bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mononuclear Bis(tridentate)-Type and Dinuclear Triple Helicate Iron(II) Complexes Containing 2-Ethyl-5-methylimidazole-4-carbaldehyde Azine
Authors: Sunatsuki Yukinari , Maruyama Hisashi , Fujita Kunihiro , Suzuki Takayoshi , Kojima Masaaki , Matsumoto Naohide
Published: December 2009

Mononuclear [Fe(H2L2-Et-5-Me)2]2+ and dinuclear [Fe2(H2L2-Et-5-Me)3]4+ complexes, where H2L2-Et-5-Me denotes 2-ethyl-5-methylimidazole-4-carbaldehyde azine, were prepared and isolated as the perchlorate salts, and their structures and magnetic properties were studied. In the mononuclear complex, the ligand acts as an unsymmetrical tridentate ligand with two imidazole nitrogen atoms and one azine nitrogen atom. The complex was in the HS state above 50 K. In the dinuclear complex, each ligand acts as a dinucleating ligand employing four nitrogen atoms to form a triple helicate structure. Two types of crystals, plates and blocks, were isolated for the dinuclear complex. The plate crystals exhibited a sharp spin transition, [LS–HS] ↔ [HS–HS], with no [LS–LS] state being observed. The block crystals remained in the [HS–HS] state above 50 K.
Fluorescent Dyes with 2-Amino-4,7-diazaindole Skeleton: Synthesis and Spectroscopy
Authors: Gryko Daniel T , Piechowska Joanna , Vetokhina Volha , Wójcik Dominik
Published: December 2009

The reaction of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) with compounds possessing two vicinal chlorine atoms activated toward nucleophilic substitution has been studied. All derivatives bearing a 2,3-dichloropyrazine moiety react with DBU leading to fluorescent dyes. Among others, only 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone reacts giving the expected pentacyclic product albeit in a very low yield and accompanied by the product of hydrolysis. Spectroscopic properties of the synthesized compounds were studied. The dye formed from 5,6-dichloro-2,3-dicyanopyrazine exhibits a very high Stokes shift and strong dependence of the fluorescence quantum yield on solvent polarity.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Hydroisoquinoline Derivatives, a Key Intermediate for Manzamine Synthesis, by Diels–Alder Reaction Using 4-Amino-2-siloxybutadiene
Authors: Mihara Yasuhiro , Matsumura Tomoaki , Terauchi Yuki , Akiba Masakatsu , Arai Shigeru , Nishida Atsushi
Published: December 2009

A novel method for the synthesis of chiral hydroisoquinolines by asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction of nitrogen-containing dienophiles and suitably protected aminosiloxybutadienes has been developed. The product could be a key intermediate for synthesis of manzamine alkaloids.
Synthesis of (S)-Ketamine via [1,3]-Chirality Transfer of a Stereocenter Created by Enantioselective Aldol Reaction
Authors: Yokoyama Takeshi , Yokoyama Reiko , Nomura Satoshi , Matsumoto Satoshi , Fujiyama Ryoji , Kiyooka Syun-ichi
Published: December 2009

The stereocenter in the intermediate alcohol (86% ee), created by enantioselective oxazaborolidinone-promoted aldol reaction, was transferred to the stereocenter in the cyclohexanone ring, necessary for (S)-ketamine, via allyl cyanate-to-isocyanate rearrangement. The second asymmetric synthesis of (S)-ketamine has been achieved (87% ee).
The Effects of Primary Structures on Photo-Induced Insolubilization of All-Cis Poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s in Thin Films
Authors: Mutoh Yuichiro , Yamamoto Yasutaka , Wakioka Masayuki , Takita Ryo , Nakamura Jun-ichi , Iida Toshiya , Ozawa Fumiyuki
Published: December 2009

All-cis poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s (PPVs) prepared by Suzuki–Miyaura-type polycondensation of (Z,Z)-1,4-bis(2-bromoethenyl)benzene with 2,5-dioctyloxybenzene-1,4-diboronic acid undergo photo-induced insolubilization in thin films, along with cis-to-trans isomerization of vinylene linkages to give all-trans PPVs. This phenomenon has been investigated using all-cis and all-trans PPVs with a range of molecular weights and terminal structures. The amounts of PPVs remaining on quartz substrates, after UV-irradiation on spin-coated films, followed by rinsing twice with CHCl3, are dependent on the geometries of vinylene linkages, molecular weights, and terminal structures of the starting PPVs. It has been found that the all-cis configuration is of particular importance for insolubilization. The insolubilized films exhibit charge-carrier mobility (μFET) up to 1.6 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Development and implementation of a hand therapy extended scope practitioner clinic to support the 18-week waiting list initiative
Authors: Rose Robyn-Lee , Probert Sara
Published: December 2009

Background

A changing and competitive health market demands the need to review existing services and develop new ways of working in order to improve and maintain service delivery. Developing the role of the extended scope practitioner (ESP) and altering patient pathways through specialist hand units is one way that service delivery can be improved to adhere to the 18-week waiting time from a General Practitioner (GP) referral to the start of treatment.

Methods

One-hundred GP referrals for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and first carpometacarpal osteoarthritis (CMC OA) were selected to attend an ESP clinic audit led by two specialist occupational therapists for diagnosis and implementation of a conservative treatment programme, which was confirmed by a consultant. The ESP clinic was audited against key performance indicators to evaluate ESP effectiveness and improvements in the patient pathway.

Results

The ESP can effectively diagnose and manage CTS and CMC OA patients without increasing the demand for surgical opinion or procedures. The ESP is also effective in diagnosing other conditions such as early-onset Dupuytren's disease, de Quervain's disease, ganglions and trigger finger.

Conclusions

ESP clinics have the potential to improve the patient pathway by providing earlier access to a specialist opinion for a diagnosis and management of hand conditions thereby improving service delivery.
Chiropractic manipulation for carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review
Authors: Hunt Katherine J , Hung S K , Boddy Kate , Ernst Edzard
Published: December 2009

Background

Although chiropractic is most commonly used for spinal problems, many chiropractors use manipulations for the treatment of non-spinal conditions. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) has been identified as one such condition. This systematic review evaluates the evidence for or against the effectiveness of chiropractic as a treatment for CTS.

Methods

Eight electronic databases were searched from inception until November 2008. Reference lists of retrieved articles were hand-searched. Chiropractic associations were contacted in order to identify further non-published studies. No language restrictions were applied.

Results

Of 26 potentially relevant studies, only one trial of chiropractic for CTS met all the inclusion criteria. The trial was of poor quality and reported no significant differences between the groups on any outcome measure. However, our re-analyses indicated a significant difference in favour of the control treatment (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs] use). Adverse effects were noted in both groups.

Conclusions

There is insufficient evidence to suggest that chiropractic is effective for the treatment of CTS. Therapy should continue to focus on the use of NSAIDs, corticosteroid injection, splinting and surgical release of the median nerve. Further research into the utility of chiropractic for CTS is required.
Use of the technique for extensor tendon acceleration with an injured soldier after a metacarpal fracture
Authors: McCarroll Michele L , Martin Jennifer L
Published: December 2009

Objective

The purpose of this case report was to evaluate the effectiveness of the ‘technique for extensor tendon acceleration’ (TETA) in improving an active extensor lag at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints after a surgically repaired, stable metacarpal fracture (MCF). The TETA was used in combination with scar mobilization, exercise and splinting with an injured soldier who sustained an MCF while on active duty.

Methods

This case report is about a soldier injured during the Iraq War who used the TETA, in combination with other treatments, as a means for resolving an extensor lag in a stable fourth digit MCF. The pre- and post-TETA outcome measure was range of motion (ROM). The ROM was taken before initiation of the TETA and two weeks after its initiation.

Results

After two weeks of performing the TETA in combination with other treatments, the soldier demonstrated a measurable improvement in the extensor lags at both the MCP and PIP joints. The soldier's fourth digit total active motion improved by 55° while the MCP joint extensor lag improved by 10° and the PIP joint extensor lag improved by 20°.

Conclusion

This case report demonstrated a potential benefit for using the TETA in conjunction with other treatments in overcoming an active extensor lag after a stable MCF. These results are case specific and may not be generalized to a larger population until future research studies can be conducted.
Clinical pathways: 12 lessons learned over 25 years of experience
Authors: Bower Kathleen A
Published: December 2009

Clinical paths have demonstrated their value in support of patient care management throughout the last 25 years of use. With over 25 years of experience in using clinical paths, a number of lessons have been learned. The remainder of this article will outline 12 of those lessons. Clinical paths provide continuity of plan that needs to be augmented by continuity of provider, particularly for patients with complex issues. Clinical paths of the future will be simultaneously more simple and more complex. This dichotomy is related to increasingly complex treatment modalities; increasing numbers of care sites; and rapid infusion of evidence and research findings. Clinical paths must help simplify and focus care for providers who are engaged in providing individualized, evidence-based, focused and comprehensive care to diverse patients. And most importantly, they must make a difference to patients and their families.
The experience of conducting a Cochrane systematic review of the impact of clinical pathways on professional practice, patient outcomes, length of stay and hospital costs
Authors: Rotter Thomas , Kinsman Leigh , James Erica , Machotta Andreas , Gothe Holger , Kugler Joachim
Published: December 2009

Despite the high prevalence of clinical pathways (CPWs), the results from published studies are inconsistent and contradictory. The plethora of study designs, settings and lack of an agreed definition of a CPW make the relevance of individual studies difficult to apply to clinical settings. It was timely to catalogue and analyse the existing evidence base for CPWs via a rigorous systematic review. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses provide a high level of evidence for the effectiveness of interventions and are commonly employed reviewing strategies for addressing scientific questions in health-related research. This method is especially useful when research results are known to be inconsistent. Instead of conducting another primary evaluation, a detailed review is needed that reflects a summation of available research. This paper reports and discusses methodological and technical issues of a systematic review of the effectiveness of CPWs in hospitals, based on our experience with the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group.
ICPAT: Integrated Care Pathways Appraisal Tool
Authors: Whittle Claire
Published: December 2009

This report outlines how the Integrated Care Pathways Appraisal Tool (ICPAT) has been applied in the assessment of the content and quality of a selection of integrated care pathways in use in the United Kingdom.
Profiling non-lysyl tRNAs in HIV-1
Authors: Pavon-Eternod Mariana , Wei Min , Pan Tao , Kleiman Lawrence
Published: December 2009

During its assembly, human HIV-1 selectively packages the tRNALys isoacceptors, including tRNALys3, the primer for the reverse transcriptase. However, other low molecular weight RNA species are also seen in the virus. We profiled the tRNAs packaged into HIV-1 using microarray analysis and validated our results by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and RT-PCR. In addition to tRNALys isoacceptors, tRNAAsn and the rare isoacceptor of tRNAIle are also selectively packaged. In Gag viral-like particles missing the GagPol protein, overall tRNA incorporation is reduced by >80%. This reduction is significantly greater than can be accounted for by the reduction in tRNALys isoacceptors, tRNAAsn and tRNAIle, suggesting that incorporation of other tRNAs may also require the GagPol protein. These results demonstrate selective incorporation of non-lysyl tRNAs into HIV-1 and highlight the application of microarrays as a novel method to study tRNA incorporation into viruses.
Experimental validation of specificity of the squamous cell carcinoma antigen-immunoglobulin M (SCCA-IgM) assay in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Zuin Jessica , Veggiani Gianluca , Pengo Paolo , Gallotta Andrea , Biasiolo Alessandra , Tono Natascia , Gatta Angelo , Pontisso Patrizia , Toth Radovan , Cerin Dean , Frecer Vladimir , Meo Sabrina , Gion Massimo , Fassina Giorgio , Beneduce Luca
Published: December 2009

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma antigen-immunoglobulin M (SCCA-IgM) is a useful biomarker for the risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis due to its progressive increase associated to HCC evolution. In patients with cirrhosis, other assays have been affected by interfering reactivities of IgM. In this study, the analytical specificity of the SCCA-IgM assay was assessed by evaluating SCCA-IgM measurement dependence on different capture phases, and by measuring the recovery of SCCA-IgM reactivity following serum fractionation.

Methods: Serum samples from 82 patients with cirrhosis were analyzed. SCCA-IgM was measured using the reference test (Hepa-IC, Xeptagen, Italy) that is based on rabbit oligoclonal anti-squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) and a dedicated ELISA with a mouse monoclonal anti-SCCA as the capture antibody.

Results: SCCA-IgM concentrations measured with the reference assay (median value=87 AU/mL) were higher than those measured with the mouse monoclonal test (median value=78 AU/mL). However, the differences in the SCCA-IgM distribution were not statistically significant (p>0.05). When SCCA-IgM concentrations measured with both tests were compared, a linear correlation was found (r=0.77, p<0.05). Fractionation of the most reactive sera by gel-filtration chromatography showed that total recovery of SCCA-IgM reactivity was seen only in the fractions corresponding to components with a molecular weight higher than IgM and SCCA (>2000 kDa) with both tests.

Conclusions: The equivalence of both SCCA-IgM assays and the absence of reactivity not related to immune complexes support the analytical specificity of SCCA-IgM measurements. The results validate the assessment of SCCA-IgM for prognostic purposes in patients with cirrhosis.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:217–23.
Besonderheiten der Umgangssprache der Litauer Lettlands: Gebrauch der Präpositionen
Authors: Kvašytė Regina
Published: December 2009

A language is one of the most important indexes of ethnical awareness of Latvian Lithuanians. Societal functions of the Lithuanian language as the one of the ethnical minority in Latvia are narrowed – this language serves only for everyday communication because a possibility to use one's mother tongue in a different language environment is linked more with individual or family needs and those of a small circle of friends (more rarely, for the needs of community activities, in case if Lithuanians of a certain locality join associations). Thus, among Latvian Lithuanians, a spoken language is more common. The linguistic peculiarities of Lithuanians living in Latvia have been mostly investigated on the lexis level until now. However, a great variety of prepositional constructions is noticeable as well in the mother tongue of Lithuanians. According to their expression, the three-fold usage can be singled out: as in the Lithuanian literary language; as in a spoken language or dialects; and as in the language impacted by the Latvian language (or undergoing its additional impact). Such changes of the native Lithuanian language have occurred in the environment of the foreign language due to different reasons. The Latvian language has made and still makes a great influence; also, some constructions peculiar to the spoken Lithuanian language are present, too.
Verbesserung der Therapiesicherheit durch eine einheitliche Kalibration von POCT-Glukose-Messgeräten auf Plasma Stellungnahme der Arbeitsgruppe POCT der Deutschen Vereinten Gesellschaft für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin / Improvement of therapeutic safety through standardized plasma calibration of blood glucose test systems at the point-of-care Statement of the POCT Working Group of the German Society for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (DGKL)
Authors: Koschinsky Für die Arbeitsgruppe POCT: Theodor , Junker Ralf , Luppa Peter B. , Schlebusch Harald
Published: December 2009

Blutglukosebestimmungen werden heute weitgehend patientennah im ambulanten und stationären Bereich sowie bei der Patientenselbstkontrolle mit Hilfe mobiler Kleingeräte durchgeführt. Obwohl im Allgemeinen kapilläres oder venöses Vollblut verwendet wird, können die Ergebnisse – abhängig von der unterschiedlichen Kalibration der Teststreifen durch die Hersteller – als Vollblutglukose oder als Plasmaglukose angegeben werden, was einen Unterschied von ca. 11% ausmacht. Daraus können therapeutische Fehlentscheidungen resultieren. Um das Risiko einer Verwechslung von Vollblut- und Plasmaglukoseergebnissen zu vermeiden, hat die IFCC 2005 vorgeschlagen, Glukoseergebnisse – unabhängig von Probentyp und Messmethode – nur noch als Plasmawerte anzugeben. Dieser Empfehlung sollte auch in Deutschland möglichst rasch gefolgt werden.
Can the Liquid Live Micro-Organisms System, a Commercial Probiotic, Affect Sediment, Water Quality, and Koi Carp Production in Fish Hatchery Ponds?
Authors: Barkoh Aaron , Paret John M , Lyon Dale D , Schlechte J Warren
Published: December 2009

Sediment and turbidity can reduce pond and effluent water quality and fish production. We investigated the efficacy of a commercial bacterial product, Liquid Live Micro-Organisms (LLMO) System, in reducing sediment accumulation and improving water quality and fish production in hatchery ponds for 4.5 months. Four plastic-lined ponds received LLMO treatment at a rate of 1 L per 63,230 L of pond water at 2-week intervals throughout the study and additional twice-weekly applications during the last 6 weeks of the study. Another four ponds were untreated and served as the control. All ponds were cleaned of bottom sediments, supplied with plastic containers (33–34 containers/ha) to collect sediment samples, filled with water, and managed to control Prymnesium parvum ichthyotoxicity. Koi (a variant of the common carp Cyprinus carpio) were stocked into ponds as fry and were fed a commercial diet. Turbidity, Secchi disk visibility, chlorophyll a, pH, ammonia-nitrogen, suspended solids, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, and water temperature were monitored throughout the study. Sediment and fish production data were collected at the end of the study. Statistically, LLMO had no significant effect on sediment accumulation or any of the measured water quality variables and consequently had no effect on fish production. Our results did not support claims or reports that LLMO can reduce sediment accumulation or improve water quality and fish production. Two issues (small sample size and low LLMO application rate) may have confounded our results, thereby preventing us from making firm conclusions on the effects of LLMO on sediments, water quality, and fish production. We recommend that future studies be undertaken to address these issues.
Contaminant Concentrations in Juvenile Fall Chinook Salmon from Columbia River Hatcheries
Authors: Johnson Lyndal L , Willis Maryjean L , Olson O Paul , Pearce Ronald W , Sloan Catherine A , Ylitalo Gina M
Published: December 2009

Previous studies have reported elevated chemical contaminant concentrations in out-migrant juvenile salmon from the lower Columbia River. Hatchery rearing is a potential exposure pathway, as contaminants have been measured in hatchery fish and feed from other regions. In this study, we analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides including dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in juvenile fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and feed from eight hatcheries (Big Creek Hatchery, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; Elochoman, Cowlitz, Washougal, Klickitat, and Priest Rapids hatcheries, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; Little White Salmon National Fish Hatchery; and Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery) that release fish into the lower Columbia River. In feed samples, the mean concentrations of summed PCBs, summed DDTs, and summed PAHs were 14, 27, and 370 ng/g wet weight, respectively. In Chinook salmon bodies, mean concentrations of summed PCBs, summed DDTs, and summed PAHs were 17, 9.0, and 30 ng/g wet weight, respectively; metabolites of PAHs were also detected in Chinook salmon bile. Other organochlorine pesticides were detected at low levels (<5 ng/g wet weight) in feed and Chinook salmon from all hatcheries. Concentrations of PBDEs in feed and fish from all hatcheries were low (<3 and <1 ng/g wet weight, respectively). Contaminant exposure levels in hatchery Chinook salmon were generally below those associated with adverse effects on salmon health and also lower than those in field-collected juvenile fall Chinook salmon of hatchery origin from the lower Columbia River, suggesting that the river is a more important source of contamination than are the hatcheries.
The Safety and Effectiveness of Various Hydrogen Peroxide and Iodine Treatment Regimens for Rainbow Trout Egg Disinfection
Authors: Wagner Eric J , Oplinger Randall W , Arndt Ronney E , Forest Anna M , Bartley Matthew
Published: December 2009

Four tests were conducted to evaluate iodine and hydrogen peroxide for the disinfection of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss eggs at higher doses for shorter durations than previously studied. In the first test, eyed eggs were exposed to (1) 2,000 mg iodine/L for 10 min, (2) 100 mg iodine/L for 15 min, (3) 30 g hydrogen peroxide/L for 1 min, (4) 6 g hydrogen peroxide/L for 5 min, or (5) no treatment. Iodine (2,000 mg/L) or hydrogen peroxide (30 g/L) significantly reduced bacterial loads on eggs but did not significantly affect egg survival or fry deformity rates. Hydrogen peroxide at 30 g/L for 1 min was generally better for bacterial control than the other treatments, but the 2,000-mg/L iodine treatment also was effective. A second test assessed the effect of hydrogen peroxide on pH at various levels of water hardness. The pH of hydrogen peroxide solutions dropped as total hardness levels decreased, but buffering with at least 1.32 g NaHCO3/L returned pH to approximately neutral levels. In the third test, in which eggs were treated 30 or 60 min postfertilization, there was no significant difference in survival between those treated with 15 g of buffered hydrogen peroxide/L for 2 min and that of the controls. However, at both 30 and 60 min postfertilization, the 2,000-mg/L iodine treatment induced higher levels of egg mortality than in eggs treated with hydrogen peroxide and the controls. In the fourth test, the serial combination of both 30 g hydrogen peroxide/L and 2,000 mg iodine/L was highly lethal if hydrogen peroxide was the first of the two treatments. The survival of eggs treated in the reverse order (iodine first) did not significantly differ from that of controls. These results indicate that hydrogen peroxide was effective in safely reducing the abundance of bacteria on eggs in small-scale tests when buffered, but production-scale experiments with hydrogen peroxide are recommended before implementation of this treatment.
Manipulating Diet in the Last Month of Juvenile Rearing Did Not Enhance Adult Steelhead Survival at Makah National Fish Hatchery
Authors: Tipping Jack M , Zajac David P
Published: December 2009

To enhance the adult survival of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss by reducing their condition factor before release, groups of fish were fed a control diet (41–47% protein, 15–18% lipid), a low-calorie fish pill diet (20% protein, 7% lipid), or 29% of the control ration in the last month of rearing at Makah National Fish Hatchery. The diet modifications were applied for three consecutive years from mid-March to release in late April. Although the condition factors of fish were successfully reduced from a mean of 0.98 for the control diet to 0.95 and 0.94 with the low-calorie and reduced-control diets, respectively, adult fish recovery rates were not significantly different (P = 0.234). However, some feed cost savings might be realized by cautiously reducing ration levels or feed calorie content in the last month of rearing, but this should be done only if a minimum length threshold at release is assured.
Diet Optimization of Juvenile Rio Grande Silvery Minnow
Authors: Caldwell Colleen A , Barrows Frederic T , Ulibarri Manuel , Gould William R
Published: December 2009

Captive propagation of the federally endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow Hybognathus amarus has been identified as essential for the recovery of the species. A starter diet was initially developed for this cyprinid to support rapid growth through the larval stage. The diet, however, was too costly to support the grower phase of the species. A series of trials was conducted to determine whether a grower diet could be developed that would be cost effective while maintaining fish performance. Quadruplicate lots of Rio Grande silvery minnow (approximately 90 d posthatch, 0.39–0.42 g) were fed a reference diet or one of five experimental diets until just before gonadal maturation at two facilities in New Mexico (New Mexico State University [NMSU] and Dexter National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center [Dexter]). The diets varied in percent composition of ingredients to account for a range in feed costs. Cyclop-eeze (Argent, Redmond, Washington), krill, liver, and fish meals were present in the reference diet and sequentially altered in the remaining test diets to maintain high protein levels in the diets (57.9–64.9% dry matter). Total weight gains at the end of the 16-week trials were lower than expected (140–200%), with no differences among diets at NMSU. Although total weight gain was less at Dexter (105–150%), there were differences among diets. Specific growth rate was greater at both facilities in fish fed the reference diet and a diet lowest in fish meal (1.82% per day). The highest growth rate occurred across all diets within the first 30 d of both feed trials and then diminished by the end of the trials. There were no detectable differences in critical swimming speed or fat scores in fish fed diets with and without expensive feed ingredients or increasing fish meal. The most consistent growth was observed when fish were fed a diet low in fish meal, and our results clearly identified a less-expensive grower formulation for the production of this imperiled cyprinid.
Efficacy of Intraperitoneally and Orally Administered ProVale, a Yeast β-(1,3)/(1,6)-D-glucan Product, in Inhibiting Xenoma Formation by the Microsporidian Loma salmonae on Rainbow Trout Gills
Authors: Guselle Nicole J , Speare David J , Markham R J Fred , Patelakis Shane
Published: December 2009

The objectives of the research were to compare the efficacy of ProVale yeast beta-glucan (β-glucan) with that of a previously tested research-grade yeast β-glucan preparation when administered as an intraperitoneal (IP) injection and to also pilot test the effectiveness of ProVale yeast β-glucan as a feed additive for reducing Loma salmonae xenoma formation on the gills of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Rainbow trout received IP injections of ProVale (4, 10, or 20 mg of ProVale/kg of fish) or Sigma β-glucan (4 mg/kg). Oral challenge with L. salmonae occurred 1 week after IP injection with the β-glucan products. For the second objective, 400 rainbow trout were separated into tanks and duplicate groups were treated with 0, 50, 100, and 200 g of ProVale/1,000 kg of feed. Starting at 3 weeks prior to challenge and continuing 2 weeks after challenge, rainbow trout were fed the various ProVale doses daily at a feeding rate of 1% of the fish biomass. Commencing at 4 weeks postchallenge, the fish in each trial were evaluated for the presence of xenomas on the first left gill arch. The most protective IP dose of commercial ProVale was 10 mg/kg when compared with the laboratory-grade IP dose of Sigma β-glucan (4 mg/kg). Both of these intraperitoneally administered β-glucan products were effective in reducing the mean xenoma count. ProVale used as a feed coating (200 g/1,000 kg) was able to reduce the mean xenoma count by 50%.
Movement and Mortality of Adult Brown Trout in the Motupiko River, New Zealand: Effects of Water Temperature, Flow, and Flooding
Authors: Young Roger G. , Hayes John W. , Wilkinson Jeremy , Hay Joe
Published: December 2009

Management of the effects of water quality and flow on fisheries requires an understanding of the factors that control fish movements. We used radiotelemetry to monitor the movements of adult brown troutSalmo truttain a New Zealand river over 11 months (September 2004 to August 2006) and linked those movements to the changes in flow and water temperature. Individual fish moved up to 41 km during the study. However, most fish moved less than 1 km. All of the trout that showed little movement throughout the summer were living in relatively deep pools that presumably provided cover. The rates of movement declined steadily over the spring–summer period, as flow decreased and water temperature increased. The percentage of fish moving was positively related to the average daily flow during the interval between tracking occasions and negatively related to the average daily water temperature, less than 20% of the tagged fish moving once temperatures were above 19°C. A severe, 50‐year flood occurred in March 2005 and was associated with the mortality of 60–70% of the remaining tagged fish, confirming that flood‐induced mortality can affect a substantial proportion of an adult brown trout population.
Radar‐Derived Digital Elevation Models and Field‐Surveyed Variables to Predict Distributions of Juvenile Coho Salmon and Dolly Varden in Remote Streams of Alaska
Authors: Wissmar Robert C. , Timm Raymond K. , Bryant Mason D.
Published: December 2009

We used field‐surveyed and digital elevation model (DEM) parameters to predict density distributions of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma in remote streams on Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska, and to identify influences of associated reach‐level habitat characteristics. Fish densities were highest in two reach types (low‐gradient floodplain reaches and moderately contained reaches) characterized by numerous pool habitats, low pool spacing distances, and abundant large woody debris. Regression analyses indicated that channel gradients measured during field surveys (M‐gradients) accounted for significant amounts of the variance in coho salmon and Dolly Varden juvenile densities. The DEMs derived from a 2000 space‐shuttle radar mapping mission were used to estimate channel gradients (DEM‐gradients) and gradient zones: (0–3, >3–6, >6–15, and >15%) in stream networks. A high correlation between DEM‐gradients and M‐gradients (r = 0.92), along with the regressions of M‐gradient and fish density, provided a template for comparing DEM‐gradient and M‐gradient predictions of fish densities within gradient zones of the watersheds. Juvenile coho salmon and Dolly Varden densities (number/100 m2) predicted from the DEM‐gradients and M‐gradients were consistent for a majority of the gradient zones. Our results and expanded analyses should facilitate development of paradigms for assessing fish distributions in remote landscapes.
Relative Abundance and Distribution of Common Snook along Shoreline Habitats of Florida Estuaries
Authors: Winner Brent L. , Blewett David A. , McMichael Robert H. , Guenther Cameron B.
Published: December 2009

Quantitative estimates of relative abundance, spatial and temporal distribution, and habitat preference of common snook Centropomus undecimalis along shoreline habitats in four Florida estuarine areas were determined. Significant differences in the relative abundance of common snook among the estuarine areas suggested marked variation in common snook population abundance and densities on a regional scale. The highest adjusted mean relative abundance of common snook occurred in the southern Indian River Lagoon (4.68 fish/haul; SE = 0.08), followed by Tampa Bay (3.36 fish/haul; SE = 0.11), Charlotte Harbor (2.13 fish/haul; SE = 0.10), and the northern Indian River Lagoon (0.76 fish/haul; SE = 0.21). Several common factors (e.g., mangrove and seagrass habitat, salinity, and water temperature) among the estuarine areas were linked with common snook relative abundance and distributions, allowing us to better understand how these fish interact with their environment in different regions of Florida.
Lakewide Estimates of Alewife Biomass and Chinook Salmon Abundance and Consumption in Lake Ontario, 1989–2005: Implications for Prey Fish Sustainability
Authors: Murry Brent A. , Connerton Michael J. , O'Gorman Robert , Stewart Donald J. , Ringler Neil H.
Published: December 2009

Stocking levels of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha for Lake Ontario have been highly controversial since the early 1990s, largely because of uncertainties about lakewide abundance and rates of prey consumption. Previous estimates have focused on years before 1995; since then, however, the Lake Ontario ecosystem has undergone substantial changes, and there is new evidence of extensive natural recruitment. Presented here are new abundance estimates of Chinook salmon and alewives Alosa pseudoharengus in Lake Ontario and a reevaluation of the potential risk of alewife population collapse. We found that Lake Ontario has been supporting, on average (1989–2005), 1.83 × 106 (range, 1.08 × 106 to 3.24 × 106) Chinook salmon of ages 1–4, amounting to a mean annual biomass of 11.33 × 103 metric tons (range, 5.83 × 103 to 23.04 × 103 metric tons). During the same period (1989–2005), the lake supported an alewife biomass of 173.66 × 103 metric tons (range, 62.37 × 103 to 345.49 × 103 metric tons); Chinook salmon of ages 1–4 consumed, on average, 22% (range, 11–44%) of the alewife biomass annually. Because our estimates probably underestimate total consumption and because Chinook salmon are only one of several salmonine species that depend on alewives, predation pressure on the Lake Ontario alewife population may be high enough to raise concerns about long‐term stability of this predator–prey system.
Seasonal Use of a New England Estuary by Foraging Contingents of Migratory Striped Bass
Authors: Pautzke Sarah M. , Mather Martha E. , Finn John T. , Deegan Linda A. , Muth Robert M.
Published: December 2009

Using acoustic telemetry on migratory striped bass Morone saxatilis in Plum Island Estuary (PIE), Massachusetts, we found that striped bass (335–634 mm total length) tagged in the spring and summer of 2005 (n = 14) and 2006 (n = 46) stayed in the estuary for an average of 66.0 d in 2005 and 72.2 d in 2006. Striped bass spent the most time in two specific reaches: middle Plum Island Sound and lower Rowley River. In both years, three different use‐groups of striped bass were observed in PIE. Short‐term visitors (n = 24) stayed in the estuary only briefly (range = 5–20 d). Two groups of seasonal residents stayed for more than 30 d, either in the Rowley River (n = 14) or in Plum Island Sound (n = 22). Within PIE, the two seasonal‐resident use‐groups may be foraging contingents that learn how to feed efficiently in specific parts of the estuary. These distinct within‐estuary use patterns could have different implications for striped bass condition and prey impact.
Introgressive Hybridization of Redband Trout in the Upper McCloud River Watershed
Authors: Simmons Rachel E. , Lavretsky Phil , May Bernie
Published: December 2009

Introgressive hybridization is an obstacle to the conservation of many species and subspecies. Diagnostic genetic markers or markers with high allele frequency differentials, such as single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are becoming increasingly useful for detecting introgression between species or subspecies, such as subspecies of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss known as redband trout in the upper McCloud River watershed. Using a diagnostic mitochondrial SNP as well as nine nuclear SNPs, we quantified introgression levels between native redband trout and nonnative rainbow trout at 14 locations in the upper McCloud watershed and two locations in the lower McCloud region. Our analyses suggest that Sheepheaven, Edson, Moosehead, and Swamp creeks contain a large portion of the nonintrogressed redband trout individuals remaining in the upper McCloud watershed, implying a dramatic loss of populations free from introgressive hybridization. The results of this study have key management implications, such as the need to erect migration barriers and cease all stocking in the area. However, for managers to make fully informed decisions, additional research is needed on the population genetic structure and phylogenetics of these populations to clarify the issues of low genetic variation, inbreeding, or both and to define an appropriate management unit.
Overwinter Survival of Age‐0 Gizzard Shad in Missouri Reservoirs Spanning a Productivity Gradient: Roles of Body Size and Winter Severity
Authors: Michaletz Paul H.
Published: December 2009

Survival through the first winter of life can be an important bottleneck in the recruitment of fishes and is commonly size dependent, with larger fish exhibiting higher survival than smaller fish. Body size and density of age‐0 gizzard shadDorosoma cepedianum, an ecologically important prey species, are reportedly influenced by reservoir productivity. These differences in age‐0 demographics across a productivity gradient may influence overwinter survival and subsequent year‐class strength of adults. I examined fall age‐0 demographics (fall mean total length, mean density, and energy density), overwinter changes in these demographics, and factors that influenced overwinter survival among five age‐0 cohorts in five Missouri reservoirs spanning a productivity gradient. I specifically wanted to determine whether (1) fall age‐0 demographics varied along a reservoir productivity gradient, (2) fall age‐0 demographics and winter severity were related to overwinter survival, and (3) variation in the abundance of overwinter survivors among years decreased with increasing reservoir productivity. Fall demographics did not consistently vary along a productivity gradient. Fall total length was typically larger in more productive reservoirs and was the most variable in the least productive reservoir, with large fish being present during 1 year. Likewise, fall density did not vary with reservoir productivity; the highest overall density occurred in one slightly eutrophic reservoir and one highly eutrophic reservoir, and fall density was lowest and most variable in the least productive reservoir. However, energy density was higher in the more productive reservoirs than in the less productive ones. Overwinter survival ranged from 0% to 100% and increased with increasing fall total length and winter temperatures among all cohorts and reservoirs. Variation in overwinter survivor abundance did not consistently decrease along a reservoir productivity gradient. Unique characteristics of individual reservoirs and changing climatic conditions apparently obscured overall patterns in age‐0 demographics and overwinter survival across reservoir productivity.
Descaling Injury Impairs the Osmoregulatory Ability of Atlantic Salmon Smolts Entering Seawater
Authors: Zydlewski Joseph , Zydlewski Gayle , Danner G. Russell
Published: December 2009

The effect of descaling injury on the osmoregulatory ability of hatchery Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts in seawater was investigated. Experimental series were initiated during early, middle, and late periods of the spring smolt migration (April 25, May 11, and May 31, respectively). For each time series, descaled smolts (subjected to descaling on 10% of the body surface area) and control smolts (held out of water for 15 s) were transferred to seawater at 0, 1, 3, or 7 d posttreatment. After fish were held in 35‰ seawater for 24 h, gill and blood samples were collected and analyzed for Na+,K+‐ATPase activity and plasma osmolyte levels. Based on gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity, the three series spanned the period from early smolting (increasing activity) to de‐smolting (decreasing activity). In each series, descaled fish transferred to seawater at 0 and 1 d posttreatment had greater plasma osmolality than control fish; descaled fish transferred to seawater at 3 d posttreatment did not differ from controls. The greatest perturbation in osmolality (70 milliosmoles) was observed at the peak of smolting (middle series), whereas lesser increases were seen for early and late‐series smolts. The observed osmotic perturbations in descaled fish would probably reduce performance and decrease survival during smolt migration.
Polyphyly of the Pikeminnows (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) Inferred Using Mitochondrial DNA Sequences
Authors: Houston Derek D. , Ogden T. Heath , Whiting Michael F. , Shiozawa Dennis K.
Published: December 2009

The phylogenetic relationships of the Colorado pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius, northern pikeminnow P. oregonensis, Sacramento pikeminnow P. grandis, Umpqua pikeminnow P. umpquae, and hardhead Mylopharodon conocephalus were examined by using molecular data to investigate monophyly of the genus Ptychocheilus. Phylogenies generated using DNA sequence data from the cytochrome b and 16S ribosomal DNA genes of the mitochondrial genome reveal that Ptychocheilus is a polyphyletic genus and suggest that the taxonomy of the group is in need of further revision. These data yield insights into the evolution of the pikeminnows and help place the significant evolutionary events in context with the geological history of parts of western North America (e.g., ancient drainage connections that may have allowed for dispersal, followed by speciation once those connections were broken).
O Itamaraty nos anos de chumbo: o Centro de Informações do Exterior (CIEX) e a repressão no Cone Sul (1966-1979)
Authors: Penna Filho Pio
Published: December 2009

Neste artigo, examina-se o funcionamento do Centro de Informações do Exterior (CIEX), órgão do Itamaraty e vinculado ao Serviço Nacional de Informações (SNI) que foi encarregado de espionar políticos e militantes contrários ao regime militar brasileiro que se exilaram nos países vizinhos. Trata-se de um estudo que visa a desvendar como agia um dos elos do sistema repressivo montado pela ditadura brasileira, que tinha um relativo grau de interação com as outras ditaduras militares da região do Cone Sul. O artigo demonstra que o Itamaraty colaborou intensamente com o regime militar brasileiro, inclusive com a repressão.
O poder militar como instrumento da política externa brasileira contemporânea
Authors: Alsina Jr João Paulo Soares
Published: December 2009

Este artigo pretendeu refletir sobre a instrumentalidade do poder militar para a política externa brasileira no pós-Guerra Fria. Definiu-se a moldura teórica de interpretação do relacionamento entre unidades soberanas. Discutiram-se as peculiaridades do complexo de segurança da América do Sul e o papel do Brasil na sua conformação. Analisaram-se os entraves à condução virtuosa da política de defesa e as dificuldades de articulação entre esta e a política externa. Sugeriram-se iniciativas visando ao aprimoramento da interface entre as políticas externa e de defesa.
Planos de saúde: uma análise dos custos assistenciais e seus componentes
Authors: Leal Rodrigo Mendes , Matos João Boaventura Branco de
Published: December 2009

A partir da motivação de contribuir para a investigação dos custos em saúde, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a evolução dos custos de assistência médica dos planos de saúde no Brasil, considerando a distinção marcante entre as categorias de contratação. Para esse fim, utilizaram-se as informações divulgadas pela Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS), sendo estimados índices de variação com base na metodologia de índices de valor e seus dois componentes, preço (custo médio por evento) e quantidade (frequência de utilização). Dentre os resultados encontrados, destaca-se que os índices de custo médio por evento apresentaram variação mais intensa do que os índices de quantidade, fato que aponta no sentido da importância do aprofundamento da pesquisa sobre a inflação em saúde.
Distribution and agroclimatic characterization of potential cultivation regions of physic nut in Mexico
Authors: Núñez-Colín Carlos Alberto , Goytia-Jiménez María Antonieta
Published: December 2009

The purposes of this study were to determine the distribution and climatic patterns of current and future physic nut (Jatropha curcas) cultivation regions in Mexico, and to identify possible locations for in vivo germplasm banks establishment, using geographic information systems. Current climatic data were processed by Floramap software to obtain distribution maps and climatic patterns of regions where wild physic nuts could be found. DIVA-GIS software analyzed current climatic data (Worldclim model) and climatic data generated by CCM3 model to identify current and future physic nut cultivation regions, respectively. The distribution map showed that physic nut was present in most of the tropical and subtropical areas of Mexico, which corresponded to three agroclimatic regions. Climate types were Aw2, Aw1, and Bs1, for regions 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Nontoxic genotypes were associated with region 2, and toxic genotypes were associated with regions 1 and 3. According to the current and future cultivation regions identified, the best suitable ones to establish in vivo germplasm collections were the coast of Michoacán and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, located among the states of Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas.
Low-P tolerance mechanisms and differential gene expression in contrasting wheat genotypes
Authors: Espindula Laize Fraga , Minella Euclydes , Delatorre Carla Andréa
Published: December 2009

The objectives of this study were to determine low-P tolerance mechanisms in contrasting wheat genotypes and to evaluate the association of these mechanisms to differential gene expression. Wheat seedlings of cultivars Toropi (tolerant to low-P availability) and Anahuac (sensitive) were evaluated. Seedlings were hydroponically grown in the absence or presence of P (1.0 mmol L-1) during three different time periods: 24, 120 and 240 hours. Free phosphate (Pi) and total P contents were measured in shoots and roots. The experiment's design was in randomized blocks with three replicates, each formed by ten plants. The relative expression of genes encoding the malate transporter TaALMT1 and the transcription factor PTF1 was evaluated. Phosphorus starvation beyond ten days increased the expression of TaALMT1 only in 'Toropi'. PTF1's expression was early induced in both genotypes under P starvation, but remained significant after ten days only in 'Toropi'. Shoot Pi concentration in 'Toropi' was independent from P availability; under starvation, 'Toropi' favored the maintenance of shoot Pi concentration. The low-P tolerance of Toropi cultivar at initial growth stages is mainly due to its ability to maintain constant the Pi shoot level.