bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Full‐Color and High‐Resolution Femtosecond Laser Patterning of Perovskite Quantum Dots in Polyacrylonitrile Matrix
Authors: Hu Jinming , Guo Ronghui , Zhu Shengting , Yang Rui , Gu Min , Zhang Yinan
Published: July 2024

Laser patterning of perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) in polymer matrix enables in situ synthesis, easy integration, and much improved long‐term stability, holding great promises for varieties of photonics, and optoelectronics applications. Although multi‐color PQD patterns have been demonstrated through tuning the halide stoichiometry, it remains significantly challenging to achieve full‐color patterns due to the slow and spontaneous crystallization of the chlorinated perovskite precursor at room temperature. Herein, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is introduced to serve as the matrix material, the excess cyano groups of which would coordinate with dissociative cesium and lead cations in the precursor film, leading to the suppression of the unprompted crystallization process. Taking advantage of the nonthermal and contactless ultrafast femtosecond laser, full‐color PQDs are in situ fabricated by tuning the halide stoichiometry in the PAN matrix, with the emission wavelength in the range of 425–685 nm, spanning from deep blue to deep red color, and a sub‐diffraction feature size of ≈400 nm. The approach allows ultrafine and programmable fabrication of full‐color PQD arrays and arbitrary patterns with high resolution and stability. This facile, efficient, and reliable technique believed to offer a novel pathway for precise manufacturing of various photonic or optoelectronic devices based on patterned PQDs.
Defect Engineering Realizes Superior Thermoelectric Performance of GeTe
Authors: Wu Guangjie , Cai Jianfeng , Chen Lidong , Guo Zhe , Chen Kaiyi , Tan Xiaojian , Wu Jiehua , Liu Guo‐Qiang , Jiang Jun
Published: July 2024

GeTe has been considered as a promising mid‐temperature thermoelectric (TE) candidate, but its zT value is severely limited by the excessive hole concentration and high thermal conductivity. Here, it is demonstrated that the TE properties of GeTe can be significantly improve by defect engineering of Sb‐Pb and AgCuTe codoping. The Sb‐Pb codoping is adopted to optimize the carrier concentration and manipulate the rhombohedral lattice distortion, leading to valence band convergence and enhanced power factor. The AgCuTe alloying introduces multiscale phonon scattering centers including dislocations and nano‐precipitates to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity in GeTe. Consequently, a maximum zT of 2.3 at 773 K and an average zT of 1.43 (300–773 K) are obtained in (Ge0.84Sb0.06Pb0.1Te)0.99(AgCuTe)0.01. Moreover, the fabricated thermoelectric module exhibits a high output power density of 0.59 W cm–2 and an energy conversion efficiency of 7.9% at ΔT = 500 K, suggesting hierarchical defect engineering is an effective strategy to realize high‐performance GeTe‐based thermoelectric.
Electrically‐Triggered Oblique Helicoidal Cholesterics with a Single‐Layer Architecture for Next‐Generation Full‐Color Reflective Displays
Authors: Liu Tao , Lin Haiyi , Hou Danxing , Wang Jiaxing , Zeng Shuangshuang , Che Chuncheng , Wu Xiaojuan , Guo Jinbao
Published: July 2024

Electrically‐induced oblique helicoidal cholesterics (ChOH) are attractive for use in reflective displays due to tunable photonic band gap (PBG) in a broad spectral range and natural eye‐friendly feature. However, the lack of a stable liquid crystal (LC) material system with a wide temperature range and unknown driver architecture hinder the implementation of the ChOH‐based reflective displays. Here, a prototype for a full‐color reflective display device based on electrically‐tunable ChOH‐LC is demonstrated. In the comparison of ChOH‐S1, S2 and S3 samples, the electric‐field‐induced ChOH in the ChOH‐S3 exhibits intense Bragg reflection and a tunable PBG in the extended temperature range from 19.5 °C to 30 °C. Particularly, the resulting device exhibits a lower driving voltage and a relatively larger color gamut for the full‐color reflective displays. On this basis, the display patterns with variable colors are demonstrated via the direct addressing mode. Furthermore, a proof‐of‐concept of the full‐color reflective display is demonstrated with red‐green‐blue pixeled images serving as the active panels. Ultimately, by regulating the electric field strength dependent on the ambient temperature, a stable and vivid effect of the ChOH device on the actual environment is shown. This work provides valuable insight for the development of ChOH‐based reflective displays.
Chemiluminescent Afterglow Material for Enhanced Tumor Diagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Huang Shuai , Bai Shuaige , Luo Ting , Zheng Fan , Fan Duoyang , Zhou Yiyang , Dong Jie , Chen Fei , Zeng Wenbin
Published: July 2024

Afterglow materials offer great advantages for imaging, including ultra‐long luminescent lifetimes for sustained signal after excitation, high signal‐to‐noise ratios due to minimal tissue autofluorescence interference, and the ability to achieve deep tissue penetration with near‐infrared (NIR) afterglow. AIEgens, known for their potent singlet oxygen (¹O₂) generation during photodynamic therapy (PDT), further enhance the approach. Here is the first report on how to integrate AIEgens with chemiluminescent agents for constructing NIR afterglow materials, enabling chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET)‐mediated activation of AIEgens for targeted PDT. DCL/TBQ nanoparticles (NPs) exemplify this promising theranostic design. These NPs exhibit high selectivity and sensitivity toward ONOO−, a biomarker associated with tumors, with a low limit of detection (46.1 nm). Additionally, DCL/TBQ NPs boast impressive deep tissue penetration (2 cm) and a remarkable 120‐fold improvement in signal‐to‐noise ratio for tumor afterglow imaging. Most importantly, significant tumor growth inhibition capabilities are demonstrated. This approach holds immense potential for the development of next‐generation theranostic agents, enabling simultaneous tumor diagnosis and treatment with improved accuracy and efficacy.
Optical Control of Adaptive Nanoscale Domain Networks
Authors: Zajac Marc , Zhou Tao , Yang Tiannan , Das Sujit , Cao Yue , Guzelturk Burak , Stoica Vladimir , Cherukara Mathew J. , Freeland John W. , Gopalan Venkatraman , Ramesh Ramamoorthy , Martin Lane W. , Chen Long‐Qing , Holt Martin V. , Hruszkewycz Stephan O. , Wen Haidan
Published: July 2024

Adaptive networks can sense and adjust to dynamic environments to optimize their performance. Understanding their nanoscale responses to external stimuli is essential for applications in nanodevices and neuromorphic computing. However, it is challenging to image such responses on the nanoscale with crystallographic sensitivity. Here, the evolution of nanodomain networks in (PbTiO3)n/(SrTiO3)n superlattices (SLs) is directly visualized in real space as the system adapts to ultrafast repetitive optical excitations that emulate controlled neural inputs. The adaptive response allows the system to explore a wealth of metastable states that are previously inaccessible. Their reconfiguration and competition are quantitatively measured by scanning x‐ray nanodiffraction as a function of the number of applied pulses, in which crystallographic characteristics are quantitatively assessed by assorted diffraction patterns using unsupervised machine‐learning methods. The corresponding domain boundaries and their connectivity are drastically altered by light, holding promise for light‐programable nanocircuits in analogy to neuroplasticity. Phase‐field simulations elucidate that the reconfiguration of the domain networks is a result of the interplay between photocarriers and transient lattice temperature. The demonstrated optical control scheme and the uncovered nanoscopic insights open opportunities for the remote control of adaptive nanoscale domain networks.
Transwell‐Based Microfluidic Platform for High‐Resolution Imaging of Airway Tissues
Authors: Kurmashev Amanzhol , Boos Julia A. , Laventie Benoît‐Joseph , Swart A. Leoni , Sütterlin Rosmarie , Junne Tina , Jenal Urs , Hierlemann Andreas
Published: July 2024

Transwell‐based airway models have become increasingly important in studying the effects of respiratory diseases and drug treatment at the air–liquid interface of the lung epithelial barrier. However, the underlying mechanisms at the tissue and cell level often remain unclear, as transwell inserts feature limited live‐cell imaging compatibility. Here, a novel microfluidic platform is reported for the cultivation of transwell‐based lung tissues providing the possibility to alternate between air–liquid and liquid–liquid interfaces. While the air–liquid interface recapitulates physiological conditions for the lung model, the liquid–liquid interface enables live imaging of the tissue at high spatiotemporal resolution. The plastics‐based microfluidic platform enables the insertion and recuperation of the transwell inserts, which allows for tissue cultivation and analysis under standardized well plate conditions. The device is used to monitor infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in human stem‐cell‐derived bronchial epithelial tissue. The progression of a P. aeruginosa infection in real‐time at high resolution is continuously imaged, which provides insights into bacterial spreading and invasion on the apical tissue surface, as well as insights into tissue breaching and destruction over time. The airway tissue culture system is a powerful tool to visualize and elucidate key processes of developing respiratory diseases and to facilitate drug testing and development.
Optical Vortices Generation via a Self‐Assembly Photonic Crystal Slab
Authors: Zhang Wenjie , Chu Jiao , Deng Ruhuan , Wang Xinhao , Li Tongyu , Liu Wenzhe , Wang Jiajun , Liu Xiaohan , Shi Lei
Published: July 2024

Optical vortices (OVs), as common phenomena that widely exist in nature, have attracted interest both in fundamental science and applications. Recently, generating OVs by using polarization vortices in the momentum space is demonstrated. This method eliminates the need for precise optical center alignment, which relies on periodic structures. The micro‐spheres self‐assembly method is known as an inexpensive and straightforward means to fabricate periodic structures. Here, self‐assembly photonic crystal (SA‐PhC) slabs are proposed that can be used to generate OVs. With both simulations and experiments, the OVs generation via SA‐PhC slabs is investigated. The designed SA‐PhC slab is fabricated. The momentum‐space polarization vortex of the SA‐PhC slab is directly observed. The field shape and phase distribution of the generated OVs are measured. The work can broaden the applications of SA‐PhC and the generation methods of OVs.
Exciting Surface Plasmon Resonances on Gold Thin Film‐Coated Optical Fibers Through Nanoparticle Light Scattering
Authors: Mendes João P. , dos Santos Paulo S. S. , Dias Bernardo , Núñez‐Sánchez Sara , Pastoriza‐Santos I. , Pérez‐Juste Jorge , Pereira Carlos M. , Jorge Pedro A. S. , de Almeida José M. M. M. , Coelho Luís C. C.
Published: July 2024

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) conventionally occurs at the interface of a thin metallic film and an external dielectric medium in fiber optics through core‐guided light. However, this work introduces theoretical and experimental evidence suggesting that the SPR in optical fibers can also be induced through light scattering from Au nanoparticles (NPs) on the thin metallic film, defined as nanoparticle‐induced SPR (NPI‐SPR). This method adheres to phase‐matching conditions between SPR dispersion curves and the wave vectors of scattered light from Au NPs. Experimentally, these conditions are met on an etched optical fiber, enabling direct interaction between light and immobilized Au NPs. Compared to SPR, NPI‐SPR exhibits stronger field intensity in the external region and wavelength tuning capabilities (750 to 1250 nm) by varying Au NP diameters (20 to 90 nm). NPI‐SPR demonstrates refractive index sensitivities of 4000 to 4416 nm per refractive index unit, nearly double those of typical SPR using the same optical fiber configuration sans Au NPs. Additionally, NPI‐SPR fiber configuration has demonstrated its applicability for developing biosensors, achieving a remarkable limit of detection of 0.004 nm for thrombin protein evaluation, a twenty‐fold enhancement compared to typical SPR. These findings underscore the intrinsic advantages of NPI‐SPR for sensing.
Low‐Defect Quantum Dot Lasers Directly Grown on Silicon Exhibiting Low Threshold Current and High Output Power at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Papatryfonos Konstantinos , Girard Jean‐Christophe , Tang Mingchu , Deng Huiwen , Seeds Alwyn J. , David Christophe , Rodary Guillemin , Liu Huiyun , Selviah David R.
Published: July 2024

The direct growth of III‐V materials on silicon is a key enabler for developing monolithically integrated lasers, offering substantial potential for ultradense photonic integration in vital communications and computing technologies. However, the III‐V/Si lattice and thermal expansion mismatch pose significant hurdles, leading to defects that degrade lasing performance. This study overcomes this challenge, demonstrating InAs/GaAs‐on‐Si lasers that perform on par with top‐tier lasers on native GaAs substrates. This is achieved through a newly developed epitaxial approach comprising a series of rigorously optimized growth strategies. Atomic‐resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy experiments reveal exceptional material quality in the active region and elucidate the impact of each growth strategy on defect dynamics. The optimized III‐V‐on‐silicon ridge‐waveguide lasers demonstrate a continuous‐wave threshold current as low as 6 mA and high‐temperature operation reaching 165 °C. At 80 °C, critical for data center applications, they maintain a 12 mA threshold and 35 mW output power. Furthermore, lasers fabricated on both Si and GaAs substrates using identical processes exhibit virtually identical average threshold current. By eliminating the performance limitations associated with the GaAs/Si mismatch, this study paves the way for robust and high‐density integration of a broad spectrum of critical III‐V photonic technologies into the silicon ecosystem.
Unique Optoelectronic Properties and Applications of Lead‐Free Perovskites and Derivatives
Authors: Li Mingbian , Li Weijun , Wei Haotong
Published: July 2024

The pursuit of lead‐free alternatives to lead halide perovskites has gained significant momentum due to the environmental concerns associated with lead toxicity. The adverse effects of lead on human health and the environment have prompted a shift toward developing sustainable and eco‐friendly perovskite materials for various optoelectronic devices. This shift is particularly vital in emerging technologies where perovskites play a crucial role, such as solar cells, X‐ray detectors, photodetectors, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), etc. Consequently, it is paramount to understand the fundamental properties, synthesis methods, and structural characteristics of lead‐free perovskites. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the intricate relationship between the structures and properties of lead‐free perovskites, shedding light on their applications across diverse fields. The focus on environmentally benign, high‐performing, and lead‐free perovskite materials underscores the urgency and significance of research efforts in driving the development of sustainable and efficient optoelectronic technologies.
Exploring a New Class of PVDF/3‐Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (core) and 2,2‐Bis(hydroxymethyl)butyric Acid (monomer)‐Based Hyperbranched Polyester Hybrid Fibers by Electrospinning Technique for Enhancing Triboelectric Performance
Authors: Niranjana Vadakkaveedu Subramanian , Yoon Jae Uk , Woo Insun , Gajula Prasad , Bae Jin Woo , Prabu Arun Anand
Published: July 2024

With the rapid advancement in sensor technologies, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a promising sustainable power source for intelligent electronics. Herein, fabricated a novel 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (core) and 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)butyric acid (monomer)‐based hyperbranched polyester by facile single‐step polycondensation technique generation 2 (Si‐HBP‐G2). Further, a new class of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and different weight percentages (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) of Si‐HBP‐G2 hybrid fiber blends are prepared by traditional electrospinning technique. The as‐prepared Si‐HBP‐G2 and its blends are well characterized using SEM/EDS, FTIR, NMR, and XRD studies. The influence of Si‐HBP‐G2 content on triboelectric performance in terms of the open circuit potential (VOC) and short circuit current (ISC) is evaluated using aluminum (Al) as a counter electrode. Among them, 15 wt% of Si‐HBP‐G2/PVDF hybrid fiber mat (PG2‐15) exhibits superior electrical performance. Which is almost increased 5.9 times (22–130 V) of VOC and 4.9 times (0.71–3.5 µA) of ISC than PVDF fiber mate. These results reveal the significance of Si‐HBP‐G2 in the triboelectric performance. The optimized TENG device (PG2‐15/Al‐TENG) exhibits a peak power density of 0.2 Wm−2 at 100 MΩ external load. Finally, the PG2‐15/Al‐TENG practically demonstrates real‐time application energy harvesting applications such as powering 100 LEDs and a stopwatch.
Volatile and Nonvolatile Dual‐Mode Switching Operations in an Ag‐Ag2S Core‐Shell Nanoparticle Atomic Switch Network
Authors: Srikimkaew Oradee , Ricci Saverio , Porzani Matteo , Dang Thien Tan , Nakaoka Yusuke , Usami Yuki , Ielmini Daniele , Tanaka Hirofumi
Published: July 2024

This paper proposes a nanoparticle‐based atomic switch network memristive device, capable of both volatile and nonvolatile switching operations, which have not been previously reported for this material. The operational modes can be determined by altering the compliance current, demonstrating high stability over 100 cycles. Analysis of the conduction mechanism using I–V curves reveals switching characteristics consistent with space‐charge‐limited current conduction during the set process and ohmic behavior in the reset state. Furthermore, this study analyzes these dual‐operational modes in devices with varying electrode spacings. The results indicate that a wider spacing necessitated a higher compliance current for the volatile‐to‐nonvolatile transition, underscoring the significance of interconnection. These findings facilitate the integration of neuron and synapse functions within a single atomic switch network device, thereby advancing neuromorphic systems.
Infrared Photodetector Based on van der Waals MoS2/MoTe2 Hetero‐Bilayer Modulated by Photogating
Authors: Sheng Bining , Yang Jiong , Zhang Chao , Jiang Maoxiang , Ma Wentao , Liu Xiaoyi , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kourosh , Chen Zefeng , Li Xiaofeng
Published: July 2024

Photodetectors based on 2D hetero‐bilayers can overcome the bandgap limitations of individual 2D monolayers and operate at relatively long wavelengths. However, ultra‐low light absorptions within hetero‐bilayers result in extremely weak photoresponsivity. Here, an infrared photodetector based on the MoS2/MoTe2 type‐II hetero‐bilayer is demonstrated to reach a photoresponsivity of 0.55 A W−1 at 1550 nm, well beyond energy band cut‐offs of monolayer MoS2 and MoTe2, primarily resulted from the photogating effect. Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy reveal strong interlayer couplings in the hetero‐bilayer, and a broad PL peak around 1550 nm is observed that is ascribed to interlayer transitions of carriers. The photodetector showcases a broadband detection capability from 1100 to 1700 nm, with a peak at 1550 nm corresponding to the interlayer absorption. Electrical characterization of the hetero‐bilayer‐based field‐effect transistor and kelvin probe force microscopy reveal efficient interlayer hole transfer. The highly responsive MoS2/MoTe2 infrared photodetector offers a large photo‐gain of ≈103 and a time constant of 130 ms. The research illuminates how interlayer transitions affect 2D hetero‐bilayer‐based photodetectors and advances the utilization of layered semiconductor heterostructures.
Mechanism and kinetics of polycarbonate synthesized from isosorbide: Identification on the reactivity of terminal groups
Authors: Shen Jun‐Yao , Gao Xin‐Yi , Guo Wen‐Ze , Jiang Jie , Li Jin‐Jin , Zhao Ling , Xi Zhen‐Hao , Yuan Wei‐Kang
Published: July 2024

Challenges in the mechanistic and kinetic study on the polymerization with multiple functional monomers hinder the scale‐up for the controllable reaction process. Herein, poly (isosorbide carbonate) synthesized from isosorbide (ISB) was employed to investigate the reaction behavior of functional monomers during polymerization. DFT calculations not only determined the energetically preferable pathways but also provided explanations for the significant differences between terminal groups at the molecular level. Subsequently, the characteristic absorption bands were detected from 1000 to 1100 cm−1 for hydroxyls on ISB, providing a quantitative measure for asymmetric hydroxyls. The reaction network indicated that the reactivity was dominated by the types of terminal groups instead of the chain length. Thereafter, a functional group model with six kinetic parameters was built, acting a crucial role in reaction control and reactor design. This method can be promoted to other functional monomers, conducing to the industrialization of high‐performance polymers.
Optimized Magnetically Docked Ingestible Capsules for Non‐Invasive Refilling of Implantable Devices
Authors: Al‐Haddad Hind , Guarnera Daniele , Tamadon Izadyar , Arrico Lorenzo , Ballardini Giulia , Mariottini Francesco , Cucini Alessio , Ricciardi Simone , Vistoli Fabio , Isabella Rotondo Maria , Campani Daniela , Ren Xuyang , Ciuti Gastone , Terry Benjamin , Iacovacci Veronica , Ricotti Leonardo
Published: July 2024

Automated drug delivery systems (ADDS) improve chronic disease management by enhancing adherence and reducing patient burden, particularly in conditions like type 1 diabetes, through intraperitoneal insulin delivery. However, periodic invasive refilling of the reservoir is needed in such a class of implantable devices. In previous work, an implantable ADDS with a capsule docking system is introduced for non‐invasive reservoir refilling. Yet, it encounters reliability issues in manufacturing, sealing, and docking design and lacks evidence on intestinal tissue compression effects and chronic in vivo data. This work proposes an optimization of the different components featuring this ADDS. The ingestible capsule is designed, developed, and tested following ISO 13485, exhibiting high insulin stability and optimal sealing for six days in harsh gastrointestinal‐like conditions. A magnetic docking system is optimized, ensuring reliable and stable capsule docking at a clinically relevant distance of 5.92 mm. Histological tests on human intestinal tissues confirm safe capsule compression during docking. Bench tests demonstrate that the integrated mechatronic system effectively docks capsules at various peristalsis‐mimicking velocities. A six‐week in vivo test on porcine models demonstrates chronic safety and provides hints on fibrotic reactions. These results pave the way for the further evolution of implantable ADDS.
Trend in physical growth among Chinese urban students: Results from five national successive cross‐sectional surveys within the past two decades
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Li Chengyue , Taerken Alimujiang·Yimiti
Published: July 2024

Objectives

To examine the orientation, magnitude, and pace of secular trends in body height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) among Chinese urban students aged 7–18 years from 2000 to 2019.

Methods

Data were extracted from Chinese urban students aged 7–18 years from the Chinese National Surveillance on Students' Constitution and Health in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2014, and 2019. The height, weight, and BMI of 548 419, 548 408, and 548 365 urban students aged 7–18 years, respectively, were tested. The mean differences across survey years were tested by one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The pace of secular trends is expressed as the change every 5 years between every two adjacent survey years.

Results

Height increments between 1.9 and 6.2 cm, weight increments between 2.7 and 8.6 kg, and BMI increments between 0.9 and 1.9 kg/m2 were observed in boys. For girls, height increments between 1.5 and 4.9 cm, weight increments between 2.2 and 6.0 kg, and BMI increments between 0.7 and 1.7 kg/m2 were observed. The pace of secular trends in height decreased in the last 5 years, and the secular trends in weight and BMI have accelerated in the last 9 years compared with the previous 10 years.

Conclusions

Although the secular trend in height among Chinese urban students has slowed, it has not yet reached its genetic potential and continues to increase. The rapid increase in weight and BMI was a cause for concern. Our findings provide a basis for the future formulation of public health interventions in China.
Cutaneous ultrasound in the diagnosis and assessment of inflammatory activity in tinea capitis
Authors: Rodríguez‐Cuadrado Francisco José , Roustan‐Gullón Gaston , Alfageme‐Roldán Fernando
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Although the diagnosis of tinea capitis is mainly microbiological, the risk of evolution towards cicatricial alopecia in the most severe cases requires empirical treatment based on physical examination and complementary examinations.

Methods

Two patients were evaluated by physical examination, cutaneous ultrasound and microbiological examination.

Results

Ultrasound showed follicular widening and increased vascularization in Doppler mode. In one of them, the finding of severe inflammatory activity led to the indication of oral corticotherapy.

Discussion

Cutaneous ultrasound could play a role not only in supporting the clinical diagnosis but that it may even guide the indication of treatment in the presence of severe inflammation that sometimes may not manifest itself clinically.

Conclusion

Cutaneous ultrasound may constitute an additional test of considerable usefulness in the diagnosis and evaluation of inflammatory activity in cases such as the ones presented, fast, non‐invasive and of high accessibility.
Clinical recognition of frontotemporal dementia with right anterior temporal predominance: A multicenter retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ulugut Hulya , Bertoux Maxime , Younes Kyan , Montembeault Maxime , Fumagalli Giorgio G. , Samanci Bedia , Illán‐Gala Ignacio , Kuchcinski Gregory , Leroy Melanie , Thompson Jennifer C. , Kobylecki Christopher , Santillo Alexander F , Englund Elisabet , Waldö Maria Landqvist , Riedl Lina , Van den Stock Jan , Vandenbulcke Mathieu , Vandenberghe Rik , Laforce Jr Robert , Ducharme Simon , Pressman Peter S. , Caramelli Paulo , de Souza Leonardo Cruz , Takada Leonel T. , Gurvit Hakan , Hansson Oskar , Diehl‐Schmid Janine , Galimberti Daniela , Pasquier Florence , Miller Bruce L. , Scheltens Philip , Ossenkoppele Rik , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Barkhof Frederik , Fox Nick C. , Sturm Virginia E. , Miyagawa Toji , Whitwell Jennifer L. , Boeve Bradley , Rohrer Jonathan D. , Gorno‐Tempini Maria Luisa , Josephs Keith A. , Snowden Julie , Warren Jason D. , Rankin Katherine P. , Pijnenburg Yolande A. L. ,   International rtvFTD Working Group
Published: July 2024

INTRODUCTION

Although frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with right anterior temporal lobe (RATL) predominance has been recognized, a uniform description of the syndrome is still missing. This multicenter study aims to establish a cohesive clinical phenotype.

METHODS

Retrospective clinical data from 18 centers across 12 countries yielded 360 FTD patients with predominant RATL atrophy through initial neuroimaging assessments.

RESULTS

Common symptoms included mental rigidity/preoccupations (78%), disinhibition/socially inappropriate behavior (74%), naming/word‐finding difficulties (70%), memory deficits (67%), apathy (65%), loss of empathy (65%), and face‐recognition deficits (60%). Real‐life examples unveiled impairments regarding landmarks, smells, sounds, tastes, and bodily sensations (74%). Cognitive test scores indicated deficits in emotion, people, social interactions, and visual semantics however, lacked objective assessments for mental rigidity and preoccupations.

DISCUSSION

This study cumulates the largest RATL cohort unveiling unique RATL symptoms subdued in prior diagnostic guidelines. Our novel approach, combining real‐life examples with cognitive tests, offers clinicians a comprehensive toolkit for managing these patients.

Highlights

This project is the first international collaboration and largest reported cohort.

Further efforts are warranted for precise nomenclature reflecting neural mechanisms.

Our results will serve as a clinical guideline for early and accurate diagnoses.
Epidural pressure measurement using a fiber‐optic sensor (proof‐of‐principle in vivo animal trial)
Authors: Barz Susanne , Friedemann Marvin , Voigt Sebastian , Melloh Markus , Barz Thomas
Published: July 2024

Background

An increase in epidural pressure around the stenosis has been observed in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) with positive signs of sedimentation or redundant nerve roots. Further analysis of the pressure conditions in the stenotic area would be of great interest. We hypothesized that it would be possible to determine the physiological parameters of the epidural pulse wave and its course in pathological stenosis as a basis for objective identification of LSS based on pressure using a new measuring method with continuous spatial and temporal resolution.

Methods

We performed a single‐case proof‐of‐principle in vivo animal trial and used a newly developed hybrid pressure‐measurement probe with a fiber‐tip Fabry–Pérot interferometer and several fiber Bragg gratings (FBG).

Results

With reproducible precision, we determined the mean epidural pressure to be 7.5 mmHg and the peak‐to‐peak value to be 4–5 mmHg. When analyzing the pressure measured by an FBG array, both the heart and respiratory rates can be precisely determined. This study was the first to measure the pulse wave velocity of the cerebrospinal fluid pressure wave as 0.97 m/s using the newly developed pressure probe. A simulated LSS was detected in real time and located exactly.

Conclusions

The developed fiber‐optic pressure sensor probe enables a new objective measurement of epidural pressure. We confirmed our hypothesis that physiological parameters of the epidural pulse wave can be determined and that it is possible to identify an LSS.
A Prediction Rule for the Dystonic Spread of Blepharospasm: A 4‐Year Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Xing Ziwen , Hu Yue , Teng Fei , Song Yunping , Wu Zhuang , Hong Ronghua , Zhang Zhuoyu , Gu Hongkai , Peng Kangwen , He Yijing , Chen Yuhui , Pan Lizhen , Jin Lingjing
Published: July 2024

Objective

Blepharospasm (BSP), focal dystonia with the highest risk of spread, lacks clear understanding of early spreading risk factors and objective prognostic indicators. We aimed to identify these risk factors through clinical and electrophysiological assessments, and to establish a predictive model for dystonic spread in BSP.

Methods

We prospectively followed BSP patients for 4 years, collecting data on dystonic spread, and conducting electrophysiological evaluations. The blink reflex, masseter inhibitory reflex, and trigeminal somatosensory evoked potential were assessed. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess clinical characteristics associated with BSP dystonic spread. A predictive model was constructed using a nomogram, and performance of the model was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

A total of 136 enrolled participants (mean age 56.34 years) completed a 4‐year follow‐up. Among them, 62 patients (45.6%) showed spread to other body regions. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that a high Hamilton Anxiety Scale score (hazard ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 1.13–1.25, p < 0.001), prolonged trigeminal somatosensory evoked potential mandibular branch P1‐N2 peak interval (hazard ratio 1.11, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.21, p = 0.017), and elevated trigeminal somatosensory evoked potential mandibular branch P1‐N2 peak amplitude (hazard ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval 1.12–1.41, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for BSP dystonic spread within 4 years. Combining these factors, the predictive models demonstrated excellent discriminative ability, with the receiver operating characteristic curve score being 0.797, 0.790, 0.847, and 0.820 at 1, 2, 3 and 4 years after enrollment, respectively.

Interpretation

We established a predictive model with significant value for anticipating dystonic spread in BSP, offering crucial evidence. These findings contribute essential insights into the early clinical identification of the development and evolution of BSP diseases. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:747–757
Population Fluctuation Mechanism of the Super‐Thermal Photon Statistic of Quantum LEDs with Collective Effects
Authors: Protsenko Igor E. , Uskov Alexander V.
Published: July 2024

The analytical procedure is developed for the calculation of the quantum second‐order autocorrelation function of a small super‐radiant LED, where the field, polarisation, and population of the active medium cannot be eliminated adiabatically. The Langevin force, which describes the effect of population fluctuations on the LED polarisation and preserves the operator commutation relations, is found. It is demonstrated that the super‐thermal photon statistics with of a small quantum LED with large photon number fluctuations, emitter‐field coupling, bad cavity, and operating in the limit , is the result of a combined effect of the spontaneous emission, collective effects and population fluctuations. Analytical expressions for and are derived.
Potent and Selective Oxidatively Labile Ether‐Based Prodrugs through Late‐Stage Boronate Incorporation
Authors: Geaneotes Paul J. , Janosko Chasity P. , Afeke Cephas , Deiters Alexander , Floreancig Paul E.
Published: July 2024

This manuscript describes a new strategy for prodrug synthesis in which a relatively inert ether group is introduced at an early stage in a synthetic sequence and functionalized in the final step to introduce a prodrug‐activating group through a chemoselective process. Boryl allyloxy (BAO) ether groups are synthesized through several metal‐mediated processes to form entities that are readily cleaved under oxidative conditions commonly found in cancer cells. The high cleavage propensity of the BAO group allows for ether cleavage, making these compounds substantially more hydrolytically stable in comparison to acyl‐linked prodrugs while retaining the ability to release alcohols. We report the preparation of prodrug analogues of the natural products camptothecin and pederin from acetal precursors that serve as protecting groups in their synthetic sequences. The BAO acetal groups cleave in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to release the cytotoxic agents. The pederin‐based prodrug shows dramatically greater cytotoxicity than negative controls and outstanding selectivity and potency toward cancer cell lines in comparison to non‐cancerous cell lines. This late‐stage functionalization approach to prodrug synthesis should be applicable to numerous systems that can be accessed through chemoselective processes.
Synthesis of Long‐Chain Polyamides via Main‐Chain Modification of Polyethyleneketones
Authors: Lu Yipu , Takahashi Kohei , Zhou Jian , Nontarin Roopsung , Nakagawa Shintaro , Yoshie Naoko , Nozaki Kyoko
Published: July 2024

Long‐chain polyamides (polyethyleneamides) were prepared from polyethylenes bearing in‐chain carbonyl groups (polyethyleneketones) by the oxime formation and successive Beckmann rearrangement. (Diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride (DAST) was utilized as a promoter, which allowed mild conversion of the oxime group in spite of low solubility of the polymers. The polyethyleneamide exhibited different tensile property compared to a commercial HDPE.
Overcoming Challenges in O‐Nitration: Selective Alcohol Nitration Deploying N,6‐Dinitrosaccharin and Lewis Acid Catalysis
Authors: Fernandes Anthony J. , Valsamidou Vasiliki , Katayev Dmitry
Published: July 2024

Nitrate esters hold pivotal roles in pharmaceuticals, energetic materials, and atmospheric processes, motivating the development of efficient synthesis routes. Here, we present a novel catalytic method for the synthesis of nitrates via the direct O‐nitration of alcohols, addressing limitations of current traditional methods. Leveraging bench‐stable and recoverable N,6‐dinitrosaccharin reagent, our catalytic strategy employs magnesium triflate to achieve mild and selective O‐nitration of alcohols, offering broad substrate scope and unprecedentedly large functional group tolerance (e.g. alkenes, alkynes, carbonyls). DFT mechanistic studies reveal a dual role of the magnesium catalyst in the activation of both the nitrating reagent and the alcohol substrate. They also unveil a barrierless proton transfer upon formation of a widely‐accepted – yet elusive in solution – nitrooxonium ion intermediate. Overall, our work contributes to the development of mild, selective, and sustainable approaches to nitrates synthesis, with potential applications in drug discovery, materials science, and environmental chemistry.
Halogen Bond Unlocks Ultra‐High Birefringence
Authors: Chen Jin , Xu Miao‐Bin , Wu Huai‐Yu , Wu Jun‐Yan , Du Ke‐Zhao
Published: July 2024

Anisotropy is crucial for birefringence (Δn) in optical materials, but optimizing it remains a formidable challenge (Δn >0.3). Supramolecular frameworks incorporating π‐conjugated components are promising for achieving enhanced birefringence because of their structural diversity and inherent anisotropy. Herein, we first synthesized (C6H6NO2)+Cl− (NAC) and then constructed a halogen‐bonded supramolecular framework I+(C6H4NO2)− (INA) by halogen aliovalent substitution of Cl− with I+. The organic moieties are protonated and deprotonated nicotinic acid (NA), respectively. The antiparallel arrangement of birefringent‐active units in NAC and INA leads to significant differences in the bonding characteristics between the interlayer and intralayer domains. Moreover, the [O⋅⋅⋅I+⋅⋅⋅N] halogen bond in 1D [I+(C6H4NO2)−] chain exhibits stronger interactions and stricter directionality, resulting in a more pronounced in‐plane anisotropy between the intrachain and interchain directions. Consequently, INA exhibits exceptional birefringent performance, with a value of 0.778 at 550 nm, twice that of NAC (0.363 at 550 nm). This value significantly exceeds those of commercial birefringent crystals, such as CaCO3 (0.172 at 546 nm), and is the highest reported value among ultraviolet birefringent crystals. This work presents a novel design strategy that employs halogen bonds as connection sites and modes for birefringent‐active units, opening new avenues for developing high‐performance birefringent crystals.
Designed Synthesis of an Aluminum Molecular Ring Based Rotaxane and Polyrotaxane
Authors: Liu Ya‐Jie , Zheng Chan , Xiao Han , Wang Zirui , Zhang Cheng‐Yang , Wang San‐Tai , Fang Wei‐Hui , Zhang Jian
Published: July 2024

Mechanically interlocked molecules, such as rotaxanes, have drawn significant attention within supramolecular chemistry. Although a variety of macrocycles have been thoroughly explored in rotaxane synthesis, metal‐organic macrocycles remain relatively under‐investigated. Aluminum molecular rings, with their inner cavities and numerous binding sites, present a promising option for constructing rotaxanes. Here, we introduce an innovative “ring‐donor⋅⋅⋅axle‐acceptor” motif utilizing Al8 molecular rings, enabling the stepwise assembly of molecules, complexes, and polymers through tailored coordination chemistry. This novel approach can not only be applied to macrocycle‐based systems like catenanes but also enhance specific functionalities progressively.
[4]Rhombene: Solution‐Phase Synthesis and Application in Distributed Feedback Lasers With Emission Beyond 830 nm
Authors: Shen Tong , Pasqués‐Gramage Pablo , Villalvilla José M. , Boj Pedro G. , Quintana José A. , Zou Ya , Han Yi , Jiao Liuying , Ren Longbin , Díaz‐García María A. , Wu Jishan
Published: July 2024

Graphene‐like molecules with multiple zigzag edges are emerging as promising gain materials for organic lasers. Their emission wavelengths can vary widely, ranging from visible to near‐infrared (NIR), as the molecular size increases. Specifically, rhombus‐shaped molecular graphenes with two pairs of parallel zigzag edges, known as [n]rhombenes, are excellent candidates for NIR lasers due to their small energy gaps. However, synthesizing large‐size rhombenes with emission beyond 800 nm in solution remains a significant challenge. In this study, we present a straightforward synthesis of an aryl‐substituted [4]rhombene derivative, [4]RB‐Ar, using a method that combines intramolecular radical‐radical coupling with Bi(OTf)3‐mediated cyclization of vinyl ethers. The structure of [4]RB‐Ar was confirmed through X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Bond length analysis and theoretical calculations indicate that aromatic sextets are predominantly localized along the molecule's long axis. Significantly, [4]RB‐Ar demonstrates narrow amplified spontaneous emission at around 834 nm when dispersed in polystyrene thin films. Moreover, solution‐processed distributed feedback lasers employing [4]RB‐Ar as the active gain material display tunable narrow emissions in the range of 830 to 844 nm.
Biomarker Multiplexing with Rational Design of Nucleic Acid Probe Complex
Authors: Zhao Yu , Xin Hui , Wang Chunyan
Published: July 2024

The expression profiles of intracellular biomarkers hold significance for understanding cellular biological functions and tracking pathological activities. Due to its programmability and biocompatibility, extensive efforts have been devoted to design various kinds of nucleic acid probes for biomarker detection. However, pinpointing a single biomarker could end up in a false positive signal, delaying diagnosis. In this review, we present an overview of current advances in biomarker detection and signal amplification techniques. We highlight strategies for biomarker multiplexing and signal amplification with combination of isothermal approaches. High specificity and sensitivity are the two criteria for a desired probe, as are the challenges encountered by a probe that operates efficiently in biological systems. With higher biomarker identification accuracy, we may be able to move one step closer to precision medicine.
The effect of functional lipids on the quality of walnut butter prepared from defatted walnut meal by ball mill grinding
Authors: Xie Yuxin , Jiang Nan , Su Hongchen , Zhang Jiao , Tan Feng , Cheng Xi , Wang Jiyan , Hu Hao
Published: July 2024

In this study, walnut butter was produced by mixing functional lipids with defatted walnut meal. Three kinds of functional lipids (FL), medium‐chain triglycerides (MCT), diacylglycerol (DG), and conjugated linoleic acid glycerides (CLA), were used to make functional lipids walnut butter (DG‐WB, CLA‐WB and MCT‐WB) and their physical properties as well as microscopic morphology were compared with commercial walnut butter. The functional lipids walnut butter (FLWB) was prepared by grinding FL and defatted walnut meal through the ball milling technique. The mixing ratios of FL to defatted walnut meal were 6:4, 6.5:3.5, and 7:3. The volumetric mean particle size of emulsion formed by DG‐WB and CLA‐WB decreased by 36.23% and 20.88%, respectively when the additional amounts of DG, and CLA increased from 60 wt% to 70 wt%. The rheological and microrheological results further indicated that FLWB showed similar gel‐like behavior to commercial walnut butter. Among the FLWB with three different kinds of FL, CLA‐WB appeared more similar apparent viscosity, thixotropy, and elasticity with those of commercial walnut butter. Finally, CLA‐WB with different CLA additive amount was analyzed for microstructure. The results showed that walnut butter prepared with 65 wt% CLA was closer to commercial walnut butter in terms of processed physical properties and micro‐morphology.
Selenylated Analogs of Tacrine: Synthesis, In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Toxicology and Antioxidant Properties
Authors: do Sacramento Manoela , Morais Roberto B. , Silveira Lima Ariana , Zugno Giuliana P. , de Oliveira Renata L. , da Costa Gabriel P. , Savegnago Lucielli , Alves Diego
Published: July 2024

We present our results on the synthesis and preliminary in silico and in vitro studies of the toxicology and antioxidant properties of selenylated analogs of Tacrine. Initially, we synthesized 2‐aminobenzonitriles containing an organic selenium moiety, resulting in sixteen compounds with various substituents linked to the portion derived from diorganyl diselenide. These compounds were then used as substrates in reactions with cyclic ketones, in the presence of 1.4 equivalents of trifluoroboroetherate as a Lewis acid, to synthesize selenylated analogs of Tacrine with yields ranging from 20 % to 87 %. In silico studies explored computational parameters related to antioxidant activity and hepatotoxicity. In vitro studies elucidated the antioxidant effects of Tacrine and its selenium hybrid (TSe) in neutralizing ABTS radicals, scavenging DPPH radicals, and reducing iron ions. Additionally, the acute oral toxicity of one synthesized compound was evaluated.
A common genetic variant in the Neurexin family member CNTNAP2 is related to language but not communication skills in youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Arutiunian Vardan , Santhosh Megha , Neuhaus Emily , Sullivan Catherine A. W. , Bernier Raphael A. , Bookheimer Susan Y. , Dapretto Mirella , Geschwind Daniel H. , Jack Allison , McPartland James C. , Van Horn John D. , Pelphrey Kevin A. , Gupta Abha R. , Webb Sara Jane ,   the ACE GENDAAR Network
Published: July 2024

One of the candidate genes related to language variability in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is the contactin‐associated protein‐like 2 gene (CNTNAP2), a member of the Neurexin family. However, due to the different assessment tools used, it is unknown whether the polymorphisms of the CNTNAP2 gene are linked to structural language skills or more general communication abilities. A total of 302 youth aged 7 to 18 years participated in the present study: 131 verbal youth with ASD (62 female), 130 typically developing (TD) youth (64 female), and 41 unaffected siblings (US) of youth with ASD (25 female). Blood samples were collected to obtain genomic DNA and processed by the Rutgers University Cell and Data Repository or using standard protocols (Gentra Puregene Blood DNA extraction kit; Qiagen). Language and verbal communication skills were screened with the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamental‐4 (CELF‐4) and Vineland‐II Communication domain, subsequently. The results showed that the polymorphism of CNTNAP2 (SNP rs2710102) was related to structural language abilities, such that participants carrying the A‐allele had lower language skills in comparison to the G‐allele homozygotes. No relationship was found between the polymorphism of CNTNAP2 and more general communication abilities. Although the study revealed genetic mechanisms that are associated with CELF‐4 measures but not Vineland‐II in youth with ASD, follow‐up studies are needed that will include measures of language and communication that are less correlated to each other as well as will include a group of minimally and/or non‐verbal individuals with ASD.