bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why the World Will Never Be Tobacco-Free: Reframing “Tobacco Control” Into a Traditional Tobacco Movement
Authors: Boudreau Gina , Hernandez Carol , Hoffer Donna , Preuss Kathleen Starlight , Tibbetts-Barto Linda , Villaluz Nicole Toves , Scott Sheryl
Published: April 2016

As successes mount in reducing commercial tobacco use, an alarming disparity has taken shape in Minnesota. Recent studies revealed that overall smoking rates have dropped to 14%, whereas American Indians’ rates remain higher than 50%. With support from ClearWay Minnesota, the organization created from the state’s tobacco settlement, advocates working within sovereign tribal governments to create smoke-free policies came together to discuss effective strategies within tribal Nations. We discussed the history behind mainstream tobacco control’s failure to resonate with Native audiences and the need to reframe the movement to a goal of restoring traditional tobacco practices. We share our insights on this critical area for achieving health equity and provide recommendations for tribes, non-Indian advocates, and funders, with a plea for tribal inclusion in commercial tobacco “end-game” strategies.
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcome of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Discitis and Cervical Osteomyelitis
Authors: Ilyas Haariss , Tabaie Sean , Place Howard
Published: April 2016

Case:

A fifty-six-year-old man presented with a three-month history of worsening neck pain and weakness of the right arm. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed C5-C6 osteomyelitis and discitis and a prevertebral abscess from C3 to C7. He underwent staged instrumented anterior and posterior spinal fusion from C5 to C7, with an anterior C5-C6 cervical discectomy and a C6 corpectomy. Intraoperative cultures exhibited growth of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The patient subsequently received five months of oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole therapy. At twelve months postoperatively, he had full recovery of motor strength bilaterally.

Conclusion:

Osteomyelitis with S. maltophilia is associated with agricultural-machinery-related injuries. Surgical intervention for cervical osteomyelitis should be considered if the patient presents with a neurologic deficit or a paravertebral abscess.
Stick/Slip Detection and Friction-Factor Testing With Surface-Based Torque and Tension Measurements
Authors: Lai Stephen W. , Bloom Matthew R. , Wood Mitchell J. , Eddy Aaron , Holt Trevor L.
Published: April 2016

Recently, there has been a strong push toward automation and the use of real-time models in the drilling industry. However, it has been recognized that these new methods require a dramatic improvement in the quality of sensor data gathered at the rig. In this paper, we investigate how accurate measurement of drillpipe torque and tension at the surface can be used to diagnose downhole conditions.

A surface-based torque-and-tension sub (TTS) was used to perform measurements while drilling several horizontal wells in the Dilly Creek area of the Horn River Basin, which is onshore in Canada. A filtered version of surface torque was used to calculate a stick/slip metric, which was compared to stick/slip measurements acquired with a downhole tool. The results show that there is reasonable correlation between surface and downhole metrics, but the correlation is highly dependent on torque filter start and stop frequencies. A comparison is also performed between the hookload measured with a deadline sensor and the tension measurement from the surface sub. The results show a systematic discrepancy of approximately 5% that is likely caused by sheave friction. A commercial torque-and-drag (T&D) software package is used to show that values for casing friction factor (FF) may be underestimated if sheave friction is present but ignored in the analysis.

The results from this study show that an advanced measurement sub placed below the topdrive can provide valuable information regarding drilling performance. Specifically, the torque signal can be used to estimate the level of downhole stick/slip, which alleviates the need for an expensive downhole-dynamics tool. Also, the tension signal can be used to obtain accurate measurements of wellbore FF, which can be compared with theoretical values obtained with T&D analysis. With an appropriate-software implementation, these measurements can be performed in real time, which would enable rig crews to react quickly whenever excessive stick/slip or wellbore drag is encountered during drilling operations.
Arsenic removal from groundwater using low-cost carbon composite electrodes for capacitive deionization
Authors: Lee Ju-Young , Chaimongkalayon Nantanee , Lim Jinho , Ha Heung Yong , Moon Seung-Hyeon
Published: April 2016

Affordable carbon composite electrodes were developed to treat low-concentrated groundwater using capacitive deionization (CDI). A carbon slurry prepared using activated carbon powder (ACP), poly(vinylidene fluoride), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was employed as a casting solution to soak in a low-cost porous substrate. The surface morphology of the carbon composite electrodes was investigated using a video microscope and scanning electron microscopy. The capacitance and electrical conductivity of the carbon composite electrodes were then examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), respectively. According to the CV and EIS measurements, the capacitances and electrical conductivities of the carbon composite electrodes were in the range of 8.35–63.41 F g–1 and 0.298–0.401 S cm–1, respectively, depending on ACP contents. A CDI cell was assembled with the carbon composite electrodes instead of with electrodes and current collectors. The arsenate removal test included an investigation of the optimization of several important operating parameters, such as applied voltage and solution pH, and it achieved 98.8% removal efficiency using a 1 mg L–1 arsenate solution at a voltage of 2 V and under a pH 9 condition.
Benefits for Type 2 Diabetes of Interrupting Prolonged Sitting With Brief Bouts of Light Walking or Simple Resistance Activities
Authors: Dempsey Paddy C. , Larsen Robyn N. , Sethi Parneet , Sacre Julian W. , Straznicky Nora E. , Cohen Neale D. , Cerin Ester , Lambert Gavin W. , Owen Neville , Kingwell Bronwyn A. , Dunstan David W.
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether interrupting prolonged sitting with brief bouts of light-intensity walking (LW) or simple resistance activities (SRA) improves postprandial cardiometabolic risk markers in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In a randomized crossover trial, 24 inactive overweight/obese adults with T2D (14 men 62 ± 6 years old) underwent the following 8-h conditions on three separate days (with 6–14 days washout): uninterrupted sitting (control) (SIT), sitting plus 3-min bouts of LW (3.2 km · h−1) every 30 min, and sitting plus 3-min bouts of SRA (half-squats, calf raises, gluteal contractions, and knee raises) every 30 min. Standardized meals were consumed during each condition. Incremental areas under the curve (iAUCs) for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and triglycerides were compared between conditions.

RESULTS

Compared with SIT, both activity-break conditions significantly attenuated iAUCs for glucose (SIT mean 24.2 mmol · h · L−1 [95% CI 20.4–28.0] vs. LW 14.8 [11.0–18.6] and SRA 14.7 [10.9–18.5]), insulin (SIT 3,293 pmol · h · L−1 [2,887–3,700] vs. LW 2,104 [1,696–2,511] and SRA 2,066 [1,660–2,473]), and C-peptide (SIT 15,641 pmol · h · L−1 [14,353–16,929] vs. LW 11,504 [10,209–12,799] and SRA 11,012 [9,723–12,301]) (all P < 0.001). The iAUC for triglycerides was significantly attenuated for SRA (P < 0.001) but not for LW (SIT 4.8 mmol · h · L−1 [3.6–6.0] vs. LW 4.0 [2.8–5.1] and SRA 2.9 [1.7–4.1]).

CONCLUSIONS

Interrupting prolonged sitting with brief bouts of LW or SRA attenuates acute postprandial glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and triglyceride responses in adults with T2D. With poor adherence to structured exercise, this approach is potentially beneficial and practical.
Multinational Home Use of Closed-Loop Control Is Safe and Effective
Authors: Anderson Stacey M. , Raghinaru Dan , Pinsker Jordan E. , Boscari Federico , Renard Eric , Buckingham Bruce A. , Nimri Revital , Doyle Francis J. , Brown Sue A. , Keith-Hynes Patrick , Breton Marc D. , Chernavvsky Daniel , Bevier Wendy C. , Bradley Paige K. , Bruttomesso Daniela , Del Favero Simone , Calore Roberta , Cobelli Claudio , Avogaro Angelo , Farret Anne , Place Jerome , Ly Trang T. , Shanmugham Satya , Phillip Moshe , Dassau Eyal , Dasanayake Isuru S. , Kollman Craig , Lum John W. , Beck Roy W. , Kovatchev Boris ,   for the Control to Range Study Group
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy of a portable, wearable, wireless artificial pancreas system (the Diabetes Assistant [DiAs] running the Unified Safety System) on glucose control at home in overnight-only and 24/7 closed-loop control (CLC) modes in patients with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

At six clinical centers in four countries, 30 participants 18–66 years old with type 1 diabetes (43% female, 96% non-Hispanic white, median type 1 diabetes duration 19 years, median A1C 7.3%) completed the study. The protocol included a 2-week baseline sensor-augmented pump (SAP) period followed by 2 weeks of overnight-only CLC and 2 weeks of 24/7 CLC at home. Glucose control during CLC was compared with the baseline SAP.

RESULTS

Glycemic control parameters for overnight-only CLC were improved during the nighttime period compared with baseline for hypoglycemia (time <70 mg/dL, primary end point median 1.1% vs. 3.0%; P < 0.001), time in target (70–180 mg/dL: 75% vs. 61%; P < 0.001), and glucose variability (coefficient of variation: 30% vs. 36%; P < 0.001). Similar improvements for day/night combined were observed with 24/7 CLC compared with baseline: 1.7% vs. 4.1%, P < 0.001; 73% vs. 65%, P < 0.001; and 34% vs. 38%, P < 0.001, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

CLC running on a smartphone (DiAs) in the home environment was safe and effective. Overnight-only CLC reduced hypoglycemia and increased time in range overnight and increased time in range during the day; 24/7 CLC reduced hypoglycemia and increased time in range both overnight and during the day. Compared with overnight-only CLC, 24/7 CLC provided additional hypoglycemia protection during the day.
Holistic Admissions After Affirmative Action
Authors: Bastedo Michael N. , Howard Joseph E. , Flaster Allyson
Published: April 2016

Selective colleges and universities purport to consider students’ achievement in the context of the academic opportunities available in their high schools. Thus, students who “maximize” their curricular opportunities should be more likely to gain admission. Using nationally representative data, we examine the effect of “maximizing the curriculum” on admission to selective colleges. We find that curriculum maximization has very little effect on students’ probability of college admission outside of states with affirmative action bans. Low-income students are less likely to maximize their high school curriculum, and underrepresented racial minority students are both less likely to maximize their high school curriculum and less likely to benefit from doing so when applying to colleges in states that ban affirmative action. Thus, even if widely diffused, holistic admissions practices may be unlikely to adequately reduce race or class disparities in higher education.
Memory Practices in History Education about the 1947 British India Partition
Authors: Chhabra Meenakshi
Published: April 2016

This article is an epistemological reflection on memory practices in the
construction, deconstruction, and reconstruction of collective memories of a
historical event involving collective violence and conflict in formal and informal
spaces of education. It focuses on the 1947 British India Partition of Punjab. The
article engages with multiple memory practices of Partition carried out through
personal narrative, interactions between Indian and Pakistani secondary school
pupils, history textbook contents, and their enactment in the classroom by teachers.
It sheds light on the complex dynamic between collective memory and history
education about events of violent conflict, and explores opportunities for and challenges
to intercepting hegemonic remembering of a violent past.
The Evolution of Lithium-Ion Cell Thermal Safety with Aging Examined in a Battery Testing Calorimeter
Authors: Zhang Jianbo , Su Laisuo , Li Zhe , Sun Ying , Wu Ningning
Published: April 2016

The effect of calendar aging on the thermal safety of 4.6 Ah pouch cells with a LiMn2O4 (LMO) cathode was investigated by a battery test calorimeter (BTC) that can be used to determine the heat evolved during an uncontrolled exothermic runaway reaction. Cells were stored at 55 °C and 100% state of charge (SOC) for accelerated aging, and they were taken out after 10, 20, 40, 68, and 90 days of storage to obtain different aging states. Those cells were then put into the BTC for thermal safety tests. The results show the cell thermal safety improves after aging: (1) the self-heating temperature increases; (2) the thermal runaway temperature increases; and (3) the exothermal rate during the process of thermal runaway decreases. The cell voltage drops to zero about 40 °C earlier than the thermal runaway, indicating the voltage can be used as a signal for cell safety monitoring.
Daily Rhythms in Mosquitoes and Their Consequences for Malaria Transmission
Authors: Rund Samuel , O’Donnell Aidan , Gentile James , Reece Sarah
Published: April 2016

The 24-h day involves cycles in environmental factors that impact organismal fitness. This is thought to select for organisms to regulate their temporal biology accordingly, through circadian and diel rhythms. In addition to rhythms in abiotic factors (such as light and temperature), biotic factors, including ecological interactions, also follow daily cycles. How daily rhythms shape, and are shaped by, interactions between organisms is poorly understood. Here, we review an emerging area, namely the causes and consequences of daily rhythms in the interactions between vectors, their hosts and the parasites they transmit. We focus on mosquitoes, malaria parasites and vertebrate hosts, because this system offers the opportunity to integrate from genetic and molecular mechanisms to population dynamics and because disrupting rhythms offers a novel avenue for disease control.
UHPLC-MS/MS Determination, Pharmacokinetic, and Bioavailability Study of Taxifolin in Rat Plasma after Oral Administration of its Nanodispersion
Authors: Yang Chun-Juan , Wang Zhi-Bin , Mi Ying-Ying , Gao Ming-Jie , Lv Jin-Nan , Meng Yong-Hai , Yang Bing-You , Kuang Hai-Xue
Published: April 2016

A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method based on the Triple Quad system has been developed and validated for the determination and pharmacokinetics of taxifolin and its nanodispersion in rat plasma. Taxifolin plasma samples along with butylparaben (internal standard) were pre-treated by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, and then separated on a SB-C18 RRHD column (150 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.8 μm) using isocratic elution with a run time of 3.0 min. The mobile phase was acetonitrile–water (90:10, v/v) containing 5 mM ammonium acetate at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Quantification of taxifolin was performed by the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with negative atmospheric ionization at m/z 303.0→285.0 for taxifolin and 193.1→92.0 for I.S., respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin showed good linearity over a concentration range of 5.0–4280 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 5.0 ng/mL. Intra-day, inter-day precision and accuracy (percent relative to standard deviation) were all within 8% at three concentration levels. A total recovery of taxifolin and I.S. was beyond 75%. The present LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of taxifolin after intravenous administration of taxifolin, oral administration of its physical mixture and nanodispersion. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin was calculated as 0.75% for taxifolin nanodispersion and 0.49% for taxifolin, respectively.
MANAGING HOUSING NEEDS IN POST CONFLICT HOUSING RECONSTRUCTION IN SRI LANKA: GAPS VERSES RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: SENEVIRATNE Krisanthi , AMARATUNGA Dilanthi , HAIGH Richard
Published: April 2016

Addressing housing needs in post conflict housing reconstruction leads to successful housing reconstruction. As part of a study of investigating how the housing needs can be effectively addressed in post conflict housing reconstruction, this paper identifies the gaps in managing housing needs in post conflict housing reconstruction within the context of Sri Lanka and presents the recommendations to minimise such gaps. Data was collected through un-structured interviews conducted with 37 participants, comprising policy makers, practitioners, academics and beneficiaries who engaged in post conflict housing reconstruction in Sri Lanka. Gaps were mainly found in conflict sensitivity, measures related to physical housing, performance of implementing agencies, policy and practice issues. On the job training, application of ‘do no harm’ principles, enhanced beneficiary participation, enhanced accountability, effective monitoring, enhanced knowledge sharing, adequate drinking water facilities, irrigation development and initiatives for material manufacturing were suggested as recommendations to minimise these gaps. Identification of gaps in managing housing needs in post conflict housing reconstruction and recommendations to minimise them inform policy makers to address the housing needs effectively through incorporating these aspects into the related policies. This in turn enhances the sustainability in housing development after conflicts.
Backing environmental innovations through information technology adoption. Empirical analyses of innovation-related complementarity in firms
Authors: ANTONIOLI Davide , GILLI Marianna , MAZZANTI Massimiliano , NICOLLI Francesco
Published: April 2016

The paper tests empirically whether various types of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) adoption and other innovation practices (techno-organisational change and training courses) are complementary inputs with respect to the adoption of specific environmental innovations (EI). The analysis is based on original survey data for a large industrial Italian region (Emilia-Romagna), which offer various views on ICT and EI relationships. This survey contains information on the adoption of environmental innovations and some detailed information on ICT issues and other technological-organisational processes. Our main findings suggest that, overall, complementarity does not seem to characterize the relationship between ICT and other innova-tion processes as a force behind environmental innovation, but some important exceptions emerge. Complementarities exists, for instance, between technological innovation and both adoption of ICT management systems and ICT for cooperation with clients. Interestingly, restricting the analysis to a sub-sample of more polluting firm, both complementarity and substitutability emerge more evidently.
Les relations entre la France et le monde arabe
Authors: Dalle Ignace
Published: April 2016

Bonnes et parfois même amicales sous les présidences de Charles de Gaulle, Georges Pompidou et Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, les relations de la France avec le monde arabe se compliquent pendant les mandats de François Mitterrand. L’arrivée au pouvoir de l’imam Khomeiny et le traité de paix israélo-égyptien consécutif aux accords de Camp David bouleversent en effet la donne au Proche-Orient. Sur la défensive, la France commence à s’impliquer militairement et Mitterrand, bon gré mal gré, s’aligne sur la politique américaine : au Liban avec les otages, en Libye et au Tchad et lors de la première guerre du Golfe. Désaccord de taille cependant avec Washington : le soutien à la cause palestinienne. Après la (longue) parenthèse chiraquienne durant laquelle la France, bénéficiant, du moins jusqu’en 2003, d’une conjoncture internationale moins tendue, tire plutôt son épingle du jeu, Nicolas Sarkozy et François Hollande, qui connaissent mal le monde arabe, doivent notamment gérer les « printemps arabes » et leurs suites. Sous leurs présidences et du fait notamment de leur tropisme pour Israël et de leur hostilité envers l’Iran, la diplomatie française fait souvent preuve de précipitation, d’amateurisme ou de parti-pris dans cette partie du monde.
L’intervention entre espoirs et échecs
Authors: Badie Bertrand
Published: April 2016

Cet article aborde la question de l’intervention en situation de conflit. Très présente actuellement dans le répertoire des relations internationales, l’intervention n’en est pas pour autant inédite car elle s’invite depuis longtemps dans les réflexions et les comportements des acteurs des arènes conflictuelles. Après avoir montré cette généalogie, l’article fait un bilan d’étape de l’intervention et revient sur trois questions clefs qui lui sont associées : qui intervient, comment intervenir, pourquoi le faire ?
France - Turquie : entre tensions et normalisations…
Authors: Billion Didier
Published: April 2016

Malgré la profondeur historique des relations entre la France et la Turquie, une certaine incompréhension s’est installée, depuis plusieurs années, entre les deux pays. Un ressort s’est cassé durant la présidence de Nicolas Sarkozy et si François Hollande s’est nettement démarqué de son prédécesseur en normalisant ces relations, le manque de perspectives de Paris à l’égard d’Ankara empêche de déployer une politique à la hauteur des enjeux à venir.
Fungal secondary metabolite analysis applied to Cultural Heritage: the case of a contaminated library in Venice
Authors: Micheluz A. , Sulyok M. , Manente S. , Krska R. , Varese G.C. , Ravagnan G.
Published: April 2016

The secondary metabolite production of several fungal strains ofAspergillus creber,Aspergillus jensenii,Aspergillus penicillioides,Aspergillus protuberus, Aspergillus vitricola,Cladosporium cladosporioides, Eurotium chevalieri,Eurotium halophilicum, Penicillium brevicompactum andPenicillium chrysogenum were characterised by liquid chromatography tamdem mass spectometry. All fungi were isolated from both air and book covers as well as from settled dust from a contaminated library in Venice (Italy). ForA. creber andA. jensenii, we identified sterigmatocystin, methoxysterigmatocystin, versicolorin A and related precursors/side metabolites from the biosynthetic pathways. Deoxybrevianamid E, neoechinulin A, pseurotin A and D, and rugulusovin were principally detected from the strains ofE. halophilicum, an emerging fungal species implicated in book contaminations in specific indoor niches. The analysis of settled dust showed a wide range of toxic or bioactive fungal metabolites. Forty-five different metabolites were identified in different concentrations; in particular, high amounts of asperglaucide, alamethicin, andrastin A, terrecyclic acid and neoechinulin A were detected. Also one bacterial metabolite, chloramphenicole was detected. This study increases the knowledge about metabolite production of several fungal species, as well as on the indoor presence of fungi that are not detected by aerobiological sampling. These results emphasise how routine dusting operations are necessary and essential in order to prevent further microbiological developments in library environments.
Laser-Based Manufacturing Processes for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Stavropoulos Panos , Koutsomichalis Angelos , Vaxevanidis Nikos
Published: April 2016

In this chapter the latest developments in Laser manufacturing technologies and processes, used in the aerospace industry, are discussed. Current developments in the aerospace industry are characterised by the reduction of manufacturing and exploitation costs. Thus, the need for implementation of advanced manufacturing technologies and processes in the aeronautic industry, offering cost effective products with improved life cycle, is becoming more and more imperative. Lasers can be used in many industrial machining processes for a variety of materials including metals, ceramics, glass, plastics, and composites. Laser beams, used as machining tools, are not accompanied by problems such as tool wear, tool breakage, chatter, machine deflection and mechanically induced material damage, phenomena that are usually associated with traditional machining processes. The effectiveness of Lasers depends on the thermal nature of the machining process. Nevertheless, difficulties arise due to the difference in the thermal properties of the various components.
Using beryllium-7 to assess cross-tropopause transport in global models
Authors: Liu Hongyu , Considine David B. , Horowitz Larry W. , Crawford James H. , Rodriguez Jose M. , Strahan Susan E. , Damon Megan R. , Steenrod Stephen D. , Xu Xiaojing , Kouatchou Jules , Carouge Claire , Yantosca Robert M.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. We use the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) modeling framework to assess the utility of cosmogenic beryllium-7 (7Be), a natural aerosol tracer, for evaluating cross-tropopause transport in global models. The GMI chemical transport model (CTM) was used to simulate atmospheric 7Be distributions using four different meteorological data sets (GEOS1-STRAT DAS, GISS II′ GCM, fvGCM, and GEOS4-DAS), featuring significantly different stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) characteristics. The simulations were compared with the upper troposphere and/or lower stratosphere (UT/LS) 7Be climatology constructed from  ∼  25 years of aircraft and balloon data, as well as climatological records of surface concentrations and deposition fluxes. Comparison of the fraction of surface air of stratospheric origin estimated from the 7Be simulations with observationally derived estimates indicates excessive cross-tropopause transport at mid-latitudes in simulations using GEOS1-STRAT and at high latitudes using GISS II′ meteorological data. These simulations also overestimate 7Be deposition fluxes at mid-latitudes (GEOS1-STRAT) and at high latitudes (GISS II′), respectively. We show that excessive cross-tropopause transport of 7Be corresponds to overestimated stratospheric contribution to tropospheric ozone. Our perspectives on STE in these meteorological fields based on 7Be simulations are consistent with previous modeling studies of tropospheric ozone using the same meteorological fields. We conclude that the observational constraints for 7Be and observed 7Be total deposition fluxes can be used routinely as a first-order assessment of cross-tropopause transport in global models.
Quantification of black carbon mixing state from traffic: implications for aerosol optical properties
Authors: Willis Megan D. , Healy Robert M. , Riemer Nicole , West Matthew , Wang Jon M. , Jeong Cheol-Heon , Wenger John C. , Evans Greg J. , Abbatt Jonathan P. D. , Lee Alex K. Y.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The climatic impacts of black carbon (BC) aerosol, an important absorber of solar radiation in the atmosphere, remain poorly constrained and are intimately related to its particle-scale physical and chemical properties. Using particle-resolved modelling informed by quantitative measurements from a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer, we confirm that the mixing state (the distribution of co-emitted aerosol amongst fresh BC-containing particles) at the time of emission significantly affects BC-aerosol optical properties even after a day of atmospheric processing. Both single particle and ensemble aerosol mass spectrometry observations indicate that BC near the point of emission co-exists with hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) in two distinct particle types: HOA-rich and BC-rich particles. The average mass fraction of black carbon in HOA-rich and BC-rich particle classes was  < 0.1 and 0.8, respectively. Notably, approximately 90 % of BC mass resides in BC-rich particles. This new measurement capability provides quantitative insight into the physical and chemical nature of BC-containing particles and is used to drive a particle-resolved aerosol box model. Significant differences in calculated single scattering albedo (an increase of 0.1) arise from accurate treatment of initial particle mixing state as compared to the assumption of uniform aerosol composition at the point of BC injection into the atmosphere.
Aerosol Optical Extinction during the Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperiment (FRAPPÉ) 2014 Summertime Field Campaign, Colorado U.S.A.
Authors: Dingle Justin H. , Vu Kennedy , Bahreini Roya , Apel Eric C. , Campos Teresa L. , Flocke Frank , Fried Alan , Herndon Scott , Hills Alan J. , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Huey Greg , Kaser Lisa , Montzka Denise D. , Nowak John B. , Reeves Mike , Richter Dirk , Roscioli Joseph R. , Shertz Stephen , Stell Meghan , Tanner David , Tyndall Geoff , Walega James , Weibring Petter , Weinheimer Andrew
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Summertime aerosol optical extinction (βext) was measured in the Colorado Front Range and Denver Metropolitan Area as part of the Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Experiment (FRAPPÉ) campaign during July–August 2014. An Aerodyne Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift particle light extinction monitor (CAPS-PMex) was deployed to measure dry, βext of submicron aerosols at λ = 632 nm at 1 Hz. Data from a suite of gas-phase instrumentation were used to interpret βext behavior under various categories of air masses and sources. Extinction enhancement ratios relative to CO (Δβext/ΔCO) were significantly increased in highly aged air masses compared to fresh air masses by 50–60 %. The resulting increase in Δβext/ΔCO under highly aged air masses was accompanied by formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). In addition, the impacts of aerosol composition on βext in air masses under the influence of urban, natural oil and gas operations (O&G), and agriculture and livestock operations were evaluated. Estimated non-refractory mass extinction efficiency (MEE) values for different air mass types ranged from 1.83–3.30 m2 g−1, with the minimum and maximum values observed in agriculture and urban + O&G influenced air masses, respectively. The mass distribution for organic, nitrate, and sulfate aerosols presented distinct profiles in different air mass types. During Aug. 11–12, regional influence of a biomass burning event was observed, increasing the background βext by 10–15 Mm−1 and the estimated MEE and Δβext/ΔCO values in the Front Range.
Options for mitigating global warming potential of a double-rice field in China
Authors: Zhang Guangbin , Yu Haiyang , Fan Xianfang , Yang Yuting , Ma Jing , Xu Hua
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Traditional land managements (neither drainage nor tillage, NTND) in winter fallow season result in substantial CH4 and N2O emissions from the double-rice fields in China. For investigating the effects of drainage and tillage in winter fallow season on global warming potentials (GWPs) of CH4 and N2O emissions and developing mitigation options, a field experiment with four treatments: NTND, drainage but non-tillage (NTD), tillage but non-drainage (TND), and both drainage and tillage (TD) were carried out from 2010 to 2014 in a Chinese double-rice field. In winter fallow season total precipitation and mean daily temperature had important effects on CH4 emission, and significant correlations were observed between them and CH4 emission. Compared with NTND, drainage and tillage reduced CH4 emission in early- and late-rice seasons and decreased annual emission by 54 and 33 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Drainage and tillage increased N2O emission in winter fallow season while reduced it in early- and late-rice seasons, causing annual N2O emission unaffected. Accordingly, the GWPs were decreased by 1.49 and 0.92 t CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1, respectively, and they were far more reduced by combining drainage with tillage, with a mitigation potential of 1.96 t CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1. Low total C content and high C/N ratio in rice residues revealed that tillage in winter fallow season reduced CH4 and N2O emissions in early- and late-rice seasons. Moreover, drainage and tillage significantly decreased the abundance of methanogens in paddy soil, which was a possible reason for the decrease of CH4 emission. Greenhouse gas intensity was significantly decreased by drainage and tillage, and it was much more reduced by combining drainage with tillage, with a reduction of 0.17 t CO2-eq t−1 yield yr−1. The results indicate that soil drainage combined with tillage in winter fallow season is an effective mitigating strategy in double-rice fields.
Ozone profiles above Kiruna from two ground-based radiometers
Authors: Ryan Niall J. , Walker Kaley A. , Raffalski Uwe , Kivi Rigel , Gross Jochen , Manney Gloria L.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. This paper presents new atmospheric ozone concentration profiles retrieved from measurements made with two ground-based millimeter wave radiometers in Kiruna, Sweden. The instruments are the Kiruna Microwave Radiometer (KIMRA) and the Millimeter wave Radiometer 2 (MIRA 2). The ozone concentration profiles are retrieved using an optimal estimation inversion technique, and they cover an altitude range of ~ 16–56 km with an altitude resolution of, at best, 8 km. The KIMRA and MIRA 2 measurements are compared to each other, to measurements from balloon-borne ozonesonde measurements at Sodankylä, Finland, and to measurements made by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard the Aura satellite. KIMRA is low-biased with respect to the ozonesonde data due to a general low bias in the KIMRA profiles around 22 km altitude, and MIRA 2 shows a smaller magnitude low bias and a high correlation coefficient. Both radiometers are in general agreement with MLS data, showing high correlation coefficients. An oscillatory bias with a peak of ±1 ppmv is present in the KIMRA ozone profiles over an altitude range of ~ 20–35 km, and is believed to be due to standing wave features that are present in the spectra. A time series analysis of KIMRA ozone for winters 2008–2013 shows a local winter-time minimum in the ozone profile at approximately 35 km above Kiruna. The measurements are ongoing at Kiruna since 2002 and late 2012 for KIMRA and MIRA 2, respectively.
Household water treatment and safe storage – effectiveness and economics
Authors: Stubbé Stefanie M. L. , Pelgrim-Adams Alida , Szántó Gabor L. , van Halem Doris
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Household Water Treatment and safe Storage (HWTS) systems aim to provide safe drinking water in an affordable manner to users where safe piped water supply is either not feasible or not reliable. In this study the effectiveness, economic parameters and costs of three selected HWTS systems were identified. The selected systems are SODIS, ceramic filter and biosand filter. These options were selected based on their accessibility, affordability and available scientific data. Data was obtained through peer-reviewed literature, reports, web-pages and informal sources. The findings show a wide dispersion for log removal of effectiveness of the HWTS systems. For bacteria (E. coli), log removals of 1–9 (SODIS), 0.5–7.2 (ceramic) and 0–3 (biosand) were reported. In the case of viruses (mostly echovirus and bacteriophages), log removals of 0–4.3 (SODIS), 0.09–2.4 (ceramic) and 0–7 (biosand) were found. The dispersions of log removals for both bacteria and viruses range from non-protective to highly protective according to WHO performance targets. The reported costs of HWTS systems show a wide range as well. The price per cubic meter water is found to be EUR 0–8 (SODIS), EUR 0.37–6.4 (ceramic) and EUR 0.08–12.3 (biosand). The retail prices found are: negligible (SODIS), USD 1.9–30 (ceramic) and USD 7–100 (biosand). No relationship was observed between removal efficiency and economics of the three systems.
Impacts of land-use history on the recovery of ecosystems after agricultural abandonment
Authors: Krause Andreas , Pugh Thomas A. M. , Bayer Anita  D. , Lindeskog Mats , Arneth Almut
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Land-use changes have been shown to have large effects on climate and biogeochemical cycles, but so far most studies have focused on the effects of conversion of natural vegetation to croplands and pastures. By contrast, relatively little is known about the influence of past agriculture on vegetation regrowth and carbon sequestration following land abandonment, decades or even centuries later. We used the LPJ-GUESS dynamic vegetation model to study the legacy effects of different land-use histories (in terms of type and duration) across a range of ecosystems. To this end, we performed six idealized simulations for Europe and Africa in which we made a transition from natural vegetation to either pasture or cropland, followed by a transition back to natural vegetation after 20, 60 or 100 years. The simulations identified substantial differences in recovery trajectories of four key variables (vegetation composition, vegetation carbon, soil carbon, Net Biome Productivity) after agricultural cessation. Vegetation carbon and composition typically recovered faster than soil carbon in sub-tropical, temperate and boreal regions, and vice versa in the tropics. While the effects of different land-use histories on recovery periods of soil carbon stocks often differed by centuries across our simulations, differences in recovery times across simulations were typically small for Net Biome Productivity (a few decades) and modest for vegetation carbon and composition (several decades). Spatially, we found the greatest sensitivity of recovery times to prior land-use in boreal forests and subtropical grasslands where post-agricultural productivity was strongly affected by prior land management. Our results suggest that land-use history is a relevant factor affecting ecosystems long after agricultural cessation and it should be considered not only when assessing historical or future changes in simulations of the terrestrial carbon cycle, but also when establishing long-term monitoring networks and interpreting data derived therefrom, including analysis of a broad range of ecosystem properties or local climate effects related to land cover changes.
A User-friendly Earth System Model of Low Complexity: The ESCIMO system dynamics model of global warming towards 2100
Authors: Randers Jorgen , Golüke Ulrich , Wenstøp Fred , Wenstøp Søren
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Abstract. We have made a simple system dynamics model, ESCIMO, which runs on a desktop computer in seconds and is able to reproduce the main output from more complex climate models. ESCIMO represents the main causal mechanisms at work in the Earth system and is able to reproduce the broad outline of climate history from 1850 to 2015. We have made many simulations with ESCIMO to 2100 and beyond. In this paper we present the effects of introducing in 2015 six possible global policy interventions that cost around 1,000 billion US$ per year – around 1 % of world GDP. We tentatively conclude (a) that these policy interventions can at most reduce the global mean surface temperature – GMST – by up to 0.5 °C in 2050 and up to 1.0 °C in 2100 relative to no intervention. The exception is injection of aerosols in the stratosphere, which can reduce the GMST by more than 1.0 °C in a decade, but creates other serious problems. We also conclude (b) that relatively cheap human intervention can keep global warming in this century below +2 °C relative to preindustrial times. Finally, we conclude (c) that run-away warming is unlikely to occur in this century, but is likely to occur in the longer run. The ensuing warming is slow, however. In ESCIMO, it takes several hundred years to lift the GMST to +3 °C over preindustrial times through gradual self-reinforcing melting of the permafrost. We call for research to test whether more complex climate models support our tentative conclusions from ESCIMO.
Variational Assimilation of Land Surface Temperature within the ORCHIDEE Land Surface Model Version 1.2.6
Authors: Benavides Pinjosovsky H. S. , Thiria S. , Ottlé C. , Brajard J. , Badran F. , Maugis P.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The SECHIBA module of the ORCHIDEE land surface model describes the exchanges of water and energy between the surface and the atmosphere. In the present paper, the adjoint semi-generator software denoted YAO was used as a framework to implement a 4D-VAR assimilation method. The objective was to deliver the adjoint model of SECHIBA (SECHIBA-YAO) obtained with YAO to provide an opportunity for scientists and end users to perform their own assimilation. SECHIBA-YAO allows the control of the eleven most influent internal parameters of SECHIBA or of the initial conditions of the soil water content by observing the land surface temperature measured in situ or as it could be observed by remote sensing as brightness temperature. The paper presents the fundamental principles of the 4D-Var assimilation, the semi-generator software YAO and some experiments showing the accuracy of the adjoint code distributed. In addition, a distributed version is available when only the land surface temperature is observed.
Action-based flood forecasting for triggering humanitarian action
Authors: Coughlan de Perez Erin , van den Hurk Bart , van Aalst Maarten  K. , Amuron Irene , Bamanya Deus , Hauser Tristan , Jongman Brenden , Lopez Ana , Mason Simon , Mendler de Suarez Janot , Pappenberger Florian , Rueth Alexandra , Stephens Elisabeth , Suarez Pablo , Wagemaker Jurjen , Zsoter Ervin
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Too often, credible scientific early warning information of increased disaster risk does not result in humanitarian action. With financial resources tilted heavily towards response after a disaster, disaster managers have limited incentive and ability to process complex scientific data, including uncertainties. These incentives are beginning to change, with the advent of several new Forecast-based Financing systems that provide funding based on a forecast of an extreme event. Given the changing landscape, here we demonstrate a method to select and use appropriate forecasts for specific humanitarian disaster prevention actions, even in a data-scarce location. This action-based forecasting methodology takes into account the parameters of each action, such as action lifetime, when verifying a forecast. Forecasts are linked with action based on an understanding of (1) the magnitude of previous flooding events and (2) the willingness to act "in vain" for specific actions. This is applied in the context of the Uganda Red Cross Society Forecast-based Financing pilot project, with forecasts from the Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS). Using this method, we define the "danger level" of flooding, and we select the probabilistic forecast triggers that are appropriate for specific actions. Results from this methodology can be applied globally across hazards, and fed into a financing system that ensures that automatic, pre-funded early action will be triggered by forecasts.
Theoretical comparison of subgrid turbulence in atmospheric and oceanic quasi-geostrophic models
Authors: Kitsios Vassili , Frederiksen Jorgen S. , Zidikheri Meelis J.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Due to the massive disparity between the largest and smallest eddies in the atmosphere and ocean, it is not possible to simulate these flows by explicitly resolving all scales on a computational grid. Instead the large scales are explicitly resolved, and the interactions between the unresolved subgrid turbulence and large resolved scales are parameterised. If these interactions are not properly represented then an increase in resolution will not necessarily improve the accuracy of the large scales. This has been a significant and long-standing problem since the earliest climate simulations. Historically subgrid models for the atmosphere and ocean have been developed in isolation, with the structure of each motivated by different physical phenomena. Here we solve the turbulence closure problem by determining the parameterisation coefficients (eddy viscosities) from the subgrid statistics of high-resolution quasi-geostrophic atmospheric and oceanic simulations. These subgrid coefficients are characterised into a set of simple unifying scaling laws, for truncations made within the enstrophy-cascading inertial range. The ocean additionally has an inverse energy cascading range, within which the subgrid model coefficients have different scaling properties. Simulations adopting these scaling laws are shown to reproduce the statistics of the reference benchmark simulations across resolved scales, with orders of magnitude improvement in computational efficiency. This reduction in both resolution dependence and computational effort will improve the efficiency and accuracy of geophysical research and operational activities that require data generated by general circulation models, including weather, seasonal, and climate prediction; transport studies; and understanding natural variability and extreme events.
Zero net livelihood degradation – the quest for a multidimensional protocol to combat desertification
Authors: Easdale Marcos H.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The concept of Zero Net Land Degradation was recently proposed as the basis for a future protocol for the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification to reduce global dryland degradation. It aims at reducing the rate of land degradation and increasing the rate of restoration of already degraded land. Whereas there is recognition of the socio-economic contexts that underlie degradation processes, there is a narrow focus on land and soil as the end core that needs to be protected. In particular, there is an essential human dimension to the sustainability of drylands that should be adequately tackled. In order to provide a wider perspective of the zero net degradation in drylands, I suggest considering the different livelihoods of rural households as a framework that encompasses the multidimensional perspective of desertification as a complex social–ecological problem. The scientific community must develop and apply the zero net livelihood degradation as an enhanced protocol to combat desertification that should foster sustainable livelihood outcomes rather than only sustainable land practices or soil management.
Ideologische vertekeningen binnen straf- en herstelrecht
Authors: Geeraets Vincent
Published: April 2016

Ideological misconceptions in criminal and restorative justice Origin stories and the delusion of self-harm

Adherents to restorative justice are to be commended for systematically questioning whether the manner in which criminal law is currently organised is a good thing. The debate about criminal justice and restorative justice is therefore an important one. It is also a debate which is occasionally marred by a reliance on ideology. In this article, a number of ideological claims are identified and discussed. First, both adherents to criminal law and supporters of restorative justice invoke an ‘origin story’ to defend their view. The origin story of criminal law consists of the idea that without criminal law the world would be a chaos, i.e. the world would resemble the state of nature as depicted by Hobbes. In contrast: the origin story of restorative justice revolves around the idea that without central authority people tend to resolve their conflicts harmoniously. I argue that neither types of origin story can withstand scrutiny. Secondly, in both the context of criminal law (e.g. Antony Duff) and restorative justice (e.g. Jacques Claessen), it is claimed that an individual by violating the rules harms himself as a person. The point of punishment (criminal justice) respectively reparation (restorative justice) therefore is to enable the offender to restore himself and to once again take up his role of citizen. I argue that the claim of self-harm may be based on a primitive worldview. Moreover, I show that this claim can be used to describe criminal law respectively restorative justice in terms that are too harmonious. In this way we lose sight of the coercion and violence that is involved in both contexts.