bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A prototype reactor for highly selective solar-driven CO2reduction to synthesis gas using nanosized earth-abundant catalysts and silicon photovoltaics
Authors: Urbain Félix , Tang Pengyi , Carretero Nina M. , Andreu Teresa , Gerling Luis G. , Voz Cristobal , Arbiol Jordi , Morante Joan Ramon
Published: September 2017

Bias-free syngas production from solar CO2conversion employing a Cu foam cathode coated with Zn nanoflakes as catalyst and integrated in a scalable solar flow-cell reactor.
Tyr25, Tyr58 and Trp133 ofEscherichia colibacterioferritin transfer electrons between iron in the central cavity and the ferroxidase centre
Authors: Bradley Justin M. , Svistunenko Dimitri A. , Moore Geoffrey R. , Le Brun Nick E.
Published: September 2017

Tyr58 and Trp133 play key roles in the formation and decay of the Tyr25 radical species ofE. coliBFR.
Current progress and scientific challenges in the advancement of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells
Authors: Bhatt Mahesh Datt , Lee Jae Sung
Published: September 2017

The solution-processed organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells have recently emerged as promising candidates for the conversion of solar power into electricity.
Red-emissive triplex-forming PNA probes carrying cyanine base surrogates for fluorescence sensing of double-stranded RNA
Authors: Chiba Toshiki , Sato Takaya , Sato Yusuke , Nishizawa Seiichi
Published: September 2017

Red-emissive fluorescent probes have been developed by integration of quinoline blue or thiazole red as the base surrogate into triplex-forming PNAs, allowing selective sensing of a sequence of double-stranded RNA.
A bifunctional old yellow enzyme from Penicillium roqueforti is involved in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis
Authors: Gerhards Nina , Li Shu-Ming
Published: September 2017

Bifunctional FgaOx3Pr3catalyses the formation of festuclavine in the presence of EasG or FgaFS and enhances the activity of several chanoclavine-I dehydrogenases tremendously.
Supracolloidal chains of patchy micelles of diblock copolymers with in situ synthesized nanoparticles
Authors: Jang Sukwoo , Kim Kyungtae , Jeon Jonghyuk , Kang Donghwi , Sohn Byeong-Hyeok
Published: September 2017

Supracolloidal chains were polymerized from patchy micelles within situsynthesized gold and silver nanoparticles.
Nanocomposite of Ni–Ti‐layered double hydroxide and graphene for enhanced vis‐light photocatalysis
Authors: Liu Chao , Zhu Huajun , Zhu Yisong , Wang Jinshan , Xu Fenghua , Hou Haijun , Chen Xiaowei , Jiang Cuifeng , Hou Wenhua
Published: September 2017

Novel nanocomposite, in which nickel–titanium (Ni–Ti)‐layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoplates were deposited on the surface of graphene nanosheets (GNSs), was synthesised by a simple in situ crystallisation technique. Owing to the introduction of GNS and the formation of layered heterostructure, the visible (vis)‐light absorption was enhanced, while the recombination probability of photogenerated electron–hole pairs was decreased. As a result, the obtained Ni–Ti LDH/GNS composite showed an enhanced vis‐light photocatalytic performance for the degradation of methylene blue. The corresponding photocatalytic mechanism was discussed according to the active species capture experimental results, which indicated that the active species of • OH was the most crucial one while O2 •− and h+ were the less crucial ones. This work may provide an insight for designing graphene‐based layered photocatalysts with a high performance.
Recent Advances in the Chemistry of 2-Acylaziridines
Authors: Pankova Alena , Kuznetsov Mikhail
Published: September 2017

This review highlights recent achievements in the transformations of 2-acylaziridines toward the synthesis of cyclic and acyclic nitrogen-containing compounds. The influence of a carbonyl group on reaction selectivity is discussed.

1 Introduction

2 Reactions via C–C Bond Cleavage

3 Reactions via C–N Bond Cleavage

3.1 Reactions Starting with the Aziridine Ring Opening

3.2 Reactions Starting at the Carbonyl Group

4 Conclusion
Decarbonylation of Aromatic Aldehydes and Dehalogenation of Aryl Halides Using Maghemite-Supported Palladium Catalyst
Authors: Ajdačić Vladimir , Nikolić Andrea , Simić Stefan , Manojlović Dragan , Stojanović Zoran , Nikodinovic-Runic Jasmina , Opsenica Igor M.
Published: September 2017

A facile decarbonylation reaction of a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes using maghemite-supported palladium catalyst has been developed. The magnetic properties of catalyst facilitated an easy and efficient recovery of the catalyst from the reaction mixture using an external magnet. It was found that the catalyst could be reused up to four consecutive catalytic runs without a significant change in activity. In addition, the catalyst was also very effective in the dehalogenation of aryl halides. This is the first report on efficient utilization of directly immobilized Pd on maghemite in decarbonylation and dehalogenation reactions.
Ischemic Conditioning as a Hemostatic Intervention in Surgery and Cardiac Procedures: A Systematic Review
Authors: Krag Andreas , Hvas Anne-Mette
Published: September 2017

Ischemic conditioning induced by nonlethal cycles of tissue ischemia and reperfusion attenuates ischemia–reperfusion injury. The objective of this study is to systematically review the effects of local and remote ischemic conditioning on laboratory parameters of hemostasis and the clinical outcomes of thromboembolism or bleeding in patients undergoing surgery or cardiac procedures. PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant human trials published in English between January 1, 1986, and September 7, 2016, and additional studies were identified from reference lists. Data on laboratory parameters of hemostasis, thromboembolism, and bleeding were extracted for qualitative synthesis. In total, 69 studies were included; of these, 53 were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 11 were meta-analyses. Local and remote ischemic conditioning reduced platelet activation in patients undergoing cardiac procedures. Local ischemic conditioning did not reduce the thromboembolic risk in patients undergoing surgery or cardiac procedures. Remote ischemic conditioning reduced the incidence of arterial thromboembolism after surgery or cardiac procedures in 3 out of 28 RCTs and 4 out of 5 meta-analyses. Local and remote ischemic conditioning did not increase operative bleeding. In conclusion, ischemic conditioning reduced platelet activity without increasing the risk of bleeding in patients undergoing surgery or cardiac procedures. Limited evidence supports the proposal that ischemic conditioning reduces the incidence of arterial thromboembolism in patients undergoing surgery or cardiac procedures.
Sutureless Microvascular Anastomosis using Intravascular Stenting and Cyanoacrylate Adhesive
Authors: Kuwabara Masahiro , Kubo Satoshi , Domoto Takashi , Aoki Shimpo , Azuma Ryuichi , Kiyosawa Tomoharu , Aizawa Tetsushi
Published: September 2017

Background Microvascular anastomosis using cyanoacrylate adhesive has a reputation among researchers as an alternative to conventional sutures. However, a degree of ingenuity is required to avoid the collapse of the vascular lumen for the duration of the anastomosis. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of intravascular stenting (IVaS) as a temporary stent during sutureless microvascular anastomosis with cyanoacrylate adhesive.

Methods Sixty male Fisher 344 rats were evenly divided into two groups. The right superficial femoral arteries (RSFAs) were transected in each group. Microvascular anastomoses were then performed with the sutureless (SL) method in one group and conventional sutures (CS) in the other group. The diameter of the RSFA, duration of microvascular anastomosis, and the patency of the RSFA were evaluated immediately after anastomosis and 7 days after the surgery. Tissue samples were obtained for pathological consideration.

Results There was no significant difference in the diameter of the RSFAs between the SL and the CS groups. There was no significant difference in the patency rates of the groups. The anastomosis time of the SL group was significantly shorter than that of the CS group, regardless of the experience of the surgeons. A histological analysis showed a comparable level of foreign body reactions in each group.

Conclusion IVaS plays a supportive role in sutureless microvascular anastomosis with cyanoacrylate adhesive. The short-term safety of this technique has now been confirmed at the experimental stage.
Antibiotikabeschichtete Implantate in der Unfallchirurgie
Authors: Haubruck Patrick , Schmidmaier Gerhard
Published: September 2017

Perioperative implantatassoziierte Infektionen stellen eine schwerwiegende Komplikation für betroffene Patienten dar, welche die Therapie prolongiert und große sozioökonomische Auswirkung haben kann. Trotz moderner Therapieoptionen und aufwendigen Bestrebungen, neue Therapien zu etablieren, verbleibt eine Inzidenz zwischen 1% nach Niedrigenergietraumata und bspw. 30% nach komplexen offenen Tibiafrakturen. Insbesondere offene Frakturen stellen ein hohes perioperatives Infektionsrisiko dar. Bis zu 60% dieser Frakturen sind bereits initial bakteriell kontaminiert. Die Therapie implantatassoziierter Infektionen ist häufig schwierig, daher sind effektive Präventionsmaßnahmen sinnvoll. Eine vielversprechende Option stellen hierbei mit Antibiotika beschichtete Implantate dar. In den letzten Jahren konnte erfolgreich eine Poly-D,L-Lactid- und Gentamycinbeschichtung für intramedulläre Implantate entwickelt und in die Klinik eingeführt werden. Erste In-vivo-Studien zeigten eine protektive Wirkung der Beschichtung auf Implantatbesiedelung. Weiterhin zeigten Studien ein vorteilhaftes Freisetzungsprofil des Gentamycins mit hoher initialer Freisetzung und effektiven lokalen Konzentrationen des Wirkstoffs. Die Ergebnisse der tierexperimentellen, In-vitro- und ersten klinischen Studien führten zur Entwicklung der ersten zugelassenen Implantate, die eine Beschichtung mit Antibiotika aufwiesen: Der „Unreamed Tibia Nail“ (UTN) PROtect™ (DepuySynthes, Johnson/Johnson Company, Inc New Jersey, USA), der im August 2005 die CE-Zulassung erhielt, und dessen Nachfolger, der Expert Tibia Nail (ETN) PROtect™, welches das aktuell einzige zur Verfügung stehende mit Antibiotikum beschichtete Implantat in der Frakturversorgung ist. Klinische Studien bestätigten die Effizienz der beschichteten Implantate zur Prävention von implantatassoziierten Infektionen vor allem bei Hochrisikopatienten. Die Verwendung des ETN PROtect sowohl bei frischen Frakturen als auch in Revisionsfällen kann das Auftreten von implantatassoziierten Infektionen und Osteomyelitis verhindern ohne gentamycinassoziierte Nebenwirkungen hervorzurufen. Antimikrobiell beschichtete Implantate stellen daher eine vielversprechende Option dar, implantatassoziierte Infektionen zu verhindern und damit die Komplikationsrate insgesamt zu reduzieren.
Botanische Exkursion nach Gran Canaria
Authors: Brendieck-Worm Cäcilia
Published: September 2017

Die schon zur Tradition gewordene botanische Exkursion unter Leitung von Prof. Matthias Melzig führte uns vom 26. März bis 5. April 2017 nach Gran Canaria. Unsere Erwartungen waren hoch, gilt doch Gran Canaria als botanisch und geologisch sehr abwechslungsreich und wird deshalb gerne als „Miniaturkontinent“ bezeichnet.
Lattice Boltzmann simulations for water coalescence
Authors: Lim Su Jin , Choi Myung Chul , Weon Byung Mook , Gim Bopil
Published: September 2017

We extensively investigate the inertial coalescence process of a water drop merging with another water drop, particularly including a water flat pool, via three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann simulations. After the two drops contact, a narrow liquid bridge is formed, which induces the coalescence process. The growth dynamics of the bridge has been a fundamental issue in coalescence study for a long time. Recently, the X-ray imaging study for the short-time dynamics of water coalescence on a flat water pool reported that asymmetry of drops affects hydrodynamics of coalescence and its neck-growth. In this report, we simulate a water drop coalescence at bottom drops with various sizes containing asymmetric conditions such as a flat water pool. We find that the thickness of the bridge grows quantitatively as the bottom drop size increases up to infinity where its surface is flat. This result shows sub-diffusive behavior with exponent of 2/5, rather than normal diffusion with exponent of 1/2 in the scaling law equation, which has been found in two identical drops.
Microscopic flow around a diffusing particle
Authors: Lesnicki Dominika , Vuilleumier Rodolphe
Published: September 2017

We report here on the computation of the microscopic flow induced by the motion of a small tagged particle in a fluid from molecular dynamic simulations. It is found that the hydrodynamical Stokes solution with slip boundary conditions is recovered at only a few diameters away from the tagged particle. However, fluctuations of the diffusing particle itself induce a renormalization of the bath viscosity and, more strikingly, an apparent violation of the non-penetrability of the particles in the laboratory frame. The expected zero normal velocity at contact is satisfied only in the particle frame, or for heavy particles. Further evidence of this generalized boundary condition is given by the evaluation of the flow in a granular gas using data from particle tracking experiments.
Multisequence algorithm for coarse-grained biomolecular simulations: Exploring the sequence-structure relationship of proteins
Authors: Aina A. , Wallin S.
Published: September 2017

We consider a generalized-ensemble algorithm for coarse-grained simulations of biomolecules which allows the thermodynamic behavior of two or more sequences to be determined in a single multisequence run. By carrying out a random walk in sequence space, the method also enhances conformational sampling. Escape from local energy minima is accelerated by visiting sequences for which the minima are more shallow or absent. We test the method on an intermediate-resolution coarse-grained model for protein folding with 3 amino acid types and explore the potential for a large-scale coverage of sequence space by applying the method to sets of more than 1000 sequences. The resulting thermodynamic data are used to analyze the structures and stability properties of sequences covering the space between folds with different secondary structures.
Experimental and numerical study on bubble-sphere interaction near a rigid wall
Authors: Li S. , Zhang A. M. , Han R. , Liu Y. Q.
Published: September 2017

This study is concerned with the interaction between a violently oscillating bubble and a movable sphere with comparable size near a rigid wall, which is an essential physical phenomenon in many applications such as cavitation, underwater explosion, ultrasonic cleaning, and biomedical treatment. Experiments are performed in a cubic water tank, and the underwater electric discharge technique (580 V DC) is employed to generate a bubble that is initiated between a rigid wall and a sphere in an axisymmetric configuration. The bubble-sphere interactions are captured using a high-speed camera operating at 52 000 frames/s. A classification of the bubble-sphere interaction is proposed, i.e., “weak,” “intermediate,” and “strong” interactions, identified with three distinct bubble shapes at the maximum volume moment. In the numerical simulations, the boundary integral method and the auxiliary function method are combined to establish a full coupling model that decouples the mutual dependence between the force and the sphere motion. The main features of bubble dynamics in different experiments are well reproduced by our numerical model. Meanwhile, the pressure and velocity fields are also provided for clarifying the associated mechanisms. The effects of two dimensionless standoff parameters, namely, γs (defined as ds/Rm, where ds is the minimum distance between the initial bubble center and the sphere surface and Rm is the maximum bubble radius) and γw (defined as dw/Rm, where dw is the distance between the initial bubble center and the rigid wall), are also discussed.
Power conversion process in magnetoelectric gyrators
Authors: Zhuang X. , Leung C. M. , Li J. , Viehland D.
Published: September 2017

We have investigated the power conversion and loss processes in magnetoelectric gyrators. Two types of loss mechanisms were identified by using a transformer-gyrator structure, which transfers power between magnetic and magnetomechanical forms. A missing portion of the power in a gyrator was then identified to be a returned power from the load resistor under low drive conditions. Under high drive conditions, decreases in both the magnetostriction and mechanical quality factor resulted in additional inefficiencies. Power transfer efficiencies of greater than 70% and 50% were achieved for magnetoelectric (ME) gyrators based on Metglas/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 laminated composites under low power drive and high power density drive (60 W/in.3) conditions, respectively.
Effect of spin fluctuations in magnetocaloric and magnetoresistance properties of Dy10Co20Si70 alloy
Authors: Rashid T. P. , Arun K. , Curlik Ivan , Ilkovic Sergej , Reiffers Marian , Dzubinska Andrea , Nagalakshmi R.
Published: September 2017

Systematic investigations on the structure, magnetic, thermodynamic, magnetocaloric and magnetoresistance (MR) properties of the arc melted Dy10Co20Si70 alloy are presented. The Dy10Co20Si70 alloy crystallizes in tetragonal BaNiSn3-type DyCoSi3 (space group = I4mm; No. 107) as a major phase and CaF2-type CoSi2 (space group = Fm-3m; No. 225) and C-type Si (space group = Fd-3m; No. 227) as minor phases. The title compound exhibits multiple magnetic transitions having antiferromagnetic ordering at temperatures, viz., T1 = 10.8 K, T2 = 8.8 K and T3 = 3.3 K. The magnetic and thermodynamic studies confirm these magnetic anomalies in the compound. The large value of maximum magnetic entropy change, −ΔSMMax = 16.4 and 26.6 J/kg K for the field change ΔH of 50 and 90 kOe, respectively, observed in the compound is associated with field induced magnetic transitions. Asymmetric broadening of the magnetic entropy change peaks above the ordering temperatures resulting in significant refrigerant capacities of 361 and 868 J/kg for ΔH = 50 and 90 kOe, respectively, in the compound is due to the spin fluctuation effect. The sign reversal in MR measurements is attributed to the field induced antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic transition. A large positive MR (42% in 90 kOe) is observed at 2 K. The H2 dependence of both the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and MR in the paramagnetic regime indicates the role of the applied magnetic field in suppressing the spin fluctuations. The large MCE and MR together with no thermal or magnetic hysteresis establish this new compound as an attractive multifunctional magnetic material.
Development of bolometric tomography technique for high-contrast radiation distribution in toroidal devices
Authors: Sano Ryuichi , Mukai Kiyofumi , Peterson Byron J. , Fukumoto Masakatsu , Hoshino Kazuo
Published: September 2017

An extended Computed Tomography (CT) technique with a priori information based on Phillips-Tikhonov regularization has been developed to handle a high-contrast radiation distribution, which can result in large reconstruction errors in the region where radiation intensity is low, with few line of sight (LOS) data. Reference profiles generated from LOS data for every time slice are employed as the a priori information. In the extended technique, the weighting parameter for the reference profile is automatically determined from the LOS data, to avoid an inappropriate reference. The extended technique has been examined with a reconstruction test with the previously designed CT system using an infrared imaging video bolometer in JT-60SA. In the reconstructed profile of the high-contrast radiation distribution, the extended technique shows improvement of the weak radiation region, such as the scrape-off layer, without the deterioration of the strong radiation region, such as around the divertor. The results indicate that the extended CT technique can help to handle a high-contrast radiation distribution with few LOS data.
The effect of elevated atmospheric [CO2] and increased temperatures on an older and modern cotton cultivar
Authors: Broughton Katrina J. , Bange Michael P. , Duursma Remko A. , Payton Paxton , Smith Renee A. , Tan Daniel K. Y. , Tissue David T.
Published: September 2017

Changes in atmospheric [CO2], temperature and precipitation under projected climate change scenarios may have significant impacts on the physiology and yield of cotton. Understanding the implications of integrated environmental impacts on cotton is critical for developing cotton systems that are resilient to stresses induced by climate change. The objective of this study was to quantify the physiological and growth capacity of two cotton cultivars under current and future climate regimes. This experiment compared the early-season growth and physiological response of an older (DP16, released in the 1970s) and a modern (Sicot 71BRF, released in 2008) cotton cultivar grown in ambient and elevated atmospheric [CO2] (CA, 400 µL L–1 and CE, 640 µL L–1 respectively) and two temperature (TA, 28/17°C and TE, 32/21°C, day/night, respectively) treatments under well-watered conditions. CE increased biomass and photosynthetic rates compared with CA, and TE increased plant biomass. Although limited by the comparison of one older and one modern cultivar, our results suggest that substantial potential may exist to increase breeding selection of cotton cultivars that are responsive to both TE and CE.
Wildfire risk awareness and prevention by predominantly Māori rural residents, Karikari Peninsula, Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: (Lisa) Langer E. R. , McGee Tara K.
Published: September 2017

Worldwide, people use fire for a variety of purposes. Although researchers have learned how fire is used in many parts of the globe, relatively little is known about wildfire risk awareness and prevention activities by fire users. This paper presents results of a qualitative study in the Far North, Aotearoa New Zealand, where fire is used by residents primarily for burning vegetation on rural properties and household rubbish. Semistructured interviews and a focus group were completed with 25 predominantly Indigenous Māori residents to examine residents’ wildfire risk awareness, fire use and wildfire prevention. Participants’ high level of awareness of the local wildfire risk was due to their understanding of the local environment, past wildfires, attachments to land, information passed down within Māori whānau (extended families), and the local rural fire force. Awareness of the local wildfire risk, attachments to land, and efforts by the local fire force and residents encouraged participants to use fire safely, and abide by and carry out wildfire prevention initiatives. However, there was evidence of fire use contravening fire prevention regulations, including burning during restricted seasons without a permit and in prohibited seasons. Recommendations are provided to encourage safe fire use in Northland and beyond.
Born-Jordan pseudodifferential operators with symbols in the Shubin classes
Authors: Cordero Elena , de Gosson Maurice , Nicola Fabio
Published: September 2017

We apply Shubin’s theory of global symbol classes

Γ

ρ

m

\Gamma _{\rho }^{m}

to the Born-Jordan pseudodifferential calculus we have previously developed. This approach has many conceptual advantages and makes the relationship between the conflicting Born-Jordan and Weyl quantization methods much more limpid. We give, in particular, precise asymptotic expansions of symbols allowing us to pass from Born-Jordan quantization to Weyl quantization and vice versa. In addition we state and prove some regularity and global hypoellipticity results.
Sequential testing problems for Bessel processes
Authors: Johnson Peter , Peskir Goran
Published: September 2017

Consider the motion of a Brownian particle that takes place either in a two-dimensional plane or in three-dimensional space. Given that only the distance of the particle to the origin is being observed, the problem is to detect the true dimension as soon as possible and with minimal probabilities of the wrong terminal decisions. We solve this problem in the Bayesian formulation under any prior probability of the true dimension when the passage of time is penalised linearly.
Family Functioning, Medical Self-Management, and Health Outcomes Among School-Aged Children With Sickle Cell Disease: A Mediation Model
Authors: Psihogios Alexandra M , Daniel Lauren C , Tarazi Reem , Smith-Whitley Kim , Patterson Chavis A , Barakat Lamia P
Published: September 2017

Background

Informed by the Pediatric Self-Management Model, the present study tested relationships between parent and family functioning, sickle cell disease (SCD) self-management, and health outcomes for children with SCD.

Method

83 children with SCD and a parent completed baseline data as part of a larger investigation of a family-based, problem-solving intervention for children with SCD (M age = 8.47). Youth and parents completed a measure of child health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and parents completed measures of family efficacy, parenting stress, and SCD self-management. SCD pain episodes and urgent health utilization information over the past year were obtained via medical chart review.

Results

SCD self-management mediated the relationship between parent-reported family efficacy and parent proxy HRQOL, as well as the relationship between parenting stress and child and parent proxy HRQOL. Mediation models were nonsignificant for outcomes beyond HRQOL, including SCD pain episodes and urgent health utilization.

Conclusion

Fostering family efficacy and reducing parenting stress may be meaningful intervention targets for improving SCD self-management and child HRQOL among school-aged children. Although findings were consistent with the Pediatric Self-Management Model in terms of HRQOL, the model was not supported for pain episodes or urgent health utilization, highlighting the need for multi-method, longitudinal research on the SCD self-management behaviors that are linked to preventable health outcomes.
Modelling the ArH+ emission from the Crab nebula
Authors: Priestley F. D. , Barlow M. J. , Viti S.
Published: September 2017

We have performed combined photoionization and photodissociation region (PDR) modelling of a Crab nebula filament subjected to the synchrotron radiation from the central pulsar wind nebula, and to a high flux of charged particles; a greatly enhanced cosmic-ray ionization rate over the standard interstellar value, ζ0, is required to account for the lack of detected [C i] emission in published Herschel SPIRE FTS observations of the Crab nebula. The observed line surface brightness ratios of the OH+ and ArH+ transitions seen in the SPIRE FTS frequency range can only be explained with both a high cosmic-ray ionization rate and a reduced ArH+ dissociative recombination rate compared to that used by previous authors, although consistent with experimental upper limits. We find that the ArH+/OH+ line strengths and the observed H2 vibration–rotation emission can be reproduced by model filaments with nH = 2 × 104 cm−3, ζ = 107ζ0 and visual extinctions within the range found for dusty globules in the Crab nebula, although far-infrared emission from [O i] and [C ii] is higher than the observational constraints. Models with nH = 1900 cm−3 underpredict the H2 surface brightness, but agree with the ArH+ and OH+ surface brightnesses and predict [O i] and [C ii] line ratios consistent with observations. These models predict HeH+ rotational emission above detection thresholds, but consideration of the formation time-scale suggests that the abundance of this molecule in the Crab nebula should be lower than the equilibrium values obtained in our analysis.
Social Diversity, Electoral Systems, and the Party System
Authors: Moser Robert G. , Scheiner Ethan , Stoll Heather
Published: September 2017

Scholars commonly argue that in democratic societies, the size (or fragmentation) of party systems is a linear function of social heterogeneity, in interaction with political institutions such as the electoral system. This “interactive hypothesis” has generated a large body of research, mostly in support of its fundamental claims. Despite the prominence of this literature, there is also a growing body of research that casts doubt on the interactive hypothesis. Although societies exhibit a variety of different types of heterogeneity, from religious to socioeconomic diversity, which vary within countries by subnational region, political scientists typically characterize countries’ heterogeneity almost exclusively according to measures of national-level ethnic diversity. This chapter uses original census data to show just how misleading such a characterization can be. We conclude with the implications for theories that seek to relate heterogeneity to key aspects of democratic party systems.
Electoral Systems in Context
Authors: Massicotte Louis
Published: September 2017

Starting in 1758, elections have been held in various Canadian jurisdictions using first past the post. The same system is now used everywhere in Canada, even though the country ceased a long time ago to be a British colony. Whether constituencies should elect one member or more remained an issue for a long time, but single-member constituencies now prevail for federal, provincial, and territorial elections. For limited periods of time, a few provinces have experienced with alternative voting, the single transferable vote, or the limited vote, but all later reverted to plurality. The debate on the appropriate electoral system remains lively. Many Canadians support proportional representation, and in recent years, mixed-member proportional has emerged as the option most preferred by reformers. However, all attempts in that direction have failed so far, including the process launched by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in 2015.
Electoral Systems in Context
Authors: Jacobs Kristof
Published: September 2017

The Netherlands has one of the most proportional electoral systems in the world. This chapter details the origins, functioning, and effects of the Dutch electoral system. After providing the historical background of the electoral system, the chapter discusses the allocation of seats both to parties and to candidates and gives practical examples. Afterward, the chapter outlines the effects of the electoral system on the party system, the parties themselves, the composition of the parliament, and the government formation. Lastly, the chapter covers historical and more recent electoral reform debates. It turns out that in the Netherlands, electoral reform is a Sisyphean task: because of the low electoral threshold, electoral reform is always on the table, but given the broad coalitions and rigid constitution, reform attempts typically fail, and the reform discussions have to start all over again.
Organizational Structure and Organizational Learning
Authors: Puranam Phanish , Maciejovsky Boris
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, we aim to provide a concise overview of the literature on the relationship between organizational structure and organizational learning. The objective is to organize rather than survey the literature in depth, with a view to making opportunities for further research more salient. We consider two dimensions of organizational structure: the extent to which influence patterns are clustered and symmetric, as well as two forms of organizational learning—online and offline. Arraying the existing results from the literature along these dimensions shows exactly where the empirical and theoretical gaps are, and we suggest these are particularly amenable to approaches combining models and experiments on groups.
Eligibility Rules in Professional Sports
Authors: Wong Glenn M. , Deubert Christopher R.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the rules governing when individuals are eligible to play in professional sports leagues and organizations. The different nature of the sports leads to important differences in the eligibility rules, including their legal status. Additionally, as the governing body of collegiate sports, the NCAA plays an important role in the practical consequences of the leagues’ eligibility rules. The leagues have a variety of justifications for their eligibility rules. While these justifications are often valid, they seem to rely on minimal, if any, data. As a result, there are constant concerns about whether the eligibility rules are sufficiently reasonable and fair considering the limited window in which many athletes have a chance to play professionally.
Title IX and U.S. College Sports
Authors: Buzuvis Erin E.
Published: September 2017

This chapter will address several aspects of gender inequality in college athletics, including inequitable allocation of resources and opportunities, inadequate institutional response to allegations of sexual violence against college athletes, and employment discrimination against female coaches and administrators. These challenges exist notwithstanding federal law, Title IX, which prohibits sex discrimination in education. Reasons for the recalcitrance of gender inequality in college sports include limitations of the law to adequately motivate compliance, as well as the patriarchy’s reliance on sport as a means of constructing and sustaining the relationship between masculinity and power. For these reasons, it is important to consider both legal and extra-legal solutions to the problem of gender inequality in sport that involve lawmakers and individual and associated educational institutions, as well as the general public.
Arbitration and the Olympic Athlete
Authors: Nolon Sean
Published: September 2017

Disputes involving Olympic athletes can arise from a wide range of decisions made by a host of entities. A disputed decision may involve the eligibility of an athlete, employment of coaches and staff, organizational governance, doping, and commercial contracts. Three disputes involving athletes and the modern Olympic games show how arbitration has come to play a central role in resolving contested decisions of sporting associations. First, the case of sprinter Harry Reynolds illustrates the limitations of using national courts to challenge doping-related sanctions. Second, the eligibility struggles of Oscar Pistorius demonstrate how athletes and national sporting associations can benefit from arbitration’s efficiency. Finally, the case of Claudia Pechstein offers a recent example showing the deference given arbitration by national courts, for better or worse.
Athlete Trademarks
Authors: Roberts Alexandra J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the protectability and registration of athletes’ names, nicknames, and catchphrases as trademarks under federal law. More and more athletes are seeking to register their names, nicknames, catchphrases, and fan slogans as federal trademarks in an attempt to monetize their fame and cultural capital. However, their goals in filing those applications are not often in accord with the traditional goals of trademark law. After providing an overview on trademark use and registration, the chapter discusses some of the limitations for trademark protection, including those based on distinctiveness, false association, and confusion. It also explains how trademark doctrines affect athletes’ ability to protect certain words or phrases as trademarks. Finally, it considers how the general goals of trademark law correspond to an athlete’s desire to protect words and phrases associated with him or her and prevent others from appropriating them.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Eating Disorders
Authors: Burke Natasha L. , Karam Anna , Tanofsky-Kraff Marian , Wilfley Denise E.
Published: September 2017

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a focused, time-limited treatment that targets interpersonal problem(s) associated with the onset and/or maintenance of eating disorders. It is supported by substantial empirical evidence documenting the role of interpersonal factors in the onset and maintenance of eating disorders. Interpersonal psychotherapy is a viable alternative to cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. The effectiveness of IPT for the treatment of anorexia nervosa requires further investigation. The utility of IPT for the prevention of obesity is promising. Future research directions include enhancing the delivery of IPT for eating disorders, increasing the availability of IPT in routine clinical care settings through dissemination and implementation efforts, exploring IPT adolescent and parent-child adaptations in diverse and high-risk groups, and further exploring IPT for the prevention of eating and weight-related problems that may promote full-syndrome eating disorders or obesity.
US Child Care Policy and Economic Impacts
Authors: Kimmel Jean , Connelly Rachel
Published: September 2017

Current child care policy in the United States is a potpourri of state and federal programs that fail to satisfy adequately child care’s multiple stakeholders’ needs. In this chapter, the authors describe the historical factors that contributed to the evolution of these policies over the past fifty years, along with a review of the dramatic demographic trends that have resulted in today’s high rates of labor force participation for mothers of young children. Next, an overview of the most critical economic effects of these policies is provided, in terms of maternal employment, child development, and regional economic development. The chapter concludes with a sketch of a broad policy proposal consistent with the current workplace realities that also would meet the needs of the various stakeholders.
Fertility Issues in Developed Countries
Authors: Adserà Alícia , Ferrer Ana
Published: September 2017

This chapter documents current trends in childbearing behavior in developed countries—such as large drops in fertility rates and delayed fertility—and reviews some of the mechanisms that can explain them. Ultimately, these trends are linked to the shift in couples’ demand for children following the increase in women’s education and labor market attachment and access to family planning. The chapter also discusses the recent emergence of a positive gap between desired and actual fertility in connection with adverse economic conditions and high housing costs, as well as barriers for women regarding the ability to combine family and work. The chapter closes with a discussion of patterns of fertility among immigrants and of recent fertility policy experiences in developed countries.
Islamic Revolutionaries and the End of Empire
Authors: Motadel David
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the global history of Islamic movements in anti-imperial struggles, spanning from West Africa to Southeast Asia. It demonstrates that Islamic movements, ranging from messianic to reformist groups, were at the very centre of the struggles against the European empires across the lands of Islam. It traces the diverse forms of anti-colonial resistance adopted by the various Islamic movements, including violent opposition, which ranged from guerrilla insurgency to open revolt, and peaceful protest. The fall of the European empires and the creation of post-colonial states are usually seen as an era of secularism and Western ideologies, ranging from nationalism to socialism, not as a period of piety and religious upheaval. Questioning this master narrative of secular decolonisation, the chapter argues that Islamic movements, though at times overshadowed by other anti-colonial groups, must be taken seriously. This is crucial for our understanding of not only the history of decolonisation, but also the history of Islamic movements in the modern age.
Literature and Decolonization
Authors: Forsdick Charles
Published: September 2017

The recasting of decolonization through the lens of cultural agents demands a recognition that a key element of the process of uncoupling colonizer and colonized involves the imagination (or re-imagination) of postcolonial futures. These practices take place in novels, poetry, and theatre as much as they do in law, philosophy, or political theory. An expanded focus on the cultures of decolonization emphasizes, at the same time, the transnational networks on which colonized cultures depend as they seek to decolonize, highlighting the cross-cultural and often intercontinental exchanges and translations of ideas and representations which make up the literary and cultural dimensions of decolonization. This chapter analyses the ways in which different forms of writing, particularly fiction, provide insights into the critical yet neglected question of how the end of empire was narrated by those who lived through it and who later, in various ways, sought to reconcile themselves to it.
Megaprojects as Political Symbols
Authors: van der Westhuizen Janis
Published: September 2017

Africa’s first high-speed transit railway system, the Gautrain, provides an interesting case study of a megaproject that was initially closely identified with the country’s bid to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Completed in June 2012, the Gautrain experiences many of the problems typical of megaprojects elsewhere in the world. This chapter focuses on the three dimensions: public consultation and the role of special interest groups, the issue of costs and passenger forecasts, and the intangible mythical discourses that often surround megaprojects.
Alternate Prisms for Pluralism and Paradox in Organizations
Authors: Comeau-Vallée Mariline , Denis Jean-Louis , Normandin Julie Maude , Therrien Marie-Christine
Published: September 2017

The literature on paradoxes and pluralism has grown over the last decade. Although both concepts refer to multiplicity in or around organizations, they have been explored in parallel and have rarely been juxtaposed. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the possible interrelations between these concepts and their implications for the study of paradox within organizations. The chapter further seeks to contrast current notions of paradox and pluralism, and expand understanding of these phenomena by looking at them through two alternate theoretical prisms, namely Critical Management Studies (CMS) and complexity theory. In so doing, new lines of inquiry are opened up around paradoxical situations in pluralistic organizations. These alternate prisms invite further exploration into the interface between paradoxes and pluralism, and highlight the potential of performativity without instrumentality to guide strategies for balancing and benefiting from these important dimensions of contemporary organizations.
Psychoanalytic Theory, Emotion, and Organizational Paradox
Authors: Jarrett Michael , Vince Russ
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the psychoanalytic foundations of organizational paradox. It argues that psychoanalytic theories offer a framework for the study of emotions in organizations and for the paradoxical tensions arising from emotions. It develops an analytical framework to discuss three core constructs of psychoanalytic thinking: unconscious emotions; defense mechanisms; and “the analytic attitude,” which is used to gain awareness of unconscious emotions, and as the basis of interventions to balance the contradictions (or paradoxical nature) of defense mechanisms. These constructs manifest in three dimensions of the workplace: among leaders, within groups, and in the organization itself. In the leadership dimension a new concept, the paradox of authority, to describe the tension between internal pulls and external roles that both support and undermine leadership, is introduced. It is shown how psychoanalytic theory can help to comprehend the power relationships embedded in implicit structures and their effects on organizational change.
On Organizational Circularity
Authors: Tsoukas Hari , Cunha Miguel Pina e
Published: September 2017

This chapter selectively reviews strands of organizational research informed by the underlying image of the feedback loop, explores different kinds of circularity, and discusses how circularity gives rise to paradoxes in organizations. Organizational circularity expresses better than most organizational processes how managers create realities that develop a dynamic beyond their control, often in surprising and uncontrollable ways. Sometimes these realities are virtuous; other times organizing is built on top of shaky foundations and organizations trap themselves in vicious circles. Circles constitute a preferential observation point from which the complexity of organizing may be viewed. Suggestions for further research are offered.
Paradox and Polarities: Finding Common Ground and Moving Forward Together
Authors: Kayser Cliff , Seidler Margaret , Johnson Barry
Published: September 2017

This chapter chronicles the experience of citizens and public officials in Charleston, South Carolina as they used the polarity approach to address complex and polarized human social challenges. This chapter will first introduce some of the core tenets of polarity theory and practice tools (the Polarity Map®, the five-step “Small” process, and the Polarity Approach for Continuity and Transformation (PACT) assessment) and then relate them contextually in the unfolding of Charleston’s story, which includes a broad range of challenges, which involved a devastating tragedy and its aftermath. The conclusion calls for leaders and organizational systems to broaden competency to supplement “or” thinking with “and” thinking to increase resilience, reduce polarization, and enhance the quality of life for all.
The Paradoxical Mystery of the Missing Differences between Academics and Practitioners
Authors: Crosina Eliana , Bartunek Jean M.
Published: September 2017

Most discussions of academic–practitioner relationships highlight differences, especially with regard to their relative emphases on rigor or relevance. While not disagreeing with such differences, the authors show: 1) several ways academics and practitioners may be similar in their theorizing and practices; and 2) how these similarities have been almost entirely missed in prior scholarship. They suggest the importance of viewing academic–practitioner relationships from a duality perspective—one that includes their interdependence on and need for each other. Assisted by the contributions of Saul Alinsky and Donald Schön, the authors consider academic–practitioner relationships from a more encompassing standpoint that includes how they may jointly contribute to larger social issues, and acknowledges that the degrees of their reflexivity be a more important distinction than their roles. Finally they suggest paradoxical dimensions of academic–practitioner relationships that are surfaced by their analysis.
Organizational Dialectics
Authors: Clegg Stewart R. , Cunha Miguel Pina e
Published: September 2017

The classical conception of dialectics is introduced and its applicability and applications in management and organization studies considered. Given its provenance in Hegelian and Marxist thought one might not expect managerialist thinkers to have embraced the central notion of contradictions—one would be mistaken. After considering managerialist accounts of contradictions, which it argues are non-dialectical, this chapter considers how the classical trinity of never-ending unfolding thesis/anti-thesis/synthesis, the result of which forms a new thesis for the endless return of the dialectic and, animated by the central elements of contradiction to the dialectic, might be used in management and organization studies. Instances of positive and negative dialectics are considered before moving to a consideration of gaps and future research, concluding, as is customary, with conclusions.