bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of New Deoxycholic Acid bis Thiocarbazones under Solvent-Free Conditions using Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Shi Zhichuan , Zhao Zhigang , Liu Xingli , Wu Lili
Published: May 2011

A simple method for the synthesis of new deoxycholic acid bis thiocarbazones under solvent-free conditions using microwave irradiation has been developed. Its main advantages are short reaction times, good conversions and the environmentally friendly nature of the process. Their structures were characterised by 1H NMR, IR, ESI-MS spectra and elemental analysis. The preliminary results indicate that some of these compounds possess inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 2-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-3-Hexanone
Authors: Hong-Yu Tian , Hong-Lin Ye , Bao-Guo Sun , Ya-Ling Wang
Published: May 2011

2-Hydroxy-5-methyl-3-hexanone was synthesised enantioselectively by Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation (Sharpless AD) or Shi's asymmetric epoxidation (Shi's AE) of 5-methyl-3-trimethylsiloxy-2-hexene. This was obtained in an E/Z ratio of 7.5/1 by deprotonation of 5-methyl-3-hexanone with NaHMDS in n-hexane followed by reaction with chlorotrimethylsilane. Optically active 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-hexanone was obtained in a 76.9% yield with a 75.6% ee when AD-mix-β was used as oxidant. Its absolute configuration was tentatively assigned to be R according to the AD face selection rule. AD-mix-α gave the product in a 69.2% yield only with a 15.7% ee. The major product had the same configuration as that obtained by AD-mix-β. Optically active 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-hexanone was obtained in a 54% yield with a 74.6% ee by Shi's AE when a catalyst derived from D-fructose was used, while in a 50% yield with a 72.8% ee when a catalyst derived from L-fructose was used. The absolute configuration of the product obtained by a catalyst from D-fructose was deduced to be R whilst a catalyst from L-fructose gave the ( S)-enantiomer by comparison of the retention time on a chiral column G-TA with the product obtained by AD-mix-β.
Syntheses, Structures and Photoluminescence of a Series of Transition Metal-Cyanopyridine Polymers
Authors: Chen Wen-Tong , Luo Zhi-Gang , Xu Ya-Ping , Luo Qiu-Yan , Liu Jiu-Hui
Published: May 2011

A series of transition metal- n cyanopyridines ( i.e. pyridine- n-carbonitrile; n = 2, 3, 4) complexes with one-dimensional (1-D) structures, [CuCl2(pyridine-3-carbonitrile)2] n, [CuCl2(pyridine-4-carbonitrile)2] n and [CoCl2(pyridine-4-carbonitrile)2] n, have been synthesised via hydrothermal reactions and structurally characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All these complexes feature infinite 1-D chain-like structures. Photoluminescent investigation reveals that the title complexes display strong emissions which may originate from π→π* charge-transfer interaction of the ligands.
One-Pot three Component Reaction Involving Cyclohexyl Isocyanide for the Synthesis of furo[3,4-b]chromenes
Authors: Panja Suman Kalyan , Maiti Sourav , Drew Michael G. B. , Bandyopadhyay Chandrakanta
Published: May 2011

On stirring an equimolar mixture of 4-oxo-4 H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde, ninhydrin and cyclohexyl isocyanide in CH2Cl2-MeOH (7:1) at room temperature produces 3-cyclohexylimino-1-(2-hydroxy-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)-1,3-dihydro-9H-furo[3,4-b]chromen-9-one which on hydrolysis produces 1-(2-hydroxy-1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl)-1 H-furo[3,4- b]chromene-3,9-dione. The structure of the latter compound was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
A Convenient and Efficient Synthesis of Benzyl Bromoacetoacetate
Authors: Rao Zhen , Li Shao-Shun
Published: May 2011

A convenient and efficient one-step synthesis of the important compound benzyl bromoacetoacetate is presented, involving a Reformatsky reaction. This has several advantages compared to the previous method including environmentally friendly mild conditions, high yields, easy workup and low cost.
Analysis of the Magnetic Field Effect on Entropy Generation at Thermosolutal Convection in a Square Cavity
Authors: Bouabid Mounir , Hidouri Nejib , Magherbi Mourad , Brahim Ammar Ben
Published: May 2011

Thermosolutal convection in a square cavity filled with air and submitted to an inclined magnetic field is investigated numerically. The cavity is heated and cooled along the active walls with a mass gradient whereas the two other walls of the cavity are adiabatic and insulated. Entropy generation due to heat and mass transfer, fluid friction and magnetic effect has been determined in transient state for laminar flow by solving numerically the continuity, momentum energy and mass balance equations, using a Control Volume Finite—Element Method. The structure of the studied flows depends on four dimensionless parameters which are the Grashof number, the buoyancy ratio, the Hartman number and the inclination angle. The results show that the magnetic field parameter has a retarding effect on the flow in the cavity and this lead to a decrease of entropy generation, Temperature and concentration decrease with increasing value of the magnetic field parameter.
Anticoagulant, Antioxidant and Antitumor Activities of Heterofucans from the Seaweed Dictyopteris delicatula
Authors: Magalhaes Kaline Dantas , Costa Leandro Silva , Fidelis Gabriel Pereira , Oliveira Ruth Medeiros , Nobre Leonardo Thiago Duarte Barreto , Dantas-Santos Nednaldo , Camara Rafael Barros Gomes , Albuquerque Ivan Rui Lopes , Cordeiro Sara Lima , Sabry Diego Araujo , Costa Mariana Santana Santos Pereira , Alves Luciana Guimaraes , Rocha Hugo Alexandre Oliveira
Published: May 2011

In the present study, six families of sulfated polysaccharides were obtained from seaweed Dictyopteris delicatula by proteolytic digestion, followed by acetone fractionation and molecular sieving on Sephadex G-100. Chemical analyses demonstrated that all polysaccharides contain heterofucans composed mainly of fucose, xylose, glucose, galactose, uronic acid, and sulfate. The fucans F0.5v and F0.7v at 1.0 mg/mL showed high ferric chelating activity (~45%), whereas fucans F1.3v (0.5 mg/mL) showed considerable reducing power, about 53.2% of the activity of vitamin C. The fucan F1.5v presented the most prominent anticoagulant activity. The best antiproliferative activity was found with fucans F1.3v and F0.7v. However, F1.3v activity was much higher than F0.7v inhibiting almost 100% of HeLa cell proliferation. These fucans have been selected for further studies on structural characterization as well as in vivo experiments, which are already in progress.
Effects of Consumption of Bt-maize (MON 810) on the Collembolan Folsomia candida, Over Multiple Generations: A Laboratory Study
Authors: Bakonyi Gábor , Dolezsai Anna , Mátrai Norbert , Székács András
Published: May 2011

The effect of long-term feeding on Bt-maize by collembolans in the laboratory is virtually unestablished. That is why the aim of the present study was to test whether the reproduction, fecal pellet production or food preference of the collembolan F. candida is affected when fed on Bt-maize for several consecutive generations. The collembolans were fed with Bt-maize for 0, 6, 16 and 22 months and the number of eggs and fecal pellets were determined. The experiment was repeated seven months later with the same populations. Food preference tests were additionally performed. Significant differences were found in food consumption, egg production and food preference between populations in some cases, but no time-response effect was observed. In conclusion, several generations feeding of F. candida on Cry1Ab toxin containing Bt-maize seems not to be harmful to this collembolan species.
Involvement of Carbohydrate, Protein and Phenylanine Ammonia Lyase in Up-Regulation of Secondary Metabolites in Labisia pumila under Various CO2 and N2 Level
Authors: Ibrahim Mohd Hafiz , Jaafar Hawa Z.E.
Published: May 2011

A split plot factorial 2 × 3 experiment was designed to examine and characterize the relationships among secondary metabolites (total phenolics, TP; total flavonoids, TF), carbohydrate content, C/N ratio, protein synthesis and L–phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) activity in the Malaysian medicinal herb Labisia pumila (Blume) Fern-Vill. under different CO2 concentrations (400 = ambient and 1,200 µmol mol−1 CO2) and three levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 90 and 270 kg N ha−1) for 15 weeks. The interaction between CO2 and nitrogen levels imposed a significant impact on plant secondary metabolite production, protein, PAL activity and fructose levels. Highest TP and TF were recorded under 1,200 µmol mol−1 CO2 when N fertilizer was not applied; lowest values were obtained at 400 µmol mol−1 CO2 fertilized with the highest N level. Concurrently, fructose contents increased tremendously. Increase in fructose content might also enhance erythose-4-phosphate production (substrate for lignin and phenolic compounds), which shares a common precursor transdalolase in the pentose phosphate pathway. PAL activity was noted to be highest under 1,200 µmol mol−1 CO2 + 0 kg N ha−1 coinciding with subsequent recording of the lowest protein content. The results implied that the increase in plant secondary metabolites production under the tested conditions might be due to diversion of phenylalanine for protein synthesis to production of secondary metabolites. It was also found that the sucrose to starch ratio was also high under high levels of nitrogen fertilization, indicating an enhanced sucrose phosphate synthase activity (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14) under such condition.
Synthesis, Properties Characterization and Applications of Various Organobismuth Compounds
Authors: Luan Jingfei , Zhang Lingyan , Hu Zhitian
Published: May 2011

Organobismuth chemistry was emphasized in this review article due to the low price, low toxicity and low radioactivity characteristics of bismuth. As an environmentally-friendly class of organometallic compounds, different types of organobismuth compounds have been used in organic synthesis, catalysis, materials, etc. The synthesis and property characterization of many organobismuth compounds had been summarized. This review article also presented a survey of various applications of organobismuth compounds in organic transformations, as reagents or catalysts. The reactivity, reaction pathways and mechanisms of reactions with organobismuths were discussed. Less common and limiting aspects of organobismuth compounds were also briefly mentioned.
In Vitro Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. ‘Budrovka’
Authors: Blazekovic Biljana , Stanic Gordana , Pepeljnjak Stjepan , Vladimir-Knezevic Sanda
Published: May 2011

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. ‘Budrovka’, an indigenous Croatian cultivar of lavandin. For that purpose the activity of ethanolic extracts of flowers, inflorescence stalks and leaves against thirty one strains of bacteria, yeasts, dermatophytes and moulds were studied using both the agar well diffusion and broth dilution assays. Among the investigated extracts found to be effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, the flower extract was considered to be the most potent one. Linalool and rosmarinic acid, as the most abundant constituents found, are very likely major contributors to the observed antimicrobial effects. The results suggest that flowers of lavandin ‘Budrovka’ could serve as a rich source of natural terpene and polyphenol antimicrobial agents.
A Comparison of Three Geometric Self-Calibration Methods for Range Cameras
Authors: Lichti Derek D. , Kim Changjae
Published: May 2011

Significant instrumental systematic errors are known to exist in data captured with range cameras using lock-in pixel technology. Because they are independent of the imaged object scene structure, these errors can be rigorously estimated in a self-calibrating bundle adjustment procedure. This paper presents a review and a quantitative comparison of three methods for range camera self-calibration in order to determine which, if any, is superior. Two different SwissRanger range cameras have been calibrated using each method. Though differences of up to 2 mm (in object space) in both the observation precision and accuracy measures exist between the methods, they are of little practical consequence when compared to the magnitude of these measures (12 mm to 18 mm). One of the methods was found to underestimate the principal distance but overestimate the rangefinder offset in comparison to the other two methods whose estimates agreed more closely. Strong correlations among the rangefinder offset, periodic error terms and the camera position co-ordinates are indentified and their cause explained in terms of network geometry and observation range.
Design and Analysis of a Differential Waveguide Structure to Improve Magnetostrictive Linear Position Sensors
Authors: Zhang Yongjie , Liu Weiwen , Zhang Haibo , Yang Jinfeng , Zhao Hui
Published: May 2011

Magnetostrictive linear position sensors (MLPS) are high-precision sensors used in the industrial field for measuring the propagation time of ultrasonic signals in a waveguide. To date, MLPS have attracted widespread attention for their accuracy, reliability, and cost-efficiency in performing non-contact, multiple measurements. However, the sensor, with its traditional structure, is susceptible to electromagnetic interference, which affects accuracy. In the present study, we propose a novel structure of MLPS that relies on two differential waveguides to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, common-mode rejection ratio, and accuracy of MLPS. The proposed sensor model can depict sensor performance and the relationship of sensor parameters. Experimental results with the new sensor indicate that the new structure can improve accuracy to ±0.1 mm higher than ±0.2 mm with a traditional structure. In addition, the proposed sensor shows a considerable improvement in temperature characteristics.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Henry Reactions
Authors: Alvarez-Casao Yolanda , Marques-Lopez Eugenia , Herrera Raquel P.
Published: May 2011

A large number of interesting organocatalytic enantioselective protocols have been explored and successfully applied in the last decade. Among them, the Henry (nitroaldol) reaction represents a powerful carbon-carbon bond-forming procedure for the preparation of valuable synthetic intermediates, such as enantioenriched nitro alcohols, which can be further transformed in a number of important nitrogen and oxygen-containing compounds. This area of research is still in expansion and a more complex version of this useful process has recently emerged, the domino Michael/Henry protocol, affording highly functionalized cycles with multiple stereogenic centers.
Measuring Event–Brand Congruence
Authors: Drengner Jan , Jahn Steffen , Zanger Cornelia
Published: May 2011

Event–brand congruence is crucial for the success of event marketing and sponsorship. However, a number of different approaches to measure the construct have been used. Additionally, there is no agreement on the main drivers of global congruence judgments. The present research
addresses these issues. Results show that measuring global congruence with either single-item or multiple-item measures leads to different results and interpretations. Semantic differentials appear to be least suited in this respect. Regarding single-items measures, reasons pro and con their
use are identified. Moreover, results show that image-based, functional-based, and user-based congruence should be considered jointly as important antecedents of global event–brand congruence.
An Analysis of Image and Loyalty in Convention and Exhibition Tourism in China
Authors: Lu Tracy (Ying) , Cai Liping A.
Published: May 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine image–loyalty relationship in the context of convention and exhibition tourism in China. Drawn on the concept of product levels, the image construct in convention and exhibition tourism is conceptualized as a total package of images at event,
venue, and destination levels. Attendees' perceptions of these images were investigated in relationship to their satisfaction and loyalty to events and host destinations. The data collected from 242 attendees at the conventions and exhibitions in China was analyzed through structural equation
modeling. The study found that the image package influences attendees' loyalty to events. Among the three levels, venue image is the most influential. Event image does not have an impact on attendees' loyalty to host destinations, while venue and destination images have a significant positive
impact. In addition, attendees' satisfactions with events, venues, and destinations influence their overall satisfaction, but have no impact on their loyalty. The findings of the study contribute most to the knowledge of image–loyalty framework by broadening the image concept to include
consumers' perceptions and experiences of other related objects. This and other implications were discussed for event planners, organizers, and destination marketers that attempt at Chinese convention and exhibition market.
Service Quality Dimensions Perceived by Film Festival Visitors
Authors: Park Jowon , Lee Guiok , Park Minkyung
Published: May 2011

Film festivals represent one of the most rapidly expanding areas of cultural events worldwide. While local communities and government agencies recognize film festivals as a means of promoting tourism, still dominantly regard them as a cultural activity. As a result, film festival organizers
mainly focus on programming, while visitor services and visitor satisfaction at the film festivals have rarely been considered in film festival planning and management. Despite the importance of visitor satisfaction and service quality provided at the film festivals, little research has been
done to understand how visitors perceive service quality in the film festival context. Thus, this study attempts to identify underlying dimensions of service quality and how service quality affects visitor satisfaction within the context of film festivals. We identified five factors as the
most important dimensions of service quality within the film festivals: responsiveness, auxiliary amenities, quality of facilities, program content, and accessibility. The findings illustrated substantial differences in the relative importance of service quality dimensions in influencing the
satisfaction when comparing local and nonlocal visitors. The results of the study provide useful insights into film festival organizers and destination marketers who are engaged in the process of planning and supporting film festival tourism for their communities.
Gold-catalyzed naphthalene functionalization
Authors: Pérez Pedro J , Díaz-Requejo M Mar , Rivilla Iván
Published: May 2011

The complexes IPrMCl (IPr = 1,3-bis(diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene, M = Cu, 1a; M = Au, 1b), in the presence of one equiv of NaBAr'4 (Ar' = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl), catalyze the transfer of carbene groups: C(R)CO2Et (R = H, Me) from N2C(R)CO2Et to afford products that depend on the nature of the metal center. The copper-based catalyst yields exclusively a cycloheptatriene derivative from the Buchner reaction, whereas the gold analog affords a mixture of products derived either from the formal insertion of the carbene unit into the aromatic C–H bond or from its addition to a double bond. In addition, no byproducts derived from carbene coupling were observed.
Practice Change Challenges and Priorities: A National Survey of Practising Pharmacists
Authors: Jorgenson Derek , Lamb Darcy , MacKinnon Neil J.
Published: May 2011

Background:

Vision and action plans have been created to address the future of pharmacy and help pharmacists progress into expanded roles in order to provide more patient-centred care. To assess the thoughts and perceptions of pharmacists in these new roles, a survey was conducted among practising pharmacists in Canada.

Methods:

A Web-based survey, developed as part of the Canadian Pharmacists Association's Moving Forward initiative, was open to all practising pharmacists in September and October of 2007. This survey educated pharmacists on potential future roles and sought to gain feedback on the human resource challenges and priorities that might result from the proposed practice changes.

Results:

From the 1003 respondents, it was found that the majority of pharmacist time is spent on dispensing duties. However, over 60% of pharmacists felt that it was time to begin taking on new responsibilities and over 70% of pharmacists want to be performing expanded clinical duties within 5 years.

Discussion:

It is encouraging to see that most pharmacists are open to new expanded clinical roles in the near future. Despite the challenges identified, such as the need for additional training, increases in workload and stress and expected poor physician acceptance, it was felt that changes would result in improved patient health outcomes and better personal job satisfaction.

Conclusion:

Pharmacists have responded positively to the proposed vision for the future of pharmacy and are eager to move away from the traditional dispensing role to an expanded clinical role that more fully utilizes their unique skills and knowledge.
Human Motor Neuron Progenitor Transplantation Leads to Endogenous Neuronal Sparing in 3 Models of Motor Neuron Loss
Authors: Wyatt Tanya J. , Rossi Sharyn L. , Siegenthaler Monica M. , Frame Jennifer , Robles Rockelle , Nistor Gabriel , Keirstead Hans S.
Published: May 2011

Motor neuron loss is characteristic of many neurodegenerative disorders and results in rapid loss of muscle control, paralysis, and eventual death in severe cases. In order to investigate the neurotrophic effects of a motor neuron lineage graft, we transplanted human embryonic stem cell-derived motor neuron progenitors (hMNPs) and examined their histopathological effect in three animal models of motor neuron loss. Specifically, we transplanted hMNPs into rodent models of SMA (Δ7SMN), ALS (SOD1 G93A), and spinal cord injury (SCI). The transplanted cells survived and differentiated in all models. In addition, we have also found that hMNPs secrete physiologically active growth factorsin vivo, including NGF and NT-3, which significantly enhanced the number of spared endogenous neurons in all three animal models. The ability to maintain dying motor neurons by delivering motor neuron-specific neurotrophic support represents a powerful treatment strategy for diseases characterized by motor neuron loss.
Ameliorative Effect of Vitamin C on Alterations in Thyroid Hormones Concentrations Induced by Subchronic Coadministration of Chlorpyrifos and Lead in Wistar Rats
Authors: Ambali Suleiman F. , Orieji Chinedu , Abubakar Woziri O. , Shittu Muftau , Kawu Mohammed U.
Published: May 2011

The present study evaluated the ameliorative effect of vitamin C on alteration in thyroid hormones induced by low-dose subchronic coadministration of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and lead (Pb). Forty Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each. Groups I and II were administered soya oil (2 mL/kg) and vitamin C (100 mg/kg), respectively. Group III was coadministered CPF (4.25 mg/kg ~1/20th LD50) and Pb (250 mg/kg ~1/20th LD50), respectively. Group IV was pretreated with vitamin C (100 mg/kg) and then coadministered with CPF (4.25 mg/kg) and Pb (250 mg/kg), 30 min later. The regimens were administered by gavage for a period of 9 weeks. The marginal decrease in serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine and the significant increase in the concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone and malonaldehyde in the group coadministered with CPF and Pb were ameliorated by vitamin C partly due to its antioxidant properties.
Inhibitory Effect of Phthalic Acid on Tyrosinase: The Mixed-Type Inhibition and Docking Simulations
Authors: Yin Shang-Jun , Si Yue-Xiu , Qian Guo-Ying
Published: May 2011

Tyrosinase inhibition studies are needed due to the medicinal applications such as hyperpigmentation. For probing effective inhibitors of tyrosinase, a combination of computational prediction and enzymatic assay via kinetics was important. We predicted the 3D structure of tyrosinase, used a docking algorithm to simulate binding between tyrosinase and phthalic acid (PA), and studied the reversible inhibition of tyrosinase by PA. PA inhibited tyrosinase in a mixed-type manner with a Ki=65.84±1.10 mM. Measurements of intrinsic and ANS-binding fluorescences showed that PA induced changes in the active site structure via indirect binding. Simulation was successful (binding energies for Dock6.3=-27.22 and AutoDock4.2=-0.97 kcal/mol), suggesting that PA interacts with LEU73 residue that is predicted commonly by both programs. The present study suggested that the strategy of predicting tyrosinase inhibition based on hydroxyl groups and orientation may prove useful for screening of potential tyrosinase inhibitors.
Osteoimmunopathology in HIV/AIDS: A Translational Evidence-Based Perspective
Authors: Barkhordarian André , Ajaj Reem , Ramchandani Manisha H. , Demerjian Gary , Cayabyab Riana , Danaie Sohrab , Ghodousi Nora , Iyer Natasha , Mahanian Nicole , Phi Linda , Giroux Amy , Manfrini Ercolano , Neagos Negoita , Siddiqui Muniza , Cajulis Olivia S. , Brant Xenia M. C. , Shapshak Paul , Chiappelli Francesco
Published: May 2011

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) and the resulting acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) alter not only cellular immune regulation but also the bone metabolism. Since cellular immunity and bone metabolism are intimately intertwined in the osteoimmune network, it is to be expected that bone metabolism is also affected in patients with HIV/AIDS. The concerted evidence points convincingly toward impaired activity of osteoblasts and increased activity of osteoclasts in patients with HIV/AIDS, leading to a significant increase in the prevalence of osteoporosis. Research attributes these outcomes in part at least to the ART, PI, and HAART therapies endured by these patients. We review and discuss these lines of evidence from the perspective of translational clinically relevant complex systematic reviews for comparative effectiveness analysis and evidence-based intervention on a global scale.
Evolutionary Origins of the Fumonisin Secondary Metabolite Gene Cluster inFusarium verticillioidesandAspergillus niger
Authors: Khaldi Nora , Wolfe Kenneth H.
Published: May 2011

The secondary metabolite gene clusters of euascomycete fungi are among the largest known clusters of functionally related genes in eukaryotes. Most of these clusters are species specific or genus specific, and little is known about how they are formed during evolution. We used a comparative genomics approach to study the evolutionary origins of a secondary metabolite cluster that synthesizes a polyketide derivative, namely, the fumonisin (FUM) cluster ofFusarium verticillioides, and that ofAspergillus nigeranother fumonisin (fumonisin B) producing species. We identified homologs in other euascomycetes of theFusarium verticillioides FUMgenes and their flanking genes. We discuss four models for the origin of theFUMcluster inFusarium verticillioidesand argue that two of these are plausible: (i) assembly by relocation of initially scattered genes in a recentFusarium verticillioides; or (ii) horizontal transfer of theFUMcluster from a distantly related Sordariomycete species. We also propose that theFUMcluster was horizontally transferred intoAspergillus niger, most probably from a Sordariomycete species.
Influence of Different Cut-Off Values on the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Liepelt-Scarfone Inga , Graeber Susanne , Feseker Anne , Baysal Gülsüm , Godau Jana , Gaenslen Alexandra , Maetzler Walter , Berg Daniela
Published: May 2011

Comparable to Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD-MCI) is associated with an increased risk for dementia. However different definitions of PD-MCI may have varying predictive accuracy for dementia. In a cohort of 101 nondemented Parkinson patients who underwent neuropsychological testing, the frequency of PD-MCI subjects and PD-MCI subtypes (i.e., amnestic/nonamnestic) was determined by use of varying healthy population-based cut-off values. We also investigated the association between defined PD-MCI groups and ADL scales. Varying cut-off values for the definition of PD-MCI were found to affect frequency of PD-MCI subjects (9.9%–92.1%) and, maybe more important, lead to a “shift” of proportion of detected PD-MCI subtypes especially within the amnestic single-domain subtype. Models using a strict cut-off value were significantly associated with lower ADL scores. Thus, the use of defined cut-off values for the definition of PD-MCI is highly relevant for comparison purposes. Strict cut-off values may have a higher predictive value for dementia.
The Spectrum of Clinical and Pathological Manifestations of AIDS in a Consecutive Series of 236 Autopsied Cases in Mumbai, India
Authors: Lanjewar Dhaneshwar Namdeorao
Published: May 2011

The HIV epidemic in the Asian subcontinent has a significant impact on India. The AIDS associated pathology has not been well evaluated in a representative study hence very little is known about the spectrum of HIV/AIDS associated diseases in Indian subcontinent. To determine the important postmortem findings in HIV infected individuals in Mumbai, autopsy study was carried out. The patient population included patients with AIDS who died at the tertiary care hospital over a 20 year period from 1988 to 2007. A total of 236 (182; 77% males and 54; 23%) females) patients with AIDS were autopsied. The main risk factor for HIV transmission was heterosexual contact (226 patients; 96%) and 223/236 (94%) patients died of HIV-related diseases. Tuberculosis was the prime cause of death in 149 (63%) patients, followed by bacterial pneumonia 33 (14%), cryptococcosis 18 (8%), toxoplasmosis of brain 15 (6%), pneumocystis jiroveci (PCJ) 1 (0.5%) and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 7 (3%) cases. The major underlying pathologies are either preventable or treatable conditions. There is an urgent need for attention towards the diagnosis, issue of therapy, and care of HIV disease in developing countries. Reducing mortality in patients with AIDS from infections must be highest public health policy in India.
Identification of the DNA-Binding Domains of Human Replication Protein A That Recognize G-Quadruplex DNA
Authors: Prakash Aishwarya , Natarajan Amarnath , Marky Luis A. , Ouellette Michel M. , Borgstahl Gloria E. O.
Published: May 2011

Replication protein A (RPA), a key player in DNA metabolism, has 6 single-stranded DNA-(ssDNA-) binding domains (DBDs) A-F. SELEX experiments with the DBDs-C, -D, and -E retrieve a 20-nt G-quadruplex forming sequence. Binding studies show that RPA-DE binds preferentially to the G-quadruplex DNA, a unique preference not observed with other RPA constructs. Circular dichroism experiments show that RPA-CDE-core can unfold the G-quadruplex while RPA-DE stabilizes it. Binding studies show that RPA-C binds pyrimidine- and purine-rich sequences similarly. This difference between RPA-C and RPA-DE binding was also indicated by the inability of RPA-CDE-core to unfold an oligonucleotide containing a TC-region 5′ to the G-quadruplex. Molecular modeling studies of RPA-DE and telomere-binding proteins Pot1 and Stn1 reveal structural similarities between the proteins and illuminate potential DNA-binding sites for RPA-DE and Stn1. These data indicate that DBDs of RPA have different ssDNA recognition properties.
Review of Cardiotoxicity in Pediatric Cancer Patients: During and after Therapy
Authors: Fulbright Joy M.
Published: May 2011

With the improvement in survival from childhood cancer, late effects of therapy are becoming more apparent. Cardiac disease, one of these late effects, has a significant impact on the life of survivors of childhood cancers. Most survivors are followed by primary care doctors and adult subspecialists after they have graduated from pediatric centers. Since much of the cardiac toxicity of therapy occurs years off of therapy, it is important for these physicians to be aware of how to monitor survivors for the development of cardiac toxicities. In this paper we will discuss the incidence of cardiac disease during treatment and in survivors, what treatment modalities contribute to its development and modalities utilized to screen for cardiac disease. Recommendations for posttherapy monitoring will be emphasized.
Phosphate Metabolism in CKD Stages 3–5: Dietary and Pharmacological Control
Authors: Ketteler Markus
Published: May 2011

When compared to the available information for patients on dialysis (CKD stage 5D), data on the epidemiology and appropriate treatment of calcium and phosphate metabolism in the predialysis stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are quite limited. Perceptible derangements of calcium and phosphate levels start to become apparent when GFR falls below 30 mL/min in some, but not all, patients. However, hyperphosphatemia may be a significant morbidity and mortality risk predictor in predialysis CKD stages. The RIND study, evaluating progression of coronary artery calcification in incident hemodialysis patients, indirectly demonstrated that vascular calcification processes start to manifest in CKD patients prior to the dialysis stage, which may be closely linked to early and invisible derangements in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Novel insights into the pathophysiology of calcium and phosphate handling such as the discovery of FGF23 and other phosphatonins suggest that a more complex assessment of phosphate balance is warranted, possibly including measurements of fractional phosphate excretion and phosphatonin levels in order to appropriately evaluate disordered metabolism in earlier stages of kidney disease. As a consequence, early and preventive treatment approaches may have to be developed for patients in CKD stages 3-5 to halt progression of CKD-MBD.
Integrating psychosocial safety climate in the JD-R model: A study amongst Malaysian workers
Authors: Idris Mohd A. , Dollard Maureen F. , Winefield Anthony H.
Published: May 2011

Orientation: Job characteristics are well accepted as sources of burnout and engagement amongst employees; psychosocial safety climate may precede work conditions.Research purpose: We expanded the Job Demands and Resources (JD-R) model by proposing psychosocial safety climate (PSC) as a precursor to job demands and job resources. As PSC theoretically influences the working environment, the study hypothesized that PSC has an impact on performance via both health erosion (i.e. burnout) and motivational pathways (i.e. work engagement).Motivation for the study: So far, integration of PSC in the JD-R model is only tested in a Western context (i.e. Australia). We tested the emerging construct of PSC in Malaysia, an Eastern developing country in the Asian region.Research design, approach and method: A random population based sample was derived using household maps provided by Department of Statistics, Malaysia; 291 employees (response rate 50.52%) from the State of Selangor, Malaysia participated. Cross-sectional data were analysed using structural equation modelling.Main findings: We found that PSC was negatively related to job demands and positively related to job resources. Job demands, in turn, predicted burnout (i.e. exhaustion and cynicism), whereas job resources predicted engagement. Both burnout and engagement were associated with performance. Bootstrapping showed significant indirect effects of PSC on burnout via job demands, PSC on performance via burnout and PSC on performance via the resources-engagement pathway.Practical/managerial implications: Our findings are consistent with previous research that suggests that PSC should be a target to improve working conditions and in turn reduce burnout and improve engagement and productivity.Contribution/value-add: These findings suggest that JD-R theory may be expanded to include PSC as an antecedent and that the expanded JD-R model is largely valid in an Eastern, developing economy setting.
The Job Demands-Resources model: Further evidence for the buffering effect of personal resources
Authors: Tremblay Maxime A. , Messervey Deanna
Published: May 2011

Orientation: In work and organisational psychology, the adverse effects of job demands have often been demonstrated empirically for various indicators of job strain.Research purpose: Using the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model as a theoretical framework, the present study examined the role of compassion satisfaction, conceptualised as a personal resource, in buffering the relationship between job demands and job strain.Motivation for the study: Accordingly, four demanding aspects of the job (i.e. role overload, insufficiency, ambiguity and conflict) and one personal resource (i.e. compassion satisfaction) were used to test the central hypothesis that the interaction between (high) job demands and (low) personal resources produces the highest levels of anxiety and depression as indicators of job strain.Research design, approach and method: Hypotheses were tested amongst 122 military chaplains.Main findings: Results showed that compassion satisfaction partially moderated the relationship between job demands and job strain. More specifically, when compassion satisfaction was high, the effect of role overload on job strain was significantly reduced. However, the relationships between the other three role stressors and job strain were not offset by compassion satisfaction.Practical/managerial implications: The theoretical and practical implications of these findings for the JD-R model are discussed.Contribution/value-add: Despite the limitations of this study, the present findings still have important implications for future research and practice. Our findings highlight the fact that the empowerment of employees’ personal resources, as outlined in the JD-R model, may not only be of value for employees to thrive, but may also be particularly beneficial in terms of compassion satisfaction being viewed as a protective factor to adverse working conditions.
The Job Demands-Resources model as predictor of work identity and work engagement: A comparative analysis
Authors: De Braine Roslyn , Roodt Gert
Published: May 2011

Orientation: Research shows that engaged employees experience high levels of energy and strong identification with their work, hence this study’s focus on work identity and dedication.Research purpose: This study explored possible differences in the Job Demands-Resources model (JD-R) as predictor of overall work engagement, dedication only and work-based identity, through comparative predictive analyses.Motivation for the study: This study may shed light on the dedication component of work engagement. Currently no literature indicates that the JD-R model has been used to predict work-based identity.Research design: A census-based survey was conducted amongst a target population of 23134 employees that yielded a sample of 2429 (a response rate of about 10.5%). The Job Demands- Resources scale (JDRS) was used to measure job demands and job resources. A work-based identity scale was developed for this study. Work engagement was studied with the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Factor and reliability analyses were conducted on the scales and general multiple regression models were used in the predictive analyses.Main findings: The JD-R model yielded a greater amount of variance in dedication than in work engagement. It, however, yielded the greatest amount of variance in work-based identity, with job resources being its strongest predictor.Practical/managerial implications: Identification and work engagement levels can be improved by managing job resources and demands.Contribution/value-add: This study builds on the literature of the JD-R model by showing that it can be used to predict work-based identity.
Bronchial Artery Aneurysm due to Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Detection with Multidetector Computed Tomographic Angiography
Authors: Karmakar Saurabh , Nath Alok , Neyaz Zafar , Lal Hira , Phadke Rajendra V
Published: May 2011

A case of bronchial artery aneurysm due to pulmonary tuberculosis is reported. The patient presented with massive hemoptysis and the diagnosis was made using multidetector computed tomographic (MDCT) angiography. Selective bronchial arteriogram confirmed the MDCT findings and bronchial artery embolization was successfully performed with cessation of hemoptysis. Our article emphasizes the value of MDCT angiography in the diagnosis and management of such cases.
Diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging: What Makes Water Run Fast or Slow?
Authors: Fornasa Francesca
Published: May 2011

Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DWI) obtains information useful in diagnosing several diseases through the measurement of random, Brownian diffusion of water molecules in tissues. This pictorial essay illustrates the main factors, i.e., ratio between the volume occupied by cells and the extracellular space, composition of the extracellular space, and temperature, that determine the rate of the water diffusion. The mechanism through which these influencing factors affect water diffusion is explained. Clinical and experimental examples, derived both from physiology and from non-human models, are described.
Mouse Retinal Development: A Dark Horse Model for Systems Biology Research
Authors: Zhang Xia , Serb Jeanne M. , Greenlee M. Heather West
Published: May 2011

The developing retina is an excellent model to study cellular fate determination and differentiation in the context of a complex tissue. Over the last decade, many basic principles and key genes that underlie these processes have been experimentally identified. In this review, we construct network models to summarize known gene interactions that underlie determination and fundamentally affect differentiation of each retinal cell type. These networks can act as a scaffold to assemble subsequent discoveries. In addition, these summary networks provide a rational segue to systems biology approaches necessary to understand the many events leading to appropriate cellular determination and differentiation in the developing retina and other complex tissues.
Neonatal Systemic Juvenile Xanthogranuloma with an Ominous Presentation and Successful Treatment
Authors: Fan Rong , Sun Jihong
Published: May 2011

This case report originated from a case of neonatal multisystemic juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG). The patient presented with blue muffin rush, cervical mass, bone destruction, lung nodule, hepatosplenomegaly, and coagulopathy and was successfully treated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) based chemotherapy treatment. Similar cases in literature were reviewed and it seems that JXG, a relatively benign entity, when presented in its systemic form with liver involvement, could have an aggressive course and portend quite poor prognosis. Challenges and special consideration of the diagnosis, treatment, and future case observation are discussed.
LANGUAGES OF ISLAM: HYBRID GENRES OF TAALIBE BAAY ORATORY IN SENEGAL
Authors: Hill Joseph
Published: May 2011

This paper shows how religious speeches by leaders of the Taalibe Baay, disciples of the Senegalese Sufi Shaykh Ibrahim Ñas, uphold Islamic knowledge and authority while accommodating competing yet intertwined knowledge regimes. French and Arabic enter into Wolof religious discourse in multiple ways through contrasting educational methods, uses, and language ideologies. These three languages are combined and separated in numerous linguistic registers juxtaposed in religious speeches: classical Arabic prologues and textual quotations, “deep Wolof” narratives largely excluding loanwords, more conversational registers using some French terms, and so on. Although orators typically use French terms sparingly, they sometimes break this pattern and use them liberally, especially when critiquing Western hegemony and secular values. They sometimes incorporate French discourses of “liberty” and “progress” in passages designed to demonstrate Islam’s superiority in achieving these ideals. Orators tend to replace common French terms for morally positive concepts with Arabic terms, yet they usually reinsert the French as a gloss to facilitate comprehension. I discuss these utterances as cases of linguistic “hybridity” in which contrasting voices combine to serve an authorial purpose. These rhetorical patterns fit into a larger pattern of accommodating, contesting, and appropriating hegemonic languages, institutions, and ideas while upholding Islam’s unique authoritativeness.
ARABIC SCRIPTS IN WEST AFRICAN MANUSCRIPTS: A TENTATIVE CLASSIFICATION FROM THE DE GIRONCOURT COLLECTION
Authors: Nobili Mauro
Published: May 2011

Arabic scripts employed in West African manuscripts have not been fully explored in scholarly literature. The aim of this paper is twofold: to discuss the literature available on this issue and to advance a classification of West African writing styles. This classification is based on the case study of the “de Gironcourt” collection of Arabic manuscripts, gathered in the modern states of Mali, Niger, and Nigeria at the beginning of the twentieth century.
THE “NARZIGUAS,” FORGOTTEN PROTAGONISTS OF SAHARAN HISTORY
Authors: Freire Francisco
Published: May 2011

This article discusses the processes leading to an almost complete exclusion of some populations native to the western Sahara from oral tradition and historical writing. I will consider the Arabization of this context and its implications in the formation of contemporary identities, when evidence suggests precisely their complexity and non-linearity. In order to assess this argument I will look attentively at a mid-sixteenth-century letter sent to Lisbon from the Arguin castle, off the Saharan coast. This document should prove particularly important as the population depicted there as the main interlocutors of the Portuguese in the region—the “Narziguas”—is nowadays excluded from most historical accounts. The reading I propose of this letter explores the possibility of a Narziguas leadership in the coastal western Sahara prior to the seventeenth century; in this manner, questioning some of the well-established Arab-centered historiography and oral tradition. It is also argued that Islam has been ideologically and genealogically used as a privileged instrument in the reconfiguration of the region’s social landscape.
Corrigendum to "Chemical apportionment of southern African aerosol mass and optical depth" published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7643–7655, 2009
Authors: Magi B. I.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. A correction to results by Magi (2009) is presented here. By combining the in situ measurements of speciated aerosol mass concentrations with concurrent measurements of total aerosol optical properties at a wavelength of 550 nm, it is shown that ~66 % of scattering is due to carbonaceous aerosol, where derived mass scattering cross sections (MSC) for OC and BC are 3.8 ± 0.5 m2 g−1 and 2.9 ± 0.8 m2 g−1, respectively. Derived values of mass absorption cross sections (MAC) for OC and BC are 0.7 ± 0.2 m2 g−1 and 12.1 ± 0.8 m2 g−1, respectively. The values of MAC imply that ~21 % of the mid-visible aerosol absorption in southern Africa is due to OC, with the remainder due to BC. SSA for BC and OC are about the same as Magi (2009). The results here are determined using an approach that accounts for the fact that OC and BC are partially scattering and absorbing.