bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La gestion de la relève et le choc des générations
Authors: Audet Michel
Published: May 2014

Résumé Au Québec plus qu’ailleurs, les pratiques de gestion de la relève sont influencées par les forces sociodémographiques de l’environnement. Accroissement total de la population en baisse, solde migratoire nul, vieillissement accéléré de la population, rapport de dépendance en hausse et montée de la nouvelle garde (génération Y) ne sont que quelques exemples du choc démographique qui secoue la société, incluant toutes les dimensions liées au marché du travail. Le départ massif de centaines de milliers de travailleurs n’est pas sans susciter des appréhensions relativement au partage des savoirs entre travailleurs appartenant à des générations aux caractéristiques très différentes. Ainsi, on ne peut développer un corps de connaissances en matière de gestion de la relève sans faire une place importante à la gestion de la diversité de la main-d’œuvre, principalement la diversité associée à l’âge. Dans un tel contexte, la gestion de la relève doit tenir compte de la gestion des personnes en fin de carrière (extension de la vie professionnelle), de la gestion de la génération Y et de la gestion de l’intergénérationnel.
La transmission d'entreprise au Québec
Authors: Lafortune Andrée , Francœur Claude , Landry Suzanne
Published: May 2014

Résumé Les études sur la transmission d’entreprise mettent souvent l’accent sur la planification de la relève et donnent la parole aux entrepreneurs. Nous avons plutôt choisi de nous attarder au transfert de propriété et de donner la parole aux financiers pour obtenir leur vision du processus de transmission d’entreprise, connaître leurs stratégies d’intervention et les produits disponibles. Cet article présente le point de vue de quatre institutions, soit la Banque de développement du Canada, la Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, Desjardins Capital de risque et le Fonds de solidarité FTQ, lesquelles participent depuis plusieurs années au financement de la transmission d’entreprise, que la relève soit familiale ou non. Les interventions de ces institutions permettent également de poser des jalons qui aident les entrepreneurs à cheminer dans leur démarche de transmission d’entreprise. Elles ont à cœur la réussite de cette démarche puisque leurs intérêts, c’est-à-dire la croissance, la rentabilité et la pérennité de l’entreprise, convergent avec ceux des dirigeants.
Et si assurer sa relève dépendait aussi de la manière dont les prédécesseurs réussissent à se désengager ?
Authors: Cadieux Louise , Lorrain Jean
Published: May 2014

Résumé Au moins 70 % de toutes les entreprises sont familiales. Présentes dans tous les secteurs d’activité, au Canada seulement elles généreraient un chiffre d’affaires supérieur à 1,3 billion de dollars annuellement et procureraient un emploi à plus de 50 % de la main-d’œuvre. Or, parmi celles-ci, bon nombre vivront d’ici peu leur premier transfert générationnel auquel, suivant la tendance, seules 30 % devraient survivre. Bien que la littérature consultée donne une vue d’ensemble du processus de succession, il faut en admettre les limites, notamment en ce qui concerne la dernière phase, celle du désengagement. En théorie, cette phase se distingue des précédentes par le retrait officiel du prédécesseur de la gouvernance de l’entreprise. Jusqu’alors seul maître à bord, celui-ci passerait d’un rôle de chef à d’autres rôles plus discrets. Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude de cas menée auprès de cinq prédécesseurs qui ont mis en place leur relève, depuis au moins deux ans, et qui ont su s’approprier de nouveaux rôles.
L'envoi systématique du rapport annuel global aux actionnaires : une pratique en voie de disparition?
Authors: Girard Aline , Rakoto Philémon
Published: May 2014

Résumé La pratique traditionnelle des sociétés ouvertes consistant à faire parvenir systématiquement un rapport annuel global à leurs actionnaires est en voie de disparition. En effet, plusieurs sociétés américaines et canadiennes, sous prétexte de déposer leurs informations comptables et financières auprès des autorités en valeurs mobilières ou sur leur site web, abandonnent cette pratique. Pourtant, rendre l’information disponible et communiquer l’information aux principaux intéressés sont deux actions différentes. Dans le contexte actuel de la surveillance et de l’amélioration de la gouvernance des entreprises, les sociétés abandonnant cet envoi systématique s’acquittent-elles de leur responsabilité quant à la communication? Dans cet article, nous présentons la situation. Ensuite, nous examinons les diverses réglementations eu égard à la communication avec les actionnaires. Puis, afin d’apporter un éclairage sur la responsabilité des entreprises en matière de communication, nous abordons certaines théories de la communication. Enfin, nous suggérons aux sociétés et aux organismes de réglementation une pratique renouvelée de production de rapports et de distribution de ceux-ci aux actionnaires.
Welcoming outsiders: The nascent Jesus community as a locus of hospitality and equality (Mk 9:33–42; 10:2–16)
Authors: Dube Zorodzai
Published: May 2014

The recent global economic crisis left millions of people destitute without formal work and further alienated the poor from the rich. As a remedy, modern Neoliberalism proposes that the poor must hope and steadily work their way up the economic ladder. What is the solution to such unbridgeable social and economic chasm? This article used the contemporary situation of economic inequality to imagine events during the first century, during Jesus’ time, whereby the rich increasingly amassed wealth to the disadvantage of the poor majority. In this article, Mark 9:33–42 and 10:10–16 was used to explore how Jesus developed an alternative economic system − one that contrasted itself in every respect from that of the hierarchical and patriarchal Roman Empire. This article argued that Jesus formed communities that directly responded to the economic challenges faced by the landless and the homeless majority by creating an alternative economy based on love and hospitality. This was done by proposing that Mark 9:33–42 and 10:2–16 are amongst the passages where the two rival economies were contrasted by way of two different household economies. Firstly, the economic system outside the house that typified the hierarchical Roman economy, and secondly, the economic system inside the house that referred to Jesus’ alternative system whereby he taught his disciples to welcome the homeless, the landless and the poor. Before developing this further, the plausible social context of the stories was attended to.
Patient knowledge of HIV and its treatment in South Africa
Authors: Terblanche Lauren M. , Stellenberg Ethelwynn L.
Published: May 2014

Background: Patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) need to achieve a 90% adherence rate to ART in order to prevent disease progression and drug resistance. The patients’ knowledge of ART and HIV is thus crucial to ensuring good adherence, decreased risk for drug resistance and cost-effective treatment for these patients.Aim: To determine the knowledge of infected patients with regard to HIV and the ART they were receiving.Setting: The study was conducted at a comprehensive community health centre in a developing low socio-economic community near Cape Town, South Africa.Methods: A quantitative descriptive correlative research design was applied. A sample consisting of 200 (8.5%) respondents was selected from a population of 2349. A multiple-choice questionnaire, comprising 29 questions, including 14 critical knowledge testing questions, was used in individual interviews conducted by either the researcher or fieldworker who assessed the respondents’ knowledge regarding various key aspects of HIV and ART.Results: Misconceptions regarding HIV and ART were revealed and scores for the 14 critical knowledge testing questions in the questionnaire revealed that 0% of the respondents had good knowledge, 20% had average knowledge and 80% had poor knowledge.Conclusion: The respondents on ART in this particular community health centre had poor knowledge of HIV and ART. This may contribute to poor adherence rates, increased drug resistance, disease progression and increased costs for the government with regard to treating such patients. Increased attention needs to be given to patient education.
The accuracy of after-hour registrar computed tomography (CT) reporting in a South African tertiary teaching hospital
Authors: De Witt Juruan F. , Griffith-Richards Stephanie , Pitcher Richard D.
Published: May 2014

Background: The Division of Radiodiagnosis at Tygerberg Academic Hospital, a 1384-bed tertiary training institution in Cape Town, South Africa provides a comprehensive 24-hour clinical radiology service, and has a duty registrar on-site at all times. The demand for computed tomography (CT) imaging is increasing and plays a pivotal role in patient management.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of after-hour registrar CT reporting, to identify possible factors that may affect the error rate, and to assess whether or not errors had any clinical impact.Method: A set of senior registrar reports (provisional reports) issued during a 28-day period was compared with the corresponding consultant reports (final reports). Discrepancies were identified and quantified, based on their impact on patient management.Results: The overall discrepancy rate was 8% (18 out of 225) and the overall accuracy rate was 92% (207 out of 225). The major error rate was 4% (9 out of 225) and the minor error rate was also 4% (9 out of 225).Conclusion: We observed that the accuracy of after-hour CT reporting by senior registrars at the Division of Radiodiagnosis at Tygerberg Hospital was on par with international standards. We investigated three factors which may have affected discrepancy rates, and only found one factor, namely the time of day, to be significant. Steps can be taken to create awareness of this fact amongst registrars, which hopefully would result in improved patient care and management.
Numerical models sea surface wind compared to scatterometer observations for a single Bora event in the Adriatic Sea
Authors: De Biasio F. , Miglietta M. M. , Zecchetto S. , della Valle A.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. We compare the sea surface wind fields forecasted by a Global Circulation Model (GCM) and three Limited Area Models (LAMs) in an operational-like set-up, with the wind remotely sensed by the NASA QuikSCAT scatterometer. The comparison is performed for a single case of Bora wind in the Adriatic Sea, with the purpose to understand the ability of the model forecasts in reproducing the mesoscale features captured by the scatterometer, and to investigate on the suitability of LAM and GCM forecasts as possible forcing in storm surge models (SSMs). The performance is evaluated by means of statistical parameters regarding wind speed and direction showing that, at least in terms of classical statistical parameters, the GCM offer the most advantageous choice in terms of cost/benefit.
The evolution of sub-monsoon systems in the Afro-Asian monsoon region during the Holocene – comparison of different transient climate model simulations
Authors: Dallmeyer A. , Claussen M. , Fischer N. , Haberkorn K. , Wagner S. , Pfeiffer M. , Jin L. , Khon V. , Wang Y. , Herzschuh U.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The recently proposed global monsoon hypothesis interprets monsoon systems as part of one global-scale atmospheric overturning circulation, implying a connection between the regional monsoon systems and an in-phase behaviour of all northern hemispheric monsoons on annual timescales (Trenberth et al., 2000). Whether this concept can be applied to past climates and variability on longer timescales is still under debate, because the monsoon systems exhibit different regional characteristics such as different seasonality (i.e. onset, peak, and withdrawal). To investigate the interconnection of different monsoon systems during the pre-industrial Holocene, five transient global climate model simulations have been analysed with respect to the rainfall trend and variability in different sub-domains of the Afro-Asian monsoon region. Our analysis suggests that on millennial timescales with varying orbital forcing, the monsoons do not behave as a tightly connected global system. According to the models, the Indian and North African monsoons are coupled, showing similar rainfall trend and moderate correlation in rainfall variability in all models. The East Asian monsoon changes independently during the Holocene. The dissimilarities in the seasonality of the monsoon sub-systems lead to a stronger response of the North African and Indian monsoon systems to the Holocene insolation forcing than of the East Asian monsoon and affect the seasonal distribution of Holocene rainfall variations. Within the Indian and North African monsoon domain, precipitation solely changes during the summer months, showing a decreasing Holocene precipitation trend. In the East Asian monsoon region, the precipitation signal is determined by an increasing precipitation trend during spring and a decreasing precipitation change during summer, partly balancing each other. A synthesis of reconstructions and the model results do not reveal an impact of the different seasonality on the timing of the Holocene rainfall optimum in the different sub-monsoon systems. They rather indicate locally inhomogeneous rainfall changes and show, that single palaeo-records should not be used to characterise the rainfall change and monsoon evolution for entire monsoon sub-systems.
Anomalies of zenith tropospheric delay following the Mw 7.8 Haida Gwaii earthquake
Authors: Yao Y. B. , Lei X. X. , Liu Q. , He C. Y. , Zhang B. , Zhang L.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake was a massive Mw 7.8 earthquake that struck the Queen Carlotte Islands Region on 28 October 2012 (UTC). This study analyzed the variations in zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) following the Mw 7.8 Haida Gwaii earthquake using near real-time ZTD data collected from eleven stations in the seismic region and the forecast ZTD of ECMWF. A new differential method was used to detect anomalies of ZTD time series. Result showed that obvious ZTD anomalies occurred on the day of the earthquake (day-of-year, doy 302). There were anomalous ZTD variations at eight stations in the post-earthquake period on doy 302, possibly due to the processes of earthquake-generated acoustic waves. Propagation of acoustic waves caused variations of tropospheric parameters (e.g., atmospheric pressure, temperate, and atmosphere density), thus influencing ZTD. Absence of anomalous ZTD variations at the remaining three stations was attributed to the special topographic conditions, i.e., the long epicentral distance and the presence of huge mountains as a natural protective screen. Our work provides new insights to the relationship between of earthquake event and ZTD variation. The proposed differential method is superior to conventional method for detecting specific ZTD anomalies caused by earthquake events.
Reality and Accounting: The Case for Interpretive Accounting Research
Authors: Maali Bassam Mohammad , Jaara Osama Omar
Published: May 2014

Economic reality plays an  important role  in accounting practice and standard setting process. Different views exist  on the nature of economic reality and how to approach it; while advocates of the positivism paradigm view reality as independently existing, advocates of interpretive paradigm view reality as socially constructed. It is argued in this paper that utilizing interpretive view to the world in accounting research is better able to capture the economic reality that is socially constructed and much affected by our account of it. This is because accounting is a social science and is better understood by gaining the views of different parties involved, which is largely done by utilizing interpretive accounting research.
Repetitive acute cholangitis and pancreatitis due to Lemmel syndrome: A case report
Authors: Takakura Kazuki , Koido Shigeo , Kajihara Mikio , Fukue Ryosuke , Takami Shinichiro , Ito Zensho , Kobayashi Hiroko , Matsumoto Yoshihiro , Tsukinaga Shintaro , Odahara Shunichi , Yukawa Toyokazu , Uchiyama Kan , Misawa Takeyuki , Ohkusa Toshifumi , Tajiri Hisao
Published: May 2014

Duodenal diverticulum is a disease that clinicians commonly encounter in ordinary clinical work. Most cases are rarely regarded as clinical problems because of their asymptomatic progress. Among these cases, since Lemmel reported the clinical significance of juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula in 1934, describing them as Papillensyndrom, the effect of juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula on biliary-pancreatic diseases has been discussed due to the anatomical relationship of diverticula and the papilla of Vater. Although Lemmel syndrome’s frequency, impact on each disease and operative procedure have been reported in Japan, its clinical significance is still unclear. Until now, no guidelines regarding the therapeutic indication of juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula have been established, so a suitable therapeutic strategy needs to be selected for each patient. Here, we report a case of 60-year-old Japanese woman who repeatedly developed acute cholangitis and pancreatitis in a short period due to Lemmel syndrome, which was comprehensively diagnosed based on various imaging findings.
Analysis of the International Competitiveness of Chinese Medicine Industry Based on the Diamond Model
Authors: Liu Ying , Zhang Yizhou , Xu Cong
Published: May 2014

The Chinese medicine industry always holds the balance in the Chinese medicine market of China. At present, the medicine industry has gradually formed the special industry system and group. By Porter’s “Diamond Model” theory, the international competitive advantages and disadvantages of Chinese medicine industry are analyzed in this article, and corresponding suggestions about the industry development are provided.
International Journal of Psychological Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, December 2009, all in one PDF file
Authors: IJPS Editor
Published: May 2014

International Journal of Psychological Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, December 2009, all in one PDF file.
The Drive in the Acousma
Authors: Xiong Dianyuan , Miao Shaohui
Published: May 2014

The acousma is result of the process that the consciousness is drew into the unconscious black hole and declined as the unconsciousness by the large “psychological gravitation”, and generates a mass of energies which are dispersed by the depressive and devious way, and replaced by the projection of the dissident attacking consciousness. And it is the result of the function of the force. The free libidos can flow to the consciousness, release the blocked energies, weaken and even eliminate the acousma.
Does Judgment Feedback affect Visual-Field Superiority as a function of Stimulus Structure and Content?
Authors: Basu Anamitra
Published: May 2014

Visual-field advantage was envisaged as a function of presentation mode (unilateral, bilateral), stimulus structure (word, face), and stimulus content (emotional, neutral) in two conditions, with and without feedback of judgment. Split visual-field paradigm was taken into account with recognition accuracy and response latency as the dependent variables. Stimuli were significantly better recognized in left visual-field than in right visual-field. Unilaterally, rather than bilaterally, presented stimuli were significantly better recognized. Emotional content were intensely recognized than neutral content. Analysis using multivariate ANOVA suggested that words as well as faces were recognized better without judgment feedback condition as compared to with judgment feedback condition; however these stimuli were judged with significantly less response latency following judgment feedback.
Study on Progress of Developing Strategy on Ports Cluster: Integration of Port Resources
Authors: Xiao Zhanxin , Zhou Liuyu , Liang Jin , Li Hongzhong , Hong Zihan
Published: May 2014

Ports play important roles in linking transportation routes and distributing cargo, which promote the national and regional economy and trade development. Although ports formerly dominated the distribution and transportation of cargo in the era of sailing boats all over the world, their monopoly has been challenged more and more fiercely during the process of economic globalization and integration. Under the current economic conditions, the competition or opposition between the ports are not suitable for their normal operation. In order to adapt to the ongoing reformation of sea transportation, it is inevitable that port resources integrate to take advantage of complementary cooperation. As the integration of resource can optimize the allocation of the limited port resources, it brings about overall advantage to promote the development of port cluster and regional economy. However, a lot of problems would still need to face in the practical process. To meet the requirements of economic and social development, the researchers have launched a large number of theoretical and practical researches in their field about the development of port resource integration. So, the theoretical and practical researches in the published papers are studied to open out the significances of port resource integration and seek after the solution to the problems in development of ports in the present study.
The millipede genus Solaenodolichopus Verhoeff, 1924 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). 1. New genus diagnosis and redescriptions of named species
Authors: Mesibov Robert
Published: May 2014

Solaenodolichopus Verhoeff, 1924 is redefined to include S. pruvoti (Brolemann, 1931), S. rubriventris Verhoeff, 1928, S. sulcatus (Verhoeff, 1928), S. teres (Verhoeff, 1924), S. vittatus (Verhoeff, 1924) and S. walesius Verhoeff, 1928, each of which is redescribed. Lectotypes are designated for S. sulcatus, S. teres, S. vittatus and S. walesius. Parwalesoma Verhoeff, 1937 is synonymised with Solaenodolichopus and S. vittatus dorsalis (Verhoeff, 1924) with S. vittatus vittatus (Verhoeff, 1924).
Reducing cardiovascular health impacts from traffic-related noise and air pollution: intervention strategies
Authors: Curran Jason H. , Ward Helen D. , Shum Mona , Davies Hugh W.
Published: May 2014

Recent studies suggest that exposure to both traffic-related air pollution (TrAP) and to road traffic noise (RTN) are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). While the exact pathophysiologic mechanisms are not known, plausible biological models exist for both associations. This paper describes interventions and mitigating measures aimed at reducing both air and noise pollution emitted from traffic. Nine types of interventions are examined within the four strategic themes of (i) land-use planning and transportation management, (ii) reduction of vehicle emissions, (iii) modification of existing structures, and (iv) behavioral change. Not all interventions result in concomitant reductions of air and noise pollutant exposures. Most interventions that rely on a scientific basis to reduce CVD are directed at reducing TrAP. Interventions identified with the greatest potential benefits focus on the pollutant source, such as reductions in traffic volume and air pollutant emissions, and are more easily realized, and likely cheaper, if they are considered in the land-use planning stages with less reliance on behavioral changes.
Pure Pancreaticocutaneous Fistula Shunted Into the Urinary Bladder. Lesson Learned by an Incomplete, Original Attempt
Authors: Violi Vincenzo , Salvemini Carlo , Darecchio Antonio , Detullio Paolo , Costi Renato
Published: May 2014

Because pancreaticocystostomy is a method of exocrine secretion management in pancreas transplantation, a legitimate question is whether a pure pancreatic fistula could be shunted into the bladder. After duodenopancreatectomy for cancer, a pancreaticojejunostomy leakage was treated by pancreas-saving anastomosis disconnection. The resulting pure pancreaticocutaneous fistula was later diverted into the bladder using a Denver valved-pump device. Technical problems necessitated redoing the shunt using a modified technique and device. Although the system did work, catheter displacement outside the bladder finally caused device takedown and external fistula restoration. Our attempt did not succeed mostly because of our inexperience in dealing with an altogether novel issue without appropriate technology. Supposing its feasibility, a pancreatic-bladder shunt might have a role in treating pure pancreatic fistulas or creating an external fistula whenever the pancreatic remnant is unreliable for an anastomosis, or when a leaked anastomosis' disconnection is preferable to completion pancreatectomy.
A Rare Case of Anterior Chest Wall Schwannoma Masquerading as a Breast Tumor
Authors: Fujii Takaaki , Yajima Reina , Morita Hiroki , Tsutsumi Soichi , Asao Takayuki , Kuwano Hiroyuki
Published: May 2014

A schwannoma is a tumor that develops on peripheral nerves or spinal roots. Although any part of the body can be affected, the breast is a quite unusual site for schwannomas. We report herein a case of schwannoma presenting as a breast tumor. In the current case, the tumor showed both clinically and mammographically as a well-defined breast mass. Of interest, sonographically, the well-defined mass appeared to be located in subcutaneous tissue, not in breast parenchyma, and this finding was confirmed histopathologically. These findings indicate the possibility that a schwannoma arising from subcutaneous breast tissue can show exophytic growth to the breast and appear as a breast tumor. In other words, our case implies the possible presence of a “pseudo” breast schwannoma.
Benefit of Oral Feeding as Early as One Day After Elective Surgery for Colorectal Cancer: Oral Feeding on First Versus Second Postoperative Day
Authors: Fujii Takaaki , Morita Hiroki , Sutoh Toshinaga , Yajima Reina , Yamaguchi Satoru , Tsutsumi Soichi , Asao Takayuki , Kuwano Hiroyuki
Published: May 2014

The optimal timing of early oral intake after surgery has not been fully established. The objective of this study was to compare early oral intake at postoperative day 1 after resection of colorectal cancer with that of day 2 to identify the optimal timing for resumption of oral intake in such patients. Consecutive patients with colorectal cancer who underwent elective colorectal resection were separated into two groups. Sixty-two patients began a liquid diet on the first postoperative day (POD1 group) and 58 patients began on POD2 (POD2 group) and advanced to a regular diet within the next 24 hours as tolerated. As for gastrointestinal recovery, the first passage of flatus was experienced, on average, on postoperative day 3.1 ± 1.0 in the POD2 group and on day 2.3 ± 0.7 in the POD1 group. The first defecation was also significantly earlier in patients in the POD1 group than those in the POD2 group (POD 3.2 ± 1.2 versus 4.2 ± 1.4, respectively). No statistical difference was found between the two groups in terms of postoperative complications. Our results suggest that very early feeding on POD1 after colorectal resection is safe and feasible and that induced a quicker recovery of postoperative gastrointestinal movement in patients.
Low Serum Interleukin-13 Levels Correlate with Poorer Prognoses for Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Saigusa Susumu , Tanaka Koji , Inoue Yasuhiro , Toiyama Yuji , Okugawa Yoshinaga , Iwata Takashi , Mohri Yasuhiko , Kusunoki Masato
Published: May 2014

Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is an immunosuppressive cytokine produced by several immune cells and cancer cells. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine if serum IL-13 levels have an association with clinical outcome in patients with colorectal cancer. A total of 241 patients with colorectal cancer were enrolled in the present study. Preoperative serum IL-13 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We analyzed the association of serum IL-13 levels with clinicopathological variables. Patients with lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, distant metastases or advanced stage of disease had significantly lower serum IL-13 levels. Low serum IL-13 was significantly associated with both poor recurrence-free and overall survival. Multivariate analysis showed that low IL-13 levels were an independent predictive marker for poor prognosis. In conclusion, our data suggest that low serum IL-13 levels may be a useful predictive marker for poor prognosis in colorectal cancer.
On the dynamics of hot air plasmas related to lightning discharges: 2. Electrodynamics
Authors: Ripoll Jean‐François , Zinn John , Colestock Patrick L. , Jeffery Christopher A.
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we develop a model of electrical discharge in air for the simulation of some of the electrical processes involved in lightning discharges, as in lightning return strokes and dart leaders. The discharge is initiated by a vertical electrical field and modeled using a nonlinear R‐L‐C circuit model, with which we attempt to simulate initiation, growth, radial expansion, and decay of electrical discharges related to lightning. This gas dynamic type model includes also both detailed air chemistry and accurate air radiation transport, as described in the first part of this article. For certain parameter configurations, our first lightning‐related discharge simulations compare well with lightning observations and actual knowledge in terms of chronology, charge and energy depleted, current created, electron concentration, temperature, pressure, and optical signature. We also discuss the difficulties to obtain fully consistent results due to the wide parameter variability, their uncertainty, and the complexity of the physics involved.
Antarctic Bottom Water production from the Vincennes Bay Polynya, East Antarctica
Authors: Kitade Yujiro , Shimada Keishi , Tamura Takeshi , Williams Guy D. , Aoki Shigeru , Fukamachi Yasushi , Roquet Fabien , Hindell Mark , Ushio Shuki , Ohshima Kay I.
Published: May 2014

One year moorings at depths greater than 3000 m on the continental slope off Vincennes Bay, East Antarctica, reveal the cold (<−0.5°C) and fresh (<34.64) signals of newly formed Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). The signal appeared in June, 3 months after the onset of active sea‐ice production in the nearby Vincennes Bay Polynya (VBP). The AABW signal continued for about 5 months at two moorings, with 1 month delay at the western site further downstream. Ship‐based hydrographic data are in agreement, detecting the westward spread of new AABW over the continental slope from VBP. On the continental shelf, Dense Shelf Water (DSW) formation is observed by instrumented seals, in and around the VBP during autumn, and we estimate its transport to be 0.16 ± 0.07 (× 106m3s−1). We conclude that the DSW formed in this region, albeit from a modest amount of sea‐ice production, nonetheless contributes to the upper layer of AABW in Australian‐Antarctic Basin.
Extreme upper level cyclonic vorticity events in relation to the Southern Hemisphere jet stream
Authors: Harnik N.
Published: May 2014

The mean seasonal variation in the frequency of occurrence of extreme upper level cyclonic vorticity events, and its relation to the jet stream, is examined in the Southern Hemisphere. During the austral summer to fall, extreme cyclonic vorticity occurs most frequently at the upper level jet stream core, while during the austral winter to spring, there is a main peak on the poleward flank of the subtropical jet and a secondary peak on the poleward flank of the eddy‐driven jet. Composite analysis shows that the extremes in both seasons are associated with wave breaking and the formation of elongated vorticity tongues. In summer, extreme events occur when waves propagating on the eddy‐driven jet break nonlinearly, while in winter, extreme events occur when waves on the eddy‐driven jet interact with waves on the subtropical jet. In both seasons, these extreme upper level vorticity events are associated with significant positive precipitation anomalies and a pattern of alternating positive and negative surface temperature anomalies.
Possible slip history scenarios for the Hyuga‐nada region and Bungo Channel and their relationship with Nankai earthquakes in southwest Japan based on numerical simulations
Authors: Nakata Ryoko , Hyodo Mamoru , Hori Takane
Published: May 2014

The Nankai earthquakes are great interplate earthquakes with recurrence intervals of 100–200 years, occurring along the Nankai Trough, southwestern Japan. New geological evidences suggest that the rupture area of the 1707 earthquake (one of the largest) extended farther westward than previously thought, and similar magnitude events may have recurrence intervals of several hundred years. West of the Nankai earthquake segments, in the Bungo Channel region, slow slip events (SSEs) have occurred with recurrence intervals of several years since 1980. Farther westward, no M ≥ 7.5 interplate earthquakes have occurred except for one in 1968 in the northern Hyuga‐nada region, near the Bungo Channel. We numerically simulated the generation cycles of Nankai earthquakes, Hyuga‐nada earthquakes, and Bungo Channel SSEs to obtain possible slip histories in these regions, particularly during 1707–1980. We showed that the Nankai and Hyuga‐nada earthquakes occur mostly independently, with average recurrence intervals of 151 and 117 years, respectively. An SSE patch slipped coseismically during both the Nankai and Hyuga‐nada earthquakes. The rupture of the Nankai earthquakes extended to the Hyuga‐nada region every ~500–600 years and was followed by quiescence of SSEs for more than 200 years. Subsequently, SSEs occurred repeatedly every 8 years. Current observational findings are generally consistent with the characteristics obtained from our scenarios, except regarding the recurrence intervals of Hyuga‐nada earthquakes, for which few observations are available. Further evidence of the slip history in these regions will be required to use information from such simulations to forecast future earthquakes.
Energetic particle impact on X‐ray imaging with XMM‐Newton
Authors: Walsh B. M. , Kuntz K. D. , Collier M. R. , Sibeck D. G. , Snowden S. L. , Thomas N. E.
Published: May 2014

Since energetic protons (∼100 keV) hinder space‐based X‐ray imaging, there is a need to characterize the proton environments encountered by a soft X‐ray mission when planning missions and operations in the near‐Earth environment. Impacts range from enhanced noise in the images to damage to CCD detectors. The high‐apogee (17.9 RE), inclined (40°), and elliptical orbit of European Space Agency's XMM‐Newton mission frequently passes through the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts on closed magnetospheric magnetic field lines, the magnetotail lobes on open magnetic field lines, and into the magnetosheath and solar wind on open solar magnetic field lines, four regions with very different energetic proton environments. We use XMM‐Newton measurements from 2000 to 2010 to survey the occurrence of proton strikes or “soft proton flares” on the European Photon Imaging Camera pn‐junction CCD detector. Proton flares affect ∼55% of all measurements. Rates vary from 50%at large radial distances in the solar wind and magnetosheath to 25% in the high‐latitude magnetotail lobes and increase to 66%of the measurements on closed low‐latitude magnetospheric magnetic field lines.
Molecular Genetics of X‐linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Authors: Kemp Stephan
Published: May 2014

X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD), which affects 1 in 17 000 newborns, is one of the most puzzling inborn errors of metabolism of the central nervous system. All X‐ALD patients have mutations in the
ABCD1
gene, which affect the function of the encoded protein ALDP, an
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
‐binding cassette transporter located in the peroxisomal membrane protein. ALDP deficiency impairs the peroxisomal beta‐oxidation of very long‐chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and facilitates their further chain elongation by ELOVL1 resulting in the accumulation of VLCFA in the plasma and tissues. The clinical spectrum ranges from progressive myelopathy in adults to fatal cerebral demyelinating disease in boys and adult males (cerebral ALD). In the absence of a genotype–phenotype correlation, the disease course remains completely unpredictable, even within families, and is therefore defined by modifier genes, epigenetics and the environment. For the majority of patients there is no curative therapy.

Key Concepts:

The clinical spectrum of X‐ALD ranges from a progressive myelopathy (adrenomyeloneuropathy) in adult males and females to a fatal cerebral demyelinating disease in boys and adult males (cerebral ALD).

X‐ALD has been diagnosed in all geographic regions and ethnic groups, and there is no evidence that the prevalence varies with ethnic background.

Mutations in the
ABCD1
gene have no predictive value with respect to the clinical outcome of a patient.

Approximately 65% of heterozygous females develop AMN by the age of 60 years.

VLCFA accumulating in X‐ALD mostly result from endogenous synthesis through elongation of LCFA by ELOVL1, the VLCFA‐specific elongase.

Newborn screening allows prospective monitoring and early intervention.
Computational Methods in
SNP
Analysis
Authors: George Priya Doss C
Published: May 2014

Genomic variations in the genome are the cause for various forms of diseases in human beings ranging from monogenic to complex ones. Among the 3.2 billion nucleotides that build our genome, there is only a 0.1% difference or variation between two randomly selected individuals. The simplest form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) variation among individuals is the substitution of one single nucleotide for another at a homologous site in a population called single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Owing to increase in the number of SNPs in public databases, analysing the functional effects by classical genetics assessments remains a major challenge. To support this effort, a new branch of computational biology has emerged to differentiate the functional SNPs from neutral ones. In this point of view, special emphasis is placed on the existing computational methods in SNP analysis that are potentially most relevant to clinicians in large‐scale analysis.

Key Concepts:

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the building block of life that carries the genetic information in living things. It has a double helix structure which consists of two complementary strands of nucleotides.

DNA consists of four bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T) and cytosine (C).

Genomic variants consist of insertions, deletions, copy number variations (CNVs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

An SNP in which change in amino acid substitution leads to the same polypeptide sequence is termed as synonymous SNP (csSNP).

An SNP in which change in the amino acid substitution leads to the different polypeptide sequence is termed as nonsynonymous SNP (nsSNP).

Nonsense mutations are mutations that result in a different amino acid.

Frameshift mutations are genetic mutations caused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence.

Nonsense mutations are mutations that result in a premature stop codon.

Functional impacts of nsSNPs generally fall into two classes, namely disease‐associated (deleterious) and benign/neutral (no observable phenotypic effect).
Zero‐ and π‐States in a Periodic Array of Deep Photonic Wires
Authors: Mischok Andreas , Lyssenko Vadim G. , Brückner Robert , Löchner Franz , Scholz Reinhard , Zakhidov Alexander A. , Fröb Hartmut , Leo Karl
Published: May 2014

A one‐dimensional periodic rectangular potential, also known as the Kronig‐Penney (KP) potential, transforms the parabolic dispersion of a free particle into a set of bands separated by bandgaps. However, if the potential wells are deep enough, the lowest bands converge into a set of single discrete states, numbered from j = 1 to j = jmax, which can be even or odd, describing the number of extrema. Here, discrete and continuous KP states are experimentally observed within a periodically modulated metal–organic microcavity. Depending on the width of the photonic wires, the thickness of the cavity, and the added metal grating, the parity of the highest localized state jmax can be either even or odd, leading to a complementary parity of the first continuous mode. The apex of this Bloch‐like state in turn either starts at k = 0, or a π‐state at the edges of the Brillouin zone, formed by the periodic metallic wires. An easy analytical explanation and numerical confirmation of zero‐ or π‐phase locking for laser modes in spatially modulated microcavities are provided.
Petaled Molybdenum Disulfide Surfaces: Facile Synthesis of a Superior Cathode for QDSSCs
Authors: Finn Shane T. , Macdonald Janet E.
Published: May 2014

Quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) are in need of a highly active, stable, and inexpensive cathode material for practical devices. Here, a new, facile, hydrothermal preparation of nanostructured MoS2 is shown. Grown directly from a planar Mo metal foil, the MoS2 films have a petaled morphology that exposes a large number of catalytically active Mo edge sites, and are highly active for the electrochemical reduction of water and aqueous polysulfide. Preliminary results of its performance in solar devices are further presented, demonstrating superior QDSSC efficiency compared to the use of Pt cathodes.
Bright field and dark field STEM‐IN‐SEM imaging of polymer systems
Authors: Patel Binay , Pearson Raymond , Watanabe Masashi
Published: May 2014

The microstructural analysis of polymer systems (e.g., polymers and their composites) has largely been conducted by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, hard materials (e.g., metals and ceramics) are better suited for TEM imaging because such materials can withstand the high energy electron beam generated in TEM instruments. Recently, scanning TEM in scanning electron microscopy (STEM‐IN‐SEM) has emerged as a viable alternative to TEM imaging of polymer systems. STEM‐IN‐SEM uses a versatile and user‐friendly SEM instrument for examining the microstructure of polymer systems. In this study, we outline our method for STEM‐IN‐SEM imaging and apply it to the imaging of various commercial and model polymer systems. Imaging results are evaluated on the basis of measured signal intensity, which compare favorably to microstructural analysis using more costly TEM and STEM instruments. Furthermore, these comparable signal intensities are achieved through STEM‐IN‐SEM imaging with specimens that are three times thicker than those required for conventional TEM imaging. In this respect, as compared to TEM, STEM‐IN‐SEM offers faster specimen preparation times coupled with easier usability and lower maintenance costs, which are all attractive attributes for efficient quality control measures in industry. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40851.
Passive Location Using TDOA Measurements from Compass Satellite Illuminators
Authors: Wu Pan‐Long , Li Xingxiu , Zhang Lianzheng , Bo Yuming
Published: May 2014

In recent years, the passive radar detection system based on satellite borne transmitters has attracted widespread attention. In this paper, by taking the Compass satellite signal as the research object, the practicality of the Compass signal as an external illuminator of the passive radar is discussed with respect to ambiguity function. Then, a four satellite transmitters and one receiver location model based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) is proposed and the corresponding location algorithm of the constrained total least squares (CTLS) in earth centered earth fixed coordinates is derived. Finally, the location accuracy of different algorithms is discussed and the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) of the location system is analyzed. The comparative simulation results demonstrate that the CTLS‐based location algorithm can improve the location accuracy significantly, as the CTLS algorithm can reduce nearly 69% and 39% of the positioning error over LS and TLS algorithms, respectively.
Design optimality for models defined by a system of ordinary differential equations
Authors: Rodríguez‐Díaz Juan M. , Sánchez‐León Guillermo
Published: May 2014

Many scientific processes, specially in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) studies, are defined by a system of ordinary differential equations (ODE). If there are unknown parameters that need to be estimated, the optimal experimental design approach offers quality estimators for the different objectives of the practitioners. When computing optimal designs the standard procedure uses the linearization of the analytical expression of the ODE solution, which is not feasible when this analytical form does not exist. In this work some methods to solve this problem are described and discussed. Optimal designs for two well‐known example models, Iodine and Michaelis–Menten, have been computed using the proposed methods. A thorough study has been done for a specific two‐parameter PK model, the biokinetic model of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, computing the best designs for different optimality criteria and numbers of points. The designs have been compared according to their efficiency, and the goodness of the designs for the estimation of each parameter has been checked. Although the objectives of the paper are focused on the optimal design field, the methodology can be used as well for a sensitivity analysis of ordinary differential equation systems.
Developing column material for the separation of serum amyloid P and C reactive protein from biological sources
Authors: Ersöz Arzu , Ünlüer Özlem Biçen , Dönmez Gülnur , Hür Deniz , Say R𝚤dvan
Published: May 2014

In this study, we have investigated the isolation of serum amyloid P (SAP) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) from rainbow trout. It has recently been found that SAP is deposited in atherosclerotic lesions or neurofibrillary tangles, which are related to aging process and Alzheimer's disease. Given the importance of CRP, the CRP level in blood is becoming recognized as a potential means of monitoring cardiovascular risk. These two proteins, members of the pentraxin family of oligomeric serum proteins, were isolated from rainbow trout using N‐methacryloyl‐phosphoserine (MA‐pSer) immobilized poly (2‐hydroxy ethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA) cryogels as a column material in a fast protein liquid chromatography system. The separation process was verified in two steps. First, SAP and CRP proteins were isolated together from serum sample of rainbow trout using MA‐pSer/PHEMA cryogel columns. Second, SAP protein was separated chromatographically from CRP protein using the Ca2+ ion immobilized PHEMA cryogel column. According to the data, a new and effective technique has been developed for the isolation of SAP and CRP proteins from a biological source, rainbow trout. Finally, purified SAP and CRP were loaded using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel and western blot analysis to investigate the purity of chromatographically isolated SAP and CRP compared with commertial SAP and CRP. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.