bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infrequent clinicopathological findings in 108 ameloblastomas
Authors: Raubenheimer Erich J. , van Heerden Willem F. P. , Noffke Claudia E. E.
Published: April 2006

One hundred and eight ameloblastomas diagnosed in a rural black Africa population were analysed for clinicopathologic findings other than those classically described. One patient had a polycystic ameloblastoma adjacent to an ameloblastic fibroma. Two other polycystic ameloblastomas showed aneurysmal bone cyst formation and one mandibular tumour was diagnosed as a keratoameloblastoma. Microscopic changes resembling an adenomatoid odontogenic tumour were present in association with two unicystic ameloblastomas and a HPV18‐positive verrucous lesion occurred in the lining of a cystic space of a polycystic ameloblastoma. Two ameloblastomas contained eosinophilic granules in all tumor cells and melanocytes were diffusely present in another. One case exhibited a focus of mucous cell metaplasia. Two polycystic ameloblastomas showed diffuse interstitial ossification. One mandibular tumor was diagnosed as a desmoplastic ameloblastoma and another as an odontoameloblastoma. This study demonstrated that although ameloblastomas are regarded as a fairly homogeneous group of neoplasms, detailed investigations prove clinicopathologic diversity in a significant number of lesions.
Ameloblastic fibroma in a young cat
Authors: Nyska Abraham , Dayan Dan
Published: April 2006

The results of a histological and histochemical study of an ameloblastic fibroma in the maxilla of a young cat are presented. Staining with Picrosirius red revealed the presence of collagen fibers of abnormal packing in the ectomesenchy‐mal component of the tumor. A discussion relating to the classification of the tumor with reference to those in humans is presented.
Oral cancer and precancer related to betel and miang chewing in Thailand: a review
Authors: Reichart Peter A.
Published: April 2006

Historical aspects of betel and miang chewing in Thailand are decribed, as is the betel quid. Available literature on cancer and precancer in Thailand is reviewed. While oral cancer has been a major health problem in the past, changes in habit patterns with marked reduction of betel and miang chewing during the last decades have prompted a change in frequency of oral cancer in some provinces. Oral effects of miang chewing are less marked, although chewer's mucosa has been observed. Betel and miang chewing seem to be vanishing habits in Thailand in contrast to other Southeast Asian or South Asian countries.
Reduction in nicotine intake and oral mucosal changes among users of Swedish oral moist snuff after switching to a low‐nicotine product
Authors: Andersson Gunilla , Axéll Tony , Curvall Margareta
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this investigation was to assess nicotine regulation among users of portion‐bag Swedish oral moist snuff (snus) when switching from an ordinary snus product (Brand A) to a low‐nicotine product having only half the concentration of nicotine (Brand B). Two studies were performed to compare the short‐term effects on consumption and nicotine intake of switching to low‐nicotine snus with those of long‐term effects. In Study 1, consumption data, soft tissue changes and nicotine intake were measured in a group of 24 habitual users of Swedish portion‐bag snus, both during use of their ordinary snus (Brand A) for 2 weeks and during consumption of the low‐nicotine product (Brand B) for 10 weeks. In study 2, the same data were measured during 2 weeks in a reference group of 18 snus users who had been habitual users of the low‐nicotine snus (Brand B) for at least one year. Although there was no increase in number of hours of daily consumption, the amount of snus consumed increased on average by 2 grams a day (+15%) when switching from Brand A to the low‐nicotine Brand B (Study 1). The Brand B reference group (Study 2) consumed about 3 grams less snus a day during the same number of hours as the subjects in Study 1 who had switched to Brand B. These results indicate that snus users compensate to a small extent for the lower nicotine delivery by increasing their consumption on short‐term switching but the same does not apply to long‐term users. There was a significant reduction in nicotine intake when switching to the low‐nicotine brand. The individual average saliva cotinine levels decreased from 336 ng/ml to 153 ng/ml and total amounts of nicotine equivalents excreted during 24 h decreased from 25.2 mg to 14.4 mg (Study 1), reaching about the same levels found in the reference group in Study 2 (159 ng/ml and 14.3 mg, respectively). After switching from Brand A to Brand B in Study 1, there was a decrease in the frequency of Degree 3 clinical lesions and an increase in Degree 2 lesions. Also, Degree 3 lesions were less frequent, and Degree 1 lesions more frequent, in Study 2 than in Study 1. These observations point to the development of less pronounced changes after both long‐term and short‐term switching to a low‐nicotine snus.
Florid cemento‐osseous dysplasia with concomitant simple bone cysts: a case in a Japanese woman
Authors: Miyauchi M. , Ogawa I. , Takata T. , Ito H. , Nikai H. , Ljuhin N. , Tanimoto K.
Published: April 2006

Florid cemento‐osseous dysplasia (FCOD) with concomitant simple bone cysts is not common. We report a case of FCOD involving three quadrants of the jaws and associated with two large cystic lesions of the mandible in a 40‐year‐old Japanese woman. Microscopic examination revealed unencapsulated fibroblastic proliferation with formation of bone and cementum, showing different developmental stages, and cystic lesions resembling a simple bone cyst.
Burning mouth syndrome: the relationship between the HAD scale and parafunctional habits
Authors: Paterson A. J. , Lamb A. B. , Clifford T. J. , Lamey P.‐J.
Published: April 2006

This study investigated 84 patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS), who were asked to complete a hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale questionnaire. A control group of 69 patients was also included. All patients were interviewed regarding parafunctional habits and were subjectively examined for signs of occlusal wear of the natural teeth or dentures. The results demonstrated that parafunctional habits were present in 61% of patients with BMS. There was a statistically significantly relationship between parafunctional habits and anxiety as indicated by the HAD scale, but not with depression.
Proteolytic enzymes in salivary extravasation mucoceles
Authors: Azuma Masayuki , Tamatani Tetsuya , Fukui Kazuhiro , Yuki Tokuyuki , Hoque Mohammad Obaidul , Yoshida Hideo , Sato Mitsunobu
Published: April 2006

We examined the content of type IV collagenases and plasminogen activators (PAs) in luminal fluid of four extravasation mucoceles by means of gelatin or casein zymography. Immunohistochemical staining for type IV collagenases and PAs was performed to identify the possible source of these enzymes. The luminal fluid examined by gelatin zymography showed a high level of type IV collagenases compared with saliva from Wharton's duct. PAs were detected in only one of the cases by casein zymography, and none was detected in the saliva. By immunohistochemical staining, type IV collagenases and PAs were detected in duct and myoepithelial cells of the adjacent salivary gland and in macrophages and fibro‐blasts of the cyst wall. The results suggest that proteolytic enzymes are involved in the pathogenesis of mucoceles.
Effects of testosterone on tumor induction and epidermal growth factor production in the mouse submandibular gland
Authors: Yura Yoshiaki , Tsujimoto Hitoshi , Kusaka Jyun , Yoshida Hideo , Sato Mitsunobu
Published: April 2006

To determine whether testosterone administration was capable of modifying salivary gland carcinogenesis, female mice were given 1 mg of 9,10‐dimethyl‐1,2‐benzanthracene (DMBA) into the left submandibular gland and then Group 1 mice received 5 mg of testosterone propionate and Group 2 mice received vehicle, olive oil, subcutaneously for 8 weeks. Twelve weeks after the start of the experiment, the weight of the left submandibular gland of the Group 2 mice was greater than that of the Group 1 mice. The incidences of submandibular gland carcinoma in Groups 1 and 2 were 41% (12/29) and 57% (17/30), respectively. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) levels of the left submandibular gland were significantly higher in Group 1 as compared with Group 2. These findings indicate that testosterone increases the production of EGF in the DMBA‐injected submandibular gland, but does not promote the development of submandibular gland carcinoma.
Vacuolated cells and mucous metaplasia in the epithelial linings of radicular and residual cysts
Authors: Slabbert H. , Shear M. , Altini M.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a consistent association exists between mucous cells and clear or vacuolated cells in the epithelial lining of radicular and residual cysts and to consider whether the vacuolated cells may represent a stage in the histogenesis of mucous metaplasia in these linings. Single sections from each of 154 mandibular radicular and residual cysts were stained with periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) after diastase digestion. Fifteen cases which showed mucous metaplasia were included in the study and were examined for the presence of vacuolated cells associated with the mucous cells. Mucous cells were present singly or in groups within all layers of the stratified squamous epithelial lining except the basal cell layer. In nearly all instances small to large ovoid vacuolated cells were found closely associated with the mucous cells. Occasional vacuolated cells contained sparse mucin granules or a delicate network of PAS‐positive, diastase‐resistant material. It is suggested that the clear cells may represent a stage in the histogenesis of mucous metaplasia.
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Tsai Sen‐Tien , Jin Ying‐Tai
Published: April 2006

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a nuclear protein synthesized in the late G1 and S phase of the cell cycle which can be detected immunohistochemically in paraffin‐embedded tissue as a useful marker for the proliferating fraction of cells in tissue specimens. Thirty‐eight cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma were studied in groups according to clinical staging and histological grading (UICC system), these included 5 cases of T1, 13 cases of T2, and 20 cases of T3, and 19 cases of G1, 12 cases of G2, and 7 cases of G3. The mean percentage of PCNA positively stained tumor cells in this series was 29.2. The mean percentages of PCNA‐positive cells in each stage and grade were: T1 (13.7%), T2 (24.4%), and T3 (34.3%); G1 (30.5%), G2 (248%), and G3 (33.2%). The results indicate that the percentage of PCNA positively stained tumor cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma was significantly greater when tumor size was larger than 2 cm (T1 versus T2/T3). However, there was no significant difference between T2 and T3. There was no correlation between the number of PCNA‐stained tumor cells and histological grade.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of epithelial glutathione S‐transferase isoenzymes in normal, benign, premalignant and malignant human oral mucosa
Authors: Chen Y. K. , Lin L. M.
Published: April 2006

The expression and localization of glutathione S‐transferase (GST) isoenzymes in the epithelium of normal oral mucosa (n= 9), overlying reactive fibrous hyperplasia (n=9), and of potentially malignant [leukoplakia (n=25), submucous fibrosis (n=12), verrucous hyperplasia (n=16)] and malignant [squamous cell carcinoma (n=36), verrucous carcinoma (n=13)] oral lesions were examined immunohistochemically using polyclonal antibodies raised against GST isoenzymes (alpha, mu and pi) with the standard avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex (ABC) method. GST alpha, mu and pi were almost completely absent in the epithelium of normal oral mucosa and overlying benign fibrous tissues. GST alpha staining was cytoplasmic and focally positive, while GST mu staining was similar to but weaker than that seen for GST alpha. GST pi showed both cytoplasmic and nuclear staining and was expressed in 60% of leukoplakias with mild dysplasia (n=15), 80% of leukoplakias with moderate to severe dysplasia (n=10). 75% of submucous fibrosis samples (n=12), 75% of verrucous hyperplasias (n=16), 77% of verrucous carcinomas (n=13), 81% of well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (n= 26) and 70% of moderate‐ to poorly‐differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (n=10). In addition, GST pi expression was independent of the state of differentiation of oral cancers. Since GST pi was significantly over‐expressed in the oral premalignant and malignant lesions, the kinetics of GST pi‐positive cells and the value of GST pi as a tumor marker in oral carcinogenesis need further investigation.
Expression of p53 protein in oral squamous cell carcinomas and adjacent non‐tumorous mucosa of the floor of the mouth: an archival immunohistochemical study using wet autoclave pretreatment for antigen retrieval
Authors: Piffkó József , Bánkfalvi Àgnes , Öfner Dietmar , Berens Axel , Tkotz Thomas , Joos Ulrich , Böcker Werner , Schmid Kurt Werner
Published: April 2006

Routinely formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded material of 22 squamous cell carcinomas of the floor of the mouth (T2NoMo, Ro), together with adjacent dysplastic or normal mucosa, were immunohistochemically investigated using a panel of four anti‐p53 antibodies (CM1, PAbl801, DO7, PAb240) subsequent to wet autoclave pretreatment for antigen retrieval. p53 immunoreactivity was detected in 9/22 (40%) carcinomas with PAbl801 and DO7 antibodies, and in 8/22 cases using CM1 and PAb 240. p53‐positive tumour cells accumulated predominantly at the invasive front of the carcinomas. A focal or scattered p53 immunoreactivity was observed in the adjacent normal and/or dysplastic mucosa in 17/22 (77%) cases using both CM1 and PAbl801 antibodies, in 10/22 with DO7, and in 8/22 with PAb240. This study has demonstrated examples of different p53 immunophenotypes in the non‐tumorous and neoplastic oral mucosa of the same patient without significant correlation to the clinicopathological parameters studied.
Growth of oral and skin fibroblasts from patients with oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: van Wyk Christian W. , Olivier Annette , Hoal‐van Helden Eileen G. , Grobler‐Rabie Anne F.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate and compare the proliferation (growth) of mouth fibroblasts and skin fibroblasts from patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Material comprised fibroblasts from fibrous bands situated in the buccal mucosa and from the inner aspect of the forearm of 8 patients with classic features of OSF as well as fibroblasts from 6 buccal mucosa and 8 skin biopsy specimens from healthy non‐areca nut chewing individuals. Cells were cultured for 8 days according to standard techniques. Their growth was monitored daily, under optimal conditions as well as exposure to concentrations of arecoline. The data were analyzed using regression analysis, analysis of variance and the Kruskal‐Wallis test. We found no statistically significant differences between the proliferation patterns of oral and skin fibroblasts from patients or between those from patients and controls. The reaction of the cells exposed to concentrations of arecoline was similar; at low concentrations (0.1–10 μg/ml) normal growth was maintained, while 100 μg/ml inhibited growth. It is concluded that fibroblasts from mouths affected by OSF have proliferation patterns which fall within normal parameters, that the excessive collagen formation in established OSF is not due to increased fibroblast proliferation and that arecoline does not stimulate fibroblast proliferation.
Linear IgA disease (LAD): immunoglobulin deposition in oral and colonic lesions
Authors: Cowan C. G. , Lamey P.‐J. , Walsh M. , Irwin S. T. , Allen G. , McKenna K. E.
Published: April 2006

Two cases of adult linear IgA disease (LAD) with oral and colonic involvement are presented. Oral findings, for both patients, were of widespread painful ulceration present for two to three months and diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy and direct immunofluorescence. Colonic symptoms preceded oral symptoms in both cases and a number of investigations were undertaken, including routine histological examination, which suggested either lymphocytic colitis or Crohn's disease. Immunofluorescence studies showed linear IgA deposition confined to the distal colon. These cases highlight that large bowel involvement can be a feature of linear IgA disease and for the first time demonstrate IgA deposition at that site.
Proteus syndrome: association with gingival hyperplasia
Authors: Arendorf T. M. , Hanslo B.
Published: April 2006

A 9‐year old Black boy with gigantism of the hands and feet, and recurrent gingival hyperplasia, diagnosed as Proteus syndrome is presented. The oral manifestations of this syndrome are described. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of gingival hyperplasia associated with Proteus syndrome.
Immunohistochemical localization of fibroblast growth factor‐1 (FGF‐l)and FGF‐2 in cultured human ameloblastoma epithelial cells and ameloblastoma tissues
Authors: Myoken Y. , Myoken Y. , Okamoto T. , Sato J. D. , Takada K.
Published: April 2006

Fibroblast growth factor‐1 (FGF‐1) and FGF‐2 are mitogenic polypeptides that may contribute to neoplastic cell proliferation. In the present study, we established a serum‐free culture system for ameloblastoma cells and demonstrated that the addition of FGF‐1 and FGF‐2 enhanced cell growth in a dose‐dependent manner. Immunoperoxidase staining of cultured cells demonstrated strong expression of FGF‐1 and FGF‐2. In tissue specimens, FGF‐1 was localized in epithelial cell components of ameloblastomas, whereas FGF‐2 was mainly found in the basement membranes with only moderate staining in epithelium. These data suggest that both FGF‐1 and FGF‐2 may contribute to the growth and development of ameloblastomas.
p53 protein and Ki‐67 reactivity in epithelial odontogenic lesions. An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Slootweg Pieter J.
Published: April 2006

Forty‐five examples of epithelial odontogenic lesions (9 ameloblastomas (AB): 13 odontogenic keratocysts (OKC): 15 dentigerous cysts (DC): 6 radicular cysts (RC): and 2 odontogenic carcinomas (OC)) were immunohistochemically analyzed for the presence of p53 protein (p53P) and proliferative activity as indicated by positivity for Ki‐67 antigen. p53P+ cells, detected as dense and/or faint nuclear staining, were found in 42 of the 45 odontogenic lesions examined. Dense p53P reactivity was most commonly detected in OKC, AB and OC, with other lesions generally exhibiting only weak nuclear reactivity. Numbers of Ki‐67 positive cells as well as p53P+ cells were scored semiquantitatively. Although the presence/absence of densely stained p53P+ cells was broadly related to Ki‐67+ cell numbers, there were no differences in p53P+ cell numbers between lesions exhibiting differences in proliferative activity. These results suggest that overexpression of p53P, rather than increased numbers of p53P+ cells, is related to proliferation in odontogenic epithelial lesions.
A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with centromere‐specific DNA probes of chromosomes 3 and 17 in pleomorphic adenomas and adenoid cystic carcinomas
Authors: Li Xinwei , Tsuji Tatsuo , Wen Shumin , Mimura Yuka , Wang Zhaoyuan , Sasaki Kohsuke , Shinozaki Fumihiko
Published: April 2006

Aberrations of chromosomes 3 and 17 were studied by FISH using centromere‐specific DNA probes in 11 salivary adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC) and 8 salivary pleomorphic adenomas (PA), with 3 lymph nodes as controls. Two hybridized signals were detected in 92.8±2.7% of controls, 73.2±7.0% of PA and 66.8±7.9% of ACC cells for chromosome 3, and in 90.4±2.3% of controls, 59.5±25.0% of PA and 44.8±20.2% of ACC for chromosome 17. More than 3 hybridized signals, which indicate polysomy, were observed in 3.1% of controls, 15.5% of PA and 22.9% of ACC cells for chromosome 3, and in 1.2% of controls, 10.3% of PA and 23.1% of ACC cells for chromosome 17. A single hybridized signal was much more frequent for chromosome 17 than for chromosome 3. These findings suggest that polysomy of both chromosomes occurs during the development of salivary gland tumors, and its frequency is increased in adenoid cystic carcinoma as compared to pleomorphic adenoma. In addition, monosomy of chromosome 17 could possibly be significant in salivary gland tumors.
Clinical evaluation of different treatment methods for oral submucous fibrosis. A 10‐year experience with 150 cases
Authors: Lai D. R. , Chen H. R. , Lin L. M. , Huang Y. L. , Tsai C. C. , Lai Der‐Rong
Published: April 2006

Over a 10‐year period (1982–1991), a total of 150 patients divided into two groups with varying degrees of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) were treated by either medical or surgical therapies. Medical treatment involved (a) conservative oral administration of vitamin B‐complex, buflomedial hydrochloride and topical triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%, or (b) conventional submucosal injections of a combination of dexamethasone and hyaluronidase, or (c) a combination of both (a) and (b). The surgical group was treated by the excision of fibrotic tissues and covering the defect with split‐thickness skin, fresh human amnion, or buccal fat pad (BFP) grafts. Treatment was chosen according to the stage of clinical progression to gain maximal interincisal distance (ID). The cases were followed up by monthly examinations for at least two years, or when possible even longer. A combination of (a) and (b) medical treatment was satisfactory in cases of mild impairment (ID > 20 mm) but in the long term it led to symptomatic relief only. Surgical therapy, on the other hand, when accepted by the patients, led to a significant improvement of trismus in cases of severe limitation (ID < 20 mm). Following this strategy, an additional ID increase was observed in all patients. BFP grafting was particularly successful in diminishing scarring after two years as compared with the other two grafts. Together with a cessation of the betel quid chewing habit before and after therapy, these treatment regimens combined with daily mouth opening exercises were found to be necessary to manage OSF cases in early and advanced stages of progression.
High numbers of T cells in gingiva from patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
Authors: Odden K. , Schenck K. , Hurlen B.
Published: April 2006

A quantitative, immunohistologic evaluation of CD3+, CD4+and CD8+ cells was carried out on gingival biopsies from 25 HIV‐infected persons with gingivitis or periodontitis and 13 HIV‐seronegative persons with periodontitis. CD3+ T cells were found in all biopsies. CD8+ cells were significantly more numerous and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was significantly decreased in the gingival connective tissue of the HIV+ patients (P < 0.05). The number of CD4+ lymphocytes subjacent to the pocket epithelium was moderately lower in the HIVH patients as compared to the HIV+ patients (P < 0.05). HIV+ patients with a history of necrotizing periodontal disease had fewer CD4+ cells subjacent to the oral gingival epithelium than patients without such disease (P < 0.05). The general HIV‐related changes in T lymphocyte numbers were therefore reflected in inflamed gingival tissues. HIV+ patients had, however, significantly higher CD4+/CD8+ ratios in gingiva than in peripheral blood (P < 0.05), indicating that CD4+ T cells are actively recruited to gingiva, even in cases of extreme CD4+ T lymphocytopenia.
Oral white lesions with special reference to precancerous and tobacco‐related lesions: conclusions of an international symposium held in Uppsala, Sweden, May 18–21 1994
Authors: Axéll T. , Pindborg J. J. , Smith C. J. , van der Waal I. ,   an International Collaborative Group on Oral White Lesions
Published: April 2006

An international group of epidemiologists, clinicians and pathologists with a special interest in oral white lesions and their precancerous significance has reviewed earlier work on this topic and identified some of the problems associated with previous definitions, descriptions and classifications. Modifications to these definitions, descriptions and classifications have been proposed, accompanied by explanations of the reasons for identifying the need for changes to be made. Leukoplakia may be a provisional or definitive diagnosis dependent upon the circumstances of oral examination and the availability of other information. Guidelines are provided to assist in the application of the definitions of oral leukoplakia and illustrations depict the homogeneous and non‐homogeneous clinical variants. Consideration is also given to the importance of a red component in a white lesion, or a lesion that is entirely red (erythroplakia). A new clinical staging procedure for oral leukoplakia is also proposed.
The use of antigen retrieval for immunohistochemical detection of p53 over‐expression in malignant and benign oral mucosa: a cautionary note
Authors: Dowell Stephanie P. , Ogden Graham R.
Published: April 2006

The tumour suppressor gene p53 is frequently mutated in neoplasia. Since mutant p53 protein is often over‐expressed, mutation can be indirectly detected by immunocytochemical techniques. As microwave antigen retrieval is becoming a widespread method for increasing the antigenicity of paraffin sections, we investigated the application of this technique to p53 immunohistochemical staining of oral mucosa specimens. Paraffin sections of 22 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and 36 benign lesions were immunohistochemically stained with and without antigen retrieval. Without antigen retrieval p53 over‐expression was observed in 6/22 SCC and 1/36 benign lesions. Following antigen retrieval positive staining was observed in 15/22 SCC and 35/36 benign lesions. Staining in benign lesions was confined to basal and parabasal cells and could reflect normal functioning of wild‐type p53. We conclude that antigen retrieval increases the sensitivity of p53 immunoreactivity. but such staining is not specific for malignancy and should be interpreted with caution.
Minimal arecaidine concentrations showing a promotion effect during DMBA‐induced hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis
Authors: Lin L. M. , Chen Y. K. , Lai D. L. , Huang Y. L.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of the present study was to determine the minimal arecaidine concentrations showing a synergistic effect on DMBA‐induced hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis. One hundred and twelve male adult Syrian golden hamsters were divided into 16 groups, each containing seven animals. After eight weeks of DMBA initiation and then four weeks of arecaidine promotion. 100% tumor incidence was found with arecaidine concentrations of 400 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml; average tumor numbers were 1.86 ± 0.63 and 1.86 ± 0.93 respectively (P < 0.05). After four weeks of DMBA and a subsequent eight weeks of arecaidine painting, all hamsters developed visible tumors with arecaidine concentrations of 900 μg/ml and 1000 μg/ml: average tumor numbers were l.86 ± 0.82 and 2.14 ± 1.09 respectively (P < 0.05). The tumor dimensions varied little and differences were not statistically significant. Without DMBA pretreatment, regardless of the high arecaidine concentrations (1000μg/ml, 2000μg/ml and 3000μg/ml) applied, no visible tumor growth was observed: only hyperkeratosis and inflammation could he discerned histologically. Thus, the minimal concentrations of arecaidine displaying a synergistic effect in the DMBA‐induced hamster cheek pouch of carcinogenesis were found to be 400 μg/ml applied for four weeks after eight weeks of DMBA application, and 900 μg/ml applied for eight weeks after four weeks of DMBA painting. These findings may be useful for other studies concerning the tumorgenicity of arecaidine.
Prevalence and related risk factors of betel quid chewing by adolescent students in southern Taiwan
Authors: Yang Mei‐Sang , Su I‐Hung , Wen Jung‐Kwang , Ko Ying‐Chin
Published: April 2006

The prevalence and related risk factors of betel quid chewing among adolescent students were studied in a junior high school (group 1) and in a vocational school (group 2) in southern Taiwan. Group 1 consisted of 3548 participants (89.7% response rate) and group 2 of 1358 (97.6% response rate). The students were asked to complete a questionnaire anonymously. In the junior high school 1.9% of students including all grades (13‐15 years old) and both sexes was found to be a current betel quid chewer and 14% was an ex‐chewer, whereas 10.2% of vocational school students (16–18 years old) was a current chewer and 31% was an ex‐chewer. The prevalence of betel chewing was significantly higher among boys than girls. A high proportion of chewers were also a smoker and alcohol drinker. A statistical analysis of sociodemographic factors showed that male students who smoked tobacco, consumed alcohol and were friends or classmates of students who were betel quid chewers, were the likeliest adolescents to chew betel quid.
Scanning electron microscopic and immunocytochemical studies of contraction during secondary C02 laser wound healing in rat tongue mucosa
Authors: Evrard L. , Nammour S. , Dourov N.
Published: April 2006

An experimental model was established in which the decrease in surface area of CO2 laser wounds on rat tongues was measured during the healing process. Scanning electron microscopy was used to measure and delineate the outlines of the initial wounds and those of the residual wounds. A 50% decrease in the surface area of the wounds was observed 10 days after surgery during the healing process. At day 30, the scar surface area was less than 10% (7.4%) of the wound surface area at day 2. This contrasts with studies reported elsewhere where only minimal contraction was observed during the healing of CO2 laser wounds. Immunoperoxidase techniques revealed that three different phenotypes of myofibroblasts were present inside the healing area, expressing vimentin, actin and desmin. These persisted until day 30 after CO2 irradiation.
Anomalies in the permanent dentition and other oral findings in 29 individuals with Laurence‐Moon‐Bardet‐Biedl syndrome
Authors: Borgström M. Krasse , Riise R. , Tornqvist K. , Granath L.
Published: April 2006

This paper reports a clinical and roentgenological examination of the teeth, jaws and saliva of 29 Scandinavian individuals with Laurence‐Moon‐Bardet‐Biedl (LMBB) syndrome, whose cardinal signs are retinal dystrophy, polydactyly, obesity, hypogenitalism and mental retardation. All subjects had at least three of these signs, including retinal dystrophy. Compared with normal subjects, the group had statistically significantly higher frequencies of hypodontia. small teeth and short roots. In addition, the saliva showed a buffering capacity higher than normal. In conclusion, there seem to exist disturbances of both dental and skeletal formation in the LMBB syndrome.
Sensitivity and specificity of OraScan® toluidine blue mouthrinse in the detection of oral cancer and precancer
Authors: Warnakulasuriya K.A.A.S , Johnson Newell W.
Published: April 2006

The efficacy of 1% toluidine blue in the identification of oral malignancies and potentially malignant oral lesions was evaluated among a group of Asian patients (n=102) with undiagnosed oral mucosal lesions and conditions (n=145). The trial, utilizing a ready‐to‐use kit, was controlled by histopathologic evaluation of a total of 87 dye‐retained or dye‐negative lesions. Eighteen oral carcinomas all retained the dye and there were no false negatives, yielding a test sensitivity of 100%. Eight of 39 oral epithelial dysplasias were toluidine blue‐negative, giving a false negative rate of 20.5% and a sensitivity of 79.5% for oral epithelial dysplasias. The specificity of the technique was low (62%). Five dysplastic lesions were detected solely by the kit and this suggests that the method is valuable for surveillance of high‐risk subjects in addition to its remarkable sensitivity in the detection of invasive carcinoma.
Cyclosporin‐ and nifedipine‐induced gingival overgrowth in renal transplant patients: correlations with periodontal and pharmacological parameters, and HLA‐antigens
Authors: Margiotta Valerio , Pizzo Ignazio , Pizzo Giuseppe , Barbaro Adele
Published: April 2006

The factors associated with Cyclosporin A (CsA)‐ and nifedipine (Nif)‐induced gingival overgrowth were investigated in 113 renal transplant recipients receiving CsA alone (Group 1) [n= 61]. CsA and Nif (Group 2) [n= 28], or azathioprine (Aza) (Control Group) [n= 24]. Periodontal and pharmacological parameters were assessed for each patient. The patients with a gingival overgrowth index (GOI) score >1 were considered responders (R); those with a score ≥1 were non‐responders (NR). Gingival overgrowth occurred in 33.7% of the patients in Groups 1 and 2; 60% of the responders were receiving CsA+Nif. In R. no relationship was found between the GOI and the periodonial and pharmacological parameters, and although there was a trend towards an increased presence of HLA‐A19 antigen (chi‐square = 4.40: P= 0.04: RR = 2.86), no significant difference was found between R and NR (Pc > 0.05). It is concluded that the prevalence and severity of gingival overgrowth are greater in patients receiving CsA+Nif. As overgrowth appeared to be unrelated to local irritants, gingival inflammation or pharmacological parameters, it may be related to individual susceptibility.
Increased elafin expression in cystic, dysplastic and neoplastic oral tissues
Authors: Robinson Philip A. , Markham Alexander F. , Schalkwijk Joost , High Alec S.
Published: April 2006

Expression of human leukocyte elastase inhibitor, elafin, otherwise known as skin‐derived antileukoproteinase inhibitor (SKALP). was investigated in normal and abnormal oral tissues using a specific anti‐SKALP rabbit antiserum. Weak staining was observed in keratinizing epithelia of normal oral mucosa but not in non‐keratinizing mucosa. Increased expression was also observed in the suprabasal layers of dysplastic oral epithelia and in well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, but not in basal cell carcinoma. A uniform strong expression was observed in all supra‐basal layers of odontogenic keratocyst epithelia, except in regions where inflammatory infiltrate was adjacent to keratocyst epithelia. In contrast, elafin expression in a small number of dentigerous cysts and ameloblastomas was more patchy. The increased levels of elafin in keratocyst epithelia and dysplastic tissue may be a cellular homoeostatic response to generate a protective barrier preventing proteolytic degradation of underlying elastic tissue.
Mucosal cell‐mediated immunological changes associated with experimental graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Thomas David W. , Matthews John B. , Prime Stephen S.
Published: April 2006

This study examined the histological changes and local cellular immune response induced within the lingual mucosa in an allogeneic F, hybrid rat model of graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) with a view to studying oral lymphocyte‐epithelial cell reactions. Highest levels of disease, as reflected by both a GvHD index and the extent of the oral mucosal changes, were obtained using primed donor (Lewis rats) splenocytes and irradiated hosts (Lew/Da rats). The lingual mucosae of test animals were characterised by irregular epithelial keratosis, an absence of basal cell liquefaction and a diffuse inflammatory cell infiltrate, histological features consistent with an oral lichenoid tissue reaction. Immunohistochemical studies showed that mucosal involvement was characterised by infiltration of the lamina propria by NK cells (CD8+, CD5−), “activated” cells (CD25+) and T cells (CD5+) with selective migration of the latter, including a CD5+. CD8− subset (helper/inducer T cell), into the epithelium. Epithelial expression of la was invariably associated with these inflammatory cell infiltrates and correlated with the GvHD index. These findings suggest the presence of local mucosal T cell activation in the absence of detectable epithelial cell damage, which may be equivalent to the early initiating events in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. However, whilst experimental graft‐versus‐host disease appears to be a useful model for studying lymphocyte‐epithelial interactions, the induced oral mucosal changes are more consistent with a lichenoid reaction rather than lichen planus.
Cytological and cytochemical investigations on granular cells in oral lichen planus
Authors: Triantafyllou Asterios
Published: April 2006

Two biopsy specimens showed unusual histology characterized by features consistent with resolving oral lichen planus and voluminous, finely granular cells in the lamina dopria. resembling the cells of granular cell tumour. Immunocytochemistry and lipid‐pigment histochemistry indicated that the granular cells are macrophages of low proliferative activity laden with early ceroid. It is likely that damaged basal keratinocytes provide debris for the formation of the latter.‘Oral ceroid granuloma' would be an appropriate term for collections of such reactive macrophages occurring in the oral tissues.
IL‐1α and IL‐6 production by oral and skin keratinocytes: similarities and differences in response to cytokine treatment in vitro
Authors: Li J. , Farthing P. M. , Ireland G. W. , Thornhill M. H.
Published: April 2006

IL‐1α and IL‐6 are important pro‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines and their production by oral (OK) and skin keratinocytes (SK) was compared. OK and SK produced IL‐la, but not IL‐6, constitutively. TNFα stimulation increased IL‐la production by both cell types and exhibited synergy with interferon y (IFNγ). although the latter had no effect by itself. In contrast, both cell types produced IL‐6 in response to TNFα, IFNγ or IL‐4. and IFNγ and IL‐4 exhibited synergy with TNFα. For all cytokines the levels of IL‐6 production were greater for OK than SK and OK, but not SK, produced IL‐6 in response to IL‐1α stimulation. In addition, the IL‐6 response to IL‐4 stimulation was more rapid for OK than SK. These observations may explain the similarities and differences in wound healing and immuno‐inflammatory diseases affecting the skin and oral mucosa.
Immunolocalisation of tenascin‐C in focal reactive overgrowths of oral mucosa
Authors: Mighell Alan J. , Robinson Philip A. , Hume William J.
Published: April 2006

Focal reactive overgrowths of oral mucosa were investigated in the following groups: gingival pyogenic granuloma. fibrous epulis, calcifying fibrous epulis, peripheral giant cell granuloma, giant cell fibroma, fibroepiihelial polyp and denture‐related fibrous hyperplasia (n=8 for each group). We hypothesised that immunoreactivity to tenascin‐C, a functional protein associated with connective tissue organisation and cell migration, would be differentially distributed in individual lesions and between lesion groups. Staining patterns for giant cell fibromas and fibroepithelial polyps were similar to those reported for normal mucosa. By contrast, additional staining was observed in the other lesion groups, although immunoreactivity was variable and not specific to each lesion group. Strong immunoreactivity was observed around blood vessels lined with plump endothelial cells and in regions where keratinocytes were migrating over ulcerated surfaces. Interlacing collagenous fascicles could be either strongly or weakly immunoreactive. with either fibrillar or diffuse staining. Localtsed staining was observed around, but not within, areas of calcification.
A rapid microwave‐in situ hybridization method for the definitive diagnosis of oral hairy leukoplakia: comparison with immunohistochemistry
Authors: Mabruk M. J. E. M. F. , Flint S. R. , Coleman D. C. , Shiels O. , Toner M. , Atkins G. J.
Published: April 2006

As a diagnostic technique, in situ hybridization requires a long processing time, a degree of expertise and may he difficult to handle routinely in some laboratories. To simplify the in situ hybridization method, we have modified a microwave in situ hybridization technique and applied it to oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) biopsies obtained from 10 HIV‐seropositive patients (definitively diagnosed by a conventional in situ hybridization technique) with appropriate controls. It was neccessary to design a novel chamber to avoid drying of sections during the hybridization step. This modified microwave in situ hybridization technique was equispecific and equisensitive to the conventional technique and it shortens the hybridization time from overnight incubation to 14 minutes. To determine the sensitivity of our microwave in situ hybridization method we applied it to previously documented tongue tissue obtained from an AIDS autopsy without clinical evidence of OHL. but found to contain Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) by conventional in situ hybridization. This tissue specimen acted as a low EBV copy number, positive control. The sensitivity of immunohistochemistry using three different commercial detection kits was compared to that of in situ hybridization on the same tissues, following optimisation steps. This included the use of 2 cycles of primary and biotinylated secondary antibodies (antibody double cycling). Clearly positive signals for EBV were detected in all OHL biopsies with the Vectastain Elite ABC and the Histostain‐SP kits. The sensitivity of the three commercial detection kits was evaluated at immunohistochemistry level by their application to the low‐EBV copy number positive control specimen. Signals for EBV antigen in the low copy number positive control specimen were obtained only with the Vectastain Elite ABC kit. This indicates that, in this application, use of the Vectastain Elite ABC kit gives comparable sensitivity for immunohistochemistry to that found by in situ hybridiation.
Primary non‐Hodgin's lymphoma of the salivary glands. An analysis of 22 cases
Authors: Wolvius Eppo B. , van der Valk Paul , van der Wal Jacqueline E. , van Diest Paul J. , Huijgens Peter C. , van der Waal Isaäc , Snow Gordon B.
Published: April 2006

Twenty‐two patients with primary non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (P‐NHL) of the salivary glands have been studied with reference to age, sex, clinical symptoms, location of primary tumour, histological subtype, grade of malignancy according to the Working Formulation, stage of disease, treatment and follow up.

The clinical features corresponded with previously reported data on salivary gland lymphomas. The most frequent histological diagnosis was MALT lymphoma. Most patients had a localised low‐grade lymphoma. Overall survival was influenced by grade of malignancy according to the Working Formulation.
Implantation of Candida albicans and other Candida species in the oral cavity of rats
Authors: Totti M. A. G. , Jorge A. O. C. , dos Santos E. B. , de Almeida O. P. , Scully C.
Published: April 2006

The carriage of five Candida species in the mouths of normal and siaioadenectomised rats was determined for periods up to 30 days after inoculation into the oral cavity. In both test and control animals. Candida albicans was the species recovered in greatest quantities at all periods, followed by C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. In contrast. C. gullliermondii and C. krusei were isolatable only in small numbers and only from the 1st up to the 5th day; they were not present thereafter. Sialoadenectomy favoured oral colonisation only by C. albicans (P<0.05) and did not influence the carriage of the other species.
Expression of the E‐selectin gene in human gingival epithelial tissue
Authors: Pietrzak Eva R. , Savage Neil W. , Aldred Michael J. , Walsh Laurence J.
Published: April 2006

E‐selectin is an adhesion molecule, expressed by cytokine‐activated endothelial cells, that participates in the binding of neutrophils. Recent studies in our laboratory documented binding of the E‐selectin‐specific monoclonal antibody H4/18 to keratinocytes in inflamed human oral mucosa. particularly gingival epithelium. To determine whether this immunoreactivity was due to expression of authentic E‐selectin, the presence of E‐selectin mRNA in gingival epithelium was analysed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Reverse transcription of epithelial RNA and amplification of cDNA with E‐selectin‐specific primers resulted in the formation of a 178 nucleotide PCR product identical to that obtained from cytokine‐activated endothelial cells. Sequencing of the PCR product revealed 100% homology between epithelial and endothelial E‐selectin fragments. Epithelial preparations did not contain mRNA for von Willebrand factor, excluding the possibility of contamination by endothelial cells. These results confirm immunohistochemical studies of E‐selectin immunoreactivity in human oral mucosa and demonstrate that E‐selectin expression is not confined to endothelium.
Radicular cysts are involved in the recruitment of osteoclast precursors
Authors: Zecchi‐Orlandini Sandra , Formigli Lucia , Giannelli Marco , Martini Monica , Tonelli Paolo , Brandi Maria Luisa , Bergamini Maurizio , Orlandini Giovanni E.
Published: April 2006

In consideration of the close relationship between radicular cysts and alveolar bone, it is important to evaluate the potential involvement of the neighbouring bone tissue in such lesions. In the present study, using cytochemical, immunocytochemical and morphological analyses, presumptive osteoclast precursors were revealed in the connective tissue of radicular cyst capsules. The osteoclastic nature of these cells was postulated by their positive staining for the enzyme tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and by the expression of vitronectin receptor (VnR) on their cell surface. However, these cells did not express the vacuolar‐type proton pump, suggesting that they may represent early osteoclast precursors infiltrating the cyst capsule. Cysts also contained activated small blood vessels whose endothelial cells expressed the VnR. This integrin receptor is important in the adhesion of preosteoclasts to the endothelial lining, a necessary step for their emigration out of the vasculature. Therefore, the intracystic vessels could represent a substrate for preosteoclast recruitment. These precursor cells may then reach the perialveolar bone surface and contribute to bone demolition together with those recruited by the resorbing surfaces. The bone‐destroying potential of radicular cysts was confirmed by the presence of numerous osteoclasts with large resorption areas on the perialveolar bone surfaces exposed to the cyst capsules. The resorbed surfaces were usually located around the vascular canals of the Haversian systems.
Sialadenoma papilliferum: an immunohistochemical study of five cases
Authors: Maiorano E. , Favia G. , Ricco R.
Published: April 2006

Sialadenoma papilliferum (SP) is a rare, benign, salivary gland tumor which most commonly arises in the palate. It has a typical biphasic gross and microscopic appearance which distinguishes this tumor from other papillary‐like tumors of the oral cavity. This study reports the clinico‐pathologic features of 5 new cases and analyzes the morphologic and immunophenotypic features of their cell components. Adluminal epithelial cells of duct‐like structures appeared immunoreactive to cytokeratin 19 and to S‐100 protein antibodies; two subsets of basally‐located cells were identified by means of immunohistochemistry. One cell subset expressed cytokeratin 14, S‐100 protein. GFAP, vimentin and smooth muscle actin immunoreactivity: this antigenic profile is consistent with myoepithelial differentiation. The second subset of basal cells expressed eytokeratins 13 and 14 reactivity' but it was negative to all other antibodies. Anti‐CD la and anti‐S‐100 protein antibodies revealed distinct cells with dendritic processes which resembled Langerhans cells. The extralobular location of SP, the continuity between neoplastic duct‐like structures and the surface epithelium along with the presence, within the excretory ducts adjacent to the tumour, of lesions which possibly precede the development of SP give further strength to the hypothesis of an origin from the excretory ducts of this tumor. Langerhans cells seem to be present in Sialadenoma papilliferum but their role in this tumor is still unclear.