pigs fed CON diet. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM) was greater during day 42 and 126 in pigs receiving IL supplemented diet compared with CON diet. The inclusion of IL in the diet of the pigs had increased (P< 0.05) backfat thickness (BFT) during day 98 while drip loss was decreased (P < 0.05) on day 7 and showed tendency (P=0.088) to increase the meat firmness. Therefore, we concluded that supplementation of 0.5% of IL in diets could improve growth performance, total tract digestibility of dry matter, and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs
PSXV-17 Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Spray Dried Plasma, Dried Intestinal Hydrolysates or Bovine Colostrum on the Growth and Intestinal Health of Weanling Pigs
Authors: Verso Luca Lo , Tanguay Philippe , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Guay Frederic
Published: September 2022

In this study, we evaluated the potential of supplementing weaning diets with spray dried porcine plasma, dried porcine intestinal hydrolysates or bovine colostrum to modulate piglet growth, intestinal morphology, antioxidant status, and immunity. At weaning, 96 piglets were housed three piglets per pen in 32 pens. Each pen was assigned to one of the following dietary treatments: 1) basal diet (CTRL); 2) basal diet containing spray dried porcine plasma at 50 g/kg feed (PP); 3) basal diet containing dried porcine intestinal hydrolysates at 50 g/kg feed (PIH); 4) basal diet containing bovine colostrum at 50 g/kg feed (BC). At d 0 and 14, piglets were weighed and feed intake was daily recorded. Eight pigs per treatment (one per pen) were euthanized at d 14 and intestinal samples were collected to evaluate the antioxidant status, intestinal morphology and concentration of TNFα, interleukin (IL) 4, IL17, occludin, caspase 3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Our results showed that PP and BC supplementation increased the final weight and G:F ratio compared with the other dietary treatments, whereas the ADG was greater in the BC group compared with PIH animals (P< 0.05). Furthermore, feeding pigs with the PP diet partially affected the intestinal antioxidant status, as evidenced by the increased concentration of glutathione peroxidase compared with the BC group (P< 0.05). BC supplementation also increased intestinal villus height compared with CTRL and PIH animals, as well as villus to crypt ratio compared with the CTRL group (P< 0.05). No other dietary effect on immunity or intestinal morphology was recorded. This study highlights the potential of dietary supplementation, such as plasma proteins and bovine colostrum, to act as a valid alternative to in-feed antibiotics, to reduce effect of weaning stress and maintain gut health and performance in in the post-weaning period.
PSXVI-13 Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Fish Meal, Defatted Black Soldier fly Larva Meal and Adult Black Soldier fly fed to Pigs
Authors: Kim Jongkeon , Ji Sang Yun , Kim Beob Gyun G
Published: September 2022

The objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in fish meal, defatted black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larva meal, and adult BSF fed to pigs. Eight barrows with an initial body weight of 72.6 kg (SD = 10.4) fitted with T-cannulas in the distal ileum were individually housed in pens that were equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. The pigs were allotted to a replicated 4 × 5 incomplete Latin square design with 4 diets and 5 periods. Three experimental diets containing fish meal (68.6% CP, 5.24% Lys, and 7.5% ether extract), defatted BSF larva meal (59.5% CP, 3.82% Lys, and 7.6% ether extract), and adult BSF (59.0% CP, 2.80% Lys, and 26.8% ether extract) as the sole source of AA were prepared. Additionally, a nitrogen-free diet was formulated to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All diets contained 0.5% chromium oxide as an indigestible index. Each period consisted of 4 days of adaptation and 2 days of ileal digesta collection. The SID of CP in defatted BSF larva meal was less (73.8% vs. 88.3%; P < 0.05) than that in fish meal but was greater (P < 0.05) than that in adult BSF (56.1%). The SID of all indispensable AA except for Met and Phe in defatted BSF larva meal was less (P < 0.05) than that in fish meal. The SID of all AA in defatted BSF larva meal was greater (P < 0.05) than that in adult BSF. In conclusion, AA in defatted BSF larva meal are less digestible than those in fish meal when fed to pigs but are more digestible than those in in adult BSF.
PSV-B-17 Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Vitamins/Minerals and/or Energy on Fetoplacental Vascularity in Crossbred Angus Heifers
Authors: Ruiz Bethania J Davila , Dahlen Carl R , Hurlbert Jennifer L L , Baumgaertner Friederike , Bochantin Kerri A , Menezes Ana Clara B , Diniz Wellison , Kirsch James D , Borowicz Pawel P , Canovas Sebastian , Reynolds Lawrence P
Published: September 2022

The objective of these studies was to evaluate if vascularity of the fetal part of the placenta, termed cotyledon (COT), of crossbreed Angus heifers is affected by vitamin and mineral (VTM) and/or energy (NRG) supplementation during pregnancy. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation with VTM and/or NRG would improve fetoplacental vascular development, which is an important index of placental function. Two experiments were conducted: In Exp. 1, 34 heifers were randomly assigned to VTM/NoVTM supplementation 71 days before artificial insemination (AI). At breeding, the diet was maintained and heifers were randomly assigned to receive NRG, resulting in the following treatments combinations: NoVTM-NoNRG (n=8), NoVTM-NRG (n=8), VTM-NoNRG (n=9), and VTM-NRG (n=9). Dietary supplementation was maintained until d 83 when heifers were ovariohysterectomized and COT was collected. On Exp. 2, 72 heifers were randomly assigned to VTM supplementation (n=36) or control (CON) (n=36) treatments at breeding and continuing until parturition when COT from a subset of 28 heifers was collected. The COT from both experiments was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using rabbit anti-CD34 and anti-CD31 antibodies as markers for vascularity along with DAPI for background nuclear staining. In the d 83 group, BS1 lectin was used as a marker of fetal placental tissue. Three images per animal were captured and the percentage/number of blood vessels within the tissue area was analyzed. The data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS. Results indicated that on d 83 COT vascularity was not affected by VTM (P-value = 0.5030), NRG (P-value = 0.5450), or their interaction (P-value = 0.6664), whereas on parturition there was a tendency for COT vascularity to be greater in VTM than CON (P- value=0.0723). These results suggest that dietary VTM supplementation from breeding until parturition potentially has a beneficial effect on placental vascular development in crossbred Angus heifers.
PSVI-5 Treatment of Flunixin Meglumine and Prostaglandin E2 had no Effect on Corpora Lutea of Beef Cows
Authors: Larson Jamie E , Johnson Tate , Swanson Rebecca M , Messman Riley D , Lemley Caleb O
Published: September 2022

Flunixin meglumine (FM) is a COX enzyme inhibitor and prostaglandin E2 (PGE) builds the corpus luteum (CL). However, the use of FM in conjunction with PGE has not been studied. The objective of this study was to determine effects of intravenous administration of FM and intravaginal release of PGE on characteristics of the CL and concentrations of PGE and progesterone in blood. Beef cows (n = 24, divided between two replicants over time) were synchronized using the Select Synch + CIDR protocol (expected estrus = d 0). Cows were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups in a factorial arrangement, with 6 cows in each: Control, FM, PGE, or FM+PGE. Treatments were administered from d 13 to 19 (FM 2.2 mg/kg iv every 12 hr; PGE released in osmotic pump at 0.1 mL/d). Every other day from d 0 to 26, transrectal ultrasonography with color Doppler was used to measure size and blood perfusion of CL; images were later analyzed with ImageJ. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture every other day from d 13 to 26 and later analyzed for concentrations of progesterone (P4; RIA) and PGE (ELISA). Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS 9.4 with day as a repeated measure; significance was declared when P ≤ 0.05. There were no interactions between FM and PGE, thus main effects of treatments were evaluated. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.164) in size, vessel density, or blood perfusion of CL between treatment groups. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.141) in concentrations of PGE or P4 between treatment groups. However, concentrations of P4 and PGE and density of blood vessels decreased by day (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, treatment with FM or PGE did not influence CL characteristics nor concentrations of P4 or PGE in circulation.
PSXIV-4 Effects of Floor Space Allowance on Productivity of Sows
Authors: Min Yejin , Choi Yohan , Kim Joeun , Kim Doowan , Jeong Yongdae , Park Hyunju , Chung Hakjae , Sa Soojin , Jeon Dayeon , Jin Hyunju
Published: September 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of floor space allowance on productivity of sows. A total of 48 sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; 220.64 ± 5.18 kg average initial body weight) were randomly assigned to four treatments (floor space allowance of 1.9 m2, 2.1 m2, 2.3 m2, 2.5 m2). Diets were titrated or exceeded the nutrient requirements for sows recommended by Nutrient Requirements of Swine of National Research Council. All sows were moved to floor space allocation six weeks after artificial insemination and transferred to farrowing crates at 107 days of gestation. There were no differences in sow performance, reproductive performance of sows in treatments. However, the total solids (%) and protein (%) of colostrum composition of sows in 2.3 m2 was less than that of sows in 1.9 m2 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the floor space allowance of 1.9 ~ 2.5 m2 (0.2m2 intervals) did not show a difference in sow productivity, and colostrum composition showed a positive effect at 1.9 m2. An experiment to investigate sow productivity by applying a larger area than a space allowance of 2.5 m2 is necessary.