bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postload glucose spike but not fasting glucose determines prognosis after myocardial infarction in patients without known or newly diagnosed diabetes
Authors: Chattopadhyay Sudipta , George Anish , John Joseph , Sathyapalan Thozhukat
Published: February 2021

Background

The effect of postload glucose spikes (PGS), the difference between 2 hour post‐load plasma glucose (2hPLPG) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), on post–myocardial infarction (post‐MI) prognosis in nondiabetic patients is unexplored.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort analysis of 847 nondiabetic post‐MI survivors who underwent a predischarge oral glucose tolerance test (median PGS: 2.4 mmol/L). Patients were divided into the unmatched groups 1 and 2 (PGS ≤ and > 2.4 mmol/L) and the propensity score‐matched groups 1M and 2M (355 pairs assembled from the overall cohort), and these groups were compared. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE: death and nonfatal reinfarction) were recorded during follow‐up (median: 3.4 years). Event‐free survival was compared by the Kaplan‐Meier method. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression determined the predictors of MACE. C‐statistics (change in area under the curve, δAUC), continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI>0), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were used to compare models.

Results

The number of MACE was higher in groups 2 (27.3% vs 14.2%, P < .001) and 2M (24.5% vs 15.5%, P < .001). Event‐free survival was worse in groups 2 (hazard ratio [HR] 2.01; 95% CI, 1.49‐2.71; P < .001) and 2M (HR 1.63; 95% CI, 1.17‐2.27; P = .004). PGS independently predicted MACE‐free survival in the whole (HR 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06‐1.26; P = .002) and matched cohort (HR 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02‐1.24; P = .021). PGS, but not FPG or 2hPPG, improved the predictive performance of the base model (δAUC 0.013, P = .046), with greater improvement seen when PGS was added and compared to 2hPPG (δAUC 0.005, P = .034; NRI>0 0.2107, P = .013; IDI 0.0042, P = .046).

Conclusion

PGS is a better predictor of post‐MI prognosis than 2hPPG in nondiabetic patients.
Oviposition behaviour and electrophysiological responses of Alabama argillacea (Hübner, 1823) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) to essential oils and chemical compounds
Authors: Santos Andrezo A , Wanderley‐Teixeira Valéria , Navarro Daniela M A F , Dutra Kamilla A , Cruz Glaucilane S , Teixeira Álvaro A C , Oliveira José V , Milet‐Pinheiro Paulo
Published: February 2021

Alabama argillacea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is a cotton pest. It is considered the most important defoliator species. It is commonly controlled using non‐selective synthetic insecticides. However, they cause adverse effects to the environment. Thus, there is a need for more sustainable forms of management. In this case, essential oils may be a promising alternative. They have proven effects against countless agricultural pests. However, there is still few information on the effects of essential oils against A. argillacea. The present work aims to evaluate the deterrent activity of essential oils of Mentha spicata, Litsea cubeba, Melaleuca alternifolia and Juniperus virginiana on the oviposition of A. argillacea and identify which compounds of these oils are responsible for this action. Oviposition bioassays were performed to test oils. Gas chromatography coupled with electroantennography (GC‐EAD) was performed to identify constituents detected by A. argillacea. In oviposition bioassays, only the oil of M. spicata showed activity against A. argillacea. GC‐EAD analyses of this oil revealed that three compounds elicited visible antennal responses, namely, limonene, carvone and (E)‐β‐caryophyllene. Bioassays testing these three compounds showed that only limonene elicited oviposition deterrence against A. argillacea. Hence, the findings suggest that the essential oil of M. spicata and, more specially, limonene may contribute to a more sustainable management of this important pest of cotton.
The rise of the cosmetic industry in ancient China: Insights from a 2700‐year‐old face cream
Authors: Han B. , Chong J. , Sun Z. , Jiang X. , Xiao Q. , Zech J. , Roberts P. , Rao H. , Yang Y.
Published: February 2021

Cosmetics have a long history in China, but their origins remain unclear. Cosmetic industry potentially originated in the Spring and Autumn Period (770–476 bce), but little is known about the early manufacture and use of cosmetics. The Liujiawa site, located on the southern edge of the Loess Plateau in northern China, was the late capital of the ancient Rui state in the early to mid‐Spring and Autumn Period. During the excavation, a sealed small and exquisite container with suspected cosmetic use was unearthed from tomb M49 belonging to a male associated with the aristocratic class. We report in this paper the multidisciplinary application of ATR‐FTIR, XRD, SEM, stable isotope analysis, GC‐MS and GC‐C‐IRMS analysis of the residue inside the container, demonstrating that the residue, which was made of ruminant adipose fat mixed with monohydrocalcite from cave moonmilk, was likely used as cosmetic face cream by the nobleman of the Rui state. This study provides an early example of cosmetic production in China, and, together with the prevalence of similar cosmetic containers during this period, it suggests the rise of an incipient cosmetics industry. Furthermore, the exploitation of moonmilk, a special stalactite in some limestone caves, reflects the link between early Taoist School and cosmetic production encouraged by the aristocratic class.
The socio‐ecological imagination: Young environmental activists constructing transformation in an era of crisis
Authors: Herbert Joe
Published: February 2021

In this paper, I call for geographers to engage further with a so far under‐explored concept of the socio‐ecological imagination, which I define as a variant of political‐geographical imagination(s) concerned with envisioning (and progressing) the transformation of relationships between human society and the rest of the planetary environment. In response to escalating ecological breakdown, and a recent surge in environmental movement mobilisation(s) led in many places by young people, this paper seeks to contribute to expanding understandings of the socio‐ecological imagination, drawing on interviews and participant observation with young environmental activists in the North East of England. The paper performs two major tasks. First, through analysing the ways in which the environmentalists narrate their imaginaries of socio‐ecological transformation(s), it is argued that dominant oppositional tendencies within participant narratives result from a tension between antagonistic and imaginative forms of transformative politics. Second, the paper explores in more depth the main forces constraining the imagination of alternative socio‐ecological futures, proposing three major interconnected barriers that emerge from the environmentalists' narratives: crisis lock‐in; colonisation of the social imaginary; and dualistic temporal imaginaries of transformation. In sum, I suggest that these barriers warn of an imaginative gap between our current social reality and just and sustainable futures, driven by structural and psychological pressures faced by activists in the current era of multi‐dimensional crisis. Bridging this gap can be aided by a greater engagement of geographers and environmental movements with a socio‐ecological imagination and a processual understanding of space–time.
Atropine‐induced toxicity after off‐label sublingual administration of eyedrop for sialorrhoea treatment in neurological disabled patients
Authors: Michelon Hugues , Larabi Islam Amine , Lemoine Jérôme , Alvarez Jean‐Claude , Genevée Anne , Lillo‐Lelouet Agnès , Azouvi Philippe , Lefèvre‐Dognin Clémence , Paquereau Julie
Published: February 2021

Sialorrhea is a troublesome and disabling symptom defined by the unintentional loss of saliva from the mouth, usually associated with swallowing disorders. Today there is no consensus about the management of sialorrhoea, but off‐label use of ophthalmic atropine eyedrop administered sublingually may offer benefits, despite limited safety data. We report 2 cases of atropine overdose after sublingual administration illustrating that atropine can expose to severe adverse effects when administered sublingually. The noncompartmental pharmacokinetic study of atropine performed in 1 patient highlighted that systemic absorption of sublingual atropine was effective (Cmax [1 h] = 2.2 ng mL−1; approximately) after a single dose of 1 mg.
Longitudinal Trajectories of Four Domains of Parenting in Relation to Adolescent Age and Puberty in Nine Countries
Authors: Lansford Jennifer E. , Rothenberg W. Andrew , Riley Jillian , Uribe Tirado Liliana Maria , Yotanyamaneewong Saengduean , Alampay Liane Peña , Al‐Hassan Suha M. , Bacchini Dario , Bornstein Marc H. , Chang Lei , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Di Giunta Laura , Dodge Kenneth A. , Gurdal Sevtap , Liu Qin , Long Qian , Malone Patrick S. , Oburu Paul , Pastorelli Concetta , Skinner Ann T. , Sorbring Emma , Tapanya Sombat , Steinberg Laurence
Published: February 2021

Children, mothers, and fathers in 12 ethnic and regional groups in nine countries (N = 1,338 families) were interviewed annually for 8 years (Mage child = 8–16 years) to model four domains of parenting as a function of child age, puberty, or both. Latent growth curve models revealed that for boys and girls, parents decrease their warmth, behavioral control, rules/limit‐setting, and knowledge solicitation in conjunction with children’s age and pubertal status as children develop from ages 8 to 16 across a range of diverse contexts, with steeper declines after age 11 or 12 in three of the four parenting domains. National, ethnic, and regional differences and similarities in the trajectories as a function of age and puberty are discussed.
Financial development and employment: New panel evidence
Authors: Ayadi Rym , Ben Naceur Sami , Goaied Mohamed
Published: February 2021

This paper adds to the recent literature on finance and employment creation by exploring the effect of finance on the labour market, using data on 143 countries from 1995 to 2015. We also examine whether the impact of financial development on labour is significantly different before and after the 2008 global financial crisis. This paper has five main findings. First, the analysis confirms the positive relationship between financial institution efficiency and access, as well as the employment rate in the linear specification. Second, the marginal returns to employment from further financial institution inclusion diminish at high levels of inclusion and turn negative when an inclusion point is reached. Third, the effects of financial market access on employment show a “U‐Shaped” relationship. Fourth, the positive effect of financial development on employment strengthens with the country's institutional quality. And fifth, there is strong support for a negative impact of financial development on employment during the global financial crisis of 2007–2008.
Signals of selection beyond bottlenecks between exotic populations of the bull‐headed dung beetle,Onthophagus taurus
Authors: Pespeni Melissa H. , Moczek Armin P.
Published: February 2021

Colonization of new environments can lead to population bottlenecks and rapid phenotypic evolution that could be due to neutral and selective processes. Exotic populations of the bull‐headed dung beetle (Onthophagus taurus) have differentiated in opposite directions from native beetles in male horn‐to‐body size allometry and female fecundity. Here we test for genetic and transcriptional differences among two exotic and one nativeO. tauruspopulations after three generations in common garden conditions. We sequenced RNA from 24 individuals for each of the three populations including both sexes, and spanning four developmental stages for the two exotic, differentiated populations. Identifying 270,400 high‐quality single nucleotide polymorphisms, we revealed a strong signal of genetic differentiation between the three populations, and evidence of recent bottlenecks within and an excess of outlier loci between exotic populations. Differences in gene expression between populations were greatest in prepupae and early adult life stages, stages during which differences in male horn development and female fecundity manifest. Finally, genes differentially expressed between exotic populations also had greater genetic differentiation and performed functions related to chitin biosynthesis and nutrient sensing, possibly underlying allometry and fecundity trait divergences. Our results suggest that beyond bottlenecks, recent introductions have led to genetic and transcriptional differences in genes correlated with observed phenotypic differences.
IQ and corporate insiders’ decisions to time insider and outsider trading
Authors: Eugster Florian , Kallunki Jenni , Nilsson Henrik , Setterberg Hanna
Published: February 2021

We examine how corporate insiders’ cognitive ability (IQ) affects their decisions to time insider and outsider trading before abnormal stock price changes. Our analysis of archival data on male corporate insiders in Sweden shows they are less prone to time their insider selling and to sell in larger amounts, before abnormal stock price declines as IQ increases. We also find that insiders with a higher IQ are better at timing their outsider buying. Taken together, our results show that corporate insiders’ IQ affects their trading decisions differently, depending on whether they are trading in their insider or outsider stocks.
Rapid Cleanup of a Perchlorate Plume from Fireworks
Authors: Andrews Charles B. , Henry Joel C. , Anderson‐Vincent Arlene
Published: February 2021

Perchlorate was detected in a municipal wellfield in Evart, Michigan in April 2015. Perchlorate concentrations were detected initially in six of the City's wells at concentrations ranging up to 20 μg/L. An investigation to identify the source determined that the perchlorate was from fireworks launched during the annual 4th of July show held at the fairgrounds located upgradient from the wellfield. The use of approximately 600 kg of fireworks during the annual display resulted in an annual loading of approximately 4 kg of perchlorate to groundwater. An aggressive groundwater extraction system began operation in June 2016 to restore water quality in the affected aquifer, and the 2016 fireworks display was relocated to a location outside the capture zone of the water supply wells. Within 18 months average perchlorate concentrations in the water supply wells had been reduced to about 0.6 μg/L. The extraction system continued to operate through the end of 2019, by which time the average perchlorate concentrations in the water supply wells were reduced to 0.2 μg/L. In 2019, approximately 0.4 kg of perchlorate were removed from the aquifer, about one‐half of the amount removed in 2018, reflecting the slow leaching of perchlorate of fireworks residuals from vadose zone soils.
Identified unmet needs and proposed solutions in mild‐to‐moderate haemophilia: A summary of opinions from a roundtable of haemophilia experts
Authors: Walsh Christopher , Boggio Lisa , Brown‐Jones Lanette , Miller Rachel , Hawk Sarah , Savage Brittany , Hansen Kerry , Molter Don , Baumann Kim , Dunn Spencer , Skinner Mark W. , Haugstad Kimberly , Johnson Stormy , Davenport Tammy , Bradbury Margaret , Witkop Michelle , Saad Hossam , Cooper David L.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The experiences of patients with mild‐to‐moderate haemophilia differ from those of patients with severe haemophilia or those without a bleeding disorder and include a challenging diagnosis and variability in bleeding symptoms and treatment needs. In addition, there is a significant lack of data on mild‐to‐moderate haemophilia, and many unmet needs remain to be identified and addressed in this group of patients.

Methods

Challenges for these patients, including women with haemophilia, were identified during a roundtable meeting attended by a group of US‐based experts including healthcare professionals (e.g., physicians, nurses, and physical therapists) and patients who live with a bleeding disorder.

Results

Identified unmet needs included a lack of proper education on the management of their disorder and prompt treatment of bleeds, absenteeism from school and work, and challenges with personal relationships. Initiatives to assist with alleviating these unmet needs were proposed and include suggestions for healthcare professionals, haemophilia treatment centres (HTCs) and national and local organizations within the bleeding disorders community. These included HTC and community engagement programmes for patients with mild‐to‐moderate haemophilia, revised transition guidelines for these patients as they approach adulthood and revised diagnostic classification of mild and moderate haemophilia. Challenges unique to women with haemophilia and ways to address these issues were also discussed.

Conclusion

This paper summarizes the challenges, initiatives and suggestions that were identified by the haemophilia experts during the roundtable meeting.
Impact of haemophilia on patients with mild‐to‐moderate disease: Results from the P‐FiQ and B‐HERO‐S studies
Authors: Witkop Michelle , Wang Michael , Hernandez Grace , Recht Michael , Baumann Kim , Cooper David L.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Epidemiologic studies suggest that joint bleeding occurs in patients with mild‐to‐moderate haemophilia, including women and girls. However, most previous studies on the impacts of haemophilia focus on men with severe disease.

Aim

To identify unmet needs in men and women with mild‐to‐moderate haemophilia.

Methods

The Pain, Functional Impairment, and Quality of Life (P‐FiQ) study assessed the impact of pain on functional impairment and health‐related quality of life in men with haemophilia A or B of any severity. The Bridging Hemophilia B Experiences, Results and Opportunities Into Solutions (B‐HERO‐S) study evaluated the psychosocial needs of adults and children with haemophilia B of any severity, including women and girls. Both studies employed patient‐reported outcome measures.

Results

In the P‐FiQ study, 16% (62/381) of participants had mild and 13% (50/381) had moderate haemophilia. In the B‐HERO‐S study, 29% (86/299) of adult participants were female, 25% (74/299) had mild haemophilia, and 63% (189/299) had moderate haemophilia. In addition, 63% (46/74) of patients with mild and 86% (162/189) of patients with moderate haemophilia routinely infused factor products to prevent bleeding. Patients reported difficulty gaining access to factor products (54%; 142/263) and a haemophilia treatment centre (17%; 44/263). During the P‐FiQ study, 78% (48/62) of patients with mild and 87% (44/50) with moderate haemophilia described problems with pain on the Brief Pain Inventory. Patients also reported issues with anxiety, depression and relationships.

Conclusions

Mild‐to‐moderate haemophilia has physical and psychosocial impacts on patients. We offer some solutions to help alleviate these impacts and resolve unmet needs.
Comparison of the StaRRsed Interliner device with Westergren method in erythrocyte sedimentation rate measurement
Authors: Orkmez Mustafa , Orhan Seren , Bozdayi Mehmet Akif , Tarakcioglu Mehmet
Published: February 2021

Introduction

With recent advances in technology, many manual tests are being replaced by automated devices due to a wide range of advantages. One of these tests is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test that is used to determine inflammatory activity. This study aimed to evaluate the agreement between the Starrsed Interliner sedimentation device and the gold standard method, that is the Westergren method, used in ESR measurement.

Methods

One hundred fifty‐one patients who presented to Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Şahinbey Training and Research Hospital were included in this study. ESR values were measured simultaneously within 2 hours using the ESR analyzer Starrsed Interliner device and the gold standard method of measuring ESR, that is the Westergren method, from blood samples collected from the same patients in EDTA and citrate tubes.

Results

Agreement between the results from the Starrsed Interliner device and the Westergren method was evaluated using the Intraclass Correlation method. Consequently, a poor correlation was observed at values <20 mm/h, a moderate correlation was observed at values 20 to 80 mm/h and >80 mm/h, and an excellent correlation was observed when all results were considered. Method comparison was conducted according to the Passing‐Bablok regression analysis (y = −1.50 + 0.75x) (P < .0001). The mean difference between the two methods was 10.1 according to the Bland‐Altman analysis.

Conclusions

Despite the advantages of the Starrsed Interliner device, such as lower laboratory workloads, lower costs and turnaround time, the difference between the two methods, as found in this study, may lead to different clinical interpretations for results in some patient.
Fons Iustitiae: Justice in the City of God
Authors: Boersma Gerald P.
Published: February 2021

This article seeks to account for the nature of human justice in the City of God. I argue that finite justice, for Augustine, is participatory; it always ‘refers’ itself to the font of justice from which it overflows; it is always received by participation in Christ’s justice. This claim implicates both of Augustine’s central adversaries in the City of God, namely, imperial paganism and Pelagianism. Attention to how Augustine weaves the two major polemical antagonists of the City of God, imperial paganism and Pelagianism, into the same cloth reveals a unified claim about justice in the City of God. Both of Augustine’s antagonists are guilty of claiming a self‐referential and self‐manufactured conception of justice. Pagans and Pelagians do not confess justice as a gift received; they instead treat it as something constructed on the tottering foundation of collective or personal virtue. Justice in both cases fails and finds its end in self‐glorification and pride. Finally, I propose that Augustine’s participatory account of justice has implications for a vexed twentieth‐century debate about the City of God, namely the question of what allegiance, responsibilities and loves citizens of the heavenly city ought to have towards the earthly city in which they live as pilgrims.
Micro‐persistence and difficulty in a game‐based learning environment for computational thinking acquisition
Authors: Israel‐Fishelson Rotem , Hershkovitz Arnon
Published: February 2021

Persistence has been identified as a crucial quality of learning. However, it is hard to attain in online game‐based environments as the drive to progress in the game may influence the ability to achieve the learning goals. This study aimed to examine the associations between micro‐persistence, that is, the tendency to complete an individual task successfully, and task difficulty while acquiring computational thinking (CT). We further explored whether contextual or personal attributes better explain micro‐persistence. We analysed data of 111 school students who used the CodeMonkey platform. We took a learning analytics approach for analysing the platform's log files. We found that micro‐persistence is associated with task difficulty and that students who demonstrated an aptitude to learn new material are motivated to achieve the best solution. We also found that contextual variables better‐explained micro‐persistence than personal attributes. Encouraging micro‐persistence can improve CT acquisition and the learning processes involved.
Cross‐Border Debt Flows and Credit Allocation: Firm‐Level Evidence from the Euro Area
Authors: KAAT DANIEL MARCEL TE
Published: February 2021

This paper employs euro area firm‐level data covering the years 2002–18 to examine the impact of cross‐border debt flows on the domestic allocation of credit across firms conditional on their profitability. As only debt flows driven by global push factors are exogenous with respect to domestic credit allocation, I overcome the endogeneity of debt flows by instrumenting them with a measure of global uncertainty (VIX). My results show that debt flows raise the credit growth rates of low performing firms significantly more than those of high performing firms. This result is driven by domestic banking sectors with lower capitalization.
Development of the facial glycation imaging system for in situ human face skin glycation index measurement
Authors: Lee Jinyong , Jeong Eui Taek , Lim Jun‐Man , Park Sun Gyoo
Published: February 2021

Background

The accumulation of advanced glycation end products has been proposed as a causative agent of skin aging, but there are no conventional devices for quantifying advanced glycation end‐product accumulation in facial skin.

Aims

This study aimed to develop a convenient and accurate in situ advanced glycation end‐product measurement system for the human face.

Methods

We developed a facial glycation imaging system, which consisted of illumination (white light‐emitting diode, ultraviolet light‐emitting diode) and image acquisition modules to capture face images. Advanced glycation end product–related autofluorescence and total skin reflectance were calculated to obtain the skin glycation index using an image analysis algorithm. Correlations between the skin glycation index and facial skin elasticity and age were examined in 36 healthy Korean women.

Results

The facial glycation imaging system was validated against a volar forearm skin autofluorescence measurement device, that is, the AGE Reader mu, with forearm skin glycation index (R = 0.64, P < .01). Cheek elasticity was negatively correlated with cheek skin glycation index (R = −0.56, R = −0.57, and R = −0.61, P < .01 for R2, R5, and R7, respectively). Age was significantly correlated with forearm skin glycation index (R = 0.44, P < .01) and cheek skin glycation index (R = 0.48, P < .01).

Conclusion

We successfully developed a novel in situ facial skin glycation index measurement device. Our convenient and accurate system enables in situ skin glycation index monitoring for skin aging studies such as those on anti‐glycation cosmetics.
Macroevolutionary insights into sedges (Carex: Cyperaceae): The effects of rapid chromosome number evolution on lineage diversification
Authors: Márquez‐Corro José I. , Martín‐Bravo Santiago , Jiménez‐Mejías Pedro , Hipp Andrew L. , Spalink Daniel , Naczi Robert F. C. , Roalson Eric H. , Luceño Modesto , Escudero Marcial
Published: February 2021

Changes in holocentric chromosome number due to fission and fusion have direct and immediate effects on genome structure and recombination rates. These, in turn, may influence ecology and evolutionary trajectories profoundly. Sedges of the genusCarex(Cyperaceae) comprise ca. 2000 species with holocentric chromosomes. The genus exhibits a phenomenal range in the chromosome number (2n = 10 − 132) with almost not polyploidy. In this study, we integrated the most comprehensive cytogenetic and phylogenetic data for sedges with associated climatic and morphological data to investigate the hypothesis that high recombination rates are selected when evolutionary innovation is required, using chromosome number evolution as a proxy for recombination rate. We evaluated Ornstein–Uhlenbeck models to infer shifts in chromosome number equilibrium and selective regime. We also tested the relationship between chromosome number and diversification rates. Our analyses demonstrate significant correlations between morphology and climatic niche and chromosome number inCarex. Nevertheless, the amount of chromosomal variation that we are able to explain is very small. We recognized a large number of shifts in mean chromosome number, but a significantly lower number in climatic niche and morphology. We also detected a peak in diversification rates near intermediate recombination rates. In combination, these analyses point toward the importance of chromosome evolution to the evolutionary history ofCarex. Our work suggests that the effect of chromosome evolution on recombination rates, not just on reproductive isolation, may be central to the evolutionary history of sedges.
Shifting the Training Choice Decision to the Jobseeker—The Slovak Experience
Authors: Stefanik Miroslav
Published: February 2021

We describe a reform in the allocation of training to unemployed jobseekers in Slovakia. Under the REPAS reform, unemployed jobseekers choose a specialization and training provider. This shift in responsibility from the caseworker to the client is comparable to the introduction of training vouchers under the German HARTZ I reform. Benefiting from research available on the German case, we first estimate the positive employment effects of training participation separately for the pre‐REPAS and REPAS periods. Second, we quantify and disaggregate the overall effect of the reform, which does not appear to be driven by a change in the composition of the participants. However, for at least one training specialization, this change does play a role in the short run. The overall reform effect is not channelled through the newly created segment of rare training specializations or high‐skilled participants.
Aubrite Pesyanoe: Clues to composition and evolution of the enstatite achondrite parent body
Authors: Lorenz C. A. , Ivanova M. A. , Brandstaetter F. , Kononkova N. N. , Zinovieva N. G.
Published: February 2021

The Pesyanoe aubrite is an essentially polymict regolith breccia comprised by fragments of different highly magnesian pyroxenitic lithologies: albite; anorthoclase and labradorite‐bearing pyroxenites; diopside and magnesian augite pyroxenites; roedderite‐ and forsterite‐bearing pyroxenites; and impact glasses; porphyritic and melt matrix breccia fragments; FeO‐rich chondritic inclusions; and exotic oxidized clasts. The parent magma of Pesyanoe probably was carbon saturated, as suggested by pyroxenite fragments containing igneous‐textured carbon phases, possibly graphite. The composition of feldspar and trapped melt inclusions in enstatite indicates occurrence of at least three metaluminous melt sources with different (K + Na)/Al and K/(K + Na) atomic ratios on the Pesyanoe parent body and has records of K and Na loss from the melt, possibly due to evaporation from the parent body surface. The roedderite‐ and forsterite‐bearing rocks probably crystallized from a peralkaline melt. We propose that peralkaline melt could be formed from a metaluminous melt(‐s) due to gravitational segregation of djerfisherite‐bearing metal‐sulfide liquid in the lower horizon of the magma chamber and following oxidation of the magma. This should lead to enrichment of silicate melt in K2O and Na2O and increasing of (K + Na)/Al > 1, allowing forsterite and roedderite to crystallize. Rocks enriched in K and containing rare K‐bearing minerals were found among both magmatic and melt rocks. This may imply an insignificant role of regolith transport in the process of the breccia’s formation and, therefore, an origin of all of the breccia components from a local region of the Pesyanoe parent body, probably from a single complex igneous massif.
Women's fasting habits and dietary diversity during Ramadan in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Seiermann Andrea U. , Al‐Mufti Hudaalrahman , Waid Jillian L. , Wendt Amanda S. , Sobhan Shafinaz , Gabrysch Sabine
Published: February 2021

Little is known about fasting practices and dietary changes during Ramadan in low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries. Although pregnant women are exempt from fasting, they may still fast. This is of interest as dietary habits during pregnancy may affect the development of the unborn child. In a community‐based sample of young women in rural Sylhet division, Bangladesh, we described fasting practices and beliefs (n = 852). We also examined reported food group consumption and minimally adequate dietary diversity for women (MDD‐W) by Ramadan occurrence (n = 1,895) and by fasting adherence (n = 558) using logistic regression with Hindu women as a seasonal control.

During Ramadan in 2018, 78% of pregnant Muslim women fasted every day. Over 80% of Muslim women believe that they should fast during pregnancy and over 50% expect positive health effects on the mother and the unborn child. We found strong evidence that Muslim women have more diverse diets during Ramadan, with higher odds of MDD‐W (OR [95% CI]: 5.0 [3.6, 6.9]) and increased consumption of pulses, dairy, fruit, and large fish. Dietary diversity increased to a lesser extent on non‐fasting days during Ramadan. Ramadan appears to improve dietary quality in both fasting and non‐fasting Muslim women in a rural population in Bangladesh. These results help to interpret findings from studies on Ramadan during pregnancy on later‐life outcomes and thus contribute to a better understanding of intrauterine influences of maternal nutrition on healthy child development.
Speciation inDaphnia
Authors: Chin Tiffany A. , Cristescu Melania E.
Published: February 2021

The microcrustaceanDaphniais arguably one of the most studied zooplankton species, having a well understood ecology, life history, and a relatively well studied evolutionary history. Despite this wealth of knowledge, species boundaries within closely related species in this genus often remain elusive and the major evolutionary forces driving the diversity of daphniids remain controversial. This genus contains more than 80 species with multiple cryptic species complexes, with many closely related species able to hybridize. Here, we review speciation research inDaphniawithin the framework of current speciation theory. We evaluate the role of geography, ecology, and biology in restricting gene flow and promoting diversification. Of the 253 speciation studies onDaphnia, the majority of studies examine geographic barriers (55%). While evidence shows that geographic barriers play a role in species divergence, ecological barriers are also probably prominent inDaphniaspeciation. We assess the contribution of ecological and nonecological reproductive isolating barriers between closely related species ofDaphniaand found that none of the reproductive isolating barriers are restricting gene flow completely. Research on reproductive isolating barriers has disproportionally focused on two species complexes, theDaphnia pulexandDaphnia longispinaspecies complexes. Finally, we identify areas of research that remain relatively unexplored and discuss future research directions that build our understanding of speciation in daphniids.
Coupled whole‐tree optimality and xylem hydraulics explain dynamic biomass partitioning
Authors: Potkay Aaron , Trugman Anna T. , Wang Yujie , Venturas Martin D. , Anderegg William R. L. , Mattos Caio R. C. , Fan Ying
Published: February 2021

Trees partition biomass in response to resource limitation and physiological activity. It is presumed that these strategies evolved to optimize some measure of fitness. If the optimization criterion can be specified, then allometry can be modeled from first principles without prescribed parameterization.

We present the Tree Hydraulics and Optimal Resource Partitioning (THORP) model, which optimizes allometry by estimating allocation fractions to organs as proportional to their ratio of marginal gain to marginal cost, where gain is net canopy photosynthesis rate, and costs are senescence rates. Root total biomass and profile shape are predicted simultaneously by a unified optimization. Optimal partitioning is solved by a numerically efficient analytical solution.

THORP’s predictions agree with reported tree biomass partitioning in response to size, water limitations, elevated CO2 and pruning. Roots were sensitive to soil moisture profiles and grew down to the groundwater table when present. Groundwater buffered against water stress regardless of meteorology, stabilizing allometry and root profiles as deep as c. 30 m.

Much of plant allometry can be explained by hydraulic considerations. However, nutrient limitations cannot be fully ignored. Rooting mass and profiles were synchronized with hydrological conditions and groundwater even at considerable depths, illustrating that the below ground shapes whole‐tree allometry.
Relational Risk and Collective Management: A Pathway to Transformational Risk Management
Authors: Kamstra Peter , Cook Brian , Edensor Tim , Kennedy David , Kearnes Matthew
Published: February 2021

Risk tends to be conceptualized at the individual scale, with global risk communication and governance efforts fixated on an individual's knowledge and behavior. While individuals are undoubtedly influenced by those who surround them, such human–human interactions tend to be excluded from empirical and field‐based analyses of risk taking. This study diverges from prevailing analyses of risk as an individualized phenomenon, exploring the collective and relational practices that influence risk while fishing from hazardous rocky coasts. The aim is to counter the near‐universal tendency to individualize risk in empirical analyses by instead using a mixed‐methodology that can quantify and enable consideration of collective responses to risk, in real‐time. We demonstrate that both rock fishing practice and many of the high‐risk events that emerge while rock fishing are managed collectively. Compared to the tendency to individualize risk, we demonstrate that collective responses to risk are more representative of how risk is experienced and acted upon, with implications for risk management in countless contexts.
Influence of clinical and experimental intra‐articular inflammation on neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin concentrations in horses
Authors: Frydendal Catina , Nielsen Katrine B. , Berg Lise C. , van Galen Gaby , Adler Ditte M. T. , Andreassen Stine M. , Jacobsen Stine
Published: February 2021

Objective

To investigate neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations in serum and synovial fluid (SF) from horses with joint inflammation.

Study design

Experimental studies and retrospective clinical study.

Sample population

Serum and SF samples were available from healthy horses (n = 19), clinical cases, and horses with experimental joint inflammation. Clinical cases included horses with (n = 10) or without (n = 10) septic arthritis. Experimental intra‐articular inflammation was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS; n = 7, severe inflammation), lidocaine (n = 6, moderate inflammation), or mepivacaine (n = 6, mild inflammation).

Methods

Availability of samples was based on approval from the local ethical committee and from the Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate. Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin was measured with a previously validated enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Repeated‐measurements one‐ and two‐way analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used to analyze NGAL concentrations and white blood cell counts (WBC).

Results

After injection of LPS or lidocaine, SF NGAL concentrations increased 343‐ (P = .0035) and 60‐fold (P = .0038) relative to baseline, respectively. Serum NGAL also increased in both groups (P < .05) but to lower concentrations than in SF. Concentrations were higher after injection of lidocaine SF NGAL than after injection of mepivacaine (P < .05) at 6 and 12 hours. Synovial fluid concentrations of NGAL were higher in horses with septic arthritis than in the nonseptic group (P = .0070) and in healthy controls (P = .0071). Concentrations of NGAL correlated with WBC in SF (P < .0001, R2 = 0.49) and in blood (P = .0051, R2 = 0.27).

Conclusion

Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin concentrations increased in SF in response to experimentally induced and naturally occurring joint inflammation. Synovial fluid NGAL concentration correlated with WBC and, thus, seems to reflect intensity of joint inflammation.

Clinical significance

Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin may prove to be a useful biomarker of joint inflammation and infection in horses.
Peritoneal dissolved oxygen and function of encapsulated adult porcine islets transplanted in streptozotocin diabetic mice
Authors: Mitchelson Fernie , Safley Susan A. , Gordon Kereen , Weber Collin J. , Sambanis Athanassios
Published: February 2021

Background

Alginate‐encapsulated islet xenografts have restored normoglycemia in diabetic animals for various periods of time. Plausible mechanisms of graft failure in vivo include immune rejection and hypoxia. We sought to understand the effects of encapsulated adult porcine islet (API) dosage on the peritoneal dissolved oxygen (DO) level in correlation to the achieved glycemic regulation in diabetic mice.

Methods

Adult porcine islets encapsulated in barium alginate were transplanted intraperitoneally in streptozotocin diabetic BALB/c mice at 6000 and 4000 islet equivalents (IEQ) and in normal mice at 500 IEQ; APIs encapsulated in calcium alginate were transplanted at 6000 IEQ in diabetic mice. In all cases, cell‐free barium alginate capsules containing a perfluorocarbon emulsion were co‐implanted for DO measurements using 19F NMR spectroscopy. Blood glucose levels and peritoneal DO were measured over 60 days or until graft failure. Explanted capsules were evaluated microscopically and histologically.

Results

Both barium and calcium alginate‐encapsulated APIs at 6000 IEQ reversed diabetes until day 60; barium alginate‐encapsulated APIs at 4000 IEQ also reversed diabetes but with a higher failure rate. Transplanted APIs significantly reduced the peritoneal DO, approximately in a dose‐dependent manner. The number of viable islets and the insulin content per capsule decreased over time. Capsules retrieved from normoglycemic mice exhibited minimal host cell adherence.

Conclusions

Transplantation of encapsulated APIs can reduce peritoneal DO to severely hypoxic levels. Although normoglycemia could be maintained within the study period, the DO levels suggest that hypoxia is a factor contributing to loss of islet viability and insulin secretion with time in mice.
Conversion reactions in atomic layer processing with emphasis on ZnO conversion to Al2O3 by trimethylaluminum
Authors: Myers Tyler J. , Cano Austin M. , Lancaster Diane K. , Clancey Joel W. , George Steven M.
Published: February 2021

Atomic layer processing such as atomic layer deposition (ALD) and thermal atomic layer etching (ALE) is usually described in terms of sequential, self-limiting surface reactions. This picture for ALD and thermal ALE leaves out the possibility that the metal precursor in ALD and thermal ALE can also convert the surface material to another new material. This perspective introduces the previous evidence for conversion reactions in atomic layer processing based on a variety of studies, including Al2O3 ALD on ZnO, growth of Zn(O,S) alloys, “self-cleaning” of III-V semiconductor surfaces, and thermal ALE of ZnO and SiO2. The paper then focuses on the reaction of Al(CH3)3 [trimethylaluminum (TMA)] on ZnO as a model conversion system. A variety of techniques are utilized to monitor ZnO conversion to Al2O3 using TMA at 150 °C. These techniques include FTIR spectroscopy, quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS), x-ray reflectivity (XRR), gravimetric analysis, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements. The various studies focus on ZnO conversion to Al2O3 for both hydroxyl-terminated and ethyl-terminated ZnO substrates. FTIR studies observed the conversion of ZnO to Al2O3 and provided evidence that the conversion is self-limiting at higher TMA exposures. QMS studies identified the volatile reaction products during the TMA reaction with ZnO as CH4, C2H4, C2H6, and Zn(CH3)2. The CH4 reaction product preceded the appearance of the Zn(CH3)2 reaction product. XRR investigations determined that the thickness of the Al2O3 conversion layer on ZnO limits at ∼1.0 nm at 150 °C after larger TMA exposures. A gravimetric analysis of the conversion reaction on ZnO nanoparticles with a diameter of 10 nm displayed a percent mass loss of ∼49%. This mass loss is consistent with an Al2O3 shell of ∼1 nm on a ZnO core with a diameter of ∼6 nm. XPS studies revealed that ZnO ALD films with a thickness of 2 nm were almost completely converted to Al2O3 by large TMA exposures at 150 °C. QCM investigations then measured the mass changes for lower TMA exposures on hydroxyl-terminated and ethyl-terminated ZnO films. More mass loss was observed on ethyl-terminated ZnO films compared with hydroxyl-terminated films, because TMA does not have the possibility of reacting with hydroxyl groups on ethyl-terminated ZnO films. The mass losses also increased progressively with temperatures ranging from 100 to 225 °C on both hydroxyl-terminated and ethyl-terminated ZnO films. The perspective concludes with a discussion of the generality of conversion reactions in atomic layer processing.
The spectrogram, method of reassignment, and frequency-domain beamforming
Authors: Averbuch Gil
Published: February 2021

A smeared spectrogram is a result of the smoothing kernel in the short-time Fourier-transform (STFT). Besides the smeared energy, time and frequency phase information is also smeared, i.e., spectral components may contain imprecise phase information. The STFT is also used as the basis for more advanced signal processing techniques such as frequency-domain beamforming and cross correlation (CC). Both methods seek the delay time between signals by exploring phase-shifts in the frequency domain. Due to the inexact phase information in some of the time-frequency elements, their phase shifts are incorrect. This study re-introduces the reassigned spectrogram (RS) as a measure to fix the STFT artifacts. Moreover, it is shown that by using the RS, phase shifts can be optimized and improve beamforming and CC results. Synthetic and recorded data are used to show the advantage of using the RS in time-frequency analysis, CC, and beamforming. Results show that, subject to certain constraints, the RS provides exact time-frequency representation of deterministic signals and significantly improve CC and beamforming results. Array analysis of infrasonic signals shows that better results are obtained by either the RS- or STFT-based analysis depending on the signals' spectral components and noise levels.
Examining Engagement With Sport Sponsor Activations on Twitter
Authors: Eddy Terry , Cork B. Colin , Lebel Katie , Howie Hickey Erin
Published: February 2021

Research on sport sponsors’ use of social media has begun to emerge, but, to date, limited research has examined how sponsors are using social media as an activation platform to engage with followers. Thus, the purpose of this research was to examine differences in follower engagement with regard to sponsored Twitter posts from North American professional sport organizations, based upon the focus, scope, and activation type of the sponsored messages. This manuscript consists of two related studies—Study 1 employed a deductive content analysis, followed by negative binomial regression modeling, to examine differences in engagement between message structures defined by focus and scope. Study 2 featured an inductive content analysis to investigate differences in engagement between different types of activations. The findings suggest that, in general, more passive (or less overt) forms of sponsor integration in social media messages drive more engagement among followers.