bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Employer Attitudes Toward Work-Release Programs and the Hiring of Offenders
Authors: Atkinson Donald , Fenster C. Abraham , Blumberg Abraham S.
Published: July 2007

Previous studies on attitudes toward work-release programs have indicated that employers, and sheriffs with experience in those programs, respond positively, while sheriffs without such experience are about evenly divided. This paper assessed the attitudes of potential employers towards various aspects of work-release programs in order to identify the most likely participants and the viability of expanding such work-release programs. Analysis of the results of a group-administered questionnaire-given to a group of potential employers who were members of service organizations, the Lions Club and the Rotary Club-revealed that a clear majority of this group of potential employers were sympathetic though with some reservations noted. While employers of ex-offenders and victims of crime were less responsive, about 40% of these groups were also willing to hire work-releasees. The need for effective planning, administration, research, and publicity was underscored.
The Correctional Officer as a Behavioral Technician
Authors: Smith Robert R. , Milan Michael A. , Wood Larry F. , McKee John M.
Published: July 2007

A correctional officer training program in the principles and applications of the social learning model is described. An assessment of the effects of the training program indicated that correctional officers can master the requisite skills of the behavioral technician and can successfully apply these, under supervision, in a systematic behavior change project. In addition, the trained officers, in comparison to nontrained peers, increased both their total number and proportion of positive interactions with inmates. Finally, the trained officers indicated that the techniques they learned assisted them in their work with the inmates, and the inmates indicated that the officers who had received training appeared to have improved in general caliber as well as become less punitive and more concerned with the welfare of inmates. The implications of these findings for comprehensive rehabilitation programming within a correctional institution are discussed.
Psychometric Characteristics of Megargee's Work Performance and Interpersonal Adjustment Rating Schedules
Authors: Fowler Marguerite Gilbert , Megargee Edwin I.
Published: July 2007

Since their introduction in 1972, the Megargee Interpersonal Adjustment (IAR) and Work Performance Rating (WPR) forms have been adopted at a number of state and federal correctional institutions to facilitate the systematic recording of quantifiable observations of inmate behavior. Interpretation of these forms has been hampered by the lack of information regarding the psychometric characteristics of those instruments. In this report, approximately 2,500 reports filed on a cohort of 1,344 young adult offenders at a medium security Federal prison were analyzed; means, standard deviation, T-score equivalents, skew, kurtosis, and intercorrelations of the items on each form are reported. Factor analysis yielded one general factor for each instrument and factor weights are provided for those wishing to calculate a composite factor T-score for each instrument.
Effects of Feedback On Performance of Introverted and Extraverted Delinquents and Non-Delinquents
Authors: Stein James R.
Published: July 2007

This experiment examined differences in the effects of feedback on the disjunctive reaction time (RT) of introverted and extraverted delinquents and non-delinquents. The Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory was administered to delinquent and non-delinquent Ss who were then assigned to feedback and non-feedback conditions such that the mean E scores and mean chronological ages of the Ss in the two groups were equal. Each S was given 98 RT trials and his reaction time was recorded. The data on the E-1 dimensions and RT was collected, the mean RT scores were entered into a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 analysis of variance. Significant main effects were attributable to delinquency conditions, feedback conditions, and blocks of trials. In addition, a significant delinquency conditions x E-1 interaction was obtained.
III: Revision and Refinement of the Classificatory Rules
Authors: Megargee Edwin I. , Dorhout Brent
Published: July 2007

The third of four studies on the derivation of an MMPI-based criminal classification system, this paper reports how the classificatory rules were refined and revised and how a computer program was derived that could classify 63% of the profiles encountered in an institution for youthful male offenders with 91 % accuracy. In the course of this procedure, a tenth group was discussed. Clinical inspection of the profiles that were unclassified or multiply classified by the program resulted in 96% of the profiles being assigned to types. Mean profiles and comprehensive operational definitions are provided for all ten groups.
IV: Empirically Determined Characteristics of the Ten Types
Authors: Megargee Edwin I. , Bohn Martin J.
Published: July 2007

This study reports the characteristics of ten groups of youthful male offenders defined on the basis of their MMPI profile characteristics. The MMPIs of 1,214 youthful male offendes admitted to a Federal Correctional Institution over a two-year period were classified according to the procedures described by Megargee and Dorhout (1977). The ten groups were then contrasted on a number of variables derived from intake interviews, presentence investigation reports, psychologists' Q-sorts, and a number of personality, ability, and achievement tests. Highly significant differences were obtained on 75 of 86 comparisons, and it was concluded that the ten groups did differ substantially in their behavior, social histories, life styles, and personality patterns. A modal description of each group is offered, with the understanding that marked individual variations from these stereotypes can be expected and that individuals may also change from one group to another over time. Hypotheses as to the optimal modes of management and treatment are offered for each group.
A Critical Evaluation of the Systematic Approach To Jury Selection
Authors: Berman John , Sales Bruce Dennis
Published: July 2007

Social scientists have recently generated a great deal of publicity by their involvement in jury selection. This paper describes the components of the methodology used. Then both practical and conceptual difficulties with each component are discussed. It is noted that there is little empirical support for any of the components or for the method as a whole. Finally, some of the legal and ethical implications of the methodology are treated.
The Role of Personal Characteristics in Perceptions of Dangerousness
Authors: Williams Wright , Miller Kent S.
Published: July 2007

The literature warns of the problematic nature of predictions of dangerousness. This article discusses two studies investigating the role of personal characteristics-notably race, social class, and criminal history-in evaluations for dangerousness. In the first study, 100 mental health professionals rated altered case history profiles. Analysis of variance revealed that social class and criminal history significantly influenced the raters' evaluations. In the second study, descriptive and discriminant analysis revealed that social power variables distinguished best between 30 forensic hospital patients judged dangerous and 30 others judged nondangerous. Social power variables and a history of violent criminal behavior were found to be of importance in the assessment of dangerousness.
Motivational Intent in the Sexual Assault of Children
Authors: Groth A. Nicholas , Burgess Ann Wolbert
Published: July 2007

This study analyzes 74 preadult victims' accounts of sexual assault and 137 convicted child offenders' accounts of sexual assault. Two types of child assault were identified: sex-pressure, which was achieved by offender enticement and/or entrapment of the child into sexual activity; and sex-force, where the victim was forced to submit to the assault through exploitation, intimidation, and/or aggression. Life issues of dominance, power, authority, control, aggression, and sadism were present in varying degrees of intensity in the assault.
The Helpfulness of Three Counseling Models as Perceived By Institutionalized Adolescent Males
Authors: Dougherty A. Michael , Horne Arthur M.
Published: July 2007

The use of advice-giving, Adlerian interpretation, and analytically derived interpretation with regard to their perceived helpfulness was investigated by having subjects view a videotape of eight role-played counseling segments. The videotape presented problem statements by a role-playing adolescent followed by a role-playing counselor who made three separate responses to the statements. Subjects were 20 internally and 20 externally controlled incarcerated youth who ranked the three counselor responses of each segment from most helpful to least helpful. Both internally and externally controlled subjects tended to rank Adlerian interpretation and analytically derived interpretation as less helpful than advice-giving in this quasi-counseling situation. Cautions concerning the use of the two types of interpretation with this type of subject are made.
Mmpi and Demographic Correlates and Predictors of Female Prison Escape
Authors: Scott Norman A. , Mount Michael K. , Duffy Patricia S.
Published: July 2007

MMPI scores and demographic factors were examined for differences between female adult felons who had escaped (N = 71) from incarceration and those who had not escaped (N = 97). Escapees were significantly younger, were more often imprisoned as juveniles, had lower MMPI L scores, but scored significantly higher on MMPI scales F, Pd, Pt, Sc, and Ma than non-escapees. An MMPI predictor model comprised of L, D, and Sc scores maximally accounted for 19% of the escape variance and was stable on cross-validation. Demographic factors were less useful and less stable escape predictors than MMPI variables.
Thought Content of Delinquent and Nondelinquent Young Adults
Authors: Landau Simha F.
Published: July 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate several aspects of daily thinking among delinquents and nondelinquents while adequately controlling institutionalization. For this purpose the following groups were selected: institutionalized delinquents (prison inmates), institutionalized nondelinquents (soldiers), noninstitutionalized delinquents (delinquents on probation), and noninstitutionalized nondelinquents (vocational students). The findings show that prisoners are more preoccupied with events occurring within the total institution than are soldiers. However, in both types of institution, the closer the subjects are to release, the greater their preoccupation with events outside the institution. Prisoners demonstrate a higher proportion of contents related to deviance and delinquency and a lower proportion of cognitive-instrumental contents than probationers. However, as they approach release there is a decrease in the former and an increase in the latter in their life-space. Noninstitutionalized subjects demonstrate a higher degree of activity in their daily thinking than their institutionalized counterparts. Both in prison and army in the early and late phases of institutionalization, the degree of activity demonstrated is higher than that in the middle phase. The findings are discussed in relation to the process of prisonization, and a hypothetical model incorporating several variables related to this process is suggested.
A Brief, Immediate Screening Interview To Determine Competency To Stand Trial
Authors: Roesch Ronald
Published: July 2007

A study designed to provide some preliminary information on the feasibility of a brief, community-based evaluation as an alternative to a more lengthy, institutionally based evaluation to determine a defendant's competency to proceed with trial is described. The article suggests not only that a community-based evaluation is feasible and results in a reduced cost and an increase in the protection of individual rights, but also that an evaluation which focuses on legal rather than psychiatric criteria is a sufficient basis for providing the courts with information about a defendant's competency.
Impression Management in the Ethical Self-Presentation of Offenders Undergoing Presentence Evaluation
Authors: Holland Terrill R. , Boik Robert J.
Published: July 2007

Ethical choices were assessed for offenders instructed to produce favorable versus unfavorable impressions. Pronounced impression management effects were obtained for prosocial and antisocial responses, and high scores on a dimension of change defined by these variables were related to sociopathic features on the MMPI. Highly consistent trends did not emerge for avoidance responses, although a secondary dimension of change was identified which contrasted avoidance with antisocial alternatives and was associated with increasing age, numerous prior incarcerations, and a defensive-repressive MMPI pattern. The findings were discussed in terms of their relevance for understanding the impression management manipulations likely to be encountered during the evaluation of different types of offenders.
Offender Ethnicity and Presentence Decision-Making
Authors: Holland Terrill R. , Johnson N.S.
Published: July 2007

Multiple discriminant analyses were performed to examine the sentencing recommendations of clinicians versus caseworkers for white, Mexican-American, and black male offenders, both before and after controlling for selected criminological characteristics of these ethnic groups. Though generally of small magnitude, discrimination effects favoring whites for relatively lenient case dispositions were larger for caseworkers than for clinicians and remained statistically significant only for caseworkers after holding constant criminological variables. The results are discussed in terms of the need for decreasing the discretion of decision makers through the use of guidelines that contain expected decision outcomes.
Escape/Aggression Incidence in Sexually Abused Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Reich John W. , Gutierres Sara E.
Published: July 2007

The psychological impact of sexual abuse on children is not a well-understood phenomenon. It has been suggested, however, that such an experience renders the child more aggressive and antisocial. Juvenile delinquency crime data represent a strong test of that assumption. This study reports a continuation of prior research testing a theoretical model which predicts that juveniles subjected to abuse will not become aggressive but will engage in escape and social avoidance behaviors. Analysis of the juvenile delinquency patterns of sexually abused children later arrested for juvenile crimes supported the hypothesis derived from the theoretical model. Abuse did not lead to aggression significantly more than in a control sample of nonabused juveniles, but did significantly increase the frequency of escape infractions.
Eysenck's Theory of Criminality
Authors: Bartol Curt R. , Holanchock Howard A.
Published: July 2007

Felons in a maximum security institution were administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire to test the validity of Eysenck's theory of criminality on an American population. Comparison with a noncriminal control group found a significant difference in the L-scale, but none for P and N scores. E scores were significantly lower for the criminal group. When the criminal sample was divided according to offense type, differences in P-scale and in neuroticism were also uncovered. When high L-scorers were eliminated from the sample, the criminal group scored higher on the P and N scale, but E scores remained similar to those of the control group. The results raise questions about the Eysenckian theory when applied to American Black and Hispanic prisoners.
Psychosocial Contexts of Diabetes and Older Adulthood: Reciprocal Effects
Authors: Connell Cathleen M
Published: July 2007

The present study was conducted to assess the reciprocal effects between the psychosocial contexts of diabetes and older adulthood. Data were collected from 191 community-dwelling adults over the age of 60 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Results indicate that older adults with diabetes reported higher rates of selected chronic illnesses, lower self-rated physical health, and higher levels of depression than did comparison samples of older adults without diabetes. Compared with younger adults with NIDDM, the present sample of older adults perceived fewer impacts of diabetes, including fewer symptoms of poor metabolic control, less emotional impact, fewer barriers to adherence, and less complex regimens. Overall levels of social support and regimen adherence were high. Older adults in this sample reported wanting minimal help from their family and friends with self-management activities and receiving more help than desired with following a meal plan and taking medications. Implications of the unique context of older adulthood for diabetes self-management are discussed.
Barriers to the Effective Use of Capillary Blood Glucose Monitoring in Extended Care Facilities
Authors: Siegel Jacqueline
Published: July 2007

Elderly residents of extended care facilities have an increased prevalence of diabetes compared with age-matched individuals living in the community, and are more prone to uncontrolled hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Capillary blood glucose monitoring can provide essential data for managing patients with diabetes, yet blood glucose monitoring is not used consistently by many institutions that provide long-term care. Among the barriers to its use are a perceived lack of validity, a perceived or actual lack of reliability, a failure by staff to use monitoring results consistently, a belief that good control is not necessary for the elderly, and the cost. Educational programs need to be offered to extended care facilities emphasizing the significance of glucose monitoring in the management of diabetes in elderly patients.
Exercise: Part II. Translating the Exercise Prescription
Authors: Maynard Timothy
Published: July 2007

Exercise comes in many forms and uses different substrates (fuels) for adenosine triphosphate (energy) production. The greater the intensity of exercise, the greater the relative contribution of carbohydrate as a fuel source. However, as intensity exceeds the anaerobic threshold, anaerobic glycolysis is inhibited, forcing a decrease in exercise intensity. Proper manipulation of the exercise prescription components can create the desired health and fitness benefits, provide a high level of carbohydrate utilization, and control exercise risks while maintaining exercise intensity at aerobic levels. The calculation of target heart rate zones and proper monitoring of exercise heart rates allows for greater compliance to exercise prescriptions. Individual responses to various exercise intensities and modalities require regular assessments. Monitoring blood glucose levels before and after exercise assists in prescribing exercise duration and exercise times in relation to the medication and dietary regimen.
Comparison of the Nonparametric Mokken Model and Parametric IRT Models Using Latent Class Analysis
Authors: de Gruijter Dato N. M.
Published: July 2007

A nonparametric Mokken analysis of test data generally results in the rejection of different items as misfitting than an analysis with a parametric item response theory model. This is due to differences between the methods of analysis employed. Croon (1991) demonstrated that the assumption of "double monotony" of the nonparametric Mokken model can be tested with a latent class analysis using the EM procedure. This allows a comparison of the Mokken model of double monotony and parametric item response models within the same framework. The Mokken model was compared with parametric models using simulated data. It was demonstrated that latent class analysis provides a consistent comparison of item response models. Index terms: EM algorithm, item fit, item response theory, latent class analysis, model comparisons, Mokken model, Rasch model.
More on the Computation of Higher-Order Derivatives of the Elementary Symmetric Functions in the Rasch Model
Authors: Liou Michelle
Published: July 2007

A recursive equation for computing higher-order derivatives of the elementary symmetric functions in the Rasch model is proposed. The formula is conceptually simple and relatively more efficient than the sum algorithm (Gustafsson, 1980). A simulation study indicated that the proposed formula has a small loss in accuracy, compared to the sum algorithm, for computing higher-order derivatives when tests contained 60 items or less. Index terms: difference algorithm, elementary symmetric functions, Formann's equation, Jansen's equation, Rasch model, sum algorithm.
Studying Correlates and Predictors of Longitudinal Change Using Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Raykov Tenko
Published: July 2007

This paper is concerned with the study of correlates and predictors of change in a multiwave design. A general structural modeling approach is discussed, which allows estimation of theoretically and empirically relevant interrelationship indexes between growth or decline in longitudinally assessed psychological constructs and additional variables. Several classical test theory-based structural models are discussed. The models permit consistent and efficient estimation of, and tests about, the degree of covariation between change in one or more repeatedly measured latent dimensions and other variables, such as studied or presumed correlates of growth or decline in the longitudinally observed constructs. These models are useful in developmental studies with multiple assessment points, in which variables that are correlated with, and can be used to predict, change in measured abilities in repeatedly assessed psychological characteristics are to be identified. The approach is illustrated with data from a cognitive intervention study of aged adults (Baltes, Dittmann-Kohli, & Kliegl, 1986). Index terms: correlates and predictors of growth or decline, longitudinal research design, measurement of change, multiple assessments, structural equation modeling.
The valuing of management information
Authors: Carter M.P.
Published: July 2007

This article is the first in a series of four articles concerned with the valuing of management information. The first three articles examine the major approaches to valuation, the final one summarizes and links together these methods into a practi cal approach to the valuing of management information.

This article considers the Bayesian approach to the valuing of management information by examining two examples. One of these examples is an unprogrammed strategic decision con cerned with valuing a piece of market research information, the other concerned with the valuing of process control informa tion.
Application in practice of the results of library and information retrieval research—experience in consultancy
Authors: Ashford John H.
Published: July 2007

Analysis of the records of a small, specialised consultancy indicates that research results have been applied both in general development of subject knowledge and in solving specific prob lems. Some promising research which appears not yet to have yielded practical results is noted, and difficulties are identified in converting published research into practical applications.

Text and document analysis on a large scale and the auto matic acquisition of texts are likely to be useful future research topics; user studies and cost benefit analyses appear to be the best tools for assessment.
A tax on knowledge
Authors: White Brenda
Published: July 2007

Rumours before the 1985 Spring budget, that the U.K. Chan cellor planned to extend Value Added Tax (VAT) to cover books and journals, gave rise to the National Book Committee's "Don't Tax Reading" campaign to combat the imposition of a tax on knowledge. The implications of a 15% tax on the printed word, particularly for institutions outside VAT such as univer sities and their libraries, and for the continuing economic viability of minority books and learned journals, are serious. This paper looks at the history of taxes on knowledge, at the economic and cultural arguments against VAT proposals, and at practice in other countries.
Technology transfer and communication: lessons from Silicon Valley, Route 128, Carolina's Research Triangle and hi-tech Texas
Authors: Irwin Harry , More Elizabeth
Published: July 2007

Expenence from the 1980s has demonstrated that commonly used "automatic" and "dissemination/diffusion" models of technology transfer are inadequate to guide practice in the 1990s Technology transfer is an increasingly complex process, fraught with difficulties.

Understanding technology transfer, and initiating actions to assist it to occur, is facilitated by conceptualising transfer as a communication process involving ongoing interaction and negotiation of meanings between researchers and clients

Implications for practice of the adoption of a communica tion model of technology transfer are analysed, with particular attention being paid to the need for boundary spanning "go betweens", or "linkage champions", to manage the vital com munication aspects of technology transfer
The challenge of implementing an African programme in Information Science: TRARECON
Authors: Olabode Aiyepeku W.
Published: July 2007

A brief account of the antecedents of the new Africa Regional Centre for Information Science (ARCIS) puts the subject of the paper in its proper perspective Promoting goodwill within the academic environment at Ibadan for the novel ideas enunciated by ARCIS constituted the most formi dable challenge of all Other crucial aspects of the challenge included raising funds for the Centre's establishment and de velopment in a depressed economy: training prospective academic staff, and sustaining the cause of ARCIS in the face of powerful and persistent opposition. The rationale for the Centre's emphasis on public service is explained, followed by highlights of the MInfSc degree programme and the criteria for selecting students Finally, the paper looks optimistically ahead to ARCIS making its contributions towards the production of a new breed of Afncan information professionals
The Social Construction of Business Systems in East Asia
Authors: Whitley Richard D.
Published: July 2007

Distinctive forms of business organization have become dominant and successful in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong over the past 40 years. These different business systems reflect historical patterns of authority, trust and loyalty in Japan, Korea and China. They also vary in their specialization, strategic prefer ences and patterns of inter-firm co-ordination because of significant differences in their institutional environments, especially the political and financial systems. Similar processes exist in western societies but distinctive business systems are not so sharply bounded between nation states and cultures in Europe and North America.
Works Council Membership and Career Opportunities
Authors: Kunst Paul , Soetens Joseph
Published: July 2007

This article focuses on the (often suggested negative) effect on career develop ment of participation in Works Councils. The reason for studying this relation is that a negative influence of Works Council membership on careers could reduce the willingness to participate in Works Councils. The article reports on an empiri cal study whose most important findings are, that there is indeed a difference between careers of the entire working population and those of Works Councils members. These differences, however, can be explained by the same factors that are known from research on career patterns for the entire working population. Yet 24 percent of the respondents consider the influence of participation as being negative; 12 percent see a positive influence. However, to some extent, these are organizational, rather than individual results. The consequences of our findings for future research and policies are discussed.
In Defence of Paradigm Incommensurability
Authors: Jackson Normàn , Carter Pippa
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a rigorous defence of paradigm incommensurability as con ceptualized by Burrell and Morgan, arguing that it is a necessary defence against scientistic authoritarianism. Two recent attacks on paradigm incommensurability are examined which, although emerging from different intellectual traditions, are both seen to imply the restoration of the authority of scientism characteristic of the postmodernism of reaction. Both critiques base their attack on the work of Kuhn but this basis is rejected on the grounds, inter alia, of a clear absence of isomorphism between the paradigmatic model of Kuhn and that of Burrell and Morgan. Finally, the paper considers the relevance of paradigm incommensur ability in the context of non-reactive postmodernism.
Transitions between Symbolic Domains in Organizations
Authors: Schultz Majken
Published: July 2007

Different work settings in a governmental organization are socially defined as symbolic domains. Each domain represents distinct ways of framing and inter preting talk and action. Members of the organization must be able to keep all symbolic domains in mind and switch back and forth between them, as they cross different work settings. The paper claims that rites of transition facilitate switches between symbolic domains directing the entry to and the exit from symbolic domains. The social definitions of symbolic domains and the transitions between them are analyzed on the basis of a study of the interaction between a group of managers and the political minister.
Transferential Leadership. Towards a More Complex Understanding of Charisma in Organizations
Authors: Pauchant Thierry C.
Published: July 2007

Research on charismatic leadership in organizations has been sparse and remains inconclusive. In particular, a more systematic approach to differentiate types of charismatic leadership is needed. In this paper, we call for a research agenda focusing on the subjective and affective relationship established in the dyad leader-follower. We argue that the self psychology model is particularly suited for addressing this research agenda, propose a typology of charismatic leader ship with positive and negative outcomes, and suggest directions for future research.
Seeing the Empty Spaces: Towards a More Complex Understanding of the Meaning of Power in Organizations
Authors: Fiol C. Marlene
Published: July 2007

Power in organizations is reflected in overt decisions and behaviours and in the empty spaces of non-decision and non-behaviour. This paper presents semiotics as a means of identifying and systematically structuring multiple dimensions that combine to make up the meaning of power in a particular context. It semiotically categorizes the visible and invisible dimensions of power of two prominent leaders in American industry. The resulting deep structures show underlying differences in the way these two leaders framed the meaning of power.
Socio-economic Systems and Organizational Management: An Institutional Perspective on the Socialist Firm
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: July 2007

In this article the necessary links between the macro-logic of socialist socio- economic systems and key organizational features are explored. The ideal types of capitalist and socialist systems are first described and their implications for organizations are later discussed. Socialist socio-economic systems are conceptu alized as highly institutionalized environments which are postulated to be key causal influences on firms operating within them. The key characteristics of social ist firms are shown to be the following: the isomorphic relationships between socialist enterprises and the state caused by the structural and political-ideolo gical dependence of the former upon the latter; the prevalence of ceremonial management; the systematic decoupling of the formal system from actual organ izational practices and behaviours, as well as the disjuncture of the actions of economic units from their consequences. In addition, the structurally generated reliance of socialist firms on rules and hierarchies for organizational decision- making is noted. Socialist socio-economic systems also generate multiple lines of authority in enterprises which are managed through a combination of particip ative management, ideological campaigns, and coercion.
Culture, Context and Structure: A Test on Hong Kong Banks
Authors: Wong Gilbert Y. Y. , Birnbaum-More Philip H.
Published: July 2007

This research examined both context and home society culture as predictors of organizational structure in 39 multinational banks operating in Hong Kong. Organizational structure and context were operationalized using the Aston instru ments and culture was operationalized using Hofstede's measures of power dis tance and uncertainty avoidance. The results showed that the contextual variable of size was more strongly associated with structural differentiation while the cultural variable of power distance was more strongly associated with authority. These findings help explain the inconsistent relationships reported in previous studies.
Structural Changes in Food Consumption and Nutritional Intake From Livestock Products in India
Authors: Ali Jabir
Published: July 2007

Livestock as an important sub-sector of the Indian agricultural economy plays a multi-faceted role in providing liveli-hood support and food security especially to the country's rural population. There is a growing market for livestock products in India and it is well-documented that consumption patterns have been undergoing significant changes towards high value commodities like fruits and vegetables, milk, meat and eggs. Between 1983 and 1999, consumption of fruits increased by 553 per cent, of vegetables by 167 per cent, and of milk and milk products by 105 per cent. Consumption of meat, eggs and fish rose by 85 per cent over the same period, and these trends have continued since. The article analyses some significant recent structural changes in consumption of livestock products in India and examines their future scope in providing nutritional security. It is argued that despite significant reservations about meat consumption, livestock products have great potential to contribute significantly to the rural Indian economy and in providing better nutritional security for a still growing population.
A Morphological Processor for Malayalam Language
Authors: Idicula Sumam Mary , David Peter S.
Published: July 2007

Work on morphological analyzers (which are computer programmes) for Indian languages is conducted vigorously these days. Usually published in specialized journals, this rather technical work is briefly presented here to provide some insights to a wider readership into little-known aspects of current language work. The morphological strength of Malayalam as a major South Indian language justifies the use of thorough morphological processing, which is the first step in any natural language processing task. The project is aimed at building a morphological processor for language, with two main components: a morphological generator and a morphological analyzer. The computational model of the processor takes care of the processing of nouns, pronouns, verbs and modifiers. The results obtained are encouraging and the work can be extended to the creation of a full-fledged part-of-speech tagger for Malayalam and other Dravidian languages, since they all exhibit structural homogeneity.
Women, Work and Fishing
Authors: Samuel Lina
Published: July 2007

This article focuses on women and their families in the fishing industry of Kerala, India. Documenting women's daily routines and experiences in their work, home and social circles, it reveals the continuing significance of social customs and traditions in limiting and confining women in their everyday life. Despite the varied roles that women play in the fishing industry, the income women earn from working has not altered pre-existing exploitative relations between men and women. Divisions based on caste, the emulation of upper caste behaviour, the continued practice and inflation of dowry, and traditional perceptions of women's responsibilities within the family combine to keep women in a secondary and subservient position relative to men.
Validation of the Subjective Numeracy Scale: Effects of Low Numeracy on Comprehension of Risk Communications and Utility Elicitations
Authors: Zikmund-Fisher Brian J. , Smith Dylan M. , Ubel Peter A. , Fagerlin Angela
Published: July 2007

Background. In a companion article, the authors describe the Subjective Numeracy Scale (SNS), a self-assessment of numerical aptitude and preferences for numbers that correlates strongly with objective numeracy. Objective. The objective of this article is to validate the Subjective Numeracy Scale using measures of subjects' capacity to recall and comprehend complex risk statistics and to complete utility elicitations. Research Design. The study is composed of 3 general public surveys: 2 administered via the Web and 1 by paper and pencil. Subjects. Studies 1 and 3 surveyed 862 and 1234 people, respectively, recruited via a nationwide commercial Internet survey panel. Study 2 involved 245 people who completed paper-and-pencil surveys in a Veterans Administration hospital. Measures. The authors tested whether one's score on the SNS predicted the likelihood of correct recall and interpretation of risk information (studies 1 and 2A) or the likelihood of effectively completing a time tradeoff or person-tradeoff utility elicitation (studies 2B and 3). In Studies 1 and 2, the authors also tested whether an objective test of quantitative ability would predict performance. Results. In all studies, survey participants with higher SNS scores performed significantly better than other respondents. The predictive ability of the SNS approached that observed for objective numeracy. Conclusions. The SNS effectively predicts both risk comprehension and completion of utility elicitations without requiring survey participants to complete time-consuming and stress-inducing mathematics tests. The authors encourage the use of the SNS in a variety of health services research contexts.
Karl Pearson and Statistics
Authors: Norton Bernard J.
Published: July 2007

Karl Pearson (1857-1936) is often considered to be the father of the modern discipline of statistics, which emerged from his work in mathematical biology or biometry. Pearson's statistics was, by turn, integrally linked with attempts to establish eugenics as the queen of the social sciences. This paper argues that to understand (i) Pearson's taking to biometry, (ii) biometry's power to yield developments in statistics, and (iii) the association of eugenics with statistics, we must understand Pearson's philosophical and social views, developed before he took to biometry. The closing section of the paper analyzes the ways in which Pearson formed these views in response to the social and intellectual problems posed to him by the conditions of his late-Victorian life. The possibility of explaining the particular pattern of his response in terms of the natural interests of persons occupying his social position is mentioned, as are the difficulties of such an explanatory strategy.
Statistical Theory and Social Interests
Authors: MacKenzie Donald
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the controversy that took place between 1900 and 1914 about how best to measure statistical association. The divergent views of the two sides are examined by means of a study of the work of the major participants in the controversy: Karl Pearson (1857-1936) and George Udny Yule (1871-1951). It is argued that the theorizing and scientific judgments of the two sides embodied different 'cognitive interests': that is to say, differing goals in the development of statistical theory resulted in approaches to the measurement of association that were structured differently. These different cognitive interests arose from the different problem situations of statisticians whose primary commitment was to eugenics research and those who lacked any such strong specific commitment. It is suggested that eugenics embodied the social interests of a specific sector of British society, and not those of other sectors. Thus differing social interests are seen as entering indirectly, through the 'mediation' of eugenics, into this episode in development of statistical theory in Britain.
The Selective Usefulness of Game Theory
Authors: Martin Brian
Published: July 2007

The concepts of game theory are analyzed to determine their selective usefulness for studying certain types of problems and obtaining certain types of conclusions. It is found that game theory lends itself to perspectives and applications which do not question the assumptions underlying existing structures or institutions in society. The selective usefulness of game theory concepts is reflected in the actual uses and applications of the theory; several examples are given. Furthermore, this selective usefulness is quite compatible with what is known about the origins of game theory. The study of game theory concepts provides a useful example of a perspective on mathematics from which mathematical frameworks, as well as associated concepts, are seen as being value-laden.
A Framework for the Sociology of Knowledge
Authors: Millstone Erik
Published: July 2007

The sociology of knowledge can enrich our understanding of history, society, knowledge and belief. However, it can only achieve this if it has a sound epistemological and methodological basis. This paper, by criticizing the views of David Bloor, argues that it would be a mistake to define the sociology of knowledge as the causal explanation of belief. More positively, it attempts to describe the general form which the sociology of knowledge should take, and a methodology by which it might proceed.
A Study of Serial Murder
Authors: McKenzie Constance
Published: July 2007

In the past the focus in studying the serial murderer has been on descriptions of the heinous crimes, profiling, and other law enforcement issues. Through analysis of childhood, adulthood experiences, and personality traits, some tentative factors emerge that set the process in motion for the later emergence of this remarkably antisocial behavior.
Matrilineal Descent and Juvenile Offender Counseling
Authors: Lund Dennis W.
Published: July 2007

In societies with matrilineal descent traditions, natural fathers have little actual authority over discipline of their children. These responsibilities rest on the mother's brothers. It is suggested that in modern-day cultures rehabilitative counselors consider maternal uncles for supportive assistance.

Implications for nonmatrilineal descent cultures in the United States are considered, with the observation that the majority of delinquent children live in homes exclusively ruled by mothers. Maternal kin might be of significant assistance with delinquent youth from single-parent families.

In situations where "primitive" culture families have immigrated or migrated, assistance from role models from the new receiving culture might be employed.
"Crime: It's Like When You Have a Cold and a Runny Nose. You Can't Stop It."
Authors: Scott Edward M.
Published: July 2007

Within a prison population for the mentally and emotionally disturbed in the State of Oregon, the issue of responsibility was studied. The majority accepted responsibility for their crime. Further on in the questionnaire, when "reasons" ("explanations") were presented, now the majority chose a "reason. " Tentative suggestions are tendered for this phenomenon.
Correctional Officers: How Do They Perceive Sex Offenders?
Authors: Weekes John R. , Pelletier Guy , Beaudette Daniel
Published: July 2007

A sample of 82 correctional officers from two Canadian federal institutions rated their perceptions of three offender groups: sex offenders against women, sex offenders against children, and non-sex offenders, using a 19-item perceptions scale. Sex offenders, in general, were perceived to be more dangerous, harmful, violent, tense, bad, unpredictable, mysterious, unchangeable, aggressive, weak, irrational, and afraid compared with non-sex offenders. Sex offenders against children were perceived as significantly more immoral and mentally ill than sex offenders against women, who, in turn, were perceived to be more immoral and mentally ill than non-sex offenders. Training and offender management implications are briefly discussed.
The Relationship Between Maintenance of the Criminal Code and Group Denial in a Substance Abuse Population: Its Effect on Treatment
Authors: Demuth Peter W.
Published: July 2007

When attempting to provide psychological treatment to a population of substance abusers in a maximum security prison the therapist must consider the effects of the criminal code on treatment. The following article defines the code, delineates some of the obvious effects on treatment, and offers some suggestions on how to counteract its influences.
Immediate Assessment of Adolescent Sex Offenders Seen at the Police Station
Authors: Bruinsma Frits
Published: July 2007

Every juvenile sex offender is seen on the day of detention at the police station. This project is based on the assumption that early intervention may prevent male juvenile sex offenders from developing into sexually abusive men. Assessment of the offense, diagnosis, and treatment of the juvenile have proven to be helpful. The project occurred at Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Adolescent Sex Offenders: Investigating Adult Commitment-Rates Four Years Later
Authors: Brannon James M. , Troyer Rik
Published: July 2007

the purpose of this study was to investigate the long term community re-adjustment of adolescent sex offenders released from a state residential group treatment program between 1988-1990. The results suggest: (1) the post-release behavior of adolescent sex offenders may not present the degree of personal risk assumed by the public; (2) the majority of adolescent sex offenders who eventually enter the adult correctional system will be committed on property related charges; and (3) serving adolescent sex offenders within an agency's main campus peer group treatment program may produce long term recidivism rates comparable with those reported among specialized treatment models. The findings are discussed in relation to the current demand for specialized sex offender programs and the need for correctional practitioners to develop strategies for this population of youth offenders.
Multisystemic Treatment of High-Risk Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Sutphen Richard D. , Thyer Bruce A. , Kurtz P. David
Published: July 2007

A multisystemic treatment program was implemented for eight high-risk juvenile first offenders. Clients had a mean age of 13 years, and included 6 black males, 1 white male, and 1 black female. Research questions were tested in regard to measures of delinquency, family functioning, life skills development, self-esteem, school functioning, delinquent peer group associations, and attitudes toward parenting and child rearing. Treatment included: (1) Case Management; (2) Educational Programs; (3) Family Therapy; (4) Nurturing Program. Results showed significant improvements for adolescents with measures of family relations, life skills, school, delinquency, peers, and for parents in terms of family and parent-child relations.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with an Incarcerated Exhibitionist
Authors: Horley James
Published: July 2007

Successful approaches to the treatment of exhibitionism, an important paraphilic disorder with respect to offense frequency, are limited in the recent literature. The use of individual cognitive-behavioral treatment with a long-term, incarcerated exhibitionist is presented. Emphasis was placed on the development of insight through informed decision making, as well as improvement in communication style and social network enhancement. Deviant sexual fantasies were targeted for change and more appropriate fantasies encouraged. Phallometric data showed a decrease in deviant responses over therapy and an increase in appropriate arousal.