bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is green chemistry?
Authors: Anastas Paul T , Warner John C
Published: November 2023

Green chemistry, environmentally benign chemical synthesis, alter­ native synthetic pathways for pollution prevention, benign by design: these phrases all essentially describe the same concept.

Green chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.

Green chemistry is not complicated although it is often elegant. It holds as its goal nothing less then perfection, while recognizing that all of the advances and innovations towards this goal will contain some discrete risk. It is through these continual incremental improvements that the objectives of green chemistry will be realized. Chemists have always striven for efficiency in their synthetic methodologies. To be able to conduct a transformation or construct a pathway to a molecule effectively and reliably was fundamental to the art of the synthetic chemist. Efficiency is important, not only as a measure of the quality of a synthetic method, but also as a practical and economic consideration as well. Economic considerations have played a major role in designing syntheses that use the most available and/or lowest cost feedstock.
Mathematics Galore!
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J
Published: November 2023

This book is a series of self-contained workshops in mathematics which aim to enthuse and inspire young people, their parents and teachers with the joy and excitement of modern mathematics. Written in an informal style, each chapter describes how novel mathematical ideas relate directly to real life. The chapters contain both a description of the mathematics and its applications together with problem sheets, their solutions and ideas for further work, project and field trips. Topics include; mazes, folk dancing, sundials, magic, castles, codes, number systems, and slide rules. This book will be accessible to young people from age thirteen upwards and yet contains material which should stretch the brightest students.
Partial adrenalectomy: indications and technique
Authors: Pavlovich Christian P , Walther McClellan M
Published: November 2023

Experience with organ-sparing techniques is growing as familial forms of adrenal tumors are increasingly recognized and the detrimental impact of bilateral adrenalectomy on quality of life is appreciated. Partial adrenalectomy has found specific applications in the setting of certain bilateral or hereditary adrenal tumors and in patients with tumors in a solitary adrenal gland. Partial adrenalectomy is feasible for adrenocortical or medullary lesions, and can be performed laparoscopically or in conventional open fashion.
Mapping the multidimensional picture of acute responses to traumatic stress
Authors: Shalev Arieh Y , Ursano Robert J
Published: November 2023

Recent years have seen a growing interest in the immediate responses evoked by traumatic stress ors. This renewed interest has several sources, not the least of which is the desire to prevent the occurrence of prolonged stress disorders among survivors. Accordingly, the mapping of the early responses to traumatic events has recently focused on the challenge of identifying risk factors for developing prolonged stress disorders and, in particular, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; for review see Brewin et al., 2000). Early therapeutic interventions have equally been evaluated and sanctioned by their preventive long-term effects (Wessely et al., 2000).
The Biological Chemistry of the Elements
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P
Published: November 2023

Twenty inorganic elements, mostly metal ions, are consistently found in living systems and are essential for living systems to function correctly. The aim of this text is to discuss, describe, and explain the functional relevance of those elements: the reasons for their selection; the processes of their uptake, transport and final localization in cells; the regulation of these processes; and the interactive network of their reactions that connects the in vivo inorganic elements to the environment and to the genome. The first seven chapters describe the physical, chemical, and biological principles of the involvement of the elements in cellular activity, stressing how inorganic and organic chemicals react differently together in different compartments. The next twelve chapters describe the uses of the individual essential inoranic elements and a section on the genetic control of each element is included. The final chapter discusses how the interaction of genes, proteins, small molecules, and inorganic elements plays an important role in evolution and the speciation of organisms. The second edition of 'The Biological Chemistry of The Elements' has been thoroughly revised in content and style. The main additions to the first edition concern the discussion of the links to the genome of the uptake and transfer of inorganic elements and the regulation of homeostasis, the functional co-operative activities of the elements, the interaction with the environment, and the evolution of usage. Recent structural and mechanistic knowledge of many biomolecules and organelles are also included. Like the higly praised first edition, this text will be the bible of bioinorganic chemistry.
Cardiovascular Emergencies
Authors: Shah Aamrah R , Kennedy M John
Published: November 2023

Cardiovascular emergencies occur commonly in cancer patients. Complications of cancer and its therapy, including pericardial effusion and tamponade, cardiac masses, extrinsic compression of the heart and great vessels by tumor masses, and cardiomyopathy leading to heart failure are frequently encountered clinical problems.
Metabolic Emergencies
Authors: Hussein Mohamed , Cullen Kevin
Published: November 2023

Hypercalcemia associated with malignancy is the most common cause of hypercalcemia seen in hospitalized patients and one of the most common metabolic complications of malignancies. Twenty to forty percent of all patients with cancer will develop hypercalcemia in the course of disease. The likelihood of hypercalcemia in patients with malignant disease is influenced by the duration of the disease, site of malignancy and the presence or absence of metastases. It varies among different types of tumors. Among solid tumors, breast cancer, lung and head and neck are the most often complicated by hypercalcemia. Among hematologic disorders multiple myeloma and lymphoma are the most often associated with hypercalcemia. Tumor-induced hypercalcemia is associated with a poor prognosis irrespective of the response of serum calcium to treatment.
Gastrointestinal Emergencies
Authors: Kennedy Richard , Spence Roy
Published: November 2023

Gastrointestinal complications are common in patients with a diagnosis of cancer and when assessing a cancer patient it is important to remember that not all emergencies will be due to the malignancy itself.

The most common gastrointestinal emergencies in cancer patients are:
Drug-related Emergencies
Authors: McDermott Ultan , Pestalozzi, Bernard , JÖrger Markus
Published: November 2023

Although cytotoxic agents that selectively target cancer cells are being developed, the majority of drugs in use tend to indiscriminately affect both cancer and normal cells. It is this that accounts for the different toxicities seen with the use of these agents. While many of the side effects are of short duration and cause no long-term morbidity, occasionally they can be so severe as to merit urgent action. It is these side effects that are the focus of this chapter. The chapter is divided into the different body systems affected and the management of drug-related toxicities specific to them.
Biomineral-inspired materials chemistry
Authors: Mann Stephen
Published: November 2023

The study of biomineralization offers valuable insights into the scope of materials chemistry at the inorganic-organic interface. We have described how biominerals are highly controlled in structure, composition, shape and organization, and these properties are directly related to many areas of materials chemistry such as

inorganic-organic composites, nanomaterials, functional materials and interfaces, oriented crystals, materials with complex morphologies, organized assemblies, hierarchical materials.
Early symptoms
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret
Published: November 2023

Before describing the common modes of onset I must refer to a matter of great importance that caused me to have serious doubts on the wisdom of writing a book explaining MS to the general public. Following every surge of publicity I have been asked to see a number of people, usually young women, who are convinced that they have MS. This is because certain of the early symptoms of the disease that they may have heard described on radio or television, or read about in magazines, have a superficial resemblance to banal, everyday experiences. To lie on an arm or to sit awkwardly with legs crossed at the knee for too long causes temporary numbness, pins and needles, and even weak, ness, as everyone is aware. Many people do not have perfect balance between the movements of the two eyes so that, particularly when tired, vision may become blurred or double for a moment as the eyes drift apart, clearing at once on blinking or rubbing the eyes. Normally, these and other fleeting ‘symptoms’ are forgotten or rightly ignored as of no importance.
Possible causes of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret
Published: November 2023

Despite many years of intense and accelerating research, the cause of MS remains unknown. Before considering some of the many theories that have been advanced and those currently under investigation it is important to understand what is meant by ‘cause’ in medicine. Often, there is no problem-the influenza virus causes an attack of influenza, although why you rather than your neighbour should catch it may not be so simple. In many dis, eases, however, causation must be regarded as a chain that may be followed link by link, but seldom for very far. For example, a coronary thrombosis or a stroke is usually due to narrowing the arteries by fatty deposits or high blood pressure but the causes of these, where known at all, are what it is now fashionable to call multifactorial.
Multigrid Techniques for Unstructured Mesh Methods in CFD
Authors: Mavriplis D J
Published: November 2023

The use of unstructured grids for computational fluid dynamics problems has experienced tremendous growth over the last decade. Most of the success of these methods has been related to the solution of inviscid flows for aerodynamic configurations. The extension of these methods to solve the full Navier-Stokes equations, in order to better represent the flow physics, is an area of great current interest.
Discontinuous Finite Element High Order Accurate Numerical Solution of the Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: Bassi F , Rebay S
Published: November 2023

This work deals with an high order discontinuous Galerkin method for the numerical solution of the equations governing compressible viscous flows. We extend a method which has been successfully used to solve the Euler equations on unstructured grids by the authors ([2], [3]) to the case of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The method is based on a discontinuous finite element space discretization originally considered by Lesaint and Raviart [7] and more recently refined by Cockburn et al. [4],[5], for the solution of nonlinear systems of conservation laws. As in classical finite element methods, accuracy is obtained by means of high-order polynomial approximation within an element rather than by wide stencils as in the case of finite volume schemes. As a consequence, there is no need for the interpolation procedures used in finite volume methods, which, especially for unstructured grids, are not at all a trivial task (see, for example, Barth [1], Harten and Chakravarthy [6]). The physics of wave propagation is correctly accounted for by solving the (approximate) Riemann problems that arise from the discontinuous representation of the solution at element interfaces. In this respect the method is therefore similar to a finite volume scheme.
Malingering, shirking, and self-inflicted injuries in the military
Authors: Palmer Ian P
Published: November 2023

Soldiers of all nations have indulged in malingering and shirking to avoid duty since time immemorial; indeed the term originates with the military. Malingering is the simulation of injury or illness and may be understood as a way soldiers and sailors attempt to ‘control’ their environment; the results may be positive or negative. Avoidance of military duty is viewed seriously within British Military Forces given its potential to undermine group cohesion, discipline, morale, military culture, and ethos. Malingering therefore remains a concept extant within the minds of military commanders even today. It may be wittingly or unwittingly aided by gullible doctors; more importantly, however, it may reflect poor leadership, group dysfunction, learning difficulties, mental illness, or personality vulnerabilities or disorder. The greatest care is therefore required before the possibility of malingering is contemplated and all cases must be examined on their individual merits with an open mind.
Conceptual issues and explanatory models of malingering
Authors: Rogers Richard , Neumann Craig S
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an important overview outlining conceptual issues and explanatory models central to our understanding of malingering and deception. Terminological and classificatory limitations are delineated with cautions against the use of unvalidated or controversial descriptors. Diagnostic distinctions between factitious disorders and malingering are examined critically. From a clinical perspective, the chapter considers how professional assumptions and misassumptions may affect the accurate assessment of response style. An important contribution of the chapter is a re-analysis of extensive data on explanatory models of malingering. This re-analysis reveals a previously observed limitation in the pathogenic model. In addition, it confirms the importance of the adaptational model and a refined criminological model in explaining why persons are likely to malinger mental disorders. Clinical research and practice have devoted extensive efforts to the classification of malingering but have largely avoided its conceptual underpinnings. This chapter selectively addresses conceptual issues relevant to our understanding of malingering and related response styles. In addition, it provides a framework for examining explanatory models that grapple with the primary motivations for feigning. To assist in our understanding of explanatory models, prototypical data from 221 forensic experts (Rogers et al. 1998) are re-examined via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Deceptive responses and detecting deceit
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Mann Samantha
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses (i) the relationship between deception, non-verbal behaviour, and speech content; and (ii) people’s ability to detect deceit. Although there is not a clear giveaway cue such as Pinocchio’s growing nose, some non-verbal and verbal cues are, to some extent, related to deception. We will discuss these cues and reasons why they differentiate between liars and truth tellers. Research has demonstrated that people, including professional lie catchers such as police officers, are generally not good at detecting deceit. We discuss explanations for this poor ability as well as guidelines which might help those who want to improve at this task.
Monogenic causes of ischaemic stroke
Authors: Dichgans Martin
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on monogenic causes of ischaemic stroke. Within recent years most of the major gene loci have been mapped. Many of the genes have been cloned thus allowing a direct diagnosis in the index patient and its relatives. Moreover, cloning of the genes has provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders. Thus, for example, the identification of the genes implicated in CADASIL and hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia revealed cell signalling pathways involved into angiogenesis.
1089 and All That
Authors: Acheson David
Published: November 2023

This excellent book, written by the established author David Acheson, makes mathematics accessible to everyone. Providing an entertaining and witty overview of the subject, the text includes several fascinating puzzles, and is accompanied by numerous illustrations and sketches by world famous cartoonists. This unusual book is one of the most readable explanations of mathematics available.
Multiple regression and calibration
Authors: Brown Philip J
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter looked at the relationship between two variables: the response Y and the explanatory variable x, and with n observations developed model fitting by least-squares. With a response and explanatory variable pair, it emphasized both the prediction of the future Y, denoted Z, for given x; and estimation and confidence intervals for unknown x, denoted , for given Z. In this chapter these ideas are extended to models where more than one variable is available to explain Y. This chapter concentrates on least-squares methods whereas the following chapter looks at less-standard shrinkage methods. These are capable of dealing sensibly with both non-singular and singular specifications of the linear model.
Optimum Experimental Designs
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N
Published: November 2023

A well-designed experiment is an efficient method of learning about the world. Because experiments in the field and in the laboratory cannot avoid random error, statistical methods are essential for their efficient design and analysis. In this book, the fundamentals of optimum experimental design theory are presented. In the first part of the part of the book, the advantages of a statistical approach to the design of experiments are discussed, and the ideas of models, least squares fitting, and optimum experimental designs are introduced. The second part presents a more detailed discussion of the general theory of optimum design and an evaluation of various criteria that may be appropriate for designing experiments. Specific experiments are detailed and algorithms for the construction of designs are given. Each chapter is a self-contained topic, illustrated with examples drawn from science and engineering. Little previous statistical knowledge is assumed, and the derivation of mathematical results has been avoided. This book should be of interest to everyone concerned with designing efficient experiments in the laboratory or in the industry.
Canonical Discriminant Analysis: Comparison of Resampling Methods. and Convex-hull Approximation
Authors: Weihs C
Published: November 2023

In order to characterize the predictive power of multivariate data-analytic methods like Principal Components Regression, Partial Least Squares analysis and Canonical Discriminant Analysis, it is customary to use resampling methods like the jackknife or the bootstrap (see e.g. Krzanowski and Radley, 1989; Weihs and Schmidli, 1991). Predictive distributions are es pecially valuable in model determination, i.e. in the examination of model adequacy and in model selection. Also in this field, a cross-validation view point has been advocated by Gelfand et al (1991).
The Structure and Dynamics of Geographic Ranges
Authors: Gaston Kevin J
Published: November 2023

No species occurs everywhere. Indeed, the majority are absent from most places, and where they do occur they are usually quite rare. Gaston discusses the structure of these distributions - the structure of the geographic ranges of species. Gaston is particularly concerned with the factors that determine the limits to a species’ geographic range, how the sizes of those ranges vary, and patterns in that variation. Also considered are the distribution of individuals amongst those sites where a species does occur and what determines that distribution, and some of the practical implications of all these. Both in a pure and applied context, ecologists need a broader perspective on their subject matter than has historically prevailed. This book provides one such perspective. A must have book for any researchers and graduate students studying macroecology, biogeography and conservation biology.
Overview: Advancing the Clinical Science of Prognostication
Authors: Glare Paul , Christakis Nicholas A
Published: November 2023

‘Doctor, how long do I have?’ is a question dreaded by most physicians. It is also what most physicians think about when they hear the words ‘prognosis’ and ‘prognostication’. While it is true that most patients want this type of information and that this question often gets asked during consultations, there is much more to prognostication than the communication skill required to answer this most difficult of questions. Physicians are prognosticating all of the time at both a conscious and subconscious level. Indeed, arguably, every time a physician chooses one course of therapy over another, it is at least implicitly, if not explicitly, because the one offers a better future than the other.
A Course in Number Theory
Authors: Rose H E
Published: November 2023

This textbook covers with the main topics in number theory as taught in universities throughout the world. Number theory deals mainly with properties of integers and rational numbers; it is not an organized theory in the usual sense, but a vast collection of individual topics and results, with some coherent sub-theories and a long list of unsolved problems. Nine main areas of the subject are treated: (i) divisibility and multiplicative functions; (ii) congruences and quadratic residues; (iii) the basics of algebraic numbers and sums of squares; (iv) continued fractions, diophantine approximations and transcendence; (v) quadratic forms; (vi) partitions; (vii) the prime numbers; (viii) diophantine equations; and (ix) elliptic curves (this part has been considerably extended for this edition). The increased use of computers in number theory is reflected in many sections (with much greater emphasis in this edition). Some results of a more advanced nature are also given, including the Gelfond-Schneider theorem, the prime number theorem, and the Mordell-Weil theorem. The latest work on fermat's last theorem is also breifly discussed. Each chapter ends with a collection of problems; hints or sketch solutions are given at the end of the book, together with various useful tables.
Projective Representations and Representation Groups
Authors: Hoffman P N , Humphreys J F
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we discuss the elementary theory of projective representations of finite groups. The foundations of the theory were presented by Schur in two papers in 1904 and 1907. A subsequent paper, Schur (191 I), applies this theory to the symmetric and alternating groups, and is the basis for much of the material in this book. We begin with some general definitions.
Some aspects of generalized QR factorizations
Authors: Paige C C
Published: November 2023

We use the terminology generalized QR factorizations (GQR) to refer to a certain class of transformations that apply to two general matrices A (n x m) and B (n x p), but which correspond to the QR factorization of B-1 A in the case where B is square and non-singular. We define the GQR and related product QR factorization (PQR), and show how these may be reliably computed. By PQR we mean transformations applied to general A (n x m) and B (n x p) which correspond to the QR factorization of BT A. Some applications of the GQR are considered and standard forms of linear equations and equivalent optimization problems that often arise in such applications are examined. The GQR produces triangular matrices from each of A and B, and it is indicated how careful use of these leads to increased understanding and generalization of some classes of problem and their solutions.
The least-squares solution of linear equations with block-angular observation matrix
Authors: Cox M G
Published: November 2023

The problem considered is the least-squares solution of a system of overdetermined linear equations whose observation matrix is block angular. We describe a structure-exploiting method of solution based on the use of orthogonal transformations. Our algorithm requires considerably less storage space than other recently proposed direct methods and, unlike otherwise competitive iterative techniques, permits accurate statistics (variances, covariances) associated with the solution to be provided.
Derivation and Validation of Software Metrics
Authors: Shepperd Martin , Ince Darrel
Published: November 2023

This is the first book of its kind on software metrics - the measurement of software products and processes used for establishing quality assurance thresholds and in predicting quality levels. This authoritative review of the subject discusses a number of weaknesses which have been discovered over the last ten years and describes a method for the derivation and validation of metrics. This is the first work to describe a methodical derivation process for software metrics and is a major improvement over the current ad hoc ways of developing metrics making this an important and much needed contribution to software engineering.
The Justification of Logical Theories based on Data Compression
Authors: Srinivasan A , Muggleton S , Bain M
Published: November 2023

Non-demonstrative or inductive reasoning is a crucial component in the skills of a learner. A leading candidate for this form of reasoning involves the automatic formation of hypotheses. Initial successes in the construction of propositional theories have now been followed by algorithms that attempt to generalize sentences in the predicate calculus. An important defect in these new-generation systems is the lack of a clear model for theory justification. In this chapter we describe a method of evaluating the significance of a hypothesis based on the degree to which it allows compression of the observed data with respect to prior knowledge. This can be measured by comparing the lengths of the input and output tapes of a reference Turing machine which will generate the examples from the hypothesis and a set of derivational proofs. The model extends an earlier approach of Muggleton by allowing for noise. The truth values of noisy instances are switched by making use of correction codes. The utility of compression as a significance measure is evaluated empirically in three independent domains. In particular, the results show that the existence of compression distinguishes a larger number of significant clauses than other significance tests. The method also appears to distinguish noise as incompressible data.
Making robots conscious of their mentaI states
Authors: McCarthy John
Published: November 2023

In AI, consciousness of self consists in a program having certain kinds of facts about its own mental processes and state of mind.

We discuss what consciousness of its own mental structures a robot will need in order to operate in the common-sense world and accomplish the tasks humans will give it. It’s quite a lot.

Many features of human consciousness will be wanted, some will not, and some abilities not possessed by humans will be found feasible and useful.

We give preliminary fragments of a logical language a robot can use to represent information about its own state of mind.

A robot will often have to conclude that it cannot decide a question on the basis of the information in memory and therefore must seek information externally. Godel’s idea of relative consistency is used to formalize non-knowledge.
Adult behaviour
Authors: Shreeve Tim G
Published: November 2023

The success of an individual adult butterfly is measured by its reproductive output. The most successful males are those that gain access to the greatest number of females, that is, are able to maximize the number of mattings. Female reproduc¬tive success corresponds with the number of eggs deposited and the survival of offspring.
Case studies in evolution
Authors: Brakefield Paul M , Shreeve Tim G
Published: November 2023

Genetic variation is all important to evolutionary change. It forms the basis of adaptation to specific or novel environments and also of divergence between populations and speciation. This chapter uses work on three European satyrine butterflies to illustrate the processes involved in such divergence. Firstly, studies of local differences, and of progressive clinal changes between populations are described. These may reflect changes in adaptation to the environ¬ ment. Secondly, examples of more extensive pheno¬typic and genetic divergence characteristic of disjunctraces or subspecies are discussed. Such divergence may be the prelude to complete repro-ductive isolation. Once this stage has been reached and genes cannot be exchanged by hybridization between two groups of populations, they have become distinct species. The same processes involved in adaptation to novel environments or in local divergence between populations are also the ultimate basis of speciation events.
Queen-queen interactions in polygynous ants
Authors: Heinze Jürgen
Published: November 2023

During the last few years new approaches have led to a better understanding of the significance of queen number in social insects (for reviews see, e.g. Fletcher and Ross 1985; Rissing and Pollock 1988; Strassmann 1989; Holldobler and Wilson 1990; Rosengren et al. this volume; Herbers this volume; Keller and Vargo this volume). However, the behaviour of individual queens in polygynous nests has been studied little, and whether and how queens compete over reproduction is largely unknown.
Kin discrimination and division of labour among matrilines in the polygynous carpenter ant camponotus planatus
Authors: Carlin Norman F , Reeve Hudson K , Cover Stefan P
Published: November 2023

The enduring fascination that social insects hold for both the public and the scientist lies in our vision of the colony as an epitome of selfless, anonymous industry-a rather anthropomorphic image that may take the form of utopian commune (Fore! 1921) or totalitarian state (White 1939), depending on the commentator’s political predilections. Hamilton’s (1964) revolutionary theory of inclusive fitness and the consequences of haplodiploid sex determination in the Hymenoptera provided an explanation for this collectivity in terms of population genetics. Altruism such as that of insect workers can evolve if, by helping a relative to reproduce, an individual effects a net increase in the frequency of genes shared with those relatives, including the genes expressed in co-operative behaviour. The relatedness asymmetries resulting from haplodiploidy render hymenopteran females peculiarly prone to surrender personal reproduction to promote that of their mother queen. As Hamilton (1964) himself indicated, however, the complex domestic arrangements of many social insect species yield colony genetic structures inconsistent with the straightforward model of family felicity.
Re-evaluation of classic examples of metaplasia and some related systems
Authors: Okada T S
Published: November 2023

The early classic term for a change of one cell or tissue type into another was as metaplasia. Examples of metaplasia have been presented in studies of regeneration, and also the ectopic appearance of cell or tissue types which are not normally associated with a given anatomical structure. Studies of regeneration will be reviewed in Chapter 6. In this chapter, a number of examples deriving mainly from medical science are briefly summarized, and several related cases in mammalian tissue, which have been reported more recently, will be discussed in some length. For a concise review of metaplasia observed in man, usually based on case reports in the medical field, readers may refer to a paper by Lugo and Puttong (1984). These authors emphasized that differentiated human cells have wide capabilities of altered differentiation, most of which are not expressed in healthy individuals, but appear under abnormal conditions. Metaplastic change seems to sometimes involve conversion between histological tissue types, as suggested by the formation of bony plaques in human degenerated eyes, perhaps from the retinal pigmented epithelium. However, conversion between tissue types of different germ layer origin is rare.
Characteristics of the transdifferentiation process
Authors: Okada T S
Published: November 2023

A review of reliable examples of transdifferentiation indicates the presence of several general features common to most of them. This is surprising, because examples discussed in this monograph cover such a variety of systems in a number of different organisms and cell types (Table 9.1). Basically, transdifferentiation is a unidirectional process, from cell type A to B. Reversible change from B to A is rare, or more precisely, is outside the present definition of transdifferentiation. Such examples can be called modulation which sometimes denotes a fluctuation of minor phenotypic changes. Within examples of trans-differentiation discussed earlier, interconvertible change is found, for example, between subclasses of amphibian chromatophores. However, even in this system, there is a basic tendency to change towards melanophores, which are the most stable subclass to become an end result of a series of transdifferentiation steps (see Chapter 4.2). Lens is the terminus of more distinct changes among three major elements of vertebrate eyes. Therefore, the tripartite relationship assumed in the eye transdifferentiation system (Okada et al. 1975; Pritchard 1986) may also hold true among the three subclasses of amphibian chromatophores (Fig. 9.1).
Symbiosis And The Eukaryotic Cell
Authors: Douglas A E
Published: November 2023

Eukaryotes have acquired the capacity to respire aerobically and to photosynthesize, exclusively through symbiosis; and all symbionts with aerobic respiration and many photosynthetic symbionts have evolved into organelles, the mitochondria and plastids respectively. This chapter concerns two issues: the processes underlying the transformation of intracellular symbionts into organelles, and the identity of the microorganisms from which mitochondria and plastids evolved.
The comparative method for studying adaptation
Authors: Harvey Paul H , Pagel Mark D
Published: November 2023

It is second nature for evolutionary biologists to think comparatively because comparisons establish the generality of evolutionary phenomena. How much molecular evolution is neutral? Do large genomes slow down development? Is sperm competition important in the evolution of animal mating systems? What lifestyles select for large brains? Are extinction rates related to body size? These are all questions for the comparative method, and this book is about how such questions can be answered.
Why do Oystercatchers migrate?
Authors: Hulscher Jan B , Exo Klaus-Michael , Clark Nigel A
Published: November 2023

Oystercatcher habitat requirements vary between times of the year. In the breeding season, they require the food supplies to be close to their nesting sites (Safriel et al., Chapter 9, this volume), whereas in winter they can successfully forage on exposed intertidal areas that usually lie several kilometres from their land-based high tide roosting places. In northern, cold temperate regions, habitats that are suitable for Oystercatchers throughout the year are not common, so the birds must migrate, although often over relatively short distances. Oystercatchers that move north in summer, for instance to the breeding areas around the White Sea, may find highly productive habitats in which to breed, but at the cost of having then to migrate several thousands kilometres south to escape the severe cold of winter.
The Pleistocene dwarf elephants of Mediterranean islands
Authors: Caloi Lucia , Kotsakis Tassos , Palombo, Maria R , Petronio Carmelo
Published: November 2023

The discovery of ‘dwarf elephants (Fig. 22.1) on the Mediterranean islands (Fig. 22.2) dates back to the first half of the nineteenth century. There were two schools of thought regarding the classification of these forms. Generally, a single colonization of each island or group of islands was followed by a process of dwarfism. Now, it is believed that, on some islands, there was more than one colonization and the dwarfing processes were repeated. This hypothesis has been demonstrated on the island of Crete, where micro-mammals permit a biostratigraphical control (Mayhew 1977), and also on Sicily and Malta.
Implications Of The Palaeobiogeo-Graphical Provincialization Of China For Plate Tectonics
Authors: Hongfu Yin
Published: November 2023

The Central Asia-Mongolia palaeo-ocean separated Siberia and China proper during the Late Proterozoic and Palaeozoic, and had mainly closed up by the end of Permian, although a welding of the Mongolo-Okhotsk suture was not completed until Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous times (Kosigen and Parfenov 1981). It included the vast northern Chinese borderland, Xingan-Junggar province. The Xar Moron River-Gaxunnur Lake-Ebinur Lake subduction zone is one of the major remains of this vast ocean.
Quantitative Ecology and the Brown Trout
Authors: Elliott J M
Published: November 2023

Covering not only brown trout, but also their close relatives, this book provides valuable information which is also relevant to animal ecology. The book highlights the global success of the species and provides a long-term case study of population dynamics of one population. It also considers growth and energetics, ecological differences between brown trout populations, natural selection and genetic differences between brown trout, and the mechanisms responsible for population regulation in juvenile trout. Emphasizing the value of such long-term studies to species management and conservation, the book stresses the importance of development, testing and use of realistic models when considering species such as brown trout.
Ant colonies and environmental disturbance
Authors: Elmes G W
Published: November 2023

Ants are a widespread and successful group of insects; it is estimated that there are 5-10 ants on each square metre of dry land. Their social life style has enabled them to diversify into all the terrestrial ecosystems, where they can have major impacts upon the flora and other fauna.
Tea And Opium
Authors: Desmond Ray
Published: November 2023

Before the end of the nineteenth century, cinchona on many private plantations had been ruthlessly uprooted to make way for tea, one of the most profitable commodities handled by the East India Company. Dutch and English factors in India had soon acquired the tea-drinking habit: they served it at business meetings and on social occasions; with the addition of sugar-candy or lemon it was a cooling drink; mixed with hot spice it was a remedy for ‘headache, gravel and griping in the guts’. Portuguese and Dutch merchants introduced the beverage to Europe-the precise date is unknown but by about 1610 it had reached the Netherlands through Chinese junks trading with Java. Not until 1657 did the first public sale of tea in London take place; it soon became available in the city’s coffee houses and in 1660 Samuel Pepys tentatively sipped his first cup. His wife took it as a cure for ‘her cold and defluxions’. Initially there was some confusion about its culinary use-some households garnished the boiled leaves with butter and salt. The correct recipe for its preparation had been presumably established when the Court of Directors decreed in July 1664 ‘good tea to be provided for the Company’s occasions’.
The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the regulation of blood vessel growth
Authors: Ferrara Napoleone
Published: November 2023

The development of a vascular supply is a fundamental requirement for organ development and differentiation in multicellular organisms (1). Blood vessel formation is also necessary for tissue repair and reproductive functions in the adult (2,3). Substantial experimental evidence also indicates that neovascularization (angiogenesis) plays an important part in the pathogenesis of a variety of disorders. These include: proliferative retinopathies, age-related macular degeneration, tumours, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, etc. (2,4). In the case of proliferative retinopathies and age-related macular degeneration, the new blood vessels are directly responsible for many of the destructive events characteristic of these conditions, as leakage and bleeding, followed by organization of the clot and fibrosis, may ultimately lead to retinal detachment or irreversible damage to the macula (5). Conversely, in neoplasms the role of the neovascularization consists in providing nourishment to the growing tumour, thus allowing the tumour cells to express their critical growth advantage, and permitting the establishment of continuity with the vasculature of the host (4).
Cation-anion interactions in crystalline quininium salts
Authors: Oleksyn B J , Śliwiński J , Kowalik J , Serda P
Published: November 2023

Quinine (Q) is an organic base which contains two nitrogen atoms capable of protonation. One of them, N(l), belongs to the aliphatic quinuclidine moiety which is a tertiary amine, while the other, N(13), is a member of the aromatic quinoline ring. In the environment of polar solvents, protonation of N(l) precedes that of N(13), so that two kinds of quininium cations can be formed: i. QH+ in which only N(l) is protonated, ii. QH2+ in which both N(l) and N(13) are protonated.
Molecular data processing
Authors: Leslie A G W
Published: November 2023

Macromolecular data processing is an extensive topic, which has been developed considerably in recent years with the advent of commercially available area detectors and the new Laue methods utilising synchrotron radiation. Rather than giving what could only be a superficial overview of all aspects of data processing, I have chosen to concentrate almost entirely on one stage of the process; reflection integration. I will also limit the discussion to the use of 2- dimensional detectors (including film and image plates as well as area detectors) and monochromatic radiation, although many of the points raised have a more general applicability.
Organocopper chemistry: an overview
Authors: Taylor Richard J K
Published: November 2023

Organocopper reagents are an indispensable part of the synthetic organic chemist’s tool-kit. They can be employed to prepare alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics and the transformations are usually characterized by high chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. Vicinal carbon–carbon bond formation, via conjugate addition–enolate trapping or alkyne carbocupration–trapping, can be achieved and new methods are being developed for the preparation of highly functionalized organocopper reagents. Organocopper reagents have been employed to prepare innumerable novel and natural compounds. The latter category is well illustrated by a 1992 compilation which lists 522 natural product syntheses which employ organocopper reagents.
Refinement of Large Small-Molecule Structures Using SHELXL-92
Authors: Sheldrick George M
Published: November 2023

Many ‘mid-sized’ molecules in the 100-1000 atom range play important physiological roles, and include antibiotics, hormones and small proteins. Advances in data collection and structure-solving techniques have now effectively closed this gap between small molecules and macromolecules. Historically, quite different strategies have been adopted for the refinement of small-molecule and macromolecular structures against diffraction data. The explosion in available computing power now makes it feasible to refine structures of up to at least 1000 atoms by small-molecule techniques, though not without reconsidering the strategies involved.
Many-Body Effects
Authors: Stone A J
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1 we assumed that the interaction energy of an assembly of molecules can be written in the form of a series starting with pairwise interaction terms and continuing with three-body terms, four-body terms, and so on: We have assumed further that this series converges rapidly, so that the pairwise interactions dominate and the many-body corrections are relatively small. In many cases this is true, but we have already seen in §4.2.1 that the induction energy is inherently non additive, and in §8.3 we developed an expansion of the induction energy in which many body contributions appear even in the leading term. In this chapter we study first a case where the non-additive effects of the induction energy dominate, and then go on to ex amine other non-additive effects.
Sites in the Upper Kbs, Okote, and Chari Members: Reports
Authors: Harris John w. K , Isaac glynn ll. , Kaufulu Zefe m.
Published: November 2023

In the eroded badlands area on the eastern flank of the Ileretridge (Area Sa) there is a small conical hill capped by the residuum of an indurated, lime-cemented sandstone (see Fig. 4.r, Plate 4.r, and a regional plan in Chapter 2, Fig. 2.26). While searching for hominid fossils, Peter Nzube observed considerable numbers of artefacts among tumbled blocks of sandstone, on the eastern slopes of this hillock. The locality was shown to the archaeology team in 1971, and it was immediately dear that this was an cxcavatable archaeological site the only one yet found in the Koobi Fora Fom1ation at Leret, a distinction that the site retains.
Growth and Reproduction
Authors: Pearre Sifford
Published: November 2023

Interest in the anatomy and physiology of growth and reproduction of the Chaetognatha dates from the middle of the last century. Much of the early investigation addressed questions about their phylogenetic relationships, central to which was the discovery that the mouth was not derived from the original blastopore opening: this placed the chaetognaths among the evolutionarily 'advanced' Deuterostoma. However, Deuterostomes may have been polyphyletic (Salvini-Plawen 1988), so this discovery may be less significant than formerly believed. Recent decades have seen a rise in research on growth and ecological production, spurred by advances in culture techniques and ecological theory.
Lichenological studies 1n Ecuador
Authors: Aravindsson L
Published: November 2023

The lichen flora of mainland Ecuador is still insufficiently known. For the purposes of collecting material, four expeditions were undertaken during the period 1972-1985. The herbarium at GB now comprisesc. 10 000 lichen specimens from Ecuador, of which the majority are epiphytic macrolichens. About 160 genera have been identified so far. The collecting work was concentrated in the Andes, particularly in forests between 1000 and 4000 m altitude. The lower montane rainforest (800-2500 m), the cloud forest (2500-3400 m), and the grass paramo (3400-4000 m) are especially rich in lichens. The most important macrolichen genera of these zones are: Sticta, Leptogium, Erioderma, Lobaria, Usnea, Coccocarpia, Pseudocyphellaria, Everniastrum, Hypotrachyna, Heterodermia, and Parmotrema. It is premature to present a detailed survey of the phytogeography of the area. Apart from cosmopolitan taxa, the lichen flora of Ecuador includes neotropical, pantropical, American-African, circum-Pacific, and southern, and northern temperate elements. Examples of lichens found in some selected habitats are given and many lichens are recorded here for the first time from Ecuador.
Allozyme variation in the Gasterosteus aculeatus complex
Authors: Buth Donald G , Haglund Thomas R
Published: November 2023

Biologists from many disciplines have chosen to study Gasterosteus aculeatus because of its highly variable behavioural, ecological, physiological, and morphological characters, which have provided the raw materials with which to examine correlations and have challenged researchers to explain the observed diversity through analytical and experimental approaches. However, the very characters that have made G. aculeatus so attractive to researchers are incompletely understood in terms of genetic control and vulnerability to environmental influence. Questions about population divergence and gene flow have been answered ambiguously, or only in localized contexts.