bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Mixtures of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Methylmercury, and Organochlorine Pesticides on Hepatic DNA Methylation in Prepubertal Female Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Desaulniers Daniel , Xiao Gong-hua , Lian Hong , Feng Yong-Lai , Zhu Jiping , Nakai Jamie , Bowers Wayne J.
Published: July 2009

DNA methylation is one of the epigenetic mechanisms that regulates gene expression, chromosome structure, and stability. Our objective was to determine whether the DNA methylation system could be a target following in utero and postnatal exposure to human blood contaminants. Pregnant rats were dosed daily from gestation day 1 until postnatal day 21 with 2 dose levels of either organochlorine pesticides (OCP; 0.019 or 1.9 mg/kg/day), methylmercury chloride (MeHg; 0.02 or 2 mg/kg/day), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; 0.011 or 1.1 mg/kg/day), or a mixture (Mix; 0.05, or 5 mg/kg/day) including all 3 groups of chemicals. Livers from 1 female offspring per litter were collected at postnatal day 29. Hepatic analysis revealed that the mRNA abundance for DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)-1, -3a, and -3b were significantly reduced by the high dose of PCB, that the high dose of MeHg also reduced mRNA levels for DNMT-1, and -3b, but that OCP had no significant effects compared with control. The high dose of PCB and Mix reduced the abundance of the universal methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine, and Mix also reduced global genome DNA methylation (5-methyl-deoxycytidine/5-methyl-deoxycytidine + deoxycytidine). The latter is consistent with pyrosequencing methylation analysis, revealing that the high-dose groups (except OCP) generally decreased the methylation of CpG sites (position -63 to -29) in the promoter of the tumor suppressor gene p16INK4a. Overall, these hepatic results suggest that the DNA methylation system can be affected by exposure to high doses of blood contaminants, and that OCP is the least potent chemical group from the investigated mixtures.
Materializing Resistant Identities Among the Medieval Peasantry
Authors: Smith Sally V.
Published: July 2009

This article examines metal dress accessories from a range of late medieval English rural settlement sites. It is argued at the outset that medieval archaeology has been very slow to consider the concept of resistance when interrogating the material culture of the peasantry and that items of dress are particularly amenable to such consideration given the close relationship between personal appearance and social power in this period. The dress accessories from seven excavated sites are investigated and interpreted as revealing the use of `infra-political' power by members of the medieval peasantry as they deployed this aspect of their material lives in re-fashioning and resisting the identities imposed on them by the medieval elite.
The second casualty: effects of interstate conflict and civil war on press freedom
Authors: Vultee Fred
Published: July 2009

This article builds on recent work that emphasizes the importance of press freedom in restraining international conflict by examining the reverse relationship: whether conflict has an impact on individual nations' levels of press freedom. It finds that, in general, civil wars have a greater negative impact than interstate wars, press systems in democracies are more affected than those in autocracies, and level of conflict is more relevant than the mere presence of conflict.
'Northern residents: Cellcom is with you': the rhetoric of Israeli advertising during the Second Lebanon War
Authors: Zeevi Irit
Published: July 2009

This article analyses the advertising rhetoric used in Israeli daily newspapers during the Second Lebanon War, when advertisements made use of war-related content and symbolism to sell their products. The author reveals how advertisers exploited the war situation to promote sales and, in doing so, demonstrates the values of Israeli society during this unique period in Israeli history. The findings show a wide usage of patriotic expression for marketing products and services. It seems that advertisers preferred to focus most of their attention on the civilian home front, ignoring to a great extent the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) and its soldiers (unlike accepted practice during periods of military calm). They also omitted mention of the state and its leaders. Additionally, contrary to former practice, advertisers did not make use of foreign (non-Hebrew) words, thus emphasizing Israeli identity.
An unusual groin mass. Seminal vesicle abscess: a case report
Authors: Saha Sunita , Wright Georgina , Arulampalam Tan , Corr John
Published: July 2009

The rare pathology of seminal vesicle abscess is usually diagnosed with computerised tomography scan and confirmed with transrectal ultrasound. We report a recently encountered case where diagnosis proved difficult owing to the non-specific clinical presentation.
Patient risk factors and adverse drug interactions in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis in the elderly: a case report
Authors: Zagler Bernhard , Kaneppele Angelika , Pattis Peter , Stockner Ingrid , Sitzmann Günther , Widmann Josef , Pernthaler Heinrich , Wiedermann Christian J
Published: July 2009

Introduction

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids are both used in the treatment acute gouty arthritis and may adversely interact with colchicine. Gastrointestinal toxicity of colchicine is dose-dependent and can be aggravated by drug-drug and drug-patient interactions.

Case presentation

Colonic perforation associated with second-line administration of colchicine for acute gouty arthrtitis was identified in an elderly man with several comorbidities who was also treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticostroids. Underlying diverticular disease was discovered at the time of surgical therapy.

Conclusions

Initial treatment of acute gouty arthritis with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids may increase colchicine toxicity by subsequent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction in the gut wall. The literature is reviewed suggesting that diverticular disease should be included in the list of adverse event risk factors when colchicine is being considered.
Distal humeral plating of an intramedullary nail periprosthetic fracture using a miss-a-nail technique: a case report
Authors: Sarraf Khaled M , Singh Ravi , Corbett Steven A
Published: July 2009

The treatment of distal humeral periprosthetic fractures is not widely described in the literature. We present a difficult clinical scenario of a 72-year-old man who sustained a displaced distal humeral periprosthetic fracture about a Polarus Plus intramedullary nail. In this case, stable fixation was achieved using bicondylar Acumed Mayo congruent Plates using a miss-a-nail technique. Four months following the post operative period, the patient regained satisfactory range of movement with full function and no further complications up to 18 months post fixation. Treatment of such complex periprosthetic fractures is technically achievable and with potentially good results.
Multiple lung metastases presenting as ground-glass opacities in a pulmonary adenocarcinoma: a case report
Authors: Yanagitani Noriko , Kaira Kyoichi , Ishizuka Tamotsu , Aoki Haruka , Utsugi Mitsuyoshi , Shimizu Yasuo , Sunaga Noriaki , Endou Katsuaki , Hisada Takeshi , Mori Masatomo
Published: July 2009

Introduction

Focal ground-glass opacity on computed tomography suggests several disorders including inflammatory disease, fibrosis, or a primary lung neoplastic lesion, metastatic lung tumor.

Case presentation

The case of a 55-year-old female presenting with adenocarcinoma of the lung is herein reported. Computed tomography of the chest revealed a primary mass lesion in the upper lobe of the right lung and multiple metastases presenting as ground-glass opacities. Macroscopic metastases were observed in the bone, the hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes, and another lobe. This case was advanced lung cancer. We assumed that the multiple ground-glass opacity lesions were metastasis in the lungs. Chest CT revealed a partial response of the primary site and the multiple ground-glass opacities after systemic chemotherapy.

Conclusion

A metastatic lung tumor showing ground-glass opacity is uncommon. It is quite difficult to distinguish between multiple primary lung cancers and intrapulmonary metastasis when patients present with multiple lung nodules. A lot of clinical information is therefore required to make an accurate diagnosis in such cases.
Upper-lip laser frenectomy without infiltrated anaesthesia in a paediatric patient: a case report
Authors: Kafas Panagiotis , Stavrianos Christos , Jerjes Waseem , Upile Tahwinder , Vourvachis Michael , Theodoridis Marios , Stavrianou Irene
Published: July 2009

Labial frenectomy is a common surgical procedure in the field of oral surgery. Labial frenectomy is a procedure usually done for orthodontic reasons. The role of laser surgery in the oral cavity is well established. The use of diode laser frenectomy without infiltrated anaesthesia is currently under investigation. Needle-less oral surgery, without infiltrated anaesthesia, is a novel situation in paediatrics with paramount importance.
Uterine adenosarcoma associated to lymphovascular emboli: a case report
Authors: Sakr Rita , Marzouk Paul , Bricou Alexandre , Demaria Fabien , Cortez Annie , Benifla Jean-Louis
Published: July 2009

Introduction

Uterine adenosarcoma is a rarely observed polypoid tumor with a mixed benign epithelial element and malignant stromal component. The treatment is total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. It could be difficult to diagnose and associated to lymphovascular invasion.

Case presentation

A 45-year-old caucasian uniparous woman presented with uterine bleeding. She had several surgical procedures and pathology of removed recurrent polyps showed no malignancy. Finally, a total abdominal hysterectomy was performed because of atypical cells and suspected uterine adenosarcoma. The hysterectomy specimen confirmed the presence of uterine adenosarcoma associated with lymphatic and vascular tumor emboli. Surgery was completed with a second bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy.

Conclusion

In our report, we present a case of uterine adenosarcoma which was diagnosed after multiple surgical procedures and associated to lymphovascular emboli known to have a significant impact on overall survival and distant metastasis-free survival.
Extra luminal colonic gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a case report
Authors: Masoodi Ibrahim , Chalkoo Mushtaq , Rashid Arshad , Wani Imtiyaz A
Published: July 2009

Introduction

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are the commonest mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, the stomach and small intestine are the favored sites of occurrence. They rarely occur in the colon, rectum and esophagus. GIST is neoplasm of mesenchymal origin originating from precursors of the interstitial cells of cajal. The symptoms of gastrointestinal stromal tumor depend on the site and size of the tumor, and may include abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding or signs of obstruction; small tumors may, however, be asymptomatic. Majority of the patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor have bloody stools and abdominal pain as the commonest manifestation. We describe a young female with extra luminal colonic gastrointestinal stromal tumor presenting as mass abdomen.

Case presentation

We describe 34-year-old female from north Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir who had presented with history of slowly increasing epigastric lump associated with abdominal discomfort of 4 months duration. She had no features of luminal obstruction. Her contrast enhanced computed tomography abdomen revealed a large extra-colonic mass in relation to transverse colon. The tumor was resected and histology was suggestive of gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

Conclusion

Extra luminal colonic gastrointestinal stromal tumors are very rare and can present as mass abdomen. Resection is the treatment of choice.
Cecal epiploica appendix torsion in a female child mimicking acute appendicitis: a case report
Authors: Christianakis Efstratios , Paschalidis Nikolaos , Filippou Georgios , Smailis Dimitrios , Chorti Maria , Rizos Spiros , Filippou Dimitrios
Published: July 2009

Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of the right lower quadrant acute abdominal pain in children. Some other conditions including cecal epiploica appendix torsion, can simulate acute abdomen. Epiploica appendix torsion usually occurs in the sigmoid colon and rarely in the cecum of adult males. In children, this entity is extremely rare and may represent a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. We report a case of an 8-year-old Greek girl, presented with signs and symptoms mimicking acute abdomen. Our patient is the younger one among the other four with cecal epiploica appendix torsion that had been reported in the literature.
Enterococcus faecalis translocation in mice with severe burn injury: a pathogenic role of CCL2 and alternatively activated macrophages (M2aMϕ and M2cMϕ)
Authors: Shigematsu Kenji , Asai Akira , Kobayashi Makiko , Herndon David N , Suzuki Fujio
Published: July 2009

Early after burn injury, CCL2 converts resident mesenteric lymph node macrophages to M2a and M2c macrophages that decrease host antibacterial innate immunity against sepsis stemming from Enterococcus faecalis

Here, we investigated a role of CCL2 on the increased susceptibility of severely burned mice to Enterococcus faecalis translocation. After inoculation of Mϕ from MLMϕ of normal mice, 80% of the SCIDbgMN mice orally infected with the lethal dose of E. faecalis survived, and all mice inoculated with MLMϕ from thermally injured mice died. At this time, SCIDbgMN mice inoculated with MLMϕ from thermally injured CCL2−/− mice were shown to be resistant (90% survival). M1Mϕ were not induced by E. faecalis antigen in cultures of MLMϕ from thermally injured wild-type mice, and MLMϕ from thermally injured CCL2−/− mice converted to M1Mϕ after the antigen stimulation. MLMϕ from wild-type mice 2 days postburn injury possessed M2a- and M2cMϕ properties, and those from mice 7–21 days postburn injury carried M2bMϕ properties. However, MLMϕ from thermally injured CCL2−/− mice did not show any typical properties for M2a- or M2cMϕ. CCL17 and CXCL13 (biomarkers for M2a- and M2cMϕ), but not CCL1 (a biomarker of M2bMϕ), were produced by MLMϕ from thermally injured CCL2−/− mice treated with rCCL2. These results indicate that CCL2 converts resident MLMϕ to M2a- and M2cMϕ, detected early after burn injury, and decreases host antibacterial innate immunity against sepsis stemming from oral E. faecalis infection.
Glu415 in the α-tubulins plays a key role in stabilizing the microtubule–ADP-kinesin complexes
Authors: Gaspar Imre , Szabad Janos
Published: July 2009

Kavar21g, a dominant female-sterile mutation of Drosophila, identifies the αTubulin67C gene that encodes α4-tubulin, the maternally provided α-tubulin isoform. Although α4-tubulin is synthesized during oogenesis, its function is required only in the early cleavage embryos. However, once present in the developing oocyte, much of the α4-tubulin and the Kavar21g-encoded E426K-α4-tubulin molecules become incorporated into the microtubules. We analyzed ooplasmic streaming and lipid-droplet transport, with confocal reflection microscopy, in the developing egg primordia in the presence and absence of α4-tubulin and E426K-α4-tubulin and learnt that the E426K-α4-tubulin molecules eliminate ooplasmic streaming and alter lipid-droplet transport. Apparently, Glu426 is involved in stabilization of the microtubule-kinesin complexes when the kinesins are in the most labile, ADP-bound state. Replacement of Glu426 by Lys results in frequent detachments of the kinesins from the microtubules leading to reduced transport efficiency and death of the embryos derived from the Kavar21g-carrying females. Glu426 is a component of the twelfth α-helix, which is the landing and binding platform for the mechanoenzymes. Since the twelfth α-helix is highly conserved in the α-tubulin family, Glu415, which corresponds to Glu426 in the constitutively expressed α-tubulins, seems be a key component of microtubule-kinesin interaction and thus the microtubule-based transport.
Guerbet Reaction of Ethanol to n-Butanol Catalyzed by Iridium Complexes
Authors: Koda Keitaro , Matsu-ura Toyomi , Obora Yasushi , Ishii Yasutaka
Published: July 2009

Ethanol was efficiently converted into n-butanol in the presence of a catalytic amount of [Ir(acac)(cod)], 1,7-octadiene, and EtONa. This method provides an efficient alternative approach to n-butanol which is conventionally manufactured by oxo process of propylene with H2 and CO followed by hydrogenation of butyraldehyde.
Silica Effect on Coloration of Hematite Nanoparticles for Red Pigments
Authors: Kim YooJin , Pee Jae-Hwan , Chang Jeong Ho , Choi Kyoon , Kim Kyung Ja , Jung Duk-Young
Published: July 2009

A novel red pigment displaying consistent properties up to a heating temperature of 1000 °C was synthesized, which indicates that the multilayer silica coating actually minimizes the agglomeration of the nanoparticles.
New Binaphthyl-based C3-symmetric Chiral Hemilabile Monophosphite Ligands: Synthesis and Characterization of Their Platinum Complexes
Authors: Carrilho Rui M B , Abreu Artur R , Petöcz György , Bayón J Carles , Moreno Maria José S M , Kollár László , Pereira Mariette M
Published: July 2009

In this paper, we report an easy and highly efficient methodology for the synthesis of novel binaphthyl-based chiral monophosphites with C3-symmetry. The preparation of the respective platinum complexes and their characterization by suitable in situ NMR spectroscopic studies confirmed the noteworthy hemilabile potential of the new phosphite ligands.
Multiphase Photocatalytic Oxidation in a Microreactor
Authors: Matsushita Yoshihisa , Iwasawa Mayuko , Suzuki Tadashi , Ichimura Teijiro
Published: July 2009

Photocatalytic oxidation of p-chlorophenol and toluene under gas–liquid–solid multiphase flow conditions was investigated by using a photocatalytic microreaction system. By loading both gaseous and liquid samples simultaneously into a microchannel with a photocatalytic titanium dioxide thin layer therein, a gas–liquid–solid multiphase annular flow was generated. The reaction yield was greatly enhanced with decreasing thickness of liquid layer because of improved efficiency of interaction and mass transfer between different phases.
Preparation of Submicron-sized Snowman-like Polystyrene Particles via Radiation-induced Seeded Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Hu Xin , Liu Huarong , Ge Xueping , Yang Song , Ge Xuewu
Published: July 2009

In this paper, we have successfully prepared submicron-sized snowman-like polystyrene (PS) particles by radiation-induced seeded emulsion polymerization at room temperature. The monodispersed crosslinked PS particles with an average size of 358 nm acted as seed particles. The influence of polymer/monomer weight ratio on the morphology was studied. The results showed that snowman-like PS particles could be fabricated in high yield about 90% when the polymer/monomer weight ratio was 0.2:1.
The RNA structure alignment ontology
Authors: Brown James W. , Birmingham Amanda , Griffiths Paul E. , Jossinet Fabrice , Kachouri-Lafond Rym , Knight Rob , Lang B. Franz , Leontis Neocles , Steger Gerhard , Stombaugh Jesse , Westhof Eric
Published: July 2009

Multiple sequence alignments are powerful tools for understanding the structures, functions, and evolutionary histories of linear biological macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins), and for finding homologs in sequence databases. We address several ontological issues related to RNA sequence alignments that are informed by structure. Multiple sequence alignments are usually shown as two-dimensional (2D) matrices, with rows representing individual sequences, and columns identifying nucleotides from different sequences that correspond structurally, functionally, and/or evolutionarily. However, the requirement that sequences and structures correspond nucleotide-by-nucleotide is unrealistic and hinders representation of important biological relationships. High-throughput sequencing efforts are also rapidly making 2D alignments unmanageable because of vertical and horizontal expansion as more sequences are added. Solving the shortcomings of traditional RNA sequence alignments requires explicit annotation of the meaning of each relationship within the alignment. We introduce the notion of “correspondence,” which is an equivalence relation between RNA elements in sets of sequences as the basis of an RNA alignment ontology. The purpose of this ontology is twofold: first, to enable the development of new representations of RNA data and of software tools that resolve the expansion problems with current RNA sequence alignments, and second, to facilitate the integration of sequence data with secondary and three-dimensional structural information, as well as other experimental information, to create simultaneously more accurate and more exploitable RNA alignments.
Interplay between spin crossover and exchange interaction in iron(III) complexes
Authors: Boča Roman , Nemec Ivan , Šalitroš Ivan , Pavlik Ján , Herchel Radovan , Renz Franz
Published: July 2009

In the dinuclear and polynuclear metal complexes exhibiting the low-spin (LS) to high-spin (HS) transition, the spin-crossover phenomenon interferes with the magnetic exchange interaction. The latter manifests itself in forming spin-multiplets, which causes a possible overlap of the band originating in different reference spin states (LL, LH, HL, and HH). A series of dinuclear Fe(III) complexes has been prepared; the iron centers are linked by a bidentate bridge (CN-, and diamagnetic metallacyanates {Fe(CN)5(NO)}, {Ni(CN)4}, {Pt(CN)4}, and {Ag(CN)2}). Magnetic measurements confirm that the spin crossover proceeds on the thermal propagation. This information has been completed also by the Mössbauer spectral (MS) data. A theoretical model has been developed that allows a simultaneous fitting of all available experimental data (magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, HS mole fraction) on a common set of parameters.
Errata: Atomic weights of the elements: Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical
Report)
Authors: de Laeter John R. , Böhlke John Karl , De Bièvre P. , Hidaka H. , Peiser H. S. , Rosman K. J. R. , Taylor P. D. P.
Published: July 2009

Errata: Atomic weights of the elements: Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report). (J.
R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S.Peiser, K. J. R.
Rosman, and P. D. P. Taylor). Pure Appl.
Chem.
75,683–800 (2003); doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
Creating orange purple and green: an experiment with preschool children in Greece
Authors: Apostolos Magouliotis , Tzeni Moraiti
Published: July 2009

This study organized and applied an instructional strategy for preschool children, in a real-life classroom situation, with the aim of teaching them how to produce secondary from primary colours using different art materials. The research sample included forty children, mean age 45
years, in two kindergarten classes in Greece. The first group was a control and the second was an experimental group. This paper presents, analyses and compares the results of this educational intervention. A finding was that, unlike those in the control group, children in the experimental
group worked indefatigably with great enthusiasm, learned to produce the three secondary colours and were able to employ this new knowledge in a variety of art activities.
Pedagogical reasoning, creativity and cooperative learning in the visual art classroom
Authors: Corcoran Kerrie , Sim Cheryl
Published: July 2009

This article reports on an action research that combined a process-product approach to improving learning with reflective practice. In Queensland, the school subject of Senior Secondary Visual Art is based on a state curriculum document that sets out standards against which teachers
assess each student's creative ability. A pedagogy that supports the development of creativity is integral to student success therefore. This action research centered around the explicit teaching of a cooperative learning model that set out to facilitate senior secondary students' creativity
in art making. One of us used action research to examine her teaching for creativity while implementing a particular model of cooperative learning. Through analysis of the evidence collected, we identify the process whereby she acknowledged the role her assumptions about learners and content
played in her pedagogical decision-making. The finding was that learning and teaching for creativity can be achieved successfully when a teacher understands the nature of their own pedagogical reasoning.
Contextualizing meanings as personal cultural inquiry: A book-making project
Authors: Wang Shei-chau
Published: July 2009

This case study reports American college students' visual interpretations of their personal cultural environments. The purpose was to examine how they viewed and found things that had meaning for them, how their visual literacy transformed into book form, and what factors affected the
content. A group of students were introduced to a book-making project in 2007; each student was then asked to chose and collect a series of images of visual/cultural phenomena, use them to create a narrative theme, and critically analyze their elements, messages, and meanings. Six books were
selected for the further study together with written statements about them, and digital photographs were taken of every page. Content analysis was applied to examine rationales for choices of themes, the students' book organization and expressive skills using images and narrative, and understanding
of the visual world. The findings were that the conceptual frameworks for the books were personal and subjective in some cases and objective and generalised in others; and the narratives were either more image oriented or more text oriented. The content related to identity in ways that indicated
the students' concerns and understandings of their surroundings.
Fanart as craft and the creation of culture
Authors: Manifold Marjorie Cohee
Published: July 2009

A study reveals how young people from nineteen countries have begun to manipulate media conveyed narratives of popular culture in ways that may be construed as culture creation. Through intense engagements as fans of commercially produced images and stories, adolescents and young adults may craft fanart illustrations as images of self. As they learn art making within the global fandom, or Internet-connected community of like-interested fans and fanartists, these young people enact relationships to the subject and process of fanart making, fellow fanartists and the fan community that are not unlike those of the medieval European craftsman to his craft, guild workshop and community. Appreciation of local and global aesthetics is quickened, and a desire to develop a high level of skill is inspired. Knowledge, skill, and aesthetic appreciation, however, do not necessarily lead fanartists to desire art-related careers. Rather, many fanartists are satisfied to experience fanart making as internalized affirmations of communal self. These findings suggest art teachers should encourage practices that permit students to explore personally relevant content, such as may be found in popular narratives, and enter into interactions that reiterate those between craftsman and media, process, and community.
Fretting Corrosion of Large Shafts as Influenced by Surface Treatments
Authors: Horger Oscar J. , Neifert H. R.
Published: July 2009

Rotating-bending fatigue tests were made on 7 9/16 in. diameter normalized-and-tempered 0.50 per cent plain carbon steel shaft forgings having a pressfitted outer disk member. The disk seat of some assemblies was chromiumplated, while other seats were treated by phosphate coating. The limited number of tests indicate appreciable improvement in fatigue resistance by chromium plating and little if any by phosphate coating. More tests are needed for quantitative evaluation. Model tailshaft assemblies having a welded layer inlay of good quality deposited on the 5 3/4-in. diameter propeller hub seat were similarly tested. The fatigue resistance of these tailshafts was no different than non-welded shafts of the same plain carbon steel to MIL-S-890, class B specification. Information is presented on the actual surface rolling of about 27-in. diameter marine propeller shafting.
Fatigue Tests Of Large Alloy Steel Shafts
Authors: Eaton F. C.
Published: July 2009

Fatigue tests are being made on 9-in. diameter unnotched shafts and 8 1/2-in. diameter notched shafts. This paper is a progress report on work accomplished to date. Also included are results obtained on 0.469-in. diameter specimens removed from one of the large shafts broken. The large diameter shafts are tested in a rotating-beam type machine in which load is applied to the shaft by misalignment of the bearings. Small diameter specimens were tested in a rotating-cantilever machine. Limited data obtained thus far indicates a considerably lower fatigue limit for the large diameter unnotched shafts than that obtained of the small diameter specimens. No discussion of the apparent size effect indicated is given, pending completion of testing on the large shafts and further sampling of small specimens.
Influence of Operating Experience and Full Scale Tests on Propulsion Shafting Design of U. S. Navy Ships
Authors: Michel Rudolph
Published: July 2009

Much has been done in the last quarter century to improve the design and the manufacture of propulsion shafting. It is the purpose of this paper to review operating experiences and full scale tests of propulsion shafting of U. S. Navy ships and changes in design resulting therefrom. A period of approximately twenty-five years is covered.
Sudden Fracture of Machine Parts and Structure Elements
Authors: Uzhik G. V. , Galperin M. J. , Zooykova A. A.
Published: July 2009

Many papers have been devoted to the problem of the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks (1–5). It has been established that the rate of crack propagation depends upon the magnitude of acting stresses. When the stresses approximate the endurance limit, the crack propagates slowly, and final fracture might occur after a long period of time. When the stresses are constant and greatly exceed the endurance limit, the rate of crack propagation is higher, and final fracture in this case might occur a short period of time after the crack initiation. However, machine and structural elements often work under so-called “non-constant” conditions, that is with loads of small value acting over a long period of time alternating with overloads of considerable magnitude but of short duration. It is this type of loading that might cause the transition from pure fatigue failure to sudden brittle fracture. The sudden brittle fracture develops in two main stages: The first stage presents the initiation of a fatigue crack as a result of cumulative damage caused by momentary overloads. The crack after its initiation may be regarded as a sharp notch. The second stage presents the sudden brittle fracture under a single application of overload.
Determination of Dynamic Loading in Full Size Fatigue Tests and Some Results
Authors: Serensen S. V. , Garf M. E.
Published: July 2009

Fatigue machines can be classified according to their dynamic performance into the following types (1): 1. Forced disturbance, Fig. 1. 2. Free direct disturbance, Fig. 2. 3. Free indirect disturbance, Fig. 3. 4. Constant force, Fig. 4. In the arrangement shown in Fig. 4, vibrations occur as a result of eccentric movement of the clamp with the specimen. The amplitude of this movement is equal to half the value of the eccentricity s.
Performance Testing of Metal Curtain Walls
Authors: Koppes Wayne F.
Published: July 2009

The purpose of this paper is to review briefly the work currently being done in testing metal curtain walls—to report on the state of the art—and to point out the need for authoritative standards in this work. The usual objectives and typical methods of testing will be discussed, and some of the criteria of performance as well as some of the tentative testing procedures will be reviewed. It is not the intent to suggest any new procedures for this work or even to offer recommendations. The author is serving as a reporter, acquainted with some of the current activities and hopeful of being able to provide some background information pertinent to the functions of Committee E-6 on Methods of Testing Building Constructions. Those concerned with metal wall testing are gratified that ASTM is initiating activity in this area, and the results of these studies are already being anticipated.
Structural Testing of Clay Masonry Curtain Walls
Authors: Monk C. B.
Published: July 2009

Before the development of the skeleton frame in the late nineteenth century, exterior building walls, traditionally of masonry, were utilized structurally as load-bearing supports. When this structural action of the walls was taken over by the skeleton frame, the walls evolved into only curtains of protection against wind and weather. Thus, the modern trend towards lightweight curtain wall enclosures is one logical adjunct to skeleton framing. While skeleton framing permits considerable architectural freedom as to the openness of building elevations (reaching a climax in the complete glass enclosure), there may be functional, aesthetic, and technical reasons for considerable opaque wall areas. The economically minded will observe that the concentration of stress from shallow flexural members and pointbearing of columns in skeleton frames lead to unnecessary structural severity, while opaque wall areas will permit deep flexural systems and load-bearing elements. Further, since much of interior wall construction is opaque, such areas can be exploited structurally for racking or shear resistance. The purpose of this paper is to describe the testing of clay masonry curtain walls assembled from prefabricated panels to show how such panel systems may be useful structurally for flexural, compressive, and shear action in building construction where skeleton framing may be partially or entirely eliminated. Provided sufficient ingenuity is employed in joining them properly, structural panel systems may prove more economical than skeleton framing when the use of the latter concentrates stresses. For many moderately sized buildings not over 6 or 7 (20 ft) bays in either direction, at least one-third of the columns and one-fourth of the beams are to be found in the exterior wall. For smaller buildings, the proportion approaches 50 per cent in the exterior walls. While it is conceded that the exterior framing is subject to roughly one-half the loading of interior framing, nevertheless, this analysis suggests that the use of structural curtain wall systems should have a significant influence on over-all framing costs.
Loading Tests on Full-Scale House Roofs
Authors: Thorburn H. J. , Schriever W. R.
Published: July 2009

Earlier loading tests on single roof frames had shown that many conven tional rafter-and-joist frames had failure loads well below the design snow loads specified in Canada. This suggested that either actual snow loads were lower than the design values or that the strength of individual roof frames do not indicate full strength of the complete roof. Consequently, a number of full-scale house roofs were load tested to failure in the laboratory to determine what additional strength is derived from the roof sheathing providing the roof with “folded plate action.” The results indicate that on the whole most roofs do not derive much extra strength from the sheathing.
The Testing of Building Constructions—The Work of ASTM Committee E-6 on Methods of Testing Building Constructions
Authors: Legget Robert F.
Published: July 2009

The steady development in the use of performance codes as a part of building regulations has focused attention during recent years on the necessity for having generally accepted test methods supplementary to such performance requirements. Providing standard methods of testing building constructions is the principal function of Committee E-6, on Methods of Testing Building Constructions, of the American Society for Testing and Materials. The test methods being developed by this committee are drawn up in accordance with the wellestablished procedures of ASTM. They are therefore constantly under revision and will improve in character the more they are used and the more they are commented upon critically by those who use them. There is still a general lack of information regarding such standard test methods in regard to building constructions since this is a relatively new field. It is only in post-war years that building research has come to be widely recognized. This paper has therefore been prepared to outline the background of the work of ASTM Committee E-6, for general information, for the use of members of the committee, and for the guidance of new members when they join in its work. The present Scope of Committee E-6 is as follows: “To formulate methods of test for building (including housing) construction, including elements, connections and assemblies, under actual or simulated service conditions, applicable to the evaluation of such factors as materials, design, construction and fabrication, with special reference to the needs of building code and similar authorities with whom the committee has liaison.” It will be seen that the special needs of building officials have been recognized by ASTM in the approval of this directive to Committee E-6. It is therefore hoped that this review will come to the attention of building officials throughout this continent so that they may know that there is available an organization ready and willing to assist them in their important work in guarding the safety of the public in relation to buildings.
Printed Wiring Surface Preparation Methods—Elimination of Gold Plating as a Surface Preparation for Printed Circuits and Development of a Contamination-Free Surface
Authors: Keller J. D.
Published: July 2009

Soldering at Martin-Orlando is one of the most important operations in the production of missile weapon systems. To assure the ultimate in solderable surfaces it was felt that gold plating should be used. However, as printed wiring boards got into production, various puzzling defects entered the picture.
Tin Transformation Of Tinned Copper Wire
Authors: Spergel Jack
Published: July 2009

The phenomenon of tin transformation was first observed and reported over 25 years ago. Although the incidents of transformation had been few and isolated, concern for this problem has grown recently following the expanded use of electronics in m litary weapons systems in arctic regions. In turn, the dependence upon electronics by military agencies has produced the need for greater reliability of such equipment. The complexity of modern electronic equipment has increased the quantity of wiring and components with tin coatings susceptible to transformation. The presence of grey tin powder in electronic equipment may produce a permanent failure from short circuits or improper performance due to intermittency or degradation of high-impedance circuits, with possible adverse effect on equipment reliability. The requirement in ASTM Specification B33-52T, Tinned Soft or Annealed Copper Wire for Electrical Purposes,2 that “Commercially Pure” tin be used for coating copper wire was considered too vague to assure that the tincoating would retain its physical properties at low temperatures after an extended period of time. Although a limit on the quantity and type of impurities allowed in the tin is necessary to achieve a satisfactory tin coating for most applications, recent studies and investigations indicated a need to limit the “purity” of the tin in order to inhibit transformation of the tin to a gray powder at low temperatures. Since the phenomenon of tin transformation is known to take place under the right conditions, a study was initiated in 1956 by Task Group 22 of Subcommittee IV on Conductors of Copper and Copper Alloys of ASTM Committee B 1 on Wires for Electrical Conductors to determine suitable preventive measures to maintain reliability of equipment.
Paramagnetic Resonance of Transition Elements and Irradiated Substances
Authors: Sahni R. C.
Published: July 2009

The application of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra to welldefined systems containing unpaired electron spins such as transition metals, ions located in crystal lattice, and certain odd electron systems is discussed. Special problems such as resonance from free radicals, conduction electrons in metals and semiconductors, broken bonds, and irradiated substances are also considered. In the study of irradiated substances, discussions are centered on crystals and the dislocation and imperfections that are produced in them by radiation damage. The paramagnetic resonance study of irradiated substances is shown to give qualitative information on the nature of crystal imperfection as well as a quantitative estimate on the number of damage centers.
Radiation-Induced Changes in Reactivity of Ammonium Perchlorate
Authors: Freeman E. S. , Anderson D. A.
Published: July 2009

Exposure to X-ray and gamma-ray radiation profoundly alters the thermal stability and decomposition characteristics of ammonium perchlorate in the solid state. The radiation-induced changes in chemical reactivity were revealed by investigations involving thermogravimetric experiments and differential thermal analysis, where temperature is increased continuously at a constant rate, isothermal rate studies as a function of temperature, hot stage microscopic and X-ray diffraction studies, and electron spin resonance. This paper presents both a review and evaluation of recent investigations and new experimental results and interpretations of the reaction mechanisms.
Soil Explorations for Site Selection and Engineering Design
Authors: Woods K. B.
Published: July 2009

This paper reviews briefly the important techniques used for site selection and for explorations including the use of pedological, geological, and topographic maps—the role of aerial photographic interpretation techniques—and the importance of seismic, electrical resistivity, and ordinary drilling procedures in the collection of subsurface data. The paper contains a selected group of references for the guidance of those not entirely familiar with the details of these involved procedures including some limitations and ramifications of each. The outstanding contributions of ASTM through Committee D-18 on Soils for Engineering Purposes as well as the role of the Highway Research Board's Department of Soils, and some of the Committees of the American Association of State Highway Officials are indicated. In the production of plans for a new structure—an airport, a bridge, a building, a highway, a dam, a sanitary disposal plant—there should be no priority higher than that of explorations to develop information for selection of the best site available and to obtain data on the properties of the foundation materials for the proposed structure so that an adequate and efficient design can be made.
The Use of a Vibratory Compactor on Granular Base Courses
Authors: White C. R.
Published: July 2009

The reasons for military interest in vibratory compaction are outlined, and the events leading to construction of a vibratory compactor by the Navy are described. Operating principles are delineated, and results of pilot tests with the machine are revealed. Mention is made of future evaluation tests to be performed.
Microseismics
Authors: Bernhard R. K.
Published: July 2009

This paper describes a series of experiments having as their main purpose the investigation of the dynamic characteristics of soils. Waves in the soil were produced by a mechanical oscillator on top of the soil and picked up by seismometers on the surface and by pressure cells below the surface of the soil. Since the distance between oscillator and pickup units did not exceed 200 ft, this study is called “microseismics” in contrast to macroseismic investigations, which deal with larger distances—for example, earthquakes. Laboratory and field experiments are discussed and their results analyzed.
Field Tests on Laterally Loaded Piles in Sand and Clay
Authors: Mason Harold G.
Published: July 2009

The paper describes the instrumentation used to obtain “fixed head” loading condition for static and repetitive testing. The effect that the degree of fixity has on the pressure and deflection patterns is discussed. A comparison is made between the measured values, and theoretical deflection and pressure patterns as developed from the Palmer-Thompson theory. A method is presented by which the engineering profession may have lateral thrust pile problems solved by IBM calculation at nominal costs. Details are also presented of the instrumentation used in a pile embedded in 40 ft of clay soil, including a new electronic pressure cell. Results of the “at rest” pressure studies are presented.
Management of Childhood Onset Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Gipson Debbie S. , Massengill Susan F. , Yao Lynne , Nagaraj Shashi , Smoyer William E. , Mahan John D. , Wigfall Delbert , Miles Paul , Powell Leslie , Lin Jen-Jar , Trachtman Howard , Greenbaum Larry A.
Published: July 2009

The therapeutic approach to childhood nephrotic syndrome is based on a series of studies that began with an international collaborative effort sponsored by the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children in 1967. The characteristics of children presenting with nephrotic syndrome have changed over recent decades with greater frequency of the challenging condition focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and a greater prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus, which may be resistant to glucocorticoids in the former and exacerbated by long-term glucocorticoid therapy in the latter 2 conditions. The Children's Nephrotic Syndrome Consensus Conference was formed to systematically review the published literature and generate a children's primary nephrotic syndrome guideline for use in educational, therapeutic, and research venues.
Parental Angst Making and Revisiting Decisions About Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Brinkman William B. , Sherman Susan N. , Zmitrovich April R. , Visscher Marty O. , Crosby Lori E. , Phelan Kieran J. , Donovan Edward F.
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurobehavioral conditions of childhood and adolescence. Despite availability of effective treatment options, initiation of treatment is variable and persistence with therapeutic regimens is poor.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to better understand how parents make decisions about treatment for their child or adolescent with ADHD.

METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study among parents of children and adolescents; 52 parents participated in 1 of 12 focus groups. Parents answered questions about decision-making, information sharing, and sources of conflict and uncertainty. Sessions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Themes were coded independently by 4 of the investigators, who then agreed on common themes.

RESULTS: Parents in our study made decisions about treatment for their child with ADHD in the midst of experiencing a variety of emotions as they witnessed child functional impairments at home and at school. In addition, parents felt stress as a result of their daily efforts to manage their child's struggles. Multiple factors influenced the decision to initiate medication. Subsequently, revisiting the decision to give their child medicine for ADHD was common. Many parents contrasted time on and off medicine to help inform management decisions. Trials stopping medication were almost always parent- or child-initiated.

CONCLUSIONS: Decisions about medication use for children and adolescents with ADHD are made and frequently revisited by their parents. Choices are often made under stressful conditions and influenced by a variety of factors. Striking a balance between benefits and concerns is an ongoing process that is often informed by contrasting time on and off medication. Development of strategies to support families across the continuum of decisions faced while managing ADHD is warranted.