bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Características de la figura humana en los spots de bebidas emitidos en España en 2006
Authors: Rausell Köster Claudia , González Díaz Cristina , Ortiz Díaz–Guerra María Jesús
Published: May 2011

Hentges, Beth A.,y Bartsch, Robert A., y Meier, Jo A., 2007: “Gender Representation in commercial as a Function of Targe Audience Age”, Communication Research Reports Vol 24, nº 1, pp. 55-62.Delgado, J.M. y Gutierrez, Juan, 1999: Métodos y técnicas cualitativas de investigación en ciencias sociales. Madrid: Síntesis.Espinar Ruiz, Eva, 2006: “Imágenes y estereotipos de género en la programación y en la publicidad infantil. Análisis cuantitativo”. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social 61, La Laguna (Tenerife), enero-diciembre, consultada en http://www.ull.es/publicaciones/latina/200614EspinarRuiz.htm.Gaitán Moya, J.A. y Piñuel Raigada, J.L. 1998: Técnicas de investigación en comunicación social. Elaboración y registro de datos. Madrid: Síntesis.Gilly, M.C., 1988: “Sex roles in advertising”. Journal of Marketing, Abril pp. 75-85.Ganahl, Dennis, y Prinsen, Thomas J., y Baker Netzley, Sara, 2003: “A Content Analysis of Prime Time Commercials: A Contextual Framework of Gender Representation” Sex Roles 9-10, Vol 49, Springer Netherlands, noviembre, pp. 545-551Hargreaves, Duane y Tiggemann, Marika, 2002: “The Effect of Television Commercials on Mood and Body Dissatisfaction: The Roles Of Appearance-Schema Activation” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 21. pp 287-308.León, J.L., 1989: Los efectos de la publicidad.  Barcelona: Ariel Comunicación.Rey, J., 1994: El hombre fingido, Madrid: Fundamentos.Royo-Vela, Marcelo, y Aldas-Manzano, Joaquin, y Küster, Inés,y Vila, Natalia, 2008: “Adaptation of Marketing Activities to Cultural and Social Context: Gender Role Portrayals ans Sexism in Spanish Commercials” Sex Roles 58, Nº 5-6, marzo, pp. 379-390.

* El presente estudio ha podido ser llevado a cabo gracias a la ayuda recibida de la Consellería de Educación de la  Generalitat Valenciana, que ha financiado el proyecto de Investigación GV06/090 titulado: “Los valores sociales en los spots publicitarios emitidos en el 2006”.
Terra Pretas: Charcoal Amendments Influence on Relict Soils and Modern Agriculture
Authors: Ricigliano Kristin
Published: May 2011

Most soils found in the Amazon region are characterized by highly weathered profiles that are incapable of long‐term agricultural production. However, small patches of highly fertile relict soil referred to as Terra Pretas, are also found in the Amazon region, and have maintained their integrity for thousands of years. These soils were anthropologically formed, being of pre‐Columbian origin and are unique in their high amounts of charcoal and nutrients compared to the surrounding soils. The charcoal serves to stabilize the organic matter in the soil, increase cation exchange capacity, and increase water retention due to its porous structure and high surface area. Organic wastes, such as bones and manure are thought to be the source of additional nutrients. To improve the overall productive capacity of the soil in this region, slash and char has been proposed to replace the traditional practice of slash and burn to mimic the high amounts of charcoal found in Terra Pretas soils. Instead of burning the vegetation and releasing the carbon into the atmosphere, the vegetation would be charred and the carbon would be sequestered in the soil on a small scale. Furthermore, based on the stability of charcoal and its ability to sequester carbon, some scientists are suggesting we consider pyrolysis (the process that creates charcoal by heating organic material with low amounts of oxygen) and its byproducts as a solution to soil quality issues, global warming, and peak oil. This concept is very controversial and relatively unstudied; further research is needed to truly understand the feasibility and consequences of sequestering large amounts carbon in the soil and the use of biofuels formed as byproducts of pyrolysis.
Alley Cropping: An Alternative to Slash and Burn in the Slopelands of the Mizo Hills
Authors: Sailo Andrew
Published: May 2011

Population pressure in the Mizo Hills, a small mountainous region in northeast India, has shortened fallow periods of slash‐and‐burn (S&B) plots substantially, making its practice unsustainable. Conventional farming and modern technology cannot be applied in this remote tropical region due to its topography; hence, most farmers continue practicing S&B on a scale that degrades the environment and reduces biodiversity. Alley cropping is increasingly being used in other similar tropical regions as an alternative to S&B due to benefits such as positive influence on soil properties, its ability to keep nutrients in equilibrium and carbon sequestration. Such grounds make alley cropping a viable alternative to S&B in the Mizo Hills and a ray of hope for a sustainable and sedentary means of farming for Mizo farmers.
Optimizing global CO emission estimates using a four-dimensional variational data assimilation system and surface network observations
Authors: Hooghiemstra P. B. , Krol M. C. , Meirink J. F. , Bergamaschi P. , van der Werf G. R. , Novelli P. C. , Aben I. , Röckmann T.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. We apply a four-dimensional variational (4D-VAR) data assimilation system to optimize carbon monoxide (CO) emissions for 2003 and 2004 and to reduce the uncertainty of emission estimates from individual sources using the chemistry transport model TM5. The system is designed to assimilate large (satellite) datasets, but in the current study only a limited amount of surface network observations from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA/ESRL) Global Monitoring Division (GMD) is used to test the 4D-VAR system. By design, the system is capable to adjust the emissions in such a way that the posterior simulation reproduces background CO mixing ratios and large-scale pollution events at background stations. Uncertainty reduction up to 60 % in yearly emissions is observed over well-constrained regions and the inferred emissions compare well with recent studies for 2004. However, with the limited amount of data from the surface network, the system becomes data sparse resulting in a large solution space. Sensitivity studies have shown that model uncertainties (e.g., vertical distribution of biomass burning emissions and the OH field) and the prior inventories used, influence the inferred emission estimates. Also, since the observations only constrain total CO emissions, the 4D-VAR system has difficulties in separating anthropogenic and biogenic sources in particular. The inferred emissions are validated with NOAA aircraft data over North America and the agreement is significantly improved from the prior to posterior simulation. Validation with the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument version 4 (V4) shows a slight improved agreement over the well-constrained Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics (except for the African continent). However, the model simulation with posterior emissions underestimates MOPITT CO total columns on the remote Southern Hemisphere (SH) by about 10 %. This is caused by a reduction in SH CO sources mainly due to surface stations on the high southern latitudes.
Measurements of the timescales for the mass transfer of water in glassy aerosol at low relative humidity and ambient temperature
Authors: Tong H.-J. , Reid J. P. , Bones D. L. , Luo B. P. , Krieger U. K.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The influence of glassy states and highly viscous solution phases on the timescale of aerosol particle equilibration with water vapour is examined. In particular, the kinetics of mass transfer of water between the condensed and gas phases has been studied for sucrose solution droplets under conditions above and below the glass transition relative humidity (RH). Above the glass transition, sucrose droplets are shown to equilibrate on a timescale comparable to the change in RH. Below the glass transition, the timescale for mass transfer is shown to be extremely slow, with particles remaining in a state of disequilibrium even after timescales of more than 10 000 s. A phenomenological approach for quantifying the time response of particle size is used to illustrate the influence of the glassy aerosol state on the kinetics of mass transfer of water: the time is estimated for the droplet to reach the halfway point from an initial state towards a disequilibrium state at which the rate of size change decreases below 1 nm every 10 000 s. This half-time increases above 1000 s once the particle can be assumed to have formed a glass. The measurements are shown to be consistent with kinetic simulations of the slow diffusion of water within the particle bulk. When increasing the RH from below to above the glass transition, a particle can return to equilibrium with the gas phase on a timescale of 10's to 100's of seconds, once again forming a solution droplet. This is considerably shorter than the timescale for the size change of the particle when glassy and suggests that the dissolution of the glassy core can proceed rapidly, at least at room temperature. Similar behaviour in the slowing of the mass transfer rate below the glass transition RH is observed for binary aqueous raffinose solution droplets. Mixed component droplets of sucrose/sodium chloride/water also show slow equilibration at low RH, illustrating the importance of understanding the role of the bulk solution viscosity on the rate of mass transfer with the gas phase, even under conditions that may not lead to the formation of a glass.
Quantification of the unknown HONO daytime source and its relation to NO2
Authors: Sörgel M. , Regelin E. , Bozem H. , Diesch J.-M. , Drewnick F. , Fischer H. , Harder H. , Held A. , Hosaynali-Beygi Z. , Martinez M. , Zetzsch C.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. During the DOMINO (Diel Oxidant Mechanism In relation to Nitrogen Oxides) campaign in southwest Spain we measured simultaneously all quantities necessary to calculate a photostationary state for HONO in the gas phase. These quantities comprise the concentrations of OH, NO, and HONO and the photolysis frequency of NO2, j(NO2) as a proxy for j(HONO). This allowed us to calculate values of the unknown HONO daytime source. This unknown HONO source, normalized by NO2 mixing ratios and expressed as a conversion frequency (% h−1), showed a clear dependence on j(NO2) with values up to 43 % h−1 at noon. We compared our unknown HONO source with values calculated from the measured field data for two recently proposed processes, the light-induced NO2 conversion on soot surfaces and the reaction of electronically excited NO2* with water vapour, with the result that these two reactions normally contributed less than 10 % (<1 % NO2 + soot + hν; and <10 % NO2* + H2O) to our unknown HONO daytime source. OH production from HONO photolysis was found to be larger (by 20 %) than the "classical" OH formation from ozone photolysis (O(1D)) integrated over the day.
New and extended parameterization of the thermodynamic model AIOMFAC: calculation of activity coefficients for organic-inorganic mixtures containing carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, ether, ester, alkenyl, alkyl, and aromatic functional groups
Authors: Zuend A. , Marcolli C. , Booth A. M. , Lienhard D. M. , Soonsin V. , Krieger U. K. , Topping D. O. , McFiggans G. , Peter T. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. We present a new and considerably extended parameterization of the thermodynamic activity coefficient model AIOMFAC (Aerosol Inorganic-Organic Mixtures Functional groups Activity Coefficients) at room temperature. AIOMFAC combines a Pitzer-like electrolyte solution model with a UNIFAC-based group-contribution approach and explicitly accounts for interactions between organic functional groups and inorganic ions. Such interactions constitute the salt-effect, may cause liquid-liquid phase separation, and affect the gas-particle partitioning of aerosols. The previous AIOMFAC version was parameterized for alkyl and hydroxyl functional groups of alcohols and polyols. With the goal to describe a wide variety of organic compounds found in atmospheric aerosols, we extend here the parameterization of AIOMFAC to include the functional groups carboxyl, hydroxyl, ketone, aldehyde, ether, ester, alkenyl, alkyl, aromatic carbon-alcohol, and aromatic hydrocarbon. Thermodynamic equilibrium data of organic-inorganic systems from the literature are critically assessed and complemented with new measurements to establish a comprehensive database. The database is used to determine simultaneously the AIOMFAC parameters describing interactions of organic functional groups with the ions H+, Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, Br−, NO3−, HSO4−, and SO42−. Detailed descriptions of different types of thermodynamic data, such as vapor-liquid, solid-liquid, and liquid-liquid equilibria, and their use for the model parameterization are provided. Issues regarding deficiencies of the database, types and uncertainties of experimental data, and limitations of the model, are discussed. The challenging parameter optimization problem is solved with a novel combination of powerful global minimization algorithms. A number of exemplary calculations for systems containing atmospherically relevant aerosol components are shown. Amongst others, we discuss aqueous mixtures of ammonium sulfate with dicarboxylic acids and with levoglucosan. Overall, the new parameterization of AIOMFAC agrees well with a large number of experimental datasets. However, due to various reasons, for certain mixtures important deviations can occur. The new parameterization makes AIOMFAC a versatile thermodynamic tool. It enables the calculation of activity coefficients of thousands of different organic compounds in organic-inorganic mixtures of numerous components. Models based on AIOMFAC can be used to compute deliquescence relative humidities, liquid-liquid phase separations, and gas-particle partitioning of multicomponent mixtures of relevance for atmospheric chemistry or in other scientific fields.
Observations of the boundary layer, cloud, and aerosol variability in the southeast Pacific coastal marine stratocumulus during VOCALS-REx
Authors: Zheng X. , Albrecht B. , Jonsson H. H. , Khelif D. , Feingold G. , Minnis P. , Ayers K. , Chuang P. , Donaher S. , Rossiter D. , Ghate V. , Ruiz-Plancarte J. , Sun-Mack S.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Aircraft observations made off the coast of northern Chile in the Southeastern Pacific (20° S, 72° W; named Point Alpha) from 16 October to 13 November 2008 during the VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study-Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx), combined with meteorological reanalysis, satellite measurements, and radiosonde data, are used to investigate the boundary layer (BL) and aerosol-cloud-drizzle variations in this region. The BL at Point Alpha was typical of a non-drizzling stratocumulus-topped BL on days without predominately synoptic and meso-scale influences. The BL had a depth of 1140 ± 120 m, was well-mixed and capped by a sharp inversion. The wind direction generally switched from southerly within the BL to northerly above the inversion. The cloud liquid water path (LWP) varied between 15 g m−2 and 160 g m−2. From 29 October to 4 November, when a synoptic system affected conditions at Point Alpha, the cloud LWP was higher than on the other days by around 40 g m−2. On 1 and 2 November, a moist layer above the inversion moved over Point Alpha. The total-water specific humidity above the inversion was larger than that within the BL during these days. Entrainment rates (average of 1.5 ± 0.6 mm s−1) calculated from the near cloud-top fluxes and turbulence (vertical velocity variance) in the BL at Point Alpha appeared to be weaker than those in the BL over the open ocean west of Point Alpha and the BL near the coast of the northeast Pacific. The accumulation mode aerosol varied from 250 to 700 cm−3 within the BL, and CCN at 0.2 % supersaturation within the BL ranged between 150 and 550 cm−3. The main aerosol source at Point Alpha was horizontal advection within the BL from south. The average cloud droplet number concentration ranged between 80 and 400 cm−3, which was consistent with the satellite-derived values. The relationship of cloud droplet number concentration and CCN at 0.2 % supersaturation from 18 flights is Nd =4.6 × CCN0.71. While the mean LWP retrieved from GOES was in good agreement with the in situ measurements, the GOES-derived cloud droplet effective radius tended to be larger than that from the aircraft {in situ} observations near cloud top. The aerosol and cloud LWP relationship reveals that during the typical well-mixed BL days the cloud LWP increased with the CCN concentrations. On the other hand, meteorological factors and the decoupling processes have large influences on the cloud LWP variation as well.
Tailored graphitized soot as reference material for EC/OC measurement validation
Authors: Popovicheva O. , Baumgardner D. , Subramanian R. , Kok G. , Cary R. , Vlasenko E. , Khokhlova T. , Shonija N. , Kireeva E.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The lack of standard reference materials for calibrating, troubleshooting and intercomparing techniques that measure the composition of black carbon, commonly referred to as soot, has been a major obstacle that hinders improved understanding of how climate and health is impacted by this ubiquitous component of the atmosphere. A different approach is offered here as a means of constructing precisely controlled material with fractions of organic carbon (OC) on the surface of elemental carbon (EC) whose structure reflects that of the combustion produced particles found in the atmosphere. The proposed soot reference material (SRM) uses EC as a basis substrate for surface coatings of organic compounds that are representative of the main classes of organics identified in the coverage of soot produced by fossil fuel burning. A number of methods are used to demonstrate the quality and stability of the reference EC and SRM. Comparison of the nominal fraction of OC deposited on the EC substrate with the fraction measured with thermal/optical analysis (TOA) shows excellent agreement. Application of this type of reference material for evaluating the different methods of carbon analysis may help resolve differences that currently exist between comparable measurement techniques when trying to separate OC and EC from ambient samples.
Study of oblique whistlers in the low-latitude ionosphere, jointly with the C/NOFS satellite and the World-Wide Lightning Location Network
Authors: Jacobson A. R. , Holzworth R. H. , Pfaff R. F. , McCarthy M. P.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. We use the C/NOFS satellite's Vector Electric Field Instrument (VEFI) to study the relationship of impulsive electron whistlers in the low-latitude ionosphere to lightning strokes located by the World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). In order to systematize this work, we develop an automated algorithm for recognizing and selecting the signatures of electron whistlers amongst many Very Low Frequency (VLF) recordings provided by VEFI. We demonstrate the application of this whistler-detection algorithm to data mining of a ~ two-year archive of VEFI recordings. It is shown that the relatively simple oblique electron whistler adequately accounts of the great majority of low-latitude oscillatory VLF waves seen in this study.
The construction of a Central Netherlands temperature
Authors: van der Schrier G. , van Ulden A. , van Oldenborgh G. J.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The Central Netherlands Temperature (CNT) is a monthly daily mean temperature series constructed from homogenized time series from the centre of the Netherlands. The purpose of this series is to offer a homogeneous time series representative of a larger area in order to study large-scale temperature changes. It will also facilitate a comparison with climate models, which resolve similar scales. From 1906 onwards, temperature measurements in the Netherlands have been sufficiently standardized to construct a high-quality series. Long time series have been constructed by merging nearby stations and using the overlap to calibrate the differences. These long time series and a few time series of only a few decades in length have been subjected to a homogeneity analysis in which significant breaks and artificial trends have been corrected. Many of the detected breaks correspond to changes in the observations that are documented in the station metadata. This version of the CNT, to which we attach the version number 1.1, is constructed as the unweighted average of four stations (De Bilt, Winterswijk/Hupsel, Oudenbosch/Gilze-Rijen and Gemert/Volkel) with the stations Eindhoven and Deelen added from 1951 and 1958 onwards, respectively. The global gridded datasets used for detecting and attributing climate change are based on raw observational data. Although some homogeneity adjustments are made, these are not based on knowledge of local circumstances but only on statistical evidence. Despite this handicap, and the fact that these datasets use grid boxes that are far larger then the area associated with that of the Central Netherlands Temperature, the temperature interpolated to the CNT region shows a warming trend that is broadly consistent with the CNT trend in all of these datasets. The actual trends differ from the CNT trend up to 30 %, which highlights the need to base future global gridded temperature datasets on homogenized time series.
CFD Modeling and Simulation of Hydrodynamics in a Fluidized Bed Dryer with Experimental Validation
Authors: Hamzehei Mahdi
Published: May 2011

Gas-solid
fluidized bed dryers are used in a wide range of
industrial applications. With applying
computational fluid dynamic (CFD) techniques,
hydrodynamics of a two-dimensional nonreactive
gas-solid fluidized bed dryer was investigated.
A multifluid Eulerian model incorporating the
kinetic theory for solid particles was applied
to simulate the unsteady state behavior of this
dryer and momentum exchange coefficients were
calculated by using the
Syamlal-O'Brien drag functions. A
suitable numerical method that employed finite
volume method was used to discretize the
equations. Simulation results also indicated
that small bubbles were produced at the bottom
of the bed. These bubbles collided with each
other as they moved upwards forming larger
bubbles. Also, solid particles diameter and
superficial gas velocity effect on hydrodynamics
were studied. Simulation results were compared
with the experimental data in order to validate
the CFD model. Pressure drops and bed expansion
ratio as well as the qualitative gas-solid flow
patterns predicted by the simulations were in
good agreement with experimental measurements at
superficial gas velocities higher than the
minimum fluidization velocity. Furthermore, this
comparison showed that the model can predict
hydrodynamic behavior of gas solid fluidized bed
reasonably well.
Dual-Domain Transform for Travelling Wave in FRFT Domain
Authors: Singh Ashutosh , Saxena Rajiv
Published: May 2011

In wireless communication, the travelling electromagnetic (EM) wave nature of the signal is not reported comprehensively in the literature. To date, the majority of reported work analyzed the nature of the signal propagating through the channel in time and frequency domains only, whereas the travelling EM wave which is actually propagating through the channel, has both time and spatial dependencies. Very little work has been reported in which this aspect of EM wave is being analyzed, but the time dependency of frequency and spatial dependency of propagation constant associated with the EM wave have not been included, which will affect the performance of the channel in practical conditions. In this paper, all these aspects of EM wave and channel are considered to define a new method (DDT-FRFT) to analyze the travelling EM wave for wireless communication.
Characterization of Nanocrystalline Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia: An In Situ HTXRD Study
Authors: Biswas Mridula , Kumbhar Chandrashekhar S. , Gowtam D. S.
Published: May 2011

Nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia powders, synthesized by the citrate nitrate gel combustion route, with yttria concentration varying from 8 to 12 mol% were studied by in situ high temperature X-ray diffraction in the temperature range of 25–1000°C. The sample obtained has a high specific surface area of 35 m2/g while calculated surface area was around 123 m2/g. The in situ high temperature X-ray diffraction study revealed that crystallite size remains in the range of 7–9 nm up to 800°C and then rapidly grows up to 21–23 nm upto 1000°C; only holding the material at 1000°C for 30 minutes can promote grain growth in the range of 42–49 nm. Coefficient of thermal expansion ranges from 9.65 to 9.03 ppm/°C for 8–12 mol% nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia.
An Experimental Analysis of the Fluid Dynamic Efficiency of a Production Spark-Ignition Engine during the Intake and Exhaust Phase
Authors: Algieri Angelo
Published: May 2011

The present work aims at analyzing the fluid dynamic efficiency of a four-stroke spark-ignition engine. Specifically, a production four-cylinder internal combustion engine has been investigated during the intake and exhaust phase. The experimental characterization has been carried out at the steady flow rig adopting the dimensionless flow and discharge coefficients. The analysis has highlighted the great influence of the valve lift on the volumetric efficiency of the intake and exhaust system. Furthermore, the global investigation has demonstrated that the throttle angle has a significant influence on the head permeability during the induction phase. Particularly, the throttling process effect increases with the valve lift. Finally, the work has shown that all experimental data can be correlated by a single curve if an opportune dimensionless plot is adopted.
Bismuth (III) Salts Promoted and Ionic Liquid Assisted an Efficient and Environmentally Benign One-Pot Synthesis of 1,5-Benzodiazepine Derivatives
Authors: Chaskar Atul , Patil Latika , Phatangare Kiran , Padalkar Vikas , Takale Santosh
Published: May 2011

1,5-Benzodiazepine derivatives were synthesized by the condensation reactions of o-phenylenediamine and ketones catalyzed by bismuth (III) salts under mild conditions. This method is easy, efficient, environment and eco-friendly, free of toxic catalysts, and gives good to excellent yields of 1, 5-benzodiazepines.
Alimentation Impact of Treatments of 254 Oropharyngeal Cancers (1998–2003)
Authors: Buiret Guillaume , Daveau Clémentine , Landry Guillaume , Colin Carole , Pignat Jean-Christian , Poupart Marc
Published: May 2011

Objective. To analyze the functional impact of the various possible treatments of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas to find the main prognostic factors of dysphagia induced by these treatments. Patients. Clinical data from 254 patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx between 1998 and 2003 were retrospectively analyzed. A multivariate model enabled us to evaluate the role of each potentially harmful factor on swallowing. Main Outcome Measures. The significant factors influencing the consumption of liquid, pasty, and normal food were the same: the initial T stage and the type of treatment. Conclusion. Whatever the possible and selected treatment was, the impact on the functional capacities, and thus, the quality of life of the patients was considerable. Even though we could not significantly demonstrate exclusive radiotherapy caused more long-term undesirable effects than surgery followed by radiotherapy, our daily practice has shown that we should favour the latter.
Shallow Water Stony Corals (Scleractinia, Milleporidae, and Stylasteridae) from Utila and Cayos Cochinos, Honduras
Authors: Scaps Patrick , Saunders James
Published: May 2011

The coral reefs of Utila and Cayos Cochinos located in the western Caribbean region (Honduras) were studied in Summer 2010 in order to acquire information concerning their richness in stony corals (Scleractinia, Milleporidae, and Stylasteridae) down to 18 m depth. Ten sites in each location were visually surveyed. Fourty-six species and 12 forms of zooxanthellate scleractinian corals belonging to 21 genera were observed at Utila and 44 species and 12 forms belonging to 20 genera at Cayos Cochinos. At each site, 3 species of milleporids and one species of Stylaster (S. roseus) were also observed. Four forms of zooxanthellate scleractinian corals were new records from Honduras. Up to now, 53 species of scleractinian corals have been identified within the whole Honduran Caribbean coast. They belong to 24 genera. This number represents approximately 93% of all scleractinian coral species reported for the Caribbean.
Mycorrhizal Interactions for Reforestation: Constraints to Dryland Agroforest in Brazil
Authors: Pagano Marcela C. , Cabello Marta N.
Published: May 2011

Reforestation provides restoration of forest ecosystem services including improved soil fertility, which leads to increased productivity and/or sustainability of the system. Trees also increase the average carbon stocks providing wood supply for local communities; however, C sequestration strategies highlight tree plantations without considering their full environmental consequences, such as losses in stream flow. The productivity of a site is a consequence of their physical, chemical, and biological properties, resulting in natural fertile soils or adequate managed soils for improved quality. Thus, it is required to know the variations in the properties of land-use systems for adoptability of agroforestry innovations. The choice of agroforestry tree species (highly mycorrhizal dependent plants should be selected) would have great implications for the manipulation of arbuscular mycorrhizas's species. In dry forest, the inevitable consequence of cutting has been the loss of vegetation cover and insufficient scientific information on the capacity to optimize forest recuperation affects agroforestry adoption. To study the biological properties of soils is now of interest; therefore, this paper reviews the literature that has hitherto been published on mycorrhizal interactions for reforestation and points out the use of mycorrhizal technology as one of the alternatives to improve forest products and environmental quality.
Intrathymic epstein‐barr virus infection is not a prominent feature of myasthenia gravis
Authors: Kakalacheva Kristina , Maurer Michael A. , Tackenberg Björn , Münz Christian , Willcox Nick , Lünemann Jan D.
Published: May 2011

Lymph node‐type T‐ and B‐cell infiltrates with germinal centers are characteristic features of the hyperplastic thymus in early onset myasthenia gravis (EOMG).Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection confers survival advantages on B cells, and has recently been implicated in tertiary lymphoid tissue formation in EOMG. We evaluated the frequency of intrathymic EBV‐infected B‐lineage cells and antiviral immune responses in treatment‐naive patients with EOMG. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantify the content of genomic EBV DNA (BamHI‐W repeat region) in thymic cell suspensions. Serial paraffin sections of EOMG thymi were analyzed for the presence of EBV‐encoded RNA by in situ hybridization and for viral gene expression by immunohistochemistry. Humoral and cellular immune responses to viral antigens were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry‐based intracellular cytokine staining. We detected minimal levels of viral DNA—corresponding to single viral genomes—in only 6 of 16 hyperplastic EOMG thymi, indicating extreme rarity of viral copy numbers in the investigated thymic samples. That was confirmed by similar rarity of EBV‐encoded RNA and viral proteins identified in thymic sections. Furthermore, EBV‐specific T‐ and B‐cell responses were unchanged in patients with EOMG. These findings do not support an etiologic role for EBV in the initiation of EOMG. Ann Neurol 2011;70: 508–514.
Nanocelluloses: A New Family of Nature‐Based Materials
Authors: Klemm Dieter , Kramer Friederike , Moritz Sebastian , Lindström Tom , Ankerfors Mikael , Gray Derek , Dorris Annie
Published: May 2011

Cellulose fibrils with widths in the nanometer range are nature‐based materials with unique and potentially useful features. Most importantly, these novel nanocelluloses open up the strongly expanding fields of sustainable materials and nanocomposites, as well as medical and life‐science devices, to the natural polymer cellulose. The nanodimensions of the structural elements result in a high surface area and hence the powerful interaction of these celluloses with surrounding species, such as water, organic and polymeric compounds, nanoparticles, and living cells. This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.
Improving foam ability of polypropylene by crosslinking
Authors: Liu Hui , Chuai Chengzhi , Iqbal Mahmood , Wang Huashan , Kalsoom Bi Bi , Khattak Manzoor , Qasim Khattak Malik
Published: May 2011

In this study, silane crosslinked polypropylene (PP) was prepared by grafting of silane onto the backbone of PP in a melt process using a twin‐screw extruder and then crosslinking in warm water; an attempt was made to improve the melt strength of PP. In the present work, benzoyl peroxide was used as initiator, silane as a monomer, styrene as assisted crosslinking agent. PP foam board with well‐distributed and fine blowing hole was prepared by compression molding technology, employing azodicarbamide as blowing agent, talcum powder as nucleation agent. The effects of silane and peroxide concentration on the silane crosslinked PP were investigated. The surface morphology of the foam was accomplished by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal behavior of the silane crosslinked PP was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the elastic response was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The melt strength of the silane crosslinked PP was characterized by tension strength at high temperature tests. The results showed that the melt strength of the crosslinked PP was significantly enhanced, whereas melt flow rate, sag resistance, and tension strength at high temperature tests facilitated the foam formation. DSC analysis showed that the crystallization temperature of the silane crosslinked PP was increased compared with pure PP, which leads to high melting temperature and increased crystallinity. The results revealed that high melt strength PP(HMSPP) could be prepared by a method of silane crosslinking. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Dielectric and tensile behavior of nanoclay reinforced polyetherimide nanocomposites
Authors: Dwivedi Mayank , Dixit Alok , Alam Sarfaraz , Ghosh Anup K.
Published: May 2011

Polyetherimide (PEI)/organoclay (Cloisite 30B) nanocomposite and PEI/pristine nanoclay (K10) nanocomposite were made by solution casting process. Nanoclay content of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0% (by weight) was reinforced in PEI. The dielectric properties (dielectric constant, loss tangent, and electromagnetic transmission/reflection losses) of PEI/Cloisite 30B were observed lower than PEI/K10 in X band frequency (8 to 12 GHz). Mixed morphology in terms of intercalation and exfoliation was evident in wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis and transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of PEI/Cloisite 30B. Whereas, in PEI/K10, immiscibility, segregation, and phase separation of K10 were observed in WAXD analysis and scanning electron micrographs (SEM). Tensile properties (tensile strength, modulus, and elongation at break) of PEI/Cloisite 30B were superior to PEI/K10. Reinforcement with 1%, by weight, of Cloisite 30B in PEI resulted in the optimum properties, among all the compositions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The physical and mechanical properties of beta‐nucleated polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Prachum Yongyut , Adam Strauss Roman Helmuth , Kiatkamjornwong Suda
Published: May 2011

Polypropylene (PP) and polypropylene/polypropylene‐g‐maleic anhydride/ organomontmorillonite (PP/PP‐g‐MA/OMMT) nanocomposites were modified with 0.05 to 0.3% (w/w) of the aryl amide β‐nucleator to promote the formation of hexagonal crystal modification (β‐phase) during melt crystallization. The nonisothermal crystallization behavior of PP, PP/PP‐g‐MA/OMMT and β‐nucleated PP/PP‐g‐MA/OMMT nanocomposites were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry. Structure‐property relationships of the PP nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding were mainly focused on the effect and quantity of the aryl amide nucleator. The morphological observations, obtained from scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction analyses are presented in conjunction with the thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of these nanocomposites. Chemical interactions in the nanocomposites were observed by FT‐IR. It was found that the β‐crystal modification affected the thermal and mechanical properties of PP and PP/PP‐g‐MA/OMMT nanocomposites, while the PP/PP‐g‐MA/OMMT nanocomposites of the study gained both a higher impact strength (50%) and flexural modulus (30%) compared to that of the neat PP. β‐nucleation of the PP/PP‐g‐MA/OMMT nanocomposites provided a slight reduction in density and some 207% improvement in the very low tensile elongation at break at 92% beta nucleation. The crystallization peak temperature (Tcp) of the PP/PP‐g‐MA/OMMT nanocomposite was slightly higher (116°C) than the neat PP (113°C), whereas the β‐nucleation increased the crystallization temperature of the PP/PP‐g‐MA/OMMT/aryl amide to 128°C, which is of great advantage in a commercial‐scale mold processing of the nanocomposites with the resulting lower cycle times. The beta nucleation of PP nanocomposites can thus be optimized to obtain a better balance between thermal and mechanical properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Rheological study of self‐crosslinking and co‐crosslinking of ammonium zirconium carbonate and starch in aqueous solutions
Authors: Song Delong , Breedveld Victor , Deng Yulin
Published: May 2011

Different from common hydrogel systems formed by a polymer and a crosslinker, a hydrogel consisting of both self‐crosslinkable ammonium zirconium carbonate (AZC) and co‐crosslinkable starch was investigated in this study using rheological measurements. The evolution of viscoelastic properties of AZC solutions and AZC‐starch mixtures was characterized, and the crosslinking kinetics was determined. It was found that for both AZC self‐crosslinking and AZC‐starch co‐crosslinking, the initial bond formation rate and the gel strength exhibited a power law scaling with polymer concentrations. The competition reaction between self‐crosslinking and co‐crosslinking indicates that the gelation kinetics strongly depends on the AZC concentration but less depends on starch concentration. The temperature dependence of crosslinking was described by the Arrhenius plots which demonstrate a good linearity. It was determined that the activation energy of AZC self‐crosslinking was approximately 145–151 kJ/mol, and the activation energy of AZC‐starch co‐crosslinking was 139 kJ/mol. The effect of solution pH on the crosslinking process was also studied. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Bacterial nanocellulose‐reinforced arabinoxylan films
Authors: Stevanic Jasna S. , Joly Catherine , Mikkonen Kirsi S. , Pirkkalainen Kari , Serimaa Ritva , Rémond Caroline , Toriz Guillermo , Gatenholm Paul , Tenkanen Maija , Salmén Lennart
Published: May 2011

There is an increasing interest in substituting today's films for food packaging applications with films based on renewable resources. For this purpose, rye arabinoxylans, unmodified and enzymatically debranched, were studied for the preparation of neat films and composite films reinforced with bacterial cellulose (BC). Mixing in a homogenizer produced optically transparent, uniform films. Physical and mechanical characteristics of such films are here reported. Debranching of the arabinoxylan caused an increase in its crystallinity of 20%. Debranching as well as reinforcement with BC resulted in a decrease of the moisture sorption of the films. The debranching also resulted in a reduced breaking strain while the reinforcement with BC increased stiffness and strength of the films. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Hydrogels for water filters: Preparation and antibacterial evaluation
Authors: Ahmed Abd El‐Shafey I.
Published: May 2011

Acrylic acid was crosslinked with N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide and converted to bioactive hydrogels by neutralization with different amino containing compounds. Several amino containing compounds were used such as 2‐aminopyridine, triethanol amine, hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), pyridine, and imidazole. The best crosslinker ratio was determined in addition to the maximum absorbed water in different mediums. The antibacterial activity of the prepared gels were examined against examples of Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) using agar plate method. The study was extended by evaluating one of prepared gels in columns as models for water filters. All prepared gels showed antibacterial action in agar plate method against both bacterium and the column method using one of the prepared gels showed excellent filtration and biocidal action. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐g‐lactic acid copolymers and films with silver nanoparticles
Authors: Tudorachi Nita , Lipsa Rodica
Published: May 2011

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), a well‐known synthetic biodegradable, biocompatible, and hydrophilic polymer is susceptible to several structural modifications, due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in its backbone. PVA was grafted with L(+)‐lactic acid (LA) in molar ratios VA/LA (1/1, 1.5/1, and 2.2/1), manganese acetate as catalyst, by solution polycondensation procedure, resulting the poly(vinyl alcohol)‐g‐lactic acid copolymers. Aqueous solutions of copolymers with glycerol as plasticizer, silver nanoparticles (Ago), and sodium tetraborate as crosslinking agent were used for films casting. The copolymers were characterized by FTIR and 1H RMN spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, thermal analyses (DTG and DSC), silver particles size, while films were characterized by mechanical properties and mechanodynamic analyses. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Self, Identity and the IDR Cycle: Understanding the Deeper Meaning of “Face” in Mediation
Authors: Bader Elizabeth E.
Published: May 2011

Issues of self and identity form the psychological core of negotiation and mediation. Generally, the conflict resolution literature analyzes these “face” issues from social psychological or behavioral perspectives. In this paper, psychoanalytic developmental and interdisciplinary perspectives are used.

Psychoanalytic developmental theory consistently recognizes that with the development of a healthy sense of self, human beings also develop a reality‐based and objective, but ideally also self‐reflective, sense of self‐and‐other. This thread runs though the work of many theorists. Fostering the development of this sense of self‐and‐other is also crucial for mediation. It helps parties consider and resolve competing claims.

Perspectives from neuroscience and certain spiritual teachings, however, emphasize the limits of our traditional notions of self and identity. These perspectives can assist mediators in one of their most important tasks: helping parties realize that the value of their identities is not contingent upon the outcome of the negotiation.

The IDR cycle is perhaps the most important psychological dynamic in the mediation of civil disputes. This is the pattern of narcissistic inflation, deflation and realistic resolution typically experienced by parties in mediation. Impasse is a critical moment in the cycle. As in psychoanalytic impasse, mediators' capacity to release their own sense of self‐investment in the outcome of the mediation is often the key to helping clients through impasse. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Biological Activities of 2‐Amino‐thiazole‐5‐carboxylic Acid Phenylamide Derivatives
Authors: Liu Wukun , Zhou Jinpei , Qi Fan , Bensdorf Kerstin , Li Zhiyu , Zhang Huibin , Qian Hai , Huang Wenlong , Cai Xueting , Cao Peng , Wellner Anja , Gust Ronald
Published: May 2011

In an attempt to develop potent and selective anti‐tumor drugs, a series of novel 2‐amino‐thiazole‐5‐carboxylic acid phenylamide derivatives were designed based on the structure of dasatinib. All compounds were synthesized by a systematic combinatorial chemical approach. Biological evaluation revealed that N‐(2‐chloro‐6‐methylphenyl)‐2‐(2‐(4‐methylpiperazin‐1‐yl)acetamido)thiazole‐5‐carboxamide (6d) exhibited high antiproliferative potency on human K563 leukemia cells comparable to dasatinib. Against mammary and colon carcinoma cells 6d was either inactive (MDA‐MB 231) or distinctly less active (MCF‐7 and HT‐29: IC50 = 20.2 and 21.6 µM, respectively). Dasatinib showed at each cell line IC50 < 1 µM. The results of this structure activity relationship study clearly documented that the pyrimidin‐4‐ylamino core of dasatinib is responsible for the anti‐tumor activity against non‐leukemia cell lines.
Thienopyrimidines as Novel Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberclosis: Synthesis and In‐vitro Studies
Authors: Rashmi P. , Nargund Laxmi Venkatesh Gurachar , Hazra Kuntal , Chandra J. N. Narendra Sharath
Published: May 2011

A series of novel 5,6‐unsubstituted thieno‐[2,3‐d]‐pyrimidines has been synthesized and tested for growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Of twelve compounds synthesized eleven have shown antimycobacterial activity that differs in potency. Compounds 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e, 7f, and 7g exhibited good antimycobacterial activity. MIC values of the compounds tested were comparable with pyrazinamide. Six compounds which have shown good antimycobacterial activity were also subjected for cytotoxicity studies and were found to possess poor cytotoxicity. The study indicates the definite need for focusing attention on thienopyrimidines for further lead optimization.
A Succinct Synthesis of the Vaulted Biaryl Ligand Vanol via a Dienone–Phenol Rearrangement
Authors: Ding Zhensheng , Xue Song , Wulff William D.
Published: May 2011

Vanol is a member of the vaulted biaryl family of ligands and it has been proven to be very effective in a number of asymmetric catalytic reactions. The previous synthesis of vanol, while effective, is limited by the cost of reagents involved. The present work evaluates three different approaches to the synthesis of 3‐phenyl‐1‐naphthol, a key intermediate in the synthesis of vanol. The first approach has its key step as the Michael addition of a benzyl Grignard to methyl cinnamate. In the second approach the key step is the first step, a Reformatsky reaction of ethyl bromoacetate and deoxybenzoin. The final and most‐efficient approach involves a dienone‐phenol rearrangement of a 4‐aryl‐1‐tetralenone generated in‐situ from the reaction of 4‐chloro‐1‐naphthol with AlCl3 and benzene, and preliminary results are reported on the extension of this method to substituted vanol derivatives.