bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Traditional Reform, Municipal Populism, and Progressivism
Authors: Finegold Kenneth
Published: March 2007

Support for reform candidates followed three distinct patterns, identified as traditional reform, municipal populist, and progressive. Whether traditional-reform and municipal-populist voters could be brought together to form a progressive coalition depended on the way experts were incorporated into city politics. The coalition that elected John Purroy Mitchel mayor of New York in 1913 combined traditional-reform voters who had previously supported Seth Low with municipal-populist voters who had previously supported William Randolph Hearst, but tensions between business interests and the experts who helped to construct Mitchel's coalition contributed to the fragmentation of the progressive coalition in the election of 1917.
Trends in Residential Integration by Socioeconomic Status in Southern California
Authors: Clark William A. V. , Ware Julian
Published: March 2007

The central question posed in this research is whether increased educational status and associated economic gains for black Americans have been translated into greater levels of residential integration in Southern California. Some recent national investigations have shown small decreases in the levels of separation for higher-status black Americans. The research in this study strengthens those findings and strongly suggests that social class differences, as measured by income and education, are important in explaining levels of separation and that when economic and educational gains do occur, these are translated into gains in residential integration.
Is Urban Sprawl Back on the Political Agenda?
Authors: Leo Christopher , Beavis Mary Ann , Carver Andrew , Turner Robyne
Published: March 2007

The author argues that the apparent ineffectuality of efforts to control urban sprawl is in some part a result of a failure to distinguish between growth controls, which have a well-earned reputation as a thinly veiled form of NIMBYism and regional growth management (RGM), which involves the attempt to set out rules for development that are designed to preserve the livability, viability, and attractiveness of an urban area as a whole. This study surveys emerging political forces favoring RGM and notes signs that a new constellation of forces is emerging. It assesses the significance of this shift.
Globalization and the Revalorizing of Ethnic Places in Immigration Gateway Cities
Authors: Lin Jan
Published: March 2007

Immigration cities have counterbalanced deindustrialization and urban decline by acting as gateways of labor, capital, commodity, and cultural exchange in the new global economy. Ethnic places are emblematic transnational spaces that both constitute and convey broader processes of economic and cultural globalization. Ethnic entrepreneurs, community activists, and artists have revalorized spaces in the zone-in-transition, places from which they were historically restricted, evicted, or displaced. These rejuvenated ethnic places serve as "polyglot honeypots" for urban managers pursuing growth machine strategies in the postindustrial symbolic economy. Contradictions and conflicts are presented by globalization as much as opportunities.
Borderline Personality Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Vietnam Veterans
Authors: Lego Suzanne
Published: March 2007

Many veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder have prominent symptoms of bor derline personality disorder. Such patients may unconsciously seek, through risk taking and confrontation, to recreate the excitement and sense of meaning they found in war. Understanding the theoretical concepts linking the two disorders can help psychiatric nurses recognize patients' needs to express these feelings and guide pa tients toward productive rather than potentially violent behavior. (J AM PSYCHIATR NURSES Assoc [1995]. 1, 6-11)
Milieu Issues in the Treatment of a Person With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome on an Inpatient Psychiatric Unit
Authors: Anderson Jill S. , Kayner Dorothy
Published: March 2007

The name "chronic fatigue syndrome" (CFS) was officially introduced in 1988 to de scribe a complex of symptoms that include debilitating fatigue that worsens with physical activity, flulike symptoms, immune dysfunction, and cognitive problems. A high prevalence of psychiatric illness, particularly depression, has also been ob served in patients with CFS. Because the treatment needs of a depressed person with CFS differ from the needs addressed by traditional treatment of depression, psychi atric nurses must modify their approach to patients with CFS. Management of the milieu in an inpatient psychiatric unit can be an effective strategy in the treatment of a person with CFS. (J AM PSYCHIATR NURSES Assoc [1995]. 1, 12-15)
Chronic Sorrow in Women With Chronically Mentally Disabled Husbands
Authors: Hainsworth Margaret A. , Busch Priscilla V. , Eakes Georgene G. , Burke Mary L.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND: Chronic sorrow was described by Olshansky (1962) to explain a perva sive, psychologic reaction that he observed in parents of mentally retarded children. He believed that the sorrow was a normal, not a neurotic, response to their situation and relatedly, thought clinicians would intervene differently with these parents if they held a similar belief. The Nursing Consortium for Research on Chronic Sorrow (NCRCS), of which the authors are members, has conducted multiple studies to ex pand the understanding of chronic sorrow as a normal state associated with chronic or life-threatening conditions, occurring both in the individual with the condition and in family members. These NCRCS investigators have provided evidence supporting the premise that chronic sorrow is likely to occur in various chronic situations. OBJECTIVES: This study explored whether women with chronically mentally disabled husbands experienced feelings of chronic sorrow in their lives.

DESIGN: Using content analysis, the transcriptsfrom interviews with 11 women were coded using the Burke/NCRCS Chronic Sorrow Questionnaire (Caregiver version) as a guide. RESULTS: All 11 women experienced feelings of chronic sorrow. Feelings of chronic sor row occurred periodically over an extended time when some event reminded partici pants of their long-term situation. Subjects identified personal strategies for coping with feelings of chronic sorrow and nursing activities that had been helpful to them. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study are consistent with those of other studies on chronic sorrow. Subjects identified the role of the nurse as teacher/expert as most important for helping women with chronic sorrow, specifically by providing them with knowledge that is current and specific. From these findings, interventions can be developed to increase the psychologic comfort of these caregivers. (J AM PSYCHIATR NURSES Assoc [1995]. 1, 120-124)
Voters, Candidates, and Campaigns in the New Information Age
Authors: Carpini Michael X. Delli
Published: March 2007

New information technologies are slowly changing the conduct of campaigns and elections in the United States. This article provides an overview and synthesis of extant research on the use of this technology by candidates, journalists, and voters and discusses the implications for elections and democratic governance in the United States.
Material Symmetry and Chirality in Nonlinearly Elastic Rods
Authors: Healey T. J.
Published: March 2007

We treat certain classes of material symmetry in straight nonlinearly elastic rods in the presence of a uniform helical microstructure. In particular, we consider rods with chirality or “handedness”. This is a natural setting for manufactured ropes and cables and for biological filaments such as DNA strands. First we propose a novel definition of transverse material symmetry, enabling, e.g., a clear distinction to be made between hemitropic and isotropic rods. The former category can be realized from a simple spatial average of uniform helical symmetry. We show that hemitropic rods naturally exhibit mechanical coupling between extension and twist. Next we obtain an explicit representation theorem for the stored energy of rods with uniform helical symmetry (without averaging). We also study rods with dihedral-helical symmetry. This characterizes most manufactured ropes and cables, which are typically composed of two or more uniformly wound helical strands. Finally, we treat prismatic rods with transverse dihedral symmetry.
Vibration of a Surface-Coated Elastic Block Subject to Bending
Authors: Gei M. , Ogden R. W.
Published: March 2007

In this paper we study the effect of a thin-film elastic surface coating on infinitesimal plane vibrations of a rectangular block of incompressible isotropic elastic material, which is subject to a static pure bending deformation. The equations governing the vibrations superimposed on the bending deformation are derived along with appropriate boundary conditions. The equations are then solved numerically in order to illustrate the dependence of the frequency of vibrations on the aspect ratio and the underlying deformation of the block and on the material parameters of the coating. Comparisons with results for an uncoated block are highlighted and the limiting case of zero frequency (corresponding to bifurcation of the static configuration) is discussed.
Boussinesq' s Problem for an Elastic Half-Space Reinforced with a Rigid Disk Inclusion
Authors: Selvadurai A.P.S.
Published: March 2007

Boussinesq's classical solution for the problem of the normal loading of the surface of a homogeneous elastic half-space is extended to cover the case in which the half-space is reinforced with a fully bonded rigid inclusion of finite radius. The problem is reduced to the solution of two coupled Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. Numerical results presented in the paper illustrate the manner in which the displacement of the rigid disk inclusion is influenced by the depth of the embedment/inclusion radius ratio.
Solvability of Boundary Value Problems of the Dynamics of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Shells
Authors: Lebedev L. P. , Kalpakides V. K. , Foutsitzi G.
Published: March 2007

The general initial-boundary value problem of the nonlinear theory of viscoelastic shells of the Koiter type is considered in curvilinear coordinates. A generalized solution to the problem is defined on the basis of mechanical variational principles. Two theorems on the existence of generalized solutions in energy spaces are established. The results on existence are obtained by the application of the Faedo-Galerkin method.
On Uniqueness and Continuous Dependence in the Nonlinear Theory of Mixtures of Elastic Solids with Voids
Authors: Quintanilla R.
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with static and dynamic deformations in a nonlinear theory of mixtures of elastic materials with voids. First, we extend some conservation laws within the nonlinear theory. A uniqueness result is presented under a condition related to quasi-convexity assumptions in the static problem. The continuous dependence of solutions upon initial state and body forces is established for the dynamical case. A uniqueness result is also presented.
A WKB Analysis of the Buckling of an Everted Neo-Hookean Cylindrical Tube
Authors: Fu Y. B. , Lin Y. P.
Published: March 2007

It is well-known that a circular cylindrical tube may not stay circular cylindrical after eversion and it may prefer to adopt a wrinkled configuration. A linear analysis using the method of adjacent equilibria followed by a numerical computation shows that for a neo-Hookean tube, a wrinkled configuration is possible when the ratio of the inner radius to the outer radius is approximately equal to 0.4232. The wrinkles have a circumferential mode number approximately equal to 14. In this paper the WKB method is used to derive an asymptotic expression for the critical ratio of the inner radius to the outer radius, with the mode number used as a large parameter. A turning point is found to exist in the eigenmodes, and is used to explain the difficulties experienced in previous numerical computations.
An Extension of Kelvin and Bredt Formulas
Authors: Dell'Isola Francesco , Rosa Luigi
Published: March 2007

In dell' Isola and Ruta, and dell' Isola and Rosa is suggested a "perturbative approach" (Nayfeh; Trabucho and Viaho) to the Saint-Venant problem for thin cross sections, however, the papers deal with closed cross sections or with cross sections of constant thickness only (see also Wheeler and Horgan). Here we generalize the proposed procedure by giving a method for treating the case of open or closed sections of variable thickness. We find all the known formulas (Trabucho and Viafio; Feodosyev; Chase and Chilver; Baldacci) due to Kelvin and Bredt as first non-vanishing-terms of our perturbative development and give the corrections to these formulas, too. This seems to be a first step toward solving the open problem formulated in Trabucho and Viafio, pp. 162-164.
Dynamically Induced Phase Transitions and the Modeling of Comminution in Brittle Solids
Authors: Knowles James K. , Winfree Nancy A. , Ahrens Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Some experiments suggest the presence of a sharp interface between comminuted and uncomminuted regimes in a ceramic subject to impact by a penetrator. This in turn suggests that one might model the associated dynamical process with the help of recently developed continuum models of the macroscopic response of solids undergoing phase transitions. A highly idealized phase transition model of such a com- minuted process is analyzed here. The model accounts for the kinetics of the phase transition. If the shear wave speed in the comminuted material is small compared to that in the uncomminuted portion, it is found that the energy reaching the uncomminuted portion of the target is greatly reduced in comparison to its value in the absence of the phase transition.
Universal Generalized Plane Deformations in Constrained Elasticity
Authors: Pucci Edvige , Saccomandi Giuseppe
Published: March 2007

The authors determine the characterization of all the universal generalized plane deformations for homogeneous isotropic elastic materials with internal constraint.
Vision, Mission, and Team Member Commitment
Authors: Heinle Dennis P.
Published: March 2007

Agencies that have recognized the need for vision, mission, and core values that are shared by all of their team members are in the best position to enjoy sustained profits over time, even under the Prospective Payment System (PPS). Home care agencies are perfectly postured to maximize their operational effectiveness, efficiencies, and profitability by working in teams. Agency leadership that focuses on learning from its customers and employees will reap these benefits tenfold. It will take a lot of hard work and commitment. Leader-ship is not easy!
Antibiotic therapy in the elderly
Authors: McPherson Mary Lynn
Published: March 2007

Although infections in the elderly are very serious and can lead to dire consequences, close atten tion by the home health care provider will aid in detection and diagnosis of the problem. Careful selection of the antibiotic and dose is critical, as well as screening for potential drug interactions. This article offers some general guidelines regarding infectious diseases and antibiotic prescribing in the elderly which can help assure a positive therapeutic outcome.
Collaboration: A key to future success in long-term home care
Authors: Marosy John Paul
Published: March 2007

The new health care reform plan recognizes long-term care as a key component of care for the elderly, the disabled, and medically fragile children. As the need for this type of care continues to grow, collaboration, cooperation, and coordination of care by existing providers are essential. Through such efforts and a managed care approach, a comprehensive system for providing long- term care will emerge. This article describes in detail the House Calls program developed in 1989 to meet the needs of the homebound elderly.
Shared governance: An effective tool for home care management
Authors: O'Rourke Marilyn Grace
Published: March 2007

Health care managers today are being challenged to structure their organizations so that they can respond quickly and effectively to rapid changes in the health care arena. One way to do this is to empower staff through a shared governance model. Although hospital organizations have been the pioneers in establishing shared governance for professional staff, home care agen cies may also benefit from applying the lessons learned. Because home care organizations de pend on a full spectrum of employees, clinical and nonclinical, for their success, a case study demonstrates the advantage of including all agency personnel in home care shared governance models. Key words: home health care, management, shared governance
The role and theoretical model of the triage nurse in home health care practice
Authors: Parisi Brenda , Schneider Elyse
Published: March 2007

Telephone triage is an emerging concept in home health care nursing practice, which has evolved as a result of acute needs of patients receiving community-based home care services. The allocation and mobilization of agency and community resources based on telephone clini cal assessment require excellent decision-making and communication skills, clinical compe tence, and a personal commitment to patient protection. Watson's theory of nursing, Nursing: Human Science and Human Care, A Theory of Nursing (1988), is applicable to triage in home care practice and espouses the role of the triage nurse as a professional nursing "caring encoun ter." Key words: caring event, home care clinical practice, human science and human care, triage health encounter
Implementing a Practice Council in Home Health Care and Hospice
Authors: Miller Sharon E. , Meyer Linda
Published: March 2007

The field of home health care is entering a challenging period. Reduced visit allocations will increase the accountability of caregivers to provide competent and outcome- oriented service. Creative solutions will be necessary to prevent staff disillusionment. The shared governance movement is a potential avenue for empowering direct caregivers to make decisions that can shape their practice and enhance professional satisfaction. This article will describe one model of shared governance and present a step-by-step guide to implementing a practice council in the home care and hospice setting.
Nutritional Management of Diabetes in Home Care
Authors: Sachs Karen
Published: March 2007

Medical nutrition therapy is a vital component of nutritional management of diabetes in home health care. Many studies document the cost-saving and therapeutic benefit of nutrition intervention in diabetes care. Home health care agencies need to have dietitians on staff for nutrition assessment, counseling, and development of individual patient care plans. Dietitians can help to train nurses and home health care aides in interdisciplinary patient care that incorporates the 1994 nutrition recommendations and principles for people with diabetes mellitus. There are benefits and barriers to home health care nutrition visits, and providing medical nutrition therapy to home health care patients with diabetes can bring about lasting, permanent change.
The Health Care System in the Warm Heart of Africa: Malawi
Authors: Wilson Heidi
Published: March 2007

The article reflects the author's recent journey to Malawi, Africa. As a member of the medical team, the author had firsthand encounters with many of the failings of Malawi's health care system. Yet throughout her time in Malawi, the author was overwhelmed with the compassion and sincerity of everyone she met. The article describes the dire medical situation and the true spirit of the people. Initially there is a discussion on the hospitals of the area, then of the actual health care workers. A summary of the malnutrition is discussed, with particular attention to the young children and their mothers. The Domasi Health Clinic represents a team effort in building a facility that was sponsored by private funds, set up with missionaries, yet staffed by Malawians. The article concludes with a summary of the plight of the population in regard to AIDS, and why this has grown to such epidemic proportions. There is a tremendous need for medical assistance, but facing adversity at every turn, the people remarkably maintain a warm, friendly spirit. It was truly a trip during which everyone gained as much as they gave.
Training for Survival in Health Care Industry White Water
Authors: Jones Kenneth C.
Published: March 2007

With increased pressures on health care providers, training programs must be designed to support strategic objectives of the organization, such as reducing employee turnover or developing and providing new services rapidly. This article identifies specific actions that organizations should take to insure that their training and education programs facilitate learning, are proactive, build future organization capacity, and provide competitive business advantages. The effectiveness of training services should be primarily measured by determining behavioral changes in learners and the achievement of company's business objectives, not by the satisfaction levels of those undergoing the training.
Communicating in a Crisis— Choosing the Right Vehicle
Authors: Noel Valerie
Published: March 2007

Awareness of the potential for industrial crises has risen, as the public's attention is increasingly directed at crisis situations. The ability to communicate effectively in a crisis is essential for organizations. A firm's credibility may be enhanced or dam aged depending on the perceptions created as a result of communications. The variety of crises and communication responses permits an examination of factors that need to be considered in choosing the most appropriate communications vehi cle in a crisis situation. These vehicles will be examined in light of key factors that include, the scope of the crisis, the audience to be reached, the content of messages (OA&A, 1984), its sensitivity, and the urgency in divulging information. Information technology can provide companies with a strategic competitive edge, and act as both an offensive and defensive weapon in anticipating, preventing, reacting to, and recovering from crises.
New challenges in organizational research: high reliability organizations
Authors: Roberts Karlene H.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a multidisciplinary project concerned with the design and management of hazardous organizations that achieve extremely high lev els of reliable and safe operations. The organizations in which the research is being conducted are the Federal Aviation Administration's Air Traffic Control system, Pacific Gas and Electric Company's electrical distribution system, and two nuclear aircraft carriers of the United States Navy. The paper describes the research strategy and then presents some initial organizational paradoxes and findings. These are discussed in terms of describing the organizations, decision making, interdependence, the "culture" of high reliability and adaptation to technological change. The paper concludes with the admonition that managers in hazardous organizations should consider the cost of safeguards against or ganizational catastrophes versus the costs of catastrophe (in money, lives and public outcry).
Parallels between bank failures and industrial accidents
Authors: Cross Stephen M. , Horner James E. , Graham Fred C.
Published: March 2007

This paper summarizes our analysis of 171 national banks that failed be tween 1979 and 1987. We have found that poor policies, procedures and man agement quality lie at the root of those failures. This finding closely parallels conclusions about the causes of major industrial accidents in the past decade, namely, poorly conceived policies and procedures, failure to follow established policies and procedures, inadequate controls and faulty judgement. Because of the parallels between bank failures and industrial accidents, an understanding of the root causes of bank failures may provide new insights for the identifica tion and management of technological risks and environmental hazards.
Natural Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Navarro Peter
Published: March 2007

Natural wastewater treatment methods may, in some cases, represent a potentially viable economic and environmental alternative to traditional, highly capital intensive mechanical-chemical methods. However, the market failures of imperfect information and incomplete markets coupled with a collective risk aversion on the part of decision makers may be making it more difficult for natural wastewater treatment methods to fully realize their market potential. This is unfortunate, because local communities throughout the United States are facing a significant, multi-billion-dollar funding gap between their available capital and the capital requirements of needed wastewater treatment expansion. A course of policy action is examined.
An Empirical Examination of Airframe Manufacturers’ Safety Performance
Authors: Vasigh Bijan , Helmkay Sean
Published: March 2007

Two firms—Boeing Company and Airbus Industrie—dominate the 100-and-more-passenger-aircraft industry. The principle focus of this study is the safety posture of the two firms’ products. We first discuss the competitive nature of the industry and previous research in commercial aviation safety before presenting a statistical analysis. The article then examines the data using the least squares regression method and the logit method; it also reviews the relationship between the variables using correlation matrices. The data investigation yields statistical evidence that over the 9-year period between 1990 to 1998, there was no significant difference in safety records between the Boeing and Airbus product lines. A data analysis for the past 4 years of the same period, however, indicates that Airbus is improving its safety posture when compared to the recent safety record of Boeing products.
State Transportation Expenditure Reporting
Authors: Hendren Patricia G. , Niemeier Debbie A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the current methodology for collecting state transportation expenditure data as reported in Highway Statistics, a publication of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Statistics Program. Currently, the transportation data cover state-administered highways (interstates, arterials, collectors, and local roads under state control) and mass transportation systems. Highway Statistics is the only comprehensive report of these state transportation expenditures. The data published in the report play an essential role in the development of transportation policy, legislative documents, and in academic research. Growing demand for accountability of government agencies has increased the visibility of and the need to scrutinize such data. Data are examined with respect to three factors: the data reporting process, data reliability, and the suitability of data for cataloging current transportation trends. The study finds that FHWA-published expenditure data are often misreported, misinterpreted, and misused. The article concludes with suggestions for refining the data-reporting process, improving data relevance, and minimizing future misuse of data.
Information System for Risks, Costs, and Benefits of Infrastructure Improvement Projects
Authors: Baker Jeffrey A. , Lambert James H.
Published: March 2007

Several approaches to performance assessment for selecting projects for highway infrastructure improvement are synthesized. In a planning cycle, highway agency divisions face many diverse candidates for maintenance and improvements, originating from public demand, accident data, engineering judgment, and local officials. Resources are limited, and selection factors to consider include crash risk reduction, travel time savings, economic development, environmental protection, aesthetics, and capital and maintenance costs. This article describes the adoption of quantitative metrics for some factors, their estimation with varying precision for about 30 actual projects, graphical project comparison, and a related application of multiple factors to interchange design. Identified needs include to (a) select appropriate metrics for diverse projects; (b) coordinate information systems; (c) avoid preassigned factor weighting, enabling juxtaposition of quantitative and qualitative factors and invitation of newfactors in a deliberation; (d) interpret public agency planning for citizens and government officials; (e) appreciate any tort liability of generating risk-related data; and (f) address the impacts on saturated, urban networks.
Adding another Piece to the Inequality-Homicide Puzzle
Authors: PARKER KAREN F. , McCALL PATRICIA L.
Published: March 2007

Criminologists have produced mounting evidence that economic deprivation, social disorganization, and racial inequality are associated with homicide rates. Our research agenda incorporates both criminological and structural inequality theories into the study of the influence of structural covariates on race-specific homicide rates. We examine the effects of economic deprivation, labor market competition, racial segregation, and racial inequality on interracial and intraracial homicide rates for a sample of U.S. cities in 1980. The results of principal components and multiple regression analyses suggest that economic deprivation affects the intraracial homicide rates for Whites and Blacks, as well as the rates of White interracial homicide offending. Racial segregation and racial inequality were found to contribute significantly to the Black interracial homicide rate. In addition, we find that labor market competition affects the rates of White and Black interracial homicide. The contribution of structural theories for studies of homicide and the implications of these findings are discussed.
The Impact of Prison Growth on Homicide
Authors: MARVELL THOMAS B. , MOODY CARLISLE E.
Published: March 2007

The major crime-reduction strategy in this country is to imprison more and more criminals. Past studies of its effectiveness in reducing homicide have produced wildly divergent results. The authors analyze the homicide-prison relationship with a time series over 1930-1994, finding that a 10% increase in prison population is associated with roughly 13% fewer homicides. The authors also studied assault and robbery, two crime types linked to homicide, and again found negative associations with prison population.
The Distributional Effects of Public Higher Education in New York City
Authors: Machlis Peter David
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with determining the effects of public higher education on the distribution of income in New York City. Distributional effects are determined by distributing the current expenditures of New York City and New York State for public higher education according to the percentage distribution of New York City and New York State taxes by income class and the percentage income distribution of students' families. This provides an estimate of the taxes paid by families in each income class to support public higher education, and the direct monetary benefits received by families in each income class from public higher education. Net benefits for each income class are obtained by subtracting total costs from total benefits for each income class. The net benefits from the public higher education system in New York City are positive for each income class below $15,000. There is a redistribution of income from the $15,000 and above income class to all income classes below $15,000. Distributional effects differ by type of college. At the community colleges, net benefits are positive for all income classes below $10,000. At the senior colleges, net benefits are also positive for the $10,000-$14,999 income class.
The Timing of Investments in Human Capital: a Case in Education
Authors: Holtmann A.G.
Published: March 2007

The timing of investments in human capital is important. Since the net present value of an investment in human capital may change over time, the decision to invest should be made so as to maximize the net present value of the investment. After sketching the proper decision rule in cases where timing is important in an investment, the net present value of completing eighth grade rises for nonwhites in the South. This finding suggests that it might sometimes be wise to delay investments in education until the students are older.
On the Use of Regression Analysis With a Qualitative Dependent Variable
Authors: Hulett Joe R.
Published: March 2007

Akin, Fields, and Neenan have attempted to provide a socioeconomic explanation of consumer attitudes toward budgetary actions by applying regression analysis to the results of a consumer survey. Each of their four regression equations has as its dependent variable the coded responses to one or more survey questions dealing with actual or potential government policies. The system used to code these responses embodies very special and highly restrictive definitions of the attitudes which the authors seek to explain, and, more importantly, the empirical results obtained may not apply to any but these very narrow operational definitions.
A Public Choice Analysis of the Demand for Property Tax Circuit-Breaker Legislation
Authors: Ireland Thomas R. , Mitchell William E.
Published: March 2007

Circuit-breaker (C-B) legislation is legislation designed to give property tax relief to the elderly under formulas that involve state financing of the burden of tax loss, rather than letting it rest on local governments. At least 24 states have adopted such legislation in the past few years and it is being considered in many others. In this paper the nature of the demand for circuit-breaker legislation is evaluated from the perspective of why a nonelderly member of the voting public might choose to support it. The three basic factors considered are equity values favoring aid to the elderly, a desire for forced saving and self-insurance, and a desire to maintain the elderly in independent housing. This approach allows a meshing of the traditional normative and positive public choice methods of tax analysis.
Tax Islands, Fiscal Equity, and Fiscal Equalization
Authors: Gilmer Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Equalization of the tax bases of a federal system has been approached by the economic literature from the perspectives of both equity and Abstract efficiency. These arguments for equalization have generally assumed unrestricted mobility among residents of the federalism. A third approach is considered in this paper, in which it is argued that districts within a federal system may develop as tax shelters (or tax islands or tax colonies) to reduce the tax burden of their residents. The approach employed here moves away from the more traditional models by not incorporating an assumption of unrestricted residential choice. The tax island is seen as a case of the fiscally rich successfully disassociating themselves from the fiscally poor. The formulation yields insight into the limitations and advantages of fiscal equalization policies.
Central Aid and Local Policy
Authors: Torgovnik Efraim
Published: March 2007

This paper supplements previous research on central aid as a determinant of local expenditure by considering the relative effect of aid on levels of per capita expenditures of poor and well-to-do communities. Systemic differences in normative and structural features of central aid are useful in considering the effect of aid on local communities' expenditures. The use of different measures from those commonly found in the literature is helpful in considering similar theoretical propositions on the role of central aid in different political systems. Utilizing the Lorenz curve and its Gini coefficient, and the coefficient of variation, the redistributive effect of aid is examined. Central government aid is important to local expenditure capacity, and, when compared with the United States, Israel shows greater centralization in local-central financial relations. Redistribution is not fully apparent after aid payments are made to communities. This stems from systemic structuralfeatures which allow individual bargaining for aid resources, and gives the well-to-do communities a visible advantage. Central aid does not close the gap between poor and well-to-do communities. Rather, proportional differences remain, while each community improves its per capita expenditures.
State and Local Antipoverty Expenditures
Authors: Mogull Robert G.
Published: March 2007

State and local antipoverty expenditures are functionally related to the needs Abstract of the poor, state fiscal capacity and willingness to meet these needs, economies of scale, and external financial assistance. This study examines that multi-variate relationship for 1957 through 1972. The evidence indicates a sharp decline in state and local antipoverty expenditures per poor person. However, federal effort has grown enormously and has more than compensated for the decrease in lower level expenditures. There is wide variation across the country in popular support for aiding the poor. Affordability of antipoverty programs is the key to explaining expenditures. Needs do not play the major role in stimulating spending.
Fiscal Impact on Intrametropolitan Residential Location: Further Insight on the Tiebout Hypothesis
Authors: Ellson Richard
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the degree to which fiscal variations in a metropolitan area influence intrametropolitan residential location. Efforts to explain this aspect of locational behavior have essentially resulted in the empirical testing of the Tiebout hypothesis. The theoretical model in this article ties the localfiscal sector to traditional models of residential location. Within this framework, the Tiebout hypothesis and accessibility and neighborhood factors are examined. An important conclusion from this analysis is that it is optimal for upper income households to locate in the central city under certain conditions, despite fiscal advantages and greater neighborhood amenities in the suburbs. Essentially, location becomes an "inferior" good. Significant results are also drawn from the empirical model. First, the determinants of residential location were found to vary substantially by income groups. Second, the Tiebout hypothesis may not be valid in certain types of metropolitan areas.
Probabilistic Projections of Public Employment and Expenditures
Authors: Schroeder Larry
Published: March 2007

Public sector labor expenditures depend upon the level and composition of employment as well as their associated wage rates. This article uses a Markov probability model to project the composition of employment across personnel grades and time-in-grade categories. The model can then be applied under alternative hiring policies. The approach is demonstrated on police employment and expenditures in Syracuse, New York.
Stock Transactions Volume and the 1978 Capital Gains Tax Reduction
Authors: Slemrod Joel
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the research reported here was to see whether the accumu-lated evidence since 1979 is consistent with the hypothesis that the capital gains tax cuts in the Revenue Act of 1978 caused an increased volume of stock transactions. Transactions volume on the New York Stock Exchange, American Stock Exchange, and over-the-counter markets has risen substantially since the beginning of 1979. Average daily volumefor the first five months of 1981 on all markets was more than three times higher than it was from 1972 through 1977. A substantial amount of this increased volume can be associated with the capital gains tax cut. It is difficult to disentangle any possible effect of the stock price level on volume from the effect of the tax reduction. When both factors are introduced as explanatory variables, the association between the tax cut and increased transactions volume remains strongfor the New York Stock Exchange, but is not supported for the American Stock Exchange. For over-the-counter transactions, the evidence is consistent with a gradually increasing volume of transactions associated with the tax reduction, but not a constant increase.
Local Tax and Expenditure Capitalization: Integrating Evidence From the Market and Political Processes
Authors: Lea Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Numerous empirical studies have attempted to verify the Tiebout hypothesis through analysis of the capitalization of differential tax rate and expenditure levels into property values at the local level. A major weakness in this literature is the neglect of voting, the other principal method of preference revelation for local public services. This article seeks to integrate the analysis of the outcomes of voting and mobility decisions by linking a model of residential property value determination and a public choice model of local public expenditure determination. Capitalization of fiscal differentials is shown to affect voting decisions through the tax price of local services. The interrelationship creates a justification for simultaneous equations estimation of both models. An illustrative empirical analysis is presented in which residential property value and local public expenditure models are estimated with ordinary and two-stage least square techniques. Substantial differences are found between the two techniques supporting the hypothesis that significant interrelationships exist between mobility and voting outcomes in metropolitan areas.
Renters' Illusion or Savvy?
Authors: Martinez- Vazquez Jorge
Published: March 2007

A frequent finding in the local public finance literature is that renters are more likely to support expansions in the local budget than are homeowners. The renters' illusion hypothesis (renters are less aware of tax increases than are homeowners) has been commonly used to explain this behavior This article examines the alternative hypothesis of renters' rationality. It is argued that renters' behavior is a rational and selfish response to a fiscal environment that provides them, as a group, with larger net benefits than it doesfor homeowners. I use bond referendum data to show that, even when renters and homeowners of the same income level are assumed to receive the same net benefits, it is erroneous to interpret the stronger support by renters of the proposals, as previous literature has, as a manifestation of fiscal illusion. The article also makes an attempt to estimate different net benefits from the referendum for renters and homeowners of different income levels.
Monopoly Markets in Public Goods: the Case of the Uniform All-or-None Price
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Lee Dwight , Walsh Cliff
Published: March 2007

This article explores the provision of a price-excludable public good under conditions of monopoly, in which the monopolist sets a uniform all-or-none price-output package to all consumers. The reasons for interest in this particular monopoly model are twofold First, many public goods are amenable to exclusion on an all-or-none basis. Second, the model does not presume the monopolist to have any information beyond that normally assumed for sellers in private goods markets. The profit-maximizing outcome under these conditions is developed and several striking comparative static results derived. The monopoly outcome is compared with the outcome under the most closely analogous perfectly competitive model (Oakland, 1974). It is shown that, under certain conditions, the monopoly result is superior to the competitive outcome in a welfare sense and indeed that optimality can emerge under monopoly in conditions where it would not under competition. The possibility that the monopolist might oversupply the public good is also explored.
Technical Standards as Public Goods: Demand Incentives for Cooperative Behavior
Authors: Berg Sanford V.
Published: March 2007

Technical standards can be viewed as a public good, in that one firm can use a standard without diminishing another firm's use of the standard. Drawingfrom developments in radio and television, this study illustrates the choice of technical standards by manufacturers. From the consumers'perspective, joint use of particular technical standards by firms reduces the likelihood of premature technological obsolescence and increases the quantity of comple mentary goods (broadcasts) available to the owners of receivers. The decision by each firm to choose an identical standard creates compatibility, expanding market demand. Thus the choice of a technical standard by each broadcaster involves an externality.
A Note On Congressional Military Pay Setting
Authors: DeBoer Larry , Brorsen B. Wade
Published: March 2007

To maintain an all-volunteer force, military pay levels must be high enough to attract a sufficient quantity and quality of volunteers. Congress's commitment to maintaining such pay levels has been questioned. In this article we test a model of congressional military pay setting for the all-volunteer period, 1974- 1987 and find that Congress responds to decreases in the percentage of high-quality enlistments by increasing real military pay. Pay is not adjusted to completely offset expected inflation, however.
A New View of the Incidence of the Property Tax: the Case of New Jersey
Authors: Harmon Oskar Ragnar
Published: March 2007

State and local legislators in the 1990s face difficult choices concerning the appro-priate mix of state and local taxes. Essential to making informed decisions is an understanding of the distributional effects of existing sources of tax revenues. Unfortunately, in this regard the literature on the New View of property tax incidence has overlooked the issue of the incidence of the property tax at the statewide level. This study applies the New View tax incidence model to analyze the distributional effects of the property tax in New Jersey. The results suggest that in a state with property-tax rates above the national average—and with most of the tax base in residential property—the statewide incidence of the property tax is proportional.
The Effect of Servicing the Public DEBT on Private Capital Formation
Authors: Vitaliano Donald F. , Mazeya Y.E.
Published: March 2007

This article employs a life-cycle model of consumption and U.S. time-series data covering 1929-1969 to estimate the long-run impact on capital formation of substituting one dollar of debt for a dollar of taxes to finance a given level of government spending. The income redistribution effects of debt service are shown to be critical to analyzing the impact of public debt upon saving and capital formation. The results indicate that one extra dollar of domestic debt induces a twenty-one cent rise in capital formation; an extra dollar of foreign-held debt has a nil effect. The positive impact on capital formation occurs because the negative wealth effects of taxes levied to finance debt interest causes an increase in saving that overbalances the induced fall in saving caused by the positive wealth effects of debt interest. In the case of foreign borrowing, the two effects just cancel each other.