bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New ways to break an old bond: the bacterial carbon–phosphorus hydrolases and their role in biogeochemical phosphorus cycling
Authors: Quinn John P. , Kulakova Anna N. , Cooley Natalie A. , McGrath John W.
Published: July 2007

Phosphonates are organophosphorus molecules that contain the highly stable C–P bond, rather than the more common, and more labile, C–O–P phosphate ester bond. They have ancient origins but their biosynthesis is widespread among more primitive organisms and their importance in the contemporary biosphere is increasingly recognized; for example phosphonate‐P is believed to play a particularly significant role in the productivity of the oceans. The microbial degradation of phosphonates was originally thought to occur only under conditions of phosphate limitation, mediated exclusively by the poorly characterized C–P lyase multienzyme system, under Pho regulon control. However, more recent studies have demonstrated the Pho‐independent mineralization by environmental bacteria of three of the most widely distributed biogenic phosphonates: 2‐aminoethylphosphonic acid (ciliatine), phosphonoacetic acid, and 2‐amino‐3‐phosphonopropionic acid (phosphonoalanine). The three phosphonohydrolases responsible have unique specificities and are members of separate enzyme superfamilies; their expression is regulated by distinct members of the LysR family of bacterial transcriptional regulators, for each of which the phosphonate substrate of the respective degradative operon serves as coinducer. Previously no organophosphorus compound was known to induce the enzymes required for its own degradation. Whole‐genome and metagenome sequence analysis indicates that the genes encoding these newly described C–P hydrolases are distributed widely among prokaryotes. As they are able to function under conditions in which C–P lyases are inactive, the three enzymes may play a hitherto‐unrecognized role in phosphonate breakdown in the environment and hence make a significant contribution to global biogeochemical P‐cycling.
Improving Assessment of Personality Disorder Traits Through Social Network Analysis
Authors: Clifton Allan , Turkheimer Eric , Oltmanns Thomas F.
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
When assessing personality disorder traits, not all judges make equally valid judgments of all targets. The present study uses social network analysis to investigate factors associated with reliability and validity in peer assessment. Participants were groups of military recruits (N=809) who acted as both targets and judges in a round‐robin design. Participants completed self‐ and informant versions of the Multisource Assessment of Personality Pathology. Social network matrices were constructed based on reported acquaintance, and cohesive subgroups were identified. Judges who shared a mutual subgroup were more reliable and had higher self‐peer agreement than those who did not. Partitioning networks into two subgroups achieved more consistent improvements than multiple subgroups. We discuss implications for multiple informant assessments.
Religiousness, Spiritual Seeking, and Personality: Findings from a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Wink Paul , Ciciolla Lucia , Dillon Michele , Tracy Allison
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
The hypothesis that personality characteristics in adolescence can be used to predict religiousness and spiritual seeking in late adulthood was tested using a structural equation modeling framework to estimate cross‐lagged and autoregressive effects in a two‐wave panel design. The sample consisted of 209 men and women participants in the Berkeley Guidance and Oakland Growth studies. In late adulthood, religiousness was positively related to Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, and spiritual seeking was related to Openness to Experience. Longitudinal models indicated that Conscientiousness in adolescence significantly predicted religiousness in late adulthood above and beyond adolescent religiousness. Similarly, Openness in adolescence predicted spiritual seeking in late adulthood. The converse effect, adolescent religiousness to personality in late adulthood, was not significant in either model. Among women, adolescent Agreeableness predicted late‐life religiousness and adolescent religiousness predicted late‐life Agreeableness; both these effects were absent among men. Adolescent personality appears to shape late‐life religiousness and spiritual seeking independent of early religious socialization.
The underside of the cerebral cortex: layer V/VI spiny inverted neurons
Authors: Mendizabal‐Zubiaga Juan L. , Reblet Concepcion , Bueno‐Lopez Jose L.
Published: July 2007

This paper presents an account of past and current research on spiny inverted neurons – alternatively also known as ‘inverted pyramidal neurons’– in rats, rabbits and cats. In our laboratory, we have studied these cells with a battery of techniques suited for light and electron microscopy, including Nissl staining, Golgi impregnation, dye intracellular filling and axon retrograde track‐tracing. Our results show that spiny inverted neurons make up less than 8.5 and 5.5% of all cortical neurons in the primary and secondary rabbit visual cortex, respectively. Infragranular spiny inverted neurons constitute 15 and 8.5% of infragranular neurons in the same animal and areas. Spiny inverted neurons congregate at layers V–VI in all studied species. Studies have also revealed that spiny inverted neurons are excitatory neurons which furnish axons for various cortico‐cortical, cortico‐claustral and cortico‐striatal projections, but not for non‐telencephalic centres such as the lateral and medial geniculate nuclei, the colliculi or the pons. As a group, each subset of inverted cells contributing to a given projection is located below the pyramidal neurons whose axons furnish the same centre. Spiny inverted neurons are particularly conspicuous as a source of the backward cortico‐cortical projection to primary visual cortex and from this to the claustrum. Indeed, they constitute up to 82% of the infragranular cells that furnish these projections. Spiny inverted neurons may be classified into three subtypes according to the point of origin of the axon on the cell: the somatic basal pole which faces the cortical outer surface, the somatic flank and the reverse apical dendrite. As seen with electron microscopy, the axon initial segments of these subtypes are distinct from one another, not only in length and thickness, but also in the number of received synaptic boutons. All of these anatomical features together may support a synaptic‐input integration which is peculiar to spiny inverted neurons. In this way, two differently qualified streams of axonal output may coexist in a projection which arises from a particular infragranular point within a given cortical area; one stream would be furnished by the typical pyramidal neurons, whereas spiny inverted neurons would constitute the other source of distinct information flow.
Autophagic cell death induced by TrkA receptor activation in human glioblastoma cells
Authors: Hansen Katharina , Wagner Bettina , Hamel Wolfgang , Schweizer Michaela , Haag Friedrich , Westphal Manfred , Lamszus Katrin
Published: July 2007

The neurotrophin receptor tropomyosin‐related kinase A (TrkA) and its ligand nerve growth factor (NGF) are expressed in astrocytomas, and an inverse association of TrkA expression with malignancy grade was described. We hypothesized that TrkA expression might confer a growth disadvantage to glioblastoma cells. To analyze TrkA function and signaling, we transfected human TrkA cDNA into the human glioblastoma cell line G55. We obtained three stable clones, all of which responded with striking cytoplasmic vacuolation and subsequent cell death to NGF. Analyzing the mechanism of cell death, we could exclude apoptosis and cellular senescence. Instead, we identified several indications of autophagy: electron microscopy showed typical autophagic vacuoles; acridine orange staining revealed acidic vesicular organelles; acidification of acidic vesicular organelles was prevented using bafilomycin A1; cells displayed arrest in G2/M; increased processing of LC3 occurred; vacuolation was prevented by the autophagy inhibitor 3‐methyladenine; no caspase activation was detected. We further found that both activation of ERK and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase but not p38 were involved in autophagic vacuolation. To conclude, we identified autophagy as a novel mechanism of NGF‐induced cell death. Our findings suggest that TrkA activation in human glioblastomas might be beneficial therapeutically, especially as several of the currently used chemotherapeutics also induce autophagic cell death.
Lifeguard/neuronal membrane protein 35 regulates Fas ligand‐mediated apoptosis in neurons via microdomain recruitment
Authors: Fernández Miriam , Segura Miguel F. , Solé Carme , Colino Alicia , Comella Joan X. , Ceña Valentín
Published: July 2007

Fas ligand (FasL)‐receptor system plays an essential role in regulating cell death in the developing nervous system, and it has been implicated in neurodegenerative and inflammatory responses in the CNS. Lifeguard (LFG) is a protein highly expressed in the hippocampus and the cerebellum, and it shows a particularly interesting regulation by being up‐regulated during postnatal development and in the adult. We show that over‐expression of LFG protected cortical neurons from FasL‐induced apoptosis and decreased caspase‐activation. Reduction of endogenous LFG expression by small interfering RNA sensitized cerebellar granular neurons to FasL‐induced cell death and caspase‐8 activation, and also increased sensitivity of cortical neurons. In differentiated cerebellar granular neurons, protection from FasL‐induced cell death could be attributed exclusively to LFG and appears to be independent of FLICE inhibitor protein. Thus, LFG is an endogenous inhibitor of FasL‐mediated neuronal death and it mediates the FasL resistance of CNS differentiated neurons. Finally, we also demonstrate that LFG is detected in lipid rafts microdomains, where it may interact with Fas receptor and regulate FasL‐activated signaling pathways.
Cellular and subcellular rat brain spermidine synthase expression patterns suggest region‐specific roles for polyamines, including cerebellar pre‐synaptic function
Authors: Krauss M. , Weiss T. , Langnaese K. , Richter K. , Kowski A. , Veh R. W. , Laube G.
Published: July 2007

In the brain, the polyamines spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) serve highly specific functions by interacting with various ion channel receptors intimately involved with synaptic signaling. Both, glial cells and neurons contain Spd/Spm, but release and uptake mechanisms could re‐distribute polyamines between cell types. The cellular and subcellular localization of polyamine biosynthetic enzymes may therefore offer a more appropriate tool to identify local sources of enhanced Spd/Spm synthesis, which may be related with specific roles in neuronal circuits and synaptic function. A recently characterized antibody against Spd synthase was therefore used to screen the rat brain for compartment‐specific peaks in enzyme expression. The resulting labeling pattern indicated a clearly heterogeneous expression predominantly localized to neurons and neuropil. The highest levels of Spd synthase expression were detected in the accumbens nucleus, taenia tecta, cerebellar cortex, cerebral cortical layer I, hippocampus, hypothalamus, mesencephalic raphe nuclei, central and lateral amygdala, and the circumventricular organs. Besides a diffuse labeling of the neuropil in several brain areas, the distinct labeling of mossy fiber terminals in the cerebellar cortex directly indicated a synaptic role for Spd synthesis. Electron microscopy revealed a preferential distribution of the immunosignal in synaptic vesicle containing areas. A pre‐synaptic localization was also observed in parallel and climbing fiber terminals. Electrophysiological recordings in acute cerebellar slices revealed a Spd‐induced block of evoked extracellular field potentials resulting from mossy fiber stimulation in a dose‐dependent manner.
ATP‐sensitive potassium channel opener iptakalim protects against MPP+‐induced astrocytic apoptosis via mitochondria and mitogen‐activated protein kinase signal pathways
Authors: Zhang Shu , Zhou Fang , Ding Jian‐Hua , Zhou Xi‐Qiao , Sun Xiu‐Lan , Hu Gang
Published: July 2007

Inhibition of astrocytic apoptosis has been regarded as a novel prospective strategy for treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. In the present study, we demonstrated that iptakalim (IPT), an ATP‐sensitive potassium channel (KATP channel) opener, exerted protective effect on MPP+‐induced astrocytic apoptosis, which was reversed by selective mitochondrial KATP channel blocker 5‐hydroxydecanoate. Further study revealed that IPT inhibited glutathione (GSH) depletion, mitochondrial membrane potential loss and subsequent release of pro‐apoptotic factors (cytochrome c and apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF), and c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase/mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) phosphorylation induced by MPP+. Meanwhile, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 inhibitor PD98059 inhibited the protective effect of IPT on MPP+‐induced astrocytic apoptosis. Furthermore, IPT could also activate ERK/MAPK and maintain increased phospho‐ERK1/2 level after MPP+ exposure. Taken together, these findings reveal for the first time that IPT protects against MPP+‐induced astrocytic apoptosis via inhibition of mitochondria apoptotic pathway and regulating the MAPK signal transduction pathways by opening mitochondrial ATP‐sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channels in astrocytes. And targeting KATP channels expressed in astrocytes may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disorders.
NEW CRINOIDS (ECHINODERMATA) FROM THE LLANDOVERY (LOWER SILURIAN) OF THE BRITISH ISLES
Authors: FEARNHEAD FIONA E. , DONOVAN STEPHEN K.
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  British Llandovery crinoids remain poorly known. Three species are documented herein that were originally described, but not published, by W. H. C. Ramsbottom. Clematocrinus ramsbottomi Fearnhead sp. nov. (Tortworth Inlier, Gloucestershire; Telychian) has a heteromorphic column, N434243414342434, radices directed away from the crown, and ten long, uniserial arms with a pustular aboral sculpture and long, slender pinnules. Clematocrinus spp. are widely distributed in the Silurian of England. Ptychocrinus mullochillensis Fearnhead and Donovan sp. nov. (Girvan district, Strathclyde; Rhuddanian) is the second report of this Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian genus from outside North America. Although incompletely known, this species is distinguished by its hidden infrabasals, 20 arms and sunken interbrachial plates with a strongly stellate sculpture. Petalocrinus bifidus (Bather MS) Donovan and Fearnhead sp. nov. (Woolhope Inlier, Herefordshire; Telychian) is locally common enough to give its name to a mappable lithostratigraphic unit, the Petalocrinus Limestone. Unlike other Petalocrinus species known from the Silurian of China, northern Europe and North America, the fused arms of P. bifidus are divided in two by a proximal adoral ridge and an associated distal notch. Unlike extant crinoids, Petalocrinus probably lived as a rheophobe; the fused arms may have acted to deter predators.
A REVIEW OF THE PROBLEMATIC OSTEOSTRACAN GENUSAUCHENASPISAND ITS ROLE IN THYESTIDIAN EVOLUTION
Authors: SANSOM ROBERT
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The poorly understood osteostracan genusAuchenaspis, from the Upper Silurian of England, belongs to the thyestidians (Thyestiida), a controversial and important group that is key to the understanding of the evolution of the Osteostraci and paired pectoral fins. The two under‐studied species of this genus are comprehensively reviewed using anatomical and novel statistical approaches. No reliable anatomical characters can be used to distinguish between the two species, yet discriminant analysis finds significant separation with respect to size. Potential causes of this conflict are discussed. The findings enableAuchenaspisto be considered in terms of wider thyestidian evolution and contradict previous interpretations of the genus as representing a paraphyletic taxon, whose morphology is intermediate between the general osteostracan condition and the highly derived tremataspids.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND DIAGENESIS IN FOSSIL CRANIID BRACHIOPODS
Authors: PÉREZ‐HUERTA ALBERTO , CUSACK MAGGIE , ENGLAND JENNIFER
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  One of the fundamental questions in biomineralization is how organisms control crystallographic orientation during biomineral production. The understanding of how diagenetic changes influence the preservation of original crystallographic patterns in fossilized biomineral structures provides a priori fundamental information for such an assessment. Fossil craniid brachiopods Petrocrania scabiosa (Late Ordovician) and Crania craniolaris (Late Cretaceous) are analysed using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) to provide crystallographic data at high spatial resolution in the structural context. EBSD analyses show that P. scabiosa maintains most of the original crystallographic signature, including data from individual calcite tablets and laminae, while C. craniolaris only retains fragmentary crystallographic data reflecting the crystallographic continuity of tablets across laminae. Data show that the preservation of the original crystallographic signature is independent of that of shell ultrastructure and geological time. In addition, results allow us to propose a series of steps in the evolution of ‘crystallographic loss’ due to diagenesis.
CONIFEROUS TREES ASSOCIATED WITH INTERDUNE DEPOSITS IN THE JURASSIC NAVAJO SANDSTONE FORMATION, UTAH, USA
Authors: PARRISH JUDITH TOTMAN , FALCON‐LANG HOWARD J.
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  The Lower Jurassic Navajo Sandstone Formation of south‐west USA represents one of the largest erg deposits ever to have developed on Earth. Here, we report the widespread occurrence of silicified conifer stumps and trunks within interdune deposits near Moab, south‐east Utah. Where present as (par)autochthonous assemblages, trees are associated with the deposits of spring‐fed carbonate lakes. A few stumps preserved in growth position are rooted in aeolian sandstone immediately below the lake deposits, and evidently established on interdune soils in response to a rising water table. Following at least several decades of growth, trees were killed as the water table continued to rise forming shallow lakes containing ostracodes. Where present as allochthonous assemblages, randomly orientated tree trunks are associated with massive sandstone beds interpreted as fluidized mass flow deposits. These may have formed when dune slip‐faces collapsed during occasional heavy downpours of rain, destroying stands of trees. The occurrence of large conifers over a wide area of the Navajo Sandstone Formation in south‐east Utah may record long‐lived pluvial episodes during which the dune field stabilized, or reflect the erg‐margin position of the localities.
MOLECULAR PALAEOBIOLOGY
Authors: PETERSON KEVIN J. , SUMMONS ROGER E. , DONOGHUE PHILIP C. J.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: For more than a generation, molecular biology has been used to approach palaeontological problems, and yet only recently have attempts been made to integrate research utilizing the geological and genomic records in uncovering evolutionary history. We codify this approach as Molecular Palaeobiology for which we provide a synthetic framework for studying the interplay among genotype, phenotype and the environment, within the context of deep time. We provide examples of existing studies where molecular and morphological data have been integrated to provide novel insights within each of these variables, and an account of a case study where each variable has been tackled to understand better a single macroevolutionary event: the diversification of metazoan phyla. We show that the promise of this approach extends well beyond research into the evolutionary history of animals and, in particular, we single out plant evolution as the single greatest opportunity waiting to be exploited by molecular palaeobiology. Although most of our examples consider how novel molecular data and techniques have breathed new life into long‐standing palaeontological controversies, we argue that this asymmetry in the balance of molecular and morphological evidence is an artefact of the relative ‘newness’ of molecular data. In particular, palaeontological data provide unique and crucial roles in unravelling evolutionary history given that extinct taxa reveal patterns of character evolution invisible to molecular biology. Finally, we argue that palaeobiologists, rather than molecular biologists, are best placed to exploit the opportunity afforded by molecular palaeobiology, though this will require incorporating the techniques and approaches of molecular biology into their skill‐set.
Simultaneous afterclearing and decolorisation by ozonation after disperse dyeing of polyester
Authors: Eren Hüseyin Aksel
Published: July 2007

A set of trials have been conducted to examine the efficiency of ozonation on afterclearing of disperse dyed poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres. Ozonation was performed in the cooled dyebath after the completion of the dyeing cycle. The ozone concentration used was 12.8 ± 0.3 mg/min at a gas flow rate of 400 ml/min. The results indicate that 3 min ozonation time is appropriate to achieve wash fastness results comparable to conventional reduction clearing. These results were obtained with simultaneous dyebath decolorisation ratios up to 67% and without significant colour yield (K/S value) losses of the dyed fabric. Ozonation periods exceeding 3 min caused significant colour yield (K/S value) losses, although dyebath decolorisation ratios increased up to 82% and wash fastness properties further improved. The chemical oxygen demand of the dyeing process decreased up to 62% by the ozonation afterclearing. The advantages of the ozonation afterclearing process are savings in terms of water, energy and time and reduction in environmental load.
Enhanced PAA bleaching of cotton by incorporating a cationic bleach activator
Authors: Lavrič Pavla Križman , Kovač Franci , Tavčer Petra Forte , Hauser Peter , Hinks David
Published: July 2007

Peracetic acid is a well‐known alternative to hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent for cotton. In this study, a novel cationic bleach activator, N‐[4‐(triethylammoniomethyl)benzoyl]butyrolactam chloride, was used in combination with peracetic acid to investigate the enhancement of cotton bleaching efficiency. The effects of temperature, pH and concentrations of activator and peracetic acid on the bleaching performance were studied using a statistical design of experiment. Adding activator to a peracetic acid bleaching bath improved the resultant whiteness of the substrate and at optimal conditions produced less fibre damage than when peracetic acid was used alone. In addition, the bleaching performance of both peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of activator was compared. In the absence of activator, the peracetic acid performance was considerably superior to a conventional hydrogen peroxide bleach system in which no bleach activator is present. However, addition of activator to the hydrogen peroxide bath increased the whiteness to a level comparable to peracetic acid.
Liposomes of phosphatidylcholine: a biological natural surfactant as a dispersing agent
Authors: Martí M , Coderch L , De La Maza A , Parra J L
Published: July 2007

Disperse dyes are very hydrophobic molecules that in their commercial form are usually milled in the presence of large amounts of dispersing agents (synthetic surfactants). Other dispersing agents are added as auxiliaries during the dyeing process. These synthetic surfactants were substituted for liposomes prepared with phosphatidylcholine, a well‐known biological surfactant of natural origin which is environmentally friendly, and liposomes were studied as a dispersing agent in polyester dyeing.

The physicochemical behaviour of dye dispersion was analysed by two experimental measurements: the aggregation process of dye particles by filtration of dispersion and the determination of the turbidity ratio. The results obtained show the usefulness of liposomes as a dispersing auxiliary in a dyeing process, avoiding aggregation of dye molecules at high temperatures. Moreover, polyester dyeing shows similar final exhaustions, approximately 90%, at different kinetics, when liposomes are used.
Concentrated Heparin Lock Is Associated with Major Bleeding Complications after Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter Placement
Authors: Yevzlin Alexander S. , Sanchez Robert J. , Hiatt Jeanne G. , Washington Marilyn H. , Wakeen Maureen , Hofmann R. Michael , Becker Yolanda T.
Published: July 2007

Vascular access complications, including thrombosis, are associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality. Currently, up to 60% of new patients and 30% of prevalent patients are using a catheter for dialysis. To prevent interdialytic catheter thrombosis, these devices are routinely locked with concentrated heparin solutions. Several recent studies have elucidated the potential for abnormal coagulation markers (aPTT) that may arise from this practice. This abnormal elevation in aPTT may be explained by significant early and late leakage from the catheter that occurs after performing a catheter lock. To date no study has evaluated the impact of this practice, or the elevation in aPTT that may result from it, on bleeding complication rates. We conducted a retrospective analysis comparing bleeding rates in subjects who received concentrated heparin catheter lock (5000 u/cc) [group 1, n = 52] to those who received citrate or dilute heparin catheter lock (1000 u/cc) [group 2, n = 91] immediately after tunneled hemodialysis catheter insertion. Baseline characteristics did not differ between the groups except for the preprocedure INR, which was higher in the postpolicy group compared with the prepolicy group (1.29 vs. 1.21, p = 0.04). Results from logistic regression analyses revealed that the likelihood of a composite bleeding event in group 1 was 11.9 times that of a composite bleeding event in group 2, p = 0.04. Concentrated heparin (5000 u/ml) is associated with increased major bleeding complications posttunneled catheter placement compared with low‐dose heparin (1000 u/ml) or citrate catheter lock solution, p = 0.02. Given the findings of this study, a randomized controlled trial comparing the safety and efficacy of common anticoagulation lock solutions is warranted.
Percutaneous Renal Biopsy: Comparison of Blind and Real‐Time Ultrasound‐Guided Technique
Authors: Maya Ivan D. , Maddela Prathyusha , Barker Jill , Allon Michael
Published: July 2007

The use of real‐time ultrasound‐guided renal biopsy is believed to be superior to blind biopsy, but there are few reports comparing the two techniques. The goal of the present study was to compare the outcomes of ultrasound‐guided and blind renal biopsies at a single teaching institution, in terms of adequacy of tissue yield and frequency of hemorrhagic complications. We reviewed retrospectively the outcomes of all patients undergoing a percutaneous native kidney biopsy during a 2‐year period (January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2005). Of 129 renal biopsies, 65 were ultrasound‐guided and 64 were performed by the blind technique. All biopsies were performed by nephrology fellows under direct faculty supervision. The two patient groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, race, diabetes, hypertension, serum creatinine, and hematocrit. The mean number of glomeruli per biopsy was higher in the ultrasound‐guided group than in the patients with a blind biopsy (18 ± 9 versus 11 ± 9, p = 0.0001). An inadequate tissue sample requiring repeat biopsy occurred in 0% of the ultrasound‐guided biopsies and 16% of the blind biopsies (p = 0.0006). Large hematomas requiring vascular intervention or transfusion were less frequent in the ultrasound‐guided biopsies (0% versus 11%, p = 0.006). The hematocrit 24 hours postbiopsy was higher in the ultrasound‐guided biopsies when compared with the blind biopsies (32 ± 5% versus 30 ± 4%, p = 0.04). When compared with blind renal biopsy, real‐time ultrasound‐guided percutaneous renal biopsy provides a superior yield of kidney tissue and results in fewer hemorrhagic complications. Real‐time ultrasound‐guided renal biopsy is the preferred technique.
An Alternative Approach to a Totally Occluded Subclavian Vein in a Malfunctioning Arteriovenous Fistula
Authors: Packer Jeffrey
Published: July 2007

Endovascular therapy is useful in the treatment of a malfunctioning or nonmaturing arteriovenous (AV) fistula. When a standard trans‐access approach fails, alternative approaches can be attempted. A patient with a malfunctioning fistula is presented describing the use of a successful transjugular approach after an unsuccessful trans‐fistula attempt. The merits of this alternative method are discussed. An alternative means of treating a malfunctioning dialysis AV fistula may help increase the prevalence of AV fistulae in the hemodialysis population.
PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM AND MANAGEMENT IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Renal Osteodystrophy, Phosphate Homeostasis, and Vascular Calcification
Authors: Hruska Keith A. , Saab Georges , Mathew Suresh , Lund Richard
Published: July 2007

New advances in the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy (ROD) change the perspective from which many of its features and treatment are viewed. Calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D have been shown to be important determinants of survival associated with kidney diseases. Now ROD dependent and independent of these factors is linked to survival more than just skeletal frailty. This review focuses on recent discoveries that renal injury impairs skeletal anabolism decreasing the osteoblast compartment of the skeleton and consequent bone formation. This discovery and the discovery that PTH regulates the hematopoietic stem cell niche alters our view of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease (CKD) from that of a disease to that of a necessary adaptation to renal injury that goes awry. Furthermore, ROD is shown to be an underappreciated factor in the level of the serum phosphorus in CKD. The discovery and the elucidation of the mechanism of hyperphosphatemia as a cardiovascular risk in CKD change the view of ROD. It is now recognized as more than a skeletal disorder, it is an important component of the mortality of CKD that can be treated.
PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM AND MANAGEMENT IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Lanthanum Carbonate—A First Line Phosphate Binder?
Authors: Freitas Declan de , Donne Rosemary L. , Hutchison Alastair J.
Published: July 2007

Hyperphosphatemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. Oral phosphate binders are necessary to control serum phosphate in patients eating a normal diet and undergoing peritoneal dialysis or thrice weekly hemodialysis. Until recently, none of the available drugs came close to the model of an ideal oral binder, which would demonstrate high affinity, rapid binding regardless of pH, low solubility and absorption, lack of toxicity, palatability, and reasonable cost. Lanthanum carbonate is a safe and effective binder with data demonstrating no toxic effects after continuous exposure up to 6 years. Suggestions that absorption and accumulation of lanthanum is significant and of clinical importance do not stand up to close scrutiny and recommended it as a first line treatment for dialysis patients, particularly if they have evidence of vascular calcification.
PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM AND MANAGEMENT IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Phosphorus Balance with Daily Dialysis
Authors: Kooienga Laura
Published: July 2007

Hyperphosphatemia is an almost universal finding in patients with end‐stage renal disease and is associated with increased all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and vascular calcification. These associations have raised the question of whether reducing phosphorus levels could result in improved survival. In light of the recent findings that increased per‐session dialysis dose, as assessed by urea kinetics, did not result in improved survival, the definition of adequacy of dialysis should be re‐evaluated and consideration given to alternative markers. Two alternatives to conventional thrice weekly dialysis (CHD) are nocturnal hemodialysis (NHD) and short daily hemodialysis (SDHD). The elimination kinetics of phosphorus as they relate to these alternative daily dialysis schedules and the clinical implications of overall phosphorus balance are discussed here. The total weekly phosphorus removal with NHD is more than twice that removed by CHD (4985 mg/week ± 1827 mg vs. 2347 mg/week ± 697 mg) and this is associated with a significantly lower average serum phosphorous (4.0 mg/dl vs. 6.5 mg/dl). In spite of the observed increase in protein and phosphorus intake seen in patients on SDHD, phosphate binder requirements and serum phosphorus levels are generally stable to decrease although this effect is strongly dependent on the frequency and overall treatment time.
Management of an unerupted dilacerated maxillary central incisor: a case report
Authors: Kuvvetli Senem Selvi , Seymen Figen , Gencay Koray
Published: July 2007

Abstract –  A case with a dilacerated maxillary permanent central incisor, treated with forced eruption technique is illustrated and the results of the 4‐year follow up are presented. After the successful eruption of the tooth, the root development was completed and the root canal was obliterated. The 4‐year follow‐up results revealed the tooth to be still functional and the radiographic evaluation showed that the periodontal and periapical tissues were intact and healthy. In conclusion, the impacted dilacerated incisor diagnosed in the early mixed dentition should be treated with the aid of orthodontic traction. The long‐term follow up showed that once the tooth is placed in the occlusion properly, it may function well esthetically and preserve its periodontal and periapical health.
Traumatic anterior dental injuries in Cuban preschool children
Authors: Rodríguez Jesús Gallego
Published: July 2007

Abstract –  The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of traumatic dental injuries in 2–5 year‐old children. It included 543 children of both sexes, all attending five urban nurseries in San José de las Lajas, Cuba. The prevalence of injuries was 34.2%. Type and prevalence of dental injuries was determined using Andreasen's classification. Enamel fracture was the predominant injury (67.1%). The maxillary central incisor was the most vulnerable to injuries. Boys (41.8%) experience more injuries than girls (26.8%).
Dento–alveolar and maxillofacial injures – a survey of knowledge of the regimental aid providers in the Israeli army
Authors: Levin Liran , Lin Shaul , Emodi Omri , Gordon Moshe , Peled Micha
Published: July 2007

Abstract –  The present study evaluated the knowledge of physicians and emergency medical technicians (EMT) regarding primary treatment for oral and maxillofacial trauma and assessed the experience they have in treating oral and maxillofacial injuries. The study population consisted of 80 military physicians and EMT during their military service. A questionnaire was distributed relating to demographic data such as age, gender, position, and type of military service, as well as past experience in treating or witnessing oral and maxillofacial trauma, former education regarding diagnosis and treatment of oral and maxillofacial trauma, assessment of knowledge regarding oral and maxillofacial trauma, etc. The questionnaire was answered by 76 participants (95% response rate): 32 physicians and 44 EMT. Only 17 (22.4%) received education regarding oral and maxillofacial trauma (eight physicians, 25% and nine EMT, 20.5%). Nevertheless, 23 (30.3%) reported witnessing such an injury during their military service. Oral and maxillofacial injuries were first seen by the EMT in 43.4% of the cases, a physician in 23.7%, and a dentist in only 9.2%. Overall, 66 (86.8%) of the physicians and EMT stated that it was important to educate the primary health care providers regarding diagnosis and treatment of oral and maxillofacial trauma. Special emphasis should be given to providing primary caregivers with the relevant education to improve their knowledge and ability of dealing with diagnosis and treatment of oral and maxillofacial trauma.
Longitudinal study on types of injury, complications and treatment in permanent traumatized teeth with single and multiple dental trauma episodes
Authors: Pissiotis Aristides , Vanderas Apostole P. , Papagiannoulis Liza
Published: July 2007

Abstract –  The purpose of this study was to compare the type of injuries, complications and treatment in permanent traumatized teeth with single and multiple dental trauma episodes (MDTE). One hundred and fifty‐five children, aged 6–14 years, sustaining one or more traumatic episodes to permanent teeth were included in this investigation. After the medical and dental history the patients were examined clinically and radiographically and the diagnosis of trauma, the treatment plan and the applied treatment were recorded. Also, information regarding the number of traumatic episodes, the number of injured permanent teeth and the vitality of the pulp was collected. In follow‐ups, traumatized teeth were examined clinically and radiographically to evaluate the treatment applied and to detect any complication. The t‐statistic was used to test differences in the mean number of teeth per patient with different types of injury, complications and treatment between permanent traumatized teeth with single and multiple trauma episodes. A 95% probability level was used. The results showed that MDTE significantly affected the mean number of teeth per patient with fractured restoration, root fracture, concussion, pulp canal obliteration, root replacement resorption, filling therapy, surgery and prosthetic treatment. It was concluded that MDTE increase the risk of having certain types of injury, complications and treatment.
Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. III. Primary teeth
Authors: Flores Marie Therese , Malmgren Barbro , Andersson Lars , Andreasen Jens Ove , Bakland Leif K. , Barnett Frederick , Bourguignon Cecilia , DiAngelis Anthony , Hicks Lamar , Sigurdsson Asgeir , Trope Martin , Tsukiboshi Mitsuhiro , Arx Thomas von
Published: July 2007

Abstract –  Trauma to the primary dentition present special problems and the management is often different as compared with permanent teeth. An appropriate emergency treatment plan is important for a good prognosis. Guidelines are useful for delivering the best care possible in an efficient manner. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the group. In cases in which the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion of the IADT board members. The guidelines represent the current best evidence based on literature research and professional opinion. In this third article out of three, the IADT Guidelines for the management of traumatic injuries in the primary dentition, are presented.
Occupational skin diseases in cleaning and kitchen employees: Course and quality of life after measures of secondary individual prevention
Authors: Soder Stefanie , Diepgen Thomas L. , Radulescu Magdalena , Apfelbacher Christian J. , Bruckner Thomas , Weisshaar Elke
Published: July 2007

Background: Cleaning and kitchen employees have an increased risk of suffering from occupational dermatoses. Prevention including improving individual skin care and skin protection behavior, health education, optimizing diagnostics and therapy as well as avoidance of occupational skin disease (BK 5101) is important.

Patients and methods: Participants in the courses were patients suspected of having an occupational skin disease. Besides socio‐demographic and diseaserelated data, health‐related quality of life (QL) was measured using the SF‐36 and Skindex‐29. One year later all participants were interviewed by telephone about the course of their skin disease.

Results: Out of 212 participants, 84.0 % were female. The mean age was 41.6 (SD = 10.8) years.168 patients (79.2 %) suffered from hand dermatitis,with irritant contact dermatitis being the predominant diagnosis (46.2 %,n = 98).One year later 65.4 % (n = 85) of the patients interviewed still suffered from hand der‐matitis.9.2 % (n = 12) had meanwhile quit their job due to the skin disease.QL was impaired in all age groups being lower with increasing age of the patients.

Conclusions: The follow‐up confirmed the positive impact of the skin protection courses on patients' skin disease and well‐being. Occupational skin diseases impair health‐related quality of life in these professions but disease severity does not seem to play a key role.
Exanthematous infantile psoriasis
Authors: Schubert Barbara , Seitz Cornelia S. , Bröcker Eva‐Bettina , Hamm Henning
Published: July 2007

Childhood psoriasis is a disease with manifold clinical presentations which can make the correct diagnosis sometimes difficult. In a female infant, slightly itching, erythematous papules and plaques with discrete scaling spread over large parts of the integument starting from age three months. Histological examination supported the diagnosis of exanthematous infantile psoriasis. Topical treatment with dithranol in petrolatum led to slow clearance of the skin lesions.
Geriatric dentistry: a new specialty in Brazil
Authors: Hebling Eduardo , Mugayar Leda , Dias Paula Vendramini
Published: July 2007

Objective:  To present the current status of geriatric dentistry in Brazil.

Background:  In 2001, the Brazilian Dental Council established a new specialty: geriatric dentistry. This decision was based on the increase in both the elderly population and the demand for dental treatment of this cohort.

Materials and methods:  Data were obtained through online searches of the Brazilian Dental Council and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.

Results:  Brazil has 170 dental schools offering around 14 000 undergraduate vacancies every year. At the postgraduate level, there are 19 recognised dental specialties, one of which is geriatric dentistry, comprising 18 certificate programmes, with the potential to produce 216 new specialists every 18 months. The dentist/habitant ratio was 1:870, higher than that recommended by the Word Health Organization. The Brazilian population consists of around 14.5 million elderly people (8.6%). There were 124 specialists in geriatric dentistry distributed irregularly throughout the country. The specialist/elderly population rate was 1:117 249. At the undergraduate level, this new specialty is not included in the curricula of most dental schools in Brazil.

Conclusions:  Geriatric dentistry should be included in the undergraduate curricula of dental schools in Brazil. Postgraduate degree courses should be developed to produce more clinical academics and researchers in this field.
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS): sialometric and sialochemical analysis and salivary protein profile
Authors: Moura Sérgio Adriane Bezerra de , Sousa Jacira Maria Andrade de , Lima Dilma Ferreira , Negreiros André Newton do Monte , Silva Fábio de Vasconcelos , Costa Lino João da
Published: July 2007

Objective:  The aim of the present study was to analyse the characteristics of salivary production and its composition in individuals with burning mouth syndrome (BMS).

Study Design:  Salivary flow rate, concentrations of potassium, iron, chloride, thiocyanate, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, glucose, total protein and urea, as well as the expression profile of salivary proteins were analysed by SDS‐PAGE.

Results:  The mean salivary flow rate among control patients was lower than that of BMS patients. Chloride, phosphorus and potassium levels were elevated in patients with BMS (p = 0.041, 0.001 and 0.034, respectively). Total salivary protein concentration was reduced in individuals with BMS (p = 0.223). Analysis of the expression of salivary proteins by Coomassie blue SDS‐PAGE revealed a lower expression of low molecular weight proteins in individuals with BMS compared to healthy controls.

Conclusions:  These results indicate that the identification and characterisation of low molecular weight salivary proteins in BMS may be important in understanding BMS pathogenesis, thus contributing to its diagnosis and treatment.
Accelerated rehabilitation of an edentulous patient with an implant retained dental prosthesis: a case report
Authors: McKenna Gerald , Lillywhite Graeme
Published: July 2007

This case report details the successful rehabilitation of an edentulous patient using a complete upper prosthesis and a lower implant retained overdenture. The provision of care was split between a specialist centre and a primary care setting. This approach reduced inconvenience to the patient. Modern surgical and prosthodontic techniques also reduced the total delivery time.

After initial consultation a new set of complete dentures was prescribed with changes in design to the originals. The patient was also planned for placement of two mandibular implants to stabilise and retain the mandibular denture. The first line of treatment involved provision of a new set of dentures constructed by the patient's general dental practitioner. Dental implants were then placed in a specialist centre and the patient returned to the dental practice for attachment of the lower denture to the dental implants.

The benefits and success of mandibular implant retained dentures are well documented. With delivery of the overdenture, the patient reported increased satisfaction with his prostheses which allowed him to eat a greater range of foods and enabled him to feel confident when speaking and socialising.
Stannous fluoride in dentifrice: an effective anti‐plaque agent in the elderly?
Authors: Willumsen Tiril , Solemdal Kirsten , Wenaasen Marianne , Øgaard Bjorn
Published: July 2007

Objective:  The aim of this study was to examine differences in plaque accumulation in elderly patients using two toothpastes, with either 0.2% sodium fluoride (NaF) or 0.4% stannous fluoride (SnF2), but otherwise identical.

Background data:  The prevalence of denate elderly is increasing. Plaque both causes caries and is associated with an increased mortality rate in frail elderly patients with pneumonia. Therefore, the effective removal of plaque is important. Ingredients with an anti‐plaque effect, such as SnF2, that can be used in toothpaste, are effective in plaque inhibition

Materials and methods:  Thirty‐two frail elderly women, 82–98 years of age (mean, 88 years) and living in a residential home, participated in a double‐blind crossover study. They brushed their teeth for 4 weeks with each toothpaste. Treatment outcome was a change in the plaque index (PI) on four anterior teeth and four molars.

Results:  anova showed statistically significant differences between the treatments (F = 4.21, p = 0.02). A post hoc test showed that SnF2 produced a statistically significantly lower PI than did NaF.

Conclusion:  SnF2 in toothpaste may be effective in inhibiting plaque accumulation in the elderly.