bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Groups for Encamped Bosnian Refugees: Some Problems and Solutions
Authors: Jones Lynne
Published: March 2007

This article describes the experience of running support groups for adolescent Bosnian refugees. It briefly reviews some theoretical perspectives on adolescent refugee experiences and then examines the issues raised by doing this fonn of cross-cultural work in the context of a refugee camp. The article suggests that traditional approaches to group therapy may need to be adapted. Greater flexibility over boundaries is required, particularly regarding time and setting. In addition therapists working in a human rights context should be prepared to acknowledge their own subjectivities, and to allow the discussion of political and social issues within the group. It is suggested that such support groups can be of use through providing a space for the ventilation of feelings, the exploration of identity, problem-solving and particularly in the rebuilding of social ties.
Treating the Sleep Disorders of Children with Disabilities and Illness: A One-Year Project
Authors: Bartlet Leslie , Beaumont Jasia
Published: March 2007

The Southampton Children's Sleep Project was established to help families whose handicapped and/or chronically ill children had chronic sleep disorders. Sixty-one children of all ages were assessed and 57 treated. Forty-five of the children improved as a result of intervention. Treatment was found to be more onerous than the literature suggests. Maternal depression, family disturbance and medical factors in the children often required attention before behavioural management programmes could be initiated. The special skills needed to help these families are available but require co-ordination.
Family Health- promotion Proj ects
Authors: Valach Ladislav , Young Richard A. , Lynam M. Judith
Published: March 2007

The concept of the family health-promotion project is introduced as a means of describing and analysing health-promoting processes in a family. We suggest that an action-theoretical conceptualization provides a language for dealing with socially embedded human behaviour. The levels of project organization are described and the issues discussed are: hierarchical organization, communication, goal structure, steering, control, regulation, energizing, perspectives and construction, group or joint action, three-dimensional structure of group action, dual enfolding of group actions, properties of group action and of family projects. The research design and methods of a current study on a family health-promotion project are presented and explained.
Risk Estimation and Sexual Behaviour
Authors: Breakwell Glynis M. , Breakwell Glynis M.
Published: March 2007

The relationships among risk estimation, impulsivity and patterns of sexual risk-taking in 16-21-year-olds are examined. A sample of 236 males and 340 females completed a postal questionnaire on three occasions at annual intervals. They reported their assessment of their own risk of HIV infection, the risk of HIV infection associated with six types of sexual activity, their likelihood of engaging in each of these activities, and whether they had participated in these activities between the first and second data collections. Impulsivity was indexed using a standard test. The data support the conclusion that strong social representations of sexual risks exist which do not markedly change during late adolescence. These risk estimates predict behavioural expectations, primarily for the riskiest behaviours, and for females (actual participation in vaginal sex); but for males, risk estimates fail to predict behaviour. Evidence here for a rational model of individual decision- making in relation to sexual risk- taking is sparse. Impulsivity was not a good predictor of expected or actual patterns of sexual behaviour, though higher impulsivity was associated with having more sexual partners and, in females, with starting to have sex younger.
Social Support Structures and Predictors of Depression in Persons Who Are Seropositive
Authors: Metts Sandra , Manns Heather , Kruzic Lauren
Published: March 2007

Survey data from 87 seropositive individuals were analysed to assess the extent to which: (1) the social-support network changes over the course of three levels of seropositivity (HIV asymptomatic, HIV symptomatic and AIDS); (2) certain types of support providers are associated with lower depression; and (3) the relative contribution of support network diversity, emotional support from several categories of providers (family of origin, friends, spouses/partners, and weak ties) and locus of control to depression. Results indicate that the support-network structure changes when symptoms appear, most notably reliance on weak ties decreases and on family of origin increases. Results also indicate that persons drawing on a particular support provider are no less depressed than persons not drawing on that support provider. However, health, social locus of control and increasing levels of emotional support from friends, family and weak ties all make independent contributions to lower depression. Future research is suggested to explore the transition points among HIV asymptomatic, HIV symptomatic and AIDS conditions.
Death Attitudes and Self-reported Health- relevant Behaviors
Authors: Martin Chloé D. , Salovey Peter
Published: March 2007

Two studies are presented investigating the role of attitudes toward death in self- reported health-protective behavior. The Multidimensional Death Attitudes Scale (MDAS), based on three existing measures of death attitudes, was administered to a group of health professionals ( N = 348). A principal components analysis revealed five factors, labeled Acceptance, Fear, Death as Passage, Death as Relief and Avoidance. The five- factor structure also was replicated in a second, somewhat different sample (N = 100). Twenty-three items loaded highly on the five factors, and the subscales showed good internal consistency. The relationship between the five death attitudes and self-reported health behaviors was explored. Acceptance of death was associated positively with physical exercise controlling for demographic and psychological variables. Accepting death but not viewing death as relief were associated with self- reported lower levels of drinking and driving.
Socio-economic Position, Gender and Health
Authors: MacIntyre Sally , Hunt Kate
Published: March 2007

There is a large research literature on socio-economic inequalities in health (and explanations for these inequalities); there is also a large literature on gender differences in health (and explanations for these differences). However, the two bodies of research are rarely integrated to ask, for example, whether socio-economic inequalities vary by gender, or whether gender differences vary by socio-economic position. The separation of these two research traditions may be to the detriment of theoretical development in both of them; and in particular, asymmetrical treatment of men and women in research in inequalities in health may hinder our ability to explain the mechanisms producing inequalities. This article reviews the intersection of socio-economic position and gender, and argues for more systematic and symmetrical examination of the interaction between socio-economic position and gender in the social patterning of health.
Verbal Exchange Structure of General Practice Consultations with Patients Presenting Psychological Problems
Authors: Cape John D. , Stiles William B.
Published: March 2007

The consultations of 88 patients presenting with psychological problems to primary care medical practitioners were tape- recorded, coded, and factor- analyzed to identify their constituent verbal exchanges. A verbal exchange is a set of speech act categories that tend to occur together and are used for some subtask within an encounter. The verbal exchange structure of these consultations replicated that of previously studied medical consultations except that they had some distinctive features in common with previously studied psychotherapy sessions. Patient- centered exchanges called Social Exposition and Emotional Exposition, which may serve psychotherapeutic purposes, were relatively prominent in those consultations rated relatively positively by patients and by external raters.
The Relationship Between Reported Health and Involvement in Bully/ Victim Problems among Male and Female Secondary Schoolchildren
Authors: Rigby Ken
Published: March 2007

The relationship between involvement in bully/victim problems at school and the reported health of adolescents was investigated using questionnaires completed anonymously by 819 Australian schoolchildren attending coeducational high school. From self-reports of their relations with peers at school, respondents were categorized as victims, bullies, bully-victims and 'others'. The students also completed a measure of mental health, the General Health Questionnaire, and answered questions to assess their frequency of physical complaints and perceived consequences of adverse treatment by peers at school. In general, peer- victimized girls reported a higher incidence of emotional distress and more perceived adverse health effects. Compared with 'others' , victims of both sexes indicated significantly worse mental and physical health. Among boys only, bullies consistently reported poorer health. Explanations for health effects and reported gender differences are discussed in relation to the consequences of stress engendered by peer victimization at school as well as suggested differences in the nature and implications of bullying behaviours employed by boys and girls.
Narrative Identity and Artistic Narration
Authors: Rantala Kati
Published: March 2007

By organizing and concretizing experiences, art is an effective means to con struct identity. As a promoter of the reflexive project of the self, art is especi ally valuable for adolescents for whom negotiating life-style choices and generating mastery over circumstances of uncertainty and multiple choice is especially intense. This paper concerns narrative identity and the way it is constructed by Finnish adolescents via their accounts of their artistic activity and products. The stories regarding the pictures that they had once produced gradually opened up to a world of interpretations reflecting the adolescents' present circumstances. Thus, although indebted to the motifs in the concrete pictures, the stories reached out far beyond what could be seen in them. These stories reproduced conventional gender identities of girls being compassion ate and boys being independent. However, the very process of making art had a counterbalancing effect as it provided them a relief from the very pressures of conforming to strict gender roles. Altogether I examine art and telling about it as a prop to the adolescents' ongoing identity-formation in which the two explicit 'others' promoting and challenging their self-reflexive projects were their own pictures and myself, as their interviewer and audience.
Consuming Ambivalence
Authors: Sassatelli Roberta
Published: March 2007

Contrasting diagnoses on commercial modernity have been typically organ ized by a normative dichotomy between consumption and production that can be traced back to the emergence of a public discourse on commodity circulation in 18th-century Britain. Within this framework, I re-interpret Bernard Mandeville as a proto-sociologist. Mandeville may be considered as the forerunner of a position that neither refuses nor celebrates com mercial modernity. He maintains that both hedonistic consumers and avari cious producers are slaves to their passions and yet conceives these passions as the sole ground on which individuals can construct themselves as subjects. The suggestion that commercial modernity fosters different forms of identity permits to consider modern consumer practices as ambivalent phenomena whereby subjects are forced to construct their own selves.
Degrees of Estrangement:
Authors: SPARKS RICHARD
Published: March 2007

We can accept that risk is a key idea in understanding contemporary penality—but which constructions of risk are most compelling? Moreover, how does risk-based practice intersect with other structuring principles of penal systems and penal politics? I compare and contrast the views of Feeley and Simon (1992) and of Mary Douglas's `cultural theory' (Douglas, 1992), and conclude that among the attractions of the latter are its orientation towards comparative empirical inquiry and its understanding of the notion of `political culture'. I conclude with some reflections on the comparative penological work in a period marked by both globalizing and particularizing trends.
Tribute, Turf, Honor and the American Street Gang:
Authors: ADAMSON CHRISTOPHER
Published: March 2007

American street gangs have always been committed to the defense of turf and the attainment of honor. Street gangs have, however, changed markedly with respect to their goals, their age and racial composition, their relationship to the wider political, economic and cultural environment, their commitment to delinquency and their level of violence. These changes have resulted from immigration, population movement, economic transformations, racial and ethnic conflict and the changing fabric of neighborhood and family life. This article identifies and analyses patterns of continuity and change in the American street gang since the 1820s by drawing on Eric Wolf's neo-Marxian analysis of modes of production and Max Weber's analysis of honor-based conflict.
Waddington Versus Waddington:
Authors: WADDINGTON DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article answers P.A.J. Waddington's uncompromising critique of the `critical consensus': that wide body of academic, official and lay theory, opinion and analysis which attributes rioting to genuine grievances arising from discrimination, deprivation and police harassment. The article constitutes a rebuttal of Waddington's claim that the critical consensus exhibits wilful political partiality by carefully selecting and distorting evidence with the intention of excusing or justifying the rioters and portraying the police in a correspondingly negative light. By examining recent examples of his own research and theorizing, the article emphasizes the fact that Waddington is prone to the type of partisanship he so thoroughly condemns in his rivals. This debate has major implications for the way that society interprets and deals with public disorder.
Purity, Conversion and the Evidence Based Movements
Authors: Traynor Michael
Published: March 2007

This article explores parallels between some aspects of the history of Judaeo Christianity and recent writing promoting evidence based medicine (EBM). Taking as a starting point Kristeva’s and Douglas’ investigations of Old Testament dietary regulation, it proposes that rigorous attention to research intake fulfils a similar symbolic function within these EBM texts as the strict dietary laws of Leviticus. It is noted that EBM texts also feature accounts of personal conversion central to evangelical religious discourse. The article examines two texts that promote EBM, published in 1991 and 1996, adopting a discourse analytic approach to identify the fundamental themes upon which these texts rely. While the earlier text features a harsh separation between wisdom and superstition, it is asked to what extent the more recent account of EBM, which appears to set up a new relationship between ‘external’ evidence and the realm of individual (professional) judgement, reflects one aspect of the new dispensation of the Christian New Testament and a movement away from strict dietary laws. It concludes that such parallels are only partial.
The Suffering Body
Authors: van Hooft Stan
Published: March 2007

Our conceptions of suffering and of pain are vitiated by dualistic ways of thinking. For example, Eric Cassell’s definition of suffering implies that it is a psychological accompaniment to pain. This article challenges this approach by positing an Aristotelian conception of the human person and defining suffering as the frustration of the internal tendencies of all aspects of the person. In this way suffering can be seen as an objective condition irrespective of the mental states of the victim. Further, on this conception, suffering can be attributed to animals and other organisms.
Traditional Herbal Medicine in the Korean Community in Australia: A Strategy to Cope with Health Demands of Immigrant Life
Authors: Han Gil Soo
Published: March 2007

The strands of medical social science based on such social theories as postmodernism and poststructuralism have tended to mystify what really affects health care use patterns including the simultaneous use of biomedicine and traditional medicine. The small amount of research on the use of traditional medicine among recent immigrants in the West which has been conducted has often tended to be dominated largely by interpretivist perspectives, which neglect the underpinning political-economic aspects of health and health care. The data for this article come from interviews with three different groups of Korean men (17 illegal/amnesty, 14 skilled and nine business migrants), using open-ended questions. Analysing the processes of adjustment to a new country and the constant involvement in hard manual work and long work hours, the article explores how Korean men in Australia make use of all the available resources to stay healthy. They have fully utilized the ‘freely’ available biomedical services under government subsidized Medicare although illegal migrants restrained themselves from using it until the time of obtaining legal status. However, Koreans have also utilized Korean traditional herbal medicine and acupuncture and other informal remedies despite their high cost, bearing in mind that health is a ‘capacity to work’ under the current environment.
Who Needs a Father? Negotiating Biological Fatherhood in British Lesbian Families Using Self-Insemination
Authors: Donovan Catherine
Published: March 2007

In the last decades of the twentieth century in Britain there has emerged a public understanding that traditional fatherhood is in crisis. Against this backdrop, many British lesbian parents perceive the role of the father as important in the construction of their family lives. This article discusses these issues in relation to lesbian self-insemination families. In such families children can be parented by any permutation of adults who have either biological or social links with their children. Such flexibility has meant that men are often included in the lives of their children. I argue that in constructing their SI families many lesbians challenge three of the assumptions associated with traditional fatherhood and family life: that biological fathers should be involved as parents in their children's lives; that parenting is not separate from gendered assumptions about mothering and fathering; and that mothers and fathers should share a household with their children. In conclusion I discuss some of the implications for biological fathers of these emerging families.
Culture, Identity and Reproductive Failure in Zimbabwe
Authors: Runganga Agnes O. , Sundby Johanne , Aggleton Peter
Published: March 2007

This article describes findings from a study of reproductive failure conducted in Zimbabwe. It examines the perspectives of men and women who believed they were potential reproductive failures by not having the socially expected numbers and types of children. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to explore the meanings of reproductive failure and their links to local beliefs and culture, sexual behaviour and gender identities, and HIV prevention. Among study participants, a preoccupation with conception undermined the adoption of what are currently regarded as safer sexual behaviours. In seeking to overcome what was seen as reproductive failure, men, and women to a lesser extent, engage in unprotected sex with multiple concurrent and serial partners. Such behaviours are given meaning by long-held local beliefs concerning the importance of childbearing for individuals and for the wider community. These beliefs need to be taken seriously by future programmes and interventions to promote sexual and reproductive health.
Shiny Chests and Heaving G-strings: A Night Out with the Chippendales
Authors: Smith Clarissa
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the Chippendales show, the ways in which it is made available to its female audiences and the kinds of pleasures and participations it invites. It considers those discussions of male striptease which focus on the impossibility of the role-reversal of who looks at whom and the tendency to rank cultural forms like the male stripper against a measure of good/bad, progressive/conservative. This article takes issue with such accounts which fall back on the eroticized male body as an aberration, a transgression or a commodification of female sexuality while the object itself slips from view.
Theorizing Homophobia
Authors: Adam Barry D.
Published: March 2007

A series of contemporary theories that have been used to explain homophobia are assessed. Structural, feminist, comparative, gender panic, queer, and socio-historical theories rely on the premises of a diverse set of scholarly disciplines, and in turn, generate their own objects of analysis, whether `homophobia', `heterosexism', or `heteronormativity'. While the current flourishing of gay and lesbian studies has generated important insights into the workings of homophobia, analyses have also tended to be limited and fragmentary. This paper suggests a study of homophobic projects that combines theoretical tools able to recognize experience, discourse, structure, and history.
An Anthropological and Epidemiological Overview of Mental Health in Belize
Authors: Bonander Jason , Kohn Robert , Arana Belito , Levav Itzhak
Published: March 2007

While the use of epidemiological and anthropological methods to determine health risk factors is growing, combined work in the area of psychiatric epidemiology is still limited. This article presents a preliminary overview of the mental health needs and resources in Belize using historic, demographic, epidemiologic and ethnographic methods to survey both the needs and societal resources available to the ethnically heterogeneous population of this country. The projected epidemiological data suggest that the Belizean population is underserved, although these data by themselves fail to account for traditional therapeutic resource utilization and cultural conceptions of mental health, illness, risk and efficacy. On the basis of our initial findings, we conclude that there is a need to complement this study with cultural epidemiological research to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the mental health situation in Belize.
Cultural Tensions in Psychiatric Nursing: Managing the Interface between Western Mental Health Care and Xhosa Traditional Healing in South Africa
Authors: Kahn Marc S. , Kelly Kevin J.
Published: March 2007

The views of a sample of Xhosa-speaking psychiatric nurses on traditional healing and its role in mental health care in South Africa are examined. We explore how the nurses manage apparent incompatibilities between their practice of Western psychiatry and the use of traditional healing services. Under normal circumstances this incongruity appears unproblematic for the respondents; these systems co-exist pluralistically in their experience. However, when questioned about the possible cooperation of these systems, respondents give views inconsistent with their pluralistic world-view and promote psychiatry’s hegemony. Implications for healthcare planning are discussed.
Nathan's Ethnopsychoanalytic Therapy: Characteristics, Discoveries and Challenges to Western Psychotherapy
Authors: Streit Ursula
Published: March 2007

Tobie Nathan's recent synthesis of 15 years of clinical work with migrant patients is presented and discussed. His clinical approach represents a unique attempt to integrate therapeutic techniques used in non-Western cultures and psychodynamic therapy by introducing three main parameters: (i) the patient's mother tongue; (ii) 'traditional' etiologic theories (explanatory models) specific to the patient's culture of origin; and (iii) a group setting with a multicultural group of therapists. Nathan's focus on technique makes it possible to identify important elements of the therapeutic process: the material arrangement of the therapeutic setting (illustrating the main therapeutic idea) and specific logical processes such as analogical thinking, mediation, and reversal. The main premises and therapeutic implications of this pluritheoretical approach are summarized.
Transcultural Psychotherapy with Cambodian Refugees in Paris
Authors: Rechtman Richard
Published: March 2007

The major task in transcultural psychiatry is to combine culturally defined concepts of emotion and pathological behaviors with an individual's singular psychodynamic process. Focussing on the special role that translation plays in individual psychotherapeutic sessions, this paper describes the Southeast Asian psychiatric program created in 1990 in the Community Mental Health Service of the 13th district of Paris where approximately 200 Southeast Asian patients, most of them Cambodian, have been evaluated and treated. A case example illustrates how transcultural psychodynamic therapy with an interpreter is possible with Southeast Asian refugees. Although attention to the cultural background of patients is essential, the author emphasizes the importance of the individual manner in which patients deal with cultural material in the therapeutic process.
The Relationship between Culture and Suicide: An Analysis of African Americans
Authors: Stack Steven
Published: March 2007

Traditional explanations of suicide, such as economic strain, are often unable to explain the low incidence of suicide among African Americans. Recent qualitative work has suggested, however, that African American cultural definitions of suicide, derived from religion, may explain the low suicide risk among African Americans. The present paper analyzes quantitative, national survey data to address this issue. The results of a multiple regression analysis show that only one indicator of religiosity (church attendance) significantly lowers suicide acceptability for both Black men and Black women. Further, religiosity is not the most important correlate of Black suicide acceptability. The strongest correlates are western residence for Black men and education level for Black women. A parallel analysis for Whites finds that religiosity is the most important correlate of suicide acceptability for both White men and White women. The importance of the Black church in explaining low Black suicide acceptability may have been overestimated in previous research.
Review : Paediatric gastrostomy management - practical guidelines for community care
Authors: Rogers June
Published: March 2007

■ The number of paediatric gastrostomies is increasing, whilst the length of hospital stay is decreasing

■ This has resulted in a need to develop good community care

■ With adequate teaching and support, most families find gastrostomy management trouble free
Review : Maintaining and measuring quality care: a discussion of the Maxwell Approach
Authors: Young Jeanine
Published: March 2007

■ Quality assurance and audit ensures that standards are maintained and resources are used effectively

■ Maxwell's Dimensions of Health Care Quality facilitate the establishment of concise standards covering every aspect of the neonatal service

■ A bottom up-top led approach to quality empowers midwives and neonatal nurses to retain or win back the service in which they are the main provider
Speaking as a Jew
Authors: Stratton Jon
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the problem of the reasons for the absence of a Jewish voice in British cultural studies. It uses this problem as a way into the broader problem of the absence of a Jewish voice in post-Second World War discussions of 'race' and subalternarity. The article discusses how those identified as Jews were ambivalently constructed as both 'white' and 'Other', and as both members of the British state and as excluded from it. This is tracked in connection with cultural studies by way of the work of Matthew Arnold, T.S. Eliot and Raymond Williams. It is argued that the assimilationist bargain, rights in return for assimilation, coupled with the ambivalent status accorded Jews have made it difficult for Jews to speak out the way excluded groups such as blacks have done over the last few years.
Identities in Ireland
Authors: Salazar Carles
Published: March 2007

The troubles in Northern Ireland have been for a very long time a marker and a symbol of Irish national identity. Behind them there is a complex history of colonization and abuse that has divided the Northern Irish population and has given rise to one of the oldest ethnic conflicts in western Europe. This article seeks to integrate three different perspectives in its analysis. There is first the historical perspective, in which history is understood both as an objective process and as an idiom for the textualization of specific world-views. Secondly, there is the perspective provided by the perceived identities, stereotypes and attitudes that seem to originate in that historical process. Finally, a third perspective comes from the constitution of both Irish and British nations and nation-states and the complex dialectics between their beliefs of legitimacy and a population divided along ethnic lines.
Cultural studies and academic stardom
Authors: Moran Joe
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the phenomenon of academic celebrity and its implications for cultural studies. It begins by examining recent changes within universities internationally which have produced an academic 'star system', specifically the rise of a managerialist ethos. It goes on to look at the problems which this poses for cultural studies, particularly in relation to its suspicion of conventional forms of academic hierarchy and its self-reflexiveness about intellectual work. The paper suggests that stardom within cultural studies is formed not by individual academics or by the general 'celebritization' of the academic sphere, but by powerful structural forces within the academic field, and argues that academic production needs therefore to be aware of its unavoidable situatedness within the struggle for cultural capital.
The amateur, the housewife, and the salesroom floor
Authors: Boddy William
Published: March 2007

As a result of industry dissension and a record of previous unsuccessful attempts to launch commercial television in the US, the early postwar period constitutes a moment of unusual introspection and uncertainty within the broadcast industry about the place of the new medium in the home. The debates about the viability of commercial television within the trade and financial presses of the late 1940s were often framed by the discursive figures of the male electronics hobbyist and the female homemaker-viewer. Themselves the legacies of controversies in the 1920s over the social uses of radio broadcasting, the gendered poles of amateur and housewife continue to structure the policy options and broader ways of thinking about electronic media in the home, from postwar television to contemporary computer-based multimedia.
Individuation or Depersonalization: The Influence of Personal Status Position
Authors: van Prooijen Jan-Wiliem , van Knippenberg Daan
Published: March 2007

We propose that personal status affects the extent to which individuals have a depersonalized perception of the self, that is, perceive themselves in terms of their group membership rather than individuating characteristics. In two experiments, we tested the prediction that individuals with low personal status tend more to depersonalization than individuals with high personal status, especially when individual distinctiveness is threatened. Results were generally in line with predictions. In Experiment 1, in which relative group size was manipulated, individuals with low personal status displayed more depersonalization than individuals with high personal status, although independent of relative group size. In Experiment 2, in which group immersion was manipulated, individuals with low personal status reported more depersonalized judgments than individuals with high personal status when group immersion was high.
Rape Myth Acceptance and Accessibility of the Gender Category
Authors: Bohner Gerd , Siebler Frank , Sturm Sabine , Effler Dagmar , Litters Miriam , Reinhard Marc-Andre , Rutz Stefanie
Published: March 2007

Research suggests that women low in rape myth acceptance (RMA) perceive sexual violence at an intergroup level (as a threat by all men against all women), whereas women high in RMA perceive sexual violence at an interpersonal level (as an interaction of certain individuals; Bohner, Weisbrod, Raymond, Barzvi, & Schwarz, 1993). Extending this reasoning, we hypothesized that the gender category would generally be more chronically accessible to low RMA women than high-RMA women. In three studies, spontaneous gender-related responses were recorded. In Study 1, 46 female students provided open-ended self-descriptions in response to the question `Who am I?' In Study 2, 51 female users of a public library judged pairs of two women and of a woman and a man for similarity. In Study 3, 48 female students completed word fragments; critical items had both gender-related and neutral solutions. Towards the end of each study, participants' RMA was assessed. As predicted, low-RMA (versus high-RMA) participants were more likely to spontaneously refer to being a woman in their self-descriptions (Study 1), judged `woman-man pairs' as less similar than a `woman-woman pair' (Study 2), and created female gender-related word-completions both faster and more frequently (Study 3).
Indirect Minority Influence: The Leniency Contract Revisited
Authors: Crano William D. , Alvaro Eusebio M.
Published: March 2007

This research is concerned with indirect minority influence, the change of attitudes that are related, but not identical, to the issue under persuasive attack. A message on one of two linked attitudes was developed and attributed to in-group minority or majority sources. Analysis of source and pretest timing (immediate vs. 2 weeks before treatment), thought to affect the accessibility of the linked attitude, revealed no effect on focal beliefs. However, the linked attitudes of those exposed to the minority differed significantly from those exposed to the majority, and were congruous with the conservative thrust of the persuasive appeal. Pretest timing also affected indirect attitudes (both ps < .05). Implications of these indirect attitude results for minority and majority influence were drawn.
Effects of Personal and Group Relative Deprivation on Personal and Collective Self-Esteem
Authors: Walker Iain
Published: March 2007

The theory of relative deprivation (RD) distinguishes between personal and group RD, and links the two to personal and group identity. Models linking RD and identity suggest that identity causally precedes RD. These models are extended in the present study to allow for causal effects of RD on personal and group esteem. An experiment is reported which was designed to examine the causal effects of personal and group RD on personal self-esteem and collective self-esteem. It was predicted that experiencing personal RD would lower personal self-esteem but would not affect collective self-esteem, and, conversely, that experiencing group RD would lower collective self-esteem but would not affect personal self-esteem. The results of a 2 (sex of subject) X 2 (sex of others in group: either 3 males or 3 females) X 2 (reward condition: fair or unfair) experiment supported this prediction for personal self-esteem, but only partially supported the prediction for collective self-esteem. The implications of the results for understanding the failure of RD to translate into action, and the usefulness of the experimental paradigm for inducing personal or group RD are briefly discussed.
Conceptual and Policy Issues in Rules of Origin: Implications for SAPTA and SAFTA
Authors: Panchamukhi VR , Das Ram Upendra
Published: March 2007

Rules of origin are applied in both preferential and non-preferential trading regimes. The system of rules of origin has been a very useful mechanism in identi fying the origin of goods for the adoption of various commercial policies such as anti-dumping duties, countervailing duties and voluntary restraint arrangements. It has also been used in preventing trade deflection in regional trading arrange ments. The present article argues that it also plays a developmental role in a coun try or region. However, rules of origin should be designed in a manner that is not trade restricting. They should not become trade barriers due to their complex methods of implementation.

The countries of SAARC have been making progress on various fronts of regional economic cooperation. In this context, the present study weighs the pros and cons of relaxation of the rules of origin requirements under the SAPTA regime. As SAARC countries progress from SAPTA to SAFTA, an efficacious sys tem of granting originating status to products would be required. The article also tries to evolve an approach for setting in place a SAFTA rules of origin system by taking into account various SAARC region-specific characteristics. It further takes into consideration the present status of WTO negotiations on non-preferential rules of origin.
Constructing the Human Development Index: Effect of the Adaptive Multi-Step Formulation of Utility Function—A Research Note
Authors: Bhatnagar Ravi Kant
Published: March 2007

UNDP's Human Development Index has been based on Atkinson's multi-step utility function (until 1999). It has been pointed out that an adaptive approach could be superior to Atkinson's function and can take care of its conceptual and fundamental weaknesses for constructing the Human Development Index. The present article analytically establishes certain results and empirically examines variations in the ranks of the countries due to the adaptive multi-step formulation utility function when used in place of the approaches employed by UNDP in the Human Development Reports.
Toward Understanding Practices of Medical Interpreting: Interpreters' Involvement in History Taking
Authors: BOLDEN GALINA B.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role of medical interpreters in structuring interaction between physicians and their patients. Through a detailed analysis of interpreters' involvement in the history-taking part of medical consultations, it is demonstrated that their participation in this activity is organized by their understanding of its goals rather than by the task of translation alone. Specifically, the different ways in which interpreters participate in history taking display their orientation to obtaining from the patient and conveying to the doctor medically relevant information about the patient's symptoms - and doing so as effectively as possible. Medical interpreters are found to share the physicians' normative orientation to obtaining objectively formulated information about relevant biomedical aspects of patients' conditions. Thus, far from being passive participants in the interaction, interpreters will often pursue issues they believe to be diagnostically relevant, just as they may choose to reject patients' information offerings if they contain subjective accounts of their socio-psychological concerns.
Grounding and its Signalling: Evidence from Short News Texts
Authors: KHALIL ESAM N.
Published: March 2007

This article is an inquiry into the discourse phenomenon of grounding, viz. the foreground-background structure. It explains the place of the phenomenon in the structure of discourse and provides evidence of grounding from short news items. Focusing on the surface structure level of discourse organization, the article examines variant marking of the FG-BG articulation at sentence-initial position. Using English and Arabic news data, the article explicates the grounding-signalling function of entities that appear in that position and shows that Arabic news texts rely on certain prefatory expressions to signal the grounding values of underlying propositions. The study underscores the influence of the cognitive level of information on grounding and its marking in the hierarchical structure of discourse.
The Political Basis of Support for European Integration
Authors: Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio
Published: March 2007

Much previous research on popular support for European integration assumes that support is a function of economic calculations. I propose a different model, in which support is the consequence of the interplay between supranational and national politics: the higher citizens' opinion of the functioning of supranational institutions and the lower that of national institutions, the greater their support for integration. This is so because the worse the opinion of the national political system, the lower the opportunity cost of transferring sovereignty to Europe. In order to illustrate this hypothesis, I show that levels of national support for integration are higher in those countries that suffer greater corruption and have less-developed welfare states. Through an ordered logit analysis of one Eurobarometer survey, I test this political model at the individual level. Finally, I draw some conclusions from the empirical analysis for current discussions on the possibility of a European democracy.
Modernizing Courts or Courting Modernization?
Authors: RAINE JOHN W.
Published: March 2007

The article reviews the way in which the government-led public service modernisation agenda is affecting courts in England and Wales. The pros and cons associated with each of seven tenets of modernisation are explored and the article then argues for a modernisation programme for the courts that better reflects their distinctive circumstances and conditions, and in particular their independent status under the doctrine of the separation of powers.
Quest
Authors: Oakes Peter M.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study is to develop a system of evaluation known as Quest. Quest represents a means of conceptualizing the long-term residential support received by people with learning disabilities. It then operationalizes the conceptual framework as a system of four measures, the first two of which were developed as part of the study. These are: the Service Profile which gathers the facts about the structure of a residential service; the Support Questionnaire which measures the quality of the opportunities available to the people who receive the service; the Observation Profile, a revised measure of interaction between members of staff and people who receive the service; and the Occupational Stress Indicator which is a published measure of staff stress. Where appropriate, both new and revised measures are subjected to a number of assessments of reliability and validity with acceptable results in all cases. The relationship between the different measures is explored. Significant relationships are found between staff interaction style and both staff stress and service quality. This lays the ground for further research to link key service elements of structure and process to outcome and the development of measures which are accessible to people who receive services.
Constructing Learning Disability
Authors: Nunkoosing Karl
Published: March 2007

Social constructionism is influential in many areas of scholarship concerning such aspects of the human experience as race, gender, therapy, disability, health and illness. However, these ideas have rarely been applied to the understanding of the lives of men and women with learning disabilities. This paper examines some of the central ideas of social constructionism and their application to the construction of knowledge about learning disability by professionals. It examines the constructionist perspective concerning essentialism, realism and the relationship between language and social action as these relate to learning disability. These ideas are then developed further through the application of four assumptions (Gergen, 1985) about social constructionism to learning disability.
An Examination of the Knowledge and Understanding of Health and Social Care Staff about the Grieving Process in Individuals with a Learning Disability
Authors: Murray George C. , McKenzie Karen , Quigley April
Published: March 2007

The present questionnaire based study examined the beliefs about and confidence in supporting bereaved individuals with a learning disability in health ( n =35) and social care staff ( n = 71). The study found that the knowledge of both health and social care staff about the grieving process in individuals with a learning disability was good, with staff recognizing the emotional and behavioural impact this could have on clients. No significant results were found in relation to knowledge about the grieving process in respect of occupational group, gender, experience of working in learning disability services or experience of supporting a client with a learning disability who had been bereaved. Significant results were found in relation to the confidence of staff in both providing support to people with a learning disability who were bereaved and in teaching people with a learning disability about death. Males, social care staff, those who had had experience of supporting a bereaved client and those who had had more experience of working in learning disability services rated themselves as significantly more confident in supporting bereaved people with a learning disability. In addition the two latter groups also rated themselves as significantly more confident in teaching individuals with a learning disability about death. The implications of the study are discussed.
Relationship between Team Structure and Interprofessional Working at a Medium Secure Unit for People with Learning Disabilities in the United Kingdom
Authors: Kumar Anil , Parkinson Gillian M.
Published: March 2007

During the past three decades, increasing emphasis has been placed on interprofessional collaboration being best achieved through multidisciplinary teamwork. This study investigated the structure and function of various multidisciplinary teams at a medium secure unit for people with learning disabilities and sought the opinions of 59 professionals about the effectiveness of interprofessional working in the unit and between professional groups. A number of factors that made a significant contribution towards difficulties in interprofessional working were also identified. The effects of team membership (including team size and skill mix), integration, client pathway, decision making and management style on the effectiveness of interprofessional working are discussed.
Research on Ending Exchange Relationships: A Categorization, Assessment and Outlook
Authors: Tahtinen Jaana , Halinen Aino
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews and assesses previous research concerning the ending of exchange relationships. In recent years, the different aspects of ending, for instance exiting a relationship, switching relationships and the dissolution or termination of a relationship, have received increasing attention from researchers. Both the volume of published articles and the number of emerging theoretical approaches in the area have been growing. We welcome this development and wish to take part in it by providing an analytical overview of the state of this research. In a strongly evolving research area such a review is particularly needed in order to disseminate ideas across theoretical boundaries and to guide theory development. With regard to the 48 published articles on relationship ending, we will examine five major issues: the focus of research, its disciplinary background, terminology used, methodological approach and key findings. Avenues for future research are suggested on the basis of the analysis.