bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of revision rates and epidemiological data of a single total knee arthroplasty system of different designs (cruciate retaining, posterior stabilized, mobile bearing, and fixed bearing): a meta-analysis and systematic review of clinical trials and national arthroplasty registries
Authors: Wagner Anton , Wittig Ulrike , Leitner Lukas , Vielgut Ines , Hauer Georg , Ortmaier Reinhold , Leithner Andreas , Sadoghi Patrick
Published: April 2024

Background

This study aimed to meta-analyze epidemiological data, revision rates, and incidences of different designs of a single Total Knee Arthroplasty System and compare these factors across different countries.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted on clinical studies and arthroplasty registries of ATTUNE TKA from 1999 to 2020. The main endpoints analyzed were revision rates and epidemiological data.

Results

The average age of patients was 67.8 years, with a gender distribution of 60% female and 40% male. The pooled average BMI was 29.4 kg/m2. Eight clinical studies showed a pooled revision rate per 100 observed CY of 0.5 (n = 1343 cases). Cumulative revision rates after 1, 3, and 5 years varied among registries, with the Swiss registry having the highest revision data (after 5 years: 6.3%) and the American registry having the lowest revision data (after 5 years: 1.7%). A comparison of the revision rates of mobile bearing and fixed bearing (41,200 cases) as well as cruciate retaining and posterior stabilized (n = 123,361 cases) showed no significant advantage in the first 5 years after implantation.

Conclusion

In conclusion, pooled data from 41,200 cases of TKA with a single Total Knee Arthroplasty System in two arthroplasty registries revealed that there was no significant difference in revision rates between the mobile bearing and fixed bearing design within the first 5 years after implantation. In addition, a comparison of the revision rates in n = 123,361 cases showed no significant advantage for cruciate retaining or posterior stabilized in the first 5 years after implantation.
Skin simulants for wound ballistic investigation – an experimental study
Authors: Fischer Victoria K. S. , Rothschild Markus A. , Kneubuehl Beat P. , Kamphausen Thomas
Published: April 2024

Gunshot wound analysis is an important part of medicolegal practice, in both autopsies and examinations of living persons. Well-established and studied simulants exist that exhibit both physical and biomechanical properties of soft-tissues and bones. Current research literature on ballistic wounds focuses on the biomechanical properties of skin simulants. In our extensive experimental study, we tested numerous synthetic and natural materials, regarding their macromorphological bullet impact characteristics, and compared these data with those from real bullet injuries gathered from medicolegal practice. Over thirty varieties of potential skin simulants were shot perpendicularly, and at 45°, at a distance of 10 m and 0.3 m, using full metal jacket (FMJ) projectiles (9 × 19 mm Luger). Simulants included ballistic gelatine at various concentrations, dental silicones with several degrees of hardness, alginates, latex, chamois leather, suture trainers for medical training purposes and various material compound models. In addition to complying to the general requirements for a synthetic simulant, results obtained from dental silicones shore hardness 70 (backed with 20 % by mass gelatine), were especially highly comparable to gunshot entry wounds in skin from real cases. Based on these results, particularly focusing on the macroscopically detectable criteria, we can strongly recommend dental silicone shore hardness 70 as a skin simulant for wound ballistics examinations.
Association of preoperative sarcopenia with the long-term prognosis of patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy
Authors: Lee Sangmin , Yoon Youngjoon , Suh Jungyo , You Dalsan , Hong Bumsik , Hong Jun Hyuk , Ahn Hanjong , Jeong In Gab , Lim Bumjin
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This retrospective study aimed to assess the correlation between preoperative sarcopenia and long-term oncologic outcomes in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.

Methods

We included 528 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer between 2000 and 2010 at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Preoperative skeletal muscle mass was quantified by analyzing computed tomography images at the third lumbar vertebra. Sarcopenia was defined based on the skeletal muscle index. We evaluated various clinical and pathological factors to analyze the association between sarcopenia and long-term oncologic outcomes.

Results

The median follow-up time was 104 months. Sarcopenia was identified in 37.9% of the patients. Although no significant differences were observed in traditional pathological factors between the sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic groups, sarcopenia was significantly associated with worse oncologic outcomes. Compared to the non-sarcopenic groups, the sarcopenic group had lower overall survival rates (52.0% vs. 67.1% at 5 years, 35.5% vs. 52.7% at 10 years) and higher cancer-specific mortality (63.3% vs. 74.3% at 5 years, 50.7% vs. 67.4% at 10 years). Multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated that sarcopenia was an independent predictor of cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio: 1.49, 95% confidence interval: 1.11–2.01, p = 0.008), alongside body mass index, tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and lymphovascular invasion.

Conclusion

Sarcopenia was significantly associated with poor cancer-specific survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Detecting sarcopenia may assist in preoperative risk stratification and long-term management after radical cystectomy.
The diagnostic yield of inferior petrosal sinus sampling in Cushing syndrome in the era of ovine CRH shortage
Authors: Andereggen Lukas , Gralla Jan , Christ Emanuel
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (oCRH) stimulation test has been routinely used in the diagnostic work-up of ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome (CS). With oCRH currently being out-of-stock in Europe, we aimed at evaluating the diagnostic performance of inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) without oCRH stimulation.

Methods

We compared the values of 40 patients with ACTH-dependent CS and negative MRI findings in whom ACTH was measured before and after oCRH stimulation.

Results

The ratio of central-to-peripheral ACTH measurement (IPS:P) before the combined 3, 5, and 10 min of oCRH stimulation yielded diminished sensitivity (85% vs. 97%), alongside markedly decreased specificity (57% vs. 71%), as well as reduced positive and negative predictive values (90% vs. 94% and 44% vs. 83%), respectively.

Conclusions

With the current drug shortages in Europe, ACTH measurements without oCRH stimulation in IPSS cannot be recommended. Thus, we call for desmopressin or the commercially available human CRH as a potential alternative in the confirmation of ACTH excess by IPSS in equivocal MRI findings.
Bernstein flows for flexible posteriors in variational Bayes
Authors: Dürr Oliver , Hörtling Stefan , Dold Danil , Kovylov Ivonne , Sick Beate
Published: April 2024

Black-box variational inference (BBVI) is a technique to approximate the posterior of Bayesian models by optimization. Similar to MCMC, the user only needs to specify the model; then, the inference procedure is done automatically. In contrast to MCMC, BBVI scales to many observations, is faster for some applications, and can take advantage of highly optimized deep learning frameworks since it can be formulated as a minimization task. In the case of complex posteriors, however, other state-of-the-art BBVI approaches often yield unsatisfactory posterior approximations. This paper presents Bernstein flow variational inference (BF-VI), a robust and easy-to-use method flexible enough to approximate complex multivariate posteriors. BF-VI combines ideas from normalizing flows and Bernstein polynomial-based transformation models. In benchmark experiments, we compare BF-VI solutions with exact posteriors, MCMC solutions, and state-of-the-art BBVI methods, including normalizing flow-based BBVI. We show for low-dimensional models that BF-VI accurately approximates the true posterior; in higher-dimensional models, BF-VI compares favorably against other BBVI methods. Further, using BF-VI, we develop a Bayesian model for the semi-structured melanoma challenge data, combining a CNN model part for image data with an interpretable model part for tabular data, and demonstrate, for the first time, the use of BBVI in semi-structured models.
Existence and Exponential Decay for a Contact Problem Between Two Dissipative Beams
Authors: Muñoz Rivera Jaime E. , Naso Maria Grazia
Published: April 2024

We deal with the Signorini contact problem between two Timoshenko beams. In this work we use the theory of semigroups to show the existence of solutions that decay uniformly to zero. This method is new and more effective than the widely used energy method. This is because in particular we obtain uniform decay of the solutions to zero for any boundary condition. A second important point is that we can take advantage of stabilization results of others linear dynamic systems with different dissipative mechanisms and apply them through our method for Contact Problems (see Sect. 4). Finally, thanks to Lipschitzian perturbations we can generalize the Signorini problem to more general semi linear problems in a simple way (see Sect. 4.3).
Clinical pharmacy key performance indicators for hospital inpatient setting: a systematic review
Authors: Magedanz Lucas , Silva Hiolanda Lêdo , Galato Dayani , Fernandez-Llimos Fernando
Published: April 2024

Background

Key performance indicators (KPIs) are quantifiable measures used to monitor the quality of health services. Implementation guidelines for clinical pharmacy services (CPS) do not specify KPIs.

Aim

To assess the quality of the studies that have developed KPIs for CPS in inpatient hospital settings.

Method

A systematic review was conducted by searching in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, supplemented with citation analyses and grey literature searches, to retrieve studies addressing the development of KPIs in CPS for hospital inpatients. Exclusions comprised drug- or disease-specific studies and those not written in English, French, Portuguese, or Spanish. The Appraisal of Indicators through Research and Evaluation (AIRE) instrument assessed methodological quality. Domain scores and an overall score were calculated using an equal-weight principle. KPIs were classified into structure, process, and outcome categories. The protocol is available at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/KS2G3.

Results

We included thirteen studies that collectively developed 225 KPIs. Merely five studies scored over 50% on the AIRE instrument, with domains #3 (scientific evidence) and #4 (formulation and usage) displaying low scores. Among the KPIs, 8.4% were classified as structure, 85.8% as process, and 5.8% as outcome indicators. The overall methodological quality did not exhibit a clear association with a major focus on outcomes. None of the studies provided benchmarking reference values.

Conclusion

The KPIs formulated for evaluating CPS in hospital settings primarily comprised process measures, predominantly suggested by pharmacists, with inadequate evidence support, lacked piloting or validation, and consequently, were devoid of benchmarking reference values.
Superconditioning
Authors: Huttegger Simon M.
Published: April 2024

When can a shift from a prior to a posterior be represented by conditionalization? A well-known result, known as “superconditioning” and going back to work by Diaconis and Zabell, gives a sharp answer. This paper extends the result and connects it to the reflection principle and common priors. I show that a shift from a prior to a set of posteriors can be represented within a conditioning model if and only if the prior and the posteriors are connected via a general form of the reflection principle. Common priors can be characterized by principles that require a certain kind of coherence between distinct sets of posteriors. I discuss the implications these results have for diachronic and synchronic modes of updating, learning experiences, the common prior assumption of game theory, and time-slice epistemology.
Unveiling the core elements of platform ecosystem development: a systemic lens for value co-creation in small and medium enterprises and orchestrators
Authors: Mbanefo Chibuike C. , Grobbelaar Sara S.
Published: April 2024

Value conceptualisation has shifted from a firm’s standpoint to the ecosystem perspective involving multiple actors who integrate resources for value co-creation. This paper presents a structured review of the current state of knowledge, identifying and synthesising a conceptual framework of core elements for SMEs and orchestrators in developing platform ecosystems. The study adopts the PRISMA approach, bibliometric and thematic analysis to synthesise a conceptual framework for platform ecosystem development from the literature. Following the analysis, we identify seven core elements required in platform ecosystem development. The study also describes the interdependencies and interactions between platform orchestrators and SMEs and their implications for ecosystem development. Our paper advances theoretical understanding by shifting focus from a firm-centric to a multi-actor perspective in platform ecosystem development, highlighting the significance of actor-to-actor engagement practices. The proposed CIPP framework offers practical guidance for ecosystem managers, facilitating strategic navigation of complexities and fostering collaborative relationships among diverse actors while also providing insights for policymakers to design inclusive governance frameworks promoting transparency and trust within platform ecosystems. As with qualitative reviews, we acknowledge a possible bias in our choice of primary studies following our search terms and keywords targeted at actor-to-actor engagements in the platform ecosystem. The study was also limited by excluding non-English studies at the selection and outcome levels.
How a liquidity saving mechanism affects bank behavior in interconnected payment networks
Authors: Hayakawa Hitoshi
Published: April 2024

A surge in banks’ liquidity needs increases settlement costs that could burden the functioning of the real economy through its impact on banks’ lending behavior. A liquidity saving mechanism (LSM) can help reduce banks’ liquidity needs, but it could also affect banks’ strategic behavior. To understand how an LSM affects banks’ behavior in a real-time gross settlement system, this study models settlements in a day as a timing game in which banks decide when to make payments, thereby trading off the cost of delaying payments against the cost of borrowing liquidity. An LSM provides a partial offsetting service, whose direct effect is to decrease the cost of liquidity associated with payments that are offset. The study’s stylized analyses reveal that an LSM indirectly affects banks’ strategic behavior in a network context. Without an LSM, a positive strategic spillover effect can arise through the network of payments, which an LSM can dismiss by cutting off the underlying payment network. To demonstrate its welfare impact along with the network structures, this study theoretically analyzes a class of core-periphery networks. The density of the network is shown to have implications on the welfare consequence of adding an LSM. From a policy perspective, the implications on a policy mix between an LSM and the fee setting for intraday lending are discussed.
Lattice 123 pattern for automated Alzheimer’s detection using EEG signal
Authors: Dogan Sengul , Barua Prabal Datta , Baygin Mehmet , Tuncer Turker , Tan Ru-San , Ciaccio Edward J. , Fujita Hamido , Devi Aruna , Acharya U. Rajendra
Published: April 2024

This paper presents an innovative feature engineering framework based on lattice structures for the automated identification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Inspired by the Shannon information entropy theorem, we apply a probabilistic function to create the novel Lattice123 pattern, generating two directed graphs with minimum and maximum distance-based kernels. Using these graphs and three kernel functions (signum, upper ternary, and lower ternary), we generate six feature vectors for each input signal block to extract textural features. Multilevel discrete wavelet transform (MDWT) was used to generate low-level wavelet subbands. Our proposed model mirrors deep learning approaches, facilitating feature extraction in frequency and spatial domains at various levels. We used iterative neighborhood component analysis to select the most discriminative features from the extracted vectors. An iterative hard majority voting and a greedy algorithm were used to generate voted vectors to select the optimal channel-wise and overall results. Our proposed model yielded a classification accuracy of more than 98% and a geometric mean of more than 96%. Our proposed Lattice123 pattern, dynamic graph generation, and MDWT-based multilevel feature extraction can detect AD accurately as the proposed pattern can extract subtle changes from the EEG signal accurately. Our prototype is ready to be validated using a large and diverse database.
Recent Developments in the Regulation of Heritable Human Genome Editing
Authors: Soni S.
Published: April 2024

In 2018, the Chinese scientist He Jiankui presented his research at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing in Hong Kong. While it was intended that he facilitate a workshop, he was instead called on to present his research in heritable human genome editing, where he made the announcement that he had taken great strides in advancement of his research, to the extent that he had gene-edited human embryos and that this had resulted in the live births of two children. While his research ethic and methodology was interrogated, he insisted that two children, twin girls, had been born healthy and that there was another pregnancy (at the time) where birth of a third gene edited child would be imminent. This announcement generated a ripple effect in the scientific community and exposed the gaps in regulation and absence of law relating to the technology. This resulted in a flurry of activity and conversation around regulation of the technology, which scientists stated was not ready for human trials. This article reviews the Third Summit which was held in London in March 2023 and comments on the latest developments in the regulation of heritable human genome editing.
Long-term outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery versus conventional laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer: single-center, retrospective, propensity score analyses
Authors: Mazaki Junichi , Ishizaki Tetsuo , Kuboyama Yu , Udo Ryutaro , Tago Tomoya , Kasahara Kenta , Yamada Tesshi , Nagakawa Yuichi
Published: April 2024

Although the short-term outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS) for rectal cancer are well known, the long-term oncologic outcomes of RALS compared with those of conventional laparoscopic surgery (CLS) are not clear. This study aimed to compare the long-term outcomes of RALS and CLS for rectal cancer using propensity score matching. This retrospective study included 185 patients with stage I–III rectal cancer who underwent radical surgery at our institute between 2010 and 2019. Propensity score analyses were performed with 3-year overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) as the primary endpoints. After case matching, the 3-year OS and 3-year RFS rates were 86.5% and 77.9% in the CLS group and 98.4% and 88.5% in the RALS group, respectively. Although there were no significant differences in OS (p = 0.195) or RFS (p = 0.518) between the groups, the RALS group had slightly better OS and RFS rates. 3-year cumulative (Cum) local recurrence (LR) and 3-year Cum distant metastasis (DM) were 9.7% and 8.7% in the CLS group and 4.5% and 10.8% in the RALS group, respectively. There were no significant differences in Cum-LR (p = 0.225) or Cum-DM (p = 0.318) between the groups. RALS is a reasonable surgical treatment option for patients with rectal cancer, with long-term outcomes similar to those of CLS in such patients.
Retention rates and reasons for non-retention in exercise oncology trials in the post-treatment phase—a systematic review
Authors: Hu S. , Guinan E. , Mockler D. , O’Neill L.
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Retention is a key marker of trial success. Poor retention can induce bias, reduce statistical power and minimise the validity of trials. This review examined retention rates in exercise trials in cancer survivors, reasons for non-retention and retention strategies utilised.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted using a predefined search strategy in EMBASE RCTs, MEDLINE OVID, CINAHL, Web of Science—Core Collection and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). The search was conducted on 27/03/2023. Title and abstract screening, full text review and data extraction were completed in duplicate.

Results

Of 17,524 studies identified, 67 trials involving 6093 participants were included. The median overall retention rate immediately post-intervention was 89.85%, range (52.94–100%) and mean 87.36% (standard deviation 9.89%). Trials involving colorectal cancer survivors only had the highest median retention rate (94.61%), followed by breast (92.74%), prostate (86.00%) and haematological cancers (85.49%). Studies involving mixed cancer cohorts had the lowest retention rate (80.18%). The most common retention strategies were wait-list control groups, regular check-ins/reminders and free exercise equipment. Common reasons for non-retention were lost to follow-up, health problems, personal reasons including family/work commitments and travel burden, and disease progression.

Conclusions

Retention rates in exercise oncology trials are approximately 90% immediately post-interventions. Our previous work highlighted variable suboptimal recruitment rates of median 38% (range 0.52–100%). Recruitment rather than retention should be prioritised for methodology research in exercise oncology.

Implications for cancer survivors

Optimising the quality of exercise oncology trials is critical to informing high quality survivorship care.

PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023421359.
Blaschke Products and Convolutions with a Slanted Generalized Half-Plane Harmonic Mapping
Authors: Muir Stacey
Published: April 2024

It is known that if the convolution of two suitably normalized planar harmonic mappings from certain families of mappings, such as those mapping into a half-plane or a strip, is locally univalent, the convolution is univalent and convex in one direction. After extending this to convolutions of mappings into a slanted half-plane with those into a slanted asymmetric strip, we prove properties for the dilatation of the convolution of a mapping from a family of slanted generalized right half-plane mappings with mappings into a slanted half-plane or a slanted asymmetric strip with a finite Blaschke product dilatation. The properties lay the foundation for a direct application of polynomial zero distribution techniques in the determination of local univalence of such convolutions. We conclude by producing a family of univalent convolutions convex in one direction between a slanted generalized right half-plane mapping and a mapping into a half-plane with a two-factor Blaschke product dilatation.
Optimising oncology drug expenditure in Ireland
Authors: Kieran Ruth , Hennessy Maeve , Coakley Kate , O’Sullivan Hazel , Cronin Tim , Lynch Daire , Mulroe Eibhlin , Cooke Katie , Collins Dearbhaile , O’Reilly Seamus
Published: April 2024

A combination of improvements in patient survival, increasing treatment duration, and the development of more expensive agents has led to a doubling of per-capita spending on cancer medicines in Ireland (2008–2018). Despite this, access to new drugs is poor in comparison to other EU countries. We examine methods to optimise oncology drug spending to facilitate access to newer anticancer agents. Key targets for spending optimisation (biosimilar use, clinical trials and expanded access programs, waste reduction, avoidance of futile treatment, and altered drug scheduling) were identified through an exploratory analysis. A structured literature search was performed, with a focus on articles relevant to the Irish Healthcare system, supplemented by reports from statutory bodies. At the present time, EMA-approved agents are available once approved by the NCPE. Optimising drug costs occurs through guideline-based practice and biosimilar integration, the latter provides €80 million in cost savings annually. Access to novel therapies can occur via over 50 clinical trials and 28 currently available expanded access programmes. Additional strategies include reversion to weight-based immunotherapy dosing, potentially saving €400,000 per year in our centre alone, vial sharing, and optimisation of treatment schedules. A variety of techniques are being employed by oncologists to optimise costs and increase access to innovation for patients. Use of biosimilars, drug wastage, and prescribing at end of life should be audited as key performance indicators, which may lead to reflective practice on treatment planning. Such measures could further optimise oncology drug expenditure nationally facilitating approval of new agents.
What are Mental Disorders? Exploring the Role of Culture in the Harmful Dysfunction Approach
Authors: Brinkmann Svend
Published: April 2024

A shared problem in psychology, psychiatry, and philosophy is how to define mental disorders. Various theories have been proposed, ranging from naturalism to social constructionism. In this article, I first briefly introduce the current landscape of such theories, before concentrating on one of the most influential approaches today: The harmful dysfunction theory developed by Jerome Wakefield. It claims that mental disorders are hybrid phenomena since they have a natural basis in dysfunctional mental mechanisms, but also a cultural component in the harm experienced by human beings. Although the theory is well thought through, I will raise a critical question: Is it possible to isolate mental mechanisms as naturally evolved from cultural factors? I will argue that it is not, but that the theory could still be helpful in an understanding of mental disorders, albeit on a new footing that does not operate with a natural and a cultural component as two separate factors. I argue that we need to develop a “naturecultural” approach to psychopathology that avoids mentalism, based on the fact that human beings are irreducibly persons.
Revisiting Maher’s One-Factor Theory of Delusion, Again
Authors: Sullivan-Bissett Ema , Noordhof Paul
Published: April 2024

Chenwei Nie ([22]) argues against a Maherian one-factor approach to explaining delusion. We argue that his objections fail. They are largely based on a mistaken understanding of the approach (as committed to the claim that anomalous experience is sufficient for delusion). Where they are not so based, they instead rest on misinterpretation of recent defences of the position, and an underestimation of the resources available to the one-factor theory.
Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia Alleviated Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Targeting SLC25A10 to Suppress Mitochondrial Apoptosis
Authors: Ma Senlin , Song Yun , Xu Yanxin , Wang Chao , Yang Yifan , Zheng Yanchao , Lu Qiuxin , Chen Qingjiang , Wu Jian , Wang Bin , Chen Mingquan
Published: April 2024

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI) is identified as a severe vascular emergency, and the treatment strategy of MI/RI still needs further improvement. The present study aimed to investigate the potential effects of mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) on MI/RI and underlying mechanisms. In ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rats, MTH treatment significantly improved myocardial injury, attenuated myocardial infarction, and inhibited the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. The results of proteomics identified SLC25A10 as the main target of MTH treatment. Consistently, SLC25A10 expressions in I/R rat myocardium and hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) cardiomyocytes were significantly suppressed, which was effectively reversed by MTH treatment. In H/R cardiomyocytes, MTH treatment significantly improved cell injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibited the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, which were partially reversed by SLC25A10 deletion. These findings suggested that MTH treatment could protect against MI/RI by modulating SLC25A10 expression to suppress mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, providing new theoretical basis for clinical application of MTH treatment for MI/RI.

Graphical Abstract
Gemeinsinn in Praktiken des olympischen Spitzensports
Authors: Jaitner David , Arenz Tobias
Published: April 2024

Gemeinsinn (lat. sensus communis) ist eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Realisierung von (Leistungs‑)Gerechtigkeit, die sich im olympischen Spitzensport als Fairness artikuliert. In diesem Beitrag zeigen wir anhand von empirischen Fällen aus dem Bereich des Schwimmens und Fußballs, wie Gemeinsinn in spitzensportlichen Praktiken eine implizite Orientierung stiftet. Dieser latente Bedeutungsgehalt wird typisierend mit Hilfe der Dokumentarischen Methode in narrativen Interviewdaten rekonstruiert. Dazu wird eine Heuristik des Gemeinsinns zu Grunde gelegt, die soziale und politische Momente vereint und die praktische Verbundenheit der sozialen Akteure in vier Dimensionen rahmt („Athlet*in-Sein“, „Miteinander Trainieren“, „Gegeneinander Wettkämpfen“, „Sportpolitische Aktivitäten“). Im Ergebnis einer komparativen Fallanalyse zeigen sich vier Typen des Gemeinsinns („Erfolg“, „Gemeinschaft“, „Willkür“, „Gerechtigkeit“), die Unterschiede in der Realisierung von Leistungsgerechtigkeit über die Grenzen von Sportarten hinaus verstehbar machen und einen erkenntniserweiternden Zugang zur Diskussion um die Normativität des modernen Sports bereitstellen.
Online Measurement for Parameter Discovery in Fused Filament Fabrication
Authors: Read Jake Robert , Seppala Jonathan E. , Tourlomousis Filippos , Warren James A. , Bakker Nicole , Gershenfeld Neil
Published: April 2024

To describe a new method for the automatic generation of process parameters for fused filament fabrication (FFF) across varying machines and materials. We use an instrumented extruder to fit a function that maps nozzle pressures across varying flow rates and temperatures for a given machine and material configuration. We then develop a method to extract real parameters for flow rate and temperature using relative pressures and temperature offsets. Our method allows us to successfully find process parameters, using one set of input parameters, across all of the machine and material configurations that we tested, even in materials that we had never printed before. Rather than using direct parameters in FFF printing, which is time-consuming to tune and modify, it is possible to deploy machine-generated data that captures the fundamental phenomenology of FFF to automatically select parameters.
Understanding the Neurodiversity of Grief: A Systematic Literature Review of Experiences of Grief and Loss in the Context of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors: Mair Ally Pax Arcari , Nimbley Emy , McConachie Doug , Goodall Karen , Gillespie-Smith Karri
Published: April 2024

This systematic review explores lived experiences of grief in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), considering mental health impacts and how these experiences are expressed/understood. Reviewing qualitative research and grey literature centred on lived experience, 39 articles were identified through a systematic search of 8 databases and 1 page-ranked search engine. The articles were critically appraised, and results synthesised using thematic analysis and meta-synthesis. Four main themes and an overarching theme, titled Recognise the Unrecognised, emerged: Hidden Grief, Supported and Included, Understanding My Loss, and The Double Taboo of Death and Disability. The results indicate that grief often goes unrecognised in individuals with NDDs, especially following non-death losses. The implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Fairness optimisation with multi-objective swarms for explainable classifiers on data streams
Authors: Pham Diem , Tran Binh , Nguyen Su , Alahakoon Damminda , Zhang Mengjie
Published: April 2024

Recently, advanced AI systems equipped with sophisticated learning algorithms have emerged, enabling the processing of extensive streaming data for online decision-making in diverse domains. However, the widespread deployment of these systems has prompted concerns regarding potential ethical issues, particularly the risk of discrimination that can adversely impact certain community groups. This issue has been proven to be challenging to address in the context of streaming data, where data distribution can change over time, including changes in the level of discrimination within the data. In addition, transparent models like decision trees are favoured in such applications because they illustrate the decision-making process. However, it is essential to keep the models compact because the explainability of large models can diminish. Existing methods usually mitigate discrimination at the cost of accuracy. Accuracy and discrimination, therefore, can be considered conflicting objectives. Current methods are still limited in controlling the trade-off between these conflicting objectives. This paper proposes a method that can incrementally learn classification models from streaming data and automatically adjust the learnt models to balance multi-objectives simultaneously. The novelty of this research is to propose a multi-objective algorithm to maximise accuracy, minimise discrimination and model size simultaneously based on swarm intelligence. Experimental results using six real-world datasets show that the proposed algorithm can evolve fairer and simpler classifiers while maintaining competitive accuracy compared to existing state-of-the-art methods tailored for streaming data.
Double data piling: a high-dimensional solution for asymptotically perfect multi-category classification
Authors: Kim Taehyun , Chang Woonyoung , Ahn Jeongyoun , Jung Sungkyu
Published: April 2024

For high-dimensional classification, interpolation of training data manifests as the data piling phenomenon, in which linear projections of data vectors from each class collapse to a single value. Recent research has revealed an additional phenomenon known as the ‘second data piling’ for independent test data in binary classification, providing a theoretical understanding of asymptotically perfect classification. This paper extends these findings to multi-category classification and provides a comprehensive characterization of the double data piling phenomenon. We define the maximal data piling subspace, which maximizes the sum of pairwise distances between piles of training data in multi-category classification. Furthermore, we show that a second data piling subspace that induces data piling for independent data exists and can be consistently estimated by projecting the negatively-ridged discriminant subspace onto an estimated ‘signal’ subspace. By leveraging this second data piling phenomenon, we propose a bias-correction strategy for class assignments, which asymptotically achieves perfect classification. The present research sheds light on benign overfitting and enhances the understanding of perfect multi-category classification of high-dimensional discrimination with a help of high-dimensional asymptotics.
105 Gender-Diverse Inclusion: The Language of Sex and Gender in PrEP Clinical Trials
Authors: Lee Jeremiah , Church Terry D.
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To construct an assessment scale capable of evaluating a trial’s gender literacy or the extent to which biologically assigned “sex” is understood as separate from culturally defined and personally embodied “gender”. This scale in tandem with a policy brief will outline recommendations for inclusive medical nomenclature in the clinical space. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using clinicaltrials.gov, inclusion/exclusion criteria was recorded for PrEP interventional trials (i.e., Truvada, Descovy). To evaluate these trials, an assessment scale for “gender literacy” is necessary. This scale relies on the fact that sex and gender are distinct elements to one’s identity and ought to be reported as such. As a form of content analysis, where literary information (eligibility criteria) is evaluated based on set rubric, this scale will require validation through inter-coder agreement. Evaluated in a group of 5 college-age students, this scale was used on selected PrEP clinical trials to verify if there was high agreement in the scores given. After validation, the dataset from clinicaltrials.gov underwent evaluation using the proposed assessment scale for gender literacy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The student coders had a Kalpha of 0.4 in the first round of grading. After retraining, their Kalpha increased to 0.68. The grading involved a subjective language rating (LIR), evaluating the usage of inclusive language, and a numerical score (GR) for the demographics of inclusion in a trial. After this inter-coder agreement validation, 216 active PrEP clinical trials (as of March 2023) were downloaded from clinicaltrials.gov. Grading of these trials showed that cisgender males represented 40% of participants, while 28% represented both transgender men and women, and less than 1% represented non-binary individuals. Moreover, more than half of the trials (52%) exhibited cisgender-oriented language or made no reference to gender identity. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: It is a scientific imperative for clinical trials to have representative participant bases in order to derive data that is generalizable to afflicted populations. Especially for PrEP clinical trials, where gender-diverse individuals need visibility, trial design must be carefully crafted so as not to exclude through dated or exclusionary language.
108 Experiences of benevolent sexism and the well-being of Latinx women: The moderating role of sexist attitudes
Authors: Hernandez Erick Herrera , Oswald Debra
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Sexism harms women’s well-being, affecting life satisfaction and self-doubt in complex ways (Shattell etal., 2008; Oswald etal., 2018). This study examines how hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes moderates the link between experiences of benevolent sexism, self-doubt, and life satisfaction in Latinx women. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participants included 57 English-speaking Latinx women residing in the United States, with a mean age of 31.89 (SD=10.14) years. The majority (61.4%, n=35) identified as Mexican, and most identified as second generation or later (80.7%, n=46). Participants completed surveys assessing hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes (Glick & Fiske, 1996), self-doubt (Oleson etal., 2000), life satisfaction (Diener etal., 1985), and experiences with three aspects of benevolent sexism – protective paternalism (PP), heterosexual intimacy (HI), and complimentary gender differentiation (CGD) (Oswald etal., 2018). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Moderation analyses were conducted to examine the moderating role of hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes between experiences of benevolent sexism (PP, HI, & CGD) and well-being measures (self-doubt and life satisfaction). An example finding revealed a significant interaction effect between benevolent sexist attitudes and experiences with CGD on satisfaction with lifeF(1,53)=8.34,p<.01. For participants who endorsed high benevolent sexist attitudes, experiences with CGD was associated with increased satisfaction with life (b=.78, p<.001), while the effect of experiences with CGD on life satisfaction was attenuated for those who endorsed low benevolent sexist attitudes (b=.30, p<.05). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings have important implications on the well-being of Latinx women as they indicate that those who reject sexist attitudes risk their well-being when confronted with benevolent sexism, unlike those who endorse to such beliefs, potentially gaining increased life satisfaction at the cost of embracing benevolent sexist behavior.
110 Answering the Call for Greater LGBTQ+ Research Inclusivity by Co-Developing A Workshop for Researchers
Authors: Thomas Gelise , Bjork Lizzie , Hempstead Zina , Feerasta Gulnar
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The objectives of this workshop were to: (1) provide learners with a space to become aware of and discuss the history of the LGBTQ+ community in medical and public health research; (2) apply frameworks for LGBTQ+ inclusivity in research, inspired by lived experience and multimedia; and (3) assess LGBTQ+ research inclusivity best practices. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The CTSC provided the LGBT Community Center of Greater Cleveland (Center) with access to academic resources via an affiliate account and insights on the clinical and translational science research process. Members of the CTSC Research Equity, Accessibility, Diversity, and Inclusion team met regularly with the education and programming team at the Center to review research findings for workshop segments, ideate and provide feedback on activities, and strategize to ensure a psychologically safe virtual environment for learners. Zoom registration was used for workshop registration. An evaluation survey, created by the LGBT Community Center of Greater Cleveland (Center), was deployed by the CTSC to learners after the workshop. Respondents reported that the LGBTQ+ terminology focus was most valuable. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: To maximize investment in and scale theLGBTQ+ Inclusivity For Researchers workshop, the LGBT Community Center of Greater Cleveland offered a shortened version to their Youth Participatory Action Research group and will continue to offer the workshop in their suite of program/educational offerings. The CTSC plans to offer opportunities to co-host the workshop at its hospital system partner institutions, with room to tailor content based on internal LGBT resources (e.g., gender care offered at the institution). We hope to see a remarkable increase in LGBTQ+ identifying researchers, LGBTQ+ participation in research studies and clinical trials, and LGBTQ+ research topics/ideas/questions in response to CTSC pilots, local, national, and global funding opportunities. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: LGBTQ+ people are less likely to have a regular health care provider—impeding screening, diagnosis, and treatment. This is reflected in health research where clinical research participation may follow a diagnosis. By providing tools for LGBTQ+ research inclusion, we will catalyze more research with LGBTQ+ people—as researchers and participants.
123 Utilizing Project ECHO to mitigate environmental impacts on health through collaborative provider education
Authors: Hogentogler R. Ellen , Garrow George , Beiler Jessica , Tarr Nicole , Kraschnewski Jennifer
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Launch a case-based learning collaborative on best practices that meet social, emotional and physical health needs of underserved communities as they relate to environmental toxins—specifically those related to the train derailment in OH. Topics discussed could also include disasters and spills, air quality, extreme heat, and water. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In response to a call for action delivered by PA’s Acting Secretary of Health, we established a partnership between Penn State CTSI, Project ECHO at Penn State, and Primary Health Network (PHN). PHN is the largest Federally Qualified Health Center in PA, making it uniquely qualified to reach rural providers diagnosing and treating patients impacted by environmental events. Utilizing the ECHO model, we are hosting monthly, 1-hour sessions on environmental determinants of health starting October 2023. Experts in pulmonology, toxicology, atmospheric science, and rural medicine (whom many participants would have limited access to outside of the ECHO platform) and participants have the opportunity to share and learn from their varied experiences exemplifying a culture of ‘all teach, all learn’. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Project ECHO is an ideal model for upscaling workforce quickly, allowing participants to be responsive in the care of their community, regardless of location and access to specialty clinics. 74 participants across 26 PA counties registered for the series, ranging from PCPs, medical directors, and state officials. Upon registration, nearly half of our direct patient-care participants do not routinely conduct an environmental exposure history and almost 70% report receiving questions from their patients related to how the environment might impact their health. More than half of those providers reported feeling unprepared to answer patients’ questions related to the environment’s impact on their health. Evaluation data will be collected at enrollment, after each session, and post-series. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This series could result in: * Reduction of health disparities caused by environmental events (no cost, virtual learning) * Increased preparedness to quickly address health questions/symptoms related to environmental exposures * Increased awareness of the environmental impacts on health. * Improved testing/treatment for patients
137 Systematic Development of a Multidisciplinary Online Training Program in Healthcare Delivery Science
Authors: Orechwa Allison , Towfighi Amytis
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We created an online, competency-based training program for Healthcare Delivery Science (HDS) that incorporates a wide range of disciplines and best educational practices. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In collaboration with a curriculum design expert and thirteen content experts from multiple schools and departments, we reviewed and adapted a published set of competencies for learning health system researchers. We followed educational best practices to collaboratively create learning objectives, aligned content with the objectives, and created quiz questions that addressed the objectives. After recording the coursework and building the program in a learning management system, we tested, evaluated, and revised the courses. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The systematic approach resulted in a novel set of eight online courses: Introduction to Healthcare Delivery Science, Research Methods, Dissemination & Implementation Science, Behavioral Economics, Leadership & Management, Quality Improvement, Systems Engineering, and Multi-Stakeholder Engagement. The courses are applicable to learners from diverse fields, including medicine, public health, pharmacy, engineering, health system administration, and translational science. Students can earn digital badges for individual courses and a certificate of completion for the entire set of courses. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Compared to previously available offerings, the new training program offers a more comprehensive view of this important field. Next, we plan to develop additional courses and create a Masters program that includes synchronous learning and a complementary experiential component for hands-on application of HDS principles.