bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Brooks Adams
Authors: Carson Mina J.
Published: June 2010

In 1895, Brooks Adams forecast the imminent collapse of western civilization. By 1903 he was celebrating the incipient geopolitical primacy of the United States in world affairs. More than a fickle reflection of contemporary trends, Adams's intellectual journey was undergirded by a ceaseless search for theoretical order which was his increasingly conscious contribution to, and recapitulation of, family history.
Here Comes "Kalakana": King Kalakaua's Visit to Portugal as Seen by the Portuguese Press
Authors: Dias Eduardo Mayone
Published: June 2010

This article shows how the Portuguese press used King 'Kalakana's' (as his name was commonly spelled then) stay in Lisbon in 1881 to launch a humorous but scathing attack on national mores by means of unfavorably comparing their backwardness with the supposedly 'savage' nature of the visiting monarch.
The Cult of Homosexuality in England 1850-1950
Authors: Annan Noel
Published: June 2010

Between 1850-1950 homosexuality became a cult in England flourishing in the public schools, the Oxford and Cambridge colleges, the high church movement, the aesthetes of the Nineties and the Bloomsbury group. After the first world war it became a fashionable way of revolting against the ethos that justified the slaughter; after the second the spectacle of so many distinguished writers, actors, and intellectuals being liable to criminal prosecution brought about a change in Britain's archaic laws.
The Mentor Relationship and the Dream: The Case of Rex Mortimer
Authors: McIntyre Angus
Published: June 2010

Levinson's concept of the mentor relationship, the developmental function of which is to support the realization of a young man's Dream of the kind of life he would like to lead as an adult, is discussed with reference to Rex Mortimer (1926-1979) and Willy Brandt (1913- ), two political figures for whom such relationships were significant. The different mentor relationships experienced by these two men are compared and then explained by reference to their childhood antecedents. It is concluded that a young man of pressing self-esteem needs is likely to choose an overbearing mentor who, far from facilitating the realization of his Dream, may seek to control him by making him over in his own image.
Repossessing the Past: Discontinuity and History In Alfred Kazin's A Walker in the City
Authors: Hazlett John D.
Published: June 2010

The structure of Kazin's A Walker in the City is based upon two quests: the child self is seeking an American identity and access to history; the adult self is seeking to recapture the lost, earlier self and to "escape" from history. The article discusses narrative strategy and the relationship between concepts of history and the re-creation of the self in twentieth century autobiography.
The Diagnosis of Charlotte Brontë's Final Illness
Authors: Maynard John
Published: June 2010

Charlotte Brontë's death at thirty eight, long blamed on tuberculosis, has more recently been attributed to hyperemesis gravidarum, vomiting during pregnancy. Treated as psychosomatic, this latter disease has also been cited to justify a view of Brontë as dying from a final attack of a lifelong neurotic illness. Close scrutiny of the evidence and medical consultation lead to conclusions: 1. that Brontë was not certainly pregnant and 2. she most likely died of some kind of fast-acting wasting disease. Certainly we cannot ground a view of Brontë's mental state on the nature of her tragically early death.
P. K. Page's Brazilian Journal: Language Shock
Authors: Heaps Denise Adele
Published: June 2010

P. K. Page's Brazilian Journal documents the Canadian poet's two-year sojourn in Brazil in the 1950s. Page undergoes a specific manifestation of culture chock called language shock, a linguistic disorientation which results in a disturbing poetic writer's block. Out of this creative void emerges a visual artist. By painting and drawing everything she sees, Page constructs a bridge over the space of the culturally and linguistically unfamiliar. This Brazilian metamorphosis from poet to artist leads Page to question the interconnections between identity, culture, discourse, and language.
Biography & Four Master Tropes
Authors: Nadel Ira Bruce
Published: June 2010

The analysis of tropes—figures of speech—in biography reveals not only details of biographical composition but how reader response is generated in a text. Furthermore, the control of biography by tropes intensifies the literary rather than documentary aspect of such writing. A study of metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche and irony in biography uncovers the rhetorical resources of biographical form previously overlooked. In addition, the tropological dimension of biography provides an initial first step in establishing a new poetics of biography.
The Genetic Study of Autobiographical Texts
Authors: Lejeune Philippe
Published: June 2010

An autobiographical text narrates the history of its author. But the text itself has a history, which is part of the author's history. Despite their difficulties and limits, genetic studies of autobiographical texts offer fresh possibilities to deal with such thorny questions as the relationship between self and language or between art and truth.
The Education Of Henry Adams: A Non-Person in History
Authors: Goodwin James
Published: June 2010

The third-person form of address in The Education signifies an absence of person. Non-person refers first to a grammatical distinction made by Emile Benveniste, who argues that third-person pronouns do not enact the writer's subjectivity and thus are the common mode of historical narration. The second, political sense of non-person applies to the theory of history that structures Adams' autobiographical narrative.
Discrimination and Self-concept of Homosexuals Before the Gay Liberation Movement: A Biographical Analysis Examining Social Context and Identity
Authors: Sullivan Gerard
Published: June 2010

Police harassment and loss of employment as a result of discrimination against gay people has previously been documented in the sociological literature. This article explores the indirect effects of prejudice by examining its effect on the psychology and behavior patterns of homosexuals in the United States and Britain before the gay liberation movement.
In Search of Japan's First Modern Autobiography
Authors: Loftus Ronald P.
Published: June 2010

This article explores the development of autobiography as a genre in early twentieth-century Japan by looking at three examples of Japanese autobiography from the first quarter of the century. The author finds that Taoka Reiun's A Record of My Misfortunes (1911) is the most successful at balancing an account of the external circumstances of a life with deeply self-revelatory, inner reflections. The language and tone of the text, the attention paid to the formation, development and explication of a self, establish this work as one of Japan's earliest modern autobiographies in which the self is clearly perceived to be at the center of experience.
Early Psychobiography, 1900-1930: Some Reconsiderations
Authors: Hoffman Louise E.
Published: June 2010

Many features of early psychobiographical interpretations were inherited from previous biographical traditions, especially pathography. Freudian concepts sometimes reinforced these qualities, but also provided novel concepts and methods which evolved along with psychoanalytic thought and which potentially allowed for more critical accounts of prominent individuals and their relationship to their societies.
An "Orpheus Complex" in Two Writers-of-Loss
Authors: Schultz William Todd
Published: June 2010

Writers James Agee and Jack Kerouac each experienced a death in the family at an early age, and each went on tirelessly to document the event in great detail and in various artistic contexts. This article takes Agee and Kerouac to be exemplars of a potentially generalizable profile of writers-of-loss—an "Orpheus Complex." How a loss-afflicted personality structure both mediates and invites creative responses is elucidated.
Collective Biography in the 1980s
Authors: Sturges Paul
Published: June 2010

The compilation of biographical dictionaries, prosopography, aspects of oral history and the life history method in social science, are all discussed here as forms of collective biography. Recent work and current trends in all these forms are surveyed. Technological developments which expand the horizons of collective biography are also outlined.
The Revival of Buffon in the Early Third Republic
Authors: Persell Stuart M.
Published: June 2010

Buffon's Natural History was reedited by a French politician and biologist, Jean de Lanessan, in 1884. Lanessan wished to demonstrate that Buffon originated a theory of evolution based on inheritance of acquired characters. He hoped to advance a French theory that avoided the unpleasant implications of Darwinian natural selection. He also expected to show that the Church persecuted Buffon, who was the fount of a liberal, democratic, and anticlerical Republic.
Psychohistory and Its Discontents
Authors: Arzt Donna
Published: June 2010

A methodological survey is offered of conceptual and evidentiary problems encountered in the interdisciplinary attempt to apply the insights of psychology-primarily psychoanalysis-to biographical and historical subjects. The psychohistorian's interpretive technique is compared to the psychoanalytic method invented by Freud and a selection of representative works is intended to test the promise of psychohistory.
Marilyn : Mailer's Novel Biography
Authors: Rollyson Carl E.
Published: June 2010

Norman Mailer's biography of Marilyn Monroe, Marilyn , has a two-fold purpose: to faithfully measure and evaluate the obstacles that bar the biographer's way to a full understanding of his subject's life and to tentatively suggest a biographical method which will aim at recreating the whole person while at the same time conceding that the search for wholeness is elusive and problematical.
"W. B. Yeats' map in his own hand"
Authors: Heine Elizabeth
Published: June 2010

Yeats's autograph natal horoscope illustrates an account of his practice of astrology. Turn-of-the-century principles of both astrological character-reading and predictive astrology are used to consider the biographical effects of Yeats's understanding of astrological interpretations of his character and the timing of events in his life, particularly his marriage
A Bibliographical Problem of Biography: Identification of Names
Authors: Collison Robert
Published: June 2010

Identification of names presents the chief and most usual problem in the bibliography of biography.
The Quest for Katherine Mansfield
Authors: Meyers Jeffrey
Published: June 2010

By explaining how I chose my biographical subject, gathered information, tracked down obscure people, conducted interviews, solved the major mysteries of Katherine Mansfield's life, and found a sympathetic publisher, I hope to provide a specific example of how to do research for a modern literary biography. The Katherine Mansfield that emerged during my quest was very different from the idealized portrait that had been created by Middleton Murry and reinforced by her previous biographers. Though illness gave her a delicate appearance, her character was more tough than exquisite; and she was more rebellious and capable than the figure in the legend.
Current Bibliography on Life-Writing
Authors: Winslow Donald J.
Published: June 2010

Garnered from scores of journal and publishers' lists, this annotated list includes books and articles about biography, autobiography, and related aspects of life-writing in British and American publications, restricted mainly to publications in 1977 but occasionally some significant works in 1976 or 1978. The survey indicates that the most active area of current interest is autobiography, with psychohistory and psychobiography also favored topics.
A Boy of No Importance
Authors: Mallon Thomas
Published: June 2010

The story of a search for Edward Shelley, an employee of Oscar Wilde's publishers (Elkin Mathews and John Lane), and a witness against Wilde at his trials in 1895, is recounted, along with comments upon the nature and value of tracing the life stories of obscure figures peripherally associated with greater ones.
Biographical Images: Effects of Formal Features On the Way We See a Life
Authors: Halpern Jeanne W.
Published: June 2010

When biography is examined as a literary genre, then the selection of materials, the structure of the text, and the style of the prose are singularly important components of the image-making process. Using contemporary texts ranging from the documentary through the re-creational to the fictionalized, Dr. Halpern shows how such formal features not only reflect the biographer's vision of a life but also influence the impression the reader receives.
John Brown and Governor Wise: A New Perspective on Harpers Ferry
Authors: Simpson Craig
Published: June 2010

Neither John Brown nor his principal antagonist, Governor Henry A. Wise of Virginia, was altogether comfortable in his role. The accusatory historiography of the conservatives, the heroic literature of the radicals, and the vague, lukewarm pieties of the liberals are all dismissed in favor of an approach relating inner drama to external action through a contrastive study.
The Mixed Genre of the Portrait-Character: The Case of Halifax's "A Character of King Charles II"
Authors: Blair Joel
Published: June 2010

Halifax's "A Character of King Charles II" illustrates the virtues of an important sub-species of biography; it has traces of the Theophrastian character in that it is a distillation of essential qualities, but it resembles the "portrait" or brief biography in its exploration of the effects of age and time on one man, who happened to be one of the most interesting kings of England
The Biographer as a Center of Reference
Authors: Snipes Wilson
Published: June 2010

Each biographer has the responsibility of establishing a clear relationship between himself and his readers. This relationship is established through the biographer's exposition of his center of reference, the values, aims, and methods-psychological, intellectual, ethical, historical, aesthetic-he employs in writing a particular life.
Jovial Juvenilia: T. S. Eliot's First Magazine
Authors: Soldo John J.
Published: June 2010

In the winter of 1899, ten-year-old T. S. Eliot, future editor of Criterion and Faber and Faber, created his first magazine, Fireside. Fireside , which contains fiction, poetry, gossip columns, jokes, and advertisements, gives us hints of Eliot's later poetic and satiric technique.
Allegory of the Secret: Mary McCarthy
Authors: Lifson Martha R.
Published: June 2010

This article uses the metaphor of a quest for a secret self to discuss Mary McCarthy's Memories of a Catholic Girlhood , and to place the work in the context of several other autobiographies. Many autobiographies are structured along similar lines, focussing on a consciousness, and ending with a quest for creation of an authentic and highly revealed self. In this final stage McCarthy tries to portray her grandmother, and the article thus elaborates on the final chapter, "Ask Me No Questions".
The Relationship of Charles Darwin to the Ideas of his Grandfather, Dr. Erasmus Darwin
Authors: Colp Ralph
Published: June 2010

During his career as an evolutionary thinker Charles Darwin was first influenced by the evolutionary ideas of his grandfather Dr. Erasmus Darwin, and then publicly called these ideas "erroneous." As an old man, he was stimulated by a German science writer to compose a short biography of his grandfather. Although in this biography Darwin avoided discussing his ideological relationship with grandfather, and although he was persuaded to excise some notable passages before publication, he produced a remarkably concise and vivid portrait of his grandfather as a scientist and man.
The Exemplary Self: Autobiography in Eighteenth Century America
Authors: Banes Ruth A.
Published: June 2010

The autobiographies of John Woolman, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin are a source of social and cultural, literary and individual, history. In order to construct a meaning, to explain a life, each autobiographer presents a culturally acceptable representation of self. Each employs three literary devices to obscure his self importance: a justification for writing, parable form to illustrate important principles, and allusions to the power of Divine Providence. These conventions work together to establish an autobiographical form and present a shared self-conception: the exemplary self . While the eighteenth-century religious autobiography reaffirmed a universe of verities, the secular autobiographer served his public by clarifying and expounding upon important aspects of American history. In each case, early American autobiographers emphasize universal principles, while diminishing individual importance.
Clapham to Bloomsbury: Life Course Analysis of an Intellectual Aristocracy
Authors: Back Kurt W.
Published: June 2010

Concepts of life-course analysis as developed by psychologists and sociologists are used to elaborate on the biographical studies of those families which were influential in English intellectual life during the 19th and 20th centuries. This discussion also tries to find a place for creativity and ideas in the study of the life course.
Bernard Shaw and Stella Pat
Authors: Peters Margot
Published: June 2010

Always eager to encourage sedition, Bernard Shaw found raw material in Mrs. Patrick Campbell's daughter, Stella. Mrs. Campbell had brought up young Stella a lady; her daughter had dared the stage—and Shaw approved. Shaw ordered her to break loose, offered her parts; but she remained, frustratingly, until the end of their acquaintance, a perfect lady.
The Public Faces of Harold Nicolson: The Thirties
Authors: Wolff Lawrence
Published: June 2010

Harold Nicolson's diverse entanglements with British party politics in the 1930's were characterized by a peculiar vacillation. Despite Vita Sackville-West's advocacy of the superiority of "private life," Nicolson was driven into the political arena by his ambition to become a "public face," and his ambivalence sheds light on the political complexities of the decade.
"Let the Rest Be Dark": Van Gogh in his Letters
Authors: Porter Roger J.
Published: June 2010

For Van Gogh, the letter, usually to his brother Theo, was as essential to him as the painting, and indeed often the painting was not complete until he could meditate upon it in a letter. His correspondence suggests a range of moods and self-dramatizations that mirrors those of his self-portraits, not only of the tormented outsider but of the domestic man yearning for peace.
A Letter to Harriet
Authors: Simpson Louis
Published: June 2010

A poet who wrote two books of "biographical criticism" describes the reception of these works by the critics, and the assumptions on which academic critics base their judgments. He finds many American biographers lacking in feeling and intelligence.
Morte d'Arthur: The Death of Arthur Henry Hallam
Authors: Kolb Jack
Published: June 2010

The cause and circumstances of Arthur Henry Hallam's death, so important to his embodiment in Tennyson's In Memoriam , have never been fully explored. Testimony from accounts of his family and friends, from his medical history, and from an autopsy conducted in Vienna, helps to dispel certain misconceptions, and offers possible answers to questions about the event which, ironically, secured A. H. H.'s immortality.
Samuel Johnson and Thomas Warton
Authors: Vance John A.
Published: June 2010

Few of Samuel Johnson's relationships have been as misunderstood and little appreciated as his friendship with Thomas Warton. The evidence suggests that the relationship was among the most emotional of Johnson's life and that what lessened the spirit of the friendship after the mid-1750s was not a difference in personality or literary taste, as had been been commonly thought, but rather it was Johnson's realization that his emotional stake in the relationship had been too high.
The Popular Topical Autobiography
Authors: Seaton Beverly
Published: June 2010

There are many autobiographical works which are not systematically classified as life-writing but which nevertheless are part of the total picture of popular life-writing. These are books in which the appeal to the reader is not the fame of the author but rather the attraction of the topic, which usually relates to the pleasant side of life. This paper discusses the major categories of such books briefly, describes some of the strategies the authors use to shape their experiences for their audience, and comments on some general features of the form.
Two Nuns and Old Thad Stevens
Authors: Scally Anthony
Published: June 2010

Most biographers of Thaddeus Stevens, the fiery Reconstruction Congressman, describe as "Negro" the two Sisters of Charity who assisted at his deathbed August 12, 1868, and designate Providence Hospital, Washington, D.C. as a "Negro charity" because of Stevens' interest in it. Evidence from original sources shows that these Sisters were white.
"Indistinct Lustre": Biographical Miniatures in the Magnalia Christi Americana
Authors: Eberwein Jane Donahue
Published: June 2010

The brief clerical lives Cotton Mather included in the Magnalia , despite his lack of factual information, cast light on his baroque style, theological purpose, and authorial values while offering perspective on the interplay of history and imagination in the total work. Although historically deficient, they are not artistically superfluous.
Stowe and Eliot: An Epistolary Friendship
Authors: Springer Marlene
Published: June 2010

An examination of the personal correspondence between Harriet B. Stowe (whose letters remain unpublished) and George Eliot reveals much about the close connections formed by the important women writers of the period. Heretofore unexplained in depth by scholars, the correspondence discloses that they exchanged literary criticism; explored their religious positions with an attendant discussion of spiritualism and Stowe's conversation with Charlotte Brontë's spirit; shared their bond of womanhood and by extension their interest in women's rights; and even probed their private relations with husbands, siblings, children and friends.
The Significant Fictivity of Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior
Authors: Myers Victoria
Published: June 2010

The speech act theory of discourse expounded by Mary Louise Pratt describes Maxine Hong Kingston's use of fictional technique in The Woman Warrior . It shows that the language of the autobiography is a creation resulting from the author's effort to extricate her voice from the discourse of her community.
Apologize or Confess! The Dilemma of Victorian Autobiography
Authors: Nadel Ira Bruce
Published: June 2010

The apology and confession provide important paradigms for the practice of autobiography in the Victorian period, but their battle for supremacy-influenced by the novel-ended in a draw as the mask emerged as the late Victorian victor in autobiographical writing.
Fictional Biography, Factual Biography, and their Contaminations
Authors: Schabert Ina
Published: June 2010

"Fictional biography" and "factual biography" can be described as opposite literary genres. Both texts are fictions in the sense of mental constructs made up from the available facts, yet they differ radically in methods and status. Biographical knowledge is advanced by their separate existence rather than by efforts to combine them.
George Barr McCutcheon: Youth and Drama
Authors: Lazarus A. L.
Published: June 2010

McCutcheon's Graustark romances, which reached millions of readers and movie-goers in the early 1900s, were deliberate potboilers; they should not be judged as "unfulfilled promises." The fulfilled promises, still in holographs and typescripts, consist of parody melodrama, satirical farce, and other projects begun in his precocious youth and early manhood.
A Preliminary to Literary Biography: The Chronicle Collection of Selected Documents
Authors: Snipes Wilson
Published: June 2010

Chroniclers have established through various principles of collection, selection, and limitation what may be described as an authorial genre of contemporary literary biography, the lift itself represented primarily through the subject speaking in his own voice. The "log" method focuses on selections of the "essentials" of a life; the "autobiographical" method concentrates on the creation of a simulated autobiography through selections and interspersed commentary; the epistolary method is limited to selections from the subject's correspondence; and the method of representative selections employs the corpus of the subject's work, both literary and nonliterary. Such an authorial life is no substitute for an interpretive biography, but it offers the biographer a valuable intermediate portrait of a subject.
The Mock-Biography of Edwin Mullhouse
Authors: Adams Timothy Dow
Published: June 2010

Steven Millhauser's first novel, Edwin Mullhouse: The Life and Death of An American Writer, 1943-1954 by Jeffrey Cartwright , is an interesting and valuable book for a consideration of the complexities of the art of biography, especially the relationship between biographer and subject, and an important example of a subgenre of biography-the mock-biography-which combines elements of fiction and nonfiction (sometimes literally, sometimes mockingly by incorporating fictional nonfiction within the fictional construct), and parodies the conventions of biography.
A Case of Mistaken Identity: Djugashvili-Stalin
Authors: Tucker Robert C.
Published: June 2010

The concept of self-identity has developed from Freud through Erik Erikson's work and that of Karen Horney, Daniel Levinson and others, and is an important tool for a biographer. The contributions of these thinkers are illustrated by the example of Stalin, which shows the need for a concept of psychological "mistaken identity" that is contained in the psychological thought of Karen Horney.
Willa Cather at Home Monthly
Authors: Benson Peter
Published: June 2010

Willa Cather's first full-fledged literary apprenticeship came as Managing Editor of a women's domestic magazine where her writing germinated within the strictly defined genres of nineteenth-century popular journalism. However, critical neglect of these early writings and a serious error of fact, perpetuated by generations of scholars, have obscured these important influences on her early development.
"Haunted by Great Ghosts": Virginia Woolf and To the Lighthouse
Authors: Bell Ilona
Published: June 2010

When Virginia Woolf was almost sixty, she wrote that To the Lighthouse "expressed some very long felt and deeply felt emotion" about her mother, and "in expressing it I explained it and then laid it to rest." By comparison with Woolf s memoirs, Reminiscences and A Sketch of the Past , this essay sets out to explain how To the Lighthouse helped Woolf to overcome her obsession with her mother.
Concealment and Disclosure in Sir Leslie Stephen's Mausoleum Book
Authors: Hyman Virginia R.
Published: June 2010

Written during the most extreme emotional crisis in his life, Sir Leslie Stephen's Mausoleum Book is an attempt to conceal the writer's own worst fears from both himself and the world. An analysis of the pattern of concealment and evasion in the work suggests that Stephen was attempting to conceal from others and to control within himself his fears of hereditary insanity.
Current Bibliography on Life-Writing
Authors: Bennett Kathleen A.
Published: June 2010

Garnered from sources of journal and publisher's lists, this annotated bibliography includes books and articles about biography, autobiography, and related aspects of life-writing in British and American publications during 1981-1982. The survey indicates a decline in writings about the theoretical foundations of biography and autobiography but increasing interest in minority biography.
An Encounter and Its Consequences: Arthur Dove and Alfred Stieglitz, 1910-1925
Authors: Morgan Ann Lee
Published: June 2010

Arthur Dove and Alfred Stieglitz established their friendship during the period from 1910 to 1925. During this time, Dove evolved from a successful illustrator into a modernist painter of first-rate importance. Stieglitz, recognized as the leader of art photography in 1910, transcended that single role to become a self-proclaimed cultural force by 1925. The professional accomplishments of the two men are described in relation to biographical events, with particular reference to the effects of their personal association.
Gordon Allport's Rules for the Preparation of Life Histories and Case Studies
Authors: Garraty John A.
Published: June 2010

Gordon W. Allport, a Harvard psychologist, once prepared a set of rules, or principles, that should govern the preparation of sound psychological studies, or biographies. When put into practice, however, the rules failed to produce persuasive characterizations unless combined with the kind of literary skills used by novelists and historians.
The Aleatory Element in Biography
Authors: Manis Jerome G.
Published: June 2010

Although aleatory or chance aspects are being recognized as increasingly important throughout the arts and sciences, they seem absent from critical or theoretical biography. Awareness of the possibility of chance factors would sensitize biographers to these unexpected and indeterminate aspects of human lives.
The Unfulfilled Promise of Life Histories
Authors: Freeman James M. , Krantz David L.
Published: June 2010

Most investigators of life histories have omitted detailed descriptions of their relationships with the narrators. Such data are indispensable for complete life histories, and they are not amenable to traditional social science analyses. The analysis of life histories requires reversal of the Law of Parsimony, an expansion rather than a contraction of complexity to explain the phenomena adequately, since the investigator's role in the creation of a life history is not an interference with but rather an integral part of the data.
The Lives of Hart Crane: Revision of Biography
Authors: Shloss Carol
Published: June 2010

In the act of composing a continuous prose narrative out of discrete data, biographers reveal the cultural presuppositions that condition their own interpretive categories. John Unterecker, whose Voyager: A Life of Hart Crane superseded Philip Horton's biography of Crane, rewrote Crane's life history in the interest of increased accuracy; but his book also reveals his changed attitudes about the nature of personality and the conventions of biography.
Early Christian Life-Writing: Panegyric and Hagiography
Authors: Rewa Michael P.
Published: June 2010

Although Jewish culture revered the memory of the worthy dead, it never took the literary step from reverence to commendatory biography because Old Testament writers believed such honor detracted from God's glory. However, with the advent of a messiah, a godly ideal embodied in a single personality provided a model for a new kind of heroic existence, expressed literarily through panegyric.
Psychological Processes in Preparing Contemporary Biography
Authors: Blum Richard H.
Published: June 2010

This article examines some of the psychological processes that occur in work on contemporary biography, particularly in the interaction between biographer and subject or informant. The author emphasizes similarities between biographical work and scientific procedures in the study of personality and behavior. He describes the characteristics of the biographical interview and potential sources of error in the interview and in the biographer's structuring and interpretation. The author views the work of biography as a set of iterative steps through which the biographer and his informants achieve an approximation of truth.
Swift's Harley and the Nature of Biography
Authors: Backscheider Paula R.
Published: June 2010

Jonathan Swift used the familiar material of the biographer when he wrote about Robert Harley in his propaganda pieces, in his "histories," and in his more informal writings. This essay examines these passages about Harley, often compares them to similar passages by Swift's contemporaries, and then discusses the implications of Swift's method for theorists of biography.
Bibliography of Works about Life-Writing for the Early '90s
Authors: Wachter Phyllis E.
Published: June 2010

The entries in this year's bibliography cover a wide range of disciplines and, in many cases, address one of the following concerns. First, there is a tendency for those who view almost everything as a potential source of life-writing to assert that to some extent all discourse is autobiographical. Secondly, some might go as far as to say that the self of the writer is as much a construction as the very discourse that is being constructed. And lastly, "biografying" may, in fact, be as much an autoreflexive act as the construction of the Self is an act of self-biography. All these assumptions bode well for the future since we may be more capable of taking hold and shaping the planet according to our own image than ever before.
Locating Belief in Biography
Authors: Schwalm David E.
Published: June 2010

All biographers invent their subjects. The mind of the biographer, not the objective reality of the subject's life, gives form and meaning to the information available about the subject. A biography is most likely to induce belief in the reader who shares to a great extent the conceptual paradigm of human nature that informs the biographer's invented reality.
From George Monck to the Duke of Albemarle: His Contribution to Charles II's Government, 1660-1670
Authors: Allen David
Published: June 2010

George Monck was the architect of Charles II's Restoration in 1660. Thereby he earned fame among royalists and was damned as a traitor by republicans. His personal myth was forever preserved in English history with his Restoration of Charles II. What he did in the remaining ten years of his life (1660-70) has been less studied by historians. This article examines his contribution to Charles II's Government as Duke of Albemarle. Although Albemarle enriched himself and his faction at Charles II's court, he administered his many and various offices efficiently and with some sense of the public weal.
The Ralphaelson Touch
Authors: Kanoff Joel E.
Published: June 2010

Separating the work of scenarist from that of director is an often difficult task. Samson Raphaelson and Ernst Lubitsch collaborated on nine films in the most productive era of sound comedy; yet, we most often speak of the "Lubitsch films." How may we distill the significance of Raphaelson's writing within these masterly films?
Explorations in Character: Gamaliel Bradford and Henry Murray as Psychobiographers
Authors: Hutch Richard A.
Published: June 2010

The history of biography during the nineteenth century is understood as a harbinger of modern psychological science. This is demonstrated by a comparison of the style of biographic inquiry of the obscure American biographer, Gamaliel Bradford (1863-1932), with the psychological methods of the famous American psychologist, Henry A. Murray (1893- ). Thus, Murray's "explorations in personality" can be understood as a modern elaboration of Bradford's "psychography". Remarks are made which indicate parallels between this tradition of life-writing and the work of other nineteenth-century biographers, like Thomas Carlyle, and other twentieth-century psychologists, like Erik Erikson.
Sir William Herbert in Tudor Politics, 1547-53
Authors: Sil Narasingha Prosad
Published: June 2010

Herbert is usually seen as a schemer loyal to none but himself. This paper attempts to penetrate behind the generally recognized "Machiavellian" facade of his character. It reveals what may be considered the most plausible character of the man: ambitious, artful, but not altogether a monster of avarice without any redeeming features.
Assimilation and Identity in Comparative Perspective: André Rebouças, Cornelius May, Stefan Zweig, and the Predicament of Marginality
Authors: Spitzer Leo
Published: June 2010

This study focuses on the life histories of an Afro-Brazilian, a Sierra Leone Creole, and an Austrian Jew—persons whose experiences help us to refine our understanding of the connections between individual identity, perceptions of prejudice and discrimination, and the variety of responses to exclusion and domination.
The Epistolary Melancholy of Thomas Gray
Authors: Snyder Robert Lance
Published: June 2010

Written from the standpoint of "a life spent out of the World," Gray's letters reveal a persistent strain of melancholy which can be interpreted as a symptomatic response to the eighteenth-century problem of the "golden mean." This essay argues that if Gray did experience the culture of his time as being fragmented and self-negating, a view which the correspondence persuades us to adopt, then his melancholy is implicitly a criticism of his age.
Becoming an Intellectual: The Strange Saga of Artie Shaw
Authors: Singer Barnett
Published: June 2010

Artie Shaw's career as clarinetist-band leader, then writer, exemplifies the passage of certain professionals in the arts toward intellectualism. Having risen from poverty to attain the height of fame in popular music he found himself dissatisfied-dissatisfied with the demands of lay listeners, often unfamiliar with his subtleties, and with the cramping nature of music itself. Since 1950 he has tried to become a writer and intellectual. His success at the latter endeavor is not easy to evaluate as yet.
Boswell's Hebridean Journal and the Ordeal of Dr Johnson
Authors: Finney Brian
Published: June 2010

Because Boswell allowed Johnson to read most of his Hebridean Journal as it was being written, the form of this biography, unlike the Life , reflects the growth in their relationship. It also constitutes a secondary form of discourse between them, the resulting subtleties of which make it a unique contribution to the history of biography.
Eighteenth-Century Women's Images and Roles: The Case of Hester Thrale Piozzi
Authors: Brownley Martine Watson
Published: June 2010

The changing self-images in the autobiographical writings of Hester Thrale Piozzi reflect her struggle to come to terms with the traditional feminine images accepted by her culture. Piozzi's journals record the costs of maintaining and altering these images, illuminating the problems that were beginning to force changes in society's views of women.
"Behold that Victim!" Robert Owen and the Sinner-Victim-Redeemer Syndrome
Authors: Hazani Moshe
Published: June 2010

Owen was a self-proclaimed messiah, who in 1817 performed a bizarre act of publicly attacking the religions of the world in the belief that thereby he brought forth the millennium. A comparison is drawn between Owen and Shabbetai Zevi, the Jewish false messiah who claimed that he was redeeming the Jews by his conversion to Islam. In both cases we witness a compulsion to transgress accepted morality and a desire for self-victimization. It is proposed that there is a sinner-victim-redeemer syndrome which may explain certain kinds of deviance.
Current Bibliography on Life-Writing
Authors: Bennett Kathleen A. , Welch Kathleen
Published: June 2010

Garnered from sources of journal and publisher's lists, this annotated bibliography includes books and articles about biography, autobiography, and related aspects of life-writing in British and American publications during 1980-1981. The survey indicates a strong interest in the theoretical foundations of biography and autobiography, folk biography, and the autobiographical impulse in poetry. Women's studies continues to develop rich source materials.
Comic Fragments in the Life of Johnson
Authors: Bradham Jo Allen
Published: June 2010

Six scenes in the Life of Johnson —buying shoe buckles (Hill-Powell, III, 324), taking tea (II, 99), reaction to young Thrale's death (III, 6), printer's devil (IV, 99), invitation to dinner (III, 66), and Johnson on black bears (II, 347-348)—demonstrate Boswell's creation of mock-heroic effects, confrontations between alazons and eirons , and broad farce.
Life-Writing in France: A French Bibliography
Authors: Ishikawa Wayne
Published: June 2010

This French bibliography reflects not only the various forms used by life-writers over the centuries, but also the main critical concerns of those who have chosen to write about literary portraits, memoirs, confessional literature, diaries, autobiography and biography.
Copyright and the Historian
Authors: Ringer Barbara
Published: June 2010

The points of contact between copyright and the historian are three: first, historians, particularly biographers, are writers and their works are often commercially valuable; second, both as writers and educators, historians are concerned with the effect of copyright upon their freedom to use copyrighted materials; third, some historians have become interested in the subject of copyright itself as a reflection of complex political, economic, and social struggles. These concerns are background for a discussion of U.S. Public Law 94-553, "The Copyright Act of 1976," which is the first general revision of copyright law in the U.S. since 1909.
Words and Language in Father and Son
Authors: Folkenflik Vivian , Folkenflik Robert
Published: June 2010

Edmund Gosse's memoir, Father and Son , presents itself, as the subtitle has it, as A Study of Two Temperaments , and at an early point Gosse insists that "There came a time when neither spoke the same language as the other. . . . " In a sense this is almost literally true, and the burden of the book is to show how Gosse's developing consciousness of self is manifested through a consciousness of words in opposition to his father's belief in "The Word," the fundamentalism of the Plymouth Brethren.
The Psychological Roots of St. Augustine's Theories of Good and Evil
Authors: Salinas Oscar
Published: June 2010

Augustine's Confessions may be analyzed to show that childhood and adult disappointments in love motivated him to bond with a God that was Perfect Goodness. God's perfection was indeed the premise for theories of good and evil that brought cohesion to a self divided by childlike dependencies and adult responsibilities.
Love, Accuracy, and the Power of an Object: Finding the Conclusion in A Journey to the Western Islands
Authors: Parke Catherine N.
Published: June 2010

Samuel Johnson was convinced of the psychological and philosophical impossibility of one man's teaching another man anything. But he believed equally in each man's obligation to try to teach others. Structuring many of his writings around this perceived contradiction, Johnson works toward a resolution by arguing for biography, especially autobiography, as the emotionally apt and philosophically accurate basis for all education.
A Brazilian Biographical Bibliography
Authors: Vieira Nelson H.
Published: June 2010

This article presents a Brazilian biographical bibliography primarily on memorialismo , a genre encompassing memoirs, autobiographies and collected reminiscenses that has been flourishing since the 1930's and 40's. The introductory essay discusses the two main types of memoirs prevalent in Brazil-literary and historical-and also describes other biographical narratives. This bibliography is a sampling of the diversity and range of biographical publications coming forth from Brazil and represents an attempt at a first compilation of this nature.
Biography in the Service of Science: A Look at Astrology
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: June 2010

Biographical studies play an essential part in the attempt to establish a link between the scientific study of personality and astrological predictions and description of personality.
The Impact of Western Autobiography on the Meiji Literary Scene
Authors: Marcus Marvin
Published: June 2010

Japan's confrontation with Western culture during the Meiji period (1868-1912) involved a quest for literary styles and techniques that would serve as models for a new generation of writers. What dominated this long-term experiment in literary modernization was an abiding interest in selfhood and self-representation. This paper explores the role of Western autobiography in the development of this literature.
The Future of Forster Biography
Authors: Stone Wilfred
Published: June 2010

Whether or not there is room for another biography of E. M. Forster depends on the adequacy of the recent two-volume Life by P. N. Furbank. That splendid work succeeds admirably in bringing Forster the homosexual out of the closet, but it leaves relatively untreated certain social and psychological aspects of his life.
"Living Documents": Oral History and Biography
Authors: Mitchell David J.
Published: June 2010

As an interdisciplinary device, oral history is applicable to many uses. For biographers in particular, it holds great potential as a technique for transcending the problems of documenting contemporary lives. Oral history is not a new phenomenon; in fact, it is part of an ancient and venerable biographical tradition. A selective review of some recent biographical literature suggests that oral history is being re-discovered today, and this is portentous for the future of biography.
Suetonius' Conception of Imperial Character
Authors: Cochran Larry R.
Published: June 2010

This article shows how Kelly's (1955) repertory grid methodology can be used as a discovery procedure for investigating the implicit personality theories of biographers. Using Suetonius' biography of the first twelve emperors of the Roman empire, the article applies and illustrates the method.
Rousseau: The Prophet of Sincerity
Authors: Bell Robert H.
Published: June 2010

Rousseau's Confessions are an aesthetic failure. He lacks a coherent autobiographical role, rarely transcends confused egocentricity, and never creates the prophetic authority he claims. Rousseau can not resolve problems of unity and reliability because he imagines no secular equivalents to the solutions of spiritual autobiographers. Instead, he invents a new justification for autobiography: he is the prophet of sincerity. He overlooks numerous fallacies in espousing this credo, and gradually loses all semblance of artistic control.
Wolfgang Hildesheimer's Mozart as Meta-biography
Authors: Faber Marion
Published: June 2010

A fundamental structural element of Wolfgang Hildesheimer's Mozart is its critique of previous biographical practice. Hildesheimer attacks the wishful thinking, nationalizing fervor, careless method, and exaggerated pathos of other Mozart biographers. To counter the tendency to mythologize the hero, Hildesheimer applies to the facts a psychoanalytical insight and determined scepticism. The self-consciousness of his biography enhances its integrity.
Art and Evidence in Newman's Apologia
Authors: Siebenschuh William R.
Published: June 2010

In traditional criticism of the Apologia specifically literary elements—poetic prose, epic echoes, and dramatic structure, etc.—are commonly discussed separately from the substantial amounts of primary documents, argument, syllogism, and Newman's analysis of his previous writings. This distinction between art and evidence is misleading. The Apologia is an organically unified factual work in which it is not proper to make distinctions between art and evidence: poetry documents; documents often dramatize. The Apologia is a generic hybrid in which fictional technique is legitimately combined with factual intent.
Alternative Accounts of Lives: An Argument for Epistemological Relativism
Authors: Runyan William Mckinley
Published: June 2010

How are we to interpret the fact that so many different biographical accounts can and have been given of individual lives? This article examines the history of biographies of Jesus, Shakespeare, and Lincoln in order to identify the conditions and processes leading to such diversity, and to argue that this diversity is not necessarily a sign of inadequate scholarship, but may reflect different yet supplementary perspectives on the same central figure.