bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of novel mutations in three Korean families with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease
Authors: Shin Kyung-Sue
Published: May 2022

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare hereditary disorder due to defective activity of phagocytic NADPH oxidase. Defects in @p91-phox subunit of cytochrome b558 give rise to X-linked CGD, which caused by mutations in the CYBB gene on Xp21.1. Although approximately 300 different mutations of the CYBB gene have been identified, the distribution of mutations within CYBB gene shows a great heterogeneity. The mutations in the CYBB gene of four Korean patients. with X-linked CGD from three unrelated families were identified in this study. Mutations were screened by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and then confinned by sequence analysis. Three different mutations were identified: one missense mutations (G1473 →T), one nonsense mutations (G1235 → T), and a splice site mutation at intron 11 resulting in the whole absence of exon 11 (5'gt → tt). These mutations are novel mutations. In this study, mutations of the X-linked CGD are very heterogeneous and do not have the peculiarity of the ethnic group.
Studies on The Plasma Analysis and Bioavailability of Phenytoin in Human
Authors: Kang Hae Jung , Lee Hae Ja , Nam Kweon Ho , Yoon Yeo Min , Kang Hee Kyeong , Yoo Eun Sook
Published: May 2022

A developed assay method to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in human plasma was investigated by reverse-phase HPLC-UV. We found the analytic condition that separate phenytoin from internal standard (triamcinolone acetonide) in human plasma sample at the wavelength of 225 nm. Proteins of the plasma samples were removed enough by using 0.1 N HC1. Mobile phase is consisted of buffer (pH3.0):CH3CN (65:35), and retention time of phenytoin is 8.2 min at a flow rate of 0.9 ml/min.. Tlie fundamental parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision for this bioanalytical method validation were suitable to pharmacokinetic study and bioequvalence test. Eight volunteers in lasting were administered single dose of 100 mg of phenytoin (one tablet) orally together with 240 ml water for pharmacokinetic studies. The maximum concentration (0.82 ㎍/ml) of phenytoin was attained at 6.63 hour after dosing. T1/2 and AUC were 14.88 hr and 25.181 ㎍hr/ml respectively. According to our study, the accurate analysis for phenytoin achieved and the proposed guidance can be applied to pharmacokinetic study and bioequivalence test in human.
A case of Wernicke’s encephalopathy with atypical manifestation at MR imaging
Authors: Lee Seong Suk , Choi Gukmyung , Yi Chin A , Her Kyu-Hee , Hong Jung Yun , Huh Jung-Sik
Published: May 2022

We report a case of atypical manifestation of Wernicke's encephalopathy in a 74-year-old non-alcoholic woman. T2-weighted images demonstrated symmetrical distribution of hyperintense lesions in cerebellar dentate nuclei, tegmentum of the lower pons, red nuclei, tectum of the mid brain, medial thalami, and splenium of the corpus callosum. The hyperintense lesions except corpus callosum were markedly resolved on follow-up MR images.
Basic Study on the Subinternship according to Development of Clinical Clerkship
Authors: Lee Chang-Hyun , Kang Hyun-Wook
Published: May 2022

Medical school is a time of great transformation. In addition to learning the science of medicine, students must develop a core set of skills common to all physicians. One key element in this process is the subintership or acting internship. Changes in the structure of medical care and medical education may challenge educators to reevaluate the role of the subintership in medical school curricula. The subintemship is a well-integrated component of contemporary medical education. Almost all U.S. medical schools offer an internal medicine subintership and approximately 20% require completion of an internal medicine subintership before graduation.But, in Korea, the subintership has been beginning or is a just experimental stage. Before contemplating any potential additions or changes to the subintership, it is important to understand its current structures. The subintership, unlike the third-year clerkship, relies on experience based or experimental curriculum, which is the historical foundation of clinical undergraduate medical education. Fourth-year students assume the roles of heavily supervised acting interns. We are faced with important questi이is about the implementation of a formal subintemship curriculum, the efficacy of this curriculum and implications of a curriculum on student evaluation.The subintership allows students to integrate knowledge, skills and attitudes acquired elsewhere during medical education while providing an opportunity to introduce critical topics important to the care of hospitalized patients. There is a trend toward providing a fonnal curriculum to supplement the experience-based teaching and learning. We briefly review the internal medicine subintership today, evidence-based suggestions for its curricular goals.
Analysis of Surgical technique of A-V fistula formation in patients of ESRD
Authors: Lee Hong-Sup , Chang Jee-Won
Published: May 2022

Objective: The study's aim was to analyse the current method of Arteriovenous fistula operation and to find the proper method of operation.Methods: A retrospective study of 44 Arteriovenous fistula operation for hemodialysis at Cheju National Hospital between April 2002 and November 2003.Results: Thirty six autogenous fistula, 8 prosthetic graft were available for evaluation. The incidence of Prosthetic graft was 18%. There are 25 radiocephalic fistula, 9 brachiocephalic or brachiocubital fistula and 2 ulnobasilic fistulas. 38 patients were successful and used for dialysis, but 3 lost in follow-up, I clotted in immediate postoperative period, 1 died before dialysis and 1 failed to mature.Conclusions: The proper selection of patients and method of artiovenous fistula operation can be reduce the incidence of artificial graft fistulas and increase the patency rate.
Foucault’s Discourse Analysis as a Methodology in Nursing
Authors: Lee Eun-Joo
Published: May 2022

Discourse analysis is a methodology, focuses on the sociocultural and political context in which text and narrative occur. This paper was to introduce Foucaults discourse analysis as a methodology and to inspire the related researches in nursing. It delineated the discourse theory, and major concepts, the discourse analysis, and analysed the typology of the related nursing researches. There were two typed researches: Some papers revealed and explained the state of nursing as a disciplinary used Foucault's theoretical concepts, and persuaded the usefulness of discourse analytic approach. And others employed the discourse analysis as methodology, collected and analysed the data according it's method. The products of the discourse analytic approach in nursing could support the methodological pluralism and it's inevitability. Those could reveal the effects of dominant discourse (traditional science, medicine, administration, sexism and professionalism) to the nursing a through the mechanism of the oppression and restriction, and suggest the new vision for nursing to construct the resistant discourse. This methodology had s이ne limitations as other qualitative methodologies and postmodernist theories. When nursing researchers understand the methodological characteristics of discourse analysis, it could be used to construct the fruitful nursing knowledge body.
Two cases of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis with atypical clinical features
Authors: Kim Jae-Wang , Shin Ji-Nam
Published: May 2022

Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis(EPF) is characterized by recurrent crops of pruritic folliculocentric papulopustules that occur mainly on face, trunk and extremities of young men. The main histologic feature is the infiltration of eosinophils into the follicular epidermis and adjacent dermis. Herein, we report two cases of EPF, one in a 35-year-old female and the other in a 58 year-old man. Histopathologic findings of the skin biopsy taken from 2 patients represented the heavy infiltration of eosinophils around and in the hair follicles, sebaceous glands and blood vessels. We could see beneficial responses by administration of dapsone in both cases.
Correlational study on Management of Menopause, Sm Role Attitude and Self-Esteem in Middle-aged Women
Authors: Yeo Jung-Hee
Published: May 2022

Purpose: This study was conducted using a descriptive correlational survey to identify the relationship among management of menopause, sex role attitude, and sex-esteem in middle-aged women.anagement of menopause, sex role attitude, and sex-esteem in middle-aged women.Methods: Data were collected through selfreported questionnaires from June 14, 2003 to June 30, 2004. The sample were 207 middle-aged women who were 40-64 years. Data collection instruments were Song's management of menopause scale, Moon's sex role attitude scale, and Noh's selfesteem of quality of life scale. The data collected were analyzed by descriptive stastistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient using the SPSS 10.0 PC+ program.Results: The mean score in management of menopause was 2.13. For the management of menopause regarding general and obstetric characteristics, there was a significant difference in age. The mean score of sex role attitude was 3.31. For the sex role attitude regarding general and obstetric characteristics, there were significant differences in age, educational level, number of child, income, marital duration, menstruation state, and number of pregnancy. The mean score of self-esteem was 3.29. For the self-esteem regarding general and obstetric characteristics, there were significant differences in educational level, income. There was a significant correlation between management of menopause and self-esteem(r=0.305, p<0.01).Conclusions: Self-esteem was important for middle-aged women to increase management of menopause. Therefore, it is necessary to develop intervention considering self esteem for promoting management of menopause in middle-aged women.
Chronic Losartan Therapy in OLETF Rats Has a Differential Effect on Adipose and Vascular PAM
Authors: Lee Dae-Ho , Park Deok-Bae , Lee Young-Ki , Kang Hyun-Wook
Published: May 2022

Angiotensinogen (AGT) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are expressed in both vascular and adipose tissues. Angiotensin II (AG II) has an adipogenic effect and increases PAI-1 expression. To evaluate the chronic effects of AG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonism on adipose mass and PAI-1 expression in vascular and adipose tissues, losartan (30 mg/kg/day) was administered to Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a model of type 2 diabetes, for 20 weeks. Adipose mass and regional fat distribution in the abdomen did not change after chronic AT1R antagonism in OLETF rats. AGT and PAI-1 mRNA expressions in adipose tissue of OLETF rats were significantly increased compared with Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats, the normal control. Chronic losartan therapy further increased the level of adipose AGT in OLETF rats, but did not affect the level of adipose PAI-1 mRNA. In contrast, aortic PAI-1 protein expression, assessed by immunofluorescent staining, was attenuated by chronic losartan therapy. Our results have three implications. First, chronic AT1R antagonism with losartan increases AGT expression in adipose tissue; increased AGT may sustain PAI-1 expression in adipose tissue despite the AT1R blockade. Second, chronic losartan therapy does not affect adipose mass. Third, chronic AT1R antagonism with losartan has a differential effect on vascular and adipose PAI-1 expression.
Tooth loss and Longevity in Korean elderly people aged 85 and older
Authors: Ko Yeo-Jo , Bae Jong-Myon , Song Hyo-Jeong , Kim Jin-Young
Published: May 2022

It was aim of this cross-sectional study to investigate the relationship between tooth loss and longevity in elderly person aged 85 and older. Among 218 aged 85 years and older residents on nine longevity villages in Jejudo, responders in direct interview were 146 subjects. In addition to the number of remnant teeth, life style, dietary habit, current diseases and medication, daily living activities and screening for dementia and depression were gathered from all participants. The anthropometries, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and blood glucose level were also measured. The mean age of study participants was 89 years (SD 3.2) and 85% women. The frequencies of 5 and more remnants of teeth would not different between group aged 85 to 87 years and group aged 90 years and older. And, the dentate group had less suffering from current illness, fewer cases of suspected dementia, more never smokers, fewer skip of meal per week, and higher body mass index than the edentulous group. The results suggested that the remnants of self teeth might be a factor of longevity and of quality of life in elderly people.Therefore, care services for dental health would be necessary to promote health status in elderly people.
Clinieal Analysis of Submersion Injuiy in Jeju
Authors: Kim Woo-Jeong
Published: May 2022

Purpose : Drowning is a process resulting in primary respiratory impairment from submersion in a liquid medium and one of leading cause of accidental death. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinieal characterisitcs of submersion injury in Jeju and to find the prognostic factors in the treatment of submersion injury.Methods : A total 46 patients who were treated for submersion injury in Cheju National University Hospital from May 2003 to February 2006 were reviewed retrospectively. DOA(death on arrival) group and the other group wecompared according to the outcome in ED(emergency department) and ED discharge group and admission group were compared according to the disposition in ED. Also, death group and survival group were compared according to the final outcome in admission group.Results : Among 46 submerged patients, there were 30 males and 16 females, and their mean age was 29.7±21.1 years. The most common age group, season, and type of water were childhood, summer, salt water respectively and the mean duration of submersion was 7.0±8.4 minutes. DOA group showed significantly longer duration of submersion, higher K and PCO2. and lower pH. PO2. SaO2 compared to the other group. Admission group showed significantly higher Na and PCO2 and lower PO2, SaO2 compared to ED discharge group. Death group showed significantly longer duration of submersion and higher Cr compared to survival group in final outcome.Conclusion : Prognosis of submerged patients could be predicted by some factors such as K. PCO2. pH. PO2.SaO2, and Cr.
A survey on the demand for home care nursing of the patients who were discharged from one hospital
Authors: Park Eun-Ok , Lee Eun-Joo , Yeo Jeong-Hee , Kim Jeong-Hee , Song Hyo-Jeong , Hyun Mi-Yeul
Published: May 2022

This study was done in order to investigate home care nursing need of patients who were discharged from one hospital. Data were collected from 155 patients in J hospital in J city from Jan 19, 2006 to Feb 10, 2006.The results of this study as follows;1. 61.3% of subjects replied that they would like to use home care nursing service if hospital provides. Comfort was answered as the first reason to use the service.2. The area which showed the highest need was ’teaching and training', followed by 'patient assessment and basic nursing', 'counseling and referring'.3. The service which showed the highest need was 'vital sign check’, followed by 'observation and assessment of health status', 'diet teaching', and 'counseling about patient' status'.4. There was no significant difference in need of home care nursing between groups by age. gender, income, disease, and so on.
Partial characterization of a cysteine protease from Panonychus citri
Authors: Her Kyu-Hee , KIM Kwang-Sig , Choi Gukmyung , Kim Seung Hyoung , Chung Young-Bae
Published: May 2022

A cysteine protease activity of Panonychus citri was detected and partially characterized. Proteolytic activity of the enzyme was enhanced by the addition of reducing agent, dithiothreitol (DTT), and also it was absolutely inhibited by cysteine protease specific inhibitors, such as trans-epoxy-succinyl-L-leucyl-amido (4-guanidino) butane (E.64) and iodoacetic acid (IAA). The other specific inhibitors of serine- and metallo-proteases could not inhibit the enzyme activity. This result showed for the first time cysteine protease activity of P. citri. Further studies on the biological roles of the enzyme are required.
The Expression patterns of Oxidative Stress and Plasma Thoredoxin levels in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Kim Ki-Seok
Published: May 2022

No abstract available.
Teachers' Perceptions about Mental Health Problems of Students and Psychiatric Consultations in Jeju
Authors: Soh Minah , Kwak Young Sook
Published: May 2022

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to know teachers's perception about mental health problems of students and psychiatric consultations in Jeju.Methods： Subjects were 207 teachers who attended the 4 hour workshop about students' mental health. They were given the questionnaire specially designed to know teachers zs perception about mental health problems of students and psychiatric consultations. Total respondents were 142 teachers.Results: 1) The prevalence of mental health problems among students perceived by teachers was 2.68 students per class(33.55± 10.38) and also they thought 1.62 students per class needed psychiatric consultations.2) 21% of the teachers had the experience of recommending psychiatric consultations .to their students.3) The most frequent problems among elementary school students perceived by teachers were attentional problems, learning problems and language problems in order of frequency. Among middle school students attentional problems, learning problems and behavioral problems and among high school students, attentional problems, behavioral problems and personality problems were most frequent in order of frequency.4) The most important causing factors perceived by teachers were environmental factors including parenting, psychological factor, individual genetic vulnerability, lack of services and spiritual factor in order of frequency.5) The biggest problems perceived by teachers in dealing with students who have mental health problems were lack of time, lack of education about counseling and being in charge of too many students.6) They consulted to peer teachers most frequently and least to the psychiatry. The most frequent reason of not being able to consult to the psychiatry was due to prejudice of parents.Conclusion- This study replicated the evidence of the importance of mental health education, support programs and services for teachers and the developmental approach to implement school mental health promotion.
Psychopathology in the Middle School students with attention deficit problem
Authors: Kwak Young-Sook , Lee Soon-Jeong , Hong Jung-Yun
Published: May 2022

Objectives: This study focused on assessing the attention deficit problem of middle school students and finding out it's relation with their sociodemographic characteristics, and their other psychopathology.Methods: Subjects of the study were 450 first grade students in a boy's middle school in Jeju. The authors tested their attention deficit problem with Korean version of Conners-Wells' Adolescent Self-Report Scale(CASS) and assessed other psychopathology with MMPI.Results: After screening by CASS, the number of students within the range of ADHD risk group was 85(20.2%) and the number of students within the normal range was 336(79.8%). And there was no significant correlations between CASS score and parent's age, education level, family income, and expenses of housing. But It had significant correlation with pocket money.In MMPI, The number of students who had comorbid psychopathology in ADHD risk group was 26(30.6%). ADHD risk group showed significant differences in comparison with normal control group. ADHD risk group showed significantly higher scores in subscales of hystery, paranoia, and obsession than normal control group.Conclusions: The results that about one third of ADHD risk group had any type of comorbid psychopathology and showed high scores in subscales of hystery, paranoia, and obsession supports the requisite need of psychiatric evaluation and treatment for adolescents complaining attention deficit problem.
A case of emergency hysterectomy for postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony
Authors: Kang Jin Woo , Kim Sung Yob
Published: May 2022

Uterine atony is the leading cause of primary postpartum hemorrhage and the main indications of emergency peripartum hysterectomy.A 35-year-old pregnant female patient, at the gestational age of 39+6weeks visited our Hospital for induction of labor. But After giving her intravenous oxytocin, fetal heart rate deceleration was detected and rupture of amniotic membrane occurred. cesarean section was performed by method of lower transverse section. But vaginal bleeding was persistent and blood prssure fell to 80/50 .Lower segment of uterus was not firm, and Hb was 5.3 g/dl. Despite of oxytocin infusion,massive transfusion and uterus compression, bleeding was persistent. As a last choice, we decided to perform emergency peripartum hysterectomy. After hysterectomy, she was discharged following complete recovery on the 8th day of treatment. Hysterectomy should be considered if she has a massive bleeding. We report a case of emergency hysterectomy due to uterine atony.
The role of Adjuvant Radiation therapy in Endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Roh Young Ho , Kim Sung Yob
Published: May 2022

Endometrial cancer is a third common gynecologic malignancy in Korea, affecting approximately 714 women per year. Despite the publication of several prospective randomized trials, there continues to be controversy regarding the use of adjuvant radiation therapy in endometrial cancer management. It is clear that most women with early stage, low-risk disease will do well without adjuvant therapy. Intermediate-risk patients are at risk for local regional relapse, and radiotherapy has been shown to effectively reduce this risk without significantly impacting overall survival. The absence of a clear impact on survival has resulted in a lack of consensus regarding the use of radiotherapy in intermediate-risk patients. At the same time, the patterns of failure in intermediate-risk patients have resulted in differing recommendations regarding appropriate radiotherapy targets. High-risk patients are also at risk for local failure, and targeted radiotherapy may be appropriate. In this article, we discuss the controversies surrounding the role of adjuvant radiotherapy in endometrial cancer using an evidence-based approach.
A case of partial mole which is treated with chemotherapy
Authors: Kim Se hoon , Kim Sung Yob
Published: May 2022

Molar pregnancy is an abnormal form of pregnancy, characterized by the presence of a hydatidiform mole, an anomalous growth containing a nonviable embryo which implants and proliferates within the uterus. A hydatidiform mole has to be removed immediately because of the risk for developing into choriocarcinoma. In patients with hydatidiform mole, the preferred method of evacuation is suction dilatation and curettage. After molar evacuation, all patients should be monitored with serial hCG titers to diagnose and treat malignant sequelae promptly. We experienced a case of partial mole which was treated with chemotherapy after suction curettage.
The relation between abuse and socio-demographic factors, intelligence and brain function in sheltered runaway adolescents
Authors: Kwak Young-Sook
Published: May 2022

This study was intended to investigate socio-demographic characteristics, intelligence, brain function and abuse experience in sheltered runaway adolescents and also to exam the relation between them. And the ultimate purpose is to offer basic data which are needed in establishing comprehensive protection policy in sheltered runaway adolescents. 128 adolescents who stayed in the runaway shelters were investigated. Basic questionnarre about socio-demographic characteristic, developmental history, family environment, and abuse experience were asked to complete by themselves and Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence SCaleIK-WAIS), Bender-Geslalt Test(BGT) were carried by a psychologist. The most common age of the subjects was 15 years old. The first runaway episode was most common in the middle school period. and mostly their runaway was repeated sexual abuse history was more frequent in female，and emotional abuse was more frequent in male. Physical abuse was more frequent in 12-15 years old group and sexual abuse was more frequent in 16-21years old group. Emotional abuse was most frequent in whom the first runaway episode occurred in elementary school period. Physical abuse was most frequent in whom repeated runaway. ln intelligence test, 22% of subjects was mentally retarded. Emotional abuse was significantly related with decrease of verbal intelligence scores, and sexual abuse was significantly related with decrease of performance intelligence scores. ln BGT, 39.4% of subjects manifested brain dysfunction signs and mean error score significantly higher in adolescents with history of emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect. Abuse experience were significantly more frequent in runaway adolescents than in general adolescents. And this result caused various harmful effect in cognitive brain function. To prevent this and to provide prolection policy for runaway adolescents, more active investigation about the abuse history and early family intervention are needed.
An Experience of Planned Dual Modality Treatment for an Elongated Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm
Authors: Lee Chang Sub
Published: May 2022

Clipping and coiling are the two major therapeutic modalities for treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. The recent advancements of the two modalities are striking. But, any of the modalities can completely obliterate all aneurysms, so far Because of the several lesions. the obliteration rate of retreated aneurysm is much lower than that of first treated aneurysms Nowadays. complicated aneurysms are begin to be treated by planned dual-modality treatment. The author experienced planned dual modality treatment for elongated shape. ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm. And got complete obliteration.
A short review of Anemia of chronic disease: clinical feature, mechanism and the treatment
Authors: Kim Wookun
Published: May 2022

Anemia of chronic disease is the second common anemia following the iron deficiency anemia. it has been known to be associated with acute or chronic infection, however, it is now known to be from any disease with inflammation including cancer This anemia is usually normocytic and normochromic and the degree of anemia is not severe. The poor utilization of iron into erythropoiesis due to entrapment of iron in macrophages and reticuto-endothelial cells has been considered as the main mechanism of developing this anemia. However ， it is recognized that various cytokines take the significant roles in the pathogenesis. Although erythropoietin has been shown to have some efficacy in certain situations such as in anemia from cancer ，The knowledges of its adverse effect in cancer prognosis，away from original expectation ，is being accumulated recently.
Matrix metalloproteinase gene polymorphisms as a risk factor for coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease
Authors: Shin Kyung-Sue
Published: May 2022

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a multi-systemic vasculitis that leads to coronary artery damage and coronary artery lesions (CALs). Recent studies have demonstrated that patients with Kawasaki disease have elevated expression, activity, or serum level of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and MMPs promoter polymorphisms modify each transcriptional activity in allele specific manner. Therefore, an evaluation of the genetic contributions of the MMP genes to the development of CALs in KD patients would be beneficial for the prediction of CAL formation. However , it remains unclear whether the tested MMP polymorphisms are associated with KD or CAL formation. To firmly estabtish the association between MMP polymorphisms and the development of CAL in KD, further large-scale studies are required in other populations.
Pattern-recognition receptors and recognition of pathogens
Authors: Koh Young-Sang
Published: May 2022

The mammalian host has evolved innate immune strategies to detect and respond to rapidly to diverse group of microorganisms. Microbial recognition is achieved by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptor (NLRs). PRRs detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activate downstream signalling pathways. NLRs have been proposed thal these cytosolic proteins regulate the cysteine protease caspase-1 within a multiprotein complex known as the inflammasome. Activation of caspase-1 leads to the cleavage and activation of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (lL-1β) and IL-18.
Treatment of sexual transmitted diseases
Authors: Huh Jung-Sik
Published: May 2022

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) mean all diseases of sexual contact ，such as syphilis，trichomoniasis, gonorrhoea，nongonorrhea urethritis，herpes simples typeⅡ, and hepatitis B. Chlamydia infection ，which was increased，was detected by using polymerase chain. reaction. A definite laboratory diagnosis of STD could be established in 36.5% of individuals. The most common STD in females was trichomoniasis，while in males， gonorrhoea was the most common. Antimicrobial resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an emerging public health problem as result of the alarming limitation in treatment options. Adherence to recommended antibiotiics at the appropriate dose is critical and monitoring for antimicrobial susceptibility!y needs to be actively maintained to adapt treatment guidelines of STD，appropriately. Aim of the article is understand recent trend of treatment ofSTD.
The theory of evolution and the history of sex
Authors: Son Young-Soo
Published: May 2022

Images which have close connection to sex are different among various societies and ages and sexual behaviors Changes incessantly with the progress of the world and the degree of civilization. In the bottom of our human sexual behaviors, there would be traces of ancient archaeological history of human sexual evolution and modern worldly sexual psychodynamics. Human sexual behaviors would be made in different sphere from other animals. which have more complicated factors within the composition. Passing by the human history of long time, sexual consciousness and sexual behaviors have been much changed and sometimes gone through hell and high water and sometimes heaven and gentle southerly breeze. Of them all, especially, the advent of successful female contraception and the political and social appearance of Feminism before and after the 1960's brought about tremendous changes and gave an epochal impact on the social sex role. Nowadays, human sex has been made a means pursuing active and holistic pleasure besides attaining the object of self-preservation irrespective to sex. However，strategic methodologies which have been taken by all other creatures of sexual reproduction would play an active and powerful role in the background human mind as an unconscious drive as well. And even if sexual consciousness is much changed totally fresh new sexual desire which originally have not existed would not come into being in human mind. Rather, now that social and cultural restrictions to sexual behaviors are to be attenuated lately，the ancient strategic methodologies which were taken unconsciously for successful sexual reproduction could have more poweful and irresistible influence on modern sexual behaviors. Making sure of， victory in the reproductive mating contest would be the best way through which the life and the future of a species could be to guarantee. Actually, sex Iies in lhe middle of the fierce struggle for Iife existence. Obtaining a new understanding regarding current human sexual behaviors，we should make every possible effort to amalgamale the gifted thoughts and achievements of Sigmund Freud and Charles Darwin and open up new academic vislas leading us to the true nature of human being.
Effects of culture extracts from Coriolus Versicolor mycellium grown in virus extract on ethanol-induced neurotoxicity
Authors: Hyun Seung-Don , Lee Youngki
Published: May 2022

We firstly screened the possibility that citrus extracts and culture extracts of Coriolus Versicolor mycellium grown in citrus extract liquid medium could be effective in preventing ethanol-induced neurotoxicity employing the clonal hippocampal cell line HT22. Secondly, it was investigated whether the mycellium culture extracts are able to lower blood ethanol concentration in the mouse following ethanol administration. A 24 hr incubation with ethanol 100-800 mM caused a dose-dependent loss of cell viability. Citrus extract of 0.1-1% and mycellium extracts of 0.5-4% did not reveal any effect on cell viability while 2-4% citrus extracts and 8% mycellium culture extracts significantly reduced the survival rate of HT22 cell. Co-incubation of citrus extract and mycellium culture extracts with ethanol resulted in a significant decrease in ethanoHnduced neurotoxicity by increasing cell viability. ROS scavenging effects of citrus extracts and mycellium culture extracts at 3% concentrations were increased 38% and 27% of controls receiving only ethanol (800mM), respectively. Citrus extracts and mycellium culture extracts reduced blood ethanol concentrations in mouse administrating ethanol and the effect is more pronounced in mycellium cuIture extracts treated ones than in citrus extracts treated ones ，21 % and 12% respectively. These results indicated that citrus and mycellium culture extracts are effective to ameliorate the ethanol-induced neurotoxicity.
Characterization of neural network reorganized by peripheral deafferentation in SI cortex
and VPL thalamus of anesthetized rats
Authors: Jung Sung-Cherl
Published: May 2022

Partial blocking of a sensorγ transmission from the periphery to the central nervous system by amputation. cold block and local anesthesia induces immediate somatotopical reorganization at multiple levels of the somatosensorγ system of adult mammals. The emergence of new receptive field (RF) or expansion of RF to RF boundary (RFB) after temporary deafferentation (TD) by local anesthesia has been suggested to be mediated with synaptic correlation among neurons. In this study, we characterized the alteration of neural network among neurons in each area during TD. TD induced the suppression of excitatorγ postsynaptic activities triggered by RF center (RFC) neurons，while those by RFB and RF outside (RFO) neurons in both SI cortex and VPL thalamus increased during TD. The quantification of neuronal activities changed during TD strongly suggests that the reorganization in SI cortex is more conspicuous than that in VPL thalamus. This means that TD-induced suppression of RFC activities may primarily lead the facilitation of RFB and RFO neurons, functionally disinhibiting the lateral inhibition among neurons.
Characteristics of trauma patients visiting Jeju Island
Authors: Park Kyung Hye
Published: May 2022

Jeju Island is the most famous sightseeing place in South Korea. Jeju has high death rate of injury in the country. We investigated the characteristics of trauma patients visiting ED by comparing visitors with residents in Jeju. New Injury Severity Score (NISS)，alcohol-related trauma. intentional trauma, mechanisms of trama and motor vehicle accidents, places trauma occurred, and results after treatment were investigated. A total of 5, 114 trauma patients visited ED from March 2008 to February 2009. There were no differences in NlSS.alcohol-related trauma，intentional trauma, mechanism of trauma, and results after treatment between residents and visitors. On the other hand, more visitors got injured in the commercial area and outdoor area , and they had more motorcycle accidents and passenger accidents. lesser driver accidents (p<0.001). We should take adequate measuresfor safely of residents and visitors using these results to decrease trauma mortality in Jeju.
Nervous System: 3 Years Experience as a Chairman of the lntegrative Course
Authors: Lee Chang Sub
Published: May 2022

The author present three years experience as a chairman of the "Nervous System" which is one of the integrative course in Jeju National University School of Medicine. I hope that sharing my experience will be helpful for the settlement of the integrative medical curriculum in Jeju National University School of Medicine
The results of an attachment promotion program for children in a child-care institution
Authors: Kwak Young Sook , Park Hyeung-Keun , Koh Hey Jong
Published: May 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an attachment promotion program as an early intervention for children with developmental delays in a child-care institution. The developmental status of the experimental group of 7 children (mean age; 25 months) who were referred to the program by child care workers due to their developmental delays was assessed by Psycho Educational Profile and Social Maturity Scale before and after the program. The program was composed of 32 sessions of intensive interactive plays and every child was coupled with an adult therapist. During same period, we also assessed developmental changes of a control group of chronologically same aged 7 children (mean age; 27months) in the same institution who did not participate the treatment program. The experimental group showed statistically significant increase of Total score (p<0.05), Imilation (p<0.05), Perception (p<0.05), Gross-motor (p<0.05), Eye-hand integration (p<0.05) and cognitive verbal areas (p<0.05) subscale scores of PEP after the program. But the comparison group showed significant change only in imitation (p<0.05) subscale of PEP. In SMS both group showed significant change. ln comparison of difference scores (pretreatment, score-post-treatment score) between experimental group and control group, all subscales of PEP except fine motor, cognitive performance and cognitive verbal areas subscales showed statistically significant differences between two groups. In SMS, there was also significant difference between groups. The results suggest that the attachment promotion program as an early intervention for children in a child-care institution is an effective tool for preventing and improving their developmental delays.
The effects of estrogen on normal menopausal vaginal flora
Authors: Lee Keun-Hwa , Park Da-Hee , Kim Young Ree , Park Chul Min , kim Sung yob
Published: May 2022

A study was conducted to determine the effects of estrogen on vaginal flora. Ten postmenopausal women (57-73 years of age) participated in the study, Vaginal fIora were evaluated before treatment and after receiving estrogen(2 mg/day) for 2months. Prior to treatment, 4 lactobacilli were found in vaginal cultures, whereas after 2 months of treatment, 12 lactobacilli were found in vaginal flora. No side effects were reported. Estrogen has the potential to be highly useful for restoring the vaginal normal flora.
Ropivacaine toxicity for combined spinal-epidural analgesia
Authors: Yun So Hui , Shin Hye Young , Park Sang Hyun , Lee Seung Yun , Park Jong Cook , Choi Yun Suk
Published: May 2022

A healthy 46-year-old male (weight 77 Kg, height 169 cm) required bilateral arthroscopic reconstruction of cruciate Iigament injury under combined spinal-epidural analgesia. The patient developed mental change, dysarthria after ropivacaine 52.5 mg was administered for epidural analgesia because of inadvertent intravenous injection. No symptoms of cardiovascular toxicity occurred. Treatment was with oxygen, lung ventilation and thiopental injection and the patient made a complete recovery.
Treatment of benign lesion in forehead
Authors: Yun Byung Min
Published: May 2022

Benign lesion in forehead is quite diverse such as nevus, dermoid cyst, epidermoid cyst. lipoma, osteoma. The most important point in treatment is minimal scar. The author present the treatment according to benign lesion.
Selection of the optimal hypoglycemic agent for type 2 diabetes: based on the 2009 consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes
Authors: Koh Gwanpyo
Published: May 2022

The management of hyperglycemia, the hallmark metabolic abnormality associated with type 2 diabetes, has taken center stage in the treatment of diabetes. The development of new classes of blood glucose-lowering medications to supplement the older therapies has increased the number of treatment options available for type 2 diabetes. The increased number of choices available to practitioners and patients has heightened uncertainty regarding the most appropriate means of treating this widespread disease. The ADA/EASD consensus algorithm for the medical management of type 2 diabetes was published in January 2009. I introduced the consensus approach to the management of hyperglycemia to help guide health care providers in choosing the most appropriate interventions for their patients with type 2 diabetes.
Spontaneous activities of SI cortical neurons contribute to the somatotopic reorganization in awake rats
Authors: Yang Yoon-SiI , Eun Su-Yong , Jung Sung-Cherl
Published: May 2022

In the central nervous system of awake animals, spontaneous activities of neurons participate in multiple functions for learning and performing behavior tasks and in abnormal processings such as epileptic seizure through their synaptic correlations with neighboring neurons. This suggests a possibility that spontaneous activities of SI cortical neurons may contribute to somatotopic reorganization. which is targeted by correlations of neuronal firing among receptive field (RF and boundary neurons. In this study. we investigated changes of spontaneous activities of SI cortical neurons induced by TD in awake rats, and characterized their functional properties correlated with somatosensory plasticity. TD-induced changes of evoked response of RF center (RFC), RF boundary (RFB) and outside (RFO) neurons in SI cortex of an awake rat did show normal plastic changes during TD However， spontaneous activities of all neurons including RFC were gradually facilitated and then recovered to initial value during TD. These results indicate that spontaneous activities of RFC neurons actively compensate the loss of somalosensory inputs from periphery to maintain neural communications with neighboring neurons.
Diagnostic usefulness of ultrasonography in carpal tunnel syndrome: Review of the literature
Authors: Kang Sa-Yoon , Park Ji-Kang
Published: May 2022

The diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is based on a combination of characteristic symptoms and electrophysiologic abnormalities. Although nerve conduction study is considered as the gold standard for CTS diagnosis, the attraction of sonography for diagnosis of CTS lies in its wide availability, lower cost, noninvasiveness, and shorter examination time. We present a review of the literatures concerning sonography for. the diagnosis of CTS. The main conclusion is that there is no competition but rather a complementarity between sonography and electrodiagnosis. Sonography is certainly an efficient imaging technique but can not replace electrophysiologic study.
Current Status of Hospice-Palliative Care Institutions In Jeju
Authors: Huh Jung-Sik
Published: May 2022

As a part of the analysis of hospice palliative care institution in Jeju. this study is to establîsh of role of them. This study investigate current state of hospice palliative care in Jeju. There are six public health centers, two hospice institution, one Jeiu regional cencer center, two volunteer associations. Although there were a different according to condition of institutions and associations. the services provided through end stage patients management include physical, emotional, spiritual and education There were three institutions which had education program about hospice palliative care. It is necessary to lake good relationships each institution and association to care end stage patients.
A Comparison between Liquid-Crystal Display Monitors and Cathode-Ray Tube Monitors: A Combined Assessment Study of Observer Performances by Using Storage Phosphor and Flat-Panel-Detector Radiography in Detecting Experimentally Induced Pulmonary Edema in
Authors: Jeong Sun Young , Chung Myung Jin , Choi Gukmyung , Kim Bong Soo , Kim Seung Hyun , Park Ji Kang
Published: May 2022

To compare the observer performance 0f liquid crystal display (LCO) and cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors in detecting experimentally induced pulmonary edema in pigs by using soft-copy images of amorphous selenium-based flat-panel-detector radiography (OR) and storage phosphor computed radiography (CR). Oleic acid was injected intra-atrially into three pigs (weight, 20-25kg) at doses of 0.04, 0.05, and 0.06 ml/kg to induce pulmonary edema. Each set of CR, DR, and thin-section CT scans were obtained every 20-30 minutes from three pigs over 4-6hours. Thus, 37 sets (10 sets from pig-1, 11 sets from pig-2, and 16 sets from pig-3) of radiographs were obtained. Images were masked for identity. randomly sorted, and displayed on both live mega pixel (2048 x 2560 x 8 bits) LCD and CRT monitors. Eight radiologists rated each image for Ihe presence of ill-defined diffuse opacities and reticular-Iinear opacities in both lungs by using continuous rating scale of 0-100. A total of 4736 (37 sets 2 detector system 2 fields 2 lesion types 8 observers 2 monitor systems) observations were analyzed in terms of receiver operating characteristics. Average observer performance in detecting ill defined diffuse opacities, LCO and CRT monitors were not different significantly in both OR and CR images. Average performance in detecting reticular-linear opacities was significantly better with LCD than CRT. These differences were significant in evaluating DR images (AUC=.852±.038 on LCD; AUC=.785±.070 on CRT) but not significant in evaluating CR images (AUC=.795±.060 on LCD; AUC=.745±.070 on CRT) System on both LCO and CRT monitors (p=.042 on LCD; p=.044 on CRT). Moreover. with OR system. observer performance was better with LCD monitor than with CRT monitor (p=.013), whereas with CR system, observer performance was not different significantly on both monitors (p=.11 8). Overall the five-megapixel LCD monitor was equal or superior to CRT monitor of the same pixel size in detecting experimentally induced pulmonary edema. Moreover, the LCD monitor appears, to be more optimized for detecting pulmonary reticular-linear opacity, when interfaced with DR system rather than with CR system.
Surgical treatment of recurrent severe hemoptysis due to impaction of fractured rib in the lung parenchyma
Authors: Chang Jee Won , Maeng Young-Hee , Kim Miok , Lee Hong Sup
Published: May 2022

Fifty-year-old female patient presented with recurrent severe hemoptysis which had progressed from spontaneously resolved blood-tinged sputum. She had a history of rib fracture hemothorax, and lung contusion caused by pedestrian traffic accident 3years before the time of presentation and treated with ventilator, chest tube insertion, and tracheostomy. Bronchoscopic finding was bleeding from left Jower lobar bronchus and chest CT showed 2cm-sized soft tissue mass-like lesion with central metallic density in the left lower lobe along with localized pleural thickening and old fracture of left seventh rib. Left lower lobectomy was performed. Pathology of the specimen presented that dead bone fragment was surrounded by the mass which was chronic inflammation and hematoma. She is doling well without any complications. We successfully treated recurrent severe hemoptysis due to impaction of fractured rib in the lung.