bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Unique Approach to Rejuvenating a High Rise Building with Deteriorating Precast Cladding
Authors: Campbell Mark
Published: February 2021

Extending the life of aging buildings and reinvigorating the appearance to reposition assets is very valuable to building owners. This is a sustainable approach to preserve property, keep it in good working condition, not only on the exterior, but also the interior of the building. This becomes more challenging for high rise buildings with high occupancy. The average age of downtown core high rises in metropolitan North American cities is reaching or exceeding 50 years, where major intervention on the building façade is likely required to extend its service life. The subject of this paper is a 50 year old high rise building with exterior precast concrete cladding on a concrete frame structure.

In 2013, WSP was retained to perform a condition assessment of the precast cladding of the subject building. Following an extensive study, option analysis for the precast cladding ranged from restoration as a minimum, to the extreme case of over-cladding or re-cladding. The latter options were intended to renew the façade and minimize maintenance and repair of the existing cladding. A significant concern for the client in addition to life-cycle costs was the impact on building operation and occupants.

After careful considerations, over-cladding was selected as the preferred option. For the precast panels, this required stabilization and introduction of an external structural steel framing directly attached to the building structural frame using specialty anchoring systems. The system supported not only the existing precast, but also the new metal and glass cladding. The intent of the new structural support was to make the existing precast connections to the structure redundant.

A practical design was developed to accommodate constructability and the likely variables anticipated during construction while working on building exterior and minimizing impact on occupants. Preplanning, and developing detail variations, simplified the design solution and made them more economical. The subject project is under construction and is expected to be completed in early Fall 2018.

Given the age and type of construction of many buildings built over 40+ years ago, this is anticipated to be a relatively common issue for building owners in the future. This paper will offer a unique engineering solution addressing the challenges with renewing these building stocks.
The dynamic evaluation of composite materials footbridges
Authors: Drygala Izabela , Dulinska Joanna M. , Polak Maria Anna
Published: February 2021

The dynamic analyses of two examples of composite footbridges are presented in this paper. The investigation focussed on the comparison of dynamic responses to different types of dynamic load – specifically, pedestrian movement, traffic loads and rail loads. For dynamic analyses, a set of 3D models of the footbridges was prepared using the ABAQUS software program. The first step of the analysis was to determine the dynamic characteristics of the structure, i.e. its mode shapes and natural frequencies. Modal analyses revealed that the lowest natural frequency of one footbridge coincides with the frequency of pedestrian steps while walking or running; therefore, an evaluation of the dynamic response to these types of human actions was performed in order to identify the possible resonance phenomena. In the next stage, the authors assessed the dynamic response of the footbridges to typical traffic loads; these types of load are transmitted to the structure through the ground and foundations. Such an assessment appears to be necessary due to potential increases in the number of vibration sources arising from changes in the types and volume of traffic over time. It should be noted that traffic loads, which are a source of vibration for footbridges that are located over highways or railways, constitute an interesting yet still under-recognised problem concerning footbridges. For the analyses, representative time histories relating to the passage of a heavy goods vehicle and a train were used. The results of the analyses were compared with acceptability limits, with regard to levels of acceleration, in order to assess levels of vibration serviceability. The analyses revealed that the dynamic responses to both road traffic and rail loads are of a lower magnitude than the responses to the movements of human users.
Comparison of Unconventional Testing Methods for Mechanical Characterization of Polymeric Materials in Modern Glass Structures
Authors: Drass Michael , Schuster Miriam , Schneider Jens
Published: February 2021

Designing with glass always includes the use of polymeric materials. Since polymers can undergo large deformations, nonlinear constitutive laws have to be applied in numerical simulations accounting for the hyperelastic material behaviour. Here, the challenge is to identify hyperelastic material parameters by more than one experiment in order to represent the structural behaviour of polymeric materials under arbitrary loading conditions as well as to relate one experiment to one material parameter. That is why in addition to common uniaxial tensile tests, other experiments, such as biaxial tensile tests have to be performed. Based on this idea, the present paper discusses the principle of the material parameter identification under a simultaneously multi-experiment data fit for hyperelastic materials with the focus on two different test set-ups for biaxial tensile tests, where two different types of polymers will be analysed.
Sustainable Bridges – Implementing Owner Sustainability Requirements
Authors: Martin Andrew
Published: February 2021

In recent years, significant steps have been taken to improve the sustainability performance of buildings, most commonly by defining mandatory requirements through laws and regulations in a 'top down' approach. But how are the principles of sustainability being brought into the world of bridges? Are similar 'top down' approaches being used? After setting out the subject of the paper and defining the 'top down' approach to implementation of new practices within the construction industry, a case study is presented which reviews how requirements for sustainability have been introduced into the existing framework for the technical approval of bridges in the United Kingdom. The advantages and disadvantages of such an approach are discussed.
The 5% Solution
Authors: Malhotra Ashok , Carson Daniel , Funnell Scott , Koop Julien
Published: February 2021

Opportunities abound in the field of structural design to make a meaningful contribution towards the reduction of our carbon footprint. Typical construction materials—steel and concrete—are among the highest CO2-emitting materials during their production. Production of one tonne of steel emits 1.8 tonnes of CO2, and production of one cubic meter of concrete, on average, emits 250 kg of CO2. A modest reduction in the use of steel and concrete in structural designs will go a long way in reducing CO2 emissions. The analysis of structural designs by us and other authorities shows that a reduction of 5% of steel and 5% of concrete in a building can be achieved without impacting the structural integrity by just being a little more judicious while designing. Being environmentally mindful while designing structural elements is what we call the 5% Solution.
Shear and flexural strengthening of existing bridges with textile reinforced mortar
Authors: Adam Viviane , Herbrand Martin , Hegger Josef
Published: February 2021

Increasing traffic loads and changes in code provisions cause deficits in shear and flexural capacity of many highway bridges. Therefore, a lot of structures in Europe and North America are expected to require refurbishment and strengthening soon. This projection is based on the current conditions of many older road bridges. Many different strengthening methods have been established, all having specific advantages and disadvantages. By applying a thin layer of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) to bridge deck slabs and the webs of prestressed concrete beams the load carrying capacities of those members can be increased significantly. This new method has been investigated experimentally. The TRC layer is a combination of a corrosion resistant carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) fabric and an efficient mortar. In this paper, the strengthening method and the test results obtained at RWTH Aachen University are presented.
Strengthening of a Twin Arch Bridge in Goa, India for Stability
Authors: Roy Sougata , Bhowmick Alok , Singh Chandra Deo
Published: February 2021

A recently constructed bridge comprising parallel twin tied arches were observed tilted on one side soon after the cast-in-place concrete deck was poured. A three dimensional (3D) analysis of the as-built structure including both the material non-linearity and the initial imperfections demonstrated that the stiffness and strength of the existing Vierendeel lateral bracing between the arches were inadequate for developing the design capacity of the structure subjected to dead, live and wind loads. A retrofit of the structure by replacing the Vierendeel-bracing with X-bracing was proposed, which increased the limit load of the structure many folds. A step-by-step retrofit scheme for replacing bracing system was developed through virtual simulation. The study enabled developing a cost-effective retrofit measure for the bridge, and identified the need for stability bracing design guidelines for steel arches within the existing design specifications.
Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) in Idaho: The State-of-the-Art Bridge Technologies, Current Practice and Future Research
Authors: Mashal Mustafa , Aguilar Irvin , Ebrahimpour Arya , Ruminski Leonard
Published: February 2021

Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) can be defined as the process of prefabricating bridge elements in a factory, then transporting the components to the bridge site for subsequent assembly. ABC offers rapid construction, minimum traffic disruption, better quality control, improved work zone safety, maximum use of machinery, durability of bridge components, and less environmental impacts.

ABC is becoming a popular construction technique in the United States, Japan, New Zealand, and Europe. This paper begins with a literature review of the recent developments in ABC in the United States and New Zealand. It highlights past and recent applications of ABC in the State of Idaho including several bridge projects from the Idaho Department of Transportation (ITD) where incorporated ABC technologies are discussed.

A summary of the past research project on ABC at Idaho State University (ISU) is presented. This project investigated use of grouted splice coupler for column-to-footing and column-to-cap beam connections in regions of high seismicity in Idaho. The paper also presents an overview of an on-going research project on ABC that is funded by ITD and ISU (2017-2018). The project has experimental and analytical parts which investigate properties and performance of closure-pour materials between pretensioned Deck Bulb-T girders. The first phase of the project focuses on development of an optimum cost-effective closure-pour mix that would possess not only sufficient structural properties, but also would be durable and require lower maintenance. In the second phase of project, the structural performance of the closure-pour materials would be investigated experimentally using several beams. A typical beam specimen would represent a transverse strip of the superstructure composed of precast girders on sides and closure-pour in the middle. Results from experimental testing would be used in the third phase to create analytical models of the proposed closure-pour details. The models would be capable of assessing the connection strength under one-time truck load, providing an indication of fatigue performance under repeated loading, and indicating durability performance such as crack control and interface bond.
Effectiveness of UHPFRC cover for the seismic strengthening of deficient bridge piers
Authors: Massicotte Bruno , Jolicoeur Olivier , Ben Ftima Madhi , Lagier Fabien
Published: February 2021

The paper presents the results of an experimental and analytical research program aimed at developing an innovative seismic strengthening technique using Ultra‐high Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) cover applied to existing bridge piers with deficient reinforcement detailing. Experimental results on full‐scale rectangular bridge pier specimens with cross‐sectional aspect ratios of 4:1 and 2:1 subjected to weak or strong axis bending showed that the exceptional mechanical properties of UHPFRC allow eliminating concrete failure modes such as splitting cracks, spalling and crushing, thereby allowing transferring lapped bar forces through the surrounding UHPFRC, as well as failure modes associated with inadequate reinforcement detailing. Refined 3D nonlinear finite element models were developed to provide a numerical tool for evaluating the performance the strengthening technique.
Design of Gothenburg’s new landmark bridge
Authors: Ekholm Kristoffer , Darholm Thomas
Published: February 2021

One of Gothenburg’s three existing connections across the Göta älv river is to be replaced, as theGötaälvbridge, constructed in 1939, has reached the end of its service life. The bridge is an important part of Gothenburg’s transportation infrastructure, with roadways, light rail track and cycle and pedestrian paths crossing the river fairway. The City of Gothenburg Urban Transport Administration held an international design competition to meet the city’s ambition to create a new landmark for the city. The winning entry,Arpeggio, 440 m long and with a 42 m lift span, is part of the newHisingsbridge, which has a total length of approximately 800 m. The width of the bridge varies between 35-42 m and it runs parallel to the existing Götaälv bridge. The detailed design of the new bridge was produced by COWI Sweden together with the winning design team ofArpeggio.

One of the great challenges for the project comes from the ground conditions in Gothenburg, with great depths of soft clay often containing contaminations from historic heavy industry. Pipe piles with minimal mass displacement were chosen both to safeguard the function of the existing bascule bridge and to provide a solid foundation for the new lifting bridge. Keeping public transport in Gothenburg and the fairway open during the entire construction period of the new bridge requires well adapted technical solutions and meticulous planning. The construction of the bridge started in January 2017, but this paper presents the design phase which lasted for about four years.
The 102nd Avenue Bridge over Groat Road – Design Concept and Challenges
Authors: Andermatt Matthias , Grondin Gilbert , Ramsay Bob , Habel Katrin , Kanji Shiraz
Published: February 2021

The new 102nd Avenue Bridge over Groat Road in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada is a 113 m long “character” bridge that spans over Groat Road which is located in a 22 m deep ravine. The bridge replaced a 104 year old bridge on steel trestles. The selection of the replacement bridge had to take into account several factors including marginally stable steep ravine slopes and traffic disruptions in the urban environment. An integral abutment bridge design concept was developed, consisting of an 83 m long main steel span connected to 15.6 m long integral concrete abutments supported on hybrid steel and concrete piles at the back and sliding bearings at the front of each abutment. This concept created several design challenges:

Thermal movement range is considered to be at the upper limits for integral abutment bridges;

Potential for uplift at the back of the abutments due to the abutments acting as short back-spans;

Force continuity between the 83 m steel span and the abutments; and

Construction sequence required to connect the concrete abutments to the steel span.

This paper presents the design concept and approaches, and construction methods for this structure.
Testing Bridges to Failure - Experiences
Authors: Häggström Jens , Bagge Niklas , Nilimaa Jonny , Sas Gabriel , Blanksvärd Thomas , Täljsten Björn , Elfgren Lennart , Puurula Arto , Rydberg- Forssbeck Lahja , Carolin Anders
Published: February 2021

Four bridges of different types have been tested to failure and the results have been compared to the load-carrying capacity calculated using standard code models and advanced numerical methods. The results may help to make accurate assessments of similar existing bridges. Here it is necessary to know the real behaviour, weak points, and to be able to model the load-carrying capacity in a correct way.

The four bridges were: (1) a one span steel truss railway bridge; (2) a two span strengthened concrete trough railway bridge; (3) a one span concrete trough bridge tested in fatigue; and (4) a five span prestressed concrete road bridge.

The unique results in the paper are the experiences of the real failure types, the robustness/weakness of the bridges, and the accuracy of different codes and models.
Robustness-based assessment of railway masonry arch bridges
Authors: Neiva Diana , Moreira Vicente N. , Matos José C. , Oliveira Daniel V.
Published: February 2021

In the past decades, structural robustness has gained major interest due to the collapse of remarkable structures, such as the Ronan Point tower and the World Trade Center. In both situations, a local damage lead to structural collapse, triggering research to restrain progressive collapse in structures. Masonry arch bridges are important historical structures, with many of them still in service. Over their long lifetime, deterioration and damage have affected their ultimate load-carrying capacity, which must be considered when evaluating the safety condition of these structures. This paper presents a methodology for robustness-based assessment of masonry arch railway bridges, by computation of the ultimate load- carrying capacity resorting to the limit analysis method. The main damage scenarios, namely their location and extension, will be presented and discussed. The influence of such damage is discussed in detail, as well as the most influencing structural parameters, being justified the robustness capacity in such cases. The developed methodology is then applied to a Portuguese railway masonry arch bridge.
High toughness RC railway viaduct with columns reinforced by arranging a spiral rebar inside of the longitudinal bars
Authors: Sugita Kiyotaka , Osawa Shogo , Kuwakino Kosuke , Tsukishima Daisuke
Published: February 2021

Since Japan is the land of earthquakes, the seismic design is very important for the design of civil engineering structures and the design of architectural structures in Japan. The seismic design standard has been revised by the damage of earthquakes in the past. After the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake, there is the need for Anti-Catastrophe Performance and redundancy to have the measures for Unanticipated Earthquake in the seismic design of Japan.

Therefore, the authors developed the new method of the reinforcing bar arrangement. The new method can enhance dramatically ductility capacity in the RC column, so it is possible to give sufficient redundancy against Unanticipated Earthquake. The authors think that it is a very effective technique in the seismic design. In this report, we report the performance evaluation method of the RC column by the new method and the construction results.
Besiktas stadium roof : innovative design and construction method
Authors: Grandi Andrea , Erdogan Julien-Erdem , Yayim Cagri , Gencalp Mese
Published: February 2021

Located nearby the historic part of the city, the Vodafone Arena Stadium, replacing the former Besiktas JK Inonu stadium, stands out thanks to its remarkable covering of 26000m² that can shelter up to 42 000 spectators. The big lift method, used successfully in the last decades to lift lightweight and flexible structures composed by cables only, has been adapted for this project to lift a mixed structure, allying the stiffness of a highly hyperstatic steel frame and the shape- depending behavior of a cable structure. After being assembled on the ground, the structure was lifted on a distance of approximately 21m with 42 strand jacks, developing a total towing force of 7000t. Strict control procedures and geodetic checks were necessary to coordinate the 42 lifting points.

The paper describes the general design approach and the specific site conditions; the construction method is detailed from both a calculation and an operational point of view.
New Dynamic Center Piece for Montréal Delivers on All Challenges
Authors: Schueller Matthias , Montminy Sylvain , Gastoni Vincent , Fortier Jimmy
Published: February 2021

The Canal Lachine Bridge is the new signature structure in downtown Montréal, Québec, Canada. The curved cable stayed bridge is the center piece of the $1.5 billion Design-Build Turcot Project. The 350m long structure will be built in stages to accommodate the overall project construction schedule. Delivered within the fast-paced Design-Build environment, the design required close collaboration between designer, contractor, architect, fabricator and owner.

The 50m wide superstructure carries two independent carriageways with a total of six traffic lanes. The main span utilizes a pylon and single plane fan arrangement of stays to support the 88m main span over the Lachine canal. The unique design had to accommodate building one carriageway to carry traffic for two years without cable supports before the second carriageway could be erected. Both halves will be tied together at the lower cable anchorages and the pylon location after establishing composite action. In this stage, they will form a unique, highly redundant composite steel grillage system that achieves both, efficiency and elegance.

This innovative extradosed bridge utilizes multiple steel box girders connected by cross frames and transverse tie-beams to create a single superstructure type. Composite action is achieved using slender full-depth precast deck panels to accelerate construction. The continuous superstructure is fully isolated from the substructure to control seismic design forces on substructure elements and their foundations. This allowed single columns and mono-pile foundations.
Rayleigh-Ritz/Finite Element Analysis Of Plates By Singularity Functions
Authors: Baraka Miljenko
Published: February 2021

A novel analysis method is developed for the analysis of Timoshenko type plate bending loaded by concentrated loads. A stiffness matrix and a consistent load vector are assembled via the minimum potential energy principle and solved for a set of unknown variables. The rules described herein for assembling such as matrix may yield a matrix that is rank deficient (the matrix column vectors do not span the space of dimension equal to the matrix size, there exists a null- space). Solution to the equations is possible by the use of the singular value decomposition, (s.v.d.). The original problem is thus transformed to one having less unknown variables that are all independent. The redundant transformed variables, that correspond to the null-space, are discarded. An industrial reinforced concrete raft on an elastic foundation is presented as a worked numerical example and compared to Strand7® software finite element analysis.
Coupled wind and wave load analyses of multi-span suspension bridge supported by floating foundations
Authors: Papinutti Mitja , Aas-Jakobsen Ketil , Kaasa Lars Halvo , Bruer Arne , Marley Mathias Huus , Veie Johannes , Holtberget Simen Helgren
Published: February 2021

The TLP suspension bridge concept is a novel design proposed for crossing the wide and deep fjords along the E39 highway on the west coast of Norway. The bridge concept consists of a multi-span suspension bridge supported by one or more tension leg platforms. An accurate and representative load formulation for wind and wave excitation is essential for design of these structures. This article presents time domain analysis of a TLP suspension bridge subject to wind and wave loading. Analyses are performed for both coupled and separate wind and wave loading, in order to investigate possible coupling effects between the two environmental loads. A fully coupled nonlinear Newmark time integration scheme is used, where structural geometric nonlinearities, frequency-dependent hydrodynamic radiation properties and wind interaction are included. New developed tools are suitable for parallel calculation of the step time integration. Presented study shows a search strategy on coupled effect for different structural components.
Dynamic Response of Adjacent Prestressed Concrete Box Beam Bridge utilizing Reinforced UHPC Shear Keys
Authors: Semendary Ali A. , Steinberg Eric P. , Walsh Kenneth K.
Published: February 2021

Adjacent precast pre-stressed concrete box beam bridges are popular for medium and short spans in North America due to ease and speed of construction and high torsional rigidity. However, longitudinal cracks in the shear keys, which can cause reflective cracks in an overlay or in a composite deck, are one of the most critical issues with these bridges. These cracks can lead to leakage and cause corrosion of the reinforcement, and in severe cases can lead to a reduction or loss of load transfer between beams. Many solutions have been used to eliminate or reduce the cracks in the shear keys. However, some adjacent box beam bridges still exhibit longitudinal cracks. Recently, Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) has been used as a grout material in the connections between prefabricated bridge elements due to the superior mechanical, bonding, and durability properties. In this paper, the dynamic response of the first adjacent precast prestressed concrete box beam bridge in the United States utilizing partial depth reinforced UHPC shear keys was investigated. Instrumentation was installed at different locations, and the bridge behavior was monitored. The dynamic response was compared with the static response. Furthermore, the dynamic amplification factor (DAF) was determined and compared with AASHTO LRFD Design Specification. The results from the moving load showed that the bridge behaved as a unit which emphasize the ability of the new connection to transversally transfer the load. The results also show that the dynamic amplification factor (DAF) from the AASHTO LRFD Design Specification is conservative compared with the measured value.
Canadian Code Framework for Performance Based Seismic Design of Bridges
Authors: Mitchell Denis
Published: February 2021

The framework for the performance-based seismic design of bridges that was developed for the 2014 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CSA S6-14) is presented. Three different earthquake return period motions are used for the analysis and the seismic hazard, site classifications and site coefficients developed for the 2015 National Building Code of Canada are used. Different seismic analysis procedures are used to predict the performance for the different levels of seismic input motions. Performance levels are prescribed to satisfy the required service states and damage states. Performance criteria, commensurate with the damage levels are given. The advantages of the performance-based design approach for the design of new bridges as well as the evaluation and retrofit of existing bridges are presented.
Evergreen Line Performance Based Design – An Owner’s and Designer’s Perspective
Authors: Hamersley Bruce , Khan Saqib , Jiang Jianping
Published: February 2021

The Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure delivered the Evergreen Line through the Design Build project delivery method. The project specifications included Performance Based Design (PBD) seismic design criteria. Large design build projects are a testing ground for new design specification philosophies and there had been disagreements between the Owner and the Contractors’ designers in past projects. The Ministry introduced a process to prevent potential disputes using a three member Seismic Design Peer Review panel. The project included a number of special structures and at-grade sections that were situated in poor, liquefiable soils subject to large lateral spreading deformations. The Panel vetted the seismic design strategies for each structure and dealt with a number of important issues including interpreting expected performance levels into useable deflection and strain limits, while amending the specified reinforcing steel strain limits. Analysis methodologies were also reviewed by the Panel.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Authors: Qureshi AbidaShamim
Published: February 2021

The whole world is on the terrifying cross-roads of global environmental threat. Last several years, particularly the last two years dominated the headlines about the serious threat climate change posed to the world. The more frequent severe weather conditions which result from climate change or global warming in the form of storms, tornadoes, tsunamis, floods, droughts, rising sea level and such other catastrophes have raised the economic cost of the natural disasters. The result, it appears, is beyond our control and, perhaps, there is no immediate answer to it.
ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES AND ITS EFFECTS
Authors: Shrivastava Pratibha
Published: February 2021

Eco-friendly technologies involved making use of alternative energy source which is abundant to generate renewable energy, reducing the amount of resource which is limited used through the conventional like fossil fuel.  For example renewable resources like sunlight, sea water and co2 which are abundant generating alternative resource like biofuel, solar energy, freshwater and air purification through greenhouse, vegetation and halophytes cultivation stabilize the degraded desert soil and as wind breaks reduce the impact of pollutants on the environment.
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION: HEALTH HAZARDS AND TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE THE HAZARDOUS EFFECTS
Authors: Mahto Purnima , Dubey Viraj , Panhotra Jaya
Published: February 2021

Industrial progress and ubiquitous technological adoption are major contributing factors to air pollution in developed countries. Air pollution is equally serious in rural and urban areas of our country. In rural India, majority of women use bio mass fuel (unprocessed fuel) for cooking and heating that causes lots of indoor pollution. Rural women heavily depend on fuel wood and bio mass fuels for cooking activity in which concomitant release of hazardous smoke is a major problem especially in poorly ventilated closed kitchen space. Women and children who spend major part of their time indoors are more prone to be affected by the smoke released by fuel wood burning. To reduce the harmful / hazardous effect of smoke, the intervention of improved technologies like smokeless stoves, domestic biogas plant, processed bio mass fuels (Charring and Briquetting) may be made available to rural parts in India.
ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY-KEY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Tundele Sarika
Published: February 2021

Environmentally friendly technology is a rapidly growing field that focuses on new scientific and technical methods that benefit the earth. Also referred to as “green technology,” this area is dedicated to preserving our natural resources. This involves both the development of new technologies and the improvement of existing ones. While these inventions, improvements, and scientific developments can have a worldwide impact on our global ecosystem, they also affect people on an individual level. Many green technologies directly affect the everyday lives of those who use them. By improving the way people perform basic tasks such as cooking, cleaning, or heating and cooling their home, green technologies are able to reduce the environmental impact that families have on the earth every day. Environmentally friendly technology utilizes many methods for reducing the impact that various activities have upon the earth. To be considered environmentally friendly, a product or action should be sustainable, produce as little waste and pollution as possible, and utilize the recycling and reuse of materials whenever possible.
WATER SHED MANAGEMENT AND POLICIES IN INDIA
Authors: Sharma Tripti
Published: February 2021

A watershed is simply the geographic area through which water flows across the land and drains into a common body of water, whether a stream, river, lake, or ocean. The watershed boundary will more or less follow the highest ridgeline around the stream channels and meet at the bottom or lowest point of the land where water flows out of the watershed, the mouth of the waterway.  Much of the water comes from rainfall and storm water runoff. The quality and quantity of storm water is affected by all the alterations to the land--mining, agriculture, roadways, urban development, and the activities of people within a watershed. Watersheds are usually separated from other watersheds by naturally elevated areas.

Management of the environment has been primarily focused on specific issues such as air, land, and water.  Most efforts have resulted in decreasing pollutant emissions to air and water, improved landfills, remediation of waste sites and contaminated groundwater, protection of rare and endangered species, design of best management practices to control water and contaminant runoff, and much more. 

What is still a continuing problem for our waters are nonpoint source pollution and habitat degradation.  These are the problems that are responsible for most of the water quality use impairments throughout.  These are typically complex problems that are difficult to manage.  Both nonpoint pollution and habitat degradation generally cross program purviews.  To establish a method to tackle these remaining problems managements must come together to better understand the interactions between the environmental components and the actions that can be taken by all towards the goal of ecosystem integrity.
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN CANCER PATHOGENESIS
Authors: Parihar Arti
Published: February 2021

With modern civilization cancer pathogenesis has become a very serious problem in our society. There have been many causes of cancer that includes person’s life style and environmental factors. Successful management of life style and environmental pollution can reduce risks of cancer in our society.
PAINT POLLUTION HARMFUL EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Porwal Tina
Published: February 2021

Every year we like to paint our home, furniture, etc. for decoration, protection, identification, sanitation. But we forget the impact of paint on our environment. This can cause some serious hazardous effect on our body like headaches, trigger allergies, asthmatic reactions, irritate skin, eyes, and put increased stress on vital organs such as the heart and not only paint but also its byproduct or by which paint creates are also more dangerous to us and our environment.
NATURAL DISASTER: WATER PLAN AND JAI SHANKAR PRASAD'S SUCCESS
Authors: Rathi Neelam
Published: February 2021

When the events of graphical nature take extreme form, then the entire biological world including human beings gets into difficulty and a situation of destruction arises. Such incidents are sometimes so quick that it becomes difficult to recover. In the face of these events of nature, man becomes dwarf such as volcanoes, earthquakes and water floats etc. Although such events are born out of the normal process of nature, but some of the human responses to its depth and expansion become helpful, such as the exacerbation of seasonal events from forest destruction. Such disruptive natural phenomena are called natural disasters. Divine disasters caused by environmental imbalances disturb the biotic world. Loss from such outbreaks ever. Sometimes it is so fierce that despite all the scientific and technological development, the human kneels in front of them. These natural outbreaks are directly related to the environment. Those who have been running since time immemorial. But it is also true that due to increase in human numbers and prosperity due to these natural outbreaks, the effects of natural hazards are becoming more harmful. Thus we can say that today with the nature behind the natural outbreak. Human crisis is also associated with it.

आलेख श्प्रकृति की घटनाएँ जब चरम रूप ग्रहण कर लेती हैं तो उनसे मानव सहित सम्पूर्ण जैव जगत कठिनाई में पड जाता है और विनाश की स्थिति उत्पन्न हो जाती है। ऐसी घटनाएँ कभी.कभी इतनी त्वरित होती हैं कि संभल पाना कठिन हो जाता है। प्रकृति की इन घटनाओं के सामने मनुष्य बौना हो जाता है जैसे ज्वालामुखीएभूकंप और जल प्लावन आदि। यूं तो ऐसी घटनाएँ प्रकृति की सामान्य प्रक्रिया से जन्म लेती हैंएलेकिन इनकी गहनता और विस्तार के लिए मनुष्य की कुछ अनुक्रियाएं सहायक बन जाती हैंए जैसे वन विनाश से मौसमी घटनाओं की उग्रता। ऐसी विघटनकारी प्राकृतिक घटनाओं को प्राकृतिक आपदाएपर्यावरणीय प्रकोप कहा जाता हैश्1। पर्यावरण असंतुलन से प्रकट होने वाली दैवीय विपत्तियाँ जैव जगत को अस्त व्यस्त कर देती है। ऐसे प्रकोपों से होने वाली हानि कभी. कभी इतनी भयंकर होती है की सारे वैज्ञानिक और तकनीकी विकास के बावजूद मानव इनके सामने घुटने टेक देता है। इन प्राकृतिक प्रकोपों का सीधा संबंध पर्यावरण से है। जिनका सिलसिला अनादिकाल से चला आ रहा है। लेकिन ये भी सच है कि इन प्राकृतिक प्रकोपों से मानव संख्या और समृद्धि में वृद्धि के कारण प्राकृतिक संकटों के प्रभाव अधिक हानिकारक होने लगे हैं। इस प्रकार हम कह सकते हैं कि आज प्राकृतिक प्रकोप के पीछे प्रकृति के साथ . साथ मानव जन्य संकट भी जुड़ा होता है।
CLEANLINESS: INDIA'S CHALLENGE
Authors: Pandey Pragya , Yadav Garima
Published: February 2021

Cleanliness and health are the basis of the progress of any country. Clean environment helps in elevating the health status of any community. Clean environment can be helpful in improving the standard of living of the people of the community. He is also capable of breaking the cycle of diseases in the community. Various resources are being used by the efforts and participation of the government and general public and are trying for better results. Through this, the socio-economic development of the community, cultural factors related to clean environment, the capacity of the community, behavior, laws, etc. are being used in a better way.India is far behind in the level of clean environment all over the country. Uncleanness still holds India in its grip, to break out of which India needs to work unitedly on issues of hygiene and health and implement various strategies and programs, so that the goals are successfully achieved at the grassroots level. Can be obtained. Different types of strategies are being devised at the central and state level to get out of the vicious cycle of impurity. A clean environment is the only way for the community to break the cycle of various diseases.

किसी भी देश की उन्नति का आधार स्वच्छता व स्वास्थ्य है। स्वच्छ पर्यावरण ही किसी भी समुदाय की स्वास्थ्य स्थिति को ऊंचा उठाने में सहायक है। स्वच्छ पर्यावरण समुदाय के लोगों के जीवन स्तर को सुधारने में सहायक हो सकता है। साथ ही वह समुदाय मंे रोगों के चक्र को तोड़ने में भी सक्षम है। सरकार व आम जनता के प्रयास व सहभागिता द्वारा विभिन्न संसाधनों का प्रयोग किया जा रहा है और बेहतर परिणाम हेतु प्रयासरत हंै। इसके द्वारा समुदाय का सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकास, स्वच्छ पर्यावरण हेतु संबंधित सांस्कृतिक कारक, समुदाय की क्षमता, व्यवहार, कानून आदि का उपयोग बेहतर तरीके से हो रहा है।भारत देश सम्पूर्ण में स्वच्छ पर्यावरण के स्तर में बहुत ही पीछे है। अस्वच्छता ने आज भी भारत को अपने घेरे में जकड़ लिया है, जिसमें से बाहर निकलने के लिए भारत को स्वच्छता व स्वास्थ्य के मुद्दें पर एकजुट होकर काम करने व विभिन्न रणनीतियों व कार्यक्रमों को क्रियान्वित करने की आवश्यकता है, जिससे लक्ष्यों को जमीनी स्तर पर सफलतापूर्वक प्राप्त किया जा सके। अस्वच्छता के कुचक्र से बाहर निकलने के लिए केन्द्र व राज्य स्तर पर विभिन्न प्रकार की रणनीतियां बनायी जा रही है। स्वच्छ पर्यावरण ही समुदाय को विभिन्न रोगों के चक्र को तोड़ने में सक्षम है।
Creating A Successful Dynasty
Authors: De Milliano Julia
Published: February 2021

Arsinoe II was a very powerful Egyptian queen who set the tone for future women in the Ptolemaic dynasty. Her individual agency allowed her to establish an image for herself encompassing militaristic leadership, her own religious cult, and involvement in internal and external affairs which solidified her as a rightful and divine ruler during the tumultuous Hellenistic era. Appealing to three different cultures, the Macedonians, the Greeks, and the Egyptians, Arsinoe II crafted aspects of her image that would legitimize her rule throughout a period of unrest as well as lay the foundation for the Ptolemaic dynasty alongside her brother-husband, Ptolemy II.
A Penny For Your Cuppa
Authors: Macasaet Megan
Published: February 2021

Amid England’s 17th and 18th centuries, coffee’s Turkish origins catalyzed a stark polarization of coffee consumption due to Turkish xenophobia. England’s long-regarded reservations towards Turkish commodities only changed because of one revolutionary institution: the coffeehouse. Unlike classically popular taverns, coffeehouses were unique, progressive establishments where patrons of all classes and genders safely shared news, debated politics, and discussed new discoveries in academia over a beverage costing mere pennies to consume. By adopting an accessible and intellectual premise, coffeehouses eclipsed England’s xenophobic predispositions towards Turkey – forever revolutionizing the social sphere and English coffee consumption.
KONSEP PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT BANTARAN SUNGAI DENGAN KEGIATAN BUDIDAYA KERAMBA IKAN ARUS DERAS (Kasus Sungai Pesanggrahan di DKI Jakarta)
Authors: Muhartono Rizky
Published: February 2021

Jakarta merupakan daerah dengan wilayah yang dilintasi 13 sungai. Namun demikian, pada sungai-sungai tersebut kerap dijumpai sampah. Salah satu penghasil sampah di sungai (diduga) berasal dari limbah domestik masyarakat yang tinggal di bantaran sungai. Permasalahan utama yang diangkat adalah bagaimana masyarakat bantaran sungai peduli  dengan tidak membuang sampah ke sungai.  Salah satu tema penting yang dapat dilakukan sebagai konsep pemberdayaan masyarakat bantaran sungai adalah bersahabat dengan sungai. Program ini tidak bertujuan untuk mencegah banjir yang datang ke Jakarta tetapi konsep ini dimunculkan sebagai jawaban untuk melawan kebiasaan masyarakat bantaran sungai yang sudah terlanjur menganggapnya sebagai lahan milik pribadi sehingga dibolehkan membuang sampah di sungai. Memahami karakteristik masyarakat dan individu dengan mempertimbangkan unsur budaya dan norma setempat menjadi penting, sehingga hambatan program berupa rendahnya saling percaya dan minimnya inovasi dan kreativitas bisa diatasi
Aplikasi Teori Planned Behavior di SMAK dan SMTI Sebagai Implementasi Kebijakan Lingkungan Kementerian Perindustrian
Authors: Siswono Agus
Published: February 2021

Kementerian perindustrian sangat konsen dengan masalah lingkungan dapat dilihat dari kebijakan pengembangan industri yang ramah lingkungan (industri hijau), salah satu program reposisi kementerian untuk unit sekolah adalah penataan lingkungan sekolah menjadi green school. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis tingkat pengetahuan, sikap, dan intensi perilaku peduli lingkungan siswa SMK Kemenperin, menganalisis hubungan pengetahuan lingkungan hidup, sikap, norma subjektif dan persepsi kontrol perilaku terhadap intensi perilaku peduli terhadap lingkungan siswa SMK Kemenperin, dia Analisis dengan menggunakan program excell dan  Struktural Partial Least Square (PLS). Hasil analisis menunjukkan pengetahuan lingkungan hidup, sikap dan intensi perilaku peduli lingkungan  siswa SMK Kemenperin sangat baik oleh responden. Hasil analisis uji dengan Struktural Partial Least Square (PLS) diketahui bahwa variabel pengetahuan lingkungan hidup berpengaruh positif terhadap sikap tetapi tidak signifikan, sementara sikap, norma subjektif dan persepsi kontrol perilaku berhubungan positif dan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap intensi perilaku peduli lingkungan siswa SMK Kemenperin.
MANGROVE GROWTH DYNAMICS AND SEDIMENT RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA
Authors: Akpovwovwo Ufuoma
Published: February 2021

The mangrove ecosystem is not exempted from the fundamental interlinkages of components ensuring their functionality and development. Proper understanding of the interrelations between sediment parameters and their potential influence on mangrove growth is limited. This study examined mangrove structure across South western Nigeria, their growth dynamics, successional stage and relationship with the underlying sediments. Vegetation measurements and soil sampling (0-30cm) were carried out in one hundred quadrats of 20m by 20m. Sediments underwent laboratory analysis using standard procedures. Multiple regression was used to evaluate the relationship between the sediments and structural parameters at the 0.05 significance level. Ongoing degradation was detected, with evidence of selective harvesting targeted in the critical younger classes of <6cm, 6.1-9cm and 9.1-13cm.  Phosphorus, magnesium, pH, salinity, sodium, silt and organic carbon were significant factors, contributing approximately 53 percent to the height. Electrical conductivity, organic carbon, salinity, total acidity, pH and silt were significant factors, contributing approximately 56 percent to the girth. The mangrove forests, though at a matured stage, are endangered. Sediment parameters, especially texture, have a significant influence on mangrove growth. Preparation of specialised sediment treatments for mangrove regrowth sites and also the setting up of conservation sites should be adopted.
MEDICINAL PLANT USE BY SUNDANESE ETHNIC IN NYANGKEWOK HAMLET, SUKABUMI REGENCY
Authors: Cita Ken Dara , Hasibuan Ratna Sari , Waluyo Prapto , Susdiyanti Tun
Published: February 2021

Sundanese ethnic in Nyangkewok hamlet, Sukabumi has been using medicinal plants to cure and prevent illness. This research aims to identify and describe medicinal plant use by Sundanese Ethnic with indigenous knowledge in Nyangkewok Hamlet, Sukabumi. This research was conducted from February to May 2020 with qualitative method. The research resulted in 103 species of 42 plant families used by the Sundanese community in Nyangkewok Hamlet with Zingiberaceae dominant family, the most used part of the medicinal plants was leaves.

 

Key word: indigenous knowledge, medicinal plants, Sundanese ethnic
CARRYING CAPACITY ASSESSMENT OF CIBEUREUM WATERFALLTOURISMINGUNUNG GEDE PANGRANGO NATIONAL PARK
Authors: Anindika Putri Lakspriyanti  , Meti Ekayani  , Arzyana Sunkar
Published: February 2021

Waterfall has long been a popular tourist attraction with increasing number of visitors. High visitation would increase the risk of environmental damage, especially if the location of the tourism object is in a protected area that is still intact and rich in resources. One strategy to reduce the impact of recreational and nature tourism activities is through carrying capacity (CC) analysis. This study aims to 1) analyze the CC visitors of Cibeureum Waterfall and 2) provide a CC-based waterfall tourism management strategy. The research was conducted in October 2018 in Cibeureum Waterfall, TNGGP of West Java. The CC was estimated using the Cifuentes (1992) approach to calculate physical (PCC), real (RCC), and effective (ECC) CCs, by considering various correction factors. Interviews were also conducted with 100 visitors of Cibeureum Waterfall. In addition, interviews were also conducted with 5 key informants from the management side. The results showed that the daily PCC value was 800, exceeding the RCC (173) and ECC (86) values, indicating overcrowding. On the contrary, on weekdays, the number of visitors is below the RCC. These results indicated potential disturbance in Cibeureum Waterfall and its environment during holidays. Carrying capacity-based management alternatives that were recommended include increasing ticket prices on holidays and implement early booking system. From the managerial aspect, it is recommended to involve the NP partners during holidays for in-kind contributions.

Keywords: carrying capacity, waterfall tourism, national park