bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emission Characteristics of PM (PMtotal, PM10, PM2.5), NOx, CO and VOCs Emitted from LNG-fired Gas Turbine and Small Domestic Boiler
Authors: Kim JongHyeon , Yu JeongHun , Song Jihan , Lee DoYoung , Yu MyeongSang , Hwang InJun , Kim JinSung , Kim JongHo
Published: December 2021

In recent years, natural gas is increasingly being used in the heating and power generation sectors as a clean fuel with an aim to reduce air pollution. In this study, a standard test method was used to measure air pollutants and identify emission characteristics for gas turbines and small domestic boilers, which use LNG as fuel. For gas turbines, the air pollutants were measured at 14 sites, whereas for small domestic boilers, six of them were installed in a laboratory to run tests due to limitations in on-site measuring and testing. However, the small domestic boilers were all new machines and were operated for long consecutive hours for testing, meaning that the results could vary from that of on-site boilers. The results show that gas turbines and small domestic boilers not only emit PM2.5, but also particulate matters larger than PM2.5. According to the measurements, the average concentration level of PMtotal, PM10, and PM2.5 generated from gas turbines are 51.8, 38.5, and 28.1 µg/m3 (@O2 15%), respectively. Those generated from small domestic boilers were 31.3, 26.2, and 20.0 µg/m3 (@O2 4%), respectively. The NOx concentration levels complied with the emission limits. Especially where a NOx control device was in place, both the NOx and CO concentration levels were relatively low. However, the NOx and CO concentration levels were generated from small domestic boilers were relatively high, since the emission limits were not applied. VOCs were measured at 10 facilities where 28 samples were collected. The compounds that were identified were Aromatics, Oxygenated VOCs, Alkanes, in that order, which were consistent across the samples. Aromatics consisted mostly of toluene, o,m,p-xylenes, benzene, and ethylbenzene. Among oxygenated VOCs, ethyl acetate, vinyl acetate, and isopropyl alcohol, etc. were identified. In other words, gas turbines generated a wider range and higher concentration levels of VOCs compared to small domestic boilers. The emission factors of gas turbines and small domestic boilers were derived from the measurements, and then compared with the standard emission factors of other countries (NAER, U.S. EPA AP-42, EMEP/EEA). PM emission factors calculated in this study were lower than that of existing emission factors and the calculated NOx emission factors (uncontrolled) for the small boilers were also lower. The CO emission factor for gas turbines was lower than that of existing emission factors, but higher for the small domestic boilers. Emission factors of benzene, toluene, and xylenes, which are hazardous air pollutants, were lower than those of U.S. EPA AP-42.
Fibrinogen-to-Albumin Ratio Predicts Mortality in COVID-19 Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Afşin Abdulmecit , Tibilli Hakan , Hoşoğlu Yusuf , Asoğlu Ramazan , Süsenbük Ahmet , Markit Sezer , Tuna Verda
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an inflammatory disease, and serum albumin and fibrinogen are two important factors in systemic inflammation. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR) and in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Material and methods: Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 admitted to the Adiyaman Training and Research Hospital from August to November 2020 were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. They were divided into 2 groups based on in-hospital mortality: a survivor group (n = 188) and a non-survivor group (n = 198). FAR was calculated by dividing the fibrinogen value by the albumin value. Mortality outcomes were followed up until December 15, 2020. Results: The average age of the patients was 71.2 ± 12.9 years, and 54% were male. On multivariate logistic analysis, diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.806; 95% CI: 1.142–2.856; p = 0.011), troponin I levels (OR: 1.776; 95% CI: 1.031–3.061; p = 0.038), and FAR (OR: 1.004; 95% CI: 1.004–1.007; p = 0.010) at ICU admission were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19. Conclusions: The FAR at admission was associated with mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the ICU.
Interventional Closure of an Unusual Broncho-Pleural Fistula with Superglue
Authors: Marwah Vikas , Choudhary Robin , Kumar Tentu , Peter Deepu , Ravi Akhil
Published: December 2021

Rheumatoid arthritis is a multisystemic disorder which has multiple extraarticular man-ifestations [...]
Nebulisation Therapy in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis—Consensus of the Polish Cystic Fibrosis Society
Authors: Walicka-Serzysko Katarzyna , Orlik Teresa , Sands Dorota , Jeneralska Natalia , Popiel Anna , Skorupa Wojciech , Pogorzelski Andrzej , Cofta Szczepan
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Nebulisation therapy plays a key role in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF). Its effectiveness depends on obtaining a high concentration of drugs in the respiratory tract. Particle deposition is determined by many factors resulting, inter alia, from the essence of the lung disease (mucus, structural changes such as bronchiectasis, fibrous changes, cirrhosis) and the quality of the aerosol and breathing techniques during the procedure. Aims: A large variety of available drugs that can be used in the form of aerosols (bronchodilators, mucolytics, antibiotics), a wide range of devices for their delivery, and a different approach to the practical aspect related to the use of inhalation, makes it necessary to systematize knowledge in order to optimize nebulisation therapy. The paper presents an overview of inhaled drugs used in cystic fibrosis and their administration devices. Results: The principles of inhalation antibiotic therapy, which constitute the basis for the treatment of primary and chronic respiratory tract infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa etiology, are discussed in detail. A very important issue was raised related to the proper selection of devices and their proper operation. In the context of the key role of nebulisation therapy in cystic fibrosis, a huge problem is the limited availability of inhaled antibiotics in Poland. Conclusions: The possibility of choosing an antibiotic and using alternating therapy increases the effectiveness of inhalation treatment, which results in slowing down the progress of bronchopulmonary disease and extending the life of patients.
A Challenging Case of Tuberculous Peritonitis
Authors: Muntean Petru , Mateutiu Andrada
Published: December 2021

A 24-year-old female was admitted to the hospital for recurring irregularities of menstruation and a nine day history of abdominal tenderness [...]
The effect of post-harvest storage on the weight of Golden Delicious apples
Authors: Kassebi Salma , Korzenszky Péter
Published: December 2021

Apples, like other fruits, are exposed to stress during their growth and development in the field, also during harvest and the postharvest environment (processing, storage, and transportation). The refrigeration system allows for bulk handling of food products from harvest to market, ensuring that food products are maintained in their freshness and integrity for an extended period through careful management of storage temperature and humidity. This study investigated the effects of storage on the weight loss of apples (Golden Delicious fruits harvested at maturity), under refrigerated conditions at a temperature of 5±0.5°C and relative humidity of 82% and under ambient storage at a temperature of 25 ±0.5 °C and relative humidity of 60 %, over 3 months. The findings revealed that the two groups of apples experienced weight reduction at different levels. Apples placed at cold storage presented a loss of weight between 3.31g and 4.49g; however, apples stored at ambient temperature showed a significant loss of weight between 21.9g and 31.76g.
Changes in the concentrations of selected toxic and essential elements in ewe milk from area with a potentially undisturbed environment
Authors: Pšenková Martina , Toman Robert , Imrich Ivan , Hluchý Svätoslav
Published: December 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lactation on the concentration of selected essential and toxic elements in sheep milk from an area of Slovakia with a potentially undisturbed environment and to find out the actual contamination of the selected area, in the aspect of its environmental character. The research was conducted with 400 sheep (Tsigai breed), and the milk samples were taken during the lactation periods (early, middle and late lactation stage). Sheep were reared on the extensive pastures, reared indoors afterward, fed with pasture ad libitum. Milk samples were collected after morning and afternoon milking. The samples of milk were analysed toxic and essential elements (Ca, Se, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb) by the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The macro elements concentration in milk changes following the stages of lactation (p<0.05). There was found that Ca milk concentration increased gradually in the following stages of lactation while Mg, Se, and Fe only in the last stage of lactation. The Zn concentration in milk was the highest during summer (p<0.05). Simultaneously the contents of essential elements (Cu) and toxic elements (As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb) in milk were very low, below the limit of quantification. In conclusion, ewe's milk from potentially analysed areas of Slovakia is safe and poses no risk to consumer health, and is suitable for use directly or in dairy processing.
Research of the internal environment of the military camp buildings
Authors: Patonai Zoltán , Géczi Gábor
Published: December 2021

One of the key tasks of this research work is to assess the carbon dioxide (CO₂) pollution in the resting areas of military camps under the current deployment conditions and to assess its impact on soldiers. In the process, the environmental impacts that affect the CO₂ concentration were researched in different rooms in different ways. In addition to the rest areas of a military camp, enumerating the major camp facilities that affect the “welfare” feeling of soldiers on foreign mission, we arrived at the kitchen complex and the work environment of the kitchen staff. One of the key parts of the camp kitchen complex is the food storage, where the raw materials needed for the supply are stored. Storage is very important in a crisis situation, when you have to be prepared to stay away from the homeland, to prevent any supply or procurement problems. A particularly important task in providing food raw materials is the so-called "Fresh" storage. The aim of the paper is to examine the changes in the CO₂ concentration of the camp storage room, which is of key importance in food supply, in the vegetable (fruit) storage places. By modeling at a measurement site set up in the laboratory of the host institution, we measure the CO₂ composition of the indoor air in the warehouse by placing various vegetables and fruits. The change of CO₂ concentration is examined separately for certain types of vegetables and fruits stored in closed storage rooms, taking into account the degree of effective storage capacity and determine the required fresh air value to ensure proper storage conditions. Finally, a mathematical model to simulate changes in storage conditions will be created, which offer help to plan of the military camp.
A New York Leśmian: The Translation Strategy of Marian Polak-Chlabicz
Authors: Kaźmierczak Marta
Published: December 2021

The aim of this article is to identify and outline the strategy applied by Marian Polak-Chlabicz
in translating the poetry of Bolesław Leśmian into English. The examination begins with the preliminary norm as refl ected in text selection, and the initial norm, which proves to be oriented toward recreating the strangeness of the author’s poetics. Examination of particular elements of the poetics
includes the translator’s attitude to Leśmian’s neologisms and other creative language deviations,
issues of syntax and of poetic form, and ideational contents of the poems. Also discussed are editorial problems and issues connected with paratexts.
Bolesław Leśmian in Italy: Milo De Angelis
and his heavenly journey
Authors: Polanowska Patrycja
Published: December 2021

The artistic creativity of Bolesław Leśmian – remarkably colourful, musical, and philosophically
versatile – has endeared him to readers worldwide over the course of a century. In spite of many
socio-political barriers, Leśmian’s poetry become a point of reference, as was the case in Italy
in the 1970s. At this time a fi rst encounter with the works of the Polish artist became a crucial moment for a young poet – Milo De Angelis. After a stay in Warsaw, De Angelis founded a literary
magazine called “Niebo”, number 11 of which was entirely dedicated to Leśmian, whose visions
profoundly infl uenced the poetics of the Italian author, even in later years.
ACTIVITIES FOR PROTECTION OF YOUNG CYBERSPACE USERS
Authors: Nowicka Julia , Zaroślak Marta
Published: December 2021

The study indicates actions taken to ensure the safety of minor network users. Prophylactic activity and methods of reacting in the case of identification of perpetrators of prohibited acts are described. It was assumed that in the area of cybersecurity, avoiding threats concerns the educational space, hence information, education and social campaigns play an important role in contemporary social functioning. The study presents the formal and legal framework for the protection of cyberspace users, the functioning of which is determined, among others, by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Penal Code, the International Convention on Cybercrime, the Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction, Internet Management Forum, Safer Internet Centers, Scientific and Academic Computer Network. (NASK), Empowering Children Foundation and others. Examples of assumptions of selected social programs building a safe environment for the exchange of information on the Internet are presented.
Effects of Teaching Presentation Methods and Visual and Auditory Working Memory Capacity on Young Children’s Learning Effectiveness
Authors: Pack Yun Hyun , Choi Na Ya , Kim Bokyung
Published: December 2021

Objectives: This study investigates the effects of teaching material presentation methods and young children's visual and auditory working memory capacity on their learning effectiveness. It also suggests effective instructional design and teaching-learning methods suitable for children’s information processing characteristics.Methods: Participants included 86 five-year-old children enrolled in kindergartens in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon, and Daejeon. Three categories of teaching materials with different presentation methods were created. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the category groups, and participated in learning activities. After the activities, learning effectiveness, working memory, and attention were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0.Results: Results indicated that children’s learning effectiveness differed according to the teaching material presentation method. Higher learning effectiveness was observed when auditory and visual information was presented concurrently rather than sequentially, but learning was not affected by the sequential order. The groups with larger auditory working memory capacity and larger visual working memory capacity achieved higher learning effectiveness than did their respective counterparts. Additionally, learning effectiveness was greater for children with larger auditory working memory capacity when presented with auditory information before visual, and for those with larger visual working memory capacity when presented with visual information before auditory.Conclusion: The study results enhance foundational knowledge related to individual differences in young children's visual and auditory information processing abilities. Moreover, this study has practical implications for developing instructional materials and proposals suitable for young children’s individual information processing characteristics.
Effects of Bystander's Emotional Empathy and Social Problem-Solving Skills on Defending Behaviors Against Bullying in Elementary School: Mediated Through Peer Acceptance
Authors: Kim He Sook Nancy , Park Kyung Ja
Published: December 2021

Objectives: Many children are exposed to their peers being bullied, which negatively impacts individuals and the society as a whole. We investigated the effects of elementary school children’s emotional empathy and social problem-solving skills on their defending behaviors. We evaluated the direct and indirect effects of these personal characteristics, mediated through their perceived peer acceptance among classmates. Gender differences were also tested.Methods: The study participants were 386 fourth- and fifth-graders (M = 10.4 yrs.) from six elementary schools in the metropolitan Seoul area of South Korea. Children’s perceived social acceptance, emotional empathy, and problem-solving skills were measured using self-reported questionnaires. Defending behavior was measured using peer nomination. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were conducted using SPSS 21.0 and MPLUS 6.12.Results: Bystanders‘ emotional empathy and social problem-solving skills had significant effects on defending behaviors. Social problem-solving skills directly affected defending behaviors of boys and girls. Girls’ peer acceptance mediated both emotional empathy and social problem-solving skills for defending behaviors, while no mediation effect was found in boys.Conclusion: For children, feeling accepted by classmates is important for defending bullied peers. For girls, peer acceptance magnifies their socio-emotional and socio-cognitive skills, empowering them to defend the bullied peers. However, for boys, having competent socio-cognitive skills alone is sufficient. Based on this study’s findings, it is recommended that interventions are needed to enhance bystanders’ emotional empathy and social problem-solving skills, and thereby, empowering them to be competent defenders against school bullying.
Die Chemie muss stimmen
Authors: Kolhoff Ludger
Published: December 2021

Governance unterscheidet sich vom Government dadurch, dass Prozesse und nicht Steuerungsstrukturen im Vordergrund stehen. Während Government top down im Rahmen formeller Verfahren und fester Institutionalisierungen erfolgt, findet Governance im Rahmen von Aushandlungsprozessen, Vereinbarungen und Absprachen in Netzwerken und Kooperationen statt. Governance-Strukturen in der Sozialwirtschaft leben deshalb von Personen und Vertrauen, denn in Netzwerken gibt es kaum Sanktionsmöglichkeiten, stellt Prof. Dr. Ludger Kolhoff von der Ostfalia Hochschule in Wolfenbüttel fest.
Balance of Power
Authors: Schick Stefan
Published: December 2021

Es ist ein weites Feld - die Schaffung von Organstrukturen in der Sozialwirtschaft und die Kompetenzverteilung unter ihnen. Das Organisationsrecht schafft weitreichende Spielräume. Bei deren Ausgestaltung gilt es jedoch einiges zu beachten.
Einwände lassen sich widerlegen
Authors: Hübner Nicholas
Published: December 2021

Die Schwierigkeiten mit der Digitalisierung liegen nicht in dieser selbst, sondern in den Bedingungen, unter denen sie eingeführt und eingesetzt wird. Deshalb ist die Führung bei der kollegialen und regelkonformen Zusammenarbeit per Clouds, Wikis & Co. gefordert.
Nachhaltigkeit als Argument ausbaufähig
Authors: Schneider Andreas , Schroll-Decker Irmgard
Published: December 2021

Nachhaltigkeit als Kriterium zur Personalrekrutierung spielt in Sozialunternehmen noch eine geringe Rolle, wie eine umfangreiche Analyse von einschlägigen Stellenanzeigen zeigt.
Zeit zum Handeln
Authors: Hamm Michael
Published: December 2021

Im Rückblick auf nun mehr fast zwei Jahre Pandemie lässt sich feststellen: Manche damit zusammenhängenden Themen und Anforderungen waren im begrenzten zeitlichen Kontext zu lösen, andere Herausforderungen sind geblieben und werden uns auch »nach Corona« beschäftigen.
Sorge – Macht – Recht. Konzeptionelles in der Praxis der Pandemiebekämpfung
Authors: Opolony Bernhard
Published: December 2021

The coronavirus pandemic as an exceptional social situation demands social-philosophical answers. On the basis of care and power as relationship concepts, the following essay discusses several aspects of German pandemic law and its potential for the struc- turing of social relationships. It will turn out, that even if there is no stringent concept, many legal aspects are linked to the care for ourselves and others as well as to themes of power. So, they include a potential for a deeper understanding of social interaction in the current situation.
Verteilung knapper lebensrettender Ressourcen. Überlegungen zur Debatte um die „Triage“
Authors: Wapler Friederike
Published: December 2021

The article deals with the ethical justification of distribution procedures in case of a shortage of life-saving resources, as they have been discussed since spring 2020 under the keyword ‘triage’. Considering individual human dignity and the equal right to life for all people, widespread approaches to justification are critically reflected. The author examines arguments for an overall benefit-maximising distribution (saving the greater number at the expense of the smaller number) as well as some of the qualitative distribution criteria discussed in the current debate. The article concludes that there are narrow ethical and constitutional limits to both the utilitarian maximisation of life interests and the application of qualitative criteria such as age or presumed “remaining lifespan” after recovery.
Realitäten der Abhängigkeit
Authors: Globig Christine
Published: December 2021

The current care deficit—which is evident in the nursing crisis, for example—calls for new valuation and recognition of care services. Therefore, the macrosocial value of care is being discussed intensively in many subject areas. This study introduces a fundamental theological and ethical contribution into the current discourse. It challenges Protestant ethics and deaconry to place greater importance on dependency relations, to reconsider guiding principles such as autonomy and reciprocity, and to comprehend care as an ethical paradigm.
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der landesplanerischen Steuerung des Windenergieausbaus
Authors: Strothe Lena
Published: December 2021

The expansion of onshore wind energy is faltering. The federal states, which can control the expansion through goals and principles in state-wide spatial plans, have a share in this. The study shows that the associated restriction of the freedom to build is subject to the principle of proportionality as a content and limitation provision of property. Based on the system of spatial control of wind energy in the BauGB (Federal Building Code). and ROG (Regional Planning Act), a substance requirement for the use of wind energy in outdoor areas is derived from the privilege in § 35 para. 1 No. 5 BauGB. On the basis of the specifications in state-wide spatial development plans, it is evaluated to what extent protective goods, such as immission control or acceptance, can be used as justification.
Die kulturellen Grundlagen des Sozialstaats und ihre Bedeutung für die Verwirklichung des Verfassungsprinzips
Authors: Chung Sujin
Published: December 2021

While the Basic Law, in a departure from the Weimar Constitution, does not recognize any basic social rights, but only the welfare state principle, the opposite is true in South Korea. However, this difference loses significance at the level of interpretation, since the various basic social rights in South Korea are formed into a general welfare state principle. This paper attempts to compare the welfare state in South Korea and Germany. The reasons for the considerable differences that nevertheless exist between the two legal systems with respect to the welfare state are elaborated.
Just Pain: Aquinas on the Necessity of Retribution and the Nature of Obligation
Authors: Diem William Matthew ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: December 2021

Although it is common in the Catholic moral tradition to hear punishment spoken of as “just” and demanded by reason, it is remarkably difficult to say why reason demands that malefactors suffer or to articulate what is rendered to whom in punishment. The present essay seeks to fill this lacuna by examining Aquinas’s treatment of punishment. After examining several themes found in his work, the paper will conclude that the conceptual key to the reasonableness of punishment is to be found in the norm that demands contrapassum and that this norm is immediately derived from the same moral insight as the Golden Rule. Thus, the paper concludes, the notion of retribution is intimately and inextricably bound up in insights that are foundational to any coherent Christian ethics.
Breast Cancer Diagnostics, Therapy, and Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Population-Based Registry Study
Authors: Joko-Fru Walburga Yvonne , Griesel Mirko , Mezger Nikolaus Christian Simon , Hämmerl Lucia , Seraphin Tobias Paul , Feuchtner Jana , Wabinga Henry , N’da Guy , Mathewos Assefa , Kamaté Bakarou , Nsonde Malanda Judith , Gnangnon Freddy Houéhanou Rodrigue , Chesumbai Gladys Chebet , Korir Anne , Lorenzoni Cesaltina , Zietsman Annelle , Borok Margaret Ziona , Liu Biying , Thomssen Christoph , McGale Paul , Jemal Ahmedin , Parkin Donald Maxwell , Kantelhardt Eva Johanna
Published: December 2021

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, little is known about the actual therapy received by women with BC and their survival outcome at the population level in SSA. This study aims to describe the cancer-directed therapy received by patients with BC at the population level in SSA, compare these results with the NCCN Harmonized Guidelines for SSA (NCCN Harmonized Guidelines), and evaluate the impact on survival. Methods: Random samples of patients with BC (≥40 patients per registry), diagnosed from 2009 through 2015, were drawn from 11 urban population–based cancer registries from 10 countries (Benin, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Uganda, and Zimbabwe). Active methods were used to update the therapy and outcome data of diagnosed patients (“traced patients”). Excess hazards of death by therapy use were modeled in a relative survival context. Results: A total of 809 patients were included. Additional information was traced for 517 patients (63.8%), and this proportion varied by registry. One in 5 traced patients met the minimum diagnostic criteria (cancer stage and hormone receptor status known) for use of the NCCN Harmonized Guidelines. The hormone receptor status was unknown for 72.5% of patients. Of the traced patients with stage I–III BC (n=320), 50.9% received inadequate or no cancer-directed therapy. Access to therapy differed by registry area. Initiation of adequate therapy and early-stage diagnosis were the most important determinants of survival. Conclusions: Downstaging BC and improving access to diagnostics and care are necessary steps to increase guideline adherence and improve survival for women in SSA. It will also be important to strengthen health systems and facilities for data management in SSA to facilitate patient follow-up and disease surveillance.
Increasing Financial Payments From Industry to Medical Oncologists in the United States, 2014–2017
Authors: Rahman Mohammed W. , Trivedi Niti U. , Bach Peter B. , Mitchell Aaron P.
Published: December 2021

Background: Personal payments from the pharmaceutical industry to US physicians are common and are associated with changes in physicians’ clinical practice and interpretation of clinical trial results. We assessed temporal trends in industry payments to oncologists, with particular emphasis on payments to authors of oncology clinical practice guideline and on payments related to immunotherapy drugs. Methods: We included US physicians with active National Plan and Provider Enumeration System records and demographic data available in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Physician Compare system who had a specialty type of medical oncology or general internal medicine. Medical oncologists serving on NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) Panels were identified manually. Industry payments, and the subset associated with PD-1/PD-L1 drugs, were identified in Open Payments, the federal repository of all transactions of financial value from industry to physicians and teaching hospitals, from 2014 to 2017. Results: There were 13,087 medical oncologists and 85,640 internists who received payments. The mean, annual, per-physician value of payments to oncologists increased from $3,811 in 2014 to $5,854 in 2017, and from $444 to $450 for internists; the median payment increased from $152 to $199 for oncologists and remained at $0 for internists. Oncologists who served on NCCN Guidelines Panels received a greater value in payments and experienced a greater relative increase: mean payments increased from $10,820 in 2014 to $18,977 in 2017, and median payments increased from $500 to $1,366. Among companies marketing PD-1/PD-L1 drugs, mean annual per-oncologist payments associated with PD-1/PD-L1 drugs increased from $28 to $773. Total per-oncologist payments from companies marketing PD-1/PD-L1 drugs experienced a 165% increase from 2014 to 2017, compared with a 31% increase among similar companies not marketing PD-1/PD-L1 drugs. Conclusions: Pharmaceutical industry payments increased for US oncologists from 2014 to 2017 more than for general internists. The increase was greater among oncologists contributing to clinical practice guidelines and among pharmaceutical companies marketing PD-1/PD-L1 drugs. The increasing flow of money from industry to US oncologists supports ongoing concern regarding commercial interests in guideline development and clinical decision-making.
Soil Moisture Retention Characteristics Of Saprock From The Weathering Profile Over A Biotite-Muscovite Granite In Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Raj John Kuna
Published: December 2021

The weathering profile at the slope cut near Km 16 of the Kuala Lumpur - Ipoh trunk road can be differentiated into an upper, 11.8 m thick pedological soil (zone I) and a lower, 31.9 m thick saprock (zone II) comprising silty sandy gravels that distinctly preserve the minerals, textures and structures of the original granite. In order to investigate the influence of particle size distributions on soil moisture retention characteristics, saprock samples were collected at depths of 26.53 m (Sample A), 31.29 m (Sample B) and 41.93 m (Sample C). Samples A and B, with porosities of 37%, comprise 33% gravel, 27% sand, 22% silt and 18% clay, and 31% gravel, 24% sand, 25% silt and 22% clay, respectively. Sample C with a porosity of 44% consists of 24% gravel, 28% sand, 38% silt and 10% clay. Tests with the pressure plate method show increasing suctions from 0 kPa through 0.98 kPa and 9.8 kPa to 33 kPa and 1,500 kPa to result in gravimetric soil moisture retentions of 31.9% through 28.6% and 23.3% to 16.9% and 6.8% in sample A, of 32.1% through 24.9% and 21.5% to 17.8% and 7.4% in sample B, and of 31.5% through 30.3% and 27.30% to 23.5% and 9.5% in sample C. Regression analyses of gravel, sand and clay contents plotted against moisture contents retained at high suctions (33 kPa and 1,500 kPa) yield negative trends with variable correlation coefficients (R2), though plots involving silt contents yield positive trends with large correlation coefficients (R2 >0.9966). It is concluded that adsorption of water on surfaces of silt sized particles (of mainly sericite derived from weathering of feldspars) that gives rise to the retention of soil moisture in saprock.
Las críticas de TripAdvisor como herramienta didáctica en el aula de español del turismo
Authors: García Martínez Isabel
Published: December 2021

Este artículo tiene como objetivo señalar la importancia de incluir y aprovechar en el aula de español con fines profesionales (Efp) los nuevos materiales del ámbito del turismo que han surgido en los últimos años. El trabajo parte del análisis pragmalingüístico de un corpus de elaboración propia de comentarios negativos de TripAdvisor. Después se señalan sus posibilidades didácticas para su implementación en el aula de español del turismo.
El choque cultural entre los profesores hispanos y el alumnado chino: Quejas del alumnado ante el enfoque comunicativo y posibles soluciones
Authors: Rueda Zabalegui Myriam , Gracia Crespo Alberto
Published: December 2021

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar las diferencias culturales que acontecen en el aula de enseñanza de español de diferentes universidades de China. La investigación se centra en la valoración del enfoque comunicativo por parte de los estudiantes, basándonos en un diseño mixto de datos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Los resultados de investigaciones anteriores realizadas a profesores de lengua inglesa muestran que los estudiantes chinos poseen un bajo nivel de adaptación ante los métodos de enseñanza que practican los profesores extranjeros, por este motivo, mediante la presente investigación, tratará de ver si sucede lo mismo con las clases de ELE de los profesores hispanos, para posteriormente aportar soluciones.
The Multiple Sclerosis Data Alliance Catalogue
Authors: Geys Lotte , Parciak Tina , Pirmani Ashkan , McBurney Robert , Schmidt Hollie , Malbaša Tanja , Ziemssen Tjalf , Bergmann Arnfin , Rojas Juan I. , Cristiano Edgardo , García-Merino Juan Antonio , Fernández Óscar , Kuhle Jens , Gobbi Claudio , Delmas Amber , Simpson-Yap Steve , Nag Nupur , Yamout Bassem , Steinemann Nina , Seeldrayers Pierrette , Dubois Bénédicte , van der Mei Ingrid , Stahmann Alexander , Drulovic Jelena , Pekmezovic Tatjana , Brola Waldemar , Tintore Mar , Kalkers Nynke , Ivanov Rumen , Zakaria Magd , Naseer Maged Abdel , Van Hecke Wim , Grigoriadis Nikolaos , Boziki Marina , Carra Adriana , Pawlak Mikolaj A. , Dobson Ruth , Hellwig Kerstin , Gallagher Arlene , Leocani Letizia , Dalla Costa Gloria , de Carvalho Sousa Nise Alessandra , Van Wijmeersch Bart , Peeters Liesbet M.
Published: December 2021

Background:

One of the major objectives of the Multiple Sclerosis Data Alliance (MSDA) is to enable better discovery of multiple sclerosis (MS) real-world data (RWD).

Methods:

We implemented the MSDA Catalogue, which is available worldwide. The current version of the MSDA Catalogue collects descriptive information on governance, purpose, inclusion criteria, procedures for data quality control, and how and which data are collected, including the use of e-health technologies and data on collection of COVID-19 variables. The current cataloguing procedure is performed in several manual steps, securing an effective catalogue.

Results:

Herein we summarize the status of the MSDA Catalogue as of January 6, 2021. To date, 38 data sources across five continents are included in the MSDA Catalogue. These data sources differ in purpose, maturity, and variables collected, but this landscaping effort shows that there is substantial alignment on some domains. The MSDA Catalogue shows that personal data and basic disease data are the most collected categories of variables, whereas data on fatigue measurements and cognition scales are the least collected in MS registries/cohorts.

Conclusions:

The Web-based MSDA Catalogue provides strategic overview and allows authorized end users to browse metadata profiles of data cohorts and data sources. There are many existing and arising RWD sources in MS. Detailed cataloguing of MS RWD is a first and useful step toward reducing the time needed to discover MS RWD sets and promoting collaboration.
The North American Registry for Care and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (NARCRMS)
Authors: Rammohan Kottil W. , Halper June , Lang Steven , Murphy Sara McCurdy , Patton Lisa , Goodman Courtney , Li David K.B.
Published: December 2021

Although many regional multiple sclerosis (MS) databases existed in the United States and Canada, there was no single clinician-derived registry that examined this disease as a group across the North American continent. This distinction is important because information that results from such a database can potentially give perspectives about MS that cannot be derived from any single regional registry. A partnership was forged between the pharmaceutical industry and the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers (CMSC) to create a registry of patients with MS from Canada and the United States, including Puerto Rico. Case report forms were created to collect physician-derived information, and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) was selected to capture patient-reported outcomes. As of November 2021, 754 of 1000 patients have been enrolled. Completion of recruitment is expected by the end of 2021. Twenty-five centers are participating, with an expected total of 30, including five centers from Canada. Clinical status, health economic outcomes, magnetic resonance images, and, soon, biomarkers relevant to understanding relapses and progression are collected. The short-term goal is to understand and better treat MS disease progression, and the long-term goal is its prevention. The North American Registry for Care and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (NARCRMS) is one of few clinician/patient-generated registries that examines MS across North America, including Puerto Rico. Information derived from the natural history studies should help physicians, the pharmaceutical industry, and regulatory bodies understand MS better and improve quality of life for patients with MS worldwide.
Smart City Street Lighting System Quality and Control Issues To Increase Energy Efficiency and Safety
Authors: Avotins Ansis , Adrian Leslie Robert , Porins Ricards , Apse-Apsitis Peteris , Ribickis Leonids
Published: December 2021

According to standards, the lighting system is one of the key elements to provide safety on city roads, defined by quality parameters. LED technology and movement detection sensor interaction bring about new regulation techniques, creating an energy-efficient smart LED lighting system concept. This paper reveals extensive comparative data analysis of Dialux simulation results before the project implementation phase and in-situ quality parameter measurements for various street profiles and LED luminary power types. After the project implementation phase, more than 1000 measurement points are reached. Further, energy efficiency increase issues in smart lighting systems are described in terms of LED luminary dimming profile analysis and future dynamic control application modes. The first findings clearly show that in most cases light output in simulation results is lower than in real situations; therefore, LED luminary power can be decreased, allowing for higher energy savings in first luminary maintenance years, keeping the same defined ME class or safety level. Let us suppose that the traffic intensity data are obtained from smart system sensors. In that case, the ME class can be dynamically selected during different night times, thus increasing safety and providing extra energy savings using the same system elements, as well as leading to better ROI values.
Equipment Condition for Zebra Crossing Night-Time Safety Performance in Latvia
Authors: Seflers Maris , Kreicbergs Juris , Sauter Gernot
Published: December 2021

According to road traffic accident (hereinafter referred to as RTA) statistics, the vulnerable road users are pedestrians in Latvia. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyse technical equipment used on non-signalled pedestrian crossings (zebra crossings) in Latvia and to make suggestions for measures that would increase road traffic safety on zebra crossings. RTAs involving collisions with pedestrians were filtered from the Ministry of the Interior database for a three-year period from 2016 to 2018. Thirty-two zebra crossings with a higher number of accidents with pedestrians were observed on the spot during the daylight and at night in several cities of Latvia. The main emphasis during the observation was placed on traffic signs and zebra road marking performance. Pedestrian crossings were observed from car driver’s view by taking photographs during day-time and night-time observations. Most attention was paid to road sign and road marking visibility from driver’s seat position. Retroreflection coefficient R’ was measured for each pedestrian crossing road sign. It was found that the condition and performance of traffic organisation equipment were not maintained on a regular basis and the life cycle of some traffic signs had well expired. Many road signs do not comply with minimum requirements, and road markings have weak visibility during wet weather conditions. It is recommended to improve visibility of pedestrian crossings from driver’s view in the urban areas by increasing rain vision for road markings and higher retroreflection class for traffic signs.
TOWARD LOW-ENERGY SPARK PLASMA SINTERING OF HOT-DEFORMED Nd-Fe-B MAGNETS
Authors: Korent Matic , Soderžnik Marko , Ročnik Urška , Drev Sandra , Žužek Rožman Kristina , Šturm Sašo , Kobe Spomenka , Žagar Soderžnik Kristina
Published: December 2021

In this work, we present a newly developed, economically efficient method for processing rare-earth Nd-Fe-B magnets based on spark plasma sintering. It makes us possible to retain the technologically essential properties of the produced magnet by consuming about 30% of the energy as compared to the conventional SPS process. A magnet with anisotropic microstructure was fabricated from MQU F commercial ribbons by low energy consumption (0.37 MJ) during the deformation process and compared to the conventionally prepared hot-deformed magnet, which consumed 3-times more energy (1.2 MJ). Both magnets were post-annealed at 650 °C for 120 min in a vacuum. After the postannealing process, the low-energy processing (LEP) hot-deformed magnet showed a coercivity of 1327 kAm-1, and remanent magnetization of 1.27 T. In comparison, the highenergy processing (HEP) hot-deformed magnet had a coercivity of 1337 kAm-1 and a remanent magnetization of 1.31 T. Complete microstructural characterization and detailed statistical analyses revealed a better texture orientation for the HEP hot-deformed magnet processed by high energy consumption, which is the main reason for the difference in remanent magnetization between the two hot-deformed magnets. The results show that, although the LEP hot-deformed magnet was processed by three times lower energy consumption than in a typical hot-deformation process, the maximum energy product is only 8 % lower than the maximum energy product of a HEP hot-deformed magnet.
LEGAL REGULATIONS FOR THE USE OF RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY IN SERBIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA
Authors: Pavlović Tomislav M. , Radonjić Ivana S. , Mirjanić Dragoljub Lj. , Divnić Darko
Published: December 2021

The paper provides information on renewable energy sources (RES) and legislation related to the RES generated electricity in Serbia and the Republic of Srpska. In Serbia, hydropower, wind energy, solar energy, biomass and biogas are used for the RES generated electricity, whereas hydropower, solar energy, biomass and biogas are utilized in the Republic of Srpska. The paper gives an overview of the power of RES power plants and the percentage share of the thermal power plants and RES power plants in electricity production and the guaranteed (incentive) prices for RES generated electricity in Serbia and the Republic of Srpska. Furthermore, legal regulations related to the production of electricity from RES in Serbia and the Republic of Srpska are given. In the conclusion, it is pointed out that RES is increasingly used in Serbia and the Republic of Srpska for the production of electricity, that there are appropriate legal regulations and guarantees (incentive prices) for electricity generated by RES power plants.
Formation of the Ancient Chinese Eastern Han Empire in the Soviet historiography of 1920s – 1930s
Authors: Korobitsyna Anna Konstantinovna
Published: December 2021

This article provides an overview of the major works of the Soviet researchers of prewar period, who covered the emergence of the Eastern Han Empire (25 – 220). The period of its existence that falls on the I – II centuries AD is one of the poorly studied periods of the Ancient Chinese history. The representations on the establishment of this empire within Soviet historiography developed in the prewar period are important for further study of this state, since they have not undergone significant changes. The article employs the chronological principle with determination of the key peculiarities of historiography of 1920s – 1930s, as well as comparative-historical and typological methods. Soviet researchers of the prewar period who dealt with this topic relied on the concept of the existence of feudalism in Ancient China, and thus, the struggle between the class of feudal lords and serf peasants. The Red Eyebrows rebellion movement drew heightened attention of the scholars. The Russian researchers of prewar period, other than K. A. Harnsky (1884 – 1938), views the Red Eyebrows movement as a peasant rebellion relying on rather ideological reasons than the analysis of historical sources. The author of this article believes that the example of this rebellion movement could tell about the class struggle in Ancient China, which explains the interest of the researchers. However, the focus of researchers on the Red Eyebrows movement, which covers just the first years of the existence of Eastern Han Empire, is also the reason why the establishment of the empire is poorly studied. They also interpreted the topic from ideological perspective, omitting the inconvenient facts.
Online reconciliation as a means of improving the access to justice
Authors: Burdina Elena Vladimirovna , Kapustin Oleg Aleksandrovich
Published: December 2021

The subject of this research is the problem of improving the effectiveness of conciliation procedures, their relevance to the citizens, and increasing the role and importance of the forms of pacific settlement of the dispute within the Russian system of justice in the conditions of digitalization of judicial activity. The goal of this article is to prove online reconciliation as a method for improving access to justice, as well as substantiate the integrated model of reconciliation in judicial activity using digital services and platforms. Leaning on the works of the Russian and foreign researchers (V. M. Zhuykov, S. K. Zagaynova, V. V. Yarkov, and others), the conclusion is made that the institution of reconciliation, including mediation, is historically built around the judicial system. Hindsight analysis of the judicial and non-judicial forms of dispute settlement indicates their coherent development. The implementation of the digital platform “Justice Online” in judicial activity allows improving citizens’ access to dispute resolution in or without judicial proceedings using pacific means. In the current context, reconciliation is viewed within the structure of judicial activity and consists in implementation of reconciliation procedures, including online reconciliation, in the courthouse or with the involvement of court, or via digital judicial platforms. The application of comparative legal analysis substantiates the integrated mod el of reconciliation, which has the following characteristics: access to mediation services in the courthouse; granting authorities to the court staff for elucidation of the possible methods of dispute settlement; accretion of power of reconciliation judges; integration of technological services of online reconciliation with the digital judicial platform; merger between the website of the court and the websites of mediation organizations.