bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dermatologic disorders of Chinese Shar Peis: 58 cases (1981-1989)
Authors: Miller William H. , Wellington Jocelyn R. , Scott Danny W.
Published: December 2023

A retrospective study on the skin diseases of Chinese Shar Peis was conducted over a 9-year period. Skin disease was found in 58 (49.2%) of the 118 dogs studied. Folliculitis was the most common clinical finding (43 of 58 dogs). In 6 dogs, there was no apparent reason for the folliculitis; however, it was secondary to allergic dermatitis, demodicosis, IgA deficiency, or hypothyroidism in the other dogs. Approximately 20% of the dogs had more than one of these disorders. Serum IgA concentration was measured in 7 dogs and was low in all 7.
Comparison of endometrium before and after repair of third-degree rectovestibular lacerations in mares
Authors: Schumacher Jim , Schumacher John , Blanchard Terry
Published: December 2023

The endometrial response of mares to repair of third-degree rectovestibular lacerations was evaluated. Endometrial biopsy specimens from 8 mares with third-degree rectovestibular laceration were obtained immediately before surgery and from 9 to 15 days after repair. Presurgical endometrial biopsy specimens were classified as category I for 2 mares; category II, attributable to slight endometritis, for 5 mares; and category III, attributable to moderate-to-severe endometritis, for 1 mare. Within 15 days after rectovestibular repair, all endometrial biopsy specimens were classified as category I. Results indicated that mares with third-degree rectovestibular injuries are candidates for breeding by artificial insemination by 2 weeks after repair of the injury.
Loop colostomy for management of rectal tears and small-colon injuries in horses: 10 cases (1976-1989)
Authors: Freeman David E. , Richardson Dean W. , Tulleners Eric P. , Orsini James A. , Donawick William J. , Madison John B. , Ross Michael W. , Beroza Gregory A.
Published: December 2023

Loop colostomy was performed in 10 horses as treatment for grade-III rectal tears (n = 6 horses), small-colon infarction (n = 2 horses), perirectal abscess and stenosis (n = 1 horse), and small-colon stricture (n = 1 horse). In 7 horses, the colostomy was constructed through a single incision low in the left flank, with closure of the incision around the stoma (single-incision technique). In 3 horses, 2 of which had colostomy performed as a standing procedure, the selected segment of small colon was placed from a flank incision into a separate, small incision low in the left flank (double-incision technique).

Five horses underwent colostomy reversal (at 18 to 63 days) and 2 of these horses, both with grade-III rectal tears, recovered completely. Of 8 horses that did not survive, 6 died from the primary disease or associated complications. Technical problems associated with colostomy accounted for death of 2 horses. One horse had gastric rupture attributable to suture occlusion of the small intestine after colostomy reversal, and another horse had complications of incisional infection after repair of a peristomal hernia. Small-colon prolapse through the stoma necessitated premature reversal of the colostomy in a horse that was euthanatized because of worsening laminitis. Minor complications of the colostomy procedure were partial stomal dehiscence (n = 4 horses), partial dehiscence of the flank wound after colostomy reversal (n = 2 horses), and small ventral midline hernia after colostomy reversal (n = 1 horse).

Loop colostomy may be of benefit to horses with rectal tears, provided it is done soon after the tear occurs. The double-incision technique for loop colostomy is recommended, because it appeared to reduce the risks of peristomal herniation and stomal prolapse. Other recommendations are made to reduce complications of colostomy and facilitate reversal.
Intramedullary pinning of femoral diaphyseal fractures in neonatal calves: 12 cases (1980-1990)
Authors: St-Jean Guy , DeBowes Richard M. , Hull Bruce L. , Constable Peter D.
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 12 calves ≤1 month old, with fracture of the femoral diaphysis, were reviewed. Ten calves were within 1 week of birth at the time of diagnosis. Open reduction was accomplished by use of a lateral approach. Retrograde intramedullary pinning was accomplished in all calves, using 2 (n = 4 calves) or 3 (n = 8 calves) pins. Cerclage wire was used to supplement fixation in 7 calves. A closed continuous suction drain was placed along the lateral aspect of the femur in every calf.

Postsurgical complications included seroma formation over the middle gluteal musculature (n = 5 calves), pin migration (n = 6 calves), and osteomyelitis (n = 1 calf). Pin migration was observed in 4 calves that had been treated with nonthreaded trochar point pins.

Fractures in 10 of 12 calves (83%) were considered to have healed satisfactorily. One calf was euthanatized because of septic osteomyelitis of the femur. One calf was euthanatized because of persistent lameness and pin migration. Pins were removed in 8 of 12 calves (67%) between the 13th and 90th postoperative days. Results of this study indicate that application of intramedullary pins may be a useful solution for management of femoral diaphyseal fracture in young calves.
Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum infection in dogs: 805 cases (1980-1989)
Authors: Patton Sharon , Faulkner Charles T.
Published: December 2023

Clinical records of 6,977 dogs examined at the small animal clinic of the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine from January 1980 through December 1989 were analyzed to determine the prevalence and changing frequency of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum infection. Using the Knott's test on these dogs, 805 (11.54%) tested positive for microfilariae, with D immitis in 430 dogs (6.16%), and Dip reconditum in 375 dogs (5.37%). Statistical analysis confirmed that the prevalence of D immitis and that of Dip reconditum were essentially equal in the population of dogs included in this study. There was a slight decrease in the prevalence of D immitis over the 10 years examined, but the prevalence of Dip reconditum remained constant. The results were not affected by year-to-year variability in the number of examinations performed. On the basis of our findings, in eastern Tennessee, those veterinarians who diagnose heartworm infection by the presence of microfilariae without differentiating the species involved, risk misdiagnosing 50% of the cases. If the patterns of prevalence seen in recent years continue, the chances of error may actually increase.
Urine cortisol:creatinine ratio as a screening test for hyperadrenocorticism in dogs
Authors: Feldman Edward C. , Mack Robert E.
Published: December 2023

A urine cortisol:creatinine (c:c) ratio, determined from a free-catch morning sample, was evaluated in each of 83 dogs as a screening test for hyperadrenocorticism. The dogs evaluated were allotted to 3 groups, including 20 healthy dogs, 40 dogs with confirmed hyperadrenocorticism (hac), and 23 dogs with polyuria and polydipsia not attributable to hac (polyuria/polydipsia group; pu/pd). Overlap in the urine c:c ratios (mean ± sem), comparing results from the healthy dogs (5.7 × 10-6 ± 0.9) with those from the hac dogs (337.7 × 10-6 ± 72.0) was not found. However, 11 (64%) of the 18 values from the pu/pd dogs (42.6 × 10-6 ± 9.4) were above the lowest ratio in the hac group and 50% of the hac group had a urine c:c ratio below the highest value in the pu/pd group. When the mean urine c:c ratio (± 2 sd) for the group of healthy dogs was used as a reference range, 100% of the hac dogs and 18 (77%) of 23 dogs in the pu/pd group had abnormal urine c:c ratios. The sensitivity of the urine c:c ratio to discriminate dogs with hac was 100%. The specificity of the urine c:c ratio was 22% and its diagnostic accuracy was 76%.

On the basis of our findings, a urine c:c ratio within the reference range provides strong evidence to rule out hac. However, abnormal urine c:c ratios are obtained from dogs with clinical diseases other than hac. Therefore, measurement of a urine c:c ratio should not be used as the sole screening test to confirm a diagnosis of hac.
Effects of standard anticoagulants and storage procedures on plasma glucose values in seals
Authors: Castellini Michael A. , Castellini J. Margaret , Kirby Vicky L.
Published: December 2023

Standard methods for the preservation of vertebrate blood samples for glucose analysis include collecting and storing the blood in evacuated tubes containing sodium fluoride (glycolytic inhibitor) and potassium oxalate (anticoagulant). We found that blood collected from 5 seals by venipuncture and transferred into these tubes had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower plasma glucose value than blood transferred into tubes containing heparin. In species in which rbc glucose concentration is significantly less than that in the plasma, fluoride and oxalate-induced hemolysis dilutes the plasma with cytoplasm and lowers the measured concentration of glucose in plasma. Therefore, although plasma glucose is used extensively in experimental and clinical analyses, standard techniques for handling the blood may create errors that could confuse comparisons between individuals or species.
Complications of nasogastric intubation in horses: Nine cases (1987–1989)
Authors: Hardy Joanne , Stewart Randolph H. , Beard Warren L. , Yvorchuk-St-Jean Kathleen
Published: December 2023

Pharyngeal or esophageal trauma was diagnosed in 9 horses after nasogastric intubation. Evidence of trauma (edema or ulceration) was detected in the pharynx of 3 horses and in the esophagus of 6 horses. Complications associated with nasogastric intubation were first observed in 5 horses while they were intubated and in 4 horses after extubation. Clinical signs of pharyngeal or esophageal trauma were similar, and included salivation, bruxism, coughing, and nasal discharge. Treatment, including extubation, enteral feeding through a small nasogastric tube, or esophagostomy distal to the affected site, was attempted in 6 horses. Three of 6 treated horses survived, but 4 of 5 horses with perforated esophagus were euthanatized.
Effects of vaccination against 18 immunogens in beef replacement heifers at weaning
Authors: Carmel D. K. , Barao S. M. , Douglass L. W.
Published: December 2023

Humoral immune responses to vaccination, mean daily body-weight gains, morbidity, and mortality were compared in groups of beef replacement heifers from weaning to 4 months after weaning. The only difference in management among groups of heifers was the number and type of vaccines they received. Heifers were vaccinated at weaning (mean age, 205 days) and again 28 days later against 0, 1,9, 10, 17, or 18 antigens, using commercially available monovalent and multivalent vaccines. The common vaccine component in all treatment groups was a modifed-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Mean daily gain, morbidity, mortality, and serum neutralization antibody titers to bovine respiratory syncytial virus did not differ among treatment groups. Although the study revealed the safety of vaccinating beef heifers against 18 antigens at weaning, our data emphasized the need for serial vaccination to induce a measurable serum antibody response.
Enteral feeding of dogs and cats: 51 cases (1989-1991)
Authors: Abood Sarah K. , Tony Buffington C. A.
Published: December 2023

Feeding commercial enteral diets to critically ill dogs and cats via nasogastric tubes was an appropriate means for providing nutritional support and was associated with few complications. Twenty-six cats and 25 dogs in the intensive care unit of our teaching hospital were evaluated for malnutrition and identified as candidates for nutritional support via nasogastric tube. Four commercial liquid formula diets and one protein supplement designed for use in human beings were fed to the dogs and cats. Outcome variables used to assess efficacy and safety of nutritional support were return to voluntary food intake, maintenance of body weight to within 10% of admission weight, and complications associated with feeding liquid diets. Sixty-three percent of animals experienced no complications with enteral feedings; resumption of food intake began for most animals (52%) while they were still in the hospital. Weight was maintained in 61% of the animals (16 of 26 cats and 15 of 25 dogs). Complications that did occur included vomiting, diarrhea, and inadvertent tube removal. Most problems were resolved by changing the diet or adhering to the recommended feeding protocol. Nutritional support as a component of therapy in small animals often is initiated late in the course of the disease when animals have not recovered as quickly as expected. If begun before the animal becomes nutrient depleted, enteral feeding may better support the animal and avoid serious complications.
Effect of concentration and source of sulfate on nursery pig performance and health
Authors: Veenhuizen M. Fleck , Shurson G. C. , Kohler E. M.
Published: December 2023

The effect of sulfate in drinking water at concentrations of 600, 1,200, and 1,800 mg/L on nursery pig performance and health was evaluated over 28 days on 415 weaned pigs. Sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate were evaluated in combination at concentrations of 600, 1,200, and 1,800 mg/L, and independently at concentrations of 600 and 1,800 mg/L in the drinking water. Seven treatment groups and 1 control group were evaluated for mean gain, feed consumption, water consumption, feed conversion, prevalence of diarrhea, and evidence of common postweaning enteric pathogens. Statistical analysis was performed, using analysis of variance with repeated measures including initial pig weight as a covariate. Prevalence of diarrhea was analyzed nonparametrically with a repeated measures design.

Results indicated that pigs drinking 600, 1,200, or 1,800 mg of sulfate/L water had increased prevalence of nonpathogenic diarrhea during the trial period. There was a trend for increased water consumption corresponding to increased sulfate in the water. Differences in mean daily gain, feed consumption, or feed-to-gain ratios were not observed.

Forty-five pigs were treated at least once during the trial and 4 pigs died, resulting in a nursery morbidity of 11% and mortality of 0.96%. Fourteen isolates of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were found and rotavirus was isolated from 1 pig. Pigs in this study were not exposed to transmissible gastroenteritis virus.

Except for an increase in fecal moisture content (not associated with pathogenic diarrhea), concentrations of up to 1,800 mg of sodium, magnesium, or a combination of sodium and magnesium sulfate/L had no adverse effect on nursery pig performance.
Pneumonia associated with Salmonella choleraesuis infection in swine: 99 cases (1987-1990)
Authors: Turk James R. , Fales William H. , Maddox Carol , Miller Margaret , Pace Lanny , Fischer John , Kreeger John , Johnson Gayle , Turnquist Sue , Ramos J. A. , Gosser H. S.
Published: December 2023

Salmonella choleraesuis was isolated in pure or mixed bacterial cultures from 153 swine necropsied between Jan 1, 1987 and Dec 31, 1990. Pneumonia was seen in 99 of 109 swine from which this bacterium was isolated in the absence of other pathogenic bacteria. Pneumonia was seen more frequently than hepatitis, splenomegaly, or colitis. Pleuropneumonia that was grossly indistinguishable from the pleuropneumonia associated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was seen in 29 of 99 swine from which S choleraesuis was the only bacterium isolated.
Difficult Dermatologic Diagnosis
Authors: Vestweber J. G. , Kennedy G.
Published: December 2023

This feature is being sponsored by the American College of Veterinary Dermatology. Readers are invited to submit contributions, which should include: (1) a brief description of the case (150-500 words); (2) good-contrast glossy photographs, 5 by 7 in (color photographs will be accommodated without charge when color is deemed pivotal to the diagnosis), with internal scale marker for photomicrographs or electron micrographs; (3) a brief discussion of the abnormalitv that em~hasizesd ifferential diagnosis and prognosis and not prevalence and treatment.

Send comments and photographs to Dr. Peter J. Ihrke, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, or Dr. Stephen D. White, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
Transfusion practices and costs in dogs
Authors: Howard Alice , Callan Beth , Sweeney Mark , Giger Urs
Published: December 2023

A geographically stratified sample of 25 small-animal practices administering at least six transfusions to dogs over the last 12 months was surveyed to determine how veterinarians obtain blood for transfusions, the direct costs of administering transfusions, and the impact of available blood on the management of critically ill dogs. The primary source of donor blood for each practice was a borrowed dog (12 practices) or in-house dogs kept on the premises (12 practices). Only one practice obtained blood from a nearby veterinary school.

There was a wide variation in practices regarding testing for diseases and screening of donors. Thirty-six percent of practices surveyed did not screen dogs for infectious diseases or evaluate hematologic variables prior to blood donation. Twenty-four percent of the respondents evaluated the donors solely for the purposes of detecting microfilaria. The remaining 40% of the practices performed one or more of the tests generally recommended as part of a screening program for potential blood donors. The blood type of donors was determined in eight of the practices, whereas blood typing of recipients was not routinely performed. Ten of 25 practices performed blood crossmatches, but only one practice performed crossmatches in all cases.

The distribution of direct costs per whole blood transfusion (500-ml unit) ranged from 25 to more than $300, with three fourths of the practices having costs less than $100. The higher-cost practices were those that maintained donors on the premises specifically for blood donation purposes. More than 80% of the respondents underestimated their collection costs by more than 25%, and approximately half of the practices did not recover their direct costs of transfusion. Because veterinarians viewed transfusions as a lifesaving measure in more than 80% of cases, fee recovery may have been less important than survival of the dog.
Comparison of computed tomography and radiography for detecting changes induced by malignant nasal neoplasia in dogs
Authors: Park Richard D. , Beck Elsa R. , LeCouteur Richard A.
Published: December 2023

The ability of computed tomography and radiography to detect changes associated with nasal neoplasia was compared in dogs. Eighteen areas or anatomic structures were evaluated in 21 dogs for changes indicative of neoplasia. Computed tomography was superior (P ≤ 0.05) to radiography for detecting changes in 14 of 18 areas. Radiography was not superior for detecting changes in any structure or area. Computed tomography reveals vital information not always detected radiographically to assist in providing a prognosis and in planning treatment for nasal neoplasms in dogs.
Clinical and histologic evaluation of the prolapsed third eyelid gland in dogs
Authors: Dugan Steven J. , Severin Glenn A. , Hungerford Laura L. , Whiteley Herbert E. , Roberts Steven M.
Published: December 2023

Eighteen prolapses of the gland of the third eyelid in 17 Beagles were randomly allocated to 3 groups, which included nontreated (group 1, n = 6), excised (group 2, n = 4), and surgically repositioned (group 3, n = 8) glands. A Schirmer tear test (STT) was performed on affected and normal (control) eyes for 5 consecutive days on weeks 0 (baseline), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, and 24. All prolapsed third eyelid glands were excised and examined histologically.

Ten female and 7 male Beagles were used in the prospective study. Mean age at prolapse was 35.1 weeks (range, 6 to 89 weeks). Control STT data revealed a population mean of 22.2 ± 2.1 mm/min. Complications developed in 4 of 6 eyes when the gland was allowed to remain in a prolapsed position. Complications for group-1 eyes were significantly (P < 0.005) greater than those for eyes in groups 2 and 3 (0 of 12). Comparison of affected and control eye baseline data revealed decreased STT values for eyes with prolapsed glands (P < 0.01). Mean differences between affected and control eyes were 2.2, 2.0, and 3.4 mm/min for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. A significant (P < 0.001) decrease in lacrimation (0.2 to 3.1 mm/min) in group-2 eyes was detected after removal of the gland. Tear production for affected eyes of nontreated dogs fluctuated above and below that of control eyes prior to excision of the prolapsed gland of the third eyelid; however, with time, affected and control eye STT values were not significantly different. Despite an increase in lacrimation after treatment of group-3 eyes, comparison of affected and control eye STT values revealed a persistent decrease in lacrimation (0 to 2.2 mm/min); however, reduction of lacrimation after surgical repositioning was less than that which resulted if the prolapsed gland of the third eyelid was excised (P < 0.02). Histologic changes in the gland of the third eyelid were mild, and significant differences were not detected among the 3 groups.
Epizootic of rabies in raccoons in Maryland from 1981 to 1987
Authors: Fischman Harvey R. , Grigor Jack K. , Horman Joseph T. , Israel Ebenezer
Published: December 2023

The epizootic of rabies in raccoons entered Maryland in 1981 and systematically moved through the state affecting raccoons in all counties except those of the lower Eastern Shore. A precoded surveillance form was provided to all county and city health departments and data were requested for each animal head submitted for testing for the year 1985. The disease persisted and, in 1987, all counties previously reporting rabies in raccoons also had documented cases in other species. The incidence of rabies in raccoons increased in late winter and peaked in March. Most human exposures occurred during daylight hours and in private yards. Agricultural areas were similarly affected by rabid animals. Analysis of vaccination status of animals exposed to rabid animals gave estimations of statewide vaccination rates for dogs (70%) and cats (28%). The danger of rabies in cats was emphasized by the large number of animals exposed by each rabid cat. The spillover of rabies in raccoons to other species persisted in all jurisdiction through 1992, with periodic upsurges of disease at 3- to 4-year intervals as the raccoon population is replenished. Rabies was not diagnosed in any human beings.
Intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin in oily emulsion in horses
Authors: Théon Alain P. , Pascoe John R. , Carlson Gary P. , Krag David N.
Published: December 2023

Twenty horses with 30 lesions were studied to evaluate the effects of intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin in sesame oil on equine sarcoids (n = 19), squamous cell carcinomas (n = 7), and squamous cell papillomas (n = 4). Treatment consisted of 4 sessions of intratumoral cisplatin chemotherapy at 2-week intervals. A controlled-release formulation of cisplatin in sesame oil was used to limit drug egress from the injection site. Mean dosage per session was 0.97 (±0.17, sem) mg of cisplatin/cm3 of tumor tissue treated for tumor volumes ranging from 10 to 20 cm3. Dosage tended to be slightly higher for smaller tumors and slightly lower for larger tumors. Tumor regression was observed in all horses. Complete response was observed in 18 of the sarcoids, 5 of the squamous cell carcinomas, and 4 of the squamous cell papillomas. The mean relapse-free interval was 21.6 and 14 months in horses with sarcoid and carcinoma/papilloma, respectively. The 1-year relapse-free rates were 87 and 65% for equine sarcoid and carcinoma/papilloma, respectively. In horses with relapse, 70% had tumor recurrence outside the treated field. Cisplatin-related local toxicosis was minimal. Intratumoral cisplatin chemotherapy was found to be a practical and effective treatment of sarcoid and squamous cell carcinoma/papilloma in horses.
Use of isotretinoin and etretinate for the treatment of benign cutaneous neoplasia and cutaneous lymphoma in dogs
Authors: White Stephen D. , Rosychuk Rod A. W. , Scott Kathryn V. , Trettien Amy L. , Jonas Lenny , Denerolle Philippe
Published: December 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the synthetic retinoids isotretinoin and etretinate to treat dogs with intracutaneous cornifying epitheliomas (ice), other benign skin neoplasias, and cutaneous lymphoma. Twenty-four dogs were used. All tumors were diagnosed by histologic examination. Ten dogs with multiple (at least 5) benign skin tumors (7 with ice, 1 each with inverted papillomas, sebaceous adenomas and epidermal cysts) were treated with isotretinoin (n = 7) and/or etretinate (n = 5). Twelve dogs with cutaneous lymphoma were treated with isotretinoin, and 2 dogs with cutaneous lymphoma were initially treated with etretinate. Successful treatment with isotretinoin was achieved in 1 dog with ice, 1 with inverted papillomas, and 1 with epidermal cysts. Partial improvement with isotretinoin was seen in 2 dogs with ice. Successful treatment was achieved with etretinate in 4 dogs with ice (Norwegian Elkhound was the predominant breed with ice). Remission was achieved in 6 of the 14 dogs with cutaneous lymphoma. Adverse effects developed in 7 of the 24 dogs, so treatment was stopped in 2 dogs.
Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella spp isolated from healthy broiler chickens after slaughter
Authors: Lee Lisa A. , Threatt Velda L. , Puhr Nancy D. , Levine Priscilla , Ferris Kathy , Tauxe Robert V.
Published: December 2023

Of 105 Salmonella organisms of any serotype selected from a sample of 1,824 serotyped salmonellae isolated during a nationwide bacteriologic survey of healthy broiler chickens after slaughter, 60 (57%) were resistant to 1 or more antimicrobial agents and 47 (45%) were resistant to 2 or more agents. Highest resistance was to tetracycline (45%), streptomycin (41%), sulfisoxazole (19%), gentamicin (10%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (8%). Additional isolates of S typhimurium, heidelberg, agona, and enteritidis were selected from the sample of 1,824 isolates for testing because of the high frequency with which these 4 serotypes are isolated from human patients. The highest frequency of resistance among 104 isolates of S heidelberg, 92 isolates of S typhimurium, and 30 isolates of S agona was to streptomycin (33 to 57%), sulfisoxazole (33 to 50%), tetracycline (26 to 50%), and gentamicin (13 to 40%); 51 to 63% of these isolates were resistant to 1 or more agents and 37 to 59% were resistant to 2 or more agents. Resistance to ampicillin among these 3 serotypes was uncommon (0 to 4%). In contrast, 15 of 19 tested isolates (79%) of S enteritidis were resistant to ampicillin and 13 of the 19 isolates (68%) were resistant only to ampicillin. This pattern of resistance was associated with a specific bacteriophage type and indicated the potential role of bacterial clones in determining the frequency and patterns of antimicrobial resistance in populations of broiler chickens. Resistance to gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was higher than that previously reported and is of public health concern because of the frequency with which these drugs are used to treat bacterial infections in human patients.
Genetic study of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in horses
Authors: Spier Sharon J. , Carlson Gary P. , Harrold Doris , Bowling Ann , Byrns Glen , Bernoco Domenico
Published: December 2023

Four Quarter Horses (1 stallion, 3 mares) with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis were mated to unaffected horses to determine the genetic basis of the disease. The affected stallion was bred to 11 unaffected mares (4 Quarter Horses, 1 Arabian, 2 Standardbreds, and 4 Thoroughbreds). The 3 affected mares were bred to an unaffected Quarter Horse stallion.

Of the 15 offspring obtained from these matings, 9 were affected with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, and 6 were unaffected, consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Diagnosis was established by results of oral administration of potassium chloride and demonstration of characteristic clinical signs accompanied by hyperkalemia. Oral administration of potassium chloride resulted in marked increases in plasma potassium concentrations in affected and unaffected foals, although hyperkalemia was associated with clinical signs of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in the affected foals. Evaluation of blood samples from affected and unaffected offspring revealed no linkage with erythrocyte and serum markers at 24 loci.
Photodynamic therapy for nasal and aural squamous cell carcinoma in cats
Authors: Peaston Anne E. , Leach Michael W. , Higgins Robert J.
Published: December 2023

Eighteen random-bred cats with a total of 19 nasal or aural squamous cell carcinomas were treated with photodynamic therapy, using aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfhonate as the photosensitizer. Cats were irradiated at power densities of 100 mW/cm2 and energy densities of 100 J/cm2. Successful outcome was obtained in 10 tumors after 1 treatment, and 2 more tumors had complete responses after 1 or 2 additional treatments. Treatments were more effective in tumors of stage T2 or earlier. Five tumors had partial responses, and the response of 2 tumors could not be evaluated. The treatment was safe and well tolerated by most cats, although we found that cats should be kept out of sunlight for 2 weeks after treatment.
Prescription and use of analgesics in dogs and cats in a veterinary teaching hospital: 258 cases (1983-1989)
Authors: Hansen Bernie , Hardie Elizabeth
Published: December 2023

The frequency of prescribing analgesics and administering them for the treatment of apparent postoperative pain in 243 dogs and 15 cats was evaluated. Surgeries performed on the animals evaluated included limb amputations, limb-sparing bone cancer resection, thoracotomy, cervical vertebral instability repair, and humeral fracture repair. Only 1 cat was treated once with an analgesic after surgery, and cats were not evaluated statistically. Dogs undergoing amputation, limb salvage procedure, or thoracotomy were more likely to be treated than dogs undergoing the other surgeries. Ninety-six (40%) of the 243 dogs were under the influence of an analgesic at any time during their postoperative hospital stay, and 69 dogs (28%) received 1 or more doses of an analgesic after recovery from general anesthesia. One hundred thirty-three dogs were cared for in the intensive care unit (icu) immediately after surgery. Written instructions for treatment with an analgesic were given for 61 of those dogs, and 50 were given at least 1 dose of the prescribed analgesic. Dogs cared for in the icu were twice as likely to be given an analgesic as dogs cared for in the surgery ward. The estimated duration of analgesic effect exceeded 8 hours in 46 (19%) of 243 dogs. Small and juvenile dogs were least likely to be treated. Interns and residents were twice as likely as faculty to administer analgesics. Most written interpretations of pain behavior observed in the icu were made on the basis of vocalizations. Half of the dogs for which medical record comments suggested moderate to severe pain were not given an analgesic. The most frequently administered analgesic immediately following surgery was oxymorphone, followed by butorphanol and morphine. Aspirin was never administered to dogs in the icu, but was used in 10 dogs that were in the surgery ward for > 74 hours.
Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae as a predisposing cause of cauda equina syndrome in German Shepherd Dogs: 161 cases (1987-1990)
Authors: Morgan Joe P. , Bahr Anne , Franti C. E. , Bailey C. S.
Published: December 2023

The records of 161 German Shepherd Dogs were divided into groups depending on whether there was a radiographic diagnosis of degenerative disk disease (ddd) involving the lumbosacral disk and lumbosacral transitional vertebral segments (tvs) and whether the dogs had cauda equina syndrome (ces). Statistical analysis of the data suggested an association between tvs and ces and an association between ddd and ces. Establishment of confidence intervals revealed the group without either ddd or tvs indicators differed markedly from the other 3 groups of ces relative to the presence of ddd and tvs. There was some overlap in the confidence intervals, but the proportions of ces were higher when ddd and tvs were both evident. This suggests that the important clinical syndrome of ces is at least partially dependent on tvs, which is probably an inherited condition. Because German Shepherd Dogs have a higher frequency of tvs than dogs of other breeds, this partially explains the higher frequency of ces in this breed. Because tvs are probably familial, we suggest the presence of this lesion should be considered in selection of breeding stock. Although it is believed that ddd is partially dependent on the existence of tvs, it is known that ddd can develop in the absence of tvs.
Proventriculotomy in ostriches: 18 cases (1990-1992)
Authors: Honnas Clifford M. , Blue-McLendon Alice , Zamos David T. , Parson Ernest , Jensen James
Published: December 2023

Over a 3-year period, proventriculotomy was performed on 18 ostriches to relieve impaction of the proventriculus. Diagnosis was confirmed by abdominal palpation, abdominal radiography, and in some cases, exploratory proventriculotomy. In addition to proventriculotomy, an esophagotomy was performed in 5 birds that were debilitated to allow forcefeeding during the postoperative period. The median age of ostriches treated surgically for proventricular impaction was 7.5 months (range, 3 months to 18 years).

Impactions consisted of sand, rocks, or gravel in combination with grass, leaves, wood, or other fibrous materials. In 7 birds, small pieces of wire or nails were also removed from the proventriculus. In 1 bird, a large metal punch was removed via the proventriculotomy.

Six ostriches died at the hospital in the immediate postoperative period. Four of these died within 24 hours of surgery. All 4 birds were emaciated and in a severely weakened condition at admission, and they continued to deteriorate after surgery. One bird died 8 days after surgery as a result of complications associated with a septic joint unrelated to the proventriculotomy procedure. Another bird was euthanatized 6 days after surgery because its condition failed to improve and the owners did not want to pursue further treatment because of expense. Follow-up information was obtained for 12 surviving ostriches 1 week to 29 months (median, 5.5 months) after they were discharged from the hospital. Four of the 12 birds died within 30 days of discharge from the hospital. The remaining 8 birds (44%) were alive at follow-up evaluation (median, 10.5 months after surgery; range, 5 to 29 months). In the birds that survived long-term, complications associated with the proventriculotomy or esophagotomy were not observed.
Diagnosis of food allergy in dogs
Authors: Rosser Edmund J.
Published: December 2023

The diagnosis of food allergy was confirmed in 51 dogs while the responsiveness to a 60-day home-cooked restricted dietary trial (elimination-diet trial) was evaluated. The primary clinical sign of allergy detected and evaluated in all dogs was persistent and nonseasonally pruritic skin disease. The duration of time between starting the elimination-diet trial and remission of clinical signs was recorded. Dogs were then reexposed to diets that had been fed before testing, and the duration of time before pruritus recurred was recorded. The elapsed time during which dogs were being fed an elimination diet before remission of clinical signs was 1 to 3 weeks in 13 dogs, 4 to 6 weeks in 25 dogs, 7 to 8 weeks in 10 dogs, and 9 to 10 weeks in 3 dogs. Findings indicated that the recommendation of a 3-week elimination-diet trial for diagnosis of food allergy was adequate for only 25% of the dogs. It is recommended that test diets be fed for at least 10 weeks before a food allergy is ruled out.
Fetal loss associated with palpation per rectum to diagnose pregnancy in cows
Authors: Thurmond Mark C. , Picanso John P.
Published: December 2023

A prospective observational study was performed to determine whether palpation per rectum of cows in the first 6 weeks of gestation to diagnose pregnancy contributed to fetal attrition. Pregnancy diagnoses were made by private practitioners as part of their routine herd-health service on 9 dairies in the San Joaquin Valley of California. To determine whether there was an association between abortion and fetal age at time of palpation, the probability of abortion was tested as a function of fetal age at palpation, controlling for possible modifying and confounding effects of herd, age at conception, gravidity, parity, and number of days-in-lactation at conception. Results of logistic regression analyses for 19,411 pregnancies followed for up to 90 days after palpation indicated that, during the 28- to 42-day period, palpation of fetuses earlier in the period was associated with a significantly (P < 0.0001) low probability of abortion, compared with that for palpation later in the period. An association between abortion and palpation of fetuses > 42 days of age was not found. Results were suggestive that, given conditions and techniques typical of private practice, fetal death may not be a usual manifestation of early palpation of cows to diagnose pregnancy, rather, that there may be a slight increase in risk of fetal death as the fetal age at palpation increases from 28 to 42 days.
Successful treatment of retained placenta with umbilical cord injections of collagenase in cows
Authors: Filer Hugo , Hopkins Fred M.
Published: December 2023

Fetal membranes usually are released from the uterus between 2 and 6 postpartum hours. However, in a substantial percentage of cows (11%), fetal membranes are retained for several days. In part, failure of collagen breakdown seems to be related to retention of fetal membranes. Injections of 200,000 U of bacterial collagenase in 1,000 ml of physiologic saline solution via umbilical arteries (1 or 2) between 24 and 72 hours of retention caused release of retained fetal membranes in 23 of 27 cows (85%) with noninduced retained fetal membranes and in 10 of 14 cows (71%) with experimentally induced retained fetal membranes, within 36 hours after injection. Controls (n = 36) did not release retained fetal membranes within this time. Injections of collagenase via a jugular vein (2.2 × 106 U in 1,000 ml of physiologic saline solution), administered over a 30-minute period, caused release of retained fetal membranes within 36 hours in 3 of 6 cows with experimentally induced retained fetal membranes. Clinical complications did not follow treatments with collagenase.

Umbilical injections of bacterial collagenase were highly effective in the treatment of retained fetal membranes in cows. The procedure is simple, safe, affordable, and can be completed in 25 minutes.
Use of orbital implants after enucleation in dogs, horses, and cats: 161 cases (1980–1990)
Authors: Hamor Ralph E. , Roberts Steven M. , Severin Glenn A.
Published: December 2023

Eye enucleations performed on 109 dogs, 29 horses, and 23 cats involved placement, of 136 silicone orbital implants and 7 mesh implants. Mean follow-up times were 2.4 years (range, 3 weeks to 9 years) in dogs, 3.4 years (range, 10 days to 10.5 years) in horses, and 1.5 years (range, 3 weeks to 7.5 years) in cats. Implants failed in 1 of 96 dogs (1.04%), 3 of 29 horses (10.3%), and 3 of 18 cats (16.7%). Implant failure was attributable to various causes in all species; however, cats appeared to be more prone to late extrusion than were dogs and horses. Implantation of an orbital prosthesis was a safe and inexpensive method for improving cosmetic appearance after enucleation in dogs, horses, and cats.
Epidemiology of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs
Authors: Whitehair Jon G. , Vasseur Philip B. , Willits Neil H.
Published: December 2023

Data from 10,769 dogs with rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (ccl) were compared with data from a control population of 591,548 dogs to determine whether age, breed, gender, or body weight was associated with prevalence of ccl rupture. Prevalence of ccl rupture increased as dogs became older, with peak prevalence in dogs 7 to 10 years old. Among breeds represented by > 1,000 individuals, Rottweilers, Newfoundlands, and Staffordshire Terriers had the highest prevalence of ccl rupture, whereas Dachshunds, Basset Hounds, and Old English Sheepdogs had the lowest. Neutered dogs, whether male or female, had a higher prevalence of ccl rupture than did sexually intact dogs. The dog's age at the time of ovariohysterectomy was not associated with prevalence of ccl rupture. Dogs weighing > 22 kg had a higher prevalence of ccl rupture, compared with dogs weighing < 22 kg, and tended to rupture their ccl at a younger age.
Cytologic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 47 dogs with multicentric malignant lymphoma
Authors: Hawkins Eleanor C. , Morrison Wallace B. , DeNicola Dennis B. , Blevins William E.
Published: December 2023

Bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) was performed in 47 dogs with multicentric malignant lymphoma (ml). Cytologic results were evaluated, and ability to detect pulmonary involvement with ml, using bal, was compared with ability to detect pulmonary involvement, using thoracic radiography and tracheal wash. Lung lobes were considered to be involved with ml on the basis of bal fluid findings if morphologically abnormal lymphocytes were present in the fluid.

Total nucleated cell count, relative lymphocyte count, and absolute lymphocyte count were greater (P < 0.001) in bal fluid from dogs with multicentric ml than in bal fluid from histologically normal dogs. Pulmonary involvement with ml was detected by bal fluid cytologic examination in 89 of 135 lung lobes lavaged (66%). Lung lobes involved with ml were from 31 of the 47 dogs with multicentric ml (66%). Radiographic abnormalities supportive of pulmonary parenchymal involvement with ml were detected in 16 of the 47 dogs (34%). Of these 16 dogs, 15 (94%) had pulmonary involvement with ml on the basis of bal fluid cytologic findings. Tracheal wash fluid contained abnormal lymphocytes in 4 of 42 dogs (10%). In all 4 dogs, bal fluid also contained abnormal lymphocytes. Cytologic evaluation of bal fluid was more sensitive in detecting pulmonary involvement with ml, compared with radiographic evaluation of the lungs or tracheal wash.
Pantarsal arthrodesis in dogs and a cat: 11 cases (1983–1991)
Authors: DeCamp Charles E. , Martinez Steven A. , Johnston Spencer A.
Published: December 2023

Bone plates applied to the cranial surfaces of the tibia, the tarsus, and the metatarsus were used in 10 dogs and 1 cat that underwent pantarsal arthrodesis. Lengthening plates were used in 7 dogs, and 2.7- and 3.5-mm dynamic compression plates were used in the remaining dogs and the cat. Radiography was used to determine whether bone plates became loose or broke, and whether the joint fused completely.

Bone plates became loose in 5 dogs; mean time between surgery and development of radiographic evidence of plate loosening was 19.4 months. The bone plate used in the cat broke 4 months after surgery. Overall, 9 of 11 animals had evidence of complete bony fusion of the tarsus at the time of the last radiographic evaluation. One dog had incomplete healing of the talocalcaneocentral joint and another dog had incomplete healing of the tarsometatarsal joint.
Intralesional implant for treatment of primary oral malignant melanoma in dogs
Authors: Kitchell Barbara E. , Brown Dennis M. , Luck Edward E. , Woods Laure L. , Orenberg Elaine K. , Bloch Daniel A.
Published: December 2023

The feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a new method of local, sustained-release chemotherapy by use of intralesional cisplatin implants were evaluated in the treatment of oral malignant melanoma. The implant is an injectable viscous gel composed of a protein carrier matrix, a vasoactive modifier, and a chemotherapeutic drug. Twenty dogs with biopsy- proven melanomas were treated at 1- to 2-week intervals by injection with cisplatin implant. Tumors were treated until they resolved or were judged to be unresponsive. In 3 dogs with tumors unresponsive to cisplatin implants, methotrexate implants were used, and in 2 of these dogs, carmustine implants followed the methotrexate. Tumor responses were evaluated by sequential measurements.

Melanomas in 14 (70%) of 20 dogs had a > 50% decrease in volume, and in 11 (55%) of these dogs, had a complete response. Tumors with complete responses received a mean cisplatin dose of 11.7 ± 1.8 mg, delivered in a mean of 2.6 treatments. Two of the dogs with complete response also were treated with methotrexate and carmustine. Implants were well tolerated. Local necrosis, limited to the treatment site, developed in most tumors (17/20) and was associated with tumor response. Systemic toxicosis was minimal; renal insufficiency after cisplatin implants was not evident.

Median survival times of dogs with complete tumor response (51 weeks) was substantially greater than that of dogs without local tumor control (10.5 weeks). Recursive partitioning analysis of variables indicated that mandibular tumors of short duration were associated with a positive outcome. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed the benefit of a greater number of cisplatin implants in a consistent weekly treatment course. The success of the intralesional chemotherapy indicated that implants are a technically feasible modality for local control of oral melanomas in dogs and provide possible alternative treatment to radiation therapy or surgery.
Prevalence and factors associated with development of laminitis in horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis: 33 cases (1985–1991)
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Parson Ernest M. , Seahorn Thomas L. , Carter G. Kent
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 116 horses admitted to the Texas Veterinary Medical Center between Jan 1, 1984 and Dec 31, 1991 with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis (dpj) were reviewed. The prevalence of laminitis was 28.4% (33/116; 95% confidence interval: 20.2 to 36.6%). The prevalence of dpj and DPJ-associated laminitis did not appear to vary significantly by year during the study period. Anamnesis, physical examination, clinicopathologic data, and initial treatment recorded at the time of admission were reviewed to determine risk factors associated with development of laminitis associated with dpj. A trend of increasing prevalence of laminitis with increasing weight was observed. Using a multiple logistic regression model, horses weighing ≥ 550 kg were approximately twice as likely to develop laminitis than horses weighing < 550 kg (P = 0.048). Horses with hemorrhagic reflux observed at the time of admission were nearly twice as likely to develop laminitis than horses without hemorrhagic reflux (P = 0.022).

Treatments administered prior to admission or at our clinic did not significantly affect development of laminitis, except for administration of heparin to prevent laminitis. Of 33 horses that developed laminitis associated with dpj, 2 had laminitis at the time of admission. These 2 horses were excluded from analysis of the effects of heparin administered as prophylaxis for laminitis; neither horse was treated with heparin. The proportion of horses that developed laminitis among horses that received heparin (0.0%; 0/12) was significantly (P = 0.018) less than that among horses that did not receive heparin (29.8%; 31/104). Because of the small number of horses that received heparin and the retrospective design of this study, the clinical importance of this association could not be determined.