bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Warning labels on junk food: experimental evidence
Authors: Boncinelli Fabio , Gerini Francesca , Pagnotta Gabriele , Alfnes Frode
Published: September 2016

Unhealthy food choice is one of the main causes of being overweight. Nutritionists blame a particular category of food: junk food. Several authors have proposed a fat tax for reducing the junk food demand, but others have demonstrated that these taxes must be very high in order to be effective. Therefore, a warning label about calorie content may be an alternative way to reduce the consumption of junk food. In this exploratory study, using students as respondents, a high‐calorie warning label is explored with an incentive compatible valuation method. The results indicate that a high‐calorie warning label has little effect on respondents’ choices, even when they have no prior familiarity with the food.
Modulation of infection‐mediated migration of neutrophils and CXCR2 trafficking by osteopontin
Authors: Singh Rani , Hui Tommy , Matsui Aritsune , Allahem Ziyad , Johnston Christopher D. , Ruiz‐Torruella Montserrat , Rittling Susan R.
Published: September 2016

Osteopontin (OPN) is a pro‐inflammatory protein that paradoxically protects against inflammation and bone destruction in a mouse model of endodontic infection. Here we have tested the hypothesis that this effect of OPN is mediated by effects on migration of innate immune cells to the site of infection. Using the air pouch as a model of endodontic infection in mice, we showed that neutrophil accumulation at the site of infection with a mixture of endodontic pathogens is significantly reduced in OPN‐deficient mice. Reduced neutrophil accumulation in the absence of OPN was accompanied by an increase in bacterial load. OPN‐deficiency did not affect neutrophil survival, CXCR2 ligand expression, or the production of inflammatory cytokines in the air pouch. In vitro, OPN enhanced neutrophil migration to CXCL1, whereas in vivo, inhibition of CXCR2 suppressed cellular infiltration in air pouches of infected wild‐type mice by > 50%, but had no effect in OPN‐deficient mice. OPN increased cell surface expression of CXCR2 on bone marrow neutrophils in an integrin‐αv‐dependent manner, and suppressed the internalization of CXCR2 in the absence of ligand. Together, these results support a model where the protective effect of OPN results from enhanced initial neutrophil accumulation at sites of infection resulting in optimal bacterial killing. We describe a novel mechanism for this effect of OPN: integrin‐αv‐dependent suppression of CXCR2 internalization in neutrophils, which increases the ability of these cells to migrate to sites of infection in response to CXCR2 ligands.
Diagnosis of sleep bruxism can assist in the detection of cases of verbal school bullying and measure the life satisfaction of adolescents
Authors: Fulgencio Livia Bonfim , Corrêa‐Faria Patrícia , Lage Carolina Freitas , Paiva Saul Martins , Pordeus Isabela Almeida , Serra‐Negra Junia Maria
Published: September 2016

Background

Adolescence is a period with changes and conflicts.

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between sleep bruxism, verbal bullying at school, and life satisfaction among Brazilian adolescents.

Design

A cross‐sectional study of 1344 Brazilian adolescents was performed. Possible sleep bruxism was identified using the consensus criteria based on the reports of parents. The parents and the adolescents answered validated questionnaires. The data were statistically analyzed using the chi‐squared test, Mann–WhitneyU‐test, and Poisson regression with robust variance.

Results

A total of 205 adolescents presented possible sleep bruxism (15.3%). This parafunction was more prevalent among adolescents who were victims of verbal bullying at school (PR: 6.31; 95%CI: 4.78–8.32), victim/perpetrators (PR: 5.27; 95%CI: 3.82–7.27), and who belonged to families from a higher socioeconomic status (RP: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.23–1.86). Possible sleep bruxism was also associated with higher scores in the domains of self (PR: 1.04; 95%CI: 1.00–1.08), school (PR: 1.05; 95%CI: 1.02–1.09) and self‐efficacy (PR: 1.07; 95%CI: 1.03–1.12), and lower scores in the non‐violence domain (PR: 0.96; 95%CI: 0.93–0.99).

Conclusions

Possible sleep bruxism can assist in the detection of adolescents involved in school bullying at school in the roles of victim and victim/perpetrator.
Oral health‐related quality of life and sense of coherence regarding the use of dental services by preschool children
Authors: Perazzo Matheus França , Gomes Monalisa Cesarino , Neves Érick Tássio , Martins Carolina Castro , Paiva Saul Martins , Granville‐Garcia Ana Flávia
Published: September 2016

Background

There is a need for studies on the biopsychosocial factors that influence the use of dental services by preschoolers.

Aim

To evaluate the influence of the perceptions of parents/caretakers and children regarding oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) as well as the sense of coherence (SOC) of parents/caretakers on the use of dental services among Brazilian preschoolers.

Design

A school‐based, cross‐sectional study was conducted with 768 preschoolers. Parents/caretakers answered a questionnaire addressing socio‐demographic characteristics. The OHRQoL of the children was measured using the Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for Five‐Year‐Old Children. SOC among the parents/caretakers was evaluated using the Sense of Coherence scale. Clinical examinations were performed by examiners who had previously undergone a training exercise. Descriptive analysis was conducted, followed by Poisson's regression analysis (α = 5%).

Results

A total of 56.5% of the preschoolers had never used dental services. The following variables exerted a significant influence on the use of services: higher monthly household income (PR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.07–1.51), toothache (PR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.34–1.89), the absence of traumatic dental injury (TDI; PR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.01–1.40), and a strong SOC (PR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01–1.42).

Conclusions

A higher monthly household income, history of toothache, the absence of TDI, and strong SOC of the parents/caretakers influence the use of dental services by preschoolers.
Community Colleges and Employers: How Can We Understand their Connection?
Authors: Osterman Paul , Weaver Andrew
Published: September 2016

This paper uses an original, nationally representative survey of manufacturing establishments to shed light on the interaction of employers with community colleges, including information on skill requirements and human resource practices. We test three hypotheses: that high‐skill employers use community colleges, that community colleges are a substitute for employer‐based training, and that community colleges are a complement to so‐called “high‐road” or “high‐commitment” human resource practices. We find limited utilization of community colleges by employers, but those that do establish a relationship are generally satisfied. Employers that demand high skills are more likely to use community colleges, as are “high‐commitment” firms.
Sexual Orientation, Income, and Stress at Work
Authors: Cerf Benjamin
Published: September 2016

I present a model explaining recent findings that partnered gay men earn less than partnered straight men while partnered lesbian women earn more than partnered straight women. In an environment with compensating differentials and a gender gap in potential income, an income effect leads partnered gay men to choose jobs with lower income and higher amenities than partnered straight men. The same mechanism generates similarly reasoned predictions about income and amenities for women and single people. Canadian data on stressfulness of one's working environment support these predictions.
Labor–Management Partnership and Employee Voice: Evidence from the Healthcare Setting
Authors: Avgar Ariel C. , Sadler Julie Anna , Clark Paul , Chung Wonjoon
Published: September 2016

This paper examines the relationship between labor–management partnership (LMP) and employee voice in the healthcare setting. We argue that the ability of LMP to deliver gains to employees is contingent on the quality of the procedural infrastructure on which it is established. We maintain that the quality of LMP processes influences employee trust in their employer and perceptions of union effectiveness and that these perceptions, in turn, are related to employee patient‐care voice.
Trust and Decision‐making in Times of Crisis: The EU's Response to the Events in Ukraine
Authors: Natorski Michal , Pomorska Karolina
Published: September 2016

It is a common assumption that through decades of co‐operation there has been an emergence of trust between the Member States of the European Union. Yet, we have little evidence about the nature of trust and its implications for decision‐making, in particular in times of crisis. Hence, our article's central question: how does trust matter in the process of decision‐making during crisis? Our argument is that uncertainty during the crisis enabled trust‐building between the actors: Member States and European institutions. In the case of the Ukrainian crisis, this happened in parallel to the decreasing levels of trust in EU–Russia relations. Consequently, the EU was able to agree and implement the instruments of coercive power. To illustrate our argument, we look at the adoption of EU sanctions in reaction to the annexation of Crimea, the downing of the Malaysian Airlines MH17 plane and the war in Donbass.
Screening for Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Older Adults in the Emergency Department
Authors: Betz Marian E. , Arias Sarah A. , Segal Daniel L. , Miller Ivan , Camargo Carlos A. , Boudreaux Edwin D.
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To estimate the prevalence of self‐harm, suicidal ideation (SI), and suicide attempts (SA) in older adults in the emergency department (ED), including differences according to age, sex, and race and ethnicity.

Design

Quasi‐experimental, multiphase, eight‐center study with prospective review of consecutive charts during enrollment shifts (November 2011–December 2014).

Setting

Eight EDs in seven states, all with protocols for nurses to screen every patient for suicide risk (universal screening).

Participants

Adults (≥18 years) registered in the ED.

Measurements

Demographic characteristics; documented screening for self‐harm, SI, or SA; and positive self‐harm, SI, or SA in those with screening performed.

Results

Of 142,534 visits, 23.3% were of individuals aged 60 and older. Documented screening for self‐harm, SI, or SA declined with age, from approximately 81% in younger age groups to a low of 68% in those aged 85 and older. The prevalence of positive screens for self‐harm, SI, or SA also declined with age, with peaks in young and middle‐age (9.0%) and reaching the lowest point after the age of 75 (1.2%).

Conclusion

Documented screening for suicide risk declined with age in this large sample of individuals in the ED. Although the reason for this finding is unclear, at least part of the decline may be related to increasing rates of altered mentation or other individual‐level barriers to screening in the older population. These findings support the need for more‐detailed examination of the best methods for identifying—and treating—suicide risk in older adults.
Applicability of micro‐FTIR in detecting shale heterogeneity
Authors: GASAWAY CARLEY , MASTALERZ MARIA , KRAUSE FED , CLARKSON CHRIS , DEBUHR CHRIS
Published: September 2016

Samples of Late Devonian/Early Mississippian New Albany Shale from the Illinois Basin, having maturities ranging from early mature to postmature, were analysed using micro‐Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ImageJ processing software and scanning electron microscopic X‐ray spectroscopy to explore the distribution, connectivity and chemical composition of organic matter, clay minerals, carbonate minerals and quartz, and to further test the applicability of micro‐FTIR mapping to study shale heterogeneity. Each sample was analysed in planes parallel and perpendicular to the bedding to investigate anisotropy in component distribution, with a possible implication for better understanding anisotropy in porosity and permeability in organic‐matter‐rich shales. Our results show that for low‐maturity samples, organic matter is better connected in the plane parallel to the bedding than in the plane perpendicular to the bedding. Organic matter connectivity decreases with increasing maturity as a result of kerogen transformation. Clay minerals are very well connected in both planes, whereas carbonate minerals are not abundant whilst dominantly isolated in most samples, independent of maturity. This study demonstrates that micro‐FTIR mapping is a valuable tool for studying shale heterogeneity on a micrometre to millimetre scale that becomes even more powerful in combination with scanning electron microscopy techniques, which extend observations to a nanometre scale. However, to obtain meaningful and comparable results, micro‐FTIR mapping requires very careful standardization, precise selection of peak heights/areas and mapping conditions (such as aperture size, scan numbers, resolution, etc.) well suited for the analysed samples.
Factors Influencing Removable Partial Denture Patient‐Reported Outcomes of Quality of Life and Satisfaction: A Systematic Review
Authors: De Kok Ingeborg J. , Cooper Lyndon F. , Guckes Albert D. , McGraw Kathleen , Wright Robert F. , Barrero Carlos J. , Bak Sun‐Yung , Stoner Lisa O.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

A systematic search of the literature was performed to identify and characterize articles reporting the influence of removable partial denture (RPD) therapy on satisfaction and quality of life (QoL).

Materials and Methods

The literature search for relevant articles published between January 1983 and March 30, 2013 was conducted using keyword searches of electronic databases and complimentary hand searches. The search strategy included the following keyword combinations (MeSH and free‐text terms): fail, complication, surviv*, longevity, outcome, patient satisfaction or QoL, and denture or prosthes*, and partial and removable. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, articles focused on the effect of RPD therapy were reviewed and classified according to Strength‐of‐Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) criteria.

Results

The combined search identified 997 publications; 198 duplicates were identified and removed, leaving 799 references for further evaluation. After abstract review, 209 articles were selected and read; 18 reports representing findings from 4002 patients were included. While two studies were prospective comparative investigations, the majority of studies represented cross‐sectional and retrospective studies. Different instruments were used to measure oral health‐quality of life (OHQoL) and satisfaction. Several investigations reported a significant association of satisfaction and QoL with either (a) age of the patient, (b) number of occluding dental units replaced, (c) replacement of anterior teeth, and (d) nature of the opposing arch.

Conclusions

A paucity of detailed investigations concerning outcomes of RPD therapy was noted. Improvement in OHQoL or satisfaction following provision of RPDs was not consistently reported. There is little evidence supporting any association between patient‐reported QoL or satisfaction with technical or biological parameters of therapy. Therapeutic success of tooth replacement using RPDs should be carefully considered and compared with alternatives.
In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomers: Effect of Nano‐particles
Authors: Akay Canan , Cevik Pinar , Karakis Duygu , Sevim Handan
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Silicone elastomers are generally used for maxillofacial extraoral prostheses. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of different kinds of nanoparticles added to two types of maxillofacial elastomers.

Materials and Methods

A‐2000 and A‐2006 silicone elastomers were used. The silicone specimens were divided into eight groups according to the presence of additional nanoparticles (n = 18). The following represents the groups in the study: Group A: A‐2000 silicone (control group); Group B: A‐2006 silicone (control group); Group C: A‐2000 silicone and the addition of titanium dioxide (TiO2); Group D: A‐2006 silicone and the addition of TiO2; Group E: A‐2000 silicone and the addition of fumed silica; Group F: A‐2006 silicone and the addition of fumed silica; Group G: A‐2000 silicone and the addition of silaned silica; Group H: A‐2006 silicone and the addition of silaned silica. A paired samplet‐test was used to analyze the cytotoxicity of each group after 24, 48, and 72 hours.

Results

Based on the results of the 24‐hour analysis, the biocompatibility values of the (A‐2006) fumed silica group were higher than those of the control groups. There was no statistically significant difference in A‐2006 and A‐2000 groups. The cytotoxicity values of the control groups and TiO2(A‐2000 silicone) elastomer groups increased at all test times; however, the cytotoxicity values of the TiO2(A‐2006), fumed silica (A‐2006), silaned silica (A‐2006), fumed silica (A‐2000), and silaned silica (A‐2000) groups increased significantly only from 24 to 48 hours.

Conclusion

Nanoparticles of TiO2, fumed silica, and silaned silica added to a commercial silicone‐based elastomer used for fabrication of maxillofacial prostheses are nontoxic.
Predictors of Patient Satisfaction with Removable Denture Renewal: A Pilot Study
Authors: Krausch‐Hofmann Stefanie , Cuypers Line , Ivanova Anna , Duyck Joke
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Conventional removable dentures still play an important role in the treatment of lost teeth. A thorough understanding of the parameters that influence patient satisfaction is useful for deciding whether denture replacement is meaningful. From a clinical perspective, factors that can be measured before starting treatment are relevant. This pilot study investigated whether patient satisfaction after denture renewal was affected by aspects related to the old prostheses, type of jaw, and patient motivation for denture renewal.

Materials and Methods

Fifty subjects (mean age 68.2 ± 8.4) were provided with 74 removable dentures (partial n = 20, complete n = 54). Satisfaction was assessed before treatment and 3 months after new prosthesis insertion. Total satisfaction 3‐month post‐insertion (TSP3) merged 6 individual satisfaction items measured after treatment. Change of total satisfaction 3‐month post‐insertion (CTS3) represented the difference of total satisfaction when old and new prostheses were compared. The effect of the following independent variables was investigated: reason patients requested new dentures (fit, esthetics, broken denture, wear, advice of dentist, extractions), satisfaction with the old prosthesis (general, retention, stability, comfort, pronunciation, chewing, esthetics), and technical quality of the old prostheses as assessed by a dentist (stability, retention, fit, border, wear, esthetics). Gender, age, and a cognitive screening test were included as confounding variables. Mann‐Whitney‐U tests and linear mixed model analysis were performed.

Results

All individual satisfaction items significantly improved with new prostheses for maxillary and mandibular jaws. TSP3 was higher for maxillary prostheses, if retention satisfaction with the old prosthesis was good, and if the dentist assessed the esthetics of the old prosthesis as deficient. CTS3 was associated with male gender, dissatisfaction with chewing before treatment, and dissatisfaction with esthetics before treatment.

Conclusions

This pilot study showed that satisfaction 3 months after new denture insertion was associated with aspects of satisfaction and quality related to the old prosthesis, type of jaw, and gender. These factors may help dentists predict therapeutic benefits when deciding on the need for denture replacement. Further research should be done with a greater number of subjects and should include balanced quantities of the different types of dentures.
The Effect of Cleaning Solutions on a Denture Base Material: Elimination of Candida albicans and Alteration of Physical Properties
Authors: Kurt Aysegul , Erkose‐Genc Gonca , Uzun Meltem , Sarı Tuğrul , Isik‐Ozkol Gulbahar
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the antimicrobial efficiency of three cleaning solutions and their effect on the physical properties of a denture base material.

Materials and Methods

A heat‐cured polymethyl‐methacrylate (PMMA) denture base material (Meliodent) and three cleaning solutions (alkaline‐peroxide, 30 minutes; 1% sodium‐hypochlorite, 10 minutes; and 0.1% polymeric‐guanidine solution, 5 minutes) were used. For antifungal activity test, 40 disc‐shaped specimens were fabricated and allocated into a control group (distilled water) and 3 experimental groups (n = 10) according to the cleaning solutions. Antifungal activity against Candida albicans (ATCC 2091) was assessed with colony‐forming units. An additional 40 rectangular plate specimens were fabricated for mechanical tests. Ten specimens were kept intact to be used as the control group for flexural strength test. The remaining 30 specimens were distributed into three groups according to the cleaning solutions. The surface roughness and Vickers hardness of the specimens were consecutively measured after 48 hours of water storage at 37 ± 2°C (t0), two disinfection cycles (t1), and 7 days of storage (t2) in one of the solutions. Finally, all 40 rectangular specimens were subjected to flexural strength test. Data were analyzed with Kruskal‐Wallis test for antifungal activity, ANOVA for flexural strength test, and analysis of covariance for surface roughness and hardness tests. Significance was set at 0.05.

Results

The antifungal activities of polymeric guanidine and sodium hypochlorite were comparable to each other and significantly higher than alkaline peroxide (p < 0.05). The changes in the surface roughness of the specimens were statistically comparable among the cleaning solutions and time periods (p > 0.05); however, the decrease in the Vickers hardness of the specimens stored in sodium hypochlorite was significantly higher from t0 to t1 and t0 to t2 (p < 0.05) than other groups, resulting in comparable hardness changes. The flexural strengths of all groups were comparable with the control after t2 (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The use of polymeric guanidine disinfectant solution could be an alternative method for cleaning PMMA denture base materials.
Pharmacology of grapiprant, a novel EP4 antagonist: receptor binding, efficacy in a rodent postoperative pain model, and a dose estimation for controlling pain in dogs
Authors: Nagahisa A. , Okumura T.
Published: September 2016

Grapiprant is an analgesic and anti‐inflammatory drug in the piprant class that was approved in March 2016 by FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs. Grapiprant functions as a selective antagonist of the EP4 receptor, one of the four prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor subtypes. The EP4 receptor mediates PGE2‐elicited nociception, and grapiprant has been shown to decrease pain in several rat inflammatory pain models. It was also effective in reducing pain associated with OA in humans, providing evidence for its mechanism of action in these species. The estimated canine efficacy dose of between 1.3 and 1.7 mg/kg, p.o. with a methylcellulose suspension, once a day, was predicted based on calculations from comparative affinity of grapiprant to the dog, rat, and human EP4 receptors, serum protein binding, effective doses defined in rat models of pain and inflammation, and human clinical studies. The results of this study guided the doses to be tested in the pilot study and demonstrated the usefulness of the efficacy dose prediction method. The approved commercial tablet dose of grapiprant is 2 mg/kg once a day for the control of pain and inflammation associated with OA in dogs.
Frontline Safety: Understanding the Workplace as a Site of Regulatory Engagement
Authors: Almond Paul , Gray Garry C.
Published: September 2016

The concept of frontline safety encapsulates an approach to occupational health and safety that emphasizes the “other side of the regulatory relationship”—the ways in which safety culture, individual responsibility, organizational citizenship, trust, and compliance are interpreted and experienced at the local level. By exploring theoretical tensions concerning the most appropriate way of conceptualizing and framing frontline regulatory engagement, we can better identify the ways in which conceptions of individuals (as rational, responsible, economic actors) are constructed and maintained through workplace interactions and decision making as part of the fulfillment of the ideological and constitutive needs of neoliberal labor markets.
Activating Actavis in Europe – the proposal of a ‘structured effects-based’ analysis for pay-for-delay settlements
Authors: Gallasch Sven
Published: September 2016

Striking the right balance between the protection of competition law and intellectual property rights is of utmost importance, especially in the pharmaceutical sector; affordable generic drugs are as important as new innovative drugs. Pay-for-delay settlements take place at exactly this intersection. They end patent infringement litigation but, at the same time, delay entry of generic drugs by means of a substantial payment from the brand company to the generic. Whereas the US Supreme Court opted for a rule of reason approach that requires an analysis of the potential anticompetitive effects, the European Commission regarded such settlements as restriction by object, finding an infringement without the need for an effects-based analysis. This approach is criticised and a novel ‘structured effects-based’ approach is proposed allowing the authority to effectively scrutinise such settlements while striking the right balance in order to protect the innovative process and the exercise of intellectual property rights.
Phylogeographic differentiation versus transcriptomic adaptation to warm temperatures in Zostera marina, a globally important seagrass
Authors: Jueterbock A. , Franssen S. U. , Bergmann N. , Gu J. , Coyer J. A. , Reusch T. B. H. , Bornberg‐Bauer E. , Olsen J. L.
Published: September 2016

Populations distributed across a broad thermal cline are instrumental in addressing adaptation to increasing temperatures under global warming. Using a space‐for‐time substitution design, we tested for parallel adaptation to warm temperatures along two independent thermal clines in Zostera marina, the most widely distributed seagrass in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. A North–South pair of populations was sampled along the European and North American coasts and exposed to a simulated heatwave in a common‐garden mesocosm. Transcriptomic responses under control, heat stress and recovery were recorded in 99 RNAseq libraries with ~13 000 uniquely annotated, expressed genes. We corrected for phylogenetic differentiation among populations to discriminate neutral from adaptive differentiation. The two southern populations recovered faster from heat stress and showed parallel transcriptomic differentiation, as compared with northern populations. Among 2389 differentially expressed genes, 21 exceeded neutral expectations and were likely involved in parallel adaptation to warm temperatures. However, the strongest differentiation following phylogenetic correction was between the three Atlantic populations and the Mediterranean population with 128 of 4711 differentially expressed genes exceeding neutral expectations. Although adaptation to warm temperatures is expected to reduce sensitivity to heatwaves, the continued resistance of seagrass to further anthropogenic stresses may be impaired by heat‐induced downregulation of genes related to photosynthesis, pathogen defence and stress tolerance.
Bacterial community succession in a high‐altitude subarctic glacier foreland is a three‐stage process
Authors: Kazemi Sina , Hatam Ido , Lanoil Brian
Published: September 2016

Alpine glaciers are retreating rapidly, exposing foreland minerals, which develop into soils. Bacterial communities in glacier forelands exhibit high rates of turnover and undergo dramatic shifts in composition within the first 50 years after deglaciation, followed by relative stabilization and convergence. This period of microbial development occurs simultaneously with plant colonization in most systems; thus, it remains unclear whether the changes in the bacterial communities occur primarily as the result of edaphic, climatic or biotic factors. We examined bacterial community structure along two replicate chronosequences within the glacial foreland of Duke River Glacier, Yukon, Canada. This foreland is estimated to include >200 years of bare soils before an appreciable grassline, likely due to the high latitude and altitude of the glacier. This enabled us to examine bacterial community development prior to plant colonization over a longer period than previous studies. We observed three successional groups in the chronosequence: (i) an ‘early’ group in soils of less than approximately 50 years since deglaciation; (ii) an ‘intermediate’ group within bare soils, after the early period but before the grassline, containing communities with a relatively high degree of variability in composition; and (iii) a ‘grassline’ group in soils collected after plant colonization with higher diversity but lower age‐group variability in community composition. These findings suggest rapid replacement and addition of species better adapted to glacier foreland conditions followed by slower community shifts over the next 150 years and, finally, indications of a possible response to plant colonization.
Critical Histories of Museum Catalogues
Authors: Turner Hannah
Published: September 2016

This article introduces a special issue on the topic of museum documentation and knowledge production. The articles in this issue address the history of museum catalogues and position the documentation of material culture as a historical epistemological practice. Each article examines how cataloguing practices have evolved over time and how the categorization or classification of ethnographic material culture often depends on specific individuals or preexisting scientific standards. This issue engages critically with emergent discussions concerning the formalization of knowledge about ethnographic material culture as it emerged in the nineteenth century. These articles also contribute to theoretical discussions that consider the material practices of knowledge production and the affective relations that shape this information. As a whole, this issue gives unique insights into how museums have documented material culture through time and provides a way of thinking about how we might engage with such historical practices that still impact much of our present work.
Exchanging Anthropological Duplicates at the Smithsonian Institution
Authors: Nichols Catherine A.
Published: September 2016

The museum catalogue has historically been used to classify artifacts based on their material and contextual features. The use of natural history, catalogue‐based classifications in nineteenth‐century museums resulted in curators designating some anthropological museum specimens as duplicates. These items were then used in specimen exchanges among museums and collectors, which served to extend each recipient's scope of collections. This article explores how cataloguing techniques recontextualized anthropological artifacts into specimens, which then circulated based on networks of correspondence. I compare the purpose and goals of three exchanges carried out by the Smithsonian Institution to the Rijks Ethnographic Museum in Leiden, the Historical Department of Iowa, and U.S. Congressman Joel P. Heatwole. Specimen exchange highlights the interconnections among institutions and emphasizes how approaches to collecting by one museum can affect the content of collections in other museums.
The role of Bgl2p in the transition to filamentous cells during biofilm formation by Candida albicans
Authors: Chen Xinyue , Zhang Ruoyu , Takada Ayako , Iwatani Shun , Oka Chiemi , Kitamoto Toshitaka , Kajiwara Susumu
Published: September 2016

The fungal pathogen Candida albicans undergoes a transition from yeast cells to filamentous cells that is related to its pathogenicity. The complex multicellular processes involved in biofilm formation by this fungus also include this transition. In this work, we investigated the morphological role of the Bgl2 protein (Bgl2p) in the transition to filamentous cells during biofilm formation by C. albicans. Bgl2p has been identified as a β‐1, 3‐glucosyltransferase, and transcription of the CaBGL2 gene is upregulated during biofilm formation. We used scanning electron microscopy to observe the microstructure of a bgl2 null mutant during biofilm formation and found a delay in the transition to filamentous cells in the premature phase (24 hours) of biofilm formation. Deletion of the CaBGL2 gene led to a decrease in the expression of CPH2 and TEC1, which encode transcription factors required for the transition to the filamentous form. These findings indicate that Bgl2p plays a role in the transition to filamentous cells during biofilm formation by C. albicans.
Nurses' and physicians' perceptions of Confusion Assessment Method for the intensive care unit for delirium detection: focus group study
Authors: Oxenbøll‐Collet Marie , Egerod Ingrid , Christensen Vibeke , Jensen Jeannette , Thomsen Thordis
Published: September 2016

Background

Delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) has received more attention in the past decade. Early detection, prevention and treatment of delirium are important, and the most commonly used tool for delirium assessment is the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM‐ICU).

Aim

The aim of this study was to identify nurses' and physicians' perceived professional barriers to using the CAM‐ICU in Danish ICUs.

Methods

This study uses a qualitative explorative multicentre design using focus groups and a semi‐structured interview guide. Five focus groups with nurses (n = 20) and four with physicians (n = 14) were conducted. Strategic sampling was used to include participants with varying CAM‐ICU experience at units, with variable implementation of the tool.

Results

Using a hermeneutical approach, three main themes and nine sub‐themes emerged. The main themes were (1) Professional role issues: CAM‐ICU screening affected nursing care, clinical judgment and professional integrity; (2) Instrument reliability: nurses and physicians expressed concerns about CAM‐ICU assessment in non‐sedated patients, patients with multi‐organ failure or patients influenced by residual sedatives/opioids; and (3) Clinical consequence: after CAM‐ICU assessment, physicians lacked evidence‐based treatment options, and nurses lacked physician acknowledgment and guidelines for disclosing CAM‐ICU results to patients.

Conclusion

In this study, ICU nurses and physicians raised a number of concerns regarding the use of the CAM‐ICU for delirium detection. It might be necessary to revalidate the instrument as ICU care has changed in recent years, with lighter sedation and early mobilization of patients. We recommend that nurses and physicians receive more training in the use of the CAM‐ICU to address some of the issues identified in our study.

Relevance to clinical practice

There is a need for ongoing training and clearer guidelines on how to proceed with the delirium screening of non‐sedated patients.
Evolutionary conservatism explains increasing relatedness of plant communities along a flooding gradient
Authors: Tanentzap Andrew J. , Lee William G.
Published: September 2016

Abiotic filters have been found either to increase or reduce evolutionary relatedness in plant communities, making it difficult to generalize responses of this major feature of biodiversity to future environmental change. Here, we hypothesized that the responses of phylogenetic structure to environmental change ultimately depend on how species have evolved traits for tolerating the resulting abiotic changes.

Working within ephemeral wetlands, we tested whether species were increasingly related as flooding duration intensified. We also identified the mechanisms underlying increased relatedness by measuring root aerenchyma volume (RAV), a trait which promotes waterlogging tolerance.

We found that species‐specific responses to flooding explained most of the variation in occurrence for 63 vascular plant species across 5170 plots. For a subset of 22 species, we attributed these responses to variation in RAV. Large RAV specifically increased occurrence when flooding lasted for longer time periods, because large RAV reduced above‐ground biomass loss. As large RAV was evolutionarily conserved within obligate wetland species, communities were more phylogenetically related as flooding increased.

Our study shows how reconstructing the evolutionary history of traits that influence the responses of species to environmental change can help to predict future patterns in phylogenetic structure.
Making value a priority: how this paradigm shift is changing the landscape in health care
Authors: Kimberly John , Cronk Imran
Published: September 2016

The world of health care is changing dramatically, as reflected in the number, magnitude, and scope of innovative new approaches—to how illness is treated and how better health is promoted—that are being implemented around the globe. The changes triggered by these initiatives affect both how care is organized, managed, and paid for and the kinds of approaches that are being developed to keep people healthy. Underlying these changes is a more fundamental paradigm shift, a shift in the priority given to “value” in the formulation of policy and management practice. This brief essay highlights five trends that are central in this shift: increasing emphasis on health promotion, movement toward value‐based payment, advances in digital/mobile technology, exploitation of big data, and changes in support for biomedical research. Each of these has its own value controversies, and the individual impact of each is impossible to predict. Collectively, however, their impact is likely to be significant.
Birt–Hogg–Dubé Syndrome Presenting as a Nevus Comedonicus–Like Lesion in an 8‐Year‐Old Boy
Authors: Sprague Jessica , Landau Joseph W.
Published: September 2016

Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome is an uncommon genodermatosis characterized by hair follicle hamartomas and an increased risk of pneumothorax and renal cell carcinoma. Recognition of cutaneous manifestations is essential because it allows for early screening and management of systemic complications. We present the case of an 8‐year‐old boy with a recently described cystic and comedonal variant of the classic fibrofolliculoma, which had been present since birth.
Management of Head Louse Infestations in the United States—A Literature Review
Authors: Koch Ellen , Clark John Marshall , Cohen Bernard , Meinking Terri L. , Ryan William G. , Stevenson Audrey , Yetman Robert , Yoon Kyong Sup
Published: September 2016

Head lice are a source of scalp irritation, social disruption, and loss of school time. Health care providers need authoritative information to help avoid the costs and risks of ineffective treatment. A review was completed to provide relevant information on infestation treatments available in the United States. Three major biomedical databases were searched from 1985, when current products were first available, to 2014, focusing on U.S. reports. A total of 579 references remained after duplicates were removed. A search of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration website and labels of approved products were reviewed. A marked decline in the effectiveness of permethrin and synergized pyrethrins was found, probably because of resistance arising from widespread and indiscriminate use, and the emergence of knockdown resistance mutations. The potential toxicity of lindane in the setting of readily available, safer, and more effective alternatives, should limit its use. Prescription products shown to be safe and effective with a single application, without nit combing, are topical ivermectin, malathion, and spinosad, whereas benzyl alcohol requires two applications. Home remedies such as mayonnaise, and essential oils, have not been demonstrated to be safe or effective, and may carry potential for severe adverse events. The high risk of failure of over‐the‐counter treatments in eliminating head louse infestations drives a need for health care provider recognition of the limitations of current treatments and for judicious use of treatments that remain effective.
High‐dose Cepharanthin for pediatric chronic immune thrombocytopenia in Japan
Authors: Yamazaki Taro , Shibuya Atsushi , Ishii Saori , Miura Nobuyuki , Ohtake Akira , Sasaki Nozomu , Araki Ryuichiro , Ota Yatio , Fujiwara Mitsuhiro , Miyajima Yuji , Uetake Kimiaki , Hamahata Keigo , Kato Koji , Kawakami Kiyoshi , Toyoda Hidemi , Moriguchi Naohiko , Okada Masahiko , Nishi Masanori , Ogata Yoshiyasu , Takimoto Tomohito , Ohga Shouichi , Ohta Shigeru , Amemiya Shin
Published: September 2016

Background

A nationwide, multicenter and observational study was retrospectively conducted to evaluate the clinical utility of Cepharanthin (CEP) for pediatric patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).

Methods

Clinical and laboratory data for 46 Japanese patients aged <16 years who were diagnosed as having chronic ITP in 14 hospitals during 2001–2011, and were treated with CEP for >12 months, were analyzed.

Results

Median daily CEP dose was 1 mg/kg (range, 0.12–2 mg/kg). Median platelet count prior to CEP was 20.5 × 109/L (IQR, 8.3–53.0 × 109/L), and then significantly increased to 58.5 × 109/L (IQR, 22.8–115.0 × 109/L) and 69.0 × 109/L (IQR, 23.0–134.0 × 109/L) at 12 and 24 months of treatment, respectively. No life‐threatening bleeds or moderate–severe adverse events were reported. Of 38 patients who received both corticosteroids (CS) and CEP, 17 patients (45%) were weaned from CS, and 15 patients (39%) attained the reduced dose of CS. The duration from the start of CEP to the stopping of CS was a median of 413 days (range, 49–1734 days) in patients who were weaned from CS.

Conclusions

CEP alone or combined with CS was useful for the management of pediatric chronic ITPs.
Early Confucianism and Contemporary Moral Psychology
Authors: Kim Richard
Published: September 2016

The aim of this essay is to introduce scholars to recent discussions of early Confucian ethics that intersect with contemporary moral psychology. Given the early Confucian tradition's intense focus on the cultivation of virtue, there are a number of ways in which early Confucian thinkers – as represented in the texts of the Analects, the Mencius, and the Xunzi – fruitfully engaged in a range of topics that are closely connected to live issues in moral psychology. Not only did they anticipate some contemporary debates (e.g. moral modularity, situationism) but explored them from a distinctively Confucian normative worldview, attending especially to the role of the family and ritual practice. This essay seeks to demonstrate that early Confucianism, by integrating a normative vision with empirically grounded observations of human behavior, offers resources for constructively exploring a number of ongoing questions in moral psychology.
Interpretable Classification Models for Recidivism Prediction
Authors: Zeng Jiaming , Ustun Berk , Rudin Cynthia
Published: September 2016

We investigate a long-debated question, which is how to create predictive models of recidivism that are sufficiently accurate, transparent and interpretable to use for decision making. This question is complicated as these models are used to support different decisions, from sentencing, to determining release on probation to allocating preventative social services. Each case might have an objective other than classification accuracy, such as a desired true positive rate TPR or false positive rate FPR. Each (TPR, FPR) pair is a point on the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. We use popular machine learning methods to create models along the full ROC curve on a wide range of recidivism prediction problems. We show that many methods (support vector machines, stochastic gradient boosting and ridge regression) produce equally accurate models along the full ROC curve. However, methods that are designed for interpretability (classification and regression trees and C5.0) cannot be tuned to produce models that are accurate and/or interpretable. To handle this shortcoming, we use a recent method called supersparse linear integer models to produce accurate, transparent and interpretable scoring systems along the full ROC curve. These scoring systems can be used for decision making for many different use cases, since they are just as accurate as the most powerful black box machine learning models for many applications, but completely transparent, and highly interpretable.
The Intention–Behavior Gap
Authors: Sheeran Paschal , Webb Thomas L.
Published: September 2016

Bitter personal experience and meta‐analysis converge on the conclusion that people do not always do the things that they intend to do. This paper synthesizes research on intention–behavior relations to address questions such as: How big is the intention–behavior gap? When are intentions more or less likely to get translated into action? What kinds of problems prevent people from realizing their intentions? And what strategies show promise in closing the intention–behavior gap and helping people do the things that they intend to do?
Spatial and temporal variability of physical properties of Aquands under different land uses in southern Chile
Authors: Dörner José , Dec Dorota , Thiers Oscar , Paulino Leandro , Zúñiga Felipe , Valle Susana , Martínez Oscar , Horn Rainer
Published: September 2016

The aquands found in southern Chile are derived from volcanic ash and contain high levels of organic matter. Due to the presence of an impermeable stratum, they have shallow soil profiles, which induce waterlogging for several months each year. These fragile soils, locally known as ‘Ñadi’, cover an area of 475 000 hectares and have undergone intensive land use changes, which have affected the soil physical properties. These are still not well understood but are relevant for the design of efficient drainage systems. The aim of this research was to analyse the impact of the land use change in Ñadi soils on the spatial and temporal variability of their soil physical properties. For the land use change from secondary native forest (sNF) to naturalized grassland (NG), the effective soil depth was measured at defined points. Time‐ and space‐dependent changes of water‐table depth and penetration resistance were recorded. Volumetric water content and soil temperature were measured with sensors installed at three depths and the water retention curve and air permeability at these depths were also determined. The changes in land use over time have induced a reduction in soil depth. Soils under NG showed a smaller soil water storage capacity, air capacity and permeability compared with soils under sNF, as well as waterlogging during winter and greater mechanical strength and soil profile temperatures during summer. Therefore, the land use change affected the spatial and temporal variability of soil physical functions across the field.