bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal morphology of binary and ternary mixtures of hydrogenated fats and soybean oil
Authors: Simões Ilka Sumiyoshi , Gioielli Luiz Antonio
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to verify the influence of temperature on crystallization of binary and ternary mixtures of two hydrogenated fats and soybean oil, by polarized light microscopy at temperatures of 30° C, 35° C, and 40° C. The types of crystals observed were spherulites type A, and B and the polymorphic forms were ß , and ß -prime. The soybean oil does not contribute statistically to total area or maximum diameter of the crystals. At 35° C the positive relative coefficients to the interactions presented, in general, absolute values higher than the negative ones, pointing that the crystals were larger than what could be expected, if there was no interaction among the components. At 40° C the negative relative coefficients revealed, in general, absolute values higher than the positive ones, indicating that the samples were close to the melting point, showing the presence of some small crystals.
Bond strength of adhesive systems to human tooth enamel
Authors: Paradella Thaís Cachuté , Fava Marcelo
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro three adhesive systems: a total etching single-component system (G1 Prime & Bond 2.1), a self-etching primer (G2 Clearfil SE Bond), and a self-etching adhesive (G3 One Up Bond F), through shear bond strength to enamel of human teeth, evaluating the type of fracture through stereomicroscopy, following the ISO guidance on adhesive testing. Thirty sound premolars were bisected mesiodistally and the buccal and lingual surfaces were embedded in acrylic resin, polished up to 600-grit sandpapers, and randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n = 20). Composite resin cylinders were added to the tested surfaces. The specimens were kept in distilled water (37°C/24 h), thermocycled for 500 cycles (5°C-55°C) and submitted to shear testing at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The type of fracture was analyzed under stereomicroscopy and the data were submitted to Anova, Tukey and Chi-squared (5%) statistical analyses. The mean adhesive strengths were G1: 18.13 ± 6.49 MPa, (55% of resin cohesive fractures); G2: 17.12 ± 5.80 MPa (90% of adhesive fractures); and G3: 10.47 ± 3.14 MPa (85% of adhesive fractures). In terms of bond strength, there were no significant differences between G1 and G2, and G3 was significantly different from the other groups. G1 presented a different type of fracture from that of G2 and G3. In conclusion, although the total etching and self-etching systems presented similar shear bond strength values, the types of fracture presented by them were different, which can have clinical implications.
Use of 0.1% chlorine dioxide to inhibit the formation of morning volatile sulphur compounds (VSC)
Authors: Peruzzo Daiane Cristina , Jandiroba Priscila Fontoura Castelo Branco , Nogueira Filho Getulio da Rocha
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate the VSC-inhibiting effect of a commercially available mouthrinse (0.1% chlorine dioxide) when compared to its placebo. A 2-step double blind, crossover, randomised study was conducted with 14 dental students with healthy periodontium, who refrained from any mechanical plaque and tongue coating control during two 4-day experimental periods. The subjects were instructed to rinse 3 times daily with the assigned product during each period. A 7-day washout interval was established. VSCs levels were measured by a sulphide monitor at the beginning (baseline) and at the end of each experimental period. Statistical analyses were performed using Wilcoxon's and Mann-Whitney's non-parametric tests. At baseline, intragroup analysis revealed that VSCs levels did not differ between groups (p > 0.05); at day 5, the use of the chlorine dioxide mouthrinse did not change the baseline VSCs scores in the control group (p > 0.05), while a 2-fold increase was observed with the use of the placebo mouthrinse (p < 0.05). Intergroup analysis showed a significant difference between the VSCs levels of the test and control groups (40.2 ± 30.72 and 82.3 ± 75.63 ppb, p < 0.001) at day 5. Within the limits of this study, the findings suggest that a mouthrinse containing chlorine dioxide can maintain VSCs at lower levels in the morning breath.
Tensile bond strength of self-etching versus total-etching adhesive systems under different dentinal substrate conditions
Authors: Susin Alexandre Henrique , Vasconcellos Walison Arthuso , Saad José Roberto Cury , Oliveira Junior Osmir Batista de
Published: March 2007

The use of acid etchants to produce surface demineralization and collagen network exposure, allowing adhesive monomers interdiffusion and consequently the formation of a hybrid layer, has been considered the most efficient mechanism of dentin bonding. The aim of this study was to compare the tensile bond strength to dentin of three adhesive systems, two self-etching ones (Clearfil SE Bond - CSEB and One Up Bond F - OUBF) and one total-etching one (Single Bond - SB), under three dentinal substrate conditions (wet, dry and re-wet). Ninety human, freshly extracted third molars were sectioned at the occlusal surface to remove enamel and to form a flat dentin wall. The specimens were restored with composite resin (Filtek Z250) and submitted to tensile bond strength testing (TBS) in an MTS 810. The data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p = 0.05). Wet dentin presented the highest TBS values for SB and CSEB. Dry dentin and re-wet produced significantly lower TBS values when using SB. OUBF was not affected by the different conditions of the dentin substrate, producing similar TBS values regardless of the surface pretreatments.
An Application of HHI to Study Electricity Market Design Issues
Authors: Chandarasupsang Tirapot , Siewierski Tomek , Galloway Stuart , Burt Graeme , McDonald Jim
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a study of market design issues for the future Electricity Supply Industry of countries in transition from monopolistic to more competitive structures. An approach is developed to apply a standard measurement of market concentration, such as Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI) within the market design context. Typically, HHI is used to study market power issues in established electricity markets. The approach presented in this paper indicates that HHI can also be used as a primary method to study market design ahead of implementation. A dynamic simulation of the Thai market is used to confirm the applicability of the approach presented in this paper.
Donoso Cortes: The Continuing Crisis
Authors: Wilson Francis G.
Published: March 2007

Juan Donoso Cortés, the Marqués de Valdegamas, died in Paris on May 3, 1853. For four and a half years he had been recognized as one of the most controversial and best-known critics of the European revolutionary movement, as a defender of the Catholic Church against Liberal and revolutionary criticism, and as one of the most able parliamentary orators and diplomats of the time. A few years after his death his name was all but forgotten. A hundred years later, in 1953, there was an extensive revival of interest in his work in Western Europe, and the lectures given about him and the books and articles published in Spain, especially, form an impressive bibliography. Though in his day he was regarded by many as a Cassandra, Europeans immersed in crisis in the twentieth century have not been so certain that he was no prophet.
Ticumberú — Añaretangüé
Authors: Cadogán León
Published: March 2007

Breves notas sobre la toponimia hispanoguaranf

León Cadogán

“… e notório o jato que a cultura guaraní e o seu substrato biológico estão profusamente representadas na atual população mestiça, mormente no Paraguai, tendo aí dao origem a urna cultura híbrida íbero-guaraní sui generis, merecedora de cuidadosa análise antropológica sobretudo por causa de sua multiplicidade de aspectos”. (Egon Schaden en Aspectos Fundamentais Da Cultura Guaraní.)

Sírvanme para justificar las presentes cuartillas, la falta de trabajos sistemáticos en el campo de la etnología paraguaya, más el hecho de no figurar en la bibliografía especializada, ningún aporte paraguayo al estudio de la onomástica hispánica o la hispanoguaraní.
Florentino Gonzalez, un Jurista de America: Sus Ideas Sobre el Regimen Municipal
Authors: Mouchet Carlos
Published: March 2007

La inestabilidad política y los azares de la suerte han hecho frecuente en nuestra América el tipo humano del intelectual emigrado, que encuentra amistad y medios de vida en otros países del continente.

Entre los que corrieron esa suerte en la segunda mitad del siglo , pasado está el doctor colombiano, Florentino González, quien emigró a Chile y de este país a la Argentina, donde terminó sus días como profesor de la flamante cátedra de Derecho Constitucional en la Universidad de Buenos Aires.

De su personalidad, de su obra y de su pensamiento vamos a ocuparnos en este trabajo, dando especial relevancia a sus ideas sobre el gobierno y la administración municipal como gran resorte de la vida social y política en los países americanos.
Aplicaciones Concretas de las Resoluciones y Recomendaciones de las Conferencias Interamericanas de Abogados
Authors: Dana Montaño Salvador M.
Published: March 2007

¿Son realizables las recomendaciones y resoluciones de los congresos o conferencias internacionales, como las que organiza la Asociación Interamericana de Abogados? ¿Tienen alguna utilidad estas asambleas?

El autor, que desde hace más de un cuarto de siglo viene participando activamente en reuniones de esta clase, en el terreno de la organización y del derecho municipales y especialmente en las últimas reuniones celebradas por la Asociación Interamericana de Abogados, conocida en los Estados Unidos por la sigla I.A.B.A., no perdería un solo instante en escribir el presente artículo si tuviera la más mínima duda acerca de la utilidad, de la conveniencia y de la necesidad de fomentar, de estimular, de apoyar por todos los medios a su alcance, las conferencias y congresos organizados para estudiar los defectos o las fallas de las instituciones. Sean estos los municipios o los poderes de gobierno, como el poder judicial, para analizar sus causas y buscar los remedios jurídicos o de otra clase, convenientes para subsanarlos, e impulsar de ese modo el perfecto funcionamiento de las instituciones jurídicas, el progreso social, en general, dentro de los moldes del llamado “Estado de Derecho”.
The Chilean-Bolivian Lauca River Dispute and the O.A.S.
Authors: Tomasek Robert D.
Published: March 2007

The Lauca River dispute between Chile and Bolivia may seem insignificant when compared to many of the major controversies of the postwar period. The Lauca is a 140-mile long narrow river that has its origin in the Andes of northern Chile and then meanders across the border into the Bolivian altiplano, where, after serving as a water supply to small Bolivian towns, it disappears in salty Lake Coipasa. The potential of the river is minor when compared to that of the Nile, Jordan, Indus, Mekong, Colorado, and many other rivers. Yet, Chile's action in April 1962, of diverting some of the waters to irrigate the small Sobraya and Azapa valleys of her northern desert, which provide food for the port of Arica, has proved to be of serious import.

The dispute has not yet been resolved and has gravely strained relations between Chile and Bolivia. The effectiveness of the Organization of American States has been brought into question, for while the Organization has settled many other disputes since 1948, it has been unsuccessful in this one, and Bolivia has shown its dissatisfaction by withdrawing from the Council several times.
As Soluções Brasileiras na Extinção do Tráfico Negreiro
Authors: Tavares Luís Henrique Dios
Published: March 2007

O Brasil esteve solucionando o grave problema do tráfico negreiro de, pelo menos, 1815 a 1854. Ou seja: do Tratado que Portugal assinou com a Inglaterra em Janeiro de 1815, as medidas práticas que o Brasil adotou em decorréncia da Lei antitráfico de 1850. Nesse decurso de trinta e nove anos, largos e puxados trinta e nove anos, o jovem Brasil passou da condicáo de Colonia para a de país livre, o seu regime monárquico constitucional experimentou os arrancos e desequilibrios da deposigáo de Pedro I, das Regencias Trinas e Unas, dos varios movimentos federalistas, das muitas insurreigoes de escravos e do golpe de Estado que antecedeu a entrega do Trono ao pequeño príncipe D. Pedro. Igualmente, nesse mesmo período, o seu quadro económico se ampliou no sentido da maior complexidade da produgáo agraria e das atividades do comercio. E o poder político afinal definido ficou ñas maos dos senhores de escravos senhores do café, do acucar, do algodáo, do fumo — com a coparticipagáo dos senhores das minas, das fazendas de gado e do alto comercio de exportagáo e importaçáo.
The Shaping of Folklore Traditions in the British West Indies
Authors: Abrahams Roger D.
Published: March 2007

Most of the countries in the New World were created by economically motivated European colonizers who invaded this hemisphere and defeated the resident populations. The dominant cultural life of these areas is based on the institutions, values and expressions carried by these seekers after empire, as modified by conditions and cultures encountered in the new lands. This is as true of the West Indies as it is of the various larger regions of the two Americas, but the modifying factors are more numerous in these small Caribbean islands. Rarely is there just one European tradition affecting the culture of each of these islands; as European possessions during this era of large-scale wars in Europe, most of them changed hands repeatedly. More important, the establishment of the plantation system and the resultant waves of imported field workers from alien, non-European societies created a cultural conglomerate of incredible variety.
O Critico do Modernismo Brasileiro
Authors: Linhares Temístocles
Published: March 2007

Quando se fizer a história da literatura brasüeira de nosso tempo, que lugar ficará reservado a Tristão de Atayde? O de crítico literario? O de crítico de idéias e problemas macionais e universais? O de sociólogo, filósofo, psicólogo, economista? Ou o de doutrinador e homem de ação católico?

Ninguém, creio eu, estará disposto, hoje em dia, a negar-lhe o laurel e a palma que lhe cabem em qualquer dessas categorias ou esferas de saber. A sua fecunda e variada obra testemunhará sempre urna presença em todos os domínios do pensamento brasileiro, seja qual for o ângulo de apreciação. Mas, nos cinquenta anos laboriosos da atividade de escritor de Tristão de Atayde, não haverá aspectos mais salientes, relevantes ou expressivos?

Como se sabe, êle começou a sua carreira fazendo crítica literária pura e simplesmente, ou antes de corpo e alma, sem se embaraçar com o sentido da existência em termos religiosos ou filosóficos de cristianismo ou catolicismo.
Universalidad de Dos Americanos
Authors: Santovenia Emeterio S.
Published: March 2007

Benjamín Franklin y José Martí estuvieron presentes, respectivamente, en el principio y en el término de un largo período de la vida de América. Fué el período dentro del cual se iniciaron y culminaron en gloriosas victorias los empeños enderezados a desuncir el rigor colonial de los pueblos del Nuevo Mundo transformados en naciones soberanas. Franklin nació en los albores del siglo XVIII. Martí murió en las postrimerías del XIX. Franklin y Martí fueron el primero y el último, cronológicamente, de los grandes libertadores americanos.

Desde la madurez de Franklin hasta la de Martí, y en la madurez de éste se produjo su perecimiento, a lo largo y a lo ancho del Hemisferio Occidental, desde los Estados Unidos de América hasta Cuba, con notorios anhelos de superación y liberación en el tiempo y en el espacio, se transformó todo un medio globo.
Quelques Aspects des Problemes de la Main-D'Oeuvre Haitienne
Authors: Paret-Limardo de Vela L.
Published: March 2007

Petit pays caractérisé par une production agricole déficiente, une densité alimentaire alarmante, un rythme inquiétant d'accroissement de la population et un chômage endémique, Haïti possède une main-d'oeuvre excédentaire que seul un fort courant d'émigration pourrait absorber. Malheureusement, il est fort difficile de trouver des débouchés pour cette main-d'oeuvre noire non qualifiée que plusieurs pays considèrent comme indésirable. Ces obstacles (couleur et absence de formation professionnelle) n'ont jamais permis au gouvernement d'arriver à une politique d'émigration; cependant, individuellement, les travailleurs haïtiens ont toujours essayé d'aller tenter leur chance à l'extérieur, puisque chez eux la main-d'oeuvre reste inactive.
The Changing Role of the Military in Colombia
Authors: León Helguera J.
Published: March 2007

The role of the Colombian military in politics is a recent development in that republic's history. It is also basically ephemeral, with few historical or traditional antecedents, such as those, for example, of Mexico or Venezuela.

Most of the successful battles which freed Colombia from Spanish domination were fought by non-Colombian armies led by Venezuelans. The end of the independence period (1830), found Colombia throwing off a Venezuelan army officers’ government (that of General Rafael Urdaneta) imposed by force, and destined to be short-lived because it violated the unwritten Colombian constitution, as well as its written charter.
Agricultural Production, Education, and Population Growth in Latin America
Authors: Ward Norman M.
Published: March 2007

The population of the 20 Latin American Republics has jumped from approximately 132 million in 1945 to an estimated 196 million in 1960. This is an over-all increase of 48.7 per cent, or an average increase of 3.3 per cent a year. By way of comparison, the United States has had an over-all population increase of 25.8 per cent or 1.72 per cent per year during the same 15-year period.
The “Latin-American Bloc” in the United Nations
Authors: Cornelius William G.
Published: March 2007

Much has been heard in the postwar years about “Hemispheric Solidarity.” In popular belief, this concept not only has concerned matters of security for the Western Hemisphere but frequently has been extended to cover practically all of the international relations of the American states. Particularly, there has been the widespread assumption that the Latin-American states form a bloc in the United Nations — and, incidentally, a bloc of twenty votes in the pocket of the United States.
El Eje Caracas Buenos Aires
Authors: de Gandía Enrique
Published: March 2007

La ciudad de Caracas fué la primera en América que comenzó a gobernarse autonómicamente, por resolución de sus habitantes, cuando supo que las fuerzas de Napoleón Bonaparte habían conquistado España. Fué el día 19 de abril de 1810. Un mes y días más tarde, idénticas noticias produjeron iguales acontecimientos en Buenos Aires. Fué el día 22 de mayo de 1810. En Buenos Aires no se conocieron los sucesos de Caracas hasta largo tiempo después. En Caracas pasaron meses hasta tener nuevas de lo ocurrido en Buenos Aires. No obstante, en ambas ciudades se produjeron hechos no sólo comparables, sino perfectamente iguales. En otros tiempos, una crítica histórica, hoy por completo inaceptable, suponía que había habido entendimientos secretos entre los organizadores de las dos “revoluciones”.
Political Causes
Authors: Arnade Charles W.
Published: March 2007

It is not easy to distinguish between cultural, economic and political causes of the War of Independence in Spanish America and separate them into three closed compartments. Then there are psychological obstacles. There is a feeling among many Latin Americanists that this topic is exhausted and further research will add nothing new. Others want a complete revision of the usual causes cited and demand more documentary study. They believe that the standard causes are based on too scanty research, mostly done in the last century from incomplete sources. Furthermore, there are the rising nationalists and indigenistas of our century, most of them poor historians, who insist that the role of the Indians and mestizos was much more important than historians have accepted. They consider past historians racially and economically prejudiced. Such a trend is especially strong in Mexico, Bolivia, and Cuba, the three countries that have faced a real social revolution. And, unfortunately, history often follows the flag.
Some Permanent Political Characteristics of Contemporary Brazil
Authors: Young Jordan M.
Published: March 2007

The positive and often decisive role of the military in the Brazilian political process has been demonstrated again by the overthrow of the João Goulart government on April 2, 1964. Chaos and confusion building up from the time President Goulart took power in August, 1961, finally culminated in his ouster by the Brazilian armed forces.

The political history of modern Brazil centers on the military. The army toppled the monarchy in 1889 and in 1894 handed the administration of the country over to civilians who governed with minor challenges until 1930. The army managed the coup d'état of 1930 which brought Getúlio Vargas to power. It removed Vargas in 1945 and returned Brazil to a democratic political process. The army moved in November, 1955, to assure the assumption of office by President-elect Juscelino Kubitschek. The presidential elections of 1960 were guaranteed by the military even though a former Minister of War, General Enrique Lott, was decisively defeated by a civilian, Jánio Quadros.
El Gaucho Rioplatense: Origen, Desarrollo y Marginalidad Social
Authors: Molas Ricardo Rodríguez
Published: March 2007

“De este pretexto nacen las correrías que hacen los pueblos de las Misiones, y las ricachos del pueblo haciendo la corambre tan a poca costa, y en tanto número que no viene a cuenta a ninguno que no sea rico criar una vaca. Queda de este modo despoblada la campaña de vecinos, los ganados vagos, y la gente pobre a hacer sin licencia lo que otros hacen con títulos colorados …”

Lorenzo de Figueredo, 1790

El presente estudio no contiene una relación amable y pintoresca sobre el poblador rioplatense de antaño. Por lo contrario, presentamos una historia del hombre en algunos de sus múltiples aspectos, de acuerdo con numerosos y variados testimonios documentales contemporáneos a los hechos. Historia que trata, de acuerdo a Marc Bloch, de aprehender a los hombres pues sabe que allí donde huele la carne humana se encuentra su presa.
Intervention, International Law, and the Inter-American System
Authors: Ronning C. Neale
Published: March 2007

The growing frequency of conflicts in the Caribbean and Central America reveals some new and significant aspects of the old problem of intervention. Failure to recognize these new and significant aspects accounts for much of the confusion evident at the Meeting of Consultation of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American States held at Santiago de Chile, in 1959.

A number of strains have been placed upon the principle of nonintervention and it is important at the outset to note the forces behind them. Two developments which have been proceeding in opposite directions are basic here. The first of these is the mounting exactitude and breadth of the non-intervention doctrine itself. It has been applied to collective action as well as action by individual states; to indirect action such as diplomatic protests and economic pressure as well as to more direct action.
Costa Rica, Panama and Central American Economic Integration
Authors: Cochrane James D.
Published: March 2007

The Central American Economic Integration Program, commonly called the Central American Common Market, was initiated in 1951 by the Central American governments and the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA), The stated objective of the movement is “to overcome the limitations and obstacles to Central American development arising from the limited resources and market expansion opportunities which characterize the economy of every Central American State.” The hope is that these ends can be promoted through liberalization of intra-regional trade and other forms of economic co-operation.
Carlos Pellegrini Argentine Nationalist (1846-1906)
Authors: Hodge John E.
Published: March 2007

Prominent among nineteenth century Argentine politicians, Carlos Pellegrini is best remembered today as the harassed chief executive who inherited the mantle of Miguel Juárez Celman and the challenges of the terrible depression following the “Revolution of ’90.” He is likewise recalled as the ardent defender of Argentina's obligations to its foreign creditors at a time when European investors were being blamed for most of the ills besetting his country. Less well known, however, are his views on the subject of national unity and his untiring efforts, primarily in the Argentine Congress, to sell his countrymen on the dream of a unified Argentina devoid of exaggerated local and provincial loyalties.
Características de la economía argentina y el plan de desarrollo
Authors: Bogliolo Rómulo
Published: March 2007

La última conferencia económica de Ginebra, de tan magros resultados, y los “planes” de distintos países han puesto al orden del día el tema del desarrollo económico. Se habla y se escribe, mucho más que antes, en todos los tonos, de importantes objetivos a alcanzar: de creación de riquezas, de reactivación de las economías nacionales, de tecnificación de la agricultura, de modernización de las comunicaciones, de reabsorción de la mano de obra ociosa, en fin, de revitalizar la producción general, elevar el consumo y asegurar en los países, ahora llamados “subdesarrollados”, un más alto nivel de vida.

Tales objetivos pueden ser fácilmente enunciados pero no concretamente alcanzados. Si “la naturaleza no camina a saltos”, tampoco pueden alterarse por decreto las etapas del lógico desarrollo económico sin tener en cuenta las reales posibilidades materiales, técnicas, financieras y culturales de cada país.
Argentina, Chile, and Mexico: Contrasts in Economic Policy and Performance
Authors: Baklanoff Eric N.
Published: March 2007

For more than a decade, enormous attention has been given by academic economists, researchers, and policy makers to the problem of economic growth of the less-developed countries. The aspirations of leaders and the people of these countries for accelerated economic progress which has been characterized by the apt phrases the “revolution of rising expectations,” and the “New Awakening,” have played a major role in this new orientation in economic thought and action. Another interesting fact is that governments have emerged as consciously active “agents of change” carrying a heavy responsibüity for the success or failure of development programs.
Don Ricardo Palma y la Historia
Authors: Ugarte Rubén Vargas
Published: March 2007

A Primera Vista, a más de uno y a más de dos, no dejará de extrañarle el título de este trabajo, porque Palma no se dedicó ,a escribir historia sino que concentró su atención en las tradiciones. Él mismo lo dice. En el Prologuito obligado de la quinta serie de sus Tradiciones, hallamos estos versos:

Mi tiempo es el pasado, mi altar

la tradición.

y en Ropa Vieja, (Lima, 1889) añade: “Tonto de capirote será el que se proponga estudiar formalmente historia peruana en mis tradiciones y en cuanto a si altero o no, de vez en cuando, la verdad, eso es cuenta exclusiva mía.. .”. En otro lugar no tiene reparo en decir que ha ganado fama, contando mentiras bonitas y también que “ha hecho de la historia pepitoria”. Y para remate allá van estas líneas que brotaron de su pluma: “Yo no dicto un curso de Historia Nacional. Narro antiguallas como el pueblo y las viejas cuentan cuentos…”.
Education, Economic Development and the Private Sectors
Authors: Wolfe Gregory B.
Published: March 2007

Rapid Modernization is Latin America's chief development requirement. Its costs and benefits are central questions for educators, developers and leaders to ponder and help answer.

Among the requirements of educational modernization is the adoption of curricula more pertinent to new social, political and economic needs than the outmoded curricula most schools and universities still have. Curriculum changes must also be accompanied by the introduction of new methods of instruction, improved physical facilities and raised academic standards. Another immediate challenge to the effectiveness of Latin American education, especially of universities, is the development of ways to engage facilities and faculties in significant service to public and private development activities. Contributions of educational institutions to the processes of national development no longer depend solely on their capacity to supply well-trained graduates. They must also contribute to the formulation and implementation of research and policy in the applied fields of government and industrial development.
Recognition in Contemporary Inter-American Relations
Authors: Dozer Donald Marquand
Published: March 2007

In the Broadest historical and technical sense recognition in international relations refers to the acknowledgment by a nation of any change in a situation in a foreign country. The authority to extend recognition is an attribute of sovereignty by which a nation, government, or people fixes its relations with other nations, governments, and peoples, thus establishing or reestablishing a legal continuity which has, for one reason or another, been broken. Decisions on recognition are usually restricted to the recognition of new states, the recognition of belligerency or insurgency, and the recognition of new governments. They involve such questions as the following: When does a state acquire juridical personality and become entitled to enjoy the rights and incur the obligations of a state under international law? What cognizance can or should governments take of the domestic situation within another state? When does a new government begin to function formally in international relations?
Cultural Patterns of Labor and Latin-American Industrialization
Authors: Zymelman Manuel
Published: March 2007

Social and cultural patterns in under-developed areas are being altered as industrialization occurs. For most of the peoples in these areas, industrialization means not only a new economic system, but also new patterns of non-economic behavior often sharply divergent from the old. Thus, the problem of economic development is not confined to establishing improved sources of productivity. It also concerns the ways in which a society will react and accommodate itself to the exigencies of economic change.

Until the end of World War Two, very little consideration was given to the implications of industrial development on the structure of society. The disregard of variables such as political systems, value systems, etc., has meant a change in the relationship between economic and social life, causing old cultures and social systems to collapse, and a rise in the resistance of the members of these societies to the advances of industrialization. The end result was that general improvement in living standards was not attained and a profound dislike for the foreigner was developed.
The Forgiven Faulkner
Authors: Carter Hodding
Published: March 2007

In those days in the French Quarter of New Orleans there were among others men who were giants among the nation's creative great and some who would become giants or nearly so, men like Sherwood Anderson and Oliver LaFarge and the poet John McClure and Lyle Saxon and Roark Bradford whose delightful genius had not yet had its due. And, briefly, William Faulkner. All of them are dead now.

But in those days they were not dead, and some of them kept the Quarter very much alive with their pranks and penchants and their predilection for a sort of Bohemianism that seemed natural and even proper there and then. For the most part they commanded the admiration of the neophytes, we who were very young reporters or hopeless scribblers and others not yet ready to have a try at the one or the other but only students who prowled the Quarter in search of some famed face and maybe an introduction and a word or two.
Brasil: Diferenças e Integração nas Américas
Authors: do Nascimento Brito Manoel Francisco
Published: March 2007

O Brasil ocupa na América Latina urna posição especial, por fôrça de sua formação histórica marcada pelo processo colonizador português e, no plano econômico, pelo potencial de recursos naturais existentes em seu território de 8 milhões e meio de quilômetros quadrados.

A diferenciação do Brasil no conjunto de nações latino-americanas é pouco ressaltada, porque a imagem continental que predomina é a de am conjunto de países caracterizados pelo sub-desenvolvimento.

Os traços de semelhança entre as nações da América Latina são ditados muito mais pelo estágio econômico continental do que pela formação histórica dêsses países, cujo ponto comum é a contemporaneidade de suas etapas coloniais e das lutas que assinalaram a independência nacional de tôdas.
Studying Latin America: The Views of an “Old Christian”
Authors: Hanke Lewis
Published: March 2007

Latin Americanists must be prepared for sudden shifts in the winds of circumstance. Less than ten years ago a gathering of scholars at the Newberry Library in Chicago lamented the lack of support for their disciplines, and drew up an impressive list of tools and monographs needed to advance the field. Presumably the specialists returned to their campuses refreshed by this heady and cathartic experience of thinking adventurously, but they found no change there in the attitudes of their university administrators or the majority of their colleagues, who still believed that Latin America was an area of peripheral value; the professors were not discharged, of course, for they had tenure, but the promise of the early flurry of Latin American area developments that had occurred in the 1940's was not fulfilled.
José Carlos Rodrigues and O Novo Mundo, 1870-1879
Authors: Boehrer George C. A.
Published: March 2007

In 1872, it was estimated that there were 378 foreign language journals published in the United States. Of these, only one was in the Portuguese language. O Novo Mundo, published in New York from 1870 to 1879, was singular among the foreign language press publications in that it was designed not for an immigrant audience but rather for readers in another country. Its purpose was to interpret the United States primarily to Brazilians and secondarily to other Latin Americans. Faithful until its last issue to this end, it also commented on the Brazilian political and social scene.

José Carlos Rodrigues, O Novo Mundo's original owner and only editor, was a remarkable Brazilian in an era when the Empire and the First Republic produced a galaxy of extraordinary public figures. Born in the city of Cantagallo, province of Rio de Janeiro, on July 19, 1844, be was the son of fazendeiros, and attended the Colégio Dom Pedro II in Rio de Janeiro.
El Cuento en Chile
Authors: Varas Hernán Poblete
Published: March 2007

Es opinión corriente que el cuento es un género literario en plena decadencia, incapaz ya de interesar al público y en vías de extinción. Cuando un autor de cuentos llega hasta la mesa del editor, sus esperanzas son rápidamente disipadas: “pero hombre, escriba usted novelas. Eso sí que tiene público”. Se argumenta largamente sobre el asunto y se exhiben penosas estadísticas. A más de un joven autor hemos visto echar las tristes cuentas de sus aventuras editoriales. Parece indudable que eso que llamamos “el gran público” prefiere novelas o novelones … tal vez por un cálculo económico: al comprar un libro, prefiere invertir su dinero en el mayor número de páginas!
Changing Depths in Latin America
Authors: Gillin John P.
Published: March 2007

One hundred years ago Alexander von Humboldt died at the age of 90, loaded with honors earned by his breadth and brilliance as an explorer, a scientist, a writer, and a liberal thinker about certain aspects of human relations. But it was 55 years before, in 1804, that he returned from his famed five-year “Voyage to the Equinoxial Regions of the New Continent”. In the last 155 years many changes have taken place in Latin America as a whole and in those parts of it which he visited. This paper will mention a few of them which pose problems for presentday students of human affairs in the area, and will also offer a small selection of facts that seem to bear on these problems.

Humboldt represented an era of ambidextrous or multidextrous natural scientists who visited Latin America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and who were able to collect reliable data and to make more than casual travellers’ observations on a broad range of phenomena that are now divided among a series of more or less mutually-exclusive disciplines. Despite the breadth of his interests, however, Humboldt added little to the systematic store of knowledge concerning the ethnography or ethnology of the living native peoples of the regions through which he travelled.
Don Rafael Maria de Labra: Autonomista Espanol
Authors: Castellano Juan R.
Published: March 2007

La cuestión colonial fué comprendida por muy pocos políticos españoles del siglo XIX. Pi y Margall fué uno de ellos, si bien cuando llegó al poder no hizo nada. Prim fué otro. Según uno de sus biógrafos, “pensó en conceder la autonomía para después llegar a la independencia, y, cuando pensaba ya en triunfar, librado a nuestro país del cáncer que le consumía … aconteció el vil asesinato de que fué víctima.”1 El tercero fué Rafael María de Labra (1840-1918), a quien nadie excedió en señalar los vicios y pecados de la colonización española.

Verdaderamente sorprende hoy el olvido en que se tiene a un hombre que dedicó lo mejor de su vida a la defensa de los intereses antillanos. Porque América — hay que decirlo — fué su obsesión, no sólo durante los días de la colonia sino después, cuando ya perdidos los últimos restos del imperio español se dedicó a cultivar la intimidad americana y a fomentar la unión espiritual de España con las repúblicas hispanoamericanas.
La Position d'Haïti et de la Culture Francaise en Amérique
Authors: Price-Mars Jean
Published: March 2007

Le discours dont nous reproduisons le texte ci-dessous a été prononcé le 26 avril 1956 au symposium organise par le Département des Affaires culturelle de l'Union Panaméricaine á San-Juan de Porto Rico. II nous a semblé qu'il contenait, en plus de son excellence littéraire, es données historiques authentiques et qu'il exprimait des aspirations humaines de valeur permanente. Nous avons pensé qu'il était opportun, et nécessaire, de garder ees valeurs presentes á l'esprit á l'époque troublée ou nous vivons; que dans un monde qui, a tort ou á raison, attache de plus en plus d'importance aux données quantiíatives, et cela souvent au dépens de l'humain, le caractére profondement humaniste de cette allocution viendrait rafraichir l'esprit et la mémoire du lecteur et lui rappeler que, quand tout aura été dit et qu'auront été conquises les frontiéres extremes de la connaissance, ce qui concernera encore et toujours les hommes ce sera l'Homme.
Cuento y Recuento de la Democracia Americana
Authors: Arciniegas Germán
Published: March 2007

Hablar hoy de América — de todas las Américas, pero en particular de nuestra América Latina — es lo más aventurado y difícil. Y lo más simple y sencillo. Vivimos complicando un tema que parecía clarísimo en los días batalladores de Bolívar, de Juárez, de Martí. Cuántas veces, en estos tiempos, nuestros ciento ochenta millones de personajes, parecen ciento ochenta millones de problemas en busca de un autor. Hasta hace no muchos años usábamos de una expresión que parecía muy justa. Decíamos que América era el Nuevo Mundo. En efecto, había hecho su aparición geográfica hacía poco tiempo, y se había anticipado a poner en marcha ideales de libertad, de independencia, de democracia, que aún hoy son fuente de progreso político, punto de referencia en los conflictos de todos los días. En Europa estas aspiraciones se estrellaban contra una herencia, aún viva, de jerarquías, de imperios, de aristocracias.
The Image of Spain in American Literature, 1815-1865
Authors: González-Gerth Miguel
Published: March 2007

“Far, far away!” For the romantic imagination of Americans living in the second decade of the nineteenth century, these words identified, from the geographical viewpoint, Spain. To the average American, indeed to all but a few, Spain was as close to a terra incognita as there could exist in the Western World, a legendary land of old castles and beautiful landscapes inhabited by lovely dark-eyed maidens, engulfed by a warm climate, religious bigotry, and ignorance. But it was “far, far away,” and to the complacent inhabitants of a new and prosperous country which was politically stable and economically secure, Spain symbolized romantic adventure.
Latin-American Executives: Essence and Variations
Authors: Gómez R. A.
Published: March 2007

The most widely-professed fact in the field of Latin American politics is unquestionably the dominant role of the president. The task facing Latin Americanists is not the defense of this theme but the elaboration of it. One of the most confining factors — so often lamented at conferences where these matters are discussed — is the lack of information in depth concerning all of the revelancies of power structure. This is particularly evident in appraising cultural factors although it must be admitted that much excellent work is now being done. A very challenging problem in the area of comparative government is involved, a problem admitting of some of the methodological uneasiness associated with that branch of political inquiry. Obviously, in the study of Latin American politics one may proceed with greater assurance with the “variations on a theme” technique than would be possible in many other areas; however, some disillusionment and appreciable inaccuracies lie in wait if one submits to this temptation too extensively.
Reconocimiento de Los Gobiernos de Facto
Authors: García Eduardo Augusto
Published: March 2007

Los gobiernos de facto se suceden en el mundo y particularmente en América, con una periodicidad extraordinaria, debido a causas políticas, sociales o económicas muy profundas que merecen el examen y el análisis detenido y serio de los juristas, de los políticos, de los sociólogos y de los estadistas.

El trabajo que sigue a continuación no pretende ser un estudio exhaustivo de la cuestión sino una contribución más para profundizar su conocimiento.

Al considerar el tema, la primera pregunta que surge es la siguiente: ¿qué es un gobierno de facto? La respuesta, a través de la experiencia recogida en los últimos ciento cincuenta años, sería aproximadamente: “un gobierno provisional o transitorio, surgido a raíz de la independencia o el nacimiento de una nueva nación, o de una revolución triunfante, o de una acefalía presidencial o prevista en la respectiva Constitución, que se encuentra en posesión de las fuerzas militares y/o policiales necesarias para asumir el poder público de esa nación y mantener el orden”.
A New Approach to Inter-American Education in Bogotá
Authors: Nava Julian
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to describe the Centro de Estudios Universitarios Colombo-Americano (CEUCA), established in Bogotá by the Great Lakes Colleges Association (GLCA) in 1964 to meet the expanding needs of inter-American education. CEUCA serves as a foreign study center for undergraduate students and as a base of operations for GLCA Faculty Researchers. Because of its structure and activities the center formed by this consortium of twelve private Liberal Arts colleges is of interest to those concerned with Latin American studies in the United States, as well as observers of the emerging relationships between North American and Latin American educational institutions. The purely private nature of this bold program holds special interest at this time when such endeavors are not usually undertaken unless backed by governments or massive foundation support.
Public Law 78: A Tangle of Domestic and International Relations
Authors: Creagan James F.
Published: March 2007

The movement of Mexican laborers across the international boundary into the southwestern United States has been occurring since the establishment of a boundary in that area. It is a natural movement of worker toward the source of work. Interests of the governments involved have caused checks to be placed upon this movement of workers. Public Law 78 represented one of the recent attempts of the United States government, through co-operation with the Mexican government, to regulate the movement of migrant workers.

In this article I will briefly trace the history of PL 78. The impact of this law upon Mexico and its relevance for United States relations with that country are of importance.
An Assessment of Peruvian Problems and Progress
Authors: Chilcote Ronald H.
Published: March 2007

Today, Peru faces three essential problems: 1) the lack of geographical integration; 2) racial diversity and the failure of restratification among the social classes; and finally, 3) the rising tension generated by population growth and shifts. Within the context of these three problems may be evaluated the role of two “designs” for action — first, the Alliance for Progress and, second, the program of Peru's new government, which, while cooperating with the Alliance's program, is striving for independent, nationalistic action and finds itself confronting an exploding, revolutionary situation created by the masses of Indians unassimilated into the political culture.
Cuba and the Fifteenth un General Assembly: A Case Study in Regional Disassociation
Authors: Glick Edward B.
Published: March 2007

“Cuba is a small planet travelling in its own orbit.”

—Foreign Minister Raúl Roa

The fifteenth United Nations General Assembly was an exciting one. It met during the cold aftermath of the U-2 affair. It attracted the largest group of world leaders, including Castro, Tito, Nasser, Nehru, Sukarno, Nkrumah, Touré, and Khrushchev, ever to assemble at the UN site. It accelerated the “Africanization” of the UN by admitting during its first part 17 members, 16 from Africa. It was rocked, politically, militarily, and financially, by the Congo crisis, which led to the demand for the ouster of Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold and then to his death. It debated Cuban charges against the United States and the embarrassing Bay of Pigs invasion. In a lighter vein, it produced the first public banging of shoes on a UN table by a head of government.
Managerial Resource Development in Peru: Directions and Implications
Authors: Rehder Robert R.
Published: March 2007

In Peru, as in most Latin American republics, managerial manpower development is gaining increased recognition as a major force in the modernization process. The explosive contemporary evolution of management education with new programs developing in every conceivable form and institution in Peru strongly evidences the North American concept of specialized higher education for administration, as well as its theory and curriculum. However, Peru's development of effective managerial resources is directly related to its unique social economic system within which they function. What may be sound and efficient management practice in the United States may be largely ineffective when taught within the widely different cultural and economic environment of Peru. In fact, the North American concept of managerial efficiency must be redefined in relation to the Peruvian value system and environmental constraints within which it must operate.