bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Polar Radiant Energy in the Far Infrared Experiment: A New Perspective on Polar Longwave Energy Exchanges
Authors: L’Ecuyer Tristan S. , Drouin Brian J. , Anheuser James , Grames Meredith , Henderson David S. , Huang Xianglei , Kahn Brian H. , Kay Jennifer E. , Lim Boon H. , Mateling Marian , Merrelli Aronne , Miller Nathaniel B. , Padmanabhan Sharmila , Peterson Colten , Schlegel Nicole-Jeanne , White Mary L. , Xie Yan
Published: April 2021

Earth’s climate is strongly influenced by energy deficits at the poles that emit more thermal energy than they receive from the sun. Energy exchanges between the surface and atmosphere influence the local environment while heat transport from lower latitudes drives midlatitude atmospheric and oceanic circulations. In the Arctic, in particular, local energy imbalances induce strong seasonality in surface–atmosphere heat exchanges and an acute sensitivity to forced climate variations. Despite these important local and global influences, the largest contributions to the polar atmospheric and surface energy budgets have not been fully characterized. The spectral variation of far-infrared radiation that makes up 60% of polar thermal emission has never been systematically measured impeding progress toward consensus in predicted rates of Arctic warming, sea ice decline, and ice sheet melt. Enabled by recent advances in sensor miniaturization and CubeSat technology, the Polar Radiant Energy in the Far Infrared Experiment (PREFIRE) mission will document, for the first time, the spectral, spatial, and temporal variations of polar far-infrared emission. Selected under NASA’s Earth Ventures Instrument (EVI) program, PREFIRE will utilize new lightweight, low-power, ambient temperature detectors capable of measuring at wavelengths up to 50 μm to quantify Earth’s far-infrared spectrum. Estimates of spectral surface emissivity, water vapor, cloud properties, and the atmospheric greenhouse effect derived from these measurements offer the potential to advance our understanding of the factors that modulate thermal fluxes in the cold, dry conditions characteristic of the polar regions.
Testing for trends on a regional scale: Beyond local significance
Authors: Huth Radan , Dubrovský Martin
Published: April 2021

Studies detecting trends in climate elements typically concentrate on their local significance, ignoring the question on whether the significant local trends may or may not have occurred due to chance. The present paper fills this gap by examining several approaches to detecting statistical significance of trends defined on a grid, that is on a regional scale. To this end, we introduce a novel simple procedure of significance testing, which is based on counting signs of local trends (sign test), and compare it with five other approaches to testing collective significance of trends (counting, extended Mann-Kendall, Walker, fdr, and regression tests). Synthetic data are used to construct null distributions of trend statistics, to determine critical values of the tests, and to assess the performance of tests in terms of type II error. For lower values of spatial and temporal autocorrelations, the sign test and extended Mann-Kendall test perform slightly better than the counting test; these three tests outperform Walker, fdr, and regression tests by quite a wide margin. For high autocorrelations, which is a more realistic case, all tests become similar in their performance, with the exception of the regression test, which performs somewhat worse. Some tests cannot be used under specific conditions because of their construction: Walker and fdr tests for high temporal autocorrelations; sign test under high spatial autocorrelations.
Exploring the Assimilation of ATMS Cloud Retrieval Products and its Benefits for CrIS All-sky Radiance Simulations
Authors: Li Xin , Zou Xiaolei , Zeng Mingjian , Wang Ning , Tang Fei
Published: April 2021

Aimed at improving all-sky Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) radiance assimilation, this study explores the benefits for CrIS all-sky radiance simulations, focusing on the accuracy of background cloud information, through assimilating cloud liquid water path (LWP), ice water path (IWP), and rain water path (RWP) data retrieved from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS). The Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM), which considers cloud scattering and absorption processes, is applied to simulate CrIS radiances. The Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation ensemble-variational data assimilation (DA) is updated by incorporating ensemble covariances of hydrometeor variables and observation operators of LWP, IWP, and RWP. First, two DA experiments named DActrl and DAcwp are conducted with (DAcwp) and without (DActrl) assimilating ATMS LWP, IWP, and RWP data. Assimilating ATMS cloud retrieval data results in better spatial distributions of hydrometers for both a Meiyu rainfall case and a typhoon case. Analyses of DActrl and DAcwp are then used as input to the CRTM to generate CrIS all-sky radiance simulations SMallsky_DActrl and SMallsky_DAcwp, respectively. Improvements in the DAcwp analyses of hydrometeor variables are found to benefit CrIS radiance simulations, especially in cloudy regions. A long period of statistics reveals that the biases and standard deviations of all-sky observations minus simulations from SMallsky_DAcwp are notably smaller than those from SMallsky_DActrl. This pilot study suggests the potential benefit of combining the use of microwave cloud retrieval products for all-sky infrared DA.
Higher Order Language: Risk, Promotive, and Risk-Based Protective Associations with Youth Offending
Authors: Anderson Stavroola A. S. , Hawes David J. , Snow Pamela C.
Published: April 2021

Research has implicated oral language deficits as risk factors for antisocial behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between higher order language skills and youth offending through a risk, promotive and risk-based protective factor paradigm. In a sample of adolescent males ( n = 130; 13 to 20 years; 62% youth offenders) skills in understanding ambiguity, making inferences, and understanding figurative language were demonstrated to have risk and promotive effects in association with youth offending. Figurative language also met criteria for having risk-based protective effects for youth at high offending risk due to poor nonverbal skills. Conceptualization of higher order language skills through this paradigm promotes a broader frame of reference for considering theoretical models and practical interventions.
‘The Faith of Jesus: Translating Hebrews 12:2a’
Authors: O’Collins SJ. Gerald Glynn
Published: April 2021

This article shows how a big majority of English translations (17 out of 22 that I examined) have introduced ‘our’ into the text when they identify the subject of the ‘faith’ spoken of in Hebrews 12:2a. Modern commentators on Hebrews, however, have overwhelmingly understood the faith in question as the faith exercised by Jesus and, at best only secondarily, our faith in him. It seems that many translators have been following their predecessors (e.g. the King James Version) rather than reading commentaries.
Remote laboratory classes in a COVID pandemic situation. Example of subjects: Microcontroller programming and electronic circuits
Authors: Raczyński Michał
Published: April 2021

The article presents the possibility of conducting remote laboratory classes in subjects that require the use of specialized equipment (which the student does not have at home). The article is based on the example of classes in microcontrollers programming and electronic circuits. The methods with the use of simulation programs and an innovative approach enabling work on real equipment are presented. The solutions presented in the article were practically and successfully implemented in connection with the coronavirus pandemic in spring 2020 at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. A very important feature of the presented ideas is the possibility to adapt the already existing stationary solutions to remote work and use free applications. The characteristic feature of the presented ideas is also simplicity. These two features make it possible to implement remote learning quickly and at a low-cost. Classes conducted using the described system for a group of about 50 students were positively evaluated by them. Their opinions were also included in the article.
When to Use Markets, Lines, and Lotteries: How Beliefs About Preferences Shape Beliefs About Allocation
Authors: Shaddy Franklin , Shah Anuj K.
Published: April 2021

When allocating scarce goods and services, firms often either prioritize those willing to spend the most resources (e.g., money, in the case of markets; time, in the case of lines) or simply ignore such differences and allocate randomly (e.g., through lotteries). When do these resource-based allocation rules seem most appropriate, and why? Here, the authors propose that people are more likely to endorse markets and lines when these systems increase the likelihood that scarce goods and services go to those who have the strongest preferences—that is, when they help sort preferences. This is most feasible when preferences are dissimilar (i.e., some consumers want something much more than others). Consequently, people are naturally attuned to preference variance: when preferences for something are similar, markets and lines seem less appropriate, because it is unlikely that the highest bidders or those who have waited the longest actually have the strongest preferences. However, when preferences are dissimilar, markets and lines seem more appropriate, because they can more easily sort preferences. Consumers thus react negatively when firms use resource-based allocation rules in situations where preferences cannot be easily sorted (e.g., when preferences are similar).
Bereavement Support Services in a National Sample of Hospices: A Content Analysis
Authors: Becker Todd D. , Cagle John G.
Published: April 2021

Although the Medicare Hospice Benefit mandates that hospices offer bereavement support services to families for at least 1 year following the death of a patient, it does not stipulate which services they should offer. As a result, little is known about what bereavement support services hospices provide, especially on a national scale. The current study recruited a national sample of hospice representatives who responded to an open-ended question that asked, “What types of bereavement support services does your hospice provide to families?” Seventy-six viable responses were recorded and content analyzed. Four overarching domains emerged: (a) timing of support, (b) providers of support, (c) targets of support, and (d) formats of support. Other notable findings included the underutilization of bereavement support services and the utility of informal support formats. These findings present implications for future study regarding which specific aspects of hospice bereavement support services are most beneficial to bereaved families.
Electroactive composites based on chitosan fibers coated with polypyrrole
Authors: Dresvyanina Elena N , Rosova Elena Y , Smirnova Natalia V , Ivan’kova Elena M , Moskalyuk Olga A , Dobrovolskaya Irina P , Aleshin Andrei N , Yudin Vladimir E
Published: April 2021

Chitosan fibers were prepared by coagulation from 4% chitosan solutions in 2% acetic acid solution. The synthesis method for polypyrrole (PPy) involving in situ oxidative polymerization of gaseous pyrrole on the surface of chitosan fibers was developed. Structure of the composites was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Electrical conductivity and mechanical characteristics of the obtained composite systems were determined. It was shown that formation of PPy layers on chitosan fibers leads to appearance of electrical conductivity. Conductivity of these layers, as well as their mechanical characteristics, depends on polymerization conditions. The MTT test (a colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity) showed good biocompatibility of chitosan–PPy composite films; these films contain higher amounts of viable cells than the films cast from solutions of pure chitosan.
Indigenous Girls Write, Right!? Unsettling Urban Literacies with Indigenous Writing Pedagogies
Authors: Cisneros Nora Alba
Published: April 2021

This article begins with the fundamental premise that Indigenous adolescent girls are writers. Indigenous adolescent girls speak and write in multitudes of voices, yet their physical and literary presence is often unaccounted in educational research and writing. Guided by the theoretical insights of Chicana Feminist Epistemology and Tribal Critical Race Theory this paper illuminates how Indigenous Writing Pedagogies (IWP) emerged to acknowledge land and gendered relationships in urban schools. The author presents implications for Indigenous notions of literacies and relationships that can be elevated by educators working in and out of urban school spaces.
Using fresh frozen plasma as an emergency treatment modality for hypertriglyceridaemic acute pancreatitis in a resource-constrained environment: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Buitendag JJP , Theron ER , Variawa S , Oosthuizen GV
Published: April 2021

Hypertriglyceridaemia is associated with severe disease such as coronary disease, cerebral vascular accidents and acute pancreatitis. Severe hypertriglyceridaemia is defined as a serum triglyceride value of >55 mmol/L. Hypertriglyceridaemic acute pancreatitis, often found in pregnancy, has a higher mortality rate than the other causes of acute pancreatitis. The cornerstone of treatment is to lower the triglyceride level as quickly as possible. In a resource-constrained environment, plasma exchange is not a viable option. Therefore, exploring the possible efficacity of directly infusing fresh frozen plasma is applicable to rural emergency medicine and may lead to more definitive research. In our case study, we used fresh frozen plasma to enhance the removal of triglyceride because it contains lipoprotein lipase.
Faculty Perspectives on Using High School Data in an Era of Placement Testing Reform
Authors: Ngo Federick , Velasquez David , Melguizo Tatiana
Published: April 2021

Objective:

Community colleges across the country are making dramatic shifts away from traditional reliance on placement testing for developmental education and toward using high school measures to assess college-readiness. Yet the views of faculty dealing with these changes, including their perspectives on the quality and usefulness of high school data, are not well-understood. We explore faculty views of high school transcript and placement testing data, attributions made with the data, and beliefs about the extent to which these data are useful for instruction.

Methods:

We conducted a survey and semi-structured interviews with math faculty in one community college math department ( n = 21). We used real high school records to develop a Personalized Student Profile of student math backgrounds to engage faculty in sensemaking about high school and placement testing data.

Results:

Faculty did not appear to readily trust high school data, tending only to do so when it fit their existing understandings of student ability as measured by placement tests. Although faculty described opportunities to use the data to inform instruction, they noted the challenges of actually doing so.

Conclusions:

The findings reveal significant faculty concerns about high school measures and point toward shifts in faculty attitudes and beliefs that may need to be addressed in order for reforms that upend traditional approaches to remediation and instruction to be successful. We discuss critical future research directions for this new paradigm of developmental education in community colleges.
Predictive Properties of a General Risk-Need Measure in Diverse Justice Involved Youth: A Prospective Field Validity Study
Authors: Prince Jessica , Lovatt Kristine , Stockdale Keira C. , Olver Mark E.
Published: April 2021

The current investigation was a prospective field validity study examining the discrimination and calibration properties of a general risk-need tool (Level of Service Inventory–Saskatchewan Youth Edition [LSI-Sk]) in a diverse sample of 284 court adjudicated youths, rated by their youth workers on the measure and followed up an average of 9.3 years. The overall risk level and need total demonstrated moderate predictive accuracy for general, violent, and nonviolent recidivism in the aggregate sample, although area under the curve (AUC) magnitudes fluctuated among gender and Indigenous ethnocultural subgroups. Variability in AUC values for the measure’s eight criminogenic need domains further reflected greater salience of certain needs among subgroups. Finally, clinician rated level of gang involvement incrementally predicted recidivism to varying degrees after controlling for overall risk and need. Implications for responsible use of risk assessment tools as part of individualized and gender/ethnoculturally responsive risk assessment practices with youth are discussed.
Examining the Predictive Validity of the Public Safety Assessment
Authors: Brittain Brian J. , Georges Leah , Martin Jim
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive validity of the Public Safety Assessment (PSA), an actuarial pretrial assessment instrument, administered to 15,931 individuals in Volusia County, Florida, between 2016 and 2017. A series of logistic regression models analyzed the influence of the PSA’s risk scores for Failure to Appear (FTA) and New Criminal Activity (NCA), as well as gender, race, and the length of time spent in pretrial custody on incidents of failure to appear and new pretrial arrest. The findings suggest that while both the FTA and NCA scales predicted pretrial failure fairly well, the variation explained by the models suggest that there is much that we do not understand about predicting pretrial failure to appear and new pretrial arrest, indicating the need for further research and refinement of pretrial assessment instruments.
Merging Our Understanding of Anxiety and Exposure: Using Inhibitory Learning to Target Anxiety Sensitivity in Exposure Therapy
Authors: Bautista Chandra L. , Teng Ellen J.
Published: April 2021

Exposure-based therapies are the gold standard treatment for anxiety disorders, and recent advancements in basic and clinical research point to the need to update the implementation of exposure. Recent research has highlighted the importance of transdiagnostic factors such as anxiety sensitivity (AS), or fear of anxiety-related sensations. Elevated AS is common among all anxiety disorders and contains three dimensions, or expectancies, that can be used to guide treatment. Recently, treatments directly targeting AS have shown potential in reducing symptoms of anxiety. In addition, inhibitory learning theory (ILT) provides an alternative explanation of exposure processes based on basic learning research. ILT extends the current framework by accounting for renewal of fear, which is important given the substantial number of individuals who experience a return of symptoms following treatment. The current paper will provide an overview of ILT and discuss several ILT techniques that can be used to target AS. These two converging bodies of research hold strong potential for optimizing treatment for anxiety.
“Hic Sunt Dracones”: Mapping the Rebellious Social Dynamics of Bel and the Snake from the Daniel and Joseph Competitive Court-tales
Authors: Porter Christopher A.
Published: April 2021

Court tales provide narrative depictions of the imagined interface between the rulers of a society and their subjects and can often provide fuel for readings of self and society. Many of the canonical court tales display patterns of social interaction in new contexts (Egypt and Babylon) and assist in novel corporate contextualization. This article seeks to read the court tales of Bel and the Dragon (Daniel 14) in relationship to both the court tales of Aramaic Daniel (2–7) and the earlier tales of Joseph in Egypt (Genesis 41). It will then anchor these readings within the context of Alexandrian Egypt—one suggested location for composition—and see how they may suggest patterns of identity and social engagement for a plausible audience.
Family socioeconomic status, subjective social status, and achievement motivation among Chinese college freshmen: A latent growth modeling approach
Authors: Wu Lili , Xiao Youqin , Chen Yanhong , Cheng Gang
Published: April 2021

This study’s objective was to examine direct and indirect relationships among family socioeconomic status, subjective social status, and achievement motivation within the first 3 months after college freshmen enrollment in China. A longitudinal dataset was collected over a 3-month period at four measurement points with 4-week intervals. A cluster sample of 1,983 college freshmen from the eastern, central, and western economic regions of China was surveyed. Latent growth modeling was conducted. The results indicated that achievement motivation decreased over time and was positively related to a decline in subjective social status. Mediation analyses demonstrated that, after controlling for sex and economic region, family socioeconomic status predicted the initial level of achievement motivation directly and indirectly through the initial level of subjective social status, and notably, the directions of these effects were opposite. Further, family socioeconomic status also significantly predicted the rate of change in achievement motivation indirectly through the initial level of subjective social status. These results highlight the longitudinal relationship between family socioeconomic status and achievement motivation via different pathways and have implications for improving college freshmen’s achievement motivation.
Size and composition of family networks of decedents: A nationwide register-based study
Authors: Kristensen Marie S , Thygesen Lau C , Tay Djin L , Kumar Raj , Grønvold Mogens , Aldridge Melissa , Ornstein Katherine A
Published: April 2021

Background:

Seriously ill individuals rely heavily on family caregivers at the end of life. Yet many do not have family support.

Aim:

To characterize the size and composition of decedents’ family networks by cause of death, demographic, clinical, socioeconomic, and geographic characteristics.

Design:

A cross-sectional population-level study with data collected from nation-wide registers.

Setting/participants:

All adults in Denmark born between 1935 and 1998 who died of natural causes between 2009 and 2016 were linked at the time of death to living adult spouses/partners, children, siblings, parents, and grandchildren.

Results:

Among 175,755 decedents (median age: 68 years, range: 18–81 years), 61% had a partner at the time of death and 78% had at least one adult child. Ten percent of decedents had no identified living adult family members. Decedents with family had a median of five relatives. Males were more likely to have a spouse/partner (65%) than females (56%). While 93% of decedents dying of cancer had adult family, only 70% of individuals dying of dementia had adult family at the time of death. The majority of cancer decedents co-resided or lived within 30 km of family (88%), compared to only 65% of those dying from psychiatric illness.

Conclusions:

While the majority of adults had an extensive family network at the time of death, a substantial proportion of decedents had no family, suggesting the need for non-family based long-term service and support systems. Assessment of family networks can expand our understanding of the end-of-life caregiving process and inform palliative care delivery.
Pure isolated medial talonavicular joint dislocation following low-energy trauma: a case report
Authors: Jung Ki Jin , Lee Hong Seop , Chang Hee Jun , Lee Young Koo , Yeo Eui Dong , Won Sung Hun , Cho Hyung Ki , Ryu Aeli , Lee Dhong Won , Kim Woo Jong
Published: April 2021

Midtarsal dislocations are relatively rare injuries secondary to high-energy trauma and are typically accompanied by disruption of ligamentous structures and fractures of the midfoot. We herein present a case of a pure isolated medial swivel dislocation of the talonavicular joint (TNJ) that was sustained following low-energy trauma without an associated fracture. A 78-year-old woman visited our emergency department with severe pain in the midfoot area of the right foot without neurovascular deficits. She had sustained this injury after severe ankle inversion while going downstairs. Plain radiographs of the right foot showed that the navicular was dislocated medially on the talus; no other malalignments were present. Three-dimensional computed tomography revealed dislocation of the TNJ, but no other tarsal or midtarsal bone fractures or dislocations. A medial dorsal incision was made to expose the TNJ. The dorsal talonavicular ligament was ruptured and interposed between the navicular and talus. The ligament was removed and the TNJ was reduced. The clinical outcome at the 1-year follow-up was satisfactory with no limitations in daily activities. In summary, we have reported an extremely rare case of a pure isolated medial TNJ dislocation in which the interposed dorsal talonavicular ligament served as an obstacle to reduction.
Association between the omentin-1 gene rs2274907 A>T polymorphism and colorectal cancer in the Chinese Han population: a case-control study
Authors: Zhang Yaqin , Zhao Xiaotong , Li Yongxiang , Wang Youmin , Chen Mingwei
Published: April 2021

Objective

To explore the relationship between the omentin-1 gene rs2274907 A>T polymorphism and colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Chinese Han population.

Methods

rs2274907 A>T was assessed by PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Plasma omentin-1 expression from 358 patients with CRC and 286 healthy controls was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CRC and control groups were divided into subgroups according to the body mass index (BMI) threshold of 25 kg/m2.

Results

No significant differences were observed between CRC and control groups in terms of genotype or allele frequencies of rs2274907 A>T. Compared with individuals with BMI <25 kg/m2 and the rs2274907 TT genotype, those with AA+AT genotypes and BMI ≥25 kg/m2 had a 3.027-fold increased risk of CRC. A significant tendency toward a higher stage of colorectal adenocarcinomas and depth of invasion was observed in individuals with the rs2274907 AA genotype compared with other genotypes.

Conclusions

The omentin-1 gene rs2274907 A>T polymorphism does not seem to play a critical role in the development of CRC in the Chinese Han population, but an interaction between the rs2274907 A allele and BMI may increase the CRC risk. The rs2274907 AA genotype is a potential biomarker for CRC stage progression.
Work overload and leader–member exchange: The moderating role of psychological flexibility
Authors: Kopperud Karoline Hofslett , Buch Robert , Skogen Christina
Published: April 2021

Due to the strong focus on dyadic relationships in leader–member exchange (LMX) theory, it is vital to investigate the predictors of the types of relationships that leaders and subordinates develop. This study explores the supervisor-level antecedents of LMX. Drawing from conservation of resources theory, this study tests whether leaders’ psychological flexibility moderates the relationship between leaders’ perceptions of work overload and LMX. A field study was conducted among 186 subordinates and 93 leaders from a Norwegian public service organization. Multisource field data demonstrated general support for the hypothesized relationships. The results of multilevel analyses showed a negative relation between the perceptions of work overload of leaders with lower levels of psychological flexibility and their subordinates’ perceptions of LMX. Thus, psychological flexibility seemed to mitigate the negative implications of leaders’ work overload. This study extends previous studies on managers’ perceptions of work overload by introducing an important contingency of the relationship between managers’ perceptions of work overload and the quality of their relationship with subordinates. As such, this study contributes to a more complete understanding of the factors that relate to the development of high-quality LMX.
Autism at work: How internal and external factors influence employee outcomes and firm performance
Authors: Whelpley Christopher E. , Perrault Elise
Published: April 2021

Research and the popular press have provided confusing perspectives concerning the strategic integration of autistic individuals into organizations; some touting the benefits of a neurodiverse workforce and others noting the difficulty that many autistic individuals face in finding and maintaining employment. In this article, we examine these disparate views and build a reconciling framework that incorporates both the internal support that top management teams show for the integration of autistic individuals and the external visibility that can lead to their firm’s social approval. In turn, the combination of these internal and external perspectives contributes to explaining an organization’s ability to gain competitive advantage from hiring and managing autistic individuals. The proposed framework is augmented by vignettes, providing practitioners with takeaways for how to approach the topic of neurodiversity more successfully.
Cultural Geography I: Mediums
Authors: Hawkins Harriet
Published: April 2021

This first of three cultural geographies progress reports explores the place of creative practices in the production, consumption and circulation of cultural geographies in recent years. In the midst of the expansion of geographers using creative research methods, or collaborating with practitioners, I consider the calls for critical accounts of these forms of making geographical knowledge. I argue that the idea of ‘medium’ has emerged as an important frame for such accountings. Discussion explores firstly, the importance of the ‘post-medium’ transdisciplinary field, and secondly, the persistence of medium in shaping relations between cultural geography and creative practices.
The oceanography of Cuchlaine A.M. King
Authors: Dixon Richard W , O’Brien Shayne R , Hodge Joshua B
Published: April 2021

C.A.M. King, the noted British coastal geomorphologist, authored two books in a three-year period. Beaches and Coasts in 1959 was a major contribution to coastal geomorphology, whereas Oceanography for Geographers represents King’s attempt to show the importance of the oceans to all of geography. Their approaches and pedagogy differ, but their lessons remain relevant today.
Engineered Semi-Flexible Composite Mixture Design and Its Implementation Method at Railroad Bridge Approach
Authors: Yu Shuai , Shen Shihui , Huang Hai , Zhang Cheng
Published: April 2021

Considerable variation in the vertical displacement can cause railway tracks’ transition problems at the bridge approach. The vertical displacement gaps can result in amplification of the dynamic force and frequency, and gradually degrade the serviceability of the railway track. Many strategies, focusing on either modifying the track component or making changes to the entire structure, were used to mitigate transition problems. In particular, asphalt concrete underlayment as a structural adjustment method provides additional support to the ballast and protects the subgrade. However, its effect of reducing dynamic impact at the bridge approach is limited because asphalt mixture has a limited range of modulus and cannot make enough adjustments to the entire structure. Therefore, this paper aims to develop an engineered semi-flexible composite mixture (SFCM) design to mitigate the transition problem. The experiment showed that SFCM is a viscoelastic material with a wider modulus range, and its modulus can adjust with its air voids and the concrete slurry content. Track analysis using a 2.5D sandwich model was conducted to simulate the effects of the structure and material on the responses of the railway track under the dynamic loads and determine the arrangement of the transition zone. A four-segment transition zone design was eventually proposed for a special case of bridge approach. This method can be used to develop transition zones for achieving a smooth transition at the bridge approaches.
Results of the 10-Year Arizona Quiet Pavement Pilot Program
Authors: Donavan Paul R. , Janello Carrie J.
Published: April 2021

In April 2003, the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) initiated a Quiet Pavement Pilot Program in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Under this program, many freeway segments in the Phoenix metropolitan area with Portland Cement Concrete pavement surfaces received 25.4-mm thick asphalt rubber friction course overlays to reduce highway-related traffic noise. This pilot program represented the first time that pavement type was allowed as a noise mitigation strategy on federally funded projects. As part of this program, ADOT developed a 10-year research program with FHWA to evaluate the long-term acoustic performance of this noise mitigation approach. The final measurements were completed in 2015. The program was done with three types of measurements: Type 1 examined tire/pavement noise at the source at 115 milepost locations; Type 2 examined noise in residential neighborhoods near the freeways; and Type 3 evaluated noise using direct measures of traffic noise adjacent to the freeways. Sound absorption measurements were also made at specific sites at various times throughout the project. Type 1 measurements documented an average initial reduction of 8.7 dBA and an average increase of 0.5 dB/year. The Type 2 measurements revealed an average initial reduction of 5.2 dBA, whereas the Type 3 measurements showed an average initial reduction of 9.1 dBA and an average increase of 0.5 dB/year. The measured reductions were also compared with ADOT and FHWA noise abatement criteria.
New Travel Time Reliability Methodology for Urban Arterial Corridors
Authors: Tufuor Ernest O. A. , Rilett Laurence R.
Published: April 2021

The need for reliable performance measures of urban arterial corridors is increasing because of the rise in traffic congestion and the high value of users’ travel time. Consequently, travel time reliability (TTR), which attempts to capture the day-to-day variability in travel times, has recently received considerable research interest. The basis of all TTR metrics is the underlying travel time distribution (TTD) along the given link or corridor. Estimating and forecasting arterial corridor TTDs for TTR analysis is the focus of this paper. This paper proposes a TTR methodology that addresses some of the limitations of the current U.S. state-of-the-art methodology which was published in the 6th edition of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM6). Specifically, HCM6 can only estimate average TTD and not the population TTD. However, the population TTD is needed for accurate trip decision-making by individual drivers and logistics companies. In addition, HCM6 cannot be used to analyze the effect of new technologies, such as connected and automated vehicles, nor can it be used easily for long corridors or networks. The proposed TTR methodology, which is traffic-microsimulation based, was applied on a 1.16 mi arterial testbed in Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S. It was shown that the proposed TTR methodology, when calibrated, could replicate the empirical population TTD at a 5% significance level. The population TTD could also be transformed into an average TTD that also replicated the corresponding empirical average TTD at a 5% significance level.
Evaluation of Chloride Intrusion along Concrete–Grout Interfaces for Post-Tensioned Concrete Durability
Authors: Tatum Garrett , Colbert Benjamin , Brenkus Natassia
Published: April 2021

A pour-back is a critical component of a post-tensioned concrete system, affecting its durability by protecting anchorages and vents from corrosion. However, the material interface between the grout pour-back and the concrete member may serve as an accelerated pathway for chloride ion intrusion and may lead to premature corrosion of post-tensioning components. This study evaluates the vulnerability of concrete–grout interfaces through two experimental protocols: a novel electrical migration test and the standard electrical resistivity test. The results are used to predict the service life of pour-back systems using a concrete life-cycle assessment model. This research serves as a first step toward defining the chloride permeability of concrete–grout interfaces.
Qui a le droit d’étudier le genre et comment ? Réflexions sur le point de vue situé et la catégorisation du sexe à partir d’une enquête par méthodes mixtes sur les trans’
Authors: Beaubatie Emmanuel
Published: April 2021

Les trans’ se montrent souvent réfractaires vis-à-vis des recherches. Revenant sur une enquête par méthodes mixtes, cet article se penche sur les ressorts de ce phénomène. La méfiance des trans’ repose sur deux principales raisons. La première touche à l’expertise et plus précisément au point de vue des expertċeċs professionnelċleċs, les personnes concernées ayant, pour beaucoup, déjà été objectivées par des expertċeċs médicauxċales et juridiques non-trans’. La seconde concerne la catégorisation du sexe. Certainċeċs ne se reconnaissent pas dans le classement binaire homme/femme opéré par les expertċeċs professionnelċleċs. Cependant, la population trans’ est hétérogène : variable selon le sexe assigné à la naissance, l’âge, la génération et le niveau d’éducation, les critiques et refus de participation proviennent de certains profils sociaux plus que d’autres. Attentif à cette pluralité, cet article donne des pistes pour permettre aux chercheursċeuses de naviguer en terrain trans’, tout en contribuant aux réflexions sur le point de vue situé et sur la catégorisation du sexe en sciences sociales.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Patients With COVID-19: An International Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Raasveld Senta Jorinde , Delnoij Thijs S. R. , Broman Lars M. , Lansink-Hartgring Annemieke Oude , Hermans Greet , De Troy Erwin , Taccone Fabio S. , Diaz Manuel Quintana , der Velde Franciska van , Miranda Dinis Dos Reis , Scholten Erik ,   ETALON Study Group, Vlaar Alexander P. J.
Published: April 2021

Background:

To report and compare the characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to non-COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients on ECMO.

Methods:

We performed an international retrospective study of COVID-19 patients on ECMO from 13 intensive care units from March 1 to April 30, 2020. Demographic data, ECMO characteristics and clinical outcomes were collected. The primary outcome was to assess the complication rate and 28-day mortality; the secondary outcome was to compare patient and ECMO characteristics between COVID-19 patients on ECMO and non-COVID-19 related ARDS patients on ECMO (non-COVID-19; January 1, 2018 until July 31, 2019).

Results:

During the study period 71 COVID-19 patients received ECMO, mostly veno-venous, for a median duration of 13 days (IQR 7-20). ECMO was initiated at 5 days (IQR 3-10) following invasive mechanical ventilation. Median PaO2/FiO2 ratio prior to initiation of ECMO was similar in COVID-19 patients (58 mmHg [IQR 46-76]) and non-COVID-19 patients (53 mmHg [IQR 44-66]), the latter consisting of 48 patients. 28-day mortality was 37% in COVID-19 patients and 27% in non-COVID-19 patients. However, Kaplan-Meier curves showed that after a 100-day follow-up this non-significant difference resolves. Non-surviving COVID-19 patients were more acidotic prior to initiation ECMO, had a shorter ECMO run and fewer received muscle paralysis compared to survivors.

Conclusions:

No significant differences in outcomes were found between COVID-19 patients on ECMO and non-COVID-19 ARDS patients on ECMO. This suggests that ECMO could be considered as a supportive therapy in case of refractory respiratory failure in COVID-19.
A Field Test of Opportunities for Teen Dating Violence Disclosure in School-Based Relationship Education Programs
Authors: Kan Marni L. , McKay Tasseli E. , Berzofsky Marcus E. , Biemer Paul P. , Edwards Susan L. , Landwehr Justin , Brinton Julia E.
Published: April 2021

School-based relationship education programs offer an opportunity to identify youth who are experiencing teen dating violence (TDV), support their safety, and connect them with individualized services or referrals. However, no research has tested the feasibility or accuracy of approaches to create opportunities for TDV disclosure in the context of school-based programs. The current study presents the results of a field test comparing three tools used to provide opportunities for TDV disclosure (two questionnaire-style tools and one universal education discussion guide). High school students from two federally funded healthy marriage and relationship education (HMRE) program sites ( N = 648) were offered the three tools in random order over the course of the HMRE program, which lasted between 3 weeks and 3 months and took place during the school day. Onsite qualitative interviews with HMRE program staff and their local domestic violence program partners assessed how service providers saw the tools and the process of implementing them. Latent class models examined the accuracy of the tools in identifying TDV. Sensitivities of the tools were low and specificities were high; the questionnaire-style tools tended to have higher sensitivities and fewer classification errors than the universal education tool. Several three-item combinations from across the tools performed better than any intact tool, suggesting that shorter assessments may be effective, provided they include items on sexual coercion and physical violence. Qualitative findings suggested that implementation of TDV assessment and universal education in school settings is a viable strategy, provided programs are able to gain support from school staff, adapt to tight time constraints, and plan procedures for protecting student privacy and confidentiality.
Extending Johnson’s Typology: Additional Manifestations of Dating Violence and Coercive Control
Authors: Conroy Nicole E. , Crowley Claire G.
Published: April 2021

In this study, we explored patterns of violence and coercive control in young adult dating relationships by testing and extending Johnson’s typology of intimate partner violence. Young adults ( N = 398) between 18 and 27 years old completed an online survey about experiences of violence and coercive control in current and past dating relationships. Using cluster analysis, we classified relationships as no/low coercive control and high coercive control. We then categorized relationship types according to Johnson’s typology using the coercive control clusters and the absence/presence of violence. In total, 35% of relationships were abusive (i.e., violent and/or high coercive control), with 24% of all reported relationships including violence with and without high coercive control, and 11% including nonviolent coercive control. Among violent relationships, situational couple violence was more common than other types of dating violence, and two additional types of violence were found: (a) violence toward a nonviolent coercive controlling partner and (b) nonviolent coercive control toward an intimate terrorist, both of which are potentially types of resistance distinct from Johnson’s concept of violent resistance. Additionally, victims of intimate terrorism and victims of nonviolent coercive control were significantly more fearful of their partners than victims of situational couple violence, and victims of situational couple violence did not differ in their fear of partners compared to respondents in nonabusive relationships. These findings identify additional abusive relationship types and elucidate the importance of extending Johnson’s typology to more comprehensively capture the complex dynamics of coercive control and/or violence in young adult dating relationships.
A review on recent advances on improving polyimide matrix nanocomposites for mechanical, thermal, and tribological applications: Challenges and recommendations for future improvement
Authors: Ogbonna Victor E , Popoola Patricia I , Popoola Olawale M , Adeosun Samson O
Published: April 2021

In recent years, advancements on improving the mechanical and tribological properties of polyimide nanocomposites have remarkably increased, owing to the fact that polyimide nanocomposites exhibits lightweight, high strength, thermal stability as well as anti-wear and solvent resistance. The polyimide nanocomposites are described as material of polyimide matrix reinforced with certain volume or weight percent concentration of nanofillers. Researchers have demonstrated the importance of thermoplastic polyimide nanocomposites in mechanical, thermal, and tribological applications. However, the nanocomposites are reportedly facing interfacial adhesion issues and surface properties degradation, which have affected their mechanical, friction, and abrasive wear resistance for tribological applications. Although, much advancements on improving the mechanical, thermal, and wear resistance properties of polyimide nanocomposites has been reported. However, this review summarizes the effects of nanofillers, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene (GN), graphene oxide (GO), boron nitride (BN), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), silica (SiO2), titania (TiO2), alumina (Al2O3), carbon fibres (CF), aramid fibre (AF), glass fibre (GF), zinc dioxide (ZnO2), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), silicon nitride (Si2N4), and carbon nitride (C3N4) on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of polyimide nanocomposites for tribological applications. The authors concluded the review study with advancement, challenges and suggestions for future improvement of polyimide nanocomposites as friction component material. Thus, the review offers an insight into the improvement and selection of polyimide nanocomposites material for mechanical, thermal, and tribological applications. More so, the review will also give away for further research.
Dealing With Paradoxes, Manufacturing Governance: Organizational Change in European Third-Sector Organizations
Authors: Petrella Francesca , Simsa Ruth , Pape Ulla , Pahl Joachim Benedikt , Brandsen Taco , Richez-Battesti Nadine , Zimmer Annette
Published: April 2021

Third-sector organizations (TSOs) in Europe have been confronted with profound changes to their regulatory and societal environments. By applying the concepts of “organizational paradoxes” and “governance,” we analyze how TSOs have adjusted their governance as a response to these environmental challenges. Based on organizational case studies in France, Germany, and the Netherlands, we argue that TSOs have found multiple ways to address tensions at the organizational level, for example, by mobilizing and combining resources, re-arranging their organizational governance and by adopting new legal forms. These changes have resulted in hybridization and increased organizational complexity that might translate into the emergence of new paradoxes at the organizational level. Therefore, dealing with paradoxes constitutes an ongoing process for TSOs that goes beyond incremental adjustments.
A system-level dual-redundancy steer-by-wire system
Authors: Mi Junnan , Wang Tong , Lian Xiaomin
Published: April 2021

Vehicle steer-by-wire system (SBW) can improve the handling stability, passive safety, active safety and drive comfort significantly, which becomes a hot topic in research. However, the safety problem of SBW is one of the most critical problem in its practical application. In order to solve the safety reliability problem of SBW, a dual-redundancy steer-by-wire system (DSBW) is proposed in this paper by applying the redundancy theory, in which no system failure is achieved when any single random electrical fault occurs, showing that DSBW is a system-level dual-redundancy system rather than a system with local redundancy. Finally, a DSBW prototype is manufactured to prove its high safety reliability. Fault injection experiments of the system are performed, in which DSBW works normally when any single electrical fault occurs.