bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Do Adolescents Exposed to Alcoholic Anonymous Think about 12-Step Groups?
Authors: Kelly John F. , Myers Mark G. , Rodolico John
Published: November 2008

Objectives

Referral to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) is a common continuing care recommendation. Evidence suggests some youth benefit, yet, despite referrals, youth participation is low. Little is known about adolescents’ experiences of AA/NA. Greater knowledge would inform and help tailor aftercare recommendations.

Method

Two clinical samples of youth (N = 74 and N = 377) were asked about their perceptions of, and experiences with, AA/NA with responses categorized by content into domains assessed for face validity and reliability.

Results

The aspects of AA/NA youth liked best were general group dynamic processes related to universality, support, and instillation of hope. The most common reason for discontinuing was boredom/lack of fit.

Conclusions

General group-therapeutic, and not 12-step-specific, factors are most valued by youth during early stages of recovery and/or degree of AA/NA exposure. Many youth discontinue due to a perceived lack of fit, suggesting a mismatch between some youth and aspects of AA/NA.
Impact of Relapse Predictors on Psychosocial Functioning of SUD Youth One Year after Treatment
Authors: Anderson Kristen G. , Ramo Danielle E. , Schulte Marya T. , Cummins Kevin , Brown Sandra A.
Published: November 2008

This investigation examined how personal, environmental and substance use factors predicted psychosocial functioning for youth with alcohol and drug problems. Four hundred twenty-four adolescents ( M = 15.9, SD = 1.3) completed comprehensive assessments, including personal characteristics (e.g., Axis I diagnosis, motivation, self-esteem), environmental factors (e.g., family history, social supports) and substance use, at study intake and throughout the year following inpatient treatment. Treatment outcomes were assessed by measures of academic functioning, family relations, social functioning as well as health status and mental health treatment at one year. Aspects of the proposed model significantly predicted all treatment outcome domains, except family functioning, in the year following treatment. Psychosocial functioning at one year was predicted by age, gender, SES, comorbid psychopathology, family influence and nonusing social supports prior to treatment and relapse status after treatment. The utility of variables associated with substance use treatment outcomes in predicting psychosocial outcomes is considered.
Interplay of Psychosocial Factors and the Long-Term Course of Adolescents with a Substance Use Disorder
Authors: Winters Ken C. , Stinchfield Randy D. , Lee Susanne , Latimer William W.
Published: November 2008

This paper examines the association of psychosocial factors and long-term drug use behaviors (year-5.5) among adolescents with a substance dependence disorder. One group received treatment with a 12-Step approach ( n = 159) and one group was on a waiting list ( n = 62). Four psychosocial factors (deviant behavior, peer drug environment, psychological disturbance and family estrangement), as measured by a standardized self-report questionnaire, were examined as predictors across three time points (year-1, year-4 and year-5.5). Improved outcome across time was significantly associated with decreases in deviant behavior, peer drug environment and family estrangement. However, psychological disturbance was not associated with outcome. Also, we did not find an effect on outcome as a function of age, gender and race. Youth that received treatment, as opposed to the waiting list youth, generally revealed a more favorable outcome across time. Treatment implications of the study findings are discussed.
The regulation of phytoplankton population dynamics in the world’s largest lakes
Authors: Reynolds C.S. , Reynolds S.N. , Munawar I.F. , Munawar M.
Published: November 2008

The world’s largest lakes, really inland seas, are characterised by long retention times, and are dominated by internal physical forcing, generally low nutrient loadings and predominantly internal recycling. Most are oligotrophic. Many are severely phosphorus deficient. Certainly few ever support large crops of phytoplankton. Horizontal heterogeneity sometimes permits enhanced production in shallow bays or behind thermal bars and occasional blooms develop under conditions of near-surface stratification.

An assessment of published information on the composition and seasonality of phytoplankton in the open water habitats of these lakes confirms the oligotrophic nature of the world’s great lakes. There is a predominance of diatoms at all latitudes; chrysophytes are seasonally prominent in some lakes at high latitude; other flagellates, including dinoflagellates, and species of cyanobacteria represent increasing proportions of the pelagic biomass towards the equator. There is an indication that species composition is influenced by underwater light availability and a positive correlation between Microcystis plankton and relatively higher concentrations of total phosphorus (TP > 30 μg l-1) is suggested. Picoplankton is apparently abundant during periods of relatively high insolation of the water column. Although the carrying capacity of the nutrients available is scarcely large, the production of biomass is strongly related to seasonal variability in the intensity and extent of water-column mixing and its relation to the periodicity and underwater penetration of photosynthetically active radiation. Attainment of nutrientlimited crops generally coincides with shallow mixing whereas deep circulation suppresses production.

The differential effects of latitude, local climate and salinity upon this general deduction are also evaluated. The role of grazing, its contribution to nutrient recycling, and its contribution to sustaining pelagic food webs, is also considered. The paper makes some deductions about the threats placed on large-lake ecosystems by pollution, eutrophication and acidification and upon how their ecosystem health might be monitored and conserved in the future.
Mutagenicity of bleached and unbleached effluents from Baikalsk pulp and paper mill at Lake Baikal, Russia
Authors: Kotelevtsev S.V. , Hänninen O.O.P. , Lindström-Seppä P.A. , Huuskonen S.E. , Stepanova L.I. , Glaser V.M. , Beim A.M.
Published: November 2008

The mutagenicity of bleached pulp mill effluents was compared to the mutagenicity of unbleached waste waters. Mutagenicity was assessed with the Ames test, using metabolic activation systems isolated from the liver of rats and fish. Liver extracts from fish caught in polluted areas, and from fish experimentally exposed to waste water, were also investigated. Pulp mill effluents taken after chlorination showed mutagenic activity. The activity diminished during the waste water treatment. Tissue extracts from fish exposed to various concentrations of treated bleached and unbleached pulp mill effluents showed only slight mutagenic activity in a few samples. In the case of bleached pulp mill effluents monooxygenase activities were elevated in those samples where slight mutagenicity was observed. In the case of unbleached effluents no such correlation was found.
Sediment and water phase toxicity and UV-activation of six chemicals used in military explosives
Authors: Dave G. , Nilsson E. , Wernersson A.-S.
Published: November 2008

Explosives used in ammunition have been dumped in both lakes and oceans before the potential environmental effects of these chemicals were understood. Growing environmental concern in society and in the Swedish military resulted in a project dealing with the aquatic toxicology of explosives. The aim of the present study was to assess the hazard of six explosives by determining the acute sediment and water phase toxicity for two crustaceans (Daphnia magna and Nitocra spinipes). Detoxification during storage was used as an indication of degradability (hydrolysis and biodegradation). The effect of ultraviolet light on the toxicity of these compounds was determined by post-exposure to ultraviolet light and determination of toxicity enhancement. The explosives were picric acid, trinitrotoluene, (2,4-dinitrotoluene), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-trazine, nitroguanidine, and pentyl. The stabilising agent diphenylamine was tested in the same way. For the major explosive, trinitrotoluene, the water-phase EC/LC50s were between 5 and 20 mg l−1 and the toxicity was not significantly affected by storage of test solutions for 30 days, indicating hydrolytic stability. The toxicity was not affected by addition of sediment, indicating that trinitrotoluene was not bound appreciably to sediment, but toxicity decreased after storage for 30 days in the presence of sediment, indicating biological degradation or slow adsorption of the chemical. The toxicity of the other explosives was similar or lower than for trinitrotoluene, but the stabilising agent diphenylamine was slightly more toxic with EC/LC50s between 0.5 and 5 mg l−1. Photoinduced toxicity by ultraviolet light is known for many chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trinitrotoluene. The latter was confirmed in this study and especially for degraded trinitrotoluene. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, which is one degradation product of trinitrotoluene was also activated by ultraviolet light. The toxicity of diphenylamine decreased after storage in water (hydrolysis) and with sediment (biodegradation), but both diphenylamine and its degradation products exhibited photoinduced toxicity.
Interactions of cesium with sediments from Mexican aquatic environments
Authors: Hansen Anne M. , Cerezo-Román Apolinar , Ortega-Lara Vicente
Published: November 2008

Through batch experiments, mathematical and numerical modeling, the migration behavior of radioactive cesium (Cs) was evaluated in water-sediment phases from different Mexican continental aquatic systems and near-coastal marine environments. The objective of the experiment was to understand and simulate the transport, accumulation, and remobilization patterns occurring in these systems as a result of natural and man-made variations in solution chemistry and solid phase compositions of the sediments. The effects of soluble ligands on the incorporation of Cs in sediments from the different study environments were also evaluated. The experimental design reflected variations of system parameters, such as the type of sediment, ionic strength, pH, time of contact, and concentrations of different dissolved ions that either competed with Cs for the same adsorption sites or formed solution species with the study metal. Time-dependent and equilibrium constants were obtained for the incorporation of Cs in sediment samples from the different study environments. Cs adsorbed as outer sphere complexes and exchanged with other cations in the clay minerals. Major ion concentrations in solution affected the distribution of the study metal between the dissolved forms and those attached to the solid surfaces of the sediments. Cs desorption was evaluated by varying the pH and adding different concentrations of EDTA, CO2, or pentavanadate to the experimental systems. Experimental results were used to calibrate time-dependent and equilibrium models which in turn were used to describe and quantify the observed phenomena. The results obtained may help in describing the transport and distribution of radioactive Cs in natural aquatic environments and in the rehabilitation of sites that were contaminated by planned or accidental releases from the atomic energy industry.
Acetylcholinesterase activity of the freshwater cladoceran, Moina macrocopa, used as an in vitro screening tool for water quality
Authors: Martinez-Tabche L. , Mora B. Ramirez , German-Faz C. , Diaz-Pardo E.
Published: November 2008

A rapid, inexpensive enzymatic method is proposed for screening water quality in the laboratory, on board ship or on-site. The method uses the enzyme acetylcholinesterase extracted with Triton X-100 from the supernatant of a homogenate of the cladoceran, Moina macrocapa. Modification of the specific activity of the enzyme compared to controls is measured during incubation of the enzyme extract with water from various sources. This study demonstrated differential response to enzyme activity in water from a large reservoir (Ignacio Ramírez) compared with effluent from an oil refinery (18 de Marzo). In vitro AChE activity is suggested as a rapid test to identify water samples that are toxic or of poor quality and that should be subject to further chemical analysis and toxicity testing.
An outline of a diagnostic system of criteria to rank chemical threats to aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Håkanson L.
Published: November 2008

A key role of environmental management is to direct time and effort towards large environmental problems rather than towards small ones. To do this, it is crucial to have a system of criteria to define, structure, analyse and rank the problems. Subjective viewpoints are, evidently, not sufficient. Fully objective scientific methods and results are generally only applicable for specific substances in specific contexts, generally at finer scales (the cell, specific organs, and the like) but rarely at the ecosystem scale, which is the focus of this approach. The Potential Ecological Risk (PER) approach presented here is generic and could be applied to most types of ecosystems in most regions. The elements of the approach are: (1) definition of ecosystem boundaries, (2) definition of operational effect variables related to a defined chemical threat, (3) ecometric analysis (effect-load-sensitivity analysis), (4) integration (or summation) over impact area, and (5) integration (or summation) over impact time. Effect-load-sensitivity analysis is an important part of the PER approach. Case studies are used to provide examples for the major chemical threats to Swedish lakes and coastal ecosystems, acidification, eutrophication and toxic contamination of mercury, radiocaesium and chlorinated organics. Based on relative values, the ranking gives: Acidification of freshwater ecosystems (700) > eutrophication of coastal ecosystems (560) > eutrophication of lakes (300) > mercury contamination of lakes (240) > contamination of chlorinated organics of Swedish coastal areas in the Baltic (220) > radiocaesium contamination of lakes (70).
Changes in relative abundance, variability, and stability of fish assemblages of Eastern Lake Ontario and the Bay of Quinte—the value of long-term community sampling
Authors: Casselman J.M. , Scott K.A. , Brown D.M. , Robinson C.J.
Published: November 2008

Intensive long-term index sampling of the fish communities of eastern Lake Ontario (outlet basin—gill netting, 1958–98, average annual effort 16.3 km of netting; bottom trawling, 1972–98, 23.0 km; Bay of Quinte—bottom trawling, 1972–98, 12.8 km) provided extensive summer catch data that we used to calculate indices to assess annual relative abundance, variability, and a combination of the two to reflect stability, or status. One of the unique and valuable attributes of these long-term data sets is that they use a community-assessment approach, which includes ecologically important small species and values the data on all species equally. These valuable series confirm that during the past decade, most major species in both the lake and bay have undergone a dramatic, somewhat synchronous change, unprecedented in almost three decades, including the catastrophic winterkills of the late 1970s. Abundance increased to record-high levels in the late 1980s and early 1990s, then decreased abruptly, two years earlier in small species (rainbow smelt, alewife and slimy scalpia) than large ones (lake trout, lake whitefish and walleye). The period of pivotal change was 1991–1993, coinciding with a significant decrease in water temperature from a period of six abnormally warm years, 1986–1991 (Apr.–Sept.—18.7°C), to three abnormally cold years, 1992–1994 (17.3°C). Temperature decrease from 1991 to 1992 (2.1°C) was the most extreme in four decades. Intensive rehabilitative stocking of lake trout, commencing in the mid-1970s, has helped restructure and mature the cold-water community to a point where large species were at record-high levels in the late 1980s and early 1990s, creating increasing prey demand that required maximum prey production; this was possible in the recent high-temperature regime (late 1980s) but was not sustainable in the low-temperature regime that followed. After 1992, large species lost condition, more dead fish were observed, and abundance decreased. This low-temperature perturbation induced a successional setback (enjuvenation event) that should be only temporary in the overall maturity of the ecosystem. However, recent colonization by dreissenids, which are inducing biological oligotrophication, could compound this.
Concentration and distribution of chlorinated phenolic compounds in Fraser River suspended sediment
Authors: Sekela M. , Brewer R. , Baldazzi C. , Moyle G. , Tuominen T.
Published: November 2008

The concentration of chlorophenolic compounds in suspended sediments was determined at four sites located on the upper Fraser River in British Columbia, Canada. One site was located upstream from the five pulp mills on the Fraser River, while the remaining three sites were located downstream from these mills. Suspended sediment samples were collected using a continuous flow centrifuge during the fall low flow and winter (under ice) periods. Nineteen chlorophenolic compounds were detected in samples collected from the downstream sites, with 4,5-dichlorocatechol, 3,4,5-trichlorocatechol and 3,4,5,6-tetrachlorocatechol measured in the highest concentrations. Samples collected under winter low flow conditions consistently had higher concentrations of chlorophenolics than samples collected under fall flow conditions. This is likely the result of a decrease in both the river flow and the background suspended sediment concentration during the winter low flow period.
Risk of Sharp Device–Related Blood and Body Fluid Exposure in Operating Rooms
Authors: Myers Douglas J. , Epling Carol , Dement John , Hunt Debra
Published: November 2008

Objective.

The risk of percutaneous blood and body fluid (BBF) exposures in operating rooms was analyzed with regard to various properties of surgical procedures.

Design.

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting.

A single university hospital.

Methods.

All surgical procedures performed during the period 2001–2002 (n = 60,583) were included in the analysis. Administrative data were linked to allow examination of 389 BBF exposures. Stratified exposure rates were calculated; Poisson regression was used to analyze risk factors. Risk of percutaneous BBF exposure was examined separately for events involving suture needles and events involving other device types.

Results.

Operating room personnel reported 6.4 BBF exposures per 1,000 surgical procedures (2.6 exposures per 1,000 surgical hours). Exposure rates increased with an increase in estimated blood loss (17.5 exposures per 1,000 procedures with 501–1,000 cc blood loss and 22.5 exposures per 1,000 procedures with >1,000 cc blood loss), increased number of personnel ever working in the surgical field (20.5 exposures per 1,000 procedures with 15 or more personnel ever in the field), and increased surgical procedure duration (13.7 exposures per 1,000 procedures that lasted 4–6 hours, 24.0 exposures per 1,000 procedures that lasted 6 hours or more). Associations were generally stronger for suture needle–related exposures.

Conclusions.

Our results support the need for prevention programs that are targeted to mitigate the risks for BBF exposure posed by high blood loss during surgery (eg, use of blunt suture needles and a neutral zone for passing surgical equipment) and prolonged duration of surgery (eg, double gloving to defend against the risk of glove perforation associated with long surgery). Further investigation is needed to understand the risks posed by lengthy surgical procedures.
Blue jets and gigantic jets: transient luminous events between thunderstorm tops and the lower ionosphere
Authors: Pasko V P
Published: November 2008

An overview of general phenomenology and proposed physical mechanisms of large scale electrical discharges termed ‘blue jets’ and ‘gigantic jets’ observed at high altitude in the Earth's atmosphere above thunderstorms is presented. The primary emphasis is placed on summarizing available experimental data on the observed morphological features of upward jet discharges and on the discussion of recently advanced theories describing electrodynamic conditions, which facilitate escape of conventional lightning leaders from thundercloud tops and their upward propagation toward the ionosphere. It is argued that the filamentary plasma structures observed in blue jet and gigantic jet discharges are directly linked to the processes in streamer zones of lightning leaders, scaled by a significant reduction of air pressure at high altitudes.
Coincident disruptive coloration
Authors: Cuthill Innes C , Székely Aron
Published: November 2008

Even if an animal matches its surroundings perfectly in colour and texture, any mismatch between the spatial phase of its pattern and that of the background, or shadow created by its three-dimensional relief, is potentially revealing. Nevertheless, for camouflage to be fully broken, the shape must be recognizable. Disruptive coloration acts against object recognition by the use of high-contrast internal colour boundaries to break up shape and form. As well as the general outline, characteristic features such as eyes and limbs must also be concealed; this can be achieved by having the colour patterns on different, but adjacent, body parts aligned to match each other (i.e. in phase). Such ‘coincident disruptive coloration’ ensures that there is no phase disjunction where body parts meet, and causes different sections of the body to blend perceptually. We tested this theory using field experiments with predation by wild birds on artificial moth-like targets, whose wings and (edible pastry) bodies had colour patterns that were variously coincident or not. We also carried out an experiment with humans searching for analogous targets on a computer screen. Both experiments show that coincident disruptive coloration is an effective mechanism for concealing an otherwise revealing body form.
Effect of different conditioning treatments on total phenolic content and antioxidant activities in two Sargassacean species: Comparison of the frondose Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt and the cylindrical Bifurcaria bifurcata R. Ross
Authors: Le Lann Klervi , Jégou Camille , Stiger‐Pouvreau Valérie
Published: November 2008

The effects of different conditioning treatments (fresh, freezing, freeze‐drying, oven‐drying and greenhouse‐drying) on the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of two brown algae, Sargassum muticum and Bifurcaria bifurcata, were investigated and compared. Phenolic compounds were extracted in a methanol/water (50:50) solution, and TPC was measured by the colorimetric Folin‐Ciocalteu assay. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH (2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay and the β‐carotene bleaching method. The dried seaweeds showed lower phenolic contents and lower antioxidant capacities than the fresh and frozen ones, which suggests that the phenolic content and antioxidant activities are decreased by the drying treatments, especially, oven‐ and greenhouse‐drying. Relationships between TPC, antioxidant properties and conditioning treatments are discussed.
Responses of vegetative gametophytes of Undaria pinnatifida to high irradiance in the process of gametogenesis
Authors: Pang Shao Jun , Shan Ti Feng , Zhang Zhi Huai
Published: November 2008

The population of Undaria pinnatifida in its ecologic niche sustains itself in high temperature summer in the form of vegetative gametophytes, the haploid stage in its heteromorphic life cycle. Gametogenesis initiates when seawater temperature drops below the threshold levels in autumn in the northern hemisphere. Given that the temperature may fall into the appropriate range for gametogenesis, the level of irradiance determines the final destiny of a gametophytic cell, either undergoing vegetative cell division or initiating gametogenesis. In elucidating how vegetatively propagated gametophytes cope with changes of irradiance in gametogenesis, we carried out a series of culture experiments and found that a direct exposure to irradiance as high as 270 μmol photons m−2 s−1 was lethal to dim‐light (7–10 μmol photons m−2 s−1) adapted male and female gametophytes. This lethal effect was linearly corelated with the exposure time. However, dim‐light adapted vegetative gametophytes were shown to be able tolerate as high as 420 μmol photons m−2 s−1 if the irradiance was steadily increased from dim light levels (7–10 μmol photons m−2 s−1) to 90, 180 and finally 420 μmol photons m−2 s−1, respectively, at a minimum of 1–3 h intervals. Percentage of female gametophytic cells that turned into oogonia and were eventually fertilized was significantly higher if cultured at higher but not lethal irradiances. Findings of this investigation help to understand the dynamic changes of population size of sporophytic plants under different light climates at different site‐specific ecologic niches. It may help to establish specific technical details of manipulation of light during mass production of seedlings by use of vegetatively propagated gametophytes.
Comptes rendus
Authors: Collinder Björn , Malmberg Bertil
Published: November 2008

G. Réész, Ursprung und Vorgeschichte der Sprache. Bern 1946 (A. Francke AG.). 279 Seiten in Gross‐8°

Edgar H. Sturtevant, An Introduction to Linguistic Science. New Haven, Yale University

L. Grootaers, Tweetaligheid [= Bilinguisme] (tirage à part de Album Prof. Dr Frccnk Baur

R. H. Stetson, Bases of Phonology, Oberlin, Ohio
COMPTE RENDU
Authors: Liebert Gösta
Published: November 2008

Studien zur Sprachwissemchaft und Kulturkunde. Gedenkschrift für Wilhelm Brandenstein(1898–1967). Herausgegeben von M. Mayrhofer in Verbindung mit F. Lochner‐Hüttenbach und H. Schmeja. Innsbruck 1968. 411 S. (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft. Bd 14.)
THE CAREFUL AND CASUAL SPEECH OF FACTORY WORKERS1
Authors: Tway Patricia
Published: November 2008

This article is concerned with the speech styles used by factory workers. It is part of a larger exploratory and descriptive study of occupational jargon. Samples of the careful and casual speech of 151 workers from all occupational levels in the factory are presented. A comparison is made between the two speech styles of the workers in order to determine which linguistic forms change, in what ways and under what conditions they change and who changes them.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SENTENCE ADVERBS IN ENGLISH
Authors: Swan Toril
Published: November 2008

The paper attempts to map the development of sentence adverbs in English, and to show that our modern sentence adverbs have evolved from earlier intensifiers or manner adverbs.
LITERARY AND DIALECTAL FORMS OF ADDRESS IN GEORGIAN
Authors: Apridonidze Shukia
Published: November 2008

The similarity in structure of vocative, imperative and interrogative forms of address in modern Georgian allows one to discuss nominal and verbal forms together. The similarities consist of: vowel‐ending and/or non‐monosyllabism in prepausal position. The close connection between these forms is best demonstrable in the Mokhevian dialect which shows specific nominal forms of address with the genitive case suffix‐isi resulting from ellipsis. Other Georgian dialects lack separate elements of this system. Cases of verb ellipsis in “parental self‐address” are also discussed.
SECONDARY PREDICATES AND LEXICAL IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Mallén Enrique
Published: November 2008

Abstract.This article argues in favor of base‐generating secondary predicates and the verbal arguments with which they are coindexed inside the lexical maximal projection VP in Spanish, confirming Roberts (1988) analysis of secondary predicates in English. Under this hypothesis, object oriented (O‐) predicates are generated inside the c‐domain of the verb as sisters to the internal argument, whereas subject oriented (S‐) predicates attach to VP as sisters to the external argument in [Spec, V]. Hence, O‐predicates are governed by the verb, while S‐predicates are neither governed nor in Spec‐head agreement with the verb. Based on this asymmetry, I propose that traces of movement must be identified at s‐structure via lexical government or Spec|head agreement with a lexical category. Traces in [Spec, V] (i. e. subjects) or in [NP, V] (i. e. objects) may be licensed via lexical government or lexical Spec‐head agreement or by being part of a chian governed by or in Spec‐head agreement with a lexical head. A so, traces of O‐predicates may be governed by the lexical head, hence they are licensed as required. On the other hand, since S‐predicates are neither governed by nor in Spec‐head agreement with a lexical head, traces in S‐predicate position fail to be licensed, thus accounting for the impossibility of wh‐movement from this site.
SWEDISH SEGMENT LENGTH AND STRUCTURE PRESERVATION
Authors: Löfstedt Ingvar
Published: November 2008

Abstract. Swedish segment length is considered, with two points of focus. First, length distribution displays advantages of a moraic theory of syllable structure over non‐moraic theories. Second, the distribution of long vowels and derived postalveolars is problematic for the Kiparskian theory of Structure Preservation.
C‐SELECTION AS FEATURE‐CHECKING*
Authors: Svenonius Peter
Published: November 2008

Abstract.Subcategorization (Chomsky 1965), or e‐selection (Pesetsky's 1982 term), is a relation which allows a head to specify certain feature values on its complement. However, the limitations of subcategorization are identical to the limitations of head‐movement; the relation is strictly between a head and the head(s) that it properly governs, and never between a head and a specifier or adjunct. The grammar can therefore be simplified by collapsing the two head‐head relations, either by treating cases of abstract head movement (and concomitant feature‐checking) as subcategorization or by treating cases of subcategorization as head movement. In this paper I outline a proposal of the latter sort.
THE ENGLISH MODALS AND ESTABLISHED MODELS OF PROBABILITY AND POSSIBILITY: A SIGN‐BASED ANALYSIS
Authors: Menaugh Michael
Published: November 2008

Abstract. In this sign‐based (or Form‐Content) analysis, the characteristics of different modal predictions are compared with established models of likelihood; this shows that each modal corresponds to one of three distinct and defined likelihood types: Probability in limited outcome systems (must, shall, should, may, might), Probability in unlimited outcome systems (will, would), and Possibility (can, could). The corresponding physical analogues (in which the characteristics of each likelihood type are mimicked by a path between a ‘starting point’ and a ‘destination’) are then considered and a distinctive path‐analogue for each modal obtained. Since the analogue is then shown to account not only for the modal's non‐predictive and predictive uses but also for its grammatical features (e.g. its ability/ inability to adopt a past form, a hypothetical/conditional form, and different kinds of negation), it is concluded that a direct correspondence exists between the analogues and the information encoded in each modal.
Protective effects of astaxanthin on 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells
Authors: Ikeda Yasutaka , Tsuji Shinji , Satoh Akira , Ishikura Masaharu , Shirasawa Takuji , Shimizu Takahiko
Published: November 2008

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although understanding of the pathogenesis of PD remains incomplete, increasing evidence from human and animal studies has suggested that oxidative stress is an important mediator in its pathogenesis. Astaxanthin (Asx), a potent antioxidant, has been thought to provide health benefits by decreasing the risk of oxidative stress‐related diseases. This study examined the protective effects of Asx on 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐induced apoptosis in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH‐SY5Y. Pre‐treatment of SH‐SY5Y cells with Asx suppressed 6‐OHDA‐induced apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, Asx strikingly inhibited 6‐OHDA‐induced mitochondrial dysfunctions, including lowered membrane potential and the cleavage of caspase 9, caspase 3, and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase. In western blot analysis, 6‐OHDA activated p38 MAPK, c‐junNH2‐terminal kinase 1/2, and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2, while Asx blocked the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK but not c‐junNH2‐terminal kinase 1/2 and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2. Pharmacological approaches showed that the activation of p38 MAPK has a critical role in 6‐OHDA‐induced mitochondrial dysfunctions and apoptosis. Furthermore, Asx markedly abolished 6‐OHDA‐induced reactive oxygen species generation, which resulted in the blockade of p38 MAPK activation and apoptosis induced by 6‐OHDA treatment. Taken together, the present results indicated that the protective effects of Asx on apoptosis in SH‐SY5Y cells may be, at least in part, attributable to the its potent antioxidative ability.
Molecular basis of actin reorganization promoted by binding of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli EspB to α‐catenin
Authors: Hamaguchi Mitsuhide , Hamada Daizo , Suzuki Kayo N. , Sakata Ikuhiro , Yanagihara Itaru
Published: November 2008

EspB is a multifunctional protein associated with the type III secretion system of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and interacts with various biomolecules including α‐catenin in the host cell. The binding of EspB to α‐catenin is thought be involved in actin reorganization during bacterial infection, although the precise mechanism of this phenomenon is still unclear. Recent research shows that dimerization of α‐catenin dissociates it from E‐cadherin/β‐catenin/α‐catenin complexes, and that the dimer suppresses Arp2/3‐mediated actin branching or polymerization. These results inspired us to evaluate the effect of EspB on the functions of α‐catenin. Based on a series of in vitro biochemical approaches, including pull‐down, co‐sedimentation and pyrene–actin polymerization assays combined with transmission electron microscopy, we conclude that EspB promotes all the functions of dimeric α‐catenin described above. These results clarified the molecular basis of reorganization of actin filaments during infection with enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli.
Identification of Candidate Amino Acids Involved in the Formation of Blue Pigments in Crushed Garlic Cloves (Allium sativum L.)
Authors: Cho Jungeun , Lee Eun Jin , Yoo Kil Sun , Lee Seung Koo , Patil Bhimanagouda S.
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT:  The color‐forming ability of amino acids with thiosulfinate in crushed garlic was investigated. We developed reaction systems for generating pure blue pigments using extracted thiosulfinate from crushed garlic and onion and all 22 amino acids. Each amino acid was reacted with thiosulfinate solution and was then incubated at 60 °C for 3 h to generate pigments. Unknown blue pigments, responsible for discoloration in crushed garlic cloves (Allium sativum L.), were separated and tentatively characterized using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a diode array detector ranging between 200 and 700 nm. Blue pigment solutions exhibited 2 maximal absorbance peaks at 440 nm and 580 nm, corresponding to yellow and blue, respectively, with different retention times. Our findings indicated that green discoloration is created by the combination of yellow and blue pigments. Eight naturally occurring blue pigments were separated from discolored garlic extracts using HPLC at 580 nm. This suggests that garlic discoloration is not caused by only 1 blue pigment, as reported earlier, but by as many as 8 pigments. Overall, free amino acids that formed blue pigment when reacted with thiosulfinate were glycine, arginine, lysine, serine, alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, and tyrosine. Arginine, asparagine, and glutamine had spectra that were more similar to naturally greened garlic extract.
Racial Authenticity in Rap Music and Hip Hop
Authors: Harrison Anthony Kwame
Published: November 2008

This article reviews the history of scholarship on racial authenticity within studies of rap music and hip hop. The concept of authenticity currently enjoys a central place in sociological work on popular music, subcultures, and racial identity. As a music and cultural form that straddles all three of these fields, the debates surrounding authenticity within rap and hip hop are as contentious as any. Using the year 2000 as an arbitrary dividing line, this article presents the late 20th century foundations of research on authenticity and race within hip hop, then moves on to discuss more recent developments in the academic literature. Despite hip hop scholars’ increased emphases on discourses of space and place, and processes of culture and identity formation, the field continues to be framed through notions of essential blackness, and critical interrogations of white hip hop legitimacy. After providing an overview of the state of the field, it is argued that greater attention to language use among hip hop enthusiasts, and a particular emphasis on hip hoppers who fall outside the black–white racial binary will prove fruitful in reinvigorating these longstanding debates. Ethnographic studies of local underground hip hop scenes within the Unites States are recommended as a logical place to begin.
Evaluation of vitreous levels of gatifloxacin after systemic administration in inflamed and non‐inflamed eyes
Authors: Rajpal  , Srinivas Ambatipudi , Azad Raj Vardhan , Sharma Yog Raj , Kumar Atul , Satpathy Gita , Velpandian Thirumurthy
Published: November 2008

Purpose:  This study aimed to evaluate the human vitreous penetration of gatifloxacin in inflamed and non‐inflamed eyes after oral administration.

Methods:  Vitreous penetration of single‐dose (400 mg) oral gatifloxacin was evaluated in patients (n = 33) undergoing vitreous tap during the standard procedure for intravitreal antibiotic injection for acute postoperative endophthalmitis at various time‐points. Vitreous penetration of 400 mg oral gatifloxacin was evaluated in the non‐inflamed eyes of patients (n = 33) undergoing pars plana vitrectomy at similar time‐points. The study was extended to evaluate the vitreous penetration of single‐dose oral (800 mg) gatifloxacin at a single time‐point in inflamed (n = 10) and non‐inflamed (n = 11) eyes.

Results:  After 400 mg oral gatifloxacin, inflamed eyes showed mean vitreous concentrations of 0.58±0.19μg/ml, 1.33±0.33 μg/ml and 1.30 ± 0.23 μg/ml at 2, 4 and 6 hours, respectively. The levels reached at 2 and 4 hours were found to be significantly increased compared with those in non‐inflamed eyes. At the 800‐mg dose, 4‐hour vitreous levels in inflamed and non‐inflamed eyes were 1.57 ± 0.3 μg/ml and 1.42 ± 0.24 μg/ml, respectively. Although the increased dose of gatifloxacin elevated plasma concentration, it failed to raise vitreous levels significantly higher than the 400‐mg dose at the 4‐hour time‐point.

Conclusions:  Orally administered gatifloxacin achieves therapeutic levels in both inflamed and non‐inflamed human eyes with a spectrum covering the bacterial species most frequently involved in the various causes of endophthalmitis. However, the levels achieved were below the MIC90 for Pseudomonas aureginosa and Enterococcus.
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Noncoding RNA Epigenetically Silences Transcription by Targeting G9a to Chromatin
Authors: Nagano Takashi , Mitchell Jennifer A. , Sanz Lionel A. , Pauler Florian M. , Ferguson-Smith Anne C. , Feil Robert , Fraser Peter
Published: November 2008

A number of large noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) epigenetically silence genes through unknown mechanisms. The
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ncRNA is imprinted—monoallelically expressed from the paternal allele.
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is required for allele-specific silencing of the cis-linked
Slc22a3, Slc22a2
, and
Igf2r
genes in mouse placenta. We show that
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interacts with the
Slc22a3
promoter chromatin and the H3K9 histone methyltransferase G9a in placenta.
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accumulates at the
Slc22a3
promoter in correlation with localized H3K9 methylation and transcriptional repression. Genetic ablation of G9a results in nonimprinted, biallelic transcription of
Slc22a3
. Truncated
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fails to accumulate at the
Slc22a3
promoter, which results in reduced G9a recruitment and biallelic transcription. Our results suggest that
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, and potentially other large ncRNAs, target repressive histone-modifying activities through molecular interaction with specific chromatin domains to epigenetically silence transcription.
La genèse du bulbe et son enfouissement chez les semis de Tulipa gesneriana
Authors: Taillandier Jeanine , Riviere Simonne
Published: November 2008

In tulip seedlings, a cluster of slightly chromophilic cells are formed at the bottom of a small cavity at the base of the cotyledonary sheath. During the first 5 weeks of seed hydration, the cells of this cluster divide and thus form the apical meristem. When the first leaf is initiated, a hollow diverticulum, the dropper, differentiates at the base of the cotyledon. It is located laterally with respect to the axis of the plantlet. The dropper is produced by the tissues of the cotyledonary sheath, and partly by those of the hypocotyl. The dropper buries itself vertically in the substrate, drawing down the apical meristem which is enclosed within its extremity. At this stage, statocyts are observed in the wall of the dropper. The first leaf develops into a typical starchy bulb scale. Thus the primordial bulb is formed when the growth of the dropper is terminated.
Behaviour and habitat preferences of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and their influence on longline fishery catches in the western Coral Sea
Authors: Evans Karen , Langley Adam , Clear Naomi P. , Williams Peter , Patterson Toby , Sibert John , Hampton John , Gunn John S.
Published: November 2008

Data on the depth and temperature preferences of bigeye tuna ( Thunnus obesus ) derived from archival tags were integrated with data on the spatial and temporal distribution of catches from an eastern Australian longline fishery to investigate the relationship between bigeye tuna behaviour and the fishery. Tagged individuals demonstrated variability in depth and water temperature preferences on diurnal, lunar, and seasonal scales. Deeper, cooler waters were frequented during the day, and shallower, warmer waters were frequented at night, with nighttime preferences often deeper around the full moon, although this was not consistent between individuals or temporally within individuals. Marked individual variability in depth and water temperature preferences suggest bigeye tuna are flexible in foraging strategies utilized, thereby allowing individuals to maximize their ability to successfully forage in a patchy environment. Catches of bigeye tuna corresponded with the spatial and temporal overlap of bigeye tuna distributions within the fishery on similar scales, suggesting clear influence of bigeye tuna behaviour on the behaviour of the fishery and catches. However, variability in these relationships suggests that the factors influencing the relative catchability of bigeye tuna are complex, and there are likely to be a range of additional environmental, behavioural, and operational factors that influence bigeye tuna catchability.
Mitigating effect of chloride ions on sulfate attack of cement mortars with or without silica fume
Authors: Lee Seung-Tae , Park Dae-Wook , Ann Ki-Yong
Published: November 2008

This paper presents a detailed experimental study on the sulfate attack of mortar specimens with or without silica fume exposed to sulfate and sulfate–chloride solutions (with the same concentration of SO42– ions) up to 510 d. The overall aim of the study is to investigate the beneficial effect of chloride ions on sulfate attack. In addition, the role of silica fume and water–binder ratio (w/b) in resisting sulfate attack is also reported. To qualitatively assess the performance of mortar specimens exposed to test solutions, visual examination and compressive strength and expansion tests were carried out. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) techniques were also used to evaluate the products formed by hydration and chemical reaction and the change of porosity for paste samples. Results indicated that the presence of chloride ions in sulfate environments mitigated the deterioration of ordinary Portland cement mortar specimens, especially with a higher w/b, due to sulfate attack. It seems that the mitigating effect of chloride ions on sulfate attack is attributable to the increased solubility of sulfate products in the chloride-bearing sulfate solution, and the chemical binding of the ions to form Friedel’s salt.
Latin hypercube sampling for uncertainty analysis in multiphase modelling
Authors: Khan Amir Ali , Lye Leonard , Husain Tahir
Published: November 2008

To facilitate the uncertainty analysis of a finite element multiphase multi-component transport model MOFAT, this paper provides guidance on latin hypercube sampling Monte Carlo (LHS-MC) sample size selection. To evaluate the ability of LHS-MC to produce output cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) that replicate random sampling Monte Carlo (RS-MC) cdfs, output cdfs obtained with LHS-MC sample sizes of 100, 300, and 500, and a RS-MC sample size of 10 000 are compared using the two sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The LHS-MC cdfs for the three different sample sizes are able to accurately replicate the corresponding RS-MC cdfs for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) concentrations in the water, gas, and solid phases. The stability of LHS-MC is also evaluated by comparing three replicates of a LHS-MC sample. The three replicates are all able to accurately replicate the corresponding RS-MC cdfs for all BTEX concentrations in all three phases.
Time-dependent displacement behaviour of model adfreeze and grouted piles in saline frozen soils
Authors: Biggar K.W. , Sego D.C.
Published: November 2008

The findings of a laboratory study on the time-dependent displacement of model piles in saline frozen soil are reported. The short-term time-dependent pile deformation in ice-poor saline silty sand was best described using a simple power law of time, whereas the long-term time-dependent deformations were best described using a flow law formulation similar to that used to describe the long-term time-dependent deformation of ice or ice-rich permafrost. The use of cementitious grout as a backfill resulted in doubling of the pile load carrying capacity for a given displacement rate. The laboratory test results compare well with other laboratory and field studies. Key words : frozen soil, saline, model pile, time-dependent deformation, sand backfill, grout.