bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning Techniques to Improve the Field Performance of Low-Cost Air Quality Sensors
Authors: Bush Tony , Papaioannou Nick , Leach Felix , Pope Francis D. , Singh Ajit , Thomas G. Neil , Stacey Brian , Bartington Suzanne
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Low-cost air quality sensors offer significant potential for enhancing urban air quality networks by providing higher spatio-temporal resolution data needed, for example, for evaluation of air quality interventions. However, these sensors present methodological and deployment challenges which have historically limited operational ability. These include variability in performance characteristics and sensitivity to environmental conditions. In this work, field 'baselining' and interference correction using Random Forest regression methods for low-cost sensing of NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 is investigated. Model performance is explored over 7 months obtained by field deployment alongside reference method instrumentation. Workflows and processes developed are shown to be effective in normalising variable sensor baseline offsets and reducing uncertainty in sensor response arising from environmental interferences. A mean absolute error of 2.5 ppb, 4.8 µg/m3 and 2.9 µg/m3 for NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 respectively, was achieved for corrected field-deployed sensors compared to a reference method. When used to correct data collected under environmental conditions outside model training, results meet European data quality objectives, albeit with lower accuracy than data from within the trained range.
Fast local warming is the main driver of recent deoxygenation in the northern Arabian Sea
Authors: Lachkar Zouhair , Mehari Michael , Al Azhar Muchamad , Lévy Marina , Smith Shafer
Published: October 2021

Abstract. The Arabian Sea (AS) hosts one of the most intense oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the world. Observations suggest a decline in O2 in the northern AS over the recent decades accompanied by an intensification of the suboxic conditions there. Over the same period, the local sea surface temperature has risen significantly, particularly over the Arabian Gulf (also known as Persian Gulf, hereafter the Gulf), while summer monsoon winds may have intensified.
Here, we simulate the evolution of dissolved oxygen in the AS from 1982 through 2010 and explore its controlling factors, with a focus on changing atmospheric conditions. To this end, we use a set of eddy-resolving hindcast simulations forced with winds and heat and freshwater fluxes from an atmospheric reanalysis.
We find a significant deoxygenation in the northern AS, with O2 inventories north of 20∘ N dropping by over 6 % per decade between 100 and 1000 m. These changes cause an expansion of the OMZ volume north of 20∘ N at a rate of 0.6 % per decade as well as an increase in the volume of suboxia and the rate of denitrification by 14 and 15 % per decade, respectively. We also show that strong interannual and decadal variability modulate dissolved oxygen in the northern AS, with most of the O2 decline taking place in the 1980s and 1990s. Using a set of sensitivity simulations we demonstrate that deoxygenation in the northern AS is essentially caused by reduced ventilation induced by the recent fast warming of the sea surface, including in the Gulf, with a contribution from concomitant summer monsoon wind intensification.
This is because, on the one hand, surface warming enhances vertical stratification and increases Gulf water buoyancy, thus inhibiting vertical mixing and ventilation of the thermocline. On the other hand, summer monsoon wind intensification causes a rise in the thermocline depth in the northern AS that lowers O2 levels in the upper ocean.
Our findings confirm that the AS OMZ is strongly sensitive to upper-ocean warming and concurrent changes in the Indian monsoon winds. Finally, our results also demonstrate that changes in the local climatic forcing play a key role in regional dissolved oxygen changes and hence need to be properly represented in global models to reduce uncertainties in future projections of deoxygenation.
Controls on nitrite oxidation in the upper Southern Ocean: insights from winter kinetics experiments in the Indian sector
Authors: Mdutyana Mhlangabezi , Marshall Tanya , Sun Xin , Burger Jessica M. , Thomalla Sandy J. , Ward Bess B. , Fawcett Sarah E.
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Across the Southern Ocean in winter, nitrification is the dominant mixed-layer nitrogen cycle process, with some of the nitrate produced therefrom persisting to fuel productivity during the subsequent growing season, potentially weakening the spring/summer biological CO2 sink. To better understand the controls on Southern Ocean nitrification, we conducted nitrite oxidation kinetics experiments in surface waters across the western Indian sector in winter. While all experiments (seven in total) yielded a Michaelis-Menten relationship with substrate concentration, the nitrite oxidation rates only increased substantially once the nitrite concentration exceeded 115±2.3 to 245±18 nM, suggesting that nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) require a minimum (i.e., "threshold") nitrite concentration to produce nitrate. The half-saturation constant ranged from 134±8 to 403±24 nM, indicating a relatively high affinity of Southern Ocean NOB for nitrite, in contrast to results from culture experiments. Despite the high affinity of NOB for nitrite, its concentration rarely declines below 150 nM in the Southern Ocean's mixed layer, regardless of season. In the upper mixed layer, we measured ammonium oxidation rates that were two- to seven-fold higher than the coincident rates of nitrite oxidation, indicating that nitrite oxidation is the rate-limiting step for nitrification in the winter Southern Ocean. The decoupling of ammonium and nitrite oxidation, combined with a possible nitrite concentration threshold for NOB, may explain the non-zero nitrite that persists throughout the Southern Ocean's mixed layer year-round. We hypothesize that the apparent threshold nitrite requirement of NOB indicates nitrite undersaturation of the heme-rich nitrite oxidoreductase enzyme, perhaps driven by the limited availability of iron in surface waters.
Brief communication: The anomalous winter 2019 sea-ice conditions in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
Authors: Leonard Greg H. , Turner Kate E. , Richter Maren E. , Whittaker Maddy S. , Smith Inga J.
Published: October 2021

Abstract. McMurdo Sound sea ice can generally be partitioned into two regimes: (1) a stable fast-ice cover, forming south of approximately 77.6∘ S around March–April and then breaking out the following January–February, and (2) a more dynamic region north of 77.6∘ S that the McMurdo Sound and Ross Sea polynyas regularly impact. In 2019, a stable fast-ice cover formed unusually late due to repeated break-out events. We analyse the 2019 sea-ice conditions and relate them to a modified storm index (MSI), a proxy for southerly wind events. We find there is a strong correlation between the timing of break-out events and several unusually large MSI events.
Sobrevivir a la barbarie: el cómic como tabla de salvación frente al terrorismo yihadista
Authors: Touton Isabelle
Published: October 2021

Este artículo analiza cómo la novela gráfica es un medio particularmente apto para dejar constancia de un acontecimiento violento, para contar el trauma, como modo de expresión catártico y vía de comunicación política. Lo hace a través del análisis de Catharsis de Luz (2015) y La légèreté de Catherine Meurisse (2016), dos dibujantes de la redacción de Charlie Hebdo que, por motivos opuestos, llegaron tarde a la conferencia del 7 de enero de 2015 y fueron testigos auditivos de la masacre. El análisis narrativo y gráfico viene precedido por una breve historia del semanario y de las controversias que generó, que permite entender mejor el alcance de las dos obras.
Historia y Cómic. Entrevista a David Fernández de Arriba
Authors: Alonso Carballés Jesús
Published: October 2021

David Fernández de Arriba, es licenciado en Humanidades por la Universitat Pompeu Fabra en la especialidad de Historia y es profesor de Ciencias Sociales en Educación Secundaria y profesor de la asignatura Historia y Cómic en la Universitat de València. Apasionado por el mundo del comic y su vertiente histórica y autobiográfica, ha sabido conjugar pasión y profesión a través de su blog Historia y cómic y de la publicación Memoria y viñetas. La memoria histórica en el aula a través del cómic, entre otros destacados proyectos. Hemos considerado por ello que es la persona más idónea para reflexionar sobre las relaciones y las interacciones pasadas, presentes y futuras que existen entre historia y comic, objetivo de este número de Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea.
“¿Dan su permiso?”. El retorno desde el exilio republicano español a través de los expedientes del Consejo Supremo de Justicia Militar (1947-1956)
Authors: Aguirre Herráinz Pablo
Published: October 2021

El presente artículo trata de rastrear el retorno que se produjo desde el exilio republicano español durante la primera década de la posguerra europea. Para ello se ha realizado un estudio en profundidad de los fondos del Consejo Supremo de Justicia Militar, conservado en el Archivo General de la Administración de Alcalá de Henares. Este organismo procesó, entre 1947 y 1956, más de tres mil quinientas solicitudes firmadas por exiliados que deseaban saber si, en caso de retorno al hogar, pesaría sobre ellos algún tipo de responsabilidad penal. El análisis y la observación de estos datos –tanto en términos cuantitativos como cualitativos–, ofrecerá valiosa información sobre quiénes eran estos exiliados que se planteaban regresar y, asimismo, sobre cuál fue la reacción de las autoridades franquistas.
Coalición Democrática y las elecciones de 1979: la primera refundación de la derecha española
Authors: Magaldi Fernández Adrián
Published: October 2021

Coalición Democrática, nombre de la candidatura liderada por Manuel Fraga en las elecciones de 1979, ha visto minusvalorada su relevancia debido al pésimo resultado obtenido. Sin embargo, dicha candidatura tuvo una gran importancia. Coalición Democrática supuso la primera refundación de la derecha en la actual democracia, abandonando el carácter neofranquista que la caracterizó en 1977 para abrazar un centro-derecha democrático y constitucional. A través de estudios previos, así como de material de prensa y archivo, y entrevistas a alguno de sus protagonistas, este artículo pretende analizar el trasfondo de esta operación política, sus protagonistas, su historia, y las razones y consecuencias de su fracaso electoral.
Sin billete de retorno. Aproximaciones a las trayectorias laborales y vitales de las españolas exiliadas en Francia
Authors: Negrete Peña Rocío
Published: October 2021

El presente artículo tiene por objeto trazar las trayectorias de mujeres exiliadas en Francia a partir del análisis de los mecanismos de inscripción del colectivo exiliado y sus asignaciones desde una perspectiva de género. Al internamiento en campos y refugios le siguieron los intentos de repatriación o su utilización como contribución a la economía nacional de la Francia en guerra y durante la Ocupación. En la posguerra, el beneficio del estatus de refugiado junto a la renuncia a regresar a España en un medio plazo implicaba la consecuente necesidad de integrarse en la sociedad francesa. Con el fin de reconstruir estas trayectorias vitales y laborales, serán de gran utilidad tanto la documentación administrativa francesa o de organismos de ayuda como las fuentes testimoniales.
Avilés, Juan; Azcona Pastor, José Manuel y Re, Matteo (eds.), Después del 68: la deriva terrorista de Occidente, Madrid, Sílex Universidad, 2019, 621 pp.
Authors: Santamaría García Antonio
Published: October 2021

Reseña de la obra de Avilés, Juan; Azcona Pastor, José Manuel y Re, Matteo (eds.), Después del 68: la deriva terrorista de Occidente, Madrid, Sílex Universidad, 2019, 621 pp.
Bartolomé Rodríguez, Isabel, Fernández Paradas, Mercedes y Mirás Araujo, Jesús (Eds.): Cercanas pero distintas. La desigual trayectoria de la industria del gas en las regiones del sur de Europa. Madrid, Marcial Pons, 2020. 365 pp.
Authors: Castillo Hidalgo Daniel
Published: October 2021

Reseña de la obra de Bartolomé Rodríguez, Isabel, Fernández Paradas, Mercedes y Mirás Araujo, Jesús (Eds.): Cercanas pero distintas. La desigual trayectoria de la industria del gas en las regiones del sur de Europa. Madrid, Marcial Pons, 2020. 365 pp.
Proximidad e intervención social profesional. Una mirada desde los Servicios Sociales de proximidad
Authors: Jaraíz Arroyo Germán , Zugasti Mutilva Nerea
Published: October 2021

Este artículo analiza la situación del trabajo social de proximidad en España. En la primera parte describimos sus orígenes y evolución, desde los inicios, con las primeras iniciativas de desarrollo comunitario, hasta la aparición y expansión de los Servicios Sociales de proximidad. Nos detenemos también en el estudio de los elementos normativos y metodológicos que dan forma al modelo de intervención profesional de proximidad. En la segunda parte (apartados tercero y cuarto del artículo), recurrimos a los resultados del Proyecto Inclusive (I+D+i) para definir los límites metodológicos e institucionales presentes en el momento actual y para desarrollar algunas prácticas innovadoras que tratan de revertir estos condicionantes. El reto central del trabajo social de proximidad se concreta en el uso de metodologías que complementen intervenciones de acompañamiento social, con enfoques de red que potencien el capital social comunitario.
El empleo irregular en las trayectorias laborales de la población joven. Una aproximación mixta de carácter descriptivo y secuencial
Authors: Verd Pericás Joan Miquel , Yepes Cayuela Lídia
Published: October 2021

En este artículo se examina longitudinalmente la presencia del empleo irregular en las trayectorias laborales de la población joven de entre 20 y 34 años en el Área Metropolitana de Barcelona. El objetivo es comprobar cómo se articula este tipo de empleo con otras experiencias en el mercado laboral e identificar las diferencias existentes en función de la categoría socio-económica de origen. Para ello se utilizan datos propios obtenidos mediante una encuesta híbrida que permitió obtener abundante información sobre la presencia de empleos sin contrato, sin remuneración o no declarados en las trayectorias laborales. Estos datos fueron analizados usando la técnica del análisis de secuencias. Los resultados muestran, por un lado, que el empleo irregular está extendido entre todos los perfiles sociales analizados. Por otro lado, desde el punto de vista de su desarrollo longitudinal, se comprueba la existencia de diferencias en función de la categoría socio-económica de origen.
A social investment perspective on labour market policies for vulnerable groups
Authors: Nicasie Ides
Published: October 2021

This article conceptualises the notion of “social investment’ within the context of social protection and active labour market policies. This paradigm is confronted to the neoliberal ‘making work pay’ paradigm and the conservative workfare doctrine build on the idea that a stronger work ethos needs to be inculcated through reduced rights and more duties. The social investment paradigm advocates generous social protection combined with enabling investments and is thus perfectly congruent with social inclusion objectives. The empirical analysis shows remarkably small effects of both types of policies in the past 15 years: ALMPs have had small positive effects on employment, but also on exits into inactivity. The most positive employment effect of ALMPs is a redistribution of employment opportunities towards older, female and less educated groups. The Re-inVEST research analyses in-depth participatory case studies of policies targeting disadvantaged groups in different European countries, using an ‘enriched’ social investment model, building on a human rights and capabilities approach. The findings indeed show very wide differences in quality – and a lot of room for improvement. In order to improve their effectiveness as well as inclusiveness, the right to decent ALMPs should be put on the policy agenda.
A construção da asma e da DPOC
Authors: Campos HS
Published: October 2021

Por muito tempo, acreditou-se que as doenças não infecciosas eram resultado da associação de alterações genéticas com a ação de fatores externos. Isso valia para o diabético e a dieta rica em açúcar, para o hipertenso e a comida salgada, para o asmático e os alérgenos, para o portador de DPOC e o cigarro. Com o aprimoramento da tecnologia médica, os detalhes dos mecanismos determinantes de doenças passaram a ser observados e novos personagens vêm sendo incluídos na patogênese de muitas doenças. Hoje, sabemos que a genética e, particularmente, a epigenética, são agentes fundamentais, mas não únicos. O microbioma e seus desequilíbrios, hábitos do cotidiano, fatores ambientais, emoções, dentre outros, são agentes tão importantes quanto os genéticos. O progresso tecnológico aliado à bioinformática vem permitindo desvendar processos moleculares que vêm trazendo informações novas sobre a instalação e a progressão da asma e da DPOC. Comprovadamente, as duas começam ainda na fase fetal, induzidas por uma mescla de fatores genéticos, epigenéticos, microbiômicos, ligados a hábitos de vida e a fatores ambientais. Os processos de instalação/progressão de ambas compartilham fatores comuns. Com o progresso científico, podemos imaginar um futuro em que possamos prevenir a instalação ou a progressão de ambas, assim como de tantas outras doenças.
Sessão 23 de setembro de 2021: Fígado: Avanços nos tratamentos, Cirurgias e Transplantes
Authors:   Academia Nacional de Medicina
Published: October 2021

Estratégias terapêuticas para doença gordurosa do fígado relacionada ao consumo ou não do álcool e tumores hepáticos; técnicas cirúrgicas e os remanescentes hepáticos e os transplantes de fígado foram as temáticas da última sessão científica promovida pela Academia Nacional de Medicina (ANM), no dia 23 de setembro de 2021.
Shortageflation 3.0. Gospodarka wojenna – państwowy socjalizm – kryzys pandemiczny
Authors: KOŁODKO GRZEGORZ
Published: October 2021

The crisis caused by the pandemic has induced governments and central banks to undertake non-orthodox actions aimed at the protection of people’s living standards and the maintenance of production and service activities of enterprises. The policy of the aggressive rise in money supply has resulted in a considerable increase in budget deficits and foreign debts. In this context, it is important to seek an answer to the question how this can accelerate inflationary processes and to formulate proper suggestions addressed to economic policy. In fact, inflation now is higher than the official price indices because it is partly dampened. The rise in the general price level does not reflect fully the actual intensity of inflation. We have to do with a price and resource inflation, called shortageflation. Methodologically, it is interesting to compare this contemporary phenomenon (3.0) with inflation suppression in a war economy (1.0) and in the economies of real socialism (2.0). Such comparisons show some similarities of these processes but also significant differences due to the specific reactions of households and enterprises. The author discusses five channels of liquidating the excessive money resources and indicates the ways most advisable from the point of view of the sustainable development in the post-pandemic future. Especially important is to stimulate the transformation of a part of the inflationary money surplus into the market demand for goods and services which increases the utilization of the existing production potential and leads to investments which create new production capacities as well as the conversion of compulsory savings into voluntary savings.
Effectiveness of Bilateral Task-Oriented Exercises and Mirror Therapy to Improve Hand Function in Hemiparetic Stroke
Authors: Margrett Mary , Raju B N , Chakravarthi Ashok
Published: October 2021

Background and Objectives: Stroke is a clinical syndrome consisting of rapidly developing clinical signs of focal disturbance of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death with no apparent cause other than a vascular origin.” Some evidence-based studies proved that bilateral task-oriented exercise and Mirror therapy are effective in improving the hand function in hemiparetic stroke patient. But there is no comparative study of these two protocols. Hence the purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of bilateral task-oriented exercises and Mirror therapy in improving hand function in hemiparetic stroke patient.
Methods: A total of 67 subjects met selection criteria for the study among them 7 members are dropouts from group A and B and were divided into 2 groups, 30 members in group A (bilateral task-oriented exercises), 30 members in group B (Mirror therapy). Both groups performed intervention for 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. The outcomes were Fugl Meyer and Motor Activity Log for measuring functional disabilities.
Results: Paired “T” test was used to access the statistical significance within the groups. Statistical analysis between two groups using independent “t” test revealed that there is no significant difference between Bilateral task-oriented exercises and Mirror therapy groups.
Conclusion: In this study, 4 weeks of bilateral task-oriented exercises and Mirror therapy showed that both approaches are equally effective in improving hand function in hemi paretic stroke.

Keywords: Hemiparetic stroke, Bilateral task-oriented exercises, Mirror therapy, Motor activity log, Fugl Meyer.
The Effect of Allium Sativum, Curcuma Longa and Zingiber Officinale Extract on Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Levels of Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Simatupang M. Rivandio Artianda , Gatot Dairion , Mardia Andri Iskandar
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Breast cancer is global problem and commonly in women. Tumor markers can assess tumor progression and response therapy. CEA is used as diagnostic, progression and response therapy. The treatment aims to suppress tumor development. Traditional medicine is considered beneficial and has minimal effect in suppressing tumor. Recent study, extracts of Allium sativum, Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale consider useful as anti-cancer. However, no studies that discuss combined extraction Allium sativum, Curcuma longa and Zingiber of CEA levels.
Method: Open label clinical trial with one group pretest posttest design , held on June 28, 2021 – July 18, 2021, was conducted at USU Hospital and the population was breast cancer survivor community in Medan. Samples were taken by consecutive sampling. Those who met inclusion and exclusion criteria will be measured for CEA before and after administration of extract Allium sativum, Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale with dose 500 mg twice a day for 28 days. T test or wilcoxon test was used to measure comparison and analyzed with SPSS version 22th.
Results: 21 subjects who participated, only 20 subjects were analyzed with mean age of 52.7 years, majority stage III A or IIIB (30%). Median CEA before intervention 2.05 (0.70-12.20) g/mL and after intervention of 2.7 (0.8-12.40) g/mL, increasing value and not statistically significant with p>0.05 ( p=0,238).Conclusion: Median CEA value increased before and after intervention and not statistically significant.

Keywords: Breast Cancer, CEA, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale.
The Relationship between Haemodialysis Procedures and Interleukin-6 Levels in Regular Hemodialysis Patients in Haji Adam Malik Central General Hospital
Authors: Wibowo Achmad Tri , Nasution Alwi Thamrin , Tarigan Radar Radius
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is kidney damage characterized by the presence of protein in the urine or a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). CKD is a global problem throughout the world, including Indonesia, which requires special attention. IL-6 is known to play a role in regulating hemostatic functions, including glucose metabolism, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, influencing mood, fatigue, depression, and hematopoiesis. As an inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 is an inflammatory mediator that most plays a role in various conditions, such as infection, autoimmune disease, and cancer. In CKD patients undergoing dialysis (HD), elevated serum IL-6 levels beginning from the start of the treatment is a strong predictor of mortality. The study aimed to determine the association between hemodialysis procedures and interleukin-6 levels in regular hemodialysis CKD patients in Haji Adam Malik Central General Hospital.
Methods: This is an analytical study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 20 study subjects met the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, underwent history taking, physical examination, anthropometry, and laboratory examination to measure hemoglobin, creatinine, albumin, and IL-6 levels. Data analysis was performed using SPSS.
Results: The median level of IL-6 before hemodialysis was 10.39 pg/mL with the lowest level and the highest level being 1.50 – 74.79 pg/mL, the median level of IL-6 after hemodialysis was 29.13 pg/mL with the lowest level and the lowest level. the highest is 2.11 – 316.20 pg/mL. Based on the results of the analysis, the levels of IL-6 after hemodialysis were higher than the levels of IL-6 before hemodialysis, there was a statistically significant relationship between regular hemodialysis and interleukin-6 levels before and after in patients with kidney disease.
Conclusion: Regular hemodialysis and interleukin-6 levels have a statistically significant relationship before and after hemodialysis in CKD patients.

Keywords: Chronic kidney disease; haemodialysis; interleukin-6.
Development and Characterization of Metronidazole Loaded Microsponges for the Management of Diabetic Foot
Authors: Sujathan Ponni , Sharma Umesh Kumar
Published: October 2021

The objective of present work was formulation and evaluation of Metronidazole loaded microsponges for the management of diabetic foot ulcer via topical application and to reduce side effects. The microsponges were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method using different concentrations of Ethyl cellulose and Poly vinyl alcohol. The prepared microsponges were evaluated for particle size analysis, SEM, % production yield, % drug entrapment efficiency, in-vitro drug release studies, DSC and antimicrobial studies. FTIR studies shown that there was no interaction between drug and polymers. The optimum sustained release of drug around a period of 12hrs was shown by formulation F8. The n value of optimized formulation indicated that the drug release followed zero order kinetics. It was confirmed from the stability studies that the optimized formulation remained stable at 45±2℃ and 70±5% relative humidity.

Keywords: Microsponges, Metronidazole, Diabetic Foot, Quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion, Sustained release, Scanning electron microscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry.
Juridical Analysis of Marine Pollution by Tankers in Riau Archipelago Waters: A Case Study at the Environmental Service, Riau Islands
Authors: Priabudi Danny , Washliati Laily , . Idham
Published: October 2021

Indonesia is a country rich in resources, especially natural resources, but population growth is not proportional to the availability of natural resources. Malthus predicts that population progress to increase in quantity is greater than the ability of natural resources to provide human food needs. The environment cannot support an infinite amount of life if the earth is no longer able to support the explosion in the number of humans and their activities. Indonesia is a country known as a maritime country, which means it is mostly water and consists of islands. Sea transportation is very important to connect the islands scattered throughout Indonesia. The development of environmental law is urgently needed which cannot be separated from the world movement to give greater attention to the environment. In marine pursuits, such as fishing, excessive fish species using trawlers can lead to extinction. Pollution of the marine environment is a threat to human life, animals, and plants. Increased use of the sea can have a direct impact on the marine environment and the biota in it. The Environment Agency is one of the institutions that play a role in handling the impact of marine environmental pollution in the region. The purpose of this research is to find out the Legal Regulation of Marine Pollution by Tanker Ships in the Riau Archipelago Waters. The aim is to find out what factors are being carried out in handling marine pollution by tankers in the waters, especially in the Riau Islands Environmental Service. It is hoped that this will lead to a better understanding of the environmental impact of marine pollution in the region. The Riau Islands Environment Agency is responsible for compensation for losses caused by pollution of the marine environment by persons or legal entities within its jurisdiction. Each country must cooperate in implementing international law which regulates the responsibility and obligation to compensate for losses due to pollution. The International Maritime Organization is a leading organization in producing various regulations on marine pollution, especially those caused by oil.

Keywords: Marine Pollution, Tanker Ships, Riau Islands.
Why do companies in Cameroon resist to be financed through the financial market?
Authors: TCHAPDA WOUMKEP Mélissa Grace , HIKOUATCHA Prince , TONMO Simplice Gael , BIDIAS MENIK Hans Patrick
Published: October 2021

This paper aims at explaining why in a context characterized by a huge need for financing, managers are still reluctant to an Initial Public Offering. For that purpose, the data are collected from 42 companies, through a questionnaire. A Principal Component Analysis supplemented by an estimation, were used. The results show that managers have a positive perception of the stock market, but consider very high the associated costs. They also reveal a weak financial culture and the unfavorable business environment.
Fragments in the Archive: The Khmer Rouge Years
Authors: Hamilton Annette
Published: October 2021

Cambodia’s cinema history is strange and surprising. Popular films from France and the United States circulated through the Kingdom during the French colonial period. The 1950s and 60s saw extensive local production with the enthusiastic support of King Norodom Sihanouk, himself a passionate film-maker, but the Khmer Rouge regime (1975-1979) destroyed most of the existing material, including hundreds of feature films, raw footage and countless other ephemeral documents. In 2006, after representations by film-maker Rithy Panh and others, the Bophana Audio-Visual Research Centre was established in Phnom Penh to comb the world for every fragment of film and audio material relating to Cambodia’s history in order to reproduce it in an accessible digitized form. The archival preservation and duplication has continued apace. However the ethical use of these materials presents challenges. Contemporary documentary makers and digital enthusiasts frequently use fragmentary footage to support their political or historical interpretations without attribution or context. This paper discusses a propaganda film featuring the former King Norodom Sihanouk and his wife Monique shot in1973 in collaboration with the Communist Chinese, the North Vietnamese and the Khmer Rouge. Short scenes and extracts from this film circulate online and appear in many documentaries. The “archive effect” of this footage raises questions about the source and circulation of archival images with significant historical and political consequences.
The Interpellator, The Body-archive, and The Spectral Observer: Uses of the Archives in Rithy Panh’s S21 Trilogy
Authors: Galmard Eric
Published: October 2021

The aim of this paper is to analyse the uses of the archives as deployed in three films by Rithy Panh: Bophana: A Cambodian Tragedy, S21: The Khmer Rouge Death Machine and Duch, Master of the Forges of Hell. Starting with the French intellectual debate about representations of the Shoah that fall in two opposite camps articulated around Jean-Luc Godard and Claude Lanzmann concerning the use of photographic and audiovisual archives to represent totalitarian mass killings, the intention is to show how Rithy Panh bypasses this polarisation in his films using the archives with three main functions: the interpellation-archive, the body-archive, and the spectral archive.
The Unconscious is Structured like an Archive: “Epic” Politics and Postmodernity in Indonesian Cinema
Authors: Yngvesson Dag
Published: October 2021

Looking beyond an understanding of the modern world as mainly determined by the development of European and American capitalism, this article closely reads the popular 1970 Indonesian film Bernafas dalam Lumpur (Breathing in Mud, Tourino Djunaidy). The film is taken as an archival document of the absorption of global, and especially local stylistic and narrative modes into Indonesian cinema at a key historical moment: the period following the mass violence of 1965-66 during the rise of dictator Suharto. I argue that Bernafas and other contemporary Indonesian films anticipate the “postmodern” engagement with past events and dramatic forms that Fredric Jameson and other critics see inflecting American and European cinema, particularly after the mid 1970s. In the context of its production and reception post-1965, Bernafas’s “epic” sense of time and form has an uncanny, archival function, confronting audiences with spectres of the disturbing, senselessly violent events that had been sealed from public discussion or memorialization by the censorious policies of the emergent Suharto state.
Mondo Macabro as Trashy/Cult Film Archive: The Case of Classic Indonesian Exploitation Cinema
Authors: Imanjaya Ekky
Published: October 2021

Film archiving and local exploitation films, let alone the trashy film archive, are marginal in the discourses of film journalism, scholarship, policies, and criticism in Indonesia (Imanjaya, 2009c; Imanjaya, 2012a; Imanjaya, 2014). However, this paper will demonstrate the importance of Indonesian exploitation cinema, alternative film archives, and exploitation film preservation. It will focus on the output of Mondo Macabro, a transnational DVD label that consistently preserves world trashy films, including Indonesian films produced from the 1970s to the 1990s. By focusing on its DVD paratexts, that is, its DVD covers, special features, and online promotional materials, and applying the Chaperone archiving model also applied by Criterion Collection, this paper will also argue that Mondo Macabro gives trashy or cult films a new lease on life, and more importantly, treats them as collector’s items.
A Review of Received/Dominant/Western Film Adaptation Literatures, Or The Possibilities for a (De-Westernized) Filipino Theory
Authors: Arriola Joyce
Published: October 2021

First, as part of a longer work on theorizing Filipino adaptation, this study discusses extant samples of komiks-to-film adaptations in the 1950s. The study reviews received/dominant/Western adaptation literatures that have dominated the field. Secondly, it argues for the following points as a springboard to construct a theory of adaptation: The limits of received/dominant/Western film adaptation theory dominating postcolonial cinemas such as the Philippines; The need to de-Westernize theory or to indigenize Filipino film adaptation theory; and To recognize constructs and formulate concepts from historical and cultural Filipino realities to inform the theory. This study is a meta-theoretical discussion that will begin the construction of a Filipino film adaptation theory.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biocompatibility of Holmium Zirconate/Zinc Sulphide Nanocomposite in Albino Mice in a Gender Specific Manner
Authors: Hafsa Noureen Hafsa Noureen , Mubashra Salim Mubashra Salim , Amjad Nadeem Amjad Nadeem , Sana Shafiq Sana Shafiq , Samia Yousuf Samia Yousuf , Noreen Samad Noreen Samad , Muhammad Naeem Ashiq and Furhan Iqbal Muhammad Naeem Ashiq and Furhan Iqbal
Published: October 2021

Aim of this study was to report the biocompatibility of Holmium zirconate, zinc sulphide and holmium zirconate/zinc sulphide (HO2Zr2O7/ZnS) nanocomposite in albino mice. Holmium zirconate, zinc sulphide and holmium zirconate/zinc sulphide (Ho2Zr2O7/ZnS) nanocomposite were synthesized by, normal microemulsion, chemical co-precipitation and two step synthesis method, respectively. The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the confirmation of phase while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used morphological analysis. The composition and the particle size distribution were confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy and particle size analysis respectively. Seven week old mice were divided into two groups in a gender specific manner: control group that were intraperitoneally injected with saline solution and treated group were administered with 50 mg/ml solvent/Kg body weight of Holmium zirconate/zinc sulphide nanocomposite for 22 days. A series of neurological tests, blood cell count, selected serum parameters and biomarkers of oxidative stress were analysed in vital organs of both treatments. It was observed that nanocomposite treated female mice remained mobile (P = 0.05) for longer time while both male (P = 0.03) and female (P = 0.02) mice had more rotations than saline treated mice during open field test. Nanocomposite treated male had reduced stretch attend reflex during light dark box test. Blood and serum parameters remained unaffected (P ˃ 0.05) when compared between nanocomposite treated and untreated mice of both genders. Malondialdehyde concentration was significantly elevated (P = 0.04) in liver of male while superoxide dismutase concentrations were significantly reduced (P = 0.05) in brain of female albino mice treated with nanocomposite than their respective control groups.
Efficient and Reusable Silica Gel Supported Metal Ionic Liquid Catalysts for Palmitic Acid Esterification to Biodiesel
Authors: Guo Yingwei Guo Yingwei , Chen Xuedan Chen Xuedan , Yan Shiting Yan Shiting , Zhang Zhengliang Zhang Zhengliang , Chen Yuqin Chen Yuqin , Zheng Lina Zhu Guangqi and Han Xiaoxiang Zheng Lina Zhu Guangqi and Han Xiaoxiang
Published: October 2021

A series of silica gel (SG) supported metal ionic liquid catalysts (x[Bmim]Cl-CrCl3/SG) were synthesized and exploited for the esterification of palmitic acid (PA) with methanol (ML) to produce biodiesel efficiently. The 10%[Bmim]Cl-CrCl3/SG catalyst with high surface area and desirable acidity exhibited the best catalytic performance and reusability after six consecutive running cycles. Based on the response surface analysis, the optimal reaction conditions were obtained as follows: methanol/acid mole ratio = 11:1 mol/mol, catalyst amount = 5.3 wt%, reaction time = 65 min, as well as reaction temperature = 373 K, reaching to a biodiesel yield of 96.1%. Further kinetic studies demonstrated that the esterification of PA with ML obeyed 1.41 order kinetics for acid concentration with the activation energy of 16.88 kJ/mol
Particular Aspects on Applying Nanocarbon Quantum Dots for HIV Inhibition and Theranostics: a Review
Authors: Yaung Kwee Yaung Kwee , Alfinda Novi Kristanti and Mochamad Zakki Fahmi Alfinda Novi Kristanti and Mochamad Zakki Fahmi
Published: October 2021

Viral infection is a globally leading health issue, causing significantly unfavourable mortality with an adversely decreasing socio-economic growth. To solve those infections of global pandemic HIV specifically, the current utilization of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in human deficiency virus (HIV) theranostics has remarkably improved the life’s duration of patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); however, the unfortunate drawbacks in combination with prolonged HAART therapy need to be used continuously along patient’s lifetime. Additionally, RNA virus of COVID-19 is also associated with viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome causing significant morbidity and mortality. Meanwhile, many scientific researchers have explored the successive novelty of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as alternative to HIV or other related viruses theranostics in the field of antiviral drugs research, but the attempt has been still challenging to introduce perfect antiviral CQDs with excellent biocompatibility, drug resistance, and safety at several areas in the virus’s life cycle. On the contrary, CQDs-based nano-therapy is currently promising because those carbon quantum dots had multiple favourable properties, including significant antiviral response effects, water-soluble activity, color-tunable fluorescence, high yield, low cytotoxic behaviour, and promising biocompatibility. In this review, some effectively recent progress of promising CQDs forviral inhibition and theranostics explored by many studies are systematically summarized.
Efficient Construction of 4-aryl-5,8-epiminobenzo[7]annulenes based on a Cascade Michael/Cyclization Reaction
Authors: Dao Cai Wang Dao Cai Wang , Yi Luo Yi Luo , Jian Jun Li Jian Jun Li , Chi Zhang and Xiao Peng Liu Chi Zhang and Xiao Peng Liu
Published: October 2021

A practical method was developed for the gain of potentially biologically active 4-aryl-5,8-epiminobenzo[7]annulenes using tropinone as starting material with an azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan skeleton. In an effort to improve product yield, reaction process conditions were optimized and the cascade Michael/cyclization reaction went most smoothly using tetrahydrofuran as solvent in the presence of DBU at 60and#176;C for 10 hours. More diverse 4-aryl-5,8-epiminobenzo[7]annulenes were synthesized in good yields and structurally identified by NMR, FTIR and mass spectrometry analysis. The assembly of the heterocyclic core proceeds by a cascade Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition and cyclocondensation sequence with a broad substrate applicability and good functional group tolerance.
Ultrasonic Powered Hydrothermal Modification of Coal Fly Ash to Cost-Effective Zeolites
Authors: Tabassum Hussain Tabassum Hussain , Abdullah Ijaz Hussain Abdullah Ijaz Hussain , Shahzad Ali Shahid Chatha Shahzad Ali Shahid Chatha , Nosheen Aslam Nosheen Aslam , Tanveer Hussain Bokhari and Muhammad Asrar Tanveer Hussain Bokhari and Muhammad Asrar
Published: October 2021

Coal fly ash (CFA) waste is one of the anthropogenic materials having detrimental impact as particulate and leachate contaminant. Dumping of such solid waste into landfills and other improper waste management conduct can be lethal for environment. In this work CFA waste was attempted to modify into zeolites using ultrasonic assisted hydrothermal and conventional heating approaches. The conventional and ultrasonic assisted synthesized zeolites showed entirely different cation exchange capacity (CEC) and morphology. However, FTIR and XRD patterns of zeolites synthesized by both of techniques were almost similar. However, a better crystalline structure, functionality and morphology of Na-X, NaP1 and hydroxy sodalite (SOD) classes of zeolites synthesized in ultrasonic (USZ-8) and hydrothermal (HT-48) curing modes were observed. Hydrothermally treated (HT-8) material was found with a lower porosity and low CEC (109 meq/100g) in contrast to USZ-8 with high porosity and CEC (390 meq/100g) for the same reaction time. ICP-OES analysis demonstrated that ultrasonic cavitation was more appropriate way to convert coal fly ash based aluminosilicates into active zeolites, economically. It can be concluded reasonably that ultrasonic modification of coal fly ash into valuable zeolites is a constructive approach and a step to gear up greener innovation.
Theoretical Study of the Complexation of Lidocaine by α- and β-Cyclodextrins
Authors: Nourredine Meddah Araibi Nourredine Meddah Araibi , Teffaha Fergoug Teffaha Fergoug , Mansour Azayez Mansour Azayez , Cherifa Zelmat Cherifa Zelmat , Jendara Ali Cherif and Youcef Bouhadda Jendara Ali Cherif and Youcef Bouhadda
Published: October 2021

Structure and stability of an eventual inclusion complex formed by Lidocaine and two cyclodextrins (α- and β-CD) were investigated using molecular mechanics and quantum-chemical methods in the gas phase and in water. The molecular docking and quantum chemical calculations results show that no inclusion complex is formed between α-CD and Lidocaine molecule, while the conformational research allowed observing two minimum-energy structures between this molecule and β-CD. From a potential energy scan, a partial inclusion of the two ends of Lidocaine by the secondary face of the cavity of β-CD is observed with a better stability for the complex including the ((-N(C2H5)2) group in it. The minimum energy conformers, obtained by semi empirical method (PM3), have been exposed to fully geometry optimization employing ONIOM2 calculations by combining PM3 method with B3LYP, M06-HF and WB97XD functionals at 6-311G (d,p) basis set. The results show that complexation reactions are thermodynamically favored (Gand#176; ˂ 0) and the inclusion complexes are energetically stables and well structured (Sand#176; ˂ 0). According to the analysis of natural bond orbitals, the Van der Waals interactions are the sole driving forces that ensure the stability of the formed complexes.
Preparation, Preliminary Characterization and Antiangiogenic Activities of Polysaccharides from Pomegranate Peels
Authors: Chunlin Ke and Zuomei Li Chunlin Ke and Zuomei Li
Published: October 2021

In the present study, the crude polysaccharides from pomegranate peels (CPP) were prepared by compound enzyme-extraction technology, and the response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction parameters. Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied to estimate the effects of extraction temperature, extraction pH, and dosage of compound enzyme on the yield of CPP. A mathematical model with high fitness was obtained. Extraction temperature, extraction pH, and dosage of compound enzyme exhibited independent and interactive effects on CPP yield. CPP were purified by macroporous resin HP-20 and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography to afford purified fraction of CPP-2. The relative molecular weight of CPP-2 was 93.5 kDa. In CPP-2, and FT-IR spectra showed that the main components among CPP-2 may be pectic polysaccharides.The effect of CPP-2 on angiogenesis was measured in vivo by using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The results demonstrated that CPP-2 suppressed angiogenesis in chicken embryos.
A Review on Measurement of Concentration of Heavy Metals in the Muscles of Mugil cephalus
Authors: Fehmeeda Afzal Fehmeeda Afzal , Sonia Tariq Sonia Tariq , Ashraf Nadeem Ashraf Nadeem , Samiullah Samiullah , Jafar Iqbal Jafar Iqbal , Khalil Hasni Khalil Hasni , Muhammad Aslam and Shaikh Sanaullah Muhammad Aslam and Shaikh Sanaullah
Published: October 2021

Heavy metals are an important class of compounds that is increasing in environment due to the anthropogenic activities. They are extremely toxic to human beings and animals. Many of them enter the water through industrial waste and effect the aquatic life. Fishes, for example, are an important source of food and they get effected by heavy metals when they ingest the infected sediments, mud and water. Heavy metals enter the food chain when infected fishes are consumed and effect humans as well. We highlight the recent (10-15 years) published work on measuring the levels of heavy metal in Mugilcephalus (Flathead mullet) fish. Out of all the methods compared and discussed in this paper, Atomic absorption spectroscopy was found to be the most preferred method and most commonly used by researchers because of its ease and cost. The most commonly used unit for metal detection in muscles was g/g (dry weight).The results also summarize advantages and drawbacks of methods used to digest muscles of the said species and heavy metal measurement. In selected studies, the levels of metals were also compared with the safe limits set by WHO, FAO and USEPA. This gives a lot of information about the edible fitness of the M.cephalus.