bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum Cardiac Troponin I Concentration in Dogs with Ehrlichiosis
Authors: Diniz P.P.V.P. , De Morais H.S.A. , Breitschwerdt E.B. , Schwartz D.S.
Published: January 2009

Background: Ehrlichiosis is a multisystemic disease with the potential to cause cardiomyocyte injury in naturally infected dogs.

Hypothesis: Myocardial injury occurs in dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis.

Animals: One‐hundred and ninety‐four dogs from Brazil with clinical and laboratory abnormalities indicative of ehrlichiosis. Sixteen healthy dogs served as controls.

Methods: Electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, noninvasive blood pressure measurement, and serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations were evaluated. Serologic assays and PCR determined the exposure and infection status for E. canis, Anaplasma spp., Babesia canis vogeli, Bartonella spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Leishmania chagasi, and spotted‐fever group Rickettsia. Dogs were assigned to groups according to PCR status: E. canis infected, infected with other vector‐borne organisms, sick dogs lacking PCR evidence for infection, and healthy controls.

Results: E. canis‐infected dogs had higher serum cTnI concentrations than controls (median: 0.04 ng/dL; range 0.04–9.12 ng/dL; control median: 0.04 ng/dL; range: 0.04–0.10 ng/dL; P= .012), and acute E. canis infection was associated with myocardial injury (odds ratio [OR]: 2.67, confidence interval [CI] 95%: 1.12–6.40, P= .027). Severity of anemia was correlated with increased risk of cardiomyocyte damage (r= 0.84, P < .001). Dogs with clinical signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) were at higher risk for myocardial injury than were other sick dogs (OR: 2.55, CI 95%: 1.31–4.95, P= .005).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Acute infection with E. canis is a risk factor for myocardial injury in naturally infected Brazilian dogs. Severity of anemia and SIRS might contribute to the pathophysiology of myocardial damage.
Detection of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis‐Specific DNA by PCR in Intestinal Biopsies of Dogs
Authors: Glanemann B. , Schönenbrücher H. , Bridger N. , Abdulmawjood A. , Neiger R. , Bülte M.
Published: January 2009

Background: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the cause of paratuberculosis. MAP infections have not been reliably detected in dogs, but a reemerging debate about the link between MAP and Crohn's disease has renewed interest about the occurrence of MAP in pets.

Hypothesis: This study was undertaken to examine canine intestinal biopsies for the presence of MAP‐specific DNA.

Animals: Forty‐two dogs with chronic vomiting, diarrhea, or both; and 14 dogs with no gastrointestinal disease.

Methods: All dogs with signs of gastrointestinal disease had a standard work‐up for chronic gastrointestinal disease. Endoscopically obtained intestinal biopsies were submitted for histopathologic and molecular investigations. Biopsies were screened for MAP‐specific DNA by 3 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods (nested, seminested, and triplex real‐time PCR). Samples from control dogs were obtained during necropsy.

Results: Histopathology of the biopsies was indicative of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in 17 and neoplasia in 6 dogs. Six dogs showing nonspecific changes responded to diet and were classified as having food‐responsive enteropathy. In 13 dogs a final diagnosis was not established. MAP‐specific DNA was detected and confirmed by sequencing in 8 dogs (19%). These dogs were diagnosed with food‐responsive enteropathy (n = 3), IBD (n = 2), and open diagnosis (n = 3). MAP‐specific DNA was not detected in dogs with no gastrointestinal disease.

Conclusions and clinical importance: MAP‐specific DNA was detected in approximately one fifth of dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease and might play a role as a pathogenic agent. Apart from animal welfare, the zoonotic aspect warrants further studies addressing the viability of MAP organism in canine intestinal biopsies by culture.
Thyroid Testing in Sloughis
Authors: Panakova L. , Koch H. , Kolb S. , Mueller R.S.
Published: January 2009

Background:Thyroid hormone concentrations were found to be different in Greyhounds and Whippets compared with nonsight hound dogs.

Hypothesis:In Sloughis, thyroid hormone concentration is lower than in nonsight hounds and comparable to Greyhounds.

Animals:Fifty‐one Sloughis with no evidence of disease and a mean age of 4 years (range, 1–12 years).

Methods:Thyroid profiles consisting of total thyroxine (tT4), free thyroxine (fT4), free thyroxine after equilibrium dialysis (fT4 after ED), canine thyroid stimulation hormone (cTSH), and thyroglobulin antibodies as well as CBC and serum biochemistry results of Sloughis were compared with those of normal dogs. In 8 Sloughis, TSH stimulation tests were performed.

Results:In Sloughis, tT4 concentrations and fT4 concentrations measured by chemiluminescence were lower than those of controls (1.13 ± 0.65 μg/dL compared with 2.9 ± 0.8 μg/dL,P< .0001 and 11 ± 4.3 pmol/L compared with 16.7 ± 5.2 pmol/L,P< .0001, respectively). Concentrations of fT4 after ED and TSH were increased in Sloughis, when compared with controls (41.3 ± 26.9 pmol/L compared with 20.98 ± 10.29 pmol/L,P< .0001 and 0.22 ± 0.15 pmol/L compared with 0.15 ± 0.13 pmol/L,P= .0138, respectively). T4 concentration after TSH stimulation increased from 1.5 μg/dL (range, 0.2–2.7 μg/dL) to 2.7 μg/dL (range, 1.2–4.7 μg/dL); the recommended post‐TSH T4 concentration was achieved by only 3 of 8 Sloughis. Hemoconcentration was found in 84.3% and hypoglobulinemia in 80.3%.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:When evaluating Sloughis for hypothyroidism, veterinarians should be aware that these dogs have different thyroid hormone concentrations than nonsight hound dogs.
Effect of a Short‐Term Infusion with Soybean Oil‐Based Lipid Emulsion on Phagocytic Responses of Canine Peripheral Blood Polymorphonuclear Neutrophilic Leukocytes
Authors: Kang J.‐H. , Yang M.‐P.
Published: January 2009

Background: The use of soybean oil‐based lipid emulsion (SO‐based LE) in parenteral nutrition has been reported to impair neutrophil functions in humans and rodents. As yet, little is understood about the effects of SO‐based LE on canine immune responses.

Hypothesis: A short‐term infusion with SO‐based LE affects the phagocytic responses of canine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs).

Animals: Twenty‐four healthy Beagle dogs.

Methods: Experimental study. Dogs were randomly assigned into groups of six and administered a 2‐hour IV infusion with 0.9% NaCl solution or sufficient SO‐based LE (INTRALIPOS 20%) to supply 40, 100, and 200% of the basal energy requirement (BER). PMN functions were determined after collecting blood samples before, immediately after, and 24 hours after the infusion.

Results: None of the treatments significantly affected the phagocytic capacity of PMNs or circulating leukocyte numbers. The infusion providing 200% of BERs significantly reduced PMN oxidative burst activity, filamentous actin polymerization, and Cdc42 Rho guanosine triphosphatase activity immediately after its delivery. However, these functions were restored to pre‐infusion values 24 hours after the infusion. The lower calorie infusions did not have these effects.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These results suggest that short‐term infusions with a supraphysiological dose of SO‐based LE may decrease the immune functions of canine PMNs. However, more long‐term studies will be needed to extrapolate the effect of SO‐based LE with clinically relevant doses in a practical situation.
Lawsonia intracellularisInfection in Horses: 2005–2007
Authors: Frazer M.L.
Published: January 2009

Background:Lawsonia intracellularisis an emerging equine pathogen that is a cause of equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE).

Objective:To describe the signalment, month of presentation, common clinical signs, clinicopathologic values, diagnostic tests used, antimicrobial use, and survival status in horses affected with EPE; to evaluate how affected horses sold at public auction as yearlings; and to determine results of fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serum immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) results in age matched, clinically normal herdmates.

Animals:The study group was 57 horses treated for disease associated withL. intracellularisinfection between August 2005 and January 2007.

Methods:Retrospective study examined horses exhibiting evidence of infection withL. intracellularisand testing positive for fecal PCR or serum IPMA.

Results:Horses ranged in age from 2 to 8 months with a median age of 6 months, and all were examined between August and January. Ventral edema was present in 81% of horses and hypoalbuminemia occurred in all horses. Only 50% of horses tested positive on both PCR and IPMA. Ninety‐three percent of horses survived, and survival was unrelated to antimicrobial administered. Affected horses sold as yearlings an average of 68% less than other yearlings by the same sire. Age matched, clinically normal herdmates also tested positive forL. intracellularison fecal PCR (6%) and IPMA (33%).

Conclusion:L. intracellularisinfection should be considered in young horses with ventral edema and hypoalbuminemia that are examined between August and January. Both fecal PCR and serum IPMA are needed to help determine disease status. Treated animals usually survive, although they do not sell for as high a price at public auction as other yearlings by the same sire. Age matched, clinically normal herdmates also test positive forL. intracellularison fecal PCR and serum IPMA.
Evaluation of NT‐Pro BNP and CT‐ANP as Markers of Concentric Hypertrophy in Dogs with a Model of Compensated Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Hori Y. , Tsubaki M. , Katou A. , Ono Y. , Yonezawa T. , Li X. , Higuchi S.‐I.
Published: January 2009

Background:Serum C‐terminal atrial natriuretic peptide (CT‐ANP) and N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐pro BNP) concentrations have not been measured serially in dogs with chronic pressure overload of the heart.

Hypothesis:We investigated whether serial evaluation of CT‐ANP and NT‐pro BNP concentrations is a useful guide to the risk of cardiac remodeling in dogs with a model of aortic stenosis.

Animals:Six male Beagles.

Methods:After anesthesia, the aorta was constricted with a polyester band and mean left ventricular systolic pressure (LVPs) was 50 mmHg above baseline. Echocardiographic and intracardiac catheter examinations and blood sampling were performed before surgery and 3 and 6 months after surgery.

Results:LVP and left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were significantly higher at 6 months. Compared with baseline, end‐diastolic intraventricular septum thickness (IVSd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWd), and relative wall thickness (RWT) were significantly increased 3 and 6 months after aortic constriction. Serum CT‐ANP concentrations were increased significantly at 3 months and serum NT‐pro BNP concentrations were significantly higher 3 and 6 months after aortic constriction. Serum NT‐pro BNP concentration was significantly correlated with LVEDP and IVSd whereas serum CT‐ANP concentration was not correlated with any measurement. Stepwise regression analysis showed that LVEDP, IVSd, and RWT could predict serum NT‐pro BNP.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:This study indicated the differential regulation of NT‐pro BNP and CT‐ANP concentrations during pressure overload. NT‐pro BNP assay may be used as an additional screening method to stratify early‐stage ventricular remodeling because of aortic constriction.
Survival in Cats with Naturally Occurring Chronic Kidney Disease (2000–2002)
Authors: Boyd L.M. , Langston C. , Thompson K. , Zivin K. , Imanishi M.
Published: January 2009

Background:Duration of survival of cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease (CKD) is poorly characterized.

Hypothesis:Stage of kidney disease based on serum creatinine concentration (SCr) at the time of diagnosis and after correction of prerenal azotemia is strongly associated with duration of survival in cats.

Animals:Two hundred and eleven client‐owned cats with naturally occurring CKD evaluated between April 2000 and January 2002.

Methods:Retrospective case review of 733 cats with SCr > 2.3 mg/dL. Examination of the medical records identified 211 cats that met all other inclusion and exclusion criteria for this study. Clinical characteristics, clinicopathologic data, and survival times were extracted from the medical record. Owners and referring veterinarians were contacted by phone to obtain follow‐up if it was not documented in the record. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were performed to determine survival times for International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage both at diagnosis and at baseline (ie, after correction of prerenal azotemia).

Results:Median survival for cats in IRIS stage IIb at the time of diagnosis was 1,151 days (range 2–3,107), and was longer than survival in stage III (median 778, range 22–2,100) or stage IV (median 103, range 1–1,920) (P‐value < .0001).P‐value for effect of stage at diagnosis was <.0001.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:IRIS stage of CKD based on serum creatinine at the time of diagnosis is strongly predictive of survival in cats with naturally occurring CKD.
N‐Acetyl‐β‐d‐Glucosaminidase Index as an Early Biomarker for Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats with Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Lapointe C. , Bélanger M.‐C. , Dunn M. , Moreau M. , Bédard C.
Published: January 2009

Background:Hyperthyroid cats are at risk of developing azotemic chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diagnostic tools currently used to screen for CKD in hyperthyroid cats are either unreliable or impractical.

Hypothesis:UrineN‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucosaminidase index (NAGi) is a good biomarker for azotemic CKD in hyperthyroid cats.

Animals:Twenty‐four newly diagnosed nonazotemic hyperthyroid cats and 10 healthy cats.

Methods:All cats were evaluated for hyperthyroidism at baseline. Hyperthyroid cats were treated with methimazole and reevaluated once euthyroid. At the end of the study, cats were divided into 3 groups: healthy cats, nonazotemic, and azotemic euthyroid cats. Baseline group characteristics were compared to predict azotemic CKD. The influence of treatment on NAGiwas evaluated.

Results:Baseline NAGiwas significantly different among groups (P= .004). Azotemic cats had a higher median value (13.12 U/g) when compared with healthy cats (1.38 U/g). With NAGi>2.76 U/g, negative and positive predictive values for development of azotemia were 77.7 and 50%, whereas the combination of a urine specific gravity (USG) ≤1.035 and T4>7.80 μg/dL enhanced predictive values to 88.9 and 83.3%, respectively. NAGivalues decreased significantly over time in treated nonazotemic cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:Baseline NAGidid not differentiate azotemic from nonazotemic euthyroid cats. NAGicould be used to assess renal function during medical therapy allowing the clinician to adjust methimazole dosage accordingly. The combination of USG and T4could optimize identification of appropriate candidates for permanent treatment of hyperthyroidism.
Enilconazole Treatment of Horses with SuperficialAspergillusSpp. Rhinitis
Authors: Kendall A. , Bröjer J. , Karlstam E. , Pringle J.
Published: January 2009

Background:Mycotic rhinitis is an uncommon disease in horses with a wide range of clinical signs and treatment options based on case studies of a single or only a few individuals. Moreover, while dogs with mycotic rhinitis appear to respond well to treatment with topical enilconazole, this approach has yet to be reported in horses.

Objectives:The aim of this study was to describe the clinical findings, results of diagnostic investigations, treatment, and outcome in horses with mycotic rhinitis treated with topical enilconazole.

Animals:Eight horses were included in the study.

Methods:Medical records from 1995 to 2007 from an equine veterinary teaching hospital were reviewed to identify cases with a diagnosis of mycotic rhinitis.

Results:Eleven cases were identified, of which 8 were treated with topical enilconazole. Seven of those 8 horses recovered and had normal appearance of the nasal passages on endoscopic examination. Fungal culture, where positive, yielded onlyAspergillusspp. Treatment was readily performed and no adverse effects were noted in these horses. In 5 horses, long‐term follow‐up revealed complete recovery for an average of 5 years.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Mycotic rhinitis owing toAspergillusspp. in horses can be effectively and safely treated with topical enilconazole.
Blood Glucose Concentrations in Critically Ill Neonatal Foals
Authors: Hollis A.R. , Furr M.O. , Magdesian K.G. , Axon J.E. , Ludlow V. , Boston R.C. , Corley K.T.T.
Published: January 2009

Reasons for Performing Study: Critical illness is associated with hyperglycemia in humans, and a greater degree and duration of hyperglycemia is associated with nonsurvival. Hypoglycemia is also seen in critically ill humans, and is associated with nonsurvival. This might also be true in the critically ill foal.

Objectives: To investigate the association of blood glucose concentrations with survival, sepsis, and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Methods: Blood glucose concentrations at admission (515 foals) and 24 hours (159 foals), 36 hours (95), 48 hours (82), and 60 hours (45) after admission were analyzed. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association of glucose concentrations with survival, sepsis, a positive blood culture, or SIRS.

Results: 29.1% of foals had blood glucose concentrations within the reference range (76–131 mg/dL) at admission, 36.5% were hyperglycemic, and 34.4% were hypoglycaemic. Foals that did not survive to hospital discharge had lower mean blood glucose concentrations at admission, as well as higher maximum and lower minimum blood glucose concentrations in the 1st 24 hours of hospitalization, and higher blood glucose at 24 and 36 hours. Foals with blood glucose concentrations <2.8 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) or >10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) at admission were less likely to survive. Hypoglycemia at admission was associated with sepsis, a positive blood culture, and SIRS.

Conclusions and Potential Relevance: Derangements of blood glucose concentration are common in critically ill foals. Controlling blood glucose concentrations may therefore be beneficial in the critically ill neonatal foal, and this warrants further investigation.
Predictive Factors and the Effect of Phenoxybenzamine on Outcome in Dogs Undergoing Adrenalectomy for Pheochromocytoma
Authors: Herrera M.A. , Mehl M.L. , Kass P.H. , Pascoe P.J. , Feldman E.C. , Nelson R.W.
Published: January 2009

Background: Some studies in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma suggest that anesthetic complications and perioperative mortality are common. In humans, surgical outcome has improved with the use of phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) before adrenalectomy.

Hypothesis: Dogs treated with PBZ before adrenalectomy have increased survival compared with untreated dogs.

Animals: Forty‐eight dogs that underwent adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma.

Methods: A retrospective medical record review for dogs that underwent adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma at a veterinary medical teaching hospital over the period from January 1986 through December 2005.

Results: Twenty‐three of 48 dogs were pretreated with PBZ (median dosage: 0.6 mg/kg PO q12h) for a median duration of 20 days before adrenalectomy. Duration of anesthesia and surgery, percentage of dogs with pheochromocytoma involving the right versus left adrenal gland, size of tumor, and presence of vascular invasion were similar for PBZ‐treated and untreated dogs. Thirty‐three (69%) of 48 dogs survived adrenalectomy in the perioperative period. PBZ‐treated dogs had a significantly (P= .014) decreased mortality rate compared with untreated dogs (13 versus 48%, respectively). Additional significant prognostic factors for improved survival included younger age (P= .028), lack of intraoperative arrhythmias (P= .0075), and decreased surgical time (P= .0089).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Results from this retrospective study support treatment with PBZ before surgical removal of pheochromocytoma in dogs.
Contrast‐Enhanced Power and Color Doppler Ultrasonography of the Pancreas in Healthy and Diseased Cats
Authors: Rademacher N. , Ohlerth S. , Scharf G. , Laluhova D. , Sieber‐Ruckstuhl N. , Alt M. , Roos M. , Grest P. , Kaser‐Hotz B.
Published: January 2009

Background: The diagnosis of feline pancreatic disease is difficult, because clinical abnormalities and routine noninvasive diagnostic tests are unreliable.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate by Doppler ultrasonography if vascularity and blood volume differs in the otherwise ultrasonographically normal and diseased feline pancreas.

Animals: Thirty‐six client owned cats.

Methods: The pancreas was examined with B‐mode and contrast‐enhanced color and power Doppler ultrasonography. Doppler images were analyzed with a computer program: parameter fractional area represents a vascularity index and color‐weighted fractional area assesses blood volume.

Results: Based on the B‐mode findings, the pancreas was considered normal in 11 clinically healthy cats and diseased in 25 cats of which 4 were clinically healthy and 21 had clinical signs consistent with pancreatic disease. Histologic or cytologic samples were taken in all diseased pancreata. Fifteen samples were of diagnostic quality: purulent or mixed cellular inflammation (8), nodular hyperplasia (4), and neoplasia (3) were identified. Vascularity and blood volume for all Doppler methods was significantly higher in cats with pancreatic disease. Significantly higher Doppler values were detected with power Doppler than with color Doppler, and with postcontrast color and power Doppler than with precontrast Doppler technologies.

Conclusion: Contrast‐enhanced Doppler ultrasonography appears feasible in the feline pancreas. Significant differences were found between normal cats and those with evidence of pancreatic pathology. Further studies are needed to evaluate its use for the differentiation of pancreatic disorders and in cats suspected to have pancreatic disease but without B‐mode ultrasonographic changes of the pancreas.
Phase I Dose Escalation of Single‐Agent Vinblastine in Dogs
Authors: Bailey D.B. , Rassnick K.M. , Kristal O. , Chretin J.D. , Balkman C.E.
Published: January 2009

Background:Vinblastine (VBL) is commonly used in dogs at a dosage of 2.0 mg/m2. The minimal toxicity observed at this dosage indicates that higher dosages might be well tolerated.

Hypothesis:The maximum tolerated dosage (MTD) for a single VBL treatment is higher than the previously published dosage of 2.0 mg/m2.

Animals:Twenty‐three dogs with lymphoma or cutaneous mast cell tumors.

Methods:Dogs received 1 single‐agent VBL treatment IV. The starting dosage was 3.0 mg/m2, and dosages were increased in increments of 0.5 mg/m2in cohorts of 3 dogs. Hematologic toxicity was assessed with weekly CBCs. Gastrointestinal toxicity was assessed from medical histories from owners. Once the MTD was determined, additional dogs were treated with VBL at that dosage. Dogs whose cancers responded to VBL continued to receive treatments q2–3 weeks.

Results:VBL dosages ranged from 3.0 to 4.0 mg/m2. Neutropenia was the dose‐limiting toxicity, with the nadir identified 7 days after treatment and resolving by 14 days after treatment. The MTD was 3.5 mg/m2. Sixteen dogs were treated at this dosage, and 3 experienced severe toxicity characterized by asymptomatic grade 4 neutropenia, febrile grade 4 neutropenia, and death. Gastrointestinal toxicity was mild and self‐limiting. Preliminary evidence of antitumor activity was identified in 2 of 12 dogs with lymphoma treated at the MTD.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:In dogs, single‐agent VBL is well tolerated at a dosage of 3.5 mg/m2IV. At this dosage, the minimum safe treatment interval is q2 weeks, and adjunct treatment with prophylactic antibiotics should be considered.
The Use of Radial Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy in the Treatment of Urethral Urolithiasis in the Horse: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Verwilghen D. , Ponthier J. , Van Galen G. , Salciccia A. , Sandersen C. , Serteyn D. , Grulke S.
Published: January 2009

Background:Radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is widely used in equine practice for the treatment of orthopedic problems. However, its original use as a lithotripsy device in human and canine urology led us to postulate that it could be used as an alternative to the surgical treatment of urethral calculi in horses.

Hypothesis:Radial ESWT can easily and safely fragment calculi in the distal urethra of the horse.

Animals:Two postmortem cases and 1 live case of obstructive urinary disease admitted at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Liege.

Methods:A radial shockwave device was directly applied to the urethra in an attempt to fragment calculi. An ex vivo trial was performed on the same retrieved calculi to investigate pressure settings in order to obtain complete fragmentation of the calculus.

Results:In all cases, radial ESWT was able to fragment the calculus partially, enabling retrieval of the remaining fragments via the urethra. Much higher pressure settings than those used for in vivo partial fragmentation were necessary to obtain complete destruction of the calculi ex vivo.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:This brief report suggests the use of radial ESWT as a safe and useful alternative to more invasive surgical management of urethral calculi in horses.
Effects of Time of Collection and Sample Processing on von Willebrand Factor Concentration in Retired Racing Greyhounds
Authors: Marín L.M. , Couto C.G. , Iazbik M.C. , Westendorf N. , Vilar Saavedra P.
Published: January 2009

Background:Concentrations of von Willebrand factor (vWF) are less than 30% in approximately 10% of Greyhounds.

Hypothesis:That sample collection, processing, and storage can affect the concentration of vWF in plasma of Greyhounds.

Animals:Nineteen healthy former racing Greyhounds.

Methods:Prospective study: Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein of dogs at 4 times during the day. Samples were divided and processed in each of 3 ways. The 1st tube was centrifuged immediately, the 2nd tube was kept in a household refrigerator, and the 3rd tube was kept at room temperature for 3 hours before centrifugation and processing.

Results:There were no significant differences in the vWF concentration between different sample storage and processing (P=5.31). There was no statistically significant diurnal variation in vWF concentration in the samples evaluated (P=.37).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Time of sample collection and short‐term storage temperature do not influence the vWF concentration in retired racing Greyhounds.
Pharmacokinetics of Butorphanol and Evaluation of Physiologic and Behavioral Effects after Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration to Neonatal Foals
Authors: Arguedas M.G. , Hines M.T. , Papich M.G. , Farnsworth K.D. , Sellon D.C.
Published: January 2009

Background:Despite frequent clinical use, information about the pharmacokinetics (PK), clinical effects, and safety of butorphanol in foals is not available.

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to determine the PK of butorphanol in neonatal foals after IV and IM administration; to determine whether administration of butorphanol results in physiologic or behavioral changes in neonatal foals; and to describe adverse effects associated with its use in neonatal foals.

Animals:Six healthy mixed breed pony foals between 3 and 12 days of age were used.

Methods:In a 3‐way crossover design, foals received butorphanol (IV and IM, at 0.05 mg/kg) and IV saline (control group). Butorphanol concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography and analyzed using a noncompartmental PK model. Physiologic data were obtained at specified intervals after drug administration. Pedometers were used to evaluate locomotor activity. Behavioral data were obtained using a 2‐hour real‐time video recording.

Results:The terminal half‐life of butorphanol was 2.1 hours and C0was 33.2 ± 12.1 ng/mL after IV injection. For IM injection,CmaxandTmaxwere 20.1 ± 3.5 ng/mL and 5.9 ± 2.1 minutes, respectively. Bioavailability was 66.1 ± 11.9%. There were minimal effects on vital signs. Foals that received butorphanol spent significantly more time nursing than control foals and appeared sedated.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:The disposition of butorphanol in neonatal foals differs from that in adult horses. The main behavioral effects after butorphanol administration to neonatal foals were sedation and increased feeding behavior.
Genetic Interactions Between Transcription Factors Cause Natural Variation in Yeast
Authors: Gerke Justin , Lorenz Kim , Cohen Barak
Published: January 2009

Our understanding of the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity is limited by the paucity of examples in which multiple, interacting loci have been identified. We show that natural variation in the efficiency of sporulation, the program in yeast that initiates the sexual phase of the life cycle, between oak tree and vineyard strains is due to allelic variation between four nucleotide changes in three transcription factors:
IME1, RME1
, and
RSF1
. Furthermore, we identified that selection has shaped quantitative variation in yeast sporulation between strains. These results illustrate how genetic interactions between transcription factors are a major source of phenotypic diversity within species.
Complexin Controls the Force Transfer from SNARE Complexes to Membranes in Fusion
Authors: Maximov Anton , Tang Jiong , Yang Xiaofei , Pang Zhiping P. , Südhof Thomas C.
Published: January 2009

Trans–SNAP receptor (SNARE, where SNAP is defined as soluble NSF attachment protein, and NSF is defined as
N
-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor) complexes catalyze synaptic vesicle fusion and bind complexin, but the function of complexin binding to SNARE complexes remains unclear. Here we show that in neuronal synapses, complexin simultaneously suppressed spontaneous fusion and activated fast calcium ion–evoked fusion. The dual function of complexin required SNARE binding and also involved distinct amino-terminal sequences of complexin that localize to the point where trans-SNARE complexes insert into the fusing membranes, suggesting that complexin controls the force that trans-SNARE complexes apply onto the fusing membranes. Consistent with this hypothesis, a mutation in the membrane insertion sequence of the v-SNARE synaptobrevin/vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) phenocopied the complexin loss-of-function state without impairing complexin binding to SNARE complexes. Thus, complexin probably activates and clamps the force transfer from assembled trans-SNARE complexes onto fusing membranes.
Pondering Grammar and God
Authors: Calude Andreea S.
Published: January 2009

Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes
. Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle.
By Daniel L. Everett
. Pantheon, New York, 2008. 304 pp. $26.95, C$32. ISBN 9780375425028. Profile, London, 2008. £15. ISBN 9781846680304.

Everett weaves together discussions of his fieldwork in the Amazonian jungle, the ethnography of the Pirahã people, and his conclusions about the implications of their language for linguistics.
In Vitro Activity of Isavuconazole against
Aspergillus
Species and Zygomycetes According to the Methodology of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Authors: Perkhofer Susanne , Lechner Veronika , Lass-Flörl Cornelia
Published: January 2009

We evaluated the MICs of isavuconazole (ISAV) against 96 isolates of
Aspergillus
species and 36 zygomycetes according to the methodology of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. In addition, the in vitro activity was obtained for hyphal inocula. ISAV exhibited good antifungal activity against the tested isolates with the exception of
Aspergillus niger
and
Mucorales
. The in vitro activity of ISAV was comparable to that of voriconazole aside from
Mucorales
.
Heterogeneity of Vaginal Microbial Communities within Individuals
Authors: Kim Tae Kyung , Thomas Susan M. , Ho Mengfei , Sharma Shobha , Reich Claudia I. , Frank Jeremy A. , Yeater Kathleen M. , Biggs Diana R. , Nakamura Noriko , Stumpf Rebecca , Leigh Steven R. , Tapping Richard I. , Blanke Steven R. , Slauch James M. , Gaskins H. Rex , Weisbaum Jon S. , Olsen Gary J. , Hoyer Lois L. , Wilson Brenda A.
Published: January 2009

Recent culture-independent studies have revealed that a healthy vaginal ecosystem harbors a surprisingly complex assemblage of microorganisms. However, the spatial distribution and composition of vaginal microbial populations have not been investigated using molecular methods. Here, we evaluated site-specific microbial composition within the vaginal ecosystem and examined the influence of sampling technique in detection of the vaginal microbiota. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were prepared from samples obtained from different locations (cervix, fornix, outer vaginal canal) and by different methods (swabbing, scraping, lavaging) from the vaginal tracts of eight clinically healthy, asymptomatic women. The data reveal that the vaginal microbiota is not homogenous throughout the vaginal tract but differs significantly within an individual with regard to anatomical site and sampling method used. Thus, this study illuminates the complex structure of the vaginal ecosystem and calls for the consideration of microenvironments when sampling vaginal microbiota as a clinical predictor of vaginal health.
Comparison of Automated Microarray Detection with Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection of Respiratory Viruses in Specimens Obtained from Children
Authors: Raymond Frédéric , Carbonneau Julie , Boucher Nancy , Robitaille Lynda , Boisvert Sébastien , Wu Whei-Kuo , De Serres Gaston , Boivin Guy , Corbeil Jacques
Published: January 2009

Respiratory virus infections are a major health concern and represent the primary cause of testing consultation and hospitalization for young children. We developed and compared two assays that allow the detection of up to 23 different respiratory viruses that frequently infect children. The first method consisted of single TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR assays in a 96-well-plate format. The second consisted of a multiplex PCR followed by primer extension and microarray hybridization in an integrated molecular diagnostic device, the Infiniti analyzer. Both of our assays can detect adenoviruses of groups A, B, C, and E; coronaviruses HKU1, 229E, NL63, and OC43; enteroviruses A, B, C, and D; rhinoviruses of genotypes A and B; influenza viruses A and B; human metapneumoviruses (HMPV) A and B, human respiratory syncytial viruses (HRSV) A and B; and parainfluenza viruses of types 1, 2, and 3. These tests were used to identify viruses in 221 nasopharyngeal aspirates obtained from children hospitalized for respiratory tract infections. Respiratory viruses were detected with at least one of the two methods in 81.4% of the 221 specimens: 10.0% were positive for HRSV A, 38.0% for HRSV B, 13.1% for influenzavirus A, 8.6% for any coronaviruses, 13.1% for rhinoviruses or enteroviruses, 7.2% for adenoviruses, 4.1% for HMPV, and 1.5% for parainfluenzaviruses. Multiple viral infections were found in 13.1% of the specimens. The two methods yielded concordant results for 94.1% of specimens. These tests allowed a thorough etiological assessment of respiratory viruses infecting children in hospital settings and would assist public health interventions.
Genetic Profiles of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant
Escherichia coli
Isolates Obtained from Patients with Cystitis: Phylogeny, Virulence Factors, PAI
usp
Subtypes, and Mutation Patterns
Authors: Takahashi Akira , Muratani Tetsuro , Yasuda Mitsuru , Takahashi Satoshi , Monden Koichi , Ishikawa Kiyohito , Kiyota Hiroshi , Arakawa Soichi , Matsumoto Tetsuro , Shima Hiroki , Kurazono Hisao , Yamamoto Shingo
Published: January 2009

The low virulence of quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-resistant
Escherichia coli
strains is known, although the reasons for this remain unclear. We surveyed the mutation patterns of quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs), phylogenetic distribution, prevalence of 18 urovirulence genes, and PAI
usp
subtypes in 89 fluoroquinolone-resistant
E. coli
(FQREC) isolates obtained from patients with cystitis and compared them with those of their fluoroquinolone-susceptible counterparts (FQSEC). Phylogenetic group B2 was significantly less prevalent in FQREC than in FQSEC (49% versus 78%;
P
= 0.013
8
), but it still dominated, followed by phylogroup D (35%), in FQREC. When the prevalences of virulence factor (VF) genes were compared between FQREC and FQSEC,
sfa
/
foc
,
cnf1
,
hly
,
kpsMT
,
ompT
,
ibeA
,
usp
, and
iroN
showed significantly lower prevalences in FQREC than in FQSEC (1.1% versus 24% [
P
< 0.0001], 0% versus 29% [
P
< 0.0001], 7.9% versus 33% [
P
< 0.0001], 74% versus 90% [
P
= 0.01], 71% versus 87% [
P
= 0.017], 5.6% versus 37% [
P
< 0.0001], 54% versus 82% [
P
< 0.0001], and 7.9% versus 32% [
P
= 0.0001], respectively), whereas
aer
,
iha
, and
ETTT
showed significantly higher prevalences in FQREC (85% versus 36% [
P
< 0.0001], 66% versus 29% [
P
< 0.0001], and 53% versus 16% [
P
< 0.0001], respectively). Furthermore, a similar difference in prevalences of uropathogenic VF genes was seen between FQREC and FQSEC in phylogroup B2. This indicated that the low virulence in FQREC was intimately correlated with a lesser distribution of VFs in phylogroup B2, which dominated in FQREC and FQSEC. It was interesting that the mutation pattern of Ser83Leu and Asp87Asn encoded in
gyrA
and Ser80Ile and Glu84Val encoded in
parC
was frequently found in FQREC isolates that belonged to phylogroup B2 and that most of these isolates showed PAI
usp
subtype 2a. PAI
usp
subtypes 1a, 1b, and 2b, which were frequently seen in FQSEC, were rarely found in FQREC. These results suggested that the acquisition of fluoroquinolone resistance, e.g., mutations in QRDRs, might be a specific event in limited strains, such as those that possess PAI
usp
subtype 2a in phylogroup B2.
Site of Human Rhinovirus RNA Uncoating Revealed by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Brabec-Zaruba Marianne , Pfanzagl Beatrix , Blaas Dieter , Fuchs Renate
Published: January 2009

By using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), we visualized viral RNA of human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2) during its entry into HeLa cells. RNA uncoating of HRV2 is entirely dependent on low endosomal pH (≤5.6). When internalized into cells treated with bafilomycin, which results in neutralization of the endosomal pH, no FISH signal was recorded, whereas in the absence of the drug, fluorescent dots were seen. Therefore, FISH detects the genomic viral RNA only upon its release from the capsid. Free viral RNA was first seen at 10 min postinfection (p.i.) in the perinuclear area of the cell, which is indicative of RNA release in/from late endosomal compartments. Pulse-chase experiments and observation of HRV2 RNA and capsid proteins via microscopy, Western blotting, and reverse transcription-PCR revealed that the RNA signal persisted whereas the protein signal disappeared. This demonstrates transport of capsids to lysosomes and degradation. In contrast, viral RNA that had already been transferred into the cytoplasm escaped lysosomal breakdown as indicated by a persistent FISH signal. Taken together, our results demonstrate by direct means RNA arrival in the cytosol within 10 min p.i. Based on persistence of the FISH signal and productive infection in the presence of the microtubule-depolymerizing drug nocodazole, we localized this process to endosomal carrier vesicles/late endosomes.
Poxvirus MC160 Protein Utilizes Multiple Mechanisms To Inhibit NF-κB Activation Mediated via Components of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 Signal Transduction Pathway
Authors: Nichols Daniel Brian , Shisler Joanna L.
Published: January 2009

Poxviruses express proteins that limit host immune responses to infection. For example, the molluscum contagiosum virus MC160 protein inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced NF-κB activation. This event correlates with MC160-induced IKK1 protein degradation, suggesting a mechanism for the above-mentioned phenotype. IKK1 is stabilized when it associates with the cellular heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Here, Hsp90 overexpression restored IKK1 levels in MC160-expressing cells, suggesting that MC160 competitively interacted with Hsp90. In support of this, further investigation showed that a mutant MC160 protein comprising only the C-terminal region (C protein) immunoprecipitated with Hsp90. In contrast, Hsp90 IP with a mutant MC160 protein consisting of only the N-terminal tandem death effector domains (DEDs) (N protein) was dramatically decreased. Since cells expressing either the N or C mutant MC160 protein remained similarly resistant to TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation, the N mutant protein probably utilized a different mechanism for inhibiting NF-κB. One likely mechanism for the N protein lies in its association with the DED-containing procaspase-8 protein, a cellular apoptosis precursor protein that regulates NF-κB activation. Here, IPs revealed that this association relied on the presence of the DED-containing N terminus of the MC160 protein but not the C-terminal portion. These interactions appear to have relevance with NF-κB activation, since the expression of the viral DEDs strongly inhibited procaspase-8-mediated NF-κB activation, an event not substantially altered by the C protein. Thus, the MC160 protein utilizes at least two distinct mechanisms for impeding NF-κB activation, association with Hsp90 to result in IKK1 protein degradation or interaction with procaspase-8.
Oncostatin M Enhances the Antiviral Effects of Type I Interferon and Activates Immunostimulatory Functions in Liver Epithelial Cells
Authors: Larrea Esther , Aldabe Rafael , Gonzalez Iranzu , Segura Victor , Sarobe Pablo , Echeverria Itziar , Prieto Jesus
Published: January 2009

Oncostatin M (OSM) is released together with type I interferon (IFN) by activated dendritic cells, suggesting a concerted action of these cytokines in the biological response against infection. We found that OSM increases the antiviral effect of IFN-α in Huh7 hepatoma cells infected with hepatitis A or hepatitis C virus and synergizes with IFN-α in the induction of antiviral genes. The combination of OSM and IFN-α led to upregulation of both STAT1 and STAT3 together with intense and prolonged activation of STAT1, STAT3, and Jak1. OSM with or without IFN-α also activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, which is known to enhance transcription of IFN-α-inducible genes. Interestingly, OSM combined with IFN-α strongly induced immunoproteasome genes and other genes involved in antigen processing and presentation. Moreover, OSM, alone or in combination with IFN-α, upregulated relevant innate immunity molecules and increased the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 and interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) in liver cells. Hepatoma cells transfected with a plasmid encoding a viral antigen were able to activate effector T cells when pretreated with IFN-α plus OSM but not with each cytokine separately. Also, OSM, more than IFN-α, augmented the ability of Huh7 cells to transpresent IL-15 to responding lymphocytes and increased the immunostimulatory activity of liver epithelial cells by presenting a short viral peptide to sensitized cytotoxic T cells. In conclusion, OSM enhances the antiviral effects of type I interferon and cooperates with it in the induction of adaptive immune responses to pathogens. These findings may have therapeutic implications.
Online survey of current autopsy practice
Authors: Biggs M J P , Brown L J R , Furness P N
Published: January 2009

Aims:

The Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) has for several years published guidance on good autopsy practice. However, pressures such as time, cost and the introduction of the Human Tissue Act have generated suggestions that there is a discrepancy between the published guidelines and what can realistically be achieved in daily practice. The aims of this study were to determine the extent to which practising pathologists agree with this complaint, and what suggestions they might have for its resolution.

Methods:

All histopathologists in the UK on the RCPath database (n = 1213) were sent an email invitation to participate in an online questionnaire.

Results:

406 pathologists completed the survey, providing numerical data and free-text responses. Results concerning pressures of time, resources and limitations on examination and sampling were in keeping with those expected from recent issues raised. The view that RCPath guidelines are higher than can be achieved in routine coronial autopsy practice was widely supported, but only 45% stated that the RCPath should publish separate guidelines to differentiate between hospital (“consent”) autopsies and medico-legal cases.

Conclusion:

The circumstances under which coronial autopsies are conducted in many parts of the UK make it difficult or impossible to comply with current RCPath guidance. Pathologists disagree on whether this situation demands a reduction of RCPath standards, an improvement in autopsy practice in medico-legal cases to current RCPath standards, or the implementation of “double standards”. Resolution of this dilemma requires clarification of exactly what a coronial autopsy is trying to achieve.
COSMOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF MODIFIED CHAPLYGIN GAS INTERACTING WITH BAROTROPIC BACKGROUND FLUID
Authors: WU YA-BO , HE JING , WANG CONG , WANG DI
Published: January 2009

Based on the observation that the equation of state parameter ω can cross the phantom dividing ω = -1 and has a 99% probability of being ω < -1, we introduce an interaction between the modified Chaplygin gas and the barotropic background fluid. By studying the dynamical evolution of the MCG model with interaction and the statefinder diagnostic in autonomous system, we find that the MCG vacuum-energy-dominated phase is the only stable attractor, the universe evolves from the matter-dominated phase to the MCG vacuum-energy-dominated phase, and the effect of the transfer strength parameter c is evident. In addition, we have plotted the evolution trajectories of the interacting CG, GCG and MCG models with barotropic background fluid in the statefinder parameter (s - r)-plane to illustrate the discriminations among these scenarios.
THE LOOP GROUP OF E8 AND TARGETS FOR SPACETIME
Authors: SATI HISHAM
Published: January 2009

The dimensional reduction of the E8 gauge theory in 11 dimensions leads to a loop bundle in ten-dimensional type IIA string theory. We show that the restriction to the Neveu–Schwarz sector leads naturally to a sigma model with target space E8 with the ten-dimensional spacetime as the source. The corresponding bundle has a structure group: the group of based loops, whose classifying space we study. We explore some consequences of this proposal such as possible Lagrangians and existence of flat connections.
EFFECT OF THE RIPPLE CURRENT ON POWER FACTOR OF CRM BOOST APFC
Authors: ABRAMOVITZ ALEXANDER , PERETZ MOR MORDECHAI
Published: January 2009

Boost Active Power Factor Corrector operating in a Borderline or Critical Conduction Mode is reexamined. Approximate analytical expressions of the inductor RMS current as well as estimation of Power Factor of the APFC are obtained. Based on the proposed theory, the paper suggests simple design criteria for the line filter.