bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parathyroid hormone 1–34 enhances extracellular matrix deposition and organization during flexor tendon repair
Authors: Lee Daniel J. , Southgate Richard D. , Farhat Youssef M. , Loiselle Alayna E. , Hammert Warren C. , Awad Hani A. , O'Keefe Regis J.
Published: September 2014

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1–34 is known to enhance fracture healing. Tendon repair is analogous to bone healing in its dependence on the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, matrix formation, and tissue remodeling.1,2,3 We hypothesized that PTH 1–34 enhances tendon healing in a flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon repair model. C57Bl/6J mice were treated with either intraperitoneal PTH 1–34 or vehicle‐control (PBS). Tendons were harvested at 3–28 days for histology, gene expression, and biomechanical testing. The metatarsophalangeal joint range of motion was reduced 1.5–2‐fold in PTH 1–34 mice compared to control mice. The gliding coefficient, a measure of adhesion formation, was 2–3.5‐fold higher in PTH 1–34 mice. At 14 days post‐repair, the tensile strength was twofold higher in PTH 1–34 specimens, but at 28 days there were no differences. PTH 1–34 mice had increased fibrous tissue deposition that correlated with elevated expression of collagens and fibronectin as seen on quantitative PCR. PTH 1–34 accelerated the deposition of reparative tissue but increased adhesion formation. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:17–24, 2015.
Systemic absorption and metabolism of dietary procyanidin B4 in pigs
Authors: Bittner Katharina , Kemme Theresa , Peters Katharina , Kersten Susanne , Dänicke Sven , Humpf Hans‐Ulrich
Published: September 2014

Scope

Procyanidins (PCs) are among the most abundant polyphenols in the human diet and they are reported to exhibit several beneficial health effects. However, the knowledge about their metabolic fate is rather limited. To investigate the systemic absorption and metabolism of dietary PC B4, a kinetic study using pigs as model system has been performed.

Methods and results

After oral application of a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight PC B4, urine and plasma were collected over a period of 48 h. PC B4 and its possible metabolites were analyzed in physiological samples using HPLC‐MS/MS and GC‐MS. PC B4 was detected as intact molecule in urine as well as in plasma. Maximum reached plasma concentration of PC B4 (cmax) was 2.13 ng/mL (3.68 nM) and mean total urinary excretion related to the administered dose was 0.008 ± 0.003%. In addition to that the monomeric structural units catechin and epicatechin were determined as degradation products. Furthermore, methylated and conjugated monomeric metabolites were identified. Monomeric metabolites were identified to be the major fraction occurring in the systemic circulation. The analysis of phenolic acids did not show an increase of these possible further metabolites.

Conclusion

After oral administration, PC B4 is absorbed as intact molecule and it is excreted in urine. In addition, it is degraded to the monomeric subunits that are then further metabolized to methylated and glucuronidated conjugates in pigs.
Depletion of pericentrin in mouse oocytes disrupts microtubule organizing center function and meiotic spindle organization
Authors: Ma Wei , Viveiros Maria M.
Published: September 2014

Accurate chromosome segregation is dependent on the formation and stability of the microtubule spindle apparatus. Meiotic spindle assembly in oocytes differs from the process used during mitosis, and is regulated by unique microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) that lack centrioles. To gain insight into the molecular composition and function of acentriolar MTOCs in mouse oocytes, we assessed the role of a key MTOC‐associated protein, pericentrin (PCNT). In somatic cells, pericentrin functions as a scaffold that binds specific proteins at MTOCs, including γ‐tubulin, which is necessary for microtubule nucleation. Pericentrin is expressed in oocytes, but the conservation of its function is not known. Pericentrin localizes specifically to MTOCs during prophase‐I arrest in mouse oocytes recovered from pre‐ovulatory ovarian follicles, and remains associated with MTOCs at spindle poles during metaphase‐I and ‐II. To test function, specific siRNAs were used to knock down Pcnt transcripts in mouse oocytes. Efficient protein depletion was confirmed by Western blot as well as immunofluorescence analysis. Notably, meiotic spindle structure and chromosome alignment were disrupted in Pcnt‐depleted oocytes. Disorganized spindle structures with reduced microtubule density and misaligned chromosomes were observed in the majority of these oocytes (∼70%). In addition, γ‐tubulin localization to MTOCs was significantly reduced and microtubule regrowth, following cold treatment, was delayed in Pcnt‐depleted oocytes. Thus, pericentrin is a key functional component of the unique acentriolar MTOCs of mouse oocytes, and plays an important role in regulating meiotic spindle assembly and/or stability. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 1019–1029, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Fourier pseudospectral method for a generalized improved Boussinesq equation
Authors: Borluk Handan , Muslu Gulcin M.
Published: September 2014

In this article, we propose a Fourier pseudospectral method for solving the generalized improved Boussinesq equation. We prove the convergence of the semi‐discrete scheme in the energy space. For various power nonlinearities, we consider three test problems concerning the propagation of a single solitary wave, the interaction of two solitary waves and a solution that blows up in finite time. We compare our numerical results with those given in the literature in terms of numerical accuracy. The numerical comparisons show that the Fourier pseudospectral method provides highly accurate results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 995–1008, 2015
The effect of PF/PVAC weight ratio and ambient temperature on moisture absorption performance of bamboo‐bundle laminated veneer lumber
Authors: Deng Jianchao , Chen Fuming , Li Haidong , Wang Ge , Shi Sheldon Q.
Published: September 2014

The veneer preprocessing densification is a vital procedure in the manufacturing process of long‐span bamboo‐based engineering material, bamboo‐bundle laminated veneer lumber (BLVL). The adhesive used in the preprocessing densification process was the mixture of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin and polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) resin. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of PF/PVAC weight ratio on the moisture absorption performance of BLVL, as well as the effect of ambient temperature on the hygroscopic swelling performance for BLVLs with a PF/PVAC ratio of 6:1. The results indicated that the water absorption swelling rate and weight gain rate of the BLVLs decreased as PF/PVAC ratio increased at 63°C. The absorption behavior of BLVL was found to obey Fick's law at 63°C approximately. The higher the PF/PVAC ratio, the lower swelling parameter KSR and D values were obtained. However, PF/PVAC ratio exerted little effect upon the bending properties(modulus of rupture and elasticity) of BLVL. Temperature has a significant effect on the moisture absorption performance of BLVL (6:1 PF/PVAC ratio). The higher the temperature, the greater swelling and weight gain rate was obtained, as well as KSR and D values. The calculated swelling activation energies (ES) were 25.79 and 22.45 KJ mol−1 for BLVLs with 6:1 PF/PVAC ratio and the ones with neat PF resin, respectively, while the diffusion activation energies (ED) were 10.62 and 8.47 KJ mol−1. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:955–962, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Investigation of CNT modification of epoxy resin in CFRP strengthening systems
Authors: Dehghan Masoud , Al‐Mahaidi Riadh , Sbarski Igor
Published: September 2014

The use of carbon fiber‐reinforced polymers (CFRPs) to reinforce old structures has become popular in recent years. In this study, the chemical structure of the epoxy resin used as the bonding agent in the CFRP strengthening system was modified by dispersing multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in order to improve the performance of the strengthening system. Composites were fabricated with different mixing orders employing the solvent‐assisted dispersion method and ultrasonic mixing. Thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile tests were conducted to investigate the effect of CNT dispersion and fabrication method on the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy composite. In addition, the temperature‐dependent tensile behavior of fabricated composites was studied by performing tensile tests at elevated temperatures. The morphology of CNT/epoxy composites was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was also used to show the influence of solvent on the molecular structure of composites. Based on the experimental results, the decomposition temperature of the epoxy resin was heightened by 15°C as a result of solvent‐assisted dispersion of nanotubes. However, the glass transition temperature (Tg) was slightly reduced due to the solvent effect. FTIR analysis revealed that the solvent negatively affects the curing process of epoxy composite. A considerable enhancement was recorded in the tensile properties as a result of CNT infusion. This was attributed to the homogeneous dispersion of nanotubes which was shown by SEM images. Using solvent to disperse nanotubes led to the reduction of tensile strength of the epoxy composite at elevated temperature due to the lower Tg. POLYM. COMPOS. 37:1021–1033, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Proteogenomic strategies for identification of aberrant cancer peptides using large‐scale next‐generation sequencing data
Authors: Woo Sunghee , Cha Seong Won , Na Seungjin , Guest Clark , Liu Tao , Smith Richard D. , Rodland Karin D. , Payne Samuel , Bafna Vineet
Published: September 2014

Cancer is driven by the acquisition of somatic DNA lesions. Distinguishing the early driver mutations from subsequent passenger mutations is key to molecular subtyping of cancers, understanding cancer progression, and the discovery of novel biomarkers. The advances of genomics technologies (whole‐genome exome, and transcript sequencing, collectively referred to as NGS (next‐generation sequencing)) have fueled recent studies on somatic mutation discovery. However, the vision is challenged by the complexity, redundancy, and errors in genomic data, and the difficulty of investigating the proteome translated portion of aberrant genes using only genomic approaches. Combination of proteomic and genomic technologies are increasingly being employed. Various strategies have been employed to allow the usage of large‐scale NGS data for conventional MS/MS searches. This paper provides a discussion of applying different strategies relating to large database search, and FDR (false discovery rate) ‐based error control, and their implication to cancer proteogenomics. Moreover, it extends and develops the idea of a unified genomic variant database that can be searched by any MS sample. A total of 879 BAM files downloaded from TCGA repository were used to create a 4.34 GB unified FASTA database that contained novel splice junctions, 38 464 deletions, 1 105 insertions, and 182 302 substitutions. Proteomic data from a single ovarian carcinoma sample (439 858 spectra) was searched against the database. By applying the most conservative FDR measure, we have identified 524 novel peptides and 65 578 known peptides at 1% FDR threshold. The novel peptides include interesting examples of doubly mutated peptides, frame‐shifts, and nonsample‐recruited mutations, which emphasize the strength of our approach.
Proteomics approaches to identify mono‐(ADP‐ribosyl)ated and poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ated proteins
Authors: Vivelo Christina A. , Leung Anthony K. L.
Published: September 2014

ADP‐ribosylation refers to the addition of one or more ADP‐ribose units onto protein substrates and this protein modification has been implicated in various cellular processes including DNA damage repair, RNA metabolism, transcription, and cell cycle regulation. This review focuses on a compilation of large‐scale proteomics studies that identify ADP‐ribosylated proteins and their associated proteins by MS using a variety of enrichment strategies. Some methods, such as the use of a poly(ADP‐ribose)‐specific antibody and boronate affinity chromatography and NAD+ analogues, have been employed for decades while others, such as the use of protein microarrays and recombinant proteins that bind ADP‐ribose moieties (such as macrodomains), have only recently been developed. The advantages and disadvantages of each method and whether these methods are specific for identifying mono(ADP‐ribosyl)ated and poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ated proteins will be discussed. Lastly, since poly(ADP‐ribose) is heterogeneous in length, it has been difficult to attain a mass signature associated with the modification sites. Several strategies on how to reduce polymer chain length heterogeneity for site identification will be reviewed.
Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations for a Better Insight in Plasma Medicine
Authors: Bogaerts Annemie , Yusupov Maksudbek , Van der Paal Jonas , Verlackt Christof C. W. , Neyts Erik C.
Published: September 2014

In this review paper, we present several examples of reactive molecular dynamics simulations, which contribute to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms in plasma medicine on the atomic scale. This includes the interaction of important reactive oxygen plasma species with the outer cell wall of both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, and with lipids present in human skin. Moreover, as most biomolecules are surrounded by a liquid biofilm, the behavior of these plasma species in a liquid (water) layer is presented as well. Finally, a perspective for future atomic scale modeling studies is given, in the field of plasma medicine in general, and for cancer treatment in particular.
Impact of thermal annealing on graphene devices encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride
Authors: Engels Stephan , Terrés Bernat , Klein Felix , Reichardt Sven , Goldsche Matthias , Kuhlen Sebastian , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Stampfer Christoph
Published: September 2014

We present a thermal annealing study on single‐layer and bilayer (BLG) graphene encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride. The samples are characterized by electron transport and Raman spectroscopy measurements before and after each annealing step. While extracted material properties such as charge carrier mobility, overall doping, and strain are not influenced by the annealing, an initial annealing step lowers doping and strain variations and thus results in a more homogeneous sample. Additionally, the narrow 2D‐sub‐peak widths of the Raman spectrum of BLG, allow us to extract information about strain and doping values from the correlation of the 2D‐peak and the G‐peak positions.
The Impact of Plasma‐modified Films with Sulfur Dioxide, Sodium Oxide on Food Pathogenic Microorganisms
Authors: Maćkiw Elżbieta , Mąka Łukasz , Ścieżyńska Halina , Pawlicka Marzena , Dziadczyk Paulina , Rżanek‐Boroch Zenobia
Published: September 2014

In this study, plasma modification was carried out in barrier discharge under atmospheric pressure. Sulfur dioxide and/or sodium oxide was used as the coating precursor. The results show that the films treated with a mixture of argon and sulfur dioxide inhibited microbial growth considerably better than those with coatings containing argon and sodium oxide. The highest levels of growth inhibition, of 86% for Staphylococcus aureus and 82% for Escherichia coli, were achieved with films carrying a sulfur‐containing coating (1.4% SO2). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fully automated, high‐throughput instrumentation for measuring the δ13C value of methane and application of the instrumentation to rice paddy samples
Authors: Tokida Takeshi , Nakajima Yasuhiro , Hayashi Kentaro , Usui Yasuhiro , Katayanagi Nobuko , Kajiura Masako , Nakamura Hirofumi , Hasegawa Toshihiro
Published: September 2014

RATIONALE

The stable carbon isotope ratio (13C/12C or δ13C value) of methane (CH4) produced in methanogenic environments contains information about primary source material, CH4 production pathways, degree of oxidation, and transport. However, the availability of δ13C‐CH4 data is severely limited because isotope analysis methods are low throughput, owing primarily to the need for manual processing steps. High‐throughput, fully automated measurement is necessary to facilitate the use of the δ13C signature in understanding CH4 biogeochemistry.

METHODS

We modified a conventional continuous‐flow (CF) gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) instrument system by incorporating (i) automated sample injection, (ii) a newly developed temperature‐control unit for preconcentration and cryofocus traps, and (iii) an automatic system for liquid‐nitrogen refilling. The system, which could run unattended for 1 day, was used to obtain δ13C‐CH4 data for CH4 samples collected from an irrigated rice paddy with an automated closed‐chamber system.

RESULTS

Using the fully automated CF‐IRMS system, we measured δ13C‐CH4 data for 77 samples during a 21.5‐h continuous run (17 min per sample) with high precision (1σ = 0.11‰, reproducibility) and moderate consumption of liquid nitrogen (11 L). Application of the system to CH4 samples obtained from the rice paddy revealed distinct seasonal and diurnal variations in δ13C values with the highest temporal resolution ever reported.

CONCLUSIONS

A fully automated, high‐throughput system for the measurement of δ13C‐CH4 values was developed and used to analyze air samples obtained from a rice paddy. Our results demonstrate the high potential of this system for obtaining δ13C data useful for process‐level understanding of CH4 biogeochemistry with respect to spatiotemporal variation of CH4 sources and how that variation is affected by environmental and management factors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multilayer non‐repudiation system: a Suite‐B approach
Authors: Adibi Sasan
Published: September 2014

Security provisioning is an essential part in the design of any communication systems, which becomes more critical for wireless systems. The consideration and comparisons of security algorithms in various Open Systems Interconnection layers is a difficult task, because there are many performance metrics involved. The aim of this novel research article is to present research results for the design of a wireless system revolving around the practical and low‐cost implementation of Suite‐B algorithms in different layers. Suite‐B, promulgated by the National Security Agency, is a set of cryptographic algorithms, including non‐repudiation. The end results include the deployment of Suite‐B algorithms at the application, transport, and network layers and the protocol flow at each layer. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intravital Imaging of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Trafficking and Association With Platelets and Neutrophils
Authors: Teo Grace Sock Leng , Yang Zijiang , Carman Christopher V. , Karp Jeffrey M. , Lin Charles P.
Published: September 2014

Early events of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) adhesion to and transmigration through the vascular wall following systemic infusion are important for MSC trafficking to inflamed sites, yet are poorly characterized in vivo. Here, we used intravital confocal imaging to determine the acute extravasation kinetics and distribution of culture-expanded MSC (2–6 hours postinfusion) in a murine model of dermal inflammation. By 2 hours postinfusion, among the MSC that arrested within the inflamed ear dermis, 47.8% ± 8.2% of MSC had either initiated or completed transmigration into the extravascular space. Arrested and transmigrating MSCs were equally distributed within both small capillaries and larger venules. This suggested existence of an active adhesion mechanism, since venule diameters were greater than those of the MSC. Heterotypic intravascular interactions between distinct blood cell types have been reported to facilitate the arrest and extravasation of leukocytes and circulating tumor cells. We found that 42.8% ± 24.8% of intravascular MSC were in contact with neutrophil-platelet clusters. A role for platelets in MSC trafficking was confirmed by platelet depletion, which significantly reduced the preferential homing of MSC to the inflamed ear, although the total percentage of MSC in contact with neutrophils was maintained. Interestingly, although platelet depletion increased vascular permeability in the inflamed ear, there was decreased MSC accumulation. This suggests that increased vascular permeability is unnecessary for MSC trafficking to inflamed sites. These findings represent the first glimpse into MSC extravasation kinetics and microvascular distribution in vivo, and further clarify the roles of active adhesion, the intravascular cellular environment, and vascular permeability in MSC trafficking. Stem Cells  2015;33:265–277
Annexin A3 as a Potential Target for Immunotherapy of Liver Cancer Stem-Like Cells
Authors: Pan Qiu-Zhong , Pan Ke , Wang Qi-Jing , Weng De-Sheng , Zhao Jing-Jing , Zheng Hai-Xia , Zhang Xiao-Fei , Jiang Shan-Shan , Lv Lin , Tang Yan , Li Yong-Qiang , He Jia , Liu Qing , Chen Chang-Long , Zhang Hong-Xia , Xia Jian-Chuan
Published: September 2014

Cancer stem-like cells/cancer-initiating cells (CSCs/CICs) are considered to represent a small population of cancer cells that is resistant to conventional cancer treatments and responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis. The aim of this study was to establish CSC/CIC-targeting immunotherapy. In this study, we found that Annexin A3 (ANXA3) was preferentially expressed in CSCs/CICs derived from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells compared to non-CSCs/CICs. In HCC samples, high levels of ANXA3 correlated with expansion of CD133+ tumor cells representing CSCs/CICs in HCC; the combination of high levels of ANXA3 and CD133 was associated with progression of HCC. Overexpression of ANXA3 increased the proportion of CD133+ cells, enhancing their tumorigenicity. On the contrary, knockdown of ANXA3 decreased CD133+ cells and inhibited tumorigenicity. The mechanistic study revealed that ANXA3-mediated maintenance of HCC CSCs/CICs activity was likely involved with the HIF1A/Notch pathway. Using ANXA3 as a target, ANXA3-transfected dendritic cells could induce more functionally active T cells and these effector T cells could superiorly kill CD133+ HCC CSCs/CICs in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that ANXA3 plays a role in HCC CSC/CIC maintenance, and that ANXA3 may represent a potential CSC/CIC-specific therapeutic target for improving the treatment of HCC. Stem Cells  2015;33:354–366
Arterialized Venous Flow-Through Flaps in the Reconstruction of Digital Defects: Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: Garlick Jared W. , Goodwin Isak A. , Wolter Keith , Agarwal Jayant P.
Published: September 2014

Background

Arterialized venous flow-through (AVFT) flaps are useful in reconstructing small soft tissue defects. Currently, no guidelines exist for the use of AVFT flaps for reconstructing soft tissue defects in the digits of the hand. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with AVFT flaps and developed a selection process for vascular anastomoses. Methods We reviewed the use of AVFT flaps in a series of ten consecutive patients requiring reconstruction of small soft tissue defects of the fingers.

Results

Between 2006 and 2012, ten consecutive digital reconstructions were performed using AVFT flaps. Flap sizes ranged from 5 to 13.5 cm2. Initial congestion was seen in all flaps and resolved within 3–7 days. Leeches were utilized in two cases. All cases achieved good functional results. Three illustrative cases from our series of ten are presented, each demonstrating key decision-making factors in selecting recipient and flap vessels for anastomosis.

Conclusions

AVFT flaps appear congested post-operatively, resolving in days to weeks and resulting in healthy coverage of digital soft tissue defects with good functionality. We suggest a selection process for the use of AVFT flaps in digital soft tissue reconstruction, based on dorsal vs. volar and proximal vs. distal defect location, and the flap's inherent venous architecture.
Debt, Cohabitation, and Marriage in Young Adulthood
Authors: Addo Fenaba R.
Published: September 2014

Despite growing evidence that debt influences pivotal life events in early and young adulthood, the role of debt in the familial lives of young adults has received relatively little attention. Using data from the NLSY 1997 cohort (N = 6,749) and a discrete-time competing risks hazard model framework, I test whether the transition to first union is influenced by a young adult’s credit card and education loan debt above and beyond traditional educational and labor market characteristics. I find that credit card debt is positively associated with cohabitation for men and women, and that women with education loan debt are more likely than women without such debt to delay marriage and transition into cohabitation. Single life may be difficult to afford, but marital life is unaffordable as well. Cohabitation presents an alternative to single life, but not necessarily a marital substitute for these young adults.
Strategies for Enhancing Perioperative Safety: Promoting Joy and Meaning in the Workforce
Authors: Morath Julianne , Filipp Rhonda , Cull Michael
Published: September 2014

Workforce safety is a precondition of patient safety, and safety from both physical and psychological harm in the workplace is the foundation for an environment in which joy and meaning can exist. Achieving joy and meaning in the workplace allows health care workers to continuously improve the care they provide. This requires an environment in which disrespectful and harmful behaviors are not tolerated or ignored. Health care leaders have an obligation to create workplace cultures that are characterized by respect, transparency, accountability, learning, and quality care. Evidence suggests, however, that health care settings are rife with disrespectful behavior, poor teamwork, and unsafe working conditions. Solutions for addressing workplace safety problems include defining core values, tasking leaders to act as role models, and committing to becoming a high‐reliability organization.
Three-dimensional instabilities of quasi-solitary waves in a falling liquid film
Authors: Kofman N. , Mergui S. , Ruyer-Quil C.
Published: September 2014

The stability of$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\gamma _2$travelling waves at the surface of a film flow down an inclined plane is considered experimentally and numerically. These waves are fast, one-humped and quasi-solitary. They undergo a three-dimensional secondary instability if the flow rate (or Reynolds number) is sufficiently high. Rugged or scallop wave patterns are generated by the interplay between a short-wave and a long-wave instability mode. The short-wave mode arises in the capillary region of the wave, with a mechanism of capillary origin which is similar to the Rayleigh–Plateau instability, whereas the long-wave mode deforms the entire wave and is triggered by a Rayleigh–Taylor instability. Rugged waves are observed at relatively small inclination angles. At larger angles, the long-wave mode predominates and scallop waves are observed. For a water film the transition between rugged and scallop waves occurs for an inclination angle around 12°.
Model for the initiation of atomization in a high-speed laminar liquid jet
Authors: Umemura Akira
Published: September 2014

A laminar water jet issuing at high speed from a short circular nozzle into air exhibits various instability features at different distances from the nozzle exit. Near the exit, the effects of gaseous friction and pressure are relatively weak. Deformation of the jet surface in this region is mainly due to the instability of a thin liquid shear layer flow, which relaxes from the velocity profile produced by the nozzle wall. In this paper, a model for this type of instability based on linear stability analysis is investigated to describe the process initiating the formation of liquid ligaments disintegrating into fine droplets near the nozzle exit. The modelling comprises identifying unstable waves excitable in the liquid shear layer and exploring a self-destabilizing mechanism by which unstable waves responsible for the formation of liquid ligaments are naturally reproduced from the upstream-propagating capillary waves produced by the growth of the unstable waves themselves. An expression for the location of ligament formation onset is derived that can be compared with experiments. The model also explains changes in jet instability features away from the nozzle exit and for very short nozzles.
Petrography and geochemistry of the Carboniferous–Triassic Trinity Peninsula Group, West Antarctica: implications for provenance and tectonic setting
Authors: CASTILLO PAULA , LACASSIE JUAN PABLO , AUGUSTSSON CARITA , HERVÉ FRANCISCO
Published: September 2014

The Carboniferous-Triassic Trinity Peninsula Group is a metasedimentary sequence that crops out widely in the northern Antarctic Peninsula. These are some of the most extensive outcrops in the area and hold the key to evaluating the connections of the Antarctic Peninsula in Gondwana; however, they are still poorly understood. Here we present our provenance study of the Trinity Peninsula Group using petrographic and geochemical approaches in combination with cathodoluminescence of detrital quartz in order to constrain its source characteristics and tectonic setting. Using differences in modal composition and quartz cathodoluminescence characteristics, we define three petrofacies derived from the progressive uplift and erosion of a volcano-plutonic continental arc, which exposed the plutonic-metamorphic roots. As indicated by major and trace elements, the source is felsic with a composition ranging from tonalitic to granodioritic. The relatively unweathered condition of the source area points to a dry and cold climate at the time of deposition, but this does not necessarily mean that it was glaciated. Deposition of the sediments occurred within an active continental margin, relatively close to the source area, probably along the south Patagonia–Antarctic Peninsula sector of Gondwana. Strong chronological, petrological and chemical similarities with the sediments of the Duque the York Complex in Patagonia suggest that they were derived from the same source.
Secularizing the Sacred, Imagining the Nation-Space: The Himalaya in Bengali travelogues, 1856–1901
Authors: BANERJEE SANDEEP , BASU SUBHO
Published: September 2014

This article examines changing conceptions of the Himalaya in nineteenth-century Bengali travelogues from that of a sacred space to a spatial metaphor of a putative nation-space. It examines sections of Devendranath Tagore's autobiography, written around 1856–58, before discussing the travelogues of Jaladhar Sen and Ramananda Bharati from the closing years of the nineteenth century. The article argues that for Tagore the mountains are the ‘holy lands of Brahma’, while Sen and Bharati depict the Himalaya with a political slant and secularize the space of Hindu sacred geography. It contends that this process of secularization posits Hinduism as the civil religion of India. The article further argues that the later writers make a distinction between the idea of a ‘homeland’ and a ‘nation’. Unlike in Europe, where the ideas of homeland and nation overlap, these writers imagined the Indian nation-space as one that encompassed diverse ethno-linguistic homelands. It contends that the putative nation-space articulates the hegemony of the Anglo-vernacular middle classes, that is, English educated, upper caste, male Hindus where women, non-Hindus, and the labouring classes are marginalized.
Fictional IR and imagination: Advancing narrative approaches
Authors: PARK-KANG SUNGJU
Published: September 2014

In the field of International Relations (IR), narrative approaches and an alternative way of writing seem to have gained growing attention in recent scholarship. Autoethnography and autobiography can be taken as primary examples. The article aims to advance this growing scholarship by proposing the concept of fictional IR. The idea is concerned with how to use the imagination in IR. I suggest that fiction writing can become a method for dealing with lack of information and contingency surrounding it. Fictional IR is more than reading and using fiction as a reference source or vehicle for analysis. It can incorporate the employment of fiction writing in IR scholarship. One of the benefits could be to articulate sensitive and complicated problems in a more flexible and imaginative way, making the most of the power of story and imagination. It should be stressed that the focal point is to write fiction; it is not to write about fiction. To support this suggestion, the article offers a short fictional-factual story. By using imagination, creating characters, combining data with fictional narrative, or with one's own experience, I believe that more original and empathetic IR writing is possible.
A dynamics based two-stage path model for the docking navigation of a self-assembly modular robot (Sambot)
Authors: Wei Hong-Xing , Li Hai-Yuan , Guan Yong , Li Yong-Dong
Published: September 2014

Autonomous docking is a focus of research in the field of self-assembly robots. Navigation is a significant stage in the process of autonomous docking between two robotic modules; it determines the efficiency of docking and even the success and failure of the docking task. In most cases, it is too difficult to simultaneously satisfy both linear and angular displacement constraints in a single dynamic numerical computation process. In the present paper, the navigation process is divided into two stages: first, the angular displacement constraint is satisfied, and then the linear displacement condition is fulfilled. In this way, the constraints are loosened and the difficulty of numerical computation is thereby effectively reduced. This two-stage docking navigation model is the main contribution of the present work. By taking the non-holonomic nature of the navigation behavior into consideration, both kinematic and dynamic analyses are performed, and the voltage data of the DC motors required by the two-stage docking navigation are obtained. Finally, docking navigation experiments are completed on a self-assembly modular robot named Sambot. It is verified that the present two-stage strategy is effective in controlling the docking navigation process.
Developing communicative competence: a longitudinal study of the acquisition of mental state terms and indirect requests
Authors: DE MULDER HANNAH
Published: September 2014

This longitudinal study involving 101 Dutch four- and five-year-olds charts indirect request (IR) and mental state term (MST) understanding and investigates the role that Theory of Mind (ToM) and general linguistic ability (vocabulary, syntax, and spatial language) play in this development. The results showed basic understanding of IR and MST in four-year-olds, but full understanding had not been reached even at five years old. Furthermore, although ToM predicted both IR and MST when linguistic ability was not taken into account, this relationship was no longer significant once the language measures were added. Linguistic ability thus seems to play an important role in the development of both IR and MST. Additional analyses revealed that whereas syntactic ability was the primary predictor of IR, spatial language was the best predictor of MST, suggesting that IR relies primarily on general linguistic skills, but that more specific aspects of language may bootstrap MST.
On the distribution of the zeros of the derivative of the Riemann zeta-function
Authors: LESTER STEPHEN
Published: September 2014

We establish an asymptotic formula describing the horizontal distribution of the zeros of the derivative of the Riemann zeta-function. For ℜ(s) = σ satisfying (log T)−1/3+ε ⩽ (2σ − 1) ⩽ (log log T)−2, we show that the number of zeros of ζ′(s) with imaginary part between zero and T and real part larger than σ is asymptotic to T/(2π(σ−1/2)) as T → ∞. This agrees with a prediction from random matrix theory due to Mezzadri. Hence, for σ in this range the zeros of ζ′(s) are horizontally distributed like the zeros of the derivative of characteristic polynomials of random unitary matrices are radially distributed.
Poor embryo development and preimplantation genetic diagnosis outcomes of translocations involving chromosome 10: Do we blame genetics?
Authors: Tulay P. , Gultomruk M. , Findikli N. , Bahceci M.
Published: September 2014

Balanced reciprocal translocation carriers are usually phenotypically normal. Although the reproductive risk of these carriers varies, they generally have a lower chance to produce normal or balanced gametes. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is offered to these patients to increase their chances of becoming pregnant by selecting a balanced embryo for transfer. This study aimed to analyse the development and the PGD outcome of the embryos obtained from reciprocal translocation carriers focusing on ones with chromosome 10 rearrangements. In total, 27 reciprocal translocation carriers underwent 31 cycles of PGD. PGD was performed using multicolour fluorescencein situhybridisation for 298 embryos and of these 136 were obtained from couples carrying translocations involving chromosome 10 rearrangements. Carriers of translocations involving chromosome 10 rearrangements have a lower chance of producing normal or balanced embryos compared with the carriers with other rearrangements. The development of embryos obtained from the patients with chromosome 10 rearrangements was impaired and only a limited number of embryos developed to the blastocyst stage.
The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression
Authors: Schiller Crystal Edler , Meltzer-Brody Samantha , Rubinow David R.
Published: September 2014

Despite decades of research aimed at identifying the causes of postpartum depression (PPD), PPD remains common, and the causes are poorly understood. Many have attributed the onset of PPD to the rapid perinatal change in reproductive hormones. Although a number of human and nonhuman animal studies support the role of reproductive hormones in PPD, several studies have failed to detect an association between hormone concentrations and PPD. The purpose of this review is to examine the hypothesis that fluctuations in reproductive hormone levels during pregnancy and the postpartum period trigger PPD in susceptible women. We discuss and integrate the literature on animal models of PPD and human studies of reproductive hormones and PPD. We also discuss alternative biological models of PPD to demonstrate the potential for multiple PPD phenotypes and to describe the complex interplay of changing reproductive hormones and alterations in thyroid function, immune function, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function, lactogenic hormones, and genetic expression that may contribute to affective dysfunction. There are 3 primary lines of inquiry that have addressed the role of reproductive hormones in PPD: nonhuman animal studies, correlational studies of postpartum hormone levels and mood symptoms, and hormone manipulation studies. Reproductive hormones influence virtually every biological system implicated in PPD, and a subgroup of women seem to be particularly sensitive to the effects of perinatal changes in hormone levels. We propose that these women constitute a “hormone-sensitive” PPD phenotype, which should be studied independent of other PPD phenotypes to identify underlying pathophysiology and develop novel treatment targets.
Atomic Scale Studies of La/Sr Ordering in Colossal Magnetoresistant La2−2xSr1+2xMn2O7 Single Crystals
Authors: Roldan Manuel A. , Oxley Mark P. , Li Qing’an , Zheng Hong , Gray K. E. , Mitchell J. F. , Pennycook Stephen J. , Varela María
Published: September 2014

To date, it is unclear whether chemical order (or disorder) is in any way connected to double exchange, electronic phase separation, or charge ordering (CO) in manganites. In this work, we carry out an atomic resolution study of the colossal magnetoresistant manganite La2−2xSr1+2xMn2O7 (LSMO). We combine aberration-corrected electron microscopy and spectroscopy with spectroscopic image simulations, to analyze cation ordering at the atomic scale in real space in a number of LSMO single crystals. We compare three different compositions within the phase diagram: a ferromagnetic metallic material (x=0.36), an insulating, antiferromagnetic charge ordered (AF-CO) compound (x=0.5), which also exhibits orbital ordering, and an additional AF sample (x=0.56). Detailed image simulations are essential to accurately quantify the degree of chemical ordering of these samples. We find a significant degree of long-range chemical ordering in all cases, which increases in the AF-CO range. However, the degree of ordering is never complete nor can it explain the strongly correlated underlying ordering phenomena. Our results show that chemical ordering over distinct crystallographic sites is not needed for electronic ordering phenomena to appear in manganites, and cannot by itself explain the complex electronic behavior of LSMO.
HEGEL AND THE REVOLUTIONS REVISITED
Authors: RENAUD TERENCE
Published: September 2014

In the preface to his book on Hegel, Charles Taylor recognized two ways that every Hegel commentator can go wrong: “Either one can end up being terribly clear and sounding very reasonable at the cost of distorting, even bowdlerizing Hegel. Or one can remain faithful but impenetrable, so that in the end readers will turn with relief to the text in order to understand the commentary.” While it is hard to imagine ever turning to thePhenomenologywith relief, Taylor's cautionary remark draws attention to the indirect relationship between the form and content of Hegel critique: either one attains formal clarity at the expense of material complexity or material complexity at the expense of clarity. The task of the critic, according to Taylor, is to find a balance between these two extremes. The various “Hegel revivals” of the past century, like that of Lukács and the Marxist humanists in the interwar years or Kojève and the existentialists in postwar France, have all struggled to find this balance. The latest Hegel revival is no exception, but both Rebecca Comay'sMourning Sickness: Hegel and the French Revolutionand Susan Buck-Morss'sHegel, Haiti, and Universal Historyremind us that insight also comes from the extremes.
Birth weight and risk of coronary heart disease in adults: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Wang S.-F. , Shu L. , Sheng J. , Mu M. , Wang S. , Tao X.-Y. , Xu S.-J. , Tao F.-B.
Published: September 2014

Some studies have found a significant relationship between birth weight (BW) and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in adulthood, but results were inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to characterize the association between BW and the risk of CHD in adults. Among 144 papers detected by our search, 27 papers provided data on the relationship between BW and CHD, of which 23 papers considered BW as a continuous variable, and 14 articles considered BW as a categorical variable for this meta-analysis. Based on 23 papers, the mean weighted estimate for the association between BW and the combined outcome of non-fatal and fatal CHD was 0.83 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.80–0.86] per kilogram of BW (P<0.0001). Low birth weight (LBW<2500 g) was associated with increased risk of CHD [odds ratio (OR), 1.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11–1.27] compared with subjects with BW⩾2500 g. LBW, as compared with normal BW (2500–4000 g), was associated with increased risk of CHD (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08–1.25). High birth weight (HBW⩾4000 g) was associated with decreased risk of CHD (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81–0.98) compared with subjects with BW<4000 g. In addition, there was an indication (not quite significant) that HBW was associated with a lower risk of CHD (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.79–1.01), as compared with normal BW. No significant evidence of publication bias was present. These results suggest that LBW is significantly associated with increased risk of CHD and a 1 kg higher BW is associated with a 10–20% lower risk of CHD.
Parallel genome-scale loss of function screens in 216 cancer cell lines for the identification of context-specific genetic dependencies
Authors: Cowley Glenn S , Weir Barbara A , Vazquez Francisca , Tamayo Pablo , Scott Justine A , Rusin Scott , East-Seletsky Alexandra , Ali Levi D , Gerath William FJ , Pantel Sarah E , Lizotte Patrick H , Jiang Guozhi , Hsiao Jessica , Tsherniak Aviad , Dwinell Elizabeth , Aoyama Simon , Okamoto Michael , Harrington William , Gelfand Ellen , Green Thomas M , Tomko Mark J , Gopal Shuba , Wong Terence C , Li Hubo , Howell Sara , Stransky Nicolas , Liefeld Ted , Jang Dongkeun , Bistline Jonathan , Hill Meyers Barbara , Armstrong Scott A , Anderson Ken C , Stegmaier Kimberly , Reich Michael , Pellman David , Boehm Jesse S , Mesirov Jill P , Golub Todd R , Root David E , Hahn William C
Published: September 2014

Using a genome-scale, lentivirally delivered shRNA library, we performed massively parallel pooled shRNA screens in 216 cancer cell lines to identify genes that are required for cell proliferation and/or viability. Cell line dependencies on 11,000 genes were interrogated by 5 shRNAs per gene. The proliferation effect of each shRNA in each cell line was assessed by transducing a population of 11M cells with one shRNA-virus per cell and determining the relative enrichment or depletion of each of the 54,000 shRNAs after 16 population doublings using Next Generation Sequencing. All the cell lines were screened using standardized conditions to best assess differential genetic dependencies across cell lines. When combined with genomic characterization of these cell lines, this dataset facilitates the linkage of genetic dependencies with specific cellular contexts (e.g., gene mutations or cell lineage). To enable such comparisons, we developed and provided a bioinformatics tool to identify linear and nonlinear correlations between these features.
Global database of leishmaniasis occurrence locations, 1960–2012
Authors: Pigott David M , Golding Nick , Messina Jane P , Battle Katherine E , Duda Kirsten A , Balard Yves , Bastien Patrick , Pratlong Francine , Brownstein John S , Freifeld Clark C , Mekaru Sumiko R , Madoff Lawrence C , George Dylan B , Myers Monica F , Hay Simon I
Published: September 2014

The leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases of significant public health importance. However, information on their global occurrence is disparate and sparse. This database represents an attempt to collate reported leishmaniasis occurrences from 1960 to 2012. Methodology for the collection of data from the literature, abstraction of case locations and data processing procedures are described here. In addition, strain archives and online data resources were accessed. A total of 12,563 spatially and temporally unique occurrences of both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis comprise the database, ranging in geographic scale from villages to states. These data can be used for a variety of mapping and spatial analyses covering multiple resolutions.