bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical classification of soft solder alloys by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: review of methods
Authors: Zdunek R. , Nowak M. , Plínski E.
Published: February 2016

This paper reviews machine-learning methods that are nowadays the most frequently used for the supervised classification of spectral signals in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). We analyze and compare various statistical classification methods, such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), support vector machine (SVM), naive Bayes method, probabilistic neural networks (PNN), and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) method. The theoretical considerations are supported with experiments conducted for real soft-solder-alloy spectra obtained using LIBS. We consider two decision problems: binary and multiclass classification. The former is used to distinguish overheated soft solders from their normal versions. The latter aims to assign a testing sample to a given group of materials. The measurements are obtained for several laser-energy values, projection masks, and numbers of laser shots. Using cross-validation, we evaluate the above classification methods in terms of their usefulness in solving both classification problems.
Controlling the optical creation of gold nanoparticles in a PVA matrix by direct laser writing
Authors: Ritacco T. , Ricciardi L. , La Deda M. , Giocondo M.
Published: February 2016

We report about the study on the physical features of gold nano-particles (GNPs) created by 2-photons photo-reduction Direct Laser Writing in a Poly-Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) matrix doped with HAuCl4. We drop cast a film of the PVA+ HAuCl4 onto a glass substrate, in which we create 1D gratings made by stripes of GNPs with a single laser sweep. We show that the stripe width increases with the laser power and the exposure time. We also analyse the influence of the exposure time over the created nano-particles size distribution and density and we show that by suitably adjusting the exposure time it is possible to maximize the frequency of a given diameter.

By comparing the experimental results with a polymerization “voxel” model, we are able to evaluate the effective cross section for 2-photons absorption of our material.
Effect of Chair aerobics as low intensity exercise training on heart rate, blood pressure and six minute walk distance in post coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients through phase I cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Thapa Shaili , Pattanshetty Renu B.
Published: February 2016

Background and Aims: Cardiac Rehabilitation after Coronary arteries bypass graft (CABG) surgery is known to have several favorable effects. Aerobics exercise in the form of chair aerobics shown to have beneficial effects with little evidence. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the effect of chair aerobics as low intensity exercise training in heart rate, blood pressure and six minute walk distance in post CABG patients during phase I cardiac rehabilitation.   Methods: It was a single centre, prospective study carried out in Indian tertiary care set-up. Fifty patients post CABG patients were included. Chair aerobics as a low intensity exercise training was given.  Pre and post-exercise outcome measurements in the form of heart rate, blood pressure and six-minute walk distance test were recorded. Results: The study showed statistically significant difference in systolic blood pressure (p= 0.018), heart rate (p≤0.001) and increase in six minute walk distance (p≤0.001). Conclusion: Chair aerobics as low intensity exercise training demonstrated improvement in heart  rate, systolic blood pressure and six minute walk distance test in subjects with CABG through phase I  cardiac rehabilitation.  Nepalese Heart Journal 2016; 13(1) 19-23
Amlodipine overdose with hypotension and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
Authors: Hirachan Anish , Baral Sushil , Shareef Miqdaadh , Rijal Rishikesh , Tibrewala Laxman
Published: February 2016

Amlodipine overdose can be a life threatening situation when it is manifested as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Treatment remains challenging when it is complicated with refractory hypotension and pulmonary edema. Here we describe a 23 year old female with history of ingestion of 45 tabs (5mg) of amlodipine as a suicidal intent and presented within 36 hours to the hospital. High flow oxygen, IV fluids, calcium gluconate infusion and antibiotics were used for the management. After 7 days of hospital stay, patient was discharged with full recovery.   Nepalese Heart Journal 2016; 13(1): 27-29
Tailored disconnection based on presurgical evidence in catastrophic epilepsy: report of 2 cases
Authors: Park Jun T. , Manjila Sunil V. , Tangen Rachel B. , Cohen Mark L. , Shahid Asim M. , Sweet Jennifer A. , Tuxhorn Ingrid E. , Miller Jonathan P.
Published: February 2016

Catastrophic epilepsy in infants, often due to extensive cortical dysplasia, has devastating consequences with respect to brain development. Conventional lobar, multilobar, or hemispheric resection in these infants is challenging, carrying an increased operative risk compared with that in older children. Removing a larger tissue volume versus removing or disconnecting the epileptogenic region does not always guarantee better seizure outcome. The authors describe 2 infants with catastrophic epilepsy who benefited from individually tailored disconnections based on a hypothesized epileptogenic zone following intensive presurgical evaluation.

Two infants with catastrophic epilepsy and epileptic spasms underwent leukotomies between 3 and 12 months of age. They were followed up postoperatively for 19–36 months. Both patients had 90%–100% seizure reduction and a significantly improved neurodevelopmental outcome without postoperative complication. Cortical malformation was seen in both patients. Modifications of established surgical disconnection techniques, tailored to each patient's specific epileptogenic zone, optimized seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes while minimizing the risks associated with more extensive resections.
Virtual and stereoscopic anatomy: when virtual reality meets medical education
Authors: de Faria Jose Weber Vieira , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen , de Moura Sousa Júnior Leonardo , Otoch Jose Pinhata , Figueiredo Eberval Gadelha
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE

The authors sought to construct, implement, and evaluate an interactive and stereoscopic resource for teaching neuroanatomy, accessible from personal computers.

METHODS

Forty fresh brains (80 hemispheres) were dissected. Images of areas of interest were captured using a manual turntable and processed and stored in a 5337-image database. Pedagogic evaluation was performed in 84 graduate medical students, divided into 3 groups: 1 (conventional method), 2 (interactive nonstereoscopic), and 3 (interactive and stereoscopic). The method was evaluated through a written theory test and a lab practicum.

RESULTS

Groups 2 and 3 showed the highest mean scores in pedagogic evaluations and differed significantly from Group 1 (p < 0.05). Group 2 did not differ statistically from Group 3 (p > 0.05). Size effects, measured as differences in scores before and after lectures, indicate the effectiveness of the method. ANOVA results showed significant difference (p < 0.05) between groups, and the Tukey test showed statistical differences between Group 1 and the other 2 groups (p < 0.05). No statistical differences between Groups 2 and 3 were found in the practicum. However, there were significant differences when Groups 2 and 3 were compared with Group 1 (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The authors conclude that this method promoted further improvement in knowledge for students and fostered significantly higher learning when compared with traditional teaching resources.
Clinical outcomes of middle fossa craniotomy for superior semicircular canal dehiscence repair
Authors: Chung Lawrance K. , Ung Nolan , Spasic Marko , Nagasawa Daniel T. , Pelargos Panayiotis E. , Thill Kimberly , Voth Brittany , Hirt Daniel , Gopen Quinton , Yang Isaac
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE

Superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) is a rare disorder characterized by the formation of a third opening in the inner ear between the superior semicircular canal and the middle cranial fossa. Aberrant communication through this opening causes a syndrome of hearing loss, pulsatile tinnitus, disequilibrium, and autophony. This study analyzed the clinical outcomes of a single-institution series of patients with SSCD undergoing surgical repair by the same otolaryngologist and neurosurgeon.

METHODS

All patients who underwent SSCD repair at the University of California, Los Angeles, between March 2011 and November 2014 were included. All patients had their SSCD repaired via middle fossa craniotomy by the same otolaryngologist and neurosurgeon. Outcomes were analyzed with Fisher's exact test.

RESULTS

A total of 18 patients with a mean age of 56.2 years (range 27–84 years) and an average follow-up of 5.0 months (range 0.2–21.8 months) underwent 21 cases of SSCD repair. Following treatment, all patients (100%) reported resolution in ≥ 1 symptom associated with SSCD. Autophony (p = 0.0005), tinnitus (p = 0.0059), and sound- and/or pressure-induced dizziness (p = 0.0437) showed significant symptomatic resolution. Following treatment, 29% (2/7) of patients developed imbalance, 20% (1/5) of patients developed sound- and/or pressure-induced dizziness, and 18% (2/11) of patients developed aural fullness. Among patients with improved symptoms following surgical repair, none reported recurrence of symptoms at subsequent follow-up visits.

CONCLUSIONS

SSCD remains an underdiagnosed and undertreated condition. Surgical repair of SSCD using a middle fossa craniotomy is associated with a high rate of symptom resolution. Continued investigation using a larger patient cohort and longer-term follow-up could further demonstrate the effectiveness of using middle fossa craniotomy for SSCD repair.
Characterisation of nanocrystalline sulfated titania modified with transition metals and aluminum as solid acids for esterification
Authors: Setayesh Shahrbanoo Rahman , Abolhasani Elahe , Ghasemi Shahnaz
Published: February 2016

TiO2, transition metal (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn)– and aluminum-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by the sol–gel technique. The sulfated catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method with H2SO4 solution. The catalysts were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area measurement, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. The sulfate content of the metal–incorporated samples was considerably higher than for SO42-/TiO2. The metal doping brought about a considerable reduction in the extent of sulfate loss from the catalyst surface due to the wide dispersion on the surface. The SO42-/TiO2 and SO42-/M/TiO2 nanoparticles have smaller crystalline size and higher surface area than pure TiO2. Sulfation increases the acidity of pure titania. Addition of metal cations also changes the acidity of sulfated titania, which may be related to the interaction of the metal ions with titania and their incorporation into the lattice. The sulfation and addition of transition metals to nanocrystalline TiO2 enhances the extent of esterification of phthalic anhydride with octan-2-ol. The SO42-/Al/TiO2 catalyst has the highest activity towards esterification.
A Scalable and Facile Process for the Preparation of N-(Pyridin-4-yl) Piperazine-1-Carboxamide Hydrochloride
Authors: Wei Daiyan , Chen Ligong , Yan Xilong , Li Yang , Li Jianye , Wang Donghua
Published: February 2016

A scalable and facile synthetic process for N-(pyridin-4-yl)piperazine-1-carboxamide hydrochloride, a novel Rho kinase inhibitor with an unsymmetrical urea structure currently under investigation for the treatment of central nervous system disorders, was established. After optimisation of the reaction conditions, N-(pyridin-4-yl)piperazine-1-carboxamide hydrochloride was synthesised from 4-aminopyridine and N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole through acylation, deprotection and salt formation. This new procedure affords the product in 53% overall yield with high purity and it can be easily scaled up for production.
Reid's Principle of Credulity as a Principle of Charity
Authors: Gur Arye Adam Weiler
Published: February 2016

Reid's principle of credulity may be interpreted as equivalent to a principle of charity, due to the nature of three beliefs it implies concerning the interlocutors, which are held by the person who attempts to acquire their language: (1) They are telling truth in the sense that they are saying what they really think, perceive, feel, believe; (2) they are veracious in the sense that what they say is objectively true; (3) they use language consistently.

This interpretation relies on Reid's straightforward remarks on his principle of credulity and on his view of two related correspondences: One correspondence is between the principle of credulity and the principle of veracity. The other is between these two principles and the principles that create the ‘language of nature’ and guide us in our efforts to unravel it.
Female Professionals and (Neo-)Victorianism: The Case ofThe Good Wife
Authors: Capdevila Isabel Santaularia i
Published: February 2016

The article examines The Good Wife (CBS 2009–), as well as other recent television series with female professionals as protagonists, alongside nineteenth-century novels such as Wilkie Collins's The Woman in White and The Law and the Lady, Charles Dickens's Bleak House, or Bram Stoker's Dracula, which, like The Good Wife, place ‘the law’ and ‘the lady’ in direct confrontation. This comparative analysis reveals that current television series, even those that showcase women's professional success, articulate a discourse that valorises domestic stability and motherhood above professional achievements and, therefore, resonate with Victorian ideologies about the conflicted relation between women and the public sphere. Contemporary television series are not so different from Victorian texts that grant their heroines freedom to move outside home-boundaries, while treating women's public ascendancy as a transgression of normative femininity and using a number of strategies devised to guarantee women's return home and/or an appreciation of what they have to sacrifice in order to advance in their careers.
Overexpression of Glucocorticoid Receptor β Enhances Myogenesis and Reduces Catabolic Gene Expression
Authors: Hinds Terry , Peck Bailey , Shek Evan , Stroup Steven , Hinson Jennifer , Arthur Susan , Marino Joseph
Published: February 2016

Unlike the glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα), GR β (GRβ) has a truncated ligand-binding domain that prevents glucocorticoid binding, implicating GRα as the mediator of glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle loss. Because GRβ causes glucocorticoid resistance, targeting GRβ may be beneficial in impairing muscle loss as a result of GRα activity. The purpose of this study was to determine how the overexpression of GRβ affects myotube formation and dexamethasone (Dex) responsiveness. We measured GR isoform expression in C2C12 muscle cells in response to Dex and insulin, and through four days of myotube formation. Next, lentiviral-mediated overexpression of GRβ in C2C12 was performed, and these cells were characterized for cell fusion and myotube formation, as well as sensitivity to Dex via the expression of ubiquitin ligases. GRβ overexpression increased mRNA levels of muscle regulatory factors and enhanced proliferation in myoblasts. GRβ overexpressing myotubes had an increased fusion index. Myotubes overexpressing GRβ had lower forkhead box O3 (Foxo3a) mRNA levels and a blunted muscle atrophy F-box/Atrogen-1 (MAFbx) and muscle ring finger 1 (MuRF1) response to Dex. We showed that GRβ may serve as a pharmacological target for skeletal muscle growth and protection from glucocorticoid-induced catabolic signaling. Increasing GRβ levels in skeletal muscle may cause a state of glucocorticoid resistance, stabilizing muscle mass during exposure to high doses of glucocorticoids.
Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial Studies and Corrosion Inhibition Potential of 1,8-dimethyl-1,3,6,8,10,13-hexaazacyclotetradecane: Experimental and Quantum Chemical Studies
Authors: Nwankwo Henry , Ateba Collins , Olasunkanmi Lukman , Adekunle Abolanle , Isabirye David , Onwudiwe Damian , Ebenso Eno
Published: February 2016

The macrocylic ligand, 1,8-dimethyl-1,3,6,8,10,13-hexaazacyclotetradecane (MHACD) was synthesized by the demetallation of its freshly synthesized Ni(II) complex (NiMHACD). Successful synthesis of NiMHACD and the free ligand (MHACD) was confirmed by various characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopic techniques. The anti-bacteria activities of MHACD were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus species and the results showed that MHACD possesses a spectrum of activity against the two bacteria. The electrochemical cyclic voltammetry study on MHACD revealed that it is a redox active compound with promising catalytic properties in electrochemical applications. The inhibition potential of MHACD for mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization method. The results showed that MHACD inhibits steel corrosion as a mixed-type inhibitor, and the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing concentration of MHACD. The adsorption of MHACD obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm; it is spontaneous and involves competitive physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms. Quantum chemical calculations revealed that the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of MHACD is high enough to favor forward donation of charges to the metal during adsorption and corrosion inhibition. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis revealed the presence of various orbitals in the MHACD that are capable of donating or accepting electrons under favorable conditions.
Local Tiled Deep Networks for Recognition of Vehicle Make and Model
Authors: Gao Yongbin , Lee Hyo
Published: February 2016

Vehicle analysis involves license-plate recognition (LPR), vehicle-type classification (VTC), and vehicle make and model recognition (MMR). Among these tasks, MMR plays an important complementary role in respect to LPR. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for MMR using local tiled deep networks. The frontal views of vehicle images are first extracted and fed into the local tiled deep networks for training and testing. A local tiled convolutional neural network (LTCNN) is proposed to alter the weight sharing scheme of CNN with local tiled structure. The LTCNN unties the weights of adjacent units and then ties the units k steps from each other within a local map. This architecture provides the translational, rotational, and scale invariance as well as locality. In addition, to further deal with the colour and illumination variation, we applied the histogram oriented gradient (HOG) to the frontal view of images prior to the LTCNN. The experimental results show that our LTCNN framework achieved a 98% accuracy rate in terms of vehicle MMR.
Structural Proteomics of Herpesviruses
Authors: Leroy Baptiste , Gillet Laurent , Vanderplasschen Alain , Wattiez Ruddy
Published: February 2016

Herpesviruses are highly prevalent viruses associated with numerous pathologies both in animal and human populations. Until now, most of the strategies used to prevent or to cure these infections have been unsuccessful because these viruses have developed numerous immune evasion mechanisms. Therefore, a better understanding of their complex lifecycle is needed. In particular, while the genome of numerous herpesviruses has been sequenced, the exact composition of virions remains unknown for most of them. Mass spectrometry has recently emerged as a central method and has permitted fundamental discoveries in virology. Here, we review mass spectrometry-based approaches that have recently allowed a better understanding of the composition of the herpesvirus virion. In particular, we describe strategies commonly used for proper sample preparation and fractionation to allow protein localization inside the particle but also to avoid contamination by nonstructural proteins. A collection of other important data regarding post-translational modifications or the relative abundance of structural proteins is also described. This review also discusses the poorly studied importance of host proteins in herpesvirus structural proteins and the necessity to develop a quantitative workflow to better understand the dynamics of the structural proteome. In the future, we hope that this collaborative effort will assist in the development of new strategies to fight these infections.
La Communauté européenne et le Protocole de Kyoto sur les changements climatiques
Authors: Leclerc Stéphane
Published: February 2016

Depuis le sommet de la Terre qui s'est tenu à Rio de Janeiro en juin 1992, la Communauté européenne est partie prenante à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques. Cette Convention internationale a abouti en 1997 à la signature du Protocole de Kyoto qui constitue le premier régime juridique contraignant en faveur de la lutte contre le réchauffement de la planète. Après l'échec de la 6e conférence des Etats parties à la Convention-cadre qui s'est déroulée à La Haye en novembre 2000, cet article fait une synthèse de l'approche retenue par la Communauté lors des négociations du Protocole de Kyoto et présente ensuite les propositions et suggestions que la Commission préconise aujourd'hui pour assurer la mise en œuvre de ce futur engagement international.
Vingt ans d'interprétation restrictive de l'article L 112-16 du Code de la construction et de l'habitation
Authors: Namiech Norbert
Published: February 2016

Established by a law of December 1, 1976 and a law of July 4, 1980 - which introduced a new article L. 112- 16 into the French Construction and Building Code - the rule of prior occupation or earlier rights has corne in for considérable criticism given that it allows an occupant of premises carrying on an « environnemental/y harmful » activity, to argue that a subsquently established neighbour who has launched an action based on « abnormal neighbourhood disorders », fully accepts the disorders he suffers.

Confronted with the delicate legitimacy of this rule, the judges have followed, principally over the last twenty past years, a dispassionate and consistent Case Lawpolicy in interpreting very strictly the above mentionned rule, both as regards its field of application and provisions, thereby significantly contributing to limit its scope.
Le plan de développement rural national et son influence sur les « habitats » de la faune sauvage
Authors: Lanord Magali
Published: February 2016

Le règlement communautaire de développement rural, adopté en mai 1999, accentue le tournant environnemental pris par la politique agricole commune (PAC) dans les années quatre-vingt-dix. La prise en compte de l'environnement et la nécessité de protéger les « habitats » de la faune sauvage obligent les Etats membres à repenser, dans une certaine mesure, leur politique agricole.

Conformément à cette évolution, la France a mis en place un plan unique de développement rural qui induit un profond remaniement des mesures relatives à la protection des « habitats ». Si la voie contractuelle, par l'intermédiaire des contrats territoriaux d'exploitation, a été choisie pour mettre en place ces diverses dispositions, de nombreuses limites viennent faire douter de l'impact de cet instrument, au détriment de la protection des milieux naturels.
La régulation juridique des conflits liés à la gestion des eaux souterraines
Authors: Billet Philippe
Published: February 2016

La concurrence des intérêts formés autour de l'eau nécessite l'entremise du droit pour garantir la conciliation des usages, à tout le moins, la régulation de ceux-ci. La répartition équilibrée de la ressource en eau, prônée par le législateur, peut cependant passer par un déséquilibre des intérêts en présence, puisqu'il y a choix d'un usage au détriment des autres. La contrainte normative permet d'organiser ces différents usages, de prévenir et de neutraliser les conflits susceptibles de naître à cette occasion. L'exemple des eaux souterraines est particulièrement illustratif du rôle du droit, protéiforme dans cette organisation. La règle peut en effet être unilatérale, qui suppose que le comportement de l'usager est induit par une décision qui lui échappe dans son élaboration ou par une situation à laquelle il est étranger, mais auxquelles il doit adhérer à peine de sanction : l'existence de droits concurrents sur l'eau oblige ainsi à une régulation réciproque des usages, au même titre que l'intervention d'une décision de l'autorité administrative permet de régler les modalités d'usage de l'eau et impose le respect de certaines règles. La règle peut également être concertée, fruit d'une approche plus collective des problèmes d'usages de l'eau, où l'élaboration de la norme est conjointe : elle peut ainsi être organisée en vue de décisions ultérieures, afin de conditionner celles-ci au résultat de la discussion, comme c'est le cas en matière de planification de la ressource, comme elle peut être négociée et formalisée dans une convention à laquelle les partenaires adhèrent.
Genotyping‐by‐Sequencing on Pooled Samples and its Use in Measuring Segregation Bias during the Course of Androgenesis in Barley
Authors: Bélanger Sébastien , Esteves Patricio , Clermont Isabelle , Jean Martine , Belzile François
Published: February 2016

Estimation of allelic frequencies is often required in breeding but genotyping many individuals at many loci can be expensive. We have developed a genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) approach for estimating allelic frequencies on pooled samples (Pool‐GBS) and used it to examine segregation distortion in doubled haploid (DH) populations of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In the first phase, we genotyped each line individually and exploited these data to explore a strategy to call single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on pooled reads. We measured both the number of SNPs called and the variance of the estimated allelic frequencies at various depths of coverage on a subset of reads containing 5 to 25 million reads. We show that allelic frequencies could be cost‐effectively and accurately estimated at a depth of 50 reads per SNP using 15 million reads. This Pool‐GBS approach yielded 1984 SNPs whose allelic frequency estimates were highly reproducible (CV = 10.4%) and correlated (r = 0.9167) with the “true” frequency derived from analysis of individual lines. In a second phase, we used Pool‐GBS to investigate segregation bias throughout androgenesis from microspores to a population of regenerated plants. No strong bias was detected among the microspores resulting from the meiotic divisions, whereas significant biases could be shown to arise during embryo formation and plant regeneration. In summary, this methodology provides an approach to estimate allelic frequencies more efficiently and on materials that are unsuitable for individual analysis. In addition, it allowed us to shed light on the process of androgenesis in barley.
The transformative image. The power of a photograph for social change: The death of Aylan
Authors: de-Andrés-del-Campo Susana , Nos-Aldas Eloisa , García-Matilla Agustín
Published: February 2016

This paper focuses on the role of the image as an agent for social transformation. The methodology adopted is a case study: the impact of the photograph of Aylan Kurdi, the three-year-old child drowned off Bodrum in an attempt to escape on a raft full of Syrian migrants. This is one of the most widely seen social photojournalism documents in recent times, and it had a huge impact on social media. The study applies an iconographic, iconological and ethical analysis to reveal the constituent parts of an image with the power for social change. In its main conclusions, this paper describes the potential for easy resignification of the digital graphic image as it symbolically transforms reality, and the power it has to generate processes of pronouncement and activism among citizens in digital environments. The results of the case study show that the value of an image for social change is achieved not only by the magnitude of the tragedy itself and the information that it registers, or by its formal aspects (iconographic), but mainly by being able to express a change of logic (iconological aspects) and to promote processes of reappropriation and denunciation. The ethical debate on dissemination shifts the problem from journalistic ethics to citizen responsibility.

Este trabajo plantea el papel de la imagen como agente de transformación social. La metodología que se emplea es un estudio de caso sobre el impacto de la fotografía de Aylan Kurdi, el niño de tres años ahogado en el intento de huida en una balsa de inmigrantes sirios en Bodrum. Se trata de uno de los documentos recientes de fotoperiodismo social más difundidos transnacionalmente y con gran impacto en redes sociales. El estudio aborda diferentes niveles de análisis (iconográfico, iconológico y ético) para decapar los aspectos constitutivos de una imagen con poder de cambio social. Como principales conclusiones, esta investigación comprueba el poder de la imagen gráfica digital por su carácter de fácil reedición y resignificación en el paso de transformar simbólicamente la realidad y generar procesos de pronunciamiento y activismo en la ciudadanía a partir de entornos digitales. Los resultados del análisis del caso que se delimita muestran cómo el valor de una imagen en el cambio social no viene dado solo por la magnitud de la tragedia o el hecho que registra, ni por sus aspectos formales (iconográficos), sino por ser capaz de expresar un cambio de lógica (aspecto iconológico) y propiciar procesos de reapropiación y denuncia ciudadana. Por último, el debate ético sobre su difusión traslada el problema de la deontología periodística a la responsabilidad ciudadana.
Une demande faite au nom des femmes ?
Authors: Dutoya Virginie
Published: February 2016

Les quotas pour les femmes sont apparus pendant les années 1930 dans les assemblées politiques de la colonie des Indes britanniques, et existent toujours en Inde et au Pakistan. Selon une approche socio-historique, cet article retrace l’évolution de l’enjeu de la représentation politique des femmes dans ces deux pays, depuis la période coloniale jusqu’à nos jours. La notion de representative claim permet d’analyser la façon dont les autorités coloniales puis nationales de ces pays ont constitué les femmes en catégorie politique légitime, ayant le droit à être représentée via des sièges réservés. À partir d’un ensemble de documents d’archives (rapports de comités, débats constitutionnels et parlementaires), ainsi que d’une série d’entretiens, cet article montre que la mise en œuvre de quotas pour les femmes s’inscrit dans un processus de légitimation du système représentatif et, au-delà, de l’autorité de l’État.
Nature and morals: solving the riddle of spinoza’s metaethics
Authors: Zuolo Federico
Published: February 2016

Pour réduire l’incohérence qui existerait entre expressivisme et cognitivisme au sein de la métaéthique de Spinoza, on peut s’appuyer sur l’approche naturaliste qui est la sienne. Pour Spinoza, le bien et le mal ne sont ni des propriétés du monde, ni des entités indépendantes de l’appétit individuel. C’est en effet l’activité même du conatus de chacun qui définit certains événements comme bons ou mauvais. Mais, dans la mesure où à chaque état conatif correspond un état cognitif, tout jugement évaluatif est à la fois l’expression d’un conatus particulier et une proposition avec un contenu cognitif. Spinoza peut donc être à la fois expressiviste et cognitiviste, parce que la réalité des faits moraux dépend d’un conatus particulier mais que ces faits moraux peuvent tout de même être adéquats et vrais, ou inadéquats et faux.
La critique cinématographique au Brésil et la question du sous-développement économique : du cinéma muet aux années 1970
Authors: Morettin Eduardo , Xavier Ismail
Published: February 2016

Cet article propose un bilan de la réflexion critique sur le cinéma brésilien en dégageant trois phases : la période du cinéma muet, durant laquelle prévaut une mentalité colonisée dans les publications ; celle, à la fin des années 1950, de révision de la pensée et de l’historiographie synthétisée par Sales Gomes lorsqu’il décrit la « situation coloniale » ; et celle du début des années 1970, lorsque la crise du Cinema Novo est pensée dans sa confrontation avec l’économie politique du cinéma brésilien pendant le xxe siècle, dans ce que Sales Gomes a défini comme étant la trajectoire dans le sous-développement.
Petit cinéma ancien
Authors: Sales Gomes Paulo Emílio
Published: February 2016

On présente ici trois textes inédits en français du critique Paulo Emilio Sales Gomes échelonnés entre 1969 et 1976 ayant pour objet le cinéma brésilien envisagé soit dans son histoire déniée car dominée, soit dans son avènement complexe au sein d’une société subissant les contradictions du sous-développement et de l’aspiration à un art national porteur d’identité.
Le Brésil et la construction problématique d’un cinéma national (1896-1954)
Authors: Trujillo Gabriela
Published: February 2016

Ayant acquis son indépendance en 1822, le Brésil est un pays jeune au moment de l’avènement du cinéma. De 1896, date des premières projections dans l’ancienne capitale Rio de Janeiro, à la fin du varguisme au milieu des années 1950, le cinéma brésilien s’invente à partir d’une dialectique entre interventionnisme d’État et influences extérieures. L’« omniographo », machine inaugurale et curiosité scientifique venue d’ailleurs, ouvre l’ère d’un cinéma des attractions local, qui peut ensuite muter en un modèle inspiré de la cinéphilie française et américaine de l’entre-deux guerres. Le président Gétulio Vargas défend à partir des années 1930 l’importance du cinéma comme un enjeu majeur de son état populiste, adoptant des lois protectionnistes qui permettent de poser les bases de l’une des industries les plus fortes de la région, industrie qui a ensuite rêvé de devenir le « Hollywood des Tropiques ».
Ni dolly, ni dollar – Caméra à la main, décolonisation en tête
Authors: Lustosa de Oliveira Lilia
Published: February 2016

Cet article propose une analyse de la période qui précède immédiatement l’émergence du mouvement Cinema Novo (1959-1961) – ici appelée « instant prégnant » – par le biais du suivi de la trajectoire du film Arraial do Cabo (1959), de Mário Carneiro et Paulo Cezar Saraceni son histoire et sa réception critique au Brésil. Cette analyse a pour but de comprendre la place que prennent le film et l’article-manifeste « Arraial, cinema novo e câmera na mão » de Glauber Rocha dans l’histoire et l’historiographie du cinéma brésilien, tout en mettant en lumière comment le mouvement de libération de la caméra, via le symbole de la « caméra à la main », est incorporé au discours cinémanoviste et ce qu’il représente.
A Study on Automatic Segmentation and Classification of Skin Lesions in Dermoscopic Images
Authors: Al-Mansour Ebtihal Abdullah , Jaffar Arfan
Published: February 2016

Malignant Melanoma is one of the rare and the deadliest form of skin cancer if left untreated. Death rate due to this cancer is three times more than all other skin-related malignancies combined. Incidence rates of melanoma have been increasing, especially among young adults, but survival rates are high if detected early. There is a need for an automated system to assess a patient's risk of melanoma using digital dermoscopy, that is, a skin imaging technique widely used for pigmented skin lesion inspection. Although many automated and semi-automated methods are available to diagnose skin cancer but each has its own limitations and there is no final, state-of-the art technique to date which is able to be implemented in real scenario. This survey paper is based on techniques used to segment the skin cancer, analysis of their merits and demerits and their applications on advanced imaging techniques.
Energy Efficient Construction Materials
Authors: Gupta Abhinandan R. , Deshmukh S.K.
Published: February 2016

History itself is the evident that from the years together the people moves to the region where they can satisfy their needs and wants with fewer efforts and more opportunities. This thought lead to accumulation of people in some areas resulting in urbanization. As this urban area contributes highly in nation’s economy even the government announce a far reaching program of investments in urban development. However, these urban agglomerations manifest generally unsustainable ecologies. The depletion of material resources, the accumulation of waste, and the over-expenditure of non-renewable energy are direct consequences of the predatory expansion of urbanization. Out of this the major contribution goes to construction industry as the data reveals that Construction is responsible for 40% of the total world flows of raw materials such as sand, gravel& clay. It takes one quarter of all virgin wood, 40% of energy use,16% of water withdrawals,& produces 17% of all waste generated. This problems can be tackle efficiently it the waste generated by industries can be reuse for the purpose of making construction material. With little logic and application of basic science the new material that can be made by mixing waste may prove energy efficient if its thermal resistivity is enhanced and utilized. The research over here is a paradigm of such two waste mix building component with high thermal resistive property. The paper is about the making and testing of waste mix tiles and filler blocks so as to find its efficiency in construction practices. The results obtained shows that by adopting such materials for construction purpose will reduce amount of operations energy consumption as well as reduce consumption of non – renewable resources and would help to utilize waste in fruitful way. The effort in this research are thus to find energy efficient construction material.
Effect of Plasters/Coatings on the Thermo-Physical Behavior of Light Weight Pond Ash Blocks Based on Non Autoclaving Technique
Authors: Sood Vivek , Suman B.M. , Kumar Ashok
Published: February 2016

In the present study effect of different plasters like cement plaster, mud, cow dung and coatings like paint, hydrated lime, charcoal on the thermo – physical properties such as thermal conductivity, overall thermal transmittance, resistance of Light Weight Blocks (LWB) using pond ash has been evaluated. Result of the study state that, cow dung is the best amongst all other plasters used. Cow dung increases thermal resistance of Light Weight Block (LWB) from 0.391 to 0.505 m2K/W. Thermal resistance increased by using other plasters lies between 0.391 to 0.505 m2K/W. The study of curing of LWB from 56 days to 90 days has been made and it is found that thermal conductivity is reduced by 5% and thermal resistance is increased by 3% comparing the duration of curing from 56 to 90 days. Further, effect of activator on the compressive strength & demolding time has also been studied. When activator is used, there is an increase in compressive strength at 56 & 90 days at all levels of replacement when compared to without activator. Reduction in demolding time from 48 hrs. varies between 6 – 12 hrs.
Multidrug Resistant Shigella flexneri Infection Simulating Intestinal Intussusception
Authors: Sreenivasan Srirangaraj , Kali Arunava , Pradeep Jothimani
Published: February 2016

Shigella enteritis remains an important cause of mortality and morbidity in all age groups, in developing as well as developed countries. Owing to the emerging resistance to multiple antibiotics among Shigella spp., it has been recognized as a major global public health concern and warrants constant monitoring of its resistance pattern. We report a case of segmental ileitis caused by non-ESBL producing multidrug resistant Shigella flexneri in an infant clinically mimicking intussusception, which was effectively treated by ceftriaxone.
Human Herpesviruses as Copathogens of HIV Infection, Their Role in HIV Transmission, and Disease Progression
Authors: Munawwar Arshi , Singh Sarman
Published: February 2016

Of eight human herpesviruses (HHVs), often, only herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) find mention in medical literature as both of these viruses are commonly associated with genital lesions and oral ulcers, commonly known as cold sores. However, role of human herpesviruses as copathogens and in aggravation and in the transmission of other human diseases, especially the Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has only very recently been recognized. Therefore, screening and treating subclinical HHV infections may offer slowing of HIV infection, disease progression, and its transmission. Beside HSV-1 and HSV-2, HHV-3 a causative agent of herpes zoster remained one of the first manifestations of HIV disease before the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HHV-5 also known as human Cytomegalovirus infection remains a significant risk factor for HIV-associated mortality and morbidity even in HAART era. It is proposed that Cytomegalovirus viremia could be a better predictor of HIV disease progression than CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. The role of HHV-4 or Epstein–Burr virus and HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8 is still being investigated in HIV disease progression. This review provides insight into the current understanding about these 8 HHVs, their co-pathogenesis, and role in HIV/ AIDS disease progression. The review also covers recent literature in favor and against administering anti-HHV treatment along with HAART for slower AIDS progression and interrupted sexual transmission.
Comparison of Ultrafast Papanicolaou Stain with the Standard Papanicolaou Stain in Body Fluids and Fine Needle Aspiration Specimens
Authors: Alwahaibi Nasar Yousuf , Alsubhi Mariam Said , Aldairi Najat , Alshukaili Amna , Bai Usha Rani
Published: February 2016

Introduction: Most cytology laboratories in all Gulf countries including Oman, use the standard papanicolaou (PAP) method to stain various cytological specimens. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible application of ultrafast PAP (UF‑PAP) method in cytology laboratory.

Materials and Methods: Samples from 46 patients containing 26 body fluids and 20 fine needle aspirations (FNAs) (9 thyroids and 11 breasts) were collected. Two air dried and two wet smears from each sample were prepared and stained by UF‑PAP and the standard PAP stains, respectively. Background, nuclear staining, cell morphology, and overall staining were independently reviewed by two cytoscreeners.

Results: In all cases of FNA, UF-PAP stain gave a good score for the background, nuclear staining, cell morphology, and overall staining when compared with the standard PAP method. Although the correct diagnosis was made in all cases of body cavity fluids cases except in one case, UF-PAP stain gave a fewer score in the assessment of body cavity fluid samples.

Conclusion: The findings of this study support the use of UF‑PAP method in cytology laboratory with a high emphasis on FNA samples.
An Incidental Primary Papillary Carcinoma Arising in a Thyroglossal Duct Cyst: Report of a Rare Finding
Authors: Hassan Mohammad Jaseem , Rana Safia , Khan Sabina , Jairajpuri Zeeba Shamim , Monga Seema , Jain Abhinav , Jetley Sujata
Published: February 2016

The thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDCs) are the most common congenital anomaly of the thyroid, usually manifested as painless midline neck mass. Malignancy is very rare and is reported in around 1% of cases as an incidental finding after histopathological evaluation of resected cyst. Papillary carcinoma is the most common carcinoma reported in TGDC. Here, we report a case of 17-year-old-female, who presented with a gradually increasing midline neck mass which moves with swallowing. On imaging a diagnosis of infected TGDC was made. The Sistrunk operation was done and a diagnosis of primary papillary carcinoma arising in a TGDC was rendered histopathologically. The contemporary appearance of papillary carcinoma thyroid was reported in about 20% cases of TGDC carcinoma, thus it is essential to differentiate primary papillary carcinoma arising in a TGDC from those of metastatic papillary carcinoma thyroid by strict diagnostic criteria.
Screening for homelessness among individuals initiating medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder in the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Bachhuber, MD, MSHP Marcus A. , Roberts, MPH Christopher B. , Metraux, PhD Stephen , Montgomery, PhD Ann Elizabeth
Published: February 2016

Objective: To determine the prevalence of homelessness and risk for homelessness among veterans with opioid use disorder initiating treatment. Setting: Addiction treatment programs operated by the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA).Participants: All veterans initiating treatment with methadone or buprenorphine for opioid use disorder between October 1, 2013 and September 30, 2014 (n = 2,699) who were administered the VA’s national homelessness screener. Main outcome measures: Self-reported homelessness or imminent risk of homelessness.Results: The prevalence of homelessness was 10.2 percent and 5.3 percent were at risk for homelessness. Compared to male veterans, women veterans were less likely to report homelessness (8.9 percent vs 10.3 percent) but more likely to be at risk (11.8 percent vs 4.9 percent). By age group, veterans aged 18-34 and 45-54 years most frequently reported homelessness (12.0 and 11.7 percent, respectively) and veterans aged 45-54 and 55-64 years most frequently reported risk for homelessness (6.5 and 6.8 percent, respectively).Conclusions: The prevalence of homelessness in this population is approximately 10 times that of the general veteran population accessing care at VA. Screening identified a substantial number of veterans who could benefit from VA housing assistance and had not received it recently. Programs to address veteran homelessness should engage with veterans seeking addiction treatment. Integration of homelessness services into addiction treatment settings may, in turn, improve outcomes.
Ability of the 4-D-Var analysis of the GOSAT BESD XCO2 retrievals to characterize atmospheric CO2 at large and synoptic scales
Authors: Massart Sébastien , Agustí-Panareda Anna , Heymann Jens , Buchwitz Michael , Chevallier Frédéric , Reuter Maximilian , Hilker Michael , Burrows John P. , Deutscher Nicholas M. , Feist Dietrich G. , Hase Frank , Sussmann Ralf , Desmet Filip , Dubey Manvendra K. , Griffith David W. T. , Kivi Rigel , Petri Christof , Schneider Matthias , Velazco Voltaire A.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. This study presents results from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) carbon dioxide (CO2) analysis system where the atmospheric CO2 is controlled through the assimilation of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) from the Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT). The analysis is compared to a free-run simulation (without assimilation of XCO2), and they are both evaluated against XCO2 data from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). We show that the assimilation of the GOSAT XCO2 product from the Bremen Optimal Estimation Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (BESD) algorithm during the year 2013 provides XCO2 fields with an improved mean absolute error of 0.6 parts per million (ppm) and an improved station-to-station bias deviation of 0.7  ppm compared to the free run (1.1 and 1.4  ppm, respectively) and an improved estimated precision of 1  ppm compared to the GOSAT BESD data (3.3  ppm). We also show that the analysis has skill for synoptic situations in the vicinity of frontal systems, where the GOSAT retrievals are sparse due to cloud contamination. We finally computed the 10-day forecast from each analysis at 00:00  UTC, and we demonstrate that the CO2 forecast shows synoptic skill for the largest-scale weather patterns (of the order of 1000  km) even up to day 5 compared to its own analysis.