bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ciudad Real: A Guaraní-Spanish Site on the Alto Parana River
Authors: Watson Virginia Drew
Published: April 2006

The objectives of this paper are three-fold: (1) to make available to interested anthropologists the archaeological material which will form the basis for the discussion, (2) to point out several problems of the archaeology of the area in which the site to be discussed is located, and (3) to present a brief account of the history of the site as it is known through extant documents.

The material on which the discussion will be based consists of pottery sherds which were collected, with few exceptions, from the surface of the site of Ciudad Real located on the east bank of the Paraná River, at the confluence of the Piquirý River, in the present-day Brazilian state of Paraná (Fig. 32). The site is located on the elevated bank of the river some five miles north of the present town of Guayra, Paraná,. Brazil, and approximately six miles above the Sete Quedas.
Further Information on Projectile Points from Oregon
Authors: Cressman L. S.
Published: April 2006

This communication will (1) report on two projectile points from Oregon and (2) call attention to others from south central Oregon caves which vary from the types usually found there and throughout the Great Basin.

The two projectile points, illustrated in Plate XVI, A, were turned into the Museum of Natural History, University of Oregon, by Mr. H. L. Robe, Museum Attendant, about 1938. The cataloger called the Yuma point to my attention but not the other. He informed me that the Yuma point had been found in an old slough in the Willamette Valley and on the basis of that information nothing was worth reporting about it since stratigraphic or associational sequence seemed to be lacking. It was interesting but that was all.
A Large Pre-Columbian Copper Bell from the Southwest
Authors: Haury Emil W.
Published: April 2006

Pre-Columbian copper in the ruins of the Southwest occurs chiefly in the form of bells, numerous examples of which have been illustrated in the literature. Generally these are of the “hawk's” or “sleigh” bell type, characterized by a spherical or pear-shaped resonator, free clapper, and an eyelet for suspension. In diameter they range from about 10 to 40 millimeters and, on the whole, are devoid of any ornamental features. Exceptions to this, of course, have been found,’ notably a few small bells with “wire work,” the effigy bell noted by Fewkes, and the large Delgar Ruin bell described by Hough. Since the larger examples are apt to display complicated technical and ornamental treatments, more can be done with these than with the small bells by way of pinning down their origins to centers where the metallurgist's art flourished.
The Wiccomiss Indians of Maryland, Part II
Authors: Marye William B.
Published: April 2006

The Wiccomiss Indians, from the very first, seem to have been in bad odor with the Maryland authorities. No treaty of peace was ever made with them by Maryland. In 1642, together with the Nanticokes and Susquehannocks. they were declared to be enemies of the Province. The same year, this proclamation was revoked as far as it concerned the Nanticokes, but remained in force regarding the others. In 1647, Maryland sent a punitive expedition, under Captain John Price, against “ye Townes & Plantacons of ye Indians of Nanticoke & Wicomick…lying to ye eastward of this Province.”
Fabric Impressions of Pottery from the Elizabeth Herrell Site, Missouri
Authors: Munger Paul , Adams Robert McCormick
Published: April 2006

A large quantity of fabric impressed pottery was found during the excavation of the Elizabeth Herreli Site in Jefferson County, Missouri, by the Academy of Science of St. Louis.

Inasmuch as variations in weaving technique have proven of value in distinguishing and in indicating the connection between ethnic groups this study has been made in an effort to aid archaeologists in comparing the finds at the Herreli Site with the results of other expeditions.

The Herreli Site is a village site which belongs to the Middle Mississippi phase of the Mississippi pattern. The reasons for designating this site “Middle Mississippi“ and a full description of the site are given elsewhere.
Pre-Columbian Wood-cutting Techniques
Authors: Ogden Outwater J.
Published: April 2006

The problem of the technique whereby the Maya, Aztec, and other peoples accomplished the cutting of wood in the vast quantities needed for construction, and particularly for lime burning has long been a matter of speculation (Morris, Chariot, and Morris 1931). Wood cutting might have required comparatively little effort if metal tools had'been available, but this was apparently not the case.
Symbols, Glyphs, and Divinatory Almanacs for Diseases in the Maya Dresden and Madrid Codices
Authors: Thompson J. Eric S.
Published: April 2006

No satisfactory explanation, to the best of my knowledge, has been offered of the scenes on pages 16-20 of the Maya Dresden codex and the parallel passages on pages 93-95 of Codex Madrid which depict a goddess or woman in association with various birds, animals, and gods. She carries them on her head or shoulders or on a pack on her back supported by a strap across her chest.
Methods of Felling Trees and Treering Dating in the Southwest
Authors: O'Bryan Deric
Published: April 2006

A dead trunk, seasoned hard, is extremely resistant to the blows of a stone axe and fairly unyielding to a keen axe of steel. A high percentage of wood specimens from ruins in the Southwestern United States which furnish outer ring dates before A.D. 600, are parts of trees that were dead before they were felled; they are often weathered, and sometimes show signs of having been attacked by secondary insect pests.
Clovis Fluted Points From Southeastern Arizona
Authors: Di Peso Charles C.
Published: April 2006

The primary purpose of this paper is to report the finding of two Clovis Fluted points in southeastern Arizona and hence to further define the geographical range of the hunting complex represented by these points. The secondary purpose is to define the characteristics of the two points in question, for they closely resemble the eight points found at Naco, Arizona.

Haury and others (p. 1 ff.) report the finding of eight Clovis Fluted points in the near vicinity of Naco, in southeastern Arizona. This (American Antiquity, Vol. 18, No. 1, p. 91) was the first reported find of these fluted points in this area. The importance of the find was emphasized by the fact that the projectile points were found in direct association with the skeletal remains of Mammuthus (Parelephas) columbi (Haury, “The Naco Mammoth,” The Kiva, Vol. 18, Nos. 3-4, 1952, p. 17).
Further Data on Pacific Coast Fired Clay Figurines
Authors: Pendergast David M.
Published: April 2006

Since publication in 1955 of a comment by R. F. Heizer and the present author concerning fired clay figurines in California (Heizer and Pendergast 1955), some additional data have come to light which are suggestive of a need for revision of views on the distributional pattern of this trait on the Pacific Coast.

In March of 1956 Roscoe Barkhurst of Tulelake, California, submitted to the author for analysis 2 fragmentary figurines which had been collected at a site near Sara, Washington, in 1932.
Archaeological Investigations in O'Sullivan Reservoir, Grant County, Washington
Authors: Daugherty Richard D.
Published: April 2006

During the summer field seasons of 1948 and 1950, excavations were conducted at several village sites located on the shores of Moses Lake, Washington, which lies within the reservoir area of the O'Sullivan Dam (Fig. 111). The 1948 field project was jointly sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution River Basin Surveys and the University of Washington. The excavation undertaken in 1950 was a cooperative project between the River Basin Surveys and the State College of Washington. Both projects were under the field direction of the writer.

Based on the results of an archaeological survey of O'Sullivan Reservoir by Francis A. Riddell and the writer in July of 1947, several sites were selected for further investigation. A large village site, designated 45GR27, received the full attention of the 1948 party, while a similar site, 45GR30, located approximately one mile north of the former, was partially excavated in 1950.
Browns Valley and Milnesand Similarities
Authors: Powell Louis H.
Published: April 2006

For the student of the archaeology of the Plains, Browns Valley Man has been an engima. Loosely dated between 8000 and 12,000 years ago by Jenks (Jenks 1937a: 17) it has remained in splendid isolation — an important group of artifacts found in a burial site with the skeleton of a man who may be presumed to have been their maker — with, heretofore, no known close affiliations. That he hunted the giant bison has been inferred in an unpublished script by Lloyd Wilford to accompany a filmstrip on Minnesota archaeology being prepared by the University of Minnesota. This must be presumed to be based on one or both of 2 midden sites of giant bison dug by Jenks, Wilford, and Eddy. One of these has been described in a brief note in Science by Jenks (Jenks 1937b: 243–4). The other site has no published data.
Association of Bison with Artifacts in Eastern Washington
Authors: Swanson Earl H. , Lee Warren T.
Published: April 2006

In 1954 Warren T. Lee found the horn core of a bison associated with a hearth and four tools on the east bank of the Columbia River, at Quilomene Rapids, in western Grant County, Washington. The site was found when overflow from a reservoir in the Quincy scablands cut a channel through the floodplain terrace. The hearth and associated materials were located in the wall of the channel 4 feet beneath the surface of the terrace. The finds are important because they provide another association of bison with man in the Plateau which is probably equivalent in time to the little-known Cayuse I phase.
A Revision of the Archaeological Sequence in Sinaloa, Mexico
Authors: Kelley J. Charles , Winters Howard D.
Published: April 2006

An archaeological sequence for the Sinaloa coastal strip of western Mexico had previously been developed by Sauer and Brand, Isabel Kelly, and Gordon Ekholm. Investigations carried out by Southern Illinois University and associates from 1952 to 1958 in Durango, across the Sierra Madre Occidental to the east of Sinaloa, have established an independent archaeological sequence. The presence of trade pottery and other artifacts from Sinaloa in the Durango sites makes possible an independent check of the Sinaloa sequence. This cross correlation essentially confirms the basic Sinaloa sequence of (early to late) Chametla, Aztatlan, and Culiacan periods, but indicates that there is some overlap between these major horizons and that the Aztatlan period is actually divisible into three more or less sequent phases: an early Lolandis phase, an intermediate Acaponeta phase, and a terminal Guasave phase. Re-examination of the Sinaloa sequence confirms and expands these conclusions, resulting in this revision of the archaeological sequence for Sinaloa. For consistency, a revised terminology for the various phases is also presented.
Reliability of Identification of Fossil Pollen as Corn
Authors: Kurtz Edwin B. , Tucker Henry , Liverman James L.
Published: April 2006

On the basis of present methods of identification of corn pollen, 30% of the pollen collected from maize plants grown under a wide range of environments was misclassified asTripsacumand teosinte. The results show that the characters used to describe corn pollen are too variable to permit reliable identification of fossil pollen as corn.
A Decorated Bone Rattle from Culhuacan, Mexico
Authors: Winning Hasso von
Published: April 2006

A notched and elaborately decorated human femur purchased at Culhuacan is identified as anomichicahuaztli, the bone rattle or musical rasp which provided musical accompaniment in Aztec funeral ceremonies for dead warriors. The incised designs consist of symbols of war, sacrifice, blood, and death, arranged in a single composition which is analyzed in terms of seven major parts: solar disc and starry sky, shield beneath the sky, eagle warrior, figure clad in slain victim's skin, earth monster, blood streams, and darts. A detailed comparison with Aztec codices and stone monuments shows that the decoration on the Culhuacan rattle is a typical expression of the religious symbolism relating to the death of warriors in late Aztec times, just preceding the Spanish conquest.
A New Type of Archaic Ruins in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Russell S. Robert
Published: April 2006

This report outlines the discovery, in 1953, of ruins in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. In ground plan, architecture and construction these ruins, so far as I can determine, show no obvious relationship to old empire Maya ruins some 100 miles to the east. Neither do they exhibit easily identified similarities with the Valley of Mexico sites.

The ruin most thoroughly studied consists of a 200 by 680 foot integrated rock complex of very squat structures inclosed by a low wall or rampart. No structures exceed 15 feet in height. The commanding elevation of the complex was obtained by building in on top of a great, field-rock mound, which in turn was built on an elongated natural hill. At the base the mound is approximately 700 feet long, with a varying width between 300 and 400 feet. In one place, on the south side where the hill was indented, the mound is approximately 70 feet high. Its average height is probably about 25 feet.
Publications on American Indian Physical Anthropology 1952 — 1953
Authors: Reed Erik K.
Published: April 2006

In a previous communication (American Antiquity 19-3, January 1953, pp. 290-91), I noted significant items in this field during the period 1948-1951, with probably incomplete coverage for the first half of 1952. Additions to that bibliography and this one will be appreciated by the present writer and by the management.

First of all, in supplementation for 1952, must be mentioned the valuable compilation, with year-by-year general trend statements (taken from the Handbook of Latin American Studies) and a subject index: T. D. Stewart, A Bibliography of Physical Anthropology in Latin America: 1937-1948, published by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, New York, 1952.
An Unusual Decorated Steatite Slab from Northwestern California
Authors: Heizer Robert F.
Published: April 2006

The prehistory of northwestern California is yet largely unknown. Any information on archaeological types is therefore of interest. The following note constitutes the description of a unique flat steatite slab upon one of whose surfaces drilled conical pits and holes, together with some incised lines, occur (Fig. 85).

Steatite was locally abundant. Numerous outcrops were worked anciently as evidenced by the large number of prehistoric objects made of this material. Modern Indians know the location of some of these outcrops, and describe the methods of extracting the stone from the mass.1 For the most part steatite was employed in making grease dishes and bowls.

The specimen described here is in the private collection of Dr. H. H. Stuart of Eureka, and was recovered by him many years ago from the surface of the site of the village of Tsapekw which lies toward the northern end of Stone Lagoon on the ocean shore of Humboldt County.
The Problem of Northwest Coastal-Interior Relationships as Seen from Seattle
Authors: Osborne Douglas , Caldwell Warren W. , Crabtree Robert H.
Published: April 2006

For the past several years Charles Borden of the University of British Columbia has been carrying out a most promising attack on the problems of Northwest prehistory, primarily in the Fraser Delta area. Strongly influenced by the latter-day rigorous school of German archaeologists, his field work is thorough and impeccable. His short reports, published in Anthropology in British Columbia from 1950 through 1953–54 have been more than of a preliminary nature. They have taken on, increasingly, the characteristics of final interpretative statements.
A Petrographic Study of Gila Polychrome
Authors: Danson Edward B. , Wallace Roberts M.
Published: April 2006

Gila Polychrome pottery has been recognized since the time of the earliest archaeological work in the Southwest. Cushing, in 1887–88, recognized in the polychromes at Los Muertos and other Classic period sites of the Hohokam area the pottery type we now call Gila Polychrome. As more of the Southwest became known this type (W. and H. S. Gladwin 1930: 6) was found to be one of the most widespread, with a range extending from the Mogollon Rim on the north into northern Chihuahua and Sonora on the south and sporadically from Texas on the east through New Mexico to Gila Bend, Arizona, on the west (Haury 1945: 63).
Additional Data on Fired Clay Human Figurines from California
Authors: Heizer Robert F. , Pendergast David M.
Published: April 2006

Since the analysis by R. F. Heizer and R. K. Beardsley (1943) of 7 fired clay figurines from 3 localities in California, archaeological investigations in the central and northern areas of the state have produced more knowledge of the types and occurrence of this form.

The 25 figurines discussed here include 3 from site 4-Son-299, 4 from site 4-Mrn-168, sites excavated by the University of California Archaeological Survey, and 18 from Gunther Island, site 4-Hum-67, of which 10 are in the private collection of H. H. Stuart of Eureka, California, and the remainder in the State Indian Museum at Sacramento.

The specimens here reported on, which represent more than 3 times the number available for analysis in 1943, provide additional data on design motifs and distribution, and in addition possess much more clearly definable cultural associations than do the original 7 specimens.
New Archaeological Cultures from the Departments of Chuquisaca, Potosi and Tarija, Bolivia
Authors: Grasso Dick Edgar Ibarra
Published: April 2006

Very Little has been written about the archaeology of central and southern Bolivia, the attention of students having been concentrated on the Tiahuanaco area. I began exploring this great unknown region in 1940-44 and am now continuing the project in my present capacity as Director of the Archaeological Museum of the University of Cochabamba. The present report is a summary of the results of this work to date. The best described Bolivian culture outside of the Tiahuanaco area is the one called Mizque-Tiahuanaco by Nordenskiöld and Bennett which I am calling Yampará. I have found tombs in an earlier variety of this style without any Tiahuanaco influence. A characteristic of Yampará pottery is the presence of tripod bowls which resemble Mexican ones; this trait is entirely un-Tiahuanacoid.

The Yampará style extends to the whole of the Department of Chuquisaca, except for Cinti and the southern part of Azero, and it occurs also in the Province of Cornelio Saavedra in Potosí.
Two Sites in Western Bolivar, Venezuela
Authors: Riley Carroll L.
Published: April 2006

The site of Cedefio is on the south bank of the Orinoco River, approximately 1 km. northeast of the boat landing area of the town of Caicara. The Orinoco at Cedeño is marked by a series of boulders that reach, from the south bank, 100 meters or more into the river. These are uncovered during the summer (dry season) and contain petroglyphs in the form of spirals, mazes and other figures. The river at this point is marked by vertical banks 3-5 meters high. The top of the vertical bank represents the usual high-water mark of the Orinoco; beyond this bank is a more or less level stretch of mixed fields and woodland. The river banks extend in two stages to a sloping river beach. As the water level of the Orinoco varies 10 meters or more between wet and dry season, this beach is above water for a considerable distance during dry weather.
A Stone Carving on the Galapagos
Authors: Orcutt P. D.
Published: April 2006

A stone face about 2 m. high was observed and photographed on Floriana (Charles) Island in the Galapagos by Philip H. Lord while on a cruise in February, 1949. The face was reported as being at an elevation of between 300 and 400 meters at which altitude potable water occurs. Within 100 meters is a small cave containing marine shells, whether naturally occurring or transported not being determined. The face is covered with lichen which may provide a further clue to its antiquity.
A Re-Examination of the Dating Evidence for the Lake Mohave Artifact Assemblage
Authors: Brainerd George W.
Published: April 2006

The dating of the Lake Mohave artifact assemblage relative to the fossil beaches on which the material was found has been in dispute since Malcolm Rogers (1939) published a monograph disagreeing with several findings given in the original report (Campbells, Antevs, Amsden and Bode, 1937). Mr. Rogers' critique was never answered by the original authors, and his findings have been accepted consequently by most authors who have attempted summaries of the material (Martin, Quimby and Collier 1947, p. 437 and Fig. 122; Wormington 1949, pp. 84-87; Roberts 1951, p. 126). Rogers agreed with the Campbells that the great majority of the artifacts found (Rogers, p. 42, puts it at 95 per cent) are restricted to the surfaces of the fossil beaches. Rogers questioned, however, the Campbells' conclusion that human occupation was contemporaneous with times when the lake stood at the overflow level, which is that of the beaches. Rogers' most crucial evidence was given as follows: “There is splendid evidence that this condition did not prevail, because of the presence of a large encampment on the 937'-940' bay bar which extends directly across the outlet channel. Man could not have camped in this section during any period of overflow.” (Rogers 1939, p. 43). This “beach bar site” was previously reported by the Campbells. Rogers' statement, in contrast to Bode's original determination (Campbells et al., p. 108), implies that the bar actually blocks the old outlet, and thus that it, and its occupational evidence, must postdate the period during which the lake overflowed.
Recent Data from Two Paleo-Indian Sites on Medicine Creek, Nebraska
Authors: Davis E. Mott
Published: April 2006

Excavations in deeply buried paleo-Indian sites of late Wisconsin age in the Medicine Creek Reservoir area, Nebraska, have resulted in the appearance of a number of preliminary statements in recent years. The present statement, anticipating publication of a complete report of the work, has been prepared in order to make available certain data not hitherto reported.

This report is concerned with data from two stratified sites, the Lime Creek site (Ft-41) and the Red Smoke site (Ft-42), in both of which artifact assemblages including Plainview points have been found. These two sites are on Lime Creek, a small western tributary of Medicine Creek. They are near the Allen site (Ft-50) on Medicine Creek, source of the Frontier complex (Holder and Wike, 1949). As yet no specific relationship has been found to exist between the Frontier complex and the material from Lime Creek and Red Smoke, and therefore the Allen site will not be discussed in this paper. Geologically the situations of all three sites are very similar.
Peruvian Pacchas and Keros
Authors: Lothrop S. K.
Published: April 2006

Two distinctive types of wooden drinking vessels, known as keros and pacchas, were manufactured in Peru both before and after the Spanish conquest. Thus they exemplify the transition from archaeology to history and ethnology. Each has counterparts in pottery, metal, or stone, but the majority are of wood, usually decorated with colored motifs produced by paint with a lacquer base. This also was used on a few unique vessels of eccentric shapes (Fig. 64 b). Keros are fairly common; pacchas exceedingly rare. Little has been written about either group.
Additional Data from the Dodd and Phillips Ranch Sites, South Dakota
Authors: Metcalf George
Published: April 2006

All the archaeological specimens from the Dodd (39ST30) and Phillips Ranch (39ST14) sites, Oahe Reservoir, South Dakota, were transferred recently by the River Basin Surveys, Bureau of American Ethnology, to the United States National Museum for accessioning into the permanent study collection of the Division of Archeology. During the processing of the material it was necessary to handle each object, to check its field number with the catalogs, the feature sheets, and the published reports, and to prepare brief descriptions, measurements, and observations for the permanent catalog of the United States National Museum. While handling the specimens certain discrepancies between the artifacts actually present and those described in the published report (Lehmer 1954 [see review in this issue]) were discovered. These mistakes included the omission of individual objects as well as of several groups of distinctive artifacts, and erroneous descriptions and identifications.
Pleistocene Man at San Diego: A Reply
Authors: Carter George F.
Published: April 2006

Miller and Johnson's review of Pleistocene Man at San Diego seriously misrepresents the work in question. It is not the principal contention of the book that man lived in the San Diego area in the last interglacial, and that the age of the last interglacial is 100,000 years ago. By focussing on this, a most incomplete view is given of the archaeological section of the book.
Some Ancient Sites in Greensberg and Ottawa Townships, Putnam County, Ohio
Authors: Johnson Frederick , Neill O. J.
Published: April 2006

A collection of artifacts found in the lip of a terrace of the Blanchard River in northwestern Ohio comes from 17 presumably ancient sites which had not been used by peoples of Archaic and later stages of culture development. The artifacts are made of fine-grained cherty rock which is not known to occur in the region. The tools consist of fluted and other kinds of points, a wide variety of scrapers, “utilized flakes” with sheared edges or edges made by a high quality pressure retouch, gravers, burinlike tools, and other specialized artifacts. It is suggested that these may represent an occupation of the region by pre-Archaic stage peoples.
Phoenix Buttons
Authors: Strong Emory
Published: April 2006

Metal buttons bearing the Phoenix bird, a motto in French, and a number are found in quantity in historic sites along the lower Columbia River, and less commonly throughout western North America. Phoenix buttons were not made for Napoleon, as often claimed, but were manufactured by an English firm in the early 1800's for King Christophe of Haiti. The Phoenix bird and the motto come from his coat of arms; the numbers refer to regiments. These military uniform buttons were brought to the Northwest before 1835 by an independent trader, most likely Nathaniel Wyeth, who probably used uniform coats, which he may have obtained earlier when shipping ice to the West Indies, to trade for fish for his salmon packing plant on the Columbia River.
British Guiana Archaeology: A Return to the Original Interpretations
Authors: Evans Clifford , Meggers Betty J.
Published: April 2006

The reinterpretation of the Mabaruma phase, British Guiana, by Lathrap does not introduce new evidence that requires abandonment of the original estimate of about A.D. 500 for its introduction from the Orinoco delta.
Metallurgical Analysis of a Hopewell Copper Earspool
Authors: Fraikor Arlene L. , Hester James J. , Fraikor Frederick J.
Published: April 2006

A prehistoric Hopewell copper earspool was analyzed by a number of metallurgical techniques including transmission electron microscopy. While optical photomicrographs and micro-hardness data suggest that the final fabrication process was annealing, transmission electron microscopy indicates that some final cold working was applied. This paper illustrates a new application of physical analytical techniques to archaeology.
Ground Slates: East and West
Authors: Ritchie William A.
Published: April 2006

Six major hypotheses have been advanced to account for ground slate industries containing knives, lance heads, and projectile points, found on opposite sides of the North American continent. Certain of these hypotheses assume genetic connections; others postulate separate sources and developments for such artifacts in the Northeast and North Pacific areas.

A recent study of the cultures involved, chiefly Borden's (1962) Vancouver data, has indicated that: (1) ground slate artifacts made their initial appearance in both areas at about the same time; (2) the respective typologies are quite dissimilar; and (3) possible bone and/or chipped stone prototypes for certain of the specific ground slate forms exist in each area.

These data suggest independent origins and developmental histories.
Dzibilchaltún, Yucatán, Mexico: Structures 384, 385, and 386: A Preliminary Interpretation
Authors: Folan W. J.
Published: April 2006

The excavation of Structures 384, 385, and 386, and their associated platform in Dzibilchaltún, Yucatán, revealed an occupational sequence from late Phase I or early Phase II of the Early period up to and including the early Colonial period. The ceramic material analyzed pertains primarily to the Copo complex and, when combined with the architectural data and with 16th-century descriptions of Maya culture, made it possible to infer or suggest the use and function of each room within each building associated with the group and its lineage associations from its conception to the present. This analysis indicates that, although the primary function of the group was ceremonial during the early stages of occupation, all but one of the structures were later used more for domestic than ceremonial ends, until the vaults collapsed during the late Pure Florescent subperiod. During the later Decadent period, however, one of the earliest buildings was tunneled into and reused for ceremonial functions, possibly even after the 16th-century Spanish open chapel was erected less than 200 m. away in the central plaza of Dzibilchaltún.
A Refutation of R. G. Baker's Thesis of Recarving and Alteration of Maya Monuments
Authors: Adams Richard E. W.
Published: April 2006

Citation in a reputable publication of the idea put forth by R. G. Baker (1962) that Maya monuments were altered and recarved from time to time makes it necessary to evaluate the thesis. Examination of the evidence presented by Baker leads to the conclusion that most of the putative alterations are the result of differential weathering, and unfamiliarity with Maya sculpture. In addition, Baker has interpreted 19th-century mutilation as being ancient. Finally, Proskouriakoff's historical interpretation of the function of Maya sculpture and glyphic texts (1960, 1963, 1964) leads to a definitive refutation of Baker's hypothesis.
Radiocarbon “Effective” Half-Life for Maya Calendar Correlations
Authors: Ralph Elizabeth K.
Published: April 2006

The question is frequently asked: How would a change in the half-life of C14 affect the Maya calendar correlations? The optimum “effective” half-life value for this era, as determined by the Pennsylvania measurements of contemporaneous samples of known age, and, as pointed out by Satterthwaite and Ralph (1960), is, by coincidence, very close to the Libby half-life (5568±30 years). Nevertheless, a change in the value of the half-life of C14 would not necessarily change the “effective” half-life, and, on the basis of present data, no change should be made in the University of Pennsylvania dating of the Maya calendar correlation samples.
Early Man and Changing Sea Levels, Poplar Island, Maryland
Authors: Solecki Ralph S.
Published: April 2006

The presence of a fluted point on an island in Chesapeake Bay is explained in terms of a lowered sea level during the time of the Early Man occupation of the area. This study is offered as an example of the value of the use of eustatic oscillations in the study of early prehistoric remains in maritime regions.
A Pre-Columbian Wound
Authors: Ravines Rogger
Published: April 2006

A broken obsidian projectile point embedded in a human second lumbar vertebra has been found near Yauli in the central highlands of Peru. The point resembles those used on the south coast of Peru during the later part of the Early Intermediate period and probably dates to this time. The victim indubitably died immediately from this wound as a result of hemorrhaging.
The Southern California Milling Stone Horizon: Some Comments
Authors: Warren Claude N.
Published: April 2006

Owen’s (1964) brief comments on the Glen Annie Canyon site include some comments and criticisms that are in error, and the validity of his interpretation of the archaeology and archaeologists of the Southern California Coast may be challenged. Owen uses the term “Early horizon” where he should use “Milling Stone horizon”; his criticisms of Wallace’s 1955 paper are unjustified; what he claims to be the archaeologists’ description of the Oak Grove culture is inaccurate. His argument for a nomadic population during the Milling Stone horizon is based on a weak analogy, and his notion that the interpretation of a “more or less sedentary” settlement pattern for the Milling Stone horizon is a “convenient fiction agreed upon by some southern California archaeologists to facilitate the construction of artifact typologies” is in error. Data are presented to support the interpretation that the population of the Milling Stone horizon was a Central-Based Wandering people.
Late Quaternary Climate Recorded by Cochise Culture
Authors: Sayles E. B.
Published: April 2006

The archaeological record of the Cochise culture does not support the theory proposed by Martin that no major climatic fiuctuations have occurred in the Southwest during the past 10,000 years.
Representation of Space and Form in Maya Painting on Pottery
Authors: Grieder Terence
Published: April 2006

The Maya imagined both the visible and the conceptual in three-dimensional form. Thus their painters had to represent the third dimension on flat surfaces. Seven ways of showing solid form were invented: combined front and profile views, overlapping, foreshortening, “half-view,” variations in line weight, arbitrary shading, and detached contour lines. Two ways of showing spatial depth were invented: overlapping and raising the level in the composition. Pottery painters never attained perfect command of space representation. Representation of space and form in art is a product of the same kind of speculation and experimentation which produces geometry and philosophical conceptions of space. The Maya lacked the conception of dimensions and never formulated the relationship between even length and width. This restricted their arts; in painting, for example, representations of space and form could not be formulated but had to be reinvented each time they were used.
New World Lithic Typology Project: Part II
Authors: Krieger Alex D.
Published: April 2006

Supplementing Part I of this report, by Weyer, Part II is concerned with certain vital needs in American archaeology for a central facility in which high-speed methods of data analysis can be applied to the determination of types of stone artifacts on a broad scale, the distribution of these types can be mapped wherever they occur in the New World, manuals can be prepared for general research, and related functions can be performed. It is held that our individualistic approaches to these problems in various areas, rather than producing strictly comparable results, are causing greater confusion than ever; that distributional studies based on noncomparable “types” are superficial and misleading; and that there are already on hand such great amounts of material that their analysis can never be accomplished comprehensively by “hand” methods. The advantages and disadvantages of edge-punch and IBM cards are discussed in relation to several purposes, such as catalog records, sorting for attributes (singly and in combinations), and computer treatment. The project's steering committee has decided to proceed with IBM cards, but before disseminating its recommendations, will conduct pilot studies to achieve the most efficient codification of attributes as well as a standard form on which data must be recorded before an operator can proceed with the punching of cards.
Temper Identification: “Technological Sherd-Splitting” or an Unanswered Challenge
Authors: Shepard Anna O.
Published: April 2006

Two recent publications offer stimulating generalizations about pottery analysis. Weaver (1963) considers how archaeologists can secure assistance in pottery analysis. Fontana and others (1962) question the cultural significance of temper. Advice in both studies is based on pottery from a simple level of technological development. A broader view of contemporary potters' techniques shows that paste composition may or may not have cultural significance. Simple rules of analysis are misleading because of the complexity of pottery and the varied role it has played in culture.
Engineering Principles and the Study of Prehistoric Structures: A Substantive Example
Authors: Marshall James A.
Published: April 2006

This paper explores the potential contribution of civil engineering theory to archaeology. Given certain basic data we can ask specific questions about prehistoric concepts of construction, design, measurement, etc. An example of a method of analysis of structures and geometrics is given utilizing the limited information from the Adena and Hopewell cultures. Conclusions are drawn as to what certain structures looked like, how they were built, and their efficiency in serving their apparent purposes.
Plateau Shoshonean Prehistory: A Suggested Reconstruction
Authors: Gunnerson James H.
Published: April 2006

A striking correspondence between linguistic and archaeological data suggests: (1) that the Virgin branch Anasazi people were the proto-Plateau Shoshoneans; and (2) that the Fremont and Sevier peoples, whose cultures are considered northern expansions of the Virgin culture, are represented historically by the Ute-Southern Paiute and Shoshone-Comanche respectively, while the Virgin branch people themselves are represented by the Northern Paiute.
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos: Floor Constructions at Uaxactun
Authors: Littmann Edwin R.
Published: April 2006

The precise definition of “floor” as a building unit involving a lime aggregate or mortar (usually called fill) covered by a plaster (usually what is called the floor) the surface of which is treated by a wash coat makes possible detailed study of techniques of floor construction and the correlation of these with various cultural changes. A preliminary study of floors in Structures A–V, A–XVIII, B–XII at Uaxactún indicates that (1) floors improved in quality from Chicanel to Tepeu times, (2) post-Chicanel plasters were treated with a wash coat, especially the painted ones, and (3) the use of many small chips in Tzakol and Tepeu plasters implies extensive stone carving, because it is unlikely that stone would have been broken into such small pieces just for floor construction.
A Random Number Generator for Field Use
Authors: Rowlett Ralph M.
Published: April 2006

One or more icosahedral polyhedrons with faces numbered in pairs are inexpensive, compact, durable, portable, easily used generators of random numbers for archaeologists in the field.
A Site Designation System for Latin America
Authors: Diehl Richard A.
Published: April 2006

A comprehensive system of archaeological site designation does not exist for Latin America. A quadrinomial system is proposed, in which the components identify the nation, state, local political unit, and site number.
Sources for Plateau Prehistory
Authors: Swanson Earl H.
Published: April 2006

In a 1969 paper Browman and Munsell draw erroneous conclusions about Plateau prehistory by failing to use primary sources. They also miss the point of some early work on the emergence of Plateau culture.
Architecture and Engineering: A Reply to Marshall
Authors: Loten H. Stanley
Published: April 2006

Marshall's attempt to infer a structural system from evidence provided by post holes does not follow from his analysis.
Cult Traits in Southeastern Costa Rica and Their Significance
Authors: Stone Doris
Published: April 2006

The finding of ceremonial bone and shell objects at Puntarenas Farm, Jalaca, southeastern Costa Rica, along with ceramics of known Chiriqui or Red and Black ware, has thrown new light upon the extent of pre-Columbian trade and the penetration of cult traits from northern South America into lower Central America. Although no radiocarbon date has been obtained as yet, it is known that the manufacture of Chiriqui or Red and Black ware was continued into post-Columbian times.

The presence in this region of shells found only on the Caribbean coast of Central America and not on the Pacific, as well as artifacts of manatee (Trichechus m. manatus Linn.) bone, also associated solely with the Caribbean littoral, indicate the extent and importance of trade. In the same sense, the appearance of the alligator-serpent motif on both coasts of the Nicoya Peninsula and on the western coast with ware related to Ulua Polychrome types and with an Ulua style alabaster vase, places a new northern boundary with respect to the diffusion of this cult motif. The Ulua Polychrome types and the Ulua style alabaster vase put a time horizon covering from A.D. 1000 probably to the Spanish arrival. The alligator-serpent concept, so familiar in the Amazon and Andean regions, the “eagle” or “condor” concept, the feline, the monkey, and the frog all emphasize the common base of lower Central American religion. Likewise they point to San Agustin as a cultural center of great importance in lower Central America.

From the artistic point of view, the bone objects represent some of the most intricate carving yet known in eastern Central America. Both the style and subject matter place these figures in a different category from bone artifacts associated with Mesoamerican cultures.
A Fluted Point from the Old World
Authors: Smith Philip E. L.
Published: April 2006

A small bifacial foliate from the Solutrean of France suggests that fluted points, whether made accidentally or otherwise, may occur occasionally in the Old World. However, there seems to be no historic relationship with those of the New World.
A Test of Magnetometry as an Aid to Archaeology
Authors: Black Glenn A. , Johnston Richard B.
Published: April 2006

The long-standing interest of the Indiana Historical Society in archaeological methodology has led to a program designed to evaluate the applicability of the proton magnetometer to the location of certain subsurface features. Early trials at the Angel site in southern Indiana, which offers a variety of controlled experimental conditions, have shown that the instrument is capable of detecting the rather slight magnetic anomalies arising from the trench in which the stockade that once surrounded the village was set. While preliminary research has met with some success, a full report of the findings and problems encountered is reserved until completion of the project.
Use of the Cumulative Graph in Temporal Ordering
Authors: Jelinek Arthur J.
Published: April 2006

A cumulative graph which shows percentages of artifact types in assemblages is a useful tool for seriating large numbers of site samples when the chronological order of the appearance of types is known. This type of seriation has a distinct advantage over the bar-graph and Brainerd-Robinson techniques in speed and in the elimination of subjective judgment in ordering the assemblages.
A New Research Method for Economic Prehistorians
Authors: Saxon Andrew , Higham Charles
Published: April 2006

Mortality frequencies of domestic and wild species from prehistoric settlements are becoming increasingly important in reconstructing economic patterns, and in certain areas, for isolating stages in animal domestication. The methods whereby such mortality frequencies have been estimated, however, are considered to be unreliable and, in some cases, misleading.

This paper presents a new and considerably more accurate method for estimating the mortality frequencies of domestic animals than those currently in use, and it suggests fields where its application will prove of value as a research tool for the economic prehistorian.
Photoarchaeological Analysis of Potomac River Fish Traps
Authors: Strandberg Carl H. , Tomlinson Ray
Published: April 2006

Aerial techniques have been proven effective for archaeological reconnaissance in several parts of the world.

This paper describes photoarchaeological techniques which were used in a survey of a section of the Potomac River, near Washington, D.C. Thirty-six stone structures and one major Indian village site were discovered. The stone structures were primarily stone fish traps and fish weirs. One of the structures was found to be a navigation weir, constructed by the Potowmack Company, founded by George Washington in his efforts to open up the American "Western Frontier," regions in Maryland and Pennsylvania.

Physical descriptions and locations of the structures are listed on the following pages, together with a comparative analysis of the structures. A recommendation is made for a site designation system which strengthens the standard Smithsonian system by adding Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates to them, thus simplifying location designation.
The Sunken Gardens of the Peruvian Coast
Authors: Rowe John Howland
Published: April 2006

Sunken gardens are a response to a situation in which ground water is near the surface of a desert but does not reach it. Since the 19th century this situation has generally been met in Peru by raising water from wells for canal irrigation. No mechanical means of raising water was known in ancient Peru, however, and sunken gardens provided the most economical solution to the problem. Ground water occurs near the surface on the Peruvian coast in some valleys where there is not enough water to maintain a river on the surface, and at the lower ends of better watered valleys where surplus irrigation water accumulates but does not reach the surface. The problem of salinization appears to have been more serious in sunken gardens than in irrigated fields. Since sunken gardens are effective only under rather rare combinations of circumstances, it seems unlikely that they played a major role in the development of Peruvian agriculture.
The History of American Archaeology: An Examination of Procedure
Authors: Schuyler Robert L.
Published: April 2006

Recently, there has been an intensification of interest in the history of American archaeology, and a number of general attempts at delineating the history of the entire field have been advanced since 1940. Most of these overall views have taken the form of explanatory-periodization schemes. Four of these schemes are reviewed in this article and then examined in the light of 4 testcase studies: (1) the initial period of archaeology in the Southwest (1840-1860), (2) the history of archaeology in the Grand Canyon region (1540-1964), (3) the development of Kentucky prehistory (1661-1957), and (4) the study of early man in the United States (1500-1965). A number of discrepancies and weaknesses are shown in all the schemes under review, and the use of any such period scheme in the initial history of a science is questioned. The nature of period schemes is then examined resulting in the suggestion that all such undertakings should serve as tentative working hypotheses rather than end goals in themselves.
Neurolepis, a Sensitive Indicator of Human Activity in the High Andes
Authors: Bromley R. J.
Published: April 2006

Neurolepis is an easily recognizable bamboo-grass found as the dominant vegetation in many of the wettest and most remote Andean montane grassland areas. The plant has little economic value and is usually burned to produce pasture or facilitate hunting. After burning, regrowth is extremely slow, so that areas previously occupied by Neurolepis are apparently permanently colonized by tussock pasture grasses. It seems likely, therefore, that the existing remnant areas of Neurolepis represent the areas which have not been substantially affected by man in historic, and perhaps prehistoric, times.