bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrospective multicentre study of carboplatin monotherapy for clinical stage I seminoma
Authors: Steiner Hannes , Scheiber Karl , Berger Andreas P. , Rein Patrick , Hobisch Alfred , Aufderklamm Josef , Pilloni Stefania , Stoehr Brigitte , Aigner Friedrich , Fritzer Andreas , Zangerl Florian
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Therapy (prospective cohort) Level of Evidence 2a

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

The debate concerning standard treatment following unilateral inguinal orchiectomy for patients with clinical stage I seminoma is ongoing. The MRC TE19/EORTC 30982 trial has proven the non‐inferiority of carboplatin to radiotherapy, representing a strong argument for the potential use of carboplatin especially with respect to a good long‐term side‐effect profile.

More data and a longer follow‐up for carboplatin are required. Different guidelines state that ‘two courses of adjuvant carboplatin seem to further reduce the relapse rate. . . . but further experience and long‐term observations are needed’. The present study retrospectively evaluated the long‐term oncological efficacy and morbidity of this approach in a multicentre setting to add further long‐term data to this topic.

OBJECTIVE

• To evaluate, in a retrospective multicentre study, the long‐term oncological efficacy and morbidity of using carboplatin as an alternative treatment for patients with clinical stage I seminoma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• Patients with clinical stage I seminoma treated with two cycles of adjuvant single‐agent carboplatin (400 mg/m2 body surface) from February 1990 until September 2008 were retrospectively identified.

• A database was created (including information on patient characteristics, initial tumour staging, tumour marker levels, follow‐up, oncological outcome, treatment side effects and long‐term side effects), descriptive analyses were performed and the data were compared with those available in the literature.

RESULTS

• Of 282 stage I seminomas identified in 276 patients, risk factors for progression (pT2/3, vessel invasion or tumour diameter ≥4 cm) were detected in 48.2% of tumours.

• Chemotherapy was well tolerated, with patients experiencing only mild nausea. Bone marrow suppression was common (leucopaenia in 36.7% and thrombocytopaenia in 50.5% of patients, mainly grade 1/2). Neither neutropenic fever, nor any bleeding complication occurred.

• During a mean follow‐up of 75 months, three patients (1.06%) developed a retroperitoneal recurrence within the first 2 years after receiving adjuvant treatment and were salvaged by cisplatin‐based chemotherapy. A contralateral second testicular germ cell tumour was diagnosed in five patients.

CONCLUSIONS

• Two cycles of carboplatin monotherapy are highly effective and very well tolerated by all patients. The frequency of contralateral tumours appears to be reduced.

• Despite the lack of a randomized trial, the available data in the literature suggest that the administration of two cycles instead of one cycle could lead to a reduction in recurrence rates of ≈50%.
Moving Least Squares Coordinates
Authors: Manson Josiah , Schaefer Scott
Published: September 2010

We propose a new family of barycentric coordinates that have closed‐forms for arbitrary 2D polygons. These coordinates are easy to compute and have linear precision even for open polygons. Not only do these coordinates have linear precision, but we can create coordinates that reproduce polynomials of a set degree m as long as degree m polynomials are specified along the boundary of the polygon. We also show how to extend these coordinates to interpolate derivatives specified on the boundary.
Trivial Connections on Discrete Surfaces
Authors: Crane Keenan , Desbrun Mathieu , Schröder Peter
Published: September 2010

This paper presents a straightforward algorithm for constructing connections on discrete surfaces that are as smooth as possible everywhere but on a set of isolated singularities with given index. We compute these connections by solving a single linear system built from standard operators. The solution can be used to design rotationally symmetric direction fields with user‐specified singularities and directional constraints.
Mixed Finite Elements for Variational Surface Modeling
Authors: Jacobson Alec , Tosun Elif , Sorkine Olga , Zorin Denis
Published: September 2010

Many problems in geometric modeling can be described using variational formulations that define the smoothness of the shape and its behavior w.r.t. the posed modeling constraints. For example, high‐quality C2 surfaces that obey boundary conditions on positions, tangents and curvatures can be conveniently defined as solutions of high‐order geometric PDEs; the advantage of such a formulation is its conceptual representation‐independence. In practice, solving high‐order problems efficiently and accurately for surfaces approximated by meshes is notoriously difficult. For modeling applications, the preferred approach is to use discrete geometric schemes which are efficient and robust, but their convergence properties are less well understood compared to higher‐order FEM. In this paper, we explore discretizations of common geometric PDEs on meshes using mixed finite elements, where additional variables for the derivatives in the problem are introduced. Such formulations use first‐order derivatives only, allowing a discretization with simple linear elements. Various boundary conditions can be naturally discretized in this setting. We formalize continuous region constraints commonly used in modeling applications, and show that these seamlessly fit into the mixed framework. We demonstrate that some of the commonly used discrete geometric discretizations can be regarded as a particular case of mixed finite elements. We study the convergence behavior of our discretizations, and how they can be applied to implement common modeling tasks.
Enhancing Bounding Volumes using Support Plane Mappings for Collision Detection
Authors: Vogiannou Athanasios , Moustakas Konstantinos , Tzovaras Dimitrios , Strintzis Michael G.
Published: September 2010

In this paper we present a new method for improving the performance of the widely used Bounding Volume Hierarchies for collision detection. The major contribution of our work is a culling algorithm that serves as a generalization of the Separating Axis Theorem for non parallel axes, based on the well‐known concept of support planes. We also provide a rigorous definition of support plane mappings and implementation details regarding the application of the proposed method to commonly used bounding volumes. The paper describes the theoretical foundation and an overall evaluation of the proposed algorithm. It demonstrates its high culling efficiency and in its application, significant improvement of timing performance with different types of bounding volumes and support plane mappings for rigid body simulations.
Polygonal Boundary Evaluation of Minkowski Sums and Swept Volumes
Authors: Campen Marcel , Kobbelt Leif
Published: September 2010

We present a novel technique for the efficient boundary evaluation of sweep operations applied to objects in polygonal boundary representation. These sweep operations include Minkowski addition, offsetting, and sweeping along a discrete rigid motion trajectory. Many previous methods focus on the construction of a polygonal superset (containing self‐intersections and spurious internal geometry) of the boundary of the volumes which are swept. Only few are able to determine a clean representation of the actual boundary, most of them in a discrete volumetric setting. We unify such superset constructions into a succinct common formulation and present a technique for the robust extraction of a polygonal mesh representing the outer boundary, i.e. it makes no general position assumptions and always yields a manifold, watertight mesh. It is exact for Minkowski sums and approximates swept volumes polygonally. By using plane‐based geometry in conjunction with hierarchical arrangement computations we avoid the necessity of arbitrary precision arithmetics and extensive special case handling. By restricting operations to regions containing pieces of the boundary, we significantly enhance the performance of the algorithm.
Globally Consistent Space‐Time Reconstruction
Authors: Popa T. , South‐Dickinson I. , Bradley D. , Sheffer A. , Heidrich W.
Published: September 2010

Most objects deform gradually over time, without abrupt changes in geometry or topology, such as changes in genus. Correct space‐time reconstruction of such objects should satisfy this gradual change prior. This requirement necessitates a globally consistent interpretation of spatial adjacency. Consider the capture of a surface that comes in contact with itself during the deformation process, such as a hand with different fingers touching one another in parts of the sequence. Naive reconstruction would glue the contact regions together for the duration of each contact and keep them apart in other parts of the sequence. However such reconstruction violates the gradual change prior as it enforces a drastic intrinsic change in the object's geometry at the transition between the glued and unglued sub‐sequences. Instead consistent global reconstruction should keep the surfaces separate throughout the entire sequence. We introduce a new method for globally consistent space‐time geometry and motion reconstruction from video capture. We use the gradual change prior to resolve inconsistencies and faithfully reconstruct the geometry and motion of the scanned objects. In contrast to most previous methods our algorithm doesn't require a strong shape prior such as a template and provides better results than other template‐free approaches.
On Discrete Killing Vector Fields and Patterns on Surfaces
Authors: Ben‐Chen Mirela , Butscher Adrian , Solomon Justin , Guibas Leonidas
Published: September 2010

Symmetry is one of the most important properties of a shape, unifying form and function. It encodes semantic information on one hand, and affects the shape's aesthetic value on the other. Symmetry comes in many flavors, amongst the most interesting being intrinsic symmetry, which is defined only in terms of the intrinsic geometry of the shape. Continuous intrinsic symmetries can be represented using infinitesimal rigid transformations, which are given as tangent vector fields on the surface – known as Killing Vector Fields. As exact symmetries are quite rare, especially when considering noisy sampled surfaces, we propose a method for relaxing the exact symmetry constraint to allow for approximate symmetries and approximate Killing Vector Fields, and show how to discretize these concepts for generating such vector fields on a triangulated mesh. We discuss the properties of approximate Killing Vector Fields, and propose an application to utilize them for texture and geometry synthesis.
Localized Delaunay Refinement for Sampling and Meshing
Authors: Dey T. K. , Levine J. A. , Slatton A.
Published: September 2010

The technique of Delaunay refinement has been recognized as a versatile tool to generate Delaunay meshes of a variety of geometries. Despite its usefulness, it suffers from one lacuna that limits its application. It does not scale well with the mesh size. As the sample point set grows, the Delaunay triangulation starts stressing the available memory space which ultimately stalls any effective progress. A natural solution to the problem is to maintain the point set in clusters and run the refinement on each individual cluster. However, this needs a careful point insertion strategy and a balanced coordination among the neighboring clusters to ensure consistency across individual meshes. We design an octtree based localized Delaunay refinement method for meshing surfaces in three dimensions which meets these goals. We prove that the algorithm terminates and provide guarantees about structural properties of the output mesh. Experimental results show that the method can avoid memory thrashing while computing large meshes and thus scales much better than the standard Delaunay refinement method.
Signing the Unsigned: Robust Surface Reconstruction from Raw Pointsets
Authors: Mullen Patrick , De Goes Fernando , Desbrun Mathieu , Cohen‐Steiner David , Alliez Pierre
Published: September 2010

We propose a modular framework for robust 3D reconstruction from unorganized, unoriented, noisy, and outlierridden geometric data. We gain robustness and scalability over previous methods through an unsigned distance approximation to the input data followed by a global stochastic signing of the function. An isosurface reconstruction is finally deduced via a sparse linear solve. We show with experiments on large, raw, geometric datasets that this approach is scalable while robust to noise, outliers, and holes. The modularity of our approach facilitates customization of the pipeline components to exploit specific idiosyncracies of datasets, while the simplicity of each component leads to a straightforward implementation.
ERGATIVE REFLEXIVES IN HEERLEN DUTCH AND FRENCH*
Authors: Cornips Leonie , Hulk Aafke
Published: September 2010

Abstract. In this article it is shown that the Heerlen Dutch construction Her riet birigt zich‘the reed bends refl crucially differs from its Standard Dutch counterpart’. Instead, it has properties very similar to the ones of the French construction La branche se casse‘the branch refl breaks’. First, it is argued that both the Heerlen Dutch and the French constructions are ergative intransitive counterparts of transitive change of state verbs with a Causer as external argument. Secondly, it is shown that in the ergative constructions zich/se act as an aspectual marker, namely the aspectual focus is on the end‐point of the event. We will claim that this specific aspectual function of the reflexive element is not language specific but that it is a general property of ‘reflexive’ languages of both the ‘Roman’ and the ‘German’ type.
ADVERB POSITIONING AND V‐MOVEMENT IN ENGLISH: SOME MORE EVIDENCE
Authors: Costa Joāo
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Empirical evidence is presented in favour of the claim first made in Pesetsky (1989) that English lexical verbs move overtly, as can be argued given the order V‐Adverb‐PP. Extraction tests are used to show that the PP in the sequence at stake is not extraposed across the adverb, as claimed in Pollock (1994). It is shown that, in order to get a clear picture with respect to the placement of the verb, one has to use adverbs which can only be left‐adjoined to VP (e.g. well).
THE GRAMMATICAL STATUS OF PURE FUTURE ‘WILL’ AND THE CATEGORY OF FUTURE FORM
Authors: Okamura Yusuke
Published: September 2010

Abstract. In the first section, which follows the preliminary remarks, it is pointed out that pure fiture will is the sole means of expressing futurity. In the second section it is observed that there is some evidence for believing that pure future will is distinct both from intrinsic (i.e. volitional) will and from extrinsic (i.e. epistemic) will. In the third section the reason is stated why pure future will should not be viewed as a tense auxiliary verb. And in the same section the claim is made that ‘the will of pure futurity should be regarded as a primary auxiliary verb which makes a future form with a base form of full verb’. Some significant consequences which follow from the claim that pure future will is a primary auxiliary verb which serves to make a future form are observed in the fourth section.
VERB‐SECOND AND THE A‐BAR SYNTAX OF SUBJECTS
Authors: Branigan Philip
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Two competing theories of verb‐second clause structure are compared, and their relative merits are identified. A synthesis of the two theories is proposed, wherein the position occupied by the subject in finite clauses in verb‐second Germanic languages is argued to be uniformly Spec‐C, in both verb‐second clauses and non‐verb second clauses. It is shown that this approach allows for a unified theory of Germanic verb‐second. The mechanisms which motivate subject movement for Spec‐C are elucidated, and the necessary accompanying constraints on CP‐recursion structures are presented. A revision of Holmberg's (1986) Predicate Principle is defended as the driving force for verb‐second head‐movement.
THE REPRESENTATION OF VOWEL REDUCTION: NON‐SPECIFICATION AND REDUCTION IN OLD ENGLISH AND BULGARIAN
Authors: Anderson John
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Phonological vowel reduction under low stress involves loss of contrast, and the characterisation of this loss offers a ‘test area’ for theories of vowel representation. The present paper distinguishes between syntagmatic and paradigmatic reduction, illustrated from Old English and Contemporary Bulgarian, such that only in the latter case is the same contrastive element realised as both stressed and unstressed. It is argued that characterisation of these instances of both types requires representations which are either in underspecified form or constructed in a notation which is inherently underspecifying. In other respects, the part of the ‘test area’ investigated here is less selective with respect to systems of notation.
SPECIFICITY OPERATORS IN SpecDP
Authors: Campbell Richard
Published: September 2010

Abstract.In this paper I argue that a common noun phrase DP contains a small clause, including both a predicate (headed by the common noun) and an abstract subject position. DPs that are specific (in the sense of EnG 1991) are argued to have an operator in SpecDP, which A‐bar binds the abstract subject position of the DP‐internal small clause. This analysis forms the basis of an account of the Specificity Effect on extraction from DP, as well as some other facts concerning the internal structure of DP. The analysis also predicts that while specific nominal predicates are DPs, non‐specific nominal predicates are not. The two kinds of nominal predicate differ distributionally, and it is shown that these differences follow from the proposed analysis.
ANAPHORS AS PRONOUNS
Authors: Jayaseelan K. A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. In this paper we point out that in a wide variety of languages, reflexive anaphors seem sensitive to Principle B when they are morphologically simple. While this is now acknowledged by many linguists, we show that (further), when reflexive anaphors in these languages are morphologically complex, they still contain a pronominal element which obeys Principle B. We also provide evidence that many complex reflexive forms which are currently taken to be local (or ‘strict’) anaphors, are on closer examination seen to be only non‐local: i.e. they can take both local and long‐distance antecedents. We suggest a syntactic process of ‘reflexivization’ which enables anti‐local (pronominal) elements to take an antecedent in the minimal clause. We lastly show that truly local anaphors ‐ like reciprocals and distributives ‐ also contain a pronominal element which obeys Principle B.
CONSTRAINTS ON TENSE CHOICE IN REPORTED SPEECH
Authors: Declerck Renaat , Tanaka Kazuhiko
Published: September 2010

Abstract.In reported speech, athat‐clause depending on a reporting verb in the past tense can under certain conditions use the present tense instead of the past tense:He said that his name was/is John. The conditions in question have often been discussed in the literature (see especially Riddle 1978). The present article concentrates on the factors that hamper or prevent the use of the present tense. Some of these have to do with the fact that a reporting verb creates an intensional domain, others are related to the speaker's choice of ‘temporal focus’. All in all, the factors appear to be numerous and of many different types: they have to do with syntax, semantics, pragmatics, communication structure and context. The theoretical relevance of these findings is that they cast doubt on the traditional ‘sequence of tense’ analysis of reported speech and corroborate the analysis in terms of ‘temporal domains’ proposed in Declerck (1991).
Boghossian on Reductive Dispositionalism About Content: The Case Strengthened
Authors: MILLER ALEXANDER
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Paul Boghossian has recently argued against reductive dispositionalism concerning mental content. However, there is a powerful version of reductive dispositionalism—based on work by Ramsey and Lewis—that Boghossian does not consider. In this paper I argue that Boghossian's arguments can be adapted to apply even to this stronger version of reductionism.
Do Connectionist Representations Earn Their Explanatory Keep?
Authors: RAMSEY WILLIAM
Published: September 2010

Abstract:In this paper I assess the explanatory role of internal representations in connectionist models of cognition. Focusing on both the internal‘hidden’units and the connection weights between units, I argue that the standard reasons for viewing these components as representations are inadequate to bestow an explanatorily useful notion of representation. Hence, nothing would be lost from connectionist accounts of cognitive processes if we were to stop viewing the weights and hidden units as internal representations.
Can We Believe What We Do Not Understand?
Authors: RECANATI FRANÇOIS
Published: September 2010

Abstract: In a series of papers, Sperber provides the following analysis of the phenomenon of ill‐understood belief (or ‘quasi‐belief’, as I call it): (i) the quasi‐believer has a validating meta‐belief, to the effect that a certain representation is true; yet (ii) that representation does not give rise to a plain belief, because it is ‘semi‐propositional’. In this paper I discuss several aspects of this treatment. In particular, I deny that the representation accepted by the quasi‐believer is semantically indeterminate, and I reject Sperber's claim that quasi‐belief is a credal attitude distinct from plain belief.
Cognition, Systematicity and Nomic Necessity
Authors: HADLEY ROBERT F.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: In their provocative 1988 paper, Fodor and Pylyshyn issued a formidable challenge to connectionists, i.e. to provide a non‐classical explanation of the empirical phenomenon of systematicity in cognitive agents. Since the appearance of F&P's challenge, a number of connectionist systems have emerged which prima facie meet this challenge. However, Fodor and McLaughlin (1990) advance an argument, based upon a general principle of nomological necessity, to show that one of these systems (Smolensky's) could not satisfy the Fodor‐Pylyshyn challenge. Yet, if Fodor and McLaughlin's analysis is correct, it is doubtful whether any existing connectionist system would fare better than Smolensky's. In the view of Fodor and McLaughlin, humans and classical architectures display systematicity as a matter of nomological necessity (necessity by virtue of natural law), but connectionist architectures do not. However, I argue that the Fodor‐Pylyshyn‐McLaughlin appeal to nomological necessity is untenable. There is a sense in which neither classical nor connectionist architectures possess nomological (or‘nomic’) necessity. However, the sense in which classical architectures do possess nomic necessity applies equally well to at least some connectionist architectures. Representational constituents can have causal efficacy within both classical and connectionist architectures.
On an Alleged Connection Between Indirect Speech and the Theory of Meaning
Authors: CAPPELEN HERMAN , LEPORE ERNIE
Published: September 2010

Abstract: A semantic theory T for a language L should assign content to utterances of sentences of L. One common assumption is that T will assign p to some S of L just in case in uttering S a speaker A says that p. We will argue that this assumption is mistaken.
Has Fodor Really Changed His Mind on Narrow Content?
Authors: AYDEDE MURAT
Published: September 2010

Abstract: In The Elm and the Expert (1994), Fodor rejects the notion of narrow content as superfluous. He envisions a scientific intentional psychology that adverts only to broad content properties in its explanations. I show that there has been no change in Fodor's treatment of Frege cases and cases involving the so‐called deferential concepts. And for good reason: his notion of narrow content (1985‐91) couldn't explain them. The only apparent change concerns his treatment of Twin Earth cases. However, I argue that the notion of broad content that his purely informational semantics delivers is, in some interesting sense, equivalent to the mapping notion of narrow content he officially gave up. I also critically reconstruct the evolution of Fodor's thinking between 1980 and 1994.
Fodor's New Theory of Content and Computation
Authors: BROOK ANDREW , STAINTON ROBERT J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: In his recent book, The Elm and the Expert, Fodor attempts to reconcile the computational model of human cognition with information‐theoretic semantics, the view that semantic, and mental, content consists of nothing more than causal or nomic relationships, between words and the world, or (roughly) brain states and the world. In this paper, we do not challenge the project. Nor do we show that Fodor has failed to carry it out. instead, we urge that his analysis, when made explicit, turns out rather differently than he thinks. In particular, in some places where he sees problems, he sometimes shows that there is no problem. And while he says two conceptions of information come to much the same thing, his analysis shows that they are very different. This is rather strange.
Fodor and the Inscrutability Problem
Authors: RAY GREG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: In his 1993 Nicod Lectures, Jerry Fodor proposed a solution to a certain version of the problem of‘inscrutability of reference’, which problem poses a challenge to a certain naturalistic, computational approach to cognition which Fodor has favoured. The problem is that purely informational accounts of an agent's mental contents cannot discriminate meanings finely enough. Fodor proposes a strategy of solution which appeals to the inferential dispositions of agents to discriminate contents more finely. After a brief exposition of the problem and Fodor's bid for solution, I employ three counterexamples to argue that Fodor's proposal cannot succeed.
Meta‐cognition in Animals: A Skeptical Look
Authors: CARRUTHERS PETER
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This paper examines the recent literature on meta‐cognitive processes in non‐human animals, arguing that in each case the data admit of a simpler, purely first‐order, explanation. The topics discussed include the alleged monitoring of states of certainty and uncertainty, knowledge‐seeking behavior in conditions of uncertainty, and the capacity to know whether or not the information needed to solve some problem is stored in memory. The first‐order explanations advanced all assume that beliefs and desires come in various differentstrengths, ordegrees.
Conversational Implicature, Thought, and Communication
Authors: SPEAKS JEFF
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Some linguistic phenomena can occur in uses of language in thought, whereas others only occur in uses of language in communication. I argue that this distinction can be used as a test for whether a linguistic phenomenon can be explained via Grice’s theory of conversational implicature (or any theory similarly based on principles governing conversation). I argue further, on the basis of this test, that conversational implicature cannot be used to explain quantifier domain restriction or apparent substitution failures involving coreferential names, but that it must be used to explain the phenomenon of referential uses of definite descriptions. I conclude with a brief discussion of the relevance of this point to the semantics/pragmatics distinction.
Fodor’s Challenge to the Classical Computational Theory of Mind
Authors: LUDWIG KIRK , SCHNEIDER SUSAN
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  In The Mind Doesn’t Work that Way, Jerry Fodor argues that mental representations have context sensitive features relevant to cognition, and that, therefore, the Classical Computational Theory of Mind (CTM) is mistaken. We call this the Globality Argument. This is an in principle argument against CTM. We argue that it is self‐defeating. We consider an alternative argument constructed from materials in the discussion, which avoids the pitfalls of the official argument. We argue that it is also unsound and that, while it is an empirical issue whether context sensitive features of mental representations are relevant to cognition, it is empirically implausible.
Recognizing Communicative Intentions in Infancy
Authors: CSIBRA GERGELY
Published: September 2010

I make three related proposals concerning the development of receptive communication in human infants. First, I propose that the presence of communicative intentions can be recognized in others' behaviour before the content of these intentions is accessed or inferred. Second, I claim that such recognition can be achieved by decoding specialized ostensive signals. Third, I argue on empirical bases that, by decoding ostensive signals, human infants are capable of recognizing communicative intentions addressed to them. Thus, learning about actual modes of communication benefits from, and is guided by, infants' preparedness to detect infant‐directed ostensive communication.
Bargaining Theory Meets Interest‐Based Negotiations: A Case Study1
Authors: MCKERSIE ROBERT B. , SHARPE TERESA , KOCHAN THOMAS A. , EATON ADRIENNE E. , STRAUSS GEORGE , MORGENSTERN MARTY
Published: September 2010

This is a case study of the 2005 national contract negotiations between Kaiser Permanente and the Coalition of Kaiser Permanente Unions. Given the scale and complexity of these negotiations, their successful completion provides an exemplar for collective bargaining in this country. In 1997 Kaiser Permanente and the Coalition of Kaiser Permanente Unions formed a labor management partnership, and negotiations were structured around the principles of interest‐based negotiation (IBN). Drawing on direct observation of all parts of the bargaining process, interviews with individuals from Kaiser and the Coalition of Unions, and surveys we conducted after bargaining was completed, we conclude that the parties employed a mix of interest‐based and traditional negotiation processes across an array of integrative and distributive issues. We find that IBN techniques were used extensively and successfully to reach mutually satisfying agreements when the parties shared interests. When interests were in greater conflict, the parties resorted to more traditional, positional tactics to reach resolution. Strong intraorganizational conflicts limited the use of IBN and favored the use of more traditional positional bargaining. While a high level of trust enabled and supported the use of IBN, tensions that developed limited the use of IBN and required surfacing and release before either IBN or more traditional positional processes could proceed effectively. The use of IBN tools helped the parties apply the principles underlying the partnership in which these negotiations were embedded. We conclude that IBN served as a way of applying or operationalizing integrative bargaining and affected the process dynamics in ways the Walton and McKersie theory predicted. As such we see IBN as techniques that neither displace nor render obsolete other aspects of bargaining theory or practice but that show considerable promise for helping collective bargaining to address the complex issues and challenges found in contemporary employment relationships.
The Job Quality of U.S. Immigrants
Authors: ENCHAUTEGUI MARÍA E.
Published: September 2010

This paper compares authorized and unauthorized immigrants in terms of twelve job‐quality indicators. Along all indicators examined, unauthorized immigrants score lower than the authorized. The lower job quality of the unauthorized prevails even when compared to authorized immigrants with similar educational levels and duration of stay.
American Piety 2005: Content and Methods of the Baylor Religion Survey
Authors: BADER CHRISTOPHER D. , MENCKEN F. CARSON , FROESE PAUL
Published: September 2010

The Baylor Religion Survey (BRS) is a national population survey of religious characteristics, orientations, and attitudes modeled after the General Social Survey. This article provides an overview of the content of the 2005 BRS along with a detailed description of our methods of data collection and some descriptive characteristics from our sample of 1,721 adults in the United States. A third of the survey is dedicated solely to religion items focusing on affiliation, identity, belief, experience, and commitment. Two‐thirds of the survey is dedicated to topical modules that will be rotated in subsequent administrations. We briefly describe the content of these modules and discuss how our data compare to the 2004 General Social Survey.
Recovering the Lost: Remeasuring U.S. Religious Affiliation
Authors: DOUGHERTY KEVIN D. , JOHNSON BYRON R. , POLSON EDWARD C.
Published: September 2010

Over the past several decades, survey research has found a growing percentage of Americans claiming no religious affiliation. In this article, we introduce a modified religious traditions (RELTRAD) typology to measure religious affiliation. The approach benefits from a more detailed data collection and coding scheme of religious tradition based upon religious family, denomination, and congregation. Using new national survey data from the Baylor Religion Survey, we find: (1) improvement to survey design and measurement makes it possible to accurately locate more Americans within established religious traditions; (2) Americans remain connected to congregations, but less so to denominations or more generic religious identity labels; and (3) religious adherents are considerably more evangelical than prior studies have found. Finally, we consider how affiliation as a form of religious belonging relates to religious beliefs and behaviors.
What Would Jesus Buy: American Consumption of Religious and Spiritual Material Goods
Authors: PARK JERRY Z. , BAKER JOSEPH
Published: September 2010

This article examines an important and understudied part of the sociological study of religion: consumption of religious materials. We use data from the Baylor Religion Survey and present an initial look at which Americans read the Left Behind series, viewed The Passion of the Christ, or purchased religious paraphernalia such as “What Would Jesus Do” bracelets. Drawing on cultural consumption and religious capital research we explore class, demographic, and religious influences on consumption patterns. We find some support for each of these perspectives, which suggests that religious consumption is not a subset of cultural consumption nor of religious practice but is some combination of both.
The Stereotyping of Nonreligious People by Religious Students: Contents and Subtypes
Authors: HARPER MARCEL
Published: September 2010

This study assessed the consensual stereotypes religious students have of the nonreligious. The stereotype's content, subtypes, subtype strengths, and valence were examined using multiple methods derived from the stereotype content literature. Results indicated that the nonreligious stereotype is diverse and that some impressions of nonreligious people may be quite negative. Six subtypes were identified within the principal stereotype. The most unfavorable subtype was related to a perceived disbelief in religion and spirituality. The most favorable subtype was associated with individualism.
Religion and Reproductive Genetics: Beyond Views of Embryonic Life?
Authors: EVANS JOHN H. , HUDSON KATHY
Published: September 2010

Advances in new reproductive genetic technologies have spawned a very polarized public and political debate. As with the abortion debate, most formal opposition to these technologies comes from religious organizations that are concerned about embryonic and fetal life. In this article we conduct an analysis of the first nationally representative opinion survey on religion and reproductive genetics. We find, as in the abortion debate, that evangelicals, fundamentalists, and traditionalist Catholics are more opposed than more liberal religious groups. When we compare respondents with the same views on embryonic life, we find that differences remain in the level of approval for genetic technologies, suggesting that there is more to this debate than concern about embryos. We also find that religious conservatives are more distinct from the religious nonattenders in their views of health objectives of reproductive genetic technologies and less distinct in their views of improvement objectives.
Operationalizing the Civil Religion Concept at a Cross‐Cultural Level
Authors: FLERE SERGEJ , LAVRIČ MIRAN
Published: September 2010

This study represents an attempt to operationalize and validate the civil religion concept on four different national samples. The cultural heritage of these countries varies greatly, and according to

Samuel Huntington's (1994)

classification, they belong to three different civilizations. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to confirm the statistical adequacy of a proposed civil religion scale at the national and at the cross‐cultural level. Civil religion proved to be a separate dimension from general religiosity, as well as from traditionalism, both at the cross‐cultural and at the national level, although closely linked to these. Of the latter two background variables, civil religion proved to be linked more to traditionalism.
Developmental mechanisms facilitating the evolution of bills and quills
Authors: Schneider Richard A.
Published: September 2010

Beaks and feathers epitomize inimitable avian traits. Within individuals and across species there exists astounding diversity in the size, shape, arrangement, and colour of beaks and feathers in association with various functional adaptations. What has enabled the concomitantly divergent evolution of beaks and feathers? The common denominator may lie in their developmental programmes. As revealed through recent transplant experiments using quail and duck embryos, the developmental programme for each structure utilizes mesenchyme as a dominant source of species‐specific patterning information, acts as a module of closely coupled molecular and histogenic events, and operates with a high degree of spatial and temporal plasticity. By synergizing these three features, the developmental programmes underlying beaks and feathers likely have the essential potential to react spontaneously to novel conditions and new gene functions, and as a consequence are well equipped to generate and accommodate innovative phenotypes during the course of evolution.
Neurulation in the cranial region – normal and abnormal
Authors: Copp Andrew J.
Published: September 2010

Cranial neurulation is the embryonic process responsible for formation of the brain primordium. In the mouse embryo, cranial neurulation is a piecemeal process with several initiation sites and two neuropores. Variation in the pattern of cranial neurulation occurs in different mouse strains, and a simpler version of this morphogenetic scheme has been described in human embryos. Exencephaly is more common in females than in males, an unexplained phenomenon seen in both mice and humans. As the cranial neural tube closes, a critical morphogenetic event is the formation of dorsolateral bending points near the neural fold tips, which enables subsequent midline fusion of the neural folds. Many mutant and gene‐targeted mouse strains develop cranial neural tube defects, and analysis of the underlying molecular defects identifies several requirements for normal dorsolateral bending. These include a functional actin cytoskeleton, emigration of the cranial neural crest, spatio‐temporally regulated apoptosis, and a balance between cell proliferation and the onset of neuronal differentiation. A small number of mouse mutants exhibit craniorachischisis, a combined brain and spine neurulation defect. Recent studies show that disturbance of a single molecular signalling cascade, the planar cell polarity pathway, is implicated in mutants with this defect.
Three‐dimensional analysis of mandibular growth and tooth eruption
Authors: Krarup S. , Darvann T. A. , Larsen P. , Marsh J. L. , Kreiborg S.
Published: September 2010

Normal and abnormal jaw growth and tooth eruption are topics of great importance for several dental and medical disciplines. Thus far, clinical studies on these topics have used two‐dimensional (2D) radiographic techniques. The purpose of the present study was to analyse normal mandibular growth and tooth eruption in three dimensions based on computer tomography (CT) scans, extending the principles of mandibular growth analysis proposed by Björk in 1969 from two to three dimensions. As longitudinal CT data from normal children are not available (for ethical reasons), CT data from children with Apert syndrome were employed, because it has been shown that the mandible in Apert syndrome is unaffected by the malformation, and these children often have several craniofacial CT scans performed during childhood for planning of cranial and midface surgery and for follow‐up after surgery. A total of 49 datasets from ten children with Apert syndrome were available for study. The number of datasets from each individual ranged from three to seven. The first CT scan in each of the ten series was carried out before 1 year of age, and the ages for the 49 scans ranged from 1 week to 14.5 years. The mandible and the teeth were segmented and iso‐surfaces generated. Landmarks were placed on the surface of the mandible, along the mandibular canals, the inner contour of the cortical plate at the lower border of the symphysis menti, and on the teeth. Superimposition of the mandibles in the longitudinal series was performed using the symphysis menti and the mandibular canals as suggested by Björk. The study supported the findings of stability of the symphysis menti and the mandibular canals as seen in profile view previously reported by Björk & Skieller in 1983. However, the mandibular canals were, actually, relocated laterally during growth. Furthermore, the position of tooth buds remained relatively stable inside the jaw until root formation started. Eruption paths of canines and premolars were vertical, whereas molars erupted in a lingual direction. The 3D method would seem to offer new insight into jaw growth and tooth eruption, but further studies are needed.
Mesenchymal stem cell interaction with a non‐woven hyaluronan‐based scaffold suitable for tissue repair
Authors: Pasquinelli G. , Orrico C. , Foroni L. , Bonafè F. , Carboni M. , Guarnieri C. , Raimondo S. , Penna C. , Geuna S. , Pagliaro P. , Freyrie A. , Stella A. , Caldarera C. M. , Muscari C.
Published: September 2010

The fabrication of biodegradable 3‐D scaffolds enriched with multipotent stem cells seems to be a promising strategy for the repair of irreversibly injured tissues. The fine mechanisms of the interaction of rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) with a hyaluronan‐based scaffold, i.e. HYAFF®11, were investigated to evaluate the potential clinical application of this kind of engineered construct. rMSCs were seeded (2 × 106 cells cm−2) on the scaffold, cultured up to 21 days and analysed using appropriate techniques. Light (LM), scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy of untreated scaffold samples showed that scaffolds have a highly porous structure and are composed of 15‐µm‐thick microfibres having a rough surface. As detected by trypan blue stain, cell adhesion was high at day 1. rMSCs were viable up to 14 days as shown by CFDA assay and proliferated steadily on the scaffold as revealed by MTT assay. LM showed rMSCs in the innermost portions of the scaffold at day 3. SEM revealed a subconfluent cell monolayer covering 40 ± 10% of the scaffold surface at day 21. TEM of early culture showed rMSCs wrapping individual fibres with regularly spaced focal contacts, whereas confocal microscopy showed polarized expression of CD44 hyaluronan receptor; TEM of 14‐day cultures evidenced fibronexus formation. Immunohistochemistry of 21‐day cultures showed that fibronectin was the main matrix protein secreted in the extracellular space; decorin and versican were seen in the cell cytoplasm only and type IV collagen was minimally expressed. The expression of CD90, a marker of mesenchymal stemness, was found unaffected at the end of cell culture. Our results show that HYAFF®11 scaffolds support the adhesion, migration and proliferation of rMSCs, as well as the synthesis and delivery of extracellular matrix components under static culture conditions without any chemical induction. The high retention rate and viability of the seeded cells as well as their fine modality of interaction with the substrate suggest that such scaffolds could be potentially useful when wide tissue defects are to be repaired as in the case of cartilage repair, wound healing and large vessel replacement.
The phylogeny of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens): evidence from the hindlimb
Authors: Fisher Rebecca E. , Adrian Brent , Elrod Clay , Hicks Michelle
Published: September 2010

The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is an endangered carnivore living in the temperate forests of the Himalayas and southern China. The phylogeny of the red panda has been the subject of much debate. Morphological and molecular studies have supported a wide range of possible relationships, including close ties to procyonids, ursids, mustelids, and mephitids. This study provides additional morphological data, including muscle maps, for Ailurus. The hindlimbs of four cadavers from the National Zoological Park were dissected. Red pandas retain a number of muscles lost in other carnivore groups, including muscles and tendons related to their robust and weight‐bearing hallux. Three features, including a single‐bellied m. sartorius, a proximal insertion for m. abductor digiti V, and an absent m. articularis coxae, are found in all terrestrial arctoids, including Ailurus. In addition, red pandas are similar to ursids and canids in lacking a caudal belly of m. semitendinosus, while they resemble procyonids and mustelids in the degree of fusion observed between mm. gluteus medius and piriformis. Furthermore, Ailurus and procyonids are characterized by numerous subdivisions within the adductor compartment, while red pandas and raccoons share a variable m. semimembranosus, composed of one, two, or three bellies. Lastly, a deep plantar muscle inserting onto the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux is described for Ailurus. This muscle has not been previously described and is given the name m. flexor hallucis profundus. Additional dissections of the forelimb and axial musculature of red pandas may shed further light on the phylogeny of this species. In addition, the muscle maps presented here offer a valuable resource for interpreting the functional anatomy of fossil ailurids.