bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decreased dendritic spine density of neurons of the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens and enhanced amphetamine sensitivity in postpubertal rats after a neonatal amygdala lesion
Authors: Solis Oscar , Vázquez‐Roque Rubén Antonio , Camacho‐Abrego Israel , Gamboa Citlalli , De La Cruz Fidel , Zamudio Sergio , Flores Gonzalo
Published: August 2009

A neonatal basolateral‐amygdala (nBLA) lesion in rats could be a potential animal model to study the early neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with the behavioral and morphological brain changes observed in schizophrenia. Morphological alterations in pyramidal neurons from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been observed in postmortem schizophrenic brains, mainly because of decreased dendritic arbor and spine density. We assessed the effects of nBLA‐lesion on the dendritic morphology of neurons from the PFC and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in rats. nBLA lesions were made on postnatal day 7 (PD7), and later, the dendritic morphology was studied by the Golgi‐Cox stain procedure followed by Sholl analysis at PD35 (prepubertal) and PD60 (adult) ages. We also evaluated the effects of the nBLA‐lesion on locomotor activity caused by a novel environment, apomorphine, and amphetamine. Adult animals with nBLA lesions showed a decreased spine density in pyramidal neurons from the PFC and in medium spiny cells from the NAcc. An increased locomotion in a novel environment and in amphetamine‐treated adult animals with an nBLA‐lesion was observed. Our results indicate that nBLA‐lesion alters the neuronal dendrite morphology of the NAcc and PFC, suggesting a disconnection between these limbic structures. The locomotion paradigms support the idea that dopaminergic transmission is altered in the nBLA lesion model. This could help to understand the consequences of an earlier amygdala dysfunction in schizophrenia. Synapse 63:1143–1153, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trusted cognitive radio networking
Authors: Chen Kwang‐Cheng , Chen Peng‐Yu , Prasad Neeli , Liang Ying‐Chang , Sun Sumei
Published: August 2009

Networking cognitive radios and nodes from primary system (PS) results in a heterogeneous coexisting multi‐radio wireless network, so that significant network throughput gain can be achieved. However, by investigating cognitive radio network (CRN) architecture, the links in CRNs are unlikely to support complete security check due to link dynamics, opportunistic availability, and uni‐directional in available time window. We therefore introduce trusted cognitive radio networking (TCRN) concept to facilitate network functions such as association in dynamic spectrum access and routing. First of all, we explore the mathematical framework for trust in CRNs. We then show successful association of node to CRN based on the mathematical structure of trust from statistical decision theory. Furthermore, we modify the machine‐learning algorithm to update the trust measure for each node, and develop rules of thumbs to facilitate TCRN with learning capability, based on numerical simulations. Trusted CRN can greatly alleviate heterogeneous challenge for CRN operation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of Length of Stay Following Colorectal Resection for Neoplasms in 183 Veterans Affairs Patients
Authors: Leung Anna M. , Gibbons R. L. , Vu Huan N.
Published: August 2009

Background

There is increasing pressure to reduce the length of stay in hospital (LOS) after colorectal surgery. The aim of this study was to identify factors that prolong LOS after colorectal surgery in a population of veterans.

Methods

Retrospective analysis was performed of all patients undergoing colorectal resection for a neoplasm at a single Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital (2002–2007). Data collected included demographics, co‐morbidities, operative management, postoperative morbidity and mortality, nutritional status, and LOS. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, and multivariate analysis.

Results

A total of 186 patients were identified. Three patients had an LOS of more than 100 days and were omitted from the analysis. The median LOS was 8 days. Multivariate analysis showed only two variables: coronary artery disease (CAD) and postoperative complications were predictive of prolonged LOS. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was the only preoperative morbidity predictive of complications.

Conclusions

The aim of this study was to identify factors that prolong LOS after colorectal surgery in a VA population. We found that CAD and postoperative complications were the only variables predictive of prolonged LOS after colorectal resection, and COPD was the only factor predictive of postoperative complications.
Predictors of Primary Breast Abscesses and Recurrence
Authors: Bharat Ankit , Gao Feng , Aft Rebecca L. , Gillanders William E. , Eberlein Timothy J. , Margenthaler Julie A.
Published: August 2009

Background

We investigated the patients and microbiological risk factors that predispose to the development of primary breast abscesses and subsequent recurrence.

Methods

Patients with a primary breast abscess requiring surgical therapy between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2006 were reviewed. Recurrent breast abscess was defined by the need for repeated drainage within 6 months. Patient characteristics were compared to the general population and between groups.

Results

A total of 89 patients with a primary breast abscess were identified; 12 (14%) were lactational and 77 (86%) were nonlactational. None of the lactational abscesses recurred, whereas 43 (57%) of the nonlactational abscesses did so (P < 0.01). Compared to the general population, patients with a primary breast abscess were predominantly African American (64% vs. 12%), had higher rates of obesity (body mass index > 30: 43% vs. 22%), and were tobacco smokers (45% vs, 23%) (P < 0.01 for all). The only factor significantly associated with recurrence in the multivariate logistic regression analysis was tobacco smoking (P = 0.003). Compared to patients who did not have a recurrence, patients with recurrent breast abscesses had a higher incidence of mixed bacteria (20.5% vs. 8.9%), anaerobes (4.5% vs. 0%), and Proteus (9.1% vs. 4.4%) but lower incidence of Staphylococcus (4.6% vs. 24.4%) (P < 0.05 for each).

Conclusions

Risk factors for developing a primary breast abscess include African American race, obesity, and tobacco smoking. Patients with recurrent breast abscesses are more likely to be smokers and have mixed bacterial and anaerobic infections. Broader antibiotic coverage should be considered for the higher risk groups.
Inhibition of the PI3K Pathway Suppresses Hormonal Secretion and Limits Growth in Pheochromocytoma Cells
Authors: Adler Joel T. , Hottinger Daniel G. , Kunnimalaiyaan Muthusamy , Chen Herbert
Published: August 2009

Background

Operative resection is the only curative treatment for pheochromocytomas. Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K)‐Akt pathway has been shown to be an effective treatment of neuroendocrine (NE) tumors in vitro. We hypothesized that inhibition of the PI3K‐Akt pathway would be a viable strategy to inhibit growth and hormonal secretion in pheochromocytoma cells.

Methods

Sixteen pheochromocytomas were analyzed for expression of phosphorylated Akt and the NE marker achaete scute complex‐like 1 (ASCL1). Pheochromocytoma PC‐12 cells were treated with up to 100 μM of the PI3K‐specific inhibitor LY294002 for 48 h. Western blot analysis was used to measure phosphorylated Akt, total Akt, ASCL1, chromogranin A (CgA), and markers of apoptosis. Growth was assessed by a methylthiazolyldiphenyl‐tetrazolium (MTT) bromide cellular proliferation assay for six days.

Results

Human pheochromocytomas expressed significant amounts of phosphorylated Akt, and there was a significant correlation between malignant pheochromocytomas and the amount of expressed ASCL1. LY294002 significantly inhibited the PI3K‐Akt pathway. Treatment led to a dose‐dependent decrease in both ASCL1 and CgA, indicating an alteration in the NE phenotype and hormonal suppression. Treatment decreased cellular proliferation, and cleavage of the apoptotic markers caspase‐3 and PARP was observed.

Conclusions

Human pheochromocytoma tumor samples express high levels of phosphorylated Akt. LY294002 effectively inhibits the PI3K‐Akt pathway, suppresses NE tumor markers, and decreases cellular proliferation via apoptosis in vitro. Inhibition of the PI3K pathway may represent a new strategy in the treatment of pheochromocytomas.
Endoscopic diagnosis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct
Authors: Tsuyuguchi Toshio , Sakai Yuji , Sugiyama Harutoshi , Miyakawa Kaoru , Ishihara Takeshi , Ohtsuka Masayuki , Miyazaki Masaru , Yokosuka Osamu
Published: August 2009

Background/Purpose

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct (IPMN‐B) is considered an uncommon tumor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of endoscopic cholangiography (ERC) with subsequent peroral cholangioscopy (POCS) and/or intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) for this tumor.

Methods

From December 1991 to November 2006, a retrospective analysis was made of eight patients with IPMN‐B. Their clinical features and the endoscopic diagnostic strategy for POCS and IDUS were reviewed.

Results

In all the patients, ERC failed to show papillary tumors, due to coexisting mucin or biliary sludge. POCS was carried out after ERC and it showed the presence and locations of papillary tumors in all patients, except for one with a tumor in the peripheral intrahepatic bile duct (B3). IDUS was performed in seven of the eight patients; in five of these patients, intraductal protruding tumors were clearly visualized, whereas flat tumors were not identified in the remaining two patients. In one of the eight patients, endoscopic nasobiliary drainage did not remove the huge amount of mucin. Hence, this patient required subsequent percutaneous biliary drainage. Six of the eight patients underwent surgical treatment; five patients underwent a hepatic resection with or without extrahepatic bile duct resection and one underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy. Five of the six operated patients are still alive; one patient died of gastric cancer 90 months after the operation (mean follow‐up period, 45.3 months). The two remaining patients, who were considered inoperable due to major medical comorbidities, died of liver failure and cholangitis 3 and 6 months, respectively, after stent placement.

Conclusion

ERC failed to delineate intraductal papillary tumors, due to coexisting mucin. The presence and location of papillary tumors were correctly diagnosed by both POCS and IDUS, but POCS may be better than IDUS to diagnose the extent of the tumor.
Inhibition of human initiator caspase 8 and effector caspase 3 by cross‐class inhibitory bovSERPINA3‐1 and A3‐3
Authors: Herrera-Mendez Carlos H. , Becila Samira , Blanchet Xavier , Pelissier Patrick , Delourme Didier , Coulis Gerald , Sentandreu Miguel A. , Boudjellal Abdelghani , Bremaud Laure , Ouali Ahmed
Published: August 2009

MINT‐7234625: SERPINA3‐1 (uniprotkb:Q9TTE1) and CASP3 (uniprotkb:P42574) bind (MI:0407) by biochemical (MI:0401)
Comparison of Clinical Application of the Abbott HBV PCR Kit and the Versant HBV DNA 3.0 Test to Measure Serum Hepatitis B Virus DNA in Taiwanese Patients
Authors: Yang Jeng‐Fu , Lin Ya‐Yun , Huang Jee‐Fu , Liu Shu‐Fen , Chu Pei‐Yu , Hsieh Ming‐Yen , Lin Zu‐Yau , Chen Shinn‐Cherng , Wang Liang‐Yen , Dai Chia‐Yen , Chuang Wan‐Long , Yu Ming‐Lung
Published: August 2009

With an estimated 350–400 million people worldwide chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), and the subsequent serious complications caused by liver damage including cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma, HBV infection remains a global health issue, particularly in Taiwan, an HBV‐hyperendemic area. Sensitive and accurate quantification of HBV DNA is necessary to monitor patients with chronic hepatitis B who are receiving antiviral therapy to determine treatment response and adapt therapy. We evaluated and compared the clinical performance of two HBV DNA assays based on different technologies: the RealArt™ HBV™ PCR Kit (Abbott HBV DNA PCR kit, real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay, detection limit: 27IU/mL) and the VERSANT bDNA 3.0 assay (Bayer, branched DNA signal amplification assay, detection limit: 357 IU/mL). Serum levels of HBV DNA in 173 chronic HBV carriers were determined using both the RealArt™ HBV™ PCR Kit and the VERSANT bDNA 3.0 test. Of the 173 samples analyzed for baseline viral load detection, HBV DNA was quantifiable in 147 patients (82.1%) by the RealArt™ HBV™ PCR Kit, which was significantly higher than the 92 (53.2%) samples quantified by the VERSANT bDNA 3.0 assay. A total of 86 (49.7%) samples were quantifiable by both assays, whereas 25 (14.5%) were below the detection limit of both assays. The HBV DNA quantification values measured by the RealArt™ HBV™ PCR Kit and the VERSANT bDNA 3.0 assay were positively correlated (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r = 0.932, p < 0.001). On average, the results derived from the RealArt™ HBV™ PCR Kit were 0.67 log lower than those of the VERSANT bDNA 3.0 assay. HBV DNA concentrations were significantly higher in 63HBV e antigen (HBeAg) seropositive patients than in 110 HBeAg‐seronegative patients (5.42 ± 2.34 logs vs. 3.21 ± 2.27 logs, p < 0.001). The RealArt™ HBV™ PCR Kit is more sensitive and has a wider dynamic range than the VERSANT bDNA 3.0 assay in the clinical setting of chronic hepatitis B patients. The sensitivity and wide dynamic range of the PCR assay allow optimal monitoring and timely adaptation of antiviral therapy. Nevertheless, the HBV DNA values measured by the RealArt™ HBV™ PCR Kit and the VERSANT bDNA 3.0 assay were significantly correlated.
Minimally Invasive Distal Metatarsal Osteotomy for Mild‐to‐Moderate Hallux Valgus Deformity
Authors: Lin Yu‐Chuan , Cheng Yuh‐Min , Chang Je‐Ken , Chen Chung‐Hwan , Huang Peng‐Ju
Published: August 2009

Minimally invasive surgery has recently been introduced for foot and ankle surgery, and hallux valgus surgery is no exception. The purpose of our study was to analyze the early results and to present our experience of minimally invasive distal metatarsal osteotomy in correcting mild‐to‐moderate hallux valgus deformities. Between September 2005 and December 2006, 31 consecutive patients (47 feet) with mild‐to‐moderate hallux valgus deformities underwent minimally invasive distal metatarsal osteotomies. The clinical and radiographic outcomes were assessed. The satisfaction rate was 90.32%. The mean total American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society halluxmetatarsophalangeal‐interphalangeal scale was 92.7 points. Complications included two (4.26%) episodes of stiffness, six (12.77%) episodes of pin tract infection, and one (2.13%) deep infection. There were no cases with nonunion, malunion, overcorrection, transfer metatarsalgia or osteonecrosis. On weight‐bearing anteroposterior foot radiographs, the mean hallux valgus angle and first intermetatarsal angle corrections were 11.8° and 6.3°, respectively, which is a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between the preoperative and postoperative status. Here, minimally invasive distal metatarsal osteotomy was associated with good satisfaction, functional improvement and low complication rates. This technique offers an effective, safe and simple way to treat hallux valgus with a first intermetatarsal angle less than 15°.
Hemostasis in Retropubic Radical Prostatectomy with Ankaferd BloodStopper®: A Case Report
Authors: Hur Emre , Akgül Turgay , Ayyldlz Ali , Germiyanoğlu Cankon
Published: August 2009

Ankaferd BloodStopper® (ABS) is a licensed medicinal plant product that provides active hemostasis in external, postsurgical and dental bleeding, and is approved in Turkey by the Ministry of Health. The use of ABS for internal organ hemorrhage is under investigation. Our clinic is one of the certified centers conducting a phase II trial investigating the effects and reliability of ABS in urogenital surgery. We have used ABS to stop bleeding during radical retropubic prostatectomy in one patient, presented here as a case report.
Intramuscular Low‐grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma: A Case Report
Authors: Liao Kuo‐Sheng , Huang Wan‐Ting , Yang Sheau‐Fang , Chien Song‐Hsiung , Hsieh Tsyh‐Jyi , Chai Chee‐Yin , Wu Chun‐Chieh
Published: August 2009

Low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a rare neoplasm that commonly arises in the deep soft tissues of the lower extremities, particularly in the thigh. LGFMS occurs preferentially in young male adults. The microscopic appearance of LGFMS exhibits bland fibroblastic spindle cells with a whorled or linear arrangement in fibrous and myxoid areas. Although LGFMS has a deceptively benign histologic appearance, local recurrence and late metastases have frequently been reported. Diagnosis of LGFMS is still difficult because of its characteristic bland‐looking histologic features that can be confused with other benign or low‐grade fibromyxoid lesions. Although immunohistochemical staining can offer an overview of the differential diagnosis of myxoid tumors of soft tissue, it is sometimes limited for diagnosis of LGFMS. However, recent cytogenetic and molecular analyses have provided significant improvements in the diagnosis of LGFMS. Such analyses have demonstrated that most cases of LGFMS have a characteristic t (7,16) (q33;p11) translocation, resulting in the FUS‐CREB3L2 fusion gene. We report a 29‐year‐old female who presented with a LGFMS located in the soleus muscle of her left lower leg. Preoperative imaging suggested the possibility of an intramuscular histiocytoma of the left soleus muscle. In conclusion, diagnosis of LGFMS can be challenging in routine practice in surgical pathology because of its bland‐looking features. The immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings were consistent with the fibroblastic properties of LGFMS. Cytogenetic and/or molecular genetic analyses can be used as ancillary diagnostic tools for LGFMS.
Continuous Infraclavicular Block for Forearm Amputation After Being Bitten by a Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus Porosus): A Case Report
Authors: Chiu Chin‐Hsi , Kuo Yi‐Wei , Hsu Ho‐Te , Chu Koung‐Shing , Shieh Chia‐Fang
Published: August 2009

Two important issues after a complete right forearm amputation are replantation and ongoing pain management. There are no reports of successful forearm replantation as a consequence of a crocodile bite. Here, we discuss our pain management in a case of complete forearm amputation after a bite from a saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), which necessitated six further operations to achieve successful replantation. Continuous infraclavicular brachial plexus block was effective for acute pain control in this case. We strongly recommend performing the block with an indwelling catheter under ultrasound guidance for higher accuracy and safety.
Mediastinal Hematoma Caused by Central Venous Catheterization: A Rare Cause of Obscure Blood Loss
Authors: Chen Szu‐Chia , Wang Chuan‐Sheng , Chuang Shu‐Hui , Chen Jui‐Hsin , Chou Ming‐Chin , Chen Huang‐Chi , Chang Jer‐Ming
Published: August 2009

Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, internal bleeding beyond the gastrointestinal tract and hemolysis are common causes of blood loss in intensive care unit patients. However, mediastinal hematoma is a rare cause of blood loss and is not usually detected. Here, we report a patient who developed a mediastinal hematoma resulting from central venous catheterization who presented with obscure blood loss refractory to blood transfusion. A mediastinal hematoma should be considered in the presence of obscure blood loss in patients with catheter placement.
The Burial of A Princess? The Later Seventh-Century Cemetery At Westfield Farm, Ely
Authors: Lucy Sam , Newman Richard , Dodwell Natasha , Hills Catherine , Dekker Michiel , O’Connell Tamsin , Riddler Ian , Walton Rogers Penelope
Published: August 2009

This paper reports on the excavation of a small, but high-status, later seventh-century Anglo-Saxon cemetery in Ely. Of fifteen graves, two were particularly well furnished, one of which was buried with a gold and silver necklace that included a cross pendant, as well as two complete glass palm cups and a composite comb, placed within a wooden padlocked casket. The paper reports on the skeletal and artefactual material (including isotopic analysis of the burials), and seeks to set the site in its wider social and historical context, arguing that this cemetery may well have been associated with the first monastery in Ely, founded by Etheldreda inad673.
The cereal type in feed influences gut wall morphology and intestinal immune cell infiltration in broiler chickens
Authors: Teirlynck Emma , Bjerrum Lotte , Eeckhaut Venessa , Huygebaert Gerard , Pasmans Frank , Haesebrouck Freddy , Dewulf Jeroen , Ducatelle Richard , Van Immerseel Filip
Published: August 2009

In broiler chickens, a diet where the major cereal types are wheat, rye and/or barley has a lower digestibility compared with a diet in which maize is the major cereal type. In the present study, the effects of two different dietary cereal types, maizev.wheat/rye, on host factors (inflammation and gut integrity) and gut microbiota composition were studied. In addition, the effects of low-dose Zn-bacitracin supplementation were examined. Broilers given a wheat/rye-based diet showed more villus fusion, a thinner tunica muscularis, more T-lymphocyte infiltration, higher amount of immune cell aggregates in the mucosa, more and larger goblet cells and more apoptosis of epithelial cells in the mucosa than those given a maize-based diet. Adding Zn-bacitracin generally reversed these alterations. The microbiota composition was analysed by the use of terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism, showing changes in the microbiota composition depending on the cereal type used in the diets. The effect of the change of cereal type on the gut microbiota composition was larger than that of Zn-bacitracin supplementation. In conclusion, a wheat/rye-based diet evoked mucosal damage, an alteration in the composition of the microbiota and an inflammatory bowel type of condition.
Particle size and fraction of wheat bran influence short-chain fatty acid productionin vitro
Authors: Stewart Maria L. , Slavin Joanne L.
Published: August 2009

Whole grains are associated with decreased risk of chronic disease and decreased risk of obesity. Several mechanisms may be involved including SCFA production via fibre fermentation in the colon. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of wheat bran particle size (large/coarsev.small/fine) and wheat bran fraction (whole branv.aleuronev.aleurone by-product) in SCFA production using a batchin vitrofermentation system with human faecal inoculum. Five samples were compared: large-particle bran, small-particle bran, aleurone, coarse by-product, fine by-product. Fine by-product produced the greatest SCFA concentrations. By-product (both coarse and fine) produced greater SCFA concentrations than bran (both large and small particle sizes). Aleurone produced SCFA concentrations similar to small-particle bran. The molar percentage of butyrate at 24 h was significantly greater for large-particle bran than the other samples. Small/fine particle size and by-product fraction of bran increased SCFA production compared with large/coarse particle size, and aleurone and whole bran. Bran characteristics and composition should be considered when manufacturing foods due to the diversity of physiological effects.
Adaptation of colonic fermentation and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion with increased wheat fibre intake for 1 year in hyperinsulinaemic human subjects
Authors: Freeland Kristin R. , Wilson Charlotte , Wolever Thomas M. S.
Published: August 2009

High cereal fibre intake is associated with reduced risk for type 2 diabetes, but wheat fibre had little or no effect on glycaemic control or oral glucose tolerance in clinical trials lasting 4–12 weeks. To explain this discrepancy, we hypothesised that colonic adaptation to increased wheat fibre intake takes many months but eventually results in increased SCFA production and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. Thus, the primary objective was to determine the time-course of the effects of increased wheat fibre intake on plasma acetate, butyrate and GLP-1 concentrations in hyperinsulinaemic human subjects over 1 year. Subjects with fasting plasma insulin ≥ 40 pmol/l were randomly assigned by computer to receive either a high-wheat fibre cereal (fibre group; 24 g fibre/d; twenty assigned; six dropped out, fourteen included) or a low-fibre cereal (control group; twenty assigned; six dropped-out, fourteen included) daily for 1 year. Acetate, butyrate and GLP-1 were measured during 8 h metabolic profiles performed every 3 months. There were no differences in body weight in the fibre group compared with the control group. After 9 months baseline-adjusted mean 8 h acetate and butyrate concentrations were higher on the high-fibre than the control cereal (P < 0·05). After 12 months on the high-fibre cereal, baseline-adjusted mean plasma GLP-1 was 1·3 (95 % CI 0·4, 2·2) pmol/l (P < 0·05) higher than at baseline (about 25 % increase) and 1·4 (95 % CI 0·1, 2·7) pmol/l (P < 0·05) higher than after 12 months on control. It is concluded that wheat fibre increased SCFA production and GLP-1 secretion in hyperinsulinaemic humans, but these effects took 9–12 months to develop. Since GLP-1 may increase insulin sensitivity and secretion, these results may provide a mechanism for the epidemiological association between high cereal fibre intake and reduced risk for diabetes.
Prolonged refeeding improves weight maintenance after weight loss with very-low-energy diets
Authors: Gripeteg Lena , Torgerson Jarl , Karlsson Jan , Lindroos Anna Karin
Published: August 2009

The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a prolonged refeeding duration after successful very-low-energy diet (VLED)-induced weight loss beneficially affects weight development and eating behaviour. Patients (n 269) were recruited to a 1-year obesity treatment programme with 12 weeks of an initial VLED. After the VLED, patients with ≥ 10 % weight loss were randomly allocated to 1 week (group 1) or 6 weeks (group 6) refeeding to an ordinary, energy-reduced diet, and thereafter followed and actively treated for an additional 40 weeks. Eating behaviour (revised twenty-one-item Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire) was measured at baseline, during and after refeeding, and at week 52. Weight change over time in the two treatment groups was tested by repeated-measures analysis in completers and by intention to treat (ITT). Of the patients, 169 (109 women) lost ≥ 10 % during the VLED and were randomised. At randomisation, weight loss was − 16·5 (sd 3·7) % in group 1 and − 16·7 (sd 4·3) % in group 6 (P = 0·73). Between weeks 12 and 52, completers in group 6 regained significantly less weight (3·9 (sd 9·1) %) as compared with group 1 (8·2 (sd 8·3) %; P = 0·006) (ITT, P = 0·05). Completers in group 6 also maintained a higher level of dietary restraint after refeeding was completed, but eating behaviour did not differ at week 52. Weight change after the refeeding periods were completed did not differ significantly between the groups (P = 0·06). Overall, longer refeeding duration after successful weight loss with a VLED improves weight maintenance in a 1-year perspective.
Dose-dependent increases in heart rate variability and arterial compliance in overweight and obese adults with DHA-rich fish oil supplementation
Authors: Sjoberg Nicholas J. , Milte Catherine M. , Buckley Jonathan D. , Howe Peter R. C. , Coates Alison M. , Saint David A.
Published: August 2009

Heart rate (HR) variability and large arterial compliance can be improved using fish oils. DHA, a component of fish oil, has cardiovascular health benefits, but its effect on HR variability (HRV) and arterial compliance is yet to be quantified. Sixty-seven overweight or obese adults (thirty-six males and thirty-one females; 53 (sem 2) year; BMI 31·7 (sem 1·1) kg/m2) were randomly allocated to consume either 6 g/d sunola oil (control; n 17), fish oil (260 mg DHA+60 mg EPA per g) at doses of 2 g/d (n 16), 4 g/d (n 17) or 6 g/d (n 17). Blood pressure, HR and compliance of large and small arteries were measured while supine at baseline and after 12 weeks in all participants, and HRV was assessed in a subgroup of forty-six participants. There was no effect of fish oil on blood pressure, small artery compliance or HR. However, the low frequency:high frequency ratio of HRV decreased with increasing doses of fish oil (r − 0·34, P = 0·02), while large artery compliance increased (r 0·34, P = 0·006). Moreover, the changes in these biomarkers were significantly correlated (r − 0·31, P = 0·04) and may reflect fish oil-induced improvements in arterial function and cardiac autonomic regulation.
The effects of body size, ownership and sex-ratio on the precopulatory mate guarding of Caprella penantis (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
Authors: Takeshita Fumio , Henmi Yasuhisa
Published: August 2009

Precopulatory mate guarding behaviour of the skeleton shrimp Caprella penantis is described. Moreover, the effects of body size, ownership and sex-ratio on mate guarding were examined experimentally in the laboratory. In the field population, the operational sex-ratio was male-biased. Guarding pairs, which were collected from the field, continued guarding for an average of 350 minutes in the laboratory, indicating that the normal guarding duration is approximately 10 hours. In this species, two guarding types were found: Type O and Type I-like. In Type O guarding, the male would fold the female into a horseshoe shape, whilst the male held the female parallel to him in Type I-like guarding. In the laboratory experiments, male body size was the most important factor affecting competition for a receptive female; ownership was the secondary factor. Guarding duration was prolonged when the sex-ratio was male-biased. Thus, the precopulatory mate guarding behaviour of C. penantis is influenced by several factors, such as body size, ownership and sex-ratio.
Morphological diagnosis of the two genetic lineages ofAcrocnida brachiata(Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), with description of a new species
Authors: Stöhr Sabine , Muths Delphine
Published: August 2009

The burrowing brittle-starAcrocnida brachiatahas so far been regarded as a single, easily identifiable species. Recent studies showed habitat-related differences in maximum size, life span, breeding time and recruitment between intertidal and subtidal populations, which at first were attributed to environmental effects on individuals within the same species. Molecular data, however, strongly suggested the existence of two distinct lineages and ultimately two cryptic species with clear bathymetric segregation. Morphological evidence had so far not been presented, because any differences were interpreted as intraspecific variation. We collectedA. brachiatafrom intertidal and subtidal habitats at the coast of Brittany, France, and examined 15 specimens of each group externally by SEM. A key character ofA. brachiatais that the scales at the edge of the disc and on the ventral side are conically enlarged. Intertidal individuals showed a sparser disc scalation, more spine-like than conical ventral disc scales and spatulate, distally widened arm spines. In addition, we dissected several specimens of different size and examined the internal skeleton by SEM. The oral plates showed a rib-like structure on their abradial face that differs between individuals from either habitat. Subtidal specimens have fewer ribs than intertidal ones. These consistent differences support the existence of two species withinA. brachiata. To describe the second species, we needed to establish the identity ofA. brachiata. We describe a neotype, because no type material has been preserved since it was first described; it corresponds mainly to subtidal samples. The new species is described asAcrocnida spatulispinasp. nov. The taxonomic status ofAcrocnidahas been debated over the years with reference to its close affinities withAmphiura chiajei. We compared the species ofAcrocnidawithA. chiajeiandAmphiura filiformisand found thatAcrocnidais indeed morphologically similar toA. chiajei, among other characters by a similar oral plate structure, whereasA. filiformisdiffers greatly fromAcrocnidaas well asA. chiajei. Most strikingly, it has a different type of oral plate. These findings indicate that fundamental taxonomic changes may need to be made in the family Amphiuridae in the future.
Electron microscopical study to assess thein vitroeffects of the synthetic trioxolane OZ78 against the liver fluke,Fasciola hepatica
Authors: HALFERTY L. , O'NEILL J. F. , BRENNAN G. P. , KEISER J. , FAIRWEATHER I.
Published: August 2009

AdultFasciola hepaticawere incubated for 48 hin vitroin the synthetic peroxide, OZ78 at a concentration of 100 μg/ml and then prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. There was limited disruption to the external fluke surface, with only slight swelling and blebbing of the interspinal tegument in the midbody and ventral tail regions. By contrast, significant disruption was observed to the ultrastructure of the tegument and subtegumental tissues. There was severe swelling of the basal infolds in the tegumental syncytium and the flooding spread internally to affect the subtegumental tissues. In the tegumental system, there was swelling of the cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum and of the mitochondria, with the latter showing signs of breaking down. Autophagic vacuoles and lipid droplets were present and the synthesis of tegumental secretory bodies was much reduced. The gastrodermal cells were severely affected, with swelling and degeneration of the mitochondria and the presence of autophagic vacuoles and lipid droplets. The granular endoplasmic reticulum was swollen and vesiculated and the cells contained few secretory bodies. Both the vitelline and testis follicles showed evidence of extensive cellular disruption and degeneration. This study confirms previous data indicating the potential flukicidal activity of OZ78.
Phenotypic plasticity of taxonomic and diagnostic structures in gyrodactylosis-causing flatworms (Monogenea, Platyhelminthes)
Authors: OLSTAD K. , BACHMANN L. , BAKKE T. A.
Published: August 2009

The present study addresses the effect of varying temperature and host species on the size and shape of the opisthaptoral hard-parts in isogenic strains of Gyrodactylus salaris and G. thymalli. Variation in shape was examined using geometric morphometrics. Since the opisthaptoral hard-parts of Gyrodactylus have few specific landmarks, their shape information mostly being represented by outlines and surfaces, a method based on sliding semi-landmarks was applied. The ventral bars of G. salaris did not follow the previously postulated negative correlation between size and temperature, and the largest hamuli and marginal hooks from G. salaris and the smallest from G. thymalli clearly overlapped in size. Consistent shape differences with temperature were detected for the hard-parts from G. thymalli but not from G. salaris. The hard-parts of G. salaris were similar in size but significantly different in shape when grown on secondary hosts rather than the primary host.
The diversity, distribution and host-parasite associations of trypanosomes in Western Australian wildlife
Authors: AVERIS S. , THOMPSON R. C. A. , LYMBERY A. J. , WAYNE A. F. , MORRIS K. D. , SMITH A.
Published: August 2009

Little is known regarding the diversity, distribution or host-parasite associations ofTrypanosomaspp. in Australian wildlife. Here we report on an investigation based on divergence of the 18S rRNA gene of trypanosomes isolated from a range of hosts and varied geographical locations. A total of 371 individuals representing 19 species of native animals from 14 different locations were screened. In total, 32 individuals from 9 different species tested positive for the parasite. Phylogenetic analysis revealed considerable parasite diversity with no clear geographical distribution and no evidence of host specificity. In general, it appears that AustralianTrypanosomaspp. are widespread, with several genotypes appearing in multiple host species and in varied locations including both mainland areas and offshore islands. Some host species were found to be susceptible to multiple genotypes, but no individuals were infected with more than a single isolate.
Involvement of the dehydroleucodine alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone function in GVBD inhibition inBufo arenarumoocytes
Authors: Toranzo G. Sánchez , López L.A. , Martínez J. Zapata , Bühler M.C. Gramajo , Bühler M.I.
Published: August 2009

Dehydroleucodine (DhL), a sesquiterpenic lactone, was isolated and purified from aerial parts ofArtemisia douglasianaBesser, a medicinal herb used in Argentina. DhL is an alpha-methylene butyro-gamma-lactone ring connected to a seven-membered ring fused to an exocyclic alpha,beta-unsaturated cyclopentenone ring

It has been previously shown that DhL selectively induces a dose-dependent transient arrest in G2of both meristematic cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Treatment with DhL induces an inhibition of spontaneous and progesterone-induced maturation in a dose-dependent manner inBufo arenarumfully grown oocytes arrested at G2, at the beginning of meiosis I. However, the nature of the mechanisms involved in the process is still unknown.

The aim of this work was to analyse whether DhL's alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone function is responsible for the inhibition effect on meiosis reinitiation ofBufo arenarumoocytes as well as some of the transduction pathways that could be involved in this effect using a derivative of DhL inactivated for alpha-methylenelactone, the 11,13-dihydro-dehydroleucodine (2H-DhL).

The use of 2H-DhL in the maturation promoting factor (MPF) amplification experiments by injection of both cytoplasm with active MPF and of germinal vesicle content showed results similar to the ones obtained with DhL, suggesting that the hydrogenated derivative would act in a similar way to DhL.

Pretreatment with DhL or 2H-DhL did not affect the percentage of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) induced by H89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, which suggests that these lactones would act on another step of the signalling pathway that induces MPF activation. The fact that both DhL and 2H-Dhl inhibit GVBD induced by okadaic acid microinjection suggests that they could act on the activity of the Myt1 kinase. This idea is supported by the experiments of injection of GV contents in which an inhibitory effect of these lactones on GVBD was also observed.

Our results indicate that the inhibitory effect on meiosis progression of DhL does not depend only on the activity of the alpha-methylenelactone function, as its hydrogenated derivative, 2H-DhL, in which this function has been inactivated, causes similar effects on amphibian oocytes. However, 2H-DhL was less active than DhL as higher doses were required to obtain a significant inhibition. On the other hand, the analysis of the participation of certain mediators in some of the signalling pathways leading to MPF activation suggests that the Myt1 kinase could be a target of these lactones, while cdc25 phosphatase would not be affected. Besides, the PKA inhibition assays indicate that these lactones would act earlier in the signalling pathways.
How automatic adjustment factors affect the internal rate of return of PAYG pension systems
Authors: KNELL MARKUS
Published: August 2009

In this paper we analyze automatic adjustment factors that can be used to keep the budget of a PAYG pension system balanced when cohort sizes fluctuate. The adjustment factors are defined in a way that is similar to their real-world counterparts and they differ in the relative weight they put on changes in the contribution rate and in the pension level. We show how the internal rate of return of the PAYG system depends on the fluctuations in cohort size and on the choice of the adjustment regime. We find that fluctuations in the cohort size have the smallest impact on the internal rate of return if the relative weight of the adjustment parameters directly corresponds to the length of the retirement period relative to the length of the working period. For reasonable numerical values, this weight is close to the actual choice in the German system.
Consent in the law By Deryck Beyleveld and Roger Brownsword, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2007. 406pp. ISBN 978-1-84113-679-0 £45.00 hardback
Authors: Lucy William
Published: August 2009

Deryck Beyleveld and Roger Brownsword’s new book provides an ambitious and thorough account of the role of consent in the law and, also, as a possible basis for law’s authority. Given only a slight familiarity with the previous work of its authors, the volume’s thoroughness and ambition will come as no surprise. The volume does, however, contain some surprises, two of which are particularly worth noting. One surprise, at least to those of us with our noses to the grindstone of a narrow area of legal doctrine, is the near ubiquity of consent in various areas of legal doctrine. The book serves a useful role just by reminding us of this. A second surprise is the complexity of the notion of consent itself, for Beyleveld and Brownsword are intent on determining the normative power of the notion, including the conditions under which that power can be realised, who can realise it and why it should be thought normatively significant. This, too, is a valuable contribution to our thinking about a fundamental feature of the juristic landscape.
Three-Mode Models for Multitrait-Multimethod Data
Authors: Oort Frans J.
Published: August 2009

Multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data are characterized by three modes: traits, methods, and subjects. Considering subjects as random, and traits and methods as fixed, stochastic three-mode models can be used to analyze MTMM covariance data. Stochastic three-mode models can be written as linear latent variable models with direct product (DP) restrictions on the parameter matrices ( Oort, 1999 ), yielding three-mode factor models ( Bentler & Lee, 1979 ) and composite direct product models ( Browne, 1984 ) as special cases. DP restrictions on factor loadings and factor correlations facilitate interpretation of the results and enable easy evaluation of the validity requirements of MTMM correlations ( Campbell & Fiske, 1959 ). As an illustrative example, a series of stochastic three-mode models has been fitted to data of three personality traits of 482 students, measured with 12 items, through three methods.
A CTC(M−1) Model for Different Types of Raters
Authors: Nussbeck Fridtjof W. , Eid Michael , Geiser Christian , Courvoisier Delphine S. , Lischetzke Tanja
Published: August 2009

Many psychologists collect multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data to assess the convergent and discriminant validity of psychological measures. In order to choose the most appropriate model, the types of methods applied have to be considered. It is shown how the combination of interchangeable and structurally different raters can be analyzed with an extension of the correlated trait-correlated method minus one [CTC(M−1)] model. This extension allows for disentangling individual rater biases (unique method effects) from shared rater biases (common method effects). The basic ideas of this model are presented and illustrated by an empirical example.
A model study of the vertically integrated transport variability through the Yucatan Channel: Role of Loop Current evolution and flow compensation around Cuba
Authors: Lin Yuehua , Greatbatch Richard J. , Sheng Jinyu
Published: August 2009

The relationship between Loop Current intrusion in the Gulf of Mexico and vertically integrated transport variations through the Yucatan Channel is examined using models and the available observations. Transport in the model is found to be a minimum when the Loop Current intrudes strongly into the Gulf of Mexico, typically just before a ring is shed, and to be a maximum during the next growth phase in association with the buildup of warm water off the northwest coast of Cuba. We argue that the transport variations are part of a “compensation effect” in which transport variations through the Yucatan Channel are at least partly compensated by flow around Cuba. Numerical experiments show that the transport variations result from the interaction between the density anomalies associated with Loop Current intrusion and the variable bottom topography. The compensation effect is also shown to operate at shorter time scales (less than 30 days) in association with wind forcing.
Impact of strong deep ocean stratification on the glacial carbon cycle
Authors: Bouttes N. , Roche D. M. , Paillard D.
Published: August 2009

During the Last Glacial Maximum, the climate was substantially colder and the carbon cycle was clearly different from the late Holocene. According to proxy data deep oceanic δ13C was very low, and the atmospheric CO2 concentration also reduced. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these changes, but none can fully explain the data, especially the very low deep ocean δ13C values. Oceanic core data show that the deep ocean was very cold and salty, which would lead to enhanced deep ocean stratification. We show that such an enhanced stratification in the coupled climate model CLIMBER‐2 helps get very low deep oceanic δ13C values. Indeed the simulated δ13C reaches values as low as −0.8‰ in line with proxy data evidences. Moreover it increases the oceanic carbon reservoir leading to a small, yet robust, atmospheric CO2 drop of approximately 10 ppm.
Impact and mitigation of ionospheric anomalies on ground‐based augmentation of GNSS
Authors: Pullen Sam , Park Young Shin , Enge Per
Published: August 2009

This paper describes the impact that extreme ionospheric spatial gradients occurring during severe ionospheric storms have on Global Navigation Satellite System Ground Based Augmentation Systems and how the U.S. Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) mitigates the integrity risk due to these events. Gradients in slant ionospheric delay of as large as 425 mm/km over baselines of 40–100 km have been observed in the United States during ionospheric storms since April 2000 by both the U.S. Wide Area Augmentation System and the network of Continuously Operating Reference Stations receivers. Because ionospheric gradients affecting a LAAS site may not be observed by the LAAS Ground Facility (LGF) before users are affected, a simulation‐based method has been developed to determine, in near real time, which potential LAAS user geometries would be unacceptably threatened by a hypothetical worst‐case ionosphere gradient. Geometries of this type are made unavailable to LAAS users by having the LGF inflate the broadcast ionospheric‐gradient sigma, which increases the Vertical Protection Level of the unacceptable geometries so that they exceed the allowed Vertical Alert Limit; thus ensuring user safety.
Comparison of COSMIC occultation‐based electron density profiles and TIP observations with Arecibo incoherent scatter radar data
Authors: Kelley M. C. , Wong V. K. , Aponte Nestor , Coker Clayton , Mannucci A. J. , Komjathy A.
Published: August 2009

In June 2006 an early opportunity arose to compare occultation‐based electron density profiles with incoherent scatter radar data. The former were made available by the constellation of satellites called COSMIC. We find that the value of the peak plasma density in the F region is reasonably well characterized but that the altitude of the peak is overestimated above about 300 km and underestimated below that height. A simple Abel transform is not suitable for determining the E region profiles, even in daytime. We also compared the emission strength recorded by the Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) on board COSMIC to the Arecibo measurement of the TEC as part of an ongoing effort to calibrate the former. The TIP and Arecibo data both show the development of an ionospheric storm of the type referred to as high‐intensity, long‐duration continuous AE activity. It is surprising that such a modest magnetic storm (Dst ∼ −2.5 nT) resulted in the anomaly moving to nearly 30° magnetic latitude.