bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sharing the Gains of Local Economic Growth: Race-to-the-Top versus Race-to-the-Bottom Economic Development
Authors: Goetz Stephan J , Partridge Mark D , Rickman Dan S , Majumdar Shibalee
Published: May 2011

In attempting to promote economic development, states often pursue either a race-to-the-bottom approach focused on lowering business costs or a more investment-based, race-to-the-top approach that aims to increase productivity, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Whether either approach promotes growth and produces broad-based economic gains across the population is the subject of this paper. The novelty of our approach is that an extensive array of variables representing examples of the two economic development approaches are examined for their effects on various indicators of state economic performance, including income distribution, over the 2000–07 period. We find that lower taxes are statistically insignificant in explaining state economic performance, and that targeted tax incentives and financial assistance—as currently practised—are more likely to harm growth and income inequality. Some support exists for state and local governments to encourage entrepreneurship and to enhance Internet connectivity.
Knowing Our Authors, Knowing Our Impact, Knowing Our Audience: The Future of Environment and Planning C
Authors: Rodríguez-Pose Andrés , Jordan Andrew , Nudd Katie
Published: May 2011

Over nearly thirty years Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy (EPC) has been publishing agenda-defining papers on a number of topics related to government and policy in the broad sense. We examine what has been published, assess the impact it has made, and identify who the main audiences have been. The analysis reveals that EPC has made significant improvements in the diversity of the geographical origin of its submissions and publications, and in terms of impact, but that there is still room for improvement in both respects. We find that the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of EPC is one of its main strengths but possibly also one of its weaknesses. We conclude that it should remain a research-driven journal which seeks to advance both multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary debates on a wide range of pressing contemporary policy issues arising from the governance of the economy, society, and the environment.
Developing proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) core collection using geographic and morpho-agronomic data
Authors: Upadhyaya H. D. , Sharma Shivali , Gowda C. L. L. , Reddy V. Gopal , Singh Sube
Published: May 2011

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a rich source of protein, minerals, and vitamins, and is an important cereal crop of Asia and Africa. Due to its lowest water and nutrient requirement, it has the potential for agriculture diversification. The development of a core collection would assist in efficient management and enhanced utilisation of proso millet genetic resources. The present investigation was conducted to develop a core collection of proso millet based on geographic information and 20 qualitative and quantitative traits recorded on 833 accessions conserved in the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics genebank. The entire germplasm collection was stratified into five groups based on races and data on 20 morpho-agronomic traits were used for clustering following Ward’s method. About 10% (or at least one accession) was randomly selected from each of 101 clusters to constitute a core collection of 106 accessions. Comparisons of means, variances, frequency distribution, diversity indices, and correlation studies indicated that the variation in the entire collection has been preserved in the core collection. This core collection provides a gateway to identify diverse trait-specific germplasm accessions for important agronomic traits and for abiotic and biotic stresses for use in crop improvement research and in crop diversification programs.
Neutrons Emitted in the Disintegration of Beryllium by Deuterons
Authors: Dyer AJ , Bird JR
Published: May 2011

Neutrons obtained by bombarding a thick beryllium target with 600 keV. deuterons were studied by the photographic plate technique at angles of emission of 0, 90, and 150�. Five previously reported neutron groups were confirmed giving energy levels of B10 at 0?73,1?75,2�20, and 3�64 MeV. An additional group corresponding to an energy level of 2�85 MeV. was observed and the evidence for regarding these as genuine beryllium neutrons is discussed. The Q-value for the ground state transition is found to be 4�35�0�02MeV. which agrees with the value 4�36�0�04 deduced from the most recent masses.
The Determination of Surface Tension by Sessile Drop Measurements, with Application to Mercury
Authors: Ziesing GM
Published: May 2011

The error in the Worthington (1885) sessile drop equation, as an approximation to the exact equation from which it was derived, is found to be of the order of experimental errors in recent surface tension determinations. The source of error and origin of the optical band system observed when parallel light is used to define the summit of a sessile drop have been investigated. The band system is shown to originate in an interference phenomenon from the curved surface of the drop. Detailed descriptions are given of the cleaning and testing methods necessary for the preparation of mercury and glassware involved in the determination of the surface tension of mercury as 484�9 � 1� 8 dyn./cm. A lower limit to the temperature coefficient of the surface tension was set at 0�20 dyn. /cm. �C.
A Decimal Counter Electron Tube
Authors: Hollway DL
Published: May 2011

A scale-of-10 counter electron tube is described, in which incoming signals are counted by triggering a single electron beam through a closed sequence of 10 pairs of stable states. Each stable state results from potential drops maintained on deflecting electrodes by the distribution of the beam current.
Validity of Matthiessen's Rule for Cold-worked Wires
Authors: Boas W , Nicholas JF
Published: May 2011

Matthiessen's rule has been tested by, determining the slopes of the electrical resistivity-temperature curves for wires of eight common metals and alloys in various states of deformation by wire-drawing. The results show that the slope is independent of deformation, i.e. the rule is true, to within 0�5 per cent. for nickel, copper (two purities), iron, and 80/20 brass, and to within 1 per cent. for aluminium. However, for 75/25 brass and an aluminium bronze, deformations corresponding to logarithmic strains of 2�3 decrease the slopes by 1 and 3 per cent. respectively. As an explanation of this behaviour, it is suggested that deformation causes an increase in the characteristic temperature.
The Failure of Matthiessen's Rule for Heavily Deformed Alloys
Authors: Klemens PG
Published: May 2011

Deviations from Matthiessen's rule, such as were found by Boas and Nicholas (1953) for some heavily deformed alloys, may be explained by assuming that in the strongly disordered regions the thermal vibrations of the atoms contribute much less to the resistance than in perfect regions of the crystal. The magnitude of the calculated effect is compatible with the experimental results.
Energy Resolution of ?-Radiation up to 18 MeV by Sodium Iodide Scintillation Counters
Authors: Campbell JG , Boyle AJF
Published: May 2011

The pulse-height distributions to be expected from scintillation counters using thallium-activated sodium iodide crystals have been investigated for ?-radiation of energies 6, 12, and 18 MeV. with two sizes of cylindrical crystal (2�5 cm. long by 2�5 cm. diameter and 7�5 cm. long by 4 cm. diameter). A Monte Carlo calculation of the partial shower process by which photons are absorbed in the crystals has given the probability distributions of ionization energy from homogeneous incident photons. The spreading of the distributions by statistical effects in the photomultiplier has been measured using light flashes of constant integrated intensity from a rotating mirror. The curves predicted by combining these two factors are compared with experimental pulse-height distributions for ?-radiation from proton bombardment of fluorine, boron, and lithium.
The Distribution Of Radio Brightness Over The Solar Disk At A Wavelength Of 21 Centimetres. I. A New Highly Directional Aerial System
Authors: Christiansen WN , Warburton JA
Published: May 2011

A new aerial system of very high resolving power has been designed for use in determining the distribution of radio brightness across the solar disk at a wavelength of 21 cm. Thirty-two aerials with paraboloidal reflectors are evenly spaced in an east-west direction over a distance of about 700 ft., and are connected by a branching system of balanced open-wire transmission lines to a receiver. The aerial system produces multiple beams each 3' of arc wide and spaced 1.7� apart. The rotation of the Earth causes one after another of the aerial beams to scan the disk of the Sun. The record obtained from the radio receiver gives a one-dimensional brightness distribution over the solar disk.
Further Studies of Electrode Phenomena in Transient Arcs
Authors: Blevin WR
Published: May 2011

High current transient arcs in air at atmospheric pressure display radial contraction of the column near the anode. An examination of melting in the anode allows calculation of the anode spot temperature.
Climatic Change in Australia Since 1880
Authors: Deacon EL
Published: May 2011

Australian climatic data show that, for the period 1911?1950, the summer rainfall over much of the southern part of the continent was considerably greater than in the previous 30 years and, for the same season, mean daily maximum temperatures in the interior were appreciably lower. A difference in character of the annual variation of atmospheric pressure between these periods also suggests a shift of mean position of the subtropical high pressure belt.
Explicit Matrix Elements for Multipole Radiation
Authors: Treacy PB
Published: May 2011

Using a simple model, a formula is given for the radiation intensity from a multipole of any order. This formula is extended to include polarization properties of quanta. As an example, a matrix element is calculated for multipole radiation of order four.
Programme Design for the C.S.I.R.O. Mark I Computer. I. Computer Conventions
Authors: Pearcey T , Hill GW
Published: May 2011

The organization of the C.S.I.R.O. Mark I computer is described. The code system is of a two-address type in which each operation called by an "order" or "command" is thought of as a quality of a transfer of the content of one "register" to another. Each command indicates a source and a destination. A special notation of mnemonic type is adopted for written programmes as an aid in the various stages of programme design. The written programme may be translated, by aid of a special encoding key-punch, from the written sheet onto paper tape, the medium through which the machine accepts data.
On the Low Excited State of Li7
Authors: Tanner NW , Uebergang RG
Published: May 2011

From the mass of evidence reflecting on the low excited state of Li7, it seems very probable that the spin is either 1/2 or 5/2. The main experimental result favouring 1/2 is the isotropy of the ?-radiation, and this from several reactions. Inglis (1951) considered the a-? correlation of B10(n,a)Li7*?Li7 (Rose and Wilson 1950) and concluded that the observed isotropy could only be reconciled with spin 5/2 if the ?-radiation is a particular mixture of magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole.
Angular Distribution of Photoprotons from Nitrogen
Authors: Spicer BM
Published: May 2011

The energy distribution and angular distributions of protons ejected from nitrogen by 11�5 MeV bremsstrahlung have been measured. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the (?,p) reaction in nitrogen is due to magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole transitions for photon energies of 7�6?11 MeV.
Galactic Radiation at Radio Frequencies. VI. Low Altitude Scintillations of the Discrete Sources
Authors: Bolton JG , Slee OB , Stanley GJ
Published: May 2011

A study has been made of the scintillations of four discrete sources at altitudes of from 0 to 10�. The observations cover the years 1947?1951 and were made at various frequencies in the range 40?300 Mc/s. It was found that the scintillation index, a measure of the amplitude of the scintillations, (1) increases with increasing wavelength, (2) decreases rapidly with increasing altitude, (3) shows seasonal and diurnal variations, the seasonal component having minima near the equinoxes and the diurnal component near dawn and sunset. The scintillation rate or the number of scintillations per minute (1) is different for sources of different declination, (2) is independent of wavelength. In the case of the Cygnus source, the data for which are the most extensive, the rate increases and the decline in the scintillation index with altitude is less rapid during the winter months.
The Radio Brightness Distributions over Four Discrete Sources of Cosmic Noise
Authors: Mllls BY
Published: May 2011

Brightness distributions have been obtained across the four radio sources, Cygnus?A, Taurus?A, Virgo?A, and Centaurus-A, using a two-aerial interferometer of a special type in which the aerial spacing and the azimuth angle of the axis may be varied over a wide range. Radio isophotes have been constructed for three of the sources from these results, making some simple assumptions as to their form. The isophotes bear some relation to optical features of the nebulae with which the sources have been identified and their radio and optical sizes are similar. The remaining source, Cygnus?A, is unfavourably situated for observations from Sydney, and the results are less complete.
Note on the Factorial Moments of Standard Distributions
Authors: Potts RB
Published: May 2011

The factorial moments of the standard discontinuous distributions can be readily derived by means of a generating function, and it is well known that the formulae for these moments are much simpler than those for the more usual power moments. It is the purpose of the present note to draw attention to an interesting alternative method of deriving these factorial moments.
Some Electron Collision Cross Sections of Call
Authors: Jefferies JT
Published: May 2011

The cross sections for electron collision excitation of the transitions 4S1/B-4PlIs
and 4Ps/S in Call have been calculated using a distorted wave Born approximation.
For electrons of energy 4 e y, the calculated values are respectively 6� 6TCa~ and 9� 9TCa~.
The Continuous Radiative Absorption Cross Section of FeXIV and the Coronal Temperature
Authors: Werner Alma
Published: May 2011

The continuous radiative absorption cross section of FeXIV was calculated, using a Hartree wave function to evaluate the matrix element for recombination to the ground state. This matrix element was considerably smaller than the value obtained by Hill (1950, 1951) using the hydrogen-like approximation, but the total cross section for recombination was not greatly different.
On the Criterion for Dielectric Breakdown in Ionic Crystals
Authors: O'Dwyer JJ
Published: May 2011

Previous theories on the criterion for electronic breakdown in ionic crystals are reviewed, in particular those of Fr�hlich and Heller. It is shown that the ideas proposed by Heller are based on insufficient examination of the physical picture of breakdown, and the validity of Fr�hlich's criterion is vindicated so long as electron-lattice collisions determine the distribution function. However, for the relatively high densities of conduction electrons existing just before breakdown the effect of electron-electron collisions may well be more important than the effect of electron-lattice collisions in determining the distribution function.
The Integral and Differential Range Spectra of Sea-Level Mesons
Authors: Dyer AJ
Published: May 2011

The differential and integral range spectra of the hard component of cosmic rays in water and lead have been determined up to a thickness of 1500 g cm?2 of water, and 2800 g cm?2 of lead. The differential results indicate that there is no anomaly with an intensity greater than 5 per cent. in the differential momentum spectrum in the region below 4 BeV/c.
The Lattice Component of the Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Alloys
Authors: Klemens PG
Published: May 2011

Makinson's (1938) theory of the lattice component of the thermal conductivity of metals and alloys, when limited at low temperatures by interaction with the conduction electrons, is re-examined, and the magnitude of the lattice conductivity is related to the electronic thermal conductivity at low temperatures, thus avoiding uncertainties in the theory at high temperatures. The result depends on whether transverse lattice waves can interact with the electrons.
The Thermal Conductivity of Pure Metals at Low Temperatures According to the Free Electron Theory
Authors: Klemens PG
Published: May 2011

The paper discusses the validity of Sondheimer's (1950) variational method of solving the integral (Bloch) equation for the distribution of free electrons, interacting with lattice vibrations, in the case of thermal conduction at low temperatures. This equation is solved numerically, and it is found that the resulting thermal conductivity is about 11 per cent. larger than the value calculated by Sondheimer.
The Electrical and Thermal Conductivities of Monovalent Metals
Authors: Klemens PG
Published: May 2011

The experimentally determined values of the high and low temperature electrical and thermal conductivities of pure sodium, copper, silver, and gold are such that the ratios of these quantities for each of these metals do not agree with the values expected from the Bloch free electron theory, except for the high temperature Wiedemann-Franz ratio. Reasonable agreement can be achieved by assuming (i) that the conduction electrons can interact directly with transverse lattice vibrations, and (ii) that the Fermi surface departs significantly from spherical shape in all these metals, and touches the boundary of the Brillouin zone in the case of copper, silver, and gold.
X-Ray Line Broadening and Pure Diffraction Contours
Authors: Garrod RI , Brett JF , MacDonald JA
Published: May 2011

In analysing the data from experiments designed to distinguish between particle size and distortion broadening from polycrystalline materials, it is customary either to employ correction formulae to obtain the true broadening �, or to derive the pure diffraction contour in terms of a Fourier series whose coefficients may be evaluated from the experimental line profiles.
Observations of the General Background and Discrete Sources of 18·3 Mc/s Cosmic Noise
Authors: Shain CA , Higgins CS
Published: May 2011

A survey of a broad strip of the sky, centred on Dec. ?32�, has been made at a frequency of 18�3 Mc/s using an aerial with an overall beam width to half-power of 17�. Previous results concerning the background distribution of brightness have been confirmed and 37 discrete sources have been detected. The distribution of these sources shows some galactic concentration ; it becomes homogeneous if sources within 18� of the galactic plane are excluded.
A Comparison of the Intensities of Cosmic Noise Observed at 18·3 Mc/s and at 100 Mc/s
Authors: Shain CA
Published: May 2011

A comparison is made of the intensities of the radiation, from the general background and from the discrete sources, which have been measured at 18� 3 Mc/s and at 100 Mc/s.
High Multiple Radio Reflections from the F2 Layer of the Ionosphere at Brisbane
Authors: Baird K
Published: May 2011

Continuous night-time records of multiple F2 reflections at normal incidence have been made at a fixed frequency. The echo patterns have been classified, and qualitative explanations given in terms of humped ionization contours, extending the work of Pierce and Mimno (1940). These patterns have been studied also by a variable gain technique. It is concluded that accurate measurements of reflection coefficients cannot be made by this means.
Recent Studies of Chromospheric Spicules
Authors: Rush JH , Roberts WO
Published: May 2011

Five spicule film sequences taken on different dates in Ha were studied. Maximum heights of spicules ranged downward from 20,000 km. Lifetimes ranged from the film limit of 0� 3 min to about 30 min. Distributions of maximum heights and lifetimes indicated the occurrence of numerous small, short-lived spicules that were not resolved in these films.
On the Optical Properties of Components for Birefringent Filters
Authors: Giovanelli RG , Jefferies JT
Published: May 2011

Expressions are derived for the stray light in a birefringent filter caused by polarizers producing incomplete polarization and by inexact half-wave plates. It is shown that, with suitable orientation of retardation plates, less stray light is obtained with incomplete than with complete polarizers. The asymmetry of the field and the stray light arising from incorrect orientation of the crystal axes are also discussed.
Dipole Resonant Modes of an Ionized Gas Column
Authors: Makinson REB , Slade DM
Published: May 2011

It is shown by a quasi-static treatment there is not one but a multiplicity of plasma resonant modes which will emit dipole radiation in a cylindrical column of ionized gas with a radially symmetrical but non-uniform electron density. It is shown that the multiple resonances obtained by Romell in scattering of short waves from a gas discharge column may be qualitatively explained assuming a reasonable electron distribution.
The Decay of the 7·68 MeV State in 12C
Authors: Uebergang RG
Published: May 2011

A polonium-beryllium source has been used to investigate the radiations in coincidence with the 4�43 MeV ?-ray leading to the ground state of 12C. The coincident radiation consisted of a continuum due to neutrons and a ?-ray of energy 3�05 MeV and intensity 0�12?0�08 that of the 4�43 MeV ?-ray.
The Response of a Sodium Iodide Scintillation Counter to 18 MeV g-Radiation
Authors: Campbell JG , Boyle AJF
Published: May 2011

The probability distribution of ionization energy in a sodium iodide crystal 2�5 cm long by2�5 cm diameter due to the absorption of 18 MeV quanta has been calculated taking account of side escape of electrons from the crystal due to multiple scattering. The results confirm the conclusions of the authors' earlier work.
Observations of the 21 cm Line from the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Kerr FJ , Hindman JV , Robinson BJ
Published: May 2011

A survey has been made of the 21 cm line from neutral interstellar hydrogen in the Magellanic Clouds. These are the first observations of this radiation from an extragalactic source.
The Capacitance of an Anchor Ring
Authors: Thomas TSE
Published: May 2011

The surface generated by the circumference of a circle which is rotated about a coplanar axis not intersecting the circle is usually called an anchor ring.
On the Photodisintegrations 6Li(g,d)4He and 6Li(g,t)3He
Authors: Titterton EW , Brinkley TA
Published: May 2011

In an earlier communication (Titterton and Brinkley 1952) evidence was
given of the forbidden nature of the reaction ~Li(y,d)4He-1�54 MeV. Since
that date Glenn (1952) has published a cross section measured atEy =2'76 MeV.
Optical Diffraction Effects Produced by Amplitude and Phase Changes in the Wave Front
Authors: Godfrey GH
Published: May 2011

The diffraction which occurs when certain areas of the wave front undergo changes of amplitude or phase or both, relative to the rest of the front, may be readily treated by a method which is virtually a generalization of Babinet's principle. Applications to both Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction are given and include phase gratings, striations, haloes, phase contrast techniques, zone plates, and holograms.
Observations of Cosmic Noise at 9·15 Mc/s
Authors: Higgins CS , Shain CA
Published: May 2011

From observations made at a frequency of 9� 15 Mc/s, with an aerial of beam width 29� between half-power points and directed to Dec. -32�, a curve of equivalent aerial temperature, as a function of sidereal time, is derived.
The Association of Pulsating and Flaming Auroras with Complete Ionospheric Absorption at Macquarie Island
Authors: Major G
Published: May 2011

Records of simultaneous auroral observations and ionosphere soundings at Macquarie Island (geomagnetic lat. -61� 7�) show that pulsating or flaming auroras are frequently accompanied by complete absorption of the vertically incident waves. However, the nocturnal variations of frequency of occurrence of these two phenomena are markedly different in form.
Programme Design for the C.S.I.R.O. Mark I Computer. III. Adaptation of Routines for Elaborate Arithmetical Operations
Authors: Pearcey T , Hill GW
Published: May 2011

Certain routines, using the fixed index programming methods established for use in the C.S.I.R.O. Mark I computer, are described. These facilitate the use of the machine for performing elaborate arithmetical operations required for extended accuracy, floating index and complex variable arithmetic.
The Effect of Interpretive Techniques on Functional Design of Computers
Authors: Pearcey T , Hill GW , Ryan RD
Published: May 2011

An analysis of the programmes for a number �of computations performed by the C.S.I.R.O. Mark I computer shows that a great proportion of store space and operating time is occupied by the control of the course of the calculation, and that the proportion of the store space required as working space by a programme decreases as the size of the progr~e increases.
Polarization of Bremsstrahlung
Authors: Muirhead EG , Mather KB
Published: May 2011

An attempt has been made to measure the polarization of radiation from an 11� 5 MeV synchrotron. The method used was to load a photographic emulsion with heavy water, expose it with its plane normal to the beam, and measure the orientation and range of photoprotons from the 2H(,,(,p)n reaction. It has been confirmed experimentally (Wilkinson 1952) that protons from this reaction exhibit a cos2 distribution about the direction of the electric vector of plane polarized radiation, which means that the reaction may be used to reveal polarization.
The Albedo for the Atomic Scattering of Optical Radiation
Authors: Giovanelli RG , Jefferies JT
Published: May 2011

A general method for evaluating scattering is discussed for a multilevel atom. It is shown that, in the special case when the gas is either opaque or highly transparent to every other spectral line, the effects of interlocking on a given spectral line can be disregarded and the scattering readily computed.
The Multiple Scattering of Protons in Nuclear Emulsions
Authors: Bird JR , Hines KC
Published: May 2011

The multiple scattering theories of Williams. and Moliere have been adapted to give the r.m.s. lateral deflection of protons which lose all their energy in nuclear emul� sions. Measurements of 1-5 MeV proton tracks show significant differences from the former theory at low energies and from the latter at higher energies. The introduction of alternative expressions for the minimum angle due to screening does not give a satisfactory explanation of the observed results. It is found, however, that the experi. mental r.m.s. deflections display the same dependence on maximum single scattering angle as is calculated.
Measurements of the Cosmic Ray Neutron Rate in the Himalayas and Australian Alps
Authors: Mather KB
Published: May 2011

The variation of (X-track density in boron-loaded emulsions and the star rate in C2 emulsions have been measured at the same sites at mountain altitudes at two latitudes. The (X-count is proportional to the slow neutron density in the atmosphere while the stars arise chiefly from fast neutrons. The variation with altitude can be represented in each case by a simple exponential of the form: l=loe-X/L . Values were derived for the attenuation length L for each latitude:
The Attenuation of Light by Meteoric Dust in the Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Giovanelli RG
Published: May 2011

An examination of Zacharov's results on the wavelength variation of attenuation of solar radiation following the Perseid meteor shower shows that the effects could be produced either by absorbing particles of diameter about 10-5 cm or 'less, or by transparent particles of diameter; in the range 5 X 10-5 to 10-< cm. The rapid disappearance of attenuation, however, can be explained only if the particles evaporate on falling and it is concluded that they are ice crystals formed on nuclei of meteoric origin at a height of about 80 km where there is a temperature minimum. From estimates of the light scattered by these ice crystals it is deduced that they would be visible as noctilucent clouds.
Microinterferometric Examination of Nuclear Emulsion Plates
Authors: Thornton BS
Published: May 2011

The photographic emulsion is one of several means of detecting charged particles emitted in nuclear reactions or from radioactive materials, and emulsion technique has developed enormously over the past few years; it is now an invaluable laboratory tool. Whilst the principles of nuclear emulsion microscopy are well established, the application of interference microscopy to the study of nuclear emulsions is new. Although it seems that the interferometric technique would have no real advantage at the present time over the conventional microscopic methods of track examination, it is felt desirable to report some observations on the examination of tracks by interferometry and to suggest some lines of possible investigation.
The Noise Generated in a Coil with a Ferromagnetic Core
Authors: Builder G , Haneman D
Published: May 2011

It is well known that Barkhausen noise will be induced in a coil which has a ferromagnetic core, if the core is subjected to any considerable degree of varying or alternating magnetization due to current flowing in the coil or due to a magnetizing field from some external source. This effect is ascribed to irreversible magnetization processes, such as irreversible domain wall movements, and has been investigated in considerable detail. It has recently been utilized to estimate the amount of the contribution of such irreversible processes to the total magnetization (Tebble, Skidmore, and Corner 1950).
The Transport of Heat Through Narrow Channels by Liquid Helium II
Authors: Klemens PG
Published: May 2011

In narrow channels (~10?4 cm) the observed heat transport is considerably larger than calculated by the internal convection theory. It is suggested that, because of the anisotropy of the distribution cf phonons in the channel walls resulting from the temperature gradient, the normal fluid in the immediate vicinity of the walls is not at rest but flows towards the colder region. The magnitude of the resulting heat transport is in reasonable agreement with the observed discrepancy.
The Effects of Collimation and Oblique Incidence in Length Interferometers. II.
Authors: Thornton BS
Published: May 2011

It is important in length determinations by interferometry to know the effect on the fringe pattern of an entrance aperture of finite size through which the light enters the interferometer. The correction generally applied has been found to be in error (Bruce 1955). This paper is a further discussion of this correction. Both two-beam and multiple-beam systems are discussed and show, in accordance with experiment, that the correction at present applied for the finite size of the aperture appears to be invalid.
Diffusion Coefficients from the Rate of Decay of Meteor Trails
Authors: Weiss AA
Published: May 2011

The effective diffusion coefficient for a meteor trail is calculated from the theory of ambipolar diffusion and the physical constants of the upper atmosphere. The absolute value of the diffusion coefficient so calculated, and also its gradient with height, are confirmed by measurement of the rates of decay of a large number of meteor echoes of known heights.
The Fitting of Truncated Type III Curves to Daily Rainfall Data
Authors: Das SC
Published: May 2011

The method of maximum likelihood has been used to fit a truncated type III (Gamma) distribution to daily rainfall data for Sydney over the period 1859?1952. An approximate test of the hypothesis that there is a singularity at the origin is suggested. This test is based on a comparison of the expected frequency in the truncated part, when the observed frequency in this part is taken into account in the fit, with the expected frequency when these observations are neglected.
A Variable Energy Cyclotron
Authors: Caro DE , Martin LH , Rouse JL
Published: May 2011

In the past, variable energy particle accelerators have, in general, been limited to the energy range below about 4 MeV. Many fixed energy machines have been built to operate above this energy but the field of physical research made possible by a variable energy machine between 2 and 12 MeV has been largely neglected. With particles of energy above about 10 MeV some energy variation may be achieved with absorbing foils, but this technique is unsatisfactory at lower energies.
Neutrons Emitted in the Deuteron Bombardment of Carbon
Authors: Bird JR
Published: May 2011

Energy levels in 14N have been observed at 2�31, 3�95, 4�91, and 5�10 MeV in the study of the inelastic scattering of protons and deuterons by nitrogen (Bockelman et al. 1953), and these levels may be used to explain all the low energy ?-rays associated with the 14N nucleus except for a 0 �725 MeV ?-ray (Woodbury, Day, and Tollestrup 1953 ; Ajzenberg and Lauritsen 1955).
The High Temperature Excitation of Helium
Authors: Jefferies JT
Published: May 2011

The relative populations of the helium ground state, the singlet and triplet state of principal quantum number 2 and 3, and the ionized state are obtained for an atmosphere isothermal at one of a number of kinetic temperatures in the range 104?105 �K.
The Observation and Interpretation of Radio Emission from Some Bright Galaxies
Authors: Mills BY
Published: May 2011

Preliminary attempts to observe 13 bright southern galaxies are described. Of these 10 were detected, including the Magellanic Clouds. The latter were studied in detail. Supplementary measurements on the Milky Way near the galactic centre were made and also some unsuccessful attempts to observe two globular clusters.
The Radar Determination of Meteor Showers in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Ellyett CD , Roth KW
Published: May 2011

During the greater part of 1953 a radar survey was made of meteor activity in the southern hemisphere. The results are presented, together with a brief description of the apparatus used. Radiants are calculated from daily range-time plots of meteor echoes, and the resulting showers are in accord with data reduced from earlier visual observations.
The Design of a Multiple?Wire Proportional Counter and Its Use in the Study of the a-Particles from the Reaction 7Li+p
Authors: Riviere AC , Treacy PB
Published: May 2011

This counter was designed originally for the study of a two stage break-up process such as where correlations are sought between a1 and a2 as discussed by Treacy (1955). In this case the a-particles a2 and a3 are emitted into a cone of semi-angle 10� and could readily be accepted by the counter.
A Proportional Counter with Grid Control
Authors: Norman RJ
Published: May 2011

Where accurate energy loss measurements are to be attempted, counter proportionality must be preserved over the entire active length of the anode wire. This may be endangered by attachment to electronegative impurities in the counter gas ; or by the counter end effect, which causes a serious loss of gas amplification at the wire terminations (Curran, Angus, and Cockroft 1949 ; Rossi and Staub 1949).
The Solution of Linear Simultaneous Equations by Matrix Iteration
Authors: Guest J
Published: May 2011

In a recent paper Stiefel presented a method designed for a high speed computer, for solving simultaneous linear algebraic equations of the type
The Distribution of Radio Brightness over the Solar Disk at a Wavelength of 21 Centimetres. III. The Quiet Sun ? Two-Dimensional Observations
Authors: Christiansen WN , Warburton JA
Published: May 2011

A distribution of solar radio brightness at a wavelength of 21 cm has been derived from observations made during the period of low sunspot activity from 1952 to 1954. The observations were made using two multiple interferometers arranged at right angles; this enabled the solar disk to be scanned in many different directions. The derived one-dimensional profiles of the quiet Sun for these various scanning directions were combined and a Fourier method adopted to derive a two-dimensional brightness distribution. The distribution shows marked limb-brightening in the equatorial zones but none in the polar regions. The contours of brightness are in general conformity with those expected from a solar atmosphere having a coronal electron density distribution of the kind proposed by van de Hulst for the period of minimum sunspot activity.
Solar Brightness Distribution at a Wavelength of 60 Centimetres. I. The Quiet Sun
Authors: Swarup G , Parthasarathy R
Published: May 2011

A multiple-element interferometer has been employed to determine one-dimensional distributions of radio brightness over the quiet Sun at a wavelength of 60 cm for scanning directions varying from 90� to 60� with respect to the central meridian of the Sun. These observations have been compared with measurements by other workers at the same, or nearly the same, wavelength. The present observations are reasonably consistent with the two-dimensional brightness distribution derived recently by O'Brien and Tandberg-Hanssen with a two-aerial interferometer, but do not agree with the earlier results of Stanier at the same wavelength. The disagreement, largely the absence of the theoretically predicted limb-brightening in Stanier's results, may reflect actual changes in the Sun over the solar cycle. However, the possibility of localized disturbed regions affecting Stanier's results for the quiet Sun cannot be eliminated.
Lunar Tide in Sporadic E at Brisbane
Authors: Thomas JA , Svenson AC
Published: May 2011

Accurate measurements have been made at Brisbane of the virtual height of reflection of radio echoes from the E region of the ionosphere, using a pulse transmitter operating at 2�28 Mc/s. The recordings were made by using a cathode-ray tube displaying echoes received from virtual heights between 80 and 150 km; black-out modulation of the cathode-ray tube trace was employed so that echoes appeared as gaps in the trace. To avoid the broadening of the gap with increase of echo signal strength, an automatic gain control was used, which kept the peak output within the time interval corresponding to 80?150 km at a fixed level. The gap width then remained fairly constant (about 16 km), and the recorded height showed no dependence on (input) signal strength. A stable triggered oscillator was used to produce height marks at 10 km intervals every 6 min on the cathode-ray display. The oscillator was started at full amplitude by a triggering wave synchronized with the transmitter modulation pulse; there was a constant delay of 0�1 km. A typical record is shown in Plate 1.
Electron Background in Imported G5 Emulsions
Authors: Hopper VD , E Laby Jean
Published: May 2011

Ilford G5 nuclear emulsions have been received by this department at regular fortnightly intervals during the last six months. They are sent by air mail and reach this laboratory approximately two weeks after the date of manufacture in England and are developed soon after arrival. Heavy electron backgrounds were observed in four batches of plates out of 12 successive fortnightly shipments. Possible causes of these variations have been investigated.
The Angular Size of the Variable Radio Source Hydra?A
Authors: Carter AWL
Published: May 2011

Slee (1955) has shown that the discrete cosmic radio source Hydra-A shows variations in intensity at metre wavelengths. This is the first variable radio source to be found, other than the Sun, although Ryle and Elsmore (1951) investigated about one hundred northerly sources and found no significant variations in their intensities over a period of 18 months. The observations to be described here were undertaken firstly to check the variability of the source, then suspected by Slee, and secondly to measure its angular size and see whether this might also be variable.
Information on Energy Levels in 8Be from Neutron Energy Spectra
Authors: Bird JR , Spear RH
Published: May 2011

A number of measurements have been made of the neutron energy spectra emitted in the reaction 7Li(d, n)8Be, and, as is the case for other reactions leading to the same final nucleus, contradictory conclusions have been reached as to the number of levels observed.
Corrigendum
Authors: Blatt JM
Published: May 2011

Equations (3.20), (3.21), and (3.24) on p. 264 of this paper should be replaced by .
Strip Integration in Radio Astronomy
Authors: Bracewell RN
Published: May 2011

When a celestial source of radio waves is scanned with an aerial beam which is much longer than the source in one direction but suitably narrow in the other, the transformation from the true distribution to the measured value is referred to as strip integration. It is here treated as a special case of two-dimensional aerial smoothing in which the aerial beam is allowed to spin about its centre as it moves about the sky. It is shown that the resolution obtainable is set by the cross-sectional profile of the strip beam in the narrow dimension. Thus, when the strip reduces to a line, the resolution is complete and full reconstruction of the true distribution is possible; but scans must be made in all directions. In the general case it is shown that there is a principal solution, and that a finite number of scans suffices to determine it. A method is presented for reconstructing the principal solution from the observed data.
A Study of "Spread?F" Ionospheric Echoes at Night at Brisbane. I. Range Spreading (Experimental)
Authors: McNicol RWE , Webster HC , Bowman GG
Published: May 2011

At frequencies well below the critical frequency, satellite echoes sometimes accompany the night-time F2 echo, sometimes clearly separated, sometimes overlapping. In an investigation of these range multiplets, in addition to routine P'f sounding records, continuous virtual range measurements at fixed frequency (at stations of various separations), and measurements of mean intensities, phase-path changes, and directions of arrival, have been carried out.
A Study of "Spread?F" Ionospheric Echoes at Night at Brisbane. II. Interpretation of Range Spreading
Authors: McNicol RWE , Webster HC
Published: May 2011

A review is given of various hypotheses which might explain the behaviour of "range multiplets", in which satellite echoes accompany the F2. echo at frequencies well below the critical penetration frequency. It is shown that these cannot arise from stratification of the layer. Some few may be due to reflection from the F layer of waves previously scattered upwards by an Es irregularity. The great majority, however, appear to originate in reflections from irregularities in the F layer itself. This is confirmed by the directional observations, multiple-hop echo records, correlations between separated stations, and the usual shape of the range-time curves, as described in Part I
Two-dimensional Aerial Smoothing in Radio Astronomy
Authors: Bracewell RN
Published: May 2011

The visibility of a Fourier component of a two-dimensional temperature distribution which is scanned by certain kinds of rigid aerial is given by the normalized complex autocorrelation function of the field distribution over the aerial aperture (assuming that turning the aerial in its own plane is not allowed). Hence, for finite aerials, the visibility of the Fourier components falls to zero at finite values of spatial frequency. Consequently observations need only be made at certain peculiar intervals whose size is worked out. Interpolation between observations so spaced can be carried out by a method which then, by a simple extension, permits filtering of data which are to be freed from high spatial frequencies. Both interpolation and filtering are basic processes in the handling of two-dimensional data and contour maps in radio astronomy. The restoration of smoothed data is discussed from the viewpoint that only the simplest operations on extensive two-dimensional data are feasible, and details of a suitable technique of restoration are summarized. Application of further smoothing to existing data is shown to be important, and a method for doing it is given, again under the restriction to simple operations. The flux density of a source is shown to be given exactly by summing one in four of the isolated values observed at the peculiar intervals.
The Condition of Regularity in Simple Markov Chains
Authors: Gani J
Published: May 2011

The paper generalizes a proof, and outlines an alternative to it, for the well-known theorem on the conditions of regularity in a simple Markov chain; this is that the necessary and sufficient conditions for a chain to be regular are that the latent root 1 of the stochastic matrix for the chain must be simple, and the remaining roots have moduli less than 1.
Statistical Analysis of Australian Pressure Data
Authors: Das SC
Published: May 2011

We give a statistical analysis of the pressure data along the east coast of Australia, to test a hypothesis which arose out of Deacon's (1953) work, that there was a shift in the mean high pressure belt. It is shown that the belt is slowly moving southward.
Scattering of High Energy Electrons by Carbon and the Nuclear Density Distribution
Authors: Tassie LJ
Published: May 2011

The elastic scattering of 187 MeV electrons by 12C has been calculated, using the Born approximation and the independent particle model with spherical box wave functions and with harmonic oscillator wave functions (Tassie 1956).
Motion in the Night-time Es Region at Brisbane
Authors: Thomas JA , Burke MJ
Published: May 2011

An analysis is made of night-time motion in the Es region, as determined from a study of radio echoes at 2�28 Mc/s. Night-time Es usually consists of moving clouds of ionization of lateral extent ~10 km; these clouds may be either isolated or close-packed to a form layers of ionization. There is evidence that the clouds are sometimes elongated in a direction different from their direction of travel.
High?Frequency Backscatter Observations at Salisbury, South Australia
Authors: McCue CG
Published: May 2011

An improved pulse technique which permits simultaneous observation of time delay and elevation angle of arrival of ionospheric echoes has enabled recognition of seven different modes of backscatter propagation involving both ionospheric and ground origins. By the use of four transmitting aerials with differing directional characteristics, it is shown that land is a more prominent source of backscatter than sea at low angles of elevation and that extremely large changes in land roughness can be identified by the resultant increase of backscatter echo amplitude.
The Diurnal Variation of the Barometer Coefficient for Cosmic Rays at Hobart
Authors: Jacklyn RM
Published: May 2011

The records from a vertical counter telescope measuring the hard component of cosmic radiation at sea-level have disclosed significant diurnal variations of the barometer coefficient at Hobart, Tas. The amplitude of the variation is about 5 per cent., and there are secular changes of the same order during the mean day.
Wind Profiles over the Sea and the Drag at the Sea Surface
Authors: Deacon EL , Sheppard PA , Webb EK
Published: May 2011

Wind speeds were measured at heights up to 13 m over the sea by means of anemometers mounted on a mast attached to the jib-boom of a small vessel and another on the foremast cross-trees. The vertical temperature gradient and air/sea temperature differences were also observed. On some occasions wind and temperature structures were explored up to 80?100 m by kite balloon.
Statistical Analysis of Australian Temperature Data
Authors: Das SC
Published: May 2011

The mean summer maximum temperatures of five Australian inland localities for a period of 65 years from 1891 to 1955 are analysed and it is shown that the temperatures have an overall parabolic trend.