bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Cold Forming and Welding Residual Stress States on the Buckling Resistance of Orthogonally Stiffened Cylinders
Authors: Lennon R.F.
Published: March 2009

The buckling resistance of orthogonally stiffened cylinders is investigated for elastic
critical buckling and non-linear elasto-plastic buckling tests. The effects of residual stresses arising
from cold forming the cylinder and welding frame components are considered in the analysis of two
stiffened cylinder models with similar material weights and different geometric spacings. A static
axial load is applied to the models to represent loading from the supported structure followed by a
non-linear elasto-plastic buckling step representing a wave loading combined with hydrostatic
pressure, producing large displacement compartment buckling. Residual stress is shown to cause a
reduction in buckling resistance of approximately 25% in the stiffened cylinder segments.
A Finite Element Model for Ultrasonic Cutting of Toffee
Authors: McCulloch E. , MacBeath Alan , Lucas Margaret
Published: March 2009

The performance of an ultrasonic cutting device critically relies on the interaction of the
cutting tool and the material to be cut. A finite element (FE) model of ultrasonic cutting is
developed to enable the design of the cutting blade to be influenced by the requirements of the toolmaterial
interaction and to allow cutting parameters to be estimated as an integral part of designing
the cutting blade. In this paper, an application in food processing is considered and FE models of
cutting are demonstrated for toffee; a food product which is typically sticky, highly temperature
dependent, and difficult to cut.
Two different 2D coupled thermal stress FE models are considered, to simulate ultrasonic
cutting. The first model utilises the debond option in ABAQUS standard and the second uses the
element erosion model in ABAQUS explicit. Both models represent a single blade ultrasonic
cutting device tuned to a longitudinal mode of vibration cutting a specimen of toffee. The model
allows blade tip geometry, ultrasonic amplitude, cutting speed, frequency and cutting force to be
adjusted, in particular to assess the effects of different cutting blade profiles.
The validity of the model is highly dependent on the accuracy of the material data input and on
the accuracy of the friction and temperature boundary condition at the blade-material interface.
Uniaxial tensile tests are conducted on specimens of toffee for a range of temperatures. This
provides temperature dependent stress-strain data, which characterises the material behaviour, to be
included in the FE models. Due to the difficulty in gripping the tensile specimens in the test
machine, special grips were manufactured to allow the material to be pulled without initiating
cracks or causing the specimen to break at the grips. A Coulomb friction condition at the bladematerial
interface is estimated from experiments, which study the change in the friction coefficient
due to ultrasonic excitation of a surface, made from the same material as the blade, in contact with a
specimen of toffee. A model of heat generation at the blade-toffee interface is also included to
characterise contact during ultrasonic cutting. The failure criterion for the debond model assumes
crack propagation will occur when the stress normal to the crack surface reaches the tensile failure
stress of toffee and the element erosion model uses a shear failure criterion to initiate element
removal. The validity of the models is discussed, providing some insights into the estimation of
contact conditions and it is shown how these models can improve design of ultrasonic cutting
devices.
Computational Mechanics in Virtual Reality: Cutting and Tumour Interactions in a Boundary Element Simulation of Surgery on the Brain
Authors: Jones I.A. , Becker A.A. , Glover A.T. , Wang P. , Benford S.D. , Vloeberghs Michael , Greenhalgh C.M.
Published: March 2009

Boundary element (BE) analysis is well known as a tool for assessing the stiffness and
strength of engineering components, but, along with finite element (FE) techniques, it is also finding
new applications as a means of simulating the behaviour of deformable objects within virtual reality
simulations since it exploits precisely the same kind of surface-only definition used for visual
rendering of three-dimensional solid objects. This paper briefly reviews existing applications of BE
and FE within virtual reality, and describes recent work on the BE-based simulation of aspects of
surgical operations on the brain, making use of commercial hand-held force-feedback interfaces
(haptic devices) to measure the positions of the virtual surgical tools and provide tactile feedback to
the user. The paper presents an overview of the project then concentrates on recent developments,
including the incorporation of simulated tumours in the virtual brain.
Six Fundamental Boundary Value Problems in the Mechanics of Periodic Composites
Authors: Palmov V.A. , Borovkov A.I.
Published: March 2009

A new approach in the mechanics of composites is presented. We use basic solutions and
regular expansions in order to represent stresses, strains and displacements in a composite. We
perform homogenization and present new formulae for the effective moduli. We propose a new
approach to the formulation of homogenized equations and boundary conditions.
Stability Switches in a Neutral Delay Differential Equation with Application to Real-Time Dynamic Substructuring
Authors: Kyrychko Y.N. , Blyuss K.B. , Gonzalez-Buelga A. , Hogan S.J. , Wagg David J.
Published: March 2009

In this paper delay differential equations approach is used to model a real-time
dynamic substructuring experiment. Real-time dynamic substructuring involves dividing the
structure under testing into two or more parts. One part is physically constructed in the lab-
oratory and the remaining parts are being replaced by their numerical models. The numerical
and physical parts are connected via an actuator. One of the main difficulties of this testing
technique is the presence of delay in a closed loop system. We apply real-time dynamic sub-
structuring to a nonlinear system consisting of a pendulum attached to a mass-spring-damper.
We will show how a delay can have (de)stabilising effect on the behaviour of the whole system.
Theoretical results agree very well with experimental data.
Tensile Properties and HAZ Definition for TIG and EB Welds Using Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI)
Authors: Kyriakoglou Yannis , Preuss Michael , Bowen Paul
Published: March 2009

Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) is used in conjunction with a mechanical test rig
to determine the tensile property response when loading cross weld tensile samples of Tungsten
Inert Gas (TIG) and Electron Beam (EB) welded Inco718, which include the parent metal, Heat
Affected Zone (HAZ) and weld metal. A comparison with cross weld micro hardness testing
revealed that such results were misleading when compared with ESPI calculated Proof Stress (PS)
variations across the weld region from the same specimens. The effects of ignoring weld related
material property variations when modelling welded components are examined.
Advances and Challenges in Structural Integrity
Authors: Sherry Andrew H.
Published: March 2009

This paper provides an overview of four key challenges for structural integrity
assessment methods: surface technology and incubation / initiation of defects, microstructural
effects on weld performance, realistic loading and defect morphologies and thermal / irradiation
effects on materials and structures. These challenges will be met by the application of emerging
experimental and numerical methods which will facilitate the development of a mechanistic
understanding of these four challenges alongside mechanistically-based models to enable the
reliable prediction of component performance outside the available database of materials behaviour.
Local Plastic Strain Measurement by EBSD
Authors: Kamaya Masayuki , da Fonseca Joao Quinta , Li L.M. , Preuss Michael
Published: March 2009

Work has been carried out recently, which demonstrates misorientation measurements
recorded by using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) enables one to undertake local post
mortem plastic strain quantification once the degree of misorientation is calibrated against plastic
strain. The present paper builds on this work and investigates the possibility of determining strain in
individual grains. Due to the anisotropy of crystalline grains, polycrystalline material deform
inhomogeneously on a microstructural level. In this study, the local strain induced in a pure copper
specimen during tensile loading measured using EBSD was compared to in-situ strain
measurements using optical microscopy imaging in conjunction with image correlation technique.
By applying an averaging procedure for improving the accuracy of the measured EBSD data, the
distribution of the misorientation within grains was quantified, and, as one would expect, it tended
to be highest near the grain boundaries.
Use of Micro Tensile Test Samples in Determining the Remnant Life of Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Molak Rafal M. , Kartal M. , Pakiela Zbigniew , Manaj W. , Turski Mark , Hiller S. , Gungor S. , Edwards Lyndon , Kurzydlowski Krzysztof Jan
Published: March 2009

The aim of this collaborative study was to measure mechanical properties of 14MoV67-3
steel taken from small sections of material machined in-situ from an operating high pressure
collector pipe after different operating lifetimes (from 0h to 186 000h) at elevated temperatures
(540°C). Conventional methods of measuring mechanical properties of materials, such as the
uniaxial tensile test require relatively large test samples. This can create difficulties when the
amount of material available for testing is limited. One way of measuring mechanical properties
from small quantities of material is using micro tensile test samples. In this work, micro-samples
with a total length of 7.22mm were used. Digital Image Correlation method (DIC) was employed
for the strain measurements in a uniaxial tensile test. This paper shows that there is measurable
difference in the yield, ultimate tensile strength and elongation to failure as a function of the plant
operating conditions. This work demonstrates, therefore, a ‘semi-invasive’ method of determining
uniaxial stress-strain behaviour from plant components.
Interpreting Shock Data to Estimate Drop Height Levels During Handling
Authors: Garcia-Romeu-Martinez M.A. , Sek Michael A. , Rouillard Vincent , Cloquell-Ballester V.A.
Published: March 2009

During distribution, consignments undergo numerous handling processes both
mechanized and manual. These operations are known to produce drops and impacts of varying
severity which have a potential to cause damage to the product. These shocks are the main
parameters required for the optimum design of protective packaging systems. The severity of the
shocks is often described in terms of their effective (free-fall equivalent) drop height (EDH) and
impact orientation, in order to facilitate the laboratory testing conducted on a free-fall apparatus.
The preferred approach is to survey the shocks with self-contained tri-axial shock recorders and
process the data in such a way that statistical distributions of expected drop heights and orientations
are obtained. On the other hand the Real Drop Height (RDH) method, based on the measurement of
free fall time, is also used, mainly to discriminate between free-fall events and more commonly
occurring complex causes of shocks, primarily for the quality control of distribution environment.
The focus of the paper is on the EDH method and on the use of characteristic parameters of the
tri-axial acceleration shock pulse to determine the EDH. An accurate estimate of the coefficient of
restitution between the instrumented test package and the impact surface must be known and this
poses a problem as it cannot always be established for every event during distribution.
Consequently, the adopted approach is to calibrate an instrumented test package and obtain an
estimate of the coefficient of restitution between the package and a test impact surface which is
generally assumed to be hard relative to the cushioned package. The paper addresses the pitfalls and
investigates various algorithms of determining the EDH from recorded shock data. It presents an
analysis of the influence and errors associated with various methods used to estimate velocity
change from characteristic parameters of a shock pulse such as the pulse width, the peak
acceleration and its temporal location. The effects of analyzing the orthogonal acceleration vectors
separately, as opposed to the resultant vector, are discussed. The results of a number of free-fall
experiments, undertaken in controlled conditions, are used to validate and calibrate the proposed
method for determining the EDH for free-fall drops on hard surfaces.
High Strain-Rate Compressive Response of Friction Stir Welded AA7075-T651 Joints
Authors: Yokoyama Takashi , Nakai Kenji
Published: March 2009

High strain-rate compressive responses of AA7075-T651 and its welds as produced by
the friction stir welding (or FSW) process are investigated using the conventional split Hopkinson
pressure bar. Cylindrical specimens machined along the thickness direction of the base material
(AA7075-T651) and the friction stir (FS) welds are used in the static and impact compression tests.
The micro-hardness tests are conducted across the centerline of a FS welded AA707-T651 joint in
order to examine the microstructural change. It is shown that FSW reduces the compressive flow
stress of the FS weld (weld nugget) to below that of the base material, and both the base material
and the FS weld exhibit almost no strain rate effects up to nearly
€
ε˙ =103/s.
Vibration Based Damage Diagnosis of an Aircraft Structure Using Piezoelectric Transducers
Authors: Käsgen Johannes , Mayer Dirk
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a practical approach for health monitoring of an aircraft fuselage using vibration
measurements with piezoelectric transducers. For the test specimen, a fuselage element of an Airbus
A320, the feasibility of health monitoring of stringers, frames and panels, is studied. The proposed
structural health monitoring (SHM) system consists of three major components: vibration
measurement, signal processing and damage diagnosis.
By using applied piezoelectric patch actuators, flexural waves are excited which propagate along
the monitored component. The used signal for the actuator is a broadband sine-sweep signal with an
upper frequency of 100 kHz. The structural response is measured with piezoelectric patch
transducers, which generate a charge proportional to the induced strain due to the vibration. These
sensors are positioned on different locations around the exciting piezoelectric actuator.
The sampled time signal is used to compute the complex frequency response functions between
actuator and sensor. After measuring the vibration behaviour of the undamaged structure, the
structure is artificially damaged by saw cuts to simulate cracks. After that the vibration behaviour is
measured again in the same way.
The measurements of the damaged and undamaged state are now evaluated with different
mathematical algorithms, like root mean square value, norm, energy content, analysis of the phase
and correlation coefficient. The aim is to find a method that needs very small computation effort
and that even might be implemented by an analogue circuit. Finally the data are analysed to find
appropriate damage metrics.
It can be shown that some of the tested methods are a sensitive damage metric. With only a few
actuators and sensors cracks in the outer panel with a length of 30-60 mm and in the stringer profile
with a length of 10 mm can be found.
Using Airy Function to Thermoelastically Separate Stresses in a Central Circularly Perforated Plate
Authors: Lin S.J. , Matthys Don R. , Rowlands R.E.
Published: March 2009

Thermoelastic Stress Analysis (TSA) information is proportional to the change in the
sum of the principal stresses. Since one often has to know the magnitude of individual stresses,
additional experimental methods or data are frequently required to ‘separate the stresses’. This
paper demonstrates the ability to evaluate individual stresses in a uniaxially-loaded finite plate with
a central circular hole from TSA-recorded information without supplementary experimental data.
Measured temperatures are combined with an Airy stress function and some limited traction-free
conditions. The present technique does not presuppose knowing the external geometry or boundary
conditions, overcomes traditional difficulties of unreliable edge data, and reduces the number of
coefficients needed by satisfying the traction-free conditions analytically on the edge of the hole.
Attention is paid to determining an appropriate number of the real (not complex) Airy coefficients.
Interface Conditions and Loss of Stability for Stepped Columns
Authors: Bogacz Roman , Frischmuth Kurt , Lisowski Krzysztof
Published: March 2009

We discuss the dynamic behavior of stepped columns subjected to follower forces. In particular, limit cases which correspond to columns with hinges or cracks and concentrated lateral supports are studied for the stability limit. Typically, solutions suffer jumps in certain derivatives, which have to satisfy compatibility conditions. The influence of these interface conditions on the critical force is investigated. The aim is to optimize the location of such singularities and thus to obtain maximum critical loads, respectively worst case estimates for the loss of stability.
Analysis and Simulation of Cutting Technologies for Lightweight Frame Components
Authors: Weinert Klaus , Hammer Niels , Rautenberg Jens
Published: March 2009

Innovative composite extrusions consisting of an aluminium matrix material with steel
fibres for reinforced lightweight constructions require adapted cutting technologies. Due to the resulting tool wear when machining such composite materials, new tools and processes have to be developed. The following article describes experimental investigations concerning conventional drilling operations in comparison to helix milling operations for the manufacturing of holes in these materials. Therefore especially wear and quality aspects are discussed. Furthermore a flexible
cutting process for thin walled lightweight frame connector elements to combine profiles is described. To obtain detailed process knowledge also FEA-Simulations of the thermo-mechanical loads affecting the workpiece during the process are performed.
Preparation and Investigation on Magneto-Electric Effect of Cr2O3 Thin Films
Authors: Yokota Takeshi , Kuribayashi Takaaki , Gomi Manabu , Shundo Takeshi , Sakakibara Yasutoshi
Published: March 2009

We investigated the magneto-electric properties and electric properties of Cr2O3 thin films.
Cr2O3 thin films were prepared on a thermal-oxidized Si substrate and a c-Al2O3 substrate. The
sample prepared on the thermal-oxidized Si substrate had poly-crystalline structure. On the other
hand, the sample prepared on the c-Al2O3 substrate has preferentially (006) oriented structure. Both
samples had high enough resistivity to get a high induced magnetic moment. The induced magnetic
moment by applying external voltage was observed on the oriented sample, although there was no
induced magnetic moment on the same voltage for the poly-crystalline sample. This difference may
be due to the random distribution of crystal and the leakage current caused by the Pool-Frenkel type
defect in the poly-crystalline film.
Optical and Electrical Properties of Transparent Conduction ITO Films Prepared by Dip-Coating Process
Authors: Piao Sheng Jie , Liu Jia Xiang , Zhang Nan
Published: March 2009

Transparent conductive ITO films were fabricated on soda lime float glass substrate by
colloid dip-coating technique from indium metal ingots and hydrous tin(IV) chloride. It was
systematically studied that the effect of the electrical, the structure and optical properties of the ITO
doped Sn in quantitative change and different heat-treating process by XRD, UV-VIS
spectrophotometer and four-probe instrument. The results indicated that only cubic In2O3 phase was
observed from the X-ray diffraction; with the amount of doped Snincreasing, the sheet resistance of
ITO was up to minimumand thenincreased. The sheet resistance value decreased with the increase
of the annealing temperature and holding time; the transmissivity of the ITO films was higher than
80% in 550 nm wavelength. The lowest sheet resistance value of ITO film which was 300nm thick
was 153 ohms per square, which wasannealed at 600°C for 1h and doped Sn 10% (wt).
Preparation of Bimodal Porous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Ceramics and Their Dissolution Behavior in Simulated Body Fluid
Authors: Zhang Yin , Kameyama Tetsuya , Yokogawa Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2009

Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics, a mixture of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), of varying HAp/β-TCP ratios were prepared from fine powders. Porous BCP ceramic materials with HAp/β-TCP weight rations of 20/80, 40/60, and 80/20 were prepared. In this study, the bioactivity is reduced at a bigger HAp content rate, which is likely related to the high driving pore for the formation of a new phase, and the reaction rate was proportional to the β-TCP. The porous BCP ceramics having a bigger porosity rate can easily under up dissolution. The powder having a bigger β-TCP content rate can easily generate a new phase. The dissolution results confirmed that the biodegradation of calcium phosphate ceramics could be controlled by simply adjusting the amount of HAp or β-TCP in the ceramics and porosity rate.
Characteristics of SiC Heteroepitaxial Growth on Si by Hot-Mesh Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Kurimoto T. , Kuroki Yuichiro , Yasui Kanji , Takata Masasuke , Akahane Tadashi
Published: March 2009

The heteroepitaxial growth of 3C-SiC films on Si(100) substrates by the hot-mesh
chemical vapor deposition (HM-CVD) method using monomethylsilane as a source gas was
investigated. From the results of X-ray diffraction spectra, 3C-SiC crystal was epitaxially grown on
Si substrates at substrate temperatures above 750°C. The SiC/Si interface was observed by
cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy, and was confirmed to be void-free and smooth. The
density of hydrogen radicals supplied to the substrate surface during the growth was also estimated
measuring the optical absorbance change of tungsten phosphate glass plates. From the dependence of
the growth rate on substrate temperature, the mechanism of SiC film growth by HM-CVD was
considered.
Syntheses and Luminescent Behavior of π-Extended [Ru(bpy)3]2+ Derivatives through Triple Hydrogen Bonds as an Organic-Inorganic Hybridized Material
Authors: Ozawa Tomohiro , Kishi Y. , Miyamoto K. , Wasada-Tsutsui Y. , Funahashi Yasuhiro , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Masuda Hideki
Published: March 2009

Two new bipyridine derivative ligands with an extended π electron system and a triple
hydrogen bond group, 2,4-diaminopyrimido[5,6-b]dipyrido[2,3-f:2’,3’-h]quinoxaline (DAPQ) and
2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedion[5,6-b]dipyrido[2,3-f:2’3’-h]quinoxaline (PDPQ), were synthesized in
order to construct high-performance Ru(II) complexes. The two Ru(II) complexes composed of dapq
or pdpq and two 2,2’-bipyridine (BPY) ligands showed characteristic luminescent spectra with a peak
maximum at ca. 610 nm. The octahedral Ru(II) complexes with a D-A-D (D: proton donor; A: proton
acceptor) type triple hydrogen bond indicated intense luminescence in comparison with the
corresponding Ru(II) complex composed of three BPY ligands. When the triple hydrogen bond was
formed with a Co(III) complex with the D-A-D type hydrogen bonding group, the luminescence was
quenched. This result was explained in terms of an energy transfer from an excited Ru(II) complex to
the Co(III) complex.
Hardness Optimization of (Cr,Mg)(N,O) Thin Films Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Asami Hiroki , Inoue Jun , Hirai M. , Suzuki Tsuneo , Nakayama Tadachika , Suematsu Hisayuki , Jiang Wei Hua , Niihara Koichi
Published: March 2009

Chromium magnesium oxynitride ((Cr,Mg)(N,O)) thin films have been prepared by
pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method with changing the surface area ratio of Mg target (SR) from 0
to 100 %. As a result of the analysis by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), it was found
that magnesium content in the total metallic elements (Cr1-x, Mgx) are controlled by changing SR
from 0 to 100 % to be the x ranging from 0 to 1.0. Since the crystal structure of main phase in all
thin films was found to be NaCl type, the XRD results showed that the thin films were mainly
consisted of (Cr,Mg)(N,O). The hardness of (Cr,Mg)(N,O) thin films were increased almost linearly
up to SR = 50 %, above which it decreases rapidly. The maximum Vickers hardness (HV) of 3600
was obtained for the thin film which was prepared by SR = 50 %, and the minimum HV of 1650 was
obtained for the thin film which was prepared by SR = 100 %.
Pre-Adsorption of Amphiphilic Polymers on Synthetic Surfaces for Biofouling Retardation
Authors: Chen Xiao Nong , Pelton Robert
Published: March 2009

Polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), glass and stainless steel were exposed to aqueous solutions of a series amphiphilic polymers at room temperature, including N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM)-based polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polypropylene oxide (PPO)-polyethylene oxide (PEO) block copolymers and PEO. Dynamic contact angle measurements of the material surfaces before and after the treatment indicate that only NIPAM-based polymers can adsorb on both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. The surface morphologies of the materials before and after polymer adsorption were investigated by profilometry. Protein adsorption on the surfaces pre-adsorbed NIPAM-based polymers was investigated by dual polarisation interferometry (DPI) and profilometry using lysozyme as the model protein. The results obtained indicate that NIPAM-based polymers can significantly improve the biofouling resistance of synthetic surfaces.
Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Amphiphilic Copolyfluorenes
Authors: Li Ai Ying , Chang Jie Yun , Wang Kai Quan , Lu Lu De
Published: March 2009

One novel fluorene-based amphiphilic copolymers has been synthesized by Suzuki
polycondensation (SPC) with monomer 2,7-dibromo-9,9-bis-(3,6-dioxahepyl)fluorene and
9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-bis-(trimethyleneboronate). The copolyfluorenes’ molecular structure is
characterized by 1H and 13C NMR as well as elemental analysis. The copolyfluorenes have high
molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution, at the same time, are found to have good
solubility and thermal stabilities. The copolyfluorenes exhibit a UV-visible absorption band in the
range of 389-393 nm in both toluene solution and the film state. Upon photo-excitation around the
absorption maximum wavelength, their PL spectra show a maximum peaks around at 415-427 nm.
Aging Performance of Epoxy Adhesive in Salt Water
Authors: Gao Yan Lei , Xiong Jin Ping , Zhang San Ping , Zuo Yu
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the aging of an epoxy adhesive which is used to aluminum- aluminum composite joints in medium was studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scan electronic microscope (SEM) and shear strength test. In salt water, Na+ and Cl- can accelerate hydrolyzation of the adhesive and enhance water ingress ability in the adhesive. Shear strength tests indicate that the durability of the adhesive in salt water aging is lower than that in water. IR spectroscopy and SEM of the adhesive indicates that the salt water diffusion speed in the epoxy adhesive/ aluminumaluminum composite joints depends on not only temperature but also salt water aging time, and high temperature can accelerate the degradation of the adhesive in salt water.
Rheological Behavior of Polyacrylonitrile Solution
Authors: Yang Jie , Mao Li Xin , Xu Liang Hua
Published: March 2009

The rheological properties and viscoelasticity of PAN/DMSO solutions were studied by
means of revolving rheometer under the scan modes of steady shear rate and dynamic frequency.
The effects of shear rate and temperature of PAN/DMSO solution on its Non-Newtonian viscous
index, zero shear viscosity, activation energy of viscous flow and modulus of the solutions were
studied. It was found that PAN/DMSO solution is a kind of pseudoplastic fluid. And the more
temperature of solution, the less Non-Newtonian viscous index at steady experiment curve, the less
the loss modulus and storage modulus of solution at dynamics experiment curve. In addition, the
liquidity and spinnability of the solution also increased when the temperature went up.
Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Cathode Material Carbyne Polysulfide for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Li Bing Chuan , Wang Wei Kun , Fu Zhi Feng , Wang An Bang , Yuan Ke Guo
Published: March 2009

Lithium rechargeable battery is a new type of battery developed in recent years. The
studies on this system are naturally focused on the cathode material. The cathode material with
conducting skeleton and energy-storing side lines was reported and a novel material carbyne
polysulfide was studied. This paper was to explore a convenient approach for preparing carbyne
polysulfide. The products obtained by co-heating polyvinylidene chloride(PVDC) and pulverized
sulfur in ammonia environment was characterized by DSC /TG, IR, Raman spectrums and
elemental analysis. And the product had been proved to have a sp2 hybride carbon skeleton with
polysulfide attached on it, which resembles the theoretical structure of carbyne polysulfide. The
material with favorable sulfur contents exhibited high specific capacity up to 705 mAh/g in the
initial cycle and a stable reversible capacity approximately 420 mAh/g.
Preparation of Delaminated Nano-Kaolinite by Intercalation of Chemical Assistants
Authors: Niu Mei Na , Guo Can Xiong
Published: March 2009

A process for preparing of the delaminated kaolinite was developed with intercalation of hydrazine, urea or potassium acetate followed by removing the chemical assistants. Delaminated kaolinite was characterized by XRD, solid-state NMR, thermal analyses, particle-size distribution analyses, etc. The particle size was reduced to ca. 440 nm in diameter and ca.15 nm in thickness in contrast to about 7 μm and 800 nm for untreated precursor respectively. The dehydroxylation temperature of kaolinite was shifted from 514°C to 490°C by the delamination. Additionally, a greater mass lost was also observed for the delaminated particles by dehydroxylation.
Synthesis and Properties of Biodegradable ABA Triblock Copolymers of Polylactide (A) and Polyethylene Glycol (B)
Authors: Shi Shu Xian , Xia Yu Zheng , Ma Xiao Yan , Jiao Shu Ke , Li Xiao Yu
Published: March 2009

The triblock ABA copolymers of poly (D,L-lactide)-b-poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly
(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA) were synthesized by bulk ring-opening polymerization in the
presence of N2 under normal pressure, using the D,L-lactide (DLLA) as monomer, hydroxyl
endgroups of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as initiator and the stannous octoate as the catalyst. The
resulting copolymers were characterized by various analytical techniques. Effects of molar ratios of
lactide to PEG and the chain length of PEG on the viscosity-average molecular weight of the
copolymers, the biodegradation behaviors and hydrophilicity of the copolymers were investigated in
detail. The results showed that the viscosity-average molecular weight and the contact angle of the
copolymers increased with the molar ratio of lactide to PEG, but water uptake and degradability
decreased.
Reinforcing Mechanism of Novel Aramid Pulp Short Fibre in Chloroprene Rubber Matrix
Authors: Wu Wei Dong , Zhou Yan Hao , Zhang Li Qun
Published: March 2009

The reinforcing mechanism of novel aramid pulp (AP) short fibre in CR matrix has been
discussed in this paper, and it has been shown that the reinforcing effects of AP depend mainly on the
dispersing uniformity and openness of those ultra-fine short fibres of AP in CR matrix.By proper
pretreating method, the dispersing uniformity and openness of ultra-fine AP short fibres with high
specific area can be improved markedly, so the large reinforcing potential can bring into play
adequately.
Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Carbon Nanotube and Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin Matrix Composites
Authors: Zhao Dong Lin , Qiao Ren Hai , Wang Cheng Zhong , Shen Zeng Min
Published: March 2009

The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared by catalytic decompose of benzene using
floating transition method at 1100-1200°C. Benzene was used as carbon source and ferrocene as
catalyst with thiophene. The carbon nanotubes are straight with diameter 20-50 nm, internal
diameter 10-30 nm and length 50-1000 μm. The carbon nanotube and continuous carbon fiber
(T300) reinforced unidirectional epoxy resin matrix composites was fabricated. The volune fraction
of continuous carbon fiber (first filler) in the composites without second filler (carbon nanotube)
was 60%. The mechanical properties of the composites were investigated under bending, shear, and
impact loading. The flexural strength and modulus of the composites increased firstly and then
decreased with the increasing of carbon nanotube contents in epoxy resin matrix. The flexural
strength of the composites reached the maximum value of 1780 MPa when the weight percent of
carbon nanotube in epoxy resin matrix was 3%.
Nanoparticles of Metastable Copper Nitride Grown by Ar Ion Beam Irradiation
Authors: Jang Ki Wan , Tanaka Shun Ichiro
Published: March 2009

Nanoparticles of metastable copper nitride(Cu3N) have been successfully fabricated from Cu mask using Ar ion ‘transcription method’ which is firstly invented by B.-S. Xu, C. Iwamoto and S.-I. Tanaka in 1996 [1]. The structural and morphological changes with irradiation time are studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thin film-like crystalline Cu3N which is covered with amorphous or polycrystalline cuprite (Cu2O) layer in the as-received Cu mask plays a role of target. Polycrystalline Cu3N nanoparticles nucleate and grow up to the average size of 15nm after 30 sec-irradiation. Coalesence of 50nm-sized grown Cu3N nanoparticles forms polycrystalline thin film after 2min-irradiation and its growth behavior follows Volmer-Weber mode. As irradiation time increases from 30 sec to 15 min, Cu3N nanoparticles are thought to be grown preferentially along the [111] and [100] directions. Cu2O still remain with Cu3N after 15 min.-irradiation.
Reactive Wetting Dynamics on 6H-SiC Surface with Oxide Layer
Authors: Tanaka Shun Ichiro , Iwamoto Chihiro
Published: March 2009

Nanoscale singularity at the reactive wetting front on the 6H-SiC (0006) surface with
amorphous oxide layer was studied using video recorded in situ to clarify the dynamic atomistic
behaviors of the brazing and the molten tip spreading on a high-temperature stage of a high-resolution
transmission electron microscope. A 0.5-nm-thick precursor film spreading ahead of the main molten
alloy on SiC (0006) at 1073 K and continuous spreading of the molten alloy were clearly observed on
the SiC (0006) surface with a less than 1-nm-thick amorphous layer. Molten Ti and TiC nanolayers
preceded the Ti5Si3 nanolayer at the tip and they traveled continuously at a velocity of 14 nm/sec on
the plane perpendicular to SiC (0006). Since Ti atoms in the molten alloy diffuse sufficiently rapidly
on the SiC surface to the tip, the formation of these layers may be the rate-determining step of
spreading. Discontinuous spreading of the precursor tip on SiC (0006) with a thick amorphous film
was observed in contrast to the continuous spreading on SiC with a thin film. This suggests that the
spreading of the Ti molten alloy on SiC is also controlled by the dissolution of the amorphous layer.
High-Efficient Eu3+ Red Emission due to Excitation Energy Transfer from Nano-Sized SnO2 Crystals
Authors: Hayakawa Tomokatsu , Nogami Masayuki
Published: March 2009

By overcoming less excitation efficiency of rare-earth ions due to small oscillator strength
(∼10-6) of f-f transition, Eu3+ ions were intentionally introduced to nano-sized semiconductor of tin
oxide (SnO2) in silica (SiO2)matrix via a sol-gel route. As a consequence, the excitation energy was
significantly absorbed by the nano-sized SnO2 with controlled band-gap energy owing to quantum
size effect (QSE) and subsequently transferred from nano-sized SnO2 to the Eu3+ ions doped,
resulting in the enhancement of Eu3+ red emission (external quantum efficiency : 75.6 %).
Microstructure and Formation Mechanism of Carbon Nanotubes Filled with Metallic Silver Nanowires
Authors: Li Xia , Zhao Dong Lin , Shen Zeng Min
Published: March 2009

The filling of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with metallic silver nanowires via wet chemistry method was investigated. The carbon nanotubes were filled with long continuous silver nanowires. The carbon nanotubes were almost opened and cut after being treated with concentrated nitric acid. Silver nitrate solution filled carbon nanotubes by capillarity. Carbon nanotubes were filled with silver nanowires after calcinations by hydrogen. The diameters of silver nanowires were in the range of 20-40 nm, and lengths of 100 nm - 10 μm. We studied the micromorphology of the silver nanowires filled in carbon nanotubes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on the experimental results, a formation mechanism of the Ag nanowire-filled carbon nanotubes was proposed.
Preparation of Ultrafine BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 Powders from Na2-xHxTi3O7 Nanowires via Hydrothermal Processing
Authors: Ji Tian Hao , Tang Mao Yu , Liu Guan Rao , Qi Xing Yi
Published: March 2009

BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 ultrafine powders are synthesized from sodium hydrogen titanate
nanowires using hydrothermal route. Their preparation and purity depend strongly on the pH value
of reaction system (the amount of added alkaline). Under the reaction condition of strong alkaline,
the BaTiO3 phase can be obtained, but the SrTiO3 phase can not be easily prepared. Without the
addition of any alkaline, the pure SrTiO3 phase can be synthesized. Reaction time also affects on the
purity of BaTiO3 phase. Below 15 h of reaction time at reaction temperature 180°C, pure BaTiO3
phase can not be prepared. SEM measurement results show that the average diameter of BaTiO3
powders is about 200 nm and that of SrTiO3 submicrorods is about 300 nm. Their Raman spectra
further demonstrate that the prepared products are BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 phases.
Angle Dependent Sputtering and Dimer Formation from Vanadium Nitride Target by Ar+ Ion Bombardment
Authors: Kawaguchi S. , Kudo M. , Tanemura Masaki , Miao Lei , Tanemura Sakae , Gotoh Y. , Liao M. , Shinkai S.
Published: March 2009

A compact angle-resolved secondary ion mass spectrometer (AR-SIMS) with a special
geometrical configuration, composing of a differentially pumped micro-beam ion-gun, a tiltable
sample stage and a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer was applied to measure angular
distribution (AD) of secondary ions ejected from VN by oblique 3 keV Ar+ sputtering at room
temperature. AD of V+ was almost identical with that of N+, strongly suggesting that Gibbsian
segregation did not take place during sputtering. Since the angular dependence of VN+/V+ and V2
+/V+
intensity ratios was independent of that of N+ and V+ intensities, VN+ and V2
+ dimer ions were
generated via the “as such” direct emission process.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Sheets Prepared by Extruding and Rolling
Authors: Li Peng Xi , Zhang Bo Ping , Chen Jing Yi , Tu Yi Fan
Published: March 2009

AZ31B Magnesium alloy sheets with about 1 mm in thickness were rolled by one pass
and several passes from the extruded ingots with different thickness. The effects of processing
variables on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31B Mg alloy sheets were investigated.
XRD indicated that AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets have a dominant texture with (000l) orientated
plane. The large deformation results in the formation of fine and homogeneous microstructure due
to the recrystallization during extruding and hot-rolling. The thinnest sheet rolled by several passes
showed equiaxed grains with 5-10μm in diameter. The fine grains result in the increase in the
strength and the ductility. The tensile strength of the sheet rolled by several passes reached 292
MPa and the elongation was twice as larger as that rolled by one pass.
Tungstophosphoric Acid Entrapped on Mesoporous Silica via Sol Gel Technique
Authors: Juan Joon Ching , Ambar Yarmo Mohd , Zhang Jing Chang
Published: March 2009

The heterogeneous 12-tungstophosphoric acid (HPW) catalyst is becoming important in
industrial processes for example in esterification reaction. A novel solid acid catalyst of HPW
entrapped on mesoporous silica was synthesized by sol gel technique. Neutral template dodecylamine
was introduced to obtain mesopores structure catalyst. The physical and chemical properties of the
catalyst were characterized by XRD, nitrogen sorption and FTIR. In conclusion, this new type of
mesoporous solid acid catalyst is a very promising heterogeneous acid catalyst for esterification
reaction involving bulky molecules such as fatty acid.
A New Process on Efficient Utilization of Melted Slag
Authors: Sun Heng Hu , Li Yu , Zhao Yong Hong , Wang Ning
Published: March 2009

The amount of melted slag has substantially increased due to the rapidly expanding Chinese industry in the recent years. The exiting methods to dispose such slag bring about some problems which hinders its utilization. In the paper, a new method, realized by high pressure jet, is put forward to simultaneously producing fine powder and increasing cementitious activity, and the method would be useful to a benign recycle of resources, energy and environment.
Synthesis of PCL-PS Star-Block Copolymer by Combination of Lipase-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization and ATRP
Authors: Liu Rui Xue , Shi Yan , Fu Zhi Feng
Published: March 2009

Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-polystyrene (PS)star-block copolymer with a cross-linked microgel core were synthesized by the combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of St and lipase-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-CL. The characterization of PCL-Br, PCL-PS-Br macroinitiator and PCL-PS Star-block copolymers was detected by GPC and 1H NMR. Results showed that the target star-block copolymers were successfully prepared.
Formation of Anticorrosion Clusters on Anodic Alumina Films by Ni Ion Implantation
Authors: Tian Lian Peng , Zhao Xu Hui , Zuo Yu
Published: March 2009

Formation of clusters with high corrosion resistance on anodic films of Aluminum by Ni
ions implantation was studied. Ni ions were implanted in anodic films of 1070 aluminum at an
energy of 40 keV with dose of 5.0×1017 ions/cm2. XPS analysis reveals that Ni is present in the
states of metallic Ni and NiO on the surface of the anodic film. Electrochemical results show that
anodic films with Ni ions implantation provide relatively higher corrosion resistance in NaCl
solution. The anti-corrosion clusters on the surface of anodic films should be the main reason for
better corrosion resistance of the implanted samples.
On the Reproducibility of Transducer Coupling for Acoustic Emission Testing
Authors: Hensman James J. , Cristodaro C.V. , Pierce Gareth , Worden Keith
Published: March 2009

An acoustic emission test was simulated using a three point bend specimen and an
artificial AE source. Waveform data was recorded as the sample was cyclically loaded in three
point bending, and the cross correlation coefficient of the waveforms was used to measure the
repeatability of the test. Results were twofold: the stress state of a specimen affects the ultrasonic
propagation therein; and the coupling condition of a transducer may not remain constant during a
test.
AE Testing of Refinery Structures
Authors: Kabanov B.S. , Gomera Victor P. , Sokolov V.L. , Fedorov V.P. , Okhotnikov A.A.
Published: March 2009

The main obstacle which prevents the rapid spread of Acoustic Emission (AE) testing on
refinery structures in Russia is the complexity of this NDT tool. The lack of well- defined methods
of data analysis and the huge amount of AE data collected within each test are the major problems.
The possibility of mistakes in a period of testing and data analysis leading to erroneous conclusions
related to the condition of the structure sometimes negatively affects the image of the AE method.
However, the correct application of AE can bring unique opportunities in the inspection of
structures in the industry. Some examples of successful applications and the unique possibilities of
AE testing are presented in this paper.
Acoustic Emission during Fatigue Testing of Pressure Vessels
Authors: Rauscher Franz
Published: March 2009

It is known that the basic mechanism of fatigue crack growth in ductile pressure vessel
steels, which is repetitive blunting and re-sharpening of the crack tip, is a weak acoustic emission
(AE) source. On the other hand, a large number of AE events occur during cyclic crack growth.
Most AE events are caused by repetitive friction at the fracture surfaces, but these AE events show
relatively weak correlation with the crack growth velocity. In the paper it is shown, based on
examples – fatigue crack growth starting from an artificial weld defect, cycling of a natural crack
defect, crack initiation and growth in gas cylinders - which information can be gained by relatively
simple analyses of the AE data from cyclic pressure tests.
AE Methodology for the Evaluation of Structural Integrity
Authors: Ono Kanji
Published: March 2009

This paper reviews various approach used in acoustic emission (AE) testing of structures
so that further improvements can be realized in this important application of AE technology. In the
past half century, many successful AE tests of structures have been completed, but quite often
details remained private. Here, we attempt to organize the AE methodology in four steps. 1. Primary
sources of brittle fracture, micro or macro cracks in contrast to secondary sources of friction or
fretting, rust, etc. 2. Kaiser effects, arising from the irreversibility of AE, allow the detection of prior
loading level and of damage states. 3. Source Location: This approach identifies the area of integrity
loss. 4. Source Characterization: Combined AE parameters give good insight to the flaw types, but
many other methods, including attenuation-corrected signal amplitude, signal frequency, waveform
and wave propagation analysis and moment tensor analysis, may be useful. Avenues for better AE
technology are suggested.