bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interrogating the Intersections Between General and Special Education in the History of Teacher Education Reform
Authors: Blanton Linda P. , Pugach Marleen C. , Boveda Mildred
Published: May 2018

This article provides an historical analysis of major reforms in teacher education, beginning in the 1970s, specifically focusing on the opportunities each reform presented to build a shared agenda across pre-service general and special education, and the constraints that operated on them. The analysis revealed the existence of several such intersections, each of which created substantive occasions for joint action across general and special education at every stage of teacher education reform. However, four factors— policy, funding, timing, and norms of separation—appear to have operated as constraints upon mining the capacity of these potential intersections. If the promise of a cohesive system of education capable of and committed to supporting struggling students across multiple and intersecting diversities is to be realized, it will be critical to coalesce around a comprehensive equity agenda that builds on the intersections that continue to exist between general and special education.
In Service Together: University Students and Incarcerated Youth Collaborate for Change
Authors: Arthur Deborah Smith , Valentine Jamie
Published: May 2018

Through the lens of two courses at Portland State University (PSU), this article addresses critical service learning pedagogy as transformational for both incarcerated youth and university students. In one course, PSU students share a writing/art workshop with youth in juvenile detention though The Beat Within ( www.thebeatwithin.org ). Another course brings together PSU students and young men incarcerated at MacLaren Youth Correctional Facility in an inside/out course format ( www.insideoutcenter.org ). Working collaboratively, students have developed a variety of service-learning projects. This article explores the impact of critical service learning courses on both incarcerated young people and university students.
Arrested Development: Pursuing a Higher Education in Carceral Contexts
Authors: Runell Lindsey Livingston
Published: May 2018

Engaging in pro-social activities such as postsecondary education during incarceration can help to transform offenders and move them in noncriminal directions. This article explores the process of beginning carceral higher education, drawing from interviews with 34 formerly incarcerated individuals who completed postsecondary classes at various state correctional facilities. It also discusses the participants’ readiness for change and changing perspectives experienced during incarceration. The study documents the value of carceral developments in shaping alternative pathways to crime and the role of contextual factors related to institutional confinement, higher education, and antithetical subcultural norms.
Stabilization of a class of switched uncertain systems by active disturbance rejection control
Authors: Liu Chen , Dong Chaoyang , Wang Qing , Ran Maopeng
Published: May 2018

The problem of stabilization for a class of switched uncertain non-linear systems is studied by active disturbance rejection control (ADRC). Coordinate transformation is applied to transform the system into a strict feedback system in normal form. The unknown non-linearity, parameter uncertainty and external disturbance are treated as an extended state of each subsystem, and a corresponding switched extended state observer (ESO) is designed. Based on the output of the switched ESO, a switching ADRC law is proposed. Rigorous proof is given to show that the switched ESO can estimate system states and the unknown non-linearity of each subsystem effectively. Furthermore, the proposed controller guarantees the closed-loop system be semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded for a class of switching with average dwell time. A numerical example illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Spironolactone in Combination with α-glycosyl Isoquercitrin Prevents Steatosis-related Early Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats through the Observed NADPH Oxidase Modulation
Authors: Murayama Hirotada , Eguchi Ayumi , Nakamura Misato , Kawashima Masahi , Nagahara Rei , Mizukami Sayaka , Kimura Masayuki , Makino Emi , Takahashi Naofumi , Ohtsuka Ryoichi , Koyanagi Mihoko , Hayashi Shim-mo , Maronpot Robert R. , Shibutani Makoto , Yoshida Toshinori
Published: May 2018

Administration of the diuretic, spironolactone (SR), can inhibit chronic liver diseases. We determined the effects of SR alone or in combination with the antioxidant α-glycosyl isoquercitrin (AGIQ) on hyperlipidemia- and steatosis-related precancerous lesions in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats subjected to a two-stage hepatocarcinogenesis model. Rats were fed with control basal diet or HFD, which was administered with SR alone or in combination with an antioxidant AGIQ in drinking water. An HFD increased body weight, intra-abdominal fat (adipose) tissue weight, and plasma lipids, which were reduced by coadministration of SR and AGIQ. SR and AGIQ coadministration also reduced hepatic steatosis and preneoplastic glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci, in association with decrease in NADPH oxidase (NOX) subunit p22phox-positive cells and an increase in active-caspase-3-positive cells in the foci. Hepatic gene expression analysis revealed that the coadministration of SR and AGIQ altered mRNA levels of lipogenic enzymes ( Scd1 and Fasn), antioxidant-related enzymes ( Catalase), NOX component ( P67phox), and anti-inflammatory transcriptional factor ( Pparg). Our results indicated that SR in combination with AGIQ had the potential of suppressing hyperlipidemia- and steatosis-related early hepatocarcinogenesis through the reduced expression of NOX subunits.
Continuous Quality Improvement Applied to Medical Care: Experiences at LDS Hospital
Authors: Kuperman Gil , James Brent , Jacobsen Julie , Gardner Reed M.
Published: May 2018

At LDS Hospital the authors are implementing continuous quality improvement (CQI), a systems-analytic approach to quality management in industry, as an approach to quality management in medical domains. Their approach consists of 1) choosing a process to be improved, 2) assembling a team of expert clinicians that understands the process and the outcomes, 3) determining key steps in the process and expected outcomes, 4) collecting data that measure the key process steps and outcomes, and 5) feeding back the data to the practitioners. CQI theory states that the practitioners will use the information and their own best intentions to improve the manner in which they provide care. The authors have developed statistical tools that display the data and distinguish between random and assignable variation.
The Application of Natural-language Processing to Healthcare Quality Assessment
Authors: Lyman Margaret , Sager Naomi , Tick Led , Nhan Ngo , Borst Francois , Scherrer Jean-Raoul
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the automatic extraction of information from hospital discharge letters. The computer analysis and extraction process, designed to eliminate much of the manual effort required to review patient documents, are presented.
Hierarchical Distribution Analysis for Computer-assisted Classifications of Patient Records
Authors: Yang Yiming , Chute Christopher G.
Published: May 2018

The many existing hierarchical classifications present opportunities for computer-aided classification of medical data. The authors evaluate lexical term mapping followed by hierarchical node activation to determine the semantic locality of diagnoses in the American College of Radiology (ACR) classification. The activated hierarchy exposes conceptual structures behind lexically matched categories and markedly narrows the alternatives for human review. Several distribution analyses are evaluated for narrowing the candidate search space, to reduce ambiguity. The methods were tested on a prototype system, using a set of 78 samples of Mayo radiology diagnoses; their relative effectiveness is illustrated.
Evaluation of Meta-1 for a Concept-based Approach to the Automated Indexing and Retrieval of Bibliographic and Full-text Databases
Authors: Hersh William R.
Published: May 2018

SAPHIRE is a concept-based approach to information retrieval in the biomedical domain. Indexing and retrieval are based on a concept-matching algorithm that processes free text to identify concepts and map them to their canonical form. This process requires a large vocabulary containing a breadth of medical concepts and a diversity of synonym forms, which is provided by the Meta-1 vocabulary from the Unified Medical Language System Project of the National Library of Medicine. This paper describes the use of Meta-1 in SAPHIRE and an evaluation of both entities in the context of an information retrieval study.
Investigating Behavioral Differences in Heterogeneous Decision Rule Segments: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Kunhikrishnan Parthan , Srinivasan Karthik K.
Published: May 2018

Conventional and contemporary models of travel choice make the restrictive assumption of homogeneity in decision rules. Recent literature has shown empirical evidence for potential heterogeneity in decision rules with regard to utility maximization and regret minimization. Notwithstanding these advances in modeling decision rules, behavioral understanding in the differences in these alternative decision rule segments has not been sufficiently understood. Moreover, the factors which influence the choice of these decision rules have not received significant attention. This study proposes a framework which considers decision makers to have both utility maximizing and regret minimizing tendencies. The variation in these tendencies across decision makers renders the framework heterogeneous. A heterogeneous decision rule model is developed assuming the decision rule adopted to be a latent construct. The study characterizes the regret minimizing and utility maximizing segments based on average values of the segmental attributes. The empirical findings show evidence to confirm that utility maximizers tend to be predominantly captive to personal vehicle usage while regret minimizers might be non-captive to any particular mode. The nature and extent of influence of factors affecting the choice of decision rule is also examined.
Microeconomic Model for Designing Public Transit Incentive Programs
Authors: Sun Yanshuo , Zhang Lei
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this study is to propose a microeconomic model for optimizing a government-sponsored transit incentive program, where a rider receives a certain monetary reward once a transit trip is completed. The demand pattern considered is many-to-many, which means riders travel from multiple origins to multiple destinations. Travelers are grouped by their socio-demographic characteristics and incentives can be customized to each rider group. Analytical relations are derived from the optimality conditions of the optimization problem and numerical results are conducted to illustrate some important findings. It is found that (a) the eligibility of a certain rider group for transit incentives depends on the magnitude of the cost of public funds, and (b) an increasing profit level diminishes the social welfare. The effect of cross-subsidization among multiple origin–destination pairs is also identified and analyzed.
Ferenczi and group analysis
Authors: Tubert-Oklander Juan
Published: May 2018

Sándor Ferenczi did not work with groups, yet his thinking and practice can be conceived as a major influence on the origins and development of group analysis and as a seminal source of ideas for its further development today. In his approach to psychoanalysis, social facts have a bearing on psychological facts, and vice versa. This implies a constant interchange and mutual influence between individual and collective processes, inner and outer, psychological and social. This is one of the basic tenets of group analysis, which requires that social facts be given as much attention as the psychological. Ferenczi’s major contributions to the emergence of group analysis are his conceptual and technical revolutionary innovations, centred on the essential unity and mutual interchange between transference and countertransference. His emphasis on the fundamental importance of actual relations with other significant persons, such as the primary caregivers, the family, the analyst and society, and his description of the dynamic interplay of transference and countertransference anticipated the theoretical developments of group analysis. He introduced the holistic concept of the unity of transference and countertransference and of the family and the child. This implied an underlying but yet unformulated field theory, which is basic for group analysis. The essential unity and mutual interchange of ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ may be accounted for by Ferenczi’s concept of an originary undifferentiated state of mind, called ‘Thalassal’, from which all other mental states, experiences, perceptions and thoughts evolve, and which remains present but unseen, underlying the more differentiated states. This is the psychological basis for Foulkes’ conception of the matrix and Pichon-Rivière’s theory of the link (bond). Ferenczi’s memory was long repressed by the psychoanalytic world, but now that it has been recovered, his contributions may provide many of the missing pieces of group-analytic theory and practice and build the much-needed bridges between psychoanalysis and group analysis.
Best Practices in Incentive Compensation Bonus Administration Based on Research and Professional Advice
Authors: Campion Emily D. , Campion Michael C. , Campion Michael A.
Published: May 2018

While many organizations use incentive compensation bonuses to motivate employees, they are not always fully effective. This is likely due to two important factors. First, similar to other organizational systems, incentive compensation administration is complex and needs to be adjusted to the organization. Second, organizations tend to employ incentive systems based on tradition rather than evidence-based recommendations. In this article, we present 44 best practices regarding the administration of incentive compensation bonus systems (e.g., strategy, criteria, implementation, etc.). These practices emerged from a comprehensive and systematic review of the scientific research and professional practices on incentive compensation. Our aim is to provide clear and concise suggestions for how organizations can improve their incentive compensation systems.
Modeling the spread of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Lin Qianying , Chiu Alice PY , Zhao Shi , He Daihai
Published: May 2018

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus has been persistent in the Middle East region since 2012. Abundant scientific evidence showed that dromedary camels are the primary host of the virus. Majority of human cases (i.e., 75% or 88%) are due to human-to-human transmission, while the others are due to camel-to-human transmission. Mathematical modeling of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus camel-to-camel transmission was lacking. Using the plug-and-play likelihood-based inference framework, we fitted a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered-susceptible model of camels to the reported human cases with a constant proportion of human cases from camels (i.e., either 25% or 12%). We considered two scenarios: (i) the transmission rate among camels is time-varying with a constant spill-over rate from camels to human or (ii) the spill-over rate is time-varying with a constant transmission rate among camels. Our estimated loss-of-immunity rate and prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections among camels largely matched with previous serological or virological studies, shedding light on this issue. We recommended including dromedary camels in animal surveillance and control of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia which could help reduce their sporadic introductions to humans.
A big data pipeline: Identifying dynamic gene regulatory networks from time-course Gene Expression Omnibus data with applications to influenza infection
Authors: Carey Michelle , Ramírez Juan Camilo , Wu Shuang , Wu Hulin
Published: May 2018

A biological host response to an external stimulus or intervention such as a disease or infection is a dynamic process, which is regulated by an intricate network of many genes and their products. Understanding the dynamics of this gene regulatory network allows us to infer the mechanisms involved in a host response to an external stimulus, and hence aids the discovery of biomarkers of phenotype and biological function. In this article, we propose a modeling/analysis pipeline for dynamic gene expression data, called Pipeline4DGEData, which consists of a series of statistical modeling techniques to construct dynamic gene regulatory networks from the large volumes of high-dimensional time-course gene expression data that are freely available in the Gene Expression Omnibus repository. This pipeline has a consistent and scalable structure that allows it to simultaneously analyze a large number of time-course gene expression data sets, and then integrate the results across different studies. We apply the proposed pipeline to influenza infection data from nine studies and demonstrate that interesting biological findings can be discovered with its implementation.
Short Term Development and Fate of MGE-Like Neural Progenitor Cells in Jaundiced and Non-Jaundiced Rat Brain
Authors: Yang Fu-Chen , Draper Julia , Smith Peter G. , Vivian Jay L. , Shapiro Steven M. , Stanford John A.
Published: May 2018

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia targets specific brain regions and can lead to kernicterus. One of the most debilitating symptoms of kernicterus is dystonia, which results from bilirubin toxicity to the globus pallidus (GP). Stem cell transplantation into the GP to replace lost neurons and restore basal ganglia circuits function is a potential therapeutic strategy to treat dystonia in kernicterus. In this study we transplanted human medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-like neural progenitor cells (NPCs) that we differentiated into a primarily gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic phenotype, into the GP of non-immunosuppressed jaundiced (jj) and non-jaundiced (Nj) rats. We assessed the survival and development of graft cells at three time-points post-transplantation. While grafted MGE-like NPCs survived and generated abundant fibers in both jj and Nj brains, NPC survival was greater in the jj brain. These results were consistent with our previous finding that excitatory spinal interneuron-like NPCs exhibited a higher survival rate in the jj brain than in the Nj brain. Our findings further support our hypothesis that slightly elevated bilirubin levels in the jj brain served as an antioxidant and immunosuppressant to protect the transplanted cells. We also identified graft fibers growing toward brain regions that receive projections from the GP, as well as host fibers extending toward the graft. These promising findings suggest that MGE-like NPCs may have the capacity to restore the circuits connecting GP and other nuclei.
Roles of Pericytes in Stroke Pathogenesis
Authors: Gautam Jyoti , Yao Yao
Published: May 2018

Stroke is a cerebrovascular disorder that affects many people worldwide. In addition to the well-established functions of astrocytes and microglia in stroke pathogenesis, pericytes also play an important role in stroke progression and recovery. As perivascular multi-potent cells and an important component of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), pericytes have been shown to exert a large variety of functions, including serving as stem/progenitor cells and maintaining BBB integrity. Here in this review, we summarize the roles of pericytes in stroke pathogenesis, with a focus on their effects in cerebral blood flow, BBB integrity, angiogenesis, immune responses, scar formation and fibrosis.
Upper Airway 3D Changes of Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate After Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Yatabe-Ioshida Marilia Sayako , Campos Letícia Dominguez , Yaedu Renato Yassukata , Trindade-Suedam Ivy Kiemle
Published: May 2018

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to 3-dimensionally assess the airway characteristics of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) who underwent orthognathic surgery.

Design:

This was a retrospective study.

Setting:

The study took place at a national referral center for cleft lip and palate rehabilitation.

Patients and Participants:

The sample comprised cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans obtained before and after orthognathic surgery of 15 individuals (30 CBCT scans), divided into 2 groups: UCLP group (n = 9 patients/18 CBCT scans) and BCLP group (n = 6/12 CBCT scans). All patients had a nonsyndromic UCLP or BCLP and a skeletal class III malocclusion at the preoperative period.

Interventions:

Airway volume, pharyngeal minimal cross-sectional area (mCSA), location of mCSA, sella-nasion-A point (SNA) and sella-nasion-B point (SNB) angles, and condylion-A point and condyloid-gnathion linear measurements were assessed in open-source software (ITK-SNAP and SlicerCMF).

Main Outcome Measure:

Airway dimensions of patients with UCLP and BCLP increase after orthognathic surgery.

Results:

After orthognathic surgery, UCLP group showed a significant 20% increase in nasopharynx volume. Although not significant, BCLP group also showed an increase of 18% in the same region. Minimal cross-sectional area remained dimensionally stable after surgery and was all located in the oropharynx region, on both groups. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between volume and mCSA on both groups.

Conclusion:

Overall, individuals with UCLP and BCLP showed an increase in the upper airway after orthognathic surgery and this might explain the breathing and sleep improvements reported by the patients after the surgery.
Not in My Back Yard: Public Perceptions and Terrorism
Authors: Avdan Nazli , Webb Clayton
Published: May 2018

Why does the public care more about some terrorist attacks than others? In recent years, there has been a wave of terrorist attacks carried out by similar terrorist organizations, but these attacks have produced disparate public responses. Existing research shows that terrorist attacks are more traumatic for people who live near terrorist targets, but this research cannot explain differences in public attitudes about attacks occurring in other countries. We argue that threat perceptions are shaped by the physical and personal proximity of terrorist attacks. The identities of the victims are rarely known. People impute the characteristics of victims based on the country where the attack occurred. These perceived identities determine the empathy people feel toward victims and affect perceptions of terrorist threats. People feel a greater sense of vulnerability when attacks occur near their borders. We test these arguments using a series of online experiments. We find that the location of the attack and the race and nationality of the victims drive threat perceptions.
Smallholder Agricultural Production Efficiency of Adopters and Nonadopters of Land Conservation Technologies in Tanzania
Authors: Selejio Onesmo , Lokina Razack B. , Mduma John K.
Published: May 2018

Promotion and supporting the adoption of land management and conservation technologies (LMCTs) among poor farming households has been considered to improve crop yields as well as production technical efficiency (TE). This article compares production efficiency between adopters and nonadopters of LMCTs in Tanzania. Using national panel data, the study applied stochastic frontier model to estimate the TE of adopters and nonadopters. The findings show that adopters of LMCTs had a relatively significantly higher TE (0.73) than their nonadopter counterparts (0.69). Therefore, promotion and supporting the adoption of LMCTs among smallholder farmers is pertinent for improving their TE as well as for increasing crop yield, thereby reducing encroachment into forest areas. There is also a need to understand how adopters and nonadopters of LMCTs are affected by different factors when designing the policies that promote the adoption of LMCTs among the smallholder farmers for sustainable increase of agricultural productivity and TE.
Increased GOLM1 Expression Independently Predicts Unfavorable Overall Survival and Recurrence-Free Survival in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Liu Xi , Chen Lei , Zhang Tao
Published: May 2018

Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein of the Golgi cisternae, which is implicated in carcinogenesis of multiple types of cancer. In this study, using data from the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas, we compared the expression of GOLM1 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and studied its prognostic value in terms of overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in these 2 subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Results showed that GOLM1 was significantly upregulated in both LUAD and LUSC tissues compared to the normal controls. However, GOLM1 expression was higher in LUAD tissues than in LUSC tissues. More importantly, using over 10 years’ survival data from 502 patients with LUAD and 494 patients with LUSC, we found that high GOLM1 expression was associated with unfavorable OS and RFS in patients with LUAD, but not in patients with LUSC. The following univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that increased GOLM1 expression was an independent prognostic indicator of poor OS (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-1.54, P = .002) and RFS (HR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.14-1.64, P = .001) in patients with LUAD. Of 511 cases with LUAD, 248 (48.5%) had heterozygous loss (−1), while 28 (5.5%) of 511 cases with LUAD had low-level copy gain (+1). In addition, we also found that the methylation status of 1 CpG site (chr9: 88,694,942-88,694,944) showed a weak negative correlation with GOLM1 expression (Pearson r = −0.25). Based on these findings, we infer that GOLM1 might serve as a valuable prognostic biomarker in LUAD, but not in LUSC. In addition, DNA copy number alterations and methylation might be 2 important mechanisms of dysregulated GOLM1 in LUAD.
Latent Trajectories of Cross-National Homicide Trends: Structural Characteristics of Underlying Groups
Authors: Tuttle James , McCall Patricia L. , Land Kenneth C.
Published: May 2018

Relative to studies of U.S. homicide trends, few have investigated cross-national trends. We explore hidden heterogeneity across a sample of 82 nations between 1980 and 2010, and examine (a) what distinct latent trajectories are represented among these nations? and (b) what structural factors characterize these latent trajectory groups? World Health Organization mortality data were used for the trajectory analyses wherein three distinct groups were identified. Structural characteristics of each group are compared to determine which factors account for their trajectories. Characteristics that predicted group placement include a development index, divorced males, female labor force participation, and Latin American region.
Does intimacy counteract or amplify the detrimental effects of negative intergroup contact on attitudes?
Authors: Graf Sylvie , Paolini Stefania , Rubin Mark
Published: May 2018

Past research is limited by a focus on intimacy in positive intergroup contact. This study tested whether intergroup intimacy counteracts or amplifies the detrimental effects of negative intergroup contact on outgroup attitudes. Participants from five Central European countries ( N = 1,276) described their intergroup contact with, and attitudes towards, citizens from neighboring nations. We coded the contact descriptions for presence (vs. absence) of intimacy (intimate, casual, or formal relationships) and contact valence (negative, positive, or ambivalent). The results indicated that those who reported negative contact in the context of intimate relationships displayed more positive outgroup attitudes than those who reported negative contact in the context of nonintimate relationships. This protective function of intimacy extended to instances of ambivalent contact. Our findings speak of the additive value of intimacy and positivity for intergroup relations; they underscore the benefits of intimacy as part of not only positive but also negative intergroup contact.
What makes people with gambling disorder undergo treatment? Patient and professional perspectives
Authors: Wieczorek Łukasz , Dąbrowska Katarzyna
Published: May 2018

Aims:

The aim of the article is to identify factors which bring people with gambling disorder to undergo treatment. We are interested in exploring motives that trigger change; identifying factors determining choice of facility; recognising barriers and facilitators appearing during treatment.

Design:

Semi-structured interviews were conducted in Poland with people with gambling disorder, as well as with social workers, therapists, General Practitioners (GP) and psychiatrists. Purposive sampling was applied in selecting respondents. In total, 90 interviews were completed.

Results:

Internal and external motives that trigger change were identified. Among the internal motives were individuals’ own reflections often combined with a sense of guilt, and among the external motives, pressure from significant others, financial problems, law problems and somatic and mental problems. The choice of facility was made by those suffering from gambling disorder or by close family members. Factors which influenced the choice of clinics were availability (distance to the facility, sessions schedule), quality of infrastructure, assured anonymity, opinions on provided assistance, the renown of such a facility, apparent experience in treatment of gambling disorder, and the context behind the problems experienced. Individual (related to emotions and convictions,) and structural barriers (related to the treatment offer, infrastructure, personnel, and therapy programme) were identified along with the facilitators in the access to treatment.

Conclusions:

The identification of circumstances and determinants may contribute to improvements in the availability and quality of assistance provided, which could result in an increase in the percentage of patients undertaking treatment. There is a need for education aimed at increasing awareness of the problem and the possibilities of assistance as GPs and social workers very rarely recognise gambling disorder among their clients.
The angel of living history: Theatricality and representations of the past
Authors: Gratch Ariel
Published: May 2018

Living history performances attempt to create “authentic reproductions,” presentations that aim to present the past in the present as accurately as possible. Such performances have a tendency to present a single interpretation of history as the only interpretation possible. This article analyzes the performance Masada Live by the Asphalt Theatre company as an alternative living history performance. Masada Live uses theatricality to call attention to the constructed nature of the performance, creating a space for a more nuanced and critical understandings of a history.
“Puffin love”: Performing and creating Arctic landscapes in Iceland through souvenirs
Authors: Lund Katrín Anna , Kjartansdóttir Katla , Loftsdóttir Kristín
Published: May 2018

This article looks at the creation of Iceland’s capital, Reykjavík, as an Arctic tourism destination with a focus on souvenir production and consumption. We regard souvenirs to be particularly interesting for investigating the creation and materialization of the Arctic, in the light of how landscapes, in our case the urban landscape of Reykjavík, are constantly performed and narrated through objects. A special attention is given to the Atlantic Puffin that in recent years has become the Icelandic souvenir sine qua non and a veritable symbol for souvenir consumption in Iceland. We explore the urban landscapes of downtown Reykjavík with a focus on puffins in order to introduce the city’s tensioned landscapes, especially regarding the complex material composition and meanings of the Atlantic Puffin in order to gain an understanding of its role in shaping the Arctic landscapes of Reykjavík.
Voluntourism as cartography of self: A Deleuzian analysis of a postgraduate visit to India
Authors: Bone Jane , Bone Kate
Published: May 2018

Volunteer tourism takes place within neoliberal globalisation and reflects inequalities of privilege and mobility. This qualitative research examined the experiences of young female voluntourists who visited Delhi as part of a trip organised by an Australian University Postgraduate Student Association. The aim was to investigate the motives and potentialities embedded in their experience through interviews and journal contributions. Conceptualisations of mapping (cartography) and territorialisation informed the analysis. We found that participants mainly engaged with the experience on a superficial level within the known territory. This reflects ‘soft global citizenship’ as participants were uncritical about their interactions with the host community. Voluntourist experiences have the potential to destabilise the self in a process of deterritorialisation, and we contend that this is where change occurs. We bring the philosophical theorising of Deleuze and Guattari and their notions of territorialisation and cartography to the field of tourism and argue that their geophilosophical ideas lead to fruitful insights around negotiating volunteer expectations, tribulations and potential transformations.
Public cartels, private conscience
Authors: Cholbi Michael
Published: May 2018

Many contributors to debates about professional conscience assume a basic, pre-professional right of conscientious refusal and proceed to address how to ‘balance’ this right against other goods. Here I argue that opponents of a right of conscientious refusal concede too much in assuming such a right, overlooking that the professions in which conscientious refusal is invoked nearly always operate as public cartels, enjoying various economic benefits, including protection from competition, made possible by governments exercising powers of coercion, regulation, and taxation. To acknowledge a right of conscientious refusal is to license professionals to disrespect the profession’s clients, in opposition to liberal ideals of neutrality, and to engage in moral paternalism toward them; to permit them to violate duties of reciprocity they incur by virtue of being members of public cartels; and to compel those clients to provide material support for conceptions of the good they themselves reject. However, so long as (a) a public cartel discharges its obligations to distribute the socially important goods they have are uniquely authorized to provide without undue burden to its clientele, and (b) conscientious refusal has the assent of other members of a profession, individual professionals’ claims of conscience can be accommodated.
‘Religious schools, civic education, and public policy: A framework for evaluation and decision’
Authors: MacMullen Ian
Published: May 2018

Some people claim that religious schools are poorly suited to prepare children for citizenship in a multi-religious society that is (or aspires to be) a liberal democracy. In what sense(s), by what mechanism(s), and to what extent might this be so? And what could be the implications for public policy? I propose an analytical and evaluative framework for addressing these questions. There are several potentially independent dimensions on which a school may have a religious character, and each of these dimensions is a continuous variable. Schools that are strongly religious on all of these dimensions are indeed very poor instruments of civic education in a multi-religious society. But what about schools whose religious character is far weaker on each dimension? If these schools are inferior to their secular counterparts for civic educational purposes, that inferiority may be very slight. Given the great diversity among religious schools, and if – as I argue – the civic goals of education are not the only important values that ought to guide public education policy, there are powerful reasons to discriminate among (proposed) religious schools when making policy decisions about regulation and funding. Those who oppose such a discriminating approach must demonstrate that the benefits of ‘difference blindness’ in this domain outweigh its substantial costs.
Up to the job? Auditing to assess the adequacy of an established ICP
Authors: Johnston Claire
Published: May 2018

An integrated care pathway (ICP) for stroke patients is in use on a Stroke Rehabilitation Unit. As part of a project to develop and extend its use, its current use was explored by talking to members of the multidisciplinary team and observing practice. Concerns were raised that nurses’ documentation was not always adequate or accurate. An audit comparing written information with nurses’ spoken communication at shift change was performed, which showed a low rate of inconsistent documentation, and served to highlight areas where the ICP structure did not lend itself to easy documentation. The audit was a simple and useful way of providing reassurance about the quality of documentation and for highlighting areas where further development was needed.
Acute Urinary Retention Guidelines – are they Worth it?
Authors: Durai Rajaraman , Ravi Ramanathan , Dickinson Ian K
Published: May 2018

Objective

Many district general hospitals in the UK do not have 24-hour urology cover and the junior doctors admit almost all patients with acute urinary retention (AUR) unnecessarily. A small retrospective audit involving a random selection of 17 patients who initially presented with AUR to accident and emergency (A&E) and eventually underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) between January 2002 and May 2002 showed that four (23%) were admitted unnecessarily and only a few patients had digital rectal examination and antibiotic prophylaxis. Guidelines were prepared to assist the junior doctors in managing patients with AUR. The guidelines were audited to assess how they worked.

Methods

A total of 32 patients with AUR were managed using the guideline from June 2002 to December 2002 and the details were collected prospectively from A&E referral letters; three patients were excluded.

Results

After implementation of the guideline, the majority of patients went home with a catheter (86%), and the number of digital rectal examinations had not increased but antibiotic prophylaxis had improved from 11 to 38%. The number of records of residual urine remained unchanged and residual urine was not documented in seven patients. Therefore, it was not known whether they had very high residual urine needing admission. More patients received alpha-blockers (27%). There were no inappropriate admissions.

Conclusion

Patients with uncomplicated urinary retention can be managed without admission. Development of guidelines avoids inappropriate admissions and improves efficiency. Education and training of junior doctors in the management of AUR is an absolute necessity to implement these guidelines.
Personalization and probabilities: Impersonal propensities in online grocery shopping
Authors: Mackenzie Adrian
Published: May 2018

Accounts of big data practices often assume that they target individuals. Personalization, with all the risks of discrimination and bias it entails, has been the critical focus in accounts of consumption, government, social media, and health. This paper argues that personalization through models using large-scale data is part of a more expansive change in probabilization that, in principle, is not reducible to individual or ‘personal’ attributes and actions. It describes the ‘personalization’ of an online grocery shopping recommender system to list a small number of grocery items of personal relevance for each of the millions of online grocery shoppers at a major UK supermarket chain. Drawing on a theory of probability proposed by the philosopher of science Karl Popper and anthropological work on shopping, it suggests that the attempt to generate personalized predictions necessarily incorporates impersonal relations to others and things. Using a mixture of discourse analysis and code-based reconstruction of key elements of the recommender system, it suggests that personalization is one facet of an open-ended weave of propensities associated with people and things in contemporary big data configurations. The paper explores how, in the context of recommender systems, the constitutive incompleteness of shopping lists, their propensity to expand or change, might be more important than their capacity to be personalized.
Pentatrichomonas hominis infection in two domestic cats with chronic diarrhea
Authors: Bastos Bethânia Ferreira , Brener Beatriz , de Figueiredo Mariana Alves , Leles Daniela , Mendes-de-Almeida Flavya
Published: May 2018

Case series summary

Chronic diarrhea is a common and recurring problem in feline medicine. Intestinal trichomonads have been reported as causative agents of diarrhea in cats. While Pentatrichomonas hominis is considered commensal, Tritrichomonas foetus has been found to cause feline large bowel diarrhea in cats. In our report, two young cats infected with the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and presenting with chronic diarrhea were identified as having trichomonads in their feces, based on direct examination and fecal culture. Molecular assays (PCR and DNA sequencing) revealed that the parasite involved was P hominis, not T foetus, as was suspected. The animals had already been subjected to ineffective therapy with metronidazole, and after the use of ronidazole, their feces became dry and formed.

Relevance and novel information

This case report describes P hominis infection as a possible cause of chronic diarrhea in two young cats also infected by FeLV. The parasite was probably resistant to metronidazole, the drug of choice in the literature, and sensitive to ronidazole. Although considered commensal, P hominis infection should be evaluated as a differential diagnosis in cats with chronic diarrhea, especially those that are immunocompromised. Moreover, a combination of techniques such as direct examination and/or fecal culture and PCR is essential for an accurate diagnosis of P hominis infection.
Visual Hallucinations and Paranoid Delusions
Authors: Hamdy R. C. , Kinser A. , Kendall-Wilson Tracey , Depelteau A. , Copeland R. , Whalen K. , Culp J.
Published: May 2018

Visual well-formed hallucinations, fluctuations in the level of cognition, and alertness and extrapyramidal signs are core features of dementia with Lewy bodies. Some patients realize that what they are seeing or hearing are just hallucinations and learn to accept them. Others, however experience these hallucinations as quite real and cannot be dissuaded from the firm belief that they are. In fact, efforts to dissuade them often serve only to confirm the often associated paranoid delusions and this may lead to a catastrophic ending. Hence, it is best not to contradict the patient. Instead, attempts should be made to distract the patient and change the focus of her or his attention. In this case scenario, we present a 68-year-old man who has been diagnosed with dementia with Lewy bodies. He lives with his daughter. He has visual hallucinations and paranoid delusions that worsen at night: He thinks there are people outside the house plotting to kill him. We discuss what went wrong in the patient/caregiver interaction and how the catastrophic ending could have been avoided or averted.
Development and Evaluation of a Social Media Health Intervention to Improve Adolescents’ Knowledge About and Vaccination Against the Human Papillomavirus
Authors: Ortiz Rebecca R. , Shafer Autumn , Cates Joan , Coyne-Beasley Tamera
Published: May 2018

This study describes the formative research, execution, and evaluation of a social media health intervention to improve adolescents’ knowledge about and vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV). Based on the results from formative focus groups with adolescents (N = 38) to determine intervention feasibility, parameters, and message preferences, we developed and conducted a pretest/posttest evaluation of a 3-month social media health intervention for adolescents who had not completed the HPV vaccine series (N = 108). Results revealed that adolescents who fully engaged with the intervention improved in their knowledge compared with a control group, and many were also likely to have interpersonal discussions with others about what they learned. Adolescents are generally interested in receiving information about HPV and the vaccine, along with other relevant health information, through social media channels if messages are considered interesting, their privacy is protected, and the source is credible.
The state, Shia‘s and Shi‘ism in medieval India
Authors: Rezavi Syed Ali Nadeem
Published: May 2018

The major schism in the history of Islam in India, as in some other countries with Muslim populations, has been between Sunnism and Shi‘ism. Since Shias have formed a minority in India, it is of some interest to trace how they were treated by the Sunni majority (and the state) and follow the progress of theological controversies that ensued between the two sects. The present paper reconstructs the story of the co-existence and disputation between the two sects in India from about the thirteenth century to the early nineteenth century, when the onset of colonialism created an entirely changed political and cultural atmosphere.
Shī‘Ī polemics at the Mughal court: The case of QāẓĪ Nūrullāh Shūshtarī
Authors: Rizvi Sajjad
Published: May 2018

Nūrullāh Shūshtarī’s death in 1610, while undergoing punishment at Jahāngīr’s orders at Agra, has been interpreted in various ways. Without seeking to arrive at a definitive solution, the present article aims at bringing together as much evidence on the event and on its background as could be collected. Even if a final judgement evades us, it is hoped that the material presented here would help us to have a sense of the political and intellectual environment in which the event occurred.
Religion, urbanism and the ruling apparatus of the Harappans
Authors: Shrimali Krishna Mohan
Published: May 2018

The Indus (Harappan) Civilisation having to be interpreted only from archaeological remains, since the Indus script has not been deciphered, the room for speculation has been very wide. The paper examines the variety of interpretations offered and concludes that practically none of them carry conviction.
Mr Keynes and the forgotten holocaust in Bengal, 1943–44: Or, the macroeconomics of extreme demand compression
Authors: Patnaik Utsa
Published: May 2018

In 1943–44 in Bengal over three million people, all from the ranks of the poorest, perished owing to famine, caused not by drought but by high prices. The ‘profit inflation’ (Keynes) was generated by the British Government’s printing of money to pay for the maintenance of the British and the US troops and related military expenditure in India, against which frozen ‘Sterling Balances’ accumulated on paper. This caused ‘extreme demand compression’, which could have been eased by release of some British and US funds to import foodgrains, but that did not happen. Regrettably, Keynes was throughout on the other side.
Book Review: Arun Bandopadhyay, ed., Nature, Knowledge and Development: Critical Essays on the Environmental History of India
Authors: Kumar Deepak
Published: May 2018

Arun Bandopadhyay, ed., Nature, Knowledge and Development: Critical Essays on the Environmental History of India (Delhi: Primus Books), 2016, viii + 188 pp., ₹1035 (Hb).