bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Pfeifer Michael J.
Published: September 2018

Scholars have argued that lynching--summary group attack and/or homicide seeking to punish behavior defined as deviant--against individuals often deemed socially distant, typically occurs in conditions of social flux, for example in transitions from homogeneous tribal societies to plural, heterogeneous social orders; in locales where patterns of racial or ethnic dominance have been challenged or collapsed; in settings shifting rapidly from rural to urban social arrangements; in polities where authority has effectively lost legitimacy or where multiple, contradictory legal regimes contend for popular support; amid perceptions of a crisis of legal order brought on by rampant criminality; and in contested or fragile states as opposed to settings where the state is able to, in Weberian terms, successfully claim a monopoly of violence.
Unofficial Justice and Community in Rural Russia, 1856–1914
Authors: Frank Stephen P.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, Weiting Guo examines the history of extralegal executions in modern China. From the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, China witnessed the largest number of summary executions annually in its history. The extensive use of this extraordinary procedure in conjunction with the regular public executions by political regimes, local officials, and militia had considerable influence on modern Chinese legal culture. Drawing on a wide range of archival sources, Guo challenges the view that the prevalence of summary execution constituted merely instances of “lawlessness” and “abuses” of punishment. Guo argues by contrast that the approach of judicial economy, the competition between central and local governments, the continued trend of local militarization, and the ideology of popular justice all contributed to the “sanctioned” practice of summary execution. Moreover, Guo asserts that after the late 1830s, the practice of summary execution transformed from merely “expediency” in judicial procedure to extensive “exclusion” of local roughs or subversives that were perceived as evil or worthless.
Introduction
Authors: Ruberto Laura E. , Sciorra Joseph
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the entire volume and thus continues a critical conversation started in New Italian Migrations to the United States, Volume 1: Politics and History Since 1945. This introductory essay considers a number of issues pertaining to creativity and culture, across both vernacular and commodified arenas. First, it recapitulates basic information about migratory flows from Italy to the United States since 1945: class, education, and motivation for emigrating are barometers employed to distinguish between different kinds of Italian migrants and Italian Americans during the past seventy years. The chapter develops increasing attention to the study of the specificity of Italian immigrants and expressive culture since 1945. Each new group of Italian migrants and their descendants creates fresh models of Italian American identity and culture and impact pre-existing ones. They effectively and continually reboot Italian America.
“Don’t Forget You Have Relatives Here”
Authors: Sciorra Joseph
Published: September 2018

“La Grande Famiglia” (1948-1961), an Italian-language radio program on New York City’s WOV-AM, was a unique transnational communication enterprise that reached half a million families. The program’s Rome-based representative drove to Italian Americans’ hometowns to record mundane family news, chastisements and pleas, and heartfelt expressions of love and longing, which were in turn broadcast in the United States. This chapter examines the social context and cultural content of five recorded messages from one family to reveal how transnational intimacy was maintained sonically across the geographic divide. Private and public lives heard on the corporate-sponsored program converged in a shared sonority, a multiplicity of reverberating voices that revealed, bolstered, and endorsed a diasporic understanding of migrant families’ lives.
Migration Italian Style
Authors: Fiore Teresa
Published: September 2018

Since the 1990s, Italian migration to the U.S. has registered a renewed phase of activity prompted by the search for more dynamic work and life environments. The essay provides a comprehensive review of the non-fiction and fiction works depicting the experience of these new Italians in the U.S. It also discusses this group’s internal diversity, its relationship to the pre-existing Italian community, and the current linkage of Italians to Made in Italy as witnessed in FIAT 500 advertisements. The work challenges simplistic notions of success that arise from identifying this migration with a brain drain, addresses less discussed Italian immigrants such as Italian Studies academics and the undocumented, and calls for dynamic circulation of migrants from/to Italy in lieu of a one-way mobility.
Recently Rediscovered Sources of Music of the Bach Family in the Breitkopf Archive
Authors: Blanken Christine
Published: September 2018

This chapter treats newly discovered Bach manuscripts found in the archive of the Leipzig firm Breitkopf & Härtel, which was the most influential music publisher in eighteenth century Europe. Highlights include J. S. Bach’s autograph entries in early Weimar keyboard sources (Toccatas BWV 913/914); sources copied during J. S. Bach’s Leipzig period; and important new sources of instrumental works by three Bach sons. The manuscripts not only illustrate the performance repertoire of Leipzig music societies, such as the Gewandhaus concerts, during the mid-eighteenth century and after Sebastian Bach’s death, but also document the Breitkopf firm’s music distribution activities.
Passing at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Hobbs Allyson
Published: September 2018

Has passing “passed out” in the twenty-first century? Or has it taken new forms? The introduction to part 1 considers the elasticity of the phenomenon of passing. Beginning with the story of Lieutenant William J. French, who passed as white until it was discovered after his suicide in 1932 that he was black, to new possibilities in race relations that opened in the aftermath of World War II, to the beginning of the twenty-first century when Americans began to recognize and accept mixed-race identities, this essay shows how passing adapts to the specific conditions of various time periods. New histories of passing show that the old and the new have much in common. Most important, these histories remind us of the paramount importance of race in American life.
Why Passing Is (Still) Not Passé after More Than 250 Years
Authors: Cutter Martha J.
Published: September 2018

Some scholars argue that racial passing began in the mid- to late nineteenth century, reached its pinnacle in the early twentieth century, and then abated by the 1930s. This chapter substantiates, however, that as a word and a behavior, passing has a longer and more extensive chronology. By providing a broad historical overview of racial-passing texts, the chapter argues that the most radical ones play on the multivalent possibilities of this behavior, using passing as a mirror, as a sort of “dirty” glass that is held up to the reader. Instead of clarifying the meaning of whiteness or blackness, some of these texts ultimately confuse a stable reading of the meaning of race, revealing dialectical tensions that exist at the heart of identity categories themselves.
Adam Mansbach’s Postracial Imaginary in Angry Black White Boy
Authors: Manning Brandon J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the implications of cultural production oftentimes associated with blackness by nonblack people, arguing that Adam Mansbach’s satirical novel Angry Black White Boy (2005) serves as an exploration into a postracial imaginary that thinks about the future of resistance and race in America. Mansbach creates this postracial imaginary by juxtaposing the ostensibly postracial, neo-passing site of his protagonist that is mistaken for black in the narrative with the protagonist’s white privilege. Unlike his protagonist, Mansbach utilizes popular tropes from black satirists—such as disrupting the notion of race, intraracial self-reflexivity, and an awareness that race is both socially constructed and a political reality—in nonappropriative and nonconsumptive ways.
Black President Bush
Authors: Osucha Eden
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines fictional depictions of African American presidents as a popular trope in U.S. film, television, and literature, as producing a discourse of “black presidentialism” that implicitly embeds a logic of passing that comes into relief in sketch-comedy performances by Richard Pryor and David Chappelle. This chapter argues that Chappelle’s “counterburlesque” as “Black President Bush,” which rearticulates George W. Bush’s Iraq War policy and its justifications rearticulates in terms of black hypermasculinity and street vernacularities, exposes how popular culture’s discourse of black presidentialism, in its post–Civil Rights era instantiations, invokes what the traditional passing narrative understands as the disconnect between its protagonist’s appearance and presumed essence of his or her identity, with acute attention to the role gender plays in racial semblance. In the case of the black president trope, that dualism is recoded as the tension between the abstracted white manhood of the office of the presidency and black masculine racial particularity.
Seeing Race in Comics
Authors: Glaser Jennifer
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the power of the medium of comics to shed light on discussions of race, racism, and the act of passing. Glaser moves from a close reading of Mat Johnson and Warren Pleece’s recent neo-passing narrative, the graphic novel Incognegro (2008), to a wider look at the history of visual media in representing racial violence during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This chapter makes the argument that comics provide an arena for thinking both about how we see and interpret race and how visual depictions of racial violence—from photographs of lynchings to recordings of police shootings of unarmed African American men—force us to grapple with complex ethical questions.
Passing at the Intersections
Authors: Dawkins Marcia Alesan
Published: September 2018

This essay contextualizes and introduces the chapters that follow in part 2 by defining and describing four critical lessons to be learned from historical acts of passing. It discusses these lessons—about privacy, assimilation, satire, and surveillance, or PASS—and explores how these lessons continue to shape and be shaped by the new identities, media, and technologies of our present historical moment. It is argued that the hallmark of (neo-)passing is an “edited self” that is a carefully crafted, presented, and preserved profile unit to be promoted in exchange for recognized social status, where the appearance of the commodity (i.e., race, class, gender, ability, religion, etc.) becomes the measure of its social value.
Passing Truths
Authors: Marsan Loran
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines how passing is used as an educational tool in immersion-journalism narratives of race, ethnic, class, and gender passing. It analyzes six texts and one TV series spanning 1961 to 2006: Black like Me, Soul Sister,
Bessie Yellowhair, Nickeled and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America, Self-Made Man: One Woman’s Year Disguised as a Man, and the reality TV series Black. White. While searching for authentic truth, passing becomes a problematic tool buttressed by narrative tactics of Othering, doubling, objectivity, emotion, and the reveal. This chapter addresses how these factors work together to lean toward fluid or multiple identity constructions before ultimately supporting dominant ideologies of Truth, identity, authenticity, and the “real.”
Neo-Passing and Dissociative Identities as Affective Strategies in Frankie and Alice
Authors: Whaley Deborah Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

This chapter interprets dissociative identity as a neo-passing narrative through an examination of capacity and incapacity in the film Frankie and Alice. The film, starring actor Halle Berry, oscillates from the late 1950s to the early 1970s, showing neo-passing and dissociative identity in the 1970s as a response to the social, racial, and sexual landscape of the 1950s. Purportedly based on a true story, Frankie and Alice challenges spectators to consider the implications of racial and sexual trauma in passing between and through alternative identities. This chapter argues that neo-passing and dissociative identity constitute performances of identity that generate from historical and social relations and produce psychological and material manifestations of recoded difference.
The Jubilee Singers of Fisk University
Authors: Graham Sandra Jean
Published: September 2018

This chapter recounts the history of the founding of Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1866 by the American Missionary Association and a trio of its agents: Erastus Milo (E. M.) Cravath, Edward Parmelee Smith, and John Ogden. The school’s educational philosophy emphasized teacher training, theology, training for craft work, and liberal arts. George L. White, hired as treasurer, initiated an informal music program that grew into an avenue for generating profit and promoting Fisk’s educational agenda, thanks to a choir he put together with the assistance of Ella Sheppard, who as music teacher was the first and only black staff member at Fisk from 1870 to 1875. In public, the Fisk choristers sang music from the white popular tradition, known as “people’s song” in the words of composer George Frederick Root. In private they introduced their spirituals to the white teachers, doing so under some duress, as they associated the songs with an enslaved past to be forgotten. Around early 1871 George White began urging the American Missionary Association to let him take his choristers on the road to raise money for the school; the group would be modeled on “singing families” such as the Hutchinson Family Singers. After much debate his plan was approved, and after a few weeks on the road White named his choir the Jubilee Singers. Although initially a dismal failure, the troupe’s rebranding, decision to sing more spirituals and less people’s song, and the patronage of Henry Ward Beecher in Brooklyn led to a reversal of fortune. By early 1872 the Jubilee Singers were on their way to fame and fortune. They presented their concerts as a “service of song,” to remind the public that their singing was not entertainment but rather had a religious and moral mission.
Innovators, Imitators, and a Jubilee Industry
Authors: Graham Sandra Jean
Published: September 2018

The ever-growing success of the Fisk Jubilee Singers attracted widespread notice, and by 1873–1874 the troupe was facing a field of competitors, some of whom made innovations to the concert presentation of spirituals and others of whom were content to imitate the Fisk Jubilee Singers in style and repertory. Among the innovators were the Hampton Institute Singers, directed by Thomas P. Fenner. Their repertory was largely distinct from that of the Fisk singers, and they sang in a more folk-oriented performance style, as evidenced by the fact that they had a “shout leader” and sang in dialect. Another group of innovators was the Tennesseans (1874), directed by John Wesley Donavin, who sang in support of Central Tennessee College in Nashville. Their popularity rested on the supposed authenticity of what they billed as their “slave cabin concerts”—not a Fisk service of song but meant to be a naturalistic representation of slave life. The Tennesseans’ bass singer Leroy Pickett made many of their arrangements, becoming one of the earliest black arrangers of concert spirituals; later he became acting musical director. Imitators, on the other hand, reproduced the repertory and aesthetic of the Fisk Jubilee Singers. They included the Hyers sisters, who reoriented their programming of art songs to include spirituals so that they could complete with other black singers at the time, as well as the Shaw Jubilee Singers, New Orleans Jubilee Singers, Jackson Jubilee Singers, Old Original North Carolinians (managed by T. H. Brand), and Sheppard’s Colored Jubilee Singers. With all of these groups, a jubilee entertainment industry began to take shape in 1872 to 1874, as performance norms were established and as organizations like lyceum bureaus began to add jubilee troupes to their roster.
Commercial Spirituals
Authors: Graham Sandra Jean
Published: September 2018

As jubilee troupes multiplied and grew in popularity, minstrels and variety performers began to burlesque their performances by using songs modeled on spirituals, which I call commercial spirituals. These came in three broad categories: parodies of specific spirituals (including contrafacta), popular songs modeled on the musical style and content of spirituals, and popular songs whose lyrics (but not their musical style) alluded to spirituals. Bryant’s Minstrels was an early blackface troupe that parodied the spiritual “Gospel Train,” under the title “Get Aboard Little Children.” Other minstrel and variety performers parodied specific troupes of jubilee singers; they became known generically as the “Hamtown Students” or a variation on that name. This chapter examines specific song parodies by burlesque jubilee troupes, informed by newspaper reviews and the Ham-Town Students Songster, which contains words and music. Performances by both white minstrel performers and black performers are considered, with particular attention to the Georgia Minstrels.
Lessons and Legacies
Authors: Graham Sandra Jean
Published: September 2018

The earliest literary recognitions of black music set up an artificial dichotomy between “white” and “black” traditions, suggesting for each of these two categories an essence and a stability that didn’t exist. Concert spirituals, commercial spirituals, and indeed the entire black entertainment industry of the nineteenth century were shaped by a common dynamic. Music, dance, comedy, performance practice, and other expressive strategies that had emerged among black Americans—and that were closely bound up with their social and religious lives—were made to conform to the preferences and expectations of white audiences. This conclusion looks at why the spiritual became the common denominator among the different genres in this new entertainment industry, as well as the shift to black managers, arrangers, impresarios, and the role of women entertainers at this time.
Race and Trade Policies in Migrant Marketplaces, 1880–1914
Authors: Zanoni Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

Chapter Two demonstrates how differences in the economic, political, and ethno-racial structures of the United States and Argentina generated distinct experiences around Italian foodstuff for migrants in the two countries. In Buenos Aires, migrant merchants constructed racialized and gendered bonds between Italians and Argentines as members of the same “Latin race.” This latinità created opportunities for shared consumer experiences between Argentines and Italians. In New York, conversely, migrants used foods to articulate differences between Italians and Anglo Americans, while insisting that divides could be bridged as Anglo Americans learned to consume quality Italian imports. Furthermore, Chapter Two argues that nation-based differences allowed Italians in Buenos Aires to more powerfully articulate their ability to influence Argentine tariff policy and secure continued access to homeland foods.
Introduction
Authors: Rocksborough-Smith Ian
Published: September 2018

A 1942 banquet honored Chicago’s public school superintendent William Johnson for his attention to a proposed reform of local social studies curricula concerning African American history. On this occasion, Johnson met with South Side schoolteacher Madeline Morgan, an advocate of local black public history. Morgan had devised these curriculum reforms as units for grades 1 through 8. Morgan (later Stratton Morris) taught at Emerson Primary School. In the nearly two years prior to the banquet and at the behest of the district, Morgan and a small team of colleagues had devised history units that would underscore the crucial role African Americans played in the nation’s history from slavery through emancipation and into the twentieth century. From the perspective of those who honored Johnson, his presence at the banquet was more than just a trivial photo opportunity. The banquet was attended by more than three hundred people and sponsored by local middle-class black women’s clubs and civic organizations. Beyond the adulation afforded Johnson, the banquet also recognized the labors of public schoolteachers like Morgan and those of other African American public-history activists and educators who through the 1940s and 1950s sought to revise local curricula to include significant modules on black American history....
Curriculum Reforms in World War II Chicago
Authors: Rocksborough-Smith Ian
Published: September 2018

In Chicago, many African American pubic-history activists initially connected their work to struggles for racial justice partly in the tradition of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH). In an effort to continue the public-history traditions of the ASNLH (such as Negro History Week, which later became Black History Week or Month), chapter 1 outlines how Chicago black public schoolteachers and some of their white allies took initiatives to promote black-history curriculum reforms in the context of wartime America. This chapter of the book examines the curriculum-reform projects of South Side Chicago teachers, like Madeline Morgan Stratton Morris and her husband, Samuel Stratton, who continued the pre-Cold War roots of the black-history movement in Chicago.
Imagining a Black Museum in Cold War Chicago
Authors: Rocksborough-Smith Ian
Published: September 2018

The second chapter of this book looks at how a vision for a black-history museum persisted despite the stifling conditions of Cold War America and deals explicitly with how this vision for a museum existed in the context of the control of black-history celebrations in Chicago in a highly contested struggle among public historians increasingly divided by Cold War-era ideologies. The chapter traces the left-wing backgrounds of the museum’s founders, which spanned decades of activity and demonstrates how they sustained the vision of the National Negro Museum and Historical Foundation (NNMHF) for a museum in Chicago through the 1960s with the founding of what would become the DuSable Museum of African American History.
Black-History Activism and the Afro-American Heritage Association
Authors: Rocksborough-Smith Ian
Published: September 2018

The third chapter of this book shifts to address the question of nationalism and its historically contingent forms in urban America. This chapter specifically looks at how black nationalism in Chicago became a complex phenomenon that drew on older traditions and modalities of black politics through the local organizations and activists that challenged simple dichotomies of integration and separatism, militancy and accommodation. A primary focus in the chapter examines the establishment of the Afro-American Heritage Foundation (AAHA) in 1958 and its subsequent public-history efforts—notably the promotion of Negro History Week in the city through the early 1960s and into the Black Power 1960s.
Illinois before Statehood
Authors: Cicero Frank
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 summarizes the history of the territory that would become Illinois, from its earliest inhabitants at Cahokia through the French settlements at Kaskaskia and the various jurisdictions it fell under. French rule established the tradition of slavery; U.S. rule as part of the Northwest Territory sought to abolish it. Residents arguing for creation of the Illinois Territory focused on issues including local rule, future economic development, and preserving the practice of indentured servitude. In 1818, congressional delegate Nathanial Pope secured “most favorable terms” for the Illinois Territory, setting its northern boundary to encompass the mouth of the Chicago River and eventually the important Illinois and Michigan Canal, which contributed to Chicago’s dominance as a hub of population, commerce, and transportation.
Black Codes and Bondage, Settling the North, Legislative Follies
Authors: Cicero Frank
Published: September 2018

Chapter 3 covers the years in which the Illinois state capital moved from Kaskaskia to Vandalia to Springfield, focusing on legislative and judicial debates surrounding the Black Code, which limited the rights of free blacks, and the euphemistic practices of indentured/involuntary servitude and apprenticeship contracts. As antislavery populations surged in northern Illinois, political and legal opinions about blacks shifted. The 1832 Black Hawk War, a land dispute involving the Sauk and Fox, led to the 1833 treaty that removed Native Americans from the state. The Illinois General Assembly, including in 1836–37 representatives Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln, chartered state banks that failed; set up internal improvement schemes that indebted the state; and ultimately supported completion of the Illinois and Michigan Canal (1848).
Two Transformative Decades
Authors: Cicero Frank
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 summarizes important events in Illinois between 1848 and 1868, including population growth in the Chicago area and a shift in the state’s demographics. The major political debate, both locally and nationally, focused on the question of enslaved blacks. Senator Stephen Douglas supported popular sovereignty through the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which roused Abraham Lincoln to return to politics in opposition to slavery. The emergent Republican Party proved ascendant in the state’s 1856 elections, and the Lincoln-Douglas debates of the 1858 senate campaign brought to the fore Lincoln and his stand against slavery but not necessarily for equality. These political shifts, including Lincoln’s election as president in 1860, can be traced to popular support in northern Illinois, the counties created through the Pope amendment in 1818.
The Constitution of 1870
Authors: Cicero Frank
Published: September 2018

Chapter 7 summarizes debates of the 1869–70 Illinois state constitutional convention, whose blend of representatives from Democratic, Republican, and People’s Parties yielded a relatively nonpartisan outcome. The balance of governmental powers was adjusted so that the executive branch had a stronger veto, the legislative branch was barred from passing special-interest legislation, and the judicial system was enhanced with more courts and judges, a particular benefit to populous Cook County, home to the economic powerhouse of Chicago. Other major issues included African Americans’ civil rights and state management of railroads and warehouses. A progressive approach to minority representation sought to bridge sharp political divisions between north and south. The proposed 1870 constitution was ratified by the voters and remained in force for a century.
“The Injustice of Internment”
Authors: Griffith Sarah M.
Published: September 2018

Following Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, liberal Protestants leveraged their influence among officials in the War Relocation Authority to launch their most powerful attack to date on anti-Japanese racial discrimination. Through the Committee on National Security and Fair Play, they challenged the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066 and strategized methods to ensure the quick release of Japanese Americans held without trial. With the help of allies such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the American Council on Race Relations, and the Council on Civic Unity, liberal Protestants developed plans to ensure the long-term protection of Japanese American civil liberties in the decades following the war.
The Legacies of a Movement
Authors: Griffith Sarah M.
Published: September 2018

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Introduction
Authors: Berrett Jesse
Published: September 2018

The introduction lays out the rising popularity of the football in the 60s. It was acclaimed as America’s new national pastime by observers as different as Gallup, Liberation News Service, Marshall McLuhan, and Richard Nixon. ““Baseball is what we were, football is what we have become,” remarked columnist Mary McGrory. Rather than settling for the appeal of its product, the NFL promoted football as quintessentially American and perfectly in tune with the contemporary world. This notion of football’s popularity led to its use in politics as both metaphor for achievement and means of reaching voters. The politics created by the league and aspiring politicians absolutely sold appearance, but we should consider their substantive aspects as well.
The NFL’s Role in American History (Somebody’s Gotta Be Kidding)
Authors: Berrett Jesse
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores crucial contradictions that went unremarked in the NFL’s crusade to make itself a bulwark of Americanism. From its image as a ruggedly capitalist enterprise (even as its commissioner and owners reiterated the need for collectivization) to its sending players to Vietnam to support the war effort (while simultaneously flexing political muscle to prevent those players from serving) to its feverishly jingoistic public spectacles —extending to its bid for official sanction as part of the Bicentennial—the NFL’s patriotic efforts were at once its most contested and its most emblematic. By 1976, that position had been accepted at multiple levels of government and officially sanctioned by the Bicentennial Administration, which allowed the NFL to promote the Super Bowl as a sanctioned event.
Out of Their League
Authors: Berrett Jesse
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the football coaches who became political figures in this period, to a degree far beyond any had before. Both Vince Lombardi and George Allen struck observers as potentially appealing candidates, Lombardi in particular drawing interest from left and right. But neither ever ran for office or showed any real interest in doing so; instead, Lombardi represented the future entwining of sports and politics in which both coaches and elected officials aspired to CEO status.
Right Coach, Wrong Game
Authors: Berrett Jesse
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the football coaches who became political figures in this period, to a degree far beyond any had before. Both Vince Lombardi and George Allen struck observers as potentially appealing candidates, Lombardi in particular drawing interest from left and right. But neither ever ran for office or showed any real interest in doing so; instead, Lombardi represented the future entwining of sports and politics in which both coaches and elected officials aspired to CEO status.
Epilogue
Authors: Berrett Jesse
Published: September 2018

The epilogue traces the rise of Ronald Reagan, the politician who synthesized a new language from these materials. In 1980, he concluded the debate over football’s meaning with repeated appeals to “win one for the Gipper” that returned the nation to earlier ways of thinking about what football, and therefore America, meant. Yet Reagan’s imagery, built as it was on his role in a movie, blurred commercialism and aesthetics every bit as much as did the ideas of his predecessors. It represented one possible result of this struggle, not its necessary conclusion.
Introduction
Authors: Francisco-Menchavez Valerie
Published: September 2018

The introduction chapter lays out the book’s main intervention, “multidirectional care” to examine how transnational family members from different places in the diaspora exchange care work in many different forms. Although the care work from transnational families are not similar in form (monetary remittances versus high school graduation) they generate labor nonetheless. The incommensurability of the currencies and capital of care work in transnational families is the inquiry of this work because these labors are often circulating on various political, financial and affective economies, yet some of them are valued less, or worse, invisible. By framing the laboring lives of Filipina migrants and their transnational families through the theory of social reproduction, the circulation of care work transnationally, reconceptualization of alternative care providers left behind and shifting gendered ideologies makes the unseen work of reproducing the family, particularly in a transnational arrangement, visible.
Caring Even if It Hurts
Authors: Francisco-Menchavez Valerie
Published: September 2018

Chapter four tells a story of emotional strain that travels on the circuits of multidirectional care just as the care work that is undergirded with love and warmth. The emotionality in care work specifically during trying times of anger, guilt and disappointment illustrates that a care work is still attended to even through the pains of their transnational relationship. It follows families moving in and out of growing pains, some faster than others. The chapter demonstrates that while care work travels multidirectionally, strain follows those circuits of care as well. And yet, families under emotional distress or disappointment can still participate in the labor of caring. The stories here actively pull apart the idealized notion that “care work” always comes from nurturance, love and warmth rather focusing on the work of sustaining the transnational family whether members feel gratified or good about that work.
Storms Moving in a Ring of Fire
Authors: Schwoch James
Published: September 2018

Opening with the impact of the Civil War on telegraphic communications in Washington, this chapter discusses the lack of telegraph security at the onset of the war. Various decisions by Edwin Stanton, Western Union, and telegraph corporations led to the creation of the United States Military Telegraph (USMT) Company, which effectively privatized Union Army telegraph communications and blunted Albert Myer and the Signal Corps. The latter half of the chapter details the increasing conflicts between indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and various militias and Union Army troops, including the Sand Creek Massacre, the Julesburg battles, and the retaliatory actions against the Transcontinental Telegraph and telegraph branch lines by Great Plains warriors in 1865 and 1866.
Discriminating Sex
Authors: Sueyoshi Amy
Published: September 2018

In the late 1890s, “wide open” San Francisco, considered also a model city for race relations, appeared to be a place where men and women could configure their intimate lives in expansive and unconventional ways. Rising rates of divorce, increasing sexual independence among women, and state-condoned sex work defined the city. Yet as whites explored and enacted new norms of romance and womanhood, increasing freedoms would be less accessible for Asians in America. White writers, lyricists, illustrators, and other producers of leisure culture projected shifting norms of middle-class gender and sexuality on specifically Chinese and Japanese in newspapers, magazines, plays, and musicals. These characterizations would then conflate Chinese and Japanese, previously perceived as two separate races, into a single group. This book details how middle-class white expansion of their own gender and sexual norms marked the formation of the pan-Asian “Oriental,” a deeply sexual racialized stereotype, more than a hundred years ago.
Introduction
Authors: Sueyoshi Amy
Published: September 2018

The introduction presents the book’s main argument that San Francisco writers, illustrators, public officials, and community leaders at the turn of the century avidly discussing new freedoms in middle-class gender and sexuality framed white women as provocateurs while fueling racialized characterizations of Chinese and Japanese. A mountain of sex acts that often traversed boundaries of race and gender thus testified to more than just the power of individual will in a magnanimous city. They cohered to tell a provocative tale of misogyny and white supremacy. This chapter additionally contextualizes the book within San Francisco history; traces its intervention in the history of leisure, sexuality studies, whiteness studies, and Asian American studies; discusses its methods; and offers a chapter outline.
A Wide-Open Town?
Authors: Sueyoshi Amy
Published: September 2018

This chapter interrogates San Francisco’s mythical reputation as a town where “anything goes.” Pairings of men of color with white women occurred in the city press without the violent rage that it provoked in nearly every other part of the United States at the time. Homoerotic imagery and writings also proliferated with little to no controversy. While the acceptance of these activities might signal an embrace of the diverse people and lifestyles, it in fact pointed to the opposite. Precisely because of overwhelming and unquestionable dominance of white supremacy and heterosexuality, narratives of interracial mingling and same-sex love that might otherwise challenge the status quo served merely as entertaining anecdotes without any threat to the existing social order.
“Deliver Me from the Brainy Woman”
Authors: Sueyoshi Amy
Published: September 2018

This chapter links the rise of San Francisco’s modern woman to the inception of geisha imagery in leisure culture. As women in the city grew more athletic and assertive, moral conservatives blamed higher rates of marital failure on the modern woman who refused to fulfill appropriate women’s roles. Images of obedient, self-sacrificing, petite Japanese geishas flooded leisure culture just as American women seemed to be abandoning more “traditional femininity.” The romanticized representations would neither reflect realities of Japanese women nor benefit those Japanese living in San Francisco even as they appeared complimentary in its depictions of Japanese traditions. The discursive embrace of Japanese femininity would solely be for the pleasure and enrichment of whites in their exploration of appropriate middle-class womanhood.
“Conscience Aroused”
Authors: Sueyoshi Amy
Published: September 2018

This chapter traces how as San Francisco’s disinterest in public discussions of gender and sexuality decreased, so too did racialized narratives. Yet the quiet would do little good for Asians in America. An earlier flood of conflicting characterizations for Chinese and Japanese ironically resulted in similarly unjust treatment from American authorities. Moreover, as racialized gender and sexual representations decreased in number, the initially distinctly divergent representations of Chinese versus Japanese increasingly merged into an “Oriental”--simultaneously a geisha, prostitute, aesthete, pimp, and samurai in a single body. The making of the American “Oriental” thus came about through a mishmash of gendered and sexualized racial representations deliberately and specifically born from white desire and pleasure.
Epilogue
Authors: Sueyoshi Amy
Published: September 2018

In 1921 San Francisco’s first investigation into an all-male sex ring on Baker Street ended with the exoneration of more than thirty men due to confusion around the exact definition of the word “fellatio,” since one could not legally be prosecuted of a crime that could not be clearly defined. In the same year, a Japanese “homo-sexual” appeared in a short story in the popular magazine Overland Monthly, signaling an additional projection of the city’s newest sexual curl onto Asians. In detailing how the “Oriental” became a key vehicle through which white men could forge same-sex sexuality, this chapter closes the book’s argument on how middle-class whites’ pursuit of their own self-fulfillment constructed Chinese and Japanese stereotypes.
The Mexican Revolution Migrates to Chicago
Authors: Flores John H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the Mexican immigrant liberal movement of Chicago. Mexican liberals were Mexican nationalists, and they subscribed to a democratic, reformist, anticlerical, and activist political culture informed by their participation in the Mexican Revolution. In Chicago, the liberals created a community and a reform movement that revolved around social welfare, educational, and criminal justice projects. Liberals were well-educated individuals who believed that education could empower Mexican immigrants and facilitate their upward mobility in the United States while allowing immigrants to retain their Mexican citizenship. As the liberal movement grew in size and influence, it succeeded in discouraging many Mexican immigrants from becoming U.S. citizens, and it imbued the Mexican population with a more sophisticated understanding of Mexican nationalism.
The Counterrevolution Migrates to Chicago and Northwest Indiana
Authors: Flores John H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the formation of a Mexican conservative (traditionalist) community in Chicago and East Chicago, Indiana. Traditionalists were devout Catholics who denounced the liberals’ anticlericalism and secularism and created a parochial educational program to rebuke the anticlerical aspects of the Mexican Revolution and the liberal movement. After the start of the Cristero Rebellion, the traditionalist movement grew in size and influence, endorsed the Cristeros, received the backing of the Catholic Church, and then aggressively challenged the liberals in Mexico and Chicagoland. With the onset of the Great Depression, traditionalists were subjected to a deportation campaign that led many traditionalists to question the value of their Mexican citizenship, which could cost them the Catholic community they had created within the borders of the United States
The Cold War and the Decline of the Revolutionary Generation
Authors: Flores John H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the decline of the radical Mexican nationalist left. During the Cold War, the U.S. federal government launched Operation Wetback and police departments and the FBI coordinated with the INS to deport radical Latinos. Refugio Martinez was a radical who lived through the revolution, joined the Frente and the CIO in Chicago, and then was deported as a dissident during the Cold War. Through Martinez’s life, this chapter argues that the U.S. government settled the contest between the revolutionary factions at the expense of the radicals and in favor of the traditionalists who were passed over by the INS during Operation Wetback and left in the position to leave the deepest imprint on the young Mexican Americans of Chicagoland.
Creating a Typical America
Authors: Gupta-Carlson Himanee
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes how sociologists Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd conducted research in Muncie, Indiana, in the 1920s and how popular reception to their book Middletown: A Study in American Culture created Muncie’s reputation as typical America. It analyzes how exclusion of African Americans and foreign-born individuals from the Middletown study resulted in a distorted understanding of the typical American that continues to haunt the American mindset into the twenty-first century. It explores how scholars and other researchers have addressed the distortion and situates the author’s study within this context.
Marring Typicality
Authors: Gupta-Carlson Himanee
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores motivations that Indians and other South Asians had for leaving their home countries, and analyzes the dynamics of the South Asian American community in Muncie, Indiana. It discusses the concept of diaspora and analyzes how the Muncie South Asians embody a diasporic mindset. It pays special attention to the first South Asians to settle permanently in Muncie, and uses discourse analysis to place their experiences within a larger geo-political context.
Cowpath Crossings
Authors: Gupta-Carlson Himanee
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the relationship between South Asian immigration and labor in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. It analyzes experiences of two Indian Americans in Muncie, Indiana, one of whom is a doctor and other of whom is the spouse of a doctor. It situates their stories within the larger context of the deindustrialization of Muncie and the rise of a post-industrial society. It uses discourse analysis to describe how racial prejudice, social marginalization, and religious difference have affected the lives of immigrant working professionals and are embedded in the stories of daily life that the individuals share.
Knowing Your Place
Authors: Gupta-Carlson Himanee
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses Hindu nationalism and its outreach to Indians living outside of India, particularly the United States. It describes how the movement has impacted the daily lives of Indian Americans in Muncie, Indiana, through a close reading and discourse analysis of conversations with Indian and other South Asian residents of Muncie. The author uses auto-ethnography to situate the analysis within the context of her experiences and argues that the manner in which South Asian Americans in Muncie of differing religious backgrounds might offer a template for challenging religious discrimination.
Workers against Warfare
Authors: Jeffrey Burgmann , Johnson Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2018

Working-class antimilitarism before and during World War I was an internationalist and international movement that transcended national boundaries. In the USA and Australia, this movement argued that war disproportionately wasted working-class lives and caused particular hardship for workers and their dependents at home, while employers profited and even profiteered; workers should therefore be loyal to their class rather than their nation and refuse to fight workers of other nations. Yet American and Australian working-class antimilitarists were very much products of their respective countries. National circumstances, which varied, shaped the campaigns they conducted. Entry to the war occurred at very different moments. Conscription was imposed in the USA shortly thereafter; in Australia conscription never passed two deeply polarizing referenda on the issue, which split the governing Labor Party. The labor movement in Australia had far greater political and industrial power than in the USA, where a formidable military-industrial complex had loosened the country’s isolationist moorings. This essay compares and contrasts American and Australian labor antimilitarism with particular focus on the varying roles played by the Industrial Workers of the World, the Socialist Party of America, the Socialist Labor Party of Australia, the Australian Socialist Party, and the Australian Labor Party. On both sides of the Pacific Ocean, working-class antimilitarists suffered for their internationalist principles, but the manner of their suppression was also conducted differently.
From Whips to Wages
Authors: Jeppesen Jennie
Published: September 2018

One might perhaps not expect to find many similarities between labor in Virginia 1660-1750 and in New South Wales 1800-1840. However, there was a crucial unfree white labor stream that fed both British colonies in these two periods: convicts. At first glance, the convicts’ working lives look similar—Virginian convicts were held by a master, often on a plantation, and were working for the master’s profit, while New South Wales convicts were assigned to a master, often on a farm, and worked for the master’s profit. However, this is where the similarities end. The control over the convicts by the New South Wales government meant that there were greater rules and regulations over convict living standards, work hours, usage, and punishment. None of these controls existed for Virginian convicts, who were wholly controlled by their masters. As a result of this difference in control, we see a dynamic change in the method used to motivate effective labor from the convict population. While masters of Virginian convicts relied on coercion and punishment to force work patterns, employers in New South Wales instead relied on incentives and rewards. This chapter explores the impacts on method of control, and how it influenced the shift from coercive-driven labor to incentive-driven labor.