bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An improved cancer diagnosis algorithm for protein mass spectrometry based on PCA and a one-dimensional neural network combining ResNet and SENet
Authors: Ma Liang , Gao Wenqing , Hu Xiangyang , Zhou Dongdong , Wang Chenlu , Yu Jiancheng , Tang Keqi
Published: November 2024

An improved cancer diagnosis algorithm for protein mass spectrometry based on PCA and 1D neural network combining ResNet and SENet is proposed and successfully applied to the diagnosis of ovarian cancer with high accuracy and strong fitting ability.
Hydroquinone-treated Cu3(BTC)2: a mixed-valence Cu(i/ii) MOF catalyst for efficient cycloadditions
Authors: Park Sun Ho , Kim Hye Mi , Díaz-Ramírez Mariana L. , Lee Sunggi , Jeong Nak Cheon
Published: November 2024

Hydroquinone treatment induces a coordinative reduction of Cu(ii) to Cu(i) in HKUST-1, resulting in a mixed-valence Cu(i/ii) MOF that significantly enhances catalytic efficiency in azide–alkyne cycloaddition and exhibits excellent recyclability.
A new microporous organic–inorganic hybrid titanium phosphate for selective acetalization of glycerol
Authors: Malakar Bhabani , Bhattacharjee Sudip , Tran Nhat Quang Minh , Le Hoang Doan Tan , Phan Thang Bach , Chongdar Sayantan , Bhaumik Asim
Published: November 2024

A new microporous hybrid titanium phosphate material (H-TiPOx) is synthesized by incorporating 5-aminosalicylic acid into the framework and it efficiently catalyzes the acetalization of glycerol to biofuel additive solketal with over 99% selectivity.
Super-resolution imaging with a cucurbituril-encapsulated fluorophore
Authors: Briant Liza , Maillard Jimmy , Fürstenberg Alexandre
Published: November 2024

Red-emitting oxazine fluorophores for super-resolution imaging become brighter upon binding to cucurbit[7]uril.
A new era of cancer phototherapy: mechanisms and applications
Authors: Wang Yuanwei , Ma Ke , Kang Miaomiao , Yan Dingyuan , Niu Niu , Yan Saisai , Sun Panpan , Zhang Luzhi , Sun Lijie , Wang Dong , Tan Hui , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: November 2024

The past decades have witnessed great strides in phototherapy as an experimental option or regulation-approved treatment in numerous cancer indications.
Learning on compressed molecular representations
Authors: Weinreich Jan , Probst Daniel
Published: November 2024

It was proposed that a k-nearest neighbour classifier is able to outperform large-language models using compressed text as input and normalised compression distance as a metric. We successfully applied this method to cheminformatics tasks.
A new family of thiolate-bridged bimetallic complexes featuring a benzimidazole moiety: synthesis, structure and redox reactivity
Authors: Di Kai , Yang Dawei , Su Linan , Du Ronghuan , Dong Shengbin , Wang Baomin , Qu Jingping
Published: November 2024

A novel family of thiolate-bridged bimetallic complexes featuring a benzimidazole moiety was constructed and fully characterized by spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
Computer-aided design of Pt/In2O3 single-atom catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol
Authors: Wang Yuchen , Zhou Zixuan , Qin Bin , Chang Qingyu , Dang Shanshan , Hu Yiqin , Li Kun , Bao Yuanjie , Mao Jianing , Yang Haiyan , Liu Yang , Li Jiong , Li Shenggang , Dixon David A. , Sun Yuhan , Gao Peng
Published: November 2024

The computer-aided design and experimental realization of Pt/In2O3 SACs exhibit much higher CO2 reactivity than In2O3 while preserving CH3OH selectivity.
Preparation, characterization and antibacterial properties of hydro-charged melt-blown nonwovens coated with an N-halamine
Authors: Liu Chao , Shi Jiayan , Luo Fengxiang , Zhang Xing
Published: November 2024

Antibacterial modified air filtration materials can better protect humans from the invasion of airborne pathogens.
Base-mediated intramolecular aryl–aryl coupling in pyrazolyl-containing iodolium salts
Authors: Safinskaya Yana V. , Il’in Mikhail V. , Bolotin Dmitrii S.
Published: November 2024

The base-catalyzed reaction might proceed not via the previously suggested radical route, but via the nucleophilic attack on the meta-position to the iodine(iii) center, which rise another view on the reactivity of aryliodolium salts.
The Stability of Linguistic Skills of Arabic-Speaking Children Between Kindergarten and First Grade
Authors: Mansour-Adwan Jasmeen , Khateb Asaid
Published: November 2024

Purpose:

This study aimed to evaluate the stability of phonological awareness (PA) and language achievements between kindergarten and first grade among Arabic-speaking children.

Method:

A total of 1,158 children were assessed in PA and language skills in both grades and were classified based on distinct and integrated achievements on PA and language following percentiles' cutoff criteria. The classification of distinct achievements constituted high, intermediate, low, and very low achievement-based groups for each domain. The classification of the integrated achievements on both domains constituted four groups: intermediate-high PA and language, very low PA, very low language, and doubly low (very low PA and language). Descriptive statistics and McNemar's tests were used to examine the stability of these groups.

Results:

The analyses showed a significant improvement in achievements on most tasks. The distinct classification for PA and language indicated that many more kindergarteners in the extreme distribution with high and very low achievement levels maintained this profile in first grade compared to those with intermediate achievements. For PA, 55.7% of kindergarteners with high, 30% with intermediate, 30.4% with low, and 45.5% with very low achievements maintained their achievements in first grade. For language, 52.5% of kindergarteners with high, 34.5% with intermediate, 38.8% with low, and 59.8% with very low achievements maintained their language achievements. The integrated classification indicated a higher achievement stability rate for kindergarteners with intermediate-high PA and language (91.3%) and for doubly low achievers (84.7%) compared to very low PA (24.1%) or very low language (31.8%) achievers.

Conclusions:

The study indicated a higher variability in the distribution of the intermediate achievements compared to the high and very low achievements, which were more stable across grade. The results emphasize the need for dynamic linguistic assessments and early intervention for children with very low achievements in PA and language who show a poor prognosis.
Category-Sensitive Age-Related Shifts Between Prosodic and Semantic Dominance in Emotion Perception Linked to Cognitive Capacities
Authors: Lin Yi , Ye Xiaoqing , Zhang Huaiyi , Xu Fei , Zhang Jingyu , Ding Hongwei , Zhang Yang
Published: November 2024

Purpose:

Prior research extensively documented challenges in recognizing verbal and nonverbal emotion among older individuals when compared with younger counterparts. However, the nature of these age-related changes remains unclear. The present study investigated how older and younger adults comprehend four basic emotions (i.e., anger, happiness, neutrality, and sadness) conveyed through verbal (semantic) and nonverbal (facial and prosodic) channels.

Method:

A total of 73 older adults (43 women,
M
age
= 70.18 years) and 74 younger adults (37 women,
M
age
= 22.01 years) partook in a fixed-choice test for recognizing emotions presented visually via facial expressions or auditorily through prosody or semantics.

Results:

The results confirmed age-related decline in recognizing emotions across all channels except for identifying happy facial expressions. Furthermore, the two age groups demonstrated both commonalities and disparities in their inclinations toward specific channels. While both groups displayed a shared dominance of visual facial cues over auditory emotional signals, older adults indicated a preference for semantics, whereas younger adults displayed a preference for prosody in auditory emotion perception. Notably, the dominance effects observed in older adults for visual and semantic cues were less pronounced for sadness and anger compared to other emotions. These challenges in emotion recognition and the shifts in channel preferences among older adults were correlated with their general cognitive capabilities.

Conclusion:

Together, the findings underscore that age-related obstacles in perceiving emotions and alterations in channel dominance, which vary by emotional category, are significantly intertwined with overall cognitive functioning.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27307251
Photometric detection of internal gravity waves in upper main-sequence stars
Authors: Bowman Dominic M. , Van Daele Pieterjan , Michielsen Mathias , Van Reeth Timothy
Published: November 2024

Context. Massive main-sequence stars have convective cores and radiative envelopes, but can also have sub-surface convection zones caused by partial ionisation zones. However, the convective properties of such regions strongly depend on opacity and therefore a star’s metallicity. Non-rotating 1D evolution models of main-sequence stars between 7 ≤ M ≤ 40 M⊙ and the metallicity of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) galaxy suggest tenuous (if any) sub-surface convection zones when using the Rayleigh number as a criterion for convection owing to their substantially lower metallicity compared to Galactic massive stars.

Aims. We test whether massive stars of different metallicities both inside and outside of asteroseismically calibrated stability windows for sub-surface convection exhibit different properties in stochastic low-frequency (SLF) variability. Thus, we aim to constrain the metallicity dependence of the physical mechanism responsible for SLF variability commonly found in light curves of massive stars.

Methods. We extracted customised light curves from the ongoing NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission for a sample of massive stars using an effective point spread function (ePSF) method, and compared their morphologies in terms of characteristic frequency, νchar, and amplitude using a Gaussian process (GP) regression methodology.

Results. We demonstrate that the properties of SLF variability observed in time series photometry of massive stars are generally consistent across the metallicity range from the Milky Way down to the SMC galaxy, for stars both inside and outside of the sub-surface stability windows based on the Rayleigh number as a criterion for convection.

Conclusions. We conclude that non-rotating 1D stellar structure models of sub-surface convection cannot alone be used to explain the mechanism giving rise to SLF variability in light curves of massive stars. Additionally, the similar properties of SLF variability across a wide range of metallicity values, which follow the same trends in mass and age in the Hertzsprung–Russell (HR) diagram at both high and low metallicity, support a transition in the dominant mechanism causing SLF variability from younger to more evolved stars. Specifically, core-excited internal gravity waves (IGWs) are favoured for younger stars lacking sub-surface convection zones, especially at low metallicity, and sub-surface convection zones are favoured for more evolved massive stars.
Spectrum and energy levels of the high-lying singly excited configurations of Nd III
Authors: Ding M. , Ryabtsev A. N. , Kononov E. Y. , Ryabchikova T. , Pickering J. C.
Published: November 2024

Aims. We aim to accurately determine bound-to-bound transition wavelengths and energy levels of the high-lying open-shell configurations 4f37s, 4f36d, and 4f35f of doubly ionised neodymium (Nd III, Z = 60) through high-resolution spectroscopy and semi-empirical calculations. This study is motivated by lanthanide atomic data requirements in astronomy, such those involved in investigations of kilonova spectra.

Methods. Fourier transform spectra of Nd Penning and hollow cathode discharge lamps were recorded within the region 32500–54000 cm−1 (3077–1852 Å) and grating spectra of Nd vacuum sliding sparks were recorded within the regions 820–1159 Å and 1600–3250 Å. New energy levels were found using the observed wavelengths measured accurate to a few parts in 108 in Fourier transform spectra and to a few parts in 107 in grating spectra. Atomic structure and transition probability calculations of Nd III were carried out using the Cowan codes, where energy parameters were adjusted to fit all known Nd III levels. Finally, Nd-rich stellar spectra were also used to aid in the analysis.

Results. In total, 355 transitions were classified from observed spectra involving 116 previously experimentally unknown energy levels of the 4f37s, 4f36d, and 4f35f configurations of Nd III, all reported here for the first time. Three newly identified levels of the 4f35d configuration and one newly identified 4f4 level are also reported. Typical level energy uncertainties are 0.01 cm−1 for the 4f37s and 4f36d levels and 0.3 cm−1 for the 4f35f levels. In addition, calculated energy levels up to 130 936 cm−1 are presented, including eigenvector composition and calculated level lifetimes. Calculated transition probabilities and wavelengths between 1900–50 000 Å are also given. Using newly established levels of the 4f37s configuration and the recently established levels of the 4f36s configuration, the ionisation energy of Nd III has been estimated at 178 090 ± 330 cm−1. This result offers up to twice the accuracy of the most recently published value.
Exploration of earth-abundant transition metals (Fe, Co, Ni) doped on W18O49 system as electrocatalysts for urea productiont
Authors: Li Kaile , Zhu Changyan , Yao Xiaohui , Yang Ao , Chu Yunjie , Wang Mengxue , Geng Yun , Su Zhongmin , Zhang Min
Published: November 2024

The conversion of inert N2 and CO2 into urea by electrocatalytic technology not only reduces the cost of urea synthesis in future, but also alleviates the environmental pollution problem caused by carbon emission in traditional industrial production. However, facing downside factors such as strong competitive reactions and unclear reaction mechanism, the design of high-performance urea catalysts is imminent. This study demonstrates that W18O49 system doped heteronuclear metals (TM = Fe, Co, Ni) can effectively solve the problem of competitive adsorption between N2 and CO2 and realize the co-adsorption of N2 and CO2 at diverse sites. Their theoretical limiting voltages for urea production on TM-W18O49 (TM = Fe, Co, Ni) systems are −0.46 V, −0.42 V and −0.52 V, respectively. The results are all lower than that of the contrastive voltage in pristine W18O49 system (-0.91 V), further indicating the rationality and necessity of single-atom doped strategy for the co-reduction of two molecules. Specially, Co-W18O49 can theoretically inhibit the side reactions of NRR, CO2RR, and HER, which deserve future experimental exploration in future. The study suggests that doping heteronuclear metal into transition metal oxides is a feasible scheme to solve competitive adsorption and improve catalytic performance.
III–V heterostructure tunnel field-effect transistor operation at different temperature regimes
Authors: Krishnaraja Abinaya , Zhu Zhongyunshen , Svensson Johannes , Wernersson Lars-Erik
Published: November 2024

Tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) are a potential alternative to MOSFETs for low-temperature electronics. We provide an in-depth experimental characterization of TFETs analyzing the fundamental physical behavior at different temperature regimes. TFET characteristics from 13 to 300 K both in forward and reverse bias are discussed by employing a variation in InAs/InGaAsSb/GaSb heterojunction vertical nanowire devices. Evaluation of the TFET Negative Differential Resistance (NDR) characteristics at different temperatures is established as a technique to probe the dopant incorporation. It is observed that the temperature dependence of the Fermi degeneracy and Fermi-Dirac distribution largely influences the transistor performance at each operating temperature. Our investigation reveals that the TFETs demonstrate lower subthreshold swing than the physical limit of MOSFETs above 125 K. For low-temperature applications, the devices can be operated down to a low operating bias of 0.1 V, while for high temperature, a larger bias of 0.3 V is preferred.
Improvements to the characterization of Agfa x-ray film for use on opacity spectroscopy diagnostics
Authors: Peterson A. E. , Dutra E. C. , Conlon C. S. , Cunningham T. , Heeter R. F. , Knauer J. , Knight R. A. , Moy K. J. , Torres G. , Wallace M. S. , Perry T. S.
Published: November 2024

The National Ignition Facility uses a soft x-ray opacity spectrometer for x-ray spectral imaging in high-energy-density experiments. The increased demand for a better spectral resolution prompted the investigation into the Agfa D4 film. Characterization is already under way for the film. A Manson x-ray source using six different anodes was used to expose film to the linear optical density (OD) region. This is a continuation of the previous work, and the updated analysis process is communicated here. The identified uncertainties have been reduced with the updated steps that improve the results of the characterization process. When the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource Beamline 16-2 was operational, the film was characterized at that source. Its beam offered a higher fluency with a lower exposure time needed to reach saturation. Results for both sources are compared in this paper.
Large eddy simulation of droplet dispersion and deposition over street canyons
Authors: Le Ribault C. , Vinkovic I. , Simoëns S.
Published: November 2024

Predicting droplet transport in the atmosphere is a major issue for a large number of dispersion problems such as spray cooling systems in streets, urban lawn sprinklers [Milesi et al., “Interferometric laser imaging for respiratory droplets sizing,” Environ. Manage. 36, 426–438 (2005)], and dispersion of virus such as COVID or from a terrorist attack [Balachandar et al., “Host-to-host airborne transmission as a multiphase flow problem for science-based social guidelines,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 132, 103439 (2020)]. Here, we investigate the propagation of droplets issued from a source near the ground between square obstacles with different spacings. The aerodynamic field is determined by large eddy simulation coupled with an immersed boundary method for the obstacles. Droplets are tracked by a Lagrangian approach. An evaporation model is used to account for varying humidity conditions. Droplet concentration, mass flux, and deposition rates are obtained for different evaporation conditions and obstacle spacings. The results show high deposition rates on the internal wall of the first obstacle due to droplet advection by the reverse flow of the primary vortex. In addition to this, droplets may escape the canyon and propagate downstream as far as eight times the obstacle distance (8H). The concentration of air-borne droplets downstream the canyon is higher for smaller street canyon openings. When evaporation is accounted for, the ground-level droplet concentration may be reduced by up to 30% in the case of small canyon openings.
Ultrastrong coupling limit to quantum mean force Gibbs state for anharmonic environment
Authors: Kumar Prem , Ghosh Sibasish
Published: November 2024

The equilibrium state of a quantum system can deviate from the Gibbs state if the system–environment (SE) coupling is not weak. An analytical expression for this mean force Gibbs state (MFGS) is known in the ultrastrong coupling (USC) regime for the Caldeira–Leggett (CL) model that assumes a harmonic environment. Here, we derive analytical expressions for the MFGS in the USC regime for more general SE models. For all the generalized models considered here, we find the USC state to be diagonal in the basis set by the SE interaction, just like in the CL case. While for the generic model considered, the corresponding USC-MFGS is found to alter from the CL result, we do identify a class of models more general than the CL model for which the CL-USC result remains unchanged. We also provide numerical verification for our results. These results provide key tools for the study of strong coupling quantum thermodynamics and several quantum chemistry and biology problems under more realistic SE models, going beyond the CL model.
Observing vibronic coupling in a strongly hydrogen bonded system with coherent multidimensional vibrational–electronic spectroscopy
Authors: Loe Caroline M. , Chatterjee Srijan , Weakly Robert B. , Khalil Munira
Published: November 2024

The coupled structural and electronic parameters of intramolecular hydrogen bonding play an important role in ultrafast chemical reactions, such as proton transfer processes. We perform one- and two-dimensional vibrational–electronic (1D and 2D VE) spectroscopy experiments to understand the couplings between vibrational and electronic coordinates in 10-Hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline, an ultrafast proton transfer system. The experiments reveal that the OH stretch (νOH) is strongly coupled to the electronic excitation, and Fourier analysis of the 1D data shows coherent oscillations from the low frequency backbone vibrational modes coupled to the νOH mode, resulting in an electronically detected vibronic signal. In-plane low-frequency vibrations at 242 and 386 cm−1 change the hydrogen bond distance and modulate the observed electronic signal in the polarization-selective 1D VE experiment through orientation-dependent coupling with the νOH mode. Resolution of the excitation frequency axis with 2D VE experiments reveals that excitation frequency, detection frequency, and experimental delay affect the frequency and strength of the vibronic transitions observed. Our results demonstrate evidence of direct coupling of the high frequency νOH mode with the S1 ← S0 electronic transition in 10-Hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline (HBQ), and orientation-dependent couplings of the low-frequency 242 and 386 cm−1 modes to the νOH mode and the electronic transition. This demonstration of multidimensional VE spectroscopy on HBQ reveals the potential of using 1D and 2D VE spectroscopy to develop a quantitative understanding of the role of vibronic coupling in hydrogen bonding and ultrafast proton transfer for complex systems.
One- and two-photon excitation dynamics using semiclassical electron force field model
Authors: Yamada Atsushi
Published: November 2024

We have extended the semiclassical-based electron force-field simulation by introducing field–electron interaction to enable us to describe linear and nonlinear electronic excitation dynamics of a condensed matter system with low computational cost. To verify the simulation method, as a first step, numerical examples of interaction dynamics of simple systems (H atom, SiH4 molecule, and Si crystalline solid) with applied short electric field pulse as well as the obtained absorbed energies by the one- and two-photon excitations have been reported along with comparison with quantum dynamics calculations as reference.
Vibronic coherent quantum beat in four-layer platinum carbonyl cluster
Authors: Xiao Shufan , Zou Jianwei , Hou Zhuowei , Guan Jianxin , Yu Zhihao , Zheng Junrong
Published: November 2024

Vibronic coherence has been studied for years, but direct comparisons between the rich experimental features and theory remain rare. In this work, we investigate the vibronic coherent quantum beat of a four-layer platinum carbonyl cluster [Pt3(CO)6]42− in a solution utilizing femtosecond vis-pump/vis-probe transient absorption spectroscopy. By varying the excitational wavelength, quantum beats coupled to either the electronic ground state or the excited state are selectively prepared. A 41 cm−1 beat at the ground state with a phase flip at 615 nm and a 28 cm−1 beat at the excited state with a phase node at 735 nm are observed. The beat amplitudes are asymmetric, stronger on the red side for ground state beats but weaker for excited state beats. Quantum chemistry calculations suggest that these beats result from coupling between the [Pt3(CO)6] layer motions and the electronic excitation. Theoretical model calculations for quantum beats at both electronic states are performed following the doorway–window approach. The calculations explain the oscillation frequency difference, the node positions, and the asymmetry. The beats with different frequencies result from vibronic coupling with different electronic states with the Herzberg–Teller (ground) or Franck–Condon term (excited) involved. The theoretical nodes occur at absorption and fluorescence centers, respectively, although experimental results show a slight blueshift. Quantum window operator calculations link the beat amplitude asymmetry to the Franck–Condon factor matrix imbalances, with the number of nodes dependent on the electronic dephasing rate. The theoretical insights for quantum beats are expected to be general, potentially helpful for the interpretation of observations in other systems.
A concise 40 T pulse magnet for condensed matter experiments
Authors: Ikeda Akihiko , Noda Kosuke , Shimbori Kotomi , Seki Kenta , Bhoi Dilip , Ishita Azumi , Nakamura Jin , Matsubayashi Kazuyuki , Akiba Kazuto
Published: November 2024

There is a growing interest in using pulsed high magnetic field as a controlling parameter of physical phenomena in various scientific disciplines, such as condensed matter physics, particle physics, plasma physics, chemistry, and biological studies. We devised a concise and portable pulsed magnetic field generator that produces a 40 T field with a pulse duration of 2 ms. It is assembled using only off-the-shelf components and a homemade coil that leverages small computers, Raspberry Pi, and Python codes. It allows for straightforward modification for general purposes. As working examples, we show representative applications in condensed matter experiments of magnetoresistance, magnetization, and magnetostriction measurements for graphite, NdNi2P2, and NdCo2P2, respectively, with the maximum magnetic field of 41 T and the lowest temperature of 4.2 K.
Improved lateral figure-of-merit of heteroepitaxial α-Ga2O3 power MOSFET using ferroelectric AlScN gate stack
Authors: Oh SeungYoon , Yoon SiSung , Lim Yoojin , Lee Gyuhyung , Yoo Geonwook
Published: November 2024

In this Letter, we demonstrate heteroepitaxial α-Ga2O3 MOSFETs using an aluminum scandium nitride (AlScN) ferroelectric gate stack. Owing to ferroelectric effects, α-Ga2O3 MOSFETs with the AlScN/HfO2 gate stack (FGFET) exhibited enhanced electrical performance compared with a HfO2 gate dielectric (IGFET) for variable gate–drain lengths (10, 15, 20 μm). A remnant polarization value of the AlScN deposited on a HfO2 layer was measured to be about 30 μC/cm2. The subthreshold swing (SS) and field-effect mobility (μFE) of IGFET was extracted at 1814 mV/dec and 13.9 cm2/V s, respectively. However, the FGFET exhibits a reduced SS of 552 mV/dec with enhanced μFE of 42.7 cm2/V s owing to the negative capacitance of the ferroelectric AlScN. Furthermore, a lateral figure-of-merit of 17.8 MW/cm2 was achieved for the FGFET, far surpassing the 8.3 MW/cm2 of the IGFET. The proposed ferroelectric AlScN/HfO2 stack can be a promising gate structure for improving both transfer and breakdown characteristics in heteroepitaxial α-Ga2O3 power devices.
Minimal droplet shape representation in experimental microfluidics using Fourier series and autoencoders
Authors: Durve Mihir , Tucny Jean-Michel , Orsini Sibilla , Tiribocchi Adriano , Montessori Andrea , Lauricella Marco , Camposeo Andrea , Pisignano Dario , Succi Sauro
Published: November 2024

We introduce a two-step, fully reversible process designed to project the outer shape of a generic droplet onto a lower-dimensional space. The initial step involves representing the droplet's shape as a Fourier series. Subsequently, the Fourier coefficients are reduced to lower-dimensional vectors by using autoencoder models. The exploitation of the domain knowledge of the droplet shapes allows us to map generic droplet shapes to just two-dimensional (2D) space in contrast to previous direct methods involving autoencoders that could map it on minimum eight-dimensional (8D) space. This six-dimensional (6D) reduction in the dimensionality of the droplet's description opens new possibilities for applications, such as automated droplet generation via reinforcement learning, the analysis of droplet shape evolution dynamics, and the prediction of droplet breakup. Our findings underscore the benefits of incorporating domain knowledge into autoencoder models, highlighting the potential for increased accuracy in various other scientific disciplines.
Experimental decomposition of nonlinear hydrodynamic loads and hydroelastic responses in wave–structure interactions of monopile wind turbines
Authors: Jiang Changqing , el Moctar Ould
Published: November 2024

This study explores the nonlinear effects of hydrodynamic loads and hydroelastic responses in monopile-supported offshore wind turbines, with a focus on their harmonic structures. High-quality experimental data were collected in a shallow water basin across various irregular waves. Their harmonic components up to the fourth order were successfully isolated using a novel four-phase decomposition technique, which effectively extracts harmonics from random time series. The results highlight significant contributions of higher-order harmonics across various sea states. Specifically, two physical models were employed: a flexible monopile to capture structural hydroelastic deformations during large wave events and a rigid monopile to accurately estimate hydrodynamic loads without hydroelastic effects. Additionally, numerical results from fully nonlinear potential-flow calculations were compared, revealing that while the potential-flow solver underestimates total wave loading, especially for higher harmonics. In terms of the free-surface elevations and hydrodynamic forces, this study confirms that their higher-order harmonics align well with the scaling of their corresponding linear components in both amplitude and phase. This enables the prediction of higher-order profiles based solely on their linear components. However, this efficient model is inadequate for accurately estimating the higher-order harmonics of monopile's hydroelastic responses during these extreme wave events, highlighting the need for further refinement.
Water wave interaction with a bottom-standing surface-piercing porous compound coaxial cylinder
Authors: Cao Jiaxiu , Li Aijun , Gu Chenxu , Wang Chao
Published: November 2024

The concept of the integration of offshore wind power and ocean ranch represents a development trend of intensive use of the sea. With the rise of this concept, this paper proposes a new type of porous marine structure. Based on the assumptions of the linearized theory of water waves, the wave diffraction and radiation problems of the bottom-standing surface-piercing porous compound coaxial cylinder are studied in this paper. Two seabed conditions are considered: (a) the ideal state, where the seabed is impermeable, and (b) the actual state, where the seabed is porous. The analytical models for the hydrodynamic problems of the porous cylinder placed on the impermeable and porous seabed are established. The wave diffraction and radiation problems are solved by using the eigenfunction expansion method and the velocity potentials of the fluid motion are derived. To verify the correctness of the program, the present model is reduced and compared with existing models. After completing the verification, the effects of the porous seabed and structural parameters on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the porous cylinder are studied. The results indicate that the porous seabed has effects on the wave run-up on the porous cylinder, and the higher the seabed porous effect parameter, the smaller the wave run-up on the porous cylindrical surface of the outer cylinder and the impermeable cylindrical surface of the inner cylinder. Enlarging the porous effect parameter and the radius ratio of the compound cylinder leads to decreases in the wave force, moment, added mass, and radiation damping. By changing the parameters of the porous cylinder, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the porous cylinder can be greatly reduced. This study is expected to provide support for engineering design of relevant marine structures.
Mode decomposition to identify oscillation patterns of flexible aeroshell
Authors: Saha Sanjoy Kumar , Takahashi Yusuke
Published: November 2024

Flexible aeroshells, featuring deformable membrane surfaces supported by pressurized gas, offer a novel re-entry system for high-altitude deceleration during re-entry. The flexibility of structural components introduces unique challenges in predicting aerodynamic behavior, as deformations can significantly alter the flow field, affecting pressure distribution and potentially causing aerodynamic instabilities. Therefore, coupled analysis is crucial to ensure the performance reliability of inflatable aeroshells. This study investigates the unsteady aerodynamic behavior, considering structural deformation in a two-way partitioned coupled manner in transonic flow. The dominant deformation patterns are identified using dynamic mode decomposition and the greedy compressive sensing algorithm. The findings reveal that the primary deformation pattern combines axial deformation and swing oscillation. The dominant oscillation frequencies remain different from the eigenfrequencies, indicating that the aerodynamic force is the primary driving force of such oscillations. The time evolution of these dominant modes indicates purely oscillatory behavior rather than increasing or decreasing trends. These insights are critical for the design and reliability assessment of inflatable aeroshells in varying aerodynamic environments.
Impacts of single Shockley-type stacking faults on current conduction in 4H-SiC PiN diodes
Authors: Asada Satoshi , Murata Koichi , Tsuchida Hidekazu
Published: November 2024

The impacts of single Shockley-type stacking faults (1SSFs) on the electrical characteristics of 4H-SiC PiN diodes were examined by fabricating the PiN diodes containing the 1SSF monolayer in the active area with a covering ratio of unity and evaluating the forward current–voltage (I–V) characteristics at various temperatures from 296 to 523 K. The measured I–V characteristics were compared with the previous results for Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) containing the 1SSF monolayer. Based on the comparison, we clarified the similarity and differences between the impacts of the 1SSFs on the unipolar and bipolar conductions. The forward current conduction of the PiN diodes is limited by the 1SSF similar to that of the SBDs, while the forward current in the PiN diodes exceeds that in the SBDs at elevated temperatures. The difference was attributed to the contribution of hole and recombination currents, the insights into which were obtained by analyzing several experimental results, including dependences of the forward current on the temperature and thickness of the blocking-voltage layer. A simulation analysis was also conducted by adopting the model proposed in the previous study.
The propagation characteristics of a detonation wave in uniformly premixed gases within a semi-confined channel
Authors: Li Runze , Si Chenwei , Zhu Yuejin
Published: November 2024

Based on the OpenFOAM platform, a numerical study was conducted to investigate the propagation characteristics of a detonation wave in uniformly premixed gases within a semi-confined channel, specifically examining the changes in wave's structure and analyzing the detonation reinitiation-extinguishment process. The results indicate that, due to the weak confinement, the detonation wave experiences lateral expansion, with transverse waves on the detonation wave front penetrating into the inert gas and forming segmented protrusions on the oblique shock wave. During the propagation process, the number of transverse waves decreases gradually, and the reflected waves formed by the interaction between transverse waves and the inert gas are weak, collectively leading to a gradual decay in the strength of the detonation wave and a reduction in the frequency of pressure oscillation on the detonation wave front. Furthermore, when transverse waves interact with the inert gas and undergo Mach reflection, the reflected waves would detach the inert gas and form new transverse waves promoted by upward-moving old transverse waves and disturbances on the flame front, thereby extending the duration distance of the detonation wave. Subsequently, after the detonation wave decouples, a transverse wave reflected from the inert gas interface interacts with the lower wall, triggering local detonation reinitiation, which generates a higher-intensity longitudinal wave that couples with the leading shock wave, temporarily restoring the detonation wave and forming lateral detonation in the decoupled region. However, the detonation wave will ultimately extinguish due to the attenuation of transverse waves' intensity and decreasing number of these waves.
Stress response regulation of mRNA translation: Implications for antioxidant enzyme expression in cancer
Authors: Kim Yeon Soo , Kimball Scot R. , Piskounova Elena , Begley Thomas J. , Hempel Nadine
Published: November 2024

From tumorigenesis to advanced metastatic stages, tumor cells encounter stress, ranging from limited nutrient and oxygen supply within the tumor microenvironment to extrinsic and intrinsic oxidative stress. Thus, tumor cells seize regulatory pathways to rapidly adapt to distinct physiologic conditions to promote cellular survival, including manipulation of mRNA translation. While it is now well established that metastatic tumor cells must up-regulate their antioxidant capacity to effectively spread and that regulation of antioxidant enzymes is imperative to disease progression, relatively few studies have assessed how translation and the hijacking of RNA systems contribute to antioxidant responses of tumors. Here, we review the major stress signaling pathways involved in translational regulation and discuss how these are affected by oxidative stress to promote prosurvival changes that manipulate antioxidant enzyme expression. We describe how tumors elicit these adaptive responses and detail how stress-induced translation can be regulated by kinases, RNA-binding proteins, RNA species, and RNA modification systems. We also highlight opportunities for further studies focused on the role of mRNA translation and RNA systems in the regulation of antioxidant enzyme expression, which may be of particular importance in the context of metastatic progression and therapeutic resistance.
tRNA modification enzyme-dependent redox homeostasis regulates synapse formation and memory
Authors: Madhwani Kimberly R. , Sayied Shanzeh , Ogata Carlson H. , Hogan Caley A. , Lentini Jenna M. , Mallik Moushami , Dumouchel Jennifer L. , Storkebaum Erik , Fu Dragony , O’Connor-Giles Kate M.
Published: November 2024

Post-transcriptional modification of RNA regulates gene expression at multiple levels. ALKBH8 is a tRNA-modifying enzyme that methylates wobble uridines in a subset of tRNAs to modulate translation. Through methylation of tRNA-selenocysteine, ALKBH8 promotes selenoprotein synthesis and regulates redox homeostasis. Pathogenic variants in
ALKBH8
have been linked to intellectual disability disorders in the human population, but the role of ALKBH8 in the nervous system is unknown. Through in vivo studies in
Drosophila
, we show that ALKBH8 controls oxidative stress in the brain to restrain synaptic growth and support learning and memory.
ALKBH8
null animals lack wobble uridine methylation and exhibit reduced protein synthesis in the nervous system, including a specific decrease in selenoprotein levels. Either loss of
ALKBH8
or independent disruption of selenoprotein synthesis results in ectopic synapse formation. Genetic expression of antioxidant enzymes fully suppresses synaptic overgrowth in
ALKBH8
null animals, confirming oxidative stress as the underlying cause of dysregulation.
ALKBH8
null animals also exhibit associative memory impairments that are reversed by pharmacological antioxidant treatment. Together, these findings demonstrate the critical role of tRNA wobble uridine modification in redox homeostasis in the developing nervous system and reveal antioxidants as a potential therapy for ALKBH8-associated intellectual disability.
A scaling law for predicting urban trees canopy cooling efficiency
Authors: Wang Jia , Zhou Weiqi , Pickett Steward T. A. , Qian Yuguo
Published: November 2024

Urban heat mitigation is a pressing concern for cities. Intense urban heat poses a threat to human health and urban sustainability. Tree planting is one of the most widely employed nature-based heat mitigation methods worldwide. Therefore, city policy makers require knowledge of how much temperature will be reduced by increasing urban tree canopy (UTC). Cooling efficiency (CE), which was been proposed to quantify the magnitude of temperature reduction associated with a 1% increase in UTC, has been primarily investigated at smaller scales previously. However, such small-scale results cannot be used to develop policy at the whole-city scale. This study developed a method that reveals the scaling relations of CE so as to predict its effects at the city scale. CE was found to follow the form of a power law as spatial scale increased from the small analytical units through intermediate size units up to the extent of a whole city. The power law form appeared consistently across cities with different climate backgrounds during summer daylight hours. Furthermore, the power law form was robust within cities under different summer weather conditions. The power-law scaling approach can thus be used to predict CE at the whole-city scale, providing a useful tool for managers to set UTC goals to mitigate extreme urban heat.
Deafness due to loss of a TRPV channel eliminates mating behavior in
Aedes aegypti
males
Authors: Wang Yijin , Thakur Dhananjay , Duge Emma , Murphy Caroline , Girling Ivan , DeBeaubien Nicolas A. , Chen Jieyan , Nguyen Benjamin H. , Gurav Adishthi S. , Montell Craig
Published: November 2024

Attraction and mating between male and female animals depend on effective communication between conspecifics. However, in mosquitoes, we have only a rudimentary understanding of the sensory cues and receptors critical for the communication that is essential for reproductive behavior. While it is known that male
Aedes aegypti
use sound to help them identify females, it is not unclear whether sound detection is absolutely required since other cues such as vision may also participate in mating behavior. To determine the effect of eliminating hearing on mating success, we knocked out the
Ae. aegypti
TRPVa channel, which is a protein expressed in chordotonal neurons in the Johnston’s organ (JO) that respond to sound-induced movements in the antenna. Loss of
trpVa
eradicated sound-induced responses from the JO, thereby abolishing hearing. Strikingly, mutation of
trpVa
eliminated mating behavior in males. In contrast,
trpVa
-null females mated, although this behavior was slightly delayed relative to wild-type females. Males and females produce sounds as they beat their wings at distinct frequencies during flight. Sound mimicking the female wingbeat induced flight, attraction, and copulatory-like behavior in wild-type males without females present, but not in
trpVa
-null males. Males are known to modulate their wingbeat frequencies before mating in the air, which is a phenomenon referred to as rapid frequency modulation (RFM). We found that RFM was absent in mosquitoes lacking TRPVa. We conclude that the requirement for
trpVa
and hearing for male reproductive behavior in
Aedes
is absolute, as mating in the deaf males is eliminated.
Locally purified density operators for noisy quantum circuits
Authors: Guo Yuchen , Yang Shuo
Published: November 2024

Open quantum system simulations are essential for exploring novel quantum phenomena and evaluating noisy quantum circuits. In this Letter, we investigate whether mixed states generated from noisy quantum circuits can be efficiently represented by locally purified density operators (LPDOs). We map an LPDO of N qubits to a pure state of size 2 × N defined on a ladder and introduce a unified method for managing virtual and Kraus bonds. We numerically simulate noisy random quantum circuits with depths of up to d = 40 using fidelity and entanglement entropy as accuracy measures. The LPDO representation is effective in describing mixed states in both the quantum and classical regions; however, it encounters significant challenges at the quantum-classical critical point, restricting its applicability to the quantum region. In contrast, matrix product operators (MPO) successfully characterize the entanglement trend throughout the simulation, while the truncation in MPOs breaks the positivity condition required for a physical density matrix. This work advances our understanding of efficient mixed-state representations in open quantum systems and provides insights into the entanglement structure of noisy quantum circuits.
Thermo-optical analysis of a nanocone based solar absorber for thermophotovoltaic applications
Authors: Reza Mirnaziry Sayyed , Ali Shameli Mohammad , Danaeifar Mohammad
Published: November 2024

We investigate the optical and thermal response of a 2D photonic crystal absorber composed of tungsten nanocones, with complete and truncated shapes used in a solar thermophotovoltaic (STPV) system. We explain how the absorption and temperature of the structure are affected by the presence of a protection layer, lens and an emitter. The total efficiency and contribution of thermal emittance of complete nanocone arrays are compared with truncated absorbers. Based on our results, the efficiency of a non-protected nanocone hits 67% at 400 sunlight and the temperature reaches 1350 K. By adding a silica layer on the absorber, the efficiency slightly reduces to 61%. In addition, we observed a reduction in the efficiency of all studied absorbers at higher sunlight concentration factors. Our results also indicate that the thickness of a silica layer on the tungsten substrate does not have a noticeable change in the efficiency. Finally, the deformation of the structure due to surface diffusion is studied. This study paves the way toward a multi-physical analysis of photonic crystal absorbers in STPV systems.
Interplay of correlations and Majorana mode from local solution perspective
Authors: Barański Jan , Barańska Magdalena , Zienkiewicz Tomasz , Domański Tadeusz
Published: November 2024

We study the quasiparticle spectrum of a hybrid system, comprising a correlated (Anderson-type) quantum dot coupled to a topological superconducting nanowire hosting the Majorana boundary modes. From the exact solution of the low-energy effective Hamiltonian, we uncover a subtle interplay between Coulomb repulsion and the Majorana mode. Our analytical expressions show that the spectral weight of the leaking Majorana mode is sensitive to both the quantum dot energy level and the repulsive potential. We compare our results with estimations by Ricco et al (2019 Phys. Rev.B 99 155159) obtained for the same hybrid structure using the Hubbard-type decoupling scheme, and analytically quantify the spectral weight of the zero-energy (topological) mode coexisting with the finite-energy (trivial) states of the quantum dot. We also show that empirical verification of these spectral weights could be feasible through spin-polarized Andreev spectroscopy.