bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attachment orientations in business‐to‐business relationships
Authors: Paulssen Marcel
Published: May 2009

Attachment theory has produced an impressive body of evidence for explaining individual differences in personal relationship behavior. The current study examines whether attachment theory can be fruitfully extended to business‐to‐business relationships. Hypotheses about the impact of personal attachment orientations on key relationship constructs are developed and empirically tested in two business‐to‐business relationships. Customers who are securely attached in their personal relationships with their romantic partners experience higher levels of satisfaction, trust, and repurchase intent in their business‐to‐business relationships. In addition, an attachment scale that is specifically tailored for a business‐to‐business context is developed. Two dimensions of business attachment are empirically derived: secure business attachment measures the ability and willingness to rely on the business partner, and close business attachment measures the desire to develop personal bonds with a business partner or its employees. The two business attachment dimensions can be used to segment customers with respect to their intrinsic retainability and their preference for personal bonding with their business partners. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term effects of pallidal or subthalamic deep brain stimulation on quality of life in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Volkmann Jens , Albanese Alberto , Kulisevsky Jaime , Tornqvist Aana‐Lena , Houeto Jean‐Luc , Pidoux Bernard , Bonnet Anne‐Marie , Mendes Alexandre , Benabid Alim‐Louis , Fraix Valerie , Van Blercom Nadege , Xie Jing , Obeso José , Rodriguez‐Oroz Maria Cruz , Guridi Jurge , Schnitzler Alfons , Timmermann Lars , Gironell Alexandre A. , Molet Juan , Pascual‐Sedano Benta , Rehncrona Stig , Moro Elena , Lang Anthony C. , Lozano Andres M. , Bentivoglio Anna Rita , Scerrati Massimo , Contarino Maria Fiorella , Romito Luigi , Janssens Marc , Agid Yves
Published: May 2009

We assessed the effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN‐DBS) or internal pallidum (GPi‐DBS) on health‐related quality of life (HrQoL) in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease participating in a previously reported multicenter trial. Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) questionnaires were available for analysis in a subgroup of n = 20/20 patients with GPi‐DBS and n = 45/49 patients with STN‐DBS at baseline, 6 and 36 months. The SIP provides a physical dimension and a psychosocial dimension sum score and 12 category scores: Alertness/Intellectual Behavior (AIB), Ambulation (A), Body Care and Movement (BCM), Communication (C), Eating (E), Emotional Behavior (EB), Home Management (HM), Mobility (M), Recreation and Pastimes (RP), Sleep and Rest (SR), Social Interaction (SI), and Work (W). Motor functioning was assessed by means of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and diaries. At 6 months significant improvements in off‐period motor symptoms and activities of daily living were paralleled by significant reductions in the total, physical, and psychosocial SIP score in both treatment groups. At 3 years, sustained improvements were observed in the physical dimension score, BCM, E, M, RP after STN‐DBS and M, SI after GPi‐DBS. All other SIP subscores approached baseline values, but were still the same or better (except C) whereas motor functioning remained stable after 36 months. STN‐DBS and GPi‐DBS led to significant early improvements in HrQoL. Despite sustained motor improvements many of these initial benefits were lost after 3 years. This may reflect either progression of the disease or adaptive changes in the subjective perception of health‐related wellbeing over time. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Recurrent acute dystonic reaction and oculogyric crisis despite withdrawal of dopamine receptor blocking drugs
Authors: Schneider Susanne A. , Udani Vrajesh , Sankhla Charulata Sawant , Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: May 2009

Adverse events of dopamine‐blocking agents include acute dystonic reactions and oculogyric crises (OGCs). OGCs may be recurrent on maintenance of or re‐exposure to the drug. Thus, complete withdrawal is recommended. Recurrent episodes of acute dystonia despite withdrawal and the lack of further exposure to antidopaminergic agents are usually not seen. Here, we report three cases with recurrent OGCs despite complete withdrawal of neuroleptics. Triggering or priming factors were a single dose of haloperidol in two cases and a single dose of metoclopramide in one case. Episodes reoccurred spontaneously, but responded to anticholinergics. The pathomechanisms of acute dystonic reactions and OGCs remain unclear. Parallels to levodopa‐induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease, as well as to dopa‐responsive dystonia, paroxysmal dyskinesias, and channelopathies are discussed here. Whether there is a genetic susceptibility or some other reason for only some patients developing this phenomenon remains unclear. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Effect of movement frequency on repetitive finger movements in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Stegemöller Elizabeth L. , Simuni Tanya , MacKinnon Colum
Published: May 2009

Performance of repetitive hand movements in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by slowness, reduced movement amplitude, and hesitation or arrests in ongoing movement. Currently, the factors and mechanisms contributing to impaired performance of these types of movement remain poorly understood. This study examined the effects of movement frequency and medication on the performance of unconstrained index finger flexion movements in patients with PD and matched control subjects. Movements were synchronized with an auditory tone as the frequency of the tone was increased from 1 to 3 Hz in 0.25 Hz increments. Movement performance was quantified based upon finger kinematics and electromyography (EMG) recorded from the index finger flexors and extensors. The principal finding was that patients with PD showed a dramatic reduction in movement amplitude, an increase in movement frequency, and a loss of phase when the movement frequency reached or exceeded 2 Hz. This deficit was not significantly improved with medications. In contrast, all control subjects could synchronize to 3 Hz. These findings show that movement frequency is a major determinant of hypokinesia during repetitive movements and may contribute to hesitations and movement arrest during clinical testing of bradykinesia in the upper limb of patients with PD. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Pain intensity on and off levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Nebe Angelika , Ebersbach Georg
Published: May 2009

Pain is frequently reported by patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, intensity of pain as measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS) was assessed on and off levodopa in 15 patients with PD. All patients had motor fluctuations and suffered from pain of various types. Description of pain was assessed with the McGill pain questionnaire. Ratings for pain intensity on the VAS were increased during off period for all patients but one (P = 0.001). There was a correlation (P = 0.04) between changes in motor performance (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III) and pain intensity (VAS). Compared with a historical sample of subjects with different pain syndromes without PD, terms related to fear and punishment were used more frequently by patients with PD in this study. In two patients, pain was exclusively limited to the off period. The majority of subjects suffered from secondary pain possibly related to lumbar osteoarticular degeneration. Secondary pain was relieved but not completely abolished by levodopa. The results of this study suggest that aggravation of secondary pain should be considered as a part of the spectrum of nonmotor off symptoms. Analgesics should not be given as first line drugs when pain occurs or increases in off conditions, and pain can be significantly alleviated or abolished by adjustments of dopaminergic medication. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Perverted head‐shaking and positional downbeat nystagmus in patients with multiple system atrophy
Authors: Lee Jee‐Young , Lee Woong‐Woo , Kim Ji Soo , Kim Hee Jin , Kim Jin‐Kyung , Jeon Beom S.
Published: May 2009

The diagnosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA) is mainly based on the clinical criteria, which are often of little assistance in the early stages of the disease. Positional downbeat nystagmus (pDBN) and perverted head‐shaking nystagmus (pHSN), possible signs of cerebellar dysfunction, may be useful in differentiating MSA from other parkinsonian disorders. To investigate the occurrences of pDBN and pHSN in patients with MSA compared with those in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). A total of 127 consecutive patients with MSA and 274 patients with PD underwent a video‐oculographic recording of head‐shaking and positional nystagmus over a year. The occurrences of pDBN and pHSN were higher in MSA than in PD. pDBN was more frequently observed in MSA with overt cerebellar signs than in those without, but the occurrence of pHSN did not differ between the MSA groups. pHSN was more frequently observed in MSA‐p without overt cerebellar signs than in PD, but there was no difference in the occurrence of pDBN between them. The presence of pHSN and pDBN may be a clue for the diagnosis of MSA, and pHSN may be helpful in differentiating MSA‐p from PD when the patients do not have overt cerebellar features. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
The course of depressive symptoms in early Parkinson's disease
Authors: Ravina Bernard , Elm Jordan , Camicioli Richard , Como Peter G. , Marsh Laura , Jankovic Joseph , Weintraub Daniel
Published: May 2009

Little is known about the course of depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). We studied the course of clinically significant depressive symptoms using data from two clinical trials that followed 413 early, untreated PD subjects for 12 to 18 months. We measured depressive symptoms with the 15‐item geriatric depression scale (GDS‐15); a score of ≥5 indicates clinically significant depressive symptoms. We used a time‐dependent Cox model to examine the association between demographic variables, PD severity, and medication use on the time to resolution of depressive symptoms. One hundred fourteen of 413 (27.6%) subjects were screened positive for depression during the study, with a median GDS‐15 score of 6, indicating mild symptoms. Within 6 months, 47% of subjects experienced remission of clinically significant depressive symptoms. Subjects with mild depressive symptoms were more likely to develop moderate to severe depressive symptoms (GDS ≥ 10) than those without prior symptoms (relative risk = 6.16). Increasing severity of depressive symptoms, older age, and longer PD duration predicted a lower likelihood of symptom resolution (hazard ratios 0.83–0.92). Mild depressive symptoms have a variable course, with remission and development of more sustained and severe symptoms occurring over time. More severe depressive symptoms may herald a protracted course. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Cerebellar involvement in progressive supranuclear palsy: A clinicopathological study
Authors: Kanazawa Masato , Shimohata Takayoshi , Toyoshima Yasuko , Tada Mari , Kakita Akiyoshi , Morita Takashi , Ozawa Tetsutaro , Takahashi Hitoshi , Nishizawa Masatoyo
Published: May 2009

The clinical heterogeneity of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), which is classified as classic Richardson's syndrome (RS) and PSP‐Parkinsonism (PSP‐P), has been previously discussed. We retrospectively analyzed 22 consecutive Japanese patients with pathologically proven PSP to investigate the clinicopathological heterogeneity. We investigated the clinical features both early in and at any time during the disease course. The pathological severities of neuronal loss with gliosis and tau pathology were also evaluated. On the basis of the clinical features, 10 patients were categorized as having RS, and 8 were categorized as having PSP‐P. Four patients presenting with cerebellar ataxia or cerebral cortical signs were categorized as having unclassifiable PSP. Among them, 3 developed cerebellar ataxia as the initial and principal symptom. Notably, tau‐positive inclusion bodies in Purkinje cells were significantly more frequently observed in the patients with cerebellar ataxia than in those without cerebellar ataxia. All the patients with cerebellar ataxia exhibited more neuronal loss with gliosis and higher densities of coiled bodies in the cerebellar dentate nucleus than those without cerebellar ataxia. This study confirms the wide spectrum of clinicopathological manifestations associated with PSP regardless of different ethnic origin, and demonstrates that PSP patients manifest cerebellar ataxia. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
The impact of treatment of depression on quality of life, disability and relapse in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Menza Matthew , Dobkin Roseanne DeFronzo , Marin Humberto , Mark Margery H. , Gara Michael , Buyske Steven , Bienfait Karina , Dicke Allison
Published: May 2009

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease affecting up to one million individuals in the United States. Depression is found in 40 to 50% of these patients and is associated with a variety of poor outcomes for both patients and their families. Despite this, there are few evidence‐based data to guide clinical care. This was an NIH‐funded, randomized, controlled trial of paroxetine, nortriptyline, and placebo. It included an 8 week acute phase and a 16 week blind extension phase. This report details the impact of depression treatment on quality of life (QoL) and disability in the acute and extension phase of this study. Secondary outcomes included relapse, tolerability, safety, and the impact of depression treatment on PD physical functioning. Patients who had improvement in depression, compared with those who did not, had significant gains in measures of QoL and disability (PDQ‐8, P = 0.0001; SF‐36, P = 0.0001) at 8 weeks and maintained their gains in the extension phase. Patients who were on active drug were significantly less likely to relapse in the extension phase than those on placebo (P = 0.041). Though relatively modest in size, this trial provides the first controlled data on the impact of treatment of depression on QoL and disability in PD. It suggests that successfully treating depression in PD leads to important, sustained improvements in these outcomes and that patients who improve on antidepressants are less likely to relapse than are patients who initially improve on placebo. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
What coping tells about personality
Authors: Geisler Fay C. M. , Wiedig‐Allison Monika , Weber Hannelore
Published: May 2009

In this study, 123 participants (non‐psychology students) who responded to an interpersonal stress situation staged in the laboratory were judged by unacquainted observers in terms of the Big Five dimensions, intelligence and social attractiveness. Coping behaviour appeared to predict personality impressions in a way that mirrors the relations between personality and coping observed in previous research: Overall, higher levels of Extraversion (E), Agreeableness (A), Conscientiousness (C) and Openness to experience (O) (as well as intelligence and social attractiveness) were predicted by problem‐focussed behaviour and cognitive restructuring, whereas higher levels of Neuroticism (N) were predicted by withdrawal/passivity. The interpersonal impact of the particular coping reactions, as indicated by a positive personality impression, were largely inconsistent with their impact on affect following the stress induction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive ability × emotional stability interactions on adjustment
Authors: Leikas Sointu , Mäkinen Seppo , Lönnqvist Jan‐Erik , Verkasalo Markku
Published: May 2009

Cognitive ability has been shown to moderate the relations between emotional stability and self‐reports of well being. The present study examined whether this interaction effect generalizes to non‐self‐report measures of well being. Male conscripts (N = 152) completed an emotional stability scale and a cognitive ability test. Several indicators of their general adjustment and competence were derived from self‐ and superior‐ratings, a psychiatric interview and from military archives. Cognitive ability moderated the association of emotional stability with both self‐report and non‐self‐report indicators of adjustment and competence. Low emotional stability was related to adverse outcomes only among low cognitive ability individuals. The results support the idea that cognitive ability buffers the influence of emotional stability on well being. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sociocultural determinants of men's reactions to prostate cancer diagnosis
Authors: Hughes Halbert Chanita , Wrenn Glenda , Weathers Benita , Delmoor Ernestine , Ten Have Thomas , Coyne James C.
Published: May 2009

Objective: To develop a better understanding of how men react to being diagnosed with prostate cancer and identify factors that influence these responses, we conducted an observational study to identify sociocultural predictors of men's psychological reactions.

Methods: Participants were 70 African American and 124 white prostate cancer patients who completed a structured telephone interview that evaluated psychological reactions in terms of intrusive thoughts about cancer and attempts to avoid cancer‐related thoughts and feelings. Perceptions of disease‐specific stress, cultural beliefs and values, and social constraints were also assessed during the interview.

Results: There were no racial differences in men's reactions to being diagnosed with prostate cancer; however, greater perceptions of disease‐specific stress, increasing levels of present temporal orientation, and more social constraints had significant positive effects on avoidant reactions. Greater perceptions of stress also had a significant positive effect on intrusive thoughts.

Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the need for individualized approaches to help men address their thoughts and feelings about being diagnosed with prostate cancer. These efforts should include strategies that help men to communicate more effectively with social support resources and address cultural beliefs and values related to temporal orientation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of o,oEDDHA – a xenobiotic chelating agent used in Fe fertilizers – in plant tissues by liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry: overcoming matrix effects
Authors: Orera Irene , Abadía Anunciación , Abadía Javier , Álvarez‐Fernández Ana
Published: May 2009

The Fe(III)‐chelate of ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐bis(o‐hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (o,oEDDHA) is generally considered as the most efficient and widespread Fe fertilizer for fruit crops and intensive horticulture. The determination of the xenobiotic chelating agent o,oEDDHA inside the plant is a key issue in the study of this fertilizer. Both the low concentrations of o,oEDDHA expected and the complexity of plant matrices have been important drawbacks in the development of analytical methods for the determination of o,oEDDHA in plant tissues. The determination of o,oEDDHA in plant materials has been tackled in this study by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using several plant species and tissues. Two types of internal standards have been tested: Iron stable isotope labeled compounds and a structural analogue compound, the Fe(III) chelate of ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐bis(2‐hydroxy‐4‐methylphenylacetic) acid (o,oEDDHMA). Iron stable isotope labeled internal standards did not appear to be suitable because of the occurrence of isobaric endogenous compounds and/or isotope exchange reactions between plant native Fe pools and the Fe stable isotope of the internal standard. However, the structural analogue Fe(III)‐o,oEDDHMA is an adequate internal standard for the determination of both isomers of o,oEDDHA (racemic and meso) in plant tissues. The method was highly sensitive, with limits of detection and quantification in the range of 3–49 and 11–162 pmol g−1 fresh weight, respectively, and analyte recoveries were in the range of 74–116%. Using this methodology, both o,oEDDHA isomers were found in all tissues of sugar beet and tomato plants treated with 90 µM Fe(III)‐o,oEDDHA for 24 h, including leaves, roots and xylem sap. This methodology constitutes a useful tool for studies on o,oEDDHA plant uptake, transport and allocation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Negative ion fragmentations of deprotonated peptides containing post‐translational modifications. An unusual cyclisation/rearrangement involving phosphotyrosine; a joint experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Wang Tianfang , Andreazza Hayley J. , Bilusich Daniel , Bowie John H.
Published: May 2009

The characteristic fragmentations of a pTyr group in the negative ion electrospray mass spectrum of the [M–H]− anion of a peptide or protein involve the formation of PO (m/z 79) and the corresponding [(M‐H)−–HPO3]− species. In some tetrapeptides where pTyr is the third residue, these characteristic anion fragmentations are accompanied by ions corresponding to H2PO and [(M‐H)−–H3PO4]− (these are fragmentations normally indicating the presence of pSer or pThr). These product ions are formed by rearrangement processes which involve initial nucleophilic attack of a C‐terminal ‐CO [or ‐C(NH)O−] group at the phosphorus of the Tyr side chain [an SN2(P) reaction]. The rearrangement reactions have been studied by ab initio calculations at the HF/6‐31+G(d)//AM1 level of theory. The study suggests the possibility of two processes following the initial SN2(P) reaction. In the rearrangement (involving a C‐terminal carboxylate anion) with the lower energy reaction profile, the formation of the H2PO and [(M‐H)−–H3PO4]− anions is endothermic by 180 and 318 kJ mol−1, respectively, with a maximum barrier (to a transition state) of 229 kJ mol−1. The energy required to form H2PO by this rearrangement process is (i) more than that necessary to effect the characteristic formation of PO from pTyr, but (ii) comparable with that required to effect the characteristic α, β and γ backbone cleavages of peptide negative ions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate image analysis strategies for ToF‐SIMS images with topography
Authors: Lee J. L. S. , Gilmore I. S. , Fletcher I. W. , Seah M. P.
Published: May 2009

Despite the benefits of multivariate analysis methods, many challenges remain with their robust applications to real‐life samples relevant to industry. Here, we use hair fibres pre‐treated with a multi‐component formulation to investigate different multivariate analysis strategies for complex time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) images obtained in practical analysis. This is challenging because of extreme topography, a large number of unknown chemical components and detector saturation. We compare results from principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution (MCR) with no scaling, Poisson scaling and binomial scaling. Because of severe topography, scaling methods are modified to operate in the spectral domain only. We propose the use of a maximum ion intensity spectrum to highlight localised chemical features and diagnose detector saturation. Dead time correction with suitable data scaling is demonstrated to be essential for the detection of small, localised chemical variations. While PCA results are difficult to interpret, MCR results resemble secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) spectra and distributions directly. MCR is also superior to manual analysis for the detection of an important interaction between multiple ingredients. However, unlike PCA, the scores and loadings obtained on different MCR factors are correlated. The consequence of this for the optimal resolution of independent chemical features is discussed in detail. Binomial scaling is identified as the most appropriate data scaling method for this image due to detector saturation. This study provides a robust analysis strategy for complex ToF‐SIMS images, essential for increasingly complex multi‐organic surfaces and biomaterials. © Crown copyright 2009. Reproduced with the permission of HerMajesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microgel Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Tracking Human Fetal Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Lee Eddy S.M. , Chan Jerry , Shuter Borys , Tan Lay Geok , Chong Mark S.K. , Ramachandra Durrgah L. , Dawe Gavin S. , Ding Jun , Teoh Swee Hin , Beuf Olivier , Briguet Andre , Chiu Tam Kam , Choolani Mahesh , Wang Shih-Chang
Published: May 2009

Stem cell transplantation for regenerative medicine has made significant progress in various injury models, with the development of modalities to track stem cell fate and migration post-transplantation being currently pursued rigorously. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows serial high-resolution in vivo detection of transplanted stem cells labeled with iron oxide particles, but has been hampered by low labeling efficiencies. Here, we describe the use of microgel iron oxide (MGIO) particles of diameters spanning 100-750 nm for labeling human fetal mesenchymal stem cells (hfMSCs) for MRI tracking. We found that MGIO particle uptake by hfMSCs was size dependent, with 600-nm MGIO (M600) particles demonstrating three- to sixfold higher iron loading than the clinical particle ferucarbotran (33-263 versus 9.6-42.0 pg iron/hfMSC; p < .001). Cell labeling with either M600 particles or ferucarbotran did not affect either cellular proliferation or trilineage differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes, despite differences in gene expression on a genome-wide microarray analysis. Cell tracking in a rat photothrombotic stroke model using a clinical 1.5-T MRI scanner demonstrated the migration of labeled hfMSCs from the contralateral cortex to the stroke injury, with M600 particles achieving a five- to sevenfold higher sensitivity for MRI detection than ferucarbotran (p < .05). However, model-related cellular necrosis and acute inflammation limited the survival of hfMSCs beyond 5-12 days. The use of M600 particles allowed high detection sensitivity with low cellular toxicity to be achieved through a simple incubation protocol, and may thus be useful for cellular tracking using standard clinical MRI scanners.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
On the Significance of β Intersections in Superposed Deformation Fabrics
Authors: Lindström Maurits
Published: May 2009

The uncertainty of the most frequent orientations of β and fold axes relative to tectonic co-ordinates has possibly been overemphasized in tectonic literature. The β concentrations of obliquely deformed folds will be spread along characteristic paths. The superposed deformation would in most cases of flexural slip appear as folds in certain predominant directions and on suitably oriented surfaces. In tectonites with a single, nearly horizontal mode for the orientations of the lamination, β maxima formed by flexural slip should mostly be parallel to the axes of rotation.
The Composite Sill of Rudh' a' Chromain, Carsaig, Mull
Authors: Buist D. S.
Published: May 2009

The sill shows the normal type of spatial relationship found in composite intrusions of the British Tertiary, i.e. basic-acid-basic. The basic rocks are Talaidh type tholeiites while the acid rock is a rhyolite. Xenoliths appear to be concentrated in the upper and lower tholeiites. This fact has suggested to the authors of the Mull Memoir that a process of gravitational differentiation resulted in the formation of the basic and acid magmas. The evidence is inconclusive as to what process operated in magma genesis. The mineralogy of the xenoliths found in the sill is described in detail.
Some Erratics from Teifi Estuary, Western Cardiganshire
Authors: Macdonald H. A. Hope
Published: May 2009

A petrographical description is given of some erratics from the Teifi Estuary, Cardiganshire. Rock types present include granite from Ireland; greisen and Eskdale granite from the Lake District; granophyre, picrite, diabase and gneiss from the Lleyn Peninsula; granophyre and diabase from Merionethshire.
On the Occurrence of Comarocystites or Sinclairocystis (Paracrinoidea: Comarocystitidae) in the Starfish Bed, Threave Glen, Girvan
Authors: Paul C. R. C.
Published: May 2009

Two isolated thecal plates of a Comarocystitid paracrinoid are described from the Starfish Bed, Girvan. The discovery extends the stratigraphic and geographical range of the family Comarocystitidae and class Paracrinoidea.
The Middle Devonian Marine Transgression in North Devon and West Somerset
Authors: Webby B. D.
Published: May 2009

The lithological and faunal changes through the transition from non-marine Hangman Grits to marine Ilfracombe Beds of North Devon and West Somerset suggest the presence of a major depositional marine transgression. A fauna of thick-shelled lamellibranchs and gastropods occurs in beds lying stratigraphically between the flu-viatile Hangman deposits below, and the shallow-water marine Ilfracombe Beds above, and is considered to indicate an intermediate phase of intertidal depositional conditions. The transgression appears to have advanced across the region in a north-north-easterly direction during Lower-Middle Givetian times following coastal subsidence and possibly an associated rise of sea level.
The Junction Between the Mozambique and Zambesi Orogenic Belts; North-east Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Johnson R. L. , Vail J. R.
Published: May 2009

Reconnaissance work carried out in north-east Southern Rhodesia has shown that the Umkondo System, previously known in the Mozambique Belt, extends into the Zambesi Belt. It is further demonstrated that the two belts were broadly continuous in structure and metamorphism during the important orogeny c. 500 m·y. The possibility that the mobile belts were active considerably earlier than 500 m·y. is discussed.
Rotational Strike-Slip Faults, Llandeilo, Wales
Authors: Potter John F.
Published: May 2009

A number of rotational strike-slip faults in the Ludlovian-Downtonian deposits of the Llandeilo region, Carmarthenshire, are described.
On a Granite-Metadolerite Contact at Curran Hill, County Donegal, Ireland
Authors: Hall A.
Published: May 2009

The paper describes reaction zones at a contact between the Older Granodiorite of Donegal and an included mass of metadolerite. The metadolerite has been converted to a biotite-rich rock and the granodiorite has been converted to a leucotrondhjemite. Chemical analyses and petrographic descriptions are given for each of the rock types.
Probable orthocone skip and roll marks from the Aberystwyth Grits
Authors: Bates D. E. B.
Published: May 2009

Skip and roll marks, probably the impressions of orthocones, are described from the Aberystwyth Grits (Lower Silurian, mid-Wales).
Roof modification of a high level granite, Jos-Bukuru Younger Granite Ring Complex, Nigeria
Authors: Webb P. K.
Published: May 2009

The Rayfield-Gona granite of the Jos Plateau, Nigeria, formerly regarded as an independent intrusive body, is now thought to be a roof facies of the Ngell granite. This explains several phenomena, such as the gradational contact between the two, and the distinctive mineral assemblage of the former.
Steps facing against the slip direction: a model
Authors: Lindström M.
Published: May 2009

Dry starch-flour provides a light, suitably cohesive material in which slip structures can be produced. These resemble slickensides and offer some insight into one of the possible processes whereby structures occurring on natural slickensides may be produced. Steps consistently face against the movement direction. They form by the partial disintegration of temporarily coherent lumps dragged along the surface.
Correlation of the Ibex and Jamesoni Zones of the Lower Lias
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

In order to compare the ammonite sequence in the ibex and jamesoni zones of Pabay, recently described as vitiated by faulting and dykes, with the succession in other areas, it is desirable, first of all, to give full lists of the ammonites collected on the Dorset and Yorkshire coasts by Dr. W. D. Lang and Professor D. M. S. Watson and kindly submitted to the writer for examination.
Some Grindstones from the Coal Measures of Yorkshire
Authors: Lewis H. P. , Rees W. J.
Published: May 2009

A few years ago Mr. W. J. Rees had occasion to analyse samples of sandstones from the Coal Measures of Yorkshire, which had been used for the grinding of tools and rough castings. As the unused portions of the original samples were still available, it was thought that a record of these analyses, accompanied by petrological descriptions of the stones, might be of interest and of use. The subject of grindstone petrology is one which appears to have received little attention in this country. Merrill, however, in 1905, gave brief descriptions of various grindstones then used in America; among these he included the “Wickersley Rock”, which here receives further attention.
The Underground Structure of Eastern England
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

The foregoing sketch brings out marked resemblances in the geological features of eastern and southern England on the one hand, and the neighbouring parts of the continent on the other. In both areas we find an old plateau of pre-Devonian rocks, against which Devonian and Carboniferous rocks are violently thrust from the south by Armorican and Variscan folds, giving rise to highly complex coal-basins in Belgium, France and Somerset, a type of structure possibly to be encountered in the future in Kent. In Belgium this plateau sinks to the north-east under the Campine coalfield, while in England its north-west margin is complicated by the incidence of posthumous folds of Charnian strike.

In eastern England, east of the Charnwood line, there is evidence for the existence of Professor Kendall's Willoughby axis, with north-west strike; between this and the Charnwood line there are indications of similar parallel buried trend-lines in the folding and faulting of the visible Yorks-Derby-Notts coalfield, and also, as suggested by Professor Fearnsides, in the general shape of this basin.

Further to the north, however, the general line of the Cleveland and Market Weighton axes is not Charnian, being about west 5° north. The Market Weighton axis, which is of Charnian type, with many repeated movements, does not form the boundary of the coalfield; this is in fact constituted by the southern flank of the broad Cleveland uplift, which is of Wealden type; an anticline superposed on an earlier sinking area.
On Rock Glass, and the Solid and Liquid States
Authors: Hawkes Leonard
Published: May 2009

The solid and liquid states are defined on the basis of the viscosity-temperature curve.

Glasses are amorphous solids. Their state of molecular aggregation is fundamentally different from that of liquids: they are not super-cooled liquids.

It is suggested that porphyritic texture may result from an even rate of magmatic cooling on account of the abnormal increase in viscosity which occurs before vitrifaction.
The Geology of the Farsan Islands, Oizan and Kamaran Island, Red Sea
Authors: Cox L. R.
Published: May 2009

The collection of mollusca dealt with in this paper was made by Dr. W. A. Macfadyen during his survey of the Farsan Islands, Kamaran Island, and the adjacent Arabian coast in the winter 1926–7. An account of the geology has been given by him in Part 1 of the paper, while Mr. A. G. Brighton will be contributing a section on the fossil echinoids. Dr. Macfadyen's investigation has shown that the islands are composed mainly of fossiliferous strata of late Cainozoic age. It was found possible to make out a definite succession, broken by local unconformities, and a good collection of fossils was made from each stratigraphical subdivision in the hope that definite evidence of the age of the beds would be obtained. The only previous contribution to the palaeontology of the area is a paper by Jousseaume (1888), which includes an account of twenty-five species of “raised beach” mollusca collected by Faurot on Kamaran Island. One of these—a Spondylus—is described as new, but the remainder are referred to living Indo-Pacific species. It appears from Faurot's description (1888, p. 534) that these shells came from the top bed of the Reef Limestone of Dr. Macfadyen's classification. Lists of the species present in Dr. Macfadyen's collection are given in the second part of the present paper, but these will be preceded by a short discussion of the general results of the investigation, and also of our present knowledge of the molluscan fauna of the late Cainozoic deposits of the Erythraean region.
VI.—On the Dispersion of Criffell, Granite and Caldbeck Porphyry over the Plain of Cumberland
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: May 2009

The following is a very brief statement of the results of nearly two months' observations on the granitic and porphyritic drift of the north and north-west of Cumberland.
VI.—On the Classification of Sedimentary Strata
Authors: Blanford W. T.
Published: May 2009

The true test of the classification adopted for European sedimentary formations is to endeavour to apply it in distant parts of the earth. It will then be seen whether the classification in question is real, or whether it is founded on local and accidental peculiarities of the rocks in a particular region.
III.—Note on Three Genera of Fossil Artiodactyla, with Description of a New Species
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

IN his memoir on the Vertebrates of the Quercy Phosphorites, Dr. Filhol has described two species which he refers to the genus Cœnotherium, viz. C. commune and C. elongatum. Of the former only one ramus of the mandible is figured, and it is referred to a varietal form under the name of procommune: the latter, which is a small form, is known by the cranium and mandible. Both species have no diastema in the dental series. In addition to these, two small species are referred to the genus Plesiomeryx, under the names of P. cadurcensis and P. quinquedentatus, the latter being known only by the mandible; these forms are distinguished from the true Cænotherium by the presence of a diastema between the earlier premolars.
II.—On some Quartz-Felsites and Augite-Granites from the Cheviot District
Authors: Harris Teall J. J.
Published: May 2009

In previous communications to the Geological Magazine I have described at some length the petrographical characters of the lavas and tuffs of the Cheviot District. It was proved that they are, at any rate for the most part, of an andesitic character, and that some of them are so little altered as to be thoroughly entitled to the term andesite, unless we are prepared to adopt the unphilosophical system of making geological age, per se, a factor in petrographical nomenclature. If we leave out of account the modifications in structure and composition which have been superinduced on the rocks by the various agents of change, then the Cheviot lavas and tuffs belong to the three fairly well characterized groups of the augite-, hypersthene-, and mica-andesites.
V.—Note on an apparently New Species of Hyopotamus (H. Picteti, Nobis)
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

Since describing the skull of Anthracotherium Gresslyi (= Hyopotamus Gresslyi. Rüt.) in the last Number of the Magazine (p. 63), I have observed that the right maxilla of a small anthracotheroid from the Upper Eocene “Bohnerz” of Canton Vaud, Switzerland, has been figured by Pictet in his “Matériaux pour la Paléontologie Suisse—Vertèbres de la Faune Eocéne, Supplement, pl. xxiv. fig. 5,” under the name of H. Gresslyi. The British Museum has recently acquired some upper true molars from the same formation agreeing precisely with those of Pictet's specimen; and a comparison of these teeth with those of the Brit. Museum specimen of A. Gresslyi (figured in my memoir already quoted) shows that they are quite different;— being distinguished by their slightly inferior size, the more inward inclination of the outer surfaces of the external columns, as well as the more distinct loop connecting these columns. These teeth agree, in fact, with those of brachydont species of Hyopotamus, like H. porcinus. Pictet's figure also shows that his specimen differs from Anthracotherium Gresslyi in having an elongated, instead of a triangular Pm. 3.
II.—A Criticism of the Astronomical Theory of the Ice Age, and of Lord Kelvin's Suggestions in connection with a Genial Age at the Pole
Authors: Culverwell Edward P.
Published: May 2009

While the favourable reception which the Astronomical Theory of the Ice Age has met with among scientific men has been chiefly due to the writings of Dr. Croll, its more general acceptance, especially among the semi-scientific public, has been greatly assisted by the lucid and vigorous exposition by Sir Robert Ball, in his “Cause of an Ice Age,” published in 1891. But notwithstanding the apparently exhaustive way in which Croll discusses the problem, and the fact that Sir Robert Ball's work has been published in the “Modern Science” Series (indicating that the theory has secured a place among the permanent acquisitions of science), I venture to think that a careful examination of the problem will show that the theory is but a vague speculation; clothed, indeed, with a delusive semblance of severe numerical accuracy, but having no foundation in physical fact, and built up of parts which do not dovetail one into the other. The following pages contain what I hope will be admitted to be a justification of this sweeping condemnation. The first portion of my paper deals with Croll's form of the theory; the second, to be published next month, deals with Sir Robert Ball's form.
IV.—On some Fossil Ostracoda from Canada
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

The specimens here referred to belong to the Geological Survey of Canada, having been collected—I. some (of Quaternary age) by Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, B.Sc., F.G.S., in 1887, on the Rolling River two miles above Heart Hill in Manitoba.
I.—New Trilobites from the Bala Beds of Co. Waterford
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

Amongst the numerous species of Trilobites which occur in the impure limestones of Bala age in Co. Waterford, two new and undescribed forms were recently found by me in the course of a preliminary examination of that area. At present the exact horizon of the beds has not been determined, but they may undoubtedly be referred to the Bala series. One of the new species belongs to the genus Cybele, and is a most bizarre form, with a long, snout-like projection of the anterior margin. The other is a new species of Trinucleus, bearing some resemblance to Angelin's T. bucculentus, which occurs in beds of “regio Ba” in Norway.
III.—The Miocene Insect-fauna of Œningen, Baden
Authors: Scudder Samuel H.
Published: May 2009

Thanks solely to the labours of the late Oswald Heer, the fossil insect-fauna of Œningen is better known than that of any other locality or horizon in the world. But it is by no means so well known as it should be; for although Heer, in his latest enumeration of the specimens seen by him (Urwelt der Schweiz, 2e Aufl. 1879, p. 383), repeats precisely the same figures he has already given in 1861 (Recherches sur le climat du pays tert., p. 197), indicating in an interval of eighteen years no addition to his material (over 5000 specimens), his repeated additions to the number of species from that locality show that he had not fully worked over what he had. Indeed, thirty years ago, I arranged for exhibition in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge a collection of nearly one hundred and fifty named species secured by Prof. Louis Agassiz from Heer, of which more than forty still remain undescribed; there are also a considerable number of merely nominal species enumerated by Heer in his Urwelt der Schweiz and elsewhere, duly catalogued by me in my Index to Fossil Insects (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 71), but as yet neither described nor figured. In addition to this it may be noted that in the enumeration referred to above Heer mentions 543 species of beetles, while less than 270 nominal species have yet been published from Œningen, and only seven species from the Swiss Miocene, included in the enumeration.
Palaeo-oceanography and biogeography in the Tremadoc (Ordovician) Iapetus Ocean and the origin of the chemostratigraphy of Dictyonema flabelliforme black shales
Authors: Wilde P. , Quinby-Hunt M. S. , Berry W. B. N. , Orth C. J.
Published: May 2009

High concentrations of vanadium, molybdenum, uranium, arsenic, antimony with low concentrations of manganese, iron and cobalt heretofore restricted to Dictyonema flabelliforme-bearing Tremadoc black shales in Balto-Scandia, have been found in coeval black shales in the Saint John, New Brunswick area. Prior palaeogeographic reconstructions place these areas about 400 km. apart in high southern latitudes in the Iapetus Ocean, with New Brunswick in proximity to Avalonia (southeastern Newfoundland). These geochemical similarities are not found in coeval Tremadoc black shales of Bolivia, New York, Quebec, Wales, and Belgium. Palaeo-oceanographic reconstructions of Iapetus support the proximity of Balto-Scandia and the Saint John area during the early Tremadoc and Gee'sx (1981) suggestion that the signature is a feature of eastern Iapetus. Furthermore, first-order modelling of the major surface currents and related primary productivity in the Tremadoc Iapetus Ocean explain the apparent wide latitudinal range of D. flabelliforme (Fortey, 1984) and the anomalous trace metal content of certain black shales of that time. Variations in the elemental content of these black shales is produced by oceanographic and geologic conditions unique to the geographic site. The distinctive Balto-Scandic geochemical signature resulted from the coincidence of anoxic waters transgressing the shelf at latitudes of high organic productivity at the polar Ekman planetary divergence. This produces the conditions for concentrations of V, U, and Mo in the shales. Metal enriched anoxic bottom waters produced by leaching of volcanics or through hydrothermal activity may be the source of the other enhanced signature elements such as As and Sb. The absence of this geochemical signature in younger non-D. flabelliforme Tremadoc and later black shales in Balto-Scandia and other areas suggests that the closing of Iapetus moved the depositional sites into less productive oceanic areas.