bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cohesion and Sport Team Effectiveness: The Benefit of a Common Group Identity
Authors: Murrell Audrey J. , Gaertner Samuel L.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the idea that the salience of a common group or team identity will have positive consequences on performance within a coacting sport (football) team. Ninety-four high school football players from four eastern regional schools completed a survey that measured strength of identification with the team as a whole, as offensive versus defensive units, or as individual players. Results from discriminant analysis revealed a single team unity factor that predicted membership in offensive and defensive units. Analysis of variance using this team unity construct indicated that players on winning teams (as determined by season win-loss record) emphasized team unity significantly more than players on teams with losing records. Implications for the applicability of a team identification to previous notions of team cohesion are discussed.
Agents and Agency: a Player's View
Authors: Meggyesy David
Published: March 2007

Editor's Note—Since the publication of his book Out of Their League, Dave Meggyesy has brought a thoughtful and public voice to the player's perspective in professional football. This comment was received in our editorial office January 11, 1993, five days after an agreement between the NFL owners and players had been announced.
A Social Network Analysys of Influences On Athletes To Play With Pain and Injuries
Authors: Nixon Howard L.
Published: March 2007

This paper shows how structural social network analysis can be a potentially powerful way of conceptualizing and explaining athletes' acceptance of the risks of pain and injury in sport. In particular, this paper shows how concepts and assumptions from structural social network analysis can clarify the conditions that make athletes vulnerable to cultural and interpersonal messages exhorting or encouraging them to play with pain and injuries. It is argued that the willingness of athletes to risk pain and injuries is affected by structural features of their sports networks (called "sportsnets"), by relations with individual sportsnet members, and by "the culture of risk" that is deeply embedded in serious athletic subcultures.
THE INTEGRATION MOVEMENT: TEXAS HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC AND ACADEMIC CONTESTS
Authors: Luberto D. Keith
Published: March 2007

Much has been written about racial issues in sport but little about the integration of high school contests. This article provides a narrative history of the integration of Texas high school athletic and academic contests. Texas is an appropriate area for study because it was part of the Confederacy and had very strict Jim Crow laws. Texas fiercely resisted integration, evidenced by years of continued segregation after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1954 that segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment. Significant integration in the Texas public high school system did not take place until 1967. As this article shows, in the years prior to the Supreme Court's ruling in 1954, Texas high school competitions were strictly segregated. Texas virtually ignored the integration movement from 1955 to 1963, although some integration did take place. Then, from 1964 to 1969, a series of bureaucratic proceedings eventually led to statewide integration in 1969.
GENDER BIAS AND THE 1992 SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES: AN ANALYSIS OF TELEVISION COVERAGE
Authors: Higgs Catriona T. , Weiller Karen H.
Published: March 2007

This study provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of NBC's coverage of sports that held competitions for both women and men during the 1992 Olympic Games. The study presents results of the broadcast time devoted to women's and men's basketball, volleyball, gymnastics, swimming/diving, track and field, and other sports. The analysis examines qualitative differences in portrayals of female and male athletes. The analysis of each sport evaluated announcers' use of strength and weakness descriptors to characterize women and men athletes and the nature of the narratives used to describe women and men competitors. The study finds that although women were given greater coverage in individuals sports, that coverage was divided into shorter and more heavily edited segments. In addition, commentators relied on gender marking, biased and ambivalent reporting, and a focus on personalities as opposed to athletic abilities when covering women's sports.
THE OLYMPICS THAT GOT REAL? TELEVISION'S STORY OF SARAJEVO
Authors: Eastman Susan Tyler , Brown Robert S. , Kovatch Karen J.
Published: March 2007

Qualitative analysis of 1,240 references to previous and future Olympics throughout the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, supplemented by personal interviews with five CBS production executives, revealed CBS's implied sanctioning of a political message about Sarajevo and the Bosnian War. Valent references to Sarajevo took the form of direct pleas to stop the fighting, calls for aid to victims, calls for remembering Sarajevo's past, stories of escape from the war zone, and images of the war's devastation, especially of the ruined sites of former 1984 Olympic glory. Although CBS's aims were commercial, it contextualized the war as an emotionally laden human-interest story rather than a military or political event.
GROUPIES AND AMERICAN BASEBALL
Authors: Gmelch George , Antonio Patricia M. San
Published: March 2007

Widespread public awareness of “groupies”—women who seek relationships with male celebrities—in American professional baseball dates to the 1970s, particularly to the release of popular films such as Bull Durham and the publication of several insider accounts of the lives of ballplayers. This article, based on interviews with groupies and with major and minor league ballplayers, first examines the motivations of the women who pursue such relationships with ballplayers and the strategies they use to get attention. It then turns to the players' attitudes toward groupies and their relationships with them. The groupie phenomenon plays out on a small stage the larger gender roles played by women and men in American society, with desirability for women defined largely in terms of physical attractiveness and for men defined largely in terms of achieved skills as measured by money and fame.
CALL AND RESPONSE
Authors: Goldberg David Theo
Published: March 2007

This article critically analyzes the rapid growth in the United States of sports talk-radio programs, teasing out their race, class, and gendered implications, and attendant particularly to their role in commodification of American sports. The author argues that, far from being a democratizing force in America, sports talk radio reinscribes as it reflects and, indeed, covers up dominant positions of power and powerlessness. Thus, the proliferation of sports talk-radio programs is actually one more indication of democracy's demise than of its regeneration.
“The World at their Feet”
Authors: Magee Jonathan , Sugden John
Published: March 2007

The global migration of footballers to and within the top professional leagues in Europe has greatly accelerated in the last decade. Commercial interests in this “football business” have also grown prodigiously and the English leagues, especially the Premier League, have experienced an associated and pronounced increase in foreign player migration. The Premier League, supported by intensive commercial investment, has placed England on the career map of some top global stars. The globalization of football and its labor migrants can only be considered as part of a multifaceted and multidirectional process. This paper provides a model for understanding the globalization of football and the movement of its labor, but also probes beneath this model, drawing on findings from interview-based interpretative research conducted with foreign professional players in England (n = 22). A typology based on player experiences is established, explaining some of the key experiential dimensions of sports labor migration.
Metaevaluation Research
Authors: Cook Thomas D. , Gruder Charles L.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews four projects aimed at evaluating the technical quality of recent summative evaluations. It also helps identify some technical problems that frequently occur in evaluation research, and it outlines practical methods for solving these problems within the limits imposed by the current state of the art. The methods involve evaluating evaluations during or after their completion, with a stress on the former. The limitations of each method are outlined, together with ways of overcoming them.
Process Analysis
Authors: Judd Charles M. , Kenny David A.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the rationale and procedures for conducting a process analysis in evaluation research. Such an analysis attempts to identify the process that mediates the effects of some treatment, by estimating the parameters of a causal chain between the treatment and some outcome variable. Two different procedures for estimating mediation are discussed. In addition we present procedures for examining whether a treatment exerts its effects, in part, by altering the mediating process that produces the outcome. Finally, the benefits of process analysis in evaluation research are underlined.
Mandated Evaluation in Community Mental Health Centers
Authors: Flaherty Eugenie Walsh , Windle Charles
Published: March 2007

Experience with federally mandated Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) program evaluation (P.L. 94-63) is examined in terms of three issues: (1) the purposes which evaluation serves; (2) the values about evaluation held by key participants; and (3) limitations in both evaluation technology and CMHC context and resources. Eight generic principles for government role in evaluation are derivedfrom this experience. The principles suggest two different roles—accountability to the public and program amelioration. Government requirements should be concerned solely with the former. Specific recommendations for implementing these two roles are given.
Screening Devices in Probation and Parole
Authors: Clear Todd R. , Gallagher Kenneth W.
Published: March 2007

Offender screeningfor classification has become increasngly popular in correctionalfield services. The most common approach uses objective risk and need scales to classify offenders, a strategy designated as "model" by the National Institute of Corrections. However, adoption of this system raises managerial problems, especially concerning selection of scale cutoffs and adoption of supervision standards. The significance of these problems is illustrated in this article by data from several organizations currently engaged in offender screening.
Nonequivalent Group Designs
Authors: Karabinus Robert A.
Published: March 2007

In pretest-posttest nonequivalent group designs, naive use of analysis of covariance or multiple regression can lead to Type I errors. In the evaluation of a Title IV-C, ESEA project, thorough analysis of the interaction term of a repeated model analysis of variance was shown to help identify areas of significant change. Meaningful differences were also supported by the standardized difference score, Effect Size. It was suggested that a two-fold increase of Effect Size from pretest to posttest might be an effective guide in the determination of meaningfully significant change.
The Costs and Benefits of Title Xx and Title Xix Family Planning Services in Texas
Authors: Malitz David
Published: March 2007

The Texas Department of Human Resources provided family planning services to more than a quarter of a million women in the fiscal year 1981 through its Title XX and XIX programs. In order to evaluate the impact of these services, estimates were made of the number ofpregnancies, births, abortions, and miscarriages averted by theprogram. These estimates were then used to calculate the costs and benefits attributable to the program's services.
Evaluation of Programs With Numerous Jurisdictional Implementations
Authors: Tonn Bruce
Published: March 2007

This article explores the problem of evaluating programs with numerous jurisdictional implementations. Typically, budget and time constraints may not allow evaluation of every instance of program implementation. Therefore, a method is needed to guide the selection of a sample of implementations, the analyses of which are generalizable to the program population as a whole. Two sample selection techniques are introduced: cluster analysis and an optimization technique. The techniques are applied to select a sample of states to evaluate the national benefits and costs of the Residential Conservation Service.
Evaluating Public Forestry Assistance Programs
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W. , Risbrudt Christopher D. , Skinner Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

Most states provide public technical assistance to help private landowners manage their forests. This article summarizes the results of a case study evaluating the public forestry assistance program in Georgia. Forest harvesting practices made by private landowners who received public forestry assistance were compared with those who did not receive any assistance when making a timber sale and harvest. Assisted landowners generally had greater returns from harvests, which could be imputed to yield large private, social, and program benefit cost ratios.
An Analysis of Critical Success Factors for a Public Sector Decision Support System
Authors: Le Blanc Louis A.
Published: March 2007

The United States Coast Guard operates a voluntary vessel movement reporting system on the lower Mississippi River. Designed to assist vessel operators navigate a treacherous inland waterway, this decision support system (DSS) informs mariners of known traffic and provides other pertinent assistance. As employed in this postimplementation review, the critrcal success factor approach objectively measures the effect of the decision support system on organizational performance by ascertaining whether the public sector DSS achieved a significant reduction in vessel casualties.
Inner-City Black Undercount
Authors: Boone Margaret S.
Published: March 2007

This report summarizes findings from a 1984 study on the sociological causes of coverage error in the 1980 census in a disadvantaged black community in a large northeastern city. The research design increased the likelihood of finding sample persons by obtaining as many as eight possible addresses from hospital records and field interviews. Analysis of social and demographic characteristics of sample persons (all female) suggests that residential stability and presence of an adult male in the household are positively related to being recorded in the census. Within-household analysis of coresident persons suggests that the young, all males, and especially consensual partners are most likely to be omitted from household rosters.
Evaluating Tax Policy Proposals for Funding Nongame Wildlife Programs
Authors: Loomis John B. , Mangun William R.
Published: March 2007

The transition of federal tax policy from initial concept, through study design, analysis, and policy recommendations is traced for federal funding for Nongame Wildlife. The article brings together techniques that can be used to quantitatively assess the relative merits of alternative funding sources against criteria such as economic efficiency, ability to pay, and benefits received. It is shown that economists are often needed in the early phases of this process if relevant concepts from public finance theory are to influence initial selection offunding sources and alternative tax rates to be studied. Lastly, the interaction of differing political ideologies with analysis is displayed.
Assessing the Quality of Longitudinal Surveys
Authors: Boruch Robert F. , Pearson Robert W.
Published: March 2007

A growing concern has emerged in recent years about the use of relatively large national longitudinal surveys. This concern arises in part from a heightened sensitivity to the diminished support for new data-collection programs across the U.S. federal statistical system and the increasing competition throughout the research and policy communities for what have undoubtedly always been scarce resources for research. Despite this concern, there have yet to be developed tools for evaluating the relative or comparative value of longitudinal surveys and criteria by which more intelligent decisions can be made with respect to whether an ongoing survey should be continued or terminated This article argues that criteria are unlikely to be developed for evaluating whether one longitudinal survey is "better" than another, but that one can assess the quality and usefulness of a particular survey, and it suggests specific guidelines for such assessments.
Strategies for Increasing the Rigor of Qualitative Methods in Evaluation of Health Care Programs
Authors: Silverman Myrna , Ricci Edmund M. , Gunter Margaret J.
Published: March 2007

The traditional quantitative emphasis of health services research obscures the fact that qualitative techniques are the best means of investigating the evaluation of certain health services research problems. Two evaluation studies employing qualitative methods are described to illustrate the appropriateness of such methods for addressing certain research questions. A brief discussion of current opinion concerning reliability and validity issues associated with these methods is provided A detailed description of the techniques that can be used to improve the rigor and credibility of qualitative methods in evaluation research concludes this article.
An Application of Balanced Repeated Replication (Brr) Variance Estimation To Program Evaluation
Authors: Cavin Edward S. , Ohls James C.
Published: March 2007

Program evaluations often are based on data drawn from samples of observation units that are not simple random samples. In particular, samples often may be clustered to maximize the number of observations that can be obtained, given project cost constraints. However, clustering gives rise to well-known problems in estimating the variance of sample estimates. The most common procedure is to apply a scalar "design effect" multiplier more or less judgmentally to inflate sample variances. An alternative procedure, as reported in this article, is to construct balanced repeated replication (BRR) estimates of sample variances. BRR estimates of variance are constructed from orthogonally-weighted subsamples of the data, and can provide better estimates of variances from complex samples than other methods.
Analyzing the Effect of Massachusetts' ET Choices Program on the State's Afdc-Basic Caseload
Authors: Garasky Steven
Published: March 2007

At the center of the JOBS program of the Family Support Act is the placement of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) recipients into work-related activities. Massachusetts' Em ployment and Training (ET) Choices Program, which predates JOBS, is a work incentive (WIN) demonstration based on the premise that AFDC recipients will choose work over welfare if presented with genuine opportunities for economic improvement. In this study, models of the Massachusetts AFDC-Basic caseload are developed to estimate what the caseload would have been in the absence of the ET Choices Program. The results indicate that ET Choices successfully reduced the basic caseload over its first 18 months of operation, but had little effect during the second half of the 3-year evaluation period.
Random Measurement Error Does Not Bias the Treatment Effect Estimate in the Regression-Discontinuity Design
Authors: Cappelleri Joseph C. , Trochim William M.K. , Stanley T.D. , Reichardt Charles S.
Published: March 2007

A recently published Evaluation Review article (April 1990) claimed that because of random measurement error in the pretest (and the regression toward the mean that results) the estimate of the treatment effect of the regression-discontinuity (RD) design is biased A conceptual approach and a set of computer simulations are presented to arrive at the opposite conclusion: random measurement error in the pretest does not bias the estimate of the treatment effect in the RD design. This article, the first of two dealing with measurement error in the RD design, concentrates specifically on the case of no interaction between pretest and treatment on posttest. The claim that the RD effect estimate is not biased due to measurement error is in full agreement with the conclusion reached by several authors who have examined the design over the last two decades.
Evaluation of Outreach as a Project Element
Authors: Leviton Laura C. , Schuh Russell G.
Published: March 2007

Outreach is a term frequently used to describe active recruitment of program participants and is a common element of many social service and disease prevention programs. Outreach as a project element has received renewed attention with the advent of new federal demonstration projects to serve groups that are difficult to locate, difficult to recruit into services, or difficult to retain within a system of services. The goals of this article are to (a) define outreach, (b) describe the history of outreach as a project element within federal social programs, (c) outline what we perceive as central sources of variation in this element, (d) describe measures of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, and (e) prepare the evaluator for some recurring implemen tation issues.
Linear Versus Nonlinear Analysis in the Measurement of Effects in a Quasi-Experimental Design
Authors: Vooijs Marcel W. , Van Der Kamp Leo J. Th.
Published: March 2007

In this study, a two-step procedure for the analysis of pretest-posttest data is developed and illustrated. In the first step, a nonlinear canonical correlation analysis was conducted on data from a pretest-posttest control group design. This technique transforms the measure of the pretests (including the scores on the treatment variable) and the posttests in such a way that they become interrelated linearly and possible deviations from the linear model due to nonlinearity have been minimized. In the second step, the resulting optimally scaled set of pretest and posttest measures were analyzed using covariance procedures to assess program effects. The resultant variance appeared to be increased substantially, either by a better prediction of posttest scores from pretest scores, by a better estimation of the effect of the treatment, or by both. It is concluded that the two-step procedure indeed has important advantages.
Counting Chicago's Homeless
Authors: Edin Kathryn
Published: March 2007

In Chicago, 60 independent observers were hired to assess how well Census Bureau enumerators implemented procedures for the homeless count (S-Night) in one district office area (DOA). Within this DOA, they observed 29 of the 87 predesignated nighttime street enumeration sites. Observers saw enumerators in only one third of these sites. Those observers who saw enumerators reported that enumerators failed to follow procedure. As a result, observer estimates of the number of homeless persons at their site were substantially higher than enumerator estimates. Qualitative interviews with 18 homeless persons on the day following the count revealed that only five of 18 believed they had been counted
Stress and Coping Theory and Evaluation Research
Authors: Moos Rudolf H.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on an attempt to integrate stress and coping theory into a framework of evaluation research. An expanded evaluation paradigm is illustrated: This paradigm encompasses the careful study of treatment implementation and considers patients'life context factors and how they influence treatment entry, duration, and outcome. Examples of the value of this paradigm are taken from a program of research on the long-term outcome of alcoholism and depression. Implications are drawn for comprehensive assessment and diagnosis, designing and improving intervention programs, and expanding stress and coping theory.
Evaluating Social Service Delivery Configurations
Authors: Hidalgo-Hardeman Olivia M.
Published: March 2007

This aritcle presents the use of an eclectic approach to the evaluation of services to the homeless. The method used combines social network analysis and multiattribute technology to allow for the development of a criterion for the evaluation of an entire collection of services for a geographic area. The factors being considered are the description of the service delivery configuration, the criteria for evaluation, and a strategy for future planning and monitoring.
Using Naturalistic and Economic Evaluation To Assist Service Planning
Authors: Goddard Andrew , Powell Jackie
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of a case study that evaluated a psychogeriatric service in the United Kingdom. The case study was an attempt to develop a methodology combining natural istic and scientific approaches to assist the management of a public sector service. Use was made of stakeholder analysis and naturalistic evaluation to complement an economic, cost effective ness analysis to enable a service strategy to be developed. The approach was found to be of benefit in the areas of extending access to decision making and improving the information used but was expensive to support and required a high level of commitment and a willingness to compromise from all stakeholders.
Understanding Best Practices for Operating Welfare-To-Work Programs
Authors: Riccio James A. , Orenstein Alan
Published: March 2007

This study explores the relationships between program practices and program impacts on earnings and welfare payments in California's welfare-to-work program, known as GAIN. Practices and impacts (based on a random assignment experiment) are compared across six counties and (on some measures) 20 local offices. The findings challenge some popular theories of "what works best" in welfare-to-work programs and illustrate how comparisons of a small number of sites within multisite studies can help researchers "get inside the black box, " a common problem in evaluation research.
Data Collection in Dangerous Neighborhoods
Authors: Gwiasda Victoria , Taluc Nina , Popkin Susan J.
Published: March 2007

As part of an evaluation of the Chicago Housing Authonty's (CHA) Anti-Drug Initiative—a comprehensive crime prevention program—the authors have conducted four waves of a cross- sectional, face-to-face survey in nine CHA buildings. This article describes the data collection procedures developed, including using resident interviewers, the problems encountered, and the lessons learned. The authors describe their experiences in recruiting and training resident interviewers and addressing safety concerns. Using techniques developed for this study, the authors achieved consistently high response rates (more than 75%), despite the constraints of interviewing in public housing.
Addressing Issues of Face Validity in the Application of a Clinical Guideline
Authors: Westphal James , Kumar Sanjaya , Rush Jill , Sarkar Ila C.
Published: March 2007

In 1995, a statewide project to improve the practice of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the Medicare population was started in Louisiana. A retrospective baseline study found high concurrent utilization of lithium and benzodiazepines, medications considered detrimental to ECT by the second American Psychiatric Association Task Force on ECT. Resistance to a clinical guideline because of lack of face validity by clinicians was used as an opportunity to involve clinicians in using data to evaluate their clinical practices. Results of the first two quarters of the project demonstrated that the strategy was successful.
Effectiveness of Care and Improvement in Quality of Life in Patients With Panic Disorder
Authors: Owen Richard R. , Rost Kathryn , Hollenberg Jan , Humphrey Joylyn B. , Lazoritz Martin , Bartlett John , Smith G. Richard
Published: March 2007

To investigate how practice guidelines or recommendations can be applied in the assessment of quality of care, 72 subjects beginning specialty treatment for panic disorder were enrolled. The Panic Outcomes Module assessed symptoms, health status, and treatment at baseline and after 8 weeks. Ustng published guidelines, the authors developed specific criteria to rate whethersubjects' reports reflected appropriate treatment, including antipanic medication or three or more subse quent visits that involved antipanic behavioral therapy elements. Scxty-nine subjects (96%) completed the Panic Outcomes Module at both baseline andfollow-up. Improvement in symptoms and health status was not different between subjects receiving appropriate and inappropriate care.
Lived Experience of Spirituality in Taiwanese Women with Breast Cancer
Authors: Chiu Lyren , Clark Margaret B. , Daroszewski Ellen Beth
Published: March 2007

This study explored spirituality as a lived experience through in-depth, face-to-face interviews of 15 Taiwanese women with breast cancer. A Phenomenological research method was employed to guide the study. Four main themes and 12 subthemes, conceptualized under a meta-theme of hsin, emerged as characteristic of the current “lifeworlds” of the study participants. Interpretation of the findings revealed that spirituality is a journey and a unidirectional evolving process that the participants experienced at different levels of wholeness and integration. Spirituality in Taiwan not only must be seen as metaphysics but also should be approached in the cultural context of patients. Nurses should attend to each patient as a unique person, focus on “here-and-now” encounters, and help their patients transform and evolve to a higher plane of wholeness and integration. Nurses should, as well, nurture and support their own spirituality to be available healing resources for others.
The Health of Women in Transition from Welfare to Employment
Authors: Kneipp Shawn M. , Waters Catherine M. , Quinn Agatha A. (Tracy) , Daroszewski Ellen Beth
Published: March 2007

Although numerous studies of welfare policy exist, studies of women’s health within the context of U.S. welfare reform policy have been limited. From an ecological health perspective, welfare policy shapes the immediate environment in which women live. The environment has long been recognized by nursing as a major determinant of health status. Using data from the Washington State Family Income Study (FIS), this research examined women’s psychosocial health when making the transition from welfare receipt to employment. No differences in psychosocial health were found between women leaving welfare for employment and those remaining on welfare (p> .05 on depression, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and emotional support). This finding is consistent with earlier qualitative research, which indicates the life circumstances of women leaving welfare for paid employment rarely improve. To better understand how public policies such as those related to welfare affect the lives and health of women, additional research is sorely needed.
An Assessment Taxonomy for Designing Nursing Research Programs
Authors: Snyder-Halpern Rita
Published: March 2007

Clinical nursing research programs are a common structural component within nursing service organizations. Descriptive literature identifies many design features that are important in the development and success of organizational innovations, among which is the need to design programs that are congruent with the overall organization. Two exploratory Delphi studies were conducted to identify and classify organizational attributes that clinical nurse researchers considered critically important to the success of nursing research programs. Nadler and Tushman 's Congruence Modelfor Organization Analysis was used as aframework to develop an assessment taxonomy for classification of the 64 critically important attributes identified by clinical nurse researchers.
A Black Feminist Approach to Nursing Research
Authors: Barbee Evelyn L.
Published: March 2007

Despite the presence of a body of Blackfeminist literature, the growing body of nursing literature on feminism and the feminist approach to research remains narrowly focused on White feminist concerns. By essentially ignoring the realities of Black women, nursing has reproduced the errors of previous White feminists. This article demonstrates the relevance of the Black feminist approach to nursing by applying it in combination with general feminist research principles and anthropological theory in research concerned with low-income Black women 's experiences with dysphoria and depression. The findings of the research suggest that a combination approach more clearly illuminates how context effects dysphoria in poor Black women.
Risks and Benefits Associated with Hormonal and Surgical Therapies for Healthy Midlife Women
Authors: Voda Ann M.
Published: March 2007

The view that menopause is a disease is dominant in Westernized societies, where menopause has long been considered an estrogen deficiency disease and, more recently, an endocrinopathy. The definition of menopause as disease has its origins in patriarchal views and beliefs about women as defective and imperfect, likened to machines that continually need to be fixed. This view of menopause has overshadowed the concept of menopause as a normal biological event, resulting in increased pressure to prescribe steroid sex hormones and perform surgical interventions on healthy women to prevent disease. Institutionalization of the "menopause as disease" ideology has legitimated, and thus condoned, the use of risk/benefit criteria normally used to assess risks versus harms in sick people. The use of these criteria assumes that acceptable risks for the sick are acceptable risks for healthy, well women.
Gastric Motility in Rats with Varying Ovarian Hormone Status
Authors: Heitkemper Margaret M. , Bond Eleanor F.
Published: March 2007

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms suggestive of altered motility vary with menstrual cycle phase and menopause, but the effects of ovarian hormones on gastric motility have not been described. Basal and stimulated gastric motility were studied in male and female rats that were ovariectomized and implanted with continuous-release progesterone and/or estrogen pellets. Following 26 days of hormone treatment, rats were implanted with a gastric tension transducer. Contractile activity was recorded, then thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or saline was injected intracisternally and motility was monitored. An index was calculated based on frequency and amplitude; response to TRH was expressed as percentage of the basal index. Basal contraction frequency was highest in the estrogen and estrogen + progesterone groups. Hormone treatment significantly affected the TRH-stimulated motility index; TRH induced increased motility in all groups, with larger, more sustained responses in vehicle, progesterone, and male groups. Results demonstrate the ovarian hormone modulation of basal and stimulated gastric motility. Such modulation may contribute to changes in GI symptoms with altering ovarian hormone state.
Effect of Hospital Stay on Health Locus-of-Control Beliefs
Authors: Halfens Ruud J. G.
Published: March 2007

Although some studies suggest that health locus-of-control beliefs are not affected by situational factors, others show that health locus of control is related to health status, indicating that this psychological construct is not as stable as suggested. In this study, the stability of health locus of control during a hospital admission for a surgical operation is investigated. Although test-retest coefficients suggest stability, mean scores of the powerful others health locus-ofcontrol belief show an increase during hospital stay, and a decrease afterward toward the original level. Furthermore, this study shows thatpatients withfewer hospital experiences have a greater increase and decrease than patients with more hospital experiences. Under certain circumstances, health locus-of-control beliefs can be temporarily affected by situational factors.
Ectopic Pregnancy Loss during Fertility Management
Authors: Schaper Ana M. , Hellwig Melissa S. , Murphy Paula , Gensch Bonnie K.
Published: March 2007

Using qualitative techniques, data were obtainedfrom seven women who experienced an ectopic pregnancy loss while undergoing fertility management. Ectopic pregnancy is a risk factor associated with fertility management, but unlike early miscarriage infertility management, an ectopic pregnancy has additional potential negative sequelaefor the women, including riskfor severe hemorrhage and death and threat to future fertility. The purpose of this study was to describe women's experiences of lossfollowing diagnosis and treatment of an ectopic pregnancy while undergoing fertility management. A thematic analysis of the data derived from semistructured interviews was conducted. Themes emerging from the women's discussion of their pregnancy loss and fertility plans included physical pain and shutdown, emotional protection, grief and pressure, endpoints, and decision making. For women continuingfertility management, both the life-threatening risks of future ectopics and time allowances for grieving were minimized.
Afghan Refugee Issues in the U.S. Social Environment
Authors: Lipson Juliene G. , Omidian Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Since Afghan refugees began coming to the United States in the early 1980s, the Afghan community of the San Francisco Bay Area has become the largest in the United States. This population copes with a number of stressors that negatively affect their health and psychological well-being. Based on an ethnographic study, we focus on the social context in which Afghan refugees find themselves, describing Afghans'perceptions of their interactions with mainstream American citizens and health and social service providers. The theme running through all such interactions is information-its scarcity, character, and cultural differences in type, purposes, and means of transmission. Quotes from interviews illustrate four types of problems: economic and occupational problems, health-care access, family and children's issues, and immigration issues/ethnic bias. Policy and program recommendations are applicable to other recent refugee populations that experience similar information problems with regard to the dominant society.
Patterns of Violence in Homeless Women
Authors: Clarke Pamela N. , Pendiy Nancy Chung , Kim Yeoun Soo
Published: March 2007

Fifty percent of all women in America have reported being battered at some point in time, and one in five report regular assaults. This exploratory qualitative study' purpose was to describe reported patterns of violence in sheltered battered women. Homelessness was the adaptive response to battering. A purposive sample of 7 women described violence patterns from childhood and their most recent relationships prior to seeking shelter In-depth audiotaped interviews indicated extreme violence and terror Thematic analysis revealed an understanding of abusive patterns with a male partner A theory offreedom-seeking behavior emerged, with related themes including terror murderous thoughts, awakening, and escape. The emerging theory has implications for outreach, case finding, and identification of intervention timing for abused women.
Parental Experience and Meaning Construction during a Pediatric Health Crisis
Authors: Mu Pei-Fan , Tomlinson Patricia , Huckabay Loucine M. , Heims Marsha L.
Published: March 2007

This study explores parental lived experience following admission of their child to a pediatric intensive care unit. The interview data used were collected from 10 randomly chosen families from the Family Impact of Catastrophic Childhood Illness Project recruited during the early phase of critical care hospitalization of their child. A 3-stage contextual analysis procedure integrating interactional and contextual perspectives into Colaizzi's phenomenological approach was used to reduce text data to thematic content. The analysis uncovered a multidimensional and holistic phenomenon consisting offourorganizing concepts: initial boundaryambiguity, parents'coping patterns, family resources, andfunctioning of thefamily boundary. These results provide evidence of a collective family level perception of stress when experiencing the health crisis of a child and supportfurther use offamily stress perception as afamily levelphenomenon that represents family meaning construction during critical illness of a child.
A Comparative Longitudinal Study of Gastrostomy Devices in Children
Authors: Thorne Sally E. , Radford M. Janice , Onyskiw Judee E. , Day Rene A.
Published: March 2007

Long-term gastrostomy is a predictable intervention to ameliorate the effects offeeding and swallowing difficulties among children with severe spastic cerebral palsy. The evidence evaluating the efficacy and implications of the available gastrostomy devices in common use has focused primarily on the operative phase, ignoring the long-term effects that may be critical from a nurse's orfamily caregiver's point of view. In this study, the authors describe a sample of children with gastrostomy, comparing skin-level and tube devices on measures of nutritional outcome, complications, and caregiver satisfaction. In contrast to manufacturer's claims about the superiority of skin-level devices, the results presented here reveal few differences between the devices. The authors conclude, therefore, that device selection should be determined by individualized comprehensive assessment of the child andfamily circumstances.
Dynamics in the News Coverage of Minorities: The Case of the Arab Citizens of Israel
Authors: Avraham Eli , Wolfsfeld Gadi , Aburaiya Isaam
Published: March 2007

Most previous research in communication has looked at media coverage of minorities as a mostly static process in which journalists continually produce the same news stories. This article proposes a more dynamic approach that explains how such coverage can change over time and circumstance, and examines two factors that can alter the ways in which the news media cover minorities: short-term changes in the sociopolitical environment and changes in editorial policies. The case study looks at the Arab citizens of Israel. The findings demonstrate two changes that had an influence on the extremely negative portrayal of this minority in the Israeli media. The first was rooted in political changes during the election year 1992, when the Rabin government depended on the Arab parties to stay in power. The second variation was linked to the editorial policies of an elitist newspaper that set up alternative structures and routines for ongoing coverage of the Arab minority.
Beyond the Tailfin: Education and the Politics of Knowledge on Big Money Quiz Shows
Authors: Hoerschelmann Olaf
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the cultural formations from which 1950s big money quiz shows emerge. Using Bourdieu's notion of the field, the analysis focuses on three key sites that articulate issues of knowledge and education related to 1950s television: (1) the public debates about education in the cold war United States, (2) broadcast network policies geared toward the production of knowledge and education, and (3) big money quiz shows and their public reception. The author argues that the specific social and cultural conditions in 1950s America, especially the debates surrounding education and the need for the television industry to produce enlightenment programming, created television programs that reaffirmed traditional versions of authority and selectively endorsed elite culture and a narrow definition of national identity under white, upper-class leadership.
Priscilla Fights Back: The Politicization of Camp Subculture
Authors: Padva Gilad
Published: March 2007

Camp, as queer creation and manifestation, objects to the stigmatization that marks the unnatural, extraordinary, perverse, sick, inefficient, dangerous, and freakish. As political counterculture, it is much more than a mode of aestheticism or worship of the artifice. By celebrating its extravagance, carnival, stylized eroticism, masquerade, and colorful kitsch and mimicry, camp provides a different perspective that provokes heteronormative gender roles and codes of visibility and behavior. It practically challenges the dominant ideology produced by the affluent white, straight male elite and its powerful culture industry. Camp is manifested as an alternative aesthetic and ethic counterpraxis that undermines and reconsiders the epistemology intended by the bourgeoisie production and reproduction, presentation, and representation of its hegemony. Three paradigms of the politicization of camp subculture in the 1990s are analyzed in this article: Stephen Elliot's The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert, Nigel Finch's Stonewall, and the episode “Homer Phobia” from Matt Groening's The Simpsons.
No Climax, No Point, No Meaning? Japanese Women's Boy-Love Sites on the Internet
Authors: McLelland Mark
Published: March 2007

Boy love (shoonen' ai) in Japanese does not refer to the love many young Japanese women feel for male teen idols, but instead refers to the homoerotic attraction the male heroes in a genre of Japanese women's manga (comics) feel for each other. Commencing in the early 1970s, women's manga began to describe love stories between “beautiful boys,” culminating in the mid-1980s in a genre termed YAOI (an acronym meaning “no climax, no point, no meaning”) which, dispensing with the elaborate plots of the earlier comics, focused instead on sexual interactions between boys and young men. The advent of the Internet has provided a new forum for women interested in boy-love fiction to publish their own and read each others' work. This article briefly outlines the history of boy love in Japanese women's comics and attempts to describe and account for the recent expansion of this genre onto the Internet, where young Japanese women have produced a huge number of Web sites extolling the virtues of homosexual love between beautiful boys.
Hillary Clinton as Threat to Gender Norms: Cartoon Images of the First Lady
Authors: Templin Charlotte
Published: March 2007

Although it is the norm for cartoonists to employ satire that distorts the truth, there is still the danger that sexism or other biases may be present in cartoons. The cartoon images of Hillary Clinton suggest a backlash against the professional woman, as evidenced by the obsession with Hillary among cartoonists, the continual use of cliches and stereotypes, and the overt sexism in the images and symbols used to depict her. Cartoonists see Hillary violating gender norms. Cartoon images fall into the following categories: gender reversals, Hillary as radical feminist and emasculator, domestic imagery, woman as body, the public woman, cherchez la femme, and the wife the husband wants to get rid of. The work of Susan Faludi on the backlash, Judith Butler on gender, Germain Greer on the role of the First Lady, and John Fiske on discourse and media events is useful in analyzing the cartoonists' stance toward Hillary Clinton.
Women, health and the sexual division of labour : a case study of the women's health movement in Britain
Authors: Doyal Lesley
Published: March 2007

The women's health movement in Britain can be divided into three main stages. During the first period, most activities took place outside the National Health Service with the emphasis on women as consumers of medical care. Feminists exposed the sexism inherent in most medical practice and stressed the need for women to gain control of reproductive technology. During the second phase, these priorities began to change towards a greater concern with the NHS and the need to defend it against reductions in resources, and increasing privatisation. These campaigns involved women not just as users of medical services, but also as health workers, bringing the women's health movement into the wider political arena. Socialist feminists argued that feminist participation in health struggles was essential if the NHS was to be not merely defended but qualitatively changed to meet the real needs of users and workers. During the third (and current) stage of the women's health movement, feminists have moved beyond a concern with medical care alone towards the development of a socialist feminist epidemiology - towards the identification and eventual elimination of those aspects of contemporary society that make women sick.