bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Policy Reform & Poverty Alleviation: A Critique of Nigeria's Strategic Plan for Poverty Reduction
Authors: Adogamhe Paul G
Published: November 2010

Given the natural and human resources of Nigeria, it is believed that Nigeria has the potential to become the richest nation in Africa. Presently, however, it is estimated that about 70% of the Nigerian population lives in poverty. President Obasanjo, in his second term as the elected President of Nigeria, launched the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (‘NEEDS’). NEEDS is the Nigerian economic recovery plan for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. This study is a careful analysis of ‘NEEDS’ and its implementation in order to discover the extent to which the stated goal of poverty reduction has been achieved in the country. Unfortunately, this study has discovered that because of the apparent disconnect between the government and the poor, and the dichotomy between the rich and the poor, NEEDS appears to be a colossal failure in terms of poverty reduction.
Review of Freedom from Poverty: NGOs and Human Rights Praxis
Authors: Squillace Joseph
Published: November 2010

Joe Squillace reviews Freedom from Poverty: NGOs and Human Rights Praxis by Daniel P. L. Chong, who posits a social theory of human rights and argues for an integration of legal and subsistence rights.
Editor's Letter
Authors: Skidmore Max J.
Published: November 2010

Editor‐in‐Chief Max J. Skidmore contextualizes the content of Volume Two, Issue Four of Poverty & Public Policy as we close out 2010.
Scanning electron microscopy investigation of canal cleaning after canal preparation with nickel titanium files
Authors: Brkanic Tatjana , Stojsin Ivana , Vukoje Karolina , Zivkovic Slavoljub
Published: November 2010

Introduction. Root canal preparation is the most important phase of
endodontic procedure and it consists of adequate canal space cleaning and
shaping. In recent years, rotary instruments and techniques have gained
importance because of the great efficacy, speed and safety of the preparation
procedure. Objective. The aim of this research was to investigate the
influence of different NiTi files on the canal wall cleaning quality,
residual dentine debris and smear layer. Methods. The research was conducted
on extracted human teeth in vitro conditions. Teeth were divided in 7 main
groups depending on the kind of instruments used for root canal preparation:
ProTaper, GT, ProFile, K-3, FlexMaster, hand ProTaper and hand GT. Root canal
preparation was accomplished by crown-down technique. Prepared samples were
assessed on scanning electron microscopy JEOL, JSM-6460 LV. The evaluation of
dentine debris was done with 500x magnification, and the evaluation of smear
layer with 1,000 times magnification. Quantitive assessment of dentine debris
and smear layer was done according to the criteria of Hulsmann. Results. The
least amount of debris and smear layer has been found in canals shaped with
ProFile instruments, and the largest amount in canals shaped with FlexMaster
instruments. Canal cleaning efficacy of hand GT and ProTaper files has been
similar to cleaning efficacy of rotary NiTi files. Statistic analysis has
shown a significant difference in amount of dentine debris and smear layer on
the canal walls between sample groups shaped with different instruments.
Conclusion. Completely clean canals have not been found in any tested group
of instruments. The largest amount of debris and smear layer has been found
in the apical third of all canals. The design and the type of endodontic
instruments influence the efficacy of the canal cleaning.
Sudden cardiac death and acute drunken state: Autopsy study
Authors: Zivkovic Vladimir , Miletic Borislav , Nikolic Slobodan , Jukovic Fehim
Published: November 2010

Introduction. Sudden natural death occurs unexpectedly in apparently healthy
subjects, or in persons during an apparent benign phase in the course of
disease. The most common cause is sudden cardiac death, which is sometimes
the first and last manifestation of coronary heart disease. Alcohol directly
influences excitation of myocytes, and therefore provokes arrhythmias and
possibly, sudden cardiac death. Objective. To establish the frequency of
sudden cardiac death in cases of acute alcohol intoxication, to determine
blood alcohol concentration at the moment of death, and to determine
frequency and level of ethanol intoxication in chronic alcohol abusers, as
well as causes of sudden death in those cases. Method. Retrospective autopsy
study was performed for a three-year-period. We analyzed cases of sudden
natural death, in relation to age and gender, cause of death, and blood
alcohol concentration (at least 0.5 g/L). We considered the person to be a
chronic alcoholic abuser if gross examination of organs during autopsy
showed changes typical for excessive and habitual alcohol consumption.
Results. Our sample consisted of 997 cases: 720 men and 277 women, average
age 62.0?15.2 years (min=11; max=98). Total of 753 of them died of sudden
cardiac death: much more men (?2=167.364; p=0.000), significantly younger
than women (t=6.203; p=0.000). We determined acute alcohol intoxication in
73 persons - average blood alcohol concentration 1.85?1.01 g/L (min=0.55;
max=3.85), and 61 of them died of cardiovascular diseases (?2=236.781; df=5;
p=0.000). Conclusion. In our observed sample, not many persons were under
acute alcohol intoxication (around 7%). Most commonly, they were chronic
alcohol abusers who died due to exacerbation of chronic heart disease,
mildly or moderately intoxicated - the younger, the drunker.
Importance of early detection of lung cancers with initial paraneoplastic manifestations
Authors: Vukic Vera , Skodric-Trifunovic Vesna , Gvozdenovic Branislav , Jovanovic Dragana , Zunic Miodrag , Djuric Dusan
Published: November 2010

Introduction. Lung cancers are mostly detected in the developed clinical
stages, with clearly manifested pulmonary, extrapulmonary or metastatic
manifestations. In the early disease stages, radiographic and clinical
manifestations may be absent or mimicked. Objective. The aim of this study
was the timely detection of early pulmonary, extrapulmonary and
paraneoplastic manifestations of lung cancers in order to apply the most
appropriate treatment protocols. Methods. We examined 230 patients with lung
cancer, among them 125 of the working study group with minimal pulmonary
and/or initial paraneoplastic symptoms, and 105 patients in the control group
with clear tumour manifestations. Results. The symptom analysis revealed a
statistically significantly lesser presence of the respiratory symptoms in
the working study group (68%) in comparison with the control group of
patients (97%) (c2=29.996; p<0.001). The analysis of radiographic
presentations of lung cancer showed that there were significantly more
patients with normal findings in the working group (6.4%) than in the control
group - 1.9% (p>0.05), and a positive bronchoscopic finding of the centrally
localized tumour (mainly right upper lobe) was confirmed in patients of both
groups with normal radiographic findings. The number of diagnosed patients in
earlier clinical disease stages (I, II, IIIa) with better prognosis in
non-small cell lung cancer was significantly higher (c2=19.149; p<0.001) in
the working group (71.1%) in comparison with the control group (38.1%). Small
cell lung cancer was more frequently diagnosed in the stage of limited
disease in the working (80%) than in the control group (38.1%) (c2=10.039;
p<0.05). With regard to treatment administration, there is a statistically
significant difference (c2=4.013; p=0.0452) in the frequency between the use
of chemotherapy and highly significant difference (c2=22.044; p<0.001) in the
frequency of use of surgical treatment in the working group in comparison
with the control group - both chemotherapy and surgery treatment were more
frequent in the patients of the working group. Conclusion. Recognizing the
initial pulmonary, extrapulmonary or paraneoplastic manifestations as well as
performing diagnostic procedures in due time represent the most important
guidelines in early detection and the most efficacious therapeutic choice in
lung cancer.
Analysis of salt content in meals in kindergarten facilities in Novi Sad
Authors: Trajkovic-Pavlovic Ljiljana , Martinov-Cvejin Mirjana , Novakovic Budimka , Bijelovic Sanja , Torovic Ljilja
Published: November 2010

Introduction. Investigations have brought evidence that salt intake is
positively related to systolic blood pressure and that children with higher
blood pressure are more susceptible to hypertension in adulthood. In
developed countries the main source of salt is processed food. Objective The
aim of this paper was to determine total sodium chloride (NaCl) in average
daily meal (breakfast, snack and dinner) and in each of three meals children
receive in kindergarten. Methods. From kindergarten, in the meal time, 88
samples of daily meals ( breakfast, snacks and dinner) offered to children
aged 4-6 years were taken. Standardized laboratory methods were applied to
determine proteins, fats, ash and water in order to calculate energy value of
meal. The titrimetric method with AgNO3, and K2CrO4 as indicator, was applied
in order to determine chloride ion. Content of NaCl was calculated as %NaCl =
mlAgNO3 ? 0.05844 ? 5 ? 100/g tested portion. NaCl content in total daily
meal and each meal and in 100 kcal of each meal was calculated using
descriptive statistical method. Student?s t-test was applied to determine
statistical differences of NaCl amount among meals. Results. NaCl content in
average daily meal was 5.2?1.7 g (CV 31.7%), in breakfast 1.5?0.6 g (CV
37.5%), in dinner 3.5?1.6 g (CV 46.1%) and in snack 0.3?0.4 g (CV 163.3%).
NaCl content per 100 kcal of breakfast was 0.4?0.1 g (CV 29.5%), dinner
0.7?0.2 g (CV 27.8%) and snack 0.13?0.19 g (CV 145.8%). The difference of
NaCl content among meals was statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusion.
Children in kindergarten, through three meals, received NaCl in a quantity
that exceeded internationally established population nutrient goal for daily
salt intake. The main source of NaCl was dinner, a meal that is cooked at
place.
Neuroborreliosis in patient with aplastic anaemia secondary to therapy with ticlopidine
Authors: Colovic Natasa , Bumbasirevic Ljiljana , Palibrk Vuk , Vidovic Ana , Colovic Milica
Published: November 2010

Introduction. Aplastic anaemia is a rare but potentially fatal complication
of treatment with ticlopidine. Case Outline. We present a 55-year-old male
with aplastic anaemia which developed after 45 days of the therapy with 200
mg ticlopidine to prevent coronary thrombosis. The treatment with ticlopidine
was withdrawn and broad spectrum antibiotics as well as transfusion of packed
red cells, platelets and G-CSF were administered. Two weeks after the onset
of the disease, the number of white blood cells dropped to 0.5C109/l, along
with drop of both haemoglobin concentration and the number of platelets. At
that time, weakness of facial muscles due to bilateral facial nerve paralysis
with Bell?s phenomenon and after that weakness of muscles of both legs and
signs of polyradiculoneuritis were developed. Western blot analysis of blood
and liquor showed a high concentration of IgG and IgM antibodies against
Borrelia burgdorferi. The treatment with cephtriaxone resulted in
normalization of body temperature and gradual recovery of neurological
findings. Blood picture became normal two months after the onset of the
disease. Conclusion. The treatment with ticlopidine may result in different
haematological complications such as agranulocytosis/ granulocytopaenia,
thrombotic trombocytopenic purpura and rarely aplastic anaemia. Due to these
complications blood pictures in patients on this therapy should be closely
followed up and in case of complications, the treatment with ticlopidine has
to be stopped and introduce the therapeutic procedures depending on the sort
of the complications and clinical presentation.
Pre-excitation pattern associated with accessory pathway related tachycardia: Case report
Authors: Burazor Mirko , Burazor Ivana , Mujovic Nebojsa
Published: November 2010

Introduction. Pre-excitation is based on an accessory conduction pathway
between the atrium and ventricle. The term Wolff- Parkinson-White (WPW)
syndrome is used for patients with the pre-excitation/WPW pattern associated
with AP-related tachycardia. Case Outline. We present a 52-year-old man with
severe palpitation, fatigue, lightheadedness and difficulty breathing. The
initial ECG showed tachyarrhythmia with heart rate between 240 and 300/min.
He was treated with antiarrhythmics (Digitalis, Verapamil, Lidocaine) with no
response. Then, the patient was treated with electrical cardioversion and was
referred to our Clinic for further evaluation with the diagnosis:
?Ventricular tachycardia?. During in-hospital stay, the previously
undiagnosed WPW pattern had been seen. Additional diagnostic tests confirmed
permanent pre-excitacion pattern (ECG Holter recording, exercises test). The
patient was referred to an electrophysiologist for further evaluation.
Mapping techniques provided an accurate assessment of the position of the
accessory pathway which was left lateral. The elimination of the accessory
pathway by radiofrequent catheter ablation is highly effective in termination
and elimination of tacchyarrhythmias. Conclusion. Symptomatic,
life-threatening arrhythmia, first considered as ventricular tachycardia,
reflected atrial fibrillation with ventricular pre-excitation over an
accessory pathway in a patient with previously undiagnosed WPW syndrome.
Mother’s filicide with suicide attempt
Authors: Misic-Pavkov Gordana , Gajic Zoran , Golubovic Boris , Bozic Ksenija
Published: November 2010

Introduction. Filicide is the killing of a son or daughter by a parent. The
paper examines interaction between stress and maternal psychopathology that
led to the killing. Case Outline. After prolonged conflict with her
ex-husband and father of her only child, the respondent committed filicide.
Two years before committing filicide, after she had divorced the father of
the child, the respondent attempted suicide and had to be hospitalized. On
that occasion, she was diagnosed with depressive disorder, which was not
treated after hospitalization. Having killed her daughter by cutting her
throat, she tried to commit suicide in the same manner, by slitting her
throat. During further observation, the respondent was found to suffer from
acute psychotic disorder, depressive disorder and histrionic personality
disorder. These disorders in interaction with stress do not provide us with
an explanation for an unusual and psychopathological motivation analysis of
killing the child. Conclusion. Filicide is a violent act, most frequently
multifactorial in its nature. Histrionic personality disorder in mother
cannot explain the filicide act. Only interactive and dynamic evaluation of
this psychiatric disorder in its longitudinal, development aspects and its
potentiality to enable the expression of some other psychiatric disorders,
especially dissociative states, as well as the importance of prolonged and
acute stress and its subjective importance for the individual can shed some
more light on the mental state of the mother at the time of filicide.
Chronic Umbilical Cord Entanglements Causing Intrauterine Fetal Demise in the Second Trimester
Authors: Gambhir Prakash S. , Gupte Sanjay , Kamat Amit D. , Patankar Amit , Kulkarni Vinayak D. , Phadke Mrudula A.
Published: November 2010

Entanglement of the umbilical cord with fetal body parts is known to occur in early pregnancy. This can potentially compromise the cord blood flow and cause fetal demise. We report 3 instances of intrauterine fetal deaths in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy with longstanding cord entanglement. The cord had left impressions of entanglement on the entrapped growing fetal part. Restricted movements of the fetus due to cord entanglement led to reduced spiraling of the umbilical cord. Our case series demonstrates that tight entanglement of fetal body parts by the umbilical cord can cause fetal demise in the 2nd trimester. This event is associated with a straight umbilical cord. Thus, the presence of reduced spiraling in intrauterine fetal demise warrants a search for possible cord entanglement along with established causes, such as chromosomal and congenital anomalies.
A Biophysical Comparison of Human Serum Albumin to be Glycated In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Sattarahmady Naghmeh , Moosavi-Movahedi Ali , Habibi-Rezaei Mehran
Published: November 2010

A Biophysical Comparison of Human Serum Albumin to be GlycatedIn VivoandIn Vitro

The glycation process includes the arrangement of proteins with chemically reversible early glycation products, Schiff bases and Amadori adducts. These early products endure slow and complex rearrangements to create advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that are involved in diabetic complications. Here, the biophysical characteristics ofin vitroglycated human serum albumin (HSA) are compared to those of HSA glycatedin vivo. The changes in the content of α-helices, AGE-specific fluorescence intensity, extent of lysine residue modification, and surface tension value and also the formation of Amadori products in HSA are similar in both conditions. It was observed, however, that arginine residues were modified only under physiological conditions (in vivo), while the same did not occurin vitro. This difference was related to the presence of 3-deoxyglucosone, a 1,2-dicarbonyl compound derived from glucose under physiological conditions. Therefore, the biophysical studies on the HSA glycation processin vitroare credible.
Actuator design for arc welding robot
Authors: Verma Anurag , Gor MM
Published: November 2010

The present work is an attempt to determine torque required at each joint of 6-Degree of Freedom Arc Welding Robot for typical horizontal fillet welding operation which will be useful for designing actuator. Here, range of welding speed 90mm/min & 2000mm/min is taken. Result obtained at the end of this analysis will be useful for designing actuator capacity for typical application. The methodology adopted for analysis includes development of dynamic model, determination of velocity and acceleration with respect to time and thus determination of torque using velocity-acceleration and dynamic model. Keywords: Inverse Dynamic Analysis; Lagrange-Euler formulation; Arc Welding Robot DOI: 10.3126/kuset.v6i2.4011Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.6. No II, November, 2010, pp.48-53
Submerged fermentation of amylase enzyme by Aspergillus flavus using Cocos nucifera meal
Authors: Arunsasi M , Kani S Manthiri , Jegadeesh G , Ravikumar M
Published: November 2010

Soil samples were collected from the coastal region of Neendakara, along the West cost of Kerala, India. 15 fungal species were isolated and identified by using lacto phenol cotton blue staining method. From this, Aspergillus flavus was tested in Starch Hydrolysis Agar Medium for its amylase enzyme production under sumerged aerobic fermentation with different physico- chemical properties of substrates. Cocos nucifera meal was used as a carbon source. Heavy metals were added to these medium and were used as a modified medium. The effect of different carbon source, nitrogen compound and physico-chemical conditions like temperature, pH and incubation periods were studied for derivation of amylase enzyme. The molecular weight of enzyme was determined by SDS –PAGE. The role of heavy metals was determined by ion exchange chromatography. Cocos nucifera meal medium with dextrose has shown the highest amylase production at pH 6.0 and temperature of 30ºC with protein content of 201μg/ml; 98.4μg/ml and dry biomass of 1.28μg/ml. Keywords: Soil samples; A. flavus; amylase; SDS-PAGE; Ion exchange chromatography; submerged aerobic fermentation DOI: 10.3126/kuset.v6i2.4015Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.6. No II, November, 2010, pp.75-87
Gaining Access to the Experiences of Orphaned Children – A Draw‐Write and Narrate Approach
Authors: Ogina Teresa A. , Nieuwenhuis Jan
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this study was to gather data from orphaned learners on their lived experiences in order to gain more understanding of their educational needs. Twelve orphaned learners (aged 14‐17) from two schools in Mpumalanga Province in South Africa participated in the study. The draw‐write and narrative approach was used to elicit information from the children. The methodological, ethical and practical issues emerging from researching orphans using this approach are discussed and illustrated using examples from the study. The article demonstrates that integrating visual, written and interview data collection methods may enable vulnerable children to open up and talk about their experiences. However, it requires the researcher to be patient, sensitive and empathetic to the circumstances of such children.
Discursive Evaluation of Water Recycling
Authors: Hampton Greg
Published: November 2010

This study provides details on the development of a qualitative approach to the assessment of public evaluation of water recycling schemes. The approach involved the presentation to a small group of information and audiovisual material on the water cycle and wastewater treatment followed by the use of focus group style questioning to elicit discussion and questioning of the material. Qualitative analysis, based on a discursive method of evaluation, was used to assess dialogue in the groups, and it was concluded that participants used the context of the local scheme to assess their use of recycled water and consider extending the application of recycled water to more personal uses. Participants also tended to use item evaluation rather than category evaluation of water recycling. Agreement responses within workshops also influenced the discourse of evaluation of water reuse.
Epidemiology of Skin Cancer: Role of Some Environmental Factors
Authors: Fabbrocini Gabriella , Triassi Maria , Mauriello Maria Chiara , Torre Guglielma , Annunziata Maria Carmela , De Vita Valerio , Pastore Francesco , D’Arco Vincenza , Monfrecola Giuseppe
Published: November 2010

The incidence rate of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer entities is dramatically increasing worldwide. Exposure to UVB radiation is known to induce basal and squamous cell skin cancer in a dose-dependent way and the depletion of stratospheric ozone has implications for increases in biologically damaging solar UVB radiation reaching the earth’s surface. In humans, arsenic is known to cause cancer of the skin, as well as cancer of the lung, bladder, liver, and kidney. Exposure to high levels of arsenic in drinking water has been recognized in some regions of the world. SCC and BCC (squamous and basal cell carcinoma) have been reported to be associated with ingestion of arsenic alone or in combination with other risk factors. The impact of changes in ambient temperature will influence people’s behavior and the time they spend outdoors. Higher temperatures accompanying climate change may lead, among many other effects, to increasing incidence of skin cancer.
Optimal and Robust Design Method for Two-Chip Out-of-Plane Microaccelerometers
Authors: Lee Sangmin , Ko Hyoungho , Choi Byoungdoo , Cho Dong-il Dan
Published: November 2010

In this paper, an optimal and robust design method to implement a two-chip out-of-plane microaccelerometer system is presented. The two-chip microsystem consists of a MEMS chip for sensing the external acceleration and a CMOS chip for signal processing. An optimized design method to determine the device thickness, the sacrificial gap, and the vertical gap length of the M EMS sensing element is applied to minimize the fundamental noise level and also to achieve the robustness to the fabrication variations. In order to cancel out the offset and gain variations due to parasitic capacitances and process variations, a digitally trimmable architecture consisting of an 11 bit capacitor array is adopted in the analog front-end of the CMOS capacitive readout circuit. The out-of-plane microaccelerometer has the scale factor of 372 mV/g~389 mV/g, the output nonlinearity of 0.43% FSO~0.60% FSO, the input range of ±2 g and a bias instability of 122 μg~229 μg. The signal-to-noise ratio and the noise equivalent resolution are measured to be74.00 dB~75.23 dB and 180 μg/rtHz~190 μg/rtHz, respectively. The in-plane cross-axis sensitivities are measured to be 1.1%~1.9% and 0.3%~0.7% of the out-of-plane sensitivity, respectively. The results show that the optimal and robust design method for the MEMS sensing element and the highly trimmable capacity of the CMOS capacitive readout circuit are suitable to enhance the die-to-die uniformity of the packaged microsystem, without compromising the performance characteristics.
La politique yougoslave de développement régional, 1952-1971
Authors: Moore John H.
Published: November 2010

Yugoslav Regional Development Policy, 1952-1971.

This paper analyzes the regional economic policy carried out by the Yugoslav government during the first twenty years of the workers' self-management period as it affected industrial development.

The first major section reports a measurement of industrial growth in the republics and autonomous provinces of Yugoslavia during the period in question using a special sample index developed for this purpose. Overall and per capita growth rates derived from the index and population data in the areas indicate that the policy generally failed to meet industrial growth objectives.

A program transferring investment funds from more developed to less developed areas was a major component of the regional policy. The volume of investment fund transfers and interregional differences in capital stock growth rates resulting from it are investigated next.

The size of the investment fund transfers and their impact on national industrial growth are taken up in the paper's next section. Only the roughest estimates of the size of the transfers are possible with available data.

Certain inconsistencies of the regional policy are taken up in the final section of the paper. It notes that Yugoslav economists generally agree that the program failed during the period under consideration. Many reasons given by them for the failure are discussed.
Le contrôle des actes de l'administration publique par les cours constitutionnelles en Yougoslavie
Authors: Stjepanovic Nikola
Published: November 2010

Tout acte de l'administration publique doit reposer sur une norme juridique déterminée. C'est en cela que consiste, s'agissant de l'activité de l'administration publique, le principe de la légalité, principe de la primauté du droit, dont la portée, dans le système socio-politique et juridique yougoslave, s'étend depuis longtemps non seulement au fonctionnement de l'administration publique, mais aussi à tous les organes de l'Etat, ainsi qu'aux organisations et communautés autogestionnaires. Les constitutions de 1963 ont élargi ce principe en le dénommant principe de la constitutionnalité et de la légalité et les constitutions de 1974 y ont attaché une importance toute particulière. Le contrôle en est assuré par les cours constitutionnelles, créées en 1963 et qui sont au nombre de neuf depuis 1972. L'article décrit de manière assez détaillée les compétences, la composition, le statut, les règles élémentaires de procédure, la portée et les effets des arrêts de ces neuf cours constitutionnelles qui, selon l'auteur, contribuent à la mise en œuvre et à la sauvegarde du fédéralisme coopératif yougoslave ainsi qu'à la promotion de l'autogestion et surtout de l'un de ses éléments essentiels — le droit autonome qui se crée et se développe grâce aux actes réglementaires autogestionnaires.
Coopération industrielle Est-Ouest dans l'automobile et modalités d'insertion des pays de l'Est dans la division internationale du travail occidentale (IIe partie)
Authors: Gutman Patrick
Published: November 2010

East-West Industrial Cooperation in the Car Industry and Ways of Involving the Countries of Eastern Europe in the International Division of Labour in the West (Part II).

It would seem that greater in-depth analysis of industrial cooperation by individual sector is a pre-requisite for assessment and definition of probable developments in the field of cooperation/competition, and consequently of the effect which this may have upon the stability of the International Division of Labour in the West.

The move towards increasingly advanced forms of East-West industrial cooperation in the motor-car industry — particularly the increasingly frequent use of compensation — has brought about a radical change: the transition from international exchange to the internationalization of production.

This change in character entails integration of the production process, which the traditional import/export view of international trade cannot take account of, and of which it cannot a fortiori appreciate the full extent.

This analysis, therefore, is concerned with the extent to which East-West industrial co-operation agreements made between the leading Western car manufacturers—essentially multi-national firms — and the countries of Eastern Europe represent a corresponding internationalization of expanding production in the socialist countries.

However, the setting-up of production units in the countries of the Eastern zone helps to increase the latter's export potential, and it is important to assess accurately what this might mean in terms of a future threat to western markets, particularly those of Europe.

Finally, it is important to investigate the ways in which the International Socialist Division of Labour and the International Division of Labour interrelate, in order to establish whether the activities of representatives of one bloc vis-a-vis the other are carried out in accordance with, or even in furtherance of, the aims of the appropriate IDL, or if on the contrary they are functioning at cross- purposes.
Développements récents du droit concernant le commerce Est-Ouest : les pays socialistes membres du GATT
Authors: Grzybowski Kazimierz
Published: November 2010

Recent Developments in the Law of East-West Trade : Socialist Countries in the GATT.

East-West trade was always an important item in the plans of the economic and social reconstruction in the Soviet Union and, after World War II, in the new states of the socialist system. The main purpose of East-West trade was limited primarily to gaining access to industrial equipment available in the free economy countries. In the late sixties technological developments in industrial economies forced communist leadership to accept the view that a broader cooperation is needed, and that a more extended program of the trade with the developed West was adopted accepting as a necessity that — although a limited — nevertheless some degree of the international division of labor is required.

To this end a number of socialist countries have joined the GATT, and were granted a most favored nation status. They have organized their trade mechanism opening new opportunities for the business circles of the industrialized countries. In addition, socialist countries established more realistic rates of exchange for their currencies.
Réforme de la gestion de l'économie en Chine
Authors: Pairault Thierry
Published: November 2010

Reforms in Economie Management in China.

The aim of this study on the reform of economic management in the People's Republic of China is to plot the course of certain reforms at present in progress relating to economic organization in the provinces and the management of units of production. Some current interpretations would suggest that the ultimate aim of these reforms is "the decentralization of economic decisions".

A more searching analysis of recent legislation and controls would indicate, on the contrary, that the central authorities, and more particularly the central economic administration, are clearly bent upon control of the activities of all economic bodies in an effort to combat the harmful effects of the "anarchic decentralization" inherited from the cultural revolution.

However, these centralizing tendencies are partly counterbalanced by a genuine effort to fight against any intensification of the bureaucratisation of economic life. It is for this reason that, alongside those areas which remain strictly under the control of the central authorities, there are emerging areas of carefully supervised freedom (the introduction of a so-called "market" economy) or even areas of highly circumscribing freedom (the granting of a so-called financial "autonomy" to the provinces).

Following on the déconcentration — and not the decentralization — of management of the national economy arising from these reforms, it would appear that the Chinese leadership are anxious to move towards a concept of planning wich would take greater account of the essential features of each economic sector, while reserving for the State Plan its teleological primacy.
L'économie soviétique et les économistes soviétiques. Quelques observations
Authors: Nove Alec
Published: November 2010

L'auteur présente les idées de quelques économistes soviétiques, omettant certains des noms les plus connus. Il évoque des théoriciens des réformes (Petrakov, Karagedov, Kazakeviô), qui débattent de changements radicaux des méthodes de gestion et de fixation des prix. Tout en accentuant le rôle du profit, ils ont une conception réaliste des limites du mécanisme de marché et des méthodes mathématiques. Suit une description des travaux d'analystes critiquant la piatique en vigueur (Krasovskij, Aganbegjan) qui proposent d'autres moyens, plus perfectionnés, d'élaboration et d'administration des projets d'investissement, du développement régional, etc. Puis vient une analyse de certains « économistes politiques » concernés eux par les problèmes de la théorie de l'économie socialiste (par exemple Cerkovec, Kosolapov), suivie d'une courte allusion à des économistes mathématiciens et des théoriciens du système (Majminas, Gernjak). Toutes ces catégories se recoupent et d'autres économistes de talent existent de sorte que la classification aussi bien que les personnes choisies sont quelque peu arbitraires. Cependant, l'objet de l'auteur était de montrer que des idées économiques profondes et intéressantes sont développées et discutées à l'heure actuelle.
L'application de la Réforme en U.R.S.S., perspectives et problèmes : le cas du logement
Authors: Morton Henry W.
Published: November 2010

On apprécie trois réformes dans la construction, la planification et l'entretien du fonds socialisé de logement dans les villes soviétiques. Dans le cadre du système de Zlobin, une organisation de construction, relevant d'un soviel local ou d'un soviet de niveau supérieur, signe un contrat avec une brigade pour qu'elle édifie un immeuble du début à la fin. La brigade n'est payée que lorsque l'immeuble est prêt à être occupé et à été agréé par les autorités compétentes. Si le projet est terminé dans les délais prévus, ou à l'avance, la brigade a droit à une prime proportionelle aux économies réalisées. La méthode Zlobin a plus ou moins sombré, essentiellement parce que les matériaux et la main-d'œuvre ne pouvaient être rassemblés dans les délais nécessaires et de manière à ce que la brigade puisse obtenir des primes.

Le système d'Orel cherche à systématiser une planification urbaine intégrée sous le contrôle des autorités locales et non plus des ministères et des établissements. La réforme exige que les autorités municipales deviennent le promoteur unique de l'ensemble de l'habitat et que la planification de la construction de logements soit élaborée sur une période de deux ans afin d'éliminer la pratique pernicieuse consistant à terminer dans la plus grande hâte 50 % de la totalité de la construction de logements au cours du dernier trimestre de l'année. La méthode d'Orel a amélioré la planification là où elle a été appliquée, encore que de manière inégale. Un obstacle majeur s'oppose à ce qu'elle progresse : dans beaucoup de villes, le promoteur unique n'existe que sur le papier.

En 1971, le parti et le gouvernement ont décrété que le fonds étatique de logement urbain appartenant aux entreprises et établissements (60 % dans les villes) devait être transféré aux soviets locaux qui assureraient mieux l'entretien et les réparations d'un fonds locatif qui s'était rapidement agrandi et avait vieilli. Si le transfert est lent, c'est parce que ni les entreprises, ni les municipalités ne sont véritablement intéressées à ce qu'il ait lieu. Le problème majeur n'est pas celui de la propriété mais celui de l'insuffisance des ressources gouvernementales consacrées aux réparations du fonds d'habitation.
Réforme dans la réforme ? La nouvelle politique économique hongroise au seuil des années 1980
Authors: Richet Xavier
Published: November 2010

Reform in the Reform? The New Hungarian Economie Policy on the Threshold of the 80s.

During the years 1979 and 1980, the Hungarian government introduced a set of measures which had two aims. The first one, in the short run is to stabilize the economic cycle by introducing a deflationary policy. The second one intends to modify the productive structure of the Hungarian economy and to orientate towards the more competitive sectors especially the ones which are linked with hard currency markets.

The deflationary policy consists of the following measures: to reduce the volume of investment, the rate of inflation and to stabilize the level of personal incomes. The structural policy consists of two sets of decisions: the first one is concerned by the introduction of a new price policy and an important change in the price structure. Particularly more than 70% of domestic prices are now set according to the world price level in view to make the Hungarian economy more sensitive to the external competition. The second one deals with a wide institutional reform which has been undertaken at different levels of the decision- making system: Party, Government, Ministries of Branch, Trusts, Enterprises.

The main idea on which the reform is lying is that a macro-economic guidance and micro-economic efficiency must be substituted to the remaining administrative guidance. But, both important internal and external contrainsts still remain.
Les échanges de la Roumanie avec l'OCDE (1970-1980)
Authors: Balussou Madeleine
Published: November 2010

La spécificité du modèle roumain est exemplaire sur le plan politique. L'interaction du politique sur l'économique et inversement, a fourni le prétexte — lorsque le prétexte n'en était la cause — d'une politique originale aussi bien avec ses partenaires de l'Est (CAEM) que de l'Ouest (OCDE).

Le niveau des échanges de la Roumanie avec les pays de l'OCDE peut être analysé sous deux angles, selon que l'on considère les résultats de ces échanges et leurs perspectives de développement ou l'appartenance de la Roumanie au « groupe des 77 ».

En première analyse, on observe que le recours à la technologie occidentale a modifié la structure du commerce extérieur roumain à l'avantage du quantitatif sur le qualitatif et dont l'impact concurrentiel est dû essentiellement aux faibles coûts de production rendant la perspective des échanges, dans un sens plus favorable à la Roumanie, incertaine ; situation que vient corriger l'appartenance de la Roumanie au «groupe des 77», qui est perçue par les autorités roumaines moins comme l'état effectif d'un pays en voie de développement que comme l'instrument lui conférant une position politique originale et l'assurance de flux commerciaux plus bénéfiques.
Le mécanisme du pouvoir et de l'autogestion dans la commune yougoslave
Authors: Nikolić Pavle
Published: November 2010

The mechanism of power and self-management in the Yugoslav commune.

The development of the Yugoslav political and constitutional system has brought profound changes in the structure of power and self-management in the hands of the workers. The article describes the various forms of self- management, and the ways in which workers and citizens find expression for their views within the "commune" as a basic socio-political unit, and a self-managing community at local level.

The mainspring of this mechanism is the original system of delegation (as compared with the classic mode of representation) which totally transforms the relationship between the citizens and the exercise of power: the "communal" assemblies, elected by the delegates, represent the basic organs of self-management and local power; in conclusion, the author describes the fundamental part played by socio-political organizations, social organizations and citizens' associations, all of them factors in the progressive socialisation of power in Yugoslavia.
La dynamique des inégalités de revenu en Yougoslavie
Authors: Asselain Jean-Charles
Published: November 2010

L'auteur se demande si le fonctionnement du système d'autogestion yougoslave se traduit par des inégalités croissantes, en particulier depuis la réforme décentralisatrice de 1965, et tente d'apporter à cette question des éléments de réponse.

Il tire trois conclusions majeures de son analyse : 1) la répartition des revenus au sein du secteur socialiste présente, dans l'ensemble, un caractère fortement égalitaire, qui n'a nullement été remis en cause par les conséquences de la réforme centralisatrice de 1965 ; 2) les disparités les plus graves se situent hors secteur socialiste, qu'il s'agisse de la mise à profit par les entrepreneurs privés des déséquilibres du marché ou de l'infériorité générale des revenus paysans ; et 3) les différentes « dimensions » de l'inégalité témoignent d'un comportement très variable : réduction continue des écarts hiérarchiques ; tendance à l'accentuation cumulative des écarts interentreprises et interbranches, plus ou moins efficacement tenue en échec par la multiplication des procédures de concertation sociale ; stabilisation précaire des écarts de revenus interrégionaux.
Approches de la structure sociale en Pologne : du dogme unique au pluralisme d'écoles
Authors: Mink Georges
Published: November 2010

Le modèle de société et de rapports sociaux conçu par la théorie marxiste pour décrire la réalité d'une société post-révolutionnaire acquiert un statut quasi- constitutionnel dans les pays se réclamant du socialisme de type soviétique, et notamment en Europe de l'Est. Sa fonction majeure devient la légitimation de la pratique des détenteurs du pouvoir, ce qui lui confère le rôle d'une doctrine de référence. L'Histoire de la sociologie dans ces pays illustre bien le caractère conservateur de la doctrine officielle. Toutefois les processus sociaux réels, dans la mesure où ils ne confortent pas le paradigme officiel, troublent la stabilité doctrinaire et par voie de conséquence, peuvent aboutir, sinon à la révision des dogmes, du moins à en tolérer un certain assouplissement.

Pour comprendre l'évolution des approches théoriques de la stratification sociale et de son point névralgique que sont les inégalités, il est nécessaire d'observer que la sociologie d'après-guerre se développe comme une tentative permanente des sociologues de bâtir pour leur discipline un statut de science à part entière. Dès 1956, on assiste simultanément à un éclatement interne de la doctrine marxiste et à l'épanouissement de courants non-marxistes.

Si les courants d'inspiration marxiste butent sur des obstacles — censure et autocensure — qui empêchent d'aller jusqu'au bout des questions stratégiques du système politique et social de type soviétique, à savoir : l'appropriation du pouvoir, les privilèges qui en découlent, la perpétuation de ces privilèges par des formes nouvelles d'héritage, les tendances à l'autorecrutement du groupe dirigeant et à la fermeture des barrières inter-classes, il en est de même pour d'autres théories explicatives. Ces obstacles détournent temporairement les sociologues des interrogations abruptes sans pour autant briser la vitalité et le pluralisme des écoles.

Quoi qu'il en soit, notre étude démontre que dans le contexte d'une société de type soviétique, la lecture des théories et des données empiriques concernant un domaine aussi sensible que la stratification sociale, du fait des rapports de concurrence avec la représentation idéologique de la société, ne peut pas se faire sans un décodage simultané de toutes les dimensions déterminantes de la production sociologique.
Le modèle socio-économique de « l'entreprise socialiste » proposé par Tibor Liska
Authors: Dezsényi -Gueullette Agota
Published: November 2010

La présence du marché libre, des relations monétaires réelles, de la liberté de compétition et d'entreprendre constituent les prémisses indispensables pour rendre le modèle de Liska opérationnel.

Celui-ci repose sur deux principes fondamentaux : la « propriété sociale personnelle » et 1' « héritage social », que l'auteur explicite en développant notamment la notion de droit d'entreprendre, un droit appartenant à tous les citoyens, qui débouche sur une pratique qui fait l'originalité du modèle : la mise à l'enchère d'entreprises. Celles-ci sont adjugées au dernier enchérisseur, c'est-à-dire à la personne qui offre le plus haut résultat de profit et s'engage à réaliser la plus haute réévaluation de la capacité de rentabilité de l'unité concernée. Le fonctionnement du modèle n'est pas sans soulever des problèmes, d'ordre théorique et pratique, que l'auteur de l'article recense comme il se doit.
Le Plan Marshall et les pays de l'Europe de l'Est
Authors: Dunajewski Henryk
Published: November 2010

The Countries of Eastern Europe and the Marshall Plan.

This article sets out to reconstruct the circumstances in which, in 1947, the U.S.A. proposed a scheme of large-scale aid (the Marshall Plan) for the economic rehabilitation not only of Western Europe but also of Europe from the Elbe to the Urals. It emerges from the relevant documents that the countries of Eastern Europe, which spontaneously agreed to send representatives to Paris to discuss their participation in the Marshall Plan, were all obliged to abandon their original intention because of the negative attitude of the Soviet Union.

The author examines, on the one hand, the aims of the United States in attempting to persuade the U.S.S.R. and their allies to join the Marshall Plan, and, on the other hand, the reasons which may had led Moscow to reject the American proposal. He ends his analysis with an assessment of the economic and political advantages and disadvantages of this decision for both parties.

The article concludes with some speculations on the appropriateness or likelihood of a new Marshall Plan in the 80's.
Crise du travail et non-lieu du fordisme dans les économies de type soviétique
Authors: Drach Marcel
Published: November 2010

Labour Crisis and the Non-Applicability of Fordism in Soviet- type Economies.

In Soviet-type economies, what might be termed the pathology of the organization of the work-force has deteriorated to such an extent as to justify the use of the word crisis. The causes of this crisis are to be sought partly in the organization of work in enterprises, partly in the mode of accumulation peculiar to Soviet-type Industry. Unstable Taylorism and the non-applicability of Fordism are the terms which might be used to define the first and the second of these conditions. The "Hungarian" way, in fact an attempt to develop a Fordist mode of accumulation, and the "Soviet" way, which aims at management by more stringent norms, are the two solutions at present being tried in economies of the Soviet type.