bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Causes and implications of persistent atmospheric carbon dioxide biases in Earth System Models
Authors: Hoffman F. M. , Randerson J. T. , Arora V. K. , Bao Q. , Cadule P. , Ji D. , Jones C. D. , Kawamiya M. , Khatiwala S. , Lindsay K. , Obata A. , Shevliakova E. , Six K. D. , Tjiputra J. F. , Volodin E. M. , Wu T.
Published: December 2013

The strength of feedbacks between a changing climate and future CO2 concentrations is uncertain and difficult to predict using Earth System Models (ESMs). We analyzed emission‐driven simulations—in which atmospheric CO2levels were computed prognostically—for historical (1850–2005) and future periods (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 for 2006–2100) produced by 15 ESMs for the Fifth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Comparison of ESM prognostic atmospheric CO2 over the historical period with observations indicated that ESMs, on average, had a small positive bias in predictions of contemporary atmospheric CO2. Weak ocean carbon uptake in many ESMs contributed to this bias, based on comparisons with observations of ocean and atmospheric anthropogenic carbon inventories. We found a significant linear relationship between contemporary atmospheric CO2 biases and future CO2levels for the multimodel ensemble. We used this relationship to create a contemporary CO2 tuned model (CCTM) estimate of the atmospheric CO2 trajectory for the 21st century. The CCTM yielded CO2estimates of 600±14 ppm at 2060 and 947±35 ppm at 2100, which were 21 ppm and 32 ppm below the multimodel mean during these two time periods. Using this emergent constraint approach, the likely ranges of future atmospheric CO2, CO2‐induced radiative forcing, and CO2‐induced temperature increases for the RCP 8.5 scenario were considerably narrowed compared to estimates from the full ESM ensemble. Our analysis provided evidence that much of the model‐to‐model variation in projected CO2 during the 21st century was tied to biases that existed during the observational era and that model differences in the representation of concentration‐carbon feedbacks and other slowly changing carbon cycle processes appear to be the primary driver of this variability. By improving models to more closely match the long‐term time series of CO2from Mauna Loa, our analysis suggests that uncertainties in future climate projections can be reduced.
Evaluation of Rett Syndrome Symptom Improvement by Metabolic Modulators in Mecp2‐Mutant Mice
Authors: Buchovecky Christie M. , Hill Misty G. , Borkey Jennifer M. , Kyle Stephanie M. , Justice Monica J.
Published: December 2013

Mouse models recapitulate many symptoms of Rett Syndrome, an X‐linked disorder caused by mutations in methyl‐CpG‐binding protein 2 (MECP2). The study of Mecp2‐null male mice has provided insight into pathogenesis of the disorder—most recently, dysregulation of cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Perisymptomatic treatment with statin drugs successfully mitigates the effects of this metabolic syndrome, increases longevity, and improves motor function. Described here is a metabolic drug screening protocol and timeline for symptom evaluation in Mecp2‐mutant mice. Specifically, mice are treated twice weekly with a compound of interest alongside subjective health assessments, bi‐weekly body composition measurements, and blood chemistries. Throughout treatment, behavioral phenotyping tests are carried out at specific time points. This protocol is highly adaptable to other neurological diseases; however, the time for completion depends on the specific mutant model under study. The protocol highlights the use of techniques described in several different Current Protocols in Mouse Biology articles to carry out testing in a preclinical model. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 3:187‐204 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phenotypic Analysis of BAT versus WAT Differentiation
Authors: Rosenwald Matthias , Perdikari Aliki , Weber Elisabeth , Wolfrum Christian
Published: December 2013

The Western world is in the midst of an epidemic of obesity, which is the cause of severe clinical complications such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Obesity develops when energy intake chronically exceeds energy expenditure; thus, either reducing the energy intake and/or increasing the energy expenditure has been used in the treatment and prevention of obesity. On a cellular level, energy storage is mediated by white adipocyte tissue (WAT). In contrast, brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to body temperature and metabolic homeostasis by metabolizing lipids and glucose. Adipose tissue is a notoriously difficult tissue to work with, due to the high content of triglycerides and the fragility of the cells. In this unit, several approaches to analysis of BAT and WAT are described that overcome these limitations. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 3:205‐216 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Polymer Design Strategies for Radiation‐Grafted Fuel Cell Membranes
Authors: Gubler Lorenz
Published: December 2013

In the past decade, fuel cell technology has been moving steadily towards commercialization, with prospects of high production volumes, in particular in electric vehicle applications. However, the cost and durability of the currently‐used materials and components fall short of the requirements for large‐scale industrialization. The development of alternative, more cost‐effective materials with competitive performance and durability attributes is therefore ongoing. Radiation‐induced graft copolymerization (“radiation grafting”) is a versatile method to modify pre‐existing polymers to introduce a variety of desired functionalities, such as ion‐exchange capacity. Here, an overview of fundamentals and recent developments in the area of radiation grafted ion‐conducting polymers for application in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) is provided. Key aspects of polymer design are discussed, taking into consideration the radiation chemistry of base polymer materials and the adequate choice of grafting monomers for different PEFC types. Furthermore, the current status of applications in fuel cells is highlighted.
Demand Growth for Animal Products in the BRIIC Countries
Authors: Chen Danhong , Abler David
Published: December 2013

We conduct a meta‐analysis of studies of consumer demand for animal products in the BRIIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, and China) to gauge how future demands are likely to evolve. The BRIIC countries accounted for more than one‐fourth of global GDP in purchasing power parity terms in 2010, and are projected to have high rates of economic growth during the coming decade. Econometric results indicate that demands are likely to become more price‐responsive but less income‐responsive. These effects will likely become significant over time in countries such as China and India where per capita incomes are projected to grow rapidly. These developments may benefit exporters of animal products to the BRIIC countries if trade agreements are signed that open up the relatively closed markets for animal products in these countries. [EconLit Subject Codes: Q110, Q170].
Deletions in 14q24.1q24.3 are associated with congenital heart defects, brachydactyly, and mild intellectual disability
Authors: Oehl‐Jaschkowitz Barbara , Vanakker Olivier M. , De Paepe Anne , Menten Björn , Martin Thomas , Weber Georg , Christmann Alexander , Krier Romain , Scheid Simone , McNerlan Susan E. , McKee Shane , Tzschach Andreas
Published: December 2013

Interstitial deletions of chromosome band 14q24.1q24.3 are apparently very rare. We report on three unrelated patients with overlapping de novo deletions of sizes 5.4, 2.8, and 2.3 Mb in this region. While some clinical problems such as intestinal malrotation, cryptorchidism, and ectopic kidney were only observed in single patients, all three patients had mild intellectual disability, congenital heart defects (truncus arteriosus, pulmonary atresia, atrial septal defect, and/or ventricular septal defect), brachydactyly, hypertelorism, broad nasal bridge, and thin upper lips. Likely haploinsufficiency of one or several of the 19 genes in the common deleted interval (ACTN1, DCAF5, EXD2, GALNTL1, ERH, SLC39A9, PLEKHD1, CCDC177, KIAA0247, LOC100289511, SRSF5, SLC10A1, SMOC1, SLC8A3, ADAM21P1, COX16, SYNJ2BP, SYNJ2BP‐COX16, ADAM21) was responsible for these manifestations, but apart from SMOC1, mutations in which cause autosomal recessive Waardenburg anophthalmia syndrome, and ACTN1, mutations in which are associated with congenital macrothrombocytopenia, no disease associations have so far been reported for the other genes. Functional studies and a systematic search for mutations or chromosome aberrations in this region will elucidate the role of individual genes in the clinical manifestations and will provide insight into the underlying biological mechanisms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A description of spina bifida cases and co‐occurring malformations, 1976–2011
Authors: Parker Samantha E. , Yazdy Mahsa M. , Mitchell Allen A. , Demmer Laurie A. , Werler Martha M.
Published: December 2013

Mandatory folic acid fortification in the United States corresponded with a decline in the prevalence of spina bifida (SB). The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiologic characteristics of isolated versus non‐isolated SB cases in both pre‐ and post‐fortification periods. SB cases in the Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study from 1976 to 2011 without chromosomal anomalies and syndromes were included. A maternal interview, conducted within 6 months of delivery, collected information on demographics, reproductive history, diet, and supplement use. Daily folic acid intake in the periconceptional period was calculated using both dietary and supplement information and categorized as low intake (<400 µg/day) or high intake (≥400 µg/day). SB cases (n = 1170) were classified as isolated (80.4%) or non‐isolated (19.1%). Non‐isolated cases were further divided into subgroups based on accompanying major malformations (midline, renal, genital, heart, laterality). Compared to non‐isolated cases, isolated cases were more likely to be white, non‐Hispanic and have more than 12 years of education. Cases in the renal, genital, and heart subgroups had the lowest proportions of mothers with a high folic acid intake. The change from pre‐ to post‐fortification was associated with a decrease in the proportion of isolated cases from 83% to 72%, though in both periods isolated cases were more likely to be female and their mothers were more likely to have high folic acid intake. These findings highlight the importance of separating isolated and non‐isolated cases in etiologic research of SB. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Severe clinical presentation in monozygotic twins with 10p15.3 microdeletion syndrome
Authors: Vargiami Euthymia , Ververi Athina , Kyriazi Maria , Papathanasiou Evangelia , Gioula Georgia , Gerou Spyridon , Al‐Mutawa Hamda , Kambouris Marios , Zafeiriou Dimitrios I.
Published: December 2013

Submicroscopic deletion of 10p15.3 is a rare genetic disorder, currently reported in 21 unrelated patients. It is mainly associated with cognitive deficits, speech disorders, motor delay and hypotonia. The size of the deleted region ranges between 0.15 and 4 Mb and does not generally correlate with phenotype. A monozygotic female twin pair with a de novo 2.7 Mb deletion of 10p15.3 is herein reported. The girls presented at the age of 8 months with severe developmental delay and failure to thrive since the first month of life. Their perinatal and family history was unremarkable. On admission they both exhibited generalized dystonia, microcephaly, complete absence of voluntary movements and visual/auditory unresponsiveness. Their brain MRIs demonstrated dilatation of ventricles, subarachnoid spaces and anterior interhemispheric fissure and sylvian fissures bilaterally. Cranial radiography revealed partial fusion of both coronal sutures. Visual and brainstem auditory evoked potentials were markedly abnormal, indicating severe visual and sensorineural hearing impairment. The electroencephalogram, as well as a screening for inborn errors of metabolism, were unremarkable. Both patients required gastrostomy and tracheostomy before the age of 1 year. They were, additionally, managed with physical therapy, as well as baclofen and low‐dose haloperidol. Their current state at the age of 2 years is relatively stable. The index patients' phenotype includes features, such as dystonic cerebral palsy, visual and sensorineural hearing impairment or craniosynostosis, which have not been previously reported in individuals with 10p15.3 deletion. It is necessary to consider these novel clinical features and investigate their possible relationship with the recently recognized syndrome. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unified Tracking and Regulation Visual Servo Control for Wheeled Mobile Robots
Authors: MacKunis W. , Gans N. , Parikh A. , Dixon W. E.
Published: December 2013

The problem of unified tracking and regulation visual servo control is addressed in this paper, for a wheeled mobile robot (WMR) equipped with a single monocular camera system. The desired trajectory or desired fixed position and orientation are defined using a prerecorded image sequence (i.e., a video) or a single image (i.e., a snapshot) of four feature points. Euclidean homographies are developed by exploiting the projective geometric relationships that exist between the feature points in the live image and the prerecorded sequence of images and the corresponding feature points in a fixed reference image. The information obtained from the Euclidean homographies is then utilized to recast the WMR kinematics in a standard WMR form. A rigorous Lyapunov‐based analysis is provided to show that the proposed visual servo control approach achieves simultaneous tracking and regulation control for the on‐board camera‐in‐hand problem.
Fluorescent biosensors for high throughput screening of protein kinase inhibitors
Authors: Prével Camille , Pellerano Morgan , Van Thi Nhu Ngoc , Morris May C.
Published: December 2013

High throughput screening assays aim to identify small molecules that interfere with protein function, activity, or conformation, which can serve as effective tools for chemical biology studies of targets involved in physiological processes or pathways of interest or disease models, as well as templates for development of therapeutics in medicinal chemistry. Fluorescent biosensors constitute attractive and powerful tools for drug discovery programs, from high throughput screening assays, to postscreen characterization of hits, optimization of lead compounds, and preclinical evaluation of candidate drugs. They provide a means of screening for inhibitors that selectively target enzymatic activity, conformation, and/or function in vitro. Moreover, fluorescent biosensors constitute useful tools for cell‐ and image‐based, multiplex and multiparametric, high‐content screening. Application of fluorescence‐based sensors to screen large and complex libraries of compounds in vitro, in cell‐based formats or whole organisms requires several levels of optimization to establish robust and reproducible assays. In this review, we describe the different fluorescent biosensor technologies which have been applied to high throughput screens, and discuss the prerequisite criteria underlying their successful application. Special emphasis is placed on protein kinase biosensors, since these enzymes constitute one of the most important classes of therapeutic targets in drug discovery.
Mucus trail tracking in a predatory snail: olfactory processing retooled to serve a novel sensory modality
Authors: Patel Kinjal , Shaheen Nagma , Witherspoon Jessica , Robinson Natallia , Harrington Melissa A.
Published: December 2013

Introduction

The rosy wolfsnail (Euglandina rosea), a predatory land snail, finds prey snails and potential mates by following their mucus trails. Euglandina have evolved unique, mobile lip extensions that detect mucus and aid in following trails. Currently, little is known of the neural substrates of the trail‐following behavior.

Methods

To investigate the neural correlates of trail following we used tract‐tracing experiments in which nerves were backfilled with either nickel‐lysine or Lucifer yellow, extracellular recording of spiking neurons in snail procerebra using a multielectrode array, and behavioral assays of trail following and movement toward the source of a conditioned odor.

Results

The tract‐tracing experiments demonstrate that in Euglandina, the nerves carrying mucus signals innervate the same region of the central ganglia as the olfactory nerves, while the electrophysiology studies show that mucus stimulation of the sensory epithelium on the lip extensions alters the frequency and pattern of neural activity in the procerebrum in a manner similar to odor stimulation of the olfactory epithelium on the optic tentacles of another land snail species, Cantareus aspersa (previously known as Helix aspersa). While Euglandina learn to follow trails of novel chemicals that they contact with their lip extensions in one to three trials, these snails proved remarkably resistant to associative learning in the olfactory modality. Even after seven to nine pairings of odorant molecules with food, they showed no orientation toward the conditioned odor. This is in marked contrast to Cantareus snails, which reliably oriented toward conditioned odors after two to three trials.

Conclusions

The apparent inability of Euglandina to learn to associate food with odors and use odor cues to drive behavior suggests that the capability for sophisticated neural processing of nonvolatile mucus cues detected by the lip extensions has evolved at the expense of processing of odorant molecules detected by the olfactory system.
The Impact of DSM‐5's Alternative Model for Personality Disorders on Criminal Defendants
Authors: Filone Sarah , Strohmaier Heidi , Murphy Megan , DeMatteo David
Published: December 2013

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5) workgroup on personality disorders initially proposed several revisions to diagnostic criteria and disorder labels, some of which could have had a direct impact on the perception and sentencing of criminal defendants. The recent publication of the DSM‐5 included these revisions in an appendix for future research, indicating that the revised criteria require additional research before implementation. This study examined how the proposed changes, if implemented, might affect jury members’ sentencing recommendations and perceptions of the defendant. Participants read vignettes in which diagnostic label (antisocial personality disorder vs. dyssocial personality disorder vs. psychopathy) and crime type (white collar vs. violent crime) were manipulated. Results suggest that participants perceived white collar offenders more negatively than violent offenders, and were generally more influenced by crime type than diagnosis. The diagnostic label was most influential on recidivism ratings and participants’ perceptions of violent offenders. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
I'm buying, Jack! Fooling around an ambiguous brand
Authors: Brown Stephen
Published: December 2013

Within consumer research, ambiguity is often regarded as something to be avoided or eliminated. This article argues that ambiguity should be embraced, appreciated and understood as a multifaceted phenomenon found in manifold forms. An empirical study of one of the world's biggest brands, RMSTitanic, reveals that one of ambiguity's most characteristic forms, humour, is everywhere apparent.Titanicbrand culture is comedic to the core, absurd though this seems on the surface. Three categories of ambiguous brand amusement are identified in the vast cultural complex surroundingTitanicand the oceanic implications for branding's received wisdom are considered. The article concludes with the contention that ambiguity strengthens rather than weakens unfathomable brands such asTitanic. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Hospital Production: An Output Index Approach
Authors: Gaynor Martin S. , Kleiner Samuel A. , Vogt William B.
Published: December 2013

In this study, we develop and implement an output index approach to the estimation of hospital cost functions that reflects the differentiated nature of hospital care. The approach combines the estimation of an output index within a flexible functional form. We find, in an application to California hospitals, evidence of scope economies across specialties within primary care, and diseconomies of scope within secondary and tertiary care. Minimum efficient scale is reached at larger levels of output than would be estimated by conventional techniques. These results indicate the importance of accounting for firm output heterogeneity when estimating cost functions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fish Cholinesterases as Biomarkers of Sublethal Effects of Organophosphorus and Carbamates in Tissues of Labeo Rohita
Authors: Ghazala  , Mahboob Shahid , Ahmad L. , Sultana S. , AlGhanim K. , Al‐Misned F. , Ahmad Z.
Published: December 2013

Organophosphates and carbamates are major agrochemicals that strongly affect different neuroenzymes and the growth of various fish species. Here, we study the effect of sublethal concentrations of profenofos and carbofuran on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and the associated health risk in fish. Labeo rohita fingerlings were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of profenofos and carbofuran. The minimum cholinesterase activities in the brain, gills, muscle, kidney, liver, and blood were after exposure to profenofos (0.06 mg/L). The minimum AChE and BuChE activities in the brain, gills, muscle, kidney, liver, and blood were after exposure to carbofuran (0.28 and 0.198 mg/L). Exposure to both types of pesticides affected the functions of these organs, including metabolism and neurotransmission, to various extents at different exposure concentrations. These findings suggest that they are required to be properly monitored in the environment, to reduce their toxic effects on nontarget organisms
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans and Human Breast Cancer Epithelial Cell Tumorigenicity
Authors: Okolicsanyi Rachel K. , van Wijnen Andre J. , Cool Simon M. , Stein Gary S. , Griffiths Lyn R. , Haupt Larisa M.
Published: December 2013

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are key components of the extracellular matrix that mediate cell proliferation, invasion, and cellular signaling. The biological functions of HSPGs are linked to their co‐stimulatory effects on extracellular ligands (e.g., WNTs) and the resulting activation of transcription factors that control mammalian development but also associated with tumorigenesis. We examined the expression profile of HSPG core protein syndecans (SDC1–4) and glypicans (GPC1–6) along with the enzymes that initiate or modify their glycosaminoglycan chains in human breast cancer (HBC) epithelial cells. Gene expression in relation to cell proliferation was examined in the HBC cell lines MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 following treatment with the HS agonist heparin. Heparin increased gene expression of chain initiation and modification enzymes including EXT1 and NDST1, as well as core proteins SDC2 and GPC6. With HS/Wnt interactions established, we next investigated WNT pathway components and observed that increased proliferation of the more invasive MDA‐MB‐231 cells is associated with activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Specifically, there was substantial upregulation (>5‐fold) of AXIN1, WNT4A, and MYC in MDA‐MB‐231 but not in MCF‐7 cells. The changes in gene expression observed for HSPG core proteins and related enzymes along with the associated Wnt signaling components suggest coordinated interactions. The influence of HSPGs on cellular proliferation and invasive potential of breast cancer epithelial cells are cell and niche specific. Further studies on the interactions between HSPGs and WNT ligands may yield clinically relevant molecular targets, as well as new biomarkers for characterization of breast cancer progression. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 967–976, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimating the Probability of Meeting Financial Commitments: A Behavioral Finance Perspective Based on Business Simulations
Authors: Conine Thomas E.
Published: December 2013

In an enterprise risk management environment, managers regularly can expect to be called upon to assess the probability that they will meet financial commitments. The ability to do so makes planning easier and enables the prudent risk taking that is crucial to driving growth. But even highly experienced managers are prone to overconfidence—one of the well‐known behavioral biases that can negatively affect their ability to form an accurate assessment. Estimating probability is, in fact, no simple task, and careers have been made and lost over met or missed commitments. Over the decades, a central theme of TRI Corporation's business simulations has been the issue of meeting commitments and managing risk. Now, a study of these simulations has shed light on the challenges inherent in the estimation process. Among the findings: Greater divergence in opinion among team members early in the estimating process can result in more accurate assessments, while divergence later in the process can weaken the team environment and lead to an inability to deliver on commitments. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Prevalence of cancer in Parkinson's disease related to R1441G and G2019S mutations in LRRK2
Authors: Ruiz‐Martínez Javier , de la Riva Patricia , Rodríguez‐Oroz Maria C. , Mondragón Rezola Elisabet , Bergareche Alberto , Gorostidi Ana , Gago Belen , Estanga Ainara , Larrañaga Nerea , Sarasqueta Cristina , López de Munain Adolfo , Martí Massó José F.
Published: December 2013

An inverse relationship between Parkinson's disease (PD) and cancer has been described. However, the association between cancers and genetic forms of PD, in particular the R1441G mutation in the LRRK2 gene, is not well known. The objective of this work was to analyze cancer prevalence in PD patients with R1441G or G2019S mutations in LRRK2, and in idiopathic PD (iPD). A total of 732 patients with PD (70 and 25 carriers of R1441G or G2019S mutations, respectively), and 177 controls, were linked using a population‐based cancer registry of the Spanish province of Gipuzkoa. Cancer prevalence was not significantly higher in PD‐G2019S carriers (20%) than in PD‐R1441G carriers (14.3%), iPD (13.8%), or controls (12.5%). With the exception of a high prevalence of hematological cancers (crude odds ratio of 7.1) in the R1441G group, specific cancer types were not increased in PD mutation carriers. In both the carrier and iPD groups, cancers were diagnosed after the onset of PD. PD patients had a similar prevalence of cancer to control subjects. There was no increased association between G2019S or R1441G mutations and any type of cancer. Although there was a higher prevalence of hematological cancers in the R1441G group, the low number of such cancers overall makes this finding of uncertain significance. There was a slightly higher but not statistically significant prevalence of non‐skin cancers in the G2019S group, suggesting that further study to evaluate the association should be undertaken prior to ascribing an increased cancer risk to this population. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Interaction proteome of human Hippo signaling: modular control of the co‐activator YAP1
Authors: Hauri Simon , Wepf Alexander , van Drogen Audrey , Varjosalo Markku , Tapon Nic , Aebersold Ruedi , Gstaiger Matthias
Published: December 2013

Tissue homeostasis is controlled by signaling systems that coordinate cell proliferation, cell growth and cell shape upon changes in the cellular environment. Deregulation of these processes is associated with human cancer and can occur at multiple levels of the underlying signaling systems. To gain an integrated view on signaling modules controlling tissue growth, we analyzed the interaction proteome of the human Hippo pathway, an established growth regulatory signaling system. The resulting high‐resolution network model of 480 protein‐protein interactions among 270 network components suggests participation of Hippo pathway components in three distinct modules that all converge on the transcriptional co‐activator YAP1. One of the modules corresponds to the canonical Hippo kinase cassette whereas the other two both contain Hippo components in complexes with cell polarity proteins. Quantitative proteomic data suggests that complex formation with cell polarity proteins is dynamic and depends on the integrity of cell‐cell contacts. Collectively, our systematic analysis greatly enhances our insights into the biochemical landscape underlying human Hippo signaling and emphasizes multifaceted roles of cell polarity complexes in Hippo‐mediated tissue growth control.
An improved return‐map stress update algorithm for finite deformation analysis of general isotropic elastoplastic geomaterials
Authors: Huang Junjie , Peng Qi , Chen Ming‐Xiang
Published: December 2013

This paper develops a novel return mapping algorithm for the numerical integration of general isotropic finite strain elastoplastic constitutive models for geomaterials. The constitutive formulation is founded on multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient. The logarithmic strain measure as well as the exponential approximation of the plastic flow rule is utilized to restore the standard infinitesimal format return mapping algorithm. Central to the algorithm is the exploitation of a set of three mutually orthogonal unit base tensors for the representation of constitutive relations and the corresponding integration of the rate form of the constitutive equations. The base tensors constitute a local cylindrical coordinate system in the principal space, which allows to formulate the return mapping algorithm in the three‐dimensional space and reduce the dimension of the problem to be analyzed from six down to three. With the proposed approach, direct determination of the principal axes and the transformation procedure between the general space and the principal space, as required in traditional spectral decomposition, are avoided. Furthermore, the matrices that are involved in the inversion evaluation take simple forms, leading to extremely easy inverse computation. As a result, the consistent tangent operator can be streamlined into a form simpler and more compact than those by conventional integration methods. Following the formulation of the integration procedure, a numerical experiment is performed to assess the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring Sources of Variation in Studies of Knowledge Structure Coherence: Comparing Force Meanings and Force Meaning Consistency Across Two Turkish Cities
Authors: CLARK DOUGLAS B. , MENEKSE MUHSIN , OZDEMIR GOKHAN , D'ANGELO CYNTHIA M. , PRICE SCHLEIGH SHARON
Published: December 2013

Substantial variation has been observed across an international series of studies examining the consistency of students’ explanations of force and the most common meanings of force apparent in those explanations. On the surface, the variations among studies might be attributed to differences at the national level, but the studies also demonstrate differences among students from different schools in the United States. To what degree, therefore, can these variations be attributed to differences in educational systems as opposed to demographic differences or random variation? The current study compares student interviews across two cities in Turkey to provide insight into this question because Turkey, unlike the United States, has a strongly standardized national educational system. The results demonstrate no significant differences in students' consistency or meanings of force between cities. The results, however, demonstrate the expected differences across ages and majors, which suggest that the study has sufficient power. Thus, while differences have been observed between every city and country in the previous studies, and differences are observed in the current study in terms of grade level and academic majors, no differences are observed between the cities in Turkey. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of ongoing conceptual change research.
Comparative study on structure and properties of titanium/silicon mono‐ and co‐doped amorphous carbon films deposited by mid‐frequency magnetron sputtering
Authors: Jiang Jinlong , Huang Hao , Wang Qiong , Zhu Weijun , Hao Junying , Liu Weimin
Published: December 2013

The titanium/silicon mono‐ and co‐doped amorphous carbon films were deposited by mid‐frequency magnetron sputtering Ti target, Si target, and Ti80S20 alloy target, respectively. The effects of doped elements on the composition, surface morphology, microstructure, and mechanical and tribological properties of the films were investigated. The results reveal that the ratio of sp3 and sp2 carbon bonds of the films is regulated between 0.28 and 0.62 by a combination of Ti and Si dopant. The addition of small amounts of silicon leads to an increase in sp3 bonds and disorder degree of the sp2 carbon. The co‐doped film exhibits significantly superior friction performance than the mono‐doped films. The ultra‐low friction (μ < 0.01) was achieved under a load of 2 N in ambient air with 40% RH. By comparing to the mono‐and co‐doped films, it is thought that the sp3/sp2 ratio of the films may play a key role for the superlow friction. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioinspired Catechol‐Terminated Self‐Assembled Monolayers with Enhanced Adhesion Properties
Authors: Guardingo Mireia , Bellido Elena , Miralles‐Llumà Rosa , Faraudo Jordi , Sedó Josep , Tatay Sergio , Verdaguer Albert , Busqué Felix , Ruiz‐Molina Daniel
Published: December 2013

The role of the catechol moiety in the adhesive properties of mussel proteins and related synthetic materials has been extensively studied in the last years but still remains elusive. Here, a simplified model approach is presented based on a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) of upward‐facing catechols thiol‐bound to epitaxial gold substrates. The orientation of the catechol moieties is confirmed by spectroscopy, which also showed lack of significant amounts of interfering o‐quinones. Local force‐distance curves on the SAM measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows an average adhesion force of 45 nN, stronger than that of a reference polydopamine coating, along with higher reproducibility and less statistical dispersion. This is attributed to the superior chemical and topographical homogeneity of the SAM coating. Catechol‐terminated SAMs are also obtained on high‐roughness gold substrates that show the ability to assemble magnetic nanoparticles, despite their lack of enhanced adhesion at the molecular level. Finally, the influence of the catechol group on the formation and quality of the SAM is explored both theoretically (molecular dynamics simulations) and experimentally using direct‐write AFM lithography.
Making Meaning through Multicultural Initiatives
Authors: Elkins Becki , Morris Kenneth , Schimek Gwendolyn
Published: December 2013

This chapter discusses assessment and evaluation of multicultural initiatives by exploring two efforts implemented at a small, liberal arts college.
Race Caucuses: An Intensive, High‐Impact Strategy to Create Social Change
Authors: Obear Kathy , martinez becky
Published: December 2013

This chapter reviews the impact of using race caucuses with members of a student affairs leadership team to deepen their capacity to both recognize common dynamics of racism, internalized dominance, and internalized oppression, and explore specific strategies to create greater equity in their organization.
Exploring mediating effect of metacognitive awareness on comprehension of science texts through structural equation modeling analysis
Authors: Wang Jing‐Ru , Chen Shin‐Feng
Published: December 2013

This study used a Chinese‐language version of the Index of Science Reading Awareness (ISRA) to investigate metacognitive awareness and the Reading Comprehension of Science Test (RCST) to explore comprehension of science text by Taiwanese students. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results confirmed the validity of the underlying models of metacognitive awareness and comprehension of science text. First, the Interactive‐Constructivist Model of Reading (ICMR) comprises three clusters of knowledge, in which the comprehension of science text was affected by metacognitive awareness and prior knowledge about language and science; second, the effect of prior knowledge on the RCST was mediated by metacognitive awareness of science reading. The implications of these findings for science curriculum aiming to activate students' prior knowledge and raise students' metacognitive awareness on science reading are discussed; as well, directions for future research are provided. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 175–191, 2014
Using Assessment and SoTL to Enhance Student Learning
Authors: Dickson K. Laurie , Treml Melinda M.
Published: December 2013

Coordinating SoTL and assessment efforts strengthens the processes of inquiry, evidence, and innovation that lead to the continual improvement of student learning. Examples are provided for how to work collaboratively with colleagues to use these processes to continually inform the teaching practices within classrooms, academic programs, and institutions.
Statistical Models for Analyzing Learning Data
Authors: Wilson‐Doenges Georjeanna
Published: December 2013

This chapter will provide potential models for analyzing learning data through a discussion of screening data and then analyzing that data using appropriate statistical techniques.
Optimal risk assessment of small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses using 31–34‐week biometry in a low‐risk population
Authors: Stirnemann J. J. , Benoist G. , Salomon L. J. , Bernard J.‐P. , Ville Y.
Published: December 2013

Objective

To compare the performance of traditional growth charts for estimated fetal weight (EFW) and a validated pragmatic probabilistic approach using biometry at 31–34 weeks' gestation to screen for late pregnancy small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) fetuses in a low‐risk population.

Methods

Records of ultrasound biometry at 31–34 weeks were reviewed in 7755 consecutive low‐risk women between 2002 and 2011. Fetal malformations, Doppler anomalies and preterm delivery before 37 weeks were excluded. SGA was defined by various percentile cut‐offs of birth weight. The probability of SGA was modeled as a function of Z‐scores of femur length, abdominal circumference and head circumference. The model was validated on a second independent dataset of 1725 pregnancies from a different screening unit. The screening performance of this probabilistic approach was compared with those of traditional EFW growth charts. The additional value of factoring in maternal characteristics was also ascertained.

Results

Using national birth‐weight charts, the proportions of newborns at 37–42 weeks with birth weight < 3rd, < 5th and < 10th centiles were 3%, 6% and 12%, respectively, and there was a 2% rate of birth weight < 2500 g. For a 10% false‐positive rate, a direct probabilistic approach yielded a 51% detection rate of neonates with birth weight < 10th centile, compared to the 32% and 48% detection rates given by the 10th centile cut‐off of two reference charts for EFW. Adding maternal characteristics significantly improved detection rate by 2% to 53%.

Conclusions

The suggested validated approach to screening for late SGA fetuses outperforms traditional approaches using growth charts. By adding maternal characteristics, this screening method offers a favorable alternative to customized charts. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Transumbilical Single‐Incision Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy: Primary Experience and Review of the English Literature
Authors: Yao Dianbo , Wu Shuodong , Tian Yu , Fan Ying , Kong Jing , Li Yongnan
Published: December 2013

Background

Single‐incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) may represent an improvement over conventional laparoscopic surgery, and has been applied in many surgical procedures. However, for pancreatic surgery, experience is rather limited.

Methods

The clinical records of 11 cases in which transumbilical single‐incision laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (TUSI‐LDP) was performed at our institution since June 2009 were retrospectively analyzed, and all the literatures concerning TUSI‐LDP were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

All the 11 patients were female. The ages ranged from 20 to 73 years, with an average age of 38.0 years. The average body mass index (BMI) was 22.67 (18.6–26.2). Most TUSI‐LDPs were successfully performed, with only one conversion to multi‐incision surgery. Splenic preservation was performed in six cases. The mean operation time was 163.18 ± 63.18 minutes (range 95–300), and the mean intraoperative blood loss was 159.09 ± 181.02 ml (range 10–500 ml). The surgical wounds healed well, with good cosmetic wound healing, and the patients were discharged from hospital in a mean of 7.45 ± 1.44 days (range 5–10). Only one patient developed pancreatic leakage, which ceased spontaneously with only a drain for 61 days. The parameters were comparable with those found in the English literature.

Conclusions

These recent experiences suggest that SILS in pancreatic surgery is feasible for a select group of patients with relatively small lesions and low BMI, and that, with the gradual accumulation of surgeons’ experience with SILS and improvement of laparoscopic instruments, it might become a safe option for some patients.
Focused Assessment Sonography for Trauma (FAST) Training: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mohammad Alshafi , Hefny Ashraf F. , Abu‐Zidan Fikri M.
Published: December 2013

Background

The aim of this study was to systematically review the different methods for training Focused Assessment Sonography for Trauma (FAST), course design, and requirements for hospital credentialing.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database and performed a manual search of selected papers. All papers and abstracts written in English that studied training and education of FAST were included. Papers were critically evaluated, looking into training methods and models of FAST, their advantages and disadvantages, number and type of training hours, practice exams in the course, and number of cases advised to achieve hospital credentialing.

Results

A total of 52 studies were critically analyzed. The theoretical part of the courses lasted over a median (range) of 4 (1–16) h (n = 35 studies), while the practical part lasted over a median (range) of 4 (1–32) h (n = 34 studies). The participants performed a median (range) of 10 (3–20) FAST exams during the courses (n = 13 studies). The most commonly used model was the normal human model (65 %), followed by peritoneal dialysis patients (27 %). The least used models were animal (4 %) and cadaveric models (2 %). Each of these models had their advantages and disadvantages. The median number (range) of FAST exams needed for credentialing was 50 (10–200) (n = 19 studies).

Conclusion

Standardization of FAST training is important to improving the clinical impact of FAST. Different models used in FAST training are complementary; each has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is recommended that FAST courses be at least 2 days (16 h) long. The first day should include 4 h of theory and 4 h of training on normal human models. The second day should enforce learning using animal models, case scenarios including video clips, or simulators.
Role of Preoperative Basal Calcitonin Levels in the Timing of Prophylactic Thyroidectomy in Patients With Germline RET Mutations
Authors: Lifante Jean‐Christophe , Blanchard Claire , Mirallié Eric , David Albert , Peix Jean‐Louis
Published: December 2013

Background

The American Thyroid Association (ATA) published recommendations for the timing of prophylactic surgery for medullary thyroid carcinoma based on the specific mutation, patient age, family history, and serum calcitonin levels. The aim of this study was to assess the role of preoperative basal calcitonin (prebCt) levels in predicting the presence of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid in patients with RET mutations.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study in two endocrine surgery departments. Between 1986 and 2012, a total of 32 patients with RET mutations underwent prophylactic thyroidectomy. The patients were stratified into four ATA risk levels: A, B, C, and D.

Results

All of the patients were biologically cured. Microcarcinoma was observed in the final pathology report for four of the 20 patients with normal prebCt (25 %) and for nine of the 12 patients with elevated prebCt (75 %). In the level A group, four patients with normal prebCt and one patient with elevated prebCt presented with microcarcinoma. In the level C group, one patient with normal prebCt and six of the seven patients with elevated prebCt (86 %) presented with microcarcinoma.

Conclusions

PrebCt can predict the presence of microcarcinoma according to surgical pathological analysis. Patients with microcarcinoma can be biochemically and clinically cured using prophylactic thyroidectomy.
Delivery on call: exosomes as “care packages” from glial cells for stressed neurons
Authors: Krämer-Albers E.-M. , Frühbeis C.
Published: December 2013

Communication between cells is a basic requirement for proper nervous system function. Glial cells execute various functions, operating in close coordination with neurons. Recent research revealed that cell commu­nication is mediated by the exchange of extracellular vesicles, which are also secreted by glial cells and neurons. Extracellular vesicles comprise exosomes and microvesicles, which deliver proteins and ribonucleic acids to target cells. As a result of transfer, the vesicle cargo components can modulate the phe­notype of recipient cells. Here, we discuss the characteristics and functions of extracellular vesicles in general and in particular in the central nervous system, where myelinat­ing oligodendrocytes release exosomes in response to neurotransmitter signals, which are internalized by neurons and exhibit neuroprotective functions.
SERPINA5 inhibits tumor cell migration by modulating the fibronectin‐integrin β1 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Jing Ying , Jia Deshui , Wong Chun-Ming , Oi-Lin Ng Irene , Zhang Zhenfeng , Liu Li , Wang Qifeng , Zhao Fangyu , Li Jinjun , Yao Ming , Wu Xingzhong , He Xianghuo
Published: December 2013

In our previous study, we identified 1241 loci with somatic copy number alterations in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using Affymetrix SNP 6.0 arrays, and a putative cancer gene SERPINA5 was uncovered in a novel chromosomal region with recurrent copy number loss at 14q31.1–32.13. The SERPINA5 was reported to be deregulated in renal, breast, prostate and ovarian cancers. However, the roles of SERPINA5 in cancer remain greatly elusive. In this study, we found that the DNA dosage and expression level of the SERPINA5 gene were significantly decreased in HCC by quantitative real‐time PCR. Notably, the expression levels of SERPINA5 negatively correlated with malignant progression of HCC. The SERPINA5 gene was further observed to reduce in vitro and in vivo metastatic potential of HCC cells. Moreover, secreted SERPINA5 protein also could inhibit the metastatic ability of HCC cells. Finally, we discovered that one of the mechanisms explaining SERPINA5 inhibition of HCC metastasis is through direct interaction with fibronectin and disruption of the fibronectin–integrin signaling pathway. These findings highlight an important role of SERPINA5 in the regulation of migratory and metastatic potentials of HCC and suggest a potential application of SERPINA5 in cancer treatment.