bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'origine du nom de la bêche malgache (fangady/fangaly)
Authors: Abe Yoshio
Published: July 2014

Nous avons essayé de déterminer l'origine du nom de la bêche malgache (fangady / fangaly). P. Ottino (1975) a découvert que ce terme se rattache au sanskrit làngala- (« araire ») et peut se rapprocher des dérivés de ce terme sanskrit que l'on trouve dans des langues indo-aryennes ; de même qu'on peut le rapprocher de certains emprunts au sanskrit, ou à ses dérivés, effectués par des langues dravidiennes, ou encore de l'indonésien nengall tenggala. Nous avons soutenu son hypothèse, en précisant que le malgache fangady / fangaly (radical : hadylhaly) est un dérivé du sanskrit hàlâ-, plutôt que de son synonyme làngala-. Nous avons pourtant insisté sur le fait que fangady /fangaly peut se rapprocher de l'indonésien penggali désignant la bêche. Nous avons analysé un autre mot malgache se référant à la bêche ; c'est le sakalava antsoro qui se décompose en a- et en soro. Le radical soro dans antsoro peut se rapprocher du terme malgache soroka I soroki I sotro exprimant l'action de bêcher : sotro a un autre sens qui est la « cuillère ». Ces termes malgaches se rapprochent, à leur tour, de l'indonésien sodok / sudok / suduk signifiant soit « cuillère », soit « bêche », « l'action de bêcher ». Ces deux séries de termes, malgache et indonésien, se rattachent, l'une et l'autre, à l'indonésien commun t'u(n)du'. Tout ce qui précède nous a conduit à conclure que le terme fangady / fangaly provient directement de quelque langue austronesienne, bien qu'il ait son origine lointaine dans une langue indienne. Cela implique que ce sont les Indonésiens indianisés qui ont introduit cet outil à Madagascar, ce qui sera confirmé dans des recherches technologiques et historiques à l'avenir.
Le Berger et les dieux du troupeau dans la Grèce antique
Authors: Bodson Liliane
Published: July 2014

Au travers de textes grecs anciens, l'auteur analyse le Panthéon des bergers grecs, dieux de la nature aux fonctions spécialisées, ainsi que les pratiques propitiatoires accomplies en faveur des troupeaux, témoignage de l'importance de la relation homme- animal dans les civilisations antiques.
L'engoulevent oiseau-forgeron et oiseau-riziculteur dans le Centre-Vietnam
Authors: Léger Daniel
Published: July 2014

The following article is an ethnozoological study of the Caprimulgus bird in Central Viet-Nam. Attention is paid particularly to the symbolic and mythical significances of this bird.
A Phase II Trial of Endostar Combined With Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Chemotherapy in Patients With Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NCT01612286)
Authors: Jin Ting , Li Bin , Chen Xiao-Zhong
Published: July 2014

Despite the efficacy of gemcitabine-cisplatin (GC) regimens, the outcome of patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (M NPC) is poor. We conducted a phase II trial to determine the safety and efficacy of Endostar, an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis, in combination with
GC chemotherapy. A total of 30 patients with M NPC were enrolled. The treatment regimen was a combination of gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2) on days 1 and 8, cisplatin (80 mg/m2) on day 1, and Endostar (15 mg/day) from day 1 to day 14 of a 21-day cycle for a maximum of four
cycles. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). The median follow-up was 13.1 months (range: 2.9‐20.7 months). A total of 28 patients were evaluated. The median PFS was 19.4 months (95% CI, 13.6‐25.1 months). The 1-year PFS rate was 69.8%. The confirmed objective
response rate was 85.7% (95% CI, 66.4‐95.3%), including complete response in 14 patients (50%). The 1-year overall survival rate was 90.2%. The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were neutropenia (46.4%) and thrombocytopenia (14.3%). Our results suggest that a combination of Endostar
with GC chemotherapy can lead to effective tumor regression, control disease progression, and improve prognosis in M NPC. Therefore, a combined Endostar and GC regimen should be considered as a potential treatment for patients with M NPC.
Activation of p53 by Sodium Selenite Switched Human Leukemia NB4 Cells From Autophagy to Apoptosis
Authors: Li Zhushi , Shi Kejian , Guan Liying , Jiang Qian , Yang Yang , Xu Caimin
Published: July 2014

It was revealed by our previous research that sodium selenite repressed autophagy accompanied by the induction of apoptosis in human leukemia NB4 cells. The inhibition of autophagy exerted a facilitative effect on apoptosis. In the present study, we further explored the mechanisms underlying
the switch from autophagy to apoptosis and elucidated p53 played a key role. Selenite induced phosphorylation of p53 at the vital site Ser15 via p38MAPK and ERK. Subsequently p53 dissociated with its inhibitory protein mouse double minute 2 (MDM2). Meanwhile, the nucleolar protein B23 transferred
from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm and associated with MDM2, probably stabilizing p53. The active p53 participated in the decrease of autophagic protein Beclin-1 and LC-3, as well as activation of apoptosis-related caspases. Furthermore, in p53 mutant U937 leukemia cells, selenite could
not elicit such a switch from autophagy to apoptosis, laying emphasis on the crucial role p53 played in this process.
miR-133a Functions as a Tumor Suppressor and Directly Targets FSCN1 in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Qin Yong , Dang Xiaoyan , Li Wei , Ma Qingyong
Published: July 2014

MicroRNA-133a has been proven downregulated in many human malignancies and correlated with tumor progression. However, the roles of miR-133a and its related molecular mechanisms in pancreatic cancer are still not clear. Here we found that miR-133a expression was significantly downregulated
in pancreatic cancer tissue samples and cell lines by using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Decreased miR-133a expression was significantly correlated with aggressive clinicopathological features and poor survival. In addition, miR-133a was identified to be a tumor suppressor, as transfection
of miR-133a mimics in PANC-1 cells was able to reduce cell proliferation, invasion, and migration and promote cell apoptosis in vitro and suppress tumorigenicity in vivo. Further, we observed an obvious inverse correlation between FSCN1 and miR-133a levels in tumor samples, and FSCN1 was confirmed
as a direct target of miR-133a by using Luciferase Reporter Assay. These findings suggest an important role of miR-133a in the molecular etiology of cancer and implicate its potential application in gene therapy of pancreatic cancer.
Anoikis Induction and Inhibition of Peritoneal Metastasis of Pancreatic Cancer Cells by a Nuclear Factor-κB Inhibitor, (−)-DHMEQ
Authors: Sato Masanori , Nakanishi Kazuaki , Haga Sanae , Fujiyoshi Masato , Baba Motoi , Mino Kazuhiro , Yimin  , Niwa Haruki , Yokoo Hideki , Umezawa Kazuo , Ohmiya Yoshihiro , Kamiyama Toshiya , Todo Satoru , Taketomi Akinobu , Ozaki Michitaka
Published: July 2014

The transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) plays a crucial role in pancreatic cancer (PC) progression. NF-κB is also involved in resistance to anoikis, a special type of apoptosis induced when cells are detached from the extracellular matrix or other cells.
Anoikis resistance is related to the metastatic abilities of tumor cells; however, little is known about anoikis induction as it relates to inhibition of PC metastasis by NF-κB inhibitors. Here we used a specific NF-κB inhibitor, (−)-dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ),
to investigate anoikis induction and peritoneal metastasis suppression following NF-κB inhibition. We transduced Gluc, a secretory form of luciferase, into a PC cell line, AsPC-1 (AsPC-1-Gluc), for our in vivo experiments. (−)-DHMEQ induced anoikis in AsPC-1-Gluc cells as measured
by cell survival assays and flow cytometry. The DNA-binding activity of p65 was enhanced immediately after cell detachment from culture dishes in ELISA assays. Some antiapoptotic proteins such as cellular inhibitor of apoptotic protein-1 were consequently upregulated on Western blots. (−)-DHMEQ
prevented this increase in p65 activity and the subsequent expressions of antiapoptotic molecules. In a murine xenograft model, anoikis-resistant PC cell lines tended to metastasize to the peritoneum more than anoikis-sensitive cells, suggesting a correlation between anoikis sensitivity and
peritoneal metastasis. (−)-DHMEQ successfully inhibited peritoneal metastasis of AsPC-1-Gluc cells. We monitored metastasis inhibition by ex vivo chemiluminescent detection of Gluc secreted from tumor cells into murine plasma and by in vivo imaging. Our results suggest that (−)-DHMEQ
inhibited peritoneal dissemination by preventing anoikis resistance of PC cells.
Nanocavity crossbar arrays for parallel electrochemical sensing on a chip
Authors: Kätelhön Enno , Mayer Dirk , Banzet Marko , Offenhäusser Andreas , Wolfrum Bernhard
Published: July 2014

We introduce a novel device for the mapping of redox-active compounds at high spatial resolution based on a crossbar electrode architecture. The sensor array is formed by two sets of 16 parallel band electrodes that are arranged perpendicular to each other on the wafer surface. At each intersection, the crossing bars are separated by a ca. 65 nm high nanocavity, which is stabilized by the surrounding passivation layer. During operation, perpendicular bar electrodes are biased to potentials above and below the redox potential of species under investigation, thus, enabling repeated subsequent reactions at the two electrodes. By this means, a redox cycling current is formed across the gap that can be measured externally. As the nanocavity devices feature a very high current amplification in redox cycling mode, individual sensing spots can be addressed in parallel, enabling high-throughput electrochemical imaging. This paper introduces the design of the device, discusses the fabrication process and demonstrates its capabilities in sequential and parallel data acquisition mode by using a hexacyanoferrate probe.
Improving Communication in Distance-Accessible Advanced Practice Nursing Courses via Instructor Presence
Authors: Hodges Ashley L. , McGuinness Teena
Published: July 2014

By using principles of instructor presence, faculty of distance-accessible nursing courses can foster a climate of learning that supports student achievement and provides role modeling for communication. Faculty used principles of instructional design, facilitation of student discourse, and clear direct instruction to improve the learning experiences of approximately 300 graduate nursing students taking part in a health assessment course. Specific suggestions for faculty that take place before and throughout the semester are offered. [
J Nurs Educ.
2014;53(8):479–482.]
Gear and Seasonal Bias Associated with Abundance and Size Structure Estimates for Lentic Freshwater Fishes
Authors: Fischer Jesse R. , Quist Michael C.
Published: July 2014

All freshwater fish sampling methods are biased toward particular species, sizes, and sexes and are further influenced by season, habitat, and fish behavior changes over time. However, little is known about gear-specific biases for many common fish species because few multiple-gear comparison studies exist that have incorporated seasonal dynamics. We sampled six lakes and impoundments representing a diversity of trophic and physical conditions in Iowa, USA, using multiple gear types (i.e., standard modified fyke net, mini-modified fyke net, sinking experimental gill net, bag seine, benthic trawl, boat-mounted electrofisher used diurnally and nocturnally) to determine the influence of sampling methodology and season on fisheries assessments. Specifically, we describe the influence of season on catch per unit effort, proportional size distribution, and the number of samples required to obtain 125 stock-length individuals for 12 species of recreational and ecological importance. Mean catch per unit effort generally peaked in the spring and fall as a result of increased sampling effectiveness in shallow areas and seasonal changes in habitat use (e.g., movement offshore during summer). Mean proportional size distribution decreased from spring to fall for white bass Morone chrysops, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, and black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus, suggesting selectivity for large and presumably sexually mature individuals in the spring and summer. Overall, the mean number of samples required to sample 125 stock-length individuals was minimized in the fall with sinking experimental gill nets, a boat-mounted electrofisher used at night, and standard modified nets for 11 of the 12 species evaluated. Our results provide fisheries scientists with relative comparisons between several recommended standard sampling methods and illustrate the effects of seasonal variation on estimates of population indices that will be critical to the future development of standardized sampling methods for freshwater fish in lentic ecosystems.
An Overview of Maritime Wireless Mesh Communication Technologies and Protocols
Authors: Manoufali Mohamed , Alshaer Hamada , Kong Peng-Yong , Jimaa Shihab
Published: July 2014

Maritime wireless mesh networks (MWMNs) are conceived to provide network connectivity for maritime users and enable them to communicate with correspondent users connected to terrestrial communication networks. The high cost and low data-rate of satellite and other legacy maritime communication technologies and systems deployed in MWMNs pose major limitation to establish reliable and affordable maritime communications. In addition, the design of routing protocols in MWMNs remains a significant challenge due to the lack of reliable communication infrastructure and complexity of maritime environment. This paper explains the existing maritime communication technologies and routing protocols which could be deployed in implementing reliable MWMNs. Comprehensive guidelines are outlined to easily understand and critically assess the different deployed maritime communication networks and systems with routing protocols, and identify the milestones in the process of developing and implementing broadband MWMNs.
The Triumph of Fear
Authors: Altheide David L.
Published: July 2014

Edward Snowden was castigated by government officials and mainstream mass media as a traitor, spy, and international criminal when he released information about the National Security Agency (NSA) secret and massive surveillance of virtually all U.S. electronic communication. More than “wiretapping” is involved in the spin being put on Snowden's revelations. A lot of institutional duplicity has been revealed. The reaction of United States officials can be seen as a dramatic performance to demonstrate their moral resolve and complete power (even as Snowden challenged it) in order to dissuade other whistleblowers from following suite, as well as maintain authority and a discourse of fear about terrorism that justifies surveillance and other forms of social control.
Why Risk-Research is More Prominent in English Speaking Countries in the Digital Society
Authors: Korstanje Maximiliano E.
Published: July 2014

This review is inspired by the dichotomy the authors observe in the ways Anglo and Mediterranean countries developed to control the risk. While countries as US, Germany and Holland are on the top of the risk-mitigation policies and bio-technology, others such as Spain, Italy and Argentina have left behind in the race. In this discussion the authors complement the contribution of Max Weber arguing that the sense of predestination, which was enrooted in Ancient Norse Mythology, was a criterion enough to develop the capitalism. However, this does not correspond with “the Reform”, but on the way ancient Germans celebrated the war. Unlike Greeks, Germans developed a sense of predestination to understand the future. At some extent, they were responsible for initiating the process of secularization, but once done, they appealed to technology for two peruses. On one hand, technology alluded to a control of the closed-future, but at the same time it allowed the implementation of steps to expand the life. On this context, terrorism (as a risk) is important for American society because it gives further value to capitalist mind, the control of future.
Towards an Index of Fear
Authors: Korstanje Maximiliano E.
Published: July 2014

The present essay review propones a new model to understand the nature of risk. The authors hereby argue that risks help the society to function. Not only the sum-zero risk society is impossible, but also would affect seriously the economy of capitalist society. Therefore, insurances and risk are inexorably intertwined. The authors have explored three valid indicators toward the construction of a general-index of risk, which not only can be homologable to other nations, but also comparable among cultures. Communities may be studied by their way of perceiving risks. Beyond the debate on if terrorism is or not a risk, the goals of this review is twofold. Firstly, it is important to explore the economic nature of terrorism to discern their causes. Secondly, it is necessary to build a valid index that reflects how a society feels.
Stealing Consciousness
Authors: Skoll Geoffrey R.
Published: July 2014

In light of the recent revelations about the electronic surveillance by the US National Security Agency, this essay analyzes such surveillance as part of state strategies to control populations. It also examines the use of terror scares—that is, fear mongering—by states as the rationale for their control practices. It contrasts the origins of terrorism in the French Terror to contemporary terrorism, and shows how cybernetic control and surveillance steal human communications and thereby steal consciousness.
Business/IT Alignment through IT Governance Patterns in Portuguese Healthcare
Authors: Pereira Ruben , Mira da Silva Miguel , Lapão Luís Velez
Published: July 2014

The pervasive use of technology in organizations to address the increased services complexity has created a critical dependency on information technology (IT) that calls to a specific focus on IT Governance (ITG). However, determining the right ITG mechanisms remains a complex endeavor. This paper uses Design Science Research and proposes an exploratory research by analyzing ITG case studies to elicit possible ITG mechanisms patterns. Six interviews were performed in Portuguese healthcare services organizations to assess the ITG practices. The goal of the authors is to build some theories (ITG mechanisms patterns), which will guide healthcare services organizations about the advisable ITG mechanisms given their specific context. The authors also intend to elicit conclusions regarding the most relevant ITG mechanisms for Portuguese healthcare services organizations. Additionally, a comparison is made with the financial industry to identify improvement opportunities. The authors finish the paper with limitations, contribution and future work.
Culture Influence on IT Governance
Authors: Aasi Parisa , Rusu Lazar , Han Shengnan
Published: July 2014

Managers face enormous challenges today to plan the decision rights and responsibilities in order to reach desired IT behaviors which are aligned with business objectives of organizations. This is known as IT governance and is ranked as one of the firms' top concerns. Not surprisingly, it is crucial for organizations to find the affecting factors on IT governance and solve the problems associated with it. Culture in national, organizational or group level is an affecting factor in organizations that can play a role in IT governance and this role is rarely explored in academic research. This paper provides a literature review investigating the influence of culture on IT governance. The research purpose is to identify how culture and IT governance in the companies can be linked together and promote this area for future research. The literature review is done systematically and the findings are classified by using an IT governance framework with three main components of structures, processes and relational mechanisms. The results indicate there is an influence from national and organizational culture on IT governance. However, the number of studies is very few and there is still a lack of knowledge on how culture can influence IT governance. This research calls upon a further research on culture impact on achieving an effective IT governance implementation in organizations.
Understanding Outsourcing Risk Factors Based on Modularity
Authors: Huysmans Philip , De Bruyn Peter , Benazeer Shazdada , De Beuckelaer Alain , De Haes Steven , Verelst Jan
Published: July 2014

The outsourcing of Information Systems development and maintenance to external and specialized partners is a frequent practice among contemporary organizations. However, outsourcing projects have been proven to be prone for failure. As a result, practitioners and scholars have suggested a variety of outsourcing risk factors which may lead to unsuccessful project outcomes, as well as possible remedies to mitigate them. Empirical studies nevertheless continue to report frequent failures in outsourcing projects. In this paper, the concept of modularity is used as an alternative perspective to analyze risks related to outsourcing projects. Such approach might help in supplementing existing outsourcing risk analyses with new, additional or more profound insights on this topic. It might also serve as an additional basis to list a more exhaustive enumeration of required mitigating actions, which in turn could lead to more succesful outsourcing projects. This alternative perspective is illustrated by a reanalysis of a failed outsourcing case which is documented in literature and available court proceedings: the BSkyB case. It is shown in a specific way how poorly designed modular structures at the technical and project communication and project management level could have been identified ex-ante. This identification may explain the manifestation of ex-post outsourcing risk factors such as ‘lack of required skills', ‘managing user expectation', ‘communication problems', ‘project management' and ‘significant integration requirements'.
Study on Management of the Life Cycle of Emergency Plan System Based on Effectiveness
Authors: Gao Tingting , Rong Lili
Published: July 2014

The whole life cycle of the emergency plan includes compilation, examination and approval, use and exercise, revision. With changes of all kinds of factors, the effectiveness of the emergency plan will gradually reduce. It's necessary to study the full life cycle of emergency plan in order to dynamically and pertinently manage the plan. Based on other areas' study on the life cycle, this paper will analyze the effectiveness factors based on the whole life cycle, and then analyze how these factors affect the plans at different levels with different categories. Finally based on the effectiveness this paper presented the revision approach for the emergency plan system and the revision strategy for a single emergency plan.
Designing an Evaluation Tool to Measure Emotional Goals
Authors: Curumsing Maheswaree Kissoon , Pedell Sonja , Vasa Rajesh
Published: July 2014

Human emotions have been widely researched in many disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, neuroscience and medicine. Their importance cannot be underestimated. Unfortunately, so far in software engineering, requirements engineers focus mostly on gathering functional and quality requirements and rarely consider how stakeholders feel or would like to feel when using a software product. Incorporating the user's emotional goals in software engineering can be very challenging considering that emotions are very complex and subjective. Moreover, when it comes to incorporating user emotions in software engineering, existing methodologies or frameworks provide very little guidance to software professionals. In this paper, the authors present work on evaluating emotional goals in a software engineering context. The authors describe the development of a questionnaire as an evaluation tool and evaluate the questionnaire in the context of a digital photo frame placed in the homes of nine older persons living on their own. Further improvements to the tool are proposed based on the findings from the study.
Agent-Based Modelling of Emotional Goals in Digital Media Design Projects
Authors: Marshall James
Published: July 2014

The authors promote agent-oriented models to identify, represent and evaluate high-level abstractions of digital media design projects. A major aspect is the introduction of emotional goals, in addition to functional goals and quality goals to describe feelings such as having fun, being engaged and feeling cared for. To establish emotional goals, digital media design methods and processes were employed including the development of emotional scripts, user profiles, mood boards and following an iterative participatory design process. This approach proved to be highly successful, not only to represent emotional goals such as fun, tension and empathy, but also to facilitate the ideation, creation and progressive evaluation of projects. The process supports communication between designers, developers and other stakeholders in large multidisciplinary development teams by providing a shared language and common artefact. The process is demonstrated in the development of a Multiplayer Online Role Play Game (MORPG) called Aspergion that promotes respect for people with Asperger's Syndrome.
Children's Social Participation in Virtual Worlds
Authors: Tuukkanen Terhi , Wilska Terhi-Anna , Iqbal Ahmer , Kankaanranta Marja
Published: July 2014

Virtual worlds provide an arena for children to express themselves and to interact with others. They are a natural and frequent part of children's life today. However, there is not much research on what actually happens in the online worlds and what kind of opportunities those worlds could offer to children and thereby enhance their social participation. The aim in this study is to explore the potential of virtual worlds for children's social participation. The empirical part of the study consists of interviews with 21 Finnish children, aged 11-15 years. By interviewing children, the authors examined their social practices in virtual worlds. In the study, the authors found seven types of social practice that make it possible for children to socialize with others, learn new things and skills, express themselves publicly and play in virtual worlds. Virtual worlds provide an arena for children to overcome the limitations of the real world. However, the freedom also has side effects: misbehavior.
Online Shopping in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Abdallah Salam , Jaleel Bushra
Published: July 2014

The aim of this paper is to empirically explore the perception of a group of United Arab Emirates (UAE) web users towards e-commerce transactions, study their willingness to trade online, and isolate factors that drive these users towards purchase decisions. The study finds that web users largely use functional characteristics to assess the effectiveness of e-commerce websites, and are driven towards online purchase decisions by factors such as greater security, better value, and convenience. Overall, web experience was defined by the users in terms of three main dimensions; website features, credibility and trust, and transaction value. Practitioners can use these findings to improve their websites and online offers to better serve this market. The paper fills an identified gap in the literature by investigating the perceptions of the UAE web users, and makes a contribution towards studying the concept of online shopping in this region.
Deploying Data-Intensive Service Composition with a Negative Selection Algorithm
Authors: Deng Shuiguang , Huang Longtao , Li Ying , Yin Jianwei
Published: July 2014

With the development of information technology, data on the Internet is growing even faster than Moore's Law. At the age of big data, more and more services are created to deal with big data, which are called data-intensive services. In most cases, multiple data-intensive services are assembled into a service composition to meet complicated requirements. Since the big-data transmission, which is occurred among component services as well as between a service and a data center, has great influence on the overall performance of a composition, deploying those services cannot be considered independently. This paper proposes an optimal deployment method based on a negative selection algorithm for a data-intensive service composition to reduce the cost of the data transmission. When making a deployment schedule, it considers not only the cost of data transmission among component services, but also the load balance of data centers where component services are deployed. It models the deployment problem as a combination optimization problem and extends a negative selection algorithm to get an optimal deployment plan. A series of experiments are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed method using different settings as well as to compare with other methods. The results show that the method outperforms others for the problem of data-intensive service composition deployment.
Destructive mass movements in high mountains: hazard and management
Authors: Eisbacher G H , Clague J J
Published: July 2014

The remote valleys and high mountain areas of western Canada have experienced accelerated economic develop­ment only in recent years. Although there have been occa­sional mass movements of destructive impact in this region in the past, the short history of human
settlement makes it difficult to properly evaluate the potential hazard and appropriate countermeasures during future development of steep mountainsides and narrow valleys. A large body of documented experience from long-inhabited mountain re­gions, notably the Alps of Europe, suggests that major
mis­takes can be avoided if this experience is used properly. Most destructive mass movements are complex and re­lated to mountain torrent systems and instabilities of steep bedrock slopes. They can be conveniently grouped into (1) de bris flows from surficial deposits, (2) de bris flows from
bedrock failures, (3) mass movements on volcanoes, (4) glacier-related mass movements, and (5) rockfalls and rock avalanches. Each of these requires a different type of hazard appraisal and particular set of remedial or preventive measures. The range of possible destructive impacts and appropriate
countermeasures are illustrated with 137 case histories from the Alps which are presented in a coherent geological-climatic framework transcending the traditional political boundaries. Analysis of these case histories, com­bined with insights gained elsewhere, is used to outline the application of
active measures (forestry, control works, pro­tective works), passive measures (zoning, planning), mon­itoring, and acceptance of risk. The decisions regarding which active or passive measures should be applied and what Level of risk is acceptable are based on (1) information on recurrence and
magnitude of mass movements and (2) a broad social-economic consensus.
The Smithfield base metal (Pb-Zn) deposit in the Carboniferous Windsor Group, Nova Scotia: a case of mineralized synsedimentary breccia
Authors: Lavoie D
Published: July 2014

Base metal occurrences in the Carboniferous Macumber Formation (Nova Scotia) are associated with carbonate breccias. Based on various evidence, three types of breccias have been recognized at the top of the Macumber Formation in the vicinity of the Walton and
Jubilee deposits: an early (synsedimentary) and two late (tectonic and post-burial karstic).

The Smithfield Pb-Zn deposit in central Nova Scotia is hosted in the Macumber Formation. A detailed survey of nine drill cores intersecting the mineralized section not only documents the previously reported breccia types but also indicates that the synsedimentary breccia is widely distributed in the
deep-water lithofacies of the Macumber Formation and that this breccia commonly hosts base metal deposits (major or minor) in the Carboniferous section.
Pore structure evolution of compacting muds from the seafloor, offshore Nova Scotia
Authors: Katsube T J , Boitnott G N , Lindsay P J , Williamson M
Published: July 2014

Permeability and pore-size distribution were determined for unconsolidated mud samples of different grain-size distributions, from the ocean floor (offshore Nova Scotia), at different effective pressures of up to 100 MPa. The purpose was to provide information on
mud permeability and pore structure evolution as they are transformed into shale through compaction, a requirement for modelling of sedimentary basin development and hydrocarbon exploration.

Results indicate that permeabilities are 10-20 - 10-18 m2, and that samples with large fractions of fine grains (2-8 micro-m) show considerable decrease in permeability with pressure, whereas these with larger fractions of large grains (10-60 micro-m) show smaller decreases. A sample representing
the former distribution shows smaller variation in pore-sizes, compared to one representing the latter. Both display unimodal pore-size distributions (modes of 25-160 nm), showing little change with increase in compacted pressures, although porosities decrease with pressure. Surface areas also show
little changes with pressure.
Field evidence for the extent and style of overthrusting along the northeastern margin of the Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia
Authors: Piper D J W , Durling P , Pe-Piper G
Published: July 2014

Seismic evidence for thrusting of Precambrian and Silurian rocks over the late Devonian þ early Carboniferous Fountain Lake Group of the Scotsburn Anticline is confirmed by field evidence. A belt of variably foliated Precambrian, Silurian and probably lower
Carboniferous rocks form the hanging wall of the thrust fault and are onlapped by the molasse-like Falls Formation. The age of thrusting is stratigraphically confined to the late Tournaisian.
Horton Group sedimentary rocks adjacent to the Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia
Authors: Piper D J W
Published: July 2014

Sedimentary rocks coeval with the late Famennian-Tournaisian Horton Group occur in two basins, one on the northern and the other on the southern margin of the Cobequid Highlands. In both basins, Horton-equivalent rocks are steeply dipping and dismembered by later
tectonism. In the northern Cobequid Highlands, the Fountain Lake Group consists of several kilometres of predominantly felsic volcanic rocks passing up into a thick sequence of mafic flows. Sediments interbedded with and overlying the mafic flows contain Tournaisian palynomorphs. This volcanism is
younger than most other volcanic activity in the Magdalen basin. Sediments on the southern margin of the Cobequid Highlands contain Tournaisian palynomorphs only in the Nuttby Formation, but Horton-type sediment facies are widespread in units that commonly contain rhyolitic and granitic detritus and
are cut by late granite veins and gabbro sheets. These sediments accumulated south of a basin margin defined by the Rockland Brook and Kirkhill faults.
The distribution and features of the Spruce Lake Formation, Tetagouche Group, New Brunswick
Authors: Rogers N , van Staal C
Published: July 2014

Detailed geological and geochemical investigations of the bimodal felsic and mafic volcanic rocks that formed early in the Middle Ordovician Tetagouche Group extensional submarine basin have led to the recognition of the Spruce Lake Formation. The felsic volcanic
rocks are predominantly feldspar-phyric, largely dacitic effusive flows and cryptodomes and co-eruptive pyroclastic deposits. These rocks are interbedded with lenses of pillow basalts of the Forty Mile tholeiite suite. As chemically similar basalts also occur in the younger Flat Landing Brook
Formation, a further chemical discrimination is proposed based on the original feldspar composition.

Several massive sulphide deposits occur in the Orvan Brook porphyry member of the Spruce Lake Formation. These massive sulphide deposits are thought to have formed from synvolcanic hydrothermal systems, in reducing, relatively deep marine conditions. The current distribution of deposits is due to
the interplay of intense deformation and erosion.
Geology and structure in the Grandroy area south of the Brunswick No. 12 massive-sulphide deposit, Bathurst, New Brunswick
Authors: Lentz D R
Published: July 2014

The geology of the Grandroy area is similar to that around the Brunswick No. 12 massive-sulphide deposit, except for the overall smaller thickness of the Brunswick alkali basalt package. The Pabineau thrust (high-strain zone) separates the traditional Brunswick
Belt, which hosts the Brunswick No.6 and 12 deposits and the Austin Brook deposit (eastern domain), from a lithologically identical package to the southwest (western domain). The thrust occurs along the limb of a very tight to isoclinal F2 fold but has relatively minor apparent displacement compared
to D1-related thrust faults. Within the western domain, the weakly mineralized Brunswick Horizon on the western limb of the F2 structure is overlain by fine grained fragmental (aphyric) rhyolite and underlain by sedimentary rocks and fine- to medium-grained crystal tuffs that are variably altered.
The Brunswick Horizon in the western domain hosts the Flat Landing Brook, Headway, and Pabineau deposits.
Aeromagnetic survey program of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1995-1996
Authors: Dumont R , Kiss F , Stone P E , Tod J
Published: July 2014

In 1995, three high-resolution, regional aeromagnetic surveys totalling 211453 line kilometres were flown over Victoria Island, Northwest Territories, southwest Saskatchewan, and the area bordering British Columbia/Yukon Territories/Northwest Territories. All of
these surveys received industry funding. Two detailed helicopter-borne electromagnetic/magnetic/gamma ray spectrometric surveys totalling 30520 line kilometres were flown in New Brunswick and in British Columbia. These surveys were funded by the Canada-New Brunswick Cooperation Agreement on Economic
Diversification and the Province of British Columbia, respectively. The program to level the Canadian aeromagnetic profile data set, for the elimination of survey boundary effects, is continuing with drape computation and levelling of surveys flown at constant altitude in Alberta and British
Columbia.
Resolution of the mineralogy of coal samples
Authors: Labonté M
Published: July 2014

A two-part system to describe the mineralogy of the mineral part of coal samples has been developed. One part consists of a procedure which uses normative minerals to match the real ones determined by X-ray diffraction, and whose detailed chemistry sum up to the
observed oxides measured by X-ray fluorescence. The other part uses linear programming, with more realistic mineral compositions, to achieve a realistic description of the minerals present in the coals. Despite differences, these two methods achieve a similar results in the end and complement each
other.
Development of pulseEKKO borehole radar
Authors: Gilson E , Pilon J , Redman D , Annan P , Leggatt D
Published: July 2014

This paper presents a progress report on a project undertaken in September 1994 to develop low cost borehole antennas for the pulseEKKO ground penetrating radar family. Survey methodology, data acquisition procedures, and interpretation are described for
applications of these borehole antennas in near surface environments (ó30 m). An application of these antennas at boreholes installed at the Woolwich landfill site is also presented. These data show the ability to determine moisture content variations within the unsaturated and saturated zone, and
to outline a contaminated zone of high conductivity.
Becoming the ‘refugee’ - Creation of a gendered subjectivity among male asylum seekers in Switzerland
Authors: Gass Anya
Published: July 2014

Drawing on theories of subjectivity and subject formation, this article explores the social construction of the category ‘refugee’ as a subject position. It purports that the refugee subjectivity, here called ‘refugeeness’, has been inscribed with traditionally ‘feminine’ characteristics, particularly the assumption of dependence and helplessness. Based on this claim, the paper argues that through policy aimed to control the lives of asylum seekers, men who fall within this category experience a process of emasculation as they are forced to adopt the purportedly docile subjectivity of ‘refugeeness’. Through in-depth interviews with several male asylum seekers in Switzerland, this paper seeks to understand how men experience their own sense of masculinity within the Swiss asylum classification system.
Gender and the ‘integrationist turn’ - Comparative perspectives on marriage migration in the UK and Sweden
Authors: Thapar-Björkert Suruchi , Borevi Karin
Published: July 2014

Family migration policies are part of a larger integration policy trend referred to as the ‘civic integrationist turn’. States across Europe have moved away from more rights-based approaches for the integration of immigrants towards a stronger emphasis on obligations, implying that new arrivals must prove to have attained certain integration achievements before accessing rights in the host country. This development has to be understood in relation to growing concerns about national identity and social cohesion where immigrant groups are seen to pose a threat to existing liberal values. Arguably, discourses of gender equality are at the heart of this debate, and have pushed the question of women’s emancipation closer to the borders of Fortress Europe. It is in this context that we locate our paper on gender equality discourses on family re-unification policies and more specifically marriage migration in the UK and Sweden. The rationale behind our comparative approach is that these countries share a similar ‘multicultural’ integration policy legacy and were previously regarded to be the most committed to the ‘multicultural programme’. But while the UK has made significant policy moves, with the introduction of stricter requirements, Sweden remains reluctant towards the use of civic conditioning of rights as an integration policy tool.
Determination of land surface reflectance using the AATSR dual-view capability
Authors: Sogacheva L. , Kolmonen P. , Virtanen T. H. , Rodriguez E. , Sundström A.-M. , de Leeuw G.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. In this study, a method is presented to retrieve the surface reflectance using reflectance measured at the top of the atmosphere for the two views provided by the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR). In the first step, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) is obtained using the AATSR dual view algorithm (ADV) by eliminating the effect of the surface on the measured radiances. Hence the AOD is independent of surface properties and can thus be used in the second step to provide the aerosol part of the atmospheric correction which is needed for the surface reflectance retrieval. The method is applied to provide monthly maps of both AOD and surface reflectance at two wavelengths (555 and 659 nm) for the whole year of 2007. The results are validated vs. surface reflectance provided by the AERONET-based Surface Reflectance Validation Network (ASRVN). Correlation coefficients are 0.8 and 0.9 for 555 and 659 nm, respectively. The standard deviation is 0.001 for both wavelengths and the absolute error is less than 0.02. Pixel-by-pixel comparison with MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer) monthly averaged surface reflectances show a good correlation (0.91 and 0.89 for 555 and 659 nm, respectively) with some (up to 0.05) overestimation by ADV over bright surfaces. The difference between the ADV and MODIS retrieved surface reflectance is smaller than ±0.025 for 68.3% of the collocated pixels at 555 nm and 79.9% of the collocated pixels at 659 nm. An application of the results over Australia illustrates the variation of the surface reflectances for different land cover types. The validation and comparison results suggest that the algorithm can be successfully used for the both AATSR and ATSR-2 (which has characteristics similar to AATSR) missions, which together cover 17 years period of measurements (1995–2012), as well as a prototype for The Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) to be launched in 2015 onboard the Sentinel-3 satellite.
Development of an automated high temperature valveless injection system for on-line gas chromatography
Authors: Kreisberg N. M. , Worton D. R. , Zhao Y. , Isaacman G. , Goldstein A. H. , Hering S. V.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. A reliable method of sample introduction is presented for on-line gas chromatography with a special application to in-situ field portable atmospheric sampling instruments. A traditional multi-port valve is replaced with a controlled pressure switching device that offers the advantage of long term reliability and stable sample transfer efficiency. An engineering design model is presented and tested that allows customizing the interface for other applications. Flow model accuracy is within measurement accuracy (1%) when parameters are tuned for an ambient detector and 15% accurate when applied to a vacuum based detector. Laboratory comparisons made between the two methods of sample introduction using a thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (TAG) show approximately three times greater reproducibility maintained over the equivalent of a week of continuous sampling. Field performance results for two versions of the valveless interface used in the in-situ instrument demonstrate minimal trending and a zero failure rate during field deployments ranging up to four weeks of continuous sampling. Extension of the VLI to dual collection cells is presented with less than 3% cell-to-cell carry-over.
SPARTAN: a global network to evaluate and enhance satellite-based estimates of ground-level particulate matter for global health applications
Authors: Snider G. , Weagle C. L. , Martin R. V. , van Donkelaar A. , Conrad K. , Cunningham D. , Gordon C. , Zwicker M. , Akoshile C. , Artaxo P. , Anh N. X. , Brook J. , Dong J. , Garland R. M. , Greenwald R. , Griffith D. , He K. , Holben B. N. , Kahn R. , Koren I. , Lagrosas N. , Lestari P. , Ma Z. , Vanderlei Martins J. , Quel E. J. , Rudich Y. , Salam A. , Tripathi S. N. , Yu C. , Zhang Q. , Zhang Y. , Brauer M. , Cohen A. , Gibson M. D. , Liu Y.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Ground-based observations have insufficient spatial coverage to assess long-term human exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at the global scale. Satellite remote sensing offers a promising approach to provide information on both short- and long-term exposure to PM2.5 at local-to-global scales, but there are limitations and outstanding questions about the accuracy and precision with which ground-level aerosol mass concentrations can be inferred from satellite remote sensing alone. A key source of uncertainty is the global distribution of the relationship between annual average PM2.5 and discontinuous satellite observations of columnar aerosol optical depth (AOD). We have initiated a global network of ground-level monitoring stations designed to evaluate and enhance satellite remote sensing estimates for application in health effects research and risk assessment. This Surface PARTiculate mAtter Network (SPARTAN) includes a global federation of ground-level monitors of hourly PM2.5 situated primarily in highly populated regions and collocated with existing ground-based sun photometers that measure AOD. The instruments, a three-wavelength nephelometer and impaction filter sampler for both PM2.5 and PM10, are highly autonomous. Hourly PM2.5 concentrations are inferred from the combination of weighed filters and nephelometer data. Data from existing networks were used to develop and evaluate network sampling characteristics. SPARTAN filters are analyzed for mass, black carbon, water-soluble ions, and metals. These measurements provide, in a variety of global regions, the key data required to evaluate and enhance satellite-based PM2.5 estimates used for assessing the health effects of aerosols. Mean PM2.5 concentrations across sites vary by an order of magnitude. Initial measurements indicate that the AOD column to PM2.5 ratio is driven temporally primarily by the vertical profile of aerosol scattering; and spatially by a~ more complex interaction of the aerosol scattering vertical profile and by the mass scattering efficiency.