bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from Zingiber zerumbet rhizome against Salmonella spp.
Authors: Imbang Dwi Rahayu  , WAHYU WIDODO  , INDAH PRIHARTINI  , ARIS WINAYA
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Rahayu ID, Widodo W, Prihartini I, Winaya A. 2019. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from Zingiber zerumbet rhizome against Salmonella spp. Biodiversitas 20: 3322-3327. The study aimed at investigating the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of the Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith) rhizome against Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 31194 and S. typhimurium ATCC 23564. An experimental method was employed for testing the antibacterial activity, with a completely randomized design (CRD) of factorial patterns. Factor I, ethanol concentrations which consisted of 45%; 70% and 95%, while factor II was the concentration of extracts, i.e 0%; 2.5%; 5%; 7.5% and 10%. The phytochemical screening results showed that the Z. zerumbet extracts with 45% and 70% ethanol, contained alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins; however, the-95%-ethanol did not result in any saponins, but flavonoids instead. Meanwhile, the chromatogram patterns of all extracts showed zerumbone is a dominant compound. Extraction of Z. zerumbet using 95% ethanol has higher antibacterial activity against S. enteritidis than S. typhimurium. The extract with 10% concentration gave the highest antibacterial activity than other concentrations. It can be concluded that the Z. zerumbet L. Smith extracts with 95% ethanol and 10% concentration has the best antibacterial activity against S. enteritidis. Whereas S. typhimurium is effectively inhibited by extracts with 45% ethanol and 7.5% extract concentration.
Selection of F6 soybean population for pod shattering resistance
Authors: Krisnawati Ayda , ANDY SOEGIANTO  , BUDI WALUYO  , KUSWANTO
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Krisnawati A, Soegianto A, Waluyo B, Kuswanto. 2019. Selection of F6 soybean population for pod shattering resistance. Biodiversitas 20: 3340-3346. Pod shattering is one of the major soybean constraints in Indonesia. This research aimed to evaluate the resistance of soybean F6 population to pod shattering and characterize the selected lines for their agronomic performances. The materials used were 147 F6 lines derived from six crossing combinations. The check varieties consisted of Dega 1, Detap 1, and Anjasmoro. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with two replications. At R8 stage, thirty pods were randomly detached from five sample plants of each line to be used for evaluation of pod shattering resistance using an oven-dry method. The variability of pod shattering was showed after the treatment of 60°C oven temperature. The shattering resistance of 147 F6 lines was classified into 52 highly resistant, 49 resistant, two moderately resistant, ten susceptible, and 34 highly susceptible lines. The pod-shattering resistant lines could be used for further improvement in the breeding program. Anjasmoro variety was effective to be used as gene source for shattering resistant. Simultaneous selection based on yield (30% selection intensity) and shattering resistance selected six lines which have early maturity and large seed size, hence they could be further evaluated in several locations in the next breeding stage.
Morphological evidence of sexual dimorphism in a Continental anole species of southeastern of Mexico
Authors: Badillo Saldaña Luis Manuel , AARÓN GARCÍA-ROSALES  , J. DANIEL LARA-TUFIÑO  , AURELIO RAMÍREZ-BAUTISTA
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Badillo-Saldaña LM, García-Rosales A, Lara-Tufiño JD, Ramírez-Bautista A. 2019. Morphological evidence of sexual dimorphism in a Continental anole species of southeastern Mexico. Biodiversitas 20: 3347-3351. Intersexual differences (sexual dimorphism; SD) have been observed in many traits of vertebrate and invertebrate species. These differences evolved as a response to ecological factors, such as the display of morphological and behavioral attributes during reproduction, territorial defense, or differential use of resources. However, some species of lizards do not show high SD, as is the case of some slender small body-sized anoles of the Caribbean Islands. Despite extensive knowledge about SD in island anoles, SD has not been evaluated for most mainland species. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the SD of a small body-sized species (Anolis unilobatus) throughout its distribution in Mexico, making use of eight morphological characteristics and multivariate analyses. The results showed that snout-vent (SVL) and forearm (FAL) lengths of males are larger than those of females. This could be explained by males being more territorial, so larger size will make them more successful in defending their territory from other males. Therefore, the difference in SVL and FAL between males and females of this species could be related to defense of their territory. The differences observed in morphological structures between males and females could thus support the hypothesis of sexual selection.
Phylogenetic position of Javan banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus) from conservation area in Java base on mtDNA analysis
Authors: Qiptiyah Maryatul , Pudyatmoko Satyawan , Widyatmoko AYPBC , NURTJAHJANINGSIH ILG , MUHAMMAD ALI IMRON
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Qiptiyah M, Pudyatmoko S, Widyatmoko AYPBC, Nurtjahjaningsih ILG, Imron MA. 2019. Phylogenetic position of Javan banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus) from conservation area in Java base on mtDNA analysis. Biodiversitas 20: 3352-3357. Two of three subspecies of banteng (B. javanicus) can be found in Indonesia, namely B. j. lowi and B. j. javanicus. The taxonomic assignment of the two subspecies is still in the discussion researchers currently. One of the reproductive characters of members the Bovidae family, including the banteng, is known to have interbreeding ability between species and can produce fertile offspring. In some places, there exist grazing cattle near or in the banteng’s natural habitat. This phenomenon aimed to provide banteng mates with cows, which later they will breed high-quality offsprings. Regarding interbreeding capability, this condition can be a threat to the genetic purity of wild banteng. The main objectives of this study were to identify the phylogenetic position of Javan banteng from conservation areas in Java in relation to the other taxon and detect their genetic purity. We analyzed 28 cytochrome b and d-loop region sequences of Javan banteng from feces materials of four conservation areas (Ujung Kulon National Park, Alas Purwo National Park, Meru Betiri National Park, and Baluran National Park). We compared our data with reference sequences data of the other Bovidae species and Capra hircus as outgroup. The reference data was taken from NCBI, and they were analyzed using maximum likelihood. The results showed that Javan banteng was in a different group from other taxa. Separation of subspecies B. j. javanicus and B. j. lowi occurred circa 1.25 mya. The results from this study suggested that there is no indication of genetic introgression between Javan banteng and the (domesticated) cattle.
A comparative study of carbon dioxide absorption capacity of seven urban forest plant species of Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Daud Malahayati , Bustam Betty Mauliya , BASTIAN ARIFIN
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Daud M, Bustam BM, Arifin B. 2019. A comparative study of carbon dioxide absorption capacity of seven urban forest plant species of Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3372-3379. Global warming has been a major issue affecting all parts of the world in recent years. One method of reducing the impact of global warming is through supporting the green open space. The city government of Banda Aceh, Indonesia has targetted as much as 30% of its area to the formation of green open space. The BNI urban forest is one example of the green open spaces in Banda Aceh. This research was conducted to know the carbon dioxide absorption capacity in seven selected tree species found in the urban forest. The method that has been applied was the explorative survey method with purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using linear regression and correlation analysis. The results showed that the highest ability of carbon dioxide absorption per leaf per hour was found in the Terminalia catappa (0.511 g/leaf/hour) and the lowest was found in the Calophyllum inophyllum (0.056 g/leaf/hour). While the highest carbon dioxide absorption per tree per hour was found in Pterocarpus indicus (4,642,293 g/tree/hour) and the lowest was found in Calophyllum inophyllum (162,640 g/tree/hour). The results of linear regression analysis showed that there was no strong correlation and no significant effect between leaf surface area and mass of carbohydrate, to capacity of carbon dioxide absorption in urban forest plants.
Habitat of mammals in West Java, Indonesia
Authors: ERRI N. MEGANTARA  , Shanida Sya Sya , TEGUH HUSODO  , PUPUT FEBRIANTO  , M. PAHLA PUJIANTO  , RANDI HENDRAWAN
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Megantara EN, Shanida SS, Husodo T, Febrianto P, Pujianto MP, Hendrawan R. 2019. Habitat of mammals in West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3380-3390. West Java has various habitat types, natural forests and human-land modified. Based on previous studies by Padjadjaran University that mammals were found in several locations, such as Gunung Salak, Ciletuh, Cisokan, Kamojang, and Darajat. There are many mammals found in various habitat so that it is important to reveal the habitat types that are usually used by mammals to fulfill their daily needs. The purpose of this study is to reveal the habitat types that are most commonly found in mammal species. Semi-structured interviews, direct observations, camera trapping, sign survey, and collapsible trap installation were applied in this study. Based on the results of the study, Mammals in West Java were found in 54 species, 21 families, and nine orders. Natural forests found 38 species, while mammals found in human-land modified as many as 16 species. In human land modified, agroforestry found more mammal species compared to other human-land.
Variability of coconut phenotype based on morphology and content of fatty acids in Asahan District, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Siregar Luthfi Aziz Mahmud , Damayanti Risma , Hanafiah Diana Sofia
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Siregar LAM, Damayanti R, Hanafiah DS. 2019. Variability of coconut phenotype based on morphology and content of fatty acids in Asahan District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3413-3421. A study that aims to determine the diversity, relationship and fatty acid content in several coconut genotypes (Cocos nucifera L.) grown and cultivated in Asahan District of North Sumatra Province, Indonesia was investigated. The coconut was obtained from the Air Joman and Silau Laut subdistricts of Asahan District, between April and September 2017. This study used morphological observation method based on IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) coconut descriptor with purposive sampling technique. A total of 36 coconut genotypes have been collected and identified based on morphological characters and fatty acid content. Based on the morphological character, the genotype of G28 and G32 show the closest relationship with the dissimilarity value of 3.00 and the farthest relationship on the genotype of G40 and G43 with the dissimilarity value of 12.04. Based on the 10 main type fatty acids found in coconut oil, all genotypes have between 8 and 10 types of fatty acids, i.e. caprylic, capric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidic acid in the oil. The average amount of fatty acid contained in coconut oil obtained generally in other coconut oil. Genotype of G5 has the highest content of lauric acid and has 12.1 mm thick flesh, but only 8 types of fatty acid composition are present in the oil.
Movement, home range size and activity pattern of the golden jackal (Canis aureus, Linneaus, 1758) in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand
Authors: Charaspet Khwanrutai , Sukmasuang Ronglarp - , Khoewsree Noraset , Pla-ard Mananya , Songsasen Nucharin , Simchareon Saksit
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Charaspet K, Sukmasuang R, Khoewsree N, Pla-ard M, Songsaen N, Simchareon S. 2019. Movement, home range size and activity pattern of the golden jackal (Canis aureus, Linneaus, 1758) in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Biodiversitas 20: 3430-3438. We studied the movement patterns, monthly home range sizes, and activity patterns of the golden jackal in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (HKK) from November 2017 to June 2019. Data were obtained by trapping and collaring a female jackal with a satellite collar, and from a concurrent camera trap survey. The female jackal had an average daily movement of 1.7 km, and her overall home range size was 26.3 km2, based on 1,191 locations across 7 months and using the 95% Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) method. The monthly home range size (95% MCP) was the smallest in December (9.2 km2) and the largest in March (20.51 km2). Results from camera traps revealed 33 species of wild animals, including 16 species of carnivorous mammals and 17 non-carnivorous species. The relative abundance index (RAI) of the jackal was 24.33, which was the highest of all carnivore species, and the second-highest of all species, suggesting jackals were one of the most common mammal species in HKK. Based on camera trap data, the mean diel activity of jackals in HKKwas at 00: 46 hours, and their activity overlapped most with potential prey including hares and small rodents. Results also revealed that golden jackals prefer dry dipterocarp forest compared to other habitat types Our results lead to a better understanding of the ecology of golden jackals in Thailand, and provide a baseline for future research on this species.
Effects of terrains’ soil and altitude on performance of Abyssinian pea (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum A. Braun) landraces of Ethiopia
Authors: BERHANU ABRAHA TSEGAY  , G. Gebreegziabher Berhane
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Tsegay BA, Gebreegziabher BG. 2019. Effects of terrains’ soil and altitude on performance of Abyssinian pea (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum A.Braun) landraces of Ethiopia. Biodiversitas 20: 3467-3477. Pea production in Ethiopia is mainly located in the highlands. Field-based agronomic performance evaluation of Abyssinian pea landraces at different altitudes and soil types are rarely explored. This study was conducted to assess the effects of soil composition and altitude on morphological and yield traits of three landraces. The experimental investigation used was a completely randomized block design. Morphological and yield traits of the landraces considered in this study varied across agroecology. The variations were due to soil nutrient differences, altitude of the agroecology and their interactions. Soil samples collected from the mid-altitude had the highest pH of 7.71±0.07. Cation exchange capacity of this soil was found to be 45.46±0.71, in covenant with the approximate cation exchange capacity of most soils (>40 CEC meq/100 g soil) around neutral pH. This agroecology was found to be best for overall performance of the landraces. In the highland terrain, the landraces were less vigorous and shorter in height. In the lowland terrain, landraces were taller in height but gave low yield. Gedober 2017 landrace performed best in seed yield (6.00±0.11g/plant) and harvest index (0.32±0.43) at the mid-altitude. From this study, farmers are mindful to cultivate Gedober 2017 landrace at midland and highland pea production potential areas of Ethiopia.
The effects of a parasitoid wasp of a gall-making insect on host plant characteristics and the abundance of sharing host-plant herbivore
Authors: Triyogo Ananto , Yasuda Hironori
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Triyogo A, Yasuda H. 2019. The effects of a parasitoid wasp of a gall-making insect on host plant characteristics and the abundance of sharing host-plant herbivore. Biodiversitas 20: 3499-3507. The present study has evaluated the indirect, top-down effects of a parasitoid wasp, Torymus beneficus Yasumatsu et Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), of a gall-maker, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), on the characteristics of the chestnut tree, Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. (Fagales: Fagaceae), and the implications for other herbivores, the aphid, Myzocallis kuricola (Matsumura) (Homoptera: Aphididae). sharing the same host plant. In a field experiment, the behavior of D. kuriphilus larvae on chestnut tree was influenced by the T. beneficus as indicated by a small increment of gall volume. However, parasitism did not affect certain other leaf characteristics that were induced by the gall wasp. Here we show that the characteristics of chestnut tree induced by the gall-making wasp affected M. kuricola that subsequently attacked the chestnut tree. However, the hypothesis that top-down effects by natural enemies may affect other herbivores on chestnut tree through its influence on gall-making wasp was not supported in this study. This study shows that parasitism of a gall-maker does not affect the other herbivore sharing the same host plant. Furthermore, the top-down effects of the parasitoid's behavior on plants may have different effects on sharing host herbivores that attack galled plants.
Development of allometric relationships for estimate above ground biomass of trees in the tropical abandoned land
Authors: Karyati Karyati , Widiati Kusno Yuli , Karmini Karmini , Mulyadi Rachmad
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Karyati, Widiati KY, Karmini, Mulyadi R. 2019. Development of allometric relationships for estimate above ground biomass of trees in the tropical abandoned lands. Biodiversitas 20: 3508-3516. The abandoned lands have important role in the ecological function as well as carbon sequestration. The allometric equations to estimate above ground biomass in abandoned land are still limited available. This study objective was to develop allometric relationships between tree size variables (diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height) and leaf, branch, trunk, and total above ground biomass (TAGB) in abandoned land in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The correlation coefficients between stem DBH and tree height to leaf and branch indicating a relatively weak relationship. The moderately strong relationships were showed by DBH and tree height to trunk and TAGB. The specific allometric equation of above ground biomass for different land use and land type is needed to estimate the accurate TAGB in the site.
Antimicrobial potential of Pediococcus acidilactici from Bekasam, fermentation of sepat rawa fish (Tricopodus trichopterus) from Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Melia Sri , Purwati Endang , Kurnia Yulianti Fitri , Pratama Dhiva Rezzy
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Melia S, Purwati E, Kurnia Y. F, Pratama D. R. 2019. Antimicrobial potential of Pediococcus acidilactici from Bekasam, fermentation of sepat rawa fish (Tricopodus trichopterus) from Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3532-3538. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from bekasam. Bekasam is a result of sepat rawa fermentation from Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. The results showed that the morphological and biochemical properties of lactic acid bacteria were Gram-positive and cocci, negative catalase and included in homofermentative groups. The biggest antimicrobial activity was shown by bekasam isolate to Escherichia coli O157: H7 (21.26 mm), followed by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 (18.23 mm) and Listeria monocytogenes CFSAN004330 (5.10 mm), while diameter barriers for crude bacteriocin supernatant isolates lactic acid bacteria to Escherichia coli O157: H7, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 were 14.99 mm, 17.69 mm, and Listeria monocytogenes CFSAN004330 had no antimicrobial activity at neutral pH. The results of molecular identification with 16S rRNA showed that lactic acid bacteria isolated from bekasam isolate have similarity with Pediococcus acidilactici strain PB22 that has antimicrobial potential against pathogenic bacteria and potential as bio preservatives.
Biodiversity and distribution of groundwater fauna in the Oum-El-Bouaghi region (Northeast of Algeria)
Authors: Khammar Hichem , HADJAB RAMZI  , MERZOUG DJEMOI
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Hichem K, Ramzi H, Djemoi M. 2019. Biodiversity and distribution of groundwater fauna in the Oum-El-Bouaghi region (Northeast of Algeria). Biodiversitas 20: 3553-3558. This study concerns the aquatic fauna of wells and springs in north of the city of Oum El Bouaghi, in the western part of the Tamlouka plain, north-eastern Algeria. 16 wells and two springs were selected and a seasonal sampling of the aquatic fauna was carried out from September 2017 to May 2018, covering periods of high and low water. Two types of traps were used: the phreatobiological net and baited traps. The composition of fauna was found to be 26 taxa and 6617 individuals, dominated by Crustaceans 47% followed by insects and shellfish 23% for each. Only one stygoby species was collected mainly: Pseudoniphargus djemoi.
Variations in seed micromorphology and morphometry of native Indonesian Phalaenopsis and Paphiopedilum orchids
Authors: Hariyanto Sucipto
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Hariyanto S. 2019. Variations in seed micromorphology and morphometry of native Indonesian Phalaenopsis and Paphiopedilum orchid. Biodiversitas 20: 3559-3567. Seeds of ten taxa of the genera Phalaenopsis and Paphiopedilum orchids were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Qualitative characters (seed and embryo shape, seed and embryo colour, ornamentation of testa cell, testa cell wall shape) as well as quantitative data (seed and embryo length, seed and embryo width, seed and embryo volume, seed length/seed width, embryo length/embryo width, seed volume/embryo volume and air space) were analysed. Seeds of all studied taxa were fusiform in shape and had smooth testa surfaces. Phalaenopsis testa cells were elongated with cylindrical cell walls, while Paphiopedilum testa cells were polygonal with thin and flat rectangular cell walls. The shape of the embryos was generally ovoid in Phalaenopsis and prolate in Paphiopedilum. Seed colors ranged from brown to dark brown. Embryo colors varied from light yellow, yellowish-brown, dark brown, black and white. Based on our investigation, there are variations in seed and embryo length, seed and embryo width, seed and embryo volume as well as the percentage of the air space, both in Phalaenopsis and Paphiopedilum. In general, the values of seed volume, embryo volume and air space in Paphiopedilum are higher than in Phalaenopsis. Together, the results of the study indicate that morphological and morphometric features can serve to identify live forms and distinguish between species.
Determining the landscape priority and their threats for the Critically Endangered Pongo tapanuliensis population in Indonesia
Authors: Rahman Dede Aulia , Rinaldi Dones , Kuswanda Wanda , Siregar Rondang , Noorch Fitri , Hakim Fahmi , Arief Harnios , Putro Haryanto R
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Rahman DE, Rinaldi D, Kuswanda W, Siregar R, Noor CF, Hakim F, Arief H, Putro HR. 2019. Determining the landscape priority and their threats for the Critically Endangered Pongo tapanuliensis population in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3584-3592. Understanding the habitat preference and spatial distribution for the management of medium-large primates is important for conserving and enhancing biodiversity in the most isolated and remote Batang Toru landscape, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Based on the first extensive orangutan survey dataset during 2000 and 2007, we aimed to provide microhabitat preference and distribution assessment for the new species of orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis), a poorly known and threatened primate endemic in Indonesia. To inform future conservation measures, we develop a predictive habitat suitability map and use this map to show the current threat for Tapanuli orangutan in their habitat and as the basis of proposed of the landscape boundary in Batang Toru ecosystem. In order to identify some environmental factors affecting conservation, we analyzed the microhabitat preference of Tapanuli orangutan using maximum entropy modeling (MaxEnt). The modeled orangutan distribution map covers 1.458,06 km2 (58,52% of Batang Toru’s landscape) and reveals three distinct distribution areas. The four most important environmental predictors are the distance from the cultivation area, NDVI, mean precipitation, and distance from the secondary forest edge. The distribution of the orangutan overlap with land-use categories reveals that 42,98% of the distribution lies in protected areas, but that 15,54% lies in natural forest concessions and area for other purposes (APL). Large scale land-use masterplan is needed to provide strategies and control for future development in the possibility of land uses and management are allowed in the landscape including its conservation policies. Moreover, collaborative management strategies are needed to develop a sustainable management system. We confirmed the Batang Toru landscape as the sole of Indonesia’s biodiversity hotspots and a critical area to preserve the Tapanuli orangutan.
Growth rate of Acropora formosa coral fragments transplanted on different composition of faba kerbstone artificial reef
Authors: Isfatul khasanah Ruly , ENDANG YULI HERAWATI  , ANIK MARTINAH HARIATI  , MOHAMMAD MAHMUDI  , AIDA SARTIMBUL  , DEWA GEDE RAKA WIADNYA  , EVRON ASRIAL  , YUDATOMO  , ERRY NABIL
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Khasanah RI, Herawati EY, Hariati AM, Mahmudi M, Sartimbul A, Wiadnya DGR, Asrial E, Yudatomo, Nabil R. 2019. Growth rate of Acropora formosa coral fragments transplanted on different compositions of faba kerbstone artificial reef. Biodiversitas 20: 3593-3598. A counter measure and an alternative technique to reduce coral reef destruction is through transplantation, which requires the relocation or cutting of a live coral, planted in a designated place containing damaged varieties. Faba kerbstone is a product innovation similar to paving block/brick, made from fly and bottom ash (FABA), which is the dominant waste product from PT Jawa Power, Probolinggo, Indonesia. In addition, it has also been widely utilized as a raw material in the creation of paving and concrete blocks, composed by harmless material, with a length, width, and height of 40, 25 and 15 cm, respectively. This study aims to observe the growth rate of Acropora formosa coral fragments transplanted on a faba kerbstone, using five different fly and bottom ash compositions: K1 = 0% Fa, K2 = 25% Fa and 75% Ba, K3 = 50% FA and 50% Ba, K4 = 75% Fa and 25% Ba, while K5 = 100% Fa and 0% Ba. Furthermore, the observations were conducted underwater, using scuba diving for six months, observing the parameters of fragment length, colony diameter, and branches number. In addition, the highest elongation rate of A. formosa coral fragments was identified at K2 (1.313 ± 0.447 cm/month), and K1 (1.185 ± 0.642 cm/month), while the most significant increment in colony diameter was observed in K2 (0.077 ± 0.060 cm/month) and K1 (0.063 ± 0.071 cm/month), and the largest number of branches was also found in K2 (29.50 or 4.28 branches/month) and K1 (25.25 or 3.67 branches/month). Furthermore, the one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (p = 0.05) showed was no significant difference in the fragments elongation and colony diameters in the K1 and K2 models, although there was substantial variation from the K3, K4, and K5.
The diversity of useful plants and botanical knowledge of the Rejang Tribe in Kepahiang District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia
Authors: WIRYONO WIRYONO , Sriwahyuni  , Winanda Gusti Ayu , Saprinurdin  , Nurliana Steffanie
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Wiryono, Sriwahyuni, Winanda GA, Saprinurdin, Nurliana S. 2019. The diversity of useful plants and botanical knowledge of the Rejang Tribe in Kepahiang District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3599-3607. The rural people derive multiple benefits from the highly diverse plants in their traditional gardens and the nearby natural forests. However, the conversion of natural forests and traditional gardens into monoculture plantations in many areas has reduced the plant diversity, which in turn has also reduced the botanical knowledge, especially among the younger generation. This study was conducted to know: (i) the diversity of plant species used by the people of Rejang tribe in Kota Agung Village, Kepahiang District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia, (ii) the correlation between age and botanical knowledge, and (iii) the effect of gender on the botanical knowledge. Data were collected through interviews with five key informants and 68 villagers, and the data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using t-test and regression analyses. The results showed that the Rejang people in Kota Agung Village used 130 plant species for 12 different purposes. The three top use categories were food, medicine, and ornament. The botanical knowledge was positively correlated with age, and women had better botanical knowledge than men, presumably due to the longer time they spend in taking care of the homegardens. This study confirms the worldwide trend that there is a decline in botanical knowledge among young people.
Modeling climatic suitable areas for kedondong (Spondias dulcis) cultivation in central part of Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Hayati Ibna , Hartana Alex , Djuita Nina Ratna
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Hayati I, Hartana A, Djuita NR. 2019. Modeling climatic suitable areas for kedondong (Spondias dulcis) cultivation in central part of Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3608-3618. Kedondong (Spondias dulcis Parkinson) is a fruit plant native to Society Island (Polynesia, Pacific Islands) and widely cultivated in many tropical regions and countries. However, little is known about the occurrences and potential distribution of kedondong as well as its adaptability to different climate particularly in central part Sumatra. This paper is the first to predict the distribution of kedondong in central part of Sumatra in spatially explicit way. The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model was used to analyze the geographical distribution of kedondong and to map its climatically suitable habitat in central part of Sumatra. The results showed that the MaxEnt model can be used to predict the climatic suitable areas for kedondong cultivation. Notably, the extent of the potentially suitable habitat was significantly larger than the present occurrence of kedondong in central part of Sumatra. The most suitable areas identified in this study covered the west coast of Sumatra and the central part of Sumatra but did not reach the eastern coast. They included parts of Kuantan Singingi, Indragiri Hulu, Indragiri Hilir and Pelalawan of Riau Provinces, Batang Hari of Jambi Provinces, and western part which include Agam, Tanah Datar, West Pasaman, Limapuluh Kota, Padang Pariaman, Padang and South Pesisir of West Sumatra Provinces. The MaxEnt model performed better than random method with an Area Under Curve (AUC) value of 0.981. Although kedondong is still largely ignored by scientific community and its potential has not been deeply explored, the findings of this study imply that it is very important to develop kedondong germplasm resources which have adaptability to extreme climate in central part of Sumatra.
Anatomical structure, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves and fruits on different age and maturity level
Authors: Kuntorini Evi , LAURENTIUS HARTANTO NUGROHO  , MARYANI  , TRI RINI NURINGTYAS
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Kuntorini EM, Nugroho LH, Maryani, Nuringtyas TR. 2019. Anatomical structure, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves and fruits on different age and maturity level. Biodiversitas 20: 3619-3625. Karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton.) Hassk.) is a native plant to southeast Asian countries, and is a well-known medicinal plant used to treat colic diarrhea, wounds, heartburn, abscesses, gynecopathy, and as a pain killer. However, the use of R. tomentosa has not been optimized. This research aimed to observe the anatomical structure, the location, and distribution of flavonoid and to find out the antioxidant activity based on the leaves age and the fruit maturity. Anatomical slides preparation of leaves and fruits were made using the paraffin embedding method with safranin staining. The distribution of flavonoid was analyzed by histochemical test and antioxidant activity was done with DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. Leaf anatomical structure shows that the leaf bifacial (dorsiventral) consisted of upper epidermis, mesophyll (palisade and sponge), collateral vascular bundle, parenchyma midrib, abaxial epidermis, globular oil cavity, and non-glandular trichome. Transverse section of green fruit consists of exocarp (thin outer layer), mesocarp (thick inner layer, soft and runny) and endocarp (thin false septa) layers. The histochemical test showed that flavonoid was observed in the leaf epidermis, mesophyll, vascular bundles, secretory cavity, parenchyma and in all fruit types exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp. Antioxidant activity showed that the extract of the young leaves (IC50 = 14.67 ppm) was stronger than the old leaves (IC50 = 19.86 ppm). The antioxidant activity of the purple fruits extract (IC50 = 12.98 ppm) was stronger than the red fruits (IC50 = 28.63 ppm) and the green fruits (IC50 = 48.36 ppm) but it was weaker than quercetin (IC50 = 1.29 ppm). The purple fruit had the highest antioxidant activity compared to other extracts. This information will be useful for developing karamunting as a potential resource of natural antioxidants for functional foods and health products.
Community study of dragon’s blood palm (Daemonorops spp.) in Harapan Rainforest, Sumatra
Authors: Asra Revis , JOKO RIDHO WITONO  , IZUANDRY FIJRIDIYANTO  , ELVA  , STEFAN SCHEU
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Asra R, Witono JR, Fijridiyanto I, Elva, Scheu S. 2019. Community study of dragon’s blood palm (Daemonorops spp.) in Harapan Rainforest, Sumatra. Biodiversitas 20: 3632-3640. Dragon's blood palms are rattan species that produce red-colored exudate on its fruit skin, popularly called exudates 'dragon's blood'. It has a high economic value and plays an important role as an income source for indigenous tribes in Jambi, such as in Bukit Duabelas National Park who live Anak Dalam Tribe and Semerantihan Village live Talang Mamak Tribe. However, overexploitation and unsustainable harvesting method have caused its decline in its population in natural forest. This study aims to make an inventory and map distribution of Dragon's blood palms in Harapan Rainforest, at the boundary between Jambi and South Sumatra Provinces, Indonesia; to determine its sex ratio and identify environmental factors that influence sex of Dragon's blood palms. This research used purposive random sampling method at three areas in Harapan Rainforest, i.e.: Hamparan Bato, Hamparan Batang Kapas, and Hamparan between Block A and B. The results showed that three species of Daemonorops were found in Harapan Rainforest, namely Daemonorops didymophylla, D. draco, and D. longipes. D. longipes has the highest population (18 clumps). The highest number of clumps were found in Hamparan Bato (17 clumps)and Hamparan Batang Kapas (17 clumps) areas. The ratio of male and female plants of D. longipes is 1: 1.84, D. draco is 1: 2 and D. didymophylla is 2.2: 1. Most clumps of Daemonorops species in Harapan Rainforest grow on the river banks which have low organic matters. Soil chemical variables that most contribute to the growth of Daemonorops spp. in Harapan Forest are N, C and pH.
Archaeal and methanogenic communities in the rice field under different fertilizer applications
Authors: Fatma Yuli , IMAN RUSMANA  , ARIS TRI WAHYUDI  , HAMIM
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Fatma YS, Rusmana I, Wahyudi AT, Hamim. 2019. Archaeal and methanogenic communities in the rice field under different fertilizer applications. Biodiversitas 20: 3667-3675. The archaeal community in the soil surrounding rice roots plays key roles in biogeochemical cycles. Methanogenic archaea contribute to CH4 production in the rice field and control CH4 emission rates; an important greenhouse gas significantly emitted from the rice field. Characteristic of archaeal and methanogenic community in Indonesian rice field has not been well documented. In this study, rice plants grown in the rice field were treated with two different fertilizer applications, i.e., 100% urea without biofertilizer (250 kg ha-1) (B0), and 50% urea (125 kg ha-1) with biofertilizer consisted of methanotrophic bacteria and N2O-reducing bacteria (B1). Soil archaeal community of the two types of fertilization was characterized over the rice-growing period using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The succession and dynamic of the archaeal population were detected in each of the two treatments before fertilizer application (0 days after transplanting [DAT]) until the rice generative phase (69 DAT). During the period, the archaeal soil community in both treatments was dominated by Crenarchaeota. The relative abundance of putative methanogens was higher in the B0 treatment than that of B1 treatment. Within the methanogenic community, Methanosarcinaceae and Methanomassiliicoccaceae which found as most dominant group in both treatments were presumably to be important contributors to CH4 emission. The application of 50% urea with biofertilizer (B1) changed the structure of the archaeal and methanogenic community in the rice field compared to the application of 100% urea (B0).
Bird communities and vegetation composition in Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Sudaryanto Franciscus Xaverius , Hardini Junita , Kalih Lalu Achmad Tan Tilar Wangsajati Sukmaring , Asrori Muhammad Mirzan , Suana I Wayan
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Sudaryanto FX, Hardini J, Kalih LATTWS, Asrori MM, Suana IW. 2019. Bird communities and vegetation composition in Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3676-3683. A study on bird community and vegetation composition in Nusa Penida was carried out to determine its diversity, conservation status, and habitat as an effort to conserve and develop birdwatching ecotourism in Nusa Penida. The study was conducted in Tembeling forest and Ped agroforestry. By using the point count method, we found 80 species of birds: 70 species in Tembeling forest and 79 species in Ped agroforestry. Fourteen species of birds are protected by Indonesian law. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, four species are Critically Endangered and one species is classified as Near Threatened. We also found eight species of migratory birds. Diversity of birds in Nusa Penida was high. Individuals of each bird species was spread evenly, except Hirundo rustica, Hirundo tahitica and Streptopelia chinensis were dominant. Twenty-five species of trees were found in Tembeling, while in Ped were found 22 species. These vegetations were provided birds with good resources for foraging, resting, and nesting.
Lead (Pb) toxicity effect on physio-anatomy of bead-tree, jatropha, castor bean and Philippine-tung grown in water culture
Authors: Hamim Hamim , Hanifatunisa  , Hadisunarso  , Setyaningsih Luluk , Saprudin Deden
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Hamim, Hanifatunisa, Hadisunarso, Setyaningsih L, Saprudin D. 2019. Lead (Pb) toxicity effect on physio-anatomy of bead-tree, jatropha, castor bean and Philippine-tung grown in water culture. Biodiversitas 20: 3690-3697. Heavy metal contamination in both land and water has been intensively studied because of their broad impact for the environment. Bead-tree (Melia azedarach), Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), castor bean (Ricinus communis) and Philippine tung (Reutealis trisperma) are kinds of non-edible oil-producing species, that are able to grow well on degraded lands and may have potential use for phytoremediation of heavy metals contaminated areas. This study aimed to analyze the response of bead-tree (Melia azedarach), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), castor bean (Ricinus communis) and Philippine-tung (Reutealis trisperma) to lead (Pb) contaminant in water culture experiment based on morphological, physiological and anatomical parameters. Two months old plants were transferred to the media containing Hoagland solution. After three weeks of planting, Pb (NO3)2 treatments with five concentrations, i.e. control (0 mM), 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, and 3 mM were added together with Hoagland replacement and the plants were treated for three weeks. The growth, anatomical and physiological parameters were observed during the treatment until three weeks. The results showed that Pb treatment, especially with higher concentration, dramatically decreased plant growth, such as plant height, number of leaves, as well as shoot and root dry weight of all the species. Lead treatment triggered the emergence of free radicals and oxidative stress as indicated by a significant increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, while it decreased chlorophyll content of all the species. The higher concentration of Pb (NO3)2 caused the thickness of upper epidermis, lower epidermis, and spongy mesophyll tissue to decrease significantly which contributed to the decrease of leaves thickness. Among the species, Philippine-tung was the most tolerant of Pb toxicity. This species is potential to be used in phytoremediation program of lead-contaminated land such as gold mine area as well as heavy industrial areas.
Resistance of Capsicum annuum genotypes against various isolates of Phytophthora capsici from Java, Indonesia
Authors: Tono Wartono , SURYO WIYONO  , MUHAMAD SYUKUR  , GIYANTO  , PUJI LESTARI
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Wartono, Wiyono S, Syukur M, Giyanto, Lestari P. 2019. Resistance of Capsicum annuum genotypes against various isolates of Phytophthora capsici from Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3723-3730. Phytophthora capsici Leonian is one of the pathogenic oomycetes that can reduce chilli production worldwide. In this study, Indonesian local chilli genotypes were evaluated for their resistance to P.capsici on chilli in Java, under controlled conditions. P. capsici used in this study consisted of four isolates derived from chilli plants in Java Island. The chilli genotypes tested were 38 local chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) originated from Indonesia and 3 introduced C. annuum. Inoculation was carried out by drenching 5 ml suspension of zoospore (1 x 104) on the growing medium suitable for the oomycetes around the plant. Disease symptom was measured at 21 days after inoculation. Salicylic acid and b-1.3-glucanase analyses were conducted to 7-week old plant with specific interval. Molecular characterization to complement disease assay was carried out using SCAR primers (OpD04,717-F/D04,717-R). Significant differences were found in genotypes, isolates, and interactions between chilli genotypes x P. capsici isolates. Four tested isolates had different levels of virulence ranging from moderate (CpnsCK1, KdrRM3, WnsbCk) to high (WnsbCK2). The chilli genotypes revealed high partial resistance to P. capsici, as demonstrated by six genotypes resistant to CpnsCK1, two genotypes to KdrRM3, and one genotype resistant to WnsbCK1. Resistance of one of chilli pepper, Ungara was positively associated with an increase of salicylic acid and b-1.3-glucanase. There is no association between the SCAR marker with resistance of chilli to P. capsici suggested these pathogens from Java are probably controlled by another locus which is not detected by this SCAR marker.
Biochar enriched with organic fertilizer improves the survival and growth rate of Anthocepalus cadamba seedlings planted on degraded spodosols
Authors: Syahrinudin Syahrinudin , Hartati Wahjuni , Sudarmadji Triyono , Krisdianto Nurman , Ibrahim Ibrahim
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Syahrinudin, Hartati W, Sudarmadji T, Krisdianto N, Ibrahim. 2019. Biochar enriched with organic fertilizer improves the survival and growth rate of Anthocepalus cadamba seedlings planted on degraded spodosols. Biodiversitas 20: 3741-3750. The application of biochar for the improvement of soil properties and fertility has drawn enormous interest worldwide nowadays and numerous application options are now available. This research was aimed to evaluate the effects of the application of biochar and organic fertilizers on the survival and growth of Anthocepalus cadamba seedlings planted on degraded spodosols soil on bioassay trial in the nursery. Bioassay trial was carried out in the nursery of Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia, employing a 2-factors Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with factor 1 was the rate of biochar application (i.e. six levels of treatment: 0 (control), 2, 5, 10, 25 and 100%v of biochar), and factor 2 (enrichment of organic fertilizers, i.e. with enrichment and without enrichment), and each treatment combination had 3 replications. The results showed that biochar application alone improved height and diameter growth rate of A. cadamba seedlings by 253% and 116% of control treatment (without biochar), respectively. Enrichment of organic fertilizers gave further improvement in height and diameter growth rate of A. cadamba seedlings to 386% and 150% of control treatment (without biochar), respectively. Furthermore, biochar application improved survival and biomass growth rate of the seedlings. Enrichment of organic fertilizers into biochar improved not only seedling growth rate but also more interestingly the carrying capacity of spodosols to biochar application rate. We concluded that biochar application complemented with enrichment of organic fertilizers on spodosols is highly promising for the improvement of both soil carbon sequestration and plant growth performance.
Geographic distribution of the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti and its introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi in parts of Indonesia
Authors: Fanani Muhammad Zainal , Rauf Aunu , Maryana Nina , Nurmansyah Ali , Hindayana Dadan
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Fanani Z. M., Rauf A, Maryana N, Nurmansyah A, Hindayana D. 2019. Geographic distribution of the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti and its introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi in parts of Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3751-3757. Cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an invasive pest detected for the first time in Indonesia in 2010. An exotic parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was introduced and released in 2014 to control the pest. Study was conducted with the objective to determine the geographic distribution of P. manihoti and spread of A. lopezi. Field surveys were conducted on cassava fields in various locations in Lampung, Java, and Nusa Tenggara. Our studies showed that P. manihoti was found to be widely distributed in Lampung, Banten, West Java, Central Java, East Java, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara. In each location visited, symptoms of P. manihoti infestation as indicated by internode distortion and bunchy top were prominent. Three years following release, parasitoid A. lopezi has established and spread into several cassava growing areas, except East Nusa Tenggara. Parasitism rates varied from 1.50% in West Nusa Tenggara up to 59.18% in East Java. Logistic regression revealed that probability of severe damage by the cassava mealybug was significantly (P<0.05) increased with the increasing abundance of ants.