bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal trajectories of self-esteem, related predictors, and impact on depression among students over a four-year period at college in China
Authors: Liu Xinqiao , Yuan Yilin , Gao Wenjuan , Luo Yunfeng
Published: May 2024

Self-esteem plays a crucial role in the psychological development of college students. Based on four-wave longitudinal data, this study empirically investigated the longitudinal trajectories of self-esteem, related predictors, and the impact on depression in a sample of Chinese college students. Piecewise growth mixture modeling was utilized to identify potential self-esteem trajectories. Furthermore, multinomial logistic regression models were employed along with the Kruskal‒Wallis test to analyze the factors that influence self-esteem development trajectories and assess variations in depression. The results showed that college students’ self-esteem trajectories can be divided into three categories: slowly decreasing (81.04%), rising then falling (16.94%), and falling then rising (2.02%). Various personal factors (e.g. ethnicity, family residence, self-reported health status, extroversion) and socioeconomic factors (e.g. closeness with classmates, family economic level, family social status, and the mother’s educational level) can influence the classification of students’ self-esteem development trajectories. Moreover, notable differences in depression were observed among students in different self-esteem trajectory groups. The results emphasize the imperative of implementing interventions to enhance self-esteem among college students.
Effect of copper in the stabilization of Al/CuO energetic semiconductor bridge
Authors: Li Chen-Ming , Wang Kai-Bing , Ji Xiao-Gang , Dong Xiao-Fen , Wang Duan
Published: May 2024

The long-term storage performance of energetic multilayer nanofilms is of great significance for their applications. In this paper, it is proposed to add a 10 nm Cu barrier layer between Al/CuO composite films to increase their storage stability. The Al/CuO composite film and Al/Cu/CuO composite film were aged for 14 days in an environment with a relative humidity of 40% and a temperature of 71 °C. Scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were used to analyze the microstructure and thermodynamic properties of the energetic films before and after aging, and the electrical detonation performance and ignition ability of energy-containing semiconductor bridges were studied. The results indicate that after aging for 14 days in an environment with a relative humidity of 40% and a temperature of 71 °C, the Al layer of the Al/CuO composite film becomes thinner, the Al2O3 interface layer increases, and the heat release decreases. The interlayer microstructure of the Al/Cu/CuO energetic multilayer nanofilms did not change significantly, and the addition of a 10 nm Cu layer formed a low-temperature Al–Cu alloy, reducing the reaction initiation temperature from 626 to 570 °C. The critical ignition time and critical ignition energy of the Al/CuO-energetic semiconductor bridge (ESCB) increased, the flame duration shortened from 440 to 300 μs, the flame size decreased by 50%, the plasma temperature decreased, and aging had no significant effect on the electrical explosion performance of Al/Cu/CuO-ESCB. After aging for 14 days in an environment with a relative humidity of 40% and a temperature of 71 °C, the maximum ignition gap of B/KNO3 for Al/CuO-ESCB decreased from 1.4 to 1.2 mm, while the maximum ignition gap for Al/Cu/CuO-ESCB remained at 1.6 mm, which significantly improved the ignition performance and long storage performance of the energetic semiconductor bridge.
Propagation and dispersion of Bloch waves in periodic media with soft inclusions
Authors: Godin Yuri A. , Vainberg Boris
Published: May 2024

We investigate the behavior of waves in a periodic medium containing small soft inclusions or cavities of arbitrary shape, such that the homogeneous Dirichlet conditions are satisfied at the boundary. The leading terms of Bloch waves, their dispersion relations, and low frequency cutoff are rigorously derived. Our approach reveals the existence of exceptional wave vectors for which Bloch waves are comprised of clusters of perturbed plane waves that propagate in different directions. We demonstrate that for these exceptional wave vectors, no Bloch waves propagate in any one specific direction.
A frequency-response-optimized Shack–Hartmann zonal wavefront reconstructor based on Fan’s model
Authors: Fan Yao , Duan Yaxuan , Da Zhengshang , Yue Yang
Published: May 2024

This paper introduces an optimized method for zonal wavefront reconstruction utilizing Fan’s model, specifically tailored to enhance the frequency response. Analysis of the system frequency response demonstrates a 27% increase in bandwidth compared to the Southwell model. Examination of reconstruction errors at various frequency points reveals consistently smaller values when compared to the Southwell model. Validation through numerical simulations and real experiments underscores the superior performance of the proposed reconstructor, particularly noticeable at higher response levels within the mid- and high-frequency domains.
Challenges and opportunities on the horizon of post-quantum cryptography
Authors: Rawal Bharat S. , Curry Peter J.
Published: May 2024

Large quantum computers have the potential to break many cryptographic systems, e.g., Rivest–Shamir–Adleman, Diffie–Hellman key exchange, and the elliptical curve cryptosystem. The Department of Defense (DoD) is aware of this threat, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology is preparing a set of approved encryption and signature schemes that are not susceptible to these attacks by quantum computers, the so-called Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). The task of substituting older encryption and signature schemes raises a number of questions, to which there are not yet clear answers. In this research, we investigate the transition to PQC on existing networks, explain the approved PQC schemes, describe the likely path to an adaptation of PQC, and offer forward guidance on challenges and threats that may be encountered in the process of transition to PQC. This paper discusses the impacts of the new PQC schemes on network performance and speculates on possible side-channel attacks on the new encryption scheme. This paper offers hardware/software solutions based on the Split-protocol.
Nanostructured binary transition-metal-sulfides and nanocomposites as high-performance electrodes for hybrid supercapacitors
Authors: Sun Mengxuan , Ren Xiaohe , Gan Ziwei , Liu Mingdong , Sun Yongxiu , Shen Wenzhong , Li Zhijie , Fu YongQing
Published: May 2024

Supercapacitors (SCs) are attractive as promising energy storage devices because of their distinctive attributes, such as high power density, good current charge/discharge ability, excellent cyclic stability, reasonable safety, and low cost. Electrode materials play key roles in achieving excellent performance of these SCs. Among them, binary transition metal sulfides (BTMSs) have received significant attention, attributed to their high conductivity, abundant active sites, and excellent electrochemical properties. This topic review aims to summarize recent advances in principles, design, and evaluation of the electrochemical performance for nanostructured BTMSs (including nickel–cobalt sulfides, zinc–cobalt sulfides, and copper–cobalt sulfides.) and their nanocomposites (including those carbon nanomaterials, transition metal oxides, binary transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, and polymers). Nanostructuring of these BTMSs and nanocomposites as well as their effects on the performance were discussed, including nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanosheets, nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, nanoarrays, and hierarchitectured nanostructures. Their electrochemical performance has further been reviewed including specific capacitance, conductivity, rate capability, and cycling stability. In addition, the performance of hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) assembled using the nanostructured BTMSs as the cathodes also have been summarized and compared. Finally, challenges and further prospects in the HSCs-based BTMS electrodes are presented.
Dielectric response of metal–organic frameworks as a function of confined guest species investigated by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Farhadi Jahromi Babak , Schmid Rochus
Published: May 2024

When using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as electric field-dependent sensor devices, understanding their dielectric response is crucial as the orientation of polar groups is largely affected by confinement. To shed light on this at the molecular level, the response to a static field was computationally investigated for two structurally related MOFs, depending on their loading with guest molecules. The pillared-layer MOFs differ in their pillar moiety, with one bearing a rotatable permanent dipole moment and the other being non-polar. Two guest molecules with and without polarity, namely, methanol and methane, were considered. A comprehensive picture of the response of the guest molecules could be achieved with respect to both the amount and polarity of the confined species. For both MOFs, the dielectric response is very sensitive to the introduction of methanol, showing an anisotropic and non-linear increase in the system’s relative permittivity expressed by a strongly increasing polarization response to external electric fields scaling with the number of confined methanol molecules. As expected, the effect of methane in the non-dipolar MOF is negligible, whereas subtle differences can be observed for the dipolar response of the MOF with rotatable dipolar linker groups. Taking advantage of these anisotropic and guest-molecule-specific confinement effects may open pathways for future sensing applications. Finally, methanol-induced global framework dynamics were observed in both MOFs.
Impact mechanism of active nanofluid on oil–water two-phase seepage during and after fracturing fluid invasion in tight oil reservoirs
Authors: Li Shihao , Zhong Liguo , Gao Dapeng , Fan Lihua , Zhu Yu
Published: May 2024

Due to damage caused by fracturing fluid invasion, tight oil reservoirs exhibit slow post-hydraulic fracturing production recovery and low productivity. This study investigates the impact of a nanoclay-based active agent system on oil–water two-phase flow during and after fracturing fluid invasion, emphasizing its potential for enhancing recovery in tight oil reservoirs. Laboratory experiments using crude oil and natural core samples analyze the mechanism of how nanofluids affect oil–water distribution and flow characteristics during fracturing fluid invasion and oil recovery stages. Results show that nanofluids rapidly disrupt the emulsified state of “water-in-oil” emulsions, reducing emulsion viscosity by 84.19% and oil–water interfacial tension by two orders of magnitude, facilitating oil droplet dispersion and deformation and altering the wettability of oil-wet rock surfaces to aid crude oil detachment. Nanofluids increase the accessible volume of the water phase in pores and throats, enlarging flow paths for fracturing fluid flowback and oil recovery. The oil recovery process post-fracturing fluid invasion is delineated into three stages: substantial fracturing fluid flowback in the first stage, with nanofluids reducing the fluid return rate by 11.08% upon crude oil breakthrough; emulsion droplets occupying pores and throats in the second stage, with nanofluids reducing additional resistance during emulsion flow; and continuous oil production in the third stage, with nanofluids consistently and stably altering rock surface wettability to reduce invaded rock matrix resistance to oil flow. The findings of this study hold potential value in mitigating damage from fracturing fluid invasion in tight oil reservoirs.
Tunable optical devices with multiple plasmon-induced transparency based on graphene-black phosphorus hybrid metasurface
Authors: Li Junyi , Cui Zherui , Yu Yuesi , Chen Shuxian , Wen Kunhua , Liu Wenjie
Published: May 2024

In this research, we propose a simple and novel graphene-black phosphorus composite structure. Through the coupling mechanism of bright–bright mode, four layers of graphene and one layer of black phosphorus produce a quadruple plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) effect. The response of the proposed structure to the angle of polarized light is investigated, and it is found that the sensitivities of graphene and black phosphorus to the polarization angle of light are different. In addition, the dynamic regulation of PIT by the Fermi level of graphene and the carrier concentration of black phosphorus are discussed. The modulation depths of the fivefold optical switching are 96%, 99%, 87%, 93%, and 80%, respectively. The quadruple PIT can also be converted into triple PIT, in which single, dual, or triple optical switching are realized, respectively. Finally, with the change in the refractive index of the environment medium, the sensitivity response of the proposed structure is as high as 4.790 THz⋅RIU−1. We believe that this research will contribute to the development of optical switches, modulators, and sensors.
Turbulence modeling of stratified turbulence using a constrained artificial neural network
Authors: Nishiyama Daisuke , Hattori Yuji
Published: May 2024

For large eddy simulations (LES) of stratified turbulence in the strongly stratified regime, an artificial neural network (ANN) with five hidden layers is used to construct a sub-grid scale (SGS) model. The ANN is assessed by comparing it to the Smagorinsky model, the dynamic Smagorinsky model, the gradient model, and filtered direct numerical simulation data. In the a priori test, the SGS model using ANN performed better than the Smagorinsky model and the gradient model in terms of the correlation coefficient and relative error of the energy transfer rate. However, the ANN does not provide sufficient energy dissipation when it is applied to LES with a larger filter width because it overpredicts backscatter. To address this problem, we also trained a constrained ANN using a custom loss function that penalizes excessive backscatter. It is shown that the constrained ANN successfully predicts less backscatter, maintaining the high correlation coefficient without ad hoc clipping. These results show that ANN is a promising tool for realizing a highly accurate and stable SGS model for stratified turbulence.
Effect of retarded friction and added mass on the swimming speed of a vibrating two-sphere
Authors: Felderhof B. U.
Published: May 2024

A theoretical expression is derived for the mechanical contribution to the mean swimming speed of a vibrating two-sphere, consisting of two spheres connected by an elastic spring, and immersed in a viscous incompressible fluid. The spring provides a harmonic potential for oscillations about a mean distance between centers. The system is made to oscillate at a chosen frequency by activating forces which sum to zero. The mechanical contribution to the resulting mean swimming velocity is calculated from the mechanical equations of motion and the corresponding impedance matrix of linear response. The frequency-dependent pair friction coefficients are found from approximate expressions derived earlier. The mechanical contribution is calculated to second order in the amplitude of stroke as a function of the scaling number, a dimensionless combination of size, frequency, and kinematic viscosity. Retarded friction and added mass determine the functional behavior.
Effects of liquid viscosity and air injection rate on air invasion in a highly compacted granular material
Authors: Qin Zhipeng , Huang Weiliang , Wang Jiankang , Zhang Shuhang , Li Huaixiao , Li Huifen
Published: May 2024

Using laboratory experiments on a network scale together with numerical simulations on a granular scale, we investigate the displacement process as air invades a highly compacted granular material. Experiments in a vertically placed Hell-Shaw cell reveal a non-monotonic behavior of branching formation as air injection rate Q increases from 0.1 to 50 ml min–1 when the liquid viscosity is less than 22.5 mPa s. In the low-injection-rate region where Q < 1 ml min–1, fractures grow in random directions, and the number of branches increases as the air injection rate decreases. However, after the transition to the high-injection-rate region where Q≥ 1 ml min–1, the number of branches increases with increasing air injection rate. At a given air injection rate, increasing the liquid viscosity from 1.01 to 219 mPa s leads to an increasingly concentrated air flow. The numerical simulations exhibit good agreement with the experimental results. More importantly, they shed light on the physics underlying the growth of the fractures by capturing the distribution of the magnitude of velocity, as well as computing the inter-grain force chains in the granular material. The simulations suggest that a high liquid viscosity concentrates the velocity field and force chains and reduces the speeds and inter-grain forces of the grains adjacent to fractures, while a higher air injection rate increases the grain speeds and inter-grain forces. In addition, the distribution of the forces chains behaviors non-monotonically as the air injection rate decreases, which explains the non-monotonic behavior of branching formation observed in the experiments.
Improving second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory for noncovalent interactions with the machine learning-corrected ab initio dispersion potential
Authors: Lao Ka Un , Villot Corentin
Published: May 2024

In this work, we utilize our recently developed machine learning (ML)-corrected ab initio dispersion (aiD) potential, known as D3-ML, which is based on the comprehensive SAPT10K dataset and relies solely on Cartesian coordinates as input, to address the dispersion deficiencies in second-order Møller−Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) by replacing its problematic dispersion and exchange-dispersion terms with D3-ML. This leads to the development of a new dispersion-corrected MP2 method, MP2+aiD(CCD), which outperforms other spin-component-scaled and dispersion-corrected MP2 methods as well as popular ML models for predicting noncovalent interactions across various datasets, including S66 × 8, NAP6 (containing 6 naphthalene dimers), L7, S12L, DNA−ellipticine, the C60 dimer, and C60[6]CPPA. In addition, MP2+aiD(CCD) exhibits comparable or even superior performance compared to the contemporary ωB97M-V functional. The limited performance of pure ML models for systems outside the training set or larger than those in the training set highlights their instability and unpredictability. Conversely, the outstanding performance and transferability of the hybrid MP2+aiD(CCD) method can be attributed to the fusion of the physical electronic structure method and a data-driven ML model, combining the strengths of both sides. This investigation firmly establishes MP2+aiD(CCD) as one of the most accurate and reliable fifth-order scaling correlated wave function methods currently available for modeling noncovalent interactions, even for large complexes. MP2+aiD(CCD) is expected to be reliably applicable in investigating real-life complexes at the hundred-atom scale.
The reproductive performance of phosphorus-deficient mature cows improved rapidly when given supplementary phosphorus in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory
Authors: Schatz T. J. , Hearnden M. N. , Maxwell C.
Published: May 2024

Context There is little published information on how long it takes for the performance of phosphorus (P)-deficient mature cows to improve once they start receiving P supplements, or whether their long-term performance is impaired by P deficiency early in life. Aims The performance of mature P-deficient and P-adequate Brahman cows was compared over 3 years to investigate the time it takes for the performance of P-deficient mature cows to improve once they are supplemented with P, and whether their long-term performance is compromised by P deficiency early in life. Methods Cows that had been a part of a P-supplementation trial at Victoria River Research Station from weaning until they were 5.5 years old were used for this study. One treatment group had received continuous P supplement (P+) since weaning and the other treatment had never received any P supplement (P−). At the conclusion of the original trial, 42 cows were randomly selected from each treatment and then grazed together in the same paddock for 3 years, during which time they were given P supplement continuously. Performance attributes were measured and compared. Key results This study found that P supplementation rapidly improved the liveweight, body condition, reproductive performance and survival rate of the P-deficient (P−) mature cows. Within a year of receiving P supplement, their performance improved to be similar to that of P+ cows. However, P deficiency early in life did have some residual stunting effects, resulting in lower mean hip height and liveweights of P− cows. Conclusions The performance of P-deficient mature cows improved rapidly once they were given P supplements and matched that of cows that had always been supplemented. However, P deficiency early in life caused stunting, resulting in mature cows being shorter and lighter. Implications Cattle producers in P-deficient country should see a rapid improvement in performance and return on investment once they start supplementing P-deficient cows. However, it is better to supplement cattle throughout their lives in P-deficient areas to avoid stunting.
Adapting an artificial intelligence sexually transmitted diseases symptom checker tool for Mpox detection: the HeHealth experience
Authors: Tan Rayner Kay Jin , Perera Dilruk , Arasaratnam Salomi , Kularathne Yudara
Published: May 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications have shown promise in the management of pandemics. In response to the global Monkeypox (Mpox) outbreak, the HeHealth.ai team leveraged an existing tool to screen for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) to develop a digital screening test for symptomatic Mpox using AI. Before the global Mpox outbreak, the team developed a smartphone app (HeHealth) where app users can use a smartphone to photograph their own penises to screen for symptomatic STD. The AI model initially used 5000 cases and a modified convolutional neural network to output prediction scores across visually diagnosable penis pathologies including syphilis, herpes simplex virus, and human papillomavirus. A total of about 22,000 users had downloaded the HeHealth app, and ~21,000 images were analysed using HeHealth AI technology. We then used formative research, stakeholder engagement, rapid consolidation images, a validation study, and implementation of the tool. A total of 1000 Mpox-related images had been used to train the Mpox symptom checker tool. Based on an internal validation, our digital symptom checker tool showed specificity of 87% and sensitivity of 90% for symptomatic Mpox. Several hurdles identified included issues of data privacy and security for app users, initial lack of data to train the AI tool, and the potential generalisability of input data. We offer several suggestions to help others get started on similar projects in emergency situations, including engaging a wide range of stakeholders, having a multidisciplinary team, prioritising pragmatism, as well as the concept that ‘big data’ in fact is made up of ‘small data’.
Analysis of pelvic floor muscle electromyography parameters in women with or without sexual dysfunction
Authors: Wang Chunyan , Che Yan , Zhang Yumei , Guan Tingfeng , Wang Jie , Du Xinying
Published: May 2024

Background To investigate the differences in pelvic floor muscle (PFM) electromyography (EMG) parameters between women with or without sexual dysfunction (FSD) and their correlations. Methods Women who voluntarily participated in a questionnaire-based survey on sexual function and underwent PFM EMG in Weifang People’s Hospital during the period from March 2021 to December 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. The female sexual (dys)function was measured using the Female Sexual Function Index. Glazer PFM EMG was performed using a Melander instrument (MLD A2 Deluxe). The differences in PFM EMG parameters between women with or without FSD were compared, and the relationships between PFM EMG parameters and FSD were analysed using multiple linear regression models. Results A total of 305 women were enrolled, with 163 in the FSD group and 142 in the non-FSD group. Comparisons of PFM EMG parameters between these two groups revealed that the FSD group had significantly higher peak EMG amplitude during the phasic (flick) contractions and shorter recovery latency during the tonic contractions than the non-FSD group (both P < 0.05). Multivariate linear regression suggested that the peak EMG amplitude during the phasic (flick) contractions was 5.39 μV higher in the FSD group than in the non-FSD group, whereas the recovery latency during the tonic contractions was 0.29 s shorter (both P < 0.05). Conclusions The results of the pelvic floor EMG in this study suggest that the pelvic floor muscles of women with FSD may be more susceptible to fatigue, and may have poorer coordination of their pelvic floor muscles.
Pedipalp anatomy of the Australian black rock scorpion, Urodacus manicatus, with implications for functional morphology
Authors: Bicknell Russell D. C. , Edgecombe Gregory D. , Goatley Christopher H. R. , Charlton Glen , Paterson John R.
Published: May 2024

Pedipalps – chelate ‘pincers’ as the second pair of prosomal appendages – are a striking feature of scorpions and are employed in varied biological functions. Despite the distinctive morphology and ecological importance of these appendages, their anatomy remains underexplored. To rectify this, we examined the pedipalps of the Australian black rock scorpion, Urodacus manicatus, using a multifaceted approach consisting of microcomputed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and live pinch force measurements. In doing so, we document the following aspects of the pedipalps: (1) the musculature in three dimensions; (2) the cuticular microstructure, focusing on the chelae (tibial and tarsal podomeres); (3) the elemental construction of the chelae teeth; and (4) the chelae pinch force. We recognise 25 muscle groups in U. manicatus pedipalps, substantially more than previously documented in scorpions. The cuticular microstructure – endo-, meso-, and exocuticle – of U. manicatus pedipalps is shown to be similar to other scorpions and that mesocuticle reinforces the chelae for predation and burrowing. Elemental mapping of the chelae teeth highlights enrichment in calcium, chlorine, nickel, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, vanadium, and zinc, with a marked lack of carbon. These elements reinforce the teeth, increasing robustness to better enable prey capture and incapacitation. Finally, the pinch force data demonstrate that U. manicatus can exert high pinch forces (4.1 N), further highlighting the application of chelae in subduing prey, as opposed to holding prey for envenomation. We demonstrate that U. manicatus has an array of adaptions for functioning as a sit-and-wait predator that primarily uses highly reinforced chelae to process prey.
Long-term declines in chlorophyll
a
and variable phenology revealed by a 60-year estuarine plankton time series
Authors: Thibodeau Patricia S. , Puggioni Gavino , Strock Jacob , Borkman David G. , Rynearson Tatiana A.
Published: May 2024

Long-term ecological time series provide a unique perspective on the emergent properties of ecosystems. In aquatic systems, phytoplankton form the base of the food web and their biomass, measured as the concentration of the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll
a
(chl
a
), is an indicator of ecosystem quality. We analyzed temporal trends in chl
a
from the Long-Term Plankton Time Series in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA, a temperate estuary experiencing long-term warming and changing anthropogenic nutrient inputs. Dynamic linear models were used to impute and model environmental variables (1959 to 2019) and chl
a
concentrations (1968 to 2019). A long-term chl
a
decrease was observed with an average decline in the cumulative annual chl
a
concentration of 49% and a marked decline of 57% in winter-spring bloom magnitude. The long-term decline in chl
a
concentration was directly and indirectly associated with multiple environmental factors that are impacted by climate change (e.g., warming temperatures, water column stratification, reduced nutrient concentrations) indicating the importance of accounting for regional climate change effects in ecosystem-based management. Analysis of seasonal phenology revealed that the winter–spring bloom occurred earlier, at a rate of 4.9 ± 2.8 d decade
−1
. Finally, the high degree of temporal variation in phytoplankton biomass observed in Narragansett Bay appears common among estuaries, coasts, and open oceans. The commonality among these marine ecosystems highlights the need to maintain a robust set of phytoplankton time series in the coming decades to improve signal-to-noise ratios and identify trends in these highly variable environments.
Extreme shifts in pyrite sulfur isotope compositions reveal the path to bonanza gold
Authors: McLeish Duncan F. , Williams-Jones Anthony E. , Clark James R. , Stern Richard A.
Published: May 2024

Pyrite is the most common sulfide mineral in hydrothermal ore-forming systems. The ubiquity and abundance of pyrite, combined with its ability to record and preserve a history of fluid evolution in crustal environments, make it an ideal mineral for studying the genesis of hydrothermal ore deposits, including those that host critical metals. However, with the exception of boiling, few studies have been able to directly link changes in pyrite chemistry to the processes responsible for bonanza-style gold mineralization. Here, we report the results of high-resolution secondary-ion mass spectrometry and electron microprobe analyses conducted on pyrite from the Brucejack epithermal gold deposit, British Columbia. Our δ
34
S and trace element results reveal that the Brucejack hydrothermal system experienced abrupt fluctuations in fluid chemistry, which preceded and ultimately coincided with the onset of ultra-high-grade mineralization. We argue that these fluctuations, which include the occurrence of extraordinarily negative δ
34
S values (e.g., −36.1‰) in zones of auriferous, arsenian pyrite, followed by sharp increases of δ
34
S values in syn-electrum zones of nonarsenian pyrite, were caused by vigorous, fault valve-induced episodic boiling (flashing) and subsequent inundation of the hydrothermal system by seawater. We conclude that the influx of seawater was the essential step to forming bonanza-grade electrum mineralization by triggering, through the addition of cationic flocculants and cooling, the aggregation of colloidal gold suspensions. Moreover, our study demonstrates the efficacy of employing high-resolution, in situ analytical techniques to map out individual ore-forming events in a hydrothermal system.
Trust to test translation practices
Authors: Zhou Shuxia , Meylaerts Reine , Hua Erbing , Zhang Linhua
Published: May 2024

Trust is important in public health communication to culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities
during pandemics. This empirical research, using quantitative data from 107 foreign nationals at a university in Shanghai, probes
into how trust varied in official translation services (OTS) and non-official translation services (NOTS) during COVID-19.
Statistical analysis was carried out by IBM SPSS Statistics 26 and it was found that (1) NOTS which are more frequently used are
more trusted compared with OTS; (2) NOTS are uncorrelated with demographics while OTS are correlated with demographics, among
which education and trust in OTS suggest a linear positive relationship (Sig. = 0.003, β = 0.467), whereas age
and trust in OTS suggest a linear negative relationship (Sig. = 0.027, β = −0.348); (3) there is a positive
relationship between the frequency of using services and trust, i.e., higher frequency implies higher trust. The findings of this
case study can have implications for policy makers and the representatives of CALD communities.
Delving into the translator identity from a translingualism perspective
Authors: Lei Jing , Coronel-Molina Serafín M.
Published: May 2024

The theory of translingualism has been well constructed in sociolinguistics, yet it has not been applied fully to
the study of literary translation and translator identity. This paper attempts to analyze the English version of Mayra Montero’s
Spanish novel In the Palm of Darkness (1997) within the framework of
translingualism. Through the analysis of code-meshing and code-switching events, this article focuses on the identity construction
of Edith Grossman, the English translator of the novel In the Palm of Darkness. The occurrence of translingualism
is attributed to the complex dynamics of ethnic identity. Through co-participating in the construction process of Montero’s
identity in different scenarios, namely resistance, transformation, and inclusiveness, translingualism helps to solve problems of
translation methods on a micro scale, translator identity on a meso scale, and the approach of native culture ‘going global’ on a
macro scale.
Translanguaging in a beauty salon
Authors: Al-Nofaie Haifa
Published: May 2024

This is an explanatory case study of how translanguaging offers space for practicing two shared languages: Saudi Pidgin Arabic and English as a lingua franca (ELF). It attends closely to overt types of translanguaging resources practiced by interlocutors. The study utilizes the conversation analysis (CA) approach to analyze conversations totaling 240 minutes, held in a beauty salon, between a Saudi female client and a Filipino beautician who communicated with each other using English and Saudi pidgin. The results show that the speakers’ interaction is mainly in English, but they switch to pidgin Arabic to fix misunderstandings, create humor, and engage in cooperative interaction. The study demonstrates that overt translanguaging resources employed by participants strengthen the multilingual nature of their ELF interactions, during which another contact language–Saudi pidgin in this case–can be practiced as another lingua franca. The study extends the limited literature on the nature of translanguaging in lingua franca social contexts and demonstrates the uniqueness of the translanguaging resources employed by ELF users.
Non-scripted role-playing with heritage speakers and second language
learners in the medical interpreting classroom
Authors: Pinzl Michelle Marie
Published: May 2024

This article examines dialogue interpreting in unscripted
role-plays in the community interpreting classroom. In 2019, faculty members
from several departments at Viterbo University (La Crosse, Wisconsin)
coordinated an interprofessional education collaboration via role-playing in the
institution’s Clinical Simulation Learning Center. Nursing, social work and
pre-medical students were given the health-professional roles of caring for
community members with limited English proficiency (who acted as ‘patients’).
Interpreting students, both heritage speakers of Spanish and second language
learners (L2) of both English and Spanish, facilitated language access for all
parties involved. Recordings of these dialogues were then transcribed,
annotated, and analyzed via mixed methods. This study examines overall and
comparative findings of how heritage speakers and second language learners
interpret dialogue, focusing on the textual aspects of their exchanges. While no
language profile seemed to perform particularly better overall, certain
indicators were more problematic for L2 Spanish speakers and/or heritage
speakers. The presentation of these results and conclusions intend to foster
improved teaching interventions for classrooms with students of varying English
<> Spanish language backgrounds.
The CCL-K11 ongoing key comparison. Final report for 2023
Authors: Matus M , Margolis H S , Seppä J , Karlsson H , Hanquist C-H , Lancaster A J , Lewis A J , Brawer M , Pérez M del Mar , Bisi M , Hald J , Zechner G
Published: May 2024

Main text

Six lasers from six national metrological institutes (NMIs) were compared in the year 2023 as part of the CCL-K11 ongoing key comparison, initiated by the 13th meeting of the Comité Consultative des Longueurs (CCL) in 2007. The absolute frequency of theses lasers was measured in three different node laboratories following the technical protocol for CCL-K11. All are practical realisations of the definition of the metre according to the MeP for the definition of the metre.

Five standards are He-Ne-lasers stabilized on the f component of the R(127) 11-5 transitions of molecular iodine 127I2 with a wavelength of approximately 633 nm.

The sixth standard is a fibre laser stabilized to the P(16) (ν1+ν3) transition of molecular acetylene 13C2H2 with a wavelength of approximately 1542 nm. The technical protocol was deliberately designed to accommodate artefacts of different wavelengths in a common framework.

The results of these measurements are compiled in the present report. The comparison reports, as communicated by each participant, are included in the main document.

This document constitutes the thirteenth final report for the ongoing key comparison CCL-K11.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCL, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Polymer-integrated acoustic graphene plasmon resonator for sensitive detection of CO2 gas
Authors: Chi Jiao , Zhao Xinyang , Wang Linchun , Yang Ziming
Published: May 2024

Acoustic graphene plasmons (GPs) exhibit an exceptional density of electromagnetic states within the mid-infrared (MIR) and terahertz frequency ranges, leading to a pronounced near-field amplification and localization at the nanometer scale. This characteristic renders them highly promising for the development of ultra-sensitive plasmon-enhanced MIR sensing and spectroscopic applications. However, the tight spatial confinement inherent to acoustic GPs results in a significant momentum mismatch, which in turn leads to poor coupling efficiency with light in free space. To overcome this limitation, we leverage numerical simulations to show that GPs can act as an intermediary to facilitate efficient excitation of acoustic GPs by incident MIR radiation, achieving an extinction spectrum peak value of approximately 0.9. The proposed gas sensor based on the acoustic GP resonator is composed of pristine, large-area graphene, an array of periodic metal nanocubes, and a slender polyethylenimine (PEI) layer that adsorbs CO2, situated between the nanocubes and the graphene sheet. The sensing performance of the proposed sensor is numerically investigated. It is demonstrated that by incorporating a CO2-absorbing material into the acoustic GPs, we can perform highly sensitive assessments of the absorption bands within the PEI layer upon CO2 adsorption. The observed behavior of the acoustic GPs indicates a weakening and broadening with increasing CO2 concentrations, a phenomenon attributed to the alteration in the permittivity of the PEI in the interstitial layer due to CO2 adsorption. Numerical simulation results indicate that the sensitivity of the proposed hybrid gas sensor can reach up to 0.0183% ppm−1, which offers a remarkable 95-fold enhancement over the gas sensor based on graphene nanoribbons. Our findings underscore the potential of acoustic GP nanoresonators as a transformative platform for ultrasensitive plasmon-enhanced sensing applications, particularly when integrated with various gas adsorption layers or molecular agents.
Low field mobility in bulk GaN and its ternary AlGaN/GaN compounds (quantum kinetic approach)
Authors: Kovalenko Konstantin L , Kozlovskiy Sergei I , Sharan Nicolai N , Venger Eugeniy F
Published: May 2024

Analytical expressions for the low-field mobility of charge carrier gases with three-(3D), two-(2D) and one-(1D) dimensionalities are obtained. Multi-ion ionized impurities scattering, acoustic and polar optic phonons are considered as scattering mechanisms. The calculated values of mobility are compared to known experimental data for bulk (3D) n-and p-type wurtzite, n-type zinc-blende GaN crystals and low dimensional (2D and 1D) ternary GaAlN compounds. The resulting analytical expressions give the dependences of mobility on dimensionality of charge carrier gas, its density, effective mass, temperature and confining dimensions. A comparison of the experimental and calculated temperature dependences of the mobility in bulk GaN crystals (3D) and in AlGaN/GaN nanowires (1D) shows that the mobility at

T
>
100

K

is determined by the scattering of charge carriers by polar optical phonons with an energy of 91.2 meV. The temperature dependences of mobility in Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN heterostructures (2D) at

T
>
100

K

are in consistent with experiment for electron scattering by polar optical phonons with a noticeably higher energy of 160 meV. We associate this fact with the heterointerface, which according to well-known theoretical studies can change both the strength of electron polar optical phonons scattering and the energy of the phonons.
Topological phase transition and tunable surface states in YBi
Authors: Kumar Ramesh , Singh Mukhtiyar
Published: May 2024

A unique co-existence of extremely large magnetoresistance (XMR) and topological characteristics in non-magnetic rare-earth monopnictides has stimulated intensive research on these materials. Yttrium monobismuthide (YBi) has been reported to exhibit XMR up to 105% but its topological properties still need clarification. Here we use the hybrid density functional theory to probe the structural, electronic, and topological properties of YBi in detail. We observe that YBi is topologically trivial semimetal at ambient pressure which is in accordance with reported experimental results. The topological phase transitions i.e. trivial to non-trivial are obtained with volumetric pressure of 6.5 GPa and 3% of epitaxial strain. These topological phase transitions are well within the structural phase transition of YBi (24.5 GPa). The topological non-trivial state is characterized by band inversions among Y-d band and Bi-p band at Γ- and X-point which is further verified with the help of surface band structure along (001) plane. The Z2 topological invariants are calculated with the help of product of parities and evolution of Wannier charge centers. The occurrence of non-trivial phase in YBi with a relatively small epitaxial strain, which a thin film geometry can naturally have, make it an ideal candidate to probe inter-relationship between XMR and non-trivial topology.
Anisotropic optical property of ferroelectric Bi2O2X(X = S,Se,Te) monolayer and strain engineering
Authors: Yu Miao , Xun Wei , Dong Yaojun , Gu Han , Zhong Jia-Lin , Ren Jie , Hao Xiang , Wu Yin-Zhong
Published: May 2024

Based on the first-principles calculations, ferroelectric

B

i
2

O
2

X
(
X

=

S
,
S
e
,
T
e
)

monolayers with unequivalent in-plane lattice constants are confirmed to be the ground state, which is consistent with the experiment result (Ghosh et al 2019 Nano Lett.
19 5703–09), and the anisotropic optical property is firstly investigated. We find that the polarizations of

B

i
2

O
2

X

monolayers points along the direction of a-axis, and

B

i
2

O
2

T
e

monolayer process the largest polarization. Furthermore, both the biaxial and uniaxial strains are favor for the enhancement of polarization of

B

i
2

O
2

X

monolayers. It should be mentioned that the type of band gap will convert from indirect to direct for

B

i
2

O
2

T
e

monolayer when the a-axial tensile strain is larger than 2%. At last, the optical absorption coefficient for

B

i
2

O
2

X

monolayers are calculated, and we obtain that

B

i
2

O
2

T
e

monolayer has the strongest optical absorption within the range of visible light, the anisotropy and possible strain engineering to improve the optical absorption are discussed in detail. Our findings are significant in fields of optoelectronics and photovoltaics.
Adaptive physics-encoded graph neural network for health stage assessment of liquid-propellant rocket engines
Authors: Ma Meng , Wang Zhizhen , Li Tianfu , Zhang Zhenzhen
Published: May 2024

The improvement of reliable health monitoring system for liquid-propellant rocket engines (LREs) is a crucial part for reusable launch vehicle, which contributes to providing competitive and cost-effective propulsion systems. Thus, it accentuates the need for reliable and quick health stage assessment of system and follow-up damage-mitigating control. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive physics-encoded graph neural network for health stage assessment of LREs. Our approach embeds the relations of different sensors obtained through expert experience, which contributes to constructing a physical graph layer. To better capture the information contained in all the sensor data, a novel convolutional layer of adaptive auto-regressive moving average filters is designed, which considers the personalized information propagation needs of each neural network layer. The performance of the proposed method is quantified with data obtained from physics simulations and real-world engineering systems. The results show that our model has potential applicability for the health stage assessment of LREs with high accuracy.
UAV imagery-based railroad station building inspection using hybrid learning architecture
Authors: Liu Boqi , Yang Tong , Wu Xiaolei , Wang Bo , Zhang Hao , Wu Yunpeng
Published: May 2024

The apparent defects of railroad station building such as the broken glass, missing screw, and rust corrosion need to be inspected regularly and timely to ensure the safety of passenger. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery-based inspections have the potential to revolutionize current manual visual inspections by providing a better overhead view and mitigating safety concerns. This paper proposes a hybrid learning architecture called YOLOS (you only look once station scene) to simultaneously detect and segment station building surface defects of UAV images. First, a novel squeeze-and-excitation (SE) attention block is integrated into the detection branch to adaptively learn the weights of the feature channels, thereby promoting the network to pay attention to the critical deep features of the objects. And then, a new semantic segmentation branch parallel to the detection branch is designed and assembled in YOLOS for pixel-level defect recognition. Finally, extensive experiments on railroad station dataset established with drone imagery prove the effectiveness and robustness of the SE-based network on station surface defect detection. This method can quickly convert UAV imagery into useful information with a high detection rate.