bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival of mouse embryos after vitrification depending on the cooling rate of the cryoprotectant solution
Authors: Hredzák R. , Ostró A. , Ždilová Viera , Maraček I. , Kačmárik J.
Published: January 2006

The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the rate of cooling of eight-cell mouse embryos to the temperature of liquid nitrogen (-196°C) and their developmental capacity after thawing on the basis of their ability to leave the zona pellucida ('hatching') during in vitroculturing. Eight-cell embryos were obtained from superovulated female mice and divided into three experimental and one control group. Embryos from the experimental groups were cryopreserved by the vitrification method using ethylene glycol as cryoprotectant. The vitrification protocols used in the study differed in the rate of cooling of the cryoprotectant solution. Embryos from the first group were frozen in conventional 0.25-ml plastic straws, those from the second group in pipetting 'tips', and embryos from the third group, placed in vitrification solution, were introduced dropwise directly into liquid nitrogen. The control group of embryos was cultured in vitrowithout freezing in a culturing medium in an environment consisting of 95% air and 5% CO2. The developmental capacity of thawed embryos was assessed on the basis of their ability to leave the zona pellucida ('hatching') after three days of in vitroculturing. In the control group 95.1% of embryos 'hatched'. A significantly higher number of embryos that 'hatched' after thawing was observed in the group introduced dropwise directly into liquid nitrogen (60.0%) compared to the group frozen in pipetting 'tips' (37.9%). The group frozen in straws yielded significantly the lowest proportion of 'hatching' embryos (8.1%). These results showed that increasing cooling rates during vitrification of embryos improved their survival.
Plasmid profiles of virulent Rhodococcus equiisolates from soil environment on horse-breeding farms in Hungary
Authors: Makrai L. , Kira K. , Kono A. , Sasaki Y. , Kakuda T. , Tsubaki S. , Fodor L. , Varga J. , Takai S.
Published: January 2006

The plasmid profiles of virulentRhodococcus equistrains isolated on three horse-breeding farms located in different parts of Hungary were investigated. From 49 soil samples collected on the three farms, 490R. equiisolates (10 from each sample) were obtained and tested for the presence of 15- to 17-kDa antigens (VapA) by immunoblotting and PCR. Ninety-eight VapA-positive isolates were detected from 30 of the 49 culture-positive samples with a prevalence ranging from 13.1% to 23.2%. Of the 98 virulent isolates, 70 contained an 85-kb type I plasmid, 13 contained an 87-kb type I plasmid, and 15 contained an 85-kb type III plasmid which had been uniquely isolated from soil isolates in the United States. This study demonstrates that the virulent form ofR. equiis very widespread in the soil environment of these stud farms in Hungary and the plasmid pattern is different from farm to farm.
Electroencephalographic and electromyographic changes during the use of detomidine and detomidine-butorphanol combination in standing horses
Authors: Kruljc P. , Nemec Alenka
Published: January 2006

Clinically, the use of detomidine and butorphanol is suitable for sedation and deepening of analgosedation. The aim of our study was to establish the influence of detomidine used alone and a butorphanol-detomidine combination on brain activity and to evaluate and compare brain responses (using electroencephalography, EEG) by recording SEF90(spectral edge frequency 90%), individual brain wave fractions (beta, alpha, theta and delta) and electromyographic (EMG) changes in the left temporal muscle in standing horses. Ten clinically healthy cold-blooded horses were divided into two groups of five animals each. Group I received detomidine and Group II received detomidine followed by butorphanol 10 min later. SEF90, individual brain wave fractions and EMG were recorded with a pEEG (processed EEG) monitor using computerised processed electroencephalography and electromyography. The present study found that detomidine alone and the detomidine-butorphanol combination significantly reduced SEF90and EMG, and they caused changes in individual brain wave fractions during sedation and particularly during analgosedation. The EMG results showed that the detomidine-butorphanol combination provided greater and longer muscle relaxation. Our EEG and EMG results confirmed that the detomidine-butorphanol combination is safer and more appropriate forpainless and non-painless procedures on standing horses compared to detomidine alone.
Atmospheric flash injuries in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)
Authors: Žele Diana , Bidovec A. , Vengušt G.
Published: January 2006

The pathological and histopathological examination of two female roe deer found dead after a severe thunderstorm is described. One of the two roe deer was killed by a direct hit of atmospheric flash, while the other animal, lying 1.5 m from the first one, died as a consequence of ground current strike. The major part of the coat and skin of the animal that was killed by a direct hit was covered with scorched streaks. The trachea and bronchi of both animals contained a considerable amount of aspirated light-red foam. Necropsy revealed diffuse haemorrhages over the epicardium of the right atrium with a diameter of 1 millimetre. The liver and the kidney exhibited severe congestion.
Molecular diagnosis of avian nephritis: Preliminary report
Authors: Mándoki Míra , Dobos-Kovács M. , Bakonyi T. , Rusvai M.
Published: January 2006

Kidney samples from chickens diagnosed with acute nephritis and gout were subjected to histological and electron microscopic examination. The investigations revealed cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the tubular epithelial cells containing round virions of about 30 nm in diameter. Since avian nephritis virus (ANV) is known as a potential causative agent of the so-called baby chick nephropathy, an RT-PCR assay was developed for the molecular detection of ANV-specific nucleic acid in the specimen. The specificity of the assay was confirmed by direct sequencing of the amplicon obtained in the reaction. The nucleotide sequence of the PCR product showed 92% identity with the reference ANV sequence deposited in the GenBank database. After having been validated on some other suspicious cases of avian nephritis, the PCR method described in this study can be a potential tool for routine diagnostic examination of samples submitted from cases of gout and nephropathy in chickens.
Noradrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the accessory sexual glands in male sheep
Authors: Arciszewski M. B. , Wąsowicz K.
Published: January 2006

Immunohistochemistry was applied to determine the distribution patterns of nerve fibres containing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in the prostate, seminal vesicle (SV) and bulbourethral glands (BU) of male sheep. In all organs studied, cholinergic innervation was more developed than noradrenergic innervation. Numerous VAChT-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres were found in the muscular layer and mucosa of the SV and BU as well as in the prostate. A similar abundance of noradrenergic nerve fibres (showing immunoreactivity both to TH and DβH) was also found in both layers of the SV and BU (but not in the prostate). In the prostate a moderate density of VIP-IR nerve fibres was present but only very scarce NPY-IR nerve fibres were shown. All the studied accessory sexual glands (ASG) of male sheep contained VIP-IR nerve fibres in a similar frequency. Double immunohistochemistry revealed that the vast majority of noradrenergic nerve fibres also contained NPY. None of the noradrenergic nerve fibres showed the presence of VAChT or VIP. The possible functional significance of these findings is discussed.
Fertilization Effects on Carbon Pools in Loblolly Pine Plantations on Two Upland Sites
Authors: Leggett Zakiya H. , Kelting Daniel L.
Published: January 2006

A study was conducted in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations on sandy and clayey upland sites, with and without the addition of 250 kg ha−1 of diammonium phosphate (DAP) applied at planting, to estimate the effects of fertilization on ecosystem C storage. Soil C pools were inventoried before planting and in the 11th year of stand development. Tree inventory data were used to convert stand volume to accumulated biomass. During the 11 yr of stand development, total ecosystem C increased by 24.2 Mg ha−1 on average across sites, averaging 2.2 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 Fertilization increased accretion by 25.3 Mg ha−1, or 2.3 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, with the majority of increase (65%) occurring in biomass. The clayey site averaged 64% more total ecosystem C than the sandy site. With the exception of a 12 Mg ha−1 loss in mineral soil C for the 10‐ to 20‐cm depth in nonfertilized (control) plots on the sandy site, soil C in the surface 20 cm did not change during the 11 yr of stand development, suggesting that the mineral soil C is a minor sink in these aggrading pine plantations. The loss in mineral soil C observed in control plots on the sandy site may be explained by the macroporosity of this coarse‐textured sandy soil creating an environment conducive to oxidation and in turn optimal for respiration and C losses following site preparation, and a disadvantaged opportunity for C accumulation owing to higher soil temperatures. Fertilization may have improved the opportunity for C accumulation on the plots having been fertilized on the sandy site in early years by creating a cooler soil as a result of more rapid canopy closure and forest floor accumulation.
Bioremediation
Authors: Dick Warren A.
Published: January 2006

Ronald M. Atlas and Jim C. Philp (Editors). ASM Press, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC. 2005. 378 p. $109.95. ISBN 1–55581–239–2. Hardcover.
Role of Organic Acids in Phosphate Mobilization from Iron Oxide
Authors: Johnson Sarah E. , Loeppert Richard H.
Published: January 2006

Phosphate deficiency often limits crop production in acid tropical soils because of the strong bonding of phosphate by Fe and Al oxides. Organic‐acid exudation from roots is one reported plant adaptation to P deficiency. The objective of this study was to predict the efficacy of this P‐deficiency stress response in different soil types by investigating the mechanism of organic‐acid‐induced P mobilization from different oxide minerals. Greater proportions of Fe and initially adsorbed P were released from ferrihydrite when compared with goethite. More P was released and Fe dissolved at pH 4.0 than pH 5.5 or 7.0 from both oxides. For ferrihydrite, the order of effectiveness of the organic ligands for P release at pH 4 was citrate (19% of the total initially adsorbed P) > malate (14%) > tartrate (5%)>> oxalate = malonate = succinate (0.3–1.2%). For Fe release at pH 4, the order was oxalate (18% of total oxide suspension Fe dissolved) ≈ citrate (17%) > malonate (13%) > malate (8%) > tartrate (5%) >> succinate (0.02%). Faster phosphate readsorption in the case of oxalate than citrate probably accounted for the low apparent release of P by oxalate in spite of its greater Fe dissolution. At the smaller adsorbed‐P concentration (1/4 of the adsorption maximum), the predominant mechanism of organic‐acid induced P release was ligand‐enhanced dissolution of the Fe oxide rather than ligand exchange. At 3/4 of the adsorption maximum, ligand exchange contributed to a greater extent to P release. Under low P‐fertility conditions, organic‐acid exudation would be more effective at increasing P availability in soils dominated by poorly crystalline than well‐crystalline Fe oxides.
Mobilization of Arsenite by Competitive Interaction with Silicic Acid
Authors: Luxton Todd P. , Tadanier Christopher J. , Eick Matthew J.
Published: January 2006

Due to the acute toxicity of As, mobilization of even a small fraction of As into surface and ground waters used as a source for drinking water represents a substantial risk to human health. Here we evaluate the mobilization of arsenite [As(III)] from the Fe‐(hydr)oxide mineral goethite (α‐FeOOH) through competitive displacement by silicic acid, a naturally occurring and ubiquitous inorganic ligand. The adsorption behaviors of silicic acid and As(III) on goethite were investigated at environmentally relevant pH (3–11). Single ion adsorption and zeta‐potential data were collected at silica concentrations characteristic of natural waters (3–30 mg L−1) and initial solution As(III) concentrations representative of high levels of contamination (3.75–7.5 mg L−1). Competitive adsorption scenarios with either Si or As(III) sorbed first to the goethite surface, followed by equilibration with the other sorbate, were also examined. No competitive displacement of either oxyanion was observed at total sorbate concentrations less than reactive surface site density, regardless of pH or addition scenario. However, at total sorbate concentrations greater than reactive surface site density, As(III) adsorption was reduced by 10 to 15% over the entire pH range regardless of addition scenario, resulting in aqueous concentrations well in excess of current (10 μg L−1) drinking water maximum contaminant levels. Surface complexation modeling of single ion adsorption and zeta‐potential data using the Charge Distribution Multisite Surface Complexation (CD‐MUSIC) model was used to calculate an appropriate set of surface adsorption equilibrium constants for As(III) and silicic acid adsorption, which was used to describe the competitive adsorption scenarios. Comparison of competitive adsorption data and CD‐MUSIC model predictions, at total sorbate concentration greater than reactive surface site density of goethite, suggest that silica is competitively displaced by As(III).
Distribution of Soil Organic and Inorganic Carbon Pools by Biome and Soil Taxa in Arizona
Authors: Rasmussen Craig
Published: January 2006

Arid systems represent an important component of the global soil C budget in that they cover 12% of the global land area and contain nearly 20% of global soil C stocks, both organic (SOC) and inorganic (SIC). The objectives of this study were to quantify SOC and SIC stocks in Arizona biomes, using Arizona as a model system for arid lands. Biome distribution was extracted from the Arizona Gap Analysis Project spatial vegetation dataset (GAP), while soil C data were extracted from the Arizona State Soil Geographic Dataset (STATSGO) at a scale of 1:250 000, and the western Yavapai County Soil Survey Geographic Dataset (SSURGO) at a scale of 1:24 000. Soil data were converted from a polygonal vector format to a raster format, and a raster‐based method used to estimate SOC and SIC stocks by biome. Statewide, STATSGO soil C stocks indicate Arizona contains 0.5 and 1.5 Pg of SOC and SIC, respectively, with 27% of the SOC in pinyon‐juniper biomes (PJ), and 34% of SIC in creosotebush‐bursage biomes (CB). A comparison of soil C estimates between datasets indicates significantly greater estimates of biome SOC and SIC using SSURGO data relative to the STATSGO data. SSURGO soil C estimates varied considerably between the raster‐based and soil taxa based method of data aggregation. Soil taxa data exhibited large intra‐unit variation in each biome. In addition, soil C differed substantially between biomes by soil taxa (e.g., Haplargid SOC of 4.0 and 13.5 kg m−2 in the paloverde‐cacti (PC) and montane pine (MP) forest biomes, respectively). Raster based soil C estimations incorporate the spatial distribution and areal land cover of each soil type within a biome, providing a more accurate representation of soil C stocks.
Synthesis, Liquid‐Crystalline Properties, and Photo‐optical Studies of Photoresponsive Oligomeric Mesogens as Dopants in a Chiral Glassy Liquid Crystal
Authors: Akiyama H. , Mallia V. A. , Tamaoki N.
Published: January 2006

We have prepared photoresponsive oligomers that have molecular weights of ca. 4500, 8000, and 16 000 g mol–1 via the free‐radical polymerization of 4‐[4‐alkylphenylazo]phenoxyalkyl acrylates. All of the oligomers possess bilayer smectic A (SmA) and smectic B (SmB) phases. Increasing the concentration of these oligomeric dopants in a glass‐forming cholesteric liquid crystal causes a dramatic red‐shift in the reflection wavelength. The pitch shifts are very dependent on the alkyl chain lengths and molecular weights of the dopants. The oligomer that contains octyl chains and an octyl spacer, and that has a molecular weight of 4500 g mol–1 exhibits the largest shift in the reflection wavelength. UV exposure has been used to control the cholesteric reflection pitch of the oligomer‐cholesteric glassy liquid‐crystal mixture over the entire visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and vitrifies the samples by rapid cooling from their cholesteric temperatures to 0 °C. Extremely stable, even at 70 °C, erasable, full‐color images have been created using this host–guest mixture.
Analytical approach for entropy generation during a laser‐pulse heating process
Authors: Yilbas B. S. , Kalyon M.
Published: January 2006

Laser‐pulse heating of engineering surfaces finds application in the metal industries. In general, energy‐efficient processing depends on the workpiece and laser‐pulse properties. Consequently, investigation into entropy generation during the heating and cooling cycles of the process becomes fruitful. In the present study, analytical solutions for temperature distribution and entropy generation inside the substrate material are presented. Temperature distribution and entropy generation resulting from two different pulses having the same energy content, but different pulse lengths, are computed. The entropy number ratio (ratio of entropy generation number in the heating cycle to entropy generation number in the cooling cycle) is obtained. It is found that entropy generated in the surface region of the substrate material is considerably low because of the small temperature gradient in this region. However, the entropy ratio reaches its maximum in this region, which in turn indicates that entropy generation in the heating cycle is considerably higher than its counterpart in the cooling cycle in this region. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Functional connectivity networks are disrupted in left temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Waites Anthony B. , Briellmann Regula S. , Saling Michael M. , Abbott David F. , Jackson Graeme D.
Published: January 2006

Objective

Functional connectivity maps the distributed network of brain regions fluctuating synchronously during a continuous brain state. This study sought to investigate whether patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) differ from controls in their resting‐state functional connectivity between typical language regions.

Methods

We studied 17 patients with left TLE, together with eight healthy controls, using seeded functional connectivity. Seed regions were defined using the regions of maximal activation and deactivation during a language functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task in a separate cohort of 30 controls.

Results

Language fMRI produced the expected activation pattern, which was not different between patients and controls. However, functional connectivity between language areas during rest was markedly different; whereas controls showed connectivity between each of the seed areas and the majority of the language areas, patients showed connectivity only with a few areas, particularly the seed area itself. This difference was significant in the direct comparison of patients and control connectivity maps.

Interpretation

We suggest that this reduced connectivity in left temporal lobe epilepsy may reflect a disturbance of the language network during resting state in patients and may be related to subtle language difficulties in this patient population. Ann Neurol 2006
An amphoteric water‐soluble copolymer. II. Effect of its molecular weight on the dispersion of barium titanate in water
Authors: Ying Kuo‐Liang , Hsu Kung‐Chung , Wei Wen‐Cheng J.
Published: January 2006

An amphoteric water‐soluble copolymer, that is, polyacrylamide/(α‐N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐acryloyloxyethyl)ammonium ethanate (PAAM/DAAE) was synthesized and it showed the ability to disperse BaTiO3 (BT) particles in aqueous solutions. In this work, the effect of molecular weight of this polymer on the dispersing properties was further examined. The results indicate that the effectiveness of three polymer samples with different molecular weights in the dispersion of BT particles is P2 (Mw = 1.1 × 105) > P1 (Mw = 1.2 × 104) > P3 (Mw = 3.0 × 105). Apparently, P2 is most effective in dispersing the particles, reducing the viscosity of the suspensions, and obtaining highest green and sintered densities. This is attributed to the highest adsorption of this polymer onto BT powder, and causes strongest electrostatic and steric repulsions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 886–891, 2006
Rapid Monitoring of the Nature and Interconversion of Supported Catalyst Phases and of Their Influence upon Performance: CO Oxidation to CO2 by γ‐Al2O3 Supported Rh Catalysts
Authors: Newton Mark A. , Dent Andrew J. , Diaz‐Moreno Sofia , Fiddy Steven G. , Jyoti Bhrat , Evans John
Published: January 2006

Spatially and temporally resolved energy‐dispersive EXAFS (EDE) has been utilised in situ to study supported Rh nanoparticles during CO oxidation by O2 under plug‐flow conditions. Three distinct phases of Rh supported upon Al2O3 were identified by using EDE at the Rh K‐edge during CO oxidation. Their presence and interconversion are related to the efficiency of the catalysts in oxidising CO to CO2. A metallic phase is only found at higher temperatures (>450 K) and CO fractions (CO/O2>1); an oxidic phase resembling Rh2O3 dominates the active catalyst under oxygen‐rich conditions. Below about 573 K, and in CO‐rich environments, high proportions of isolated RhI(CO)2 species are found to co‐exist with metallic Rh nanoparticles. Alongside these discrete situations a large proportion of the active phase space comprises small Rh cores surrounded by layers of active oxide. Confinement of Rh to nanoscale domains induces structural lability that influences catalytic behaviour. For CO oxidation over Rh/Al2O3 there are two redox phase equilibria alongside the chemistry of CO and O adsorbed upon extended Rh surfaces.
Novel 10‐I‐3 Hypervalent Iodine‐Based Compounds for Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation
Authors: Eisenberger Patrick , Gischig Sebastian , Togni Antonio
Published: January 2006

The synthesis of a new family of 10‐I‐3 hypervalent iodine compounds is described in which the CF3 functionality participates directly in the hypervalent bond. These materials are accessible by nucleophilic ligand substitution at iodine using Me3SiCF3 in the presence of a substoichiometric amount of fluoride. The expected T‐shaped geometry at iodine was verified by X‐ray crystallographic analyses of three of the products (1‐trifluoromethyl‐1,2‐benziodoxol‐3‐(1 H)‐one and two substituted 1‐trifluoromethyl‐1,3‐dihydro‐1,2‐benziodoxoles). Preliminary results for the direct electrophilic transfer of the trifluoromethyl moiety onto organic nucleophiles show modest reactivity in polar aprotic solvents under relatively mild conditions. The overall process can be understood as a formal umpolung of the CF3 group.
The Cycloaddition Strategy for the Synthesis of Natural Products Containing Carbocyclic Seven‐Membered Rings
Authors: Battiste Merle A. , Pelphrey Phillip M. , Wright Dennis L.
Published: January 2006

Highly substituted carbocyclic seven‐membered rings are frequently found in natural products and their synthesis represents a significant challenge to the synthetic chemist. Direct intramolecular cyclization of these systems often proves difficult and this fact has catalyzed the development of a variety of strategies based on a convergent intermolecular cycloaddition strategy. This concept article discusses the major cycloaddition approaches utilized to access these types of structures and primarily focuses on examples employed in the synthesis of natural products.
Synthesis, Structure, and Magneto‐Transport of LnNi1‐xSb2 (Ln: Y, Gd—Er).
Authors: Thomas Evan Lyle , Moldovan Monica , Young David P. , Chan Julia Y.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ag2Hg2(TeO4)3.
Authors: Weil Matthias
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetic Short‐Range Order in the New Ternary Phase Mn8Pd15Si7.
Authors: Eriksson T. , Mellergaard A. , Nordblad P. , Larsson A.‐K. , Felton S. , Hoewing J. , Gustafsson T. , Andersson Y.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electrochemical Behaviors of Binary and Ternary Manganese Phosphides.
Authors: Gillot F. , Monconduit L. , Doublet M.‐L.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Novel Cycloisomerization: An Unprecedented Domino Oxidative Cyclization Towards Substituted Carbocycles.
Authors: Ray Devalina , Mal Sajal K. , Ray Jayanta K.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Benzofurans with Remote Bromide Functionality by Domino “Ring‐Cleavage‐Deprotection‐Cyclization” Reactions of 2‐Alkylidenetetrahydrofurans with Boron Tribromide.
Authors: Bellur Esen , Langer Peter
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Entry into 1‐Methyl‐ and 1‐Aryl‐octahydropyrrolo[3,4‐b]pyrroles and Their N‐1—C‐2 Fused Derivatives: Stereoselective Synthesis via an Intramolecular Azomethine Ylide Cycloaddition Reaction.
Authors: Poornachandran Mahalingam , Raghunathan Raghavachary
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of SMP‐797: A New Potent ACAT Inhibitor.
Authors: Ban Hitoshi , Muraoka Masami , Ohashi Naohito
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lewis Acid—Doped Natural Phosphate: New Catalysts for the One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one.
Authors: El Badaoui Hanane , Bazi Fathallaah , Tamani Soumia , Baoulaajaj Said , Zahouily Mohamed , Lazrek Hassan B. , Sebti Said
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient and Clean One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidine‐2‐(1H)‐ones Catalyzed by SrCl2×6H2O‐HCl in Solvent or Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Nasr‐Esfahani Masoud , Khosropour Ahmad Reza
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Substituted 6‐Phenylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines with Potential Adenosin‐A2A Antagonistic Activity.
Authors: Briel D. , Aurich R. , Egerland U. , Unverferth K.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile Synthesis of 7‐Amino Anilinoquinazolines via Direct Amination of the Quinazoline Core.
Authors: Harris Craig S. , Kettle Jason G. , Williams Emma J.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Domino Addition/Annulation of δ‐Alkynylaldehydes and Oxygen Nucleophiles: A New Entry to [1,4]Oxazino[4,3‐a]indoles.
Authors: Abbiati Giorgio , Canevari Valentina , Caimi Solange , Rossi Elisabetta
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Family of New 1,2,4‐Trioxanes by Photooxygenation of Allylic Alcohols in Sensitizer‐Doped Polymers and Secondary Reactions.
Authors: Bartoschek Anna , El‐Idreesy Tamer T. , Griesbeck Axel G. , Hoeinck Lars‐Oliver , Lex Johann , Miara Claus , Neudoerfl Joerg M.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Reductive Cross‐Coupling Reaction of 2‐Nitrobenzoic Hydrazides and Aldehydes or Ketones Promoted by the Low‐Valence Titanium Reagent: An Access to 2,3,4,5‐Tetrahydro‐1H‐1,3,4‐benzotriazepine‐5‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Shi Daqing , Shi Chunling , Rong Liangce , Wang Juxian , Zhuang Qiya , Tu Shujiang
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Synthesis of trans‐7‐Aryl‐6H‐6a,7‐dihydro[1]benzopyrano[3,4‐c][1,5]benzothiazepines.
Authors: Sathunuru Ramadas , Koh Benjamin , Zhang Hongming , Biehl Ed
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phenylpyrroles, a New Chemolibrary Virtual Screening Class of 5‐HT7 Receptor Ligands.
Authors: Paillet‐Loilier Magalie , Fabis Frederic , Lepailleur Alban , Bureau Ronan , Butt‐Gueulle Sabrina , Dauphin Francois , Delarue Catherine , Vaudry Hubert , Rault Sylvain
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Amides with Retention of the Functional Group
Authors: Li W.‐R.
Published: January 2006

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, vincristine, and dexamethasone provide significant reduction in toxicity compared with doxorubicin, vincristine, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma
Authors: Rifkin Robert M. , Gregory Stephanie A. , Mohrbacher Ann , Hussein Mohamad A.
Published: January 2006

BACKGROUND

Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin has pharmacologic and safety advantages over conventional doxorubicin.

METHODS

For this noninferiority trial, 192 patients with newly diagnosed, active multiple myeloma were randomized to receive either combined pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (40 mg/m2) and vincristine (1.4 mg/m2; maximum, 2.0 mg) as an intravenous infusion on Day 1 plus reduced‐dose dexamethasone (40 mg) orally on Days 1–4 (DVd) (n = 97 patients) or combined vincristine (0.4 mg per day) and conventional doxorubicin (9 mg/m2 per day) as a continuous intravenous infusion on Days 1–4 plus reduced‐dose dexamethasone (VAd) (n = 95 patients) for at least 4 cycles. Treatment was repeated every 4 weeks until patients either achieved maximal response, disease progression, or unacceptable toxicity or underwent transplantation. The primary endpoints were response and toxicity.

RESULTS

Objective response rates (DVd, 44%; VAd, 41%), progression‐free survival (hazard ratio, 1.11; P = 0.69), and overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.88; P = 0.67) were similar between the treatment groups. However, DVd was associated with significantly less Grade 3/4 neutropenia or neutropenic fever (10% vs. 24%; P = 0.01), a lower incidence of sepsis, and less antibiotic use. Compared with VAd, DVd also significantly decreased the need for central venous access (P < 0.0001) and growth‐factor support (P = 0.03) and resulted in less alopecia (20% vs. 44%; P < 0.001) but more hand–foot syndrome (25% vs. 1%; P < 0.001), mainly Grade 1/2.

CONCLUSIONS

The DVd regimen demonstrated similar efficacy with less toxicity and supportive care compared with VAd, which should improve clinical utility and optimize the opportunity for transplantation. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Racial/ethnic group differences in treatment decision‐making and treatment received among older breast carcinoma patients
Authors: Maly Rose C. , Umezawa Yoshiko , Ratliff Carl T. , Leake Barbara
Published: January 2006

BACKGROUND

Health care disparities have been identified in the treatment of older and racial/ethnic minority breast carcinoma patients. The purpose of the current study was to examine racial/ethnic group differences in the treatment decision‐making process of older breast carcinoma patients and the differential impact on treatment received.

METHODS

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted of a population‐based, consecutive sample identified by the Los Angeles Cancer Surveillance Program comprised of Latina (n = 99), African‐American (n = 66), and white (n = 92) women age ≥ 55 years (total n = 257) and who were between 3–9 months after their primary breast carcinoma diagnosis.

RESULTS

Approximately 49% of less acculturated Latinas and 18% of more acculturated Latinas indicated that their family members determined the final treatment decision, compared with less than 4% of African‐Americans and whites (P < 0.001). This disparity remained in multiple logistic regression analysis, controlling for potential confounders, including sociodemographic, physician–patient communication, social support, and health variables. Compared with African‐American and white women, Latina women were more likely to identify a family member as the final treatment decision‐maker (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] of 7.97; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.43–26.20, for less acculturated Latinas; and AOR of 4.48; 95% CI, 1.09–18.45, for more acculturated Latinas). A multiple logistic regression model, controlling for sociodemographic and health characteristics, indicated that patients were less likely to receive breast‐conserving surgery (BCS) when the family made the final treatment decision (AOR of 0.39; 95% CI, 0.18–0.85).

CONCLUSIONS

Family appears to play a powerful role in treatment decision‐making among older Latina breast carcinoma patients, regardless of the level of acculturation. This family influence appears to contribute to racial/ethnic group differences in treatment received. Physicians should acknowledge and educate patients' family members as potential key participants in medical decision‐making, rather than merely as translators and providers of social support. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
The mental and written arithmetic abilities of adults with dyslexia
Authors: Simmons Fiona Rachel , Singleton Chris
Published: January 2006

The abilities of 19 adult students with dyslexia and 19 students without dyslexia to recall number facts were compared. Despite being matched for estimated IQ, the dyslexic students were less accurate than the non‐dyslexic students when answering subtraction and multiplication questions. When the dyslexic students answered addition and subtraction questions correctly they did so more slowly than the non‐dyslexic students. It was concluded that dyslexic adults have greater difficulty recalling number facts than non‐dyslexic adults. No statistically significant correlations were found between the dyslexic students' performance on the tests of number fact recall and their performance on tests of auditory–verbal and visual–spatial memory. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resistant readers 8 months later: energizing the student's learning milieu by targeted counselling
Authors: Andreassen Anne Brit , Knivsberg Ann Mari , Niemi Pekka
Published: January 2006

Several studies have reported that an alarming large subgroup of poor readers seems to be treatment resistant. This group obviously needs attention beyond standard special education instructions. In Norway, the National Centre for Reading Education and Research has been assigned the task of assisting the school psychological services nationwide in severe cases of reading disabilities. The aim of the present study of a clinical sample of students with severe dyslexia, due to phonological deficits, was to evaluate effects of counselling 8 months after a 2‐day assessment at the centre. Sixty‐five students, with a mean age of 12.3 years, participated. A thorough assessment of each student's strengths and problems was conducted at the centre. Additional information was obtained from the school psychological services, the teachers, and the parents. Diagnostic reports and proposals for remediation were forwarded to the school psychological services. Students', parents', and teachers' evaluation of the students' reading abilities 8 months after the assessment was retrieved for 75% of cases. Of these, 80% reported clear progress in the students' reading abilities. The progress could not be related to age, cognitive level, place of residence, or previous special education received, but instead to improved motivation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide induces regulatory T cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Fernandez‐Martin Amelia , Gonzalez‐Rey Elena , Chorny Alejo , Ganea Doina , Delgado Mario
Published: January 2006

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) control the immune response to a variety of antigens, including self‐antigens. Several models support the idea of the peripheral generation of CD4+CD25+ Treg from CD4+CD25– T cells. Little is known about the endogenous factors and mechanisms controlling the peripheral expansion of CD4+CD25+ Treg. In this study we report on the capacity of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), an immunosuppressive neuropeptide, to induce functional Treg in vivo during the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a multiple sclerosis model. The administration of VIP to EAE mice results in the expansion of the CD4+CD25+, Foxp3‐expressing T cells in the periphery and the nervous system, which inhibit encephalitogenic T cell activation. In addition to the increase in the number of CD4+CD25+ Treg, VIP induces more efficient suppressors on a per cell basis. The VIP‐generated CD4+CD25+ Treg transfer suppression and significantly ameliorate the progression of the disease.
Bone marrow‐derived cells expand memory CD8+ T cells in response to viral infections of the lung and skin
Authors: Belz Gabrielle T. , Wilson Nicholas S. , Smith Christopher M. , Mount Adele M. , Carbone Francis R. , Heath William R.
Published: January 2006

While naive CD8+ T cells have been shown to require bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (DC) to initiate immunity, such a requirement for memory CD8+ T cells has had limited assessment. By generating bone marrow chimeras that express the appropriate antigen‐presenting molecules on either radiation‐sensitive bone marrow‐derived or radiation‐resistant non‐bone marrow‐derived compartments, we showed that both primary and secondary immune responses to influenza virus infection of the lung were initiated in the draining LN. This required cells of bone marrow origin, most likely DC, for optimal expansion within the secondary lymphoid compartment. This was similarly the case with HSV‐1 infection of the skin. As Langerhans cells are radioresistant, unlike other DC populations, these studies also demonstrate that the radiosensitive DC responsible for secondary expansion of HSV‐specific memory are not Langerhans cells.
Circumventing tolerance at the T cell or the antigen‐presenting cell surface: Antibodies that ligate CD40 and OX40 have different effects
Authors: Hochweller Kristin , Sweenie Claire H. , Anderton Stephen M.
Published: January 2006

An adjuvant can be defined as an agent that non‐specifically promotes the immune response to an accompanying antigen. Ligation of CD40 on the surface of the antigen‐presenting cell leads to upregulation of OX40 ligand which, in turn, ligates OX40 on the activated T cell resulting in prolonged T cell proliferation/survival, boosting the immune response. Thus agonistic anti‐CD40 and anti‐OX40 might be viewed as “adjuvant antibodies” and have been shown in diverse experimental systems to either boost immune responses or prevent the establishment of immunological tolerance. Here we describe that both these antibodies are able to prevent the induction of tolerance induced using soluble peptide antigen. However, unlike lipopolysaccharide, they are not sufficient to convert tolerance to immunity (i.e. they are not true adjuvants in this system). Using mice that are prone to either Th1 or Th2 immunity under identical immunization conditions, we show that the effects of anti‐OX40 are quantitative – boosting whichever response is dominant. In contrast, anti‐CD40 boosts Th1 immunity and converts a Th2 response to Th1. We conclude that, although these two antibodies seem to impact on the same molecular pathway of costimulation to prevent tolerance, their effects are qualitatively distinct and their use cannot be viewed as interchangeable.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Heteroditopic Macrocyclic System – Monometallic Nickel(II) and Uranyl Complexes and Their Corresponding Heterobimetallic Carbonylrhodium(I) Complexes
Authors: Bassetti Mauro , Calenne Andrea , Mastrofrancesco Lucilla , Salamone Michela , Bocelli Gabriele , Cantoni Andrea , Musatti Amos
Published: January 2006

A novel heteroditopic macrocyclic ligand system for selective coordination of two different transition metal ions has been obtained in the form of monometallic salen complexes of NiII (LNi, 1) and uranyl (LUO2, 2). The system is characterized by the presence of a dianionic, tetradentate salen donor system (N2O2) derived from cis‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane and of a neutral, tridentate 2,6‐bis(alkylthiomethyl)pyridine group (NS2). The two binding sites are connected by two oxyethyl chains. The synthetic procedure involves the coupling of the disodium salt of 2,6‐bis(mercaptomethyl)pyridine with two equivalents of 3‐(2‐bromoethoxy)‐2‐(2‐propenyloxy)benzaldehyde. Removal of the protecting allyl groups from the reaction product (I) by palladium catalysis yields the ligand synthon 2,6‐bis[2‐(3‐formyl‐2‐hydroxyphenyl)oxyethyl]thiomethylpyridine (II). The monometallic macrocyclic complexes 1 and 2, obtained by metal‐templated synthesis from cis‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane, ligson II, and the corresponding NiII or uranyl acetate salts, respectively, in the presence of barium bis(trifluoroacetate), have been fully characterized by spectroscopic techniques in solution and by X‐ray diffraction analyses in the solid state. Both complexes react readily at room temperature with [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 in methanol to form the bimetallic cationic carbonyl complexes [LNiIIRh(CO)]PF6 (3) and [LUO2Rh(CO)]PF6 (4) upon addition of NH4PF6. Two conformers of complex 3 are observed in solution by IR and NMR spectroscopy, in a 5:1 ratio in [D2]dichloromethane, which exhibit a fluxional behavior and are shown to interconvert above room temperature in [D3]acetonitrile. The carbonylrhodium group in the bimetallic systems reacts further with methyl iodide in dichloromethane solution to form oxidative‐addition products. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Reactivity of the Pyrazolatopalladium(II) Complexes [Pd(dmpz)2(Hdmpz)2] and [Pd2(μ‐dmpz)2(dmpz)2(Hdmpz)2] towards Carboxylic Acids: Hydrogen Bonds as the Driving Force That Determines the Nature of the Final Products
Authors: Ara Irene , Forniés Juan , Lasheras Roberto , Martín Antonio , Sicilia Violeta
Published: January 2006

The compound [Pd(Hdmpz)4](O2CCH2NHCOCH3)2 (1; (Hdmpz = 3,5‐dimethylpyrazole) has been obtained by treatment of [Pd(dmpz)2(Hdmpz)2] (A) with two equivalents of N‐acetylglycine (HO2CCH2NHCOCH3). The X‐ray study on a crystal of 1 revealed that the N‐acetylglycinate anion links to the cationic complex [Pd(Hdmpz)4]2+ through the carboxylate group by charge assisted N–H(+)···O(–) hydrogen bonds. Additionally, the remaining N–H and C=O groups allow the N‐acetylglycinate anions to self‐assemble through N–H···O hydrogen bonds to generate infinite chains. The compounds [Pd2(μ‐dmpz)2(O2CCH2NHCOCH3‐κO)2(Hdmpz)2] (2) and [Pd2(μ‐dmpz)2(O2CC6H4‐R‐κO)2(Hdmpz)2] [R = m‐NO2 (3a), p‐N(CH3)2 (3b), p‐NH2 (3c), p‐OCH3 (3d), p‐OH (3e)] have been obtained by treatment of [Pd2(μ‐dmpz)2(dmpz)2(Hdmpz)2] (B) with two equivalents of the monocarboxylic acids N‐acetylglycine (HO2CCH2NHCOCH3) and the benzoic derivatives HO2CC6H4R [R = m‐NO2, p‐N(CH3)2, p‐NH2, p‐OCH3, p‐OH] respectively. The X‐ray study on complexes 3d and 3e shows that in these complexes the carboxylate anion bonded to one Pd atom and the terminal Hdmpz group bonded to the other one have the right arrangement to establish an N–H···O hydrogen bond. The H···O and N···O distances are in the range of those corresponding to charge‐assisted N–H(+)···O(–) interactions. In complexes 3a–3e, the H atoms of the terminal Hdmpz groups can be replaced by Ag+ to give the mixed‐metal complexes [Pd2Ag2(μ‐dmpz)4(μ‐O2CC6H4‐R‐κO)2(Hdmpz)2] [R = m‐NO2 (4a), p‐N(CH3)2 (4b), p‐NH2 (4c), p‐OCH3 (4d), p‐OH (4e)]. Compounds 4a–4e, which exhibit a transoid conformation of the carboxylate groups with respect to the Pd···Pd line, isomerise to the cisoid species (4a′–4e′). The X‐ray structure of the DMSO adduct of 4d′ is also reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Price clustering in E‐mini and floor‐traded index futures
Authors: Chung Huimin , Chiang Shumei
Published: January 2006

This article sets out to investigate price clustering in both the open‐outcry (floor‐traded) and electronically traded (E‐mini) index futures markets of the DJIA, S&P 500, and NASDAQ‐100 indices. The results show that although price clustering is ubiquitous in both the floor‐traded and E‐mini index futures markets, it nevertheless tends to be higher for open‐outcry index futures, with the clustering in floor‐traded NASDAQ‐100 index futures demonstrating the highest level (97%) at zero digits. A significant increase was also found in price clustering in floor‐traded index futures after the introduction of E‐mini futures trading. The results tend to suggest that those trading mechanisms that involve higher levels of human participation, such as the open‐outcry markets, may well lead to increased incidences of price clustering. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 26: 269–295, 2006
Testing range estimators of historical volatility
Authors: Shu Jinghong , Zhang Jin E.
Published: January 2006

This study investigates the relative performance of various historical volatility estimators that incorporate daily trading range: M. Parkinson (1980), M. Garman and M. Klass (1980), L. C. G. Rogers and S. E. Satchell (1991), and D. Yang and Q. Zhang (2000). It is found that the range estimators all perform very well when an asset price follows a continuous geometric Brownian motion. However, significant differences among various range estimators are detected if the asset return distribution involves an opening jump or a large drift. By adding microstructure noise to the Monte Carlo simulation, the finding of S. Alizadeh, M. W. Brandt, and F. X. Diebold (2002)—that range estimators are fairly robust toward microstructure effects—is confirmed. An empirical test with S&P 500 index return data shows that the variances estimated with range estimators are quite close to the daily integrated variance. The empirical results support the use of range estimators for actual market data. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 26:297–313, 2006
AnN‐factor Gaussian model of oil futures prices
Authors: Cortazar Gonzalo , Naranjo Lorenzo
Published: January 2006

This article studies the ability of an N‐factor Gaussian model to explain the stochastic behavior of oil futures prices when estimated with the use of all available price information, as opposed to traditional approaches of aggregating data for a set of maturities. A Kalman filter estimation procedure that allows for a time‐dependent number of daily observations is used to calibrate the model. When applied to all daily oil futures price transactions from 1992 to 2001, the model performs very well, requiring at least three factors to explain the term structure of futures prices, but four factors to fit the volatility term structure. The model also performs very well for daily copper futures transactions from 1992 to 2001 and for out‐of‐sample daily oil futures transactions from 2002 to 2004. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 26:243–268, 2006
Study of recombinant human osteogenic protein‐1 expressed in prokaryocyte on the repair of extracted socket in rabbits
Authors: Liu Yi , Han Jin‐Xiang , Xiao Shui‐Qing , Wang Shi‐Li , Wang Min
Published: January 2006

The study investigated the effect of recombinant human osteogenic protein‐1 (rhOP‐1) expressed in prokaryocyte, to promote the healing of alveolar socket. A model of rabbit extracted socket into which the composites of rhOP‐1 and gelatin sponge was immediately implanted was created and the osteoinduction of rhOP‐1 was assessed by histological method, quantitative measurement of calcium content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The result of histology showed that bone healing in rhOP‐1 side is 4–6 weeks earlier than that of the control side. ALP activity and calcium content in rhOP‐1 side were significantly high compared with that of the control side. rhOP‐1 has a satisfactory osteoinduction ability to promote the healing of extracted socket. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006