bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teacher Socialization
Authors: Staton Ann Q.
Published: September 2017

Teacher socialization is a complex, communicative process by which individuals selectively acquire the values, attitudes, norms, knowledge, skills, and behaviors of the teaching profession and of the particular school or educational culture in which they seek to work. It is a widely held view that the effectiveness of teachers, and thus the quality of education, is related to teacher preparation and early teaching experiences. Unlike primary socialization, which occurs from birth, teacher socialization is a form of secondary socialization, a subsequent, ongoing process in which people continually socialize into new realms of their lives. Prospective and beginning teachers have been the main focus of teacher socialization research, on the assumption that socialization occurs during teacher training and the initial years in the teaching position. Researchers acknowledge, however, that teacher socialization also continues throughout the career as veteran teachers change roles and enter new educational environments.
Teacher Socio‐Communicative Style
Authors: Martin Matthew M.
Published: September 2017

Socio‐communicative style is a presentational communication trait. Teachers with a particular style should communicate in a consistent manner, demonstrating that style over time and in different situations. The constructs of teacher socio‐communicative style (how a teacher would perceive himself or herself) and teacher socio‐communicative orientation (how students would view the teacher) are based on earlier research into psychological androgyny, social style, personal style, and → communicator style (→ Teacher Communication Style). Measurement of teacher socio‐communicative style is based on teachers' levels of assertiveness and responsiveness.
Technology Assessment
Authors: Gow Gordon
Published: September 2017

There are numerous approaches to technology assessment but it is essentially a systematic method for exploring technology developments and assessing their potential societal effects. It was typically implemented as a strategy to inform policy decisions within government and industry but now includes a growing body of scholarly research in science and technology studies (Herdman & Jensen

; Hill

; La Porte 1997). As a research strategy, technology assessment is best viewed as a pragmatic arrangement of theory and method emphasizing one or more concerns: the design and development of an emerging technology; a known technology‐related social or environmental problem; or the introduction of a new technology into society (Porter

, 51).
Telecommunications: Law and Policy
Authors: Taylor Russ
Published: September 2017

The field of telecommunications law, policy, and regulation is a subset of the larger fields of governance and regulation generally, and the regulation of media and communications in society in particular. Telecommunications law and policy generally concern the ownership and control of and access to large‐scale electronic networks that connect people and businesses. These networks may be fixed (primarily involving the use of fiber and wires) or mobile (primarily involving the use of radio frequency spectrum), but that terminology is increasingly becoming antiquated as new technologies create products and services that are more difficult to define.
Telegraphic News
Authors: Blondheim Menahem
Published: September 2017

The telegraph enabled rapid, continuous, and simultaneous diffusion of public information across space. Its application to news reporting transformed journalistic practices, institutional arrangements, and audience experiences. The advent of telegraphic news further affected political, socio‐economic, and cultural processes internationally.
Telephone Talk
Authors: Haspel Kathleen C.
Published: September 2017

Telephone talk has been a central communication practice and site of study since Shannon and Weaver developed their fundamental model of communication at Bell Telephone Laboratories in the 1940s to explain how technological and human channels of communication transmit information (→ Information and Communication Technology, Development of). As telephone service spread and ushered in the information age in the latter half of the twentieth century, it acquired the status of an important social indicator. Yet little was known of the social use of the telephone until the 1970s (Pool), when sociologist Harvey Sacks recorded and studied telephone conversations for the access they provided to structures of social action (Atkinson & Heritage). With his colleagues Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson, Sacks developed a method of transcribing and analyzing social interaction within and beyond the context of telephone talk (→ Conversation Analysis). In the 1980s and 1990s, Robert Hopper adapted conversation analysis to studies of telephone talk across relational and cultural contexts. These scholars established libraries of recordings that provide a valuable resource to researchers of language and social interaction worldwide. The practice and study of telephone talk have since grown, so that it is now considered vital to the construction of identities, relationships, cultural practices, and institutional procedures – as well as to information exchange.
Television Broadcasting, Regulation of
Authors: Sadler Roger L.
Published: September 2017

Historically, TV regulation in various countries has fallen into one of four broad categories. None of these regulatory frameworks exists in its true form in any country, but these categories provide a general framework for how different governments regulate television (→ Media Policy).
Television Technology
Authors: Mackay Hugh
Published: September 2017

Technological developments have played a major part in shaping the production, broadcasting, and reception of television. Histories of television tend to highlight a sequence of technologies (e.g., the cathode ray tube, fiber optic cable, and remote control) and their inventors (e.g., Nipkow, Baird, and Zworykin). This approach allows us to trace the development of the devices that together constitute television technology, while also identifying the relevant social groups, including scientists, technicians, entrepreneurs, governments, and even home enthusiasts, involved in shaping this emergence and form.
Test Theory
Authors: Mangold Roland
Published: September 2017

In psychology, psychometric tests are standardized data collection methods. To provide significant and interpretable results in an empirical study, a test must meet specific requirements that are laid down by test theory. Only if these preconditions are given can reliable and valid conclusions be drawn with respect to the “real” value of a person's trait or state under measurement. For standardized tests the raw score obtained during administration is transformed into a test score (e.g., an IQ or an anxiety score), which represents the intensity or strength of the trait/state to be measured on the level of an interval scale (→ Scales).
Time‐Series Analysis
Authors: Scheufele Bertram
Published: September 2017

Time‐series analysis is a statistical procedure for describing the characteristics of one time series (e.g., a trend) or predicting the future development of one time series (forecasting), but it can also be used to analyze the impact of an event on a single time series (intervention analysis) and to analyze the correlations between two or more different time series (cross‐correlations, transfer‐function analysis). The first two applications are usually called the univariate perspective of time‐series analysis; the second two are known as the multivariate perspective of time‐series analysis.
Tourism and Popular Culture
Authors: Berger Arthur Asa
Published: September 2017

Tourism is now the largest industry in the world, and as such, it has increasingly become of interest to scholars in a number of academic disciplines, such as anthropology, sociology, psychology, → semiotics, communication and → Marketing. It is also the subject of analyses using interdisciplinary approaches, such as leisure studies, feminist studies (→ Feminist and Gender Studies), and → cultural studies. Tourism studies have moved from being a relatively marginal aspect of the academy to one of considerable importance, and there are now departments devoted to studying tourism and many scholarly journals devoted to the subject.
A Review on Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskite Photodetectors: Device Engineering and Fundamental Physics
Authors: Ahmadi Mahshid , Wu Ting , Hu Bin
Published: September 2017

The last eight years (2009–2017) have seen an explosive growth of interest in organic–inorganic halide perovskites in the research communities of photovoltaics and light‐emitting diodes. In addition, recent advancements have demonstrated that this type of perovskite has a great potential in the technology of light‐signal detection with a comparable performance to commercially available crystalline Si and III–V photodetectors. The contemporary growth of state‐of‐the‐art multifunctional perovskites in the field of light‐signal detection has benefited from its outstanding intrinsic optoelectronic properties, including photoinduced polarization, high drift mobilities, and effective charge collection, which are excellent for this application. Photoactive perovskite semiconductors combine effective light absorption, allowing detection of a wide range of electromagnetic waves from ultraviolet and visible, to the near‐infrared region, with low‐cost solution processability and good photon yield. This class of semiconductor might empower breakthrough photodetector technology in the field of imaging, optical communications, and biomedical sensing. Therefore, here, the focus is specifically on the critical understanding of materials synthesis, design, and engineering for the next‐stage development of perovskite photodetectors and highlighting the current challenges in the field, which need to be further studied in the future.
Electrocatalysis of Rechargeable Non‐Lithium Metal–Air Batteries
Authors: Gu Peng , Xu Yuxia , Zhao Yifan , Liu Wei , Xue Huaiguo , Pang Huan
Published: September 2017

Rechargeable metal–air batteries show great promise in replacing conventional batteries due to their high theoretical energy density and infinite oxygen fuel from air. Rechargeable non‐Li–air batteries display the benefits of low price, high Coulombic efficiency, and small overpotential. Whereas in the case of Li–air batteries, the occurring electrocatalysis is intensively investigated, the situation is much less studied in the case of non‐lithium metal–air batteries. In this progress report, recent developments of secondary non‐lithium metal–air batteries are summarized, and the important issues of electrochemical reactions and bifunctional catalysts are discussed. Future perspectives are offered in the end, which should shed light on further research and design of bifunctional catalysts for secondary metal–air batteries.
Is the supply of continuing education in the anatomical sciences keeping up with the demand? Results of a national survey
Authors: Wilson Adam B. , Barger J. Bradley , Perez Patricia , Brooks William S.
Published: September 2017

Continuing education (CE) is an essential element in the life‐long learning of health care providers and educators. Despite the importance of the anatomical sciences in the training and practice of clinicians, no studies have examined the need/state of anatomy‐related CE nationally. This study assessed the current landscape of CE in the anatomical sciences to contextualize preferences for CE, identify factors that influence the perceived need for CE, and examine the association between supply and demand. Surveys were distributed to educators in the anatomical sciences, practicing physical therapists (PTs), and anatomy training programs across the United States. Twenty‐five percent (9 of 36) of training programs surveyed offered CE, certificates, or summer series programs related to anatomy. The majority of PTs (92%) and anatomy educators (81%) felt they had a potential or actual need for anatomy related CE with the most popular formats being online videos/learning modules and intensive, hands‐on workshops. The most commonly perceived barriers to participating in CE for both groups were program location, cost, and duration, while educators also perceived time of year as a significant factor. Logistic regression analyses revealed that no investigated factor influenced the need or desire for PTs to engage in anatomy related CE (P ≤ 0.124), while teaching experience and the highest level of learner taught significantly influenced the perceived need among anatomy educators (P < 0.001). Overall, quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed a robust need for CE that strategically integrates anatomy with areas of clinical practice and education. Anat Sci Educ 11: 225–235. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
Modeling the impacts of wood pellet demand on forest dynamics in southeastern United States
Authors: Duden Anna S. , Verweij Pita A. , Junginger H. Martin , Abt Robert C. , Henderson Jesse D. , Dale Virginia H. , Kline Keith L. , Karssenberg Derek , Verstegen Judith A. , Faaij André P.C. , van der Hilst Floor
Published: September 2017

The export of wood pellets from the southeastern United States (USA) has grown significantly in recent years, following rising demand from Europe. Increased wood pellet demand could lead to spatially variable changes in timberland management and area in the USA. This study presents an assessment of the impacts of increasing wood pellet demand (an additional 11.6 Mt by 2030) on land‐use dynamics, taking into account developments in other wood product markets as well as expected changes in other land uses. An economic model for the forest sector of the southeastern USA (SRTS) was linked to a land‐use change model (PLUC) to identify potential locations of land‐use change following scenarios of demand for pellets and other wood products. Projections show that in the absence of additional demand for wood pellets, natural timberland area is projected to decline by 450–15 000 km2by 2030, mainly through urbanization and pine plantation establishment. Under the high wood pellet demand scenario, more (2000–7500 km2) natural timberland area is retained and more (8000–20 000 km2) pine plantation is established. Shifts from natural timberland to pine plantation occur predominantly in the Atlantic coastal region. Future work will assess the impact of projected transitions in natural timberland and pine plantations on biodiversity and carbon storage. This modeling framework can be applied for multiple scenarios and land‐use projections to identify locations of timberland area changes for the whole southeastern USA, thereby informing the debate about potential impacts of wood pellet demand on land‐use dynamics and environmental services. © 2017 The Authors.Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefiningpublished by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gemcitabine, Pyrrologemcitabine, and 2′‐Fluoro‐2′‐Deoxycytidines: Synthesis, Physical Properties, and Impact of Sugar Fluorination on Silver Ion Mediated Base Pairing
Authors: Guo Xiurong , Leonard Peter , Ingale Sachin A. , Seela Frank
Published: September 2017

The stability of silver‐mediated “dC‐dC” base pairs relies not only on the structure of the nucleobase, but is also sensitive to structural modification of the sugar moiety. 2′‐Fluorinated 2′‐deoxycytidines with fluorine atoms in the arabino (up) and ribo (down) configuration as well as with geminal fluorine substitution (anticancer drug gemcitabine) and the novel fluorescent phenylpyrrolo‐gemcitabine (phPyrGem) have been synthesized. All the nucleosides display the recognition face of naturally occurring 2′‐deoxycytidine. The nucleosides were converted into phosphoramidites and incorporated into 12‐mer oligonucleotides by solid‐phase synthesis. The addition of silver ions to DNA duplexes with a fluorine‐modified “dC‐dC” pair near the central position led to significant duplex stabilization. The increase in stability was higher for duplexes with fluorinated sugar residues than for those with an unchanged 2′‐deoxyribose moiety. Similar observations were made for “dC‐dT” pairs and to a minor extent for “dC‐dA” pairs. The increase in silver ion mediated base‐pair stability was reversed by annulation of a pyrrole ring to the cytosine moiety, as shown for 2′‐fluorinated phPyrGem in comparison with phenylpyrrolo‐dC (phPyrdC). This phenomenon results from stereoelectronic effects induced by fluoro substitution, which are transmitted from the sugar moiety to the silver ion mediated base pairs. The extent of the effect depends on the number of fluorine substituents, their configuration, and the structure of the nucleobase.
Wettability alteration of reservoir rocks to gas wetting condition: A comparative study
Authors: Erfani Gahrooei Hamid Reza , Ghazanfari Mohammad Hossein , Karimi Malekabadi Farzan
Published: September 2017

Productivity of gas condensate reservoirs reduces significantly due to the near wellbore condensate/water blockage phenomenon. A novel, permanent solution to alleviate this problem is near wellbore wettability alteration of reservoir rocks to preferentially gas wetting conditions; industrial chemical materials are good candidates for this purpose, because of their eco‐friendly characteristics, economical price, and mass production. In this paper, a comparative study is conducted on two industrial fluorinated chemicals, MariSeal 800 and SurfaPore M. Static and dynamic contact angle measurements, spontaneous imbibition, and core flooding tests were conducted to investigate the effect of utilized chemical agents on surface wetting behaviour and fluid flow characteristics of rock samples. Contact angle measurements demonstrate that the liquid phase is changed to a non‐wetting phase after chemical treatment and MariSeal 800 has a greater potential to decrease the surface free energy of the calcite surface. Although both chemicals reveal great potential in static contact angle measurements, further experiments were conducted to distinguish between their abilities. Spontaneous air liquid imbibition tests and endpoint relative permeability measurements approved the potential of utilized chemicals to improve liquid phase mobility and decrease critical condensate saturation, which improve production parameters and reservoir productivity. Liquid phase endpoint relative permeabilities of sandstone core samples were improved by factors of 1.74 and 2.62; furthermore, irreducible liquid phase saturations were decreased by factors of 0.68 and 0.5 using MariSeal 800 and SurfaPore M chemicals. The results of this research help efficient selection of chemical agents for further field applications.
An exotic species alters patterns of marine community development
Authors: Theuerkauf Kathrynlynn W. , Eggleston David B. , Theuerkauf Seth J.
Published: September 2017

Predictions of ecological patterns can be strengthened through replication of foundational studies under different environmental conditions to evaluate the consistency in their underlying processes. In this study, we replicated Sutherland and Karlson's classic ecology study that tested terrestrial paradigms of community development in a marine fouling community. The abundance patterns of marine fouling species were quantified on sequentially submerged settlement plates to investigate the effects of disturbance date on short‐ and long‐term patterns of community development, and the original study's data sets were reanalyzed for comparison. In both studies, community structure was initially shaped by disturbance date due to monthly and annual variation in larval recruitment; however, the influence of disturbance date diminished over time. Despite these similarities, the underlying drivers of long‐term patterns of community development have shifted substantially since the 1970s. During the present study, an exotic tunicate, Clavelina oblonga, dominated plates over time and its dominance was associated with significant declines in species diversity. In contrast, the 1970s long‐term community was characterized by a heterogeneous mixture of species that varied inter‐annually, yielding increased species diversity over time. Continued observations of our settlement plates (2 yr total) indicated that C. oblonga remains the dominant species in this community, suggesting that these findings are not the result of a single, novel recruitment event. These results highlight how an exotic species can alter patterns of community development and biodiversity. Moreover, this study demonstrates the need to replicate foundational ecological studies to evaluate community dynamics and underlying processes in light of ongoing ecosystem change.
Use of monolithic supports for high‐throughput protein and peptide separation in proteomics
Authors: Andjelković Uroš , Tufegdžić Srdjan , Popović Milica
Published: September 2017

The exclusive properties of monolithic supports enable fast mass transfer, high porosity, low back pressure, easy preparation process and miniaturisation, and the availability of different chemistries make them particularly suitable materials for high‐throughput (HTP) protein and peptide separation. In this review recent advances in monolith‐based chromatographic supports for HTP screening of protein and peptide samples are presented and their application in HTP sample preparation (separation, enrichment, depletion, proteolytic digestion) for HTP proteomics is discussed. Development and applications of different monolithic capillary columns in HTP MS‐based bottom‐up and top‐down proteomics are overviewed. By discussing the chromatographic conditions and the mass spectrometric data acquisition conditions an attempt is made to present currently demonstrated capacities of monolithic capillary columns for HTP identification and quantification of proteins and peptides from complex biological samples by MS‐based proteomics. Some recent advances in basic monolith technology of importance for proteomics are also discussed.
Three decades following afforestation are sufficient to yield δ13C depth profiles
Authors: Brunn Melanie , Brodbeck Steffi , Oelmann Yvonne
Published: September 2017

Vertical gradients in stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in soil profiles can serve to approximate decomposition of organic matter under field conditions. This study tested the time (0, 30, and ≥ 150 y) required for the development of vertical δ13C profiles in topsoil by comparing arable, afforested and continuously forested sites, and showed that three decades following afforestation of former cropland are sufficient to develop distinct δ13C depth profiles.
Vascularized thumb metacarpal periosteal pedicled flap for scaphoid nonunion: An anatomical study and pediatric case report
Authors: Barrera‐Ochoa Sergi , Mendez‐Sanchez Gerardo , Rodriguez‐Baeza Alfonso , Knörr Jorge , Bertelli Jayme Augusto , Soldado Francisco
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Through an anatomical review, the primary aim of this study was to delineate the dorsal thumb metacarpal (TM) periosteal branches of the radial artery (RA). In addition, we report here the clinical utility of a vascularized TM periosteal pedicled flap (VTMPF), supplied by the first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA), in a complex case of scaphoid nonunion.

Methods

Ten latex‐colored upper limbs from fresh human cadavers were used. Branches of the RA were dissected under 3x loupe magnification, noting the periosteal branches arising from the FDMA. The VTMPF was measured for both length (cm) and width (cm).

Results

The FDMA provided a mean 12 periosteal branches (range 9 to 15), with a mean distance between branches of 0.5 cm (range 0.2–1.1), allowing for the design of a VTMPF which measured a mean 4 cm in length and 1.2 cm in width. We used a VTMPF to treat recalcitrant scaphoid nonunion, with a volar defect of 0.7 cm, in a 16‐year‐old boy. No bone graft was used. The patient experienced no postoperative complications. Successful consolidation was achieved three months after surgery, confirming the flap's survival. At 14‐months of postoperative follow‐up, the patient's VAS pain rating was 0 out of 100, and his DASH questionnaire score was 5. The patient had painless range that was 95% that of the contralateral limb. The patient's pinch and grip strengths were 6.5 kg and 28 kg, respectively (95% of unaffected side).

Conclusions

VTMPF may be considered a valuable and reliable surgical option for scaphoid nonunion in complex clinical scenarios.
Data that empower: The success and promise of CF patient registries
Authors: Fink Aliza K. , Loeffler Deena R. , Marshall Bruce C. , Goss Christopher H. , Morgan Wayne J.
Published: September 2017

In this article, we describe existing CF registries with a focus on US registry data collected through the CF Foundation Patient Registry (CFFPR) and the Epidemiologic Study of CF (ESCF); highlight what registries have taught us regarding epidemiology of CF; showcase the impact of registries on research and clinical care; and discuss future directions. This manuscript complements the plenary address given by Dr Wayne Morgan at the 2016 North American CF Conference by summarizing the key points from the presentation and providing additional detail and information.
Solution‐Processable Methyl Ammonium Lead Iodide Single Crystal Photodetectors for Visible Light and X‐Ray
Authors: Wangyang Peihua , Sun Hui , Zhu Xinghua , Yang Dingyu , Gao Xiuying , Liu Wenyi , Chen Yan , Tian Haibo , Huanglong Sibo
Published: September 2017

A promising photodetector based on CH3NH3PbI3 single crystal under visible light and X‐ray irradiation is reported. The CH3NH3PbI3 crystal grown by inverse temperature crystallization acts as the absorber material directly converting visible light and the impinging X‐ray photons to electron hole pairs, respectively. The underlying photoelectric response mechanism behind the observation under visible light and X‐ray irradiation is carefully discussed. Remarkably, the perovskite detectors demonstrate a good air‐exposure stability for more than 2 months with encapsulation. The results demonstrate that the CH3NH3PbI3 single crystal has a great potential for application in the visible light and X‐ray detection.
Energy Band Transition and Voltage Compensation via Surface Stoichiometry Alteration in p‐Type Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Xin Chenghao , Wang Yu , Zhang Shicong , Xu Liang , Yu Ying , Xiang Huaide , Wu Wenjun , Hua Jianli
Published: September 2017

To fundamentally ameliorate the photovoltaic performances of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), p‐type DSSCs (p‐DSSCs) have attracted considerable attention over the last two decades. Herein, by means of a modification with a Ni(NO3)2 aqueous solution, the stoichiometry of Ni atoms on the surface of a NiO electrode markedly increased. As a result of the change in donor ability and built‐in electric field, the quasi‐Fermi level and the valence band of the semiconductor were greatly reduced, thus effectively improving the open‐circuit voltage of the NiO‐film‐based photovoltaic device. In addition, the increased short‐circuit current density was attributed to the change of the surface distribution state of the sensitizer. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device based on the Ni‐salt‐modified electrode increased by 35.7% from 0.14 to 0.19% compared to that of the plain electrode. This method opens a new strategy to improve the photovoltaic efficiencies of p‐DSSCs.
Collective action and market formation: An integrative framework
Authors: Lee Brandon H. , Struben Jeroen , Bingham Christopher B.
Published: September 2017

Research Summary: While extant research recognizes the importance of collective action for market formation, it provides little understanding about when and to what extent collective action is important. In this article, we develop a novel theoretical framework detailing what collective action problems and solutions arise in market formation and under what conditions. Our framework centers on the development of market infrastructure with three key factors that influence the nature and extent of collective action problems: perceived returns to contributions, excludability, and contribution substitutability. We apply our framework to diverse market formation contexts and derive a set of attendant propositions. Finally, we show how collective action problems and solutions evolve during market formation efforts and discuss how our framework contributes to strategic management, entrepreneurship, and organization literatures.

Managerial Summary: This article lays out the key considerations that players operating in new markets should contemplate when making nontrivial investments in those spaces. As collective action problems can thwart efforts to establish new markets, we ask: When and under what conditions should market players collaborate rather than act independently? And if players collaborate, how should they coordinate to establish a new market? To address these research questions, we develop a novel generalizable framework of collective action in market formation. Our framework assesses the presence and type of collective action problems that hinder market formation and identifies potential solutions tied to those collective action problems.
On the duality of political and economic stakeholder influence on firm innovation performance: Theory and evidence from Chinese firms
Authors: Li Jing , Xia Jun , Zajac Edward J.
Published: September 2017

Research Summary

In this study, we propose and test a multi‐stakeholder perspective to address variation in innovation performance across firms. Specifically, we analyze how a focal firm's innovation performance is shaped by its political stakeholders (local and central governments) and economic stakeholders (suppliers, buyers, and competitors). Using a data set consisting of over 26,400 Chinese firms, we first find support for our predictions that a focal firm's innovation performance will be enhanced by both its government connections and the innovativeness of its economic stakeholders. We then analyze whether the interdependent effect of these political and economic stakeholders is more likely to be synergistic versus antagonistic, and find evidence consistent with the antagonistic view.

Managerial Summary

We show how a firm's innovativeness is influenced strongly by its relationships to external stakeholders. Specifically, we examine the potentially dual‐edged role of political stakeholders (local and central governments) and economic stakeholders (suppliers, buyers, and competitors). Using extensive data on Chinese firms, we find: (a) that the higher the level of government connections, the greater a firm's innovativeness; (b) that firms located in proximity with more innovative economic stakeholders also tend to have higher innovation performance. We also look beyond these independent positive effects to examine the joint effect of these two forms of stakeholder influence, and here we see that more influence is not always better. Specifically, we find that the innovation benefit that typically accrues to firms in proximity to more innovative economic stakeholders is weakened when those firms also have higher‐level government connections.
Text matching to measure patent similarity
Authors: Arts Sam , Cassiman Bruno , Gomez Juan Carlos
Published: September 2017

Research Summary: We propose using text matching to measure the technological similarity between patents. Technology experts from different fields validate the new similarity measure and its improvement on measures based on the United States Patent Classification System, and identify its limitations. As an application, we replicate prior findings on the localization of knowledge spillovers by constructing a case–control group of text‐matched patents. We also provide open access to the code and data to calculate the similarity between any two utility patents granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office between 1976 and 2013, or between any two patent portfolios.

Managerial Summary: We propose using text matching to measure the technological similarity between patents. The method can be used by various practitioners such as inventors, attorneys, patent examiners, and managers to search for closely related prior art, to assess the novelty of a patent, to identify R&D opportunities in less crowded areas, to detect in‐ or out‐licensing opportunities, to map companies in technology space, and to find acquisition targets. We use an expert panel to validate the improvement of the new similarity measure on measures based on the United States Patent Classification System, and provide open access to the code and data to calculate the similarity between any two utility patents granted by the USPTO between 1976 and 2013, or between any two patent portfolios.
Analysis of current characteristics of the electromagnetic rail gun based on HHT
Authors: Cao Ronggang , Zhang Guangwei
Published: September 2017

In this paper, using the B‐dot probe at the end of the gun, the B‐dot's voltage waveform is measured when the armature is being launched. During the launch process, the magnetic field around the probe changes. According to the change of the magnetic field, the probe generates an induced voltage. The Hilbert spectrum of voltage signal is obtained by the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT). Based on the Hilbert spectrum, the rail states of the launch system are compared. The results show that the waveforms obtained from the B‐dot probes at the rail‐gun breech can be used to analyze the whole process of the launch based on HHT. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ionothermal Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Chemical Bonding of the Rhodium‐Centered Clusters [RhBi9]4+and [(RhBi7)I8]
Authors: Groh Matthias F. , Müller Ulrike , Isaeva Anna , Ruck Michael
Published: September 2017

The first filled Bi95+polycation was isolated in the form of [RhBi9](AlCl4)4crystals by dissolution of the solid precursor Bi12–xRhX13–xin the Lewis‐acidic ionic liquid [BMIm]Cl·3.6AlCl3(BMIm = 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) at 140 °C. In the monoclinic crystal structure [P21/n, a= 1217.5(2) pm,b= 1741.6(3) pm,c= 5085.7(7) pm,β= 90.117(8)°], the almost spherical [RhBi9]4+polycations (approximateD3hsymmetry; Rh–Bi 276 ± 3 pm) show pronounced orientational disorder. Shiny black needles of Bi7RhI8were obtained from the reaction of rhodium, bismuth, and BiI3in the ionic liquid [BMIm]Cl·1.3AlCl3at 200 °C. Bi7RhI8[P21/n, a= 943.10(1) pm,b= 1582.40(1) pm,c= 1645.40(1) pm,β= 95.48(1)°] is isostructural to Bi7RhBr8and consists of molecular clusters [(RhBi7)I8]. The rhodium atom centers a pentagonal bipyramid of bismuth atoms, and the two apical bismuth atoms are in square‐planar coordination of iodide ions. DFT‐based calculations indicate strong bismuth‐rhodium bonding with predominantly covalent character for both clusters. The electronic structure of the Bi95+cage is notably modified by this interaction, but the characteristic bonding features of the host cluster with theD3hconfiguration are still maintained. In Bi7RhI8, on the other hand, bonding is dictated by the spatial distribution of mutually repelling iodine atoms, and the Bi–Rh bonding is highly polar.
Divergent interaction profiles of gabapentin and levetiracetam with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine lipids
Authors: Türker-Kaya Sevgi , Kına Aygül , Alın Selen
Published: September 2017

Background/Objectives The lipid solubility of antiepileptic drugs directly affects central nervous system availability. In relation to this, the interactions of gabapentin and levetiracetam with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine lipids depending on concentrations were comparatively investigated in the present study.

Methods The effects of gabapentin and levetricetam as a function of concentration (1–5–10–20 mol%) on biophysical parameters of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine multilammelar vesicles were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Results The data revealed that gabapentin at all concentrations and levetiracetam at 1–5 mol% lowered main transition temperature, enthalpy, cooperativity, lipid fluidity, lipid order, and increased hydrogen binding capacity of glycerol and phosphate groups. However, 10–20 mol% of levetiracetam tend to show different effect on transition temperature, which could also reflect its opposing effect on lipid order and glycerol and phosphate group’s hydrations.

Conclusions According to the corresponding findings depending on concentrations both drugs incorporate into phosphatidylcholines, perturbing the packing of lipids and affecting their thermotropic properties. Their binding affinity to acyl chains and hydrophilic parts of lipids was found to highly correlate with lipid-water partition and their solubility degree in water. Hence, the obtained results may offer evaluation of partition profile of the drugs into biological membranes depending on concentration.
Case Report: Aquatic Therapy and End‐Stage Dementia
Authors: Becker Bruce E. , Lynch Stacy
Published: September 2017

A 54‐year‐old woman, retired due to progressive cognitive decline, was diagnosed with early‐onset Alzheimer dementia. Conventional medication therapy for dementia had proven futile. Initial evaluation revealed a nonverbal female seated in a wheelchair, dependent on 2‐person assist for all transfers and activities of daily living. She had been either nonresponsive or actively resistive for both activities of daily living and transfers in the 6 months before assessment. After a total of 17 1‐hour therapy sessions over 19 weeks in a warm water therapy pool, she achieved the ability to tread water for 15 minutes, transfers improved to moderate‐to‐maximum assist from seated, and ambulation improved to 1000 feet with minimum‐to‐moderate assist of 2 persons. Communication increased to appropriate “yes,” “no,” and “okay” appropriate responses, and an occasional “thank you” and “very nice.” The authors propose that her clinical progress may be related to her aquatic therapy intervention.

Level of Evidence

IV
Are We There Yet?
Authors: Mc Veigh Mary Jo
Published: September 2017

The issue of what is ‘effective’ in therapeutic interventions with children and young people who have experienced maltreatment has attracted increasing professional interest since the 1980s. Currently, these interventions are subject to evaluative processes that privilege data collected from the adult experts, who design and deliver them. Measurements of effectiveness are predominantly based on a positivist paradigm, as indicated by the number of studies that use standardised measures to capture therapeutic success. An important concern is the neglect of children and young people's voices in the discussion of therapeutic efficacy.

This article presents the findings of a review of the literature, which revealed the continued privileging of adult ‘expert’ voices and the under-representation of the contributions from children and young people. However, when children and young people were engaged as active participants in evaluation processes, they were shown to demonstrate a depth of insight, which requires a reappraisal of adults as the only source of expertise in the effectiveness debate. The view that children and young people can be knowledge generators as well as active agents in their own healing is reflected by this article's proposals for future research partnerships with children and young people and changes to practice and policy development.
Relationship Building, Collaboration and Flexible Service Delivery: The Path to Engagement of Refugee Families and Communities in Early Childhood Trauma Recovery Services
Authors: Signorelli R. G. , Gluckman N. S. , Hassan N. , Coello M. , Momartin S.
Published: September 2017

Service utilisation by refugee families may be affected by the mismatch between Western individualistic service delivery approaches and the target communities’ more collectivist cultural patterns and practices. In addition to access barriers, utilisation of early childhood services by refugees can also be impacted upon by distrust of services, health and settlement issues, stigma, unfamiliarity with early childhood programmes, and fear of child protection and other legal systems. This low service utilisation sits in conflict with the need for early interventions for very young children, who are in the peak period of brain development. This article explores the implementation of a model to address these issues in early childhood work with refugee families and communities, with the intent to increase service uptake. Some strategies to address potential barriers will be described in the context of a community engagement model that includes consultation, relationship building, collaborative flexible service design and delivery, partnerships in community capacity building and cross-referral. Flexible, culturally appropriate interventions can enhance strengths based, non-pathologising and development-focused approach. A community engagement approach will, nevertheless, present challenges for service providers who must be willing to adapt their practices. Services and funding bodies need to recognise that this process is lengthy and resource intensive, but will ultimately lead to better service delivery and uptake, potentially leading to improvements in health, development and relational outcomes, for children and families from refugee backgrounds.
Getting nowhere fast? Social work and its impact in the child, youth and family sector
Authors: Lehmann Jennifer , Sanders Rachael
Published: September 2017

I was recently challenged by a colleague to think about the sticky question of what social work, as a discipline, has achieved over the last 40–50 years. Being challenged about the efficacy of social work and the discipline's capacity for lasting impacts is hardly a new experience. Many social workers will have confronted the opinions of clients, managers, family members and the public about the contributions or otherwise that they perceive social workers to offer. I have had these experiences too, but there are particular times when such comments remain in one's memories. After the elapse of many years I do not claim to have total accuracy of recall, but perhaps the first time I was shaken by a challenge to my noble presumptions was when Dr John Paterson, Secretary of the Department of Health and Community Services, Victoria, spoke at a meeting of child protection workers around 1989–90. He declared that he thought a mature accountant could do as well in the role. As others have recalled, Dr Paterson ‘did not blush to ignore traditional codes on the role of public servants in the policy process and overtly sought to participate in normative statements about policy’ (Barraclough & Smith, 1994, p. 16). He was known for making offensive remarks. He described disability advocacy bodies as ‘piss and wind’ groups, denigrating them as people more interested in talk than getting their hands dirty delivering services (Milburn, 1993, p. 1). He precipitated great angst amongst public servants.
S. aureus Infections in Chicago, 2006-2014: Increase in CA MSSA and Decrease in MRSA Incidence
Authors: Acree M. Ellen , Morgan Ethan , David Michael Z.
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVE

To examine trends in Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children at a single academic center in 2006–2014.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

Inpatient, outpatient, and emergency department settings in a private, tertiary referral center.

PATIENTS

Patients with an infection culture that grew S. aureus in January 1, 2006, through March 31, 2014.

METHODS

The first isolate per year for each patient was classified as community-associated (CA-), healthcare-associated (HA-), or HA-community–onset S. aureus. The incidence density of S. aureus, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections were calculated per quarter year.

RESULTS

Overall, 5,491 MRSA and 5,398 MSSA isolates were included. MRSA infections decreased by an average of 5.2% annually (P<.001). MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection (SSTI) incidence density decreased in adults (−3.5%; P<.001) and children (−2.9%; P=.004). MSSA infections at all anatomic sites increased by an average of 1.9% annually (P=.007) in adults and decreased 5.1% annually (P<.001) in children. MSSA SSTI incidence density increased in adults (+3.8%; P<.001) and children (+5.6%; P<.001). For MRSA and MSSA SSTI isolates, susceptibility to tetracycline and clindamycin decreased significantly.

CONCLUSIONS

In 2006–2014, MRSA SSTI incidence decreased among children and adults. MSSA SSTI incidence density increased in children and adults, suggesting that current empiric SSTI treatment recommendations may not be optimal. Adults experienced an overall increase in MSSA infections, which may prompt consideration of the need for horizontal infection control practices to decrease MSSA infection risk.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:1226–1234
American Mission activities in Libya 2005–16: report
Authors: Kane Susan , Raynolds William , Carrier Sam
Published: September 2017

This essay outlines the capacity-building work of the American Archaeological Mission to Libya between the years 2005 and 2016. This work was made possible by grants from the US Embassy to Libya, the US State Department Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation (AFCP) and the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs in Washington, DC. The principles and objectives underlying our capacity-building programme were inspired by the 2003 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Mission Report by Giovanni Boccardi, in particular his recommendation that the Libyan Department of Antiquities obtain training in the best modern cultural heritage management practices via sustained partnerships with external professionals and organisations.
The Sardic Phase: field evidence of Ordovician tectonics in SE Sardinia, Italy
Authors: COCCO FABRIZIO , FUNEDDA ANTONIO
Published: September 2017

Detailed geological mapping, field observations and structural analyses demonstrate that Early Ordovician (‘Sardic’) deformation occurred in the early Palaeozoic successions that are now incorporated in the Variscan Nappe zone of SE Sardinia. This deformation is represented by folds that formed at a shallow depth, lack a significant syn-folding axial planar foliation, and do not affect the overlying Late Ordovician – Devonian sedimentary sequence. These deformation features can be related to the development of the Sardic Unconformity and to calc-alkaline volcanism in several now-scattered terranes of Ordovician northern Gondwana. This reflects a convergent geodynamic setting that in the study sector appears to have failed to reach a continental collisional end-stage. Associating the structural data from this study with those of several published research studies, a preliminary evaluation about which tectonic setting could better fit is proposed. These conditions affected the eastern side of the northern Gondwana margin more or less contemporaneously with the opening of the Rhéic Ocean and the closure of the Qaidam Ocean, before the amalgamation of the Hunia terranes.
Position paper: Moving task-based language teaching forward
Authors: Ellis Rod
Published: September 2017

The advocacy of task-based language teaching (TBLT) has met with resistance. The critiques of TBLT and the misconceptions that underlie them have already been addressed in Ellis (2009) and Long (2016). The purpose of this article is to move forward by examining a number of real problems that TBLT faces – such as how a ‘task’ should be defined, the nature and timing of the ‘focus-on-form’ required, how to determine task complexity and sequence tasks, the role of explicit instruction, the timing of focus on form and the teacher training needed to ensure effective uptake of TBLT – and to also consider what solutions are possible. Disagreements exist regarding the relative merits of task-based and task-supported language teaching. I will propose that a hybrid/modular syllabus that allows for a balance between an object-oriented and a tool-oriented view of language teaching offers the most promising way forward.