bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Test-Retest and Interrater Reliability of the Functional Movement Screen
Authors: Shultz Rebecca , Anderson Scott C. , Matheson Gordon O. , Marcello Brandon , Besier Thor
Published: May 2013

Context:

The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a popular test to evaluate the degree of painful, dysfunctional, and asymmetric movement patterns. Despite great interest in the FMS, test-retest reliability data have not been published.

Objective:

To assess the test-retest and interrater reliability of the FMS and to compare the scoring by 1 rater during a live session and the same session on video.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Human performance laboratory in the sports medicine center.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 21 female (age = 19.6 ± 1.5 years, height = 1.7 ± 0.1 m, mass = 64.4 ± 5.1 kg) and 18 male (age = 19.7 ± 1.0 years, height = 1.9 ± 0.1 m, mass = 80.1 ± 9.9 kg) National Collegiate Athletic Association Division IA varsity athletes volunteered.

Intervention(s):

Each athlete was tested and retested 1 week later by the same rater who also scored the athlete's first session from a video recording. Five other raters scored the video from the first session.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

The Krippendorff α (K α) was used to assess the interrater reliability, whereas intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to assess the test-retest reliability and reliability of live-versus-video scoring.

Results:

Good reliability was found for the test-retest (ICC = 0.6), and excellent reliability was found for the live-versus-video sessions (ICC = 0.92). Poor reliability was found for the interrater reliability (K α = .38).

Conclusions:

The good test-retest and high live-versus-video session reliability show that the FMS is a usable tool within 1 rater. However, the low interrater K α values suggest that the FMS within the limits of generalization should not be used indiscriminately to detect deficiencies that place the athlete at greater risk for injury. The FMS interrater reliability may be improved with better training for the rater.
Molecular Approach to Microbiological Examination of Water Quality in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) in Mississippi, USA
Authors: Kishinhi Stephen S. , Tchounwou Paul B. , Farah Ibrahim O.
Published: May 2013

Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) is an important ecosystem in the Mississippi Gulf Coast. It serves as important nursery areas for juveniles of many species of fish. The bay is also used for fishing, crabbing, oyster togging, boating as well as recreation. Like in other aquatic environments, this bay may be contaminated by microorganisms including pathogenic bacteria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of water in the Grand Bay NERR and determine the levels and potential source(s) of human fecal pollution. To achieve this goal, water samples were collected aseptically every month in Bayou Heron, Bayou Cumbest, Point Aux Chenes Bay and Bangs Lake. Enterococci were concentrated from water samples by membrane filtration according to the methodology outlined in USEPA Method 1600. After incubation, DNA was extracted from bacteria colonies on the membrane filters by using QIAamp DNA extraction kit. Water samples were also tested for the presence of traditional indicator bacteria including: heterotrophic plate count, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Enterococcus bacteria. The marker esp gene was detected in one site of Bayou Cumbest, an area where human populations reside. Data from this study indicates higher concentrations of indicator bacteria compared to the recommended acceptable levels. Presence of esp marker and high numbers of indicator bacteria suggest a public health concern for shellfish and water contact activities. Hence, control strategies should be developed and implemented to prevent further contamination of the Grand bay NERR waters.
Solution stationnaire de l'équation de coagulation de gouttelettes en chute avec le vent horizontal
Authors: Merad Meriem , Belhireche Hanane , Fujita Yashima Hisao
Published: May 2013

We consider the equation which describes the coagulation process of water drops which fall in the air. The equation is considered in a two-dimensional domain and the density of water drops entering the domain is supposed to be given. Under the hypothesis of the constancy of the horizontal wind and some suitable conditions, we prove the existence and the uniqueness of the stationary solution.
Curves which do not Become Semi-Stable After any Solvable Extension
Authors: Pál Ambrus
Published: May 2013

We show that there is a field

F

complete with respect to a discrete valuation whose residue field is perfect and there is a finite Galois extension

K\vert F

such that there is no solvable Galois extension

L\vert F

such that the extension

KL\vert K

is unramified, where

KL

is the composite of

K

and

L

. As an application we deduce that that there is a field

F

as above and there is a smooth, projective, geometrically irreducible curve over

F

which does not acquire semi-stable reduction over any solvable extension of

F

.
The Amalgamated Duplication of a Ring Along a Semidualizing Ideal
Authors: Salimi Maryam , Tavasoli Elham , Yassemi S.
Published: May 2013

Let

R

be a commutative Noetherian ring and let

I

be an ideal of

R

. In this paper, after recalling briefly the main properties of the amalgamated duplication ring

R\bowtie I

which is introduced by D'Anna and Fontana, we restrict our attention to the study of the properties of

R\bowtie I

, when

I

is a semidualizing ideal of

R

, i.e.,

I

is an ideal of

R

and

I

is a semidualizing

R

-module. In particular, it is shown that if

I

is a semidualizing ideal and

M

is a finitely generated

R

-module, then

M

is totally

I

-reflexive as an

R

-module if and only if

M

is totally reflexive as an

(R\bowtie I)

-module. In addition, it is shown that if

I

is a semidualizing ideal, then

R

and

I

are Gorenstein projective over

R \bowtie I

, and every injective

R

-module is Gorenstein injective as an

(R \bowtie I)

-module. Finally, it is proved that if

I

is a non-zero flat ideal of

R

, then fd

_{R}(M) = {\rm fd} _{R \bowtie I} (M \otimes _{R} (R\bowtie I)) = {\rm fd} _{R} (M\otimes _{R}(R\bowtie I))

, for every

R

-module

M

.
Reformas de la televisión regional europea con lengua propia en el contexto actual de crisis
Authors: Azurmendi Ana
Published: May 2013

La crisis económica europea ha estado en el origen de las reformas de algunas de las televisiones regionales europeas con lengua propia más importantes, como son la escocesa BBC Alba, la galesa S4C y la irlandesaTG4. Tras el estudio de la situación de cada uno de estos operadores regionales en términos del cumplimiento de su misión de servicio público, su financiación y su gobernanza, se hace un apunte comparativo con la situación actual de las televisiones autonómicas con lengua propia, EITB, CCMA, RTVG, RTVA e IB3. La hipótesis que se mantiene en el artículo es que sólo en algunos aspectos parciales sería deseable que la televisión autonómica española siguiera para su reforma el modelo de otras televisiones regionales europeas, puesto que la envergadura y la misión de servicio público de las autonómicas tienen una entidad mayor que el de aquellas.
Correlations and Comparison between Repeat Computed Tomography Scores, Endoscopy Scores and Symptomatic Improvement before and after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Pilot Study
Authors: Deepthi NV , Menon Indudharan R
Published: May 2013

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is diagnosed on the basis of symptoms, nasal endoscopic findings and computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses (CT PNS). Where indicated, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is the surgical treatment.

Objective

To determine correlations between subjective symptom severity and objective endoscopic and radiologic findings in CRS and to compare these before and after FESS.

Materials and methods

Analysis of prospectively collected data of 20 patients undergoing FESS at a tertiary care medical center followed up for a minimum period of 6 months after surgery. RSI questionnaire-based symptom score, Lund-Mackay system-based endoscopic and CT finding scores were recorded preoperatively and at 8 weeks and 6 months postoperatively.

Results

Significant positive correlation was noted between the three parameters before surgery, especially endoscopic and radiological scores (r = 0.94 in the latter, p < 0.01 in all three). Postoperative improvement was statistically significant for all three parameters, even at the 6 months stage (p < 0.001). Postoperative correlations reduced significantly, especially between endoscopic and radiological scores.

Conclusion

This study showed the relevance of objective evaluation of routine parameters of CRS, preoperatively. It also confirmed the usefulness of FESS in indicated cases, in terms of statistical improvement of these parameters. However, repeat CT scans and the methods of scoring used by us may not be equally applicable in the long-term postoperative scenario.

How to cite this article

Deepthi NV, Menon UK, Menon IR. Correlations and Comparison between Repeat Computed Tomography Scores, Endoscopy Scores and Symptomatic Improvement before and after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Pilot Study. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2013;6(1):32-40.
Attentional Bias and Complicated Grief: A Primed Dot-Probe Task with Emotional Faces
Authors: Bullock Ashley B. , Bonanno George A.
Published: May 2013

We used a dot-probe task to examine attentional biases toward emotional stimuli among three groups: conjugally bereaved1.5–3 years post-loss with or without Complicated Grief (CG) and a sample of demographically similar married participants. Each trial was preceded by a subliminal prime of the spouse's name or the spouse's name scrambled (neutral). Only CG participants demonstrated significant attentional biases. When primed with their (deceased) spouse's name, CG participants attended away from closed-mouth sad faces, and in the neutral condition attended away from happy faces. Because over half of the CG participants also met criteria for MDD (n = 14), we repeated these analyses examining co-morbid MDD with CG. The same findings emerged for sad faces in the deceased condition and happy faces in the neutral condition. These findings extend previous research on CG, demonstrating that CG and co-morbid CG with MDD involves distinct attentional problems specifically related to grief symptomatology.
Does Anxiety Sensitivity Cause Panic Symptoms? An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Dixon Laura J. , Sy Jennifer T. , Kemp Joshua J. , Deacon Brett J.
Published: May 2013

Anxiety sensitivity (AS) refers to the fear of anxiety-related sensations based on beliefs about their harmful consequences. Despite a wealth of research demonstrating an association between AS and panic-related psychopathology, direct experimental evidence that AS causes panic symptoms, as hypothesized in cognitive models of panic disorder, is lacking. The present study aimed to fill this gap by testing the causal relationship between AS and panic symptoms using a false physiological feedback paradigm. Undergraduate participants without a history of panic underwent a prolonged hyperventilation challenge either with (n = 33) or without (n = 30) receiving false physiological feedback suggesting an impending loss of consciousness. As hypothesized, participants in the false feedback condition had higher peak anxiety, engaged in more avoidance, and had more catastrophic thoughts and higher body vigilance specific to fainting compared to participants in the control condition. Between-group differences on most outcome measures were fully mediated by higher concerns about fainting in the experimental condition. Baseline AS did not potentiate the effects of the experimental manipulation on fear responding. This study provides direct experimental evidence in support of the causal role of AS in panic symptoms as informed by Cox's (1996) interactional model of AS and catastrophic cognitions.
An Integrated Examination of Risk Factors for Repetitive Negative Thought
Authors: Kingston Rosemary E. F. , Watkins Edward R. , O'Mahen Heather A.
Published: May 2013

The two most common forms of repetitive negative thought (RNT) are rumination and worry, which are both repeatedly implicated in the onset and maintenance of depression and anxiety disorders. It is therefore of theoretical and clinical value to understand why people engage in worry and rumination, despite their negative consequences. A variety of vulnerability factors have been implicated, including distal factors relating to personality, abuse, and overcontrolling parenting; and proximal cognitive factors, including abstract processing and perceptions of the function of repetitive thought (RT). The current study provided a cross-sectional examination of these vulnerability factors alongside rumination and worry in a large sample of adults, with reference to a new integrative model of RNT. Structural equation modelling analyses indicated that a model in which neuroticism and emotional abuse were related to RNT via their association with perceptions about the function of RT provided a good fit to the data.
Effect of Suppression, Reappraisal, and Acceptance of Emotional Pictures on Acoustic Eye-Blink Startle Magnitude
Authors: Asnaani Anu , Sawyer Alice T. , Aderka Idan M. , Hofmann Stefan G.
Published: May 2013

To examine the effects of different emotion regulation strategies on acoustic eye-blink startle, 65 participants viewed positive, neutral, and negative pictures and were instructed to suppress, reappraise, or accept their emotional responses to these pictures using a within-group experimental design with separate blocks of pictures for each strategy. Instructions to suppress the emotional response led to an attenuation of the eye-blink startle magnitude, in comparison with instructions to reappraise or accept. Reappraisal and acceptance instructions did not differ from one another in their effect on startle. These results are discussed within the context of the existing empirical literature on emotion regulation.
Characterization of urban aerosol in Cork city (Ireland) using aerosol mass spectrometry
Authors: Dall'Osto M. , Ovadnevaite J. , Ceburnis D. , Martin D. , Healy R. M. , O'Connor I. P. , Kourtchev I. , Sodeau J. R. , Wenger J. C. , O'Dowd C.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Ambient wintertime background urban aerosol in Cork city, Ireland, was characterized using aerosol mass spectrometry. During the three-week measurement study in 2009, 93% of the ca. 1 350 000 single particles characterized by an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (TSI ATOFMS) were classified into five organic-rich particle types, internally mixed to different proportions with elemental carbon (EC), sulphate and nitrate, while the remaining 7% was predominantly inorganic in nature. Non-refractory PM1 aerosol was characterized using a High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Aerodyne HR-ToF-AMS) and was also found to comprise organic aerosol as the most abundant species (62%), followed by nitrate (15%), sulphate (9%) and ammonium (9%), and chloride (5%). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the HR-ToF-AMS organic matrix, and a five-factor solution was found to describe the variance in the data well. Specifically, "hydrocarbon-like" organic aerosol (HOA) comprised 20% of the mass, "low-volatility" oxygenated organic aerosol (LV-OOA) comprised 18%, "biomass burning" organic aerosol (BBOA) comprised 23%, non-wood solid-fuel combustion "peat and coal" organic aerosol (PCOA) comprised 21%, and finally a species type characterized by primary \\textit{m/z}~peaks at 41 and 55, similar to previously reported "cooking" organic aerosol (COA), but possessing different diurnal variations to what would be expected for cooking activities, contributed 18%. Correlations between the different particle types obtained by the two aerosol mass spectrometers are also discussed. Despite wood, coal and peat being minor fuel types used for domestic space heating in urban areas, their relatively low combustion efficiencies result in a significant contribution to PM1 aerosol mass (44% and 28% of the total organic aerosol mass and non-refractory total PM1, respectively).
Singular vector decomposition for sensitivity analyses of tropospheric chemical scenarios
Authors: Goris N. , Elbern H.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Observations of the chemical state of the atmosphere typically provide only sparse snapshots of the state of the system due to their insufficient temporal and spatial density. One possibility for optimisation of the state estimate is to target the observation of those parameters that have the largest potential of resulting in forecast improvements. In the present work, the technique of singular vector analysis is applied to atmospheric chemical modelling in order to identify the most sensitive chemical compounds during a given time period and prioritise them for measurement. Novel to the current work is the fact that, in the application of singular vector analysis, not only the initial values but also the emissions are considered as target variables for adaptive observation strategies. This specific application of singular vector analysis is studied in the context of a chemistry box model allowing for validation of its new features for two chemical regimes. The time and regime dependence of the ozone (O3) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation potential of individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is investigated. Results show that the combined sensitivity of O3 and PAN to individual VOCs is strongly dependent on the photochemical scenario and simulation interval used. Particularly the alkanes show increasing sensitivities with increasing simulation length. Classifying the VOCs as being of high, medium, little or negligible importance for the formation of O3 and PAN allows for the identification of those VOCs that may be omitted from measurement. We find that it is possible to omit 6 out of 18 VOCs considered for initial value measurement and 4 out of 12 VOCs considered for emission measurement. The omission of these VOCs is independent of photochemical regime and simulation length. The VOCs selected for measuring account for more than 96% and 90% of the O3 and PAN sensitivity to VOCs, respectively.
Evaluation of a new JMA aircraft flask sampling system and laboratory trace gas analysis system
Authors: Tsuboi K. , Matsueda H. , Sawa Y. , Niwa Y. , Nakamura M. , Kuboike D. , Saito K. , Ohmori H. , Iwatsubo S. , Nishi H. , Hanamiya Y. , Tsuji K. , Baba Y.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. We established and evaluated a flask air sampling system on a cargo C-130H aircraft, as well as a trace gas measurement system for the flask samples, as part of a new operational monitoring program of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Air samples were collected during each flight, between Kanagawa Prefecture (near Tokyo) and Minamitorishima (an island located nearly 2000 km southeast of Tokyo), from the air-conditioning system on the aircraft. Prior to the operational employment of the sampling system, a quality assurance test of the sampled air was made by specially coordinated flights at a low altitude of 1000 ft over Minamitorishima and comparing the flask values with those obtained at the surface. Based on our storage tests, the flask samples remained nearly stable until analyses. The trace gas measurement system has, in addition to the nondispersive infrared (NDIR) and vacuum ultraviolet resonance fluorescence (VURF) analyzers, two laser-based analyzers using wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) and off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS). Laboratory tests of the laser-based analyzers for measuring flask samples indicated relatively high reproducibility with overall precisions of less than ±0.06 ppm for CO2, ±0.68 ppb for CH4, ±0.36 ppb for CO, and ±0.03 ppb for N2O. Flask air sample measurements, conducted concurrently on different analyzers were compared. These comparisons showed a negligible bias in the averaged measurements between the laser-based measurement techniques and the other methods currently in use. We also estimated that there are no significant isotope effects for CH4, CO and N2O using standard gases with industrial isotopic compositions to calibrate the laser-based analyzers, but CO2 was found to possess isotope effects larger than its analytical precision.
Effect of CO2 enrichment on bacterial metabolism in an Arctic fjord
Authors: Motegi C. , Tanaka T. , Piontek J. , Brussaard C. P. D. , Gattuso J.-P. , Weinbauer M. G.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. The anthropogenic increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) alters the seawater carbonate chemistry, with a decline of pH and an increase in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). Although bacteria play a major role in carbon cycling, little is known about the impact of rising pCO2 on bacterial carbon metabolism, especially for natural bacterial communities. In this study, we investigated the effect of rising pCO2 on bacterial production (BP), bacterial respiration (BR) and bacterial carbon metabolism during a mesocosm experiment performed in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard) in 2010. Nine mesocosms with pCO2 levels ranging from ca. 180 to 1400 μatm were deployed in the fjord and monitored for 30 days. Generally BP gradually decreased in all mesocosms in an initial phase, showed a large (3.6-fold average) but temporary increase on day 10, and increased slightly after inorganic nutrient addition. Over the wide range of pCO2 investigated, the patterns in BP and growth rate of bulk and free-living communities were generally similar over time. However, BP of the bulk community significantly decreased with increasing pCO2 after nutrient addition (day 14). In addition, increasing pCO2 enhanced the leucine to thymidine (Leu : TdR) ratio at the end of experiment, suggesting that pCO2 may alter the growth balance of bacteria. Stepwise multiple regression analysis suggests that multiple factors, including pCO2, explained the changes of BP, growth rate and Leu : TdR ratio at the end of the experiment. In contrast to BP, no clear trend and effect of changes of pCO2 was observed for BR, bacterial carbon demand and bacterial growth efficiency. Overall, the results suggest that changes in pCO2 potentially influence bacterial production, growth rate and growth balance rather than the conversion of dissolved organic matter into CO2.
Sulphur compounds, methane, and phytoplankton: interactions along a north–south transit in the western Pacific Ocean
Authors: Zindler C. , Bracher A. , Marandino C. A. , Taylor B. , Torrecilla E. , Kock A. , Bange H. W.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Here we present results of the first comprehensive study of sulphur compounds and methane in the oligotrophic tropical western Pacific Ocean. The concentrations of dimethylsuphide (DMS), dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), and methane (CH4), as well as various phytoplankton marker pigments in the surface ocean were measured along a north–south transit from Japan to Australia in October 2009. DMS (0.9 nmol L−1), dissolved DMSP (DMSPd, 1.6 nmol L−1) and particulate DMSP (DMSPp, 2 nmol L−1) concentrations were generally low, while dissolved DMSO (DMSOd, 4.4 nmol L−1) and particulate DMSO (DMSOp, 11.5 nmol L−1) concentrations were comparably enhanced. Positive correlations were found between DMSO and DMSP as well as DMSP and DMSO with chlorophyll a, which suggests a similar source for both compounds. Similar phytoplankton groups were identified as being important for the DMSO and DMSP pool, thus, the same algae taxa might produce both DMSP and DMSO. In contrast, phytoplankton seemed to play only a minor role for the DMS distribution in the western Pacific Ocean. The observed DMSPp : DMSOp ratios were very low and seem to be characteristic of oligotrophic tropical waters representing the extreme endpoint of the global DMSPp : DMSOp ratio vs SST relationship. It is most likely that nutrient limitation and oxidative stress in the tropical western Pacific Ocean triggered enhanced DMSO production leading to an accumulation of DMSO in the sea surface. Positive correlations between DMSPd and CH4, as well as between DMSO (particulate and total) and CH4, were found along the transit. We conclude that DMSP and DMSO and/or their degradation products might serve as potential substrates for CH4 production in the oxic surface layer of the western Pacific Ocean.
Microbial activity and carbonate isotope signatures as a tool for identification of spatial differences in methane advection: a case study at the Pacific Costa Rican margin
Authors: Krause S. , Steeb P. , Hensen C. , Liebetrau V. , Dale A. W. , Nuzzo M. , Treude T.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Subduction of the oceanic Cocos plate offshore Costa Rica causes strong advection of methane-charged fluids. Presented here are the first direct measurements of microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and sulfate reduction (SR) rates in sediments from the two mounds, applying radiotracer techniques in combination with numerical modeling. In addition, analysis of carbonate δ18O, δ13C, and 87Sr / 86Sr signatures constrain the origin of the carbonate-precipitating fluid. Average rates of microbial activities showed differences with a factor of 4.8 to 6.3 between Mound 11 [AOM 140.71 (±40.84 SD); SR 117.25 (±82.06 SD) mmol m−2 d−1, respectively] and Mound 12 [AOM 22.37 (±0.85 SD); SR 23.99 (±5.79 SD) mmol m−2 d−1, respectively]. Modeling results yielded flow velocities of 50 cm a−1 at Mound 11 and 8–15 cm a−1 at Mound 12. Analysis of oxygen and carbon isotope variations of authigenic carbonates from the two locations revealed higher values for Mound 11 (δ18O: 4.7 to 5.9‰, δ13C: −21.0 to −29.6‰), compared to Mound 12 (δ18O: 4.1 to 4.5‰, δ13C: −45.7 to −48.9‰). Analysis of carbonates 87Sr / 86Sr indicated temporal changes of deep-source fluid admixture at Mound 12. The present study is in accordance with previous work supporting considerable differences of methane flux between the two Mounds. It also strengthens the hypothesis of a predominantly deep fluid source for Mound 11 versus a rather shallow source of biogenic methane for Mound 12. The results demonstrate that methane-driven microbial activity is a valid ground truthing tool for geophysical measurements of fluid advection and constraining of recent methane fluxes in the study area. The study further shows that the combination of microbial rate measurements, numerical modeling, and authigenic carbonate analysis provide a suitable approach to constrain temporal and spatial variations of methane charged fluid flow at the Pacific Costa Rican margin.
Present state of global wetland extent and wetland methane modelling: methodology of a model inter-comparison project (WETCHIMP)
Authors: Wania R. , Melton J. R. , Hodson E. L. , Poulter B. , Ringeval B. , Spahni R. , Bohn T. , Avis C. A. , Chen G. , Eliseev A. V. , Hopcroft P. O. , Riley W. J. , Subin Z. M. , Tian H. , van Bodegom P. M. , Kleinen T. , Yu Z. C. , Singarayer J. S. , Zürcher S. , Lettenmaier D. P. , Beerling D. J. , Denisov S. N. , Prigent C. , Papa F. , Kaplan J. O.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. The Wetland and Wetland CH4 Intercomparison of Models Project (WETCHIMP) was created to evaluate our present ability to simulate large-scale wetland characteristics and corresponding methane (CH4) emissions. A multi-model comparison is essential to evaluate the key uncertainties in the mechanisms and parameters leading to methane emissions. Ten modelling groups joined WETCHIMP to run eight global and two regional models with a common experimental protocol using the same climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) forcing datasets. We reported the main conclusions from the intercomparison effort in a companion paper (Melton et al., 2013). Here we provide technical details for the six experiments, which included an equilibrium, a transient, and an optimized run plus three sensitivity experiments (temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric CO2 concentration). The diversity of approaches used by the models is summarized through a series of conceptual figures, and is used to evaluate the wide range of wetland extent and CH4 fluxes predicted by the models in the equilibrium run. We discuss relationships among the various approaches and patterns in consistencies of these model predictions. Within this group of models, there are three broad classes of methods used to estimate wetland extent: prescribed based on wetland distribution maps, prognostic relationships between hydrological states based on satellite observations, and explicit hydrological mass balances. A larger variety of approaches was used to estimate the net CH4 fluxes from wetland systems. Even though modelling of wetland extent and CH4 emissions has progressed significantly over recent decades, large uncertainties still exist when estimating CH4 emissions: there is little consensus on model structure or complexity due to knowledge gaps, different aims of the models, and the range of temporal and spatial resolutions of the models.
A FAST AND SIMPLE METHOD OF BUILDING DETECTION FROM LIDAR DATA BASED ON SCAN LINE ANALYSIS
Authors: Hu X. , Ye L.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. One of the major problems in processing LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data is its huge data volume which causes very high computational load when dealing with large areas with high point density. A fast and simple algorithm based on scan line analysis is proposed for automatic detection of building points from LiDAR data. At first, ground/non-ground classification is performed to filter out the ground points. Douglas–Peucker algorithm is then used to segment the scan line into segment objects based on height variation. These objects are preliminarily classified into buildings and vegetation based on local analysis using simple rules. At last, the region growing method is used to improve the quality of the extraction. The test data provided by the ISPRS test project on urban object extraction, containing a lot of buildings with complex roof structures, various sizes, and different heights, is used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can extract building regions effectively.
An AHP-derived method for mapping the physical vulnerability of coastal areas at regional scales
Authors: Le Cozannet G. , Garcin M. , Bulteau T. , Mirgon C. , Yates M. L. , Méndez M. , Baills A. , Idier D. , Oliveros C.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Assessing coastal vulnerability to climate change at regional scales is now mandatory in France since the adoption of recent laws to support adaptation to climate change. However, there is presently no commonly recognised method to assess accurately how sea level rise will modify coastal processes in the coming decades. Therefore, many assessments of the physical component of coastal vulnerability are presently based on a combined use of data (e.g. digital elevation models, historical shoreline and coastal geomorphology datasets), simple models and expert opinion. In this study, we assess the applicability and usefulness of a multi-criteria decision-mapping method (the analytical hierarchy process, AHP) to map physical coastal vulnerability to erosion and flooding in a structured way. We apply the method in two regions of France: the coastal zones of Languedoc-Roussillon (north-western Mediterranean, France) and the island of La Réunion (south-western Indian Ocean), notably using the regional geological maps. As expected, the results show not only the greater vulnerability of sand spits, estuaries and low-lying areas near to coastal lagoons in both regions, but also that of a thin strip of erodible cliffs exposed to waves in La Réunion. Despite gaps in knowledge and data, the method is found to provide a flexible and transportable framework to represent and aggregate existing knowledge and to support long-term coastal zone planning through the integration of such studies into existing adaptation schemes.
Coupling X-band dual-polarized mini-radars and hydro-meteorological forecast models: the HYDRORAD project
Authors: Picciotti E. , Marzano F. S. , Anagnostou E. N. , Kalogiros J. , Fessas Y. , Volpi A. , Cazac V. , Pace R. , Cinque G. , Bernardini L. , De Sanctis K. , Di Fabio S. , Montopoli M. , Anagnostou M. N. , Telleschi A. , Dimitriou E. , Stella J.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Hydro-meteorological hazards like convective outbreaks leading to torrential rain and floods are among the most critical environmental issues world-wide. In that context weather radar observations have proven to be very useful in providing information on the spatial distribution of rainfall that can support early warning of floods. However, quantitative precipitation estimation by radar is subjected to many limitations and uncertainties. The use of dual-polarization at high frequency (i.e. X-band) has proven particularly useful for mitigating some of the limitation of operational systems, by exploiting the benefit of easiness to transport and deploy and the high spatial and temporal resolution achievable at small antenna sizes. New developments on X-band dual-polarization technology in recent years have received the interest of scientific and operational communities in these systems. New enterprises are focusing on the advancement of cost-efficient mini-radar network technology, based on high-frequency (mainly X-band) and low-power weather radar systems for weather monitoring and hydro-meteorological forecasting. Within the above context, the main objective of the HYDRORAD project was the development of an innovative \\mbox{integrated} decision support tool for weather monitoring and hydro-meteorological applications. The integrated system tool is based on a polarimetric X-band mini-radar network which is the core of the decision support tool, a novel radar products generator and a hydro-meteorological forecast modelling system that ingests mini-radar rainfall products to forecast precipitation and floods. The radar products generator includes algorithms for attenuation correction, hydrometeor classification, a vertical profile reflectivity correction, a new polarimetric rainfall estimators developed for mini-radar observations, and short-term nowcasting of convective cells. The hydro-meteorological modelling system includes the Mesoscale Model 5 (MM5) and the Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center hydrologic and hydraulic modelling chain. The characteristics of this tool make it ideal to support flood monitoring and forecasting within urban environment and small-scale basins. Preliminary results, carried out during a field campaign in Moldova, showed that the mini-radar based hydro-meteorological forecasting system can constitute a suitable solution for local flood warning and civil flood protection applications.
Student engagement in distance learning environments: A comparison of threaded discussion forums and text-focused Wikis
Authors: Gao Fei , Wong David
Published: May 2013

The purpose of this study was to improve the quality of students' online discussion of assigned readings in an online course. To improve the focus, depth, and connectedness of online discussion, the first author designed a text-focused Wiki that simultaneously displayed the assigned reading and students' comments side by side in adjacent columns. In the text-focused Wiki, students were able to read the assigned text in the left column and type their comments or questions in the right column adjacent to the sentence or passage that sparked their interest. In post-participation surveys, data were gathered about students' experiences in the text-focused Wiki and prior experiences in threaded discussion forums. Students reported more focus, depth, flow, idea generation, and enjoyment in the text-focused Wiki.
Collaboration in context: Comparing article evolution among subject disciplines in Wikipedia
Authors: Ehmann Katherine , Large Andrew , Beheshti Jamshid
Published: May 2013

This exploratory study examines the relationships between article and Talk page contributions and their effect on article quality in Wikipedia. The sample consisted of three articles each from the hard sciences, soft sciences, and humanities, whose talk page and article edit histories were observed over a five-month period and coded for contribution types. Richness and neutrality criteria were then used to assess article quality and results were compared within and among subject disciplines. This study reveals variability in article quality across subject disciplines and a relationship between Talk page discussion and article editing activity. Overall, results indicate the initial article creator’s critical role in providing a framework for future editing as well as a remarkable stability in article content over time.
Wikiversity; or education meets the free culture movement: An ethnographic investigation
Authors: Friesen Norm , Hopkins Janet
Published: May 2013

Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia, has challenged the way that reference works are used and understood, and even the way that the collective enterprise of knowledge construction and circulation is itself conceptualized. The article presents an ethnographic study of Wikiversity, an educationally-oriented sister project to Wikipedia. It begins by providing an overview of the orientations and aims of Wikiversity, which seeks to provide for participants both open educational contents and an open educational community. It then undertakes a detailed examination of this project's emerging, overlapping communities and cultures by providing descriptions produced through a combination of ethnographic techniques. These descriptions focus on the experiences of a participant-observer in the context of a eleven-week course developed and delivered via Wikiversity, titled Composing Free and Open Online Educational Resources. These descriptions are discussed and interpreted through reference to qualitative studies of the more developed dynamics of the Wikipedia effort --allowing this study to trace the possible trajectories for the future development of the fledgling Wikiversity project. In this way, this paper investigates the communal and cultural dynamics of an undertaking that --should it meet only with a fraction of Wikipedia's success-- will be of obvious significance to education generally.
Analysing the challenges for large public libraries in the twenty-first century: A case study of the State Library of Victoria in Australia
Authors: Waller Vivienne , McShane Ian
Published: May 2013

For large public libraries, the development of digital technologies poses challenges that have yet to be fully explored. While library sector rhetoric rightly imagines that digital technologies bring change to all aspects of library operations, it is not enough to focus on the technologies. Using the State Library of Victoria in Australia as a case example, this paper identifies two key challenges for large public libraries in the new millennium. The first is to obtain a thorough understanding of the nature of the environment in which they operate; in particular, an understanding of the ways in which both the ecology and economy of information are changing. The second challenge is for libraries to develop a policy framework that clarifies institutional goals and brings coherence to diverse and sometimes conflicting policy demands in rapidly changing technological and service settings.
Sense.us: Towards a more social ‘social visualization’
Authors: Sluijs Jasper P.
Published: May 2013

The present research analyses the ‘social visualization’ tool Sense.us, a commercial interactive Web application in which U.S. Census data are being visualized. Sense.us was developed as a tool for social data exploration and interaction, in which it would be worthwhile to pay attention to the socio-cultural values that have driven the collection and categorization of the underlying U.S. Census datasets. It is argued that closer attention to value-driven U.S. Census statistics would greatly enhance the social appeal of Sense.us, and would be a logical next step in the development of online social visualization tools. In order to allow for explicit socio-cultural values of statistics in online visualizations, three strategies are offered: pro-active annotation; more attention to visual aesthetics; and, a tighter integration of user profiles and represented data.
Key differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0
Authors: Cormode Graham , Krishnamurthy Balachander
Published: May 2013

Web 2.0 is a buzzword introduced in 2003-04 which is commonly used to encompass various novel phenomena on the World Wide Web. Although largely a marketing term, some of the key attributes associated with Web 2.0 include the growth of social networks, bi-directional communication, various 'glue' technologies, and significant diversity in content types. We are not aware of a technical comparison between Web 1.0 and 2.0. While most of Web 2.0 runs on the same substrate as 1.0, there are some key differences. We capture those differences and their implications for technical work in this paper. Our goal is to identify the primary differences leading to the properties of interest in 2.0 to be characterized. We identify novel challenges due to the different structures of Web 2.0 sites, richer methods of user interaction, new technologies, and fundamentally different philosophy. Although a significant amount of past work can be reapplied, some critical thinking is needed for the networking community to analyze the challenges of this new and rapidly evolving environment.
Gaming against the greater good
Authors: McGrady Ryan
Published: May 2013

Wikipedia has grown to be one of the most visited Web sites in the world. Despite its influence on popular culture and the way we think about knowledge production and consumption, the conversation about why and how it works - or whether it's credible at all - is ongoing. This paper began as an examination of what the concept of "authority" means in Wikipedia and what role rhetoric might play in manufacturing this authority. Wikipedia's editors have functioned well as a community, having collaboratively developed a comprehensive set of social norms designed to place the project before any individual. Hence ideas like authority and rhetoric have only marginal roles in day-to-day activities. This paper takes an in-depth look at these norms and how they work, paying particular attention to a relatively new guideline that exemplifies the spirit of the Wikipedia community - "Gaming the system."
All the World Wide Web’s a stage: The performance of identity in online social networks
Authors: Pearson Erika
Published: May 2013

This paper discusses how ideas of performance can be used to conceptualize the play of identity formation on social networking sites (SNS). Linking Goffman's theories of social performance with Granovetter's notion of the social tie, this paper will argue that identities on SNS are deliberately constructed performances that straddle the frontstage and the backstage, the public and the private, and in doing so both support and rely upon webs of social connections which engage with fluid or playful identity constructions.
Enriching the migrant experience: Blogging motivations, privacy and offline lives of Filipino women in Britain
Authors: Yao Abigail
Published: May 2013

This qualitative study explored motivations for blog creation, use and maintenance through interviews with eight Filipino women in Britain and thematic analysis of their blogs. The participants' blogs served as a medium for expression and emotional connection with an audience, communication which led to interaction through other online channels and face-to-face meetings. Blogging, as a practice leading to enriched experiences and a process in which rationale, uses and content change over time, holds both potential and challenges to adoption for migrants.
Where is the cloud? Geography, economics, environment, and jurisdiction in cloud computing
Authors: Jaeger Paul T. , Lin Jimmy , Grimes Justin M. , Simmons Shannon N.
Published: May 2013

Cloud computing – the creation of large data centers that can be dynamically provisioned, configured, and reconfigured to deliver services in a scalable manner – places enormous capacity and power in the hands of users. As an emerging new technology, however, cloud computing also raises significant questions about resources, economics, the environment, and the law. Many of these questions relate to geographical considerations related to the data centers that underlie the clouds: physical location, available resources, and jurisdiction. While the metaphor of the cloud evokes images of dispersion, cloud computing actually represents centralization of information and computing resources in data centers, raising the specter of the potential for corporate or government control over information if there is insufficient consideration of these geographical issues, especially jurisdiction. This paper explores the interrelationships between the geography of cloud computing, its users, its providers, and governments.
Reinventing academic publishing online. Part II: A socio-technical vision
Authors: Whitworth Brian , Friedman Rob
Published: May 2013

Part I of this paper outlined the limitations of feudal academic knowledge exchange and predicted its decline as cross-disciplinary research expands. Part II now suggests the next evolutionary step is democratic online knowledge exchange, run by the academic many rather than the few. Using socio-technical tools it is possible to accept all, evaluate all and publish all academic documents. Editors and reviewers will remain, but their role will change, from gatekeepers to guides. However, the increase in knowledge throughput can only be supported by activating the academic community as a whole. Yet that is what socio-technical systems do --- activate people to increase common gains. Part 1 argued that scholars must do this or be left behind in the dust of progress. The design proposed here is neither wiki, nor e-journal, nor electronic repository, nor reputation system, but a hybrid of these and other socio-technical functions. It supports print publishing as a permanent archive byproduct useful to a living, online knowledge exchange community. It could also track academic submissions, provide performance transcripts to promotion committees, enable hyperlinks, support attribution, allow data-source sharing, retain anonymous reviewing and support relevance and rigor in evaluation. Rather than a single "super" KES, a network of online systems united by a common vision of democratic knowledge exchange is proposed.
Beyond the legacy of the Enlightenment? Online encyclopaedias as digital heterotopias
Authors: Haider Jutta , Sundin Olof
Published: May 2013

This article explores how we can understand contemporary participatory online encyclopaedic expressions, particularly Wikipedia, in their traditional role as continuation of the Enlightenment ideal, as well as in the distinctly different space of the Internet. Firstly we position these encyclopaedias in a historical tradition. Secondly, we assign them a place in contemporary digital networks which marks them out as sites in which Enlightenment ideals of universal knowledge take on a new shape. We argue that the Foucauldian concept of heterotopia, that is special spaces which exist within society, transferred online, can serve to understand Wikipedia and similar participatory online encyclopaedias in their role as unique spaces for the construction of knowledge, memory and culture in late modern society.