bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Slovene Students’ Writing Skills in Portuguese
Authors: Müller Blažka , Silva Cláudia
Published: December 2024

This paper seeks to identify and reflect on the difficulties Slovene students face when writing in European Portuguese, in order to present didactic strategies tailored to address such challenges. Acknowledging that writing is a complex and cognitively demanding task, our research stresses the importance of fostering learners’ written and linguistic competencies, abilities that are deeply intertwined. As such, the first part of our theoretical framework provides a description of general difficulties associated with writing in a second language. Subsequently, it contrasts linguistic domains in Portuguese and Slovene, while offering insights into common issues Slovene students encounter when writing in Portuguese. A qualitatively assessed pilot study, involving 1st- and 2nd-year university students, tasked with expository writing, confirmed that the issues identified in our review of the literature – concerning format, information, lexis and syntax – are areas that demand extra attention and time. In terms of grammar, more specifically, the analysis we carried out has proven that there are word classes and syntactic structures in Portuguese which pose challenges for Slovene students, due to their unfamiliar features. According to our results, problems with determiners, their contraction with prepositions, past verbal tenses and the placement of pronouns were particularly significant. Based on these domains, we suggest the use of didactic strategies which acknowledge writing as an iterative process, aimed at helping students overcome their difficulties, while developing self-regulatory, metalinguistic, and creative problem-solving skills. Our scientific contribution lies in the promotion of pedagogical actions based on the efficient contrast between languages, the creative use of digital resources and materials presenting authentic discourse.
Lexical Synaesthesia in Metaphorical Collocations
Authors: Jurčević Jana
Published: December 2024

This study seeks to shed more light on the role of lexical synaesthesia (LS), a phenomenon exemplified by expressing one sense in terms of another (e.g., gustation for sound – a sweet melody), in the process of forming metaphorical collocations. Lexical synaesthesia is a fascinating intersection of sensory perception and linguistic expression, the investigation of which has proved to be significant for several reasons. Namely, it points to the complex workings of human conceptualization, the relevance of the embodied nature of language, and subsequently shows ways in which it affects the formation of collocational bonds. This notion came to the foreground when example analysis indicated that LS and metaphorical collocations are both motivated and enabled by the same cognitive processes: metonymy and metaphor. To investigate these phenomena closely, we conducted corpus-driven research to extrapolate examples of metaphorical collocations pertaining to the human senses. By analyzing a wide range of corpus data (enTenTen20), we aimed to uncover patterns and tendencies in how different senses are interrelated linguistically. The semantic analysis provided insight into the directionality of cross-modal mappings and information on semantically motivated collocational bonding in the field of human sensory experience. Our findings indicate that metaphorical collocations represent a preferred form of LS, with collocational bonds enabled by cross-modal mappings stemming from conceptual metonymy and primary metaphors. Moreover, collocational bonding in LS reaches the highest degree of semantic cohesion between collocational constituents when idioms are formed, as reflected in the low level of substitutability of the collocate. Based on corpus and lexical-semantic analysis, it has been concluded that metaphorical collocations present a useful category in investigations of semantic change, human cognition, conceptualization, and perception.
Disinformation in the Regulations of Selected Countries
Authors: Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz Katarzyna
Published: December 2024

Modern democratic legal and political systems, within which public space should serve the free exchange of opinions, are much less able to fulfil their social function as a result of the technological revolution of the 21st century. Media systems have evolved considerably, in which the recipients of messages, who are now also active participants in the social universe of communication, play a fundamental role. The multitude of issues concerning the new sphere of social discourse mobilises legislators at national and regional level to take reasonable care of the legal basis for countering the numerous threats. The main factors disrupting communication are the manipulation and disinformation of messages, deliberately and intentionally formatted for the interests of external actors and by participants introduced at the initiative of external actors. The main research challenge of this article is to analyse the legal arrangements for disinformation in the world. In the light of the current legal solutions, the research objective of the paper should be considered valuable not only from a theoretical, scientific point of view, but also in terms of increasing in practice the possibilities of systemic solutions in the area of threats concerning the security of the individual-citizen in the digital world. The article is based on materials from the author's book entitled ‘Legal Limits of Disinformation in Social Media. Between Freedom and Security’ (Publisher: Adam Marszałek: Toruń 2023).
Occurrence of the thermotolerant zoochlorellae Symbiochlorum hainanense associated with hydrocorals in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Ricardo Andrade Aiube Yuri , Paula B. Moreira Ana , Bonetti Villela Lívia , Tenório Márcio Murilo Barboza , Mermelstein Claudia , Costa Manoel Luis , de Moura Rodrigo Leão , Salomon Paulo Sergio
Published: December 2024

The monospecific Symbiochlorum genus (Ulvophyceae) was recently described and found to be associated with bleached corals in the South China Sea. A new microchlorophyte strain was isolated from the hydrocoral Millepora alcicornis collected in a reef system in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Cells undergo multiple fission to release quadriflagellated spores. The strain’s phenotypical traits are consistent with a benthic lifestyle. Growth rates were equally high (0.3 d-1) at 24°C and 32°C, confirming its thermotolerance. Bayesian and Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruc tions concatenating 18S rDNA, tufA, and rbcL gene sequences placed the new strain in the Symbiochlorum genus, highly distinct from its former representatives, Ignatius tetrasporus and Pseudocharacium americanum, but as a sister strain to Pacific isolates of Symbiochlorum hainanense. This is the first report of the occurrence of S. hainanense in the Atlantic Ocean. Repeated and more frequent heat waves oceanwide may favor the spread and increase of thermotolerant organ isms such as S. hainanense in corals, with unforeseeable consequences for coral reefs' resilience.
Characterization of calcium-dependent protein kinases involved in ROS signaling during fertilization in the red alga Bostrychia moritziana (Ceramiales, Rhodomelaceae)
Authors: Shim Eunyoung , Park Hana , Zuccarello Giuseppe C. , Kim Gwang Hoon
Published: December 2024

The interplay between calcium signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is important in many cellular activities, yet its involvement in biological processes in red algae is mostly not studied. Fertilization in red algae is unique, and while it is known that ROS is a necessary signal, its producing and interplay with calcium and calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) is unknown. Through experimental assays, we visualized calcium influx and ROS accumulation during fertilization in the red alga Bostrychia moritziana. Through transcriptomics, five CDPK family genes were identified in B. moritziana, with structural analysis revealing variation in these homologs. Protein structure prediction shows similarities and differences in CDPK structures, likely reflecting their different roles in cellular processes. The regulatory role of CDPKs in ROS production was confirmed by the increased expression of CDPKs genes during fertilization. The inhibition experiments showed that reciprocal positive feedback between CDPK expression and ROS production, emphasizing the intricate regulatory mechanisms underlying calcium-dependent signaling pathways. The fertilization process of B. moritziana could also be an excellent model to study the role of CDPKs in the downstream signaling pathways of the interaction of calcium and ROS signaling.
Differential interactions between the bloom-forming dinoflagellates Karenia bicuneiformis and Karenia selliformis and heterotrophic dinoflagellates
Authors: Park Sang Ah , Ok Jin Hee , Eom Se Hee , Kwon Min Ji , You Ji Hyun , Kang Hee Chang , Jeong Hae Jin
Published: December 2024

Many species of the dinoflagellate genus Karenia produce neurotoxins and often cause harmful algal blooms. Heterotrophic dinoflagellates are major grazers of bloom-forming dinoflagellates. Therefore, to understand the population dynamics of Karenia species, it is necessary to investigate the interactions between Karenia species and their potential heterotrophic dinoflagellate predators. We examined the interactions between the bloom-forming dinoflagellates Karenia bicuneiformis and Karenia selliformis and eight common heterotrophic dinoflagellates. Gyrodinium dominans, Gyrodinium moestrupii, Oxyrrhis marina, Oblea rotunda, and Protoperidinium pellucidum fed on K. bicuneiformis, whereas Gyrodiniellum shiwhaense, Pfiesteria piscicida, and Noctiluca scintillans did not. Furthermore, K. bicuneiformis supported the positive growth of G. dominans, G. moestrupii, O. marina, and P. pellucidum, but K. bicuneiformis did not support the growth of O. rotunda. With increasing prey concentration, the growth and ingestion rates of P. pellucidum on K. bicuneiformis increased and then became saturated. Maximum growth and ingestion rates of P. pellucidum on K. bicuneiformis were 0.19 d-1 and 0.86 ng C predator-1 d-1 (1.26 cells predator-1 d-1), respectively. However, all eight heterotrophic dinoflagellates tested were lysed by K. selliformis. At a K. selliformis concentration of 100 cells mL-1 within 48 h, the survival of G. dominans and G. moestrupii was only 0 and 13%, respectively. Therefore, K. bicuneiformiscan be prey for the heterotrophic dinoflagellates, whereas K. selliformis kills them. These differential interactions may have resulted in different ecological niches for these two Karenia species.
Factors of mild and moderate course of COVID-19 in non-immunized persons
Authors: Berdiugina O. V.
Published: December 2024

Severity of COVID-19 is known to be related to various factors. The aim of the study was to perform comparative analysis of the features associated with mild and moderate course of infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the absence of immunization against a new coronavirus infection, and looking for opportunities of binary classification.
We performed the analysis of clinical and laboratory data of 59 medical staff members who had a mild (group No. 1), or moderate (group No. 2) forms of COVID-19. The results were analyzed using STATISTICA and GraphPad Prism programs.
We have found that the patients with moderate course of the disease were 12% older, which numerically corresponded to a difference of 5 years (p = 0.019). Males were 1.5 times more likely to have a moderate course of the disease (p = 0.000). A part of respondents used non-specific immunoprophylactic agents. It was found that the intake of cholecalciferol, riamilovir/triazaverin did not affect the severity of disease, and the usage of human recombinant interferon alpha-2b in order to prevent SARS-CoV-2 virus infection was associated with subsequent mild course of COVID-19 (p = 0.000). More severe clinical course of COVID-19 was associated with simultaneous usage of several nonspecific immunoprophylactic agents, in particular, ascorbic acid, zinc compounds, umifenovir hydrochloride monohydrate (p = 0.000). Higher body mass index was also associated with a severe course of the disease (p = 0.034).
The analysis showed that the issue of binary classification for the patients with mild and moderate COVID-19 in the absence of vaccination may be resolved (recognition accuracy is 90.9%, p 0.0001). The risk of moderate COVID-19 in non-immunized individuals is influenced by advanced age, gender factor, increased body mass index, presence of hypertension (70% hazard increase), as well as simultaneous use of several non-specific immunoprophylactic agents to prevent infection. Presence of allergic reactions and frequency of seasonal acute respiratory viral infections do not affect the severity of COVID-19. Prophylactic usage of human recombinant IFNa-2b is associated with milder course of infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Experimental type 2 diabetes increases the number of insulin-positive cells in rat spleen
Authors: Sokolova K. V. , Gette I. F. , Tukanov D. A. , Stepanian A. A. , Danilova I. G.
Published: December 2024

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disease, being one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Immune system disorders play an important role in the T2D pathogenesis, and immune system is exposed to increased stress resulting both of changes in immunometabolic regulation and disruption of tissue homeostasis caused by oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Opportunities for adaptation of immune organs in T2D are of interest, especially, potential ectopic expression of insulin. Under hyperglycemic conditions, insulin-containing cells were detected in various organs, including the spleen. The aim of the present work was to estimate the number of insulin-positive cells (IPCs) in the spleen of rats with experimental T2D. The disorder was induced in mature male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal administration of 110 mg/kg nicotinamide followed by 65 mg/kg streptozotocin. 30 days later, blood samples and spleens were obtained. The level of glycemia, insulin contents, activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in blood were assessed as well as markers of oxidative stress in the spleen. Biochemical studies revealed an increase in ALT activity in blood, along with increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the spleen tissue of rats with experimental T2D. Meanwhile the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in the spleen did not change. An increase in MDA level associated with unchanged activity of antioxidant enzymes and decreased GSH content suggests the development of oxidative stress in the tissue. Microscopy of spleen tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to proinsulin and insulin, showing an increased number of insulin-positive cells (IPCs) in the spleen tissue of rats with experimental T2D compared with diabetes-free animals. Optical density of the IPC cytoplasm was found to be increased in diabetic rats, thus suggesting increased functional activity of IPCs. Increase of numbers and functional activities of IPCs in the spleen in experimental model of T2D may indicate an adaptive role of extra-pancreatic insulin expression under the conditions of oxidative stress and cytolysis, including those in immunopoietic organs.
An overview of leech saliva and cosmetic potential
Authors: Çoruk Fatma , Kaymak Sibel , Ayhan Hüseyin , Vural Nilufer , Mollahaliloğlu Salih
Published: December 2024

The therapeutic benefits of leech secretion have been known for centuries, and the potential of this substance in modern cosmetics is now attracting increasing interest. Leech secretion contains various bioactive compounds, including enzymes, peptides, and proteins. The bioactive components found in leech saliva, including anticoagulants, growth factors, and antimicrobial peptides, are responsible for leech saliva's effectiveness in increasing skin hydration, reducing inflammation, and promoting wound healing. To utilize their potential, it is imperative to sift through the skin area. This study reviews the available literature and research studies on the chemical properties of leech saliva and its use in cosmetic formulations. It highlights the bioactive compounds, their potential mechanisms of action, and their efficacy in cosmetic applications. The sources consulted include peer-reviewed articles, clinical studies, and industry reports. Data from these studies are synthesized to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge. The findings suggest that leech saliva has significant potential as an ingredient in cosmeceutical products and offers new benefits for skin rejuvenation and repair. The review highlights the need for further research to optimize extraction processes, ensure product safety, and investigate additional applications. By advancing our understanding of leech saliva's chemical properties and mechanisms, future studies may facilitate the development of innovative skincare solutions and increase the efficacy of cosmetic formulations.
A review on health benefits of local food products in Nigeria
Authors: Blessing Adoh Olodu
Published: December 2024

Nigeria's diverse local foods, deeply rooted in culture and tradition, offer remarkable health benefits essential for improved public health outcomes. This review explores the nutritional profiles and potential health impacts of various Nigerian food categories, including cereals, legumes, roots, tubers, vegetables, fruits, fermented foods, spices, and traditional protein sources. Nigerian cereals like millet and sorghum are rich in fiber, supporting digestion and blood sugar regulation, while legumes such as cowpeas and soybeans provide plant-based proteins that lower cholesterol and promote cardiovascular health. Root and tuber crops, including yams and cassava, deliver energy and aid in digestive health due to their high fiber content. Indigenous vegetables, such as bitter leaf and pumpkin leaves, contain antioxidants that reduce oxidative stress and may lower cancer risk. Fermented foods like iru and ugba contribute to gut health and immune function through probiotic activity. Additionally, local spices like ginger, garlic, and locust bean exhibit anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which are beneficial for disease prevention. Despite these benefits, challenges such as limited accessibility and the rising popularity of Western diets threaten the consumption of these nutritious local foods. This review underscores the importance of promoting Nigerian foods through public health initiatives to combat diet-related diseases and preserve cultural heritage. Enhancing awareness of the health benefits of Nigerian traditional foods can drive a shift towards a healthier, sustainable diet, contributing significantly to national health improvement.
Non-monochromatic laser assist scattering in thermal environment
Authors: Dhobi Saddam Husain , Yadav Kishori , Gupta Suresh Prasad , Nakarmi Jeevan Joyti , Jha Ajay Kumar
Published: December 2024

This study aims to investigate the differential cross-section (DCS) in a non-monochromatic laser-assisted thermal environment. Building on existing research, which primarily explores electron dynamics and ionization processes without considering thermal effects, this work seeks to bridge this research gap by examining the DCS under non-monochromatic laser fields in a thermal environment. The methodology involves utilizing a vector potential derived by Milosvic to represent non-monochromatic laser fields and applying a semi-classical approximation with the help of Volkov solutions. The S-matrix is then obtained to study the DCS. The developed model was computed to analyze the nature of the DCS. The results indicate that the DCS for photon absorption is higher than for emission due to atomic oscillation/excitation. This causes atom expansion upon absorption and a decrease in field strength during emission. Furthermore, the DCS behavior varies with the phase of the non-monochromatic wave and polarization, with distinct patterns observed for absorption and emission scenarios. The DCS with energy at different rates of absorption and emission exhibits a damping nature. Additionally, the DCS shows oscillatory behavior with separation distance, displaying higher values for absorption and varying with laser phase. The findings provide valuable insights into electron-atom interactions under laser fields in thermal conditions, with implications for quantum thermal machines, photochemistry, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), and more.
EKLEMELİ İMALAT TEKNOLOJİSİYLE ÜRETİLMİŞ DÜZ VE KAVİSLİ KARBON FİBER TAKVİYELİ POLİMER MATRİSLİ KOMPOZİTLERİN KISA-KİRİŞ MUKAVEMETLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
Authors: Süsler Sedat
Published: December 2024

Bu çalışmada, eklemeli imalat teknolojisi kullanılarak üretilmiş düz ve kavisli polimer matrisli kompozitlerin kısa-kiriş mukavemetleri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Sürekli filaman imalatı yöntemiyle üretilen tek yönlü sürekli karbon fiber takviyeli kompozit kısa-kirişler, geometrik olarak birbirinden farklı üç numune grubu olarak sınıflandırılmış ve üretimlerinin ardından üç-nokta eğilme testine tabi tutulmuştur. Kuvvet ve deplasman verileri test sırasında elde edilip, grafiksel olarak kuvvet-deplasman ve gerilme-deplasman eğrileriyle test gidişatı gözlemlenmiştir. Özgül mukavemet kavramı da çalışmaya dahil edilerek, kısa-kiriş mukavemeti karşılaştırmasına nesnellik kazandırılmıştır. Kavisli kompozit kısa-kiriş, eşdeğer özelliklere sahip düz bir kirişe göre az bir miktar daha düşük mukavemete sahipken, enerji depolama kapasitesinde artış meydana gelmiştir. Kavisli kirişin kalınlığı %50 oranında ve içerdiği karbon fiber oranı 2 katı arttırıldığındaysa, mukavemet değerini %19 arttırmış gözükse de özgül mukavemet değerinde %23 düşüş meydana getirmiştir. Çalışma, eriyik biriktirmeli modelleme temelli yeni bir teknik olan sürekli filaman imalatı teknolojisiyle üretilen kompozitlerin, henüz yeterli seviyede araştırılmamış mekanik performanslarını anlamaya yönelik katkı sunma, farkındalık yaratma ve gelecekteki mühendislik uygulamaları için yol gösterici nitelikte olma gayreti içindedir.
ERGİYİK BİRİKTİRME YÖNTEMİYLE ÜRETİLEN PVA NUMUNELERİN BASMA DAYANIMININ BULANIK MANTIKLA TAHMİNİ
Authors: Kuruoğlan Ebru , Saltık Osman , Özsoy Koray
Published: December 2024

Bu çalışmada, Polivinil Alkol (PVA) malzemesi kullanılarak farklı işleme parametrelerine sahip numuneler üretilmiş ve basma dayanımları incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, PVA malzemesi kullanılarak üretilen numunelerin basma dayanımının, nozul sıcaklığı, baskı hızı ve doluluk oranı gibi işleme parametrelerine bağlı olarak bulanık mantık modelleme yöntemiyle tahmin edilmesidir. Sonuçlara göre, basma dayanımı büyük ölçüde doluluk oranına bağlıdır; doluluk oranı arttıkça basma dayanımı artmıştır. Ancak baskı hızının artışı basma dayanımını azaltmıştır. Nozul sıcaklığı ise basma dayanımını kısmen azaltmıştır. Çalışmanın en önemli katkılarından biri, bulanık mantık modelleme yöntemi kullanılarak deneysel verilerin tahmin edilmesidir. Çalışmada geliştirilen bulanık mantık modeli, nozul sıcaklığı, baskı hızı ve doluluk oranı gibi parametreler ile basma dayanımı arasındaki ilişkiyi başarılı bir şekilde modellemiş ve gerçek deneysel verilere yakın tahmin etmiştir. Bu modelin, geleneksel tahmin yöntemlerine kıyasla daha yüksek doğruluk ve tutarlılık sağladığı ortaya konmuştur. Özellikle, PVA malzemeli numunelerin farklı işleme parametreleri altında gösterdiği basma dayanımını başarılı bir şekilde tahmin edilmesinde etkili bir yöntem olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, çalışmada bulanık mantık modellerinin, deneysel verilerin tahmin edilmesinde etkili ve güvenilir bir yöntem olarak kullanılabileceği ortaya konmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, PVA malzemeli numunelerin farklı işleme parametrelerine bağlı olarak basma dayanımının tahminlenmesine yönelik önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır.
Development of Cinnamon bark oil (Cinnamomum burmannii) as an anti-acne nanoemulgel and its effectiveness against Propionibacterium acnes
Authors: Ameliana Lidya , Rosyidi Viddy Agustian
Published: December 2024

Background: Acne is caused by blockage of hair follicles and skin pores due to excess sebum production on the skin. Commonly used anti-acne include typical antibiotic creams or gels of clindamycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. The use of these drugs often causes dry skin, redness, itching, and resistance to bacteria. The cinnamon bark oil which contains cinnamaldehyde, has been studied to have antibacterial activity.   
Objective: To determine the best formula of Cinnamon bark oil nanoemulgel with good physical quality and the highest antibacterial activity against P. acnes.   
Method: Cinnamon bark oil was formulated as a nanoemulsion and mixed with Carbopol, a gelling agent. Nanoemulgels were produced and evaluated through organoleptic tests, pH, viscosity, antibacterial activity, and stability testing.   
Result: The results showed that the particle size, zeta potential, and % transmittance of the cinnamon bark oil emulsion were accurate for an ideal nanoemulsion. All three formulas produced a light yellow, transparent colour, had a thin and mild gel consistency, and cinnamon bark oil scent, and fulfilled the requirements of the best formula of Cinnamon bark oil nanoemulgel that had good physical quality and the highest antibacterial activity against P.acnes.   
Conclusion: The best formula that had antibacterial activity for P. acnes was Formula 3.
The relationship between parent’s knowledge and attitudes regarding childhood diarrhoea treatment
Authors: Ebtavanny Tamara Gusti , Sabila Salma , Hariadini Ayuk Lawuningtyas , Arundina Arsy , Pramestutie Hananditia Rachma
Published: December 2024

Background: Diarrhoea remains a significant contributor to infant mortality rates in Indonesia. Implementing appropriate treatment strategies is essential to prevent complications such as dehydration in children. Parental involvement is crucial in the management and prevention of diarrhoea, as well as in providing timely care to affected children.
Objective: To assess the relationship between parental knowledge and attitudes toward managing childhood diarrhoea.
Method: Using an analytical observational cross-sectional design, the study was conducted in the Malang Raya region between December 2022 and May 2023. A total of 146 participants were selected through purposive sampling based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected via a knowledge questionnaire and an attitude questionnaire. The correlation between parental knowledge and attitudes was analysed using the Pearson Product-Moment correlation.
Result: Respondents' knowledge levels were categorised as good (13.7%), moderate (52.7%), and poor (33.56%). Attitudes were categorised as positive (48.0%) and negative (52.1%). The Pearson Product-Moment test revealed a significant correlation, with a p-value of 0.000 and a correlation coefficient of 0.437.
Conclusion: The findings indicate a statistically significant, positive correlation between parental knowledge and attitudes toward managing childhood diarrhoea.
Formulation of recombinant Lactococcus lactis as an oral vaccine candidate for COVID-19
Authors: Fatwa Nur Atika , Medacyntia Debrina , Eka Puspita Oktavia , Adianingsih Oktavia Rahayu , Winarsih Sri , Widodo Nashi , Yurina Valentina
Published: December 2024

Background: Lactococcus lactis is a promising oral vaccine carrier. However, to improve the stability of the bacteria, the freeze-drying method and formulation need to be optimised.   
Objective: To develop a formulation of oral recombinant food-grade Lactococcus lactis as a candidate oral vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).   
Method: To preserve bacteria during storage, a combination of skim milk, trehalose, and sucrose concentrations was adjusted. The impacts of the freeze-drying procedure were investigated using a bacterial viability test, and bacterial morphology was assessed using scanning electron microscopy. Bacteria produced from the freeze-drying technique were combined with excipients to create granules, tablets, and capsules. After one month of storage, the bacterial viability of each product was assessed after one-month storage in 4°C and 25°C, and physicochemical testing was conducted on each product.   
Results: The cryoprotectant formula containing 8% of skim milk and 7.5% of sucrose protected the bacteria the most from the freeze-drying process. The tablets and capsules complied with current specifications, including disintegration test, tablet hardness, capsule weight uniformity, and bacteria viability.   
Conclusion: Among the products, tablets stored for one month at 4°C had the best bacterial viability. This study demonstrated the potential to develop and administer an easy-to-use oral COVID-19 vaccine candidate using L. lactis.
MODERN SCHOOL CURRICULA IN THE CONTEXT OF DIALECTOLOGY CONTENT
Authors:   Fakultet za crnogorski jezik i književnost ‒ Cetinje, VUJOVIĆ Novica
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we review school curricula and Montenegrin language textbooks from the point of view of representation and treatment of Montenegrin dialects or traditional elements content implemented in one of our micro-dialect types. We believe that Montenegrin dialects, in terms of dialectology, sociolinguistics, and linguistic culture, offer important information to the national culture in many respects, and that they should be valued as part of the intangible cultural heritage. We state that the reformed latest curricula and Montenegrin language textbooks offer a valuable basis for evaluating and affirming these contents. The problem that slows down this process relates to the remaining traditionalist approach to the Montenegrin language and non-standard idioms both in Montenegrin education system and in public discourse as a whole, so well-conceived curricula and affirmation of Montenegrin dialects as intangible cultural heritage is imposed as a necessity. In this endeavour, the educational system has a fundamental role.
WRITTEN LANGUAGE PRODUCTION AT A HIGHER LEVELOF MASTERING CROATIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors:   Sveučilište u Zadru, Odjel za kroatistiku, BAŠIĆ Marijana , BARIČEVIĆ Sanja
Published: December 2024

Productive (active) knowledge of a foreign language is asso­ciated with speaking and writing. Deviations from the norm in writing or speaking are an unavoidable part of acquiring a fo­reign language, but they are not the only indicator of how well a person has mastered it. In addition to testing the accuracy of a student’s spoken and written production of a foreign langu­age, recent research includes (among other things) the testing of grammatical and lexical complexity and fluency. This paper analyzes the written linguistic production of non-native speakers of Croatian at a higher level of mastery of Croatian as a forei­gn language. The first part of the paper analyzes the grammati­cal complexity, accuracy and fluency of their written material, and the second part deals with deviations at the orthographic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexico-semantic and word-formation levels. Furthermore, the relationship between complexity, accuracy and fluency in the individual and overall written material produced is compared.
READING AND COMPREHENSION OF NON-LITERARY TEXTS
Authors: KOVAČIĆ Filip , FRANC Vendi , VUIĆ Božica ,   Učiteljski fakultet – Odsjek u PetrinjiSveučilište u Zagrebu
Published: December 2024

Reading comprehension is every reader’s goal (Čudina-Obradović, 2014), an essential feature of his reading ability and the main prerequisite for successful reading.
The paper offers an overview of knowledge on reading comprehension, with special attention directed towards non-literary texts since those are the least represented types of texts in school books intended for primary school students, even though they encounter exactly those types of texts in their free time the most. The main goal of the conducted research is to verify whether students understand a given text, can they determine its structure, recognize, distinguish, and notice cause-and-effect relationships in it.
The research was conducted on 4th grade primary school students (n = 80) using an anonymous questionnaire. The obtained data was statistically processed. It leads to the conclusion that students in primary education need to establish literary communication with non-literary texts more often in order to develop critical thinking and strategies for comprehension of what has been read.
THE JEWS OF THE BAY OF KOTOR AND THE MONTENEGRIN LITTORAL FROM THE MIDDLE AGES UNTIL 1918
Authors:   Institute of History of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic, ŠÍSTEK František
Published: December 2024

The article provides a historical overview of the Jewish presence in the Bay of Kotor and the Montenegrin Littoral from the Middle Ages until 1918. The author first discusses the traces of Jewish presence in available sources from the medieval pe­riod and Venetian times. He also mentions the little researched history of the Jewish settlement under Ottoman dominance in the northwestern part of the Bay. Most attention is devoted to the better documented presence of the Jews during the Habsburg rule (1815–1918). Migrations from other parts of the Habsburg Empire led to the establishment of a continuous Jewish settle­ment and a permanent Jewish community, numbering over a hundred people before the First World War.
THE FEMINIST CULTURE OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AND COMMUNICATION: A DIALECTIC APPROACH
Authors:   Haxhi Zeka University in Peja, DŽOGOVIĆ A. Suada , ZDRAVKOVSKA-ADAMOVA Blagojka ,   South East European University − Tetovo
Published: December 2024

Public diplomacy and communication are integral to the po­licies by which we realize the country's economic, cultural, and development path. Regarding feminism in this area of social acti­on, in today's modern, legally egalitarian 21st century, women, that is, the concept of women in politics, are still not fully accep­ted as an opportunity to run a diplomatic program or institution. Resistance to established norms and principles of equality raises many questions about why legal equality has not been achieved. Therefore, this study aims to show the causes and consequences of gender imbalance in general and from the perspective of the Balkan countries, for which the recognition of women's work and achievements is often unconsciously unacceptable. With a dialectical approach to the existing diplomatic arrangement and social action of women, we highlight the need for further resear­ch, especially in the Balkan region, which still reflects the politi­cal immaturity of gender equality, deeply rooted in anachronistic approaches to all aspects of social life.
Investigating the Biomethane Production Potential of Blends of Bovine Manure with Switchgrass (Panicum Virgatum L.) and Sugar Beet (Beta Vulgaris L.) Foliage
Authors: Filikci Cevat , Marakoğlu Tamer
Published: December 2024

The research aimed to evaluate the biomethane (CH4) content of biogas generated from various combinations of cattle waste (CW), three different varieties of Switchgrass (SG) (Panicum virgatum L.) plants (Kanlow (SG1), Shawne (SG2), Alamo (SG3), and sugar beet (Beta Vulgaris L.) leaves (BL). A laboratory-scale biomethane application setup was established to determine the biomethane potential. Three different experimental designs were implemented as the 1st application group, 2nd application group, and 3rd application group within the research framework. Biogas produced in the setup was stored using valves and balloons under optimal storage conditions. The Optima Biogas - Portable Biogas Analyzer device was employed to analyze the biomethane content of biogas samples from the materials and mixtures in the application groups. Biogas values were recorded, and glass reactor-specific methane production values were calculated. The highest glass reactor-specific methane production value was found to be 7.28 m3CH4 m-3 Reactor day in the CW (50%)-SG (20%)-BL (30%) mixture. The components of the biogas produced from the treatment groups were identified, and the highest CH4 (biomethane) yield was obtained from BL (beet leaves) at 58.86% in materials and from the CW-BL mixture at 53.76% in mixtures. Biomethane yields of the materials in other mixtures ranged from 53.42% to 43.12%.
THE STATE OF FAIRY-TALE VIDEO GAMES: HOW CLASSIC STORIES ARE BEING TOLD IN THE VIDEO GAME MEDIUM
Authors:   University of Burgundy, Dijon, France, Boussejra Hakim
Published: December 2024

Fairy tales are constantly being rewritten and retold in new ways, including computer and video games for over 40 years. In this paper, we will look at how fairy tales have been rendered in video games, drawing from examples gathered in a database collecting and classifying more than 300 video games related to such tales, including titles released from the early 1980s to 2024, and a few upcoming games. We have concluded that there are three major methods of portraying tales in video games: there are direct adaptations of classic tales, those that are part of transmedia franchises like Disney, and those that use fairy tale structures and tropes to create something original. Thanks to this classification, we aim to provide an up-to-date and clear overview of the state of fairy tale video games.
WHO’S AFRAID OF LOUISA MAY ALCOTT?
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Academy of Arts, Dramaturgy, Novi Sad, Srbija, Petrić Mina A.
Published: December 2024

This paper analyzes four film adaptations of Little Women (Cukor 1933; Le Roy 1949; Armstrong 1994; Gerwig 2019), to determine to what extent the shifting of the moral premise in otherwise quite similar plots creates a deviation from the original story, and how it affects the classification of the film as a faithful adaptation. The term “moral premise” was coined by Stanley D. Williams in his book of the same name (2006). Williams presents the form of a moral premise throgh four components: virtue, vice, desirable consequences (success) and undesirable consequences (defeat) as follows: “/Vice/ leads to /defeat/, but /virtue/ leads to /success/” (Williams 2006: 83). The moral premise refers to the inner/emotional journey of the protagonist from flaw to virtue, and in the context of this paper, the moral premise is related to the character arc of the protagonist of the novel and its film adaptations, Jo March. In each of the four film adaptations, Johas a different dramatic need, which creates a different character arc, therefore each of these films has a different moral premise. Even though all four moral premises of the Little Women films are universal and well implemented, only the adaptation from 1994 can be considered a faithful adaptation, in which the courage of the novel is not lost. The films from 1933 and 1949 which copy a large part of the di a lo gue directly from the book and are in many ways considered faithful adaptations, seem politically reactionary compared to the novel. The 2019 film, although farthest from the original in terms of the ratio of reta I need and added narrative elements, is faithful to the basic spirit of the novel. Although the difference in the screenplays of films from 1994 and 2019 is far greater than the difference between the screenplays of films from 1933 and 1949, their moral premises are far more similar. Therefore, especially in asocially conscious story, it is more appropriate to measure the fidelity of the adaptation to the original in relation to the similarity between the moral premises of the adaptation and the original, than in relation to the amount of narrative material taken from the novel, as Desmond and Hawkes (2006) do. Although the percentage of retained narrative elements is lower, the adaptation will remain faithful to the original if its moral premise matches the message of the novel.
Peran Pustakawan pada Layanan Referensi di Unit Pelaksana Administrasi Perpustakaan Isi Padang Panjang dalam Memenuhi Kebutuhan Informasi Pemustaka
Authors: Budyman Fadya Ramadhany , Desriyeni  , Sondra Aivan
Published: December 2024

Libraries as information centers have a crucial role in education, research, and community literacy development. In the digital era, libraries are required not only to provide access to information, but also services that meet the needs of users. One of the important services is the reference service, which serves as a link between the user and the information needed. Librarians play a vital role in this, not only as custodians of collections, but also as educators and facilitators. At the UPA Library of the Indonesian Institute of the Arts (ISI) Padang Panjang, the reference service supports the needs of students, lecturers, and researchers. However, limited human resources are a challenge, with only two librarians, one of whom is active in the service. This study aims to examine the role of librarians in reference services, focusing on their role as educators and trainers of information literacy as well as facilitators of learning and research. Librarians are expected to guide users in choosing and using information effectively, especially in the context of abundant digital information. They also function as facilitators in supporting the learning and research process, especially for students in the field of arts and culture. The research method used is qualitative with in-depth interviews to understand the roles and challenges of librarians. The results of the study are expected to provide a clear picture of the role of librarians in the UPA ISI Padang Panjang Library and recommendations to improve services to meet the information needs of users, so that libraries can contribute more to education and research.
Konstitucionalizacija Europske unije između demokratskog deficita i načela supsidijarnosti
Authors: Špehar Hrvoje , Juranek Miroslav
Published: December 2024

U radu se istražuje kratka povijesna genealogija političkog sustavaEuropske unije u pogledu analize razvoja sustava kvazi-konfederacijei međudržavne suradnje, koja, nakon neuspjele konstitucionalizacijei trenutačnoga stanja osnivačkih ugovora, u velikoj mjeri ovisi oključnim akterima na međuvladinoj razini. Budući da je asimetrični ispecifični politički sustav Europske unije sačinjen od brojnih državnih inedržavnih aktera, te da u njemu tijekom povijesne institucionalizacijeprevladava dinamika, koja je rezultat višestrukih kompromisa, radnastoji pokazati kako se i u kojoj mjeri ovaj sustav konsolidirao te kojusnagu ima, ne samo na planu razvoja vlastitih političkih institucija,nego i u međunarodnim odnosima. Pri tome se osobito ističe daje rezultat razvoja Europske unije iz poslijelisabonskog razdoblja,iako obilježen brojnim ekonomskim, migrantskim, zdravstvenim isigurnosnim krizama, u velikoj mjeri rezultat duge tradicije političkognačela supsidijarnosti, odustajanja od federalizacije i želje da se stvorikompromisni akefalni i polikefalni politički sustav.
Islamic Education in the Perspective of the International World Muslim Conference on Education Ontological, Epistemological, axiological examination
Authors: Amsal Qori Dalimunthe  , Salminawati  , Usiono  , Neng Nurcahyati Sinulingga
Published: December 2024

At a time when the Western world was progressing, the Islamic world no longer dominated science and was even left behind with the arrival of Western secularism that dominated science with its modern style, so there was concern for Muslim thinkers. On this basis, a world conference on Islamic education was held. This paper aims to explain the study of ontology, epistemology, and axiology of Islamic education in the perspective of the World Islamic Education Conference. The method used in this writing is library research. The results of this study show that this international Islamic education seminar does not have a specific time, but can be held at any time according to the agreement. Second, the Islamic education curriculum is universal and covers a wide range of topics. Third, there is no scientific barrier that separates general science and religious science. Fourth, scientific integration is necessary. Fifth, curriculum integration for Islamic educational institutions today is certainly very important, especially in advancing Islamic education in today's digital era.
Keywords: Islamic Education , Science, International Confrence
Comparison of Plant Health Aspect In Green Open Spaces of Alun-Alun Kebumen and Alun-Alun Karanganyar, Kebumen, Central Java
Authors: Mustika Dewi Herfiana Anggun , Nasrullah Nizar , Sulistyantara Bambang
Published: December 2024

Alun-alun Kebumen and Alun-alun Karanganyar are green open spaces located in Kebumen, Central Java. Trees are one component of green open space that has various benefits. The physical condition of the trees is something that needs to be considered in a public green open space so that the trees remain in healthy condition and can grow normally. Study of physical damage of plant at the Alun-alun was raised as a topic of research activity to determine the physical condition of the plants in the Alun-alun in Kebumen Regency. The purpose of this study is to identify the damage of plants and the factors that cause the damage, analyzing the level of gap in plant maintenance had been implemented, and compiling recommendations for plant maintenance in Alun-alun Kebumen and Alun-alun Karanganyar. This plant damage research have been conducted using the FHM (Forest Health Monitoring) method and the USDA Forest Service damage index. Alun-alun Kebumen has an area of 3,9 ha and located in the center of the district, has 16 species of trees, 18 species of shrubs, and 2 species of grass. The tree population in Alun-alun Kebumen is 252 trees. Alun-alun Karanganyar has an area of 3,2 ha and located in a sub-district which is 14 km from the district center. It has 18 species of trees, 15 species of shrubs, and 1 species of grass. The tree population in Alun-alun Karanganyar is 262 trees. The results of this research is that Alun-alun Kebumen had more physical damage of plants with 380 cases from total 252 trees, while Alun-alun Karanganyar had 319 cases from total 262 trees.  Damage of trees can be caused by a lack or excess of nutrients, pests or disease. The gap value of plant maintenance in Alun-alun Karanganyar is greater than Alun-alun Kebumen. Handling physical damage of trees is carried out by carrying out routine maintenance combined with chemical treatment in the form of applying pesticides according to the level of tree damage. This research is the initial stage of mitigating fallen trees. Developments that can be implemented after this research are designing green open space for public squares by selecting tree species that have been evaluated for their vulnerability and whose health is monitored regularly