bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Approach for Pixel Decomposition to Increase the Spatial Resolution of Land Surface Temperature Images from MODIS Thermal Infrared Band Data
Authors: Wang Fei , Qin Zhihao , Li Wenjuan , Song Caiying , Karnieli Arnon , Zhao Shuhe
Published: December 2014

Land surface temperature (LST) images retrieved from the thermal infrared (TIR) band data of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) have much lower spatial resolution than the MODIS visible and near-infrared (VNIR) band data. The coarse pixel scale of MODIS LST images (1000 m under nadir) have limited their capability in applying to many studies required high spatial resolution in comparison of the MODIS VNIR band data with pixel scale of 250–500 m. In this paper we intend to develop an efficient approach for pixel decomposition to increase the spatial resolution of MODIS LST image using the VNIR band data as assistance. The unique feature of this approach is to maintain the thermal radiance of parent pixels in the MODIS LST image unchanged after they are decomposed into the sub-pixels in the resulted image. There are two important steps in the decomposition: initial temperature estimation and final temperature determination. Therefore the approach can be termed double-step pixel decomposition (DSPD). Both steps involve a series of procedures to achieve the final result of decomposed LST image, including classification of the surface patterns, establishment of LST change with normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI) and building index (NDBI), reversion of LST into thermal radiance through Planck equation, and computation of weights for the sub-pixels of the resulted image. Since the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) with much higher spatial resolution than MODIS data was on-board the same platform (Terra) as MODIS for Earth observation, an experiment had been done in the study to validate the accuracy and efficiency of our approach for pixel decomposition. The ASTER LST image was used as the reference to compare with the decomposed LST image. The result showed that the spatial distribution of the decomposed LST image was very similar to that of the ASTER LST image with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.7 K for entire image. Comparison with the evaluation DisTrad (E-DisTrad) and re-sampling methods for pixel decomposition also indicate that our DSPD has the lowest RMSE in all cases, including urban region, water bodies, and natural terrain. The obvious increase in spatial resolution remarkably uplifts the capability of the coarse MODIS LST images in highlighting the details of LST variation. Therefore it can be concluded that, in spite of complicated procedures, the proposed DSPD approach provides an alternative to improve the spatial resolution of MODIS LST image hence expand its applicability to the real world.
Surface Plasmon Resonator Using High Sensitive Resonance Telecommunication Wavelengths for DNA Sensors of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis with Thiol-Modified Probes
Authors: Hsu Shih-Hsiang , Hung Shao-Chiang , Chen Yu-Kun , Jian Zhi-Hao
Published: December 2014

Various analytes can be verified by surface plasmon resonance, thus continuous improvement of this sensing technology is crucial for better sensing selection and higher sensitivity. The SPR sensitivity on the wavelength modulation is enhanced with increasing wavelengths. The telecommunication wavelength range was then utilized to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) under two situations, without immobilization and with 5'-thiol end labeled IS6100 DNA probes, for SPR sensitivity comparison. The experimental data demonstrated that the SPR sensitivity increased more than 13 times with the wavelength modulation after immobilization. Since the operating wavelength accuracy of a tunable laser source can be controlled within 0.001 nm, the sensitivity and resolution on immobilized MTB DNA were determined as 1.04 nm/(μg/mL) and 0.9 ng/mL, respectively.
Fabrication of a SnO2-Based Acetone Gas Sensor Enhanced by Molecular Imprinting
Authors: Tan Wenhu , Ruan Xiaofan , Yu Qiuxiang , Yu Zetai , Huang Xintang
Published: December 2014

This work presents a new route to design a highly sensitive SnO2–based sensor for acetone gas enhanced by the molecular imprinting technique. Unassisted and acetone-assisted thermal synthesis methods are used to synthesis SnO2 nanomaterials. The prepared SnO2 nanomaterials have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and N2 adsorption−desorption. Four types of SnO2 films were obtained by mixing pure deionized water and liquid acetone with the two types of as-prepared powders, respectively. The acetone gas sensing properties of sensors coated by these films were evaluated. Testing results reveal that the sensor coated by the film fabricated by mixing liquid acetone with the SnO2 nanomaterial synthesized by the acetone-assisted thermal method exhibits the best acetone gas sensing performance. The sensor is optimized for the smooth adsorption and desorption of acetone gas thanks to the participation of acetone both in the procedure of synthesis of the SnO2 nanomaterial and the device fabrication, which results in a distinct response–recovery behavior.
A Low-Noise DC Seismic Accelerometer Based on a Combination of MET/MEMS Sensors
Authors: Neeshpapa Alexander , Antonov Alexander , Agafonov Vadim
Published: December 2014

Molecular-electronic transducers (MET) have a high conversion coefficient and low power consumption, and do not require precision mechanical components thus allowing the construction of cost- and power-efficient seismic accelerometers. Whereas the instrumental resolution of a MET accelerometer within the 0.1–100 Hz frequency range surpasses that of the best Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and even some force-balanced accelerometers, the fundamental inability to register gravity or, in other words, zero frequency acceleration, significantly constrains the further spread of MET-based accelerometers. Ways of obviating this inherent zero frequency insensitivity within MET technology have so far, not been found. This article explores a possible approach to the construction of a hybrid seismic accelerometer combining the superb performance of a MET sensor in the middle and high frequency range with a conventional on chip MEMS accelerometer covering the lower frequencies and gravity. Though the frequency separation of a signal is widely used in various applications, the opposite task, i.e., the combining of two signals with different bandwidths is less common. Based on theoretical research and the analysis of actual sensors’ performance, the authors determined optimal parameters for building a hybrid sensor. Description and results for implementation of the hybrid sensor are given in the Experimental section of the article. Completing a MET sensor with a cost-effective MEMS permitted the construction of a low noise DC accelerometer preserving the noise performance of a MET sensing element. The work presented herein may prove useful in designing other combined sensors based on different technologies.
Enhancement of Land Tenure Relations as a Factor of Sustainable Agricultural Development: Case of Stavropol Krai, Russia
Authors: Trukhachev Vladimir , Ivolga Anna , Lescheva Marina
Published: December 2014

The aim of this paper is to give an overview and analyze the contemporary land tenure relations in Russia in view of their influences on economic viability of agricultural production. The paper investigates progress made toward the development of agricultural land market in economies in transition. The research is made with emphasis on Stavropol Krai, agricultural region in the southern part of Russia. The authors retrospectively address land tenure relations in the region, analyze contemporary tendencies, and discover linkages between land tenure relations and sustainable agricultural development. The later concept is understood here as economic viability of agricultural production. The paper focuses on the potential approaches for resolving specific problem issues in the sphere of sustainable agricultural development through effective land tenure relations. The paper is concluded with the substantiation of methodology of land rent payment, the size of which is made conditional on land productivity and effectiveness of agricultural production.
Factors Influencing the Conversion of Arable Land to Urban Use and Policy Implications in Beijing, China
Authors: Huang Daquan , Jin Haoran , Zhao Xingshuo , Liu Shenghe
Published: December 2014

Rapid urban land expansion and the resulting arable land loss have put food security in China at risk. This paper investigates the characteristics and mechanism of arable land conversion in Beijing using a logistic model based on land-use data for 2001 and 2010. The results suggest that (1) arable land conversion tends to occur near built-up areas, city centers and major roads; (2) arable land that lies closer to irrigation canals and country roads is less likely to be converted to urban use; (3) arable land that is bigger in size and has a more regular shape has a lower probability of conversion to urban use; and (4) the Prime Farmland Protection policy and related land-use plan have played a positive role in preserving arable land, demonstrated by the probability for arable land conversion inside a prime farmland boundary is 63.9 percent less than for land outside the boundary. Based on these findings and on sustainable-development principles, we suggest that, rather than an exclusive focus on controlling the quantity of arable land, the location and characteristics of the arable land should be a primary consideration when designing urban policies and plans.
Comparison of Neurological Function in Males and Females from Two Substrains of C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Ashworth Amy , Bardgett Mark , Fowler Jocelyn , Garber Helen , Griffith Molly , Curran Christine
Published: December 2014

The C57BL/6 (B6) mouse is the background strain most frequently used for genetically-modified mice. Previous studies have found significant behavioral and genetic differences between the B6J (The Jackson Laboratory) and B6N substrains (National Institutes of Health); however, most studies employed only male mice. We performed a comprehensive battery of motor function and learning and memory tests on male and female mice from both substrains. The B6N male mice had greater improvement in the rotarod test. In contrast, B6J female mice had longer latencies to falling from the rotarod. In the Morris water maze (MWM), B6J males had significantly shorter latencies to finding the hidden platform. However, B6N females had significantly shorter path lengths in the reversal and shifted-reduced phases. In open field locomotor activity, B6J males had higher activity levels, whereas B6N females took longer to habituate. In the fear conditioning test, B6N males had a significantly longer time freezing in the new context compared with B6J males, but no significant differences were found in contextual or cued tests. In summary, our findings demonstrate the importance of testing both males and females in neurobehavioral studies. Both factors (sex and substrain) must be taken into account when designing developmental neurotoxicology studies.
Fostering Blueprints for Local Government Development: The Local Governance Development Framework
Authors:   RTI International, Bell Marissa , Bland Gary ,   RTI International
Published: December 2014

The Local Government Development Framework (LGDF) is a local governance performance measurement and monitoring tool based on government-citizen collaboration. Developed by RTI International, the LGDF provides for the establishment of demand-driven benchmarks and participatory assessments for the improvement of local governance, service delivery in particular. The paper presents the development-project origins of the LGDF beginning in the 1980s, comparatively examines LGDF’s strengths and weaknesses, and provides a step-by-step discussion of its utilization. Four developing countries in which the LGDF has been applied serve as examples. The LGDF involves, first, the establishment of performance benchmarks for the priority functions of the local government. Second, local officials and community stakeholders come together to collaboratively assess and score progress toward achieving the benchmarks. Third, local officials working with stakeholders develop action plans for achieving priority objectives. Finally, the process is regularly repeated to identify areas of improvement and future capacity-building needs. Successful implementation of the LGDF, we conclude, requires leadership, well-aligned political incentives, proper design and implementation, and dedication to the process. Yet it has withstood the test of time and proven to be an effective tool for bringing government together with the community to achieve local development objectives.
THE FREQUENCY OF ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS WITH THALASSEMIA MAJOR VERSUS THALASSEMIA INTERMEDIA IN IRAN
Authors: Matin Sara , Ghanei Jahromi Masoud , Karemizadeh Zohreh , Haghpanah Sezaneh , De Sanctis Vincenzo , Soliman Ashraf , Karimi Mehran
Published: December 2014

Background: Endocrine dysfunction is not uncommon complication in patients with transfusion dependent thalassemia and is thought to occur as a consequence of excessive iron overload. The main objective of this study is to determine the frequency of adrenal insufficiency in patients with thalassemia major and thalassemia intermediate. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done at the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Southern Iran, in 2013. One hundred and ninety patients were divided into two groups; thalassemia major(TM) and thalassemia intermediate (TI) groups. We measured 8 AM serum cortisol, ACTH and ferritin concentrations in all patients. Results: The mean age of the TM and TI group were 22.5±5.7 and 23.8±6 years, respectively. 90 patients (47.4%) were splenectomized,  34 (36.2%) with TM and  56 (58.2%) with TI (p : 0.001). The mean serum ferritin levels were 3056.5±2306 and 666.2±616.5 in TM and TI respectively (p: 0.001).  Three patients with TM (1.6%) had low basal cortisol and ACTH levels. However their cortisol response to ACTH stimulation was normal. Conclusions: Low basal concentrations of cortisol and ACTH occurred in 1.6% of our adolescents young adult patients with TM suggesting a central defect of cortisol secretion at the basal state. However, cortisol response to standard – dose ACTH was normal in all patients with TM and TI.
Formation of Infectious Dengue Virus–Antibody Immune Complex In Vivo in Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) After Passive Transfer of Anti-Dengue Virus Monoclonal Antibodies and Infection with Dengue Virus
Authors: Moi Meng Ling , Ami Yasushi , Shirai Kenji , Lim Chang-Kweng , Suzaki Yuriko , Saito Yuka , Kitaura Kazutaka , Saijo Masayuki , Suzuki Ryuji , Kurane Ichiro , Takasaki Tomohiko
Published: December 2014

Infection with a dengue virus (DENV) serotype induces cross-reactive, weakly neutralizing antibodies to different dengue serotypes. It has been postulated that cross-reactive antibodies form a virus–antibody immune complex and enhance DENV infection of Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)-bearing cells. We determined whether infectious DENV–antibody immune complex is formed in vivo in marmosets after passive transfer of DENV-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) and DENV inoculation and whether infectious DENV–antibody immune complex is detectable using FcγR-expressing cells. Marmosets showed that DENV–antibody immune complex was exclusively infectious to FcγR-expressing cells on days 2, 4, and 7 after passive transfer of each of the mAbs (mAb 4G2 and mAb 6B6C) and DENV inoculation. Although DENV–antibody immune complex was detected, contribution of the passively transferred antibody to overall viremia levels was limited in this study. The results indicate that DENV cross-reactive antibodies form DENV–antibody immune complex in vivo, which is infectious to FcγR-bearing cells but not FcγR-negative cells.
Abducens Nerve Palsy and Meningitis by Rickettsia typhi
Authors: Moy Wai Lun , Ooi Say Tat
Published: December 2014

Patients with rickettsial infection may present with encephalitis or meningitis but neurologic involvement is rare in murine typhus. Here, we report two patients with Rickettsia typhi meningitis who presented with cranial neuropathy, presumably caused by two distinct disease processes. Recognition of the disease manifestations is important because rickettsial infections are potentially associated with significant morbidity. Simple effective treatments are available.
Extracurricular Business Planning Competitions
Authors: Watson Kayleigh , McGowan Pauric , Smith Paul
Published: December 2014

Business planning competitions [BPCs] are a commonly offered yet under-examined extracurricular activity. Given the extent of sceptical comment about business planning, this paper offers what the authors believe is a much-needed critical discussion of the assumptions that underpin the provision of such competitions. In doing so it is suggested that these competitions, being based on business plans, could be limiting the entrepreneurial activity they seek to stimulate. As a result it could be said that BPCs are in a state of flux and require an evolved approach emphasizing implementation rather than planning for implementation. The issues highlighted set the scene for further critical questioning of the competition agenda and expected to be of value to those designing and offering competitions as part of their extra-curricular entrepreneurship education portfolio.
In for the Long Haul — Models of Sustained Graduate Support and Education
Authors: McNeill Tamara , Khatun Afia , Giddens Claire , Beaven Zuleika , Shorley Jennie
Published: December 2014

This paper seeks to articulate the problem of lack of timeliness in the provision of support for graduating students. The authors demonstrate how drawing together employability and enterprise support in the period after graduation can address that problem and present a narrative of a knowledge exchange (KE), showing how KE has the potential to enhance the delivery of enterprise education. Two distinct areas of literature provide the theoretical basis for the paper: the extensive enterprise education literature and the much less extensive work on KE and knowledge transfer (KT). The authors explain their KE process and draw on external and internal evaluation evidence from graduate support programmes to highlight the importance of links between theory and practice in delivery settings. They envisage a model that does not treat entrepreneurship and employment as necessarily separate career choices, recognizes the need to align funding for both streams of support, reinforces the value of engaging with employers to develop graduate career options, and emphasizes the importance of a focus on the years after graduation. The paper contributes to the debate about models of enterprise education and provides insight into KE in this context.
The Application of Reflexivity in Small Business Research and Implications for the Business Practitioner
Authors: Harrison Nigel , Kirkham Janet
Published: December 2014

This paper is based on a review of the lead author's research, which took the form of a self-narrative from a practitioner about the perceived realities of one small business and its owner. The paper explores the practical application of auto-ethnographic reflexive research methodologies and seeks to demonstrate that structured ways can be developed to enable complexity-inspired reflexive research to take place usefully in organizations. The authors review the appropriateness of a reflexive methodology, using ideas inspired by complexity thinking in the study of small businesses and their owner–managers. They highlight the practical difficulties encountered by a practitioner/researcher when attempting to employ reflexive methodology in the small business environment as a means of illuminating and understanding the driving forces that lie behind the outwardly observable characteristics of small businesses and their owner–managers. The approach remains relatively unknown in small business research and this mirrors a lack of acceptance in wider academic circles. The authors acknowledge the criticisms and discuss the limitations of the use of these techniques, but argue for their benefits to be more widely recognized. The outcomes presented offer an insight into behaviours and motivations not often articulated in the SME business world.
Crop Insurance Subsidies and Environmental Externalities: Evidence from Southern Italy
Authors: Capitanio Fabian , Adinolfi Felice , Santeramo Fabio Gaetano
Published: December 2014

Rapid environmental changes can affect agriculture by introducing additional sources of uncertainty. Conversely, policy interventions to help farmers cope with risks can induce strong impacts on the environment. In this paper, the authors evaluate the effects of public risk management programmes, particularly subsidies on crop insurance, on fertilizer use and land allocation. They implement a mathematical programming model based on data collected from 1,092 farms in the Puglia region of southern Italy. The results show that, under the current crop insurance programmes, input use is expected to increase, while the effect on production is likely to be crop-specific. The policy and environmental implications of subsidies on crop insurance are discussed.
Modelling Carbon Tariffs to Reduce Global Emissions in the Agricultural Sector
Authors: Shuai Chuanmin , Guo Qing , Ding Liping , Cheng Xin
Published: December 2014

This paper reports on the application of the GTAP 8.0 model to simulate the potential effects of carbon tariffs to reduce global emissions in the agricultural sector. The results indicate that: (i) carbon tariffs could facilitate a reduction in global carbon leakage for all countries (regions) except those in the EU; (ii) the structural effects of emissions reduction reflect the differences in economic structure, energy efficiency and energy-saving and emissions reduction potential among different countries (regions); and (iii) carbon tariffs have complex effects on emissions reduction in the global agri-sector. Whilst agriculture in developed countries could achieve emissions reduction, the rest of the world, and developing countries in particular, will have slight increases in carbon emissions in agriculture.
Neurogenic Polyps of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Clinicopathologic Review With Emphasis on Differential Diagnosis and Syndromic Associations
Authors: Hechtman Jaclyn F. , Harpaz Noam
Published: December 2014

Primary neurogenic gastrointestinal polyps are encountered relatively frequently in routine pathology practice. They encompass a variety of neoplastic entities with clinical, morphologic, and molecular features that reflect the diversity of neural elements within the gastrointestinal system. Although most are benign and encountered incidentally, accurate diagnosis may have important clinical implications because of the associations of certain neurogenic polyps with familial syndromes or other conditions. We review the pathology of these polyps with an emphasis on the diagnostic challenges that they pose and on newly described subtypes.
The Utility of Immunohistochemistry in the Differential Diagnosis of Gynecologic Disorders
Authors: Kaspar Hanna G. , Crum Christopher P.
Published: December 2014

Context

Immunohistochemistry has assumed an increasing role in the identification and characterization of gynecologic disorders including lesions with deceptively bland morphology, uncommon and underdiagnosed neoplasms, and neoplasms with specific genetic alterations associated with overexpression or loss of expression of specific proteins. The diagnostic accuracy has been significantly improved owing to the discovery and increasing experience with the tumor-associated biomarkers, and the increasing demand for precise tumor classification to assess suitability for the expanding therapeutic modalities including clinical trials.

Objective

To differentiate lesions of the gynecologic tract through the use of effective immunohistochemical panels.

Data Sources

Literature review and authors' personal practice experience.

Conclusions

The application of diagnostic and prognostic immunohistochemical panels has enabled pathologists to better guide therapeutic decisions and to better predict the clinical outcome. It is now well established that the use of ancillary testing, including immunohistochemistry, has a significant power in the identification, differentiation, and classification of reactive, premalignant, and malignant gynecologic disorders. This article discusses the utilities and pitfalls of the commonly used immunohistochemical markers in the context of overlapping morphologic features encountered in the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.
Continuous Ethanol Fermentation in Immersed, Cross-Flow Microfiltration Membrane Bioreactor with Cell Retention
Authors: Olga Radočaj  , Levente L. Diosady
Published: December 2014

The key objective of this study was to devise a continuous ZeeWeed® membrane-based, immersed, microfiltration (MF) laboratory scale fermentation system for ethanol production with cell retention to achieve effective ethanol productivity, flux rates and sugar utilization. The new bioreactor was compared to the fermentation kinetics’ of the ultrafiltration unit.A synthetic glucose based medium was fermented by fresh, baker’s yeast to produce ethanol. The cells were not recycled; the medium was continuously withdrawn by filtration through an internal, immersed hollow-fiber cartridge. In this way, the inside of the membrane was exposed to the ethanolic solution, while broth with viable yeast cells remained outside the membrane. This design, with a cell retention system, provided much less membrane fouling (loss of about 76% of the original water flux after 96 hours of filtration) than while using the ultrafiltration (UF) external hollow-fiber membrane with cell recycling (loss of 97% of the original water flux after 2-3 hours of operation). Both modules converted at least 95% of glucose with biomass concentration of 30 g/L, and the final ethanol concentration of 62 g/L. However, the UF membrane became plugged after only 2 hrs of operation. The ZeeWeed® membrane operated successfully for 96 hrs with a final flux of 4 L/h m2 with ethanol concentration of 62.4 g/l, biomass yield 0.34 g/g and cell viability of 95.3%. This concept could be successfully used for biofuel production. A very strong positive correlation was observed between the biomass and EtOH concentration (R=0.98; at p
Sonographic and Cytopathologic Correlation of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Variants
Authors: Lee Ji Hyun , Shin Jung Hee , Lee Hyun-Woo , Oh Young Lyun , Hahn Soo Yeon , Ko Eun Young
Published: December 2014

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common thyroid cancer and constitutes more than 70% of thyroid malignancies. Although TNM staging is the most widely used parameter for determination of therapeutic plans, recent studies have suggested that different histopathologic variants of PTC can also have different clinical courses and patient prognoses. Sonographic criteria for PTC are well established and include a taller‐than‐wide shape, an irregular margin, microcalcifications, and marked hypoechogenicity. The role of sonography has expanded to enable the characterization of PTC variants based on their sonographic features. Tall cell and diffuse sclerosing variants appear to have more aggressive clinical courses with unfavorable prognoses, whereas the more recently described cribriform‐morular and Warthin‐like variants have relatively indolent clinical courses. The prognoses of patients with follicular, solid, columnar cell, and oncocytic variants are still controversial and may be similar to the prognosis of conventional PTC. Understanding the sonographic characteristics of PTC variants with clinicopathologic correlation may be helpful for suggesting an appropriate treatment plan.
Noninvasive Imaging of Aortic Atherosclerosis by Ultrasound Biomicroscopy in a Mouse Model
Authors: Zhang Xiaoshan , Ha Si , Wei Wei , Duan Shasha , Shi Yilu , Yang Ya
Published: December 2014

Objectives

The noninvasive and accurate evaluation of vessel characteristics in mouse models has become an intensive focus of vascular medicine. This study aimed to apply ultrasound biomicroscopy to evaluate aortic atherosclerotic progression in a low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDL‐R) knockout mouse model of atherosclerosis.

Methods

Ten male LDL‐R−/−C57BL/6 mice aged 16 and 24 weeks and 8 male wild‐type C57BL/6 mice aged 16 and 24 weeks were used as experimental and control groups, respectively. Ultrasound biomicroscopy was applied to detect the morphologic characteristics of the aortic root, ascending aorta, aortic arch, and carotid artery and to measure the aortic root intima‐media thickness and carotid artery bifurcation.

Results

Ultrasound biomicroscopy showed a significant increase in the aortic root intima‐media thickness from 0.10 ± 0.03 mm in 16‐week‐old mice to 0.16 ± 0.04 mm in 24‐week‐old mice (P < .01). The ultrasound biomicroscopically measured intima‐media thickness was highly correlated with the histologic measurement (r = 0.81).

Conclusions

Ultrasound biomicroscopy could be used for a noninvasive, accurate, and dynamic analysis of aortic atherosclerosis in LDL‐R knockout mice.
Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Sub‐1‐cm Breast Lesions Using Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography
Authors: Liu He , Jiang Yuxin , Dai Qing , Zhu Qingli , Wang Liang , Zhang Jing , Yang Qian
Published: December 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess the diagnostic efficacy of contrast‐enhanced sonography for differential diagnosis of sub‐1‐cm breast lesions.

Methods

Contrast‐enhanced sonography was performed in 46 women with 46 sub‐1‐cm breast lesions scheduled for surgery or biopsy. Histologic results were used as a reference standard. The contrast enhancement pattern, enhancement degree, direction, margin, radial vessels surrounding the lesion, and lesion size discrepancy between contrast‐enhanced and conventional sonography were evaluated.

Results

The detection rates for increased size, radial vessels surrounding the lesion, and hyperenhancement on contrast‐enhanced sonography were significantly higher in the malignant than the benign group (P < .05). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for increased size were 72.7%, 80.0%, and 78.2%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for radial vessels surrounding the lesion were 54.5%, 97.1%, and 87.0%. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for hyperenhancement were 81.8%, 60.0%, and 65.0%. No significant difference was found for the enhancement pattern, direction, and margin between the groups.

Conclusions

Contrast‐enhanced sonographic features of sub‐1‐cm breast lesions included increased size on contrast‐enhanced sonography, radial vessels surrounding the lesion, and hyperenhancement. Identification of these features is useful for differentiation of small breast lesions.
Shear Wave Elastography in Placental Dysfunction
Authors: Cimsit Canan , Yoldemir Tevfik , Akpinar Ihsan Nuri
Published: December 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine whether shear wave elastography of the placenta differs between normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia between 20 and 23 weeks' gestation.

Methods

A prospective study was performed with 204 consecutive singleton pregnancies that had routine anomaly scanning between 20 and 23 weeks' gestation. One hundred twenty‐nine of these patients were examined with shear wave elastography; 101 women who had clinically normal pregnancies with normal fetal biometric measurements and normal deliveries without any perinatal complications formed group A, and 28 women who had a clinical diagnosis of early‐onset preeclampsia before anomaly scanning formed group B. Women with either posterior placentations (n = 63) or other obstetric disorders (n = 12) were excluded from the study.

Results

Shear wave elastographic values for group B were significantly higher than those for group A (P < .05). No statistically significant difference was found between the elasticity values measured at the center or edge of the placenta (P > .05).

Conclusions

Shear wave elastography differentiates between the placental elasticity of normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia when performed during the second trimester. As a new method for tissue characterization, shear wave elastography is useful for evaluation of placental function and can be used as a supplement to existing methods for prediction of preeclampsia.
Benefits of Sonography in Diagnosing Suspected Uncomplicated Acute Diverticulitis
Authors: King Welfur C. , Shuaib Waqas , Vijayasarathi Arvind , Fajardo Carlos G. , Cabrera Waldo E. , Costa Juan L.
Published: December 2014

Objectives

Despite evidence demonstrating equivalent accuracy of sonography and computed tomography (CT) in the workup of mild/uncomplicated acute diverticulitis, CT is overwhelmingly performed as the initial diagnostic test, particularly in the acute setting. Our study evaluated potential radiation and turnaround time savings associated with performing sonography instead of CT as the initial diagnostic examination in the workup of suspected uncomplicated acute diverticulitis.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed medical records from January 2010 to December 2012 for patients presenting with clinical symptoms of acute diverticulitis. Patients were categorized as a whole and subgrouped by age (>40 and <40 years). A modified Hinchey classification (Am Surg 1999; 65:632–636) was used to stage the severity of the disease. The effective radiation dose was calculated by multiplying the dose length product from the scanner by the standard conversion coefficient (k= 0.0021 mSv/mGy × cm). The turnaround time for patients was calculated as the time the examination was ordered by the emergency department physician or staff to the time the report was finalized.

Results

Our study included 253 patients (172 male and 81 female; mean age ± SD, 50.2 ± 11.7 years; 132 >40 years and 121 <40 years). The distribution of patients by the modified Hinchey classification was 210 (stages 0 and 1a), 26 (stages 1b and 2), 17 (stages 3 and 4), 0 (fistula), and 0 (obstruction). The estimated CT radiation dose per patient was 21 ± 5.2 mSv. Mean turnaround times for CT and sonography were 138.5 ± 76.9 and 51.3 ± 44 minutes, respectively.

Conclusions

Sonography is a lower‐cost, faster, and radiation‐free alternative that measures up to the diagnostic standards of CT for management of suspected mild or uncomplicated acute diverticulitis.
Nonsurgical Management of Childhood Intussusception
Authors: Sanchez Thomas Ray , Doskocil Brandon , Stein-Wexler Rebecca
Published: December 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of sonography and fluoroscopy in guiding intussusception reduction and evaluate possible complications for each procedure.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed by reviewing 31 cases of intussusception diagnosed and managed between January 2009 and January 2014 at the University of California, Davis Children's Hospital, after obtaining approval from the Institutional Review Board. To eliminate other confounding factors related to technique and experience, only cases performed by 2 pediatric radiologists who exclusively used either fluoroscopy or sonography were compared.

Results

Fourteen patients (age range, 6–35 months) were treated by sonographic guidance using saline, and another 17 patients (age range, 2–57 months) were treated by fluoroscopy using either air or a water‐soluble contrast agent. All 14 patients (100%) who underwent sonographically guided reduction were successfully treated without complications. Fourteen of the 17 patients (82%) who underwent fluoroscopic guidance had successful reductions. One complication of perforation was documented.

Conclusions

Sonography and fluoroscopy are equally effective in the nonsurgical management of childhood intussusception. The absence of ionizing radiation and better visualization of possible pathologic lead points makes sonography the ideal method.
A New Simple Technique for 3‐Dimensional Sonographic Assessment of the Pelvic Floor Muscles
Authors: Youssef Aly , Montaguti Elisa , Sanlorenzo Olimpia , Cariello Luisa , Awad Elsayed Elbadawy , Pacella Giuseppina , Ghi Tullio , Pilu Gianluigi , Rizzo Nicola
Published: December 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess the reproducibility of a new technique for 3‐dimensional (3D) pelvic floor sonography: OmniView combined with Volume Contrast Imaging (VCI; GE Healthcare, Kretz Ultrasound, Zipf, Austria) for pelvic hiatal area measurement. In addition, we aimed to study the intermethod agreement between the new technique and the standard 3D rendering method.

Methods

We acquired a static 3D sonographic transperineal volume from 124 nulliparous asymptomatic women and 118 women with symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction. Each 3D data set was analyzed by the OmniView‐VCI technique to measure the pelvic hiatal area twice by one operator and once by another to assess intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility. The first operator later measured the hiatal area using the 3D rendering method to evaluate intermethod agreement. Reproducibility and intermethod agreement were studied by the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland‐Altman method.

Results

Hiatal area measurements by the OmniView‐VCI technique showed high intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility in both asymptomatic and symptomatic women. In addition, high agreement was shown between the new technique and 3D rendering in both groups. No systematic differences were noted in any of the reliability studies performed. The new technique took slightly less time to calculate the hiatal area than the standard rendering method in both asymptomatic and symptomatic women.

Conclusions

OmniView‐VCI is a reliable method for pelvic hiatal area measurement. Further studies are needed to assess its reliability under contraction and the Valsalva maneuver and to evaluate its usefulness and reproducibility for diagnosis of levator ani lesions.
Electrostatic solitary waves with distinct speeds associated with asymmetric reconnection
Authors: Graham D. B. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Vaivads A. , André M.
Published: December 2014

Electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs) are observed at the magnetopause with distinct time scales. These ESWs are associated with asymmetric reconnection of the cold dense magnetosheath plasma with the hot tenuous magnetospheric plasma. The distinct time scales are shown to be due to ESWs moving at distinct speeds and having distinct length scales. The length scales are of order 5–50 Debye lengths, and the speeds range from ∼50 km s−1 to ∼1000 km s−1. The ESWs are observed near the reconnection separatrices. The observation of ESWs with distinct speeds suggests that multiple instabilities are occurring. The implications for reconnection at the magnetopause are discussed.
Magnetic reconnection at Neptune's magnetopause
Authors: Masters A.
Published: December 2014

What we know about the magnetosphere of the outermost planet, Neptune, is primarily based on data taken during the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989. Establishing how Neptune's magnetosphere interacts with the solar wind is crucial for understanding the dynamics of the system. Here we assess how magnetic reconnection couples the solar wind to Neptune's magnetosphere, using analytical modeling that was recently applied to the case of Uranus. The modeling suggests that typical near‐Neptune solar wind parameters make conditions at Neptune's magnetopause less favorable for magnetic reconnection than at the magnetopause boundary of any other solar system magnetosphere. The location of reconnection sites on Neptune's magnetopause is expected to be highly sensitive to planetary longitude and season, as well as interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation, which is similar to the situation at Uranus. Also similar to past Uranus results, the present Neptune modeling indicates a seasonal effect, where one of the two dominant (Parker spiral) IMF orientations produces more favorable conditions for magnetopause reconnection than the other near equinox. We estimate the upper limit of the reconnection voltage applied to Neptune's magnetosphere as 35 kV (the typical voltage is expected to be considerably lower). Further progress in understanding the solar wind‐magnetosphere interaction at Neptune requires other coupling mechanisms to be considered, as well as how reconnection operates at high plasma β.
Winter bloom and associated upwelling northwest of the Luzon Island: A coupled physical‐biological modeling approach
Authors: Lu Wenfang , Yan Xiao‐Hai , Jiang Yuwu
Published: December 2014

For this paper, a coupled physical‐biological model was developed in order to study the mechanisms of the winter bloom in the Luzon Strait (referred as LZB). Based on a simulation for January 2010, the results showed that the model was capable of reproducing the key features of the LZB, such as the location, inverted‐V shape, twin‐core structure and bloom intensity. The simulation showed that the LZB occurred during the relaxation period of intensified northeasterly winds, when the deepened mixed layer started to shoal. Nutrient diagnostics showed that vertical mixing was responsible for the nutrient supply to the upper ∼40 m layer, while subsurface upwelling supplied nutrients to the region below the mixed layer. Hydrodynamic diagnostics showed that the advection of relative vorticity (RV) primarily contributed to the subsurface upwelling. The RV advection was resulted from an offshore jet, which was associated with a northeasterly wind, flowed across the ambient RV field.
A new algorithm to retrieve chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption spectra in the UV from ocean color
Authors: Cao Fang , Miller William L.
Published: December 2014

Accurate estimation of the absorption coefficient (ag) for chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) over ultraviolet (UV) and short visible radiation wavelengths (with λ = 275–450 nm) is crucial to provide a robust assessment of the biogeochemical significance of UV in the global ocean. Using a training data set spanning a variety of water types from the clearest open ocean to dynamic inshore waters, a novel algorithm to accurately resolve CDOM absorption spectra from ocean color is presented. Employing a suite of multivariate statistical approaches (principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and multiple linear regression), this new algorithm was developed with matched field data for CDOM spectra and remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) at Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor (SeaWiFS) bands. Freed from any presupposition about CDOM spectral shape or conventional spectral extrapolations from visible data, our algorithm allows direct retrieval of a fully resolved CDOM absorption spectrum over UV wavelengths from visible Rrs and further enables a global scale view of the dynamics of CDOM over different water types. Accuracy of ag retrieval is good, with a mean absolute percent difference for ag in the UV of ∼25%. With fully resolved spectra, maps of calculated CDOM spectral slopes (S275–295, S350–400) and slope ratios (SR) are presented with the potential to provide new information about the chemical composition (e.g., molecular weight and aromaticity), sources, transformation, and cycling pathways of CDOM on global as well as regional scales. The new algorithm will contribute to improved accuracy for photochemical and photobiological rate calculations from ocean color.
Drivers of inorganic carbon dynamics in first‐year sea ice: A model study
Authors: Moreau Sébastien , Vancoppenolle Martin , Delille Bruno , Tison Jean‐Louis , Zhou Jiayun , Kotovitch Marie , Thomas David N. , Geilfus Nicolas‐Xavier , Goosse Hugues
Published: December 2014

Sea ice is an active source or a sink for carbon dioxide (CO2), although to what extent is not clear. Here, we analyze CO2 dynamics within sea ice using a one‐dimensional halothermodynamic sea ice model including gas physics and carbon biogeochemistry. The ice‐ocean fluxes, and vertical transport, of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) are represented using fluid transport equations. Carbonate chemistry, the consumption, and release of CO2 by primary production and respiration, the precipitation and dissolution of ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O) and ice‐air CO2 fluxes, are also included. The model is evaluated using observations from a 6 month field study at Point Barrow, Alaska, and an ice‐tank experiment. At Barrow, results show that the DIC budget is mainly driven by physical processes, wheras brine‐air CO2 fluxes, ikaite formation, and net primary production, are secondary factors. In terms of ice‐atmosphere CO2 exchanges, sea ice is a net CO2 source and sink in winter and summer, respectively. The formulation of the ice‐atmosphere CO2 flux impacts the simulated near‐surface CO2 partial pressure (pCO2), but not the DIC budget. Because the simulated ice‐atmosphere CO2 fluxes are limited by DIC stocks, and therefore <2 mmol m−2 d−1, we argue that the observed much larger CO2 fluxes from eddy covariance retrievals cannot be explained by a sea ice direct source and must involve other processes or other sources of CO2. Finally, the simulations suggest that near‐surface TA/DIC ratios of ∼2, sometimes used as an indicator of calcification, would rather suggest outgassing.
Decadal variations in trace metal concentrations on a coral reef: Evidence from a 159 year record of Mn, Cu, and V in a Porites coral from the northern South China Sea
Authors: Chen Xuefei , Wei Gangjian , Deng Wenfeng , Liu Ying , Sun Yali , Zeng Ti , Xie Luhua
Published: December 2014

Geochemical cycles of trace metals are important influences on the composition and function of the marine ecosystem. Although spatial distributions of most trace metals have now been determined in at least some parts of the oceans, temporal variations have barely been studied on account of data limitations. In this paper, we report on a 159 year record of trace metal concentrations from a Porites coral from the northern South China Sea (SCS), and discuss how oceanic and climatic processes control variations in Mn, Cu, and V concentrations in this region. Our results show that trace metal concentrations in the coral skeleton demonstrate decadal to interdecadal fluctuations, and that their variations are controlled by different mechanisms. The input of Mn to reef water is partly controlled by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which controls precipitation and river runoff. Surface water concentrations of the nutrient‐like element Cu are controlled by summer upwelling to the east of Hainan Island. The concentrations of V show complex interrelationships, and are linked to riverine input prior to the 1990 and to upwelling after the 1990. Our results imply that in the northern SCS, ocean‐atmosphere climate fluctuations, such as the PDO and the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM), are important factors that influence long‐term variability of Mn, Cu, and V concentrations in seawater, by controlling precipitation‐related river runoff and the strength of upwelling systems.