bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ciencia y género: autoridad y medida en la enseñanza
Authors: Susi E.
Published: June 2021

The report begins with the division which exists between teaching and research, which is considered to be a result of science's incapacity for speaking about itself and transmitting the sense of knowledge which it develops. Attention is drawn to the negligible relationship between those who carry out research and those who teach and the lack of authority which this causes. It is the root of the problem which many teachers encounter in establishing proper limits for themselves and for their own teaching of disciplinary knowledge. As a result of this lack of mediation, there is on the one hand an oscillation between blind subjection and impotent criticism which characterizes the relation of those who are not scientifically qualified, and the other hand the dual excess of arrogance and silence on the part of those who are qualified and who thus severely limit communication between science and society. In this situation, one sees a condition shared by many women with regaid to work, politics and science. It is in the political practice of female relationships and in the theoretical elaboration of how authority is formed and evolves that the place where appropriate questions have found order and meaning is revealed.From information regarding the need for mediation efforts to encourage communication between teaching and research, the report goes on to evaluate those which already exist, discussing the conditions under which a science of education might unite the nurturing of such a relation with the objectivity which is necessary.
Vino viejo en botellas nuevas: un problema con la epistemología constructivista
Authors: Matthews M. R.
Published: June 2021

This article deats with what the autor regards as a fatal epistemological error in the constructivist doctrine: its theory maintains the Aristotelian -empiricist epistemological paradigm. However, good constructivist pedagogy could be rescued from the deficient theory that parented it if we made a clear distinction between real and theoretical objects; and knowledge is recognised as a process of intellectual production working with real objects that have been described, apprehended, or incorporated by a theoretical object.
Algunas reflexiones en torno a la didáctica de las matemáticas y su enseñanza
Authors: Mumbrú P.
Published: June 2021

This paper raises some basic questions concerning the weak characterization of Mathematical Education as a field of Knowledge and the corresponding effects on the Initial Training of Teachers of Mathematics.
Contribuições de Gaston Bachelard ao ensino de ciências
Authors: Lopes A. R. C.
Published: June 2021

Starting from an analysis on Gaston Bachelard's epistemological work, a survey is made of his conceptions on the teaching -learning process in the physical sciences, with special emphasis on Chemistry. which is so frequently rejected by the students, for it is presented as a set of superposed facts devoid of rational coherence. Accomplising the criticism of continuous course of scientific history and structuring the psychoanalytical basis of the objective knowledge, Bachelard offers subsidies to the inquiries into the teacher, the student and the school roles, into teaching methods and into didatic books.
Ideas previas en la Botánica
Authors: Mateos Jiménez A.
Published: June 2021

We have found the same kind of botanical preconcepts among students of 8th EGB and students of theTeacher-training School from Toledo. if students have studied sciences the previous years these preconcepts seem less abundant. The most widespread is that pine -cone is the fruit of pir.es trees. Other beliefs are referred to flowers, trees, potatoes, fruits and seeds.
Enfoques de investigación en problemas verbales aritméticos aditivos
Authors: Castro Martínez E. , Rico Romero Luis , Gil Cuadra Francisco
Published: June 2021

A main field in the current research in Mathematics Education is the work with arithmetical word problem solving, which is both interesting and useful. There is ample previous work on this topic and it has received a very systematic treatment from different focuses. Researchers getting involved in this field need to know previous works and current focuses to clarify their research goals. In this study we offer a review about previous research done on difficulties with arithmetical word problems.
Diseño y aplicación de una escala de actitudes hacia el estudio de las Ciencias Experimentales
Authors: Ortega Ruiz P. , Saura Soler J. P. , Mínguez Vallejos R.
Published: June 2021

This work presents a design for a scale of attitudes when studying Experimental Sciences. We describe the process of elaboration and its application in two secondary schools, as well as the analysis of the obtained results.
¿Qué hay que renovar en los trabajos prácticos?
Authors: González Eduardo M.
Published: June 2021

The article starts presenting four innovative alternatives of practical work at the laboratory. After forestalling layouts intended to teach scientific procedures leaving out knowledge acquisition, we propound practical work, such as solving problems with capacity to grow building theoretical frames.
Cambio conceptual y metodológico en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la evolución de los seres vivos. Un ejemplo concreto
Authors: Gené A.
Published: June 2021

In this work we developed and assessed the efficiency of a didactic lesson based on the science teaching  learning paradigm as a conceptual, methodological and attitudinal change. For this purpose we chose the topic of the evolution of living beings through natural selection.
Gli atteggiamenti degli insegnanti di scuola elementare nelle scienze biologico-naturalistiche
Authors: Tonucci F. , Consoli V. , Di giovanni I. , Messina A. , Rusca G. , Nardis E. de , Primucci P.
Published: June 2021

This paper stresses the need of coherence between the science teachers training and the emergent constructivist model of science learning.
Análisis de la influencia de la construcción de mapas conceptuales sobre la estructura cognitiva en estudiantes de física
Authors: López Rupérez F.
Published: June 2021

In this work we investigated the effect of systematic hierarchical concept mapping by students in a COU (High School) Physics class on their cognitive structure. The results show no statistically significant influence of the treatment, but rather of personal study habits on the number of response words. The results are discussed and constraints to the research procedure used are discussed.
Síntesis evolutiva de investigaciones en enseñanza de ciencias
Authors: Pessoa de Carvalho Ana M. , Laburu C. E. , Da Silva D. , Mortimer E. , Garrido E. , Trivelato J. , Bechara L.
Published: June 2021

In this article, the working team, linked to Sao Paulo University, analizes the works of research that it is presently carrying out and displays its projects for the future. The works of research are made under two complementary lines: on the one hand, the thought in children and adolescents and, on the other, the evaluation of teaching methodologies embodying results of the first line of research in their design that are based on constructivist proposals.
Vídeos didácticos de física y química
Authors: Mas F. , Paniagua Juan Carlos , Vilaseca E. , Barbosa Torralbo José
Published: June 2021

The spectacular development of audiovisual techniques in the last few years has provided a wealth of pedagogical resources which are clearly underexploited. The aim of this work was to improve this situation by making available resources known to teachers. For this purpose we compiled a catalogue of video tapes and films of use in teaching Physics and Chemistry to university students. The catalogue is available in two formats: as a printed list and as an easy- to -use computer -retrievable hypertext.
Fuentes de tensión en el ejercicio profesional del profesor de Ciencias
Authors: Latorre Latorre Ángel , Fortes del Valle Mª C. , Serra Desfilis E.
Published: June 2021

The main aim of this article is to present a conceptualization. of the causes of stress in teachers, based on a review of recent investigation concerning this subject and stating the importance of the working conditions, interpersonal relations, personal development, initial and continual formation and relations with society as causes of stress. A mention is made of how small the incidence of stress is on science teachers compared to their companions of other subjects.
Diferenciación de los conceptos de masa, volumen y densidad en los alumnos de BUP, mediante estrategias de cambio conceptual y metodológico
Authors: Bullejos de la Higuera J. , Sampedro Villasan C.
Published: June 2021

In this paper the results of an experimental study about the differentiation of the concept, of mass (or weight), volume and density among Secondary Students, are shown. Instruction using methodological and conceptual change strategies on learning those concepts seems to be a more effective way to reach an accurate level of differentiation for those concepts.
La resolución de problemas y la educación matemática. Hacia una mayor interrelación entre investigación y desarrollo curricular
Authors: Arrieta Gallastegui J. J.
Published: June 2021

Mathematical Problem Solving is analysed from a position which attempts to study its implications for curricular development in mathematics. The analysis begins by inquiring the assumption of Problem Solving as the axis to develop this work while recognizing its currently relevance and the necessity of an increasing interconnection between research and curricular development in this field. Such interconnection can be seen in the recent works of many researchers and it determines the so-called «postpiagetian paradigm». From the author's perspective, the studies of addition and subtraction problems represent a domain in which this paradigm is well exemplified and from which we can learn a lot to improve both the curriculum and the teacher's training.
La producción y la comprensión de la ciencia : la elaboración en el aprendizaje de la ciencia escolar
Authors: Otero J.
Published: June 2021

This paper criticizes the conceptual reformulations of science made with pedagogical purposes and, more particularly, the absence of reference to originary problems.
La enseñanza de los modelos sobre la naturaleza de la luz
Authors: Beléndez A. , Pascual I. , Rosado L.
Published: June 2021

Contemporary ideas on science learning is useful to avoid the failure of traditional teaching related to preconcepts or conceptual errors in both students and teachers. In this context the student is introduced to the study of light through the knowledge of the different models or theories which explain the phenomena of light. The different teaching levels are born in mind so as to follow a process of both conceptual and methodological change.
Aspectos sociales y culturales de la educación matemática
Authors: Bishop Alan J.
Published: June 2021

This paper deals with two fields of research which have contributed to revise the teaching of Mathematics over the last decade: those concerned with social and cultural aspects of Mathematics education.
Ideas previas, esquemas alternativos, cambio conceptual y el trabajo en el aula
Authors: García Hourcade J. L. , Rodríguez de Ávila C.
Published: June 2021

This paper contributes to clarify concepts such as those of previous knowledge, alternative frameworks and conceptual change, usually conveying very different meanings.
Constructivismo humano : un consenso emergente
Authors: Novak J. D.
Published: June 2021

This paper describes a view of learning that can be called human constructivism. It is argued that it is important to link a viable theory of human congnitive learning with contemporany ideas in epistemology.
Modelos de partículas en la iniciación a las ciencias físicas
Authors: Meheut M. , Larcher C. , Chomat A.
Published: June 2021

First notions about structure of matter are taught in various curricula at the beginning of secondary school. Is it possible with these notions to build explicative and predictive models? What activities can we offer to the students in order to build and use models? We present here two examples of pedagogical approaches and the main directions we have chosen for teaching experiment with students, aged 13-14.
Interpretación de las reacciones de oxidación-reducción por los estudiantes. Primeros resultados
Authors: Bueso A. , Furió-Mas Carles , Mans i Teixidó Claudi
Published: June 2021

This paper shows a survey on the interpretations given by students to the oxidation —reduction reactions. The research tried to check whether by the end of secondary schools studies the subjects had reached the understanding of such reactions as processes where an electronic interchange in the reacting chemical takes place.
Dos metodologías activas comparadas en el estudio de conceptos químicos en 8º de EGB
Authors: Palacios Gómez C. , Muñoz Navas P. , Gómez Martín J. C.
Published: June 2021

This study compares two methodologies, one based on guided discovery and the other on the use of expositive techniques. The comparison was based on: the acquisition of skills and scientific knowledge and how long these skills and knowledge are maintained; the influence of initial scientific skills and knowledge in new acquisitions; the opinion of the students and professors on both methodologies. The results make evident the validity of both methods, even when the suitability of each one is postulated, depending on the type of level institution where it is applied.
Algunos aspectos a considerar en la didáctica del calor
Authors: Vázquez Diaz J.
Published: June 2021

The analysis of spontaneous and scientific concepts of heat, the contrastation of both and a critical revision of the conceptual treatment that heat receives in different text books suggest that some aspects should be considered in the didactic treatment of scientific concept of heat.
Autocontrol y comportamiento: efectividad de las técnicas autoinstruccionales en el aprendizaje de las operaciones aritméticas
Authors: Comas Mongay M. D.
Published: June 2021

This experiment was designed to research the efficacy of self -instructional variables to improve performance in solving easy arithmetic problems. Children, boys and girls, six and seven years old, studying first school year of E.G.B., were used. The results, as a whole, tell us that training in self -instructional techniques significantly affects the dependent variable, decreasing the number of mistakes pupils make in arithmetical operations. It is appropriate to underline the group verbalizing the addition, which got the most significant reduction. These results, which confirm the findings of other authors, show the possibility of applying Cognitive-conductual techniques in the school frame.
Pensamiento formal y rendimiento en física. Análisis de la validez del test de Longeot por referencia a tests de rendimiento
Authors: López Rupérez F. , Palacios Gómez C. , Brincones Calvo Isabel , Garrote Flores R. , Sánchez González J.
Published: June 2021

This study investigated the influence of psychological factors, such as general fluid intelligence, measured by Rayen Progressive Matrices Test, or cognitive development measured by Longeot test, on the achievement in a High School Physics course. A previously analyzed set of five different tests with twenty five items, multiple-choice each, was used. The convergent validity and the predictive power of the Longeot test in relation to physics tests was examined. Finally, the implications for Physics teaching are discussed.
Resolución de problemas de Química y estructura cognoscitiva
Authors: Kempa R. F.
Published: June 2021

This paper introduces a research about the causes of students incapability to solve successfully questions typical from chemistry testing. The relationship between cognitive maps of good and poor solvers and their answers is studied. The results obteined when studying the influence of the level of information supplied by the declaration of a problem over its level of facility is offered.
Establecimiento de las líneas de investigación prioritarias en la didáctica de las ciencias y las matemáticas
Authors: Caballer Senabre Mª Jesús , Carrascosa Alís Jaime , Puig Espinosa L.
Published: June 2021

An attempt to find the research trends regarded as fundamental in science and mathematics education by the Teachers in this country is described. The results obtained in Biology, Physics and Chemistry and Mathematics are analyzed.
Enseñanza por diagnóstico : algunos problemas sobre los números enteros
Authors: Bell A.
Published: June 2021

The method of diagnostic teaching involves in the first place studying the pupils' understanding of the tapie in question, identifying errors and the misconceptions underlying them; then designing teaching in which the misconceptions are exposed and resolved through conflict -discussion. This article will report experiments covering both the testing and the teaching phases on the topic of directed quantities.
Enseñanza de la Geometría y didáctica genética
Authors: Núñez i Espallargas Josep M.
Published: June 2021

In this article, after discussing basic directions of the so-called genetical didactics, we speak in favour of a type of elementary geometry teaching which can balance strictly formal requirements with psychopedagogical ones. The important contributions which genetical didactics may offer to that teaching, whenever applied in a critical realistic way, are also outlined.
Evolución y nuevas tendencias en los trabajos sobre didáctica de las ciencias experimentales. Revisión del año 1984
Authors: Mata A. , Anta C.
Published: June 2021

Trends in teaching innovation are presented, according to a bibliometric analy,sis of Spanish bibliography in 1984 about new teaching methods in experimental sciences. Occurrence points, teaching levels and topics in which innovations and new methods are being carried are shown.
La influencia del examen de selectividad en la enseñanza, (Análisis de una experiencia en Matemáticas de COU)
Authors: Goberna M. A. , López M. A. , Pastor J.
Published: June 2021

Through the design of two tests —objective test and essay— we study, in an experimental way and using linear statistic patterns, the influence on the final marks of the subject Mathematics in COU, which might have the university entrance test. An esential role is played by the educational objectives.
Método de la resolución de problemas de Física y Química
Authors: Gisbert Briansó M.
Published: June 2021

A systematic method for solving traditional problems on Physics and Chemistry is presented. Systematic rules for the resolution of kinematics, dynamics and stoichiometry problems are also stated.
Proyecto de enseñanza individualizada de ciencias experimentales (PEICE). Análisis de una experiencia
Authors: López Rupérez F. , Brincones Calvo Isabel , Garrote Flores R. , Palacios C. , Santin C. , Toves M. D.
Published: June 2021

The obvious heterogenity of the students in the first Physics and Chemistry course of our Secondary Education and the poor achievements obtained in our country makes it desirable to look for solutions which can influence the learning conditions in a positive way. This paper shows an approach to a individualized Instruction that is compatible with the graduate school model and, therefore, applicable in ordinary conditions. The evaluation of the innovation has been made by means of an experimental design that includes, among others,  covariance and regression analysis procedures. Finally, the results obtained are disussed.
Sobre el movimiento de un conductor en un campo magnético
Authors: Aranda i Oliveras Jaume
Published: June 2021

The classical example of a conductor that moves on metal rails linked at one end in the presence of a uniform magnetic field is explained in many Physics books, An implied simplification, view can lead to misleading conclusions, is generally made whenever the problem is studied from the point of wiew of the Lorentz force even in many famous Physics books. The conventional explanation is fully commented on in this article and the phenomenon is analysed from a dynamic and energetic point of view.
El intercambio de la información relativa a la enseñanza de la ciencia y la tecnología en América Latina y el Caribe
Authors: Averbuj E.
Published: June 2021

A summary of activities about the interchange of information concerning science teaching and technology in South America and the Caribbean region, is presented.
Estudio del nivel operatorio de estudiantes universitarios
Authors: Dibar Ure María Celia , Queiroz Gloria
Published: June 2021

The shadows task proposed by J. Piaget was chosen, after preliminary interviews, to study the level of congnitive operations of university freshmen at Universidad Federal Fluminense, Brazil. We interviewed 82 students of engineering, chemistry and physics using clinical, individual interviews. We discuss the results and possible applications to the teaching of physics at this level.
El currículum de matemáticas en la prueba de acceso
Authors: Goberna M. A.
Published: June 2021

In this paper we present a comparison of the mathematic con:ents for the final -secondary school examination in England, France and Spain, giving, finally, a proposal in order to elaborate a new Spanish programme.
Una consideración histórico-didáctica de matemática elemental
Authors: Aznar Garcia J. V.
Published: June 2021

This paper is a description and a critical study to the work signed by Ventura Reyes Prosper (1863-1922) in the Archivo de Matemáticas Puras y Aplicadas, «A new demonstration of the trigonometrical formulae of an angle equal to addition or substraction of two angles » claiming the applications of the Matematics History of M. to critical education.
La historia de las ciencias y la enseñanza
Authors: Navarro Brotons Víctor
Published: June 2021

This paper studies the place of the History of Sciences in the training of scientists and Science teachers. It also analyses the academical evolution of this subject.
Exploring Crossmodal Interaction of Tactile and Visual Cues on Temperature Perception in Virtual Reality: a Preliminary Study
Authors: Helfenstein-Didier Clémentine , Dhouib Amira , Favre Florent , Pascal Jonathan , Baert Patrick
Published: June 2021

Thanks to the digital revolution, virtual reality (VR) has getting popularity due to its capacity to immerse users into virtual environments (VEs). VEs are typically limited to visual and auditory cues; however, recent results show that multiple sensory modalities increase the user’s immersion. In this study, an experimental protocol is proposed to recreate multiple tactile, in particular thermal, sensations in VR. The aim is twofold: (1) studying the performance of different devices for creating warm and cold sensations with regards to their efficiency and acoustic disturbance; and (2) investigating the interdependency between visual and tactile stimuli in the perception of temperature. 14 participants performed two experimental studies. Our results show no acoustic disturbance of the materials used. Spot projector is more efficient than fan heater to create a warm sensation; fan + water spray is more efficient than fan alone to create cold sensation. Moreover, no significant contribution of visual cue on the thermal perception was found except for the extremely cold simulation (snow visualization and thermal stimulation performed with fan + water spray).
An experimental methodology to capture user and gameplay data tied to cybersickness
Authors: Porcino Thiago , Trevisan Daniela , Clua Esteban
Published: June 2021

Virtual reality (VR) and head-mounted displays are constantly gaining popularity in various fields such as education, military, entertainment, and bio/medical informatics. Although such technologies provide a high sense of immersion, they can also trigger symptoms of discomfort. This condition is called cybersickness (CS) and is quite popular in recent publications in the virtual reality context. We created and conducted an iterative evaluating protocol methodology and proposed two VR games (a racing game and a flight game). The recorded data can be used for further machine learning analysis tied to cybersickness.
Drehtür-Effekt im deutschen Hochschulsystem? Bildungswege nach dem Abbruch geschlechtsatypischer Studiengänge
Authors: Meyer Jasmin , Mantinger Mara
Published: June 2021

Die bisherige Forschung zeigt, dass Studierende in geschlechtsatypischen Studiengängen ihr Studium häufiger vorzeitig beenden als Studierende in geschlechtstypischen oder -neutralen Studiengängen. Ungeklärt ist bisher, ob sie nach dem Verlassen dieser Studiengänge auch das geschlechtsatypische Bildungsumfeld an sich verlassen und welche Mechanismen diese Entscheidung erklären. Die empirische Analyse dieser Frage erfolgt auf Grundlage der Exmatrikuliertenbefragung des Deutschen Zentrums für Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsforschung (DZHW) der Jahre 2014 und 2017. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Mehrheit der Studierenden nach dem Abbruch eines geschlechtsatypischen Studiengangs das geschlechtsatypische Bildungsumfeld verlässt. Bei Frauen bewirken insbesondere Zweifel an ihrer Eignung für das jeweilige Studienfach, dass sie einen geschlechtstypischen oder -neutralen Bildungsweg einem geschlechtsatypischen vorziehen. Jene Frauen, denen das gesellschaftliche Ansehen wichtig ist, verbleiben hingegen eher im geschlechtsatypischen Umfeld. Bei Männern können die untersuchten Faktoren nicht erklären, warum auch sie nach dem Abbruch eines geschlechtsatypischen Studiengangs mehrheitlich den geschlechtsatypischen Bildungsweg verlassen.
Häuser, Mauern und Grenzen: Rechtspopulistische Globalisierungserzählungen zwischen Bedrohungsszenario und Sicherheitsversprechen
Authors: Freistein Katja , Gadinger Frank , Unrau Christine
Published: June 2021

Der Erfolg rechtspopulistischer Parteien und Bewegungen entzieht sich eindeutigen Erklärungen wie etwa dem Verweis auf wirtschaftliche Not. Ein zentrales Motiv, mit dem wir uns als Forschende in den IB näher befassen wollen, ist die Rolle der Globalisierungskritik solcher Bewegungen. Durch die Betonung unterschiedlicher „Gefahren“ von „außen“ mobilisieren Rechtspopulist*innen Unterstützung, lenken aber gleichzeitig von mangelnden eigenen Politikvorschlägen und hausgemachten Problemen ab. Mit interpretativen Methoden, genauer der Narrativ- und Metaphernanalyse, die auch bildliche Darstellungen umfasst, nähern wir uns der performativen Dimension solcher rechtspopulistischer Versprechen. Metaphern bieten breite Anknüpfungsmöglichkeiten, da sie in ihrer Mehrdeutigkeit verschiedene Rezeptionen ermöglichen und sich Festlegungen immer wieder entziehen. Wir konzentrieren uns besonders auf die Metapher des „Hauses“ in drei Dimensionen: das „Außen“, das „Innen“ und die Rolle des „Hausvaters“. Die Analyse wirkmächtiger Metaphern soll dabei nachvollziehbar machen, wie in diesem mehrdeutigen Erzählmodus emotionale Zustimmung zu extremen politischen Positionen generiert oder im Umkehrschluss auch entzogen werden kann.
Leidende Körper sehen – Bilder, Emotionen und der Nexus von Gesundheit und Sicherheit
Authors: Krause Katharina
Published: June 2021

Krankheitserreger sind für das menschliche Auge unsichtbar - sichtbar hingegen sind die Spuren, die eine Infektion im menschlichen Körper hinterlässt. Aber was genau trägt das Sehen von leidenden Körpern zu unserem Verständnis von Gesundheitskrisen bei? Dieser Beitrag behandelt diese Frage anhand der Ebola-Epidemie 2014-2016 in Westafrika und verknüpft zwei Literaturstränge, die bisher weitestgehend unabhängig voneinander existieren: die Untersuchung von Emotionen in den Internationalen Beziehungen (IB) anhand visueller Repräsentationen und die Literatur zum Nexus von Gesundheit und Sicherheit. Mit der Analyse von drei preisgekrönten Bildserien zeige ich, dass Bilder des leidenden Körpers in der Ebola-Epidemie neben Mitleid auch Angst als emotionales Register hervorrufen. Dieser Befund legt nahe, dass der leidende Körper sowohl Referenzobjekt als auch existenzielle Bedrohung sein kann und so gleichzeitig Distanz und Nähe zur betrachtenden Person schafft. Ich argumentiere, dass Mitleid und Angst hier keine widersprüchlichen, sondern voneinander abhängige Emotionen sind, die den Nexus von Gesundheit und Sicherheit prägen.
Situierte Sicherheit. Für einen methodologischen Situationismus in den Critical Security Studies
Authors: Bonacker Thorsten
Published: June 2021

Der Kopenhagener Schule ist immer wieder vorgeworfen worden, an der Idee einer ahistorischen Grammatik der Sicherheit festzuhalten, mit der in unterschiedlichen politischen Konstellationen unter bestimmten Bedingungen außergewöhnliche Maßnahmen zum Schutz von Referenzobjekten durchgesetzt werden können. Demgegenüber hat sich eine soziologische Lesart der Securitization Theory für ein stärker kontextualistisches Verständnis von Versicherheitlichung stark gemacht, ohne diesem aber eine konsistente, analytische Grundlage zu geben. Der Beitrag schlägt für eine solche Grundlage einen methodologischen Situationismus vor, der es erlaubt, den Blick stärker darauf zu richten, wie Sicherheit ein Bestandteil sozialer und politischer Wirkungszusammenhänge wird. Er knüpft dafür an Theorietraditionen des Pragmatismus und des Interaktionismus an, ergänzt diese aber um eine Perspektive auf transsituative Mechanismen, deren Funktionsweise am Beispiel von Forschungen zum security-development-nexus erläutert werden.
Lebensziele, Persönlichkeitsmerkmale und Erfolg von Studierenden
Authors: Reichert Antje
Published: June 2021

Goals motivate and give our actions structure and meaning. This is particularly true for life goals, which are the points of reference for individual lifestyles. The different methods available for standardised assessment of life goals present very different internal structures, are in part difficult to access and not fully documented. With the present work, a broad-based, openly accessible and fully documented life goal questionnaire could be developed. Validity was tested for the target group of students and a comparison of subjects was conducted. The life goal dimensions provide evidence of congruence with existing motivation models.
Epidemiology, Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations, and Outcomes of Brucellosis Among 104 Patients in Referral Hospitals of Tehran, Iran
Authors: Keyvanfar Amirreza , Sali Shahnaz , Zamani Amir
Published: June 2021

Background: Brucellosis is the most common zoonotic disease in Iran, imposing a significant financial burden on the healthcare system. The diversity of non-specific clinical manifestations of this disease can lead to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to other aspects of this disease. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the epidemiology, clinical and laboratory manifestations, and outcomes of brucellosis. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, brucellosis patients, admitted to three hospitals, affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran) from April 2015 to September 2020, were examined. The patients' medical records were reviewed for epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory findings. The outcomes of the disease were evaluated by phone calls. Results: Of the 104 patients included in this study, 53.8% were male, and 46.2% were female. The mean age of the patients was 43.07 ± 18.521 years. Unpasteurized dairy consumption and contact with livestock were reported in 60.6 and 27.9% of the patients, respectively. Also, 23.1% of the patients had high-risk occupations. The most common symptoms included fever (80.8%), chills (58.7%), backache (55.8%), and sweating (51%). The most common complication was osteoarticular involvement (21.2%), followed by neurobrucellosis (6.7%). Elevated alkaline phosphatase (89.7%), anemia (67.3%), increased C-reactive protein (57.7%), and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (48.1%) were common laboratory findings. The rates of improvement, treatment failure, and relapse were 86.9, 9.1, and 4%, respectively. There was no significant relationship between the rate of improvement and the antibiotic regimen. However, the most common cause of treatment failure was the patient’s poor compliance with treatment. Conclusions: The diversity of non-specific clinical manifestations of brucellosis is a diagnostic challenge. Therefore, physicians must request laboratory tests to evaluate brucellosis after taking a precise epidemiological and clinical history of suspected cases.
Investigation of Antimicrobial Susceptibilities Among Bacteria Isolated from Blood Cultures in Hospitalized Patients, Tehran, Iran
Authors: Aghamohammad Shadi , Nouri Maryam , Ashrafian Fatemeh , Kashi Mohtaram Sadat , Gholami Mehrdad , Dadashi Masoud , Dabiri Hossein
Published: June 2021

Background: Bacteremia is the status, which is detected via a positive blood culture test with no contamination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that direct medical procedures and total costs are significantly high. Antibiotic resistance can play a major role in the costs, which are related to the long duration of treatment. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the rate and profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility of blood culture isolates from Tehran, Iran. Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, a total of 5,000 blood culture samples were collected from patients hospitalized in the Loghman General Hospital, Tehran, Iran, with positive blood culture results from 2012 to 2013. Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was analyzed using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines. Results: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (38.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (20.5%), Acinetobacter (11.9%), and Escherichia coli (11.7%) were the most frequent bacteria isolated from the blood cultures, collectively accounting for > 80% of the isolates. Of isolated microorganisms, 63.75% and 36.24% belonged to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Moreover, 88% of the isolates were MRSA (oxacillin-/methicillin-resistant), and 7% were VRE (vancomycin-resistant). Conclusions: The most frequent isolated organisms were Gram-positive bacteria, and the rate of MDR (multi-drug resistance) was high. The results of the current study obviously indicate the misuse of antibiotic in society. National surveillance studies in Iran will be useful for clinicians to choose the right empirical treatment and will help control and prevent infections caused by resistant organisms.
Chest CT Imaging Characteristics of COVID-19 Pneumonia in Surviving and Non-surviving Hospitalized Patients: A Retrospective Study in a Referral Center in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Besharat Sara , Rahimi Fatemehsadat , Afaghi Siamak , Esmaeili Tarki Farzad , Pourmotahari Fatemeh , Fathi Mohammad , Zali Alireza , Sanei Taheri Morteza , Ghanaati Hossein , Malekpour Alamdari Nasser
Published: June 2021

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has several chest computed tomography (CT) characteristics, which are important for the early management of this disease, because viral detection via RT-PCR can be time-consuming, resulting in a delayed pneumonia diagnosis. The Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) proposed a reporting language for CT findings related to COVID-19 and defined four CT categories: typical, indeterminate, atypical, and negative. Objectives: To retrospectively evaluate the chest CT characteristics of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Patients and Methods: A total of 115 hospitalized laboratory-verified COVID-19 cases, underdoing chest CT scan, were included in this study from April 30 to May 15, 2020. Of 115 cases, 53 were discharged from the hospital, and 62 expired. The initial clinical features and chest CT scans were assessed for the type, pattern, distribution, and frequency of lesions. Moreover, the findings were compared between ward-hospitalized, intensive care unit (ICU)-admitted, and non-surviving (expired) patients. Results: Of four CT categories, typical CT findings for COVID-19 were more frequent in the expired group (77.4%), compared to the ward-admitted (44.8%) and ICU-admitted (70.8%) groups (P = 0.017). However, no significant difference was observed in the prevalence of intermediate or atypical CT findings between the groups. Negative CT scans for the diagnosis of COVID-19 were significantly fewer in the expired group (0%) as compared to the ward-admitted (10.3%) and ICU-admitted (8.3%) groups (P = 0.0180). Also, the mean number of involved lung lobes and segments was significantly higher in the expired group compared to the other two groups (P = 0.032 and 0.010, respectively). The right upper lobe involvement, right middle lobe involvement, bilateral involvement, central lesion, air bronchogram, and pleural effusion were among CT scan findings with a significantly higher prevalence in non-surviving cases (P < 0.0001, 0.047, 0.01, 0.036, 0.038, and 0.047, respectively). Conclusion: The increased number of involved lung lobes and segments, bilateral and central distribution patterns, air bronchogram, and severe pleural effusion in the initial chest CT scan can be related to the increased severity and poor prognosis of COVID-19.
The Many Phenomenological Reductions and Catholic Metaphysical Anti-Reductionism
Authors: Spencer Mark K. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2021

While all phenomenologists aim to grasp the “things themselves,” they disagree about the best method for doing this and about what the “things themselves” are. Many metaphysicians, especially Catholic realists, reject phenomenology altogether. I show that many phenomenological methods are useful for reaching the goals of both phenomenology and realist metaphysics. First, I present a history of phenomenological methods, including those used by Scheler, Husserl, Merleau-Ponty, Heidegger, Marion, Kearney, Rocha, and others. Next, I consider two sets of challenges raised to some of these methods. Finally, I outline how to join these methods with each other and with the methods of realist metaphysics, ultimately arriving at an aesthetic method, inspired by the work of von Balthasar, for considering fundamental phenomena.
Evolution of Offshore Ratings - To the Limit
Authors: Pedrick David R.
Published: June 2021

The evaluation of yacht hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, and equilibrium through a few empirical formulae called rating rules is quite obviously an over­simplification of nature, and is vulnerable to flaws. Because the flaws exist, the task of rulemakers has been to minimize the harmful effects of the flaws by encouraging or rewarding wholesome and desirable types of yachts and penalizing undesirable ones. The game of owners and designers has been to exploit the flaws for the pure minimization of rating versus performance. Where the limits of the game are drawn is quite subjective and requires constant adjustment to maintain fair racing. This paper traces some of the matches that have been engaged in what Nathanael G. Herreshoff referred to as "a subject never to be fully settled", with emphasis on the current status of the International Offshore Rule.
A Computer-Based Method for Analyzing the Flow Over Sails
Authors: Thrasher D. F. , Mook D. T. , Nayfeh A. H.
Published: June 2021

The use of the nonlinear, steady vortex-lattice technique to treat close-coupled sails is described. The sails are modeled as highly cambered, twisted lifting surfaces. The aspect ratio and planform can be arbitrary. The technique is limited by the angle of attack as long as separation occurs along the leech only. Due to the aerodynamic interference of the various sails, the wakes adjoining the leeches are an important feature of the flow. Here we obtain the vortex strength in, and the shape of, the various wakes as part of the solution. Moreover, the vortex lines representing the sails lie on the surface of the sail; they are not projected onto a plane surface. Numerical results for an arbitrar­ily chosen ketch rig are given. These results include the shapes of the wakes and a typical chordwise pressure distribution.
Design and Engineering Aspects of Free-Standing Masts and Wingmasts
Authors: Sponberg Eric W.
Published: June 2021

Since their appearance in the mid-1970's, free-standing masts and wing masts have become available on a number of production and custom sailboat designs. Being made primarily of composite materials, their engineering; and development is complex and subject to much trial and error. Yet practically nothing; of this development has been written down out­side of what the various manufacturers have recorded for themselves.

This paper outlines the basic criteria for free-standing; mast and wing­mast engineering; and design, discuses current rig arrangements, materials and manufacturing methods, and gives two design examples. Weaknesses in the engineering; process are also delineated, and guidelines are given for future research which could eliminate those weaknesses.
Sailboat Bow Impact Stresses
Authors: Ward L. W.
Published: June 2021

A study is made of the dynamic stresses due to water impact forces on the bow sections of offshore racing sailing yachts going to windward using an unsteady model of a pressure loading travelling across a beam. Results show a decided reduction compared to the static loading solution where the load travel rate is rapid and for large unsupported spans. The latter is compared to recent proposed changes in the American Bureau of Shipping (A.B.S.) Scantling Rules and some qualitative agreement is found. Recommendations for future investigations are made.
The Calculation Of Sail Panels Using Developed Surfaces
Authors: Clemmer George
Published: June 2021

A method for the calculation of panel shapes for sail cutting purposes is presented. Each panel in the three-dimensional sail is modeled by a series of planar patches which approximate a developable surface. An algorithm for distributing these patches is described. A sample sail design is presented in detail. The method has been found to perform well in practice, and is employed routinely in production by Horizon Sails.
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STERILIZATION POLICY IN CONTROLLING MONEY SUPPLY AND CAPITAL INFLOWS IN NIGERIA
Authors: U. C.C Nwogwugwu , Innocent Chile Nzeh , Afolabi Ibikunle Joseph , Uzoechina Benedict I. , Anthony Chiedo O. , Anyachebelu Uzoma M.
Published: June 2021

Over the last decade, Nigeria has witnessed rising capital inflows that have kept the monetary authorities on their toes. This study, therefore, investigated the effectiveness of sterilization policy in controlling money supply and capital inflows in Nigeria. The need for this investigation arose from observed dearth of study in this area in Nigeria as well as the surge in capital inflows within the study period with its likely macroeconomic implications. The study would answer the question: (1) to what extent does sterilization effort of the Central Bank of Nigeria effective in controlling capital inflows in Nigeria, (2) to what extent is sterilization policy able to regulate money supply in Nigeria. By utilizing monthly data spanning a period of 2010-2018 under the framework of Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS), findings show that the sterilization policy of the CBN is effective in regulating money supply and depressing capital inflows both in period of normal capital inflows and in period of intensive capital inflows. We therefore recommend that in periods of sudden and volatile capital inflows, sterilization measure should be given a priority in order to stave off the negative consequences of such unexpected inflows. We also recommend fiscal prudency on the part of the fiscal authorities, especially within the period of high and volatile capital inflows just as the observance of a synergy between fiscal and monetary policies is not ruled out.
Distributed Skills in Camel Herding. Cooperation in a Human-Animal Relationship in Somaliland
Authors: Schwere Raphael
Published: June 2021

This article examines interspecies cooperation in camel herding in Somaliland. It presents the case of a particular joint activity in this task-scape: moving a camel herd, by leading and driving it, from the night-camp to the daytime grazing area and back. The analytical aim is to clarify the role that skills and nonhuman agency play in the constitution of cooperative human-camel relationships. On the basis of empirical data, collected in a multispecies ethnographic project by following and observing one herd and herder closely, this article demonstrates how nonhuman agency, as an individual capacity to engage in an activity and an epistemological potential, manifests in this human-camel cooperative task. Cooperation is made possible through human-camel sociality and intersubjectivity, through the ability to interpret and respond to each other, and it depends on the empathetic acknowledgement of the enabling or disabling powers of each counterpart, her or his agency. Leading and driving camels is a skilled practice requiring the responding and enabling capacities of the cooperation partner. Hence, it is a case of distributed skills – distributed in the sense that skills of humans and nonhumans are intertwined in this practice, that they complement each other.
Plexin-B2 controls the timing of differentiation and the motility of cerebellar granule neurons
Authors: Van Battum Eljo , Heitz-Marchaland Celine , Zagar Yvrick , Fouquet Stéphane , Kuner Rohini , Chédotal Alain
Published: June 2021

Plexin-B2 deletion leads to aberrant lamination of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and Purkinje cells. Although in the cerebellum Plexin-B2 is only expressed by proliferating CGN precursors in the outer external granule layer (oEGL), its function in CGN development is still elusive. Here, we used 3D imaging, in vivo electroporation and live-imaging techniques to study CGN development in novel cerebellum-specificPlxnb2conditional knockout mice. We show that proliferating CGNs inPlxnb2mutants not only escape the oEGL and mix with newborn postmitotic CGNs. Furthermore, motility of mitotic precursors and early postmitotic CGNs is altered. Together, this leads to the formation of ectopic patches of CGNs at the cerebellar surface and an intermingling of normally time-stamped parallel fibers in the molecular layer (ML), and aberrant arborization of Purkinje cell dendrites. There results suggest that Plexin-B2 restricts CGN motility and might have a function in cytokinesis.
Live imaging and biophysical modeling support a button-based mechanism of somatic homolog pairing in Drosophila
Authors: Child Myron Barber , Bateman Jack R , Jahangiri Amir , Reimer Armando , Lammers Nicholas C , Sabouni Nica , Villamarin Diego , McKenzie-Smith Grace C , Johnson Justine E , Jost Daniel , Garcia Hernan G
Published: June 2021

Three-dimensional eukaryotic genome organization provides the structural basis for gene regulation. In Drosophila melanogaster, genome folding is characterized by somatic homolog pairing, where homologous chromosomes are intimately paired from end to end; however, how homologs identify one another and pair has remained mysterious. Recently, this process has been proposed to be driven by specifically interacting ‘buttons’ encoded along chromosomes. Here, we turned this hypothesis into a quantitative biophysical model to demonstrate that a button-based mechanism can lead to chromosome-wide pairing. We tested our model using live-imaging measurements of chromosomal loci tagged with the MS2 and PP7 nascent RNA labeling systems. We show solid agreement between model predictions and experiments in the pairing dynamics of individual homologous loci. Our results strongly support a button-based mechanism of somatic homolog pairing in Drosophila and provide a theoretical framework for revealing the molecular identity and regulation of buttons.