bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Unbiased ALMA Spectral Survey of the LkCa 15 and MWC 480 Protoplanetary Disks
Authors: Loomis Ryan A. , Öberg Karin I. , Andrews Sean M. , Bergin Edwin , Bergner Jennifer , Blake Geoffrey A. , Cleeves L. Ilsedore , Czekala Ian , Huang Jane , Le Gal Romane , Ménard Francois , Pegues Jamila , Qi Chunhua , Walsh Catherine , Williams Jonathan P. , Wilner David J.
Published: April 2020

The volatile contents of protoplanetary disks both set the potential for planetary chemistry and provide valuable probes of defining disk system characteristics such as stellar mass, gas mass, ionization, and temperature structure. Current disk molecular inventories are fragmented, however, giving an incomplete picture: unbiased spectral line surveys are needed to assess the volatile content. We present here an overview of such a survey of the protoplanetary disks around the Herbig Ae star MWC 480 and the T Tauri star LkCa 15 in ALMA Band 7, spanning ∼36 GHz from 275 to 317 GHz and representing an order of magnitude increase in sensitivity over previous single-dish surveys. We detect 14 molecular species (including isotopologues), with five species (C34S, 13CS, H2CS, DNC, and C2D) detected for the first time in protoplanetary disks. Significant differences are observed in the molecular inventories of MWC 480 and LkCa 15, and we discuss how these results may be interpreted in light of the different physical conditions of these two disk systems.
CHAOS IV: Gas-phase Abundance Trends from the First Four CHAOS Galaxies
Authors: Berg Danielle A. , Pogge Richard W. , Skillman Evan D. , Croxall Kevin V. , Moustakas John , Rogers Noah S. J. , Sun Jiayi
Published: April 2020

The chemical abundances of spiral galaxies, as probed by H ii regions across their disks, are key to understanding the evolution of galaxies over a wide range of environments. We present Large Binocular Telescope/Multi-Object Double Spectrographs spectra of 52 H ii regions in NGC 3184 as part of the CHemical Abundances Of Spirals (CHAOS) project. We explore the direct-method gas-phase abundance trends for the first four CHAOS galaxies, using temperature measurements from one or more auroral-line detections in 190 individual H ii regions. We find that the dispersion in

relationships is dependent on ionization, as characterized by

, and so we recommend ionization-based temperature priorities for abundance calculations. We confirm our previous results that [N ii] and [S iii] provide the most robust measures of electron temperature in low-ionization zones, while [O iii] provides reliable electron temperatures in high-ionization nebula. We measure relative and absolute abundances for O, N, S, Ar, and Ne. The four CHAOS galaxies marginally conform with a universal O/H gradient, as found by empirical integral field unit studies when plotted relative to effective radius. However, after adjusting for vertical offsets, we find a tight universal N/O gradient of

dex/R

e
with σ
tot. = 0.08 for R

g
/R

e
 < 2.0, where N is dominated by secondary production. Despite this tight universal N/O gradient, the scatter in the N/O–O/H relationship is significant. Interestingly, the scatter is similar when N/O is plotted relative to O/H or S/H. The observable ionic states of S probe lower ionization and excitation energies than O, which might be more appropriate for characterizing abundances in metal-rich H ii regions.
Dust Attenuation Curve for Local Subgalactic Star-forming Regions
Authors: Teklu Berzaf Berhane , Lin Zesen , Kong Xu , Wang Enci , Gao Yulong , Liu Qing , Hu Ning , Liu Haiyang
Published: April 2020

We compile a sample of about 157,000 spaxels from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at the Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey to derive the average dust attenuation curve for subgalactic star-forming regions of local star-forming galaxies (SFGs) in the optical wavelength, following the method of Calzetti et al. We obtain a

-independent average attenuation curve for spaxels with 1.1 ≤ D

n
(4000) < 1.3, which is similar to the one derived from either local starbursts or normal SFGs. We examine whether and how the shape of the average attenuation curve changes with several local and global physical properties. For spaxels with 1.2 ≤ D

n
(4000) < 1.3, we find no dependence on either local or global physical properties for the shape of the average attenuation curve. However, for spaxels with younger stellar population (1.1 ≤ D

n
(4000) < 1.2), shallower average attenuation curves are found for star-forming regions with smaller stellar mass surface density, smaller star formation rate surface density, or those residing in the outer region of galaxies. These results emphasize the risk of using one single attenuation curve to correct the dust reddening for all type of star-forming regions, especially for those with fairly young stellar population.
Localized Magnetic-field Structures and Their Boundaries in the Near-Sun Solar Wind from Parker Solar Probe Measurements
Authors: Krasnoselskikh V. , Larosa A. , Agapitov O. , de Wit T. Dudok , Moncuquet M. , Mozer F. S. , Stevens M. , Bale S. D. , Bonnell J. , Froment C. , Goetz K. , Goodrich K. , Harvey P. , Kasper J. , MacDowall R. , Malaspina D. , Pulupa M. , Raouafi N. , Revillet C. , Velli M. , Wygant J.
Published: April 2020

One of the discoveries of the Parker Solar Probe during its first encounters with the Sun is ubiquitous presence of relatively small-scale structures standing out as sudden deflections of the magnetic field. They were named “switchbacks” since some of them show a full reversal of the radial component of the magnetic field and then return to “regular” conditions. We carried out an analysis of three typical switchback structures having different characteristics: I. Alfvénic structure, where the variations of the magnetic field components take place while conserving the magnitude of the magnetic field; II. Compressional structure, where the magnitude of the field varies together with changes of its components; and III. Structure manifesting full reversal of the magnetic field, presumably Alfvén, which is an extremal example of a switchback. We analyzed the properties of the magnetic fields of these structures and of their boundaries. Observations and analyses lead to the conclusion that they represent localized twisted magnetic tubes moving with respect to surrounding plasma. An important feature is the existence of a relatively narrow boundary layer at the surface of the tube that accommodates flowing currents. These currents are closed on the surface of the structure and typically have comparable azimuthal and tube-axis-aligned components. They are supported by the presence of an effective electric field due to strong gradients of the density and ion plasma pressure. The ion beta is typically larger inside the structure than outside. The surface of the structure may also accommodate electromagnetic waves that assist particles in carrying currents.
Local Molecular Gas toward the Aquila Rift Region
Authors: Su Yang , Yang Ji , Yan Qing-Zeng , Gong Yan , Chen Zhiwei , Zhang Shaobo , Sun Yan , Zhang Miaomiao , Chen Xuepeng , Zhou Xin , Wang Min , Wang Hongchi , Xu Ye , Jiang Zhibo
Published: April 2020

We present the results of a ∼250 square degrees CO mapping (+26° ≲ l ≲ +50° and −5° ≲ b ≲ +5°) toward the Aquila Rift region at a spatial resolution of ∼50″ and a grid spacing of 30″. The high dynamic range CO maps with a spectral resolution of ∼0.2 km s−1 display highly structured molecular cloud (MC) morphologies with valuable velocity information, revealing complex spatial and dynamical features of the local molecular gas. In combination with the MWISP CO data and the Gaia DR2, distances of the main MC structures in the local ISM are well determined toward the Aquila Rift region. We find that the total MC mass within 1 kpc is about ≳4.1 × 105

in the whole region. In fact, the mass of the molecular gas is dominated by the W40 giant molecular cloud (GMC) at ∼474 pc (∼1.4 × 105

) and the GMC complex G036.0+01.0 at ∼560–670 pc (∼2.0 × 105

), while the MCs at ∼220–260 pc have gas masses of ∼102–103

. Interestingly, an ∼80 pc long filamentary MC G044.0–02.5 at a distance of ∼404 pc shows a systematic velocity gradient along and perpendicular to the major axis of the filament. The H i gas with enhanced emission has similar spatial morphologies and velocity features compared to the corresponding CO structure, indicating that large-scale converging H i flows are probably responsible for the formation of the MC. Meanwhile, the long filamentary MC consists of many sub-filaments with lengths ranging from ∼0.5 pc to several pc, as well as prevalent networks of filaments in other large-scale local MCs.
Comprehensive Data for Depolarization of the Second Solar Spectrum by Isotropic Collisions with Neutral Hydrogen
Authors: Derouich M.
Published: April 2020

Interpretation of the second solar spectrum (SSS) requires a complete determination of the depolarizing effect due to collisions with neutral hydrogen. In this paper, we provide comprehensive collision data for simple atoms, complex atoms, and atoms with hyperfine structure. Grids of interaction potentials were computed for a large range of effective quantum numbers n* that characterize states of hypothetical simple atoms. After that, the Schrödinger equation is solved to calculate the collisional transition matrix for each value of n*. Thus, we constructed a database of collisional polarization transfer and depolarization rates of all p-, d-, and f-states of simple atoms. The obtained results are fitted to deduce 48 variation laws, leading to the determination of all depolarization and polarization transfer rates of solar simple atoms. These laws are general and can be applied for any simple atom. We demonstrate how these laws can be used to efficiently obtain the collision rates associated with complex atoms, as well as with atoms with hyperfine structure. We show how the reader may use the variation laws to reproduce all new (de)polarization rates of this paper, as well as all rates of our previous papers published since 2003. Accuracy of our variation laws is discussed. Our analytical laws can be easily implemented in the numerical models developed to simulate the formation of the SSS.
Measuring the Metallicity of Early-type Galaxies
Authors: Wu Yu-Zhong
Published: April 2020

We use data for 6048 early-type galaxies (ETGs) from Galaxy Zoo 1 that have been cross-matched with the catalog of the MPA-JHU emission-line measurements for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7. We measure the metallicity of these ETGs by excluding various ionization sources, and study other properties as well. We use the optimal division line of W2–W3 = 2.5 as a diagnostic tool, and for the first time derive metallicity measurements for 2218 ETGs. We find that these ETGs actually are closer to H ii regions as defined by Kauffmann et al. in the Baldwin–Philips–Terevich diagram, and they display younger stellar populations. We present a full mass–metallicity relation and find that most ETGs have lower metallicities than star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at a given galaxy stellar mass. We use five metallicity calibrators to check our results. We find that these metallicity indicators (R23, O32, and O3S2) give consistent results. We suggest that the remaining two metallicity calibrators, which increase metallicity by N-enrichment, can be used to calibrate metallicities for SFGs, but not to estimate the metallicities of ETGs.
Interpreting Solar Wind Turbulent Spectra beyond Taylor’s Hypothesis
Authors: Bourouaine Sofiane , Perez Jean C.
Published: April 2020

In this Letter we apply a methodology, recently proposed by Bourouaine & Perez (BP19), to interpret solar wind turbulent power spectra beyond the Taylor approximation (TA). The turbulent power spectra were measured using Helios spacecraft data near 0.6 au. We use the model proposed in BP19 to reproduce the field-perpendicular power spectrum E(k
⊥) of antisunward Alfvénic fluctuations in the plasma frame (where k
⊥ is the field-perpendicular wavenumber) from the corresponding measured frequency power spectrum

along the sampling angle θ

b
, which is the angle between the local magnetic field and the sampling direction. Here ω = 2πf and f is the frequency of the time signal. Interestingly enough, we found that for all corresponding measured frequency power spectrum

the reproduced field-perpendicular power spectrum E(k
⊥) is the same and independent of the considered sampling angle θ

b
. This finding is consistent with the fact that the analyzed turbulence is strong and highly anisotropic with

(where

is the field-parallel wavenumber). Furthermore, for this specific time signal we found that the commonly used TA is still approximately valid with the important difference that a broadening in k
⊥ for each angular frequency ω is present. This broadening can be described in the context of the methodology proposed in BP19.
The Ultimate Deception Childhood Sexual Abuse in the Church
Authors: Cook Linda J.
Published: April 2020

Childhood sexual abuse is a serious problem. Significant evidence exists that victims experience both short-term and long-term emotional and psychological problems related to the abuse. Childhood sexual abuse committed by clergy or other adults affiliated with the church may have additional ramifications because of deep violations of trust, honesty, and love. In addition, it can create spiritual distress in victims. Child and adolescent mental health nurses need to actively promote risk-reduction strategies to help prevent the abuse from occurring in their communities.
Micromeria rodriguezii (Lamiaceae) en la flora peninsular ibérica
Authors: Senar R. , Ferrer Gallego P. P. , Laguna E. , Rossello J. A. , Saez L.
Published: April 2020

Micromeria rodriguezii es una especie endémica de las Islas Baleares (Mediterráneo occidental). Una población de esta especie se ha encontrado en la provincia de Castellón (España), en el margen de un camino forestal. Se proporciona un estudio de la morfología de las plantas de esta población, así como su estado de conservación en la Comunidad Valenciana. Debido a que esta es la única población ibérica conocida hasta el momento, se debe elaborar un plan de manejo y conservación para garantizar su conservación.
Clinical trials e verifica dell’appropriatezza dell’informazione
Authors: Casella Claudia , Buccelli Claudio , Scuotto Adriana , Capasso Emanuele
Published: April 2020

Nella valutazione dei protocolli sperimentali accurata attenzione viene posta dai Comitati Etici Territoriali alla “Scheda informativa” (SI) da sottoporre ai pazienti, per verificarne efficacia e correttezza di formulazione, ai fini della loro preventiva dichiarazione di consapevole, inequivoca, libera autodeterminazione alla sperimentazione proposta. Va, però, osservato che frequentemente la SI, redatta con terminologia tecnica, oltre a risultare inappropriata, assume la fisionomia di una sorta di “liberatoria” di responsabilità nei confronti di possibili danni per lo sperimentatore stesso e per lo sponsor più che di strumento di effettiva tutela dei pazienti. In tale ambito si è condotta un’indagine statistico-conoscitiva sui dati del Comitato Etico Università Federico II, relativa a 1076 protocolli di ricerca esaminati nel periodo 2012-2016. Dall’indagine è emerso che la SI contenuta nei protocolli di tipo profit, anche per l’influenza esercitata dal dilagante fenomeno della medicina difensiva, è costituita da un numero medio di pagine notevolmente superiore rispetto a quello dei clinical trials no-profit. Questa constatazione è di notevole rilievo giacché la prolissità delle SI (che talvolta superano anche le 40 pagine) e l’oscurità lessicale che non infrequentemente vi si ritrovano contrastano con quel messaggio di chiarezza essenziale su cui deve strutturarsi un’adesione libera e consapevole al percorso sperimentale. Vivamente apprezzabile è, pertanto, l’attività svolta dai Comitati Etici Territoriali, ai quali è attribuito, fra gli altri, l’insostituibile compito di vigilare sulla comprensibilità della SI proprio al fine di garantire nel grado più elevato possibile la tutela del diritto all’autodeterminazione dei pazienti anche in tema di sperimentazioni cliniche.
A Pilot Study of Verbal Fluency in the Zulu Speaking Population with Preliminary Application to Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Sperinck Terri-Leigh , De Picciotto Janet
Published: April 2020

This study investigated the semantic verbal fluency (VF) abilities of non-neurologically impaired (NNI) Zulu speaking subjects in order to obtain normative data for this population. The data were analysed in terms of the total number of words generated in one minute, the number of words generated over four fifteen-second time periods and the strategies employed. Where possible, these results were compared to performance of South African English speaking NNI subjects. The responses of three traumatically brain injured (TBI) Zulu speaking subjects on VF tasks were obtained and compared to the NNI subjects. The NNI subjects performed significantly poorer than the current norms and poorer than the South African English speaking population. The TBI subjects generated fewer words than the NNI subjects. The strategies used by the TBI subjects were similar in type but were less efficiently used than the Zulu speaking NNI subjects. The results of this study are particularly relevant to the clinical role of speech pathologists in the multicultural and multilingual population of South Africa.
Sepedi-toets vir Spraakverstaanbaarheid
Authors: Fouché Sunel , Van der Merwe Anita
Published: April 2020

The aim of this study was to develop the "Sepedi-toets vir Spraakverstaanbaarheid" to objectively evaluate the speech intelligibility of the client and to give appropriate phonetic information. This study evolved from the present need for evaluation mechanisms and therapeutic services in the indigenous African languages. The words used in the test had to conform to the requirements of certain phonetic criteria. Words and sentences of differing lengths were included The procedures followed by the test administrator were different for mother tongue speakers than those for non-mother tongue speakers. After the compilation of the test it was applied to four dysarthria speakers. Upon execution of the test it was evident that differences in judgement of speech intelligibility exist between mother tongue and non-mother tongue speakers. Useful phonetic information was obtained through the qualitative analysis of the speech productions. It appears that the "Sepedi-toets vir Spraakverstaanbaarheid" can be used in the clinical environment to obtain a more objective evaluation of the client.
A rare case of type 3 usher syndrome with bilateral cystoid macular edema treated with topical dorzolamide
Authors: Puthalath Athul , Samanta Ramanuj , Saraswat Neeraj , Agrawal Ajai , Singh Anupam , Jamil Mahsa
Published: April 2020

A 30-year-old female presented with gradually progressive diminution of vision for 1 month, with night blindness for the past 5 years and difficulty in hearing for the past 10 years. Her developmental history and family history were unremarkable. Ocular examination revealed visual acuity of 6/36 in both eyes. Fundus showed features of retinitis pigmentosa with bilateral macular edema. Audiometry revealed bilateral sensorineural hearing loss; although, her vestibular functions were preserved. Clinical diagnosis of Usher syndrome type 3 was made based on normal hearing at birth, delayed presentation of progressive visual and auditory impairment with normal vestibular function, and developmental milestones. Her macular edema resolved after 3 months of treatment with topical dorzolamide therapy. The unique feature of this case is the presence of bilateral macular edema in type 3 Usher syndrome, which is rarely reported in literature.
Environment Effects on Chromia (Cr2O3) Scale Stability Formed on Type 310S Stainless Steel During Wet Oxidation
Authors: Mahboubi S. , Zurob H.S. , Botton G.A. , Kish J.R.
Published: April 2020

The possibility of surrogating high-pressure supercritical water (SCW) with an ambient pressure air-10% H2O (wet air) mixture for studying wet oxidation of Type 310S stainless steel (UNS S31008) at high temperatures was examined using gravimetric measurements coupled with electron microscopy techniques. A distinctly different wet oxidation kinetic rate law was observed in the two environments at 550°C: parabolic for the wet air mixture and para-linear (“breakaway”) for SCW. The differing rate law is attributed to differences in the mass transport kinetics parameters, which are not well defined for SCW, that likely control Cr volatilization from the oxide scale, starting with the presumed MnCr2O4 spinel outer layer. Although the wet air mixture is not considered to be a suitable surrogate environment for SCW at the temperature of interest, it may prove useful to help determine microstructure instability effects on wet oxidation at elevated temperatures.
Personal resources and flexibility in coping with stress depending on perceived stress in a group of cancer patients
Authors: Basińska Małgorzata A. , Sołtys Michalina
Published: April 2020

Background

Cancer is a highly stressful life event. It requires the employment of new coping skills and strategies. Flexibility in coping with stress plays an important role in this case. The aim of the study was to assess the role of personal resources in shaping the flexi-bility in coping with stress among cancer patients depending on the level of perceived stress.

Participants and procedure

One hundred eight patients suffering from cancer were surveyed. The following methods were employed: the Resiliency Meas-urement Scale by Ogińska-Bulik and Juczyński, the Adult Hope Scale by Snyder, the Spirituality Index of Well-Being by Daaleman and Frey, the Flexibility in Coping with Stress Questionnaire by Basińska and team and the Global Measure of Per-ceived Stress by Cohen, Kamarck and Mermelstein.

Results

The results demonstrated a positive correlation between all considered personal resources and flexibility in coping.
Both resiliency and spiritual well-being enable one to predict 23% of variability of flexibility in coping. Cluster analysis revealed that the group of patients with a generally higher level of personal resources was characterised by greater flexibility in all its dimensions. However, stress levels did not modify the relationships between personal resources and flexibility in coping.

Conclusions

The results encourage the planning of psychological interventions aimed at the development of personal resources among cancer patients, and warrant further research.
National eponyms in medicine
Authors: Nieradko-Iwanicka Barbara
Published: April 2020

An eponym is a person, place or thing after whom or after which something is named. In the past eponyms used to be commonly used in medical vocabulary. Rheumatologists are surely familiar with ‘Lyme disease’ (borreliosis).
Combing through the Internet I couldn’t find any world-famous medical eponyms that Poles could be proud of. The only ones with ‘Poland’ or ‘Polish’ words are: ’plica polonica’ and ‘Poland syndrome’.
In the 21st century eponyms are rarely used because of the global importance of evidence based medicine and multi-centre cohort studies and clinical trials.
Who in Poland deserves to go to the annals of medicine? Undoubtedly professor Rudolf Weigl. He had 75 nominations for Nobel without being awarded the prize. Can we be proud only of our poets and novelists?
Chemical de-staining and the delta correction for blue intensity measurements of stained lake subfossil trees
Authors: Wang Feng , Arseneault Dominique , Boucher Étienne , Yu Shulong , Ouellet Steeven , Chaillou Gwenaëlle , Delwaide Ann , Wang Lily
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The stain of wood samples from lake subfossil trees (LSTs) is challenging the wide application of the blue intensity (BI) technique for millennial dendroclimatic reconstructions. In this study, we used seven chemical de-staining reagents to treat samples of subfossil black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.)) trees from two lakes in the eastern Canadian boreal forest. We subsequently compared latewood BI (LBI) and delta BI (DBI) time series along with conventional maximum latewood density (MXD) measured from the stained and de-stained samples. Results show that the stain of our samples is most likely caused by post-sampling oxidation of dissolved ferrous iron in lake sediments that penetrated into wood. Three reagents (ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate and sodium dithionite all mixed with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) could remove > 90 % of Fe. However, even for the best chemical protocol, a discrepancy of about +2 °C compared to MXD data remains in the LBI-based temperature reconstruction due to incomplete de-staining. On the contrary, the simple mathematical delta correction, DBI is unaffected by Fe stain and shows very similar results compared to MXD data (r > 0.82) from annual to centennial timescales over the past ~ 360 years. This study underlines the difficulty of completely de-staining lake subfossil samples, while confirming the robustness of the DBI approach. DBI data measured from stained LSTs can be used to perform robust millennial temperature reconstructions.
A bed load transport equation based on the spatial distribution of shear stress – Oak Creek revisit
Authors: Monsalve Angel , Segura Catalina , Hucke Nicole , Katz Scott
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Bed load transport formulations for gravel bed-rivers are often based on reach-averaged shear stress values. However, the complexity of the flow field in these systems results in wide distributions of shear stress, whose effects on bed load transport are not well captured by the frequently used bed load transport equations, leading to inaccurate estimates of sediment transport. Here, we modified a subsurface-based bed load transport equation to include the complete distributions of shear stress generated by a given flow within a reach. The equation was calibrated and verified using bed load data measured at Oak Creek, OR. The spatially variable flow field characterization was obtained using a two-dimensional flow model calibrated over a wide range of flows between 0.1 and 1.0 of bankfull discharge. The shape of the distributions of shear stress was remarkably similar across different discharge levels which allowed it to be parameterized in terms of discharge using a Gamma function. When discharge is high enough to mobilize the pavement layer (1.0 m3/s in Oak Creek), the proposed transport equation had a similar performance to the original formulation based on reach-averaged shear stress values. In addition, the proposed equation predicts bed load transport rates for lower flows when the pavement layer is still present because it accounts for bed load transport occurring in a small fraction of the channel bed that experience high values of shear stress. This is an improvement over the original equation, which fails to estimate this bed load flux by relying solely on reach-average shear stress values.
Impact of an educational program on earthquake awareness and preparedness in Nepal
Authors: Subedi Shiba , Hetényi György , Shackleton Ross
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Scientific education of local communities is key to help reduce the risk associated with natural disasters, such as earthquakes. Western Nepal has a history of major seismic events and is highly prone to further earthquakes; however, the majority of the population is not aware about or prepared for them. To increase earthquake awareness and improve preparedness, a seismology education program was established at 22 schools in Nepal. In each school, educational activities were performed by teaching earthquake related topics in classrooms, offering training to teachers and through installing a low-cost seismometer network which supported both teaching and awareness objectives. To test the effects of this program we conducted two surveys with school children, one before and one after the initiation of the program, with several hundred participants in each. The survey findings highlighted that educational activities implemented at schools are effective in raising the awareness levels and in improving the adaptive capacities and preparedness for future earthquakes. However, perceptions of risk did not change so much. Furthermore, we know there was dissemination of this information to the broader community though social learning, leading to broad scale awareness. A high and positive impact of program on the students and the community is encouraging to continue and expand the program.
Continuous in situ measurement of dissolved methane in Lake Kivu using a membrane inlet laser spectrometer
Authors: Grilli Roberto , Darchambeau François , Chappellaz Jérôme , Mugisha Ange , Triest Jack , Umutoni Augusta
Published: April 2020

Abstract. We report the first high-resolution continuous profile of
dissolved methane in the shallow water of Lake Kivu, Rwanda. The
measurements were performed using an in situ dissolved gas sensor, called
Sub-Ocean, based on a patented membrane-based extraction technique coupled
with a highly sensitive optical spectrometer. The sensor was originally
designed for ocean settings, but both the spectrometer and the extraction
system were modified to extend the dynamical range up to 6 orders of
magnitude with respect to the original prototype (from nmol L−1 to mmol L−1 detection) to fit the range of concentrations at Lake Kivu. The
accuracy of the instrument was estimated to ±22 % (2σ) from
the standard deviation of eight profiles at 80 m depth, corresponding to
±0.112 mbar of CH4 in water or ±160 nmol L−1 at
25 ∘C and 1 atm. The instrument was able to continuously profile
the top 150 m of the water column within only 25 min. The maximum observed
mixing ratio of CH4 in the gas phase concentration was 77 %, which at
150 m depth and under thermal conditions of the lake corresponds to 3.5 mmol L−1. Deeper down, dissolved CH4 concentrations were too large for
the methane absorption spectrum to be correctly retrieved. Results are in
good agreement with discrete in situ measurements conducted with the
commercial HydroC® sensor. This fast-profiling feature is
highly useful for studying the transport, production and consumption of
CH4 and other dissolved gases in aquatic systems. While the sensor is
well adapted for investigating most environments with a concentration of
CH4 up to a few millimoles per liter, in the future the spectrometer could be
replaced with a less sensitive analytical technique possibly including
simultaneous detection of dissolved CO2 and total dissolved gas
pressure, for exploring settings with very high concentrations of CH4
such as the bottom waters of Lake Kivu.
Land Surface Model influence on the simulated climatologies of temperature and precipitation extremes in the WRF v.3.9 model over North America
Authors: García-García Almudena , Cuesta-Valero Francisco José , Beltrami Hugo , González-Rouco J. Fidel , García-Bustamante Elena , Finnis Joel
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The representation and projection of extreme temperature and precipitation events in regional and global climate models are of major importance for the study of climate change impacts. However, state-of-the-art global and regional climate model simulations yield a broad inter-model range of intensity, duration and frequency of these extremes. Here, we present a modeling experiment using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to determine the influence of the land surface model (LSM) component on uncertainties associated with extreme events. First, we evaluate land-atmosphere interactions within four simulations performed by the WRF model using three different LSMs from 1980 to 2012 over North America. Results show LSM-dependent differences at regional scales in the frequency of occurrence of events when surface conditions are altered by atmospheric forcing or land processes. The inter-model range of extreme statistics across the WRF simulations is large, particularly for indices related to the intensity and duration of temperature and precipitation extremes. Areas showing large uncertainty in WRF simulated extreme events are also identified in a model ensemble from three different Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulations participating in the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) project, revealing the implications of these results for other model ensembles. This study illustrates the importance of the LSM choice in climate simulations, supporting the development of new modeling studies using different LSM components to understand inter-model differences in simulating temperature and precipitation extreme events, which in turn will help to reduce uncertainties in climate model projections.
A Fast-response automated gas equilibrator (FaRAGE) for continuous in situ measurement of methane dissolved in water
Authors: Xiao Shangbin , Liu Liu , Wang Wei , Lorke Andreas , Woodhouse Jason , Grossart Hans-Peter
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Biogenic methane (CH4) emissions from inland waters contribute substantially to global warming. In aquatic systems, CH4 dissolved in freshwater lakes and reservoirs is highly heterogeneous both in space and time. To better understand the biological and physical processes that affect sources and sinks of CH4 in lakes and reservoirs, dissolved CH4 needs to be measured with a highest temporal resolution. To achieve this goal, we developed the Fast-Response Automated Gas Equilibrator (FaRAGE) for real-time in situ measurement of dissolved CH4 concentration at the water surface and in the water column. FaRAGE can achieve an exceptionally short response time (t95 % = 12 s when including the response time of the gas analyzer) while retaining an equilibration ratio of 63 % and a measurement accuracy of 0.5 %. An equilibration ratio as high as 91.8 % can be reached at the cost of a slightly increased response time (16 s). The FaRAGE is capable of continuously measuring dissolved CH4 concentrations in the nM-to-mM (10−9–10−3 mol L−1) range with a detection limit of sub-nM (10−10 mol L−1), when coupled with a cavity ring-down greenhouse gas analyzer (Picarro GasScouter). It enables the possibility of mapping dissolved CH4 concentration in a quasi three-dimensional manner in lakes. The FaRAGE is simple to operate, inexpensive, and suitable for continuous monitoring with a strong tolerance to suspended particles. The easy adaptability to other gas analyzers such as Ultra-portable Los Gatos and stable isotopic gas analyzer (Picarro G2132-i) also provides the potential for many further applications, e.g. measuring dissolved 13δC-CH4 and CO2.
Gender Differences in Learning English as a Second Language among Primary Students in Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Zeiti Sheikh Abdul Hamid Malai
Published: April 2020

English is a major medium for learning in the Bruneian school system and is an important feature of Brunei’s bilingual education policy. There is a concern that students in Brunei have low literacy levels and experience language difficulties in the classroom. Bruneian students, who are second language learners of English encounter problems in communicating in the language due to lack of input at home and the school environment. Through qualitative interviews with young children, gender differences were found in language learning as early as the primary schools. Girls were keen to participate in activities which increased their literacy skills than boys.
A New Global Space: Rethinking General Education in the New Global Learning Environment
Authors: Lundberg Karin
Published: April 2020

General education curricula and learning outcomes have gained increased attention in undergraduate education. Often missing in the discussion, however, is discussion of today's globally diverse learning environment. This reflective article begins with some of the original ideas of general education in the early nineteenth century. It connects these ideas with today's global discourses, concluding with the idea we must redefine global citizenship in current general education curricula, specifically in the area of English Language Learning (ELL). The article further describes how diverse knowledge perspectives and the multiplicity of meanings, derived from students' bicultural backgrounds, can form the foundation of a content-based curriculum around the theme “The City in World History.” The purpose of this curriculum is to help students orient in historical time and place and allow a sharing of perspectives, which helps form connections between their own reference framework and the ones of their peers. Preliminary results show enhanced learner motivation and a stronger sense of belonging in the academic learning environment, which may lead to greater students' academic success. Ultimately, through such a learning experience, students may position themselves as citizens of the world regardless of their cultural backgrounds.
The Imperative of Arts in General Education: Do the Arts Enhance Quality Learning?
Authors: Leung Suzannie K. Y. , Hoshmand A. Reza
Published: April 2020

The arts have been part of human endeavor throughout the history of civilization. They have defined cultures and enriched our lives. Despite their value, the arts have not been given equal priority with other academic disciplines, either in K–12 or in tertiary education. Recognizing the value of arts education for the overall cognitive development of students, this article evaluates the impact of arts courses in a university setting through a General Education program. Pre- and post-surveys (N=203 for the Study Process Questionnaire and N=163 for the Learning Experience Inventory) were conducted to evaluate what was learned in these courses, and the results show that there was a positive impact on students' capacity for quality learning. The study indicates the importance of arts education for student learning and the power of the arts in General Education.
Cognitive Learning in Large Lectures of the Basic Communication Course: Does Delivery Format Matter?
Authors: Jacobi Laura , Cvancara Kristen
Published: April 2020

Both large lectures and online formats are encouraged as viable options for the delivery of course material in higher education today, especially in large general education courses. However, how do such delivery formats impact student learning? In an effort to understand how lecture format impacts cognitive learning, this study investigated how the delivery format impacts the actual and perceived cognitive learning of students in a basic communication course in a midsized Midwestern university. Using one-way between-subjects ANOVA, earned exam grades, coded written reflections, and scores from a cognitive learning perception scale were compared across online, hybrid, and face-to-face lecture delivery formats. As predicted, no significant differences on any of the dependent variables were identified, indicating a lack of influence of delivery format on actual or perceived levels of cognitive learning. However, aspects of teacher immediacy, student learning preferences, and degree of interaction in recitation sections is discussed, along with implications for future research.
Civic Engagement Embedded in the Introductory Communication Course
Authors: Horn Dakota C. , Dillerud Madison , Fitzgerald Josh , Smith Daniel
Published: April 2020

This article is an exploration of a current practice implementing civic engagement in the general education curriculum. At the university examined in this article, all students complete a civic engagement requirement in the oral communication course. The authors provide justification for why institutional initiatives are not enough to accomplish the goals of civic engagement but must be embedded in a particular course, assignment, and learning outcome. The article uses the personal perspective of the General Education Assessment Coordinator, Director of the Oral Communication course, and a student who completed the assignment to share the successes of this practice.
Designing Messages to Change Student Attitudes about General Education Courses: Developing the Think Beyond the Major Campaign
Authors: Lash Brittany N. , Record Rachael A.
Published: April 2020

In an effort to promote undergraduate students' attitudes toward general education courses, the Think Beyond the Major campaign prioritized the design and creation of the campaign messages. These efforts produced materials that were supported in improving attitudes toward, and communication about, general education courses among undergraduate students. Message design processes and products are understood to be essential to the effectiveness of public communication campaigns. Guided by William J. McGuire's input-output model, this study reports on the focus group-guided creation of the Think Beyond the Major campaign messages. Using thematic analysis, findings explore the use of source logo, tailored images, appeal, and content for education-based campaign messages. Examining implications and findings of message design processes and products aids with the development of future campaign messages, and thus, the effectiveness of future campaigns in higher education.
Indicadores de Bem Viver: pela valorização de identidades culturais
Authors: Alcântara Liliane Cristine Schlemer , Sampaio Carlos Alberto Cioce
Published: April 2020

Atualmente, nos mais distintos contextos socioeconômico e ambiental, são privilegiados os indicadores de bem-estar e de qualidade de vida, baseados em informações qualitativas e quantitativas sob a dimensão espaço-tempo. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma proposta, no âmbito teórico-metodológico, de um sistema de indicadores de Bem Viver relacionado ao bem-estar subjetivo, superando os limites da mera quantificação econômica. A metodologia é bibliográfica com descrição narrativa. Sob os pontos de vista teórico e contextual, consiste de análise de referências da literatura, com interpretação e análise crítica. Apesar de o conceito estar em processo de construção, requerendo avanço no que se refere à conceptualização e operacionalização, propõe-se uma matriz de indicadores que sugerem utilidade para a medição das dimensões do Bem Viver, e que buscam uma complementaridade entre aspectos subjetivos, objetivos e intersubjetividade.
Secondary Victimization of Animals in Criminal Procedure: Lessons from Switzerland
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E.
Published: April 2020

Switzerland is internationally known for its progressive animal laws and for its innovative tools in law enforcement. In 1992, the Canton of Zurich introduced a public lawyer vested with the task of representing animals’ interests in criminal procedure, known as the Animal Protection Lawyer (APL). The APL had the power to access information about court proceedings, study pending court cases, and intervene on behalf of victim animals. This enforcement tool set a precedent across the world. It amounted to a recognition of animals as de facto victims and created an “equality of arms” for human and animal parties in criminal procedure. In a historic move in 2014, the Zurich parliament removed the APL from office—by mistake, as some maintain. Meanwhile—unnoticed by many—the Canton of Berne maintained a state agency vested with the very same powers as those the APL had, called the Dachverband Berner Tierschutzorganisationen (DBT). Though the DBT operated as an established agency for over 2 decades, in August 2017, a criminal court in Berne denied the DBT standing, arguing that the laws conferring on it the right to represent animals violate the federal law on criminal procedure. In July 2018, the Supreme Court delivered its judgment, and effectively stripped the DBT of its rights to represent animals in criminal proceedings.

This article describes these recent shifts in criminal animal law in detail and analyzes the sociopolitical factors that gave rise to them. Special attention is paid to the question of what is left for Switzerland as a role model in animal law given ongoing deregulations, particularly as recent cases in the United States point to an incremental emancipation of animals as victims. The article discusses current alternatives to the APL and the DBT (like public prosecutors, special prosecution sections, and veterinary agencies) and puts their promises under scrutiny. The analysis reveals that these alternatives skirt the main obstacles faced by animals in criminal procedure (issues of representation, expertise in animal law, funding, and competition with other causes) and threaten the democratic will of the Swiss people. Two alternatives are discussed that can help Switzerland overcome its insufficiencies: the organizational right to appeal and victim rights for animals in criminal procedure. Using these alternatives, the article calls for the global emancipation of animals as the proper victims of crimes and for furnishing them with correlating rights to enforcement, including rights to representation.
Environmental Factors Affecting the Diversity and Photosynthetic Pigments of Trentepohlia Species in Northern Thailand’s Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary
Authors: Saraphol Santi , Vajrodaya Srunya , Kraichak Ekaphan , Sirikhachornkit Anchalee , Sanevas Nuttha
Published: April 2020

This study addressed the environmental factors that affect Trentepohlia spp. in the Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary at altitudes of 399 to 1,503 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.) during the rainy, winter, and summer seasons. Species were identified using characteristic morphological identification. The influence of environmental factors on the algae was analyzed using a statistical program, and seasonal changes in the quantity of photosynthetic pigments in the dominant species were evaluated. The average relative humidity was 69.34 ± 12.90%, the average temperature was 26.23 ± 3.79 °C, and the average light intensity was 139.78 ± 42.21 µmol photon m−2 s−1. Thirteen species were found: Trentepohlia chapmanii, Trentepohlia sp. 1, Trentepohlia sp. 2, Trentepohlia sundarbanensis, Trentepohlia sp. 3, Trentepohlia rigidula, Trentepohlia sp. 4, Trentepohlia effusa, Trentepohlia monilia, Trentepohlia abietina, Trentepohlia sp. 5, Trentepohlia aurea, and Trentepohlia umbrina. The largest number of species (seven to nine) were found at lower altitudes, from 473 to 517 m a.s.l. Species diversity was greatest in the winter season (13 species). Species found at low attitude were grouped together (Group 1) and had the greatest diversity, and the remaining species were divided into Groups 2, 3, and 4. Environmental factors had both positive and negative influences on the species, especially T. chapmanii, which was found below 1,003 m a.s.l., and T. monilia, which was found in areas with a high relative humidity of 74.50% to 83.93%. The ratio of the total carotenoids to chlorophyll of T. rigidula, the dominant species, was relatively high at 4.96:1, and the β-carotene content (46.89 %w/w) was highest during winter.