bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consensus‐based recommendations of Australian podiatrists for the prescription of foot orthoses for symptomatic flexible pes planus in adults
Authors: Banwell Helen A , Mackintosh Shylie , Thewlis Dominic , Landorf Karl B
Published: December 2014

Background

Foot orthoses are commonly used for symptomatic flexible pes planus in adults. However, there are no clinical guidelines for the prescription of customised foot orthoses that are specific to this population. The aim of this study was to investigate prescription habits of Australian podiatrists for customised foot orthoses for symptomatic flexible pes planus in adults and to develop consensus‐based practice recommendations for the prescription of these foot orthoses.

Methods

A four round Delphi survey was undertaken with 24 podiatric experts to establish current use and rationale for individual prescription variables of customised foot orthoses for symptomatic flexible pes planus in adults. Round one determined prescription use (consensus) and rounds two, three and four determined the rationale for use (agreement) of prescription variables across the rearfoot, midfoot, forefoot, as well as accommodation and materials used. For consensus and agreement to be accepted, 70% of the respondents were required to use or agree on the rationale for use of individual prescription variables.

Results

Consensus was reached in round one for two variables, choice of shell material (polyolefin) and when to prescribe a forefoot post balanced to perpendicular. In rounds two, three and four, agreement was reached for 52 statements related to the rationale for use of individual prescription variables, including when to prescribe: an inverted cast pour [heel in an inverted position], an inverted rearfoot post, a medial heel (Kirby) skive, minimal/maximum arch fill, a medial flange, a forefoot post and common orthotic accommodations.

Conclusion

This study found consensus or agreement for the use of several prescription variables for customised foot orthoses for symptomatic flexible pes planus in adults. The findings were used to develop the Foot orthosis Prescription Recommendations for symptOmatic flexible Pes planus in adults (FootPROP) proforma, to guide clinicians and researchers in the prescription of customised foot orthoses for this population.
Citrate for continuous renal replacement therapy: safer, better and cheaper
Authors: Oudemans-van Straaten Heleen M
Published: December 2014

In a previous issue of Critical Care, Schilder and colleagues report the results of their multicenter trial (Citrate Anticoagulation Versus Systemic Heparinization; CASH) comparing regional anticoagulation with citrate to heparin anticoagulation. They found that citrate was safer, more efficacious and cheaper than heparin. In contrast to the largest previous trial, however, a survival benefit was not found, which was the primary endpoint of the CASH trial. Different explanations are possible, including selection bias and a lower severity of disease. Selection bias was high: only 6% of the renal replacement therapy patients were included (versus 56% in the previous trial) and exclusion was 56% for increased risk of bleeding, 2.5 times as frequent as in the previous trial. Thus, the trial with survival benefit apparently included more patients with risk of bleeding and also more severely ill patients and these are the groups that potentially benefit the most from citrate. Nevertheless, the CASH trial is the third large randomized trial showing superiority of citrate over heparin, supporting the recommendation of citrate as first choice anticoagulant.
Biomarkers for acute kidney injury: is NGAL ready for clinical use?
Authors: Ronco Claudio
Published: December 2014

The RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage kidney disease) criteria were introduced in 2004, defining the clinical stage of acute kidney injury (AKI) and outcome measures based on serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, and urine output. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that these markers are insufficient in drawing an accurate illustration of kidney injury. Indeed, mortality and morbidity remain high in AKI, suggesting that accuracy and speed of patient evaluation are lacking. A great deal of evidence indicates that neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a sensitive and specific early marker of various etiological classes of AKI and would be highly valuable in conjunction with existing markers of AKI for better classifying renal injury as well as dysfunction (kidney attack). Improvements in diagnosis, risk identification, stratification, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring will benefit clinical decision-making in the individualized bundling of therapies and ongoing patient management. In particular, kidney protection and AKI prevention may become feasible if an earlier and more accurate diagnosis is made for AKI. Here, we discuss the opportunity to consider whether NGAL is ready for routine clinical use in a number of etiologies of AKI.
The importance of study design for detecting differentially abundant features in high-throughput experiments
Authors: Luo Huaien , Li Juntao , Chia Burton Kuan Hui , Robson Paul , Nagarajan Niranjan
Published: December 2014

High-throughput assays, such as RNA-seq, to detect differential abundance are widely used. Variable performance across statistical tests, normalizations, and conditions leads to resource wastage and reduced sensitivity. EDDA represents a first, general design tool for RNA-seq, Nanostring, and metagenomic analysis, that rationally selects tests, predicts performance, and plans experiments to minimize resource wastage. Case studies highlight EDDA’s ability to model single-cell RNA-seq, suggesting ways to reduce sequencing costs up to five-fold and improving metagenomic biomarker detection through improved test selection. EDDA’s novel mode-based normalization for detecting differential abundance improves robustness by 10% to 20% and precision by up to 140%.
Effect of progressive pedometer based walking intervention on quality of life and general well being among patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Guglani Ruchika , Shenoy Shweta , Sandhu Jaspal Singh
Published: December 2014

Background

To determine the effectiveness of two goal setting pedometer based walking program for people with type 2 diabetes, one employing supervised exercise group with pedometer and the other employing self reported group with pedometer.

Methods

A total of 102 type 2 diabetic outpatients (28 women, 74 men) between the age of 40-70 years were recruited and randomly allocated into 3 groups: supervised exercise group with pedometer (Group A), self reported exercise group with pedometer (Group B) and a control group (Group C) for 16 weeks. Subjects were asked to respond to the Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL) and well being questionnaire at two occasions i.e. 0 week and after 16 weeks of intervention. Paired t test were used within the groups to compare Mean ± SD for all the parameters at baseline and at the end of 16 weeks. Differences between the groups were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical difference was further analyzed by Post hoc analysis using Bonferroni method.

Results

The item “Freedom to eat” had the highest negative impact among all the subgroups. Other domains that were adversely affected by diabetes are ‘leisure activity’, ’do physically’, ‘physical appearance’, ‘self confidence’, ‘future’ and ‘financial situation’. In the group A significant reduction were noted among all the items except long distance journey (p<0.05). In the group B participants experienced reduction among all the domains except long distance journey, sex life and living condition.

Conclusion

Pedometer determined activity has the potential to improve the quality of life. Supervised Walking using a pedometer was found more effective in improving quality of life and general wellbeing for Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes.

Clinical trial registry India (CTRI)

[CTRI/2012/10/003034].
Analyzing the longitudinal impact of proximity, location, and personality on smartphone usage
Authors: Meng Lei , Liu Shu , Striegel Aaron
Published: December 2014

Background

Over the past few years, mobile devices, particularly smartphones have seen dramatic increases in data consumption. The significant increases in data usage have placed tremendous strain on the wireless infrastructure, necessitating research across a variety of optimization, efficiency, and capacity improvements. Complementary to those research efforts is the acquisition of a better understanding of what aspects drive user smartphone usage.

Methods

In this paper, we leverage the unique characteristics of the NetSense study, a longitudinal study covering three years of a large cohort of smartphone users, to demonstrate how proximity, location, and individual differences (e.g., personality) can play an important role in understanding smartphone usage over time. We analyze the longitudinal impact of proximity density, personality, and location on smartphone traffic consumption.

Results and Discussion

We show that friendship proximity (i.e., SMS contacts and Facebook friendship) has a significant impact on traffic consumption and personality tends to impact application preference / consumption; However, the true behavior might not be presented due to restrictions of network connectivity. Applications can have significantly different contextual usages based on the location.

Conclusions

We believe our study raises the importance of considering proximity, personality, and location as context relevant for the purposes of assessing user data consumption.
Searching for blind faults: The Haiti subsurface imaging project
Authors: Kocel Eray , Stewart Robert R. , Mann Paul , Chang Li , Wang Jiannan
Published: December 2014

On 12 January 2010, Haiti suffered a magnitude 7.0 earthquake near Port-au-Prince, which resulted in a catastrophic loss of life and infrastructure. The effects were particularly severe on the Léogâne fan delta, close to the earthquake's epicenter. Because no unambiguous rupture to the surface has been found, the suspected fault that caused the event has been labeled “blind.” A geophysical team from the University of Houston has undertaken expeditions to Haiti in 2012–2014, with support from the SEG Geoscientists Without Borders program, to try to help build Haiti's geophysical capability and assist in finding subsurface evidence of the proposed blind fault. The team reconnoitered the epicentral region of the 2010 earthquake and selected sites on the Léogâne delta fan for land surveys. The team enjoyed a productive and pleasant interaction with local villagers while receiving access to survey areas and assistance with operations. The resulting 2012 seismic and gravity data provided promise for more detailed surveys that the team undertook in February 2013. Measurements indicated that the soil sediments near Léogâne are Class E — a substantial geohazard. The University of Houston team found a broad and unfaulted anticline in the overlying fan deposit that is consistent with seismogenic movement on a north-dipping reverse fault at greater depth. The axis of the subsurface anticline is in alignment with an east-west-trending zone of localized highway damage and a coral reef that was uplifted during the 2010 earthquake. Lake sonar surveys have given some excellent images of the associated Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone (EPGFZ). As a result of this work, the team plans to bring larger seismic sources to create more detailed and deeper seismic sections (land and lake) and to assist in further development of Haitian geophysical capabilities. The project has provided a remarkable learning experience for staff and students as well as for Haitian colleagues.
Randomized Exercise Trial of Aromatase Inhibitor–Induced Arthralgia in Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Irwin Melinda L. , Cartmel Brenda , Gross Cary P. , Ercolano Elizabeth , Li Fangyong , Yao Xiaopan , Fiellin Martha , Capozza Scott , Rothbard Marianna , Zhou Yang , Harrigan Maura , Sanft Tara , Schmitz Kathryn , Neogi Tuhina , Hershman Dawn , Ligibel Jennifer
Published: December 2014

Purpose

Arthralgia occurs in up to 50% of breast cancer survivors treated with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) and is the most common reason for poor AI adherence. We conducted, in 121 breast cancer survivors receiving an AI and reporting arthralgia, a yearlong randomized trial of the impact of exercise versus usual care on arthralgia severity.

Patients and Methods

Eligibility criteria included receiving an AI for at least 6 months, reporting ≥ 3 of 10 for worst joint pain on the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), and reporting < 90 minutes per week of aerobic exercise and no strength training. Participants were randomly assigned to exercise (150 minutes per week of aerobic exercise and supervised strength training twice per week) or usual care. The BPI, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) index, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire were completed at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Intervention effects were evaluated using mixed-model repeated measures analysis, with change at 12 months as the primary end point.

Results

Over 12 months, women randomly assigned to exercise (n = 61) attended 70% (± standard deviation [SD], 28%) of resistance training sessions and increased their exercise by 159 (± SD, 136) minutes per week. Worst joint pain scores decreased by 1.6 points (29%) at 12 months among women randomly assigned to exercise versus a 0.2-point increase (3%) among those receiving usual care (n = 60; P < .001). Pain severity and interference, as well as DASH and WOMAC pain scores, also decreased significantly at 12 months in women randomly assigned to exercise, compared with increases for those receiving usual care (all P < .001).

Conclusion

Exercise led to improvement in AI-induced arthralgia in previously inactive breast cancer survivors.
Steve McQueen
Authors: Collier Delinda
Published: December 2014

Steve McQueen’s retrospective at the Art Institute of Chicago argued for a relationship between his gallery work and his current cinematic productions. Opening a year before the release of his successful 12 Years a Slave, this retrospective exhibition demonstrated McQueen’s intimate knowledge of the objects and effects of lens-based practice.
Wangechi Mutu: A Fantastic Journey
Authors: Schoonmaker Trevor
Published: December 2014

This essay is a slightly modified excerpt of the introduction to Trevor Schoonmaker, Wangechi Mutu: A Fantastic Journey (Durham, NC: Nasher Museum of Art, Duke University, 2013), a catalogue published on the occasion of the exhibition of the same name. The exhibition is Mutu’s first survey in the United States, the most comprehensive and innovative show yet for this internationally renowned, multidisciplinary artist. Wangechi Mutu: A Fantastic Journey presented more than fifty works from the mid-1990s to the present, including collage, drawing, sculpture, installation, and video. The exhibition featured many of the artist’s most iconic collages drawn from major international collections; rarely seen early works, and new creations. The exhibition also unveiled the artist’s sketchbooks of intimate drawings that reveal her creative process and inspirations, on public view for the first time. Other highlights included Mutu’s first-ever animated video, created in collaboration with Santigold, commissioned by the Nasher Museum. The Nasher Museum was the first venue for the touring exhibition, which was on view there from March 21 through July 21, 2013. It traveled to the Brooklyn Museum, where it was on view through March 9, 2014, and continued to the Museum of Contemporary Art, North Miami, in April 2014 and the Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois in September 2014.
Steven Cohen, Nandipha Mntambo: Neo-Baroque Hybrid Forms
Authors: Greyvenstein Lisa
Published: December 2014

This research investigates the Neo-Baroque aesthetic of excess in contemporary South African art and explores reasons for the emergence of this style. The artists’ exploitation of the Neo-Baroque aesthetic of excess as a comment on social concerns reveals a sense of crisis within South African society, similar to the conditions from which the seventeenth-century Baroque style evolved. Neo-Baroque aesthetics of excess manifest themselves in a variety of ways and are particularly evident when artists transgress social boundaries placed on the body through abject and erotic associations. Excess ultimately arises from complexity, as hybrid art forms are created from the combination of media and content found within the art work.
Asymptotic hitting probabilities for the Bolthausen-Sznitman coalescent
Authors: Möhle Martin
Published: December 2014

The probability h(n, m) that the block counting process of the Bolthausen-Sznitman n-coalescent ever visits the state m is analyzed. It is shown that the asymptotic hitting probabilities h(m) = limn→∞h(n, m), m ∈ N, exist and an integral formula for h(m) is provided. The proof is based on generating functions and exploits a certain convolution property of the Bolthausen-Sznitman coalescent. It follows that h(m) ∼ 1/log m as m → ∞. An application to linear recursions is indicated.
Return to the Poissonian city
Authors: Kendall Wilfrid S.
Published: December 2014

Consider the following random spatial network: in a large disk, construct a network using a stationary and isotropic Poisson line process of unit intensity. Connect pairs of points using the network, with initial/final segments of the connecting path formed by travelling off the network in the opposite direction to that of the destination/source. Suppose further that connections are established using ‘near geodesics’, constructed between pairs of points using the perimeter of the cell containing these two points and formed using only the Poisson lines not separating them. If each pair of points generates an infinitesimal amount of traffic divided equally between the two connecting near geodesics, and if the Poisson line pattern is conditioned to contain a line through the centre, then what can be said about the total flow through the centre? In Kendall (2011) it was shown that a scaled version of this flow has asymptotic distribution given by the 4-volume of a region in 4-space, constructed using an improper anisotropic Poisson line process in an infinite planar strip. Here we construct a more amenable representation in terms of two ‘seminal curves’ defined by the improper Poisson line process, and establish results which produce a framework for effective simulation from this distribution up to an L1 error which tends to 0 with increasing computational effort.
Exact boundaries in sequential testing for phase-type distributions
Authors: Albrecher Hansjörg , Asadi Peiman , Ivanovs Jevgenijs
Published: December 2014

Consider Wald's sequential probability ratio test for deciding whether a sequence of independent and identically distributed observations comes from a specified phase-type distribution or from an exponentially tilted alternative distribution. Exact decision boundaries for given type-I and type-II errors are derived by establishing a link with ruin theory. Information on the mean sample size of the test can be retrieved as well. The approach relies on the use of matrix-valued scale functions associated with a certain one-sided Markov additive process. By suitable transformations, the results also apply to other types of distributions, including some distributions with regularly varying tails.
Quasistochastic matrices and Markov renewal theory
Authors: Alsmeyer Gerold
Published: December 2014

Let 𝓈 be a finite or countable set. Given a matrix F = (Fij)i,j∈𝓈 of distribution functions on R and a quasistochastic matrix Q = (qij)i,j∈𝓈, i.e. an irreducible nonnegative matrix with maximal eigenvalue 1 and associated unique (modulo scaling) positive left and right eigenvectors u and v, the matrix renewal measure ∑n≥0Qn ⊗ F*n associated with Q ⊗ F := (qijFij)i,j∈𝓈 (see below for precise definitions) and a related Markov renewal equation are studied. This was done earlier by de Saporta (2003) and Sgibnev (2006, 2010) by drawing on potential theory, matrix-analytic methods, and Wiener-Hopf techniques. In this paper we describe a probabilistic approach which is quite different and starts from the observation that Q ⊗ F becomes an ordinary semi-Markov matrix after a harmonic transform. This allows us to relate Q ⊗ F to a Markov random walk {(Mn, Sn)}n≥0 with discrete recurrent driving chain {Mn}n≥0. It is then shown that renewal theorems including a Choquet-Deny-type lemma may be easily established by resorting to standard renewal theory for ordinary random walks. The paper concludes with two typical examples.
The developmental hourglass model: a predictor of the basic body plan?
Authors: Irie Naoki , Kuratani Shigeru
Published: December 2014

The hourglass model of embryonic evolution predicts an hourglass-like divergence during animal embryogenesis – with embryos being more divergent at the earliest and latest stages but conserved during a mid-embryonic (phylotypic) period that serves as a source of the basic body plan for animals within a phylum. Morphological observations have suggested hourglass-like divergence in various vertebrate and invertebrate groups, and recent molecular data support this model. However, further investigation is required to determine whether the phylotypic period represents a basic body plan for each animal phylum, and whether this principle might apply at higher taxonomic levels. Here, we discuss the relationship between the basic body plan and the phylotypic stage, and address the possible mechanisms that underlie hourglass-like divergence.
The role of T-cadherin in axonal pathway formation in neocortical circuits
Authors: Hayano Yuki , Zhao Hong , Kobayashi Hiroaki , Takeuchi Kosei , Norioka Shigemi , Yamamoto Nobuhiko
Published: December 2014

Cortical efferent and afferent fibers are arranged in a stereotyped pattern in the intermediate zone (IZ). Here, we studied the mechanism of axonal pathway formation by identifying a molecule that is expressed in a subset of cortical axons in the rat. We found that T-cadherin (T-cad), a member of the cadherin family, is expressed in deep-layer cell axons projecting to subcortical structures, but not in upper layer callosal axons projecting to the contralateral cortex. Ectopic expression of T-cad in upper layer cells induced axons to project toward subcortical structures via the upper part of the IZ. Moreover, the axons of deep-layer cells in which T-cad expression was suppressed by RNAi projected towards the contralateral cortex via an aberrant route. These results suggest that T-cad is involved in axonal pathway formation in the developing cortex.
Sirh7/Ldoc1knockout mice exhibit placental P4 overproduction and delayed parturition
Authors: Naruse Mie , Ono Ryuichi , Irie Masahito , Nakamura Kenji , Furuse Tamio , Hino Toshiaki , Oda Kanako , Kashimura Misho , Yamada Ikuko , Wakana Shigeharu , Yokoyama Minesuke , Ishino Fumitoshi , Kaneko-Ishino Tomoko
Published: December 2014

Sirh7/Ldoc1 [sushi-ichi retrotransposon homolog 7/leucine zipper, downregulated in cancer 1, also called mammalian retrotransposon-derived 7 (Mart7)] is one of the newly acquired genes from LTR retrotransposons in eutherian mammals. Interestingly, Sirh7/Ldoc1 knockout (KO) mice exhibited abnormal placental cell differentiation/maturation, leading to an overproduction of placental progesterone (P4) and placental lactogen 1 (PL1) from trophoblast giant cells (TGCs). The placenta is an organ that is essential for mammalian viviparity and plays a major endocrinological role during pregnancy in addition to providing nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. P4 is an essential hormone in the preparation and maintenance of pregnancy and the determination of the timing of parturition in mammals; however, the biological significance of placental P4 in rodents is not properly recognized. Here, we demonstrate that mouse placentas do produce P4 in mid-gestation, coincident with a temporal reduction in ovarian P4, suggesting that it plays a role in the protection of the conceptuses specifically in this period. Pregnant Sirh7/Ldoc1 knockout females also displayed delayed parturition associated with a low pup weaning rate. All these results suggest that Sirh7/Ldoc1 has undergone positive selection during eutherian evolution as a eutherian-specific acquired gene because it impacts reproductive fitness via the regulation of placental endocrine function.
Prioritization of skeletal muscle growth for emergence from hibernation
Authors: Hindle Allyson G. , Otis Jessica P. , Epperson L. Elaine , Hornberger Troy A. , Goodman Craig A. , Carey Hannah V. , Martin Sandra L.
Published: December 2014

Mammalian hibernators provide an extreme example of naturally occurring challenges to muscle homeostasis. The annual hibernation cycle is characterized by shifts between summer euthermy with tissue anabolism and accumulation of body fat reserves, and winter heterothermy with fasting and tissue catabolism. The circannual patterns of skeletal muscle remodeling must accommodate extended inactivity during winter torpor, the motor requirements of transient winter active periods, and sustained activity following spring emergence. Muscle volume in 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) calculated from MRI upper hindlimb images (n=6 squirrels, n=10 serial scans) declined from hibernation onset, reaching a nadir in early February. Paradoxically, mean muscle volume rose sharply after February despite ongoing hibernation, and continued total body mass decline until April. Correspondingly, the ratio of muscle volume to body mass was steady during winter atrophy (October-February) but increased (+70%) from February-May, which significantly outpaced changes in liver or kidney examined by the same method. Generally stable myocyte cross-sectional area and density indicated that muscle remodeling is well regulated in this hibernator despite vastly altered seasonal fuel and activity levels. Body composition analysis by ECHO MRI showed lean tissue preservation throughout hibernation amid declining fat mass by end of winter. Muscle protein synthesis was 66% depressed in early but not late winter compared to a summer fasted baseline, while no significant changes were observed in the heart, liver or intestine, providing evidence that could support a transition in skeletal muscle regulation between early and late winter, prior to spring emergence and re-feeding.
Milk output and composition in mice divergently selected for BMR
Authors: Sadowska Julita , Gebczynski Andrzej K. , Paszko Katarzyna , Konarzewski Marek
Published: December 2014

From an evolutionary perspective, the high basal metabolic rate (BMR) of homeotherms is hypothesised to be a by-product of natural selection for effective parental care. We estimated the daily milk output during two consecutive lactation bouts in mice divergently selected for high/low BMR and applied a cross-fostered design to control for potential differences in the between-line suckling abilities of nursed juveniles. Additionally, to remedy the potential limitation imposed by the ability of mother mice to dissipate excess heat, we exposed them to an ambient temperature of 17°C during the most energetically demanding second week of lactation. We found that the mice selected for high BMR produced significantly more milk in a 24 hour period in both reproductive bouts. The milk samples obtained from the high BMR females had lower protein concentration and did not differ with respect to fat. On the other hand, the concentration of the primary milk carbohydrate - lactose, was higher. Although all the above between-line differences were statistically significant, their magnitude was too small to unambiguously ascribe them as stemming from a positive genetic correlation between the physiological traits underlying BMR and lactation performance. Nevertheless, our study lends such support at least at the level of phenotypic variation.
Nitric oxide production and sequestration in the sinus gland of the green shore crab, Carcinus maneas
Authors: Pitts Natalie L. , Mykles Donald L.
Published: December 2014

Molting in decapod crustaceans is regulated by molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), a neuropeptide produced in the X-organ (XO)/sinus gland (SG) complex of the eyestalk ganglia (ESG). Pulsatile release of MIH from the SG suppresses ecdysteroidogenesis by the molting gland or Y-organ (YO). The hypothesis is that nitric oxide (NO), a neuromodulator that controls neurotransmitter release at presynaptic membranes, depresses the frequency and/or amount of MIH pulses to induce molting. NO synthase (NOS) mRNA was present in Carcinus maneas ESG and other tissues and NOS protein was present in the SG. A copper based ligand (CuFL), which reacts with NO to form a highly fluorescent product (NO-FL), was used to image NO in the ESG and SG and quantify the effects of NO scavenger (1 mM cPTIO), NOS inhibitor (1 mM L-NAME), and 1 mM sodium azide (NaN3) on NO production in the SG. Preincubation with cPTIO prior to CuFL loading decreased NO-FL fluorescence ~30%; including L-NAME had no additional effect. Incubating SG with L-NAME during preincubation and loading decreased NO-FL fluorescence ~40%, indicating that over half of the NO release was not directly dependent on NOS activity. Azide, which reacts with NO-binding metal groups in proteins, reduced NO-FL fluorescence to near background levels without extensive cell death. Spectral shift analysis showed that azide displaced NO from a soluble protein in SG extract. These data suggest that the SG contains NO-binding protein(s) that sequester NO and releases it over a prolonged period. This NO release may modulate neuropeptide secretion from the axon termini in the SG.
Use of Tutorial Technologies in Teachers’ Work
Authors: Чаганова  , Chaganova L.
Published: December 2014

Modern technologies in education are considered as a

means to facilitate new educational paradigm implementation.

Innovative tutorial techniques are actively introduced to the educational

process. Modern educational system provides teachers with

the opportunity to choose out of the whole range of innovative

techniques, one, which is most appealing to him/her personally

and to reassess his own professional experience. It is especially

actual today that the teachers rethink their professional posture,

recognize the purpose of changes introduced and above all, change

personally — these are indispensable prerequisites for giving successful

lessons at school.
Project Activities in Preschool Educational Institutions
Authors: Гаврилова  , Gavrilova A.
Published: December 2014

Method of projects is a set of educational and cognitive

techniques that allow learners to solve problems autonomously, as

a result of independent actions, with the obligatory presentation of

results obtained. Project-based method is broadly recognized as the

optimal, innovative and promising in the work with preschoolers

and as the author states, should have a proper place in the system

of preschool education.
Health-Saving Technologies at a Preschool Institution
Authors: Алиева  , Alieva S.
Published: December 2014

Good health and health conservation are among the most

actual issues as of today. Health-saving technologies designed for

preschool educational institutions are aimed to achieve the most

important goal of preschool education — to conserve, promote and

enhance health of kindergarten educational process subjects: the

children themselves, as well as kindergarten teachers and parents.
Problem of Municipalities’ Dependence on Subsidies and Ways of Solving It
Authors: Курьян  , Kuryan S.
Published: December 2014

In this article author provides an analysis of the problem

of subsidies to municipalities and the existing system of tax revenues

to local budgets. Particular attention is given to the place of personal

income tax in the system of tax collections, budget reallocation

of funds for fiscal equalization among settlements. Author

suggests possible ways of solving the problem.
Actual Problems of Education: New Paradigms of Educational Systems
Authors: Муратова  , Muratova A.
Published: December 2014

Paradigm today obviously shifts from building a society of

relationships to constructing a society of interactions and influences.

Filling existing forms with new content promotes the formation of

gradually accumulating change, volutionary processes while preserving

the existing framework.
F. Poletayev and Italian Resistance Movement
Authors: Бычков  , Bychkov Maksim
Published: December 2014

The article considers participation of Soviet soldiers in

the Italian Resistance on the example of Fyodor Poletayev. The

guerrilla movement which began in Italy is analyzed in the context

of the General history of the country in the 1920–1940-s. The

fascist regime did not have a wide social base. Despite the apparent

inability of the anti-fascist political parties and movements to agree

among themselves and to take radical action to overthrow it, Italian

people have been able to boldly speak out against it. This is reflected

in rapid development of partisan movement, which despite

harsh repression by German occupiers and their Italian allies was

able to conduct intensive work on the liberation of Italy. Soviet

soldiers fought among them. This topic was raised in Soviet historical

and political literature, but has unfortunately dropped out

of public attention recently and therefore requires a sort of resuscitation.

This theme allows identifying the complexity, the diversity

of problems faced by the people of the Soviet Union, and at

the same time shows the role and importance of a common man

on the background of global events.
Issues of Social and Economic Development of Siberian Village of the Early XX Century in Works of V.G. Tyukavkin
Authors: Иванцова  , Ivantsova N.
Published: December 2014

The article analyzes the early works of famous Professor

V.G. Tyukavkin. In particular, it reveals issues of research methodology,

presents the conceptual vision of the problems of social and

economic development of Siberian village of the early twentieth

century. V.G. Tyukavkin was a supporter of the theory of a sufficiently

high level of development of productive forces in agriculture

of Siberia. Analyzing the questions of land tenure, land use, farming

systems, cooperation, differentiation of the Siberian peasantry,

he within the dominant methodology concludes that the region ripe

for revolution. The article at the same time shows impartiality of

the researcher, who, despite existing views, studied a vast array of

dataand showed that Siberia had been turned into a granary of

Russia demonstrating high performance and European quality (and

oftensurpassed it, i.e. in oil production). The author for the first

time in Soviet historiography raised the question of new forms of

the organization of peasant production in Siberia – cooperation.
The udmurt republic regional tourism program-objective methods of management
Authors: Баталова Лариса , Batalova Larisa , Мерзлякова Галина , Merzlyakova Galina , Оконникова Татьяна , Okonnikova Tatyana
Published: December 2014

The article presents the main results of scientific research, carried out with the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian financial support, based on the fundamental part of State order, project code 1968.The article contents the step-by-step retrospective analysis of the Udmurt Republic regional tourism management system, and the modern management system formation process in the Udmurt Republic. The Udmurt Republic Regional tourism program-objective method of management, picked out by the Ministry of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism U.R., provides the positive development dynamic of the tourism industry in the republic, based on the intermediate results of the objective program “The inner and entrance tourism development in the Udmurt Republic on 2012-2018 years” realization. The article is connected also with several ways of inner and entrance tourism development in the Republic, like: the tourism management in the Udmurt Republic as an interindustry complex; tourist-recreational resources information base as well as tourist infrastructure objects forming; the investment activity stimulation; and c.t.r.
Vip-tourism marketing organization in russia
Authors: Силаева Анна , Silaeva Anna , Чхиквадзе Нелли , Chkhikvadze Nelli , Коновалова Елена , Konovalova Elena
Published: December 2014

In the article is regarded the VIP-tourism marketing as an economic process, the main marketing functions in tourism sphere are underlined. More it tells us about the tourism sphere characteristic as an object for researching. It contents the general tourism service features of VIP level, it’s necessary to take it’s in account on doing marketing researches. Also the article is contents the successful VIP-tourism rules. The individual treatment to any client on such type of the tourist product formation and realization has been mentioned with special attention. The VIP-tourism question theory is confirmed in this article with leading Russian companies experience examples. Also the authors are summarized the research problems in order to organize the VIP-tourism marketing.
Helping women prepare for hyperemesis gravidarum
Authors: Dean Caitlin
Published: December 2014

Hyperemesis gravidarum is a serious complication of pregnancy presenting as prolonged and severe nausea and vomiting causing dehydration, malnutrition and significant morbidity. Women with a history of hyperemesis gravidarum have around an 80% chance of suffering in subsequent pregnancies. Careful and thorough planning in advance of future pregnancy can significantly reduce the overall severity of symptoms and improve the psychosocial welfare of the women as well as pregnancy outcomes. This article explores the various aspects of a thorough prophylactic care plan to optimise the outcomes of future pregnancies and reduce the morbidity associated with hyperemesis gravidarum. The evidence-base for the following aspects are discussed to ensure a holistic care plan can be developed: physical preparation, prophylactic medication, criteria to assess deterioration, further treatment options if required, and psychosocial management
A modified early obstetric warning system
Authors: Cole Melanie F
Published: December 2014

Early warning scoring tools are embedded in the routine care of most hospitalised patients in the NHS. The underlying principles are that patients who develop serious illness will usually display abnormalities in simple physiological parameters and that if these early signs are recognised and appropriate escalation and intervention occurs, patient outcomes will be improved. Constructing a system for use in childbearing women presents a unique set of challenges. This article details how the national early warning scoring system can be adapted and used in the routine care of hospitalised pregnant and postnatal women.
Effects of Air Blast Freezing and Microwave Thawing on Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties of Carrots
Authors: Jung Kyung-Hun , Jo Yeon-Ji , Hwang In-Guk , Yoo Seon-Mi , Choi Mi-Jung , Min Sang-Gi
Published: December 2014

This study was carried out to observe the effects of various combinations of air blast freezing and microwave thawing
on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of carrots. Carrots were cut into 0.5×0.5×5 cm cubes and then frozen at -40°C at various freezing rates (0.2, 0.4 or 1.6°C/min) until a -12°C central temperature in the carrot was reached by using an air blast freezer. Then, the frozen carrots were thawed by using natural air convection and microwaves at 200, 400, and 800 watts. After the thawing treatment, physicochemical properties of the carrots such as pH, thawing loss, hardness, color, morphological images and changes in nutritional compositions were also analyzed. In physicochemical characterization, thawing loss and hardness decreased with increasing the freezing rate. In morphological observation, ice crystal pore sizes in frozen carrots were 0.7, 0.3 and 0.1 mm at 0.2, 0.4 and 1.6°C/min, respectively. They significantly decreased as the freezing rate increased. For the nutritional characterizations, the vitamin C and organic acid contents did not differ depending on the freezing rate. The sucrose content was the highest at the 0.2°C/min freezing rate. Therefore, we suggest that a faster freezing rate is effective to maintain frozen food quality by minimizing tissue damage and changes in physical properties.
Effects of Steeping and Infrared Heating on Hydration and Sensory Properties of Barley
Authors: Kang Eun-Jung , Jeon Hye-Ri , Choi Eun-Hee , Lee Jae-Kwon
Published: December 2014

The effects of the steeping process and infrared heating conditions on the hydration and cooking properties of barley were studied. Barley grain treated with infrared heating alone showed a slight increase in water uptake regardless of infrared heating temperature and duration. Barley grain which steeped prior to infrared heating showed a higher extent of water uptake with increasing heating temperature than that of infrared heating alone. Rapid Visco Analyzer profiles revealed that the peak viscosity of barley starch decreased with increasing infrared heating temperatures in conjunction with the steeping process, indicating the occurrence of starch gelatinization. The spreadability and relative index of hardness of cooked barley increased with increasing heating temperatures in the presence or absence of the steeping process. The sensory test showed that the barley sample, steeped for 15 min then heated at 120◦C, had the highest sensory scores among samples in all the measured sensory attributes.
Effects of Parboiling on the Physicochemical Properties of Tongil Type Cultivars
Authors: Yoo Jae-Soo , Kim Hyun-Soon , Lee Jeom-Ho , Lee Mi-Ja , Ha Ki-Yong
Published: December 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical properties of parboiled rice using high-yield Tongil type Dasan, Hanarem2, Saegyejinmi and Japonica type Boramchan cultivars. The length and width of rice in all cultivars tend to be shortened in parboiled rice. The milling yield shows that Boramchan scored the highest at 99.7% and the others increased in the range of 2.9~4.6% after parboiling. The range of hardness in the raw milled rice showed that the Tongil type was higher with a 223-245N range than the Japonica type Boramchan. An increase in the storage capabilities is expected in the all cultivars after parboiling with 1.7~1.9 times their hardness. The Tongil type shows a lower tendency in the solid content than the Japonica type and was reduced by 33 to 37% after parboiling. The reducing sugar content shows an increase in all cultivars after parboiling and also resulted in the negative correlation in colorimetric values. In solubility and swelling power, raw milled rice scored higher in the high temperature (75◦C) than in normal temperatures (25◦C) and parboiled rice showed decreased solubility and the increased swelling power in the higher temperature (75◦C). It is expected to increase production value by producing processed products with less nutritional loss and better shape preservation.
Effects of Rice Flour Particle size on Quality of Gluten-free Rice Bread
Authors: Kang Tae-Young , Choi Eunhye , Jo Hye Young , Yoon Mi-Ra , Lee Jeom-Sig , Ko Sanghoon
Published: December 2014

This study investigated the effects of the particle size distribution of rice flour on the quality of a gluten-free rice bread. Seolgaeng (SG), a type of japonica cultivar, was milled for producing rice flours and then screened using 100, 200, and 300 mesh sieves for sorting the rice flour. Rice flour characteristics including: amylose content, damaged starch content, moisture content, average particle size and particle morphology were examined as well as the gluten-free rice bread characteristics: specific volume, crumb hardness, and appearance. The SG rice particles showed low starch damage compared to those milled of common rice cultivars since the starch granules of SG were relatively round shaped. The specific volumes of gluten-free rice breads prepared with the flours passed through 100, 200 and 300 mesh sieves were 3.19, 3.36 and 1.41 mL/g respectively. In this study, the gluten-free rice bread prepared from the flour passed through the 200 mesh sieve showed the best quality since the texture of its crumbs were relatively soft and the color of its crust appeared good.
Bioconversion of Puffed Red Ginseng Extract Using β-Glucosidase-producing Lactic Acid Bacteria
Authors: Shim Kun-Sub , Park Gwi-Gun , Park Young-Seo
Published: December 2014

Lactic acid bacteria producing high levels of β-glucosidase were screened to convert the major ginsenosides into the minor ginsenosides in puffed red ginseng. A strain named YLB 8 isolated from doenjang showed the highest β- glucosidase activity and was identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The optimum conditions for the maximum production of β-glucosidase, when L. mesenteroides YLB 8 was cultured in MRS medium, were as follows; glucose concentration of 1% (w/v), initial pH 8.0, culture temperature of 30°C, culture time of 16 h. When Puffed red ginseng extract was bioconverted using L. mesenteroides YLB 8, the optimum temperature and the concentration of Puffed red ginseng extract was 30°C and 12oBx, respectively. As a result of bioconversion, the major ginsenosides Rb1 and Rb2 were converted into minor ginsenoside Rg3, and Re was converted into Rg3 and successively into Rh1 and Rh2 in part
Effect of Various Pretreatments Methods under Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties of Onions
Authors: Kim Kwang-Il , Hwang In-Guk , Yu Seon-Mi , Min Sang-Gi , Lee Sang-Yoon , Choi Mi-Jung
Published: December 2014

The pre-thermal treatment, or blanching, is an important process to minimize quality changes during main cooking or storage. In this study, three types of pre-thermal treatments were applied to onions to observe quality changes in their physicochemical, nutritional, and microbial properties. The washed and sliced onions were treated by hot-water immersion (100°C, 1~10 min), steaming (100°C, 1~10 min) and stir-frying with oil (180°C, 10~80 sec). The onions were cooled and wiped with gauze. The results showed that the total color difference of the treated sample increased to 18-23 units compared to that of the fresh control. The pH value of the onion was not significantly different with the exception of the stir-fried samples. The hardness of the onion tended to decrease depending on the treatment time. The micro-structures of onions treated by hot-water immersion and steaming were damaged above 2 min whereas stir-fried onions showed structural damage above 210 sec. In the analysis of the nutritional changes in the onion, the ascorbic acid content of the blanched treatments were lower than that of fresh onion and the free sugar contests showed a similar pattern excluding the stir-fried onions. In the organic acid content assay, the succinic acid content of the treated onion sample had significantly decreased compared with other organic acid contents (p<0.05). The peroxidase activities of the blanched treatments by hot-water immersion and steaming were inactivated by more than 92%, whereas only 76% inactivity was achieved by the stir-frying treatment. The mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria counts of the treated onion were not detected or decreased to near a 3-log scale, and yeast was detected only the sample treated by the stir-frying for 1 min. In particular, neither bacteria nor yeast counts in all onion samples by steam treatment were detected. Consequently, the results demonstrated that steam treatment for 2 min could be the optimal pre-thermal condition for onions to minimize the quality changes and increase safety.