bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Swimming, Surfing and Underwater Diving in Early Modern Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora
Authors: Dawson Kevin
Published: September 2018

This essay explores African activities in rivers, lakes, and the Atlantic Ocean - bodily relationships, such as swimming, surfing, and diving, as opposed to those occurring in boats. It demonstrates that these skills were considered lucrative and profitable to slavers, and that enslaved Africans were used as pearl and debris divers and often tasked with clearing fisheries. It explores the racist ideologies of the New World, explaining that African swimmers were depicted as having ‘animal-like’ instincts rather than possessing the supposed logic and intellect of Europeans, a method of claiming white superiority in spite of evident white physical inferiority. The essay combines both a study of water-based leisure activities in Africa, an underexplored area of maritime history, with a contribution to the understanding of racist ideologies and mindsets at work in the early modern Atlantic world.
Sailing Beyond Apartheid: The Social and Political Impact of Seafaring on Coloured South African Sailors
Authors: Trotter Henry
Published: September 2018

This final chapter explores the opportunities available for Cape Town seafarers during the Apartheid era of 1948 to 1994. The purpose is to seek a better understanding of how modern seafaring can shape political consciousness, via an examination of the radical traditions on the Atlantic during the age of sail. It introduces the living conditions of Apartheid era South Africa, then explores the reasons for the lack of revolutionary attitudes from South African sailors at sea. These reasons include the marginally better rights for sailors at sea than on land; the improvement of shipboard conditions due to containerisation; the threat of cheap labour from Asia supplanting jobs; and the general feeling of escape from the cruelties of Apartheid whilst living at sea. Overall, it concludes that sailors did not use their skills to challenge Apartheid, but instead did what they could to make the lives of themselves and their families easier under the regime.
High Water: The Pre-1914 Period
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides a history of the pre-1914 period in British shipping. It determines and summarises the four factors that led to British domination of the ocean as the extent of their colonial activity; the speed of industrialisation; population growth; and the advantages of establishing trade routes, posts, and ports earlier than other nations. It then explores the extent of the British dominance in relation to the rest of the world; world trade in relation to British trade; national shipping policies; navigation laws; and the response of the rest of the world to the Navigation Acts. It concludes that Britain retained dominance in this period but saw an increase in world competition, particularly from Germany and Japan, and that British trade grew at a slower pace than world trade, which meant shipowners needed to keep their vessels larger and faster than those of upcoming rivals.
The Birth of the Liberty
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter studies the transition from war to peace between 1939 and 1948 and its impact on British shipping. The section discussing war is broken into two parts: the change in tonnage rates during the war and the financial fallout of war. It pays particular attention to wartime financial dealmaking, and compares British and Norwegian shipowning during the period to determine that British shipping neither suffered nor profited from the Second World War any more so than other nations. The second part of the chapter evaluates the transition to peace, discovering that British shipowners had learnt to be cautious about replenishing tonnage after the First World War, but by 1948 had successfully regained a strong fleet. The conclusion clarifies that uncertainty surrounding the growth of the industry would increase in the coming years.
Flags of Convenience
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the history of flags of convenience in the twentieth century - a term for the flags of countries which permitted other countries to register ships in their ports. It explores the benefits and perils of utilising flags of convenience, and attempts to determine the actual ownership of the ships; the forces that led countries to adopt flags of convenience; the attraction of particular flags including Liberia, Panama, and Honduras (collectively dubbed Panholib flags); the causes of growth in tonnage due to these flags; the wider effects of flags of convenience in worldwide shipping; and the British position in relation to them. It concludes that flags of convenience were a detriment to British shipping, but that this could have been avoided with a more efficient response from British shipowners, akin to the one demonstrated by the expanding Norwegian fleets.
Economics of Shipping Enterprises
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the economics of British shipping enterprises in relation to the necessary factors for economic expansion. It examines the economics of different ship types - cargo liners, passenger liners, tramps, and tankers - their cost structures; profitability; vessel technology; and ability to attract and retain both capital and labour. It concludes with predictions for post-1960 shipping economics, and suggests that smaller companies would be more likely to suffer from stunted fleet growth than larger, established companies.
Labour Relations and Labour Costs
Authors: Mogridge Basil
Published: September 2018

This chapter, provided by Basil Mogridge, explores the maritime labour system in twentieth century Britain. It is particularly concerned with the nature of strikes, but also explores wages, manning, crew costs, the supply and demand of maritime labour, and flag discrimination. The British system is compared and contrasted with the Norwegian system due to their historically similar approaches to maritime labour. It concludes that labour relations and labour costs were not a contributing factor to the slow growth of British shipping in the post-Second World War period, despite their negative impact after the First.
Behind the Atlantic Expansion: Flemish Trade Connections of Seville in 1620
Authors: Crailsheim Eberhard
Published: September 2018

This chapter studies the commercial networks through which maritime traders on foreign soil connected with the global world of business. Using French and Flemish settlers in Seville in 1620, it deconstructs Seville’s status as a ‘proto-global economy’; examines the trade activity on the Dunkirk-Seville route; the textile trade; and case studies of prominent merchants in the region in attempt to determine the role of foreign merchants in the trade network between American and Europe. It concludes that despite laws preventing foreigners from participating in American trade, networks built from social, familial, political, and economic frameworks made such trade possible.
National and International Labour Markets for Sailors in European, Atlantic and Asian Waters, 1600-1850
Authors: van Rossum Matthias , van Voss Lex Heerma , van Lottum Jelle , Lucassen Jan
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores shipping demographics and recruitment strategies between 1600 and 1850 to demonstrate how multicultural crews and openness to cultural exchange were necessary for maritime trade to be successful on a global scale. It examines the religious, racial, economic, and national demographics of crews from Europe, the Atlantic, and Asia, and determines that despite the complexities in the labour market pertaining to identification and loyalty, multicultural crews were as efficient as single-nation crews and a core facet of globalisation.
Why Are the Major Oil Companies Selling Off their Fleets? The Case of Total
Authors: Doessant Benoît , Saul Samir
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides a case study of the French oil company, Total, in attempt to explain why they changed business strategy and chartered international fleets instead of transporting the oil themselves, a growing maritime practice. It explores the economic, financial, technological, and political factors that caused uncertainty in the shipping industry and made the economic cycle unstable, resulting in the chartering of fleets. It finds that the oil industry shifted to open market purchases and oil companies distanced themselves from the transport role in attempt to create a global system within the industry.
Maritime History as Global History? The Methodological Challenges and a Future Research Agenda
Authors: Fusaro Maria
Published: September 2018

This chapter summarises and concludes the findings of the volume. It offers a short analysis of recent developments in maritime historiography, followed by the same analysis for global historiography. It reiterates the question at the heart of the volume, is maritime history global? It also addresses the presence of empire in maritime and global history, and the relationship to economic history. It attempts to discern how far back global history can be traced, and finds that globalisation began with the founding of Manila in the sixteenth century, and is inextricably linked to maritime history.
Global Integration
Authors: Klovland Jan Tore
Published: September 2018

This section analyses the impact of international economic integration on Norwegian maritime activity. It is divided into three segments. The first explores timber freight rates between 1757 and 1876 by analysing international freight rate patterns, freight income, and the rapid growth of Norwegian shipping in comparison. The second segment explores the output of the Norwegian merchant fleet between 1830 and 1865. It uses ton-miles rather than tonnage to measure growth and charts the changes to the shipping trade as the fleet increased trading distances. It finds that Norway’s participation in cross-trades helped boost the industry considerably. The final segment takes a different approach and explores the local impact of international shipping through the tale of the ‘Silver Schooner’, an American opium vessel that fell victim to mutiny and arrived in southern Norway only to become a cultural icon. The story found its way into primary school textbooks and official inquiries alike, and overall helped further integrate Norway into international maritime culture.
Political Issues
Authors: Koren Elisabeth Solvang
Published: September 2018

This section approaches the political issues that concerned Norwegian shipping as part of the international shipping industry, from four separate angles. The first explores the Norwegian Health Policy as it related to merchant seamen between 1890 and 1940. The second explores the establishment of the Norwegian-American line between 1908 and 1913 and the extent to which the government played a supportive role through intervention, incentives, and nation-building strategies. The third continues to explore government support of maritime activity, by looking at the successes of Norwegian shipping in the Interwar period and the factors which enabled large-scale modernisation such as the re-evaluated tax regime that worked in favour of maritime expansion. The final segment examines the visibility of the small nation of Norway on the international maritime stage - particularly the formation of international organisations and networks, and cooperation between shipowners and government with the end goal of promoting Norwegian shipping to the international community. Overall, it determines that the cohesion between politics and trade helped strengthen Norwegian maritime endeavors during the early-twentieth century.
Righting/Writing the Faulted House in Édouard Glissant’s La Lézarde
Authors: Herbeck Jason
Published: September 2018

Set in Martinique, Glissant’s La Lézarde (1958) focuses on the years leading up to the departmentalization of France’s overseas colonies in 1946. In exploring the “spatial logic” (Hitchcock) of Martinican space found in the novel, and the links that characters have with specific parts of this signifying landscape, initial textual analyses demonstrate how these individualized relationships inform each person’s views and actions, and, together, are representative of the competing interests and perspectives involved when attempting to negotiate expressions of French-Caribbean identity. In the context of these conflicting positions articulated by different members of the novel’s young revolutionary group with respect to determining Martinique’s future and chronicling the country’s elusive past, both the conspicuous placement and (in)occupancy of the novel’s principle architectural structure—the Maison de la Source—and La
Lézarde’s own (meta)construction serve to illustrate how identity-building in the French Caribbean is fraught with conflict and uncertainty.
Sky-Birds & Dead Trees On Two Images in Edmond Jabès
Authors: Elhariry Yasser
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 concerns two recurrent images from Edmond Jabès’s late works, Un étranger avec, sous le bras, un livre de petit format (1989) and Le livre de l’hospitalité (1991). While Jabès is well known within French literary circles, analyses of his early Cairene work— and to an even lesser extent the formative roles of orality and aurality from his pre- Parisian period—are few and thin. I first contextualize the figure of the Egyptian poet in relation to the history of Jabès scholarship, and then build on Tengour’s translational poetics of the classical Arabic literary archive in order to unravel a different, sublimated translational mode that links many of Jabès’s later books. In his late and final works, which he composed while living in Paris, Jabès’s poetic imaginary reprises word for word the tropes of early Arabic verse. When read together and in relation to the same archival corpus, Tengour and Jabès represent contrasting translational and intertextual modes for comparative poetic and translingual compositions in French. Through his aphasic refuge in French monolingualism following his exile from Cairo, and his late re/discovery of classical Arabic poetry in Paris, Jabès’s sublimated recourse to early Arabic verse retraces and performs the history of the old literary forms beneath a French language surface.
Sufis in Mecca
Authors: Elhariry Yasser
Published: September 2018

This chapter directly picks up where Stétié ends, with a textual analysis of a poetic cycle of chapbooks by Meddeb. I argue that a renouveau in the Francophone lyric is made possible through his translations of classical Arabic and Sufi poetry. In his chapbooks, Meddeb attempts to refashion himself, after his two successful and widely acclaimed first novels Talismano (1979) and Phantasia (1986), as a mystical, wandering Sufi poet. With Tombeau d’Ibn Arabi (1987), Les 99 stations de Yale (1995), and Aya dans les villes (1999) in particular, Meddeb manically focuses on an adaptational, modern rewriting in French verse of the history of Sufi saints, poets and poetry. Meddeb simultaneously draws on the formal and structural poetics of the pre-Islamic odes (as we will have seen with Tengour and Jabès), but he recasts them in light of the life of the Sufi saints and mystics rather than the pagan poets. Meddeb’s major innovation lies not only in the poetic combination of sacred and profane poetic registers, but also in an original combination of French and Arabic poetic registers with the world of modern American poetics. A central literary case whom I revisit in the conclusion to Pacifist Invasions, a critical re-evaluation of Meddeb reveals him to be indispensable for the successful poetic reconstruction of Francophone studies. I demonstrate how, much like the Sufi poet, and in keeping with ‘Ā’ishah al-Bā‘ūniyyah’s Principles of Sufism, Meddeb’s new Francophone lyric self-inflects as consciousness in search of what lies beyond its knowledge of its current state: situated in relation to itself, its paradoxical internal genealogy, its contemplative meditational mode. The poetic import of Meddeb’s lyric consists of the masterful blending of the figure of the Sufi poet and the Arabic tongue with contemporaneous intonations in French poetry. Meddeb’s writing transverses concurrent and widely divergent poetic trends, and connects them to one another in an original French-language arabesque. Beneath the surface of his first poetic experiments, Meddeb had couched a hidden, propagative poetics of the trace, barely perceptible, held together by thematic and generic modulations, a double lyric voice, and the infralinguistic.
Ideology and Policing
Authors: Hearty Kevin
Published: September 2018

This chapter critically examines the overarching ideological dimension to the policing debate within modern Irish republicanism, interrogating how competing views of where Irish republicanism is currently at in transition and where it is believed to be heading in the future are construed through value laden interpretations of where is has come from. It evaluates how ‘critical engagement’ with post-Patten policing in Northern Ireland is interpreted through long held belief systems that frame the move in terms of congruence with or contradiction to past positions. The chapter posits that there are two contesting ideological models for understanding the current Sinn Fein strategy in transitional Northern Ireland; the ‘progressive republican’ model that interprets current Sinn Fein strategy as being premised on a change of tactics that has moved the pursuit of ideological goals from an armed struggle to a political struggle and the ‘constitutional nationalist’ model that interprets Sinn Fein strategy as an abandonment of Irish republican principles that involves a reformist working of the state that can ultimately only lead to assimilation into, rather than removal of, a partitionist state.
Conclusion
Authors: Hearty Kevin
Published: September 2018

The conclusion outlines how memory politics features in different ways and at different levels within the extended Irish republican debate on policing. It suggests that any understanding of the role memory politics plays within modern Irish republicanism must acknowledge that it operates on three different levels; the conventional level, an inter-communal level and an intra-communal level. In operating on the conventional level, memory politics is seen to feature in the Irish republican policing debate in ways that it has featured in other transitioning societies. In operating on an inter-communal level Irish republican policing memory can be seen to feed into the ‘metaconflict’ in a post-conflict society that has not yet systematically addressed its violent past. In operating on an intra-communal level memory is a useful political resource between competing groups who are seeking to either drive or spoil transitional processes in Northern Ireland.
Argentine Cinema, 1966–1973
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, I discuss the three cinema laws were passed during military governments of Onganía, Levingston, and Lanusse between 1996 and 1973 as well as the challenges that Argentine cinema faced during these years. Different sectors (producer, directors, and exhibitors) had contrasting opinions about subsidies for cinema. I also discuss the creation of the Film Rating Board.
Don Segundo Sombra
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, I trace the motivations and trials faced by Manuel Antín in adapting Don Segundo Sombra to the silver screen. I discuss its casting, production and reception. I also analyse the film, paying attention to the coming of age a gaucho.
Juan Moreira
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

This chapter is devoted to survey the process of adapting and shooting Juan Moreira, one of the most popular accounts about an outlaw gaucho who ends up defeated by the forces of civilization and progress. I discuss the challenges faced by its director, Leonardo Favio, and the popular success the film received, relying on press releases and film reviews of 1973.
Los gauchos judíos
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the preproduction, shooting and reception of a gauchesque film that is populated by Jewish characters and is also an adaptation of a traditional Argentine literary memoir by Alberto Gerchunoff.
Bajo el signo de la patria
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

This chapter is dedicated to the pre-production and close analysis of Bajo el signo de la patria which centres on the life of Argentine founding father Manuel Belgrano. I contend that, responding to Argentina’s tumultuous times in the early 1970s, the film is an anti-war war film in which the high cost of conflict is emphasized.
Introduction
Authors: Kelly Laura
Published: September 2018

This chapter sets the scene for the following chapters. It gives a broad overview of the history of medical education in Ireland while setting the book within the wider historiography. It outlines the political and cultural context for the period and briefly describes each chapter.
Educational Experiences and Medical Student Life, c.1880–1920
Authors: Kelly Laura
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 explores what students studied at Irish medical schools from the late nineteenth to early twentieth century, a period when medical curriculum underwent a series of reforms. Furthermore, the chapter examines the importance of educational tools such as medical museums, laboratories and specimens in the context of students’ educational experiences and whether the role of science in medical curricula was affected by the differing philosophies of Irish universities. The transition from the lecture theatre to the hospital ward appears to have been a turning point in the educational experiences of many Irish doctors. Drawing primarily on doctors’ memoirs, student magazines and the surviving records of Irish hospitals relating to clinical education, this chapter illuminates this important facet of medical student experience and how it helped to shape professional identity. This chapter examines the type of hospital experience received by Irish students in addition to assessing the regional differences that existed. Religious persuasion also impacted on students’ choice of hospital, well into the twentieth century. Medical student societies were also an important educational agent for students. These societies helped to groom students into respectable future practitioners and instilled them with the ideals and values of the profession.
Conclusion
Authors: Kelly Laura
Published: September 2018

The conclusion collates the key findings of the book and parallels between the experiences of medical students of the past and medical students today.
Journeys from the Abyss
Authors: Kushner Tony
Published: September 2018

This book explores Jewish refugee movements before, during and after the Holocaust, placing them in a longer history of forced migration from the 1880s to the present. It does not deny that there were particular issues facing Jews escaping from Nazism, but it emphasises that there are deeper trends that shed light on responses to and the experiences of these refugees and other forced migrants from war, poverty, genocide and ethnic cleansing. It argues that those interested in Holocaust studies and migration studies have much to learn from each other. This study focuses on three particular types of refugee movement – women, children and ‘illegal’ boat migrants. Whilst there is focus on British spheres of influence, the scope is global including Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the Americas, South Asia and Australasia. The approach is historical but incorporates many different disciplines including geography, anthropology, cultural and literary studies and politics. State as well as popular responses are integrated and the auto/biographical practice of the refugees themselves are highlighted throughout this book. Films, novels, museums, heritage sites and memorials are incorporated in this study alongside more traditional sources allowing exploration of history and memory. Many neglected refugee movements are covered and themes such as gender, childhood, place, space, legality, the politics of naming, and performance add to its richness.
From the 1880s to 1945
Authors: Kushner Tony
Published: September 2018

This is the first of two chapters exploring female migrant domestic work and it starts by considering which refugee stories are remembered and why asking why the women who came to Britain during and after the Nazi era have been especially neglected and forgotten. It then explores whether the voices of neglected migrants and minorities can be successfully recovered, utilising the work of Gayatri Spivak and subaltern studies. As its first case study is analyses the involvement in Jewish migrant women in the ‘white slave trade’ or organised prostitution from the 1880s through to the 1920s. It then explores how female Jewish refugees wrote about their experiences as domestic servants in Britain from the 1930s through to the end of the Second World War from placing adverts through to correspondence and other early narratives.
1945 to the Present
Authors: Kushner Tony
Published: September 2018

This chapter follows the earlier one in this section on female migrant domestic work but covers the period from 1945 to the present. It explores how refugee domestic servants were remembered in British culture and how they themselves wrote and re-wrote their experiences at different key points after the war and how their autobiographical writings were received. Particular attention is given to Lore Segal’s work and her description of her parents’ experiences as refugee domestics. The greater interest in the refugee domestics coming out of the social history movement and oral testimony projects is highlighted and how the greater interest in the Holocaust increasingly became the context in which these experiences were placed. The chapter concludes by exploring the lives of recent migrant domestic workers across the world and the similarities and differences in their experiences, including the communication of them and the whether they were/are a form of slavery.
The Journeys of Child Refugees, Lost and Rediscovered
Authors: Kushner Tony
Published: September 2018

Using the concept of place, this chapter explores the child survivors who came to Britain after the end of the war and initially settled in the Lake District. It explores how the heritage of the area, which is dominated by William Wordsworth, both excluded but has recently managed to include the experiences of these children as ‘Wandering Jews’. It provides a longer term history of such child refugees by incorporating the experiences of Serbian refugees who were sent to British schools in the First World War and how and why they have subsequently been forgotten. The experiences of the Holocaust survivor children is explored, especially with regard to place identity. Finally the chapter concludes by considering contemporary child migrants with the focus on those who attempt to reach the USA from central America and why concepts such as children’s rights has not impacted on their negative treatment,
Introduction: Crime, Violence, and the Irish in the Nineteenth Century; Themes and Perspectives
Authors: Hughes Kyle , MacRaild Donald M.
Published: September 2018

The introduction discusses contemporary and historiographical perceptions of Irish crime and violence in the nineteenth century. It considers the difficulties that missing and inconsistent source material present for the modern historian of Irish violence. It explores modern attempts (successful and otherwise) to categorise crime and violence and addresses some of the major triggers to both in an Irish context.
Whiteboys and Ribbonmen: What’s in a Name?
Authors: Huggins Michael
Published: September 2018

This reappraisal of the language and literature of Irish 'secret societies' questions the veracity of the blanket use of that term by contemporaries and modern historians. Ribbon societies are identified as the only true secret society, despite the tendency of Dublin Castle, the police, and their various agents and communicants to describe a variety of disorders as inspired or committed by clandestine societies. is is a significant and challenging viewpoint and one justified by a skilful and useful anatomization of the historiography to conclude that Ribbonism was a general community defence mechanism, but ‘an associational form that sought to distinguish itself from the rest of the community by its secrecy, its complex rituals and its quasi-masonic organizational model’ The chapter sees Ribbonism primarily as a show of collective economic interest.
Organised Labour in Limerick City, 1819–1821: Violence and the Struggle for Legitimacy
Authors: McGrath John
Published: September 2018

This chapter is concerned with labour struggles in Limerick and a blend of guild language, trade union activity and modes of violence in the shape of the united trades. It describes how the eighteenth-century protestant labour guilds had given way in the nineteenth century to organisations that called themselves guilds till the 1890s, but were now overwhelmingly Catholic. The chapter challenges lazy assumptions about the linear transfer from guild to union modes of activity.
Cork’s Courthouses, the Landed Elite, and the Rockite Rebellion: Architectural Responses to Agrarian Violence, 1820–1827
Authors: Butler Richard J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter complements a burgeoning literature on Irish architecture within the wider concept of ‘improvement’ during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. A detailed examination of the building of county Cork’s new courthouses and bridewells during the 1820s offers a fascinating insight into the thought processes of grand juries as they sought to marry their visions of improvement with the practicalities of penal architecture and urban planning. The Rockite disturbances provided the immediate backdrop, but this thought-provoking essay shows that the flurry of new building in Cork must be considered within ‘the delicate balance of alliance and enmity which characterises central state and Irish grand jury relations in this period’.
Crime and Punishment: Whiteboyism and the Law in Late Nineteenth-Century Ireland
Authors: Breathnach Ciara , Geary Laurence M.
Published: September 2018

This chapter is concerned with the administration of justice and offers a detailed examination of agrarian outrages in south-west Ireland during the first phase of the Land War. The focus is on those convicted of ‘Whiteboy’ offences at the Munster assizes of 1881 and the manner in which they were treated by the justice and penal system. The sentences meted out in these instances of agrarian outrage were often tougher than those given to ‘ordinary’ criminals. The Whiteboys could expect harsh treatment in prison. The conventions of the prison ‘mark’ system were flouted and physical and mental deterioration was common due to inactivity and solitary confinement. ‘Whiteboyism’ was merely a term of convenience by the 1880s, but this essay captures vividly how the draconian treatment handed out to convicted insurgents reflected the state’s fear of agrarian unrest and the threat it posed to the status quo.
Arson in Modern Ireland: Fire and Protest before the Famine
Authors: Clark Gemma
Published: September 2018

This analysis of arson details the use of incendiarism as a protest tool in the decades before the Famine. The pre-Famine period witnessed several outbreaks of agrarian unrest. Deliberately setting fire to property and crops was one obvious manifestation of agrarianism, and a particularly effective one given its destructiveness. Yet there is more to arson than its immediate destructive outcomes, this essay points out. It was a means by which to intimidate those who failed to comply with communal demands and bring them back into line. Arson in an Irish context rarely resulted in death and this essay says much about the very nature of crime and violence in nineteenth-century Ireland where violent crimes against property, rather than against the person, accounted for the majority of prosecutions.
Power (56–113)
Authors: Murgatroyd Paul
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the Latin text and a literal English translation of the section on prayers for power in Juvenal’s tenth satire and a detailed critical appreciation of those lines (56-113), paying particular attention to poetic aspects such s sound, style, rhythm, diction, imagery, vividness and narrative technique, and also assessing humour, wit, irony and the force and validity of the satirical thrusts. Questions of text are considered as well, where they are of substantial importance. This chapter shows how this section highlights the destructiveness of prayers for power and presents a long, densely packed and wide-ranging attack on power from its highest to its lowest form, with a particularly pointed and vivid depiction of the downfall of Sejanus.
(Satires 11 and 12)
Authors: Murgatroyd Paul
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the Latin text and a literal translation into English of representative segments of Juvenal’s eleventh and twelfth satires, paying particular attention to poetic aspects such as sound, style, rhythm, diction, imagery, vividness and narrative technique, and also assessing humour, wit, irony and the force and validity of satirical thrusts. This chapter examines the two other poems in Juvenal’s fourth book (satires 11 and 12) and considers how they continue in the vein of Satire 10 with regard to tone (calmer, mocking), the pillorying of human stupidity with humour and wit, the inclusion of much absurdity and grotesquerie, and the gloomy picture of Rome presented with cynicism, exaggeration and an admixture of pathos. Thus Satire 10 is viewed in context.
“Her—it—age!”: Virginia Woolf and Syllabic Intervention—Or, “Heritage is a Kim Novak word”
Authors: Goldman Jane
Published: September 2018

What Woolf has Archer do unto Jacob in the opening pages of Jacob’s Room—‘Ja—cob! Ja—cob!’—I propose doing unto that most unWoolfian word: ‘Her—it—age!’ Now we have three words that truly do open up Woolfian portals, obsessed as her writing is by gendered pronouns and the passing of time. Further, just as Woolf’s syllabic breakage of ‘Ja—cob!’ may be read as supplementary rather than diminishing, and as cryptic, semi-mystical, affirmation of inter-species companionship, so might this supplementary, inter-species opening methodology be adopted for critical analysis of the text in which Woolf’s only recorded use the word ‘heritage’ appears. Woolf’s interruptive, syllabled portals open to the animal, this paper argues. Whereas the continuum ‘heritage’ never again occurs in Woolf’s writings after its singular appearance in ‘On a Faithful Friend’ (1905), its fragmentary, barked, syllables (‘her’ and ‘it’ and ‘age’), may be understood to run through her entire oeuvre, as its very spine.
“The Very Centre of the Very Centre”: H. A. L. Fisher, Oxford, and “That Great Patriarchal Machine”
Authors: Bradshaw David
Published: September 2018

David Bradshaw considers Virginia Woolf’s relationship to her cousin Herbert Fisher, at the centre of ‘that great patriarchal machine’ of government and education. Arguing for the need for a more nuanced understanding of Fisher in Woolf studies, Bradshaw demonstrates that Woolf’s often scathing rejection of Fisher’s conservative ideology and late-Victorian Oxford intellectualism misrepresents his political and educational ideals, his strong dislike of war as well as his advocacy for a better state-funded education system. Her well-documented hostility is also accompanied by intimacy and admiration. Bradshaw therefore argues that Woolf’s complex response to Fisher has to be understood in a family context: they were connected by a shared sense of responsibility for their family heritage and he represented the world of her parents to her.
Silence, Darkness, and Dirt: Mysticism and Materiality in The Years and Between the Acts
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

Recent treatments of the role of religion in Virginia Woolf’s novels have posited a tension between religiosity and secularism, but this paper explores the conjunction of spirituality and materiality in Woolf’s work. Rather than posing a tension between mainstream religion and materiality, I argue for an unorthodox view of spirituality in which, despite their apparent contradiction, the mystical and the material are deeply interrelated. This material mysticism is demonstrated in the sacred charge of everyday objects, mystical consciousness (one interpretation of ‘moments of being’) emerging out of mundane locations and encounters (explored here in relation to The Years and Between the Acts) and the redeployment of key tropes of the mystical tradition. In the tradition of negative theology or apophatic mysticism, darkness and silence are frequently used to describe the divine as transcendent, unknowable and absent. Yet in Woolf’s novels darkness and silence are configured as located in the mundane, the material and presence. This paper argues that the material mysticism of Woolf’s writing provides a crucial component of the religious imagination of modernism.
Virginia Woolf Reads the Romantics
Authors: Pinho Davi
Published: September 2018

A prised legacy handed down to modernists by British Romantics is the understanding that memory is the organising force of all human art, that childhood is the source of our imaginative powers, and that poetry is the culmination of an I who works through collection and recollection, i.e. the reassessment of the visible in an emotional appraisal of the world. These are characteristics that mark Virginia Woolf’s artistic expression. Her attempt is to write in a space between poetry and prose, which can be traced back to Wordsworth’s 1802 preface to Lyrical Ballads. While her novels carry out this vision of art and the artist, Woolf directly discusses the Romantic heritage in several essays. We propose to survey the weight of Romanticism to Woolf’s art by revisiting the dialogues she establishes through her essays and the ones that are implicit in her considerations. To do so, we will unpack Woolf’s elegiac discussion of Romantic poets and their work in her essays, particularly in “Not One of Us” (1927), “The Man at the Gate” (1940), and “Sarah Coleridge” (1940), as well as briefly discuss the presence of a Romantic Heritage in her mature novels. Our aim is to show that through the life and art of the British Romantics, Woolf frames the importance of Romanticism to her own life and art: the possibility of making her private and isolated existence become an image that connects to the whole of art, poetry, and all human life.
The Play of Fact and Fiction in Virginia Stephen’s “The Journal of Mistress Joan Martyn”
Authors: Stalla Heidi
Published: September 2018

Evidence suggests that more of Woolf’s short story, “The Journal of Mistress Joan Martyn”, might be based on fact than is apparent. Critics usually point out that this work was written while Woolf stayed at Blo’ Norton Hall in Norfolk in August 1906. However, no one has yet suggested that the story itself may have been inspired by a loose collection of facts that Woolf gleaned either from evidence in the house or through conversations with people in the immediate environs. This paper examines Woolf’s early interest in both heritage and historiography by comparing the material of the short story to contemporary accounts of Blo’ Norton Hall, as well as census records that tell us something about its progression of inhabitants. We are left with new insight into Woolf’s early writing process: we watch her experimenting with the line between fact and fiction in an effort to create a new kind of historical memory about Englishness and the English tradition.
Heritage, Legacy, and the Life-Writing of Woolf and Rhys
Authors: Czarnecki Kristin
Published: September 2018

My paper considers how Virginia Woolf and Jean Rhys conceived of their heritage in their memoirs along with the effect of their life-writing upon their literary legacies. Focusing on Woolf’s “A Sketch of the Past” and Rhys’s Smile Please: An Unfinished Autobiography, I consider the catalysts for their autobiographical impulses and how they shaped their lives on the page. What aspects of their heritage do Woolf and Rhys include, rework, veil, or perhaps suppress? Can their life-writing and concepts of heritage be classified in any particular way? Given the imbalance between the number of biographies and critical books and articles on Woolf as compared to Rhys, I then consider whether “Sketch” and Smile Please might be said to play a role in each woman’s legacy. To what degree does their life-writing determine their status within the academy? Does it influence the courses we teach and the articles we write—as well as those that get published? Does a certain kind of life-writing provide greater fodder than another for biography and literary criticism? In exploring such questions, I turn to autobiography theory: Smith, Watson, Benstock, Marcus, and Friedman, for example, along with work on Woolf, Rhys, and memoir by Dahl, Dalgarno, Johnson, Sellei, and Zwerdling. I also discuss David Plante’s most ungracious memoir of working with Rhys on her autobiography. In sum, I believe “A Sketch of the Past” and Smile Please can serve as fruitful gateways into both the heritage and legacy of Virginia Woolf and Jean Rhys.
From the Author to the Icon: A Heritage of Virginia Woolf in French Biographies and Biofictions
Authors: Rigeade Anne-Laure
Published: September 2018

In this paper, I intend to analyze three French biographies and biofictions starring Virginia Woolf: Viviane Forrester's Virginia Woolf (2009), Christine Duhon's Une Année amoureuse de Virginia Woolf (1990), and Anne-James Chaton's elle regarde passer les gens (2016). My purpose is to show that these hybrid texts inherit of Woolf in two ways: first, because they propose a certain form of biography, a certain mix of fact and fiction, responding to Woolf's own creation, from Orlando to Roger Fry. Then, these texts inherit of an author's figure, an author who becomes more than a character, an icon.
“A shadow crossed the tail of his eye”: The Reception of Virginia Woolf in Romania: Heritage Transformed
Authors: Varga Adriana
Published: September 2018

Orlando becomes a woman in Constantinople, attempting to escape the unwanted affections of Archduke Harry disguised as Archduchess Harriet Griselda of Finster-Aarhorn and Scand-op-Boom. The character of the Archduke was inspired by Henry George Charles Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood, one of Vita Sackville-west’s early suitors. However, in Orlando, Archduchess Harriet, lust personified, is Romanian. Echoes of Romania are faint in Virginia Woolf’s fiction, essays, and diaries, much more so than references to other Eastern European and Balkan cultures, such as Greece or Russia. On the other hand, Woolf’s influence on Romanian literature, although very strong today, has been hardly studied. In this essay, I discuss the reception of Virginia Woolf in Romania during the interwar period, by looking at reviews and critical works published about Woolf’s works. I do this in order to delineate possible connections between Woolf and Romanian writers who were her contemporaries. Although it has been traditionally thought that cultural and literary connections were stronger between Romania and France or Romania and Germany, my research of periodicals and translations from this period shows that Woolf’s works were read and often discussed by Romanian critics and readers, and that her influence was much stronger than previously thought. Especially when considering the modernist experimental novel, several reviews published in Romania at this time show that Romanian critics recognized and were influenced by the originality and value of Woolf’s modernist experiment.
An Office of Her Own? Alice Munro and the Legacy of Writing with In-Authority
Authors: Mendez Eva
Published: September 2018

In Alice Munro’s short story “The Office,” the protagonist claims an office of her own in which to write. Munro’s narrative can thus be read as engaging with the ideas on the spatial conditions for women’s writing which Virginia Woolf famously explored in A Room of One’s Own. My paper takes this thematic connection as a point of departure for suggesting that a Woolfian legacy shapes Munro’s “The Office” in ways which go beyond a shared interest in spaces for women’s writing. Both A Room of One’s Own and “The Office,” this paper argues, use the discussion of women’s writing spaces as a launching pad for exploring in how far women writers may claim for themselves traditionally masculine positions of authorship and authority, and in what ways authoritative forms of literary discourse may be transformed by women’s writing. In both A Room of One’s Own and “The Office,” the interruption as element of plot and rhetorical strategy plays a central role in answering these questions.
Thinking Back through Virginia Woolf: Woolf as Portal in Lidia Yuknavitch’s The Small Backs of Children
Authors: Hollis Catherine W.
Published: September 2018

“I am not Virginia Woolf,” a character exclaims in Lidia Yuknavitch’s award-winning novel The Small Backs of Children (2015). But who among us is? If we are women writers, particularly experimental women writers, Virginia Woolf’s legacy is profound and ongoing. Thus Yuknavitch’s main character, a woman writer troubled with a traumatic past, expresses her debt to Woolf with a bit of brash ambivalence: “A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction. What a crock. Virginia, fuck you, old girl, old dead girl” (7). That these are the first words this character speaks in Small Backs belies her debt to Woolf’s influence. Indeed, Lidia Yuknavitch – a contemporary American writer and academic – has elsewhere spoken of Woolf as the “portal” through which Yuknavitch approaches her own writing. In this paper, I want to demonstrate the multiple and compelling ways in which Yukavitch’s most recent novel is indebted to the legacy of Virginia Woolf. The Small Backs of Children is an experimental, sometimes challenging novel that defies generic conventions. As in Woolf’s Three Guineas, The Small Backs of Children takes as its subject the impact of war and violence on the bodies of women and girls. As in Woolf’s The Waves, each character takes turns recounting their part of the narrative, while their multiple voices together create a collective consciousness greater than any single perspective. Further, as in Woolf’s theory of biography, Yuknavitch mixes the “granite and rainbow” of fact and fiction to craft a story that is a groundbreaking mixture of the two. Indeed, in the example of The Small Backs of Children, we see a compelling example of a 21st century woman writer thinking back through Virginia Woolf.