bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteonecrosis as a rare musculoskeletal complication in Behcet’s disease- the largest case series with literature review
Authors: Nejadhosseinian Mohammad , Babagoli Mazyar , Faezi Seyedeh Tahererh , Haerian Hoda , Shahram Farhad , Alikhani Majid , Davatchi Fereydoun
Published: November 2023

Background

Behcet disease (BD) as a variable vessel vasculitis is mainly characterized by ocular involvement, genital and oral aphthosis, and erythema nodosum. However, major organ involvements including gastrointestinal involvement, nervous system, and vascular involvement are among the severe complications. Osteonecrosis is a rare complication of patients with BD. We aim to report the largest series of BD patients suffering from osteonecrosis.

Methods

We have retrospectively reviewed all patients in Iran Behcet’s Disease Registry and reported those with osteonecrosis. Patients’ medication and clinical features, symptoms, and details of osteonecrosis will also be presented. Furthermore, previously reported cases will also be reviewed.

Results

Seven thousand eight hundred thirty-one patients were diagnosed with BD and registered. 18 patients developed ON with an incidence of 0.22%. The most common involvement during the disease progression was oral aphthosis which appeared in 100% of patients followed by ocular involvement in 85.7% and skin involvement in 71.4%. Vascular, ocular, and nervous system involvements are significantly higher in BD patients with osteonecrosis than the other BD patients. For the management of acute episode of uveitis, deep vein thrombosis, severe gastrointestinal involvement, arterial involvement, nervous system Involvement, and joint involvement high dose of glucocorticoids is indicated.

Conclusions

ON tends to appear as a multifocal involvement in BD patients, hence, after diagnosis of ON in one joint other possible sites of ON should be investigated.
Micro-RNA in a sample of Egyptian patients with incidental cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: Maged Mohamed , Nahas Nevine El , Fathy Mai , Kilany Ayman , Hamid Eman , Aref Hany
Published: November 2023

Background

Despite being the cause of morbidity and mortality in many patients, little is known about the pathophysiology of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Identifying new biomarkers is mandatory for early diagnosis and proper management. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of micro-RNA as a biomarker for incidental cerebral small vessel disease (iCSVD) and its clinic-radiological correlates in a sample of Egyptian patients.

Results

The median age of patients, gender and risk factors did not differ from controls. However, patients were more significantly impaired than controls on cognitive, gait and sphincteric scales. MiRNA-451a was upregulated in cases with a median fold change of 3.4, while miRNA-409-3p, 486-5p, 502-3p, were significantly downregulated in comparison to healthy controls.

Conclusion

Dysregulation of the studied microRNA may play a role in pathogenesis of incidental cerebral small vessel disease and warrants further studies.
Endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of a non-functioning ectopic pituitary adenoma located in the clivus: a case report and literature review
Authors: Liu Jiangang , Ji Chengyuan
Published: November 2023

We successfully removed a rare ectopic pituitary adenoma from a 64-year-old female patient initially misdiagnosed with a chordoma. The tumor was located in the slope region and posed a challenge due to its rarity and location. Using neuro-navigation and neuro-endoscopic techniques, we performed a transnasal transsphenoidal resection and confirmed postoperatively that the tumor was a non-functional pituitary adenoma. Although the patient experienced temporary cortisol deficiency after surgery, she recovered well. To accurately diagnose ectopic pituitary adenomas of clivus, doctors must carefully evaluate the patient's imaging results and hormone levels. If necessary, nuclear medicine scans can also aid in diagnosis. Endoscopic transnasal-transsphenoidal surgery is the preferred treatment method, and preoperative multimodal imaging evaluation and intraoperative neuro-navigation technology are essential for a successful surgery.
Interpersonal distance preferences: an unexplored consequence of hearing loss
Authors: Yılar Selma , Deniz Burcu , Baltacı Işık , Cogen Talha , Deniz Rışvan , Telci Fatma , Demirel Esra , Altun Koray , Kural Hande , Emül Murat
Published: November 2023

Background

Interpersonal distance (IPD), which reflects the physical space between people, ensures the regulation of social behavior in interaction as part of nonverbal communication. Our research aims to reveal whether there is a difference in personal distance preference between individuals with hearing loss and normal hearing (NH).

Methods

Thirty-five adults (26.54 ± 7.05 years) were divided into three groups according to hearing status: hearing aid (HA) users, cochlear implant (CI) users, and NH individuals. The preferred interpersonal distance scale (PIPDS) and a stop distance paradigm were employed for measurements in various environments. Personal space violations were monitored using an electrodermal activity (EDA) wristband.

Results

Our findings showed a significant relationship between preferred interpersonal distance (PID) and hearing loss duration (r = 571; p < .01) and a significant difference in PIDs between CI users and NH individuals (p = .025). There was a correlation between PIPDS results and interpersonal distance preference in two outdoor conditions where the experimenter was male. However, there was no correlation between interpersonal distance and EDA results.

Conclusions

For the CI group, PIPDS results indicated an increased interpersonal distance preference with the severity of hearing loss, possibly to enhance lip-reading cues and conceal visible hearing aids. Understanding these preferences is essential for effective communication and good interpersonal relationships among individuals with hearing loss.
An EMC–Hpo–Yki axis maintains intestinal homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions
Authors: Shi Lin , Ma Hubing , Wang Jinjun , Ma Meifang , Zhao Hang , Li Zhengran , Wang Jian-Hua , Wu Shian , Zhou Zizhang , Dong Meng-qiu , Li Zhouhua
Published: November 2023

Balanced control of stem cell proliferation and differentiation underlines tissue homeostasis. Disruption of tissue homeostasis often results in many diseases. However, how endogenous factors influence the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) under physiological and pathological conditions remains poorly understood. Here, we find that the evolutionarily conserved endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) negatively regulates ISC proliferation and intestinal homeostasis. Compromising EMC function in progenitors leads to excessive ISC proliferation and intestinal homeostasis disruption. Mechanistically, the EMC associates with and stabilizes Hippo (Hpo) protein, the key component of the Hpo signaling pathway. In the absence of EMC, Yorkie (Yki) is activated to promote ISC proliferation due to Hpo destruction. The EMC–Hpo–Yki axis also functions in enterocytes to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Importantly, the levels of the EMC are dramatically diminished in tunicamycin-treated animals, leading to Hpo destruction, thereby resulting in intestinal homeostasis disruption due to Yki activation. Thus, our study uncovers the molecular mechanism underlying the action of the EMC in intestinal homeostasis maintenance under physiological and pathological conditions and provides new insight into the pathogenesis of tunicamycin-induced tumorigenesis.
‘Distributed’ vision and the architecture of animal visual systems
Authors: Sumner-Rooney Lauren
Published: November 2023

More than a century of research, of which JEB has published a substantial selection, has highlighted the rich diversity of animal eyes. From these studies have emerged numerous examples of visual systems that depart from our own familiar blueprint, a single pair of lateral cephalic eyes. It is now clear that such departures are common, widespread and highly diverse, reflecting a variety of different eye types, visual abilities and architectures. Many of these examples have been described as ‘distributed’ visual systems, but this includes several fundamentally different systems. Here, I re-examine this term, suggest a new framework within which to evaluate visual system distribution in both spatial and functional senses, and propose a roadmap for future work. The various architectures covered by this term reflect three broad strategies that offer different opportunities and require different approaches for study: the duplication of functionally identical eyes, the expression of multiple, functionally distinct eye types in parallel and the use of dispersed photoreceptors to mediate visual behaviour without eyes. Within this context, I explore some of the possible implications of visual system architecture for how visual information is collected and integrated, which has remained conceptually challenging in systems with a large degree of spatial and/or functional distribution. I highlight two areas that should be prioritised in future investigations: the whole-organism approach to behaviour and signal integration, and the evolution of visual system architecture across Metazoa. Recent advances have been made in both areas, through well-designed ethological experiments and the deployment of molecular tools.
Physiological differences between wild and captive animals: a century-old dilemma
Authors: Turko Andy J. , Firth Britney L. , Craig Paul M. , Eliason Erika J. , Raby Graham D. , Borowiec Brittney G.
Published: November 2023

Laboratory-based research dominates the fields of comparative physiology and biomechanics. The power of lab work has long been recognized by experimental biologists. For example, in 1932, Georgy Gause published an influential paper in Journal of Experimental Biology describing a series of clever lab experiments that provided the first empirical test of competitive exclusion theory, laying the foundation for a field that remains active today. At the time, Gause wrestled with the dilemma of conducting experiments in the lab or the field, ultimately deciding that progress could be best achieved by taking advantage of the high level of control offered by lab experiments. However, physiological experiments often yield different, and even contradictory, results when conducted in lab versus field settings. This is especially concerning in the Anthropocene, as standard laboratory techniques are increasingly relied upon to predict how wild animals will respond to environmental disturbances to inform decisions in conservation and management. In this Commentary, we discuss several hypothesized mechanisms that could explain disparities between experimental biology in the lab and in the field. We propose strategies for understanding why these differences occur and how we can use these results to improve our understanding of the physiology of wild animals. Nearly a century beyond Gause's work, we still know remarkably little about what makes captive animals different from wild ones. Discovering these mechanisms should be an important goal for experimental biologists in the future.
Current challenges in teaching HAIs-PC in nursing education in Vietnam and Cambodia: a qualitative study
Authors: Tuan Truong Anh ,   PrevInf Group: Capacitating Asia's Nursing Students on Innovative and Sustainable Prevention and Control of Healthcare-associated Infections
Published: November 2023

Background: There is an insufficient understanding of factors that impede nursing students’ learning of healthcare-associated infection prevention and control in developing countries. This study aimed to explore current challenges in healthcare-associated infection control and prevention education in the nursing curriculum in two Vietnamese and two Cambodian universities. Methods: Exploratory research was conducted through consultation of education programs and a qualitative study design utilizing interviews and focus group discussions. Data collection was conducted through interviews with university board members and focus group discussions with lecturers and tutors. The data were analyzed by using content analysis methods. Results: The research results indicated that there were three generic themes of challenges in teaching HAIs-PC in nursing education in Vietnam and Cambodia. They were Implementation of healthcare associated infections prevention and control education into nursing curriculum, Positive aspects fostering healthcare associated infections prevention and control learning, Negative aspects hindering healthcare associated infections prevention and control learning. Conclusions: The study results provided evidence of challenges in healthcare associated infections prevention and control education in some Asia higher education institutions. To improve professional safety, universities should pay more attention to developing appropriate teaching methods for healthcare-associated infections prevention and control education to improve students’ practice outcomes.
Assessment of indoor and outdoor formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), and particulate matter (PM2.5, and PM10) levels in Kalasin, Thailand
Authors: Suwanaruang Theeranat
Published: November 2023

Background This study sought to determine how much formaldehyde, TVOCs (total volatile organic compounds), and particulate matter (PM2.5, and PM10) were present in the air inside and outdoors at seven distinct locations in Kalasin Province. Methods The stations that were chosen comprised roadways of importance, neighborhoods where people live, shopping centers, motorcycle repair shops, gas stations, industrial zones, and rural areas. A gas detector with four sensors was used to measure formaldehyde, PM2.5, TVOC, temperature, and humidity levels. Particulate samplers were used specifically for measuring PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. The formaldehyde and TVOC sensors were utilized to measure the concentrations of specific air contaminants. Results These stations from important roads, residential neighborhoods, shopping centers, motorcycle repair shops, gas stations, industrial zones, and rural locations had formaldehyde of 0.0207, 0.0239, 0.1892, 0.1893, 0.0273, 0.0262, and 0.0409 mg/m3, respectively. It was discovered that TVOC values ranged from 0.0848 to 0.990 to 0.8466 to 0.1944 to 0.1188 to 0.108 to 0.1708 mg/m3. The measurements for PM 2.5 were 4.7778, 4.2222, 5.0000, 3.4444, 4.7778, 5.7778, and 6.6667 μg/m3 at the roads, residential neighborhoods, shopping centers, motorcycle repair shops, gas stations, industrial zones, and rural locations. The measurements for PM10 were 4.7778, 4.0000, 5.0000, 3.1111, 5.0000, 6.0000, and 8.0000 μg/m3, respectively. According to the research, formaldehyde levels in stores and motorbike maintenance facilities are higher than the Thai Air Standard. The only TVOC concentration that was found to be above the allowable limit was in shopping centers. However, despite the rural area station showing slightly increased levels, all stations met the PM2.5 and PM10 air quality criteria. Conclusions People who breathe polluted air face both short- and long-term health concerns, underscoring the significance of spreading awareness of this problem.
Prevalence of Frey syndrome following extraoral surgical treatment for mandibular fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kostares Evangelos , Kostares Michael , Kostare Georgia , Kantzanou Maria
Published: November 2023

Our study aims to estimate the prevalence of Frey syndrome following open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for mandibular fractures. Two reviewers independently conducted a systematic literature search in the Medline and Scopus databases. The pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was estimated, and quality assessment, outlier analysis, and influential analysis were performed. In total, fifteen eligible studies were included in this meta-analysis. One study was identified as critically influential. The overall prevalence of Frey syndrome following extraoral surgical treatment for mandibular fractures was estimated as 0.01% (95%CI 0%-0.7%) with moderate heterogeneity observed between studies. In the meta-regression analysis with continuous variables, no statistically significant association was observed. Despite the relatively low prevalence, the impact of Frey syndrome on affected individuals should not be underestimated. Additional research will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying factors contributing to Frey syndrome, leading to improved preventive measures and treatment strategies. A better grasp of the prevalence and associated risk factors will aid in the development of guidelines to minimize the occurrence of this syndrome.
Women in the medieval university
Authors: Smurra Rosa
Published: November 2023

This article analyses the literary sources and accounts of Novella d’Andrea, the daughter of Giovanni d’Andrea, an eminent professor at the Bolognese Studium. The study examines the unprecedented case of a woman teaching law at the university in the first half of the fourteenth century, casting light on the cultural and family environment in which she grew up. The sources that conserve her memory are analysed, in particular the account provided by Christine de Pizan, with a new interpretation of her passage, but also those sources that have disseminated misleading information, generating confusion about the historical figure of Novella d’Andrea. The visual works of art that, like the literary accounts, have fuelled her myth include a work that has hitherto been ignored by historiography on Novella d’Andrea, the fourteenth-century woman who broke the glass ceiling.
La construcción de espacios de racionalidad.
Authors: Fernández Polanco Valentín
Published: November 2023

El contenido de este artículo describe los rasgos del progreso de la racionalidad como una serie de rupturas de límites para así ensanchar el horizonte del poder humano. En este proceso se ha quebrantado la significatividad y se ha suplantado ellogos por el caos. Las consecuencias para la comprensión sin la cual la actividad humana productora no podría realizarse han sido graves. Para hacer explícito ese quiebro de los que el autor denomina «espacios de la racionalidad» propone el análisis de cuatro espacios físicos: la polis, el monasterio, el gabinete y el estudio del artista.
La estructura resistente en la arquitectura actual.
Authors: Manterola Armisén Javier
Published: November 2023

El autor realiza un viaje a través de la estructura para evidenciar que la evolución arquitectónica del siglo ha sido protagonizada por una reflexión sobre la estructura. En este trayecto el entendimiento tradicional de lo resistente cambia para convertirse en el máximo factor expresivo de la arquitectura, desvirtuándose su auténtica función a favor de la dimensión plástica
El esfuerzo de ser: foro abierto
Authors: Fernández Polanco Valentín
Published: November 2023

En este texto se pretende poner de manifiesto las experiencias del sufrimiento y del placer en su profunda relación con la constitución del sujeto moral. Al ser abolida la responsabilidad moral vinculada a la razón y la afectividad, acaba por convertirse la acción humana en juego.
Ciudad, comunicaciones y globalización: postfolio.
Authors: Subirats Eduardo
Published: November 2023

En este ensayo el autor analiza el significado civilitatorio de los medios electrónicos de comunicación exponiendo los elementos conceptuales de una posible interpretación de estos medios. El análisis se organiza en torno a cinco categorías elementales: globalidad, masa, ciudad, espectáculo y experiencia.
Krótka historia naszego podwórka
Authors: Marat Joanna
Published: November 2023

W Krótkiej historii naszego podwórka Joanna Marat przenosi nas do lat osiemdziesiątych, perfekcyjnie odtwarzając realia, klimat i atmosferę tamtego czasu. To piękna, świetnie napisana, pełna humoru, lekkości i uroku literacka opowieść, która zachwyca od pierwszego do ostatniego zdania. Cezary Łazarewicz
Aortic ductus diverticulum mimicking aortic dissection: a case of diagnostic ambiguity in transthoracic echocardiography
Authors: Taifour Hazem , Eid Fahad , Abu Sheikha Mohamed , Hoefen Ryan
Published: November 2023

Background: Aortic dissection is a critical condition often presenting with acute, severe chest pain and haemodynamic instability. Early diagnosis is essential to mitigate the high mortality risk. Imaging modalities play a pivotal role in diagnosing aortic conditions, but determining the appropriate method can be challenging. Case description: We report an asymptomatic 55-year-old female undergoing transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for mitral and aortic valve regurgitation surveillance. Incidentally, a suspicious flow jet at the distal aortic arch was discovered, raising concerns of aortic dissection. A subsequent CT angiogram (CTA) identified this as an aortic ductus diverticulum at the aortic isthmus, not a dissection. Discussion: Aortic dissection has a high initial 48-hour mortality, with even surgically managed cases exhibiting a 26% risk. Imaging tools such as a transoesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), CT and MRI scans are instrumental for diagnosis, with their applicability depending on the patient’s clinical situation. The aortic ductus diverticulum, a developmental outpouching, often mimics other aortic pathologies, emphasising the importance of accurate imaging interpretation. Conclusion: Aortic ductus diverticulum presents diagnostic challenges due to its resemblance to other aortic conditions. Advancements in imaging modalities improve diagnostic accuracy, but awareness and careful interpretation are paramount to ensure timely and appropriate patient care.
Fear of childbirth in nulliparous and multiparous women in Australia
Authors: Khajehei Marjan , Swain Julie Ann , Li Ruixin
Published: November 2023

Background/Aims

Although maternity care in developed countries is safe, fear of childbirth is a common problem. There is limited research in this area on nulliparous and multiparous women. The aim of this study was to compare fear of childbirth, its risk factors and birth outcomes between Australian nulliparous and multiparous women.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study, 141 nulliparous women and 212 multiparous women were recruited from antenatal clinics. Data were collected using standardised questionnaires and analysed.

Results

A third of nulliparous (33%) and multiparous women (31%) feared childbirth. Nulliparous women with high–severe fear were more likely to have a lower family income, attend antenatal education classes, undergo assisted conception and report higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress. They also had greater odds of prelabour cervical ripening, oxytocin for induction or augmentation of labour, instrumental birth, episiotomy and greater volume of blood loss during birth than multiparous women.

Conclusions

To empower and support women with fear of childbirth, their unique needs must be recognised. A assistance in coping with fear and anxiety must be made available to contribute to a positive pregnancy experience and birth outcome.
The importance of reflexivity in data collection methods for qualitative midwifery research
Authors: Khuzaiyah Siti , Abdul-Mumin Khadizah Hj , McKenna Lisa , Haji Hashim Sarena
Published: November 2023

Interviews remain a crucial component of data collection for qualitative studies. Semi-structured interviews, in which the researcher asks preset questions and follows up while the subject responds, can reveal a participant's experiences, beliefs and opinions. Unfortunately, as qualitative researchers, it can be challenging to collect data when a mother and infant require flexible hours, rather than defined. This paper aims to explore a midwife's reflections on the difficulties of collecting data in qualitative research with mothers of very young babies. It will also discuss some important considerations before conducting interviews among mothers with young babies. Timing considerations and internet connections must be prepared properly. Through early identification of alternate solutions for potential difficulties that may arise throughout the data collection process, such reflexivity can influence future planning of effective data gathering.
Coughs and sneezes spread diseases…
Authors: Waters Rebecca
Published: November 2023

Rebecca Waters ponders the impacts of common winter ailments on oral health.
Imagining Freedom in Slavery’s Future: Iron City ’s Fugitive Othertime in the US Carceral Empire-State
Authors: Yang Caroline H.
Published: November 2023

Abstract: This essay examines Black political activism during the Korean War in publications that defined their present moment as slavery’s future and characterized slavery and antiblack racism as part of an ongoing war against Black people, connected to US empire’s wars abroad. In particular, it reads Lloyd Brown’s novel Iron City (1951), about four Black men incarcerated on trumped-up charges, alongside Paul Robeson’s Freedom newspaper (1950–55) and William Patterson’s We Charge Genocide (1951). Centering on four Black men serving time , the novel demonstrates that one tactic in the war against Black freedom is through the control of time and shows a connection between incarceration and slavery by revealing the disciplinary mechanism of time in service of US empire. Rather than acquiesce to the omnipotence of empire’s time and endless wars, however, Iron City , exemplifying the Black radical thought of the 1950s, imagines a different future, which I term fugitive othertime . Building on Saidiya Hartman’s theorization of a “fugitive elsewhere ,” “an imagined place [that] might afford you a vision of freedom,” I argue for reading Iron City for its dream of a fugitive othertime, as an imagined temporality in which that elsewhere might exist.
'Brian's Sword' and the 'Standard of the King of the Saxons' in the Irish Annals: The Godwinsons, Hastings and Leinster–Munster Relations
Authors: Ellis Caitlin
Published: November 2023

Abstract: This article examines a reference in the Annals of Inisfallen concerning material objects given by Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó to Tairdelbach Ua Briain, or possibly taken by Tairdelbach from Diarmait. It considers the origins and transmissions of these objects, and in particular tries to identify the 'king of the Saxons' and how his standard came into Diarmait's possession, in the context of other similar objects in Ireland and beyond. Further, this article discusses the power dynamics between Diarmait and Tairdelbach, including notions of tuarastal , overlordship and alliance, by comparing this annalistic item to others that are similar and considering the wider political situation. This investigation sheds some light on annalistic reportage as well as on Irish kings' relationships both with the family of Harold Godwinson and with the Normans in England.
How Global Demand for Military Drones is Transforming International Security and Geopolitics
Authors: Feldstein Steven
Published: November 2023

Abstract: Military use of drones is surging globally. This paper argues that regional powers, particularly Iran, Israel, and Türkiye, are driving the proliferation of military drone exports due to cost efficiencies, improved capabilities, and minimal export restrictions. These exports have allowed Iran, Israel, and Türkiye to enhance their political leverage and increase their geopolitical clout.
Victory and Virality: War in the Age of Social Media
Authors: Liaropoulos Andrew N.
Published: November 2023

Abstract: Social media platforms have altered the way societies interact with war. The use of social media triggered a paradigm shift in terms of targeting audiences, influencing the construct of strategic narratives, and spreading (dis)information. Social networks like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and WhatsApp enable users to follow military action in almost real-time and in greater detail than ever before. The weaponization of social media is targeting our attention, and in parallel with the actual war, a battle for our hearts and minds is being fought with memes, viral tweets, and video clips. The war in Ukraine is not the first to be documented on social media, but it is definitely the most viral one. This article highlights the role of social media and, in particular, how both Russia and Ukraine have used TikTok in the first months of the conflict.
The Clash of Geo-Identities in the Black Sea
Authors: Karagiannis Emmanuel
Published: November 2023

Abstract: The rise of geo-identities in the Black Sea region is a new phenomenon with significant consequences for regional security. Elites in Russia, Ukraine, and Turkey have constructed geo-identities based on their selective interpretations of history, geography, and politics. These identities contain visions of national greatness and destiny, while they also produce domestic discourse to distinguish allies from enemies. In the context of great power politics, geo-identities emerge as crucial fault lines between East and West. Moscow claims to represent a unified nation of Russians that can stand up against the West. In contrast, Ukraine has rebranded itself as a democratic country fighting for its independence. Finally, Turkey has attempted to maintain a neutral position between Russia and Ukraine by emphasizing its exceptionalism. In the era of geopolitical upheaval, there is a need for a new security community of liberal democracies in the wider region supported by the United States.
Governing Emerging Solar Geoengineering: A Role for Risk-Risk Evaluation?
Authors: McLaren Duncan
Published: November 2023

Abstract: In the face of rapid global heating, ideas of solar geoengineering are receiving increased attention. Yet the governance of such risky emerging technologies is poorly explored. Here I examine how the risks involved in solar geoengineering might be assessed in the context of climate risks in two different models of risk management: the technocratic, and the securitized. I show that neither model alone provides a sufficient foundation for a meaningful ‘risk-risk’ assessment, and suggest a need for better defined, yet broad scope, symmetric assessments using worst-case as well as idealised scenarios, taking into account risks in research and development as well as deployment, and considering the social distribution of risks. I conclude that effective anticipatory and ethical risk assessment may usefully supplement, but cannot replace democratic political judgements on responses to climate change.
Making some progress on the progressive aspect zài in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Paul Waltraud , Yan Shanshan
Published: November 2023

Taking into account data hitherto neglected, this article examines the progressive aspect zài 在 in Mandarin Chinese and related issues. We argue in favour of the constituency [ AspP zài 在 [V-zhe 着]] and demonstrate important syntactic and semantic differences between the progressive aspect zài 在 and the durative aspect -zhe 着 . Importantly, unlike ‘zài 在 V’, ‘V-zhe 着’ is only acceptable as the sole predicate in a root sentence when interpretable as a (derived) state. Otherwise, the presence of the progressive aspect zài 在 is required: ‘zài 在 V-zhe 着’. This crucial role of zài 在 is often obscured by its phonological fusion (haplology) with the preposition zài 在 ‘at’ heading an immediately following prepositional phrase: NP [ AspP zài 在 [ VP [ PP zài 在 NP] [V-zhe 着 NP]]] => NP ZÀI 在 NP V-zhe 着 NP. The presence/absence of an underlying progressive aspect zài 在 (having fused with the preposition zài 在) is reflected in the choice of negation. Since the progressive aspect zài 在 must be negated by méi 没, not bù 不, it follows that no underlying aspectual zài 在 is present when it is bù 不 that negates a VP with a zài 在 PP adjunct NP bù 不 [ VP [ PP zài 在 NP] VP]. By contrast, when there is an underlying aspectual zài 在, the negation méi 没 is required, resulting in the surface sequence ‘NP méi 没 ZÀI 在 NP VP’. Finally, given that a subset of auxiliaries, some stative verbs as well as state-denoting ‘V-zhe 着’ are negated by méi 没, negation of ‘zài 在 VP’ by méi 没 is compatible with the status of ‘zài 在 VP’ as a state, hence able to be true at a moment.
Lexical Evidence in Austronesian for an Austroasiatic presence in Borneo
Authors: Blevins Juliette , Kaufman Daniel
Published: November 2023

Abstract: Divergence and diversity at the level of phonology and lexicon in many of the Austronesian languages of Borneo are widely recognized and well studied. However, the source of this divergence is debated. In this paper, lexical items in the languages of Borneo which lack secure Austronesian etymologies are the object of study. Some of these words show potential semantic and phonological matches with Austroasiatic forms, suggesting a possible early period of in situ contact between Austronesian speakers and speakers of Mon-Khmer languages on the island of Borneo.
Victorian Hospitality and the Ethics of Social Relations
Authors: Pond Kristen
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT: This introduction theorizes hospitality as an ethical practice and looks at how technological and other cultural shifts in the Victorian period changed hospitality standards. Hospitality implicates various contexts, including charitable home visits, travel and tourism, and the domestic sphere. Examples from Victorian newspapers, periodicals, and fiction demonstrate attitudes on the parts of both hosts and guests. Spaces such as railway carriages and country houses offer instances where the traditional host / guest relationship was renegotiated. The Great Exhibition, as both an event and a space, represents the international scope of hospitality during Britain’s era of imperial expansion. These various examples demonstrate the ubiquity of hospitality and its importance as a consideration in the ethics of social relations.
Detecting topological index of randomly scattered V-point singularities using Stokes correlations
Authors: Gautam Akanksha , Arora Gauri , Senthilkumaran P. , Singh Rakesh Kumar
Published: November 2023

Topological defects in vector fields constitute polarization singularities that have numerous applications in classical and quantum optics. These beams are inhomogeneously polarized and are shown to self-heal under symmetric amplitude perturbations. Polarization singular beams are characterized using a singularity index that can be detected using Stokes polarimetry or other interferometric and diffraction approaches. However, the information about the singularity index is lost when these beams travel through random scattering media; this results in a spatially fluctuating polarization pattern known as polarization speckle. This paper proposes and experimentally demonstrates a new method to detect the topological index of these randomly scattered V-point singularities using higher-order Stokes correlations in a lensless condition. A detailed theoretical basis is developed, and the performance of the technique is demonstrated by retrieving the signature of polarization singularities with Poincaré–Hopf index |η|=1 and |η|=2. We also demonstrate that by studying the intensity–intensity correlations of the polarization speckle, it is possible to differentiate between different vector beams having the same magnitude as the Poincaré–Hopf index.
Topology-optimized freeform broadband optical metagrating for high-efficiency large-angle deflection
Authors: Xiao Yuting , Xu Mingfeng , Pu Mingbo , Zheng Yuhan , Zhang Fei , Guo Yinghui , Li Xiong , Ma Xiaoliang , Luo Xiangang
Published: November 2023

A metagrating made of periodic arrays of subwavelength inclusions has great capability for efficient manipulation of the impinging wavefront at subwavelength scale. However, it suffers from a significant practical issue in that the diffraction efficiency declines rapidly along with the increase of deflection angle, especially for broadband application scenarios. Here, we comprehensively investigated different topology optimization approaches to design the broadband optical metagrating for high-efficiency large-angle deflection, including single-wavelength optimization (SO), max-min optimization (MO), and average optimization (AO). It is demonstrated that the AO approach is more appropriate to optimize the broadband high-efficiency metagrating. Specifically, a freeform metagrating of up to about a 70° deflection angle at a central wavelength of 10.6 µm with diffraction efficiency exceeding 80% over a broad bandwidth of 4.36 µm in the infrared range is demonstrated based on the AO approach. It is also shown that, for all three optimization approaches, the quasi-catenary metagrating optimized from initial catenary structures has the evident advantage on bandwidth compared to that optimized from initial discrete structures. Our results provide insights into the inverse design of metagratings and may find potential applications in broadband achromatic metalenses and other broadband meta-devices.
High-order orbital angular momentum mode-based phase shift-keying communication using phase difference modulation
Authors: Chen Jiafu , Huang Zebin , Wang Peipei , Ye Huapeng , Chen Shuqing , Fan Dianyuan , Liu Junmin
Published: November 2023

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode offers a promising modulation dimension for high-order shift-keying (SK) communication due to its mode orthogonality. However, the expansion of modulation order through superposing OAM modes is constrained by the mode-field mismatch resulting from the rapidly increased divergence with mode orders. Herein, we address this problem by propose a phase-difference modulation strategy that breaks the limitation of modulation orders via introducing a phase-difference degree of freedom (DoF) beyond OAM modes. Phase-difference modulation exploits the sensitivity of mode interference to phase differences, thereby providing distinct tunable parameters. This enables the generation of a series of codable spatial modes with continuous variation within the same superposed OAM modes by manipulating the interference state. Due to the inherent independence between OAM mode and phase-difference DoF, the number of codable modes increases exponentially, which facilitates establishing ultra-high-order phase shift-keying by discretizing the continuous phase difference and establishing a one-to-one mapping between coding symbols and constructed modes. We show that a phase shift-keying communication link with a modulation order of up to 4 × 104 is achieved by employing only 3 OAM modes (+1, + 2 and +3), and the decode accuracy reaches 99.9%. Since the modulation order is exponentially correlated with the OAM modes and phase differences, the order can be greatly improved by further increasing the superimposed OAM modes, which may provide new insight for high-order OAM-based SK communication.
Research on one-to-two-point FSO system based on liquid crystal variable retarder cascade polarization grating
Authors: Lin Peng , Yu Xiaonan , Wang Tong , Wang Quanhan , Zhang Yue , Song Yansong , Dong Keyan
Published: November 2023

We experimentally demonstrated a one-to-two-point free-space optical communication (FSO) system based on non-mechanical beam servo device in the laboratory. After the initial pointing, two sets of liquid crystal variable retarder cascaded polarization gratings perform non-mechanical beam servo and realized switching or working simultaneously of two communication links. The non-mechanical beam steerer had four diffraction fields; each can achieve beam steering with a 3.72° field and 30.77 µrad resolution, and the system emission efficiency was higher than 77%. The corresponding switching times of links at 2, 4, and 10 Hz were 46.7, 43.8, and 42.1 ms, respectively. In the quasistatic condition, the sensitivities of the two links under the data rate of 10.3125 Gbps were -23.18 and -23.01 dBm, respectively, indicating the service transmission capability of the multi-node beam control system.
Burst-mode Velocimetry of Hypersonic Flow by Nitric-oxide Ionization Induced Flow Tagged Imaging
Authors: Leonov Boris , Moran Ashley , North Simon , Miles Richard
Published: November 2023

This letter describes a new approach to flow tagging, Nitric-oxide Ionization Induced Flow Tagged Imaging (NiiFTI), and presents the first experimental demonstration for single-shot velocimetry in a near Mach 6 hypersonic flow at 250 kHz. The mean velocity of 860 m/s was measured with a single-shot standard deviation of as low as 3.4 m/s and mean velocity uncertainty of 5.5 m/s. NiiFTI is characterized by a long fluorescence lifetime of nitrogen with 1/e decay of approximately 50 μs measured in air. The method relies on a single nanosecond laser combined with a high-speed camera, creating an opportunity for the utilization of a typical NO Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) experimental setup with minor modifications as well as Pulse-Burst Lasers (PBLs) for ultra-high repetition rates.
Metamodelling of a two-population spiking neural network
Authors: Skaar Jan-Eirik W. , Haug Nicolai , Stasik Alexander J. , Einevoll Gaute T. , Tøndel Kristin
Published: November 2023

In computational neuroscience, hypotheses are often formulated as bottom-up mechanistic models of the systems in question, consisting of differential equations that can be numerically integrated forward in time. Candidate models can then be validated by comparison against experimental data. The model outputs of neural network models depend on both neuron parameters, connectivity parameters and other model inputs. Successful model fitting requires sufficient exploration of the model parameter space, which can be computationally demanding. Additionally, identifying degeneracy in the parameters, i.e. different combinations of parameter values that produce similar outputs, is of interest, as they define the subset of parameter values consistent with the data. In this computational study, we apply metamodels to a two-population recurrent spiking network of point-neurons, the so-called Brunel network. Metamodels are data-driven approximations to more complex models with more desirable computational properties, which can be run considerably faster than the original model. Specifically, we apply and compare two different metamodelling techniques, masked autoregressive flows (MAF) and deep Gaussian process regression (DGPR), to estimate the power spectra of two different signals; the population spiking activities and the local field potential. We find that the metamodels are able to accurately model the power spectra in the asynchronous irregular regime, and that the DGPR metamodel provides a more accurate representation of the simulator compared to the MAF metamodel. Using the metamodels, we estimate the posterior probability distributions over parameters given observed simulator outputs separately for both LFP and population spiking activities. We find that these distributions correctly identify parameter combinations that give similar model outputs, and that some parameters are significantly more constrained by observing the LFP than by observing the population spiking activities.
1000 years of population, warfare, and climate change in pre-Columbian societies of the Central Andes
Authors: Lima Mauricio , Gayó Eugenia M. , Gurruchaga Andone , Estay Sergio A. , Santoro Calogero M.
Published: November 2023

Different Andean societies underwent processes of expansion and collapse during propitious or adverse climate conditions, resource boost or depletion along with population variations. Previous studies have emphasized that demographic collapses of polities in the Central Andes Area were triggered by warfare and the negative impacts of fluctuating climate (droughts) on crop productivity. Nevertheless, the interactions between climatic variability, demography and warfare have been less thoroughly evaluated. We develop population dynamic models to test feedback relationships between population growth, climate change and warfare in the Central Andes, where considerable regional hydroclimate variations have occurred over a millennium. Through population models, we found out that the rise and demise of social polities in the northern coast of the Central Andes appear to be a consequence of climate change. In contrast, for the highlands of Peru and the Titicaca basin, population models suggest that warfare intensity has a negative effect on population growth rates.
Optimizing diagnostic networks to increase patient access to TB diagnostic services: Development of the diagnostic network optimization (DNO) approach and learnings from its application in Kenya, India and the Philippines
Authors: Albert Heidi , Rupani Sidharth , Masini Enos , Ogoro Jeremiah , Kamene Maureen , Geocaniga-Gaviola Donna , Sistoso Eddie , Garfin Celina , Chadha Sarabjit , Kumar Nishant , Kao Kekeletso , Katz Zachary
Published: November 2023

Diagnostic network optimization (DNO) is an analytical approach that enables use of available country data to inform evidence-based decision-making to optimize access to diagnostic services. A DNO methodology was developed using available data sources and a commercial supply chain optimization software. In collaboration with Ministries of Health and partners, the approach was applied in Kenya, India and the Philippines to map TB diagnostic networks, identify misalignments, and determine optimal network design to increase patient access to TB diagnostic services and improve device utilization. The DNO analysis was successfully applied to evaluate and inform TB diagnostic services in Kenya, India and the Philippines as part of national strategic planning for TB. The analysis was tailored to each country’s specific objectives and allowed evaluation of factors such as the number and placement of different TB diagnostics, design of sample referral networks and integration of early infant diagnosis for HIV at national and sub-national levels and across public and private sectors. Our work demonstrates the value of DNO as an innovative approach to analysing and modelling diagnostic networks, particularly suited for use in low-resource settings, as an open-access approach that can be applied to optimize networks for any disease.
On estimation of P(Y < X) for inverse Pareto distribution based on progressively first failure censored data
Authors: Alharbi Randa , Garg Renu , Kumar Indrajeet , Kumari Anita , Aldallal Ramy
Published: November 2023

The stress-strength reliability (SSR) modelϕ=P(Y<X) is used in numerous disciplines like reliability engineering, quality control, medical studies, and many more to assess the strength and stresses of the systems. Here, we assumeXandYboth are independent random variables of progressively first failure censored (PFFC) data following inverse Pareto distribution (IPD) as stress and strength, respectively. This article deals with the estimation of SSR from both classical and Bayesian paradigms. In the case of a classical point of view, the SSR is computed using two estimation methods: maximum product spacing (MPS) and maximum likelihood (ML) estimators. Also, derived interval estimates of SSR based on ML estimate. The Bayes estimate of SSR is computed using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approximation procedure with a squared error loss function (SELF) based on gamma informative priors for the Bayesian paradigm. To demonstrate the relevance of the different estimates and the censoring schemes, an extensive simulation study and two pairs of real-data applications are discussed.