bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homoepitaxial growth of β‐Ga2O3 layers by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Wagner Guenter , Baldini Michele , Gogova Daniela , Schmidbauer Martin , Schewski Robert , Albrecht Martin , Galazka Zbigniew , Klimm Detlef , Fornari Roberto
Published: October 2013

Epitaxial β‐Ga2O3 layers have been grown on β‐Ga2O3 (100) substrates using metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy. Trimethylgallium and pure oxygen or water were used as precursors for gallium and oxygen, respectively. By using pure oxygen as oxidant, we obtained nano‐crystals in form of wires or agglomerates although the growth parameters were varied in wide range. With water as an oxidant, smooth homoepitaxial β‐Ga2O3 layers were obtained under suitable conditions. Based on thermodynamical considerations of the gas phase and published ab initio data on the catalytic action of the (100) surface of β‐Ga2O3 we discuss the adsorption and incorporation processes that promote epitaxial layer growth. The structural properties of the β‐Ga2O3 epitaxial layers were characterized by X‐ray diffraction pattern and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. As‐grown layers exhibited sharp peaks that were assigned to the monocline gallium oxide phase and odd reflections that could be assigned to stacking faults and twin boundaries, also confirmed by TEM. Shifts of the layer peak towards smaller 2θ values with respect to the Bragg reflection for the bulk peaks have been observed. After post growth thermal treatment in oxygen‐containing atmosphere the reflections of the layers do shift back to the position of the bulk β‐Ga2O3 peaks, which was attributed to significant reduction of lattice defects in the grown layers after thermal treatment.
Identification of Plasmalogen Cardiolipins from Pectinatus by Liquid Chromatography–High Resolution Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Řezanka Tomáš , Matoulková Dagmar , Kyselová Lucie , Sigler Karel
Published: October 2013

High resolution electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HR‐ESI–MS/MS) was used to analyze cardiolipins (Ptd2Gro) including their plasmalogen forms from three species of the anaerobic beer‐spoilage bacterial genus Pectinatus. Cardiolipins including their plasmalogens were analyzed by HR‐ESI–MS/MS on Orbitrap and almost 100 cardiolipins (i.e. tetra‐acyl—Ptd2Gro, plasmenyl‐tri‐acyl—PlsPtd2Gro, and di‐plasmenyl‐di‐acyl—Pls2Ptd2Gro) of three classes were identified. The structures of the molecular species that consist of various regioisomers and structurally similar compounds were revealed in detail. The high resolution mass spectrometry allowed the unambiguous structural assignment of Ptd2Gro, PlsPtd2Gro, and Pls2Ptd2Gro in the three species of Pectinatus, which contain predominantly odd numbered fatty acids.
An analysis of the late glacial lake levels within the western Lake Superior basin based on digital elevation models
Authors: Breckenridge Andy
Published: October 2013

This study establishes a detailed lake-level history for the Lake Superior basin by mapping strandlines from 10-m and 3-m digital elevation models. There are 24 levels above the mid-Holocene Nipissing level, and elevations increase along a direction of 23.1° due to post-glacial rebound. The highest level, the Epi-Duluth, is steeper than subsequent levels and may pre-date the Lake View ice advance into the western Lake Superior basin at the end of the Younger Dryas stade. The most prominent level is the Duluth, ca. 10,800 cal yr BP. Ice retreat exposed successively lower outlets, routing overflow to the Lake Michigan and Huron basins. By 10,600 cal yr BP, lake levels in the western Superior basin had dropped almost 200 m. This transformative period is complicated by multiple basin-wide events: the influx of glacial Lake Agassiz overflow, the creation of three sub-aqueous moraines, and a red to gray color transition in basin sediments. A later drawdown event has been hypothesized to have initiated the 9300 cal yr BP cooling event, but this flood was much smaller than estimated previously. If freshwater triggered the 9300 cal yr BP event, the source of the water must have been Lake Agassiz, not Lake Superior.
Non-degenerate singularities of integrable dynamical systems
Authors: ZUNG NGUYEN TIEN
Published: October 2013

We give a natural notion of non-degeneracy for singular points of integrable non-Hamiltonian systems, and show that such non-degenerate singularities are locally geometrically linearizable and deformation rigid in the analytic case. We conjecture that the same result also holds in the smooth case, and prove this conjecture for systems of type $(n, 0)$, i.e. $n$ commuting smooth vector fields on an $n$-manifold.
Weak specification properties and large deviations for non-additive potentials
Authors: VARANDAS PAULO , ZHAO YUN
Published: October 2013

We obtain large deviation bounds for the measure of deviation sets associated with asymptotically additive and sub-additive potentials under some weak specification properties. In particular, a large deviation principle is obtained in the case of uniformly hyperbolic dynamical systems. Some applications to the study of the convergence of Lyapunov exponents are given.
Bohr density of simple linear group orbits
Authors: HOWE ROGER , ZIEGLER FRANÇOIS
Published: October 2013

We show that any non-zero orbit under a non-compact, simple, irreducible linear group is dense in the Bohr compactification of the ambient space.
Foreign Aided: Why Democratization Brings Growth When Democracy Does Not
Authors: Hariri Jacob Gerner
Published: October 2013

There is an unresolved puzzle in research on the economics of democracy. While there is consensus that democracy is not generally associated with higher rates of economic growth, recent studies have found that democratization is followed by growth. But why shouldbecominga democracy bring growth ifbeingone does not? This article shows that a substantial and immediate influx of foreign aid into new democracies accounts for the positive growth effect of democratization. The domestic regime characteristics of neither democracy nor democratization therefore seems to bring growth. The importance of aid in explaining the democratization-growth nexus underscores that democratizations do not occur in vacuum and cannot be fully understood from internal factors alone.
Referring to the Qualitative Dimension of Consciousness: Iconicity instead of Indexicality
Authors: CHAMPAGNE MARC
Published: October 2013

This paper suggests that reference to phenomenal qualities is best understood as involving iconicity, that is, a passage from sign-vehicle to object that exploits a similarity between the two. This contrasts with a version of the ‘phenomenal concept strategy’ that takes indexicality to be central. However, since it is doubtful that phenomenal qualities are capable of causally interacting with anything, indexical reference seems inappropriate. While a theorist like David Papineau is independently coming to something akin to iconicity, I think some of the awkwardness that plagues his account would be remedied by transitioning to a more inclusive philosophy of signs.
Abiding by the Vote: Between-Groups Conflict in International Collective Action
Authors: Schneider Christina J. , Slantchev Branislav L.
Published: October 2013

We analyze institutional solutions to international cooperation when actors have heterogeneous preferences over the desirability of the action and split into supporters and opponents, all of whom can spend resources toward their preferred outcome. We study how actors can communicate their preferences through voting when they are not bound either by their own vote or the outcome of the collective vote. We identify two organizational types with endogenous coercive enforcement and find that neither is unambiguously preferable. Like the solutions to the traditional Prisoners' Dilemma these forms require long shadows of the future to sustain. We then show that cooperation can be sustained through a noncoercive organization where actors delegate execution to an agent. Even though this institution is costlier, it does not require any expertise by the agent and is independent of the shadow of the future, and thus is implementable when the others are not.
Boot swabs to collect environmental samples from common locations in dairy herds for Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) detection
Authors: Eisenberg Tobias , Wolter Wilfried , Lenz Mirjam , Schlez Karen , Zschöck Michael
Published: October 2013

The aim of the present study was the examination of the boot swab sampling technique for the collection of environmental material in order to identify Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP)-infected herds. Eight dairy herds were included into the study. Four of them had a well-known history of MAP-infection from a herd surveillance programme conducted since 2006. Cows in these herds were repeatedly tested positive in Pourquier® MAP-ELISA (Pourquier, Montepellier, France); in some MAP could be isolated in individual faecal culture despite that symptoms of paratuberculosis were never reported. In four presumably negative herds nearly all cows were repeatedly tested serologically negative for MAP. The pathogen was never isolated from faecal samples of cows by culture. The study was initiated with the aim of standardising environmental samples as a herd diagnostics, in which overall 130 pairs of boot swab samples from the cows’ surroundings were taken In 58 of 64 swab samples (90·6%) from confirmed MAP-infected herds the organism could be isolated by mycobacterial culture of the boot swab. Contrarily, in 66 samples from presumably MAP-negative herds only one swab was positive (1·5%). The utilisation of boot swabs as a standardised technique for environmental sampling offers an effective and inexpensive tool for identifying herds infected with MAP. This is the first report of using boot swabs for the collection of environmental samples for MAP- detection in cattle herds. This easy to perform technique enables the economical detection of MAP herd status.
Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of laser driven multi-layered flyer
Authors: Chen L. , Wang F. , Wu J.Y.
Published: October 2013

A flyer with high velocity and good integrity can be obtained by laser driven multi-layered film. In order to deeply study the action mechanism, a calculation model of laser driven multi-layered flyer has been established, taking into account the effect of multi-layered on flyer velocity increase. Multi-layered flyer velocity driven by laser pulse beam has been calculated to decide film configuration capable of forming a high velocity flyer. Taking this film configuration as object, an intense laser driven multi-layered flyer experiment has been conducted to obtain flyer velocity and verify calculation model. In order to analyze flyer motion details, a two-dimensional axisymmetric computation model of laser driven flyer has been established. In this study, laser energy spatial-temporal distribution, film ablation, and plasma absorption laser to drive flyer have been considered. Saha ionization equilibrium equation is adopted to calculate film ionization degree and give plasma state equation. Dynamic mesh algorithm is used to calculate flyer motion. Coupled numerical simulation of laser ablation, laser interaction with plasma and plasma driven flyer has been achieved. Results show that flyer velocity firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of ablation layer thickness. Ablation layer has an optical laser absorption depth for different layer materials. Plasma velocity distribution is linear in axial when flyer accelerates. Insulation layer can decrease flyer temperature effectively to keep flyer integrity.
Spatio-temporal analysis of Salmonella surveillance data in Thailand
Authors: DOMINGUES A. R. , VIEIRA A. R. , HENDRIKSEN R. S. , PULSRIKARN C. , AARESTRUP F. M.
Published: October 2013

This study evaluates the usefulness of spatio-temporal statistical tools to detect outbreaks using routine surveillance data where limited epidemiological information is available. A dataset from 2002 to 2007 containing information regarding date, origin, source and serotype of 29 586 Salmonella isolates from Thailand was analysed. Data was grouped into human and non-human categories and the analysis was performed for the top five occurring serovars for each year of the study period. A total 91 human and 39 non-human significant spatio-temporal clusters were observed, accounting for 11% and 16% of the isolates, respectively. Serovar-specific associations between human and non-human clusters were also evaluated. Results show that these statistical tools can provide information for use in outbreak prevention and detection, in countries where only limited data is available. Moreover, it is suggested that monitoring non-human reservoirs can be relevant in predicting future Salmonella human cases.
Schmallenberg virus detection in bovine semen after experimental infection of bulls
Authors: VAN DER POEL W. H. M. , PARLEVLIET J. M. , VERSTRATEN E. R. A. M. , KOOI E. A. , DER HONING R. HAKZE-VAN , STOCKHOFE N.
Published: October 2013

To study Schmallenberg virus (SBV) excretion in bovine semen after experimental infection, two bulls were inoculated subcutaneously with a SBV isolate (1 ml Vero cell culture 106TCID50). After inoculation (at day 0), semen was collected daily from both animals for 21 days and samples were tested for SBV by qRT–PCR assay. At 24 days post-inoculation both animals were subjected to necropsy and the genital organs and lymph nodes draining these organs were also tested for SBV RNA (qRT–PCR). After SBV infection both animals in the study showed viraemia (qRT–PCR) with fever and diarrhoea. SBV RNA could be detected in semen from both animals. The highest SBV RNA concentrations in semen were found in the first week (days 4–7 post-inoculation) but concentrations were relatively low (Ct values 30–39). Viable SBV was only isolated from blood samples and not from semen or genital tissues.
Response to Matteo Millan: Squadrismo and Fascist Violence in the Long Term
Authors: CORNER PAUL
Published: October 2013

Rather surprisingly, Mussolini's blackshirts (the squadristi) have never really received the attention accorded to Hitler's paramilitary groups. It is interesting, therefore, to read an article that seeks to remedy this situation. Millan argues that the traditional view of squadrismo as important before the March on Rome but of less relevance in later years – indeed, as something of a liability – is too simplistic and needs revision. He sees the influence of squadrismo as permeating the regime throughout its existence and suggests that historians have been too quick in seeing the death of squadrismo in the supposed ‘subordination’ of the Fascist Party to the state in the years immediately following 1925.
Debunking the Myth of the Volunteers: Transnational Volunteering in the Nazi Waffen-SS Officer Corps during the Second World War
Authors: GUTMANN MARTIN
Published: October 2013

This article explores the pre-war background of the Swiss, Swedish and Danish men who volunteered for the Nazi Waffen-SS combat formation during the Second World War. Through a detailed biographical examination of officer corps volunteers, this article contradicts what I call the myth of the volunteers – a long-standing popular and to some extent scholarly interpretation that perceives the volunteers as lower-class, social outsiders of a criminally inclined or mentally unstable nature. Instead this article demonstrates that these men held a distinctly European outlook and were characterised by a high level of education, intellect and their strong personal character. Moreover, they had with few exceptions developed a longing for a radical reorganisation of the European political, social and economic landscape before joining the Waffen-SS. This longing was amplified by what these men perceived as a threat to the core of European civilisation coming not only from the Bolshevik East but also from the Anglo-Liberal West.
The Turkish Drawbridge: European Integration and the Cultural Economics of National Planning
Authors: DÖŞEMECI MEHMET
Published: October 2013

This article examines the relations between the Turkish State Planning Organisation (SPO) and the Western economic system during the first two decades of national planning in Turkey (1960–1980). It traces how the SPO, established with the guidance and full endorsement of international economic institutions came to vehemently oppose Turkish participation in one of their pillars: the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor of the European Union. It argues that the shift in the SPO's world-view was founded upon two distinct understandings of the Turkish nation and its development, situates these understandings within the intellectual history of Turkey's past ambivalence towards the West, and, in doing so, provides a historical case-study of the ideological clash between modernisation and dependency theories of development.
TWO-SECTOR GROWTH, OPTIMAL GROWTH, AND THE TURNPIKE: AMALGAMATION AND METAMORPHOSIS
Authors: Spear Stephen , Young Warren
Published: October 2013

This paper deals with the development of growth models from the optimal one-sector neoclassical approach of Cass–Malinvaud–Koopmans vintage, through two-sector, multisector, and turnpike models, and proceeds to discuss their displacement by the single-sector stochastic growth model. We also focus on the definitional shift regarding the turnpike. This is done by surveying both unpublished and published work by Uzawa, Cass, Koopmans, and McKenzie regarding growth and the turnpike, the cross-fertilization between them, and how this brought about the conflation of optimality and the turnpike, and the metamorphosis of the notion of the turnpike, from that of Dorfman–Samuelson Solow, to the Koopmans–McKenzie “amalgam” of models. Finally, the appearance of endogenous growth models, based on the work of Shell and Uzawa, is dealt with.
In Situ Multi-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy for Functional Screening of Intracardiac Cell Implants
Authors: Tao W. , Soonpaa M. , Keller G. , Reinecke H. , Murry C. , Field L. , Rubart M.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Highly permeable, transparent and degradable membranes for tissue scaffolding
Authors: Gaborski T. , Miller J. , Striemer C. , McGrath J.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Adaptations of the Early Embryonic Heart to Increase Hemodynamic Load
Authors: Rugonyi S.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Hand1 Dimer Regulation within the Medial Cranial Neural Crest is Required For Tissue Fusion and Pallet Formation
Authors: Fuchs R.K. , Firulli B.A. , Knox A. , Firulli A.B.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Microwave-assisted Fixation, Labeling and Clearing for Optical Microscopy of Thick Specimens
Authors: Vogel A.T. , Marqués G. , Sanders M.A.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Examination of the Vasa vasorum of the human great saphenous vein: a scanning electron microscopy and 3D-morphometry study of microvascular corrosion casts
Authors: Herbst M. , Hölzenbein T. , Minnich B.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Morphology of Alveolar Macrophage Uptake of Nano-Carbon Materials in Rat Lung
Authors: Yamamoto K. , Yoshida T. , Ogami A. , Morimoto Y.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
The Missing Genome: Mitochondrial DNA Deletions in Stem Cells
Authors: Meier J. , Calabro A. , Queenan C. , Pergolizzi R.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Germ Granule Ultrastructure and Germ Line Protein Localization during Early Embryogenesis in Penaeid Shrimp
Authors: Vincent K.A. , Karasiewicz K.M. , Hertzler P.L.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Nanomechanical Measurements in Biological Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Authors: Hohlbauch S. , Greisse N. , Revenko I. , Proksch R.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Multimodal Imaging and Spectroscopy Approaches for Studying Ceramide-induced Reorganization of Lipid Membranes
Authors: Johnston L.J. , Carter Ramirez D.M. , Day J. , Jakubek Z. , Kim Y.A. , Bittman R.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Single-Molecule Manipulation of Enzyme Conformational and Catalytic Dynamics
Authors: He Y. , Lu M. , Cao J. , Lu H.P.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Ball-Shaped Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Tip by Ion-Beam-Induced Deposition of Platinum
Authors: Han C. , Kahng Y.H. , Park I.-Y. , Park B.C. , Ahn S.J.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Partial Neural Protection with Prophylactic Low-Dose Melatonin after Asphyxia in Preterm Fetal Sheep
Authors: Drury Paul P , Davidson Joanne O , Bennet Laura , Booth Lindsea C , Tan Sidhartha , Fraser Mhoyra , van den Heuij Lotte G , Gunn Alistair J
Published: October 2013

Melatonin is a naturally occurring indolamine with mild antioxidant properties that is neuroprotective in perinatal animals. There is limited information on its effects on preterm brain injury. In this study, 23 chronically instrumented fetal sheep received 25 minutes of complete umbilical cord occlusion at 101 to 104 days gestation (term is 147 days). Melatonin was administered to the ewe 15 minutes before occlusion (0.1 mg/kg bolus followed by 0.1 mg/kg per hour for 6 hours, n=8), or the equivalent volume of vehicle (2% ethanol, n=7), or saline ( n=8), or maternal saline plus sham occlusion ( n=8). Sheep were killed after 7 days recovery in utero. Fetal blood pressure, heart rate, nuchal activity, and temperature were similar between groups. Vehicle infusion was associated with improved neuronal survival in the caudate nucleus, but greater neuronal loss in the regions of the hippocampus, with reduced proliferation and increased ameboid microglia in the white matter ( P<0.05). Maternal melatonin infusion was associated with faster recovery of fetal EEG, prolonged reduction in carotid blood flow, similar neuronal survival to vehicle, improved numbers of mature oligodendrocytes, and reduced microglial activation in the white matter ( P<0.05). Prophylactic maternal melatonin treatment is partially protective but its effects may be partly confounded by ethanol used to dissolve melatonin.
Angiographic Circulation Time and Cerebral Blood Flow during Balloon Test Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery
Authors: Sato Kenichi , Shimizu Hiroaki , Inoue Takashi , Fujimura Miki , Matsumoto Yasushi , Kondo Ryushi , Endo Hidenori , Sonoda Yukihiko , Tominaga Teiji
Published: October 2013

Angiography-based balloon test occlusion (BTO) has been empirically used to predict tolerance to permanent carotid artery occlusion. We tested the hypothesis that the laterality of the hemispheric circulation time (HCT) of the contrast medium at cerebral angiography would reflect bilateral asymmetry of the cerebral blood flow (CBF) during BTO. Thirty-one consecutive patients who underwent BTO of the internal carotid artery were retrospectively analyzed. HCT was defined as the interval between the time-to-peak in the middle cerebral artery and the cortical veins calculated using time-density curve. The difference in HCT between the occluded and nonoccluded side was calculated at the carotid or dominant vertebral angiograms obtained during BTO. We estimated the correlation between the difference in HCT and bilateral asymmetry of the CBF, which was quantitatively determined by single-photon emission computed tomography. The HCT was 5.3±1.5 seconds and regional CBF was 41.3±11.3 mL/100 g per minute in the occluded side, compared with 3.6±0.9 seconds and 48.4±14.9 mL/100 g per minute in the nonoccluded side, respectively. The difference in HCT was strongly correlated with the asymmetry ratio of the CBF ( r2=0.89, P<0.0001). Angiographically based measurement of the cerebral circulation time can provide valuable information concerning cerebral hemodynamics.
Recombinant Human Prion Protein Inhibits Prion Propagation in vitro
Authors: Yuan Jue , Zhan Yi-An , Abskharon Romany , Xiao Xiangzhu , Martinez Manuel Camacho , Zhou Xiaochen , Kneale Geoff , Mikol Jacqueline , Lehmann Sylvain , Surewicz Witold K. , Castilla Joaquín , Steyaert Jan , Zhang Shulin , Kong Qingzhong , Petersen Robert B. , Wohlkonig Alexandre , Zou Wen-Quan
Published: October 2013

Prion diseases are associated with the conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the pathological scrapie isoform (PrPSc) in the brain. Both the in vivo and in vitro conversion of PrPC into PrPSc is significantly inhibited by differences in amino acid sequence between the two molecules. Using protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), we now report that the recombinant full-length human PrP (rHuPrP23-231) (that is unglycosylated and lacks the glycophosphatidylinositol anchor) is a strong inhibitor of human prion propagation. Furthermore, rHuPrP23-231 also inhibits mouse prion propagation in a scrapie-infected mouse cell line. Notably, it binds to PrPSc, but not PrPC, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of recombinant PrP results from blocking the interaction of brain PrPC with PrPSc. Our findings suggest a new avenue for treating prion diseases, in which a patient's own unglycosylated and anchorless PrP is used to inhibit PrPSc propagation without inducing immune response side effects.
Conformational change of Sos-derived proline-rich peptide upon binding Grb2 N-terminal SH3 domain probed by NMR
Authors: Ogura Kenji , Okamura Hideyasu
Published: October 2013

Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) is a small adapter protein composed of a single SH2 domain flanked by two SH3 domains. The N-terminal SH3 (nSH3) domain of Grb2 binds a proline-rich region present in the guanine nucleotide releasing factor, son of sevenless (Sos). Using NMR relaxation dispersion and chemical shift analysis methods, we investigated the conformational change of the Sos-derived proline-rich peptide during the transition between the free and Grb2 nSH3-bound states. The chemical shift analysis revealed that the peptide does not present a fully random conformation but has a relatively rigid structure. The relaxation dispersion analysis detected conformational exchange of several residues of the peptide upon binding to Grb2 nSH3.
Introducing Gender in a Policy Programme: A Multilevel Analysis of an Innovation Policy Programme
Authors: Kvidal Trine , Ljunggren Elisabet
Published: October 2013

What happens when a gender requirement is introduced into a Norwegian innovation policy programme? We apply a critical theoretical and methodological approach using the concept of articulation to analyse how meanings of gender are constructed, and how power struggles are part of it. Taking a multilevel approach and using multiple data sources, we examine articulations at the national, regional, and project levels. We find that gender articulations are in line with hegemonic conceptualisations of gender as a variable and as a nonissue to innovation but also detect attempts to challenge the dominant understanding of gender. Demands ‘from above’ have an effect at all levels as the threat of negative reactions encourages a certain self-disciplining, but the demands do not ensure an integration of a gender perspective in the policy programme. We suggest that, when seeking to integrate gender perspectives in policy programmes, the rationale needs to be clear and understood at all programme levels.
From Ivory Tower to Living Lab: Accelerating the Use of University Knowledge
Authors: van Geenhuizen Marina
Published: October 2013

University—industry collaboration in research projects has received little attention in studies on the performance of universities in bringing knowledge to market. This situation holds also true for the differences between regions and for understanding the hampering factors in collaboration, including regional ones. To fill this gap, in this paper I attempt to characterize the outcomes of technology projects—in terms of market introduction, continuation, stagnation, and failure—and to identify the barriers, particularly regional ones. I also propose an extended use of a tool that facilitates and accelerates market introduction—that is, living labs. The study draws on a database of 370 technology projects covering two different regions in the Netherlands and on in-depth data of 51 of such projects in a limited number of technologies.
Innovation Politics Post-Rio+20: Hybrid Pathways to Sustainability?
Authors: Ely Adrian , Smith Adrian , Stirling Andy , Leach Melissa , Scoones Ian
Published: October 2013

The ability of innovation—both technical and social—to stretch and redefine ‘limits to growth’ was recognised at Stockholm in 1972, and has been a key feature in debates through to Rio+20 in 2012. Compared with previous major moments of global reflection about human and planetary futures—Stockholm, Rio in 1992, Johannesburg in 2002—we now have a better understanding of how innovation interacts with social, technological, and ecological systems to contribute to transitions at multiple levels. What can this improved understanding offer in terms of governance approaches that might enhance the interaction between local initiatives and global sustainability objectives post-Rio+20? The global political agenda over the last two decades has largely focused on creating economic and regulatory incentives to drive more sustainable industrial development patterns within and between nation-states—resulting most notably in the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. At the other end of the spectrum, ‘Local Agenda 21’, launched at the first Rio summit, envisaged a community-led response to sustainable development challenges locally. This paper discusses the successes and challenges of globally linked local action through a number of illustrative examples, reflecting on how these have contributed to Rio 1992's original objectives. In doing so, we will draw upon innovation studies and development studies to highlight three key issues in a hybrid politics of innovation for sustainability that links global and local: first, the direction in which innovation and development proceed; second, the distribution of the costs, benefits, and risks associated with such changes; third, the diversity of approaches and forms of innovation that contribute to global transitions to sustainability. Drawing on this analysis, we will also reflect on Rio+20, including the extent to which hybrid innovation politics is already emerging, whether this was reflected in the formal Rio+20 outcomes, and what this suggests for the future of international sustainable development summits.
Struggling, Suffering, Hoping, Waiting: Perceptions of Temporality in Two Informal Neighbourhoods in Mexico
Authors: Lombard Melanie
Published: October 2013

Human geography's longstanding preoccupation with the intersection of time and space resonates with accounts of urban informal settlements which have indirectly highlighted change over time as a key characteristic; recent postcolonial urban research explores the implications of multiple and dynamic temporalities for marginalised groups in cities of the Global South. Drawing on these debates, this paper applies an explicit focus on the temporal dimension of space in the context of urban informal settlements. Despite decades of research into the marginalised, self-built neighbourhoods which house many urban poor residents in Global Southern cities, these settlements continue to be portrayed in terms of a reductive and simplistic formal/informal dualism, meaning they are often treated as outside ‘normal’ urban considerations. Based on research in two informal settlements in Xalapa, Mexico, this paper explores residents' perceptions of change over time in order to reveal the multiple temporalities that exist within the city and across these neighbourhoods, offering alternatives to dominant marginalising discourses through the construction of identity over time, and time-bound tactics of resistance. These narratives are contextualised by constraints expressed in diverging or ambivalent accounts; but they suggest going beyond dualistic or nostalgic discourses to frame these neighbourhoods as places in the city.
Visualising Fe speciation diversity in ocean particulate samples by micro X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy
Authors: Marcus Matthew A. , Lam Phoebe J.
Published: October 2013

Environmental context
Iron-bearing particles in the ocean have attracted interest due to the role of iron as an essential nutrient for microscopic algae, which form the base of the marine food chain. Modern techniques make it possible to analyse individual particles of iron to determine their composition, but the resulting flood of data can be overwhelming. We show a method of simplifying the data to answer such questions as what groups of minerals are present and whether they are different between ocean basins.

Abstract
It is a well known truism that natural materials are inhomogeneous, so analysing them on a point-by-point basis can generate a large volume of data, from which it becomes challenging to extract understanding. In this paper, we show an example in which particles taken from the ocean in two different regions (the Western Subarctic Pacific and the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean, south of Tasmania) are studied by Fe K-edge micro X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (μXANES). The resulting set of data consists of 209 spectra from the Western Subarctic Pacific and 126 from the Southern Ocean. We show the use of principal components analysis with an interactive projection visualisation tool to reduce the complexity of the data to something manageable. The Western Subarctic Pacific particles were grouped into four main populations, each of which was characterised by spectra consistent with mixtures of 1–3 minerals: (1) Fe3+ oxyhydroxides+Fe3+ clays+Fe2+ phyllosilicates, (2) Fe3+ clays, (3) mixed-valence phyllosilicates and (4) magnetite+Fe3+ clays+Fe2+ silicates, listed in order of abundance. The Southern Ocean particles break into three clusters: (1) Fe3+-bearing clays+Fe3+ oxyhydroxides, (2) Fe2+ silicates+Fe3+ oxyhydroxides and (3) Fe3+ oxides+Fe3+-bearing clays+Fe2+ silicates, in abundance order. Although there was some overlap between the two regions, this analysis shows that the particulate Fe mineral assemblage is distinct between the Western Subarctic Pacific and the Southern Ocean, with potential implications for the bioavailability of particulate Fe in these two iron-limited regions. We then discuss possible advances in the methods, including automatic methods for characterising the structure of the data.
Representation and evaluation of wildfire propagation simulations
Authors: Filippi Jean-Baptiste , Mallet Vivien , Nader Bahaa
Published: October 2013

This paper provides a formal mathematical representation of a wildfire simulation, reviews the most common scoring methods using this formalism, and proposes new methods that are explicitly designed to evaluate a forest fire simulation from ignition to extinction. These scoring or agreement methods are tested with synthetic cases in order to expose strengths and weaknesses, and with more complex fire simulations using real observations. An implementation of the methods is provided as well as an overview of the software package. The paper stresses the importance of scores that can evaluate the dynamics of a simulation, as opposed to methods relying on snapshots of the burned surfaces computed by the model. The two new methods, arrival time agreement and shape agreement, take into account the dynamics of the simulation between observation times. Although no scoring method is able to perfectly synthesise a simulation error in a single number, the analysis of the scores obtained on idealised and real simulations provides insights into the advantages of these methods for the evaluation of fire dynamics.
De novo identification of VRC01 class HIV-1–neutralizing antibodies by next-generation sequencing of B-cell transcripts
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Wu Xueling , Zhang Baoshan , McKee Krisha , O’Dell Sijy , Soto Cinque , Zhou Tongqing , Casazza Joseph P. ,   NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Mullikin James C. , Kwong Peter D. , Mascola John R. , Shapiro Lawrence , Becker Jesse , Benjamin Betty , Blakesley Robert , Bouffard Gerry , Brooks Shelise , Coleman Holly , Dekhtyar Mila , Gregory Michael , Guan Xiaobin , Gupta Jyoti , Han Joel , Hargrove April , Ho Shi-ling , Johnson Taccara , Legaspi Richelle , Lovett Sean , Maduro Quino , Masiello Cathy , Maskeri Baishali , McDowell Jenny , Montemayor Casandra , Mullikin James , Park Morgan , Riebow Nancy , Schandler Karen , Schmidt Brian , Sison Christina , Stantripop Mal , Thomas James , Thomas Pam , Vemulapalli Meg , Young Alice
Published: October 2013

Significance

An extraordinary influx of sequencing information is revolutionizing biological inquiry. While sequences of entire antibody repertoires are straightforward to obtain, understanding antibody function on the basis of sequence alone has remained elusive. Can bioinformatics identify function-specific antibodies within the ocean of B cell transcripts representing unrelated specificities? We undertook the challenge of identifying antibodies of the VRC01 class. These antibodies individually neutralize up to 90% of HIV-1; although they share less than 50% sequence identity they do have characteristic sequence motifs and evolutionary relatedness. Our bioinformatics methods identified heavy and light chains from a new donor that could form functional antibodies and neutralize HIV-1 effectively. Identification of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies of the VRC01 class can thus occur solely on the basis of bioinformatics analysis of a sequenced antibody repertoire.
Nonequilibrium dynamics of helix reorganization observed by transient 2D IR spectroscopy
Authors: Tucker Matthew J. , Abdo Mohannad , Courter Joel R. , Chen Jianxin , Brown Stephen P. , Smith Amos B. , Hochstrasser Robin M.
Published: October 2013

Significance

Exploration of the helix–coil transition, a fundamental aspect in protein conformational dynamics, remains controversial, with published timescales differing by more than two orders of magnitude. We report measurements of the temporal evolution of local structural parameters within a helix, exploring the free energy landscape near but not initially at the equilibrium conformational distribution. The model helical peptide was constrained with a photosensitive cross-link that can be released in tens of picoseconds upon laser irradiation. Transient 2D IR spectroscopy was used to record structural snapshots of bond distance and bond angle during formation of a single helical turn in an already-nucleated helix upon photorelease. This nonequilibrium approach permits access to transient structures that are averaged out in standard methods.
Electrostatic origin of the unidirectionality of walking myosin V motors
Authors: Mukherjee Shayantani , Warshel Arieh
Published: October 2013

Significance

The origin of the directional motion in cytoskeleton-based molecular motors has been a major puzzle in spite of the significant advances made by several experimental studies. Especially, an understanding of the unidirectionality of such systems from the structure/energy viewpoint is still lacking. This study attempts to understand the directionality in myosin V, one of the actin-based cytoskeleton motors involved in shuttling cellular cargo, and establishes the previously unknown role of electrostatics in guiding the directional motion.
Trees, thickets, or something in between? Recent theoretical and empirical work in cultural phylogeny
Authors: O’Brien Michael J. , Collard Mark , Buchanan Briggs , Boulanger Matthew T.
Published: October 2013

Anthropology has always had as one of its goals the explanation of human cultural diversity across space and through time. Over the past several decades, there has been a growing appreciation among anthropologists and other social scientists that the phylogenetic approaches that biologists have developed to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships of species are useful tools for building and explaining patterns of human diversity. Phylogenetic methods offer a means of creating testable propositions of heritable continuity – how one thing is related to another in terms of descent. Such methods have now been applied to a wide range of cultural phenomena, including languages, projectile points, textiles, marital customs, and political organization. Here we discuss several cultural phylogenies and demonstrate how they were used to address long-standing anthropological issues. Even keeping in mind that phylogenetic trees are nothing more than hypotheses about evolutionary relationships, some researchers have argued that when it comes to cultural behaviors and their products, tree building is theoretically unwarranted. We examine the issues that critics raise and find that they in no way sound the death knell for cultural phylogenetic work.
Social foragers adopt a riskier foraging mode in the centre of their groups
Authors: Beauchamp Guy
Published: October 2013

Foraging in groups provides many benefits that are not necessarily experienced the same way by all individuals. I explore the possibility that foraging mode, the way individuals exploit resources, varies as a function of spatial position in the group, reflecting commonly occurring spatial differences in predation risk. I show that semipalmated sandpipers (
Calidris pusilla
), a social foraging avian species, tended to adopt a riskier foraging mode in the central, more protected areas of their groups. Central birds effectively used the more peripheral group members as sentinels, allowing them to exploit a wider range of resources within the same group at the same time. This finding provides a novel benefit of living in groups, which may have a broad relevance given that social foraging species often exploit a large array of resources.
The early bird gets the worm: foraging strategies of wild songbirds lead to the early discovery of food sources
Authors: Farine Damien R. , Lang Stephen D. J.
Published: October 2013

Animals need to manage the combined risks of predation and starvation in order to survive. Theoretical and empirical studies have shown that individuals can reduce predation risk by delaying feeding (and hence fat storage) until late afternoon. However, little is known about how individuals manage the opposing pressures of resource uncertainty and predation risks. We suggest that individuals should follow a two-part strategy: prioritizing the discovery of food early in the day and exploiting the best patch late in the day. Using automated data loggers, we tested whether a temporal component exists in the discovery of novel foraging locations by individuals in a mixed-species foraging guild. We found that food deployed in the morning was discovered significantly more often than food deployed in the afternoon. Based on the diurnal activity patterns in this population, overall rates of new arrivals were also significantly higher than expected in the morning and significantly lower than expected in the afternoon. These results align with our predictions of a shift from patch discovery to exploitation over the course of the day.
Louis Paul Cailletet: The liquefaction of oxygen and the emergence of low-temperature research
Authors: Papanelopoulou Faidra
Published: October 2013

In 1877 Louis Paul Cailletet in France and Raoul Pictet in Switzerland liquefied oxygen in the form of a mist. The liquefaction of the first of the so-called permanent gases heralded the birth of low-temperature research and is often described in the literature as having started a ‘race’ for attaining progressively lower temperatures. In fact, between 1877 and 1908, when helium, the last of the permanent gases, was liquefied, there were many priority disputes—something quite characteristic of the emergence of a new research field. This paper examines Cailletet's path to the liquefaction of oxygen, as well as a debate between him and the Polish physicist Zygmunt Wróblewski over the latter's contribution to the liquefaction of gases.
Minimum-resistance shapes in linear continuum mechanics
Authors: Zabarankin Michael
Published: October 2013

A necessary optimality condition for the problem of the minimum-resistance shape for a rigid three-dimensional inclusion displaced in an unbounded isotropic elastic medium subject to a constraint on the volume of the inclusion is obtained through Betti's reciprocal work theorem. It generalizes Pironneau's optimality condition for the minimum-drag shape for a rigid body immersed into a uniform Stokes flow and is specialized for axisymmetric inclusions in axisymmetric and transversal translations. In both cases of translation, the three-dimensional displacement field is represented in terms of generalized analytic functions, and the three-dimensional elastostatics problem is reduced to boundary-integral equations (BIEs) via the generalized Cauchy integral formula. Minimum-resistance shapes are found in the semi-analytical form of functional series from an iterative procedure coupling the optimality condition and the BIEs. They are compared with the minimum-resistance spheroids and with the minimum-resistance spindle-shaped and lens-shaped bodies. Remarkably, in the axisymmetric translation, the minimum-resistance shapes transition from spindle-like shapes to almost prolate spheroidal shapes as the Poisson ratio changes from 1/2 to 0, whereas in the transversal translation, they are close to oblate spheroidal shapes for any Poisson ratio.
Nocturnal hypothermia impairs flight ability in birds: a cost of being cool
Authors: Carr Jennie M. , Lima Steven L.
Published: October 2013

Many birds use regulated drops in night-time body temperature (Tb) to conserve energy critical to winter survival. However, a significant degree of hypothermia may limit a bird's ability to respond to predatory attack. Despite this likely energy–predation trade-off, the behavioural costs of avian hypothermia have yet to be examined. We thus monitored the nocturnal hypothermia of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) in a laboratory setting in response to food deprivation. Nocturnal flight tests were used to quantify the flight ability of hypothermic doves. Many hypothermic doves (39% of tests) could not fly while carrying a small weight, but could do so after quickly warming up to typical daytimeTb. Doves that were unable to fly during their first test were more hypothermic than those that could fly, with averageTbreductions of 5.3°C and 3.3°C, respectively, but there was no overall indication of a thresholdTbreduction beyond which doves were consistently incapable of flight. These results suggest that energy-saving hypothermia interferes with avian antipredator behaviour via a reduction in flight ability, likely leading to a trade-off between energy-saving hypothermia and the risk of predation.