bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
METHODS FOR ENSURING DATA SECURITY IN MOBILE STANDARDS
Authors: Moroz Serhii , Tkachuk Anatolii , Khvyshchun Mykola , Prystupa Stanislav , Yevsiuk Mykola
Published: March 2022

The analysis of mobile communication standards is carried out, the functional structure and interfaces of interaction between the structural elements of the cellular network are considered. To understand the principle of communication according to the GSM standard, a block diagram of a mobile switching center (MSC), base station equipment (BSS), control and service center (MCC), mobile stations (MS) is presented. The main algorithms for ensuring the confidentiality and security of mobile subscribers' data, in different types of standards, as well as the vulnerabilities of information flows are considered. In particular, the following dangerous types of attacks have been identified, to which mobile network subscribers are sensitive: sniffing; leakage of personal data; leakage of geolocation data; spoofing; remote capture of SIM-card, execution of arbitrary code (RCE); denial of service (DoS). It is established that the necessary function of the mobile network is the identification of subscribers, which is performed by IMSI, which is recorded in the SIM card of the subscriber and the HLR of the operator. To protect against spoofing, the network authenticates the subscriber before starting its service. In the case of subscriber identification, the subscriber and the network operator are protected from the effects of fraudulent access. In addition, the user must be protected from eavesdropping. This is achieved by encrypting the data transmitted over the radio interface. Thus, user authentication in UMTS, as well as in the GSM network, is carried out using encryption with a common key using the "hack-response" protocol (the authenticating party sends a random number to the authenticated party, which encrypts it according to a certain algorithm using a common key and returns the result back).
DETERMINING THE WORKING LENGTH OF A ROOT CANAL USING INTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHY SEGMENTATION
Authors: Perepelytsia Oleksii , Nosova Tetyana
Published: March 2022

Apexlocators are devices that determine the working length of the root canal. Measurement with the help of alternating currents of different frequencies in combination with the method of the ratio allows to achieve high accuracy in determining the location of the physiological tip of the root (over 80%). However, such devices cannot accurately visualize where a doctor's tool is. Using image processing algorithms, you can segment tooth root structures with high precision. Therefore, the combination of electronic determination of the root canal length (using apexlocator) with X-ray segmentation is relevant.
Ototoxic hearing loss in the multi-drug resistant tuberculosis era
Authors: Bakhat Laraib , Mumtaz Nazia , Saqulain Ghulam
Published: March 2022

Objective: To determine the prevalence of hearing loss in tuberculosis patients using Ototoxic medicines and association with demographic and clinical variables.
Methods: This cross sectional study recruited a sample of n= 65 diagnosed cases of tuberculosis on ototoxic chemotherapy, of both genders, aged 12 to 70 years, using non-probability convenience sampling. Study was conducted at Audiology Department of Civil Hospital Bahawalpur, over a period of 6 months from 1st May, 2019 to 31st October 2019. Screening was performed using medical history sheet, otoscopy and hearing assessment. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS- Version 21.0.
Results: Results revealed a gender proportion of 43 (66.2%) males and 22(33.8%) females with mean age of 35.87+9.35 years. The prevalence of hearing loss was 23.1% (n=15) with mild hearing loss in 73.33% cases and moderate hearing loss 26.67%. Hearing loss was associated with drug, its duration and associated symptoms of tinnitus and vertigo with p=0.000.
Discussion: It is concluded that hearing loss is quite prevalent (23.1%) with multidrug resistant tuberculosis treatment in this region and is significantly associated with the drug used, its duration and associated symptoms.
Pengaruh Teknik Relaksasi Otot Progresif Terhadap Kualitas Tidur Mahasiswa
Authors: Manitu Indrawan , Sirumpa Noldin
Published: March 2022

Pendahuluan: tidur adalah salah satu kebutuhan fisiologis manusia yang berfungsi untuk proses pemulihan tubuh. Mahasiswa adalah salah satu populasi dengan prevalensi tinggi masalah tidur.
Tujuan: mengetahui pengaruh teknik relaksasi otot progresif terhadap kualitas tidur mahasiswa.
Metode: penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian quasy experiment dengan pretest dan posttest with control group design.Teknik pengambilan sampel adalah stratified proportional random sampling yang melibatkan 64 responden yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok : kelompok intervensi (melakukan relaksasi otot progresif selama 4 hari) dan kelompok kontrol (melakukan intervensi standar : mendengarkan instrumen musik) dengan masing- masing 32 responden. Kualitas tidur diukur dengan Pitsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Tingkat signifikansi dalam penelitian ini adalah 95% (p<0,05).
Hasil; menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan kualitas tidur sebelum dan sesudah relaksasi otot progresif (p= 0,000). Menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara kualitas tidur kelompok intervensi dan kelompok kontrol setelah posttest (p= 0,048).
Kesimpulan; bahwa ada pengaruh teknik relaksasi otot progresif terhadap kualitas tidur mahasiswa. Relaksasi otot progresif dapat mengaktifkan saraf parasimpatik untuk merangsang hipotalamus memproduksi serotonin yang dapat menimbulkan tidur
HUBUNGAN INDEKS MASSA TUBUH DAN JENIS POSTUR KAKI MAHASISWA
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL ACHMAD YANI
Authors: Saadah Hindun , Iriawan Jusron , Arbe Widya Sucianty
Published: March 2022

Postur kaki adalah sikap atau posisi kaki dalam kesegarisan tubuh. Obesitas merupakan faktor
utama timbulnya berbagai keluhan pada pergelangan kaki. Hal ini jika tidak ditangani akan
menyebabkan kelainan postur kaki. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan
indeks massa tubuh (IMT) dengan jenis postur kaki mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran.
Penelitian dilakukan pada empat puluh lima responden yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi
dengan usia rerata responden adalah 19 tahun. Penelitian menggunakan desain studi potong
lintang dengan menggunakan metode acak sederhana. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan
pemeriksaan IMT dan postur kaki menggunakan Foot Posture Index (FPI). Hasil penelitian
dianalisis dengan uji regresi logistik sederhana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan IMT kategori
normal serta memiliki tipe postur kaki netral. Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara indeks
massa tubuh dan jenis postur kaki pada responden. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa indeks massa
tubuh seseorang akan memengaruhi jenis postur kaki yang dimiliki.
UJI STABILITAS BAWANG HITAM PADA BERBAGAI SUHU PENYIMPANAN
TERHADAP AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI
Authors: Halimah Lia Siti , Nawangsih Eka Noneng , Fiddiyanti Ilma , Mardliyah Emma , Munirah Rina , Hasanawati Gisda Ayu Nur , Setiawati Irena Juniar
Published: March 2022

Bawang hitam merupakan hasil proses fermentasi bawang putih yang memiliki aktivitas
antibakteri. Penurunan kualitas suatu produk pangan dapat dipengaruhi diantaranya oleh suhu
dan waktu penyimpanan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji stabilitas bawang hitam
tunggal pada berbagai suhu penyimpanan terhadap aktivitas antibakteri. Bawang hitam
disimpan di suhu ruangan (27-28oC) selama 90 hari, pada suhu panas (37oC) selama 17 hari,
suhu kulkas (50C) dan suhu freezer (-200C) selama 90 hari. Penelitian ini menggunakan
bawang hitam tanpa perlakuan (kontrol 0 hari). Penelitian menggunakan metode difusi agar
Kirby-Bauer dengan menanamkan ekstrak etanol bawang hitam 75% pada media Mueller
Hinton Agar yang sudah diinokulasi Staphylococcus aureus dengan tiga kali pengulangan
(triplo). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bawang hitam tunggal yang disimpan pada suhu
ruangan (27-28oC),suhu kulkas (50C), suhu freezer (-20oC) tidak menunjukkan penurunan
aktivitas antibakteri, sedangkan bawang hitam yang disimpan pada suhu panas (37oC)
menunjukkan penurunan aktivitas antibakteri yang signifikan. Zona hambat yang terbentuk
membuktikan bahwa ekstrak etanol bawang hitam mengandung senyawa aktif allicin yang
memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Senyawa aktif allicin terbentuk ketika bawang putih segar mengalami destruksi disebabkan allin dan enzim allinase
berada didalam kompartemen sel yang berbeda. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bawang
hitam tunggal pada suhu ruangan, suhu kulkas), suhu freezer tidak mengalami penurunan
aktivitas antibakteri, sedangkan pada penyimpanan suhu panas menunjukan penurunan
aktivitas antibakteri.
Rough Set with Deep Neural Network for Sign Language Recognition
Authors: Ebrahimi Mohammad , Ebrahimpour-komleh
Published: March 2022

Sign video files, avi format from deaf clips.
Human Properties of Singapore’s People and their Impact on the State Might
Authors: Jassim Al-Husseini Israa Kadhum
Published: March 2022

The research aims to study some of the human characteristics of the state of Singapore to know the impact of these characteristics on the strength of the state, its development and. The research included two aspects, theoretical and analytical, using the descriptive analytical method, force analysis method, as well as the historical method. The data was analyzed according to mathematical equations, including the size of the country's population, the extraction of the population growth rate and the concept of age structure, where some indicators related to this concept have been explained. The researcher reached a set of results, the most important of which were: that the population size of the state of Singapore in the period between (1970 - 2020) has been on a continuous increase since its independence. However, it has adopted a population policy that suits the area of ​​the state for the period (2010-2020). The increase continued to rise to reach (665,609, 7,570,240, and 861,7474 people) for the years (2030, 2040 and 2050), respectively. This is an indication of a real transformation of the demographic contribution, which constitutes a powerful factor that gives the state an influential position in international regional relations and a support for the demographic revolution despite the small area of ​​the Republic of Singapore. The results of the research also showed instability in population growth rates during the past fifty years, ranging between the lowest growth rate of 1.3% and the highest growth rate of 2.9% for the period between (1970 - 2020). Accordingly, the population increase in Singapore is not only related to natural increase, but is greatly affected by the factor of external migration, whose effects became clear during the last period of (2010-2020).
Clinical effectiveness and local side effects of topical 0.05% cyclosporine in treatment of children with severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Ahmad Adnan , Rehman Mubashir , Farhan Muhammad , Humayun Jawad
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To evaluate the therapeutic response of topical cyclosporine (CyS-A) in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), resistant to topical mast cell stabilizer (MCS) and anti-histamine therapy.
Study Design: Quasi experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: Qazi Hussain Ahmad Medical Complex, Nowshera, from April 2019 to August 2019.
Methods: Forty patients, 30 males and 10 females, less than 18 years of age and diagnosed with Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis were enrolled in the study. All participants were graded based upon severity of the disease at presentation with a score of 0 for normal, 1 for mild, 2 for moderate and 3 for severe, for both symptoms and signs. Each patient received topical CyS-A 0.05%in QID regimen in addition to lubricating tear substitute. Followup was done for 04 months.
Results: Clinical scoring was done at baseline and at the 1st, 2nd and 4th month following therapy. After 4 months of topical application, not only the patients improved symptomatically but their clinical signs also improved, which achieved a level of statistical significance (p < 0.05). All participants completed the follow-up duration of therapy. Although Horner Tranta’s dot showed improvement, but comparison of baseline with 1st month values were statistically non-significant (p = 0.048). However, during 2nd and 4th month, the improvement achieved statistical significance (p = 0.013 and p = 0.006 respectively). None of the participants reported any bothersome local side effect.
Conclusion: Topical cyclosporine 0.05% is effective in alleviating the symptoms and signs without any local side effects in resistant VKC.
Key Words: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis, Cyclosporine, Cobblestone Papillae.
To compare the Day-Time Phasing with One-Time Supine Position IOP in Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma and Normal Tension Glaucoma
Authors: Mirza Aneeq Ullah Baig , Mehboob Asim , Arshad Muhammad Usman , Zia Sohail , Asrar Aamir
Published: March 2022

Purpose:  To compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) during 12 hour day-time phasing with one-time supine position IOP.
Study Design:  Prospective, observational.
Place and Duration of Study:  Glaucoma clinic of a tertiary eye – care center in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from September 2020 to February 2021.
Methods:  Forty two eyes of 21 participants with primary open angle and normal tension glaucoma were included in the study by convenient sampling technique. Three hourly diurnal Applanation tonometry was performed in sitting position from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm. Mean IOP and standard deviations were calculated. One-time supine position IOP was taken by Perkins tonometer at 9:10 pm. Mean IOP at 9:00 pm in sitting position was compared with the mean IOP in supine position.
Results:  There were 15 males (71.42%) and 6 females (28.58%) in the study. Means of sitting position IOP during different times of the day ranged between 16.64 and 18.16 mmHg. The mean of IOP measured at 9:00am, 12:00 pm, 3:00 pm, 6:00 pm and 9:00 pm was 17.62 ± 4.04 mmHg. Mean supine position IOP at 9:10 pm was 22.38 ± 5.92 mmHg. Mean difference between supine and sitting position IOP was 4.75 ± 3.65 mmHg. This was statistically significant p-0.001.Direct comparison between sitting and supine IOP at 9:00 pm and 9:10 pm revealed the values to be 17.88 and 22.38 mmHg respectively (p < 0.001).
Conclusion:  One-time supine position IOP gives a higher value than any one – time of IOP recorded during 12-hour diurnal phasing performed in sitting position.
Key Words:  Intra ocular pressure, diurnal phasing, Primary open angle glaucoma, Normal tension glaucoma.
Early Removal of Scleral Buckle
Authors: Usman Nida , Haider Muhammad Ali
Published: March 2022

Purpose:  To study the outcomes of early removal of segmental buckle on visual acuity, retinal status, and astigmatism.
Study Design:   Interventional case series
Place and Duration of Study:  Mayo hospital, from February 2018 to July 2018.
Methods:  Ten patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were recruited. All the patients underwent segmental radial sponge with cryoretinopexy, with or without drain and intraocular gas tamponade as per need. Post-operative follow ups were at 1st week, 4th week and 6th week. Sponge was removed at 6th week after making sure that the retina was attached. Follow ups after buckle removal were planned at 1st week, 1st month and 3rd month.  Improvement in VA, retinal status and astigmatism were noted. The commonest reason for the explant removal was infection followed by pain. Normality was checked through Shapiro-Wilk’s W-test and the normality criteria was met so paired sample t-test was used to assess the significance of astigmatism pre and post-surgery.
Results:  The average age was 32.30 ± 16.75 years (range, 03 – 61 years). Anatomical success was achieved in 100%. Visual acuity improved in all patients. Moreover, early removal of buckle reduced astigmatism and further improvement in vision was also noted. Pre and post-surgical vision improvement was statistically significant with p-value of 0.000. After removal of buckle, improvement of astigmatism was also statistically significant p-value 0.004.
Conclusion:  The early removal of scleral explant not only provides symptomatic relief to the patients, but is also associated with marked improvement in visual acuity was noted.
Key Words:  Visual Acuity, Astigmatism, Retinal Detachment, Segmental Scleral Buckle.
واضح الدلالـة عند ابن الأمير الصنعاني من كتابه إجابة السائل شرح بغية الآمل
Authors: سالم أحمد , الزنكي نجم الدين
Published: March 2022

سلط البحث الضوء على "واضح الدلالة" عند ابن الأمير الصنعاني من كتابة "إجابة السائل شرح بغية الآمل"، وقد تكوَّن بصورة عامة من مقدمة ومبحثين:

المقدمة، وفيها: ملخص البحث، وأهميته، ومشكلته، وأسباب اختياره، وأهدافه، ومنهجه، والدراسات السابقة فيه، وخطته، ثم الخاتمة، والتوصيات، والفهارس.

المبحث الأول: ماهية الدلالة وأنواعها، وفيه التعريف بالدلالة لغة واصطلاحا، وأقسام الدلالات، ثم ذكر أنواع الدلالة اللفظية الوضعية.

 وأما المبحث الثاني: في واضح الدلالة وأقسامه، وفيه التعريف بواضح الدلالة، وأقسام واضح الدلالة عند جمهور الأصوليين والصنعاني وعند الحنفية، ثم أنواع النص عند الإمام الصنعاني.

ثم الخاتمة، وفيها بينت ما توصلت إليه في البحث من أهم النتائج والتوصيات.
سِلْكُ الدُّرَرِ في مُصْطَلَحِ أَهْلِ الأَثَرِ للعلامَةِ الشيخِ رَضِيِّ الدِّينِ محمد بنِ محمد بنِ أحمَدَ الغَزِّيِّ العامِرِيِّ المتوَفَّى سنة 935هـ
Authors: القاسمي عبد الله , الخلف عواد
Published: March 2022

عني هذا البحث بإحدى منظومات متن "نخبة الفكر في مصطلح أهل الأثر"، للحافظ أحمد بن علي بن حجر العسقلاني، وهي منظومة "سلك الدرر في مصطلح أهل الأثر"، للعلامة الشيخ رضي الدين محمد بن محمد بن أحمد الغزي العامري، المتوفى سنة 935هـ، وهي من أوائل منظومات متن النخبة، وقد مر على تأليفها حتى الآن أكثر من خمسمائة عام، ولم تحظ بعدُ بالتحقيق والنشر.

   اضطلع البحث بتحقيق نص المنظومة وتحريره اعتمادًا على ثلاث نسخٍ خطية، كما اعتنى بضبطه كاملًا بالشكل التام، مع التعليق على المواضع منه المحتاجة إلى توضيح.

   وقدم البحث على ذلك مقدمة دراسية مختصرة؛ شملت التعريف بالناظم من خلال ترجمة موجزة له، كما شملت التعريف بالنظم، من حيث: تحقيق تسميته ونسبته إلى مؤلفه، ومن حيث: منهج النظم، ومزاياه، والمآخذ عليه، وذكر شروحه، ونسخه الخطية المعتمدة في التحقيق، وأخيرًا بيان منهج البحث في خدمة نص المنظومة.
الفوائد المشتركة بين السند والمتن في كتاب السنن لأبي داود السجستاني
Authors: حريد كلثوم , سعد قاسم
Published: March 2022

يسلط هذا البحث الضوء على عناية الإمام أبي داود بعلوم الحديث المشتركة بين السند والمتن. ويلم شعث العديد من المسائل المهمة في هذا المضمار المبثوثة في سننه، ويجمع شتات تلك المسائل ويدرسها ويحلّلها، مع لَحْظ تطبيقاتها عند أبي داود.

وقد اعتُمد في البحث المنهج الاستقرائي، إذ تم تتبع كتاب السنن، لجمع أقوال أبي داود ذات الصلة، كما استُخدم المنهج التحليلي في الدراسة والسبر، واستخلاص رأي أبي داود.

ومن أهم نتائج البحث: أن أبا داود أسهم في تأصيل قواعد علم المصطلح التي يشترك فيها السند والمتن.
إكمال الكُتُبِ عند العلماء "كُتُب المُحَدِّثِينَ أنموذجًا"
Authors: روابدة ميساء
Published: March 2022

من المعروف أنَّ إعداد كتابٍ -أيّ كتاب- يَمُرُّ بمراحل عدة تبدأ بالفكرة في الذهن وتنتهي إلى إتمام الكتاب وإكماله، إلا أن أمراً ما قد يحول بين المؤلف وبين إكماله الكتابَ الذي أراده، وهكذا وجدت كتب في مجالات علمية مختلفة ابتدأها أصحابها، ولم يكتب لهم إنهاؤها، إذ بقيت غير مكتملة...
وقد أحدثت هذه الظاهرة ردة فعل عند علماء آخرين -معاصرين أو متأخرين- قاموا إلى هذه الكتب فأتموا ما بدأ به أصحابها... حتى أصبحت هذه الإكمالات للكتب وإتماماتُها ظاهرة هي الأخرى جديرة بالنظر والبحث، ويأتي هذا البحث "إكمال الكتب عند العلماء: كتب المحدِّثين أنموذجاً" ليسلط الضوء على جهود علماء الحديث في تعاملهم مع الكتب التي لم يتممها مؤلفوها، وذلك ببيان أهمية إكمال الكتاب، وأبرز صور إكماله، وتنوع مجالاته، ومعرفة أين وصل المؤلف في كتابه، ومن الذي أكمله...
وقد كان للمحدِّثين حظٌ وافر من هذه الظاهرة؛ إذ تنوعت مجالات التأليف الحديثي التي كانت ميدانًا تطبيقيًا للكتب المكملة... ومع وضوح هذا الأسلوب من التأليف عند المحدثين إلا أن غيرهم ممن ألَّف في علوم الشريعة قد شركهم في ذلك.
Hepatotoksik terkait Obat Antituberkulosis pada Pasien Tuberkulosis dan Koinfeksi Tuberkulosis-HIV
Authors: Azmi Rizki Nur , Ardiani Tiara , Siami Sahra
Published: March 2022

LATAR BELAKANG : Efek samping obat antituberkulosis yaitu toksik terhadap sel hati, disebut hepatotoksik, perlu menjadi perhatian dalam pengobatan tuberkulosis. Adanya efek samping yang tidak diinginkan ini menjadi tantangan dalam pengobatan karena dapat menyebabkan penghentian terapi atau perubahan rejimen. Koinfeksi dengan infeksi HIV juga diduga dapat meningkatkan potensi hepatotoksisitas obat antituberkulosis.

TUJUAN : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kejadian hepatotoksisitas obat anti tuberkulosis pada pasien tuberkulosis dan koinfeksi tuberkulosis-HIV.

METODE : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan desain cross sectional, yang dilakukan di salah satu rumah sakit Kota Samarinda. Sumber data penelitian berasal dari rekam medik pasien pada tahun 2018 – 2020. Didapatkan 53 pasien tuberkulosis dan 53 pasien koinfeksi tuberkulosis-HIV. Perbedaan nilai enzim hati (SGOT dan SGPT) dan derajat keparahan pada kedua kelompok tersebut dianalisis dengan uji Mann-Whitney dan Chi-Square.

HASIL :  Rata-rata nilai SGOT dan SGPT pada pasien koinfeksi tuberkulosis-HIV lebih tinggi dibandingkan pasien tanpa infeksi HIV, yaitu SGOT 127,1 µ/L dan SGPT 100,7 µ/L. Derajat keparahan tertinggi yang dialami pasien adalah grade 3 (hepatotoksik berat). Pasien koinfeksi tuberkulosis-HIV dengan derajat keparahan grade 3 sebanyak 22,6% dan pasien tuberkulosis sebanyak 9,4%. Nilai enzim hati maupun derajat keparahan hepatotoksik pada kedua kelompok pasien berbeda signfikan secara statistik dengan nilai p < 0,05.

KESIMPULAN : Pasien koinfeksi tuberkulosis-HIV cenderung mengalami kejadian hepatotoksik terkait obat anti tuberkulosis lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanpa infeksi HIV.
The Consent-Based Problems Surrounding the Persistent Objector Doctrine
Authors: Mogollón Moisés
Published: March 2022

Most analyses of the persistent objector doctrine seem to omit the impact that its application has on the general requirement of consent as a cornerstone of the international legal order, and as an unavoidable requisite in the formation of rules of customary international law. The present work holds that the persistent objector rule not only undermines the consensual nature of obligations in international law, but also generates issues of normative authority, dubious attribution of meaning to silence, temporal determination, and with self-determination and equality. It concludes that the doctrine, furthermore, lacks practice and opinio juris, meaning that its validity and existence in the realm of customary international law is highly questionable.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Global Labor Governance: Organizing, Legal Mobilization and Decolonization
Authors: Huq Chaumtoli
Published: March 2022

Labor movements around the world have explored various forms of global labor governance mechanisms to hold multinational companies accountable for ensuring workers’ and human rights throughout their supply chains. This article examines H&M’s Global Framework Agreement (H&M GFA) and its implementation in three Asian producing countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, and India to develop some insights on global labor governance. H&M commits to foster trade union and labor rights but is not legally obligated to take steps to actualize those rights. The article contextualizes and signify GFAs importance within international human rights and labor law by referring to business and human rights instruments and by utilizing a social movement perspective. Drawing from three main social movement oriented theoretical disciplines: organizing, legal mobilization and decolonization, this paper evaluates the H&M GFA and GFAs generally. The article pays particular attention to GFAs’ impact on gender because the majority of the workers in the global garment industry are women. In the Asian context, GFAs must be strengthened to be binding on companies to enforce the fundamental labor right to freedom of association, collective bargaining and non-discrimination. They must proactively involve national unions in the negotiation, implementation, and enforcement of the agreement to ensure their full participation and seek their meaningful input on the socio-political context of the producing countries. They must be conceived with a grassroots, multi-layered approach to governance to enable workers from the factory level to the international level to exercise their power and agency to establish labor standards and resolve disputes, form worker-led organizations such as trade unions, and facilitate implementation procedures that are binding on multinational corporations. Further, in the garment industry, the GFAs must proactively address gender related concerns and provide clear avenues for women workers to raise these issues. Notwithstanding these challenges to GFAs, among labor governance strategies within international human rights law, it has the most promise in actualizing labor and human rights.
Bias, Subjectivity, and Wrongful Conviction
Authors: Judson Katherine
Published: March 2022

A talk about bias, subjectivity and wrongful convictions.
Implicit Bias in Daily Perceptions and Legal Judgments
Authors: Maddox Keith , Sommers Samuel
Published: March 2022

In today’s demonstration, we explored the audience’s positive and negative associations with blacks and whites. The demonstration is an adaptation of the Implicit Association Test (www.projectimplicit.net), a computer-based task designed to explore mental connections between various concepts. Participants were presented with a list of concepts (stereotypically black and white names, pleasant and unpleasant concepts) in a column down the middle of a screen along with the response categories (black/white or Pleasant/Unpleasant) along the left and right sides. When reading a word, participants were asked to categorize it by slapping the knee (left or right) that corresponds to the category displayed on the left or right side of the screen. Their task was to do this as fast as possible, correcting any mistakes before going forward, and raising their hand after completing the last word in the list. We then noted the amount of time for a critical mass of participants (approximately seventy-five percent) to complete each trial. In simple trials, either names or valenced words are displayed. In two critical trials, both names and valenced words were presented simultaneously in the middle of the screen. The trials differ based on the pairings of the response categories, and these trials tend to show a drastic difference in completion times. When participants were required to use the same hand to categorize black names and unpleasant words or white names and pleasant words, they tended to respond almost twice as quickly as when using the same hand to categorize black names and pleasant words or white names and unpleasant words. While there are individual differences among the respondents, the demonstration provided audible and visceral evidence of the trend. We then asked the audience to interrogate the methodological and cultural implications of the task, ultimately concluding that the test potentially reveals the fairly widespread implicit negative associations with blacks. With this working hypothesis, we next discussed the nature of racial bias and its implications for judgment in legal domains.
Making Democracy Harder to Hack
Authors: Shackelford Scott , Schneier Bruce , Sulmeyer Michael , Boustead Anne , Buchanan Ben , Deckard Amanda , Herr Trey , Smith Jessica
Published: March 2022

With the Russian government hack of the Democratic National Convention email servers and related leaks, the drama of the 2016 U.S. presidential race highlights an important point: nefarious hackers do not just pose a risk to vulnerable companies; cyber attacks can potentially impact the trajectory of democracies. Yet a consensus has been slow to emerge as to the desirability and feasibility of reclassifying elections—in particular, voting machines—as critical infrastructure, due in part to the long history of local and state control of voting procedures. This Article takes on the debate—focusing on policy options beyond former Department of Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson’s decision to classify elections as critical infrastructure in January 2017—in the U.S., using the 2016 elections as a case study, but putting the issue in a global context, with in-depth case studies from South Africa, Estonia, Brazil, Germany, and India. Governance best practices are analyzed by reviewing these differing approaches to securing elections, including the extent to which trend lines are converging or diverging. This investigation will, in turn, help inform ongoing minilateral efforts at cybersecurity norm building in the critical infrastructure context, which are considered here for the first time in the literature through the lens of polycentric governance.
Reforming State Laws on How Businesses Can Ban Guns: "No Guns" Signs, Property Rights, and the First Amendment
Authors: Quinn Christine
Published: March 2022

Every state has different regulations regarding how businesses can ban guns. Some states mandate that specific signs be posted in specific places while other states say nothing on the issue. This Note first establishes that even under Heller and McDonald, private business owners have a right to control their private property, which includes a right to prohibit their customers from carrying firearms into their buildings. It then introduces some states’ requirements for “No Guns” signs and examines their weaknesses, particularly from a First Amendment, compelled speech perspective. The Note concludes that some current state regulations are ineffective, unclear, and outright unconstitutional. It then proposes a uniform model regulation for state adoption which features a standard, simple sign design.
MAKNA DAN PENGGUNAAN VERBA OCHIRU DALAM POLISEMI BAHASA JEPANG SEHARI-HARI TINJAUAN SEMANTIK
Authors: Widiastika I Wayan Wahyu Cipta , Meidariani Ni Wayan
Published: March 2022

Bahasa Jepang merupakan salah satu bahasa asing yang mempunyai banyak variasi leksikon. Salah satunya adalah variasi leksikon dalam verba. Artikel ini membahas makna dan penggunaan verba ‘ochiru' dalam polisemi. Data berupa kalimat-kalimat yang digunakan oleh penutur asli bahasa Jepang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara dan teknik catat. Data dianalisis dengan pendekatan teori makna kontekstual Pateda 2010. Dari data yang telah ditemukan, verba ‘ochiru’ dalam polisemi bahasa Jepang mempunyai makna yang berbeda tergantung konteks penggunaannya. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, secara umum verba ‘ochiru’ bermakna sesuatu yang jatuh dari ketinggian (tangga, pohon, gedung dan lain sebagainya). Dalam penggunaan yang lainnya, verba ‘ochiru’ bermakna (1) menurun (penjualan, berat badan dan penglihatan), (2) jatuh ke permukaan tanah, (3) jatuh dari tangga atau ketinggian (pesawat), (4) tetesan air hujan yang jatuh, (5) ketenaran/reputasi yang jatuh, (6) rumah yang tersambar petir, (7) memarahi/membentak, (8) jatuh cinta atau jatuh dalam ujian (gagal, tidak lulus), (9) tertidur lelap, (10) kekuatan jahat menjadi jatuh/hilang, dan (11) perasaan prustasi/down.
Analisis Sentimen pada review hotel menggunakan metode pembobotan dan klasifikasi
Authors: Munir Aam , Atika Enda Putri , Indraswari Aziza Devita
Published: March 2022

Secara global, industry pariwisata memiliki peranan penting dalam kemajuan ekonomi pada suatu wilayah atau negara. perkembangan tersebut dibantu oleh perkembangan teknologi internet seperti sosial media, website portal pariwisata dan lain - lain. penilaian dari suatu hotel di website portal juga dapat mempengaruhi keinginan konsumen apakah memilih hotel tersebut atau tidak. Analisis sentimen terhadap review yang dikeluarkan oleh konsumen dapat dibagi menjadi review positif atau review negatif. Analisis sentimen dimulai dari pengambilan data yaitu scrapping kemudian diteruskan menuju proses preprocessing sehingga didapat data yang siap untuk dianalis. setelah dilakukan proses preprocessing dilanjutkan dengan proses pembobotan. proses pembobotan menggunakan tiga buah metode yaitu Unigram, bigram dan term frequency Inverse Document frequency. Setelah dilakukan proses pembobotan dilakukan proses Klasifikasi menggunakan dua buah metode yaitu Naive bayes dan Support vector Machine. Hasil dari proses klasifikasi tersebut adalah akurasi tertinggi yang didapat oleh metode pembobotan TF- IDf dan metode SVM sebesar 95 % diikuti dengan Metode pembobotan Unigram dengan metode SVM sebesar 94 %.
Household Expenditures on Primary, Secondary and Higher-level Health Care in Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal
Authors: Pandey Sony , Baral Sushila , Yadav Dipendra Kumar
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Household health expenditures are the costs related to the health care and services from a house. The household health care expenditure constitutes a larger share (55.4%) of total health expenditures in Nepal which imply that health care can place a significant financial burden on households. Therefore, the aim of the study was to estimate the household expenditures on primary, secondary and higher-level health care in Nepalese households.

Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 335 household heads in Lekhnath municipality, Kaski, Nepal later changed in to Pokhara Metropolitan. An interview schedule was used to collect the data through face to face interview. Cluster sampling technique was used to select desired number of participants.

Results: More than eight out of ten participants (88.1%) visited private health facility for the treatment. More than half (61.5%) had taken secondary and higher-level services. Among out-of-pocket household expenditure the mean (±SD) direct cost was NRs.24100±36870 where minimum expenditure was NRs.50 while maximum expenditure was NRs. 255025. Similarly, mean (±SD) indirect cost was NRs.784.48±2319 where majority expenditures (96.8%) were direct costs while 3.2% were indirect costs. The mean (±SD) cost for primary health services was NRs.905.07±1729 where minimum was NRs.60 and maximum was NRs.10110. Similarly, the mean (±SD) cost for secondary and higher-level services was NRs.23200±37390 where minimum was NRs.50 and maximum was NRs.255025.

Conclusion: The average (±SD) household expenditure on different health services was NRs. 24800±38630 per annum, which is higher health expenditures for health service. The majority (96.8%) of health expenditures were included to direct costs while only 3.2% were in indirect costs. Higher expenditure was on secondary and higher-level services and it was NRs.23200 per annum while least expenditure on primary health services was NRs.905.07 per annum.
Satisfaction on Intranatal Services among Mothers in Pokhara, Nepal
Authors: Thapaliya Rekha , Paudel Kalpana , Shrestha Saphalta
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Understanding maternal perception of care and satisfaction with services is a key determinant of service utilization. This study aimed to assess the level of satisfaction with intranatal services among mothers in Pokhara.

Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used among 165 mothers having under one child attending 33 Maternal and Child Health Clinic of Pokhara Metropolitan City. Systematic random sampling was adopted. Face-to-face interview technique with a structured interview schedule was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis.

Results: The mean age was 25.64±4.547 years, 60% were multi-parous, and 41.8% had spontaneous vaginal delivery with episiotomy. The satisfaction of the mothers was 81.2%. Most of the mothers (90.3%) were satisfied with pain management and technical aspects of care. There was a significant association between age of mothers and parity with satisfaction with intranatal services. A majority of mothers (83.6%) had the willingness to receive service next time and 84.2% recommend services to their families and friends.

Conclusion: It is concluded that most of the mothers were satisfied with the intranatal services. The level of satisfaction was lowest in physical facilities and provision of respect and privacy. Hence, improvement in the physical environment of the health facilities and provision of respect and privacy of the mothers help to increase satisfaction in all the aspects of care.
Análisis comparativo de grupos CLIL de Educación Secundaria en relación a la satisfacción, uso y transferencia del inglés en múltiples contextos de aprendizaje
Authors: Francisco Déniz Sergio David , Mallorquín Rodríguez María Saray
Published: March 2022

This research has been carried out in a public school in Tenerife where a Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) project is being developed and 120 students from secondary levels have participated. In general terms, the results obtained are not positive. Thus, a comparative analysis has been carried out between the different variables and the courses to show a critical and constructive point of view about it. Finally, the conclusions, that were developed regarding several contributions made by the apprentices themselves, will contribute to reach a final reflection and to reconsider several pedagogical and linguistic aspects that are being developed in CLIL teaching.
Familia aniztasunaren trataera Haur Hezkuntzako ikasgeletan: irakasleen aurreiritziak eta eskoletako materiala
Authors: Olazar Intxausti Alize , Idoiaga Mondragon Nahia
Published: March 2022

The main goal of this work is to investigate the treatment given to family diversity in Early Childhood Education classrooms in the Basque Autonomous Community. For this purpose, a questionnaire was sent to 178 teachers and students of Early Childhood Education Degree. The results indicate that in spite of framing family diversity within the teaching plan, and knowing the family reality of the schools, there are few materials and references to work on multiple family models in the classrooms. In addition, teachers have expressed quite progressive ideas about family diversity, although there are several differences between active teachers and undergraduate students. Finally, the teachers point out that despite the importance of working on family diversity, they have not received enough training in the subject, so the challenges that this situation can generate will be analyzed so that the school can make an inclusive treatment of families, proposing its integration in the activity of the Early Childhood Education classrooms.
Lehen Hezkuntzako ikasleen emozioak Gorputz Hezkuntzan
Authors: Errasti Urigoitia Itziar , Ibañez Irantzu
Published: March 2022

The human being is not only rational but also emotional. Unfortunately, until a few years ago, the emotional dimension has remained marginalized, even in Education, with some exemptions. Having said that, the aim of this work is to identify the emotions that students feel in Physical Education lectures. For that purpose, a quantitative investigation was carried out using a questionnaire. Regarding the results observed, although positive emotions dominate in Physical Education lectures, there are also negative emotions, and, therefore, that students do not always have a good time. Although we do not want to make negative emotions disappear, it is essential to acknowledge, reduce and manage them, not only for the teacher but also for students.
Correlation of Interleukin-6 Levels with Clinical Features and Chest X-Ray Imaging in Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) Patients at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital Palembang
Authors: Dwi Ananda Raden Yudistira , Nova Kurniati  , Harun Hudari  , Erial Bahar
Published: March 2022

Background. COVID-19 infection, both moderate and severe symptoms can cause pneumonia that can be detected on a chest X-ray. Along with the increasing severity of the clinical picture of COVID 19, it can also trigger a cytokine storm, one of which is an increase in Interleukin-6 levels. This study was conducted to see the correlation between IL-6 levels with clinical features and chest radiographs in patients with COVID-19

Methods. This research is a cross-sectional study using an observational analytic. The samples in this study were confirmed COVID-19 patients who were being treated at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang. A history and physical examination were performed to determine the clinical picture as well as a chest X-ray and IL-6 levels.

Results. There were 31 samples of COVID 19 patients. High levels of IL-6 were found in 26 (83.9%) samples. The clinical picture of the patient was dominated by dyspnea as much as 19 (61.3%), fever 16 (5.6%), low O2 saturation 12 (38.4%) and a chest X-ray of pneumonia 26 (83.9%). There was a significant relationship (P<0.05) between IL-6 levels with clinical features and chest X-rays. The R-value on the thorax with pneumonia (0.692), lesion area (0.711) and clinical features with temperature (0.906), respiratory rate (0.706) indicated a strong correlation, while O2 (-0.732) indicated a strong negative correlation.

Conclusion. There is a significantly strong correlation between Interleukin 6 levels with clinical features and chest X-rays in patients with COVID-19.
Penguasaan konsep hukum-hukum dasar kimia hasil pembelajaran menggunakan Lembar Kerja Siswa berbasis Learning Cycle 5E pada siswa kelas X SMA Negeri 4 Palangka Raya Tahun Ajaran 2017/2018
Authors: Nike Helmiati  , Abudarin Abudarin , Abdul Hadjranul Fatah
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kemampuan memperoleh dan menguasai konsep hukum-hukum dasar kimia hasil pembelajaran menggunakan lembar kerja siswa berbasis learning cycle 5E pada siswa kelas X SMA Negeri 4 Palangka Raya tahun ajaran 2017/2018. Subjek penelitian yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X MIPA 1 dan X MIPA 2 yang berjumlah 60 siswa. Data kemampuan siswa memperoleh konsep dikumpulkan melalui kegiatan pembelajaran menggunakan LKS berbasis learning cycle 5E, sedangkan data penguasaan konsep siswa dikumpulkan melalui tes penguasaan konsep yang dilakukan sebelum dan setelah pembelajaran. Data hasil tes dianalisis menggunakan teknik persentase untuk menentukan tingkat penguasaan konsep, sedangkan untuk menentukan peningkatan penguasaan konsep digunakan normalized gain score analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran menggunakan LKS berbasis learning cycle 5E membantu siswa mampu: (1) mengonstruksi pernyataan hukum kekekalan massa (100%), hukum perbandingan tetap (100%), hukum perbandingan berganda (91,67%), hukum perbandingan volume (93,33%), dan hukum Avogadro (78,33%) serta (2) menerapkan hukum kekekalan massa (95,00%), hukum perbandingan tetap (92,92%), hukum perbandingan berganda (91,25%), hukum perbandingan volume (82,64%), dan hukum Avogadro (94,58%). Kemampuan siswa menguasai konsep hukum-hukum dasar kimia pasca pembelajaran menggunakan LKS berbasis learning cycle 5E mencapai rata-rata sebesar 80,42% (kategori baik) dengan gain score ternormalkan sebesar 0,76 (kategori tinggi).
Pengaruh budaya kerja Bajenta Bajorah terhadap kinerja perawat melalui motivasi pada RSUD dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya
Authors: Ida Wahyuni  , Danes Jaya Negara  , Bambang Mantikei
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan bukti empiris tentang pengaruh langsung budaya kerja Bajenta Bajorah terhadap kinerja perawat, pengaruh langsung motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja perawat, pengaruh langsung budaya kerja Bajenta Bajorah terhadap motivasi kerja, dan pengaruh tidak langsung budaya kerja Bajenta Bajorah terhadap motivasi kerja. Budaya kerja Bajenta Bajorah terhadap kinerja perawat di RS Dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya. Pendekatan kuantitatif menggunakan Smart PLS digunakan untuk menganalisis data dari 75 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: 1) Budaya kerja Bajenta Bajorah berpengaruh langsung positif terhadap kinerja perawat di RSUD Dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya; 2) Motivasi kerja berpengaruh langsung positif terhadap kinerja perawat di RSUD Dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya; 3) Budaya kerja Bajenta Bajorah berpengaruh langsung positif terhadap motivasi kerja perawat di RSUD Dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya; 4) Budaya kerja Bajenta Bajorah berpengaruh langsung positif terhadap motivasi kerja perawat di RSUD Dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Burnout Risk among Emergency Nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Susila I Made Dwie Pradnya , Laksmi Ida Ayu Agung
Published: March 2022

Introduction: The Emergency Department (ED) nurses are the first health care professionals to treat patients infected during COVID-19 pandemic. The workload of ED nurses is quite heavy because generally patients who are rushed to the ED are emergency patients who need to get health services as quickly and accurately as possible. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of burnout risk among Emergency Nurses during COVID-19 pandemic in Bali.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on the risk of burnout among emergency nurses in Bali.  This research was conducted in June 2021 involving 85 emergency nurses who are members of the Indonesian emergency and disaster nurse association in Bali. The instrument used to identify the nurses’ burnout is the Maslach Burnout Inventory Indonesian version. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Spearman Rank test with a level of significance (α<0.05).

Results: The ED nurses burnouts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bali have average burnout ranged from 9.8 to 34.58. Most of the respondents (72.9%) were in mild emotional exhaustion, 69.4% experienced moderate depersonalization and 45.9% had low personal accomplishment. Hospital resource have co-morbidities and previous experience of treating patients with infectious diseases statistically correlated with ED nurses burnouts.
The Relationship of Mother's Knowledge with the Selection of Educational Game Tools among Preschool Age Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Suhariati Hindyah Ike , Nofalia Ifa
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Most parents or mothers do not understand about educational game tools, even many of them buy beautiful and interesting game tools but they do not think what to do with these game tools. In this case, if children are left in this condition, in the end this can actually be counterproductive to the purpose of education itself and interfere the growth process of preschool age children (4-6 years). The purpose of this study is to know the relationship of mother’s knowledge with the selection of educational game tools among preschool age children during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: The design of this study used cross-sectional analysis with a population of all mothers who have preschool children at Al Husna Tembelang Islamic Kindergarten, Jombang with a sample of 40 people using simple random sampling technique. The data was collected through a questionnaire, then to determine the relationship between the two variables, the Spearman Rank statistical test was carried out with a significance level of = 0.05.

Results: The results showed that most of the mothers had good knowledge of 52.6% while the selection of educational game tools was 50% according to the age of the children. Based on the results of the Spearman Rank correlation test, the value of < or 0.000 < 0.05.

Conclusion: The conclusion of this study there is a relationship between mother's knowledge and the selection of educational game tools for preschool age children during the COVID-19 pandemic at Al Husna Tembelang Islamic Kindergarten, Jombang.