bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LD Antigens Associated withHL‐A8and Myasthenia Gravid1
Authors: KAAKINEN AULIKKI , PIRSKANEN RITVA , TIILIKAINEN ANJA
Published: July 2010

The finding that the SD antigen HL‐A8 is associated with myasthenia gravis has raised the question as to whether or not there is also an association between some specific LD antigen and myasthenia gravis andor HL‐A8.

MLC technique was used to study LD antigens in 33 myasthenic patients. The cells of a myasthenic patient who was homozygous for both HL‐A and LD products were used in MLC tests as stimulators with HL‐A8 bearing cells from 24 myasthenics, their 17 relatives and 16 controls and to non‐HL‐A8 cells from nine myasthenics and 16 controls.

At least three different LD genes were found to be associated with HL‐A8. One of them, called LDm, was present in 17 (63 %) of the 27 HL‐A8‐bearing haplotypes of myasthenics, and in nine (47 %) of the 19 HL‐A8‐bearing haplotypes of controls. In our study LDm, was not found in the 84 haplotypes devoid of HL‐A8.

LDm, is strongly associated with HL‐A8 and through this also with myasthenia. Calculated from phenotype frequencies for HL‐A8 and its association to LDm, the LDm, frequencies are 9 % in the control population, 30 % in myasthenics and 48% in young females with onset of myasthenia below35years.

LDmhad no independent correlation with any of the clinical parameters of myasthenia gravis, even though is was found more often in HL‐A8+ females with the onset of my‐asthenia before 35 years than in the whole myasthenic group. LDmappears to be similar to LD8a antigen.
Biochemical characteristics of the heterophile transplantation antigen (HT‐A)
Authors: PRUETT STEPHEN B. , WOLCOTT MICHAEL
Published: July 2010

The Heterophile Transplantation Antigen (HT‐A) is a clinically important antigen which is found in some human kidneys and on the erythrocytes and in the serum of rats and some other mammals. Recent reports suggest the possibility that the anti‐HT‐A antibodies responsible for graft rejection may cross react with one or more HL‐A specificities. The ideal way to investigate this possibility would be to perform careful serological and biochemical comparisons of purified HT‐A and HL‐A. We report here the first stage of these investigations, the examination of the biochemical properties of HT‐A. The HT‐A molecule of rat plasma is apparently a glycoprotein with a molecular weight > 1,000,000. The HT‐A antigenic determinant site seems to reside in the carbohydrate portion of the glycoprotein. The native HT‐A molecule is apparently susceptible to proteolytic enzymes of rat plasma and serum and is cleaved by these enzymes to produce a fragment with a lower apparent molecular weight and a larger fragment which coelutes with lipoproteins during Sepharose CL‐4B chromatography. The data presented here should allow development of a rational purification scheme for the HT‐A glycoprotein of rat plasma to be used in further studies in the relationship between HT‐A and HL‐A.
Differential expression of HLA‐DR and HLA‐DQ antigens on normal cells of the myelomonocytic lineage
Authors: Alonso M. C. , Navarrete C. , Solana R. , Torres A. , Pena J. , Festenstein H.
Published: July 2010

We have previously shown that HLA‐class II antigens have a differential expression on acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) blasts. These cells express HLA‐DR molecules but the HLA‐DQ antigens are undetectable.

In this paper we study the expression of HLA‐DR and HLA‐DQ antigens, using monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), on normal cells of the myelomonocytic lineage: the common myelomonocytic progenitor (CFU‐GM) and the monocytes, by techniques of inhibition of CFU‐GM growth and double immunofluorescence, respectively.

The results show that HLA‐DR and HLA‐DQ antigens are differentially expressed on normal myelomonocytic cells. While HLA‐DR molecules are expressed on CFU‐GM and on the majority of peripheral blood monocytes, HLA‐DQ antigens are not expressed on CFU‐GM and only present on a subpopulation of monocytes. This data further confirms that HLA‐DR and HLA‐DQ molecules are coded by different genes with independent regulation of the gene expression not only on myeloid leukaemias but also on normal cells of the myelomonocytic lineage.
HLA antigens in acute measles encephalitis
Authors: Lebon P. , Ponsot G. , Gony J. , Hors J.
Published: July 2010

The frequency of HLA‐A, B, DR antigens was studied in 24 patients with acute measles encephalomyelitis compared to 1926 control subjects. The results demonstrated no association between the susceptibility to the disease and HLA markers. However, DR4 was observed in 6 patients out of 10 who developed intrathecal secretion of specific antimeasles immunoglobulins, while absent in 4 patients, who did not (p<0.04). Further studies on a larger series are needed.
Untersuchungen über die Struktur von Parasitenkomplexen bei einigen Lepidopteren1
Authors: Zwölfer H.
Published: July 2010

The publication discusses the interrelationships between the life‐cycles of host and parasites and the interaction of the parasites in the complexes of Choristoneura murinana (Fig. 1), Coleophora deauratella (Fig. 2), Paraswammerdamia caesiella and lutarea (Fig. 3) and Hydroecia petasitis and H. micacea (Fig. 4). Each of the host species investigated is attacked by one or two (scarcely three) biologically specialized and well synchronized parasite species. These are exposed to heavy competition by other components in the rich complexes of Ch. murinana and C. deauratella, but they operate without much interaction in the relatively simple complexes of Paraswammerdamia spp. and Hydroecia spp. The rich and complicated complexes attacking Ch. murinana and C. deauratella cannot prevent their hosts from building up high population levels. However, the relatively simple complexes associated with Paraswammerdamia spp. and Hydroecia spp. may reach a high efficiency against their host species.
Zur Biologie von Dacnusa gracilis Nees (Hym., Braconidae), einem Parasiten der Echten Möhrenfliege, Psila rosae Fabr.1
Authors: Naton E.
Published: July 2010

In this paper a rearing method for Dacnusa gracilis Nees is described. The imagines are cultured in screen covered cages supplied with honey and sugar for feeding and wet cotton wool for drinking. The eggs are laid only into dry Psila rosae eggs. After emerging the young Psila larvae are bred in the usual manner and they develop in the same time as the unparasitized larvae do. Through the puparium it is visible whether there is a Dacnusa or a Psila pupa in it, as soon as the eyes become coloured. Furthermore the form of the yellow body in the empty puparium is a sign for parasitism. The possibility of biological control against Psila rosae by Dacnusa gracilis is discussed.
über die Möglichkeiten einer mikrobiologischen Bekämpfung von Wachsmotten
Authors: Krieg A.
Published: July 2010

Possibilities of microbiological control of the great wax moth. At present, for control of larvae of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) and with lower chances, of the lesser wax moth (Achroia grisella) in bee combs only preparations based on Bacillus thuringiensis are recommended because they are harmless for honey bees (Apis mellifera) as well as for men. Usage of viruses for the same purpose may be possible too, but their application needs additional studies.

Zur Zeit können nur Formulierungen von Bacillus thuringiensis zur Bekämpfung von Wachsmotten‐Larven (Galleria mellonella und in geringem Maße auch Achroia grisella) empfohlen werden, da sie sowohl für die Honigbiene (Apis mellifera) als auch für den Menschen harmlos sind. Die Verwendung von Viren für den gleichen Zweck dürfte möglich sein; doch sind für eine sichere Anwendung noch zusätzliche Untersuchungen notwendig.
Life span of adult rice moth Corcyra cephalonica (Staint) emerged from different irradiated stages
Authors: Abou R. M. , El‐Sawaf B. M.
Published: July 2010

The rice moth Corcyra cephalonica was reared at 30°C and 65–70% R.H. on wheat flour. Eggs, larvae, pupae and 24 hours old moths were exposed to gamma rays from Cobalt 60 at dose levels of 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 r. The results revealed that the life span of moths after irradiating larvae, pupae and adults slightly decreased with the increase of the dose levels. In the case of irradiated eggs, the life span of emerged adults sharply decreased with the increase of dose levels.
Über die Parasiten der Kleinen Fichtenblattwespe, Pristiphora abietina Christ. (Hymen., Tenthredinidae), in der Steiermark1
Authors: Nigitz H.‐P.
Published: July 2010

Hymenoptera parasitizing Pristiphora abiteina Christ. (Hymen., Tenthredididae) in Steiermark/Austria. The populations density of the Little Spruce Sawfly, Pristiphora abietina, increased constantly during last 20 years in Steiermark. Studies were made on the parasites of the sawfly in 1969–72. 18 species of Hymenoptera were reared, 9 of them attacking larvae (8 Ichneumon., 1 Bracon.) and 9 species attacking cocoons (7 Ichneumon., 1 Chalc., 1 Clept.). A classification of values of abundance and constancy of these species is given. Ctenochira flavicauda Roman and Ichneutes sp. cf. reunitor Nees. proved to be the most important parasites. The host‐preference and the different forms of parasitism are discussed. The distribution and abundance of the more important species of parasites in Europe are described. Finally the bionomic dates of all the 18 species are given.

Seit etwa 1955 nimmt die Populationsdichte der Kleinen Fichtenblattwespe, Pristiphora abietina Christ. in der Steiermark laufend zu. 1969 bis 1972 wurden die aus diesem Gebiet noch nicht bekannten Parasiten dieser Blattwespe näher untersucht. Es wurden 18 Arten Hymenopteren gezogen: 9 Larvenparasiten (8 Ichneumonidae, 1 Braconidae) und 9 Kokonparasiten (7 Ichneumonidae, 1 Pteromalidae, 1 Cleptidae). Die Abundanz‐ und Konstanz‐Werte dieser Parasitenarten werden zusammengestellt. Hauptparasiten waren Ctenochira flavicauda Roman und die Braconide Ichneutes sp. cf. reunitor Nees. Die Wirtsspezifität, die verschiedenen Formen des Parasitismus sowie die Verbreitung und Häufigkeit der Arten in den europäischen Großräumen werden erörtert. Anschließend wird die spezielle Biologie der 18 gezogenen Arten behandelt.
Effects of some juvenile hormone analogues on Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera)
Authors: Gawaad A. A. A. , Abdel‐Karim E. S. , El‐Lakwah F. A. , El‐Berry A. R.
Published: July 2010

Four insect growth regulators: ZR‐777 (Prop2‐ynyl,3,7,11‐trimethyl‐[2E,4E]‐dodecadie‐noate), ZR‐512 (Ethyl 3,7,11‐trimethyl‐[2E,4E]‐2,4‐dodecadienoate), ZR‐520 (Ethyl 11‐methoxy‐3,7,11‐trimethyl‐[2E,4E]‐2,4‐dodecadienoate) and ZR‐619 (Ethyl 11‐methoxy‐3,7,11‐trimethyl‐[2E,4E]‐2,4‐dodecadienethiolate) were tested on the eggs and larvae of the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis Boisd.

ZR‐777 and ZR‐520 had ovicidal effect. They prevented egg hatch, while, ZR‐619 and ZR‐512 had no effect on hatchability. ZR‐512 delayed hatching without no effect on hatch‐ability. ZR‐619 and ZR‐520 suppressed moths formation by 100%, while the other materials varied in their effects and suppressed moth's formation by only 84–92 %.

All tested materials increases the mean weight of larvae. The percentage of moths emerged from treated larvae were 10,2,0,0 and 82 % for ZR‐777, ZR‐512, ZR‐520, ZR‐619 and control respectively.

Wirkungen einiger Juvenilhormon‐Analogen auf Spodoptera littoralis Boisd.

Vier als Wachstumsregulatoren wirkende Verbindungen (ZR‐777, ZR‐512, ZR‐520, ZR‐619) wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkungen auf die Eier und Raupen von S. littoralis untersucht.

ZR‐777 und ZR‐520 erwiesen sich als ovizid. Sie verhinderten das Schlüpfen der Eier, während ZR‐619 und ZR‐512 keine derartigen Effekte zeigten. ZR‐512 verzögerte das Schlüpfen ohne die Schlüpfrate zu beeinflussen. Die Falterbildung wurde von ZR‐619 und ZR‐520 zu 100 %, von den anderen Substanzen zu 84–92 % unterdrückt.

Alle getesteten Substanzen erhöhten das Raupengewicht. Der Prozentsatz geschlüpfter Falter aus behandelten Raupen betrug: 10, 2, 0, 0 und 82 für ZR‐777, ZR‐512, ZR‐520, ZR‐619 und Kontrolle.
Pollinators other than honey bees visiting certain vegetable plants in Egypt
Authors: El‐Berry A. A. , Moustafa M. A. , Abdel‐Gawaad A. A. , El‐Bialey S.
Published: July 2010

Insects visiting flowering Vicia faba, Eruca sativa and Petroselinum crispum in Nahia fields in Egypt were recorded by netting at different day hours 9–10, 11–12 a. m., 1–2, 3–4 and 5–6 p. m.

All visitors of V. faba were from family Apidae. Most important species were: Anthophora sp. (81.32%), Tetralonia lanuginosa (7.69%) and Chalicidoma siculum (6.59 per cent). Most of insect species were active at 11–12 a. m. and 1–2 p. m.

Syrphus corollae (45.9%) was the dominant visitor of Eruca sativa and Andrena sp. (85.3%) was the most numerous species at Petroselinum crispum.

Bestäubende Insekten auβer der Honigbiene bei einigen Kulturpflanzen in Ägypten

Es werden die bei Vicia faba, Eruca sativa und Petroselinum crispum im District Nahia aufgetretenen blütenbesuchenden Insekten (Netzfänge an 5 Tageszeiten: 9–10, 11–12, 13–14, 15–16 und 17–18 Uhr) zusammengestellt. Alle Besucher von V. faba gehörten der Familie Apidae an. Wichtigste Arten waren Anthophora sp. (81,3%), Tetralonia lanuginosa (7,7%) und Chalicidoma siculum (6,6%). Die meisten Besucher kamen zwischen 11 und 12 sowie 13 und 14 Uhr. Syrphus corollae (45,9%) war die Hauptart bei Eruca sativa, während Petroselinum crispum von Andrena sp. (85,3%) am meisten besucht wurde.
Anatomical effects of gamma irradiation on the male reproductive organs of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wied.
Authors: Abdel‐Malek A. A. , Shoukry A. , Shehata N. F.
Published: July 2010

Pupae of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wied., 2–3 days before emergence were irradiated with doses of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 r. At intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days after emergence, 10 males were collected, dissected and testes were mounted. Measurements of the maximum length and width of the testes were carried out at those intervals.

At the lower tested doses (1000 and 2000 r), irradiated males showed some morphological aberrations which were clearly noticed in the reduction of the size of the testes on 8th day. This reduction was clearly detected on 6th day in 3000 and 4000 r‐irradiated testes. Greater response of the testes to irradiation was clearly observed at 6000 and 8000 r, as indicated by a noticeable decrease in their size beginning from the 4th day and reaching its maximum reduction at 8000 r on the 8th day when the testes were about 2/3 the size of the corresponding controls.

Anatomische Wirkungen von γ‐Bestrahlung auf die männlichen Reproduktionsorgane der Mittelmeerfruchtfliege Ceratitis capitata Wied.

Puppen von C. cipitata wurden 2–3 Tage vor dem Schlüpfen mit γ‐Strahlen in Dosen von 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000 und 8000 rad bestrahlt und 1, 2, 4, 6 und 8 Tage später getötet und seziert. Insbesondere wurden die Testes auf ihre Länge und Breite hin untersucht. Bei geringerer Strahlendosis (1000 und 2000 rad) zeigten die Männchen 8 Tage nach der Bestrahlung eine Verringerung der Größe der Testes. Eine ähnliche Verkleinerung zeigte sich am 6. Tag, wenn mit 3000 und 4000 rad bestrahlt wurde. Stellenveränderungen der Testes traten nach Applikation von 6000 und 8000 rad auf. Sie erreichten ihr Maximum (Verkleinerung auf etwa 2/3 der Normalgröße) bei 8000 rad am 8. Tag nach Behandlung.
Associations of Nasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) (Termitidae) and woodrotting fungi in Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. and Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden: choice‐feeding, laboratory study
Authors: Ruyooka D. B. A.
Published: July 2010

Under choice‐feeding conditions, Nasutitermes exitiosus was fed on sterilised (with dead fungi) and unsterilised (with living fungi) blocks of Eucalyptus regnans and E. grandis infested with the basidiomycete fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum, Poria placenta, Fomes lividus and the ascomycete fungus Chaetomium globosum to investigate the influence of such fungi and their condition on the natural resistance of the timber.

The results showed that a temperature of 105 °C markedly enhanced the consumption of wood by N. exitiosus, but 70 °C was of no consequence, even to G. trabeum‐infested wood; thus the treatment of blocks before they were exposed to the termites had an important effect on wood consumption. The decay fungi affected more strikingly the consumption of wood than the soft rot; white rot F. lividus was more beneficial when dead than alive. The addition of fungi to the system markedly reduced the termite resistance of timber.

Assoziationen von Nasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) (Termitidae) und holzzerstörenden Pilzen bei Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. und E. grandis W. Hill. ex Maiden: Laborstudien zur Nahrungswahl

Unter Nahrungswahlverhältnissen wurde Nasutitermes exitiosus mit sterilisiertem (mit toten Pilzen besetztem) und unsterilisiertem (mit lebenden Pilzen besetztem) Holz von Eucalyptus regnans und E. grandis gefüttert, das von den basidiomyceten Pilzen Gloeophyllum trabeum, Poria placenta und Fames lividus sowie dem ascomyceten Pilz Chaetomium globosum befallen war, um den Einfluß dieser Pilze auf die Kondition und Termitenresistenz dieser Hölzer zu untersuchen.

Nach Trocknung des Holzes bei 105 °C war der Holzfraß durch N. exitiosus wesentlich geringer als bei frischem Holz, nicht jedoch nach Trocknung bei 70 °C. Die basidiomyceten Pilzarten (G. trabeum, P. placenta, F. lividus) förderten den Termitenfraß viel stärker als der ascomycete Pilz (C. globosum). Fomes lividus förderte in totem Zustand mehr als in lebendem. In der Gesamtheit verringerten die Pilze die Termitenfestigkeit des Holzes erheblich.
Esterase activity in relation to insecticides resistance in the Egyptian cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)
Authors: Riskallah M. R. , El‐Deeb W. M. , El‐Guindy M. A.
Published: July 2010

The occurrence of esterases hydrolysing α‐naphthyl acetate (α‐NA) and β‐naphthyl acetate (β‐NA) in Spodoptera littoralis larvae was investigated colorimetrically in 2 susceptible (S) and 4 resistant (R) strains. The larvae of S. littoralis contained at least two enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of α‐NA and β‐NA. The activity towards β‐NA was twice as that against α‐NA. The comparative study between S‐ and R‐strains revealed that esterase activity in endrin R‐strain was nearly identical to that of S‐strains. On the other hand esterase activity in phosvel, fenitrothion, and matacil R‐strains was 2–3 times as that in S‐strains. Loss of resistance in these strains was reflected by a corresponding loss in esterases activity. It was concluded that resistance towards organophosphate and carbamate compounds and high esterase activity were physiologicaly connected.

Esterase‐Aktivität in Beziehung zur Insektizidresistenz bei der Ägyptischen Baumwolleule, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)

Das Auftreten von Esterasen, die α‐Naphthylazetat (α‐NA) und β‐Naphthylazetat (β‐NA) hydrolisieren, wurde bei den Larven von Spodoptera littoralis colorimetrisch bei 2 empfindlichen (S) und 4 resistenten (R) Stämmen untersucht. Die Larven wiesen mindestens 2 Enzyme auf, welche die Hydrolyse von α‐NA und β‐NA katalysierten. Die Aktivität bei β‐NA war dabei doppelt so groß wie bei α‐NA. Vergleichende Studien zwischen S‐ und R‐Stämmen ergaben, daß die Esterase‐Aktivität bei einem Endrin‐R‐Stamm nahezu identisch mit jener von S‐Stämmen war. Andererseits war die Esterase‐Aktivität bei Phosvel‐, Fenitrothion‐ und Metacil‐R‐Stämmen 2‐3mal so groß wie bei S‐Stämmen. Ein Verlust der Resistenz zeigte sich bei diesen Stämmen durch einen entsprechenden Verlust der Esterase‐Aktivität. Es wird der Schluß gezogen, daß Resistenz gegen Organophosphate und Carbamate sowie eine hohe Esterase‐Aktivität physiologisch miteinander verbunden sind.
Aspects of the biology of Euura amerinae (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Liston Andrew D.
Published: July 2010

Notes on the biology and ecology of Euura amerinae (L.), a gall‐making sawfly on Salix and Populus, are presented. Substantial injury caused to the host was observed in heavily and persistantly attacked plants. Comparisons are made between this species and E. atra (L.).

Beiträge zur Biologie von Euura amerinae (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

Es werden auf Grund eines sehr starken Auftretens von E. amerinae‐Gallen an Salix im südlichen Schottland Angaben über Verbreitung, Wirtspflanzen, Lebensweise, Parasiten und andere Feinde sowie Wirkung des Befalls auf die Wirtspflanzen dieser Blattwespe gemacht. Des weiteren werden die nahe verwandten Arten E. amerinae und E. atra verglichen.
Suppression effect of the reduviid predator, Allaeocranum biannulipes (Montr, et Sign.) on populations of some storedproduct insect pests
Authors: AWADALLAH K. T. , TAWFIK M. F. S. , ABDELLAH M. M. H.
Published: July 2010

Interactions between different initial densities of the predator Allaeocrcmum biannulipes and its preys were investigated. Four initial densities (3, 6, 9 and 12 pairs/vial) and three preys, Corcyra cephalonica, Tribolium confusum and Anagasta kuehniella were checked at 15–26 °C and 45–60% r. H. Associating with the latter prey, the pest's population showed a negative response towards the increase of the initial density of the predator up to 9 pairs/vial. However, in association with the other two preys, a reverse trend took place.

The appropriate initial density with which the predator could face its victim was checked against the prey A. kuehniella under two hygrotherimic conditions: 15–26 °C/45–60% r. H. and 22–23 °C/38–60% r. H. At the former conditions, the predator was most efficient as it was able, with the density of 6 pairs/vial, to build up its population and to suppress that of its prey. However, in summer months (22–23 °C/38–60% r. H.), conditions were in favour to the pest than to the predator and consequently, the highest density of the latter built with the intial density of 9 pairs/vial was associated with a relatively high density of the prey.

Zur Wirkung der Raubwanze Allaeocranum biannulipes (Montr. et Sign.) auf die Populationen einiger vorratsschädlicher Insekten

Es wurden die Beziehungen zwischen verschiedener Anfangsdichte der Raubwanze A. biannulipes und der Enddichte ihrer Beutetiere Corcyra cephalonica, Tribolium confusum und Anagasta kuehniella bei 15–26°C und 45–60% rel. LF untersucht. Letzterer Schädling reagierte auf eine Zunahme der Anfangsdichte der Raubwanze bis hinauf zu 9 Paar/Gefäß mit einer Verminderung der Dichte. Jedoch war bei den beiden anderen Schädlingsarten ein umgekehrter Trend zu beobachten. Die optimale Anfangsdichte der Raubwanze wurde bei 2 Temperatur‐Luftfeuchte‐Bedingungen (15–26°/45–60% und 22–23°/38–60%) ermittelt. Bei der erstgenannten Bedingung war der Prädator am wirksamsten: er baute seine Population von 6 Paar/Gefäß ausgehend auf und reduzierte die Dichte seiner Beute. Dagegen wirkten die Sommerbedingungen (22–23°/38–60% zugunsten des Schädlings: eine Anfangsdichte von 9 Paar/Gefäß hatte eine relativ hohe Beutedichte zur Folge.
Managing childhood obesity: when lifestyle change is not enough
Authors: Hearnshaw C. , Matyka K.
Published: July 2010

The management of childhood obesity is a clinical dilemma. Paediatricians will see those children whose weight is at the severe end of the spectrum with obesity‐related co‐morbidities and for whom more intensive weight loss therapies may be appropriate. A literature review was performed (January 1995–January 2010) of the roles of pharmacotherapy or bariatric surgery in the management of childhood obesity. Three hundred and eighty‐three abstracts were reviewed and 76 full‐text articles were requested. Of these, 34 were excluded and a total of 21 pharmacotherapy papers and 22 papers on surgery were reviewed in detail. All studies involved adolescents. Pharmacotherapy: Most studies were small and of short duration, the notable exceptions being two large RCTs of sibutramine and orlistat. Sibutramine led to a mean estimated change in BMI from baseline of −3.1 kg/m2 vs. −0.3 kg/m2 for placebo over 12 months. Orlistat was also beneficial with a mean reduction in BMI of 0.55 vs. an increase of 0.31 kg/m2 in the placebo group at 12 months. Bariatric surgery: Most papers presented clinical observations and there were no randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Robust selection criteria were not used and ideal candidate selection remains unclear. Most papers showed a significant benefit of surgery in severely obese adolescents in the short term but long‐term data were sparse. There were a surprisingly large number of papers examining the benefits of intensive weight management in obese adolescents. The study design of many was inadequate and the role of pharmacotherapy or surgery in childhood obesity remains unclear.
Comprehensive review on herbal medicine for energy intake suppression
Authors: Yuliana N. D. , Jahangir M. , Korthout H. , Choi Y. H. , Kim H. K. , Verpoorte R.
Published: July 2010

The obesity drug development is present not a bright and successful story. So far, drugs reported to be effective, either from synthetic or natural sources, mostly stimulated controversy because of serious adverse effects, which ended with stopping clinical trials or even withdrawal from the market. However, obesity and its comorbidities have become rapidly a major problem in both developed and developing countries. This has encouraged pharmaceutical companies and academia to keep on struggling on developing novel effective but safe obesity drugs, and on characterizing novel obesity drug targets. From existing scientific work on obesity drug discovery and commercial slimming preparations, compounds originating from nature, especially from plants, seem to be the first choice. Traditional belief that herbal medicine is safer than synthetic ones is one of the classical arguments, although scientifically this is not always true (e.g. ban on Ephedra). But in general, it has been widely acknowledged that a plant compound, with its unique scaffolds and rich diversity is an unlimited source of novel lead compounds. This paper aims to summarize all works focused on screening plant materials by targeting important pathways related to energy intake regulation, either by in vivo or in vitro experiments.
PATTERN SPACE MAINTENANCE FOR DATA UPDATES AND INTERACTIVE MINING*
Authors: Feng Mengling , Dong Guozhu , Li Jinyan , Tan Yap‐Peng , Wong Limsoon
Published: July 2010

This article addresses the incremental and decremental maintenance of the frequent pattern space. We conduct an in‐depth investigation on how the frequent pattern space evolves under both incremental and decremental updates. Based on the evolution analysis, a new data structure, Generator‐Enumeration Tree (GE‐tree), is developed to facilitate the maintenance of the frequent pattern space. With the concept of GE‐tree, we propose two novel algorithms, Pattern Space Maintainer+ (PSM+) and Pattern Space Maintainer− (PSM−), for the incremental and decremental maintenance of frequent patterns. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms, on average, outperform the representative state‐of‐the‐art methods by an order of magnitude.
FAMILY BACKGROUND, EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT IN URBAN ETHIOPIA†
Authors: Krishnan Pramila
Published: July 2010

Most studies suggest that family background has a strong effect on earnings both directly and indirectly through the returns to own education. However, such effects might reflect the influence of family background on entry into work rather than a productive effect on earnings. The paper uses data from a survey of 16–29 year olds in urban Ethiopia to examine the impact of family background on selection into work and earnings. Family background strongly influences entry into the public sector; accounting for such selection removes its impact on earnings. This contrasts with the persistence of family background effects on private sector earnings.
PRACTITIONERS' CORNER:Triangular Representation and Error Correction Mechanism in Cointegrated Systems
Authors: Cappuccio Nunzio , Lubian Diego
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

In this paper we provide a proof of the ‘Granger representation theorem’ starting from Phillips' triangular representation of a cointegrated system. Proofs of the theorem have already been provided but starting either from the MA representation or from the AR representation. Conversely, we derive and characterize analytically the MA and the AR representations in terms of the parameters of the triangular system.
BOOTSTRAPPING A STABLE AD MODEL: WEAKVSSTRONG EXOGENEITY*
Authors: Giersbergen Noud P. A. van , Kiviet Jan F.
Published: July 2010

Through Monte Carlo experiments the effects of a feedback mechanism on the accuracy in finite samples of ordinary and bootstrap inference procedures are examined in stable first‐ and second‐order autoregressive distributed‐lag models with non‐stationary weakly exogenous regressors. The Monte Carlo is designed to mimic situations that are relevant when a weakly exogenous policy variable affects (and is affected by) the outcome of agents’ behaviour. In the parameterizations we consider, it is found that small‐sample problems undermine ordinary first‐order asymptotic inference procedures irrespective of the presence and importance of a feedback mechanism. We examine several residual‐based bootstrap procedures, each of them designed to reduce one or several specific types of bootstrap approximation error. Surprisingly, the bootstrap procedure which only incorporates the conditional model overcomes the small sample problems reasonably well. Often (but not always) better results are obtained if the bootstrap also resamples the marginal model for the policymakers’ behaviour.
The Likelihood Ratio Test for the Rank of a Cointegration Submatrix*
Authors: Paruolo Paolo
Published: July 2010

This paper proposes a likelihood ratio test for rank deficiency of a submatrix of the cointegrating matrix. Special cases of the test include the one of invalid normalization in systems of cointegrating equations, the feasibility of permanent–transitory decompositions and of subhypotheses related to neutrality and long‐run Granger noncausality. The proposed test has a chi‐squared limit distribution and indicates the validity of the normalization with probability one in the limit, for valid normalizations. The asymptotic properties of several derived estimators of the rank are also discussed. It is found that a testing procedure that starts from the hypothesis of minimal rank is preferable.
Intracellular pH on Protein Kinase C and Ionomycin Potentiation of Isoproterenol‐Stimulated Cyclic AMP and Cyclic GMP Production in Rat Pinealocytes
Authors: Ho Anthony K. , O'Brien Lori , Girard Marc , Chik Constance L.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: In rat pinealocytes, α1‐adrenergic activation, which leads to cytoplasmic alkalinization, also potentiates the β‐adrenergic stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) responses. Both elevation of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and activation of protein kinase C are involved in the potentiation mechanism. Recently, intracellular pH has also been found to modulate the adrenergic‐stimulated cyclic nucleotide responses, suggesting intracellular pH may also affect the potentiation mechanism. This possibility was examined in the present study. Cytoplasmic alkalinization by ammonium chloride had an enhancing effect on the isoproterenol and ionomycin‐stimulated cAMP and cGMP accumulation. In comparison, cytoplasmic acidification by sodium propionate reduced the isoproterenol and ionomycin‐stimulated cAMP and cGMP responses. Direct measurement of [Ca2+]i indicated that neither ammonium chloride nor sodium propionate had an effect on the ionomycin‐stimulated elevation of [Ca2+]i, suggesting their effects on cyclic nucleotide responses may be independent of [Ca2+]i. In cells stimulated by isoproterenol and an activator of protein kinase C, ammonium chloride had an enhancing effect on both cAMP and cGMP responses, whereas sodium propionate had no effect. Taken together, these results suggest that a site distal to elevation of [Ca2+]i and activation of protein kinase C, of importance to the potentiation mechanism, is modulated by intracellular pH.
‘I start my day by thinking about what we’re going to have for dinner’– a qualitative study on approaches to food‐related activities among elderly men with somatic diseases
Authors: Kullberg Kerstin , Björklund Anita , Sidenvall Birgitta , Åberg Anna Cristina
Published: July 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 227–234
 
‘I start my day by thinking about what we’re going to have for dinner’– a qualitative study on approaches to food‐related activities among elderly men with somatic diseases

The aim of this study was to address the question of how older men with somatic diseases living in their own home approach the question of food‐related activities (FRA). Further, any adaptations of these activities necessitated by effects of diseases and of altered life circumstances were explored. Interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 18 co‐living and single‐living men, 64–84 years old. They were diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis or stroke. In the analysis, a thematic framework was used. The findings revealed three food‐related approaches, namely ‘Cooking as a pleasure’, describing joy in cooking; ‘Cooking as a need’, indicating no habits or skills in cooking; and ‘Food is served’, that is, being served meals by a partner. It was found that gender‐related roles in particular, but also changed life circumstances, activity limitations, personal interests, and a wish to maintain continuity and independence, affected the men’s approaches to these activities. This knowledge may be useful in attempts to facilitate and support FRA among elderly men with diseases. Health care efforts to promote FRA should preferably be individualised in respect to older men’s approaches to these activities.
X‐ray powder data for some orange pigments
Authors: Woodisse Susan P , Whitaker A.
Published: July 2010

X‐ray powder diffraction data are given for a group of 18 orange pigments, produced from as‐received colorants, together with information on the source of the material and comments in the patterns.
Genetic Bottlenecks Driven by Population Disconnection
Authors: BROQUET THOMAS , ANGELONE SONIA , JAQUIERY JULIE , JOLY PIERRE , LENA JEAN‐PAUL , LENGAGNE THIERRY , PLENET SANDRINE , LUQUET EMILIEN , PERRIN NICOLAS
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Connectivity among populations plays a crucial role in maintaining genetic variation at a local scale, especially in small populations affected strongly by genetic drift. The negative consequences of population disconnection on allelic richness and gene diversity (heterozygosity) are well recognized and empirically established. It is not well recognized, however, that a sudden drop in local effective population size induced by such disconnection produces a temporary disequilibrium in allelic frequency distributions that is akin to the genetic signature of a demographic bottleneck. To document this effect, we used individual‐based simulations and empirical data on allelic richness and gene diversity in six pairs of isolated versus well‐connected (core) populations of European tree frogs. In our simulations, population disconnection depressed allelic richness more than heterozygosity and thus resulted in a temporary excess in gene diversity relative to mutation drift equilibrium (i.e., signature of a genetic bottleneck). We observed a similar excess in gene diversity in isolated populations of tree frogs. Our results show that population disconnection can create a genetic bottleneck in the absence of demographic collapse.
White Light Emission from NaCaPO4:Dy3+ Phosphor for Ultraviolet‐Based White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ratnam B.V. , Jayasimhadri M. , Jang Kiwan , Sueb Lee Ho , Yi Soung‐Soo , Jeong Jung‐Hyun
Published: July 2010

Trivalent dysprosium (Dy3+)‐doped NaCaPO4 phosphors were synthesized by using a conventional solid‐state reaction technique. The phase and the structure of the as‐prepared powders were characterized by using X‐ray diffraction analysis and revealed that the pure NaCaPO4 formed with orthorhombic structure. The photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra were measured to characterize the luminescent properties of NaCaPO4:Dy3+ phosphors. Sharp emission peaks were observed at 482 nm (blue) and 575 nm (yellow) upon 367 nm excitation, which are attributed to the characteristic 4F9/2→6HJ (J=15/2 and 13/2) transitions of trivalent Dy3+ ions, respectively. The suitable control of the blue/yellow intensity ratio is expected to realize a white luminescent system. The lifetime of 4F9/2 level was measured by exciting Dy3+ ions at 355 nm excitation. The chromaticity coordinates were calculated from the emission spectra and analyzed with Commission International de I'Eclairage (CIE) programs and diagrams. The CIE color coordinates fall in the white light region under different ultraviolet (UV) excitations. These results indicate that NaCaPO4:Dy3+ phosphor could be a potential candidate for UV‐based white light‐emitting diodes.
Synergistic sex pheromone components of the grey‐spotted tussock moth, Orgyia ericae
Authors: Chen Guo‐Fa , Sheng Mao‐Ling , Li Tao , Millar Jocelyn G. , Zhang Qing‐He
Published: July 2010

The grey‐spotted tussock moth, Orgyia ericae Germar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), is an important pest of deciduous trees and woody scrublands in northern China. In a field trapping experiment conducted during the flight of the first generation of 2009, synthetic (Z)‐6‐heneicosen‐11‐one, a common Orgyia spp. sex pheromone component, attracted O. ericae males. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analyses (full scan or selected ion‐monitoring mode) of pheromone gland extracts from females revealed the presence of a major, a minor, and a trace component, i.e., (6Z,9Z)‐heneicosa‐6,9‐diene, (6Z,9Z)‐tricosa‐6,9‐diene, and (Z)‐6‐heneicosen‐11‐one, respectively. Field experiments during the flight of the second generation showed that (6Z,9Z)‐tricosa‐6,9‐diene, the minor component, was inactive alone or in any combination with the other two components, whereas (6Z,9Z)‐heneicosa‐6,9‐diene and (Z)‐6‐heneicosen‐11‐one were weakly attractive when tested individually. However, traps baited with a binary blend of (6Z,9Z)‐heneicosa‐6,9‐diene and (Z)‐6‐heneicosen‐11‐one caught seven‐fold more moths than any other treatment (except the ternary blend), indicating a strong synergistic interaction between the two components. The analytical and field trapping data suggested that (6Z,9Z)‐heneicosa‐6,9‐diene and (Z)‐6‐heneicosen‐11‐one are likely the key sex pheromone components of female O. ericae. This synergistic blend will be useful as an efficient monitoring tool, and possible control tool, to combat this economically and ecologically important forest defoliator.
The Metabolism of Biphenyl. IV. Phenolic Metabolites in the Guinea Pig and the Rabbit
Authors: Meyer Trygve
Published: July 2010

Abstract The phenolic metabolites of biphenyl in guinea pigs and rabbits were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed as trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography, respectively. The parent compound was hydroxylated to monohydroxylated biphenyls and minor amounts of dihydroxylated derivatives, and the main route of body clearance appeared to be by the urine in both species. Thus, in the urine of guinea pigs 32.9 % of the dose was detected 96 hrs after dosing, while the major part (29.5 %) was eliminated during the first day as conjugates. The main metabolite was 4‐hydroxybiphenyl (25.5 %). During the first 24 hrs faecal recovery was 20.3 % of the dose, and most of this (14.3 %) consisted of biphenyl itself. Biliary excretion of the metabolites of biphenyl origin amounted to 3.3 % of the dose during the first day, and 4‐hydroxybiphenyl was the major metabolite. In the urine of rabbits 49.1 % of the dose was recovered 96 hrs after dosing, and most of this (25.4 and 15.9 %, respectively) was eliminated during the first two days as conjugates. The major metabolite was 4‐hydroxybiphenyl (35.3 %). On the first day faecal recovery was 1.6 %, of which 1.4 % was detected as biphenyl itself. Less than 1 % of the dose was found in the 7 hrs rabbit bile, and exclusively as 4‐hydroxybiphenyl. The experiments thus show that both qualitative and quantitative differences in the metabolism of biphenyl exist between the guinea pig and the rabbit even though 4‐hydroxybiphenyl was the most prominent metabolite of biphenyl in both species.
Activation of Factor XII in Human Plasma: Protection by Benzamidine of the Cofactor Function of High Molecular Weight Kininogen
Authors: Briseid Kjell , Johansen Harald Thidemann
Published: July 2010

Abstract: By incubation of human citrated plasma with acetone 25% v/v kallikrein inhibitors were destroyed and prekallikrein activated to kallikrein. When the incubation was carried out in the presence of benzamidine 7 mM, the cofactor capacity of high molecular weight kininogen (HMrK) was protected against destruction by a serine protease which was not plasma kallikrein. By analogy with studies in rat plasma this protease might be a plasminogen activator (Berstad & Briseid 1982; Johansen & Briseid 1983). Factor XII in the plasma preparation was activated to unfragmented factor XIIa by adsorption to kaolin, and assayed as prekallikrein activator (PKA). The extent of activation of factor XII was only insignificantly influenced by the 1 + 1 (v/v) dilution of the plasma preparation with a suspension of kaolin. When, however, the preparation was diluted > 1 + 5 (v/v) before incubation with the suspension, a stoichiometric HMrK concentration‐effect curve could be established, allowing the assay of cofactoractive HMrK. Assays of HMrK in plasma preparations from healthy men and women demonstrated an average lower level of cofactor‐active HMrK in the preparations from women. It is suggested that benzamidine is not capable of providing a complete protection of HMrK during the procedure in all plasma samples.
Burden and Biochemical Effects of Extended Tetrahydrofuran Vapour Inhalation of Three Concentration Levels
Authors: Elovaara Eivor , Pfäffli Pirkko , Savolainen H.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Adult male rats exposed to tetrahydrofuran vapour at 8.2 (200 p.p.m.), 41 (1,000 p.p.m.) or 82 μmol/1 (2,000 p.p.m.) for 2 to 18 weeks, five days a week, 6 hrs daily, showed dose‐dependent brain and perirenal fat solvent burden linearly correlated to each other. After two weeks of exposure, the body burden of tetrahydrofuran seems to decrease. This might have been caused by increased oxidative metabolism as enhanced 7‐ethoxycoumarin O‐deethylase activity was detected in liver and kidneys in the 2nd week and onwards. The exposure also caused inhibition of alcohol and formaldehyde dehydrogenase activities in liver at the highest dose. Biochemical effects in the cerebellum were not detected while gluteal muscle specimens showed increased succinate dehydrogenase activity in a dose‐related manner. This points to effects on the energy metabolism. Muscle acetylcholine esterase activity was also increased showing possible effects on the myoneural junctions.
Effects of power training on neuromuscular performance and mechanical efficiency
Authors: Kyrölänen H , Komi P. V. , Kim D. H
Published: July 2010

Effects of power training with stretch‐shortening cycle (SSC) exercises on mechanical efficiency (ME) were investigated with 9 young women who trained 3 times a week for 4 months. The training included various types of jumping exercises. Before and after the training as well as after the detraining (2 months) the subjects performed 6 different submaximal exercises with a special sledge apparatus. Each exercise involved 60 muscle actions lasting for a total of 3 min per testing condition. The work intensities were determined individually according to the recordings of distance obtained during the single maximal concentric exercises. The training caused the greatest changes of ME in conditions of higher prestretch intensities. The ME values changed from 49.3 ± 12.9% to 55.4 ± 12.1% in pure eccentric exercises and from 39.5 ± 4.6% to 46.1 ± 5.0% in SSC exercises during the training. After the training, the subjects preactivated their leg extensor muscles earlier before the impact, and the eccentric working phase was more powerful, because of higher tendomuscular stiffness. Higher preactivation of the measured muscles, higher flexion of knee and increased dorsiflexion of ankle joints in the beginning of contact caused the increased stiffness, possibly through more powerful reflex activation. At the same time the metabolic demands of muscles decreased, causing the increases of ME.
Left ventricular response upon exercise with trained and detrained leg muscles
Authors: Kanstrup I.‐L , Marving J. , Høilund‐Carlsen P. F. , Saltin B.
Published: July 2010

In 11 healthy subjects (8 M, 3 F, age 21–59 years), left ventricular end‐diastolic and end‐systolic volumes (LVEDV and LVESV) were measured noninvasively by isotope cardiography together with arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure (CVP), catecholamines and atrial natriuretic factor (8 subjects) during submaximal exercise with a habitually active or trained (tr) and a detrained (dtr) leg, respectively. Exercise was performed as supine bicycling at 2 different absolute workloads with each leg in a randomized order. At the lowest workload, small but significant increases in heart rate (107–112 bpm), plasma norepinephrine (2.1–2.4 nmol · l−1), arterial blood pressure (systolic blood pressure (SBP) 168–172 mmHg) and contractility (SBP/LVESV) as well as left ventricular ejection fraction (0.71–0.74) and estimated myocardial efficiency (29.0–30.1%) were found during dtr exercise compared with tr exercise. LVESV (39–34 ml) and peak ejection time (154–134 ms) were both reduced. At the highest workload, SBP (175–180 mmHg) and CVP (1.8–3.1 mmHg) were increased for dtr exercise compared with tr exercise. It is concluded that only modest differences in the central hemodynamic response upon exercise with tr and dtr muscles could be demonstrated, in contrast to preliminary findings. The results from the lowest exercise load support the hypothesis that peripheral factors related to the actual state of training strongly influence the central hemodynamic response to exercise. The blunting of the results on the second workload might be caused by influence from the preceding exercise load. The smaller than expected differences, generally, could be caused by the experimental conditions (supine exercise) as well as variations in the state of detraining in the subjects.
Factors influencing assessment of maximal heart rate
Authors: Ingjer F.
Published: July 2010

The significance of warm‐up time, time and number of runs, treadmill inclination and the degree of being rested for the assessment of maximal heart rate (HRmax were studied in 59 athletes. A protocol of 2 subsequent 3‐ to 4‐min runs to exhaustion gave the highest average peak HR values. Being rested before the start of the test and the warm‐up time were both decisive in reaching HRmax. Peak HR from field tests were significantly lower than values attained from lab tests. Mean peak HR from maximal oxygen uptake measurements were 5–6 beats · min−1 lower than values from the specially designed HRmax test described above.
Effects of the menstrual cycle on body composition
Authors: Ellard C. O. , Thompson W. R. , Burks S.
Published: July 2010

Fluctuations in regulatory hormones, body temperature and other physiological mechanisms during the menstrual cycle cause individual symptoms, including a perceived weight gain. This study determined the effects of a normal menstrual cycle on body weight, percentage body fat (% fat by hydrostatic weighing), respiratory measures of vital capacity and residual volume by spirometry, and the sum of 7 skinfolds (triceps, subscapula, axilla, chest, suprailium, abdomen and thigh). Twenty regularly menstruating (23‐ to 35‐d cycles) subjects (aged 20–30 years) volunteered for this study. Measures were duplicated on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 after the onset of menstrual flow. Repeated‐measures analysis of variance indicated no significant differences for any measured parameter between the 5 assigned days. Therefore, body composition in this age group was not affected by normal menstruation.