bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aceituno seed fat
Authors: Lewy‐van Séveren Mario
Published: May 2007

The seed of the treeSimarouba glauca, which is known as aceituno, aceituno silvestre, and aceitillo in Central America, contains about 65% of a solid or plastic fat. The crude fat is greenish in color and has a slightly bitter taste, but after refining it yields a snow‐white, odorless, and practically tasteless product having the same uses as commercial shortenings. Refining is carried out in a manner similar to that used for coconut oil.

The fat is produced commercially in El Salvador, where it is used for practically all purposes in which vegetable shortening would be used. The residual press cake is toxic to livestock and can be used at present only for fertilizer.
Determination of the extent of oxidation of fats
Authors: Holm Ulla , Ekbom Kai , Wode Gunnar
Published: May 2007

The amount of secondary oxidation products in refined and unrefined fats has been determined by reaction with benzidine acetate in iso‐octane absolute alcohol solution, and measurement of the absorption at 350 mμ of the yellow color has been made.

An “aldehyde value” has been calculated from this absorption intensity, using cinnamaldehyde as a reference substance. Determination of the aldehyde value and peroxide number of oils before and during refining has given information on the effect of the different refining processes on the state of oxidation of the oils. The effect of hardening on the content of oxidation products of an oil has been investigated. The effect of the amount of oxidation products in the unrefined material on the flavor stability of the refined material and of the margarine made from it has also been studied.
The determination of soap in refined vegetable oil using the flame photometer
Authors: Edmonds Sylvan M. , Mattikow Morris
Published: May 2007

A method has been developed for the determination of sodium soap as sodium in refined vegetable oil. The oil is extracted with hydrochloric acid, and the sodium is determined in the aqueous extract by using the flame photometer.
Limiting temperature and relative humidity for aflatoxin production byAspergillus flavus in stored peanuts
Authors: Diener Urban L. , Davis Norman D.
Published: May 2007

Sound mature kernels, broken mature kernels, immature kernels and unshelled cured Early Runner peanuts were inoculated with spores ofAspergillus flavus and incubated up to 84 days in controlled environment cabinets. In a series of experiments temperatures ranged from 8 to 49 C in combination with 98±1% relative humidity (RH); in others RH was varied from 70% to 99% at 30±1/2 C and from 83% to 99% at 20±1/2 C. Samples were removed after 7, 21, 42 and 84 days of incubation and assayed for aflatoxin, free fatty acids and peanut kernel moisture. Aflatoxin was formed in sound mature kernels at 40 C and 14 C and in broken mature kernels at 13 C, but none was formed at 41 C after 21 days or at 12 C after 84 days in 98±1% RH. The limiting temperatures for aflatoxin formation in peanut kernels with intact shells were 41 C for 21 days and 16 C for 84 days of incubation. The limiting RH at 30 C for aflatoxin production in sound mature kernels was 84%, whereas in broken mature and immature kernels it was 83% and in kernels from unshelled peanuts the limiting RH was 86% for 84 days of incubation. The limiting RH at 20 C for sound and broken mature kernels was 83%, whereas it was 86% RH for immature kernels and 92% for kernels from unshelled peanuts. Free fatty acid formation was correlated with visible growth of fungi rather than with aflatoxin production. Aflatoxin formation was generally correlated with kernel moisture contents of 10% or higher.
Enzymatic oxidations of linoleic acid and glycerol‐1‐monolinoleate in doughs and flour‐water suspensions
Authors: Graveland A.
Published: May 2007

Enzymatic oxidations of linoleic acid and glycerol‐1‐monolinoleate, and the products formed by these oxidations in flour‐water suspensions and doughs were studied. Oxidation of linoleic acid leads through simultaneous reactions to two isomeric hydroperoxy‐octadecadienoic acids and two isomeric hydroxy‐epoxy‐octadecenoic acids. Reduction of the former leads to hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, while hydrolysis of the latter yields trihydroxy‐octadecenoic acids. The hydroperoxy acids are formed by the enzyme lipoxygenase (E.C. 1.13.1.13), whereas the hydroxy‐epoxy acids are formed by combined action of lipoxygenase and an unknown factor Y. This factor Y is localized in the gluten fraction. Oxidation of glycerol‐1‐monolinoleate gives a product having a hydroperoxy group and acis,trans conjugated diene bond. The oxidation of glycerol‐1‐monolinoleate is probably a lipoxygenase reaction.
A kinetic study of fabric detergency
Authors: Schott Hans
Published: May 2007

The kinetics of soil removal were investigated under domestic laundry conditions by incorporating small swatches of four artificially soiled test fabrics into a standard load of clean cotton goods. This prevented soil redeposition from affecting the soil removal rate. Two runs were analyzed, one with an anionic and the other with a nonionic detergent. Assessment of the amount of soil remaining on the fabric was made by reflectivity measurements interpreted according to the Kubelka‐Munk equation. First‐order kinetics were found to prevail for periods ranging from the first 6 min of the wash cycle to the entire 20 min, depending upon test fabric and detergent. For these lengths of time, the rate of soil removal was directly proportional to the amount of soil remaining on the fabric. The 8 first‐order rate constants had rather similar values, varying at most by a factor of 2.3. The average value, 0.109 min−1, corresponds to a 6.4‐min wash period for removing one‐half of the soil and to a 21‐min period for removing 90% of the soil from the soiled fabric. The magnitude of the response of the four artificially soiled test fabrics to the two detergents is compared and discussed in terms of the soiling materials. The nonionic detergent was more effective in cleaning a fabric soiled mainly with kaolin and wool fat, while the anionic detergent was more effective with a fabric containing large amounts of liquid oily soil plus carbon black and oleophilic bentonite.
Volatile components from tristearin heated in air
Authors: Selke E. , Rohwedder W. K. , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

Tristearin was heated to 192 C in air, and its volatile oxidation products were collected directly on a cooled (−60 C) gas liquid chromatography column. Subsequently, the volatile products were separated by temperature programing up to 250 C and identified by mass spectrometry. Methyl ketones and aldehydes were the major degradation products along with minor amounts of monobasic acids, n‐hydrocarbons, primary alcohols, and γ‐lactones. Qualitative results indicated all the fatty acid methylene carbon atoms are susceptible to oxidation. Quantities of aldehydes and ketones were found to be in excess of their taste threshold concentrations, suggesting thermally oxidized saturated fatty acids may be precursors of some odors and flavors associated with heated lipids.
Impurities in vegetable oil refining soapstock
Authors: Keith Frederick W. , Blachly Fred E. , Sadler Fred S.
Published: May 2007

The nature of the impurities in vegetable oil foots renders them resistant to treatment by acids as in normal acidulation. Strong caustic was found to attack the gums and make them at least partially soluble in a 5 to 10% aqueous caustic solution. At this concentration a soap phase of 45–60% TFA could be centrifugally separated, and the majority of the impurities or their degraded products were discharged in the lye. The ratio of Oxidized Acids and Insoluble Impurities to the TFA was much lower in the soap than in the raw soapstock; the Oxidized Acids/Black Acids ratio could generally be reduced to 5% or less. This reduction in impurities was found to improve laboratory still yields markedly without the necessity of Twitchell‐ or pressure‐ splitting the black acids from treated stocks. Distillate yields of 86–89% were obtained from treated stocks, compared to 69–70% from untreated stocks.
Autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty compounds in mackerel oil: Formation of 2,4,7‐decatrienals
Authors: Ke P. J. , Ackman R. G. , Linke B. A.
Published: May 2007

The formation of potentially “fishy” off flavor components, especially 2,4,7‐decatrienals, in various rancid mackerel oils has been semiquantitatively investigated using preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) methods. A combination of 2 GLC analyses can be directly employed for free aldehyde analysis. This GLC method is faster and gives a better recovery than the alternative TLC proceeding through the dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives of the carbonyl compounds. Kinetic relations between decatrienal formation and the degree of autoxidation of polyenoic fatty compounds present in mackerel oil are discussed. The decreases in major polyenoic fatty acids rancid oils, measured by the ratios

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or

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can be related to the formation of 2,4,7‐decatrienals and other unsaturated aldehydes.
Rapid procedure for the determination of residual acetone and 2‐propanol in oilseed meals and flours
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Rayner E. T. , Fore S. P.
Published: May 2007

A simple, rapid elution gas chromatographic method was used for quantitative determination of acetone or 2‐propanol in finely ground, extracted oilseed meals and flours. In the procedure, a 0.05 g sample of oilseed meal or flour was placed between 2 small glass wool plugs in a liner of the injection port of a gas chromatograph. Water (250 μl) was added over the glass wool sandwich, and the liner was placed in the heated injection port and firmly secured. Acetone or 2‐propanol and other volatiles were rapidly eluted from the sample onto the column by the combined action of heat, moisture, and carrier gas. The components then were resolved by temperature programmed gas chromatography (GC) on a 1 ft x 1/4 in. Porapak Q column. A second gas chromatographic method, a volatilization procedure, was included in the study for comparison as a measure of the concentrations of acetone or 2‐propanol. Samples of oilseed meals and flours were analyzed by both methods. The rapid elution procedure proved to be a simple and effective means of detecting residual acetone or 2‐propanol in the samples. The values were very similar to those obtained by the volatilization procedure.
Genetics, characteristics, and utilization of oil in caryopses of oat species
Authors: Frey K. J. , Hammond E. G.
Published: May 2007

For oats to be an economically feasible oilseed crop in Iowa, the oil percentage would have to be increased to ca. 16%. A survey of the oil percentage in 445 oat cultivars and collections gave a range of 2.0–11.0%. The oil percentage was only slightly affected by growing oats in 5 different locations in Iowa. Inheritance studies indicated that oil percentage was inherited polygenically, and there was a tendency for high oil percentage to be partially dominant. Analysis of 64 cultivars and collections showed a wide variation of fatty acid composition: palmitic, 14–23%; stearic, <1–4%; oleic, 29–53%; linoleic, 24–48%; linolenic, < 1–5%. The oil percentage was positively correlated with oleic acid and negatively correlated with linoleic and linolenic acids. Oats contained a lipase that made extraction of oil with low acid values difficult. The lipase was strongly affected by moisture and was most active in oat doughs containing 25–50% moisture. There was at least a 20‐fold variation in lipase activity in oat cultivars and collections. Whole oats may be kept in dry storage for several years without significant lipolysis, but in broken or crushed caryopses, lipolysis occurs even at low moisture levels. The lipase may be inactivated by heat or 95% ethanol treatments.
Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty esters with copper‐chromite catalyst: Kinetics, mechanism and isomerization
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao
Published: May 2007

Hydrogenation of linolenate with copper chromite produced a large amount of conjugated diene and minor amounts of nonconjugatable dienes. The double bonds in conjugated dienes and monoenes were scrambled all along the chain. This product distribution can be explained if it is assumed that conjugation of the double bonds is followed by hydrogenation. In competitive hydrogenation, fatty esters with conjugated double bonds were reduced preferentially over fatty esters with methylene‐interrupted double bonds. Isomerization of conjugated double bonds (geometric and positional) occurred more rapidly than reduction. Reduction of conjugated double bonds in the presence of deuterium resulted in a majority of the products containing no deuterium. Most of the added deuterium was incorporated into the unreacted material. Mechanisms are proposed to account for the products formed during the hydrogenation of linolenate, linoleate and their isomers.
Hydrogenation of natural oils with platinum metal group catalysts
Authors: Rylander Paul N.
Published: May 2007

Studies in the hydrogenation of natural oils with catalysts of the platinum metals group have been limited mainly to platinum and palladium with only scant attention to rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium. This preference was dictated largely by economics, palladium being the only noble metal catalyst truly competitive on a usecoat basis with nickel in the hydrogenation of low‐priced oils. This paper discusses the noble metal catalysts as a group, points out similarities and differences among the metals relevant to the hydrogenation of natural oils, and describes some of the practical applications of catalysis by palladium.
Epoxy oils from plant seeds
Authors: Earle F. R.
Published: May 2007

Epoxy acids have been reported in seed oils from more than 60 species in 12 plant families. The discovery of 9,10‐epoxyoctadec‐12‐ynoic and 9,10‐epoxy‐trans‐3,cis‐12‐octadecadienoic acids brings to six the number of natural epoxy acids now known to occur in seed oils. These latest epoxy acids and 15,16‐epoxy‐cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoic acid have been found in only one species each and at levels lower than 5% of the oil. Coronaric (9,10‐epoxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic) acid and 9,10‐epoxystearic acid have been encountered in several seed oils, the first as much as 15% of the oil and the latter in only small amounts. Vernolic (12,13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic) acid, which has been identified in numerous oils, is the only epoxy acid known to occur in seed oils at levels above 15%, and it may constitute as much as 75%. On the basis of data available to date,Vernonia anthelmintica appears to have the best potential for commercial production of an epoxy oil. Although one improved line has been selected, continued improvement is needed. Formation of epoxy acids in oilseeds during storage after harvest has been demonstrated, and may be partly responsible for the small amounts of epoxide detected in oils from a wide variety of seeds.
The mbocayá palm: An economic oil plant of paraguay
Authors: Markley Klare S.
Published: May 2007

The mbocayá palm (Acrocomia totai Mart.) is one of a number of oil palms found in Latin America which is exploited for its pulp and kernel oils. Since the products of many of these palms are consumed locally or are exported to neighboring countries or Europe, they are little known in the United States.

The mbocayá is one of these palms which has been exploited commercially for its kernel oil for about 50 years and for a lesser time for its pulp oil. The kernel oil is similar in composition to that of other American oil palms but is unique in being more unsaturated and having a lower melting point which clearly reflects the more temperate environment in which this palm thrives.

Paraguay contains 6 to 7 million of these palms which produce annually an estimated 55,000 to 120,000 metric tons of fruit, only a part of which is processed for oil. In recent years production of kernel oil has varied between 2,000 and 2,700 metric tons and pulp oil between 500 and 1,100 metric tons, all of which has been consumed locally or exported to Argentina. Processing mbocayá fruit presents many difficulties not encountered with most oilseeds but which are similar to those encountered in processing most American oil palm fruits.

This is the first comprehensive report in English on the mbocayá palm and its economic importance.
Lipide content of rice bran
Authors: Jurgens Julian F. , Hoffpauir Carroll L.
Published: May 2007

The examination of rough rice of eight varieties grown in three locations each showed variations in milling yields and lipide contents of bran and of the true pericarp and bran fraction which are attributable to the influence of variety and environment of growth. The average values found on the moisture‐free basis were 6.0% bran and 5.4% true pericarp and germ fraction for the rough rice and 19.5 and 21.8% lipides in the bran and the true pericarp and germ fraction, respectively.
Fatty acid compositions of lipids from corn and grain sorghum kernels
Authors: Baldwin A. R. , Sniegowski M. S.
Published: May 2007

Characteristics and fatty acid compositions of the lipid components of the main fractions (germ, starch, gluten, and fiber) obtained in the wet milling of corn and grain sorghum kernels have been determined.

The various lipids exhibited differences in chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition. These differences were found to be similar in both grains. Germ fats were the most unsaturated, contained the least free fatty acids and the least unsaponifiable matter. Starch fats were 70 to 90% free fatty acids and contained large amounts of palmitic acid. Gluten and fiber fats contained up to 32% unsaponifiables and about 20% free fatty acids.
Spectral identification of the ketol tautomer of gossypol
Authors: Stipanovic R. D. , Bell A. A. , Howell C. R.
Published: May 2007

Nuclear magnetic reasonance studies have identified the ketollc as the major tautomer of (±) gossypol in basic solvent system. The hydroxymethylene proton of gossypol absorbs at δ 9.50 in aqueous sodium hydroxide. Acidification converts the ketol to the aldehyde tautomerla.
Fatty acids of kenaf seed oil
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary J.
Published: May 2007

Freshly extracted oil from a sample of kenaf seed, var.Cubano, was found to contain an appreciable amount of epoxy acid as glyceride;cis‐12,13‐epoxyoleic acid was isolated. Its identity was confirmed by analysis and by conversion to threo‐12,13‐dihydroxyoleic acid. The remaining fatty acids were esterified, distilled, and identified by the usual procedures. The percentage composition of the fatty acids was estimated from the data as follows: 9‐hexadecenoic 1, palmitic 19, linoleic 41, oleic 30, stearic 2, arachidic (trace), 12,13‐epoxyoleic 5, undetermined 2.
Methyl esters directlyfrom acidulated soapstock
Authors: Eaves Paul H. , Spadaro J. J. , Gastrock E. A.
Published: May 2007

A method has been developed for utilizing low‐cost acidulated refinery soapstock directly as raw material for producing the mixed methyl esters of cottonseed oil fatty acids. The conditions determined as optimum for producing the esters were as follows: temperature, 110°C. to 120°C.; pressure, 150 p.s.i.g.; reaction time, 10 to 15 min.; catalyst, acidic, proportioned as 3% to 5% of the fatty acids of the foots; and ratio of reactants, 5 moles of methanol to 1 of fatty acids.

Processing acidulated foots containing 12.4% of neutral oil at the foregoing conditions resulted in esterifying 83% to 86% of the fatty acids. Reprocessing the same material after dehydrating it and restoring the initial methanol to fatty acids ratio increased the percentage of fatty acids esterified by about 5%.
The relationship of corn oil and animal fats to serum cholesterol values at various dietary protein levels
Authors: Kokatnur M. G. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

A high level of dietary protein lowered serum cholesterol. Incorporation of increasing amounts of beef tallow did not increase the serum cholesterol levels significantly, and some dietary fat was found to be desirable. Addition of up to 0.3% of dietary cholesterol did not significantly increase the serum cholesterol levels on either low or high levels of dietary fat or protein. The energy protein (E/P) ratio of a diet had a significant effect on serum and carcass cholesterol levels. The type of fat had an effect on serum cholesterol levels, but with lowering of the E/P ratio this effect became negligible.
Fatty acid composition of several varieties of soybeans
Authors: Collins F. I. , Sedgwick V. E.
Published: May 2007

Fatty acid composition of soybean oil of 18 currently important varieties from 43 locations in 16 states of the United States ranged from about 5% to 11% in linolenic, 43% to 56% in linoleic, 15% to 33% in oleic, and 11% to 26% in saturated acids. Oil of all 18 varieties had wide ranges in composition at different locations in two crop years. Within each group varieties tended to maintain the same relative order of fatty acid compositions of oil at all locations in the two years of this study.
Subtotal Colectomy with Antiperistaltic Cecorectal Anastomosis in the Treatment of Slow‐transit Constipation: Long‐term Impact on Quality of Life
Authors: Marchesi Federico , Sarli Leopoldo , Percalli Luigi , Sansebastiano Giuliano Ezio , Veronesi Licia , Mauro Davide Di , Porrini Cristina , Ferro Michelina , Roncoroni Luigi
Published: May 2007

Background

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of subtotal colectomy with cecorectal anastomosis (SCCA) in the treatment of slow‐transit constipation, not just in terms of symptom resolution but also the overall impact on patients’ quality of life.

Methods

Between 1991 and 2005, 43 patients underwent SCCA at our institution, 22 for slow‐transit constipation (STC) and 21 for other types of colic diffuse disease (non‐slow‐transit constipation: NSTC), the latter being considered controls. A total of 29 patients (17 affected by STC) were administered a 50‐item telephonic questionnaire, including the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI), the Wexner constipation and incontinence scale (WC, WI), and individual willingness to repeat the procedure. Questionnaire data and other parameters such as age, sex, length of follow‐up, complications, and length of hospital stay were analyzed and compared, in order to evaluate possible correlations between the parameters and their related impact on quality of life, procedural effectiveness in terms of symptomatic regression, qualitative differences related to pathology (constipation versus non‐constipation), and surgical approach (laparotomy versus video‐laparo‐assisted procedure).

Results

There were no procedure‐related deaths in this series (mortality: 0%); however, we found two complications in the STC group (9.1%), one requiring reoperation. The GIQLI mean score for the STC group was 115.5 ± 20.5 (mean score for healthy people 125.8 ± 13), and the WC mean score passed from a preoperative value of 20.3 to a postoperative value of 2.6. Regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between GIQLI and urgency and abdominal pain, and abdominal pain correlated significantly with pathology (STC). A high number of patients (88.2% in STC) expressed a willingness to repeat the procedure given the same preoperative conditions.

Conclusions

Comparing our results to those of the most homogeneous literature data, SCCA does not appear to be inferior to subtotal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) in terms of therapeutic effectiveness, postoperative mortality and morbidity, or overall impact on quality of life.
Anaemia and renal dysfunction are independently associated with BNP and NT‐proBNP levels in patients with heart failure
Authors: Hogenhuis Jochem , Voors Adriaan A. , Jaarsma Tiny , Hoes Arno W. , Hillege Hans L. , Kragten Johannes A. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J.
Published: May 2007

Background

Anaemia may affect B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N‐terminal proBNP (NT‐proBNP) levels, but this has not been well described in heart failure (HF) patients without the exclusion of patients with renal dysfunction.

Aims

To study the influence of both anaemia and renal function on BNP and NT‐proBNP levels in a large group of hospitalised HF patients.

Methods and results

We studied 541 patients hospitalised for HF (mean age 71±11 years, 62% male, and left ventricular ejection fraction 0.33±0.14). Of these patients, 30% (n=159) were anaemic (women: Hb <7.5 mmol/l, men: Hb <8.1 mmol/l). Of the 159 anaemic patients, 73% had renal dysfunction (eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2) and of the non‐anaemic patients, 57% had renal dysfunction. BNP and NT‐proBNP levels were measured in all patients before discharge. In multivariable analyses both plasma haemoglobin and eGFR were independently related to the levels of BNP and NT‐proBNP (standardised beta's of –0.16, –0.14 [BNP] and –0.19, –0.26 [NT‐proBNP] respectively, P‐values<0.01).

Conclusion

Anaemia and renal dysfunction are related to increased BNP and NT‐proBNP levels, independent of the severity of HF. These results indicate that both anaemia and renal dysfunction should be taken into consideration during the interpretation of BNP and NT‐proBNP levels in HF patients.
Protease signalling in cell death: caspases versus cysteine cathepsins
Authors: Turk Boris , Stoka Veronika
Published: May 2007

Proteases were, for a long time, mainly considered as protein degrading enzymes. However, in the last decade this view has changed dramatically, and the focus is now on proteases as signalling molecules. One of the best examples is apoptosis, the major mechanism used by eukaryotes to remove superfluous, damaged and potentially dangerous cells, in which a number of proteases have been found to play a central role. Of these the caspases have been considered to be the major players. However, more recently, other proteases have been increasingly suggested as being important in apoptosis, in particular the cysteine cathepsins. In this review the roles of caspases and cysteine cathepsins in apoptosis signalling are compared and discussed.
Quantitative single particle tracking of NGF–receptor complexes: Transport is bidirectional but biased by longer retrograde run lengths
Authors: Echarte María M. , Bruno Luciana , Arndt-Jovin Donna J. , Jovin Thomas M. , Pietrasanta Lía I.
Published: May 2007

The retrograde transport of nerve growth factor (NGF) in neurite‐like processes of living differentiated PC12 cells was studied using streptavidin‐quantum dots (QDs) coupled to monobiotin‐NGF. These reagents were active in differentiation, binding, internalization, and transport. Ten‐35% of the QD–NGF–receptor complexes were mobile. Quantitative single particle tracking revealed a bidirectional step‐like motion, requiring intact microtubules, with a net retrograde velocity of 0.054 ± 0.020 μm/s. Individual runs had a mean velocity of ∼0.15 μm/s at room temperature, and the run times were exponentially distributed. The photostability and brightness of QDs permit extended real‐time analysis of individual QDbNGF– receptor complexes trafficking within neurites.
Crystal structure of human wildtype and S581L‐mutant glycyl‐tRNA synthetase, an enzyme underlying distal spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Cader Muhammed Z. , Ren Jingshan , James Paul A. , Bird Louise E. , Talbot Kevin , Stammers David K.
Published: May 2007

Dominant mutations in the ubiquitous enzyme glycyl‐tRNA synthetase (GlyRS), including S581L, lead to motor nerve degeneration. We have determined crystal structures of wildtype and S581L‐mutant human GlyRS. The S581L mutation is ∼50 Å from the active site, and yet gives reduced aminoacylation activity. The overall structures of wildtype and S581L‐GlyRS, including the active site, are very similar. However, residues 567–575 of the anticodon‐binding domain shift position and in turn could indirectly affect glycine binding via the tRNA or alternatively inhibit conformational changes. Reduced enzyme activity may underlie neuronal degeneration, although a dominant‐negative effect is more likely in this autosomal dominant disorder.
Ethanol‐induced death in yeast exhibits features of apoptosis mediated by mitochondrial fission pathway
Authors: Kitagaki Hiroshi , Araki Yoshio , Funato Kouichi , Shimoi Hitoshi
Published: May 2007

Cell death in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) involves several apoptotic processes. Here, we report the first evidence of the following processes, which are also characteristic of apoptosis, in ethanol‐induced cell death in yeast: chromatin condensation and fragmentation, DNA cleavage, and a requirement for de novo protein synthesis. Mitochondrial fission protein, Fis1, appears to mediate ethanol‐induced apoptosis and ethanol‐induced mitochondrial fragmentation. However, mitochondrial fragmentation in response to elevated ethanol levels was not correlated with cell death. Further, in the presence of ethanol, generation of reactive oxygen species was elevated in mutant fis1Δ cells. Our characterization of ethanol‐induced cell death in yeast as being Fis1‐mediated apoptosis is likely to pave the way to overcoming limitations in large‐scale fermentation processes, such as those employed in the production of alcoholic beverages and ethanol‐based biofuels.
Flexor Tendon Retrieval—Another Way
Authors: WHARTON E. M. , RAWLINS J. M. , STANLEY P. R. W.
Published: May 2007

A simple method of flexor tendon retrieval after division in Zones I and II injuries using a silastic urinary catheter is described.
Effect of Land-Use on Terricolous Lichens
Authors: Gilbert O. L.
Published: May 2007

The limestone plateau of Derbyshire is intensively farmed but supports terricolous lichens associated with unimproved grazing, derelict lead mining ground and modern fluorspar working. The assemblages identified include a number of relict species now very rare in central England. Reworking mine waste for fluorspar can result in the development of communities containing particularly interesting lichens. Land-use is now the chief determinant of terricolous lichen communities in the area studied.
Nomenclatural Notes on Cladonia Species
Authors: Ahti T.
Published: May 2007

The nomenclature and in part also the taxonomy of the following European lichens is discussed: Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.) Flotow subsp. cervicornis and subsp. verticillata (Hoffm.) Ahti comb. nov., C. bacilliformis (Nyl.) Glück, C. portentosa (Dufour) Coem., C. anomaea (Ach.) Ahti & P. James comb. nov. (syn. C. pityrea (Flörke) Fr.), C. conista Robbins ex Allen, C. conoidea Ahti sp. nov. (syn. C. conistea sensu Asah.: contains atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid, type from England), C. bacillaris Nyl., C. coniocraea auct., and C. ochrochlora Flörke.

The African lichen ‘Cladonia gorgonina (Bory) Eschw.’ is typified and its nomenclatural
status reconsidered. Under the valid name Cladonia gorgonea Eschw. it is reduced to the synonymy of Cladia aggregata (Swartz) Nyl. The correct name for Cladonia gorgonina auct. is C. glaucopallida Vainio. A list of the new lichen taxa proposed
by J. B. Bory, which were invalidly published by Flörke in 1809, is also presented.
Zoosporogenesis In Trebouxia Gelatinosa: Ultrastructure Potential For Zoospore Release And Implications For The Lichen Association
Authors: Slocum R. D. , Ahmadjian V. , Hildreth K. C.
Published: May 2007

Zoosporogenesis was observed in the algal symbiont (Trebouxia gelatinosa) of Parmelia caperata. This is the first detailed report of this phenomenon in a Trebouxia species and, more importantly, in lichens, where zoosporogenesis in this alga is usually suppressed and the arrested zoospores form aplanospores. Observations of zoospore formation by algal cells within the natural thallus and in thallus fragments incubated on a mineral medium suggest that zoospores are released within thalli and may escape from the thallus to form free-living microcolonies. These colonies potentially could unite with hyphae derived from spores of either the same, or genetically different mycobionts (fungal symbionts) to establish new lichen associations, as has been shown in laboratory studies. Such natural resyntheses could be one cause for the observed heterogeneity characterizing fungi in many lichen populations. Other implications of free-living Trebouxia populations are discussed.
A Study of Trebouxia and Pseudotrebouxia Isolates from Different Lichens
Authors: Hildreth K. C. , Ahmadjian V.
Published: May 2007

The phycobionts of 20 different lichens were studied in culture, described and assigned to species of Pseudotrebouxia and Trebouxia. Identical phycobiont species were isolated from widely different lichens which showed that these algal symbionts were not specific to particular mycobionts. There was much variation in cellular detail within individual algal species indicating that the criteria currently used to separate species of these phycobionts may be too restrictive.
The Weathering of Serpentinite by Lecanora Atra
Authors: Wilson M. J. , Jones D. , McHardy W. J.
Published: May 2007

A study of the weathering phenomena brought about by the growth of Lecanora alra on a substrate of magnesium silicate minerals (serpentinite) has been carried out mainly by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The lichen thallus contains appreciable amounts of crystalline magnesium oxalate dihydrate, which occurs as an insoluble extra-cellular precipitate and derives from the decomposition of magnesium silicates (particularly chrysotile) by oxalic acid secreted by the mycobiont. In theory magnesium oxalate dihydrate should be capable of incorporating large amounts of heavy metal ions into its structure, as indeed the electron probe evidence indicates has happened, thus suggesting a mechanism for enabling some lichens to cope with environments that are high in these generally harmful ions. The only weathering product detected in the lichen weathering crust is an X-ray amorphous silica gel which often retains the fibrous morphology of the chrysotile from which it forms.
Occurrence and Ecology of Usnea Longissima in Central Sweden
Authors: Esseen P.-A. , Ericson L. , Lindström H. , Zackrisson O.
Published: May 2007

The past and present occurrence of Usnea longissima has been investigated at 31 localities in an area of eastern central Sweden. A marked decline was found which is due to different forestry practices, and, to a minor extent, air pollution. The species is confined to old spruce forests, mainly located on north-facing slopes with a slightly oceanic climate. The population size showed a large variation both within and between seven investigated localities. Specific habitat demands and low dispersal ability make U. longissima very sensitive to environmental disturbances.
The Cyclic Development of Mosses and The Lichen Baeomyces Rufus in an Ecosystem
Authors: Jahns H. M.
Published: May 2007

A cyclic exchange between communities of mosses and the lichen Baeomyces rufus is described. The cushions of different mosses are supplanted by the lichen. After a lifespan of about 3 years the lichen dies off and the location is repossessed by mosses. The vegetative reproduction of the lichen is adapted to this ecological cycle.
Lichen Decomposition in a Black Spruce Bog
Authors: Wetmore C. M.
Published: May 2007

Nylon mesh litter bags containing Parmelia caperata, P. flaventior, P. subrudecta, Evernia nesomorpha, Hypogymnia physodes and Umbilicaria muehlenbergii were placed on the floor of a black spruce bog in northern Minnesota to study the rates of decomposition. P. caperata and E. mesomorpha had decomposed after 10 months. Most of the lichens had completely decayed after 13 months but a few thalli of some species placed on top of hummocks were still alive. The species with usnic acid decayed as rapidly as those without. Lichens decompose rapidly but not more rapidly than some vascular plants.
A New Species and New Combinations in Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae)
Authors: Krog Hildur , Swinscow T. D. V.
Published: May 2007

Parmotrema degelianum sp. nov. is described and the following new combinations are made: Parmotrema amaniense (Steiner & Zahlbr.) comb, nov., P. apricum (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., P. consors (Nyl.) comb, nov., P. durumae (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., P. erubescens (Stirton) comb, nov., P. glaucocarpoides (Zahlbr.) comb, nov., P. jacarandicolum (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., P. kwalense (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., P. leonis (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., P. pardi (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., P. pigmentiferum (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., P. pilosum (Stizenb.) comb, nov., P. poolii (Dodge) comb. nov., P. stuhlmannii (Dodge) comb, nov., P. taitae (Krog & Swinscow) comb. nov., P. tsavoense (Krog & Swinscow) comb. nov., and P. umbrosum (Krog & Swinscow) comb. nov., Parmotrema lyngeanum (Zahlbr.) Hale is reduced to synonymy with P. cristatum (Nyl.) Hale.
Foliicolous Lichens From Zimbabwe
Authors: Sérusiaux E.
Published: May 2007

Twenty-nine species of foliicolous lichens are reported from Zimbabwe. Arthonia nigratula (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. is mentioned for the first time in Africa, and Catillaria vandenberghenii sp. nov. is described.
Uptake and Effect of Cations on Lichen Metabolism
Authors: Brown D. H. , Beckett R. P.
Published: May 2007

Heavy metal uptake by lichens is briefly reviewed in terms of the trapping of paniculate material and the uptake of soluble cations. The kinetics of uptake to extracellular sites and intracellular carrier-mediated incorporation into cells are compared and the effects of competing cations and the energetics of the processes considered. The influence of heavy metals on lichen growth, morphology and physiology are reviewed emphasizing recent reports showing the greater sensitivity of cyanobacterial compared with chlorophycean lichens, the induction of heavy metal tolerance in the field and laboratory in Peltigera species, and alterations in intracellular cadmium uptake kinetics by some, but not all, tolerant Peltigera populations.
The Ecology of Lobarion Pulmonariae and Parmelion Caperatae in Quercus Dominated Forests in South-West Norway
Authors: Gauslaa Y.
Published: May 2007

119 investigated Quercus trunks and 67 species of lichens, 23 bryophytes and 3 non-lichenized fungi are arranged by means of the Minimum Spanning Tree analysis, resulting in four Lobarion communities and one Parmelion community. Lobarion is restricted to bark with pH > 5.0 in old forests. pH and Ca-content in the bark are strongly correlated; Ca seems to originate from Ca-uptake through the roots of the phorophyte. Within a single site the soil also seems to be responsible for the variation in the Mg-content of the bark, being correlated with Ca. The dominating source of the regionalvariationinMg, however, seems to be marine aerosols. Parmelion caperatae occurs on acid bark of young trees. The bark is, however, rich in Mg. Soluble tannins in the bark decrease with increasing age of the phorophyte, but are probably of minor significance for the epiphytic vegetation.
Studies in the Nomenclature of British Lichens II
Authors: Laundon J. R.
Published: May 2007

The nomenclature, chemistry, taxonomy, distribution and ecology of Aspicilia tuberculosa (Ach.) Laundon comb, nov., Buellia ocellata (Flotow) Körber, Pycnothelia papillaria Dufour, Rhizocarpon richardii (Lamy ex Nyl.) Zahlbr. and Rinodina aspersa (Borrer) Laundon comb. nov. are discussed. Aspicilia tuberculosa, related to A. caesiocinerea, has apparently not been collected since c. 1830 and may now be extinct. The name Buellia verruculosa has been wrongly applied and the species should be called B. ocellata. The name Pycnothelia papillaria is retained, but with a modified author citation. Rhizocarpon constrictum is a synonym of R. richardii. Rinodina fatiscens is shown to be a synonym of R. aspersa. The nomenclature of Aspicilia caesiocinerea and Rinodina atrocinerea is also considered, the latter requiring change of author citation.
The Genus Paulia (Lichinaceae)
Authors: Henssen Aino
Published: May 2007

An emended circumscription of the genus Paulia Fée is given and the morphology and anatomy of the eight included species analysed in detail. Four new species are described, P. gibbosa Henssen and P. rhizophora Henssen from Bermuda, P. tessellata Henssen from Bermuda and Mexico and P. stipitata Henssen from Puerto Rico. The new combination P. cubana (Tuck.) Henssen is made. The genus is characterized by an umbilicate thallus composed of reticulately arranged hyphae; apothecia without an excipulum, with branched paraphyses and thickwalled ascospores; and a member of the Chroococcales as phycobiont with brown gelatinous algal sheaths in which characteristic particles are deposited. The species differ in the external morphology of the thallus and apothecia. The species all grow on limestone, and most of them are confined to islands; the distribution of the genus is world-wide.
The Lichen Genus Haematomma in New Zealand
Authors: Rogers R. W. , Bartlett J. K.
Published: May 2007

Five species of the lichen genus Haematomma Massal. s.l. (Ascomycotina, Lecanoraceae s.l.) are reported for New Zealand. Two new species H. alpinum and H. saxicola are described, and H. sorediatum is reported from New Zealand for the first time. Two other species, H. babingtonii, and H. hilare, are also reported. All five species appear to belong to the H. puniceutn group. Pseudoplacodiolic acid is reported in the genus Haematomma for the first time.
The Occurrence of Copper—norstictic Acid in Lichens from Cupriferous Substrata
Authors: Purvis O. W. , Elix J. A. , Broomheadj J. A. , Jones G. C.
Published: May 2007

The localization of norstictic acid and copper in green, copper-rich specimens of Acarospora smaragdula and Lecidea lactea from cupriferous substrata was studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. Infrared absorption spectroscopy of lichen material and a synthetic Cu-norstictic acid complex, and the other studies, provide evidence that complexing of copper by norstictic acid occurs within the cortex of these lichens and leads to their unusual surface coloration. Preliminary observations suggest that copper may also form a complex with psoromic acid and colour lichen thalli green. There is a strong possibility that other metal-lichen acid complexes may occur.
New Species and New Combinations in Some Parmelioid Lichen Genera, With Special Emphasis on East African Taxa
Authors: Krog Hildur , Swinscow T. D. V.
Published: May 2007

The genera Hypotrachyna (Vainio) Hale and Pseudoparmelia Lynge are emended to include species previously accommodated in the genus Parmelina Hale. Pseudoparmelia endochromatica sp. nov., P. singularis sp. nov., Xanthoparmelia glomerulala sp. nov., X. karamojae sp. nov., and X. meruensis sp. nov. are described. The following combinations are proposed: Hypotraehyna afrorevoluta (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., H. aurulenta (Tuck.) comb, nov., H. damaziana (Zahlbr.) comb, nov., H. horrescens (Taylor) comb, nov., H. meyeri (Zahlbr.) comb, nov., H. minarum (Vainio) comb, nov., H. spathulata (Kurok.) comb, nov., H. spumosa (Asah.) comb, nov., H. swinscowii (Hale) comb, nov., Parmotrema vividum (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., Pseudoparmelia chlorea (Stizenb.) comb, nov., P. simplicior (Hale) comb, nov., P. usambarensis (Steiner & Zahlbr.) comb, nov., P. wallichiana (Taylor) comb, nov., Xanthoparmelia interrupta (Stizenb.) comb, nov., and X. kiboensis (Dodge) comb. nov. Xanthoparmelia cylindriloba Knox is reduced to synonymy with X. kiboensis.
The Identity of Diploschistes Gypsaceus
Authors: Lumbsch H. T.
Published: May 2007

The name Diploschistes gypsaceus is lectotypified on material of a saxicolous taxon, while a widespread terricolous taxon, frequently named D. gypsaceus, must be named D. diacapsis. Synonyms are listed and the characters of both species reviewed.
Navajo Lichen Dyes
Authors: Brough S. G.
Published: May 2007

Thirty-five species of lichens were collected from nine locations on or adjacent to the Navajo Indian Reservation in the southwestern United States. Wool was dyed using the traditional boiling water and ammonia fermentation methods. An additional method was developed using a solvent to extract lichen substances and dye wool, cold; this dimethylsulphoxide extraction method is described and the resulting dye colours were sometimes different. Over 155 individual dye tests were made on sheep's wool; a correlation of dye colour with lichen substances reported for the species was attempted. Predominant dye colours were tan, but yellow, orange, pink, purple, and blue-grey were also produced. These colours were further altered by modifying: (1) fermentation time; (2) dyeing time, temperature, or pH level; (3) exposure to light; and (4) subsequent additional extractions using the same method or different methods. Dyed wool samples, tested for stability in sunlight, generally faded to some degree and some changed colour. Most dyes obtained through the dimethylsulphoxide extraction method were light stable.
Effects of Sulphur Dioxide and Fluoride on Ascospore Germination of Several Lichens
Authors: Belandria G. , Asta J. , Nurit F.
Published: May 2007

The effects of fluoride and sulphur dioxide on the germination of ascospores of Lecanora conizaeoides, Xanthoria parietina, Physconia distorta and Peltigera canina were studied under controlled conditions. The two pollutants (H2SO3 and NaF) were dissolved in the culture medium. An improved culture technique permitted a high percentage germination (90° 0) of P. canina spores. Peltigera canina spores had the highest sensitivity to SO2 (no germination at 500 UM H2SO3). Lecanora conizaeoides spores were almost insensitive to each of the two studied pollutants (30°0 spore germination at 1000 UM H2SO3 or NaF). However, simultaneous exposure to 1000 UM H2SO3 and 1000 UM NaF resulted in no germination, indicating a synergistic effect of these products.
Metamelanea and Stromatella, new Genera of Lichinaceae
Authors: Henssen A.
Published: May 2007

The new generic names Metamelanea Henssen and Strotnatella Henssen are described inthe Lichinaceae. They are denned by the developmental morphology of the ascocarp and thallus structure. In both genera the thallus is subfruticose, and the cyanobiont a single-celled member of the Chroococcales. The genus Metamelanea is based on the type species M.umbonata Henssen, newly described from the Alps, and M. melambola (Tuck.) Henssen comb, nov., found in North America. The genus Strotnatella is based on the single species, S. bermudana (Riddle) Henssen, formerly Psorotichia bermudana Riddle. The new genera are compared with species of other genera of the Lichinaceae: Gyrocollema, Lecidopyrenopsis and Porocyphus; some micrographs of Lecidopyrenopsis corticola Vainio. are also included. The new combination Porocyphus ocellatus(Th. Fr.) Henssen is made; Pyrenopsis triptococcus Nyl. is selected as lectotype of Pyrenopsis subgen. Cladopsis Nyl. (syn. Cladopsis (Nyl) Hue).
On Some Species of Catillaria S. Lat. and Halecania in the British Isles
Authors: Coppins B. J.
Published: May 2007

A broad generic concept is adopted for Catillaria, and the following new combinations made: C. aphana (Nyl.) Coppins, C. modesta (Müll. Arg) Coppins (the basionym, Lecidea modesta Müll. Arg., being lectotypified), C. picila (Massal.) Coppins, and C. scotinodes (Nyl.) Coppins. Lecidea botryiza Nyl. ex Stirton is added to the synonymy of Micarea lutulata. Catillaria rhypodiza is transferred to Halecania, and a new, sorediate, corticolous species of that genus, H. viridescens Coppins & P. James, is described.
A Bibliographic Guide to the Lichen Floras of the World (Second edition)
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. , Ahti T.
Published: May 2007

A selected bibliographic guide to publications on the lichen floras of the world arranged by continent and country is provided. This is supplemented by information on further sources of data, including world monographs, literature compilations, lichenological journals, exsiccatae, and compendia of herbaria. About 1390 references to the literature are provided. An index to countries and islands treated is included.