bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing shared street accessibility in heritage sites for individuals with visual disabilities: a Canadian perspective
Authors: Lakoud M. , Morales E. , Ruiz-Rodrigo A. , Feillou I. , Mathieu S. , Routhier F.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Heritage sites often pose significant accessibility challenges for individuals with visual disabilities due to their preserved architectural features and strict regulations against modifications. In shared streets, designed to encourage pedestrian use and reduce vehicle dominance, these challenges are exacerbated by the lack of tactile and directional cues for visually impaired users. This study, set in the context of Canadian heritage sites, explores how shared streets can be adapted to be more inclusive while respecting the integrity of historical environments.

Objective

The objective of this study is to explore and propose practical solutions to enhance the accessibility of shared streets for individuals with visual disabilities within heritage sites, with a particular focus on preservation requirements.

Methodology

The study adopts a three-phase methodology. First, co-design sessions were conducted with three groups of stakeholders: people with disabilities, caregivers, and experts in accessibility and heritage preservation. Second, a narrative literature review was undertaken to identify practices from existing research and urban planning cases. Finally, solutions were developed in collaboration with a design firm to create practical, adaptable prototypes that address the specific needs identified in earlier phases.

Findings

The co-design sessions revealed several key challenges, including the lack of tactile references, difficulties with snow removal, and the need for clearer delineation between pedestrian and vehicular zones. Solutions such as tactile paving, modular bollards, and the use of contrasting materials were developed to address these issues. The narrative review reinforced the importance of universal design in heritage contexts and provided insights into successful implementations in other urban settings.

Conclusion

The study concludes that shared streets can be made more accessible for individuals with visual disabilities by adopting a modular design approach that integrates tactile cues and adaptable urban furniture. These solutions ensure that accessibility and safety can coexist with heritage preservation, promoting inclusivity in public spaces. The research highlights the importance of stakeholder engagement in the design process and offers a replicable framework for improving accessibility in heritage sites globally. However, further field testing is needed to assess the feasibility and acceptance of these solutions within the regulatory constraints of heritage environments.
An emerging and novel approach toward Pro-poor tourism: a study of homestays in Sittong, Darjeeling, India
Authors: Pradhan Shailendra Mani
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Tourism has an important influence on shaping the development trajectory of communities, particularly in developing countries. Given its economic significance and social implications, tourism constitutes an integral part of the development intervention of government and other agencies. This research examines homestays in Sittong, Darjeeling Himalaya, India, through the lens of Pro-poor tourism. The study looks at the impact of homestay tourism on rural mountain communities vis-à-vis livelihoods and environmental sustainability, with a focus on how tourism benefits are distributed or shared among different socio-economic groups.

Methods

The study is based on the interpretivist paradigm. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) with homestay owners, helpers, nature guides, local community members, and public officials. A total of fifteen locally owned homestays were surveyed, including thirty personal interviews and one FGD. Thematic analysis was utilized to analyze the data.

Results

Homestays are rapidly changing the contours of rural livelihoods in Sittong by producing significant economic benefits for various socio-economic groups, enhancing community engagement, and strengthening the Pro-poor tourism strategy. However, challenges such as bureaucratic barriers, government apathy, non-local ownership of homestays, and environmental degradation impede progress toward pro-poor goals and sustainable tourism.

Discussion

This research emphasizes the significance of inclusive decision-making, capacity building, financial support, and sustainable practices in addressing livelihood issues and environmental sustainability in rural mountain communities. The study calls for a balanced approach that integrates economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability to ensure the long-term success of homestay tourism in the Darjeeling Himalaya and other similar settings.
Exploring electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the early diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using CFP10:ESAT6 protein detection
Authors: Ribeiro Luisa Vogado , Cancino-Bernardi Juliana , Razzino Claudia do Amaral , Machado Thales Rafael , Tuesta Marco A. M. , Zucolotto Valtencir
Published: December 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) was, until SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the leading cause of death by a single infectious agent contaminating over 10.6 million people with 1.6 million deaths in 2021 worldwide. Herein, we present a proof-of-principle strategy for detecting the recombinant protein CFP10:ESAT6 using an impedimetric immunosensor, which could aid in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. The immunosensor was developed using indium tin oxide electrodes modified by 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane monolayer to covalently immobilize anti-CFP10 antibodies. The protein interaction with the antibody recognition platform was directly monitored and measured by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. After the analytical features optimization, a Langmuir isotherm response from 0.5 ng mL-1 to 50 ng mL-1 of pCFP10:ESAT6, limit of detection of 4.80 ng mL-1 and limit of quantification of 15.97 ng mL-1 were achieved, in a 4-hour assay time. Selectivity tests conducted in the presence of DENV NS1 and SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins at a concentration of 20 ng mL-1, which is one-tenth of the concentration used to optimize pCFP10, indicate that the immunosensor is selective for pCFP10:ESAT6. Additionally, repeatability and reproducibility tests confirm that the immunosensor is suitable, accurate, and selective for detecting the CFP10:ESAT6 protein. The small sample volume required, and short testing time underscore the remarkable capabilities of this immunosensor and its potential for point-of-care screening and diagnostic aid applications.
Motivational drivers and the effectiveness of conservation incentives
Authors: Nyanghura Qambemeda M. , Börner Jan , Biber-Freudenberger Lisa
Published: December 2024

The debate about how external incentives (e.g., payments for ecosystem services) and internal motivations (e.g., intrinsic values) interact in producing conservation outcomes is still unresolved. This paper examines the role of personal values (biospheric and egoistic) as intrinsic motivational drivers for conservation and their potential to affect conditional payments to enhance conservation behavior. We used a lab-in-the-field experiment with rural farmers in two ecological corridors of Tanzania to assess their conservation behavior under two payment modalities, namely a fixed individual payment and a fixed individual payment with an agglomeration bonus. In addition, a post-experiment survey was conducted to determine the levels of personal value endorsement for each individual participant. We consistently found that biospheric values increased conservation behavior, while egoistic values decreased it. The positive effect of biospheric values was higher than the negative effect of egoistic values. Both payments do not seem to affect the conservation behavior of farmers with high biospheric value endorsement. Heterogeneity in personal values thus likely has economic implications for the design of real-world PES schemes. Our results suggest that educational investments in training future generations of farmers with strong pro-environmental values can reduce future pressure on the environment and the costs of associated policy action. Areas for further research are discussed.
From the ocean to our kitchen table: anthropogenic particles in the edible tissue of U.S. West Coast seafood species
Authors: Traylor Summer D. , Granek Elise F. , Duncan Marilyn , Brander Susanne M.
Published: December 2024

Microplastics (MPs) and other anthropogenic particles (APs) are pervasive environmental contaminants found throughout marine and aquatic environments. We quantified APs in the edible tissue of black rockfish, lingcod, Chinook salmon, Pacific herring, Pacific lamprey, and pink shrimp, comparing AP burdens across trophic levels and between vessel-retrieved and retail-purchased individuals. Edible tissue was digested and analyzed under a microscope, and a subset of suspected APs was identified using spectroscopy (μFTIR). Anthropogenic particles were found in 180 of 182 individuals. Finfish contained 0.02–1.08 AP/g of muscle tissue. In pink shrimp (Pandalus jordani), the average AP/g was 10.68 for vessel-retrieved and 7.63 for retail-purchased samples; however, APs/g of tissue were higher in retail-purchased lingcod than vessel-retrieved lingcod, signaling possible added contamination during processing from ocean to market. Riverine young adult Pacific lamprey contained higher concentrations of APs (1 AP/g ±0.59) than ocean phase adults (0.60 AP/g ±0.80 and p = 0.08). Particle types identified were 82% fibers, 17% fragments, and 0.66% films. These findings suggest a need for further research into technologies and strategies to reduce microfiber pollution entering the environment.
Ending tuberculosis: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Gilmour Beth , Alene Kefyalew Addis
Published: December 2024

Despite impacting mankind since ancient times, tuberculosis (TB) persists as the leading cause of death from an infectious disease. TB can remain latent and further research is required to understand activation risk and the risks vs. the benefits of treating latent infection. Drug resistance poses an escalating threat to treating active disease and achieving cure. Recent advances in molecular and epidemiological techniques facilitate early diagnosis, drug susceptibility testing and an opportunity to better understand transmission dynamics. Research is ongoing to develop safe, efficacious tolerable drug regimens and the challenges of antibiotic resistance have led to a resurgent interest in therapeutic alternatives. Vaccine development is challenged by the pathogen's genetic diversity, the heterogeneity of host susceptibility and the extreme complexities that occur across the interactions between TB and its host. Across all stages of TB pathogenesis, developments in artificial intelligence, geographic information systems, digital health technologies, renewable energy solutions and nano medicine are providing opportunities to improve TB control. Resource constraints however often challenge the opportunity to access these new technologies by those most in need. The societal inequalities in accessing new technologies further compound socio-economic and health related TB determinants Addressing these complex determinants which include malnutrition, HIV infection, diabetes, substance abuse, poor environmental conditions and multi-factorial barriers to health care access, will require political will, sufficient funding, and a holistic multisectoral response.
Comparison of treatments for equine laryngeal hemiplegia using computational fluid dynamic analysis in an equine head model
Authors: Tucker Michelle L. , Wilson David G. , Bergstrom Donald J. , Carmalt James L.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is gaining momentum as a useful mechanism for analyzing obstructive disorders and surgeries in humans and warrants further development for application in equine surgery. While advancements in procedures continue, much remains unknown about the specific impact that different surgeries have on obstructive airway disorders. The objective of this study was to apply CFD analysis to an equine head inhalation model replicating recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) and four surgical procedures. CFD was hypothesized to corroborate the order of the different trials based on impedance and to provide an impedance value numerically similar to the experimental results. In addition, it was hypothesized that CFD would offer insights into the changes in airflow associated with each procedure on a finite scale.

Methods

An equine cadaver head underwent airflow testing and computed tomographic (CT) scans to replicate the disease state (RLN) and four surgical procedures: laryngoplasty, combined laryngoplasty and corniculectomy, corniculectomy, and partial arytenoidectomy. Pressure measurements at the pharynx and trachea were recorded, along with airflow data, for each trial.

Results and discussion

The CFD and experimental models showed that partial arytenoidectomy had the lowest impedance in this case. While this procedure did have the largest rima glottidis area, the remaining procedural order was not dictated by the rima glottidis area. Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy and combined laryngoplasty with corniculectomy models showed negative pressure concentration on the luminal surface of the left arytenoid cartilage, which indicated a greater collapsing force on the tissue in this region. Narrowing within the caudal larynx at the level of the saccule showed increased negative pressure and higher velocity in the procedures with greater impedance, while partial arytenoidectomy exhibited more uniform pressure and velocity. Although this specific experimental head model contradicted previous flow studies, the CFD model reflected the experimental findings for the procedure with the least impedance and provided some insights into why these discrepancies occurred in this particular case.
Cytokines as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in Mediterranean buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Franzoni Giulia , Signorelli Federica , Mazzone Piera , Donniacuo Anna , De Matteis Giovanna , Grandoni Francesco , Schiavo Lorena , Zinellu Susanna , Dei Giudici Silvia , Bezos Javier , De Carlo Esterina , Galiero Giorgio , Napolitano Francesco , Martucciello Alessandra
Published: December 2024

Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is the primary agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Mediterranean buffalo, which has a negative economic impact on buffalo herds. Improving TB diagnostic performance in this species represents a key step to eradicate efficiently this disease. We have recently shown the utility of the IFN-γ assay in the diagnosis of M. bovis infection in Mediterranean buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), but other cytokines might be useful immunological biomarkers of this infection. We therefore investigated the utility of key immune cytokines as diagnostic biomarkers of M. bovis infection in this species. Thirty-six Italian Mediterranean buffaloes were used in this study: healthy animals (N = 11), infected (IFN-γ test positive, no post-mortem lesions, no M. bovis detection; N = 14), and affected (IFN-γ test positive, visible post-mortem lesions; N = 11). Heparin blood samples were stimulated with bovine purified protein derivative (PPD-B), alongside controls, and 18–24 h later plasma were collected. Levels of 14 key cytokines were measured: IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4, IL-10, TNF, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-1, IL-36Ra, and VEGF-A. We observed that both infected and affected animals released higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, TNF, IL-1α, IL-6, MIP-1β, in response to PPD-B compared to healthy subjects. Mycobacterium bovis infected animals released also higher levels of IL-1β and IP-10 in response to PPD-B compared to healthy subjects, whereas only tendencies were detected in affected animals. Affected animals only released MIP-1α in response to PPD-B compared to healthy subjects and in this group higher values of PPD-B specific TNF was also observed. Finally, canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was used to generate predictive cytokine profiles by groups. Our data suggest that IL-10, TNF, IL-1α, IL-6, MIP-1β could be useful biomarkers of TB in Mediterranean Buffalo and can improve the TB diagnostic performance in this specie.
A Conceptual Comparison of Hydraulic and Electric Actuation Systems for a Generic Fighter Aircraft
Authors: Dell’Amico Alessandro , Reichenwallner Christopher
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a methodology for evaluating different flight control actuation system architectures in the early conceptual design phase. In particular, this paper shows how hydraulic and electric actuators can be modeled even if very little is known about the aircraft design or requirements while still including the most dominant static and dynamic characteristics. Singular Value Decomposition is used to estimate model parameters and actuator characteristics from industrial data. This is a quick way to estimate what is needed with little input. The purpose of the models is to predict the power consumption, cooling needs, weight, and size. This is performed by integrating the actuator models in a dynamic simulation framework that also includes a flight simulator and surrounding systems. The results from subsystem studies support the aircraft design process, where actuator characteristics affect the engine performance and aircraft sizing. The methodology is applied to a generic fighter by comparing hydraulic and electric actuation system architectures. Besides providing a generic approach to the actuator modeling, the parameters that affect both the static and dynamic characteristics of an electromechanical and electrohydrostatic actuator are estimated with reasonably good accuracy with only four design parameters as input.
Developing AI Smart Sprayer for Punch-Hole Herbicide Application in Plasticulture Production System
Authors: Furlanetto Renato Herrig , Buzanini Ana Claudia , Schumann Arnold Walter , Boyd Nathan Shawn
Published: December 2024

In plasticulture production systems, the conventional practice involves broadcasting pre-emergent herbicides over the entire surface of raised beds before laying plastic mulch. However, weed emergence predominantly occurs through the transplant punch-holes in the mulch, leaving most of the applied herbicide beneath the plastic, where weeds cannot grow. To address this issue, we developed and evaluated a precision spraying system designed to target herbicide application to the transplant punch-holes. A dataset of 3378 images was manually collected and annotated during a tomato experimental trial at the University of Florida. A YOLOv8x model with a p2 output layer was trained, converted to TensorRT® to improve the inference time, and deployed on a custom-built computer. A Python-based graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to facilitate user interaction and the control of the smart sprayer system. The sprayer utilized a global shutter camera to capture real-time video input for the YOLOv8x model, which activates or disactivates a TeeJet solenoid for precise herbicide application upon detecting a punch-hole. The model demonstrated excellent performance, achieving precision, recall, mean average precision (mAP), and F1score exceeding 0.90. Field tests showed that the smart sprayer reduced herbicide use by up to 69% compared to conventional broadcast methods. The system achieved an 86% punch-hole recognition rate, with a 14% miss rate due to challenges such as plant occlusion and variable lighting conditions, indicating that the dataset needs to be improved. Despite these limitations, the smart sprayer effectively minimized off-target herbicide application without causing crop damage. This precision approach reduces chemical inputs and minimizes the potential environmental impact, representing a significant advancement in sustainable plasticulture weed management.
Oxidative Stress and Autophagy: Unraveling the Hidden Threat to Boars’ Fertility
Authors: Hu Ruizhi , Yang Xizi , He Jianhua , Wu Shusong
Published: December 2024

This review systematically examines the influence of oxidative stress on the reproductive function of male livestock, with a particular focus on the modulation of autophagy. Spermatogenesis, a highly precise biological process, is vulnerable to a range of internal and external factors, among which oxidative stress notably disrupts autophagic processes within the testes. This disruption results in diminished sperm quality, impaired testosterone synthesis, and compromised integrity of the blood–testis barrier. Furthermore, this review elucidates the molecular mechanisms by which oxidative stress-induced autophagy dysfunction impairs spermatogenesis and mitochondrial function, consequently reducing sperm motility. These findings aim to provide a theoretical foundation and serve as a reference for improving reproductive performance and sperm quality in livestock.
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA): A Targeted Antioxidant Strategy to Counter Oxidative Stress in Retinopathy
Authors: Zeppieri Marco , Gagliano Caterina , D’Esposito Fabiana , Musa Mutali , Gattazzo Irene , Zanella Maria Sole , Rossi Federico Bernardo , Galan Alessandro , Babighian Silvia
Published: December 2024

Omega-3 fatty acids are critical components of cell membranes, including those in the retina. Specifically, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the primary omega-3 fatty acids that have been studied for their potential benefits in retinal health, preventing the progression of retinopathy. Several studies have shown that a higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids is associated with a lower risk of developing diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Reviewing clinical trials and observational studies that support the protective role of omega-3s in retinal disorders is essential. This comprehensive review aims to evaluate the current literature on the role of omega-3 fatty acids, exploring their mechanisms of action and anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and neuroprotective roles in the retina. Omega-3s have been shown to inhibit abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina, which is a significant factor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and neovascular AMD. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids are often studied with other nutrients, such as lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamins, for their synergistic effects on retinal health. Reviewing these combinations can help understand how omega-3s can be part of a comprehensive approach to preventing or treating retinopathies, especially in diabetic patients. This review emphasizes the preventive function of EPA and DHA in alleviating oxidative stress-related damage in retinal diseases, concentrating on their antioxidative mechanisms.
A Novel Lyapunov Asymptotic Eventual Stability Approach for Nonlinear Impulsive Caputo Fractional Differential Equations
Authors: Ante Jackson E. , Ineh Michael P. , Achuobi Jonas O. , Akai Uwem P. , Atsu Jeremiah U. , Offiong Nnanake-Abasi O.
Published: December 2024

This paper investigates the asymptotic eventual stability (AE-S) for nonlinear impulsive Caputo fractional differential equations (ICFDEs) with fixed impulse moments, employing auxiliary Lyapunov functions (ALF) which are specifically constructed as analogues of vector Lyapunov functions (VLF). A novel derivative tailored for VLF is introduced, offering a more robust framework than existing approaches based on scalar Lyapunov functions (SLF). Adequate conditions for AE-S involving ICFDEs are provided. We also used the predictor corrector method to implement a numerical solution for a given impulsive Caputo fractional differential equation. These findings extend and improve upon existing results, providing significant advancements in the stability analysis of systems with memory effects and impulsive dynamics. The study holds practical relevance for modeling and analyzing real-world systems, including control processes, biological systems, and economic dynamics where fractional-order behavior and impulses play a crucial role.
Successful Therapy over 12 Months of People with Cystic Fibrosis with Rare Non-phe508del Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Mutations with Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor (ETI)
Authors: Sütering Tomke , Bode Sebastian F. N. , Fischer Rainald , Fabricius Dorit
Published: December 2024

Background: Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor (ETI) is a CFTR modulator therapy approved for people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) who have at least one phe508del mutation. However, its approval in the European Union (EU) for pwCF with non-phe508del mutations is lacking, because data on treatment response in this subgroup are scarce. Methods: This retrospective observational study evaluated six pwCF (ages 6 to 66) with responsive CFTR mutations (M1101K, R347P, 2789+5G>A, G551D) undergoing off-label ETI therapy. Evaluations were conducted at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, assessing lung function (FEV1), sweat chloride levels, body mass index (BMI), quality of life, medication satisfaction, ear, nose and throat (ENT) symptoms, and physical activity. A control group of four pwCF with classic symptoms and no ETI treatment was included. Results: FEV1 improved significantly after 3 and 6 months (p < 0.05) and stabilized by 12 months. Sweat chloride levels decreased significantly, with four pwCF achieving levels <60 mmol/L. Improvements in the upper and lower airway symptoms, medication satisfaction, and increased BMI were noted. Conclusions: ETI demonstrates high efficacy in this small group of pwCF with rare CFTR mutations, offering a treatment option that warrants further monitoring and evaluation.
Quality Evaluation of Fresh Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Juices Prepared Using a Household High-Speed Blender and a Low-Speed Masticating Juicer: A Comparative Study
Authors: Truong Van-Long , Rarison Razanamanana H. G. , Bae Yeon-Ji , Bang Ji-Hong , Jeong Woo-Sik
Published: December 2024

Fresh homemade juice has become increasingly popular as it contains healthy functional ingredients without additives and preservatives but has preserved freshness and nutritional value. Capsicum annuum L. fruits are a well-known natural source of bioactive components, including phenolic compounds, carotenoids, vitamins A and C, and dietary fiber. This study assessed the physicochemical property, antioxidant activity, and bioactive compounds of three homemade sweet pepper (yellow, orange, and red) juices prepared using two household juicers: high-speed blender and low-speed masticating juicer. The results indicated that all the juices prepared using both juicers exhibited high nutritional values and antioxidant activities, as evident from the total polyphenol, carotenoid, vitamin C, and glucose contents, total antioxidant capacity, and radical scavenging activities. Among them, orange pepper juice had better functional properties. Furthermore, seedless pepper juices appeared to be better than those with seeds. Additionally, pepper juices prepared using the low-speed juicer exhibited higher physicochemical and functional characteristics than those prepared using the high-speed blender throughout the 14-day storage period. These results demonstrate that seedless orange juice has diverse bioactive components and high antioxidant capacities. Moreover, using a low-speed juicer offers distinct advantages over a high-speed blender in producing pepper juices with superior quality and functional properties.
The Potential Clinical Utility of the Customized Large Language Model in Gastroenterology: A Pilot Study
Authors: Gong Eun Jeong , Bang Chang Seok , Lee Jae Jun , Park Jonghyung , Kim Eunsil , Kim Subeen , Kimm Minjae , Choi Seoung-Ho
Published: December 2024

Background: The large language model (LLM) has the potential to be applied to clinical practice. However, there has been scarce study on this in the field of gastroenterology. Aim: This study explores the potential clinical utility of two LLMs in the field of gastroenterology: a customized GPT model and a conventional GPT-4o, an advanced LLM capable of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Method: We established a customized GPT with the BM25 algorithm using Open AI’s GPT-4o model, which allows it to produce responses in the context of specific documents including textbooks of internal medicine (in English) and gastroenterology (in Korean). Also, we prepared a conventional ChatGPT 4o (accessed on 16 October 2024) access. The benchmark (written in Korean) consisted of 15 clinical questions developed by four clinical experts, representing typical questions for medical students. The two LLMs, a gastroenterology fellow, and an expert gastroenterologist were tested to assess their performance. Results: While the customized LLM correctly answered 8 out of 15 questions, the fellow answered 10 correctly. When the standardized Korean medical terms were replaced with English terminology, the LLM’s performance improved, answering two additional knowledge-based questions correctly, matching the fellow’s score. However, judgment-based questions remained a challenge for the model. Even with the implementation of ‘Chain of Thought’ prompt engineering, the customized GPT did not achieve improved reasoning. Conventional GPT-4o achieved the highest score among the AI models (14/15). Although both models performed slightly below the expert gastroenterologist’s level (15/15), they show promising potential for clinical applications (scores comparable with or higher than that of the gastroenterology fellow). Conclusions: LLMs could be utilized to assist with specialized tasks such as patient counseling. However, RAG capabilities by enabling real-time retrieval of external data not included in the training dataset, appear essential for managing complex, specialized content, and clinician oversight will remain crucial to ensure safe and effective use in clinical practice.
The Representation of Orientation Semantics in Visual Sensory Memory
Authors: Hu Jingjing , Zheng Xutao , Xu Haokui
Published: December 2024

Visual sensory memory constructs representations of the physical information of visual objects. However, few studies have investigated whether abstract information, such as semantic information, is also involved in these representations. This study utilized a masking technique combined with the partial report paradigm to examine whether visual sensory memory representation contains semantic information. Here, we regarded the concept of orientation carried by the visual stimulus as semantic information. In three experiments, participants were asked to remember the orientation of arrows. Visual stimuli with orientation information (triangles, rectangles, and Chinese characters) and without orientation information (circles, squares, and different Chinese characters) were used as masks. The results showed that memory performance was worse when masks contained orientation information compared to when they did not, as similar orientation semantic information between masks and targets created visual representation conflicts. These findings suggest that visual sensory memory representation includes the semantic information of orientation.
Visualization Analysis of Construction Robots Based on Knowledge Graph
Authors: Dong Runrun , Chen Cuixia , Wang Zihan
Published: December 2024

Construction robots are pivotal in advancing the construction industry towards intelligent upgrades. To further explore the current research landscape in this domain, the CNKI Chinese database and the Web of Science core database were employed as data sources. CiteSpace software (version 6.2R4) was utilized to visualize and the analyze relevant literature on construction robots from 2007 to 2024, generating pertinent maps. The findings reveal an annual increase in the number of publications concerning construction robots. An analysis of institutions and authors indicates closer collaboration among English institutions, while Chinese authors exhibit stronger cooperation. However, overall institutional and author collaboration remains limited and fragmented, with no prominent core group of authors emerging. Research hotspots in both the Chinese and English literature are largely aligned, focusing on intelligent construction, human-robot collaboration, and path planning. Notably, the Chinese literature emphasizes technical aspects, whereas the English literature is more application-oriented. Future trends in the field are likely to include human-robot collaboration, intelligent construction, robot vision technology, and the cultivation of specialized talent.
The Effect of Resistance and/or Aerobic Training on Quality of Life, Fitness, and Body Composition in Prostate Cancer Patients—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kempin Shimon , Buchner Alexander , Brose Sarah Frederike , Schmidt-Hegemann Nina , May Matthias , Wolff Ingmar , Kravchuk Anton , Stief Christian , Brookman-May Sabine D. , Enzinger Benazir
Published: December 2024

Background: Prostate cancer (PC) and its treatment are often associated with side effects such as fatigue, muscle loss, and diminished quality of life (QoL). Physical exercise, particularly resistance training (RT) and aerobic training (AT), has been suggested as a strategy to mitigate these effects. However, the comparative efficacy of RT, AT, and combined RT/AT on QoL, body composition, physical fitness, and laboratory markers in PC patients is still insufficiently understood. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating structured RT, AT, or combined RT/AT programs in PC patients undergoing various treatments were included. The primary outcome was QoL, assessed using EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-PR25 questionnaires. Secondary outcomes included body composition, fitness, and laboratory parameters. The studies were sourced from PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL through May 2024. The effect sizes were pooled using random-effects models, and the risk of bias was systematically assessed following the GRADE approach. Results: A total of 30 RCTs, encompassing 2216 PC patients, were analyzed. Combined RT/AT significantly improved QoL subdomains, including global health, and cognitive and sexual function, while reducing fatigue and urinary symptoms. RT alone improved body composition by increasing lean body mass and reducing body fat percentage. Both RT and combined RT/AT enhanced strength (chest and leg press) and VO2peak. No significant changes were observed in laboratory markers, such as PSA or lipid levels. The effects of isolated AT remain unclear due to limited data. Conclusions: RT and combined RT/AT significantly improve QoL, fitness, and body composition in PC patients, with no detectable effect on PSA or lipid levels. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific effects of AT and to investigate long-term outcomes.
Comparison of Single-Use Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy (sNPWT) and Standard Dressings Applied to the Same Patient During Bilateral Tissue Expander-to-Implant Exchanges
Authors: Molska Maja , Wojciech Magdalena , Murawa Dawid
Published: December 2024

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. The number of cases is increasing among young women, and consequently, breast reconstructions are performed more often. Postoperative complications, wound healing, and the quality of scars influence the final cosmetic outcomes. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of using a negative-pressure therapy compared to a standard dressing on two postoperative wounds in the same woman, after bilateral tissue expander replacement surgery—when identical healing conditions occur. Methods: This study includes a single-center evaluation of the application of two different dressings during bilateral exchanges of tissue expanders with breast implants. The study included 22 patients with a history of breast cancer after bilateral mastectomy with two-stage reconstruction. During the second stage, a sNPWT was applied to one breast and a standard dressing to the other. Results: A statistically significant difference in skin elasticity in favor of sNPWT was visible after 7 days, while the greatest difference was visible in the evaluation after 6 months (mean of 0.806 vs. 0.607). A difference in temperature measurements was shown 7 days after the procedure. However, after 30 days, these measurements were similar. There was also a reduced incidence of postoperative complications as well as seroma accumulation in the breasts with negative pressure. Conclusions: The results indicate faster healing, better scar quality, and improved skin elasticity in breasts with sNPWT compared to the standard dressing. The number of postoperative complications were also reduced, which is especially important in high-risk patients.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Newly Diagnosed Head-and-Neck Cancer Patients
Authors: Florie Michelle G. M. H. , Wieland Monse W. M. , Pilz Walmari , Partoens Rosanne , Winkens Bjorn , Hoeben Ann , Rommel Nathalie , Baijens Laura W. J.
Published: December 2024

Background: Head-and-neck cancer (HNC) can cause oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD). Early identification of OD in newly diagnosed HNC patients is important to better prepare patients for their cancer treatment trajectory. The aim of this study is (1) to assess the prevalence of OD in HNC patients within three weeks before the start of cancer treatment and (2) to investigate which demographic and oncological characteristics may be risk factors associated with the risk of OD at baseline. Methods: Patients (N = 225) completed the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) and Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between OD versus demographic and oncological characteristics. Results: A total of 21.3% (proportion 0.213; 95% CI 0.163–0.274) of the patients were at risk for OD. After correction for age, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) grade, and primary tumor location, a significant association was found between advanced-stage cancer versus the risk of OD. Additionally, post hoc analysis revealed a significant association between the risk of malnutrition versus the risk of OD. Conclusions: Approximately one-fifth of all newly diagnosed HNC patients are at risk of OD, with advanced-stage cancer and malnutrition emerging as significant risk factors of OD. These findings empower health professionals toward more effective screening and management of a patient’s risk profile before the start of HNC treatment.
Influence of Breast Density and Menopausal Status on Background Parenchymal Enhancement in Contrast-Enhanced Mammography: Insights from a Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Nicosia Luca , Mariano Luciano , Mallardi Carmen , Sorce Adriana , Frassoni Samuele , Bagnardi Vincenzo , Gialain Cristian , Pesapane Filippo , Sangalli Claudia , Cassano Enrico
Published: December 2024

Background: Contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) has recently gained recognition as an effective alternative to breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessing breast lesions, offering both morphological and functional imaging capabilities. However, the phenomenon of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) remains a critical consideration, as it can affect the interpretation of images by obscuring or mimicking lesions. While the impact of BPE has been well-documented in MRI, limited data are available regarding the factors influencing BPE in CEM and its relationship with breast cancer (BC) characteristics. Materials: This retrospective study included 116 patients with confirmed invasive BC who underwent CEM prior to biopsy and surgery. Data collected included patient age, breast density, receptor status, tumor grading, and the Ki-67 proliferation index. BPE was evaluated by two radiologists using the 2022 ACR BI-RADS lexicon for CEM. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between BPE, patient demographics, and tumor characteristics. Results: The study found a significant association between higher levels of BPE and specific patient characteristics. In particular, increased BPE was more commonly observed in patients with higher breast density (p < 0.001) and those who were pre-menopausal (p = 0.029). Among patients categorized under density level B, the majority exhibited minimal BPE, while those in categories C and D showed progressively higher levels of BPE, indicating a clear trend correlating higher breast density with increased enhancement. Additionally, pre-menopausal patients demonstrated a higher likelihood of moderate to marked BPE compared to post-menopausal patients. Despite these significant associations, the analysis did not reveal a meaningful correlation between BPE intensity and tumor subtypes (p = 0.77) or tumor grade (p = 0.73). The inter-reader agreement for BPE assessment was substantial, as indicated by a weighted kappa of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.68–0.89), demonstrating consistent evaluation between radiologists. Conclusions: These findings suggest that BPE in CEM is influenced by factors like breast density and age, aligning with patterns observed in MRI studies. However, BPE intensity was not associated with tumor subtypes or grades, indicating a poorer prognosis. These insights highlight the potential of BPE as a risk biomarker in preventive follow-up, particularly for patients with high breast density and pre-menopausal status. Further multicentric and prospective studies are needed to validate these results and deepen the understanding of BPE’s role in CEM diagnostics.
A GWAS Suggesting Genetic Modifiers to Increase the Risk of Colorectal Cancer from Antibiotic Use
Authors: Vermani Litika , Wolk Alicja , Lindblom Annika
Published: December 2024

Background: Antibiotics have recently been suggested to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Here, we aimed to investigate the association of frequent antibiotic use and genetic susceptibility with the increased risk of the development of colorectal cancer. Therefore, a genome-wide association study was conducted in colorectal cancer patients with frequent antibiotic use and controls to identify potential chromosomal regions that could indicate an increased risk of colorectal cancer associated with antibiotic use. The results were replicated with a case-case analysis. Methods: A genome-wide case-control study involving 143 colorectal cancer cases with frequent exposure to antibiotics and 1642 healthy individuals with unknown antibiotic use was undertaken. A logistic regression model was used to identify associations between certain chromosomal regions (loci) and the risk of colorectal cancer in cases with frequent antibiotic use. The results were replicated in a follow-up association case-case study comparing the frequent users to those with a more modest use of antibiotics. Results: Six chromosomal regions were associated with colorectal cancer in patients exposed to frequent antibiotic use. Two of the six regions contained genes already suggested to be associated with colorectal cancer tumorigenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and colorectal cancer recurrence. The results for the six chromosomal regions were further replicated in a case-case analysis where all the chromosomal regions were confirmed with high odds ratios (ORs) supporting the hypothesis that frequent antibiotic use is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer development. Conclusions: The study suggested that genetic modifiers could influence the risk of colorectal cancer associated with the frequent use of antibiotics.
In Vivo Photoelectrochemical Analysis
Authors: Li Li , Zhao Yueru , Pan Cong , Ma Wenjie , Yu Ping
Published: December 2024

Microelectrode-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) technology is a novel and rapidly developing analytical method for the in vivo probing of neurochemical events in the brain, which is distinguished by its low background noise and high detection sensitivity. This mini-review focuses on recent advances in in vivo PEC biosensors. We classify the key characteristics of PEC technology and elucidate its underlying principles. Furthermore, newly developed PEC neurochemical sensing methods for detecting various substances, including SO2, antibiotics, metal ions, neurotransmitters, and thioalcohols, as well as cells are discussed. Finally, this review concludes with a comprehensive summary and perspectives on the emerging opportunities and challenges facing this field.
GH Therapy in Non–Growth Hormone-Deficient Children
Authors: Guzzetti Chiara , Ibba Anastasia , Incandela Valeria , Loche Sandro
Published: December 2024

Before 1985, growth hormone (GH) was extracted from human pituitaries, and its therapeutic use was limited to children with severe GH deficiency (GHD). The availability of an unlimited amount of recombinant GH (rhGH) allowed for investigating the efficacy of its therapeutic use in a number of conditions other than GHD. Nowadays, patients with Turner syndrome, SHOX deficiency, Noonan syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome, idiopathic short stature, chronic kidney disease, and children born small for gestational age can be treated with rhGH in order to improve adult height. In patients with Prader–Willi syndrome, rhGH therapy also improves body composition and cognitive function. Large post-marketing multinational studies in a large number of pediatric patients demonstrated a good safety profile for rhGH. Recently, long-acting formulations of rhGH have been approved and licensed for GHD, and clinical trials are ongoing for other conditions. In this paper, we review the rhGH therapy in children with conditions other than GHD.
The Role of Serum Vitamin D Levels and Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Gene Variants on Dental Caries
Authors: Şengün Berber Ece , Koç Feyza Umay , Aykut Ayça , Barutçuoğlu Burcu , Ertuğrul Fahinur , Tosyalı Merve , Pekerbaş Mert , Aykut Yetkiner Arzu
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D helps the mineralization of bone, teeth, and other calcified tissues by regulating calcium–phosphate metabolism. The nuclear activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene is essential for the effectiveness of vitamin D. The main objective of this study is to determine the role of vitamin D levels and VDR gene variants in dental caries. Methods: This study included 128 3–6-year-old children who were divided into 64 caries-free and 64 carious children. Blood samples were taken, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured. Intraoral examinations were performed to record dmft index values. Genetic testing was performed on 26 children to examine VDR gene variations. Relevant gene regions were amplified using PCR and sequenced via Sanger sequencing in a total of 13 caries-free and 13 carious children. Stats analyses included chi-square/trend tests to compare count data; Student’s T/Mann–Whitney U tests for two-group normally/non-normally distributed data; and the Kruskal–Wallis test for 3+ groups with non-normal data. Results: The results showed that vitamin D levels were relatively low in the caries group, but no statistically significant relationship was found between vitamin D levels and caries. No mutations were detected in the VDR gene in either group, and there was no significant difference observed in terms of the number of ApaI, TaqI, and FokI polymorphisms. Based on these findings, the use of prophylactic vitamin D supplements to prevent caries formation or development cannot be recommended. Conclusions: This study provides important insights into the relationship between vitamin D and dental caries and can contribute to the development of effective preventive strategies for oral and dental health.