bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis of clinical hyponatremia: observations of vasopressin and fluid intake in 100 hyponatremic medical patients
Authors: GROSS P. A. , PEHRISCH H. , RASCHER W. , SCHÖMIG A. , HACKENTHAL E. , RITZ E.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The pathogenesis of hyponatremia remains debated; therefore, we determined the roles of plasma vasopressin, fluid intake and renal free water excretion in hyponatremic medical patients. We evaluated 100 consecutive hypo‐osmolar hyponatremic patients (PNa = 127 ± 0·7 mm l−1) in a prospective manner. We observed: (i) hyponatremia was often found in association with advanced congestive cardiac failure (twenty‐five of 100 patients), liver cirrhosis (16%) and primary volume contraction (29%). There was a 17% in‐hospital mortality of hyponatremic patients. This was primarily related to the severity of underlying illnesses rather than to hyponatremia per se. (ii) The most consistently observed laboratory finding of hyponatremia was non‐osmotic vasopressin stimulation; mean observed PADH was 4·7 ± 0·7 pg ml−1 and vasopressin was detectable by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 91% of all patients. (iii) In addition to vasopressin stimulation we also found evidence of advanced ‘circulatory underfilling’ in most hyponatremic patients. (iv) Mean urinary osmolality was hypertonic to plasma (441 ± 17·4 mOsm kg H2O−1). This applied to patients with hyponatremic cardiac failure, liver cirrhosis and volume contraction. Almost all of these patients received high ceiling diuretics. (v) Spontaneous mean daily fluid intake was 2·4 ± 0·2 1.

In summary, our findings suggest that disturbances of vasopressin, fluid intake and renal free water excretion co‐operate in the pathogenesis of hyponatremia. In clinical states of advanced circulatory underfilling the occurrence of hyponatremia indicates a poor prognosis of the patient.
Iron uptake by rat duodenal microvillous membrane vesicles: evidence for a carrier mediated transport system
Authors: STREMMEL W. , LOTZ G. , NIEDERAU C. , TESCHKE R. , STROHMEYER G.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The mechanism of iron translocation from intestinal lumen to portal plasma is poorly understood. To examine these processes, uptake of Fe2+ and Fe3+ by rat duodenal microvillous membrane vesicles prepared by a Ca2+ precipitation procedure was studied. Membrane aliquots were incubated with increasing concentrations of 59FeCl3 in the presence of a one‐thousand‐fold molar excess of citrate or 59FeSO4 with a twenty‐fold molar excess of L‐ascorbic acid. After various time intervals the incubation reaction was stopped by addition of 0·1 mM FeCl3 (4°C), and uptake of 59Fe was determined by a vacuum filtration assay. Initial uptake velocity of 59FeCl3 and 59FeSO4 was determined from the slope of the cumulative uptake curves, which was linear for the first 60 s. Initial uptake rates of both, 59Fe3+ and 59Fe2+ revealed an identical saturable uptake component with a Km of 19–22 nm and a Vmax of 8 pmol min−1 mg protein−1. In addition, transport of Fe2+ revealed a linear unspecific uptake phase, which was predominant at high substrate concentrations. Saturable uptake of Fe2+ and Fe3+ was temperature dependent, and significantly reduced by trypsin pretreatment of the microvillous membrane vesicles, indicating the involvement of a protein in the uptake process. This suggestion was pursued by isolation of an iron binding protein from duodenal brushborder membranes. After solubilization of microvillous plasma membranes with 1% Triton × 100, affinity chromatography of the membrane protein mixture over an iron chelate gel derived from epoxy activated Sepharose and elution with 50 mm EDTA yielded a single 52 000 dalton protein. The protein co‐chromatographed over an Ultro‐Pac TSK G 3000SW HPLC column together with 59FeCl3 and 59FeSO4. It showed no immunologic activity to rabbit antibodies against whole rat serum or rat transferrin. Furthermore, by photoaffinity labelling technique a single iron binding protein with a molecular weight of about 52 000 dalton was identified in microvillous membranes of the rat duodenum. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that intestinal iron absorption is mediated by a specific carrier‐dependent transport system.
Postsynaptic α1‐ and α2‐adrenoceptors in human blood vessels: interactions with exogenous and endogenous catecholamines
Authors: JIE K. , VAN BRUMMELEN P. , VERMEY P. , TIMMERMANS P. B. M. W. M. , VAN ZWIETEN P. A.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The relative efficacy of epinephrine and norepinephrine on vascular α1‐ and (α2‐adrenoceptors and also the difference in vasoconstriction induced by exogenous norepinephrine as opposed to neuronally released norepinephrine were studied in the forearm of healthy volunteers. Intra‐arterial cumulative dose infusions of epinephrine and norepinephrine (0·6, 1·6 and 4·0 ng kg−1 min−1) were given in the presence of saline, the selective α1‐antagonist doxazosin (0·1 μg kg min−1) the selective α2‐antagonist yohimbine (1·0 μg kg min−1) and the combination of both antagonists. β‐Adrenoceptor‐mediated effects were prevented by a concomitant i.a. infusion of propranolol (10 μg kg−1 min−1). Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured before each infusion and at the end of each dose step. Neuronal norepinephrine was released by i.a. infusion of tyramine in three cumulative doses (0·25, 0·50 and 1·25 μg kg−1 min−1) and by lower body negative pressure (LBNP, − 40 mmHg for 5 min). Changes in FBF were measured without and with concomitant i.a. infusions of the aforementioned doses of doxazosin and yohimbine. In the LBNP experiment the opposite arm was used as a control. Forearm blood flow was measured by plethysmography. Epinephrine and norepinephrine induced an equal and dose‐dependent vasoconstriction, which was significantly inhibited by doxazosin as well as yohimbine and to a greater extent by the combination of the antagonists. No differences were found between epinephrine and norepinephrine in this respect. Intra‐arterial tyramine induced a dose‐dependent vasoconstriction, which was inhibited by both doxazosin and yohimbine. The tyramine‐induced vasoconstriction was more effectively blocked by doxazosin than by yohimbine whereas the reverse was found for the vasoconstriction induced by infusion of norepinephrine. Lower body negative pressure produced a similar vasoconstriction in both arms. This vasoconstriction was not influenced by yohimbine, but was significantly inhibited by doxazosin. It is concluded that vasoconstriction induced by exogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine is due to stimulation of both α1‐ and α2‐adrenoceptors and that neuronally released norepinephrine preferentially activates postsynaptic α1‐adrenoceptors. Moreover, epinephrine and norepinephrine have similar relative efficacies on both α‐adrenoceptor subtypes. These data support the view that postsynaptic α1‐adrenoceptors are predominantly located intrasynaptically whereas postsynaptic α2‐adrenoceptors are predominantly located extrasynaptically. It can also be reasoned that norepinephrine rather than epinephrine is responsible for α2‐adrenoceptor mediated basal vascular tone.
Severe sodium restriction alone and with potassium supplementation does not alter blood lipoproteins in essential hypertension
Authors: KJELDSEN S. E. , TAYLOR I. , WESTHEIM A. , FOSS O. P. , LEREN P. , EIDE I. K.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Seventeen 50‐year‐old men, previously untreated and all with mild to moderate essential hypertension, were given a low sodium diet for 2 weeks. During the second week, the diet was supplemented with potassium. Urinary excretion of Na+ decreased from 201 ± 11 to 24 ± 5 and 19 ± 4 mmol 24 h−1, respectively, after 1 and 2 weeks (means ± SE) while the urinary Na+: K+ ratio changed from 2:1 to 1:4 and 1:11. Despite significant changes in blood pressure, body weight, serum electrolytes, sympathetic noradrenergic tone, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit, no significant change appeared in serum total cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol or triglycerides. Thus, low sodium diet alone and combined with potassium supplementation seems neutral to blood lipoproteins in the treatment of essential hypertension.
Campylobacter pylori: prospective analysis of clinical and histological factors associated with colonization of the upper gastrointestinal tract
Authors: BÖRSCH G. , SCHMIDT G. , WEGENER M. , SANDMANN M. , ADAMEK R. , LEVERKUS F. , REITEMEYER E.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The association of Campylobacter pylori (C.p.) colonization of the upper gastrointestinal tract with five predefined anamnestic variables, seven symptoms of dyspepsia, and various blindly evaluated histological criteria, was prospectively investigated in a consecutive series of 149 patients submitted to upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy. Colonization was determined by biopsy urease tests and histological searches. Significant differences (P < 005) between C.p.‐positive and C.p.‐negative patients were found for smoker status and the frequency of therapy with ulcer‐healing drugs (positive association with C.p.) and antibiotics (negative association), but not for any other of the anamnestic data or symptoms. These data were further submitted to stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses. Concerning histological findings, C.p. colonization was significantly associated with the degree of antrum and body gastritis (P < 0·01), and also with lymphocellular infiltration in antrum and body biopsies and neutrophil cellular grading in gastric antra. We conclude that C.p. colonization of the upper gastrointestinal tract is associated with gastritic change of the antrum and, albeit to a lesser extent, of the body mucosa. However, a specific pattern of symptoms to predict C.p. colonization could not be established.
Altered bile acid profiles in duodenal bile and urine in diabetic subjects
Authors: ANDERSÉN E. , KARLAGANIS G. , SJÖVALL J.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The bile acid composition in duodenal bile was analysed in 22 diet‐treated and 11 insulin‐treated middle‐aged patients with diabetes mellitus and in 20 normoglycaemic controls. In 10 subjects with diabetes mellitus the bile acid profile in urine was also investigated. In the non‐insulin‐dependent diabetic patients the percentage of cholic acid was reduced and that of deoxycholic acid increased. As a highly significant finding there was a three‐fold increase of the percentage of 12‐ketolithocholic acid in duodenal bile in non‐insulin‐dependent diabetics, whereas the bile acid composition in insulin‐dependent diabetics was similar to that in a control group.

The percentage of 12‐ketolithocholic acid in duodenal bile was positively correlated to the percentage in urine. In nine of the subjects studied, 12‐ketolithocholic acid was the major individual bile acid in urine. It constituted 36·3 ± 4·4% of the bile acids analysed and the excretion was 6·1 ± 2·3 μmol 24 h−1. Together with 3α, 12β‐dihydroxy‐5β‐cholanoic acid it was predominantly present in the glycine conjugate fraction, whereas in bile its conjugation was similar to that of the other bile acids.

The results may reflect an increased formation of secondary bile acids from cholic acid combined with a metabolic disturbance in non‐insulin‐dependent diabetics affecting the oxidoreduction of bile acids at C‐12.
Plasma BGP: an indicator of spontaneous bone loss and of the effect of oestrogen treatment in postmenopausal women
Authors: JOHANSEN JULIA S. , RIIS B. J. , DELMAS P. D. , CHRISTIANSEN C.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. One hundred and ninety‐one healthy early postmenopausal women, aged 45–54 years, were randomized to 2 years of treatment with (a) percutaneous 17β‐oestradiol combined with progesterone (n = 29) or placebo (n = 28); (b) oral oestradiol valerate combined with cyproterone acetate (n = 37) or placebo (n = 39); (c) 24R, 25 (OH)2D3 (n = 29) or placebo (n = 29). We measured the plasma bone Gla‐protein (BGP), bone mineral content of the proximal forearms (BMC), bone mineral density in the spine (BMDspine) and total body bone mineral (TBBM) in all the women before, and during, the study. In the groups of women receiving the oestrogen preparations, the plasma BGP decreased highly significantly (P < 0·001) to a premenopausal level. The initial plasma BGP concentration was significantly related to the loss of BMC (P < 0001) in the placebo groups. The changes in plasma BGP were an indicator of the oestrogen response on BMC. We conclude that serial determinations of plasma BGP are useful for determination of the effect of oestrogen therapy in groups of patients, and that plasma BGP measured at the time of the menopause indicates what the rate of bone loss will be.
Low production of procollagen III by skin fibroblasts from patients with Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome type IV is not caused by decreased levels of procollagen III mRNA
Authors: AUMAILLEY MONIQUE , PÖSCHL E. , MARTIN G. R. , YAMADA Y. , MÜLLER P. K.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome type IV represents a heterogeneous group of diseases, the molecular defect of which seems to reside in a defective synthesis and processing of collagen III. Here we present data concerning both protein and mRNA levels of collagens I and III in cell cultures established from skin of nine patients and six controls. All patients investigated were characterized by a reduced amount of procollagen III in fibroblast cultures. However, the levels of collagen III propeptides, measured by a radioimmunoassay in culture medium of fibroblasts from the patients, were either decreased or in the range of control levels. Using hybridization with cDNA probes specific for pro α1 (I) and pro α1 (III) collagen chains we determined the ratios of procollagens I and III mRNA. Although synthesis of procollagen III was markedly reduced in fibroblasts of all patients studied, no parallel decrease of procollagen III specific mRNA was found. However, two distinctive groups of patients were identified, one with an unaltered ratio of procollagen I/III mRNA and the other which had an even higher proportion of collagen III mRNA.
Evolution of the population of very strong Mg II absorbers
Authors: Rodríguez Hidalgo Paola , Wessels Kaylan , Charlton Jane C. , Narayanan Anand , Mshar Andrew , Cucchiara Antonino , Jones Therese
Published: December 2012

We present a study of the evolution of several classes of Mg ii absorbers, and their corresponding Fe ii absorption, over a large fraction of cosmic history: 2.3–8.7 Gyr from the big bang. Our sample consists of 87 strong ( Å) Mg ii absorbers, with redshifts 0.2 < z < 2.5, measured in 81 quasar spectra obtained from the Very Large Telescope/Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph archives of high-resolution spectra (R ∼ 45 000). No evolutionary trend in is found for moderately strong Mg ii absorbers ( Å). However, at lower redshifts we find an absence of very strong Mg ii absorbers (those with Å) with small ratios of equivalent widths of Fe ii to Mg ii. At high redshifts, very strong Mg ii absorbers with both small and large values are present. We compare our findings to a sample of 100 weak Mg ii absorbers ( Å) found in the same quasar spectra by Narayanan et al.

The main effect driving the evolution of very strong Mg ii systems is the difference between the kinematic profiles at low and high redshift. At high redshift, we observe that, among the very strong Mg ii absorbers, all of the systems with small ratios of Wr(Fe II)/Wr(Mg II) have relatively large velocity spreads, resulting in less saturated profiles. At low redshift, such kinematically spread systems are absent, and both Fe ii and Mg ii are saturated, leading to Wr(Fe II)/Wr(Mg II) values that are all close to 1. The high redshift, small Wr(Fe II)/Wr(Mg II) systems could correspond to sub-damped Lyman α systems, many of which have large velocity spreads and are possibly linked to superwinds in star-forming galaxies. In addition to the change in saturation due to kinematic evolution, the smaller Wr(Fe II)/Wr(Mg II) values could be due to a lower abundance of Fe at high redshifts, which would indicate relatively early stages of star formation in those environments.
Promoting Resilient Livelihoods through Adaptive Social Protection: Lessons from 124 programmes in South Asia
Authors: Davies Mark , Béné Christophe , Arnall Alexander , Tanner Thomas , Newsham Andrew , Coirolo Cristina
Published: December 2012

Adaptive Social Protection refers to efforts to integrate social protection (SP), disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA), the need for which is increasingly recognised by practitioners and academics. Relying on 124 agricultural programmes implemented in five countries in Asia, this article considers how these elements are being brought together, and explores the potential gains of these linkages. It shows that full integration is still relatively limited but that, when it occurs, it helps to shift the time horizon beyond short‐term interventions aimed at supporting peoples' coping strategies and/or graduation objectives, towards longer‐term interventions that can help promote transformation towards climate and disaster resilient livelihood options.
Back under the Microscope: Insights from Evidence on Budget Support
Authors: Tavakoli Heidi , Smith Gregory
Published: December 2012

This article analyses evidence for each of the expected benefits of budget support in turn, and finds the biggest improvements in the pro‐poor nature of public expenditure and public financial management. More modest improvements are noted in the predictability of aid and the burden of transaction costs, while less is known about the real effects on domestic accountability. Underlying them all is an assessment that programmes are incapable of ‘buying’ reforms. Drawing on the analysis, seven areas are highlighted where budget support design can be strengthened vis‐à‐vis its original rationale.
“Secure in our Identity”: Regional Threat and Opportunity in Australian Election Discourse, 1993 and 1996
Authors: Brookes Stephanie Younane
Published: December 2012

Anxiety about the Asia‐Pacific region has held an evocative place in the Australian imagination, and has featured in federal elections since Federation. This article explores discussions of regional opportunity and threat in the spoken campaign language of Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating, and his Liberal opponents, in the 1993 and 1996 elections. This language forms part of an ongoing project by Australian political leaders to provide voters with a secure identity by managing regional threat: from extending “civilisation” in the first half of the twentieth century; to the image of Australia as a benevolent stabilising force in an unstable region following the Second World War; and the contested frameworks of engagement and opportunity from the 1980s onwards. While specific constructions of regional threat have changed since federation, leaders' discursive reassurances have remained remarkably consistent over 110 years.
Educating Girls in Early Twentieth‐Century Iran: A Study of a Baha'i School
Authors: ZABIHI‐MOGHADDAM SIYAMAK
Published: December 2012

In the first decades of the twentieth century, the Baha'is of Iran were actively engaged in establishing schools for girls. This article provides a case study of one such school in a provincial town: Sa‘adat‐i banat in Najafabad. The study sheds light on how the Baha'i community and the wider public responded to the school and on the nature of its impact. The case highlights the challenges that surrounded schooling of girls and illustrates the greater readiness of the Baha'is to support female education compared with the majority Muslim population. What made the crucial difference was not their material and human resources but rather the values that they espoused. The study also shows that in spite of their status as a stigmatized community, the Baha'is were able to make an important contribution to promoting girls' schooling. Among the Baha'is, the experience with the school contributed to their commitment to female education.
Underground Movement in a Missionary Church: The Baha'i Faith in British Cameroons, 1952–19621
Authors: LEE ANTHONY A.
Published: December 2012

Today about one million Baha'is live in Africa. The Baha'i Faith was introduced to the British Cameroons in the early 1950s and spread as a new movement within the networks of the Basel Mission, a Swiss Presbyterian missionary society. Enoch Olinga, an educated African convert from Uganda, was able to act at the centre of the movement without outside supervision and invent new forms of Baha'i identity. His successes are examined, as well as the responses of European missionaries and lay African Christians. African traditional religious practices may have also contributed to rapid Baha'i conversions.
The Islamic Revolution's Internal Other: The Case of Ayatollah Khomeini and the Baha'is of Iran1
Authors: YAZDANI MINA
Published: December 2012

This article supports the thesis that the Islamist movement in Iran that climaxed with the Islamic Revolution of 1979 defined itself primarily as a movement against Baha'is as the country's internal “Other.” Through examining the works of Ayatollah Khomeini, this study shows that similar to Friedlaender's notion of “redemptive anti‐Semitism” in Nazi Germany, for Khomeini, the Muslim nation of Iran could only be saved by purging Baha'is. Khomeini's “Othering” of Baha'is is an example of Bauman's “anti‐grammar” of Selfing/Othering in which the Other must be annihilated for a system of “pure” sameness to be created. “Subverting” the distinctions among Baha'is, agents of imperialism, Jews, Zionists, and Israel, Khomeini constructed a chain of equivalent identities among different elements seen as expressing a certain sameness — enmity to Islam and Iran. With the construction of this chain of equivalent identities, the struggle to eradicate Baha'is was transformed into a struggle to overthrow the Pahlavi regime.
Analysing responses to climate change through the lens of reflexivity
Authors: Davidson Debra
Published: December 2012

Sociologists are increasingly directing attention toward social responses to climate change. As is true of any new field of inquiry, theoretical frameworks guiding the research to date have room for improvement. One advance could be achieved through closer engagement with Reflexivity Theory, particularly the work ofMargaretArcher, who asks just how individuals come to give attention to certain problems, and formulate responses to them. Individuals vary significantly in regard to their understanding of and concern for anthropogenic climate change, and these standpoints in turn influence commitment to mitigation and adaptation. The emergent social interactions among all such agents in turn influence the morphogenetic trajectories through which social structures will evolve, but the role of ‘meta‐reflexives’ is particularly crucial. Identifying pathways of individual climate change reflexivity can make a valuable contribution to our understanding of the potential for and nature of collective responses. In this paper, I explore climate change reflexivity, with particular attention to climate change meta‐reflexives, through a qualitative analysis of personal interviews with residents of two small communities inAlberta,Canada.ApplyingReflexivityTheory to this context articulates dimensions of reflexive processing not elaborated in current theoretical treatments, including future outlook and comfort with uncertainty, among others.
Object‐oriented sociology and organizing in the face of emergency:BrunoLatour,GrahamHarman and the material turn
Authors: Pierides Dean , Woodman Dan
Published: December 2012

This paper explores the material turn in sociology and the tools it provides for understanding organizational problems highlighted by theRoyalCommission into the 2009 ‘BlackSaturday’ bushfires during which 173 people died in theAustralianState ofVictoria. Often inspired byBrunoLatour's material‐semiotic sociology of associations, organization scholars employing these tools focus on the messy details of organization otherwise overlooked by approaches assuming a macroscopic frame of analysis. InLatour's approach no object is reducible to something else – such as nature, the social, or atoms – it is instead a stabilized set of relations. ALatourian approach allows us to highlight how theRoyalCommission and macroscopic models of organizing do unwitting damage to their objects of inquiry by purifying the ‘natural’ from the ‘social’. Performative elements in their schemas are mistaken for descriptive ones. However, a long standing critique of this approach claims that it becomes its own form of reduction, to nothing but relations.GrahamHarman, in his object‐oriented philosophy develops this critique by showing that a ‘relationist’ metaphysics cannot properly accommodate the capacity of ‘objects’ to cause or mediate surprises. Through our case of theVictorianBushfiresRoyalCommission, we argue that a purely relational model of objects loosens a productive tension between the structural and ephemeral that drives sociological analysis. By drawing on elements ofHarman's ontology of objects we argue that it is necessary for material‐semiotic sociology to retain a central place for the emergence of sociological objects.
Community organization moderates the effect of alcohol outlet density on violence
Authors: Pridemore William Alex , Grubesic Tony H.
Published: December 2012

There is growing evidence from multiple disciplines that alcohol outlet density is associated with community levels of assault. Based on the theoretical and empirical literatures on social organization and crime, we tested the hypothesis that the association between alcohol outlet density and neighbourhood violence rates is moderated by social organization. Using geocoded police data on assaults, geocoded data on the location of alcohol outlets, and controlling for several structural factors thought to be associated with violence rates, we tested this hypothesis employing negative binomial regression with our sample of 298 block groups in Cincinnati. Our results revealed direct effects of alcohol outlet density and social organization on assault density, and these effects held for different outlet types (i.e., off‐premise, bars, restaurants) and levels of harm (i.e., simple and aggravated assaults). More importantly, we found that the strength of the outlet‐assault association was significantly weaker in more socially organized communities. Subsequent analyses by level of organization revealed no effects of alcohol outlet density on aggravated assaults in organized block groups, but significant effects in disorganized block groups. We found no association between social (dis)organization and outlet density. These results clarify the community‐level relationship between alcohol outlets and violence and have important implications for municipal‐level alcohol policies.
Cops, Teachers, and the Art of the Impossible: Explaining the Lack of Diffusion of Innovations That Make Impossible Jobs Possible
Authors: Maranto Robert , Wolf Patrick J.
Published: December 2012

In their 1990 book Impossible Jobs in Public Management, Erwin C. Hargrove and John C. Glidewell argue that public agencies with limited legitimacy, high conflict, low professional authority, and weak agency myths have essentially impossible jobs. Yet some such positions have proven operationally possible. For example, over a 17‐year period, the New York City Police Department achieved dramatic reductions in crime. A second impossible job discussed by James Q. Wilson, the urban school superintendent, has also proven possible, with Washington, D.C., having considerable success educating disadvantaged children. However, these successes in urban crime control and public schooling have not been widely copied. Building on the work of Manuel P. Teodoro, the authors use these cases to discuss how the inflexibility of personnel systems and political costs of disruptive reforms combine with the professional norms and progressive ambition of agency leaders to limit the diffusion of innovations in law enforcement and schooling. The article concludes with hypotheses for future testing.
Repositioning American Public Administration? Citizen Estrangement, Administrative Reform, and the Disarticulated State
Authors: Durant Robert F. , Ali Susannah Bruns
Published: December 2012

Levels of citizen estrangement from government in the United States have risen rather consistently since the late 1960s and have reached all‐time highs in recent years. Evidence is accumulating in political science research to suggest that public administrative theory may have contributed to this trend since the Progressive Era in the early 1900s. The authors develop this thesis by arguing that administrative theory in the United States has persistently portrayed public managers as “bridge builders” who link an expertise‐challenged citizenry to government in ways that emphasize bureaucratic over democratic administration. Moreover, despite claims of yet another “new” paradigmatic shift for the field, collaborative governance scholarship to date exhibits similar tendencies. To support this argument, the authors assess the common citizen‐marginalizing tendencies of three sets of administrative reforms in American public administration: the progressive, associationalist, and polycentric heritages. They offer counterarguments to this thesis and call for critical self‐reflection by the field and a more empirically robust research agenda on this topic.
Bi‐directional relationship between pregnancy and periodontal disease
Authors: Armitage Gary C.
Published: December 2012

During pregnancy profound perturbations in innate and adaptive immunity impact the clinical course of a number of infectious diseases, including those affecting periodontal tissues. Conversely, it has been suggested that periodontal infections may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this review, a summary of the literature associated with the bidirectional relationship between pregnancy and periodontal disease as well as the possible mechanisms behind this interaction were examined.
Decreased bone mineral density and periodontal management
Authors: Reddy Michael S. , Morgan Sarah L.
Published: December 2012

The definition of osteoporosis has evolved beyond low bone mineral density to include impaired bone morphology and matrix properties. As such, the subsequent bone density insufficiencies extend beyond the skeletal risks of fracture and have implications for oral health management patients. As our population ages there is a worldwide increase in the risk of decreased bone mineral density and its subsequent morbidity. This makes age an independent risk factor for fracture and decreased bone mineral density. Multiple examinations and diagnostic tests are currently used in combination to develop an algorithm to assess osteoporotic risk. Oral health care professionals should follow these principles and caution should be used in applying a single independent assessment to determine a patient's osteoporotic or bone metabolism risk. Therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis are often divided into nonpharmacological interventions and pharmacological therapies. The periodontist and other oral health care professionals should have a full understanding of the therapeutic options, benefits and implementation of preventive therapies. Bone turnover is a coupled event of bone formation and bone resorption and it is the imbalance of this homeostasis that results in osteoporosis. Based on this uncoupling of bone resorption and formation, osteoporosis or decreased bone mineral density and osteopenia, may be a risk factor for alveolar bone loss in periodontitis. The role of prevention and maintenance with a history of periodontitis and oesteopenia extends beyond biofilm control and should include management of bone mineral density. The chronic periodontal infection in a patient with osteopenia may place the patient at greatly increased risk for alveolar bone loss, gingival recession and root caries. A key component in the management is the oral health professional's knowledge of the interrelationship between skeletal health and periodontal health.
Physiology of the female reproductive axis
Authors: Bates G. Wright , Bowling Meaghan
Published: December 2012

The female reproductive system contains two principal components: the uterus, which supports the developing fetus, and the ovaries, which produce the female gametes. This manuscript will review how the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary and uterus are integrated into the female reproductive system. The endocrinology of pregnancy, as well as a cursory overview of reproductive pathology, will be presented in each section. In addition, the most common endocrinopathy in women, polycystic ovarian syndrome, as well as the early loss of reproductive function, premature ovarian failure, will receive special mention.
Periodontal disease in men
Authors: Haytac M. Cenk , Ozcelik Onur , Mariotti Angelo
Published: December 2012

In relation to periodontal diseases associated with sex‐steroid hormones, men have been the forgotten sex. It is not surprising that there has been less scrutiny of the effects of sex‐steroid hormones in men considering the more striking changes that occur in women during different periods of their life. Despite the gingival inflammatory changes reported in women, men have been reported to have a higher prevalence of destructive periodontal diseases. The information presented in this review will provide a contemporary evaluation of male susceptibility to periodontal diseases.
Dental management of the female patient
Authors: Otomo‐Corgel Joan
Published: December 2012

Hormonal changes throughout the life cycle of women affect the therapeutic decision‐making process of dentists. Recent research has provided an appreciation of how unique endocrine influences can affect oral, periodontal and peri‐implant tissues. As endocrine status may modify periodontal and oral tissue responses to treatment, it is imperative that clinicians recognize, customize and appropriately alter periodontal therapy according to the specific hormonal stage of women.
The many faces of Englishness: Identity, diversity and nationhood in England
Authors: Kenny Michael
Published: December 2012

The resurgence of English identity, Michael Kenny explains, is being driven by an internal struggle between the competing cultural strands that make up contemporary Englishness. He argues that politicians need to recognise and embrace this heterogenity if they're to answer the English question.
Fixing finance: The missing piece in banking reform
Authors: Beinhocker Eric , Dolphin Tony
Published: December 2012

Eric Beinhocker and Tony Dolphin argue that lasting reform to the financial sector will not be achieved without tackling the price rigging and anti‐competitive behaviour that is rife in the industry.
This is the piece that everyone here has come to experience : the challenges to copyright of John Cage's 4′33″
Authors: Seymour David M.
Published: December 2012

Framed within the broader context of law's engagement with modernism, this paper offers an argument in defence of copyright protection of John Cage's 4′33″ as a ‘musical work’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This argument approaches the issues involved analytically and contextually. In doing so, it draws on both legal and non-legal sources. Throughout the paper, the underlying question remains as to whether Cage's 4′33″ really is – or is not – a challenge to law (and to music).
Effects of SofZia‐preserved travoprost and benzalkonium chloride‐preserved latanoprost on the ocular surface – a multicentre randomized single‐masked study
Authors: Aihara Makoto , Oshima Hiromi , Araie Makoto ,   for the EXTraKT study group
Published: December 2012

Purpose:  To assess the effect of SofZia‐preserved travoprost on ocular surface conditions in comparison with benzalkonium chloride (BAK)‐preserved latanoprost.

Methods:  A prospective randomized multicentre single‐masked comparative study. Patients with open‐angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension who had been treated with BAK‐preserved latanoprost 0.005% (Xalatan®) monotherapy for at least 3 months. Patients were enrolled at 23 facilities. Patients were randomly divided into the X‐X group, continuous use of Xalatan®, or the X‐T group, switching from Xalatan® to SofZia‐preserved travoprost 0.004% (TravatanZ®), and followed for 3 months. The superficial punctate keratopathy (SPK), conjunctival epitheliopathy, hyperaemia, tear break‐up time (TBUT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were examined for each patient in a masked manner. Changes in the frequency of keratoconjunctival epitheliopathy were evaluated 3 months after study initiation. Intra‐ and intergroup comparisons of changes in SPK, conjunctival epitheliopathy, hyperaemia, TBUT and IOP were also carried out.

Results:  Two hundred twenty patients participated and 215 completed the 3‐month study. The frequency of keratoconjunctival epitheliopathy significantly decreased in the X‐T group (p = 0.036) and the intergroup difference was also significant (p = 0.001). SPK scores and TBUT were significantly improved in the X‐T group (p = 0.034, 0.049), also with significant intergroup differences in the cornea excluding the inferior area and TBUT. There were no significant intergroup differences in changes of the hyperaemia scores and the IOP reduction.

Conclusion:  Switching to SofZia‐preserved travoprost after BAK‐preserved latanoprost resulted in a lower incidence of keratoconjunctival epitheliopathy, especially in the cornea, with no clinically relevant changes in hyperaemia and IOP.
Next Steps in Attachment Theory
Authors: Bell David C.
Published: December 2012

Thanks to the phenomenal success of attachment theory, great progress has been made in understanding child and adult relationships. The success of attachment theory opens the way to new research directions that can extend its successes even further. In particular, more work on the fundamental nature of attachment that respects recent biological research is important, as is concentrated effort on the related caregiving system.
Heterosexual Parents of Gay and Lesbian Individuals: Social Interaction Issues
Authors: Glennon Blair
Published: December 2012

This article, using data from published research, reports, clinical articles, case studies, and autobiographical accounts, aims to analyze difficulties in social interactions of heterosexual parents of gay male individuals or lesbians (PGLs) with others, after the same‐gender sexual orientation disclosure. The others include PGLs' children, relatives, friends, acquaintances, and strangers. The article proposes a new model including ambiguity, hostility, and privacy concerns as key dimensions of the PGL social interaction experiences, and it notes relationship implications.
Adult Attachment Orientations and Relationship Processes
Authors: Mikulincer Mario , Shaver Phillip R.
Published: December 2012

In the present article we provide an overview of attachment theory as it has been adapted and tested in our research program. We then review attachment research by many investigators on a variety of topics likely to be of interest to family researchers: patterns of communication, management of conflict, provision of care and support to relationship partners and family members, family dynamics, and the emergence of attachment patterns within families
ROLE OF GOVERNANCE IN EXPLAINING DOMESTIC INVESTMENT IN NIGERIA
Authors: AKANBI OLUSEGUN A.
Published: December 2012

This study examines the determinants of domestic investment in Nigeria with a special focus on the role of governance. The estimations are carried out with time series data from 1975 to 2009 using the Johansen estimation techniques. The results conform to the findings of existing literature that real output, user cost of capital and level of financial development are significant determinants of domestic investment in Nigeria. The distinctive feature of the paper is the significant role played by governance in explaining the long‐term pattern of domestic investment in Nigeria. The results from the long‐run estimation and the impulse responses revealed that a well‐structured and stable socio‐economic environment will boost domestic investment over the long run. Therefore, in modelling domestic investment for Nigeria, it is imperative to incorporate the significant role played by governance.1
The Impact of Cigarette Smoking on 24‐Hour Blood Pressure, Inflammatory and Hemostatic Activity, and Cardiovascular Risk in Japanese Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Yano Yuichirou , Hoshide Satoshi , Shimada Kazuyuki , Kario Kazuomi
Published: December 2012

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of current smoking on 24‐hour blood pressure (BP) and inflammatory and hemostatic activity and thereby the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Japanese hypertensive patients. A total of 810 hypertensive patients (mean age 72 years; 38% men) were prospectively followed‐up (2799 person‐years). During the follow‐up, 66 cases of CVD occurred (stroke, 55; myocardial infarction, 7; both, 4). At baseline, the current smokers (n=166) had higher levels of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) (0.21 mg/dL vs 0.14 mg/dL) and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) (46.1 ng/mL vs 37.8 ng/mL; both P=.001), but not of 24‐hour BP, compared with nonsmokers. Using a Cox regression analysis, current smoking was independently associated with an increased risk of CVD (hazard ratio [HR], 2.6; P<.01), and the risk was substantially higher in women (HR, 6.1; P<.001) than in men (HR, 1.4; P=.41). The CVD risk of current smokers was magnified when it was accompanied with high hs‐CRP (highest quartile range, ≥0.40 mg/L) or PAI‐1 levels (≥58.9 ng/mL) compared with that in smokers with low hs‐CRP or PAI‐1 levels (both P<.05). Among hypertensive patients, current smokers had increased risk of CVD events, and the increase was more prominent when accompanied by circulatory inflammatory and hemostatic abnormalities. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;00:00–00. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in Vascular Hemodynamics in Older Women Following 16 Weeks of Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training
Authors: Corrick Katie L. , Hunter Gary R. , Fisher Gordon , Glasser Stephen P.
Published: December 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine whether combined (aerobic and anaerobic) training decreases blood pressure (BP) and improves vascular properties. Seventy‐nine postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to 3 groups that trained at different frequencies. Maximum oxygen uptake, body composition, BP, and arterial elasticity were evaluated prior to training and after 16 weeks of training. There was a significant time effect (decrease) for resting systolic BP (SBP) and rate pressure product. Exercise SBP, diastolic BP (DBP), heart rate, and RPP also decreased. Changes in total vascular impedance were related to SBP and changes in systemic vascular resistance were related to changes in DBP independent of body composition changes. Our findings suggest that combined training reduces SBP and improves vascular properties and that combined training 1 d/wk decreases BP similar to more frequent combined training. Training‐induced changes in arterial resistance and impedance may be involved in inducing changes in BP. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;00:00–00 ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study of Aldosterone Synthase Inhibition as an Add‐On Therapy in Resistant Hypertension
Authors: Karns Adam D. , Bral Jacqueline M. , Hartman Daniel , Peppard Thomas , Schumacher Christoph
Published: December 2012

Aldosterone inhibition with mineralcorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) is an effective treatment for resistant hypertension. Aldosterone synthase inhibitors (ASIs) are currently being investigated as a new therapeutic strategy to reduce aldosterone secretion from the adrenal gland. In this study, the efficacy and safety of the first‐generation ASI LCI699 (0.25 mg twice daily, 1 mg 4 once daily, and 0.5 mg/1 mg twice daily) was compared with placebo and eplerenone (50 mg twice daily), in patients with resistant hypertension. Placebo‐adjusted decreases in systolic blood pressure (BP) with LCI699 ranged from 2.6 mm Hg to 4.3 mm Hg at week 8; changes in diastolic BP ranged from +0.3 mm Hg to −1.2 mm Hg. However, reductions were smaller than observed with eplerenone 50 mg twice daily (9.9 mm Hg and 2.9 mm Hg for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively) and not statistically significant vs placebo. LCI699 suppressed plasma aldosterone levels in a dose‐related manner with corresponding dose‐dependent increases in plasma renin activity and plasma 11‐deoxycorticosterone. LCI699 and eplerenone were well tolerated. These data demonstrate that aldosterone synthesis inhibition with LCI699 lowers BP modestly in patients with resistant hypertension. Aldosterone synthesis inhibition might offer an attractive adjunct to aldosterone receptor blockade, although the potential of a combination MRA/ASI has not yet been tested. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;00:00–00. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does Charter Competition Foster Entrepreneurship? A Difference‐in‐Difference Approach to European Company Law Reforms
Authors: Braun Reiner , Eidenmüller Horst , Engert Andreas , Hornuf Lars
Published: December 2012

This article explores how company law reforms, particularly the reduction or abolition of minimum capital requirements, in various European jurisdictions affect the decision of entrepreneurs to incorporate by means of a private limited liability company (LLC). Since the landmark rulings of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in the years 1999, 2002 and 2003, entrepreneurs in the European Union (EU) have been able to choose the country of incorporation independently of their real seat. As a result, the proliferation of the United Kingdom private company limited by shares has posed a competitive threat to many European legislators. The article analyzes whether the reforms adopted in Spain, France, Hungary, Germany and Poland have promoted the popularity of domestic legal forms and encouraged entrepreneurship more generally. Using a difference‐in‐difference approach, a strong impact is recorded in both respects, especially if the minimum capital requirement was reduced or abolished.