bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Writing a research protocol
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Protocols are essential features of research projects, setting out the rationale for the study, the process the study will follow, and any ethical considerations. This chapter will introduce protocols and their importance and provide a step-by-step guide through the contents of a research protocol. It will highlight what should be included in each section, what issues must be considered specific to the arts, explain unusual terms, and provide suggested text for routine sections not as applicable to the arts. The chapter will also introduce readers to important protocols and procedures for research, such as the Vancouver protocol for authorship, Brunswick agreements for multi-institution research, and Good Clinical Practice.
Research ethics
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Ethics are sometimes not considered relevant to arts interventions which appear unlikely to do harm and seemingly only offer benefits. However, this chapter will outline why ethics are so crucial to arts in health practice and research. It will outline at what stages of practice and research ethical issues can be involved, explore some of the common ethical issues that arise and their potential solutions, and situate this within some of the most common ethical frameworks and guidelines. The chapter will also focus in particular on gaining consent from participants, including from vulnerable populations such as children and those without the capacity to consent. And it will provide template information sheets and consent forms that can be adapted for research projects.
Fact file 2: Dentistry
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Dentistry involves the study, diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, including the teeth, gums, and tissues. Dentistry is thought to be one of the first areas of specialization to emerge from medicine, with evidence of drilled teeth dating back 9,000 years. The most common conditions treated within dentistry involve tooth decay (dental caries) and gum disease (periodontal disease), with common dental procedures including x-rays, restorative treatments (such as fillings, crowns, and bridges), prosthetics (dentures), orthodontics (such as teeth braces), tooth extraction and endodontic (root canal) therapy. Dentistry also involves public health work such as the encouragement of oral disease prevention through dental hygiene and check-ups....
Fact file 11: Psychiatry
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Psychiatry is a branch of medicine dealing with mental health conditions, including anxiety and depression; disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, personality disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders and bipolar disorder; phobias; paranoia; schizophrenia; and addictions such as drug and alcohol misuse. Diagnosis can involve case assessments, physical examinations, psychological tests, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological tests. Treatments encompass psychiatric medication and psychotherapy alongside other professional support from both health and social work professionals....
Myth
Authors: Wickerson Erica
Published: July 2017

Mythology was of great interest to Mann and allusions to well-known myths appear in many guises across his works. It is also of interest in terms of narrative time. This chapter takes a selection of works in which Mann toys—to varying degrees of subtlety—with mythic tales, and explores the way in which nods to well-known mythological tales affect the subjective flow of time. I explore the different models presented in Felix Krull, Blood of the Walsungs, and Doctor Faustus, and compare these to Günter Grass’s The Tin Drum, a work that engages closely with Mann’s writing. This analysis illustrates the temporally stagnating effect of mythological repetition—at the level of both plot and story—as well as the instability caused by divergence from expectation.
History
Authors: Wickerson Erica
Published: July 2017

The distinction between lived time as it is subjectively experienced by individuals and wider events that affect communities, collectives, and nations is a complex and significant aspect of time as it is presented in narrative. This chapter considers the tension between the time of individual experience and the time of collectively marked events in Doctor Faustus, Felix Krull, Mario and the Magician, as well as Günter Grass’s The Tin Drum, and Art Spiegelman’s graphic novel, Maus. The wide range of times and media afforded by these works allows an analysis of the ways in which references to historical events have a significant effect on the temporality of individual tales. In the case of the works discussed here, history presented through myth, metaphor, and magic realism further complicates the flow of time by thickening it into multiple layers of storytelling.
Public Transport in Dar es Salaam
Authors: Rizzo Matteo
Published: July 2017

This chapter analyses the changing face of public transport in Dar es Salaam from independence (1961) to the present. It focuses on the structural forces that influenced the demand for, and supply of, public transport over time. The chapter will also show the way in which the trajectory of change and policymaking in public transport in Dar es Salaam mirrors the broader picture of Tanzania, and much of Africa as a whole, in its transition from developmentalism to neoliberalism. The chapter reviews a number of initiatives on urban public transport adopted by the state since the very late 1990s, as they reveal the contradictory stance of the government towards economic deregulation, the tensions that it generated, and the winding down of the socialist agenda that it entailed. As such, they enable appreciation of the politics, tensions, and path dependency of one instance of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’.
Conclusion
Authors: Rizzo Matteo
Published: July 2017

The conclusion summarizes the book’s key arguments and reflects on the broader significance of this study of power, precarity, and informality in public transport in an African city. It revisits dominant narratives on the African city and on economic informality, and their failure to read agency and structure as mutually constituted, as has been attempted in this book. It argues that a less simplistic attention to the interplay of structure and agency allowed ‘real’ people back into the centre of the analysis: people who are often displaced from writing on the city and the informal economy through their portrayal as immaterial urban ghosts, as carriers of an inconclusively conceptualized alternative urban order, as free market champions or as passive recipients of overly abstract structural forces. The conclusion also restates the usefulness of a grounded understanding of neoliberalism, and of the tensions that it generates over time, in a specific place.
Setting the Political and Cultural Agenda
Authors: Fiddian Robin
Published: July 2017

The chapter identifies elements of a postcolonial sensibility in prose works of Borges during the period 1925–32. The historical threshold is the centenary, in 1924, of the conclusion of the wars of independence from Spain, which granted freedom to territories historically under the rule of the Viceroyalty of Peru (and from 1776, the Viceroyalty of the River Plate), including modern-day Argentina. Key themes include the challenge of recreating a cultural tradition in the 1920s, which Borges conveniently views as a tabula rasa; the rejection of nationalist ideology; and the assertion of a criollo Argentine identity which occasionally dovetails with a continental, pan-American identity that is shared, in turn, with the United States. Texts discussed include ‘The Complaint of Every criollo’, ‘The Full Extent of My Hope’, Evaristo Carriego, ‘The Other Whitman’, and ‘Paul Groussac’. Authors mentioned include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Rudyard Kipling, Frantz Fanon, and José Hernández.
Consolidating the Postcolonial Agenda
Authors: Fiddian Robin
Published: July 2017

This chapter complements preceding analyses with coverage of themes including language, River Plate identity, self and other, and the contribution of Borges’s family line to the literary tradition of Argentina and beyond. Poems studied include ‘Alexander Selkirk’, in which Borges rewrites the Robinson Crusoe narrative, and ‘El forastero’/‘The Stranger’ (also translatable as ‘The Outsider’), which is read in a geopolitical light. The chapter devotes attention to the poem, ‘España’/‘Spain’, which gives prominence to Iberian influences on Borges and his view of Argentina. Authors studied include Cervantes and Quevedo, and William (Guillermo) Hudson, who is an example of cultural ‘crossing-over’ much admired by Borges. An essay on Edward FitzGerald and Omar Khayyam is a rich source of observations on relations between East and West and a critique of the assumptions of the Victorian English establishment.
Introduction
Authors: Fiddian Robin
Published: July 2017

Writing in 1924 in his adopted homeland of Argentina, Pedro Henríquez Ureña envisaged an uplifting and a hospitable role for the Americas in a world of change and promise. That very year, Borges was observing the centenary of the Battle of Junín, fought in the Andes on 6 August 1824, and conceiving an ambitious plan to reinvent Argentine culture. This Introduction explores links between Latin American Studies and Postcolonial Studies and situates Borges in relation to the two. It surveys the key terms, ‘coloniality’, ‘Occidentalism’, and ‘post-Occidentalism’, noting their Latin American pedigree. Some of Borges’s early writings provide a foretaste of his lifelong engagement with geopolitical and cultural themes. The Introduction justifies a book on postcolonial Borges in which the elucidation of ideas is accompanied by an appreciation throughout of the author’s literary artistry.
Fundamental Ideas
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas
Published: July 2017

Chapter 1 offers a simple introduction to the use of variational principles in physics. This approach to physics plays a key role in the book. The chapter starts with a look at how we might minimize a journey by car, even if this means taking a longer route. Soap films are also discussed. It then turns to geometrical optics and uses Fermat’s principle to explain the reflection and refraction of light. There follows a discussion of the significance of variational principles throughout physics. The chapter also covers some introductory mathematical ideas and techniques that will be used in later chapters. These include the mathematical representation of space and time and the use of vectors; partial differentiation, which is necessary to express all the fundamental equations of physics; and Gaussian integrals, which arise in many physical contexts. These mathematical techniques are illustrated by their application to waves and radioactive decay.
Policy Response in Advanced Economies
Authors: Akyüz Yilmaz
Published: July 2017

The world economy is in a bad shape, largely because of misguided policies in the United States and Europe in response to the crisis. The crisis is taking too long to resolve, leading to unnecessary losses of income and jobs. Recovery has been sluggish and unbalanced between labour and capital, and between industry and finance. This is mainly because governments have been unwilling to remove the debt overhang through timely, orderly, and comprehensive restructuring, and fiscal policy has acted to restrain recovery, resulting in excessive reliance on unconventional monetary policy. The ultra-easy monetary policy has led to speculation and asset bubbles and created a global debt trap rather than stimulating consumption and productive investment. This policy approach has not only failed to boost growth, but also aggravated global systemic problems, including financial fragility in both advanced and developing economies, and inequality, underconsumption and structural demand gap.
Conclusions
Authors: Akyüz Yilmaz
Published: July 2017

The preceding chapters have examined the deepened integration of emerging and developing economies (EDEs) into the international financial system in the new millennium and their changing vulnerabilities to external financial shocks. They have discussed the role that policies in advanced economies played in this process, including those that culminated in the global financial crisis and the unconventional monetary policy of zero-bound interest rates and quantitative easing adopted in response to the crisis, as well as policies in EDEs themselves....
Do We Experience the Present?
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2017

Many philosophers and scientists have felt that experience itself shows that physical time is either inaccurate or incomplete because it doesn’t capture “a fundamental quality of time” corresponding to the flowing now. This chapter questions that claim and argues that we do not sense a (tensed) now or present. And that question naturally suggests another one rarely asked: can we even say that we directly experience (tenseless) simultaneity? We obviously don’t experience two spacelike related events as happening at the same time. Do we even experience two events as being synchronous, or is it merely something that we infer later? Surprisingly, the answer is probably negative. The more one probes the now, the more it breaks apart.
Customizing the Past
Authors: Pollmann Judith
Published: July 2017

Memory in early modern Europe closely related to the knowledge of what was ‘customary’. The term ‘custom’ was used to describe both cultural, often local, habits, and usages that had acquired legal power, and its status derived from its being ancient and its being common knowledge. Custom was both an elite tool to keep the poor in place, and the best strategy for poor people to defend themselves against unwanted changes. In the course of the early modern period the status of custom changed. First, codification of custom rendered it less flexible than it had once been. Secondly, the emergence of new intellectual tools led to more scepticism about the past as a stable source of authority. Finally, as a consequence of contact with non-Europeans, there emerged new ideas on the development of human culture, in which the abandoning of custom came to be seen as a hallmark of civility.
Cheshire Feuds
Authors: McSheffrey Shannon
Published: July 2017

Sanctuary grew under the early Tudor regime partly because of the privilege’s utility for those at the heart of the kingdom’s political circles, the landed elite. Sanctuary, paired with pardons or quashed indictments, figured prominently in aristocratic feud strategies, especially in the reign of Henry VIII. This allowed high status killers involved in political and honour-based quarrels not only to escape hanging but to reintegrate fully into the realm’s political life, as sheriffs, JPs, MPs, and so on. As those former seekers were subsequently appointed to influential political and legal office, moreover, the king and his advisors implicitly accepted sanctuary as an ideologically useful way to balance the crown’s need to prosecute all homicides with its desire to spare certain high-born killers.
Conclusions
Authors: McSheffrey Shannon
Published: July 2017

Through the 1530s sanctuary remained an option for fleeing felons, but by about 1545 it had ceased. The conclusion to the book looks back on how various strands interwove to create conditions for sanctuary’s growth between 1400 and the late 1530s—mercy, mitigation, jurisdiction, aristocratic honour—and considers how that cloth rather suddenly unravelled between 1535 and 1545. A 1540 statute attempted to save the sanctuary system after the closure of the religious houses in whose precincts sanctuary seekers had sought refuge; although this legislation was not designed to fail, it was poorly thought-out and never became fully operational. An important means of mitigating harsh capital penalties died with it; for the elite, other paths around the hangman could be found, and for the poor, execution rates climbed.
Obstacles
Authors: Edele Mark
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses the obstacles which were put in the way of those who wanted to cross the front line from the Red Army to the Wehrmacht. These obstacles were higher here than at other fronts. In addition to the normal military obstacles to crossing the line, and the widespread moral imperatives against betraying the fatherland, came threats to the lives of would-be-defectors and their families from the side of the Soviets, and often criminal behavior towards defectors and prisoners in general by the Germans. The high barriers against defection make the large numbers discussed in Chapter 2 even more striking.
The Invisible Avant-Garde
Authors: Ross Stephen J.
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines John Ashbery’s early work in the context of the French neo-avant-garde of the late 1950s and early 1960s. It argues that Ashbery’s reading of the cubist poet Pierre Reverdy and close proximity to the “New Realism” movement in France (Ashbery’s home for nearly a decade from the mid-1950s to 1965) inform the collage technique of his notorious second collection, The Tennis Court Oath, and the suave lyricism of his third collection, Rivers and Mountains. Ashbery responds to the aestheticized concept of “nature”—the idea that art creates a “second nature”—that underpins neo-avant-garde practices of the “New Realist,” as codified by their chief theorist Pierre Restany. In idealizing poetry that would be “like a natural landscape in a world of painted ones,” Ashbery subscribes to the long-standing avant-garde fantasy of turning art into nature—a fantasy that reaches a new level of sophistication and transparency in his early masterpiece, “The Skaters.”
The Delta of Living into Everything
Authors: Ross Stephen J.
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines key junctures in Ashbery’s career when he literalizes the stream-of-consciousness metaphor. For Ashbery, forms of liquid motion—waving, undulation, flux, flow, streaming—fuse into poetic matter and manner in a series of increasingly self-reflexive experiments over many decades. From the early dysraphic poem “Into the Dusk-Charged Air” and the formalist masterpiece “Clepsydra” to the prose poetry of Three Poems, the antiphonal wavering of “A Wave,” and the undifferentiated flow of Flow Chart, Ashbery seeks new ways to “dissolve” his style and “put it in solution.” The fantasy that art can become nature takes on special significance in this line of poems that encompass transparency and formal dissolution.
The Season is Stalled
Authors: Ross Stephen J.
Published: July 2017

The final chapter, a survey of Ashbery’s prolific “late period,” argues that the archive of “bad” nature poetry examined in Chapter 4 is shadowed by a related archive of poetry about climate change. Where Ashbery’s later work has gained a reputation for being lighter and more in touch with the great English nonsense tradition than his earlier work, I argue that the work since April Galleons (1987) constitutes a sustained attempt to reckon with the sublimely unimaginable crisis of climate change. Ashbery’s later work does mediate the “real world,” while ecology, long absent from Ashbery’s work, erupts into it in the years following the discovery of the ozone layer hole in the mid-1980s. From “The Ice Storm” and “Korean Soap Opera” to Girls on the Run and “Breezeway,” Ashbery’s later poems of the ecosublime assume an urgently diagnostic aura.
On the Contribution of Ex Ante Equality to Ex Post Fairness
Authors: Hyams Keith
Published: July 2017

When distributing an indivisible harm or benefit between multiple individuals, all of whom have an equal claim to avoid the harm or receive the benefit, it is commonly thought that one should hold a lottery in order to give each claimant an equal chance of winning. Moreover, it is often said that, by holding a lottery, one makes the resultant outcome inequality between those who receive the harm or benefit and those who do not less unfair than it would otherwise have been. Versions of this view have been prominently endorsed by a number of authors, including Arneson, Broome, Diamond, Lang, Otsuka, Parfit, and Temkin. I argue that the view is mistaken. I note that the failure of the view has significant consequences for policy, including most importantly for how we should interpret the goal of fair equality of opportunity.
The World of Prostitution in Late Imperial Austria
Authors: Wingfield Nancy M.
Published: July 2017

This book encompasses the world of prostitution in late imperial Austria. It addresses female agency and experience, contemporary fears about sexual coercion and the forced movement of girls and women, and police surveillance. Prostitution is analyzed at three different, but interlinked levels: subjectivity, society, and state. Rather than treating prostitutes solely as victims or problems to be solved, in contrast to much of the historical literature, it seeks to find the historical subjects behind fin-de-siècle constructions of prostitutes, to restore agency to the women who participated in various kinds of commercial sex, illuminate their everyday experiences, and place these women, some of whom made the reasoned economic decision to sell their bodies, in a larger social context. It investigates their interactions with the police and other supervisory agents, as well as with other inhabitants of their world, rather than focusing on the state-constructed apparatus of surveillance from the top down. Many Austrian prostitutes came from artisan and working-class, often impoverished backgrounds. They faced a complicated array of constraints that shaped the environment in which they made decisions, including lack of other economic opportunities, of education, of legal equality with men as well as legal dependence on their fathers and husbands. Despite entrenched beliefs about female sexuality and the “fallen” woman, prostitution, clandestine or regulated, was a viable choice for some women of limited economic circumstances when faced with the alternatives: low-paid, often dangerous employment in a factory, in a night café or inn, or as a servant.
The Riehl Trial
Authors: Wingfield Nancy M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter analyses the widely publicized November 1906 trial of Regine Riehl, a Viennese brothel keeper of Jewish origin. Riehl faced charges of embezzlement, fraud, pandering, and other crimes associated with the operation of her establishment. The trial became a point of reference for discussions of the efficacy of regulated prostitution in Cisleithanian Austria. The proceedings generated a great deal of publicity because Riehl’s alleged gross maltreatment of the tolerated prostitutes she employed occurred in a bourgeois neighborhood near the center of the imperial capital. The chapter addresses both the trail itself and the varied ways the local and regional press reported it. In their one-dimensional descriptions and explanations, the prosecution and newspapers presented the prostitutes in this trial as simple, often passive, victims at the hands of Riehl, but closer examination of their behavior reveals that the women acted in a variety of ways.
Reforming Prostitution in Post-Riehl Vienna
Authors: Wingfield Nancy M.
Published: July 2017

Demands for vice police reform resulted in an Austrian-wide re-examination of regulation. This chapter analyzes Viennese debates over prostitution to demonstrate that the regulationists in the police headquarters and the Lower Austrian provincial government dominated the conversation about prostitution in Vienna, and thus policy in Austria until the end of the Monarchy, despite ongoing, scattered calls for more thoroughgoing reform. While government officials sought to protect public health and morals, police officials’ main concern initially was preventing a repetition of the Riehl scandal. Proposals involving increased police surveillance of brothels and prostitutes, which reflected the state’s ongoing scrutiny of a particular class of female citizens long categorized as “idle” or “criminal,” were quickly instituted. Other proposed changes were made more slowly or not at all.
Brothel Life
Authors: Wingfield Nancy M.
Published: July 2017

Tolerated prostitutes were part of the Monarchy’s large under classes, which they moved into and out of during their careers. This chapter analyzes the background of tolerated prostitutes, how they entered the trade, and their movement into and out of brothels to argue that regulated prostitution was both contingent and permeable, revealing that brothel life could be a temporary or a long-term undertaking. It also demonstrates that tolerated prostitution was a multi-confessional, multigenerational, multinational, trans-Austrian enterprise. Those who participated in brothel prostitution commerce, from the women who sold their bodies, through the brothel keepers for whom they worked, and the procurers who helped them move from establishment to establishment, to the officials who sanctioned tolerated brothels, even the military, were familiar with the rhetoric of tolerated brothels as the form of prostitution that best protected public health and public morals.
Clandestine Prostitutes
Authors: Wingfield Nancy M.
Published: July 2017

Clandestine prostitutes, who constituted the greatest number of prostitutes in large cities, were also part of the social fabric in less urban areas, where they sometimes caused insufficient nuisance to warrant sustained police attention. The term “clandestine,” which Austrian vice police, reformers, and other commentators used as if it were self-evident, was broadly employed. In addition to women who regularly walked the streets, the term encompassed women who occasionally or temporarily engaged in commercial sex to augment their low-paid employment, did not necessarily consider themselves prostitutes, and did not want to attract police attention. They were part of a wider working-class community, into which they disappeared when not engaged in clandestine prostitution. The relative ease with which these women could move in and out of social identities helps explain why few of them were willing to register with vice police and be stigmatized as a prostitutes.
Investment Management and the Investment Chain
Authors: Arjaliès Diane-Laure , Grant Philip , Hardie Iain , MacKenzie Donald , Svetlova Ekaterina
Published: July 2017

Chapter 1 introduces the idea of the chain as related to investment management. It highlights the increasing importance and influence of the asset management industry and argues that, despite this fact, the behaviour and decision-making of asset managers has been little studied. The chapter suggests that investment decisions today cannot be understood by focusing on isolated investors. Rather, most of their money flows through a chain: a sequence of intermediaries that ‘sit between’ savers and companies/governments. The chapter introduces the central argument of the book that investment management is shaped profoundly by the opportunities and constraints that this chain creates.
Chains of Freedom
Authors: Arjaliès Diane-Laure , Grant Philip , Hardie Iain , MacKenzie Donald , Svetlova Ekaterina
Published: July 2017

Chapter 2 begins the detailed examination of the investment chain. It introduces some of the main sets of intermediaries and what their jobs are. The chapter also sketches how those intermediaries enable and constrain each other and form audiences for each other’s presentations of self. Behind the pervasive ‘front-stage’ presentations of an orderly, rigorous investment process, suggests Chapter 2, there lies a normally hidden, more messy, Goffmanesque ‘back stage’ of failures, uncertainties, and sometimes dissent. The chapter also highlights the way in which the numbers that measure investment performance obscure the ethical-political, labour, and legal conditions that make them possible.
Quantitative Asset Managers and Their Chains
Authors: Arjaliès Diane-Laure , Grant Philip , Hardie Iain , MacKenzie Donald , Svetlova Ekaterina
Published: July 2017

Chapter 4 discusses a particular set of fund managers and analysts, those who follow investment strategies which are based on quantitative research. They might be expected to be more solitary in their practices and less enmeshed in relations to clients and to other intermediaries than their colleagues who rely on more qualitative reasoning. The chapter shows, however, that this is not so. Quantitative managers’ investment ideas often come from others in the investment chain. Brokers and sell-side analysts are one major source; another source of ideas is those occupying similar roles in other firms. The chapter also suggests that basing a quantitative investment strategy around an idea that is already in circulation eases the task of marketing and the communication with clients. However, successful self-presentation to external audiences can cause internal frictions with colleagues within the investment firm, the other topic which the chapter explores in detail.
Trapped in Resistance
Authors: Arjaliès Diane-Laure , Grant Philip , Hardie Iain , MacKenzie Donald , Svetlova Ekaterina
Published: July 2017

Chapter 7 reports the attempts of a network of French pensions’ trustees to force a US-based automotive company to allow trade unions in its Mississippi plants. To trigger practice change, trustees convened a meeting that gathered several actors belonging to or impacted by the investment chain that linked the trustees to the Mississippi employees of the company, in one way or another. The web of the connections that linked these actors to each other, however, revealed itself to be what prevented them from moving. By unravelling such mechanisms, the chapter provides a unique account of the peculiarities of the investment chain: deeply human while inherently abstract.
Introduction
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram
Published: July 2017

This introductory chapter is mainly about the locality postulate of the standard relativity theory. The fundamental laws of microphysics have been formulated with respect to inertial observers. However, inertial observers do not in fact exist, since actual observers are accelerated. What do accelerated observers measure? Lorentz invariance is extended to accelerated observers by assuming that they are pointwise inertial. That is, an accelerated observer at each instant is equivalent to an otherwise identical momentarily comoving inertial observer. This hypothesis of locality, which underlies the special and general theories of relativity, is described in detail. The locality postulate fits perfectly together with Einstein’s local principle of equivalence to ensure that every observer in a gravitational field is pointwise inertial. When coupled with the hypothesis of locality, Einstein’s principle of equivalence provides a physical basis for a field theory of gravitation that is consistent with local Lorentz invariance.
Linearized Gravitational Waves in Nonlocal Gravity
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram
Published: July 2017

Gravitational radiation is investigated within the framework of linearized nonlocal gravity. In this theory, linearized gravitational waves are damped as they travel from the source to the receiver. This gravitational memory drag leads to the exponential decay of the wave amplitude. The damping effect could be significant for waves with very long wavelegths comparable to galactic distances. More generally, for gravitational waves with wavelengths comparable to the basic nonlocality lengthscale of order 1 kpc, the nonlocal deviations from general relativity can be significant. However, gravitational waves of current observational interest have wavelengths that are very small in comparison with 1 kpc; in this case, the nonlocal deviations from general relativity essentially average out and can be safely neglected in practice.
Chips with Everything
Authors: Segal David
Published: July 2017

Chapter 3 highlights the critical role materials have in the development of digital computers. It traces developments from the cat’s whisker to valves through to relays and transistors. Accounts are given for transistors and the manufacture of integrated circuits (silicon chips) by use of photolithography. Future potential computing techniques, namely quantum computing and the DNA computer, are covered. The history of computability and Moore’s Law are discussed.
Polymers
Authors: Segal David
Published: July 2017

Chapter 4 describes polymers—synthetic polymers (thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics). It also describes the vulcanisation of rubber. A timeline for the development of synthetic polymer is given. It also describes natural polymers such as proteins and genes. Use of renewable sources such as crops to produce polymers is outlined.
The Preparation of Materials
Authors: Segal David
Published: July 2017

Chapter 8 covers aspects of materials preparation. It stresses that the availability of high-purity silicon was essential for the semiconductor industry as were high-purity thin films. Availability of critical materials is mentioned. Specific techniques that are mentioned include the polymerase chain reaction, ion implantation, chemical vapour deposition, plasma spraying and sol-gel processing. Polymer synthesis is also described.
Conclusions
Authors: Segal David
Published: July 2017

Chapter 13 is the last chapter. It suggests how the 21st century may be described in terms of ‘ages’ analogous to the Bronze Age or Iron Age. Will the 21st century be described as the Silicon Age? Or perhaps be referred to as the Genomic Age? Or maybe the New Polymer Age? The role of climate change and international conflict on the pace of materials development are discussed.
The City of London and the Politics of ‘Invisibles’
Authors: Davies Aled
Published: July 2017

This chapter considers the resurgence of the City of London as an international financial centre in the late twentieth century. It highlights the role played by a campaign to promote the revival of the City as a post-sterling international financial centre. The Committee on Invisible Exports campaigned for the recognition of the City’s contribution to Britain’s balance of payments through its ‘invisible earnings’, and argued that this could be increased by reducing impediments on its activities. The invisibles campaign was a distinct product of the post-war preoccupation with the balance of payments, which challenged the fundamental belief, embedded in economic policy since the war, that the route to national prosperity was in expanding industrial production. The campaign sought to reconceptualize Britain as a historic commercial and financial, rather than industrial, economy. In doing so it undercut a core principle on which the social democratic political–economic project was based.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Aled
Published: July 2017

This book is a study of the political economy of Britain’s chief financial centre, the City of London, in the two decades prior to the election of Margaret Thatcher’s first Conservative government in 1979. The primary purpose of the book is to evaluate the relationship between the financial sector based in the City, and the economic strategy of social democracy in post-war Britain. In particular, it focuses on how the financial system related to the social democratic pursuit of national industrial development and modernization, and on how the norms of social democratic economic policy were challenged by a variety of fundamental changes to the City that took place during the period....
‘Practical Politics’
Authors: Morgan-Owen David G.
Published: July 2017

After decades of inconsistent involvement in the affairs of the two services, after the turn of the century the government finally intervened to try and impose a degree of coherence upon Britain’s imperial defence strategy. This was the result of two simultaneous crises—the acute challenge of the Boer War and the growing urgency of finding a solution to the defence of India. This chapter examines political attempts to reform the Army and the formation of the Committee of Imperial Defence, a body intended to concert the activities of the two services. It argues that the initial activities of the CID demonstrated the potential of the body to achieve meaningful change in the Admiralty and War Office and to co-ordinate a fledgling joint strategy.
A Growing Burden
Authors: Morgan-Owen David G.
Published: July 2017

Between 1905 and 1908 the Admiralty had acknowledged the feasibility of a German landing in Britain and taken a series of measures to meet such a danger. Yet it had done so without disclosing its concerns to the War Office or to the government, due to Fisher’s desire to regain the whip hand in shaping British strategy. This lack of disclosure meant that—with the Navy apparently supreme at sea—the government gave tacit support to the idea of for sending a large portion of the Regular Army to the Continent in the event of a European war. This chapter examines the extent to which the Army’s plans affected naval strategy, the methods the War Office used to secure endorsement for its preferred plans, and the Admiralty’s attempts to convince the government to preserve the status quo between the two services.
Surrendering the Initiative
Authors: Morgan-Owen David G.
Published: July 2017

By late 1912 Britain’s naval leadership was sufficiently perturbed by the situation it faced to petition the government to address the issue of home defence afresh and to confirm the Army’s role therein. This precipitated a new CID inquiry into the issue, during which the two services reprised the decade-old debate over how best to conduct a future European war. The Admiralty was placed in a delicate position during the proceedings by Fisher’s absolutist rhetoric on the impossibility of invasion, but was obliged to extract some commitment from the government to retain regular troops in the country due to a growing acceptance that the Fleet could not prevent an invasion. This chapter traces this debate down to the outbreak of war, stressing the extent of its effect upon naval strategy.
Pax and the Politics of Peace
Authors: Cornwell Hannah
Published: July 2017

This book examines the two generations that spanned the collapse of the Republic and the Augustan period to understand how the concept of pax Romana, as a central ideology of Roman imperialism, evolved. The author argues for the integral nature of pax in understanding the changing dynamics of the Roman state through civil war to the creation of a new political system and world-rule. The period of the late Republic to the early Principate involved changes in the notion of imperialism. This is the story of how peace acquired a central role within imperial discourse over the course of the collapse of the Republican framework to become deployed in the legitimization of the Augustan regime. It is an examination of the movement from the debates over the content of the concept, in the dying Republic, to the creation of an authorized version controlled by the princeps, through an examination of a series of conceptions about peace, culminating with the pax augusta as the first crystallization of an imperial concept of peace. Just as there existed not one but a series of ideas concerning Roman imperialism, so too were there numerous different meanings, applications, and contexts within which Romans talked about ‘peace’. Examining these different nuances allows us insight into the ways they understood power dynamics, and how these were contingent on the political structures of the day. Roman discourses on peace were part of the wider discussion on the way in which Rome conceptualized her Empire and ideas of imperialism.
Peace in Civil War
Authors: Cornwell Hannah
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the pressures that the civil wars of the 40s exerted on the conventional political language of the Republic, focusing in particular on the central role of pax in the debates of the time. The letters and speeches of Cicero provide major source material for this period and offer different viewpoints between the expedient and less guarded use of the term pax in order to examine the crisis of the Republic. The literary engagement with the concept is further explored in the works of Sallust and Caesar. An investigation into the language of pax in the numismatic field also provides insight into the engaging and changing application of the term as the political structures of the Republic change.
The Pax Augusta
Authors: Cornwell Hannah
Published: July 2017

The subjugation of the Western provinces was celebrated by the dedication of an altar to Augustan Peace (the ara Pacis Augustae) at Rome. This chapter examines in detail the dedication of that highly complex, senatorial monument at Rome. The altar is, as far as the surviving evidence and our literary sources indicate, the first monumental display directly associated with the personified form of Pax. In this commemoration pax was qualified as ‘Augustan’ (pax augusta), and this may be understood as the first step towards pax becoming an imperial virtue. The analysis is then followed by an examination of the adoption of the worship of this cult within Augustus’ lifetime in different parts of the empire, as a means of engaging with a truly Augustan ideal. This chapter demonstrates how pax became a vehicle for expressing messages about Roman imperialism.
Conclusion
Authors: Cornwell Hannah
Published: July 2017

Peace had dominated the discourse on the nature of Roman imperialism as the political institutions of the state were questioned and debated during the civil wars of the 40s and 30s BC, to the slow reformulation of powers around the single person of Augustus. The evolution of an imperial conception of peace from the early stages of the representations of pax augusta during the slow birth of the new political structures to a fully fledged idea of the pax Romana comes to fruition in Vespasian’s templum Pacis by the mid-70s AD and illustrates the integral value and position that peace had gained in a Roman imperial vision. The accomplishment of pax represented not only the stability and security brought to the state in a post-civil war world, but also the control over an Empire that such a peace enabled.
Making It So
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: July 2017

Chapter 5 of A New Narrative for Psychology develops the idea of making present in order to address one of the central problems in narrative studies: how narrating produces accounts that we take to be real or true of what is, was, and will be. Narrative is commonly described as possessing the capacity to build worlds or truths, or to construct realities. This chapter asks, how, exactly, do interpretive actions help us to understand what life is and means, as well as who I am and who we are? Using research interviews with couples, it shows how a narrative perspective allows us to understand the multilayered, and reciprocal, connections between persons, social relationships, and culture that are implicated in building, and rebuilding, a sense of the real.
Interpreting Interpretations
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: July 2017

“Interpreting Interpretations,” Chapter 6 of A New Narrative for Psychology, discusses the premises for the analysis of narratives in research in the field of psychology and in everyday life. The chapter focuses on how researchers think about narratives after the data have been collected and on how narratives should be understood and analyzed. It details an interpretative, hermeneutic approach to narrative analysis in which the interpreter is always once removed, always interpreting the interpretations of others. It argues that there are no recipes for narrative analysis, only general analytic strategies. The process of narrative analysis is one of asking questions in order to open up the data and understand the complex relationships between a particular interpretative action and the contexts of person, time, and space.
Interpreting Ben’s Survival
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: July 2017

Chapter 7 of A New Narrative for Psychology applies the interpretive framework developed in the previous chapter to an interview with Ben, a Holocaust survivor who was imprisoned in Krakow Plaszow during World War II. The aim of the analysis is to illustrate the value of asking the hermeneutic questions of “who,” “where,” and “when” and how narrative psychology opens the researcher’s ability to better understand the multilayered and complex personal, social, and temporal influences on how persons make sense of their lives.
Interpretation in Practice
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: July 2017

“Interpretation in Practice,” Chapter 8 of A New Narrative for Psychology, compares analytic strategies in two studies central to the canon of narrative psychology: Amia Lieblich’s “Looking at Change: Natasha 21” and Michael Bamberg’s “Form and Functions of ‘Slut Bashing’ in Male Identity Constructions in 15-year-olds.” The two studies provide an excellent contrast between competing approaches to narrative research—big story and small story research. Lieblich’s analysis of Natasha’s transition to life in Israel is holistic, concentrating mostly on the person, while Bamberg’s analysis of a group of 15-year-old boys discussing a girl is microanalytic, emphasizing the linguistic and conversational properties that sculpt identity. The chapter enters into the debate on big and small stories, arguing that despite their differences in approach, they employ the same hermeneutic strategies for understanding narratives and would benefit from a more sustained discussion and consideration of the essential questions of who, where, and when.
Democracy at Risk: From Citizen Activism to Techno-Environmentalism
Authors: Fischer Frank
Published: July 2017

The climate crisis has led various prominent writers to call for greater reliance on experts. Not only have they called on experts for technical solutions, but also for a greater role in the policy decision processes. If central governments step in with strong measures, even more authoritarian forms of rule, the turn to technocratic experts will undoubtedly be a part of the strategy. The chapter seeks to sort out the issues and questions posed by this appeal to technical expertise. It begins by looking at the evolution of techno-managerial expertise in modern environmental politics, before examining the technocratic mode of reason and the depoliticization of the policymaking that it advocates. The discussion then moves from the realm of theory to examine specific contemporary technocratic arguments and concludes with a discussion of the nature of technocratic power.
Sustaining Democracy in Hard Times: Participatory Theory for Local Environmental Governance
Authors: Fischer Frank
Published: July 2017

This final chapter explores ideas previously taken up and relates them to political theory, democratic deliberative politics in particular. Up to this point, these ideas have been presented as theoretical contributions to both participatory governance and the relocalization movement. The discussion here seeks to extend the theoretical perspective more specifically to a number of important but relatively neglected traditions in democratic political theory, especially as they relate to ideas taken from the writings of Bookchin and Sale. This involves the theories of associative democracy, insurgent democratic politics, and participatory or democratic expertise. These theoretical orientations are provided as steps in search of a broader environmental political theory that can address the democratic struggles that are anticipated during the socio-ecological climate crisis ahead.