bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations on occurrence of cottonwood leaf rust in central United States
Authors: McCRACKEN F. I. , Schipper A. L. , Widin K. D.
Published: June 2007

Spore populations of Melampsòra medusae among Populus spp. were metered with spore traps along a north‐south axis in the central United States. Uredospores were collected earliest yearly at the southernmost location and at the northernmost locations where Larix laricina exist. They were found at other locations at progressively later dates. Aeciospores were found only at northern locations within the range of larch. Differences in uredospore numbers were related to variations in temperature and rainfall.
Rhizoctonia web blight of Albizia falcataria in India1
Authors: Sharma J. K. , Sankaran K. V.
Published: June 2007

Web blight of Albizia falcataria seedlings caused by Rhizoctonia solani state of Thanatephorus cucumeris is reported for the first time from Kerala, India. The disease, observed during the monsoon (June August), causes high mortality of young seedlings in nurseries.
Experimenteller Nachweis nadelbewohnender Pilze bei Koniferen
Authors: Rack K. , Butin H.
Published: June 2007

Experimental proof of needle inhabiting fungi in conifers. I. Spruce (Picea abies). Various methods are described, which can be used to establish the presence of fungi in needles of conifers and to classify them. Culture characteristics ofLophodermium piceae, L. filiforme, Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii, Thysanophora penicillioidesandTiarosporella parcaarc given.
Pathogenicity of some isolates of Seiridium (Coryneum) cardinale, agent of cypress canker disease
Authors: Raddi P. , Panconesi A.
Published: June 2007

Ramets of 200 clones of Cupressus sempervirens were inoculated with 6 isolates of Seiridium cardinale. No significant differences were found among isolates, while there were highly significant differences among clones when length and width of canker were assumed as discriminating traits.
Development of the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata in shoots of poplar clones with differing resistance1
Authors: Przybyl Krystyna
Published: June 2007

Differences in the development and rate of spread of C. fimbriata hyphae between susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones were observed. Conidia of various shapes and ascospores appeared in necrotic parts of shoots of susceptible and moderately resistant clones while in the resistant one only cylindrical conidia were present.
Management of East England pine plantations affected by Heterobasidion annosum root rot
Authors: Greig B.J. W.
Published: June 2007

Heterobasidion annosum causes mortality and volume loss in first and second rotation pine crops. Control measures include stump treatment with Peniophora gigantea and stump removal on severely diseased sites.
Ceratocysts polonica inoculated in Norway spruce: Blue‐staining in relation to inoculum density, resinosis and tree growth
Authors: Christiansen E.
Published: June 2007

When Norway spruce trees were inoculated with Ceratocystis polonica, a dose‐dependent response was recorded. Local resinosis near the inoculation sites decreased with increasing inoculum density; parallelled by an increasing degree of sapwood staining, and tree mortality. Suppressed trees, and trees showing growth decline appeared more susceptible than trees suffering less competition.
Feinstrukturelle Untersuchungen an Nadeln geschädigter Tannen und Fichten aus Waldschadensgebieten im Schwarzwald
Authors: Parameswaran (†) N. , Fink S. , Liese W.
Published: June 2007

Fine structural studies on the needles of damaged fir (Abies alba Mill.) and spruce [Picea abics (L.) Karst.] trees from forest dieback areas in the Black Forest. The fine structural changes in the variously damaged needles of fir and spruce trees from forest dieback areas have been investigated with special reference to cytoplasmie organization in the vascular bundles, mesophyll tissue and cuticle. The results are compared with those available for a few plants affected both by natural and artificial stress factors, especially air pollutants.
The role of free proline in the sensitivity of poplar (Populus ‘Robusta’) plants to the action of SO11
Authors: Karolewski P.
Published: June 2007

The action of SO2 caused an increase in the content of free proline in the leaves of Populus ‘Robusta’ plants. A protective role of proline pretreatment was demonstrated against injury, changes in water content and chlorophyll loss in the leaves of plants exposed to the gas.
Ethylene production and premature senescence of needles from fir trees (Abies alba)
Authors: Fuhrer J.
Published: June 2007

Measurements of ethylene production, free and conjugated ACC concentrations, chlorophyll content, and length of needles from fir trees (Abies alba Mill.) growing in stands affected by “Waldsterben” showed that during the development of the disease two consecutive stages can be distinguished: a. long‐term, low ethylene production and accumulation of conjugated ACC (MACC) in response to chronic stress, associated with reduced needle growth, and b. high ethylene production associated with chlorophyll breakdown, followed by premature abscission of the needles.
Studies on leaf spot and shoot blight of Eucalyptus caused by Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum
Authors: Bolland L. , Tierney J. W. , Tierney B. J.
Published: June 2007

In glasshouse experiments, Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum, which was associated with outbreaks of leaf spot and shoot blight in a young plantation of Eucalpytus microcorys in north Queensland during the 1982 and 1983 autumns, was pathogenic on seedlings of E. microcorys and caused varying degrees of leaf spot and shoot blight in ten species of Eucalyptus from major taxonomic groupings of the genus, When the outbreaks occurred, the weather was unusually showery with minimum temperatures above 16°C. In vitro studies showed that free water was essential for conidial germination, which occurred between 14–32°C. The optimum for mycelial growth was 28.5°C. In vivo studies showed that leaf penetration. by germinated conidia was via the stomata. Mancozeb was more effective at controlling the disease than benomyl, captan or copper oxychloride. The potential importance of C. quinqueseptatum and options for control in young Eucalyptus plantations are discussed.
Charcoal root and stem rot of Eucalyptus
Authors: Soni K. K. , Dadwal V. S. , Jamaluddin
Published: June 2007

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. caused a serious root and stem rot in juvenile seedlings of Eucalyptus in nurseries. This is a new host record. The pathogen produced systemic infection in the seedlings. The symptoms and histopathology and factors influencing the disease were studied. Of five fungicides tried in the laboratory and in the field, bavistin and dithane M‐45 at 0.2% showed promising results for the control of the disease.
Infection cycle of Armillaria and host response
Authors: Rishbeth J.
Published: June 2007

In the infection cycle of Armillaria spore dispersal is followed by colonization of stumps, which is not uncommon on the time‐scale of plantation forestry. After a period of exploitation, further suitable woody tissues nearby may be colonized by means of rhizomorphs or direct mycelial transfer. The cycle is illustrated by four species present in southern England, which vary in pathogenicity, capacity to invade tissues deelining in resistance, and ability to form rhizomorphs. Various host responses, such as production of oleoresin by conifers and secondary meristematic activity, are briefly discussed.
Experiments on the control of Dutch elm disease by injection of Pseudomonas species
Authors: Shi Jin Lin , Brasier C. M.
Published: June 2007

Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas were screened for antagonistic activity towards Ceratocystis ulmi in vitro. Selected bacteria were then tested for their ability to suppress symptoms of Dutch elm disease in English elm (Ulmus procera) and Commelin elm (U. X hollandica“Commelin”) in vivo. In a series of preventative bacterial injection experiments on English elm, no reduction in disease levels was obtained by comparison with non‐injected controls. In curative injections of Commelin elm, only a slight reduction of disease recurrence in treated trees was indicated. Bacteria showed limited upward distribution in the trees, but may have become well distributed within the roots. The significance of the results for the control of Dutch elm disease is discussed.
Impacts of Chronic SO2, O3, and SO2+O3 Exposures on Photosynthesis of Pinus strobus Clones1
Authors: Boyer J. N. , Houston D. B. , Jensen K. F.
Published: June 2007

Grafts of sensitive and tolerant eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) clones were exposed to extended (week‐long) low levels (5 pphm) of sulfur dioxide (S2O), ozone (O3), and their combination in order to observe effects on photosynthesis. Consistent but statistically non‐significant increases in photosynthesis over the week were noted in all tolerant clones and in all but one sensitive clone when fumigated with SO2 or SO2+O3. Likewise, O3 consistently depressed photosynthesis in both tolerant and sensitive clones. There were significant differences in response between tolerant and sensitive clones fumigated with O3, and in the response of tolerant clones fumigated with O3 versus those in SO2+O3.
Glykol‐Methacrylat (GMA) als Einbettungssystem für histologische Untersuchungen von Koniferen‐Nadeln
Authors: Ruetze Von M. , Schmitt U.
Published: June 2007

A new embedding system for histological studies of conifer needles. Preparation of conifer needles for lightmicroscopic investigations has been difficult using conventional methods due to density gradients within the tissue. A new embedding system with glycol‐methacrylate (GMA) is described which provides a structural conservation of sections as thin as 1 μm. A large variety of histological staining procedures can be applied to the tissue without removing the plastic compound.
Seedling diseases of Azadirachta indica in Kerala, India1
Authors: Sankaran K. V. , Balasundaran M. , Sharma J. K.
Published: June 2007

Occurrence of four disease of foliage viz. two leaf spots, one leaf blight and a web blight caused by Colletotrichum capsici, Cercospora subsessilis, Sderotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani respectively and one each of stem (stem rot by S. rolfsii) and root (wilt by Fusarium solani) are reported for the first time on seedlings of Azadirachta indica from Kerala, India. Leaf spots though widespread did not cause much damage to seedlings, while the other diseases resulted in ca. 20–30 percent mortality, thus affecting the stocking.
Epicuticular wax of needles of Pinus cembra, Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies
Authors: Günthardt‐Goerg M. S.
Published: June 2007

Epicuticular wax composition and its variation with needle age was analysed chemically. Needles were taken from conifers at the highest altitude of their local distribution. Quantitative and qualitative differences in the composition of the three conifer waxes were found. Increasing needle age influenced the wax composition in Pinus cembra and Picea abies.
Effects of simulated acid deposition on the surface structure of Norway spruce and silver fir needles
Authors: Rinallo By C. , Raddi P. , Gellini R. , di Lonardo V.
Published: June 2007

Treatments with acidified solutions of pH 3.5 cause alterations in the wax structure of the needles of silver fir and Norway spruce. The wax structures, especially those of the stomata, once they have been damaged, are not capable of complete reorganization even if the needle is repeatedly treated with distilled water.
Spread of European mistletoe (Viscum album) in California, U.S.A.
Authors: Hawksworth F. G. , Scharpf R. F.
Published: June 2007

Viscum album was introduced in about 1900 into an area north of San Francisco, California. By 1984, the gross area covered by the parasite had spread to about 114 sq. km. The average distance of spread from the point of introduction was 5.8 km. Viscum occurs on at least 22 hosts in California, the most common are Acer saccharinum, Malus sylvestris, Robinia pseudoacacia, Alnus rubra, Populus fremontii, and Salix lasiandra.
Über die jahreszeitliche Entlassung der Konidien von Dothistroma pini in Pinus radiata‐Kulturen des südlichen Chile
Authors: Rack K.
Published: June 2007

On the seasonal release of Dothistroma conidia in Pinus radiata plantation in southern Chile. During 3 years continuous sporctrapping was performed in 5 to 8 years old Pinus radiata plantation near Valdivia (Chile). The maxima for the number of conidia as well as their germination occurred constantly in the first week of February, the number of trapped conidia was closely connected with the precipitation, except for the very first opening of the fruiting bodies.
Two pathogenic races of Melampsora larici‐populina in north‐western Europe
Authors: Pinon J. , van Dam B.C. , Genetet I. , de Kam M.
Published: June 2007

Three collections of Melampsora larici‐populina Kleb. originating from Belgium, France and the Netherlands were compared for their pathogenicity on eleven poplar clones. Qualitative type reactions suggest the existence of two pathogenic races designated E1 and E2. E2 is able to infect some clones previously considered to be resistant.
Cytology of Norway spruce needles
Authors: Sutinen Sirkka
Published: June 2007

The structural changes in the albuminous, endodermal and mesophyll cells in the ageing needles of different aged healthy spruces (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) were studied on material collected in Germany and in Finland in winter. The results are considered as background information for the studies dealing with the structural changes in spruces suffering from biotic or abiotic stresses e. g., from the polluted air. Both light and electron microscopes were used.
Cytology of Norway spruce needles
Authors: Sirkka Sutinen
Published: June 2007

Light and electron microscopical changes were studied in needles of yellowing spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in Königstein, Taunus mountains, in West‐Germany. One‐to‐three‐year‐old needles were taken from 25‐ and about 60‐year‐old healthy‐looking and yellowing spruces. The results showing advance of damage in the needles and the nature of the ultrastructural injuries are discussed in relation to possible causing factors, especially air pollutants.
Responses of in vitro grown pine seedlings to infection by four strains of Heterobasidion annosum1
Authors: Werner A.
Published: June 2007

Scots pine seedlings growing in pure cultures were inoculated with 4 isolates of Heterobasidion annosum. Significant variation in resistance to this pathogen was observed within and among progenies of pine trees selected at two different locations.

Mycorrhizal synthesis occurred more frequently in cases where seedlings were inoculated with less pathogenic isolates of the pathogen.
Über Sukzession und pathogene Eigenschaften Kiefernnadeln bewohnender Pilze
Authors: Von Rack K. , Scheidemann U.
Published: June 2007

Succession and pathogenic properties of fungi inhabiting pine needles. Isolates from healthy and dying pine needles of various age permit conclusions about the relationship of some needle fungi to their host. Of the six most prevalent fungi, only Lopbodermium seditiosum has a pathogenic nature.
Survival of Scots pine seedlings after biological and chemical control of damping‐off in plastic greenhouses
Authors: Duda Barbara , Sierota Z. H.
Published: June 2007

Survival of pine seedlings was tested in greenhouses where substrates were infected with Rbizoctonia, Fusarium or Rbizoctonia with Fusarium. To reduce the pathogen menace biological (sterile sawdust, Tricboderma or sawdust with Tricboderma) or chemical (seed protection) treatments were performed. Incorporation of sawdust or sawdust with Tricboderma 20 days before sowing increased the survival of seedlings and it was comparable to protection with Nemispor for Fusarium‐menace, with Funaben T for Rbizoctonia menace and Oxafun T or Karbochin for both pathogens.
Effect of pH, temperature and light on the pathogenicity of Cylindrocarpon destructans to pine seedlings in associative cultures with bacteria and actinomycetes1
Authors: Dahm H. , Strzelczyk E.
Published: June 2007

The effect of pH, temperature and light on pathogenicity of two isolates ofCylindrocarpon destructanswas studied. Both isolates were pathogenic to fir and pine seedlings. The degree of aggressiveness was affected by pH, temperature, light intensity and also by accompanying bacteria and actinomycetes.
Effect of glyphosate, hexazinone and triclopyr on in vitro growth of five species of ectomycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Chakravarty P. , Sidhu S. S.
Published: June 2007

In vitro growth tests with glyphosate (RoundupR), hexazinone (liquid Velpar L.R and granular Pronone™5GR) and trichlopyr (GarlonR) on five species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Hebcloma crustuliniforme, Laccaria laccata, Thelophora amcrieana, T. terrestris and Suillus tomentosus) showed varied species sensitivity to different concentrations of herbicides. Fungal growth was significantly (P = 0.05) redueed particularly at concentrations above 10 ppm. Garlon with trieolopyr as a. i. was the most toxic of the four herbieide formulations.
Iso‐Peroxidasemuster von Fichtenklonen unterschiedlicher relativer Immissionsresistenz; Zymogrammvergleiche in der Austriebsphase 1986
Authors: Schindlbeck Von W. E.
Published: June 2007

Iso‐peroxidase (iPOD)‐patterns of Norway spruce clones differing in their relative resistance to air pollution; comparing zymograms during the beginning of the vegetation period 1986.

iPOD‐systems of young needles were investigated and characterized by analytically electrofocusing the needle extracts in thin layers of polyacrylamide gels.

The zymograms obtained showed that possibly there exists coupling between codon sequences coding for the complex quality “resistance to air pollution” and sequences coding for specific iPOD‐patterns.
Variation in virulence among Rigidoporus lignosus and Phellinus noxius isolates from West Africa1
Authors: Nandris D. , Nicole M. , Geiger J. P.
Published: June 2007

Pathogenicity of isolates of the root rotting fungi Rigidoporus lignosus and Phellinus noxius was tested on rubber seedlings (Hevea brasiliensis) by artificial inoculation under controlled conditions. Variation in virulence within the isolates tested was demonstrated and discussed.
Effect of hexazinone (Pronone™5G)1 on the seedling growth and mycorrhizal incidence of Pinus contorta var. latifolia and Picea glauca1
Authors: Chakravarty P. , Sidhu S. S.
Published: June 2007

Hexazinone (Pronone™5G) at high concentrations (2 and 4 kg a. i/ha) inhibited the seedling growth and mycorrhizal frequency of Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm. and Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. However, with increase in time seedling growth and mycorrhizal infection were increased significantly. At low concentration (1 kg a. i/ha) growth parameters and mycorrhizal development were reduced initially, but after 4 to 6 months, seedlings recovered from hexazinone toxicity and mycorrhizal frequency was almost same with control.
Simple inoculation techniques for Armillaria by rhizomorphs
Authors: Holdenrieder O.
Published: June 2007

Deriving from observations on roots, naturally infected by Armillaria spp., a description of inoculation techniques using rhizomorph sections is presented.
Endophytische Pilze in Blättern und Ästen gesunder und geschädigter Buchen (Fagus sylvatica L.)
Authors: Sieber Von T. , Hugentobler C.
Published: June 2007

Endophytic fungi in leaves and twigs of healthy and diseased beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.).

Endophytic fungi were isolated from surface‐sterilized leaves and twigs of healthy and diseased trees. Three fungal species could be isolated frequently: Apiognomonia errabunda, Diaporthe eres and Bisporella sp. D. eres occurred in leaves of healthy trees more frequently, than in those of diseased trees. It has been hypothesized, that less capacity of water and nutrient uptake of diseased trees is responsible for this effect. A mutualistic symbiosis of A. errabunda and D. eres with beech trees is supposed and discussed.
Fungi occurring on forests injured by air pollutants in the Upper Silesia and Cracow industrial regions. X. Mycoflora of dying young trees of Alnus incana
Authors: Domański S. , Kowalski T.
Published: June 2007

The results of a 10‐year study on the mortality of Alnus incana in the Upper Silesia industrial region (Poland) are presented in this paper. Fungi which infected the trees at different stages of the disease were identified. The most common were: Cryptospora suffusa, Hypoxylon fuscum, Peniophora cinerea, P. erikssonii, Pezicula cinnamomea, Tympanis alnea, and Valsa diatrypa.
Factors affecting Chondrostereum purpureum infection of Salix
Authors: Spiers A. G. , Hopcroft D. H.
Published: June 2007

Factors affecting Chondrostereum purpureum infection of Salix were studied in the laboratory and field. Basidiospores passively entered all xylem tissues but not cambial, phloem or bark tissues. A small number entered stems up to 70 mm from the wound surface although most were retained within tissues 30 mm from the surface. Basidiospores required free water for germination and the optimum temperature for germtube extension was 26°C. Hyphae ramified extensively throughout xylem tissues eventually plugging vessels. Cell walls and starch granules were penetrated with enzymatic assistance. The depth of C. purpureum penetration was affected by wound diameter and inoculum concentration but not stem age. Wounds of Salix were susceptible to C. purpureum throughout the year and greater depth of penetration was obtained using mycelium as inoculum than basidiospores. The depth of C. purpureum penetration decreased with duration of wound exposure prior to inoculation. A characteristic flora of saprophytic fungi and bacteria inhabited wound tissues.
High performance liquid chromatography determination of ergosterolas a measure of ectomycorrhiza infection in Scots pine
Authors: Salmanowicz By B. , Nylund J.‐E.
Published: June 2007

A technique for determining the ergosterol content in mycorrhizal pine roots using HPLC was developed. Pure cultures of different my corrhizal fungi contained very similar and constant amounts of ergosterol, and calculations of fungal biomass in mycorrhizal roots based on ergosterol readings agreed well with results using other methods. The extraction and sample purification were simple and reliable. Consequently, the technique is considered practical wherever accurate estimates of the intensity of mycorrhizal infection are required.
Isolierung und Identifikation des Sesquiterpenalkohols (+/−)‐Torreyol aus Reinkulturen des Ektomykorrhizapilzes Cortinarius odorifer Britz
Authors: Egli Von S. , Gfeller H. , Bigler P. , Schlunegger U.‐P.
Published: June 2007

Isolation and identification of the sesquiterpene (+/−)‐Torreyol from pure cultures of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cortinarius odorifer Britz. Several strains of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cortinarius odorifer produce in pure culture crystals of the sesquiterpene (+/−)‐Torreyol. The identification has been made on the basis of spectral evidence.
Zusammenhänge zwischen Kronenschäden und dem Stärkegehalt der Wurzeln bei Fagus sylvatica L.
Authors: Von Wiebe S. , Blaschke H.
Published: June 2007

Correlation between root starch content and crown damage of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). During a research project on forest decline in European beech stands the starch content of woody roots apparently of healthy and trees with dieback symptoms were examined by a histochemical method developed by Wargo.

A comparison of affected and apparently healthy trees indicated no correlation between starch content of coarse roots and damage class derived from crown symptoms. However, results of these preliminary studies on distribution of starch in the root system of European beech confirmed the data reported in the literature.
Effect of pruning intensity and season on Diplodia pinea infection of Pinus radiata stem through pruning wounds
Authors: Chou C. K. S. , MacKenzie M.
Published: June 2007

In a five‐year‐old Pinus radiata stand, trees were pruned to remove 50%, 40% or 25% of the crown and pruning stubs inoculated with Diplodia pinea. Infection occurred in 65–68% of the intensely pruned trees some of which also developed crown wilting and died, but in lightly pruned trees (25% crown removal) only 8% of the trees were infected and no mortality occurred.

Pruning and inoculation every two weeks for a whole year cycle showed an infection peak in summer, but extremely low infection level during the rest of the year.

A vertical gradient of resistance of infection was apparent along the stem with the basal part being extremely resistant, becoming more susceptible towards the top. Within limits infection also increased with increasing stub diameter.
Nutrient element and carbohydrate status of Norway spruce at Mt. Kleiner Feldberg in Taunus exposed to air pollution and soil acidification
Authors: Rothe G. M. , Weil H. , Geider M. , Pfennig P. , Wilhelmi V. , Maurer W. D.
Published: June 2007

A 17‐year‐old Norway‐spruce stand at Mt. Kleiner Feldberg (Taunus) was investigated. The mineral soil was found to be in the aluminum buffer range (pH H2O = 3.5) but the fine and very fine roots of injured and uninjured trees were sufficiently supplied with Ca and Mg. Mg‐deficiency, however, was observed in current‐year needles where the contents were 30 % and 45 % below standard values in uninjured and injured trees, respectively. In injured trees the severe Mg‐losses of current‐year needles coincided with a 20 to 60 % loss of the activities of a number of enzymes involved in the carbohydrate metabolism and a significant reduction of the growth of current‐year twigs.
Observations on some Italian provenances of Melampsora populnea
Authors: Longo B. Naldini , Longo N. , Moriondo F. , Drovandi F.
Published: June 2007

The presence of Melampsora larici˜tremulae Kleb. and M. pinitorqua Rostr. in the same area (Piz‐zorne, Lucca) was proved by studying differences between periods of teliospore germinability and by inoculations on pycnio‐aecial hosts.

The life cycles and pathogcnicity of these two rusts were separately studied in a controlled environment and compared to those of M. larici‐tremulae from Bressanone and M. pinitorqua from Monticiano.
Untypical die‐back of the current season's shoots of Pinus sylvestris in Poland
Authors: Domański S. , Kowalski T.
Published: June 2007

We report on mass die‐back of young shoots of Pinus sylvestris in Poland as a consequence of infection with Melampsora pinitorqua and Botrytis cinerea.
Responses of Sitka spruce callus to challenge with wood decay fungi
Authors: Woodward S. , Pearce R. B.
Published: June 2007

In dual cultures Sitka spruce callus inhibited the growth of several decay and mycorrhizal fungi. This effect was influenced by the quantities of plant growth regulators in the tissue culture medium: higher levels of auxin increased the inhibition, though this effect was partially suppressed by cyto‐kinins.

Two compounds with antifungal activity were found in methanol extracts of callus. One of these was soluble in chloroform and present in small quantities in relation to its antifungal activity. The second, present in larger quantities, remained in the aqueous phase on partitioning, but was recovered into ethyl acetate after saturation with NaCl.

The structural and histochemical responses of callus to direct application of fungal inoculum were also examined. Reactions were similar with all fungi used; cells adjacent to the inoculum became necrotic and their walls thickened. Groups of cells close to this zone became suberized. Also, an amorphous gel impregnated with phloroglucinol‐HCl reactive material was secreted into intercellular spaces around the necrotic region. Hyphae grew into the gel matrix, but did not penetrate the suberized tissues.
Influence of seed‐borne fungi on the nutrient composition and growth of conifer seedlings
Authors: Singh Pritam , Mittal R. K.
Published: June 2007

Seed‐borne fungi induce conspicuous changes in the concentrations of various nutrients (N, P, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Fe, Zn and Mn), thus affecting the growth in height and biomass of seedlings of two conifer species. The data indicates that the changes may be caused by interference in the physiology of the infected seeds and seedlings. The response of the change in the nutrient levels and total height growth towards the pre‐chilling treatment of the seeds was not consistent to indicate any trend.
Effects of simulated acid rain and ABS on leaf surfaces of some broadleaf seedlings
Authors: Rinallo C. , Raddi P.
Published: June 2007

Leaves of London plane, chestnut, walnut, Italian alder and ailanthus were exposed to simulated acid rain (pH 3.5) with and without the addition of ABS, from the first opening of buds to the full growth of leaves. Examination in the SEM showed that the leaves were damaged by the solution, more if it contained ABS. Damage observed included alteration and disarticulation of the glandular hairs and trichomas, erosion and fusion of the epicuticular waxes with consequent occlusion of the stomata, and neoplastic formations in the mesophyll (“galls”). The degree of damage suffered also varied with the species.
Feinwurzelmasse und Mykorrhiza von Altbuchen (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Waldschadensgebieten Bayerns
Authors: Vincent J.‐M.
Published: June 2007

Feeder root biomass and mycorrhizae of old beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) in bavarian forest die‐back areas. The feeder root biomass (roots = 2 mm diameter) and the quantity of mycorrhizae of apparently healthy and diseased old beech trees were determined in 7 stands in Bavaria. Canopy die‐back correlated with reduction of the feeder root biomass and of mycorrhizae in the topsoil. In the deeper layers of the soil (below 50 cm) there were nearly no differences between the decline classes lor these parameters. The feeder root damage described were encountered in all stand types. For that reason, such damage can be considered, at least for comparable stands, as a general symptom of above ground diseased old beech trees.
Sulfur dioxide‐induced growth changes in Eucalyptus calophylla
Authors: Murray F. , Wilson Susan
Published: June 2007

Eucalyptus calophylla Lindley exposed to two levels of sulfur dioxide continuously for 120 days in open top chambers, showed contrasting changes in resource partitioning. Exposure to 125 μg m−3 of SO2 had an apparent fertilization effect with increase in the weight of stems and total above ground plant weight whereas 261 μg m−3 had a toxic effect with a reduction in the total number of leaves. SO2 had no effect on leaf protein or chlorophyll concentration nor on visible injury.
Phacidium infestans
Authors: Roll‐Hansen F.
Published: June 2007

Phacidium injestans P. Karsten sensu lato may be divided into two varieties: the Eurasian Ph. infestans var. infestans and the American‐Japanese variety Ph. infestans var. abietis Dearness. Ph. infestans var. infestans includes a northern and a southern group, both fruiting on two‐ and five‐needled pines, the northern also very seldom fruiting on Abies and Juniperus. Disease caused by the fungus, diaspores, resistance of the hosts, influence of snow cover and of ground vegetation, and control are dealt with in detail for the northern group. Ph. infestans var. abietis includes two formac speciales: the North American Ph. infestans var. abietis f. sp. abietis on Abies and Pseudotsuga, and the Japanese Ph. infestans var. abietis f. sp. piceae on Abies, Picea, and pinus.
Intersterilitätsgruppen und Klone von Heterobasidion annosum in einem 31jährigen Fichtenbestand1
Authors: Siepmann R.
Published: June 2007

Intersterility groups and clones of Heterobasidion annosum in a 31 years old Norway spruce stand. H. annosum isolates from roots of 13 spruce trees growing in close neighbourhood be longed to the P group (from five roots) and to the S group (from 44 roots). The clone identifications revealed colonisation via root contacts.
Physiologische Reaktionen der Fichte (Picea abies) auf komplexen SO2‐ und Trockenstreß
Authors: Tesche M. , Feiler Sonja , Michael Gerda , RANFT H. , Bellmann Christa
Published: June 2007

Physiological reactions of spruce (Picea abies) on complex SO2‐ and drought‐induced stress. Part 1: Reactions caused by simultaneous effect of SO2 and drought. To indicate stress a certain number of physiological and biochemical parameters were used on young spruces. Simultaneous SO2 and drought‐induced stress under the given stress intensities leads to a reduction in the SO2‐uptake, whereby the stress effect is somewhat reduced as compared with SO2‐stress alone. The parameters used for the indication of stress show synergistic, antagonistic as well as superimposing types of reactions.
Physiologische Reaktionen der Fichte (Picea abies) auf komplexen SO2‐ und Trockenstreß
Authors: Michael Gerda , Tesche M. , Feiler Sonja , Ranft H. , Bellmann Christa
Published: June 2007

Physiological reactions of spruce (Picea abies) on complex SO2‐ and drought‐induced stress. Part 2: Responses of drought‐induced spruces to subsequent SC2‐stress. Changes in the reactivity of spruce saplings to SO2‐stress as a result of preceding sublethal drought‐induced stress were investigated. Of the tested physiological and biochemical parameters some values of water balance still reflected the drought‐induced stress. The drought‐induced response of the saplings to SO2 became particularly obvious in an increase of the osmotic potential. A stressreducing effect of the preceding drought on the response of young spruces to SO2 could not be observed.
Über die Wirtsspezialisierung von Armillaria‐Arten1
Authors: Siepmann R. , Leibiger Marion
Published: June 2007

On the host‐specification of Armillaria species.

DiploidArmillariaisolates from rhizomorphs in a large beech stand (1), from rhizomorphs in a small Norway spruce stand (surrounded by beech forests) (2), and from the roots of Norway spruces in a large spruce stand (3) were identified by mating them with haploid testers.Armillaria bulbosaoccurred in (1),A. cepistipes, A. obscuraandA. bulbosain (2), andA. borealisandA. obscurain (3). — In infection experiments with three‐year‐old Norway spruces and Scots pinesA. obscuraandA, melleawere of high pathogenicity,A. borealisof medium, andA. bulbosaof low pathogenicity.
Physiologische Reaktionen der Fichte (Picea abies) auf komplexen SO2‐ und Trockenstreß
Authors: Feiler Sonja , Tesche M. , Michael Gerda , Ranft H. , Bellmann Christa
Published: June 2007

Physiological reactions of spruce (Picea abies) on complex SO2‐ and drought‐induced stress. Part 3. Responses of SO2‐stressed spruces to subsequent drought‐induced stress. SO2‐stressed spruces under drought‐stress showed less reduced water content, less increased osmotical potential and less restricted photosynthesis compared to spruces without preceding SO2‐stress and thus seemed to be in a better physiological situation. Their ability to retain water (in cut‐off twigs) as well as their ability to withstand a quick and strong water‐loss in the needle‐tissue without cell‐damage were reduced. Reasons for the temporarily favourable effect of a pre‐going SO2‐stress in surviving a drought‐stress are discussed.
Morphological and cultural variation of Seiridium spp. from cankered Cupressaceae hosts in New Zealand
Authors: Chou C. K. S.
Published: June 2007

Studies of Seiridium. spp. isolated from cankered cypresses and related hosts in New Zealand indicate that only 2 species are present, namely, 5. unicorne and 5. cardinale, following sdtton, and not 3 species as proposed by boesewinkel. Apart from a difference in the presence/absence of conidial appendages, the two pathogens are similar in many biological characteristics. Isolates of S. unicorne showed a continuum of variation in conidial size and cultural morphology making it difficult to justify splitting of the species.
Trehalose synthesis in mycorrhiza of Norway spruce: an indicator of vitality
Authors: Niederer M. , Pankow W. , Wiemken A.
Published: June 2007

Excised mycorrhizae of spruce trees, grouped according to state of development and integrity, were tested for their ability to produce fungal and plant specific, soluble carbohydrates from glucose. Trehalose was the principal sugar formed. A strong correlation was found between the rate of trehalose synthesis and the proportion of intact, turgid, young and vigorous appearing mycorrhizae.
Screening for resistance to cypress canker (Seiridium cardinale) in three Greek provenances of Cupressus sempervirens
Authors: Xenopoulos S. G.
Published: June 2007

A test involving field‐inoculation of three year‐old cypress seedlings was evaluated to find clones resistant to Seriatim cardinale. A satisfactory proportion of resistant trees was found, but it was significant different among three provenances and also among families. Best results were obtained from the provenance of Sames, followed in decreasing order by the provenances of Rhodes and Krete.
Relative effectiveness of Scolytus scolytus, S. multistriatus and S. kirschi as vectors of Dutch elm disease
Authors: Webber Joan F.
Published: June 2007

Three scolytid species consistently associated with Dutch elm disease were assessed and compared for their effectiveness as vectors ofOphiostoma ulmi.Assessments were based on the number of beetles within a sample carrying any detectable O.ulmi, the number of O.ulmispores carried by individual beetles and the number of discrete gallery systems colonised by O.ulmi.
Einfluß von Immissionen auf die Ethenproduktion und den Primärstoffwechsel von Fichten (Picea abies [L.] Karst.)
Authors: Hohendorff Ulrike , Vogels K.
Published: June 2007

Influence of air pollutants on the ethylene production and the primary metabolism of spruce trees (Picea abies [L.] Karst.).

The stimulation of ethylene production, the reduction of chlorophyll contents, and the decrease of apparent photosynthesis of three‐year old spruce clones exposed to SO2 and O3 singly and in combination in climatic chambers are comparable to the physiological changes of damaged spruce trees in the Black Forest and in the Fichtel Gebirge.

Long‐term fumigation experiments with various combinations of SO2 and O3 show that even low concentrations stimulate stress ethylene production and depress the apparent photosynthesis.
IAA oxidase, peroxidase, and barrier zone formation in red maple
Authors: Smith K. T. , Shortle W. C.
Published: June 2007

Wounding the cambium of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) altered peroxidase isoenzymes and enhanced the activities of peroxidase and indole‐3‐acetic acid oxidase in homogenates of adjacent cambial tissue. Four separate experiments were conducted, in May and July in each of two successive years. Wounds made in July caused greater increases in enzyme activity than those made in May. Alterations in peroxidase isoenzyme pattern were consistent for all experiments. These changes are intrepretable as aspects of the molecular regulation of barrier zone formation.
The effect of Armillaria attack on the nutrient status of Inland Douglas‐fir
Authors: Entry J. A. , Hagli Susan K. , Cromack K.
Published: June 2007

Nutrient status, sapwood basal area (SBA) and sapwood to heartwood basal area (S/H) were measured on second growth Pseudotsuga menztesn trees in western Montana. Armillaria‐infected trees had significantly lower S/H ratios, growth, and foliar N and S concentrations than noninfected trees. Our results indicate a general influence of Armillaria infection on nutrient content and physiological status of P. menziesü trees. However, these measurements are not a reliable method to determine the extent of infection.
Occurrence of decay‐associated xylem suberization in a range of woody species
Authors: Pearce R. B.
Published: June 2007

Suberization responses to naturally‐occurring fungal colonization of living xylem tissues were detected in 30 of 37 woody species examined. These responses comprised the suberization of traumatic parenchyma tissues in compartmentalization wall 4 barrier zones laid down in the vicinity of fungally infected wounds, or the suberization of parenchyma cells, tyloses and vessel linings in reaction zone decay margins in fully differentiated sapwood. Additionally, in a few species, suberization of xylem fibres and tracheids was observed where juvenile xylem tissues, apparently still incompletely differentiated, had been exposed by wounding. These xylem suberization responses are considered to increase the decay resistance of the altered cells, and may protect the hydraulic integrity of adjacent tissue, thus contributing to the antimicrobial defence of the living sapwood.
Rhizoctonia solani, a potentially dangerous pathogen of khasi pine and hardwoods in forest nurseries in India
Authors: Mehrotra M. D.
Published: June 2007

The paper describes top flagging of Pinus kesiya and leaf web blight of 24 broad‐leaved tree species caused by Rhizoctonia solani Khun anamorph of Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk in forest nurseries in India. Damage to the foliage resulting in premature defoliation at the peak of growing season is highlighted. Infection, epidemiology and disease management are discussed.
Independent photosynthetic response of exposed and unexposed twigs of the same spruce tree to car exhaust
Authors: Ziegler‐Jöns A. , Kammerbauer H. , Drenkard S. , Hock B. , Knoppik D.
Published: June 2007

In the present paper, we address the question whether the injuries of acute toxic concentrations of exhaust emissions are due to systemic effects or are rather the result of localized and direct effects upon the needles. Twigs from exposed spruce trees, which had been prevented from contact with the exhaust emissions, did not show any decrease of photosynthetic or transpiration rates within four weeks. Chlorophyll fluorescence was also not affected in these parts, while it was severely impaired in the exposed twigs.
Histopathology of longleaf pine needles infected by Ploioderma hedgcockii (Dearn.) Darker
Authors: Jewell F. F.
Published: June 2007

The histopathology of Ploioderma hedgcockii on longleaf pine needles was examined. Abnormal host tissue was confined to the visible lesion and to tissues external to the endodermis where collapse of mesophyll cells was the predominant abnormality. Resin ducts exhibited necrosis and dissolution of epithelial cells. l Hyphae, intra‐ and intercellular, were frequent to profuse in inter‐cellular spaces resulting from mesophyll cell collapse. Hyphae were external to the endodermis and appeared limited to the symptomatic tissue by an intercellular matrix at the lesion bound‐aries Hysterotheca were subepidermal and appeared seated on the hypodermis. Asci appeared contain foui “two‐stage” ascospores. The presence of a toxin was not indicated in the host/pathogen relationship.
Reduced fertilization capacity of SO2‐fumigated Picea omorika‐pollen
Authors: Krug Elke
Published: June 2007

Dry pollen of Picea omorika was fumigated with 820 μg/m3 SO2 for 3, 4, or 5 days. Few or no adverse effects occurred during subsequent in vitro germination: germination percentage was not affected at all, and reduction of the pollen tube length was only 10% in pollen exposed for 5 days.

Nevertheless pollination with fumigated pollen resulted in reduced seed production. 41% fewer seeds per cone were produced, and only 33% were filled seeds, compared to 70% filled seeds of the control. Seed‐weight was reduced from 3.6 g per thousand in the control to 3.0 g per thousand, when cones were pollinated with pollen fumigated for 5 days. Similar but less striking effects were found with pollen fumigated for 3 or 4 days.
Incidence of Heterobasidion annosum in Norway spruce on a Mg‐Limed and Nonlimed Soil in the Black Forest, FRG
Authors: Skelly J. M.
Published: June 2007

The incidence of root disease was determined on Norway spruce in a mixed stand of spruce and fir near Alpirsbach (Northern Black Forest), Germany. Fifteen most symptomatic spruce were selected in each of two plots that had been limed with Mg‐containing lime termed “Hüttenkalk”, or nonlimed, in a previous trial to alleviate symptoms of yellowing and premature needle loss. No relationships were found between persistence of yellowing and needle loss on either plot and incidence of H. annosum.
Morphological studies of Lophodermium piceae (Fuckel) v. Höhnel on Norway spruce needles
Authors: Osorio M. , Stephan B. R.
Published: June 2007

Morphological structures of the teleomorphous and anamorphous stages of the ascomycete Lophodermium piceae have been studied in detail. This fungal species is widely distributed and frequent on Norway spruce needles. The examination of many samples indicates that all belong to one species, namely L. piceae.
Effects of foliar nitrogen, potassium and magnesium concentrations on the resistance of Scots pine seedlings to Scleroderris canker infection
Authors: Ylimartimo Anneli
Published: June 2007

Pinus sylvestris seedlings were grown in quartz sand and N, K and Mg were given in different ratios with the irrigation water. After growing season 50 % of the seedlings were inoculated with a conidial suspension of Gremmeniella abietina. The resistance of the seedlings to infection was studied by measuring the reduction of needle retention. K deficiency reduced the resistance. However, the effect of K was dependent on the amount of irradiance available in growth chamber after winter dormancy. In addition, deficient foliar K and Mg concentrations in combination, reduced the resistance of seedlings to infection.
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus induced pine wilt: Factors associated with resistance
Authors: Kuroda K. , Yamada T. , Ito S.
Published: June 2007

We investigated factors affecting resistance of Pinus spp. to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Nematode migration and multiplication was inhibited in resistant P. taeda. As a consequence acceleration of monoterpene synthesis terminated, tracheid‐cavitation did not become extensive, and xylemsap ascent was not significantly blocked. In P. strobus, inhibition of nematode activity was not as complete as in P. taeda, and temporal needle‐wilting was seen on some branches. Although this suggest some blockage of xylem water conduction, we were unable to confirm development of cavitation induced by nematode activity. β‐myrcene concentration in these species was not related to resistance.
Clones of Armillaria ostoyae and the pattern of infected juvenile lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Klein‐Gebbinck H. W. , Blenis P. V. , Hiratsuka Y.
Published: June 2007

Small patches of dead trees were common among 7‐ to 15‐year‐oldPinns contortavar.latifoliain Alberta, Canada. The sizes of clones ofArmillaria ostoyae, determined by pairing diploid isolates, was larger than these patches. Pairing diploid isolates on strips ofBetula papyriferaprovided a clear indication of clonal relationships.
Variation in the levels of the antifungal stilbene glucosides astringin and isorhapontin in the bark of Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.
Authors: Toscano Underwood C. D. , Pearce R. B.
Published: June 2007

The concentrations of the constitutive antifungal stilbene glucosides astringin and isorhapontin were measured in the bark of a number of Sitka spruce [Picea sitcbensis (Bong.) Carr.] genotypes. These included trees of different provenances, trees grown at different sites, and young clonal plants. The stilbene contents of individual trees or clones varied widely. In general this was attributable to variation between individual genotypes, and was not related to provenance or site.
Early detection of effects of acid deposition and automobile exhaust on young spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] trees
Authors: Zaerr J. B. , Schill H.
Published: June 2007

Rooted spruce cuttings from three clones were sprayed daily with sulfuric acid at pH 2.5 for one month or treated with automobile exhaust for one hour. Foliage samples were extracted and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographic peaks representing unidentified leaf constituents from treated and control trees were compared. Discriminant analysis indicated a weak but significant difference and Canonical discriminant analysis indicated clear differences between treatments and control. Similar differences were found between the three clones. Visible symptoms of damage were not evident even four months after treatment. This result is important because it demonstrates the possibility of using unidentified plant constituents to detect damage to plants even before visible symptoms appear.