bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ralstonia
Authors: Yabuuchi Eiko , Kawamura Yoshiaki , Ezaki Takayuki
Published: August 2015

Ral.sto' n.ia.
M.L. dim. ‐
ia
ending; M.L. fem. n.
Ralstonia
named after E. Ralston, the American bacteriologist who first described
Pseudomonas pickettii
.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Burkholderiaceae / Ralstonia

Gram‐negative asporogenous rods
.
Motile or nonmotile
;
motile species have either a single polar flagellum or peritrichous flagella
.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Able to grow on ordinary peptone media. One species,
R
.
eutropha
, is a facultatively chemolithoautotrophic organism (a knallgas bacterium) and can oxidize H
2
as an electron donor. Furthermore, under anaerobic conditions,
R
.
eutropha
is able to utilize nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor. Colony color is beige in most species. Strains of
R
.
eutropha
are regarded as having outstanding biotechnological potential.
Oxidase and catalase positive
. Lysine and ornithine decarboxylase negative. Ubiquinone Q‐8 is the major respiratory quinone.

None of the 26 carbohydrates tested are oxidized by the type strains of
R

.

campinensis
and
R

.

taiwanensis

. Among 95 other organic compounds, 10—mainly salts of organic acids—were assimilated and 39 other compounds were not assimilated by all of the 11 type strains.
Cellular lipids of this genus contain two kinds of phosphatidylethanolamine
,
PE‐1 and PE‐2
.

The latter possesses 2‐hydroxy fatty acid at
sn
‐2 position of the glycerol moiety

. Major components of cellular fatty acids are C
16:0
, a mixture of C
18:1 ω9t
and C
18:1 ω7c
, and C
14:0 3OH
. At present the genus is composed of 11 validated species. The sequence similarity of 11 type strains to that of
Ralstonia pickettii
—the type species—ranges from 95.0% to 98.1%. The genus contains
plant pathogens
,
human pathogens
,
knallgas bacteria
,
and metal‐resistant bacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 64.0–68.0.

Type species
:
Ralstonia pickettii
(Ralston, Palleroni and Doudoroff 1973) Yabuuchi, Kosako, Yano, Hotta and Nishiuchi 1996, 625 (Effective publication: Yabuuchi, Kosako, Yano, Hotta and Nishiuchi 1995, 903) (
Burkholderia pickettii
Yabuuchi, Kosako, Oyaizu, Yano, Hotta, Hashimoto, Ezaki and Arakawa 1993, 398;
Pseudomonas pickettii
Ralston, Palleroni and Doudoroff 1973, 18.)
Thermothrix
Authors: Reysenbach Anna‐Louise , Aguiar Paula , Caldwell Douglas E.
Published: August 2015

Ther' mo.thrix
. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; Gr. n.
thrix
hair; N.L. fem. n.
Thermothrix
hot hair.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Burkholderiaceae / Thermothrix

Rod‐shaped cells
, usually 0.5–1.0 × 3–5 µm.
Filamentous cells are produced
under unfavorable growth conditions such as when grown at temperatures near the maximum temperature, at extreme pH values, or when oxygen limits growth.
Motile by means of a single polar flagellum
. Gram negative. No spores are produced.
Growth occurs between 63–86
°
C and pH 6–8
.
5
.
Facultatively or obligately chemolithoautotrophic aerobic
. Oxygen or nitrate may be used as the electron acceptor. Electron donors can be organic compounds or inorganic sulfur compounds such as thiosulfate, sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and tetrathionate.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 39.7.

Type species
:
Thermothrix thiopara
Caldwell, Caldwell and Laycock 1981, 217 (Effective publication: Caldwell, Caldwell and Laycock 1976, 1515.)
Acidovorax
Authors: Willems Anne , Gillis Monique
Published: August 2015

A.ci.do.vo' rax. L. neut. n.acidumacid; L. adj.voraxvoracious; M.L. masc. n.Acidovoraxacid‐devouring (bacteria).

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Acidovorax

Straight to slightly curved rods, 0.2–1.2 × 0.8–5.0 µm, occurring singly, in pairs, or in short chains.Gram negative.Motile by means of one or rarely two or three polar flagella.Aerobic,having a strictly oxidative type of metabolism with O2as the terminal electron acceptor; some strains of two species (Acidovorax delafieldiiandAcidovorax temperans) are capable ofheterotrophic denitrificationof nitrate. Most strains do not produce pigments on nutrient agar, but some phytopathogenic strains may produce a yellow to slightly brown diffusible pigment.Oxidase positive;urease activity varies among strains.Chemoorganotrophic, although strains of two species (A.facilisandA.delafieldii) can growlithoautotrophically, using the oxidation of H2as an energy source. Good growth occurs on organic acids, amino acids, and peptone, but organisms show less versatile growth on carbohydrates. Fatty acids present always include 3‐hydroxyoctanoic acid (C8:0 3OH) and 3‐hydroxydecanoic acid (C10:0 3OH); 2‐hydroxy‐substituted fatty acids are absent.Acidovoraxstrains can be isolated from soil, water, clinical samples, activated sludge, and infected plants.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 62–70.

Type species:Acidovorax facilis(Schatz and Bovell 1952) Willems, Falsen, Pot, Jantzen, Hoste, Vandamme, Gillis, Kersters and De Ley 1990, 394 (Pseudomonas facilis(Schatz and Bovell 1952) Davis, Doudoroff, Stanier and Mandel 1969, 385; “Hydrogenomonas facilis” Schatz and Bovell 1952, 88.)
Brachymonas
Authors: Hiraishi Akira
Published: August 2015

Bra.chy.mo' nas
. Gr. adj.
brachy
short; Gr. n.
monas
a unit; M.L. fem. n.
Brachymonas
a small short unit.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Brachymonas

Cells are coccobacilli or short rods
,
0
.
6–1
.
0
×
0
.
8–1
.
5
μ
m
,
with rounded ends
,
occurring singly
,
in pairs
,
and in chains
. Non‐sporeforming, nonencapsulated, and nonmotile. Gram negative.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 63–65.

Type species
:
Brachymonas denitrificans
Hiraishi, Shin and Sugiyama 1995b, 879 (Effective publication: Hiraishi, Shin and Sugiyama 1995c, 110.)
Incertae Sedis VIII. Thiomonas
Authors: Kelly Donovan P. , Wood Ann P.
Published: August 2015

Thi.o.mo' nas.
Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; Gr. fem. n.
monas
a unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Thiomonas
sulfur monad.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / incertae Sedis VIII. Thiomonas

The phenotypic description is that of the general traits for group II of
Thiobacillus
(Kelly and Harrison, 1989; Moreira and Amils, 1997). Gram‐negative, nonsporeforming, short rods that are about 0.3–0.5 × 1–3 µm. Cells motile by means of single polar flagella. Obligate aerobes. Optimal temperature 30–36°C for mesophilic species and 50°C for moderately thermophilic species. Optimal pH between 3 and 6. Facultative chemolithoautotrophs; optimal growth occurs in mixotrophic media supplemented with reduced sulfur compounds and organic supplements (yeast extract, peptone, some sugars, and amino acids). Chemoorganotrophic growth on yeast extract, Casamino acids, peptone, and meat extract. Chemolithoautotrophic on thiosulfate, tetrathionate, S
0
, and H
2
S. Do not oxidize ferrous iron. Sensitive to ampicillin. Contain ubiquinone Q‐8. Members of the
Betaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 61–69.

Type species
:
Thiomonas intermedia
(London 1963) Moreira and Amils 1997, 527 (
Thiobacillus intermedius
London 1963, 335.)
Telluria
Authors: Sly Lindsay I. , Fegan Mark
Published: August 2015

Tel.lu' ri.a
. L. fem. n.
Tellus
a Roman goddess of the earth, also the ground or earth; M.L. fem. n.
Telluria
from the earth.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Oxalobacteraceae / Telluria

Cells are
rod‐shaped
, 2–3 × 0.5–1.0 µm.
Gram negative
. Filamentous cells up to 30 µm long are formed occasionally in older cultures.
Cells occur singly
,
in pairs
,
or in short chains
.
Motile
. Exhibit
mixed flagellation
; cells in liquid media possess a single polar flagellum, while on solid media additional lateral flagella of shorter wavelength occur.
Accumulate poly
‐β‐
hydroxybutyrate
.
Strictly aerobic
.
Oxidative
metabolism.
Catalase and oxidase positive
. Surface pellicle formed in static liquid cultures.
Chemoheterotrophic
. Unable to grow chemolithotrophically with hydrogen.
Denitrification does not occur
.
Arginine dihydrolase is absent
. Good growth occurs on media containing carbohydrates and an inorganic or organic combined nitrogen source. Poor growth occurs on media lacking carbohydrates.
NaCl sensitive
; completely inhibited by NaCl concentrations greater than 1.5%, and only poor growth occurs at an NaCl concentration of 0.5%.
Utilize complex polysaccharides
, including starch and xylan. Cellulose is not hydrolyzed. Hydrolyze gelatin, casein, DNA, esculin, and Tween 40, Tween 60, and Tween 80. Produce phosphatase and arylsulfatase. Grow well at temperatures between 20° and 45°C and optimally at 30–35°C; optimal growth occurs at pH 7.0. The
major quinone is ubiquinone 8
. Belongs to the
Betaproteobacteria
. The only known habitat is soil, particularly the rhizosphere.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 67–72.

Type species
:
Telluria mixta
(Bowman, Sly and Hayward 1989) Bowman, Sly, Hayward, Spiegel and Stackebrandt 1993b, 124 (
Pseudomonas mixta
Bowman, Sly and Hayward 1989, 205.)
Hydrogenophilus
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Hy.dro.ge.no'phi.lus.
Gr. n.
hydro
water; Gr. v.
genein
to produce; M.L. neut. n.
hydrogenum
hydrogen (that which produces water); Gr. adj.
philo
loving, friendly to; M.L. masc. n.
Hydrogenophilus
hydrogen lover.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Hydrogenophilales / Hydrogenophilaceae / Hydrogenophilus

Straight rods 0
.
5–0
.
8
×
1
.
0–3
.
0
μ
m
during exponential growth. Occur singly. Motile or nonmotile. Gram negative. Nonsporulating. Aerobic or microaerophilic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism, with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
Colonies are yellow
.
Thermophilic
; one species grows optimally at 50–52°C; and a second, at 60–65°C.
Facultatively chemolithoautotrophic
; can use H
2
as an electron donor and CO
2
as a carbon source. CO
2
is fixed via the Calvin‐Benson cycle. Carbohydrates are not utilized. Acetate, pyruvate,
DL
‐lactate, succinate, and
DL
‐malate can be used as electron donors and carbon sources. Ammonium can be used as a nitrogen source. The major quinone system is ubiquinone 8. Isolated from hot springs and surrounding soil.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 61–65.

Type species
:
Hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus
Hayashi, Ishida, Yokota, Kodama and Igarashi 1999, 785.
Methylophilus
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Me.thy.lo.phi' lus.Fr. n.méthylethe methyl radical; Gr. adj.philosloving; M.L. masc. n.Methylophilusmethyl radical loving.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Methylophilales / Methylophilaceae / Methylophilus

When grown on methanol–mineral salts agar or in methanol–mineral salts liquid medium,the cells are straight or slightly curved rods,usually 0.3–0.6×0.8–1.5μm,occurring singly or in pairs. Gram negative, but the stain is often not taken up well.Motile by polar flagella or nonmotile. Endospores are absent.No cellular inclusions. No sheaths or prosthecae detected. No capsules formed, butslime may be produced by some strains. Colonies on methanol–mineral salts agar plates incubated for 2 days at 30°C or 37°C arenonpigmented, circular, 1–2 mm in diameter, with entire edge, convex, translucent to opaque. Pyocyanin and fluorescein are not produced. No, or extremely poor, growth on nutrient agar and in nutrient broth incubated at 30°C or 37°C for 2 days. No, or extremely poor, growth on blood agar; no hemolysis. Optimal temperature, 30–37°C; no growth occurs at 4°C or 45°C. Optimal pH, 6.5–7.2.Aerobic.Metabolism respiratory; very little or no acid is produced from glucose.Methanol is oxidized as the sole carbon and energy source by all strains. In addition, a limited range of other carbon compounds such as methylamines, formate, glucose, and fructose may be utilized as sole carbon and energy sources. Methane is not used. Nutritionally nonexacting; nitrate and ammonium salts serve as nitrogen sources. Catalase positive andoxidase positive. The fatty acid composition is primarily of the nonhydroxylated straight‐chain saturated and monounsaturated types with C16:0and C16:1predominating. The major isoprenoid quinone components are ubiquinones with eight isoprene units (Q‐8). Isolated from activated sludge, mud, and river and pond water.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 50 (Tm).

Type species:Methylophilus methylotrophusJenkins, Byrom and Jones 1987, 447.
Alysiella
Authors: Tønjum Tone
Published: August 2015

A
.
ly
.
si
.
el
'
la
. Gr. fem. n.
alysion
small chain; M.L. ‐
ella
dim. ending; M.L. fem. n.
Alysiella
small chain.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Neisseriales / Neisseriaceae / Alysiella

Organisms that exist in characteristic
flat
,
ribbon‐like multicellular filaments
. The
long axis of the individual cells is perpendicular to the long axis of the filament
. The
cells within the filament are paired
, and in axenic culture the filament often breaks up into groups of two or four cells. The width of an individual cell (the width of a filament) is about 2.0–3.0 µm, and the length of a cell is about 0.6 µm. The length of the filament is quite variable. The filament does not show either a dorsal‐ventral differentiation or a convex‐concave curvature in transverse cross‐section. The
ends of the individual filaments are square
. Gram negative.
Motile by gliding
of the entire filament in the direction of the long axis. Aerobic. Chemoorganotrophic. Some may produce acid aerobically from carbohydrates. Optimal temperature: 37°C. Found in the oral cavity of warm‐blooded vertebrates

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 44–48.

Type species
:
Alysiella filiformis
(Schmid
in
Simons 1922) Langeron 1923, 118,
Simonsiella filiformis
Schmid
in
Simons 1922, 509.)
Aquaspirillum
Authors: Pot Bruno , Gillis Monique
Published: August 2015

Aq.ua.spi.ril' lum. L.aquawater; Gr. n.spiraa spiral; N.L. dim. neut. n.spirilluma small spiral;Aquaspirilluma small water spiral.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Neisseriales / Neisseriaceae / Aquaspirillum

Rigid,helical cells, 0.2–1.4 µm in diameter; however, one species is vibrioid and one species contains straight‐to‐curved rods. A polar membrane underlies the cytoplasmic membrane at the cell poles in all species so far examined for this characteristic by electron microscopy.Intracellular poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrateis formed, except in two species. Some species form thin‐walled coccoid bodies, which predominate in cultures of three to four weeks.Gram negative.Motile by polar flagella,generally bipolar tufts; one species is monotrichous, others have a single flagellum at one or at each pole.Aerobic to microaerophilic, having a respiratory type of metabolism withoxygen as the terminal electron acceptor; a few species can grow anaerobically with nitrate. The optimal growth temperature for most species is 30–32°C.Chemoorganotrophic; however, one species is a facultative hydrogen autotroph.Oxidase positive.Usually catalase and phosphatase positive.Indole and sulfatase negative. Casein, starch, and hippurate are not hydrolyzed. No growth occurs in the presence of 3% NaCl. A few species can denitrify. Nitrogenase activity occurs in some species, but only under microaerobic conditions. Carbohydrates are not usually metabolized, but a few species can attack a limited variety. Amino acids or the salts of organic acids serve as carbon sources. Vitamins are not usually required. Usually occur in stagnant, freshwater environments.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 49–66.

Type species:Aquaspirillum serpens(Müller 1786) Hylemon, Wells, Krieg and Jannasch 1973b, 366 (“Vibrio serpens” Müller 1786, 48.)
Formivibrio
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

For.mi.vib' ri.o
. M.L. n.
acidum formicum
formic acid; M.L. masc. n.
Vibrio
that which vibrates, a generic name; M.L. masc. n.
Formivibrio
the formic acid forming vibrio.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Neisseriales / Neisseriaceae / Formivibrio

Genus description is the same as for the description of
Formivibrio citricus
.

Type species
:
Formivibrio citricus
Tanaka, Nakamura and Mikami 1991c, 580 (Effective publication: Tanaka, Nakamura and Mikami 1991a, 494.)
Kingella
Authors: Weyant Robbin S.
Published: August 2015

King.el' la. M.L. ‐elladim. ending; M.L. fem. n.Kingellanamed after Elizabeth O. King, an American bacteriologist.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Neisseriales / Neisseriaceae / Kingella

Straight rods,0.6–1.0×1.0 to 3.0μm, with rounded or square ends. Occur in pairs and sometimes in short chains. Endospores are not formed.Gram negative,but there is a tendency to resist Gram‐decolorization. Nonmotile by normal tests, but may be fimbriated (piliated) and show “twitching motility.”Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic; grow best aerobically, but can grow weakly under anaerobic conditions on blood agar. Optimal growth temperature, 33–37°C. Two types of colonies occur on blood agar: (a) a spreading, corroding type associated with “twitching motility,” fimbriation, and transformation competence, and (b) a smooth, convex type not showing “twitching motility”, fimbriation, or competence.Oxidase positive(when tested with tetramethyl‐p‐phenylene diamine; the dimethyl reagent may give weak or negative reactions).Catalase negative. Coagulated serum is not liquefied. Urease‐ and indole‐negative. Phenylalanine deaminase activity is negative or weak. Chemoorganotrophic.d‐Glucose and a limited number of other carbohydrates are fermented with production of acid,but no gas. Occur as normal flora in human mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.K.kingaeis an emerging human pathogen, andK.denitrificanshas been isolated from human infections.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 47–58.

Type species:Kingella kingae(Henriksen and Bøvre 1968a) Henriksen and Bøvre 1976, 449 (Moraxella kingae(Henriksen and Bøvre 1968a) Bøvre, Henriksen and Jonsson 1974, 307;Moraxella kingii(sic) Henriksen and Bøvre 1968a, 383.)
Vitreoscilla
Authors: Strohl William R.
Published: August 2015

Vit.re.os.cil' la
. L. adj.
vitreus
glassy, clear; L. n.
oscillum
a swing; M.L. fem. n.
Vitreoscilla
transparent oscillator.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Neisseriales / Neisseriaceae / Vitreoscilla

Cylindrical cells (two species) or sausage‐shaped cells (one species) ranging from 1.0 to 3.0 µm in diameter. The organisms occur as
colorless filaments
with lengths up to several hundred µm. Two species have cells that are not normally visible within filaments; one species has cells that are clearly visible within the filaments.
Gram negative
.
Gliding motility
. No locomotor organelles known.
Resting stages are not known
.
Sheaths and holdfasts are not produced
.
Nonpigmented
.
Aerobic to microaerophilic
, having a respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. No growth anaerobically.
Sulfur inclusions are not formed from hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfate
.
Chemoorganotrophic
. Two species are oligotrophic and grow best at low nutrient concentrations; one species can grow luxuriantly on rich media, e.g., 0.5% peptone broth. Various organic acids and amino acids are used as carbon and energy sources. Found in dung, soil, water with decaying plant material, sediments, and in association with oscillatorian mats.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 42–63.

Type species
:
Vitreoscilla beggiatoides
Pringsheim 1949c, 70, emend. Strohl, Schmidt, Lawry, Mezzino and Larkin 1986a, 311.
“
Nitrosovibrio
”
Authors: Koops Hans‐Peter , Pommerening‐Röser Andreas
Published: August 2015

Ni.tro.so.vib' ri.o
. M.L. adj.
nitrosus
nitrous; L. v.
vibrio
to move rapidly to and from, to vibrate; M.L. masc. n.
Nitrosovibrio
a vibrio producing nitrite.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Nitrosomonadales / Nitrosomonadaceae / Nitrosovibrio

Slender, curved rods
(Figure 1a), 0.3–0.4 × 1.1–3.0 µm.
Spherical forms
, 1.0–1.2 µm in diameter, may occur in cultures. Gram‐negative cell wall.
Intracytoplasmic membranes are rare
(Figure 1b), but when present, appear as tubular invaginations. Motile cells possess 1–4
subpolar to lateral flagella
(Figure 2), about 18 nm wide and 4.2–7.5 µm long. Carboxysomes observed in one strain. Most, but not all, strains are
urease positive
. Commonly distributed in oligotrophic soils, such as grasslands, heath, and forest soils, as well as in mountainous environments. Some isolates originate from acid tea soils and from building stones.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 53.9.

Type species
: “
Nitrosovibrio tenuis
” Harms, Koops and Wehrmann 1976, 110.
Nitrosolobus
Authors: Koops Hans‐Peter , Pommerening‐Röser Andreas
Published: August 2015

Ni.tro.so.lob' us
. M.L.
nitrosus
nitrous; M.L. n.
lobus
a lobe; M.L. fem.
nitrosolobus
nitrous lobe, a lobe producing nitrite.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Nitrosomonadales / Nitrosomonadaceae / Nitrosolobus

Pleomorphic, lobate cells
(Figure 1a)
that divide by constriction
. Gram‐negative cell wall. Motile cells possess 1–20
peritrichous flagella
, each 15 nm wide and 2.5–5.0 µm long.
Cells are partially compartmentalized by intracytoplasmic membranes
(Figure 1b). Carboxysomes are not observed. Most, but not all, strains are
urease positive. Glycogen inclusions and polyphosphates
are located primarily in the peripheral compartments of the cell. Commonly distributed in agricultural amended soils. Occasionally observed in freshwater environments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 53.2–56.5.

Type species
:
Nitrosolobus multiformis
Watson, Graham, Remsen and Valois 1 9 7 1 a, 200.
Nitrosomonas
Authors: Koops Hans‐Peter , Pommerening‐Röser Andreas
Published: August 2015

Ni.tro.so.mo' nas
. M.L. adj.
nitrosus
nitrous; Gr. fem. n.
monas
a unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Nitrosomonas
nitrite monad, i.e., the monad producing nitrite.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Nitrosomonadales / Nitrosomonadaceae / Nitrosomonas

Spherical, ellipsoidal, or rod‐shaped cells
(Figures 1–3, and 4). Strains belonging to the same species are generally very similar in the shape and size of their cells. Cells occur singly or occasionally in short chains. Depending on the growth conditions, cells are
free‐living or embedded in slimy aggregates
. Gram‐negative cell wall, but
some marine representatives show an additional outer cell‐wall layer composed of subunits arranged in a macromolecular array
(Watson and Remsen, 1969). Motile cells possess
polar flagella. Intracytoplasmic membranes are arranged as flattened vesicles, primarily in the peripheral cytoplasm
(Figures 1–3, and 4).
Carboxysomes
(Figure 5) are present in some species.
Urea
can be used as ammonia source by many, but not all, species. The K
s
values for oxidation of NH
3
range between 0.6 and 158 μM. Most, if not all, species are predominantly or exclusively present in special environments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 45–54 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Nitrosomonas europaea
Winogradsky 1892, 127, emend. mut. char. Watson 1971b, 266.
Spirillum
Authors: Krieg Noel R.
Published: August 2015

Spi.ril' lum. Gr. n.spiraa spiral; M.L. dim. neut. n.Spirilluma small spiral.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Nitrosomonadales / Spirillaceae / Spirillum

Rigid, helical cells, 1.4–1.7 × 14–60 μm. Apolar membraneunderlies the cytoplasmic membrane at the cell poles and is visible in ultrathin sections.Intracellular poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules are formed. Coccoid bodies are not formed. Gram negative.Motile by large bipolar tufts of flagellahaving a long wavelength and about one helical turn; these are composed of approximately 75 flagella and are easily visible by dark‐field or phase‐contrast microscopy.Microaerophilicin ordinary liquid media, but can grow aerobically in special media or with certain supplements. Colonies on solid media can be obtained only under special conditions. Have astrictly respiratory type of metabolismwith oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Growth does not occur anaerobically with nitrate. Optimal temperature, 30°C.Oxidase and phosphatase positive. Catalase negative. Indole and sulfatase negative. Casein, starch, esculin, gelatin, DNA, and RNA are not hydrolyzed. Inhibited by extremely low levels of hydrogen peroxide in the culture medium. NaCl levels above 0.02% are inhibitory. Phosphate levels greater than 0.01 M are inhibitory.Carbohydrates are not catabolized. The salts of certain organic acids are used as carbon sources; succinate is used especially well. Vitamins are not required. Occur instagnant, freshwater environments.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 38 or 36.

Type species:Spirillum volutansEhrenberg 1832, 38.
Azonexus
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

A.zo' nex.us
. Fr. n.
azote
nitrogen; L. masc. n.
nexus
coil; M.L. masc. n.
Azonexus
nitrogen‐fixing coil.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Rhodocyclales / Rhodocyclaceae / Azonexus

Gram‐negative somewhat curved motile rods
(0.6–0.8 × 1.5–4.0 µm).
Cells elongated and coiled in stationary phase
. One polar flagellum. Chemoorganoheterotrophic and aerobic; microaerophilic when fixing nitrogen. Strictly respiratory; O
2
is the electron acceptor. Oxidase and catalase positive.

Fix N
2

. Require cobalamine. Grow on acetate, ethanol, fumarate,
DL
‐lactate,
L
‐malate, 2‐oxoglutarate,
L
‐proline, and succinate.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: not known.

Type species
:
Azonexus fungiphilus
Reinhold‐Hurek and Hurek 2000, 658.
Ferribacterium
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Fer' ri.bac.te' ri.um
. L. neut. n.
ferrum
iron; Gr. neut. n.
bacterion
a small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Ferribacterium
rod‐shaped iron bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Rhodocyclales / Rhodocyclaceae / Ferribacterium

Strictly anaerobic
straight or curved rods (0.3–0.5 × 1.4–2.0 µm); contain poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules. Nonsporeforming.
Oxidizes acetate, benzoate, formate, and lactate using Fe
(
III
)
as the electron acceptor
; also oxidizes acetate using fumarate, or nitrate as electron acceptors.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: unknown.

Type species
:
Ferribacterium limneticum
Cummings, Caccavo, Spring and Rosenzweig 2000, 1953 (Effective publication: Cummings, Caccavo, Spring and Rosenzweig 1999, 187.)
Psychrobacter
Authors: Juni Elliot
Published: August 2015

Psy.chro' bac.ter. Gr. adj.psychroscold; M.L. masc. n.bacterrod; M.L. masc. n.Psychrobactera rod that grows at low temperatures.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pseudomonadales / Moraxellaceae / Psychrobacter

Rods or cocci, 0.9–1.3 × 1.5–3.8 µm. Rods can vary in length from extremely short (coccobacilli) to relatively long. For some strains the rods tend to be somewhat swollen. Also observed to grow as cocci or coccobacilli. Nonpigmented. Colonies on heart infusion agar are usually cream‐colored, smooth, and opaque. Gram negative; the stain frequently tends to be retained. Nonmotile, and aerobic.Most strains are psychrotrophic; they are able to grow at 5°C, have temperature optima near 20°C, and generally are unable to grow at 35–37°C. Strains able to grow well at 35–37°C usually cannot grow at 5°C. Grow well on most common complex media. Most strains can grow on a mineral‐agar medium containing a single carbon and energy source and ammonium salts as the nitrogen source. Some strains form acid aerobically fromD‐glucose,D‐mannose,D‐galactose,L‐arabinose,D‐xylose, andL‐rhamnose. They arehalotolerant and grow in the presence of 6.5%or greater NaCl. Many strains are radiation resistant.Oxidase positive. Catalase positive. Many strains arecompetent for natural genetic transformation. Have been isolated from the open sea, the deep sea, sea ice, ornithogenic soils, skins and gills of fish, skins of poultry, various food products, irradiated foods, air contaminants, and from a variety of human sources. Not known to be clinically significant. Cultures ofPsychrobactercan be maintained in the same manner as for cultures ofAcinetobacter, as described above.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 41–50.7.

Type species:Psychrobacter immobilisJuni and Heym 1986b, 388.
Mesophilobacter
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Me.so.phi.lo.bac' ter
. Gr. n.
mesos
middle; Gr. adj.
philus
loving; M.L.
bacter
rod, staff; M.L. masc. n.
Mesophilobacter
mesophilic rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pseudomonadales / Pseudomonadaceae / Mesophilobacter

Gram‐negative nonmotile aerobic pleomorphic rods
. (0.5–0.6 × 1.0–2.0 µm). Catalase positive; oxidase negative. Nonsporeforming, non–acid‐fast, nonfermentative, nonencapsulated. Resistant to penicillin.
Optimum growth at 33–37°C
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 44.0–46.9.

Type species
:
Mesophilobacter marinus
Nishimura, Kinpara and Iizuka 1989, 380.
Pseudomonas
Authors: Palleroni Norberto J.
Published: August 2015

Pseu.do' mo.nas or Pseu.do.mo' nas. Gr. adj.pseudesfalse; Gr. n.monasa unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.Pseudomonasfalse monad.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pseudomonadales / Pseudomonadaceae / Pseudomonas

Straight or slightly curved rodsbut not helical, 0.5–1.0 × 1.5–5.0 µm.Most of the species do not accumulate granules of polyhydroxybutyrate, but accumulation of polyhydroxyalkanoates of monomer lengths higher than C4may occur when growing on alkanes or gluconate. Do not produce prosthecae and are not surrounded by sheaths. No resting stages are known. Gram negative.Motile by one or several polar flagella; rarely nonmotile. In some species lateral flagella of short wavelength may also be formed.Aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor; in some cases nitrate can be used as an alternate electron acceptor, allowing growth to occur anaerobically.Xanthomonadins are not produced. Most, if not all, species fail to grow under acid conditions (pH 4.5 or lower). Most species do not require organic growth factors. Oxidase positive or negative. Catalase positive. Chemoorganotrophic.Strains of the species include in their composition the hydroxylated fatty acids C10:0 3OHand C12:0,and C12:0 2OH,and ubiquinone Q‐9. Widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, or plants.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 58–69.

Type species:Pseudomonas aeruginosa(Schroeter 1872) Migula 1900, 884 (Bacterium aeruginosumSchroeter 1872, 126.)
Rugamonas
Authors: Moss Maurice O. , Austin Dawn A.
Published: August 2015

Ru.gamo' nas
. L. fem. n.
ruga
wrinkle; Gr. fem. n.
monas
unit, monad; M.L. n.
Rugamonas
wrinkled unit.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pseudomonadales / Pseudomonadaceae / Rugamonas

Rods 0.8–0.9 × 2.4–4.0 µm, in young cultures.
Intracellular granules of prodigiosenes develop in cells more than
7
d old
. Cells in cultures less than 7 d are motile by one or more polar or subpolar flagella.
Colonies on Bennett
'
s agar
1
after 4 d at 20°C are pink to deep red, wrinkled, and rubbery in consistency after 5 d
, with a diameter of approximately 3 mm. Oxidase and catalase positive, strictly aerobic and oxidative metabolism, unable to metabolize carbohydrates fermentatively. Nitrates are reduced to N
2
anaerobically. Growth occurs in the presence of 0.0–0.5% (w/v) NaCl. Arginine decarboxylase negative. Lysine and ornithine decarboxylases are produced by some strains. Esculin, chitin, DNA, RNA, gelatin, lecithin, Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80, tyrosine, and urea are degraded but not allantoin, cellulose, elastin, hypoxanthine, starch, and xanthine. H
2
S is not produced on triple sugar iron agar. The gluconate and Koser's citrate tests are positive; Voges–Proskauer, methyl red, and melonate tests are negative. β‐Galactosidase (ONPG method) positive. Has been isolated from river water.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66–67.

Type species
:
Rugamonas rubra
Austin and Moss 1987, 179 (Effective publication: Austin and Moss 1986, 1908.)
Thiomicrospira
Authors: Brinkhoff Thorsten , Kuever Jan , Muyzer Gerard , Jannasch Holger W.
Published: August 2015

Thi.o.mi.cro.spi' ra
. Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; Gr. adj.
micros
small, little; Gr. n.
spira
spiral; M.L. fem. n.
Thiomicrospira
small sulfur spiral.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Piscirickettsiaceae / Thiomicrospira

Small
spiral‐, comma‐, or rod‐shaped cells
(0.2–0.5 × 0.8–3.0 µm) that occur singly. Gram negative. Motile by means of a polar flagellum or nonmotile. No resting stages are known.

Aerobic. Chemolithoautotrophic, using reduced inorganic sulfur compounds, such as S
0
, sulfide, tetrathionate, thiosulfate

(but not sulfite or thiocyanate),

and CO
2
as carbon source

. CO
2
is fixed via the
Calvin‐Benson cycle
(ribulose 1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase is present). The final oxidation product is sulfate, but S
0
may accumulate in the medium. During growth acid is produced. Ammonium salts serve as nitrogen source. Na
+
ions are required for growth. The temperature optimum lies between 28°C and 40°C. The optimal pH varies from 6.0 to 8.0. Metabolic properties are very similar to those of the genus
Thiobacillus
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 39.6–49.9.

Type species
:
Thiomicrospira pelophila
Kuenen and Veldkamp 1972, 253.
Thiobacterium
Authors: Kuenen J. Gijs
Published: August 2015

Thi' o.bac.te' ri.um
. Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; Gr. dim. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Thiobacterium
small sulfur rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Thiotrichaceae / Thiobacterium

Rod‐shaped cells
, each containing one or more sulfur globules. Cells embedded in
gelatinous masses
, which are spherical when free‐floating or are dendroid when attached to a solid substrate.
Nonmotile
. No resting stages known. Has not been grown in pure culture.

Type species
:
Thiobacterium bovista
(ex Janke 1924) la Rivière and Kuenen 1989b, 496 (Effective publication: la Rivière and Kuenen 1989a, 1838.)
Brevinema
Authors: Paster Bruce J.
Published: August 2015

Bre.vi. ne'ma. L. adj.
brevis
short; Gr. neut. n.
nema
thread; N.L. neut. n.
Brevinema
a short thread.

Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Brevinemataceae / Brevinema

Helical cells are 0
.
2–0
.
3
μ
m in diameter by 4–5
μ
m in length
, displaying one to two helical turns. Irregular wavelengths of the cells range from 2 to 3 µm. Sheathed periplasmic flagella are in a 1:2:1 arrangement. No cytoplasmic tubules have been observed. Cells are motile by flexing, rotation, and translation.
Microaerophilic, host‐associated
, isolated from blood and other tissues of short‐tailed shrews (
Blarina brevicauda
) and white‐footed mice (
Peromyscus leucopus
). Infectious for laboratory mice and Syrian hamsters.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34–36 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Brevinema andersonii
Defosse, Johnson, Paster, Dewhirst and Fraser 1995, 83
VP
.
Turneriella
Authors: Zuerner Richard L.
Published: August 2015

Tur.ne.ri'el.la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Turneriella
named after Leslie Turner, an English microbiologist who made definitive contributions to the knowledge of leptospirosis.

Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Leptospiraceae / Turneriella

Flexible helical rods, 0
.
3
×
3
.
5–7
.
5
μ
m with a wavelength of 0
.
3–0
.
5
μ
m
. Gram‐stain‐negative. Unicellular. Resting stages are not known. Dark‐field or phase‐contrast microscopy is required for visualization of unstained cells.
Obligate aerobes
. Grows slowly at 13, 30, and 37°C, with temperature optimum of 28–30°C.
Chemoorganotrophic bacteria that consume long‐chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols as primary carbon and energy sources
. Optimal growth occurs in semi‐solid (0.2%) agar media. Oxidase‐positive. Lipase‐positive. Isolated from contaminated culture medium, tap water, and uterus of a sow. DNA hybridization and 16S rRNA sequence analyzes show this genus is distinct from other
Leptospiraceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 47–48.

Type species
:
Turneriella parva
(Hovind‐Hougen, Ellis and Birch‐Andersen 1981) Levett, Morey, Galloway, Steigerwalt and Ellis 2005, 1499
VP
(
Leptospira parva
Hovind‐Hougen, Ellis and Birch‐Andersen 1981, 352).
Synergistes
Authors: Allison Milton J. , MacGregor Barbara J. , Stahl David A.
Published: August 2015

Sy.ner.gis' tes
. Arbitrarily derived from English n.
synergist
, M.L. masc. n.
synergistes
a co‐worker.

Synergistetes / Synergistia / Synergistales / Synergistaceae / Synergistes

Gram‐negative, nonmotile rods. Nonsporing,
strictly anaerobic
chemoorganotroph. Growth occurs in media that contain yeast extract plus any of a variety of peptones.
Certain amino acids and/or pyridinediols are fermented
and products formed from peptones include formate, acetate, propionate, H
2
, and ammonia.
Carbohydrates are not fermented
. The 16S rRNA is affiliated with the bacterial domain. No sequence similarities greater than ~84% were identified among near‐full length 16S rRNA sequences in the 7.1 release of the RDP (Maidak et al., 1999) or GenBank (as of March 2000). The 16S rDNA is most closely related (80–83% sequence similarity) to two recently described amino acid fermenters,
Aminomonas paucivorans
and
Thermoanaerovibrio acidaminovorans
, and also demonstrates a distant relationship to
Dethiosulfovibrio peptidovorans
by both maximum likelihood (Figure 1) and neighbor‐joining analysis. The only known habitat is the rumen but other gastrointestinal habitats are likely.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 57–59.

Type species
:
Synergistes jonesii
Allison, Mayberry, McSweeney and Stahl 1993, 398 (Effective publication: Allison, Mayberry, McSweeney and Stahl 1992, 528).
Aminobacterium
Authors: Baena Sandra , Garcia Jean‐Louis , Cayol Jean‐Luc , Ollivier Bernard
Published: August 2015

A.min.o.bac'te.ri.um. N.L. n.
aminum
amine; Gr. dim. n.
bakterion
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Aminobacterium
the amino acid rod.

Synergistetes / Incertae Sedis / Incertae Sedis / Incertae Sedis / Aminobacterium

Cells are strictly anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile or motile by means of one or two lateral flagella, slightly curved
rods
, occurring singly, in pairs, or, rarely, as chains.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Mesophilic, neutrophilic.
Heterotrophic
, asaccharolytic. Growth by fermentation of a limited range of amino acids only in the presence of yeast extract.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 44–46.

Type species
:
Aminobacterium colombiense
Baena, Fardeau, Labat, Ollivier, Thomas, Garcia and Patel 1 999c, 1325
VP
(Effective publication: Baena, Fardeau, Labat, Ollivier, Thomas, Garcia and Patel 1 998, 249.).
Acholeplasma
Authors: Brown Daniel R. , Bradbury Janet M. , Johansson Karl‐Erik
Published: August 2015

A.cho.le.plas'ma. Gr. pref.
a
not; Gr. n.
chole
bile; Gr. neut. n.
plasma
something formed or molded, a form; N.L. neut. n.
Acholeplasma
name intended to indicate that cholesterol, a constituent of bile, is not required.

Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Acholeplasmatales / Acholeplasmataceae / Acholeplasma

Cells are
spherical
, with a diameter of about 300 nm, or
filamentous
, 2–5 µm long.
Nonmotile
. Colonies have a “
fried‐egg
”
appearance
and may reach 2–3 mm in diameter. Facultatively anaerobic; most strains grow readily in simple media. All members
lack a sterol requirement for growth. Chemo‐organotrophic
, most species utilizing glucose and other sugars as the major energy sources. Many strains are capable of fatty acid biosynthesis from acetate. Arginine and urea are not hydrolyzed. Pigmented carotenoids occur in some species. All species are resistant, or only slightly susceptible, to 1.5% digitonin. Saprophytes found in soil, compost, wastewaters, or commensals of vertebrates, insects, or plants. None are known to be a primary pathogen, but they may cause cytopathic effects in tissue cultures. The
genome sizes
range from about
1500 to 2100 kbp
. All species examined utilize the universal genetic code in which UGA is a stop codon.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 27–38.

Type species
:
Acholeplasma laidlawii
(Sabin 1941) Edward and Freundt 1970, 1
AL
(
Sapromyces laidlawi
Sabin 1941, 334).
Petrotoga
Authors: Davey Mary Ellen , MacGregor Barbara J. , Stahl David A.
Published: August 2015

Pe.tro.to' ga
. Gr. and L. fem. n.
petra
rock, stone; L. fem. n.
toga
Roman outer garment; M.L. fem. n.
Petrotoga
the stone outer garment.

Thermotogae / Thermotogae / Thermotogales / Thermotogaceae / Petrotoga

Rods 1–50 × 0.5–1.5 μm surrounded by an outer sheath‐like structure which is clearly visible under phase microscopy
. The cells frequently appear singly, in pairs, or in chains within the sheath. They are Gram‐negative
fermentative
bacteria and
strictly anaerobic
. The cultures remain viable for up to six months when stored at 4°C, even after the medium becomes oxidized. Colonies are circular, convex, with entire margins and whitish in color. Cells are sensitive to rifampicin. Growth occurs at pH 5.5–9.0 with an optimum of 6.5–7.0 and at
0.5–10.0
%
NaCl
with an optimum of around 2.0–4.0%. No growth occurs at 0.05% and 12.5% NaCl. They are
moderately thermophilic
, with growth occurring at 35–65°C (optimum around 55–60°C). Endospores are not formed. Yeast extract is required for growth in culture. The cells are able to

reduce S
0
to hydrogen sulfide

.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 32.0–34.2.

Type species
:
Petrotoga miotherma
Davey, Wood, Key, Nakamura and Stahl 1993b, 864 (Effective publication: Davey, Wood, Key, Nakamura and Stahl 1993a, 199.)
Coraliomargarita
Authors: Yoon Jaewoo , Hedlund Brian P.
Published: August 2015

Co.ra.li.o.mar.ga.ri'ta. Gr. n.
koralion
coral; L. fem. n.
margarita
a pearl; N.L. fem. n.
Coraliomargarita
coral pearl, referring to a white‐colony‐forming coccoid microorganism isolated from seawater in a sample bottle of hard coral.

Verrucomicrobia / Opitutae / Puniceicoccales / Puniceicoccaceae / Coraliomargarita

Cocci
, about 0.5 µm × 1.2 µm in diameter.
Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonmotile. Obligately aerobic
; nitrate not reduced. Growth is
chemoorganotrophic
and restricted to a small number of mono‐ and disaccharides, sugar alcohols, and organic acids. Colonies are white.
Neither muramic acid nor diaminopimelic acid identified in cell‐wall extracts. Resistant to
β‐
lactam antibiotics
. Predominant cellular fatty acids are C
14:0
, C
18:1
ω9
c
, and C
18:0
. The major respiratory quinone is
MK‐7
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 53.9.

Type species
:
Coraliomargarita akajimensis
Yoon, Yasumoto‐Hirose, Katsuta, Sekiguchi, Matsuda, Kasai and Yokota 2007c, 962
VP
.

Number of validated species: 1
Pelagicoccus
Authors: Yoon Jaewoo , Hedlund Brian P.
Published: August 2015

Pe.la.gi.coc'cus. L. n.pelagusthe open sea, the ocean; N.L. masc. n.coccus(from Gr. masc. n.kokkos), berry; N.L. masc. n.Pelagicoccusreferring to a coccoid‐shaped bacterium from the sea.

Verrucomicrobia / Opitutae / Puniceicoccales / Puniceicoccaceae / Pelagicoccus

Cocci, 0.5 µm × 1.2 µm in diameter.Gram‐stain‐negative. Some species motile via one or more flagella. Obligately aerobic or facultatively anaerobic; nitrate not reduced. Growth ischemoorganotrophicand restricted to a small number of mono‐ and disaccharides, polysaccharides, and organic acids. Colonies are white or pale yellow.Neither muramic acid nor diaminopimelic acid identified in cell‐wall extracts. Resistant toβ‐lactam antibiotics. Predominant cellular fatty acids are C16:0, C16:1ω7c, and C15:0anteiso. The major respiratory quinone isMK‐7.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 51.6–57.4.

Type species:Pelagicoccus mobilisYoon, Yasumoto‐Hiorse, Matsuo, Nozawa, Matsuda, Kasai and Yokota 2007d, 1381VP.
Puniceicoccus
Authors: Cho Jang‐Cheon
Published: August 2015

Pu.ni.ce.i.coc'cus. L. adj.
puniceus
pinkish red; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
a berry; N.L. masc. n.
Puniceicoccus
a pinkish‐red‐colored coccus.

Verrucomicrobia / Opitutae / Puniceicoccales / Puniceicoccaceae / Puniceicoccus

Facultatively anaerobic
nonmotile cocci
(0.6–1.0 µm in diameter).
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Chemoheterotrophic.
Produces carotenoid pigments
. Requires NaCl for growth. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐negative. Utilizes a variety of carbon compounds as sole carbon sources. The predominant fatty acids are C
15:0
anteiso and C
18:0
. The major quinone is
MK‐7
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 52.1.

Type species
:
Puniceicoccus vermicola
Choo, Lee, Song and Cho 2007, 536
VP
.
Random adaptive control for cluster synchronization of complex networks with distinct communities
Authors: Tang Ze , Park Ju H. , Lee Tae H. , Feng Jianwen
Published: August 2015

In this paper, we investigate the cluster synchronization for complex networks with time‐varying delayed couplings, stochastic disturbance, and non‐identical nodes in different clusters. Based on randomly occurring controllers, some Bernoulli stochastic variables are introduced to describe the controllers, then, a fraction of nodes in clusters, which have direct connections to the other clusters, is controlled, and the states of the whole dynamical networks can be globally forced to the objective cluster states. Sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee the realization of the mean square cluster synchronization pattern for all initial values by means of Lyapunov stability theory, It
differential formula, and LMI approach. Besides, by designing the randomly occurring adaptive update law, some suitable control gains are obtained. Finally, numerical simulations are also given to demonstrate the effectiveness and validity of the main result. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐Efficiency Water‐Transport Channels using the Synergistic Effect of a Hydrophilic Polymer and Graphene Oxide Laminates
Authors: Huang Kang , Liu Gongping , Shen Jie , Chu Zhenyu , Zhou Haoli , Gu Xuehong , Jin Wanqin , Xu Nanping
Published: August 2015

Graphene oxide (GO) laminates possess unprecedented fast water‐transport channels. However, how to fully utilize these unique channels in order to maximize the separation properties of GO laminates remains a challenge. Here, a bio‐inspired membrane that couples an ultrathin surface water‐capturing polymeric layer (<10 nm) and GO laminates is designed. The proposed synergistic effect of highly enhanced water sorption from the polymeric layer and molecular channels from the GO laminates realizes fast and selective water transport through the integrated membrane. The prepared membrane exhibits highly selective water permeation with an excellent water flux of over 10 000 g m−2 h−1, which exceeds the performance upper bound of state‐of‐the‐art membranes for butanol dehydration. This bio‐inspired strategy demonstrated here opens the door to explore fast and selective channels derived from 2D or 3D materials for highly efficient molecular separation.
Metallized Gratings Enable Color Effects and Floating Screen Films by First‐Order Diffraction
Authors: Lütolf Fabian , Stalder Martin , Martin Olivier J. F.
Published: August 2015

A new concept for generating visual effects with metallized gratings is introduced. Shadow evaporation of aluminum onto dielectric gratings is shown to produce strongly asymmetric color effects. Zero‐order effects are combined with ±first‐order transmission in the present structures to generate not only polarization but also orientation‐dependent colors. We show that a wide palette of colors can be obtained by simply scaling the parameters of the dielectric base grating. The present approach therefore enables the fabrication of entire asymmetric images in a two‐step process. Additionally, a floating screen film is created by placing the grating at an increased distance to the light source. The present structures could find applications as security or decorative elements and are well suited for mass production using high‐throughput techniques such as roll‐to‐roll fabrication.