bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward clean suspended CVD graphene
Authors: Yulaev Alexander , Cheng Guangjun , Hight Walker Angela R. , Vlassiouk Ivan V. , Myers Alline , Leite Marina S. , Kolmakov Andrei
Published: August 2016

Anthracene was proposed as a new easily evaporable sacrificial layer for a dry CVD graphene transfer.
Indole-BODIPY: a “turn-on” chemosensor for Hg2+ with application in live cell imaging
Authors: Kaur Navdeep , Kaur Paramjit , Bhatia Gaurav , Singh Kamaljit , Singh Jatinder
Published: August 2016

A noval BODIPY probe appended with electron rich indolic units at the β-pyrrolic position, acts as a ‘turn-on’ chemosensor for Hg2+ in solution as well as in HeLa cells.
Pencil drawn paper based supercapacitors
Authors: Down Michael P. , Foster Christopher W. , Ji Xiaobo , Banks Craig E.
Published: August 2016

A comprehensive analysis of the performance of pencil drawn electrodes, demonstrating a new and innovative process for the characterisation of capacitive materials.
Synthesis, structural characterization, and chemical properties of pentacoordinate model complexes for the active site of [Fe]-hydrogenase
Authors: Jiang Shuang , Zhang Tianyong , Zhang Xia , Zhang Guanghui , Hai Li , Li Bin
Published: August 2016

Four pentacoordinate iron dicarbonyl with bulky NHC ligands were synthesised as model of [Fe]-hydrogenase active site, which exhibited different protonation reactivity due to the variable electronic and steric effects of introduced ligands.
Glutamic acid derivatives as gelators for electrolyte of lithium ion batteries
Authors: Li Liping , Zhang Qiuxia , Huo Hong , Zhou Jianjun , Li Lin
Published: August 2016

Organic gelators were synthesized to prepare gel electrolyte with wider electrochemical stable window.
Study of the complexation between Landomycin A and C60 fullerene in aqueous solution
Authors: Prylutskyy Yu I. , Cherepanov V. V. , Kostjukov V. V. , Evstigneev M. P. , Kyzyma O. A. , Bulavin L. A. , Ivankov O. , Davidenko N. A. , Ritter U.
Published: August 2016

We report here the first investigation of the non-covalent complexation between C60 fullerene and angucycline antibiotic Landomycin A.
A new route for SERS analysis of intact erythrocytes using polydisperse silver nanoplatelets on biocompatible scaffolds
Authors: Semenova Anna A. , Brazhe Nadezda A. , Parshina Evgeniya Yu. , Sarycheva Asia S. , Maksimov Georgy V. , Goodilin Eugene A.
Published: August 2016

We provided mutual survival of anisotropic silver nanoparticles and intact erythrocyte in salines to record SERS spectra on biocompatible cellulose scaffolds after replacement of chloride ions with nitrates.
The water-locking and cross-linking effects of graphene oxide on the load-bearing capacity of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel
Authors: Shi Yan , Xiong Dangsheng , Li Jianliang , Wang Nan
Published: August 2016

The GO sheets bound part of water molecules due to the abundant oxygen-containing functional groups on its surface and impede the water infiltration between the PVA molecules, improving the water-locking ability of the PVA/GO composites.
Membrane stiffness is modified by integral membrane proteins
Authors: Fowler Philip W. , Hélie Jean , Duncan Anna , Chavent Matthieu , Koldsø Heidi , Sansom Mark S. P.
Published: August 2016

Large coarse-grained simulations show that integral membrane proteins alter the bending rigidity of lipid bilayers.
Flexible and mechanically robust superhydrophobic silicone surfaces with stable Cassie–Baxter state
Authors: Zhang Xia , Zhu Wenzhong , He Guanjie , Zhang Pingyu , Zhang Zhijun , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: August 2016

Here the authors report the use of elastic deformation to stabilize the necessary air cushions that are required to maintain durable superhydrophobic surfaces with a Cassie–Baxter state. The fabricated silicone surfaces displayed permanent superhydrophobicity in various harsh environments.
Excitonic quantum confinement modified optical conductivity of monolayer and few-layered MoS2
Authors: Jia Guang Yi , Liu Yue , Gong Jing Yu , Lei Dang Yuan , Wang Dan Li , Huang Zhen Xian
Published: August 2016

Theoretical calculations reveal that the excitonic quantum confinement effect significantly modifies the optical conductivities of monolayer and few-layered MoS2.
Influence of gestational diabetes mellitus on human umbilical vein endothelial cell miRNA
Authors: Tryggestad Jeanie B. , Vishwanath Anu , Jiang Shaoning , Mallappa Ashwini , Teague April M. , Takahashi Yusuke , Thompson David M. , Chernausek Steven D.
Published: August 2016

We aimed to identify miRNAs whose expression levels in fetal tissues are altered by exposure to a diabetic milieu and elucidate the impact on target protein expression. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects both immediate and future disease risk in the offspring. We hypothesized that GDM alters miRNA expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) that may influence metabolic processes. A cross-sectional design compared differences in miRNA expression in HUVECs and target protein abundance in placentae between infants of women with GDM (IGDM) and infants born to normoglycaemic controls. miRNAs were identified using microarray profiling and literature review and validated by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In vitro transfection studies explored the impact of the miRNA on target protein expression. Expression of seven miRNA species, miR-30c-5p, miR-452-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-130b-3p, miR-148a-3p, miR-let-7a-5p and miR-let-7g-5p, was higher in the HUVECs of IGDM. Abundance of the catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase α1 (AMPKα1) was decreased in the HUVECs and BeWo cells (transformed trophoblast cell line) transfected with miR-130b and miR-148a mimics. AMPKα1 expression was also decreased in placental tissues of IGDM. The expression of several miRNAs were altered by in utero exposure to DM in infants of women whose dysglycaemia was very well controlled by current standards. Decreased expression of AMPKα1 as a result of increased levels of miR-130b and miR-148a may potentially explain the decrease in fat oxidation we reported in infants at 1 month of age and, if persistent, may predispose offspring to future metabolic disease.
Load‐current‐based current sensor fault diagnosis and tolerant control scheme for traction inverters
Authors: Gou Bin , Ge Xing‐Lai , Liu Yong‐Chao , Feng Xiao‐Yun
Published: August 2016

Based on analysing the load currents, a current sensor fault diagnosis method for three‐phase voltage source inverters in high‐speed railway electrical traction drive system is presented. Then, a fault‐tolerant algorithm is applied to reconstruct the three‐phase currents. This fault diagnosis and tolerant control approach is an extension of the normalised average currents method, which requires no additional hardware and permits much more robust diagnostics. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed algorithm. It is shown that such diagnosis method can locate the faulty sensor, identify the fault modes, and recover the drive system in a fundamental period which is important to avoid catastrophic consequences.
Low‐complexity detection of quadrature spatial modulation
Authors: Yigit Z. , Basar E.
Published: August 2016

Quadrature spatial modulation (QSM) is a recently proposed multiple‐input multiple‐output transmission scheme which improves the spectral efficiency of classical spatial modulation (SM) by increasing the number of information bits transmitted by antenna indices. In QSM, a complex data symbol is decomposed into its real and imaginary components; then, these two components are independently transmitted using the SM principle. A low‐complexity, near‐maximum likelihood (ML) error performance achieving detection scheme is proposed for QSM to reduce the overall computational complexity of the ML detector. First, the proposed detector determines the set of most probable active transmit antennas and the corresponding possible transmission patterns. Then, ML‐based detection is used to determine the transmitted complex data vector by performing a search over these transmission patterns and M‐ary constellation symbols. It has been shown via computer simulations that the proposed detection algorithm exhibits near‐ML bit error rate performance with considerably lower decoding complexity.
Inertia parameters optimisation method for three‐axis spacecraft simulator
Authors: Xu Zheyao , Chen Yukun , Qi Naiming , Sun Qilong , Fan Yulong , Wang Chaolei
Published: August 2016

Three‐axis spacecraft simulators are widely used to verify spacecraft control strategies. Designing a simulator whose moment of inertia are similar to the spacecraft's is important for control research. Moreover, to reduce the disturbance of gravity torque, the centre of mass of the simulator attitude stage must be exactly aligned with the centre of rotation. Various sensors and actuators are on the simulator. An optimisation method for the locations of these devices on the simulator is presented. In this method, these devices are described as rectangles and circles. Their spatial relationship are expressed by a series of inequalities. The total inertia parameters of these devices are optimised.
Concomitant “Ear Bleed and Styloid Fracture“: An Unusual Complication of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Removal
Authors: Raja Krishnakumar , Gopi Gayathri , Panneerselvam Elavenil , Ramamoorthy Jegatheesan , Doss Guruprasad Thulasi , Sharma Aditi Rajendra
Published: August 2016

The removal of impacted mandibular third molar is associated with potential complications such as dry socket, paresthesia, uncontrolled socket bleeding, angle fracture, etc., which are commonly encountered in dental practice. This article presents a peculiar case of “ear bleed” concomitant with “isolated styloid” fracture following removal of impacted mandibular third molar, not reported in the literature till date. Ear bleed is a bothersome clinical sign that requires thorough investigation and prompt treatment because it is frequently related to fractures of the skull base. Isolated fracture of the styloid process is rare; its diagnosis, impact on adjacent vital structures, and treatment protocol are less discussed in maxillofacial literature. The case report elucidates the etiopathogenesis of ear bleed and styloid fracture which have great clinical implications. The clinical correlation between the two entities and dental extraction is discussed in this report to guide a dental practitioner in its management.
High sensitivity far infrared laser diagnostics for the C-2U advanced beam-driven field-reversed configuration plasmas
Authors: Deng B. H. , Beall M. , Schroeder J. , Settles G. , Feng P. , Kinley J. S. , Gota H. , Thompson M. C.
Published: August 2016

A high sensitivity multi-channel far infrared laser diagnostics with switchable interferometry and polarimetry operation modes for the advanced neutral beam-driven C-2U field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas is described. The interferometer achieved superior resolution of 1 × 1016 m−2 at >1.5 MHz bandwidth, illustrated by measurement of small amplitude high frequency fluctuations. The polarimetry achieved 0.04° instrument resolution and 0.1° actual resolution in the challenging high density gradient environment with >0.5 MHz bandwidth, making it suitable for weak internal magnetic field measurements in the C-2U plasmas, where the maximum Faraday rotation angle is less than 1°. The polarimetry resolution data is analyzed, and high resolution Faraday rotation data in C-2U is presented together with direct evidences of field reversal in FRC magnetic structure obtained for the first time by a non-perturbative method.
Imaging motional Stark effect measurements at ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Ford O. P. , Burckhart A. , McDermott R. , Pütterich T. , Wolf R. C. ,   ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: August 2016

This paper presents an overview of results from the Imaging Motional Stark Effect (IMSE) diagnostic obtained during its first measurement campaign at ASDEX Upgrade since installation as a permanent diagnostic. A brief overview of the IMSE technique is given, followed by measurements of a standard H-mode discharge, which are compared to equilibrium reconstructions showing good agreement where expected. The development of special discharges for the calibration of pitch angle is reported and safety factor profile changes during sawteeth crashes are shown, which can be resolved to a few percent due to the high sensitivity at good time resolution of the new IMSE system.
X-ray intensity and source size characterizations for the 25 kV upgraded Manson source at Sandia National Laboratories
Authors: Loisel G. , Lake P. , Gard P. , Dunham G. , Nielsen-Weber L. , Wu M. , Norris E.
Published: August 2016

At Sandia National Laboratories, the x-ray generator Manson source model 5 was upgraded from 10 to 25 kV. The purpose of the upgrade is to drive higher characteristics photon energies with higher throughput. In this work we present characterization studies for the source size and the x-ray intensity when varying the source voltage for a series of K-, L-, and M-shell lines emitted from Al, Y, and Au elements composing the anode. We used a 2-pinhole camera to measure the source size and an energy dispersive detector to monitor the spectral content and intensity of the x-ray source. As the voltage increases, the source size is significantly reduced and line intensity is increased for the three materials. We can take advantage of the smaller source size and higher source throughput to effectively calibrate the suite of Z Pulsed Power Facility crystal spectrometers.
A multi-cone x-ray imaging Bragg crystal spectrometer
Authors: Bitter M. , Hill K. W. , Gao Lan , Efthimion P. C. , Delgado-Apariccio L. , Lazerson S. , Pablant N.
Published: August 2016

This article describes a new x-ray imaging Bragg crystal spectrometer, which—in combination with a streak camera or a gated strip detector—can be used for time-resolved measurements of x-ray line spectra at the National Ignition Facility and other high power laser facilities. The main advantage of this instrument is that it produces perfect images of a point source for each wavelength in a selectable spectral range and that the detector plane can be perpendicular to the crystal surface or inclined by an arbitrary angle with respect to the crystal surface. These unique imaging properties are obtained by bending the x-ray diffracting crystal into a certain shape, which is generated by arranging multiple cones with different aperture angles on a common nodal line.
Coupled effect of viscosity and density gradients on fingering instabilities of a miscible slice in porous media
Authors: Pramanik Satyajit , Mishra Manoranjan
Published: August 2016

Miscible displacements in porous media exhibit interesting spatio-temporal patterns. A deeper understanding of the physical mechanisms of these emergent patterns is relevant in a number of physicochemical processes. Here, we have numerically investigated the instabilities in a miscible slice in vertical porous media. Depending on the viscosity and density gradients at the two interfaces, four distinct flow configurations are obtained, which are partitioned into two different groups, each containing a pair of equivalent flows until the interaction between the two interfaces. An analysis of the pressure drop around the respective unstable interface(s) supports numerical results. We classify the stabilizing and destabilizing scenarios in a parameter space spanned by the log-mobility ratio (R) and the displacement velocity (U). When the viscosity and density gradients are unstably stratified at the opposite interfaces, the stability characteristics are very complex. The most notable findings of this paper are the existence of a stable region between two unstable regions in the R–U plane and occurrence of secondary instabilities. We further show that the stability regions in the R–U plane depend strongly on the slice width, and beyond a threshold value of it the stable zone remains almost unaltered. For thin sample, the stable region expands and the secondary instabilities disappear.
An optimal design method of swept blades for HAWTs
Authors: Ding Yonggang , Zhang Xing
Published: August 2016

This paper introduces an optimal design method of swept blades for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines, which comprehensively takes both annual energy production (AEP) and blade root loads into account. The start position of sweep curve, tip sweep, and the first-order derivative of the sweep curve at tip are design variables, Maximum AEP and minimum blade root loads are optimization objectives; meanwhile, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II is applied to find the optimal result. The sweep curve is modeled by a three order polynomial, while power coefficient CP and AEP are calculated by blade element and momentum method, and blade root loads are evaluated by GH Bladed. A sweep curve design case is demonstrated in this paper. AEP, extreme and damage equivalent load (DEL) of blade root My of the optimal result, is evaluated. By adding the backward sweep curve to the baseline blade, AEP is increased by 1.34%, My extreme load is significantly dropped, Mx extreme load is almost the same as the baseline, while Mz extreme load is increased in low wind speed. Furthermore, all of the DELs of Mx, My, and Mz are reduced except at the wind speed range near rated wind speed. This was due to the same controller parameter as the baseline.
Malaysia solar energy experience: Intelligent fault location algorithm for unbalanced radial distribution network including PV systems
Authors: Farzan Payam , Izadi Mahdi , Gomes Chandima , Hesamian MohammadHesam
Published: August 2016

Due to environmental issues and the upward trend of fossil fuel prices, the study of renewable energy (RE) based generation and their effects on the electrical system has become an important part of the government's energy policies and university projects. In RE generation, as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are modular, silent, and transportable and demonstrate ease of installation, they have attracted a greater amount of attention specifically in those areas which receive considerable average solar radiation per day such as Malaysia. However, connecting solar PV farms to the grid like any other distributed generation (DG) units poses serious issues which arise in the distribution network. This paper presents a novel fault location algorithm based on the recording of short circuit power values at the primary substation of unbalanced radial distribution networks including PV systems. The recorded values are evaluated by a designed and tuned multi-layer feed forward neural network and the fault distances from the source are estimated accordingly. In order to highlight the accuracy of the presented method, the scenario is also repeated by recording the peak values of short circuit current which have been mostly used in the published intelligent fault location studies and the obtained results via two different values are compared with each other. The results reveal that the presented algorithm using a small scale input set is able to precisely locate different fault types in the unbalanced distribution networks including DG units.
Graphene nanoparticle incorporated CuO thin film for solar cell application
Authors: Masudy-Panah Saeid , Kakran Mitali , Lim Yee-Fun , Chua Chin Sheng , Tan Hui Ru , Dalapati Goutam Kumar
Published: August 2016

A thin cupric oxide film (CuO), straddled with graphene nanoparticles, is proposed as a promising absorber layer for solar cell application. The influence of the graphene nano-particles on the optical, electrical, and photovoltaic properties of the CuO thin film is investigated in detail. Graphene nano-particles incorporated CuO (G-CuO) film, grown via sol-gel deposition, shows a reduction in the optical transmittance and reflectance, and an enhancement in its electrical conductivity. Photovoltaic properties, investigated through a p-(G-CuO)/n-Si heterojunction cell, shows a significant increase in short circuit current from 0.12 mA/cm2 to 0.82 mA/cm2. The fill factor was also found to increase to 40% from 20%. The significant improvement in efficiency of the G-CuO solar cell is attributed to the synergetic effect provided by graphene in enhancing the absorption of visible light and increasing its electrical conductivity, while concurrently suppressing charge recombination in the bulk semiconductor.
Local and transient nanoscale strain mapping during in situ deformation
Authors: Gammer C. , Kacher J. , Czarnik C. , Warren O. L. , Ciston J. , Minor A. M.
Published: August 2016

The mobility of defects such as dislocations controls the mechanical properties of metals. This mobility is determined both by the characteristics of the defect and the material, as well as the local stress and strain applied to the defect. Therefore, the knowledge of the stress and strain during deformation at the scale of defects is important for understanding fundamental deformation mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate a method of measuring local stresses and strains during continuous in situ deformation with a resolution of a few nanometers using nanodiffraction strain mapping. Our results demonstrate how large multidimensional data sets captured with high speed electron detectors can be analyzed in multiple ways after an in situ TEM experiment, opening the door for true multimodal analysis from a single electron scattering experiment.
Confinement-driven metal-insulator transition and polarity-controlled conductivity of epitaxial LaNiO3/LaAlO3 (111) superlattices
Authors: Wei Haoming , Grundmann Marius , Lorenz Michael
Published: August 2016

Recently, topological conductivity has been predicted theoretically in LaNiO3(111)-based superlattices. Here we report high-quality epitaxial LaNiO3/LaAlO3 superlattices on (111)-oriented SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 single crystals. For both substrates a metal-insulator transition with decreasing number of LaNiO3 monolayers is found. While the electrical transport is dominated by two-dimensional variable range hopping for superlattices grown on polar mismatched SrTiO3(111), it switches to a thermally activated single gap behavior on polar matched LaAlO3(111). The gap energy of the polar double-layer LaNiO3 superlattices can be tuned via the thickness of the insulating LaAlO3 layers.
Conversion of the optical orbital angular momentum in a plasmon-assisted second-harmonic generation
Authors: Wang Yongmei , Wei Dunzhao , Zhu Yunzhi , Huang Xiaoyang , Fang Xinyuan , Zhong Weihao , Wang Qianjin , Zhang Yong , Xiao Min
Published: August 2016

We experimentally demonstrate the plasmon-assisted second-harmonic generation of an optical orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam. Because of the shape resonance, the plasmons in a periodic array of rectangular metal holes greatly enhance the nonlinear optical conversion of an OAM state. The OAM conservation (i.e., 2l1 = l2 with l1 and l2 being the OAM numbers of the fundamental and second-harmonic waves, respectively) holds well under our experimental configuration. Our results provide a potential way to realize nonlinear optical manipulation of an OAM mode in a nano-photonic device.
Approaches to three-dimensional reconstruction of plant shoot topology and geometry
Authors: Gibbs Jonathon A. , Pound Michael , French Andrew P. , Wells Darren M. , Murchie Erik , Pridmore Tony
Published: August 2016

There are currently 805 million people classified as chronically undernourished, and yet the World’s population is still increasing. At the same time, global warming is causing more frequent and severe flooding and drought, thus destroying crops and reducing the amount of land available for agriculture. Recent studies show that without crop climate adaption, crop productivity will deteriorate. With access to 3D models of real plants it is possible to acquire detailed morphological and gross developmental data that can be used to study their ecophysiology, leading to an increase in crop yield and stability across hostile and changing environments. Here we review approaches to the reconstruction of 3D models of plant shoots from image data, consider current applications in plant and crop science, and identify remaining challenges. We conclude that although phenotyping is receiving an increasing amount of attention – particularly from computer vision researchers – and numerous vision approaches have been proposed, it still remains a highly interactive process. An automated system capable of producing 3D models of plants would significantly aid phenotyping practice, increasing accuracy and repeatability of measurements.
Histone deacetylase HDA6 enhances brassinosteroid signaling by inhibiting the BIN2 kinase
Authors: Hao Yuhan , Wang Haijiao , Qiao Shenglong , Leng Linna , Wang Xuelu
Published: August 2016

Significance

The brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway has important functions in plant development, but the mechanisms that control its key regulator BR-INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2) remain poorly understood. We found that the histone deacetylase HDA6 can interact with and deacetylate BIN2 to inhibit its activity, providing significant insights into the repression of BIN2 and the function of the histone deacetylase in modifying nonhistone proteins. We also found that this repression may be related to energy status in plants.
NADPH oxidase-derived H
2
O
2
subverts pathogen signaling by oxidative phosphotyrosine conversion to PB-DOPA
Authors: Alvarez Luis A. , Kovačič Lidija , Rodríguez Javier , Gosemann Jan-Hendrik , Kubica Malgorzata , Pircalabioru Gratiela G. , Friedmacher Florian , Cean Ada , Ghişe Alina , Sărăndan Mihai B. , Puri Prem , Daff Simon , Plettner Erika , von Kriegsheim Alex , Bourke Billy , Knaus Ulla G.
Published: August 2016

Significance

Mucosal barrier tissues participate in immune defense in infections, but NADPH oxidases expressed in these epithelia are much less efficient in their oxidant output than the phagocyte oxidase. The importance of releasing low hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) concentrations as a host defense mechanism against pathogens remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that nano to submicromolar H
2
O
2
disrupts the tyrosine phosphorylation network in several pathogens by an oxidative dephosphorylation process; this is accomplished by irreversible chemical modification of key phosphotyrosine residues, which in turn changes protein activity without affecting bacterial viability. This process is a host-initiated antivirulence strategy, reducing the fitness of pathogens in the extracellular space.
Interplay between hydrophobicity and the positive-inside rule in determining membrane-protein topology
Authors: Elazar Assaf , Weinstein Jonathan Jacob , Prilusky Jaime , Fleishman Sarel Jacob
Published: August 2016

Significance

Topology prediction is crucial for structure prediction, design, and analysis of membrane proteins. We describe a graphical algorithm, called TopGraph, which is based on a sequence search for minimum energy of insertion using the dsTβL experimental insertion scale rather than statistics derived from known structures. Unlike many existing predictors, TopGraph exhibits high accuracy even on large transporters with no structural homologues. Furthermore, results suggest that the positive-inside rule, which is known to orient segments with respect to the membrane, can also drive insertion of marginally hydrophobic segments in large membrane domains.
Translating in Linguistically Diverse Societies
Authors: González Núñez Gabriel
Published: August 2016

This work is the first book-length treatment on translation policy. Nearly everywhere in the world, populations are multilingual and mobile; consequently, language policies developed by the authorities must include choices about the use or non-use of translation. This book recognizes that these choices (or the absence thereof) become policies of their own in terms of translation. It builds upon the work of scholars in the fields of translation studies and language planning and policy in order to develop a new theoretical perspective on translation policy. In essence, the book proposes that translation policy can be understood as the management, practice, and beliefs surrounding the use of translation. The book deals with these issues under European and international law and then explores such management, practice, and beliefs in the UK, as a case study. Ultimately, the reader can find a fuller appreciation of both the importance and complexity of translation policy.
Hablamos los dos in the Windy City
Authors: Torres Lourdes , Potowski Kim
Published: August 2016

This chapter offers an analysis of codeswitching in Latino Chicago. The data were collected in one-hour, Spanish language sociolinguistic interviews with 64 Puerto Ricans, Mexicans and MexiRicans from three generational groups. We argue that codeswitching is a shared practice in the Chicago bilingual community that is utilized by Puerto Rican, Mexican and MexiRican speakers who have a solid proficiency in both languages and also by speakers for whom codeswitching may be a sign of language shift in process. The frequency of codeswitching varies by ethnolinguistic group and generation, and codeswitching has differing functions for speakers with varying proficiency levels in the same community.
Language dominance and language nativeness
Authors: Liceras Juana M. , Fernández Fuertes Raquel , Klassen Rachel
Published: August 2016

Investigating the interpretation and production of codeswitched structures involving functional and lexical categories by bilingual speakers constitutes a reliable tool to assess language dominance and/or nativeness. Language dominance has been described and measured in the context of bilingualism while nativeness is more rooted in the characterization of primary versus non-primary acquisition. Both concepts are intended to identify the specific ways in which language is represented in the mind of a bilingual. We draw from three different hypotheses formulated in the context of formal linguistics: the Grammatical Features Spell-Out Hypothesis, the Gender Double-Feature Valuation Mechanism, and the PF Interface Condition to show whether and how the codeswitching conditions established by these hypotheses constitute a diagnostic for language dominance and language nativeness.
“Show what you know”
Authors: Mazak Catherine M. , Rivera Rosita L. , Soto Glory J.
Published: August 2016

In Puerto Rican academia, Spanish and English are ever-present as students and professors negotiate their everyday language (Spanish) and the “international language of academia” (English). This study uses a translanguaging lens to examine the academic writing of university psychology majors in a neuropsychology course. The data consists of written exams from three sections of the same course (n = 83), all taught by the same professor, but using different languages as the medium of instruction (Spanish, English, and “both”). However, the professor allowed students to answer the written exams in whatever language combination they chose. This chapter describes the translanguaging practices used by students on the exams, and examines the relationship between medium of instruction, question type, and translanguaging practices.
Mixed NPs in Spanish-English bilingual speech
Authors: Valdés Kroff Jorge R.
Published: August 2016

Bilinguals speaking with other bilinguals engage in codeswitching (CS). CS is not a priori predictable, yet bilinguals suffer no appreciable costs to communication. One hypothesis explaining this ease is an exposure-driven account whereby speakers converge upon conventional production patterns, which may help guide comprehension. In this study, I quantify and investigate the use of grammatical gender in Spanish-English mixed noun phrases using a bilingual spoken language corpus. Results reveal a robust gender asymmetry where masculine gender is the default gender when switching into an English noun (e.g. un juice ‘themasc juice,’un cookie ‘themasc cookie’). In contrast, feminine-marked switches are infrequent and used with feminine translation equivalents (e.g. una cookie, ‘thefem cookie’). This asymmetry forms testable predictions for how bilinguals use grammatical gender in CS comprehension.
Comprehension patterns of two groups of Spanish-English bilingual codeswitchers
Authors: Guzzardo Tamargo Rosa E. , Dussias Paola E.
Published: August 2016

Current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the production and comprehension of codeswitches derives largely from studies with bilingual speakers who do not codeswitch or who report codeswitching (CS), but do not belong to stable bilingual communities. Although these data have a place in CS research, the foundational knowledge must characterize bilinguals in communities where CS is linked to community norms. We examine this issue by comparing a group of Spanish-English bilinguals from Harlem, home to a well-defined community with regular CS, and a group of Spanish-English bilinguals who resemble participants of past lab studies. We recorded eye movements while participants read frequent and infrequent switches found in Spanish-English corpora. Despite differences between both groups, the findings revealed strikingly similar eye-movement patterns.
The Spanish Quarter of Naples
Authors: Milano Emma
Published: August 2016

This study focuses on the dynamics of linguistic conservation and innovation in the historic center of Naples, the Spanish Quarter. In the Spanish Quarter – historically marked by social marginalization and a notable use of dialect – the constant socio-environmental conditions have favored the preservation of habits of life and language. Constructed in the Sixteenth century to house Spanish soldiers, the Spanish Quarter has always been characterized for its layout – a grid of narrow streets that elicits its original intended defensibility and impenetrability. This aspect has greatly influenced the history of a colorful and “notorious” neighborhood, and may have played a role in contributing to the persistence of today’s cultural and language uses. An analysis of two linguistic phenomena in a corpus of speech produced by a sample of artisans shows that although Italian has gained a relevant space, it lives alongside a strongly diatopically and diastratically marked dialect, which serves as a territorial identification marker.
Le lingue, ponti o frontiere? Appunti sulla Sicilia linguistica / Languages, bridges or borders? Notes on linguistics Sicily
Authors: D’Agostino Mari
Published: August 2016

The Sicilian language has always been a field of great interest not only because of its contact with other languages, but also because of ideological models and language policies. This paper examines some moments of its thousand-year history in which the intermingling of peoples, languages and cultures has been acted out in very different ways, both in terms of actual behaviour and in terms of perceptions and linguistic representations. After outlining some recent studies of great interest, chiefly because of the approaches and methodologies used, the paper analyses the changes in the repertoire of the inhabitants of Sicily in recent decades.
In particular, we examine the practices of the very recent use of dialect in the written communication of youth, in politics and in advertising, and the unmistakeable opening up to the multilingualism of immigrants arriving from around the globe. Indeed, they are the ones changing the face of Sicilian cities, perhaps rebinding those historical links of connections and fusion, contacts and overlaps between people and languages.
La construcció de la norma cancelleresca catalana / The construction of standard chancellery Catalan
Authors: Ferrando Antoni
Published: August 2016

We lack studies about the formation and evolution of the Catalan language used in the Royal Chancellery of the Crown of Aragon. The publication of the Col·lecció de documents de la Cancelleria de la Corona d’Aragó (1291–1420) (2013), edited by Mateu Rodrigo, with more than a thousand documents carefully transcribed and chronologically representative can rectify this deficit and review some preconceptions about the nature of chancery model, such as a supposed graphical and grammatical uniformity and a specific linguistic basis in Barcelona. The corrections made on the documents themselves reveal the existence of a pattern language, though they are not always applied consistently and become more flexible in the lexical field as officials and more information from around the Crown of Aragon reach the Chancellery. The language corrections are mainly focused on the application of the formalities and syntactic structures based on Latin.
Anàlisi del discurs de la Gramàtica catalana (1933), de Pompeu Fabra / Discourse analysis of Pompeu Fabra's Catalan Grammar (1933)
Authors: Costa Carreras Joan
Published: August 2016

This presentation attempts to contribute to answering the question “In what sense is linguistics or grammar always prescriptive?” This contribution will be anchored in the statements of Bonet (1989) and Cuenca (2001), who clearly state that it is both description and prescription which finally impose a model on linguistic reality. In addition, when the descriptivism or prescriptivism of a text is discussed, what is actually being considered is its aim. Thus, a direct approach from the point of view of the speech act theory (locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary) is needed. The way of providing the answer is to present an analysis of Fabra’s discourse in his Gramàtica catalana (1933), which is still currently the official Catalan grammar. This analysis will encompass a two-pronged approach. On the one hand it will be based on Berrendonner’s (1982) theoretical foundations and classification that demonstrate how French normative grammar hides its arbitrary and authoritarian character and on the other, Costa Carreras’ (2008) general outlook on Catalan prescriptive discourse will also be taken into account.
Modern Greek
Authors: Diatsentos Petros
Published: August 2016

This paper attempts to examine the relationship between the representation of the Greek language and its history, and the particular nature of Modern Greek reform in the 19th century. Our starting point is that the Greek scholars’ lack of determination to prescribe purist language (a total absence of grammars and monolingual dictionaries), or perhaps a very special view of prescription, is linked to a vision of reform based on Modern Greek founding myths formed in the 19th century. During this period, a set of appraisals, judgements or assumptions generated an image of Greek language history and from this image emerged founding myths on “character”, “nature” and the evolution of the language (the inseparability, uniqueness and conservative character of Greek). Linguistic mythology, as a part of the national ideology, is built within a particular historical context and it appears in a discourse that legitimizes a set of political and cultural goals. These founding myths shape a mental framework within which the objectives and the means of reform are set. In this context, any attempt to compose normative works is explicitly rejected.
L’humanista Bernardí Gómez Miedes (1515-1589) i la percepció de la llengua catalana / The humanist Bernardí Gómez Miedes (1515-1589) and the perception of Catalan language
Authors: Escartí Vicent Josep
Published: August 2016

The Valencian humanist Bernardino Gómez Miedes (1515–1589) was born in Aragon, trained in Rome and near the end of his life appointed Bishop of Albarracin. He gave the Spanish monarchy paraphrases of the Chronicle of Jaume I, first in Latin (1582) and then in Castilian (1584). His interest was clear: to reinforce the political theory, featuring the model of the medieval king, of Caesarism as practiced by the Hapsburgs. Interestingly, Gomez Miedes did not refrain from including juicy comments, analyzed in this paper, about the Crown of Aragon and, in particular, the Catalans.
El parlant multilingüe davant la llengua, el parlant monolingüe davant les llengües: a propòsit de dues autobiografies lingüístiques / The multilingual speaker facing language, the monolingual speaker facing languages: Two linguistic autobiographies
Authors: Iglésias Narcís
Published: August 2016

This paper focusses on multilingualism and language diversity from the point of view of speakers and, more specifically, of language autobiographies. It analyses the thoughts and feelings about languages of two speakers and their biographical experiences related to multilingual collective societies. In one case, a multilingual speaker gauges the languages he has learnt and spoken throughout different periods of his life, and claims the need for a shelter-language. In the other case, a speaker from a multilingual society justifies his monolingual option while appraising the other languages. Many studies related to language diversity focus on endangered languages. This current analysis, focusing on language biographies, goes into language diversity itself and attempts to project a new focus in the field.
Semantic Structure in English
Authors: Feist Jim
Published: August 2016

Syntax puts our meaning (“semantics”) into sentences, and phonology puts the sentences into the sounds that we hear and there must, surely, be a structure in the meaning that is expressed in the syntax and phonology. Some writers use the phrase “semantic structure”, but are referring to conceptual structure; since we can express our conceptual thought in many different linguistic ways, we cannot equate conceptual and semantic structures.
The research reported in this book shows semantic structure to be in part hierarchic, fitting the syntax in which it is expressed, and partly a network, fitting the nature of the mind, from which it springs. It is complex enough to provide for the emotive and imaginative dimensions of language, and for shifts of standard meanings in context, and the “rules” that control them.
Showing the full structure of English semantics requires attention to many currently topical issues, and since the underlying theory is fresh, there are fresh implications for them. The most important of those issues is information structure, which is given full treatment, showing its overall structure, and its relation to semantics and the whole grammar of English.

As of October 2024, this e-book is Open Access under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.
Air Exposure Time of Trout Released by Anglers during Catch and Release
Authors: Lamansky James A. , Meyer Kevin A.
Published: August 2016

Research of catch-and-release fishing has included air exposure time as a contributing factor in the lethal and sublethal impacts to fish. However, to our knowledge, no studies have observed the amount of time anglers actually expose fish to air when recreationally fishing. We observed 280 anglers on several waters where catch and release was commonly practiced for trout and timed how long they exposed trout to air before releasing them back to the water. We also noted several angling characteristics to evaluate whether they influenced air exposure times, including the type of gear (fly, lure, bait), fishing on foot or from a boat, handling method (hand, net), and a subjective measure of trout size (small, medium, large). The longest continuous interval that anglers exposed trout to air averaged 26.1 s (range, 0–160 s), and only 4% of the anglers held fish out of the water continuously for >60 s. Total air exposure averaged 29.4 s, ranged from 0 to 165 s, and differed from the longest air exposure by only 3.3 s because most of the released trout (78%) were held out of the water only one time. Anglers who handled trout by hand (rather than using a landing net) and used flies (rather than bait or lures) held fish out of water for less time. Larger trout were exposed to air longer (xˉ = 36.0 s) than small (xˉ = 22.5 s) or medium-sized (xˉ = 27.1 s) trout. However, no angling characteristic increased air exposure by more than 14 s. Fight time averaged 53.0 s and ranged from 7 to 128 s. We conclude that from an air exposure perspective, most of the trout released by anglers in our study were not exposed to air for times that would cause mortality or substantively increase sublethal effects from catch and release.

Received October 9, 2015; accepted April 18, 2016 Published online August 25, 2016
Is salivary cortisol moderating the relationship between salivary testosterone and hand‐grip strength in healthy men?
Authors: Crewther Blair T. , Thomas Andrew G. , Stewart‐Williams Steve , Kilduff Liam P. , Cook Christian J.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the moderating effect of cortisol (C) on the relationship between testosterone (T) and hand‐grip strength (HGS) in healthy young men. Sixty‐five males were monitored for salivary T, C and HGS before and 15 min after a short bout (5 × 6‐s trials) of sprint cycling exercise. Sprint exercise promoted (p < .05) positive changes in T (6.1 ± 24.9%) and HGS (3.4 ± 7.5%), but a negative C response (−14.4 ± 33.1%). The T and C measures did not independently predict HGS, but a significant T × C interaction was found in relation to these outcomes. Further testing revealed that pre‐test T and HGS were negatively associated (p < .05), but only in men with high C levels. The exercise changes in T and HGS were also negatively related in men with low C levels (p < .05), but no relationship was seen in men with high C levels. In summary, complex relationships between T and HGS emerged when considering C as a moderating variable. The pre‐test combination of high C and low T levels favoured absolute HGS, whereas low pre‐test C levels and a smaller T change were linked to larger HGS changes. These associations suggest that, in the current format, T is not necessarily anabolic to muscle strength in healthy young men. Such complexities could also explain some of the inconsistent T relationships with physical performance in lesser trained male populations.
Some Adaptations Were Not Positive Causal Factors for Reproductive Success
Authors: Anderson Wes
Published: August 2016

Sober develops an account of adaptations on which they must have been positive causal factors for reproductive success. Glymour defends an account of a proper subset of adaptations—adaptations to particular environmental conditions—on which traits must interact in a special way with adapting conditions to cause reproductive success. These theories render conflicting judgments about which traits count as adaptations in some interesting cases. In this article I explore one such case and argue that we ought to replace the notion of adaptation qua positive causal factor with a novel notion of adaptation.
A Representation Theorem for Absolute Confirmation
Authors: Schippers Michael
Published: August 2016

Proposals for rigorously explicating the concept of confirmation in probabilistic terms abound. To foster discussions on the formal properties of the proposed measures, recent years have seen the upshot of a number of representation theorems that uniquely determine a confirmation measure (up to ordinal equivalence) based on a number of desiderata. However, the results that have been presented so far focus exclusively on the concept of incremental confirmation. This leaves open the question whether similar results can be obtained for the concept of absolute confirmation. This article closes the gap by providing a representation theorem for absolute confirmation measures.
On the Evidential Import of Unification
Authors: Myrvold Wayne C.
Published: August 2016

There are two senses in which a hypothesis may be said to unify evidence: (1) ability to increase the mutual information of a set of evidence statements; (2) explanation of commonalities in phenomena by positing a common origin. On Bayesian updating, only Mutual Information Unification contributes to incremental support. Defenders of explanation as a confirmatory virtue that makes independent contribution must appeal to some relevant difference between humans and Bayesian agents. I argue that common origin unification has at best a limited heuristic role in confirmation. Finally, Reichenbachian common cause hypotheses are shown to be instances of Mutual Information Unification.