bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen management for productivity and quality of macaroni wheat (Triticum durum)
Authors: A.M. PATEL  , N. AUGUSTINE  , D.R. PATEL
Published: December 2023

A field trial was conducted during the winter seasons of 1996-99 at Vijapur, to find out the economic rate and optimum time of nitrogen application for better quality and higher yield of irrigated durum or macaroni wheat (Triti- cum durum Desf.). Though the level of nitrogen did not differntiate among the grain and biomass yields and to some extent grain apperance score and yellow-berry incidence, other quality parameters, viz. protein and beta carotene content and sedimentation value, were improved and test weight was decreased with successive in- crease in N from 120 to 180 kglha. Application of N in 2 equal splits (basal and first node stage) recorded highest production and good q~ality with low yellow-berry incidence. Different levels of N showed non-significant effect on N uptake by grain and straw, while among the time of application, N in 2 equal splits (basal and first node stage) showed significant difference in grain N uptake. Maximum net realization and benefit : cost ratio were registered under 120 kg Nlha applied at sowing and first node stage in equal quantity.
Effect of irrigation frequencies on yield characteristics of dent corn (Zea mays indentata) and water-yield relationships under semi-arid region
Authors: A. OKTEN ANO M. SIMSEK
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted to determine the best irrigation frequency and water-yield relationship for dent corn (Zea mays L. indentata) irrigated by furrow irrigation system under semi-arid conditions in 1998 and 1999 at Sanliurfa, Turkey. Water was applied to corn as 100% 90% 80% and 70% of evaporation from Class A Pan corre- sponding to 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-day irrigation frequencies, respectively. In both the years, maximum grain yield was observed at application of 10% deficit irrigation and 4-day irrigation frequency, while minimum yield was at applica- tion of 30% deficit irrigation and 8-day irrigation frequency. Total water-use efficiency (TWUE), irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) and crop response factor (ky) values were determined. Yield characteristics were affected nega- tively by 30% deficit irrigation and 8-day irrigation frequency.
Production potential and economics of different sowing dates for babycorn (Zea mays) production under mid-hill conditions of North-western Himalayas . .
Authors: A.K. PANDEY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1998, 1999 and 2000 at Almora, to find out production potential and economics of different sowing dates for babycorn (Zea mays L.) production. The highest babycorn yield (1,688 kg/ ha) net return (Rs 35, 249tha) and benefit : cost ratio ( 2.41) were recorded under 2 May sowing, followed by 17 April sowing, with corresponding values 1, 679 kglha, Rs 34,753tha and 2.39 respectively. Crop sown in August was not found remunerative. The highest green fodder yield (377 q/ha) was recorded on 1 June sowing which, however, was at par with sowing done during mid-April to May, but significantly rnore than all other sowing dates. Maximum days to babycorn initiation (63 days) and harvest duration (1 3 days) were recorded with 2 April sowing which decreased significantly in subsequent sowing dates. Highest babycorntplant (2.1) was recorded on 17 April and 2 May sowings which, however, was at par with 2 April sowing but significantly more than all other sowing dates.
Performance of medicinal plant species under saline irrigation
Authors: .S.TOMAR  , P.S. MINHAS
Published: December 2023

Some of medicinal plants of arid and semi-arid areas were evaluated during 1995-97 for their production po- tential for saline irrigation (ECiw 8.5 dS/m) during the field experiment conducted on a sandy-loam soil at Bir Re- served Forest, Hisar. Amongst the species tested, the most promising was observed to be isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.) with average yield of 10.5 qlha and saline water did not show any adverse impact on its production. Aloe - (Aloe barbadensis Mill.) was also equally tolerant, but its average production remained quite low (fresh weight 11 8 qlha in 3 years). Kalmeg (Andrographis paniculata Wall. ex Nees) performed moderately, wheareas periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus G. Don) showed poor performance with saline irrigation. Sacred balsam or ocimum (Ocimum sanctum L.) and mint (Mentha piperita L. emend. Huds) showed high susceptibility ot termite attack and their performance was very poor even with canal water irrigation.
Long-term effects of herbicidal rotation on weed shift, crop productivity and energy efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa)-rice system
Authors: R.A. RAJU  , B. GANGWAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during both the rainy and winter seasons from 1996 to 2001, to find out the effect of various herbicidal rotations on weed shift, population dynamics, nutrient depletion and systems produc- tivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)-rice system of coastal Andhra Pradesh. Uncontrolled weeds reduced the system productivity by 31.5%. Highest system productivity of 12.2 and 13.1 tonneslha was obtained with use of butachlor and anilophos with 2,4 DEE respectively. Uninterrupted weed growth depleted 59.3 kg N, 10.5 kg P, 35.0 kg K and 15.0 kg S, while it was lowest when anilophos rotated with 2,4 DEE due to efficient suppression of weed bio- mass. Herbicidal rotations of butachlor - 2,4 DEE (42,364 k cal x lo3) and anilophos - 2,4 DEE (45,270 x lo3) were highly effective in saving energy 72 to 84% compared to unweeded check. The population of Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link and Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook. declined 4 and 3 times with continuous use of butachlor. But, Sphenoclea zeglanica Gaertn. and Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f) Prest. proliferated 2-3 times more in continuous use of butachlor and anilophos application in rice-rice system.
Effect of tillage, rice residue and nitrogen-management practice on yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and chemical properties of soil under rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat system
Authors: SAMDEEP KUMAR  , D.S. PAMDEY  , M.S. RAMA
Published: December 2023

For analyzing the effect of tillage, rice (Oryza sativa L.) residue and nitrogen management on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Firoi & Paol.) productivity and soil chemical properties, a field trial was conducted during rainy and winter seasons of 1999-2000 and 2000-2001, consisting of 7 tillage types with residue-management options in main plots and 3 nitrogen-management schedules in subplots, replicated 4 times in split-plot design. Incorporation, retention at soil surface and burning of rice residues in succeeding wheat field remarkably en- hanced the grain yield over residue removal. Deep incorporation of rice residue improved the growth and yield attributes, which led to higher grain yield over others. Conservation tillage produced dwarf plants and smaller grains. Management of residue either by deep tillage or by conservation tillage yielded broader flag leaves. The fertility status of soil after wheat harvest in terms of organic carbon, available N, P and K got enriched by the in- corporation or retention of residue, irrespective of tillage types, being the highest under conservation tillage. Residue burning and removal did not show any variation in organic carbon and available N content of surface soil, but in case of available P and K, residue burning substantiated its superiority to residue removal. The effect of starter dose of 20 kg Nlha could be nullified by applying 75% of total recommended dose of nitrogen to wheat crop at sowing and rest at crown root initiation stage.
Economics and productivity of two crop rotations and their integrated nutrient management of irrigated areas in south-western Rajasthan
Authors: SUBHASH KUMARi  , R.K. SINGH  , N.S. SOLANKI
Published: December 2023

- A 4-year field experiment was conducted during 1994-98 to compare the 2 crop rotations under 8 different nutrient-management practices at Keshwana, Jalore, Rajasthan, India, grown under assured irrigated condi- tions. Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taubertl-mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Zernj. & Cossonl- greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.) rotation gave significantly higher greengram-equivalent yield (GEY), gross income, net income and benefit:cost ratio than sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.)-greengram rotation at all the levels of nutrient management. Treatment of 100% NPK through chemical fertilizer + 2.5 tonnes gypsum provided the maximum greengram-equivalent yield, net income and benefit:cost ratio in both the crop rotations. Other treatments of 100% NPK through chemical fertilizer and 75% NPK through chemical fertilizer + 25% through FYM were also comparable to the above treatment. Farmer's practice of applying 100% NPK through chemical fertilizer + 10 tonnes FYM recorded higher yields and gross in- come but lesser net income and benefit:cost ratio.
Effect of integrated nitrogen application and spacing on yield of rice (Oryza sativa) in foot-hill soils of West Bengal
Authors: S.K. GUNRI  , S.K. PAL  , A. CHOUDHURY
Published: December 2023

The effect of integrated use of fertilizer nitrogen along with Gliricidia leaves @ 10 tonneslha as green-manure and spacing was examined in a field trial with rice (Oryza sativa L.) during the wet season of 1999 and 2000. Ap- plication of green-leaf manure improved yield attributes, grain and straw yields of rice. Each unit increase in N level led to significant increase in yield-attributing characters and yield of rice. The maximum grain yield was re- corded with the highest level of N. The nitrogen-use efficiency and apparent nitrogen recovery (%) were signifi- cantly higher at lower level of N and decreased significantly with increasing N levels. Closer row spacing (15 cm x 15 cm) proved better in grain and straw yields of rice, nitrogen-use efficiency and nitrogen uptake than the wider row spacing (20 cm x 15 cm).
Reponse of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to top-dressing of diammonium phosphate in rainfed areas of Shivalik foothills
Authors: J.S. JAMWAL  , K.L. BHAGAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during 1997-98 and 1998-99 to find out the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) variety 'PBW 175'to top-dressing of diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilier un- der rainfed Shivalik foothills of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir. Basal application of recommended dose of DAP produced significantly taller plants, more number of effective tillerslm row length, ear length and number of grainslear which ultimately increased the grain and straw yields. An adverse effect on the yield attributes and yield was observed with the delayed application of DAP from 10 to 50 days after sowing and the reduction in grain yield was from 3.9 to 26.1% and 3.5 to 28.9% during the first and second year respectively. However, the differences in yield attributes and yield with DAP application as basal and its top-dressing 10 DAS were at par. The uptake of nutrients, viz. NPK was influenced significantly by the application of DAP at different intervals. Available phosphorus content in soil showed positive balance at the end of 2 years of experimentation.
Efficacy of isoproturon with and without surfactant on weed suppression in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: K.K. SINHA  , S.J. SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 to study the effi- cacy of lsoproturon with and without surfactant on weed suppression in wheat (Triticurn aestiburn L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) at Pusa, Bihar. Tank mixing of wet we1 2% to isoproturon @ 1.0 kgtha as post-emergence was as effec- tive as manual weeding, produced lower weed dry weight and higher number of effective tillerstm row length, grainstspike and 1,000- grain weight and hence significantly higher grain yield. Reduced dose of lsoproturon @ 0.75 kgtha with different surfactants used was also effective in reducing the weed population and their dry weight and in increasing the yield attributes and grain yield significantly over the control. lsoproturon without surfactant was least effective in controlling weeds and had minimum impact on enhancing seed yield compared to lsoproturon with surfactant. Maximum net returns were obtained from weed-free plot, while benefit: cost ratio was maximum with isoproturon @ 0.5 kgtha with T. pal 2%.
Effect of herbicides alone and in combination with cultural methods on weed con- trol in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)
Authors: R.P. YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Morena during the winter seasons of 1998-99 and 1999-2000 at Morena, Madhya Pradesh, to study the comparative performance of different herbicides and their combinations with hoeing and hand weeding for control of weeds in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson]. The maximum seed yield of 17.08 qlha was recorded with pre-emergence application of isoproturon @ 0.75 kg1 ha + hand weeding 25 days after sowing (DAS) followed by pre-emergence application of metribuzin @ 0.20 kg/ ha + hand weeding 25 DAS. The maximum seed yield under isoproturon + hand weeding was recorded owing to increase in crop growth and yield attributes. The least weed competition. offered by the crop was due to reduced weed density and weed biomass production. This treatment also had the highest net returns of Rs 16,7431ha and benefit : cost ratio of 4:l over other treatments. Unchecked weeds caused nearly 37.5% seed yield loss with the minimum net returns (Rs 9312lha) and benefit : cost ratio (3.02:l).
Effect of method of planting and crop geometry on productivity of rainfed upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) grown in lowland rice (Oryza sativa) fallows
Authors: R.K. SARKAR  , G.C. MALlK
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during late winter (rabi) seson of 1998-99 and 1999-2000 at Nimpith, to study the effect of planting method and crop geometry on productivity of rainfed upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in lowland rice fallows. Transplanting of cotton performed better than direct sowing when the crop was sown during the second fortnight of December after harvest of winter rice (Oryza sativa L.). Transplanting of cotton improved the growth, yield attributes, and gave 16.5 and 12.7% higher seed-cotton and lint yield, respec- tively, compared to direct seeding of cotton. Transplanting of cotton increased net returns and per day productivity by 22.5 and 16.9%, respectively, over the direct seeding. Crop geometry showed significant impact on productiv- ity of cotton. lntermediate inter-row spacing of 60 cm gave higher values of growth and yield attributes and re- corded 7.9 and 11 .l% higher seed-cotton yield over both the narrower and wider inter-row spacing of 45 cm and 75 cm respectively. Similarly, intermediate plant-to-plant spacing of 45 cm improved the growth and yield at- tributes and yield of cotton; and resulted in higher seed-cotton yield by 5.6 and 18.9% over the narrower and wider spacing of 30 and 60cm respectively. lntermediate inter- and intra-row spacing of 60 and 45 cm, respec- tively, proved most beneficial for cotton cultivation in terms of monetary returns as well.
Integrated nutrient management in potato (Solanurn tuberosurn)-vegetable cropping sequence under rainfed conditions in hilly areas of Meghalaya
Authors: S.K. SINGH  , R.C. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field trial was conducted during the summer season (March-July) and autumn season (August-December) of 1997-99 at Central Potato Research Station, Shillong, to study the economic feasibility of integrated nutrient management in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-vegetable cropping system under rianfed conditions in hilly ar- eas of Meghalaya. Potato-radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cropping system gave the highest productivity as well as net return over potato-cabbage [Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. botrytis L.] cropping system. Recommended dose of fertilizer NPK to both the crops in sequence remained most productive and profitable than other nutrient treatments tried, as it gave significantly higher potato equivalent yield (PEY), better plant stand and also had significantly higher residual effect. The net monetary return as well as available NPK status of soil from different fertilizer schedule followed the same pattern as that of PEY. The treatment receiving recom- mended dose of NPK to potato and only recommended N to autumn crop was inferior to treatment receiving rec- ommended N and half PK to both the crops. Positive balance of NPK in soil was observed at higher levels of NPK application.
Biomass production and soil fertility from Dichrostachys cinerea + Cenchrus silvipastoral system in arid and semi-arid regions
Authors: G.L. KESHWA  , MAHENDRA SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A long-term field experiment was conducted from 1988 to 1999 to assess the productivity performance of Dichrostachys cinerea Wight & Arn. based silvipastoral system and its effect on soil fertility during 1997-99. The biomass production of Dichrostachys cinerea and Cenchrus ciliaris L. was significantly influenced by different spacings Dichrostachys cinerea. The biomass production, fuel wood and leaf fodder yield of D. cinerea increased linearly with the decrease in row spacings, however, a reverse trend was noted in yield of Cenchrus ciliaris grass. In general, the fertility status of soil in terms of organic carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorus was drastically improved due to nutans-based silvipastoral systems as compared to the control (open field). Further improvement in soil fertility was noted when D. cinerea was planted at narrow row spacings.
Nutrient management with sulphur and non-sulphur bearing fertilizers and farmyard manure for sustaining productivity of rice (Oryza sativa) under intensive cropping system
Authors: M. CHETTRI  , S.S. MONDAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on clay loam soils of Kalyani, West Bengal, during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabo seasons of 2000-2001 and 2001-2002, to study the best integrated system of nutrient management with sulphur and non-sulphur bearing fertilizers and farmyard manure (FYM) on the productivity and nutrient uptake of kharif and boro rice (Oryza sativa L.) under intensive cropping system. Maximum grain yields of both rainy season (4.66 tonneslha) and winter (5.47 tonneslha) rice were obtained in the sequence where greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.) and lathyrus (Lathyrus sp.) were green manured before transplanting of rainy season and winter rice in addition to 75% of the recommended dose of N, P and K through non-sulphur bearing fertiliz- ers (urea, diammonium phosphate and muriate of potash) along with FYM @ 10 tonneslha. Rice crop grown af- ter greengram and lathyrus as green-manure or fodder crop along with 100% of the recommended dose of N, P and K through sulphur-bearing fertilizers (ammonium sulphate, diammonium phosphate and muriate of potash) also improved the grain yield of both rainy season and winter season rice. Higher uptake of nutrients by rice crops (rainy + winter season) also observed with the combined application of organic (FYM or green-manure) and inorganic fertilizers.
Production potential, economics and soil fertility status. of sunflower (Helianthus annuus)-based cropping sequences under scarce rainfall zone of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: P. SESHA SAlLA SREE  , V. SRIDHAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted for 5 years (1 996-97 to 2000-2001) at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, revealed that among different cropping sequences involving sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) the sunflower-equivalent yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)-sunflower was the highest (1,555 kglha) and was at par with setaria (Setaria sp.)-sunflower (1,545 kglha) and sunflower-sunflower (1,503 kglha). The net re- turns and benefit : cost ratio were the highest for setaria-sunflower followed by sunflower-sunflower sequence. The soil fertility status of rainfed cropping systems involving pulse crops was better than that involving non-pulse crops in the sequence.
Efficacy of cyhalofop-butyl alone and in combination with 2,4-D against mixed weed flora in direct-seeded upland rice (Oiyza sativa)
Authors: J.P. SAlNl
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 1998 and 1999 at Agronomy Research Farm of the CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, to find out the best combination of cyhalofop-butyl and 2,4-D in controlling mixed weed flora in direct-seeded upland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Cyhalofop-butyl 90 and 120 glha when tank mixed with 2,4-D 1.0 kglha lost its herbicidal property completely and did not control any of the grass weeds. However, 2, 4-D in mixture controlled broad-leaf weeds completely, When these herbicides were applied in sequence both grass and broad-leaf weeds were controlled effectively. Cyhalofop-butyl 120 glha (1 5 DAS) followed by 2, 4-D 1.0 kglha (20 DAS) and 2, 4-D 1.0 kglha (15 DAS) followed by cyhalofop-butyl 120 glha (20 DAS) being at par with each other and also with hand-weeding twice resulted in significantly lower weed dry weight and hence higher yield attributes and yield of rice over all other treatments.
Standardization of dose of sulfosulforun (MON 37503) in controlling weeds of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh
Authors: J.P.  , N.N. ANGIRAS SAINI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 1998-99 and 1999-2000 at Palampur, Hirnachal Pradesh, to find out the optimum dose of sulfosulfuron for controlling weeds in rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). Sulfosulfouron 30.0 g a.i./ha being at par with sulfosulfuron 30.0 g a.i./ha + sur- factant and sulfosulfuron 37.5 g a.i./ha with and without surfactant resulted in significantly lower weed dry weight and higher yield attributes and yield of wheat when compared with the lower doses during both the years. How- ever, during the first year diclofopmethyl 0.75 kglha being at par with isoproturon l .0 kg ailha + surfactant resulted in significantly higher grain yield over other treatments, whereas during the second year dichlofop-methyl per- formed comparatively poor probably because of poor control of Phalaris minor Retz. which was the dominating weed this year. lsoproturon 1.0 kglha + surfactant was as effective as sulfosulfuron 37.5 g ailha + surfactant and hand-weeding twice during both the yearsand also with sulfosulfuron 37.5 glha without surfactant and sulfosulfuron 30.0 g ailha with and without surfactant during She second year of study.
Effect of zero tillage and nitrogen level on wheat (Triticum aestivum) after rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: D.S.YADAV  , R.P. SHUKLA  , SUSHANT  , BIRENDRA KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the winter seasons of 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 to assess the per- formance of zero tillage in wheat (Piticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) under varying levels of nitrogen. The pooled analysis of data revealed that grain yield and number of effective tillerslm row increased significantly by 7.7 and 6.6% respectively, with zero tillage over conventional tillage. Significant reduction in dry weight of weeds was observed with zero tillage over conventional tillage. Application of 150 and 180 kg Nlha being at par resulted in significantly higher grain yield over 120 kg N/ha. The growth and yield parameters showed significant variation owing to N application. The dry weight of weeds was minimum with 120 kg N and it increased signifi- cantly up to 180 kg Nlha.
Effect of biozyme on yield and quality of wheat (Triticunz aestivum)
Authors: P.K. SINGH  , A.S. CHANDEL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1998 and 1999 at Pantnagar, to evaluate the effect of recommended NPK and 'Biozyme' granule on wheat (nificum aesfivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). Biozyme granules or Biozyme crop+ spray applied along with half of recommended NPK resulted in significant improvement in the yield attributes, grain, straw and biological yields and protein content. Highest value of yield attributes like number of spikes and 1,000-grain weight were recorded with Biozyme granule 40 kglha + half of recommended NPK, whereas highest number of grainslspike were recorded under Biozyme crop+ spray @ 400 mllha done in conjunction with half of recommended NPK. On pooled basis, highest grain, straw and biological yields and protein content were recorded under Biozyme crop+ spray @ 400 mllha + half of recommended NPK. Application of Biozyme crop+ spray 400 mll ha + half of recommended NPK resulted 12.90, 3.24 and 6.76 higher grain straw and total biological yield respec- tively. The yields under the pure treatments of the Biozyme were comparable to half of recomended NPK.
Diversification of existing rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping system for sustain- able productivity under irrigated conditions
Authors: KAPlL SAROCH  , MANOJ BHARGAVA  , J.J. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1998-99 and 1999-2000 at Palampur, to diversify existing rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. Wheat in rice-wheat sequence was replaced with 1 or 2 crops of oilseeds or vegetables crops, viz. gobhi sarson (Brassica napus ssp oleifera DC var. annua L.), linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), toria [Brassica campestris L. ssp. oleifera (Metzger) Sinsk. var. toria] potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Rice-pea-po- tat0 sequence recorded significantly highest rice-equivalent yield with production efficiency as high as 58.38 kg/ hdday. However, rice-pea-Frenchbean gave an additional net returns of Rs 7,1101ha over rice-pea-potato, which were also highest than that of rice-wheat. Land-use efficiency as well as benefit : cost ratio were also highest in rice-pea-Frenchbean. Thus in rice-wheat system, wheat crop can be safely replaced by pea, which can be fol- lowed either by potato or Frenchbean.
Economics and yield potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as affected by tillage, rice (Oryza sativa) residue and nitrogen management options under rice-wheat system - SANDEEP KUMAR1, D.S. PANDEY AND N.S. RANA
Authors: SANDEEP KUMARI  , D.S. PANDEY  , N.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

A field trial was conducted during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 at Pantnagar, to find out the economics and yield potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.] as affected by tillage, rice (Oryza sativa L.) residue and nitrogen management options. Deep incorporation of rice residue either by disc plough or by mould-board plough proved a better option for effective disposal of rice residue and recorded significantly higher grain yield as well as net returns of wheat. Further, conservation tillage (zero and strip) being at par with in-situ residue burned plot ploughed with traditional tillage recorded higher grain yield and net returns than residue removed plot pre- pared with traditional tillage. Besides production of significantly smaller grains and 15-23% lower initial plant population, conservation tillage recorded the highest grain growth rate, benefit : cost ratio and saved up to Rslha 1,821 under land preparation over traditional tillage. Application of 75% of the recommended dose of N as basal and rest 25% at crown-root initiation could offset the effect of an additional starter dose of 20 kg Nlha given along with recommended dose of N applied into 2 equal halves at sowing and crown-root initiation.
Productivity and economics of maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system under integrated nutrient supply system in rainfed areas of Jammu
Authors: J.S. JAMWAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment in respect of integrated nutrient management in maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Poal.) cropping system was conducted during 2001-02 and 2002-03, at the Dryland Research Sub-Station, Jammu, to study the effect of different sources of nutrient supply, viz. organics and inorganics, in maize and the subsequent effect on succeeding wheat crop. The highest mean maize, wheat and wheat-equivalent yield of the system was recorded with the application of 10 tonnes FYM + 40 kg Nlha. Production efficiency in terms of rate of production per day as well as the benefit : cost ratio were also superior with this treat- ment. Application of organic manures also improved the nutrient status of the soil.
Influence of planting patterns, irrigation techniques and mulches on growth, yield, water use and economics of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) under irrigated conditions oi western Maharashtra
Authors: H.L. GHADAGE  , V.S. PAWAR  , C.B. GAIKWAD
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2000 and 2001 at Rahuri, Maharashtra, to study the effects of planting patterns, irrigation techniques and mulches on growth, yield, water saving and eco- nomics of irrigated 'NHH 44' upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Planting patterns and irrigation techniques did not influence either growth, yield of seed cotton or economics. The plastic film mulch recorded significantly higher values of growth, yield attributes and yield of seed cotton and stalk. Maximum net returns and benefit : cost ratio were recorded by plastic film mulch which was closely followed by sugarcane trash (1 0 tonneslha) as organic mulch.The water-use efficiency was more in paired row planting, alternate furrow irrigation and plastic film mulch.
Effect of nitrogen and zinc on growth characters, herbage yield, nutrient uptake and quality of fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: S.S. VERMA  , NAVNEET SINGH  , Y.P. JOSH  , VlJAY DEORARl
Published: December 2023

A field trial was conducted at the Livestock Research Centre of the Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agricul- ture and Technology, Pantnagar, during the rainy (kharif) season of 2001 and 2002, to study the effect of nitrogen and zinc on growth, herbage yield, nutrient uptake and quality of herbage in fodder sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench]. Increase in nitrogen application from 0 to 120 kg /ha increased the green herbage yield (434.9 qha) and dry fodder (157.9 q/ha) of sorghum, being 35.8 and 43.1% higher over the control respectively. The crop re- sponded up to 5 kg zinclha which increased the yield of green herbage 8.6% and dry fodder 11 5% over no zinc. Crude protein and digestible dry-matter yield were significantly higher at 120 kg Nlha than other N levels. Zinc also significantly responded up to 5 kg /ha in respect of quality. Almost similar trend was also observed in N and Zn up- take. The optimum dose for N and Zn were calculated to be 108.3 kg and 1.36 kg /ha and maximum yields were with the application of 126.67 and 5.53 kg/ha respectively.
Effect of planting time, fertility level and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on growth, yield and yield attributes of winter maize (Zea mays) under rice (Oryza sativa)-maize cropping system
Authors: R. SUTALIYAI ANDR.N. SINGH
Published: December 2023

An experement was conducted during winters of 2000-01 and 2001-02 to find out effect of planting time, fer- tility level and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on winter maize (Zea mays L.) after rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Varanasi, on sandy-loam soil conditions of eastern plain zone of Uttar Pradesh. Delay in planting from 15 De- cember to 30 December decreased the maize yield by 19.25% with mean reduction of 82.7 kg maize yieldlhal day. Fertility level up to 180, 90 and 60 kg N, P,O,and K,O/ha significantly improved growth, yield and yield at- tributes. On the basis of the 2 years average data (pooled), the increase in maize yield was 52.6 and 82.97% with 120, 60 and 40 kg N, P,O, and K,Olha and 180, 90 and 60 kg N, P,O, and K,Olha, respectively, over 60, 30 and 20 kg N, P20,and K20/ha. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) inoculation alone or along with 5 tonnes FYMIha and no-PSB inoculation also differed significantly with regarding to above parameters. The maximum maize yield was abtained with PSB inoculation along with 5 tonnes FYMIha, whereas no-PSB inoculation gave the minimum maize yield.
Effect of cotton crop-residue management practices and levels of nitrogen and potassium on rice (Oryza sativa) and succeeding blackgram (Phaseolus mungo) in rice-blackgram cropping system
Authors: C. BABOU  , B. GURURAJAN  , P. SURESH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, during the winter (rabo seasons of 2000 and 2001, to study the effect of cotton (Gossypium sp.) crop residue management prac- tices and levels of inorganic fertilizer N and K on rice (Oryza sativa L.) and succeeding blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) in rice-blackgram cropping system. Incorporation of cotton stalks Q 5 tonnesfha with Trichoderma viride in rice crop significantly improved the growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of rice. Maximum re- sidual effect was observed with the incorporation of cotton stalks Q 5 tonnesfha + T'richoderma viride, that re- sulted in the marked improvement in the growth, yield attributes and yield of succeeding blackgram. Similar yield trend was seen by increasing levels of N and K fertilizers in rice and blackgram.
Effect of nutrient management on nutrient uptake and changes in soil fertility in maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivm) cropping system
Authors: S.K. PATHAK  , S.B. SINGHZ  , R.N. JHA  , R.P. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A long-term experiment initiated in 1983 was selected during 1997-99 to study cumulative impact of organic sources (FYM, rice straw and green karanj leaves) substituting inorganic fertilizers in recommended fertilizer dose (RFD) once each by 25% and 50 % during rainy season (kharif, in maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Tn'ticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. All the organic sources were instrumental in improving pH and aggregation of soils. Only rice straw in its higher substitution (50%) could induce significant improvement in bulk density and water-holding capacity of soils but a constant trend of improvement was there under application of all the sources. All the 3 sources both in their higher and lower substitutions enriched the soils in organic car- bon contents. Farmyard manure (FYM) and green karanj leaves in their higher substitution improved NPK levels of soils. Rice straw at this level (50% substitution) could bring about significant improvement only in available K content of soils. At lower level of substitution (25%) green manuring with karanj leaves induced higher available P and K in soils, but FYM at the level could bring about significant improvement only in available P level. Appli- cation of rice straw at this level of substitution (25%) could not alter status of any of the NPK significantly. Substi- tution of inorganic fertilizers by FYM either at higher (50%) or lower (25%) level was helpful in increasing grain yield and uptake of NPK.
Effect of irrigation scheduling on performance of summer legumes grown in 'association of sugarcane
Authors: N.S. RANA  , SANJAY KUMAR  , S.K. SAINI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2001-03 to find out an optimum irrigation schedule for intercrops grown in association with spring sugarcane, on silty clay-loam soil, having 23.4% moisture at field capacity and 8.6% at permanent wilting point (PWP). Daily evapotranspiration (ET) varied from 3.3 to 16.8 mmlday. Mungbean (Phaseolus radiatus L.), urdbean (F! mungo L.) and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] gave highest yield of 4.1, 3.85 qlha and 73.0 qha, respectively with irrigation at, 1W : CPE ratio of 1.2 compared to 3.25, 2.75 and 6.10 qlha with irrigations at flowering and pod-filling stage. All the intercrops reduced cane yield due to decline in number of millable canes and cane weight. Mean reduction in cane yield was 14.2% with cowpea, 11.5% with urdbean and 9.2% with mungbean. Irrigation at 1.2 IW : CPE ratio resulted in highest cane yield of 97.0 tonnesl ha, being respectively 3.7, 8.1 ; : CPE ratio of 1.0, 0.8, and irrigations at critical growth nd 13.3% higher than IW stages. Sugarcane + cowpea g.we highest mean cane-equivalent yield (1 07.0 tonneslha), being 6.8, 10.0, and 8.7% more than sole sugarcane and intercropping with urdbean and mungbean respectively. Sugarcane inter- cropped with cowpea gave highest gross return of R s 101,6501ha followed by sugarcane alone (Rs 951 90) as against Rs 92,435 with sugarcane + urdbean. Respective Benefit : cost ratio was 0.89, 0.90 and 0.73. Irrigation applied at 1.2 IW : CPE ratio gave significantly highest cane-equivalent yield (1 09.5 tonneslha) with benefit : cost ratio of 0.85 as against 92.4 tonneslha and 0.77 with irrigation at critical growth stages of intercrops.
Influence of phosphorus, sulphur and boron on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) under rainfed conditions
Authors: K.S. RANA  , D.S. RANA  , R.C. GAUTAM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 2001-2003 at New Delhi, on deep sandy- loam soil analyzing medium in available P and S, to study the effect of 3 levels of phosphorus (0, 25 and 50 kg P20$ha), 3 levels of sulphur (0, 20 and 40 kg Stha) and 2 levels of boron (control and 0.2% spray of borax at 50% flowering) on rainfed Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson]. Progressive increase in P and S levels increased yield attributes and seed yield, but the increase in seed yield was significant only up to 25 kg P205/ha and 20 kg Stha. Indian mustard removed more S than P. Owing to P and S levels, P, S and B uptake was significant only up to 25 kg P205 and 20 kg Stha. Seed-yield response to tested levels of P and S was found qua- dratic. Based on the response equation, optimum dose of P20,, responsetkg P and returnstre-investment on P,05 were 45.4 kg P20dha, 10.8 kg and Rs 4.82 respectively. Corresponding figures for S application were 30.9 kg St ha, 13.3 kg seedkg S and Rs 5.63tRe investment on S. Net returns were the maximum with 50 kg P205/ha (Rs .. 19,214tha) and 40 kg Stha (Rs 17,664/ha), whereas benefit : cost ratio was the highest with 25 kg P205 (3.30) and 20 kg Stha (3.35). Boron application also recorded marked improvement in seed yield (10.6%), uptake of P (8.3%), S (7.30%) and B (1 4.3%), and net returns (1 3.9%) and benefit : cost ratio (4.8%).
Weed management in late-planted sugarcane
Authors: P.K.TOMAR  , OM PRAKASH  , DHEER SINGH
Published: December 2023

An experiment conducted during 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 showed 43.4% and 43.9% reduction in cane yield due to weeds. Highest cane yield (84.6 tonneslha and 80.6 tonneslha) was recorded under weed-free con- ditions, which was at par with 3 hoeings (30, 60 and 90 days after planting) during both the years. Significant im- provement in cane yield was reported under treatments comprising herbicide spray followed by hoeing over that of herbicide spray alone. Highest net return of Rs 31,2961ha and 27,989ha was recorded in weed-free treatment during 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 respectively. However, highest benefit : cost ratio of 1:0.58 during 2001-2002 and of 1 :0.55 during 2002-2003 was observed in 3 hoeings (30, 60 and 90 days after planting).
Impact of waterlogging on yield and quality of tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius)
Authors: A.K. GHORAI  , A.K. BHATTACHARJEEZ  , S. SAHA  , P.V. RA  , A.K. BANDOPADHYAYS
Published: December 2023

In rainy season, many jute-growing zones of India remain waterlogged affecting its yield and quality. An ex- periment was conducted during 1998 and 1999 under controlled conditions to evaluate the impact of waterlog- ging and drainage [O, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 cm water heads with a well-drained condition (40 cm) as control] on 'JRO 524'tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius L.). Jute plants lodged within a week, survived for 20 to 30 days at 10 to 30 cm water head, exhibited premature leaf senescence and poor growth (up to 40, 41, 80 and 56% reduction in plant height, basal diameter, tap root dry weight and photosynthetic rate respectively). Waterlogging increased the stomata1 resistance of jute leaves. It reduced nutrient uptake by jute plants and microbial population of soil. Waterlogging reduced the fibre yield from 20 to 60% and its strength from 12 to 55%. Waterlogging resulted in in- ferior quality jute fibre. In medium lands, drainage in C. olitorius jute will augment its fibre yield from 20 to 60% consistent with quality.
Effect of method, time and levels of phosphorus application on yield and quality of tea (Camellia sinensis)
Authors: D.K. SHARMA  , SAPAN THAKUR  , K.L. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out at Palampur during 1994-99 on 150-year-old China hybrid tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) 0. Kuntze] to study the effect of single superphosphate on yield and quality of tea with different methods, times and levels of P application. Phosphorus application at 90 kg P20,/ha with alternate years of ap- plication registered significantly highest yield. On the contrary, the highest values for tea quality with regards to total colour and percent brightness were obtained with annual application of fertilizer @ 60 kg P20,/ha with deep placement method. Among the interactions, the highest yield was obtained when phosphorus was applied in al- ternate years by broadcasting on the soil surface.
Response of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) genotypes to sowing dates and row spacing
Authors: SATISH KUMAR  , R.C. SINGH  , V.S. KADIAN
Published: December 2023

A field study was carried out at Research Farm of CCS HAU at Hisar during rainy seasons (kharif) of 2002 and 2003 to evaluate the performance of new dhaincha [Sesbania aculeata (L.) Walp.] genotypes for seed pro- duction in relation to sowing dates and row spacing. The crop sown on 20 June gave significantly higher seed yield (13.2 and 17.1 q/ha during 2002 and 2003 respectively) of dhaincha compared with that sown on 10 July (1 1.2 and 10.7 q/ha). Genotype 'DH 1 (1 3.3 and 15.5 q/ha) significantly outyielded 'Ses ND 3' (1 1.2 and 14.4 q/ ' ha during 2002 and 2003) in respect of grain yield. Wider row spacing of 45 (12.6 and 15.6 q/ha) and 60 cm (1 2.9 and 15.8 q/ha) gave significantly more yield than that of 30 cm (1 1.2 and 13.3 qlha).
Effect of graded fertility levels and silicon sources on crop yield, uptake and nutrient-use efficiency in rice (Oiyza sativa)
Authors: P.C. SUDHAKAR  , J.P. SINGH  , YOGESHWAR SINGH  , RAGHAVENDRA SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2001 and 2002 on sandy clay-loam soil (Ustochrept), to assess the influence of graded fertility levels and silicon sources on yield and nutrient uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.). Graded fertility levels up to 160-80-80-32-0.75 kg N-P205-K,O-S-Zn-EDTNha significantly increased grain and straw yields of rice. Similarly, all the yield-attributing characters were also significantly in- creased up to same (F,) fertility level but it remained at par with F, fertility (200-1 00-1 00-40-1.0 kglha) level. On the other hand, the highest nutrient uptake was associated with the highest fertility level of 200-1 00-1 00-40-1 .OO kg N-P205-K,O-S-Zn EDTNha. Among silicon sources, basic slag was superior to other sources as well as the control for yield and nutrients uptake.
Impact of method and levels of fertilizer application and weed management on nutrient economy and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: I.B. PANDEY  , D.K. DWlVEDl  , S.C. PRAKASH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabl) seasons of 2002-03 and 2003-04 at Pusa, Bihar, to study the impact of fertilizer and weed-management practices on nutrient economy and yield of wheat (Triti- cum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). Placement of fertilizers significantly reduced weed dry biomass, NPK depletion by weed and increased yield attributes, grain and straw yields, net return, net returnlrupee investment and NPK uptake by crop than broadcast method of fertilizer. Application of 125% of the recommended dose of fertilizer (150:75:50 kg N:P:Wha) recorded significantly higher weed dry biomass, grain and straw yields, net re- turn and NPK uptake by crop than recommended (120:60:40 kg N:P:Wha) and 75% of the recommended dose of fertilizer (90:45:30 kg N:P:Wha). However, net returnlrupee investment increased significantly only up to recom- mended dose of fertilizer. Hand-weeding recorded significantly higher plant height, leaf-area index, tillers/m2, graindear, grain and straw yields than mixture of 2,4-D + isoproturon, but was at par with those recorded under sulfosulfuron. Sulfosulfuron recorded lowest weed population, weed dry biomass, NPK depletion by weed and highest weed-control efficiency. Placement of recommended dose of fertilizer resulted in significantly hlgher grain yield than broadcast of 125% of the recommended dose of fertilizer, Similarly, recommended dose of fertil- izer under weed-control treatments recorded significantly higher grain yield than 125% of recommended dose of fertilizer under weedy check. Weed-control treatments also recorded higher protein content in grain.
Influence of integrated plant nutrient supply on growth, productivity and quality of baby corn (Zea mays) in Indo-Gangetic plains
Authors: MITHUN SAHA  , S.S. MONDAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2004 and 2005 on sandy clay-loam soil of university research farm, Kalyani, on baby corn (Zea mays L.). Combined application of organic sources of nutrients, viz. neem seed pow- der @ 1.5 tonneslha or karanj-cake L. @ 1.25 tonnestha, farmyard manure @ 7.5 tonnestha, commercial formu- lation of pelleted form of organic manures @ 0.75 tonnestha and organic manure rich with humus @ 1.8 tonnesl ha along with 75% recommended dose of NPK fertilizer (RDF), were effective in increasing the standard corn yield by 6.20%-40.53% over the control (100% RDF). The biomax (pelleted form of organic manure) proved most effective in increasing the dehusked corn yield (30.32%) and standard yield (40.53%) over the control. Ap- plication of organics along with chemical fertilizer improved the yield attributes, quality parameter of protein con- tent of corn over the control. Judicious application of organic manure along with inorganic fertilizer improved fer- tility status of the soil (N, P, K and organic C). The maximum net return, benefit : cost ratio and removal of nutrient by baby corn (67.68, 13.88 and 90.02 kglha of N, P and K respectively) was obtained when the crop manage- ment was done with 75% RDF + pelleted form of organic manure.
Yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) as influenced by nitrogen levels and its split application in arid western Rajasthan
Authors: M.L. REAGER  , S.K. SHARMA  , R.S. YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conduced during the winter season of 2002-03 and 2003-04, to find out the effect of ni- trogen levels and its split application on yield attributes and yield of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson]. Application of increasing levels of nitrogen from 40 to 100 kg/ha significantly enhanced siliquae/plant, seeddsiliqua, siliqua length, test weight, seed yield and NPK uptake of lndian mustard. However, significant in- crease in stover and biological yields was recorded up to 120 kg N/ha. Further, application of one-third N as basal + one-third at first irrigation + one-third at second irrigation being statistically at par with half basal + one-fourth at first irrigation + one-fourth at second irrigation brought a substantial improvement in siliquae/plant, seeddsiliqua, siliqua length, test weight, seed, stover and biological yield and NPK uptake compared to 2 equal splits, viz. half at basal + half at first irrigation, DAP basal + half of rest at first irrigation + half rest at second irrigation and 100% basal.