bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Pulsatile and Nonpulsatile Perfusion on Cerebral Regional Oxygen Saturation and Endothelin‐1 in Tetralogy of Fallot Infants
Authors: Zhao Ju , Yang Jiuguang , Liu Jinping , Li Shoujun , Yan Jun , Meng Ying , Wang Xu , Long Cun
Published: March 2011

Although benefits of pulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in pediatric heart surgery remain controversial and nonpulsatile CPB is still widely used in clinical cardiac surgery, pulsatile CPB must be reconsidered due to its physiologic features. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of pulsatile perfusion (PP) and nonpulsatile perfusion (NP) on cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) in pediatric tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) patients undergoing open heart surgery with CPB. Forty pediatric patients were randomly divided into the PP group (n = 20) and the NP group (n = 20). Pulsatile patients used a modified roller pump during the cross‐clamp period in CPB, while NP patients used a roller pump with continuous flat flow perfusion. The subjects were monitored for rSO2 from the beginning of the operation until 6 h after returning to the intensive care unit (ICU). We also monitored the hemodynamic status and ET‐1 concentration and plasma free hemoglobin (PFH) in blood samples of all patients over time. Effective PP was monitored in PP patients, and pulse pressure was significantly higher in the PP group than in the NP group (P <  0.01). rSO2 of the PP group was higher than that of the NP group (P < 0.01) during the cross‐clamp period, and this advantage of PP would be maintained until 2 h after patients returned to the ICU (P < 0.05). ET‐1 level in blood samples was lower at clamping off and CPB weaning and early ICU period in the PP group than in the NP group (P < 0.01), and ET‐1 concentration remained at a normal level after patients were transferred to the ICU 24 h in all patients. PFH levels in the PP group at pre‐clamp off and CPB weaned off were higher than those of the NP group (P < 0.05) in these cyanotic patients. PP can increase rSO2 and improve microcirculation during cross‐clamping period in TOF pediatric patients, while PP resulted in more severe hemolysis in these cyanotic patients than NP.
Klinefelter’s syndrome (47,XXY) among men with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Dillon Skyler , Aggarwal Rachna , Harding James W , Li Liang‐Jing , Weissman Michael H , Li Shibo , Cavett Joshua W , Sevier Sydney T , Ojwang Joshua W , D’Souza Anil , Harley John B , Hal Scofield R
Published: March 2011

Aim:  To determine the rate of Klinefelter’s syndrome among men with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to determine whether the manifestations of SLE in these men are different from that seen in 46,XY men.

Methods:  A total of 276 men with SLE underwent a real‐time PCR procedure to screen for more than one X chromosome. Those with results consistent with two X chromosomes were further characterized by karyotype and FISH. Clinical manifestations of SLE were determined by interview, questionnaire and medical chart review. Each man with Klinefelter’s and SLE was matched to four 46,XY men with SLE. Rates of SLE manifestations were compared with chi‐square analyses.

Results:  We found seven of the 286 men with SLE had Klinefelter’s syndrome. Four of these seven were nonmosaic 47,XXY, while two were mosaic 46,XY/47,XXY and one was 46,XX/47,XXY. The men with 47,XXY did not have severe manifestations of SLE including no proliferative renal disease, neurological disease, thrombocytopenia, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, discoid skin disease or anti‐RNP/Sm.

Conclusion:  47,XXY is found in excess among men with SLE. Men commonly have SLE that is more severe than that found among women, but the 47,XXY men had less severe SLE than other men.
Severe kerion celsi due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes: a case report
Authors: Jaspers Gerald J , Werrij Barbara G , Jagtman Berend A , Loza Bettina
Published: March 2011

We report on a 5‐year‐old girl with a severe kerion celsi, caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, probably acquired from a pet guinea pig. The lesions had started as small irritating squamous lesions that had been accurately diagnosed as skin infection, but had only been treated with local antifungal agents. The lesions progressed and developed into a kerion celsi that had to be treated with long‐term systemic griseofulvin. Nevertheless, reinfection occurred and treatment had to be restarted. The girl is left with areas of alopecia, as a result of which she is required to wear a wig.

Conclusion:  Tinea capitis is a common skin infection that should be considered in any type of scalp lesion. It requires systemic treatment, and inappropriate and delayed treatment can result in the development of kerion celsi, with sometimes devastating consequences.
Relationships between urine pH and electrolyte status in cows fed forages
Authors: KUME Shinichi , SATO Tomoe , MURAI Iori , KITAGAWA Masayuki , NONAKA Kazuhisa , OSHITA Tomoko
Published: March 2011

Data of 20 balance measurements from Holstein dairy cows and urine samples from 24 Japanese Black beef cows were collected to evaluate the relationships between urine pH and electrolyte status in cows fed forages. The ratio of forages in the diet was 70–100% in dairy cows and beef cows were fed Italian ryegrass silage and wheat bran. Mean urine pH in dairy cows was 8.10, ranging from 7.27 to 8.71, and that in beef cows was 7.73, ranging from 7.42 to 8.12. There were positive correlations between urine pH and urinary K contents (P = 0.0012) or K intake (P = 0.019) in dairy cows, although plasma Na, Cl and K had no effect on urine pH. There was a weak negative correlation (P = 0.039) between urine pH and urinary Na content in dairy cows. However, there were no significant correlations between urine pH and urinary Na, Cl and K contents in beef cows. These results indicate that the concentrated urinary K due to the increased K intake may directly enhance urine pH in dairy cows fed mainly forages.
Detection of the EGFP sequence in breast muscle of 3‐year‐old chicken after transfection using sonoporation
Authors: MATSUBARA Yuko , TAGAMI Takahiroi , MATSUNAGA Daisuke , SANO Akiko , MARUYAMA Kimiaki
Published: March 2011

In our continuing effort to generate transgenic chickens, sonoporation was chosen to insert an exogenous gene into the chicken genome. An EGFP expression vector (pCAG‐EGFPac) and microbubbles were injected into the central disc of stage‐X blastoderm or the germinal crescent of stage‐4 embryos, followed by ultrasonic vibration. Nineteen chicks out of 108 treated embryos hatched, six females and six males out of these 19 chicks grew to sexual maturity and two females and three males lived for 3 years. Genomic DNA from 17 out of 35 gonads from embryos and chicks that died before sexual maturity was EGFP‐positive by PCR. No EGFP sequence was detected in the genomic DNA of 322 embryos from six sexually mature females and the semen from four sexually mature males by PCR. When genomic DNA was obtained from various tissues of five 3‐year‐old chickens, the EGFP sequence was amplified from the genomic DNA of the breast muscle of a female (No. 85). The above sequence was subjected to DNA sequencing and verified to be the EGFP sequence. These results showed that sonoporation is an effective tool for the transduction of exogenous genes into chicken embryos for the generation of transgenic chickens.
SONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INTRAABDOMINAL ABSCESSATION AND LYMPHADENOPATHY ATTRIBUTABLE TO RHODOCOCCUS EQUI INFECTIONS IN FOALS
Authors: REUSS SARAH M. , CHAFFIN M. KEITH , SCHMITZ DAVID G. , NORMAN TRACY E.
Published: March 2011

The sonographic characteristics of intraabdominal abscesses in 11 foals and intraabdominal lymphadenitis in five foals with Rhodococcus equi infections are presented. Intraabdominal abscesses were usually present in the ventral abdomen adjacent to the ventral body wall, well‐marginated, and contained a mixed or complex echo pattern. Lymphadenitis appeared as singular or multiple clusters of lymph nodes of mixed echogenicity adjacent to any portion of the gastrointestinal tract or body wall. Sonographic findings were supported by necropsy examinations, but sonographic measurements consistently underestimated the size of abscess.
THE SIERRA LEONE TEACHERS UNION: LABOR IN A POST‐CONFLICT SOCIETY
Authors: Amman John , O'Donnell James
Published: March 2011

The Sierra Leone Teachers Union (SLTU) has long played an important role in the country's education system and its labor movement. With more than 30,000 members, the SLTU is the largest and perhaps the most powerful union in Sierra Leone today. Nonetheless, the union struggles with challenges unheard of in developed countries. It represents teachers in an education system that was ravished by its eleven‐year civil war (1991 to 2002). Not only are working conditions extremely difficult for teachers (classroom overcrowding, lack of educational materials, low pay, and often late pay), the union must negotiate union agreements with the Ministry of Education, which itself has no direct influence on the nation's coffers. Sierra Leone's Ministry of Finance and more importantly, the International Monetary Fund set policies that directly impact the quality of Sierra Leone's education system and its teachers.
EX‐OFFENDERS AND THE LABOR MARKET
Authors: Schmitt John , Warner Kris
Published: March 2011

In 2008, the U.S. had between 12 and 14 million ex‐offenders of working age. Because a prison record or felony conviction greatly lowers ex‐offenders’ prospects in the labor market, we estimate that this large population lowered the total male employment rate in 2008 by 1.5 to 1.7 percentage points. About one in seventeen adult men of working age was an ex‐prisoner and about one in eight was an ex‐felon. In the same year, we estimate that ex‐offenders accounted for the loss of some 1.5 to 1.7 million workers from the U.S. economy. The rise in the ex‐offender population overwhelmingly reflects draconian changes in the U.S. criminal justice system, not changes in underlying criminal activity. Dramatic increases in sentencing, especially for drug‐related offenses, account for the mushrooming of the ex‐offender population documented here. Since higher levels of incarceration are not the result of higher levels of crime, changes in sentencing today can greatly reduce the size of the ex‐offender population in the future. In the absence of reform of the criminal justice system, ex‐offenders in the working‐age population will rise substantially in coming decades, increasing the employment and output losses.
An Elementary Consideration of Humanity? Linking Trade‐Related Intellectual Property Rights to the Human Right to Health in International Law
Authors: Forman Lisa
Published: March 2011

This paper explores methods of achieving linkage in international law between the human right to health and the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)). It explores the relevance to this question of international law's accepted hierarchies, namely jus cogens (peremptory norms), ergo omnes duties (duties “owed to all”) and section 103 of the United Nations (UN) Charter. It argues that these rules collectively prohibit gross violations of any rights including health, and place reasonable limits on all human conduct (including trade) to protect human health and life. It turns to historical support for these assertions, including recent de facto recognition that access to AIDS medicines in Sub‐Saharan Africa presents a legitimate exception to TRIPS rights. The paper further explores interpretive methods in international law for recognizing the prioritized value of human life and health within existing WTO law and dispute settlement processes, including from the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. It concludes that raising health's priority requires a substantive reordering of the normative priorities that drive trade rules. It suggests that a practical strategy for raising the priority of health within decision making by WTO dispute settlement panels and domestic governments is to advance legal argument about health's appropriate location within international law's existing hierarchies.
Development of Stroke Care in Ghana
Authors: Gould Anna , Asare Hetty , Akpalu Albert , Cullen Liz , Easton Sarah , Jarrett David , Johnson Louise , Kirk Hayden , Spice Claire , Williams Jane
Published: March 2011

The burden of stroke in the developing world is huge and growing. In Ghana, located in West Africa, stroke is in the top five causes of death. Disability resulting from stroke creates many challenges to healthcare staff, patients, their families and the wider society. Health professionals from the South West of England, ridge Hospital Accra and Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra formed an international health partnership to share knowledge of stroke management and service development to support the improvement of stroke care in Ghana.
Sex chromosomes behavior and G‐banding treatment of male meiosis in nuptial gift‐giving spiders of the family Trechaleidae
Authors: ALBO Maria J. , POSTIGLIONI Alicia
Published: March 2011

Preliminary genetic studies in Trechaleidae spider family show high variation in sex chromosomes and high heterocigocity, suggesting high chromatin plasticity. The trechaleids Paratrechalea ornata, Trechalea bucculenta and Trechaleoides biocellata are present in Uruguay. Males offering nuptial gifts during courtship have been reported in P. ornata and T. bucculenta but not in T. biocellata. Nuptial gifts are an inherited trait probably highly affected by environmental factors, which play an important role in gene expression. We hypothesize that this trait could be associated with tissue‐specific genes existing in G‐bands. We investigate the male meiosis in these 3 species, their sex chromosome system and the effects of G‐banding on their chromosomes, and elucidate genetic differences among them. Meiotic stages of the 3 species were submitted to Giemsa‐staining and G‐banding treatments. We observed a haploid number of n= 11 in P. ornata and n= 13 in both T. bucculenta and T. biocellata. Males from the 3 species presented an X1X20 sex chromosome system, which is suggested as ancestral in Araneae. In P. ornata and T. bucculenta, both sex chromosomes were together and aligned in parallel until the segregation during anaphase I. In contrast to these species, sex chromosomes of T. biocellata usually remained distant from each other until diakinesis when they were observed associated in parallel disposition. Interstitial G‐bands were similar in P. ornata and T. bucculenta, and they both differed from those in T. biocellata. The special behavior of sex chromosomes in T. biocellata as well as the different G‐banding pattern of this species suggests the existence of novel modifications in this species.
‘Deep engagement’ and disengaged reason
Authors: Smith Karl
Published: March 2011

In this paper, I explore what it would mean to pursue modes of ‘deeper engagement’ and how this might be done without abandoning the capacity for disengaged reasoning. Charles Taylor recognises disengaged reasoning as ‘one of the most important developments of the modern era’ and as essential to the pursuit of the good society, even though (like everything else) when taken to an extreme it corrupts or distorts the modes of being‐in‐the‐world. In A Secular Age, Taylor continues a long‐running critique of disengaged reason and its contributions to the malaise of modernity, focusing especially on its conflictual relationship with religious belief and its central role in the disenchantment of the world. My objective here is to relativise and contextualise the relationship between disengaged and engaged modes of being, in part by exploring some of the ways in which we may be deeply engaged in the world and with one another while also employing the critical faculties that enable us to analyse dispassionately, amongst other things, theistic and other interpretations of being‐in‐the‐world.
Generalization of the Heat Transfer Coefficient Concept for System Simulation
Authors: Sabry Mohamed-Nabil
Published: March 2011

Large progress has been realized in modeling conduction heat transfer problems over the past decade by the introduction of high performance compact thermal models (CTMs) mainly developed for thermal design of complicated electronic systems. The objective of this paper is to generalize these advances to convective heat transfer. A new convective CTM is proposed, which offers many advantages over the traditional approach using the heat transfer coefficient (HTC). The latter is simply a zeroth order CTM. The HTC is quite handy and simple, but with unpredictable errors. It can be suitable for hand calculations of simple systems giving rather crude estimates. For a higher precision, users have no other option than time consuming 3D simulations. For large systems, in terms of number of components, 3D simulations can be rapidly impractical. The CTM bridges the gap between both approaches going gradually from “HTC” levels (low precision and calculations time) at the zeroth order, to 3D simulation precision and computing time levels at large orders. Fortunately, like for conduction, a CTM of order of few tens quickly approaches 3D simulation precision levels, while keeping computation time significantly lower than 3D simulation. Moreover, the CTM approach solves conjugate heat transfer problems in a quite elegant way. A “black box” model, developed for fluid domain alone, can be easily combined with classical CTM conduction models to generate good precision predictions for any combination of fluid/solid domains.
Fabrication of cone-shaped subwavelength structures by utilizing a confined convective self-assembly technique and inductively coupled-plasma reactive-ion etching
Authors: Kim Dae-Seon , Park Min-Su , Jang Jae-Hyung
Published: March 2011

Cone-shaped subwavelength structures (SWSs) were fabricated on a GaAs substrate by utilizing a confined convective self-assembly process followed by inductively coupled-plasma reactive-ion etching. A self-assembled polystyrene monolayer was used as an etch mask for pattern transfer onto the GaAs substrate. The fabricated SWS, having a cone profile with an aspect ratio of 1.5 and a 300 nm pitch, exhibited very low reflectance throughout the solar spectrum range and exhibited wide tolerance to different optical incidence angles. Reflectance of the cone-shaped SWS on the GaAs surface was less than 4% in a spectral range of 300–1000 nm under a normal incidence condition.
Effect of Thermal Radiation on Ignition Time and Critical Temperature of a Single Sodium Droplet
Authors: Alao Felix Ilesanmi , Adegbie Kolawole Sunday , Lawal Matthew Oluwafemi
Published: March 2011

The present study addresses the problem of ignition of a single sodium droplet, which is an important issue for the nuclear facilities safety. The study follows the approach of previous works and extends the results of those papers to the case of radiative heat loss. The contribution of the thermal radiation is taken into account based on the P‐1 approximation for thermal radiation transfer. An extension of solutions of the existing model is obtained in the presence of radiative heat loss for ignition time and critical temperature by exploiting the sensitivity of the process to large chemical activation energy. Different qualitative effects of varying the dimensionless convective heat loss parameter with ignition time and critical temperature are presented in the graphs. The results show that the inclusion of additional heat sink mechanism, that is, radiative heat loss, causes significant delays in the ignition time and reduces the critical temperature with respect to results of previous studies.
Post-Neoliberalism or Deepened Neoliberalism? The Chicago Public Transportation Service and Elite Response during the Great Stagnation
Authors: Farmer Stephanie , Noonan Sean
Published: March 2011

Both mainstream and progressive commentators heralded President Obama’s economic stimulus program as sounding the death knell of the global neoliberal accumulation regime and inaugurating a form of Neo-Keynesianism. Although some funds have been earmarked for urban infrastructure projects, elite actors have used the shock of the crisis as a pretext to delimit and dismantle the public sector. In this article, we examine the case of Chicago’s public transportation in order to evaluate these countervailing forces. On one hand, federal stimulus money has been used to rehabilitate deteriorating public transit infrastructure. On the other hand, the response of local elites to budget shortfalls caused by the current economic crisis has involved support for a combination of service cuts and intensified attacks on unions to “share the burden”. Our study of neoliberalism in Chicago’s public transit sector illustrates how local elites strategically wield the state as an instrument for accumulation, whether by retrenching the role of the state or mobilizing for a more activist role of the state in seeding accumulation.
Sub-Saharan Africa: The Challenge of Integration into the Global Trading System
Authors: Fosu Joseph
Published: March 2011

Developing countries that are integrating quickly into the global trading system are among the fastest growing economies in the world. The impressive economic growth combined with significant reduction in poverty levels in recent years in China and India seem to demonstrate that increased international integration has the potential to spur growth capable of reducing poverty levels in poor countries. In contrast Sub-Saharan Africa appears to have been marginalized. The textile and apparel industry provides ample illustration of the daunting problems that make it difficult for countries in the region to successively engage in the global economy. Being unable to take advantage of the global market economy to promote economic growth and poverty reduction, countries in Sub-Saharan Africa continue to rely on official development assistance (ODA) from rich nations. The challenge for Sub-Saharan Africa is to help spur economic growth by becoming well integrated into the global economy in order to share more fairly in its benefits.
Becoming Indonesians: The Bā 'Alawī in the Interstices of the Nation
Authors: Alatas Ismail Fajrie
Published: March 2011

This paper examines the Bā' Alawī—a group of Hadramī diaspora acknowledged as the descendants of Prophet Muhammad—in post-colonial Indonesia. In particular, it observes the Bā 'Alawī scholars' creative adaptation and manipulation of their Sufi path, tarīqa 'alawiyya, in their attempt to secure their place within the wider imagination of Indonesian nationhood while protecting their distinctive genealogical eminence. In the twentieth century the tarīqa, which had long functioned to secure their identity, differentiate them from others and nurture their diasporic consciousness, proved incompatible with the assimilationist discourse of the nation. Further challenges came from Islamic reformism, preaching egalitarianism increasingly defined public articulation of Islam, confronting the Bā 'Alawī's notion of Islamic authority. The Bā 'Alawī scholars adapted by reshaping of the tarīqa rituals, shifting emphasis on Prophetic piety, expanding the Bā 'Alawī textual community to include local scholars, and the projecting of a new form of Prophetic authority in a framework of hadīth studies. Such shifts were sustained by the construction of a new Bā 'Alawī center in Kwitang, Jakarta, and the cultivation of scholarly networks connecting the Bā 'Alawī and local kyais (Indonesian Islamic scholars). More specifically, this paper observes the career of three Bā 'Alawī scholars and their efforts to reconfigure the discursive practice of the tarīqa in the early decades of the Indonesian republic. By presenting practices recognizable to the dominant modes of Islamic reformism in the country, the Bā 'Alawī succeeded in maintaining their visibility in Sukarno's Indonesia.
Consistency in the Armed Enforcement of Human Rights: A Moral Necessity?
Authors: Dobos Ned
Published: March 2011

There is no denying that international human rights norms are enforced selectively. Some oppressive governments become the targets of military intervention, while the political sovereignty of other, equally oppressive regimes is left intact. My aim in this paper is to determine whether a military operation to defend human rights can possibly be made morally illegitimate by the fact that the state prosecuting it has failed, is failing or will fail to defend human rights under relevantly similar circumstances elsewhere.
Effects of Three Interventions on the Reading Skills of Children With Reading Disabilities in Grade 2
Authors: Gustafson Stefan , Fälth Linda , Svensson Idor , Tjus Tomas , Heimann Mikael
Published: March 2011

In a longitudinal intervention study, the effects of three intervention strategies on the reading skills of children with reading disabilities in Grade 2 were analyzed. The interventions consisted of computerized training programs: One bottom-up intervention aimed at improving word decoding skills and phonological abilities, the second intervention focused on top-down processing on the word and sentence levels, and the third was a combination of these two training programs ( n = 25 in each group). In addition, there were two comparison groups, 25 children with reading disabilities who received ordinary special instruction and 30 age-matched typical readers. All reading disabled participants completed 25 training sessions with special education teachers. All groups improved their reading skills. The group who received combined training showed higher improvements than the ordinary special instruction group and the typical readers. Different cognitive variables were related to treatment gains for different groups. Thus, a treatment combining bottom-up and top-down aspects of reading was the most effective in general, but individual differences among children need to be considered.
A Cautionary Tale: The Acts-Consequence ‘Construct’
Authors: Hatton Peter
Published: March 2011

In 1955 Klaus Koch asserted that the Old Testament, particularly its wisdom literature, has no concept of divine retribution and that humanity simply receives the appropriate fruit of the good or bad deeds we sow. This notion, the so-called acts—consequence construct, has become an important element in a paradigmatic approach to the wisdom books; one which attacks the sages of Proverbs as—strangely enough in view of Koch’s argument—invoking divine retribution to support their, supposedly, self-serving teachings. This article offers some critique of Koch’s original argument but focuses on the misleading way it was appropriated by English-speaking scholars.
Work on significance: Human self-affirmations in Hans Blumenberg
Authors: Goldstein Jürgen
Published: March 2011

One of the achievements of Hans Blumenberg’s historical anthropology is to have reflected on the way individuals can preserve themselves when they come up against points of significance (Bedeutsamkeiten). Goethe’s encounter with Napoleon, in which the poet succeeded in standing up to the emperor at eye level, was of such self-preserving significance. For Blumenberg himself, his sole encounter with Thomas Mann was of comparable significance, since the Nobel prize-winner asserted himself in the face of the ascendant Nazis as the representative of Goethe and the defender of a humane world. Blumenberg likewise sought contact with Carl Schmitt in order to claim his own interpretative sovereignty over Goethe and thereby — following the model of Goethe and Thomas Mann — assert himself against a representative of the Third Reich.
Bring in the social context: Towards an integrated approach to health promotion and prevention
Authors: Thorlindsson Thorolfur
Published: March 2011

Aims: In this paper I take up the quest for an integrated approach to health promotion and prevention that incorporates the social context. I suggest that an integrated theory of public health has to rethink the individual society relationships and move beyond the dominance of socialization theory and individual level analysis. Methods: A theoretical analysis of key issues in an integrated theory of public health. Results: I maintain that we must shift the attention away from the individual to the social organization and the embeddedness of the social actor in the ongoing social networks and relationships; we must pay attention to the definition of levels of analysis and the relationships between them; we must emphasize the social mechanisms that influence people in social relationships and networks and connect various levels; we must reconsider some of the epistemological and methodological ideas that have been taken for granted and pay attention to issues of emergence and reductionism and the use of multiple methods. Conclusions: I conclude by suggesting that if public health is to move forward and develop better theories, and more efficient ways of prevention and health promotion, it needs to move beyond reductionist models of social behaviour and develop a transdisciplinary approach that integrates various elements from different disciplines and different levels of analysis.
Do you feel somewhere in light that your body has no existence? Photographic research with transgendered people and men who have sex with men in West Bengal, India
Authors: Boyce Paul , Hajra Anindya
Published: March 2011

This article explores the terrains within which day-to-day sexualness and subjectivity are conceived, experienced and imagined visually. Photographic research conducted with people of transgender and men who have sex with men in West Bengal, India, explored sexualities as phenomenologically apprehended. This, in turn, offers some critical insights into the representation of male-to-male and trans-sexualities within HIV prevention work and within analysis of social change in India.
The Devil in the Details: A Survey of Research on Satan in Biblical Studies
Authors: Brown Derek R.
Published: March 2011

This article surveys research on the figure of Satan in Jewish and Christian writings from the Old Testament, the Pseudepigrapha, the Qumran literature, and the New Testament. Following an introduction which notes early scholarly ignorance of Satan as a subject in and of itself, the article then proceeds according to the individual writings within the aforementioned groups. The overview will demonstrate that, while certain references to Satan have been discussed more often, typically due to their controversial nature (e.g., 1 Chron. 21.1; Lk. 10.19), others have been largely overlooked and require further consideration.
Rethinking Plasticity: The Politics and Production of the Animated Image
Authors: Furuhata Yuriko
Published: March 2011

Writings on animation have often noted the plastic quality of the image: objects stretch, squash and change forms. Such discussions of the plastic quality of animation tend to equate plasticity with the appearance of the image. This article proposes a rethinking of plasticity in animation, suggesting that it is not simply an attribute of the finished image, but an aspect of the material conditions of its production. Introducing the work of Imamura Taihei and Hanada Kiyoteru, two leftist Japanese intellectuals who wrote on Disney animation during the 1940s and 1950s, and contrasting their work with the writings of their European counterparts, this article will suggest that these Japanese thinkers focus our attention on the importance of Fordism in the production of Disney animation. The work of Imamura and Hanada enables us to critically approach plasticity in animation in terms of the material conditions of the image production within Fordism, thus enabling us to consider plasticity at the level of the medium as well as that of labor.
Woody Abstracted: Film Experiments in the Cartoons of Shamus Culhane
Authors: Klein Tom
Published: March 2011

In his autobiography, animator Shamus Culhane describes the mid-1940s as a period of artistic awakening for him, when he engaged with the works of film theorists such as Russian Formalists Sergei Eisenstein and Vsevolod Pudovkin.Working at that point as a director at the Walter Lantz studio, he resolved to put theory to practice and began experimenting within the Lantz cartoons, taking liberties with approved storyboards to apply modern techniques.Working largely on such commercial fare as Woody Woodpecker cartoons, Culhane had little latitude to create anything that was avant-garde, so he employed a hit-and-run approach, offering moments of musical and filmic experimentation.Although the Woody cartoons might seem an unlikely vehicle for this, this article reveals how the wild and zany Woodpecker characterization provided a fairly ideal opportunity for Culhane’s modernist mischief to blend in with the frenetic vigor of these short films.
Looking beyond symptom relief: evolution of mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Iacucci Marietta , Ghosh Subrata
Published: March 2011

The focus of effective management of inflammatory bowel disease, especially Crohn’s disease, has shifted from short-term symptom control to long-term modification of disease course and complications. Intestinal healing has achieved prominence as a goal of therapy that influences long-term disease course. We review the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease, the markers of disease control that may reflect outcomes and the specific role of mucosal healing. We may aim at better mucosal healing by appropriate choice of therapy, appropriate combinations of therapy and intervening early in the disease course.
Full-azimuth subsurface angle domain wavefield decomposition and imaging: Part 2 — Local angle domain
Authors: Ravve Igor , Koren Zvi
Published: March 2011

We have developed an angle-based system, which defines the interaction between incident and reflected waves at a specific image point. We provide details about the technique used for angle-domain decomposition and imaging; in particular, the creation of two types of 3D subsurface angle gathers, as discussed in Part 1. The system, referred to as local angle domain (LAD) consists of two subsystems: directional and reflection. In the directional subsystem, the orientation of the ray-pair normal is represented by dip and azimuth. The reflection angle system is defined by the opening angle between the phase velocities of the incident and reflected rays, and by the opening azimuth, which describes the orientation of the ray-pair incidence plane measured in the ray-pair reflection plane. The directional angles are defined in a rotated local frame, and the opening azimuth is defined in the ray-pair reflection plane. The vertical axis of the local frame is collinear with a preset background normal to the physical reflection surface at the image point. We derive the forward transform between the directions of the phase velocities of the incident and reflected rays and the LAD angles (used in the imaging process) and its inversion, which is required for modeling and analysis. We derive the transformation of the opening azimuth from the subsurface tilted reflection plane to the global horizontal plane and vice versa. Isotropic and general anisotropic media, pressure waves and converted waves were considered. The relationship between the surface acquisition geometry parameters and the LAD angles at subsurface points below salt is demonstrated using the SEG/EAGE salt model. Rich information about full-azimuth angle-domain illumination can be obtained, taking into consideration the complexity of the overburden model and the limitations of acquisition geometry.
Energy Transfer and trans–cis Isomerization in Dendrimer Aggregates
Authors: Miura Yousuke , Momotake Atsuya , Sato Tomoo , Kanna Yoko , Moriyama Masaya , Nishimura Yoshinobu , Arai Tatsuo
Published: March 2011

Stilbene-cored dendrimers having benzophenone peripheries with alkyl chains formed 1 µm and 4 nm aggregates in methylcyclohexane (MCH) for trans-1 and trans-2, respectively. Even in the aggregates, trans-1 underwent efficient trans–cis photoisomerization from the excited triplet state produced via intramolecular two-step energy transfer.
Self-Embedment of Small Rectangular Parallelepiped Platinum Particle Array in Etch Pits on {100} Planes of Diamond Crystallites
Authors: Ohashi Tatsuya , Sugimoto Wataru , Takasu Yoshio
Published: March 2011

Small platinum particles less than about 200 nm in size with the unique form of a rectangular parallelepiped array were self-embedded in etch pits that were formed through partial gasification of the diamond with hydrogen and the platinum particles on the {100} planes of synthetic diamond crystallites at 1173 K.
The thyroid hormone receptors as tumor suppressors
Authors: Ruiz-Llorente Lidia , Martínez-Iglesias Olaia , García-Silva Susana , Tenbaum Stephan , Regadera Javier , Aranda Ana
Published: March 2011

In addition to the well-known role of the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in growth, development and metabolism, there is increasing evidence that they have profound effects on cell proliferation and malignant transformation. TRs repress transcriptional induction of cyclin D1 by the ras oncogene and block transformation and tumor formation by Ras-transformed fibroblasts in nude mice. Mutant receptors that do not bind coactivators are able to display these actions, whereas receptors defective in corepressors binding are unable to antagonize the responses to the ras oncogene. Furthermore, expression of TRβ1 in hepatocarcinoma and breast cancer cells abolishes anchorage-independent growth and migration, blocks responses to growth factors and represses expression of prometastatic genes, reducing tumor growth and strongly inhibiting invasiveness, extravasation and metastasis formation in euthyroid mice. By contrast, when cells are inoculated into hypothyroid host, tumor growth is retarded, but tumors are more invasive and metastatic growth is enhanced. Increased aggressiveness and tumor growth retardation was also observed with parental cells that do not express TRs, showing that changes secondary to hypothyroidism can modulate tumor progression and metastatic growth independently of the presence of TRs on the tumor cells. Finally, increased malignancy of skin tumors is found in mice lacking TRs, further demonstrating the role of these receptors as inhibitors of tumor progression and suggesting that they represent a potential therapeutic target in cancer.
The corepressor Alien as a novel tumor suppressor?
Authors: Baniahmad Aria
Published: March 2011

Alien has been characterized as a corepressor for nuclear hormone receptors that harbor a silencing domain such as the thyroid hormone receptor (TR), the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) and DAX-1. In addition, the androgen receptor (AR), a steroid hormone receptor, interacts with Alien. Alien enhances gene silencing mediated by TR, VDR and DAX-1, whereas Alien inhibits AR-mediated transactivation. The inhibition of AR by Alien seems to be restricted to cases where AR is bound to AR antagonists. In line with this, Alien inhibits AR target gene expression and human prostate cancer cell proliferation in an antagonist-specific manner indicating that Alien has an inhibitory role for cell cycle progression. Alien mediates gene silencing by recruitment of histone deacetylase activity and interestingly through nucleo-some assembly activity. Hereby, Alien enhances nucleosome positioning mediated by nucleosome assembly protein 1, which suggests a novel molecular mechanism of corepressor function. Using a proteomic approach to identify Alien interacting partners, we detected the cell cycle factor E2F1 to bind to Alien in vivo. The E2F1-mediated transactivation and E2F target gene expression is inhibited by Alien, and in line with this Alien is observed to repress cell cycle progression.
The antihormonal preventive therapy of breast cancer and prostate cancer
Authors: Senn Hans-Jörg , Morant Rudolf , Otto Florian
Published: March 2011

With the continuing increase of median life expectancy of important segments of the world's population, cancer incidence, as well as cancer related morbidity and mortality, are constantly increasing, especially for developing countries and for breast and prostate cancer, the predominant gender-associated cancer types. In addition to continuing, with more and more expensive efforts to develop new and more effective cancer treatments, it is health-politically and medico-professionally important to realise that only successful approaches to primary cancer prevention of major and frequent cancer types will be able to change this socially and economically unfavourably outlook. It is therefore encouraging to see that primary (or pharmacologic, interventional) cancer prevention programs have been successfully developed over the past decade for individuals at elevated risk for breast and prostate cancer on the basis of several scientifically well-conducted, prospective chemoprevention trials, mainly with synthetic anti-hormones (anti-estrogens and anti-androgens) in the USA, in Europe and Australia. This paper summarises the presently published results and design of several completed and some currently running primary cancer prevention trials in breast cancer and prostate cancer, and also points to the important obstacles for their conduct and translation into general practice in the broader populations at risk outside of clinical prevention research.
Estrogen signalling through amphiregulin may be implicated in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Carruba Giuseppe , Miceli Vitale , Cocciadiferro Letizia , Zarcone Maurizio , Agostara Biagio , Montalto Giuseppe , Granata Orazia M.
Published: March 2011

Background: We investigated aromatase (Aro)-driven estrogen formation in non-tumoral and malignant liver tissues and cells, also in relation to expression of the estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ) and amphiregulin (AREG), aiming to gain insights into the potential role of estrogens in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Materials and methods: Chromatographic and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses were used to assess activity and expression of the Aro enzyme and AREG as well as the expression of wild-type and variant ERs, both in vivo and in vitro.

Results: Following 24 h and 72 h incubation of liver tissues or cells with testosterone, human HCC tissues and HepG2 hepatoma cells showed elevated Aro activity (estrogen formation, respectively, of 20% and 52%–99%). By contrast, no Aro activity could be detected in non-tumoral tissues and HA22T liver cancer cells. Cirrhotic samples and Huh7 cells exhibited intermediate enzyme activity, with estrogen formation of 4% and 34%, respectively. Markedly lower or undetectable Aro mRNA levels were observed in HA22T cells and non-tumoral liver tissues compared with HepG2 cells and HCC samples. Cirrhotic specimens displayed variable transcript levels. Interestingly, no or low expression of wild-type ERα and ERβ could be observed in liver cancer cells and malignant tissues. However, ubiquitous expression of the hERα46 variant and occasional expression of the hERβ2/Cx variant were observed in cancer tissues and cells.

Conclusions: It is noteworthy that the pattern of wild-type ERα was inversely related to Aro, whilst AREG expression was consistently associated with that of Aro. This combined evidence suggests that locally elevated Aro activity may increase malignant cell proliferation also through AREG signalling.
The polysemy of the German suffix ‑er: aspects of its origin and development
Authors: Müller Peter O.
Published: March 2011

The nominal suffix ‑er is polysemous in contemporary German. It is not only used for the formation of terms designating persons (Maler ‘artist’) but also animals (Würger ‘shrike’), objects (Entsafter ‘juicer’) and events (Seufzer ‘sigh’). Until now, there has been little research into the way this polysemy has developed in the course of German language history. The central theme of this article is the reconstruction of its origin and development from Old High German onwards. It will be demonstrated that the various meanings of ‑er occur as a result of different strands of development, for which both language contact phenomena and semantic change have been decisive.
Polysemy and productivity in German
Authors: Scherer Carmen
Published: March 2011

In this paper, agent polysemy in German will be discussed in the framework of lexical semantics as outlined in Lieber (2004). I will show that Lieber’s explanation of agent polysemy works fine for German ‑er derivation as far as agent, instrument and patient nouns are concerned. It also helps us to understand differences in frequency and productivity of the different semantic groups. However, I will argue that Lieber’s framework is not yet elaborate enough to account for German event derivatives such as Hüpfer ‘hop’.
Medicamentos de dispensação excepcional: histórico e gastos do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil
Authors: Carias Claudia Mezleveckas , Vieira Fabíola Sulpino , Giordano Carlos V , Zucchi Paola
Published: March 2011

OBJETIVO: Descrever aspectos técnicos do Programa de Medicamentos de Dispensação em Caráter Excepcional do Ministério de Saúde do Brasil, especialmente em relação aos gastos com os medicamentos distribuídos. MÉTODOS: Os aspectos técnicos foram obtidos por meio de consulta a todas as portarias que regulamentaram o Programa. Gastos no período de 2000 a 2007 foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram analisados os medicamentos dispensados de 1993 a 2009, quantidades e valor de cada procedimento informados nas autorizações de procedimentos de alta complexidade para cada estado. RESULTADOS: O Programa mudou, com aumento do número de fármacos e apresentações farmacêuticas distribuídas e de doenças contempladas. Eram distribuídos 15 fármacos em 31 diferentes apresentações farmacêuticas em 1993, passando para 109 fármacos em 243 apresentações em 2009. Os gastos totais do Ministério da Saúde com medicamentos somaram, em 2007, R$ 1.410.181.600,74, quase o dobro do valor gasto em 2000: R$ 684.975.404,43. Algumas das doenças que representaram maiores gastos nesse período foram: insuficiência renal crônica, transplante e hepatite C. CONCLUSÕES: O Programa de Medicamentos de Dispensação em Caráter Excepcional está em constante transformação, visando aprimorar os instrumentos e estratégias que assegurem e ampliem o acesso da população aos medicamentos. Devem-se buscar alternativas para reduzir o impacto financeiro do Programa para que não haja prejuízos às outras áreas do sistema de saúde, dado o custo elevado das novas tecnologias.
Validade e fidedignidade de uma escala de avaliação do apoio social para a atividade física
Authors: Reis Mariana Silva dos , Reis Rodrigo Siqueira , Hallal Pedro Curi
Published: March 2011

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a validade e a fidedignidade da versão brasileira da escala de apoio social para a prática de atividades físicas em adultos. MÉTODOS: A escala foi aplicada em conjunto com um questionário multidimensional face a face em 1.461 indivíduos com idade entre 18 e 79 anos residentes em Curitiba, PR, entre abril e julho de 2009. O questionário foi submetido à testagem de validade (fatorial e construto) e fidedignidade (consistência interna e reprodutibilidade). A fidedignidade foi verificada pela consistência interna, pelo alfa de Cronbach, pelo procedimento de teste-reteste com uma semana de intervalo (n = 74) e pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. RESULTADOS: A análise fatorial resultou em quatro fatores com autovalores entre 4,29 e 1,39 que explicaram 82,8% da variância total. Nos fatores 1 e 2, ficaram agrupadas as questões sobre apoio social recebido dos amigos para atividades físicas moderadas a vigorosas e caminhada, respectivamente. Os fatores 3 e 4 foram constituídos dos agrupamentos do apoio social recebido da família, para atividades físicas moderadas a vigorosas e caminhada, respectivamente. A reprodutibilidade apresentou coeficiente de correlação intraclasse entre 0,63 e 0,80 e consistência interna alfa entre 0,87 e 0,91. A validade de construto foi constatada pela associação significativa (p < 0,005) entre os escores de apoio social com caminhada e atividades físicas moderadas a vigorosas. CONCLUSÕES: O instrumento testado apresentou características psicométricas adequadas para emprego em adultos brasileiros.