bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Birdsall Lecturer selected
Authors: Back Bill
Published: October 2011

Leonard F. Konikow (U.S. Geological Survey), Hydrology Program Chairman for the 1986 AGU Spring Meeting, has been selected to be the 1985–1986 Birdsall Distinguished Lecturer for the Geological Society of America. Papers that will be presented on the distinguished tour include “Modeling Solute Transport and Dispersion in Groundwater,” “Groundwater Contamination and Aquifer Reclamation at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado,” and “Predictive Accuracy of Groundwater Models: Lessons from Postaudits.” If you wish to have the Birdsall Distinguished Lecturer visit your institution either this or next year, please contact William Back, Chairman of the Hydrogeology Division, 431 National Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092.
More honors for Horton Winner
Authors: Back Bill
Published: October 2011

The first grand slam in hydrogeology has been achieved by John Cherry (University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada). This year's Horton Award recipient, AGU's most prestigious award for hydrologists, (see “John Cherry Wins Horton Award,” p. 91), has also received the O.E. Meinzer Award from the Geological Society of America and has been selected the first Henry Darcy Distinguished Lecturer for the National Water Well Association. The Meinzer Award was given for a “significant body of work” on aquifer contamination that was published in volume 63 of the Journal of Hydrology.
Behind the scenes during a comet encounter
Authors: Green James L. , King Joseph H.
Published: October 2011

Personnel at the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) and the Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN) had the privilege of participating in an exciting adventure, namely the September 11, 1985, rendezvous of the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) spacecraft with Comet Giacobini‐Zinner (G‐Z). An incredible number of details must be worked out to ensure the success of an encounter mission, and extraordinary efforts on the part of many individuals become the norm rather than the exception. Tracking, communications, and a seemingly endless array of analysis computers must all function well together to provide near—real‐time data to the scientists, who are then asked to do near‐real‐time data analysis.

There is much praise to be given to many organizations and individuals who participated in the various aspects of the encounter. However, in this report, we will concentrate only on the contributions of NSSDC and SPAN, both of which are bringing about a new space data systems environment, and both of which are being vastly improved for use by the space and earth science communities. The purpose of NSSDC is to serve as a centralized archive and distribution center for data obtained from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) space and earth science flight investigations and to perform a variety of services to enhance the scientific return from the initial NASA investment in these missions. SPAN is a mission‐independent computer‐to‐computer network that is used as a tool to gain electronic access to NASA facilities (such as NSSDC), coinvestigators, and data for several thousand scientists.
Ocean Sciences Award
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Ocean Sciences Award is presented by the Ocean Sciences Section of AGU to an individual who has made outstanding and long‐standing contributions to the ocean sciences. Previous recipients are Eugene C. LaFond 1982, Richard C. Vetter 1983, Robert E. Wall 1983, Fennan D. Jennings 1984, Wayne V. Burt 1984, W. Stanley Wilson 1984, Curtis A. Collins 1985.

Nominations are solicited for candidates for the Ocean Sciences Award in 1986. Letters of nomination should be sent to Arnold L. Gordon, President‐Elect, Ocean Sciences Section, Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, NY 10964. The deadline for nominations is May 1, 1986. Nominations may be accompanied by seconding nominations and a resume of the candidate.
Energy/Alaska
Authors: Miller Thomas P.
Published: October 2011

Alaska's energy resources are of vital concern to the nation and to the State of Alaska and have been the focus of numerous accounts, articles, and books in recent years. Energy/Alaska represents an ambitious attempt to discuss all known types of energy resources in Alaska, including their history, development, and potential. Individual chapters are devoted to wood, biomass and peat, coal, petroleum, solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and nuclear energy. Two introductory chapters address the nature of Alaska's energy use and include definitions; a concluding chapter is devoted to the future of Alaska's energy resources.
Trihalomethane Reduction in Drinking Water: Technologies, Costs, Effectiveness, Monitoring, Compliance
Authors: Reckhow David A.
Published: October 2011

This book is a compilation of three Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports written during the preceeding 2 years on trihalomethanes (THM's) in drinking water and compliance with the maximum contaminant level (MCL). The goal of this work, as set forth by the editor, is to “present guidance for planning changes in water treatment systems and various treatment approaches to the problem” of THM control. In this regard, one finds here a wealth of information on the current regulation, “best generally available treatment methods,” full‐scale experience on treatment modifications, anticipated costs of such modifications, and their impacts on the microbiological quality of the finished water. The final portion of the book also includes some very practical information on approved methods of THM sampling and analysis.
Comet Halley and its historic passages during the past millennium
Authors: Legrand J. P.
Published: October 2011

Comet Halley, which is again visiting our solar neighborhood during fall 1985 and spring 1986, was seen with a telescope for the first time on August 15, 1682, by John Flamsteed, assistant observer at the Greenwich Observatory near London. Jean Picard and Philippe de La Hire saw it at Paris on August 26, 1682, shining as if it were a star of the second magnitude. Johannes Hevelius, at Danzig (now Gdansk, Poland), estimated the length of its tail at that time at 12°‐16°. The astronomers of that epoch considered the comet to be a new one that should be added to the list of all those previously observed. The English astronomer Edmond Halley, who was haunted by the idea that all comets need not necessarily describe parabolic orbits, calculated the orbital elements of the new comet and compared them to those of comets that had appeared in 1607 and in 1531 (the heavenly paths of which had been noted by Johannes Kepler and by Christian Severin Logomontanus and Petrus Apianus, respectively). Upon examining the data in Table 1, one can not but be surprised by the near identical value of the elements.
New findings on acid rain
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

Increases in acidity by 1 pH unit in the Adirondack lakes of New York—changes that normally occur over hundreds or thousands of years—occurred during 2 to 4 decades in some New York lakes in the middle of this century, according to a study released March 14, 1986, by a committee of the National Research Council (NRC). On the basis of their analyses, the Committee on Monitoring and Assessment of Trends in Acid Deposition concluded that there is a cause and effect relationship between sulfur emissions produced by the burning of fossil fuels and acid rain.

At the same time, the committee found that “lake acidification is not a uniform problem,” according to committee chairman James H. Gibson. Individual lakes vary widely in their responses to acid deposition, and some of the northeastern U.S. lakes that the committee studied have even become more alkaline in recent decades, said Gibson, who is coordinator of the National Resources Ecology Laboratory at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. “Differences in the geologies of watersheds and in the histories of land use practices within watersheds can cause surface waters in a region to respond differently even when they are receiving equivalent amounts of acidity from atmospheric inputs,” the report said.
AGU joins AIP
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

AGU was formally elected a member of the American Institute of Physics (AIP) on March 14, 1986, at the AIP corporation meeting. Other member societies are the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America, the Acoustical Society of America, the Society of Rheology, the American Association of Physics Teachers, the American Crystallographic Association, the American Astronomical Society, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine, and the American Vacuum Society.

Membership in AIP will bring AGU members direct benefits and will strengthen the community of scientific societies. Of immediate interest to some members will be Pi‐NET (described in the item “Electronic Network Links Physicists,” p. 151), which provides electronic access to abstracts and tables of contents, meeting information, and other services of AIP and all member societies.
Das Phenomen des Polarlichts
Authors: Brekke Asgeir
Published: October 2011

Wilfried Schroder has written an interesting book on the history of auroral research and its relationship to the development in science in general. The book is primarily based on original sources in the German language; the historical portrayal therefore appears to be somewhat distorted. Some readers may dislike this. What Schroder's book lacks in objectivity, however, it gains from its broad presentation of, to a large extent, forgotten important German sources in the field of auroral physics.
1986 Ocean Sciences Meeting report
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The 1986 Ocean Sciences Meeting, sponsored by the American Geophysical Union (AGU) and the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), was held January 13–17 in New Orleans, La. There were 700 papers presented at the meeting, which had 989 registered attendees. This meeting had a 40% increase in exhibitors and an increase in the number of poster papers presented in comparison to the 1984 Ocean Sciences Meeting.

This meeting, as did the two previous Ocean Sciences Meetings, proved to be a great success. Many of the sessions held were devoted to topics that involve new technologies and new directions in oceanographic research. Highlights of the meeting included the following:

An informal but well‐attended workshop entitled “Ocean Telemetry: Resources and Needs” was held.

There were successful sessions on marginal ice zones, estuaries, low‐oxygen environments, and effects of seamounts on physical and biological processes. These multidisciplinary sessions included contributions from physical, chemical, and biological oceanographers.

The “Global Ocean Flux” sessions addressed the extension of the understanding of the factors that control ocean production and the fate of biogenic particles on regional to global scales.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘The CSSP implementation plan for space plasma physics programs’”] Solar‐terrestrial physics revisited
Authors: Baker D. N. , Williams D. J.
Published: October 2011

It should be emphasized here again—as was mentioned several times in our December 10 article—that the Committee on Solar and Space Physics [CSSP] is an advisory committee of the NAS [National Academy of Sciences]/Space Sciences Board dealing with NASA matters. The CSSP has no authority or purview to deal with the NSF [National Science Foundation] or NOAA or DOD [Department of Defense] research matters. Hence the viewpoints that we took and any myopia evident in our article comes largely from the restrictive territory given to CSSP for its attention and oversight. P.S. Mcintosh and all other Eos readers should be reminded that solar‐terrestrial research, particularly that done from ground‐based and non‐NASA sources, is the purview of the NAS/NRC [National Research Council] Committee on Solar‐Terrestrial Research (CSTR). The CSTR has issued an excellent report entitled “Solar‐Terrestrial Research for the 1980s,” which makes strong recommendations concerning solar observations and ground‐based facilities.
Augustine Volcano: Awake again:
Authors: Kienle Juergen
Published: October 2011

Editor's Note: The question posed in the title of the following item, which was written on March 20, was answered in the affirmative at 12:30 A.M. (Alaska time, equal to UT−9 h) on March 27, 1986. As of March 31, the eruption had produced numerous pyroclastic flows, and the eruptive column had reached a maximum altitude of 14 km (see Figure 1). Air traffic in and out of Anchorage was disrupted. The 1976 dome is presumed to have been destroyed.

The first microearthquake activity since the spectacular eruptions of 1976 is occurring on Augustine Volcano, Cook Inlet, Alaska. Activity began in July 1985 and now averages 30—50 events of greater than 0.5 magnitude per day. The events are shallow, less than 1000 m deep, and occur within the 1976 lava dome. Beginning in mid‐February 1986, numerous pilot reports have documented a dramatic increase in fumarolic activity, with associated melting of snow, light ashfalls, and plumes extending as far as 10 km from the summit.
The future of federally funded geophysics
Authors: Fellows Jack D.
Published: October 2011

My duties at the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) have lead me to believe that interest in the budget process does not exist much beyound the Washington suburbs. I like to describe budgeting in the same fashion as my introduction to remote sensing systems: photons enter here and images exit there. It sounds like a simple process. Invisible to the user is the phenomenal computational turmoil. Budgeting is quite similar— policy enters buildings scattered throughout Washington and eventually appropriations emerge—but there is even greater turmoil and less of the expected resolution.
A versatile, source‐independent system for digital data management
Authors: Smith Anne Q. , Clauer C. Robert
Published: October 2011

A simple, easily used data management system for digital scientific data has been developed for scientists whose primary interest is data analysis rather than data management. This file system, herein called FLATDBMS, features standardized input/output (I/O) operations and nonhierarchical direct access self‐documenting data files. The system is designed for scientists who interact with a variety of data sets when using FORTRAN programs. The design is particularly suited to searching for and selecting particular intervals of data, documenting data manipulations, and operating interactively with data. The cornerstone of the system is seven basic subroutines that perform the I/O operations in all applications programs. An interactive interface has been developed to allow easy viewing, selecting, and plotting of data stored in this format.
Uniform strain may cause eastern quakes
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

Recent measurements made with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) have revealed a compression of the eastern part of the United States that could provide more than a sufficient amount of strain energy to account for all of the earthquakes that occur there. Steven A. Musman of the National Geodetic Survey in Rockville, Md., and Tom Schmitt of the Georgia Geologic Survey in Atlanta will discuss these findings on Tuesday, May 20, at the 1986 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.

Recent measurements made with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) have revealed a compression of the eastern part of the United States that could provide more than a sufficient amount of strain energy to account for all of the earthquakes that occur there. Steven A. Musman of the National Geodetic Survey in Rockville, Md., and Tom Schmitt of the Georgia Geologic Survey in Atlanta will discuss these findings on Tuesday, May 20, at the 1986 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.
Sulfate, nitrate declines noted
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

An analysis of more than 4000 samples of precipitation that were collected weekly from 1978 through 1983 at 19 sites in 13 states showed no clear pattern of changes in overall acidity, according to a recent report by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) of the Department of the Interior. The analysis did, however, reveal significant declines in sulfate and nitrate concentrations during that 5‐year period.

USGS hydrologists said that sulfate and nitrate, sometimes used as indirect indicators of the acidity of precipitation, showed widespread and substantial downward trends in the eastern United States. (All but three of the 19 stations are located east of the Mississippi River.) At the five stations in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, for example, sulfate concentrations declined 25% to 40% during the 5‐year period. Only two of those five stations showed statistically significant trends in pH; these were decreases in acidity comparable to the decreases in sulfate.
High pressure experiments at 5.5 Mbar
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The range of laboratory experimentation has been extended recently to pressures of 5.5 Mbar (0.55 TPa) in diamond anvil studies by J.A. Xu, H.‐K. Mao, and P.M. Bell at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. This pressure range encompasses the entire earth from surface to core (central core pressures are estimated to be 3.5 Mbar), as well as pressures equivalent to the upper mantles of the giant planets. This enhanced ability to synthesize mineral phases, measure their properties, and observe their behavior will result in improved evaluation of models of earth and planetary interiors.

The high‐pressure experiments to 5.5 Mbar involved implementation of new design concepts for the diamond anvil apparatus. In a previous experiment the maximum pressure achieved was approximately 2.8 Mbar, but the pressure calibration had to be done indirectly from load calculations. The shift of the fluorescent line of ruby crystals placed in the sample, which is normally employed as an internal pressure standard, could not be used in the earlier experiment because of strong interference from diamond anvil fluorescence at pressures above 2.7 Mbar. In the new experiments the overlapping diamond emission was found to disappear at pressures above 3 Mbar, and the ruby pressure calibration scale could be employed once again. The apparatus is suitable for experiments with silicates, metals, and solidified gases. These new methods will facilitate the study of mineral physics under experimental conditions that duplicate the natural conditions of the earth's interior.
International Mineralogical Association Meeting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The 14th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) will be held in Stanford, Calif., July 13‐18, 1986.
High‐Pressure Research Applications Seminar
Authors: Manghnani Murli H. , Akimoto Syun‐iti , Ahrens Thomas J. , Syono Yasuhiko , Jeanloz Raymond , Yagi Takehiko
Published: October 2011

The United States‐Japan seminar on “High‐Pressure Research Applications in Geophysics and Geochemistry” was held in Honolulu, Hawaii, January 13–16, 1986, under the auspices of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). The seminar, the third in a series, was cocovened by Murli H. Manghnani (University of Hawaii, Honolulu) and Syun‐iti Akimoto (University of Tokyo). Coming together for this symposium were 25 researchers from Japan, 22 from the United States, and four others, from Australia, the People's Republic of China, the Netherlands, and the Federal Republic of Germany. Of the 52 papers presented, 38 were presented orally at seven scientific sessions, and the rest were displayed at a poster session.
Comments on “The cut and recorrelated gravity map of the United States”
Authors: Huggins Ian
Published: October 2011

G. L. Kinsland (Eos, August 28, 1984, p. 490) proposed that a late Proterozoic transcontinental right‐lateral strike‐slip fault system with approximately 600 km of offset exists in the United States, striking northwest from southeastern Alabama to northwestern Montana. After Kinsland corrected the proposed displacement, two aligned gravity features were noted: first, the Central North American Rift System (CNARS) and the Hartville Uplift and second, the Late Proterozoic rift passive margins of the Ouachita Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains. However, significant displacement along the proposed trace of the fault is precluded by the disruption of various terranes that would result (Figures 1a and lb). Some of these terranes include

The northwestern corner of the Wyoming province (feature 4 in the figures; Dutch [1983]).

The North American Central Plains conductive anomaly (NACPCA)‐Mullen Creek‐Nash Fork shear zone (feature 3; Camfield and Gough [1977]).

The CNARS (feature 2), which Yarger and Lam [1983] and Yarger [1982] extended through Kansas to the Oklahoma border. Danbom et al. [1980] found gravity and magnetic evidence for a probable extension of the CNARS into northern Oklahoma.
Dayglow holes may reveal comet influx
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

Two controversial papers in the April issue of Geophysical Research Letters by a group from the University of Iowa offer a new picture of the earth's upper atmosphere and the source of water on the earth and other planets. Louis A. Frank and colleagues John B. Sigwarth and John D. Craven proposed that the earth may be seeing an influx of as many as 20 small comets per minute, each weighing perhaps 100 tons. Since comets contain a great deal of water ice, such a phenomenon could add significant amounts of water to the earth's atmosphere in a short time.
H.W. Menard 1920”1986
Authors: Revelle Roger
Published: October 2011

A photograph of Bill Menard was on the cover of the January 7, 1986, issue of Eos, and on pages 8 and 9 of that issue, Marcia McNutt's citation in presenting the 1985 Bowie Medal and Bill's response were published. Only a month later, on February 9, Bill died of cancer. Today we remember in joy and sorrow the life of our friend: joy because he was able to do so much and live so intensely throughout the 40 years of his career as a seagoing scientist, and sorrow because we miss his warm, loving presence.

Bill was an explorer, a scientist, a scholar, and a poet. He had the seeing eye, the powerful imagination, and the hard‐working energy that are necessary to be either a scientist or a poet or, as in his case, both. He was a scholar because unlike many scientists, he was self‐conscious and introspective about his science. Consequently, he was interested not only in the discovery of new scientific facts and the development of hypotheses to explain them but also in the history of his science, the individuals living and dead who had contributed to it, and the romance and adventure of life as a scientific sailor. His book Anatomy of an Expedition (McGraw‐Hill, 1969) and his manuscript, about to be published by Princeton University Press, called Ocean of Truth are both poetic evocations of an oceanographer's life at sea and on the beach. In all that he did, he was generous to his colleagues and honest with them and with himself.
The Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) plans: 1986”1988
Authors: Hayes S. P. , Behringer D. W. , Blackmon M. , Hansen D. V. , Lau N.‐C. , Leetmaa A. , Philander S. G. H. , Pitcher E. J. , Ramage C. S. , Rasmusson E. M. , Sarachik E. S. , Taft B. A.
Published: October 2011

The Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) Project of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental Research Laboratories was initiated in 1979 to investigate the role of the tropical Pacific Ocean in influencing large‐scale interannual climate fluctuations. The principal hypothesis of EPOCS is that inter‐annual variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial Pacific Ocean is intimately related to atmospheric fluctuations associated with the Southern Oscillation. This hypothesis is supported by numerous empirical and theoretical studies. The coupled ocean‐atmosphere signal has become known as the ENSO (El Niño‐Southern Oscillation) phenomenon, and it is recognized as one of the principal modes of global interannual climate change.
Bequest supports oceanography
Authors: Atkinson L.
Published: October 2011

The Department of Oceanography at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va., has recently received a bequest of $8.4 million from the estate of Fay M. Slover. The new funds will be used to support five new positions in the subdiscipline of physical oceanography, 10 student fellowships, and a visiting scholar program, as well as to provide essential equipment. The department will form a panel of outside scientific advisors to assist in planning for the effective use of the contribution.
Mineral physics: Atomic to global
Authors: Bassett William A.
Published: October 2011

Mineral physics is rapidly emerging as a coherent discipline of the earth sciences. It is dedicated to the understanding of how the physical and chemical properties of minerals control their geological behavior, especially at high pressure and temperature. Objectives of mineral physics include understanding properties of minerals on an atomic scale and using them to constrain the interpretation of global processes. Mineral physics provides the essential link between what we observe (e.g., seismic profiles) and what we would like to know (e.g., composition and temperature).
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Changes in relative mean sea level’”]
Authors: Carter W. E.
Published: October 2011

There is little question that the International Latitude Service (ILS) polar motion time series displays a statistically significant drift in the mean position of the pole. The difficult problem is to determine “Whether this secular motion is apparent (a consequence of the measuring process, local crustal deformation and deflections of the vertical) or real (due to continental drift or a secular motion of the axis of rotation) …,” (K. Lambeck, The Earth's Variable Rotation: Geophysical Causes and Consequences, Cambridge University Press, London, 1980). Neither the n‐sigma nor the theoretical plausibility arguments presented by S.R. Dickman are of much use in answering that question. The best evidence that at least some portion of the observed motion may be real is the loose agreement among the ILS, IPMS, and Doppler series during the limited periods of overlap.
GALE data to be discussed
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

The scientific community will soon have the opportunity to share data from one of the largest weather experiments ever conducted. The Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) field program, carried out from January 15 through March 15 of this year, was intended to advance knowledge about the birth and progress of the winter storms that can affect the East Coast of the United States (Eos, February 4, 1986, p. 57). A group from Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pa., where the GALE Data Center is based, will present a paper that summarizes the types of data collected during the program and the GALE observations on Wednesday, May 21, at the AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.

In his talk at the meeting, Carl Kreitzberg, director of the data center, will focus on observations made during the GALE program of mesoscale structures in East Coast winter storms. Mesoscale structures are features of temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind fields on distance scales of about 100 km and time scales of about 3 h. Structures of this magnitude produce most of the heavy precipitation in storms, Kreitzberg said.
Helmut Landsberg 1906”1985
Authors: Droessler E. G.
Published: October 2011

When Dr. Helmut Erich Landsberg died on December 6, 1985, just 2 months before his 80th birthday, AGU lost an outstanding leader and one of its biggest contributors. He died suddenly in Geneva, Switzerland, where he was participating in the ninth session of the Commission for Climatology of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

Landsberg had received AGU's highest honor, and Past President A.E. Maxwell, in informing Helmut that he was to be the recipient of the 1978 Bowie Medal, wrote the following: “You were selected for your outstanding contribution to fundamental geophysics and your unselfish cooperation in research. Recognizing your enormous contributions to the AGU over many years, a society that is very much yours is going to take great pride in honoring you…”
Planetary rings: Of doughnuts and shepherds
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

Voyager 2's recent encounter with Uranus has brought about a renewed interest in the nature of planetary rings. It has been difficult to explain, for example, how such rings can remain narrow and discrete and not expand as a result of the dissipation of energy from collisions of particles within them. A paper in the May issue of Geophysical Research Letters offers an enthusiastic restatement of one view on this question, first proposed in 1981. Advocates of the “shepherd satellite” idea, however, are far from swayed.

The new paper, by F. Curtis Michel of Rice University (Houston, Tex.), restates his idea that particles in rings may exhibit a “coherent, rolling‐type motion” such that significant collisions do not occur. Michel suggests that the ring “particles” (probably better visualized as boulders) may be so densely packed that they may be treated as a fluid. In Michel's model, each individual particle would follow an inclined, elliptical orbit that would not intersect with any other such orbit. Together, the motions of all the particles would generate a toroidal surface (Figure 1). The absence of collisions would account for the apparent paucity of small particles in the rings of Uranus, Michel says.
Great Salt Lake sets record
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

The level of the Great Salt Lake, Utah, broke its 1873 record on May 12, 1986, rising to 1283.7 m above mean sea level, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Heavy snowpack remains in the lake's drainage basin, and the lake is likely to continue rising into June. “It could well go up another foot [i.e., ∼0.3 m],” this season, according to Ted Arnow, USGS district chief in Utah.

The Utah state legislature convened a special session on May 13 to discuss measures to control the flooding. Last year, the legislature began to consider funding a plan to pump water from the Great Salt Lake to form a large, shallow pond in the desert 48 km to the west. Because the lake's level was predicted to drop this year, however, the lawmakers postponed action on the issue (Eos, September 10, 1985, p. 641). The Rose Park area of Salt Lake City, which lies below the lake's current level, has been diked, but groundwater is backing up into Rose Park and has to be pumped out over the dikes, Arnow said. Also, trains that use the Southern Pacific railroad causeway, which crosses the lake, have had to be temporarily rerouted south of the lake during storms. The causeway has been progressively raised since 1983, but engineers now say that they can raise it no further because the added weight will make it sink into the lake, Arnow said. If the lake rises much higher, the interstate highway that runs by it might also have to shut down temporarily during storms, he added.
Special issue on Antarctic Ozone Depletion: GRL
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The November 1986 issue of Geophysical Research Letters will contain a special issue on studies of antarctic ozone depletion.
Scientists urged to push harder for funding
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

“Earth scientists have not been eloquent, or even coherent, and certainly have not been effective” in presenting their case for federal funding of vitally important research, according to Don L. Anderson, director of the Seismological Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and future President‐Elect of AGU. Anderson was one of seven speakers from the research and government communities who addressed the topic “Geophysical Research Funding: Hard Choices, Soft Money,” at a Union session held at the 1986 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.
Galapagos hydrothermal alteration zone found
Authors: Embley Robert W.
Published: October 2011

In October 1985, a unique outcrop of an alteration zone beneath an extinct massive sulfide deposit was discovered by ALVIN on the Galapagos Ridge at 0°45′N, 85°50′W. This location is about 20 km east of the easternmost of the warm water Galapagos vents (the original ridge crest vent site discovered in 1977). The massive sulfide body, discovered in 1980, consists primarily of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and minor sphalerite. At that time the site was recognized to offer great potential for examining the third dimension of a ridge crest sulfide deposit because of the extensive syn‐ and postdepositional faulting that had taken place in the area. The 1985 expedition was designed to map the deposit in detail and to examine the fault scarps for stockworklike alteration zones. In addition, deep tow magnetics and ALVIN‐based electrical resistivity experiments were carried out.
WOCE/TOGA Historical Oceanographic Data Subgroup
Authors: Emery William
Published: October 2011

The Oceanographic Historical Data Subgroup of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE)/Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere program (TOGA) Data Management Working Group was organized to assess both the quantity and quality of historical standard oceanographic data files (e.g., temperature and salinity profiles and current meter, drifter, and ship drift data) for WOCE/TOGA studies and to estimate the amount of existing data that is not to be found in National Oceanogrphic Data Center (NODC) files and formulate a strategy for adding these data to the historical files.
Is Venus alive?
Authors: Taylor Harry A.
Published: October 2011

Apart from the earth, the near environment of only one other planet, Venus, has been the subject of sustained in situ investigations from space. Owing to the similarity in the physical characteristics of the two bodies, this is most appropriate in that it provides the opportunity to test the credo that through comparative analysis, planetary exploration holds the promise for better understanding of our earth environment.

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was placed into orbit about Venus in December 1978 and has provided a wealth of observations of the planet surface, its atmosphere and clouds, the ionosphere, and the interaction of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field with the planetary environment. Among these observations, perhaps the most potentially significant and yet controversial result has been the claimed evidence of extensive lightning and the coupled assertion that the lightning is stimulated by volcanic activity. This lightning‐ volcanism scenario has become widely publicized in films, books, and numerous journal and magazine articles. Also, these results have had considerable influence in stimulating ongoing research on the basis that active volcanic output might explain otherwise unanswered questions in wide‐ranging disciplines, including atmospheric and cloud physics, geology, and plasma physics. Quite naturally, the question of whether Venus is geologically either living or dead is fundamentally significant for comparative planetary analysis.
MIZEX East 83/84: The Summer Marginal Ice Zone Program in the Fram Strait/Greenland Sea
Authors:   MIZEX Group
Published: October 2011

A marginal ice zone (MIZ) occurs where polar and temperate climate systems interact and result in an edge of pack ice cover. As a geophysical boundary zone the MIZ is unique in the complexity of the vertical and horizontal air‐sea‐ice energy interactions that take place there. In response to these, the ice edge moves hundred of kilometers north and south on a seasonal cycle. Successful modeling and prediction of variations in ice edge position and ice concentration would be of great value in furthering man's activities in the region in areas such as offshore Artie oil exploration, seaborne transport of Arctic resorces, further development of the rich fisheries close to the ice margins and for naval operations.
50 years of membership in AGU recognized
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Recently, the following members of AGU received their recognition pins for 50 years of membership in the Union.
In Memoriam
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The November 1986 issue of Geophysical Research Letters will contain a special issue on studies of antarctic ozone depletion. Authors are invited to submit recent results from theoretical or observational studies of the ozone depletion or related topics, such as polar dynamics, heterogeneous chemical reactions, polar stratospheric clouds, and so on. To be considered for the special issue, articles should be received by the editors before August 15, 1986. Five copies, conforming to standard GRL guidelines, should be sent to Mark R. Schoeberl or Arlin J. Krueger Guest Editors, GRL Code 616 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD 20771 telephone: 301‐286‐5819.
Geological Structure of Mac. Robertson Land (East Antarctica)
Authors: Grew Edward S.
Published: October 2011

In East Antarctica, bedrock emerges from under the continental ice sheet in coastal hills and skerries or in mountain ranges within 200 km of the coast. However, the ice sheet in Mac. Robertson Land has been lowered by the Lambert Glacier to such an extent that mountain ranges up to 600 km inland are exposed. These bedrock exposures are the only direct access geologists have to the interior of East Antarctica. While the predominance of granulite facies rocks in the coastal areas give the impression that most of East Antarctica is underlain by such high‐grade rocks, the presence of low‐grade rocks in southern Mac. Robertson Land indicates that the interior of East Antarctica is probably a far more diverse terrain. The present book is one view of this interior: It summarizes the results that Soviet geoscientists obtained from field operations between 1966 and 1974 in Mac. Robertson Land. The territory covered by this study includes a coastal belt of granulite facies rocks and charnockites and the interior area (southern Prince Charles Mountains) of gneissic granites and metasediments and metavolcanics with greenschist to amphibolite facies. Soviet contributions to our present geological knowledge of these areas have been substantial, most notably the discovery of a banded iron formation at Mount Ruker in the southern Prince Charles Mountains. Moreover, the Soviets were the first to recognize the significance of the continental rift presently occupied by the Lambert Glacier and Amery Ice Shelf, and they have documented this rift by geophysical and geological observations.
Waterman Award nominations open
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Nominations are now being accepted for the Alan T. Waterman Award, which annually recognizes an outstanding young scientist in the forefront of science. The award, named for the first director of the National Science Foundation (NSF), was established by Congress in 1975 to mark the agency's silver anniversary.

Candidates for the 1987 award must be U.S. citizens and must be 35 years old or younger (or not be more than 5 years beyond receipt of the Ph.D. degree) by December 31, 1986. Candidates should have completed sufficient scientific or engineering research to have demonstrated, through personal accomplishments, outstanding capability and exceptional promise for significant future achievement, the award committee says. In addition, those nominated should exhibit quality, innovation, and potential for discovery in their research.
AGU
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

On July 1, 1986, newly elected section and union officers assumed their roles as members of the AGU Council. Each new section president‐elect will serve 2 years in that capacity, then 2 years as section president.

These are the council members who will serve through June 30, 1988.
Interagency Workshop on Sensing From Aircraft
Authors: Nolan Bernard T.
Published: October 2011

In August 1985, 115 scientists and managers gathered in Boulder, Colo., for the Interagency Workshop on Sensing from Aircraft. This event marked a significant first for both interagency and interdisciplinary cooperation in airborne science.

The workshop was jointly sponsored by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with participation of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Department of Defense (the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory (AFGL)), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Of the 115 people in attendance, 96 were scientists who use airborne platforms in conducting their research tasks. The objective was to provide both an interagency and interdisciplinary forum for discussing scientific results, plans, and requirements. It was organized around the following major disciplines:

Atmospheric Processes

Atmospheric Chemistry

Ocean Processes

Land Processes
Wet trend continues for lakes
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

About 20% of the United States, including the regions of the Great Lakes and the Great Salt Lake, has entered a fourth year of record and near‐record streamflow and lake levels, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). From June 3 until June 8, 1986, the Great Salt Lake stood at 1283.77 m above sea level, 0.076 m above the previous record, which was set in 1873. (Records have been kept for the lake since 1847.) On June 8, a dike south of the lake gave way during a windstorm, causing flooding of evaporation ponds used for mineral recovery.

As a result of the breach, the lake's level dropped to 1283.65 m above sea level by June 10 but rose to 1283.68 m by June 20. The latest official reading, made on June 30, showed that the lake's level had dropped to 1283.63 m above sea level. According to Tom Ross, chief of the Current Water Conditions Group at the USGS National Center in Reston, Va., this drop represents “a normal seasonal decline brought on by evaporation.”
Two color special issues for JGR‐Oceans
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

James J. O'Brien, editor of the Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans (JGR‐Oceans) has announced two special color issues of the journal for 1987. Special color rates are available for both issues, as they were for the November 1986 special color issue.
Report from the outgoing VGP President
Authors: Dalrymple G. Brent
Published: October 2011

During the 6 years that I have been privileged to be an officer of the AGU Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology section (VGP) there have been a number of noteworthy changes in the section and its activities. The most important of these was the initiation of the VGP Award (1985 recipients were Wesley Hildreth, Richard Fisher, and Hans‐Ulrich Schmincke), the beginning of the VGP/Planetology luncheons, the “founding” of The VGP News (now under the able leadership of editor John Eichelberger), and the renewal of a sustained effort to forward first‐rate nominees for possible election as Fellows of the Union. These items were covered in some detail in my last report (Eos, April 23, 1985, p. 187), and I will not reiterate. In that report, I also noted that VGP is one of the fastest growing sections in the Union (now nearly 12% of the AGU membership) and one of the most active at the national meetings, as measured by the number of abstracts submitted. Those trends continued through the past year and are indicators of the overall strength of the section.
1986 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Public safety response by Alaskan volcanologists
Authors: Kienle J. , Davies J. N. , Miller T. P. , Yount M. E.
Published: October 2011

Although, in a general sense, all scientific work on hazardous natural phenomena such as weather, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions can advance the public safely, we wish to describe some specific actions that were motivated by direct considerations of safety. These kinds of actions are normally at the fringes of scientific research and become important only during some crisis; in this instance, the crisis was the eruption on March 27, 1986, of Augustine Volcano (Figure 1). The agencies involved were the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska (UAGI), the Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys of the State of Alaska (DGGS), and the Alaska Branch of the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The central theme of our mutual effort during the crisis was to communicate to response agencies and the public, in the most meaningful way possible, a prediction of what could happen next and how it would affect the public.
June streamflow
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Record and near‐record low streamflows continued throughout much of the mid‐Atlantic and southeastern states in June and early July, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).

Record low flows for June were recorded at eight key USGS gaging stations in the mid‐ Atlantic and southeastern region. Streamflows in the most affected area—which includes Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and parts of Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, and eastern Alabama—ranged from 50—80% below long‐term June averages.
International maritime boundaries
Authors: Brooks David A.
Published: October 2011

As part of a program to help marine scientists who work in foreign waters, a world map entitled “Marine Scientific Research Boundaries” has been produced. This map is not intended to be used for navigation purposes, but it provides an informative and clear display of international marine boundaries that are relevant to marine scientific research. Single copies of the 24×36‐in. (61—91‐cm) map are available free of charge from David A. Ross, International Marine Science Cooperation Program, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543. A technical report describing the claims of various nations will be available from the same source later this year.
Coastal Award to Hollings
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Coastal States Organization presented Sen. Ernest F. Hollings (D‐S.C.) with a special recognition award on July 25, 1986, for his “leadership and outstanding contributions” to the national coastal zone management program. Hollings became known as the “father of coastal zone management” for his role in drafting the original Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. He played an important role in the law's reauthorization in 1980 and 1986, according to an announcement from the Coastal States Organization.
Bedrock Geologic Map of Maine and Surficial Geologic Map of Maine
Authors: Lyons J. B.
Published: October 2011

For the tectonic, structural, or surficial geologist, a geologic map is the ultimate document, encompassing within its bounds a concise display of the current status of geologic information for the region that it embraces. Because the state of Maine, areally, is half of the New England region, the new bedrock and surficial maps of that state, produced under the direction of State Geologist Walter Anderson with the collaboration of 13 bedrock area compilers, 12 surficial areal compilers, and aided by funding from the U.S. Department of Energy and the Maine Geological Survey, are important contributions to our knowledge of this portion of the northern Appalachian Mountains. These maps follow closely upon recently published bedrock maps of Massachusetts (E.‐A. Zen et al., U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., 1983) and Connecticut U. Rodgers, Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey, Hartford, 1985). Revisions of maps for the other New England states are in progress.
From the SPR news editor
Authors: Reiff Patricia H.
Published: October 2011

This issue marks the inaugural of the SPR News section, which is joining The Oceanography Report, Water‐Watch, The VGP News, and the Mineal Physics News as section reports. Like those reports, we will bring together news particularly of interest to the AGU solar‐planetary relations (SPR) membership. Our first news item of that typed is a report from the outgoing SPR President, George Reid. A report from our incoming President, Bob Helliwell, will follow in the next issue, and one from our President‐Elect, Chris Russell, in the issue following.