bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Victorian Verse-Novel
Authors: Markovits Stefanie
Published: September 2017

This book considers the rise of a hybrid generic form, the verse-novel, in the second half of the nineteenth century. Such poems combined epic length with novelistic plots in the attempt to capture not a heroic past but the quotidian present. Victorian verse-novels also tended to be rough-mixed, their narrative sections interspersed with shorter, lyrical verses in varied measures. In flouting the rules of contemporary genre theory, which saw poetry as the purview of the eternal and ideal and relegated the everyday to the domain of novelistic prose, verse-novels proved well suited to upsetting other hierarchies, as well, including those of gender and class. The genre’s radical energies often emerge from the competition between lyric and narrative drives, between the desire for transcendence and the quest to find meaning in what happens next; the unusual marriage plots that structure such poems prove crucibles of these rival forces. Generic tensions also yield complex attitudes toward time and space: the book’s first half considers the temporality of love, while its second looks at generic geography through the engagement of novels in verse with Europe and the form’s transatlantic travels. Both well-known verse-novels (Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Aurora Leigh, Arthur Hugh Clough’s Amours de Voyage, Coventry Patmore’s The Angel in the House) and lesser-known examples are read closely alongside a few nearly related works (Tennyson’s Idylls of the King, Robert Browning’s The Ring and the Book). An Afterword traces the verse-novel’s substantial influence on the modernist novel.
Leading Professionals
Authors: Empson Laura
Published: September 2017

This book analyses the complex power dynamics and interpersonal politics that lie at the heart of leadership in professional organizations, such as accounting, law, and consulting firms, investment banks, hospitals, and universities. It is based on scholarly research into many of the world’s leading professional organizations across a range of sectors, including interviews with over 500 senior professionals in sixteen countries. Drawing on the latest academic theory to analyse exactly how professionals in organizations come together to create ‘leadership’, it provides new insights into how leaders lead when there is no traditional hierarchy to support them, their own authority is contingent, and they must constantly renegotiate relationships with relatively autonomous professional peers. It explores how leaders persuade highly intelligent, educated, and opinionated professionals to work together; how change happens within professional organizations; and why leaders so often fail. Part I introduces the concept of plural leadership, analysing how leaders establish and maintain their positions within leadership constellations, and the implications for governance in the context of collective or distributed leadership. Part II examines the complex, challenging relationships between professionals as they seek to influence their organizations, including the phenomena of leadership dyads, insecure overachievers, social control, and the rise of the management professional. Part III examines the shifts in the locus of power as professional organizations grow, adapt, and react to external stimuli such as mergers and acquisitions and economic crises. The conclusion identifies the paradoxes inherent in professional organizations and examines the role of leaders in attempting to reconcile them.
The Invention of ‘Happiness’
Authors: Withington Phil
Published: September 2017

Withington traces the increasing array of meanings attached to the word ‘happiness’ from the sixteenth through the seventeenth century, as evidenced in published texts. The older meaning of ‘a state arising from chance or circumstance’ gave way to a greater variety of meanings to do with well-being and a subjective state associated with that. In tracing these changes, Withington pays particular attention to the ways in which the term provided a vehicle for the vernacularization of a variety of classical and patristic concepts, such as eudaimonia and summum bonum. ‘Happiness’ increasingly displaced ‘felicity’, to denote a subjective state of well-being—in both a material and a spiritual context—while in a spiritual context it sometimes displaced ‘blessedness’ or ‘beatitude’.
Politicization, New Media, and Everyday Deliberation
Authors: Maia Rousiley C. M.
Published: September 2017

This chapter investigates ‘everyday talk’ within the deliberative system. The democratic potential of everyday talk is assessed against the normative criteria of deliberation and then with reference to the politicizing and depoliticizing effects of this practice. Against scholars who argue that government-focused forums and mini-publics are internally more democratic than broader processes of everyday discussion in the public sphere, this chapter contends that there is no space that is intrinsically more deliberative than any other, especially when seen from a network of governance. This chapter argues that connections across governmental networks and social spaces are more intricate in an increasingly hybrid media environment. Everyday talk is becoming ever more important for helping citizens to discover problems that may otherwise remain hidden or consigned to the realm of fate or necessity, converting topics of conversation into issues of broader public concern, and criticizing and demanding review of certain political decisions.
Multilevel Governance and Depoliticization
Authors: Papadopoulos Yannis
Published: September 2017

‘Multilevel’ governance (MLG) refers to the fact that, in contemporary established democracies, collectively binding decisions are frequently formulated or implemented in a cooperative manner by networks composed of public actors attached to different jurisdictional levels (from the local to the supranational) and of non-public actors such as experts, interest representatives, and members of cause groups. This chapter develops the expectation that the occurrence and magnitude of depoliticization in MLG depend on a number of its defining traits, and that the presence and intensity of these traits depend in turn on the specific empirical configuration and actor constellation of governance arrangements. The chapter first lays out the relationships that may exist between different facets of depoliticization in MLG, and then explores how MLG is depoliticized when technocratic rule, deficits of representation, lack of political control, and lack of public debate tend to prevail.
Are there populations suffering genetic erosion that would benefit from augmented gene flow?
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: September 2017

Having identified small geographically and genetically isolated populations, we need to determine whether they are suffering genetic erosion, and if so, whether there are any other populations to which they could be crossed. We should next ask whether crossing is expected to be harmful or beneficial, and if beneficial, whether the benefits would be large enough to justify a genetic rescue attempt. Here, we address these questions based on the principles established in the preceding chapters.
Unbelievable Errors
Authors: Streumer Bart
Published: September 2017

This book defends an error theory about all normative judgements: not just moral judgements, but also judgements about reasons for action, judgements about reasons for belief, and instrumental normative judgements. This theory says that normative judgements are beliefs that ascribe normative properties, but that normative properties do not exist. It therefore entails that all normative judgements are false. The book also argues, however, that we cannot believe this error theory. Instead of being a problem for the theory, the book argues, our inability to believe this error theory makes the theory more likely to be true, since it undermines objections to the theory, it makes it harder to reject the arguments for the theory, and it undermines revisionary alternatives to the theory. The book then sketches how certain other philosophical theories can be defended in a similar way, and how philosophers should modify their methodology if there can be true philosophical theories that we cannot believe. It concludes that to make philosophical progress, we should make a sharp distinction between a theory’s truth and our ability to believe it.
Emerging neuroimaging technologies: Toward future personalized diagnostics, prognosis, targeted intervention, and ethical challenges
Authors: Ribary Urs , MacKay Alex L. , Rauscher Alexander , Tipper Christine M. , Giaschi Deborah E. , Woodward Todd S. , Sossi Vesna , Doesburg Sam M. , Ward Lawrence M. , Herdman Anthony , Hamarneh Ghassan , Booth Brian G. , Moiseev Alexander
Published: September 2017

The human brain is a fine-tuned and balanced structural, functional, and dynamic electrochemical system. Any alterations, from slight slowing of partial brain networks to severe disruptions in structural, functional, and dynamic connectivity across local and large-scale brain networks will result in slight to severe changes in cognitive ability, awareness, and consciousness. Using future noninvasive technologies, the common goal is to relate typical or atypical resting-state, sensory-motor functions, cognition, and consciousness to underlying typical or altered quantified brain structure, biochemistry, pathways, functional brain networks, and connectivity. This will pose enormous ethical challenges of quantitative diagnostic and prognostic strategies in future neurologic and psychiatric clinical practice.
Technologies of the extended mind: Defining the issues
Authors: Reiner Peter B. , Nagel Saskia K.
Published: September 2017

Living in the modern world entails substantial interaction with information technologies. The ways in which people interact with these devices—how they enter into daily practices—has become so profound that they qualify as technologies of the extended mind. This chapter distinguishes between these devices acting as cognitive support versus becoming bona fide extensions of our minds, and argues that this latter, new reality has substantial implications for the field of neuroethics. As exemplars, the implications of these technologies of the extended mind for concepts of autonomy and privacy of thought, as well as for the debate regarding cognitive enhancement, are investigated. The chapter calls for a new framework for thinking about neuroethics for technology that takes into account not just the effects of technology upon the brain, but one that also includes a more expansive concept of the mind.
When bright lines blur: Deconstructing distinctions between disorders of consciousness
Authors: Fischer David B. , Truog Robert D.
Published: September 2017

Disorders of consciousness are devastating to patients and present profound challenges to clinicians, scientists, philosophers, and ethicists alike. In the past, distinguishing between levels of these disorders has been vital to guiding important decisions. This chapter argues that these disorders are not sufficiently distinct, however, to dictate such decisions: diagnostic criteria are not discrete, nor do they reflect the conceptual definitions of these disorders. It argues that these non-distinct diagnostic boundaries reflect an inherent continuity between disorders of consciousness. In light of these points, a new way of thinking about disorders of consciousness is presented in the chapter to more effectively guide clinical decision-making. The chapter argues that these considerations bring clarity to disorders of consciousness and can improve the ethical management of patients suffering from these disorders.
Poverty, Wealth, and Well-Being
Authors: Taylor Claire
Published: September 2017

In the fifth and fourth centuries BC Athenian ideas about poverty were ideologically charged. The poor were contrasted with the rich and found, for the most part, to be both materially and morally deficient. Reflecting ideas about labour, leisure, and good citizenship, the ‘poor’ were considered to be not only those who were destitute, or those who were living at the borders of subsistence, but also those who were moderately well off but had to work for a living. Defined this way, this group covered around 99% of the population of Athens. This book sets out to rethink what it meant to be poor in a world where poverty was understood as the need to work for a living. It explores the discourses that constructed poverty as something to fear and links these with experiences of penia (poverty) among different social groups in Athens. Drawing on poverty research within the social sciences, it argues that poverty in democratic Athens should not necessarily be seen in terms of these elitist ideological categories, nor indeed only as an economic condition (the state of having no wealth), but in terms of social relations, capabilities, and well-being. The volume, therefore, provides a critical reassessment of poverty in democratic Athens which is in line with debates in contemporary poverty research. It develops a framework to analyse the complexities of poverty as a social relation as well as exploring the discourses that shaped it. Poverty is reframed throughout as being dynamic and multidimensional. In doing so, it provides an assessment of what the poor in Athens—men and women, citizen and non-citizen, slave and free—were able to do or to be.
Mahaffy and Wilde
Authors: Blanshard Alastair J. L.
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the relationship between Wilde and his Trinity College Classics tutor, John Pentland Mahaffy. This complex relationship played a vital part in the formation of Wilde’s distinctive version of Hellenism. It was a troubled relationship. Wilde and Mahaffy disagreed about politics, sexuality, religion, the course of Greek history, and the role and function of classical education. Examining these points of disagreement brings into clear relief a number of important contours in Wilde’s attitudes to the Greeks. Mahaffy, through his life and writing, provoked Wilde into defining precisely what the Greeks meant to Wilde, how they might be studied, and their value to contemporary society.
From Eros to Romosexuality
Authors: Endres Nikolai
Published: September 2017

In his famous courtroom definition of ‘the love that dare not speak its name’, Wilde pays tribute to Plato and ‘that deep, spiritual affection that is as pure as it is perfect’. But how does Wilde translate Platonic love into his works, especially The Picture of Dorian Gray, where erotic purity and perfection seem hard to find? Plato is a crucial influence, but this chapter suggests we should also turn to Roman sexual models, for two pivotal texts that Dorian reads are Petronius’ Satyricon and Suetonius’ Lives of the Caesars. What emerges is an idea of love and sex that destabilizes the categories of erastes and eromenos, that stresses erotic reciprocity rather than paiderastia, and that appropriates Roman models to a much greater degree than Wilde acknowledges in his speech.
Lying in Early Modern English Culture
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: September 2017

Lying in Early Modern English Culture is a major study of ideas of truth and falsehood from the advent of the Reformation to the aftermath of the Gunpowder Plot. The period is characterized by panic and chaos when few had any idea how religious, cultural, and social life would develop after the traumatic division of Christendom. Many saw the need for a secular power to define the truth; others declared that their allegiances belonged elsewhere. Accordingly there was a constant battle between competing authorities for the right to declare what was the truth and so label opponents as liars. Issues of truth and lying were, therefore, a constant feature of everyday life, determining ideas of identity, politics, speech, sex, marriage, and social behaviour, as well as philosophy and religion. This book is a cultural history of truth and lying from the 1530s to the 1610s, showing how lying needs to be understood in practice and theory, concentrating on a series of particular events, which are read in terms of academic debates and more popular notions of lying. The book covers a wide range of material such as the trials of Anne Boleyn and Thomas More, the divorce of Frances Howard, and the murder of Anthony James by Annis and George Dell; works of literature such as Othello, The Faerie Queene, A Mirror for Magistrates, and The Unfortunate Traveller; works of popular culture such as the herring pamphlet of 1597; and major writings by Castiglione, Montaigne, Erasmus, Luther, and Tyndale.
Inventing the Myth
Authors: Parr Connal
Published: September 2017

This book approaches Ulster Protestantism through its theatrical and cultural intersection with politics, re-establishing a forgotten history and engaging with contemporary debates. Anchored by the perspectives of ten writers–some of whom have been notably active in political life—it uniquely examines tensions going on within. Through its exploration of class division and drama from the early twentieth century to the present, the book restores the progressive and Labour credentials of the community’s recent past along with its literary repercussions, both of which appear in recent decades to have diminished. Drawing on over sixty interviews, unpublished scripts, as well as rarely-consulted archival material, we can see—contrary to a good deal of clichéd polemic and safe scholarly assessment—that Ulster Protestants have historically and continually demonstrated a vigorous creative pulse as well as a tendency towards Left wing and class politics. St John Ervine, Thomas Carnduff, John Hewitt, Sam Thompson, Stewart Parker, Graham Reid, Ron Hutchinson, Marie Jones, Christina Reid, and Gary Mitchell profoundly challenge as well as reflect their communities. Illuminating a diverse and conflicted culture stretching beyond Orange Order parades, the weaving together of the lives and work of each of the writers considered highlights mutual themes and insights on the identity, as if part of some grander tapestry of alternative twentieth century Protestant culture. Ulster Protestantism’s consistent delivery of such dissenting voices counters its monolithic and reactionary reputation.
Unwarranted variations in healthcare utilization
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the increasing evidence of small area variations in healthcare utilization. While variations are expected when morbidities differ, the policy concern is on the unwarranted variations that cannot be explained by variation in patient illness or patient preferences. First, such variations represent inequity in access to healthcare. Second, the variations suggest inefficient resource allocation, because of diminishing marginal productivity of healthcare on health. Unwarranted variations are ubiquitous and persistent. When seeking to explain the observed variations, clinical care is categorized into three groups: (1) ‘effective care’, (2) ‘preference-sensitive care’, and (3) ‘supply-sensitive care’. The smallest degree of variations is observed for ‘effective care’. For some types of elective surgeries of the other two care categories it is not unusual to observe a 5- to 10-fold difference in highest and lowest utilization rates across otherwise similar regions.
The Dispensable Lives of Soldiers
Authors: Blum Gabriella
Published: September 2017

This chapter challenges the status-based distinction of the laws of war, calling instead for revised targeting doctrines that would place further limits on the killing of enemy soldiers. The chapter argues that the changing nature of wars and militaries casts doubts on the necessity of killing all enemy combatants indiscriminately. The chapter proposes two amendments. The first is a reinterpretation of the principle of distinction, suggesting that the status-based classification be complemented by a test of threat. The second is a reinterpretation of the principle of military necessity, introducing a least-harmful-means test, under which, whenever feasible, an alternative of capture or disabling of the enemy would be preferred to killing.
Normal Rationality
Authors: Ullmann-Margalit Edna
Published: September 2017

How do people proceed when they cannot act on the basis of reasons, or project likely consequences? How is social order possible? Ullmann-Margalit demonstrates that people have identifiable strategies for making difficult decisions, whether the question is small (what to buy at a supermarket) or big (whether to transform one’s life in some large-scale way). She also shows that social dilemmas are solved by norms; that invisible-hand explanations take two identifiable (and dramatically different) forms; that trust can emerge in seemingly unpromising situations; and that considerateness is the foundation on which our relationships are organized in both the thin context of the public space and the intimate context of the family.
Picking and Choosing
Authors: Ullmann-Margalit Edna
Published: September 2017

Sometimes people choose: they decide on the basis of reasons. But sometimes people are strictly indifferent as between the alternatives: they pick. Facing a row of Campbell’s soup cans in the supermarket poses a case for picking. Examples of picking, as opposed to choosing, turn out to be pervasive in human life, especially in commercialized societies, which would be much harder to navigate if people tried to choose instead. Even more, picking rather than choosing may underlie, at the core of our being, what we are.
Trust, Distrust, and In Between
Authors: Ullmann-Margalit Edna
Published: September 2017

The springboard for this paper is the nature of the negation relation between the notions of trust and distrust. In order to explore this relation, an analysis of full trust is offered. An investigation follows of the ways in which this “end-concept” of full trust can be negated. In particular, the sense in which distrust is the negation of trust is focused on. An asymmetry is pointed to, between ‘not-to-trust’ and ‘not-to-distrust’. This asymmetry helps explain the existence of a gap between trust and distrust: the possibility of being suspended between the two. Since both trust and distrust require reasons, the question that relates to this gap is what if there are no reasons, or at any rate no sufficient reasons, either way. This kind of situation, of being suspended between two poles without a sufficient reason to opt for any one of them, paradigmatically calls for a presumption.
Considerateness
Authors: Ullmann-Margalit Edna
Published: September 2017

Focusing on the extreme poles of the spectrum of human relationships, this chapter argues that considerateness is the foundation upon which our relationships are to be organized in both the thin, anonymous context of the public space and the thick, intimate context of the family. The first part of the paper, sections I–III, explores the idea that considerateness is the minimum that we owe to one another in the public space. By acting considerately toward strangers we show respect to that which we share as people, namely, to our common humanity. The second part, sections IV–VIII, explores the idea that the family is constituted on a foundation of considerateness. Referring to the particular distribution of domestic burdens and benefits adopted by each family as its “family deal,” I argue that the considerate family deal embodies a distinct, family-oriented notion of fairness. The third part, sections IX–XV, takes up the notion of family fairness, contrasting it with justice.
The Value of Rationality
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph
Published: September 2017

Rationality is a central concept for epistemology, ethics, and the study of practical reason. But what sort of concept is it? It is argued here that—contrary to objections that have recently been raised—rationality is a normative concept. In general, normative concepts cannot be explained in terms of the concepts expressed by ‘reasons’ or ‘ought’. Instead, normative concepts are best understood in terms of values. Thus, for a mental state or a process of reasoning to be rational is for it to be in a certain way good. Specifically, rationality is a virtue, while irrationality is a vice. What rationality requires of you at a time is whatever is necessary for your thinking at that time to be as rational as possible; this makes ‘rationally required’ equivalent to a kind of ‘ought’. Moreover, rationality is an “internalist” normative concept: what it is rational for you to think at a time depends purely on what is in your mind at that time. Nonetheless, rationality has an external goal—namely, getting things right in your thinking, or thinking correctly. The connection between rationality and correctness is probabilistic: if your thinking is irrational, that is bad news about your thinking’s degree of correctness; and the more irrational your thinking is, the worse the news is about your thinking’s degree of correctness. This account of the concept of rationality indicates how we should set about giving a substantive theory of what it is for beliefs and choices to be rational.
From International to Federal Market
Authors: Schütze Robert
Published: September 2017

What philosophy informs the European Union’s internal market? In the history of European integration three market models can be distinguished: an international model, a federal model, and a national model. Under the international model, each State commits itself to limiting its external sovereignty, while it retains internal sovereignty over its national market. By contrast, the federal model accepts that within a ‘common market’ States must lose a part of their internal sovereignty; and in line with the principle of ‘home state’ control, goods are generally entitled to be freely sold on a ‘foreign’ market once they comply with the law of their home state. Finally, according to the ‘national’ market model, all trade restrictions that are above a—legislative or judicial—Union standard must be removed. The book argues that the EU internal market—and in particular the structure of its law—has generally evolved from an international to a federal market philosophy.
Nous, Motion, and Teleology in Anaxagoras
Authors: Pinto Rhodes
Published: September 2017

This paper advances a new interpretation of the manner in which Anaxagoras regards nous as producing motion and, in so doing, explains Anaxagoras’ emphasis on nous’s purity and offers a major reassessment of the explanatory value of nous. Based on a fresh examination of the evidence, I argue that Anaxagoras holds that considerable difference between things is itself productive of motion. On account of nous’s purity there is always a difference between nous and the mixture (comprising everything else) such as to produce motion, with the specific sort of motion being determined by nous’s intent (based on its judgement) or affect. Taking into account what nous brings about, including the cosmic vortex that orders the world and the preservation of living things (by being present in them as their soul), Anaxagoras can be recognized as having offered the framework for a wide-reaching teleology with his conception of nous.
Incarnation: The Avatar Model
Authors: Hasker William
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents a model of the Incarnation developed on the basis of the Na’vi avatars of the science fiction movie Avatar. The model does not address the metaphysics of the Incarnation; rather, its main concern is with the consciousness of Jesus Christ, the incarnate Son. “One-sphere models,” in which the Son while incarnate has a single sphere of consciousness, are examined and found to be unsatisfactory. The avatar model is a “two-sphere model,” in which there exist distinct spheres of consciousness for the divine nature and the human nature, similar to the “two minds” view proposed by Thomas Morris. It is argued that this does not amount to Nestorianism. The possibility of a single person with multiple spheres of consciousness is defended by comparison with the psychological “split-brain” and “multiple personality” phenomena; this way of understanding those phenomena is defended against a contrary view expounded by Tim Bayne.
Omnipresence and the Location of the Immaterial
Authors: Inman Ross D.
Published: September 2017

This chapter offers a broad taxonomy of models of divine omnipresence in the Christian tradition, both past and present, before examining that recently proposed by Hud Hudson and Alexander Pruss—ubiquitous entension—and flagging a worry with their account that stems from predominant analyses of the concept of ‘material object’. It then attempts to show that ubiquitous entension has a rich Latin medieval precedent in the work of Augustine of Hippo and Anselm of Canterbury, arguing that the model of omnipresence explicated by these Latin thinkers has the resources to avoid the noted worry by offering an alternative account of the divide between the immaterial and the material. In conclusion, a few alternative analyses of ‘material object’ are considered that make conceptual room for a contemporary Christian theist to follow suit in thinking that at least some immaterial entities are literally spatially located when relating to the denizens of spacetime.
Religious Assertion
Authors: Scott Michael
Published: September 2017

According to a standard theory of religious language, it should be taken at face value. Opposition to this face-value approach has tended to offer radical alternatives, for instance, that indicative religious utterances are not assertions but express a different speech act, or that religious utterances do not communicate beliefs in what is said. This chapter brings together this debate with contemporary constitutive norm theories of assertion. The chapter defends a novel ‘moderate’ theory of religious affirmation that rejects both the face-value and opposition approaches. It argues that religious affirmations are normatively distinct from assertions, and it argues that a theory of religious affirmation should not undermine either the face-value representational content or belief-reporting role of indicative religious utterances. The moderate theory shows how it is possible to do justice to the distinctiveness of religious discourse while staying faithful to the evidence about how speakers use religious language.
Irresolvable Norm Conflicts in International Law
Authors: Jeutner Valentin
Published: September 2017

Conventionally, international legal scholarship concerned with norm conflicts focusses on identifying how international law can or should resolve them. This book adopts a different approach. It focusses on identifying those norm conflicts that law cannot and should not resolve. The book offers an unprecedented, controversial, yet sophisticated, argument in favour of construing such irresolvable conflicts as legal dilemmas. Legal dilemmas exist when a legal actor confronts a conflict between at least two legal norms that cannot be avoided or resolved. Addressing both academics and practitioners, the book aims to identify the character and consequences of legal dilemmas, to distil their legal function within the sphere of international law, and to engender and contribute to serious theoretical and practical investigations into the conditions that lead to a legal dilemma. The argument unfolds in three parts. The first part proposes a definition of legal dilemmas and distinguishes the term from numerous related concepts. Based on this definition, the second part scrutinises international law’s contemporary norm conflict resolution and accommodation devices in order to identify their limited ability to resolve certain kinds of norm conflicts satisfactorily. Against the background of the limits identified in the second part, the third part outlines and evaluates the book’s proposed method of dealing with legal dilemmas. In contrast to conventional approaches that recommend dealing with irresolvable norm conflicts by means of non liquet declarations, judicial law-making or balancing test, the book’s proposal envisions that irresolvable norm conflicts are dealt with by judicial and sovereign actors in a complementary fashion. According to the proposal, judicial actors should openly acknowledge irresolvable conflicts and sovereign actors should decide with which norm they will comply. Subsequently, judicial actors should hold the sovereign actor responsible for the violation of any prescriptive norm the sovereign chose to impair. The book concludes with the argument that analysing various aspects of international law through the lenses of the concept of a legal dilemma enhances international law’s conceptual accuracy, facilitates more legitimate decision-making processes and maintains international law’s dynamic responsiveness.
Banking on Markets
Authors: Epstein Rachel A.
Published: September 2017

States and banks have traditionally maintained close ties. At various points in time, states have used banks to manage their economies and soak up government debt, while banks enjoyed regulatory forbearance, restricted competition and implicit or explicit guarantees from their home governments. The political foundations of banks have thus been powerful and enduring, with actors on both sides of the aisle reluctant to sever relations. The central argument of this book, however, is that in the world’s largest integrated market, Europe, political ties between states and banks have been transformed. Specifically, through a combination of post-communist transition, monetary union, and economic crisis, states in Europe no longer wield preponderant influence over their banks. In the East, high levels of foreign bank ownership have disrupted politically infused bank–state ties, while in the Eurozone, European Banking Union has supra-nationalized bank governance. Banking on Markets explains why we have witnessed the radical denationalization of this politically vital sector, as well as the consequences for economic volatility and policy autonomy. Contrary to expectations, marketized bank–state ties and elevated foreign bank ownership levels mitigated volatility in Europe’s recent economic crises. But marketized bank–state ties also limit national economic policy discretion. The findings from Europe have implications for other world regions, which, to varying degrees, have also experienced intensified pressure on their traditional models of domestic political control over finance.
European Banking Union
Authors: Epstein Rachel A.
Published: September 2017

If post-communist countries realized marketized bank–state ties through transition and international pressure to privatize their banks with foreign capital, western Eurozone states have more recently come under pressure to follow suit. European Banking Union centralized bank supervision and introduced a single resolution board at the expense of national authority. Thus under banking union, national regulatory and supervisory forbearance was curbed; barriers to banking market entry were no longer the purview of national authorities; disproportionate bank lending to one’s own sovereign would be discouraged; and bank bondholders, creditors and depositors—i.e. market actors—paid the price for bank failures first, before governments and taxpayers. While European Banking Union put the euro on stronger foundations, it also curbed national economic policy discretion and limited tools for adjustment. Taking Italy, Portugal, Spain and Germany as examples, this chapter explains why and in what policy areas Eurozone states’ sovereignty clashed with banking union.
Why Would We Call for a New Evolutionary Synthesis?
Authors: Huneman Philippe
Published: September 2017

Considering challenges to the modern synthesis (MS), this chapter reconstructs an explanatory scheme proper to the MS. It contrasts it with the explanatory scheme proper to some alternatives to the MS. It considers which empirical facts should compel us to adopt the alternative scheme, or stand with the MS, or consider a weakly attenuated form of its explanatory scheme. Hence the last section focuses on the form of variation: Given that many findings are accumulating concerning the not purely random nature of variation, it asks which specific patterns of variation would be likely to support an alternative explanatory scheme. It argues that neither biased variation nor random genotypic variation is likely to vindicate a specific explanatory scheme.
Evolutionary Theory Evolving
Authors: Bateson Patrick
Published: September 2017

The formation of new species was thought to result from a slow process of Darwinian evolution, but evidence indicates it can occur suddenly. The organism was thought to be passive, playing no role in evolution, but it can affect the evolution of its descendants because of its mobility, choices, control of the environment, and adaptability. Developmental processes were thought to be irrelevant to an understanding of evolution, but the enormous growth of epigenetics suggests that these processes can play an important role in evolutionary change. Acquired information can be passed to progeny without changing DNA sequences, and information can be inherited for a period in the absence of the initial environmental trigger. All this evidence suggests that evolutionary theory is evolving.
North America
Authors: Bell James B.
Published: September 2017

In step with the gradually unfolding imperial policies of the successive governments of King Charles I and later monarchs, the Church of England was extended to the northern part of the Western hemisphere between 1662 and 1829. Under the supervision of the Board of Trade and Plantations until 1701, and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts from that year, decade after decade an increasing number of men of differing origins and places of collegiate education in Britain came to serve missions of the Church in early America. The ranks included natives of England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and the American colonies, who were supported by the SPG or the legislatures of the provinces in which the Church was established. Development was shaped by imperial policies and administration over 160 years amid rising populations, changing political situations, and the consequences of war and diplomacy.
Decolonizing Psychology
Authors: Bhatia Sunil
Published: September 2017

Decolonizing Psychology sheds light on the universalizing power and the colonizing dimensions of Euro-American psychology. The book integrates insights from postcolonial, narrative, and cultural psychology to ask how Euro-American scientific psychology becomes the standard-bearer of psychology throughout the world, whose stories get told, what knowledge is considered as legitimate, and whose lives are considered central to the future of psychology. Urban Indian youth represent one of the largest segments of the youth population across the world and yet remain so utterly invisible in the discipline of psychology. By using ethnographic and interview methods, this book draws a nuanced narrative portrait of how urban youth in Pune, India, who belong to the transnational elite, middle and working classes, reimagine their identities within the new structural and neoliberal cultural contexts of globalization and neoliberalization. The book examines how particular class identities shape youth narratives about globalization and “Indianness” generally, as well as specific stories about self and identity, social inequality, dignity, poverty, family, relationships, work, marriage, and practices of consumption. The book articulates an alternative vision of psychology in which questions of social justice and equality are seen as central to its mission, and it is argued that a psychology is needed that urgently and meaningfully speaks to the lives of the majority of the world’s population.
Observation of Dog-Ear Regression by Anatomical Location
Authors: Jennings Thomas A. , Keane James C. , Varma Rajat , Walsh Stephanie B. , Huang Conway C.
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

When an excision is performed by a method other than elliptical excision, direct primary wound closure can result in standing cones or “dog-ears.” In 2008, Lee and colleagues noted that dog-ears of <8 mm in height have a statistically greater tendency to resolve without further surgical correction than larger dog-ears.

OBJECTIVE

To stratify dog-ears by anatomic location and inform on the need for correction at the time of surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

After tumor extirpation, patients were counseled that primary closure of the surgical wound would result in dog-ears at the wound apices. Dog-ears were left uncorrected in participating patients. At 6 months, patients were assessed for resolution of the dog-ears and asked to rate the appearance of the scar.

RESULTS

A total of 140 dog-ears were observed in the study period. Anatomical locations included the hand/foot, trunk, limb, and head/neck. Among these dog-ears, 114/140 (81%) showed complete resolution. Patient satisfaction with the scar appearance correlated well with the dog-ear resolution, with most patients rating the appearance of the scar as good to excellent.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that dog-ears on the hand and dog-ears ≤4 mm on the trunk may be observed without any final cosmetic penalty.
Clinical and Confocal Microscopy Study of Plasma Exeresis for Nonsurgical Blepharoplasty of the Upper Eyelid: A Pilot Study
Authors: Rossi Elena , Farnetani Francesca , Trakatelli Myrto , Ciardo Silvana , Pellacani Giovanni
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Plasma exeresis is an evolving technique for nonsurgical treatment of several skin conditions. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a noninvasive tool that allows the “in vivo” imaging of the skin.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the clinical improvement and collagen remodeling of the upper eyelid dermatochalasis after plasma exeresis.

METHODS

Ten patients were subjected to 3 interventions of plasma exeresis. Photographic and RCM images were acquired at T0 (baseline) and T1 (4–6 weeks after final plasma exeresis). Eyelid dermatochalasis was rated as absent, mild, moderate, and severe according to the facial laxity rating scale, at clinical images at T0 and T1. An expert RCM evaluator classified collagen according to the predominant pattern of reticulated, coarse, huddled, or curled at T0 and T1.

RESULTS

Clinical improvement of 2.6 ratings was observed at clinical evaluation. Collagen was classified as long straight fibers in all cases, according to RCM images.

CONCLUSION

Plasma exeresis in this pilot study shows promising remodeling effects on the collagen of the upper eyelid, as viewed by RCM, and clinically improved appearance for the patient cohort, without any serious adverse events. This study suggests that plasma exeresis could be a valid solution for eyelid dermatochalasis, but further studies are required.
Childhood Visceral Leishmaniasis: Distinctive Features and Diagnosis of a Re-emerging Disease. An 11-year Experience From a Tertiary Referral Center in Athens, Greece
Authors: Krepis Panagiotis , Krepi Adamantia , Argyri Ioanna , Aggelis Anastasios , Soldatou Alexandra , Papaevangelou Vasiliki , Tsolia Maria
Published: September 2017

Background:

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains a public health issue in Greece. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of pediatric VL in our region as well as to evaluate the laboratory findings and the diagnostic techniques that are applied.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all children diagnosed with VL in an 11-year period at a tertiary public hospital in the region of Athens. Demographic features, clinical information and laboratory findings were accessed.

Results:

A total of 43 cases were recorded during 2005–2015. Median age of the patients was 3.7 years. Pallor (100%), fever (98%), hepatosplenomegaly (55.8%) and appetite loss (32.6%) were the most common presentations of the disease. The predominant laboratory abnormalities were anemia (100%), thrombocytopenia (90.7%), elevated inflammatory markers (86.1%) and decreased albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio (72.1%). Four patients developed secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome, whereas in 3 others abdominal ultrasound showed splenic nodules. Bone marrow aspiration detected Leishmania parasites in 92.7% of cases and the rapid rK39 strip test indicated anti-Leishmania antibodies in 97.1% of children. In addition, all patients in whom indirect immunofluorescent antibody test was implemented had positive results.

Conclusions:

VL still affects children in our area. Fever, splenomegaly, anemia and appetite loss are the typical findings in children. Noninvasive techniques (immunofluorescent antibody test, rK39) in combination with bone marrow microscopy are useful in the diagnosis of pediatric VL.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis, Immunoglobulin Substitution and Supportive Measures Prevent Infections in MECP2 Duplication Syndrome
Authors: Bauer Michael , Krüger Renate , Kölsch Uwe , Unterwalder Nadine , Meisel Christian , Wahn Volker , von Bernuth Horst
Published: September 2017

Respiratory infections are the main cause of early death in patients with MECP2 duplication syndrome. We report on a 20-year-old patient with MECP2 duplication syndrome, IgG2/IgG4/IgA/IgM deficiency and polysaccharide-specific antibody deficiency, who had 46 episodes of pneumonia in his first 13 8/12 years of life. Immunoglobulin substitution, daily antibiotic prophylaxis with two agents and supportive measures reduced occurrence of pneumonia to four episodes in the following 6 2/12 years of life.
Methylene Blue for Bronchopleural Fistula Localization
Authors: Sakata Kenneth K. , Nasim Faria , Schiavo Dante N. , Nelson Darlene R. , Kern Ryan M. , Mullon John J.
Published: September 2017

A bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is a communication between the pleural space and the bronchial tree. BPFs are challenging to diagnose and are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Sequential balloon occlusion is commonly used for localization of a BPF. We describe our experience with 4 cases of successful localization of the BPF by instillation of methylene blue into the pleural space through a pigtail catheter, with simultaneous bronchoscopic visualization of dye in the tracheobronchial tree. Two patients were treated with endobronchial valves and 3 had a surgical thoracic muscle flap placed.
Vocal tremor: where are we at?
Authors: Richards Amanda L.
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review

Vocal tremor in movement disorders is often overlooked, although it has a significant impact on quality of life. Careful observation of tremor phenomenology allows for accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment.

Recent findings

The central pathways associated with various vocal tremor-associated diseases have been further elucidated.

Patients are likely to benefit from a combination of medical and interventional treatments delivered within a multidisciplinary setting
Proteus Syndrome With a Cranial Intraosseous Lipoma
Authors: Wolfswinkel Erik M. , Imahiyerobo Thomas A. , McComb J. Gordon , Sanchez-Lara Pedro A. , Urata Mark. M.
Published: September 2017

Intraosseous lipomas are almost exclusively seen in the long bones. Presence in the craniofacial skeleton is extremely rare. A 7-year-old male is presented with a marked craniofacial deformation from a bony tumor containing an intraosseous lipoma. This finding established a clinical diagnosis of Proteus syndrome. Given the size of the tumor, producing an extensive deformity, three-dimensional modeling was used to generate a three-dimensional printed implant. The process to achieve a successful outcome is herein described.