Biological Activity of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus IMV B-7241 Surfactants Synthesized in the Presence of Competitive Bacteria Bacillus subtilis BT-2
Authors: Pirog T.P. , Ivanov M.S. , Shevchuk T.A. 
Published: August 2023

Currently, the effectiveness of technologies for microbial surfactants, which are characterized by a complex of practically valuable physicochemical and biological properties is lower than that of synthetic analogues. To reduce the cost of these products of microbial synthesis, industrial waste is used as substrates for their biosynthesis. In previous studies, it has been established that surfactants synthesized by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus IMV B-7241 on crude glycerol have lower antimicrobial activity compared to that obtained on purified glycerol. The main approaches to the regulation of the biological activity of microbial surfactants are their post-fermentation chemical modification, as well as the improvement of producer strains by methods of metabolic and genetic engineering. In recent years, numerous studies have appeared on the co-cultivation of producers of antimicrobial compounds with competitive microorganisms (biological inductors), in response to the presence of which the antimicrobial activity of the final product increases. Aim. To study the effect of live and inactivated cells of Bacillus subtilis BT-2, as well as the corresponding supernatant, on the antimicrobial and anti-adhesive activity and the ability to destroy biofilms of A. calcoaceticus IМV B-7241 surfactants synthesized in a medium with glycerol of different degrees of purification. Methods. The A. calcoaceticus IMV B-7241 strain was grown in a liquid mineral medium with purified and crude glycerol, into which live and inactivated B. subtilis BT-2 cells as well as the supernatant after growing the B. subtilis BT-2 strain (2.5—10%, v/v) were added. Surfactants were extracted from the supernatant of the culture liquid with Folch’s mixture. Anti-adhesive activity and the degree of destruction of biofilms were determined by the spectrophotometric method, and antimicrobial activity — by the indicator of the minimum inhibitory concentration. The activity of enzymes of surface-active aminolipids biosynthesis (NADP+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase) and glycolipids (phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-carboxylase, PEP-synthetase, PEP-carboxykinas, trehalose-phosphate synthase) was analyzed in cell-free extracts obtained after сells sonication. Results. It was established that the introduction of inactivated B. subtilis BT-2 cells and supernatant into the medium with both substrates did not affect the indicators of the surfactant synthesis, while in the presence of live cells of the B. subtilis BT-2 strain in the medium with purified glycerol, a decrease in the concentration of the final product by 1.5 times, and in the culture medium with crude glycerol — an increase by1.4 times were observed compared to the indicators with no inductor. The study of the antimicrobial activity of surfactants showed that the most effective of the used inductors (live, inactivated cells, supernatant) were live cells of B. subtilis BT-2. The introduction of B. subtilis BT-2 strain live cells into the culture medium with both substrates was accompanied by the formation of surfactants, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of which in relation to bacterial (Bacillus subtilis BT-2, Staphylococcus aureus BMS-1, Proteus vulgaris PA-12, Enterobacter cloacae С-8) and yeast (Candida albicans D-6, Candida tropicalis PE-2) test-cultures were 3—23 times lower than established for those synthesized on the medium with no inductor. Anti-adhesive activity of surfactants obtained on purified and crude glycerol in the presence of all types of inductors was higher compared to those synthesized in the culture medium without inductors (cells adhesion of bacterial and yeast test-cultures on polyvinyl chloride was 13—70 and 33—96%, respectively). Introduction of live and inactivated B. subtilis BT-2 cells or the supernatant into A. calcoaceticus IMV B-7241 cultivation medium was accompanied by the synthesis of surfactants, in the presence of which the disruption of bacterial biofilms was on average 10-20% higher compared to using surfactants synthesized without an inductor. In the presence of B. subtilis BT-2 in the medium, in the cells of the A. calcoaceticus IMV B-7241 strain, the activity of NADP+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (a key enzyme of aminolipids biosynthesis) increased by 1.5—2 times, while the activity of biosynthesis of glycolipids enzymes remained practically at the same level as without an inductor. Such data indicate that the higher biological activity of surfactants obtained by A. calcoaceticus IMV B-7241 in the presence of biological inductors might be due to an increase in the content of aminolipids in their composition. Conclusions. This research has established the possibility of regulating the antimicrobial and anti-adhesive activity as well as the ability to disrupt biofilms of A. calcoaceticus IМV B-7241 surfactants by introducing competitive bacteria B. subtilis BT-2 into the culture medium. It is important that under such cultivation conditions, the antimicrobial activity of surfactants synthesized on toxic crude glycerol significantly increases.