bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequence‐Controlled Copolymerization of Structurally Well‐Defined Multinuclear Zinc Acrylate Complexes and Styrene
Authors: Iwasaki Takanori , Suehisa Gaito , Mandai Ryo , Nozaki Kyoko
Published: November 2024

The copolymerization of two or more monomers produces polymeric materials with unique properties that cannot be achieved with homopolymers. However, precise control over the polymer sequence remains challenging because the sequence is determined by the inherent reactivity of comonomers. Therefore, only limited methods using modified monomers or supramolecular interactions are reported. In this study, the sequence control of acrylate‐styrene copolymerization using multinuclear zinc complexes is reported. The copolymerization of the zinc acrylate complex with a polymeric sheet‐like structure and styrene in benzene affords a copolymer with a higher content of acrylate triad than calculated for the statistical random model, whereas tetranuclear zinc acrylate (TZA) affords a copolymer with fewer adjacent acrylate sequences. The copolymer with a higher content of acrylate triad exhibits a lower glass transition temperature because of the higher mobility of the longer polystyrene segments. These results highlight the promise of multinuclear zinc acrylate complexes as monomers for sequence‐controlled copolymerization.
Comparative analysis of armid fiber reinforced polymer for strengthening reinforced concrete beam‐column joints under cyclic loading
Authors: Mohanraj R. , Prasanthni P. , Senthilkumar S. , Blessy Grant C. J.
Published: November 2024

This research investigates the structural performance and failure mechanisms of beam‐column joints reinforced with aramid fiber‐reinforced polymer to bolster the durability and seismic resilience of concrete structures. It meticulously selects and proportions materials such as ordinary Portland cement Grade 53 cement, fine and coarse aggregates meeting IS: 383–1970 standards, and water conforming to IS: 456–2000 specifications. Tests confirm the high quality of ordinary Portland cement, crucial for optimal beam‐column joint performance, while carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer enhances structural integrity with its lightweight composition and substantial tensile strength (3800 MPa–4200 MPa). Failure analysis reveals that non‐aramid fiber reinforced polymer wrapped beam‐column joint specimens predominantly failed due to concrete crushing, whereas aramid fiber‐reinforced polymer‐wrapped specimens failed due to fracture in the aramid fiber‐reinforced polymer composite, emphasizing stress concentration areas. This study underscores the pivotal role of stress distribution in failure mechanisms and underscores the significance of robust reinforcement design in bolstering structural resilience. These insights advance retrofitting strategies and reinforce techniques aimed at enhancing the longevity and seismic resistance of concrete structures.
Investigation of cutting forces of glass sphere reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Ficici F.
Published: November 2024

In this study, the effects of reinforcement ratio, drill bit material, and drilling process parameters on the cutting forces generated during the drilling of glass sphere‐reinforced polypropylene composites were investigated experimentally. Test specimens were produced by conventional injection‐moulding of glass sphere reinforced polypropylene composite materials at 5 %, 10 % and 20 % wt. ratios. High speed steel, titanium‐coated high‐speed steel, and carbide drill bits with 4 mm diameter were preferred for drilling. In addition, the drilling process was carried out on a 3‐axis computer numeric control milling machine. Three different feed rates of 0.05 mm/rev, 0.10 mm/rev, and 0.15 mm/rev and cutting speeds of 12 m⋅min−1, 16 m⋅min−1, and 20 m⋅min−1 were determined for the drilling process. In addition, Taguchi experimental optimization method, analysis of variance and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the morphology of the drilled surface and the wear mechanisms occurring on the drill bit due to the drilling process. The test findings showed that the maximum torque value was 54.64 N⋅mm and the maximum thrust force was 100.43 N. The optimum test parameter for cutting forces was observed as C1D3FR1CS3. Drill parameter had an effect of 40.96 % on thrust force and 36.11 % on torque.
Investigating the influence of ferric oxide grade alumino‐silicate cenosphere particulates and heat treatment on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Al6061/ferric oxide alumino‐silicate cenosphere (x weight %) composite
Authors: Anand A. , Tiwari S. K. , Prakash V. , Gautam S. K. , Khalkho A. , Singh R. K.
Published: November 2024

The main aim of this investigation is to fabricate aluminum 6061 composites with three different weight percentages of ferric oxide grade alumino silicate cenosphere (1 wt.%, 3 wt.%, and wt.%) by the stir‐casting process. The fabricated cast composite and T6 heat‐treated composite is used to obtain a fundamental understanding of various weight percentages of the cenosphere and the influence of heat treatment on the microstructural changes, mechanical characteristics, the mechanism of fracture, and the interface between the aluminum‐matrix and ferric oxide grade alumino‐silicate cenosphere particulates. Tensile and compressive tests with a constant strain rate (0.5 mm ⋅ min−1) were carried out to study the strength and to find a correlation between the various weight fractions of cenosphere and heat treatment. Investigations of the changes in the microstructure of the aluminum ferric oxide grade alumino silicate cenosphere composite and the fractography of the fracture surface are investigated using optical and scanning electron microscope. X‐ray diffraction was utilized to confirm the results obtained from optical and scanning electron microscope analyses for phase characterization validation. A maximum of 30 % increase in hardness value, 20 % increase in tensile strength value, 33 % increase in maximum compressive strength value, and 2 % increase in elongation values are observed in heat‐treated composite when compared to cast composite.
To Share or Not? Hybrid e‐Commerce Platform's Provision and Sharing Strategies of Consumer Credit Service
Authors: Feng Yixuan , Zhang Zhihan , Yao Yashu , Chen Yao , Liu Jiaxu
Published: November 2024

As a new financial innovation, consumer credit services are increasingly embraced by e‐commerce platforms. This paper presents a stylized model to determine when an e‐commerce platform should launch credit services and whether to share them with third‐party sellers. Our findings indicate that the platform benefits from launching credit services only when consumer preference outweighs the delinquency rate. Furthermore, service sharing can create a win‐win scenario with moderate fees and high consumer preference. Contrary to common belief, sharing services with sellers can reduce consumer surplus, suggesting that widespread use of consumer credit services is not necessarily beneficial for consumers.
A Novel Mutation of FOXC1 (P136L) in an Axenfeld–Rieger Syndrome Patient With a Systematized Delusion of Jealousy: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Yoshino Yuta , Iga Jun‐ichi , Ueno Shu‐ichi
Published: November 2024

Background

The main features of Axenfeld–Rieger Syndrome (ARS) are ocular, auditory, neurological, and morphological brain abnormalities. Mutations in forkhead box protein C1 (FOXC1) are among the responsible genes causing ARS, but neuropsychiatric features have rarely been reported. The case of an ARS patient (a 77‐year‐old man) with delusions of jealousy and impairment of working memory, in addition to the main clinical features, glaucoma and leukoencephalopathy, is presented.

Methods

The mutation in the patient's genome was found with whole exome sequencing and in silico analysis using PolyPhen‐2 and SIFT. Furthermore, AlphaFold2 and PyMOL were used to predict the protein structure based on the mutation.

Results

A novel mutation at the forkhead domain of FOXC1 gene (c.408C>A, p.Phe136Leu) was found and confirmed in the patient's family, and it was predicted to cause protein damage; the SIFT score was 0, meaning deleterious, and the PolyPhen2 result also indicated damaging (score: 0.997). The predicted protein structure based on the novel mutation was different from that of the native structure. In the literature review, 6 of 95 (6.3%) cases showed neuropsychiatric features. Of them, 5 of 6 (83.3%) mutations were located in the forkhead domain.

Conclusion

A novel mutation was found in the FOXC1 gene (c.408C>A, p.Phe136Leu), which possibly induces delusions of jealousy and impairment of working memory, as well as features of ARS, by changing the protein structure. Mutations in that domain of the FOXC1 gene may be important not only for ocular abnormalities but also for brain function.
Intermittent Fasting Improves Insulin Resistance by Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism in Diet‐Induced Obesity
Authors: Lei Sha , Liu Guanghui , Wang Shouli , Zong Guannan , Zhang Xiaoya , Pan Lingling , Han Junfeng
Published: November 2024

Scope

Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are crucial in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR). Intermittent fasting (IF) is an effective intervention for obesity. However, the underlying mechanism by which IF improves IR remains unclear.

Methods and results

Male C57BL/6J mice are fed chow‐diet and high‐fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, then is randomized into ad libitum feeding or every other day fasting for 8 weeks. Markers of ATMs and expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP‐1) are determined. Gut microbiota and bile acids (BAs) are profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics analysis. Results indicate that IF improves IR in HFD‐induced obesity. IF decreases ATM infiltration, pro‐inflammatory M1 gene expression, and promotes white adipose tissue (WAT) browning by elevating UCP‐1 expression. IF restructures microbiota composition, significantly expanding the abundance of Verrucomicrobia particularly Akkermansia muciniphila, with the decrease of that of Firmicutes. IF increases the level of total BAs and alters the composition of BAs with higher proportion of 12α‐hydroxylated (12α‐OH) BAs. The changes in these BAs are correlated with differential bacteria.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that IF improves IR partially mediated by the interplay between restructured gut microbiota and BAs metabolism, which has implications for the dietary management in obesity.
Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy on weight and lipid metabolism in patients with treatment‐resistant depression: A preliminary single‐center retrospective cohort study
Authors: Nakazawa Ami , Matsuda Yuki , Yamazaki Ryuichi , Taruishi Nanase , Kito Shinsuke
Published: November 2024

Aim

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on weight, body mass index (BMI), and lipid metabolism in patients with treatment‐resistant depression (TRD).

Methods

This retrospective observational study included patients with TRD who received rTMS treatment at the Jikei University Hospital from September 2018 to August 2021. The patients were diagnosed based on the DSM‐5 and ICD‐10 criteria and treated using the NeuroStar TMS System. For 3–6 weeks, 10‐Hz rTMS was administered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at 120% motor threshold. The primary outcomes were changes in weight and BMI, whereas the secondary outcomes included changes in total, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, thyroid function indicators, as well as HAMD‐17, HAMD‐24, and Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores. Statistical analysis was conducted using paired t‐tests and repeated measures ANOVA.

Results

Among the 34 patients (20 men and 14 women) included, no significant changes were observed in weight or BMI after rTMS treatment (average weight reduction: −0.50 kg, 95% CI: −0.14 to 0.56, p = 0.24; average BMI reduction: −0.21, 95% CI: −0.10 to 0.61, p = 0.15). However, significant reductions in total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol levels and FT4 were observed. Furthermore, the HAMD‐17, HAMD‐24, and MADRS scores significantly increased post‐treatment.

Conclusion

rTMS treatment did not affect weight or BMI in patients with TRD but is believed to improve lipid metabolism.
Score filtering for contextualized noise suppression of Poisson‐distributed geophysical signals
Authors: Altdorff Daniel , Schrön Martin
Published: November 2024

Geophysical and remote sensing products that rely on Poisson‐distributed measurement signals, such as cosmic‐ray neutron sensing (CRNS) and gamma spectrometry, often face challenges due to inherent Poisson noise. Common techniques to enhance signal stability include data aggregation or smoothing (e.g., moving averages and interpolation). However, these methods typically reduce the ability to resolve detailed temporal (stationary data) and spatial (mobile data) features. In this study, we introduced a method for contextual noise suppression tailored to Poisson‐distributed data, utilizing a discrete score attribution system. This score filter evaluates each observation against eight different criteria to assess its consistency with surrounding values, assigning a score between 0 (very unlikely) and 8 (very likely) to indicate whether the observation is likely to act as noise. These scores can then be used to flag or remove data points based on user‐defined thresholds. We tested the score filter's effectiveness on both stationary and mobile CRNS data, as well as on gamma‐ray spectrometry and electromagnetic induction (EMI) recordings. In our examples, the score filter consistently outperformed established filters, for example Savitzky–Golay and Kalman, in direct competition when applied to CRNS time series data. Additionally, the score filter substantially reduced Poisson noise in mobile CRNS, gamma‐ray spectrometry and EMI data. The scoring system also provides a context‐sensitive evaluation of individual observations or aggregates, assessing their conformity within the dataset. Given its general applicability, customizable criteria and very low computational demands, the proposed filter is easy to implement and holds promise as a valuable tool for denoising geophysical data and applications in other fields.
Relationships between abdominal adipose tissue and neuroinflammation with diffusion basis spectrum imaging in midlife obesity
Authors: Dolatshahi Mahsa , Commean Paul K. , Rahmani Farzaneh , Xu Yifei , Liu Jingxia , Hosseinzadeh Kassani Sara , Naghashzadeh Mahshid , Lloyd LaKisha , Nguyen Caitlyn , McBee Kemper Abby , Hantler Nancy , Ly Maria , Yu Gary , Flores Shaney , Ippolito Joseph E. , Song Sheng‐Kwei , Sirlin Claude B. , Dai Weiying , Mittendorfer Bettina , Morris John C. , Benzinger Tammie L. S. , Raji Cyrus A.
Published: November 2024

Objective

This study investigated how obesity, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, abdominal adiposity, and systemic inflammation relate to neuroinflammation using diffusion basis spectrum imaging.

Methods

We analyzed data from 98 cognitively normal midlife participants (mean age: 49.4 [SD 6.2] years; 34 males [34.7%]; 56 with obesity [57.1%]). Participants underwent brain and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), blood tests, and amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT and SAT, respectively) was segmented, and Centiloids were calculated. Diffusion basis spectrum imaging parameter maps were created using an in‐house script, and tract‐based spatial statistics assessed white matter differences in high versus low BMI values, VAT, SAT, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and Centiloids, with age and sex as covariates.

Results

Obesity, high VAT, and high SAT were linked to lower axial diffusivity, reduced fiber fraction, and increased restricted fraction in white matter. Obesity was additionally associated with higher hindered fraction and lower fractional anisotropy. Also, individuals with high C‐reactive protein showed lower axial diffusivity. Higher restricted fraction correlated with continuous BMI and SAT particularly in male individuals, whereas VAT effects were similar in male and female individuals.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that, at midlife, obesity and abdominal fat are associated with reduced brain axonal density and increased inflammation, with visceral fat playing a significant role in both sexes.

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Mapping of composition‐rheology relationships in polymer composite‐type precursors
Authors: Grover Caitlin A. , Bernal Cindy Bonilla , Sargin Irmak , Beckman Scott P. , Gozen B. Arda
Published: November 2024

Considering their simplicity, processibility, and tunable rheological properties, polymer composite‐type precursors hold exceptional promise in the processing of polymers, ceramics, metals, and their composites. This large variety of precursors used in many different applications cover a large compositional space with dramatically varying rheological properties. Understanding how precursor composition influences their rheological properties is a key need towards streamlining the design and implementation of these precursors. With regard to this design advancement, this study elucidates the composition‐rheology relationships of graphene‐poly(ethylene) oxide (PEO) composite inks as a sample polymer composite‐type precursor. To this end, shear and extensional rheology of numerous compositions were studied across a wide compositional space, which varied graphene concentration, total solid concentration, and binder molecular weight. These studies showed that composition greatly affected various rheological parameters, such as the overall presence of yielding behavior. Specifically, this study illustrated the influence of (i) binder structure, (ii) total solid loading, and (iii) binder‐filler interactions on ink rheology. Extensional rheology was studied to examine how relaxation behaviors were dependent on composition and explicate how relaxation behaviors coincide with responses to shear forces. In tandem, our results illuminate significant composition‐rheology relationships in polymer composite‐type precursors.

Highlights

Rheology of polyethylene oxide‐graphene composite precursors were studied.

Shear and extensional rheology, and their correlations were investigated.

Composition‐binder molecular weight‐yielding relationships were elucidated.

Extensional relaxation regimes were identified with respect to composition.

Results can be used to determine compositional ranges for different processes.
Investigation of electrochemical properties of lithium salt/poly(vinylidene fluoride)/polypyrrole blends
Authors: Kargar‐Esfandabadi Mahdi , Golshan Marzieh , Roghani‐Mamaqani Hossein , Salami‐Kalajahi Mehdi
Published: November 2024

In this study, structural, thermal, morphological, and electrochemical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/polypyrrole (PVDF/PPy) blends are investigated. The investigation revealed phase separation between PPy and PVDF, a phenomenon supported by the thermodynamic interaction parameter. Increasing the PPy content from 10 to 50 wt% led to a significant reduction in the crystallinity of PVDF from 55.1% to 39.6%, and a corresponding decrease in the glass transition temperature (Tg) from 52.2 to 42.3°C. The enhanced interaction between components in the PVDF/PPy blends leads to an increase in local free volume due to the disruption of the polymer matrix. This disruption allows for greater molecular mobility, which in turn decreases the Tg. The increase in local free volume facilitates segmental motion of the polymer chains, thereby reducing the energy required for the transition from a glassy to a rubbery state. Ionic conductivity of the blends decreased with rising temperatures, likely due to interactions between the fluorine groups of PVDF and the NH groups of PPy. Notably, the transference number of lithium ions (tLi+) decreased from 0.30 to 0.14 as the PPy content increased from 10% to 50%, indicating a strong interaction between the cation and the polymer matrix.

Highlights

Electrochemical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/polypyrrole (PVDF/PPy) blends are investigated.

Interaction parameter‐supported phase separation is seen between PPy and PVDF.

Intramolecular interactions of PVDF result in increasing local free volume.

Ionic conductivity of the blends decreased with rising temperatures.

tLi+ decreased with PPy increasing due to strong interaction of cation/matrix.
Social Support, Social Strain, Stressful Life Events and Mortality Among Postmenopausal Women With Breast Cancer
Authors: Wang Fengge , Simon Michael S. , Kroenke Candyce H. , Krok‐Schoen Jessica , Jung Su Yon , Chlebowski Rowan , Ballinger Tarah J. , Pichardo Margaret S. , Coday Mace , Garcia Lorena , Luo Juhua
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Social support, social strain and stressful life events could induce chronic stress, which affects prognosis and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. However, few studies have examined the impact of psychosocial factors on different competing mortality events.

Methods

We included 9154 postmenopausal women who were newly diagnosed with invasive breast cancer after enrollment in the Women's Health Initiative, as of March 6th, 2021. Psychosocial factors were collected and stratified into quartiles. Cause of death was verified through adjudicated medical record reviews. Associations between psychosocial factors and all‐cause mortality, breast cancer mortality, and cardiovascular disease mortality were examined by competing risk models. Subsequent stratified analyses were performed by race.

Results

With a median follow‐up time of 8.6 years, 3218 deaths were identified. Compared to participants with less social support, those who had higher social support had significantly lower all‐cause mortality (Q4 vs. Q1, HR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.81, 0.9). The highest quartile of social strain was associated with lower CVD mortality (Q4 vs. Q1: HR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.99). After stratification, a similar relationship was found in White women but not in Black women.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that there was an association between high social support and reduced all‐cause mortality regardless of cancer stages at diagnosis. Social support interventions after breast cancer diagnosis could have the potential to reduce overall mortality.
Understanding of Polydopamine Formulation for Oral Therapeutic Delivery in Ulcerative Colitis Treatment
Authors: Liu Jie , Tan Hui‐Shi , Wang Jun , Lin Cheng‐Yuan , Xiao Hai‐Tao , Liu Jun , Xu Zhi‐Ping , Huang Chong‐Yang , Bian Zhao‐Xiang
Published: November 2024

Oral therapeutic delivery remains challenged by gastrointestinal tract (GI) barriers, which hinders the successful transition of therapeutic candidates into clinical treatments. Polydopamine (PDA), with its versatile ability to overcome GI barriers, offers a promising drug formulation technology to address the challenge. Nevertheless, many critical questions remain unanswered regarding the practicality of PDA‐based formulations. Building on the previous research, which tackled multiple physicochemical aspects, the current study aims to address another three outstanding issues, including the quantification of residual dopamine (DA) in PDA‐based formulations, the examination of these formulations stimulatory effects on colon tissue, and the potential anti‐inflammatory properties. To facilitate this investigation, a curcumin‐containing nanomedicine (CP@CCS) is prepared as a representative PDA‐based formulation. The results reveal a marked decrease of residual DA within the formulation. In the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC), the formulation do not provoke the substantial contractions in colon tissue typically induced by DA. Furthermore, in vivo evaluation verified the supplementary anti‐UC benefits of PDA. These outcomes add evidence for the practicality of PDA‐based formulations in terms of safety and therapeutic efficacy. Finally, a conceptual framework is proposed for understanding the role of PDA in oral therapeutic delivery, thereby providing insightful directions for subsequent research.
Efficacy of Action Observation Therapy on Gait, Balance and Mobility Impairments: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Picardi Michela , Temporiti Federico , Salamone Chiara , Tropea Peppino , Buccino Giovanni , Corbo Massimo , Gatti Roberto
Published: November 2024

Background and purpose

Action Observation Therapy (AOT) has been proposed to improve gait, balance and mobility in subjects with neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. The current review aimed to investigate AOT effects in subjects with gait, balance and mobility impairments.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases from inception until May 2023. Randomized controlled trials investigating effects of AOT on gait, balance and mobility in subjects with any type of clinical condition were included. Two reviewers performed data extraction and methodological quality assessment using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials. The overall effects were reported as mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

Thirty‐one studies were included. Low evidence supported AOT to enhance walking speed (SMD: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.62; I2 = 0%), stride length (SMD: 0.35; 95% CI 0.05, 0.66; I2 = 0%) and single limb support duration (MD: 4.1%; 95% CI: 1.0, 7.2, I2 = 0%) after stroke. Low evidence supported AOT to improve walking distance (MD: 56.8 m; 95% CI; 39.2, 74.4 m) and dynamic (SMD: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.76; I2 = 0%) and static (SMD: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.32, 1.05; I2 = 0%) balance, while very low evidence supported AOT to enhance mobility (MD: −1.48 s; 95% CI; −2.2, −0.8 s; I2 = 0%) after stroke. Moderate evidence supported AOT to improve dynamic balance in subjects with Parkinson's disease (SMD: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.79; I2 = 28%), while low evidence supported AOT to enhance dynamic balance (SMD: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.15, 1.08; I2 = 27%) and mobility (MD: −2.08 s; 95% CI; −3.5, −0.6 s; I2 = 0%) in patients with orthopedic conditions.

Conclusion

AOT improved gait, balance and mobility after stroke, dynamic balance in patients with Parkinson's disease and dynamic balance and mobility in patients with orthopedic conditions. However, evidence certainty was generally low and further high‐quality studies are needed.

Trial Registration

PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (n. CRD42021240626)
Radiation induced liver injury (RILI) evaluation using longitudinal computed tomography (CT) in image‐guided precision murine radiotherapy
Authors: Wang Yuenan , Guan Fada , Wang Siyuan , Jian Wanwei , Khan Mohammad
Published: November 2024

Purpose

We aim to perform image‐guided, dose‐escalated, well‐controlled liver‐irradiated animal studies and subsequently evaluate radiation induced liver injury (RILI) using longitudinal CT.

Methods

Eighteen 6–8 weeks mice were divided into three groups: control, 15Gy and 30Gy irradiated groups. The animal protocol was approved by the animal care ethics committee of our institution. Precision radiotherapy started with CT simulation, followed by treatment planning using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), image guidance with cone beam CT (CBCT) and radiation delivery on a medical linear accelerator. Weekly CT was conducted on the same CT simulator using same scanning parameters. At the end of fifth week, all mice were sacrificed, and histological staining was performed. Body weight, liver volume, HU values and histogram distributions were analyzed.

Results

Body weight of irradiation groups was significantly reduced compared to that of the control group (p<0.05). Liver volume in irradiated groups was reduced too. The average liver HU was significantly reduced in irradiated groups (HU mean = 62±3, 48±6, and 36±8 for the control, 15Gy and 30Gy respectively; p control vs. 15Gy < 0.05, p control vs. 30Gy < 0.05). A linear relationship between liver HU and radiation dose was found. Furthermore, HU histogram changes with time and dose showed not only density but also structure might be affected by radiation. HE and Masson Trichrome staining confirmed histological change and increased collagen deposition in irradiated liver.

Conclusion

Longitudinal unenhanced CT is a useful imaging tool to evaluate the severity and progression of radiation induced liver injury.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of drug–drug interactions between ritonavir‐boosted atazanavir and rifampicin in pregnancy
Authors: Atoyebi Shakir , Montanha Maiara Camotti , Nakijoba Ritah , Orrell Catherine , Mugerwa Henry , Siccardi Marco , Denti Paolo , Waitt Catriona
Published: November 2024

Ritonavir‐boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) and rifampicin are mainstays of second‐line antiretroviral and multiple anti‐TB regimens, respectively. Rifampicin induces CYP3A4, a major enzyme involved in atazanavir metabolism, causing a drug–drug interaction (DDI) which might be exaggerated in pregnancy. Having demonstrated that increasing the dose of ATV/r from once daily (OD) to twice daily (BD) in non‐pregnant adults can safely overcome this DDI, we developed a pregnancy physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to explore the impact of pregnancy. Predicted pharmacokinetic parameters were validated with separate clinical datasets of ATV/r alone (NCT03923231) and rifampicin alone in pregnant women. The pregnancy model was considered validated when the absolute average fold error (AAFE) for Ctrough and AUC0‐24 of both drugs were <2 when comparing predicted vs. observed data. Thereafter, predicted atazanavir Ctrough was compared against its protein‐adjusted IC90 (14 ng/mL) when simulating the co‐administration of ATV/r 300/100 mg OD and rifampicin 600 mg OD. Pregnancy was predicted to increase the rifampicin DDI effect on atazanavir. For the dosing regimens of ATV/r 300/100 mg OD, ATV/r 300/200 mg OD, and ATV/r 300/100 mg BD (all with rifampicin 600 mg OD), predicted atazanavir Ctrough was above 14 ng/mL in 29%, 71%, and 100%; and 32%, 73% and 100% of the population in second and third trimesters, respectively. Thus, PBPK modeling suggests ATV/r 300/100 mg BD could maintain antiviral efficacy when co‐administered with rifampicin 600 mg OD in pregnancy. Clinical studies are warranted to confirm safety and efficacy in pregnancy.
Thermally Deposited Pt/InSe/Nb2O5/Ag Stacked Layers Designed as Negative Capacitance Sources and Antennas for 5 G/6 G Networks
Authors: Alharbi Seham R. , Qasrawi Atef Fayez , Algarni Sabah E.
Published: November 2024

Herein, Pt/InSe/Nb2O5/Ag (ISNO) stacked layers are designed as multichannel 5 G/6 G network antennas and negative capacitance (NC) sources. The devices are fabricated using thermal deposition technique to coat Pt/InSe thin films with transparent Nb2O5 dielectric windows. While Pt thin films induce the crystallinity of InSe, the Nb2O5 layer remains amorphous. The impedance spectroscopy studies show that the Pt/InSe/Ag (IS) and (ISNO) antenna channels exhibit resonance–antiresonance peaks at driving frequencies of ≈0.4 and ≈1.1 GHz, respectively. Both the IS and ISNO antenna channels exhibit the NC effect in a wide range of frequency domain. In addition, ISNO antennas show signal transmission above 1.70 GHz with a return loss value of 28 dB and voltage standing wave ratios of 1.20. The range of frequencies over which the antenna performs well (bandwidth) extends from 1.54 to 1.80 GHz. Practical tests of one‐port and two‐port reflection/transmission using a network analyzer operative in the frequency domain of 0.01–6.0 GHz highlight the system's differing isolation and coupling characteristics at 2.43 and 6.0 GHz, respectively. The high levels of isolation at 6.0 GHz assure the suitability of the system for applications requiring minimal reverse transmission and high signal integrity. The NC effect, wide bandwidth, and high signal isolation characteristics are preferable in electronics and 5 G/6 G networks.
A fragmentation study of disaccharide flavonoid C‐glycosides using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and its application for identification of flavonoid C‐glycosides in Odontosoria chinensis
Authors: Huang Bin , Chen Fangjun , Zhang Xiang , Hu Yanzhen , Zhang Yuanyuan , Chen Le , Meng Yan , Wen Ping
Published: November 2024

Rationale

Flavonoid C‐glycosides have a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, there are few mass spectrometric research on C,O‐disaccharide flavonoid C‐glycosides and di‐C,O‐saccharide flavonoid C‐glycosides. Their low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (ESI‐CID‐MS/MS) fragmentation pattern and differences have not been reported, and the fragment ion library is incomplete. Therefore, it was essential to elucidate the fragmentation patterns of disaccharide flavonoid C‐glycosides, which is described in this study.

Methods

Four disaccharide flavonoid C‐glycosides such as vitexin‐4″‐O‐glucoside were analyzed by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC‐MS/MS) using electrospray ionization (ESI) in both positive and negative ion modes. Each ion and its proposed fragmentation pathways of the four disaccharide flavonoid C‐glycosides were analyzed comprehensively. Finally, ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS) and the established fragmentation patterns have been used to identify disaccharide flavonoid C‐glycosides in Odontosoria Chinensis.

Results

The fragmentation pathways of C,O‐disaccharide flavonoid C‐glycosides and di‐C,O‐saccharide flavonoid C‐glycosides are similar. They both have the mass spectrometric characteristics of O‐glycoside and C‐glycoside. Product ions after mixed pathways of neutral fragments such as saccharide ring fragment, O‐glycosides, H2O, and CH2O elimination appeared in both types of flavonoid C‐glycosides, but their relative abundances are significantly different. According to the established fragmentation patterns, di‐C,O‐saccharide flavonoid glycosides were also found in Odontosoria chinensis.

Conclusion

The fragment ions at m/z 431, 413, 341, 311, 293, and 282 in negative ion mode and m/z 293, 282, 577, 559, 541, 523, 529, and 499 in positive ion mode can serves as the main characteristics for identifying C,O‐disaccharide flavonoid C‐glycosides and di‐C,O‐saccharide flavonoid C‐glycosides.
Targeting the Ubiquitin Proteasome System to Combat Influenza A Virus: Hijacking the Cleanup Crew
Authors: Anang Vandana , Antonescu Laura , Nho Richard , Soni Sourabh , Mebratu Yohannes A.
Published: November 2024

Influenza A virus (IAV) remains a significant global public health threat, causing substantial illness and economic burden. Despite existing antiviral drugs, the emergence of resistant strains necessitates alternative therapeutic strategies. This review explores the complex interplay between the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and IAV pathogenesis. We discuss how IAV manipulates the UPS to promote its lifecycle, while also highlighting how host cells utilise the UPS to counteract viral infection. Recent research on deubiquitinases as potential regulators of IAV infection is also addressed. By elucidating the multifaceted role of the UPS in IAV pathogenesis, this review aims to identify potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions.
Seroprevalence of Viral Hepatitis B and Occult Hepatitis B Among Blood Donors in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Simpore Abibou , Bazie Bapio Valerie E. J. T. , Yooda Paul A. , Zoure Abdou Azaque , Sawadogo Salam , Sawadogo Abdoul‐Guaniyi , Kambiré Dinanibé , Compaore Rebeca T. , Tao Issoufou , Zongo Véronique S. , Compaore Muller K. A. , Soubeiga Patrice A. , Fopa Diderot , Bisseye Cyrille , Kiba‐Koumare Alice , Djigma Florencia W. , Kabre Elie , Simpore Jacques
Published: November 2024

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Infection remains a public health problem and a threat to blood transfusion safety. The aim of this study was to summarise the scientific literature on the seroprevalence of HBV and occult HBV among blood donors in Africa. Searches were carried out in PubMed, Science Direct, Global Index Medicus and African Journals Online from 2012 to 2022. Dersimonian and Laird's random‐effects model‐based method was used for statistical analyses to estimate pooled seroprevalence at a 95% confidence interval (CI) using STATA version 14 software. Heterogeneity was assessed on the basis of Cochran's Q test and quantified by the I2 index. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the Joanna Brigg Institute's critical appraisal checklist. Among 90 articles included, 86 reported data in serological test that a pooled HBV seroprevalence of 5.53% (95% CI: 4.56–6.58; I2 = 99.94%) and 14 provided occult hepatitis B data. A high prevalence of 9.69% (95% CI: 8.42–11.03) was observed in the West African region. Lowest prevalence was 1.22% (95% CI: 0.74–1.83) in South Africa region. Prevalence in Africa among men was: 5.18% (95% CI: 3.97–6.54) and in women: 3.50% (95% CI: 2.45–4.71) (I2 = 99.76% and p < 0.01). While the overall pooled prevalence of occult hepatitis B was 3.18% (95% CI: 1.29–5.81). HBV seroprevalence is high in low‐resource areas of Africa, and the data generated by this situation calls for constant epidemiological surveillance. Emphasis must be placed on building blood donor loyalty and integrating molecular testing into the biological qualification of blood donations.
Drill‐seeding rice reduces global warming potential but increases nitrogen loss potential compared to water‐seeding
Authors: Geoghan Peter J. , Linquist Bruce A.
Published: November 2024

Flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) systems are critical for global food security but contribute significantly to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to high methane (CH4) emissions from anaerobic soils. Drill‐seeding (DS) rice, which in California includes early‐season irrigation flushes to establish the rice, has been shown to reduce CH4 emissions compared to water‐seeded (WS) systems. The effect of these early‐season flushes on nitrogen (N) fertilizer losses and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, however, is not well understood. In a 2‐year study, we quantitatively compared DS to WS systems with respect to their global warming potential (GWP) (CH4 + N2O in CO2 eq.), nitrate (NO3−) accumulation during flushes, and crop N‐uptake. Despite 0.68 kg ha−1 more N2O–N emissions in the DS system, GWP was 3700 CO2 eq. kg ha−1, a 42% reduction compared to 6340 CO2 eq. kg ha−1 in the WS system. This was due to a 46% reduction in CH4 in the DS (94.5 CH4–C kg ha−1) relative to the WS (175.7 CH4–C kg ha−1) system. Nitrate accumulation in the DS system amounted to 26.2 kg NO3–N ha−1, and subsequent N losses via denitrification likely contributed to the 22.4 kg N ha−1 less crop N‐uptake in the DS system. These results suggest that DS rice has potential for improved environmental impact via GWP reductions but will require increased N inputs. Future efforts should focus on reducing N losses, which have a negative economic impact for the farmer and contribute to N2O emissions.
“It's Just a Hot Mess”: Supporting Teacher Praxis to Challenge Barriers for Multilingual Learners
Authors: Reigh Emily V. , Miller Emily Adah , Fackler Ayça K. , Simani Maria Chiara
Published: November 2024

This paper examines a professional learning (PL) program for upper elementary teachers focused on developing instructional practices to support multilingual learners (MLLs) in science. The PL sought to support teachers' praxis, which we describe as their sense of agency to critically analyze and take action against barriers to MLLs’ opportunities to learn. We analyzed pre‐PL interviews with teachers to identify the ways that they framed MLLs from asset‐ and deficit‐based perspectives and the barriers that they identified that undermine MLLs' science learning. Then, we analyzed the extent to which the teachers' participation in the PL shifted their framing of MLLs and fostered their sense of agency to challenge the barriers faced by MLLs. We found that teachers shifted toward more asset‐based views of students' existing language resources and deepened their sense of agency to employ scaffolds that engage these resources in their own instructional practice. However, teachers continued to surface barriers in their organizational contexts, including the emphasis placed on standardized language assessments and the misalignment between English language instruction and science learning. Our analysis shows that the PL did not adequately support teachers in navigating these particular institutional barriers. Based on our analysis, we argue that teachers and science education researchers should expand their focus beyond teachers’ instructional practices and work together to remove barriers for MLLs in the larger organizational systems of schooling.
Development sustainability levels in EU countries
Authors: Kudełko Joanna
Published: November 2024

This article is a response to the existing need for seeking and improving research methods aimed to assess the achievement of sustainable development goals. The article evaluates the levels of development of EU countries from the perspective of particular development components: economic, social, and environmental, as well as development sustainability levels in those three aspects. The research shows that in 2010–2021, EU countries made a general progress from the perspective of all the aspects of development. Development dynamics in the period after the adoption of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development increased as compared with the preceding period with respect to social and economic development, but not from the point of view of environmental issues. Development processes in EU countries do not indicate a higher level of cohesion with regard to the three components of development: economic, social, and environmental issues. Therefore, development in the analysed countries cannot be regarded as fully sustainable.
Carrying Ostracism Overnight: The Cognitive Mechanism Underlying the Effect of Daily Workplace Ostracism on Next‐Day Work Engagement
Authors: Dong Niannian , Zhang Ying , Ma Xiyue , Yin Kui , Liu Yi
Published: November 2024

Integrating cognitive appraisal theory of stress and attachment theory, the current study explored the influence of daily workplace ostracism on employee short‐term work engagement and examined the mediating role of negative work reflection and the moderating effects of employee attachment styles (i.e., attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety). To test the theoretical model, we employed an experience sampling method to collect daily diary data over 10 consecutive workdays, resulting in a final sample of 834 observations drawn from 133 participants. Results of multilevel path analysis indicated that daily workplace ostracism was negatively related to employee next‐day work engagement through negative work reflection at night. In addition, we found that employee attachment avoidance not only moderated the within‐person relationship between daily workplace ostracism and negative work reflection at night but also alleviated the indirect effect of daily workplace ostracism on next‐day work engagement via negative work reflection at night. Taken together, our study contributed by unfolding the dynamic cognitive appraisal process of workplace ostracism and identifying the significant role of attachment avoidance in shaping employees' cognitive reactions to daily workplace ostracism.
Microscale Templating of Functional Particles Using Self‐Limiting Electrospray Deposition
Authors: Grzenda Michael J. , Yu Jouan , Atzampou Maria , Shuck Christopher E. , Gogotsi Yury , Zahn Jeffrey D. , Singer Jonathan P.
Published: November 2024

Electrospray deposition (ESD) uses strong electric fields applied to solutions and dispersions exiting a capillary to produce charged monodisperse droplets driven toward grounded targets. Self‐limiting electrospray deposition (SLED) is a phenomenon in which highly directed, uniform, and even 3D coatings can be achieved by trapping charge in the deposited film, redirecting the field lines to uncoated regions of the target. However, when inorganic particles are added to SLED sprays, the buildup of charge required to repel incoming material is disrupted as particle loading increases. Due to its fibril gelling behavior, methylcellulose (MC) SLED can form nanowire morphologies. These wires, when used as a binder, can separate particles and prevent percolation. In this work, a variety of conductive and insulating particles are explored using patterned and un‐patterned substrates. This exploration allows us to maximally load particles for high‐concentration and highly controlled self‐limiting functional sprays. This is demonstrated using Ti3C2Tx MXene to functionalize an interdigitated electrode for use as a supercapacitor.
Zinc Oxide‐Enhanced Copper Sulfide Nanozymes Promote the Healing of Infected Wounds by Activating Immune and Inflammatory Responses
Authors: Zhang Wei , Lv Yang , Niu Qiang , Zhu Can , Zhang Hengguo , Fan Kelong , Wang Xianwen
Published: November 2024

Bacterial infection and an excessive inflammatory response are two major factors that affect the healing of infected wounds. The zinc oxide/copper sulfide (ZnO‐CuS) microspheres (MSs) developed in this work can kill bacteria and resist inflammation. ZnO‐CuS exhibits different enzyme‐like activities depending on pH. In acidic environments, ZnO‐CuS exhibits peroxidase‐like (POD‐like) activity and can convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into hydroxyl radicals (•OH) for sterilization. Under neutral conditions, ZnO‐CuS removes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and can convert excess ROS into water and oxygen. The in vitro results of the antibacterial test demonstrate the pronounced disruption effect of ZnO‐CuS on the bacterial biofilm and cell membrane. The transcriptome sequencing results of wounded animal tissue reveal that ZnO‐CuS MSs increase the expression of proteins produced by immune cells, and reduce the expression levels of inflammatory factors at the wound site. Therefore, antimicrobial activity and rapid wound healing can be achieved by regulating the immune response and reducing the inflammatory response. The results from hemolysis, routine blood and blood biochemistry analyses demonstrate the excellent biosecurity of the ZnO‐CuS MSs.
Controlled Interfacial Tailoring of Hierarchical Silicon Synergizes Charge Transport Enabling Stable and Fast Lithium Storage
Authors: Hu Yingtong , Li Haimei , Ma Minghao , Cao Weifeng , Hamza Mathar , Ma Yingjie , Wang Zhen‐Gang , Li Xianglong
Published: November 2024

Silicon is a promising anode material candidate but encounters volume change and capacity decay issues. Although diverse demonstrations in structural and interfacial engineering, the performance toward industrial applications remains to be improved. Herein, a controlled interfacial tailoring strategy is proposed for micro‐nano hierarchically structured silicon. The resultant granules, consisting of randomly interconnected silicon debris modified by an electrically conductive carbon layer and a superionic sulfide conductor specifically in a controlled form (nanoparticles, coats, and matrices), attain distinctly different cyclic performances. As the carbon coating generally provides electron transfer paths for silicon, the introduced fast ion conductor exhibits a strong correlation with its configuration in facilitating ion transportation as well as improving the materials utilization and cyclic stability. Impressively, the granules encapsulated with a fast ion conductor layer show remarkably improved cycling performance and rate capability, attributable to a decent synergy of transmitting both electrons and lithium ions throughout the granule.