bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Effectiveness of Paliperidone ER and Olanzapine in Schizophrenia: Meta‐Analysis of 3 Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trials
Authors: Ortega Ignacio , Perez‐Ruixo Juan Jose , Stuyckens Kim , Piotrovsky Vladimir , Vermeulen An
Published: January 2010

The time course of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores in adult schizophrenia patients was modeled, and the effectiveness of paliperidone extended‐release tablets (paliperidone ER) and olanzapine was quantified. Data from 3 randomized, double‐blind phase III studies were used. Patients received paliperidone ER (3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 mg), olanzapine 10 mg, or matched placebo once daily for 6 consecutive weeks. An indirect response model implemented using a nonlinear mixed effects approach described the time course of the PANSS. Deterioration rate was modeled as a function of baseline PANSS score, placebo, and drug effects, and the dropout effect. An exponential decrease of the placebo response was also implemented. Paliperidone ER and olanzapine treatment were characterized by a long‐lasting drug effect (13%), with a larger but short‐lasting placebo effect (40%) and a notable dropout rate. The covariate exploration failed to identify any clinically relevant factors. The nonparametric bootstrap analysis confirmed the acceptable precision of parameter estimates. The visual predictive check supported the model's adequacy to reproduce observed PANSS time courses. The population model describes the time course of PANSS scores in schizophrenia patients and is appropriate for use in clinical trial simulation activities.
The Legal Precision of the Term ‘πάράkλητος’
Authors: Shelfer Lochlan
Published: January 2010

The Greek term πάράkλητος has often been loosely translated as ‘advocate’, with the assumption that it possesses a vague forensic quality. Hitherto, however, its precise meaning has been imperfectly understood, and there has been no cohesive legal definition for all of its appearances, especially those in the New Testament. This study examines all of the occurrences of the term πάράαkλητος, including previously overlooked attestations in the papyrological and epigraphical record. It argues that the term is a precise calque for the Latin legal term advocatus, meaning a person of high social standing who speaks on behalf of a defendant in a court of law before a judge. The article concludes by showing how this meaning is appropriate to the five appearances of παράkλητος in the Johannine corpus.
Reading and Hearing in Ancient Contexts
Authors: Rodríguez Rafael
Published: January 2010

This article clarifies a perennial problem relating to the concept of ‘orality’ in Gospels studies and attempts to provide some resolution to that problem. Specifically, Gospels criticism has struggled to conceptualize the relation between the Jesus tradition as it was orally performed and early textual (written) expressions of that tradition. The binary opposition ‘literacy/orality’ has failed to provide any help in this conceptualization, and this failure is rooted especially in the rather nebulous (yet widespread) concept of ‘orality’. New Testament scholarship requires a set of culturally specific models of textuality, including the non-communicative functions of written texts and the non-literate use of written traditions. Before we can develop the necessary models, however, we need to deal with the problems we have created by appealing to ‘orality’.
Effects of MK-801, taurine and dextromethorphan on neurotoxicity caused by manganese in rats
Authors: Zhaofa Xu  , Ke Jia  , Bin Xu  , Anning He  , Jing Li  , Yu Deng  , Fanglin Zhang
Published: January 2010

The effects of manganese on the activities of GS, PAG, SDH and Na+-K+-ATPase were investigated and the impact of MK-801, Tau and DM on manganese-induced neurotoxicity were observed in rats. Seventy Wistar rats were divided into seven groups, 10 animals for each group. The first group was the control group, the second to fourth groups were 8, 40 and 200 μmol/kg MnCl2 groups, the fifth to seventh groups were 0.3 μmol/kg MK-801, 1 μmol/kg Tau and 13.5 μmol/kg DM pretreatment groups. The animals were injected with manganese chloride for 25 days and pretreated for every other day. Manganese resulted in the reduction of GS, SDH and Na+-K+-ATPase activities, and the increase of PAG activity. The percentage of positive area and integral optical density of glutamate immunocreative cell were significantly increased in the group given 200 μmol/kg MnCl2 alone. Pretreatment with MK-801, Tau and DM can antagonize neurotoxicity induced by manganese in the certain extent.
“But There’s a Million Jokes About Everybody . . .”: Prevalence of, and Reasons for, Directing Negative Behaviors Toward Gay Men on a Canadian University Campus
Authors: Jewell Lisa M. , Morrison Melanie A.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency and types of negative behaviors directed toward gay men on university campuses and to understand heterosexual men’s and women’s motivations for engaging in antigay discrimination. Using a mixed methods approach, results from a quantitative survey ( N = 286) indicated that students primarily engaged in covert antigay behaviors, such as telling antigay jokes and spreading gossip about gay men. Follow-up qualitative interviews with 8 highly homonegative individuals (4 men, 4 women) were then conducted to better understand their self-perceived motivations for perpetrating antigay discrimination. Results indicated that antigay behaviors were conducted to reinforce traditional male gender roles, alleviate feelings of discomfort, and convey heterosexual identity. Participants also expressed concern about being perceived as prejudiced and were motivated to control their prejudicial reactions to some degree. Implications regarding the contemporary nature of antigay violence on university campuses are discussed.
Factors Affecting Women’s Response Choices to Dating and Social Situations
Authors: Yeater Elizabeth A. , Viken Richard J.
Published: January 2010

This study evaluated the effects of a sexual victimization history, trait disinhibition, alcohol use history, number of lifetime sexual partners, and the contextual features of dating and social events (i.e., sexual activity and alcohol use) on women’s response choices to a set of vignettes describing diverse social situations. A total of 170 undergraduate women chose one of six responses to each situation that varied in their degree of response refusal. Averaged across the situations, more severely victimized women and women reporting higher disinhibition chose responses lower in refusal than nonvictimized women and women reporting lower disinhibition. Past victimization, disinhibition, and number of sexual partners also moderated the influence of the situations’ contextual features on women’s response refusal. Specifically, as the presence of sexual activity increased in the situations, the response refusal of more severely victimized women increased less than nonvictimized women. In addition, as the presence of alcohol increased in the situations, the response refusal of women reporting higher disinhibition and a greater number of sexual partners decreased more than women reporting lower disinhibition and a fewer number of sexual partners.
Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Reported by Homeless Youth in Columbus, Ohio
Authors: Slesnick Natasha , Erdem Gizem , Collins Jennifer , Patton Rikki , Buettner Cynthia
Published: January 2010

No study to date has reported intimate partner violence (IPV) experiences among homeless youth. This study sought to uncover lifetime prevalence estimates of physical, sexual, and emotional IPV among a nonprobability sample of 180 homeless male and female youth in Columbus, Ohio. To that aim, self-reported IPV and the association between IPV and gender, race, age, and history of childhood abuse were examined. Results showed that physical violence and verbal abuse were the most commonly reported experiences of IPV in the current sample and ranged from 30.0% to 35.4%. Women and those with a history of childhood abuse were more likely to be victimized by their intimate partners. Specifically, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that women were approximately twice as likely as men to be verbally and physically abused in intimate relationships. Moreover, youth who reported being victims of abuse in childhood were more than twice as likely to experience verbal abuse and physical violence in their relationships. Given the high lifetime occurrence of IPV among homeless youth, intervention efforts should target IPV to prevent future occurrence. Findings also suggest that intervention efforts should consider gender and history of childhood abuse.
Rehabilitation of Older Adults With Hearing Impairment: A Critical Review
Authors: Laplante-Lévesque Ariane , Hickson Louise , Worrall Linda
Published: January 2010

Objectives: Hearing impairment, which affects both peripheral and central structures of the auditory system, is highly prevalent among older adults and has serious consequences both for the people with hearing impairment and for those around them. This article provides an updated overview of the rehabilitation of this population. Methods: This article critically reviews the rehabilitation interventions available to older adults with hearing impairment: hearing aids, hearing assistance technology, and communication programs. Results: Current evidence suggests positive outcomes of similar magnitude for the three rehabilitation interventions, however their availability/uptake and adherence are suboptimal. Discussion: To improve the current situation, two changes to practice are warranted. First, availability of the range of rehabilitation interventions should be improved. Second, in accordance with the self-management of other chronic health conditions, older adults with hearing impairment should be invited to be actively involved in their rehabilitation.
Commentary on ‘‘Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A vision and a Strategy’’
Authors: Schwartz Sorell L
Published: January 2010

Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy, from the National Research Council Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents, presents a vision wherein toxicology testing moves from feeding test substances to animals for their lifetimes, and assessing clinical laboratory and histopathological changes, to human tissue studies made suitable by recent technological advances in computational biology, toxicogenomics, and the like. This is to be accomplished by elucidating toxicity pathways complemented by targeted testing. The report focuses on the array of available new concepts and attendant technology that the committee considers relevant to its proffer, but, in the final analysis, it describes little in the way of robust strategy for achieving the stated goals. From that perspective, the vision, as described, is no more innovative or far-reaching than goals directed at the utility of cellular metabolism measurements put forth fifty years ago. The report generally lacks the coherence and organization that could have given greater credibility to the committee’s deliberative effort.
Commentary on ‘‘Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A vision and a Strategy’’
Authors: Phalen Robert F
Published: January 2010

Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy (NRC, 2007) presents a bold plan for chemical toxicity testing that replaces whole-animal tests with cell-culture, genetic, other in-vitro techniques, computational methods, and human monitoring. Although the proposed vision is eloquently described, and recent advances in in-vitro and in-silico methods are impressive, it is difficult believe that replacing in-vitro testing is either practical or wise. It is not clear that the toxicity-related events that occur in whole animals can be adequately replicated using the proposed methods. Protecting public health is a serious endeavor that should not be limited by denying animal testing. Toxicologists and regulators are encouraged to read the report, carefully consider its implications, and share their thoughts. The vision is for too important to ignore.
Protective effects of fomepizole on 2-chloroethanol toxicity
Authors: Chen Yng-Tay , Liao Jiunn-Wang , Hung Dong-Zong
Published: January 2010

2-Chloroethanol (2-CE) is a widely used industrial solvent. In Taiwan, Taiwanese farmers apply 2-CE on grape-vines to accelerate grape growth, a practice that in some cases have caused poisoning in humans. Thus, there is strong interest in identifying antidotes to 2-CE. This study examines the protective role in 2-CE intoxicated rats. Alcohol dehydrogenase and glutathione were hypothesized to be important in the metabolism of 2-CE. This study used fomepizole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, and chemicals that affected glutathione metabolism to study 2-CE toxicity. Notably, fomepizole 5 mg/kg significantly increased median lethal dose (LD50) of 2-CE from 65.1 to 180 mg/kg and reduced the production of a potential toxic metabolite chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) in animal plasma. In contrast, disulfiram (DSF), an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, increased the toxicity of 2-CE on the lethality in rats. Additional or pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and fomepizole significantly reduced plasma CAA concentrations. Fomepizole also significantly reduced 2-CEinhibited glutathione activity. Otherwise, pretreatment with NAC for 4 days followed by co-treatment with fomepizole significantly decreased formation of the metabolic CAA. These results indicated that its catalytic enzyme might play a vital role during 2-CE intoxication, and the combination of fomepizole and NAC could be a protective role in cases of acute 2-CE intoxication.
Introduction
Authors: Juneja Monica , Siebenhüner Kim
Published: January 2010

Research on religious conversion has grown into an extraordinarily dynamic field in the course of the past decade. While the subject was never absent from the agenda of an earlier historiography, the mid-1990s witnessed a fresh resurgence of interest across the world in the phenomenon of conversion. The explanation for this might lie in the fact that recent approaches to conversion intersect with the concerns of a culturally-oriented historiography, thereby affording fresh perspectives and modes of coming to grips with the centrality of religion as an analytical category of pre-modern history. Religious faith is indeed an important constitutive factor that shapes our understanding of pre-modern societies within and beyond Europe. Investigating the process of a change of faith can provide new entry points into the domain of religious transformation and can help map the shifting boundaries of religious communities and identities. Such identities are a site of contention in most modern multi-cultural societies, where a dominant community wields overwhelming power. Historiography in young post-colonial nations tends to either project present-day conflicts on to a pre-colonial past or else, seeks resolution of these tangled issues through suggesting an overweening cultural commonality that transcends religious difference. Historicising the study of religious conversion then becomes an important exercise that might help to find a way of accommodating conflict and rupture within the process of negotiating religious plurality.
Catholic–Lutheran–Catholic
Authors: Carl Gesine
Published: January 2010

This article undertakes a comparative analysis of two conversion narratives of Johannes Ferdinand Franz Weinberger, who converted in 1687 from Catholicism to Lutheranism and returned to the Catholic church one year later. After his reconversion, Weinberger found himself confronted by those who doubted his credibility and was consequently under considerable pressure to justify the path he had taken. At the same time, he felt impelled to explain his behaviour to himself, to come to terms with his own conscience. In such a situation, it was necessary for him to adhere closely to the contents, the form and the leitmotifs of his first conversion narrative, changing at the same time his concept of self and interpreting his con-version to Lutheranism in a different mould.
Returning to Judaism
Authors: Ginio Alisa Meyuhas
Published: January 2010

The last century of Jewish life in the Iberian Peninsula (1391–1492) was marked by continuous persecutions leading to the conversion of a large number of Jews to Christianity. Known as ‘New Christians’, they escaped from the Iberian Peninsula to the Ottoman Empire, where—under Muslim dominion—they could return to their ancestral creed, reconverting to Judaism. This article examines the three waves of migration that took place during the last decade of the fifteenth century and during the sixteenth century. The legal status of the newcomers with regard to the Jewish religion was to be settled by rabbinical decisions. Contemporary Jewish rabbanim were aware of the conflicting factors that had motivated migration from Portugal and their attitudes towards the newcomers reflected suspicions about the latter’s ability to integrate within the existing Jewish congregations.
Developing Global Perspectives Through International Management Degrees
Authors: Brookes Maureen , Becket Nina
Published: January 2010

Internationalisation has risen high on the agenda of many higher education institutions, and the need to develop graduates with global perspectives is well recognised. Much attention has been given to institutional strategies for internationalisation, international students, and dealing with culturally diverse learning styles. To date, however, there have been limited efforts to consider what internationalisation means in practice at the programme level. This article reports on a case study that investigates the internationalisation of undergraduate hospitality management degree programmes in the United Kingdom. Through the development and application of an internationalisation framework, the study reveals the perceived importance of shared cross-cultural experiences to the internationalisation of programmes and the different approaches adopted within programmes. It also highlights current constraints in internationalising degree programmes and the subsequent challenges faced by educators in developing graduates’ global perspectives.
Transient Performance of Energy Harvesting Strategies under Constant Force Magnitude Excitation
Authors: Lallart Mickaël , Inman Daniel J. , Guyomar Daniel
Published: January 2010

Advances in low-power electronics and in energy harvesting technologies have enabled the conception of truly self-powered devices. Nevertheless, most studies rely on steady-state assumptions, which are rarely available in real environments. This article exposes, as a first step, a study of the transient stage of vibration energy harvesting systems initially at rest both mechanically and electrically (null initial displacement and voltages), when the harvesting device is submitted to a time-limited sine force at its resonance frequency. A particular focus will be placed on the total energy harvested as well as on the time of harvesting, allowing a better understanding of the dynamics of harvesting processes for systems subjected to time-limited excitations.
Motor vehicle collisions involving child pedestrians in eThekwini in 2007
Authors: Hobday Michelle , Knight Stephen
Published: January 2010

The burden of disability and death on child pedestrians has not been widely researched in the developing world. Using the eThekwini Transport Authority database for 2007, data about collisions involving pedestrians under the age of 15 in the eThekwini metropolitan area were analysed. Incidence risk and proportions were calculated for risk factors involving pedestrians, drivers and the environment. Male pedestrians aged 5 to 9 were at highest risk of injury compared to other male pedestrians (IRR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.38 to 1.91). This group also had the highest fatality risk (IRR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.05 to 4.29). Male drivers had nearly five times the risk of involvement in pedestrian collisions compared to females. The highest proportion of fatal pedestrian collisions involved buses and trucks, on freeways, in wet conditions and at night. The findings point to the need to: (a) improve pedestrian visibility; (b) design safe routes to schools; and (c) develop practical roadside skills. For the first time in research in road traffic injuries, this study provides an overall picture of both fatal and non-fatal child pedestrian collisions in a South African municipality.
Review Article: Health impact assessment developments in Sweden
Authors: Knutsson Ida , Linell Anita
Published: January 2010

Aims: The contextual prerequisites in a country are crucial to the implementation and effectiveness of health impact assessment (HIA). This article aims to show how the Swedish government has been working to create supportive contextual prerequisites for HIA. These prerequisites are described based on the following factors: stewardship, including public health policy, party politics and legal preconditions; organization, including resources and funding; and delivery, which is dependent on the public health culture. The aim has also been to draw conclusions about facilitators of and obstacles to HIA implementation. Methods: The article is based on a review of relevant literature. Results: Since 2000, the Swedish government has taken a number of initiatives to increase the application of public health and HIA. National agencies and all of Sweden’s county administrative boards have received government assignments with the National Institute of Public Health in a supportive role. Conclusions: Some facilitators of HIA implementation are: utilizing existing impact assessment knowledge; connecting HIA with the concept of a sustainable social development; and awareness of the time needed to adopt complex information. Obstacles detected are: the lack of a mandatory law for HIA; a lack of funding; and an occasional lack of public health skills. The final conclusion is that the public health policy adopted by the Swedish Riksdag, with its overarching aim of equality in health and its 11 domains of objectives, has had a crucial effect as a framework for HIA in Sweden.
Healthcare reform in Lithuania: Evaluation of changes in human resources and infrastructure
Authors: Buivydiene Jurgita , Starkiene Liudvika , Smigelskas Kastytis
Published: January 2010

Aims: To evaluate the change in the healthcare indicators in major and minor counties of Lithuania following the healthcare reforms of 2002—5. Methods: The healthcare indicators were defined in the strategy for restructuring the healthcare settings. There were eight supply indicators (related to human resources and infrastructure). Analysis was performed comparing de facto data of major and minor counties with planned indicators. Results: 1) Human resources for health. The planned increase in the number of family physicians was achieved in both subgroups of counties, as was the percentage of population serviced by family physicians. The number of specialist physicians decreased in major counties while in minor counties it increased. The number of nurses was planned to decrease, however it increased. 2) Infrastructure. The number of beds in general and specialized hospitals as well as the number of obstetric beds decreased as planned. The increase in the number of day care and day surgery beds and in the number of nursing and long-term care beds was also achieved. Conclusions: During the first stage of restructuring, two out of four indicators related to the human resources met the goals. During the same period all four indicators related to the infrastructure met the goals. Two indicators have deviated from the plans or shifted in the opposite direction. This suggests that planning of these indicators should be reconsidered in further plans and strategies.
How are homeless people treated in the healthcare system and other societal institutions? Study of their experiences and trust
Authors: Irestig Robert , Burström Kristina , Wessel Maja , Lynöe Niels
Published: January 2010

Aims: To elucidate the perceived treatment that the homeless have received from the healthcare and other societal organisations and to present homeless persons’ trust in the healthcare system and suggestions of necessary changes for improving it. Methods: Homeless individuals in special houses and institutions in the County of Stockholm were asked to answer a short version of a public health survey, including added questions about how they experienced the healthcare providers’ attitudes towards them and how much trust they had in the healthcare system. A total of 155 homeless persons (123 male and 32 female) were interviewed. Results: Three-quarters of the participants stated that they had fairly or very high trust in healthcare services and also felt that they had been fairly or very well treated. Fewer females than males reported being treated well and they declared a lower degree of trust in the healthcare system. The homeless suggest that extra resources be set aside to organise their healthcare, including a higher level of knowledge of the medical problems prevailing in the group. Those who felt badly treated also asked for less neglect and disrespect from the healthcare staff. Conclusions: Even though a majority experience that they are being well treated within the healthcare system, the study also indicated disadvantages in the treatment of homeless persons in Sweden. The study also reveals an imbalance between the official ethical framework in Sweden and of the specific moral of some individual healthcare providers. One way to facilitate their entry into the healthcare system might be to create special surgeries for the homeless.
Review series: Aspects of interstitial lung disease: Exercise limitation in interstitial lung disease - mechanisms, significance and therapeutic options
Authors: Holland Anne E
Published: January 2010

Exercise limitation is a cardinal feature of the interstitial lung diseases and is frequently associated with marked dyspnoea on exertion. People with interstitial lung disease exhibit a rapid, shallow breathing pattern during exercise that worsens as disease progresses. Despite this, ventilatory mechanics are not the major limitation to exercise in most patients, with impaired gas exchange and circulatory limitation playing a more important role. Peripheral and respiratory muscle dysfunction may also contribute to impaired exercise tolerance, either due to systemic manifestations of the underlying disease, treatment side-effects or deconditioning. Measures of exercise capacity or desaturation obtained from maximal and submaximal exercise tests are good predictors of survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. However, to date few pharmaceutical treatments have affected exercise outcomes despite improvements in other important clinical markers. Supplemental oxygen acutely improves exercise capacity in interstitial lung disease and is recommended for hypoxic patients, although quality of life or survival benefits have not yet been demonstrated. Exercise training improves walking capacity and dyspnoea in short-term trials and is useful to maximize functional capacity. The role of exercise testing in the routine management of patients with interstitial lung disease is not clearly defined. However, given the poor prognosis in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and the marked variation in clinical course, assessment of exercise capacity may provide useful information for both clinicians and patients when evaluating the risks and benefits of new treatments. The extent of resting or exercise-induced hypoxia in patients with interstitial lung disease may influence the selection of an appropriate exercise test, and oxygen administration should be standardized on repeat testing.
CAQDAS-GIS Convergence
Authors: Fielding Nigel , Cisneros-Puebla César A.
Published: January 2010

The article explores qualitative geography and qualitative social science as sites of mixed methods research practice. The authors argue that there is an emergent convergence of methodologies and analytical purposes between qualitative geography and qualitative social science. The authors show how methodological and analytical convergence has been enabled by technological convergence between geographical information systems (GIS) and qualitative software (CAQDAS). The argument is illustrated by examples of convergent geo-referenced mixed methods studies, including a main example from research on reproductive health in Paraguay.
Blending practice development methods with social science research: an example of pushing new practice research boundaries
Authors: Walsh Ken , Moss Cheryle
Published: January 2010

Innovating research methods to better suit clinical contexts and practice puzzles is key to the advancement of practice. To illustrate a mechanism by which this development can be achieved the authors offer a research narrative which is revealing of their thinking, methodological positioning and research activities as they sought to innovate a research design to suit the clinical issues, puzzle and research context. The trigger for this innovative research design was the opportunity provided by a short timeframe and small amount of research funding to work with a health board clinical puzzle to explore presentations of older people to emergency departments in relation to those could be avoided, and by implication consider how better ways of caring for older people could be devised. In the example provided, the authors reveal how they blended practice development methods with collaborative action research to develop a reconnaissance study. The findings and outcomes of the study are affirming of the approach, methodological strategy and use of practice development methods to support engagement and puzzling as methods which support reconnaissance in relation to a complex clinical scenario such as ‘avoidable’/‘inappropriate’ presentation of older persons in the emergency department.
Current approaches to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation
Authors: Suchanek Hudmon Karen , Corelli Robin L. , Prokhorov Alexander V.
Published: January 2010

It is well established that smoking is the primary preventable cause of disease and death in the United States and that it is responsible for a wide range of negative health consequences, including but not limited to respiratory disease. According to the US Public Health Service, all patients attempting to quit smoking should be encouraged to use one or more effective pharmacotherapy agents for cessation except in the presence of special circumstances or in populations for which there is insufficient evidence of effectiveness (pregnant women, smokeless tobacco users, light smokers and adolescents). These medications are most effective when coupled with behavioral counseling interventions. This review article provides an overview of comprehensive (the 5 A’s framework: Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) and brief (Ask, Advise, Refer) interventions for assisting patients with quitting, and a more detailed review of the seven first-line pharmacological agents for smoking cessation (nicotine replacement therapy formulations, bupropion SR and varenicline) and combination therapy regimens. This information will facilitate respiratory therapists in addressing the most important risk factor for pulmonary disease in the patient population that they serve.
Where Do We Draw Our Lines? Politics, Rigidity, and the Role of Self-Regulation
Authors: Rock Mindi S. , Janoff-Bulman Ronnie
Published: January 2010

Past research on political orientation suggests an association between conservatism and cognitive rigidity. In the area of self-regulation, cognitive rigidity has been related to avoidance motivation and cognitive flexibility to approach motivation. Furthermore, recent work suggests links between political orientation and self-regulation, with conservatism associated with (inhibition-based) avoidance motivation and liberalism with (activation-based) approach motivation. The authors therefore propose that self-regulatory differences may account for the links between political orientation and cognitive rigidity. Two studies investigate the effects of motivational prime and political orientation on rigidity, assessed by a cognitive categorization task. Across both studies, avoidance motivation moderated the relationship between conservatism and rigidity. Liberalism was associated with similar category inclusiveness across conditions, whereas conservatism was associated with greater rigidity in the avoidance condition. It appears that conservatives' cognitive rigidity is an avoidance-primed inhibitory strategy; conservatives are sensitive to avoidance motivation, which in turn accounts for their greater cognitive rigidity.
Different Provocations Trigger Aggression in Narcissists and Psychopaths
Authors: Jones Daniel N. , Paulhus Delroy L.
Published: January 2010

Although previous research has demonstrated that ego-threatened narcissists react aggressively, no allowance was made for the overlap of subclinical narcissism with subclinical psychopathy. Nor is there research directly comparing the reactions of these two personalities to physical threat. To investigate these distinctions, the present study examined the degree to which narcissists and psychopaths respond with aggression to ego threat versus physical provocation. Participants were given the opportunity to aggress with a white noise blast against an ostensible partner who had provoked them. Results replicated previous findings that narcissists aggress in response to ego threat provocation (a personal insult), even when overlap with psychopathy is controlled. By contrast, psychopathy emerged as the unique predictor of aggression in response to physical provocation (a gratuitous blast of loud white noise). The results point to qualitatively different aggression mechanisms underlying narcissistic and psychopathic aggression.
Signals of Genetic Quality and Maternal Investment Capacity: The Dynamic Effects of Fluctuating Asymmetry and Waist-to-Hip Ratio on Men’s Ratings of Women’s Attractiveness
Authors: Perilloux Helen K. , Webster Gregory D. , Gaulin Steven J. C.
Published: January 2010

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) are frequently studied physical attractiveness variables in social and evolutionary psychology. FA represents deviations in bilateral symmetry—differences between left and right body parts. WHR is the ratio of the smallest part of the waist to the largest part of the hips. Although FA and WHR are important mate preference criteria, research has not examined their joint influence on attraction. Thus, 140 heterosexual male undergraduates ranked—and 118 rated—the attractiveness of 10 photographs of rear-facing nude women. Women’s FA and WHR were negatively related to attractiveness separately, after controlling for each other and after controlling for body mass index (BMI). An FA × WHR interaction emerged, such that men’s preferences for lower WHRs increased as FA decreased, even after controlling for BMI. FA and WHR affected attractiveness in ways consistent with the information they carry and its likely effects on offspring quality.
Fitting In or Standing Out: Trends in American Parents' Choices for Children’s Names, 1880–2007
Authors: Twenge Jean M. , Abebe Emodish M. , Campbell W. Keith
Published: January 2010

In an analysis of the first names of 325 million American babies born 1880 to 2007, parents have increasingly given their children less common names, suggesting a growing interest in uniqueness and individualism. The data are from the Social Security Administration’s database of names, a complete survey of Americans with social security cards. Common names decreased in use from 1880 to 1919 and increased slightly from 1920 to 1949 before becoming steadily less popular from 1950 to 2007, with an unremitting decrease after 1983 and the greatest rate of change during the 1990s. The results are similar when controlled for immigration rate and when examined within the six U.S. states with the lowest population percentage of Hispanics. This behavioral evidence of growing individualism complements previous research finding generational increases in individualistic traits on self-report measures.
Momentary Reports of Social-Evaluative Threat Predict Ambulatory Blood Pressure
Authors: Lehman Barbara J. , Conley Kristen M.
Published: January 2010

Although laboratory research indicates that social-evaluative threat evokes a physical stress response, naturalistic studies of its situational determinants remain scarce. This work investigates the correlates of naturally occurring social-evaluative threats and tests the effects of situational control and social-evaluative threat on cardiovascular functioning. A total of 99 undergraduate students wore an ambulatory blood pressure monitor for 4 days. Following hourly activations of the monitor, participants described their activities at the time the monitor activated and rated situational control and social-evaluative threat. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicated relative elevations in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure at times when participants reported more social-evaluative threat. Increases in heart rate were observed in low control situations. Cardiovascular reactivity to social-evaluative threat was observed in a young healthy sample during real-life social interactions, suggesting that situation-specific reactivity to social-evaluative threat does occur and that social-evaluative threat may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease.
When the Mind Forms Fear: Embodied Fear Knowledge Potentiates Bodily Reactions to Fearful Stimuli
Authors: Oosterwijk Suzanne , Topper Maurice , Rotteveel Mark , Fischer Agneta H.
Published: January 2010

In the present study, the authors tested whether conceptual fear knowledge can (a) evoke bodily reactions and (b) enhance subsequent bodily reactions to fearful stimuli. Participants unscrambled neutral or fear sentences and subsequently viewed fearful and neutral pictures in combination with startle sounds. As predicted, the authors found embodied reactions (i.e., increased electrodermal and corrugator activity) while participants unscrambled fear sentences. Importantly, these embodied reactions occurred in the absence of a subjective fear experience. In addition, the authors found increased electrodermal activity while viewing fear pictures and a stronger startle modulation effect after fear concept activation. Finally, concerning electrodermal activity, the results demonstrated that the effect of concept activation on subsequent emotional responding was fully mediated by participants' embodied reactions. These findings extend recent research on emotion concepts by showing that embodied emotion knowledge potentiates subsequent emotional responding.
A Stranger's Cold Shoulder Makes the Heart Grow Fonder: Why Not Being Mimicked by a Stranger Enhances Longstanding Relationship Evaluations
Authors: Kouzakova Marina , Karremans Johan C. , van Baaren Rick B. , Knippenberg Ad van
Published: January 2010

Lack of mimicry in interpersonal interactions may thwart an individual’s sense of belonging. Nonmimicked individuals are hypothesized to compensate for this by upgrading their personal relationships. In line with this hypothesis, Experiment 1 showed that nonmimicked participants enhanced their evaluation of their current romantic relationship, compared to both mimicked participants and those who had no prior interaction. Experiment 2 showed the impact of nonmimicry on a variety of close relationship evaluations using a pre- versus postmeasure design. Mediation analyses further revealed that the link between mimicry and relationship evaluations is mediated by increased belongingness needs, specifically for the nonmimicked participants. These studies show that after an interaction even with a perfect stranger, nonmimicry may frustrate one’s belongingness needs and therefore lead to strengthened bonds with one’s close others. Implications for (non)mimicry as a behavioral indicator of social exclusion and the presumed buffer function of close relationships are discussed.
Prolonged activity of factor IX as a monomeric Fc fusion protein
Authors: Peters Robert T. , Low Susan C. , Kamphaus George D. , Dumont Jennifer A. , Amari John V. , Lu Qi , Zarbis-Papastoitsis Greg , Reidy Thomas J. , Merricks Elizabeth P. , Nichols Timothy C. , Bitonti Alan J.
Published: January 2010

Treatment of hemophilia B requires frequent infusions of factor IX (FIX) to prophylax against bleeding episodes. Hemophilia B management would benefit from a FIX protein with an extended half-life. A recombinant fusion protein (rFIXFc) containing a single FIX molecule attached to the Fc region of immunoglobulin G was administered intravenously and found to have an extended half-life, compared with recombinant FIX (rFIX) in normal mice, rats, monkeys, and FIX-deficient mice and dogs. Recombinant FIXFc protein concentration was determined in all species, and rFIXFc activity was measured in FIX-deficient animals. The half-life of rFIXFc was approximately 3- to 4-fold longer than that of rFIX in all species. In contrast, in mice in which the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) was deleted, the half-life of rFIXFc was similar to rFIX, confirming the increased circulatory time was due to protection of the rFIXFc via the Fc/FcRn interaction. Whole blood clotting time in FIX-deficient mice was corrected through 144 hours for rFIXFc, compared with 72 hours for rFIX; similar results were observed in FIX-deficient dogs. Taken together, these studies show the enhanced pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of the rFIXFc fusion protein and provide the basis for evaluating rFIXFc in patients with hemophilia B.
Prevalence and prognostic significance of KIT mutations in pediatric patients with core binding factor AML enrolled on serial pediatric cooperative trials for de novo AML
Authors: Pollard Jessica A. , Alonzo Todd A. , Gerbing Robert B. , Ho Phoenix A. , Zeng Rong , Ravindranath Yaddanapudi , Dahl Gary , Lacayo Norman J. , Becton David , Chang Myron , Weinstein Howard J. , Hirsch Betsy , Raimondi Susana C. , Heerema Nyla A. , Woods William G. , Lange Beverly J. , Hurwitz Craig , Arceci Robert J. , Radich Jerald P. , Bernstein Irwin D. , Heinrich Michael C. , Meshinchi Soheil
Published: January 2010

KIT receptor tyrosine kinase mutations are implicated as a prognostic factor in adults with core binding factor (CBF) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, their prevalence and prognostic significance in pediatric CBF AML is not well established. We performed KIT mutational analysis (exon 8 and exon 17) on diagnostic specimens from 203 pediatric patients with CBF AML enrolled on 4 pediatric AML protocols. KIT mutations were detected in 38 (19%) of 203 (95% CI, 14%-25%) patient samples of which 20 (52.5%) of 38 (95% CI, 36%-69%) involved exon 8, 17 (45%) of 38 (95% CI, 29%-62%) involved exon 17, and 1 (2.5%; 95% CI, 0%-14%) involved both locations. Patients with KIT mutations had a 5-year event-free survival of 55% (± 17%) compared with 59% (± 9%) for patients with wild-type KIT (P = .86). Rates of complete remission, overall survival, disease-free survival, or relapse were not significantly different for patients with or without KIT mutations. Location of the KIT mutation and analysis by cytogenetic subtype [t(8;21) vs inv(16)] also lacked prognostic significance. Our study shows that KIT mutations lack prognostic significance in a large series of pediatric patients with CBF AML. This finding, which differs from adult series and a previously published pediatric study, may reflect variations in therapeutic approaches and/or biologic heterogeneity within CBF AML. Two of 4 studies included in this analysis are registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00002798 (CCG-2961) and NCT00070174 (COG AAML03P1).
Acquisition of genome-wide copy number alterations in monozygotic twins with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Bateman Caroline M. , Colman Susan M. , Chaplin Tracy , Young Bryan D. , Eden Tim O. , Bhakta Manoo , Gratias Eric J. , van Wering Elisabeth R. , Cazzaniga Giovanni , Harrison Christine J. , Hain Richard , Ancliff Philip , Ford Anthony M. , Kearney Lyndal , Greaves Mel
Published: January 2010

Chimeric fusion genes are highly prevalent in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and are mostly prenatal, early genetic events in the evolutionary trajectory of this cancer. ETV6-RUNX1–positive ALL also has multiple (∼ 6 per case) copy number alterations (CNAs) as revealed by genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Recurrent CNAs are probably “driver” events contributing critically to clonal diversification and selection, but at diagnosis, their developmental timing is “buried” in the leukemia's covert natural history. This conundrum can be resolved with twin pairs. We identified and compared CNAs in 5 pairs of monozygotic twins with concordant ETV6-RUNX1–positive ALL and 1 pair discordant for ETV6-RUNX1 positive ALL. We compared, within each pair, CNAs classified as potential “driver” or “passenger” mutations based upon recurrency and, where known, gene function. An average of 5.1 (range 3-11) CNAs (excluding immunoglobulin/T-cell receptor alterations) were identified per case. All “driver” CNAs (total of 32) were distinct within each of the 5 twin pairs with concordant ALL. “Driver” CNAs in another twin with ALL were all absent in the shared ETV6-RUNX1–positive preleukemic clone of her healthy co-twin. These data place all “driver” CNAs secondary to the prenatal gene fusion event and most probably postnatal in the sequential, molecular pathogenesis of ALL.