bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated weed management in lentil (Lens culinaris) in calcareous alluvial soils of Bihar
Authors: ADYANT KUMAR  , RAVI NANDAN  , K.K. SINHA  , DIBAKAR GHOSH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 201213 and 201314, to study the effect of integrated weed management on weeds, nutrient removal and seed yield of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) on calcareous alluvial soils of Bihar. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design comprising of nine weed control treatments with four replications. The results revealed that lesser weed density, weed dry matter, higher weed control efficiency and lower weed index were observed under integrated weed management (IWM) practices of pendimethalin 300 g/ha as pre-emergence (PRE) + hand weeding (HW) at 40 days after sowing (DAS) and with ready mixed application of pendimethalin 205 g/ha + imazethapyr 14 g/ha as PRE. Higher crop growth, seed yield and yield attributing characters were found with the integrated treatment of pendimethalin 300 g/ha as PRE + HW at 40 DAS and pendimethalin 205 g/ha + imazethapyr 14 g/ha as PRE. The higher net returns and benefit: cost ratio was acquired with pendimethalin 205 g/ha + imazethapyr 14 g/ha as PRE.
Efficacy of herbicides on weed suppression in transplanted finger millet (Eleusine coracana)
Authors: B. BHARGAVI  , N. SUNITHA  , Y. REDDI RAMU  , G. PRABHAKARA REDDY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) of 2013 at Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh to study the weed management in transplanted finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn]. Pre-emergence application of oxyflourfen @ 0.1 kg a.i./ha at 3 days after transplanting (DAT) followed by (fb) post-emergence application of azimsulfuron @ 20 g a.i./ha applied at 20 DAT resulted in lesser weed density (11/m2) and weed dry matter (4.5 g/ m2), which in turn favourably influenced the grain yield (3,383 kg/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.88) of transplanted finger millet compared to other the weed control treatments. The unweeded check recorded the maximum weed population (295/m2) and weed dry-matter (239 g/m2) and hence resulted in drastic yield reduction of about 47% in transplanted finger millet.
Effect of sequential application of herbicides on weed control indices and productivity of rainy-season greengram (Vigna radiata) in north Indian plains
Authors: DINESH JINGER  , RAJVIR SHARMA  , ANCHAL DASS
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at New Delhi during rainy season (JulyOctober) of 2013, to determine the effect of sequential application of herbicides on weed growth and weed- control indices, productivity and profitabil- ity of greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. The experiment had 12 weed-control treatments, viz. pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha pre-emergence (PE), pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE followed by (fb) 1 hand-weeding (HW) at 30 days af- ter sowing (DAS), pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha PE fb imazethapyr @ 50 g/ha post-emergence (PoE) at 30 DAS, pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha PE fb imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha PoE at 30 DAS, imazethapyr @ 50 g/ha PoE at 20 DAS, imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha at PoE at 20 DAS, pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha PE fb quizalofop @ 50 g/ha PoE at 30 DAS, pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha PE fb quizalofop @ 75 g/ha PoE at 30 DAS, quizalofop @ 50 g/ha PoE at 20 DAS, quizalofop @ 75 g/ha PoE at 20 DAS, weed free and weedy check. The treatments were randomly allocated in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The sequential application of herbicides was found to be more effective than their 1 time application in decreasing weed dry weight. pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DAS resulted in the highest seed yield (1.1 t/ha), weed-control efficiency (75.2%), herbicide-efficiency index (4.5%), benefit: cost ratio (2.91), net return ( 41,167/ha) and lowest weed dry weight (6.0 g/m2) and weed index (8.3%). However, this treatment did not differ significantly from pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha PE fb imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha PoE at 30 DAS indicating that sequential application of herbicides could be an efficient op- tion to manage weeds in greengram, particularly under labour-constrained conditions.
Evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping systems for increasing productivity, resource-use efficiency and energy productivity in coastal West Bengal
Authors: M. RAY  , D.C. ROY  , A. ZAMAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 201113 at farmers field of Kakdwip in the district South 24 Parganas of West Bengal to assess productivity, profitability, resource-use efficiency including energy value under coastal saline zone with 6 different rice (Oryza sativa L.)based cropping systems, viz. ricegreengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], ricesunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), ricesunflower + greengram, riceokra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], ricerice and ricekhasari (Lathyrus sativus L.) (as utera). The highest rice-equivalent yield was re- corded in riceokra (33.6 t/ha) cropping system. Higher productivity, net returns and profitability also recorded in riceokra system followed by ricesunflower. However, higher benefit: cost ratio was obtained from riceokra sys- tem (2.03) followed by ricekhasari (1.85) and the lowest from ricegreengram (1.52) system. Riceokra system showed better land-utilization efficiency (69.1%) followed by ricesunflower than the other systems. Riceokra system also showed higher irrigation water-use efficiency (1,416.3 kg/ha-cm) and employment generation (475 man-days) than the other systems. Total input, output and net energy produced in the systems were in order of riceokra > ricerice > ricesunflower > ricesunflower+greengram > ricegreengram > ricekhasari. Riceokra system was the most efficient in term of energy productivity (0.45 kg/MJ). Energy-use efficiency was the highest in ricekhasari followed by ricesunflower + greengram and ricegreengram. The riceokra cropping system proved the most remunerative cropping system in the coastal saline zone of West Bengal.
Nutrient omission effects on yield, water productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays)
Authors: EKTA JOSHI  , A.K. VYAS  , ANCHAL DASS  , SHIVA DHAR
Published: December 2023

A 2-year field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons (JulyOctober) of 2012 and 2013 on a non- calcareous alkaline sandy clay loam soil, to (i) assess the effect of omitted nutrients on growth, yield, water pro- ductivity (WP) and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.) crop, and (ii) develop guidelines for the use of soil test crop response (STCR) approach and omission plots, in site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) for targeted and sustained yield of maize in the maize (Zea mays L.)wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] cropping system. The experiment comprised 15 treatments, involving application of N (-PKZn), NP (-KZn), NPK (-Zn) and NPZn (-K) to both maize and wheat crops, to maize and to wheat crop only, absolute control (no nutrient applied), recommended rate of nutrients (120, 60, 40, 5.5 kg/ha N, P, K, Zn) and STCR-based application of nutrients (200, 100, 55, 4 kg/ha N, P, K, Zn). The experiment was set in a randomized complete-block design with 3 replications, in fixed plots. Growth and yield attributes were significantly influenced by nutrient-omission treatments and their values were higher when nutrients were applied according to STCR approach. The STCR-based nutrient applica- tion increased dry-matter production and grain yield by 5.9 and 5.7%, respectively over balanced fertilization (rec- ommended doses of NPKZn). Omission of P and K resulted in 9 and 9.7% reduction, respectively, in grain yield of maize. The yield reduction caused by Zn omission was about 3% only. On an average, STCR-based fertilization enhanced water productivity (WP) by over 6.2% compared to balanced fertilization with recommended doses of nutrients. Omission of K in both maize and wheat crops reduced WP by 9.3% compared to recommended doses of NPKZn-applied plot. The highest gross profit of 70,425/ha was also realized from STCR-based nutrient appli- cation.
Effect of integrated weed management on growth and yields of rainy-season sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: N.S. THAKUR  , B.B. KUSHWAHA  , O.P. GIROTHIA  , N.K. SINHA  , J.S. MISHRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2011 and 2012 at Indore, Madhya Pradesh, to identify the suitable and effective integrated weed-management practices for sorghum [Sorghum bi- color (L.) Moench]. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design replicated thrice with 10 treatments of weed-management practices on sorghum hybrid CSH 16. Mean data of 2 years indicated that all the weed- management practices significantly reduced the density and dry weight of weeds and helped in a significant en- hancement in yield attributes and yield of sorghum. Among different weed-management practices applied, pre- emergence applications of pendimethalin @ 0.50 kg a.i./ha + 1 hand-weeding at 30 days after sowing was an ef- fective practice in controlling the weeds 63.9% weed-control efficiency (WCE) and remunerative in terms of net re- turns ( 35,049/ha), followed by the application of atrazine @ 0.25 kg a.i./ha + 2 hand-weeding at 30 and 45 DAS (60.29% weed-control efficiency and net returns ( 33,548/ha). It was also observed that both the weed-manage- ment practices recorded the lower weed density and dry weight of weeds as compared to all other methods of weed control.
Effect of tillage and nutrient-management practices on yield, economics and soil health in rice (Oryza sativa)greengram (Vigna radiata) cropping system under rainfed condition of Odisha
Authors: TIRYAK KUMAR SAMANT  , ALOK KUMAR PATRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 201213 and 201314 at the Instructional farm , Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Angul, Odisha, to study the effect of tillage and nutrient-manage- ment practices on yield, economics and soil health in rice (Oryza sativa L.)greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] cropping system under rainfed condition. Among the tillage practices, conventional tillage (CT)zero tillage (ZT) recorded the maximum system productivity (6.71 t/ha), production efficiency (40.6 kg/ha/day), sustainable-yield in- dex (0.87). However, the maximum available nitrogen (218.3 kg/ha), phosphorus (17.3 kg/ha), potassium (242.7 kg/ha), organic carbon (0.47%), agronomic efficiency (12.9 kg grain/kg of nutrient), net returns ( 63.6 103/ha), benefit: cost ratio (3.3) and economic efficiency ( 385.6/ha/day) were obtained in ZT (rainy season)ZT (winter season). Application of 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 5 t/ha FYM to kharif rice followed by 3 t/ha FYM to rabi greengram resulted in significantly higher system productivity, production efficiency and sustainable- yield index. Further, higher available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon were achieved in 50% RDF + 10 t/ha FYM to kharif rice followed by (fb) 50% RDF + 3 t/ha FYM + bioferilizers to rabi greengram. Thus, yield could be increased in CTZT, whereas better economics and soil health could be obtained in ZT (kharif)ZT (rabi) practices. Among the nutrient-management practices, 75% RDF + 5 t/ha FYM to kharif rice fb 3 t/ha FYM to rabi greengram; 50% RDF + 10 t/ha FYM to kharif rice fb 50% RDF + 3 t/ha FYM + bioferilizers to rabi greengram recorded better yield and soil health respectively in rainfed condition.
Productivity, profitability and nutrient uptake in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)- based cropping systems under different nutrient-management practices
Authors: D.P. PACHARNE  , A.D. TUMBARE  , M.B. DHONDE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during 201112 to 201213 at Rahuri, Maharashtra, on sandy clay-loam soil, to evaluate the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)-based diversified cropping systems, viz. groundnutonion (Allium cepa L), groundnutwheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.) and groundnutchickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), under 4 nutrient-management practices, viz. recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), fertilizer dose as per soil test, fertilizer dose as per soiltest crop response (STCR) equations and control (main-plots), and 3 fer- tilizer levels, viz. 100% RDF, 75% RDF and 50% RDF as sub-plot treatments. This semi-arid tract with an annual rainfall received 527.8 mm and 424.0 mm during both years, respectively. The altitude varies from 495 to 569 m above mean sea-level. The yield target of 2.5 t/ha was achieved in rainy-season (kharif) groundnut by application of fertilizer as per STCR equation with less than 10% variation (5.8%) on pooled mean basis. Among the crop- ping systems, groundnutonion cropping system recorded significantly maximum total system productivity (7.82 t/ ha), production efficiency (35.1 kg/ha/day) and economic efficiency ( 842.5/ha/day) than rest of the cropping sys- tems. Similarly, groundnutonion cropping system obtained significantly maximum net monetary returns ( 188.0 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.98 ) than rest of cropping systems. At the end of the 2 years cropping cycles, ap- plication of fertilizer as per STCR equation (2.5 t/ha) to kharif groundnut, followed by 75% RDF (75, 37.5, 37.5 N, P O , K O kg/ha) to onion during the winter (rabi) season found most remunerative proposition to achieve the 2 5 2 maximum yield and monetary benefits in groundnutrabi onion cropping system.
Integrated weed management in poplar (Populus deltoides)turmeric (Curcuma longa) based agroforestry system in Punjab
Authors: NAVNEET KAUR  , R.I.S. GILL  , M.S. BHULLAR
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted during 201314 and 201415 to find out the effective and economical approach for weed control in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) grown under poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) block plantation which was established at 4 m 3 m spacing in January 2012. Three pre-emergence herbicides (pendimethalin 0.75 and 1.0 kg/ha, oxyfluorfen 0.176 and 0.235 kg/ha, atrazine 0.563 and 0.75 kg/ha) were integrated with 9 t/ha paddy straw mulching during both the years except with atrazine during 201415. Integrated use of oxyfluorfen 0.235 kg/ha or pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha with straw mulch provided similar level of weed control to that of 3 hand- weedings and increased rhizome yield of turmeric by 3642% over weedy check. Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha + straw mulch recorded higher benefit: cost ratio than hand-weedings. Atrazine + straw mulch recorded effective control of weeds, however it killed the poplar trees at both the levels; hence not safe for use in turmeric grown in poplar plan- tations. Treatment combinations of pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen with straw mulch were found to be safe for weed management in poplar-turmeric based agroforestry system.
Effect of crop-establishment methods and weed-management options on weed dynamics and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: C.R. NETAM  , ROHITASHAV SINGH  , A.K. THAKUR  , A.K. NETAM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant Uni- versity of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2011 and 2012, to study the effect of crop-establishment methods and weed-management options on weed dynamics and produc- tivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The lowest density and dry matter of total weeds 60 days after sowing/days after transplanting was recorded under transplanted rice. This treatment resulted in the highest number of effective tillers/m2 (218.36) and grain yield (4.01 t/ha) of rice. Among the weed-management options, application of bispyribac sodium 20 g/ha at 15 DAS/DAT followed by 1 hand-weeding (HW) at 35 DAS/DAT being at par with the application of penoxsulam 22.5 g/ha at 23-leaf stage of weeds, followed by 1 HW at 35 DAS/DAT recorded the minimum population and dry-matter of total weeds and the highest weed control efficiency. This treatment resulted in significantly higher number of panicles/m2, grains/panicle and grain yield than rest of the treatments. Crop-es- tablishment methods and weed-management options interacted significantly; and significantly higher grain yield was recorded with transplanted rice in combination with the application of bispyribac sodium 20 g/ha at 15 DAS/ DAT followed by 1 HW at 35 DAS/DAT or penoxsulam 22.5 g/ha at 23-leaf stage of weeds followed by (fb) 1 HW at 35 DAS/DAT. The highest net returns ( 1,380/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.09) were recorded with application of penoxsulam 22.5 g/ha at 23-leaf stage of weeds fb 1 HW at 35 DAS/DAT.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) productivity, profitability, irrigation water-use efficiency and energetics under different irrigation levels and sowing methods
Authors: GURVINDER SINGH  , SUBHASH CHANDRA  , VINOD KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the winter (rabi) seasons of 200910 and 201011 at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, on a loamy sand soil to assess the impact of irrigation levels and crop-establishment methods on crop productivity, irrigation water-use efficiency (WUE), net monetary returns and energetics of wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.]. Irrigation at an irrigation water: cumulative pan evaporation (IW : CPE) of 1.0 resulted in the maximum mean wheat grain yield (3.89 t/ha), while, critical stage-wise irrigation treatment was su- perior to 0.75 and 1.00 IW : CPE for mean straw yield. An IW : CPE of 1.0 ratio fetched the maximum mean gross returns ( 46,513), net returns ( 24,964) and benefit: cost ratio (1.17). Crop irrigated at critical growth stages, in spite of consuming the maximum input energy, recorded the maximum output energy, net energy gain and en- ergy-use efficiency (EUE). Crop raised under zero-till condition exhibited the highest mean grain (3.86 t/ha) and straw (6.67 t/ha) yields, while these were found to be the lowest in conventional tillage treatment. It also generated 5,742 and 3,797 higher net returns and also gave 51.6 and 36.9% higher benefit: cost ratio over the conven- tional tillage and raised bed treatments respectively. The minimum energy for raising wheat crop was spent in zero-tillage and the maximum in conventional tillage. Former treatment also recorded 25.7 and 18.1% higher EUE than conventional and raised bed treatments respectively. Irrigation water-use efficiency was found to be the high- est with an IW : CPE of 0.75 and raised bed treatments.
Effect of zinc application on productivity, nutrient uptake and economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties under different sowing conditions
Authors: AMIT KUMAR  , SHIVA DHAR   ANCHAL DASS  , RAMESH K. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 201314 and 201415 at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the effects of sowing time and zinc application on productivity, nutrient up- take and economics of wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] varieties. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, replicated thrice with sowing times (normal and very late) and wheat varieties (HD 2967, WR 544 and HD 3059) in mainplots and ZnSO .7H O application (control; 25 kg/ha soil application, 3 foliar 4 2 sprays @ 0.5% at boot, anthesis and grain-filling stage; 25 kg/ha soil application + 1 foliar spray @ 0.5% at anthe- sis) in subplots. Very late sowing reduced the yield attributes, grain and straw yields (9.2 and 29.1%), total N, P, K, Zn uptake, net returns (22.9%) and benefit: cost ratio (23.3%) of wheat. HD 2967 wheat gave higher grain and straw yields and showed higher total N, P, Zn uptake, net returns and benefit: cost ratio. However, it showed the highest grain yield reduction (18%) with the late planting. Application of Zn did not significantly alter yield at- tributes, grain and straw yields, net returns and benefit: cost ratio, though this treatment increased the total N, K and Zn uptake (6.8, 5.4, and 9.9% respectively) over the control under 1.45 mg/kg soil available Zn.
Effect of seaweed sap on germination, growth and productivity of maize (Zea mays) in North Eastern Himalayas
Authors: JAYANTA LAYEK  , ANUP DAS  , G.I. RAMKRUSHNA  , ARUP GHOSH  , A.S. PANWAR  , R. KRISHNAPPA  , S.V. NGACHAN
Published: December 2023

The productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) is very low (1.5 t/ha) in North Eastern Region (NER) of India compared to Indias national average (2.5 t/ha). Farmers of the NER hardly use any chemical fertilizers and other synthetic agro-chemicals in crop production. Seaweed sap (contains macro and micro nutrients and plant growth hor- mones) could be a potential and cheap organic bio-stimulant to enhance the growth and productivity of maize. A 2-year study (201213) was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons at ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, to study the impact of foliar application of seaweed extracts from Kappaphycu salvarezii (Doty) doty ex. P.C. Silva and Gracilaria edulis (S.G. Gmelin) P.C. Silva on germination, physiological parameters and yield of maize. Treatments consisted of 2 types of sap K-sap from Kappaphycus and G-sap from Gracilaria with 2 concentrations (5 and 10%) and 3 spray schedule [at 25 days after sowing (DAS), 25 and 50 DAS and 25, 50 and 75 DAS]. Results revealed that soaking of maize seeds with low concentra- tions (5%) of K or G sap improved the germination and seedling vigour of maize. However, soaking of seeds in higher concentration (10 and 15% of K or G sap) decreased the germination and root length of maize. Three foliar spray (at 25, 50 and 75 DAS) of K or G sap @ 5 and 10% concentrations resulted in significantly higher plant height, dry-matter accumulation, chlorophyll content and lower leaf temperature as compared to the control (water spray). The yield attributes like length of cobs, grain rows/cob, grains/row and grain yield were significantly higher with foliar application of 10% G or K sap either 3 or 2 times. The net returns were increased significantly only up to 2 time applications of 10% G or K sap (at 25 and 50 DAS) by 4,746 and 3,305 over the control (water spray) re- spectively. Thus, 2 times spray of 10% G or K sap (at 25 and 50 DAS) is recommended to improve growth, yield and profitability of maize for NER of India.
Yield and nutrients uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and soil microbial parameters as influenced by plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria
Authors: AMIR JAN DAWLATZAI  , DINESH KUMAR  , NAIN SINGH  , ANJALI ANAND  , RADHA PRASANNA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, during the winter (rabi) season of 201415, to study the effect of 3 plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) species, viz. PW5 (Providencia sp.), Azotobacter (IARI inoculant) and CW1 (Anabaena sp.), along with 75% recommended dose of nitrogen (N) and full dose of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers (N 150, P O 60, K O 40) kg/ha 2 5 2 on yield and nutrients uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.), and on soil-microbial param- eters. An increase of 22.6% in grain and 13% in straw yields was recorded in treatment receiving 75% N + Azoto- bacter + CW1 + PW5 over 75% N application. Microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity showed 12% and 37% increase with the application of 75% N + Azo. + CW1 + PW5 over recommended dose of NPK fertilizers, respectively. Further, protein content in grain and total nitrogen uptake were 34.5% and 16.4% higher in treatment receiving 75% N + Azotobacter + CW1 + PW5 than application of 75% N. Our results indicate that the combined application of either 2 or 3 species of bacterial inoculants with 75% N, on an average, saved 37.5 kg N/ha, and hence proved economical.
Productivity and economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum) + chickpea (Cicer arietinum) intercropping under irrigation and nutrient management
Authors: MEENAKSHI SETH  , RAMESHWAR  , J.P. SAINI  , R.P. SHARMA  , K.D. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 201213 and 201314 on a silty clay-loam soil of Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, to study the productivity and economics of wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.]+ chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) intercropping under irrigation and nutrient management. Growth, yield attributes, grain and straw yields of wheat and chickpea were affected significantly with irrigation and nutrient-management practices. The irrigated condition resulted in higher wheat-equivalent yield and benefit: cost ratio over rainfed con- dition. Integrated nutrient management (INM), being statistically at par with organic nutrient management, re- corded the highest wheat-equivalent yield over inorganic nutrient management and farmers practice. Organic nu- trient management recorded higher net returns ( 32.6 103/ha), whereas INM recorded higher benefit: cost ratio (1.92). Higher values of available nitrogen (215.3 kg/ha), phosphorus (37.1 kg/ha) and potassium (177.3 kg/ha) in soil were recorded in INM than the other nutrient-management practices.
Yield and yield attributes, system productivity and economics of mango (Mangifera indica)-based intercropping systems as influenced by mango cultivars and nutrient levels
Authors: PANCH RAM MIRJHA  , D.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy, winter and summer seasons of 201112 and 201213 at New Delhi, to evaluate performance of 3 cropping systems, viz. cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] (for green pods)Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj &Cosson], greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]Indian mus- tard and blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]Indian mustard, in intercropping association with 4 mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars, viz. Pusa Surya, Amrapali, Mallika and Dashehari grown under 3 fertility levels, viz. control, 50% recommended dose (RD) of NPK through inorganic + 50% recommended dose (RD) of FYM and RD of NPK through inorganic + RD of FYM to mango. The experiment was carried out on 3-year-old existing mango orchard, planted with spacing of 6 m 6 m. Before the commencement of study no intercrops were grown in the interspaces of mango. Stover of each intercrop was incorporated after harvesting/threshing along with natu- ral incorporation of mango-litter-fall. Effect of mango cultivars were not significant on the yield and yield attributes of the rainy-season intercrops, viz. cowpea, greengram and blackgram. Application of 50% RDF + 50% RD of FYM to mango induced marked increase in yield and yield attributes of cowpea over the control during both the years except number of grains/pod and stover yield/ha during the first year, while in case of greengram and blackgram significant effect of this fertility level were observed only during the second year except 1,000-seed of greengram. Indian mustard recorded statistically similar yield and yield attributes in association with different culti- vars of mango during the first year, while during the second year siliquae/plant, seeds/siliqua and seed yield/ha were the highest with Amarpali mango. Indian mustard showed marked variations after the rainy-season crops. On an average, increase in the seed yield of Indian mustard after cowpea was 3.14 and 8.80% when compared to yield recorded after greengram and blackgram respectively. System productivity of intercrops in terms of Indian mustard seed-equivalent yield, gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio recorded significant variation due to effect of mango cultivars during the second year and the highest values of these parameters were recorded with Amrapali and the lowest with Mallika mango. Among the intercropping systems, cowpeaIndian mustard record significantly highest values of system productivity, gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio during both the crop seasons, followed by greengramIndian mustard. Recommended dose of organic and inorganic nutrients and their 50% revealed statistically similar values of system productivity and economics of intercrops but both were statistically superior to the control.
Productivity and profitability of rice (Oryza sativa) hybrids as influenced by date of transplanting and age of seedling under system of rice intensification
Authors: AKHILESH VISHWAKARMA  J.K. SINGH  , RAJESH KUMAR SINGH  , A.L. JAT
Published: December 2023

The field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2012 and 2013 on sandy-clay loam soil at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to evaluate suitable date of transplanting (27 June, 7 July and 17 July) and age of seedling (10, 14 and 18-days-old) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids (PHB 71 and Pusa RH 10) under system of rice intensification. Transplanting of rice on 27 June showed significantly higher growth parameters, viz. plant height, tillers/hill, leaf-area index (LAI) and dry-matter accumulation, and also superior in phenology, effective tillers/m2, grains/panicle and grain weight as compared to 7 July and 17 July planting. Further, grain yield, net re- turns, benefit: cost ratio and nutrient uptake were significantly increased by 27 June transplanting over rest of the dates of transplanting. Of the rice cultivars, PHB 71 exhibited significantly higher growth parameters, phenology, yield attributes, yield, net returns, benefit: cost ratio and nutrient uptake over Pusa RH 10. The 10-day-old seed- lings registered 12.9% and 6.4% higher grain yield than seedlings of 14 days and 18 days by significant improve- ment in growth parameters, and nutrient uptake. Rice PHB 71 transplanted on 27 June with 10-day-old seedlings exhibited 33.9% higher grain yield over the transplanting on 17 July of 18-day-old seedlings. Moreover, aromatic hybrid rice Pusa RH 10 planted on 27 June with 10-day-old seedlings improved grain yield by 38.3% as com- pared to it planted on 17 July with 18-day-old seedlings.
Bio-efficacy of post-emergence herbicides for control of complex weed flora in drum-seeded rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: S.K. TRIPATHY  , S. MOHAPATRA  , A.K. MOHANTY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 2012 and 2013 at Gambharipali, Bargarh Odisha, to study the bio-efficacy of various herbicides on weeds, yield and economics of drum-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sole application of chlorimuron ethyl + metsulfuron methyl @ 4 g/ha, ethoxysulfuron @ 18 g/ha and 2, 4-D ethyl ester @ 400 g/ha showed selectivity towards broad-leaf weeds, whereas fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 60 g/ha showed selectivity towards grasses. Tank-mix application of chlorimuron ethyl + metsulfuron methyl with fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (4+60 g/ha) proved to be the most effective in minimizing the density (10.57/m2), biomass (4.07 g/m2) of weeds and enhancing the weed-control efficiency (95.7%), grain yield (5.68 t/ha), N, P and K uptake by crop, net returns ( 30,439/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (0.61).
Effect of fertigation on the productivity of coconut (Cocos nucifera) in Brahmaputra valley region of Asom
Authors: J.C. NATH  , K.K. DEKA  , H.P. MAHESWARAPPA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 200910 to 201213 to study the effect of fertigation on the productiv- ity of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) at the Horticultural Research Station, Kahikuchi, Asom. Application of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of recommended NPK through drip irrigation system was compared with the soil application of recom- mended NPK as well as control with no fertilizer application. Fertilizers were given through drip-irrigation system during October to April in 10 equal splits at 20-day intervals. Application of 75% NPK through drip irrigation re- sulted in significantly higher number of functional leaves, bunches/palm, number of female flowers and nut setting percentage compared to the control and the other fertigation treatments, except 100% NPK through drip irrigation. The mean nut and copra yield/palm over 4 years was significantly higher with the application of 75% NPK through drip irrigation than the control and the other fertigation treatments, but on a par with 100% NPK through drip irriga- tion. The net returns in 75% NPK through drip irrigation were also at par with the application of 100% NPK through drip irrigation, but application of 75% NPK through drip irrigation resulted in significantly highest benefit: cost ratio compared to all the other treatments. The study indicated the possibility of saving 25% of the recommended fertil- izers by adopting fertigation which ensures higher productivity in coconut.
Influence of dates of planting and mulching on growth and tuber yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in rice (Oryza sativa) fallows of shallow lowland of Asom
Authors: B.S. SATAPATHY  , T. SINGH  , K.B. PUN  , K. SAIKIA  , S.K. RAUTARAY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the winter (rabi) season of 201011 and 201112 at the research farm of Regional Rainfed Lowland Rice Research Station, Gerua, Asom, to study the effect of dates of planting and mulching on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tubersoum L.) in rice fallows of rainfed shallow lowland eco- system. The treatments consisted of 6 dates of planting, viz. 30 October, 10 November, 20 November, 30 Novem- ber, 10 Decemer and 20 December in main plots and with and without mulch in subplots. Growth and yield at- tributes like days to emergence, plant height, leaf-area index, tubers/plants, tuber yield and dry-matter content of tubers showed significant response to different dates of planting. Planting on 30 November registered higher plant population, tubers/plant and tuber dry-matter which resulted higher tuber yield (13.91 t/ha) than early or late planting. Early planting on 30 October recorded poor tuber yield of 7.92 t/ha which was due to poor crop stand. The yield components and yield of potato were positively influenced by the use of paddy straw mulch. Mulch with paddy straw recorded 24% increase in tuber yield over no mulch. Higher yield of potato under mulch might be ow- ing to better crop stand, higher percentage of large tubers and better tuber dry matter. Common scab affected tu- ber percentage was significantly less in 30 November-planted plots (20%) as compared to other planting dates. Mulch with paddy straw reduced the incidence of common scab by 16% over no mulching.
Production potential and competitive ability of wheat (Triticum aestivum) + Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) intercropping under varying row ratio, farmyard manure and fertilizer level of middle Gangetic Plain of India
Authors: RAJESH KUMAR SINGH  , UMENDRA SINGH  , PRAVIN KUMAR UPADHYAY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 201011 and 201112 at the research farm, In- stitute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to evaluate the production po- tential and competitive ability of wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori & Paol.] + Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson] intercropping under different row ratios and fertility levels of Middle Gangetic Plains of India. Among the row proportions, 8:1 row proportion recorded significantly higher yield parameters (grains/ spike, spikelets/spike, 1,000-grain weight and yield as well as straw yield in wheat, and number of siliqua/plant and seeds/siliqua of Indian mustard). However, seed and stover yields of Indian mustard was higher in 6 : 2 row ratio which was at par with 8 : 2 and 10 : 2 raw ratios. Significantly higher land-equivalent ratio, aggressivity index and economics were registered with row ratio of 8:1 over 10:2, 8:2, and 6:2. An application of 15% or 30% N through farmyard manure (FYM) + 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) significantly enhanced yield at- tributes and yield of wheat and Indian mustard. However, benefit: cost ratio was higher with application 15 % N FYM + 100% RDF.
Production potential of improved grain sorghum cultivars (Sorghum bicolor) under staggered plantings in non-traditional areas of Eastern India
Authors: J.S. MISHRA  , RAKESH KUMAR  , S. RAVIKUMAR  , RAVIKANT KUMAR  , VED PRAKASH  , K. K. RAO  , B.P.BHATT
Published: December 2023

Performance of 10 grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivars, viz. (5 hybrids, (CSH 13, CSH 14, CSH 16, CSH 25 and CSH 30) and 5 varieties, viz. (CSV 15, CSV 20, CSV 23, CSV 27 and SPV 462) was evaluated under 2 sowing dates (16 February and 3 March) at the ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna during summer seasons of 2015 and 2016, to find out the possibility of grain sorghum cultivation in non-tra- ditional area of Eastern India. The crop sown on 3 March gave significantly higher grain (4.30 t/ha) and stover (21.23 t/ha) yields, net returns ( 38.4 103/ha), benefit: cost ratio (2.22) and economic efficiency ( 376/ha/day)
Effect of fertility levels, biofertilizers and brassinosteroid on productivity, profitability and nutrient uptake of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
Authors: A.S. GODARA  , RAVINDRA SINGH  , G.S. CHOUHAN
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201213 and 201314 at Ajmer, Rajasthan, to assess the response of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) to fertility levels, biofertilizers and brassinosteroid. Three fertility levels [60, 80 and 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) 40 kg N + 40 kg P O + 10 kg S/ha)] and 3 biofertilizer inoculations [Rhizobium, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and Rhizo- 2 5 bium + PSB) in main-plots and 3 concentrations of brassinosteroid (BR), viz. water spray, BR 0.25 ppm and BR 0.50 ppm, in subplots were studied in split-plot design with 3 replications. Significantly the highest values of growth parameters, nodules/plant, yield attributes, seed yield (2.24 t/ha), haulm yield (5.24 t/ha), net return ( 56,200), benefit: cost (B:C) ratio (1.88) and content and total uptake of N, P and S were recorded with applica- tion of RDF over lower fertility levels. Dual inoculation of seed with Rhizobium + PSB resulted higher growth, nod- ules/plant, yield attributes, seed yield (2,09 t/ha), net returns ( 50,690) and total uptake of nitrogen (130.94 kg/ ha), phosphorus (17.17 kg/ha) and sulphur (15.82 kg/ha) over their sole application. Interaction of fertility levels and biofertilizers was also found significant in yield attributes and consequently in seed yield. Application of 100% RDF + dual inoculation, being at par with 80% RDF + dual inoculation, gave the highest seed yield (2,287 kg/ha) and net returns ( 57,940). However, the highest benefit: cost ratio (1.96) was obtained under 80% RDF + dual in- oculation. Foliar spray of brassinosteroid 0.50 ppm resulted in significantly higher plant height (69.1 cm), branches/plant (5.48), yield attributes, seed yield (2.10 t/ha), net return, ( 50,040), benefit: cost ratio (1.64) and total uptake of nutrients (N, P and S) over water spray and BR 0.25 ppm respectively. Thus, integration of 80% RDF with dual inoculation and supplemented with foliar spray of brassinosteroid 0.50 ppm at 50 and 70 DAS is better for realizing higher yield and economics in fenugreek.
Effect of crop-establishment methods and nitrogen levels on productivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays) in semi-arid region of Afghanistan
Authors: OBAIDULAH RAIHAN  , RAMANJIT KAUR  , Y.S. SHIVAY  , ANCHAL DASS  , SHAH MAHOOD BARAI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out at the Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University (ANASTU), Kandahar, during the rainy (kharif) season (AprilAugust) of 2015, to study the yield and profitability responses of maize (Zea mays L.) to different crop-establishment methods and nitrogen (N) levels in semi-arid re- gion of Afghanistan. The treatments consisted of 3 crop-establishment methods, viz. broadcast, line sowing and ridge sowing, allotted to main plots and 4 N levels, viz. 0, 120, 160, 200 kg N/ha, in subplots. The experiment was conducted in a three-time replicated split plot. The results revealed that crop-establishment methods did not influ- enced yield attributes like number of cobs/plant, cob length, cob girth, rows/cob, grains/row significantly; however numerically higher magnitude of these yield attributes was observed under ridge planting. Moreover, ridge plant- ing recorded significantly higher number of grains/cob (390.1) and 1,000-grain weight (272.6 g), which finally re- sulted in significantly higher grain yield (6.30 t/ha). Owing to higher yield, Net returns and benefit: cost ratio were also higher with ridge planting. Among the N levels, an application of 200 kg N/ha resulted in the maximum values of all yield attributes, which led to significantly higher grain yield (5.77 t/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.43) compared to all other N-levels.
Participatory evaluation of choice and combination of enterprises for integrated farming system under dry-land and irrigated agro-ecosystems
Authors: ARUN BALAMATTI  , SHAMARAJ
Published: December 2023

The Krishi Vigyan Kendra Sutur, Mysore, has developed 6 integrated farming system (IFS models), 3 each un- der dryland and irrigated farming situations, between 2012 and 2015. The models were analyzed using case- study approach to draw principles of enterprise combination. The average number of enterprizes for 3 dryland models, sericulture, horticulture and cotton (Gossypium sp.)-- based IFS, during base year and after 3 years was 3 and 13, respectively; it was 6 and 14, respectively, for the 3 irrigated models, organic horticulture, sericulture and agro-forestry-based IFS. The maximum annual net incomes under dryland in the base year were from agriculture ( 49,600/ha), coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) ( 39,800) and sericulture ( 16,700/ha); after 3 years, the order changed to coconut ( 46,000), sericulture ( 30,900) and agriculture ( 16,600). Under irrigated condition higher net returns in the base year came from coconut ( 94,000/ha), horticulture ( 42,300/ha) and vegetables ( 40,000/ ha), which changed after 3 years to coconut ( 1,34,500/ha), sericulture ( 81,400/ha) and silviculture ( 77,600/ ha). However, the maximum benefit: cost ratio under dry farming was from forage crops and goat/sheep rearing followed by vermicomposting, implying short-duration low-investment enterprises complemented the core enterprizes, coconut and sericulture. On the contrary, under irrigated farming system, the maximum profitability was in silviculture, coconut and goat/sheep rearing, indicating long-duration enterprises acting as supplementary enterprizes offered better returns. The results revealed that the choice of enterprises, their combination and contri- bution to the improvement of system productivity differed for dryland and irrigated farming systems but IFS en- abled the systems more productive, profitable and sustainable under both the situations.
Growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as influenced by irrigation scheduling and organic manures under Semi-arid Eastern Plain Zone of Rajasthan
Authors: H.P. VERMA  , O.P. SHARMA  , B.S. SHEKHAWAT  , RAJESH KUMAR  L.R. YADAV  , BALWAN  , S.S. YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted under loamy sand soil during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201415 and 201516 at Jobner, Rajasthan, to study the effect of irrigation scheduling and organic manures on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The treatments, consisting of 5 irrigation scheduling, i.e. I (irrigation at criti- 1 cal stages), I [0.9 irrigation water: cumulative pan evaporation (IW:CPE) ratio], I (0.6 IW:CPE ratio at vegetative 2 3 phase + 0.8 IW:CPE ratio at reproductive phase), I (0.6 IW:CPE ratio at vegetative phase + 1.0 IW:CPE ratio at 4 reproductive phase) and I (0.8 IW:CPE ratio at vegetative phase + 1.0 IW:CPE ratio at reproductive phase) in 5 main plots, and 4 organic manures [control, FYM @ 15 t/ha, vrmicompost (VC) @ 6 t/ha and FYM @ 7.5 t + VC @ 3 t/ha] in subplots, were replicated 4 times in split-plot design. The pooled mean results showed that irrigation ap- plied at an 0.9 IW:CPE ratio (I ) recorded the maximum values of growth parameters (dry-matter accumulation and 2 functional leaves) and yield (grain, straw, biological and harvest index) proved significantly superior to I , I and I . 1 4 3 However, the treatment I with maximum plant height also remained equally effective with regard to above param- 5 eters. With regard to relative water content and total number of tillers the above treatment being at par with I 1 proved superior to rest of the treatments. Results further indicated that application of FYM at 7.5 t + VC at 3 t/ha (M ) resulted in significantly higher growth parameters (plant height, dry-matter accumulation and total number of 3 tillers), yield (grain, straw, biological and harvest index) and being at par with M (VC at 6 t/ha) proved superior to 2 rest of the treatments. However, the above treatment (M ) recorded significantly higher functional leaves and rela- 3 tive water content (RWC) over M (Control) and M . Scheduling of irrigation to wheat either at 0.9 IW:CPE ratio 0 2 throughout the growth or 0.8 IW:CPE ratio at vegetative phase + 1.0 IW:CPE ratio at reproductive phase resulted in significantly, higher yield (grain, straw and biological). Irrigating the crop with 0.8 IW:CPE ratio at vegetative phase + 1.0 IW:CPE ratio at reproductive phase was found most effective, as this schedule besides resulting in al- most equal yields also curtailed 1 irrigation with the highest water-use efficiency. The treatment combination, I M 2 3 recorded the significantly higher grain yield over rest of the treatment combinations except I M I M and I M . 2 2, 5 2 5 3
Performance of summer maize (Zea mays) under varying irrigation levels and agro-chemicals in sub-humid southern plains of Rajasthan
Authors: B.P. MEENA  , P. SINGH  , V.K. MEENA  , HARDEV RAM  , R.K. MEENA  , M.R. YADAV  , RAKESH KUMAR  , M.M. PUNIYA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2010 and 2011 at Rajasthan college of Agricul- ture, Udaipur, to evaluate the impact of irrigation levels and agro-chemicals on yield and water-use efficiency (WUE) of maize (Zea mays L.). The application of 8 irrigations significantly improved crop-growth rate (CGR) at 2550 days after sowing (DAS) and 5075 DAS, relative water and chlorophyll contents. The maximum grain weight/cob (63.6 g), cob length (15.9 cm), 1000-seed weight (176.9 g) and shelling% (76.7) were recorded with 8 irrigations. Similarly, application of 8 irrigations also resulted in significantly higher grain and stover yields, and the highest consumptive use (279.1 ha-mm) and water-use efficiency (9.52 kg/ha-mm). Among the agro-chemicals, application of brassinolide resulted in the maximum CGR at 2550 (7.06 g/m/day) and 5075 (19.5 g/m/day) DAS, respectively. Likewise, brassinolide also superior most with respect to all the yield attributes, yields and shelling % as compared to the other chemicals. Brassinolide application also resulted in the highest consumptive use (244.7 ha-mm) and water-use efficiency (9.35 kg/ha-mm) among all the agrochemicals.
Effect of different densities of Rumex spinosus on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spectral characteristics of Rumex spinosus
Authors: GURMEET SINGH BUTTAR  , TARUNDEEP KAUR  , RAMANJIT KAUR  , VAJINDER PAL KALRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201213 and 201314 at Ludhiana, Punjab, to study the spectral characteristics of Rumex spinosus L. in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to identify the optimum time for distinguishing R. spinosus from wheat crop. The treatments consisted of different density lev- els of R. spinosus, viz. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 plants/m2 and a sole population of R. spinosus and solid wheat stand. A decreasing trend in growth, yield-contributing characters and grain yield of wheat was observed with the increased population densities of R. spinosus from 5 to 30 plants/m2. The highest grain yield (5.4 t/ha) was re- corded in sole wheat crop and a weed density 30 plants/m2 recorded the lowest grain yield (2.9 t/ha). The highest values of radiance ratio and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were recorded in pure wheat crop and the least in sole R. spinosus. Solid stand of wheat crop can be distinguished from sole R. spinosus 30 days after sowing (DAS) and remain distinguished up to 120 DAS and but different density levels of R. spinosus can be dis- criminated amongst themselves from 60 DAS onwards.