bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of host factors involved in coronavirus replication by quantitative proteomics analysis
Authors: Vogels Mijke W. , van Balkom Bas W. M. , Kaloyanova Dora V. , Batenburg Joseph J. , Heck Albert J. , Helms J. Bernd , Rottier Peter J. M. , de Haan Cornelis A. M.
Published: July 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 64–80, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000309
Acid release from catalyst tanks—cumulative effects of multiple system changes
Authors: Wayne Garland R.
Published: July 2011

This is the story of how the cumulative effects of several seemingly innocent changes to a catalyst system resulted in a near miss process safety incident. Several aspects will be discussed including cumulative effects of multiple changes to the system, identification of potential scenarios in safety reviews, and design of controls and alarms. Results from the root cause analysis and the lessons learned will be explained. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Effects of relative humidity and substrate on the spatial association between glyphosate and ethoxylated seed oil adjuvants in the dried deposits of sessile droplets
Authors: Hunsche Mauricio , Noga Georg
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND: In recent years, several studies have shown the impact of adjuvants on the characteristics of herbicide deposits on leaf surfaces. Until now, most studies have addressed the distribution of active ingredients (AIs), whereas few experiments have focused on the location of the adjuvants. The objective of this study was a systematic examination of the particle distribution profile of both the AI (glyphosate, Gly) and the adjuvants after the application of sessile microdroplets on hydrophobic (Teflon) and hydrophilic (glass and aluminium) model surfaces.

RESULTS: The association degree (AD) was surface dependent and specific for the tested adjuvants. In general, the rather hydrophobic adjuvant RSO 5 showed decreasing AD with Gly at increasing relative humidity (RH) levels. The rather hydrophilic RSO 60 adjuvant displayed higher AD between the compounds at a higher RH. A high concentration of the adjuvant reduced the AD for both of the RSO adjuvants evaluated.

CONCLUSION: The combination of surface properties, the type of adjuvant and the relative humidity determines the degree of association between Gly and the adjuvants. The present results suggest that the interaction between the AI and an adjuvant determines whether spatial separation occurs, whereas physical processes (e.g. capillary particle movement, inward and outward Marangoni flows and the evaporation rate) are decisive for the extent of the separation. Coffee‐ring structures were formed exclusively with the adjuvant + Gly mixtures, whereas Gly alone formed either one big deposit or several small islands distributed within the droplet footprint. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Hypolipidemic Effect of n‐Butanol Extract from Asparagus officinalis L. in Mice fed a High‐fat Diet
Authors: Zhu Xinglei , Zhang Wen , Pang Xiufeng , Wang Jiesi , Zhao Jingjing , Qu Weijing
Published: July 2011

During industrial processing of Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.), around half of each spear is discarded. However, these discarded asparagus (by‐products) might be used as food supplements for their potential therapeutic effects. This study evaluated the hypolipidemic effect of n‐butanol extract (BEA) from asparagus by‐products in mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD). Continuous HFD feeding caused hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress and liver damage in mice. Interestingly, while BEA significantly decreased the levels of body weight gain, serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, it dramatically increased the high density lipoprotein level when administered at three different doses (40, 80 or 160 mg/kg body weight) for 8 weeks in hyperlipidemic mice. In addition, BEA decreased the levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase in serum. Finally, superoxide dismutase activity and the total antioxidation capacity were evidently increased, while the malondialdehyde level and the distribution of lipid droplets were reduced in liver cells of BEA‐treated mice. Taken together, the findings of this study suggested that BEA had a strong hypolipidemic function and could be used as a supplement in healthcare foods and drugs or in combination with other hypolipidemic drugs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Vivo and In Vitro Antimalarial Activity of 4‐Nerolidylcatechol
Authors: Rocha e Silva Luiz Francisco , da Silva Pinto Ana Cristina , Pohlit Adrian Martin , Quignard Etienne Louis Jacques , Vieira Pedro Paulo Ribeiro , Tadei Wanderli Pedro , Chaves Francisco Célio Maia , Samonek Jean Francisco , Lima Carlos Alberto Jatoba , Costa Mônica Regina Farias , Alecrim Maria das Graças Costa , de Andrade‐Neto Valter Ferreira
Published: July 2011

4‐Nerolidylcatechol (4‐NC) isolated from Piper peltatum L. (Piperaceae) was evaluated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (cultures of both standard CQR (K1) and CQS (3D7) strains and two Amazonian field isolates) and for in vivo antimalarial activity using the Plasmodium berghei‐murine model. 4‐NC exhibits significant in vitro and moderate in vivo antiplasmodial activity. 4‐NC administered orally and subcutaneously at doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/day suppressed the growth of P. berghei by up to 63% after four daily treatments (days 1–4). Also, 4‐NC exhibited important in vitro antiplasmodial activity against both standard and field P. falciparum strains in which 50% inhibition of parasite growth (IC50) was produced at concentrations of 0.05–2.11 μg/mL and depended upon the parasite strain. Interestingly, healthy (non‐infected) mice that received 4‐NC orally presented (denatured) blood plasma which exhibited significant in vitro activity against P. falciparum. This is evidence that mouse metabolism allows 4‐NC or active metabolites to enter the blood. Further chemical and pharmacological studies are necessary to confirm the potential of 4‐NC as a new antimalarial prototype. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steady‐state robustness of qualitative gene regulation networks
Authors: Breindl C. , Waldherr S. , Wittmann D. M. , Theis F. J. , Allgöwer F.
Published: July 2011

In this paper, we define a robustness measure for gene regulation networks, which allows to quantify how well a given model structure can reproduce a desired steady‐state pattern in the absence of detailed knowledge about the kinetic mechanisms and parameters. To develop this measure, a modeling framework is introduced, which is able to represent the qualitative knowledge typically available for gene regulation networks. With this framework, the robustness measure as well as tools for its efficient computation are developed. The benefit of our method is twofold: On the one hand, it allows to compare the robustness properties of different model structures and thus may help modelers to decide which model is biologically more plausible. On the other hand, the most fragile interconnections within a network can be detected. To demonstrate its use, the new method is applied to various models of a gene regulation network, which is responsible for the maintenance of the mid‐hindbrain boundary. We find that for this example system, weaker connected networks are more robust. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF MULTIPLE DISTURBANCES ON A RIVER SYSTEM: TAXONOMIC METRICS VERSUS BIOLOGICAL TRAITS
Authors: Wooster D. E. , Miller S. W. , DeBano S. J.
Published: July 2011

River reaches are often subject to multiple co‐occurring anthropogenic stressors. Disentangling the relative impacts of different stressors is important in developing river management strategies. Bio‐assessments using taxonomically based metrics (e.g. taxa richness and diversity) are frequently used as a means of determining the impact of stressors on river reach quality. Although this method has been successful in determining river reach quality, taxonomically based metrics are often limited in their ability to distinguish mechanisms of impact and thus the importance of different stressors. In contrast, biological traits can provide a mechanistic understanding of anthropogenic stressor impacts and therefore have the potential to identify the importance of different co‐occurring stressors. Using both taxonomically based metrics and biological traits, we examined the impact of two common co‐occurring stressors, summer water withdrawal and channelization, on the macroinvertebrate assemblage of a Columbia River tributary Both metrics and traits showed a strong shift at the point where intense channelization began. However, the metrics failed to distinguish whether channelization or co‐occurring water withdrawal was the driver of change. In contrast, biological traits indicated that the assemblage within the heavily channelized area shifted to one dominated by resilience traits often found in river reaches subject to scouring flows. This result indicates that scouring flows associated with intense channelization are the primary driver of change in the macroinvertebrate assemblage and that water withdrawals had little observable impact. Our results demonstrate the utility of biological traits for disentangling the impact of multiple stressors in river systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic Young's modulus measurement of N,N‐dimethylacetamide‐impregnated wood polymer composites
Authors: Rahman Md. Rezaur , Hamdan Sinin , Ahmed Abu Saleh , Islam Md. Saiful , Talib Z.A. , Abdullah W.F. Wan , Mat M.S. Che
Published: July 2011

Mercerized wood species were impregnated with N,N‐dimethylacetamide. Their Fourier transform infrared spectra then showed enhanced absorption at 1419 cm−1 (C/CH3), and the 1267‐cm−1 (N/CH3) stretching band confirmed the occurrence of a modification reaction. Thermogravimetric investigation of the resultant wood polymer composites (WPCs) indicated a better thermal stability in comparison with that of the raw wood. The dynamic Young's modulus of the WPCs was significantly increased compared with that of raw wood. After modification, analysis by scanning electron microscopy showed porous cells of raw wood filled with the polymer, which led to the better stability of WPCs. Analysis by XRD indicated that the crystallinity of WPCs increased because of an increase in the stiffness and the thermal stability of the composites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
How do referring clinicians want radiologists to report? Suggestions from the COVER survey
Authors: Bosmans Jan M. L. , Peremans Lieve , De Schepper Arthur M. , Duyck Philippe O. , Parizel Paul M.
Published: July 2011

Objective

To investigate what referring clinicians suggest when asked how the quality of radiology reports can be improved.

Methods

At the end of the questionnaire of the COVER survey, a bi-national quantitative survey on the radiology report among referring physicians, clinical specialists and general practitioners were able to freely enter suggestions with regard to improving the quality of the report. These suggestions were isolated from the quantitative results. Subjects and themes were identified, examined, ordered, counted, compared and analysed.

Results

Of a total of 3,884 invitations to participate, we received 735 response forms from clinicians (18.9%), 233 (31.7%) of which contained suggestions. Issues mentioned most frequently were the need for clinical information and a clinical question, for a conclusion, structuring, communicating directly with the clinician, completeness, integrating images or referring to images, mentioning relevant findings outside of the clinical question, mentioning a diagnosis or suitable differential diagnosis, and concise reporting.

Conclusion

Although these spontaneous suggestions are erratic and sometimes contradictory, they summarise the ideas as well as the emotions of these clients of the radiology department. Therefore it is advisable to take them into account when developing new ways of reporting.
Pain catastrophizing influences the use and the effectiveness of distraction in schoolchildren
Authors: Verhoeven K. , Goubert L. , Jaaniste T. , Van Ryckeghem D.M.L. , Crombez G.
Published: July 2011

Distraction is an intuitive way of coping with pain and is often used in children's pain treatment programs. However, empirical evidence concerning the effectiveness of distraction is equivocal. One potential explanation might be that distraction does not work for everyone in every situation. In the current series of studies, we examined the role of pain catastrophizing as an influencing factor of distraction effectiveness. In the first study, we investigated the use of pain coping strategies (including distraction) in schoolchildren (N = 828, aged 8–18 years) by means of a questionnaire. Results indicated that children with higher levels of pain catastrophizing reported using less distraction strategies in daily life than children with lower levels of pain catastrophizing. In the second study, a subsample (N = 81, aged 9–18 years) performed a painful cold pressor task (CPT) (12 °C). Participants were randomly assigned to a distraction group, in which an attention‐demanding tone‐detection task was performed during the CPT, or a control group, in which no distraction task was performed. Results showed that participants in the distraction group were engaged in the distraction task, and reported to have paid less attention to pain than participants in the control group. However, distraction was ineffective in reducing cold pressor pain, and even intensified the pain experience in high catastrophizing children. Caution may be warranted in using distraction as a ‘one size fits all’ method, especially in high catastrophizing children.
Vaginourethroplasty as a Salvage Procedure for Management of Traumatic Urethral Rupture in a Cat
Authors: Halfacree Zoeë J , Tivers Michael S , Brockman Daniel J
Published: July 2011

This report describes a cat that suffered pelvic urethral rupture associated with multiple pelvic fractures. A vaginourethroplasty was performed as a salvage procedure, via intrapelvic anastomosis of the proximal urethra to the caudal vagina, following failure of a primary urethral anastomosis. Urinary diversion was achieved via tube cystostomy and a vagino-urethral catheter was maintained for 3 days postoperatively. Anterograde cystourethrography was performed at 7 days and 14 days postoperatively. Absence of contrast leakage from the vagino-urethral anastomosis was documented at 14 days postoperatively and the tube cystostomy was removed. An Escherichia coli urinary tract infection was treated following removal of the tube cystostomy and subsequent urine culture revealed no evidence of urinary tract infection. The cat retained normal urinary continence and elimination behaviour during the 7-month follow-up period. Vaginourethroplasty could be considered as a salvage option for management of traumatic pelvic urethral rupture in the neutered female cat.
Friends in High Places: International Politics and the Emergence of States from Secessionism
Authors: Coggins Bridget
Published: July 2011

State emergence is an essential dynamic of the international system, yet international relations scholars pay it little attention. Their oversight is all the more unfortunate because international politics ultimately determine which aspiring system members will succeed in becoming new states. Existing models of state emergence rely exclusively on internal or domestic-level explanations. However, the international system is inherently social; therefore any aspiring state's membership also depends on the acceptance of its peers. I present a novel, international-level model of state birth that suggests state leaders should use decisions regarding new members strategically to advance their own interests, not passively abide by domestic factors. I test this argument using a new data set on secessionism and Great Power recognition (1931–2000). I find that external politics have important, underappreciated effects on state emergence. Furthermore, acknowledging the politics of recognition's centrality to state birth alters our understanding of civil conflict dynamics and conflict resolution and suggests important implications for system-wide stability.
Judicial Power in Domestic and International Politics
Authors: Staton Jeffrey K. , Moore Will H.
Published: July 2011

Although scholars have made considerable progress on a number of important research questions by relaxing assumptions commonly used to divide political science into subfields, rigid boundaries remain in some contexts. In this essay, we suggest that the assumption that international politics is characterized by anarchy whereas domestic politics is characterized by hierarchy continues to divide research on the conditions under which governments are constrained by courts, international or domestic. We contend that we will learn more about the process by which courts constrain governments, and do so more quickly, if we relax the assumption and recognize the substantial similarities between domestic and international research on this topic. We review four recent books that highlight contemporary theories of the extent to which domestic and international law binds states, and discuss whether a rigid boundary between international and domestic scholarship can be sustained on either theoretical or empirical grounds.
Constitutional Democracy and World Politics: A Response to Gartzke and Naoi
Authors: Keohane Robert O. , Macedo Stephen , Moravcsik Andrew
Published: July 2011

According to our constitutional conception, modern democracy is multidimensional: it incorporates the values of faction control, minority rights protection, and informed deliberation, as well as political accountability. The impact of multilateral organizations (MLOs) on democracy is often not straightforward: it requires careful analysis of how particular MLOs interact with preexisting domestic political institutions within specific issue-areas. Thus we reject the conventional wisdom that MLOs are necessarily democracy-degrading simply because they are not directly participatory. Gartzke and Naoi's critique misstates our views on some fundamental issues. We clarify our analyses of the multidimensional nature of constitutional democracy; the relationship between democracy and multilateralism; the Madisonian distinction between interest groups that support the general interest and those that do not; and our understanding of the current state of research. We suggest possibilities for further elaborating our argument, theoretically and empirically.
Revisiting the Resource Curse: Natural Disasters, the Price of Oil, and Democracy
Authors: Ramsay Kristopher W.
Published: July 2011

Fluctuations in the price of oil and the contemporaneous political changes in oil-producing countries have raised an important question about the link between oil rents, political institutions, and civil liberties. This article presents a simple model of the relationship between resource income and political freedom and, using an instrumental variables approach, estimates the causal effect of shocks to oil revenues on levels of democracy. Using a new data set, multiple measures of democracy, and various specifications, I find that the effect of oil price shocks is larger than might be expected and on the order of the effects found from changes in gross domestic product.
From awe to satisfaction: immediate affective responses to the Antarctic tourism experience
Authors: Powell Robert B. , Brownlee Matthew T.J. , Kellert Stephen R. , Ham Sam H.
Published: July 2011

Antarctica is a rugged, austere, and yet stunningly beautiful continent with charismatic fauna including several species of penguins, whales, and seals. Mass media, writings from the early explorers, and modern film all describe firsthand experiences as delightful, beautiful, challenging, humbling, and even awe-inspiring. This dramatic allure of Antarctica now fuels one of the fastest growing tourism markets in the world with over 30,000 visitors annually traveling to the continent. Despite the fact that Antarctic tourism has occurred for over 30 years, little research has investigated the psychological and affective influence of these immersive tourism experiences in the Antarctic environment. This study explored visitors' affective judgments regarding their Antarctic tourism experience. An onsite post experience survey was administered to Antarctic tourists to investigate their satisfaction with a range of tour attributes. In addition, the researchers used the open-ended question, “How did this Antarctic experience affect you?” to explore tourists’ affective response to their interaction with the Antarctic tourism environment. These open ended responses were coded usinga priorithemes generated from Kellert's environmental values typology. Additionally, each response was analysed for the presence of an awe experience. Further analysis revealed that tourists described five sub-dimensions of an ‘awe’ experience (nature-human relationship, spiritual connection, transformative experience, goal clarification, and sense of feeling humbled), with many individuals experiencing multiple dimensions of awe. Consequently, this analysis reveals that the impact of an Antarctic tour experience is powerful, rich, and extremely complex.
Additional documents and survey on the Franklin sites of Beechey Island, Nunavut, Canada: addendum
Authors: Hansen Todd
Published: July 2011

In addition to the visits to Beechey Island referenced in my recent article (Hansen 2010), M'Dougall also describes his visit to Beechey Island (in Resolute with De Bray) from Tuesday 10 August 1852 (mistakenly given as 11 August) to Sunday, 15 August (M'Dougall 1857: 78–87). He gives his version of the inscriptions of the three Franklin expedition headboards. While he follows the mistaken placement order as in Osborn and The Illustrated London News of 4 October 1851 (Osborn 1865: 90; The Illustrated London News 1851b), comparison of the inscriptions with both Kane (Kane 1854: 163) and the photo of the Torrington headboard in Powell (Powell 2006: 330, Fig. 10) now lead me to conclude that M'Dougall's rather than Kane's version of the Franklin headboards inscriptions are probably the most accurate of the contemporary accounts.
Co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence: differential links with implicit and explicit self-esteem?
Authors: de Jong P. J. , Sportel B. E. , de Hullu E. , Nauta M. H.
Published: July 2011

Background

Social anxiety and depression often co-occur. As low self-esteem has been identified as a risk factor for both types of symptoms, it may help to explain their co-morbidity. Current dual process models of psychopathology differentiate between explicit and implicit self-esteem. Explicit self-esteem would reflect deliberate self-evaluative processes whereas implicit self-esteem would reflect simple associations in memory. Previous research suggests that low explicit self-esteem is involved in both social anxiety and depression whereas low implicit self-esteem is only involved in social anxiety. We tested whether the association between symptoms of social phobia and depression can indeed be explained by low explicit self-esteem, whereas low implicit self-esteem is only involved in social anxiety.

Method

Adolescents during the first stage of secondary education (n=1806) completed the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) to measure symptoms of social anxiety and depression, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) to index explicit self-esteem and the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit self-esteem.

Results

There was a strong association between symptoms of depression and social anxiety that could be largely explained by participants' explicit self-esteem. Only for girls did implicit self-esteem and the interaction between implicit and explicit self-esteem show small cumulative predictive validity for social anxiety, indicating that the association between low implicit self-esteem and social anxiety was most evident for girls with relatively low explicit self-esteem. Implicit self-esteem showed no significant predictive validity for depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

The findings support the view that both shared and differential self-evaluative processes are involved in depression and social anxiety.
Care-givers’ perspectives of occupational engagement of persons with dementia
Authors: TSUNAKA MEGUMI , CHUNG JENNY C. C.
Published: July 2011

Meaningful engagement in activity is associated with the maintenance of health and wellbeing, but reduced activity participation is common among persons with dementia. Family care-givers play an important role in engaging their relatives with dementia in activities but little is known about their perception of occupational engagement. This study aimed to examine care-givers’ perception of occupational performance of their relatives from three aspects: person, occupation and environment. Adopting a qualitative methodology, semi-structured and in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 family care-givers. Care-givers were also asked to document the activity patterns of their relative, using the Activity Card Sort Hong Kong version (ACS-HK). The ACS-HK findings suggested that high-demand leisure activities were mostly retained (61%) while instrumental activities of daily living were the least retained (37%). Qualitative analysis revealed that care-givers’ perception of activity participation was intertwined with their motives and behaviours to get their relatives engaged in activities. Care-givers acknowledged occupational engagement as a means of maintaining wellness and used various strategies to encourage their relative's activity participation. Apathy and passivity, however, are difficult to deal with. Also, activity decisions appear to depend on the availability of support resources and a balance between safety concern and risk-taking. Clinical practitioners could assist care-givers by suggesting activity strategies and providing support resources for continued engagement of their relative in activities.
Delayed oseltamivir treatment is associated with longer viral shedding of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus
Authors: LEUNG Y. H. , LIM W. L. , WONG M. H. , CHUANG S. K.
Published: July 2011

During the early phase of the influenza pandemic in 2009, all cases of laboratory-confirmed pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (pH1N1) infection required compulsory isolation in hospital. These cases were offered oseltamivir treatment and only allowed to be discharged from the hospital when three consecutive respiratory specimens were negative for the virus by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). We reviewed the case records of these patients to assess the viral shedding kinetics of the pH1N1 virus. We defined viral shedding duration as the interval from illness onset date to the date of collection of the last positive specimen from the patients. Fifty-six patients were included in the study, of whom 96% received oseltamivir. The median viral shedding duration of pH1N1 virus by viral culture and RT–PCR were 3 days and 4 days, respectively. Patients who started oseltamivir treatment >48 h after onset had a significantly longer median viral shedding duration by viral culture than those who started treatment within 48 h of onset (4 days vs. 2 days, P=0·014).
Ordination, Canon Law and Pneumatology: Validity and Vitality in Anglican-Roman Catholic Dialogue
Authors: Doe Norman
Published: July 2011

The subject of the sixth meeting of the Colloquium of Anglican and Roman Catholic Canon Lawyers in Rome 2005 was the Roman Catholic position that Anglican orders are invalid. The meeting employed a canonical framework to explore the status and terms of Apostolicae curae (1896) and the modern applicability of the canonical issues of intent, matter, form, and minister to the question of Anglican orders. The meeting did not examine pneumatological aspects of ordination. This article seeks to set alongside each other the ritual elements of the liturgy for the ordination of priests in both the Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches in their respective canonical contexts. It proposes the value of a pneumatological approach for possible Roman Catholic recognition of the vitality of Anglican orders. A draft of this paper was presented to the seventh meeting of the Colloquium of Anglican and Roman Catholic Canon Lawyers in Johannesburg in February 2006, where it was favourably received.
The effect of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on in vitro maturation of equine oocytes
Authors: Pereira Gabriel Ribas , Lorenzo Pedro Luis , Carneiro Gustavo Ferrer , Ball Barry Allen , Gonçalves Paulo Bayard Dias , Pegoraro Lígia Maria Cantarelli , Bilodeau-Goeseels Sylvie , Kastelic John P. , Casey Patrick J. , Liu Irwin K. M.
Published: July 2011

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that equine growth hormone (eGH), in combination with insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I), influences positively in vitro nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of equine oocytes. Cumulus–oocyte complexes were recovered from follicles that were < 25 mm in diameter, characterized by morphology and were allocated randomly as follow: (a) control (no additives); (b) 400 ng/ml eGH; (c) 200 ng/ml IGF-I; (d) eGH + IGF-I; and (e) eGH + IGF-I + 400 ng/ml anti-IGF-I antibody. Oocytes were matured for 30 h at 38.5°C in air with 5% CO2 and then stained with 10 μg/ml propidium iodide (PI) to evaluate nuclear status and 10 μg/ml Lens culinaris agglutinin-fluorescein complex (FITC-LCA) to assess cortical granule migration by confocal microscopy. The proportion of immature oocytes that developed to the metaphase II (MII) stage in the eGH + IGF-I group (15 of 45) was greater than in the groups that were treated only with IGF-I (7 of 36, p = 0.03). Oocytes that reached MII in the control group (20 of 56; 35.7%) showed a tendency to be different when compared with eGH + IGF-I group (15 of 45; 33.3%, p = 0.08). The treated group that contained anti-IGF-I (15 of 33; 45.4%) decreased the number of oocytes reaching any stage of development when compared with eGH (47 of 72; 65.3%) and eGH + IGF-I (33 of 45; 73.3%) groups (p = 0.05) when data from MI and MII were combined. We concluded that the addition of eGH to in vitro maturation (IVM) medium influenced the in vitro nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of equine oocytes. The use of GH and IGF-I in vitro may represent a potential alternative for IVM of equine oocytes.
Semantics for Possibilistic Disjunctive Programs
Authors: NIEVES JUAN CARLOS , OSORIO MAURICIO , CORTÉS ULISES
Published: July 2011

In this paper, a possibilistic disjunctive logic programming approach for modeling uncertain, incomplete, and inconsistent information is defined. This approach introduces the use of possibilistic disjunctive clauses, which are able to capture incomplete information and states of a knowledge base at the same time. By considering a possibilistic logic program as a possibilistic logic theory, a construction of a possibilistic logic programming semantic based on answer sets and the proof theory of possibilistic logic is defined. It shows that this possibilistic semantics for disjunctive logic programs can be characterized by a fixed-point operator. It is also shown that the suggested possibilistic semantics can be computed by a resolution algorithm and the consideration of optimal refutations from a possibilistic logic theory. In order to manage inconsistent possibilistic logic programs, a preference criterion between inconsistent possibilistic models is defined. In addition, the approach of cuts for restoring consistency of an inconsistent possibilistic knowledge base is adopted. The approach is illustrated in a medical scenario.
HISTORY AS FORM: ARCHITECTURE AND LIBERAL ANGLICAN THOUGHT IN THE WRITINGS OF E. A. FREEMAN
Authors: BREMNER G. A. , CONLIN JONATHAN
Published: July 2011

Traditionally viewed as one of the leading lights of Whig history in the High Victorian period, Edward Augustus Freeman (1823–1892) is best known for his History of the Norman Conquest (1865–1876). For all his reputation for scholarly pedantry, Freeman had wide-ranging interests, including architecture. His first book, A History of Architecture (1849), was both unique and controversial: unique in being the first history of world architecture in English, and controversial because its “philosophical” method differed so markedly from the two most common understandings of architecture in his own time (antiquarianism and ecclesiology). A closer look at Freeman's intellectual pedigree reveals links through Thomas Arnold to German idealist models of universal history. These links lead Freeman to open up a wider perspective on history by developing an understanding of the past based on an analysis of material culture. Architecture offered a window onto the “hidden law” by which human culture evolved. To study Freeman's historical writing on architecture is to gain a new insight into the development of the Liberal Anglican mind and its concern for a divinely ordained pattern in world history.
DESCARTES, SPINOZA, AND THE IMPASSE OF FRENCH PHILOSOPHY: FERDINAND ALQUIÉ VERSUS MARTIAL GUEROULT
Authors: PEDEN KNOX
Published: July 2011

This article presents a decades-long conflict in the upper echelons of postwar French academic philosophy between the self-identifying “Cartesian” Ferdinand Alquié, professor at the Sorbonne, and the “Spinozist” Martial Gueroult of the Collège de France. Tracking the development of this rivalry serves to illuminate the historical drama that occurred in France as phenomenology was integrated into the Cartesian tradition and resisted by a commitment to rationalism grounded in a specifically French understanding of Spinozism. Over the course of Alquié and Gueroult's polemic, however, we nevertheless witness a shared concern to preserve philosophy from the reductive tendencies of historicism and its possible assimilation to theology. What is more, the ultimate impasse of this conflict continues to inform the most innovative projects in French thought in the wake of structuralism and the “theological turn” of French phenomenology.
SARTRE, MULTIDIRECTIONAL MEMORY, AND THE HOLOCAUST IN THE AGE OF DECOLONIZATION
Authors: JUDAKEN JONATHAN
Published: July 2011

Jacques Derrida's memorial reflections on the impact of Sartre's journalLes temps modernesin shaping his generation's projects highlighted the legend of the courier from Marathon who died while running to deliver his message of victory to the Athenians. Sartre alluded to the fable in his manifesto for engaged writing. “It's a beautiful myth,” Sartre wrote in his précis for the politics of commitment, for

it shows that for a little while longer the dead act as if they were living. A little while—one year, ten years, maybe even fifty . . . and then they're buried a second time. This is the standard we offer for the writer: as long as his books provoke anger, embarrassment, shame, hatred, love . . . he shall live!

This moment in Sartre's text captured Derrida's attention for he sought to point out that political involvement often has effects that are deferred. It is these detours of memory—signals and signatures from a once-buried moment that ramify politically anew in different contexts—that are wound into the complex circuitry of what Michael Rothberg has called “multidirectional memory.” And it is the signature of Sartre, whose anticolonial provocations remain prescient and provocative, that enable us to link these two books that are united by the word “decolonization” in their subtitles. Each tome is a touchstone for new openings at the intersection of postwar French intellectual history, postcolonial theory, and critical race and Holocaust studies. Both books ask us to reconsider racism and empire; memory, alterity, and history; temporality and trauma; identity both individual and collective; and the singularity versus the generalizability of instances of oppression and calls for liberation. Each beckons us to do so in light of the unfinished project of coming to terms with Europe's colonial legacy in a globalized world.
Iron and humic‐type fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin of the western Arctic Ocean
Authors: Nakayama Yuta , Fujita Satoshi , Kuma Kenshi , Shimada Koji
Published: July 2011

The concentrations of dissolved Fe ([D‐Fe]), total dissolvable Fe ([T‐Fe]), humic‐type fluorescence intensity (humic F intensity) as humic‐type fluorescent dissolved organic matter, and nutrients were vertically determined in the shelf, slope, and basin regions (Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin) of the western Arctic Ocean during 1–27 September 2008. In all stations, the remarkably high [D‐Fe] and humic F intensity were found at depths between 25 and 200 m with the subsurface maxima of [D‐Fe] (1.0–3.2 nM) and humic F intensity (4–5 quinine sulfate units) in the upper halocline layer (upper HL), being associated with a prominent nutrient maximum. The high [D‐Fe] and humic F intensity within the upper HL are probably attributed to the Fe(III) complexation with natural organic ligands, such as marine dissolved humic substances, resulting from main processes of the brine rejection during sea ice formation and interactions with sediments on the shelves. However, subsurface maxima (10–50 nM) of [T‐Fe] were found in the lower halocline layer, beneath the upper HL, of all slope and basin regions and are mainly attributed to the resuspension of sedimentary particles in the shelf region. The finding of subsurface iron maxima in the halocline water of all regions may be the first confirmation for the lateral iron transport into the halocline layer from the shelves to the Arctic Basin.
Wave runup during extreme storm conditions
Authors: Senechal Nadia , Coco Giovanni , Bryan Karin R. , Holman Rob A.
Published: July 2011

Video measurements of wave runup were collected during extreme storm conditions characterized by energetic long swells (peak period of 16.4 s and offshore height up to 6.4 m) impinging on steep foreshore beach slopes (0.05–0.08). These conditions induced highly dissipative and saturated conditions over the low‐sloping surf zone while the swash zone was associated with moderately reflective conditions (Iribarren parameters up to 0.87). Our data support previous observations on highly dissipative beaches showing that runup elevation (estimated from the variance of the energy spectrum) can be scaled using offshore wave height alone. The data is consistent with the hypothesis of runup saturation at low frequencies (down to 0.035 Hz) and a hyperbolic‐tangent fit provides the best statistical predictor of runup elevations.
Inferring model structural deficits by analyzing temporal dynamics of model performance and parameter sensitivity
Authors: Reusser D. E. , Zehe E.
Published: July 2011

In this paper we investigate the use of hydrological models as learning tools to help improve our understanding of the hydrological functioning of a catchment. With the model as a hypothetical conceptualization of how dominant hydrological processes contribute to catchment‐scale response, we investigate three questions: (1) During which periods does the model (not) reproduce observed quantities and dynamics? (2) What is the nature of the error during times of bad model performance? (3) Which model components are responsible for this error? To investigate these questions, we combine a method for detecting repeating patterns of typical differences between model and observations (time series of grouped errors, TIGER) with a method for identifying the active model components during each simulation time step based on parameter sensitivity (temporal dynamics of parameter sensitivities, TEDPAS). The approach generates a time series of occurrence of dominant error types and time series of parameter sensitivities. A synoptic discussion of these time series highlights deficiencies in the assumptions about the functioning of the catchment. The approach is demonstrated for the Weisseritz headwater catchment in the eastern Ore Mountains. Our results indicate that the WaSiM‐ETH complex grid‐based model is not a sufficient working hypothesis for the functioning of the Weisseritz catchment and point toward future steps that can help improve our understanding of the catchment.
What do we know about the evolution of Mg to Ca ratios in seawater?
Authors: Broecker Wally , Yu Jimin
Published: July 2011

Although most reconstructions of the evolution of the Mg to Ca ratio in seawater conclude that it has increased during the course of the Cenozoic, they disagree widely regarding the magnitude of this change. On the basis of fluid inclusion and CaCO3 mineralogy observations, the increase was at least threefold. On the basis of Mg content of foraminifera shells it was only a factor of 1.7. A recently published reconstruction based on the Mg content of calcite fillings of voids in ridge flank basalts lends support to the conclusion that the change was severalfold. But as it is very difficult to come up with a plausible geologic scenario which could account for such a large change, we lean toward the smaller estimate based on the magnesium content of foraminifera shells.
Inherited mutations impair responses to environmental carcinogens: Cancer prevention in mutation carriers
Authors: Friedenson Bernard
Published: July 2011

Some environmental carcinogens may be responsible for an increase in the numbers of cancers but economic or political factors weigh against widespread bans. However, lists of chemicals and agents that cause cancer assume that everyone is equally susceptible to their carcinogenic effects.In carriers of cancer gene mutations, carcinogens can target specific tissues especially during periods of stem cell activity if the hereditary deficit impairs normal protective responses. Mutation carriers should then have higher risks for specific cancers caused by specific environmental carcinogens.For example, it can be predicted that BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers should be highly susceptible to the carcinogen formaldehyde. High formaldehyde levels can overwhelm normal enzyme detoxification systems or detoxification genes may be inadequate or missing. Formaldehyde that is not detoxified can affect stem cells causing strands of DNA to cross-link to each other and to nearby proteins. Carriers of mutations in BRCA1/2 dependent pathways are deficient in the ability to undo these cross-links.Human myeloid leukemias are linked both to formaldehyde and to cancer stem cells. Inherited biallelic BRCA2 gene defects and other defects in BRCA1/2 mediated pathways dramatically increase risks for myeloid leukemia, even among infants. In 12 of 14 studies, heterozygous BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations increase risks for myeloid leukemias. Moreover, chromosome arms lost in hereditary breast cancers encode enzymes essential for formaldehyde metabolism. BRCA1/2 mutation carriers may reduce their very high cancer risks by lowering their exposure to formaldehyde.Cancers associated with many other hereditary gene deficits can also be stimulated by distinct environmental hazards. Widespread education could prevent or delay some cancers in mutation carriers.
Common Genetic Variants and Central Adiposity Among Asian‐Indians
Authors: Moore Steven C. , Gunter Marc J. , Daniel Carrie R. , Reddy K. Srinath , George Preeti S. , Yurgalevitch Susan , Devasenapathy Niveditha , Ramakrishnan Lakshmy , Chatterjee Nilanjan , Chanock Stephen J. , Berndt Sonja I. , Mathew Aleyamma , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Sinha Rashmi
Published: July 2011

Recent studies have identified common genetic variants that are unequivocally associated with central adiposity, BMI, and/or fasting plasma glucose among individuals of European descent. Our objective was to evaluate these associations in a population of Asian‐Indians. We examined 16 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from loci previously linked to waist circumference, BMI, or fasting glucose in 1,129 Asian‐Indians from New Delhi and Trivandrum. Trained medical staff measured waist circumference, height, and weight. Fasting plasma glucose was measured from collected blood specimens. Genotype—phenotype associations were evaluated using linear regression, with adjustments for age, gender, religion, and study region. For gene—environment interaction tests, total physical activity (PA) during the past 7 days was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The T allele at the FTO rs3751812 locus was associated with increased waist circumference (per allele effect of +1.58 cm, Ptrend = 0.0015) after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing (Padj = 0.04). We also found a nominally statistically significant FTO—PA interaction (Pinteraction = 0.008). Among participants with <81 metabolic equivalent (MET)‐h/wk of PA, the rs3751812 variant was associated with increased waist size (+2.68 cm; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.24, 4.12), but not among those with 212+ MET‐h/wk (−1.79 cm; 95% CI = −4.17, 0.58). No other variant had statistically significant associations, although statistical power was modest. In conclusion, we confirmed that an FTO variant associated with central adiposity in European populations is associated with central adiposity among Asian‐Indians and corroborated prior reports indicating that high PA attenuates FTO‐related genetic susceptibility to adiposity.
Intermittent Hypoxia Exacerbates Metabolic Effects of Diet‐Induced Obesity
Authors: Drager Luciano F. , Li Jianguo , Reinke Christian , Bevans‐Fonti Shannon , Jun Jonathan C. , Polotsky Vsevolod Y.
Published: July 2011

Obesity causes insulin resistance (IR) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the relative contribution of sleep apnea is debatable. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), a hallmark of sleep apnea, on IR and NAFLD in lean mice and mice with diet‐induced obesity (DIO). Mice (C57BL/6J), 6–8 weeks of age were fed a high fat (n = 18) or regular (n = 16) diet for 12 weeks and then exposed to CIH or control conditions (room air) for 4 weeks. At the end of the exposure, fasting (5 h) blood glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, liver enzymes, and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (1 g/kg) were measured. In DIO mice, body weight remained stable during CIH and did not differ from control conditions. Lean mice under CIH were significantly lighter than control mice by day 28 (P = 0.002). Compared to lean mice, DIO mice had higher fasting levels of blood glucose, plasma insulin, the HOMA index, and had glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis at baseline. In lean mice, CIH slightly increased HOMA index (from 1.79 ± 0.13 in control to 2.41 ± 0.26 in CIH; P = 0.05), whereas glucose tolerance was not affected. In contrast, in DIO mice, CIH doubled HOMA index (from 10.1 ± 2.1 in control to 22.5 ± 3.6 in CIH; P < 0.01), and induced severe glucose intolerance. In DIO mice, CIH induced NAFLD, inflammation, and oxidative stress, which was not observed in lean mice. In conclusion, CIH exacerbates IR and induces steatohepatitis in DIO mice, suggesting that CIH may account for metabolic dysfunction in obesity.