bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENABLING “ENERGY-AWARENESS” IN THE SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODEL OF VIENNA
Authors: Agugiaro G.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This paper presents and discusses the first results regarding selection, analysis, preparation and eventual integration of a number of energy-related datasets, chosen in order to enrich a CityGML-based semantic 3D city model of Vienna. CityGML is an international standard conceived specifically as information and data model for semantic city models at urban and territorial scale. The still-in-development Energy Application Domain Extension (ADE) is a CityGML extension conceived to specifically model, manage and store energy-related features and attributes for buildings. The work presented in this paper is embedded within the European Marie-Curie ITN project “CINERGY, Smart cities with sustainable energy systems”, which aims, among the rest, at developing urban decision making and operational optimisation software tools to minimise non-renewable energy use in cities. Given the scope and scale of the project, it is therefore vital to set up a common, unique and spatio-semantically coherent urban data model to be used as information hub for all applications being developed. This paper reports about the experiences done so far, it describes the test area in Vienna, Austria, and the available data sources, it shows and exemplifies the main data integration issues, the strategies developed to solve them in order to obtain the enriched 3D city model. The first results as well as some comments about their quality and limitations are presented, together with the discussion regarding the next steps and some planned improvements.
HETEROGENEOUS SENSOR DATA EXPLORATION AND SUSTAINABLE DECLARATIVE MONITORING ARCHITECTURE: APPLICATION TO SMART BUILDING
Authors: Servigne S. , Gripay Y. , Pinarer O. , Samuel J. , Ozgovde A. , Jay J.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Concerning energy consumption and monitoring architectures, our goal is to develop a sustainable declarative monitoring architecture for lower energy consumption taking into account the monitoring system itself. Our second is to develop theoretical and practical tools to model, explore and exploit heterogeneous data from various sources in order to understand a phenomenon like energy consumption of smart building vs inhabitants' social behaviours. We focus on a generic model for data acquisition campaigns based on the concept of generic sensor. The concept of generic sensor is centered on acquired data and on their inherent multi-dimensional structure, to support complex domain-specific or field-oriented analysis processes. We consider that a methodological breakthrough may pave the way to deep understanding of voluminous and heterogeneous scientific data sets. Our use case concerns energy efficiency of buildings to understand relationship between physical phenomena and user behaviors. The aim of this paper is to give a presentation of our methodology and results concerning architecture and user-centric tools.
A coupled wave–3-D hydrodynamics model of the Taranto Sea (Italy): a
multiple-nesting approach
Authors: Gaeta Maria Gabriella , Samaras Achilleas G. , Federico Ivan , Archetti Renata , Maicu Francesco , Lorenzetti Giuliano
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The present work describes an operational strategy for the development of a multiscale modeling system, based on a multiple-nesting approach and open-source numerical models. The strategy was applied and validated for the Gulf of Taranto in southern Italy, scaling large-scale oceanographic model results to high-resolution coupled wave–3-D hydrodynamics simulations for the area of Mar Grande in the Taranto Sea. The spatial and temporal high-resolution simulations were performed using the open-source TELEMAC suite, forced by wind data from the COSMO-ME database, boundary wave spectra from the RON buoy at Crotone and results from the Southern Adriatic Northern Ionian coastal Forecasting System (SANIFS) regarding sea levels and current fields. Model validation was carried out using data collected in the Mar Grande basin from a fixed monitoring station and during an oceanographic campaign in October 2014. The overall agreement between measurements and model results in terms of waves, sea levels, surface currents, circulation patterns and vertical velocity profiles is deemed to be satisfactory, and the methodology followed in the process can constitute a useful tool for both research and operational applications in the same field and as support of decisions for management and design of infrastructures.
Comparison of the multifractal characteristics of heavy metals in soils
within two areas of contrasting economic activities in China
Authors: Li Xiaohui , Li Xiangling , Yuan Feng , Jowitt Simon M. , Zhou Taofa , Yang Kui , Zhou Jie , Hu Xunyu , Li Yang
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Industrial and agricultural activities can generate heavy metal pollution that can cause a number of negative environmental and health impacts. This means that evaluating heavy metal pollution and identifying the sources of these pollutants, especially in urban or developed areas, is an important first step in mitigating the effects of these contaminating but necessary economic activities. Here, we present the results of a heavy metal (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, and Hg) soil geochemical survey in Hefei city. We used a multifractal spectral technique to identify and compare the multifractality of heavy metal concentrations of soils within the industrial Daxing and agricultural Yicheng areas. This paper uses three multifractal parameters (Δα, Δf(α), and τ′′(1)) to indicate the overall amount of multifractality within the soil geochemical data. The results show all of the elements barring Hg have larger Δα, Δf(α), and τ′′(1) values in the Daxing area compared to the Yicheng area. The degree of multifractality suggests that the differing economic activities in Daxing and Yicheng generate very different heavy metal pollution loads. In addition, the industrial Daxing area contains significant Pb and Cd soil contamination, whereas Hg is the main heavy metal present in soils within the Yicheng area, indicating that differing clean-up procedures and approaches to remediating these polluted areas are needed. The results also indicate that multifractal modelling and the associated generation of multifractal parameters can be a useful approach in the evaluation of heavy metal pollution in soils.
Recent developments in neutron imaging with applications for porous media research
Authors: Kaestner Anders P. , Trtik Pavel , Zarebanadkouki Mohsen , Kazantsev Daniil , Snehota Michal , Dobson Katherine J. , Lehmann Eberhard H.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Computed tomography has become a routine method for probing processes in porous media, and the use of neutron imaging is especially suited to the study of the dynamics of hydrogenous fluids, and of fluids in a high-density matrix. In this paper we give an overview of recent developments in both instrumentation and methodology at the neutron imaging facilities NEUTRA and ICON at the Paul Scherrer Institut. Increased acquisition rates coupled to new reconstruction techniques improve the information output for fewer projection data, which leads to higher volume acquisition rates. Together, these developments yield significantly higher spatial and temporal resolutions, making it possible to capture finer details in the spatial distribution of the fluid, and to increase the acquisition rate of 3-D CT volumes. The ability to add a second imaging modality, e.g., X-ray tomography, further enhances the feature and process information that can be collected, and these features are ideal for dynamic experiments of fluid distribution in porous media. We demonstrate the performance for a selection of experiments carried out at our neutron imaging instruments.
The Pollino 2012 seismic sequence: clues from continuous radon monitoring
Authors: Piersanti Antonio , Cannelli Valentina , Galli Gianfranco
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The 2012 Pollino (Calabria, Italy) seismic sequence, culminating in the Mw 5.2 earthquake of 25 October 2012, is investigated, exploiting data collected during a long-term continuous radon monitoring experiment performed in the epicentral area from late 2011 to the end of 2014. We analyse data collected both using a phenomenological approach based on quantitative evidence and a purely numerical analysis including the following: (i) correlation and cross-correlation investigations; (ii) an original approach aimed at limiting the impact of meteorological parameters variations on the interpretation of measured radon levels; (iii) a change point analysis; (iv) the implementation of an original detection algorithm aimed at highlighting the connections between radon emission variations and major seismic events occurrence. Results from both approaches suggest that radon monitoring stations can be subject to massive site effects, especially regarding rainfall, making data interpretation harder. The availability of long-term continuous measurements is crucial to precisely assess those effects. Nevertheless, statistical analysis shows a viable approach for quantitatively relating radon emanation variations to seismic energy release. Although much work is still needed to make radon time series analysis a robust complement to traditional seismological tools, this work has identified a characteristic variation in radon exhalation during the preparation process of large earthquakes.
Simultaneous quantification of depolymerization and mineralization rates by a novel 15N tracing model
Authors: Andresen Louise C. , Björsne Anna-Karin , Bodé Samuel , Klemedtsson Leif , Boeckx Pascal , Rütting Tobias
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The depolymerization of soil organic matter, such as proteins and (oligo-)peptides, into monomers (e.g. amino acids) is currently considered to be the rate-limiting step for nitrogen (N) availability in terrestrial ecosystems. The mineralization of free amino acids (FAAs), liberated by the depolymerization of peptides, is an important fraction of the total mineralization of organic N. Hence, the accurate assessment of peptide depolymerization and FAA mineralization rates is important in order to gain a better process-based understanding of the soil N cycle. In this paper, we present an extended numerical 15N tracing model Ntrace, which incorporates the FAA pool and related N processes in order to provide a more robust and simultaneous quantification of depolymerization and gross mineralization rates of FAAs and soil organic N. We discuss analytical and numerical approaches for two forest soils, suggest improvements of the experimental work for future studies, and conclude that (i) when about half of all depolymerized peptide N is directly mineralized, FAA mineralization can be as important a rate-limiting step for total gross N mineralization as peptide depolymerization rate; (ii) gross FAA mineralization and FAA immobilization rates can be used to develop FAA use efficiency (NUEFAA), which can reveal microbial N or carbon (C) limitation.
On the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level change
Authors: van den Broeke Michiel R. , Enderlin Ellyn M. , Howat Ian M. , Kuipers Munneke Peter , Noël Brice P. Y. , van de Berg Willem Jan , van Meijgaard Erik , Wouters Bert
Published: September 2016

Abstract. We assess the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) to sea level change. We use the mass budget method, which quantifies ice sheet mass balance (MB) as the difference between surface mass balance (SMB) and solid ice discharge across the grounding line (D). A comparison with independent gravity change observations from GRACE shows good agreement for the overlapping period 2002–2015, giving confidence in the partitioning of recent GrIS mass changes. The estimated 1995 value of D and the 1958–1995 average value of SMB are similar at 411 and 418 Gt yr−1, respectively, suggesting that ice flow in the mid-1990s was well adjusted to the average annual mass input, reminiscent of an ice sheet in approximate balance. Starting in the early to mid-1990s, SMB decreased while D increased, leading to quasi-persistent negative MB. About 60 % of the associated mass loss since 1991 is caused by changes in SMB and the remainder by D. The decrease in SMB is fully driven by an increase in surface melt and subsequent meltwater runoff, which is slightly compensated by a small ( <  3 %) increase in snowfall. The excess runoff originates from low-lying ( <  2000 m a.s.l.) parts of the ice sheet; higher up, increased refreezing prevents runoff of meltwater from occurring, at the expense of increased firn temperatures and depleted pore space. With a 1991–2015 average annual mass loss of  ∼  0.47 ± 0.23 mm sea level equivalent (SLE) and a peak contribution of 1.2 mm SLE in 2012, the GrIS has recently become a major source of global mean sea level rise.
Digital Natives 3.0: Social Network Initiation
Authors: Amaral Francisco , Fonseca Josélia , Tiago Maria , Tiago Flavio
Published: September 2016

As generalize access to the internet becomes a reality in industrialized countries, the nature of children’s social network sites (SNS) use generates concerns and requires parental different approach. The body of empirical work reviewed is still small and to develop and promote a realistic understanding of children and young adolescence behavior on online social network sites and parenting surveillance of kids’ online presence, this study examines (a) who children initiate online activity and their main preferences and (b) how parental supervision techniques are applied to children’s online presence. For this purpose we choose one of the most popular social network site, Facebook, and inquiry parents and kids under 13 years old (digital natives 3.0), regarding to their use. This study adds to a growing literature on young people usage of social networking technologies, specially unveiling some of the patterns of under-age kids using SNS.
HIV Sero-Prevalence among Infants Attending Immunization Centers in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Southern, Nigeria
Authors: Ifeoma Venn J. , Sunday Ochigbo O. , Maxwell Anah U. , Asindi Asindi A.
Published: September 2016

Introduction: Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection accounts for over 2.3% of all pediatric infections. Many HIV-infected infants are not identified until they develop symptoms and present with illness at health facilities. However, the six weeks immunization visit provides an opportunity for HIV-infected mothers and their exposed infants to be identified before symptoms occur. This study was therefore conducted to determine the HIV status of infants attending immunization clinics in Calabar with a view to enrolling them into treatment.
Subjects and Method: This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in two Local Government Areas of Calabar consisting 22 selected immunization centers. Using the multistage sampling method, 330 infants were screened. Ethical clearance was obtained from the supervising Ministry of Health. Rapid test was conducted, reactive specimens had Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase Chain Reaction (DNA PCR) done using Dried Blood Spots (DBS).
Results: A total of 330 infants aged 6 to 14 weeks were recruited, 173 (52.4%) were males while 157(47.6%) were females giving male to female ratio of 1.1:1. Mean age of the infants was 9.20 ± 3.1 weeks. Twenty four (24) tested positive for HIV antibodies, after HIV DNA PCR test, 14(4.2%) infants were infected. Antenatal care registration (ANC) and maternal ANC HIV status were statistically significant P=0.03 and P= 0.02 respectively.
Conclusion: HIV exposed and infected infants are still been missed and only diagnosed later in life. Therefore, maternal HIV status determination and early diagnosis at immunization centers is recommended to bridge the Prevention of Mother To child Transmission (PMTCT) gap.
The right hippocampus leads the bilateral integration of gamma-parsed lateralized information
Authors: Benito Nuria , Martín-Vázquez Gonzalo , Makarova Julia , Makarov Valeri A , Herreras Oscar
Published: September 2016

It is unclear whether the two hippocampal lobes convey similar or different activities and how they cooperate. Spatial discrimination of electric fields in anesthetized rats allowed us to compare the pathway-specific field potentials corresponding to the gamma-paced CA3 output (CA1 Schaffer potentials) and CA3 somatic inhibition within and between sides. Bilateral excitatory Schaffer gamma waves are generally larger and lead from the right hemisphere with only moderate covariation of amplitude, and drive CA1 pyramidal units more strongly than unilateral waves. CA3 waves lock to the ipsilateral Schaffer potentials, although bilateral coherence was weak. Notably, Schaffer activity may run laterally, as seen after the disruption of the connecting pathways. Thus, asymmetric operations promote the entrainment of CA3-autonomous gamma oscillators bilaterally, synchronizing lateralized gamma strings to converge optimally on CA1 targets. The findings support the view that interhippocampal connections integrate different aspects of information that flow through the left and right lobes.
Long story short
Authors: Pannell John R , Cossard Guillaume
Published: September 2016

One of the genes responsible for producing different "morphs" of primrose flowers has been identified.
Fabrication of efficient thermoacoustic device with an interdigitated-like electrode on indium tin oxide glass
Authors: Tsai Ming-shan , Yang Ko-kang , Chen Sy-hann , Ting Chen-ching , Jiang I-min
Published: September 2016

A thermoacoustic device was fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass, exhibiting an interdigitated-like electrode pattern. Our fabrication method enhanced the sound performance by approximately 20 dB compared with that of plain ITO film. Two approaches were adopted in this study to enhance the sound pressure level (SPL). One was to decrease the heat capacity per unit area of the device by reducing the thickness of the conductor film, and the other was to increase the thermal diffusivity of the device by applying a thin Au film on the electrode. We observed that heat generated by electron accumulation on ITO protrusions resulted in a large temperature oscillation of the surroundings and induced an SPL increase. A 4 nm Au film coating on the fabricated thermoacoustic device assisted thermal energy exchange with close-proximity air, improving the efficiency by an SPL of 7 dB.
A new rauisuchid (Archosauria, Pseudosuchia) from the Upper Triassic (Norian) of New Mexico increases the diversity and temporal range of the clade
Authors: Lessner Emily J. , Stocker Michelle R. , Smith Nathan D. , Turner Alan H. , Irmis Randall B. , Nesbitt Sterling J.
Published: September 2016

Rauisuchids are large (2–6 m in length), carnivorous, and quadrupedal pseudosuchian archosaurs closely related to crocodylomorphs. Though geographically widespread, fossils of this clade are relatively rare in Late Triassic assemblages. The middle Norian (∼212 Ma) Hayden Quarry of northern New Mexico, USA, in the Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formation, has yielded isolated postcranial elements and associated skull elements of a new species of rauisuchid.Vivaron haydenigen. et. sp. nov. is diagnosed by the presence of two posteriorly directed prongs at the posterior end of the maxilla for articulation with the jugal. The holotype maxilla and referred elements are similar to those of the rauisuchidPostosuchus kirkpatrickifrom the southwestern United States, butV. haydenishares several maxillary apomorphies (e.g., a distinct dropoff to the antorbital fossa that is not a ridge, a straight ventral margin, and a well defined dental groove) with the rauisuchidTeratosaurus suevicusfrom the Norian of Germany. Despite their geographic separation, this morphological evidence implies a close phylogenetic relationship betweenV. haydeniandT. suevicus. The morphology preserved in the new Hayden Quarry rauisuchidV. haydenisupports previously proposed and new synapomorphies for nodes within Rauisuchidae. The discovery ofVivaron haydenireveals an increased range of morphological disparity for rauisuchids from the low-paleolatitude Chinle Formation and a clear biogeographic connection with high paleolatitude Pangea.
Seasonal changes in fish assemblage structure at a shallow seamount in the Gulf of California
Authors: Jorgensen Salvador J. , Klimley A. Peter , Muhlia-Melo Arturo , Morgan Steven G.
Published: September 2016

Seamounts have generally been identified as locations that can promote elevated productivity, biomass and predator biodiversity. These properties attract seamount-associated fisheries where elevated harvests can be obtained relative to surrounding areas. There exists large variation in the geological and oceanographic environment among the thousands of locations that fall within the broad definition of seamount. Global seamount surveys have revealed that not all seamounts are hotspots of biodiversity, and there remains a strong need to understand the mechanisms that underlie variation in species richness observed. We examined the process of fish species assembly at El Bajo Espiritu Santo (EBES) seamount in the Gulf of California over a five-year study period. To effectively quantify the relative abundance of fast-moving and schooling fishes in a ‘blue water’ habitat, we developed a simplified underwater visual census (UVC) methodology and analysis framework suitable for this setting and applicable to future studies in similar environments. We found correlations between seasonally changing community structure and variability in oceanographic conditions. Individual species responses to thermal habitat at EBES revealed three distinct assemblages, a ‘fall assemblage’ tracking warmer overall temperature, a ‘spring assemblage’ correlated with cooler temperature, and a ‘year-round assemblage’ with no significant response to temperature. Species richness was greatest in spring, when cool and warm water masses stratified the water column and a greater number of species from all three assemblages co-occurred. We discuss our findings in the context of potential mechanisms that could account for predator biodiversity at shallow seamounts.
MODOS DE VER A DOCÊNCIA ENTRE LICENCIANDAS DA UFPB
Authors: Sardelich Maria Emilia
Published: September 2016

Este artigo tem por objetivo dar visibilidade às representações da docência que estão se construindo em um contexto de desprofissionalização e excesso de informação/imagens que afetam nossos modos de pensar, agir e aprender, entre licenciandas da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB). A investigação situa-se no âmbito da Cultura Visual, compreendendo o visual como lugar de interação social, no qual transitam enunciados conflitantes em meio a processos de identificação. Os resultados apontam para uma visualidade comum atrelada à missão docente vocacional.  Junto a essa visualidade comum emerge outra que consideramos transgressora, sinalizando outro modo de ver, fazer ver e ver-se na docência.
ENSINO CRÍTICO DE INGLÊS E FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE NA CONTEMPORANEIDADE
Authors: Finardi Kyria Rebeca , Vieira Gicele Vergine
Published: September 2016

Este estudo reflete sobre o ensino de Inglês e a formação docente no contexto no Brasil do século XXI. Para tanto, o estudo revisa o conceito de pedagogia crítica discutindo suas implicações para o ensino-aprendizagem de Inglês como Língua Estrangeira (LE). A fim de subsidiar a reflexão proposta, o artigo analisa qualitativamente crenças de licenciandos em Química que cursam a disciplina de Inglês Instrumental e licenciandos em Letras Inglês sobre o papel do professor e do Inglês em suas formações e na educação contemporânea. Em geral a análise de dados indica que o professor é visto como mero transmissor de conhecimentos e que o Inglês tem um papel secundário na sua formação, e consequentemente, na constituição identitária do futuro professor.
A DANÇA ENQUANTO CONHECIMENTO NOS CURSOS DE FORMAÇÃO INICIAL EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA
Authors: De Bona Bruna Carolini , Cardoso Ana Lúcia , Euzébio Carlos Augusto , Ortigara Vidalcir
Published: September 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender as relações entre as políticas públicas para a educação e o ensino de dança na formação inicial de professores de Educação Física. A partir da análise das referências básicas utilizadas em disciplinas que têm a dança como conteúdo, buscamos levantar elementos de convergência e divergência entre tais referências e as orientações dessas políticas públicas educacionais. Das 24 obras analisadas, 15 são convergentes com as políticas, 3 divergentes e 6 sem posicionamento explícito. Isso permitiu uma primeira análise em relação à provável orientação das disciplinas de ensino da dança.
ENSAIOS SOBRE A HETERONORMATIVIDADE: MODOS CURRICULARES DE APRENDIZAGEM DAS SEXUALIDADES E DO GÊNERO
Authors: Caetano Marcio Rodrigo Vale , Goulart Treyce Ellen Silva , Da Silva Marlon Silveira
Published: September 2016

Esse ensaio segue o entendimento de que as identidades sexuais são marcadas pela cultura e, ao se apoiar nas perspectivas feministas e decoloniais, focaliza a possibilidade de reinvenção do sujeito. Contudo, reconhece que, independente das nossas trajetórias, intuímos por meio dos instrumentos que nos educaram, uma forma de ser, estar ou transitar nos marcadores político-sexuais “homem” e “mulher”. Assim, buscaremos questionar os currículos com vista a interrogá-los sobre os discursos que produzem modos de subjetivação e que nos ensinaram formas heteronormativas complementares e assimétricas de projeção das identidades sexuais.
O TRABALHO DOCENTE: ELEMENTOS PARA UMA TEORIA DA DOCÊNCIA COMO PROFISSÃO DE INTERAÇÕES HUMANAS
Authors: Matos Camila Cravo
Published: September 2016

O livro O trabalho docente: Elementos para uma teoria da docência como profissão de interações humanas, busca verificar o cerne do processo de escolarização analisando o trabalho dos indivíduos que efetivam essa atividade: os professores, os alunos e os outros contingentes humanos da ambiência escolar. Os autores buscam abrir campo para uma pesquisa acerca do trabalho docente situada entre as mais variadas teorias do saber, influenciam-se das pesquisas em sociologia do trabalho e das organizações, ciências da educação, ergonomia, teorias da ação e ciências cognitivas.
Tree population dynamics on a floodplain: A tradeoff between tree mortality and seedling recruitment induced by stochastic floods
Authors: Miyamoto Hitoshi , Kimura Ryo
Published: September 2016

This paper proposes a stochastic evaluation method for examining tree population states in a river cross section using an integrated model with Monte Carlo simulation. The integrated model consists of four processes as submodels, i.e., tree population dynamics, flow discharge stochasticity, stream hydraulics, and channel geomorphology. A floodplain of the Kako River in Japan was examined as a test site, which is currently well vegetated and features many willows that have been growing in both individual size and overall population over the last several decades. The model was used to stochastically evaluate the effects of hydrologic and geomorphologic changes on tree population dynamics through the Monte Carlo simulation. The effects including the magnitude of flood impacts and the relative change in the floodplain level are examined using very simple scenarios for flow regulation, climate change, and channel form changes. The stochastic evaluation method revealed a tradeoff point in floodplain levels, at which the tendency of a fully vegetated state switches to that of a bare floodplain under small impacts of flood. It is concluded from these results that the states of tree population in a floodplain can be determined by the mutual interactions among flood impacts, seedling recruitment, tree growth, and channel geomorphology. These interactions make it difficult to obtain a basic understanding of tree population dynamics from a field study of a specific floodplain. The stochastic approach used in this paper could constitute an effective method for evaluating fundamental channel characteristics for a vegetated floodplain.
The causes of the hardest electron precipitation events seen with SAMPEX
Authors: Smith David M. , Casavant Eric P. , Comess Max D. , Liang Xinqing , Bowers Gregory S. , Selesnick Richard S. , Clausen Lasse B. N. , Millan Robyn M. , Sample John G.
Published: September 2016

We studied the geomagnetic, plasmaspheric, and solar wind context of relativistic electron precipitation (REP) events seen with the Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX), Proton Electron Telescope (PET) to derive an exponential folding energy E0 for each event. Events with E0< 400 keV peak near midnight, and with increasing E0, the peak magnetic local time (MLT) moves earlier but never peaks as early as the MLT distribution of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the outer belt, and a distinct component near midnight remains. Events with E0>750 keV near dusk (1400 < MLT < 2000) show correlations with solar wind dynamic pressure and proton density, AE index, negative Dst index, and an extended plasmasphere, all supporting an EMIC wave interpretation. Events with 500 keV <E0< 600 keV near midnight (MLT 2200–0200) do not show these correlations. Comparing these two samples to all events with E0>500 keV (“hard REP”), we estimate that roughly 45% of the whole population has the distributions of geomagnetic and solar wind parameters associated with EMIC waves, while 55% does not. We hypothesize that the latter events may be caused by current sheet scattering (CSS), which can be mistaken for EMIC wave scattering in that both simultaneously precipitate MeV electrons and keV protons. Since a large number of MeV electrons are lost in the near‐midnight hard REP events, and in the large number of E0< 400 keV events that show no dusk‐like peak at all, we conclude that CSS should be studied further as a possibly important loss channel for MeV electrons.
Multiscale equatorial electrojet turbulence: Energy conservation, coupling, and cascades in a baseline 2‐D fluid model
Authors: Hassan Ehab , Hatch D. R. , Morrison P. J. , Horton W.
Published: September 2016

Progress in understanding the coupling between plasma instabilities in the equatorial electrojet based on a unified fluid model is reported. Simulations with parameters set to various ionospheric background conditions revealed properties of the gradient‐drift and Farley‐Buneman instabilities. Notably, sharper density gradients increase linear growth rates at all scales, whereas variations in cross‐field E × B drift velocity only affect small‐scale instabilities. A formalism defining turbulent fluctuation energy for the system is introduced, and the turbulence is analyzed within this framework. This exercise serves as a useful verification test of the numerical simulations and also elucidates the physics underlying the ionospheric turbulence. Various physical mechanisms involved in the energetics are categorized as sources, sinks, nonlinear transfer, and cross‐field coupling. The physics of the nonlinear transfer terms is studied to identify their roles in producing energy cascades, which explain the generation of small‐scale structures that are stable in the linear regime. The theory of two‐step energy cascading to generate the 3 m plasma irregularities in the equatorial electrojet is verified for the first time in the fluid regime. In addition, the nonlinearity of the system allows the possibility of an inverse energy cascade, potentially responsible for generating large‐scale plasma structures at the top of the electrojet as found in different rocket and radar observations.
A numerical study of the interhemispheric asymmetry of the equatorial ionization anomaly in solstice at solar minimum
Authors: Dang Tong , Luan Xiaoli , Lei Jiuhou , Dou Xiankang , Wan Weixing
Published: September 2016

In this study, the mechanisms of interhemispheric asymmetry of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) in June solstice at solar minimum were investigated through a series of simulations using the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model. Our results indicate that the transequatorial neutral wind is the main cause of the interhemispheric asymmetry. The transequatorial wind transports plasma from the summer hemisphere to winter hemisphere, leading to an enhancement in the winter EIA crest. Meanwhile, the ion production and loss are also important factors in producing the EIA asymmetry through photochemical processes. The longitudinal variations of the EIA interhemispheric asymmetry are also explored through imposing each term of ion continuity equation longitudinally independent. Our term analysis results suggest that the neutral wind variation dominates the longitudinal patterns of the interhemispheric asymmetry, while the E × B drift and photochemical process contribute less.
On the fresh development of equatorial plasma bubbles around the midnight hours of June solstice
Authors: Ajith K. K. , Tulasi Ram S. , Yamamoto M. , Otsuka Y. , Niranjan K.
Published: September 2016

Using the 47 MHz Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) at Kototabang, Indonesia, the nocturnal evolution of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) was examined during the moderate solar activity years 2011–2012. While the evolution of EPBs was mostly (86%) confined to post sunset hours (1900–2100 LT) during equinoxes, in contrast, the majority of EPBs (~71%) in June solstice found evolve around the midnight hours (2200–0300 LT). The mechanisms behind the fresh evolution of summer time midnight EPBs were investigated, for the first time, through SAMI2 model simulations with a realistic input of background ExB drift variation derived from CINDI IVM on board C/NOFS satellite. The term‐by‐term analysis of linear growth rate of RT instability indicates that the formation of high flux tube electron content height gradient (KF) (steep vertical gradient) region at higher altitudes is the key factor for the enhanced growth rate of RT instability. The responsible factors are discussed in light of relatively weak westward zonal electric field in the presence of equatorward neutral wind and bottomside recombination around the midnight hours of June solstice. The effects of neutral winds and weak westward electric fields on the uplift of equatorial F layer were examined separately using controlled SAMI2 simulations. The results indicate that relatively larger linear growth rate is more likely to occur around midnight during June solstice because of relatively weak westward electric field than other local times in the presence of equatorward meridional wind.
Mapping daily and seasonal evapotranspiration from irrigated crops using global climate grids and satellite imagery: Automation and methods comparison
Authors: Biggs Trent W. , Marshall Michael , Messina Alex
Published: September 2016

The surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) estimates land surface evapotranspiration (ET) from radiometric surface temperature (TR), but requires manual selection of calibration pixels, which can be impractical for mapping seasonal ET. Here pixel selection is automated and SEBAL implemented using global climate grids and satellite imagery. SEBAL is compared with the MOD16 algorithm, which uses remotely sensed data on vegetation condition to constrain reference ET from the Penman‐Monteith equation. The difference between the evaporative fraction (Λ, range 0–1) from SEBAL and six eddy flux correlation towers was less than 0.10 for three of six towers, and less than 0.24 for all towers. SEBAL ET was moderately sensitive to surface roughness length and implementation over regions smaller than ∼10,000 km2 provided lower error than larger regions. Pixel selection based on TR had similar errors as those based on a vegetation index. For maize, MOD16 had lower error in mean seasonal evaporative fraction (−0.02) compared to SEBAL Λ (0.23), but MOD16 significantly underestimated the evaporative fraction from rice (−0.52) and cotton fields (−0.67) compared with SEBAL (−0.09 rice, −0.09 cotton). MOD16 had the largest error over short crops in the early growing season when vegetation cover was low but land surface was wet. Temperature‐based methods like SEBAL can be automated and likely outperform vegetation‐based methods in irrigated areas, especially under conditions of low vegetation cover and high soil evaporation.
Pore‐space structure and average dissolution rates: A simulation study
Authors: Pereira Nunes J. P. , Bijeljic B. , Blunt M. J.
Published: September 2016

We study the influence of the pore‐space geometry on sample‐averaged dissolution rates in millimeter‐scale carbonate samples undergoing reaction‐controlled mineral dissolution upon the injection of a
‐saturated brine. The representation of the pore space is obtained directly from micro‐CT images with a resolution of a few microns. Simulations are performed with a particle tracking approach on images of three porous rocks of increasing pore‐space complexity: a bead pack, a Ketton oolite, and an Estaillades limestone. Reactive transport is simulated with a hybrid approach that combines a Lagrangian method for transport and reaction with the Eulerian flow field obtained by solving the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations directly on the voxels of three‐dimensional images. Particle advection is performed with a semianalytical streamline method and diffusion is simulated via a random walk. Mineral dissolution is defined in terms of the particle flux through the pore‐solid interface, which can be related analytically to the batch (intrinsic) reaction rate. The impact of the flow heterogeneity on reactive transport is illustrated in a series of simulations performed at different flow rates. The average dissolution rates depend on both the heterogeneity of the sample and on the flow rate. The most heterogeneous rock may exhibit a decrease of up to two orders of magnitude in the sample‐averaged reaction rates in comparison with the batch rate. Furthermore, we provide new insights for the dissolution regime that would be traditionally characterized as uniform. In most cases, at the pore‐scale, dissolution preferentially enlarges fast‐flow channels which greatly restricts the effective surface available for reaction.
Continuing Professional Education: A Contested Space
Authors: Cervero Ronald M. , Daley Barbara J.
Published: September 2016

This chapter analyzes the development and changes within continuing professional education and the influence of four contested spaces on this field of adult education practice.
Continuing Professional Education: Enduring Challenges, New Developments, and Future Vistas
Authors: Coady Maureen J.
Published: September 2016

This chapter synthesizes the main themes in the issue in an overall update from the field of current CPE thinking and practice.
Numerical and Experimental Study of Strain Localization in Notched Specimens of a Ductile Steel on Meso‐ and Macroscales
Authors: Panin Sergey , Vinogradov Alexey , Moiseenko Dmitry , Maksimov Pavel , Berto Filippo , Byakov Anton , Eremin Alexandr , Narkevich Natalia
Published: September 2016

The computational approach for modeling the deformation behavior and fracture of materials with stress concentrators is proposed on the basis of the cellular automata technique. Numerical simulations performed on miniaturized specimens under dynamic loading are accompanied by laboratory tensile testing under quasi‐static conditions applied to the specimens of a ductile structural steel with three typical notch shapes. Using in situ acoustic emission paired with digital image correlation techniques, it is shown that the notch shape exerts a very strong influence on the development of localized plastic flow and crack initiation ahead of the notch tip. It is concluded that the stress release occurs most effectively when the modulation of various components of the force moment takes place on mesoscopic scale.
Supported Lipid Bilayer Assembly on PEDOT:PSS Films and Transistors
Authors: Zhang Yi , Inal Sahika , Hsia Chih‐Yun , Ferro Magali , Ferro Marc , Daniel Susan , Owens Roisin M.
Published: September 2016

Lipid bilayers are widely employed as a model system to investigate interactions between cells and their environment. Supported lipid bilayers (SLB) with integrated transmembrane proteins are emerging as a preferred platform for sensing applications. Challenges lie in the generation of SLB on surfaces which allow transduction of signals for characterization of lipid bilayer and incorporated transmembrane proteins. For the first time, the formation of SLBs is shown on films of the conducting polymer, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), using traditional methods for characterizing lipid bilayer quality and function (QCM‐D, FRAP) combined with impedance spectroscopy. Further, partial formation of SLBs on PEDOT:PSS based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is successfully demonstrated, as well as the ability to integrate and sense the ion pore α‐hemolysin, confirming the sensitivity of the OECT as a transducer of biological membrane function. This work represents a highly promising first step toward the use of such OECTs for functional readout of transmembrane proteins in their native environment.
Tailoring Calcium Carbonate to Serve as Optical Functional Material: Examples from Biology and Materials Science
Authors: Schmidt Ingo , Wagermaier Wolfgang
Published: September 2016

In nature and technology there are many examples of micron sized optical systems based on minerals. The thermodynamically most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) –calcite– exhibits birefringence. However, nature uses biomineralization approaches to produce CaCO3 based optical functional materials, for example calcite mircrolens arrays as part of the photoreceptor system of brittlestars, amorphous CaCO3 (ACC) plant cystoliths as light scatterers and calcite trilobite eyes. In this short review, we illustrate basic strategies to produce optical materials from CaCO3 by manipulating the material structure. These strategies are driven by the aim to eliminate or reduce the birefringent properties of calcite, or even, to turn this property into an advantage. We report on the formation, structure, and functions of micron sized (hemi‐)spherical objects made from CaCO3 with biological origin but also in bio‐inspired synthetic examples. We highlight aspects, which pave the way to learn from nature and how to characterize natural and artificial systems. In conclusion, we identify three main possibilities to make optical materials based on CaCO3: (i) orienting the optical axis along the desired light propagation direction, (ii) stabilizing metastable phases, and (iii) producing nanocrystalline structures, which reduce birefringent properties.
Side draw optimisation of a high‐purity, multi‐component distillation column
Authors: Kraller Michael A. , Udugama Isuru A. , Kirkpatrick Robert , Yu Wei , Young Brent R.
Published: September 2016

Distillation columns with side draws are widely used in the process industry to refine crude methanol into high‐purity methanol. Historically, industrial methanol manufacturers have concentrated on meeting strict product specifications, while methanol yield and reboiler duty optimisation has often been neglected. In this work, a steady‐state model of an industrial high‐purity multi‐component methanol distillation column was developed using a commercial process simulator. To achieve higher recovery at optimal reboiler duty, the side draw location and side draw mass flow rates were identified as two important factors. It was determined that a combination of lowering the side draw location while reducing the side draw mass flow rate will lead to the most optimal outcome. A design of experiment was also carried out to evaluate the stability of the column at recovery rates of 97.7% (current recovery) and 99.5% (proposed high recovery). Disturbances in the feed stream were identified as having the greatest effect, while the product purity was observed to become more sensitive towards all disturbances when operating at an enhanced recovery. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries engages the public in the ocean through the science and management of maritime heritage
Authors: Delgado James P. , Van Tilburg Hans K. , Terrell Bruce G. , Marx Deborah , Marzin Catherine , Gittings Stephen , Kiene William , Grussing Valerie , Orlando Pamela
Published: September 2016

The US Office of National Marine Sanctuaries has a robust Maritime Heritage Program (MHP), now 13 years old.

MHP is a carefully created and managed part of an overall strategy to encourage ocean conservation and the creation of marine protected areas.

MHP utilizes a variety of strategies to engage the public, work collaboratively, and use the power of ‘people stories’ to connect a wide audience with the ocean.

Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Polar opposites? Marine conservation tools and experiences in the changing Arctic and Antarctic
Authors: Wenzel Lauren , Gilbert Neil , Goldsworthy Lyn , Tesar Clive , Mcconnell Martha , Okter Melis
Published: September 2016

The polar regions are undergoing vast changes in the land and seascape. They serve as major components of the Earth's climate system and are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. Warming temperatures, combined with increased human use and resource extraction, are putting increasing pressure on these vulnerable regions.

While the Arctic and Antarctic are distinct from one another in their governance and human use, the 2014 World Parks Congress provided a platform for joint learning on progress and options for protecting marine areas in these unique regions. Though they remain among the remotest places on earth, their important role for global biodiversity, climate processes and economic activity have made them a focus for conservation efforts.

Establishing a robust, integrated network of protected areas is one important tool for protecting ecosystem function and enhancing resilience as these regions face climate change impacts as well as increasing pressures for resource exploitation. This paper describes some major efforts to establish marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Arctic and Antarctic and analyses the similarities and differences in marine protection initiatives in the Earth's polar regions. As a basis for the analysis the authors focus on the following two themes: pressures – what are they and how fast are they growing; and governance – are there appropriate governance structures to establish and manage MPAs at appropriate geographic scales?

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.