bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the role of shot noise in carrier‐envelope phase stabilization
Authors: Borchers Bastian , Anderson Alexandria , Steinmeyer Günter
Published: January 2014

This paper represents a systematic investigation of detection shot noise in carrier‐envelope phase (CEP) stabilization. Numerical simulations are conducted to calculate the influence of shot noise in laser oscillators. These results are compared with experimental results for Ti:sapphire lasers. It is found that shot noise imposes a limitation for obtaining sub‐100 mrad CEP jitters. Careful interferometer design is necessary to push this limit toward 10 mrad. In contrast to oscillator stabilization, shot noise appears to play a much more restrictive role in amplifier stabilization. Using spectral interferometry together with spectral broadening in sapphire, it already appears practically challenging to reach sub‐100 mrad jitters. Adaption of the optical nonlinearity in the broadening step appears key to further improvements of the CEP jitter of amplified systems. We believe that these improvements open a perspective for currently unfeasible applications of CEP stabilized pulses. Moreover, our considerations can be easily adapted to CEP stabilization of other laser types beyond Ti:sapphire.
Sand/charcoal N‐halamine blends for water treatment
Authors: Ahmed Abd El‐Shafey I. , Gad Hamdi M.H. , Hay John N.
Published: January 2014

N‐halamine polymeric material based on cellulose extracted from an agricultural waste (rice straw) was blended with sand/charcoal for disinfection purposes. The presence of N‐halamine between sand/charcoal particles in water filters prevents internal bacterial growth and kills filtered cells especially in the deep and lower parts of the filters. N‐halamine was blended with sand/charcoal with different ratios, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1, and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated using different methods such as agar plate, agar blend, stirred flask, and column methods. Increasing the ratio of the cellulosic N‐halamine provides further filtration and disinfection action in water in addition to securing a clean medium between sand/charcoal particles especially in columns as models for water filters. The ratio 1:1 (sand/charcoal: N‐halamine) was found to be suitable for producing a recyclable water filter and recyclable water purification unit based on sand/charcoal‐ N‐halamine blends. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:2137–2143, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Dilatation of the supra‐pineal recess on prenatal imaging: early clue for obstructive ventriculomegaly downstream of the third ventricle
Authors: Azzi Caroline , Giaconia Marie‐Brune , Lacalm Audrey , Massoud Mona , Gaucherand Pascal , Guibaud Laurent
Published: January 2014

Objective

The objective of this article is to describe the diagnostic significance of prenatal identification of dilated supra‐pineal recess (SPR) in cases of ventriculomegaly.

Method

A retrospective study, based on neurosonography and magnetic resonance imaging, of a series of five prenatal cases referred to our institution because of ventriculomegaly associated with dilatation of the SPR.

Results

Ventriculomegaly of obstructive origin was diagnosed in all cases and related to obstruction downstream of the third ventricle. The diagnosis in the five prenatal cases, confirmed on early post‐natal imaging, included the following: malformative aqueductal stenosis, ischemic–haemorrhagic parenchymal supra‐tentorial insult complicated by aqueductal stenosis, Blake's pouch cyst, cystic lesion of the posterior fossa and sub‐ependymal haemorrhage and Dandy–Walker malformation. In all cases, the third ventricle was prominent and associated with a dilated SPR. In two cases, the dilatation of the SPR was an early clue to e obstructive ventriculomegaly, which was initially minor and became severe on follow‐up imaging.

Conclusion

The presence of a dilated SPR prenatally in the presence of even mild ventriculomegaly should prompt evaluation and follow‐up for the presence of obstructive ventriculomegaly with obstruction located downstream of the third ventricle. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal structure of the transcriptional regulator Rv1219c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Kumar Nitin , Radhakrishnan Abhijith , Wright Catherine C. , Chou Tsung‐Han , Lei Hsiang‐Ting , Bolla Jani Reddy , Tringides Marios L. , Rajashankar Kanagalaghatta R. , Su Chih‐Chia , Purdy Georgiana E. , Yu Edward W.
Published: January 2014

The Rv1217c–Rv1218c multidrug efflux system, which belongs to the ATP‐binding cassette superfamily, recognizes and actively extrudes a variety of structurally unrelated toxic chemicals and mediates the intrinsic resistance to these antimicrobials in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The expression of Rv1217c–Rv1218c is controlled by the TetR‐like transcriptional regulator Rv1219c, which is encoded by a gene immediately upstream of rv1218c. To elucidate the structural basis of Rv1219c regulation, we have determined the crystal structure of Rv1219c, which reveals a dimeric two‐domain molecule with an entirely helical architecture similar to members of the TetR family of transcriptional regulators. The N‐terminal domains of the Rv1219c dimer are separated by a large center‐to‐center distance of 64 Å. The C‐terminal domain of each protomer possesses a large cavity. Docking of small compounds to Rv1219c suggests that this large cavity forms a multidrug binding pocket, which can accommodate a variety of structurally unrelated antimicrobial agents. The internal wall of the multidrug binding site is surrounded by seven aromatic residues, indicating that drug binding may be governed by aromatic stacking interactions. In addition, fluorescence polarization reveals that Rv1219c binds drugs in the micromolar range.
Impact of a Stochastic Kinetic Energy Backscatter scheme across time‐scales and resolutions
Authors: Sanchez Claudio , Williams Keith D. , Shutts Glenn , Collins Matthew
Published: January 2014

Stochastic physics is one of the preferred methods to represent model uncertainty in ensemble prediction systems of medium‐range weather prediction and seasonal forecasting. These schemes increase the ensemble spread and improve probabilistic skill scores. However, little is known about how the stochastic perturbations interact with different atmospheric processes. In order to provide deeper insight into the impacts of stochastic physics on the representation of the atmosphere the stochastic kinetic energy backscatter (SKEB2) scheme has been used in the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) across different time‐scales. We use ‘classic’ verification techniques such as the Root Mean Error Square (RMSE) index in combination with novel ‘object‐oriented’ verification metrics such as the Reading University Tracking system (RUTRACK) for extratropical cyclones. We find that the SKEB2 degrades the RMSE and Anomaly Correlation Coefficient (ACC) of individual short‐range deterministic forecasts. On average the kinetic energy backscatter by the SKEB2 counteracts the excessive dissipation of extratropical cyclones, improving the model, but its forcing does not scale well across resolutions. Over the Tropics the SKEB2 improvements of the mean climatology and temporal variability are noteworthy, but driven by spurious Rossby waves. There are aspects of the SKEB2 that could be improved to create a more realistic stochastic representation of model uncertainty.
Performance of a One‐Dimensional Hydraulic Model for the Calculation of Stranding Areas in Hydropeaking Rivers
Authors: Casas‐Mulet R. , Alfredsen K. , Boissy T. , Sundt H. , Rüther N.
Published: January 2014

Fish stranding is a critical issue in rivers with peaking operations. The ability to accurately predict potential stranding areas can become a decisive factor to assess environmental impacts and to plan mitigation measures. The presented work shows that common procedures suggested in the literature in the use of one‐dimensional (1D) models for flood zone mapping are not always applicable to compute stranding areas. Specific and easy‐to‐understand guidance needs to be given for smaller‐scale issues. We provide specific guidelines to accurately predict potential stranding areas in a cost‐effective manner. By analysing four different river morphologies in detail in a peaking river, we find that the optimal geometry effort (number of cross sections) does not necessarily coincide with the maximum and it varies between channel types according to river physical characteristics such as sinuosity and channel complexity. The use of a 1D model can provide good estimates with an optimal geometry layout. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breast Cancer, Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy, and Sexual Functioning: A Pilot Study of the Effects of Vaginal Testosterone Therapy
Authors: Dahir Melissa , Travers-Gustafson Dianne
Published: January 2014

Introduction

Women with breast cancer have better cancer-related outcomes with the use of aromatase inhibitors (AIs), but the physiological suppression of estradiol can negatively affect sexual functioning because of unpleasant urogenital and vaginal symptoms. Local health care practitioners have observed that the benefits of vaginal testosterone in allaying these unpleasant symptoms in women with breast cancer are similar to the benefits of vaginal estrogen in women without breast cancer.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of using a daily vaginal testosterone cream on the reported sexual health quality of life in women with breast cancer taking AI therapy.

Methods

Thirteen postmenopausal women with breast cancer on AI therapy and experiencing symptoms of sexual dysfunction were recruited from an oncology practice. The women were prescribed a 300 μg testosterone vaginal cream daily for 4 weeks. During the first study visit, a vaginal swab was obtained to rule out the presence of Candida species or Gardnerella vaginalis in participants. Women with positive vaginal swabs were treated prior to starting the vaginal testosterone therapy.

Main Outcome Measure

 The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) survey, measuring female sexual health quality of life, was administered during the first study visit and at the final study visit, after completing testosterone therapy.

Results

Twelve patients completed 4 weeks of daily vaginal testosterone therapy. When compared with baseline FSFI scores, there was a statistically significant improvement for individual domain scores of desire (P = 0.000), arousal (P = 0.002), lubrication (P = 0.018), orgasm (P = 0.005), satisfaction (P = 0.001), and pain (P = 0.000). Total domain scores reflecting sexual health quality of life also improved when compared with baseline (P = 0.000).

Conclusions

The use of a compounded testosterone vaginal cream applied daily for 4 weeks improves reported sexual health quality of life in women with breast cancer taking AIs.
Breaking the letter vs. spirit of the law: How the interpretation of contract violations affects trust and the management of relationships
Authors: Harmon Derek J. , Kim Peter H. , Mayer Kyle J.
Published: January 2014

Contract violations are ubiquitous. There has been little attention, however, dedicated to understanding the mechanisms involved in making sense of and addressing such occurrences. Two experimental studies investigated how people interpret contract violations and how these interpretations affect trust and the management of relationships. By drawing on the distinction between violations of the letter versus spirit of the law, we show that letter violations are more difficult to overcome than spirit violations, due to higher perceived intentionality. These effects generalized across different populations, levels of contracting experience, types of contracting contexts, levels of ambiguity within the contract, and degrees of contract complexity. The results yield important implications for understanding contract violations, trust, and organizational responses as a relationship management capability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The thin red line between success and failure: Path dependence in the diffusion of innovative production technologies
Authors: Greve Henrich R. , Seidel Marc‐David L.
Published: January 2014

The wide variation in the success of innovations obscures similarities in the process of firms being influenced by other firms when choosing production technology. We argue that diffusion processes are similar across successful and failed innovations. Production asset innovation success results not only from innovation quality differences—early chance events and subsequent path dependence are also intrinsic to diffusion processes. Thus, diffusion processes do not reliably spread the best innovations, producing competitive advantage for firms with an early lead producing innovations and firms adopting high‐quality innovations. We test these predictions quantitatively by analyzing the diffusion of the DC‐10 and L‐1011 airplanes, and find support for our theory linking the social information provided by firm adoptions to the success of innovative production technologies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graphene and Graphene‐Based Materials for Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Zhu Jixin , Yang Dan , Yin Zongyou , Yan Qingyu , Zhang Hua
Published: January 2014

With the increased demand in energy resources, great efforts have been devoted to developing advanced energy storage and conversion systems. Graphene and graphene‐based materials have attracted great attention owing to their unique properties of high mechanical flexibility, large surface area, chemical stability, superior electric and thermal conductivities that render them great choices as alternative electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage systems. This Review summarizes the recent progress in graphene and graphene‐based materials for four energy storage systems, i.e., lithium‐ion batteries, supercapacitors, lithium‐sulfur batteries and lithium‐air batteries.
The First Structurally Characterized Salts of Deprotonated Urea: M(CN2H3O) with M = Na, K, Rb, and Cs
Authors: Sawinski Hannah , Dronskowski Richard
Published: January 2014

The ureates of the alkali metals Na – Cs were synthesized from urea and the metals in liquid ammonia at temperatures below 50 °C. The crystal structures were determined using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. NaCN2H3O crystallizes in the monoclinic system [P21/c, Z = 16, a = 17.529(1) Å, b = 6.4784(5) Å, c = 10.8211(9) Å, β = 96.938(1)°]. All other ureates are orthorhombic, with KCN2H3O and RbCN2H3O being isotypic [Pbca, Z = 8, KCN2H3O: a = 7.102(4) Å, b = 7.221(4) Å, c = 13.533(8) Å; RbCN2H3O: a = 7.1973(8) Å, b = 7.3531(8) Å, c = 13.921(2) Å]. CsCN2H3O adopts a smaller unit cell [P212121, Z = 4, a = 6.3520(3) Å, b = 7.1645(4) Å, c = 9.0911(5) Å]. The ureates of K, Rb, and Cs contain hydrogen‐bond networks, the imino nitrogen atom acting as the hydrogen‐bond acceptor in CsCN2H3O. In KCN2H3O and RbCN2H3O, however, the carbonyl oxygen atom accepts the hydrogen bonds.
The cis‐regulatory effect of an Alzheimer's disease‐associated poly‐T locus on expression of TOMM40 and apolipoprotein E genes
Authors: Linnertz Colton , Anderson Lauren , Gottschalk William , Crenshaw Donna , Lutz Michael W. , Allen Jawara , Saith Sunita , Mihovilovic Mirta , Burke James R. , Welsh‐Bohmer Kathleen A. , Roses Allen D. , Chiba‐Falek Ornit
Published: January 2014

Background

We investigated the genomic region spanning the Translocase of the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane 40‐kD (TOMM40) and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genes, that has been associated with the risk and age of onset of late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) to determine whether a highly polymorphic, intronic poly‐T within this region (rs10524523; hereafter, 523) affects expression of the APOE and TOMM40 genes. Alleles of this locus are classified as S, short; L, long; and VL, very long based on the number of T residues.

Methods

We evaluated differences in APOE messenger RNA (mRNA) and TOMM40 mRNA levels as a function of the 523 genotype in two brain regions from APOE ε3/ε3 white autopsy‐confirmed LOAD cases and normal controls. We further investigated the effect of the 523 locus in its native genomic context using a luciferase expression system.

Results

The expression of both genes was significantly increased with disease. Mean expression of APOE and TOMM40 mRNA levels were higher in VL homozygotes compared with S homozygotes in the temporal and occipital cortexes from normal and LOAD cases. Results of a luciferase reporter system were consistent with the human brain mRNA analysis; the 523 VL poly‐T resulted in significantly higher expression than the S poly‐T. Although the effect of poly‐T length on reporter expression was the same in HepG2 hepatoma and SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, the magnitude of the effect was greater in the neuroblastoma than in the hepatoma cells, which implies tissue‐specific modulation of the 523 poly‐T.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the 523 locus may contribute to LOAD susceptibility by modulating the expression of TOMM40 and/or APOE transcription.
Increased CSF α‐synuclein levels in Alzheimer's disease: Correlation with tau levels
Authors: Slaets Sylvie , Vanmechelen Eugeen , Le Bastard Nathalie , Decraemer Hilde , Vandijck Manu , Martin Jean‐Jacques , De Deyn Peter Paul , Engelborghs Sebastiaan
Published: January 2014

Background

Given the difficult clinical differential diagnosis between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), growing interest resulted in research on α‐synuclein as a potential cerebrospinal fluid biomarker (CSF) for synucleinopathies.

Methods

CSF α‐synuclein‐140 concentrations were determined by a prototype xMAP™ bead‐based assay (Innogenetics NV, Belgium). In addition, CSF amyloid β1‐42 (Aβ1‐42), total tau (T‐tau), and phosphorylated tau (P‐tau181P) levels were determined.

Results

CSF α‐synuclein levels were higher in AD patients as compared with cognitively healthy controls (P = .019) and patients with synucleinopathies (P < .001). CSF α‐synuclein levels were correlated with T‐tau (P < .001) and P‐tau181P (P < .001) levels in autopsy‐confirmed AD patients. A diagnostic algorithm using α‐synuclein and P‐tau181P discriminated neuropathologically confirmed AD from DLB patients, resulting in sensitivity and specificity values of 85% and 81%, respectively.

Conclusion

Because CSF α‐synuclein levels were significantly higher in AD as compared with synucleinopathies, α‐synuclein might have a value as a biomarker for differential dementia diagnosis.
Honokiol inhibits epithelial—mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells by targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/Zeb1/E‐cadherin axis
Authors: Avtanski Dimiter B. , Nagalingam Arumugam , Bonner Michael Y. , Arbiser Jack L. , Saxena Neeraj K. , Sharma Dipali
Published: January 2014

Epithelial—mesenchymal transition (EMT), a critical step in the acquisition of metastatic state, is an attractive target for therapeutic interventions directed against tumor metastasis. Honokiol (HNK) is a natural phenolic compound isolated from an extract of seed cones from Magnolia grandiflora. Recent studies from our lab show that HNK impedes breast carcinogenesis. Here, we provide molecular evidence that HNK inhibits EMT in breast cancer cells resulting in significant downregulation of mesenchymal marker proteins and concurrent upregulation of epithelial markers. Experimental EMT induced by exposure to TGFβ and TNFα in spontaneously immortalized nontumorigenic human mammary epithelial cells is also completely reversed by HNK as evidenced by morphological as well as molecular changes. Investigating the downstream mediator(s) that may direct EMT inhibition by HNK, we found functional interactions between HNK, Stat3, and EMT‐signaling components. In vitro and in vivo analyses show that HNK inhibits Stat3 activation in breast cancer cells and tumors. Constitutive activation of Stat3 abrogates HNK‐mediated activation of epithelial markers whereas inhibition of Stat3 using small molecule inhibitor, Stattic, potentiates HNK‐mediated inhibition of EMT markers, invasion and migration of breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, HNK inhibits recruitment of Stat3 on mesenchymal transcription factor Zeb1 promoter resulting in decreased Zeb1 expression and nuclear translocation. We also discover that HNK increases E‐cadherin expression via Stat3‐mediated release of Zeb1 from E‐cadherin promoter. Collectively, this study reports that HNK effectively inhibits EMT in breast cancer cells and provide evidence for a previously unrecognized cross‐talk between HNK and Stat3/Zeb1/E‐cadherin axis.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapies in the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Diseases
Authors: Bashir Jamil , Sherman Andrew , Lee Henry , Kaplan Lee , Hare Joshua M.
Published: January 2014

The application of regenerative strategies to musculoskeletal ailments offers extraordinary promise to transform management of the conditions of numerous patients. The use of cell‐based therapies and adjunct strategies is under active investigation for injuries and illnesses affecting bones, joints, tendons, and skeletal muscle. Of particular interest to the field is the mesenchymal stem cell, an adult stem cell found in bone marrow and adipose tissue. This cell type can be expanded ex vivo, has allogeneic application, and has the capacity for engraftment and differentiation into mesodermal lineages. Also of major interest in the field is the use of platelet‐rich plasma, a strategy to concentrate endogenous cytokines and growth factors with reparative potential. Here we review the biological basis, clinical studies, safety, and current state of mesenchymal stem cell and platelet‐rich plasma therapies in the treatment of musculoskeletal disease.
Treatment of Pain in SAPHO (Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis) Syndrome
Authors: Kim Chong H. , Kadhim Sarah , Julien Christina
Published: January 2014

SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis) syndrome includes a variety of musculoskeletal disorders and associated skin conditions. Diagnosis can be difficult but should be considered in the differential in patients with lytic, sclerotic, or hyperostotic bone lesions and pain. Appropriate and prompt treatment, including use of nonsteroidal medications such as ibuprofen or naproxen, colchicine, corticosteroids, and bisphosphonates, and use of disease‐modifying agents such as methotrexate, sulfasalazine and infliximab, can produce improvement of symptoms. Multidisciplinary care, including the disciplines of rheumatology and dermatology, should be considered.
Late Holocene (~ 2 ka) East Asian Monsoon variations inferred from river discharge and climate interrelationships in the Pearl River Estuary
Authors: Nan Qingyun , Li Tiegang , Chen Jinxia , Nigma Rajiv , Yu Xinke , Xu Zhaokai , Yang Zaibao
Published: January 2014

A sediment core from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) was analyzed for grain size and organic geochemistry parameters (TOC and δ13Corg). The results showed that high mean grain-size value and increased sand content were correlated with the high TOC and negative δ13Corg. These results indicated high river runoff in the PRE area. Peak river discharge occurred during the periods 1900–1750, 1500–1600, 1400–1200, 1000–900 and 750–600 cal yr BP. The main changes recorded in grain-size distributions, TOC contents, and δ13Corg variations appear to be directly related to monsoon precipitation in the sediment source area. An increased East Asian summer monsoon rainfall (EASM) and/or an enhanced East Asian winter monsoon rainfall could result in the increasing of monsoon rainfall. Typhoon related rainfalls could act as positive influence on precipitation levels. The study of the correlations between the rainfall records and ENSO activities revealed a close relationship between the monsoon rainfall in the PRE and the tropical Pacific variations. The frequent occurrence of ENSO might result in the southern migration of the EASM rain belt and lead to more typhoon-derived rainfall in the PRD during the late Holocene.
The Grief Grapevine: Facebook Memorial Pages and Adolescent Bereavement
Authors: Frost Mardi
Published: January 2014

How adolescents use the social networking site Facebook to express grief is a growing area of research. In reviewing current literature, it is evident that many questions still remain unanswered. Additionally, this ever-evolving platform for grief, mourning and bereavement may hold many implications for educators, policy developers and school counsellors and how they manage and support adolescents dealing with the sudden death of a peer. This article explores the reasons why Facebook memorials may appeal to a grieving adolescent, conventions in online grief, and challenges for schools in the context of policies for social networking.
SUFFICIENTLY GOOD MEASURES OF OBESITY: THE CASE OF A DEVELOPING COUNTRY
Authors: SOHN KITAE
Published: January 2014

Obesity is pandemic, but no consensus has yet emerged regarding appropriate tools for measuring it. Medical research based on populations in the developed world has largely dismissed body mass index (BMI) because it is a weak predictor of some health outcomes. In contrast, social science research still relies on it for its simplicity and ready availability in surveys. This paper uses consistent definitions and measures to select sufficiently good predictors of health and economic outcomes from among the anthropometrics that are considered alternatives to BMI. The results from the Indonesian Family Life Survey indicate that BMI and waist circumference are better predictors than waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio. This paper argues that given its advantages, BMI is an adequate measure of obesity for Indonesia and possibly for the developing world. Further, if BMI is to be replaced, waist circumference is preferable to other anthropometrics.
The obedience of the Son in the theology of Karl Barth and of Thomas F. Torrance
Authors: Molnar Paul D.
Published: January 2014

Both Thomas F. Torrance and Karl Barth speak of the obedience of the Son as a condescension of the Son to become incarnate for our sakes. Thus there is wide agreement between them with regard to both the doctrines of atonement and the Trinity. Yet, despite the fact that Barth never wavered in his rejection of subordinationism and modalism and always affirmed the freedom of God's love, he also claimed that there ‘is in God Himself an above and a below, apriusand aposterius, a superiority and a subordination’,1while Torrance unequivocally refused to read elements of the economy, such as the ideas of super and subordination and a before or after, back into the immanent Trinity. By comparing the thinking of Barth and Torrance on this issue, I hope to show why I think Barth illegitimately read back elements of the economy into the immanent Trinity, thus creating confusion where clarity would help us see that what God does for us in the economy is and remains an act of free grace which becomes obscured when any sort of hierarchy is introduced into the Trinity.

Both theologians thoroughly agree that what God is towards us in the economy, he is eternally in himself and what he is eternally in himself, he is towards us in the economy. But, there is a difference between them over how to interpret this insight, since Barth thinks super and subordination should be ascribed to the immanent Trinity. While Torrance, like Barth, will argue that the incarnation and Christ's mediatorial activity fall ‘within the life of God’, he also insists that the incarnation cannot in any way be confused with the generation of the Son from the Father in eternity. Barth would agree; yet this important distinction becomes fuzzy when he ascribes subordination and obedience to the eternal Son as a basis for his actionsad extra.

This article will develop in four sections. First, I will discuss the obedience of the Son as condescension for Torrance and Barth. Second, I will consider the implications of theExtra Calvinisticumfor each theologian's view of the obedience of the Son and of the Trinity. Third, I will explore how each theologian attempts to avoid subordinationism and modalism indicating the problems which arise in Barth's thinking in connection with these views. Fourth, I will compare Torrance and Barth, showing that Torrance more consistently maintains God's freedom and love by not reading back elements of the economy into the life of the immanent Trinity.
Lebensraum – just what is this ‘habitat’ or ‘living space’ that Dietrich Bonhoeffer claimed for the church?
Authors: Fergus Donald
Published: January 2014

Dietrich Bonhoeffer's liberal use of spatial concepts in constructing an ecclesiology served his theological purpose in the articulation of a concrete ecclesiology. In particular, Bonhoeffer uses the themes of taking-up-space and the visibility of the church. The visibility of the church is depicted as a proclamatory space, a liturgical space and an ordered space, all encapsulated in the concept of Lebensraum. Within this space, witness is given to the foundation of all reality in Jesus Christ. The church is the place where this reality is proclaimed; a space no bigger than that required to serve the world in witness to Christ. As opposed to any idea of a ‘privatised’ or individual space, Bonhoeffer insisted on the public and territorial nature of this space as essential to the church's witness, for it was in this very visibility that the church gains space for Christ.

Lebensraum, an idea popularised by Adolf Hitler and incorporated into the foreign policy of the Third Reich, was a highly charged political concept taken over by Bonhoeffer to represent a living space diametrically opposed in form to that proposed by the Reich. A useful way of thinking about the Christian form of Lebensraum as proposed by Bonhoeffer is to regard it as the space in which the ‘social acts that constitute the community of love and that disclose in more detail the structure and nature of the Christian church’1 are to be demonstrated and observed. These ‘social acts’ are built upon the foundational concepts, first found in Sanctorum Communio, of Stellvertretung or vicarious representative action, Miteinander or church members being with-each-other, and Füreinander or church members actively being for-each-other. Bonhoeffer proposes that, as its life is lived out in this way, the church will take the form of its suffering servant Lord. It is in this particular space and no other, grounded and upright in Christ, that Christians are to live their lives in witness to Christ.
Civic Socialising: a revealing new theory about older people's social relationships
Authors: STEWART JOAN , BROWNING COLETTE , SIMS JANE
Published: January 2014

The research reported in this article investigated the nature and the purpose of older people's social interactions in their local neighbourhood shops. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with and observation of 11 shoppers, aged 67 years and older, and six shopkeepers. Classic grounded theory analysis method revealed a previously uncharted psycho-social process associated with these interactions entitled by the authors as Civic Socialising; it highlights that older people's interactions in their local neighbourhood shops embody authentication of themselves as individuals and as community members, and their co-construction and co-preservation of the milieu of their local neighbourhood shopping precinct with a view to sustaining their ongoing autonomy. The new conceptual theory Civic Socialising highlights that older people can be proactive, resilient and capable, dimensions integral to human fulfilment, and demonstrates that older people can play an active role in their communities where the environment is enabling. The new conceptual theory Civic Socialising has significance for the way we determine and view older people's social relationships. Crucially, in light of a burgeoning older population world-wide, it is clear that policy makers and social planners must ensure that older people can continue to interact in their communities if ageing in place is to be a satisfying and cost-effective experience. Without such consideration, ageing in place could well create dependency and despondency.
Torque distribution optimization of redundantly actuated planar parallel mechanisms based on a null-space solution
Authors: Choi Jung Hyun , Seo TaeWon , Lee Jeh Won
Published: January 2014

Redundant actuation for the parallel kinematic machine (PKM) is a well-known technique for overcoming general drawbacks of the PKM by helping it to avoid singularity and enhance stiffness characteristics, among others. Torque distribution plays a critical role in redundant actuation because this actuation causes the PKM to consume too much energy or put a substantial amount of stress on joints and links. This paper proposes a new torque distribution method for reducing the maximum torque of the actuator of a planar PKM. Here the main idea behind the proposed method is the use of superposition of a particular solution for a non-redundant case and an optimized null-space solution for a redundant case with a constant coefficient. The optimal value of a null-space solution can be easily determined by checking only the intersection points of the profile of the actuator's torque as the coefficient varies. We consider three cases of planar PKMs—2-, 3-, and 4-RRR PKMs—and present a detailed procedure for deriving a kinematic solution for the 2-RRR PKM based on Screw theory. We compare the proposed method with the minimum-norm pseudo-inverse method and assess a limitation of the proposed method. The torque distribution algorithm can be used to determine the number of actuators in an efficient manner and to reduce energy consumption.
Prevalence and control of H7 avian influenza viruses in birds and humans
Authors: ABDELWHAB E. M. , VEITS J. , METTENLEITER T. C.
Published: January 2014

The H7 subtype HA gene has been found in combination with all nine NA subtype genes. Most exhibit low pathogenicity and only rarely high pathogenicity in poultry (and humans). During the past few years infections of poultry and humans with H7 subtypes have increased markedly. This review summarizes the emergence of avian influenza virus H7 subtypes in birds and humans, and the possibilities of its control in poultry. All H7Nx combinations were reported from wild birds, the natural reservoir of the virus. Geographically, the most prevalent subtype is H7N7, which is endemic in wild birds in Europe and was frequently reported in domestic poultry, whereas subtype H7N3 is mostly isolated from the Americas. In humans, mild to fatal infections were caused by subtypes H7N2, H7N3, H7N7 and H7N9. While infections of humans have been associated mostly with exposure to domestic poultry, infections of poultry have been linked to wild birds or live-bird markets. Generally, depopulation of infected poultry was the main control tool; however, inactivated vaccines were also used. In contrast to recent cases caused by subtype H7N9, human infections were usually self-limiting and rarely required antiviral medication. Close genetic and antigenic relatedness of H7 viruses of different origins may be helpful in development of universal vaccines and diagnostics for both animals and humans. Due to the wide spread of H7 viruses and their zoonotic importance more research is required to better understand the epidemiology, pathobiology and virulence determinants of these viruses and to develop improved control tools.
Histochemical and morphological features of biopsied and stripped oocytes from the Brazilian endangered teleost pirapitinga, Brycon nattereri (Characiformes)
Authors: Maria Alexandre N. , Orfão Laura H. , Rizzo Elizete , Ninhaus-Silveira Alexandre , Viveiros Ana T.M.
Published: January 2014

The aim of the present study was to characterize biopsied and stripped oocytes from the Brazilian endangered teleost pirapitinga (Brycon nattereri) using histochemical and morphological analyses. Biopsied oocytes had a mean diameter of 2.225 mm (modal diameter: 2.312 mm), complete vitellogenesis and a central or slightly eccentric nucleus. Neutral polysaccharides were detected in the follicular cells, zona radiata and yolk globules, while acidic polysaccharides were detected in the follicular cells and cortical alveoli. Ten out of the 19 females treated with two doses of carp pituitary extract (cPE) released oocytes, which were also analysed. Stripping occurred 292 ± 39 degree-hours after the second dose of cPE and led to a mean spawning weight of 36.2 g, 10% spawning index, 241 oocytes/g of ova, 8222 oocytes/female and 23 oocytes/g of body weight. Stripped oocytes had a mean diameter of 2.33 mm and a mode at 2.375 mm, were weakly adhesive and coloration ranged from wine to brown. Under scanning electron microscopy, stripped oocytes exhibited a single funnel-shaped micropyle located at the animal pole and a zona radiata that measured 7.7 μm in thickness with eight pore canals/μm2. Oocyte morphology in Brycon nattereri is similar to that found in other species of the genus, except for the larger size and weaker adhesiveness. These findings provide essential information for a better understanding of the reproductive biology of B. nattereri and the establishment of conservation measures for this threatened species.
Médecins Sans Frontières Experience in Orthopedic Surgery in Postearthquake Haiti in 2010
Authors: Teicher Carrie Lee , Alberti Kathryn , Porten Klaudia , Elder Greg , Baron Emannuel , Herard Patrick
Published: January 2014

Introduction

During January 2010, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti, resulting in death and destruction for hundreds of thousands of people. This study describes the types of orthopedic procedures performed, the options for patient follow-up, and limitations in obtaining outcomes data in an emergency setting.

Problem

There is not a large body of data that describes larger orthopedic cohorts, especially those focusing on internal fixation surgeries in resource-poor settings in postdisaster regions. This article describes 248 injuries and over 300 procedures carried out in the Médecins Sans Frontières-Orthopedic Centre Paris orthopedic program.

Methods

Surgeries described in this report were limited to orthopedic procedures carried out under general anesthesia for all surgical patients. Exclusion factors included simple fracture reduction, debridement, dressing changes, and removal of hardware. This data was collected using both prospective and retrospective methods; prospective inpatient data were collected using a data collection form designed promptly after the earthquake and retrospective data collection was performed in October 2010.

Results

Of the 264 fractures, 204 were fractures of the major long bones (humerus, radius, femur, tibia). Of these 204 fractures of the major long bones, 34 (16.7%) were upper limb fractures and 170 (83.3%) were lower limb fractures. This cohort demonstrated a large number of open fractures of the lower limb and closed fractures of the upper limb. Fractures were treated according to their location and type. Of the 194 long bone fractures, the most common intervention was external fixation (36.5%) followed by traction (16.7%), nailing (15.1%), amputation (14.6%), and plating (9.9%).

Conclusion

The number of fractures described in this report represents one of the larger orthopedic cohorts of patients treated in a single center in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. The emergent surgical care described was carried out in difficult conditions, both in the hospital and the greater community. While outcome and complication data were limited, the proportion of patients attending follow-up most likely exceeded expectations and may reflect the importance of the rehabilitation center. This data demonstrates the ability of surgical teams to perform highly-specialized surgeries in a disaster zone, and also reiterates the need for access to essential and emergency surgical programs, which are an essential part of public health in low- and medium-resource settings.

TeicherCL, AlbertiK, PortenK, ElderG, BaronE, HerardP. Médecins Sans Frontières experience in orthopedic surgery in postearthquake Haiti in 2010. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(1):1-6.
Cross-sectional examination of physical and social contexts of episodes of eating and drinking in a national sample of US adults
Authors: Oh April , Erinosho Temitope , Dunton Genevieve , M Perna Frank , Berrigan David
Published: January 2014

Objective

The current study characterizes associations between physical and social contexts of self-reported primary episodes of eating/drinking and sociodemographic and obesity-related variables in US adults.

Design

Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse a nationally representative sample of adults from the 2006–2008 American Time Use Survey. Models identifying physical (where) and social (whom) contexts of primary eating/drinking episodes at the population level, controlling for demographic characteristics, weight status and time of eating, were conducted.

Setting

USA.

Subjects

A nationally representative sample of US adults (n21 315).

Results

Eating/drinking with immediate family was positively associated with age (OR = 1·15 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·27) to 1·23 (95 % CI 1·09, 1·39)), education level (OR = 1·16 (95 % CI 1·03, 1·30) to 1·36 (95 % CI 1·21, 1·54)), obesity (OR = 1·13 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·22)), children in the household (OR = 3·39 (95 % CI 3·14, 3·66)) and time of day (OR = 1·70 (95 % CI 1·39, 2·07) to 5·73 (95 % CI 4·70, 6·99)). Eating in the workplace was negatively associated with female gender (OR = 0·65 (95 % CI 0·60, 0·70)) and children in the household (OR = 0·90 (95 % CI 0·83, 0·98)), while positively associated with non-white status (OR = 1·14 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·29) to 1·47 (95 % CI 1·32, 1·65)) and time of day (OR = 0·25 (95 % CI 0·28, 0·30) to 5·65 (95 % CI 4·66, 6·85)). Women (OR = 0·80 (95 % CI 0·74, 0·86)), those aged >34 years (OR = 0·48 (95 % CI 0·43, 0·54) to 0·83 (95 % CI 0·74, 0·93)) and respondents with children (OR = 0·69 (95 % CI 0·63, 0·75)) were less likely to eat in a restaurant/bar/retail than at home. Overweight and obese respondents had a greater odds of reporting an episode of eating in social situationsv. alone (e.g. immediate family and extended family; OR = 1·13 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·22)) and episodes occurring in restaurant/bar/retail locations (OR = 1·12 (95 % CI 1·03, 1·23) to 1·14 (95 % CI 1·05, 1·24)).

Conclusions

Findings underscore the multidimensional nature of describing eating/drinking episodes. Social and physical contexts for eating/drinking and their demographic correlates suggest opportunities for tailoring interventions related to diet and may inform intervention targeting and scope.
Implementation of A Better Choice Healthy Food and Drink Supply Strategy for staff and visitors in government-owned health facilities in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Miller Jane , Lee Amanda , Obersky Natalie , Edwards Rachael
Published: January 2014

Objective

The present paper reports on a quality improvement activity examining implementation of A Better Choice Healthy Food and Drink Supply Strategy for Queensland Health Facilities (A Better Choice). A Better Choice is a policy to increase supply and promotion of healthy foods and drinks and decrease supply and promotion of energy-dense, nutrient-poor choices in all food supply areas including food outlets, staff dining rooms, vending machines, tea trolleys, coffee carts, leased premises, catering, fundraising, promotion and advertising.

Design

An online survey targeted 278 facility managers to collect self-reported quantitative and qualitative data. Telephone interviews were sought concurrently with the twenty-five A Better Choice district contact officers to gather qualitative information.

Setting

Public sector-owned and -operated health facilities in Queensland, Australia.

Subjects

One hundred and thirty-four facility managers and twenty-four district contact officers participated with response rates of 48·2 % and 96·0 %, respectively.

Results

Of facility managers, 78·4 % reported implementation of more than half of the A Better Choice requirements including 24·6 % who reported full strategy implementation. Reported implementation was highest in food outlets, staff dining rooms, tea trolleys, coffee carts, internal catering and drink vending machines. Reported implementation was more problematic in snack vending machines, external catering, leased premises and fundraising.

Conclusions

Despite methodological challenges, the study suggests that policy approaches to improve the food and drink supply can be implemented successfully in public-sector health facilities, although results can be limited in some areas. A Better Choice may provide a model for improving food supply in other health and workplace settings.
Graph analysis of dream reports is especially informative about psychosis
Authors: Mota Natália B. , Furtado Raimundo , Maia Pedro P. C. , Copelli Mauro , Ribeiro Sidarta
Published: January 2014

Early psychiatry investigated dreams to understand psychopathologies. Contemporary psychiatry, which neglects dreams, has been criticized for lack of objectivity. In search of quantitative insight into the structure of psychotic speech, we investigated speech graph attributes (SGA) in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder type I and non-psychotic controls as they reported waking and dream contents. Schizophrenic subjects spoke with reduced connectivity, in tight correlation with negative and cognitive symptoms measured by standard psychometric scales. Bipolar and control subjects were undistinguishable by waking reports, but in dream reports bipolar subjects showed significantly less connectivity. Dream-related SGA outperformed psychometric scores or waking-related data for group sorting. Altogether, the results indicate that online and offline processing, the two most fundamental modes of brain operation, produce nearly opposite effects on recollections: While dreaming exposes differences in the mnemonic records across individuals, waking dampens distinctions. The results also demonstrate the feasibility of the differential diagnosis of psychosis based on the analysis of dream graphs, pointing to a fast, low-cost and language-invariant tool for psychiatric diagnosis and the objective search for biomarkers. The Freudian notion that “dreams are the royal road to the unconscious” is clinically useful, after all.
TEMPRANILLO is a regulator of juvenility in plants
Authors: Sgamma Tiziana , Jackson Alison , Muleo Rosario , Thomas Brian , Massiah Andrea
Published: January 2014

Many plants are incapable of flowering in inductive daylengths during the early juvenile vegetative phase (JVP). Arabidopsis mutants with reduced expression of TEMPRANILLO (TEM), a repressor of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) had a shorter JVP than wild-type plants. Reciprocal changes in mRNA expression of TEM and FT were observed in both Arabidopsis and antirrhinum, which correlated with the length of the JVP. FT expression was induced just prior to the end of the JVP and levels of TEM1 mRNA declined rapidly at the time when FT mRNA levels were shown to increase. TEM orthologs were isolated from antirrhinum (AmTEM) and olive (OeTEM) and were expressed most highly during their juvenile phase. AmTEM functionally complemented AtTEM1 in the tem1 mutant and over-expression of AmTEM prolonged the JVP through repression of FT and CONSTANS (CO). We propose that TEM may have a general role in regulating JVP in herbaceous and woody species.
Carboxylic silica nanosheet–platinum nanoparticle modified glass carbon electrodes for pesticide detection
Authors: Li Can-Peng , Fan Shuangmei , Yin Chunyan , Zhang Nan , Du Sie , Zhao Hui
Published: January 2014

Silica nanosheets were prepared from montmorillonite and carboxyl functionalized by a chemical method.
Early amyloid β-protein aggregation precedes conformational change
Authors: Barz Bogdan , Olubiyi Olujide O. , Strodel Birgit
Published: January 2014

The aggregation of amyloid-β protein (1–42) is studied at experimental concentrations using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations.
Binding and activation of small molecules by a quintuply bonded chromium dimer
Authors: Shen Jingmei , Yap Glenn P. A. , Theopold Klaus H.
Published: January 2014

A Cr–Cr quintuple bond undergoes [2+n] cycloadditions to generate dimetallacycles retaining Cr–Cr quadruple bonds.