bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of single wall carbon nanotubes in the Xenopus laevis embryo after microinjection
Authors: Holt Brian D. , Shawky Joseph H. , Dahl Kris Noel , Davidson Lance A. , Islam Mohammad F.
Published: October 2015

Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are advanced materials with the potential for a myriad of diverse applications, including biological technologies and large‐scale usage with the potential for environmental impacts. SWCNTs have been exposed to developing organisms to determine their effects on embryogenesis, and results have been inconsistent arising, in part, from differing material quality, dispersion status, material size, impurity from catalysts and stability. For this study, we utilized highly purified SWCNT samples with short, uniform lengths (145 ± 17 nm) well dispersed in solution. To test high exposure doses, we microinjected > 500 µg ml–1 SWCNT concentrations into the well‐established embryogenesis model, Xenopus laevis, and determined embryo compatibility and subcellular localization during development. SWCNTs localized within cellular progeny of the microinjected cells, but were heterogeneously distributed throughout the target‐injected tissue. Co‐registering unique Raman spectral intensity of SWCNTs with images of fluorescently labeled subcellular compartments demonstrated that even at regions of highest SWCNT concentration, there were no gross alterations to subcellular microstructures, including filamentous actin, endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles. Furthermore, SWCNTs did not aggregate and localized to the perinuclear subcellular region. Combined, these results suggest that purified and dispersed SWCNTs are not toxic to X. laevis animal cap ectoderm and may be suitable candidate materials for biological applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Falsely Elevated Glucose Concentrations in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients Using Icodextrin
Authors: Dogan Kübra , Kayalp Damla , Ceylan Gözde , Azak Alper , Senes Mehmet , Duranay Murat , Yucel Dogan
Published: October 2015

Background

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is used as an alternative to hemodialysis in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Icodextrin has been used as a hyperosmotic agent in PD. The aim of the study was to assess two different point‐of‐care testing (POCT) glucose strips, affected and not affected by icodextrin, with serum glucose concentrations of the patients using and not using icodextrin.

Methods

Fifty‐two chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients using icodextrin (Extraneal®) and 20 CAPD patients using another hyperosmotic fluid (Dianeal®) were included in the study. Duplicate capillary and serum glucose concentrations were measured with two different POCT glucose strips and central laboratory hexokinase method. Assay principles of glucose strips were based on glucose dehydrogenase–pyrroloquinoline quinone (GDH‐PQQ) and a mutant variant of GDH (Mut Q‐GDH). The results of both strips were compared with those of hexokinase method.

Results

Regression equations between POCT and hexokinase methods in icodextrin group were y = 2.55x + 1.12 mmol/l and y = 1.057x + 0.16 mmol/l for the GDH‐PQQ and Mut Q‐GDH methods, respectively. The mean difference between the results of hexokinase and those of GDH‐PQQ and Mut Q‐GDH in icodextrin group was 3.41 ± 1.56 and 0.72 ± 0.64 mmol/l, respectively. However, the mean differences were found much lower in the control group; 0.64 mmol/l for GDH‐PQQ and 0.52 mmol/l for Mut Q‐GDH.

Conclusion

Compared to GDH‐PQQ, glucose strips of Mut Q‐GDH correlated better with hexokinase method in PD patients using icodextrin.
Hypoxic‐ischemic gene expression profile in the isolated variant of biliary atresia
Authors: Fratta Leila Xavier Sinigaglia , Hoss Giovana Regina Weber , Longo Larisse , Uribe‐Cruz Carolina , da Silveira Themis Reverbel , Vieira Sandra Maria Gonçalves , Kieling Carlos Oscar , dos Santos Jorge Luiz
Published: October 2015

Background

Biliary atresia (BA) includes a sclerosing cholangiopathy whose nature is not fully deciphered. Aiming to evaluate the role of an arteriopathy as an etiologic factor in BA, we investigated hypoxia and the correlated angiogenic response in livers from affected patients.

Methods

Gene expression of the molecular axis: hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)1a, HIF2a and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)/VEGFR1, VEGFR2. Liver biopsy specimens collected at exploratory laparotomy of age‐matched patients with isolated, cytomegalovirus IgM‐negative BA (n = 32) and intrahepatic cholestasis (IHC, n = 9) were evaluated.

Results

We observed higher HIF1a and HIF2a expression in BA than in IHC. Paradoxically, VEGFR2, the main target of VEGFA‐induced angiogenesis, was underexpressed in BA, and VEGFA was decreased in most BA patients. Patients with the highest expression of HIFs and the lowest VEGFA and VEGFR2 were essentially the same, indicating hypoxia without the necessary angiogenesis. This group included most BA patients and, except for HIF2a, they were older and presented increased bilirubin serum levels. In the highest HIF2a/lowest VEGFR2 subsets, gene expression of the cytokeratin 19, marker of cholangiocyte phenotype, was decreased.

Conclusion

This study suggests that hypoxia‐ischemia is present in the livers of patients with BA, progresses over time and leads to a decreased cholangiocyte mass.
Neuroprotective activity of stiripentol with a possible involvement of voltage‐dependent calcium and sodium channels
Authors: Verleye Marc , Buttigieg Dorothée , Steinschneider Rémy
Published: October 2015

A growing body of data has shown that recurrent epileptic seizures may be caused by an excessive release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the brain. Glutamatergic overstimulation results in massive neuronal influxes of calcium and sodium through N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA), α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid, and kainic acid glutamate subtype receptors and also through voltage‐gated calcium and sodium channels. These persistent and abnormal sodium and calcium entry points have deleterious consequences (neurotoxicity) for neuronal function. The therapeutic value of an antiepileptic drug would include not only control of seizure activity but also protection of neuronal tissue. The present study examines the in vitro neuroprotective effects of stiripentol, an antiepileptic compound with γ‐aminobutyric acidergic properties, on neuronal–astroglial cultures from rat cerebral cortex exposed to oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) or to glutamate (40 µM for 20 min), two in vitro models of brain injury. In addition, the affinity of stiripentol for the different glutamate receptor subtypes and the interaction with the cell influx of Na+ and of Ca2+ enhanced by veratridine and NMDA, respectively, are assessed. Stiripentol (10–100 µM) included in the culture medium during OGD or with glutamate significantly increased the number of surviving neurons relative to controls. Stiripentol displayed no binding affinity for different subtypes of glutamate receptors (IC50 > 100 µM) but significantly blocked the entry of Na+ and Ca2+ activated by veratridine and NMDA, respectively. These results suggest that Na+ and Ca2+ channels could contribute to the neuroprotective properties of sitiripentol. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Precise determination of N‐acetylcysteine in pharmaceuticals by microchip electrophoresis
Authors: Rudašová Marína , Masár Marián
Published: October 2015

A novel microchip electrophoresis method for the rapid and high‐precision determination of N‐acetylcysteine, a pharmaceutically active ingredient, in mucolytics has been developed. Isotachophoresis separations were carried out at pH 6.0 on a microchip with conductivity detection. The methods of external calibration and internal standard were used to evaluate the results. The internal standard method effectively eliminated variations in various working parameters, mainly run‐to‐run fluctuations of an injected volume. The repeatability and accuracy of N‐acetylcysteine determination in all mucolytic preparations tested (Solmucol 90 and 200, and ACC Long 600) were more than satisfactory with the relative standard deviation and relative error values <0.7 and <1.9%, respectively. A recovery range of 99–101% of N‐acetylcysteine in the analyzed pharmaceuticals predetermines the proposed method for accurate analysis as well. This work, in general, indicates analytical possibilities of microchip isotachophoresis for the quantitative analysis of simplified samples such as pharmaceuticals that contain the analyte(s) at relatively high concentrations.
Allegheny woodrat hard mast preference and response to food supplementation
Authors: Smyser Timothy J. , Blythe Rita M. , Johnson Scott A. , Lichti Nathanael I. , Swihart Robert K.
Published: October 2015

Range‐wide declines of the Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister) have been attributed, in part, to reductions in mast associated with extirpation of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and transition to oak (Quercus)‐dominated forests prone to periodic mast failure. Chestnuts produce mast more consistently than oaks; hence, efforts to restore a blight‐resistant hybrid chestnut may facilitate woodrat recovery. Our goal was to describe the implications of chestnut restoration for imperiled Allegheny woodrat populations. Our objectives were to evaluate woodrat preferences for American chestnuts, blight‐resistant hybrid chestnuts, and other hard mast items and to describe the response of woodrats to artificial increases in mast availability. From 2011 to 2013, we conducted a series of cafeteria‐style experiments among woodrat populations in southern Indiana in which we used remote cameras to quantify woodrat preferences for various mast items. Additionally, we introduced an abundance of mast into occupied den sites and evaluated differences in apparent survival, apparent recruitment, population growth rate, and body mass between mast‐supplemented and control populations. Discrete choice modeling revealed that woodrats preferentially removed northern red oak (Q. rubra) and black oak (Q. velutina) acorns over chestnuts and other seed types (i.e., hickories [Genus spp.], walnuts [Genus spp.]). Further, woodrats preferred American over hybrid chestnuts, suggesting that these seeds were not perceived as equivalent food resources. Apparent survival, apparent recruitment, population growth rate, and body mass did not differ between supplemented and control populations. Although chestnuts, as annually consistent mast producers, may benefit woodrat populations by reducing the risk of complete mast failure, our results suggest that the restoration of chestnut mast is unlikely to benefit woodrat populations during years of abundant acorn production. Accordingly, managers should foster a diverse and abundant oak community to ensure sufficient acorn resources are available to sustain woodrat populations as chestnut restoration efforts progress. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Assessing site occupancy of Mohave ground squirrels: Implications for conservation
Authors: Kotschwar Logan Mary
Published: October 2015

To better understand the distribution and habitat relationships of the Mohave ground squirrel (Xerospermophilus mohavensis), a California state threatened species, I investigated site occupancy of squirrels using remote‐sensing wildlife cameras (i.e., camera traps). In 2012, I conducted camera trap surveys at 96 randomly selected sites within and adjacent to the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area, in the western Mojave Desert, California. In 1,105 camera trap days, there were 91 detections of squirrels at 30 out of 96 sites. I used single‐season, single‐species occupancy models to explore several survey and site variables hypothesized to influence detection probability (p) and site occupancy (ψ) of the species. Detection probability of squirrels varied with survey date and between 2 study areas, peaking in early April (p = 0.23, SE = 0.05 and p = 0.13, SE = 0.05, respectively) but decreasing approximately 4‐fold by the end of the study season in mid‐May. Site occupancy was positively related to the length of ephemeral stream channel(s) within a site, increasing from 0.24 (SE = 0.07) to 0.89 (SE = 0.10) with the range of stream channel lengths observed. Vegetation transects conducted at the study sites in 2014 indicated higher percent canopy cover, species richness, and diversity of perennial shrubs along ephemeral stream channels than in the surrounding upland habitat. This study provides the first estimates of site occupancy and detection probability of Mohave ground squirrels using the non‐invasive method of camera trapping. The findings have implications for design and timing of future studies, and highlight the importance of protecting ephemeral stream channels for Mohave ground squirrel conservation. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Evaluation of embouchure dysfunction: Experience of 139 patients at a single center
Authors: Termsarasab Pichet , Frucht Steven J.
Published: October 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Our aims are to 1) illustrate the complexity and phenomenological richness of the embouchure; 2) delineate the main clinical features of non‐dystonic embouchure problems (NED) versus embouchure dystonia (ED); and 3) provide a practical framework for physicians who may encounter a patient with embouchure dysfunction.

Study Design

We performed retrospective chart and video review and report 139 instrumentalists with embouchure dysfunction evaluated over a 15‐year period.

Results

Included in this group are 109 ED patients (20 newly reported and 89 previously published) and 30 NED patients. Non‐dystonic embouchure problems included the overuse syndrome, infraorbital neuropathy, and orbicularis oris tears, among others.

Conclusions

Based on this experience, the largest series presented to date, we propose a practical guide to help evaluate patients with embouchure dysfunction in the office.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:1327–1333, 2016
The prognostic role of E‐cadherin and β‐catenin overexpression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Greco Antonio , De Virgilio Armando , Rizzo Maria Ida , Pandolfi Fabio , Rosati Davide , de Vincentiis Marco
Published: October 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) consists of a rapid and reversible change in the cellular phenotype toward the mesenchymal cell phenotype that facilitates cell migration and invasion of the tumor into surrounding tissues followed by metastasis. In the present study, we sought to determine the clinical significance of E‐cadherin, N‐cadherin, β‐catenin, α‐catenin, γ‐catenin, caveolin‐1, and vimentin in a cohort of patients with stage I to IVA laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) treated with surgery with or without adjuvant therapy using immunohistochemical analyses.

Study Design

Individual retrospective cohort study.

Methods

E‐cadherin, N‐cadherin, β‐catenin, α‐catenin, γ‐catenin, caveolin‐1, and vimentin immunohistochemical expression were evaluated in a cohort of 82 patients with stages I to IVA LSCC. The Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables, and the Mann‐Whitney test where appropriate for continuous variables. Survival comparisons was performed using the log‐rank test. A multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model was performed and considered all EMT markers.

Results

In multivariate analysis, T stage was an independent risk factor for adverse disease‐specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) (P = .025 and .019, respectively). Cytoplasmic β‐catenin overexpression was independently associated with a longer DSS (P = .0007), and E‐cadherin overexpression was found to be an independent risk factor for poor OS (P = .030).

Conclusions

E‐cadherin and β‐catenin pathways could represent future therapeutic targets in the treatment of LSCC. However, validation of our results in prospective cohorts of patients with LSCCs is required before their clinical implementation.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 126:E148–E155, 2016
Carbon Sequestration in Restored Soils by Applying Organic Amendments
Authors: del Mar Montiel‐Rozas María , Panettieri Marco , Madejón Paula , Madejón Engracia
Published: October 2015

The study of different natural carbon sinks has become especially important because of climate change effects. The restoration of contaminated areas can be an ideal strategy for carbon sequestration. The studied area was affected by toxic Aznalcóllar mine spill in 1998. Restoration process of the contaminated area was based, mainly, on the use of two organic amendments: leonardite (LE) and biosolid compost (BC). The objective of this study was to verify whether the application of these amendments promotes the long‐term carbon sequestration in this soil. Five treatments were established: untreated control, biosolid compost (doses 4 and 2) and leonardite (doses 4 and 2). The addition of amendments implied an improvement in soil quality that was directly related to the amendment dose: decrease in bulk density, increase in pH, higher respiration rates and an improvement in the stratification ratio. Dose‐dependent changes in the molecular composition of soil organic matter were shown by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Both amendments promoted carbon retention, although because of the low mineralization rates of soil organic matter in LE treatments, the carbon storage was higher. The dosage effect on the carbon balance was more important in LE treatments, whereas in the BC treatments, the balance was similar for both doses. Our findings suggest that LE4 significantly increased the total organic carbon and it was the most suitable treatment for long‐term carbon storage, because of its molecular composition rich in relatively stable aromatic and lignin‐derived compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatio‐temporal variability of lake CH4 fluxes and its influence on annual whole lake emission estimates
Authors: Natchimuthu Sivakiruthika , Sundgren Ingrid , Gålfalk Magnus , Klemedtsson Leif , Crill Patrick , Danielsson Åsa , Bastviken David
Published: October 2015

Lakes are major sources of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere that contribute significantly to the global budget. Recent studies have shown that diffusive fluxes, ebullition and surface water CH4 concentrations can differ significantly within lakes—spatially and temporally. CH4 fluxes may be affected at longer scales in response to seasons, temperature, lake mixing events, short term weather events like pressure variations, shifting winds and diel cycles. Frequent measurements of fluxes in the same system and integrated assessments of the impacts of the spatio‐temporal variability are rare. Thereby, large scale assessments frequently lack information on this variability which can potentially lead to biased estimates. In this study, we analysed the variability of CH4 fluxes and surface water CH4 concentrations across open water areas of lakes in a small catchment in southwest Sweden over two annual cycles. Significant patterns in CH4 concentrations, diffusive fluxes, ebullition and total fluxes were observed in space (between and within lakes) and in time (over diel cycles to years). Differences observed among the lakes can be associated with lake characteristics. The spatial variability within lakes was linked to depth or distance to stream inlets. Temporal variability was observed at diel to seasonal scales and was influenced by weather events. The fluxes increased exponentially with temperature in all three lakes, with stronger temperature dependence with decreasing depth. By comparing subsets of our data with estimates using all data we show that considering the spatio‐temporal variability in CH4 fluxes is critical when making whole lake or annual budgets.
Continuous‐wave differential absorption lidar
Authors: Mei Liang , Brydegaard Mikkel
Published: October 2015

This work proves the feasibility of a novel concept of differential absorption lidar based on the Scheimpflug principle. The range‐resolved atmospheric backscattering signal of a laser beam is retrieved by employing a tilted linear sensor with a Newtonian telescope, satisfying the Scheimpflug condition. Infinite focus depth is achieved despite employing a large optical aperture. The concept is demonstrated by measuring the range‐resolved atmospheric oxygen concentration with a tunable continuous‐wave narrow‐band laser diode emitting around 761 nm over a path of one kilometer during night time. Laser power requirements for daytime operation are also investigated and validated with single‐band atmospheric aerosol measurements by employing a broad‐band 3.2‐W laser diode. The results presented in this work show the potential of employing the continuous‐wave differential absorption lidar (CW‐DIAL) technique for remote profiling of atmospheric gases in daytime if high‐power narrow‐band continuous‐wave light sources were to be employed.

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Tuning the refractive index in 3D direct laser writing lithography: towards GRIN microoptics
Authors: Žukauskas Albertas , Matulaitienė Ieva , Paipulas Domas , Niaura Gediminas , Malinauskas Mangirdas , Gadonas Roaldas
Published: October 2015

We report a study of the determination of polymer cross‐linking, namely the degree of conversion and refractive index of the microstructures created by two‐photon polymerization (TPP). The influence of TPP processing parameters such as laser intensity and scanning velocity is investigated. The degree of conversion is analyzed via Raman microspectroscopy and the refractive index is measured with the interferometric technique employing a Michelson interferometer. Moreover, the relationship between these two properties is revealed and details are discussed. The largest refractive index change that we have obtained is of the order of 10−2. Finally, we propose and demonstrate experimentally the realization of the gradient‐index (GRIN) structure, resulting from a laser‐induced local refractive index modification due to monomer cross‐linking, i.e. degree of conversion. This work implies that the TPP technique is a valuable tool for the fabrication of GRIN microoptics for (in)homogeneous molding of light flow at the micrometer scale.

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Effects of Sn in α‐Mg matrix on properties of surface films of Mg‐xSn (x = 0, 2, 5 wt%) alloys
Authors: Yang J. , Yim C. D. , You B. S.
Published: October 2015

In this study, the effects of solid tin dissolved in the α‐magnesium matrix of magnesium‐tin alloys on the characteristics of surface films of the alloys were investigated using immersion and electrochemical tests, which were performed in a sodium chloride solution. The macroscopic in‐situ and anodic potentiostatic tests showed that the breakdown resistance of the surface films could be arranged in the following order: pure magnesium < Mg‐2Sn < Mg‐5Sn. The surface films of the studied materials exhibited n‐type semiconductor characteristics, and their defect (donor) density decreased with an increase in the tin content. The results of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that the metallic tin as well as small amounts of tin oxide were incorporated in the middle layer of the surface films of the magnesium‐tin alloys. The decrease in the defect density of the surface films is attributable to a change in their composition, which probably prevented the adsorption of aggressive chloride ions and improved the protection afforded by the films.
Tribocorrosion behaviour of 304 stainless steel in different corrosive solutions
Authors: Zhang Y. , Wang J.‐Z. , Yin X.‐Y. , Yan F.‐Y.
Published: October 2015

Tribocorrosion is often complicated and harmful to metallic components, which depends on the mechanics of the tribological contact, on the electrochemical characters, on the properties of the contacting materials, and on the physico‐chemical properties of the environment. In this work, effects of corrosive media on the friction and wear behaviour, on the corrosion behaviour and on the synergistic effect between them were investigated in detail on a pin‐on‐disc tribometer. Although no electrochemical corrosion occurs in distilled water, its lubricity is so bad that plastic ratchetting effect and abrasive wear are observed on 304SS surface which result in severe material loss. In other three simulated seawater, corrosion and wear interact positively, making the pure mechanical wear and corrosion accelerated wear including abrasion and delamination, be the main reasons for 304SS degradation. Note that solution pH also plays an important role in determining material degradation.
Directed Self‐Assembly of Diblock Copolymer Thin Films on Prepatterned Metal Nanoarrays
Authors: Chang Tongxin , Huang Haiying , He Tianbai
Published: October 2015

The sequential layer by layer self‐assembly of block copolymer (BCP) nanopatterns is an effective approach to construct 3D nanostructures. Here large‐scale highly ordered metal nano­arrays prepared from solvent annealed thin films of polystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P2VP) diblock copolymer are used to direct the assembly of the same BCP. The influence of initial loading concentration of metal precursor, the type of metal nanoparticle (gold, platinum, and silver), and the nanoparticle–substrate interaction on the directed assembly behavior of the upper BCP layer have been focused. It is found that the upper BCP film can be completely directed by the gold nanoarray with P2VP domain exclusively located between two adjacent gold nanowires or nanodots, which behaves the same way as on the platinum nanoarray. While the silver nanoarray can be destroyed during the upper BCP self‐assembly with the silver nanoparticles assembled into the P2VP domain. Based on the discussions of the surface energy of nanoparticles and the interplay between nanoparticle–substrate interaction and nanoparticle–polymer interaction, it is concluded that the effect of immobilization of nanoparticles on the substrate, together with entropy effect to minimize the energetically unfavorable chain stretching contributes to the most effective alignment between each layer.

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Reduced SLC27A2 induces cisplatin resistance in lung cancer stem cells by negatively regulating Bmi1‐ABCG2 signaling
Authors: Su Jie , Wu Shifei , Tang Wei , Qian Hui , Zhou Hui , Guo Tao
Published: October 2015

Platinum‐based chemotherapies have long been used as a standard treatment in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, cisplatin resistance is a major problem that restricts the use of cisplatin. Lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs) represent a subpopulation that is responsible for chemo‐resistance. We aim to investigate the biological function of SLC27A2 and its underlying mechanisms in regulating chemo‐resistance to cisplatin in LCSCs. Here, our findings testified that CD166+ cells which were derived from fresh primary NSCLC samples displayed stem cell‐like features and were resistant to chemotherapy drug cisplatin. In patient cohort, we found the presence of a variable fraction of CD166+ cells in 24 out of 25 primary NSCLC samples. Significantly, SLC27A2 expression was reduced in CD166+ LCSCs. Reduced SLC27A2 correlated chemo‐response and poor patient survival. Our results indicated that enhanced SLC27A2 expression sensitized CD166+ LCSCs to cisplatin by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Microarray profiling showed that the expression of Bmi1 and ABCG2 was enhanced in p‐SLC27A2‐LCSCs compared with that in pc3.1DNA‐LCSCs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that reduced SLC27A2 induced chemo‐resistance in CD166+ LCSCs by negatively regulating Bmi1‐ABCG2 signaling, and ABCG2 was a direct transcriptional target of Bmi1. Thus, this study widens the window for identification and targeting of a cisplatin‐resistant population and contributes to the development of potential therapeutics to improve the current treatment modalities in NSCLC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Field trial of an automated ground‐based infrared cloud classification system
Authors: Rumi Emal , Kerr David , Sandford Andrew , Coupland Jeremy , Brettle Mike
Published: October 2015

Automated classification of cloud types using a ground‐based infrared (IR) imager can provide invaluable high‐resolution and localized information for air traffic controllers. Observations can be made consistently, continuously in real time and accurately during both day and night operation. Details of a field trial of an automated, ground‐based IR cloud classification system are presented. The system was designed at Campbell Scientific Ltd. in collaboration with Loughborough University, UK. The main objective of the trial was to assess the performance of an automated IR camera system with a lightning detector in classifying several types of clouds, specifically cumulonimbus and towering cumulus, during continuous day and night operation. Results from the classification system were compared with those obtained from Meteorological Aerodrome Reports (METAR) and with data generated by the UK Meteorological Office from their radar‐ and sferics‐automated cloud reports system. In comparisons with METAR data, a probability of detection of up to 82% was achieved, together with a minimum probability of false detection of 18%.
Reconstruction of the ankle complex wound with a fabricated superficial circumflex iliac artery chimeric flap including the sartorius muscle: A case report
Authors: Yoshimatsu Hidehiko , Yamamoto Takumi , Hayashi Nobuko , Kato Motoi , Iida Takuya , Koshima Isao
Published: October 2015

Free flap reconstruction of the foot and ankle can be challenging in that it must fulfill functional and esthetic demands. Injury of this region is often associated with fractures, and muscle flaps are sometimes preferred. Here we present a case of the use of superficial circumflex iliac artery (SCIA) chimeric flap for reconstruction of ankle complex wound. A 78‐year‐old lady sustained open fractures of the left distal tibia, fibula, and talus, with a 10 × 6 cm2 soft‐tissue defect over the lateral aspect of her left ankle due to an automobile accident. A 7 × 3 cm2 sartorius muscle component was inset to cover the exposed left ankle joint capsule, and a 5 × 10 cm2 SCIP skin paddle was used for coverage of the defect. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the sartorius muscle component and the SCIP skin paddle survived completely. Six months after the reconstruction, the flap and the donor site showed pleasing cosmesis, and the patient could ambulate with a supple ankle without crutches. The sartorius muscle component was elevated based on the deep branch of the SCIA, and was chimerically combined with a SCIP skin paddle for reconstruction of a complex ankle injury. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:421–425, 2017.
Improved skin flap survival in venous ischemia‐reperfusion injury with the use of adipose‐derived stem cells
Authors: Han Hyun Ho , Lim Young Min , Park Sang Wook , Lee Su Jin , Rhie Jong Won , Lee Jung Ho
Published: October 2015

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of stem cell therapy as an adjuvant treatment for congested skin flap.

Method

Sprague‐Dawley rats (n = 21) were randomized into three groups. In group I, the flap was sutured without venous ischemia. In group II, the vein was selectively clamped for 4 hours, and complete medium was administered upon clamp removal. In group III, ADSCs were administered upon removing the clamp. On postoperative day 7, the survival areas and the histopathologic findings were assessed. In addition, the expression of heme oxygenase (HO)‐1 and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB was assessed using immunofluorescent staining and western blot analyses.

Results

Compared with group II, group III showed significantly increased flap survival (31.2% ± 11.9% vs. 51.6% ± 13.6%, P < 0.05). The degree of histological abnormalities was significantly lower in group III than in group II (9.38% ± 1.39 vs. 6.46% ± 2.57, P < 0.05). In addition, in group III, the expression of NF‐κB was significantly lower (0.51 ± 0.21 vs. 0.34 ± 0.21, P < 0.05), whereas that of HO‐1 was significantly higher (0.25 ± 0.11 vs. 0.43 ± 0.18, P < 0.01). Immunofluorescent staining also showed more HO‐1‐positive cells in group III than in group II (10.9% ± 1.6% vs. 16.0% ± 1.7%, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that treatment with ADSCs significantly increased flap survival in venous ischemia‐reperfusion conditions. Further investigation of these protective effects and optimization of the treatment protocol could make cell therapy a viable treatment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:645–652, 2015.
Coexpression of Multiple ABC‐Transporters is Strongly Associated with Treatment Response in Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Bartholomae Stephan , Gruhn Bernd , Debatin Klaus‐Michael , Zimmermann Martin , Creutzig Ursula , Reinhardt Dirk , Steinbach Daniel
Published: October 2015

Background

To analyze whether expression of ABC‐transporters is associated with remission rate and long‐term outcome in a prospective clinical trial of childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Procedure

The expression of four ABC‐transporter genes (ABCA3 encoding drug transporter ABCA3, ABCB1 encoding multidrug resistance protein 1, ABCC3 encoding multidrug resistance‐associated protein 3, and ABCG2 encoding breast cancer resistance protein) was measured by TaqMan real time polymerase chain reaction in pretreatment samples from 112 children with AML. Patients were treated according to multicenter study AML‐Berlin, Frankfurt, Munich (BFM) 2004.

Results

ABCC3 (P = 0.009) and ABCG2 (P = 0.03) were associated with a lower chance to achieve remission after the first course of chemotherapy. ABCC3 was associated with lower relapse free survival (RFS) (P = 0.02). ABCG2 was expressed at higher levels in subtypes of AML with favorable outcome but within standard‐ and high‐risk patients, it was associated with poor outcome (P = 0.02). A strong association was observed between the number of overexpressed ABC‐transporters and the chance to achieve remission (P = 0.01) or the chance of RFS (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The intensive treatment regimen of AML‐BFM 2004 did not readily overcome drug resistance caused by ABC‐transporters. Inhibition of ABC‐transporters might be particularly useful in patients who express multiple of these genes.
Three decades after Bhopal: What we have learned about effectively managing process safety risks
Authors: Vaughen Bruce K.
Published: October 2015

While no industrial chemical incident has had the magnitude for loss of life that occurred in 1984 at Bhopal, process safety incidents continue to occur today often resulting in serious injuries, fatalities, environmental harm, property damage, and business interruption. Over the last three decades, we have learned that these three interrelated foundations are essential for effective process safety programs: (1) process safety culture and leadership, (2) operational discipline, and (3) process safety systems. If any one of these foundations is weak, process safety incidents will occur and the organization's process safety performance will be poor. This article explores how the process safety systems are essential barriers when reducing risks, applying the layer of protection model and the bow tie barrier analysis model into a novel visual tool that can be used to identify both the foundational gaps and the process safety systems which failed. Although the Bhopal incident is used as the case study, the objective of this article is to provide a tool for others to use when summarizing their investigations in a way that helps them visually depict the investigation's findings and helps them prioritize and address weaknesses in one or more of their process safety program foundations. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 34: 345–354, 2015
Reduction of lattice thermal conductivity of pseudogap intermetallic compound Al3V
Authors: Kumagai Masaya , Kurosaki Ken , Ohishi Yuji , Muta Hiroaki , Yamanaka Shinsuke
Published: October 2015

One of the obstacles to the widespread use of thermoelectric (TE) generators is the toxicity of current TE materials. Hence, we focused on Al‐based materials as candidate low‐toxicity TE materials. Although Al‐based materials have high power factor (PF), the achievement of high TE performance is difficult because of the high lattice thermal conductivity (κlat). The aims of the present study are to investigate the TE properties of Al3V, and to enhance TE performance by κlat reduction. We found that Ti substitution decreases the κlat and increases the PF of Al3V.
Tin sulfide films by spray pyrolysis technique using L‐cysteine as a novel sulfur source
Authors: Polivtseva Svetlana , Acik Ilona Oja , Katerski Atanas , Mere Arvo , Mikli Valdek , Krunks Malle
Published: October 2015

Tin sulfide films were deposited by spray pyrolysis method using aqueous solutions containing tin chloride (SnCl2) and L‐cysteine (HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH) as a novel source of sulfur instead of commonly used thiourea. L‐cysteine prevents SnCl2 from hydrolysis due to a complex formation as confirmed by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy studies. The solution that contained SnCl2 (Sn) and L‐cysteine (S) at molar ratios of Sn:S=1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 was sprayed onto glass substrates at varied temperatures between 200 °C and 370 °C. Films were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and UV‐Vis spectroscopy. Accord‐ ing to XRD, spray of the 1:1 solution results in films that are composed of SnS as a main crystalline phase. An unidentified crystalline phase was present independent of the growth temperature. Single phase SnS films with bandgap value of 1.7 eV could be grown using the 1:2 solution at deposition temperature of 370 °C. Films grown from 1:4 solutions are amorphous using deposition temperatures below 370 °C, and composed of a mixture of SnS and Sn2S3 phases when grown at 370 °C. EDX study shows that SnS films contain high amount of carbon and oxygen containing residues independent of the deposition temperature and precursors' molar ratio in the spray solution. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Assessment of solar data estimation models for four cities in Iran
Authors: Jahani Elham , Sadati S. M. Sajed , Yousefzadeh Moslem
Published: October 2015

The estimated solar resources are important for designing renewable energy systems since measured data are not always available. The estimation models have been introduced in several studies. These models are mainly dependent on local meteorological data and need to be assessed for different locations and times. The current study compares the results of Angstrom's model and a neural network (NN) model developed for this study with measured data for four cities in Iran. The time resolution for the estimated global horizontal insolation is monthly. The results show that the developed NN model has promising performance and considering the calibration process for Angstrom's model it can be used as an alternative. The NN model uses climatic data to estimate the solar insolation which makes it more flexible in terms of being applicable for different regions. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cu2SnS3 based solar cell with 3% efficiency
Authors: Chierchia R. , Pigna F. , Valentini M. , Malerba C. , Salza E. , Mangiapane P. , Polichetti T. , Mittiga A.
Published: October 2015

Cu2SnS3 is an earth abundant material suitable for photovoltaic applications. Unfortunately, the material still suffers of a low diffusion length of the carriers due to the presence of spurious phases, voids, defects and small grain size. In order to improve the quality of our samples, the influence of the deposition parameters on its structural properties has been studied. The solar cell obtained with the optimized Cu2SnS3 has shown an external quantum yield larger than 80% around 500 nm a conversion efficiency in the order of 3%, a Jsc of 26 mA and a Voc of 240 mV, one of the world best result obtained with a Cu2SnS3 based solar cell. Furthermore the external quantum yield at wavelength larger than 1200 nm is still around 30% making this material interesting for IR detectors also. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Energy transfer between Tl+‐type impurities in NaCl crystals
Authors: Iguchi Akitoshi , Kawai Taketoshi , Mizoguchi Kohji
Published: October 2015

We have investigated the energy transfer from Tl+ centers to In+ centers at RT in co‐doped NaCl:Tl+, In+ crystals by measuring absorption, photo‐excitation, luminescence and time‐resolved spectra. The A' luminescence band of the In+ centers is observed under excitation at the absorption band of the Tl+ centers. The A' luminescence band of the Tl+ centers measured at a forward configuration exhibits a dent structure at 4.2 eV corresponding to the A absorption band of the In+ centers. The facts indicate the existence of the energy transfer from the Tl+ to In+ centers through the emission‐reabsorption mechanism. On the other hand, the A' luminescence of the Tl+ centers shows a non‐exponential decay profile. As the concentration of the In+ centers increases, the non‐exponential decay profile becomes faster. The resonance energy transfer giving the non‐exponential decay profile is discussed on the basis of the dipole‐dipole interaction. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Classification and dynamics of tropical clouds by their fractal dimension
Authors: Batista‐Tomás A. R. , Díaz O. , Batista‐Leyva A. J. , Altshuler E.
Published: October 2015

The fractal dimension estimated as the area–perimeter relation constitutes a tool for the characterization of clouds. In this article, we apply it for the first time to study the separation of cirrus and cumulonimbus in the Caribbean area. Based on satellite data, we show that the two types can be differentiated by their area–perimeter ratio as follows: DCi = 1.37 ± 0.02 for cirrus, and DCb = 1.18 ± 0.05 for cumulonimbus. We also show that the ‘global’ area–perimeter ratio can be used to determine the composition of the cloud field. Moreover, we are able to quantify, through the area–perimeter ratio, the transformation of cumulonimbus into cirrus. Our findings have potential applications for the automatic classification of clouds, and for the understanding of their formation processes.
Ab initio investigation of 2,2′‐bis(4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)‐5,5′‐bithiazole for the design of efficient organic field‐effect transistors
Authors: Siddiqui Shamoon Ahmad , Al‐Hajry Ali , Al‐Assiri M. S.
Published: October 2015

The initial molecular structure of 2,2′‐bis(4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)‐ 5,5′‐bithiazole has been optimized in the ground state using density functional theory (DFT). The distribution patterns of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) have also been evaluated. To shed light on the charge transfer properties, we have calculated the reorganization energy of electron λe, the reorganization energy of hole λh, adiabatic electron affinity (EAa), vertical electron affinity (EAv), adiabatic ionization potential (IPa), and vertical ionization potential (IPv) using DFT. Based on the evaluation of hole reorganization energy, λh, and electron reorganization energy, λe, it has been predicted that 2,2′‐bis(4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)‐5,5′‐bithiazole would be a better electron transport material. Finally, the effect of electric field on the HOMO, LUMO, and HOMO–LUMO gap were observed to check its suitability for the use as a conducting channel in organic field‐effect transistors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reaction of calcium and phosphate ions with titanium, zirconium, niobium, and tantalum
Authors: Tsutsumi Yusuke , Nishisaka Takeru , Doi Hisashi , Ashida Maki , Chen Peng , Hanawa Takao
Published: October 2015

To understand the bone formation ability of constituent metal elements of new titanium alloys, titanium, zirconium, niobium, and tantalum, these metals were immersed in various electrolytes containing calcium and/or phosphate ions and characterized using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, cathodic polarization of the metals in the electrolytes was performed to evaluate the stability of the surface oxide films on the metals in the electrolyte. The calcium phosphate layer formed on Ti in electrolytes containing calcium and phosphate ions is relatively protective against mass transfer throughout the layer. However, the zirconium phosphate layer formed on Zr is much more protective and stable than that on Ti. Therefore, calcium ions were not incorporated. Nb and Ta formed calcium phosphate, but the amount was smaller than that in Ti, because phosphates formed on Nb and Ta are somewhat protective and the incorporation of the calcium ion is inhibited. Titanium played the most important role in forming calcium phosphate, while zirconium inhibited the formation of calcium phosphate on titanium alloys. The control of bone formation is feasible by the design of titanium alloys. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanostructure features of microalgae biopolymer
Authors: Cybulska Justyna , Halaj Michal , Cepák Vladimír , Lukavský Jaroslav , Capek Peter
Published: October 2015

Extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) produced by algae can be applied in numerous branches of industry, depending on their origin and properties. In this work, the EPS produced with green microalgae Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides was studied by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), which enabled the characterization of its nanostructure. It was observed that the nanostructure of this exopolysaccharide self‐assembly depends on its concentration. At a concentration of 1 mg/mL the EPS formed a regular and porous matrix on mica, where fibers were cumulated in bundles of 50–70 nm wide. In a more diluted concentration of 10 μg/mL single molecules created a regular network with numerous branches. An average height of molecules was in the range of 400–800 pm with occasional local increase of the skeleton height which can be a result of an interconnection of the fibers. Analysis of the FT‐IR spectrum showed that the EPS has a structure of α‐glucan with the dominance of the galactose and rhamnose residues.
Effect of cross‐linking on the physicochemical, functional and digestibility properties of starch from Macho (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Roatan (Musa sapientum L.) banana varieties
Authors: Páramo‐Calderón Delia E. , Carrillo‐Ahumada Jesus , Juárez‐Arellano Erick A. , Bello‐Pérez Luis A. , Aparicio‐Saguilán Alejandro , Alvarez‐Ramirez José
Published: October 2015

Starches from the Macho (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Roatan (Musa sapientum L.) banana varieties were chemically modified by sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) cross‐linking. Cross‐linking affected the pasting properties of the modified starch, with more pronounced changes observed in the Macho variety than in the Roatan starch. In turn, this result indicated that the former starch source is more susceptible to STMP cross‐linking. The swelling and solubility profiles exhibited an important decrease with cross‐linking, which was caused by increased ordering of the internal granule structure induced by cross‐linking modifications. The gelatinization temperature and enthalpy increased due to cross‐linking, indicating an improvement in the starch granule stability. Englyst's in vitro digestibility studies of the modified starch were performed to estimate the content of rapidly digestible (RDS), slowly digestible (SDS) and resistant (RS) starch fractions. It was shown that STMP cross‐linking increased the RS content of the two banana varieties. However, the SDS content increased only for the Macho variety. In general, the viscosity was lower for the modified starches than for their native counterparts. The results of the current work indicate that the chemical modification process via STMP cross‐linking offers an interesting alternative for obtaining RS from banana starches.