bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ensuring the Safety of Pastoral Staff
Authors: Kibble David
Published: March 2003

However good a school’s home–school relations may be, there may still be incidents when difficult or distraught parents act in aggressive and threatening ways towards staff, particularly staff acting in a pastoral role. How likely this is to happen will in part depend on circumstances beyond the school’s control. However, there are ways that the likelihood of such incidents can be decreased and where they do occur, they can be more effectively handled. David Kibble suggests a number of ways that schools can decrease the likelihood of such situations developing and also the best way to handle interviews where there is a possibility of a parent becoming aggressive. He explains how his school has developed a policy to support and protect staff where they may potentially or actually be involved in such confrontations.
Family Values and Schools
Authors: Passy Rowena
Published: March 2003

Sociological research into the changing nature of the family provided the context for a pilot project on the family values of Year 4 children in an inner‐city school in Birmingham. An innovatory aspect of the research was that the researcher communicated with the pupils mainly through the means of email. The project’s findings indicate that the family values that the children bring to school may not coincide with those of their teacher. This raises the question of how far the school and its teachers have the right to challenge values that are learned in the home and that underpin family life.
Liberation in One Organization: Apartheid, Nonviolence, and the Politics of the AFSC
Authors: Hostetter David
Published: March 2003

The antiapartheid activism of the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) employed active nonviolence within the context of an internationally supported liberation movement. As the struggle against the white racist regime in South Africa intensified, the strategies of the AFSC’s South Africa Program staff and South African Friends (Quakers) diverged. Because of the AFSC’s involvement in the movements for civil rights and against the Vietnam War in the 1960s, its ideological emphasis shifted from relief work to pursuit of peaceful justice via action based on liberation pacifism in the 1970s and 1980s. The AFSC’s South Africa Program reflected this change. South African Friends and the AFSC staff clashed over differing definitions of nonviolence. Critics in the United States opposed the AFSC’s support for economic sanctions. The controversy around the AFSC’s South Africa Program emcompasses debates about race relations within an antiracist social movement, the relationship of first world pacifists to armed third world liberation movements, and the role of pacifist witness in a transnational liberation struggle.
Peaceful Intentions: the First British Trade Commission in China, 1833–5*
Authors: Melancon Glenn
Published: March 2003

This interpretation, resting on heretofore unexamined documents, directly challenges the prevailing interpretations of Anglo‐Chinese relations which argue that after 1834 Britain embarked on a new forward policy designed to force the Chinese to expand British trading privileges. Evidence from the private papers of British officials and from unpublished Foreign Office records shows that the government in London resisted demands from British merchants to demand aggressively access to the Chinese market. Instead the Grey ministry sought to create and maintain a passive policy toward China after the abolition of the East India Company's monopoly.
Elton's Cromwell
Authors: BERNARD G. W.
Published: March 2003

Sir Geoffrey Elton's presentation of Thomas Cromwell as the architect of ‘the Tudor revolution in government’ rested upon assumptions about Cromwell's relationship with Henry VIII that are here scrutinized and questioned. Cromwell's remembrances, in particular, are drawn upon to argue that, far from holding the government of the country in his hands alone, Cromwell was rather the king's hard‐working servant.
Janico Dartasso: Chivalry, Nationality and the Man‐at‐Arms
Authors: Walker Simon
Published: March 2003

This article considers the case of Janico Dartasso, a Navarrese esquire who pursued a long and generally successful career in the service of the English crown. Rising from the ranks of the men‐at‐arms employed as garrison soldiers, Janico established himself in the favour of both Richard II and Henry IV by his military prowess. Subsequently, he used his access to royal patronage to create an influential position for himself in the lordship of Ireland. His successful cultivation of a chivalric reputation, as a noted tourneyer and crusader, was an important element in his success, easing his access to the centres of cultural influence and political authority. Yet his eventual failure to establish himself permanently in England suggests that the cosmopolitan values of chivalry were increasingly being called into question during this period by a narrow and more exclusive definition of national identity that consigned aliens such as Janico to the margins of political life. His career registers a significant shift in the articulation of chivalric culture from the inclusive international values of the high middle ages to the ‘national chivalries’ of the early modern era.
The Treaty of Edinburgh and the Disinherited (1328–1332)
Authors: Cameron Sonja , Ross Alasdair
Published: March 2003

It has generally been accepted that the treaty of Edinburgh, which formalized peace between Scotland and England in 1328, made no provision for restoring the disinherited lords of England and Scotland who had lost land in one realm for supporting the monarch of the other. The fact that some restorations did occur has been attributed to a hypothetical agreement made between Isabella of England and Robert I's deputies at the wedding of David II and Joan of the Tower in July 1328. However, the wording of various English demands for restorations after 1330 indicates clearly that the treaty itself must have contained a clause which provided for reinheritance. This raises the question why Robert I changed his policy so drastically. It is suggested that the reason lay in the power wielded by several disinherited Englishmen at the English court, which could put pressure on Edward III's regents and might have wrecked the peace negotiations if they were not indulged. The reason why the Scots ultimately failed to carry out most of the promised restorations may be sought in the changing political climate at the English court and the fall from favour of the lords in question.
The British Secret Service and the Escape of Sir Sidney Smith from Paris in 1798
Authors: Durey Michael
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to modify the common perception that the activities of the British secret service during the French revolutionary wars were amateurish and unsuccessful by focusing on one effective operation masterminded by British agents, the escape of Sir Sidney Smith and John Wesley Wright from the Temple prison in Paris in 1798. It explores Smith's early espionage career in detail and examines the means used by the British secret service to aid his escape and to keep its activities hidden from public view. It also brings to light a new spy network organized by Smith while he was in the Temple, which was to remain in place for several years.
Chinese Learning (kangaku) in Meiji Japan (1868–1912)
Authors: Mehl Margaret
Published: March 2003

Japan’s development since the middle of the nineteenth century is usually summarized under the headings ‘modernization’ and ‘westernization’. Such a perspective neglects the importance of indigenous traditions in the shaping of modern Japan, including Chinese learning (kangaku), which had been thoroughly assimilated and had formed the basis of the dominant ideology in the Tokugawa period (1600‐1868). The leaders of the Meiji restoration of 1868 all had a kangaku education and their ideas were strongly influenced by it. Kangaku continued to play a dominant role in Japanese culture until well into the Meiji period and did not fall into decline until the mid‐1890s. The main reason for this was not contempt for contemporary China in the wake of the Sino‐Japanese war (1894‐5), as has been argued, but the new national education system which stressed western knowledge. It was not a sign of waning interest in China, but of new forms this interest took. China became the object of new academic disciplines, including tōyōshi (East Asian history), which applied western methods and a new interpretative framework to the study of China.
Corporations, Cathedrals and the Crown: Local Dispute and Royal Interest in Early Stuart England
Authors: Patterson Catherine F.
Published: March 2003

This article investigates the jurisdictional disputes between ecclesiastical officials and civic corporations in cathedral cities in the first half of the seventeenth century and the response of central government to them. While conflict between civic and cathedral government is ancient in origin, the crown's reaction to it changed substantially over time. In the first years of the century, the crown took little interest in such disputes, allowing the parties to settle jurisdictional differences on their own, often to the advantage of civic leaders. As royal priorities shifted, however, the crown took more active steps to regulate relations between corporate government and cathedral clergy. Civic officials saw their privileges curtailed and authority questioned as the policies of the ‘personal rule’ altered established patterns. By tracking the course of this change, the article illuminates critical relations between centre and locality and exposes the strains felt by at least some local governments in the face of Caroline policy.
The Taming of Reformation: Preachers, Pastors and Parishioners in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England
Authors: Haigh Christopher
Published: March 2003

Many of the godly preachers of late Elizabethan England encountered resistance from their parishioners. There were often objections to their divisiveness, to their preaching of predestination, and to their liturgical nonconformity. This article argues that parochial responses prompted some clergy to adjust their strategies, and encouraged younger ministers to adopt new ways. A more comprehensive pastorate, a proto‐Arminian doctrine of justification, and a more ceremonialist approach to services resulted. The Calvinist Reformation was contained and domesticated by consumer resistance as much as by conformist bishops and Arminianizing theologians. The people had their say too.
History and the Scientific Worldview
Authors: McNeill William H.
Published: March 2003

Worldviews affect human behavior, and how we behave affects the world around us. Animism and so‐called higher religions remain influential worldviews; but the scientific worldview is comparably significant, and has undergone drastic change during the twentieth century. The physical science ideal of mathematical precision and predictability, as elaborated by Galileo, Newton, and their heirs, underwent an amazing transformation in the twentieth century when Big Bang cosmology substituted an expanding, unstable universe for the Newtonian world machine. As a result, a grand convergence of the sciences seems to be emerging around an evolutionary vision of how new aspects of reality emerge locally from new levels of complexity, like the heavier atoms, forged in stellar furnaces, the living molecules that arose in earth's primordial seas, and the symbolic systems invented by human societies perhaps as recently as forty thousand years ago. History, once a hopelessly inexact laggard among the sciences, might even become something of a model for other disciplines, since it deals with the most complex levels of reality we are aware of, that is, the world of agreed‐upon meanings that guides our interaction with one another and with the biological, chemical, and physical worlds around us.
Beyond Cultural Imperialism: Cultural Theory, Christian Missions, and Global Modernity
Authors: Dunch Ryan
Published: March 2003

“Cultural imperialism” has been an influential concept in the representation of the modern Christian missionary movement. This essay calls its usefulness into question and draws on recent work on the cultural dynamics of globalization to propose alternative ways of looking at the role of missions in modern history. The first section of the essay surveys the ways in which the term “cultural imperialism” has been employed in different disciplines, and some of the criticisms made of the term within those disciplines. The second section discusses the application of the cultural imperialism framework to the missionary enterprise, and the related term “colonization of consciousness” used by Jean and John Comaroff in their influential work on British missionaries and the Tswana of southern Africa. The third section looks at the historiography of missions in modern China, showing how deeply the teleological narratives of nationalism and development have marked that historiography. The concluding section argues that the missionary movement must be seen as one element in a globalizing modernity that has altered Western societies as well as non–Western ones in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and that a comparative global approach to the missionary movement can help to illuminate the process of modern cultural globalization.
The Emergence of the Disciplinary Welfare Sanction in Hong Kong
Authors: Gray Patricia
Published: March 2003

This article rejects the contention of liberal writers that the historical development of juvenile justice has been a story of continual reform reflecting the struggle between the principles of justice, welfare and punishment. Instead it presents a revisionist history of the Hong Kong juvenile justice system from a strategic‐relational perspective. The juvenile court is conceptualised as an institutional network of power relations, struggling to formulate policies and programmes to regulate the behaviour of delinquent youth. Out of these struggles a strategic policy direction evolves, not through the work of any one individual or class faction, but as part of a wider hegemonic campaign. This argument is elaborated through an historical account of the emergence of the disciplinary welfare sanction in Hong Kong at the end of the 1970s, and its consolidation in the 1980s and 1990s. This new approach was hailed as a more progressive way of managing the juvenile crime problem. However in reality it provided a more covert and discerning way of disciplining working class delinquents, which matched the hegemonic project of the liberal‐consultative state in other sites of power.
Beyond Just Deserts: Sentencing Violent and Sexual Offenders
Authors: Clarkson C.M.V.
Published: March 2003

Under Section 2(2)(b) of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 dangerous offenders who have committed a violent or sexual offence may receive a longer custodial sentence than would be justified on the basis of proportionality in order to protect the public from serious harm. This article examines how the courts have made such predictions of dangerousness and the extent to which sentences have been enhanced in such cases. The implications of this approach, in terms of justice and sentencing disparity, are considered. Finally, a postscript considers how these provisions would be affected by the Crime Sentences Act 1997.
The Place of Ethics in Investigative Interviewing by Police Officers
Authors: Newton Tess
Published: March 2003

The training of officers in the skills associated with interviewing suspects is an issue of concern to the police service at both force and national level. Within the scope of training has arisen a preoccupation with the idea of ‘ethical interviewing’. This paper attempts to address some of the fundamental, complex and problematic issues that ‘ethical interviewing’ entails by focusing on the reasons why an ethical approach might be advocated, the resources available in order to devise an ethical standard and the means by which such a standard may be inculcated in operational police officers.
Routine Victimisation in Prisons
Authors: O'Donnell Ian , Edgar Kimmett
Published: March 2003

Discussions of safety in prisons often emphasise the grossest forms of interpersonal violence, such as murder and sexual assault. However, a focus on spectacular acts of violence obscures the mundane, day‐to‐day victimisation which characterises institutional life. This study, based on an inmate survey and in‐depth interviews, provides a snapshot of the range and nature of ‘outine’victimisation. It builds on the prisoners'own accounts of assault, robbery, threats of violence, cell theft, verbal abuse and exclusion, to show how these experiences shape their daily lives.
Money‐Laundering: Pavlov's Dog and Beyond
Authors: Van Duyne Petrus C.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the phenomenon of money‐laundering as a form of criminal money‐management. It elaborates some of the pitfalls of the official approach as set out by the Financial Action Task Force report and the lost opportunities concerning understanding of the cross‐border money‐flows in north‐western Europe. It describes the relationship between crime‐money and the upperworld, questions the magnitude of the supposed financial infiltration and gives an example of a positive use of criminal funds. The final section discusses the role of the financial investigator.
Does Community Service Rehabilitate better than Short‐term Imprisonment?: Results of a Controlled Experiment
Authors: Killias Martin , Aebi Marcelo , Ribeaud Denis
Published: March 2003

Community service, along with other new sanctions, has been recommended in many Western countries as an alternative to incarceration over many years. Despite a rich literature on evaluations of so‐called alternative sanctions, random assignment has only exceptionally been used in this field, and (short‐term) imprisonment has never been an option in such designs. The present study tried to assess the comparative effects of community service and prison sentences of up to 14 days, through a controlled experiment in Switzerland in which 123 convicts have been randomly assigned. The results show no difference with respect to later employment history and social and private life circumstances. However, re‐arrest by the police was more frequent among those randomly assigned to prison than among those selected for community service. Prisoners also developed more unfavourable attitudes towards their sentence and the criminal justice system.
A Community Justice Dimension to Effective Probation Practice
Authors: Harding John
Published: March 2003

This article builds on earlier articles by McWilliams and Pease in suggesting that the probation service requires a transcendent justification for its activities. The author supports the need for greater links between prison and probation services in promoting effective practice and public protection but asserts that probation' authority also derives from its understanding of crime in a community context. In developing a community justice framework for the probation service the author discusses three principles: justice, penance, and community, particularly as they might impact on the most marginalised and vulnerable in our inner cities. The case for a community justice dimension to effective practice is further endorsed by a recent Home Office study of the social factors most associated with reconviction. Best outcomes in relation to crime reduction are most likely to be achieved by a bridge‐building effort between criminal justice professionals and the involvement of communities most at risk.
War Without End: Comparing IRA and Loyalist Vigilantism in Northern Ireland
Authors: Silke Andrew , Taylor Max
Published: March 2003

Paramilitary vigilantism in Northern Ireland has increased dramatically in the wake of the 1994 cease‐fires, and is increasingly threatening to destabilise the peace process. Yet despite the long history of vigilantism in Northern Ireland and the unprecedented attention the activity is now attracting, virtually no empirical research has been carried out on the topic. This article reports findings from a study made of 213 IRA and 132 loyalist vigilante incidents which occurred between 1994 and 1996. The aim of the study was to provide hitherto unavailable demographic information on the vigilantism. Results also show that there are clear differences between IRA and loyalist vigilantism and that the nature of vigilantism is changing over time. The main conclusion is that there is a worrying lack of even basic knowledge about the vigilantism at a time when its importance is increasing dramatically. The findings are discussed in relation to the current situation in Northern Ireland.
Skills, Flexible Manufacturing Technology, and Work Organization
Authors: Gale, Jr. H. Frederick , Wojan Timothy R. , Olmsted Jennifer C.
Published: March 2003

This study employs a national survey of over 3000 U.S. manufacturing establishments to explore associations between worker skill requirements and use of production and telecommunications technologies, work organization, and other management practices. Ordered probit equations show an empirical link between increases in each of six types of skill requirements, as reported by plant managers, and the use of flexible technologies and work organization practices. Technology use is most strongly linked to computer skill requirements. Work organization practices were strongly associated with problem‐solving and interpersonal skill increases, suggesting that new work organization practices are broadening the set of skills sought by manufacturers. Traditional academic skills (e.g., math and reading) also were linked to the use of flexible technologies and work organization practices, but increases in these skill requirements were reported less frequently than were requirements for computer, interpersonal, and problem‐solving skills.
Sex, Wages, and Productivity: An Empirical Analysis of Israeli Firm‐Level Data
Authors: Hellerstein Judith K. , Neumark David
Published: March 2003

Sex discrimination in labor markets may generate a wage gap between men and women that exceeds any gap in marginal productivity. We test for this type of discrimination using unique firm‐level data on manufacturing firms in Israel. There is a statistically significant negative association between wages and the proportion of a firm's workforce that is female. However, there is also a statistically significant negative association between marginal productivity and the proportion of females. The difference beween the wage and productivity gaps is small relative to wage‐regression estimates of wage discrimination, and is not statistically significant, which is most consistent with no discrimination.
The Size of Firms and R&D Investment
Authors: Fishman Arthur , Rob Rafael
Published: March 2003

We construct an industry‐equilibrium model in which it is costly for consumers who have previously purchased from one firm to switch to competitors. This gives firms a certain degree of market power over their established customers. The equilibria we identify under these conditions have the following properties: (1) there is a nontrivial size distribution of firms, although firms are intrinsically identical, (2) larger firms make higher profits, (3) larger firms spend more on R&D, (4) larger firms charge (on average) lower prices, and (5) profits are positively correlated over time. These properties match empirical regularities concerning the manufacturing and retail sectors in the U.S. economy.
Competitive Insurance Markets with Two Unobservables
Authors: Smart Michael
Published: March 2003

I study a screening game in a competitive insurance market in which insurance customers differ with respect to both accident probability and degree of risk aversion. It is shown that indifference curves of customers may cross twice; thus the single crossing property does not hold. When differences in risk aversion are sufficiently large, firms cannot use policy deductibles to screen high‐risk customers. Types may be pooled in equilibrium or are separated by raising premiums above actuarially fair levels. This leads to excessive entry of firms in equilibrium.
Household Decisions and Equilibrium Efficiency
Authors: Haller Hans
Published: March 2003

A general equilibrium model is introduced where a household may consist of several members, each with individual preferences and/or resources. When households obey collective rationality, certain intrahousehold externalities can be fully internalized by the respective households so that competitive exchange among households is efficient. As a rule, however, such intrahousehold externalities are not fully internalized by individual household members acting in their personal interest so that competitive exchange among such individuals is only efficient in exceptional cases.
Defense and Welfare Under Rivalry
Authors: Panagariya Arvind , Shibata Hirofumi
Published: March 2003

Two small countries facing a constant probability of war with each other import arms for consumption goods from the rest of the world. The defense good, produced by combining arms and army, is a public good. The reaction curve depicting the optimal supply of the defense good turns out to be backward‐bending. Nevertheless, at least one of the reaction curves is positively sloped at the unique Nash equilibrium. Several comparative statics results are derived. For example, if one country's reaction curve is negatively sloped, military aid to the rival leads to a decline in its optimal supply of the defense good.
The Economic Performance of Immigrants: a Theory of Assortative Matching
Authors: Hendricks Lutz
Published: March 2003

The economic performance of U.S. immigrants differs substantially from that of natives in ways that pose difficulties for standard theories of migration. In particular, immigrants cluster geographically and are often employed together. Immigrant earnings differ by origin and time spent in the United States, even after controlling for education and experience. A large fraction of immigrants eventually returns home, even to low‐wage countries. This article offers a theory of international migration based on assortative matching under imperfect information that accounts for a broad range of these empirical regularities.
Cost Manipulation Games in Oligopoly, With Costs of Manipulating
Authors: Van Long Ngo , Soubeyran Antoine
Published: March 2003

We analyze a class of two‐stage games where rival firms incur real resource costs in manipulating their marginal costs, so as to influence the outcome of the game they want to play in stage two. Marginal costs may be manipulated by various means, such as redistribution of productive assets, choice of location, or creation of an internal input market. A general formulation of the game is provided, and several applications are analyzed. We show that the optimal allocation of resources within an oligopoly can be asymmetric, even for ex‐ante symmetric firms. This is an additional explanation of heterogeneity in oligopoly.
Perpetual Leapfrogging in Bertrand Duopoly
Authors: Giovannetti Emanuele
Published: March 2003

We consider different patterns of infinite technological adoption choices by firms in a Bertrand duopoly. Every period technological progress provides a sequence of cost reducing innovations. The equilibrium concept is Markov perfect equilibrium. We analyze conditions for which equilibrium adoption leads to persistent leadership and those where firms alternate in adoption inducing leapfrogging. Only leapfrogging leads to technological improvement in the long run. Demand conditions play a crucial role in determining whether leapfrogging can be perpetual in Bertrand duopoly.
LONG‐TERM CARE AND FAMILY BARGAINING*
Authors: ENGERS MAXIM , STERN STEVEN
Published: March 2003

We present a structural model of how families decide who should care for elderly parents. We use data from the National Long‐Term Care Survey to estimate and test the parameters of the model. Then we use the parameter estimates to simulate the effects of the existing long‐term trends in terms of the common but untested explanations for them. Finally, we simulate the effects of alternative family bargaining rules on individual utility to measure the sensitivity of our results to the family decision‐making assumptions we make.
THE MORISHIMA ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION FOR THE VARIABLE PROFIT FUNCTION AND THE DEMAND FOR IMPORTS IN THE UNITED STATES*
Authors: SHARMA SUBHASH C.
Published: March 2003

In this article, I derive expressions for the Morishima elasticities of substitution (MES) for the variable profit function and estimate these elasticities to shed some light on the substitutability between imports, capital services, and labor services. The results reveal that capital services and imports are Morishima substitutes, irrespective of whether the price of capital services or imports changes, and imports and labor services are also Morishima substitutes, irrespective of whether the price of imports or the wage rate changes. Thus, an increase in the price of U.S. imports (through tariffs or duties) will result in substitution (in the Morishima sense) into labor and capital services.
Taxes and Marriage: A Two‐Sided Search Analysis*
Authors: Chade Hector , Ventura Gustavo
Published: March 2003

This article analyzes the effects of differential tax treatment of married and single individuals in the United States on marriage formation and composition, divorce, and labor supply. We develop a marriage‐market model with search frictions and heterogeneous agents that is sufficiently rich to capture key elements of the problem under consideration. We then calibrate the model and use it to evaluate the quantitative effects of several tax reforms aimed at making the tax law neutral with respect to marital status. We find that these reforms (i) systematically increase the labor supply of married females, with changes ranging from 0.3 to 10.1 percent; (ii) have substantial effects on the correlation of spouses’ incomes, which changes from 0.2 to values between 0.185 and 0.334; (iii) can lead to either an increase or decrease in the fraction of people married, with changes that range from −0.6 to 2.4 percent.
Trade and Domestic Policy Linkage in International Agreements*
Authors: Ederington Josh
Published: March 2003

A central question in discussions of integrating negotiations over domestic policy (e.g., environmental policy or labor standards) into traditional trade agreements is the degree to which the trade policy and domestic policy provisions of an agreement should be explicitly linked. For example, should the World Trade Organization enforce domestic policy obligations with the threat of the suspension of trade concessions? This article considers the conditions under which linking trade and domestic policy agreements within a self‐enforcing agreement is beneficial, and argues that the benefits of such policy linkage may be lower than is commonly thought.
Optimal credit rationing in not‐for‐profit financial institutions*
Authors: Canning David , Jefferson Clifford W. , Spencer John E.
Published: March 2003

We examine the dynamic optimization problem for not‐for‐profit financial institutions (NFPs) that maximize consumer surplus, not profits. We characterize the optimal dynamic policy and find that it involves credit rationing. Interest rates set by mature NFPs will typically be more favorable to customers than market rates, as any surplus is distributed in the form of interest rate subsidies, with credit rationing being required to prevent these subsidies from distorting loan volumes from their optimal levels. Rationing overcomes a fundamental problem in NFPs; it allows them to distribute the surplus without distorting the volume of activity from the efficient level.
Pegging to the Dollar and the Euro
Authors: Honohan Patrick , Lane Philip R.
Published: March 2003

The newly launched euro has already accumulated some ‘trackers’– that is, countries that attempt to maintain exchange rate stability with it. In this paper, we ask whether the existence of trackers should be a matter of concern for the European Union. To gain some perspective, we review the historical experience of the US with respect to dollar trackers. We identify and analyse the countries most likely to track the euro. Although the aggregate size of the group of potential euro trackers is small relative to the euro zone, we argue that this does not justify an attitude of benign neglect. Rather, we make recommendations for EU policy towards euro trackers, arguing in favour of some limited and conditional support for stable bilateral exchange rates.
The Changing International Economic Order: Rival Visions for the Coming Millennium
Authors: Henderson David
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

D. K. Fieldhouse, The West and the Third World: Trade, Colonialism, Dependence and Development

John Gray, False Dawn: the Delusions of Global Capitalism

Royal Institute of International Affairs, International Affairs: Special Anniversary Issue (on the theme of ‘Justice in the World Economy’), Volume 75, Number 3

Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg and Marc A. Stern (eds), Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century

John Mitchell (ed.), Companies in a World of Conflict

Dani Rodrik, The New Global Economy and Developing Countries: MakingOpenness Work

Razeen Sally, Classical Liberalism and International Economic Order: Studies in Theory and Intellectual History
Liquidity, Volatility and Equity Trading Costs Across Countries and Over Time
Authors: Domowitz Ian , Glen Jack , Madhavan Ananth
Published: March 2003

Actual investment performance reflects the underlying strategy of the portfolio manager and the execution costs incurred in realizing those objectives. Execution costs, especially in illiquid markets, can dramatically reduce the notional return to an investment strategy. This paper examines the interactions between cost, liquidity and volatility, and analyses their determinants using panel data for 42 countries from September 1996 to December 1998. We document wide variation in trading costs across countries; emerging markets, in particular, have significantly higher trading costs even after correcting for factors such as market capitalization and volatility. We analyse the inter‐relationships between turnover, equity trading costs and volatility, and investigate the impact of these variables on equity returns. In particular, we show that increased volatility, acting through costs, reduces a portfolio’s expected return. However, higher volatility reduces turnover also, mitigating the actual impact of higher costs on returns. Further, turnover is inversely related to trading costs, providing a possible explanation for the increase in turnover in recent years. The results demonstrate that the composition of global efficient portfolios can change dramatically when cost and turnover are taken into account.
Are Banks Different? Evidence from International Data
Authors: Buch Claudia M.
Published: March 2003

International capital flows have become increasingly disintermediated, and this trend is particularly pronounced for developed countries. This paper briefly summarizes the theoretical literature on the choice between bank debt and bond finance and argues that the trend towards disintermediation of financial services can be explained with declining information costs. Two new datasets on bilateral cross‐border bank claims and bond holdings are used to test the implications of the model. I find that the state of development of an economy, as an indirect measure of information costs, lowers the share of bank finance. The geographical distance between a lender and a borrower has a negative impact on the share of bank finance.
Selective Decisions: Challenging Orthodox Analyses of the Hiring Process
Authors: Ramsey Harvie , Scholarios Dora
Published: March 2003

Employee recruitment and selection decisions are increasingly framed in terms of explanatory variables and interactions that span multiple levels of analysis. This paper reviews the gradual transition in thinking from predominantly micro‐level explanations, to frameworks more accepting of the importance of both micro‐ and macro‐level explanations. The latter accommodate the influences of and interactions between, for example, the individual characteristics of candidates; the cognitive processes of key actors or decision‐makers; organisational characteristics; collective processes; and wider environmental contextual factors which constrain and shape an organisation’s or manager’s decision alternatives. The result is more complex cross‐level theorising about the hiring process. The paper also goes beyond cross‐level interactions between multiple variables in considering selection as a social relational phenomenon. Meso‐level theories present epistemological alternatives to the dominant micro‐level research tradition in selection and potentially more parsimonious and powerful micro–macro bridging concepts than cross‐level interactionist perspectives. It is argued that cross‐disciplinary perspectives, although still problematic, are valuable additions to the individualistic paradigm which is conventionally used to understand employee recruitment and selection.
Innovation management in context: environment, organization and performance
Authors: Tidd Joe
Published: March 2003

Several decades of research into innovation management have failed to provide clear and consistent findings or coherent advice to managers. In this paper, I argue that this is because innovation management ‘best practice‘ is contingent on a range of factors, and that we need better characterizations of the technological and market contingencies which affect the opportunity for, and constraints on, innovation. I review research on innovation together with relevant studies from organizational behaviour and strategic management, and develop a model which may help to guide future innovation research on the relationships between environmental contingencies, organization configurations and performance. I identify uncertainty and complexity as the key environmental contingencies that influence organizational structure and management processes for innovation.
Socialization in an International Context
Authors: Feldman Daniel C.
Published: March 2003

The globalization of the world economy, the widespread expansion of corporations into overseas markets and the increased use of expatriate and repatriate job assignments have all fundamentally changed the context in which organizational socialization now takes place. This article examines the distinctive socialization issues made salient by this organizational context change. The paper reviews existing theoretical and empirical research, provides hypotheses to guide future socialization research in this area and discusses the implications of an international context for the management of organizational socialization programmes.
Personality and Job Performance in Financial Services Managers
Authors: Salgado Jesús F. , Rumbo Andrés
Published: March 2003

This article presents research in which the Five Factor Model of personality was tested as a predictor of job performance. 125 financial services managers who had enrolled in a potential evaluation programme were given the NEO‐FFI, a questionnaire designed for measuring the Big Five. Job performance was assessed using nine rating scales and they were grouped into two components: job problem‐solving ability and job motivation. Also, one single scale for measuring global job performance was used. The results show that Neuroticism and Conscientiousness correlated with the two components and with the global measure of job performance. Extraversion, Openness and Agreeableness are correlated with one facet or with the global rating of job performance. Taken together, the results suggest that the Five Factor Model is a valid predictor of job performance. The implications of the results for practice and future research are discussed.
Changes in Newcomers' Person–Climate Fit following the First Stage of Socialization
Authors: Van Vianen Annelies E.M. , Prins Marcus G.
Published: March 2003

The development of attitudes and activities of newcomers in the 18 months following the first period of socialization was investigated. At two points in time, persons' preferences for seven work climates were compared with perceived climate. Changes in person‐climate fit were assessed, using a squared difference index, after alternative fit‐indices were tested with hierarchical regression analysis. Person‐climate fit and work attitudes at T1 (eight to ten months after entry) were examined by comparing three groups of respondents who did not change jobs, changed jobs within the organization or changed organizations. Results showed no alpha, beta or gamma changes for the total group of 108 respondents. Alpha changes were only found for respondents who changed jobs. They showed higher ratings for job satisfaction at T2. Finally, work attitudes at T1 were related to turnover. Organizational changers showed higher turnover intentions and higher discrepancies between preferred and perceived risk orientation and work pressure at T1.
Diversity of Life Experiences: The Development and Validation of a Biographical Measure of Receptiveness to Dissimilar Others
Authors: Douthitt Shane S. , Eby Lillian T. , Simon Shana A.
Published: March 2003

In light of changing demographics one of the biggest future challenges for selection and promotion will be identifying individuals who are able to effectively work with dissimilar others and are receptive to differences in others. Since a reliable and valid measure of individuals’ receptiveness to dissimilar others does not currently exist, a biodata‐based measure of this construct was developed using traditional scale development techniques. Evidence of the new measure’s reliability and validity are provided. Implications for theory‐building and future research are presented, as well as potential applications for selection and assessment.
Selection Interview: A Review of Validity Evidence, Adverse Impact and Applicant Reactions
Authors: Moscoso Silvia
Published: March 2003

This article is focused on the evidence related to the criterion and construct validity of interview, its adverse impact on minority groups and the applicant reactions. Based on the content of the questions included in personnel interview, two types of interview made by found: conventional structured interview and behavioural structured interview. With regard to criterion validity, evidence shows that, in general, interviews may be used to predict job performance and, specifically, behavioural structured interviews show the highest validity coefficients. Although construct validity was less well investigated, there is currently a number of studies carried out in order to clarify what constructs are assessed by interviews. It was shown that conventional structured interviews and behavioural structured interviews clearly measure different constructs. With regard to group differences, interviews show only a small adverse impact, but this impact decreases if behavioural structured interviews are used. In connection with applicant reactions, more negative applicant reactions appear with behavioural structured interviews than conventional structured interviews. Practical implications and future lines of research are suggested.
Relationships Between Attitudes Toward Organizations and Performance Appraisal Systems and Rating Behavior
Authors: Tziner Aharon , Murphy Kevin R. , Cleveland Jeanette N. , Roberts‐Thompson Geoff P.
Published: March 2003

Data collected in seven separate samples in three countries (the USA, Canada and Israel) were used to examine the relationships between perceptions of one’s organization (climate, commitment), beliefs about appraisal systems (self‐efficacy, uses of appraisal) and raters’ orientations to appraisal systems (confidence and comfort) and specific rating behaviors. We obtained good fits for structural models suggesting that attitudes and beliefs accounted for substantial variance in raters’ likelihood of giving high or low ratings, willingness to discriminate good from poor performers, and willingness to discriminate among various aspects of job performance when completing actual performance ratings. Proximal attitudes and beliefs (i.e., those directly related to the performance appraisal system) appear to have stronger links to rating behavior than do more distal attitudes (i.e., attitudes toward the organization in general).
Openness to Experience and Growth Need Strength as Moderators between Job Characteristics and Satisfaction
Authors: De Jong Rendel D. , Van Der Velde Mandy E.G. , Jansen Paul G.W.
Published: March 2003

This study examines a specific personality variable Growth Need Strength (GNS) and a general Big Five Personality Factor Openness to Experience as moderators between job characteristics and job satisfaction. Respondents were 95 graduate students working in part‐time jobs. They filled out Goldberg’s (1992) bi‐polar rating scale measuring the Big Five factors and Hackman and Oldham’s (1976) Job Diagnostic Survey. Results show that GNS and openness to experience are substantially related. Further, from hierarchical regression analyses, it appeared that the moderating effect of GNS on the relation between skill variety and job satisfaction was explained by the moderating effect of openness to experience. Practical implications for the use of openness to experience and other Big Five personality factors versus specific characteristics in selection and career counselling are discussed.
Situational Tests in Student Selection: An Examination of Predictive Validity, Adverse Impact, and Construct Validity
Authors: Lievens Filip , Coetsier Pol
Published: March 2003

The Flemish Admission Exam ‘Medical and Dental Studies’ is comprised of four cognitive ability tests and four situational tests, namely two work samples (i.e., a lecture and a medical text) and two video‐based situational judgement tests (i.e., a physician–patient interaction and a medical expert discussion). On the basis of the Admission Exam scores of 941 candidates (359 men, 582 women) this study shows that situational tests significantly can predict better than cognitive ability tests, with lecture and text emerging as significant predictors. When situational tests are combined with cognitive ability tests, there are no mean gender differences. Situational tests also enable us to measure a broader range of constructs. For example, in this study, the personality factor Openness is related to better situational test performance. Overall, this study demonstrates that situational tests may be a useful complement to traditional student selection procedures.
Personal Assistance for Disabled People – The Norwegian Experience
Authors: Askheim O.P.
Published: March 2003

This article presents data from a survey of all disabled people in Norway who receive personal assistance in the municipalities that have been granted subsidies from the state. It concentrates on the following issues:

– Who are the users of personal assistance? What distinguishes them from other disabled people?

– What dimensions has personal assistance as a service? How has it influenced the total service to the recipients and how is this composed?

– How do the users value the service? To what extent does it seem to fulfil the aims of self‐dependence and sovereignty for the users?

The article concludes that personal assistance seems to be a suitable instrument to reach the goals of full participation and equality of status for disabled people in Norwegian society. The main challenges which personal assistance will meet in the future are the financing of the arrangement and how the principles of user‐determination could be implemented and transferred to other services without losing its ideological base.