bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicate rewriting for translating Boolean queries in a heterogeneous information system
Authors: Chang Chen-Chuan K. , Garcia-Molina Héctor , Paepcke Andreas
Published: July 2002

Searching over heterogeneous information sources is difficult in part because of the nonuniform query languages. Our approach is to allow users to compose Boolean queries in one rich front-end language. For each user query and target source, we transform the user query into a subsuming query that can be supported by the source but that may return extra documents. The results are then processed by a filter query to yield the correct final results. In this article we introduce the architecture and associated mechanism for query translation. In particular, we discuss techniques for rewriting predicates in Boolean queries into native subsuming forms, which is a basis of translating complex queries. In addition, we present experimental results for evaluating the cost of postfiltering. We also discuss the drawbacks of this approach and cases when it may not be effective. We have implemented prototype versions of these mechanisms and demonstrated them on heterogeneous Boolean systems.
Security in statistical databases for queries with small counts
Authors: Chin Francis Y.
Published: July 2002

The security problem of statistical databases containing anonymous but individual records which may be evaluated by queries about sums and averages is considered. A model, more realistic than the previous ones, is proposed, in which nonexisting records for some keys can be allowed. Under the assumption that the system protects the individual's information by the well-known technique which avoids publishing summaries with small counts, several properties about the system and a necessary and sufficient condition for compromising the database have been derived. The minimum number of queries needed to compromise the database is also discussed.
Resolution by Iteration of Some Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Mancino O. G.
Published: July 2002

For a system of nonlinear equations satisfying certain conditions it is shown that a solution exists and is unique. An iterative method that starts with an initial arbitrary approximation is presented.
A Shortest Path Algorithm for Edge-Sparse Graphs
Authors: Wagner Robert A.
Published: July 2002

An algorithm (
FLOW
) for finding the shortest distance from a given node
S
to each node
X
of a directed graph with nonnegative integer arc lengths less than or equal to
WM
is presented.
FLOW
is compared with its best-known competitor, that of Dijkstra and Yen (
DFLO
). The new algorithm is shown to execute in time of order max (
V, E, D
), where
D
is the maximum distance computed in a graph with
E
edges and
V
nodes. By counting the number of operands fetched during execution of
FLOW
and
DFLO
, an estimate of the running time of each is obtained. This estimate shows that
FLOW
should execute faster than
DFLO
when
E
/
V
2
=
α
< .2875, and
V
≥ 22
WM
/
β
+ 5/
β
+ 7.04, where
β
= 23 - 80
α
.
FLOW
also will solve the all-pairs shortest distance problem, requiring time
O
(
V
* max(
V, E, D
)) for the solution.
Optimal Code Generation for Expression Trees
Authors: Aho A. V. , Johnson S. C.
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses algorithms which transform expression trees into code for register machines. A necessary and sufficient condition for optimality of such an algorithm is derived, which applies to a broad class of machines. A dynamic programming algorithm is then presented which produces optimal code for any machine in this class; this algorithm runs in time linearly proportional to the size of the input.
Box-bisection for solving second-degree systems and the problem of clustering
Authors: Morgan Alexander , Shapiro Vadim
Published: July 2002

Box-bisection is a method for solving nonlinear systems. Space is subdivided into boxes of smaller
and smaller diameter, and each subbox is tested for the existence of solutions by a test that either
eliminates it from further consideration or marks it for subdivision. Simple bisection uses a test for
the exclusion of subboxes, but no test that guarantees the existence of a unique solution in a subbox.
Using this simple bisection, we show that the passed boxes tend to cluster in geometrical configura-
tions whose number is stable under subdivision. This implies for many problems that the work
required to do simple bisection may be prohibitive. However, improvements may be possible by
grouping clusters and dynamically redefining the box proportions. The restriction to second-degree
systems is sufficient to display this behavior.
Parlog86 and the dining logicians
Authors: Ringwood G. A.
Published: July 2002

A classic problem in concurrent programming is that of the "dining philosophers" which challenges the power of any aspiring concurrent program language. Recently, a growing number of logic programming languages have been refined to handle concurrent programming, one in particular is Parlog86.
Turnover among DP personnel
Authors: Bartol Kathryn M.
Published: July 2002

Four variables suggested by previous research were included in a proposed causal model of turnover among computer specialists. When tested using correlational analysis, three of the variables were significant inverse predictors of turnover. A fourth variable was also inversely related to turnover, but not significantly so. Path analysis supports the proposed causal model and suggest turnover indirectly through its influence on the other model variables.
Measured performance of an Ethernet local network
Authors: Shoch John F. , Hupp Jon A.
Published: July 2002

The Ethernet communications network is a broadcast, multiaccess system for local computer networking, using the techniques of
carrier sense
and
collision detection
. Recently we have measured the actual performance and error characteristics of an existing Ethernet installation which provides communications services to over 120 directly connected hosts.

This paper is a report on some of those measurements—characterizing “typical” traffic characteristics in this environment and demonstrating that the system works very well. About 300 million bytes traverse the network daily; under normal load, latency and error rates are extremely low and there are very few collisions. Under extremely heavy load—artificially generated—the system shows stable behavior, and channel utilization approaches 98 percent, as predicted.
A survey of the literature in computer science education since curriculum '68
Authors: Austing Richard H. , Barnes Bruce H. , Engel Gerald L.
Published: July 2002

A bibliography of approximately two hundred references in computer science education appearing in the literature since the publication of “Curriculum '68” is presented. The bibliography itself is preceded by brief descriptive materials organizing the references into the categories of survey reports, activities of professional organizations, philosophy of programs, description of programs, description of courses and other materials.
Optimal balancing of I/O requests to disks
Authors: Piepmeier William F.
Published: July 2002

Determining a policy for efficient allocation and utilization of a set of disk drives with differing operational characteristics is examined using analytical techniques. Using standard queueing theory, each disk drive is characterized by a queueing model with service time of a disk drive represented by the probability density function of the sum of two uniform distributions. Total response time of the set of disk models is then minimized under varying load conditions. The results indicate that faster devices should have higher utilization factors and that the number of different device types utilized tends to decrease with decreasing load. Specific examples using 2314 and 3330 combinations are examined.
CONVERT
Authors: Shu Nan C. , Housel Barron C. , Lum Vincent Y.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a high level and nonprocedural translation definition language, CONVERT, which provides very powerful and highly flexible data restructuring capabilities. Its design is based on the simple underlying concept of a form which enables the users to visualize the translation processes, and thus makes data translation a much simpler task.

“CONVERT” has been chosen for conveying the purpose of the language and should not be confused with any other language or program bearing the same name.
A Butler process for resource sharing on Spice machines
Authors: Dannenberg Roger B. , Hibbard Peter G.
Published: July 2002

A network of personal computers may contain a large amount of distributed computing resources. For a number of reasons it is desirable to share these resources, but sharing is complicated by issues of security and autonomy. A process known as the
Butler
addresses these problems and provides support for resource sharing. The Butler relies upon a capability-based accounting system called the
Banker
to monitor the use of local resources.
Fifth annual UCLA survey of business school computer usage
Authors: Frand Jason L. , Britt Julia A.
Published: July 2002

This year's survey takes a look at where business schools are in terms of computerization, providing useful information for deans and others involved in making computer related allocation decisions and program plans.
Volume rendering
Authors: Frenkel Karen A.
Published: July 2002

Volumetric rendering speaks volumes for data 20 orders of magnitude apart—from human anatomy to neuroanatomy, and from electrostatic charges of macromolecules to failure analysis of manufactured parts.
The dynamics of software project scheduling
Authors: Abdel-Hamid Tarek K. , Madnick Stuart E.
Published: July 2002

Software project scheduling is one of the major problem areas faced by software project managers today. While several quantitative software project resource and schedule estimation methods have been developed, such techniques raise some important, but as yet unresolved, dynamic issues. A systems dynamics (SD) approach is used to analyze several key dynamic software project scheduling issues.
HyperIntelligence: the next frontier
Authors: Ram Sudha , Carlson David A.
Published: July 2002

The authors discuss how mental models may be used to organize an individual's thoughts while forming a plan. A hypermedia system, SPRINT, is described which supports an explicit representation of a mental model as a network of associations among the elements of a strategic plan.
Local networks
Authors: Stallings William
Published: July 2002

The rapidly evolving field of local network technology has
produced a steady stream of local network products in recent years.
The IEEE 802 standards that are now taking shape, because of their
complexity, do little to narrow the range of alternative technical
approaches and at the same time encourage more vendors into the
field. The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic,
organized overview of the alternative architectures for and design
approaches to local networks.

The key elements that determine the cost and performance of a
local network are its topology, transmission medium, and medium
access control protocol. Transmission media include twisted pair,
baseband and broadband coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Topologies
include bus, tree, and ring. Medium access control protocols
include CSMA/CD, token bus, token ring, register insertion, and
slotted ring. Each of these areas is examined in detail,
comparisons are drawn between competing technologies, and the
current status of standards is reported.
Bioreactors for Hematopoietic Cell Culture
Authors: Nielsen Lars Keld
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Hematopoietic cell culture, or ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic cells, is an enabling technology with many potential applications in bone-marrow transplantation, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and the production of blood products. Hematopoietic cultures are complex, with many different cell types at different stages of development present at any given point in time and never in steady state. Moreover, these cells interact strongly with each other and the environment through cytokines (growth factors) and adhesion molecules, as well as through their metabolism. Despite these significant challenges, cell products produced in bioreactors have shown promise in recent phase 1 clinical trials.
Fundamentals of Impact Biomechanics: Part I - Biomechanics of the Head, Neck, and Thorax
Authors: King Albert I.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This is the first of two chapters dealing with some 60 years of accumulated knowledge in the field of impact biomechanics. The regions covered in this first chapter are the head, neck, and thorax. The next chapter will discuss the abdomen, pelvis, and the lower extremities. Although the principal thrust of the research has been toward the mitigation of injuries sustained by automotive crash victims, the results of this research have applications in aircraft safety, contact sports, and protection of military personnel and civilians from intentional injury, such as in the use of nonlethal weapons. The reader should be keenly aware of the wide variation in human response and tolerance data in the cited results. This is due primarily to the large biological variation among humans and to the effects of aging. Average values are useful in design but cannot be applied to individuals.
POLICY MODELING FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT IN US INDUSTRY
Authors: Worrell Ernst , Price Lynn , Ruth Michael
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  We are just beginning to evaluate and model the contributions policies make toward improving energy efficiency. In this article, three recent studies are reviewed. They represent an important step in the analyses of climate-change mitigation strategies. All studies model estimated policy impacts rather than the policies themselves. Often the policy impacts are based on assumptions, as the effects of a policy are not certain. Most models incorporate only economic (or price) tools, which, for estimating impacts, costs, and benefits of mitigation strategies, recent studies have proven are insufficient. The studies reviewed are a first effort to capture the effects of nonprice policies. They contribute to a better understanding of the role of policies in improving energy efficiency and mitigating climate change. All policy scenarios result in substantial energy savings compared with the baseline scenario used; they also result in substantial net benefits to the US economy. Because the industrial sector is the most diverse and, arguably, the most challenging energy-demand sector to model, studying policies for them is no easy task. The challenges, which are many, fall into two categories: appropriate level of detail (i.e., sector, technology, and policy) and representations of decision making. A better understanding of decision-making behavior, technology choice, and policy impact and effectiveness is needed to improve our understanding of the potential effectiveness of future energy efficiency policies as well as to improve policy modeling. With these developments, the current and next-generation policy models and studies have the potential to become richer representations of the industrial sector.
HETEROCYST FORMATION
Authors: Peter Wolk C.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Heterocysts are microaerobic, N2-fixing cells that form in a patterned array within O2-producing filamentous cyanobacteria. Structural features of heterocysts can be predicted from consideration of their physiology. This review focuses on the spacing mechanism that determines which cells will differentiate, and on the regulation of the progression of the differentiation process. Applicable genetic tools, developed primarily using Anabaena PCC 7120, but employed also with Nostoc spp., are reviewed. These tools include localization of transcription using fusions to lux, lac, and gfp, and mutagenesis with oriV-containing derivatives of transposon Tn5. Mature and developing heterocysts inhibit nearby vegetative cells from differentiating; genes patA, devA, hetC, and the hetMNI locus may hold keys to understanding intercellular interactions that influence heterocyst formation. Regulatory and other genes that are transcriptionally activated at different times after nitrogen stepdown have been identified, and should permit analysis of mechanisms that underlie the progression of heterocyst differentiation.
PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR FERROELECTRIC THIN FILMS AND HETEROSTRUCTURES
Authors: Auciello Orlando , Foster Chris M. , Ramesh Rammamoorthy
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Basic scientific and technological advances on ferroelectric thin films and heterostructures are discussed in relation to the work on nonvolatile ferroelectric random access memories (NVFRAMs) performed by different groups during the last seven years. A reasonable understanding of the synthesis and microstructure-property relationships of ferroelectric thin films for NVFRAMs is demonstrated. Materials integration strategies developed to fabricate ferroelectric capacitors with practically no fatigue or imprint, long polarization retention, and low leakage current are discussed. These properties have been obtained using two ferroelectric materials, Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 (PZT) and SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT), that are the main candidates for application to the first generation of commercial NVFRAMs. A discussion of current knowledge and future research directions is presented.
Effects of Neuropeptides and Leptin on Nutrient Partitioning: Dysregulations in Obesity
Authors: Jeanrenaud Bernard , Rohner-Jeanrenaud Françoise
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Body weight homeostasis is maintained via a series of complex interactions that occur between the brain (particularly the hypothalamus) and the periphery, notably via the hormone leptin, which is synthesized in and secreted from adipose tissue. Under normal conditions, a dynamic equilibrium exists between anabolic neuropeptides (orexigenic peptides), which favor food intake, decrease energy expenditure, and facilitate fat storage, and catabolic ones (anorexigenic peptides), which decrease food intake, increase energy expenditure, and facilitate the loss of fat stores. Secreted leptin, although it may have some direct peripheral effects, exerts its action principally within the brain. Following its transport through the blood-brain barrier, leptin reaches the hypothalamic area, where it binds to its long receptor isoform. After a specific signaling cascade, leptin inhibits many of the orexigenic neuropeptides while favoring many of the anorexigenic ones. Thus, leptin decreases food intake and body weight, and it increases fat oxidation and energy expenditure, ultimately favoring leanness. Lack of leptin secretion, the inability of leptin to reach the brain, or the inability of leptin to interact with hypothalamic leptin receptors, prevent leptin's effects and lead to obesity.
The Adaptative Mechanisms ofTrypanosoma Bruceifor Sterol Homeostasis in Its Different Life-Cycle Environments
Authors: Coppens I. , Courtoy P. J.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei do not synthesize sterols de novo and therefore cannot survive in medium devoid of lipoproteins. Growth of parasites is essentially supported by receptor-mediated endocytosis of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), which carry phospholipids and cholesteryl esters. These lipids are released from internalized LDL after apoprotein B-100 is degraded by acidic thiol-proteases in the endolysosomal apparatus and then metabolized, as in mammalian cells. The LDL receptor is recycled and its expression is regulated by the sterol stores. Documented pharmacological and immunological interferences with LDL receptor-mediated lipid supply to the bloodstream forms are summarized, and the potential for new approaches to fight against these parasites is evaluated. In contrast to bloodstream forms, cultured procyclic forms can acquire sterols from both exogenous (lipoprotein endocytosis) and endogenous (biosynthesis of ergosterol) sources. The rate-limiting steps of both endocytosis (surface LDL receptor expression) and biosynthesis (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity) are regulated by the cellular content of sterol. These two pathways thus complement each other to yield a balanced sterol supply, which demonstrates adaptative capacities to survive in totally different environments and fine regulatory mechanisms of sterol homeostasis.
MICROPHYSICS AND HETEROGENEOUS CHEMISTRY OF POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS
Authors: Peter Thomas
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Liquid and solid particles in polar stratospheric clouds are of central importance for the depletion of stratospheric ozone. Surface-catalyzed reactions on these particles, and diffusion-controlled processes in the bulk of the particles, convert halogens, which derive from compounds of mainly anthropogenic origin, from relatively inert reservoir species into forms that efficiently destroy ozone. The microphysics of these particles under cold stratospheric conditions is still uncertain in many respects, in particular concerning phase transitions such as freezing nucleation and deposition nucleation. Furthermore, there are indications that the rates of key heterogeneous reactions have not yet been established with sufficient accuracy to enable a reliable diagnosis of observed ozone losses by means of global models. The present paper reviews the current (late 1996) knowledge of the physico-chemistry of polar stratospheric clouds and evaluates the remaining uncertainties with respect to their ozone depletion potential.
LASER-INDUCED POPULATION TRANSFER BY ADIABATIC PASSAGE TECHNIQUES
Authors: Vitanov Nikolay V , Halfmann Thomas , Shore Bruce W , Bergmann Klaas
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  We review some basic techniques for laser-induced adiabatic population transfer between discrete quantum states in atoms and molecules.
RENAL K+ CHANNELS: Structure and Function
Authors: Wang Wenhui , Hebert Steven C. , Giebisch Gerhard
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The activity of potassium (K+) channels is intimately linked to several important transport functions in renal tubules. We review recent progress concerning the properties, site along the nephron, and physiological regulation of native K+ channels, and compare their characteristics with those of recently cloned K+ channels. We do not fully cover work on K+ channels in amphibian tubules, cell cultures, and single tubule cells and do not review K+ channels in mesangial cells.
WITHHOLDING AND EXCHANGING IRON: Interactions Between Erwinia spp. and Their Plant Hosts
Authors: Expert D
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The critical role of iron in plant host-parasite relationships has been elucidated in diseases as different as the soft rot and fire blight incited by Erwinia chrysanthemi and E. amylovora, respectively. As in animal infections, the role of iron and its ligands in the virulence of plant pathogens seems to be more subtle than might be expected, and is intimately related to the life cycle of the pathogen within its host. This review discusses how iron, because of its unique position in biological systems, controls the activities of these plant pathogens. Molecular studies illustrating the key question of iron acquisition and homeostasis during pathogenesis are described. The production of siderophores by pathogens not only represents a powerful strategy to acquire iron from host tissues but may also act as a protective agent against iron toxicity. The need of the host to bind and possibly sequester the metal during pathogenesis is another central issue. Possible modes of iron competition between plant host and pathogen are considered.
Formal Syntax, Diachronic Minimalism, and Etymology: The History of French, Chez
Authors: Longobardi Giuseppe
Published: July 2002

Current theories place very mild constraints on possible diachronic changes, something at odds with the trivial observation that actual, “language change” represents a tiny fraction of the variation made a priori available by Universal Grammar. Much recent work in diachronic syntax has actually been guided by the aim of describing changes (e.g., parameter resetting), rather than by concerns of genuine explanation. Here I suggest a radically different viewpoint (the Inertial, Theory of diachronic syntax), namely, that syntactic change not provably due to interference should not occur at all as a primitive-that is, unless forced by changes in the phonology, the semantics, or the lexicon, perhaps ultimately by interface or grammar-external pressures, in line with the minimalist enterprise in synchronic linguistics. I concentrate on a single case, the etymology of Modern French chez, showing howthe proposed approach attains a high degree of explanatory adequacy.
Unambiguous Triggers
Authors: Fodor Janet Dean
Published: July 2002

Triggers for parameter setting may be ambiguous. Strategies for dealing with ambiguity include guessing, parallel processing, and waiting for unambiguous input. The Trigger Learning Algorithm of Gibson and Wexler (1994) is a guessing system. Gibson and Wexler show that under some reasonable assumptions it may never attain the target grammar. I propose instead a deterministic device that waits for unambiguous triggers to set parameters. This learner must be able to detect parametric ambiguity. This is not possible on the classical conception of triggers as sentences that flip parameter switches. It is possible if a trigger (and the parameter value it triggers) is a piece of tree structure, perhaps a single feature, made available by Universal Grammar, and adopted into the learner's grammar if input sentences cannot be parsed without it.
A Parametric Approach to Orthographic Processing in the Brain: An fMRI Study
Authors: Tagamets M. -A. , Novick Jared M. , Chalmers Maria L. , Friedman Rhonda B.
Published: July 2002

Brain activation studies of orthographic stimuli typically start with the premise that different types of orthographic strings (e.g., words, pseudowords) differ from each other in discrete ways, which should be reflected in separate and distinct areas of brain activation. The present study starts from a different premise: Words, pseudowords, letterstrings, and false fonts vary systematically across a continuous dimension of familiarity to English readers. Using a one-back matching task to force encoding of the stimuli, the four types of stimuli were visually presented to healthy adult subjects while fMRI activations were obtained. Data analysis focused on parametric comparisons of fMRI activation sites. We did not find any region that was exclusively activated for real words. Rather, differences among these string types were mainly expressed as graded changes in the balance of activations among the regions. Our results suggests that there is a widespread network of brain regions that form a common network for the processing of all orthographic string types.
Improving the Practice of Classifier Performance Assessment
Authors: Adams N. M. , Hand D. J.
Published: July 2002

In this note we use examples from the literature to illustrate some poor practices in assessing the performance of supervised classification rules, and we suggest guidelines for better methodology. We also describe a new assessment criterion that is suitable for the needs of many practical problems.
Axonal Processes and Neural Plasticity: A Reply
Authors: Elliott T. , Howarth C. I. , Shadbolt N. R.
Published: July 2002

We examine the claim that a class of sprouting-and-retraction models is mathematically equivalent to a fixed-anatomy model. We accept, subject to important caveats, a narrow mathematical equivalence of the energy functions in both classes of model. We argue that this narrow equivalence of energy functions does not, however, entail equivalence of the models. Indeed, the claim of complete model equivalence hides significant dynamical differences between the approaches, which we discuss. We also disagree that our work demonstrates that subtractive constraint enforcement is natural in fixed-anatomy models.
Virtual Environments with Four or More Spatial Dimensions
Authors: D'Zmura Michael , Colantoni Philippe , Seyranian Gregory
Published: July 2002

We describe methods for displaying complex, texturemapped environments with four or more spatial dimensions that allow for real-time interaction. At any one moment in time, a three-dimensional cross section of the high-dimensional environment is rendered using techniques that have been implemented in OpenGL. The position and orientation of the user within the environment determine the 3-D cross section. A variety of interfaces can be used to control position and orientation in 4-D, including a mouse “freelook” interface for use with a computer monitor display, and an interface that uses a head-tracking system with three degrees of freedom and PINCH gloves in combination with a head-mounted display. The methods avoid the use of projections that require depth buffering in greater than three dimensions and can be used in conjunction with either 2-D or 3-D texture mapping. A computer graphic engine that displays 4-D virtual environments interactively uses these methods, as does a level editor and modeling program that can be used to create 4-D environments.
'TO HOLD THE HAND OF THE WEAK': THE EMERGENCE OF CONTRACTUAL JUSTICE IN THE EGYPTIAN CIVIL LAW
Authors: Bechor Guy
Published: July 2002

In this essay I argue that the Egyptian Civil Code of 1949 sought to minimize the polarization of Egyptian society and to forge a new community based on the concepts of compassion, forgiveness and fairness. To this end the New Code abandoned the liberal/individualistic tendency of its predecessors, which, it claimed, was destructive to Egyptian society. Instead, the New Code advocated a contractual sociological approach that upholds the weak stratum in society.
Die Deianeira der Trachinierinnen und die Euripideische Medeia
Authors: Schmakeit I.A.
Published: July 2002

The plots of Sophocles' Women of Trachis and Euripides' Medea show some striking similarities, which so far have only been investigated concerning the priority of one of the plays. After tracing back the mythological tradition of both stories, this article focuses on the characterization of the two central female figures in both plays, Deianira and Medea, who in spite of facing similar situations and choosing similar means (poisoned gifts) show different intentions. Both figures describe the problematic social position of women at a point where their own status as a married wife is in danger. They are conscious of the surrounding society, but whereas Medea, like many male dramatic figures, is eager to avoid the laughter of her enemies, Deianira regards the rules of a "shame culture" in a different way, assuming that good and bad attitudes only exist when others see them. Her intention is to re-establish her old position, but she fails and then has to kill herself to regain her honor. Medea on the contrary wants revenge, kills all her victims intentionally, and brings her plans to a successful end. Some thoughts about the author's intentions lying behind these characterizations end the discussion.
THE PROBLEM OF PSALM LXXXVII
Authors: Emerton J.A.
Published: July 2002

It is better to try to make sense of the present order of the Hebrew text of Psalm lxxxvii than to rearrange it conjecturally. The psalm is commonly thought to say of some people, whether Jews or gentiles, that they were born in Zion, whereas they were really born elsewhere, but such a theory is implausible. Four alternative theories are examined, but none of them is found satisfactory. It is suggested that this psalm in honour of Zion speaks of the distinction of having been born in Zion rather than in any other place, no matter how important it may be. The distinction lies in the fact that Zion has been established by Yahweh and is his own city.
AN 'UNCOMFORTABLE INTERSECTION': THE MEETING OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AND RURAL ENVIRONMENTS IN THE POETRY OF SIMON ARMITAGE
Authors: Thain Marion
Published: July 2002

Simon Armitage defines his own position as a poet as on the border where urban and rural environments meet. I explore how the influence of this geographical location can be traced in Armitage's poetry, both in its content, and in its form. The paper ends with a consideration of Armitage's hybrid poetic voice and how this too reflects a borderland identity.
Physico-chemical properties and mode of action of a signal from the symbiotic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens inducing dauer juvenile recovery in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
Authors: Ehlers Ralf-Udo , Aumann Jens
Published: July 2002

Recovery in entomopathogenic nematodes is the exit from the dauer juvenile stage. It is a response to environmental queues signalling the presence of food sources (e.g., insect haemolymph). The bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens excretes a signal which also induces recovery of its symbiotic Heterorhabditis bacteriophora dauer juveniles. This bacterial signal is composed of at least two compounds with different polarity. The symbiotic bacteria also secrete an antagonistic signal which inhibits nematode recovery. The recovery-inducing signal compounds have a molecular mass of less than 20 kDa and are negatively charged. The data indicate that at least one compound is smaller than 5 kDa. The bacterial signal triggers by receptor binding, the first step in a recovery-inducing muscarinic signalling pathway.
Interactions of imidacloprid with organicand inorganic- exchanged smectites
Authors: Cox L. , Hermosin M. C. , Koskinen W. C. , Cornejo J.
Published: July 2002

Sorption of the polar insecticide imidacloprid on organic-saturated octadecylammonium (C18) and dioctadecyldimethylammonium (DOD) and inorganic- (Fe- ) saturated Wyoming (W) and Arizona (A) montmorillonites has been investigated. Sorption isotherms were fitted to the Freundlich equation. Imidacloprid-montmorillonite complexes were studied by X-ray diffraction and FT-IR techniques. Imidacloprid sorption coefficients, Kf, decreased in the order WC18> AC18> WFe> WDOD≥ ADOD. The low layer charge and saturation by primary alkylammonium cation facilitates sorption of imidacloprid in the interlayer of the smectite, corroborated by the increase in basal spacing observed in X-ray diffraction patterns and by the presence of absorption band shifts in FT-IR spectra. Imidacloprid sorbs in the interlayer space of smectite mainly by hydrophobic interactions with the alkyl chains in organic smectites and with the uncharged siloxane surface in Fe(III)-smectite. Further polar bonds between the NO2 group of imidacloprid and the NH of the primary alkyl cations and protonation of imidacloprid in Fe-smectites enhanced sorption in these cases.
On the complex zonality in grandite garnets and implications
Authors: Ivanova T. I. , Shtukenberg A. G. , Punin Yu. O. , Frank-Kamenetskaya O. V. , Sokolov P. B.
Published: July 2002

The available data on compositional zoning in grossular-andradite (grandite) garnets occurring at different scales, mainly due to the variations of their Fe3+/Al ratios, and the hypotheses on the origin of this zoning are reviewed. Four zoned crystals of grandites showing different optical properties have been studied by means of X-ray diffraction. Optical and structural studies suggest three superimposed scales of Fe3+/Al zonality along [110]. The drastic change of the structural characteristics from sample to sample correlates with the change of their optical patterns. The superfine oscillatory zoning has been described in terms of irregular interstratified structures with a high degree of segregation. The self-affinity of zoning at different scales testify to the possible origin of the zonality due to the non-linear dynamics at the growth front. The wide variation of the layer compositions revealed by the modelling of the X-ray diffraction profiles seems to contradict the hypothesis of unmixing in grandite garnets.
Mineralogy of Pb-P grains in the roots of Agrostis capillaris L. by
ATEM and EXAFS
Authors: Cotter-Howells J. D. , Champness P. E. , Charnock J. M.
Published: July 2002

Analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM) and X-ray absorption
spectroscopy (XAS) have been used to determine the mineralogy of Pb-P deposits in
the roots of the heavy metal tolerant grass cultivar Agrostis
capillaris L. cv. Parys Mountain. The deposits have a
pyromorphite
(Pb5(PO4)3Cl)-type
structure and composition although some of the Cl may be substituted by OH.
Energy-dispersive mapping under the scanning electron microscope demonstrated that
the majority of these deposits are present in the outer cell wall of the epidermis
(the outermost layer of root cells). The phosphate composition of these grains
contrasts with the phytate
(C6H18O24P612−)
composition of Zn-P deposits observed in similar electron microscopy studies. The
physiological role of heavy metal P deposits is unclear. Heavy metal P
precipitates may form actively as a tolerance mechanism to heavy metals or
passively, sequestering P in a metabolically inactive form.
Idiotype-encoding recombinant adenoviruses provide protective immunity against murine B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Timmerman John M. , Caspar Clemens B. , Lambert Stacie L. , Syrengelas Athanasia D. , Levy Ronald
Published: July 2002

Vaccination with tumor-specific immunoglobulin or idiotype (Id) is a promising new form of immunotherapy for B-cell malignancies. Id protein vaccination has demonstrated clinical activity in B-cell lymphomas, yet it requires the laborious and time-consuming procedures of tumor–myeloma cell hybridization, large-scale in vitro culture, and protein purification. Recombinant adenoviruses are highly efficient and immunogenic gene transfer vehicles from which individualized vaccines can be rapidly assembled using polymerase chain reaction–amplified tumor Id genes. Id-encoding adenoviruses were evaluated as vaccines in 2 murine B-cell lymphoma models. A single injection of recombinant Id adenovirus provided protection from subsequent tumor challenge that was equivalent or superior to that afforded by Id protein vaccination. Protected mice had substantial serum titers of Id-specific antibodies. When used in conjunction with chemotherapy, vaccination also prolonged the survival of mice bearing pre-existing tumor. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that tumor protection was not dependent upon T cells. Importantly, in mice prevaccinated with an irrelevant adenovirus, tumor protection following vaccination with Id adenovirus was not significantly impaired. These findings have implications for the design of future lymphoma immunotherapy trials.
Tissue factor–mediated endocytosis, recycling, and degradation of factor VIIa by a clathrin-independent mechanism not requiring the cytoplasmic domain of tissue factor
Authors: Hansen Carsten B. , Pyke Charles , Petersen Lars C. , Rao L. Vijaya Mohan
Published: July 2002

Endocytosis and recycling of coagulation factor VIIa (VIIa) bound to tissue factor (TF) was investigated in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells stably transfected with TF or TF derivatives. Cell surface expression of TF on BHK cells was required for VIIa internalization and degradation. Approximately 50% of cell surface–bound VIIa was internalized in one hour, and a majority of the internalized VIIa was degraded soon thereafter. Similar rates of VIIa internalization and degradation were obtained with BHK cells transfected with a cytoplasmic domain-deleted TF variant or with a substitution of serine for cysteine at amino acid residue 245 (C245S). Endocytosis of VIIa bound to TF was an active process. Acidification of the cytosol, known to inhibit the internalization via clathrin-coated pits, did not affect the internalization of VIIa. Furthermore, receptor-associated protein, known to block binding of all established ligands to members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, was without an effect on the internalization of VIIa. Addition of tissue factor pathway inhibitor/factor Xa complex did not affect the internalization rate significantly. A substantial portion (20% to 25%) of internalized VIIa was recycled back to the cell surface as an intact and functional protein. Although the recycled VIIa constitutes to only approximately 10% of available cell surface TF/VIIa sites, it accounts for 65% of the maximal activation of factor X by the cell surface TF/VIIa. In summary, the present data provide evidence that TF-dependent internalization of VIIa in kidney cells occurs through a clathrin-independent mechanism and does not require the cytoplasmic domain of TF.
Platelet-derived microparticles bind to hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and enhance their engraftment
Authors: Janowska-Wieczorek Anna , Majka Marcin , Kijowski Jacek , Baj-Krzyworzeka Monika , Reca Ryan , Turner A. Robert , Ratajczak Janina , Emerson Steven G. , Kowalska M. Anna , Ratajczak Mariusz Z.
Published: July 2002

Because human CD34+ and murine Sca-1+hematopoietic stem–progenitor cells (HSPCs) express platelet-binding sialomucin P-selectin (CD162) and integrin Mac-1 (CD11b–CD18) antigen, it was inferred that these cells might interact with platelets. As a result of this interaction, microparticles derived from platelets (PMPs) may transfer many platelet antigens (CD41, CD61, CD62, CXCR4, PAR-1) to the surfaces of HSPCs. To determine the biologic significance of the presence of PMPs on human CD34+ and murine Sca-1+ cells, their expressions on mobilized peripheral blood (mPB) and on nonmobilized PB- and bone marrow (BM)–derived CD34+ cells were compared. In addition, the effects of PMPs on the proliferation of CD34+ and Sca-1+ cells and on adhesion of HSPCs to endothelium and immobilized SDF-1 were studied. Finally, the hematopoietic reconstitution of lethally irradiated mice receiving transplanted BM mononuclear cells covered or not covered with PMPs was examined. It was found that PMPs are more numerous on mPB than on BM CD34+cells, do not affect the clonogenicity of human and murine HSPCs, and increase adhesion of these cells to endothelium and immobilized SDF-1. Moreover, murine BM cells covered with PMPs engrafted lethally irradiated mice significantly faster than those not covered, indicating that PMPs play an important role in the homing of HSPCs. This could explain why in a clinical setting human mPB HSPCs (densely covered with PMPs) engraft more rapidly than BM HSPCs (covered with fewer PMPs). These findings indicate a new role for PMPs in stem cell transplantation and may have clinical implications for the optimization of transplantations.
Intercellular adhesion molecule-4 binds α4β1 and αV-family integrins through novel integrin-binding mechanisms
Authors: Spring Frances A. , Parsons Stephen F. , Ortlepp Susan , Olsson Martin L. , Sessions Richard , Brady R. Leo , Anstee David J.
Published: July 2002

The LW blood group glycoprotein, ICAM-4, is a member of the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) family expressed in erythroid cells. To begin to address the function of this molecule, ligands for ICAM-4 on hemopoietic and nonhemopoietic cell lines were identified. Peptide inhibition studies suggest that adhesion of cell lines to an ICAM-4–Fc construct is mediated by an LDV-inhibitable integrin on hemopoietic cells and an RGD-inhibitable integrin on nonhemopoietic cells. Antibody inhibition studies identified the hemopoietic integrin as α4β1. Antibody inhibition studies on α4β1-negative, nonhemopoietic cell lines suggested that adhesion of these cells is mediated by αVintegrins (notably αVβ1 and αVβ5). The structure of ICAM-4 modeled on the crystal structure of ICAM-2 was used to identify surface-exposed amino acid residues for site-directed mutagenesis. Neither an unusual LETS nor an LDV motif in the first domain of ICAM-4 was critical for integrin binding. ICAM-4 is the first ICAM family member shown to be a ligand for integrins other than those of the β2family, and the data suggest that ICAM-4 has a novel integrin-binding site(s). These findings suggest a role for ICAM-4 in normal erythropoiesis and may also be relevant to the adhesive interactions of sickle cells.
Delta‐9 desaturase reduction in gastrointestinal cells induced to senescence by doxorubicin
Authors: De Nunzio Valentina , Aloisio Caruso Emanuela , Centonze Matteo , Pinto Giuliano , Cofano Miriam , Saponara Ilenia , Notarnicola Maria
Published: December 2024

The condition of cellular senescence has specific features, including an altered lipid metabolism. Delta‐9 desaturase (Δ9) catalyzes the conversion of saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic acid and stearic acid, into their monounsaturated forms, palmitoleic and oleic acid, respectively. Δ9 activity is important for most lipid functions, such as membrane fluidity, lipoprotein metabolism and energy storage. The present study aimed to investigate differences in the expression of Δ9 in senescence‐induced pancreatic (MIA‐PaCa‐2 and PANC‐1) and hepatic (Hepa‐RG and HLF) cancer cell lines. Cellular senescence was induced by growing cells in the presence of the chemotherapic drug doxorubicin. Senescence status was determined by the senescence‐associated beta‐galactosidase activity assay kit combined with the p21 and senescence associated secretory phenotype protein assay. Δ9 was downregulated in all senescence‐induced cell lines compared to control cells, in both the lipidomic analysis and when measuring protein levels via western blotting. Hence, our findings demonstrate that the study of membrane lipid composition and the expression levels of Δ9 could potentially form the basis for future applications investigating the state of cellular senescence.
Finite‐Dimensional Adaptive Observer Design for Reaction Diffusion Equation With Large Output Delay
Authors: Ahmed‐Ali Tarek , Fridman Emilia , Cacace Filippo
Published: December 2024

The goal of this paper is to present a new finite‐dimensional adaptive observer for some uncertain linear parabolic systems with delayed measurements. The observer is based on the modal decomposition approach and uses a classical persistent excitation condition. We prove that by using a finite‐dimensional state predictor, we ensure exponential convergence of both states parameters estimation error for arbitrary long constant delay.
Systematic Survey on Energy Conservation Using Blockchain for Sustainable Computing Challenges and Roadmaps
Authors: Rammohan S. Radha , Chakravarthi Komalavalli , Sharma Nipun , Sharma Swati , Natarajan Mallika
Published: December 2024

This article proposes a comprehensive analysis of architectures that use blockchain technology to solve important aspects of computing sustainability, with an emphasis on scalability, resource utilization, transparency, and energy conservation. The research focuses on analyzing various structure which embraces decentralization and consensus principles, to redefine the computer infrastructure environment. The study highlights the technology that aids in improving scalability and resource utilization by decentralizing data storage and processing, relieving the load on centralized servers, and lowering the environmental effect of large‐scale data centers. This study's findings are significant in uncovering best practices and optimizing the environmental impact of blockchain technology by evaluating blockchain indicators such as scalability, resource utilization, transparency, and energy saving within the framework of sustainable computing. The project intends to assist in the development of resource‐efficient solutions, address scalability issues, and promote openness and accountability by evaluating the performance of various blockchain implementations. The findings help to promote the larger goal of connecting technical improvements, notably in blockchain, with global environmental goals. The research reveals that energy conservation is an important aspect of sustainability, and the different frameworks including techniques for optimizing energy consumption based on carbon footprint concerns, decentralization, and consensus methods are intended to prioritize energy‐efficient nodes and promote environmentally friendly practices, resulting in a greener computing ecosystem.