bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Old and New Problems of Playing the Basso Continuo
Authors: Bergmann Walter
Published: January 2007

I am grateful to the Royal Musical Association for giving me the chance to talk on a subject on which I have been working for over thirty years, and to talk to an audience who know enough about it so that I can go straight in medias res. I am concerned with applying our knowledge of how the basso continuo was played in its own period (from about 1600 to about 1750) to present day conditions. The use of the basso continuo has never quite died out; it has survived until today in some organ lofts, and also as unequalled teaching material for the study of harmonies, not forgetting the odd recitative in some operas. But here I am only concerned with the handling of the form in present-day performances of works of the basso continuo period, which includes all composers from Monteverdi, Purcell, Bach and Handel to C. P. E. Bach, to mention only a few. The great interest in these works demands a revival of the old art of playing the basso continuo. Old and new books on the subject are being studied by conductors, players, editors and instrument makers; some excellent continuo players have appeared; and almost daily new publications with realizations of bassi continui are thrown on the market.
Sources of the Old Hall Music
Authors: Bent Margaret
Published: January 2007

The study of a musical manuscript for its purely physical features—the paleographic and diplomatic study of a manuscript—may seem a far cry from the music it contains, which ought to be our main focus of study. But such investigation can inform us very precisely about the preparation and purpose of a manuscript. It can suggest a great deal more about the ways in which the minds of scribes, performers, even composers worked. (A second thought, for example, can be twice as significant if you have deciphered the first thought erased beneath it.) It is, in other words, the archaeology of music, and relates to the music itself as excavation does to our understanding of civilisation.
Balakirev's Personality
Authors: Garden Edward
Published: January 2007

Mily Balakirev, the leader of the small group of Russian nationalist composers nicknamed by Vladimir Stassov the ‘moguchaya kuchka’ (the 'mighty handful'), was a controversial figure in his lifetime, and has remained so ever since. What was it that led him to take such seemingly odd actions as his retirement from music at the age of 35 ? What induced him to quarrel with nearly all his former friends and sympathisers? Was he, as Gerald Abraham put it, a flawed genius ? Why did the great works which were expected from him never materialise in anything like the numbers that all his friends hoped for? Why were they nearly all profoundly disappointed that one whom they knew to be an outstanding composer failed (in their opinion) to achieve in the works he did produce that greatness which he exuded in their presence, 'bewitching' them, as Rimsky-Korsakov put it, with his magnetism and hypnotising them with the ‘incomparable beauty’, as Stassov wrote, of his extemporisations at the piano?
The Two Traviatas
Authors: Budden Julian
Published: January 2007

An opera so widely known and loved as La traviata may seem. a strange subject for musicological research. It was first performed in March 1853. From the following year onwards it enjoyed an uninterrupted reign as an international favourite. Throughout the nineteenth century it came second in popularity only to Il trovatore; while Verdi himself, when asked at one point which of his own operas he preferred, is said to have replied, ‘Speaking as a professional, Rigoletto, speaking as an amateur, La traviata’. In the period following his death many of Verdi's works now considered masterpieces sank for a while below the horizon—but not La traviata. Today it is not only Verdi's best-loved opera, but the most popular piece in the entire operatic repertory. What more could there be to find out about it?
The Effects of Measurement Error on Two-Stage, Least-Squares Estimates
Authors: Green Donald Philip
Published: January 2007

Two-stage least squares (2SLS) is a statistical procedure that is used to correct for simultaneity bias and errors in variables. When applied to certain kinds of models, however, 2SLS is itself susceptible to bias as a result of random and nonrandom measurement error in the data. Using data from the 1980 Center for Political Studies panel, I show how different assumptions about measurement error produce radically different impressions about the reciprocal relationship between party identification and presidential performance evaluations.
Problems of Time and Causality in Survey Cross-sections
Authors: Mebane Walter R.
Published: January 2007

Ordinary intuition about the relative exogeneity of demographic variables in a linear regression model is used to illustrate a general problem that can arise in statistical models for purely cross-sectional surveys: while the model that represents intuition is compatible with formal exogeneity criteria, the compatibility depends on information about variation over time with respect to each individual that a purely cross-sectional data collection lacks. That lack of information implies that the model usually used to represent the effects of demographic variables in cross-sectional surveys is seriously misspecified. The same limitation affects any specification motivated by ideas about temporal processes. The assumptions needed to translate ideas about temporal processes into a purely cross-sectional model are then identified, and found to include incredibly strong assumptions of homogeneity and stationarity. The difficulty of the assumptions appearing to be so extreme, the discussion then considers the possibility of a concept of causality that does not rely on variation over time, by briefly examining Lewin's field theory. The extent to which current survey practice draws on temporal ideas even in pure cross-sections is then indicated, with reference toThe American Voter'simage of a “funnel of causality.”
Complex Measures and Sociotropic Voting
Authors: Cowden Jonathan A. , Hartley Thomas
Published: January 2007

Social scientists often employ measures that tap correlated factors. This article explores the effects of these complex measures on OLS estimators and specifies some of the conditions under which researchers should or should not include them in a regression.

The derivations allow us to shed some new light on the debate about sociotropic and pocketbook voting. In a classic piece, Kramer (1983) criticized inferences about economic interests that were based on cross-sectional data. He also argued that aggregate data could be used to assess the net effects of both sociotropic interest and self-interest on the vote. In this article, by using a complex judgment measure of sociotropic and self-interested economic perceptions and a redundant measure of self-interested perceptions, we are able to produce a consistent estimate of the sociotropic effect with aggregate data. An estimate of the self-interest effect is also available, though it may not have any desirable asymptotic properties.
State and Rate Dependent Friction Laws for Modeling High-Speed Frictional Slip at Metal-on-Metal Interfaces
Authors: Ullah Hamid , Irfan M. A. , Prakash V.
Published: January 2007

In the present paper the applicability of state and rate dependent friction laws in describing the phenomena of high speed slip at metal-on-metal interfaces is investigated. For the purpose of model validation, results of plate-impact pressure-shear friction experiments were conducted by Irfan in 1998 and Irfan and Prakash in 2000 using a Ti6Al4V and Carpenter Hampden tool-steel tribo pair are employed. In these experiments high normal pressures (1-3GPa) and slip speeds of approximately 50m∕s were attained during the high-speed slip event. Moreover, these experiments were designed to investigate the evolution of friction stress in response to step changes in normal pressure and also in the applied shear stress during the high-speed slip event. A step drop in normal pressure is observed to result in an exponential decay of the friction stress to a new steady-state characteristic of the current normal pressure and the current slip velocity. A step drop in applied shear stress is observed to lead to an initial drop in friction stress, which later increases toward a new steady-state friction stress level. In response to the step drop in applied shear stress the slip velocity initially increases and then decreases to a new steady-state level consistent with the new friction stress level. A modified rate and state dependent friction model that employs both velocity and normal stress dependent state variables is used to simulate the experimental results. A good correlation is found between the experimental results and the predictions of the proposed state and rate dependent friction model.
End-stage renal disease causes an imbalance between endothelial and smooth muscle progenitor cells
Authors: Westerweel Peter E. , Hoefer Imo E. , Blankestijn Peter J. , de Bree Petra , Groeneveld Dafna , van Oostrom Olivia , Braam Branko , Koomans Hein A. , Verhaar Marianne C.
Published: January 2007

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) contribute to vascular regeneration and repair, thereby protecting against CVD. However, circulating smooth muscle progenitor cells (SPC) may contribute to adverse vascular remodeling. We hypothesized that an imbalance occurs between EPC and SPC in ESRD patients and sampled progenitor cells from 45 ESRD patients receiving regular treatment. Our study is the first to show reduced numbers of CD34+KDR+ hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived EPC (type I EPC). Furthermore, monocyte-derived EPC cultured from mononuclear cells (type II EPC) were reduced in number and had a reduced capacity to stimulate endothelial cell angiogenesis. In contrast, SPC outgrowth was unaffected. In vitro incubation with uremic serum impaired type II EPC outgrowth from healthy donor mononuclear cells and did not influence SPC outgrowth. The hemodialysis procedure itself induced HSC apoptosis and caused an acute depletion of circulating EPC. Taken together, the decreased number and impaired function of EPC are compatible with impaired endogenous vascular repair in hemodialysis patients, whereas the unaffected SPC numbers suggest that the potential of progenitor cells to contribute to adverse remodeling is retained. This EPC-SPC imbalance may contribute to the acceleration of CVD in ESRD patients and could offer novel therapeutic targets.
Radiation Effects on Development of HER2-Positive Breast Carcinomas
Authors: Castiglioni Fabio , Terenziani Monica , Carcangiu Maria Luisa , Miliano Raffaella , Aiello Piera , Bertola Lorenzo , Triulzi Tiziana , Gasparini Patrizia , Camerini Tiziana , Sozzi Gabriella , Fossati-Bellani Franca , Ménard Sylvie , Tagliabue Elda
Published: January 2007

Purpose: Neither hormone-related nor genetics risk factors have been associated with the development of highly proliferative HER2-positive breast carcinomas. Because the majority of HER2-positive tumors present the amplification of the oncogene, we asked whether genomic instability triggered by irradiation might be involved in the induction of HER2-overexpressing breast carcinomas.

Experimental Design: Sixty-six infiltrating breast carcinomas from patients treated with radiation therapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma or other pediatric solid tumors and a control series of 61 consecutive sporadic breast tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for HER2 expression with HercepTest. A panel of antibodies against estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, c-kit, cytokeratin 5/6, p53, and ki67 antigen was also used to identify differentiation subsets and molecular characteristics of the analyzed breast carcinomas.

Results: Although no differences between the two tumor series were found with respect to HER2 expression scored 2+ and 3+, the percentage of 3+ HER2-positive tumors was significantly higher in patients irradiated during breast maturation compared with patients irradiated after breast maturation (35.3% versus 12.5%, P = 0.046). In the latter group, 52.5% of the breast carcinomas showed basal-like differentiation (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 negative) versus only 5.9% in the group irradiated during breast development (P < 0.0001). Analysis adjusted for age confirmed the significant increase in basal-like tumor development in patients irradiated within 4 years of menarche, but also showed that the differences between patients irradiated before and after puberty in HER2 3+ tumor frequencies are due to age-related differences in HER2 3+ tumor onset.

Conclusion: Together, our data indicate that the development of HER2-positive tumors correlates with timing rather than type of carcinogenic hits and provide clear evidence that radiation is a risk factor for breast carcinomas showing basal-like differentiation.
Clonality and Prognostic Implications of p53 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Somatic Aberrations in Multiple Primary Lung Cancers
Authors: Chang Yih-Leong , Wu Chen-Tu , Lin Shu-Chen , Hsiao Chin-Fu , Jou Yuh-Shan , Lee Yung-Chie
Published: January 2007

Purpose: For treatment decision and prognostic applications, we evaluated p53/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) somatic aberrations in multiple primary lung cancers to differentiate multifocal tumors from intrapulmonary metastasis.

Experimental Design: Fifty-eight multiple primary lung cancers of 1,037 patients in a 10-year period were identified to investigate somatic mutations and altered expression of p53 and EGFR for clonality assessment. Genomic DNA was extracted from microdissected cells of paraffin-embedded multiple primary lung cancer tissues. Overexpression and somatic mutations in exons of p53 (exons 5-8) and tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR (exons 18-22) were examined by immunohistochemical staining and DNA sequencing, respectively.

Results: High frequency of somatic mutations in p53 (33 of 58, 56.9%) and/or EGFR (44 of 58, 75.9%) resulted in high discrimination rate of tumor clonality (50 of 58, 86.2%) of multiple primary lung cancers. Twenty-two cases (37.9%) were assessed as having the same clonality and 28 cases (48.3%) were determined as having different clonality, which further supported the carcinogenic theory of field cancerization. Notably, the occurrence of lymph node metastasis was more commonly observed in tumors with the same clonality (P = 0.045) and was associated with poor patient 5-year survival rate (P = 0.001). However, no correlation was found between tumor clonality and patient survival (P = 0.630). The EGFR somatic aberrations in 58 multiple primary lung cancers, including vascular invasion associated with EGFR overexpression (P = 0.012) and mutation (P = 0.025), further suggested the potential benefits of target therapy of inoperable multiple primary lung cancers.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that analysis of somatic alterations in p53 and EGFR can significantly improve the clonality assessment and impact management of multiple primary lung cancer patients.
Experience use history as a segmentation tool to examine golf travellers' satisfaction, perceived value and repurchase intentions
Authors: Petrick James F.
Published: January 2007

It is becoming increasingly important for destination managers to identify the variables which attract and retain their current and potential clientele. The segmentation of golf travellers into homogeneous markets allows for the comparison of consumer variables by groups and can assist management in formulating consumer-oriented marketing strategies. The current study utilised experience use history (EUH) to create distinct, identifiable segments of golf travellers by examining their past behaviour and experience levels. This allowed the consideration of differences between the segments with regard to overall satisfaction, perceived value and intention to repurchase a golf vacation. Results revealed that golf travellers with diferent EUHs difiered in both their overall satisfaction and intentions to revisit the destination. Specific managerial implications are discussed.
The measurement of perceived differences in service quality — The case of health spas in Slovenia
Authors: Snoj Boris , Mumel Damijan
Published: January 2007

The authors concentrate on the importance of service quality elements in health spas. In the introduction the authors describe general characteristics of the health spa industry in Slovenia. They also point out the expanding emphasis on the service elements of products, their perceived quality and their influence upon the management practices of organisations. The main characteristics of the theoretical discussion on quality of services are presented, as well as the background of the research project.

This 1999 study was a replication of part of a research project on the health spa industry in Slovenia conducted in 1991 using the SERVQUAL instrument. The project dealt with the assessment of the overall service quality in two health spas, the identification of important profiles of health spa service quality components and the identification of possible differences between important profiles of service quality components identified in 1991 and those seen in 1999.

Most of the important differences in the structure of the service quality elements emerged during the interval between both research projects.
Expression and function of cystine/glutamate transporter in neutrophils
Authors: Sakakura Yuki , Sato Hideyo , Shiiya Ayako , Tamba Michiko , Sagara Jun-ichi , Matsuda Manabu , Okamura Naomichi , Makino Nobuo , Bannai Shiro
Published: January 2007

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by neutrophils are essential in the host defense against infections but may be harmful to neutrophils themselves. Glutathione (GSH) plays a pivotal role in protecting cells against ROS-mediated oxidant injury. Cystine/glutamate transporter, designated as system xc– and consisting of two proteins, xCT and 4F2hc, is important to maintain GSH levels in mammalian-cultured cells. In the present paper, we have investigated system xc– in neutrophils. In human peripheral blood neutrophils, neither the activity of system xc– nor xCT mRNA was detected. The activity was induced, and xCT mRNA was expressed when they were cultured in vitro. The mRNA expression was much enhanced in the presence of opsonized zymosan or PMA. In contrast, mouse peritoneal exudate neutrophils, immediately after preparation, exhibited system xc– activity and expressed xCT mRNA. The activity and the expression were heightened further when they were cultured. Peritoneal exudate cells (mostly neutrophils) from xCT-deficient (xCT−/−) mice had lower cysteine content than those from the wild-type mice. GSH levels in the xCT−/−cells decreased rapidly when they were cultured, whereas those in the wild-type cells were maintained during the culture. Apoptosis induced in culture was enhanced in the xCT−/−cells compared with the wild-type cells. These results suggest that system xc– plays an important role in neutrophils when they are activated, and their GSH consumption is accelerated.
Meta-Analysis of Risk of Malignancy with Immunosuppressive Drugs in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Masunaga Yukari , Ohno Keiko , Ogawa Ryuichi , Hashiguchi Masayuki , Echizen Hirotoshi , Ogata Hiroyasu
Published: January 2007

Background:

There is a concern as to whether long-term administration of immunosuppressants in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) would increase the risk of malignancy.

Objective:

To compare the risks of developing malignancy between patients with IBD treated with immunosuppressive agents and patients with IBD not receiving these agents.

Methods:

A systematic literature review was conducted, and a meta-analysis was performed on data retrieved from cohort studies that followed patients with IBD who received immunosuppressive agents for more than a year and documented the incidence of newly developed malignancy. An electronic search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966–September 2006), the Cochrane Library (issue 3, 2006), and Japana Centra Revuo Medicina (1981–September 2006). Medical subject headings used in the searches were azalhioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, methotrexate, tacrolimus, inflammatory bowel disease, and neoplasms. We imposed no language limitation in the searches. Additionally, a manual search of reference listings from all articles retrieved from the electronic databases was performed. Using data obtained from control groups or population-based studies, the incidence of newly developed malignancy in patients with IBD treated with immunosuppressive agents was compared with that of patients with IBD who were not receiving immunosuppressive agents. Statistical analysis for the change in risk of developing malignancy was performed using the weighted mean difference (WMD) normalized to per person-year and its 95% confidence interval.

Results:

Nine cohort studies met the inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. Analysis of these studies showed no discernible difference (WMD −0.3 × 10-3/person-year; 95% CI −1.2 × 10-3 to 0.7 × 10-3) in the incidence of any kind of malignancy in patients with IBD who received immunosuppressants compared with those who did not receive immunosuppressants. No significant difference in WMD was observed when the data from patients with either Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) were analyzed separately.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that the administration of immunosuppressive agents in patients with either CD or UC probably does not confer a significantly increased risk of malignancy compared with patients with IBD who are not receiving these agents.
Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Wilhelm Sheila M , Dehoorne-Smith Michelle L , Kale-Pradhan Pramodini B
Published: January 2007

Objective:

To review the literature on the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in adults.

Data Sources:

Literature retrieval was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–December 2006) using the terms postoperative nausea and vomiting, prevention and treatment. Article references were hand-searched for additional relevant articles and abstracts.

Study Selection And Data Extraction:

All studies published in English were evaluated. Those dealing with prevention and treatment of PONV in adults were included in the review.

Data Synthesis:

Evidence suggests that providing prophylactic antiemetic medications in high-risk surgical patients is warranted. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are widely used, with no one agent being clearly superior. However, studies have shown other types of agents to ho more cost-effective.

Conclusions:

The first step in the prevention of PONV is assessment and reduction of risk factors. Although nonpharmacologic therapies may play a role in the treatment of PONV, the mainstay of therapy for PONV is pharmacologic modalities. Patients at moderate to high risk for PONV need prophylactic antiemetic therapy. High-risk patients may require combination therapy with 2 or 3 agents from different antiemetic classes. Rescue antiemetic therapy is needed by patients who actually develop PONV. The agents of choice in such cases should be from antiemetic classes different from those used for prophylaxis of PONV.
Rapid Desensitization Protocols for Patients with Cardiovascular Disease and Aspirin Hypersensitivity in an Era of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy
Authors: Page Nathaniel A , Schroeder Walter S
Published: January 2007

Objective:

To review the available protocols for rapid desensitization of patients with aspirin hypersensitivity and apply the data for use in patients with cardiovascular disease who would benefit from the dual antiplatelet therapy.

Data Sources:

A literature search was conducted via MEDLINE from 1966 to December 2006. Main search terms included: aspirin sensitivity, aspirin allergy, aspirin desensitization, aspirin-induced asthma, aspirin therapy, and aspirin intolerance syndrome.

Study Selection And Data Extraction:

Articles describing rapid aspirin desensitization protocols were selected for review. Literature pertaining to aspirin hypersensitivity, drug desensitization, and the use of aspirin and dual antiplatelet therapy was also examined. Three rapid desensitization protocols were identified and evaluated.

Data Synthesis:

While landmark studies demonstrated that dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel significantly reduces mortality and morbidity in acute coronary syndromes and coronary stenting, patients with aspirin hypersensitivity are frequently managed with clopidogrel alone with no supporting data. Approximately 10% of the population experiences hypersensitivity to aspirin, which can manifest as asthma exacerbations, rhinorrhea, angioedema, urticaria, and anaphylaxis. The hypersensitivity reaction is mediated through aspirin-directed antibodies or by excessive leukotriene production. The desensitization process involved depletion of these mediators, as well as down-regulation of leukotriene receptors. Two groups of investigators developed rapid protocols to desensitize patients with aspirin hypersensitivity safely and effectively. The rapid protocol developed by Wong provides benefits over other protocols with its low starting dose and completion in less than 3 hours, low incidence of adverse effects, and high success rate in aspirin desensitization.

Conclusions:

The Wong protocol is an attractive option for the rapid desensitization of patients requiring dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel in the perimyocardial infarction period.
ProteinChip Array Profiling for Identification of Disease- and Chemotherapy-Associated Biomarkers of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Cho William CS , Yip Timothy TC , Ngan Roger KC , Yip Tai-Tung , Podust Vladimir N , Yip Christine , Yiu Harry HY , Yip Victor , Cheng Wai-Wai , Ma Victor WS , Law Stephen CK
Published: January 2007

Background: We previously used ProteinChip array profiling analysis to discover a serum biomarker associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, we used the same method to examine other biomarkers associated with NPC and response to chemotherapy (CT) in NPC patients.

Methods: We performed ProteinChip array analysis in 209 serum samples from 66 relapsed patients before and after salvage CT with gemcitabine and cisplatin or etoposide and cisplatin combinations, 11 patients in remission, and 35 healthy individuals. Intensities of the biomarker peaks were correlated with CT response of the patients and other clinical parameters.

Results: We discovered 13 candidate biomarkers associated with different clinical parameters. Two biomarkers (2803 and 3953 Da) were significantly increased in patients compared with controls at all stages of disease. Analysis of pre- and post-CT paired serum samples revealed 7 biomarkers correlated with impact of CT. Of these 7 biomarkers, 2 (2509 and 2756 Da) were significantly increased and 5 (7588, 7659, 7765, 7843, and 8372 Da) were significantly decreased post-CT in either 1 or both CT cohorts. Four biomarkers from pre-CT sera were correlated with CT response, with 3 (2950, 13 510, and 14 855 Da) being significantly decreased and 1 (6701 Da) significantly increased in patients who did not respond to CT. Tandem mass spectrometric sequencing and/or immunoaffinity capture assay identified the 3953 Da biomarker as a fragment of interα-trypsin inhibitor precursor and 7765 Da biomarker as platelet factor-4.

Conclusions: Treatment-associated serum biomarkers found might serve to triage NPC patients for appropriate CT treatment.
Early Life Exposure to Antibiotics and the Subsequent Development of Eczema, Wheeze, and Allergic Sensitization in the First 2 Years of Life: The KOALA Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Kummeling Ischa , Stelma Foekje F. , Dagnelie Pieter C. , Snijders Bianca E. P. , Penders John , Huber Machteld , van Ree Ronald , van den Brandt Piet A. , Thijs Carel
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVES. Antibiotic exposure in early life may be associated with atopic disease development either by interfering with bacterial commensal flora or by modifying the course of bacterial infections. We evaluated early life exposure to antibiotics and the subsequent development of eczema, wheeze, and allergic sensitization in infancy.

METHODS. Information on antibiotic use in the first 6 months and eczema and wheeze until age 2 was collected by repeated questionnaires in 2764 families participating in the KOALA (Child, Parent and Health: Lifestyle and Genetic Constitution [in Dutch]) Birth Cohort Study in the Netherlands. Antibiotic intake was evaluated both as maternal antibiotic use during breastfeeding and infant oral medication. Venous blood samples taken from 815 infants at 2 years of age were analyzed for total and specific immunoglobulin E against common food and inhalant allergens using a radioallergosorbent test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for confounding factors.

RESULTS. During the first 2 years, eczema was present in 32% of all infants, recurrent wheeze in 11%, and prolonged wheezing in 5%. At 2 years old, 27% of children were sensitized against ≥1 allergen. At 6 months old, 11% had been exposed to antibiotics through breast milk and 20% directly through medication. The risk for recurrent wheeze, and prolonged wheeze was higher in infants directly exposed to antibiotics through medication, also after excluding from the analyses children who wheezed in the same period as an antibiotic had been used (avoiding reverse causation). Antibiotic use through breastfeeding was associated with recurrent wheeze, but prolonged wheeze was not. Eczema and sensitization were not associated with antibiotic exposure.

CONCLUSIONS.We demonstrated that early antibiotic use preceded the manifestation of wheeze but not eczema or allergic sensitization during the first 2 years of life. Different biological mechanisms may underlie the etiology of wheeze compared with eczema or sensitization. Antibiotic exposure through breastfeeding enhanced the risk for recurrent wheeze, but this needs further confirmation.
To What Extent Do Pediatricians Accept Computer-Based Dosing Suggestions?
Authors: Killelea Brigid K. , Kaushal Rainu , Cooper Mary , Kuperman Gilad J.
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE. Pediatric medication errors occur frequently among hospitalized patients and are often related to dosing. Computerized physician order entry systems with decision support can decrease dosing errors, as well as other types of errors; however, their use in pediatrics has not been extensively studied. Our objective was to determine physician acceptance of dosing and frequency decision support elements in an inpatient pediatric computerized physician order entry system at 1 academic medical center.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. We performed a retrospective analysis of all electronic medication orders entered for pediatric inpatients at a large, urban teaching hospital between April 15, 2004, and December 31, 2004. Rates of physician acceptance of computerized physician order entry system–generated dosing and frequency suggestions were determined.

RESULTS. We analyzed 54413 orders in the computerized physician order entry system, of which 27313 orders had dosing or frequency decision support. Of the orders with decision support, approximately one third (8822) were accepted exactly by prescribers. Of the 18491 remaining orders, 8708 were changed for dose, 2466 for frequency, and 7317 for both. Among the 18491 orders that were changed, the majority 11322 deviated by a substantial amount (>50%) from the total daily dose initially suggested by the decision support feature. Overall, patient weight was missing 31.3% of the time, although patient age alone sometimes was sufficient for the computer to make a dosing suggestion.

CONCLUSIONS. Although dosing-decision support systems have the potential to improve care, more work needs to be done to determine and optimize their effectiveness. Commercial vendors of dosing knowledge bases need to deliver effective products, because most health care organizations will not have the resources to customize decision support rules.
The Use of the World Wide Web by Medical Journals in 2003 and 2005: An Observational Study
Authors: Schriger David L. , Ouk Sripha , Altman Douglas G.
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVES. The 2- to 6-page print journal article has been the standard for 200 years, yet this format severely limits the amount of detailed information that can be conveyed. The World Wide Web provides a low-cost option for posting extended text and supplementary information. It also can enhance the experience of journal editors, reviewers, readers, and authors through added functionality (eg, online submission and peer review, postpublication critique, and e-mail notification of table of contents.) Our aim was to characterize ways that journals were using the World Wide Web in 2005 and note changes since 2003.

METHODS. We analyzed the Web sites of 138 high-impact print journals in 3 ways. First, we compared the print and Web versions of March 2003 and 2005 issues of 28 journals (20 of which were randomly selected from the 138) to determine how often articles were published Web only and how often print articles were augmented by Web-only supplements. Second, we examined what functions were offered by each journal Web site. Third, for journals that offered Web pages for reader commentary about each article, we analyzed the number of comments and characterized these comments.

RESULTS. Fifty-six articles (7%) in 5 journals were Web only. Thirteen of the 28 journals had no supplementary online content. By 2005, several journals were including Web-only supplements in >20% of their papers. Supplementary methods, tables, and figures predominated. The use of supplementary material increased by 5% from 2% to 7% in the 20-journal random sample from 2003 to 2005. Web sites had similar functionality with an emphasis on linking each article to related material and e-mailing readers about activity related to each article. There was little evidence of journals using the Web to provide readers an interactive experience with the data or with each other. Seventeen of the 138 journals offered rapid-response pages. Only 18% of eligible articles had any comments after 5 months.

CONCLUSIONS. Journal Web sites offer similar functionality. The use of online-only articles and online-only supplements is increasing.
HERD BEHAVIOR AND NONFUNDAMENTAL ASSET PRICE FLUCTUATIONS IN FINANCIAL MARKETS
Authors: BISCHI GIAN-ITALO , GALLEGATI MAURO , GARDINI LAURA , LEOMBRUNI ROBERTO , PALESTRINI ANTONIO
Published: January 2007

In this paper we investigate the effects of herding on asset price dynamics during continuous trading. We focus on the role of interaction among traders, and we investigate the dynamics emerging when we allow for a tendency to mimic the actions of other investors, that is, to engage in herd behavior. The model, built as amean fieldin a binary setting (buy/sell decisions of a risky asset), is expressed by a three-dimensional discrete dynamical system describing the evolution of the asset price, its expected price, and its excess demand. We show that such dynamical system can be reduced to a unidirectionally coupled system. In line with therational herd behaviorliterature [Bikhchandani, S., Sharma, S. (2000), Herd Behavior in Financial Markets: A Review. Working paper, IMF, WP/00/48], situations of multistability are observed, characterized by strongpath dependence; that is, the dynamics of the system are strongly influenced by historical accidents. We describe the different kinds of dynamic behavior observed, and we characterize the bifurcations that mark the transitions between qualitatively different time evolutions. Some situations give rise to high sensitivity with respect to small changes of the parameters and/or initial conditions, including the possibility ofinvest or reject cascades(i.e., sudden uncontrolled increases or crashes of the prices).
Possible connection between Pacific Oceanic interdecadal pathway and east Asian winter monsoon
Authors: Zhou Wen , Li Chongyin , Wang Xin
Published: January 2007

This paper highlights the SST interdecadal variability over the Eastern North Pacific and its connection with East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) on decadal timescales. Aside from PDO pattern, the SST interdecadal variation is the most significant over IP region, where there is the intense air‐sea interaction involved with EAWM, including both wind stress and latent heat flux. A possible explanation for the phase change of PDO is related to the localized atmospheric forcing and the “upstream” winter monsoon. SSTA interdecadal variation over the IP regions is the ‘bridge’ linking the coupled ocean‐atmosphere interaction between midlatitude Pacific and the tropical Pacific.
Temperature dependence and valence band splitting of the photocurrent response in undoped p-type CuInSe2 layers
Authors: Hong K. J. , Jeong T. S. , Youn C. J.
Published: January 2007

In this study, the photocurrent (PC) spectroscopy of undoped p-type CIS layers has been investigated at temperatures ranging from 10to293K. Three peaks, A, B, and C, corresponded to the intrinsic transition from the valence band states of Γ7(A), Γ6(B), and Γ7(C) to the conduction band state of Γ6, respectively. The crystal field splitting and the spin orbit splitting were found at 0.0059 and 0.2301eV, respectively, and the temperature dependence of the optical band gap could be expressed by using the empirical equation Eg(T)=Eg(0)−(8.57×10−4)T2∕(T+129). But the behavior of the PC was different from that generally observed in other semiconductors: the PC intensities decreased with decreasing temperature. From the relation of logJph vs 1∕T, where Jph is the PC density, the dominant level was observed at the higher temperatures. We suggest that in undoped p-type CIS layers, the trapping center limits the PC signal due to native defects and impurities with decreasing temperature.
Magnetic resonance study of Ni nanoparticles in single-walled carbon nanotube bundles
Authors: Konchits A. A. , Motsnyi F. V. , Petrov Yu. N. , Kolesnik S. P. , Yefanov V. S. , Terranova M. L. , Tamburri E. , Orlanducci S. , Sessa V. , Rossi M.
Published: January 2007

We present a detailed study of the electron magnetic resonance (EMR) properties of Ni nanoparticles (NPs) placed in the bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes produced by arc discharge with Ni catalyst. The behavior of EMR signals has been investigated in the 10–300K temperature range for the initial powderlike materials and those diluted in a nonmagnetic matrix. The magnetic response evolves between two modes, ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic, depending on both the temperature and distribution of Ni nanoparticles in the sample. The behavior of EMR spectra shows that the initial materials retain the ferromagnetic character of the NP ensemble even at room temperature. This is most likely due to dipole-dipole interactions and macroscopic demagnetizing fields stemming from powderlike composition of the samples. For the diluted materials, the actual superparamagnetic signal is observed at room temperature. As temperature is reduced, the behavior of the EMR parameters reflects a gradual transition from free rotated magnetic moments of NPs to those ordered along the “easy” magnetic axes (blocked state). In the 300–130K temperature range, anomalous temperature dependence of the resonance magnetic field Hres was observed. It is examined in terms of competition between the single-particle anisotropy energy and dipole interactions between the Ni nanoparticles. Finally, a transition to a blocked state occurs at blocking temperature estimated as Tb≈40K. At lower temperatures, both the dense and diluted samples behave identically.
The Sacred Polyphony of the Italian Trecento
Authors: Von Fischer Kurt
Published: January 2007

As recently as two decades ago it was generally assumed that the liturgical music of fourteenth-century Italy consisted of only a few Mass movements in madrigal style, and that the motet appeared—with a few exceptions—only in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, that is, at the time of Ciconia. Such a view can no longer be maintained, now that scholars like F. Alberto Gallo, Ursula Günther, William Layton, Nino Pirrotta, Dragan Plamenac, Giuseppe Vecchi and others have presented the results of their research. The music in square notation and early mensural notation was published in facsimile in 1968, and an edition of the liturgical pieces in partly mensural and mensural notation will appear in 1976.
Toward the Revival of the Classical Orchestra
Authors: Zaslaw Neal
Published: January 2007

What lover of eighteenth-century music, hearing Burney's characterisation of the Mannheim orchestra as ‘… an army of generals, equally fit to plan a battle, as to fight it’, or upon reading Schubart's description of that group,

Itsforteis like thunder, its crescendo like a great waterfall, its diminuendo the splashing of a crystalline river disappearing into the distance, itspianoa breath of spring…,

has not been filled with curiosity to hear such an ensemble? Recently a few performing groups have begun to try to satisfy that curiosity. We are reminded of the pioneering nature of such undertakings by recalling that a respected music dictionary defines ‘Performance Practice’ as ‘the study of how early music, from the Middle Ages to Bach, was performed and the many problems connected with attempts to restore its original sound in modern performance.
‘Medieval’ Musics of Asia
Authors: Picken Laurence
Published: January 2007

The documentation of many aspects of early musical history is substantially fuller, and extends further backwards in time, in Asia than in Europe. This is so for the history of secular music in general, for the history of musical forms and melody types, as well as for the history of instruments, of playing techniques, and of ornamentation. Assyriologists, and musicologists with some knowledge of and competence in Assyriology, have recently demonstrated that the Babylonians were already familiar with the seven diatonic modes of the European tradition in the second millennium b.c., and there exists a Hurrian cuneiform tablet of 1400 b.c. bearing words and music of a hymn to the goddess Nikkal, wife of the Moon-God. The concern of this paper, however, is with South and East Asia, rather than with Western Asia and the Ancient Fertile Crescent, and in both East and South Asia numerous documentary sources carry us back to a point in time in musical history some five or six centuries earlier than equivalent European sources. From the standpoint of the historian of Western music, what is perhaps most astonishing is the existence of a substantial body of secular instrumental music of the eighth and early ninth centuries, surviving in score, in mensural tablatures, in documents in part themselves written in the ninth and tenth centuries, or now available in copies made not later than the twelfth or thirteenth centuries.
Beethoven's Sketches and the Thematic Process
Authors: Drabkin William
Published: January 2007

Theorists, analysts and popular writers continue to look more closely at Beethoven's music – and at more of it – than at that of any other composer; and it is his music, more often than not, that lies at the basis of theoretical formulations that are the most significant for our time. So, for instance, we agree with Joseph Kerman when he asserts that Tovey's contribution to tonal analysis and theory is inseparable from Beethoven's contribution to the musical repertory; but the association is equally valid for the contributions of many theorists of the past hundred years, including Heinrich Schenker, whose work on the Piano Sonata op. 111 shall be reviewing shortly, and Rudolph Reti, who invented the phrase ‘thematic process’ to describe a method of analysis by which an entire composition can be reduced to one or a few ‘prime cells’. In the first of Reti's two books on the subject, the Ninth Symphony is made the lead batsman in an impressive line-up of musical masterpieces from the sixteenth century to the twentieth; the second of his books is devoted entirely to the piano sonatas of Beethoven.
The English Royal Violin Consort in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Holman Peter
Published: January 2007

In the summer of 1539 Henry VIII was once again preparing for marriage. In June the French ambassador reported that;

The king, who in some former years has been solitary and pensive, now gives himself up to amusement, going to play every night upon the Thames, with harps, chanters and all kinds of music and pastime. He evidently delights now in painting and embroidery, having sent men to France, Flanders Italy and elsewhere for masters of this art, and also for musicians and other ministers of pastime. All his people think this is a sign of his desire to marry if he should find an agreeable match.
Handel and Bach
Authors: Macfarren G. A.
Published: January 2007

This year, on whose threshold we are now standing, is a notable date in musical history, notable by reflection of the past, and let us hope notable in the manner in which that past will be commemorated It is 200 years since Handel and Bach were born. The Greeks, Egyptians, and Chaldeans insisted on the relationship supposed to exist between music and astronomy. They counted the seven planets as representative of the seven notes. Fiction lies at the root of this supposition, since then the earth was regarded as the centre, and the sun as one of the planets revolving round it. But supposing the idea to be metaphorical, it may give license to another figure of the same kind. I will suppose these great men who have been named to be double stars, influencing a planetary system that yielded, on the principle of gravitation, to their attraction and repulsion. The planets which surround those double stars are the men whose works they studied, or they rivalled, or surpassed. George Boehm, an organist and composer for the organ, was resident in the town of Luneberg where the youthful Bach spent three years. Buxtehude, the Dane, who for long resided in Lubeck, was visited by Handel and by Bach. Fuchs lived through their time, and his “Gradus ad Parnassum” was the authority for counterpoint throughout Germany for an entire century.
Remigio Romano's Collection of Lyrics for Music
Authors: Leopold Silke
Published: January 2007

When the subject of research into Italian solo song in the first half of the seventeenth century comes under discussion – in itself a rare enough event – such discussion is mostly limited to the Florentine style of solo song with chordal accompaniment, and its followers. The harmonic daring, the declamatory ideas, and the ornamental practices of such solo madrigals have proved more interesting to scholars than strophic, dance-like compositions, which have tended to be relegated to the sidelines as unimportant, at best entertaining, little tunes. Even Nigel Fortune, who argues in his highly convincing thesis, presented in several articles, that the Florentine style led only to a dead end, while the future of solo song lay in the strophic compositions, has not yet been able to rewrite the history books, immune as they seem to change.