bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Letters of Signor Giovanni Arduino, Concerning His Natural Observations: First Full English Translation. Part 2
Authors: Ell Theodore
Published: April 2015

A translation is provided of Arduino's second letter to Vallisnieri Jr (written 1759, published 1760) concerning his interpretation of the strata in Valdagno, near Recoaro in the southern part of the Alps of northeast Italy. Based on lithostratigraphic considerations, he envisaged a fourfold chronologic division of the strata of the region, that overlay the base or ‘primogenial’. rocks'. This gave rise to the notions of Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary strata. (But only the term ‘fourth Order’, not Quaternary, was used by Arduino.) His work came to be recognised as a major contribution to chronostratigraphy, but perhaps he did not himself recognise its future significance or ‘potential’. He stated that the ‘Primary’ rocks contained a few fossils and that the Secondary and Tertiary strata were highly fossiliferous. His was not, then, a biostratigraphic classification in a modern sense But he used the different fossil organisms to differentiate his ‘Orders’. Also he appreciated that the younger strata were produced from the erosion products of the older ones.
‘Living Fossil’—‘Fossilized Life’? Reflections on Biography in the History of Science
Authors: Klemun Marianne
Published: April 2015

In recent years, biography has cast off its previous poor image. As a consequence of a revised evaluation and as a result of theoretical considerations it has, in recent years, enjoyed a renaissance in a range of different disciplines. For this reason I should like to refer to this genre, which has existed since Classical times and which has enjoyed regular rebirth, as a ‘living fossil’. The virtues, conceptual interest, risks and problems involved in biography are the motives for the reflections in this article. In the palaeontological sense, fossilization involves the transformation of the original organism into a different form. The metaphor of a ‘fossilized life’ may be used with two different meanings, particularly since it has not only to do with a ‘frozen form’ but also with a transformation in comparison to the person's original life.
A Novice's Biography of George Gaylord Simpson
Authors: Laporte Léo
Published: April 2015

George G. Simpson (1902-1984) had an enormously successful career for some fifty years during the middle of the twentieth century. Owing to his great intellect, especially his deep analytic skill and broad synthetic insight as well as his single-minded persistence, he produced a large body of published work that became an integral part of modern evolutionary theory. His high level of scientific achievement can be gauged by the number and quality of his publications, his institutional affiliations, his honors and awards, and the recognition he received in mainstream popular culture.1 Because Simpson was arguably the leading paleontologist of the last century and a major contributor to the ‘modern evolutionary synthesis’ I informed him of my biographical interest and asked for a personal interview. I sought further permission to interview his family, colleagues, and former students. For all interviews, I prepared a dozen leading questions, but also allowed interviewees to decide what was important. I encouraged tangential remarks and hence surprising insights were revealed. If possible, I corroborated what the interviewees told me; I did not take everything at face value. I always kept the emphasis on the content and character of Simpson's scientific accomplishments, avoiding ‘psycho-biography.’ I visited archives for unpublished documents—relevant personal letters, photographs, notes, newspaper clippings—and checked school and university records. I traveled to places where he grew up, attended school, was employed, and did field work. I divided the work into stand-alone articles, beginning with the easier and more obvious ones. I published these serially so they could later be revised, reassembled, and crafted into the final larger, unified biography. Doing research and writing in this way, I kept the longer-term project moving forward, making necessary course corrections as I went along. I thus established my credibility, advanced the research, and expanded the sources of information. Piece-meal publication satisfied deans and made possible a graceful escape if the project stalled, or I lost interest. However, seeing my work in print further motivated me to complete the task. Reviews were very positive, but sales more disappointing. Un succès estime!? (Laporte 2000a).
The Life and Geological Writings of the 'Father of Russian Science': Mikhail Lomonosov
Authors: Rowland Stephen
Published: April 2015

Eighteenth-century Russian polymath Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765) is a highly celebrated and symbolically important figure in Russian culture, but he is not well known outside of Russia. In this paper I review his biography, his contributions to geology, and the key influences on his geological writings. He spent his youth on the coast of the White Sea, near the Arctic Circle, working with his father, who was a fisherman and merchant. This experience helped him to become a keen observer of natural phenomena. At age nineteen he traveled to Moscow, falsely claimed that he was the son of a nobleman, and talked his way into the Slavo-Graeco-Latin Academy. He excelled as a student and was chosen to continue his studies at the university in St Petersburg. From there he was one of three Russian students chosen to spend several years studying in Germany, primarily to learn about mining and the extraction of metals from ore. Lomonosov's four-and-a-half years in Germany were critical to his development as a scholar and scientist, immersing him in contemporary European knowledge and epistemology.

After Lomonosov returned to the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1741, he worked his way up the academic ladder, eventually becoming professor of chemistry, but it was not a smooth and steady climb. At one point he was under house arrest for eight months for rowdy conduct and discourteous behavior. Lomonosov made significant contributions to many fields of science. He wrote several geological publications, the most significant of which is On the Strata of the Earth (1763), which became available in German only in 1961, and in English only in 2012. Lomonosov's work in geology was motivated by his desire to promote economic development in Russia through the extraction of mineral resources, together with a deep curiosity about natural history.
Development of seismology in Spain in the context of the three large earthquakes of 1755, 1884 and 1954
Authors: Udías Agustín
Published: April 2015

The occurrence of large earthquakes is in many cases a catalyst for the advancement of seismology. This article examines the influence of the three large earthquakes of 1755, 1884 and 1954, felt in the Iberian peninsula, in the development of seismology in Spain. The 1755 earthquake was the occasion for the establishment of the study of earthquakes as natural phenomena outside of religious considerations and the introduction of modern ideas about the origin of earthquakes. The 1884 earthquake was the first earthquake in Spain subject to a serious and detailed scientific study by three commissions from Spain, France and Italy. This led to the introduction in Spain of modern ideas about the study of earthquakes and their tectonic origin. It showed also the need for installing seismographic stations. The 1954 deep earthquake was the occasion for a renewed interest in Spain for seismology, improvements in the seismographic stations and the beginning of international cooperation.
Red Deer River shakedown: a history of the Captain Marshall field paleontological expedition to Alberta, 1922, and its aftermath
Authors: Brinkman Paul
Published: April 2015

A Field Museum expedition to collect Late Cretaceous dinosaurs operated for three and a half months in the summer of 1922 in the Red Deer River badlands (Oldman and Dinosaur Park formations, Belly River Group) in an area now known as Dinosaur Provincial Park in southern Alberta, Canada. Associate Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology Elmer S. Riggs led the expedition. He was ably assisted by veteran collectors George F. Sternberg and John B. Abbott. A trio of novice collectors, Anthony Dombrosky, George Bedford and C. Harold Riggs, Elmer's youngest son, rounded out the party. The expedition was a success, netting several quality specimens of duckbilled dinosaurs; one small, partial theropod skeleton; an unidentified duckbilled dinosaur skull; four turtles; other miscellaneous fossil vertebrate remains; numerous fossil plants and invertebrates; and a large fossil log. In 1956, one of these specimens—a nearly complete lambeosaurine hadrosaur reconstructed as Lambeosaurus—debuted as the less fortunate partner of Gorgosaurus in the museum's iconic ‘Dinosaurs, Predator and Prey’ exhibit in Stanley Field Hall. Both of these specimens are still on display in a permanent exhibit called ‘Evolving Planet’. Another notable specimen prepared in 1999-2000 after nearly eighty years in an unopened field jacket has been identified as a juvenile Gorgosaurus. This specimen—nicknamed ‘Elmer’—was recently touring the globe as part of the ‘Dinosaurs: Ancient Fossils, New Discoveries’ exhibit. More importantly, the expedition was an invaluable shakedown experience for the fossil hunting crew and their new equipment in the months before they left on an ambitious, multi-year fossil mammal collecting expedition to Argentina and Bolivia. An oft-repeated myth holds that Riggs viewed the Alberta expedition as a failure and departed the field the moment he obtained permission to go to South America. This paper shows that myth to be unfounded.
Charles Darwin, Bartholomew Sulivan, and the geology of the Falkland Islands: unfinished business from an asymmetric partnership
Authors: Stone Philip , Rushton Adrian
Published: April 2015

When in 1846 Charles Darwin published the first account of the geology of the Falkland Islands he drew on his experiences in 1833 and 1834 during the voyage of Beagle, and on collections made at that time by the ship's Assistant Surgeon, William Kent. Aboard HMS Beagle Darwin struck up a particular friendship with Lieutenant Bartholomew Sulivan who subsequently revisited the Falklands between 1838 and 1845 in command of HMS Arrow and HMS Philomel. The surviving letters that Sulivan wrote to Darwin during those voyages contain a wealth of additional geological observations. Sulivan also dispatched additional geological specimens to Darwin, one of which can be identified in the extant Beagle collection. Darwin utilised some of Sulivan's structural geology sketches in his 1846 paper, but otherwise the detailed and accurate observations were only partly and ambiguously recorded there in a footnote. Sulivan described fold and cleavage relationships, made the first record of intrusive dolerite dykes in the Falkland Islands, and recorded landforms and lithologies that could have led to the early recognition of both Quaternary and Late Palaeozoic glaciation in the Falklands. Glacial phenomena were not generally understood at the time and Darwin at first misinterpreted some of Sulivan's prescient observations. The acknowledgements in Darwin's 1846 paper do scant justice to Sulivan's contributions which, as a result, have remained generally unappreciated. This paper seeks to rectify this situation whilst reconciling Darwin's account with the modern geological interpretation and reviewing his specimen collections in current terms.
William Whewell: Professor of Mineralogy [And Crystallography] Cambridge University 1828-1834
Authors: Rapp George
Published: April 2015

Today philosophers, scientists, and other scholars know William Whewell as a major figure in the history and philosophy of science and as a wordsmith who coined many scientific terms still in use. Mineralogists are likely aware that there is a mineral Whewellite. Whewell entered the field of mineralogy just as it was coming of age as a science. He was a life-long academic at Trinity College, Cambridge University where he served as Professor of Mineralogy, later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, and rose to become Master of the College. His major contributions to earth science were in mathematical crystallography and tidal phenomena. Whewell's wide-ranging ideas and research qualify him as a mid-nineteenth century polymath.
Science and Life of a Geologist through his Papers. The Personal Archive of Giovanni Capellini in La Spezia
Authors: Gerali Francesco
Published: April 2015

This study of the life and work of the Italian geologist Giovanni Capellini (1833-1922) started in 2005 during the process of restoring and reorganizing that portion of his personal archive kept at the Academy Lunigianese of Sciences in La Spezia, Italy. Until now, little has been written on the scientific achievements of Giovanni Capellini, resulting from a sixty year career. This contribution aims to offer an overview of the scientific biography of Capellini, his publications and manuscript documents, and the main contents of that portion of his personal archive housed in La Spezia. Capellini began his long career in the natural sciences by educating himself in La Spezia, after which he enrolled in and graduated from the University of Pisa, Italy. He concluded his formal education with one year of educational travel in Europe. At the age of twenty-seven, Capellini obtained the professorship of geology at the University of Bologna and remained there for sixty years. During his career, he achieved several important goals, among them the reorganization of the Geological and Paleontological Museum of the University of Bologna. The Museum was founded in 1871 and soon became an institution recognized for its excellence in Italy and throughout Europe. By the conclusion of his career in 1922, he was a professor of international fame, Senator of the Kingdom of Italy, and supporter of international scientific dialogue as an indispensable means for the advancement of knowledge. Capellini always promoted the diffusion of natural sciences studies, both within Italy and throughout Europe. He contributed to three regional mapping projects that were incorporated into the geological map of Italy. Above all, he educated many generations of young professionals who contributed to Italy's economic and cultural life.
A priori and a posteriori geological mapping. The geological maps of the world by Ami Boué (1843) and Jules Marcou (1861)—the Australasian aspects
Authors: Oldroyd David
Published: April 2015

The paper describes and discusses the work done in producing the first geological maps of the world—by Ami Boué (1843) and Jules Marcou (1861)—and their later editions. Boué had a remarkably wide knowledge of geology through his own field investigations and his vast knowledge of the geological literature. The same may be said of Marcou. But their approaches to ‘global mapping’ were very different. Boué was greatly influenced by Élie de Beaumont and also the idea that geographical knowledge could in itself facilitate the formulation of geological hypotheses and make possible producing geological maps for areas that had not yet been examined by geologists. He did, however, also make use, where possible, of written reports of areas that he had not visited. He described his work as a priori mapping, with the use of analogical reasoning. Marcou's geological mapping likewise drew on his extremely extensive field experience and geological reading, but he did not colour in the parts of the globe for which he lacked any information. Coming eighteen years after Boué, there was inevitably more information available to Marcou. Their two efforts, procedures and results are examined for Australia and New Zealand, which neither of them ever visited. An attempt is made to identify the sources that each of them might have used. The paper provides reproductions of the maps that Boué and Marcou produced, and discusses the successes and failures of their enterprises.
The journey from elite society to government geologist: Henry de la Beche's (1796-1855) powerful impact on the importance of observation within an emerging professional science
Authors: Clary Renee , Wandersee James
Published: April 2015

Henry De la Beche (1796-1855) entered the scientific realm within an elite group of gentleman geologists. As a firm advocate of observation, De la Beche's philosophy of science involved the collection of fects, from which satisfactory theories or solutions to geological problems could only arise after accumulated observations were compiled. He authored many texts, but insisted that he recorded only fects and did not support particular theories, which often relied on scant observation. When De la Beche's finances floundered, his persistence at procuring government support for his mapping projects resulted in his eventual appointment (1835) as director of what would become the British Geological Survey. As a government scientist, De la Beche maintained a staunch advocacy of observation. He used his position to promote field work, and ensured quality in the deliberate recording of accurate information. He provided clear instructions to local survey directors, and advocated a "general mode of observing and recording fects" for "systematic investigations and uniformity of results" (1845). His methods guaranteed that facts, and not selective interpretations, would be available for those who needed them. He insisted that utilitarian geological products, such as survey maps and mining records, were consistent and of high quality. He also promoted the importance of these products—and the field work that produced them—within the elite societies of which he remained a member. Through his government position, De la Beche successfully advocated for public displays of facts and collections, and largely through his efforts the Museum of Practical Geology, the School of Mines, and the Mining Record Office were established. Therefore, De la Beche's emphasis of observation over theory had far-reaching impact in the emerging Victorian professionalization of science. Although he lost personal funding and could not sustain only an elite participation in the emerging geological discipline, his government position provided a powerful platform from which he was able to teach, systematize, and institutionalize field-based geological observation. De la Beche's success is measured through the establishment of feet repositories in Great Britain, and also through the impact that surveyors who studied his field methods brought to other countries.
From Apprenticeship to Profession, Nathaniel Shaler and the First Summer School of Geology
Authors: Zabilka Ivan
Published: April 2015

The Harvard-Kentucky Geological Survey Summer Schools in 1875 and 1876 represent a significant turning point in the method of educating geologists. The transition from apprenticeship to group field experience originated in the fertile mind of N. S. Shaler, Harvard Professor and Director of the Kentucky Geological Survey. By means of the first summer school of geology Shaler influenced high school teachers, formed the standard patter for field education, and promoted the careers of several late nineteenth century geologists. The rigors of the site and the need to avoid damaging the work of the Kentucky Geological Survey forced the end of the school at Cumberland Gap, but in two short summers the course of geological education permanently changed.
John Leonard Riddell: From Rensselaer to New Orleans (1827-1865)
Authors: Skinner Hubert , Riess Karlem
Published: April 2015

John L. Riddell, though primarily interested in chemistry, botany, and medicine, made considerable contributions to geology. From 1827-1829 he was a student at Rensselaer under Amos Eaton, the first American teacher of geology. Riddell's first scientific lecture, A new theory of the earth, was delivered at Rensselaer in August 1829. It dealt with geological formations and the fossil remains contained therein.

From 1830-1832 Riddell presented public subscription lectures in New York, Ontario, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Late in 1832 he became professor of chemistry and botany at the Ohio Reformed Medical College, where he began to study the geology of the state. Geology of Ohio, his first formal paper on geological subjects, appeared in 1833. Others papers soon followed. He worked with Samuel P. Hildreth on Survey of the geology of Ohio, which was completed in 1836. Soon afterwards, Riddell married and moved to New Orleans, becoming professor of chemistry at the New Orleans Medical College, now Tulane University. He remained in New Orleans until his death nearly thirty years later.

In 1839 Riddell attempted to secure state authorization to conduct a geological survey of Louisiana. Also in 1839, he made two excursions to Texas, resulting in his Geology of the Trinity Country, Texas, published in 1839. Finally, in 1841, the Geological Committee of the State of Louisiana was formed, with Riddell as Chairman. There were five other members. Tragically, the result of their work was lost before being published, and no trace of the manuscript is known to exist today. In his later years, Riddell continued to do geological work, including studies of Mississippi River dynamics. He also continued his long teaching career in New Orleans.
A Decade of Challenge the Future of Biogeography
Authors: Nelson Gareth
Published: April 2015

According to Croizat's global synthesis, the main biogeographic patterns include trans-Atlantic, trans-Pacific, trans-Indoceanic, Boreal, and Austral. Geological and geophysical theories vary, but agree that sea-floor spreading in the Pacific is different in its effect from that in other ocean basins. The difference allows for radial expansion of the basin and not merely east-west displacement of continental areas. Biogeographic data suggest that bipolar (boreal + austral) distributions are to be reckoned among the results of sea-floor spreading in the Pacific. Data from one group of inshore fishes (family Engraulidae) exemplify this notion and add, as terminal parts of the differentiation of the Pacific Basin, trans-Panama marine vicariance and a collateral occurrence in freshwater of tropical South America. These findings corroborate Croizat's synthesis. They suggest that the critical evaluation of that synthesis will be the main task of biogeography over the next decade. They indicate that within the area of systematics, evaluation will require a cladistic approach and the elimination of paraphyletic groups from classification.
The Adelaide Geosyncline: A Century of Controversy
Authors: Sprigg Reg.
Published: April 2015

Late Proterozoic (Adelaidean) to Late Cambrian sediments of the Adelaide Geosyncline form a mountainous backbone to South Australia. Geological studies of the region date back to the beginning of European exploration and colonisation, although these were limited until the 1940s due to the small, isolated nature of the geological community. No detailed understanding of this extensive region emerged until the beginning of the twentieth century when sections were measured and the significance of widespread Late Precambrian glaciation was recognised. The search for fossils has been long and often unsuccessful. Trilobites and archaeocyatha, which were later determined as Cambrian, were found as early as 1879. The internationally famous Ediacara fauna was discovered in 1946. Unusual piercement structures containing breccias were only widely mapped after World War Two with a diapiric origin being proposed in 1960. In 1952, the province was classified as basically miogeo-synclinal with a late stage eugeosyncline in the southeast. This has recently been reinterpreted in terms of plate tectonics.
The Early History of Palaeontology in Western Australia: 1791-1899
Authors: Mcnamara Kenneth , Dodds Frances
Published: April 2015

The exploration of the coast of Western Australia by English and French explorers in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries led to the first recorded discoveries of fossiliferous rocks in Western Australia. The first forty years of exploration and discovery of fossil sites in the State was restricted entirely to the coast of the Continent. Following the establishment of permanent settlements in the 1820s the first of the inland fossil localities were located in the 1830s, north of Albany, and north of Perth. As new land was surveyed; particularly north of Perth, principally by the Gregory brothers in the 1840s and 1850s, Palaeozoic rocks were discovered in the Perth and Carnarvon Basins. F.T. Gregory in particular developed a keen interest in the geology of the State to such an extent that he was able, at a meeting of the Geological Society of London in 1861, to present not only a geological map of part of the State, but also a suite of fossils which showed the existence of Permian and Hesozoic strata. The entire history of nineteenth century palaeontology in Western Australia was one of discovery and collection of specimens. These were studied initially by overseas naturalists, but latterly, in the 1890s by Etheridge at The Australian Museum in Sydney. Sufficient specimens had been collected and described by the turn of the century that the basic outline of the Phanerozoic geology of the sedimentary basins was reasonably well known.
An Early German Supporter of Continental Drift
Authors: Teichert Curt
Published: April 2015

Wilhelm-Salomon-Calvi, late professor of geology at the University of Heidelberg, was one of the earliest outspoken supporters of Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift on which he published a series of papers and one book between 1930 and 1933. His work, which is briefly reviewed here, was completely ignored by almost all later authors. One of his interesting contributions was to point out that, because of lack of sufficient available moisture, an icecap could not have formed on a supercontinent such as Wegener's Pangaea.
James Croll and Charles Lyell as Glacial Epoch Theorists
Authors: Tasch Paul
Published: April 2015

Hays et al (1976) showed that variant orbital geometry was the "pacemaker" of the Ice Ages. They referenced James Croll (1875) among others. Croll also had presented calculations to demonstrate an equivalent relationship. Lyell tried unsuccessfully to apply Croll's astronomical data to climatic variation and envisioned large scale subsidence and elevation as the primary control of the Ice Ages. Croll argued against Lyell's use of orbital geometry and his geochronological model, taking 250,000 BP as the start of the glacial epoch, which by his calculation corresponded to the most recent and greatest orbital eccentricity. Both Croll and Lyell, in different ways, were on the right track, but technically updated astronomical data as well as microfossil indicators of oceanic temperature used in the modern synthesis, were needed.
A Link That Failed
Authors: Lloyd Joel
Published: April 2015

In 1786, a year before the publication of Schöpf's Beiträge, Samuel Vaughan, Jr., a young Englishman of a well-known pro-American family, proposed an ambitious plan of minerals exploration to support the coinage of the recently established U.S. Mint. His proposal, together with a letter of recommendation from Benjamin Franklin, was placed before the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury, which included Arthur Lee. The plan was rejected and Vaughan moved on to Jamaica, West Indies, where he spent the rest of his life. It is suggested that execution of the plan might have affected the history of American geology, or altered the course of industrial development in the new nation. There is reason to believe that the rejection of the plan was not based on its lack of merit, but on the irrelevant hostility that existed between Franklin and Lee.
The New York State Museum: Child of the Geological Survey that Grew to be its Guardian
Authors: Fakundiny Robert
Published: April 2015

The New York State Museum was created by State legislation in 1870 out of the old State Cabinet, which held the specimens collected by the State Geological and Natural History Survey, James Hall, then State Geologist and Palaeontologist within the Survey, was named Director of the Museum. Hall's need to possess and study vast quantities of paleontological specimens required space for collections storage and processing. His collections became the major supply of specimens for the Cabinet and eventually the Museum. After the original Survey was disbanded, in the early 1840's, Hall's presence gave the Cabinet a definite geological character. As the chief geological scientist, Hall considered the geological research of the Cabinet and later the Museum as a product of the "Geological Survey of New York," even though no formal designation of such a unit was ever proclaimed by state legislation. After all, other states were forming geological research units similar to Hall's and calling them geological surveys. It made sense for good communications for Hall and his predecessor State Geologists to refer to their staff as the New York State Geological Survey. Eventually, through a series of other legislative acts, most importantly in 1904 and 1945, the Museum was made the formal administrative home for the Geological Survey and, thus, its guardian. Museum Directors, therefore, have had the principle role in determining the fate of geological and paleontological research within the Geological Survey, After 1926, when the first non-geologist became director, the Museum's research scope grew faster in other natural and social history areas, such as botany, entomology, zoology, archaeology, ethnology, and history. This expansion is exemplified by the addition of a State Historian to the Education Department in 1895. During its 150-year history the Geological Survey has moved six times, and it is now housed in the Cultural Education Center in the Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York.
James Hall and the New York Survey
Authors: Aldrich Michele , Leviton Alan
Published: April 2015

Hall's career with New York State was as stormy as his relations with many of his disciples. A few years after completing his education with Amos Eaton at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Hall served during 1836-1837 as Ebenezer Emmons' assistant on the New York State Natural History Survey, working on the iron ores of the Adirondacks. From 1837 to 1842, Hall was the survey geologist assigned the western counties of the state. He contributed equally with the other geologists to the creation of the New York System for Paleozoic rocks; it is important, in focusing on Hall, not to lose sight of what the others provided to its development. Hall's final district report, published in 1843, evidenced his ability and interest in paleontology. The state hired him to research and write up New York's fossils, an assignment given in 1837 to Timothy Conrad, who had not completed the report. Hall was to spend the next several decades on the task, issuing thirteen sumptuously illustrated volumes. Through 1859, Hall took the fossils in stratigraphic order, but by 1867 he had switched to a biological approach, in part because by that time he had reached the rich and complex Devonian fauna. State support for the Palaeontology was uneven; in 1850-55, Hall worked without salary on the books. He used the reports to discuss other important geological topics and to air his position on geological controversies, some of them centered on rocks outside of New York. His parade of laboratory and field assistants helped in various degrees, sometimes with stinting acknowledgment from Hall. His international reputation was based in large part on his work for New York State, and it remains a durable legacy to science.
Meek at Albany, 1852-58
Authors: Nelson Clifford
Published: April 2015

F. B. Meek served as James Hall's salaried assistant and draughtsman at Albany during 1852-58. In aiding Hall's "Palaeontology of New-York" and other projects, Meek gained experience in field work, curation, research, illustration, and publication that he developed in collaboration with F. V. Hayden and others to fulfill Hall's promise to make Meek an original investigator in paleontology. A dispute with Hall about scientific identity and integrity, rekindled by the Permian controversy, ended Meek's years at Albany. In 1858, Meek joined Hayden at Washington and continued work in paleontology and stratigraphy at the Smithsonian, under contract to the Federal and several state governments.
Charles Darwin's Theory of Coral Reefs and the Problem of the Chalk
Authors: Montgomery William
Published: April 2015

Darwin's effort to relate his theory of coral reefs to global tectonic concepts failed to impress geologists more immediately interested in European phenomena. Charles Lyell had initially regarded coral reefs as a way to explain the European Chalk formation. However, he encountered criticism from catastrophist authors who thought the Chalk was a result of chemical precipitation. Lyell embraced Darwin's coral reef theory in an effort to strengthen his argument; and though C. G. Ehrenberg explained the Chalk as the product of fossil Foramanifera, he reinforced the general case in favor of organic deposition as opposed to chemical precipitation. As a result geologists tended to follow Lyell in discussing coral reef formation in the larger context of carbonate deposition generally.
Joseph Beete Jukes, the ‘Cambridge Connection’, and the Theory of Reef Development in Australia in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Stoddart D.
Published: April 2015

Joseph Beete Jukes studied geology at Cambridge University under Adam Sedgwick at a time when Lyell's Principles of Geology (1830-1833) revitalized the subject and when Darwin was engaged in the voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836). He owed his first professional position in Newfoundland to the patronage of Sedgwick, Lyell, Darwin and others both in Cambridge and in London, and his appointment as naturalist on H.M.S. Fly (1842-1846), to survey the Great Barrier Reef of Australia to these same supporters. Darwin published his coral reef theory in 1838, and this provided the intellectual basis for Jukes's work. In New South Wales Jukes was met by another of Sedgwick's pupils, W. B. Clarke, the leading earth scientist in the colony. Clarke himself had recently met J. D. Dana, the reef geologist on the Wilkes Expedition, who was also enthusiastic for Darwin's theory. Jukes's reef work was characterised both by Darwin's theoretical insights, which he supported but did not extend, and Sedgwick's pragmatic commitment to empirical investigation. Jukes's work in Australia, and indeed his subsequent career until his tragic death in 1869, illustrates both the intellectual and the practical consequences of his early association with the Cambridge geology school, and the way in which his mentor Sedgwick (and through him the leading geologists of the time - Darwin, Lyell and Murchison) determined his career and influenced his views. His Great Barrier Reef research, published in 1847, as well as his association with Clarke, helped to mould the development of geology in colonial New South Wales into the mould of metropolitan science in general and that of Sedgwick's Cambridge in particular.
The Enduring Influence of Hans Cloos (1885-1951)
Authors: Dennis J.
Published: April 2015

The development of geological thinking, and of methods of both observation and presentation owe much to the work of Hans Cloos. But because he wrote in German, he is not cited in the English literature nearly as often as he deserves to be. Nevertheless, his influence persists, through his pioneering work on rock fabrics, on tuffisites, on rifts, and on scale modeling; and through his tremendous influence as a teacher.
Early Geological Maps of West Virginia
Authors: Lessing Peter
Published: April 2015

Since Guettard presented his geological map of North America in 1752, over 100 geological maps were produced that cover all or parts of West Virginia up to 1897, when the State Geological Survey was formed. Their quality, accuracy, scale, and general content vary widely, but each contributed to our growing understanding of West Virginia and Appalachian geology. This annotated, chronologic list of maps illustrates this wide diversity and steady improvement of early geological mapping.
British Geologists' Changing Perceptions of Precambrian Time in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Hamilton Beryl
Published: April 2015

Time as a physical and metaphysical phenomenon underlies the development of ideas about the Precambrian in the nineteenth century. In Britain there was a strong philosophical tradition concerning the nature of time which was closely tied to science, especially the physical sciences. A clash developed between the physical and the earth scientists about the nature and duration of time, particularly where the age of the earth was concerned. As the rocks of the lowest part of the geological column were identified and mapped, the geologists' perceptions of the Precambrian, its duration and ultimate age, changed. This occurred while using what many physicists thought of as false and lax concepts of the physical nature of time.
Geological Time Versus Astronomical Time: Are Scientific Theories Falsifiable?
Authors: Hetherington Norriss
Published: April 2015

During the 1930s when a relativistic, expanding, homogeneous model of the universe lead to an age for the universe embarrassingly less than the geological age of the earth, the astronomer Edwin Hubble, influenced by philosophical values, persisted in his support for a theory in conflict with observation and prediction. Notwithstanding well attested and unrefutable evidence of geological time, and various astronomical observations as well, the theory of a homogeneous, expanding universe of general relativity proved, in practice, not falsifiable.
E.D. Cope's 1893 Expedition to the Dakotas Revisited
Authors: Fiorillo Anthony , Daeschler Edward
Published: April 2015

Recently an uncatalogued cache of fossil reptile material was discovered in the vertebrate paleontology collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Evidence obtained from handwritten notes on the newspaper in which the specimens were wrapped indicates that the specimens are part of the collection made by Edward Drinker Cope on his expedition to the Dakotas and Oklahoma in 1893. These fossils were collected in the vicinity of Fort Yates, North Dakota, and Hump Creek, South Dakota, and are predominantly from the Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian: Late Cretaceous). No fossils from the Oklahoma segment of Cope's journey were found in the collection. Details of the Dakota segment of the expedition are reconstructed from correspondence written by Cope while he was in the field and from notes on some of the field wrappings of these newly discovered specimens. These materials are significant to the Academy of Natural Sciences since they provide insight into an aspect of Academy history which had been previously lost.
W. D. Matthew's Early Western Field Trips
Authors: Colbert Edwin
Published: April 2015

William Diller Matthew, who entered Columbia College in 1891 with the avowed intention of becoming a mining geologist, was influenced by Henry Fairfield Osborn to change his interests to vertebrate paleontology. In 1895 Osborn hired Matthew as assistant curator at the American Museum of Natural History, where he began his lifelong studies of fossil mammals. In line with his chosen field of research, Matthew made a series of collecting trips to western North America, from 1897 to 1908, devoted largely to the accumulation of fossil mammals, thus establishing a basis for much of his research.
The Tale of a Polymath: The American Years of Jose Francisco Correa da Serra
Authors: Lloyd Joel
Published: April 2015

Jose Correa da Serra, the renowned Portugese botanist, geologist, and natural scientist, was reputed to be the "most intelligent man in the world". Following a tempestuous period in Europe he spent the years from 1812 to 1820 in the United States. He became a close friend of Thomas Jefferson, and was well known to Madison, Monroe, and John Quincy Adams. He served as the Portugese Minister to Washington, and is credited as the force behind the passage of the Neutrality Act (the "Monroe Doctrine") that is part of our philosophy and our law today.
Multiple Imputation in the Austrian Household Survey on Housing Wealth
Authors: Albacete Nicolas
Published: April 2015

This paper presents the multiple imputation model for the imputation of themissing values of the Austrian Household Survey on Housing Wealth 2008. It is based on Bayesian inference and on the fully conditional specification approach. Both theoretical framework and model specication are discussed in detail and, finally, some results about the performance of our imputations are presented.
Development of Acoustic Test Criteria for the Cassini Spacecraft
Authors: Bergen Thomas , Himelblau Harry , Kern Dennis
Published: April 2015

Acoustic measurements from eight Titan IV flights, and an acoustic test of a Cassini simulator and Titan payload fairing (PLF), were used to derive acoustic flight and test criteria for the Cassini spacecraft. The flight and laboratory data were used or modified to account for the following factors: (a) noise-spike contamination of flight data, (b) spatial and flight-to-flight variations of flight data, (c) application of a thicker barrier-blanket to the PLF for the Cassini mission, (d) effects of locating two Cassini assemblies, the Huygens Probe (HP), and the High Gain Antenna (HGA), near the PLF, and (e) higher thrust of upgraded Titan solid rocket motors (SRMs) for the Cassini mission. An overall sound pressure level of 145 dB was verified for the protoflight acoustic test criteria for the Cassini spacecraft.
In-Situ Chemical Concentration Control for Wafer Wet Cleaning
Authors: Kashkoush Ismail , Novak Rich , Brause Eric
Published: April 2015

This paper demonstrates the use of conductivity sensors to monitor and control the concentration of RCA cleaning and hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching solutions. Commercially available electrodeless conductivity sensors were used to monitor and control the concentration of these process solutions. A linear relationship between the conductivity of the solution and the chemical concentration was obtained within the range studied. A chemical injection scheme was developed to maintain the chemical concentration within specified limits. Different concentrations of RCA-based cleaning solutions and HF solutions were investigated. Results show that these techniques are suitable for monitoring and controlling the concentration of chemicals in the process tanks for better process control. These techniques provide low cost of ownership of the process by using dilute chemicals and longer bath life (i.e., a more environmentally sound process).
Theoretical Study of Molecular Contamination on Silicon Wafers: Interactions Between Molecular Contaminants and the Silicon Surface
Authors: Zhu Sheng-Bai
Published: April 2015

Molecular contamination on silicon wafers is mainly determined by the gas phase concentrations of the contaminants, the adsorption energy of the molecules on the surface, and their removal rate. In this paper, a potential energy function is developed to describe interactions between adsorbed molecules and solid surfaces. Ignoring possible chemical reactions at the interface, the development is based on a combination of the Pauli repulsion, the dispersion attraction, and the Coulomb interaction between real and image charges. This potential function will be used to predict adsorption energies of various organic/inorganic molecules, including oxygen, halogens, aliphatic hydrocarbons, acids, and inorganic carbon-containing compounds on silicon wafer surfaces.
Investigations of Particle Penetration in Fibrous Filters: Part I. Experimental
Authors: Dhaniyala Suresh , Liu Benajamin
Published: April 2015

This article is the first of a two-part series. The second article titled "Investigations of Particle Penetration in Fibrous Filters, Part II. Theoretical" will appear in the upcoming March/April 1998 issue of the Journal of the IEST.

The performance of high-efficiency filters is evaluated using a semiautomated test system. This system is used for accurate measurements of submicron particle penetrations and pressure drops of filters. The system is designed to minimize errors and uncertainties associated with filter testing procedures. New commercial filter media, rated from ASHRAE-grade to ULPA, are tested using this system. The particle penetration characteristics of these media are obtained at different face velocities, ranging from 2 to 20 cm/s (0.79 to 7.9 in/s), and the particle diameter is varied from 0.05 to 0.05μm. The efficiencies of these media range from 15 percent to 99.9999 percent. The particle penetration characteristics of the media are consistent with the theories of collection by diffusion and interception in the range of operating conditions studies. The presence of the most penetrating particle size is observed, varying from 0.1 to 0.3μm for the different media. The most penetrating particle size is shown to shift toward the smaller particle size for increasing face velocity.
Epilogue to MERIT: Lessons Learned in Developing an Interactive Environmental Database
Authors: Leak Chris
Published: April 2015

MERIT, Mission Environmental Requirements Integration Technology, is an interactive environmental database developed by the Air Force Wright Laboratory's Flight Dynamics Directorate (currently the Air Vehicles Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory). The purpose of this MS Windows-based application is to quickly and accurately estimate, during the early conceptual design stage, the environments to which stores carried externally on fighter/attack aircraft will be exposed throughout all phases of the life cycle (such as manufacturing, deployment, storage, and operational usage). MERIT is currently used at approximately 75 locations within 25 companies and government agencies. During the development of the MERIT system, many important lessons were learned regarding the creation of environmental databases to support materiel acquisition functions (such as design, test, and maintenance). In this paper, the scope and capabilities of MERIT will be described in more detail. The basis for the lessons learned will be explained and illustrated through examples from the system's development history.
Computer-Aided Design of a Cleanroom Ceiling Plenum System with a Limited Space for HVAC Equipment
Authors: Lei Ting-Kwo , Manning Andrew , Kersting Felix
Published: April 2015

Acommercial Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software program was used to analyze the flow field inside a cleanroom ceiling plenum. The design required restricted space for the HVAC equipment. The effect of the number of cells used in the computational model on the simulation output was investigated. Pressure and velocity fields were examined. A comparison of flow distribution uniformity between a reference ceiling plenum system and a ceiling plenum system containing more ducted air supplies was made. An analysis of the effect of diffusion plates was conducted.
Time Variations of Organic Compound Concentrations in a Newly Constructed Cleanroom
Authors: Inoue Chiyo , Mizuno Naoya , Ogura Satoshi , Hanayama Yuichiro , Hattori Shinji , Endo Katsuyoshi , Yasutake Kiyoshi , Morita Mizuho , Mori Yuzo
Published: April 2015

The concentration of organic compounds in a newly constructed cleanroom has been measured as a function of time after completion of the interior finish work. To identify the origin of organic contamination in the cleanroom, outgassing tests of each construction material were performed. The concentration of organic compounds in the cleanroom decreased rapidly during the first month after completing the interior finish work, and decreased gradually to a constant level after about four months. A primary source of the organic contamination was identified as 2-ethyl-1-hexanol generated from the plasticizer used for vinyl curtains and floor materials. The concentration of organic compounds in the cleanroom can be estimated by using the outgassing rates of the compounds from each construction material and its area.