bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The interaction between FDI, host country characteristics and economic growth? A new panel evidence from BRICS
Authors: Joo Bashir Ahmad , Shawl Sana , Makina Daniel
Published: April 2022

Purpose

This study aims to assess the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on growth in presence of host country characteristics, namely, economic stability, human capital, financial development and trade openness, in the fastest emerging Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS) economies, considered to be significant FDI destinations.

Design/methodology/approach

The panel data for the variables under study, collected from World Investment Reports published by World Bank, are analyzed using feasible generalized least squares method to examine the relationship between the dependent and explanatory variables over the period 1987–2018. The interaction effect has been studied to examine the growth impact of FDI in presence of host country characteristics.

Findings

The findings revealed that FDI does not exert a significant impact on the economic growth of BRICS individually but has a significant growth impact only in presence of host country characteristics. FDI on interacting with financial development, trade openness and human capital exerts a positive impact on the economic growth of BRICS economies, and on interacting with economic instability (inflation), FDI has a negative impact on growth.

Practical implications

The study has implications for policy makers of BRICS countries who are suggested to work toward the development of financial markets, trade liberalization and human capital development to realize the positive growth impact of FDI.

Originality/value

Very few studies have been conducted to examine the growth effect of FDI in BRICS economies, which are considered to be the fastest-growing economies and dominant players in the global investment landscape. Assessing the interaction of FDI with absorptive capacities/host country characteristics to study its growth impact in BRICS using long data and robust panel data methodology is an original contribution of this paper toward the existing body of knowledge.
Identifying and assessing talent potential for future needs of a company
Authors: Kabalina Veronika , Osipova Alexandra
Published: April 2022

Purpose

This article investigates which definitions, indicators and instruments are used by the companies to identify and assess talented employee potential with successful performance on future pivotal positions.

Design/methodology/approach

Empirical data were collected in 2020–2021 in 45 local and multinational companies in Russia with well-established talent management functions using in-depth interviews with human resource (HR) managers and consultants.

Findings

The study found a diversity of approaches to identifying and assessing talent potential with a predominantly contextual approach but so far with little focus on company’s strategic objectives. It was also found that companies assessed cultural (values) fit, social intelligence and impact, engagement and commitment as predictors of managerial and leadership potential of talented employees for future strategic jobs, in addition to characteristics of personal resources. The search for new complex and validated tools and methods of potential assessment under budget constraints show that companies have taken the path of experimentation.

Practical implications

The results of this research can inform talent and human resource managers how to identify and assess potential of talented employees for future needs of their organizations.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to the existing research in three ways. First, it offers a classification of approaches to potential assessment and explores the underlying dimensions of high-potential talent for future needs of a company. Second, it provides an overview of the current state of potential assessment in the companies in a non-western context. Third, it points out the challenges HR professionals face in implementing potential assessment for identifying talents in a new situation of unprecedented changes and uncertain future.
Social entrepreneurs in service: motivations and types
Authors: Samuelsson Peter , Witell Lars
Published: April 2022

Purpose

This study aims to describe social entrepreneurs' motivation during the social entrepreneurship process and identify different social entrepreneurs in terms of their social characteristics.

Design/methodology/approach

The descriptive research design uses a directed qualitative interpretative approach based on 17 cases of social entrepreneurs active in healthcare innovation hubs.

Findings

The study describes the social entrepreneurs in a service context. Based on their key motivational characteristics, the study identifies three types of social entrepreneur: discoverers, seekers, and rangers. The study finds that not all of the three types regulate high levels of motivation during the social entrepreneurship process.

Research limitations/implications

Depending on the type of social entrepreneur, the social entrepreneurship process requires different forms of support. In practice, the traditional R&D process deployed by innovation hubs is suitable for rangers; discoverers and seekers commonly regulate low levels of motivation when developing and introducing their social innovations to the market.

Originality/value

Most service research on social entrepreneurship focuses on the outcome; in contrast, this empirical study focuses on the individual entrepreneurs, their motivation and process. While previous research has treated motivation as an antecedent for engagement in the social mission of entrepreneurship, the present study investigates social entrepreneurs’ motivation in relation to the social entrepreneurship process, providing insights in the behavior of social entrepreneurs.
Preference for teamwork, personal interaction and communities of practice: does co-worker support matter?
Authors: Dutta Anjali , Rangnekar Santosh
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Collaboration and preference for teamwork play a fundamental role in strengthening practical completion of team tasks. An organizational culture should facilitate learning systems where knowledge creation occurs through socialization. The purpose of this study is to develop a moderated mediation model, investigating the conditional indirect effect of co-worker support on the relationship between preference for teamwork and communities of practice.

Design/methodology/approach

Questionnaire survey was conducted via Google Forms to collect data from 210 employees working in the private and public sector in India. Hayes PROCESS macro models were used for analyzing the mediation of personal interaction and moderation of co-worker support.

Findings

This study showed evidence regarding the mediating role of personal interaction on the relationship between preference for teamwork and communities of practice. Co-worker support moderated the relationship between personal interaction and communities of practice. It also moderated the conditional indirect effect.

Practical implications

The results approve the substantial role of preference for teamwork in influencing personal interaction and communities of practice. The mediating role of personal interaction on preference for teamwork and communities of practice can lead to creation and sustenance of communities of practice. Furthermore, the moderating role of co-worker support as a conditional indirect effect shows that social support and exchange can lead to social learning.

Originality/value

Theoretical explanations and analytical approaches provide insights into the relationship between the preference for teamwork and communities of practice through a conditional indirect effect, a one of its kind of a study.
Using a mixture design method to optimize the behavior of high-performance sand concrete
Authors: Ben Salah Hadji , Dalila Benamara , Bachir Taallah
Published: April 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to express a mathematical model that predicts the effect of mineral additives on the physical–mechanical properties of high-performance sand concrete (HPSC), using SAS's JMP7 statistical analysis software.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixture design modeling approach is applied to sand concrete (SC) for optimizing mixtures without being obliged to do a lot of experiments, where the cement is partially replaced with two mineral additives silica fume (SF) and blast furnace slag (BFS) in proportions as high as 20% of the mass. A total of 15 mixtures of sand concrete is prepared in the laboratory using this analytical technique in combinations with binary and ternary systems to estimate the workability and the compressive strength (CS) of sand concrete at 7 and 28 days.

Findings

The results obtained showed that the use of derived models based on the experimental design approach greatly assisted in understanding the interactions between the various parameters of the studied mixtures; the mathematical models present excellent correlation coefficients (R² = 0.96 for CS7 days, R² = 0.93 for CS28 days and R² = 0.95 for slump) for all studied responses. Moreover, it was also found that the inclusion of additives (SF and BFS) in binary mixture SC12 and ternary mixtures SC8 leads to a significant improvement in mechanical strength compared to reference sand concrete SC15. These results give the possibility to obtain a formulation of HPSC.

Originality/value

This paper shows the possibility of manufacturing high-performance sand-concrete with good compressive strength; the developed mathematical model by using SAS's JMP7 statistical analysis software allowed us to reach a strength compression value of about 60 MPa, in 28 days, by replacing 10% of the cement weight with silica fume. Furthermore, with partial replacement of the cement weight (15%) with two additions such as silica fume (10%) and blast furnace slag (5%), a 58 MPa of compressive strength can be achieved, without overlooking the fact that this can be a key economic and environmental alternative.
Revisiting the trail pheromone components of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren
Authors: Xu Tian , Zhang Nuo , Xu Meng , Glauser Gaetan , Turlings Ted C. J. , Chen Li
Published: April 2022

Ants use species‐specific trail pheromones to coordinate their sophisticated foraging behavior. During the past decades, many trail pheromone components with various structures have been identified in ants, including the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, a notorious invasive species worldwide. Four compounds, Z,E‐ (ZEF) and E,E‐α‐farnesene (EEF), Z,E‐ (ZEHF) and E,E‐α‐homofarnesene (EEHF), have been reported as components of S. invicta trail pheromone. However, another study reported an analog of α‐farnesene, Z,Z,Z‐allofarnesene, as a key trail pheromone component. These contrasting results caused some uncertainty about the trail pheromone composition in S. invicta. In this study, we synthesized ZEF and EEF, ZEHF and EEHF, and reanalyzed the chemicals in the Dufour gland extract and in the trail pheromone fraction of S. invicta worker body extract. The reported isomers of farnesene and homofarnesene were detected and showed trail‐following activity, with ZEF as the major compound, while no allofarnesene was found, neither in the Dufour gland extract nor in the whole‐body extract. Our results confirm ZEF and EEF, ZEHF and EEHF as trail pheromone components of S. invicta.
Comparative study shows that 1 in 7 Spanish children with COVID‐19 symptoms were still experiencing issues after 12 weeks
Authors: Bergia María , Sanchez‐Marcos Elena , Gonzalez‐Haba Blanca , Hernaiz Ana I. , de Ceano‐Vivas María , García López‐Hortelano Milagros , García‐García Mª Luz , Jimenez‐García Raquel , Calvo Cristina
Published: April 2022

Aim

We investigated prolonged symptoms in children after COVID‐19, including the clinical characteristics and risk factors.

Methods

This multicentre retrospective study focused on 451 children under 18 years old who were diagnosed with symptomatic COVID‐19 between 14 March and 31 December 2020. Persistent symptoms were analysed with a telephone questionnaire by the attending physicians from 1 August to 30 September 2021. A control group of 98 with no history of COVID‐19, who were treated for other reasons, was also included.

Results

Most (82.0%) of the cases had mild infections that required outpatient care and 5.1% were admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). We found that 18.4% had symptoms that lasted 4–12 weeks. There were also 14.6% who were symptomatic for longer than 12 weeks and the odds risks were higher for children aged 5 years or more (OR 3.0), hospitalised (OR 3.9), admitted to the PICU (OR 4.3) and with relatives who were symptomatic for 12 weeks or more (OR 2.8). The controls had similar percentages of prolonged symptoms, despite having no history of COVID‐19, especially those who were older than 5 years.

Conclusion

This study confirmed that a worrying percentage of children had prolonged symptoms after COVID‐19.
Comparison of surgical outcomes of emergent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis between attending surgeons and senior residents: A propensity‐matched analysis
Authors: Ohya Hayato , Maeda Atsuyuki , Takayama Yuichi , Takahashi Takamasa , Aoyama Hiroki , Hosoi Takahiro , Seita Kazuaki , Kaneoka Yuji
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Emergent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is routinely performed for acute cholecystitis (AC) at our institution. This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility and safety of emergent LC for AC performed by senior residents.

Materials and Methods

Data from 362 patients with AC who underwent emergent LC between January 2012 and June 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Of these patients, 328 were operated on by senior residents (SR), and 34 were operated on by the attending surgeon (AS). Clinical characteristics and surgical and postoperative outcomes were compared between the SR and AS groups. Propensity score matching was used to minimize selection bias. When the operator was an SR, the LC was assisted by the AS.

Results

Before matching, in the SR group, more patients had a history of abdominal surgery, and C‐reactive protein and white blood cell counts were significantly higher. In the image findings, the minor axis of the gallbladder (GB) was longer, and the wall of the GB was thicker in the SR group. After propensity score matching, 28 pairs were identified. There were no significant differences in operative time (83 vs 88 minutes, P = .92), the amount of blood loss (25 vs 10 mL, P = .13), conversion to open surgery (3.6% vs 3.6%, P = 1), postoperative complications (7.2% vs 0%, P = .74), and postoperative hospital stay (4 vs 4 days, P = .87).

Conclusion

Emergent LC for AC performed by SR under supervision appears to be feasible and safe.
Meeting the unmet needs of disabled adults with cerebral palsy
Authors: Werner Shirli
Published: April 2022

This commentary is on the original article by Manikandan et al. on pages
1270–1280 of this issue.
A convex problem optimization solution for information management in edge computing platforms
Authors: Saad Aldosary , Almakhadmeh Zafer
Published: April 2022

Intelligent computing and social optimization techniques have been used to manage mobile edge (ME) environments for pervasive services. However, the service demand is the prime cause for requiring flawless information management. This article proposes a coherent information management (CIM) process for resolving the convex optimization problems by considering the flaws in raw information management. The information management problem for pervasiveness is defined as a nonlinear problem for user‐to‐information availability. According to the CIM, pervasive convergence is identified for the available information. Furthermore, convolutional neural learning identifies unavailable or utilized information between the service provider and the end‐user layers. This identification improves the training rate for convergence improvement and information coherency. Therefore, the nonlinear pervasiveness is distributed between different service providers, improving efficiency. Therefore, the proposed optimization method achieves a 7.4% high admittance ratio, 8.28% high utilization, 25.25% less allocation time, and 24.4% less waiting time for different availability ratios for different information availability ratios.
On brittle fracture of two‐dimensional lattices with material anisotropies
Authors: Mirsayar Mirmilad
Published: April 2022

For the first time, this paper proposes a multiscale computational approach to investigate mixed‐mode I/II fracture in two‐dimensional lattices containing material anisotropies which find their applications in additive manufacturing of cellular structures. The layer‐by‐layer fabrication of lattices produced by the additive manufacturing techniques causes material anisotropies corresponding to the build orientation. Such material anisotropies, together with the cell topology, affect the fracture behavior of lattice components under various mechanical loading. The effective macroscopic elastic properties of periodic lattices obtained via numerical homogenization are fed into a continuum‐based fracture criterion to obtain crack path and onset of fracture under mixed‐mode I/II conditions. Different cell topologies are considered, and the predictions are compared with the results obtained directly by the finite element analysis. The results of this work can pave the way toward further understanding, and eventually, optimizing fracture toughness of additively manufactured lattices against various loading profiles.
Experience of a hierarchical relationship between a pair of mice specifically influences their affective empathy toward each other
Authors: Park Jungjoon , Ha Seungshin , Shin Hee‐Sup , Jeong Jaeseung
Published: April 2022

Prior experience of social hierarchy is known to modulate emotional contagion, a basic form of affective empathy. However, it is not known whether this behavioral effect occurs through changes in an individual's traits due to their experience of social hierarchy or specific social interrelationships between the individuals. Groups of four mice with an established in‐group hierarchy were used to address this in conjunction with a tube test. The rank‐1 and rank‐4 mice were designated as the dominant or subordinate groups, respectively. The two individuals in between were designated as the intermediate groups, which were then used as the observers in observational fear learning (OFL) experiments, an assay for emotional contagion. The intermediate observers showed greater OFL responses to the dominant demonstrator than the subordinate demonstrators recruited from the same home‐cage. When the demonstrators were strangers from different cages, the intermediate observers did not distinguish between dominant and subordinate, displaying the same level of OFL. In a reverse setting in which the intermediate group was used as the demonstrator, the subordinate observers showed higher OFL responses than the dominant observers, and this occurred only when the demonstrators were cagemates of the observers. Furthermore, the bigger the rank difference between a pair, the higher the OFL level that the observer displayed. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the hierarchical interrelationship established between a given pair of animals is critical for expressing emotional contagion between them rather than any potential changes in intrinsic traits due to the experience of dominant/subordinate hierarchy.

Practitioner points

Subordinate observer or dominant demonstrator resulted in higher affective empathic response in familiar pairs but not unfamiliar pairs.

The relative social rank of the observer with respect to the demonstrator had a negative linear correlation with the affective empathic response of the observer in familiar pairs but not unfamiliar pairs.

The effect of social rank on affective empathy is attributed to the prior social hierarchical interrelationship between them and is not due to intrinsic attributes of an individual based on one's dominance rank.
A roadmap to integrating resilience into the practice of coral reef restoration
Authors: Shaver Elizabeth C. , McLeod Elizabeth , Hein Margaux Y. , Palumbi Stephen R. , Quigley Kate , Vardi Tali , Mumby Peter J. , Smith David , Montoya‐Maya Phanor , Muller Erinn M. , Banaszak Anastazia T. , McLeod Ian M. , Wachenfeld David
Published: April 2022

Recent warm temperatures driven by climate change have caused mass coral bleaching and mortality across the world, prompting managers, policymakers, and conservation practitioners to embrace restoration as a strategy to sustain coral reefs. Despite a proliferation of new coral reef restoration efforts globally and increasing scientific recognition and research on interventions aimed at supporting reef resilience to climate impacts, few restoration programs are currently incorporating climate change and resilience in project design. As climate change will continue to degrade coral reefs for decades to come, guidance is needed to support managers and restoration practitioners to conduct restoration that promotes resilience through enhanced coral reef recovery, resistance, and adaptation. Here, we address this critical implementation gap by providing recommendations that integrate resilience principles into restoration design and practice, including for project planning and design, coral selection, site selection, and broader ecosystem context. We also discuss future opportunities to improve restoration methods to support enhanced outcomes for coral reefs in response to climate change. As coral reefs are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to climate change, interventions that enhance reef resilience will help to ensure restoration efforts have a greater chance of success in a warming world. They are also more likely to provide essential contributions to global targets to protect natural biodiversity and the human communities that rely on reefs.
A gay reflection on microaggressions, symbolic normativities, and pink hair
Authors: Soini Aleksi
Published: April 2022

This autoethnographic essay addresses microaggressions and normativity of gendered performances in relation to gay employees' and their sense of organizational belonging. In my puzzled account, through retrospective fragments, I explore my daily experiences in an organizational context as a homosexual person: the story includes reacting to intentional and unintentional microaggressions, navigating my sense of belonging, and finding my way through symbolic boundaries of gendered normativities. In particular, this paper sheds light on microaggressions as symbolic expressions of iterative gendered norms, which repeatedly lead to some employee experiences being cast as ‘normal’ and some as ‘the other’. Methodologically, this paper furthers scholarly discussion on the use of autoethnography in understanding the daily struggles of lesbian, gay, bi, trans, and queer employees, whereas theoretically it elucidates the harmful effects of both microaggressions and iterative gendered norms on one's sense of belonging and the performance of the self, as well as discusses the difficulty of reacting to discursive violence.
Simulating Groundwater Interaction with a Surface Water Network Using Connected Linear Networks
Authors: Muffels Christopher , Panday Sorab , Andrews Charles , Tonkin Matthew , Spiliotopoulos Alexandros
Published: April 2022

Simulating the interaction of groundwater with surface water networks using traditional boundary packages available with MODFLOW‐USG can be challenging for complex systems. Often several package types are required as they are typically purpose built. Moreover, these packages generally do not interact with one another which complicates accounting of groundwater discharge at different points within the system. Here, we demonstrate that the connected linear network (CLN) package of MODFLOW‐USG, and advances therein in USG‐Transport, can be used to simulate groundwater interaction with a complex surface water network comprised of creeks, ponds, wetlands, and springs, in a manner that is comparable with these other packages, but with additional benefits, including explicit routing of water between the features.
Non‐breeding distribution and at‐sea activity patterns of the smallest European seabird, the European Storm Petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus)
Authors: Militão Teresa , Sanz‐Aguilar Ana , Rotger Andreu , Ramos Raül
Published: April 2022

Determining the non‐breeding distribution and activity patterns of migratory animals is essential to understand the trade‐offs across breeding, moulting and migratory periods and to evaluate the differential levels of exposure of these animals to threats throughout the year. By taking advantage of the current miniaturization of geolocators, during the breeding season of 2019, we deployed geolocators on 10 European Storm PetrelsHydrobates pelagicusbreeding on Benidorm Island, Western Mediterranean, to determine the distribution and activity patterns of this small seabird species. Of the eight individuals that were recaptured with usable geolocation data, all individuals migrated to the North Atlantic Ocean, ranging between the Canary Islands and south of Iceland. They possibly take advantage of the more productive waters in the North Atlantic areas explored during the non‐breeding period compared with the Western Mediterranean areas explored during the breeding period. This migratory pattern contrasted with the partial migration described for individuals breeding in the Central Mediterranean. Tracked individuals were more synchronous in their prenuptial than in their postnuptial migratory phenology, probably due to a higher probability of breeding success related to earlier arrival to the breeding area. At‐sea activity data indicated that individuals spent more time on the water at night (and especially on those nights around the new moon) during the first half of the non‐breeding period (matching the dates of the moulting period of the species). Although birds may begin to moult their feathers while breeding, some seemed to overlap the moulting period with the postnuptial migration. Our results show that multi‐colony studies are needed to understand the drivers of distinct migratory patterns at intra‐ and inter‐population levels and how small migratory species trade‐off the overlap of moult with other energetically demanding activities such as breeding or migrating.
Effect of malting and roasting of chickpea on functional and nutritional qualities of its protein fractions
Authors: Kaur Ravneet , Prasad Kamlesh
Published: April 2022

Chickpea is gaining importance as a sustainable plant‐based protein source due to its high protein content and protein bioavailability. Malting and roasting, the traditional processing techniques, can be used to improve the protein quality of chickpea. The effect of two processing techniques on the water‐soluble albumin fraction, salt‐soluble globulin fraction, alcohol‐soluble prolamin fraction, and alkali‐soluble glutelin fraction was studied. Globulin content decreased from 45.85% to 37.08%, whereas the albumin fraction was found to increase from 4.16% to 7.08%, after 6 days of germination. It was observed that malting and roasting resulted in significant changes in the protein quality parameters and decrease in anti‐nutritional factors. Tannin content reduced by 53.18% and 40.44%, and the trypsin inhibitor activity reduced by 14.91% and 34.59% after malting and roasting, respectively. The protein efficiency ratio, biological value, and nutritional index improved due to malting and roasting. The biological value of raw chickpea protein was found to be 74.97%, and it increased to 81.89% and 79.27% on malting and roasting, respectively, and protein digestibility values were also increased. Microstructural and diffraction patterns of chickpea flours were examined. Amino acid scores for infants and adults were calculated, and sulphur‐containing amino acids were found to be the limiting amino acids in chickpea.
Insight into the physicochemical, structural, and in vitro hypoglycemic properties of bamboo shoot dietary fibre: comparison of physical modification methods
Authors: Tang Caidie , Yang Jinlai , Zhang Fusheng , Kan Jianquan , Wu Liangru , Zheng Jiong
Published: April 2022

The effects of high‐temperature cooking (HTC), high‐pressure homogenisation (HPH), ultrasonic treatment (UT), and their combination (i.e., UT–HTC, HPH–HTC, and UT–HPH) on the physicochemical, structural, and in vitro hypoglycemic properties of bamboo shoot dietary fibres (BSDF) were investigated and compared. The soluble dietary fibre, arabinose, and glucose contents increased in all modified samples. The BSDF obtained by UT had a loose structure with a honeycomb appearance on the surface. UT–HTC resulted in the highest water‐holding capacity (8.38 g g−1) and α‐amylase activity inhibition ratio (56.14%). The BSDF modified by HPH–HTC had the lowest relative crystallinity (27.96%). Compared with those of control check (CK), the oil‐holding and swelling capacities of samples treated by UT–HPH increased by 55.35% and 91.47%, respectively. The glucose adsorption capacity of samples followed the order: UT–HTC > UT–HPH > HPH–HTC > HPH > UT ≈ HTC. Furthermore, the maximum glucose dialysis retardation index values of BSDF treated by UT–HPH, HPH, and HPH–HTC increased by 44.51%, 30.61%, and 27.20%, respectively, in comparison with CK. This study indicated that UT–HTC, HPH–HTC, and UT–HPH are innovative and promising modification methods to obtain BSDF with excellent physicochemical and functional properties.
The effect of preoperative smoking and smoke cessation on wound healing and infection in post‐surgery subjects: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu Dazhen , Zhu Long , Yang Changhai
Published: April 2022

A meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate the preoperative smoking and smoke cessation on wound healing and infection in post‐surgery subjects. A systematic literature search up to January 2022 incorporated 11 trials involving 218 567 subjects after post‐surgery at the beginning of the study; 176 670 were smoke cessation or non‐smokers, and 41 897 were smokers. Statistical tools like the dichotomous method were used within a random or fixed‐influence model to establish the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to evaluate the influence of preoperative smoking and smoke cessation on wound healing and infection in post‐surgery subjects. Smoke cessation or non‐smokers had significantly lower postoperative wound healing problems (OR, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.43‐0.82, P < .001), and surgical site wound infection (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.63‐0.87, P < .001) compared with smokers in post‐surgery subjects. Smoke cessation or non‐smokers had significantly lower postoperative wound healing problems, and surgical site wound infection compared with smokers in post‐surgery subjects. Furthermore, evidence is needed to confirm the outcomes.
‘Smiles and laughter and all those really great things’: Nurses' perceptions of good experiences of care for inpatient children and young people with intellectual disability
Authors: Mimmo Laurel , Hodgins Michael , Samir Nora , Travaglia Joanne , Woolfenden Susan , Harrison Reema
Published: April 2022

Aim

To understand what constitutes a good experience of care for inpatient children and young people with intellectual disability as perceived by nursing staff.

Design

Interpretive qualitative study.

Methods

Focus groups with clinical nursing staff from speciality neurological/neurosurgical and adolescent medicine wards across two specialist tertiary children's hospitals in Australia were conducted between March and May 2021. Data analysis followed interpretative analysis methods to develop themes and codes which were mapped to a conceptual model of safe care.

Results

Six focus groups with 29 nurses of varying experience levels were conducted over 3 months. Themes and codes were mapped to the six themes of the conceptual model: use rapport, know the child, negotiate roles, shared learning, build trust and relationships, and past experiences. The analysis revealed two new themes that extended the conceptual model to include; the unique role of a paediatric nurse, and joy and job satisfaction, with a third contextual theme, impacts of COVID‐19 pandemic restrictions. With the perspectives of paediatric nurses incorporated into the model we have enhanced our model of safe care specifically for inpatient paediatric nursing care of children and young people with intellectual disability.

Conclusion

Including perceptions of paediatric nurses confirmed the position of the child with intellectual disability being at the centre of safe care, where care is delivered as a partnership between nursing staff, child or young person and their parents/family and the hospital systems and processes.

Impact

The enhanced model offers a specialized framework for clinical staff and health managers to optimize the delivery of safe care for children and young people with intellectual disability in hospital.
Cannabis use and the risk of periodontitis: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Baumeister Sebastian‐Edgar , Alayash Zoheir , Baurecht Hansjörg , Reckelkamm Stefan Lars , Kocher Thomas , Holtfreter Birte , Ehmke Benjamin , Nolde Michael
Published: April 2022

Aim

This study aimed to leverage human genetic data to investigate whether cannabis use causally affects periodontitis.

Materials and Methods

Data were obtained from summary statistics of genome‐wide association studies of lifetime cannabis use (N = 184,765), cannabis use disorder (17,068 cases; 357,219 controls), and periodontitis (17,353 cases; 28,210 controls). We performed two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using 6 genetic variants as instrumental variables for lifetime cannabis use and 11 variants as instruments for cannabis use disorder to estimate associations with periodontitis.

Results

There was no evidence for an association between genetic liability for lifetime cannabis use or cannabis use disorder with periodontitis. The estimates from the primary analyses were supported in multivariable MR analysis, which considered potential pleiotropic pathways and in weak instrument analyses.

Conclusions

This study provides little evidence to support a detrimental effect of genetic liability for cannabis use on periodontal health.
Comparison of supine and seated orthostatic hypotension assessments and their association with falls and orthostatic symptoms
Authors: Juraschek Stephen P. , Appel Lawrence J. , M. Mitchell Christine , Mukamal Kenneth J. , Lipsitz Lewis A. , Blackford Amanda L. , Cai Yurun , Guralnik Jack M. , Kalyani Rita R. , Michos Erin D. , Schrack Jennifer A. , Wanigatunga Amal A. , Miller Edgar R.
Published: April 2022

Background

Orthostatic hypotension (OH) based on a change from seated‐to‐standing blood pressure (BP) is often used interchangeably with supine‐to‐standing BP.

Methods

The Study to Understand Fall Reduction and Vitamin D in You (STURDY) was a randomized trial of vitamin D3 supplementation and fall in adults aged ≥70 years at high risk of falls. OH was defined as a drop in systolic or diastolic BP of at least 20 or 10 mmHg, measured at pre‐randomization, 3‐, 12‐, and 24‐month visits with each of 2 protocols: seated‐to‐standing and supine‐to‐standing. Participants were asked about orthostatic symptoms, and falls were ascertained via daily fall calendar, ad hoc reporting, and scheduled interviews.

Results

Among 534 participants with 993 paired supine and seated assessments (mean age 76 ± 5 years, 42% women, 18% Black), mean baseline BP was 130 ± 19/68 ± 11 mmHg; 62% had a history of high BP or hypertension. Mean BP increased 3.5 (SE, 0.4)/2.6 (SE, 0.2) mmHg from sitting to standing, but decreased with supine to standing (mean change: −3.7 [SE, 0.5]/−0.8 [SE, 0.3] mmHg; P‐value < 0.001). OH was detected in 2.1% (SE, 0.5) of seated versus 15.0% (SE, 1.4) of supine assessments (P < 0.001). While supine and seated OH were not associated with falls (HR: 1.55 [0.95, 2.52] vs 0.69 [0.30, 1.58]), supine systolic OH was associated with higher fall risk (HR: 1.77 [1.02, 3.05]). Supine OH was associated with self‐reported fainting, blacking out, seeing spots and room spinning in the prior month (P‐values < 0.03), while sitting OH was not associated with any symptoms (P‐values ≥ 0.40).

Conclusion

Supine OH was more frequent, associated with orthostatic symptoms, and potentially more predictive of falls than seated OH.
The Loss in Connection with Catastrophes (LICCS) Scale: Understanding couple outcomes
Authors: Witting Alyssa Banford , Busby Dean M.
Published: April 2022

This study presented the design of the Loss in Connection with Catastrophes Scale (LICCS). Information regarding reliability and validity were presented, alongside the potential uses of this instrument in research and clinical settings. Furthermore, the importance of attending to couple and family relationships in disaster studies was proposed, and preliminary dyadic findings examining the LICCS with a sample of heterosexual couples (N = 240) as a correlate of mental and relational well‐being were set forth. The overall findings suggest (a) resource loss as well as indicators of mental and relational well‐being were associated among couples and (b) greater resource loss was associated with greater distress within and between partners. This study was important in that it is one of only a few in the past two decades to utilize dyadic data in the study of couples and disasters. Directions for future study using the LICCS to understand loss processes were addressed.
Streptococcus pasteurianus‐induced valvular endocarditis and sepsis in a puerperal emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator)
Authors: Oliveira Ayisa Rodrigues , de Castro Mariana Ferreira , Pimentel Samantha Pinheiro , de Carvalho Thaynara Parente , Santana Clarissa Helena , Santos Daniel de Oliveira , Tinoco Herlandes Penha , Coelho Carlyle Mendes , Pessanha Angela Tinoco , da Paixão Tatiane Alves , Santos Renato Lima
Published: April 2022

Streptococcus pasteurianus is associated with endocarditis and sepsis in humans. A puerperal emperor tamarin died, and necropsy showed a bacterial endocarditis with sepsis. DNA sequencing from the paraffinized heart tissue was compatible with S. pasteurianus. S. pasteurianus could be an important agent associated with sepsis in tamarins.
Glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities in Cushing's syndrome
Authors: Salehidoost Rezvan , Korbonits Márta
Published: April 2022

Prolonged excess of glucocorticoids (GCs) has adverse systemic effects leading to significant morbidities and an increase in mortality. Metabolic alterations associated with the high level of the GCs are key risk factors for the poor outcome. These include GCs causing excess gluconeogenesis via upregulation of key enzymes in the liver, a reduction of insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue by inhibiting the insulin receptor signalling pathway, and inhibition of insulin secretion in beta cells leading to dysregulated glucose metabolism. In addition, chronic GC exposure leads to an increase in visceral adipose tissue, as well as an increase in lipolysis resulting in higher circulating free fatty acid levels and in ectopic fat deposition. Remission of hypercortisolism improves these metabolic changes, but very often does not result in full resolution of the abnormalities. Therefore, long‐term monitoring of metabolic variables is needed even after the resolution of the excess GC levels.
Effectiveness of transition programs on new graduate nurses’ clinical competence, job satisfaction and perceptions of support: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Charette Martin , McKenna Lisa , McGillion Anthony , Burke Shirley
Published: April 2022

Aim

To assess the effectiveness of two graduate nurse programs on new graduate nurses’ overall competence at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Secondary aims were to assess new nurses’ job satisfaction at 12 months and explore their experiences of support.

Background

Most clinical settings have implemented transition programs to help new nurses to adapt to their new environments and expand their competences. To this day, very few studies have assessed the effectiveness of these programs.

Design

Longitudinal mixed‐methods study.

Methods

The study was conducted at two teaching hospitals in Australia. New nurses were recruited during orientation. Data were collected at baseline (T0;n = 88), 3 (T1;n = 29), 6 (T2;n = 15), 9 (T3;n = 11) and 12 months (T4;n = 9). At each time point, the questionnaire included demographic and the Nurse Competence Scale. At T4, the questionnaire also included the Nurse Satisfaction Scale. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted from T1 to T4. This study conforms to the STROBE guidelines.

Results

Competence increased significantly at T1, with participants stating that they learned by “getting out” of student mode. At T2, despite no significant difference in competence, participants expressed they were more confident and in control, because they felt supported. Again, at T3, there was no significant increase in competence. Finally, at T4, competence increased significantly, with participants acknowledging that they still had a lot to learn.

Conclusion

This study supports that 12‐month transition programs are necessary for NGNs to expand their competence. One major factor influencing NGNs during their first year was how well they felt supported and encouraged to seek help when they needed it.

Relevance

There is a need to understand how new NGNs enrolled in transition programs expand their competences. Their professional development depends on a supportive environment where NGNs feel confident in asking questions or for help.
Individual differences in social power: Links with beliefs about emotion and emotion regulation
Authors: Zerwas Felicia K. , Tharp Jordan A. , Chen Serena , Mauss Iris B.
Published: April 2022

Objective

People differ in how they regulate their emotions, and how they do so is guided by their beliefs about emotion. We propose that social power—one's perceived influence over others—relates to one's beliefs about emotion and to emotion regulation. More powerful people are characterized as authentic and uninhibited, which should translate to the belief that one should not have to control one's emotions and, in turn, less suppression and more acceptance. More powerful people are also characterized as self‐efficacious and confident, which should translate to the belief that one can control one's emotions and, in turn, more reappraisal and acceptance.

Method

Two preregistered studies using four samples (Ntotal = 1286) tested these hypotheses using cross‐sectional and longitudinal surveys as well as diaries.

Results

In Study 1, power related to beliefs about emotion and emotion regulation in hypothesized ways. Study 2 also largely supported the hypotheses: The belief that one should not have to control one's emotions accounted for the links between power and suppression and acceptance, whereas the belief that one can control one's emotions accounted for the link between power and reappraisal.

Conclusion

Power and emotion regulation are interconnected, in part because of their links with beliefs about emotions.
How many and what mechanisms are needed to explain self‐regulatory functions in personality dynamics: Toward a model based on the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits
Authors: Skimina Ewa , Strus Włodzimierz , Cieciuch Jan , Topolewska‐Siedzik Ewa
Published: April 2022

We propose a model of basic self‐regulatory mechanisms that integrates descriptive‐structural and dynamic‐explanatory approaches to personality. Using a structural way of thinking and based on a structural model of personality (the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits), we deduced two orthogonal (distinct) but interactive mechanisms: (a) Impulse Control responsible for controlling automatically activated impulses, urges, and affective reactions and (b) Self‐Motivation responsible for regulating intentions in goal‐oriented behaviors. Their operation depends on both situational and dispositional factors and optimal functioning of both mechanisms is needed for effective regulation of behavior. People can also be characterized by relatively stable levels of Impulse Control and Self‐Motivation as dispositions, which depend on temperamental predispositions but can develop incoherently with them due to the impact of environmental factors. Combinations of Impulse Control and Self‐Motivation as dispositions result in personality types, which differ in their adaptiveness. Importantly, Impulse Control and Self‐Motivation mechanisms reveal substantial similarities to other self‐regulatory constructs described in the literature, particularly those included in Block and Block's as well as Kuhl's theories. The contribution of our paper may serve as an example of how to apply the descriptive‐structural approach to develop a dynamic‐explanatory model of personality.
The association of crash response times and deaths at the crash scene: A cross‐sectional analysis using the 2019 National Emergency Medical Service Information System
Authors: Adeyemi Oluwaseun J. , Paul Rajib , DiMaggio Charles , Delmelle Eric , Arif Ahmed
Published: April 2022

Background

Deaths at the crash scene (DAS) are crash deaths that occur within minutes after a crash. Rapid crash responses may reduce the occurrence of DAS.

Objectives

This study aims to assess the association of crash response time and DAS during the rush and nonrush hour periods by rurality/urbanicity.

Method

This single‐year cross‐sectional study used the 2019 National Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Information System. The outcome variable was DAS. The predictor variables were crash response measures: EMS Chute Initiation Time (ECIT) and EMS Travel Time (ETT). Age, gender, substance use, region of the body injured, and the revised trauma score were used as potential confounders. Logistic regression was used to assess the unadjusted and adjusted odds of DAS.

Results

A total of 654,675 persons were involved in EMS‐activated road crash events, with 49.6% of the population exposed to crash events during the rush hour period. A total of 2,051 persons died at the crash scene. Compared to the baseline of less than 1 minute, ECIT ranging from 1 to 5 minutes was significantly associated with 58% (95% CI: 1.45‐1.73) increased odds of DAS. Also, when compared to the baseline of less than 9 minutes, ETT ranging between 9 and 18 minutes was associated with 34% (95% CI: 1.22‐1.47) increased odds of DAS. These patterns were consistent during the rush and nonrush hour periods and across rural and urban regions.

Conclusion

Reducing crash response times may reduce the occurrence of DAS.
Asymmetric belowground carbon transfer in a diverse tree community
Authors: Avital Shifra , Rog Ido , Livne‐Luzon Stav , Cahanovitc Rotem , Klein Tamir
Published: April 2022

Mycorrhizal fungi can colonize multiple trees of a single or multiple taxa, facilitating bidirectional exchange of carbon between trees. Mycorrhiza‐induced carbon transfer was shown in the forest, but it is unknown whether carbon is shared symmetrically among tree species, and if not, which tree species are better donors and which are better recipients. Here, we test this question by investigating carbon transfer dynamics among five Mediterranean tree species in a microcosm system, including both ectomycorrhizal (EM) and arbuscular (AM) plants. Trees were planted together in “community boxes” using natural soil from a mixed forest plot that serves as a habitat for all five tree species and their native mycorrhizal fungi. In each box, only the trees of a single species were pulse‐labelled with13CO2. We found that carbon transfer was asymmetric, with oak being a better donor, and pistacia and cypress better recipients. Shared mycorrhizal species may have facilitated carbon transfer, but their diversity did not affect the amount, nor timing, of the transfer. Overall, our findings in a microcosm system expose rich, but hidden, belowground interactions in a diverse population of trees and mycorrhizal fungi. The asymmetric carbon exchange among cohabiting tree species could potentially contribute to forest resilience in an uncertain future.