bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lamp Life Predictive Model for Avionics Backlights
Authors: Webster Richard P. , Nelson Leonard Y.
Published: January 2005

Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays (AMLCDs) used in avionics applications require high luminance, high efficacy, and long‐life backlights. Currently, fluorescent lamps are the favored light sources for these high performance avionics backlights. Their spectral characteristics and high electrical efficiency are well suited to illuminating AMLCDs used in avionics applications. Fluorescent lamps, however, suffer gradual reduction in luminance output caused by various degradation mechanisms.

Korry Electronics Co. recently developed a mathematical model for predicting fluorescent lamp life. The model's basis is the well characterized exponential decay of the phosphor output. The primary luminance degradation mechanism of a fluorescent lamp is related to the arc discharge. Consequently, phosphor depreciation is proportional to the discharge arc power divided by the phosphor surface area. This “wall loading” is a parameter in the computer model developed to extrapolate long‐term luminance performance. Our model predicts a rapidly increasing decay rate of the lamp output as the input power is increased to sustain constant luminance. Eventually, a run‐away condition occurs — lamp arc power must be increased by unrealistically large factors (>5x) to maintain the required luminance output. This condition represents the end of the useful lamp life.

The lamp life model requires the definition of several key parameters in order to accurately predict the useful lamp life of an avionics backlight. These important factors include the construction of the lamp, lamp arc power, a decay constant based on the phosphor loading, and the operational profile. Based on the above‐mentioned factors, our model approximates the useful lamp life of an avionics backlight using fluorescent lamp technology. Comparisons between calculated and experimental lamp depreciation are presented.
Surface Profiler for 1100mm Flat Panels, Dektak OSP1100 Overhead Scanning Stylus Profiler
Authors: Naumann Walter , Bland Loren , Cunningham Tim , Grossman Jeff
Published: January 2005

A generation of large area flat panel stylus profilers is being built using a new approach to positioning and moving the measurement head over the sample. This approach has several advantages to FPD Manufacturers, including reduced footprint, lower measurement noise, and superior positioning repeatability.
P‐27: A Small‐Area Backlight Employing Divergent‐Angle Beam Rotator and Unique Double‐Layer Micro‐Prisms
Authors: Tai C.‐Y.
Published: January 2005

An energy efficient Divergent Angle Rotator backlighting technology is developed to illuminate small size displays using point‐like light sources. Based on reflecting light beams from tilted surfaces created on the top surface of the light pipe, this technology not only effectively converts light from a point‐like light source into a collimated planar light source but also eliminates images of the light source in the specular reflection based backlighting system. It collimates light beams on both dimensions.
P‐29: Line‐Image‐Scanning Head Mounted Display
Authors: Aye T. M. , Yu K. , Kostrzewski A. , Savant G. , Jannson J.
Published: January 2005

This paper describes the development of a head‐mounted display (HMD) based on a high speed miniature CMOS Liquid Crystal Display (CMOS‐LCD) and holographic optics. Taking advantage of the speed of CMOS‐LCD, and low speed scanning in one direction, this new display should be capable of producing RGB color images with high resolution over a large field of view.
P‐30: Liquid Crystal Tunable Diffuser for Display Applications
Authors: Aye T. M. , Qian S. , Yu K. , Savant G. , Jannson J.
Published: January 2005

Physical Optics Corporation demonstrated a tunable diffuser combining liquid crystal materials with a proprietary light shaping diffuser. A voltage across the structure controls the optical index match between the two material layers, switching the device between the diffusing and transparent states. When used as a direct‐view LCD, this tunable diffuser will improve angular viewing characteristics, contrast, and dynamic range.
Effect of N‐Doped Hydrogen‐Free DLC Coating on Mo‐Tip FEAs
Authors: Kim Hoon , Jung Jae Hoon , Ju Byeong Kwon , Chung Suk Jae , Jang Jin , Oh Myung Hwan
Published: January 2005

Nitrogen gas phase doped diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coating on molybdenum‐tip field emitter arrays (FEAs) has been used to improve electron emission characteristics. The conventional plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method using a layer‐by‐layer technique was applied to deposit N‐doped hydrogen‐free DLC films. Electron emission characteristics were measured and possibility of applying this type of emitters to high frequency field emission displays (FEDs) was reported. The turn‐on voltage of Mo‐tip FEAs was decreased from 75V to 55V by DLC coating and emission current was more stable than that of conventional Mo‐tip FEAs. The transconductance of Mo‐tip FEAs was increased by N‐doped hydrogen‐free DLC coating with lowering effective work function of emitters.
Electron Field Emission from a‐C:F:N Film Deposited by Inductively Coupled Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Chung Suk Jae , Han Eun Jung , Moon Jong Hyun , Oh Myung Hwan , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

Amorphous fluorocarbon (a‐C:F) is of interest for low dielectric interlayer material, but in this work we applied this material to FED field emitter. N‐doped a‐C: F films were deposited by inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition (ICPCVD). The optimum doping concentration was found to be (N2)/(CF4) = 9% in the gas phase. The turn‐on field and the emission current density at (N2)/(CF4) = 9% were found to be 7.34 V/μm and 16 μA/cm2 at 12.8 V/μm, respectively.
P‐41: Improvement of Low‐Voltage Phosphors by Ar‐Gas Sputtering Treatments after Electron Bombardment: ZnS:Cu,Al and ZnGa2O4:Mn
Authors: Jin Y. W. , Jang J. E. , Jung J. E. , Ryu Y. S. , Park Y. J. , Cha S. N. , Kim J. M.
Published: January 2005

Electrophoretically deposited low voltage phosphors of FED are irradiated by electron beam from the Spindt micro tip arrays. The conditions of phosphor surface are analyzed at various conditions. Ar gas treatment is used for stabilizing the surface of ZnS:Cu,Al and ZnGa2O4:Mn with improved conditions. It is found that the electron irradiation on the phosphor seriously causes carbon effect to the phosphor surface, resulting in dark color defects on the real 4 inch FED panel. However, the contaminated phosphor surface is effectively eliminated by the gas sputtering treatment on it, and proved experimentally.
P‐42: Design and Implementation of PDP Driving System Based on Irregular Addressing Scheme
Authors: Kim S. , Son I. , Myoung D.
Published: January 2005

160 × 120 monochrome double‐substrate AC‐PDP was successfully operated with 64 gray scale irregular addressing to result in the 3‐fold luminance improvement over the conventional sequential addressing. The details of design and implementation of PDP driving system is described with the experimental results. It is shown that the irregular addressing scheme can be implemented using the existing PDP driver ICs with the minimal overhead in logic design complexity.
3D Simulations of a Single‐Substrate AC‐PDP Cell with Barrier Ribs
Authors: Drallos P. J. , Khudik V. N. , Nagorny V. P.
Published: January 2005

Three dimentional, self‐consistent simulations of Ne‐Xe discharges in a single‐substrate plasma display panel (PDP) cell with barrier ribs are presented. We investigate the influence of the address elec‐ trode and rib spacing on the spreading and confinement of sustain discharges.
P‐57: High‐Resolution Projection Screen with Adjustable Diffusing Angles
Authors: Maxfield M. , Wilson J. , Zou H. , Rodriquez R. , Beasley R. , Battell K. , Shewareged B. , Hou J.
Published: January 2005

A new class of projection screens has been developed having a wide range of viewing angles while being thin and highly transmissive, and preseming image resolution to a high degree. The viewing angle of these projection screens can be cimdar, variably non‐cirw.dar (wider in one axis than the other), or offset in one axis (with peak luminance offset from normal. Their high diffusing power enables them to exhibit wide viewing angles even when embedded in a low index matrix. Theiz fine features enable them to be used in pain to substantially reduce speckle while maintaining high image resolution
LP‐O: High‐Contrast‐Ratio Broad‐Angle LC Polarizing Beamsplitter
Authors: Vinokur K. , Shariv I. , Gorbatov N. , Pilossof N. , Cheifetz E.
Published: January 2005

An efficient, broadband polarizing beam splitter based on birefringence of liquid crystals suitable for projection and communication systems was developed. Large aperture (about 2″), broad band (450nm–800nm or 1,000nm–1,800nm), wide acceptance angle (±10°), high splitting efficiency (contrast better than of 3,000:1 for the transmitted channel and 200:1–2,000:1 for the reflected one) with polarization axes matching the prism entrance and exit were achieved. Specially designed beveled edges contribute to beam splitter mechanical stability and manufacturability. The contrast remains better than 200:1 over the visible range at 45°C. Enhanced contrast for s‐polarization is obtained in a version that incorporates two reflecting surfaces within the prism. The device, used simultaneously as polarizer, analyzer, and combiner, is suitable for compact efficient high intensity image projector.
Multi‐Domainlike, Homeotropic Nematic Liquid Crystal Display
Authors: Lee S. H. , Kim H. Y. , Kim S. C. , Lee Y. H. , Park I. C. , Rho B. G. , Park J. S. , Lee C. H. , Galabova H. G. , Allender D. W.
Published: January 2005

We report a novel liquid crystal display (LCD) associated with homeotropic to multi‐domainlike (HMD) transition for a nematic liquid crystal with positive dielectric anisotropy. This device shows a wide viewing angle over 60° in all directions and a fast response time. The molecular director configuration and the electro‐optic effect associated with the HMD deformation are discussed in this report.
LP‐F:Late‐News Poster:Wide‐Viewing‐Angle TFT‐LCDs Optimized for Desktop and Avionics Applications
Authors: Yuan H. , Fiske T. , Lewis A. , Silverstein L. D.
Published: January 2005

We have modeled and optimized TN‐TFT‐LCDS with novel film compensation methods, appropriate liquid crystal materials, and cell designs to achieve extremely wide viewing angles required for desktop and avionics applications. We have built such TN‐TFT‐LCDs, measured their optical performance, and confirmed the very large usable viewing volume. The optimized TN‐TFT‐LCDS show a 30:1 contrast ratio beyond +/− 80° in the horizontal direction and beyond −35° and +55° in the vertical direction. Measurements have also been taken for in‐plane switch (IPS) mode TFT‐LCDS and the results will be compared to our newly developed wide viewing angle TN‐TFT‐LCDS.
LP‐G: Late‐News Poster: Hybrid Switching Mode for Wide‐Viewing‐Angle TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Shin H. H. , Lee H.‐C. , Park J.‐J. , Kwon S.‐B.
Published: January 2005

This paper reports on a hybrid switching(HS) mode for achieving wide viewing angle TFT‐LCDs. In the newly developed HS mode, pixel electrodes are designed to apply electric field both in the vertical and horizontal direction, which is effective for high display performance as well as wide viewing angle. We have developed high performance 14.1 inch TFT‐LCD monitor using HS method.
A Photo‐Dimerized Monolayer as a Non‐Rubbing Alignment Layer for Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Shenoy D. , Grüneberg K. , Naciri J. , Chen Mu‐San , Shashidhar R.
Published: January 2005

A new non‐rubbing process suitable for active matrix LCDs has been developed. The process involves the formation of a silane‐based monolayer on the surface followed by UV irradiation. This leads to a photo‐dimerized alignment layer capable of giving a defect‐free alignment of nematic liquid crystals. The electro‐optic characteristics of LCDs fabricated using the photo‐dimerized layer are shown to be comparable to those with a rubbed polyimide alignment layer. In addition, the anchoring energies in the two cases are shown to be very similar making the new alignment layer technology attractive for applications.
LP‐H: Late‐News Poster: New Photo‐Alignment Materials with High Sensitivity to Near‐UV Light
Authors: Makita Y. , Natsui T. , Kimura S. , Nakata S. , Kimura M. , Matsuki K. , Takeuchi K.
Published: January 2005

We developed new photo alignment materials based on chalcone structure with the high photo reactivity and high sensitivity to near UV light. Poly(4‐methacryloyloxy chalcone), PM4Ch, and its derivatives exhibited good LC alignment capability upon near UV exposure. The LC alignment capability was preserved when the LC cells were annealed at 170°C. The possible photochemical degradation by deep UV can be prevented by using these new materials.
P‐71: A Chiral‐Homeotropic Cell for 2.5‐V TFT‐LCD Operation
Authors: Wu S. T.
Published: January 2005

A chiral‐homeotropic LC cell is demonstrated to possess a very high contrast and low operation voltage. Using a 120° twist angle and an LC mixture with dielectric anisotropy of Δ∍= −6, the operation voltage is reduced to 2.5Vrms. This operation mode is useful for both transmissive and reflective displays. Low voltage operation of such a TFT‐LCD would reduce the power consumption and lower the cost of driving electronics.
P‐74: Development of Reflective Color STN‐LCD Using a New Optimizing Method of Retarders and a Polarizer
Authors: Itou O. , Komura S. , Kuwabara K. , Funahata K. , Kondo K. , Kubo K.
Published: January 2005

Reflective color SIN ‐ LCDs are one of the most suitable displays for personal digital assistant applications, but their image quality has not yet reached the level to satisfy users' needs. Their image quality depends on many parameters such as absorption axis of the polarizer, optical axes and retardation of two retarders. A new optimization method is developed to improve image quality taking account of the polarization states of the light after reflection at the reflector.
P‐77: FLC Materials with Fast Response Time and High Contrast Ratio for the τ‐Vmin Mode FLCDs
Authors: Koden M. , Furukawa T. , Kabe M. , Okamoto S. , Sakaigawa A. , Sako T. , Sugino M. , Tagawa A. , Jones J. C. , Anderson M. H. , Dunn P. E. , Hughes J. R. , Lymer K. P. , Minter V. , Russell K. G. , Slaney A. J.
Published: January 2005

New ferroelectnc liquid crystal (FLC) materials for the τ‐Vmin mode FLCDS were developed, realizing fast response time (12μsec/line) and high contrast ratio (higher than 100:1). The developed FLC materials are useful for simple multiplexing FLCDs with high contrast and moving full color images, realizing high bit temporal dither for gray scale.
P‐78: Characteristics and Driving Scheme of Polymer‐Stabilized Monostable FLCD Exhibiting Fast Response Time and High Contrast Ratio with Gray‐Scale Capability
Authors: Furue H. , Kobayashi S. , IImura Y. , Hasebe H. , Takatsu H.
Published: January 2005

We have fabricated a zig‐zag defect‐free surface‐stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal display (SSFLCD) by using a newly developed polyamide(PI) alignment film and by adopting polymer stabilization with a polymer network with mesogenic side chains. The fabricated polymer‐stabilized (PS) SSFLCD exhibits high contrast ratio (230:1) and fast response speed (τ=40 μs) with perfect grayscale capability. The developed PI films were characterized by surface morphology study with an AFM and by switching characteristics of FLC cells. We suggest that the freedom of zig‐zag defect of the SSFLC cells is attributed to the smoothness of the rubbed PI films. We have developed a new driving scheme for our monostable FLCD that has an asymmetric electrooptical characteristics. Further, we have developed a prototype experimental of field sequential full color LCD using our monostable FLCD.
Electrooptical Properties of Phase Separated Composite Organic Films of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
Authors: Vorflusev V. , Sergan T. , Kumar S.
Published: January 2005

A new structure of a light modulating element based on ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) is fabricated. It is prepared by the photopolymerization induced phase separation of an initially isotropic solution of FLC and a prepolymer. The element consists of two successive layers parallel to the cell substrates. One layer is the isotropic polymer and the other is the FLC macroscopically aligned by a rubbed alignment layer. A study of electrooptical properties of these FLC elements reveals a continuous gray scale, contrast ratio 100:1 along the cell normal, line addressing times of microseconds in the active mode. Because of their internal structure, they are insensitive to mechanical stress.
4.1:Invited Paper:Full‐Color Organic EL Display
Authors: Hosokawa C. , Matsuura M. , Eida M. , Fukuoka K. , Tokailin H. , Kusumoto T.
Published: January 2005

For the first time, we report a full color organic display with 10 inch diagonal size and high resolution (VGA). This display was based on blue organic EL with color changing mediums (CCM). A blue emitting material with heat resistance was developed and used.

In the construction of the full color display, we used a tapered In2O3‐ZnO with an Al auxiliary electrodes as an anode with a low resistivity of 2Ω/square. In addition, the CCM structure was improved in order to increase a contrast ratio of the display.
P‐84: A Fast Frame‐Rate Bistable Cholesteric Reflective Display
Authors: Anderson J. , Watson P. , Ruth J. , Sergan V. , Bos P. J.
Published: January 2005

In this paper we discuss the design of fast frame rate Bistable Cholesteric Texture (BCT) reflective displays. A theoretical study of the effect of relaxation time from homeotropic to planar on brightness is shown. We experimentally determine of the effect of frame rate, level of interlacing, and size of the display on brightness and contrast ratio. A summary of drive waveforms is also presented.
LP‐I: Late‐News Poster: Gray Scale of Bistable Reflective Cholesteric Displays
Authors: Huang X.‐Y. , Miller N. , Khan A. , Davis D. , Deane J. W. , Yang D.‐K.
Published: January 2005

We report the first gray scale reflective bistable cholesteric display with dynamic drive. We successfully achieve 8 to 16 levels of gray on a VGA format display at 133 dpi. The image shows good contrast and rich gray depth.
LP‐J: Late‐News Poster: Designing Concepts of the Discotic Negative Birefringence Compensation Films
Authors: Mori H. , Bos P. J.
Published: January 2005

The optical compensation mechanisms and the designing concepts of the discotic negative birefringence film, which realized the wide viewing angle for TN‐LCDS, are clarified. Two factors, the relative direction of the slow axes and the retardation values, are important for understanding the optical effects of the discotic film. The cause of the color‐shift in the horizontal directions is also explained. The combination of the discotic film with the π cell drastically improves the color‐shift problem. The viewing angle problem of polarizers is also discussed.
Polymer‐Stabilized Diffraction Gratings from Cholesteric Liquid Crystals
Authors: Lee S. N. , Chien L.‐C. , Sprunt S.
Published: January 2005

We report the use of a low concentration polymer network to stabilize electric field‐induced diffraction gratings in cholesteric liquid crystals. The stabilized gratings can be electrically switched between a zero‐field “on” state, which exhibits approximately 75% diffraction efficiency, and a moderate field (typically 3 V/micron) “off” state. Grating spacings between 1.7 and 30 microns are obtained in a 10 micron thick cell by variation of the concentration of chiral dopant used to form the cholesteric liquid crystal. Scanning electron micrograph indicates that morphology of polymer‐stabilized gratings is very uniform and highlyz oriented structure.
P‐92: High‐Speed‐Addressing Method of a Bistable Twisted‐Nematic LCD
Authors: Lee G.‐D. , Kim H.‐S. , Yoon T.‐H. , Kim J. C. , Lee E.‐S.
Published: January 2005

In this paper we propose a high‐speed matrix‐addressing method to reduce the addressing time in a bistable TN LCD. By investigating the pulse width and the minimum voltage of the selection pulse as we vary the position of the selection pulse, we found that the addressing time can be reduced below 0.5 μs by moving the position of the selection pulse.
A Novel π/2 and 5π/2 Twist Bistable TN Cell
Authors: Xie Z. L. , Gao H. J. , Kwok H. S.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a novel π/2 and 5π/2 twist bistable TN LC cell. The optical properties of such bistable TN LCD was optimized by a parameter space approach. The switching behaviour was investigated using several switching waveforms. Greyscaling was found to be possible in this bistable TN LCD.
LP‐L: Late‐News Poster: Novel Configuration of the Zenithal Bistable Nematic Liquid‐Crystal Device
Authors: Jones J. C. , Wood E. L. , Bryan‐Brown G. P. , Hui V. C.
Published: January 2005

Zenithal Bistable Devices (ZBD) are grating aligned nematic liquid crystal devices‐which retain the written image after removal of the field and despite mechanical stress. This makes them a most suitable candidate for application in high information content, plastic displays. A novel ZBD configuration is reported which offers significantly improved optical performance, particularly whilst the image is being updated.
29.1: MgO Coating by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering for Large‐Screen Plasma Display Panels
Authors: Pan C. , O'Keefe P. , Kester J. J.
Published: January 2005

MgO films have been successfully deposited by a DC reactive magnetron sputtering process using magnesium metal targets. The MgO films exhibit a preferred (111) orientation, high crystallinity, large grain size, good uniformity and better than 90% optical transmission. These properties are comparable to those produced by electron beam evaporation which is currently the predominant technique for MgO coating. The cathode voltage and the control thereof were found to be critical to the deposition process. This work demonstrates that reactive magnetron sputtering is a viable alternative for depositing high quality, uniform MgO on large substrates for plasma display applications.
29.2: High‐Rate Deposition of MgO Films for ACPDPS by Activated Reactive Evaporation Using Hollow‐Cathode Discharge (HCD‐ARE)
Authors: Hakomori M. , Matsuzaki K. , Kurauchi T. , Matsuura M. , Yamakawa H.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a new MgO film synthesizing method employing HCD‐ARE which enables high film deposition rates up to 73nmls. This method was found to prevent thermal damage to the glass substrate during deposition. The discharge voltage characteristics of AC‐PDPS protected by MgO film prepared by HCD‐ARE were determined to be sufficient for practical application.
30.2: A 4.5‐in. Full‐Color VGA Poly‐Si TFT‐LCD with Integrated Drivers
Authors: Koyama J. , Nakajima S. , Ohnuma H. , Shionoiri Y. , Nagao S. , Yamazaki S.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a VGA poly‐Si TFT‐LCD with integrated drivers using low‐temperature (below 600°C) poly‐Si to realize a high‐performance and high‐resolution liquid crystal panel for PDA (personal digital assistants). By the development of high‐performance TFT, 10V operation voltage, 80% display area ratio and 300 contrast were achieved.
An Ultra Low‐Temperature Fabricated Poly‐Si TFT with Stacked Composite ECR‐PECVD Gate Oxide
Authors: Tung Yeh‐Jiun , Carey Paul G. , Smith Patrick M. , Theiss Steven D. , Meng Xiaofan , Weiss Robert , Davis Gary A. , Aebi Verle , King Tsu‐Jae
Published: January 2005

Polycrystalline silicon (poly‐Si) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated with a dual‐layer gate dielectric of electron‐cyclotron resonance (ECR) oxide and plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) oxide, with a maximum process temperature of 150°C, using excimer laser annealing. We demonstrate effective carrier mobilities > 90 cm2/Vs, threshold voltage < 10V and breakdown voltage > 35 V. These are the best results reported to date for any TFT technology compatible with polyester substrates.
30.4: Short‐Channel Effect of Sub‐Micron Poly‐Si TFTs with Large Poly‐Si Grains
Authors: Akimoto H. , Hatano M. , Sakai T.
Published: January 2005

To study 3 V‐driven LSI‐like TFTs, we fabricated high‐temperature n‐channel poly‐Si TFTs, some of which had a subthreshold slope of 90 mV/dec and an electron field mobility of 432 cm2/Vs, with submicron channel length and large poly‐Si grains. We only observed an anomalous parasitic bipolar transistor effect in the TFTs with good trans‐conductance, and concluded that the grain‐boundary affects the trans‐conductance severely than the threshold voltage and the subthreshold slope.
31.2: Eight‐Color High‐Resolution Reflective Cholesteric LCDS
Authors: Davis D. , Kahn A. , Huang X. Y. , Doane J. W. , Jones C.
Published: January 2005

We report a unique eight color and black on white surface stabilized reflective cholesteric liquid crystal display. The display prototype is a triple stack, 100 dpi, 1/8 VGA, which shows eight vivid colors without parallax. The display is bistable so no power is used to show the image between user updates.
A Study of the Dynamics of Reflection Color, Helical Axis Orientation, and Domain Size in Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Watson P. , Sergan V. , Anderson J. E. , Ruth J. , Bos P. J.
Published: January 2005

The relaxation from the field‐induced homeotropic state to the equilibrium planar state of cholesteric liquid crystals is investigated. By using an optical retro‐reflection technique, we have isolated the dynamics of the orientation and pitch of cholesteric helices, and through scattering and microscopy techniques, we have determined domain size as a function of time for various surface treatments. These three factors determine the viewing angle, color, and brightness of a display. An analysis of the significance of surface selection in cholesteric displays is presented.
32.1: Invited Paper: A Display System with 2‐D/3‐D Compatibility
Authors: Hamagishi G. , Sakata M. , Mashitani K. , Inoue M. , Taima K. , Oyamada K. , Kishimoto S‐I.
Published: January 2005

We improved the parallax barrier technology to solve some peculiar problems to 3‐D displays with no special glasses, for example darkness of the parallax barrier, moire arising from the interference between the pixel of the LCD and the parallax barrier, crosstalk of the two binocular images and further reduction of the resolution when displaying 2‐D images. This paper introduce our those improved technologies of the 3‐D displays, one of which has a compatibility with the 2‐D display. and this paper also introduce a conversion technology of 2‐D images into 3‐D images. Those technologies will expand the field of application of the 3‐D displays.
32.3: An Eyeglass‐Free Rear‐Cross‐Lenticular 3‐D Display
Authors: Morishama H. , Nose H. , Taniguchi N. , Inoguchi K. , Matsumura S.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a new method of an eyeglass‐free stereoscopic display, which we call “Rear‐Cross‐Lenticular 3‐D Display” (RCL3D). The RCL3D consists of a LCD panel, two lenticular lens sheets which run perpendicular to each other, a Checkered Pattern Mask and a backlight panel. On the LCD panel, a composite image which consists of alternately arranged horizontally striped images for right eye and left eye, is displayed. This composite image form is compatible with the field sequential stereoscopic image data. We made prototype of the RCL3D (14.5″, XGA) and confined the good quality of the stereoscopic 3‐D images. But there is slight crosstalk with the prototype. The measured crosstalk is around 5%. According to the results of a simulation of illumination profile in viewing zone, LCD with less reflectance and scattering is expected for RCL3D to reduce the crosstalk.
33.2: Viewing Angle: A Matter of Perspective
Authors: Fiske T. G. , Silverstein L. D. , Penn C. , Kelley E. F.
Published: January 2005

Setting viewing‐angle requirements and specifications for displays depends on how viewing‐angle is defined. There is significant confusion in the industry regarding the definition and use of horizontal and vertical viewing‐angle. Moreover, the relations between viewing‐angle defined in Cartesian coordinates and common representations in spherical and goniometer‐specific coordinates are often confused. This paper will show how incorrect definitions of viewing‐angle and failures to apply appropriate transformations between coordinate systems lead to errors in setting specifications and reporting results.
33.3: Small‐Area Black Luminance Measurements on White Screen Using Replica Masks
Authors: Boynton P. A. , Kelley E. F.
Published: January 2005

Luminance measurements of small areas of black pixels on white‐screen backgrounds are often used as metrics in display measurements, such as character‐stroke contrasts or deep modulation transfer functions. Serious errors may be made in measurements and subsequent ergonomic conclusions if glare contributions of the measurement are not considered. We show a simple method for accounting for glare corruption of luminance measurements by using replica masks.
Reflection Measurement Problems Arising from Haze
Authors: Jones George R. , Kelley Edward F.
Published: January 2005

Irreproducibility in some reflection measurement methods arises from the observance of the haze component of reflection (non‐regular‐specular, non‐Lambertian). Because of the haze component, the measured reflection is sensitive to the apparatus configuration. We show the effects of detector lens aperture and detector distance on the measurement of the reflected luminance. Only for detectors with small subtense angles can reproducibility be assured when haze reflection is nontrivial.
34.3: Invited Paper: New Display Technology: The Photocathode Display (PCD)
Authors: Culkin B.
Published: January 2005

A PCD is a proximity focused diode intensifier, the photocathode of which is close coupled to a monochrome flat panel display. The intensifier is modified to function as a color converter as well as an intensifier. A PCD offers the following advantages over current display technologies:

High Luminance: 300 cd/m2

High Efficiency: 30 lm/watt

Long Life: >3 years,

High Contrast Ratio: 400:1,

High Resolution: 50 lp/mm,

Color: CRT Quality,

Low Cost to Manufacture,

Low Weight,

Can Manufacture Small, Medium, and Large Area, Displays.
35.1: Simulation Method to Calculate Effective Mobility of Pixel Switching TFT Devices for QXGA TFT‐LCD Monitors
Authors: Kawamoto S. , Kobayashi K. , Morishita M.
Published: January 2005

A new simulation method to calculate effective mobility of pixel switching TFT devices has been developed. It is applied to high resolution TFT‐LCD monitors with a high aperture ratio and a pixel inversion driving method. Our results show that mobility greater than 1.0 cm2/v s is required for over 21 inch QXGA TFT‐LCD monitors. Therefore, it is suitable to adopt low temperature poly‐Si TFT devices for achieving QXGA TFT‐LCD monitors.
Accurate Modeling of the Dynamics of TN Devices with Flow
Authors: Jamal Syed H. , Kelly Jack R.
Published: January 2005

We have modeled the switching behavior of a TN cell using the one dimensional Ericksen‐Leslie equations of nematodynamics. We compare the modeling results with experimental data on the luminance versus time of a normally white twisted nematic (NWTN) cell. Excellent agreement between experiment and model is achieved at all voltages and viewing angles. To achieve this agreement, only two viscosity parameters are required; these are combinations of the Leslie viscosity coefficients, namely γ1(i.e. α3)−α2and α4)+α5. These parameters are easily determined from dynamic optical measurements of a TN cell.

With an adaptive time step, the equations can be solved on a time scale that makes interactive computing possible. Combined accuracy and speed make the model useful as a device design tool. For example, liquid crystal response to different active addressing schemes could be accurately modeled, eliminating the need for costly and time consuming testbedding of different schemes.
36.4: Propagation and Optimization of Stokes Parameters for Arbitrary Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal
Authors: Suh Seong‐Woo , Zhuang Zhizhong , Patel J. S.
Published: January 2005

Twisted nematic liquid (TN) crystal structures have been used extensively to rotate the input polarization of the light by 90°. For optimum performance of these devices, optimization is necessary for exact rotation of linear polarization of the input light. Using Stokes parameter representation, we derive the generalized relationship, which allows the calculations of the optimum parameters necessary for arbitrary rotation of the linearly polarized light with arbitrary amounts of twist of the liquid crystal structure. We show that “Gooch and Tarry” relation is a specialized case of our generalized results.
9.2: ThinCRT™ Flat‐Panel‐Display Construction and Operating Characteristics
Authors: Spindt C. J. , Fahlen T. , Macaulay J. M. , Curtin C. J. , Duboc R. M.
Published: January 2005

A new class of flat panel display (FPD), the ThinCRT™, has been developed. This new technology shows promise for applications ranging from power efficient notebook computer and handheld displays to desktop monitors and televisions. A thin form factor (<8mm) has been combined with CRT visual performance in a low cost, volume manufacturable technology. This has been achieved by using a relatively high (6kV) anode voltage, low (<1O.5V) column driver switching voltages, with low resolution (>5 micron) photolithographically defined features. The construction and performance of ThinCRT displays are discussed.
Wide Field of View Optics for Flat Panel 3D displays
Authors: Chen C.‐H. , Travis A. R. L.
Published: January 2005

A monocentric field lens can significantly reduce the distortion found in most autostereoscopic 3D displays at fields of view greater than 20°. With such a lens a precision diffuser can be made to combine the views from multiple projectors into an autostereoscopic three dimensional image without gaps or overlap at fields of view in excess of 100°.
The Virtual Command & Control Center: 3D Visualization For Situational Awareness
Authors: Vinarub Jordan
Published: January 2005

High performance, low‐cost, collaborative applications have enabled access to large amounts of situational awareness information suitable for the creation of the Battlespace picture. The Virtual Command Post provides decision makers with a perspective display of a command center's environment into which multiple information screens are mapped onto virtual walls. A prototype virtual command post, the VirtRoom application, is described.
49.3: Preparation and Characterization of Rare Earth Activators Doped Nanocrystal Phosphors
Authors: Ihara M. , Igarashi T. , Kusunoki T. , Ohno K.
Published: January 2005

The photoluminescent intensities of nanocrystal ZnS:Tb and ZnS:Eu synthesized by the new method were 2.5 and 2.8 times stronger than those of bulk (conventional). Furthermore, taking charge compensation into account, the luminescent efficiencies of nanocrystal ZnS:Tb and ZnS:Eu could be improved. Cathodoluminescence of nanocrystal ZnS:Tb and ZnS:Eu could be successfully observed for the first time. These nanocrystal phosphors are considered for applications in FED, EL, PDP and CRT.
51.3: Cholesteric Color Filters: optical Characteristics, Light Recycling, and Brightness Enhancement
Authors: Hochbaum A. , Jiang Y. , Li L. , Vartak S. , Faris S.
Published: January 2005

We demonstrate for the first time a color filter system, based on reflective cholesteric polymers, which has no major absorptive components. We report the principles of operation, process outline, optical properties, color coordinates, extinction curves, evidence for light recycling, brightness enhancement and related issues.
Lenses for High‐Resolution Microdisplays
Authors: Moskovich Jacob
Published: January 2005

Recent trends towards the wider use of high information content displays have led to the development of high resolution projection devices which image small size LCD / DMD's having a large number of pixels. The use of these microdisplays poses more stringent demands on the correction of aberrations in projection lenses. This paper addresses the image quality requirements for lenses used in front and rear projection configurations. Examples of various projection lenses for different applications are presented.
A Low‐Power, Image‐Memory LCD using Ferroelectric Film with Gray‐Scale Capability
Authors: Akiyama Masahiko , Onozuka Yutaka , Hioki Tsuyoshi , Ueda Tomomasa , Suzuki Kouji
Published: January 2005

A novel image‐memory LCD using ferroelectric film for memory elements with gray‐scale capability and ultra‐low‐power consumption has been proposed. We have demonstrated the operation of image‐memory function by using an LC cell with discrete ferroelectric devices. A gray‐scale image without any power consumption for more than several seconds has been obtained.
L1.3: Late‐News Paper: PS Polarization Converting Device for LC Projector Using Holographic Polymer‐Dispersed LC Films
Authors: Ogiwara A. , Kuratomi Y. , Karasawa T. , Takimoto A. , Mizuguchi S.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a new type of PS polarization converting device to realize compact LC projectors using holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H‐PDLC) thin films. Our films show diffraction efficiency of 80% or more for incoming P‐polarized light, transmittance of 95% or more for incoming S‐pdarized light.
11.3: A 61‐inch High Definition Projection TV for ATSC standard
Authors: Watanabe Toshimitsu , Yoshizawa Kazuhiko , Hatakeyama Satoshi , Ueno Akira , Tsukahara Masahisa , Matsumi Kuninori , Hirota Katsumi
Published: January 2005

A 61‐inch, high definition projection TV having a large neck 36.5mm neck diameter CRT and ATSC 18 format digital decoder has been developed. The large neck CRT is driven by a highly stabilized deflection circuit and 30MHz wide band video drive circuit. This HDTV enables excellent image quality for ATSC HD signal sources. The specifications of the display are horizontal 900TV line resolution, 550Cd/m2 peak brightness and contrast ratio 100. We report on the technology to realize these high performance features.
Charging and reliability effects associated with FED spacers
Authors: Tirard‐Gatel N. , Perrin A. , Lévy F. , Boronnat J. F.
Published: January 2005

A low cost scalable spacer technology is required for the commercial development of medium and high voltage FED products. Various techniques can be used to shape glass into high aspect ratio spacers. In this paper, we will describe and interpret the short term effects associated with charging under electron bombardment, as well as the long term reliability effects such as flashover and image degradation, under 5 V / micron anode fields.
L2.5: Late‐News Paper: Field‐Emitter Array Cathode‐Ray Tube (FEA‐CRT)
Authors: Konuma K. , Okada Y. , Okamoto A. , Tomihari K. , Miyano S. , Yanai Y.
Published: January 2005

We developed CRTs with FEAs as electron guns, i.e, FEA‐CRTs, and realized them as high definition and bright monitors for the first time. The FEAs' features such as high‐current‐density beam, heaterless cathode and low drive voltage clearly demonstrate FEA‐CRTs' superiority to conventional hot cathode CRTs.
Digital Link: High Functional Digital Monitor Interface
Authors: Ohara Moriyoshi , Sakaguchi Yoshitami , Furuichi Sanehiro , Kawase Kei , Moriyama Takao , Nakamura Fusashi , Ishikawa Hiroshi
Published: January 2005

We discuss a high‐functional digital monitor interface, called Digital Link, which can support very high resolution monitors, high‐level control of monitor functions, and flexible monitor connections. This interface is essentially an upper layer protocol and takes advantages of the physical layer of existing digital interfaces. This paper also describes a prototype system that we have developed to evaluate various aspects of the protocol.
LVDS goes the distance?
Authors: Goldie J. , Poniatowski S.
Published: January 2005

LVDS is the indisputable de‐facto standard for notebook digital displays today. LDI LVDS Display Interface extends this technology to desktop applications, supporting high‐resolution panels QXGA, and enhances the cable drive capability to provide a robust, long, low cost interface. This paper discusses the performance of the new DS90C387/DS90CF388 LDI chipset.
A MIM driven Display with Colour Filters on 2″ diagonal Plastic Substrates
Authors: Baeuerle R. , Baumbach J. , Lueder E. , Siegordner J.
Published: January 2005

We report an active‐matrix display with colour filters presumably using plastic substrates for the first time. The fabrication and characterisation of Ta2O5 based and bridge type MIM devices applying an TaAl alloy as new ductile bottom electrode material is described. The realisation of the corresponding low temperature absorptive colour filter, the TN‐cell assembly and TAB bonding techniques on polymer substrates are presented.
High‐Resolution Interlaced Addressing for Plasma Displays
Authors: Kanazawa Y. , Ueda T. , Kuroki S. , Kariya K. , Hirose T.
Published: January 2005

A new plasma display technology called ALIS “Alternate Lighting of Surfaces” method which improves the resolution and brightness at the same time has been developed. By using this technology, more than 1000 numbers of scanning lines corresponding to the HDTV broadcasting can be achieved with a number of electrodes which is almost equal to present panel of 480 scanning lines, and also the brightness goes up about 1.5 times. 42 inch prototype panel with the resolution of 1024 1024 realized the brightness of 500cd/m2 and power consumption of 250W.
Dynamic Gray‐Scale Control to Reduce Motion Picture Disturbance for High‐Resolution PDP
Authors: Kawahara I. , Sekimoto K.
Published: January 2005

A new approach is presented to reduce motional false contour artifacts, or motion picture disturbance, in ACPDP by dynamically controlling usable gray‐scale levels. Limited gray‐scale levels are selected to form astretched‐out coding, which is used in motion area where the disturbance could be visible. A disturbance‐free condition in the stretched‐out coding is discussed and verified through the simulation with virtual retina model. Gray‐scales in motion area are substantially restored both by error diffusion based on Floyd and Steinberg, and by response of human vision combined with subfield driving sequence. The algorithm, also being compatible with the highest HDTV standard with resolution of 1920 × 1080 progressive, just requires simplified motion detection without motion vectors. The actual 42‐in PDPs with this algorithm using 10 subfields showed robust and better performance over conventional approaches.
Shortcomings of the Q Tensor Method for Modeling Liquid Crystal Devices
Authors: Anderson J. E. , Watson P. , Bos P. J.
Published: January 2005

Because writing the free energy in terms of the order parameter tensor, Q, maintains the equivalence of n and −n, while writing it in terms of the director, n does not, it has been thought that the tensor approach was more correct. We found that this equivalence can cause a simulation to transform between topologically inequivalent states without a wall disclination, a non‐physical situtation. The reasons usually given for using the tensor method thus must be flawed when simulating devices. Because the vector approach is also mathematically simpler, computationally faster and requires fewer grid points, it is the suggested simulation method.
16.4L: Late‐News Paper: A Novel Wide‐Viewing‐Angle Technology: Ultra‐Trans View™
Authors: Lee S. H. , Lee S. L. , Kim H. Y. , Eom T. Y.
Published: January 2005

A novel nematic liquid crystal display of in‐plane switching controlled by fringe‐field has been developed. The device exhibits wide viewing angle over 160° and high transmittance comparable to the twisted nematic TN cell, a solution for long standing problem of previous wide viewing angle technologies with low transmittance. In this paper, the device with optimized design, i.e., less sensitive to process will be discussed.
Electronic Cinema Using ILA® Projector Technology
Authors: Sterling R. D. , Bleha W. P.
Published: January 2005

The use of video for the replacement of 35mm film presentation Electronic Cinema offers many potential advantages in the production, distribution, and exhibition of motion pictures. A key enabling component for Electronic Cinema is the video projector which must provide the image quality and brightness required to replace film projection in a theatre venue. New ILA® projectors have been developed to meet these stringent requirements. ILA® projectors provide up to 17,000 lumens, greater than 2000 TV lines of horizontal resolution, and over 1500:1 sequential contrast ratio. The unique ILA® device design has no pixel structure so that film‐like images are projected. This paper will discuss these requirements for electronic cinema and review ILA® projector technology and performance.
Ultra Fine Aperture Grille for CDTs
Authors: Makita A. , Komatsu T. , Fujiyama K. , Ishii Y. , Hashimoto D.
Published: January 2005

A new method for producing ultra fine aperture grilles for CDTs has been developed. This new approach can produce 0.125mm pitch aperture grille for 21‐in 200‐dpi ultra fine CDTs while providing the same optical transmittance and white uniformity as those of conventional ones. Good narrow aperture performance is combined with an excellent smoothness of grille edges. This technology also allows a range of finer pitch shadowmasks as well as aperture grilles to be made practical for further high resolution CDTs.
Diagnosis of AC‐PDP Micro‐cell Discharges by Space‐ and Time‐resolved Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Okigawa A. , Yoshioka T. , Toki K.
Published: January 2005

The micro‐cell discharge of AC plasma display panels with Ne‐Xe gases has been studied by laser absorption spectroscopy. A striation structure above the anode has been observed in the spatio‐temporal profiles of metastable xenon density for the first time. The quantitative production rate of 172 nm photons from the xenon excimer has been estimated directly.
5.2: Using an OCB‐Mode TFT‐LCD for High‐speed Transition from Splay to Bend Alignment
Authors: Koma N. , Miyashita X. , Uchida T. , Yoneda K.
Published: January 2005

Field sequential color LCDS require an LC‐mode with a fast response time. For this purpose, we have studied an OCB Optical Compensated Birefringence mode that is capable of displaying a gray‐scale with high‐speed response. However, this mode exhibits a splay alignment at initial state. It requires transition from the splay alignment to bend alignment before drive, while it takes a relatively long time in general. To solve this problem a new method is proposed. It employs an optimized TFT‐array structure with a low‐temperature p‐Si TFT‐LCD and a high DC voltage is applied to a common electrode at initial state. This new method enable the initial transition to be less than 3 sec and no defective pixel remains.
21.4: Study on the Thermal Shrinkage of Annealed Corning Code 1737 Glass for Low‐Temperature Poly‐Si Application
Authors: Mori K. , Anma A.
Published: January 2005

Thermal shrinkage of annealed Corning 1737 glass was measured following simulated thermal cycles for low temperature poly‐Si fabrication. If process temperature is reduced from 600 to 550°C, thermal shrinkage decreases by more than 50%. Reduction of process temperature as well as cycle time have a large impact on reducing thermal shrinkage.
22.1: Alignment of Ferroelectric LCDS with Hybrid LPP‐Photoaligned Polymer Networks
Authors: Fünfschilling J. , Staider M. , Schadt M.
Published: January 2005

Our linearly photopolymerized LPP photo‐alignment technology enables to optically align liquid crystals, thus avoiding mechanical brushing. We show that hybrid photoaligned LPP/LCP liquid crystal polymer‐ layers as thin as 12nm exhibit excellent alignment properties for ferroelectric LCD's, Deformed helix ferroelectric LCD's aligned by our technique exhibit contrast ratios >200:1, response times < 200μs and display full gray scale without ghost images.