bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AI-based Digital Twin Platform for Flood Risk Intelligence in cities
Authors: Renzi Francesca , Bagli Stefano , mazzoli Paolo
Published: March 2024

The intensifying urban flood risks due to climate change necessitate innovative decision-support systems (DSS) for risk assessment and emergency management. The SaferPlaces cloud web platform emerges as a transformative DSS, utilizing AI-based algorithms and cloud computing power to enhance flood hazard preparedness in urban areas. By enabling users to conduct large-scale, high-speed simulations economically, SaferPlaces stands at the vanguard of urban resilience against flooding.
At its core, SaferPlaces harnesses Digital Twin technology to create a virtual replica of urban environments, allowing for comprehensive pluvial, fluvial, and coastal flood risk assessment. This digital replication assists in formulating risk mitigation strategies, addressing challenges posed by present and future climate conditions. As an ex-ante tool, SaferPlaces integrates climate forecasts into urban planning, fostering scientifically grounded disaster risk reduction and detailed risk profiling.
SaferPlaces distinguishes itself by amalgamating high spatial resolution topographic data, climate information from Copernicus CDS, hydrological data, and open-data platform resources. These inputs feed into advanced models and algorithms, producing high-fidelity hazard and damage estimates. Utilizing Amazon AWS Cloud's computing prowess, the platform generates real-time, cost-effective flood maps for historical and projected climate scenarios.
The platform's user-friendly GUI empowers users to swiftly execute multiple flood hazard and damage scenarios, rendering high-resolution maps within minutes. These maps are readily downloadable, supporting an array of potential stakeholders in their operational tasks. Moreover, SaferPlaces offers specialized tools within its GUI to assist users in identifying, designing, and evaluating the effectiveness of various climate mitigation interventions.
SaferPlaces' cross-sectoral appeal extends to municipal planners, disaster risk reduction professionals, public authorities, environmental and civil protection agencies, emergency organizations, water management entities, insurance sectors, and real estate industries.
Real case application will be discussed in the study
Scaling up the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem services using the CREODIAS cloud computing platform example of the WMS server deployed on the Kubernetes cluster
Authors: Niemyjski Marcin , Musiał Jan
Published: March 2024

The Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem provides open access to the petabyte-scale EO data repository and to a wide range of tools and services, limited to some predefined quoatas. For users who would like to develop commercial services or for those who would like to have larger quotas/unlimited access to services the offer of CREODIAS platform is the solution. In this study an example of such a (pre)commercial service will be presented which publishes the Copernicus Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 products in the form of a Web Map Service (WMS) and WCS (Web Coverage Service). The architecture of the services based on the Kubernetes cluster allows horizontal scaling of a service along with a number of users requests. The WMS/WCS services to be presented combine data discovery, access, (pre)-processing, publishing (rendering) and dissemination capabilities available within a single RESTful (Representational state transfer) query. This gives a user great flexibility in terms of on-the-fly data extraction across a specific AOI (Area Of Interest), mosaicing, reprojection, simple band processing (cloud masking, normalized difference vegetation), rendering. The performance of the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem and CREODIAS platform combined with the efficient software (Postgres 15 with PostGIS extension, MapServer with GDAL backend and Kakadu JPEG2000 driver) allows to achieve WMS/WCS service response time below 1 second on average. This in turn, gives a potential for massive parallelization of the computations given the horizontal scaling of the Kubernetes cluster.    

 
 
Causal Discovery of Stochastic Dynamical Systems: A Markov Chain Approach
Authors: Stippinger Marcell , Bencze Attila , Zlatniczki Ádám , Somogyvári Zoltán , Telcs András
Published: March 2024

Exploring causal relationships among stochastic dynamic systems based solely on observed time series of their states poses a challenging problem. In this context, we present a novel method for causal discovery within stochastic dynamic systems, specifically designed to overcome the limitations of existing methods, particularly in detecting hidden and common drivers. Our proposed approach is based on a straightforward observation: a process generated by a stochastic dynamical system follows a Markov chain if and only if all external influences are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). Consequently, the primary tool in our proposed causal discovery scheme involves testing whether the process generates a Markov chain, as opposed to relying on the "classical" causal Markov property or d-separation.
Our method is nonparametric, requiring no intervention, and is built on a reasonably small number of assumptions. We tested our model both on simulated Markov chains of finite state space and structural vector autoregressive processes. To demonstrate the efficacy of our model, we apply it to weather data consisting of solar irradiation and daily average air temperature. Through our method, we successfully identify the ground truth, revealing that irradiation drives temperature. Furthermore, we adeptly pinpoint the true lag while eliminating spurious lags in the autocorrelation function.
Investigation of Main sources Contributing to PM10 and PM2.5 in Costal Area: Jeddah-Saudi Arabia as case study
Authors: Alzahrani Khalid , Allan James , Coe Hugh
Published: March 2024

This paper analyses two distributions of particulate matter, PM10 and PM2.5 , focusing on total mass and constituents, including elemental and ionic components. It assesses the proportion of these constituents to the total PM mass, with ensuring data reliability. The study also investigates the chemical complexity of species and interactions within PM, including physical processes and reactions forming secondary aerosols. The paper also examines the correlation between particle size and salt formation, exploring PM variability drivers and aerosol formation. The final section examines potential primary and secondary sources of emissions that contribute to the overall particulate matter using EPA PMF model.
Integrative Assessment of Water Scarcity: A Case Study in the Nooksack Watershed Addressing Human and Aquatic Life Needs
Authors: Li Yingzhu , Faustman Elaine , Norton Christina
Published: March 2024

The accessibility of water resource, encompassing both water quantity and quality, is pivotal for public health and aquatic ecosystem. It has been recognized by water related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as life on land and below water. This study underscores the importance of integrating these goals in the context of water resource accessibility. We develop water scarcity assessment that accounts for water demands of human activities by further introducing water quantity and quality requirements for different aquatic life uses. This is applied in a case study for Nooksack watershed that featured diverse anadromous fish habitats. In this study, local data including hydrological flows modelled using regional records, local water quality data, and water withdrawal reports are applied for enhancing the geographical specificity of our analysis. Using different geographical scales including management areas, drainages, and NHD stream reaches, along with annual and monthly temporal scales, this study presents a comprehensive view of water scarcity. Our findings reveal different levels of water scarcity across tributaries with residential distributions and the downstream region of the Nooksack River, with the most severe level observed in agriculture intensified area (Lower Nooksack) and moderately to highly developed urban coastal region (Lummi Bay Watershed). Impaired water quality contributes to exacerbated scarcity, especially during summer, peaking in August. The detailed water scarcity examination at stream reach level specifically identifies the border streams located in the Fishtrap drainage of Lower Nooksack as critically affected by both quantity and quality induced water scarcity. It highlights the need of effective management of border watersheds. It is noteworthy that water quality induced deficiencies of instream flow required by aquatic life uses distribute at mostly first level tributaries overlapping with those most affected drainages, but do not surge at some specific locations. The This study offers a novel framework for assessing water resources accessibility at watershed scale, advocating the downscaled application of water scarcity assessment results to the NHD reach level, thereby providing more intuitive and granular insights. 
ESA JUICE and NASA Europa Clipper: Joint Science Opportunities during Cruise and Jupiter Approach
Authors: Bunce Emma , Prockter Louise , Choukroun Mathieu ,   JUICE Clipper Science Committee
Published: March 2024

ESA’s JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) launched on April 14, 2023, beginning an eight-year journey to the Jupiter system. Arriving in 2031, JUICE will make 35 total flybys of Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto before going into orbit about Ganymede. NASA’s Europa Clipper is scheduled to launch in October 2024, arriving in the Jupiter system in 2030, a year ahead of JUICE. Clipper will spend a year in the system before undertaking 49 flybys of Europa during a nominal three-year primary mission phase, while also making multiple serendipitous flybys of Ganymede and Callisto. Having two highly instrumented spacecraft in close proximity in time and space affords unprecedented opportunities for synergistic observations during the missions’ main orbital phases, and unique heliospheric and magnetosphere science during cruise and Jupiter approach.While there are currently no firm commitments from NASA or ESA to accomplish science beyond that of each mission’s primary science objectives, discussions are ongoing and the task of the appointed JUICE-Clipper Steering Committee (JCSC) is to provide recommendation of compelling joint science opportunities between the two missions.This paper will focus on the cruise and Jupiter approach phases. We have identified a number of potential opportunities for investigating the evolution of the solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field and related structures such as monitoring Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) or Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) during times when the two spacecraft are radially aligned (i.e. at similar heliocentric longitudes) or at similar heliocentric distances, as well as radio science observations of the solar wind and/or Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events that could be observed throughout interplanetary transfer. There is also potential for investigating the evolution of solar wind structures and disturbances when both spacecraft are “connected” through Parker Spiral field lines. The cruise science return from JUICE and Clipper could be further enhanced by data from other operational spacecraft (e.g., BepiColombo, Solar Orbiter, Parker Solar Probe, MAVEN, IMAP, Psyche), thus expanding the catalogue of opportunities for these identified configurations, as well as simultaneous observations by ground and space-based observatories (e.g., JWST, Keck, etc.). The >1 year Jupiter approach phase of the JUICE spacecraft while Clipper orbits within the jovian magnetosphere provides an unrivalled opportunity to study the complexity of the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction and aurora at Jupiter, a topic where there remain many open questions. This phase would provide a unique opportunity for preparatory joint observations to understand if and how the solar wind influences the moon’s local space environment, and the related interaction with Jupiter’s rapidly rotating magnetosphere.
Blue carbon credits: a lot of promises but even more uncertainties for the Global South
Authors: Cormier-Salem Marie-Christine , Comte Adrien , Guillotreau Patrice , Proisy Christophe , Manouvrier Solène , Sakho Issa , Hernández Claudia Agraz , Soares Mario , Chabrol Romain
Published: March 2024

Sustainable science, socio-environmental justice and equity will determine the co-benefits necessary for the credibility, acceptability and effectiveness of blue carbon credits. Bringing together a team of researchers from various disciplines and regions of the world, we reflect on our experience of mangrove ecosystems and the influence of carbon markets on the evolution of mangroves to produce policy recommendations. The blue carbon market must not distract policy-makers from the goal of urgent and massive emission reductions in the Global North, and must be demonstrated to be equitable and inclusive in and with the Global South and useful to effectively sequester and store carbon everywhere. For this to happen, blue carbon finance strategies must be co-designed with all stakeholders, with a particular attention to the most vulnerable people in the Global South. More globally, an integrated approach addressing carbon storage but also adaptation capacities, biodiversity conservation and benefits for the communities is to be preferred.
Preserving geoheritage and stimulating nature-based solutions in floodplain environments through stakeholder engagement. A case study from Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Verstraeten Gert , Segers Yves , Vanmontfort Bart , Lathouwers Eline , Van Zon Marleen , Hoevers Renske
Published: March 2024

River floodplains are gaining much attention in recent years, not only in research but also in policy. Many river systems in Europe have faced dramatic floods over the last few years and nature based solutions such as 'room for water' have been proposed as a more appropriate policy compared to hard technological measures such as the construction of artificial levees. Furthermore, in order to capture and store more carbon in the soil, rewetting of floodplains, after these have been drained for centuries, is now a key tool in many restoration projects. Restoration of rivers, floodplains and peatland environments in general is a key aspect of the EU Nature Restoration Law. However, working out these concepts in practice is not straightforward as many local and regional stakeholders (farmers, residents, local politicians, ...) need to be convinced as they have to change their daily use of the floodplain. Furthermore, little knowlegde is available amongst the stakeholers about former floodplain landscape properties and what the optimal restoration targets are. Hence, there is a risk that during poor-conceived restoration projects, important geo- and cultural heritage features still preserved in the floodplain landscape are being damaged or obliterated. Constant dialogue between scientists, non-governmental stakeholders and policy makers is therefore required before new restoration projects are implemented. Here, we present a case-study on a selection of Belgian floodplains were a key aspect of an interdisciplinary research project (geomorphology, history, archaeology) on historical floodplain development included stakeholders from the conception of the project to the final dessimination of the results. Stakeholders co-developed the project and are also facilitating the communication of research results to the wider public through expositions, open lectures and a landscape biography of river landscapes targeted at a non-scientific audience. This way, both the natural functioning of river systems as well as the important heritage value floodplains have are shared with all stakeholders. 
Preliminary FTIR spectrometry study in a cratonic log: a case study from Jagersfontein mine, South Africa
Authors: Dominique Jessy , Bolfan-casanova Nathalie , Moine Bertrand
Published: March 2024

 Cratonic peridotite xenoliths are unique specimens that allow to constrain the mineralogy of the deep mantle. They are transported at ultrasonic speeds to the surface by volatile-rich kimberlite magmas. Water is an important parameter as it may impact, depending on its concentration, physical parameters such as rheology and partial melting. This study is focused on water content of 12 Spinel and Garnet harzburgites from Jagersfontein mine located at the rim of the Kaapvaal craton. The samples were cautiously selected and are modally non-metasomatized and ultra-refractory peridotites (Fo92-95) with the aim to represent the most preserved archean mantle. Samples originate from 80 to 165 km depth allowing to obtain a continuous monitoring of the cratonic mantle. Water content obtained from FTIR spectroscopy was measured on most representative phases: Ol (15-74 ppm), Opx (70-199 ppm), Gt (3-8 ppm). Orthopyroxene and garnet display a decreasing OH content with increasing depth whereas olivine shows an increase of water content up to 4.5 GPa and then a sudden decrease. The trend shown by olivine [OH] content agrees with olivine data compiled from the literature over decades. The different reasons for explaining such results will be discussed.
On the influence of hydrodynamic and environmental conditions on wave breaking in the nearshore
Authors: Støle-Hentschel Susanne , Catalán Patricio , Streßer Michael , Horstmann Jochen , Dias Frédéric
Published: March 2024

An improved understanding of wave breaking is still a hot topic owing to its relevance in the coupling of ocean and atmosphere. Multiple communities are focusing on numerical simulations of the fully coupled two-phase flow, the validation of such models remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate how coherent marine radars can help to shed light on how different wave and wind parameters influence the evolution of waves towards breaking in the nearshore. The interpretation of the results is undermined by SWASH simulations of shoaling waves for different wave spectra and two beaches and simulations of radvarimages of these waves. Data of three independent measurement campaigns shows that the shoaling characteristics are strongly influenced by the wave steepness, relative depth the Ursell number and the wind. The influence of individual parameters cannot be isolated, but must be understood in its entirety.
Late-stage collisional short-lived flysch sedimentation in the south Aegean (Greece).
Authors: Soukis Konstantinos , Laskari Sofia , Stockli Daniel , Lozios Stylianos
Published: March 2024

Late-stage collision and accretion of small continental blocks can lead to a complex paleogeographic organization that may include basins often characterized by flyschoid sedimentation. Ongoing processes can either transform or completely erase such short-lived structures. Therefore, identifying or constraining their life span and lateral extent is often very difficult.
The Aegean Sea has formed after successive accretion of small continental fragments in the southern European margin since the late Jurassic and the closing of small or larger oceanic basins. This process has overlapped by extensional tectonics associated with the retreat of the subduction zone. Recent studies in the south Aegean (Greece) have identified retro-wedge flyschoid formations in the Cycladic Island of Amorgos in the late Eocene-Oligocene. The development of this basin and the associated flysch was attributed to the collision of two continental blocks, the External Hellenides and the Pelagonian. In Amorgos Island this flysch was deposited above formations assigned to the southern Pelagonian margin.
In order to constrain the lateral extent and life span of this basin, we examine the possible relationships of the Amorgos flysch with the flysch formations observed in the surrounding area by combining field relations between the flysch sediments and the substratum, overall deformation and/or metamorphic history and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology.
Unraveling vertical dynamics: Estimating oceanic transport in marine debris dispersal using circulation structures and Lagrangian tools.
Authors: Cloux González Sara , Ser-Giacomi Enrico , López Crístobal , Hernández-García Emilio
Published: March 2024

Marine litter, particularly plastic pollution, has become a pressing environmental concern, requiring extensive knowledge of its distribution and effects [Chassignet et al., 2021; Wayman et al., 2021]. Therefore, it is important to consider the intricate interaction between ocean dynamics and the dispersion of marine debris, addressing the different scale processes that influence its distribution, accumulation and fate [Van Sebille et al., 2020]. Coastal areas, characterized by complex hydrodynamics, have a unique balance between atmospheric energy inputs and coastal and seabed dissipation, resulting in distinct dynamic features of the open ocean.
We develop Lagrangian tools aimed to obtain information on 3D motions based on surface observations, combining data from satellite observations, model simulations, and future oceanographic campaigns. Climatologies of these Lagrangian indicators, together with their implications for vertical motions, will be presented.
References
E. P. Chassignet, X. Xu, and O. Zavala-Romero, “Tracking marine litter with a global ocean model: where does it go? where does it come from?”  Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 8, p. 667591, 2021.
C. Wayman and H. Niemann, “The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview,” Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 198–212, 2021.
E. Van Sebille et al., “The physical oceanography of the transport of floating marine debris,” p. 2, 2020.
Combined analysis of the 12.8 and 15 microns JWST/MIRI eclipse observations of TRAPPIST-1 b
Authors: Ducrot Elsa , Lagage Pierre-Olivier , Min Michiel ,   ExoMIRI Team
Published: March 2024

The first JWST/MIRI photometric observations of TRAPPIST-1 b allowed for the detection of the thermal emission of the planet at 15 microns, suggesting that the planet could be a bare rock with a zero albedo and no redistribution of heat. Here we present five new occultations of TRAPPIST-1 b observed with MIRI in an additional photometric band at 12.8 microns.  In this presentation we present the results from a joint fit of the 10 eclipses and derive a planet-to-star flux ratio of 452 +/- 86 ppm and 775 +/-90 ppm at 12.8 microns and 15 microns, respectively. We show how we tested a large range of models and found that the data can be well fitted by either an airless planet model with an unweathered (fresh) ultramafic surface, that could be indicative of relatively recent geological processes, or, more surprisingly, by a thick pure CO2 atmosphere with photochemical hazes that create a temperature inversion and results in the CO2 feature being seen in emission. Our results highlight the challenges in accurately determining a planet's atmospheric or surface nature solely from broadband filter measurements of its emission, but also point towards two very interesting scenarios that will be further investigated with the forthcoming phase curve of TRAPPIST-1 b+c.
Trace metals in the soils of the Sanjiang Plain in the Northeast Asia: Land use influence
Authors: Wang Jing , Cheng Hongguang , Yang Kai , Lin Chunye
Published: March 2024

The Sanjiang Plain is located in the Northeast Asia, where the large areas of farmland and wetland are distributed. The soil cores of 40 to 100 cm depth were collected at 48 sites in the Sanjiang Plain and sectioned into 3-, 5- or 10-cm slices. In total, 451 soil samples were got and were analyzed for trace, minor, and major elements. The concentration ranges of trace and minor metals (mg kg-1) in the soil were 1.08-65.7 for As, 0.03-0.36 for Cd, 5.26-103.8 for Co, 42.6-102.9 for Cr, 12.4-64.4 for Cu, 0.01 to 0.14 for Hg, 139.3-4184.5 for Mn, 13.4 to 58.2 for Ni, 15.3-106.2 for Pb, 0.25-1.67 for Sb, 7.87-23.6 for Sc, 2525-6265 for Ti, 51.7-283.4 for V, and 42.8-184.6 for Zn. The average contents of Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, and K2O in the soil were 9.72%, 5.34%, 1.00%, 0.98%, 1.63, and 2.28%, respectively. The soil pH ranged from 5.03 to 6.97, with an average of 5.84. Land uses had important effects on trace metal concentrations in the soil. The average concentrations of As, Co, Mn, and Pb the soil decreased from forest land, to dry farmland, to paddy field, and to wetland. On the other hand, the average concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Sc, and Ti in the soil of wetland and paddy field were higher than those of dry farmland and forest land. However, the average concentrations of Hg and V in the soil of wetland and forest land were higher than those of paddy field and dry farmland. The difference in the concentrations of trace and minor elements among the four types of land use originate from anthropogenic activity, hydrologic conditions, and pristine soil properties. Atmospheric deposition of V and Hg led to higher Hg and V concentrations in the soil of natural wetland and forest land than in the agricultural land (paddy field and dry farmland). Higher leaching of redox sensitive elements such as As, Co, Mn, and Pb led to lower concentrations of As, Co, Mn, and Pb in wetland and paddy field than in forest land and dry farmland. The difference in the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Sc, and Ti in the soil among the four kinds of land use should be ascribed to the difference in the pristine soil properties.  This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42276233). 
Causal drivers of North Atlantic glacial climate variability
Authors: Kovacs Tamas , Galytska Evgenia , Prange Matthias , Paul André , Schulz Michael
Published: March 2024

Terrestrial and marine proxy records suggest that climate variability was higher during the last glacial cycle than today. This is particularly true in the North Atlantic region where this enhanced variability is associated with changes in the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) on different time scales. Despite prolonged efforts to explain an oscillatory behaviour of glacial AMOC strength, it is still not fully understood; moreover, studies often describe its mechanism qualitatively or attempt to identify its drivers using methods that do not imply causation.In this study we use the isotope-enabled Earth system model iCESM1.2 to simulate the glacial climate under conditions representing the Marine Isotope Stage 3 (about 38 thousand years before present). Our results show the AMOC oscillating with a period of roughly 500 years and an amplitude of 4 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3s-1). Surface air temperature varies by about 1-2°C in Northern Europe, 4°C in Greenland, and up to 15°C over the North Atlantic Ocean where sea ice cover varies the most. Based on a supervised machine learning method (causal discovery), we find causal links between AMOC and North Atlantic Ocean salinity and meridional salt transport. We show how changes in the salinity of water advected into key deep-water forming areas feed back to the AMOC, thus driving the oscillation.Our findings from applying causal discovery outline the mechanism of a salt-oscillator in a fully coupled model, and indicate the potential of this method to identify causal drivers that trigger variations in AMOC strength on different time scales too.
Physical understanding of anisotropy in the Reynolds stress tensor of near-surface turbulence
Authors: Gucci Federica , Giovannini Lorenzo , Mosso Samuele , Stiperski Ivana , Zardi Dino , Vercauteren Nikki
Published: March 2024

Classical theories of atmospheric turbulence work well for isotropic turbulence. However, near the surface, as well as under strongly stable stratification, turbulence can be very anisotropic, due to the physical constraints of the ground and the buoyancy, respectively. This anisotropy has an impact on the mixing properties of turbulence, which need to be taken into account in parameterizations.In atmospheric boundary-layer studies, turbulence anisotropy mainly refers to the difference in intensity of velocity fluctuations along different directions. This analysis can be performed along the principal directions of the Reynolds stress tensor. By doing so, a classification of turbulence according to its anisotropy, independent of the choice of the coordinate system where turbulence is measured, can be developed. This classification is an useful tool for improving current scaling relations of near-surface turbulence.The present contribution focuses on the physical understanding of these different anisotropic states of turbulence, by exploring the possible sources which are driving  them. In addition, their relation with the variances and turbulent fluxes evaluated in the coordinate system commonly adopted in studies of near-surface turbulence is investigated. Special attention is given to results for stably stratified boundary layer, as under this condition the anisotropization of turbulence is considered one of the causes for poor performance of current parameterization at high Richardson number. 
On the emission-scenario dependence of the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement
Authors: Schwinger Jörg , Bourgeois Timothée , Rickels Wilfried
Published: March 2024

Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) deliberately modifies the chemistry of the surface ocean to enhance the uptake of atmospheric CO2. Although it is known that the efficiency of OAE (the amount of CO2 sequestered per unit of alkalinity added) depends on the chemical background state of the surface ocean, the consequences of this dependency for simulated OAE scenarios have never been systematically explored. Here we show, using idealized and scenario simulations with an Earth system model (ESM), that under quadrupling of pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 concentrations, the simulated efficiency of OAE increases by about 30% from 0.76 to 0.98. We find that only half of this effect can be explained by changes in the sensitivity of CO2 sequestration to alkalinity addition itself. The remainder is due to the larger portion of anthropogenic emissions taken up by a high alkalinity ocean. Importantly, both effects are reversed if atmospheric CO2 concentrations were to decline due to large scale deployment of land-based (or alternative ocean-based) carbon dioxide removal (CDR) methods. By considering an overshoot pathway that relies on large amounts of land-based CDR, we demonstrate that OAE efficiency indeed shows a strong decline after atmospheric CO2 concentrations have peaked. Our results imply that methodological choices must be made if carbon credits for OAE are to be allocated based on simulated efficiencies.
Characterization of deep infiltrations in subsurface drained agricultural system
Authors: Henine Hocine , Tournebize Julien , Chaumont Cedric , Blanchouin Arnaud , Rivière Agnès , Clément Rémi
Published: March 2024

Subsurface drainage practice is widely used in agriculture to eliminate temporary winter waterlogging of hydromorphic soils. Soil surface saturation is mainly due to the presence of an underlying layer (~1m deep) with a high clay content, considered as semi-impermeable. Generally, deep infiltration under this layer has been neglected in many hydrological studies. However, considering the variations in the ground water table levels, the recharge is mainly due to the deep infiltration. Understanding the dynamic of this infiltration is very important both for the quantitative management of groundwater resources and for the protection of its quality. Indeed, this infiltration can transfer spreading products (fertilizers and pesticides) used in agriculture, mainly the water-soluble molecules.To understand the dynamic of the deep infiltration, hydrological and geophysical monitoring using ERT (Electrical Resistivity Tomography) method was set up on the drained experimental plot of Boissy le Châtel (Orgeval Observatory, in France). The water balance at the scale of the experimental plot highlighted the contribution of the deep infiltration to the groundwater table rise at the beginning of fall season.Time-lapse geophysical survey coupled with water content monitoring on a 1.5m vertical profile showed the movement of a rewetting front from the soil surface towards deep layers during this very short transition period, which follows a precipitation event. After this period, during the intense drainage season, the deep infiltration below the drains continues (in the order of 0.12 mm/day compared to 2mm/day for subsurface drained flow) despite the rise of the water table to the surface layer. However, it is difficult to monitor its pathway using the passive ERT method, less sensitive to electrical resistivity variations in the range of soil water content close to saturation.
A new method for disaggregating path-averaged rain rates from commercial microwave links
Authors: Fencl Martin , Schleiss Marc
Published: March 2024

Commercial microwave links (CMLs) serve as point-to-point radio connections in cellular backhaul and offer a promising way to measure rainfall opportunistically. Raindrops along the CML path attenuate electromagnetic waves, allowing the conversion of this attenuation into path-averaged rain rates. Wide coverage of CML networks, high density in urban areas, and cost-effective operation present clear advantages over traditional rain gauges and radar networks. However, the integrated nature of CML data poses a challenge. When transforming this data into spatially representative rainfall estimates, such as 2D maps, path-integrated rain rates need to be converted into point data and interpolated to a regular two-dimensional Cartesian grid. The most direct method involves reducing each CML observation to a single-point measurement at the path's center, followed by interpolation using techniques like kriging or inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation. Yet, past studies indicate that for longer CMLs (several kilometers) and intense localized rain showers, this approach can introduce significant biases and unrealistic rainfall distributions due to the substantial spatial and temporal variability of rainfall.In this contribution, we introduce a new disaggregation method employing random cascades. The method redistributes rainfall amounts along CML paths across progressively smaller scales using a discrete, conservative multiplicative random cascade. Inspired by the EVA (Equal-volume area) cascade developed by Schleiss (2020) for disaggregating spatially intermittent rainfall fields, our approach involves splitting each CML segment into two new segments with different path-lengths but identical path-integrated rainfall. We call this new method CLEAR (CML segments with equal amounts of rain). CLEAR is tested for CML network of 77 CMLs located in Prague, CZ. First, the disaggregation is evaluated using simulated CML observations and, second, CML rain rates derived from real attenuation data.Our findings demonstrate that CLEAR surpasses reconstruction algorithms that reduce CML observations into a single point. It accurately replicates the highly diverse rainfall distributions observed along CMLs, including their intermittency. Moreover, the stochastic nature of the cascade enables the quantification of uncertainty associated with the spatial redistribution of rainfall rates along CMLs.ReferencesSchleiss, Marc. “A New Discrete Multiplicative Random Cascade Model for Downscaling Intermittent Rainfall Fields.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 7 (July 23, 2020): 3699–3723. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3699-2020.
Development of JAXA L2 algorithms to retrieve cloud properties and vertical velocity for the EarthCARE mission
Authors: Okamoto Hajime , Sato Kaori , Nishizawa Tomoaki , Horie Hiroaki
Published: March 2024

JAXA L2-algorithms for cloud properties and vertical velocity were developed for the EarthCARE mission. CPR will be the first 94GHz Doppler cloud radar in space and ATLID is the 355nm-high spectral resolution lidar that can provide backscattering, extinction and depolarization ratio. The JAXA L2 standard cloud products will be derived by using (1) CPR-only algorithms without Doppler velocity, (2) CPR and ATLID algorithms and (3) CPR. ATLID and MSI algorithms. The JAXA L2 research product will be produced by using Doppler velocity (Vd) from CPR in addition to above. The products include cloud mask, cloud particle type, cloud particle categories, terminal velocity and vertical air motion. The L2 algorithms correspond to the extended version to those for CloudSat, CALIPSO (Hagihara et al., 2010 for cloud mask, Yoshida et al., 2010 and Kikuchi et al., 2017 for cloud particle type and Okamoto et al., 2010, Sato and Okamoto 2011 for cloud microphysics) and the latter has been distributed as JAXA EarthCARE A-train products. Vd may be affected by aliasing and the correction algorithm was developed. After the correction, Vd is effective to discriminate clouds and precipitation in cloud particle type products. It is also effective to specify the upward motion in convections. Cloud particle type algorithms for CPR use Vd and Ze for the better discrimination of clouds and precipitation. Two-dimensional diagram of lidar ratio and depolarization ratio from ATLID enables to retrieve ice particle categories (Okamoto et al., 2019, 2020, Sato and Okamoto 2023). The knowledge of particle categories reduce the uncertainties in the retrieved microphysics. Recently developed physical model (Sato et al., 2018) and vectorized physical model (Sato et al., 2019) were implemented into the algorithms to account multiple scattering contribution to the signals.Synergetic ground-based observation system has been constructed in NICT Koganei, Tokyo. The ground-based system consists of 94GHz high-sensitivity-cloud radar (HG-SPIDER) and electric scanning cloud radar (ES-SPIDER), Multi-Field-of-view Multiple Scattering Polarization Lidar (Okamoto et al., 2016, Nishizawa et al., 2021), high spectral resolution lidar (Jin et al., 2020), direct-detection Doppler lidar (Ishii et al., 2022), coherent Doppler lidar (Iwai et al., 2013) and wind profiler. Cloud mask, particle type, cloud particle category, cloud microphysics, terminal velocity and vertical motion are retrieved by the system and can be used to evaluate L2 products.
Towards a coupled km-scale Atmosphere-Land Reanalysis for Europe
Authors: Schalge Bernd , Mamani Jane Roque , Stein Olaf , Poll Stefan , Görgen Klaus , Keller Jan , Valmassoi Arianna
Published: March 2024

Modelling studies in hydrology depend on a good representation of forcing data, in particular precipitation, for a good process representation, especially at the catchment  or sub-catchment scale. Forcing data is often provided through reanalysis, that use observations to obtain model states with the smallest possible errors and biases. Here, we present a prototype convection-permitting reanalysis system using a coupled atmosphere-land model system utilizing ICON-eCLM for the EURO-CORDEX domain at a resolution of 3km. Due to the high resolution it is expected that in particular precipitation will be better represented than in existing reanalyses, leading to more realistic forcing data. We analyzed precipitation and other near-surface observables from preliminary model runs and evaluated them in comparison to other widely used reanalysis products such as ERA-5 as well as to output of an ICON standalone simulation to assess potential improvements of the new reanalysis. We show potential use cases of the new reanalysis and discuss limitations of this dataset, which are related to the currently short available time series.
Convective precipitation extremes may not increase beyond the Clausius-Clapeyron expectation
Authors: Da Silva Nicolas , Haerter Jan
Published: March 2024

Flash floods arising from short-duration precipitation extremes are costly for the population, and their frequency and intensity could increase with global warming (Fowler et al., 2021). Understanding the mechanisms leading to extreme precipitation is thus essential. A common hypothesis for precipitation extremes is that they scale with temperature according to the thermodynamic Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) law. However, increases in short-duration precipitation extremes beyond the CC expectation (or super-CC) were reported in multiple regions. The super-CC scaling is currently understood as the combination of two effects: (1) an invigoration of convective precipitation through convective cloud feedbacks; (2) a statistical effect resulting from a shift in rain type, from light stratiform to heavier convective-type precipitation, with increasing temperatures.This work revisits these hypotheses by identifying convective precipitation at an unprecedented high resolution (5 km spatially and 10 min temporally). For this, we employ the EUropean Cooperation for LIghtning Detection (EUCLID) lightning dataset to define convective precipitation and combine it with weather station data from the German weather service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD). We show that while (total) extreme precipitation increases with a super-CC rate, the scaling of both convective and stratiform-type precipitation extremes is in accordance with the CC law. We thus conclude that the super-CC rate is explained by the statistical shift in rain type alone and refute any mechanistic origin. Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs), which dominate extreme precipitation events in Europe (Da Silva & Haerter, 2023), are known to contain both a convective and stratiform region (Houze, 1997). By tracking MCSs over Germany, we show that MCS extreme precipitation also features a super-CC rate, which we relate to a dramatic increase in their convective fraction for dew point temperatures exceeding 14 degrees Celsius. References:Da Silva, N. A., & Haerter, J. O. (2023). The precipitation characteristics of mesoscale convective systems over Europe. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 128, e2023JD039045. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039045Fowler, H.J., Lenderink, G., Prein, A.F. et al. Anthropogenic intensification of short-duration rainfall extremes. Nat Rev Earth Environ 2, 107–122 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-00128-6Houze, R. A. Stratiform precipitation in regions of convection: A meteorological paradox? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78, 2179 – 2196 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)0782.0.CO;2
From the pore to the catchment-scale: a discussion of groundwater processes and modelling
Authors: Carrera Jesús
Published: March 2024

Contrary to widespread belief, it is well known since ancient Greece that rivers flow most of the time because they receive groundwater discharge. However, it is less widely known that rivers are losing their base flow because of aquifer overexploitation and, even less, the intimate link between ground and surface water processes. I review the processes that control water quality, from pore scale biofilms to hyporheic exchange, and runoff generation. While there is a broad understanding of these processes, I argue that the way they are represented in models is poor. As a result, water management and regulations tend to ignore them. Specifically, managed aquifer recharge is currently hindered by EU regulations. Yet, it remains the only practical management strategy to reverse groundwater (and, thus, the loss of river base flow and ecosystem services). I find it paradoxical that, while a lot of effort is devoted to global "accounting", we are deemphasizing the river basin scale, within which most water management relevant processes occur (ironically, the only management relevant trans-basin processes, i.e., the recycling of moisture, is equally ignored). I conclude for a renewal od the old call for close interaction between surface and groundwater hydrologists.
Data-driven system identification of the WEFE nexus: Challenges and prospects
Authors: Jonsson Elise , Teutschbein Claudia , Blicharska Malgorzata , Francisco Andreina , Todorovic Andrjiana , Sušnik Janez , Grabs Thomas
Published: March 2024

The Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem (WEFE) nexus presents many challenges with regards to modelling. While attempts at conceptual modelling of this nexus have been made, increasing data availability due to electrification, smart infrastructure, and digitization of these sectors encourages a data-driven approach to system identification and control. Data-driven methods have had wide success in disciplines dealing with similar challenges as the WEFE nexus, such as the multiplicity of scales, nonlinearity and chaos, high dimensionality, fuzzy and stochastic social dynamics, as well as rare- or extreme event exposure. Here we provide a brief summary of data-driven methods of system identification that may address these challenges by looking at cross-disciplinary applications and its relevance for the WEFE nexus.
Multi-scale temperature variability in the Arctic Mediterranean between 1958 to 2023 – from surface to abyss 
Authors: Rinde Birgit , He Shengping , Li Camille
Published: March 2024

The temperature of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent areas has increased over recent decades and is expected to continue to increase through this century. Discrepancies between previous studies based on different periods, domains, and datasets suggest that the warming of the Arctic Ocean is nonlinear and characterized by large temporal and spatial variability. The behavior of this warming signal has numerous local effects on aspects from sea ice cover and surface fluxes to ecosystems, all of which react differently to linear warming compared to episodic warming events. The spatiotemporal warming pattern will also play a role in defining the product of dense-water formation in the region, which feeds into the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Utilizing the ORAS5 reanalysis, the Arctic Subpolar gyre sTate Estimates, as well as in-situ observations, we present an overview of the warming of the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas between 1958 and 2023. We shed light on the variability of trends and seasonal signals across the Arctic Ocean, from surface to abyss. This analysis provides a solid baseline for detecting regional changes in the mean state and variability of the Arctic Ocean with global warming and exploring the physical mechanisms causing the warming trend. As such, it will be key for grounding investigations of future changes in heat budgets for the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas. 
Evidence of volcanism and former rift axis within the southern extent of the Iceland-Faroe Ridge
Authors: Erlendsson Ögmundur , Blischke Anett , Óðinsson Davíð Þór , Thordarson Sigvaldi
Published: March 2024

The Iceland-Faroe Ridge (IFR) is an elevated area between Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and the Hatton Bank with water depths from 300–1800 m. It is believed that the Iceland hotspot is responsible for the formation of the IFR. During the opening of the Northeast Atlantic, the Reykjanes mid-ocean ridge formed by interlinking with the Iceland hotspot. These processes created a complex wide volcanic breakup margin of volcanic rift zones or intraplate volcanism that brought magma to the surface. These processes resulted in the formation of morphologic features, as seen onshore in Iceland today, such as ridges, volcanic cones and lava flows that are a physical record of the plates being rifted and spread apart. Therefore, the IFR has been in development since the opening of the NE-Atlantic (