bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinate Sanctions, Juvenile Court
Authors: Belshaw Scott H.
Published: November 2017

The average viewer of recent media trends would certainly believe that there has been a massive increase in juvenile crime. As a result, there is an apparently large demand from the public and its legislators to institute legal reform to repair the perceived juvenile crime problem. However, concern for how we approach juvenile delinquency is a recent trend. In keeping with the ideal of rehabilitation, the spirit of
parens patriae
, Latin for “parent of the country,” was developed. As a response to an apparent crime spike, Texas implemented the Determinate Sentencing Act of 1987. This act allowed Texas courts to sentence a juvenile who commits a serious offense to serve time beyond the age of 21 years for up to 40 years. In keeping with the spirit of
parens patriae
and rehabilitation, this sentence can be served in a mixture of ways, either incarceration, probation, or parole, allowing a juvenile potentially to be rehabilitated. This determinate sentencing structure is not a mandatory punishment, it simply allows the court to hand down a sentence that speaks to the severity of the crime. Critique of the determinate sentencing system includes its arbitrariness, as there is no guarantee that a violent offender may receive a determinate sentence or be placed in a situation where they might receive one, and it raises the question of whether waiver to an adult correctional facility is in line with the ideal of rehabilitation.
Indeterminate Sanctions, Juvenile Court
Authors: Gardner Martin R.
Published: November 2017

Juvenile courts originated as a nonpunitive alternative to the traditional criminal system. The juvenile system is premised on the view that young people who commit criminal offenses are not as culpable as, and are more rehabilitatable than, adults who commit the same offense. Therefore, dispositions in juvenile court are aimed at rehabilitating the offender. Because the time required for rehabilitation is unknowable at the time of sentencing, juvenile court dispositions are characteristically indeterminate. If, however, a disposition is in fact determinate in nature, it may take on the nature of punishment, in which case legal incidents unique to the punitive sanction must be honored.
Cyberbullying
Authors: Hemphill Sheryl A. , Heerde Jessica A.
Published: November 2017

Cyberbullying is a relatively new phenomenon that has gained prominence following the widespread uptake of technology to facilitate communication, particularly by young people. There is global concern about the rise of cyberbullying and the broad negative effects that it can have on young people's lives. Finding effective ways to prevent and intervene with cyberbullying remains a challenge. Even though there are many similarities between so‐called “traditional” (non‐technology‐based) bullying and cyberbullying, there are also important differences that will be highlighted in this entry. The entry begins by defining cyberbullying as we currently understand it; then the rates of cyberbullying are presented; third, a theoretical model and the factors associated with cyberbullying are described, along with the effects of cyberbullying on the young people affected by it; and finally prevention and early intervention approaches for cyberbullying are considered.
Moralesv.Turman
Authors: Bush William S.
Published: November 2017

Morales v. Turmanwas a federal civil rights case that ran from 1971 to 1988 and established constitutional rights for juvenile offenders held in state custody. The case arose in Texas, starting with a focus on due process violations in local juvenile courts and expanding to include the conditions of confinement in state institutions for juvenile delinquents. An initial ruling in 1974 in federal district court held that juveniles had a constitutional right to rehabilitative treatment, but this was circumscribed by subsequent appellate rulings. The case did set precedents that remain in force, however, for the treatment of juvenile offenders in state facilities. It also further distinguished the role and purposes of the juvenile justice system from that of the adult criminal justice system.
M
exico
Authors: Armenta Martha Frías
Published: November 2017

The Aztecs severely punished disobedient and antisocial children. In the Colonial period, Mexicans eliminated the death penalty for children and, after independence, juvenile delinquents were judged as adults. At the end of the nineteenth century, the tendency was to remove minors from the reach of criminal law and transfer juvenile transgressors to a different jurisdiction. The first juvenile tribunal started operations in 1923, based on principles of education and protection. After the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1990, Mexico reformed its paternalistic system of juvenile justice to include due process rights and a comprehensive treatment of juveniles according to children's requirements. More recently, in 2005 the Mexican Constitution was modified, establishing an Integral System (Sistema Integral) of Justice for Juvenile Delinquents, which proposed a framework aimed at meeting children's needs in the context of social justice.
Depression
Authors: Arora Prerna , Van Eck Kathryn , Bohnenkamp Jill Haak , Brandt Nicole Evangelista
Published: November 2017

This entry provides an overview of child and adolescent depression and explores the relationship between depression and juvenile delinquency. Prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of depression are reviewed, after which the association between depression and delinquency and theories explaining this relationship are examined. Finally, the entry outlines evidence‐based treatment strategies for youth with depression in general, with a focus on youth at risk for or exhibiting delinquent behavior.
Parole Officers
Authors: Vissing Yvonne
Published: November 2017

Parole officers play an important role in the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders and in protecting the community from crime. They provide youth with resources to overcome family, peer, and community obstacles that predispose them to recidivism. The role of juvenile parole officers is often one of community support worker and also of police officer, showing the changing trend of occupational responsibilities for parole officers. There are significant pressures that juvenile parole officers face in doing their duty, including high stress, low pay, and other occupational tensions.
Sibling Abuse
Authors: Carkin Danielle Marie , Buzawa Eve
Published: November 2017

Sibling abuse is a relatively undetected, unrecognized phenomenon. Historically, issues arising within the confines of one's own home were viewed as private family matters. Consequently, sibling abuse was beyond the purview of authorities and it was allowed to have detrimental outcomes on the lives of victims including physical, psychological, and interpersonal effects. Sibling abuse can be sexual, physical, and/or emotional. Interventions prove effective when utilized at the time of the abuse.
Life Course Theories
Authors: Cammack Nicole L. , Van Eck Kathryn
Published: November 2017

Life course theories of antisocial behavior provide an integrated and comprehensive approach for understanding various trajectories and outcomes of criminal offending. These theories examine the development, continuity, and stability of criminal offending across the life span. The influence of individual and environmental factors on the persistence or desistance of criminal offending are also integrated into life course theories. This entry explores four life‐course explanations of antisocial behavior that provide distinct perspectives on the pathways of criminal offending, namelyIntegrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory,Dual‐Pathway Theory,Interactional Theory, andAge‐Graded Theory.
School Resource Officers
Authors: LaRose Anthony , Santamaria Dani
Published: November 2017

A police innovation of the 1950s, the position of school resource officer (SRO) did not gain prominence until the 1990s in the wake of several school shootings in the United States. Currently, just over one‐third of US schools employ SROs (also known as school police officers or school liaison officers) at all levels of K‐12 and in every part of the country. In addition, SRO programs have spread across the globe from Canada to the nation of Georgia. However, the emergence of SROs has not been without controversy, including concerns that their presence criminalizes student behavior and may lead to unwarranted arrests for relatively minor infractions.
Aftercare Services
Authors: Weaver Robert D.
Published: November 2017

A critical component within the juvenile justice is system is reentry, that is, when a delinquent youth reenters the community after being committed to a facility for a specific period of time. In the late 1980s, aftercare, a unique programmatic combination of services and supervision, was introduced as a means of addressing the various challenges that youth and their families face during reentry. This entry outlines the reentry process and describes various aftercare initiatives that have emerged during the past decades. A brief overview of aftercare research and its relevance for youth corrections is also provided.
School, The
Authors: Payne Allison Ann , Welch Kelly
Published: November 2017

Schools can have a tremendous impact on young people's lives. Many components and features of schools have been related to juvenile delinquency and justice. These factors can be grouped into individual student‐level characteristics and school‐level characteristics. Student‐level traits include academic performance, dropping out, attachment to school, and student commitment, whereas school‐level influences include school size, student‐body composition, and various elements of climate, such as social organization and discipline management, among others. As school‐based delinquency prevention research has demonstrated, many of these factors can be altered to mediate juvenile violations. The effects of both student and school characteristics on juvenile delinquency are reviewed.
Juvenile Curfews
Authors: Hazen Katherine P. , Brank Eve M.
Published: November 2017

Modern curfews generally focus on restricting juveniles from being outside their homes in the evening hours unless they are participating in sanctioned activities such as school or work. Although juvenile curfews are common across the United States, they are often inconsistently enforced. In addition, they do not have clear legal and empirical support.
Victimization as a Correlate of Offending
Authors: Ménard Kim S.
Published: November 2017

Juveniles have the highest rate of victimization of any age group. Many are polyvictims, experiencing multiple types of harm both inside and outside the home. Youth victimization is associated with a number of negative outcomes including cognitive, social, psychological, and medical problems, as well as re‐victimization and offending. Historically, society ignored this crime, but the advent of X‐ray machines and the occurrence of mass shootings changed public perception regarding first familial, and then later nonfamilial youth victimization. This awareness spawned both the growth of research into child and youth victimization, as well as mandatory reporting laws and other policies designed to address these crimes. Using increasingly sophisticated statistical and theoretical models, researchers are attempting to disentangle the overlap between victims and offenders and also to incorporate the broader influence of social contexts including, family, community, neighborhood, and culture in explaining this phenomenon.
Canada
Authors: Bala Nicholas C.
Published: November 2017

Prior to the coming into force of the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) in 2003, Canada had a discretionary approach to youth justice, and one of the highest rates in the world for use of courts and custody for adolescent offenders. The YCJA significantly structured the discretion of police, prosecutors, and judges, restricting use of courts and custody. There have also been changes in the culture of youth justice professionals, and in correctional programs and policies. There have been substantial reductions in the use of courts and custody for youth, though there is still significant variation across the country. The YCJA governs offences for those aged 12 to the 18th birthday, and affords youth significant legal protections, while recognizing the principle of “diminished moral accountability” of youth.
Detention
Authors: Kolivoski Karen M.
Published: November 2017

Detention in the juvenile justice system is used to provide custody for youth in a secure, locked facility for typically short periods of time. Once arrested, a youth may be detained in a detention facility, and a subsequent detention hearing is held to determine the youth's further processing. Minority youth are overrepresented in the detention population. The current focus regarding detention is on providing community‐based alternatives, if appropriate, and on improving conditions such as overcrowding that occur in facilities. Juvenile justice professionals are active in improving the detention process, addressing the needs of detained youth, and bettering detention facilities.
Morrisseyv.Brewer
Authors: Memmer Amy M.
Published: November 2017

InMorrissey v. Brewer(408 U.S. 471 [1972]), the US Supreme Court held that although a parole revocation proceeding is not part of the criminal prosecution, the potential loss of liberty involved, despite its conditional nature, is significant enough to be protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Additionally, the Court set out the minimum requirements of due process for the revocation proceedings, including requirements that the parolee be given: (1) a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that a violation of a condition of parole has occurred; (2) an impartial examiner to conduct the hearing; (3) notice of the alleged violation, the purpose of the hearing, and disclosure of evidence to be used against the parolee; (4) an opportunity to present evidence on the parolee's own behalf; and (5) a limited right to cross‐examination.
Measuring Delinquency
Authors: Walsh John P.
Published: November 2017

The measurement of delinquency by criminologists and justice policy makers is varied. Official sources of data, including the Uniform Crime Report and the National Crime Victimization Survey, provide the bulk of data regarding delinquency within the United States. In addition to official sources of data, self‐report data, local court, corrections, and school data, longitudinal measurement of delinquent careers, and qualitative interview and ethnographic delinquency data provide depth, breadth, and nuance to the measurement of delinquency. Although each of these measurement avenues provides its own strengths and limitations, as a whole they afford an encompassing representation of delinquency.
China
Authors: Li Luye
Published: November 2017

China has witnessed a rapid increase in juvenile crime in the past two decades. Chinese juvenile delinquency and crime, the legislation, and the response of the judiciary have their own characteristics. Guided by the principles of “educate, rehabilitate, and save” and “double protection” of social order and juveniles, China has passed laws and normative documents concerning juvenile crime and delinquency and created relevant legal procedures, such as conditional nonprosecution, social investigation, and sealing of criminal records. Driven by local initiatives, juvenile courts were established in Chinese courts at all levels. It is important for the juvenile criminal justice system to base its future reforms both on local experiences and on working toward a unified national system. It is also important for the Chinesehukousystem to be scrapped to narrow the gap between migrant and urbanite juveniles.
Child Abduction
Authors: Dahl Patricia P.
Published: November 2017

Child abduction (the stealing of a child) is an everyday concern around the world. It involves the taking, retention, or concealment of a child by a parent, family member, or stranger. A number of motivating factors can be the premise for child abduction, with parental separation or divorce and child custody/visitation rights usually playing a prominent role in taking a child away from the other parent. Child abduction by strangers involve ominous criminal intentions. Both types of child abductions can cause extensive emotional trauma to both the children and the left‐behind parent. This entry examines the extent and characteristics of the problem.
P
arham
v
.
J.R
Authors: LaVerne McQuiller Williams
Published: November 2017

In the landmark decision
Parham v. J.R
. (1979), the US Supreme Court established the principle that due process does not require a precommitment hearing before a minor is committed to a state mental facility. The Court held that the minimum due process requirements for the voluntary commitment of minors need only include the inquiry by a “neutral factfinder” to determine whether the child was mentally ill and in need of treatment.
Reverse Waiver
Authors: Keenan Sheri Jenkins
Published: November 2017

Transfer laws vary from state to state; however, all fall into three basic categories: judicial waiver laws, prosecutorial discretion or concurrent jurisdiction laws, and statutory exclusion laws. All states have at least one of these kinds of transfer law. Reverse waiver is the little studied fourth type of waiver. A reverse waiver is when a juvenile being tried in the adult criminal court requests to be transferred into the juvenile justice system.
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
Authors: Keegan Brittany
Published: November 2017

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) establishes international law that all children receive special protection and assistance. It mandates that children have access to vital resources, and that they are protected from physical and mental violence. Three Optional Protocols are in force aimed to prevent children from participating in armed conflict, to protect children from trafficking, and to provide children with a mechanism for submitting complaints regarding violation of their rights. The Committee on the Rights of the Child oversees enforcement and provides guidance for Member States. The United States and Somalia are currently the only nations that have not ratified the UNCRC. The UNCRC has had a strong impact on those nations which have chosen to ratify it, particularly in legal systems where children have gained more representation. Despite progress made, concerns including the failure to address the role of current technology have arisen in recent years.
G.R.E.A.T.
Program
Authors: Fissel Erica R.
Published: November 2017

Many initiatives have been implemented across the United States with the goal of keeping youth out of gangs. Unfortunately, there is often a disconnect between theory and criminal justice practices, and many of these gang reduction programs are not developed from theory. With that being said, there are some gang prevention and intervention strategies that have been empirically evaluated, including the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program. This entry provides an overview of the G.R.E.A.T. program, including its evolution, curriculum, and empirical evaluations.
Yarboroughv.Alvarado
Authors: Donner Christopher M.
Published: November 2017

Yarborough v. Alvarado(2004) was a split decision by the US Supreme Court concerning the application of theMirandawarnings to juvenile suspects. In this case, the Court held (1) that theMirandacase did not apply to the defendant Alvarado because he was not in custody during the police interview, and (2) that the age of the suspect, generally, has no bearing on the suspect's mental ability to appreciate the gravity of the situation.
Developmental Maturity
Authors: Valentine Colby L.
Published: November 2017

There are several age‐specific developmental changes throughout the life course that specifically apply to juveniles and young offenders within the criminal justice system. An understanding of how crime and delinquency may be associated with age‐developmental trajectories is beneficial to both researchers and practitioners. First, it can help scholars understand the relationship between age and crime, which can further stimulate theory development. Second, criminal justice practitioners must also have an understanding of adolescent development if they want to manage, treat, and intervene with young offenders. This entry provides a brief description of the developmental changes that occur during adolescence (i.e., physical, cognitive, emotional, and social) and how these changes may account for delinquent and criminal behavior.
Martinson Report
Authors: Lemke Richard
Published: November 2017

Accurately or not, Robert Martinson's name has been inextricably associated with the historical decline of the popular support of rehabilitation within the United States and the ushering in of a punitive era of correctional reform. While the early 1900s are interspersed with correctional failures, there was no large‐scale rejection of the rehabilitation ideal. Individually, each failure was a clarion call for different or better programs. However, in 1974 Robert Martinson published a systematic review of a collection of correctional program reviews that spanned the various categories of existing programs. Taken as a collective, this paper provided a dismal view of the state of correctional research and an even more dismal review of their effectiveness in reducing crime. The political consequences of the document heralded the “Nothing Works” movement. This entry provides a brief overview of the history, findings, and criticisms of the Martinson report on correctional program effectiveness.
Sentencing Guidelines
Authors: Giner Jessica A.
Published: November 2017

Sentencing guidelines are rules that establish a uniform range of incarceration for convicted offenders. Sentencing guidelines are utilized by sentencing courts, or other judicial authorities, to sentence convicted offenders to commiserate terms of incarceration when compared with other offenders convicted of similar crimes and with similar criminal histories. Sentencing guidelines apply to felony and serious misdemeanor convictions, and enable the sentencing judge to determine the possible appropriate length and type of incarceration based upon the predetermined seriousness level of the current offense and the offender's prior criminal history score.
Drug Use
Authors: Ogle Meghan R.
Published: November 2017

Ever since President Nixon declared the war on drugs, understanding and reducing juvenile drug use have been a priority in the United States. Despite the promise of drug courts in addressing substance use in the criminal justice population, they have had little success among juveniles. As a result, there is a need for effective techniques to combat juvenile drug use. Doing so is especially critical since adolescents are uniquely susceptible to begin using drugs without full cognizance of their later effects on psychosocial and biological development. This entry explains why the current juvenile drug legislation in the United States is inadequate for addressing juvenile drug use and suggests alternative approaches based on the major correlates of juvenile drug use that empirical research has identified.
Delinquency Intervention
Authors: Gutierrez Miguel , Newsome Jamie
Published: November 2017

Criminological research has revealed that an early onset of criminal and antisocial behavior is an important predictor of serious and persistent offending over the life course. Additionally, research indicates an accumulation of risk factors is associated with delinquency. Intervention efforts target the risks and needs of individuals across various domains of their lives, and those with a multimodal approach are simultaneously aimed at the individual, family, peers, school, and community in order to address the risks and needs of juveniles comprehensively. Delinquency interventions have been shown to be effective in reducing juvenile recidivism and extricating youth from a life of crime.
I
ndia
Authors: Kaur Prit Paul
Published: November 2017

In the midst of massive socioeconomic changes, a rising ostentatious middle class, an exploding population with increasing child abuse, and a rising juvenile delinquency, Indian society is unwillingly embracing the principle of
parens patriae
, along with the age‐old
patria potestas
, to protect, guide, control, and treat its 77 million juveniles.
Guardian Ad Litem
Authors: Moore Sara , Hobbs Anne
Published: November 2017

Guardians ad litem are individuals the court appoints to look out for the best interests of an individual during the legal process. The Court generally appoints a guardian ad litem for individuals who are unable to indicate their own best interests due to diminished capacity, as the result of age or disability. Guardians ad litem are often appointed in divorce and custody cases, when youth are placed in foster care, and when individuals are made wards of the state. They are appointed by the legal decision maker, generally the judge in the case. The appointed advocate may be a professional, a volunteer, or a layperson. Regardless of the type of case, or the skill set of the person appointed, the guardian ad litem's obligation is to review the facts and recommend steps that are in the best interests of the individual before the court.
Mens Rea
Authors: Petlakh Ksenia
Published: November 2017

Mens rea
is a legal concept that refers to an individual's intention to commit a crime. Many crimes require proving intent as a necessary element in order to hold an individual responsible for their criminal conduct. The Model Penal Code has outlined levels of culpability in determining
mens rea
. There have been various court cases that explored the role of the insanity defense in illustrating a lack of
mens rea
. There is not one singular definition of
mens rea
, and the United States Supreme Court has indicated that individual states have considerable power over determining
mens rea
as it relates to operationalizing mental disorders.
Fano Resonances in Ultracompact Silicon‐on‐Insulator Compatible Integrated Photonic–Plasmonic Hybrid Circuits
Authors: Qi Zhipeng , Hu Guohua , Zheng Pengfei , Su Ruigong , Shi Wenhua , Yun Binfeng , Zhang Ruohu , Cui Yiping
Published: November 2017

A novel on‐chip Fano device is experimentally demonstrated operating at telecom wavelengths, which consists of an ultracompact plasmonic nanocavity integrated with two Si waveguides on a silicon‐on‐insulator substrate. It is observed that an Au symmetric split ring with a large linewidth can be coupled to an embedded Au nanorod with a narrow linewidth via excitation of an Si waveguide, contributing to a Fano resonance phenomenon. In addition, the relative precise control of the resonant properties, including the depth, lineshape, and central wavelength, is realized by varying the rotation angle of the Au nanorod. For further investigations, a coupled Lorentz oscillator model is applied to study the transmission peak arising within an absorption region in the nanocavity. Slow‐light effects and sensing characteristics are also verified with finite difference time domain simulations and numerical calculations. This device has achieved Fano resonance in integrated photonic–plasmonic hybrid circuits, which may find utility in optical communications, buffering, and sensing.
Promotion of Civic Engagement with the Family Leadership Training Institute
Authors: MacPhee David , Forlenza Eileen , Christensen Kyle , Prendergast Sarah
Published: November 2017

In this efficacy study, both quantitative and qualitative data were used to gauge the effects of the Family Leadership Training Institute (FLTI) on civic knowledge and empowerment, civic engagement, and community health. The sample of 847 FLTI participants and 166 comparison adults completed pretest and posttest surveys. Medium to very large short‐term effects were observed in civic literacy, empowerment, and engagement. Results mapping interviews were conducted with a stratified random sample of FLTI graduates (n = 52) to assess long‐term (M = 2.73 years) program impact. Most FLTI graduates (86%) sustained meaningful, sometimes transformative, levels of civic engagement after program completion. This engagement involved multiple forms of leadership, most often advocacy, program implementation, and media campaigns; 63% of graduates directed at least some of their activities to marginalized populations. Content analyses of graduates' civic (capstone) projects and results mapping story maps indicated that 81–90% of community activities aligned with public health priorities. Thus, one promising means to promote community health is to empower families to develop leadership skills, become engaged in civic life, and forge connections with diverse constituents.
Effect of nano‐silica on gas permeation properties of polyether‐based polyurethane membrane in the presence of esterified canola oil diol as a nucleation agent for hard segments
Authors: Karimi Mohammad Bagher , Khanbabaei Ghader , Mir Mohamad Sadeghi Gity , Jafari Arman
Published: November 2017

In this research esterified canola oil diol (COD) was used to synthesize a green thermoplastic polyurethane. The mixture of synthesized COD as a polyester and polytetramethylene‐glycol as a polyether with different molar ratios were used to synthesize a thermoplastic polyurethane. Membranes were prepared by solution casting technique and nano‐silica particles were used to improve their gas separation performance. The effects of COD segments on phase separation and thermal properties of blocky segments of polyurethanes were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. Results showed that phase separation behavior of the synthesized polyurethane was significantly increased with COD content. The COD segments showed high tendency to interact with hard segments of polyurethane in a way that new domains with higher thermal stability is created. Permeability of pure CO2, CH4, N2, and He gases were taken using constant pressure method at different pressures. Nano‐silica particles showed high inclination to interact with COD segments and significantly influenced the phase separation as well as gas permeation properties of polyurethane. Interactions of nano‐silica particles with the soft segments of polyurethane increased the glassy behavior of polymer and improved the CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, and CO2/He ideal selectivities (permselectivities). © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45979.
Influence of aspect ratio of fillers on the properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites
Authors: Ananthapadmanabha G. S. , Deshpande Vikrant
Published: November 2017

Aspect ratio (shape) of the filler is one of the key factors which play a vital role in determining the properties of the composites. Fillers like talc and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) have different aspect ratios and affect the properties differently. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of aspect ratio of the filler on the properties of the acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer. The rheological, mechanical, thermal properties, and fracture morphology were studied for the ABS composites filled with talc and CaCO3 at various filler loading. Coupling agent was added to improve the interfacial adhesion between the filler and the ABS matrix. The aspect ratio of fillers affected the flow behavior at lower shear rate, and was insignificant at higher shear rates. The flow‐induced morphology was more effective in case of talc giving a significant increase in the bending modulus. Tensile and flexural strength showed a slight decrease in the values with talc showing better performance as compared to CaCO3. The reverse was observed in case of impact strength, with CaCO3 showing lower drop in the values. Aspect ratio of filler had no significant effect on the thermal properties of the composites. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46023.
Considerations of functional fluoropolymer structure in the design of acrylic–fluorine hybrid PSAs: Graft versus telechelic cooligomers
Authors: Wang Yu , Sun Shuai , Li Ning , Bai Yongping , Zheng Xiaoqiang
Published: November 2017

The objectives of this present article are to design and compare novel acrylic‐fluorine networks as the replacement of fluorinated polyacylate for adhesives application. Firstly, two effective strategies have been developed to achieve functional poly(VDF‐co‐HFP) copolymers based on commercial fluoropolymers. The first approach extensively involved the facile chemical degradation of commercial poly(VDF‐co‐HFP) copolymers to obtain telechelic cooligomers. The second route dealt with the preparation of functional fluoropolymers grafted by multiplex acrylate. Then these two functional and original products were applied as precursors of acrylic‐fluorine hybrid networks in situ polymerization with acrylic monomers. In contrast to original fluoropolymers, functional poly(VDF‐co‐HFP) copolymers exhibited better compatibility with acrylic chain, especially after crosslinking by aluminium acetylacetonate. Additionally, the surface properties of acrylic‐fluorine hybrid networks were discussed based on the SEM and contact angle test. Finally, the peel strength and shear holding power measurements indicated that acrylic‐fluorine hybrid networks can find their potential applications in low surface energy fluorinated PSAs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46038.
Isomeric Diruthenium Complexes Bridged by Deprotonated Indigo in cis and trans Configuration
Authors: Chatterjee Madhumita , Ghosh Prabir , Beyer Katharina , Paretzki Alexa , Fiedler Jan , Kaim Wolfgang , Lahiri Goutam Kumar
Published: November 2017

The doubly deprotonated form L2− of indigo=H2L can bind two [Ru(acac)2] complex fragments in the cis (1) and trans configuration (2), as evidenced from crystal structure analysis. While the latter type of N,O; N’,O’ coordination has been observed earlier, for example, with [Ru(bpy)2]2+, leading to two equivalent six‐membered ring chelates, the cis arrangement in 1 is observed here for the first time in a dinuclear complex, producing one five‐membered ring chelate with N,N’ coordination and one seven‐membered chelate with O,O’ coordination. The different structures of the isomers result in differing electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical (EPR, UV‐Vis‐NIR) responses for various accessible charge states 1n and 2n, n=–, 0, +, 2+. The associated electronic structures were analyzed by DFT (structures, spin density) and TD‐DFT calculations (electronic transitions), revealing mainly metal‐based reduction but largely indigo ligand‐based oxidation of both neutral precursors.
Rotation–differential rotation relationships for late‐type single and binary stars from Doppler imaging
Authors: Kővári Zs. , Oláh K. , Kriskovics L. , Vida K. , Forgács‐Dajka E. , Strassmeier K. G.
Published: November 2017

From our sample of spotted late‐type stars showing surface differential rotation, we find that the relationship between the rotation period and the surface shear coefficient α = ΔΩ/Ωeq is significantly different for single stars compared to members in close binaries. Single stars follow a general trend that α increases with the rotation period. However, differential rotation of stars in close binary systems shows much weaker dependence on the rotation, if any, suggesting that in such systems, tidal forces operate as a controlling mechanism of differential rotation.
Engagement, passivity and detachment: 16‐year‐old students’ conceptions of politics and the relationship between people and politics
Authors: Mathé Nora Elise Hesby
Published: November 2017

While there is a wealth of literature on young people and politics, most studies have examined their interest, trust and participation in politics as well as their attitudes toward and knowledge about formal politics. Little is known, however, about young people and the concept of politics. This article investigates 16‐year‐old students’ perceptions of the concept of politics and their conceptions of the relationship between people and politics. This knowledge is valuable for citizenship and social studies education, as an increasingly polarised political climate poses challenges to democratic politics and, consequently, to young people's political engagement and participation. In this study, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with nine students at five Norwegian upper secondary schools. The students varied in their interest and involvement in politics. A main finding is that the students perceived politics as processes related to shaping society, as decisions and activities related to ruling a country, and as the activities of discussion and debate. Three conceptions of the relationship between people and politics are presented: engagement, passivity, and detachment. In addition, while the 16‐year‐olds participated in political discussions privately and at school, they stated that they did not participate in political discussions in social media. Implications for citizenship and social studies education include the need to strengthen the bottom‐up perspective on politics and focus on in‐depth understanding of political processes and tools and methods of social‐scientific enquiry, as well as providing students with opportunities for and practice with handling opposition in political discussions online.
Role of Charge and Hydrophobicity in Liprotide Formation: A Molecular Dynamics Study with Experimental Constraints
Authors: Nedergaard Pedersen Jannik , Frederix Pim Wilhelmus Johannes Maria , Skov Pedersen Jan , Marrink Siewert Jan , Otzen Daniel E.
Published: November 2017

Bovine α‐lactalbumin (aLA) and oleate (OA) form a complex that has been intensively studied for its tumoricidal activity. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) has revealed that this complex consists of a lipid core surrounded by partially unfolded protein. We call this type of complex a liprotide. Little is known of the molecular interactions between OA and aLA, and no technique has so far provided any high‐resolution structure of a liprotide. Here we have used coarse‐grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and SAXS to investigate the interactions between aLA and OA during the process of liprotide formation. With ITC we found that the strongest enthalpic interactions occurred at a molar ratio of 12.0±1.4:1 OA/aLA. Liprotides formed between OA and aLA at several OA/aLA ratios in silico were stable both in CG and in all‐atom simulations. From the simulated structures we calculated SAXS spectra that show good agreement with experimentally measured patterns of matching liprotides. The simulations showed that aLA assumes a molten globular (MG) state, exposing several hydrophobic patches involved in interactions with OA. Initial binding of aLA to OA occurs in an area of aLA in which a high amount of positive charge is located, and only later do hydrophobic interactions become important. The results reveal how unfolding of aLA to expose hydrophobic residues is important for complex formation between aLA and OA. Our findings suggest a general mechanism for liprotide formation and might explain the ability of a large number of proteins to form liprotides with OA.
Solution to social media overuse? Put the phones away!
Authors: Walters Anne S.
Published: November 2017

An Oct. 11 New York Times Magazine article points to a significant increase in anxiety in our youth, and identifies social media as a contributor. The article cites author Jean Twenge, who, in the September 2017 issue of The Atlantic, reported on social media use in the generation she terms the iGen — children born between 1995 and 2012. Her findings are striking.
Synthesis and Characterization of (Ca1−xSrx)12Al14O33 Electrides
Authors: Zhao Jiping , Zhang Xin , Liu Hongliang , Xiao Yixin , Jiang Hao , Zhang Jiuxing
Published: November 2017

The Sr doped (Ca1−xSrx)12Al14O33[(C1‐xSx)12A7] (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) polycrystals were successfully prepared by the melt‐solidification combining spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. The electrides were obtained by thermal treatment with Ti particles at 1100 °C for 20h. The electrical properties and electronic structure were systematically studied. The free oxygen ions of Sr doped samples were easier substituted by electrons. (Ca0.96Sr0.04)12Al14O33:e‐ sample possesses the highest electrical conductivity at room temperature (RT) (∼1136S/cm) and electron concentration [∼(2.13±0.11) × 1021cm−3] was obtained, which was above one magnitude higher than that of nondoped sample. The calculated electronic structure showed that Sr‐doping increased the density of state near the Fermi level of (C0.96S0.04)12A7:e‐. The level of frame conduction band (FCB) decreased compared to Ca12Al14O33:e‐.The large density of state of (C0.96S0.04)12A7:e‐ was mainly contributed by Sr 4p,5s, Ca 3d,4s and Al 3p.
Know how the latest Title IX guidance impacts your institution
Authors: Starich Megan
Published: November 2017

As of Sept. 22, 2017, the Office for Civil Rights officially withdrew the policy statements and guidance reflected in its April 4, 2011, “Dear Colleague Letter” on sexual violence and its April 29, 2014, Q&A on Title IX and sexual violence. In tandem with its announcement, OCR issued a new Q&A on campus sexual misconduct. The announcement came several weeks after the U.S. secretary of education revealed the Department of Education would undertake a formal rulemaking process on regulations to address campus sexual misconduct under Title IX.
Development of behavioral responses to thermal challenges
Authors: Shelton Delia S. , Alberts Jeffrey R.
Published: November 2017

Body temperature regulation involves the development of responses to cold and warm challenges. Matching our understanding of the development of body temperature regulation to warm challenges with that of cold challenges will enhance our understanding of the ontogeny of thermoregulation and reveal different adaptive specializations. Warm and cold thermoregulation are important processes, and they include direct thermal effects on offspring, as well as indirect effects on them, such as those imposed by thermally associated alterations of maternal behavior. The present paper is a selective review of the existing literature and a report of some new empirical data, aimed at processes of mammalian development, especially those affecting behavior. We briefly discuss the development of body temperature regulation in rats and mice, and thermal aspects of maternal behavior with emphasis on responses to high temperatures. The new data extend previous analyses of individual and group responses in developing rodents to warm and cool ambient temperatures. This literature not only reveals a variety of adaptive specializations during development, but it points to the earlier appearance in young mammals of abilities to combat heat loss, relative to protections from hyperthermia. These relative developmental delays in compensatory defenses to heating appear to render young mammals especially vulnerable to environmental warming. We describe cascading consequences of warming—effects that illustrate interactions across levels of physiological, neural, and behavioral development.
Muscle wasting and sarcopenia in heart failure and beyond: update 2017
Authors: Springer Jochen , Springer Joshua‐I. , Anker Stefan D.
Published: November 2017

Sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass and muscle function) is a strong predictor of frailty, disability and mortality in older persons and may also occur in obese subjects. The prevalence of sarcopenia is increased in patients suffering from chronic heart failure. However, there are currently few therapy options. The main intervention is resistance exercise, either alone or in combination with nutritional support, which seems to enhance the beneficial effects of training. Also, testosterone has been shown to increased muscle power and function; however, a possible limitation is the side effects of testosterone. Other investigational drugs include selective androgen receptor modulators, growth hormone, IGF‐1, compounds targeting myostatin signaling, which have their own set of side effects. There are abundant prospective targets for improving muscle function in the elderly with or without chronic heart failure, and the continuing development of new treatment strategies and compounds for sarcopenia and cardiac cachexia makes this field an exciting one.
Crystallinity and Microstructural Versatility in the Spin‐Crossover Polymeric Material [Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4)
Authors: Grosjean Arnaud , Daro Nathalie , Pechev Stanislav , Etrillard Céline , Chastanet Guillaume , Guionneau Philippe
Published: November 2017

The room‐temperature microstructure of the spin‐crossover (SCO) 1D polymeric iron(II) compound [Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4) has been investigated by means of powder X‐ray diffraction and compared with the SCO features determined by magnetic measurements. The microstructural parameters, such as the sizes of the coherent domains, of a number of samples and their morphologies have revealed new features of this material. Heating can significantly improve the crystallinity of the material by doubling the coherent domain size, which may open a route to regenerating this system after the reported mechanical fatigue it undergoes after suffering numerous SCO cycles. In addition, the correlation between the length of the coherent domain and the SCO temperature shows that the longer the domains, that is, the longer the iron chains, the higher the SCO temperatures.
Just following orders? The rhetorical invocation of ‘obedience’ in Stanley Milgram's post‐experiment interviews
Authors: Gibson Stephen , Blenkinsopp Grace , Johnstone Elizabeth , Marshall Aimee
Published: November 2017

Recent research has begun to challenge the received idea that Milgram's ‘obedience’ experiments are demonstrations of obedience as typically understood (i.e., as social influence elicited in response to direct orders). One key warrant for explaining the studies in terms of obedience has been the post‐experiment interviews conducted with participants. The present study uses data from archived audio recordings of these interviews to highlight the extent to which participants used rhetorical strategies emphasising obedience when pressed by the interviewer to account for their behaviour. Previous research that has used these accounts as reports of underlying processes misses the extent to which they performed particular social actions in the context of their production. It is concluded that the standard social psychological version of ‘obedience’ is present in the experiments after all, but in a rather different way than is typically assumed—rather than an empirical finding, obedience is a participants' resource.