bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proconsuls, Assizes and the Administration of Justice under the Empire
Authors: Burton G. P.
Published: May 2006

Vespasian, when he was proconsul of Africa, was pelted with turnips during a riot at Hadrumetum; Galba, when he was legate of Hispania Citerior, received the news of the revolt of Vindex while holding assizes in the far south-east of his province at New Carthage; the famous confrontation between Antoninus Pius, when proconsul of Asia, and the sophist Polemo, when the latter returned home and expelled Pius from his lodgings, occurred at Smyrna. Such instances and anecdotes could be easily multiplied, for governors and their legates did not administer justice by permanently holding court in the capital city—be it Carthage, Tarraco or Ephesus—of their province. Instead they toured their area of administration and held judicial sessions at certain privileged towns—assize centres—of the province. This contention is of prime importance for our conception of the administration of the Roman empire. The first purpose of this article is to assemble the evidence for the actual working of the assize system and the dispensation of justice within it, and the consequences for provincial litigants. The problems faced by a provincial litigant, wishing to gain access to the proconsul's tribunal, may provide a further control for our assessment of the practical, rather than theoretical, operation of Roman judicial procedure. Secondly, I hope, if only impressionistically, to suggest the types of constraint which this framework of a peregrinatory system of justice set on any Roman governor in his non-judicial relations with his subjects.
Finite Variable Logics in Descriptive Complexity Theory
Authors: Grohe Martin
Published: May 2006

Throughout the development of finite model theory, the fragments of first-order logic with only finitely many variables have played a central role. This survey gives an introduction to the theory of finite variable logics and reports on recent progress in the area.

For each k ≥ 1 we let Lk be the fragment of first-order logic consisting of all formulas with at most k (free or bound) variables. The logics Lk are the simplest finite-variable logics. Later, we are going to consider infinitary variants and extensions by so-called counting quantifiers.

Finite variable logics have mostly been studied on finite structures. Like the whole area of finite model theory, they have interesting model theoretic, complexity theoretic, and combinatorial aspects. For finite structures, first-order logic is often too expressive, since each finite structure can be characterized up to isomorphism by a single first-order sentence, and each class of finite structures that is closed under isomorphism can be characterized by a first-order theory. The finite variable fragments seem to be promising candidates with the right balance between expressive power and weakness for a model theory of finite structures. This may have motivated Poizat [67] to collect some basic model theoretic properties of the Lk. Around the same time Immerman [45] showed that important complexity classes such as polynomial time (PTIME) or polynomial space (PSPACE) can be characterized as collections of all classes of (ordered) finite structures definable by uniform sequences of first-order formulas with a fixed number of variables and varying quantifier-depth.
Alonzo Church and the Reviews
Authors: Enderton H. B.
Published: May 2006

The journal of symbolic logic began publishing in 1936. From the outset, the Journal included a Reviews Section, edited by Alonzo Church. The very first issue carried three pages of reviews, written by Bernays, Church, Rosser, and Quine.

As the first issue stated, “It is intended that this section of the Journal shall serve as a complete bibliography of current literature in the field of symbolic logic, from January 1, 1936. To this end an effort will be made to include in it, at least by title, all publications in this field, both books and articles in journals, and as far as possible these will be accompanied by signed reviews.” Thus the purpose of the Reviews Section was two-fold. For one, there was its bibliographical function: to provide a complete, suitably indexed, listing of all the publications—both books and journal articles—in symbolic logic, wherever and in whatever language published. And secondly, the reviews were to provide critical, analytical commentary on these publications, whenever possible.

The Reviews Section should be viewed as a continuation and expansion of Church's A bibliography of symbolic logic. The Bibliography was a listing, with some annotations, of the publications in symbolic logic prior to 1936. It was published as volume 1, number 4 of the Journal. Church made the listing as complete as he could, of course.
Developments in Constructive Nonstandard Analysis
Authors: Palmgren Erik
Published: May 2006

We develop a constructive version of nonstandard analysis, extending Bishop's constructive analysis with infinitesimal methods. A full transfer principle and a strong idealisation principle are obtained by using a sheaf-theoretic construction due to I. Moerdijk. The construction is, in a precise sense, a reduced power with variable filter structure. We avoid the nonconstructive standard part map by the use of nonstandard hulls. This leads to an infinitesimal analysis which includes nonconstructive theorems such as the Heine–Borel theorem, the Cauchy–Peano existence theorem for ordinary differential equations and the exact intermediate-value theorem, while it at the same time provides constructive results for concrete statements. A nonstandard measure theory which is considerably simpler than that of Bishop and Cheng is developed within this context.
Brouwer and Fraenkel on Intuitionism
Authors: Dalen Dirk Van
Published: May 2006

In the present paper the story is told of the brief and far from tranquil encounter of L.E.J. Brouwer and A. Fraenkel. The relationship which started in perfect harmony, ended in irritation and reproaches.

The mutual appreciation at the outset is beyond question. All the more deplorable is the sudden outbreak of an emotional disagreement in 1927. Looking at the Brouwer–Fraenkel episode, one should keep in mind that at that time the so-calledGrundlagenstreitwas in full swing. An emotional man like Brouwer, who easily suffered under stress, was already on edgewhen Fraenkel's bookZehn Vorlesungen Über die Grundlegung der Mengenlehre, [Fraenkel 1927] was about to appear.

With theGrundlagenstreitreaching (in print!) a level of personal abuse unusual in the quiet circles of pure mathematics, Brouwer was rather sensitive, where the expositions of his ideas were concerned. So when he thought that he detected instances of misconception and misrepresentation in the case of his intuitionism, he felt slighted. We will mainly look at Brouwer's reactions. since the Fraenkel letters have not been preserved.

The late Mrs. Fraenkel kindly put the Brouwer letters that were in her possession at my disposal. I am grateful to the Fraenkel family for the permission to use the material.

I am indebted to Andreas Blass for his valuable suggestions and corrections.

Abraham Fraenkel (then still called Adolf) was one of the first non-partisan mathematicians, if not the first, who developed a genuine interest in intuitionism.
Address at the Princeton University Bicentennial Conference on Problems of Mathematics (December 17–19, 1946), By Alfred Tarski
Authors: Sinaceur Hourya
Published: May 2006

This article presents Tarski's Address at the Princeton Bicentennial Conference on Problems of Mathematics, together with a separate summary. Two accounts of the discussion which followed are also included. The central topic of the Address and of the discussion is decision problems. The introductory note gives information about the Conference, about the background of the subjects discussed in the Address, and about subsequent developments to these subjects.
Inner Models and Large Cardinals
Authors: Jensen Ronald
Published: May 2006

In this paper, we sketch the development
of two important themes of modern set theory, both
of which can be regarded as growing out of work of
Kurt Gödel. We begin with a review of some basic
concepts and conventions of set theory.

§0. The ordinal
numbers were Georg Cantor's deepest contribution
to mathematics. After the natural numbers 0, 1, …,
n, … comes the first
infinite ordinal number ω, followed by ω + 1, ω +
2, …, ω + ω, … and so forth. ω is the first
limit ordinal as it is
neither 0 nor a successor ordinal. We follow the
von Neumann convention, according to which each
ordinal number α is identified with the set {ν ∣ ν
α} of its predecessors. The ∈ relation on ordinals
thus coincides with <. We have 0 = ∅ and α + 1
= α ∪ {α}. According to the usual set-theoretic
conventions, ω is identified with the first
infinite cardinal ℵ0,
similarly for the first uncountable ordinal number
ω1 and the first uncountable
cardinal number ℵ1, etc. We
thus arrive at the following picture:

The von Neumann
hierarchy divides the class
V of all sets into a
hierarchy of sets
Vα
indexed by the ordinal numbers. The recursive
definition reads:
(where } is
the power set of
x);

Vλ
=
∪v<λVv
for limit ordinals λ. We can represent this
hierarchy by the following picture.
The Mathematical Import of Zermelo's Well-Ordering Theorem
Authors: Kanamori Akihiro
Published: May 2006

Set theory, it has been contended, developed from its beginnings through a progression ofmathematicalmoves, despite being intertwined with pronounced metaphysical attitudes and exaggerated foundational claims that have been held on its behalf. In this paper, the seminal results of set theory are woven together in terms of a unifying mathematical motif, one whose transmutations serve to illuminate the historical development of the subject. The motif is foreshadowed in Cantor's diagonal proof, and emerges in the interstices of the inclusion vs. membership distinction, a distinction only clarified at the turn of this century, remarkable though this may seem. Russell runs with this distinction, but is quickly caught on the horns of his well-known paradox, an early expression of our motif. The motif becomes fully manifest through the study of functionsof the power set of a set into the set in the fundamental work of Zermelo on set theory. His first proof in 1904 of his Well-Ordering Theoremis a central articulation containing much of what would become familiar in the subsequent development of set theory. Afterwards, the motif is cast by Kuratowski as a fixed point theorem, one subsequently abstracted to partial orders by Bourbaki in connection with Zorn's Lemma. Migrating beyond set theory, that generalization becomes cited as the strongest of fixed point theorems useful in computer science.

Section 1 describes the emergence of our guiding motif as a line of development from Cantor's diagonal proof to Russell's Paradox, fueled by the clarification of the inclusion vs. membership distinction. Section 2 engages the motif as fully participating in Zermelo's work on the Well-Ordering Theorem and as newly informing on Cantor's basic result that there is no bijection. Then Section 3 describes in connection with Zorn's Lemma the transformation of the motif into an abstract fixed point theorem, one accorded significance in computer science.
On the Decision Problem for Two-Variable First-Order Logic
Authors: Grädel Erich , Kolaitis Phokion G. , Vardi Moshe Y.
Published: May 2006

We identify the computational complexity of the satisfiability problem for FO2, the fragment of first-order logic consisting of all relational first-order sentences with at most two distinct variables. Although this fragment was shown to be decidable a long time ago, the computational complexity of its decision problem has not been pinpointed so far. In 1975 Mortimer proved that FO2 has the finite-model property, which means that if an FO2-sentence is satisiable, then it has a finite model. Moreover, Mortimer showed that every satisfiable FO2-sentence has a model whose size is at most doubly exponential in the size of the sentence. In this paper, we improve Mortimer's bound by one exponential and show that every satisfiable FO2-sentence has a model whose size is at most exponential in the size of the sentence. As a consequence, we establish that the satisfiability problem for FO2 is NEXPTIME-complete.
The Graeco-Roman Civilisation in Pisidia
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

1. On June 3, 1882, while travelling from Apollonia to Antioch of Pisidia, we observed a long inscription in a cemetery by the roadside, about eleven or twelve miles west of the latter town, and close to the village of Gondáne. It was engraved on a pillar of peculiar shape, commonly used in Roman and Byzantine times: a horizontal section of the column would give the annexed figure.

A short inspection showed that the inscription was important, and Sir C. Wilson delayed the march for a day to allow me to copy it. I was exceedingly anxious to get an impression, but a strong and bitterly cold north wind, accompanied by frequent heavy showers, frustrated our attempts. At last, by laying my coat over the impression-paper on the stone, I got a squeeze of a small part. The inscription has been engraved by an unskilful workman: the lines are very uneven, the letters are unequal in size and various in form, sometimes deeply and clearly cut, sometimes merely scratched, ligatures are frequent, and often three, or even four, letters are united. In some cases it was impossible to tell, except from the meaning, whether a group of letters belonged to one line or another. In the heavy rain the only way of copying the inscription was to learn half a line by heart, and get into some shelter where I could write it out in my notebook. In this way I made a complete copy during the day: at night I wrote out lists of the proper names, compared the different forms together, and made a note of the places where difficulties struck me. Next morning the rest of the party went on to Antioch: I waited behind, revised the whole of the inscription, and carefully observed every difficulty that I had noted. A few other difficulties have occurred to me in subsequent study of the inscription; but in the great majority of cases where I remark on an uncertainty, the difficulty was distinctly present in my mind when comparing the copy with the stone.
Views of Athens in the year 1687
Authors: Waldstein Charles
Published: May 2006

Since such works as Beulé's L'Acropole, d'Athènes, the Count De Laborde's Athènes au xv.e, xvi.e, et xvii.eSiècles, and Michaelis's Parthenon have appeared, the history of the Acropolis and its buildings has been made widely known, or at least the ascertainment of exact information has been made easy for all interested in these subjects. The more complete the list of records, the more importance do we attach to any new document referring directly to the Acropolis or the Parthenon. The two drawings in the library of the late Sir Thomas Phillipps at Thirlstane House, Cheltenham, here published, give views of the Acropolis in 1687.

The main points in the history of the Parthenon (for this ever remains the centre of interest on the Acropolis of Athens), are the following: After its completion in 438 B.C. it appears to have remained in its original condition until it was turned into a Christian church about the middle of the fifth century or the middle of the sixth, and by peculiar persistency of its original dedication to the virgin goddess of wisdom, it appears to have been at first converted into a church of St. Sophia and then of the Virgin Mary. The alterations made chiefly affected the interior of the temple.
II.—Amphora-stopping from Tarentum
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: May 2006

The Rev. Greville J. Chester has presented to the British Museum an object of some interest which he lately found himself in the cutting near the Ramleh railway station. It consists of a circular cake of gypsum, or what we should call rough plaster of Paris, which was discovered within the neck of an amphora for which it had evidently served as the stopper. It presents the appearance of having been poured in in a liquid condition upon the contents of the amphora, a rough impression of which is consequently preserved in the uneven surface of the under side: the upper side bears the impression of a stamp, thus:
On the Fragment of Proclus' Abstract of the Epic Cycle contained in the Codex Venetus of the Iliad
Authors: Monro D. B.
Published: May 2006

The document which is the subject of the following paper has the interest of being the only copy of the only direct record of a whole period of Greek literature—the period, namely, of the poets who carried on the traditions of Homeric art in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. It is a fragment in a double sense: first because it is a mere extract, and secondly because the pages on which it is preserved are themselves in a fragmentary condition. It professes to be derived from a certain χρηστομάθεια γραμματική—a kind of primer or résumé of Greek literature—the work of a grammarian named Proclus; and contains, with other matter, part of his account of the so-called ‘Epic Cycle.”

Regarding Proclus himself nothing is certain, except that he is not Proclus Diadochus, the Platonic philosopher of the fifth century. According to Welcker's probable conjecture, he is to be identified with Eutychius Proclus of Sicca, instructor of the emperor M. Antoninus
The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

This paper is really the first part of a report on the results attained in 1883 by the Asia Minor Exploration Fund. Besides some minor excursions, I then made two long journeys in the interior of Asia Minor, June to October. I was accompanied almost the whole of the time by Mr. J. R. S. Sterrett, a Virginian student at the American School of Athens. Our usual practice was to ride by separate roads, and in this way the expedition surveyed a much wider country than if I had been alone: the results were so good that I am anxious to arrange the expedition of 1884 in a similar way. Our chief aim was to construct the map of ancient Phrygia, and our method was to examine each district thoroughly enough to be able to say, not only where there were, but also where there were not, ancient sites. The discovery of monuments and inscriptions was a secondary object, and we did not aim at completeness in this regard; but even here our results are important. We copied more than four hundred and fifty inscriptions, which is at the rate of one hundred per month, and I incorporate in this paper those which have most direct bearing on the antiquities of each district. Most of them have passed under the eyes of both of us: where only one of us actually copied the inscription from the stone, I give his initials at the head of the text: where no initials are attached, it is to be understood that we have both verified the text on the stone. I shall speak at another time of the monuments which we found.
A Torso of Hadrian in the British Museum
Authors: Wroth Warwick
Published: May 2006

In the Gazette archéologique for 1880 (pp. 52–55; pl. 6) M. Al. Sorlin-Dorigny published, with a photograph, an interesting statue of a Roman Emperor found at Hierapytna in Crete and preserved in the Constantinople Museum (cf. Catalogue du musée impérial de Constantinople, 8vo. 1871, no. 123). This statue was originally thought to be one of Metellus Creticus or of Caracalla, but—though the likeness is not very close— there can be little doubt that M. Sorlin-Dorigny is right in assigning it to the Emperor Hadrian. The Emperor is represented standing, facing, with his left foot trampling on a captive. He wears a cuirass, and a paludamentum which is flung behind over his back, so as to form ‘une espèce de fond sur lequel la statue se détache en haut relief.’ The cuirass, says M. Sorlin-Dorigny, ‘est une des plus belles que nous connaissions et en même temps lľune des plus intéressantes. Le motif sort du banal usité pour ces sortes de représentations, qui se composent le plus souvent de griffons affrontés ou de prisonniers agenouillés au pied d'un trophée. Ici la scène est plus romaine … c' est la représentation de la louve légendaire, des jumeaux, et du couronnement de Pallas, la grande protectrice de Rome, par deux Victoires ailées…La déesse est de face, debout et dans lľattitude de la lutte; elle porte le casque et la tunique talaire recouverte de lľégide; de la droite levée elle brandit une lance et dans sa gauche elle tient un bouclier; à ses pieds sont des deux animaux symboliques, la chouette et le serpent.’ ‘Les lambrequins de la cuirasse sont ornés de sept médaillons. Celui du milieu représente la tête de face de Jupiter-Ammon.’
Inscriptions copied by Cockerell in Greece.—II
Authors: Gardner E. A.
Published: May 2006

In the earlier number of the present volume (p. 143 sqq.) I gave some account of a MS. collection of inscriptions made by C. R. Cockerell in 1810–1814, and also gave copies of all those from the mainland of Greece, which appeared to be hitherto unpublished. The present paper will cover the rest of that collection, which is mostly derived from Asia Minor.

I add a complete list of the remaining contents of Cockerellľs volumes. Those unpublished are reproduced below; in the case of all those previously edited, a collation with the published copy has been made and kept, and I should be very glad to show these collations to any one interested in the matter.
Excavations in Cyprus, 1889. Second Season's Work.—Polis tes Chrysochou.—Limniti
Authors: Munro J. A. R. , Tubbs H. A.
Published: May 2006

The following account of the excavations conducted by Mr. E. A. Gardner, Mr. Tubbs, and myself in the spring of this year on behalf of the Cyprus Exploration Fund does not pretend to exhaust all the results of the enterprise. Many questions are raised which are not answered, and more problems are suggested than are solved. The reason is partly to be sought in the necessity, in view of coming engagements, of rapidly completing the account for publication. Time is lacking for prolonged search for parallels and collation of authorities, and the tardy arrival of the antiquities in this country, together with their need of much cleaning and mending, has robbed us of many opportunities for leisurely study of them. So far we may hope that the deficiencies will be speedily made good by supplementary elucidations from more experienced archaeologists, or by our own exertions in the future. But far more is the incompleteness due to the nature of the subject. Sufficient evidence to support general conclusions is scarcely available, and the sceptical distrust engendered by experience on the site has only grown with further reflection and investigation. Here we can only look to the progress of general and especially Cypriote archaeology. We are each of us solely responsible for the sections we have respectively undertaken, but hope that no irreconcilable views are expressed.
Inscriptions from Eastern Cilicia
Authors: Hicks E. L.
Published: May 2006

Kars-Bazaar is about four hours from Boudroum; in its situation it agrees with Flaviopolis, standing on a branch of the river Pyramus, at the foot of the mountains. Unfortunately none of the inscriptions reveal the name of the site.

‘A very handsome tessellated pavement in a cottage, with an elaborate pattern, in the centre of which is the following legend.’ Copied by Mr. Bent.

Probably from the floor of an early church. Dedicated by the guild of fullers. It is interesting to see these trade-guilds, so common under the Empire in Asia Minor, passing unchanged into the Christian Church. For συνέργιον = συνεργασία, see C. I. G. 4346 and Addenda, p. 1163 (from Side).
The Egyptian bases of Greek History
Authors: Petrie W. M. Flinders
Published: May 2006

Seven years ago nothing was known in Egypt which could be attributed to a Greek origin before the Alexandrine times; the early notices on the monuments, which seemed to refer to the peoples of the Mediterranean, stood alone, and their relation to what was known on Greek soil appeared vague and unreal. But now the main light on the chronology of the civilizations of the Aegean comes from Egypt; and it is Egyptian sources that must be thanked by classical scholars for revealing the real standing of the antiquities of Greece. Without the foreign colonies on the Nile, they would still be groping in speechless remains, which might cover either a century or a thousand years, for aught that could be determined in Greek excavations. Egypt has done for the pre-historic ages the same great office of conservator which she has performed for the historic period. To Egypt we are indebted for the manuscripts, the paintings, and the textiles of the Greek and Roman times; from Egypt have just come the fragments of Plato and Euripides which show the original text, and the letters and private papers which tell of the daily life of the Greeks dwelling there.
Fourteenth-Century Tachygraphy
Authors: Allen T. W.
Published: May 2006

The Vatican MS. numbered Regina 181, written in 1364 and containing the medical works of Actuarius, has at various parts of it several more or less continuous pieces of tachygraphy that, considering the late date of the MS. and the character of the tachygraphical system itself, are very remarkable. I was made aware of the existence of these specimens of tachygraphy from Signor Enrico Stevenson's recent catalogue of the Queen of Sweden and Pio II. collection (Rome 1888), and on a recent visit to Rome I had photographs taken of two of the principal passages where tachygraphy is employed: these are reproduced here.

The MS. itself is a paper book, measuring 8½ inches by 5, written according to the subscription in 1364: for a fuller description and a list of the contents I may refer to Signor Stevenson. The tachygraphical matter in the book falls into three divisions: first, certain passages in the text, where, departing from his ordinary usage, the scribe suddenly as it were drops into shorthand; secondly, a formal table of tachygraphical and other signs, with their interpretations at the end of the book; and lastly, two notes of considerable length, and of somewhat uncertain meaning, which are written on either side of an empty page between the table of contents and the text.
The Theatre at Megalopolis
Authors: Gardner E. A. , Loring William , Richards G. C. , Woodhouse W. J.
Published: May 2006

In view of the great interest which has been expressed in the Theatre at Megalopolis, now in course of excavation by members of the British School at Athens, and of its real importance in connection with the question of the Greek Stage, it has been determined to publish, provisionally, a plan and section of it, without waiting for the completion of the work. The excavation will, it is hoped, be finished in the spring: and a full account of our results, with the necessary plans and illustrations, will be published in a future number of this Journal. For the present, therefore, a very few words of explanation must suffice.

The following is an explanation of the woodcuts, made from Mr. Loring's drawings:—
Orphic Myths on Attic Vases
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: May 2006

The accompanying cut represents the painting upon a hydria in the British Museum (No. E 818). The design, in red figures, covers the body of the vase, which apparently dates from early in the fourth century B.C., and stands 32 mètres high; the glaze is of that semi-iridescent character which marks the Attic vases of this time, and the red figures are smeared with ruddle and show the original sketch marks very plainly. It was found in excavations in Rhodes in 1880, outside a tomb at the site named in Mr. Biliotti's Diary Cazviri; unfortunately the circumstances of the find do not assist us in determining more accurately the date; but it may be taken as of certainly Athenian fabric, and probably of the date above stated.
The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

The study of the Phrygian cities, the concluding part of which is here published, claims to be complete in the sense that it enumerates and places every polis, i.e. district, which had at any period a self-centred municipal existence; besides this it enumerates and discusses many villages and towns which formed part of the territory of these πόλϵις. The hope of the writer is to make a study of the local history of the whole central plateau of Asia Minor, tracing from the beginning of recorded history to the Mohammedan conquest the varying fortunes of every district, collecting the scanty indications of its social condition at different points in this long time, and essaying a picture of the growth and decay (which sometimes recur in a second cycle) of its civilization. The present study is restricted by the conditions of available space to the narrowest limits of a preliminary survey of the entire country of Phrygia. This survey is founded on certain principles, some of which are here enunciated for the first time, while others have been to a certain degree recognized and stated by M. Waddington and Professor Hirschfeld, though they have never been consistently applied and carried out to their logical conclusion. I may here briefly state them.
Notes on the Antiquities of Mykenae
Authors: Petrie W. M. Flinders
Published: May 2006

When a new field of view was opened to us some years ago by Schliemann's unearthing of Mykenae, there were no sufficient data already known to enable us to judge of the age of the civilization there presented to us. Since then the discovery of many other pre-Hellenic tombs in Greece, and the unexpected links which I have found in Egypt, afford some basis for an approximate chronology. We will therefore consider here (l) the comparisons between the objects found in the six tombs in the circle at Mykenae, and others found in Egypt, (2) the relation of these to other pre-Hellenic tombs, (3) the artistic and climatic data bearing on the Mykenaean civilization. I cannot profess these notes to be exhaustive; they are merely what occurs to a bystander who is more familiar with Egyptian archaeology; and many of the facts I am indebted to Mr. Ernest Gardner and Mr. Walter Leaf for pointing out to me, while examining the collections at Athens.

Taking the graves in the order of their numbers (as adopted in the Museum and by Furtwaengler), we find in grave I. a group of glass beads which have been greatly changed by moisture: the original colour is seen where the outer scale is broken away, it was a clear prussian blue, decomposing to white on the surface.
A Journey in Cilicia Tracheia
Authors: Bent J. Theodore
Published: May 2006

The district which forms the subject of the following remarks is that which we know from Strabo, as well as from numismatic evidence, to have formed the kingdom of Olba, ruled over in ancient times by a family of priest-kings, priests of Jove, dynasts of Olba, and toparchs of Lalassis and Kennatis. Having made a careful exploration of this district, and collected therein the inscriptions which are to follow, I propose to treat the subject-matter under four distinct heads, into which the ground traversed naturally divides itself:—

First, the ruins of the three great coast towns between the mouth of the Lamas gorge and the plain of Selefkeh, namely Augusta-Sebaste or Elaeussa, Corycos, and Pseudo-Corasion.

Secondly, the first plateau above the sea, studded with ruined towers and villages, and chiefly remarkable for the three great caves or depressions in the ground, one dedicated to the Corycian Jove, a second to the Olban Jove, and a third alluded to only by Pomponius Mela as Typhoneus.
Homeric and Hellenic Ilium
Authors: Jebb R. C.
Published: May 2006

Dr. Schliemann has proved that Hissarlik was a seat of human habitation from a prehistoric age. This has not been proved for any other place which could claim to be the site of Homeric Troy. Assuming that ‘the tale of Troy’ is founded on a central fact—i.e., that a very old town, placed as the Iliad roughly indicates, was once besieged and taken—the claim of Hissarlik to be the site of that town is now both definite and unique. Thus far, Dr. Schliemann's argument is unanswerable. It is not my purpose to discuss here the further questions which arise as to the relation of his discoveries to places or objects described in the Iliad. The subject of which I would speak is historical rather than strictly archæological, yet one which, within certain limits, has a distinct bearing on Dr. Schliemann's results.

What was the belief of the ancient Greeks as to the site of Homeric Troy? And, in particular, how did they generally regard the claim of the Greek Ilium (at Hissarlik) to be considered as occupying the Homeric site?
Votive Armour and Arms
Authors: Greenwell W.
Published: May 2006

The custom of dedicating or of specially setting apart articles of use or ornament to divine beings has been common to many peoples, and has come down from a remote antiquity to the present day. Nor is the motive which prompts the action one in any way foreign to the impulses by which men are moved. A danger escaped, a victory achieved, is not unnaturally believed to be due, at all events in some measure, to powers not of the lower world, who can control and even overrule the designs of mortal men. In the temples, therefore, of the gods, and in other places hallowed by the more immediate presence of the divinity, it has been the habit to offer various things in recognition of benefits already bestowed, or in the hope of favours to be granted in the future. The pot of manna and Aaron's rod which budded laid up in the Tabernacle, are as trite as are the models which the same pious feeling still deposits in Christian churches, in remembrance of shipwrecks escaped from or of diseases cured. In no country was the custom more observed than in Hellas, where it was usual to dedicate a tenth of the spoil taken in war, and where at the great shrines so large were the offerings, that many of the states had θησαυροί, in which were preserved the almost innumerable votive objects dedicated to the Gods. In Greece itself there was no place, not excepting Delphi and Dodona, where more evidence of the observance of the custom was to be found than at Olympia, and in the temple where dwelt the cloud-compelling wielder of the lightning, the mighty dispenser of victory, Zeus, the King of Gods and men.
Byzantine Satire
Authors: Tozer H. F.
Published: May 2006

It must sometimes have occurred to readers of Byzantine literature, after they have perused a number of the occasionally valuable, but almost always dreary, works of which it is composed —lifeless chronicles, polemical and other theology, inflated panegyrics, and grammatical treatises—to ask the question, whether this was really all; whether a quick-witted and intelligent people, such as we know the inhabitants of Constantinople at certain periods to have been, were contented to subsist entirely on such dry mental food. No doubt, religious controversy often ran high, and this, when it fills men's thoughts, is apt to supply the place of intellectual interests; but such discussions did not last for ever, and could not have occupied the minds of the whole of the educated population. A certain source of relief was provided in the numerous poems, songs, and romances in the popular language—some of native growth and dealing with subjects of local or traditional interest, some imitated from the romances of Western Europe—which have been brought to light by the industry of such men as MM. Sathas and Legrand at Paris, Prof. Lambros of Athens, and the late Dr. W. Wagner of Hamburg. But even these do not furnish that element of liveliness, which we should expect to manifest itself in some shape or other in a great centre of activity.
Imperial Cuirass-Ornamentation, and a Torso of Hadrian in the British Museum
Authors: Wroth Warwick
Published: May 2006

In the last volume of the Journal of Hellenic Studies (vi. pp. 378–380) Prof. Newton has commented at length on some remarks made by me in the same volume (vi. pp. 199—201) on the torso of an imperial statue found at Cyrene and now in the British Museum. Before considering Mr. Newton's paper in detail I may be permitted to say a few words on the subject of cuirass-ornamentation in general.

In his Winckelmanns-fest-program for 1868, Dr. Hübner referred to the want of a classified list of ornamented cuirasses of emperors. No one has, at present, attempted to compile such a list, which would, practically, have to take the form of a complete monograph on statuae thoracatae, in which the restorations, style, material, pose, and attribution of each figure would have to be carefully studied. To carry out this work it would be necessary to make a personal examination of a large number of statues which have not hitherto been critically described, and which have suffered greatly at the hands of restorers. A difficulty which specially complicates the study of this class of monuments would also have to be borne in mind— namely, that in many cases the body of imperial statues appears to have been originally made apart from the head.
The Homeric House, in relation to the Remains at Tiryns
Authors: Jebb R. C.
Published: May 2006

Every discussion relating to Tiryns may fitly commence with a tribute to the energy and enthusiasm which, there as elsewhere, have characterised the excavations of Dr. Schliemann; a tribute which has at all times been ungrudgingly rendered by his critics, even when they have been least able to accept the theories which have been founded on those results by the distinguished excavator. It will not be the purpose of the present paper to discuss the questions which have been raised concerning the origin and age of the remains at Tiryns; whether, as Dr. Dörpfeld holds, they represent a prehistoric palace, built by Phoenicians about 1100 B.C.; or, as others believe after seeing them, belong to buildings of post-classical date and of rude construction, in which partial use was made of archaic or classical material found on the spot. The question with which alone this paper deals is the following. Given the plan of the house at Tiryns, as Dr. Dörpfeld traces it, can this plan be reconciled with that of the typical Homeric house, as indicated in the Homeric poems? By ‘reconciled’ is not meant, harmonised in every detail, but brought into an intelligible agreement as regards features essential to the Homeric story. The position maintained in Dr. Schliemann's work is that, with reasonable allowance for variations between one house and another of the same period, such a general reconciliation is possible. This is a very important issue, not only for Homeric archaeology, but for all study of Homer.
Nikè Sacrificing a Bull
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: May 2006

The group of Nikè βουθυτοῦσα is one which is already so well known among works of ancient art, that in adducing further instances of this type we cannot hope to bring forward much that adds to our previous knowledge of the subject. It is, however, just one of those cases which, from the very frequency of its recurrence in ancient art, has a special claim upon our attention; a motive which, starting as it doubtless does, from a great Greek original, continues favourite down to late Roman times, is worthy of study in the phases of development which different material and different periods bring about, and therefore I think no apology is needed for introducing the fresh examples of it now before us.

The starting point, the Haupttypus so far as we know, of this motive, is of course the small fragment which remains to prove that it existed in the reliefs on the balustrade of the temple of Athena Nikè at Athens. In his admirable monograph on these sculptures, published in 1869, Kekulé contented himself with a brief description of this fragment, without being able to identify the original motive of the group from which it came, or its position on the frieze.
The Rhapsodising of the Iliad
Authors: Jevons F. B.
Published: May 2006

Since the time of Wolf there has been one point in the ‘higher criticism’ of the Homeric poems on which all scholars have been agreed: it is that in the ninth century B.C. there was no reading public in Greece. Further, since the time of Wolf, the majority of critics have assumed, without attempting to prove, that a poem can be delivered orally only if it is short enough to be delivered at a single sitting; and that a longer poem is by its very length shown to have been designed for a reading public and not for oral delivery. No one maintains that the Iliad, as we have it, could be recited at a single sitting (except Buchholz, Vindiciae Carm. Hom. I. 8). It follows therefore that the present shape of the Iliad is due to the demands of a reading public; and that if there was an Iliad at all in the ninth century, its length must have been such as was compatible with the conditions of an oral delivery. To account for the evolution of the Iliad as we have it, from a poem or poems short enough to be recited at a single sitting, various theories have been proposed. They may be distributed into two classes: theories of aggregation, and theories of expansion. According to the former class, the Iliad is an aggregation of lays or ballads, composed independently of each other by different poets, but related to the same subject, and exercising a natural attraction on each other. The theory of aggregation is based on the analogy of what was supposed, but is now denied, to have occurred in the history of other literatures; it is not based on a study of the conditions under which literature developed in the earliest Greek times.
Discoveries in Asia Minor
Authors: Bent J. Theodore
Published: May 2006

At the commencement of our cruise along the south coast of Asia Minor we first touched at Capo Krio and examined closely the tombs in the neighbourhood of Cnidos, which were constructed on rising ground about two miles to the east of the ancient town. Most of them were about 20 ft. square; some built entirely of polygonal masonry, others with the sides in polygonal masonry and the fronts in square-cut stones. Along this front ran a narrow line of square-cut stones on which in most cases traces of inscriptions appeared, but owing to the nature of the stone almost all the letters were defaced with the exception of the following:

…. ΤΑΣΣΑΣΕΡΜ. ΑΣ. …

In the upper chambers were many grave altars and memorial tablets; in two graves we found altars with snakes represented as coiled around them, and in another an altar with the ordinary bull's head and garland decoration, bearing the inscription ΟΔΑΜΟΣ (ἀνέθηκεν).

Proceeding along Capo Krio to the point where the land contracts into a narrow isthmus we found traces of other tombs which have lately been exposed to view by the washing away of the soil by a winter's flood. In these tombs have been found many small marble figures similar to those I found at Antiparos and described in this Journal (vol. v. p. 50). One represents a figure seated in a chair playing a harp similar to that in the Museum at Athens, which was found at Amorgos, another is of a female figure with a crescent on her head similar to one which I have seen, and which was discovered in the island of Tenos.
A Study of Phrygian Art.–I
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

A brief introductory statement of the historical views to which I have been led by a study of the Phrygian monuments will make the following pages clearer, and will enable the reader to criticise the whole with greater advantage. I can hardly hope to have reached the truth in regard to this difficult subject; but it is so closely connected with many disputed points in early Greek history that I have thought it best to carry out my view to its logical conclusions and state the whole in brief and precise terms. This will place the reader on his guard from the beginning, and if it leads him to exercise unsparing criticism, I shall have attained my object.

1. The Phrygians are a European race, who entered Asia Minor across the Hellespont: the unanimous Greek tradition to this effect (which at one time I regarded as probably a reversal of the truth) is confirmed by longer study of the country and the monuments.

2. The Phrygians and the Carians were two very closely kindred tribes, nearly related to some of the Greek races, who established themselves in the countries which bear their name as a conquering and ruling caste amid a more numerous alien population: they were mail clad warriors whose armour gave them great advantage over opponents equipped in the slighter oriental fashion. Greek tradition associated various improvements in the style of armour with the Carians, and a relief published below (fig. 9) shows two Phrygian warriors armed quite in the Carian style.
Note on the Inscription from Priene
Authors: Hicks E. L.
Published: May 2006

I have been favoured with a letter from M. Haussoullier, Professor of Greek Antiquities at Bordeaux, respecting the Prienian decree which I published in the last number of this Journal from the MS. copy of Mr. Murray. M. Haussoullier, whose valuable contributions to Greek epigraphy are well-known, especially to readers of the Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, tells me that he visited Prienè in 1879 and took an impression and copy of this same inscription. He has very kindly communicated to me the readings in which his impression differs from Mr. Murray's MS. The comparison proves the general accuracy of Mr. Murray's copy.

Line 9.—Murray τὸν χρόνον: Haussoullier τὸγ χρόνον.

Line 19.—Murray ὅπως δαμη, from which I restored ὅπως δ[ε]μή: Haussoullier ὅπως δ'ἀ… only.
The Game of Morra
Authors: Perdrizet Paul F.
Published: May 2006

The Imperial Ottoman Museum has recently acquired a very valuable and interesting gold ring (Fig. 1) which was found in 1894 or 1895 in a tomb at Lampsacus. The Museum authorities subsequently undertook further excavations in the necropolis of which this tomb formed part, and it is a matter for great regret that no detailed report of the results was drawn up; we are therefore forced to content ourselves with the somewhat meagre information given by the late Baltazzi-Bey to M. Salomon Reinach, according to which the necropolis yielded fragments of red-figured pottery and specimens of silver autonomous coins of Lampsacus. Both these details are of importance in fixing the date of the ring; for on the one hand silver coins of this class belong almost exclusively to the fourth century, and on the other, the manufacture of painted vases was not continued after that date. When we add that the evidence of coins and inscriptions proves that this was the most flourishing period in the history of Lampsacus, we have strong a priori reason for assigning the ring to this century, while a consideration of the style of the intaglio may help us to fix the date within narrower limits.
Coin-types of some Kilikian Cities
Authors: Imhoof-Blumer F.
Published: May 2006

The era of the city begins in the autumn of 47 B.C. Hence this coin, which is struck in high relief, dates from the second year of the reign of Trajan (autumn 98–99 A.D.). The head is not a likeness. The inscription on the reverse identifies the goddess represented with the Ἐκκλησία of the Aigeaians, a personification which has not hitherto, as far as I know, occurred on coins.

2. 26. Bust of the Caesar, laureate, to right, wearing cuirass and draped.

Rev. 1. in the field. Tyche seated to left, wearing a turreted crown and veil. In her right, a small temple represented in profile, with a statue under the arch of the façade and an eagle on the pediment. At the feet of the goddess a goat lying to left, its head reverted.