bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of municipal sludge on locomotor activity and exploratory behavior of meadow voles, Microtus Pennsylvanicus
Authors: Hall A. Tilghman , Taylor Douglas H. , Woods Paul E.
Published: March 2010

Behavioral responses of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), inhabiting sludge-treated outdoor enclosures, were studied during the 1987 growing season. Significant accumulations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were found in the soils of the sludge-treated enclosures. Significant uptake of Zn and Cd were observed in Poa spp., while Bromus japonicum significantly accumulated Zn. Additionally, Bromus from the sludge-treated enclosures showed a strong trend of increased Cd. Both of these plant species are potentially eaten by voles. Both male and female sludge-exposed voles significantly bioaccumulated Cd in their livers and brains. Alterations in locomotor activity and exploratory behavior were found in sludge-exposed females that appeared either not to habituate to the novel environment of the activity chamber; or were hyperactive as a consequence of Cd exposure; or possibly an interaction between the two. No changes in behavior of males exposed to sludge was observed. We believe that the observed differences between the male and female voles were due to sex-related differential responses to Cd toxicity.
Fish behavior and environmental assessment
Authors: Gray Robert H.
Published: March 2010

Studies at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory have evaluated fish behavior and migration in response to gas-supersaturated water, thermal discharge, water-soluble fractions (WSFs) of coal liquids and other environmental stresses. Approaches have included biotelemetry in the field, and avoidance/attraction and predator/prey studies in the laboratory. This article specifically addresses three study examples and integrates the results with those of related studies. Overall, major findings included the following: Thermal discharges (surface water Δts 0->17°C) did not block upstream migration of sonic-tagged adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss, formerly Salmo gairdneri) in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. Juvenile chinook salmon avoided thermal discharges in the laboratory when Δts exceeded 9 to 11°C above ambient. However, juvenile salmon were more susceptible to predation at 10 to 20% of the thermal dose causing loss of equilibrium. Radio-tagged adult chinook salmon swam deeper in supersaturated water than in normally saturated water in the Snake River and, thereby, avoided the upper, critical zone. Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and black bullhead (Ictalurus melas) did not always avoid lethal gas levels in the laboratory and some fish died in the test apparatus. Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) avoided the WSF of a coal liquid at concentrations causing acute effects but not at those causing chronic effects. Rainbow trout did not avoid coal liquid WSFs although they reportedly avoid the major constituent, phenol, tested as a pure compound. Susceptibility to predation of juvenile rainbow trout did not increase until phenol concentrations reached the acute LC50. A conceptual model to link avoidance and toxicological data for environmental assessment is presented.
Feed aversion in small mammals as a potential source of hazard reduction for environmental chemicals: Agrichemical case studies
Authors: Linder Greg , Richmond M. E.
Published: March 2010

Behavioral responses to environmental chemicals take various forms that may influence the hazard associated with chemical exposures in the field. From integrated laboratory-field studies that addressed the wildlife hazard associated with two chemicals—paraquat and carbofuran—commonly applied in various agricultural practices, the role of behavioral responses to environmental toxicants may be illustrated. For small mammals, and in particular the cricetid and murid rodents, olfactory and gustatory cues are prominent in influencing the perception of environmental chemicals and eliciting direct or indirect responses to chemical cues. In laboratory studies, subacute dietary exposures were evaluated using microtine rodents; feed aversion and toxicant avoidance appeared the most significant behaviors elicited by feed tainted with either paraquat or carbofuran. Feed aversion was associated with delays in the time-to-first-breeding in carbofuran-exposed females, while a female-biased sex ratio in offspring of paraquat-exposed breeding pairs was not uncommon in these laboratory feeding exposures. Preliminary field investigations that estimated population-level effects (population size and structure), however, suggested that toxicant avoidance, perhaps mediated through responses like feed aversion, may have ameliorated these indirect toxicant effects. While reproductive function and population-level effects in small mammals were not apparent in these preliminary field studies, the laboratory studies suggested that various subtle responses related to altered reproductive function may become apparent in long-term field studies, especially if routes of exposure and chemical bioavailability were altered and different chemical formulations and chemical mixtures were used.
Effects of boron on growth and physiology in mallard ducklings
Authors: Hoffman David J. , Camardese Michael B. , Lecaptain Leonard J. , Pendleton Grey W.
Published: March 2010

High concentrations of boron (B) have been associated with irrigation drainwater and aquatic plants consumed by waterfowl. Day-old mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings received an untreated diet (controls) or diets containing 100, 400 or 1,600 ppm B as boric acid. Survival, growth and food consumption were measured for 10 weeks. At termination, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical assays and histological examination. The highest dietary concentration of B caused 10% mortality, decreased overall growth and the rate of growth (sexes combined), whereas lower concentrations of B altered growth only in females. Food consumption was lower during the first 3 weeks in the 1,600-ppm group and during the second week in all B-treated groups compared to controls. Hematocrit and hemoglobin were lower and plasma calcium concentration higher in the 1,600-ppm group compared to controls. Plasma triglyceride concentration was elevated in all B-treated groups. Brain B concentration increased to 25 times that of controls in the 1,600-ppm group. Brain ATP decreased with increasing dietary B. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity and total ATPase activity (in males) were elevated and protein concentration lowered in the 1,600-ppm group. Boron accumulated less in the liver than in the brain but resulted in an initial elevation of hepatic glutathione. These findings, in combination with altered duckling behavior, suggest that concentrations of B occurring in aquatic plants could adversely affect normal duckling development.
Chronic tributyltin toxicity experiments with the chesapeake bay copepod, Acartia tonsa
Authors: Bushong Steven J. , Ziegenfuss Michael C. , Unger Michael A. , Hall Lenwood W.
Published: March 2010

Repeated chronic toxicity experiments were conducted with the Chesapeake Bay zooplankter Acartia tonsa to evaluate its sensitivity to tributyltin (TBT). Experiments were initiated with A. tonsa nauplii <48 h old. All tests were conducted with continuous-flow conditions and measured TBT concentrations. Results from a 9-d range finding experiment and two 6-d chronic experiments are presented.

TBT test concentrations were maintained with minimal fluctuations over time and toxicity results were similar in the repeated chronic experiments. The range-finding experiment demonstrated severe reductions in survival of A. tonsa at the lowest measured concentration (0.029 μg TBT/L). In the 6-d experiments, 0.023 and 0.024 μg TBT/L were the lowest measured TBT concentrations to significantly reduce survival relative to the controls (i.e., lowest observed effect concentration [LOEC]). No observed effect concentrations (NOEC) measured at 0.012 and 0.010 μg TBT/L were used to calculate chronic values of 0.016 and 0.017 μg TBT/L for these two experiments. A. tonsa nauplii are very sensitive to TBT relative to other estuarine organisms. These toxicity data are environmentally relevant since TBT concentrations exceeding the chronic value for A. tonsa have been reported from numerous locations in Chesapeake Bay.
Bacterial mutagenicity of leachate water from municipal sewage sludge-amended soils
Authors: Donnelly K.C. , Brown K.W. , Thomas J.C.
Published: March 2010

The objective of this study was to monitor the mutagenic potential of leachate from soils amended with municipal sewage sludge. The Salmonella/microsome assay was employed to monitor the mutagenicity of the organic extract of leachate collected from sludge-amended lysimeters containing undisturbed monoliths of Weswood silty clay (Fluventic Ustochrept) and Padina loamy sand (Grossarenic Paleustalf) soils. The sludge was applied to 18 barrel-sized lysimeters, while 6 unamended lysimeters served as controls. The leachate was concentrated on a combined XAD-2/XAD-7 resin, and the adsorbed organics were eluted with acetone. The leachate extracts were tested in the standard plate incorporation assay using strain TA98 with and without metabolic activation. Nine of 26 leachate extracts induced a positive response in the bioassay. The maximum specific activity was 207 net revertants per 10 mg induced without metabolic activation in the Weswood soil at the highest application rate (150 Mg/ha). The results suggest that land application of municipal sewage should be carefully managed to prevent leaching of mutagens into ground water.
Extraction and concentration of nonpolar organic toxicants from effluents using solid phase extraction
Authors: Durhan Elizabeth J. , Lukasewycz Marta T. , Amato Joseph R.
Published: March 2010

To control toxic pollutants in effluents, it is necessary first to identify the toxicants. To make identification possible it is desirable to isolate the toxicants from their effluent matrices and concentrate them. This article describes a simple method in which the nonpolar organic fraction of an effluent is concentrated into methanol. The methanol solution can be directly analyzed by GC-MS and can also be diluted and tested for toxicity. Results from the laboratory where this method is being used show that in cases where the effluent toxicants were nonpolar organic compounds 60% of the effluent's toxicity was recovered in the methanol concentrate and the toxicants were identified by GC-MS.
Development of quantitative structure-activity relationships for predicting biodegradation kinetics
Authors: Desai Sanjay M. , Govind Rakesh , Tabak Henry H.
Published: March 2010

Results have been presented on the development of a structure-activity relationship for biodegradation using a group contribution approach. Using this approach, reported results of the kinetic rate constant agree within 20% with the predicted values. Additional compound studies are essential to further extend the methodology.
Conditioned aversion of aluminum sulfate in black ducks
Authors: Sparling Donald W.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted to determine if reduced consumption of foods with elevated Al levels by black ducks (Anas rubripes) was due to taste aversion, conditioned taste aversion or malaise. Black ducks preferred a diet with 1,000 ppm Al over a control diet but ate less of a diet with 5,000 ppm Al. Prior experience with the high Al diet enhanced preference for the control diet. Changes in body weight and food consumption through time suggested that aversion to the high Al diet was a conditioned response to mild malaise.
Relationship between aquatic toxicity and oxidative degradation of unsubstituted phenylenediamines
Authors: Stahl Ralph G. , Lieder Paul H. , Hutton David G.
Published: March 2010

The static acute toxicities and degradative rates of the unsubstituted phenylenediamines (pdas) varied significantly among the ortho, para and meta isomers. With fathead minnows, the nominal 96-h LC50s were 0.06, 44 and 1,600 mg/L for p-pda, o-pda and m-pda, respectively. In daphnid tests, the nominal 48-h EC50s were 0.28, 0.87 and 5.9 mg/L for p-pda, o-pda and m-pda, respectively. The nominal 96-h EC50s in algae were 0.28, 0.16 and 2.4 mg/L forp-pda, o-pda and m-pda, respectively. With oxygenation, the times to reach 1/2 initial concentrations were 4 to 9 h for p-pda, 650 to 1,100 h for o-pda and 3,200 to 8,100 h for m-pda. Results suggest acute toxicities of pdas are related to their chemical reactivities (degradative rates) and that pdas may degrade rapidly under environmental conditions.
Effect of dissolved oxygen and the molt stage on the acute toxicity of ammonia to juvenile green tiger prawn Penaeus semisulcatus
Authors: Wajsbrot Natan , Krom Michael D. , Samocha Tzachi M. , Gasith Avital
Published: March 2010

The mean 96-h LC50 value of ammonia for juvenile Penaeus semisulcatus (0.35–2.4 g) was found to be 23.7 mg TAN/L (19.3–28.7, 95% C.L.). There was no significant effect of size on the sensitivity of juvenile shrimp to ammonia. Increased toxicity of ammonia to juvenile P. semisulcatus was observed at dissolved oxygen (DO) levels below 55% saturation (3.7 ppm). At 27% DO saturation, the ammonia toxicity (96-h LC50) was doubled. In addition, the time of exposure to ammonia required for a given lethal effect decreased with reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations. Before and immediately after molt, the shrimps were more sensitive to ammonia.

Due to the effect of the molt stage on the apparent ammonia toxicity, we recommend a minimum of 96-h bioassay for determining toxicity levels in shrimps. In a shorter period, the physiological changes occurring at the time of molting can confound the results of the experiment.
Trace elements in migrating blue-winged teal: Seasonal-, sex- and age-class variations
Authors: Warren Robert J. , Wallace Billy M. , Bush Parshall B.
Published: March 2010

Migrating blue-winged teal (Anas discors) were collected in April (n = 48) and September (n = 53) 1983 on the Southern High Plains Region of Texas. Liver and breast muscle were analyzed for 14 trace elements, and tibias were analyzed for Pb content. Data were analyzed statistically to determine differences in concentrations between seasons, sexes and age classes. Concentrations of B, Cr, Mo, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cu and Se in livers, and of B, Cu, Mo, Pb and Se in muscle, were greater in autumn- than in spring-migrating blue-winged teal. Lead concentrations in livers, muscles and tibias reflected apparently low-level, chronic, oral exposure to this metal. Concentrations of Cr, Ni, Pb and Cu in livers, and of Cr and Zn in muscle, were greater in males than females. Greater Cd concentrations in livers of adults than in juveniles were attributed to the persistence of Cd in tissues. The trace metal concentrations we observed in our blue-winged teal samples generally were not sufficiently high to produce adverse physiological or reproductive effects.
Response of a winter plankton food web to simazine
Authors: Jenkins David G , Buikema Arthur L
Published: March 2010

In situ microcosms of a winter plankton community were exposed for 21 d to 0 0, 0 1, 0 5 and 1 0 mg/L of the herbicide simazine, approximating persistent levels found after application in other systems Physical-chemical parameters, phytoplankton, bacteria and zooplankton were quantified

Simazine induced decreases in dissolved oxygen and pH, but induced increases in nitrate and am monia levels compared to control microcosms Phytoplankton were differentially affected by simazine Sensitive taxa included Trachelomonas, Glenodinium and diatoms Others, such as Dinobryon and small coccoids, were not significantly affected Bacteria data were variable and did not exhibit changes related to phytoplankton densities or simazine

Rotifers dominated the zooplankton and were also differentially affected by simazine The dominant species, Kellicottia bostomensis, exhibited a positive response to simazine, as did Keratella cochlearis, due to lesser mortality in higher concentrations of simazine Polyarthra vulgaris was unaffected, but Synchaeta pectinata was impaired by simazine at day 21 Zooplankton (primarily rotifers) may have fed on heterotrophic cells more than on autotrophic cells, and may have been more closely associated with the detrital food chain than the autotrophic food chain
Influence of greenhouse versus field testing and taxonomic differences on plant sensitivity to chemical treatment
Authors: Fletcher John S. , Johnson Forrest L. , McFarlane James C.
Published: March 2010

Data present in the PHYTOTOX data base were analyzed to determine the influence of greenhouse vs. field conditions, and of taxonomic differences on the response of terrestrial plants to a wide range of herbicides. In the greenhouse vs. field analysis, consideration was given to the response of 13 plant species to 1 or more of 17 chemicals. The influence of taxonomic differences was examined by comparing the response of 151 plant species (43 families) to 1 or more of 16 chemicals representing 11 different classes of herbicides. Analysis of this large body of comparative data drawn from approximately 230 published papers would not have been feasible without the use of computerized data assembled in PHYTOTOX.

These analyses showed that the magnitude of variability between laboratory and field data was 1.8 with a confidence interval of ±0.4. In comparison to this a similar analysis of data pertaining to a broad spectrum of taxonomically different plants showed that the mean sensitivity ratio was 10.5 with a confidence interval of 3.5. Thus, this study indicates that taxonomic differences among plants have a much greater influence on plant response to chemical treatment than does testing condition (greenhouse vs. field).
Short Communications: Use of linear orthogonal contrasts in analysis of environmental data
Authors: Hoke Robert A. , Giesy John P. , Adams John R.
Published: March 2010

Environmental studies often involve the analysis of many samples from a limited geographic region. The goal of these studies frequently is to compare samples from different areas within the region to determine relative levels of contamination or adverse effects. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by multiple comparison tests is an often-used data analysis technique in these situations. However, ANOVA followed by the use of linear orthogonal contrasts is a more appropriate method of data analysis if obvious groups of samples for comparison can be identified a priori. The utility of the technique is demonstrated in an analysis of the growth (dry weight) of Chironomus tentans larvae during 10-d sediment toxicity assays of sediments from western Lake Erie and the Maumee River at Toledo, Ohio. The use of linear orthogonal contrasts revealed several pertinent aspects of the data set which were not apparent after ANOVA followed by multiple range tests.
Methylmercury in some swedish surface waters
Authors: Lee Ying-Hua , Hultberg Hans
Published: March 2010

Three lakes and catchment runoff in the Lake Gårdsjön watershed on the Swedish west coast have been sampled for methylmercury during one year. The analyses indicated that high outputs of methylmercury were present during autumn in flushing water systems with short retention time, whereas smaller outputs and variations occurred in lake waters with longer retention time.

Thus, methylmercury concentration were measured as 0.16 to 0.41 ng/L (humic rich lake), 0.12 to 0.26 ng/L (limed lake), <0.1 ng/L (acid clearwater lake with long retention time) and 0.13 to 0.28 ng/L (acid runoff from a forest).

A flux estimate from one forested catchment (3.6 ha) gave a yearly output of 5.2 mg and the specific output was estimated as 144 ± 70 mg/km2/y.

The measured methylmercury concentration in this study accounted for only 6 to 13% of the total dissolved organic bound mercury in the water samples.
An assessment of the ontario ministry of the environment protocols for conducting Daphnia magna acute lethal toxicity tests with pulp and paper mill effluents
Authors: Kovacs Tibor G. , Ferguson Scott M.
Published: March 2010

The Ontario Ministry of the Environment protocols for conducting Daphnia magna acute lethal toxicity tests were evaluated for pulp and paper mill effluents. The evaluation included an interlaboratory study and an intralaboratory assessment using different dilution waters, test containers and pH adjustment. When the tests were conducted under similar conditions, the results (i.e., 48-h LC50s) from four participating laboratories were similar. With one exception, the coefficients of variation for interlaboratory testing ranged from 3.0 to 17%. However, within a laboratory, the ratio of the highest to lowest LC50 values for a particular effluent ranged from 1.9 to 3.8 when using different dilution waters and ranged from 1.3 to 1.9 when the test solution pH was adjusted to the same level as the dilution water pH. The D. magna were found to be 1.5 to 4.0 times less sensitive than rainbow trout and 1.6 to 3.0 times less sensitive than Ceriodaphnia affinis to pulp and paper mill effluents, and dehydroabietic acid.
Predicting concentrations of consumer product chemicals in estuaries
Authors: Lung Wu-Seng , Franco Andres C. , Rapaport Robert A.
Published: March 2010

About 25 to 30% of all United States (U.S.) publicly owned treatment works (POTW) discharges enter estuaries and coastal waters. An expert system has been developed to model the fate and transport of chemicals discharged from POTWs into estuaries. Each POTW has been classified as one of four groups: primary, trickling filter, lagoon and activated sludge in terms of treatment level. The system is designed to calculate concentrations under 7-d 10-year low flow, summer low flow and annual mean flow conditions. To account for varying mixing characteristics and salinity distributions observed in a given estuary, the system includes one-dimensional and two-dimensional (longitudinal and vertical) mass transport algorithms. To date, the modeling framework has been applied to nine estuaries. For validation purposes, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentrations are also predicted based on industrial as well as municipal organic carbon loads. In several estuaries, predicted in-stream BOD levels have been compared to measured BOD data resulting in successful model validation. The validated models are then used to predict linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) concentrations in estuaries. These LAS concentrations are found to be less than 20 μg/L in these estuaries under the three flow conditions.
Population-specific toxicity responses by the freshwater oligochaete, Stylodrilus heringianus, in natural lake michigan sediments
Authors: Keilty Timothy J. , Landrum Peter F.
Published: March 2010

Sediment reworking rate, mortality and organism dry weight were measured for Stylodrilus heringianus in laboratory microcosms. The experiments were designed to identify potential population-specific response differences to mixed (stirred to obtain a more uniform particle size distribution over depth) and unmixed (passively settled) microcosm sediments. Lake Michigan sediments and worms were collected offshore Benton Harbor, Michigan and Grand Haven, Michigan.

The mixed Benton Harbor sediments were toxic to S. heringianus collected from Grand Haven, whereas there were no significant differences in measured responses between mixed and unmixed sediment microcosms for Grand Haven-collected worms exposed to Grand Haven sediments or Benton Harbor-collected worms exposed to Benton Harbor sediments. Note that the mixing of sediments resulted in increased availability of contaminants sorbed to the fine sediment fraction.

Because contaminant and oligochaete population density data suggest that Grand Haven sediments are less contaminated, the population-specific response suggests that S. heringianus may adapt to the low level long-term stressful conditions (chemical or otherwise). Results also suggest caution and consideration of the history of test organisms in the design and interpretation of toxicity tests.
Chloroacetones in pulp mill chlorination-stage effluents
Authors: McKague A. B. , Bradley D. , Meier H. P. , Monteith D. , Betts J. L.
Published: March 2010

Ninety-six h LC50 values for 1,1,3-trichloro-, 1,1,3,3-tetrachloro-, pentachloro- and hexachloroacetone for juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were 2.3, 11.0, 25.0 and >25 mg/L, respectively. Levels in chlorination-stage effluents from eight pulp mills sampled across Canada were as follows: trichloro-, <0.1 to 2.4; tetrachloro-, 0.4 to 6.9; pentachloro-, 0.1 to 7.5 and hexachloro-, <0.1 to 0.6 mg/L. Combined levels ranged from 0.9 to 17.0 mg/L.
Protein-mediated selenium biomethylation in evaporation pond water
Authors: Thompson-Eagle E. T. , Frankenberger W. T.
Published: March 2010

Selenium (Se) is a contaminant of agricultural drainage water in the San Joaquin Valley, California and the cause of major toxicity problems among the wildlife. The objective of this study was to investigate the stimulatory properties of proteins and their components with respect to biological Se dissipation. Laboratory studies showed that Se biomethylation is protein-peptidelimited rather than nitrogen-, amino acid- or carbon-limited. Crude casein and its components, ∂-, β-, and κ-caseins and peptides (1 g carbon [C] L−1 pond water) were equally stimulatory producing a >50-fold enhancement in dimethylselenide (DMSe) yield. Dephosphorylation of casein resulted in a 57% reduction in Se volatilization. Dialysis studies indicated that the active ingredient of casein is likely to be a peptide or peptide mixture. Casein did not appear to increase Se methylation through any physicochemical characteristics such as a change in pH or chelation of pond water ions. Alternative protein sources including cottonseed meal, cheese whey and yeast sludge dramatically increased methylation (29-fold, 300-fold and 41-fold, respectively) over unamended samples, with over 10% of the Se inventory converted into DMSe in 17 d. A single casein amendment (0.2 g CL−1) to water columns in the field caused a 38% Se loss from the initial inventory of a San Joaquin Valley evaporation pond in 142 d. Under optimum conditions, protein-mediated deseleinfication of agricultural drainage water is a promising and novel bioremediation technique to permanently remove Se on site.
Effort-allocation analysis of the seven-day fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and Ceriodaphnia dubia toxicity tests
Authors: Kszos Lynn Adams , Stewart Arthur J.
Published: March 2010

Water quality-based limits are receiving greater emphasis in National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits. These permits often contain requirements for conducting acute or chronic toxicity tests of wastewater and/or ambient receiving waters. In this paper, we analyze the effort (in person-hours per test-ph/t) required to conduct the 7-d fathead minnow (Pimephales pro-melas) larval survival and growth test, the 7-d Ceriodaphnia dubia survival and reproduction test, and various tasks that are associated with these two static-renewal tests (e.g., maintaining cultures of the test animals, water chemistry analyses, quality assurance/quality control needs, sampling, and reporting). This analysis shows that all of these tasks require 53.6 ph/t. For six samples (e.g., five ambient samples plus a control, or five concentrations of an effluent plus a control), the fathead minnow test requires 6.9 ph/t and the Ceriodaphnia test requires 5.8 ph/t. The effort needed to maintain fathead minnow cultures is approximately equal to that needed to maintain C. dubia cultures (5.6 vs. 5.8 ph/t). Effort expended on other components of the testing includes 7.0 ph/t for water chemistry analyses (six samples), 5.5 ph/t for test preparation and takedown, 4.0 ph/t for QA/QC, 6.0 ph/t for report writing, and 7.0 ph/t for sampling. In addition, the analysis explores the economies of scale in conducting the two toxicity tests. Finally, the study provides guidance for those who plan to conduct these tests and for those sponsors who may need a better understanding of the basis for the costs involved.
Mobility of pesticides and their hydrolysis metabolites in soil
Authors: Somasundaram L. , Coats Joel R. , Racke Kenneth D. , Shanbhag Venkatesh M.
Published: March 2010

The soil thin layer chromatography technique was employed to assess the mobility of 21 chemicals (6 insecticides, 4 herbicides, and 11 of their hydrolysis metabolites) in 6 different soils. The hydrolysis products of the four studied organophosphorus insecticides were significantly more mobile than their parent compounds, but the metabolites of carbamates, s triazines and phenoxy alkanoic acids were less mobile than their parent compounds. For the chemicals for which significant effects of soil variables were observed, greater levels of organic matter, clay, cation exchange capacity and water holding capacity (at one-third bar) lowered the mobility Soil pH significantly affected mobility of many of the chemicals studied, with increased mobility in soils with higher pH values. Both water solubility and octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) significantly correlated with the mobility of the chemicals studied, however, Kow was found to be the better predictor of mobility No direct relationship existed between the pKa of the chemicals and their mobility
A field comparison of two methods for measuring DCPA soil evaporation rates
Authors: Majewski Michael S. , Mcchesney Michael M. , Seiber James N.
Published: March 2010

The theoretical-profile-shape (TPS) method for estimating pesticide evaporative flux from soil was compared to the aerodynamic-profile (AD) method in an intraplot field experiment using dacthal (DCPA) herbicide. Flux values measured by the TPS method were approximately 20% higher than values found by the AD method. Linear regression analysis of soil concentration over an 84-d period showed a soil half-life of 33.8 d. Of the amount lost from soil, 52 and 36% were accounted for by volatilization with the TPS and AD methods, respectively. The volatilization half-life of dacthal based on the 21-d cumulative flux measurements from actual and estimated daily fluxes were 59 and 83 d for the TPS and AD methods, respectively. The results were compared to the 138-d prediction of a published environmental fate model.
Paralytic shellfish toxins seem absent in extracts of diarrhetic shellfish toxins
Authors: Stabell Ole B. , Yndestad Magne , Heidenreich Brit
Published: March 2010

It has been assumed that the water-soluble paralytic shellfish toxins are extracted and concentrated by the organic-solvent extraction method used for diarrhetic shellfish toxins. As diarrhetic toxin extracts of mussels with high levels of paralytic toxins are found nontoxic, it appears that paralytic toxins are not present in those extracts.
Degradation and bound residue formation of four atrazine metabolites, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, dealkylatrazine and hydroxyatrazine, in a Western Tennessee soil
Authors: Winkelmann D. A. , Klaine S. J.
Published: March 2010

Atrazine (2-chloro-4-[ethylamino]-6-[isopropylamino]-1,3,5-triazine) can be degraded to several metabolites in soil that include the dealkylated metabolites, deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and dealkylatrazine (DAA), and the dechlorinated metabolite, hydroxyatrazine (HYA). Biological and physical degradation and soil-bound residue formation from uniformly 14C ring-labeled DEA, DIA, DAA and HYA were characterized in a western Tennessee soil using intact surface soil core microcosms.

Metabolites were applied to soil microcosms at a rate of 0.5 kg/ha (˜1.2 μg/g soil). Concentrations of the dealkylated metabolites in nonirradiated soil microcosms decreased to less than 2% of the applied compound or were not detected after 180 d incubation. Hydroxyatrazine residues decreased to 33% of the applied concentration. In nonirradiated microcosms after 180 d, evolution of 14CO2 from radiolabeled DEA, DIA, DAA and HYA increased to 25, 16, 59 and 21%, respectively, of the total radiolabel added. Irradiated soil microcosms evolved 0.6, 1.7, 0.1 and 0.9%, respectively, of the total radiolabel added. Rates of dissipation for the four metabolites followed first-order kinetics. Half-lives for the dealkylated metabolites, based on extractable residues, ranged from 17 to 26 d, whereas HYA was 121 d. Soil-bound 14C residues increased in concentration in nonirradiated microcosms and ranged from 28% of the applied radiolabel for HYA to 60% for DEA after 180 d. In irradiated microcosms the range was from 24% for HYA to 72% for DAA on day 180. Extractable 14C residues in all microcosms decreased in concentration during this study and, after 180 d, ranged from 4% of the radioactivity added for DAA to 40% for HYA. Extractable 14C residues in irradiated microcosms ranged from 31% of the initial activity for DAA to 68% for HYA at the termination of the study.
Exposure-related patterns of biochemical indicators in rainbow trout exposed to no. 2 fuel oil
Authors: Steadman B. L. , Farag A. M. , Bergman H. L.
Published: March 2010

Several biochemical indicators were evaluated as monitoring techniques in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to No. 2 fuel oil (2FO) for their ability to predict the exposure concentration. The principal factor affecting the response of the ratio of liver weight to body weight, microsomal and cytosolic protein, reduced glutathione (GSH), 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) and metallothionein (MTN) was the length of exposure, not the exposure concentration. Two patterns of response were observed, depending on the length of exposure. In rainbow trout exposed for 3 d to 12 to 100 mg/L 2FO, cytoplasmic protein and EROD activity were elevated and GSH was depleted; in fish exposed for 21 d, liver size, microsomal and cytoplasmic protein, EROD activity, GSH and MTN were all increased. The appearance of an MTN response due to 2FO exposure causes us to question the use of this protein as a metal bioindicator. Furthermore, we did not observe a dose-dependent response in any of the biochemical responses and suggest that toxicity was responsible for the lack of concentration dependence. This lack of a concentration-dependent response will complicate the use of these biochemical indicators in a biomonitoring program.
Measurement of aquatic contamination by utilizing microsomal enzyme preparations from Carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the Salmonella assay
Authors: Blevins R. Dean
Published: March 2010

The Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsome test has provided a simple and sensitive short-term assay for the detection of environmental mutagens. Metabolic activation of precarcinogens is usually achieved by incubating the compound to be tested, the bacterial strain and mammalian liver homogenates with NADPH. The results presented here utilize Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, the precarcinogen 2-aminofluorene and microsomal enzyme preparations prepared from liver homogenate of carp (Cyprinus carpio) taken from aquatic environments of northeastern Tennessee. Those environments range from virtually unpolluted to extremely polluted. The results show that the precarcinogen 2-aminofluorene is activated either partially or totally in the presence of liver homogenates of carp taken from polluted aquatic environments (e.g., microsomal enzyme preparations made from rat liver with 2-aminofluorene produced 808 revertants; whereas the liver preparations made from carp, taken from the Pigeon River, with 2-aminofluorene produced 2,786 revertants). Revertant colony results correlated well with the degree of pollution within those waters. An increase (data were statistically different at the 0.05 level of significance) of TA100 revertant colonies was observed as aquatic contamination worsened. All data pairs of collecting sites in their order of increasing contamination, as well as those between collecting sites, were statistically different at the 0.05 level of significance.
Effects of environmental variables on binding of a PCB congener by dissolved humic substances
Authors: Jota Mary Anne T. , Hassett John P.
Published: March 2010

The magnitude of the binding interaction of dissolved organic matter with 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl is affected by several environmental parameters: pH, ionic strength of the aqueous media, molecular weight and the source of the binding agent. Temperature has little effect. The binding constant for Aldrich humic acid is on the order of 1 × 105. Humic acids extracted from soil and water samples have lower binding capabilities than Aldrich humic acid (KDOC range: 0.24 × 105-0.64 × 105), whereas the fulvic acid and dissolved organic matter samples have KDOCs near the method detection limit (0.086 × 105 and 0.0076 × 105, respectively). Thermodynamic studies show the binding interaction to be entropy driven with ΔH° similar to that of van der Waals's interaction.
Effects of dietary exposure to methyl parathion on egg laying and incubation in mallards
Authors: Bennett Richard S. , Williams Bill A. , Schmedding Dave W. , Bennett Jewel K.
Published: March 2010

An outdoor pen study was conducted with mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) to evaluate the effects of an 8-d dietary exposure to methyl parathion (400 ppm) on egg laying and incubation when treatment was initiated at different times in the nesting cycle. Treatment groups were defined as egg laying (chemical initiated after fourth egg laid in nest), early incubation (initiated after day 4 of incubation), late incubation (initiated after day 16 of incubation) and control (no chemical). Forty-eight pairs (12/group) were allowed to nest and hatch broods. In the egg laying group, daily egg production was reduced significantly during the treatment period compared to controls, but 4 of 10 hens resumed production post-treatment. One of ten control hens abandoned its nest, whereas 17 of 23 hens in the early and late incubation groups either died or exhibited changes in incubation behavior, with 7 hens abandoning their nests and 6 displaying reduced nest attentiveness for one or more days during treatment. Reproductive parameters were not significantly different between treatment groups, but the number of hatchlings per nest was 61, 43 and 58% of controls for the egg laying, early incubation and late incubation groups, respectively. This study showed that nesting success may be impacted by short dietary exposures to methyl parathion, particularly during early incubation.
Toxic effects on algal phosphate uptake
Authors: Nyholm Niels
Published: March 2010

The inhibitory effects on growth and phosphate uptake by two toxicants, 3,5-dichloro-phenol and potassium dichromate, were studied in batch culture experiments with the freshwater green alga Selenastrum capricornutum. The EC50 figures for inhibition of phosphate uptake were considerably smaller than corresponding figures for growth inhibition, but threshold toxicities did not differ as much. Toxic inhibition of phosphate uptake may potentially influence interspecies competition among phytoplankton.
Fate of triclopyr ester (Release®) in a boreal forest stream
Authors: Thompson D.G. , Staznik B. , Fontaine D.D. , Mackay T. , Oliver G.R. , Troth J.
Published: March 2010

The fate of triclopyr butoxyethyl ester was investigated following direct aerial application to a boreal forest stream. The average deposit monitored at the stream surface was 3.67 kg acid equivalent (a.e.)/ha (range = 3.35-3.99 kg a.e./ha). Residues of triclopyr as the butoxyethyl ester (TBEE), triclopyr acid (TRI) and pyridinol metabolite (PYR) were determined in various aquatic substrates. Streamwater residues of TBEE resulting from direct overspray were characterized by instantaneous maxima (0.23-0.35 mg/L). A series of diminishing pulses of chemical associated with inputs upstream of the sampling site were observed. Average concentrations of TBEE in stream water ranged from 0.05 to 0.11 mg/L during the first 12 to 14 h post-application and declined to levels below the limits of quantification (0.001 mg/L) within 72 h post-application. Transient residues of TRI were observed in stream water, with a maximum concentration (0.14 mg/L) 6 h post-application. The PYR residues did not exceed limits of quantification (0.05 mg/L) in any sample. Results indicate that natural dissipation mechanisms reduce both the period and the concentrations to which aquatic organisms would be exposed.
Aquatic hazard assessment of the toxic fraction from the effluent of a petrochemical plant
Authors: Dorn Philip B. , VanCompernolle Remi , Meyer Charles L. , Crossland Norman O.
Published: March 2010

Effluent hazard assessment guidelines were applied to determine the environmental safety of discharged chloroether fractions from a chemical plant effluent. The chloroether fraction was identified as a mixture of pentachloroethers (2,5,6-trichlorohexyl 1′,3′-dichloroisopropyl ether [PCE 1,3] and 2,5,6-trichlorohexyl 2′,3′-dichloropropyl ether [PCE 2,3]), tetrachloropropyl ethers (TCPE; a mixture of l,3,1′,3′-tetrachloroisopropyl ether, 1,3-dichloroisopropyl 2′3′-dichloropropyl ether, and 2,3,2′,3′-tetrachloropropyl ether), 1,2,5,6 tetrachlorohexane (TCH), and related components. The fractions were identified in a toxicity identification evaluation (TIE). The chloroether mixture was acutely toxic between 1.5 and 20 mg/L and had no observed effect concentrations (NOEC) for chronic toxicity from 1 to 3.2 mg/L. Individual chloroether components showed acute toxicity (LC50) from 1.5 to 56 mg/L. Acute toxicity predictions from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) structure-activity relationships (SAR) were within a factor of four. Acute to chronic ratios for specific chloroether components were between 3 and 14. Sediment studies showed moderate sorption of TCPE with a log Koc between 2.7 and 2.9. The log Kow was 3.2 for TCPE, and the bioconcentration potential (logBCF) for the mixture was < 2.7. Laboratory and field stream experiments confirmed laboratory predictions for toxicity, with NOEC for trout growth > 0.26 mg/L and effects on Gammarus feeding at 0.44 mg/L of the mixture.
Do structure-activity relationships for the acute toxicity of pcbs and pbbs also apply for induction of hepatocellular carcinoma?
Authors: Robertson L. W. , Silberhorn E. M. , Glauert H. P. , Schwarz M. , Buchmann A.
Published: March 2010

Studies of the carcinogenic activity of commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) formulations in rodents have shown that (a) when given at appropriate doses and for extended periods of time, PCB and PBB mixtures cause preneoplastic lesions and carcinomas; (b) cancerous lesions are confined principally to the liver; (c) there is a marked trend from enzyme-altered foci to neoplastic nodules to hepatocellular carcinoma with time; and (d) PCB mixtures with high chlorine content are more potent in causing hepatocellular carcinoma than mixtures with low chlorine content. Practically no data are available on the activity of individual PCBs or PBBs as carcinogens; however, considerable data exist on the activity of congeneric PCBs and PBBs as promoters/initiators of two-stage hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. The compounds studied were either acutely toxic (coplanar) biphenyl congeners, nonacutely toxic congeners or halogenated biphenyls with intermediate acute toxicity. Acutely toxic PCBs/PBBs as well as those without acute toxicity and those with intermediate toxicity may all promote hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat, but probably by different mechanisms. The ability of congeneric PCBs and PBBs to stimulate cellular growth and division (mitogenic effects) on the one hand and/or hepatotoxic effects on the other most likely contributes to the carcinogenic effects seen. We assert that the assessment of risk for PCB/PBB exposure must take into account the potential long-term toxic effects of exposure to all three groups of polyhalogenated biphenyls.
Long-term neurobehavioral effects of perinatal polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure in monkeys
Authors: Schantz Susan L. , Levin Edward D. , Bowman Robert E.
Published: March 2010

In recent years, there has been growing concern about the potential long-term neurobe-havioral effects of perinatal polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure. We have addressed this issue in a series of studies at the Harlow Primate Laboratory. Offspring of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto) exposed to commercial PCB mixtures (Aroclor 1016 or Aroclor 1248) were tested on two-choice discrimination-reversal learning at 1.5 years of age and on delayed spatial alternation, a spatial learning and memory task, at four to six years of age. Deficits in performance were observed on both tasks. The deficit observed on delayed spatial alternation in Aroclor 1248-exposed monkeys was quite dramatic. The monkeys were tested for 80 test sessions, but were never able to achieve control levels of performance. This effect was observed when the monkeys were four to six years of age (young adulthood), even though they had not been exposed to PCBs since they were weaned at four months of age. The pattern of effects on both discrimination-reversal learning and delayed spatial alternation was suggestive of damage to the prefrontal cortex.
On-site methods for assessing chemical impact on the soil environment using earthworms: A case study at the baird and McGuire Superfund Site, Holbrook, Massachusetts
Authors: Callahan Clarence A. , Menzie Charles A. , Burmaster David E. , Wilborn David C. , Ernst Theodore
Published: March 2010

Five Lumbricus terrestris Linneaus were placed into enclosures at a field site and evaluated after 7 d. The enclosures were distributed in transects throughout areas of high and low contamination and in a reference area. Observations of earthworm responses for mortality, morbidity (coiling, stiffening, swelling, lesions) and whole body burden were compared to chemical measurements in corresponding soil samples. Nine chemicals (DDT, DDE, DDD, α-chlordane, γ-chlordane, chlordene, γ-chlordene, endrin, nonachlor) were measured in the whole body of earthworms and soil samples. Various levels of impact were described by scoring earthworm responses from sampling locations throughout the field site. A ranking of the sample locations from low to high impact by the earthworm response variables is directly correlated to the ranking of these locations for concentrations of total chlordane and total DDT in corresponding soil samples. Results show acute toxicity to earthworms placed on-site and suggest that whole body concentrations could impact earthworm predators. In addition, the on-site method eliminates the need to transport soils to off-site laboratories, thus preventing subsequent disposal issues.
The solubility of hydrophobic aromatic chemicals in organic solvent/water mixtures: Evaluation of four mixed solvent solubility estimation methods
Authors: Dickhut Rebecca M. , Armstrong David E. , Andren Anders W.
Published: March 2010

The solubility of benzene, naphthalene and phenanthrene, in miscible organic solvent/water mixtures was evaluated using four mixed solvent solubility estimation methods. In methanol/water and ethanol/water systems, solubility behavior of hydrophobic aromatic solutes (naphthalene and phenanthrene) is accurately predicted by assuming that the organic cosolvent and water behave as an ideal or regular mixture. Benzene solubility in ethanol/water mixtures is not accurately predicted with the ideal solvent mixture assumption, possibly as the result of nonideal solution behavior due to solute-solute interactions. In 1-propanol/water and acetone/water mixtures, hydrophobic solute solubility is not adequately predicted with the mixed solvent solubility models.