bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A genetic perspective on glucose consumption in the cerebral cortex during human development
Authors: Caravas J. , Wildman D. E.
Published: September 2014

As the major glucose‐consuming organ in the human body, the dynamics of glucose metabolism in the brain deserve special attention. It has been shown that the brain's energy allocation as a percentage of the total energy budget of the individual peaks during childhood and declines through adolescence until reaching the stable allocation level seen in the adult. This pattern of glucose consumption has not been observed in other species, including our close primate relatives, and is therefore potentially either a driver or a consequence of human cognition. Furthermore, the allocation of glucose usage in the brain changes as the individual ages, with a surprising amount dedicated to glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation pathway. This suggests that, at certain developmental stages, glucose‐fuelled anabolic pathways, in addition to ATP generation, are the driving forces behind the brain's high energy requirement. In this study, we explore the most recent work pertaining to the dynamic glucose uptake and allocation of the developing human brain and investigate several genes that may play a role in regulating these processes.
Physiological and pathophysiological implications of lipid sensing in the brain
Authors: Picard A. , Moullé V. S. , Le Foll C. , Cansell C. , Véret J. , Coant N. , Le Stunff H. , Migrenne S. , Luquet S. , Cruciani‐Guglielmacci C. , Levin B. E. , Magnan C.
Published: September 2014

Fatty acid (FA)‐sensitive neurons are present in the brain, especially the hypothalamus, and play a key role in the neural control of energy homeostasis. Through neuronal output, FA may modulate feeding behaviour as well as insulin secretion and action. Subpopulations of neurons in the ventromedial and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei are selectively either inhibited or activated by FA. Molecular effectors of these FA effects probably include chloride or potassium ion channels. While intracellular metabolism and activation of the ATP‐sensitive K+ channel appear to be necessary for some of the signalling effects of FA, at least half of the FA responses in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons are mediated by interaction with FAT/CD36, an FA transporter/receptor that does not require intracellular metabolism to activate downstream signalling. Thus, FA or their metabolites can modulate neuronal activity as a means of directly monitoring ongoing fuel availability by brain nutrient‐sensing neurons involved in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. Recently, the role of lipoprotein lipase in FA sensing has also been shown in animal models not only in hypothalamus, but also in hippocampus and striatum. Finally, FA overload might impair neural control of energy homeostasis through enhanced ceramide synthesis and may contribute to obesity and/or type 2 diabetes pathogenesis in predisposed subjects.
Brain amino acid sensing
Authors: Tsurugizawa T. , Uneyama H. , Torii K.
Published: September 2014

The 20 different amino acids, in blood as well as in the brain, are strictly maintained at the same levels throughout the day, regardless of food intake. Gastric vagal afferents only respond to free glutamate and sugars, providing recognition of food intake and initiating digestion. Metabolic control of amino acid homeostasis and diet‐induced thermogenesis is triggered by this glutamate signalling in the stomach through the gut–brain axis. Rats chronically fed high‐sugar and high‐fat diets do not develop obesity when a 1% (w/v) monosodium glutamate (MSG) solution is available in a choice paradigm. Deficiency of the essential amino acid lysine (Lys) induced a plasticity in rats in response to Lys. This result shows how the body is able to identify deficient nutrients to maintain homeostasis. This plastic effect is induced by activin A activity in the brain, particularly in certain neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) which is the centre for amino acid homeostasis and appetite. These neurons respond to glutamate signalling in the oral cavity by which umami taste is perceived. They play a quantitative role in regulating ingestion of deficient nutrients, thereby leading to a healthier life. After recovery from malnutrition, rats prefer MSG solutions, which serve as biomarkers for protein nutrition.
Enterocyte–afferent nerve interactions in dietary fat sensing
Authors: Mansouri A. , Langhans W.
Published: September 2014

The central nervous system (CNS) constantly monitors nutrient availability in the body and, in particular, in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to regulate nutrient and energy homeostasis. Extrinsic parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves are crucial for CNS nutrient sensing in the GI tract. These extrinsic afferent nerves detect the nature and amount of nutrients present in the GI tract and relay the information to the brain, which controls energy intake and expenditure accordingly. Dietary fat and fatty acids are sensed through various direct and indirect mechanisms. These sensing processes involve the binding of fatty acids to specific G protein‐coupled receptors expressed either on the afferent nerve fibres or on the surface of enteroendocrine cells that release gut peptides, which themselves can modulate afferent nerve activity through their cognate receptors or have endocrine effects directly on the brain. Further dietary fat sensing mechanisms that are related to enterocyte fat handling and metabolism involve the release of several possible chemical mediators such as fatty acid ethanolamides or apolipoprotein A‐IV. We here present evidence for yet another mechanism that may be based on ketone bodies resulting from enterocyte oxidation of dietary fat‐derived fatty acids. The presently available evidence suggests that sympathetic rather than vagal afferents are involved, but further experiments are necessary to critically examine this concept.
Neural regulation of pancreatic islet cell mass and function
Authors: Thorens B.
Published: September 2014

Intracellular glucose signalling pathways control the secretion of glucagon and insulin by pancreatic islet α‐ and β‐cells, respectively. However, glucose also indirectly controls the secretion of these hormones through regulation of the autonomic nervous system that richly innervates this endocrine organ. Both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems also impact endocrine pancreas postnatal development and plasticity in adult animals. Defects in these autonomic regulations impair β‐cell mass expansion during the weaning period and β‐cell mass adaptation in adult life. Both branches of the autonomic nervous system also regulate glucagon secretion. In type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose‐dependent autonomic activity causes the loss of cephalic and first phases of insulin secretion, and impaired suppression of glucagon secretion in the postabsorptive phase; in diabetic patients treated with insulin, it causes a progressive failure of hypoglycaemia to trigger the secretion of glucagon and other counterregulatory hormones. Therefore, identification of the glucose‐sensing cells that control the autonomic innervation of the endocrine pancreatic and insulin and glucagon secretion is an important goal of research. This is required for a better understanding of the physiological control of glucose homeostasis and its deregulation in diabetes. This review will discuss recent advances in this field of investigation.
Biventricular Response of the Heart to Endurance Exercise Training in Previously Untrained Subjects
Authors: Rojek Aleksandra , Bialy Dariusz , Przewlocka‐Kosmala Monika , Negrusz‐Kawecka Marta , Mysiak Andrzej , Kosmala Wojciech
Published: September 2014

Background

Functional adaptation of the heart to regular strenuous exercise has not been fully elucidated yet, with different patterns of alterations being reported. We evaluated the effect of endurance exercise training (EET) on left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) mechanics in amateur individuals preparing for triathlon competitions.

Methods

Twenty‐one subjects aged 33 ± 6 years underwent conventional and speckle tracking echocardiography at rest before and after a high‐intensity (12.3 ± 1.0 h/week) 12‐month EET.

Results

At follow‐up, in addition to the improvement in LV diastolic parameters, a significant decrease in longitudinal (26.0 ± 3.3% vs. 24.3 ± 3.2%, P < 0.04), circumferential (24.3 ±4.3% vs. 20.1 ± 3.8%, P < 0.002), and radial strains (46.8 ± 18.3% vs. 37.8 ± 12.9%, P < 0.03), and rotation (9.7 ± 4.8% vs. 7.1 ± 4.0 deg, P < 0.04) was demonstrated at the apex, whereas the LV base was found to show an increase in rotation (−3.9 ± 2.8% vs. −5.9 ± 1.8 deg, P < 0.01). Overall hemodynamic effectiveness of the LV was preserved, as evidenced by the unchanged ejection fraction, cardiac output, twist, and torsion. RV systolic function as assessed by strain was significantly reduced with EET (28.1 ± 6.7% vs. 23.7 ± 8.6%, P < 0.03).

Conclusions

EET modifies both LV and RV performance at rest in previously untrained subjects. The true nature of these changes (adaptive or maladaptive) is unclear, but the hypothesis of different responses of the LV apex and base, with the reduction in contractility of the former and increase in rotation of the latter, representing a protective mechanism that reduces myocardial stress might be considered.
Social inference in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis
Authors: Gill Kelly E. , Cressman Victoria , Poe Sarah Lucy , Steinfeld Sara , Ben‐David Shelly , G. Keilp John , Moore Holly , Turkstra Lyn S. , Corcoran Cheryl
Published: September 2014

Aim

Social cognition impairment is a hallmark of schizophrenia and contains multiple domains. The domain of social inference has been relatively understudied in schizophrenia and its risk states.

Methods

Social inference was assessed in 60 clinical high‐risk (CHR) patients and 28 healthy control subjects, using the video social inference task. We hypothesized a deficit in social inference in CHR participants and examined predictive value for psychosis transition.

Results

Social inference was positively associated with increasing age. Social inference did not differ significantly between CHR patients and controls, or predict transition to psychosis.

Conclusions

Few studies have examined social inference of individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis, and findings have been inconclusive. Additional studies using a variety of measures of social inference in CHR participants are recommended.
The cryptic role of biodiversity in the emergence of host–microbial mutualisms
Authors: Pillai Pradeep , Gouhier Tarik C. , Vollmer Steven V.
Published: September 2014

The persistence of mutualisms in host‐microbial – or holobiont – systems is difficult to explain because microbial mutualists, who bear the costs of providing benefits to their host, are always prone to being competitively displaced by non‐mutualist ‘cheater’ species. This disruptive effect of competition is expected to be particularly strong when the benefits provided by the mutualists entail costs such as reduced competitive ability. Using a metacommunity model, we show that competition between multiple cheaters within the host's microbiome, when combined with the spatial structure of host–microbial interactions, can have a constructive rather than a disruptive effect by allowing the emergence and maintenance of mutualistic microorganisms within the host. These results indicate that many of the microorganisms inhabiting a host's microbiome, including those that would otherwise be considered opportunistic or even potential pathogens, play a cryptic yet critical role in promoting the health and persistence of the holobiont across spatial scales.
Local‐scale biotic interactions embedded in macroscale climate drivers suggest Eltonian noise hypothesis distribution patterns for an invasive grass
Authors: Fraterrigo Jennifer M. , Wagner Stephanie , Warren Robert J.
Published: September 2014

A hierarchical view of niche relations reconciles the scale‐dependent effects of abiotic and biotic processes on species distribution patterns and underlies most current approaches to distribution modeling. A key prediction of this framework is that the effects of biotic interactions will be averaged out at macroscales – an idea termed the Eltonian noise hypothesis (ENH). We test this prediction by quantifying regional variation in local abiotic and biotic niche relations and assess the role of macroclimate in structuring biotic interactions, using a non‐native invasive grass, Microstegium vimineum, in its introduced range. Consistent with hierarchical niche relations and the ENH, macroclimate structures local biotic interactions, while local abiotic relations are regionally conserved. Biotic interactions suppress M. vimineum in drier climates but have little effect in wetter climates. A similar approach could be used to identify the macroclimatic conditions under which biotic interactions affect the accuracy of local predictions of species distributions.
Temporal ecology in the Anthropocene
Authors: Wolkovich E. M. , Cook B. I. , McLauchlan K. K. , Davies T. J.
Published: September 2014

Two fundamental axes – space and time – shape ecological systems. Over the last 30 years spatial ecology has developed as an integrative, multidisciplinary science that has improved our understanding of the ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation and loss. We argue that accelerating climate change – the effective manipulation of time by humans – has generated a current need to build an equivalent framework for temporal ecology. Climate change has at once pressed ecologists to understand and predict ecological dynamics in non‐stationary environments, while also challenged fundamental assumptions of many concepts, models and approaches. However, similarities between space and time, especially related issues of scaling, provide an outline for improving ecological models and forecasting of temporal dynamics, while the unique attributes of time, particularly its emphasis on events and its singular direction, highlight where new approaches are needed. We emphasise how a renewed, interdisciplinary focus on time would coalesce related concepts, help develop new theories and methods and guide further data collection. The next challenge will be to unite predictive frameworks from spatial and temporal ecology to build robust forecasts of when and where environmental change will pose the largest threats to species and ecosystems, as well as identifying the best opportunities for conservation.
Perineal incision into the corpus spongiosum penis to resolve persistent post urination haemorrhage after partial phallectomy
Authors: Mählmann K. , Koch C.
Published: September 2014

Partial phallectomy or en bloc resection are surgical methods to address pathological conditions of the penis and/or prepuce including neoplasia, trauma, habronemiasis, chronic paraphimosis or permanent penile paralysis, and priapism. Haemorrhage associated with urination is a common complication observed after penile surgery but usually resolves spontaneously without specific treatment. This report describes a case of post urination haemorrhage (PUH) that recurred with each urination and persisted without significant improvement for a period of 2 weeks following en bloc resection of the penis and the prepuce. A perineal incision (PI) into the corpus spongiosum of the penis (CSP) resolved PUH by decreasing the blood pressure in the CSP distal to the PI. We propose that PI of the CSP can be an effective method to address PUH after penile surgery and may decrease time of hospitalisation for horses affected with PUH after phallectomy procedures.
The role of the large subunit in redox regulation of the rice endosperm ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase
Authors: Tuncel Aytug , Cakir Bilal , Hwang Seon‐Kap , Okita Thomas W.
Published: September 2014

The starch regulatory enzyme ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase is activated by 3‐phosphoglyceric acid (3‐PGA) and inhibited by inorganic phosphate (Pi). The activity of the plastid‐localized enzyme is also subject to fine regulation by redox control in response to changing light and sugar levels. The less active oxidized form of the enzyme contains an inter‐subunit disulfide bond formed between the pair of small subunit's Cys12 residues of the heterotetrameric enzyme. Although this cysteine residue is not conserved in the small subunits of cereal endosperm cytosolic AGPases, biochemical studies of the major rice endosperm enzyme indicate that the cytosolic isoform, like the plastidial enzymes, is subject to redox control. Kinetic analysis revealed that the reduced forms of the partially purified native and purified recombinant AGPases have 6‐ and 3.4‐fold, respectively, more affinity to 3‐PGA, rendering the enzymes more active at lower 3‐PGA concentration than the non‐reduced enzyme. Truncation of the large subunit by removal of N‐terminal peptide resulted in a decrease in 3‐PGA affinity and loss of redox response of the enzyme. Site‐directed mutagenesis of the conserved cysteine residues at the N‐terminal of the large subunit showed that C47 and C58, but not C12, are essential for proper redox response of the enzyme. Overall, our results show that the major rice endosperm AGPase activity is controlled by a combination of allosteric regulation and redox control, the latter through modification of the large subunit instead of the small subunit as evident in the plastid‐localized enzyme.
Elevated temperature may intensify the positive effects of nutrients on microbial decomposition in streams
Authors: Fernandes Isabel , Seena Sahadevan , Pascoal Cláudia , Cássio Fernanda
Published: September 2014

Climate change scenarios predict an increase in global temperature and alterations in precipitation regimes, which may change nutrient concentrations in waterbodies. In forested streams, decomposition of allochthonous organic matter is a key ecosystem process that is affected by the quality of plant litter entering the streams and several environmental factors, including nutrient concentrations, whose interactive effects are difficult to predict.

We examined the concomitant effects of increased temperature, concentration of inorganic nutrients in stream water and litter quality on leaf decomposition and activity of microbial decomposers. Leaves of alder (Alnus glutinosa) and oak (Quercus robur), representative of high and low initial N content, respectively, were immersed in a stream (NW Portugal) to allow microbial colonisation and then were exposed in microcosms to increasing concentrations of N‐NO3 (0.09–5 mg L−1; six levels) and P‐PO4 (0.003–0.3 mg L−1; three levels) alone or in all possible combinations. One set of microcosms was kept at 12 °C, a temperature typically found in Iberian streams in autumn, and the other set at 18 °C to simulate a warming scenario.

Nitrogen immobilisation was higher in alder than in oak leaves, and increased with temperature and N concentration in stream water for both leaf species.

Leaf decomposition, fungal biomass accrual and reproduction were not affected by P concentration, but overall microbial activity increased asymptotically (Michaelis–Menten kinetics) with N concentration. Increased temperature led to an increase in maximum activity of fungal decomposers and to a decrease in N concentration needed to achieve it, especially in alder leaves.

Under the predicted warming scenario, leaf decomposition may become faster in streams with lower nutrient levels, especially those receiving high‐quality leaf litter.
Genetic architecture of subcortical brain regions: common and region‐specific genetic contributions
Authors: Rentería M. E. , Hansell N. K. , Strike L. T. , McMahon K. L. , de Zubicaray G. I. , Hickie I. B. , Thompson P. M. , Martin N. G. , Medland S. E. , Wright M. J.
Published: September 2014

Understanding the aetiology of patterns of variation within and covariation across brain regions is key to advancing our understanding of the functional, anatomical and developmental networks of the brain. Here we applied multivariate twin modelling and principal component analysis (PCA) to investigate the genetic architecture of the size of seven subcortical regions (caudate nucleus, thalamus, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens) in a genetically informative sample of adolescents and young adults (N = 1038; mean age = 21.6 ± 3.2 years; including 148 monozygotic and 202 dizygotic twin pairs) from the Queensland Twin IMaging (QTIM) study. Our multivariate twin modelling identified a common genetic factor that accounts for all the heritability of intracranial volume (0.88) and a substantial proportion of the heritability of all subcortical structures, particularly those of the thalamus (0.71 out of 0.88), pallidum (0.52 out of 0.75) and putamen (0.43 out of 0.89). In addition, we also found substantial region‐specific genetic contributions to the heritability of the hippocampus (0.39 out of 0.79), caudate nucleus (0.46 out of 0.78), amygdala (0.25 out of 0.45) and nucleus accumbens (0.28 out of 0.52). This provides further insight into the extent and organization of subcortical genetic architecture, which includes developmental and general growth pathways, as well as the functional specialization and maturation trajectories that influence each subcortical region.
Cystic fibrosis: to screen or not to screen? Involving a Citizens' jury in decisions on screening carrier
Authors: Mosconi Paola , Castellani Carlo , Villani Walter , Satolli Roberto
Published: September 2014

Context

In recent years, the continuous improvements in molecular biology techniques have made it possible to detect carriers for several genetic conditions, including cystic fibrosis (CF). In some countries, CF carrier screening is offered to increasing subset of the general population.

Offering of carrier screening at a population level should not be decided by local health authorities only, without consulting citizens' preferences. One way to involve citizens in the decision process might be to a Citizens' jury, a method of deliberative democracy.

Objective

The object of the study is to produce a recommendation statement about CF carrier screening using a Citizens' jury. As this is a new method in the field, the study also provided the opportunity to evaluate its effectiveness.

Design

The project is designed and managed by an executive committee. The whole process is superintended by a multidisciplinary scientific committee. The 16 members of the jury attend a 1 day meeting, assisted by a non‐medical and unbiased facilitator. Informative material was prepared and distributed 15 days before the jury meeting; during the meeting, experts and witnesses interact directly with all the jurors through questions and answers.

Results

All except one member of the jury felt positively about the Health Service actively providing population carrier screening for CF. The final statement was available to public, clinicians, researchers and decision‐makers.

Discussion

In general, a Citizens' jury is a feasible method for involving citizens in public health decision‐making process and in particular for obtaining a community view about CF carrier screening.
The importance of fission–fusion social group dynamics in birds
Authors: Silk Matthew J. , Croft Darren P. , Tregenza Tom , Bearhop Stuart
Published: September 2014

Almost all animal social groups show some form of fission–fusion dynamics, whereby group membership is not spatio‐temporally stable. These dynamics have major implications at both population and individual levels, exerting an important influence on patterns of social behaviour, information transfer and epidemiology. However, fission–fusion dynamics in birds have received relatively little attention. We review the existing evidence for fission–fusion sociality in birds alongside a more general explanation of the social and ecological processes that may drive fission–fusion dynamics. Through a combination of recent methodological developments and novel technologies with well‐established areas of ornithological research, avian systems offer great potential to further our understanding of fission–fusion social systems and the consequences they have at an individual and population level. In particular, investigating the interaction between social structure and environmental covariates can promote a deeper understanding of the evolution of social behaviour and the adaptive value of group living, as well as having important consequences for applied research.
Incidence of deep venous thrombosis: a comparison of two Australian hospitals
Authors: Shiraev T. P. , Omari A. , Rushworth R. L.
Published: September 2014

In this retrospective observational study, we observed that principal and comorbid diagnoses of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) occurred at a rate of 1.02 and 4.86 per 1000 admissions. Principal DVT diagnosis admissions were more common in the public hospital (1.29 vs 0.57 per 1000; P < 0.001), while the private hospital had nearly three times the admissions with comorbid DVT (2.99 vs 8.23 per 1000; P < 0.001). In‐hospital mortality was uncommon (0.2% and 1.6% for principal and comorbid DVT diagnoses, respectively), and this did not differ significantly between the two hospitals.
Recurrent life‐threatening reactions to platelet transfusion in an aplastic anaemia patient with a paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria clone
Authors: Mohamed M. , Bates G. , Richardson D. , Burrows L.
Published: September 2014

A 60‐year‐old woman was diagnosed with non‐severe aplastic anaemia when she presented with anaemia and thrombocytopenia. She developed recurrent life‐threatening hypotensive reactions during transfusion of leukodepleted platelet concentrates, and washed platelet concentrates prevented the development of such reactions subsequently. A paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria clone was detected on investigating for aplastic anaemia, which has been speculated to play a role in the recurrent hypotensive reactions.
Dilemmas in the compassionate supply of investigational cancer drugs
Authors: Lewis J. R. R. , Lipworth W. , Kerridge I. , Doran E.
Published: September 2014

In Australia, patients who want to access medicines that are not yet approved have only two options: to enrol in a clinical trial if they are eligible, or obtain their medicine through ‘compassionate supply’, which is provided at the discretion of the manufacturer. In this article, we explore ethical issues associated with the provision of oncology medicines that are still in development, either prior to regulatory approval or government reimbursement.
Combined treatment with a CXCL12 analogue and antibiotics improves survival and neutrophil recruitment and function in murine sepsis
Authors: Guan Shuwen , Guo Changrun , Zingarelli Basilia , Wang Liping , Halushka Perry V. , Cook James A. , Fan Hongkuan
Published: September 2014

Previous studies demonstrated that the CXCL12 peptide analogue CTCE‐0214 (CTCE) has beneficial effects in experimental sepsis induced by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We examined the hypothesis that CTCE recruits neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leucocytes; PMN) to the site of infection, enhances PMN function and improves survival of mice in CLP‐induced sepsis with antibiotic treatment. Mice with sepsis (n = 15) were administered imipenem (25 mg/kg) and CTCE (10 mg/kg) subcutaneously versus vehicle control at designated intervals post‐CLP. CTCE treatment increased PMN recruitment in CLP‐induced sepsis, as evidenced by increased PMN in blood, by 2·4 ± 0·6 fold at 18 hr, 2·9 ± 0·6 fold at 24 hr, and in peritoneal fluid by 2·0 ± 0·2 fold at 24 hr versus vehicle control. CTCE treatment reduced bacterial invasion in blood [colony‐forming units (CFU) decreased 77 ± 11%], peritoneal fluid (CFU decreased 78 ± 9%) and lung (CFU decreased 79 ± 8% versus CLP vehicle). The improved PMN recruitment and bacterial clearance correlated with reduced mortality with CTCE treatment (20% versus 67% vehicle controls). In vitro studies support the notion that CTCE augments PMN function by enhancing phagocytic activity (1·25 ± 0·02 fold), increasing intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (32 ± 4%) and improving bacterial killing (CFU decreased 27 ± 3%). These composite findings support the hypothesis that specific CXCL12 analogues with ancillary antibiotic treatment are beneficial in experimental sepsis, in part, by augmenting PMN recruitment and function.
Enamel defects on permanent successors following luxation injuries to primary teeth and carers' experiences
Authors: Skaare Anne B. , Aas Anne‐Lise Maseng , Wang Nina J.
Published: September 2014

Background

Trauma to primary teeth may have consequences.

Aim

To study frequency of enamel defects in permanent successors after luxation injuries, and to report carers' experiences.

Methods

Children 8–15 years (n = 170) suffering luxation injury to primary dentition in 2003 were reexamined in 2010. Permanent successors (n = 300) were clinically examined and photographed. Data from dental records, registration form and a questionnaire were analysed by cross‐tabulation and tested by chi‐square and t‐test.

Results

Enamel defects were registered in 130 successor teeth, 22% due to trauma, 21% due to other aetiological factors (MIH, dental fluorosis, idiopathic). Successors with enamel defects were after concussion 8%, subluxation 18%, lateral luxation 41%, intrusion 38% and avulsion 47%. Enamel defects were associated with the child's age and severity of the injury (P < 0.05). Six children had enamel defects in successors of non‐injured primary teeth. Anxiety recorded by carers was associated with severity and number of injured teeth (P < 0.05). According to carers eight children developed dental fear, seven were younger than 3.5 years and had had their injured teeth removed.

Conclusion

Minor luxation injuries and indirect trauma may cause enamel defects in permanent successors. Lower age at injury, severity and number of injured teeth affect carer and child negatively.
Partial fingertip necrosis following a digital surgical procedure in a patient with primary Raynaud's phenomenon
Authors: Uygur Safak , Tuncer Serhan
Published: September 2014

Raynaud's phenomenon is a common clinical disorder consisting of recurrent, long‐lasting and episodic vasospasm of the fingers and toes often associated with exposure to cold. In this article, we present a case of partial fingertip necrosis following digital surgical procedure in a patient with primary Raynaud's phenomenon.
Impact and costs of home‐based trial of void compared with the day care setting
Authors: Pugh Judith Dianne , Twigg Diane E. , Giles Margaret , Myers Helen , Gelder Lucy , Davis Susanne Megan , King Mary
Published: September 2014

Aims

This paper presents the relative merits and comparative costs of conducting trial of void using Hospital‐In‐The‐Home vs. the Day Procedure Unit.

Background

Hospitals increasingly discharge patients with acute urinary retention with indwelling urinary catheters. For these to be removed and patients supported to return to normal urinary function, outpatient or in‐home services are used. To date, the relative effectiveness and costs of Hospital‐In‐The‐Home care and Day Procedure Unit care for trial of void have not been examined.

Design

This retrospective study used a static‐group comparison design.

Methods

Hospital administrative data from 1 February 2009–30 March 2011 for patients having trial of void in the Day Procedure Unit (n = 107) and Hospital‐In‐The‐Home (n = 163) of a tertiary hospital in Western Australia were compared in terms of patient outcomes and costs.

Results

Day Procedure Unit patients had longer wait times than Hospital‐In‐The‐Home patients; there was no difference between the two groups for average per patient days of service or successful first trials. Hospital‐In‐The‐Home care did not increase the overall period of care. Per patient average ward‐equivalent cost in the Day Procedure Unit was A$396 higher than the Hospital‐In‐The‐Home ward‐equivalent cost. The average cost saving per patient for Hospital‐In‐The‐Home care including trial of void cost and emergency department visits was A$117.

Conclusion

Patient outcomes from Hospital‐In‐The‐Home trial of void in low‐risk patients were comparable to those of Day Procedure Unit care and less costly. Hospital‐In‐The‐Home care for this well‐defined procedure could permit more efficient management of patient throughput.
Hyperammonemia enhances the function and expression of P‐glycoprotein and Mrp2 at the blood–brain barrier through NF‐κB
Authors: Zhang Ji , Zhang Mian , Sun Binbin , Li Ying , Xu Ping , Liu Can , Liu Li , Liu Xiaodong
Published: September 2014

Ammonia is considered to be the main neurotoxin responsible for hepatic encephalopathy resulting from liver failure. Liver failure has been reported to alter expression and activity of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) and multidrug resistance‐associated protein 2 (Mrp2) at the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The aim of this study was to investigate whether ammonia is involved in abnormalities of expression and activity of P‐gp and Mrp2 at the BBB. Hyperammonemic rats were developed by an intraperitoneal injection of ammonium acetate (NH4Ac, 4.5 mmol/kg). Results showed that Mrp2 function markedly increased in cortex and hippocampus of rats at 6 h following NH4Ac administration. Significant increase in function of P‐gp was observed in hippocampus of rats. Meanwhile, such alterations were in line with the increase in mRNA and protein levels of P‐gp and Mrp2. Significant increase in levels of nuclear amount of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) p65 was also observed. Primarily cultured rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMECs) were used for in vitro study. Data indicated that 24 h exposure to ammonia significantly increased function and expression of P‐gp and Mrp2 in rBMECs, accompanied with activation of NF‐κB. Furthermore, such alterations induced by ammonia were reversed by NF‐κB inhibitor. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that hyperammonemia increases the function and expression of P‐gp and Mrp2 at the BBB via activating NF‐κB pathway.

image

Hyperammonemia, a proverbial main factor responsible for neurocognitive disorder and blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction resulting from liver failure, could increase the expression and activity of P‐glycoprotein and multidrug resistance‐associated protein 2 (Mrp2) at the BBB both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the NF‐κB activation stimulated by hyperammonemia may be the potential mechanism underlying such abnormalities induced by hyperammonemia.
Neonatal Onset of Leptin Signalling in Dopamine Neurones of The Ventral Tegmental Area in The Rat
Authors: Naef L. , Gjerde E. , Long H. , Richard D. , Walker C.‐D.
Published: September 2014

Leptin inhibits feeding by acting on hypothalamic and mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathways involved in the homeostatic and hedonic control of energy balance. In the rodent, the neonatal period is characterised by high circulating leptin concentrations and an insensitivity to the anorectic effects of this hormone, suggesting that the modulation of these circuits by leptin is reduced during this period. The present study aimed to examine the onset of the functional ventral tegmental area (VTA) response to leptin during the neonatal period and to characterise the phenotype of leptin‐responsive VTA neurones. On postnatal day (PND) 10 in pups insensitive to the anorectic effects of leptin and exclusively dependent on their mother for feeding, leptin administration failed to increase phosphorylated signal transducer of activation and transcription 3 (pSTAT3) and phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (pERK)1/2 immunoreactivity in the midbrain. At the onset of independent feeding on PND16, leptin stimulated pSTAT3 production in the lateral parabrachial pigmented area of the midbrain, with a subset of these pSTAT3‐positive neurones co‐localising with tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker of DA neurones. Leptin did not increase pERK1/2 immunoreactivity in DA neurones on PND16. These results suggest that the insensitivity of PND10 pups to the anorectic effects of leptin might be mediated, at least in part, by a lack of signalling through the Janus kinase/STAT signalling pathway in VTA DA neurones in response to leptin before the onset of independent feeding.
Change in Mitral Annular Size and Geometry after MitraClip® Implantation in Patients with Functional and Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: REMY TALEA , BERTOG STEFAN C. , WUNDERLICH NINA , VASKELYTE LAURA , HOFMANN ILONA , GAFOOR SAMEER , SIEVERT HORST
Published: September 2014

Background

MitraClip® therapy is an alternative to conventional surgery. The aim was to characterize the mitral annular geometry pre‐ and postrepair with the MitraClip® taking into account the regurgitation mechanism.

Methods

We retrospectively collected pre‐ and postprocedural transesophageal echocardiography data in 46 patients. Patients were categorized as having isolated degenerative (DMR, n = 18), isolated functional (FMR, n = 9) or a combination of both functional and degenerative mitral regurgitation (MMR, n = 19).

Results

A significant reduction in septolateral (SL) diameters in all patients occurred. Noteworthy, in those with DMR, there was no significant change in intercommissural (IC) diameters whereas in those with FMR and MMR, it increased significantly in systole (FMR: +2.8 ± 3.4 mm, P = 0.03, MMR: +2.1 ± 2.6 mm, P = 0.002). In DMR, a significant reduction in mitral annular areas post‐procedure was observed (−1.8 ± 2.3 cm2, P = 0.001 in diast., −0.8 ± 1.0 cm2, P = 0.004 in syst.). In patients with FMR and MMR, though the SL diameter decreased, this occurred at the expense of an increase in IC diameter causing a change in annular shape but leaving the annular area unchanged. Nevertheless, a comparable reduction in regurgitant severity (DMR: P = <0.001; FMR: P = 0.003; MMR: P = <0.001) and improvement in functional class occurred regardless of regurgitant mechanism.

Conclusions

Though changes in mitral annular geometry after MitraClip® repair differ depending on regurgitant mechanism, this does not appear to have an impact on residual regurgitation or clinical status in the short‐term. (J Interven Cardiol 2014;27:516–524)
Oro‐facial pain and nutrition: a forgotten relationship?
Authors: Durham J. , Touger‐Decker R. , Nixdorf D. R. , Rigassio‐Radler D. , Moynihan P.
Published: September 2014

Oro‐facial pain (OFP) is known to exert profound impacts on quality of life including functionally and psychosocially mediated changes in dietary intake and thereby nutrition. This commentary explores the evidence base available on chronic oro‐facial pain, diet and nutrition and discusses current dietary guidance for individuals with chronic OFP; potential impact of chronic OFP on eating and nutritional status; impact of nutritional status on pathophysiology of chronic OFP; and potential role of nutrition in the management of chronic OFP.
In vivo osteoprotegerin gene therapy preventing bone loss induced by periodontitis
Authors: Tang H. , Mattheos N. , Yao Y. , Jia Y. , Ma L. , Gong P.
Published: September 2014

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene therapy on alveolar bone resorption caused by experimental periodontitis in rats, thus forming a foundation for potential clinical applications of OPG gene therapy in the treatment of periodontitis and peri‐implantitis.

Material and Methods

To study the effects of OPG on alveolar bone protection, an experimental periodontitis model was used by placing a bacterial plaque retentive silk ligature in the gingival sulcus around the maxillary second molar tooth, injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis and high carbohydrate diet. A total of 30 Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, with 10 rats in each group: group I (control) was treated with 10 μL normal saline injection; group II with 10 μL mock vector; and group III with 10 μL local OPG gene transfer by transfection with in vitro constructed pcDNA3.1‐human OPG (pcDNA3.1‐hOPG). A subperiosteal injection was done adjacent to the second molars on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. Four weeks later, all animals were killed and radiographic, histological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed. Statistical analysis included ANOVA and LSD‐Bonferroni test.

Results

Group III (OPG gene therapy) had significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) integrated optical density of OPG, had significantly decreased alveolar bone resorption volume and active osteoclast number (p < 0.05) through descriptive histological examination when compared with the other two groups at week 4.

Conclusion

Local recombinant OPG plasmid‐mediated gene therapy suppresses osteoclastogenesis in vivo and inhibits alveolar bone height reduction caused by experimental periodontitis in rats. OPG gene therapy may be beneficial in preventing progressive periodontal bone loss.
How Changes in Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Correspond to Variations in Female Sexual Response in a Nonclinical Sample of Young Women: A Daily Diary Study
Authors: Kalmbach David A. , Kingsberg Sheryl A. , Ciesla Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2014

Introduction

A large body of literature supports the co-occurrence of depression, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction. However, the manner in which affective symptoms map onto specific female sexual response indices is not well understood.

Aims

The present study aimed to examine changes in depression and anxiety symptoms and their correspondence to fluctuations in desire, subjective arousal, genital response, orgasmic function, and vaginal pain.

Methods

The study used a 2-week daily diary approach to examine same-day and temporal relations between affective symptoms and sexual function.

Main Outcome Measures

The unique relations between shared and disorder-specific symptoms of depression and anxiety (i.e., general distress, anhedonia, and anxious arousal) and female sexual response (i.e., desire, subjective arousal, vaginal lubrication, orgasmic function, and sexual pain) were examined, controlling for baseline levels of sexual distress, depression, and anxiety, as well as age effects and menstruation.

Results

Analyses revealed that changes in depression and anxiety severity corresponded to same-day variations in sexual response. Specifically, anhedonia (depression-specific symptom) was related to poorer same-day sexual desire, whereas greater anxious arousal (anxiety-specific symptom) was independently related to simultaneous increases in subjective sexual arousal, vaginal lubrication, and sexual pain. Increases in general distress (i.e., shared symptoms) were associated with greater same-day difficulties achieving orgasm. Notably, only one temporal relation was found; it indicated that higher levels of anhedonia predicted a next-day decrease in sexual desire.

Conclusions

It is proposed that the simultaneous changes in affective symptoms and sexual function may indicate that they are products of shared underlying mechanisms. That is, in response to stress, the processes manifesting as feelings of weak positive affect and amotivation are the very same processes responsible for diminished capacity for sexual desire. In contrast, the physiological hyperarousal associated with anxiety also gives rise to sexual arousal difficulties and vaginal pain.
Elevated interferon‐stimulated gene transcription in peripheral blood mononuclear cells occurs in patients infected with genotype 1 but not genotype 3 hepatitis C virus
Authors: Robinson M. W. , Swann R. , Sigruener A. , Barclay S. T. , Mills P. R. , McLauchlan J. , Patel A. H.
Published: September 2014

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be classified into seven distinct genotypes that are associated with differing pathologies and respond differently to antiviral therapy. In the UK, genotype 1 and 3 are present in approximately equal proportions. Chronic infection with HCV genotype 3 is associated with increased liver steatosis and reduced peripheral total cholesterol levels, which potentially influences peripheral immune responses. To understand these differences, we investigated host gene transcription in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by microarray and quantitative PCR in patients with genotype 1 (n = 22) or genotype 3 infection (n = 22) and matched healthy controls (n = 15). Enrichment of genes involved in immune response and inflammatory pathways were present in patients infected with HCV genotype 1; however, no differences in genes involved in lipid or cholesterol metabolism were detected. This genotype‐specific induction of genes is unrelated to IL28B genotype or previous treatment failure. Our data support the hypothesis that genotype 1 infection drives a skewed Type I interferon response and provides a foundation for future investigations into the host–pathogen interactions that underlie the genotype‐specific clinical outcomes of chronic HCV infection.
Fossorial gait patterns and performance of a shovel‐headed amphisbaenian
Authors: Hohl L. S. L. , Loguercio M. F. C. , Buendía R. A. , Almeida‐Santos M. , Viana L. A. , Barros‐Filho J. D. , Rocha‐Barbosa O.
Published: September 2014

Most studies on excavation behaviour ofAmphisbaenia have been based on descriptive analysis through visual observation or external body motion records. Herein, we recorded the excavatory gaits of the shovel‐headed amphisbaenidLeposternon microcephalumusing videofluoroscopy. This technique films byX‐ray emission, allowing a more detailed analysis of the amphisbaenid's underground locomotor behaviour and performance. Thus, we described, for the first time, its ascendant excavatory cycle and backward movement. Furthermore, we analysed its performance through the quantitative data (e.g. speed, travel distance, frequency, time) of each fossorial gait, including the three‐step excavatory cycle previously described in the literature. When comparing the three‐step and the four‐step excavatory cycles, the first presented high average speed and short travel distances. Our original hypothesis that there was a relation between retreat/downward movement of the head and the intensity of burrowing activity was not corroborated by the regression analyses. This movement seems to be just a part of the motion needed to perform the excavatory cycle, not a propulsion step influencing burrowing activity. The results presented in this work contribute to a better understanding ofL. microcephalumfossorial behaviour. Further studies can be performed to better describe and compare excavation patterns and performance among different amphisbaenian skull morphotypes (round headed, keel headed, shovel headed and spade headed).
Individual (co)variation of field behavior and locomotor performance in curly tailed lizards
Authors: Diamond K. , Trovillion D. , Allen K. E. , Malela K. M. , Noble D. A. , Powell R. , Eifler D. A. , Gifford M. E.
Published: September 2014

Animal communication among competitors often relies on honest signaling such that displays of aggression accurately reflect an individual's performance abilities. Moreover, the maintenance of honest signaling should be enhanced by the existence of consistent individual differences in behavior and performance, and individual‐level correlations between them. Despite this, researchers studying honest signaling rarely measure behavioral repeatability. Here, we demonstrate that field behaviors of free‐ranging lizards and a measure of locomotor performance in the laboratory are consistent among individuals (i.e. they were repeatable), although the magnitude of repeatability varies among traits. In addition, endurance appears to be correlated with display frequency in the field at the individual level, suggesting that display frequency is an honest signal of endurance. Interestingly, this correlation was strong for males, and non‐existent for females. Our results extend previous studies of behavior–performance relationships by identifying a sex‐specific correlation between traits and by partitioning phenotypic correlations into between‐ and within‐individual components. This analytical approach is emerging as a powerful tool for studying individual variation in behavior and physiology.