bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insulin‐like growth factors modulate the growth inhibitory effects of retinoic acid on MCF‐7 breast cancer cells
Authors: Bentel Jacqueline M. , Lebwohl David E. , Cullen Kevin J. , Rubin Mark S. , Rosen Neal , Mendelsohn John , Miller Wilson H.
Published: February 2005

Retinoids are currently being tested for the treatment and prevention of several human cancers, including breast cancer. However, the anti‐cancer and growth inhibitory mechanisms of retinoids are not well understood. All‐trans retinoic acid (RA) inhibits the growth of the estrogen receptor‐positive (ER+) breast cancer cell line, MCF‐7, in a reversible and dose‐dependent manner. In contrast, insulin‐like growth factors (IGF‐I,IGF‐II) and insulin are potent stimulators of the proliferation of MCF‐7 and several other breast cancer cell lines. Pharmacologic doses of RA (≤10−6M) completely inhibit IGF‐I‐stimulated MCF‐7 cell growth. Published data suggest that the growth inhibitory action of RA on IGF‐stimulated cell growth is linear and dose‐dependent, similar to RA inhibition of unstimulated or estradiol‐stimulated MCF‐7 cell growth. Surprisingly, we have found that IGF‐I or insulin‐stimulated cell growth is increased to a maximum of 132% and 127%, respectively, by cotreatment with 10−7 M RA, and that 10−9–10−7 M RA increase cell proliferation compared to IGF‐I or insulin alone. MCF‐7 cells that stably overexpress IGF‐II are also resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of 10−9–10−7 M RA. Treatment with the IGF‐I receptor blocking antibody, αIR‐3, restores RA‐induced growth inhibition of IGF‐I‐treated or IGF‐II‐overexpressing MCF‐7 cells, indicating that the IGF‐I receptor is mediating these effects. IGFs cannot reverse all RA effects since the altered cell culture morphology of RA‐treated cells is similar in growth‐inhibited cultures and in IGF‐II expressing clones that are resistant to RA‐induced growth inhibition. These results indicate that RA action on MCF‐7 cells is biphasic in the presence of IGF‐I or insulin with 10−9–10−7 M RA enhancing cell proliferation and ≥ 10−6M RA causing growth inhibition. As IGF‐I and IGF‐II ligands are frequently detectable in breast tumor tissues, their potential for modulation of RA effects should be considered when evaluating retinoids for use in in vivo experimental studies and for clinical purposes. Additionally, the therapeutic use of inhibitors of IGF action in combination with RA is suggested by these studies. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Cytokines and growth factors modulate cell growth and insulin‐like growth factor binding protein secretion by the human salivary cell line (HSG)
Authors: Katz Joseph , Weiss Hana , Goldman Boleslaw , Kanety Hana , Stannard Bethel , Leroith Derek , Shemer Joshua
Published: February 2005

The human salivary cell line (HSG) was investigated for the effect of various growth factors and cytokines on cellular proliferation and on the production of insulin‐like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs). IGF‐l increased cell growth by approximately 25%, and induced the appearances of three distinct protein bands on ligand blot of the cell culture. Two bands with molecular weights of 43 and 45. Kda, respectively, proved to be IGFBP‐3 using a specific antibody, and the third was a 24 Kda species (probably, IGFBP‐4). Similar IGFBPs were released by the cells following stimulation by EGF and insulin as well as following incubation with the IGF‐I receptor antibody αIR3. Retinoic acid had an inhibitory effect (50%) on IGF‐I‐induced cellular proliferation and an attenuative effect on the 24 Kda band when it was combined with IGF‐I, and to a lesser effect EGF; however, it enhanced IGFBP‐3 production when incubated with IGF‐I. The IGF‐I receptor antibody had an agonistic effect on IGFBPs production when applied alone or together with IGF‐I. TNF‐α and INF‐γ had minimal effects on cell growth when added alone but when applied in combination, a marked inhibition of cellular proliferation was noted. These cytokines caused increased accumulation of IGFBP‐3, −4, and −5. Addition of IGF‐I to these cytokines enhanced the expression of these bands. These data demonstrate that growth factors and cytokines which modulate HSG cell growth, induce specific IGFBPs which may play a role in their effects on cell growth. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Differential regulation of the synthesis and activity of the major cyclin‐dependent kinases, p34cdc2, p33cdk2, and p34cdk4, during cell cycle entry and progression in normal human T lymphocytes
Authors: Lucas Joseph J. , Szepesi Agota , Domenico Joanne , Tordai Attila , Terada Naohiro , Gelfand Erwin W.
Published: February 2005

Three major cyclin‐dependent kinases, p34cdc2, p33cdk2, and p34cdk4 were examined in normal human T cells stimulated to enter the cell cycle in vitro. None of the three genes was expressed in resting T cells. Transcripts from the cdk4 and cdk2 genes were detectable as early as 3 and 8 hr after stimulation, respectively, whereas cdc2 gene transcripts were not detectable until about 24 hr, shortly before S phase entry. Immunoblot analysis showed that resting T cells contained little p34cdk4, no p34cdc2, and a low level of p33cdk2 protein. Increased amounts of p34cdk4, p33cdk2, and p34cdc2 proteins were seen at about 7, 10, and 30 hr after stimulation, respectively. Immunoprecipitates of each of the kinases were assessed for histone H1 kinase activity. Activity due to p33cdk2 first became detectable in mid‐G1 phase and increased dramatically after entry into S phase. Active p34cdc2 kinase was not detected until about 40 hr after stimulation, about 10 hr after the first appearance of the protein. Immunoprecipitates of p34cdk4 possessed almost no H1 histone kinase activity; however, activity was detected as early as 10 hr after cell activation when a protein (p60Rb) derived from the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product was used as substrate. Cells were synchronized about the G1/S and G2/M borders by aphidicolin and nocodazole. Cells arrested prior to S‐phase contained high levels of active p33cdk2 and essentially no active p34cdc2, despite the fact that large amounts of both proteins were present. Cells arrested by nocodazole had high levels of active p34cdc2 and greatly reduced levels of p33cdk2 kinase activity. The results suggest that the major role for the p34cdc2 kinase is at mitosis, whereas that for p33cdk2 is in late G1 and/or S phase. The p34cdk4 protein, present in aphidicolin‐blocked cells, was nearly absent from cells arrested at the G2/M border; however, kinase activity was low in cells blocked at both points, suggesting that the major role for p34cdk4 may be in G1 phase. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Copper‐mediated intra‐ligand oxygen transfer in gas‐phase complexes with 3‐nitrotyrosine
Authors: Vaisar Tomáš , Heinecke Jay W. , Seymour Jennifer L. , Tureček František
Published: February 2005

Gas‐phase ternary complexes with Cu(II) and 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) of tyrosine, 3‐aminotyrosine, 3‐nitrotyrosine and 3‐nitrotyrosine methyl ether are formed readily upon electrospraying aqueous methanol solutions containing the components. In contrast to Cu(bpy) complexes of tyrosine, 3‐aminotyrosine and other aromatic amino acids, the complexes of 3‐nitrotyrosine and its methyl ether undergo unusual collisionally activated dissociations (CADs) that involve Cu‐mediated transfer of an oxygen atom from the nitro group. With 3‐nitrotyrosine this results in an expulsion of carbonic acid, H2CO3, whereas with 3‐nitrotyrosine methyl ether an OH migration forms Cu(OH)bpy+ as the predominant product. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of an intra‐ligand redox reaction in a gas‐phase organometallic complex. The reaction mechanism of this unusual dissociation was elucidated by a combination of isotope labeling, accurate mass measurements, energy‐resolved CAD mass spectra and density functional theory calculations of ion structures and relative energies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporating uncertainty in the PROMETHEE MCDA method
Authors: Hyde Kylie , Maier Holger R. , Colby Christopher
Published: February 2005

Analyses of complex decision‐making problems, involving tradeoffs among multiple criteria, is often undertaken using the PROMETHEE multi‐criteria decision analysis (MCDA) outranking technique. Various sources of uncertainty exist in the application of MCDA methods including the definition of criteria weights and the assignment of criteria performance values. Generalized criterion functions were incorporated in PROMETHEE to take the uncertainty in the criteria performance values into account; however, actors find it extremely difficult to select the generalized criterion functions and their associated thresholds for each criterion, which therefore results in an additional source of uncertainty. Furthermore, the generalized criterion functions do not address the subjectivity and uncertainty in the criteria weights, therefore, this form of uncertainty is usually assessed by sensitivity analysis methods. In this paper, a reliability‐based approach is proposed which enables the decision maker to examine the robustness of the solution obtained from PROMETHEE. The proposed approach therefore allows a decision to be made with confidence that the alternative chosen is the best performing alternative under the range of probable circumstances, without being required to define the generalized criterion functions. The proposed stochastic method involves defining the uncertainty in the input values using probability distributions, performing a reliability analysis by Monte Carlo simulation and undertaking a significance analysis using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The outcomes of the approach include a distribution of the total flows of each alternative based upon the expected range of input parameter values. The benefits of the approach are illustrated by applying it to a renewable energy case study. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating scenario planning and goal programming
Authors: Durbach Ian , Stewart Theodor J.
Published: February 2005

This paper concerns the integration of goal programming and scenario planning as an aid to decision making under uncertainty. Goal programming as a methodology emphasises the resolution of conflict among criteria; scenario planning focuses on the treatment of uncertainty relating to future states of the world. Integrating the two methodologies is based on the simple formulation of a super‐goal programme consisting of one scenario‐specific goal program in each scenario. Issues relating to the structuring of the super‐problem, aggregation both within and over scenarios, and the incorporation of probabilistic information are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IRIS: a DSS for multiple criteria sorting problems
Authors: Dias Luís C. , Mousseau Vincent
Published: February 2005

This paper presents Interactive Robustness analysis and parameters' Inference for multicriteria Sorting problems (IRIS), a Decision Support System (DSS) designed to sort actions (projects, candidates, alternatives, clients, etc.) described by their performances on multiple criteria into an ordered set of categories defined a priori. It is based on the ELECTRE TRI sorting method, but does not require the decision maker (DM) to indicate precise values for all of the method's parameters. More realistically, the software expects the DM to indicate some constraints that these parameters should respect, including sorting examples that the program should reproduce. If the constraints indicated by the DM do not contradict each other (i.e. form a consistent system), then IRIS infers a combination of parameter values that reproduces all the sorting examples, indicating also the range of possible assignments of actions to categories that would be possible without violating any of the stated constraints. If the constraints are contradictory (i.e. form an inconsistent system), then IRIS suggests a combination of parameter values that minimizes an error function and identifies alternative ways to restore the system's consistency by removing some constraints. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in tetrahedral mesh generation for modelling of three‐dimensional regions with complex, curvilinear crack shapes
Authors: Zuo Jianzheng , Deng Xiaomin , Sutton Michael A.
Published: February 2005

Advances in tetrahedral mesh generation for general, three‐dimensional domains with and without cracks are described and validated through extensive studies using a wide range of global geometries and local crack shapes. Automated methods are described for (a) implementing geometrical measures in the vicinity of the crack to identify irregularities and to improve mesh quality and (b) robust node selection on crack surfaces to ensure optimal meshing both locally and globally. The resulting numerical algorithms identify both node coincidence and also local crack surface penetration due to discretization of curved crack surfaces, providing a proven approach for removing inconsistencies. Numerical examples using the resulting 3D mesh generation program to mesh complex 3D domains containing a range of crack shapes and sizes are presented. Quantitative measures of mesh quality clearly show that the element shape and size distributions are excellent, including in regions surrounding crack fronts. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A finite element method for the computational modelling of cohesive cracks
Authors: Mergheim J. , Kuhl E. , Steinmann P.
Published: February 2005

The present contribution is concerned with the computational modelling of cohesive cracks in quasi‐brittle materials, whereby the discontinuity is not limited to interelement boundaries, but is allowed to propagate freely through the elements. In the elements, which are intersected by the discontinuity, additional displacement degrees of freedom are introduced at the existing nodes. Therefore, two independent copies of the standard basis functions are used. One set is put to zero on one side of the discontinuity, while it takes its usual values on the opposite side, and vice versa for the other set. To model inelastic material behaviour, a discrete damage‐type constitutive model is applied, formulated in terms of displacements and tractions at the surface.

Some details on the numerical implementation are given, concerning the failure criterion, the determination of the direction of the discontinuity and the integration scheme. Finally, numerical examples show the performance of the method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk‐benefit‐based design decisions for low‐probability/high consequence earthquake events in Mid‐America
Authors: Ellingwood Bruce R. , Wen Yi‐Kwei
Published: February 2005

Decision‐making under uncertainty is a difficult task when the information available is scarce and consequences are large. Such is the case in assessing vulnerabilities of buildings and transportation facilities to earthquakes in Mid‐America where large events have occurred in the past and yet very few events have been recorded at intensity levels of interest to engineers. A rational approach to this problem requires careful consideration of both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties in the demand and capacity of the systems under consideration, the performance of those systems, the consequences of unsatisfactory performance in terms of direct damages and costs incurred over time, and costs required for retrofitting existing systems or building new systems. A balance must be achieved between risk and benefit for an optimal design decision. Some recent developments in this approach as it applies to design and retrofit for earthquake effects are briefly reviewed. A risk–benefit‐based procedure is proposed and illustrated for buildings that must withstand earthquake effects in Mid‐America. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strukturen von neuen Bis(pentafluorophenyl)halogenomercuraten [{Hg(C6F5)2}3(μ‐X)]— (X = Cl, Br, I)
Authors: Naumann Dieter , Schulz Frank
Published: February 2005

Structures of New Bis(pentafluorophenyl)halogeno Mercurates [{Hg(C6F5)2}3(μ‐X)]— (X = Cl, Br, I)

From the reactions of [PNP]Cl or [PPh4]Y (Y = Br, I) with Hg(C6F5)2 crystals of the composition [Cat][{Hg(C6F5)2}3X] (Cat = PNP, X = Cl (1); Cat = PPh4, X = Br (2), I (3)) are formed. 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1¯, 2 and 3 crystallize isotypically in the monoclinic space group C2/c. In the crystals the halide anions are surrounded by three Hg(C6F5)2 molecules. The reaction of [PPh4]Br with Hg(C6F5)2 under slightly changed conditions gives the compound [PPh4]2[{Hg(C6F5)2}3(μ‐Br)][{Hg(C6F5)2}2(μ‐Br)] (4).
Synthese und Kristallstruktur des heterobimetallischen Diorganozinndichlorids (FcN, N)2SnCl2 (FcN, N—: (η5‐C5H5)Fe{(η5‐C5H3[CH(CH3)N(CH3)CH2CH2NMe2]‐2}—)
Authors: Görls Helmar , Jacob Klaus
Published: February 2005

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Heterobimetallic Diorganotindichloride (FcN, N)2SnCl2 (FcN, N—: (η5‐C5H5)Fe{η5‐C5H3[CH(CH3)N(CH3)CH2CH2NMe2]‐2}—)

The heterobimetallic title compound [(FcN, N)2SnCl2] (1) was obtained by the reaction of [LiFcN, N] with SnCl4 in the molar ratio 1:1 in diethylether as a solvent. The two FcN, N— ligands in 1 are bound to Sn through a C‐Sn σ‐bond; the amino N atoms of the side‐chain in FcN, N— remain uncoordinated. The crystals contain monomeric molecules with a pseudo‐tetrahedral coordination at the Sn atom: Space group P21/c; Z = 4, lattice dimensions at —90 °C: a = 9.6425(2), b = 21.7974(6), c = 18.4365(4) Å, β = 100.809(2)°, R1obs· = 0.051, wR2obs· = 0.136.
A New Organic‐Inorganic Charge‐transfer Salt [C15H17N4]4[Mo8O26] — Synthesis, Properties and Crystal Structure
Authors: Li Qi , Zhang Shi‐Wei
Published: February 2005

A new organic donor 3‐amino‐6‐dimethylamino‐2‐methyl‐phenazine was introduced to charge‐transfer complex with polyoxometalate. The complex [C15H17N4]4[Mo8O26] (1) was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of neutral red chloride (3‐amino‐6‐dimethylamino‐2‐methyl‐phenazine hydrochloride) and (NH4)6[Mo7O24] · 4H2O and was characterized by EPR, element analysis and single crystal x‐ray diffraction.
First Nickel(II) Cation Inclusion within the Mixed‐valence Polyoxomolybdate Capped with Four NiII(en)(H2O) Groups: Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structure of [MoV8MoVI4O30(μ2‐OH)6(NiIIO4){NiII(en)(H2O)}4]
Authors: Cui Xiao‐Bing , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: February 2005

The hydrothermal reaction of MoO3, Ni(Ac)2·6H2O, en (ethylenediamine) and H2O produces [MoV8MoVI4O30(μ2‐OH)6(NiIIO4){NiII(en)(H2O)}4] (1), which is the first polyoxomolybdate capped with four {NiII(en)(H2O)} groups and with inclusion of Nickel(II) cation. The structure of this compound was characterized by elemental analysis and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Crystal data for 1: Monoclinic, C2/m, a = 34.1719(4) Å, b = 15.3138(1) Å, c = 15.3408(3) Å, b = 116.575(2)°, V = 7179.72(8) Å3, Z = 4.
The New Fluoro‐tris(pentafluoroethyl)borate Anion [(C2F5)3BF]—, Unexpected Formation of [(C2F5)3BH]— as a By‐Product. Das neue Fluoro‐tris(pentafluoroethyl)borat Anion [(C2F5)3BF]—, unerwartete Bildung des Nebenprodukts [(C2F5)3BH]—
Authors: Pawelke Gottfried , Willner Helge
Published: February 2005

Dimethylamine‐tris(pentafluoroethyl)borane (C2F5)3B · NHMe2 (1) has been obtained from C2F5I, Br2BNMe2 and tris(diethylamino)phosphane in sulfolane. Alkylation using CH3I/KOH yielded the trimethylamine‐tris(pentafluoroethyl)borane (C2F5)3B · NMe3 (2). Compound 2 reacts with NEt3×3HF at 200—204 °C under replacement of the trimethylamine ligand to form the novel fluoro‐tris(pentafluoroethyl)borate anion [(C2F5)3BF]— (3) in good yield. Side products are the hydroxy‐tris(pentafluoroethyl)borate [(C2F5)3BOH]— (4) and the hydrido‐tris(pentafluoroethyl)borate [(C2F5)3BH]— (5).
Iron(II)‐ and Cobalt(II) Complexes with Tridentate Bis(imino)pyridine Nitrogen Ligands Bearing Chiral Bulky Aliphatic and Aromatic Substituents: Crystal Structure of [CoCl2{2, 6‐bis[R‐(+)‐(bornylimino)methyl]pyridine}]
Authors: Lappalainen Kristian , Yliheikkilä Katariina , Abu‐Surrah Adnan S. , Polamo Mika , Leskelä Markku , Repo Timo
Published: February 2005

Iron(II) and cobalt(II) complexes (7‐15) based on new aldimine 2, 6‐bis[(imino)methyl]pyridine (1, 2, 4, 6) and ketimine (2, 6‐bis[(imino)ethyl]pyridine (3, 5) ligands with bulky chiral aliphatic or aromatic terminal groups have been prepared and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR‐, mass spectroscopy (EI), and elemental analysis. The complex [CoCl2(BBoMP)]·1/2 CHCl3 (13) (BBoMP: 2, 6‐bis{(R‐(+)‐(bornylimino)‐methyl}pyridine) crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21 with cell dimensions: a = 7.6603(11) Å, b = 28.3153(14) Å, c = 13.537(2) Å, V = 2908.1(6) Å3, Z = 4. The coordination sphere around Co is distorted trigonal bipyramidal.
Organometallic Compounds with Homonuclear Bonds between Bismuth Atoms, 70 Years after Paneth' Report on the Violet Dimethyl Bismuth Compound
Authors: Breunig Hans Joachim
Published: February 2005

The chemistry of organometallic compounds of the types (R2Bi)2, (RBi)n (n = 2—5) and R6Bi8 is the objective of this report. Common features and differences between these bismuthanes and analogous compounds of lighter group 15 elements are discussed.
Effect of alkylated and intercalated DNA on the generation of superoxide anion by riboflavin
Authors: Naseem Imrana , Ahmad Maqbool , Hadi S. M.
Published: February 2005

Superoxide anion (O2.-) was photogenerated upon illumination of riboflavin in fluorescent light. The rate of O2.- formation was stimulated by double stranded DNA but not by denatured DNA or RNA. Depurinated DNA, which was predominantly depleted in guanine residues, did not exhibit the stimulatory effect, indicating an interaction of riboflavin, or active oxygen species derived from it, with guanine bases. Also, the stimulation of O2.- photogeneration was not observed with ethidium bromide but was seen with proflavin-intercalated DNA. Since ethidium bromide intercalates preferentially between purines and pyrimidines, and proflavin prefers dA-dT rich sites, these results were interpreted to suggest that the interaction of riboflavin with DNA is mainly with GC or CG base pairs.
Phospholipase D-dependent and-independent activation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase
Authors: Watson Fiona , Gordon M. Lowe , Robinson John J. , Galvani David W. , Edwards Steven W.
Published: February 2005

Stimulation of the respiratory burst of human neutrophils by fMet-Leu-Phe (in the absence of cytochalasin B) is largely unaffected when the activities of protein kinase C and phospholipase D are inhibited. This has been confirmed using three separate assays to measure the respiratory burst. However, whilst these enzymes are not required for the initiation or maximal rate of oxidant generation, they are required to sustain oxidase activity. In contrast, in the presence of cytochalasin B, fMet-Leu-Phe stimulated oxidase activity is much more dependent on phospholipase D activity. It is proposed that (in the absence of cytochalasin B) activation of the NADPH oxidase utilises cytochrome b molecules that are already present on the plasma membrane and activation occurs independently of phospholipase D and protein kinase C. Once these complexes are inactivated, then new cytochrome b molecules must be recruited from sub-cellular stores. This translocation and/or activation of these molecules is phospholipase D dependent. Some support for this model comes from the finding that the translocation of CD11b (which co-localises with cytochrome b) onto the cell surface is phospholipase D dependent.
Red and far‐red light alter the transcript profile in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: Impact of cyanobacterial phytochromes
Authors: Hübschmann Thomas , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Gieler Thomas , Murata Norio , Börner Thomas
Published: February 2005

Cyanobacteria possess genes encoding phytochrome‐related proteins. We used a DNA microarray approach to evaluate the impact of the phytochromes Cph1 and Cph2 on red light (R)‐ and far‐red light (FR)‐dependent gene expression in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. In cells of wild‐type and phytochrome mutants, one‐fourth of all 3165 annotated putative protein encoding genes was light‐responsive. R predominantly enhanced the expression of genes involved in transcription, translation, and photosynthesis, whereas FR upregulated the transcript level of genes known to be inducible by stress. The absence of Cph1 and/or Cph2 altered the light‐dependent expression of about 20 genes. Hence, receptor(s) different from the two phytochromes are supposed to trigger the global R/FR alterations of the expression profile.
Comparative single‐turnover kinetic analyses of trans‐cleaving hammerhead ribozymes with naturally derived non‐conserved sequence motifs
Authors: Weinberg Marc S. , Rossi John J.
Published: February 2005

trans‐Cleaving hammerhead ribozyme variants were generated with mimicked non‐conserved internal loop motifs derived from five structurally diverse natural cis‐cleaving ribozymes. Most modified trans‐cleaving variants showed enhanced single‐turnover cleavage rates relative to minimal counterparts that lack tertiary interactions between internal loop motifs I and II, and relative to controls with sequence changes in loop I. The trans‐cleaving ribozyme derived from the positive strand of peach latent mosaic viroid had the highest observed cleavage rate, suggesting a structurally optimized motif that facilitates rapid formation of the ribozyme catalytic center in a trans‐reaction.
Genomic organization, promoter characterization and roles of Sp1 and AP‐2 in the basal transcription of mouse PDIP1 gene
Authors: Zhou Jianlin , Fan Changzheng , Zhong Yingli , Liu Yunhai , Liu Mingjun , Zhou Aidong , Ren Kaiqun , Zhang Jian
Published: February 2005

The mouse polymerase delta‐interacting protein 1 gene, PDIP1, is mapped to chromosome 7F3 region, spans approximately 16.7 kb, and is organized into six exons. The transcription start site (TSS) was determined to be G, corresponding to position of 162‐bp upstream of the translation start codon. The promoter region was found to lack TATA box or CCAAT box, instead, a CpG island was detected surrounding TSS. The region from −162 to +114 is required for basal transcriptional regulation of mouse PDIP1 gene, contains two AP‐2 and two Sp1 binding sites. The Sp1 site upstream of TSS activates, while the other Sp1 site and two AP‐2 sites suppress the transcription activity of mouse PDIP1 gene.
Heart rate and heart rate variability of healthy cats in home and hospital environments
Authors: Abbott Jonathan A
Published: February 2005

To investigate heart rate and its variability, a telemetry device was affixed to 16 healthy, young cats. Prior to inclusion in the study, cats were subject to echocardiographic examination. The heart rate (HR) when cats were restrained for echocardiography (HRr) was calculated from 4–5 consecutive RR intervals obtained from a simultaneously recorded electrocardiogram. Electrocardiographic data were then acquired by telemetry in a quiet room in the veterinary hospital (VTH) and later, in the owner's home (home). The ambulatory data were digitally sampled and the RR interval tachogram from a 4 min epoch subject to Fast Fourier Transform to yield measures of heart rate variability (HRV). Sinus arrhythmia was often observed in resting cats. Heart rates (bpm) expressed as mean (±SD) were: HRr: 187 (±25), HRVTH: 150 (±23), HRhome: 132 (±19); each of these rates was significantly different from the others. Significant differences in profiles of HRV suggested that sympathetic tone was higher (and parasympathetic tone lower) when cats were in the hospital.
Colchicine inhibits fracture union and reduces bone strength—in vivo study
Authors: Dudkiewicz Israel , Brosh Tamar , Perelman Marina , Salai Moshe
Published: February 2005

Introduction: Recent studies have demonstrated that Colchicine (CO) prevents heterotopic ossification (HO) after total hip replacement in patients suffering from familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Other investigators have proved that CO is an in vitro inhibitor of proliferation of osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells, and is a non‐selective mitosis inhibitor and selective inhibitor of mineralization.

Methods: A double blind prospective study comprised four groups of adult rats. The left posterior tibia in each rat was fractured except in one of the control groups. The study groups were treated with CO 1 mg/kg/day 1 week before, or on the fracture day. The control groups did not receive CO treatment. Six weeks after fracture induction the groups were compared radiographically mechanically and histologically.

Results: Prolonged CO treatment had a significant negative influence on fracture healing according to radiological, clinical, mechanical (p < 0.02), and pathological parameters (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions: We were able to demonstrate that prolonged CO treatment reduced bone healing. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In vitro analysis of the cement mantle of femoral hip implants: Development and validation of a CT‐scan based measurement tool
Authors: Scheerlinck Thierry , De Mey Johan , Deklerck Rudi
Published: February 2005

We developed, validated and assessed inter‐ and intraobserver reliability of a CT‐scan based measurement tool to evaluate morphological characteristics of the bone–cement–stem complex of hip implants in cadaver femurs. Two different models were investigated: the stem‐cavity model using a double tapered polished femoral‐stem that is removed after cement curing and the plastic‐replica model using a stereolithographic stem replica that is left in place during CT‐scanning. Software was developed to segment and analyze connective CT‐images and identify the contours of bone, cement, and stem based on their respective gray values. Volume parameters (whole specimen, cement, stem, air contents of bone and cement), concentricity parameters (distances between centroids of stem and cement, cement and bone, stem and bone), contact surfaces (bone/air and cement/bone) and bone cement mantle thickness parameters were calculated. A three‐dimensional protocol was developed to evaluate the minimal mantle thickness out of the CT‐plane. The average accuracy for surfaces within CT‐images was 7.47 mm2 (1.80%), for bone and cement mantle thickness it was 0.51 mm (9.39%), for distances between centroids it was 0.38 mm (18.5%) and contours: 0.27 mm (2.57%). The intra‐ and interobserver reliability of air content in bone and cement was sub‐optimal (intraclass‐correlation coefficient (JCC) as low as 0.54 with an average ICC of 0.85). All other variables were reliable (ICC > 0.81, average ICC: 0.96). This in vitro technique can assess characteristics of cement mantles produced by different cementing techniques, stem types or centralizers. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Media Effects and Russian Elections, 1999–2000
Authors: WHITE STEPHEN , OATES SARAH , McALLISTER IAN
Published: February 2005

The Russian parliamentary and presidential elections of December 1999 and March 2000 appeared to have been won in large part through the partisan use of (particularly state) television. According to the evidence of a spring 2001 national survey, television was the main source of political information for the supporters of all parties and candidates. However, state television (which had been most supportive of the Kremlin) was much more likely to be favoured by the supporters of the pro-regime Unity party; while commercial television (which had provided a more even-handed coverage of the elections) was more popular and respected among the supporters of anti-Kremlin parties and candidates and less popular among supporters of Vladimir Putin. Regression analysis that takes account of reciprocal causation between media source and vote choice indicates that these were not spurious associations. The findings suggest that the state itself may exercise a disproportionate influence upon the electoral process in newly established systems in which social structures and political allegiances remain fluid.
Interpreting a Bill of Rights: The Importance of Legislative Rights Review
Authors: HIEBERT JANET L.
Published: February 2005

This article contests the widely held view that an effective bill of rights requires judicial interpretation of rights to prevail over political judgement. Most bills of rights reflect classical liberal assumptions that premise freedom and liberty on the absence of state intervention. Yet they govern modern welfare states that presume and require substantial state involvement, seen to various degrees as facilitating rather than restricting the conditions for robust and equal citizenship. Judges cannot provide answers that are so definitive or persuasive to questions about whether social policy is reasonable in terms of human rights that they rule out other reasonable judgements. Although these concerns are often used to justify rejecting a bill of rights, this article takes a different position. It argues that a political community can benefit from exposure to judicial opinions on whether legislation is consistent with rights, but should also encourage and expect parliament to engage in legislative rights review. The article discusses how three parliamentary systems have attempted to infuse more concern for rights in their processes of decision making, and concludes with suggestions on how legislative rights review can be strengthened.
Traditions of Knowledge in Old Javanese Literature, c. 1000–1500
Authors: Hall Kenneth R.
Published: February 2005

This article explores how Old Javanese texts, ‘literary temples’, can be used to help reconstruct the ‘textual community’ (rather than a hegemonic polity) that existed prior to Java's sixteenth-century Islamic conversions. Instead of the physical and economic might of an emerging elite, it focuses on a society's empowering acceptance and understanding of a common culture that is centered in a ritualized court. This ritualized court culture is not, however, just religiously inspired, but also develops out of Java's new generalized prosperity and the court's control over its public's access to material objects, which became the markers of social distinction.
Faith in School: Educational Policy Responses to Ethno-Religious Conflict in the Southern Philippines, 1935–1985
Authors: Milligan Jeffrey Ayala
Published: February 2005

The expansion of public education is often seen as an effective tool for the promotion of national identity and the mitigation of ethno-religious tensions in diverse post-colonial states. This essay questions such assumptions via an examination of successive Philippine governments' efforts to deploy educational policy as a response to chronic tensions between the nation's Christianised mainstream and a restive Muslim minority on the southern island of Mindanao. It suggests that the expansion of education to foster a cohesive national identity without careful reconsideration of the religious, cultural and political biases inherent in its content is likely to fail in achieving peaceful, cohesive relations between different ethno-religious communities in religiously diverse multicultural states.
Identity, Media and the Margins: Radio in Pekanbaru, Riau (Indonesia)
Authors: Suryadi
Published: February 2005

Since the fall of Suharto's New Order government the number and variety of media available have grown at a remarkable rate in Indonesia. In the process these new media, particularly radio, have created new forums for expressing local identity. This article examines how various radio stations, and specific programmes, in Pekanbaru, Riau have provided a new conduit for marginalised ethnic, linguistic and social groups – particularly Riau Malays – to address issues of their identity in an increasingly globalised, and decentralised, Indonesia.
Annual, seasonal and spatial variation of abundance of the shrimp Artemesia longinaris (Decapoda: Penaeoidea) in south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Costa Rogério C. , Fransozo Adilson , Castilho Antonio L. , Freire Fúlvio A.M.
Published: February 2005

The influence of several environmental factors on the abundance and spatial–temporal distribution of the shrimp Artemesia longinaris were investigated from January 1998 to December 1999 in the Ubatuba region of São Paulo State, Brazil. Collections were performed monthly in the bays of Ubatumirim (UBM), Ubatuba (UBA) and Mar Virado (MV). Six sampling transects were established in each bay, four were parallel to the shore line, and two were next to the rocky shores. A commercial shrimp fishing boat equipped with two ‘double-rig’ nets was used. A total of 11,503 individuals was collected, including 1633 from UBM, 6344 from UBA and 3526 from MV. The majority of the captured specimens came from the deeper areas (15 to 20 m) with high salinity (34 to 36 ppt). The highest abundance of A. longinaris in Ubatuba bay was recorded in areas where fine and very fine sand comprised more than 70% of the sediment. Moreover, the abundance of A. longinaris followed a seasonal trend, being higher during the summer, when intrusions of cold South Atlantic Coastal Waters (SACW) are frequent. Thus, type of sediment, temperature and salinity are determinant factors in the distribution of A. longinaris in the studied region.
Population structure and growth of the hermit crab Pagurus brevidactylus (Anomura: Paguridae) from the northern coast of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Mantelatto F.L. , Christofoletti R.A. , Valenti W.C.
Published: February 2005

The hermit crab Pagurus brevidactylus (Crustacea: Anomura: Paguridea) from the infralittoral area of Anchieta Island, Ubatuba, was characterized by population structure (size, sex ratio, reproduction and recruitment) and growth. Animals were collected monthly during 1999 by SCUBA diving. A total of 1525 individuals was collected (633 males and 892 females), 695 of them were ovigerous females. Overall sex ratio was 0·7:1 in favour of females. The crabs showed a unimodal distribution with males significantly larger than females. Ovigerous females were collected during all months and in high percentages from 1·0 mm of shield length, demonstrating intense and continuous reproduction. The longevity was approximately 24 months for males and 18 for females, which showed larger growth rate and reached sexual maturity earlier (two months) than males. The low number of males in this population may be due to the longer life span. Moreover, the sexual dimorphism favours males during the intra- and interspecific fights by shell, food, reproduction and territory. Females demonstrated a short life cycle and intense reproduction.
New species of Galatheidae (Crustacea: Anomura: Galatheoidea) from volcanic seamounts off northern New Zealand
Authors: Vereshchaka A.L.
Published: February 2005

Two new species of Munida (M. gordoni and M. grieveae) and one new species of Agononida (A. nielbrucei) are described from volcanic seamounts off northern New Zealand (RV ‘Tangaroa’, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [NIWA], New Zealand). Description of new species and preliminary examination of NIWA collections reveal unusually high endemism of volcanic seamount populations of Galatheidae.
Age and growth of Nassarius reticulatus in the Ria de Aveiro, north-west Portugal
Authors: Barroso C.M. , Moreira M.H. , Richardson C.A.
Published: February 2005

Shell growth of the whelk Nassarius (=Hinia) reticulatus was studied in the Ria de Aveiro (north-west Portugal) between 1995 and 1998. Temporal analysis of shell height frequency distributions demonstrated that growth occurs during the first five years of life, whelks attaining a size of 6·7–7·8 mm in the 1st year, 12·1–14·5 mm in the 2nd year, 18–19·5 mm in the 3rd year, 22·7–23·6 mm in the 4th year and by the 5th year males have achieved an average size of ∼25 mm whilst females have reached ∼27 mm. Age estimates from internal microscopic annual growth lines present in the shell lip suggest that large whelks may achieve a longevity of at least 11 years. External annual rings become less discernible as the whelks increase in size and estimates of their age based solely on ring counts can underestimate their age. In males sexual maturation is reached between the 3rd and 4th years whilst in females it is attained between the 4th and 5th years. Imposex was visible in ∼2 year old females and attained maximum development by the 5th year.
Direct intracapsular development: implications for feeding mechanisms in early juveniles of the gastropod Crepidula dilatata
Authors: Chaparro O.R. , Montiel Y.A. , Cubillos V.M.
Published: February 2005

Embryos of Crepidula dilatata develop within egg capsules where they feed on nutritive eggs also deposited within the capsules. Nutritive eggs permit the embryos to develop to a juvenile stage at hatching without passing through a pelagic larval phase. The juveniles enter the local population in posession of a well developed radula and gill filaments covered by lateral, ventral, and dorsal cilia. Initial feeding by the juveniles, employing both the radula and the gill, occurs from the first day of release from the capsule. The radular band of recently hatched snails is functional from the first day in the benthos, and is used for grazing the substrate, driving the mucus cord from the neck-canal to the mouth, and also for extracting mucus balls produced in the food pouch. The gill is active in particle collection from the first day of the free living juvenile, and is noted by the presence of well developed dorsal and ventral ciliature, active in moving mucus and particles over the gill lamellae to form the mucus string at the extreme ends of the gill filaments. The food pouch becomes active two to three days after initiation of production of mucus cords. All the functions associated with feeding, such as the numbers of mucus cords, radular strokes, and mucus balls increase in activity with progressive development of the juveniles.
Female egg care subsequent to removal of egg-tending male in a monogamous goby, Amblygobius phalaena (Gobiidae): a preliminary observation
Authors: Takegaki Takeshi
Published: February 2005

Removal of egg-tending males in a monogamous goby, Amblygobius phalaena, was performed on coral reefs of Okinawa, Japan. All five removal experiments led to shifts of parental care to the paired females, and two of the females continued egg care until just before the eggs hatched. Evolution of the shift of parental care to a non-caregiving parent in this species may be facilitated by the spatial closeness between mates after spawning and no necessity of special structures and organs for guarding care.
Occurrence of a herd of female sperm whales and their calves (Physeter catodon), off Monaco, in the Ligurian Sea
Authors: Moulins Aurelie , Würtz Maurizio
Published: February 2005

A herd of female sperm whales with calves was observed for the first time off the coast of Monaco in mid December 2001. The herd was composed of more than ten animals: the adults were foraging; the calves were resting. The adult whales measured less than 12 m in length and the calves were estimated to be 5 m. This occurrence is discussed.
Thirty‐seven year mass balance of Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada, determined by shallow ice coring and melt modeling
Authors: Mair Douglas , Burgess David , Sharp Martin
Published: February 2005

In April–May 2000, eight boreholes were drilled to ∼15–20 m depth on the Devon Ice Cap. 137Cs γ activity profiles of each borehole showed a peak count rate at depth that is associated with fallout from atmospheric thermonuclear weapons testing in 1963. Snow, firn, and ice densities were measured at each core site and were used to estimate the average pattern of mass balance across the accumulation zone of the ice cap over the period 1963–2000. The average mass balance across the entire ice cap for the period 1960–2000 was also estimated using a degree‐day model driven by data derived from on‐ice temperature sensors and long‐term measurements at Resolute Bay. Best fitting degree‐day factors were determined for different sectors of the ice cap by comparing model output with repeated annual mass balance measurements made along two transects (Koerner, 1970). The results suggest that the ice cap has lost ∼1.6 km3 water per year, equivalent to a mean net mass balance of approximately −0.13 m We a−1. Estimates of the mean mass balance for individual drainage basins reveal regions of positive and negative mass balance that are consistent with remotely sensed observations of advancing and retreating ice cap margins, respectively.
Pressure and strain dependence of the strength of sintered polycrystalline Mg2SiO4 ringwoodite
Authors: Nishiyama Norimasa , Wang Yanbin , Uchida Takeyuki , Irifune Tetsuo , Rivers Mark L. , Sutton Steve R.
Published: February 2005

Differential stresses in a cylindrical rock of polycrystalline Mg2SiO4 ringwoodite were measured at room temperature with pressures up to 10 GPa, axial strains in excess of 20%, and strain rates between 5 × 10−5 and 4 × 10−6 s−1, using the deformation‐DIA coupled with monochromatic X‐rays. The sample exhibited ductile behavior in axial shortening‐lengthening cycles with reproducible hysteresis loops, yielding multiple well‐defined stress‐strain curves. Significant strain hardening was observed beyond the yield point, which occurs at axial strains around 1.5%. Large discrepancies in strength data on ringwoodite reported in previous studies, where no strain information could be obtained, can be reconciled by the strain hardening behavior. Above 8% axial strain, sample stresses reach saturation and the deformation reaches steady state, during which process the ultimate strength increases with hydrostatic pressure but are insensitive to strain rate, suggesting that the sample deforms in low‐temperature plasticity regime.
Comparison of surface radiative flux data sets over the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Liu Jiping , Curry Judith A. , Rossow William B. , Key Jeffrey R. , Wang Xuanji
Published: February 2005

Recent satellite data analysis and reanalysis projects have provided an unprecedented wealth of data sets relevant to surface energy budget in the Arctic Ocean. To assess how well we can reconstruct the variations of surface radiative fluxes used as boundary conditions to force sea ice models, the surface temperature, surface downwelling shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes of the (1) Cloud and Surface Parameter Retrieval (CASPR), (2) International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP‐FD), (3) National Centers for Environmental Prediction Reanalysis II (NCEP‐R2), and (4) European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecast 40‐Year Reanalysis (ERA‐40) were evaluated over the period November 1997 to September 1998. At the local scale the accuracy of these surface parameters was compared to the high‐quality in situ measurements from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) over the seasonal cycle and during particular storm events. The CASPR and NCEP‐R2 are closer to the SHEBA for the surface temperature. The CASPR and ISCCP‐FD are more accurate for the surface downward shortwave radiative fluxes. The ERA‐40 agrees well with the SHEBA for the surface downward longwave radiative fluxes. At the basin scale the consistency of dominant spatial/temporal variability of these surface parameters across different data sets was examined. All data sets reproduce the patterns associated with the seasonal cycle, but they vary in their ability to capture patterns linked to synoptic variability.