bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Arsenic Surface Segregation in Scrap-Based Silicon Electrical Steel
Authors: Steiner Petrovič Darja
Published: December 2020

The segregation kinetics of surface-active, residual elements are investigated in an in situ study of annealing scrap-based silicon electrical steel sheet where the arsenic (As) surface segregation is highlighted. During annealing in the temperature range of 300–950 °C, different kinds of interactions between the segregated residual elements were observed. Attractive interactions between the segregands produced co-segregation, e.g., between Sn and Sb, whereas repulsive interactions resulted in site competition, e.g., between Sn and As. These competing interactions are strongly time dependent. In spite of there being twice as much Sn compared to As in the bulk material, the As prevailed in the surface enrichments of the polycrystalline silicon steel at 950 °C. The intensity of the As surface segregation in the temperature range 800–950 °C is proportional to the calculated amount of γ-austenite phase in the (α + γ) steel matrix. The detected phenomenon of the As versus Sn site competition could be valuable for the texture design and surface engineering of silicon steels with a thermodynamically stable two-phase (α + γ) region.
Effect of Al Concentration on the Microstructural Evolution of Fe-Cr-Al Systems: A Phase-Field Approach
Authors: Lee Jeonghwan , Park Kwangheon , Chang Kunok
Published: December 2020

In this study, the microstructural evolution of an Fe-Cr-Al system was simulated in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) systems using the phase-field method. We investigated the effect of Al concentration on the microstructural evolution of the systems, with a focus on the nucleation and growth of the Cr-rich α′ phase. In addition, we quantitatively analyzed the mechanism of the effect of Al concentration on the microstructural characteristics of the 2D and 3D systems, such as the number of precipitates, average precipitate area (volume), and α′ phase fraction. In particular, we analyzed the effect of Al concentration and the dimensions of the system cell on the formation of the interconnected structure at high Cr concentrations, such as 35 Crat% and 40 Crat%. To enhance the performance of the simulations, we applied a semi-implicit Fourier spectral method for the ternary system and a parallel graphics processing unit computing technique. The results revealed that the initiation of phase separation in the 2D and 3D simulations was enhanced with an increase in the average Al concentration in the system. In addition, with an increase in the average Al concentration in both systems, the α′ phase fraction increased, while the change in the phase fraction decreased.
A Numerical and Experimental Study on the Solidification Structure of Fe–Cr–Ni Steel Slab Casting by Roller Electromagnetic Stirring
Authors: Xiao Hong , Wang Pu , Yi Bing , Chen Xiqing , Li Aiwu , Tang Haiyan , Li Weihong , Zhang Jiaquan
Published: December 2020

We present a segmented coupling model for slab casting by roller electromagnetic stirring (R-EMS) of electromagnetic, flow, heat transfer, and solidification behavior based on magnetohydrodynamics and solidification theory. A three-dimensional (3-D) segmented coupling model that included electromagnetic, flow, and heat transfer elements was established using Ansoft Maxwell and ANSYS Fluent software. The effects of the roller sleeve, magnetic shielding ring, coil, core, molten steel, and air domain on the electromagnetic, thermal and flow fields were studied numerically. The accuracy of the model was verified by measuring the magnetic flux density at the centerline in a pair of rollers and the electromagnetic force of the copper plate. Based on the numerical results of the optimal technical parameters, the effect of the R-EMS on the solidification of Fe–17 wt% Cr–0.6 wt% Ni stainless steel was explored. The results indicated that with each additional pair of electromagnetic rollers, the average electromagnetic force increased by 2969 N/m3 in the casting direction, and 5600 N/m3 in the central section of the rollers. With increasing number of pairs of rollers, the effective stirring region increased, and the velocity of molten steel at the solidification front first increased but then decreased. The strong electromagnetic swirling washing effect reduced the solidification rate of the slab shell and promoted the superheated dissipation of molten steel in the center of the strand. The center equiaxed crystal ratio of the slab was improved to 69% with two pairs of R-EMS rollers and electromagnetic parameters of 400 A/7 Hz, which was beneficial for obtaining a uniform and dense solidified structure to improve the subsequent hot working performance and product quality.
Corrosion Behavior of As-Cast Ti–10Mo–6Zr–4Sn–3Nb and Ti–6Al–4V in Hank’s Solution: A Comparison Investigation
Authors: Cheng Jun , Li Jinshan , Yu Sen , Du Zhaoxin , Dong Fuyu , Zhang Jinyong , Zhang Xiaoyong
Published: December 2020

Newly developed Ti–10Mo–6Zr–4Sn–3Nb has fascinating mechanical properties to be used as a biomedical material. However, there is still a lack of investigation focusing on the corrosion behavior of Ti–10Mo–6Zr–4Sn–3Nb. In this work, the microstructure and corrosion behavior of as-cast Ti–10Mo–6Zr–4Sn–3Nb was investigated by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical measurements. Hank’s solution was used as the electrolyte. A classical as-cast Ti–6Al–4V was used as reference. The results showed that Ti–10Mo–6Zr–4Sn–3Nb has a higher corrosion potential and a lower corrosion current density compared with Ti–6Al–4V, indicating better corrosion resistance. However, after applying anodic potentials, Ti–10Mo–6Zr–4Sn–3Nb shows larger passivation current density in both potentiodynamic polarization and potentiostatic polarization tests. This is because more alloying elements contained in Ti–10Mo–6Zr–4Sn–3Nb trigger the production of a larger number of oxygen vacancies, resulting in a higher flux of oxygen vacancy. This finding illustrates that the passive film on Ti–10Mo–6Zr–4Sn–3Nb is less protective compared with that on Ti–6Al–4V when applying an anodic potential in their passivation range.
Hybrid Full-Wave Analysis of Surface Acoustic Wave Devices for Accuracy and Fast Performance Prediction
Authors: Chen Zhenglin , Zhang Qiaozhen , Fu Sulei , Wang Xiaoyu , Qiu Xiaojun , Wu Haodong
Published: December 2020

In this paper, a hybrid full-wave analysis of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices is proposed to achieve accurate and fast simulation. The partial differential equation (PDE) models of the physical system in question and graphics processing unit (GPU)-assisted hierarchical cascading technology (HCT) are used to calculate acoustic-electric characteristics of a SAW filter. The practical solid model of the radio frequency (RF) filter package is constructed in High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software and the parasitic electromagnetics of the entire package is considered in the design process. The PDE-based models of the two-dimensional finite element method (2D-FEM) are derived in detail and solved by the PDE module embedded in COMSOL Multiphysics. Due to the advantages of PDE-based 2D-FEM, it is universal, efficient and not restricted to handling arbitrary materials and crystal cuts, electrode shapes, and multi-layered substrate. Combining COMSOL Multiphysics with a user-friendly interface, a flexible way of modeling and mesh generation, it can greatly reduce the complicated process of modeling and physical properties definition. Based on a hybrid full-wave analysis, we present an example application of this approach on a TC-SAW ladder filter with 5° YX-cut LiNbO3 substrate. Numerical results and measurements were calculated for comparison, and the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method were verified.
Focused Ion Beam Processing for 3D Chiral Photonics Nanostructures
Authors: Manoccio Mariachiara , Esposito Marco , Passaseo Adriana , Cuscunà Massimo , Tasco Vittorianna
Published: December 2020

The focused ion beam (FIB) is a powerful piece of technology which has enabled scientific and technological advances in the realization and study of micro- and nano-systems in many research areas, such as nanotechnology, material science, and the microelectronic industry. Recently, its applications have been extended to the photonics field, owing to the possibility of developing systems with complex shapes, including 3D chiral shapes. Indeed, micro-/nano-structured elements with precise geometrical features at the nanoscale can be realized by FIB processing, with sizes that can be tailored in order to tune optical responses over a broad spectral region. In this review, we give an overview of recent efforts in this field which have involved FIB processing as a nanofabrication tool for photonics applications. In particular, we focus on FIB-induced deposition and FIB milling, employed to build 3D nanostructures and metasurfaces exhibiting intrinsic chirality. We describe the fabrication strategies present in the literature and the chiro-optical behavior of the developed structures. The achieved results pave the way for the creation of novel and advanced nanophotonic devices for many fields of application, ranging from polarization control to integration in photonic circuits to subwavelength imaging.
The Irreplaceable Contribution of Cross Sections Investigation: Painted Plasters from the Sphinx Room (Domus Aurea, Rome)
Authors: Coccato Alessia , Caggiani Maria Cristina , Occhipinti Roberta , Mazzoleni Paolo , D’Alessio Alessandro , Russo Alfonsina , Barone Germana
Published: December 2020

Fragments and micro-fragments of painted plasters from the Sphinx Room, recently discovered in the Domus Aurea Esquiline wing (Rome, Italy), were studied. They were respectively taken from the debris in the vicinity of the walls and from already damaged edges of the decorated walls. A previous study, mainly based on non-destructive and non-invasive investigations, proved effective in giving a general overview of the employed palette, allowing the comparison with paintings from the same palace and other coeval contexts, and also providing some preliminary hints concerning the pictorial technique. Nevertheless, some issues remained unsolved, concerning the pigment mixtures (e.g., lead-/iron-based yellow to red colors; copper-/iron-based green/greyish areas), and the a fresco/a secco painting technique debate. Therefore, cross sections of the above-mentioned fragments were observed by means of Optical (OM) and Scanning Electron (SEM) Microscopy and analyzed with micro-Raman spectroscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), with the aims of: studying the paint layer composition through point analysis and mapping of the elemental distribution; comparing these in relation to what was observed with previously reported non-destructive analyses; studying the stratigraphy of the painted plaster, focusing on the contact between the plaster and the paint.
Study of Tetrahydroxylated Anthraquinones—Potential Tool to Assess Degradation of Anthocyanins Rich Food
Authors: Kučera Lukáš , Kurka Ondřej , Golec Martin , Bednář Petr
Published: December 2020

Degradation of anthocyanins involves scission of the flavonoid skeleton yielding 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde (phloroglucinaldehyde, PGA) and a phenolic acid. However, the process is not finished with the formation of PGA, as the consequent condensation of two PGA molecules providing colored hydroxylated anthraquinones was observed for the first time. This process was studied using a combination of preparative column chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, liquid chromatography/high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS2), and quantum calculations using density functional theory. 1,3,5,7-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone (anthrachrysone) and its isomers were found to rise during heating (95 °C) in a buffered PGA model solution (phosphate buffer, pH 7). These compounds were detected in heated red wine after an increase of its pH value. The concentration of the identified anthrachrysone in the red wine reached 0.01 mg·L−1. Presence of those compounds could therefore indicate involvement of certain steps in the processing of plant materials rich in anthocyanins (e.g., utilization of a higher temperature and/or reduction of acidity) or long-term transformation of anthocyanins (potentially, for instance, in archaeological findings such as wine or fruit residues). Additionally, measurement of wine–soil suspensions proved an increase of their pH to the values suitable for anthocyanin cleavage (neutral to slightly alkaline; reached using soil from archaeologically well-known Bull Rock Cave). Although not found in artificially prepared samples (imitations) or authentic materials so far, according to our results the above mentioned conditions are suitable for the formation of tetrahydroxylated anthraquinone derivatives and their monitoring would be beneficial.
Andrographolide, an Anti-Inflammatory Multitarget Drug: All Roads Lead to Cellular Metabolism
Authors: Burgos Rafael Agustín , Alarcón Pablo , Quiroga John , Manosalva Carolina , Hancke Juan
Published: December 2020

Andrographolide is a labdane diterpene and the main active ingredient isolated from the herb Andrographis paniculata. Andrographolide possesses diverse biological effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antineoplastic properties. Clinical studies have demonstrated that andrographolide could be useful in therapy for a wide range of diseases such as osteoarthritis, upper respiratory diseases, and multiple sclerosis. Several targets are described for andrographolide, including the interference of transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1, and HIF-1 and signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and JAK/STAT. In addition, an increase in the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2) signaling pathway also supports its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, this scenario could be more complex since recent evidence suggests that andrographolide targets can modulate glucose metabolism. The metabolic effect of andrographolide might be the key to explaining the diverse therapeutic effects described in preclinical and clinical studies. This review discusses some of the most recent evidence about the anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects of andrographolide.
Honeybee Pollen Extracts Reduce Oxidative Stress and Steatosis in Hepatic Cells
Authors: Oyarzún Juan Esteban , Andia Marcelo E. , Uribe Sergio , Núñez Pizarro Paula , Núñez Gabriel , Montenegro Gloria , Bridi Raquel
Published: December 2020

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Additional therapies using functional foods and dietary supplements have been investigated and used in clinical practice, showing them to be beneficial. Honeybee pollen from Chile has shown a large concentration of phenolic compounds and high antioxidant activity. In this work, we characterized twenty-eight bee pollen extracts from the central zone of Chile according to botanical origin, phenolic profile, quercetin concentration, and antioxidant activity (FRAP and ORAC-FL). Our results show a statistically significant positive correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Selected samples were evaluated on the ability to reverse the steatosis in an in vitro cell model using Hepa1-6 cells. The pollen extracts protected Hepa1-6 cells against oxidative damage triggered by 2,2′-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)derived free radicals. This effect can be credited to the ability of the phenolic compounds present in the extract to protect the liver cells from chemical-induced injury, which might be correlated to their free radical scavenging potential. Additionally, bee pollen extracts reduce lipid accumulation in a cellular model of steatosis. In summary, our results support the antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-steatosis effect of bee pollen in an in vitro model.
Pharmacological Characterization of µ-Opioid Receptor Agonists with Biased G Protein or β-Arrestin Signaling, and Computational Study of Conformational Changes during Receptor Activation
Authors: Piekielna-Ciesielska Justyna , Artali Roberto , Azzam Ammar A. H. , Lambert David G. , Kluczyk Alicja , Gentilucci Luca , Janecka Anna
Published: December 2020

In recent years, G protein vs. β-arrestin biased agonism at opioid receptors has been proposed as an opportunity to produce antinociception with reduced adverse effects. However, at present this approach is highly debated, a reason why more information about biased ligands is required. While the practical relevance of bias in the case of µ-opioid receptors (MOP) still needs to be validated, it remains important to understand the basis of this bias of MOP (and other GPCRs). Recently, we reported two cyclopeptides with high affinity for MOP, the G protein biased Dmt-c[d-Lys-Phe-pCF3-Phe-Asp]NH2 (F-81), and the β-arrestin 2 biased Dmt-c[d-Lys-Phe-Asp]NH2 (C-33), as determined by calcium mobilization assay and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based assay. The biased character of F-81 and C-33 has been further analyzed in the [35S]GTPγS binding assay in human MOP-expressing cells, and the PathHunter enzyme complementation assay, used to measure β-arrestin 2 recruitment. To investigate the structural features of peptide-MOP complexes, we performed conformational analysis by NMR spectroscopy, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. These studies predicted that the two ligands form alternative complexes with MOP, engaging specific ligand–receptor contacts. This would induce different displays of the cytosolic side of the seven-helices bundle, in particular by stabilizing different angulations of helix 6, that could favor intracellular coupling to either G protein or β-arrestin.
Recent Trends in Enzyme Inhibition and Activation in Drug Design
Authors: Geronikaki Athina
Published: December 2020

It is known that enzymes are involved in many pathological conditions, such as inflammation, diabetes, microbial infections, HIV, neoplastic, neglected diseases and others [...]
Anti-Inflammatory and Neuromodulatory Effects Induced by Tanacetum parthenium Water Extract: Results from In Silico, In Vitro and Ex Vivo Studies
Authors: Recinella Lucia , Chiavaroli Annalisa , di Giacomo Viviana , Antolini Marco Daniel , Acquaviva Alessandra , Leone Sheila , Brunetti Luigi , Menghini Luigi , Ak Gunes , Zengin Gokhan , Di Simone Simonetta Cristina , Ferrante Claudio , Orlando Giustino
Published: December 2020

Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) has traditionally been employed as a phytotherapeutic remedy in the treatment of migraine. In this study, a commercial T. parthenium water extract was investigated to explore its anti-inflammatory and neuromodulatory effects. Isolated mouse cortexes were exposed to a K+ 60 mM Krebs-Ringer buffer and treated with T. parthenium water extract. The prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and IL-1β gene expression were evaluated in the cortex. The effects on dopamine (DA) release and dopamine transporter (DAT) gene expression were assayed in hypothalamic HypoE22 cells. A bioinformatics analysis was conducted to further investigate the mechanism of action. The extract was effective in reducing cortex PGE2 release and IL-1β gene expression. In the same experimental system, IL-10 and BDNF gene expressions increased, and in HypoE22 cells, the extract decreased the extracellular dopamine level and increased the DAT gene expression due to the direct interaction of parthenolide with the DAT. Overall, the present findings highlight the efficacy of T. parthenium water extract in controlling the inflammatory pathways that occur during cortical-spreading depression. Additionally, the inhibition of the hypothalamic DA release observed in this study further supports the role of dopaminergic pathways as key targets for novel pharmacological approaches in the management of migraine attacks.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of a Series of Dimeric Indium Quinolinates
Authors: Kwak Sang Woo , Hong Ju Hyun , Lee Sang Hoon , Kim Min , Chung Yongseog , Lee Kang Mun , Kim Youngjo , Park Myung Hwan
Published: December 2020

A novel class of quinolinol-based dimeric indium complexes (1–6) was synthesized and characterized using 1H and 13C(1H) NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Compounds 1–6 exhibited typical low-energy absorption bands assignable to quinolinol-centered π–π* charge transfer (CT) transition. The emission spectra of 1–6 exhibited slight bathochromic shifts with increasing solvent polarity (p-xylene < tetrahydrofuran (THF) < dichloromethane (DCM)). The emission bands also showed a gradual redshift, with an increase in the electron-donating effect of substituents at the C5 position of the quinoline groups. The absolute emission quantum yields (ΦPL) of compounds 1 (11.2% in THF and 17.2% in film) and 4 (17.8% in THF and 36.2% in film) with methyl substituents at the C5 position of the quinoline moieties were higher than those of the indium complexes with other substituents.
Bioactive Metabolites from Marine Algae as Potent Pharmacophores against Oxidative Stress-Associated Human Diseases: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Pradhan Biswajita , Nayak Rabindra , Patra Srimanta , Jit Bimal Prasad , Ragusa Andrea , Jena Mrutyunjay
Published: December 2020

In addition to cancer and diabetes, inflammatory and ROS-related diseases represent one of the major health problems worldwide. Currently, several synthetic drugs are used to reduce oxidative stress; nevertheless, these approaches often have side effects. Therefore, to overcome these issues, the search for alternative therapies has gained importance in recent times. Natural bioactive compounds have represented, and they still do, an important source of drugs with high therapeutic efficacy. In the “synthetic” era, terrestrial and aquatic photosynthetic organisms have been shown to be an essential source of natural compounds, some of which might play a leading role in pharmaceutical drug development. Marine organisms constitute nearly half of the worldwide biodiversity. In the marine environment, algae, seaweeds, and seagrasses are the first reported sources of marine natural products for discovering novel pharmacophores. The algal bioactive compounds are a potential source of novel antioxidant and anticancer (through modulation of the cell cycle, metastasis, and apoptosis) compounds. Secondary metabolites in marine Algae, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, could have great therapeutic implications against several diseases. In this context, this review focuses on the diversity of functional compounds extracted from algae and their potential beneficial effects in fighting cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases.
Sesquiterpenes from Myrrh and Their ICAM-1 Inhibitory Activity In Vitro
Authors: Kuck Katrin , Jürgenliemk Guido , Lipowicz Bartosz , Heilmann Jörg
Published: December 2020

By using various chromatographic steps (silica flash, CPC, preparative HPLC), 16 sesquiterpenes could be isolated from an ethanolic extract of myrrh resin. Their chemical structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HRESIMS. Among them, six previously unknown compounds (1–6) and another four metabolites previously not described for the genus Commiphora (7, 10, 12, 13) could be identified. Sesquiterpenes 1 and 2 are novel 9,10-seco-eudesmanes and exhibited an unprecedented sesquiterpene carbon skeleton, which is described here for the first time. New compound 3 is an 9,10 seco-guaian and the only peroxide isolated from myrrh so far. Compounds 1, 2, 4, 7–9, 11, 13–16 were tested in an ICAM-1 in vitro assay. Compound 7, as well as the reference compound furanoeudesma-1,3-diene, acted as moderate inhibitors of this adhesion molecule ICAM-1 (IC50: 44.8 and 46.3 μM, respectively). These results give new hints on the activity of sesquiterpenes with regard to ICAM-1 inhibition and possible modes of action of myrrh in anti-inflammatory processes.
Cyclodextrins as a Key Piece in Nanostructured Materials: Quantitation and Remediation of Pollutants
Authors: Belenguer-Sapiña Carolina , Pellicer-Castell Enric , Mauri-Aucejo Adela R. , Simó-Alfonso Ernesto Francisco , Amorós Pedro
Published: December 2020

Separation and pre-concentration of trace pollutants from their matrix by reversible formation of inclusion complexes has turned into a widely studied field, especially for the benefits provided to different areas. Cyclodextrins are non-toxic oligosaccharides that are well known for their host–guest chemistry, low prices, and negligible environmental impact. Therefore, they have been widely used as chiral selectors and delivery systems in the pharmaceutical and food industry over time. However, their use for extraction purposes is hampered by their high solubility in water. This difficulty is being overcome with a variety of investigations in materials science. The setting-up of novel solid sorbents with improved properties thanks to the presence of cyclodextrins at their structure is still an open research area. Some properties they can offer, such as an increased selectivity or a good distribution along the surface of a solid support, which provides better accessibility for guest molecules, are characteristics of great interest. This systematic review reports the most significant uses of cyclodextrins for the adsorption of pollutants in different-origin samples based on the works reported in the literature in the last years. The study has been carried out indistinctly for quantitation and remediation purposes.
Impact of Citrate and Lipid-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles in Dehydropeptide Supramolecular Magnetogels: Properties, Design and Drug Release
Authors: Veloso Sérgio R. S. , Silva Joana F. G. , Hilliou Loic , Moura Cacilda , Coutinho Paulo J. G. , Martins José A. , Testa-Anta Martín , Salgueiriño Verónica , Correa-Duarte Miguel A. , Ferreira Paula M. T. , Castanheira Elisabete M. S.
Published: December 2020

Currently, the nanoparticle functionalization effect on supramolecular peptide-based hydrogels remains undescribed, but is expected to affect the hydrogels’ self-assembly and final magnetic gel properties. Herein, two different functionalized nanoparticles: citrate-stabilized (14.4 ± 2.6 nm) and lipid-coated (8.9 ± 2.1 nm) magnetic nanoparticles, were used for the formation of dehydropeptide-based supramolecular magnetogels consisting of the ultra-short hydrogelator Cbz-L-Met-Z-ΔPhe-OH, with an assessment of their effect over gel properties. The lipid-coated nanoparticles were distributed along the hydrogel fibers, while citrate-stabilized nanoparticles were aggregated upon gelation, which resulted into a heating efficiency improvement and decrease, respectively. Further, the lipid-coated nanoparticles did not affect drug encapsulation and displayed improved drug release reproducibility compared to citrate-stabilized nanoparticles, despite the latter attaining a stronger AMF-trigger. This report points out that adsorption of nanoparticles to hydrogel fibers, which display domains that improve or do not affect drug encapsulation, can be explored as a means to optimize the development of supramolecular magnetogels to advance theranostic applications.
Effect of Milk-Based Infant Formula Fortified with PUFAs on Lipid Profile, Growth and Micronutrient Status of Young Children: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial
Authors: Rivera-Pasquel Marta , Flores-Aldana Mario , Parra-Cabrera María-Socorro , Quezada-Sánchez Amado David , García-Guerra Armando , Maldonado-Hernández Jorge
Published: December 2020

Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential to child growth and development. Objective: To assess the effect of PUFAs-fortified infant formula on lipid profile, growth and micronutrient status in children 12 to 30 months old. Methods: This study is a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Two study groups were assessed: (a) milk-based infant formula with micronutrients and PUFAs (PUFAs) and (b) milk-based infant formula with micronutrients, no PUFAs added (Non-PUFAs). Children received prepared formula (240 mL) twice a day, according to the color-code assigned to each infant. Anthropometric measurements and venous blood samples were taken at each day-care center at baseline, and again after four months. Total serum lipid extraction was 0.5 mL. Samples were treated and modified by the Folch method and analyzed with gas chromatography. Results: Changes in serum lipid profile (expressed as % FA) between baseline and four months showed a statistically significant increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (0.22 vs. −0.07, p < 0.05) and Alpha-Linoleic acid (0.08 vs. 0.02, p < 0.05) in infants who consumed PUFAs-fortified formula compared to Non-PUFAs-fortified formula. Infants increased their length/height-for-age Z-score: median change for the PUFAs group was 0.16 (95% CI = 0.08, 0.28) and 0.23 (95% CI = 0.14, 0.33) for Non-PUFAs, with no differences between groups. Median folate level was significantly higher among the PUFAs group compared to Non-PUFAs: −0.87 (95% CI = −1.38, −0.44) and −3.83 (95% CI = −4.65, −3.03) respectively. Consumption of both supplements was adequate and stable during the intervention. Conclusion: A significant improvement was observed in the lipid profile of children who received the PUFAs-fortified milk-based formula.
Nutrient Patterns and Body Composition Parameters of Black South African Women
Authors: Makura-Kankwende Caroline B. T. , Gradidge Philippe J. , Crowther Nigel J. , Norris Shane A. , Chikowore Tinashe
Published: December 2020

Obesity is more prevalent in black South African women than men. However, little is known about the nutrient patterns associated with body composition indices in black African women. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to 25 nutrients derived from quantified food frequency questionnaires (QFFQs) in 498 middle aged black South African women. Three nutrient patterns, the plant driven, animal driven and Vitamin C, sugar and potassium driven nutrient patterns, accounted for 59% of the variance of nutrient intake. Linear models of the body composition parameters as outcome variables indicated that a standard deviation increase in the animal driven nutrient pattern was significantly associated with increases in body mass index (BMI) (1.29 kg·m−2 (95% CI, 0.54–2.04; p = 0.001), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) (26.30 cm2 (7.97–44.63); p = 0.005), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (9.88 cm2 (5.13–14.63); p < 0.001), VAT/SAT ratio (0.01 (0.00–0.02); p = 0.018), whole body fat mass index (0.74 kg·m−2 (0.25–1.22); p = 0.003), and whole body lean mass index (0.53 kg·m−2 (0.23–0.83); p = 0.001). An increase in plant driven nutrient pattern was significantly associated with an increase in SAT of 20.45 cm2 (0.47–40.43); p = 0.045. This study demonstrates that animal driven nutrient pattern, characterised by the consumption of more animal protein and fat nutrients, similar to the western diet is associated with increased body fat and lean mass.
Facial EMG Activity Is Associated with Hedonic Experiences but Not Nutritional Values While Viewing Food Images
Authors: Sato Wataru , Yoshikawa Sakiko , Fushiki Tohru
Published: December 2020

The physiological correlates of hedonic/emotional experiences to visual food stimuli are of theoretical and practical interest. Previous psychophysiological studies have shown that facial electromyography (EMG) signals were related to subjective hedonic ratings in response to food images. However, because other data showed positive correlations between hedonic ratings and objective nutritional values of food, whether the facial EMG reactions to food images could reflect the hedonic evaluation or nutritional assessment of food remains unknown. To address this issue, we measured subjective hedonic ratings (liking, wanting, valence, and arousal) and physiological signals (facial EMG of the corrugator supercilii, zygomatic major, masseter, and suprahyoid muscles, skin potential responses, and heart rates) while participants observed food images that had objective nutritional information (caloric, carbohydrate, fat, and protein contents). The results revealed that zygomatic major EMG activity was positively correlated with ratings of liking, wanting, and valence, but not with any objective nutritional value. These data indicate that facial EMG signals in response to food images reflect subjective hedonic experiences, but not objective nutritional values, associated with the food item.
A Randomized Crossover Intervention Study on the Effect a Standardized Maté Extract (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) in Men Predisposed to Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Gebara Karimi S. , Gasparotto Junior Arquimedes , Palozi Rhanany A. C. , Morand Christine , Bonetti Carla I. , Gozzi Paula T. , de Mello Martha R. F. , Costa Telma A. , Cardozo Junior Euclides L.
Published: December 2020

(1) Background: Due to its richness in chlorogenic acids (CGAs), Maté (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) could be of interest in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases, however clinical evidence are lacking. This trial aimed to evaluate the impact of maté CGAs, consumed in a daily dose achievable through traditional maté beverages, on parameters related to cardiometabolic risk. (2) Design: Thirty-four male volunteers aged 45–65 years and with at most one criteria of metabolic syndrome, were recruited for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and crossover study. The volunteers were assigned to consume an encapsulated dry maté extract for four-weeks, providing 580 mg of caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives (CQAs) daily, or a placebo, with a two weeks washout between intervention periods. Anthropometric variables, blood pressure, plasma glucose, lipids, endothelial, and inflammatory biomarkers were measured in overnight-fasted subjects and after a glucose load. (3) Results: We found no significant effects of treatment on these parameters and the response to the glucose load was also similar between the two interventions. However, a significant decrease in fasting glucose was observed between day 0 and day 28 for the maté group only (−0.57 ± 0.11 mmol/L, p < 0.0002). In subjects with an intermediate to high Framingham risk score, consumption of maté extract induced a 10% increase of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-c from baseline. In a subgroup representative of the study population, significant decreases in the C-reactive protein (CRP) (−50%) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (−19%) levels were observed. (4) Conclusions: These clinical observations suggest that maté, naturally rich in CGAs, could improve some cardiometabolic markers in subjects with a higher predisposition to metabolic syndrome, even if that remains to be confirmed in new trials specifically targeting this population.
Analyzing the Association between Student Weight Status and School Meal Participation: Evidence from the School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study
Authors: Bardin Sarah , Gola Alice Ann
Published: December 2020

Childhood obesity remains a pressing public health concern. Children consume a substantial amount of their caloric intake while in school, making the passage of the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA) in 2010 and the subsequent improvements to the school meal standards a key policy change. Using data from the School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study, this paper seeks to re-examine the association between students’ (N = 1963) weight status and participation in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and School Breakfast Program (SBP) since the implementation of these policy changes to determine whether, and how, this relationship has changed. After controlling for a wide array of student characteristics and school-level fixed effects, findings from the multivariate regression analyses indicate that usual participation in the school meal programs has no clear association with students’ weight status, which contradicts findings from earlier studies conducted prior to the passage of the HHFKA. These findings are discussed in relation to changes in the demographic composition of usual NSLP participants over time.
An Examination of Serum Acylcarnitine and Amino Acid Profiles at Different Time Point of Ketogenic Diet Therapy and Their Association of Ketogenic Diet Effectiveness
Authors: Hung Pi-Lien , Lin Ju-Li , Chen Chien , Hung Kai-Yin , Hsieh Tzu-Yun , Hsu Mei-Hsin , Kuo Hsuan-Chang , Lin Ying-Jui
Published: December 2020

Background: This study aimed to identify metabolic parameters at different time points of ketogenic diet therapy (KDT) and investigate their association with response to KDT in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Methods: Prospectively, twenty-nine patients (0.67~20 years old) with DRE received classic ketogenic diet with non-fasting, gradual KD initiation protocol (GRAD-KD) for 1 year were enrolled. A total of 22 patients remaining in study received blood examinations at baseline, 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th months of KDT. β-hydroxybutyrate, free carnitine, acylcarnitines, and amino acids were compared between responders (seizure reduction rate ≥ 50%) and non-responders (seizure reduction rate < 50%) to identify the effectiveness of KDT. Results: The 12-month retention rate was 76%. The responders after 12 months of KDT were 59% (13/22). The free carnitine level decreased significantly at 9th months (p < 0.001) but increased toward baseline without symptoms. Propionyl carnitine (C3), Isovaleryl carnitine (C5), 3-Hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine (C5:OH) and methylmalonyl carnitine (C4-DC) decreased but 3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine (C4:OH) increased significantly at 12th months of KDT. The glycine level was persistently higher than baseline after KDT. KDT responders had lower baseline C3 and long-chain acylcarnitines, C14 and C18, as well as lower C5, C18, and leucine/isoleucine. Conclusions: KDT should be avoided in patients with non-ketotic hyperglycemia. Routine carnitine supplementation is not recommended because hypocarnitinemia was transient and asymptomatic during KDT. Better mitochondrial βoxidation function associates with greater KDT response.
Maternal Dietary Selenium Intake during Pregnancy Is Associated with Higher Birth Weight and Lower Risk of Small for Gestational Age Births in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study
Authors: Solé-Navais Pol , Brantsæter Anne Lise , Caspersen Ida Henriette , Lundh Thomas , Muglia Louis J. , Meltzer Helle Margrete , Zhang Ge , Jacobsson Bo , Sengpiel Verena , Barman Malin
Published: December 2020

Selenium is an essential trace element involved in the body’s redox reactions. Low selenium intake during pregnancy has been associated with low birth weight and an increased risk of children being born small for gestational age (SGA). Based on data from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN), we studied the association of maternal selenium intake from diet and supplements during the first half of pregnancy (n = 71,728 women) and selenium status in mid-pregnancy (n = 2628 women) with birth weight and SGA status, according to population-based, ultrasound-based and customized growth standards. An increase of one standard deviation of maternal dietary selenium intake was associated with increased birth weight z-scores (ß = 0.027, 95% CI: 0.007, 0.041) and lower SGA risk (OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.86, 0.97) after adjusting for confounders. Maternal organic and inorganic selenium intake from supplements as well as whole blood selenium concentration were not associated with birth weight or SGA. Our results suggest that a maternal diet rich in selenium during pregnancy may be beneficial for foetal growth. However, the effect estimates were small and further studies are needed to elucidate the potential impact of selenium on foetal growth.
Habitual FODMAP Intake in Relation to Symptom Severity and Pattern in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Nybacka Sanna , Störsrud Stine , Lindqvist Helen M. , Törnblom Hans , Simrén Magnus , Winkvist Anna
Published: December 2020

Restricting intake of FODMAPs (Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Monosaccharides and Polyols) is used as treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, whether habitual FODMAP consumption correlates to symptom severity, and if this relationship differs among IBS subtypes, is unclear. The aim was to study the relationship between habitual FODMAP intake and symptom severity. A total of 189 patients with IBS—IBS with constipation (IBS-C) n = 44 (22.3%), IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D) n = 54 (27.4%), mixed IBS (IBS-M) n = 46 (23.4%) and unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U) n = 46 (23.4%)—recorded food intake during four days. Symptom severity was measured with the IBS severity scoring system (IBS-SSS). For FODMAP intake, a lower lactose intake was noted among women with IBS-D, p = 0.009. In women, there was a statistically significant relationship between energy-adjusted FODMAP intake and IBS-SSS (r = 0.21, p = 0.003). This was mainly driven by the subtype IBS-U, where excess fructose intake accounted for 19.9% of explained variance in IBS-SSS (p = 0.007). This study demonstrates small differences in FODMAP intake among IBS patients with different subtypes. Association between IBS symptoms and FODMAP intake was most prominent in unsubtyped IBS. However, patients who are intolerant to certain FODMAPs may already have reduced their FODMAP intake, and this warrants future cohort or experimental studies to uncover.
Niacin and Butyrate: Nutraceuticals Targeting Dysbiosis and Intestinal Permeability in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Karunaratne Tennekoon B. , Okereke Chijioke , Seamon Marissa , Purohit Sharad , Wakade Chandramohan , Sharma Amol
Published: December 2020

Dysbiosis is implicated by many studies in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Advances in sequencing technology and computing have resulted in confounding data regarding pathogenic bacterial profiles in conditions such as PD. Changes in the microbiome with reductions in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and increases in endotoxin-producing bacteria likely contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. GPR109A, a G-protein coupled receptor found on the surface of the intestinal epithelium and immune cells, plays a key role in controlling intestinal permeability and the inflammatory cascade. The absence of GPR109A receptors is associated with decreased concentration of tight junction proteins, leading to increased intestinal permeability and susceptibility to inflammation. In inflammatory states, butyrate acts via GPR109A to increase concentrations of tight junction proteins and improve intestinal permeability. Niacin deficiency is exacerbated in PD by dopaminergic medications. Niacin supplementation has been shown to shift macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory profile. Niacin and butyrate, promising nutrients and unique ligands for the G protein-coupled receptor GPR109A, are reviewed in this paper in detail.
Identification of Rice Seed-Derived Fusarium spp. and Development of LAMP Assay against Fusarium fujikuroi
Authors: Jiang Hubiao , Wu Na , Jin Shaomin , Ahmed Temoor , Wang Hui , Li Bin , Wu Xiaobi , Bao Yidan , Liu Fei , Zhang Jing-Ze
Published: December 2020

Fusarium species are important seedborne pathogens that cause rice bakanae disease (RBD). In this study, 421 strains were isolated from 25 rice samples collected from Zhejiang, Anhui, and Jiangxi provinces of China. Furthermore, 407 isolates were identified as F. fujikuroi (80.05% isolation frequency), F. proliferatum (8.31%), F. equiseti (5.94%), F. incarnatum (2.61%), F. andiyazi (0.95%), and F. asiaticum (0.48%) based on morphology and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) gene. Phylogenetic analysis of combined sequences of the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), TEF1-α gene, and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) showed that 17 representative strains were attributed to six species. Pathogenicity tests showed that representative isolates possessed varying ability to cause symptoms of bakanae on rice seedlings. Moreover, the seed germination assay revealed that six isolates had different effects, such as inhibition of seed germination, as well as seed and bud rot. The loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based assay were developed for the detection of F. fujikuroi. According to sequences of desaturase-coding gene promoter, a species-specific marker desM231 was developed for the detection of F. fujikuroi. The LAMP assay using seeds collected from field was validated, and diagnostics developed are efficient, rapid, and sensitive.
Drug Resistance in Filarial Parasites Does Not Affect Mosquito Vectorial Capacity
Authors: Neff Erik , Evans Christopher C. , Jimenez Castro Pablo D. , Kaplan Ray M. , Dharmarajan Guha
Published: December 2020

Parasite drug resistance presents a major obstacle to controlling and eliminating vector-borne diseases affecting humans and animals. While vector-borne disease dynamics are affected by factors related to parasite, vertebrate host and vector, research on drug resistance in filarial parasites has primarily focused on the parasite and vertebrate host, rather than the mosquito. However, we expect that the physiological costs associated with drug resistance would reduce the fitness of drug-resistant vs. drug-susceptible parasites in the mosquito wherein parasites are not exposed to drugs. Here we test this hypothesis using four isolates of the dog heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis)—two drug susceptible and two drug resistant—and two vectors—the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and the Asian tiger mosquito (Ae. albopictus)—as our model system. Our data indicated that while vector species had a significant effect on vectorial capacity, there was no significant difference in the vectorial capacity of mosquitoes infected with drug-resistant vs. drug-susceptible parasites. Consequently, contrary to expectations, our data indicate that drug resistance in D. immitis does not appear to reduce the transmission efficiency of these parasites, and thus the spread of drug-resistant parasites in the vertebrate population is unlikely to be mitigated by reduced fitness in the mosquito vector.
Antimicrobial Peptide K11 Selectively Recognizes Bacterial Biomimetic Membranes and Acts by Twisting Their Bilayers
Authors: Ramos-Martín Francisco , Herrera-León Claudia , Antonietti Viviane , Sonnet Pascal , Sarazin Catherine , D’Amelio Nicola
Published: December 2020

K11 is a synthetic peptide originating from the introduction of a lysine residue in position 11 within the sequence of a rationally designed antibacterial scaffold. Despite its remarkable antibacterial properties towards many ESKAPE bacteria and its optimal therapeutic index (320), a detailed description of its mechanism of action is missing. As most antimicrobial peptides act by destabilizing the membranes of the target organisms, we investigated the interaction of K11 with biomimetic membranes of various phospholipid compositions by liquid and solid-state NMR. Our data show that K11 can selectively destabilize bacterial biomimetic membranes and torque the surface of their bilayers. The same is observed for membranes containing other negatively charged phospholipids which might suggest additional biological activities. Molecular dynamic simulations reveal that K11 can penetrate the membrane in four steps: after binding to phosphate groups by means of the lysine residue at the N-terminus (anchoring), three couples of lysine residues act subsequently to exert a torque in the membrane (twisting) which allows the insertion of aromatic side chains at both termini (insertion) eventually leading to the flip of the amphipathic helix inside the bilayer core (helix flip and internalization).