bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Particle filtering methods for dynamic and static Bayesian problems
Authors: Berzuini Carlo , Gilks Walter R
Published: November 2023

Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are often used in static problems, where we have a single, fixed distribution of interest, for example a Bayesian posterior distribution. This article considers the use of Monte Carlo methods in problems where the distribution of interest, or target distribution, evolves as we analyse it, typically as a consequence of new incoming data.
Some further topics on Monte Carlo methods for dynamic Bayesian problems
Authors: Storvik Geir
Published: November 2023

Algorithms for Monte Carlo filtering seem to have been rediscovered many times in different areas; see Doucet (1998) and the references therein. Although the basic ideas are similar, aspects of the detailed level can be of great importance concerning the behaviour of the filter.
General principles in sequential Monte Carlo methods
Authors: Clifford Peter
Published: November 2023

Simulation-based filters, such as the condensation algorithm and the Bayesian bootstrap or sampling importance resampling filter, aim to represent the joint posterior distribution of the unknown parameters and state variables in a dynamical statistical model by a discrete system of particles that evolves and adapts recursively as new information becomes available.
Prospects in Bayesian image analysis
Authors: Trubuil Alain
Published: November 2023

The ideas presented by Hurn et al. offer an excellent review of the impressive work carried out by the statistical community on the Bayesian framework and its application to image analysis. Necessarily the presentation could not be exhaustive and with respect to applications, a consensus has guided the text with modelling illustrated mainly for restoration problems. My aim is to draw attention to detection, labelling, and eventually three-dimensional (3D) segmentation.
Genetic linkage analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques
Authors: Heath Simon C
Published: November 2023

Linkage analysis is a general technique for mapping genes relative to each other. It has proven very useful for localizing genes affecting a wide range of diseases, for example cystic fibrosis (Kerem et al. 1989), some forms of breast cancer (Hall et al. 1990), and Alzheimer’s disease (Schellenberg et al. 1992; Levy-Lahad et al. 1995).
Some comments on model criticism
Authors: Gelfand Alan E
Published: November 2023

As increasingly complex hierarchical models are brought to the analysis of data arising in a wide variety of disciplines, the need for effective model criticism becomes evident. As O’Hagan observes in Chapter 14, the terms model criticism, model checking, and model validation are essentially synonymous in practice (though the last might be more appropriately called model invalidation).
Observing a human or a robotic hand grasping an object: differential motor priming effects
Authors: Castiello Umberto , Lusher Dean , Mari Morena , Edwards Martin , Humphreys Glyn W
Published: November 2023

Abstract. The present paper aims to investigate how functional connections between action and perception may contribute to our imitation of motor acts of other beings. Four experiments examined motor priming effects on imitation from biological and nonbiological effector systems. In Experiment 1 we asked subjects 1rst to observe grasping movements performed by a human actor and by a robotic hand, and subsequently to perform the same movement. For 80% of the cases the movement performed by the primer and that performed by the subjects were directed to the same object (valid trials). For the remaining 20% of cases the subjects were required to perform an action towards an object that differed in size from the object grasped by the primer (invalid trials). Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 except that the ratio between valid and invalid trials was 50%. We found priming effects con1ned to when a human actor served as the primer. In Experiment 3 we showed that the selective effects found for the human primer in Experiment 1 were unrelated to the fact that, in the robot condition, only an arm/hand system was visible while for the human actor both the face and the upper body were visible. Experiment 4 demonstrated some differences between the robot and a human primer even when the kinematics of the human primer did not change as a function of object size. The results demonstrate that motor priming can occur from the observation of biological action.
The dimensional-action system: a distinct visual system
Authors: Cohen Asher , Feintuch Uri
Published: November 2023

Abstract. We propose that in the visual system there is a specialized and distinct subsystem dedicated to quick linkages between perception and action, which we term the dimensional-action (DA) system. This system consists of several visual dimensional modules (e.g. color, shape). Each dimensional module has its own perceptual and (some) response processes, which enable quick connections between perception and action within each module. Visual attention modulates which of the computed perception–action linkages will be executed. In the 1rst part of the paper we review evidence that support the two major components of the DA model. We review evidence for the existence of separable response selection mechanisms for the various visual dimensions. We then describe recent evidence supporting the role of spatial attention in the mediation of response execution. In the second part of the paper we claim that the DA system is different from the visual object recognition system. In particular, we suggest that integration of basic visual properties is fundamentally different in the two systems.
Effect anticipation in action planning
Authors: Ziessler Michael , Nattkemper Dieter
Published: November 2023

The present experiments investigate the role of anticipated action effects in action planning. The first two experiments show that action planning includes the anticipation of action effects. In an initial acquisition phase, participants learned that their response to a stimulus would produce a particular effect, that is, another stimulus contingent on the response. In a subsequent test phase, targets were presented together with flanker stimuli taken from the set of effect stimuli. When the flankers were the learned effects of the response required by the target, the response was facilitated. The second series of experiments shows that, even within the learning of action effects, the effects are integrated with the action plan. Participants had to respond to two succeeding stimuli. The identity of the second stimulus depended on the identity of the first stimulus. Hence, the second stimulus could be considered to be an effect of the response to the first stimulus. Action-effect learning should accelerate the response to the second stimulus. The 1rst response was required only in half of all trials. In the other half of trials a late or an early NOGO signal stopped response planning. Action-effect learning depended on the presentation time of the NOGO signal; there were clear learning effects with late NOGO signals and rather small effects with the early signals. Discussing the results, an anticipatory or feed-forward learning mechanism is suggested: the planning of an action involves the anticipation of its environmental effects. If the effects are not yet known, there remain free slots defined by properties of the desired effects. Searching for suitable effects in the course of and resulting from action execution will 1ll in the slots.
Further problems
Authors: Bennett Peter M , Owens Ian P F
Published: November 2023

Senescence, a decline in reproduction and/or survival with old age, presents an intriguing problem for evolutionary theory. Can natural selection favour an age specific decline in fitness? One of the key predictions of the adaptive explanation of senescence is that it should be universally present in those organisms with delayed onset of reproduction (Haldane 1941; Medawar 1952; Williams 1957, 1966a; Hamilton 1966). Some studies of this problem have consistently argued that while mammals do senesce, birds do not (e.g. Williams 1992). Holmes and Austad (1995) have argued that the evolution of avian ageing processes require study because of the relatively long lifespans of some birds compared to mammals, while Ricklefs (1998) investigated mortality senescence in birds using data from wild and captive populations. Here we investigate both reproductive and mortality senescence by analysing information from wild bird populations only.
Infinite-dimensional classical groups and almost-invariant structures
Authors: Neretin Yu. A , Gould G G
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we discuss the infinite-dimensional analogues of the classical groups. We denote by U(∞), O(∞), GL(∞, ℝ), and GL(∞, ℂ) the full unitary, full orthogonal, and full linear groups of real and complex Hilbert space, respectively. Let G(∞): ⊃ K(∞) be two groups of this type. We denote by (G(∞), K(∞)) the group of operators A ∈ G(∞) that are representable in the form A= B(l + T), where B ∈ K(∞) and T is a Hilbert-Schmidt operator. We have already encountered many groups of this type. We are not aiming at a full discussion of the theory of representations of such groups in this form. Here there are at present just two typical models, namely, (GL(∞, ℝ), O(∞)) and (U(∞), O(∞)), chiefly the latter. In §9.5 we shall make several remarks concerning the other groups. In §§9.6, 9.7 we give several applications of our theory. In §§9.1-9.5 we shall, in the main, follow the papers (1983), (1990) of Ol’shanskii.
Functions on general locally compact groups
Authors: Reiter Hans , Stegeman Jan D
Published: November 2023

Let H be a closed subgroup of a locally compact group G and consider the quotient space G / H (cf. Section 3.1). If H is normal, then G / H carries a Haar measure and Weil’s formula (3.3.10) holds.
A Unifled Approach to Problems in Radio Channel Assignment
Authors: Leese R A
Published: November 2023

Many problems of resource allocation can be thought of in terms of constrained combinatorial optimization. The purpose of this paper is to apply such techniques to radio channel assignment, where constraints arise from the need to avoid excessive interference levels between different signals. A key issue in the overall strategy is the way in which channels are reused in sufflciently separated areas. Channel reuse is a general feature of radio systems, and particularly important when the area of coverage is large, as for example with entertainment broadcasting and mobile telephony. The results of this work will be of interest both to the designers of large radio systems and to those responsible for spectrum management.
Interconnection Networks Based on Two-dimensional de Bruijn Graphs
Authors: Smith D H
Published: November 2023

A family of directed graphs generalising the de Bruijn graphs and retaining many of their attractive features are proposed as interconnection networks. An interconnection network is a means of connecting together a large number of Processing Elements (PEs) by communication links. The careful design of such networks is of fundamental importance in building efflcient, general-purpose parallel computers. The performance and characteristics of an interconnection network are traditionally studied in terms of properties of the underlying graph
Uniformly Optimally Reliable Networks for Vertex Failures
Authors: Smith D H
Published: November 2023

Graphs with minimum probability of disconnection for all vertex failure probabilities a.re said to be Uniformly Optimally Reliable. We describe some recent results concerning the existence of these graphs. In particular, we prove a. new nonexistence result for graphs of large diameter. We also illustrate the proof method used for sparse graphs by proving nonexistence in one case that has not been explicitly dealt with in the literature. These results lead us to consider the existence of Regular Uniformly Optimally Reliable Graphs. For small vertex failure probabilities we extend our previous results on the number of minimal vertex cut sets. This result, and its associated constructions, a.re also of practical interest. For large vertex failure probabilities we show that the girth of the graph must be maximal. The combination of these two cases suggests that regular uniformly optimally reliable graphs a.re rare.
Multi-Stage Scheduling Problems with Precedence Constraints
Authors: Strusevich V A
Published: November 2023

The most well-known shop scheduling model is the flow shop. Here, each job Jjis flrst processed on machine M1, then on machine M2, and so on, until it is processed on machine Mm. In what follows, the order in which a job has to pass the machines is called the processing route. Thus, in the flow shop, all jobs are given the same processing route (M1, M2…, Mm)
Frequency Assignment for Cellular Radio Networks
Authors: Youngs D A
Published: November 2023

Assigning frequencies to cells in a cellular radio network has traditionally been carried out either by hand or, more recently, using algorithms derived from the theory of abstract graphs. This second approach is realised by modelling the problem as a simple graph colouring problem, where vertices of the graph represent the cells and edges correspond to potentially interfering cell pairs. The algorithms used were originally developed to colour unweighted graphs. In effect this means that they utilise only “hard” interference data between cells.
Delay Differential Equations: Theory and Numerics
Authors: Zennaro M
Published: November 2023

Many real life phenomena in physics, engineering, biology, medicine and economics can be modeled by initial value problems (IVPs) for ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of the type where the function y(t) represents some physical quantity which evolves in time.
Historical background and general introduction
Authors: Miller M K , Cerezo A , Hetherington M G , Smith G D W
Published: November 2023

An atom probe is a microanalytical instrument capable of analysing materials at the atomic level. The instrument is made up of two parts, a field ion microscope (FIM) and a mass spectrometer, as shown in Fig. 1.1. A highly magnified image of the specimen is obtained in the field ion microscope enabling atomic scale regions to be selected for elemental analysis in the mass spectrometer. The atom probe has the highest analytical spatial resolution of any microscope and provides a fundamental determination of the chemistry of a nanometre-scale region by simply counting the number of atoms of each type in a given volume.
FIM image interpretation and applications
Authors: Miller M K , Cerezo A , Hetherington M G , Smith G D W
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, the interpretation of field ion images is considered. Topics covered are the analysis of crystallography and crystal defects, the imaging behaviour of alloys and non-metallic materials and contrast from adsorption and overlayer structures. Some of the main applications of the FIM to problems in materials science and surface science are also outlined. 3.1 Crystallographic Symmetry And Indexing Crystallographic information can be extracted from field ion micrographs in a straightforward manner. The major low index planes can be identified by the relative prominence rule: the planes with the largest atomic step heights (that is, interplanar spacings) are the most prominent ones in the image.Pl The nature of the image projection preserves the symmetry of the original specimen. Miller indices can be assigned to the planes once the major symmetry elements of the pattern have been identified (assuming that the crystal structure of the material is known). The solid angle included in the field of view of the image is typically >100°, which is usually large enough for several rotational symmetry axes to be identified. Once the major poles have been identified, zone lines can be constructed and secondary poles can be indexed by the zone addition rule. As the projection is not exactly stereographic (see below), there is occasional difficulty in assigning Miller indices to high index poles. However, the combination of the zone addition rule and the relative prominence rule is almost always sufficient to produce an unambiguous assignment. An example of an indexed field ion micrograph is shown in Fig. 3.1.
Metallurgical applications
Authors: Miller M K , Cerezo A , Hetherington M G , Smith G D W
Published: November 2023

The atom probe has developed into one of the most powerful instruments available for microstructural and microchemical analysis of materials. The investigations that have been performed have encompassed many diverse metallurgical subjects including phase transformations, phase stability, segregation, diffusion and radiation damage. This chapter presents an overview of the main work which has been reported to date. Several earlier reviews of these applications have been published[1-16] 6.1 Basic Studies Of Phase Transformations The nature of phase transformations in the vicinity of low temperature miscibility gaps has received considerable attention. The scale of the microstructures, especially at the earliest stages of decomposition, is ideal for atom probe analysis and is difficult to discern by other techniques. Several discussions have been presented on the suitability of the atom probe for these kinds of studies.[9,10,17-231]
Consequences of Baire’s theorem
Authors: Meise Reinhold , Vogt Dietmar
Published: November 2023

The completeness of metric linear spaces has important consequences for linear maps between such spaces. These are obtained as deductions from Baire’s theorem. They divide themselves into two groups, namely, the open mapping theorem and the closed graph theorem on one side and the principle of uniform boundedness and the Banach—Steinhaus theorem on the other. We begin with the first of the above groups.
Topology : A Geometric Approach
Authors: Lawson Terry
Published: November 2023

The book gives an introduction to topology at the advanced undergraduate to beginning graduate level, with an emphasis on its geometric aspects. Part I contains three chapters on basic point set topology, classification of surfaces via handle decompositions, and the fundamental group appropriate for a one semester or two quarter course. Carefully developed exercise sets support high student involvement. Besides exercises embedded within a chapter, there are extensive supplementary exercises to extend the material. Surfaces occur as key examples in treatments of the fundamental group, covering spaces, CW complexes, and homology in the last four chapters. Each chapter of Part I ends with a substantial project. Part II is written in a problem based format. These problems contain appropriate hints and background material to enable the student to work through the basic theory of covering spaces, CW complexes, and homology with the instructor’s guidance. Low dimensional cases provide motivation and examples for the general development, with an emphasis on treating geometric ideas first encountered in Part I such as orientation. Part II allows the book to be used for a year long course at the first year graduate level. The book’s collection of over 750 exercises range from simple checks of omitted details in arguments, to reinforce the material and increase student involvement, to the development of substantial theorems that have been broken into many steps. The style encourages an active student role. Solutions to selected exercises are included as an appendix. Solutions to all exercises are available to the instructor in electronic form. This text forms the latest in the Oxford Graduate Texts in Mathematics series which publishes textbooks suitable for graduate students in mathematics and its applications. The level of books may range from some suitable for advanced undergraduate courses at one end, to others of interest to research workers. The emphasis is on texts of high mathematical quality in active areas, particularly areas that are not well represented in the literature at present.
Sketches
Authors: Johnstone Peter T
Published: November 2023

This chapter (rather like Chapter A3) is something of a digression from our main line of development: we shall not make any essential use of sketches in anything we wish to do with categorical logic, but, since they are extensively used by others in this context, it seems a good idea to give an account of what they are and how they relate to the line that we are following. Sketches were first introduced by C. Ehresmann [332] and were extensively developed by his pupils, notably L. Coppey and C. Lair [658]; for many years they were regarded as the ‘exclusive property’ of the French school of category-theorists (of which Ehresmann was the founder), but since the publication of the books by Barr and Wells [87, 88], and even more since the work of Makkai and Paré [787], their use has become much more widespread. In this account, we shall largely follow the conventions of Barr and Wells regarding terminology and notation.
Processes In ideal gas systems
Authors: Carrington Gerald
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall explore the notion of a process and its connection with thermodynamic state which we introduced in Chapter 2. Remember, for simplicity in Chapters 2-4 the development is being illustrated using ideal gas systems only.
The potentials
Authors: Carrington Gerald
Published: November 2023

For an isolated system the equilibrium condition is expressed in a natural way by the maximum entropy principle. Alternatively, when a system interacts adiabatically with its surroundings the minimum energy principle provides an equivalent condition for equilibrium. But often we are interested in systems which are linked with their surroundings in other ways. For example, suppose a chemical reaction takes place in the laboratory at atmospheric pressure. The system is then coupled to the atmosphere which represents a volume reservoir at constant pressure. In such cases we may apply the maximum entropy principle (or the minimum energy principle) to the composite system comprising the system of interest and the reservoir. However, the extensive variable of the reservoir is involved in this calculation. This is an unnecessary complication because only the intensive parameter for the reservoir is relevant. We shall now show how the minimum energy principle can be re-expressed in such cases using new functions, called the thermodynamic potentials.
Transformations of matter
Authors: Carrington Gerald
Published: November 2023

The term phase is well illustrated by the familiar phases of water: ice, liquid water, and steam. More formally a phase of a system is a homogeneous state, identified by such thermodynamic properties as the density or chemical composition. Single-phase systems are simple systems in the sense used in Section 9.2. Thus a single-phase fluid may be represented by the extensive variables U, V, N1, … , N,. On the other hand, when these state parameters are varied it is found that the corresponding systems are not always homogeneous. On varying U say, keeping V, N1, ... , Nr fixed, we may find that the equilibrium state changes from a single phase to a state consisting of a mixture of two or more phases. This process is called a phase transition.
Representations Of The Rotation Group
Authors: Brink D M , Satchler G R
Published: November 2023

AN important part of the theory of groups is that concerned with the representation of their elements by matrices. If G is an abstract group then a representation of G with dimension n is a correspondence between the elements of G and a subset of the matrices of order n such that to each element a of the group G there is an n × n matrix R(a) with the property that if a and b are group elements then i.e. group multiplication corresponds to matrix multiplication.
The Deep Inelastic Response
Authors: Boffi Sigfrido , Franco Davide Pacati Carlotta Giusti , Radici Marco
Published: November 2023

This content is only available as a PDF.
Bonding and Structure of Molecules and Solids
Authors: Pettifor D G
Published: November 2023

This book explains the observed trends in the bonding and structure of molecules and solids within the framework of simple but predictive models of electronic structure. Emphasis is placed throughout on recent theoretical developments that link structural stability to the local topology or connectivity of the latice through the moments of the electronic density of states. It is directed at final year undergraduates and first year postgraduates in physics, chemistry, and materials science.
Experimental techniques
Authors: Nield Victoria M , Keen David A
Published: November 2023

Traditionally most diffuse scattering studies have involved single crystal measurements, largely using X-ray diffraction and, in particular, X-ray photographic methods. There are some very early and very beautiful X-ray photographs which show diffuse scattering. In the early 1940s Lonsdale and co-workers produced some fairly detailed work using X-ray photographic methods on simple organic crystals to relate the observed diffuse scattering to the thermal motion of the atoms in the sample (Lonsdale and Smith, 1941). X-ray methods have several advantages for diffuse scattering. The high intensity of photon sources, compared with neutron sources, means that small samples can be used. This is very important when, as is often the case, large samples are unavailable. Modem X-ray instrumentation also offers extremely high signal to noise and very good resolution, which is very important when investigating diffuse features around, or even peaking under, Bragg reflections.
Application of diffuse scattering theory to binary systems
Authors: Nield Victoria M , Keen David A
Published: November 2023

The aim of diffuse scattering studies, stated in the most general of terms, is to obtain a model that describes the atomic (or molecular) positions in the solid under study. Obviously only a model that is in good agreement with the data (or with some features of the data) can provide such information, but even then there is the problem that the model is not ‘unique’ i.e. other models may be equally appropriate. Once the atomic positions have been obtained, they can be used to provide information on the potentials between the atoms, so that this can be used in extrapolation to other studies.
Introduction
Authors: Bransden B H , McDowell M R C
Published: November 2023

A charge exchange reaction in atomic physics is one in which an electron, or several electrons, are transferred from one atomic system to another. This book is about the theory of charge exchange in two-body ion atom collisions. Other kinds of charge exchange, for instance those involving molecules, or three-body collisions, will not be discussed; however, the general ideas which will be developed can be extended to cover these more complicated situations, and also to rearrangement collisions involving other particles such as positrons or muons.
The psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approach to depressive disorders
Authors: Taylor David , Richardson Phil
Published: November 2023

The psychoanalytic approach to human psychology is based upon two major paradigms. The first is biological (Sulloway, 1979). Men and women are viewed as possessing what have been described as ‘stupendous and fundamental’ biological drives.
Eating Disorders
Authors: Vitousek Kelly M , Gray Jennifer A
Published: November 2023

The kindred disorders of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa present a number of common problems to the psychotherapist. Both: (1) are organized around a characteristic set of beliefs about the importance of weight as an index of personal worth; (2) lead to stereotyped behaviors designed to manipulate food intake and energy expenditure; and (3) disrupt normal physiology, with predictable and sometimes profound effects on psychological and social functioning as well as physical health.
Dissociative Disorders
Authors: Liotti Giovanni , Mollon Phil , Miti Giuseppe
Published: November 2023

After decades of relative neglect, due mostly to the concurrent neglect of the effects of real–life traumatic experiences in psychopathology and psychotherapy, there has been an upsurge of interest in the dissociative disorders (DDs).
Individual Psychotherapy and Counseling For Addiction
Authors: Mercer Delinda , Woody George E
Published: November 2023

Counseling and psychotherapy are critical components of effective treatments for addictions and have been among the most widely used types of interventions for treatment of addiction.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Authors: Freeman Arthur , Freeman Sharon Morgillo , Rosenfield Bradley
Published: November 2023

Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) exists along a continuum of severity, as do many other disorders. The presence of traits at one end of the continuum is critically important to the actor depending upon these characteristics to maintain the ‘Hollywood’ persona, while the person at the far end of the spectrum may resemble someone in a manic or hypomanic phase of bipolar disorder.
Lorentz and Poincaré symmetries in QFT
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: November 2023

We mentioned in the Introduction that quantum field theory (QFT) is a synthesis of the principles of quantum mechanics and of special relativity. Our first task will be to understand how Lorentz symmetry is implemented in field theory. We will study the representations of the Lorentz group in terms of fields and we will introduce scalar, spinor, and vector fields. We will then examine the information coming from Poincare invariance. This chapter is rather mathematical and formal. The effort will pay, however, since an understanding of this group the oretical approach greatly simplifies the construction of the Lagrangians for the various fields in Chapter 3 and gives in general a deeper under standing of various aspects of QFT.
Classical field theory
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we defined our basic objects, the fields. We now introduce their dynamics, first of all at the classical level. We will discuss the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian formalism and we will present the Noether theorem, which h provides the relation between symmetries and conservation laws. We will see that at the classical level the fields obey relativistic wave equations, such as the Klein-Gordon, Dirac, and Maxwell equations. Finally, even if it is a subject logically distinct from classical field theory, we will include in this chapter a dis cussion of the first quantization of the relativistic wave equations and we will see that, despite the intrinsic limitations of the method, this can nevertheless be useful to compute the lowest-order relativistic corrections to the Schrodinger equation.
Quantization of free fields
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: November 2023

From the basic principles of quantum mechanics we know that, to quantize a classical system with coordinates qi and momenta pi, in the Schrodinger picture, we promote qi, pi to operators and we impose the commutation relation [qi, p1] = iJiJ. In the Heisenberg picture, where the operators depend on time, the commutation relation is imposed at equal time. The same principle can be applied to a scalar field theory, where the coordinates qi(t) are replaced by the fields ¢ (t, x) while pi(t) are replaced by the conjugate momenta II(t, x), and we interpret x as a label that distinguishes the “coordinates” ¢ (t, x) of our system. Since x is a continuous variable, <5ij must be replaced by a Dirac delta.
Non-abelian gauge theories
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we introduce non-abelian gauge theories, or Yang-Mills theories. Their importance stems from the fact that strong interactions are described by a non-abelian gauge theory with gauge group SU(3), known as quantum chromodynamics or QCD, while the electromagnetic and weak interactions are unified in a gauge theory with gauge group SU(2) x U(l), the electroweak theory. Together, QCD and the electroweak theory form the Standard Model, which to date reproduces all known experimental results of particle physics, up to energies of the order of a few hundred GeV.
The Mathematical Theory of Minority Games
Authors: Coolen A C C
Published: November 2023

Minority games are simple mathematical models initially designed to understand the co-operative phenomena observed in markets. Their core ingredients are large numbers of interacting decision-making agents, each aiming for personal gain in an artificial `market' by trying to anticipate (on the basis of incomplete information, and with an element of irrationality) the actions of others. Gain is made by those who subsequently find themselves in the minority group, e.g. those who end up buying when most wish to sell or vice versa. Aimed at researchers and students in physics, mathematics and economics this text describes the mathematical theory of Minority Games from a statistical mechanics viewpoint. It provides a detailed and explicit introduction to the advanced mathematical analysis of these models, describes the potential and restrictions of physical methods in solving agent based market models, and outlines how different mathematical approaches are related.
Dynamics of the on-line MG with fake memory
Authors: Coolen A C C
Published: November 2023

Let us now return to our earlier microscopic equations (2.22) and (2.23), which define the original S = 2 MG with ‘fake’ memory.
Stereotyped and other motor responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor activation
Authors: Curzon Gerald
Published: November 2023

Pharmacological stimulation of postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors in rodents leads to complex behavioural syndromes. Their components may include hindlimb abduction, ‘wet-dog’ or body-shakes (paroxysmal shaking of the head and trunk, side-to-side head-weaving, reciprocal forepaw-treading (‘piano playing’), tremor, Straub tail, and increased reactivity to stimuli (reviewed in Jacobs 1976; Gerson and Baldessarini 1980; Green and Heal 1985). Head-weaving and forepawtreading are stereotyped inasmuch as they are apparently meaningless and repetitive fragments of normal behaviour.The 5-HT syndrome can be induced by numerous drug treatments, e.g. by giving the amino acid L-tryptophan, (the dietary precursor of 5-HT) after pre-treatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI; Hess and Doepfner 1961; Grahame-Smith 197la) or by injecting 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a tryptophan metabolite and the immediate precursor of 5-HT. The effect of the latter treatment is potentiated by drugs which either inhibit the neuronal re-uptake of 5-HT or prevent its destruction (Ortmann et al.1980; Ortmann 1984). The syndrome is also elicited by giving a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor after pre-treatment with the MAOI tranylcypromine (Ashkenazi et al.1983) or by the MAO I phenelzine alone.
Spectral analysis
Authors: Diggle Peter J
Published: November 2023

In Section 2.7 we introduced the periodogram as a way of representing the variability in a time series in terms of harmonic components at various frequencies. We defined the periodogram ordinate at a particular frequency w to be proportional to the squared amplitude of the corresponding cosine wave, α cos(ω t)+ β sin( ω t), fitted to the data by least squares. This suggested that the periodogram could be used to identify important harmonic components in time-series data. In fact, as foreshadowed in Section 2.8, the periodogram has wider application. There, we pointed out that the periodogram is intimately connected to the sample auto covariance function, in that the one is an invertible mathematical transformation of the other. Put in statistical terms, the sample auto covariance function and the periodogram are alternative ways of summarizing the second-order properties of a time series. In Chapter 3 we explored this connection in a theoretical setting, showing that the auto covariance function and spectrum of a stationary random process are similarly related, the one being the Fourier transform of the other.
Estimating equations for mixed Poisson models
Authors: Dean C B
Published: November 2023

Count data analysed under a Poisson assumption often exhibit overdispersion. To accommodate the extra-Poisson variation, mixed Poisson models are frequently used. Inference using maximum likelihood techniques is possible assuming the Poisson mixture to be, for example, the negative binomial or the Poisson log normal distribution. However, interest here focuses on the use of estimating equations and in particular, quadratic and quasi-likelihood estimating equations. A general discussion of optimal quadratic estimation is provided by Crowder (1987) and Godambe and Thompson (1989). The estimators obtained from the use of optimal quadratic estimating equations are shown to be very efficient under a variety of distributions.
Sufficiency, ancillarity, and information in estimating functions
Authors: Bhapkar V P
Published: November 2023

The optimality or the score function as an estimating function is naturally related to the Fisher information for the parameter. For any estimating function, a sufficient statistic can be used to derive a possibly more infonnative version of the given estimating function. Similarly, the use of the conditional distribution given the observed value of an ancillary statistic leads to a possibly more informative estimating function.
Geometrical aspects of efficiency criteria for spaces of estimating functions
Authors: Small Christopher G , McLeish D L
Published: November 2023

While the formal theory of estimating functions is of fairly recent development, its roots go back to early work by Pearson (1894) on the method of moments, which was an important stepping stone in the realization that estimators are naturally obtained as the solution to a set of equations which may not be capable of explicit solution. The controversy that subsequently raged between Pearson and Fisher over the merits of the method of moments and maximum likelihood estimation can be naturally set today in the context of the modern theory of estimating functions, where both the method of moments and the score function are examples of unbiased estimating functions.
Estimating equations from modified profile likelihood
Authors: Ferguson H , Reid, N , Cox D R
Published: November 2023

The score equation derived from the modified profile likelihood of Cox and Reid (1987) is examined by means of its stochastic asymptotic expansion, The bias and variance can then be evaluated explicitly, and it is easy to see that the estimating equation is unbiased to higher order than the score equation from the profile likelihood, a result also obtained by Liang (1987). The relation between the derivative of the score function and its variance is also considered, as is the role of parameter orthogonality, the ‘usual’ relation being recovered for certain exponential family problems. Parameter orthogonality is shown to be crucial.
On using bivariate moment equations in mixed normal problems
Authors: Lindsay B G , Basak P
Published: November 2023

It is shown how to construct a set of bivariate moment equations that can be used to identify a discrete distribution with a specified number of support points in the plane. From these equations, one can construct method of moment estimators in problems involving a mixture of bivariate normal distributions with common covariance matrix These estimators have the advantage over previous moment estimators of being computationally simple for any prespecified number of component distributions in the mixing distribu¬ tion and of having known uniqueness and identifiability properties. The computational speed and consistency of these methods makes them useful in diagnostics, simulation, and in the construction of initial values for maximum likelihood algorithms.
The communal cauldron: relations between Hindus and Muslims in India and their reactions to norm violations
Authors: Ghosh Emmanuel S K , Kumar, Rashmi , Tripathi Rama C
Published: November 2023

The Hindu—Muslim equation has puzzled social scientists in modern India considerably. India is committed to ‘unity among diversity’ as an ideal of a secular, democratic republic. However, in practice the linguistic, regional, ethnic, and religious diversities have tended to pose numerous problems for its integrated national growth and development. Of these many diversities, the relations between Hindus and Muslims have been markedly salient. Though the Hindu-Muslim contact dates back to more than a thousand years, it has been marked with growing violence between the two ethnic communities in recent years. Firstly, a study of demographic data underlines the problem. Muslims in India constitute the largest single minority of about 11—12 per cent of the total population, which is approximately one hundred million people. This is practically equal to the total Muslim population of West Asia and is more than the Muslim population of Pakistan. After Indonesia and Bangladesh, India has the largest concentration of Muslims. There are few nations with such a large minority in relation to its total population. Nearly 50 per cent of this Muslim population of India live in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. Uttar Pradesh alone accounts for about a quarter of the Muslim population of the country. The urban Muslim population is 16.28 per cent against 9.82 per cent in rural areas. The confrontations between Hindus and Muslims have been largely in urban areas where relatively large numbers of Muslims concentrate (D’Souza 1983). It has also been suggested that urban areas with a Muslim minority population ranging between 20 and 40 per cent of the total population are more disturbance prone (Engineer 1984; Saxena 1984; Krishna 1985).
Functional and anatomical decomposition of face processing: evidence from prosopagnosia and PET study of normal subjects
Authors: Signoret Justine , Sergent Jean-Louis
Published: November 2023

Studies of brain-damaged patients have revealed the existence of a selective impairment of face processing, prosopagnosia, resulting from lesions at different loci in the occipital and temporal lobes. The lesions are often extensive, and it is unclear what functional aspects of face processing are normally served by the damaged areas, and whether they are uniquely devoted to the processing of faces. These issues are further addressed through a combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) study of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in normal subjects performing different tasks of face and object processing. The results indicate different patterns of cerebral activation depending on the requirements of the tasks within the processing of faces, as well as a clear dissociation of the neural substrates underlying face and object processing. These results are compared with radiological data from prosopagnosic patients, and are put in relation with the patterns of deficits observed in the patients as a function of the location of their lesions. Together, the findings offer new evidence regarding the functional neuroanatomy of face and object processing.
Bayesian Analysis of Mixtures: Some Results on Exact Estimability and Identification
Authors: Florens J -P , Mouchart M , Rolin J -M
Published: November 2023

Models frequently used for car insurance portfolios assume that the distribution of the expected number of accidents caused by a client is a mixture of Dirichlet processes. Given that the number of clients is typically rather large, insurance companies may find it relevant to inquire whether the posterior distributions (given the number of individual accidents) of the mixture, of the mixing parameter and the predictive distribution of a new observation, given the number of individual accidents, are consistently convergent. For most models of this rather general class, answering these questions requires unfathomable manipulations. In this paper, it is shown that answers are “easily” obtainable from general results, presented in the authors’ monograph Elements of Bayesian Statistics. These answers rely on no specific assumption on the form of the distribution but only on simple conditions on latent processes. Some problems of approximations are also discussed.
Some Bayesian Numerical Analysis
Authors: O’hagan A
Published: November 2023

Bayesian approaches to interpolation, quadrature and optimisation are discussed, based on representing prior information about the function in question in terms of a Gaussian process. Emphasis is placed on how different methods are appropriate when the function is cheap or expensive to evaluate. A particular case of expensive functions is a regression function, where ‘evaluation’ consists of gaining observations (with the small added complication of measurement error).
A Numerical Integration Strategy in Bayesian Analysis
Authors: Dellaportas Petros , Wright David E
Published: November 2023

This paper describes how embedded sequences of positive interpolatory integration rules, described in Dellaportas and Wright (1991), can be applied in Bayesian statistics. In particular, we discuss how a new numerical integration strategy can extend the applicability and increase the efficiency of currently available numerical methods. The proposed strategy is demonstrated using a 7-parameter proportional hazards model.
A Bayesian Justification for the Analysis of Residuals and Influence Measures
Authors: Girón F J , Martínez M L , Morcillo C
Published: November 2023

The usual approach to the analysis of residuals and influence measures in linear regression is based mostly on intuitive grounds. However, from a Bayesian perspective, the sequential updating of parameters via the Kalman filter applied to the regression model provides a sound basis for this analysis. Equivalence with the classical approach, and some possible generalizations are considered. First, we give some definitions of outlying and influential measures in a more general context.
Analysis of Multistage Survey as a Bayesian Hierarchical Model
Authors: Pérez M E , Pericchi L R
Published: November 2023

Using the hierarchical approach to the usual linear model we obtain a satisfactory Bayesian solution to multistage survey with unknown variances. This generalizes some results and corrects other results related to a unknown variances and regression relation, previously obtained by Scott and Smith (1969). Furthermore a reparameterization is employed which permits to reduce the dimension of the integration involved for HPD intervals. Finally, the results are applied in the context of a simulation study.
Dynamic Graphical Models
Authors: Queen Catriona M , Smith Jim Q
Published: November 2023

Dynamic graphical models (OOM’s) are defined to forecast multivariate time series for which there is believed to be symmetry between certain subsets of variables and a causal driving mechanism between these subsets. They are a specific type of graphical chain model (Wermuth and Lauritzen, 1990) which are both non-linear and non-normal. OOM’s are a combination of dynamic multivariate regression models (Quintana, 1985, 1987, Quintana and West, 1987, 1988) and multiregression dynamic models (Queen and Smith, 1990) and as such they inherit the simplicity of both these models. If conditional normality is assumed across each subset, important quantities can be calculated and updating formulae can be found explicitly. The models are illustrated by a simple example.
Convergence Diagnostics of the Gibbs Sampler
Authors: Roberts G O
Published: November 2023

The emergence of the Gibbs sampler, and other associated stochastic simulation techniques, is clearly an important advance in the generation of samples from multi-dimensional distributions, which has particular application in Bayesian statistics. The advantages of the algorithm are its ease of implementation, its speed of convergence, and the lack of regularity conditions necessary to ensure convergence. Its major drawback, however, is that although convergence is well understood theoretically, diagnosis of convergence is often difficult. In this paper, we address the issue of convergence and its diagnosis. In particular, we focus our attention on the search for a one-dimensional summary statistic which attempts to describe the convergence mechanism.