bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life Cycle Assessment on Printed Circuit Board
Authors: Park Pil-Ju , Lee Bo-Sam , Lee Kun-Mo
Published: April 2024

Life Cycle Assessment on Printed Circuit Board produced in C Electronics Co. was carried out. The system boundary encompasses raw material acquisition to the manufacturing of PCB(or cradle to gate). The product is FR4 PCB used for a component of HDD. FR is a mixture of glass fiber and epoxy resin. Generally site specific data were applied. However, database were used when it is hard to get site specific data. Impact assessment was carried out consecutively as classification, characterization, normalization and weighting. Considered Impact categories are ARD, GW, OD, POC, Acid, Eut, ET, HT. Sensitivity analysis is accomplished to find out how the variation of unreliable data affects the result of LCA.
The PCB manufacturing was identified as the most contributing activity to all impact categories except OD. This is mainly due to the electricity consumed in the manufacturing phase. Even though the large amount of chemicals are used for PCB manufacturing in mass, environment impact of those chemicals is much less than they were consumed. The sensitivity of data method shows that the amount of electricity consumed in the PCB manufacturing is considerably sensitive to POC and GW. The sensitivity results of allocation method in the PCB manufacturing on the LCA indicate approximately 25% difference in all impact categories.
Determination of Normalization Values for Korean Eco-indicator
Authors: Heo Youngchae , Suh Sangwon , Ha Sangsun , Lee Kun-Mo
Published: April 2024

This study aimed at calculating normalization reference values for Korean Eco-indicator. For this objective, abiotic resources depletion, global worming, ozone depletion, acidification, eutrophication, photo chemical oxidant creation, eco-toxicity, human-toxicity and solid waste were selected as adequate impact categories for normalization references relating to Korean situation. EDIP method which use per-capita base expression was chosen for this study. Bridging data gab, ammonia emission, equivalency factors for various pesticides used in Korea were calculated. Selection of data sources, data processing procedures, assumptions used in this study were explicitly disclosed in order to guarantee the transparency and the consistency in the calculation of the normalization reference values. Comparison of calculated normalization references with other prior researches showed that main deviation was come from the difference in reference year and geographical boundaries between each study, and the differences were not exceed 50% if these two conditions were identical.
Integrated waste Management Life Cycle Inventory
Authors: 류 영기 , McDougall F.R. , Peng C-G. C. , Arakaki T. , 안 중우
Published: April 2024

특정한 통합 폐기물 관리 방안들과 관련된 총체적 환경 부담을 알아내기 위하여 이러한 방안에 대하여 전과정 목록(Life Cycle Inventory, LCI)을 적용할 수 있다. 폐기물 관리에 대한 전과정 목록에서는 원료 물질의 사용, 에너지 및 물 사용. 대기, 수계 및 토양으로의 배출에 대한 자세한 데이터를 수집한다. 이 데이터에 기초하여 서로 다른 몇 가지 폐기물 관리 방안들을 비교할 수 있으며, 정보에 기초한 의사결정을 내릴 수 있다. 이와 같은 접근법은 특정 지역에서의 전체 고형 폐기 물 관리에 있어서 최선의 실행 가능한 방안이 무엇인지를 결정할 수 있게 해준다. 전과정 목록은 의사 결정을 내리는데 필요 한 것들을 제공해 주는 기법일 뿐 의사 결정 자체를 내리는 기법은 아니다. 전과정 목록에서 얻은 정보는 기획 담당자 폐기물 관리자로 하여금 미래의 좀 더 지속가능한 폐기물 관리 시스템을 설계할 수 있도록 도와준다.
Measuring Environmental Performance Toward Sustainable Steel Works: A Case of POSCO in Korea
Authors: Lee Dr. Byung-Wook , Ahn Mr. Yoon-Gih
Published: April 2024

In line with growing importance of environmental management in business circles, the implementation of a system for measuring and evaluating corporate environmental performance becomes one of key agenda for both internal management purposes and for external relations with a wide range of stakeholders. To deal with this subject, academia, practitioners and many international organizations like UNEP, OECD, ISO, WBCSD have elaborated appropriate schemes and indicators to implement environmental performance evaluation. Among them, ISO 14031 document was published in the end of 1999 and the subsequent document ISO/TR 14032, which incorporates seventeen industrial cases from different countries, is also at the finalizing stage.
The paper examines a relevant case of measuring environmental performance at the POSCO, a the world largest steel maker mainly operated in Korea. The case was developed in accordance with ISO 14031 scheme, which requires planning, selecting indicators, using data and information, reviewing and improving. POSCO established its environmental management system based on ISO 14001. Through running this system, the company realized the necessity to re-identify its environmental aspects and effects and to revise its environmental objectives and targets. At the stage, the company decided to adopt the environmental performance evaluation scheme based on ISO 14031 for developing new indicators and is now trying to integrate the environment into all of its business activities to enhance the company's eco-efficiency.
An Assessment of Environmental Aspects of Utilities in the Production Process of Petroleum Refinery Products
Authors: Jung Jongyeon , Gwak Jongmyung , Hur Tak
Published: April 2024

While there may be many different goals involved in the LCA study of a product, the goal of the present study is to construct LCI databases of petroleum refinery products(oil, diesel, naphtha) and to identify the key issues associated with the product system. One of the key issues identified is the use of utilities in the process of petroleum refinery products. Utilities associated with the product system are examined in more detail to find out the main unit processes which require relatively large amounts of utilities.
Environmentally Friend Extrusion Process of A7003 by Material Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Cho Hoon , Jo Huyng-ho , Han Myung-keun , Kim Young-jig
Published: April 2024

A7003 alloy has characteristics of their excellent weldability, high corrosion resistance and superior plastic working however the broadening of application for the alloy has been hampered by the lower extrudability associated by Mg content. For improvement of extrudability and enhanced recovery efficiency during Al scrap recycling, it has been generally practiced to reduce Mg content in A7003 alloy. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the influence of Mg content on mechanical strength and extrudability of A7003 alloy. For efficient material processing which has small amounts, material life cycle assessment(MLCA) is evaluated. The quantitative analysis of energy requirements and CO2 emission for production of A7003 extruded bar are estimated with different Mg content and billet pre-heating process (heating source by light oil or LPG). In particular, the estimation of energy requirements was performed within shipping and gating range (except the mining and extraction stages) to investigate the influence of the variables on energy requirements and CO2 emission in detail. As Mg content increased, the flow stress and the extrusion pressure for A7003 alloy increased. It has been thought that an increment in extrusion pressure with increasing Mg content is caused by the solid solution hardening of Mg atoms in the matrix and increment in volume fraction of intermetallic compound, Mg2Si. The extrudability and the tensile strength are equal to, or above that of conventional A7003 alloy even the content of Mg varied from 1.1wt.% to 0.5wt.%.alloy. This means that minimizing the content of Mg in A7003 alloy can enhance recovery efficiency during Al scrap recycling. It can be quoted that rather than Mg content energy source for billet heating is a prime factor to determine the atmospheric CO2 emission
Ecodesign Case Study: Applying InStepTM DfE
Authors: Park In-Sung , Chung Jung-Man , Lee Han-Kyung , Kim Sun-Young
Published: April 2024

Ecodesign for personal computer by applying InStepTM DfE,which is a web based ecodesign software for designer, conducted in this study. In first, environmental assessment of reference product focusing on five ecodesign strategy(hazardous substance, recyclability, disassembly, resource consumption, energy efficiency) is performed. Then, identifying environmentally weak point of reference product and developing alternatives to improve it's weakness is processed. Three alternatives is considered that 'lead-free soldering', 'replacing virgin ABS to 100% recycled ABS', 'replacing ABS to PVC'. And finally, environmental comparative assessment between alternatives and reference product is preformed to determine best product design.
LCA for Environmental Impacts of an Alternative Technology
Authors: Park Sunwon , Kang Myunghwi , Yoon Joohoon , Chung Jungman
Published: April 2024

This study aims to review environmental impacts of an alternative technology in washing system with life cycle assessment. Homogeneous conditions were considered in system function, fundamental performance, reference unit, system boundary, and data collection of two systems to ensure the reliability of results as a comparative study. The reference unit for assessment was decided as 1,318 times washing based on life span of product and consumers' washing behavior. System unit included whole life cycle of washing system from preproduction to disposal phase. Primary data were used for major components and production phase and secondary data were done for remaining phases and components. There was no significant difference between two washing systems in resource depletion, global warming, ozone depletion, and photochemical oxidant creation. However, detergent-free washing system presented its environmental advantage of 20%~50% in acidification and eutrophication against conventional washing system with detergent.
Development of the Exchange Format for B2B Product Environmental Information
Authors: Kim Kyou-Hyung , Lee Sang-Yong , Jeong In-Tae , Lee Kun-Mo
Published: April 2024

This study is focused on exchange format of product environmental information in the supply chain. We analyzed questionnaires related to Green Procurement from the business consumers of an electronics supplier in Korea. The followings are major attributes included in the product environmental information. First, most of the environmental information requested was related to the hazardous substances regulated under the RoHS and to some extent under the WEEE directives. Second, information for material declaration of a product was one of the frequently asked questions. Third, no life cycle thinking was imbedded in the product environmental information requested. Based on the analytical results, desirable environmental information recommended to exchange in the future should include; not only information about the hazardous substances but also various material information covers whole life-cycle of product. Considering the upper recommendation, finally the environmental product data format has been suggested.
LCA on the aerobic composting and the anaerobic digestion processes of livestock excreta
Authors: Lim Song T. , Ahn Sang-Jueon , Jung Jae-Soo
Published: April 2024

LCA study was carried out to compare different treatment methods of livestock excreta in Korea such as aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion. The potential life cycle impact of the aerobic composting process is 3.29E-06pt and anaerobic digestion process is 6.63E-07pt at the level of weighting. The environmental impacts from livestock excreta treatment processes are influenced remarkably by electricity use. And, global worming(57%) and abiotic resource depletion(35%) categories indicates key issues among the overall impacts. In order to assess the environmental impacts and identify key issues of each treatment method for livestock excreta, additional studies is called on to fulfill.
Life Cycle Assessment of an Environmentally friendly Treatment System for ELVs
Authors: Jeong Kee mo , Hong Seok Jin , Hur Tak , Hong John Hee , Yun Ju Ho
Published: April 2024

This study aims at evaluating the environmental impacts stemmed from an environmentally friendly treatment system for ELVs, using Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) methodology. In this study, both LCI and LCIA study were conducted with a perspective of gate to gate as well as gate to grave in order to figure out more detailed environmentally significant issues. For the purpose of making this study easier to be understood, the comparative approach with existing ELV treatment system were partly applied in this study. As one of the results from LCI study, use of electricity and environmental parameters such as CO2, coal, NOx and iron were found out to be the significant issue parameters. From the LCI and LCIA study, it was shown that the significant environmental aspects were related with the recycling process of ferro scrap, the shredding process of compressed car bodies and the dismantling process of end-of-life engines. In addition, a scenario analysis dealing with change of the environmental performance in case of 85% reuse & recycling rates was conducted. Based on these results, it was revealed that this environmentally friendly treatment system for ELVs have generally better environmental performance than existing ELV treatment system but still have some areas to cut down on environmental impact further.
Considerations for the successful introduction of ECOPROFIT program, namely advanced cleaner production program
Authors: Kyung Lee Han , Wook Park Byung , Moczygemba Elena
Published: April 2024

ECOPROFIT is advanced cleaner production network programme by city of Graz, Austria in 1991. Sustainable participation on on this program is created by co-operation between local authorities and private companies. Economic and ecological success through practical performance is the main principles of this project. The city of Graz in Austria, developing this project, was awarded "European Sustainable City Award" in 1996 and has had a reputation for a city of the sustainable development.
We had a pilot project in order to review that ECOPROFIT program can be introduced in Korea successfully. As a result of applying the P company, we are convinced that this program have a good effect in economic and environmental aspects in the field of energy, water and waste treatment.
Application of integrated system for coping with environmental regulations
Authors: Lim Eun-jung , Park Jung-A , Lim Noh-hyun , Hur Tak
Published: April 2024

This paper presents application of integrated system according to the counter-response processes of companies to environmental regulations with an example. The counter-response processes of companies are composed of six steps; checking out their export region and regulations, collection of regulatory information. product-identification, obligator-identification, examination of compliance with regulations, and establishment of corresponding strategy. On each step the contents of the integrated system such as analysis report, self diagnois tool and other services could be applied variously. The coverage of this system is expanding in industry, region and subject. And this system takes a major role in hardening the foundation for coping with environmental regulations.
Eco-Design for an Electric Kettle by Performance, Usability, and Life Cycle Assessments (LCA)
Authors: Lee Hyewon , Lee Wonsup , You Heecheon
Published: April 2024

To minimize environmental impacts over a product life-cycle, a product design is required to be considered in terms of not only eco-friendliness but also performance and usability of the product. The present study evaluated two electronic kettles in terms of performance and usability, and then analyzed their environmental impacts using a Life Cycle assessment (LCA) method. The evaluation results showed that both the electronic kettles need to be improved in terms of energy efficiency, ease of grip, ease of washing, and appropriateness of surface temperature. The carbon emissions of the kettles showed over 70% in the usage phase over the whole product life cycle； therefore, a dual-wall structure and an widening of heat plate were suggested for better thermal insulation to improve the energy efficiency in the usage phase. The eco-friendly product design considering performance, usability, and LCA proposed in the present study would be useful to develop various eco-friendly electronic products which consume a significant amount of energy during the usage phase.
A study on development of CCS(Carbon Capture and Storage) life cycle impact assessment methods considering the ecotoxicity
Authors: Park Ki-Hak , Kang Hun
Published: April 2024

Carbon capture and storage(CCS) is a technique that aims to capture carbon dioxide(C02) from emissions and store it somewhere, thus it attracts public attention as a reduction method of the greenhouse gases(GHGs).
To achieve GHGs reduction goal complying with 2005 level by 2050，internationally it is forecasted that CCS will reduce 19% of total greenhouse gas.
Also, South Korea has a plan to reduce 32 million tons of CO2 emission, which is 10% of total national GHGs, by using CCS techniques by 2030. There many technical efforts and researches for CCS system for GHGs reduction, however, there has been little study on ecological and environmental impact assessment and research for CCS system.
The CO2 storage at underground and deep saline aquifer can contribute for GHGs emission reduction, however, the CO2 leak from storage can affect ecological system and this cause other serious problems. Also we cannot expect its impacts.
Therefore, in this study, we suggested a life cycle impact assessment method, which can be applied to the CCS system, as not a global warming emission but an ecotoxicity factor for CO2 emission. When CO2 emission is considering as an ecotoxicity emission, first we can identify the quantity and concentration of CO2, and then it can be translated to l,4-dichlorobenzene(DCB) equivalent value, which is ecotoxicity characterization factor. This life cycle impact assessment method can be applied to CCS system effectively.
By using this suggested life cycle impact assessment method in this study, we can interpret in terms of global warming and ecotoxicity aspects and it will contribute for safe CCS technology development.
Environmental Impact Evaluation and Improvement of LED Stand by Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Park SungSu , Lee ChangSon , Choi BongGu , Seo Hyejin , Yi Hwa-Cho
Published: April 2024

It is a trend to use LED lamps which have high efficiency and long life time to save the consumption of electricity. LED’s are used already not only in automotive, TV, road and highway lighting but in many household as lighting lamps. One problem of LED lamps is generation of heat which causes decline of efficiency. In this study heats generated from two different commercial LED desk lamps depending on lighting time and effects on brightness was analysed. The brightness levels of lamps were measured in a dark room. The temperature, brightness, and electricity of each lamp were measured every 30 minutes. Lux per used electricity was calculated and compared. By the experiment we could determine that temperature of lamp rise and brightness falling with time. In this work two experiments are done to improve this characteristics of LED stand lamp.
The Study for National Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Livestock Sector Utilizing Low Lover Local Government Statistical Data
Authors: Lee Guen-Young , Yeon Sung-Mo , Lee Kun-Mo
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study is to calculate the greenhouse gas emission from milk cow, beef cattle/korean beef and pork based on the lower level local government in Korea.
A preceding study was progressed to calculate the basic data for greenhouse gas emission of livestock. However, this study has calculated greenhouse gas emission about three major livestock from 2001 to 2012 utilizing low national statistical data and various researches.
The result show that greenhouse gas emission of major livestock is 2001 year 929,377 tC02 to 2012 year 1,402,192 tC02 and an upward trend, the highest greenhouse gas emission area in milk cow is Gyeonggi-do Province, Korean beef·beef cattle is Gyeongsangbuk-do Province, pig is Gyeonggi-do Province.
An Eco-efficiency Study on Photovoltaic/Wind/Hydro power
Authors: Cha Kyounghoon
Published: April 2024

The indiscreet use of fossil fuel for the economic growth caused the environmental problem such as global warming and resource depletion. Recently, the world has recognized the seriousness of environmental problem and makes an effort to solve the trouble. The renewable energy goes down as a solution in other to improve the energy system that has environmental problems. Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2008，about 19% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.2% from hydro electricity. Renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 2.7% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydro electricity and 3% from renewables. In Korea, wind, hydro, and photovoltaic power are mainly researched and developed in the sorts of renewable energy, because they have high turnover in the sorts of renewable energy and are involved in the main technology of green growth policy.
This study aims at identifying the effective introduction method of renewable energy in the context of the environmental and economic aspects using eco-efficiency. As a result, wind power has the high environmental priority and hydro power has the high economic priority in the target renewable energy. Wind power is the best alternative in the context of eco-efficiency aspect. It is reason that wind power has a little input materials, energy and a simple infrastructure.
Environmental Evaluation of the Manufacturing Process of Excavators through Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Lim Hyunsoo , Kim Jiwon
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study is to evaluate environmental impacts from the manufacturing process of excavators by using LCA, and improve design and manufacturing process. This study was analyzed by each process through characterization and normalization. The result shows that assembly and fabrication process has the highest environmental impact on Abiotic Resource Depletion, Global Warming, Photochemical Oxidant Creation, while painting and finishing process has the highest environmental impact on Ozone depletion, Eutrophication, and Acidification. This shows that environmental impact of manufacturing excavators came from using much steel and energies in accordance with the usage. Therefore, recycle of steel and development of new material is important for sustainable construction equipment industry.
Voluntary Emission Reduction(K-VER) Methodology of Eco-Mg
Authors: Lee Han Kyoung , Kim Jeong Gu , Kim Yoon Mi
Published: April 2024

Demand and supply of Mg-alloys are growing in automobile, electrical and electronics industry, where weight reduction of product is needed. Especially, the world's first Eco-Mg alloy manufacturing technology, which is a part of eco-friendly alloy technology for new material, is widely applicable. Therefore it is expected to apply to nation's core work such as automobile, aircraft, mobile, and other industry. If domestic magnesium enterprises obtain emission permits through greenhouse-gas emissions reduction project, they can cope with Target Management and Emissions Trading System. Moreover it is expected to create added-value. Thus, in this study, we analyzed the existing methodology for registering domestic greenhouse-gas emissions reduction project. Furthermore, we drew restraints and limits of application of the methodology, so that the domestic magnesium enterprises can improve its availability.
Terminology Unification of Disaster/Risk Response for Strong Well-being Country of Korea
Authors: Kim Dong Uk , Koo Ja-Kong
Published: April 2024

The Republic of Korea is not clear in the disaster/risk terminology among the ministries. The April 16 ferry disaster and the MERS can be seen from the situations. The measures of the government were not adequate during accident. For the public point of view it was disappointed by sluggish disaster control tower. which can be limit the response of modern control system. To improve the disaster response capacity of the Republic of Korea by the actions of the right talent, right position, and right time in the way of the SSaM-GG(Shared, Smart and Mutual Green Growth). In addition the implementation of specific actions according to the unified terminology, the five principles of the 'Sky-blue Pentagon' might give more help for the strong well-being country of Korea eventually.
A Study on the Economic Value Analysis of Life Cycle Assessment Impact Categories
Authors: Ahn Joong Woo , Kim Daesoo , Yang Inmog , Cho Bong Gyoo , Cho Youngju
Published: April 2024

There have been many studies estimating the environmental damage cost for different areas. However, most studies focused on environmental issues even with reflecting social and environmental value, but the results could not show comparable indicators. This study has been conducted to investigate the economic value of environmental impact based on the LCA six impact categories in order to compare their values, such as resource depletion, global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, eutrophication, and photochemical oxidant creation. The result shows KRW 11,408/kg Sb, KRW 26.65/kg CO2, KRW 139,970/kg CFC-11, KRW 2,599/kg SO2, KRW 15,253/kg PO43–, and KRW 3,030/kg C 2H2.
A Survey of Eco Product Development Methods and Strategies
Authors: Kim Sungho , Lee Jihyung , Lee Seunghoon , Yeon Younghee , Tsolmonbaatar Batbileg , You Heecheon
Published: April 2024

Since eco products need to be developed to better satisfy environmental regulations and customers’ concerns with environmentally friendly products, efforts are needed to establish better eco product development methods and strategies. The present study surveyed methods and strategies of eco product development through literature review and organized them based on the ISO TR 14062 eco product development process. The selected 20 papers (6 methods; 12 strategies; 2 methods and strategies) can be applied to each stage of the TR 14062 eco product development process as follows: 14 papers related to planning stage, 3 papers related to conceptual design stage, and 6 papers related to detailed design stage. The eco product development methods and strategies surveyed in this study can be used to identify considerations at each stage of eco product development process and analyzing features of products effectively.
The Study on the establishment of environmental database for apartment finish materials by building element
Authors: Kim Rak Hyun , Tae Sung Ho , Kim Ji Hoon
Published: April 2024

The studies on the environmental database of construction materials or the evaluation systems are not sufficient to provide this support adequately during the design stage. This study aims to establish an environmental information database for construction finish materials organized by building element as part of an effort to develop an environmental effect assessment program for buildings. To this end, a classification system has been developed for building elements that satisfies the demands from construction project stakeholders to acquire environmental information. Furthermore, among the construction materials, an environmental database of the finish materials has been developed for each building element based on reference substances and the impact indexes of six environmental effect categories of the national LCI DB.
Evaluation of TiN Hydrogen Permeation Membrane by MLCA(Material Life Cycle Assessment)
Authors: Kim Min Gyeom , Han Jeong Heum , Lee Young Hwan , Son Jong Tae , Hong Tae Whan
Published: April 2024

In this study, Material life cycle evaluation was performed to analyze the environmental impact characteristics of TiN-Zr membrane manufacturing process. The software of MLCA was Gabi. Through this, environmental impact assessment was performed for each process. Transition metal nitride have been researched extensively because of their properties. Among these, TiN has the most attention. TiN is a ceramic materials which possess the good combination of physical and chemical properties, such as high melting point, high hardness, and relatively low specific gravity, high wear resistance and high corrosion resistance. With these properties, TiN plays an important role in functional materials for application in separation hydrogen from fossil fuel. Precursor TiN was synthesized by sol-gel method and zirconium was coated by ball mill method. The metallurgical, physical and thermodynamic characteristics of the membranes were analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Gas Chromatograph System. As a result of characterization and normalization, environmental impacts were 94% in MAETP (Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity), 2% FAETP (Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity), 2% HTP (Human Toxicity Potential). TiN fabrication process appears to have a direct or indirect impact on the human body. It is believed that the greatest impact that HTP can have on human is the carcinogenic properties. This shows that electricity use has a great influence on ecosystem impact. TiN-Zr was analyzed in Eco-Indicator ‘99 (EI99) and CML 2001 methodology.
Life cycle Water footprint analysis of an Water purifier product
Authors: Ko Kwanghoon , Lim Nohhyun , Kim Hongkwan , Park Jihyung , Hwang Yongwoo
Published: April 2024

Recently, the management of water resources become more important due to the climate change. The ISO 14046 guideline for estimating water footprint, has been published according to global trend. In this study, we analyzed results of water footprint assessment on an water purifier product in life cycle. The usage of drinking water was a major environmental key factor in the evaluation of the water availability footprint, and the parts consisted of product was caused by environmental key factor in the evaluation of the eutrophication. Also, it was analyzed that the use of drinking water at the use stage and the consumption of electricity were main environmental key factors in the evaluation of the acidification. This results of the water footprint assessment have meanings of considering the water availability footprint and the environmental impact of the water consumption in the life cycle of the water purifier system. It is necessary to simultaneously consider not only water consumption at the stage of use , but also parts of products.
A Study on the Estimation of the Absorption Potential According to the External Reduction Project in the Forest Sector
Authors: Choi Jonghwa , Joo Sunho , Jung Soonchul , Jang Kwangmin
Published: April 2024

By introducing a system to trade greenhouse gas(GHG) emission rights, the government has enacted laws to effectively achieve the country's GHG reduction targets and has been operating a carbon offset system for emissions trading. The ministry of forest operates carbon offset schemes to improve the carbon uptake of forests. In this study, we evaluate the potential of carbon stocks by analyzing the potential carbon uptake by using the methodology in forest carbon offsets system.
Comparison of environmental performance for 3 types of cement by EU PEF Guide
Authors: Kim Ik , Seol So-Yeong , Kim Hyeon-Soo , Lee Ji-Young
Published: April 2024

Environmental assessment was performed according to the EU PEF method for three types of cement that emit large GHG emissions. The results were calculated as an eco-point. As a result, Portland Cement has the highest eco-point of 1.17E-01. This is due to the fact that the global warming effect of Portland cement is significantly higher than those of other cements. However, eco-cement had the highest particulate matter effect. The replacement of calcium sulfate is necessary for reducing the particulate matter effect of eco-cement.
Selection of the Importance of Optimum Utilization Technology for Natural Gas Power Plants Using AHP Technique
Authors: Kim Donguk , Kwon Soongil , Hwang Yongwoo , Kim Youngwoon
Published: April 2024

Recently, the Act on the Integrated Management of Environmental Pollution Facilities was implemented in Korea. Under the integrated management, the license period of the workplace will be renewed by five to eight years through the assessment of the level of environmental management of the workplace in accordance with the integrated law implemented in 2017. In this process, the application rate of the optimal use technique is evaluated, which is essential to obtain a high evaluation score. However, there is a problem in assessing optimal use techniques without considering the situation at the workplace. An AHP analysis was conducted on experts according to the situation of the workplace by examining the applicable optimal use techniques and the EU standards, and the priority was prepared by selecting the techniques to be applied first.
A Study on the LCA Methodology by Energy Source for Environmental Impact Analysis of Electric Vehicle
Authors: Yi Sora , Kim Younghee
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study is to prepare a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology for analyzing the environmental impact of electric vehicles in relation to changes in the power generation mix. After reviewing existing domestic and overseas LCA studies on electric vehicles, we compiled a life cycle inventory of air pollution emissions by vehicle type and power generation by source. Then, based on the life cycle inventory, we determined the coefficients for different pollutants emitted from vehicles by vehicle type and the source of power generation for electric vehicles. This study provides helpful information for conducting an LCA of electric vehicles for different power generation mixes, which will contribute to establishing a carbon-zero society.
A Study on the Content Characteristics of Unregulated Heavy Metals for Recycling Management of Hazardous Substances in Construction Waste Stone
Authors: Wee Sung Do , Kim Nam Seok , Hwang Yong Woo , Choi Young Hun
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study is to consider the recycling management of hazardous substances through the confirmation of the concentration characteristics of the unregulated heavy metals total content in construction waste stones generated at new construction sites. The total content of Mn, Ba, Sb, Se, Be and V was analyzed in accordance with the current soil contamination test standards in 25 construction earth waste sample. As a result of the analysis, the Mn concentration of the construction waste earth was (174.24~1109.4) mg/kg and Ba concentration was (29.08~609.05) mg/kg, and these detection values were higher than concentration of domestic natural background soil and reference soil. In addition, the Ba concentration was confirmed as closed or exceeded to concentration of the content regulatory standard of overseas waste(500 mg/kg). It is judged that if the analysis evaluation of the environmental impact that may occurred during recycling process is conducted based on chemical and physical characteristics evaluation, it will contribute to improving the quality and utilization of waste earth.
A Study on the improvement of Environmental Product Declaration of Ready-mixed concrete
Authors: Kim Gwang Hyun , Hwang Yong Woo , Jeon Yoon Sang
Published: April 2024

Since the revision of the Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED), Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) of building materials has increased rapidly as additional points have been given to use building materials that have obtained EPD based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In particular, the cumulative number of (Environmental Product Declaration–EPD) of ready-mixed concrete (RMC) is increasing every year from 18 in 2018, 109 in 2019, 501 in 2020, and 809 in 2021. In order to increase the reliability of the current EPD results, this study aims to present an improvement plan for the certification of EPD of RMC by analyzing the RMC Product Category Rules (PCR) as stipulated by the EPD. As a result of PCR analysis, there was a need to subdivide the method of allocating the number of processes, and there was a need to indicate the calculation of emissions of individual factories. Through this RMC PCR analysis, it is expected to be used as a review data for revising EPD's general product preparation guidelines, building material preparation guidelines, and remicon preparation guidelines in the future.
A Study on the Quantify and Comparison of Carbon Footprint of Truck Bus Radial(TBR)
Authors: Kwak Inho , Wie Daehyung , Jang Sunmi , Kim Bonggeun
Published: April 2024

As the importance of environmental strategy is gaining weight, a number of tire manufacturers are quantifying the environmental aspect of a product in order to reduce the environmental impact of the product and devise an environmental strategy for the product. In this study, the environmental impact of truck bus radial(TBR) tire was quantified using Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) and Carbon footprint which are the two of the main methods for assessing environmental impact.
Methodology for Robust Revalidation of the CHERG VASA Tool to Investigate Under-5 Deaths in Karachi Slums: A Mixed Methods Approach
Authors: Siddiqui Muhammad Bilal
Published: April 2024

Objectives: This methodology paper outlines a mixed-methods study design to: (i) further validate the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) Verbal-Social Autopsy (VASA) tool quantitatively on a larger representative sample in Karachi, (ii) gather qualitative feedback from users, and (iii) refine the tool accordingly to optimize its use investigating under-5 mortality in urban Pakistan.

Methods: An explanatory sequential mixed methods design will be applied to revalidate the CHERG VASA tool in 7 districts of Karachi. The quantitative arm will validate the tool through analysis of data from under-5 deaths identified via stratified random sampling. Validation techniques will include assessment of criterion validity against hospital records, content validity, construct validity, reliability analysis. This will be followed by a qualitative component with cognitive interviews and focus group discussions with respondents to illicit feedback on user experiences with the tool. Qualitative data will undergo framework analysis. Tool refinement will occur integrating both quantitative and qualitative findings.

Discussion: Combining robust statistical validation from a substantial representative sample with in-depth qualitative insights on tool design and functionality will lead to an enhanced context-specific instrument to reliably investigate determinants of under-5 mortality in the slums of Karachi, Pakistan’s largest city.

Keywords: verbal autopsy, social autopsy, validity, reliability, scale validation, mixed-methods
Addressing the Silent Threat: Enhancing Resilience in a Dynamic Climate - Safeguarding Women and Children's Health through Affordable, Sustainable Measures
Authors: Mumtaz Seema N.
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this letter to the editor is to demand rapid action and provide solutions that are both inexpensive and sustainable in order to address the severe health dangers that are presented by climate change, especially for particularly vulnerable women and children. In order to improve food security, cultural preservation, and disease prevention, these solutions focus the empowerment of women via programs such as community seed banks and knowledge networks. Additionally, they revive traditional knowledge such as the use of medicinal plants. Additionally, the letter places an emphasis on community-driven solutions such as early warning systems and disaster preparation training. Additionally, the letter addresses the gender component of climate change by addressing initiatives that empower women and enhance their well-being. In conclusion, it urges all parties involved, including governments, organizations, and people, to work together to emphasize the empowerment of women, climate-smart agriculture, and resilient healthcare systems in order to construct a future that is more fair and robust for everyone.

Keywords: Climate change, women, children, health, resilience
Relevance of public relations in building the corporate reputation of an organization: An exploratory study of two manufacturing organizations in Ghana
Authors: Anani-Bossman A. Anani-Bossman , Osei Bonsu V. Osei Bonsu
Published: April 2024

In a globalised world that is also very competitive, businesses are faced with the enormous challenge of surviving and staying strong. One of such big challenges is building and managing the reputation of the organisation. Corporate reputation has been identified over the years as one of the most important intangible assets of any organisation. The success of any organisation is strongly linked to how it is perceived by its stakeholders. Scholars across various disciplines, including marketing, sociology, communication and management have devoted much attention to this phenomenon. In order to build and manage a strong reputation, an organisation must be able to communicate effectively with the stakeholders. Effective communication allows an organisation to convince and persuade its stakeholders to remain loyal in the face of keen competition. Studies have shown that public relations should be at the forefront of such communication activities. Public relations facilitates the efforts of the organisation to build and manage a positive reputation in the eyes of its stakeholders. This paper tries to understand the relevance of public relations in building the corporate reputation of an organisation. The paucity of literature in a developing country like Ghana makes this research even more essential. The qualitative research approach was used in gathering data. Face to face interviews were held with two communication managers of two multinational companies to provide input for the research. Result demonstrated that public relations plays a critical role in building the reputation of an organisation. The day to day communication activities of an organisation's PR department coupled with other activities such as social responsibility, feedback and constant engagement with the publics contributes largely to positive evaluation of the organisation. This outcome has significant implications for the practice of public relations.
Growing Entrepreneurial Talent-A Challenge for Ghana’s Educational Systems.
Authors: Glover-Meni N. Glover-Meni
Published: April 2024

This article is written with my personal conviction as a corporate and financial services industry player and the unabated sheer quantum of unemployment in Ghana. The teeming youth unemployment which culminated in the formation of ‘the association of unemployed graduates’ a couple of years ago, can be traced to the poor formulation of educational policies with particular reference to lack of introducing entrepreneurship education from primary/ junior high schools. Skills and knowledge derived from the teaching of entrepreneurship education from primary/junior high schools is likely to engender indelible imprint in the memories of these pupils and at the same time generate passion at a very tender age. The knowledge acquisition would enable the pupils to carry through to senior high school and tertiary institutions. They would then have made up their minds on the courses of study they would pursue to becoming entrepreneurs. Challenges, such as dearth of qualified teachers and lack of teaching facilities are apparent deterrents. However, with deliberate training and retraining of teachers, will equip them to pass on the necessary knowledge to the pupils. The long-term benefits of introducing entrepreneurship education in primary/junior high schools cannot be quantified, as it would have positive effect in transforming the industrial development of Ghana.
Motivation Theory and Performance Measurement: Lessons from Classical Schools of Thought
Authors: Antwi-Boasiako A. Antwi-Boasiako , Asante R. Asante , Nyako Gyimah K. Nyako Gyimah
Published: April 2024

This paper traces the development of motivation theory, particularly as an explanation of human behaviour in the workplace. It provides a new interpretation of recent developments in theory management. It also examines the uneasy relationship between performance measurement, appropriate for the purpose of establishing motivational rewards, and performance measurement as an integral part of the financial control systems. The paper is also written in response to and as a confirmation of a student’s question as to whether classical management theories are still relevant. The study of classical management thoughts, which involve a set of concepts that started in 1800s, took their roots in the study of organisations. The effects of the sets of theories of organisations have been and are still profound as demonstrated in this paper using Motivation Theory and Performance Management Measurement Concepts.
The Effectiveness of Altman’s Z Score Model in Predicting the Financial Health of Banking Lnstitutions in Ghana.
Authors: Opuni-Frimpong D. Opuni-Frimpong
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study was to assess the relevance and effectiveness of Altman’s Z Score model in predicting the failures and the financial health of banking institutions in Ghana. The study was conducted using the quantitative research method and the descriptive analytical research design. Drawing on annual financial data from a sample of 5 failed banks and 21 non-failed banks licensed by the Bank of Ghana, the study examined the Altman Z Score model with data set from the 2012 financial year to the 2016 financial year. Analysis of the failed banks revealed a 75 per cent prediction accuracy for the Altman Z Score model five years prior to failure and a 100 per cent prediction accuracy four, three and two years prior to failure. Assessment of the financial health of the non-failed banks for the 2016 financial year, classified 9 banks as distressed, 11 banks into the grey zone and 1 bank as safe. The study concluded that Altman’s Z Score model is an effective model for predicting the failures and financial health of banking institutions in Ghana and recommends its consideration and adoption as the model of choice for assessing the financial health and the possible failure of banking institutions in Ghana.
Xenocentrism and Ethnocentism Towards Foreign and Local Products.
Authors: Kumah P. Kumah
Published: April 2024

This study aimed at assessing the extent and the impact of students′ demographic characteristics on their xenocentrism and ethnocentrism towards foreign and locally made products. Using self administered questionnaires, data were collected from 444 graduate and undergraduate university students in Ghana. Data analysis was conducted using the T-test of independent samples, frequency analysis and the analysis of variance. The results showed that students′ ethnocentrism was moderate and perceived local products as inferior. The results found no significant difference between male and female students in their preference for foreign products. Moreover, older students preferred to buy local products to foreign ones compared to younger students. The results also suggested that as people grow older, their social aggrandisement towards foreign products decreases. In addition, Nigerian students were more xenocentric than Ghanaian students whereas graduate students were more ethnocentric than undergraduate students. These findings could help marketers to forecast best marketing strategies on consumer demographics to increase market share