bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mountain Pine Beetle: From Lessons Learned to Community-based Solutions Conference Proceedings
Authors: Burton Philip , Bourgeois Bill , George Dan , Swift Kathie , Lewis Doug , Redding et al. Todd , Orcherton Dan , Thomas Gina , Powelson R. Allan , Osbourne Kelly , Parisotto Robert , Hawkes Brad , Alfaro Rene , Axelson Jodi , Brooks Darin W. , DeLong Craig , Rogers Bruce , Teti Pat , Vyse Alan , Armieder Harold , Waterhouse Michaela , Daigle Patrick , Iachetti Pierre , St Pierre Christian , McCrone Alistair , Martin Kathy , Drever Mark , Norris Andrea R. , McNay R. Scott , Sulyma Randy , Voller Joan , Brumovsky Viktor , Morgan Don G. , Fall Andrew , McCann Rob M.
Published: November 2022

Outbreaks of mountain pine beetle are evaluated as a generic disturbance agent, and comparisons are made with other forest disturbances such as wildfire, windthrow, and logging. A useful basis for comparison is the degree of disruption to the overstorey, understorey, and forest floor layers. Clear differences are observed in the impacts of bark beetles, fire, and windthrow, but there is overlap with various harvesting systems. Insects are selective in terms of the species or size of tree that is killed; this selectivity varies with stand composition, stand structure, and outbreak stage. The mountain pine beetle functions as part of larger natural disturbance regimes in western North America, which vary with climate and forest type. Outbreaks of many different insects occur throughout western Canada, with the relative role of fire and insects differing among ecoregions and over time. Beetle-killed stands may facilitate extreme fire behaviour and may be more susceptible to future burning. Large expanses of dead or removed trees also result in altered soil water balance and stream flows, disposing some sites to mass movement or flooding. All disturbances generate heterogeneity, with much of the value to biodiversity and ecosystem recovery depending on residual structure and biological legacies. The capacity for unassisted recovery and the value of each stand to timber supply, carbon balance, and habitat needs in a landscape context are relevant when considering salvage logging or forest rehabilitation. The future role of forest pests is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in climate and the altered composition and structure of western forests.
Adding Value . . .
Authors: Schooling Julie Taylor
Published: November 2022

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British Columbia's Northern Interior Forests Dothistroma Stand Establishment Decision Aid
Authors: McCulloch Larry , Woods Alex
Published: November 2022

Dothistroma needle blight, also known as red band needle blight, is caused by the fungus Dothistroma septosporum. It affects over 60 species of pine in 45 countries and is considered the most destructive pine needle disease in the world. All pine species native to British Columbia are susceptible and the fungus is widely distributed wherever host species can be found. Infection is caused by rain splash and air dispersal of the spores. In the southern hemisphere, it has been a major problem for decades. In British Columbia, however, damage levels from this pathogen have historically been low. Recent widespread defoliation, mortality (including mature tree mortality), and plantation failure caused by Dothistroma in the northwest portion of the province may be a result of changing climatic conditions that allow the fungus to develop in a way that was not previously possible.The Stand Establishment Decision Aid (SEDA) format has been used to extend information on a variety of vegetation and forest health concerns in British Columbia. The two-page SEDA presented in this extension note was developed to summarize information that provincial forest managers will need to mitigate the impacts of Dothistroma needle blight. The first page provides information on susceptible stand types, disease biology, hazard ratings, and appropriate management practices. The second page outlines forest productivity considerations and risks to human health. A resource and reference list that readers can use to find more detailed information is also included. Most reference material that is not available online can be ordered through libraries or the Queen's Printer at: www.qp.gov.bc.ca
New methods for assessing Marbled Murrelet nesting habitat: Air photo interpretation and low-level aerial surveys
Authors: Burger Alan E. , Waterhouse F. Louise , Donaldson Ann , Whittaker Carolyn , Lank David B.
Published: November 2022

This extension note summarizes the application of two new methods that were developed to assess the quality of forest habit that Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) use for nesting in British Columbia: air photo interpretation and low-level aerial surveys. Both methods use comparable sixlevel ranking systems that are based on the availability of forest attributes deemed important for nesting murrelets. The methods were developed and refined through preliminary work done in many varied coastal regions in British Columbia; they were designed to complement each other and be applicable to either small patches (1-2 ha) or to larger polygons used in mapping for forest management. Both methods were tested in comparisons with known murrelet nest sites and both are currently being applied by government and forest industry biologists. This note provides practitioners who are proposing to use one or both of these methods a concise guide to their suitability and limitations, and also provides links to relevant reports that offer greater detail on testing and applicability.
An overview of the effects of forest management on groundwater hydrology
Authors: Smerdon Brian D. , Redding Todd , Beckers Jos
Published: November 2022

This paper provides an introduction to the role of groundwater in watersheds, presents an overview of groundwater resources in British Columbia, and reviews the potential effects of forest management activities (e.g., harvest operations, road building, reforestation, management of mountain pine beetle infestation) on groundwater hydrology. A regional-scale classification of hydrogeologic landscapes for British Columbia is outlined, integrating major physiographic, biogeoclimatic, and groundwater regions. The classification considers characteristics of climate, geology, aquifer type, and interaction with surface water in a generalized way, and summarizes broad-scale expectations about the groundwater hydrology in each hydrogeologic landscape category. In all of the landscapes, a rise in the water table can be expected to follow forest harvesting, though the magnitude and duration of this increase vary according to the area's geology and topography. In wet, steep watersheds, for example, shallow groundwater flow is likely to increase, in turn leading to the potential for increased runoff and decreased slope stability. Local-scale water table changes are often more apparent than those at the regional scale.
Ecological descriptions of Pacific golden chanterelle (Cantharellus formosus) habitat and estimates of its extent in Haida Gwaii
Authors: Kranabetter J. Marty , Williams Harry , Morin Jacques
Published: November 2022

Ecologically based information on golden chanterelle (Cantharellus formosus) habitat is needed to guide decision making by forest managers. We described soils, plant communities, and stand characteristics of productive mushroom sites and used these features in a mapping exercise to estimate the extent of C. formosus habitat over a portion of the Haida Gwaii islands. Chanterelle sites were located at low elevations (approximately 100 m) on well-drained soils with silt loam to sandy loam textures and thin forest floors. Plant communities were sparse and characterized by low herb and shrub cover with extensive carpets of feathermosses. The stands were productive second-growth western hemlock and Sitka spruce, ranging in age from 35 to 50 years, and the sites were strongly mounded from extensive blowdown events or logging disturbances. The site and soil properties were consistent with the zonal (01) site series (western hemlock - Sitka spruce - lanky moss) of the submontane variant of the wet hypermaritime Coastal Western Hemlock (CWHwh1) subzone. A preliminary assessment of C. formosus habitat around Skidegate Lake indicated approximately 1785 ha of mesic forests (equal to 21% of the assessed forest area) with a major portion covered by immature stands conducive to commercial picking. This information on the nature and extent of C. formosus habitat provides the first step in successful co-management of timber and mushroom resources.
Changes in riparian area structure, channel hydraulics, and sediment yield following loss of beaver dams
Authors: Green Kim C. , Westbrook Cherie J.
Published: November 2022

Channel structure, riparian zone structure, and sediment transport capacity were investigated for Sandown Creek, a stream in the East Kootenay region of British Columbia where beaver dams were removed in the late 1980s to “improve” fish passage and flood conveyance. A series of historical aerial photographs taken over a 36-year period between 1968 and 2004 recorded the physical changes to a 3-km section of the stream valley following removal of 18 beaver dams. In the 16 years following beaver dam removal, channel pattern changed from a multi-thread to single-thread form. The riparian area structure also changed from 69% open areas and 9% beaver ponds to 90% closed vegetation. The change in channel structure in Sandown Creek resulted in an estimated 5-times increase in the mean flow velocity and an additional 648 m3 of sediment available for transport. These findings provide the empirical data needed to verify long-standing assumptions about the ability of beaver ponds to effectively trap sediment and reduce bankfull flow velocity. The results of this study also underscore the speed and magnitude of alterations in the channel and riparian area structure in response to beaver loss in British Columbia�s mountain valleys. While the physical removal of beavers and beaver dams may be a practice of the past, wildland managers may still be inadvertently compromising the sustainability of beavers and associated wetlands in many areas of British Columbia by failing to adequately manage riparian areas to maintain beaver habitat.
Using the low-level aerial survey method to identify Marbled Murrelet nesting habitat
Authors: Waterhouse F. Louise , Burger Alan E. , Lank David B. , Ott Peter , Krebs Elsie , Parker Nadine
Published: November 2022

Identifying and managing nesting habitat for the threatened Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) is difficult because it nests secretively, high in the canopies of large, old conifers of the Pacific Northwest. In British Columbia, low-level surveying from a helicopter is now a recommended standard method of assessing forested landscapes for key microhabitat features—such as availability of potential platforms and developed moss pads for nests, foliage cover above the nest, and accessibility—that are not distinguishable on air photos, satellite images, or forest cover maps. Using a sample of 111 nest sites and 139 random sites within forests greater than 140 years old and distributed across three study areas in south coastal British Columbia, we confirmed the effectiveness of the aerial survey method for classifying overall habitat quality of murrelet nesting habitat. The minimum map units were 3-ha patches. Overall, 40% of the 111 nest sites were in patches classed as Very High, 36% were in High, 15% were in Moderate, 6% were in Low, and 3% were in Very Low. Our ranking of habitat quality was most strongly influenced by estimates of platform availability and moss development. Using an information-theoretic approach, we identified that the Resource Selection Function scores of nest patches improved as elevation decreased, slope grade increased, and the proportion of emergent and canopy trees with mossy pads increased. We also confirmed that study area location affected the strength of model application. Our findings support the potential utility of the low-level aerial survey method for identifying or confirming Marbled Murrelet nesting habitat for land-management purposes.
Relationships between habitat area, habitat quality, and populations of nesting Marbled Murrelets
Authors: Burger Alan E. , Waterhouse F. Louise
Published: November 2022

We review relationships between the area and quality of apparently suitable nesting habitat (as defined by canopy structure) and the population size of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) which such habitat might support. This information is important to manage the old seral forest nesting habitat of this threatened seabird. Studies at different spatial scales indicate that linear relationships provide good, biologically feasible fits between murrelet counts and areas of apparently suitable habitat when the effects of habitat quality are unknown. A large-scale analysis across Washington, Oregon, and California showed a strong linear relationship between murrelet numbers and area of habitat within large conservation regions. Seven separate watershed-level radar studies (six in British Columbia and one in Washington) support a linear relationship and also indicate that when logging reduces habitat, the murrelets do not aggregate in the remaining habitat at higher densities. Tree-climbing studies show similar trends at stand levels: compared to more pristine habitat, nest densities were not higher in remnant old-growth patches in depleted, highly fragmented areas. Do murrelets nest at higher densities in higher-quality habitat? The sparse information on this topic suggests a correspondence between nest locations and habitat quality as assessed by algorithms, air photo interpretation, and low-level aerial surveys. Most nests (92% and 86% in pooled data from aerial surveys or air photo interpretation, respectively) were found in habitat rated as Moderate, High, or Very High, and few (8% and 14%, respectively) in those rated Low, Very Low, or Nil. The relationship between perceived quality and the likelihood of nesting is, however, non-linear and it is premature to assume that murrelet nest densities will be significantly higher within the upper ranks of suitable habitat assessed from forest features.
An integrated management system for the Douglas-fir tussock moth in southern British Columbia
Authors: Maclauchlan Lorraine E. , Hall Peter M. , Otvos Imre S. , Brooks Julie E.
Published: November 2022

An integrated, long-term system to detect and treat infestations of Douglas-fir tussock moth in the Southern Interior of British Columbia was successfully implemented between 1984 and 1999. All aspects of recent research were implemented during an integrated control program conducted between 1991 and 1993. Many localized, incipient outbreak populations of tussock moth were detected prior to significant defoliation and treatments of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) were applied. The application of NPV to sites with increasing tussock moth populations effectively terminated the localized infestations. The combination of early detection and application of NPV greatly reduced damage when compared to previous tussock moth outbreaks. Other program components were evaluated during the outbreak including: 6-trap cluster pheromone monitoring sites and singlet pheromone monitoring sites that correctly predicted outbreak level tussock moth populations; comparison between stored and new virus; comparison between virus formulations (Virtuss® versus TM Biocontrol-1®); evaluation of alternate swath versus entire coverage application of virus; and reduced dosages of virus. All virus trials were effective in reducing tussock moth populations to pre-outbreak levels. Future research and applications of the methodology are discussed.
Forest management and maintenance of ectomycorrhizae: A case study of green tree retention in south-coastal British Columbia
Authors: Outerbridge Renata A. , Trofymow J. A. (Tony)
Published: November 2022

Assessment of ectomycorrhizal (EM) colonization was carried out in a variable green tree retention experimental block near Powell River, British Columbia. We hypothesized that increasing retention level enhances colonization of EM fungi onto seedlings in harvested areas. We also investigated the role of isolated trees in EM maintenance. Transects were established in treatments where 0% (a clearcut), 5%, 10%, and 30% of trees were retained. Douglas-fir seedlings (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were planted at 5, 15, 25 and 45 m from the remaining forest edge and excavated 18 months later for analysis of EM colonization. Within the forest, soil cores and sporocarp surveys provided information on EM species potentially available for colonization of seedlings. We observed a total of 85 EM morphotypes. The edge effects—declines with distance from the forest, observed in the 0% retention treatment—were diminished in the higher-retention treatments. EM richness and root colonization increased insignificantly with increasing tree retention when the influence of ubiquitous early-stage EM fungi and inherent microsite differences were accounted for. EM diversity next to isolated trees was greater than at 10 m from the trees, but lower than at 5 m from the forest edge. We discuss the implications of these relationships and the role of isolated trees in the context of these exploratory findings. While these results suggest certain trends, they are for a single installation and their applicability to forests elsewhere in the region needs further study.
Advancing the role of communications, education, and capacity building in the future of forestry: Communities of practice and community-based learning
Authors: Hollstedt Chris
Published: November 2022

The evolution from tree- and stand-level prescriptions over a rotation to estate- and watershed-level plans over many generations requires individuals and teams to understand and apply scientific, indigenous, and experiential knowledge to address complex issues. The solution must achieve the business and landscape objectives and stand up to public scrutiny while being both practical and cost effective. Communication, education, and capacity building at a community level are critical to defining forestry solutions. Once a discipline only for professional foresters, forestry is now a community of practice represented by forestry professionals. This community includes-but is not limited to-foresters, engineers, biologists, ecologists, technologists, indigenous knowledge keepers, hydrologists, geologists, and geomorphologists as well as economists and social scientists. Forestry professionals must be able to practically apply knowledge acquired through institutional training and education, as well as knowledge and skills acquired through practice and experience. They must be able to reach out to the knowledge sector when faced with unknowns. The knowledge sector must be able to ethically respond as a community of practice to the demands for new science and continuous community-based learning. This paper investigates the role of the knowledge sector in contributing to communications, education, and capacity building for forestry professionals as well as forest-based communities. The concept of ethical commercialization of knowledge and social capital is also introduced.
A summary of the environmental impacts of roads, management responses, and research gaps: A literature review
Authors: Daigle Patrick
Published: November 2022

There are an estimated 400 000-550 000 km of unpaved resource roads in British Columbia. These roads are used for forest, mineral, and energy development, commercial and public recreation, and in some cases for access to private land holdings. This literature summary lists road effects on terrestrial and aquatic wildlife, plant communities, and physical elements found across landscapes in British Columbia. These effects may be local or may apply to large areas. Road effects can occur during construction or with subsequent road presence, upkeep, and use. Also summarized are recommendations meant to reduce negative road effects. These include taking a strategic approach to road and access management, using structured road planning methods and tools, implementing mitigation techniques, and following up with effectiveness monitoring and reporting. The summary also provides recommendations for further studies of road effects.
Advancing the role of communications, education, and capacity building in the future of forestry: Communities of practice and community-based learning
Authors: Hollstedt Chris
Published: November 2022

The evolution from tree- and stand-level prescriptions over a rotation to estate- and watershed-level plans over many generations requires individuals and teams to understand and apply scientific, indigenous, and experiential knowledge to address complex issues. The solution must achieve the business and landscape objectives and stand up to public scrutiny while being both practical and cost effective. Communication, education, and capacity building at a community level are critical to defining forestry solutions. Once a discipline only for professional foresters, forestry is now a community of practice represented by forestry professionals. This community includes�but is not limited to�foresters, engineers, biologists, ecologists, technologists, indigenous knowledge keepers, hydrologists, geologists, and geomorphologists as well as economists and social scientists. Forestry professionals must be able to practically apply knowledge acquired through institutional training and education, as well as knowledge and skills acquired through practice and experience. They must be able to reach out to the knowledge sector when faced with unknowns. The knowledge sector must be able to ethically respond as a community of practice to the demands for new science and continuous community-based learning. This paper investigates the role of the knowledge sector in contributing to communications, education, and capacity building for forestry professionals as well as forest-based communities. The concept of ethical commercialization of knowledge and social capital is also introduced.
Does interpretation of Marbled Murrelet nesting habitat change with different classification methods?
Authors: Waterhouse F. Louise , Burger Alan E. , Ott Peter K. , Donaldson Ann , Lank David B.
Published: November 2022

Accurate and reliable identification of potential nesting habitat is required to manage for the threatened Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus). Three habitat classifications are typically used by wildlife planners: a bivariate suitability algorithm following recommendations of the Canadian Marbled Murrelet Recovery Team (CMMRT) and based on geographical information systems (GIS), and two habitat classifications based on air photo interpretation mapping and low-level aerial survey mapping. The CMMRT model uses vegetation resource inventory data. The air photo interpretation and low-level aerial survey methods directly assess the forest for attributes likely to provide nesting platforms, cover, and access into the stand by the bird. The prime indicators of nesting habitat potential for murrelets are large (generally mossy) branches for use as nest platforms. These are only directly visible using low-level aerial surveys. Methods involving GIS cost the least to apply, and low-level aerial surveys cost the most. We compared and assessed the consistency of the three methods using 243 sites. The CMMRT model proved least reliable by underestimating habitat suitability of sites compared to both the air photo interpretation and aerial survey estimates. The air photo interpretation and aerial survey methods were generally aligned in the ordinal ranking of sites by habitat class, but only 44% had matching ranks. Sites that differed tended to be ranked lower by air photo interpretation and mostly occurred in the “Moderate” and “Low” air photo interpretation classes. Either classification may refine information from the CMMRT model, particularly for habitat classed as “Unsuitable.” Using air photo interpretation first and then applying the aerial surveys as a further refined assessment of moderate and low habitat classes may provide the most cost-effective approach for accurately classifying and mapping habitat potential for management planning.
Community resiliency: Contribution from the forest resources sector
Authors: Bourgeois W.W. (Bill)
Published: November 2022

Forest-dependent communities in British Columbia are facing a crisis brought about by uncertainty surrounding their future economic viability. For over 45 years, the provincial government has successfully applied the same forest sector model, but it has shown signs of faltering in the last 15 years due to changes involving policies, investors in forest companies, and constraints imposed through the Canada-US Softwood Lumber Agreement. The combination of these influences has resulted in serious deterioration of the connection between the forest companies and forest-dependent communities, thereby affecting the sustainability of these communities. The resiliency of forest-dependent communities (Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal) is critical in this province and depends on a holistic application of environmental, healthand wellness, economic, and human capital within the community to create wealth and productivity. The evolving forest sector must contribute to achieving this goal.As a community struggles with an uncertain future and tough economic times, it requires deployment of its resources in an efficient and effective manner. This is best realized through a strategic approach that begins with identifying a vision and goals for community resiliency. Once this groundwork is established, a strategic plan will help to focus available resources on appropriate actions to achieve resiliency.
Keeping Nature in our Future
Authors: Simmons Ellen
Published: November 2022

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Spruce/White Pine Weevil - Stand Establishment Decision Aid
Authors: Hodgkinson Robert , White Ken , Stock Art
Published: November 2022

The spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) is a major pest in the Northern Interior Forest Region, affecting the growth and development of interior spruce. Repeated weevil attacks to the leading shoots of young interior spruce trees can result in suppressed height growth and stem deformities. Planting genetically resistant seedlings, appropriate provenances, and mixtures of different species, as well as the use of nurse crops, can help reduce the damage from this pest.The Stand Establishment Decision Aid (SEDA) format has been used to extend information on a variety of vegetation and forest health concerns in British Columbia. The SEDA presented in this extension note summarizes information about spruce weevil occurrence and management in the Northern Interior Forest Region. Other areas of the province also have spruce weevil hazard information in previously published SEDAs. The first page of the SEDA outlines the characteristics of susceptible stands, hazard ratings for the region’s biogeoclimatic zones and subzones, and harvesting and silvicultural considerations. The second page provides general information, the life cycle of the insect, symptoms of attack, and forest productivity implications. A valuable resource and reference list that readers can use to find more detailed information is also included. Most reference material that is not available online can be ordered through libraries or the Queen’s Printer at: http://www.qp.gov.bc.ca .
New Directions in Forest Management: Northern Silviculture Committee Summer Field Tour
Authors: Wiensczyk Alan
Published: November 2022

None - LINK article
Central Interior Ecoregional Assessment: Terrestrial Representation in Regional Conservation Plannning
Authors: Kittel Gwen , Cadrin Carmen , Markovic Dušan , Stevens Tory
Published: November 2022

This article describes the approach used to incorporate terrestrial ecological systems into regional conservation planning as part of the ecoregional assessment completed by the Nature Conservancy of Canada for the Central Interior of British Columbia, a vast area of 25.7 million ha. The goal of our assessment was to develop a suite of conservation areas that, once protected or managed for conservation, would represent all of the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of the Central Interior. The process involved several teams focussed on different areas (aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems; plant, and animal species).This article describes the efforts of the terrestrial coarse-scale ecological systems team. We developed an ecological systems classification to be used as coarse-filter  argets, created an ecoregion-wide map of distribution, and modelled distributions of riparian ecosystems and fine-scale ecological land units to capture elevation and micro-topographic slope and aspect diversity. We also developed minimum dynamic area criteria for large-scale forest ecosystems. The final set of prioritized potential conservation areas covers 7.7 million ha (30%) of the Central Interior. We also integrated climate adaptive strategies into a plan that included large, enduring landscapes with topographic diversity, which allows for species movement or migration and populations of species at the northern limit of their range within the Central Interior.
2011 Northern Silviculture Committee Winter Workshop: New Directions in Forest Management
Authors: Wiensczyk Alan
Published: November 2022

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Some insight into the current thinking of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) about forest carbon and indigenous peoples
Authors: Joseph Larry
Published: November 2022

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Strategic Conservation Planning for Terrestrial Animal Species in the Central Interior of British Columbia
Authors: Horn Hannah L
Published: November 2022

The Nature Conservancy of Canada used an expert-driven approach to incorporate multiple animal species into an ecoregional assessment for the purpose of conservation planning in the Central Interior of British Columbia. This method has been applied in 14 ecoregions across Canada as part of the organization’s mission to “protect areas of biological diversity for their intrinsic value and for future generations” through land purchases and other land protection measures.A team of biologists identified 100 vertebrate species considered to be of conservation concern in the study area (3 amphibians, 5 reptiles, 28 mammals, and 64 birds) and set targets for spatial representation of their occurrences and habitat. The level of conservation concern associated with each species was assessed based on its formal conservation ranking, conservation priorities set by other organizations, and observed trends and vulnerabilities in a local and provincial context. To identify areas of high conservation priority, targets for the representation of animal species, and those identified separately for plants and ecosystem units, were collectively applied in a series of simulations using Marxan site-selection software. Marxan was directed to meet coarse-filter targets for terrestrial ecosystem units as well as optimally represent fine-filter targets for plants and animals and their habitats.The final portfolio of conservation areas is based on a “best solution” of planning units (500‑ha hexagons) that provide the most effective representation of targets at least cost over 500 Marxan simulations. These areas achieved all of the representation targets for terrestrial animals in terms of the number of element occurrences and percent area of habitat selected. Priority conservation areas are distributed across the study area, building on existing protected areas and providing increased connectivity.
Searching for Sustainability
Authors: Swift Kathie
Published: November 2022

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Revitalizing Indigenous Knowledge and Shaping a New Approach to Sustainability
Authors: Simmons Ellen
Published: November 2022

A summary of the 2010 International Indigenous Earth conference in Penticton British Columbia and the current status of the forthcoming conference proceedings.
Guidebook for Forest-based Communities on Climate Change Adaptation Ready for Testing in Selected Locations
Authors: Pearce Cindy , Krishnaswamy Ajit
Published: November 2022

N/A
A David and Goliath Story
Authors: Gayton Don
Published: November 2022

N/A
News from the Editor
Authors: Bittman Marilyn
Published: November 2022

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Effects of Cattle Grazing on Birds in Interior Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga Menziesii) Forests of British Columbia
Authors: Whitehorne Ivy , Harrison Megan , Mahony Nancy A. , Robinson Patrick , Newbury Alicia , Green David J.
Published: November 2022

Livestock grazing is a dominant land use across North America and although the effects of grazing on birds have been studied in grassland, shrubland, and riparian habitats, studies of the effects in forests are rare. We investigated the effects of cattle grazing in forests on vegetation, the relationships between vegetation characteristics and the abundance of foraging and nesting guilds of birds, and the overall effects of grazing on the bird community in the Interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) biogeoclimatic zone of British Columbia. Cattle grazing was associated with reduction in ground vegetation height and grass cover, and increases in the number of shrubs and saplings. Bark insectivores, foliage insectivores, cavity nesters, and shrub/tree nesters all responded positively to sapling density. However, this translated into few overall effects of cattle grazing on birds, with only bark insectivores exhibiting greater abundance on grazed areas. Grazed areas also had fewer aerial insectivores but the mechanism driving this remains unclear. Current forest grazing practices at our study sites appear to have few negative effects on bird abundance and diversity, with the possible exception of aerial insectivores. Study of additional sites is required to assess if forest grazing exerts similar effects throughout the Interior Douglas-fir forest. Furthermore, study of the effects of forest grazing on productivity and survival of birds is needed.
Expected Effects of Climate Change on Forest Disturbance Regimes in British Columbia
Authors: Haughian Sean R. , Burton Philip J. , Taylor Steve W. , Curry Charles
Published: November 2022

Projections for forest disturbance and damage under a changing climate in British Columbia are summarized, with the objective of collating regionally specific expectations so that land managers can take pro-active steps to avoid or adapt to the changes expected.  While some projections are based on extrapolations of recent multi-decadal trends, most are based on global climate models (GCMs) that must make assumptions about the range of CO2 emissions and the status of atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions over the next century. Regardless of emission scenarios, it is universally expected that British Columbia will experience warmer air temperatures, coupled with more precipitation in some regions and less in others. Forest fires are expected to be more frequent and more intense in the southern half of the province and in the Taiga Plains, but less important in other portions of the province.  Forest insects and fungal pathogens are expected to more fully occupy the current range of their host tree species and expand ranges northward and to higher elevations along with their hosts.  More frequent and detrimental pest outbreaks are expected in some regions when several years of favourable weather align.  Wind damage, floods, and landslides can be expected to increase on terrain where they are already a risk factor.  For many agents of tree mortality, expected changes in disturbance regime amount to an expansion or shifting of the seasonal window of activity, sometimes with different trends projected for different seasons and different regions of the province.  The prediction of future forest disturbance regimes is in its infancy, requiring a much more concerted effort in compiling both empirical and simulated data, but managers may wish to adjust plans accordingly where there is largely a consensus among current and projected trends.
Successional Responses to Natural Disturbance, Forest Management and Climate Change in British Columbia Forests
Authors: Swift Kathie , Ran Shikun
Published: November 2022

Natural and human-induced disturbance such as wildfire, insect and disease outbreak, windthrow, and forest harvesting are important drivers for forest renewal, post-disturbance stand structure, and ecosystem function. Each disturbance or combination of disturbances sets up a forest to proceed down a certain successional pathway in terms of structure and function. Using the context of Ecoprovinces and Ecosystem Types, successional pathways of a variety of ecosystems found in British Columbia are briefly described,and the ways in which forest management practices have affected those pathways are discussed. This Extension Note also describes how projected changes in temperature and precipitation may also affect these natural disturbance drivers. The information contained in this article is based on a larger synthesis report that is available in FORREX Series 28 and is designed to facilitate further conversation around building resistant and resilient forests for the future.
Natural Disturbance and Post-Disturbance Management Effects on Selected Watershed Values
Authors: Redding Todd , Lapp Suzan , Leach Jason
Published: November 2022

This extension note summarizes the key findings of the chapter entitled "A synthesis of the effects of natural disturbance and post-disturbance management on streamflow, stream temperature, suspended sediment, and aquatic invertebrate populations" of FORREX Series 28, which is an overview of the available research on the effects of climate change, natural disturbance (focused on wildfire and insect infestation), and post-disturbance management actions (primarily clearcut salvage harvesting) on key watershed processes and values. The scope of the synthesis was limited to the magnitude and timing of streamflow, stream temperature, suspended sediment, and aquatic invertebrate population dynamics. In general, the effects on hydrologic processes and watershed functions are greater following post-disturbance activities; climate change is anticipated to further negatively compound these natural disturbances. To maintain the resilience of watersheds(that is, the ability of natural systems to recover from perturbation), management activities should be designed to maintain natural hydrologic and ecosystem function wherever possible. Key considerations to maintain resilience include: planning management activities at the site, watershed and landscape scales, maximizing riparian overstory retention within 10 metres of streams, minimizing the introduction of fine sediments into surface water bodies, and monitoring the effects of disturbances and management interventions to support adaptive management. Using the best available information, along with advice from qualified watershed professionals, is key to ensuring effective management.
Actions to promote climate resilience in forests of British Columbia
Authors: Bunnell Fred , Kremsater Laurie L.
Published: November 2022

Climate change has introduced major uncertainties into the planning and practice of forestry. We recommend seven broad actions that would help to make our forests more climate resilience: avoiding entrapment, emphasizing the future, adopting a policy of no regrets, seeking the right species at the right place, encouraging connectivity, nurturing acceptance and adaptation, and reducing carbon emissions. Some actions are specific to British Columbia; all actions attempt to address the major sources of uncertainty
2010 Silviculture Techniques Information Needs Survey
Authors: Wiensczyk Alan
Published: November 2022

This research report summarizes findings of an electronic survey designed by FORREX to document the information needs of British Columbia natural resource management professionals in the area of silvicultural systems and stand management techniques, including their ability to use this knowledge to manage for different values on the landscape and the reasons why certain sources of information were not used. Conducted from September to October 2010, the survey was emailed to 561 key silviculture practitioners and researchers in British Columbia. A total of 107 recipients (slightly over 20%) responded to the survey.The main knowledge gaps identified by survey respondents were related to growth and yield, economic rates of return, treatment response, and effects of treatments on values such as biodiversity, wildlife habitat, and hydrology. Other information needs identified included potential impacts of climate change on forest health, forest fire frequency and severity; and production of biofuels or carbon sequestration, and trade-offs associated with managing for these new products.These survey results will help extension providers improve future extension programming. They will also prove useful in developing government and academic silviculture research programs and allocating funds for these programs. Survey results related to implementation barriers will also aid government policy-makers.
A Coordinated Approach to Prescribed Fire Treatments in British Columbia’s Ecosystems
Authors: Okrainetz Glen , Neal Al
Published: November 2022

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Understanding Occupational Health and Safety Culture for BC Aboriginal Fire Crews and Emergency Service Personnel: Research Update
Authors: Caverley Natasha
Published: November 2022

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An Evaluation of the Main Factors Affecting Yield Differences Between Single- and Mixed-Species Stands
Authors: Coates David , Lilles Erica
Published: November 2022

In British Columbia, many of our second-growth stands have regenerated as mixed-species stands and yet our understanding of how to manage these stands to achieve multiple goals is limited. There is considerable interest and need to identify management strategies that will optimize timber production and carbon storage while maintaining biodiversity in the province’s managed forests. Careful use of mixed-species management may contribute to meeting these goals. This discussion paper reviews the published literature that compares yield in single-and mixed-species stands. The review shows that drawing any definitive conclusions on whether mixed-species stands had a higher yield than single-species stands is not possible because of the confounding influence of four key factors: 1) species composition; 2) site type; 3) density and pattern; and 4) assessment age. To plan mixed-species plantations with native species that may out-yield monocultures and have other potential benefits, silviculturists will need to extrapolate from past research and pay close attention to these factors.
Investigating the Carbon Footprint of Cattle Grazing the Lac du Bois Grasslands of British Columbia
Authors: Church John S. , Raymond Allan F. , Moote Paul E. , Van Hamme Jonathan D. , Thompson Donald J.
Published: November 2022

Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle have been increasingly recognized as an important anthropogenic source. We investigated the impact of cattle ranching on these emissions in British Columbia in order to determine the overall carbon footprint. The grazing activity within the Lac du Bois grasslands of British Columbia was examined, with emphasis on identifying point sources and removals of greenhouse gas emissions from cattle ranching. Enteric methane emissions were empirically measured at two elevation gradients in the spring and fall of 2010. Cattle emitted on average 370 L CH4 per day; these measurements on native grasslands are comparable to work on tame pastures. A life cycle analysis was conducted with a validated HOLOS model based on empirical measurements. The following grassland improvement strategies were evaluated: reducing stocking density; and reseeding/interseeding grass and legumes with and without synthetic fertilizer additions. Reseeding was the most effective at reducing the carbon footprint of cattle ranching on the Lac du Bois grasslands. Reseeding initiatives could theoretically result in soil carbon sequestration rates of 2.12 Mg CO2 equivalent per hectare. A combination of reductions and removals should be implemented in the future to reduce the overall carbon footprint of cattle ranching in British Columbia.
El mecenazgo mexicano en la recuperación del patrimonio artístico español. La familia Garza-Sada/Fernández-Zambrano (Monterrey)
Authors: LORDUY-OSÉS Lucas
Published: November 2022

Se estudia el mecenazgo de la familia mexicana Garza-Sada/Fernández- Zambrano en la recuperación de bienes culturales españoles expoliados y exportados de manera fraudulenta a Estados Unidos (1928-1935). Se pone de manifiesto el interés por poner este patrimonio al servicio de la ciudadanía mediante la creación de un museo público en San Pedro Garza García (Nuevo León, México). Así mismo, se destaca la acción de este mecenazgo en la rehabilitación del Palacio de Torremejía (ss. XVI-XVIII, Almagro, Ciudad Real) y convertirlo en una institución museística para la exposición de arte mexicano en España.
Experimental study of small hydro turbine propeller performance with a variety of blade angles of attack
Authors: Lillahulhaq Zain , Sandy Fahreza Dwi , Mahardika Bagus Putra , Akbar Michael Azzura , Saragih Doan Besthian
Published: November 2022

The availability of non-renewable energy has recently been running low and so impacts electrical energy. Renewable energy is converted from natural sources to kinetic energy. The Double Propeller Water Turbine is a water turbine that is suitable to be applied using a small flow head. This research is a development of previous research by changing the degree of inclination of the blade angle on the turbine, which is used to determine changes in the power and efficiency of the Double Propeller turbine at various speeds. The results showed that the Double Propeller turbine rotation’s performance was directly proportional to the slope of the turbine blade angle. The optimum angle of attack on the hydro turbine affected the lift force and the ability of the water flow to capture water power. At the lowest blade angle, which is 20 degrees, the highest rotational speed is obtained with a value of 335 rpm. The turbine generates the most significant power with a blade angle of 20o, with a value of 4.81 watts, and the highest efficiency is 24%. The degree of blade angle affects the performance of the Double Propeller turbine.
Analysis of variance dimension of reinforcement to stress concentration factor using Finite Element Method
Authors: Ali Ali , Permana Diki Ismail , Yudha Hermawan Nurfakhira
Published: November 2022

Stress concentration is a condition when stress increases only at a certain area of a component compared to the stress at the uniform cross-section of the component when given a load. This phenomenon can occur due to irregular geometry such as a hole, sharp angle, cross-section change, notch, threads, groove, crack, etc. Any change in geometric shape on a uniform cross section will cause a stress increases. High stress concentrations need to be reduced to prevent faster failure of a component. The stress concentration that occurs can be determined by using stress concentration factors (Kt). Using FEM method, the simulation obtained stress distribution that occurs in the shaft that is modelled, both without and with the additional groove. The results obtained by the additional of a semi-circular groove can reduce stress concentrations up to ten percent.