bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prostate Cancer Genomics: Recent Advances and the Prevailing Underrepresentation from Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Tan Shyh-Han , Petrovics Gyorgy , Srivastava Shiv
Published: April 2018

Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer and the second leading cause of male cancer deaths in the United States. Among African American (AA) men, CaP is the most prevalent malignancy, with disproportionately higher incidence and mortality rates. Even after discounting the influence of socioeconomic factors, the effect of molecular and genetic factors on racial disparity of CaP is evident. Earlier studies on the molecular basis for CaP disparity have focused on the influence of heritable mutations and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Most CaP susceptibility alleles identified based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were common, low-penetrance variants. Germline CaP-associated mutations that are highly penetrant, such as those found in HOXB13 and BRCA2, are usually rare. More recently, genomic studies enabled by Next-Gen Sequencing (NGS) technologies have focused on the identification of somatic mutations that contribute to CaP tumorigenesis. These studies confirmed the high prevalence of ERG gene fusions and PTEN deletions among Caucasian Americans and identified novel somatic alterations in SPOP and FOXA1 genes in early stages of CaP. Individuals with African ancestry and other minorities are often underrepresented in these large-scale genomic studies, which are performed primarily using tumors from men of European ancestry. The insufficient number of specimens from AA men and other minority populations, together with the heterogeneity in the molecular etiology of CaP across populations, challenge the generalizability of findings from these projects. Efforts to close this gap by sequencing larger numbers of tumor specimens from more diverse populations, although still at an early stage, have discovered distinct genomic alterations. These research findings can have a direct impact on the diagnosis of CaP, the stratification of patients for treatment, and can help to address the disparity in incidence and mortality of CaP. This review examines the progress of understanding in CaP genetics and genomics and highlight the need to increase the representation from minority populations.
Clinicopathological Characteristics and Mutations Driving Development of Early Lung Adenocarcinoma: Tumor Initiation and Progression
Authors: Inamura Kentaro
Published: April 2018

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with lung adenocarcinoma representing the most common lung cancer subtype. Among all lung adenocarcinomas, the most prevalent subset develops via tumorigenesis and progression from atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) to adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), to minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), to overt invasive adenocarcinoma with a lepidic pattern. This stepwise development is supported by the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of these tumors. In the 2015 World Health Organization classification, AAH and AIS are both defined as preinvasive lesions, whereas MIA is identified as an early invasive adenocarcinoma that is not expected to recur if removed completely. Recent studies have examined the molecular features of lung adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis and progression. EGFR-mutated adenocarcinoma frequently develops via the multistep progression. Oncogene-induced senescence appears to decrease the frequency of the multistep progression in KRAS- or BRAF-mutated adenocarcinoma, whose tumor evolution may be associated with epigenetic alterations and kinase-inactive mutations. This review summarizes the current knowledge of tumorigenesis and tumor progression in early lung adenocarcinoma, with special focus on its clinicopathological characteristics and their associations with driver mutations (EGFR, KRAS, and BRAF) as well as on its molecular pathogenesis and progression.
The Role of PPAR and Its Cross-Talk with CAR and LXR in Obesity and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Xu Pengfei , Zhai Yonggong , Wang Jing
Published: April 2018

The prevalence of obesity and atherosclerosis has substantially increased worldwide over the past several decades. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), as fatty acids sensors, have been therapeutic targets in several human lipid metabolic diseases, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and liver X receptors (LXRs) were also reported as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and atherosclerosis, respectively. Further clarification of the internal relationships between these three lipid metabolic nuclear receptors is necessary to enable drug discovery. In this review, we mainly summarized the cross-talk of PPARs-CAR in obesity and PPARs-LXRs in atherosclerosis.
Erythropoietin Intensifies the Proapoptotic Activity of LFM-A13 in Cells and in a Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Tankiewicz-Kwedlo Anna , Hermanowicz Justyna Magdalena , Pawlak Krystyna , Czarnomysy Robert , Bielawski Krzysztof , Prokop Izabela , Pawlak Dariusz
Published: April 2018

The Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor LFM-A13 has been widely employed as an antileukemic agent, but applications in solid cancer have been found recently. The compound promotes apoptosis, has an antiproliferative effect, and increases cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs. We decided to assess the impact of the simultaneous use of erythropoietin (Epo) and LFM-A13 on signal transduction in colon DLD-1 and HT-29 cells, as well as in tumor xenografts. The induction of apoptosis by Epo and LFM-A-13 in the cells was confirmed by phosphatidylserine externalization, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and modulation of the expression of apoptotic protein BAX and antiapoptotic protein BCL-2 in colon adenocarcinoma cells. Nude mice were inoculated with adenocarcinoma cells and treated with Epo and LFM-A13 in order to evaluate the degree of tumor regression. The simultaneous use of Epo and LFM-A13 severely inhibited cell growth, activated apoptosis, and also inhibited tumor growth in xenografts. The addition of Epo to LFM-A13 intensified the antiproliferative effect of LFM-A13, confirmed by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the accumulation of apoptotic colon cancer cells with externalized phosphatidylserine (PS). These preclinical results suggest that the combination of Epo and LFM-A13 has a high proapoptotic activity and should be tested in the clinic for the treatment of solid tumors such as colon cancer.
A Combined NMR-Computational Study of the Interaction between Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin and Sialic Derivatives from Human and Avian Receptors on the Surface of Transfected Cells
Authors: Vasile Francesca , Panigada Maddalena , Siccardi Antonio , Potenza Donatella , Tiana Guido
Published: April 2018

The development of small-molecule inhibitors of influenza virus Hemagglutinin could be relevant to the opposition of the diffusion of new pandemic viruses. In this work, we made use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the interaction between two derivatives of sialic acid, Neu5Ac-α-(2,6)-Gal-β-(1–4)-GlcNAc and Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-Gal-β-(1–4)-GlcNAc, and hemagglutinin directly expressed on the surface of recombinant human cells. We analyzed the interaction of these trisaccharides with 293T cells transfected with the H5 and H1 variants of hemagglutinin, which thus retain their native trimeric conformation in such a realistic environment. By exploiting the magnetization transfer between the protein and the ligand, we obtained evidence of the binding event, and identified the epitope. We analyzed the conformational features of the glycans with an approach combining NMR spectroscopy and data-driven molecular dynamics simulations, thus obtaining useful information for an efficient drug design.
The Supramolecular Attitude of Metal–Salophen and Metal–Salen Complexes
Authors: Leoni Luca , Dalla Cort Antonella
Published: April 2018

In this review we cover some aspects of metal–salophen and metal–salen complex chemistry related to their supramolecular attitude. We examined under the lens of the non-covalent interactions their potential to behave as building blocks for auto-assembled architectures, supramolecular receptors and catalysts, although this last point has been only briefly mentioned.
Mating Behavior of Rosalia batesi (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Is Mediated by Male-Produced Sex Pheromones
Authors: Kiriyama Satoshi , Iwata Ryûtarô , Fukaya Midori , Hoshino Youtaro , Yamanaka Yasuyuki
Published: April 2018

Rosalia batesi Harold (Cerambycidae) is a hardwood boring species endemic to Japan. We investigated the adult mating behavior of this species in the field and laboratory. Most males appeared on mating sites before noon, significantly earlier than females did, in field observations. The female approached and contacted the male; the male responded and started the successive mating sequence, comprising mounting, copulation, and appeasement behavior. Before the encounter, the male raised its fore and mid legs and bent the abdominal tip ventrally. Next, a peculiarly structured bifurcate tip was exposed with opening and closing motion, which can be observed in the entire family Cerambycidae and is thought to be associated with the emission of volatile male sex pheromones. Male and female orientation toward conspecifics was examined using T-shaped olfactometers in four combinations (male–male, female–male, female–female, male–female). Males exclusively attracted females, indicating the existence of male-produced sex pheromones. A laboratory bioassay with three temperature regimes revealed the temperature dependence of this calling behavior. The calling behavior occurred only when the air temperature and male body surface temperature, which are associated with light intensity, were within the range of 26–33 °C and 26–28 °C, respectively.
Roles of PDE1 in Pathological Cardiac Remodeling and Dysfunction
Authors: Chen Si , Knight Walter E. , Yan Chen
Published: April 2018

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction is a response to various stress stimuli and can result in reduced cardiac output and heart failure. Cyclic nucleotide signaling regulates several cardiac functions including contractility, remodeling, and fibrosis. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides, are critical in the homeostasis of intracellular cyclic nucleotide signaling and hold great therapeutic potential as drug targets. Recent studies have revealed that the inhibition of the PDE family member PDE1 plays a protective role in pathological cardiac remodeling and dysfunction by the modulation of distinct cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways. This review summarizes recent key findings regarding the roles of PDE1 in the cardiac system that can lead to a better understanding of its therapeutic potential.
Quadrilateral Space Syndrome: Diagnosis and Clinical Management
Authors: Hangge Patrick T. , Breen Ilana , Albadawi Hassan , Knuttinen M. Grace , Naidu Sailendra G. , Oklu Rahmi
Published: April 2018

Quadrilateral space syndrome (QSS) is a rare disorder characterized by axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery (PHCA) compression within the quadrilateral space. Impingement is most frequently due to trauma, fibrous bands, or hypertrophy of one of the muscular borders. Diagnosis can be complicated by the presence of concurrent traumatic injuries, particularly in athletes. Since many other conditions can mimic QSS, it is often a diagnosis of exclusion. Conservative treatment is often first trialed, including physical exercise modification, physical therapy, and therapeutic massage. In patients unrelieved by conservative measures, surgical decompression of the quadrilateral space may be indicated.
Colorectal-Vaginal Fistulas: Imaging and Novel Interventional Treatment Modalities
Authors: Knuttinen M-Grace , Yi Johnny , Magtibay Paul , Miller Christina , Alzubaidi Sadeer , Naidu Sailendra , Oklu Rahmi , Kriegshauser J. , Mar Winnie
Published: April 2018

Colovaginal and/or rectovaginal fistulas cause significant and distressing symptoms, including vaginitis, passage of flatus/feces through the vagina, and painful skin excoriation. These fistulas can be a challenging condition to treat. Although most fistulas can be treated with surgical repair, for those patients who are not operative candidates, limited options remain. As minimally-invasive interventional techniques have evolved, the possibility of fistula occlusion has enriched the therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of these complex patients. In order to offer optimal treatment options to these patients, it is important to understand the imaging and anatomical features which may appropriately guide the surgeon and/or interventional radiologist during pre-procedural planning.
Multi-Detector Computed Tomography Imaging Techniques in Arterial Injuries
Authors: Adler Cameron , Hangge Patrick T. , Albadawi Hassan , Knuttinen M-Grace , Alzubaidi Sadeer J. , Naidu Sailendra G. , Oklu Rahmi
Published: April 2018

Cross-sectional imaging has become a critical aspect in the evaluation of arterial injuries. In particular, angiography using computed tomography (CT) is the imaging of choice. A variety of techniques and options are available when evaluating for arterial injuries. Techniques involve contrast bolus, various phases of contrast enhancement, multiplanar reconstruction, volume rendering, and maximum intensity projection. After the images are rendered, a variety of features may be seen that diagnose the injury. This article provides a general overview of the techniques, important findings, and pitfalls in cross sectional imaging of arterial imaging, particularly in relation to computed tomography. In addition, the future directions of computed tomography, including a few techniques in the process of development, is also discussed.
Nail Properties and Bone Health: A Review
Authors: Saeedi Pouya , Shavandi Amin , Meredith-Jones Kim
Published: April 2018

Physicochemical properties of nail may offer valuable insight into the health of bone. Currently, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard technique for evaluating bone health through bone mineral density (BMD). However, only 70% of fractures are explained by low BMD according to DXA. Therefore, the World Health Organisation recommended the need for the development of alternative methods of assessing bone health. Keratin and collagen type I are major proteins in nail and bone, respectively. Both of these proteins undergo post-translational modifications, with a possible correlation between the degree of post-translational modifications in keratin and collagen. Raman spectroscopy is a technique used to detect changes in protein composition and structure. As changes in protein function and structure may be associated with the development of osteoporosis, Raman spectroscopy may be a valuable adjunct to assess bone health and fracture risk. This review critically evaluates various methods and techniques to identify the link between nail properties and bone health. The strengths and limitations of various studies and the potential use of nail protein and minerals to evaluate bone health have been also presented.
Preventing Violence and Social Exclusion through Sport and Physical Activity: The SAVE Project
Authors: Gentile Ambra , Valantine Irena , Staskeviciute-Butiene Inga , Kreivyte Rasa , Mujkic Dino , Ajdinovic Aela , Kezić Ana , Miletić Đurđica , Kovačević Almir , Madic Dejan , Drid Patrik , Bianco Antonino
Published: April 2018

Sport Against Violence and Exclusion (SAVE), a project cofounded by the Erasmus + Program of the European Union, seeks to prevent violent and socially exclusive behaviors through physical activity. The current editorial shows a range of possible interpretations of these two phenomena from both a psychological and sociological point of view, offering helpful methods to coaches who train children (ages 6 to 12)in grass-root sport clubs. Following a thorough analysis, partners from seven EU countries (Lithuania, Italy, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Austria, and Spain) will be able to identify skills and techniques for coaches to ensure inclusive training methods as well as to provide them with effective conflict resolution tools. Furthermore, both trainers and parents will have access to an online platform with useful information regarding these issues.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Propeller Loads in Off-Design Conditions
Authors: Ortolani Fabrizio , Dubbioso Giulio , Muscari Roberto , Mauro Salvatore , Di Mascio Andrea
Published: April 2018

The understanding of the performance of a propeller in realistic operative conditions is nowadays a key issue for improving design techniques, guaranteeing safety and continuity of operation at sea, and reducing maintenance costs. In this paper, a summary of the recent research carried out at CNR-INSEAN devoted to the analysis of propeller loads in realistic operative scenarios, with particular emphasis on the in-plane loads, is presented. In particular, the experimental results carried out on a free running maneuvering model equipped with a novel force transducer are discussed and supported by C F D (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis and the use of a simplified propeller model, based on Blade Element Momentum Theory, with the aim of achieving a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that govern the functioning of the propeller in off-design. Moreover, the analysis includes the scaling factors that can be used to obtain a prediction from model measurements, the propeller radial force being the primary cause of failures of the shaft bearings. In particular, the analysis highlighted that cavitation at full scale can cause the increment of in-plane loads by about 20% with respect to a non-cavitating case, that that in-plane loads could be more sensitive to cavitation than thrust and torque, and that Reynolds number effect is negligible. For the analysis of cavitation, an alternative version of the B E M T solver, improved with cavitation linear theory, was developed.
Burden of Serious Fungal Infections in Argentina
Authors: Riera Fernando , Caeiro Juan , Denning David
Published: April 2018

The number of fungal infections at any given time in Argentina is not known. Here we estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Argentina for the first time. Specific population statistics were searched from multiple sources, local literature was identified, and estimates made. Some additional data were sourced from the Ministry of Health, the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) program, and national haematology and transplant societies. Argentina has a population of 43.8 million, with 25% of this total being children under 15 years. The predicted candidemia annual incidence is 2193 cases, with 50% occurring in the ICU. At a 6% prevalence rate, an estimated 593,695 women suffer from recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Invasive aspergillosis is relatively common because of high smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) rates, with 268 cases in immunocompromised patients and another 1938 in the 168,000 COPD patients admitted to hospital. Asthma is also common, affecting 14% of adults, and so allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS) are major problems. An estimated 432 cases of cryptococcal meningitis (CM)—90% of them in AIDS patients—and 1177 cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) occur each year. The estimated annual case number of disseminated histoplasmosis is 404 in AIDS patients, almost as frequent as CM. Paracoccidioidomycosis annual incidence is estimated at 219, and coccidioidomycosis at 16 cases. At least 881,023 people (>2.01%) in Argentina are affected by a serious fungal disease annually, with considerable morbidity and mortality.
Polyvinyl Alcohol Microspheres Reinforced Thermoplastic Starch Composites
Authors: Guo Bin , Zha Dongdong , Li Bengang , Yin Peng , Li Panxin
Published: April 2018

We reported a new method to prepare polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/thermoplastic starch (TPS) composites by using polyvinyl alcohol microspheres (PVAMS). The PVAMS/TPS composites were characterized using tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results exhibited that adding small amounts of PVAMSs can effectively improve the mechanical strength and toughness of the composites, especially for the 1 wt %PVAMS in TPS matrix, with a tensile strength of 3.5 MPa, an elongation at break at 71.73% and an impact strength of 33.4 kJ/m2. Furthermore, the SEM and shift in the tan δ peak (Tα and Tβ) at the maximum value of 69.87 and −36.52 °C indicates that the PVAMS decreased the mobility of the amorphous starch molecules due to the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds between PVAMS and TPS. The peak temperature of maximum decomposition rate (Tp) of 1 wt % PVAMS/TPS composites increased about 5 °C compared with TPS in TGA curves.
Synergistic Effect of Nitrogen Doping and MWCNT Intercalation for the Graphene Hybrid Support for Pt Nanoparticles with Exemplary Oxygen Reduction Reaction Performance
Authors: Fu Kang , Wang Yang , Qian Ying , Mao Linchang , Jin Junhong , Yang Shenglin , Li Guang
Published: April 2018

The potential of graphene–multi-walled-carbon nanotube (G-M) hybrids prepared by the one-pot modified Hummers method followed by thermal annealing has been demonstrated by employing one as an electrocatalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). N doping effectively modified the electronic structure of the G-M hybrid support, which was beneficial for the uniform distribution of Pt nanoparticles, and ORR activities were further improved. The newly prepared Pt/N-G-M catalyst demonstrated higher electrochemical activity than Pt/G-M and Pt/G catalysts. Even compared with commercial 20 wt % Pt/C (JM20), Pt/N-G-M delivered a better half-wave potential and mass activity. In terms of the durability test, Pt/N-G-M maintained 72.7% of its initial electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) after 2000 repeated potential cycles between 0 and 1.2 V in acidic media in relation to the 44.4% retention for JM20. Moreover, the half-wave potential for Pt/N-G-M showed only a minimal change, significantly superior to the 139 mV of loss for JM20. It is expected that Pt/N-G-M can be the potential candidate as a highly efficient and durable catalyst if utilized in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs).
Effect of Resin Type on the Tribological Properties of a Three-Dimensional Self-Lubricating Composite Surface
Authors: Zhang Dongya , Sun Xizhou , Dang Kai , Gao Fen , Zhang Hui , Dong Guangneng
Published: April 2018

In this paper, three kinds of polymer, of epoxy resin (EP), phenolic resin (PF), and unsaturated polyester (UP), were used as fillers to prepare the laminated composite surface, and the tribological properties of a composite surface were studied under dry sliding condition. The results showed that: (i) the composites surface without MoS2 exhibited high friction coefficient and high wear rate at 25 °C, while the friction coefficients were reduced when the temperature increases to 100 °C; (ii) with the addition of MoS2, the friction coefficient of the epoxy resin composite containing MoS2 (E1) was below 0.22 under a temperature of 25–150 °C, and the friction coefficient was increased to 0.32 as temperature increased to 150 °C, while the average friction coefficient of the unsaturated polyester composite containing MoS2 (U1) was very low and below 0.20 under a temperature of 25–150 °C. Analysis of the wear scars indicated that, for the MoS2-containing composite, the transfer films of the E1 and U1 were smooth and continuous under low temperature, while the transfer film of U1 was comparatively complete than that of E1 under 150 °C. The composites with solid lubrication had excellent high-temperature self-lubricating properties, which was attributed to the synergistic effect of the laminated structure, and the thermal expansion of the polymer, and finally a transfer film was formed on the sliding path.
Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Friction Stir Processed Mg–Sn–Zn Alloy
Authors: Chen Xiaoyang , Dai Qiao , Li Xingcheng , Lu Yalin , Zhang Yang
Published: April 2018

In this study, as-cast Mg–6Sn–2Zn (wt.%) alloy was subjected to friction stir processing (FSP) and the microstructure and tensile properties of FSP Mg–6Sn–2Zn samples were investigated. It was found that, in the stir zone (SZ) of FSP Mg–6Sn–2Zn samples, α-Mg grains were significantly refined via dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and the Mg2Sn phase was broken and partially dissolved. The microstructure in SZ was nonuniform and DRXed grains in the SZ-up regions were coarser than those in the SZ-down regions. Coarse broken Mg2Sn particles were observed in the SZ-up regions, while only fine Mg2Sn particles were observed in the SZ-down regions. Strong {0001} basal texture developed in the SZ regions of Mg–6Sn–2Zn samples after FSP. The increase of travel speed had little effect on the texture of different SZ regions. The ductility of FSP Mg–6Sn–2Zn samples was obviously improved, while the improvement in strength was negligible when compared to the as-cast sample. The tensile properties of FSP Mg–6Sn–2Zn samples were influenced by grain refinement, texture modification, and the breaking up and dissolution of the Mg2Sn phase.
Effect of Reaction Temperature on Structure, Appearance and Bonding Type of Functionalized Graphene Oxide Modified P-Phenylene Diamine
Authors: Sun Hong-Juan , Liu Bo , Peng Tong-Jiang , Zhao Xiao-Long
Published: April 2018

In this study, graphene oxides with different functionalization degrees were prepared by a facile one-step hydrothermal reflux method at various reaction temperatures using graphene oxide (GO) as starting material and p-phenylenediamine (PPD) as the modifier. The effects of reaction temperature on structure, appearance and bonding type of the obtained materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that when the reaction temperature was 10–70 °C, the GO reacted with PPD through non-covalent ionic bonds (–COO−H3+N–R) and hydrogen bonds (C–OH…H2N–X). When the reaction temperature reached 90 °C, the GO was functionalized with PPD through covalent bonds of C–N. The crystal structure of products became more ordered and regular, and the interlayer spacing (d value) and surface roughness increased as the temperature increased. Furthermore, the results suggested that PPD was grafted on the surface of GO through covalent bonding by first attacking the carboxyl groups and then the epoxy groups of GO.
Microstructure and Solidification Crack Susceptibility of Al 6014 Molten Alloy Subjected to a Spatially Oscillated Laser Beam
Authors: Kang Minjung , Han Heung Nam , Kim Cheolhee
Published: April 2018

Oscillating laser beam welding for Al 6014 alloy was performed using a single mode fiber laser and two-axis scanner system. Its effect on the microstructural evolution of the fusion zone was investigated. To evaluate the influence of oscillation parameters, self-restraint test specimens were fabricated with different beam patterns, widths, and frequencies. The behavior of hot cracking propagation was analyzed by high-speed camera and electron backscatter diffraction. The behavior of crack propagation was observed to be highly correlated with the microstructural evolution of the fusion zone. For most oscillation conditions, the microstructure resembled that of linear welds. A columnar structure was formed near the fusion line and an equiaxed structure was generated at its center. The wide equiaxed zone of oscillation welding increased solidification crack susceptibility. For an oscillation with an infinite-shaped scanning pattern at 100 Hz and 3.5 m/min welding speed, the bead width, solidification microstructure, and the width of the equiaxed zone at the center of fusion fluctuated. Furthermore, the equiaxed and columnar regions alternated periodically, which could reduce solidification cracking susceptibility.
A New Descent Algorithm Using the Three-Step Discretization Method for Solving Unconstrained Optimization Problems
Authors: Torabi Mina , Hosseini Mohammad-Mehdi
Published: April 2018

In this paper, three-step Taylor expansion, which is equivalent to third-order Taylor expansion, is used as a mathematical base of the new descent method. At each iteration of this method, three steps are performed. Each step has a similar structure to the steepest descent method, except that the generalized search direction, step length, and next iterative point are applied. Compared with the steepest descent method, it is shown that the proposed algorithm has higher convergence speed and lower computational cost and storage.
An Estimate of the Root Mean Square Error Incurred When Approximating an f ∈ L2(ℝ) by a Partial Sum of Its Hermite Series
Authors: Huang Mei , Kerman Ron , Spektor Susanna
Published: April 2018

Let f be a band-limited function in L 2 ( R ) . Fix T > 0 , and suppose f ′ exists and is integrable on [ − T , T ] . This paper gives a concrete estimate of the error incurred when approximating f in the root mean square by a partial sum of its Hermite series. Specifically, we show, that for K = 2 n , n ∈ Z + , 1 2 T ∫ − T T [ f ( t ) − ( S K f ) ( t ) ] 2 d t 1 / 2 ≤ 1 + 1 K 1 2 T ∫ | t | > T f ( t ) 2 d t 1 / 2 + 1 2 T ∫ | ω | > N | f ^ ( ω ) | 2 d ω 1 / 2 + 1 K 1 2 T ∫ | t | ≤ T f N ( t ) 2 d t 1 / 2 + 1 π 1 + 1 2 K S a ( K , T ) , in which S K f is the K-th partial sum of the Hermite series of f , f ^ is the Fourier transform of f, N = 2 K + 1 + 2 K + 3 2 and f N = ( f ^ χ ( − N , N ) ) ∨ ( t ) = 1 π ∫ − ∞ ∞ sin ( N ( t − s ) ) t − s f ( s ) d s . An explicit upper bound is obtained for S a ( K , T ) .
A Systematic Review of Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery in Virtual Reality Simulators
Authors: Lam Chee , Sundaraj Kenneth , Sulaiman Mohd
Published: April 2018

The aim of this study was to review the capability of virtual reality simulators in the application of phacoemulsification cataract surgery training. Our review included the scientific publications on cataract surgery simulators that had been developed by different groups of researchers along with commercialized surgical training products, such as EYESI® and PhacoVision®. The review covers the simulation of the main cataract surgery procedures, i.e., corneal incision, capsulorrhexis, phacosculpting, and intraocular lens implantation in various virtual reality surgery simulators. Haptics realism and visual realism of the procedures are the main elements in imitating the actual surgical environment. The involvement of ophthalmology in research on virtual reality since the early 1990s has made a great impact on the development of surgical simulators. Most of the latest cataract surgery training systems are able to offer high fidelity in visual feedback and haptics feedback, but visual realism, such as the rotational movements of an eyeball with response to the force applied by surgical instruments, is still lacking in some of them. The assessment of the surgical tasks carried out on the simulators showed a significant difference in the performance before and after the training.
Comparison of Changes in Blood Glucose, Insulin Resistance Indices, and Adipokine Levels in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Subjects With Morbid Obesity After Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding
Authors: Urbanavičius Vaidotas , Abalikšta Tomas , Brimas Gintautas , Abraitienė Agnė , Gogelienė Laima , Strupas Kęstutis
Published: April 2018

Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate blood glucose, insulin resistance indices, and adipokine (leptin and adiponectin) levels in morbidly obese individuals with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus and to compare the changes in these parameters 1 year after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery. Material and Methods. In total, 103 patients (37 subjects with and 66 subjects without type 2 diabetes mellitus) were studied preoperatively and again 1 year after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Results. One year after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, the leptin concentrations decreased significantly in both treatment groups, while the adiponectin levels increased significantly in the nondiabetic patients (11.19 μg/mL [SD 7.20] vs. 15.58 μg/mL [SD 7.8], P=0.003) and tended to increase in the group of the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (8.98 μg/mL [SD 6.80] vs. 13.01 μg/mL [SD 12.14], P>0.05). A considerable decrease in the insulin resistance indices was noted in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 1 year after the intervention, and it was followed by a partial or complete remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus in 23 (85.19%) of the 27 investigated diabetic patients. The postoperative insulin resistance indices in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus became similar to the values in the nondiabetic subjects. Conclusions. Weight loss after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding is associated with a significant increase in adiponectin secretion in nondiabetic morbidly obese patients and with improvement in adiponectin secretion in type 2 diabetes individuals. In subjects with type 2 diabetes, this surgical intervention results in a significant reduction in blood glucose and insulin resistance.
Susac’s Syndrome: A Case Presentation and Radiological Approach to this Rare Autoimmune Endotheliopathy
Authors: Randakevičienė Goda , Gleiznienė Rymantė , Nylander Rūta
Published: April 2018

Susac’s syndrome is an uncommon neurologic disorder, consisting of the clinical triad of encephalopathy, branch retinal artery occlusions, and hearing loss. We report a case of a sudden vision and hearing impairment in a 35-year-old female patient. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed multiple lesions in the white matter and the corpus callosum, typical of Susac’s syndrome.
The Effect of Physiotherapy in Addition to Testosterone Replacement Therapy on the Efficiency of the Motor System in Men With Hypogonadism
Authors: Bacevičienė Rasa , Valonytė Laura , Čeponis Jonas
Published: April 2018

Background and Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the addition of physiotherapy to testosterone replacement therapy provides added benefit in improving functional capacity of the motor system in men with hypogonadism. Material and Methods. The study involved 3 groups of subjects: group 1, healthy men (n=20); group 2, men with hypogonadism who underwent testosterone replacement therapy with physiotherapy (TRT+PT) (n=8); and group 3, men with hypogonadism who underwent testosterone replacement therapy alone (TRT) (n=10). Physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire [IPAQ]) and body composition (X-SCAN analysis) were analyzed; the vertical jump test (Leonardo Mechanography®) was applied. Results. The application of testosterone replacement therapy together with physiotherapy for 6 months significantly increased the maximum and relative power of jump in the subjects in the TRT+PT group; however, in the TRT group, no statistically significant difference was observed. The maximum jump height for the subjects in the TRT+PT group significantly increased 6 months after the intervention; however, in the TRT group, this index remained unaltered. The lean body mass of the subjects in the TRT+PT group increased (P<0.05); however, in the TRT group, it did not change. The relative fat body mass in the TRT+PT group decreased significantly (P<0.05), but, in the TRT group, it had a tendency to increase, though insignifi cantly. Conclusions. Our results suggest that the application of testosterone replacement therapy together with physiotherapy (1 hour twice weekly) in men with hypogonadism may lead to earlier and better results in comparison with testosterone replacement therapy applied alone.
Delayed Diagnosis of Lyme Neuroborreliosis Presenting with Abducens Neuropathy Without Intrathecal Synthesis of Borrelia Antibodies
Authors: Radzišauskienė Daiva , Ambrozaitis Arvydas , Marciuškienė Eglė
Published: April 2018

Lyme borreliosis is the most common tick-born infection in Europe. Global climate change expanding the range of tick vectors and an increase in the incidence suggest that this disease will remain an important health issue in the forthcoming decades. Lyme borreliosis is a multisystem organ disorder affecting the nervous system in 10% to 15% of cases. Lyme neuroborreliosis can present with any disorder of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The neuro-ophthalmological manifestations are a rare feature of the disease. The intrathecal synthesis of Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies is of diagnostic importance, but in rare cases, immunoglobulins against the Borrelia burgdorferi antigen may not be detected. We report a case of possible Lyme neuroborreliosis presenting with sixth cranial nerve neuropathy at the onset of the disease further developing into typical meningoradiculitis and multiple mononeuropathy. Surprisingly, Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies were not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid.
The Pattern of Colorectal Cancer Surgery in Lithuania in 2005: Do Results Meet Expectations?
Authors: Poškus Eligijus , Mikalauskas Saulius , Jotautas Valdemaras , Žeromskas Paulius , Poškus Tomas , Strupas Kęstutis , Samalavičius Narimantas , Lasinskas Marius , Sklepavičius Andrius , Tamelis Algimantas , Saladžinskas Žilvinas , Pavalkis Dainius , Jakaitienė Audronė , Smailytė Giedrė
Published: April 2018

The aim of this study was to expose the pattern of the surgical treatment of colorectal cancer in Lithuania in 2005. Material and Methods. A retrospective analysis of 590 patients treated for colorectal cancer in the surgical departments of the Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, the Institute of Oncology of Vilnius University, and Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos in 2005 was performed. Demographic data, preoperative evaluation, postoperative complications assessed according to the Clavien-Dindo classification, the quality of pathological examination, and survival rates were analyzed. Results. A total of 590 patients, 269 women (45.6%) and 321 men (54.4%), were included in this study; the mean age was 68.3 years (SD, 11.2). Tumors were found in the colon of 274 patients (46.4%) and in the rectum of 316 patients (53.6%). An abdominal ultrasound scan was preoperatively performed in 516 patients (87.5%) and a chest x-ray in 316 patients (53.6%); 35 patients (5.9%) underwent abdominal computed tomography. Endorectal ultrasound was done in 99 (31.7%) cases. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for T3 and T4 rectal tumors was applied in 42 cases (18.1%). Besides, 211 patients (35.8%) developed postoperative complications with an anastomotic leak emerging in 20 cases (3.4%). Death occurred in 7 patients (1.18%). On the average, 11.15 lymph nodes (SD, 6.02) were found in pathological specimens. Circumferential resection margins were assessed in 58 cases (18.4%). The overall 5-year survival rate was 52.06%. Conclusions. The preoperative evaluation and the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer were not sufficiently consistent in Lithuania in 2005. In order to improve the treatment of colorectal cancer, standardization or the national database of colorectal cancer is necessary.
Changes of Visual Functions in Patients With Pituitary Adenoma
Authors: Kasputytė Roberta , Slatkevičienė Girėna , Liutkevičienė Rasa , Glebauskienė Brigita , Bernotas Giedrimantas , Tamašauskas Arimantas
Published: April 2018

Background and Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between visual functions (visual acuity, perimetry, optic nerve disc condition, and color contrast sensitivity) and pituitary adenoma (PA) diameter. Material and Methods. In the study, 20 patients with PA, which was confirmed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans, were examined. The patients were divided into 2 groups: those with a PA diameter of ≤1 cm (14 eyes) and with a PA diameter of >1 cm (26 eyes). The control group comprised 40 healthy age- and gender-matched persons (80 eyes). The diameter of PA, visual acuity, and perimetry were analyzed; the F-M 100 hue test for color discrimination was used in patients with PA. Results. Visual acuity was better in the control group as compared with both groups of patients (1.0 vs. 0.90 [SD, 0.50] and 0.64 [SD, 0.21]; P=0.01; respectively). The results of the Farnsworth- Munsell 100 hue test were also better in the control group compared with the patients with PA of ≤1 cm and >1 cm (error score of 80.1 [SD, 53.0] vs. 131.8 [SD, 30.6] and 244.68 [SD, 51. 6], respectively; P=0.011). There was a very strong positive correlation between the error score of the F-M 100 hue test and PA diameter (r=0.905), but the correlation between the error score and visual acuity (r=–0.32), perimetry (r=0.21), and eye fundus changes (r=0.36) and PA diameter was weak. Conclusions. Our results showed that PA can cause the impairments of visual acuity, perimetry, and color contrast sensitivity. The computerized F-M 100 hue test can be one of the methods for an early diagnosis of chiasm damage in patients with PA.
Bilateral Endogenous Bacterial Panophthalmitis
Authors: Krėpštė Lina , Žemaitienė Reda , Barzdžiukas Valerijus , Miliauskas Arūnas
Published: April 2018

We present a case of meningitis with bilateral endogenous bacterial panophthalmitis in a previously healthy individual. The management of this ocular condition is unclear, and the prognosis is poor. The patient was admitted to the Clinic of Eye Diseases after a 9-day treatment with systemic antibiotics with a complete systemic recovery but impaired vision of both eyes. Functional vision was restored in the better eye with intravitreal vancomycin and pars plana vitrectomy. Nevertheless, after the removal of silicone oil, phthisis bulbi began to develop. Better outcomes could be expected if bacteremic patients were examined routinely by an ophthalmologist and, in case of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis, treated with intravitreal antibiotics.
Brugada-Like Electrocardiographic Patterns Induced by Hyperkalemia
Authors: Reingardienė Dagmara , Vilčinskaitė Jolita , Bilskienė Diana
Published: April 2018

Brugada syndrome was described in 1992 as a new clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome involving susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in patients with no obvious structural heart disease. Brugada syndrome is characterized by a hereditary anomaly in the sodium ion channel (mutation of the SCN5A gene) identified by a wide QRS associated with the ST-segment elevation and the T‑wave inversion in the right precordial leads. The Brugada-like electrocardiographic pattern can be caused by sodium channel-blocking drugs and electrolyte disorders. Hyperkalemia may produce multiple ECG abnormalities, including the ST-segment elevation and pseudomyocardial infarction with a resolution of these abnormalities after the correction of hyperkalemia. This article describes 8 cases of pseudoanteroseptal myocardial infarction in acute renal insufficiency with hyperkalemia. The ST-segment elevation related to hyperkalemia is resolved by the reduced serum potassium level. Clinicians should recognize that hyperkalemia is one of the etiologies of the Brugada-like electrocardiographic pattern.
Treatment of Tuberculosis in South Kazakhstan: Clinical and Economical Aspects
Authors: Maimakov Talgat , Sadykova Laura , Kalmataeva Zhanna , Kurakpaev Kural , Šmigelskas Kastytis
Published: April 2018

Background and Objective. Since 1990, the tuberculosis incidence rate in Eastern Europe and post-Soviet republics has been increasing in many countries including Kazakhstan. This problem is particularly important in Kazakhstan regions with limited financial resources, among them – in South Kazakhstan province. The aim of this study was to investigate the main clinical and antibiotic-related economic aspects of tuberculosis treatment in South Kazakhstan province. Material and Methods. In total, 502 patients participated in the study. They were hospitalized to the tuberculosis dispensary of Sayram district (South Kazakhstan province) in 2007–2013. Statistical analysis included logistic regression for better treatment outcomes and analysis of antibiotic treatment costs. Results. Two-thirds of patients had infiltrative tuberculosis (67%). Positive treatment outcomes were determined in 85% of cases. The patients were mostly treated with cycloserine, protionamide, capreomycin, and ofloxacin. The majority of antibiotic costs were related to the treatment with capreomycin. In case of the positive results of the test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, antibiotic expenses were almost 3 times greater than in case of negative test results (P<0.001). Conclusions. The majority of patients had extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. The negative results of the test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis at discharge were not related to pretreatment factors. Antibiotic-related costs were significantly higher in case of the positive results of the test of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but were not associated with gender, residence place, hospitalization recurrence, or main blood test results before treatment.
Depressive Mood in Association with Sociodemographic, Behavioral, Self-Perceived Health, and Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors and Sleep Complaints
Authors: Andruškienė Jurgita , Podlipskytė Aurelija , Martinkėnas Arvydas , Varoneckas Giedrius
Published: April 2018

The aim of the study was to investigate depressive mood in association with sociodemographic, behavioral, self-perceived health, and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors and sleep complaints among 35–74-year-old citizens of Palanga. Material and Methods. A representative sample of randomly selected 1602 persons, 600 men and 1002 women, was studied. Depressive mood was assessed by the WHO-5 Well-being Index. Sleep complaints, self-perceived health, and behavioral factors were evaluated by the Basic Nordic Sleep Quality questionnaire and questionnaires on self-perceived health and health behavior. Risk factors for CAD were assessed according to WHO recommendations. Results. The highest prevalence of depressive mood (34.7%) was identified in the age group of 45–54 years in the men and in the age group of 55–64 years in the women (30.0%). The highest odds ratios demonstrating a strong association between depressive mood and health behavior were established for the use of antidepressants (OR=26.0) in the men and for the use of sedatives (OR=3.09) in the women. The highest odds ratios demonstrating an association between depressive mood and self-perceived health were established for chronic pyelonephritis (OR=3.13) in the men and diabetic foot pain (OR=4.46) in the women. The highest odds ratios reflecting an association between depressive mood and sleep quality were established for the inability to work due to disturbed sleep (OR=1.93) in the men and self-perceived sleep quality (OR=1.55) in the women. Conclusions. Depressive mood, which was significantly associated with risky health behavior, poor self-perceived health, and disturbed sleep, was observed more often in the women than the men; however, significant associations between depressive mood and risk factors for CAD were not established.