bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm and acute appendicitis: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Peña Rubén , Valverde Sergio , Alcázar José A. , Cebrián Paloma , González-Porras José Ramón , Lozano Francisco S.
Published: April 2021

Background

Abdominal aortic aneurysm and acute appendicitis occur relatively frequently in elderly patients. However, the co-occurrence of the two pathologies is very rare and serious.

Case presentation

We present the case of an elderly Caucasian patient who was aware of having an abdominal aortic aneurysm but refused treatment and was subsequently admitted to the hospital’s emergency department with acute abdominal symptoms. A computed tomography scan raised the possibility of complication due to the characteristics of the aneurysm. The patient then agreed to emergency surgery. Laparotomy revealed the existence of an acute perforated appendicitis with a significant abscess in the right iliac fossa and an uncomplicated aneurysm. Appendectomy was performed and the abscess drained. The postoperative period passed without complications, and the patient again refused surgery for the aneurysm, which due to its anatomical characteristics was not a candidate for standard endovascular treatment.

Conclusions

In light of this experience, we review the literature about the relationship between abdominal aortic aneurysm and acute appendicitis.
A novel MSC-based immune induction strategy for ABO-incompatible liver transplantation: a phase I/II randomized, open-label, controlled trial
Authors: Zhang Yingcai , Zhang Jiebin , Yi Huimin , Zheng Jun , Cai Jianye , Chen Wenjie , Lu Tongyu , Chen Liang , Du Cong , Liu Jianrong , Yao Jia , Zhao Hui , Wang Guoying , Fu Binsheng , Zhang Tong , Zhang Jian , Wang Genshu , Li Hua , Xiang Andy Peng , Chen Guihua , Yi Shuhong , Zhang Qi , Yang Yang
Published: April 2021

Background

ABO-incompatible liver transplantation (ABO-i LT) has become a rescue therapeutic option for patients with severe hepatic failure. Although the use of rituximab greatly reduces the morbidity of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), severe adverse effects, such as infection and biliary complications, still seriously threaten the survival of transplant recipients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to replace rituximab in ABO-i LT.

Methods

Twenty-two patients with severe hepatic failure undergoing ABO-i LT were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups: the MSC group and the rituximab group. The safety of the application of MSCs and the incidence of allograft rejection, including antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and acute cellular rejection (ACR), were evaluated in both groups at the 2-year follow-up period as primary endpoints. Recipients and graft survival and other postoperative complications were compared as secondary endpoints.

Results

No severe MSC-related adverse events were observed during the trial. MSC treatment yielded comparable, if not better, results than rituximab at decreasing the incidence of acute rejection (9.1% vs 27.3%). Inspiringly, compared to those in the rituximab group, the rates of biliary complications (0% vs 45.5%) and infection (9.1% vs 81.8%) were significantly decreased in the MSC group. In addition, there were no significant differences in 2-year graft and recipient survival between the two groups (81.8% vs 72.7%).

Conclusions

Our data show that MSC transfusion is comparable to rituximab treatment for AMR prophylaxis following ABO-i LT. Additionally, the results indicate that MSCs are more beneficial to the prevention of infection and biliary complications and may be introduced as a novel immunosuppressive approach for ABO-i LT.

Trial registration

Trial registration: chictr.org.cn, ChiCTR2000037732. Registered 31 August 2020- Retrospectively registered, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=57074.
IDSDL: a sensitive intrusion detection system based on deep learning
Authors: Hu Yanjun , Bai Fan , Yang Xuemiao , Liu Yafeng
Published: April 2021

Device-free passive (DfP) intrusion detection system is a system that can detect moving entities without attaching any device to the entities. To achieve good performance, the existing algorithms require proper access point (AP) deployment. It limits the applying scenario of those algorithms. We propose an intrusion detection system based on deep learning (IDSDL) with finer-grained channel state information (CSI) to free the AP position. A CSI phase propagation components decomposition algorithm is applied to obtain blurred components of CSI phase on several paths as a more sensitive detection signal. Convolutional neuron network (CNN) of deep learning is used to enable the computer to learn and detect intrusion without extracting numerical features. We prototype IDSDL to verify its performance and the experimental results indicate that IDSDL is effective and reliable.
Overcontrolled, undercontrolled, and resilient personality styles among patients with eating disorders
Authors: Isaksson Martina , Ghaderi Ata , Wolf-Arehult Martina , Ramklint Mia
Published: April 2021

Background

Personality has been suggested to be an important factor in understanding onset, maintenance, and recovery from eating disorders (ED). The objective of the current study was to evaluate personality style in different ED diagnostic groups as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth edition (DSM-5).

Methods

The overcontrolled, undercontrolled, and resilient personality styles were compared in four groups of patients with EDs: anorexia nervosa restricting (ANr) (n = 34), anorexia nervosa binge eating/purging (ANbp) (n = 31), atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN) (n = 29), and bulimia nervosa (BN) (n = 76). These groups were compared with a group of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) (n = 108), and a non-clinical group (NC) (n = 444). Patient data were collected at two outpatient clinics in Uppsala, Sweden. NC control data were collected through convenience sampling. Participants filled out questionnaires assessing personality style.

Results

The main findings were more pronounced overcontrol reported by the ANr and AAN groups compared with the BN, BPD, and NC groups, and no significant difference in resilience between the ED and the NC groups. Considerable variability of over- and undercontrol was also found within each group.

Conclusions

The results replicate previous findings when EDs are classified according to current diagnostic criteria (DSM-5). Taking personality styles into account may improve our understanding of certain characteristics in EDs, such as social deficits and rigidity that are attributed to poor treatment outcome.
MEK inhibitors - novel targeted therapies of neurofibromatosis associated benign and malignant lesions
Authors: Harder Anja
Published: April 2021

MAP/ERK kinase 1 and 2 (MEK 1/2) inhibitors (MEKi) are investigated in several trials to treat lesions that arise from pathogenic variants of the Neurofibromatosis type 1 and type 2 genes (NF1, NF2). These trials showed that MEKi are capable to shrink volume of low grade gliomas and plexiform neurofibromas in NF1. Targeting other lesions being associated with a high morbidity in NF1 seems to be promising. Due to involvement of multiple pathways in NF2 associated lesions as well as in malignant tumors, MEKi are also used in combination therapies. This review outlines the current state of MEKi application in neurofibromatosis and associated benign and malignant lesions.
Noise classification for the unified earthquake catalog using ensemble learning: the enhanced image of seismic activity along the Japan Trench by the S-net seafloor network
Authors: Tamaribuchi Koji , Hirose Fuyuki , Noda Akemi , Iwasaki Yuriko , Iwakiri Kazuhiro , Ueno Hiroshi
Published: April 2021

Homogeneous and accurate hypocenter distribution along the Japan Trench is important to better understand the process of plate subduction and the occurrence mode of large earthquakes. The seafloor seismic network (S-net) deployed recently along the Japan Trench has revealed new seismic activity including shallow slow earthquakes. However, conventional microseismic observations, such as those reported in the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) unified earthquake catalog, have been limited to land-based stations. Thus, steady seismic activity occurring at the shallow plate boundary, which is far from land is not always recorded. In the present study, we construct an automatic earthquake catalog using the nationwide observation network, including S-net. Because false detections caused by noise account for about 5% of automatically determined hypocenters, we attempted to reduce false detections using ensemble learning methods such as random forest and AdaBoost. First, we created a training dataset of earthquakes and noise by visual inspection based on the data recorded in the automatically determined catalog over a 2-month period, and we trained the dataset using the hypocenter and phase data as input. As a result of the training, AdaBoost was able to reduce the noise to about one-fifth of the total false detections, which is equivalent to 1%, while keeping the number of hypocenters above 99%. This method will contribute to significantly improving the efficiency of seismic activity monitoring and cataloging. In addition, the automatic denoised catalog data revealed that from January to August 2020, the completeness magnitude wasM1.6 along the Japan Trench. These microearthquakes were concentrated at depths of 20–50 km around the upper surface of the subducting Pacific Plate and are complementary to the slow earthquakes occurring at 10–20-km depths. Exceptionally, microearthquakes were observed off Iwate and Ibaraki prefectures, which correspond in location to areas of clustered foreshock activity. This spatial heterogeneity in microseismic activity is similar to the spatial complementary between the coseismic slip and afterslip of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, which may be related to differences in interplate frictional properties and stress changes in the surrounding crust.
Modelling cometary meteoroid stream traverses of the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) spacecraft en route to Phobos
Authors: Krüger Harald , Kobayashi Masanori , Strub Peter , Klostermeyer Georg-Moragas , Sommer Maximilian , Kimura Hiroshi , Grün Eberhard , Srama Ralf
Published: April 2021

The Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) spacecraft is a JAXA mission to Mars and its moons Phobos and Deimos. MMX will be equipped with the Circum-Martian Dust Monitor (CMDM) which is a newly developed light-weight ($$\mathrm {650\,g}$$

650

g

) large area ($$1\,\mathrm {m}^{2}$$

1

m

2

) dust impact detector. Cometary meteoroid streams (also referred to as trails) exist along the orbits of comets, forming fine structures of the interplanetary dust cloud. The streams consist predominantly of the largest cometary particles (with sizes of approximately $$100\,\mu \mathrm { m}$$

100

μ
m

to 1 cm) which are ejected at low speeds and remain very close to the comet orbit for several revolutions around the Sun. The Interplanetary Meteoroid Environment for eXploration (IMEX) dust streams in space model is a new and recently published universal model for cometary meteoroid streams in the inner Solar System. We use IMEX to study the detection conditions of cometary dust stream particles with CMDM during the MMX mission in the time period 2024 to 2028. The model predicts traverses of 12 cometary meteoroid streams with fluxes of $$100\,\mu \mathrm { m}$$

100

μ
m

and bigger particles of at least $$10^{-3}\,\mathrm {m}^{-2}\,\mathrm {day}^{-1}$$

10

-
3

m

-
2

day

-
1

during a total time period of approximately 90 days. The highest flux of $$0.15\,\mathrm {m}^{-2}\,\mathrm {day}^{-1}$$

0.15

m

-
2

day

-
1

is predicted for comet 114P/Wiseman-Skiff in October 2026. With its large detection area and high sensitivity CMDM will be able to detect cometary meteoroid streams en route to Phobos. Our simulation results for the Mars orbital phase of MMX also predict the occurrence of meteor showers in the Martian atmosphere which may be observable from the Martian surface with cameras on board landers or rovers. Finally, the IMEX model can be used to study the impact hazards imposed by meteoroid impacts onto large-area spacecraft structures that will be particularly necessary for crewed deep space missions.
3D pointing gestures as target selection tools: guiding monocular UAVs during window selection in an outdoor environment
Authors: Medeiros Anna C. S. , Ratsamee Photchara , Orlosky Jason , Uranishi Yuki , Higashida Manabu , Takemura Haruo
Published: April 2021

Firefighters need to gain information from both inside and outside of buildings in first response emergency scenarios. For this purpose, drones are beneficial. This paper presents an elicitation study that showed firefighters’ desires to collaborate with autonomous drones. We developed a Human–Drone interaction (HDI) method for indicating a target to a drone using 3D pointing gestures estimated solely from a monocular camera. The participant first points to a window without using any wearable or body-attached device. Through the drone’s front-facing camera, the drone detects the gesture and computes the target window. This work includes a description of the process for choosing the gesture, detecting and localizing objects, and carrying out the transformations between coordinate systems. Our proposed 3D pointing gesture interface improves on 2D interfaces by integrating depth information with SLAM and solving ambiguity with multiple objects aligned on the same plane in a large-scale outdoor environment. Experimental results showed that our 3D pointing gesture interface obtained average F1 scores of 0.85 and 0.73 for precision and recall in simulation and real-world experiments and an F1 score of 0.58 at the maximum distance of 25 m between the drone and building.
Transparency of informed consent in pilot and feasibility studies is inadequate: a single-center quality assurance study
Authors: Khan Mohammed I.U. , Mbuagbaw Lawrence , Holek Matthew , Bdair Faris , Durrani Zoha H. , Mellor Katie , Eddy Saskia , Eldridge Sandra M. , Chan Claire L. , Campbell Michael J. , Bond Christine M. , Hopewell Sally , Lancaster Gillian A. , Thabane Lehana
Published: April 2021

Background

Pilot and feasibility studies (PAFS) often have complex objectives aimed at assessing feasibility of conducting a larger study. These may not be clear to participants in pilot studies.

Methods

Here, we aimed to assess the transparency of informed consent in PAFS by investigating whether researchers communicate, through patient information leaflets and consent forms, key features of the studies. We collected this data from original versions of these documents submitted for ethics approval and the final approved documents for PAFS submitted to the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board, Canada.

Results

One hundred eighty-four PAFS, submitted for ethics approval from 2004 to 2020, were included, and we found that of the approved consent documents which were provided to participants, 83.2% (153) stated the terms “pilot” or “feasibility” in their title, 12% (22) stated the definition of a pilot/feasibility study, 42.4% (78) of the studies stated their intent to assess feasibility, 19.6% (36) stated the specific feasibility objectives, 1.6% (3) stated the criteria for success of the pilot study, and 0.5% (1) stated all five of these criteria. After ethics review, a small increase in transparency occurred, ranging from 1.6 to 2.8% depending on the criteria. By extracting data from the protocols of the PAFS, we found that 73.9% (136) stated intent to assess feasibility, 71.2% (131) stated specific feasibility objectives, and 33.7% (62) stated criteria for success of the study to lead to a larger study.

Conclusion

The transparency of informed consent in PAFS is inadequate and needs to be specifically addressed by research ethics guidelines. Research ethics boards and researchers ought to be made aware and mindful of best practices of informed consent in the context of PAFS.
Compliance towards infection prevention measures among health professionals in public hospitals, southeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study with implications of COVID-19 prevention
Authors: Zenbaba Demisu , Sahiledengle Biniyam , Takele Abulie , Tekalegn Yohannes , Yassin Ahmed , Tura Birhanu , Abdulkadir Adem , Tesa Edao , Tasew Alelign , Ganfure Gemechu , Fikadu Genet , Seyoum Kenbon , Abduku Mohammedawel , Assefa Tesfaye , Morka Garoma , Kemal Makida , Gemechu Adisu , Bekele Kebebe , Tessema Abdi , Haji Safi , Haile Gebisa , Girma Alemu , Mama Mohammedaman , Negero Asfaw , Nigussie Eshetu , Gezahegn Habtamu , Atlaw Daniel , Regasa Tadele , Usman Heyder , Esmael Adem
Published: April 2021

Introduction

The new coronavirus disease 2019 is an emerging respiratory disease caused by the highly contagious novel coronavirus which has currently overwhelmed the world. Realizing a comprehensive set of infection prevention measures is a key to minimize the spread of this virus and its impacts in all healthcare settings. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the compliance towards COVID-19 preventive measures and associated factors among health professionals in selected public hospitals, southeast Ethiopia.

Methods

A descriptive hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 660 health professionals in public hospitals of southeast Ethiopia from October 1 to 31, 2020. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected by interview using structured and pretested questionnaires. Ordinary logistic regression modeling was used to estimate the crude and adjusted odds ratio. To declare the statistical significance of factors associated with the outcome variable, P-value < 0.05 and 95% confidence interval were used.

Results

A total of 654 health professionals were involved in the study; of whom, 313 participants were nurses. The overall good compliance and knowledge of health professionals regarding COVID-19 preventive measures were 21.6 and 25.5%, respectively. Working in the general hospital (AOR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.38, 0.79), service year (AOR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.35, 3.21), knowledge (AOR = 1.80; 95% CI 1.14, 2.89), and water availability (AOR = 3.26; 95% CI 2.25, 4.72) were some of the factors found to have a statistically significant association to compliance of health professionals regarding COVID-19 preventive measures.

Conclusion

In this study, nearly one fifth of health professionals had good compliance towards COVID-19 prevention practices. Thus, a consistent supply of COVID-19 prevention materials, facilities, and improving the knowledge of health professionals through on and off-job training are crucial.
Nonlinear meta-optics towards applications
Authors: Zhao Yun , Yang Yuanmu , Sun Hong-Bo
Published: April 2021

Nonlinear optical effects have enabled numerous applications such as laser frequency conversion, ultrafast electro-optical, and all-optical modulation. Both gaseous and bulk media have conventionally been used for free-space nonlinear optical applications, yet they often require complex phase-matching techniques for efficient operation and may have limited operation bandwidth due to the material absorption. In the last decade, meta-optics made of subwavelength antennas or films have emerged as novel nonlinear optical media that may potentially overcome certain limitations of bulk crystals. Due to resonant enhancements of the pump laser field as well as the use of materials with extreme nonlinearity such as epsilon-near-zero materials, meta-optics can achieve strong nonlinear responses with a subwavelength thickness. Here, we review several nonlinear optical applications, such as electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation, entangled photon pair generation, terahertz generation, all-optical modulation, and high-harmonic generation that we envision meta-optics may have distinct advantages over their bulk counterparts. We outline the challenges still faced by nonlinear meta-optics and point out some potential directions.
Serum level of Adrenomedullin in patients with primary knee osteoarthritis; relation to disease severity
Authors: Abd Elazeem Mervat I. , Ahmed Aya B. S. , Mohamed Rabab A. , Abdelaleem Enas A.
Published: April 2021

Background

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide which was suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis through its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effect. AM was found to be elevated in some inflammatory rheumatic diseases as rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.

The current study was performed to measure serum Adrenomodullin (AM) concentrations in patients with primary knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and to assess association with severity of the disease. The study was performed on 50 patients with primary KOA diagnosed according to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Revised Criteria for Early Diagnosis of Knee Osteoarthritis and 20 age- and sex-matched controls with no clinical features of KOA. The Kellgren and Lawrence (KL) classification was used to evaluate the disease severity of knee OA. Disease activity was assessed by The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC). Blood samples had been collected from patients with OA and controls for assessing Adrenomodullin in patients’ sera by ELISA.

Results

There were a significant increase in serum Adrenomedullin concentrations in KOA patients compared to controls (10.64 ±19.2 ng/ml vs. 1.39 ±1.6 ng/ml in cases and controls respectively) (p value = 0.036). There was positive significant correlation of serum Adrenomedullin levels with KL grades (r=0.608, p value <0.001). OA patients with VAS score >6 have significantly higher serum Adrenomedullin levels than OA patients with VAS Score <6. No detected significant correlation between any of (patients’ age, BMI, disease duration, tenderness score, and WOMAC score) with serum Adrenomedullin levels among studied OA cases (p values >0.05).

Conclusion

This study concluded that serum Adrenomedullin (AM) level is elevated in patients with KOA and is positively correlated with the severity of disease.
A reflection-based efficient wavefield inversion
Authors: Song Chao , Alkhalifah Tariq
Published: April 2021

Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is popularly used to obtain a high-resolution subsurface velocity model. However, it requires either a good initial velocity model or low-frequency data to mitigate the cycle-skipping issue. Reflection-waveform inversion (RWI) uses a migration/demigration process to retrieve a background model that can be used as a good initial velocity in FWI. The drawback of conventional RWI is that it requires the use of least-squares migration, which is often computationally expensive, and it is still prone to cycle skipping at far offsets. To improve the computational efficiency and overcome cycle skipping in the original RWI, we have incorporated it into a recently introduced method called efficient wavefield inversion (EWI) by inverting for the Born-scattered wavefield instead of the wavefield itself. In this case, we use perturbation-related secondary sources in the modified source function. Unlike conventional RWI, the perturbations are calculated naturally as part of the calculation of the scattered wavefield in an efficient way. Because the sources in the reflection-based EWI (REWI) are located in the subsurface, we are able to update the background model along the reflection wavepath. In the background velocity inversion, we calculate the background perturbation by a deconvolution process at each frequency. After obtaining the REWI inverted velocity model, a sequential FWI or EWI is needed to obtain a high-resolution model. We determine the validity of our approach using synthetic data generated from a section of the Sigsbee2A model. To further demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we test it on an ocean-bottom cable data set from the North Sea. We find that our methodology leads to improved velocity models as evidenced by flatter angle gathers.
Joint learning for spatial context-based seismic inversion of multiple data sets for improved generalizability and robustness
Authors: Mustafa Ahmad , Alfarraj Motaz , AlRegib Ghassan
Published: April 2021

Seismic inversion plays a very useful role in the detailed stratigraphic interpretation of migrated seismic volumes by enabling the estimation of reservoir properties over the complete volume. Traditional and machine learning-based seismic inversion workflows are limited to inverting each seismic trace independently of other traces to estimate impedance profiles, leading to lateral discontinuities in the presence of noise and large geologic variations in the seismic data. In addition, machine learning-based approaches suffer the problem of overfitting if there is only a small number of wells on which the model is trained. We have developed a two-pronged strategy to overcome these problems. We present a temporal convolutional network that models seismic traces temporally. We further inject the spatial context for each trace into its estimations of the impedance profile. To counter the problem of limited labeled data, we also present a joint learning scheme whereby multiple data sets are simultaneously used for training, sharing beneficial information among each of the sets. This results in improvement in the generalization performance on all data sets. We have developed a case study of acoustic impedance inversion using the open-source SEAM and Marmousi 2 data sets. Our evaluations show that our proposed approach is able to estimate impedance in the presence of noisy seismic data and a limited number of well logs with greater robustness and spatial consistency. We compare and contrast our approach to other learning-based seismic inversion methodologies in the literature. On SEAM, we are able to obtain an average mean squared error of 0.0476, the lowest among all other methodologies.
The right to smoke and the right to smoke-free surroundings: international comparison of smoke-free psychiatric clinic implementation experiences
Authors: Freiburghaus Tove , Raffing Rie , Ballbè Montse , Gual Antoni , Tönnesen Hanne
Published: April 2021

Background

In Scandinavia, people with a severe mental disorder have a reduced life expectancy of 15–20 years compared with the general public. Smoking is a major contributor, and smoke-free policies are increasingly adopted in psychiatric clinics around the world. We compared potential facilitators and barriers among staff and management, for the implementation of smoke-free psychiatric clinics.

Aims

To investigate the attitudes and experiences regarding smoke-free policies among managers and staff involved in the implementation processes of smoke-free psychiatric clinics at hospitals in Malmö (Sweden) and Barcelona (Spain).

Method

We used a qualitative methodology, with 15 semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted with each participant individually, and were subsequently transcribed. The data were analysed with systematic text condensation.

Results

There were notable differences in how the smoke-free policies were carried out and experienced, and attitudes regarding the policy changes differed in the two settings. Key differences were the views on the right to smoke in compulsory care and to stay in smoke-free surroundings supported by smoking cessation intervention; the prioritisation of staff facilitation of smoking breaks; and views on smoking and smoke-free psychiatry. In contrast, participants agreed on the importance of staff education and management support. A smoking ban by law and belonging to a network of smoke-free hospitals were also relevant.

Conclusions

Staff education, and support from staff and management for the patients’ right to stay in smoke-free surroundings, facilitated successful implementation of smoke-free policies in the psychiatric clinics, whereas supporting the right to smoke was a barrier.
Interventions to reduce self-harm on in-patient wards: systematic review
Authors: Nawaz Rasanat Fatima , Reen Gurpreet , Bloodworth Natasha , Maughan Daniel , Vincent Charles
Published: April 2021

Background

Incidents of self-harm are common on psychiatric wards. There are a wide variety of therapeutic, social and environmental interventions that have shown some promise in reducing self-harm in in-patient settings, but there is no consensus on the most appropriate means of reducing and managing self-harm during in-patient admissions.

Aims

To review interventions used to reduce self-harm and suicide attempts on adolescent and adult psychiatric in-patient wards.

Method

A systematic literature search was conducted between 14 March 2019 and 25 January 2021 using PsycINFO and Medline (PROSPERO ID: CRD42019129046). A total of 23 papers were identified for full review.

Results

Interventions fell into two categories, therapeutic interventions given to individual patients and organisational interventions aimed at improving patient–staff communication and the overall ward milieu. Dialectical behaviour therapy was the most frequently implemented and effective therapeutic intervention, with seven of eight studies showing some benefit. Three of the six ward-based interventions reduced self-harm. Two studies that used a combined therapeutic and ward-based approach significantly reduced self-harm on the wards. The quality of the studies was highly variable, and some interventions were poorly described. There was no indication of harmful impact of any of the approaches reported in this review.

Conclusions

A number of approaches show some promise in reducing self-harm, but the evidence is not strong enough to recommend any particular approach. Current evidence remains weak overall but provides a foundation for a more robust programme of research aimed at providing a more substantial evidence base for this neglected problem on wards.
Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Female Reproduction
Authors: di Clemente Nathalie , Racine Chrystèle , Pierre Alice , Taieb Joëlle
Published: April 2021

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also called Müllerian inhibiting substance, was shown to be synthesized by the ovary in the 1980s. This article reviews the main findings of the past 20 years on the regulation of the expression of AMH and its specific receptor AMHR2 by granulosa cells, the mechanism of action of AMH, the different roles it plays in the reproductive organs, its clinical utility, and its involvement in the principal pathological conditions affecting women. The findings in respect of regulation tell us that AMH and AMHR2 expression is mainly regulated by bone morphogenetic proteins, gonadotropins, and estrogens. It has now been established that AMH regulates the different steps of folliculogenesis and that it has neuroendocrine effects. On the other hand, the importance of serum AMH as a reliable marker of ovarian reserve and as a useful tool in the prediction of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and primary ovarian failure has also been acknowledged. Last but not least, a large body of evidence points to the involvement of AMH in the pathogenesis of PCOS.
Vegetalization of the Sea-Urchin Egg by Dinitrophenol and Animalization by Trypsin and Ficin
Authors: Hörstadius Sven
Published: April 2021

Herbst (1892) made the remarkable discovery that the differentiation of the sea-urchin egg was shifted in a vegetal direction when lithium ions were present in the sea-water. The vegetalization implies a failure of the apical tuft to appear, a displacement of the skeleton-forming cells in the animal direction, a reduction of the ectodermal region, and a corresponding enlargement of the endoderm, which often leads to exogastrulation. Strong lithium action may lead to complete endodermization of the egg. Many other substances have later been found to cause a change of differentiation, either in a vegetal or animal direction, e.g. a partial or complete animalization by treatment of unfertilized eggs with SCN-or 1-ions (also SO4, Br, and tartrate, Lindahl, 1936). The animal and vegetal principles are considered as two opposite, antagonistic gradients (Runnström, 1928a, b) representing different types of metabolism (Lindahl, 1936).
Analysis of the effects ofStreptomyceshyaluronidase on formation of the neural tube
Authors: Schoenwolf Gary C. , Fisher Marilyn
Published: April 2021

Chick embryos at stages 8 to 9 were treated in ovo with Streptomyces hyaluronidase (SH) to determine whether neurulation occurs normally in embryos depleted of hyaluronic acid, a major component of the extracellular matrix. Open neural tube defects occurred in 60-94 % (depending on the particular enzyme batch) of the embryos treated with SH and examined after an additional 24 h of incubation. Defects were confined mainly to the spinal cord. The neural folds underwent elevation in defective regions but failed to converge and fuse across the dorsal midline. The extracellular matrix of embryos treated with SH was depleted consistently, as determined with sections stained with Alcian blue. Control experiments were done to ensure that neural tube defects were not caused by non-specific protease contamination of SH, or by digestion products of hyaluronic acid. We propose several plausible and testable mechanisms through which the extracellular matrix might influence the complex developmental process of neurulation.
Control of events during early cleavage of the mouse embryo: an analysis of the ‘2-cell block’
Authors: Goddard Martin J. , Pratt Hester P. M.
Published: April 2021

Embryos from certain strains of mice do not develop into blastocysts when cultured in vitro from the 1- or 2-cell stages but arrest development as 2-cell embryos - a phenomenon referred toas the ‘2-cell block’. Reciprocal crosses between eggs and sperm of a ‘blocking’ (CFLP) and ‘non-blocking’ (F1) strain show that in this combination the genotype of the egg alone determines whether the embryo ‘blocks’ at the 2-cell stage (or continues retarded development to the 4-to 6-cell stage in a minority of cases). A comparison of molecular and cellular development in normal and ‘blocked 2-cell’ embryos was therefore undertaken to investigate the influence of these maternal components on early mouse development.

The results show that the majority of ‘blocked 2-cells’ arrest development at a stage equivalent to the late 2-cell stage in terms of cellular and nuclear division, DNA synthesis, activation of the embryonic genome, qualitative and quantitative changes in amino acid uptake, polypeptide synthesis and morphological maturation of organelles. These observations are compatible with the notion that maternally inherited developmental information plays an important role in controlling early cleavage of the mouse embryo.
Pathways of Xenopus optic fibres regenerating from
normal and compound eyes under various conditions
Authors: R. M. Gaze , W Fawcett J.
Published: April 2021

We have used Horseradish peroxidase to investigate the pathways taken by Xenopus optic fibres regenerating from normal and electrophysiologically-confirmed compound eyes to the optic tectum. Optic fibres, when sectioned near the chiasma, regenerate up both sides of the diencephalon to both tecta. We have therefore been able, by using animals in which one eye had or had not been removed at early embryonic stages, to look at the behaviour of regenerating axons in three different situations: (1) regeneration to the contralateral tectum, previously innervated by the sectioned fibres; (2) regeneration to a ‘virgin’ ipsilateral tectum, never before innervated by optic fibres; and (3) regeneration to an ipsilateral tectum already innervated by fibres from a normal eye.

From the chiasma to the tectodiencephalic junction regenerating fibres behave similarly in all three situations, following roughly the course of the normal optic tract, but running in a rather disorganised way, with frequent crossing over of fibres. However fibres of nasal retinal origin (from an NN eye) spread to occupy a much larger area of the side of the diencephalon than those of temporal origin (from a TT eye). From the tectodiencephalic junction to the tectal termination of the fibres there are differences between the three situations investigated; fibres regenerating to a ‘virgin’ ipsilateral, or to a denervated contralateral tectum, tend to grow straight onto the tectum, instead of being channelled into lateral or medial brachium as uncut fibres tend to be. There is, however, the remains of a brachial organisation, and of differential selection of these brachia by fibres from the diffferent types of compound eye, this being well seen on ‘virgin’ tecta.

Fibres regenerating to an ipsilateral innervated tectum behave very differently. As they reach the tectodiencephalic junction they suddenly start to grow in a less disorganised way, and are channelled into well defined brachia. If from a compound eye, these fibres terminate on only that part of the tectum innervated by fibres from the corresponding part of the normal eye. Thus fibres from a W eye and those from the ventral half of the normal eye all terminate on medial tectum; fibres from an NN eye, and those from the nasal half of the normal eye all terminate in caudal tectum; and temporal fibres from both normal and TT eyes terminate in rostral tectum.
Reversal of developmental competence in inverted amphibian eggs
Authors: Chung Hae Moon , Malacinski George M.
Published: April 2021

Inverted amphibian embryos were employed for an analysis of pattern formation in early embryogenesis. Axolotl (Ambystoma) and Xenopus eggs were inverted prior to the first cleavage division and permitted to develop upside down to the early gastrulation stage. In both cases the cleavage patterns of the animal and vegetal hemispheres were reversed. By gastrulation, however, developmental arrest began, and no inverted embryos developed beyond neurulation. The state of competence of the animal and vegetal hemisphere cells of inverted embryos was examined in a series of tissue transplantations, usually into genetically marked (albino) hosts. In all cases the developmental competence of the original animal and vegetal hemisphere cells of inverted embryos had been reversed. For example, the egg’s original vegetal hemisphere developed into various neural structures.

Those observations should eventually be useful in formulating models to account for the manner in which various regions of the amphibian egg cytoplasm generate early embryonic patterns.
Determination of the curvature of epithelial cell mass by mesenchyme in branching morphogenesis of mouse salivary gland
Authors: Nogawa Hiroyuki
Published: April 2021

Mouse submaxillary epithelium undergoes branching morphogenesis with increase in the curvature of its surface in vivo. Recombination experiments in vitro of the epithelium and mesenchyme between 13- and 14-day rudiments showed (1) that the 14-day mesenchyme more actively induced the epithelium to branch than the 13-day mesenchyme, (2) that the 14-day mesenchyme could produce clefts on smaller epithelial lobes than the 13-day mesenchyme, (3) that the 14-day mesenchyme produced lobes with similar diameter to lobes of the 14-day intact rudiment, and (4) that the lobular morphology of assembled 14-day lobes became obscure in recombinates with the 13-day mesenchyme while it was well maintained in recombinates with the 14-day mesenchyme. From these results it is concluded that the mesenchyme determines the curvature of epithelial surface, and that clefts are formed on the epithelial surface as a result of increase in the epithelial curvature.
Positional information in the forelimb of the axolotl:properties of the posterior skin
Authors: Slack J. M. W.
Published: April 2021

Two series of experiments were carried out to investigate the properties of the positional information carried by posterior skin of the axolotl forelimb. The skin was assayed by grafting it to the anterior side of a normal limb and then amputating through the graft region. The formation of a double posterior regenerate indicates that the grafted skin carried the posterior coding.

In the first series, double posterior limbs were created by grafting posterior half limb rudiments to the flank of tailbud-stage embryos. The animals were reared for several months and then a half cuff of anterior skin, judged in relation to the whole body axes, was assayed by grafting to one of the host limbs. The results show that both sides of the double posterior limb carry the posterior coding and confirm our expectation that the visible anatomy is a good guide to the underlying codings.

In the second series animals were prepared by embryonic grafts so that they bore an extra normal limb on the flank. This extra limb was marked by pigmentation and in some cases by triploidy. When the limbs had developed, posterior skin from the extra limb was grafted to the anterior side of a host limb. The host limbs were amputated at intervals ranging from 2 weeks to 1 year after the skin graft. The results show that the posterior coding carried by the graft is stable even in an anterior environment.

Studies of the cellular composition of regenerates which had received triploid grafts showed that the graft epidermis was progressively replaced by that of the host. The dermis on the other hand retained triploid cells throughout.
Segregation of germline granules in early embryos ofCaenorhabditis elegans: an electron microscopic analysis
Authors: Wolf Nurit , Priess James , Hirsh David
Published: April 2021

Using an improved fixation method for electron microscopy, we have found germline granules in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos shortly after fertilization and prior to the first cleavage. They are localized in the egg cytoplasm which becomes segregated into the posterior blastomere at the first cleavage. In the following divisions, the granules continue this pattern of asymmetric segregation and are ultimately segregated into the germline precursor cell. The granules are then symmetrically segregated into the germline cells.
Lumen formation in the developing mouse mammary gland
Authors: Hogg N. A. S. , Harrison C. J. , Tickle C.
Published: April 2021

The mammary gland is a system of hollow interconnecting tubes which develops from an invasive branching cord of epithelial cells. This ultrastructural study of the developing mammary gland focuses on how the lumen forms and establishes the polarized epithelial lining of the gland. The earliest signs of lumen formation are many small cavities and crevices lined with microvilli which appear at scattered sites throughout the branching cords and neck of the gland. It is suggested that these initial small lumina form quite simply by separation of cells whose opposing faces are non-adhesive. The continuous central lumen of the gland develops by fusion and enlargement of the many small lumina. The cells adjacent to the developing lumen will form the polarized epithelial lining of the gland. Excess, more basal, epithelial cells degenerate.

The lumen begins to appear when the branching pattern is almost complete. Thus, during morphogenesis, invasion by the mammary gland epithelium involves penetration of the mesenchyme by a solid cord of cells. We suggest that this cellular organization may be a fundamental characteristic of invasive epithelia and that a crucial step in the development of malignant epithelial tumours is a change in cell organization from a polarized cell sheet to a solid cord of cells which can invade.
The origin of the ectomesenchymal condensations which precede the development of the bony scleral ossicles in the eyes of embryonic chicks
Authors: Fyfe D. M. , Hall Brian K.
Published: April 2021

The origin of neural crest-derived ectomesenchymal condensations located subjacent to scleral papillae and the development of the more deeply situated scleral ossicles were investigated in scleral tissues explanted from the eyes of chick embryos at Hamburger & Hamilton (1952) stages 30-38 ( days of incubation). Explants were pulse labelled with [3H]thymidine for 4h in vitro. Nuclear counts and % labelling indices were calculated for standardized areas within and between the condensations. At all stages exhibiting condensations, the % labelling indices were higher within the condensations than in tissues between condensations. % labelling declined with maturity, but the decline was greater between than within condensations. Regional differences in intensity of proliferation in the ectomesenchyme centred about the scleral papillae seemed to be the best explanation for the development of these condensations. The condensations disappeared concommitant with the complete degeneration of the adjacent papillae. A new distribution of labelled nuclei 70-100 μm deep in the tissue and beneath the original sites of the condensations preceded the appearance of ossicle primordia. The roles of the scleral papillae, the ectomesenchymal condensations and deeper primordia in the development of scleral ossicles are discussed.
Structure of normal and polyoma virus-transformed hamster cell cultures
Authors: House W. , Stoker M. G. P.
Published: April 2021

Vertical sections of colonies and confluent sheets of normal and polyoma virus-transformed BHK21 cells, and of a spontaneous malignant variant of BHK21 cells, and also of freshly isolated hamster fibroblasts, were examined to determine the structural interrelationship of the cells in relation to their varying transplantability.

All cells except the freshly isolated fibroblasts formed multilayers, but the virus-transformed cells were arranged in the form of a loose network, in which cell division took place. The untransformed BHK21 cells were very tightly packed and mitosis was rare. A spontaneous malignant variant which superficially resembled the normal BHK21 cells was shown by section to have features in common with virus-transformed cells.
Studies on Internal Secretion II. — Endocrine Activity in Fœtal and Embryonic Life
Authors: Hogben Lancelot T. , Crew F. A. E.
Published: April 2021

The time at which the fœtal thyroid and pituitary glands in sheep and oxen can be shown to contain secretory products as inferred by their action upon amphibian development and colour response conforms to what might be anticipated on histological grounds: neither experimental nor microscopic data provide any justification for attributing the ætiological significance of the monstrous abortive Dexter calf to thyroid deficiency. Preliminary experiments suggest the desirability of using the embryo chick for studying the correspondence between secretory activity and histological structure in the case of the adrenals.
Polyploidy
Authors: Gates R. Ruggles
Published: April 2021

By polyploidy is meant an increase in the number of sets of chromosomes in a plant or animal. The bodies of animals and of the higher plants normally contain two sets of chromosomes, one derived from each parent. In ordinary sexual reproduction this number is reduced to one half in the maturation of the germ cells, and the diploid or 2x number is restored in the process of fertilisation by the union of two germ cells whose nuclei are each carrying the haploid or x number. But the comparative study of chromosomes shows that there are many instances in plants and animals where additional sets of chromosomes have been acquired by the organism, thus giving rise to species, genera, or individuals which are triploid (3x), tetraploid (4x), pentaploid (5x), hexaploid (6x), or even decaploid (10x) in their chromosome outfit. These conditions of polyploidy have a number of interesting consequences and evolutionary bearings which it is the purpose of this article to discuss.