bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Palm Oil, Linseed Oil and Vitamin E on some Production Parameters of Broilers
Authors: Al-Klw Mohammed Jawdat , Hamid Shehab Muhammad , Ibrahim Azhar Majid
Published: July 2023

This study was conducted in the poultry field of the Livestock Research Station in Mosul of the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture during the period 27/12/2021 to 8/2/2022 for the purpose of studying the effect of adding some plants oils and vitamin E on some productive traits of broiler chickens. where (480) one-day-old Roos-308 broiler chicks were used, they were distributed randomly by six experimental treatments for each treatment of 80 birds, and each treatment included four replications, and each repetition had 20 birds. the treatments were as follows: T1 (standard ration without addition) T2 (palm oil addition 2%) T3 (flax oil addition 2%) T4 (vitamin E supplementation 300 mg/kg feed) T5 (palm oil addition 2% and vitamin E 300 mg/kg feed) T6 (add flax oil 2% and vitamin E 300 mg/kg feed). we obtained significant differences (P≤0.05) in weight, weight gain, production index, feed consumption rate, feed conversion coefficient, and a decrease in mortality, as it was found that there was a significant improvement in the breast weight criterion.
Effect of Drainage with Flax Oil on Weight and some Blood Characteristics During Late Pregnancy Stage of Awassi Ewes
Authors: Khalaf Rafea M. , Noaman Abdullah I. , Al-Abbasy Emad Gh.
Published: July 2023

The goal of this research was to determine the effects of various doses of flaxseed oil on ewe body weight, growth characteristics, and selected biochemical and hormonal blood characteristics. This research was carried out in the animal science department at the University of Tikrit’s College of Agriculture between October 6th, 2022, and September 1st, 2022. There were a total of 17 female Awassi sheep, ages 1-2, with an average live weight of 56.41 kg, and they were randomly assigned to one of three groups. To the ewes, flaxseed oil was administered at a rate of 0%, 6%, and 8% of the dry matter weight in the three different groups. The ewes were grazing daily, in addition to providing a supplementary diet at the level of 2.5% of body weight, consisting of 14.98 protein and 14.22 MJ/kg dry matter as energy. At the end of the experiment, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the treatments in ewes’ weights, the percentage of packed blood cells, the number of white blood cells and platelets, and the values of total protein, albumin, urea, and creatinine, while the control treatment was the least significant (P≤0.05). of the second and third treatments, which had the highest numbers of red blood cells (5.79, 6.61 and 7.72) 106cells/ml3 and hemoglobin (9.06, 9.80 and 10.20) mg/dl, respectively. While a significant decrease (P≤0.05) was, observe for the activity of AST, ALT and triglyceride enzymes for the third treatment compared to the control treatment. The third treatment was significantly superior (P≤0.05) in the value of blood globulin, glucose and cholesterol 1.90 g/dl, 66.66 and 84.00 mg/dl, respectively.
Evaluation of the Rhodotorula glutinis in Controlling the Gray Rot Disease Caused by the Pathogenic Fungus Botrytis cinerea Pre and Post Strawberry Harvesting
Authors: Ibrahim Youssef Ayad , Hassan Abdullah Abdulkareem
Published: July 2023

The effectiveness of the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis was evaluated in the field experiment for control of the gray rot disease on strawberry caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. The results showed that all treatments of R. glutinis yeast led to a significant superiority in inducing systemic strawberry resistance and an increase in vegetative, productivity and quality indicators of three strawberry cultivars, compared to the Prado fungicide treatment and the pathogenic fungus treatment only. Treatment of filtrate and yeast cells (R. glutinis - Cs +F with B. cinerea) achieved the highest activity of the enzymes that induce plant resistance, which included peroxidase, chitinase and β-glucanase, the enzymatic activity was 2.25, 2.31 and 1.62 units/ml for Albion cultivar, with significant superiority compared to other treatments. The treatment of (R. glutinis - Cs +F) in the presence of the pathogenic fungus recorded the highest vegetative parameters, which included plant height and shoot weight in Albion cultivar, reaching 27.33 cm and 14.66 g, respectively. All treatments of R. glutinis yeast led to a significant superiority in affecting the severity of infection for all studied strawberry cultivars under the infection conditions with the pathogenic fungus B. cinerea, the Albion cultivar achieved the highest decrease in the infection severity reached 17.37% in (R. glutinis - Cs +F with B. cinerea ), while it had the least effect on the severity of infection in the Festival cultivar, reached 95.28% in the treatment of the pathogenic fungus. The yield of strawberry fruits in Albion cultivar was superior compared to other cultivars, as the plant yield reached 68.92 g/plant in the treatment of (R. glutinis-Cs +F with B. cinerea), while the lowest yield was 16.69 g/plant in the Festival cultivar with the pathogenic fungus treatment only. The treatment of yeast filtrate and cells with B. cinerea achieved the lowest infection intensity, the highest hardness and the highest vitamin C content of strawberry fruits after 7 days of harvest, compared to the Prado fungicide treatment and the pathogenic fungus treatment only.
Evaluation of Sticky Traps and Baits in Control of Melon Fly, Dacus frontalis Becker on Melon
Authors: Al-Mtarfi Taher Ibrhim T. , AlShammary Nidaa Saud
Published: July 2023

The Dacus frontalis Becker is known species, being an agricultural pest. It has been attacked Cucumis melo L. Sticky traps and baits have been used as one of effective integrated control methods to monitor different types of insects. It is way to know population density of insects. For sticky traps, the average number of adults of insects caught in yellow, Transparent, blue and red traps was 15.72, 9.50, 4.67, 3.17 adults\ trap\ six weeks respectively. However, for baits, results have been recorded that average numbers of adults caught in traps were 13.67, 10.00, 9.17, 7.75, 50.6, 2.50 adult/trap. The results have been recorded that average numbers of adults caught for bait traps were 38.34, 32.67, 28.33, 17.26, 17.84, 7.84 adult/trap. The effectiveness of yellow traps and Transparent traps has been proven to attract large numbers of adults, as their use on farms is easy, easy to use, low cost, and helps in rationing the use of pesticides, especially if they are expensive. Furthermore, they help us predict the time of appearance of the insect in melon to give a correct time.
Detection of some Volatile Oils using High-Performance Chromatography Technique and Study Antibacterial Activity of Black Seed Extract Nigella sativa L.
Authors: Hussien Madeha H. , Hassoon Ali S.
Published: July 2023

The antibacterial activity of crude extract of Nigella sative extract was studied on the some pathogenic bacteria by using paper disc diffusion. The tested strains were: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and psendomonas aeruginosa. The results were showed that the crude extract produced inhibition zone in all tested bacteria ranging from (20 mm) in S.aureus and MRSA and (12 mm) in P.aureginusa. Some Volatile Oils were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatograph(hplc), and three extraction methods (aqueous, methanol and ethanol) were used. The following Volatile Oils were estimated ((Limonene, Anethole, -α-pinene, Estagole) reached(35.61,86.40,41.69,35.61) sequentially While the aqueous extraction recorded the lowest averages of (30.52, 71.42, 32.82, 25.89). In conclusion, the current article was attitude to assess the effectiveness of N. sativa in front of all prevalent illnesses caused by strains of microorganisms that are drug-resistant.
Performance Evaluation of Two Date Palm Frond Cutting Saws
Authors: Al-Sumaidaee Saif Alden K. Mohammad , Abdul-Munaim Ali Mazin
Published: July 2023

Traditional tree management is laborious and costly, thus this work aimed to study the performance of two different types of frond cutting saws (reciprocating saw and vibrating saw) and examine the two saws on five date palm varieties. Four parameters were examined, including cutting time for a single frond, the power needed for cutting a single frond, frond cutting productivity expressed as tree/h, and vibration conveyed to the worker’s hand. A field experiment was designed according to the nested randomized complete block design, including five date palm varieties as the main plot and the type of saw as a sub-plot. Means were compared using the least significant differences (LSD 0.05). Results indicated that Bream variety required the least time for frond cutting. The reciprocating saw exhibited efficiency in saving the time required for frond cutting, while the vibrating saw took significantly longer time needed for cutting a single frond. The highest number of fronds cut in one hour was recorded in Bream variety, again significantly higher than the number of other studied varieties. Moreover, the reciprocating saw achieved significantly higher productivity than the vibrating one, indicating that the productivity of the reciprocating saw is almost three times more than the vibrating saw. Maximum productivity was recorded in Bream variety, while the least was recorded in Tebarzal using the vibrating saw. Moreover, results indicate that the variety and the type of saw have a vital role in productivity since as the thickness of a frond increases, the cutting takes more time and ultimately reduces the number of date palms to be pruned per hour. Results also exhibited that vibrating saw reduced the consumed energy during frond cutting. Additionally, results revealed that the minimum power consumed by a vibrating saw was in Bream variety, while Tebarzal consumed the upmost energy when a reciprocating saw was used. Maximum vibration on X-axis was reported in Bream variety when a vibrating saw was used. Additionally, the reciprocating saw exhibited the highest vibration compared with the vibrating saw. Moreover, the reciprocating saw caused the lowest vibration in Tebarzal variety. Results indicated that the vibration imposed by both saws reached the maximum value in Bream variety. The vibrating saw resulted in the higher vibration toward Z axis, while the Reciprocating saw resulted in higher vibration toward X axis, which was more than eight times that recorded by the vibrating saw. Results indicate that vibration toward the Y axis increased significantly in Bream variety compared with others. Again, as in the situation with X and Z axis, the reciprocating saw exhibited the highest vibration compared to that resulted from using a vibrating saw which was more than three times the vibration caused by the vibrating saw.
Mechanization Assessment of Soil Compaction Induced by Traffic of Farm Machinery
Authors: Hussein Shahab A. , Hussein Mahmood A. , Al-Rijabo Saad A.
Published: July 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of compacted and non-compacted soils induced by traffic of farm machines and equipment during the agricultural operations on some mechanization properties (e.g. Draught Force, Specific Resistance, Energy Use Efficiency and Soil resistance to cutting and shaping). The experiment was conducted during the spring agricultural season of 2022 in one of the farms that located about 30 km Northwest Mosul city - Nineveh Governorate - Iraq. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used for data analyses with four replications (n=4). The experimental site was divided into two main blocks based on the investigated factors (1) two levels of rear tire pressure were tested (8 psi and 15 psi), (2) number of traffic (no traffic, one traffic, two traffics and three traffics). These variables were investigated under two different soil textures (clay soil, silty loam soil). Duncan’s multiple range test was utilized to compare between the means at a 5% probability level. The results showed that CTF system represented by non-trafficked soil has achieved the best values (P< 0.05) for all studied indicators, particularly when practiced under clay soil. Draught force was significantly better with non-trafficked soil compared to the one-traffic, two-traffics and three-traffics by approximately 30%, 33% and 40%, respectively. Energy Use Efficiency was also increased under non-trafficked soil (no-traffic) by approximately 30%, 45%, 48% compared to the one-traffic, two-traffics and three-traffics of farm machinery, respectively. The best values of the investigated indicators were reported when CTF has practiced (no-traffic) in the clay soil using 15 psi tire pressure.
Power Requirements of Shallow and Deep Tillage as Affected by Number of Wheel Traffic
Authors: Al-Dabagh Yazan Tawfiq Ham , Ahmed Luhaib Adnan Abed
Published: July 2023

Soil compaction is one of the issues that many agricultural lands suffer from, and one of the main reasons for that, is wheel traffic which pass through the field. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of studying the effect of the agricultural machinery traffic and the type of tillage on some of the studied characteristics (drawbar power (DP), wasted power by slippage (WPS), clods greater than 100 mm (CGT)) at soil moisture content of 17-20%. The experiment was conducted during the autumn agricultural season (2022) in Nineveh governorate in Iraq, in silty clay soil. The experiment was designed according to split plot design with four replications. the main plots were allocated to tillage type (shallow tillage, and deep tillage), while the secondary plots were allocated for traffic systems (zero traffic, it represents the controlled traffic framing system (CTF), one time of traffic, two times of traffic, and three times of traffic, they represent the random traffic framing system (RTF)). The results showed that the CTF compared RTF, was significantly reduced all the studied characteristics (DP, WPS and CGT) by percentages (68%, 70%, and 75%) at shallow tillage respectively, and (49%, 67%, and 84%) at deep tillage, respectively.
Financial and Economic Evaluation of Broiler Breeding Projects in Hawija District
Authors: Ahmed Mezher Abdullah , Saleh Ibrahim Mohamed , Hamad Manar Saleh
Published: July 2023

Iraq suffers from a clear shortage in the production of white meat, and the agricultural sector has not yet been able to bridge the gap between domestic production and demand for it, and a large part of consumption is satisfied through imports. The poor quality that is imported by the private sector due to the state’s preoccupation with other tasks. Therefore, it has become necessary to pay attention to livestock projects, and from here the aim of the study was to conduct an evaluation and economic analysis of the farm, and a set of economic criteria was used for this purpose. The standard of return of the invested dinar achieved (1.30) dinars, which generates a profit of (0.30), and the farm also achieved an economic profit A good value of (118100000) dinars, and here it leads to encouraging investors to undertake such projects, although the prices of inputs and outputs suffer from fluctuation due to local market conditions. The results of the research show the feasibility and efficiency of the farm and the low value of the investment agreement.
Identification and Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 16S rRNA Gene Isolated from Contaminated Soil With Oil Residues
Authors: Hussein Zainab T. , Mukhlif Suaad S. , Taha Mohammed , Ali Suha Abduhakeem
Published: July 2023

Pseudomonas aeruginosawas isolated from fifty soil samples were collected from different sites of contaminated soil with oil residues in Ministry of science& technology. Morphological, biochemical tests and16S rRNAgenes sequencing was performed for bacterial isolates identification. Thirty (30) isolates ofP. aeruginosabacteria were confirmed according to morphological, biochemical tests. For molecular analysis, all isolates that tested positive for P. aeruginosa underwent amplification of the 16S rRNA gene using previously described primers that amplified a particular DNA fragment of 956 bp. PCR product was delivered to Macrogen Corporation - Korea for Sanger sequencing utilizing an automated DNA sequencer called the ABI3730XL. The results were emailed to us, and we used geneious software to analyze them. The investigation of phylogenetic relationships between different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has frequently been conducted on the sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene region, which is a viable technique for species identification. To determine the degree of genetic similarity between the organisms, a distance tree was built. Consequently, gene sequencing of the 16S rRNA region was an appropriate method for isolating isolates at the molecular level. The a novel local strain ofPs. aeruginosawhich isolated from contaminated soil with oil residues samples (MSZ. IRQ20) and we will registration of isolate in GenBank under accession number of MT832126.1. Distance Tree Using Blast Tool in the Geneious software.
Environmental Toxicological Effect of Random Using of Acetamiprid Pesticide on Common Carp Fish in Tigris River
Authors: Sarhan Sarhan Rashid
Published: July 2023

Agricultural production of high yielding varieties requires the freely use of pesticides and fertilizers, in order to protect crops from pests. Thus, it helps in improving the quality and quantity of crops. The aquatic environment is polluted through the use of pesticides, which poses serious health risks to the aquatic ecosystem as well as to humans. This exposure can directly affect the biological regulation, including primary producers, microorganisms, invertebrates or fish. Two hundred samples of carp fish found on the Tigris River have been collected for this study. The study included three sites on the river (Al-Suwaira - Al-Battar - Al-Kut dam) with the help of a local fisherman. Therefore, the goal of the study was to ascertain how the acetamiprid affected the blood images of common carp fish exposed to it in the affected aquatic environment, particularly red blood cells and hemoglobin. In addition to the effect of acetamiprid on antioxidant (CAT, SOD, GPX) enzymes. The collected fish were divided into two groups 150 fish exposed to the pesticide and 50 those are not exposed. The results showed a significant decreasing in hemoglobin concentration and RBC account. Pesticide-exposed fish showed lower enzyme levels than fish that weren’t exposed to them. We come to the conclusion that the pesticides employed by farmers are harmful to the aquatic environment, have a negative impact on several important biological systems as well as the organ functions in the fish’s body.
Combined Efficacy of Lawsonia inermis and Myrtus communis Extract as a Potential Factor in Bacterial Treatment to Hospital Wastewater, Iraq
Authors: Edan Dhay J. , Muhammad-Ali Munther Abduljaleel , Jaafar Raghad Shubbar
Published: July 2023

The current study aimed to use biological treatment using plant extracts; extracted from some locally available plants: Lawsonia inermis (Henna), and Myrtus communis (Yass), against pathogenic bacteria isolated from heavy water in hospitals that do not have treatment plants. The two studied plants were extracted using two different solvents (water and alcohol). Diagnosis of these extracted using Gas chromatography (GC-MS) showed that the alcoholic extraction led to a higher percentage of effective phenolic compounds than the aqueous extract. Sewage water was used to isolate bacteria and according to the morphological, and biochemical, confirmed by using the vitke II instrument; six types of pathogenic bacteria were identified (Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus xylosus Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Escherichia coli, klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia ficaria). The two Alcoholic plant extracted showed excellent antibacterial activity against all pathogenic bacteria than the water extracted as revealed by the diameter of the inhibition zone.
The Effect of the Treated Wastewater on the Pollution of the Diyala River
Authors: Al-Mayahi Elham Abdel-Malik Hassoun , Al-Abadi Lami Abd Al-Ilah Soukban , Al-Hadithi Azzam Hammoudi
Published: July 2023

The project aimed to prepare study comprised to investigate for assessing Diyala River water pollution in the (bottom basin) and to showing chemical effect of the discharged of the water plant. The physical properties included hydrogen number (pH), total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC), but in term of chemical properties, samples were chemically analyzed for cat ions and anions (Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+1, K+1, Cl-1, HCO3-1, SO4-2NO3-1). The results of physical properties had been shown that the pH is within acceptable limits according to the WHO, 2006 guideline and Iraqi guideline 417, 2009 for drinking water, while the TDS, EC values were higher than the acceptable limits of the mentioned guidelines. The average concentrations of the following cat ions and anions: ( Ca+2, a+1, Cl-1, SO4-2) are higher than acceptable limits, but the average concentrations of anions (Mg+2, K+1, HCO3-, NO3-1) are within acceptable limits of WHO, 2006 guideline and Iraqi guideline, 2009 for drinking water. The dominated cautions of Diyala River water are Na+1, Ca+2as well as the dominated anions are Cl-1, SO4-2here as the evaporation process is dominating in the river. the results showed that the river water is very hard and most of the physical and chemical properties are higher than acceptable limits, so it is unsuitable for drinking. From calculating sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of river water was suitable for irrigation and it is appear to be classified as S1 Level, which is no harmful regarding sodium. Result indicated effect of tracers, the influences of Treatment of treated wastewater and human activities, all these factors contributed for worsen the quality of Diyala river water.
Biodiversity of Mollusca in Dalmaj Marsh, Southern Marshland, Al-Diwaniya City, Iraq
Authors: Al-Jasimee Aahmed Sabah , Hussein Haider Mashkoor
Published: July 2023

One of nature’s most valuable resources, biodiversity plays a critical role in meeting many of human requirements and protecting from environmental extremism conditions. Mollusca benthic invertebrates are important biota in aquatic ecosystems and need further investigation. The current study highlights some species recorded in Al-Delmage Marsh in Iraq. The current study points out six species of Mollusca. These species are Melanoides tuberculate, Physa acuta, Viviparus bengalensis, Lymnaea radix, Corbicula fluminalis and Corbicula fluminea. Ecological indices reveal decrease in the values of Shannon (H’), Evenness (E), Margalef (R). This result reflects the ecological disturbance that the world faces over time and Iraq is the fifth country in this regard.
Evaluation of the Performance of the Makhmuor Villages Water Filtration Plant in Nineveh Governorate / Iraq
Authors: Sabawi Salman K. A. , Kannah Abdulmoneim M. A.
Published: July 2023

The current study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the Makhmuor villages water filtration plant and to ensure the validity of the water produced and delivered to the consumer. The physical, chemical and biological properties of the Tigris River water at the intake of the plant and at different stages of the plant and the water reaching the residential areas benefiting from the plant were studied. The studied samples were collected for a period of five months, monthly from July to November 2022. Temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, pH, residual chlorine, and the total number of bacteria. And the total number of coli bacteria and the number of plankton. The results of the study showed that many samples conformed to the Iraqi and international specifications for drinking water, except for turbidity, as it exceeded the permissible limit in most samples, which is less than 5 (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) NTU, and dissolved oxygen reached 4.4 and 4.8 mg / liter in the Tigris River for the month of August and water Liquefaction in the villages for the months of July and September, respectively, as well as 4.4 mg/L in the automated sedimentation and filtration ponds and the village 2 for the month of November. The biological requirement for oxygen in seven samples in different locations for the months of October, August and November was 0.1 mg/L and the highest value was 6.4 mg/L in basin 2 in October. And nitrates were in low concentrations. As for residual chlorine, all tests were free of any percentage of it, except for the month of November, when it was in the plant tank 2 mg / liter and in the two villages 0.3 mg / liter. Thus, the number of bacteria increased and appeared in all samples throughout the study period.
Response Catharanthus roseus to Plant Growth Regulators in vitro
Authors: Al-Qaseer Zahraa Fahem , Al-Rekaby Layth Sareea
Published: July 2023

This experiment was conducted in the tissue culture laboratory for postgraduate studies of the Department of Life Sciences in the College of Science, Al-Qadisiyah University to obtain a study of the response of Catharanthus roseus to the external growth stimuli, which include plant growth regulators, auxins (IAA, NAA, IBA) and cytokines (Kin, BA), under the influence of light conditions. On the characteristics of explants and callus growth that incubated in the growth room, 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness or continuous darkness. A high rate dilution of sterilization was prepared for plant growth, and all experiments showed that the medium (MS) at a concentration of 4.44 gm with sucrose at a concentration of 30 gm and the agar at a concentration of 7 gm with growth regulators that resulted in a group of growths, which was represented by the vegetative growth of the plant as a result of its development on a medium in which the best combination was (NAA and Kin) At a concentration of 1 mg each of auxin with cytokines. Where the highest levels of interaction between auxin and cytokinin in illumination for the growing apex were (96.6%) and for single nodules it was (83.3%). As for the incubation period in the continuous darkness, the highest rates of bilateral overlap for the developing peaks and for the single nodes were (85.7%) and (42.8%), respectively.
The Effect of Depth of the Smart Artificial Subsurface Irrigation Pipes and the Distance on the Efficiency of the System Performance and Yield of Sunflower
Authors: Mizhar Bassam A. , Jassim Abdulrazzaq A.
Published: July 2023

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of pipes depth and the distance between them in the smart artificial subsurface irrigation system on the efficiency of the system performance and the yield of sunflower (Helianths annuus L.), in one of the fields of Al-Raed Research Station/Ministry of Water Resources located 25 km west Baghdad for the growing season 2022. Two factors were used in the experiment, the first factor included the depths of the subsurface irrigation pipes at three levels 10, 15, and 20 cm. The second factor included the between subsurface irrigation pipes at three levels 50, 60, and 70 cm. The characters studied were soil moisture content %., irrigation water amount, cm3 h-1. depth of irrigation water added cm, plant height cm, and sunflower grain yield ton ha-1. Nested system was used according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The pipes depth was allocated to the main plot and the distance in the sub-plots. Least significant difference was used under the probability (LSD 0.05) to compare the averages of treatments. The results showed that the highest and lowest values of moisture content were 23.21 and 16.69 % for treatment depth 20 and distance 60 cm and treatment depth 10 and distance 70 cm, respectively. The highest and lowest values for irrigation water depth were 7.99 and 5.31 cm for the treatment depth 15 and distance 50 cm, and treatment depth 10 and distance 60 cm, respectively. The highest and lowest values for the amount of water consumed were 234.59 and 96.7 cm3 h-1 for treatments depth 10 and distance 50 cm, and treatment depth 20 and distance 60 cm, respectively. The highest and lowest values for plant height were 150.6 and 117.0 cm for the treatment depth 20 and distance 50 cm and treatment depth 10 and distance 70 cm, respectively. The highest and lowest values of grain yield were 4.97- and 2.62-ton ha-1 for treatments depth 20 and distance 50 cm and treatment depth 10 and distance 70 cm, respectively.
Assessment of Wastewater Characteristics of Treatment Units in some Hospitals in the City of Basra
Authors: Alsingery Ban R. , Alabbawy Dunya A. , Almahmood Hassan Khaleel
Published: July 2023

This paper presents the results of the flowing water characteristics from the sanitation system studied in targeted hospitals in the city of Basra, Iraq, in four sites from the 1st of December 2021 to the 1 st of March 2022, including two major sites for government hospitals and two main sites for private hospitals. Statistical analysis of a set of physicochemical water quality parameters of flowing water collected directly from hospitals and water flowing before mixing with public sewage was conducted to investigate the efficiency of a hospital wastewater treatment plant in Basra, Iraq. The study concluded that the operational capacity in the selected treatment stations is commensurate with the hospital’s absorptive capacity and that all stations from different global origins operate as efficiently. The efficiency of removing Al–Saadi Hospital is 44.7% higher than other hospitals (Al–sader teaching, Al Mawanee, and Al–Mawadda) the efficiency of removing was (43.06%, 41.35%, 37.73%) respectively that have been studied. It is necessary to provide government and private hospitals with biological treatment stations to achieve the water environment in a city that suffers from severe pollution of water resources.
Antibacterial Efficacy and Molecular Docking of Leaf Extract of Laurus nobilis L Against some Isolated Pathogenic UTI Bacteria
Authors: Al-Abdullah Amani Abd Al-Ridha , Jasim Ekhlas Qanber , Muhammad-Ali Munther Abduljaleel
Published: July 2023

The objective of the current study was to analyze the chemical compositions and antibacterial properties of Laurus nobilis. The bacterial strain was isolated from urine sample of female patients have urinary tract infection in Al-Basrah Teaching Hospital. Two solvents (hot and cold aqueous and ethanol) were used to extract the dried leaves of L. nobilis. While there were differences in the inhibition zones that solvent extracts demonstrated against bacterial pathogens, all of them significantly inhibited pathogens. The diameters of the inhibition zones on Staphylococcus aureus where the alcoholic extract was in the range of 17-29 mm, 22-28 mm for hot water and 12-14 mm for cold aqueous extract. The diameters of the inhibition zones on Klebsiella pneumoniae for alcoholic extract were 18-20 mm, 19-21.5 mm for hot aqueous extract and 12-17 mm for cold water extract. The GC-MS analysis demonstrated the presence of different phytochemical compounds in the extract of Laurus nobilis. A total of 60 compounds were identified, for ethanolic extract, tris (2-methylenecyclopropyl)methanol, (3aS,6aR,9aR,9bS)-3,6,9-trimethylenedecahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2(3H)-one and (3aS,6aR,9aR,9bS)-6-methyl-3,9-dimethylene-3a,4,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2(3H)-one were the major compounds with percentage values 9.64%, 8.86% and 7.43%, respectively. For hot water extract, the major three compounds were 5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde 11.64%, 2-methyl-5-nitro-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-amine 8.39% and tris(2-methylenecyclopropyl)methanol 6.81%. Whereas, for cold water extract, the major compounds were n-Hexadecanoic acid 26.05%, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 22.94% and Octadecanoic acid 8.25%. Molecular docking showed that these nine major compounds had an excellent binding affinity -4.25 to -8.56 kcal/mol against S. aureus using protein 1JIJ. The binding affinity of these compounds against K. pneumoniae (protein 6PIB) were in the range - 4.03 to -8.22 kcal/mol.
Study of the Effect of Oil Extract of Dill (Anethumgraveolens L.) Plant on Oxidative Stress Parameters of Liver Enzymes in Male Rats
Authors: Salman Thanaa Abdel-SadaKhaddam , Ahmed Ahmed Tawfeeq , Oleiwi GhufranHasan , Al-Ibrahemi Nibras
Published: July 2023

This the study carried out inextracting of Anethum graveolensL. (dill) volatile oils belong to umbelliferae family and determent percentage of the oils, phytochemical screen were performed A. graveolens volatile oils extract and displayed positive results for Saponin, Cumarins, Phenol, Glycoside, Alkaloid and Flavonoid while Tannins negative results. and determent their impact oxidative stress Malonaldehyde and Lipid peroxidation level, the animal were divide in to five groups, each of which include three animals, the first groups was control groups, the second groups was injection with A. graveolensL. oils extract at a concentration of 25%mg/kg body weight (B.W), the third groups was injected with concentration of 50 mg/kg (B.W), the fourth groups was injected with concentration of 100 mg/kg (B.W) and five groups was injected with concentration of 200 mg/kg (B.W), was injected 7 days and 14 days and blood bled 30 days, the criteria foe stress (MDA and LPO) were defined to establish the effective duration and concentration, indicate the results the groups (G2, G3, G4 and G5) of male rats displayed significantly decline in MDA level (1.96, 2.52, 1.34 and 1.00μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 2.47μmol/L at the 7th day, G2, G3, G4, and G5 showed a considerable drop by day 14, however. (2.38, 1.93, 1.62 and 1.06μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 2.46μmol/L. While resultsLPO levels declined significantly in male rat groups (G2, G3, G4, and G5) (17.14, 13.4, 11.53 and 9.35μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 22.01μmol/L at the 7th day, while at the 14th day (G2,G3,G4 and G5) showed significantly decrease (25.05, 20.94, 18.73, 10.65 and 11.85μmol/L) respectively compared with control 25.05μmol/L. aim from this research is known protective role and antioxidant for dill volatile oil extract.
Evaluation of Combinations Between Menthe Extract, Zinc Nano Oxide and Phenol Compound on Antifungal
Authors: Mohan Khadijh S. , Omran Zena T. , Salman Thanaa Abdel-Sada Khaddam , Al-Masoodyb Itlal Hakim
Published: July 2023

From August 17 to January 1, 2023, this investigation was carried out in the postgraduate lab at the University of Kerbala. The Menthe spicata plant was removed from the city of Karbala on July 11, 2022, and phenol component was extracted from ethanol alcohol menthe extract. from the Nanomaterials, Practical size, and Zno nanoparticals (33-40nm) In order to assess the effectiveness of various concentrations of combinations of zinc nanoparticles, menthe extract, and phenol obtained from menthe extract, as well as the virulence of fungal isolates Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum, and Microsporum canis. The results demonstrate that menthe extract, zinc nanooxide, and phenol chemical combinations are more effective than menthe extract alone in enhancing the inhibition zone against fungus, and that nano zinc has a more significant impact than phenol and menthe extract in reducing the amount of antifungal required. The goal of this study was to diminish the pathogenic fungal growth suppression using a combination of nano zinc, phenol, and menthe extract antifungals (M. canis, T. mentagrophyte, and C. albican).
An Investigation of Bacterial Infections in the Urinary Tract of Babylon City Women in Iraq, a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ali Mariam Ahmed , Aljanaby Ahmed Abduljabbar Jaloob
Published: July 2023

Urine infection, also known as a urinary tract infection (UTI), is an inflammation of the urinary system, while it is most common in women, UTI can occur in both men and women. A total of 719 urine samples were collected from women with UTI admitted to a general hospital in Babylon City, Iraq, between March 2022 and February 2023. Standard laboratory methods were used to culture urine and to diagnose all bacterial isolates that were grown on laboratory media. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to test antibiotic susceptibility. Out of a total of 719 urine samples, 646 urine samples with positive bacterial growth and 73 urine samples without bacterial growth. E.coli was the most predominant bacteria with 309 isolates, K.pneumoniae 112, S.saprophyticus 62, E.faecalis 48, P. aeruginosa 31, S.aureus 20, S.haemolyticus 19, St.agalatiae 16 and C. freundii 8 isolates. E.coli, K.pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa were highly resistance to amoxicillin 25 μg with percentages 81%, 82% and 90% respectively; S.saprophyticus had good resistance to penicillin 6 μg and ampicillin 10 μg with percentages 74%. The most effective antibiotic was imipenem 10μg, which inhibited all bacterial growth.
Modeling periodontal host-microbe interactions using vascularized gingival connective tissue equivalents
Authors: Makkar Hardik , Lim Chwee Teck , Tan Kai Soo , Sriram Gopu
Published: July 2023

Gingival connective tissue and its vasculature play a crucial role in the host’s immune response against the periodontal microbiome and serve as a bridge between the oral and systemic environments. However, there is a lack of representative models that mimic the complex features of vascularized gingival connective tissue and its interaction with the periodontal microbiome, hindering our understanding of periodontal health and disease. Towards this pursuit, we present the characterization of vascularized gingival connective tissue equivalents (CTEs) as a model to study the interactions between oral biofilm colonizers and gingival tissues in healthy and diseased states. Whole-mount immunolabeling and label-free confocal reflectance microscopy of human fibrin-based matrix embedded with gingival fibroblasts and microvascular endothelial cells demonstrated the generation of bi-cellular vascularized gingival CTEs. Next, we investigated the response of the vascularized gingival CTEs to early, intermediate, and late oral biofilm colonizers. Despite colonization, the early colonizers did not elicit any significant change in the production of the cytokines and chemokines by the CTEs representative of the commensal and homeostatic state. In contrast, intermediate and late colonizers representing a transition to a diseased state exhibited connective tissue and vascular invasion, and elicited a differential immune response accompanied by increased monocyte migration. The culture supernatants produced by the vascularized gingival CTEs in response to early and intermediate colonizers polarized macrophages towards an immunomodulatory M2-like phenotype which activates and protects the host, while the late colonizers polarized towards a pro-inflammatory M1-like phenotype. Lastly, in silico analysis showed a high strength of associations between the proteins and transcripts investigated with periodontitis and vascular diseases. In conclusion, the vascularized gingival CTEs provide a biomimetic in vitro platform to study host-microbiome interactions and innate immune response in periodontal health and diseased states, which potentially paves the way toward the development and assessment of novel periodontal therapeutics.
Soil warming duration and magnitude affect the dynamics of fine roots and rhizomes and associated C and N pools in subarctic grasslands
Authors: Bhattarai Biplabi , Sigurdsson Bjarni D , Sigurdsson Páll , Leblans Niki , Janssens Ivan , Meynzer Wendelien , Devarajan Arun Kumar , Truu Jaak , Truu Marika , Ostonen Ivika
Published: July 2023

Background and Aims

The response of subarctic grassland's below-ground to soil warming is key to understanding this ecosystem’s adaptation to future climate. Functionally different below-ground plant organs can respond differently to changes in soil temperature (Ts). We aimed to understand the below-ground adaptation mechanisms by analysing the dynamics and chemistry of fine roots and rhizomes in relation to plant community composition and soil chemistry, along with the duration and magnitude of soil warming.

Methods

We investigated the effects of the duration [medium-term warming (MTW; 11 years) and long-term warming (LTW; > 60 years)] and magnitude (0–8.4 °C) of soil warming on below-ground plant biomass (BPB), fine root biomass (FRB) and rhizome biomass (RHB) in geothermally warmed subarctic grasslands. We evaluated the changes in BPB, FRB and RHB and the corresponding carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools in the context of ambient, Ts < +2 °C and Ts > +2 °C scenarios.

Key Results

BPB decreased exponentially in response to an increase in Ts under MTW, whereas FRB declined under both MTW and LTW. The proportion of rhizomes increased and the C–N ratio in rhizomes decreased under LTW. The C and N pools in BPB in highly warmed plots under MTW were 50 % less than in the ambient plots, whereas under LTW, C and N pools in warmed plots were similar to those in non-warmed plots. Approximately 78 % of the variation in FRB, RHB, and C and N concentration and pools in fine roots and rhizomes was explained by the duration and magnitude of soil warming, soil chemistry, plant community functional composition, and above-ground biomass. Plant's below-ground biomass, chemistry and pools were related to a shift in the grassland’s plant community composition – the abundance of ferns increased and BPB decreased towards higher Ts under MTW, while the recovery of below-ground C and N pools under LTW was related to a higher plant diversity.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that plant community-level adaptation of below ground to soil warming occurs over long periods. We provide insight into the potential adaptation phases of subarctic grasslands.
Leaving the bike unlocked: trust discrimination in inter-ethnic encounters
Authors: Kanitsar Georg
Published: July 2023

Migration and ethnic diversity are said to hamper the cultivation of social trust, as native citizens may hesitate to trust ethnic out-groups and racial minorities. This article examines trust discrimination against ethno-racial minorities in everyday interactions. In a field intervention, cyclists were approached with a request for help that required them to leave their bicycles alone for a short time. I experimentally manipulated the presence and the ethnic background of a bystander positioned close to the spot where the cyclists left their bikes behind and operationalized trust as the decision to leave the bike unlocked and unattended. I found that cyclists showed significantly less trust in the presence of ethno-racial minorities compared to natives. Furthermore, trust in the wild depends on the stakes involved, as measured by the value of the bike, and one’s vulnerability to trust betrayal, as indicated by the physical stature of the cyclists. By examining a real-life indicator of trust in inter-ethnic encounters, this study advances our knowledge of the ethnic boundaries of social trust and forms of covert discrimination in anonymous and multi-ethnic societies.
Confounding Variety?
Authors: Peck Jamie
Published: July 2023

Drawing on collaborative work originally developed with Jun Zhang, this chapter reworks the problematics of variety and variegation in dialogue with debates around the definition and specification of “Chinese” capitalism. The apparently sui generis nature of China’s development path and mode of economic governance has been taken as an alibi for theoretical defeatism, or dissent from so-called Western conventions of analysis. Alternatively, the fact that it presents as an ostensibly “more statist” counterpole to US-style liberal capitalism has given license to a new generation of Cold War–like theorizations, which tend to exaggerate the role of (free) markets and liberal governance in the West, while sequestering the more corrupting and overbearing functions of the state to the East. Proposing a different kind of move, this chapter seeks to make a virtue of the “frictions” between theoretical frameworks on the one hand and actually existing governance styles and socioeconomic conditions on the other, positioning Chinese capitalism as a generative case.
Drift of Multiple, Neutral Traits
Authors: Arnold Stevan J.
Published: July 2023

Drift of the multivariate mean provides an important baseline against which we can gauge the effects of multivariate selection. Multivariate drift is a function of elapsed time, effective population size, and the G-matrix. In the two-trait case at any given time, we can visualize the trait means of replicate populations as a cloud of points in bivariate trait space. Although each mean takes an erratic path through trait space as time unfolds, the statistical behaviour of the cloud is highly predictable. The dispersion cloud retains its shape and orientation, as it gradually expands in size from generation to generation. Moreover, the cloud shares its characteristic shape and orientation with the G-matrix. Tests of these predictions in natural populations reject drift as an explanation for trait radiation. In particular, the observed dispersion cloud is smaller, sometimes much smaller than expected by neutral drift of the trait means. The need for models that include selection as well as drift is also suggested by the empirical result that the major axis of the dispersion cloud can be aligned with the major axes of inheritance and/or selection.
Response of Multiple Traits to Selection
Authors: Arnold Stevan J.
Published: July 2023

In the short term, the response of multiple traits to directional selection is a function of the G-matrix and the vector of selection gradients, β. Directional selection on a particular trait is expected to change the mean of that trait, but selection may also induce responses in genetically correlated traits. This phenomenon is familiar to plant and animal breeders, who counteract the undesirable correlated responses to selection by selecting on a special linear combination of traits. In the common case in which natural selection alone acts on the multivariate phenotype, the initial response may be biased towards directions with abundant genetic variation. On longer time scales, evolution may be temporarily constrained for certain kinds of traits, especially those that represent trait combinations with low mutation rates and little standing genetic variation. For most traits, however, evolution in the long term is not constrained by genetic variation. Calculations of minimum selective mortality indicate that only a small amount of directional selection each generation is required to account for even appreciable trait change that is observed in the fossil record.
Trait Evolution on Dynamic Adaptive Landscapes
Authors: Arnold Stevan J.
Published: July 2023

Although a variety of models have been proposed to explain adaptive radiations, a common feature of relatively successful models is peak movement. Nevertheless, some of these models fail to explain temporal patterns in large data sets assembled by Philip Gingerich and others. For example, models in which the optimum steadily moves in the same direction (with or without superimposed white noise fluctuation) fail to account for long-term data. The models that come closest to accounting for the data are ones in which the optimum moves rarely, but is then capable of substantial excursions (0–6 phenotypic standard deviations). Likewise, Brownian movement of the peak does a reasonable job accounting for actual adaptive radiations. These results direct our attention to the problem of formulating and testing alternative models for the peak controller process, providing a research agenda for the future.