bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dosing of dabigatran etexilate in relation to renal function and drug interactions at a tertiary hospital
Authors: Chin P. K. L. , Vella‐Brincat J. W. A. , Walker S. L. , Barclay M. L. , Begg E. J.
Published: April 2013

Background

Plasma concentrations of the anticoagulant dabigatran are correlated with clinical outcomes, and are affected by renal function, intestinal P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) activity and stomach acidity.

Aims

To determine the adherence to dabigatran etexilate renal dosing guidelines, the frequency of co‐prescription of potentially interacting drugs in patients on dabigatran, and how these related to dabigatran dosing.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of 204 patients discharged from a tertiary hospital on dabigatran etexilate over a 12‐month period. Creatinine clearance, using the Cockcroft–Gault equation, was used as the surrogate of renal function in the 86 patients where this was calculable.

Results

Prescribed dabigatran etexilate dose rates in relation to creatinine clearance and the manufacturer's guidelines were classified as ‘standard’, ‘low’ and ‘high’ in 47% (40/86), 49% (42/86) and 5% (4/86) of patients respectively. Co‐prescribed drugs that potentially interact with dabigatran etexilate were present in 75% (154/204) of patients and included strong P‐gp inhibitors (16%, 32/204), proton‐pump inhibitors (46%, 94/204) and anti‐platelet drugs (47%, 95/204). Co‐prescription of strong P‐gp inhibitors was associated with the prescription of ‘low’ dose rates relative to renal function (P = 0.025).

Conclusions

Few patients were dosed excessively in relation to creatinine clearance. Around 50% was prescribed with ‘low’ dose rates in relation to creatinine clearance, which because of the association with co‐prescription of strong P‐gp inhibitors may be clinically appropriate. Most patients were co‐prescribed with drugs that potentially interact with dabigatran etexilate.
Students coached for an admission test perform less well throughout a medical course
Authors: Griffin B. , Yeomans N. D. , Wilson I. G.
Published: April 2013

Background: 

Undertaking commercial coaching to improve one's chance of selection into medical school is widespread. Although its effect on selection test performance appears to be relatively minimal, its impact on the predictive validity of the tests is unknown.

Aims

To examine whether commercial coaching for the Undergraduate Medical and Health Sciences Admissions Test (UMAT) changes its ability to predict the subsequent academic performance of medical students.

Methods: 

The first two cohorts to enrol in a new Australian medical school provided information at the time of their selection interview about whether or not they had undertaken a commercial coaching course to help prepare for the UMAT. Final academic grades for each year of the degree and overall grade point average (GPA) of coached students were compared with those of non‐coached students. Moderated regression analyses examined differences in the relationship between UMAT scores and examination results while controlling for entry UMAT scores and past academic performance.

Results: 

Coached students had a lower GPA than those who were not coached. In cohort 1, coached students performed more poorly than non‐coached students in every year of their degree. This effect, while similar, was not statistically significant in cohort 2.

Conclusions: 

Differences in selection process and learning context between the two cohorts may explain why coaching was only significantly related to the performance of one cohort. Further research is required to ascertain if coached students develop a learning style that hinders ongoing acquisition of knowledge, which might have serious implications for job performance after graduation.
Ultrastructural Changes in Phloem Cells of Leaf Curl‐Affected Tomato from India
Authors: Saikia A. K. , Muniyappa V.
Published: April 2013

Ultrastructural changes were observed in phloem tissue of tomato leaves infected with tomato leaf curl disease. Virus‐like particles were found in nuclei of phloem parenchyma cells. In the cytoplast of mature sieve elements massive, regular aggregates of virus like particles occurred.

Ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen in Phloemzellen Leaf‐Curl infizierter Tomatenpflanzen aus Indien

Ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen wurden in Phloemgewebe von Tomatenblättern, die mit der Tomato‐Leaf‐Curl‐Krankheit infiziert waren, und virusähnliche Partikeln in den Kernen von Phloemparenchymazellen beobachtet. Im Zytoplast reifer Siebelemente wurden massive, gleichmäßige Aggregate von virusähnlichen Partikeln gefunden.
Effects of Soil Solarization on Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea
Authors: Arora D. K. , Pandey A. K.
Published: April 2013

The effect of soil solarization on chickpea wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, was examined during the summer of 1985 and 1986. Preplant solarization for 45 days in 1985 significantly (P = 0.5) decreased the incidence of wilt in two subsequent chickpea crops. Additional solarization of sub‐plots of the same soil during the summer of 1986 further reduced the disease and the pathogen. Yield and nodulation in the solarized plots were significantly (P = 0.05) higher than untreated plots. No pronounced differences in maximum temperature, percentage of diseased plants, plant height at maturity, and xylem discoloration indices were observed between solarized irrigated and non‐irrigated treatments. However, the above parameters differed significantly (P = 0.05) between solarized irrigated and nonsolarized non‐irrigated soil. Solarization significantly reduced both the population of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, and viability of conidia and chlamydospores. These reductions were proportional to soil temperatures achieved during solarization.

Der Einfluß einer Bodensolarisation auf die Fusarium‐Welke bei Kichererbsen

Im Sommer 1985 und 1986 wurde der Einfluß einer Bodensolarisation auf die Kichererbsenwelke, verursacht durch Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, beobachtet. Eine Präpflanzensolarisation über 45 Tage in 1985 verringert das Auftreten einer Welke in zwei nachfolgenden Kichererbsenbeständen deutlich (P = 0,5). Eine zusätzliche Solarisation von einigen Parzellen innerhalb dieser Fläche während des Sommers 1986 reduzierte die Krankheit und den Krankheitserreger weiter. Der Ertrag und die Knöllchenbildung in solarisierten Parzellen waren deutlich (P = 0,05) größer als in unbehan‐delten Parzellen. Signifikante Unterschiede der maximalen Temperatur, Prozentsatz erkrankte Pflanzen, Pflanzengröße bei der Reife, und Xylemverfärbung wurden zwischen solarisierten, bewässerten und nichtbewässerten Behandlungen nicht beobachtet. Jedoch unterschieden sich diese Parameter deutlich (P = 0,05) zwischen soiarisierten, bewässerten und nichtsolarisierten, nichtbewässerten Behandlungen. Eine Solarisation senkte sowohl die F. oxysporum f. sp. acm‐Population als auch die Lebensfähigkeit von Konidien und Chlamydosporen deutlich. Diese Reduzierungen waren proportional zu den Bodentemperaturen, die während der Solarisation erreicht wurden.
The Expression of Adult‐Plant Resistance in Wheat to Puccinia striiformis
Authors: Hyde P. M. , Elahinia S. A.
Published: April 2013

The adult‐plant resistance of wheat to infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici was studied. The expression of resistance controlled by the resistance factor YR 14, in the spring wheat cvs Solitaire and Wembley, and the durable resistance of cv. Hybride de Bersee, were investigated over a range of plant ages. Neither resistance type affected urediniospore germination, but both involved increased latent periods at adult plant stages. Assessment of infection type suggested that the durable resistance of Hybride de Bersee may be recognized at earlier plant growth stages than the resistance attributable to the factor YR 14.

Die Ausprägung der Resistenz ausgewachsenen Weizens gegen Puccinia striiformis

Untersucht wurde die Resistenz ausgewachsenen Weizens gegen eine Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici‐Infektion. Die Ausprägung einer Resistenz, die durch den Resistenzfaktor YR 14 bei den Sommerweizensorten Solitaire und Wembley kontrolliert wird, und die dauerhafte Resistenz der Sorte Hybride Bersée de, wurde bei unterschiedlichem Pflanzenalter ermittelt. Die Urediniosporen‐keimung wurde durch beide Resistenztypen nicht beeinflußt, aber bei erwachsenen Pflanzen wurden verlängerte Latentperioden beobachtet. Eine Beurteilung des Infektionstyps deutete darauf hin, daß die dauerhafte Resistenz der Sorte Hybride de Bersée in jüngeren Wachstumsstadien erkannt werden kann als die Resistenz durch den Faktor YR 14.
Assessment of Intensity of Cercospora Disease on Sugarbeet. I.
Authors: Rossi V. , Battilani P.
Published: April 2013

A method to evaluate intensity of Cercospora disease on sugarbeet, based on severity of leaf area symptoms was elaborated.

This method is valid because of good repeatability, reproducibility, and accuracy of assessments.

Einschätzung der Cercospora‐Befallsintensität in Zuckerrüben. I.

Um die Intensität des Cercospora‐Befalls in Zuckerrüben zu schätzen, wurde eine Methode ausgearbeitet, die auf der Stärke der Blattfleckensymptome basiert.

Diese Methode läßt sich gut anwenden, da die Einschätzungen sich gut wiederholen und reproduzieren lassen und sie genau sind.
Assessment of Intensity of Cercospora Disease on Sugarbeet. II.
Authors: Rossi V. , Battilani P.
Published: April 2013

Indications are given about sampling in assessment of intensity of Cercospora disease on sugarbeet.

The number of samples vary with the accuracy required in the assessment. It can be reduced with heavy intensity of disease. A table is given that can help in defining the dimension of the sample.

Einschätzung der Cercospora‐Befallsintensität in Zuckerrüben. II.

Angegeben werden Anweisungen zur Probeentnahme bei der Einschätzung der Cercospora‐Befallsintensität in Zuckerrüben.

Die Anzahl der Proben ändert sich mit der gewünschten Genauigkeit der Einschätzung. Die Zahl läßt sich bei einer hohen Befallsintensität reduzieren. Aus einer Tabelle können Hinweise entnommen werden, die bei der Entscheidung der Probengröße angewandt werden können.
In situ Detection of MLOs for Solanaceae Stolbur and Faba Bean Phyllody by Indirect Immunofluorescence
Authors: Cousin Marie‐Thèrèse , Dafalla Gazim , Demazeau Eric , Theveu Elisabeth , Grosclaude Jeanne
Published: April 2013

MLOs of faba bean phyllody and stolbur diseases were detected by a simple sensitive indirect immunofluorescence technique. Antisera prepared against membrane fractions of diseased plants were used with both 40 μm‐thick sections obtained with a freezing microtome and with 7 μm‐thick sections prepared from aldehyde‐fixed paraffin‐embedded plant materials. The technique is highly sensitive, simple to practice and utilizes small quantities of reagents. Specific MLO labeling was obtained using antisera with low titers and containing high proportions of anti‐plant antibodies. The ease of using sections from fresh plant material suggests the potential use of the technique for routine indexing and screening of MLO infections. Immunofluorescence on sections from paraffin‐embedded plant tissues improved the visualization of labeled MLOs, facilitated the accessibility of antigens, reduced non‐specific labeling and allowed more precise localization and interpretation of immunofluorescent reactions.

In situ‐Nachweis von Mycoplasma‐ähnlichen Organismen (MLOs) — Erreger von Stolbur bei Nachtschattengewächsen und Phyllodie bei Feldbohnen — durch indirekte Immunfluoreszenz

MLOs, die Stolbur bei Solanaceen und Phyllodie bei Feldbohnen hervorrufen, konnten mit der leicht durchführbaren und genauen Technik der indirekten Immunofluoreszenz nachgewiesen werden. Antiseren aus semi‐gereinigten Extrakten kranker Pflanzen wurden sowohl auf 40 μm dicken, mittels Gefriermikrotom erhaltenen Schnitten, als auch auf 7 μm dicken Schnitten, von mit Parafor‐maldehyd fixiertem und in Paraffin eingebettetem Pflanzenmaterial verwendet. Diese Technik ist sehr genau, leicht durchführbar und benötigt nur geringe Reagenzmengen. Die spezifische Markierung der MLOs wird selbst dann erreicht, wenn Antiseren mit schwachem Titer und hohem Anteil an Anti‐Pflanzen‐Antikörpern verwendet werden. Aufgrund der einfachen Handhabung von Schnitten aus frischem Pflanzenmaterial eignet sich diese Technik besonders für Routineindexierungen und die Unterscheidung von verschiedenen MLO‐Krankheiten. Durch den Gebrauch von in Paraffin eingebetteten pflanzlichen Gewebeschnitten wird eine bessere Sichtbarmachung markierter MLOs erreicht, die Zugänglichkeit zu den Antigenen erleichtert, das Hintergrundgeräusch reduziert und eine genauere Lokalisierung und Bestimmung der Immunfluoreszenzreaktionen ermöglicht.
Partial Stabilization of Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) Induced by a Clay Mineral
Authors: Piazzolla P.
Published: April 2013

In recent years several reports have been published on the presence of infective plant viruses in the waters of rivers and lakes. Among them, it is interesting the presence of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). To explain the reasons of the survival of this virus in conditions surely not optimal for its stability, the existence of a stabilization effect was hypothesized because of the sediments present in the water.

Preliminary experiments were carried out with vermiculite, a clay mineral with an efficient absorption capability towards cations, anions and organic molecules, and revealed that this clay increased the resistance to 1 M LiCl of a CMV suspension.

Eine partielle Stabilisierung des Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) induziert durch ein Tonmineral

In den letzten Jahren wurde häufig über das Vorhandensein infektiöser Pflanzenviren in Flüssen und Seen berichtet, u. a. das Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV). Um das Überleben dieses Viruses unter sicherlich nicht optimalen Bedingungen zu erklären, wurde die Hypothese der Existenz eines stabilisierenden Faktors aufgestellt, aufgrund der im Wasser vorhandenen Sedimente.

Erstversuche wurden mit Vermiculit, ein Tonmineral mit gut absorbierenden Fähigkeiten für Kationen, Anionen und organische Moleküle, durchgeführt. Diese zeigten, daß dieses Tonmineral die Resistenz einer CMV‐Suspension gegen 1 M LiCl erhöhte.
Cellular Localization of Virus Particles Associated with Downy Mildew‐Diseased Rice Plants
Authors: Ehara Y.
Published: April 2013

Two types of virus particles (spheres 30 and 35 nm) were frequently isolated from downy mildew‐diseased rice plants (HONKURA et al. 1983). Both the virus particles were found abundantly in thin sections of oospores and mycelia of the pathogenic fungus, Sclerophthora macrospora, in diseased rice plants, but not in the plant cells. The particles were randomly scattered or densely compacted in the cytoplasm of the fungal cells, and were not surrounded by membranes. When fungal cells matured, and vacuolation of the cytoplasm increased, numbers of virus particles in the cells decreased.

Zelluläre Lokalisierung von Viruspartikeln in Reispflanzen, die mit dem Falschen Mehltau befallen sind

Aus an Falschem Mehltau erkrankten Reispflanzen wurden häufig zwei Viruspartikeltypen (kugelförmig 30 und 35 nm) isoliert. In dünnen Schnitten von Oosporen und Myzel des pathogenen Pilzes Sclerophthora macrospora in befallenen Reispflanzen wurden zahlreiche Viruspartikeln gefunden, jedoch nicht in den Pflanzenzellen. Die Partikeln, die von keiner Membran umgeben waren, wurden im Zytoplasma der pilzlichen Zellen wahllos verstreut oder dicht aneinander gedrängt beobachtet. Als die Pilzzellen reif wurden und die Zytoplasmavakuolierung fortgeschritten war, ging die Anzahl der Viruspartikeln in den Zellen zurück.
Induction of Resistance in Barley against Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei after Preinoculation with the Saprophytic Fungus, Cladosporium macrocarpum
Authors: Gregersen L. , Smedegaard V.
Published: April 2013

The experiments presented here revealed a significant induction of resistance in barley leaves against Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei following 72 h of incubation with the saprophytic fungus, Cladosporium macrocarpum. The level of induced resistance ranged from 16.7% to 37.4% in three different experiments. The induction of resistance was paralleled by interactions between the fungus and the plant tissue at the cellular level resulting in the formation of papilla‐like structures. The results indicate that, not only fungi with pathogenic traits, but also fungi, normally considered as purely saprophytic, can induce resistance in plants. The implications from the results are discussed in relation to the nature of defence reactions in plants and in relation to disease development under field conditions.

Die Induktion einer Resistenz der Gerste gegen Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei durch eine Präinokulation mit dem saprophytischen Pilz Cladosporium macrocarpum

In Versuchen wurde festgestellt, daß ein beachtlicher Resistenzgrad in Gerstenblättern gegen Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei induziert werden konnte, wenn die Blätter zuvor 72 h mit dem saprophytischen Pilz Cladosporium macrocarpum inokuliert wurden. Der induzierte Resistenzgrad, der in drei verschiedenen Versuchen ermittelt wurde, lag zwischen 16,7% und 37,4%. Gleichzeitig mit der Resistenzinduktion wurden Interaktionen zwischen dem Pilz und den Pflanzenzellen beobachtet, die mit der Bildung von Papilla‐ähnlichen Strukturen zu erkennen war. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß eine Resistenz in den Pflanzen nicht nur von pathogenen Pilzen, sondern auch von Pilzen, die normalerweise als saprophytische Arten bezeichnet werden, induziert werden kann. Diskutiert wird die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse in Zusammenhang mit der Art der Abwehrmechanismen in Pflanzen und der Krankheitsentwicklung im Feld.
Distribution of Streptomycin Resistant Strains of Erwinia amylovora and Control of Fire Blight Disease in Egypt
Authors: El‐Goorani M. A. , El‐Kasheir H. M.
Published: April 2013

A preliminary survey of the incidence and occurrence of strains of Erwinia amylovora resistant to streptomycin in certain pear orchards was carried out during May 1986. One isolate out of 88 isolates collected from orchards with no history of streptomycin use showed resistance to streptomycin with a minimal inhibitory concentration of about 225 μg/ml. One isolate out of 84 isolates collected from an orchard in which streptomycin was applied (1983–1986 seasons) showed resistance to streptomycin with a minimal inhibitory concentration of about 3200 μg/ml. Pathogenicity tests by stab inoculation of green pear fruits showed that the streptomycin resistant (Strr) isolates were as virulent as most of streptomycin sensitive (Strs) isolates. Morphological and biochemical characteristics were similar in both Strr and Str5 strains of E. amylovora.

Verbreitung von streptomycinresistenten Stämmen von Erwinia amylovora und die Bekämpfung von Feuerbrand in Ägypten

Eine vorläufige Untersuchung über das Auftreten von Erwinia amylovora‐Stimmen mit einer Streptomycinresistenz in einigen Birnenanlagen wurde im Mai 1986 unternommen. Aus Anlagen, die noch nie mit Streptomycin behandelt worden sind, wurden 88 Stämme isolien und einer dieser Stämme wies eine Streptomycinresistenz auf; mit einer minimalen Hemmkonzentration (MHK) von ca. 225 μg/ml. 84 Stämme wurden aus einer Anlage isoliert, in der Streptomycin in den Saisons 1983–1986 verwendet wurde. Auch hier wurde ein resistenter Stamm gefunden, dessen MHK bei ca. 3200 μg/ml lag. In Pathogenitätsprüfungen mit grünen Birnen wurde gezeigt, daß die Virulenz der streptomycinresistenten Stämme (Strr) die der meisten streptomycinsensitiven Stämme (Strs) vergleichbar war. Morphologische und biochemische Eigenschaften der Strr und Strs E. amylovora‐Stämme waren ähnlich.
Soluble Sugar Changes During Winter and Resistance to Snow Mould in Winter Wheat
Authors: Bengtsson Bengt
Published: April 2013

Soluble sugar content was analysed in plant shoots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cvs CI 14106, CI 9342, ANB 7143, Starke and Capelle Desprez) cultivated in a growth chamber under simulated winter conditions. The sugar content was analysed five times during the “winter”. In parallel cultivations the plants were infected with a snow mould fungus (Typhula ishikariensis) to test for resistance to this mould.

A differentiation in soluble sugar content was found in the winter wheat varieties, which correlated well with their snow mould resistance. A higher content of soluble sugar was related to an increased resistance to snow mould. The connection was found already after three weeks of growth and during the “winter”. A high soluble sugar content may improve the viability of winter wheat infected by snow mould. Determination of soluble sugar content in shoots of winter wheat, cultivated under certain well‐controlled climatic conditions, could be a useful test for selection of snow mould resistant varieties.

Änderungen des löslichen Zuckergehaltes und Resistenz gegenüber Typhula ishikariensis bei Winterweizen

Untersucht wurde der lösliche Zuckergehalt in Winterweizensprossen (Triticum aestivum L. cvs CI 14106, CI 9342, ANB 7143, Starke und Capelle‐Desprez), die von Pflanzen entnommen wurden, die in einer Wachstumskammer unter simulierten Winterbedingungen herangewachsen waren. Der Zuckergehalt wurde an fünf Terminen während des simulierten Winters analysiert. Bei parallellaufenden Versuchspflanzen wurde eine Resistenz gegenüber Typhula ishikarienses nach einer künstlichen Inokulation ermittelt.

Festgestellt wurde eine Differenzierung im Zuckergehalt der Winterweizensorten, die mit einer T. ishikariensis‐Kesistenz gut korrelierte. Ein höherer löslicher Zuckergehalt war mit einer höheren T. ishikariensis‐Resistenz gekoppelt. Diese Korrelation konnte schon nach 3wöchigem Wachstum festgestellt werden und hat sich während des simulierten Winters bestätigt. Ein höherer löslicher Zuckergehalt könnte die Lebensfähigkeit von T. ishikariensis‐beiallenen Winterweizenpflanzen verbessern. Eine Ermittlung des löslichen Zuckergehalts in Winterweizensprossen, die von Pflanzen unter gut kontrollierten Bedingungen in Wachstumskammern entnommen werden, könnte einen brauchbaren Test bei der Selektion von T. ishikanensis‐resistemen Sorten darstellen.
Natural Occurrence of Carnation Italian Ringspot Virus in a Cherry Tree
Authors: LESEMANN D.‐E. , KUNZE L. , KRISCHKE G. , KOENIG R.
Published: April 2013

A virus isolate from a sweet cherry tree was identified by means of the immunoelectron microscopical decoration test and the agar gel double diffusion test as carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV). By means of ISEM and ELISA the virus could be detected directly in some leaves of this tree which were distorted and showed necrosis on the main veins, but not in symptomless leaves. This finding and the recently reported isolation of the virus from a brook in a forested area in Germany suggest that CIRV has a wider host range and is more widely spread in nature than originally thought.

Natürliches Vorkommen von Carnation Italian Ringspot Virus in einem Süßkirschen‐Baum

Ein Virusisolat aus einem Kirschbaum wurde mit Hilfe des immunelektronenmikroskopischen Dekorationstestes und des Agargeldoppeldiffusionstestes als carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV) identifiziert. Mit Hilfe von ELISA und ISEM konnte das Virus auch direkt in Blättern von Süßkirschen nachgewiesen werden, die Nekrosen an der Mittelader aufwiesen und eine verzogene Spreite hatten. In symptomlosen Blättern verlief der Virusnachweis negativ. Die Identifizierung des CIRV in einem Kirschbaum und seine kürzlich berichtete Isolierung aus einem Waldbach deuten darauf hin, daß sein Wirtspflanzenkreis und seine Verbreitung in der Natur weiter sind, als ursprünglich angenommen wurde.
Relationship Between Pectolytic Enzyme Activity and Rot Development in Potato Tubers Inoculated with Fusarium solani var. coeruleum
Authors: Olsson Kerstin
Published: April 2013

The pectin‐degrading enzymes, pectinmethylesterase, PME (EC 3.1.1.11), and polygalacturonase, PG (EC 3.2.1.15), were studied by PAA‐electrophoresis in tubers of six potato genotypes infected with Fusarium solani var. coeruleum (dry rot). The enzymes were active in a temporal sequence; PME increased in activity earlier than PG. The PME activity did not correlate with the rate of fungal spreading. However, PG activity, originating from the fungus, was high in tissues from potato genotypes which were rapidly and severely attacked but low in tissues from less susceptible genotypes.

Der Zusammenhang zwischen pektolytischer Enzymaktivität und Fäuleentwicklung der Kartoffelknollen, die mit Fusarium solani var. coeruleum inokuliert worden sind

Mit Hilfe der PAA‐Elektrophorese wurden die pektinabbauenden Enzyme Pektinmethylester‐ase, PME (EC 3.1.1.11), und Polygalacturonase, PG (EC 3.2.1.15), in Knollen von sechs Kartoffelgenotypen, die mit Fusarium solani var. coeruleum infiziert waren, untersucht. Die Enzyme waren zeitlich nacheinander aktiv; eine Steigerung der PME‐Aktivität war früher festzustellen als die der PG. PME‐Aktivität war mit der pilzlichen Entwicklung nicht korreliert. Es gab jedoch einen Zusammenhang zwischen der PG‐Aktivität, die vom Pilz stammte, und der Anfälligkeit der Kartoffelsorte dem Pilz gegenüber. Eine hohe Aktivität konnte im Gewebe von Sorten, die sehr schnell und stark vom Pilz befallen wurden, ermittelt werden; weniger anfällige Sorten dagegen wiesen nur eine niedrige Aktivität auf.
Mechanical Inoculation of Sugarbeet Roots With Isolates of Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus Having Different RNA Compositions
Authors: Koenig R. , Burgermeister W.
Published: April 2013

Attempts were made to introduce three different isolates of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYW) into the roots of sugarbeets by means of mechanical inoculation. In Chenopodium quinoa these isolates had produced different patterns of viral RNA. The RNA pattern of isolate P was similar to that found in sugarbeets infected naturally by means of the vector Polymyxa betae. RNA 3 and 4 were partially deleted in isolate Y and apparently absent in isolate R. About 20% of the sugarbeet roots inoculated either with isolate P or Y became infected systemically, but with isolate R no systemic infections were recorded. In tap and side roots of plants infected with isolate P the virus concentration remained high for at least ten months and the tap roots of these plants showed a very poor growth. In tap and side roots of plants infected with isolate Y the virus concentration gradually dropped until it reached the limit of detectability. The tap roots of these plants became about five times as big as those infected with isolate P. Our results indicate that BNYW with full length RNA 3 and 4 can cause heavy damage to sugarbeets also in the absence of Polymyxa betae and that RNA 3 and/or 4 — in addition to a recently suggested involvement in virus transmission by P. betae — apparently also facilitate the persistent spread of the virus in sugarbeet roots.

Mechanische Inokulation von Zuckerrübenwurzeln mit Rizomaniavirus‐Isolaten unterschiedlicher RNA‐Zusammensetzung

Es wurde versucht, durch mechanische Inokulation Isolate des Rhizomaniavirus (BNYVV) unterschiedlicher RNA‐Zusammensetzung in Zuckerrüben‐Keimlingswurzeln einzubringen. Das Isolat P hatte in Chenopodium quinoa ein RNA‐Muster gezeigt, das von dem in natürlich infizierten Rüben nicht zu unterscheiden war, beim Isolat Y waren RNA 3 und 4 in verkürzter Form aufgetreten, beim Isolat R fehlten sie vollständig. Systemische Wurzelinfektionen wurden 7 Wochen p.i. bei ca. 20% der entweder mit Isolat P oder Y inokulierten Pflanzen festgestellt, aber nicht bei den mit Isolat R inokulierten. Die BNYW‐ELISA‐Werte blieben in den Wurzeln der mit Isolat P beimpften Pflanzen während der gesamten einjährigen Versuchsdauer hoch, in den Wurzeln der mit Isolat Y beimpften Pflanzen wurden sie dagegen immer niedriger, etwa 5 Monaten p.i. war das Virus in der Mehrzahl dieser Pflanzen nicht mehr nachweisbar. Die Rübenkörper dieser Pflanzen wurden etwa fünf Mal größer als die mit Isolat P infizierten. Daraus ergibt sich, daß BNYW mit intakter RNA 3 und 4 auch in Abwesenheit von Polymyxa betae zu einer schweren Schädigung der Rüben führen kann. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten außerdem darauf hin, daß intakte RNA 3 und/oder 4 die Ausbreitung des Virus in der Rübe erleichtern und nicht nur, wie kürzlich vermutet wurde, seine Übertragung durch P. betae.
Brome Mosaic Virus, Transmission and Effect on Yield in Greenhouse Trials
Authors: Ryden Kerstin
Published: April 2013

Brome mosaic virus (BrMV) has been isolated from barley, Hordeum vulgare, in Sweden. The virus was efficiently transmitted by the barley flea beetle, Phyllotreta vittula in the laboratory. The acquisition feeding period on infected barley leaves was 24 hours and the inoculation feeding period on healthy barley plants 24 hours. In greenhouse trials spring barley, oats and wheat infected by BrMV showed a loss of yield of 42, 40 and 55% respectively.

Brome Mosaik Virus, dessen Übertragung und Ertragseinfluß in Gewächshausuntersuchungen

In Schweden wurde das Brome Mosaik Virus (BrMV) von Gerste, Hordeum vulgäre, isoliert. In Laboruntersuchungen wurde das Virus erfolgreich durch den gebänderten Getreideerdfloh, Phyllotreta vittula, übertragen. Die Aquisitionsfraßzeit an infizierten Gerstenblättern betrug 24 Stunden, und die Inokulationsfraßzeit an gesunden Gerstenpflanzen betrug ebenfalls 24 Stunden. In Gewächshausuntersuchungen konnten bei BrMV‐infizierten Sommer‐Gerste‐, Hafer‐ und Weizen‐pflanzen Ertragseinbußen in Höhe von 42, 40 bzw. 55% ermittelt werden.
Ethylene Mediation of the Viroid‐Like Syndrome Induced by Ag+ Ions in Gynura aurantiaca DC Plants
Authors: Bellés J. M. , Conejero V.
Published: April 2013

The inhibitory effects of 200 μM aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), cobalt sulfate (CoSO,) and norbornadiene (1000 μ 1·1−1) on the AgNO3− induced developmental alterations in Gynura aurantiaca DC plants are evaluated. AOA and COSO4 dramatically repress ethylene production. Norbornadiene does not affect ethylene synthesis. At the same time the development of leaf malformations and the accumulation of the low molecular weight polypeptides (P1 and P2) associated with AgNO3‐treatment are also repressed. The impairment of AgNO3‐induced alterations by AOA results from inhibition of ACC synthase activity. 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) accumulated in the leaves pretreated with COSO4. This strongly suggests that the developmental distortions caused by AgNO3 in Gynura aurantiaca DC plants are mediated by ethylene.

Äthylensteuerung des viroidähnlichen Syndroms in Gynura aurantiaca DC‐Pflanzen, verursacht durch Ag+‐Ionen

Bewertet wurden die hemmenden Einflüsse von 200 μM Aminooxyessigsäure (AOA), Kobaltsulfat (C0SO4) und Norbornadien (1000 μl·l‐1) auf die AgNO3 induzierten Entwicklungsveränderungen bei Gynura aurantiaca DC‐Pflanzen. AOA und COSO4 unterdrückten die Äthylenproduktion sehr stark. Norbornadien beeinfluß die Äthylensynthese nicht. Parallel zu der Unterdrückung der Äthylenproduktion wurde auch die Entwicklung von Blattmißbildungen und die Ansammlung der Niedermolekulärpolypeptiden (P1 und P2), die mit einer AgNO3‐Behandlung verbunden sind, unterdrückt. Die durch AOA Beeinträchtigung der AgNO3‐induzierten Veränderungen ergibt sich durch eine Unterdrückung der 1‐Aminocyclopropan‐l‐carboxyolsäure (ACC)‐Syntheseaktivität. ACC sammelte sich in Blättern, die mit C0SO4 vorbehandelt wurden, an. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß die durch AgNO3 induzierten Entwicklungsmißbildungen in G. aurantiaca‐Pflanzen von Äthylen gesteuert werden.
Fungitoxic, Physico‐Chemical and Phytotoxic Properties of Essential Oil of Seseli indicum W. & A.
Authors: CHATURVEDI R. V. , TRIPATHI S. C.
Published: April 2013

Seeds of Cicer arietinum L. and Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill stored for twelve months exhibited the presence of 17 species of fungi amongst which Aspergillus flavus Link., A. niger Van Tiegh. and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. were dominant. A systematic screening of 21 essential oils against these dominant fungi revealed maximum toxicity in the oil of Seseli indicum. The oil, at 8.0 × 102 ü/1 toxic to the test fungi, also inhibited the growth of 28 other fungi. The fungistatic nature of the oil remained unaffected by temperature treatment up to 100 °C and storage up to 12 months. The oil vapours proved non‐phytotoxic to seed germination and seedling growth of C. arietinum and C. cajan.

Fungitoxische, physiochemische und phytotoxische Eigenschaften eines ätherischen Öls von Seseli indium W. & A.

Bei Samen von Cicer arietinum L. und Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill., die zwölf Monate lagerten, wurde das Vorhandensein von 17 Pilzspezies ermittelt, wobei Aspergillus flavus Link., A. niger Van Tiegh und Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht den Hauptanteil bildeten. Eine systematische Überprüfung der Wirkung von 21 ätherischen Ölen gegen diese drei Pilzarten zeigte, daß das ätherische Öl aus Seseli indicum die höchste Toxität aufweist. Bei einer Konzentration von 8 × 102 ¨l/l wurde nicht nur die Toxität gegenüber den drei Testpilzen, sondern auch eine wachstumshemmende Wirkung gegen 28 weitere Pilzarten festgestellt. Die fungistatischen Eigenschaften des Öls wurden durch eine Hitzebehandlung bis zu 100°C sowie einer bis zu 12monatigen Lagerung nicht beeinflußt. Eine Phytotoxität der Öldämpfe wurde bei der Keimung und weiterem Wachstum von C. arietinum‐ und C. cajan‐Samen nicht beobachtet.
Introduction to the Early Childhood Caries Conference: initial description and current understanding
Authors: Tinanoff Norman
Published: April 2013

Abstract—

The objective of this paper is to introduce the issues discussed at the Early Childhood Caries Conference, held October 18–19, 1997, in Bethesda, Maryland. Early childhood caries (ECC) is of epidemic proportions in some US minority populations and in many developing countries. However, the inadequate information and research on dental caries in infants and toddlers appears to have fostered acceptance of some incorrect assumptions regarding its etiology and prevention. To reexamine the current knowledge of ECC, leaders in this field have critically reviewed the biological and psychosocial mechanisms, public health implications, prevention, research and policy needs. An additional goal of the conference was to convey the health implications and societal costs of this highly prevalent childhood disease to the public, health care providers and policy‐makers.
Response to Weinstein: Public health issues in early childhood caries
Authors: Horowitz Alice M.
Published: April 2013

Abstract—

Dr Weinstein's thoughtful overview of public health issues in early childhood caries (ECC) provides an excellent basis for further exploration. For public health to focus on a given problem several factors must be addressed: the disease must be widespread; the etiology or the prevention of the disease or condition must be known; this knowledge is not being applied; and resources for interventions must be available. Currently, appropriate data are not available for ECC and the problem is exacerbated because there is no case definition for the disease. Therefore it is difficult to make public health policy to address this disease. With the knowledge of case definition, prevalence, and efficacy of treatment, we are more likely to engender interest and funding for ECC. Studies in other countries have demonstrated that children who are malnourished, have low birth‐weight or both, likely will have hypomineralized primary teeth and thus at risk of ECC. Low birth‐weight infants (less than 2500 g) currently constitute over 7% of all US births. The impact of low birth‐weight on oral health is not known. Weinstein favors the use of operator‐applied preventive agents, yet little evidence is available on the safety and effectiveness of these agents among infants and young children. Further, they are unlikely to be cost‐effective and they require frequent appointments, which is often difficult for poor families to manage. Community interventions hold the greatest promise for preventing ECC because larger numbers of people can be reached than in private practice clinical settings.
Policy issues in early childhood caries
Authors: Edelstein Burton
Published: April 2013

Abstract—

Policy on early childhood caries (ECC) is assessed by examining the performance of governments, educational and research institutions, professional associations, and insurers. Generally, this review suggests that major players are aware of ECC as a significant pediatric health issue but that they lack sufficient political will or coordinated activity to address this problem effectively. The eradication of ECC will depend upon the development of new policies that are science based and reflect individual and population variability, the role of parenting behaviors, the impact of changing organization and financing of dental care, the contribution of public and dental education, and the need for integration with pediatric and public health efforts.
Response to Edelstein: Policy issues in early childhood caries
Authors: Lopez G. M. Nana
Published: April 2013

Abstract—

This paper is a response to Dr Edelstein's paper on policy related to early childhood caries (ECC) and makes specific recommendations for policy that would have impact on ECC. The review by Dr Edelstein shows that currently there is little policy addressing the problems of ECC. The following specific policy suggestions are made: 1) Health Care Finance Administration should require the same accountability for well child dental checkups as they do for well child medical checkups; 2) The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children should include an oral health component in the physical evaluation visit; 3) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should set up a surveillance system for ECC; 4) continuing education courses should offer classes to health care workers in infant oral health; and 5) research must be aimed at practical preventive and treatment modalities.
Melatonin overcomes apoptosis resistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting Survivin and XIAP
Authors: Fan Lulu , Sun Guoping , Ma Tai , Zhong Fei , Wei Wei
Published: April 2013

Apoptosis resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most significant factors for hepatocarcinogenesis and tumor progression, and leads to resistance to conventional chemotherapy. It is well known that inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) play key roles in apoptosis resistance, it has become an important target for antitumor therapy. In this study, we examined if melatonin, the main secretory product of the pineal gland, targeted IAPs, leading to the inhibition of apoptosis resistance. To accomplish this, we first observed that four members of IAPs (cIAP‐1, cIAP‐2, Survivin, and XIAP) were overexpressed in human HCC tissue. Interestingly, melatonin significantly inhibited the growth of HepG2 and SMMC‐7721 cells and promoted apoptosis along with the downregulation of Survivin and XIAP, but had no effect on the expression of cIAP‐1 and cIAP‐2. These data suggest that the inhibition of Survivin and XIAP by melatonin may play an important part in reversing apoptosis resistance. Notably, cIAP‐1, Survivin and XIAP were significantly associated with the coexpression of COX‐2 in human HCC specimens. Melatonin also reduced the expression of COX‐2 and inhibited AKT activation in HepG2 and SMMC‐7721 cells. Inhibition of COX‐2 activity with the selective inhibitor, NS398, and inhibition of AKT activation using the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, in tumor cells confirmed that melatonin‐induced apoptosis was COX‐2/PI3K/AKT‐dependent, suggesting that the COX‐2/PI3K/AKT pathway plays a role in melatonin inhibition of IAPs. Taken together, these results suggest that melatonin overcomes apoptosis resistance by the suppressing Survivin and XIAP via the COX‐2/PI3K/AKT pathway in HCC cells.
Characterization of mycosporine‐serine‐glycine methyl ester, a major mycosporine‐like amino acid from dinoflagellates: a mass spectrometry study
Authors: Carignan Mario O. , Carreto José I.
Published: April 2013

Several unknown mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) have been previously isolated from some cultured species of toxic dinoflagellates of the Alexandrium genus (Dinophyceae). One of them, originally called M‐333, was tentatively identified as a shinorine methyl ester, but the precise nature of this compound is still unknown. Using a high‐resolution reversed‐phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analyses (HPLC/MS), we found that natural populations of the red tide dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg showed a net dominance of M‐333 together with lesser amounts of other MAAs. We also documented the isolation and characterization of this MAA from natural dinoflagellate populations and from Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech cultures. Using a comparative fragmentation study in electrospray mass spectrometry between deuterated and non‐deuterated M‐333 compounds and synthesized mono and dimethyl esters of shinorine, this novel compound was characterized as mycosporine‐serine‐glycine methyl ester, a structure confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance. These isobaric compounds can be differentiated by their fragmentation patterns in MS3 experiments because the extension and the specific site of the methylation changed the fragmentation pathway.
Evolution of fibrosis during HCV recurrence after liver transplantation – influence of IL‐28B SNP and response to peg‐IFN and ribavirin treatment
Authors: Ackefors M. , Nyström J. , Wernerson A. , Gjertsen H. , Sönnerborg A. , Weiland O.
Published: April 2013

The IL‐28 gene is associated with sustained viral response (SVR) after treatment with peg‐IFN and ribavirin in liver transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection. We analysed the importance of recipient and donor IL‐28B genotype for response to treatment and fibrosis progression in 54 liver transplant recipients. Fibrosis stage (F) was defined as mild when F ≤ 2 and severe when F ≥ 3 in a liver biopsy or according to liver elasticity analysis. We found a significantly lower prevalence of IL‐28B SNP CC in the recipients (22%) than in the donors (67%), P < 0.0001. SVR was seen in 61% of the recipients with mild and 27% with severe fibrosis pretreatment, P = 0.01. Recipients with IL‐28 CC and non‐CC had mild fibrosis in 64% and 38% prior to treatment, P = 0.13. At follow‐up, after treatment, significantly more recipients with CC had mild fibrosis than non‐CC recipients (75% versus 32%, P = 0.0072), and all with CC and SVR had mild fibrosis. The strongest baseline factor predicting SVR was genotype. Hence, 13/19 (68%) genotype non‐1 patients reached SVR versus only 9/35 (26%) genotype 1 patients, P = 0.0022. In summary, we found that liver transplant recipients with IL‐28B CC tended to have less advanced fibrosis prior to and significantly less after SOC treatment and that all recipients with IL‐28B CC who achieved SVR had mild fibrosis at follow‐up. A significantly higher SVR rate was achieved in recipients with mild than severe fibrosis pretreatment and with genotype non‐1 than 1 infection. Our findings indicate that treatment for post‐transplant HCV recurrence should be offered before advanced fibrosis is seen in the recipient.
Multilingualism in Post‐Soviet Successor States
Authors: Pavlenko Aneta
Published: April 2013

After the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, the fourteen successor states began to distance themselves from Russia and its language. This situation was strikingly different from most post‐colonial states of Asia, Africa, and Latin America that maintained the languages of the former colonizers. For researchers, the post‐Soviet context became a natural sociolinguistic ‘experiment’, in which the previously shared political and linguistic system offered a common starting point for language reforms and the different outcomes illuminated the effects of demographic, political, economic, and social factors. The purpose of the present article is to outline the key findings of the research to date, to discuss their implications for sociolinguistic theory, and to identify gaps and productive directions for future inquiry. © 2013 The Author. Language and Linguistics Compass © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
A genomic island linked to ecotype divergence in Atlantic cod
Authors: Hemmer‐Hansen Jakob , Nielsen Einar E. , Therkildsen Nina O. , Taylor Martin I. , Ogden Rob , Geffen Audrey J. , Bekkevold Dorte , Helyar Sarah , Pampoulie Christophe , Johansen Torild ,   FishPopTrace Consortium, Carvalho Gary R.
Published: April 2013

The genomic architecture underlying ecological divergence and ecological speciation with gene flow is still largely unknown for most organisms. One central question is whether divergence is genome‐wide or localized in ‘genomic mosaics’ during early stages when gene flow is still pronounced. Empirical work has so far been limited, and the relative impacts of gene flow and natural selection on genomic patterns have not been fully explored. Here, we use ecotypes of Atlantic cod to investigate genomic patterns of diversity and population differentiation in a natural system characterized by high gene flow and large effective population sizes, properties which theoretically could restrict divergence in local genomic regions. We identify a genomic region of strong population differentiation, extending over approximately 20 cM, between pairs of migratory and stationary ecotypes examined at two different localities. Furthermore, the region is characterized by markedly reduced levels of genetic diversity in migratory ecotype samples. The results highlight the genomic region, or ‘genomic island’, as potentially associated with ecological divergence and suggest the involvement of a selective sweep. Finally, we also confirm earlier findings of localized genomic differentiation in three other linkage groups associated with divergence among eastern Atlantic populations. Thus, although the underlying mechanisms are still unknown, the results suggest that ‘genomic mosaics’ of differentiation may even be found under high levels of gene flow and that marine fishes may provide insightful model systems for studying and identifying initial targets of selection during ecological divergence.
Reconstructing the origin and dispersal patterns of village chickens across East Africa: insights from autosomal markers
Authors: Mwacharo J. M. , Nomura K. , Hanada H. , Han J. L. , Amano T. , Hanotte O.
Published: April 2013

Unravelling the genetic history of any livestock species is central to understanding the origin, development and expansion of agricultural societies and economies. Domestic village chickens are widespread in Africa. Their close association with, and reliance on, humans for long‐range dispersal makes the species an important biological marker in tracking cultural and trading contacts between human societies and civilizations across time. Archaezoological and linguistic evidence suggest a complex history of arrival and dispersion of the species on the continent, with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D‐loop analysis revealing the presence of five distinct haplogroups in East African village chickens. It supports the importance of the region in understanding the history of the species and indirectly of human interactions. Here, through a detailed analysis of 30 autosomal microsatellite markers genotyped in 657 village chickens from four East African countries (Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Sudan), we identify three distinct autosomal gene pools (I, II and III). Gene pool I is predominantly found in Ethiopia and Sudan, while II and III occur in both Kenya and Uganda. A gradient of admixture for gene pools II and III between the Kenyan coast and Uganda's hinterland (P = 0.001) is observed, while gene pool I is clearly separated from the other two. We propose that these three gene pools represent genetic signatures of separate events in the history of the continent that relate to the arrival and dispersal of village chickens and humans across the region. Our results provide new insights on the history of chicken husbandry which has been shaped by terrestrial and maritime contacts between ancient and modern civilizations in Asia and East Africa.