bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Third-Party Rules
Authors: Hall Mark A
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter argues that it is an unappealing solution to the health care spending problem to force unwilling patients to pay for most of their own medical costs out of pocket. Fortunately, there is no compelling need to adopt this extreme position. The medical-industrial complex has no shortage of other institutions perfectly willing to set spending limits for consumers. The principal contenders are insurance companies, government agencies, and employers—those who pay for the treatment. I classify these as “third-party,” “centralized,” or “external” decision makers. They are third-party or external authorities because they are outside of the primary doctor/patient relationship. They are centralized because, by and large, they make uniform decisions for everyone under their authority. Third-party authorities also include the courts and innovative institutions such as citizen committees or physician overseers. This chapter addresses anyone who makes medical spending decisions other than the doctor or patient who is directly involved in the particular treatment affected by the decision. If either of these parties to the treatment relationship feels bound by an explicit resource constraint on a treatment option, then a third-party spending decision has been imposed.
Class Acts
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian
Published: November 2023

Such politically specious “identification” as I have suggested characterizes U.S. blacks’ adoption of the term African-American is by no means unique to that particular context. Indeed, we can arrive at a fuller sense of its potential offensiveness if we consider its manifestation in a rather more “classic” scenario, without for a second suggesting the commensurability of the two instances. In a November 1986 article titled “The King of Rap;’ Village Voice reporter Barry Walters chronicled the professional rise of Rick Rubin, the young white music producer who had just recently drawn upon his interest in and knowledge of African-American musical culture, his entrepreneurial bravado, and his family’s money to help effect the “crossover” of rap music from the ghetto of black hip-hop culture into the “mainstream” of the pop-music recording industry.
The Reassuring Shock of Recognition
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian
Published: November 2023

By October 1995, when actor and former pro football star 0. J. Simpson was acquitted in the 1994 murders of his estranged wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and Ronald Goldman, .l>O much media coverage had been accorded to so many details of the case that one could well have forgotten a relatively small wrinkle from the earliest days of the reportage, involving a likeness of Simpson printed on the cover of one of the nation’s leading weekly news magazines just after his arrest by the Los Angeles Police Department. Both Time and Newsweek based the covers for their 27 June 1994 issues on a mug shot of Simpson taken by the LAPD, running the portrait at full-page size along with headlines bristling with sensationalism—Newsweek’s “Trail of Blood”—and melodrama—Time’s “An American Tragedy” (see cover stories by Turque et al. and by Gibbs); but the fundamental identicalness of the images was largely overridden by some distinguishing features that a New York Times reporter evidently found difficult to ascribe:
Backing Up, Crossing Over, Breaking Out
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian
Published: November 2023

Not only do the analyses presented in Part II of this book indicate that black masculinity is a source of great anxiety throughout U.S. culture and society, but Chapter 6, in particular, suggests that that anxiety is so intense as to characterize even sites from which African-American men are notably absent. Even such absence itself, however, can obviously signal the anxiety with which I am concerned, resulting from the multiform subtle but nonetheless effective modes of discriminatory practice that still generally prevent black men from entering the bastions of, say, corporate capitalism. And yet, absence as such generally indicates more than simply a discriminatory boundary that bars black men from a given, relatively discrete, social realm; it also suggests that realm’s extensive implication in the defining problematics of the larger culture.
A New-England Tale; Or, Sketches of New-England Character and Manners
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

Written in 1822, A New-England Tale is the first of Catharine Sedgwick’s twenty novels published in her lifetime. It concerns the moral and religious development of a young orphan girl in rural New England, and provides an intriguing sketch of the social, political, and religious climate of early America, and of the methods of representation by early women writers. The editors’ introduction locates the novel in its historical and political context, and provides a biographical sketch of Sedgwick.
Chapter IX
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

It was on the evening of the day on which the conversation we have related, had occurred between young Wilson and his mother, that Jane, just as she had parted with Erskine, after an unusually delightful walk, and was entering her aunt’s door, heard her name pronounced in a low voice. She turned, and saw an old man emerging from behind a projection of the house. He placed his finger on his lips by way of an admonition to silence, and said softly to Jane, “For the love of Heaven, come to my house to-night; you may save life; tell no one, and come after the family is in bed.”
Chapter X
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

The name of the stranger was Mary Oakley. Her parents had gone out adventurers to the West Indies, where, at the opening of flattering prospects, they both died victims to the fever of the climate, which seldom spares a northern constitution. Mary, then in her infancy, had been sent home to her grand-parents, who nursed this only relict of their unfortunate children with doating fondness. They were in humble life; and they denied themselves every comfort, that they might gratify every wish, reasonable and unreasonable, of their darling child. She, affectionate and ardent in her nature, grew up impetuous and volatile.
Confusion of Tongues
Authors: Moon Michael , Sedgwick Eve Kosofsky
Published: November 2023

MM: My mother was a Van Velsor: I favor her: “favor” they call it up on Long Island-a curious word so used, yet a word of great suggestiveness. EKS: Often people would say-men, women, children, would sayMM:”You are a Whitman: I know you.” EKS: When I asked how they knew they would up with a finger at me: MM: “By your features, your gait, your voice: they are your mother’s.” EKS: I think all that was, is, true: I could see it in myself (WWC 2: 280). MM: In this exchange we want to re-examine the matter of Walt Whitman’s relationship with his mother, Louisa Van Velsor Whitman-his intense identifications and disidentifications with her and hers with him, as well as some possible connections between her writing and style (in the broadest sense of the term) and his. EKS: My mother was illiterate in the formal sense but strangely knowing: she excelled in narrative-had great mimetic power: she could tell stories, impersonate: ... was very original in her manner, her style (WWC 2: 113-14). MM: Leaves of Grass is the flower of her temperament active in me (WWC 2: 113). EKS: We’ve undertaken this project not only out of our dissatisfaction with the prevailing ideas of Louisa Whitman in Whitman criticism and biography, but from our even stronger dissatisfaction with prevailing ideas of the significance of relations between queer men and the women who are our mothers. Louisa Whitman, Lady Wilde, Julia Warhola: adult women, mothers, collaborators and coconspirators in the generativity of adult queer men who knew them, and were known to them, as few adults of any sexuality learn to know one another across the divide of gender.
Whitman Drunk
Authors: Warner Michael
Published: November 2023

In November 1842, New Yorkers would have been able to buy, for twelve and a half cents each, or for eight dollars per hundred, an object that would be hard to classify today. It was called Franklin Evans; or, the Inebriate. Now it is encountered as a book, and is usually described as a novel. In 1842 it was a newspaper supplement-a special issue of the New World, unbound, printed on cheap paper, in newspaper columns. Any reader would have recognized it as a tract as well. The New World’s advertisements for it had begun, “Friends of Temperance, Ahoy!” (EPF 124). The first sentence makes no bones about these extranovelistic features: “The story I am going to tell you, reader, will be somewhat aside from the ordinary track of the novelist” (EPF 126). Those who read Franklin F:vans today, as a novel, often find it unsatisfactory; one reason for this is that the work addressed publics that were not simply novelistic publics. Newspaper subscribers and “Friends of Temperance” would have brought to the object the mass-mediated self understanding of the temperance movement. And that was a public in a new way. Temperance publications like Franklin Evans brought together two tendencies of the early national period: an ever more aggressive press, which had become strongly entrepreneurial; and a tradition of association that by the time of Tocqueville’s American tour could seem to be the defining feature of American culture.
“When the World Strips Down and Rouges Up”: Redressing Whitman
Authors: Davidson Michael
Published: November 2023

In his speech to the Republican Convention in August 1992, Patrick Buchanan described the previous month’s Democratic Convention as “that giant masquerade ball up at Madison Square Garden where twenty thousand liberals and radicals came dressed up as moderates and centrists-in the greatest single exhibition of cross-dressing in American political history.”1 On one level, Buchanan’s invective was addressed to what he perceives as the liberal platform of the Democrats-their inclusion of abortion rights, health care reform, and environmental issues at the convention. On another level, it was addressed to the increasing presence of gay and lesbian issues in American political life-Arns research, domestic partners legislation, job protection, artistic censorship--which challenge the Family Values agenda of the religious right. By regarding Democrats as political transvestites, Buchanan may link sexual and political identities such that (so-called) perversity in one sphere may be read as corruption in another.
Ghetto Chronicles: Life at the Brink
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

Although diaries of the deathcamp experience were still being dug up in the ruins of the gas chambers at Auschwitz as late as 1962, they were few in number, often fragmentary, and usually in poor condition. The most detailed records of Jewish existence during the Holocaust are to be found in archives and chronicles from ghettos like Warsaw, Lodz, and Kovno. Carefully hidden or buried at the time, they surfaced after the war to furnish vivid accounts of how an oppressed and deceived people managed the daily rhythms of life as the Germans contrived their relentless migration toward death.
Understanding Atrocity: Killers and Victims in the Holocaust
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

The Murders at Bullenhuser Damm is a documentary account, painstakingly assembled by a West German journalist, of the hanging of twenty Jewish children between the ages of five and twelve in an auxiliary’ camp of Neuengamme concentration camp near Hamburg during the closing days of World War 11. The accused killers, SS guards, officers, and doctors, called their activity “obeying orders from above.” We would call it “concealing the evidence” of some of the most bizarre and senseless medical experiments ever performed on human subjects in the name of scientific progress during the melancholy years of the Third Reich. The details of the experiments, their consequences, and the fate of the young victims make sad but compelling reading. But the real value of this important book is the insights it gives us into the minds of the killers, ordinary men of no singular ability who gain our attention because they were powerful and willing enough to murder, without compunction or demurral, little Jewish children.
The Americanization of the Holocaust on Stage and Screen
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

We bring to the imaginative experience of the Holocaust a foreknowledge of man’s doom. Not his fate, but his doom. The Greeks sat spellbound in their arenas in Athens and witnessed the unfolding of what they already knew: proud and defiant men and women submitting to an insurrection in their spirit that rebelled against limitations. Oedipus and Phaedra, Orestes and Antigone hurl their own natures against laws human or divine, suffer the intrusions of chance and coincidence, but make their fate by pursuing or being driven by weaknesses or strengths that are expressions of the human will. Whether they survive or die, they affirm the painful, exultant feeling of being human; they declare that man, in the moral world at least, is an agent in the fate we call his death.
Epidemiology and Health Services
Authors: Aremenian Haroutune K , Shapiro Sam
Published: November 2023

What is the relevance of epidemiology to decision-making in health services? If our ability to launch large-scale experimental studies of health services is limited, what are some alternative approaches to study design? How can we best make use of routinely collected data from health information systems? How can we best synthesize information to make more reasonable inferences? These are some of the questions that Epidemiology and Health Services tries to answer. The book starts with three chapters on strategies for problem investigation, problem solving, and program development and evaluation. These are followed by nine chapters that give a theoretical overview of specific methods and then present case studies. The cases are based on important investigations of health services and are followed by questions and discussions that guide readers through the most salient issues of these studies. This is a book that addresses the needs of a broad spectrum of health professionals. It will help health service administrators, managers and other professional design and conduct evaluative and intervention research on the delivery of health services. And it will give epidemiology and public health students a wider perspective on applicatons of the discipline.
Case-Control Methods
Authors: Armenian Haroutune K
Published: November 2023

The high cost and complex logistics of conducting randomized experimental studies make them difficult to develop routinely to evaluate the delivery of health care. In addition to cost and logistics, there are other problems in setting up a randomized trial. For example, it is difficult to assess a problem as complex as an alternative system of delivery of medical care using a randomized trial, and it is difficult to justify a randomized clinical trial if efficacy is already established and our primary concern in evaluating an intervention is its adverse effects. In both instances, well-designed observational studies may provide an alternative to randomized clinical trials. Table 8-1 lists some of the situations where an alternative approach to randomized trials should be considered.
Randomized Controlled Trials in Health Services Research
Authors: Shapiro Sam
Published: November 2023

The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is recognized as the most rigorous method available for testing hypotheses in the health care field. It is a longitudinal, prospective method in which a population or defined set of subjects is randomly allocated into subgroups ‘‘to receive or not to receive an experimental preventive or therapeutic procedure, maneuver, or intervention” (Last, 1988, p. 110). The objective is to determine the efficacy or effectiveness of the intervention through the comparison of a defined outcome in an experimental group and a control group.
Prologue
Authors: Lindgren James M
Published: November 2023

Year by year as the nineteenth century waned, the North End house in which Paul Revere had lived and from which he went on his fateful mid night ride seemed more threatened by adjacent tenements. By 1900 the compact neighborhood had the dubious distinction of being “the most crowded one hundred acres of land on earth.” The locale had once been Boston’s finest, but a diverse population of destitute immigrants now lived there. By sheer numbers alone, they seemed destined to alter the city’s Yankee identity. Samuel Adams Drake, a popular antiquary, voiced nothing but disdain when he found the air around the house “thick with the vile odors of garlic and onions-of maccaroni and lazzaroni,” while the adjacent “dirty tenements swarmed with greasy voluble Italians.”1 Yan kee social workers, meanwhile, were warning that degeneracy and crime were on the rise.
“It Belongs to Men Like You”
Authors: Lindgren James M
Published: November 2023

Spnea bore the distinct stamp of its founder William Sumner Appleton, Jr. (1874-1947). Born into the Brahmin caste and reared in the traditions of Beacon Hill, Harvard University, and Boston’s elite institutions, Appleton made preservation his life’s work and benefaction. SPNEA enlisted the help of many prominent Yankees, but none surpassed that of Apple ton. His lifelong career was rooted within his own history. Undoubtedly one of the most prominent families in New England, the Appletonstraced their lineage to Samuel Appleton, a settler of Ipswich, Massachusetts, in 1636. The founder of SPNEA was born at 39 Beacon Street, one of Boston’s finest bow-fronted houses (Fig. 1-1). Designed by Alexander Parris in a restrained Greek Revival style, the house was built for Nathan Appleton in 1818-19.1 Nathan’s life, first as a farm boy, then as a merchant and industrialist, and finally as a public servant, molded the family. He founded one of the nation’s first integrated textile mills in 1828, but feared that an industrial economy would replicate the class conflict and degradation of Europe’s factories.
On Letting the Music Speak for Itself
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

The title of today’s panel may suggest that I will give a state-of-the-art report on the relationship between musicology and performance or else outline a program for the future development of that relationship. But neither would be worth my while to prepare nor yours to hear. Things are going well. Never, it seems, have scholars and performers worked so closely and happily together or learned more from each other, nor have so many ever before combined the roles as successfully as now. Musicologically trained performers are proliferating in graduate programs around the country. Historical performance practice is now a recognized subdiscipline both of academic musicology and of conservatory curricula. When Mr. Henahan of the New York Times can devote a Sunday column to the merits of historical instruments, or when Mr. Rockwell of the same paper, in a glowing review of Pomerium Musices, can actually list among the group’s assets that its director is a musicologist, we may all take some justifiable satisfaction in going at last off the defensive vis-a-vis the press and, let us hope, the public. May this trend of recognition continue. We’ve all worked hard for it, we deserve it, and everything I say here is meant to abet it.
Down with the Fence
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

Times have certainly changed since this book’s like-named predecessor-a 22-page booklet jointly authored by Thurston Dart, Walter Emery, and Christopher Morris-was jointly published by Stainer & Bell, Novello, and the Oxford University Press in 1963. For one thing, the booklet carried the Arcadian legend, so widely remarked in its time, that ‘‘The Publishers do not claim copyright in this book, and it may be freely quoted without acknowledgment,” while the 125-page replacement has the standard businesslike warnings against infringements. For another, the flighty, avuncular, jocularly dogmatic obiter dicta of the earlier publication have been replaced by Mr. Caldwell’s serious, thorough, at times weighty discussions-in-the-round of sundry issues, which chiefly account for the fivefold increase in the volume’s girth. Both booklet and book are symptomatic of their respective times. What was once an essentially amateur activity has become solidly academicized and professional ized. It is taken seriously. John Caldwell’s treatment of his subject does honor to its newwon status. At a time when some writers have seen fit conspicuously to downgrade the editorial function in the scheme of things musicological, it is good to see a book that upholds it so ardently. No musicological activity is more important than editing, for it is competent editing that makes most of the rest possible.
Resisting the Ninth
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

Something that used to puzzle fans who listened to the souvenir recordings of the old Hoffnung Music Festivals without having attended them was the extra roar of laughter that would swell upduring the applause at the conclusion of each travesty. It was the response to a favorite sight gag: the conductor would customarily leap off the podium and bound over to shake the kettledrummer’s hand instead of the concertmaster’s. And that is just what I felt like doing after hearing this extraordinary recording of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony. Always something of a timpani concerto among symphonies-besides the famous solos in the Scherzo there is the horripilating tattoo that all but drowns out the first movement recapitulation, the confiding exchanges with the cellos and basses in the third movement coda, the shimmering roll that supports the most visionary moment in the finale, and much besides-the Ninth is enhanced immeasurably on this occasion by the stupendous playing of Robert Howes and the superbly responsive instrument on which he deploys his sticks.
Stravinsky Lite (Even “The Rite”)
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

The first volume in Robert Craft’s planned Musicmasters recording of the complete Stravinsky (01612 67078; two CDs) includes an early warhorse, The Rite of Spring, and Stravinsky’s last major composition, Requiem Canticles, in which Mr. Craft competes against his own prior recording, executed in Stravinsky’s presence. There are three major Neoclassical scores, Oedipus Rex, the Symphony of Psalms, and the Symphony in Three Movements, and three lagniappes, Fanfare for a New Theater for two trumpets, a Fanfare for Three Trumpets originally intended as the opening of Agon, and the Pas de Deux somewhat inexplicably excerpted from Apollo. The orchestra, where there is one, is the Orchestra of St. Luke’s. As a theorist of musical performance, Igor Stravinsky gave early voice to ideas that achieved widespread currency only decades later with the advent of the ‘‘Early Music” movement and its peculiar etiquette.
Telling Our Selves Ethnicity and Discourse in Southwestern Alaska
Authors: Hensel Chase
Published: November 2023

In this book, Chase Hensel examines how Yup’ik Eskimos and non-natives construct and maintain gender and ethnic identities through strategic talk about hunting, fishing, and processing. Although ethnicity is overtly constructed in terms of either/or categories, the discourse of Bethel residents suggests that their actual concern is less with whether one is native or non-native, than how native one is in a given context. In the interweaving of subsistence practices and subsistence discourse, ethnicity is constantly recreated. This type of discourse occurs in a conversational setting where ethnicity is both implicitly and explicitly contested. While the book is ethnographic, it is not “about Eskimo’s.” Rather it is about how Bethel residents use similar forms of discourse to strategically validate disparate identities. In this context, the homeland of Yup’ik Eskimos, subsistence is the focus of people’s interactions, regardless of their ascriptive ethnicity. Even people who spend little time in subsistence activities spend a great deal of time in subsistence conversation. Unlike traditional ethnographies which focus on traditions, and consequently tend to reify the past, this contemporary ethnography focuses on contemporary preoccupations of identity and meaning. The ethnographic description becomes a device for preserving and explicating the opulent polysemy of situated talk.
Contemporary Practices and Ideologies
Authors: Hensel Chase
Published: November 2023

It’s early June and a beautiful sunny day with temperatures of up to seventy degrees Fahrenheit forecast. The net is in the boat, and there is a full tank ofgas. The gear includes a fish tub, oars, a fish club, rope, life jackets, rain gear, food, and two large buoys for the ends of the net, in addition to the fifty fathom (one hundred-yard) net. We motor slowly out through Brown’s Slough, successfully avoiding submerged fuel drums, sunken logs, and derelict boats. After a brief discussion we decide to try what I’ve jokingly heard called the “Sears and Roebuck drift.” It’s an easy drift, like mail ordering fish, and is favored by non-Natives, though Yupiit drift net there also. It begins near the bottom of an island in the channel across from Bethel and extends downriver for more than a mile. The tide is still running out fairly hard, and this drift has the advantage of being relatively snag free. With lesser used drifts, there is a greater chance of entangling the lead line around a sunken log or stump. We unfold a tarp and put it over the side of the boat, so that the net will feed out without snagging. It feeds out fairly well, with one person tossing out the float line and the lead line running out free, but there are still places where the mesh is caught over a float, or wrapped up around a twig.
Subsistence, Identity, and Meaning
Authors: Hensel Chase
Published: November 2023

My wife (Phyllis Morrow) and I have been asked by some friends to help them get started cutting king salmon strips. They have a one-half interest in a boat, and are going to give us a call when they have some fish. We’ve talked to them about the process, and they have made a small drying rack to which sides can be added when it’s time to smoke the fish. We arrive with lulus and a honing steel, bowls, some white plastic buckets, and extra twine. Our friends are actually quite well set up, except that they’ve forgotten to get salt. They have six kings to process. Phyllis starts cutting and demonstrating filleting while I return home for some salt and a washtub. When I get back she has filleted the first two and its cutting them into strips about an inch wide while one of our friends tries filleting a small king. She does an OK job, and the strips will probably dry without spoilage if the weather holds clear. I make up some brine, then start tying the strips in pairs of about equal size. Getting the knots right is important so that the strips don’t slip out and fall to the ground. The sun is shining, and it’s hot and still. The mosquitos have certainly found us. We start bringing the first bucketful, then go back to tying. We talk about the frustrations of working at the hospital, various friends we have in common, and how the fishing is.
The Pictures
Authors: Kelly Thomas Forrest
Published: November 2023

Almost all the Exultet rolls of southern Italy are adorned with series of illuminations placed in the course of the text and the music. These pictures, among the largest manuscript illuminations made up to their time in the Middle Ages, have been the chief source of interest in the Exultet rolls. Much has been written about them by historians of art, and much has been learned. In this chapter we will consider the pictures, but our interest here is not in the pictures as individual compositions or in the sources, the models, the imagery, or the artistry of the individual pictures. These matters have been treated in detail by others, and all the pictures can be seen both in the recent catalogue entitled Exultet (where almost the full length of every roll is reproduced in color) and in Myrtilla Avery’s pioneering The Exultet Rolls of South Italy. Both publications provide substantial commentary on the pictures, and the bibliography at the end of this book provides many references to further art-historical studies.
Making and Using Exultet Rolls
Authors: Kelly Thomas Forrest
Published: November 2023

We have discussed the text and the music of the Exultet and the ceremonial context in which it was sung; we now turn to a consideration of the Exultet rolls themselves-their manufacture and their use. It is no easy matter to make a manuscript, and illustrated luxury documents require particular skill. The roll-form, and the turning of illustrations upside down, add further complexities, making the construction of an Exultet roll a very difficult matter. We will consider the problems in manufacturing such rolls, with a view to understanding their nature and purpose.
Conclusion: The Purpose of Making Exultet Rolls
Authors: Kelly Thomas Forrest
Published: November 2023

The remarkable phenomenon of the Exultet .roll results, as we see, from the work of many contributors and the confluence of many traditions, textual, musical, and visual. And yet some central questions remain to be addressed, which can best be posed-if not always answered-after the foregoing consideration of the constituent elements. Why Write Down the Music of the Exultet? The reason for writing the Exultet with musical notation might seem self-evident: an unusual and unfamiliar piece is a good candidate for writing. The deacon sings the Exultet only once a year; adjusting the musical formula on the spot would make its extemporaneous performance inconvenient.
World Mental Health
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur
Published: November 2023

This book describes the burden of mental, behavioural, and social health problems in low-income countries, illuminates the reasons for the substantial morbidity rates, assesses current efforts to cope with these conditions, and points to ways to alleviate and, where feasible, prevent them. It provides a framework for international policy-makers to develop a concrete agenda for action and for further research on mental and social health.
The Elderly
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur
Published: November 2023

The number of aged in the world population will more than double from 500 million in 1990 to over one billion by 2025.1 The majority of this growth will occur in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.2 In 1990, 250 million people in these regions were over the age of sixty; by 2025 this number will grow to over 800 million. Health care systems and government institutions will have to struggle hard to provide for their needs, as some of the social systems that traditionally have provided care for the elderly are beginning to weaken and the numbers of needy aged are increasing. These demographic changes influence mental health in several ways. The growth in the elderly population means an inevitable increase in age-related diseases, such as the dementias. In addition, changes in social patterns will alter the role of the elderly and the ways they are valued. These changes can lead to poor mental health outcomes, such as depression, anxiety, suicide, and serious constraints on the quality of life among elderly individuals. In addition, the high prevalence of multiple coexisting physical conditions, such as incontinence, hip fracture, and sensory loss influence mental health through the loss of self-esteem and independence. Finally, families will also be affected by the increased demand for caregiving (see Box 9.1).
Introduction
Authors: Steenland Kyle , Savitz David A
Published: November 2023

Enviromental epidemiology may be defined as the epidemiologic study of the health consequences of exposures that are involuntary and that occur in the general environment. Such exposures may occur in the air, water, diet, or soil. Examples in these generic categories are respirable particulates in the air, chlorinated hydrocarbons in treated water, toxic contaminants in cooking oil, and lead in the soil. The involuntary nature of these exposures separates environmental epidemiology from other realms of epidemiology. For example, passive smoking falls within the scope of environmental epidemiology because it is involuntary and a public exposure, whereas active smoking is not. Community exposure to lead coming from a local plant is an issue of environmental epidemiology, whereas worker exposure to lead in the plant itself is a problem of occupational epidemiology; study design and methods typically would be quite different for these two populations. Much of in-fectious disease epidemiology is also excluded when transmission of the infectious agent is person-to-person. However, infectious agents encountered in the general environment (e.g., in water supplies) are within the scope of environmental epidemiology.
Mata-analysis and Risk Assessment
Authors: Wright Catherine , Peggy Lopipero , Smith Allan
Published: November 2023

The most important questions about the relationship between environmental agents and human disease are often the most difficult to answer. Does the weight of the evidence indicate that exposure causes disease? If so, what is the quantitative dose-response relationship? What does that relationship imply for regulation? Risk assessment is usually defined as the process by which these questions are answered. Within the terminology of risk assessment, the first question is often called hazard identification, the second concerns dose-response assessment, and the third question combines estimates of the prevalence of exposure with risk quantification. Risk assessment can be done with animal or human data.
Outdoor Air I:Particulates
Authors: Dockery Douglas W , Arden Pope C
Published: November 2023

Many aspects of the study of health effects of particulate air pollution typify the challenges in environmental epidemiology. The evidence that acute air pollution episodes, consisting primarily of particulate matter and sulphur air pollution, can cause short-term increases in mortality is persuasive. Episodes such as the one in London in 1952 resulted in clear increases in the number of deaths over the period concurrent with the pollution episode. Thus, we have an anchor of certainty that particulate air pollution causes adverse health effects in the high-dose region of the dose-response curve.
Outdoor Air Ill:Ozone
Authors: Aburto Victor Hugo Borja. , Dana Loomis
Published: November 2023

Ozone (O3) in the stratosphere protects human health, but at low levels in the troposphere it is a cause for concern. Tropospheric ozone, the subject of this chapter, is the main component of urban smog. Ozone is produced largely through the combination of exhaust from automobiles and sunlight. Levels have been steady or increasing over time. The number of cars has increased but pollution controls on cars have .also been adopted. Levels are higher in the summer when visible smog can cause respiratory irritation.
EnvironmentalTobacco Smoke II: Lung Cancer
Authors: Wu Anna H
Published: November 2023

Worldwide, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is among the leading environmental health concerns, based on the high prevalence of exposure and on the severity of the diseases with which it has been associated. Lung cancer is the outcome that the general public most strongly associates with ETS. Exposures to tobacco smoke for nonsmokers are very low compared to those of active smokers. The median levels of serum cotinine for ETSexposed nonsmokers in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESIII) was approximately 0.5 ng/ml, with an upper limit of about 10 to 15 ng/mL. Active smokers had a median serum cotinine level of approximately 180 ng/mL. This large discrepancy between cotinine levels for nonsmokers and smokers has led some to believe that ETS could have little if any health effect. If ETS is measured in “active smoking equivalents” based on cotinine, then most ETS exposures are equivalent to less than a single cigarette per day. Yet there is a strong body of evidence linking ETS with lung cancer.
Effects of Lead in Children and Adults
Authors: Schwartz David , Joel Bellinger
Published: November 2023

Few environmental agents have such diverse uses and such a long history of suspected and recognized toxicity as lead. The circumstances in which lead is encountered are varied; regardless of the original source, lead is persistent so that exposure can occur via community air pollution, soil contamination, and water pollution. There are also many relatively isolated sources, such as the workplace environment (e.g., smelters), lead water pipes in homes, lead-contaminated paint, leadsoldered cans, and lead-glazed pottery.
The Nature of Disaster: General Characteristics and Public Health Effects
Authors: Noji Erick.
Published: November 2023

Natural disasters such as earthquakes, tropical cyclones, floods, and volcanic eruptions have claimed approximately 3 million lives worldwide during the past 20 years, have adversely affected the lives of at least 800 million more people, and have caused more than $50 billion in property damage(], 2) (Tables 1-1 and 1-2). Worldwide, a major disaster occurs almost daily, and natural disasters that require international assistance for affected populations occur weekly (3 ). Unfortunately, the threats posed by disasters will likely be even worse in the future. Increasing population densities in floodplains, along vulnerable coastal areas, and near dangerous faults in the earth’s crust; the development and transportation of thousands of toxic and hazardous materials; and rapid industrialization in developing countries all point to the probability of future catastrophic disasters with the potential for millions of casualties (4, 5) (Fig. 1-1). Indeed, our planet will experience many natural hazards during the next decade:
Effective Media Relations
Authors: Churchill R Elliott
Published: November 2023

During a disaster, rapid communication and favorable relationships with the news media are essential components of responsible public health practice. Whether correctly or wrongly, individuals and groups usually tum to the news media as their first, best, and undisputed source of information about what to do in preparation for disasters, what has happened in a disaster, and what they should do after a disaster. In late 1990, an unfounded prediction of an earthquake in the central United States led to earthquake anxiety for millions of people, hundreds of thousands of student-days of absences from schools, and over $100 million spent on earthquake insurance premiums. This episode demonstrated that the public would benefit from an early, coordinated effort by scientists and the media to provide clear and accurate information. It is particularly important that this authoritative information be provided to the media and to emergency-preparedness personnel in a timely manner.
Industrial Disasters
Authors: Lillibridge Scott R
Published: November 2023

Disasters that result from a society’s technological activities are termed industrial or human-made. Such disaster events threaten the health of populations and are often associated with the release of hazardous substances or their by-products into the environment. Most catastrophic chemical releases or spills occur in the transportation phase of the industrial process ( 1 ). Because many manufacturing processes involve petroleum products, explosions and fires often occur in these disasters and may result in blast, bum, or inhalation injuries (2-5). Environmental consequences of industrial disasters may include chemical contamination of the water table, the soil, the food chain, or common household products (6, 7), and the resulting adverse health effects may be delayed for years and then appear as subtle impairments to the neurologic or immune systems (8, 9).
Nuclear Reactor Incidents
Authors: Whitcomb Robert C , Sage Michael
Published: November 2023

Electrical power demand has steadily increased in the United States. The generation of electricity by nuclear power has also steadily increased since the mid-1950s. By September 1994, the United States bad 109 operating nuclear reactors producing about 21% of its electrical energy, compared with 56 nuclear reactors producing about 77% of the electrical energy in France (1).
Shelter-Based Crisis Intervention with Battered Women
Authors: Dziegielewski Sophia F , Resnick Cheryl , Krause Nora B
Published: November 2023

Current estimates of victims of spouse abuse are that 2 million women are battered each year (Council on Scientific Affairs, 1992; Novella, 1992; Roberts & Roberts, 1990) with more than 1 million women annually seeking medical care for injuries due to spouse battering (Schecter, 1987; Wodarski, 1987). Twenty-two to 35 percent of hospital emergency room visits were by women whose injuries were directly related to abuse by their partner. Even so, Lenore Walker (1984) estimated that no matter how extreme the violence was, 50 percent of abused women still did not receive the medical and psychological help that they needed.
“The Whole Family of Man”
Authors: McPherson James M
Published: November 2023

On December I, 1862, Abraham Lincoln Delivered His Second annual message to Congress. Today we would call it the State of the Union Address. The state of the Union in December 1862 was perilous in the extreme. The Confederate States of America stood proud and defiant as an independent nation whose existence mocked the pretense of union. Most European statesmen assumed that it was merely a matter of time until Lincoln would recognize the inevitable truth that the Union had ceased to exist and give up his bloody, quixotic effort to cobble it together again by force. At home, political opposition menaced the administration’s ability to continue the war.
Tex Unbound
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

LaTeX is the premiere software system used for presenting technical information. It is considered the system of choice for writers in mathematics, the sciences, computer science, and engineering who need to present formulas and technical infomation in a clear and elegant manner. It is also increasingly used by nontechnical writers interested in superior printing and document presentation. However, users of this ubiquitous software need to know much more than how to use basic style files or LaTeX commands. They need to know how to integrate Tex—the original version of LaTeX—with other commercially available software and hardware. People also need clear, accurate and brief instructions and solutions to many common problems. This unique book is intended to provide these valuable aids. It also tells how to use LaTex or Tex with files prepared with everyday office software such as Lotus or Wordperfect, and how to set up software links with Acrobat and hyper-text using LaTex for internet communication.
Logical Documents Via Latex
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

Imagine yourself as a computer user, but blind. The situation isn’t as dreadful as you might think-certain gadgets let the computer read ASCII files out loud, and TEX input files, which are pure ASCII, work well in this arrangement. (For a discussion of an actual such system, see both Raman (1995) and Gibbs (1996).) Now imagine the computer reading a TEX input file to you. Certain situations arise.
More Virtual Fonts
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

When we letterspacetext, we adjust the characters to sit a bit closer or farther apart from each neighbor by some fixed amount in addition to the normal kerns that apply between adjacent characters. Normally, we will subject only a word or short phrase to the Procrustean bed of track kerninran equivalent term for letterspacing-and we do so for special purposes only, perhaps for a large display or in order to better fit type on particularly short lines (rarely). The New Yorker magazine, with a layout that centers about three narrow columns, is notorious for its frequent use of letterspacing to avoid large interword spaces. (An alternate approach often appears on the Op Ed pages of The New York Times, which eschews letterspacing for its narrow columns. Odd layouts are apt to display immense interword spaces and occasional ragged right lines. Given the reality of short lines, it’s not easy to decide which alternative is preferable.) Since tracking doses up the interword spacing when applied to several adjacent words, it sometimes looks as if several words have simply been run together. The author of TEX has rightly observed that it is easy to abuse tracking. Typesetters should be sparing in its use.
Graphic Discussions
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

The urge to draw is a powerful one, as a glance at a New York City subway or at the walls of a public bathroom amply attests. It was dear early on that 1E)( gave precise control over the placement and formatting of text on a page, and it did not take long for authors to clamor for the ability to do the same with images. In the formative years of1E,X, the situation regarding graphics was limited, but now there are so many ancillary utilities and sophisticated drivers that we can be optimistic at preparing and including graphic images that match the style and appearance of the paper.
Graphics Via Latex And Tex
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

This Chapter will serve as a travelog through the LATEX picture environment and the PICTEX macro package. If authors need either of these systems, they should be able to tour these pages to get an idea if they will be appropriate. These two systems use LATEX or TEX commands to generate graphic images. Anyone planning to use graphic techniques will need to know basic elements of coordinate geometry, the universal language that makes it possible to locate and place things on a flat surface.
The Copy Principle
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: November 2023

Locke argues in Essay I.iv that there are no innate ideas; all ideas are instead derived from sensation or reflection. This denial of innate ideas-highly influential in eighteenth-century British philosophy-helps to justify Locke’s de facto rejection of the Cartesian intellect, and thereby also to justify his methodological empiricism and commonsense skepticism toward a number of scholastic and rationalist metaphysical doctrines concerning both the physical and the mental realms. The Copy Principle, which is the first of Hume’s two most fundamental principles, is a direct successor to this Lockean doctrine, as Hume himself acknowledges (see EHU S17n).
Qualitative Changes, 1937–1939
Authors: Chitty Dennis
Published: November 2023

Having worked out mark-recapture techniques during my first year at Oxford,9 I applied them to a population of voles at Lake Vyrnwy (Figure 3.1) 10 during a peak in 1936–1937 and decline in 1938 (area A, Figure 3.2). Also, I was lucky enough to find nearby populations that were at a peak in 1938 and declining in 1939 (area B). Unlike the large conifer plantations in which previous studies had been made, those around Lake Vyrnwy consisted of smaller units interspersed among sheep pasture, mature forests, and other unsuitable habitats. Also, the sheep that used to graze the land had been fenced out in different years, which meant that a succession of areas became suitable for voles, which may explain why some populations were out of phase with others.