bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boron Speciation in Soda‐Lime Borosilicate Glasses Containing Zirconium
Authors: Angeli Frédéric , Charpentier Thibault , De Ligny Dominique , Cailleteau Céline
Published: April 2010

Boron speciation was investigated in soda‐lime borosilicate glass containing zirconium. In such compositions, competition between charge compensators (here, sodium and calcium) can occur for the compensation of tetrahedral boron or octahedral zirconium units.11B MAS NMR is particularly suitable for obtaining data on preferential compensation behavior that directly affects the boron coordination number. In addition to the classical proportions of tri‐ and tetrahedral boron, additional data can be obtained on the contributions involved in these two coordination numbers. An approach is described here based on simultaneous MAS spectrum analysis of borosilicate glass with variable Zr/Si and Ca/Na ratios at two magnetic field strengths (11.7 and 18.8 T), with constraints arising from MQMAS spectroscopy, detailed analysis of satellite transitions, and spin‐echo experiments. New possibilities of11B NMR were presented for improving the identification and quantification of the different contributions involved in tri‐ and tetrahedral boron coordination. Both NMR and Raman revealed a trend of decreased tetrahedral boron proportion with the increase of Ca/Na ratio or the Zr/Si ratio. This strongly suggests that zirconium compensation takes preference over boron compensation, and that zirconium and boron are both compensated mainly by sodium rather than calcium.
Genome‐wide Screen for Individual Identification SNPs (IISNPs) and the Confirmation of Six of Them in Han Chinese with Pyrosequencing Technology*
Authors: Zeng Zhaoshu , Yan Hongtao , Wang Li , Yuan Enwu , Yang Weihong , Liao Zhigang , Dong Ziming
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) offer promise to forensic DNA analysts, but it remains uncertain whether a panel of individual identification SNPs can be as informative as the Combined DNA Index System short tandem repeats. Based on the highly accurate and publicly available HapMap SNP database (r21a) and a minor allele frequency cutoff of ≥0.45, we completed a genome‐wide screen through 3,905,819 SNPs with internally modified computer programs and identified 1439 SNPs with high heterozygosity and low Fst values among four populations (Utah Caucasian, Han Chinese, Tokyo Japanese, and Nigerian Yoruba). Using pyrosequencing technology, we studied six loci in a relatively large group of samples to determine whether these loci were as informative as the HapMap data suggest. These SNPs performed as expected in the Han Chinese in terms of heterozygosity and Fst. The 1439 identified SNPs should provide a comprehensive and reliable set of loci for identity and relationship testing.
Speech Watermarking: An Approach for the Forensic Analysis of Digital Telephonic Recordings*
Authors: Faundez‐Zanuy Marcos , Lucena‐Molina Jose J. , Hagmüller Martin
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  In this article, the authors discuss the problem of forensic authentication of digital audio recordings. Although forensic audio has been addressed in several articles, the existing approaches are focused on analog magnetic recordings, which are less prevalent because of the large amount of digital recorders available on the market (optical, solid state, hard disks, etc.). An approach based on digital signal processing that consists of spread spectrum techniques for speech watermarking is presented. This approach presents the advantage that the authentication is based on the signal itself rather than the recording format. Thus, it is valid for usual recording devices in police‐controlled telephone intercepts. In addition, our proposal allows for the introduction of relevant information such as the recording date and time and all the relevant data (this is not always possible with classical systems). Our experimental results reveal that the speech watermarking procedure does not interfere in a significant way with the posterior forensic speaker identification.
River flooding and reproduction of migratory fish species in the Magdalena River basin, Colombia
Authors: Jiménez‐Segura L. F. , Palacio J. , Leite R.
Published: April 2010

Jiménez‐Segura LF, Palacio J, Leite R. River flooding and reproduction of migratory fish species in the Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 178–186. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  In most tropical rivers subject to a single‐yearly flooding, migratory fish usually spawn in the onset of the flooding and larvae drift to their nursery habitats. To define when the migratory fish species reproduce, its relationship with the water level and when nursery areas in floodplain lakes are supplied with ichthyoplankton in the Magdalena River, a two‐yearly peak flooding river, we sampled the ichthyoplankton weekly throughout 2 years. The fish species Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum, Prochilodus magdalenae, Leporinus muyscorum, Sorubim cuspicaudus and Curimata mivartii spawn twice a year in the main channel and its larvae input into the floodplain lakes are not always associated with flooding. Spawning in the main channel and larvae inputs into the floodplain lakes suggest that the habitat used by the migratory fishes may be consistent with some hypotheses on habitats used by these fishes.
Genetic diversity and structure in Bos taurus and Bos indicus populations analyzed by SNP markers
Authors: LIN Bang Zhong , SASAZAKI Shinji , MANNEN Hideyuki
Published: April 2010

The purpose of this study was to assess genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationship and population structure among nine Eurasian cattle populations using 58 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The calculated distribution of minor allele frequencies and heterozygosities suggested that the genetic diversity of Bos indicus populations was lower than that of Bos taurus populations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the main divergence between the Bos taurus and Bos indicus populations, and subsequently between Asian and European populations. By principal components analysis, the Bos taurus and Bos indicus populations were clearly distinguished with PC1 (61.1%); however, six Bos taurus populations clustered loosely and the partial separation between European and Asian groups was observed by PC2 (12.5%). The structure analysis was performed using the STRUCTURE program. Distinct separation between Bos taurus and Bos indicus was shown at K = 2, and that between European and Asian populations at K = 3. At K = 4, 5 and 6, Mongolian population showed an admixture pattern with different ancestry of Asian and European cattle. At K = 7, all Bos taurus populations showed each cluster with little proportion of admixture. In conclusion, 58 SNP markers in this study could sufficiently estimate the genetic diversity, relationship and structure for nine Eurasian cattle populations, especially by analyses of principal components and STRUCTURE.
Relationships between the addition rates of cellulase or glucose and silage fermentation at different temperatures
Authors: ZHANG Jian‐Guo , KAWAMOTO Hidenori , CAI Yi‐Min
Published: April 2010

The influence of the application rates of cellulase preparation and glucose on silage fermentation at different temperatures was studied with the straw of naked barley (Hordeum vulgare L. emand Lam) and guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.). Addition rate of cellulase and glucose, temperature and their interaction had significant effects on pH value, lactic acid content, butyric acid content and propionic acid content of naked barley straw silage and significant effects on all the parameters of guineagrass silage (P < 0.01). Temperature and interaction had significant effect on acetic acid content (P < 0.05) and no significant effect on NH3‐N content of naked barley straw silage (P > 0.05). Under all the temperatures, the pH values of barley straw and guineagrass silages were reduced by cellulase and glucose addition even at the lowest rate (P < 0.05), compared with their corresponding control. Lactic acid contents of silages were the highest within the same temperature and same additive when glucose and cellulase were added at the highest rates, whereas the effect of cellulase and glucose addition on butyric acid production varied with their application rates and silage storage temperature. The addition rate of restricting butyric acid fermentation was lower at 20°C than that at 30°C, and it was the lowest at 40°C where cellulase and glucose addition restricted butyric acid fermentation even at 0.1 g/kg and 10 g/kg, respectively, when compared to the control. While the addition rate was lower than the above level, cellulase and glucose addition also promoted butyric acid fermentation.
Balancing the baryon budget: the fraction of the IGM due to galaxy mergers
Authors: Sinha Manodeep , Holley-Bockelmann Kelly
Published: April 2010

Observations indicate that roughly 60 per cent of the baryons may exist in a warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) at low redshifts. Following up on previous results showing that gas is released through galaxy mergers, we use a semi-analytic technique to estimate the fraction of gas mass lost from haloes solely due to mergers. We find that up to ∼25 per cent of the gas in a halo can unbind over the course of galaxy assembly. This process does not act preferentially on smaller mass haloes; bigger haloes always release larger amounts of gas in a given volume of the Universe. However, if we include multiphase gas accretion on to haloes, we find that only a few per cent is unbound. We conclude that either non-gravitational processes may be in play to heat up the gas in the galaxies prior to unbinding by mergers or most of the baryons in the WHIM have never fallen into virialized dark matter haloes. We present a budget for stocking the WHIM compiled from recent work.
A method for reconstructing the PDF of a 3D turbulent density field from 2D observations
Authors: Brunt Christopher M. , Federrath Christoph , Price Daniel J.
Published: April 2010

We introduce a method for calculating the probability density function (PDF) of a turbulent density field in three dimensions using only information contained in the projected two-dimensional column density field. We test the method by applying it to numerical simulations of hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in molecular clouds. To a good approximation, the PDF of log(normalized column density) is a compressed, shifted version of the PDF of log(normalized density). The degree of compression can be determined observationally from the column density power spectrum, under the assumption of statistical isotropy of the turbulence.
Age determination of the HR8799 planetary system using asteroseismology
Authors: Moya A. , Amado P. J. , Barrado D. , Hernández A. García , Aberasturi M. , Montesinos B. , Aceituno F.
Published: April 2010

Discovery of the first planetary system by direct imaging, around HR8799, has made the age determination of the host star a very important task. This determination is the key to deriving accurate masses of the planets and to studying the dynamical stability of the system. The age of this star has been estimated using different procedures. In this Letter we show that some of these procedures have problems and large uncertainties, and the real age of this star is still unknown, needing more observational constraints. Therefore we have developed a comprehensive modelling of HR8799 and, taking advantage of its γ Doradus-type pulsations, we have estimated the age of the star using asteroseismology. The accuracy in the age determination depends on the rotation velocity of the star, and therefore an accurate value of the inclination angle is required to solve the problem. Nevertheless, we find that the age estimate for this star previously published in the literature ([30, 160]Myr) is unlikely, and a more accurate value might be around a Gyr. This determination has significant implications for the value of the mass of the objects orbiting HR8799. An age around ≈1 Gyr implies that these objects would be brown dwarfs.
Monitoring distances travelled by horses using GPS tracking collars
Authors: Hampson BA , Morton JM , Mills PC , Trotter MG , Lamb DW , Pollitt CC
Published: April 2010

Objective  The aims of this work were to (1) develop a low‐cost equine movement tracking collar based on readily available components, (2) conduct preliminary studies assessing the effects of both paddock size and internal fence design on the movements of domestic horses, with and without foals at foot, and (3) describe distances moved by mares and their foals. Additional monitoring of free‐ranging feral horses was conducted to allow preliminary comparisons with the movement of confined domestic horses.

Procedures  A lightweight global positioning system (GPS) data logger modified from a personal/vehicle tracker and mounted on a collar was used to monitor the movement of domestic horses in a range of paddock sizes and internal fence designs for 6.5‐day periods.

Results  In the paddocks used (0.8–16 ha), groups of domestic horses exhibited a logarithmic response in mean daily distance travelled as a function of increasing paddock size, tending asymptotically towards approximately 7.5 km/day. The distance moved by newborn foals was similar to their dams, with total distance travelled also dependent on paddock size. Without altering available paddock area, paddock design, with the exception of a spiral design, did not significantly affect mean daily distance travelled. Feral horses (17.9 km/day) travelled substantially greater mean daily distances than domestic horses (7.2 km/day in 16‐ha paddock), even when allowing for larger paddock size.

Conclusions  Horses kept in stables or small yards and paddocks are quite sedentary in comparison with their feral relatives. For a given paddock area, most designs did not significantly affect mean daily distance travelled.
Zinc‐induced Structural Effects Enhance Oxygen Consumption and Superoxide Generation in Synthetic Pheomelanins on UVA/Visible Light Irradiation†
Authors: Panzella Lucia , Szewczyk Grzegorz , D’Ischia Marco , Napolitano Alessandra , Sarna Tadeusz
Published: April 2010

The abnormal susceptibility of red‐haired individuals to UV‐induced inflammation and skin cancers is commonly attributed to the marked photoreactivity of pheomelanin pigments, which would be responsible for the sustained generation of reactive oxygen species in the skin following sun exposure. The structural factors determining pheomelanin photolability remain mostly unknown. Here, we describe the effects of zinc ions, typically found at high levels in red hair, in enhancing both oxygen consumption and superoxide production in model pheomelanin pigments following irradiation with UVA and visible light. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry and EPR‐spin trapping experiments with synthetic pheomelanins, prepared by oxidation of dopa and cysteine or isomeric cysteinyldopas under different conditions, indicate a higher photoreactivity of the pigments prepared in the presence of zinc ions compared with those obtained in the absence of the metal. Quantitative analysis of thiazole‐containing structural markers of the synthetic pheomelanins provides evidence that the effect of zinc ions is due to modification of the formation pathway and structural features of the pigments. Overall, these results point to a hitherto unrecognized critical role of zinc ions in pheomelanogenesis, which may affect the intrinsic photoreactivity of the pigment.
In Vivo Low‐level Light Therapy Increases Cytochrome Oxidase in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Hayworth Christopher R. , Rojas Julio C. , Padilla Eimeira , Holmes Genevieve M. , Sheridan Eva C. , Gonzalez‐Lima F.
Published: April 2010

Low‐level light therapy (LLLT) increases survival of cultured cells, improves behavioral recovery from neurodegeneration and speeds wound healing. These beneficial effects are thought to be mediated by upregulation of mitochondrial proteins, especially the respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase. However, the effects of in vivo LLLT on cytochrome oxidase in intact skeletal muscle have not been previously investigated. We used a sensitive method for enzyme histochemistry of cytochrome oxidase to examine the rat temporalis muscle 24 h after in vivo LLLT. The findings showed for the first time that in vivo LLLT induced a dose‐ and fiber type‐dependent increase in cytochrome oxidase in muscle fibers. LLLT was particularly effective at enhancing the aerobic capacity of intermediate and red fibers. The findings suggest that LLLT may enhance the oxidative energy metabolic capacity of different types of muscle fibers, and that LLLT may be used to enhance the aerobic potential of skeletal muscle.
THE OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE MOSCOW CONFERENCE IN 1948
Authors: Weymarn Alexandre de
Published: April 2010

Deyaniya Sovestsaniya Glav i Predstaviteley Avtokefalnych Pravoslavnych Zerkvey v Svyasi s Prasdnovaniyem 500‐letiya Avtokefalii Russkoi Pravoslavnoi Zerkvi 8.–18. Jula 1948 goda

(Record of the Meeting of Heads and Representatives of the Autocephalous Orthodox Churches Held in Connection with the Quingentenary Celebrations of the Russian Orthodox Church's Attainment to Autocephalous Status, July 8–18, 1948)

Moscow Patriarchate Press, Moscow, 1949
SPIRITUAL IMPACT ON THE UNITED NATIONS
Authors: Hammarskjold Dag
Published: April 2010

The Secretary‐General of the United Nations, fully preoccupied with special assignments of considerable urgency during the period when this issue of the Review was in preparation, personally consented to the reprinting for this occasion of excerpts from previous statements.
RELIGIOUS LIBERTY FROM DAY TO DAY
Authors: DE ALBORNOZ A. F. CARRILLO
Published: April 2010

Freedom of religion being one of the main concerns of the World Council of Churches, we think it is necessary to deal periodically in our Review with the most important recent events concerning religious liberty, on the doctrinal as well as on the practical level. Thus we hope to reflect in these pages our “eternal vigilance, which is the price of freedom.”
THE CHURCH AND REVOLUTION
Authors: Wendland Heinz‐Dietrich
Published: April 2010

In the Jirst part of his paper, Professor Wendland sketched the development of the concept of revolution; political, social and total. He examined in some detail the opposition between the Marxist concept of absolute revolution and the view of Stahl that all revolutions are contrary to the will of God. He looked at the nature of the National Socialist revolution in Germany and identged the inadequacy of the response of the “Co fessing Church” to that revolution.
TOWARD A NEW FOCUS FOR CHURCHES' DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS?
Authors: Dickinson Richard
Published: April 2010

“The Church must recognize that she is growing powerless to orient or produce development. The less efficient she is as a power, the more effective she can be as a celebrant of the mystery… The Church will have to renounce progressively the ‘power to do good’ she now has, and see this power pass into the hands of a new type of institution.”
VIOLENCE: A THEOLOGICAL REFLECTION
Authors: BONINO JOSÉ MIGUEZ
Published: April 2010

A few years ago J. L. Segundo, discussing signs of the alienation of theology in Latin America, could point with some reason to the fact that the theme of violence was entirely absent from theological work. Since then, a significant number of contributions have been made to the discussion, but a systematic survey has still to be made. What we ofer here are some disconnected points for reflection, which are intended to put the issue in theological perspective.
Foreign Investments in Southern Africa
Authors: de Lange Harry M.
Published: April 2010

“If one believes in the Prince of Peace one must stop committing crimes in the name of the Prince of Peace. The Christian Church still rules this world, it still has the power to change the structure of South Africa.”

James Baldwin in his address to the Fourth Assembly of the World Council of Churches, Uppsala, 1968.
Sharing as Hope and Celebration
Authors: Guerra Israel Batista
Published: April 2010

And no one puts a piece of unshrunk cloth on an old garment, for the patch tears away from the garment and a worse tear is made. Neither is new wine put into old wineskins; if it is, the skins burst, and the wine is spilled, and the skins are destroyed; but new wine is put into fresh wineskins and so both are preserved. (Matt. 9:16–17)
The Mission of a Monastery in Present‐day Finland
Authors: Leiman Pentti Mikael
Published: April 2010

In the following I shall try to explain a phenomenon which seems paradoxical: an Orthodox monastery with its ancient tradition is gaining popularity as a “spiritual alternative” in a 90 per cent Protestant cultural environment. After a brief historical account I shall describe my own encounter with the monastery. Although personal, the story is not unique, and through it I shall try to discuss some reasons for the popularity of the monastery as well as the missionary tasks that seem important in the prevailing cultural conditions.
Beyond the Issue of Ordination
Authors: Kroll Una M.
Published: April 2010

The alienation of sacramental life as a power to be used over and against the community is the basis of all false clericalism; such clericalism is deeply rooted in sexist symbols of domination and passivity. Women cannot ask to be ordained without questioning fundamentally this concept of clericalism.
From Oxford to Vancouver
Authors: Abrecht Paul
Published: April 2010

The historic drop in the stock market was the result of the bearing down of a series of fundamental forces… and the failure of market participants either to learn from or remember the lessons of history…. We should not be surprised that this is so. There are few schools of business in the United States that teach financial history. How can we remember the lessons of history if we have not been taught them. (Henry Kaufman, investment banker)1

Personally I'm always ready to learn, although I do not always like being taught. (Winston Churchill)2
On Living in the Promised Land
Authors: Runcie Robert
Published: April 2010

We invited several friends of the ecumenical movement to contribute brief articles on what they considered to be the two main trends or events in ecumenical history since Amsterdam, and on what they thought a third such trend or event would be. The following articles, all of them written from a personal perspective, were received in response to our request. Together they witness to the rich diversity of the ecumenical reality.
A Challenge to the Integrity of Creation: An African Woman's Perspective
Authors: Asogwa Cecilia
Published: April 2010

Is JPIC a compelling process calling churches and Christians to commitment and involvement within the life of the world? Or, as some critics claim, is JPIC a rather a handy but not too practical theoretical construct within which to house the various environment and development commitments of the ecumenical movement?

These are ongoing and helpful questions which are not new to the JPIC process. They are important, and necessary to keep in the forefront of debate and discussions in churches, for they point to a central truth — that JPIC is effective only to the extent that it makes a difference in the lives of people. The wealth of theological reflection and socio‐political assessment of the JPIC process, as evidenced by the articles of this issue of The Ecumenical Review, are meaningful precisely in relation to their capacity to form and inform the understandings and actions of churches and Christians in the world. For in the last analysis, JPIC can only be measured in terms of human life, and of flesh and blood.

Therefore, it seems worthwhile, and perhaps necessary, within a journal of theological reflection which has as its focus the JPIC process, to include a testimony to JPIC as it is lived out at the grassroots level.

We know that women bear a disproportionate impact of the effects of poverty and unjust economic systems. Women too experience a disproportionate impact of the effects of racism. As bearers of life into the world, and as the primary nurturers of future generations, women claim a special place in relation to the environment. It is appropriate, therefore, that Cecilia Asogwa inserts into these JPIC reflections a personal account of a community of rural women in Africa who begin to work together in an economic self‐help group, and in so doing discover themselves involved as active participants and leaders in their community. For these women, JPIC has meant personal and community empowerment which they have experienced as part of the healing of creation.
When Mestizo Becomes (Like) Indio … or is it Garífuna?: Multicultural Rights and “Making Place” on Honduras' North Coast
Authors: Brondo Keri Vacanti
Published: April 2010

Este artículo explora la relación entre el poder, el control de recursos, y la construcción de identidad dentro del contexto de la lucha por parte de los Garífunas para recuperar su territorio ancestral en la costa norte de Honduras. La articulación de una identidad indígena ha permitido a los Garífunas un medio para afirmar su derecho a la autodeterminación, el acceso y el control de recursos principales en una economía creciente de turismo donde la tierra es sumamente deseable. Este artículo se enfoca en las respuestas de miembros comunes de la población dominante (los mestizos) a la emergencia de derechos multiculturales, como ellos procuran “hacer prevalecer” y demostrar su derecho a recursos en una comunidad Garífuna.
The Violence After “La Violencia” in the Ch'orti' Region of Eastern Guatemala
Authors: Metz Brent , Mariano Lorenzo , García Julián López
Published: April 2010

El oriente de Guatemala ha tenido una reputación por ser ladino, fuera de la ley y violento, y lo es en relación al occidente del país. En este artículo intentamos a subvertir la presunción que la gente del oriente sea inherentemente violento por examinar las condiciones históricas y estructurales que fomentan la posibilidad de actos violentos. Entre tales condiciones son tradiciones de racismo y subversión de la autoridad del estado, el genocidio de la guerra civil, la desintegración de tradiciones multi‐comunales, la marginación de servicios y representación del estado y sobre todo para los Ch'orti' especialmente el sentimiento que la gente se haya perdido “el respeto.” Para los ladinos, la aspiración de tener poder y lujos llamados a la atención por los medios de comunicación y la migración a los Estados Unidos y ofrecidos por al tráfico de casi todo ilegal, niños incluso, ha contribuido a la sensación que el individualismo, la moralidad y la violencia estén “saliéndose del guacal.” Algunos han respondido violentamente con la “limpieza social.”
Narrating Violence and Negotiating Belonging: The Politics of (Self‐)Representation in an Andean Tinkuy Story
Authors: Van Vleet Krista E.
Published: April 2010

Tinkuys, o “batallas rituales,” son peleas a puñetazos que ocurren durante fiestas católicas en algunas partes de los Andes de Bolivia y Perú. Aunque sus representaciones no circulan abiertamente, luchadores recuerdan sus peleas en días y, a veces, años después de una batalla. Basándome en la narración de un campeón del tinkuy, sugiero que peleadores pueden producir identidades complejas. En la Bolivia contemporánea pelear tinkuy implica ser “indio,” y además que solamente los indios andinos—nunca los “más civilizados”—lo pelean. Pero los peleadores que narran sus historias también movilizan asociaciones con muchos grupos, que incluyen a los españoles, la nación moderna, el ayllu, y la familia. Este artículo analiza los significados, tanto referenciales como no referenciales, de un relato del tinkuy y por lo tanto clarifica el proceso de la auto construcción del campeón. Indico los mecanismos por los cuales se afirma a la vez raza, género, etnicidad, y ciudadanía. Reflexionar sobre la narración del tinkuy como instrumento para reclamar masculinidad hegemonía y ciudadanía desafía las categorías binarias del indio y blanco; además sugiere caminos nuevos para investigar el tinkuy como práctica vivida.

Tinkuys, often termed “ritual battles,” are events of hand‐to‐hand fighting that occur during Catholic feast days in some parts of the Bolivian and Peruvian Andes. Although their representations do not often circulate widely, tinkuy fighters tell stories of their experiences long after the battle is over. Drawing on a narrative told by a self‐described tinkuy champion, the article demonstrates that individuals may make complicated claims to subjectivity that imbricate race, gender, ethnicity, and citizenship in their stories. In contemporary Bolivia tinkuy is closely associated with racialized discourses of indianness and violence, yet fighters who narrate their experiences may mobilize multiple associations—with the Spanish and the nation as well as with the ayllu—and may negotiate belonging to diverse communities. Attention to the nonreferential, as well as to the referential, content of this fighter's narrative illuminates the mechanisms through which an individual may constitute self in interaction. Considering the ways narratives of Andean ritual violence may be used to claim hegemonic masculinity and citizenship challenges the categorical distinctions between indian and white and suggests potential avenues for further research on tinkuy as a living practice.
Weighing Photons Using Bathroom Scales: A Thought Experiment
Authors: Huggins Elisha
Published: April 2010

Jay Orear, in his introductory physics text,1 defined the weight of a person as the reading one gets when standing on a (properly calibrated) bathroom scale. Here we will use Jay's definition of weight in a thought experiment to measure the weight of a photon. The thought experiment uses the results of the Pound-Rebka-Snider2,3 experiments, Compton scattering experiments, and the Eötvös experiments.
A Comparative Planetology Activity
Authors: LoPresto Michael C. , Murrell Steven R.
Published: April 2010

The beginning of a typical solar system “unit” in a traditional introductory astronomy course often consists of an overview of the different object types—planets, moons, and debris (asteroids, comets, and meteors), and now also Pluto's home, the Kuiper belt—prior to coverage of formation and more detail about the various object types.1 An important distinction that needs to be made prior to coverage of solar system formation or discussions of individual planets is between the two planet types: the Earth-like or terrestrial planets, and the Jupiter-like or Jovian planets. The following is a description of an activity designed to establish these categories through conclusions drawn by students after a guided analysis of planetary data.
The Electron Runaround: Understanding Electric Circuit Basics Through a Classroom Activity
Authors: Singh Vandana
Published: April 2010

Several misconceptions abound among college students taking their first general physics course, and to some extent pre-engineering physics students, regarding the physics and applications of electric circuits. Analogies used in textbooks, such as those that liken an electric circuit to a piped closed loop of water driven by a water pump, do not completely resolve these misconceptions. Mazur1 and Knight,2 in particular, separately note that such misconceptions include the notion that electric current on either side of a light bulb in a circuit can be different. Other difficulties and confusions involve understanding why the current in a parallel circuit exceeds the current in a series circuit with the same components, and include the role of the battery (where students may assume wrongly that a dry cell battery is a fixed-current rather than a fixed-voltage device). A simple classroom activity that students can play as a game can resolve these misconceptions, providing an intellectual as well as a hands-on understanding. This paper describes the “Electron Runaround,” first developed by the author to teach extremely bright 8-year-old home-schooled children the basics of electric circuits and subsequently altered (according to the required level of instruction) and used for various college physics courses.
Vortex Apparatus and Demonstrations
Authors: Shakerin Said
Published: April 2010

Vortex flow, from millimeter to kilometer in scale, is important in many scientific and technological areas.1 Examples are seen in water strider locomotion, from industrial pipe flow (wastewater treatment) to air traffic control (safe distance between aircrafts on a runway ready for takeoff) to atmospheric studies.2–5 In this paper, we focus on a particular vortex known as bathtub vortex (BTV). It occurs when water is drained from a hole at the bottom of a container such as a bathtub or a sink under the action of gravity. The vortex has a funnel shape with a central air core, resembling a tornado. We have designed a portable apparatus to demonstrate bathtub vortex on a continual basis. The apparatus consists of a clear cylinder supported by a frame over a water reservoir and a submersible pump. Young and old have been equally amazed by watching the demonstrations at various public presentations held at the University of the Pacific recently. With material cost of less than $100, the apparatus can be easily fabricated and used at other universities. With a short set-up time, it is an ideal device for promoting science to the general public, and it can be used to enhance lectures in physics courses as well.
Turning a Common Lab Exercise into a Challenging Lab Experiment: Revisiting the Cart on an Inclined Track
Authors: Amato Joseph C. , Williams Roger E.
Published: April 2010

A common lab exercise in the introductory college physics course employs a low-friction cart and associated track to study the validity of Newton's second law. Yet for college students, especially those who have already encountered a good high school physics course, the exercise must seem a little pointless. These students have already learned to accept Newton's laws without question, and any experimental data that contradict the second law would immediately alert students to an error in procedure or analysis, or, worse, reinforce the widely held opinion that simple laws are inadequate to explain the behavior of “real” systems. A better approach is to ask students to apply their understanding of Newton's laws to determine one or more unknowns inherent in the laboratory apparatus. We illustrate this approach in the experiment described below: a small amount of complexity is added to a standard experimental exercise, forcing a careful analysis of the collected data and yielding very accurate results plus a thorough understanding of the physical system under study. If development of experimental skills is one of the primary goals of the introductory laboratory, then the strategy illustrated below might be widely adaptable and appropriate in laboratories throughout the introductory mechanics curriculum.
This Month's Secret Ingredient: Eggs
Authors: Riendeau Diane
Published: April 2010

Special thanks to Diane Rosenthal, Presentation High School, San Jose, CA, for her help with this column.
Becoming the “sage”guide
Authors: Blanton Patricia
Published: April 2010

For years, teachers have been encouraged to move from being the “sage on the stage”to becoming the “guide on the side.”Exactly why this is important or how to accomplish it is the foundation for much of the current professional development activities available to teachers. So what are the expectations of a good guide and how do they apply to teaching?
Genome-Wide Evolutionary Analysis of Eukaryotic DNA Methylation
Authors: Zemach Assaf , McDaniel Ivy E. , Silva Pedro , Zilberman Daniel
Published: April 2010

Epigenetic Maps

Methylation of genomic DNA on cytosine bases provides critical epigenetic regulation of gene expression and is involved in silencing transposable elements (TEs) and repeated sequences, as well as regulating imprinted gene expression.

Zemach
et al.

(p.
916
, published online 15 April; see the Perspective by

Jeltsch

) analyzed DNA methylation in the genomes of five plants, five fungi, and seven animals by bisulfite sequencing. The data suggest that land plants and vertebrates, which have extensive DNA methylation, are under strong selective pressure to repress TEs, because of their sexual mode of reproduction. Unicellular animals and fungi that reproduce asexually are more likely to lose TE methylation. Although gene body methylation is evolutionarily ancient, it is also mutagenic, and so loss of this pathway has been relatively common and occurred early in fungal evolution and later in several plant and animal lineages.
Regional Variation of Inner Core Anisotropy from Seismic Normal Mode Observations
Authors: Deuss Arwen , Irving Jessica C. E. , Woodhouse John H.
Published: April 2010

Clearing Up the Inner Core

The behavior of Earth's core controls the planet's heat budget and magnetic field, yet its structure remains enigmatic. For instance, the seismic properties of the solid inner core suggest hemispherical structural asymmetry, but questions remain as to how these variations arose (see the Perspective by

Buffett

).

Monnereau
et al.

(p.
1014
, published online 15 April) modeled grain sizes of crystalline iron—the predicted dominant mineral phase in the core—and found that a slow translational motion eastward may trigger melting in the Eastern Hemisphere and solidification in the Western Hemisphere, creating a lopsided core.

Deuss
et al.

(p.
1018
, published online 15 April) examined the normal-mode seismic structure of the inner core, collected from 90 large earthquakes, which reveal not just simple hemispherical variations, but more nuanced regional structures. The overlap of the seismic data with Earth's magnetic field suggests that directionally dependent crystal alignment in the inner core formed during the solidification of the core or as a consequence of strong forces exerted by magnetism.
pH Sensing by Intracellular
Salmonella
Induces Effector Translocation
Authors: Yu Xiu-Jun , McGourty Kieran , Liu Mei , Unsworth Kate E. , Holden David W.
Published: April 2010

Cytosol,
Salmonella
, and pH

Salmonella
and other bacterial pathogens grow inside animal host cells within intracellular vacuoles. The bacteria secrete effector proteins across the vacuole membrane, altering the host-cell physiology to the pathogen's advantage. The secretion process involves a specialized secretory apparatus, the type III secretion system, whose assembly is triggered by the low pH within the host-cell vacuole. Now,

Yu
et al.

(p.
1040
, published online 15 April; see the Perspective by

Collier

) have identified neutral pH as a physiological signal for effector translocation by intracellular
Salmonella
. The process involves the disassembly of a membrane-bound regulatory complex that is also found in other animal pathogens. Thus,
Salmonella
exploits the low pH of the vacuole as a signal to induce assembly of the secretion system, and then the neutral pH of the cytoplasm to trigger effector translocation.
Structural Insights into the Assembly and Function of the SAGA Deubiquitinating Module
Authors: Samara Nadine L. , Datta Ajit B. , Berndsen Christopher E. , Zhang Xiangbin , Yao Tingting , Cohen Robert E. , Wolberger Cynthia
Published: April 2010

Complex SAGA

The SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5-Acetyltransferase) complex, which is conserved in eukaryotes, plays a key role in regulating gene expression. It is comprised of 21 proteins, and its functions include histone acetylation and deubiquitination.

Samara
et al.

(p.
1025
, published online 15 April) now report the structure of the SAGA deubiquitinating module (DUBm), a four-protein subcomplex, both on its own and bound to ubiquitin aldehyde. The domains are interconnected and stabilized by eight zinc atoms. The organization gives insight into why DUBm complex formation is required to activate the catalytic domain of the enzyme and suggests how DUBm might bind to monoubiquitinated histones.
The association of tobacco marketing with median income and racial/ethnic characteristics of neighbourhoods in Omaha, Nebraska: Table 1
Authors: Siahpush Mohammad , Jones Pamela R , Singh Gopal K , Timsina Lava R , Martin Judy
Published: April 2010

Objective

To examine the association of point-of-sale tobacco marketing with median income and racial/ethnic composition at the neighbourhood level in Omaha Metropolitan Area, Nebraska.

Methods

Fieldworkers collected comprehensive tobacco marketing data from all of the stores that were licensed to sell tobacco in 84 randomly selected neighbourhoods in the Omaha Metropolitan Area, Nebraska.

Results

An increase of $10 000 in median household income was associated with a decrease of 14.3% in the number of tobacco marketing items per square mile in a neighbourhood (p=0.021). There was very little evidence that the percentages of African-American and Hispanic populations in the neighbourhoods were related to tobacco marketing.

Conclusion

Banning tobacco marketing, as recommended by the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, is likely to reduce tobacco use disparities.
British American Tobacco on Facebook: undermining article 13 of the global World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
Authors: Freeman Becky , Chapman Simon
Published: April 2010

Background

The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) bans all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. The comprehensiveness of this ban has yet to be tested by online social networking media such as Facebook. In this paper, the activities of employees of the transnational tobacco company, British American Tobacco, (BAT) on Facebook and the type of content associated with two globally popular BAT brands (Dunhill and Lucky Strike) are mapped.

Methods

BAT employees on Facebook were identified and then the term ‘British American Tobacco’ was searched for in the Facebook search engine and results recorded, including titles, descriptions, names and the number of Facebook participants involved for each search result. To further detail any potential promotional activities, a search for two of BAT's global brands, ‘Dunhill’ and ‘Lucky Strike’, was conducted.

Results

Each of the 3 search terms generated more than 500 items across a variety of Facebook subsections.

Discussion

Some BAT employees are energetically promoting BAT and BAT brands on Facebook through joining and administrating groups, joining pages as fans and posting photographs of BAT events, products and promotional items. BAT employees undertaking these actions are from countries that have ratified the WHO FCTC, which requires signatories to ban all forms of tobacco advertising, including online and crossborder exposure from countries that are not enforcing advertising restrictions. The results of the present research could be used to test the comprehensiveness of the advertising ban by requesting that governments mandate the removal of this promotional material from Facebook.
Trends in US movie tobacco portrayal since 1950: a historical analysis
Authors: Jamieson Patrick E , Romer Dan
Published: April 2010

Objective

Portrayal of tobacco use in films has been causally linked to youth smoking initiation. However, findings regarding trends in portrayal in US films since 1950 are inconsistent, potentially due to differences in sampling densities, intercoder reliabilities and time periods covered. The present study was designed to overcome these inconsistencies with a common sampling frame and methodology.

Methods

A half sample of the 30 top-grossing US films per year from 1950 to 2006 (N=855) was coded in 5-min segments for total tobacco-related content and main character tobacco use. Film tobacco trends were identified using linear regression and compared to national per capita cigarette consumption and historically significant tobacco control events.

Results

Tobacco content declined considerably since 1950. Total tobacco-related content peaked around 1961, while the decline in portrayal of main character use was already underway in 1950. Cigarette consumption peaked around 1966 with a trend that closely paralleled total tobacco content and that coincided with major tobacco control events.

Conclusions

This study, which had high reliability, dense sampling and covered a long time period, indicates that tobacco content has declined in top-ranked US movies since 1950 with a trend in total tobacco content that closely paralleled the drop in per capita cigarette consumption and the increase in significant tobacco control efforts. Despite the inability to draw causal conclusions, tobacco portrayal in films may serve as barometer of societal support for the habit and thus efforts should continue to limit exposure to such content.
First occurrence of diopside sanidine phlogopite lamproite in the Andean Cordillera: the Huacancha and Morojarja dikes, southern Peru
Authors: Carlier Gabriel , Lorand Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2010

Two dikes of diopside sanidine phlogopite lamproite composition, emplaced during the Plio-Quaternary, have been discovered along the main active fault system in the Altiplano region of southern Peru. These rocks have mineralogical characteristics and bulk-rock compositions typical of phlogopite lamproite (i.e., Ti-rich and Al-poor phlogopite, K-richterite, 4 < K2O/Na2O < 5, and very high contents of incompatible elements (Ba, Sr, light rare earth elements)). Moreover, these dikes show textural, mineralogical, and bulk-rock features that have been described only in phlogopite lamproite from the Leucite Hills Volcanic Province, United States, namely a microscale layering enriched in leucite or sanidine; phlogopite and clinopyroxene xenocrysts displaying higher Al contents than the phenocryst cores; late-stage aegirine; and primitive mantle normalized Ba/Th and La/Yb ratios of 2–4 and 64–109, respectively. The occurrence of diopside sanidine phlogopite lamproite argues for the presence of a thick lithospheric mantle containing apatite–phlogopite-rich clinopyroxenite beneath the Altiplano.
Skeleton of a leopard frog (Rana pipiens) from Champlain Sea deposits (ca. 10 000 BP) near Eardley, Quebec
Authors: Holman J. Alan , Harington C. R. , Mott R. J.
Published: April 2010

A well-preserved skeleton of a leopard frog (Rana pipiens) was recovered from a calcareous nodule collected near Eardley, Quebec. Such nodules from the Ottawa area evidently date to the Ottawa Delta phase of the Champlain Sea, ca. 10 000 BP, and may contain remains of fishes, birds, mammals, marine mollusc shells and other invertebrates, and plants. Palynological analysis of matrix from the specimen suggests either (1) that forest communities were prominent in the area where the frog lived, or (2) that, presuming the specimen was from a large body of water, the environment supported herb and shrub tundra communities with only a few trees. This is the first record of an amphibian from Champlain Sea deposits. The specimen indicates the presence of grassy meadows near the seacoast.