bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying biases in marine‐protected‐area placement relative to abatable threats
Authors: Kuempel Caitlin D. , Jones Kendall R. , Watson James E.M. , Possingham Hugh P.
Published: May 2019

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a critical defense against biodiversity loss in the world's oceans, but to realize near‐term conservation benefits, they must be established where major threats to biodiversity occur and can be mitigated. We quantified the degree to which MPA establishment has targeted stoppable threats (i.e., threats that can be abated through effectively managed MPAs alone) by combining spatially explicit marine biodiversity threat data in 2008 and 2013 and information on the location and potential of MPAs to halt threats. We calculated an impact metric to determine whether countries are protecting proportionally more high‐ or low‐threat ecoregions and compared observed values with random protected‐area allocation. We found that protection covered <2% of ecoregions in national waters with high levels of abatable threat in 2013, which is ∼59% less protection in high‐threat areas than if MPAs had been placed randomly. Relatively low‐threat ecoregions had 6.3 times more strict protection (International Union for Conservation of Nature categories I–II) than high‐threat ecoregions. Thirty‐one ecoregions had high levels of stoppable threat but very low protection, which presents opportunities for MPAs to yield more significant near‐term conservation benefits. The extent of the global MPA estate has increased, but the establishment of MPAs where they can reduce threats that are driving biodiversity loss is now urgently needed.
Hyperkinetic movement disorders in congenital disorders of glycosylation
Authors: Mostile G. , Barone R. , Nicoletti A. , Rizzo R. , Martinelli D. , Sturiale L. , Fiumara A. , Jankovic J. , Zappia M.
Published: May 2019

Background and purpose

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) represent an increasing number of rare inherited metabolic diseases associated with abnormal glycan metabolism and disease onset in infancy or early childhood. Most CDG are multisystemic diseases mainly affecting the central nervous system. The aim of the current study was to investigate hyperkinetic movement disorders in patients affected by CDG and to characterize phenomenology based on CDG subtypes.

Methods

Subjects were identified from a cohort of patients with CDG who were referred to the University Hospital of Catania, Italy. Patients were evaluated by neurologists with expertise in movement disorders and videotaped using a standardized protocol.

Results

A variety of hyperkinetic movement disorders was detected in eight unrelated CDG patients. Involuntary movements were generally observed early in childhood, maintaining a clinical stability over time. Distribution ranged from a generalized, especially in younger subjects, to a segmental/multifocal involvement. In patients with phosphomannomutase 2 CDG, the principal movement disorders included dystonia and choreo‐athetosis. In patients affected by other CDG types, the movement disorders ranged from pure generalized chorea to mixed movement disorders including dystonia and complex stereotypies.

Conclusions

Hyperkinetic movement disorder is a key clinical feature in patients with CDG. CDG should be considered in the differential diagnosis of childhood‐onset dyskinesia, especially when associated with ataxia, developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism or seizure disorder.
Analysis and prediction of high‐speed train wheel wear based on SIMPACK and backpropagation neural networks
Authors: Wang Shuwen , Yan Hao , Liu Caixia , Fan Ning , Liu Xiaoming , Wang Chengguo
Published: May 2019

As train running speeds increase, the wheel–rail interactions of high‐speed trains are becoming more complicated, and predicting and monitoring wheel wear are becoming increasingly important for the safe operation of high‐speed trains. Therefore, identifying the critical factors that affect the wear of wheel–rail interactions and developing novel methods to predict wheel wear are of great importance. In this work, SIMPACK is used to establish a dynamic model of a high‐speed train and to investigate the normal and lateral contact forces of the wheel–rail interfaces and the wear of the wheels for a train passing through a specially designed route that consists of straight‐line, smooth‐curved, and circular tracks. The wheel wear is predicted by means of the Archard wear model based on the SIMPACK analysis, and the wear is validated by a backpropagation neural network (BPNN) classification based on daily measured data provided by the Beijing Railway Administration. The results from the SIMPACK dynamic simulation and the BPNN classification show that the position of a wheel in a bogie has a significant effect on the wheel wear, but the position of a carriage in a train does not have a significant effect on the wheel wear. The findings from this study are very useful for the maintenance and safe operation of high‐speed trains.
Three‐Dimensional Numerical Investigation of Pore Water Pressure and Deformation of Pumped Aquifer Systems
Authors: Zhang Yun , Yan Xuexin , Yang Tianliang , Wu Jichun , Wu Jianzhong
Published: May 2019

Excessive groundwater withdrawal has caused severe land subsidence worldwide. The pore water pressure and the deformation of pumped hydrostratigraphic units are complex. A fully coupled three‐dimensional numerical simulation was carried out for different pumping plans in this paper. When groundwater is pumped from a confined aquifer, the great compaction occurs in the pumped aquifer and its upper and lower adjacent aquitard units. Land subsidence is smaller and the area affected by land subsidence is greater when groundwater is pumped from the deeper confined aquifer. The pore water pressure in the pumped confined aquifer changes immediately with pumpage. In the adjacent aquitard units, however, the pore water pressure increases in the early pumping time and decreases in the early recharging time. The decrease in the pore water pressure vertically spreads from the interface between aquitard and pumped aquifer to the other surface of the aquitard. The pumped aquifer compacts and rebounds immediately with pumping and non‐pumping or recharging actions, while the compaction and rebounding of the aquitard units clearly lag behind. The compaction of the adjacent aquitard unit first occurs near the interface between aquitard and pumped aquifer units, and the compaction zone spreads outward as the pumping goes on. The aquitards may expand vertically within some zones. Due to the inelastic deformation of soil skeleton, different pumping plans result in different land subsidence. For the same net pumpage, maximal land subsidence and horizontal displacement are the smallest for constant discharge and the greatest for recharge‐discharge cycle.
The power to pardon in late medieval and early modern Europe: New perspectives in the history of crime and criminal justice
Authors: Verreycken Quentin
Published: May 2019

Over the past 30 years, few sources have been the subject of more scholarly attention than medieval and early modern pardon letters. These charters, issued by the royal or princely chancery in response to a petition addressed to the monarch and his council, were the strongest manifestation of the sovereign's right to remit crimes in many European polities, including France, England, the Low Countries, Castile, and Portugal. Following the paradigmatic interpretation of ordinary violence as the expression of well‐integrated social behaviours, historians of crime and criminal justice have found in petitions and pardon letters records of powerful narratives describing episodes of violence in the population's everyday life. Yet scholars have also debated the reliability of these stories, as they were obviously designed to support the petitioners' claim for pardon. Another major historiographical controversy concerns the articulation between the power to pardon and the criminal policies of the monarchs. While some historians considered the granting of pardon letters as the product of a weak or corrupted justice system that preferred to remit crimes in exchange for money rather prosecuting the perpetrators, others argued that the rise of the power to pardon followed the process of early modern State‐building and served to temper criminal prosecutions and assert the sovereign's right over the life and death of his subjects. This essay introduces the reader to the historiography of pardon letters and shows its connections with the recent developments in the history of crime and criminal justice in late medieval and early modern Europe.
Validation of HIV‐infected cohort identification using automated clinical data in the Department of Veterans Affairs
Authors: Kramer JR , Hartman C , White DL , Royse K , Richardson P , Thrift AP , Raychaudhury S , Desiderio R , Sanchez D , Chiao EY
Published: May 2019

Objectives

The US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is the largest integrated health care provider for HIV‐infected patients in the USA. VA data for HIV‐specific clinical and quality improvement research are an important resource. We sought to determine the accuracy of using the VA Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW), a fully automated medical records database for all VA users nationally, to identify HIV‐infected patients compared with a gold‐standard VA HIV Clinical Case Registry (CCR).

Methods

We assessed the test performance characteristics of each of our CDW criteria‐based algorithms (presence of one, two or all of the following: diagnostic codes for HIV, positive HIV laboratory tests, and prescription for HIV medication) by calculating their sensitivity (proportion of HIV‐positive patients in the CCR accurately detected as HIV‐positive by the CDW algorithm) and positive predictive value (PPV; the proportion of patients identified by the CDW algorithm who were classified as HIV‐positive from the CCR).

Results

We found that using a CDW algorithm requiring two of three HIV diagnostic criteria yielded the highest sensitivity (95.2%) with very little trade‐off in PPV (93.5%).

Conclusions

A two diagnostic criteria‐based algorithm can be utilized to accurately identify HIV‐infected cohorts seen in the nationwide VA health care system.
The effect of blue thermal treatment on endodontic instruments and apical debris extrusion during retreatment procedures
Authors: Doğanay Yıldız E. , Arslan H.
Published: May 2019

Aim

To determine the effect of blue thermal treatment on Reciproc (VDW, Munich, Germany) endodontic instruments and the amount of apically extruded debris during retreatment procedures.

Methodology

Thirty extracted mandibular molar teeth having mesial roots with a degree of curvature less than 20° and having an initial apical size equivalent to a size 10 K‐file were selected. The mesial roots of the teeth were removed from the cementoenamel junction to obtain a 15‐mm root length. The mesiobuccal canals were prepared to size F2 using the ProTaper Universal system (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), filled with gutta‐percha and 2Seal (VDW) using the lateral compaction technique and then randomly divided into two groups (n = 15). The root fillings were removed with one of the following instruments using a crown‐down preparation technique: M‐Wire Reciproc or Reciproc Blue (both VDW). Apically extruded debris was collected in pre‐weighed Eppendorf tubes. The Eppendorf tubes were then stored in an incubator at 70 °C for five days to evaporate the distilled water. The data were analysed using the Mann–Whitney U test (P = 0.05).

Results

Reciproc Blue (1.42 ± 0.4491 mg) extruded significantly less debris apically than M‐Wire Reciproc (2.56 ± 1.0232 mg) (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Blue thermal treatment of Reciproc instruments was associated with less debris extrusion during retreatment procedures.
Male and female rufous‐and‐white wrens do not match song types with same‐sex rivals during simulated territorial intrusions
Authors: Moser‐Purdy Christopher , Kahn Zachary A. , Graham Brendan A. , Mennill Daniel J.
Published: May 2019

In birds with song repertoires, song‐type matching occurs when an individual responds to another individual's song by producing the same song type. Song‐type matching has been described in multiple bird species and a growing body of evidence suggests that song‐type matching may serve as a conventional signal of aggression, particularly in male birds in the temperate zone. Few studies have investigated song‐type matching in tropical birds or female birds, in spite of the fact that avian biodiversity is highest in the tropics, that female song is widespread in the tropics, and that female song is the ancestral state among songbirds. In this study of rufous‐and‐white wrens Thryophilus rufalbus, a resident neotropical songbird where both sexes sing, we presented territorial males and females with playback that simulated a territorial rival producing shared and unshared songs. In response, both males and females sang matched song types at levels statistically equal to levels expected by chance. Furthermore, males and females exhibited similar levels of aggression and similar vocal behaviours in response to playback of both shared and unshared songs. These results indicate that rufous‐and‐white wrens do not use song‐type matching in territorial conflicts as a conventional signal of aggression. We discuss alternative hypotheses for the function of song‐type sharing in tropical birds. In particular, we point out that shared songs may play an important role in intra‐pair communication, especially for birds where males and females combine their songs in vocal duets, and this may supersede the function of song‐type matching in some tropical birds.
Hypertension and Dementia: A comprehensive review from the HOPE Asia Network
Authors: Turana Yuda , Tengkawan Jeslyn , Chia Yook Chin , Hoshide Satoshi , Shin Jinho , Chen Chen‐Huan , Buranakitjaroen Peera , Nailes Jennifer , Park Sungha , Siddique Saulat , Sison Jorge , Ann Soenarta Arieska , Chin Tay Jam , Sogunuru Guru Prasad , Zhang Yuqing , Wang Ji‐Guang , Kario Kazuomi
Published: May 2019

Approximately 365 million people in Asia were classified as elderly in 2017. This number is rising and expected to reach approximately 520 million by 2030. The risk of hypertension and cognitive impairment/dementia increases with age. Recent data also show that the prevalence of hypertension and age‐related dementia are rising in Asian countries. Moreover, not many people in Asian countries are aware of the relationship between hypertension and cognitive impairment/dementia. Furthermore, hypertension control is poorer in Asia than in developed countries. Hypertension is known to be a major risk factor for damage to target organs, including the brain. Decreased cognitive function can indicate the presence of target organ damage in the brain. Twenty‐four‐hour blood pressure profiles and blood pressure variability have been associated with cognitive impairment and/or silent cerebral diseases, such as silent cerebral infarction or white matter lesions, which are predisposing conditions for cognitive impairment and dementia. Hypertension that occurs in midlife also affects the incidence of cognitive impairments in later life. Managing and controlling blood pressure could preserve cognitive functions, such as by reducing the risk of vascular dementia and by reducing the global burden of stroke, which also affects cognitive function.
Surgical outcomes and the impact of major surgery on quality of life, activity impairment and sexual health in hidradenitis suppurativa patients: a prospective single centre study
Authors: Prens L.M. , Huizinga J. , Janse I.C. , Horváth B.
Published: May 2019

Background

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic debilitating skin disease, frequently located in the groin and anogenital area, leading to a substantial impact on quality of life and sexual health in patients with HS. Skin‐tissue‐sparing excision with electrosurgical peeling (STEEP) is a procedure with known low recurrence rates and high patient satisfaction in retrospective series. However, a prospective study to investigate the impact of any major surgery on specific aspects of the quality of life has not yet been performed.

Objective

To assess surgical outcomes and the effect of major surgery on the general quality of life, sexual health and activity impairment in patients with HS.

Materials and methods

A single centre prospective survey study was conducted among 40 patients undergoing major surgery. Surveys were completed prior to the surgery and 2, 6, 12 and 26 weeks after surgery. Besides the objective parameters (time to wound closure and surface of the wound), patient‐reported outcomes were reported.

Results

Thirty‐nine patients with a total of 171 survey responses were included for analysis. Patients with Hurley stage I or II had a shorter time to wound closure (TTWC) compared to patients with Hurley stage III (P = 0.005). TTWC was significantly prolonged in patients treated with biologics (P < 0.001). Smoking did not significantly influence TTWC. For patient‐reported outcomes, DLQI and ASEX scores did not significantly improve during the study period of 6 months. However, activity and overall work impairment showed considerable improvement after surgery.

Conclusion

Time to wound closure is significantly prolonged by higher Hurley stage and treatment with biologics, contrastingly not by smoking. Major surgery improved the overall work and daily activity impairment.
Measurement of SSC in processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) by applying Vis‐NIR hyperspectral transmittance imaging and multi‐parameter compensation models
Authors: Wang Huting , Zhang Ruoyu , Peng Zhen , Jiang Yinglan , Ma Benxue
Published: May 2019

Processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is a very important horticultural product all over the world. Soluble solid content (SSC) as a key quality assessment parameter of processing tomato directly affects quality and cost of processing tomato products such as tomato paste. This study proposes an analytical method for quantitatively assessment of SSC in processing tomatoes by using the visible and near‐infrared (Vis‐NIR) hyperspectral transmittance imaging technique and multi‐parameter compensation models. Monte‐Carlo outlier detection method was applied to optimize sample set. The competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) algorithm was used to identify the optimal wavelengths from transmittance spectra. Two characteristic parameters including area (size) and weight of samples were measured and different models including conventional PLS/LS‐SVM models and multi‐parameter compensation PLS/LS‐SVM models were established, respectively. The results obtained by comparing all the established models showed that the multi‐parameter (spectrum, area, and weight) compensation CARS‐LS‐SVM model with 47 important wavelengths had the best assessment ability of SSC in processing tomatoes. The prediction accuracies of the optimal model are rcal = 0.95 and RMSEC = 0.16 for calibration set, and rpre = 0.94, RMSEP = 0.17 and RPD = 2.94 for prediction set, respectively. Research results indicated that the newly proposed Vis‐NIR hyperspectral transmittance imaging combining with multi‐parameter compensation LS‐SVM model would be potential as a noninvasive technique to quantitatively evaluate the SSC in processing tomatoes.

Practical applications

Fast assessment of soluble solid content (SSC) in processing tomatoes has significant value for tomato processing in practical application. High quality processing tomatoes can reduce the processing cost and raise product prices. The newly proposed SSC measurement technique integrated both Vis‐NIR hyperspectral transmittance imaging and multi‐parameter compensation models. This technique can effectively overcome some disadvantageous influences from size and weight of processing tomatoes in the assessment process of SSC. Use of transmittance technology further improved the acquisition capability of effective spectral information from the tested object. This work was valuable for setting up the fast multispectral inspection system that can be used for SSC measurement of processing tomatoes in practical on‐line grading applications.
Brewing process optimization by artificial neural network and evolutionary algorithm approach
Authors: Takahashi Maria Beatriz , Coelho de Oliveira Henrique , Fernández Núñez Eutimio Gustavo , Rocha José Celso
Published: May 2019

The beer quality can be modulated from changes in their ingredient proportions, as well as in operating parameters. The crossed experimental designs and the multiple optimizations based on desirability functions have demonstrated to be effective methodologies in the unit operation polynomial modeling and optimization of bioprocess, respectively. However, artificial intelligence techniques have been used as an alternative to this modeling in bioprocess. Therefore, this study aimed to implement a software combining artificial neural network (ANN) and differential evolution to optimize the topology of an ANN to model the Ale beer production and to use the optimized ANN in ingredients and operation parameters choice that ensure a beer with high acceptance rate, by the genetic algorithm technique for multiple‐objective function. This approach allowed to find ANN models which fitted the process with correlation coefficients higher than 0.85 and high satisfaction level of beer desirable quality attributes (global desirability value = 0.78).

Practical Applications

This manuscript could be useful for bioprocess professionals involved in the development of the brewing process and artificial intelligence applications. The approach applied in this work allows for modeling and optimization of brewing process using a combination of crossed experimental design, artificial neural networks, and evolutionary algorithms with relatively low experimental efforts. At the same time, the quality attributes of the beer are better controlled.
Effect of sprouting conditions on the properties of direct expanded extruded wheat
Authors: Krapf Julia , Arysanto Arysthina , Walther Goeran , Flöter Eckhard
Published: May 2019

The present study investigates the use of flour from sprouted wheat for the production of extruded, directly expanded products. Until now, studies on the use of sprouted material in extrusion have not been concerned with differences in the sprouted material. This contribution documents the first attempt to study the effect of the variation of the sprouting process on extrudate properties. Extrudates were produced at standard conditions using material produced by the variation of sprouting times (steeped, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days sprouted). It was found that an increasing duration of the sprouting process also increases the starch degradation and hence sugar generation. During this process, vitamin C levels showed an increase of up to 10‐fold. The accompanying changes in viscosity propagate systematically into different observations. With increased starch degradation back pressures in the extrusion die were reduced, extrudates show less sectional expansion, but densities were decreased because longitudinal expansion was increased significantly. The extrudates made with sprouted material were preferred during sensory assessment. The degree of sprouting, which was defined earlier proved to be a useful property to characterize the progress of the sprouting process and correlated well with changes observed for the sprouted flour and extrudate properties.

Practical application

The use of sprouted wheat in the production of direct expanded extrudates is a promising opportunity to change and improve extrudate properties. On the one hand, the nutritional value of the extrudates is improved due to the use of sprouted wheat flour which contains newly synthesized vitamins, more essential amino acids, and a decreased phytic acid content. On the other hand, the texture of the extrudates is improved and less additives are needed in the production. Due to the starch degradation in the sprouting process short‐chain sugars were formed, which naturally increase the sweetness of the extrudates.
Nonlinear Effects of Mortgage Spreads Over the Business Cycle
Authors: CHENG CHAK HUNG JACK , CHIU CHING‐WAI (JEREMY)
Published: May 2019

This paper provides robust evidence for the nonlinear effects of mortgage spread shocks during recessions and expansions in the United States. Estimating a smooth‐transition vector autoregression (STVAR) model, we show that mortgage spread shocks hitting in a recessionary phase create significantly deeper and more protracted declines in consumption and housing market variables. In addition, we provide evidence that these mortgage spread shocks could be largely interpreted as credit supply shocks in the mortgage market. Our empirical results imply that unconventional monetary policy, such as the Federal Reserve's mortgage‐backed security purchase program, would be a more effective tool for stabilizing the economy during recessions than in expansions.
Unraveling the molecular and cellular mechanisms of stretch marks
Authors: Schuck Desirée C. , de Carvalho Camila M. , Sousa Mariane P. J. , Fávero Priscila P. , Martin Airton A. , Lorencini Márcio , Brohem Carla A.
Published: May 2019

Background

Striae distensae, commonly known as stretch marks, are cutaneous lesions that accompany the hormonal upheavals of the major stages of life: puberty and pregnancy. Stretch marks occur in 90% of women, and they appear as red or purple lines that slowly fade to pale lines on the skin. There have been few studies regarding stretch mark origins, and new preventive and corrective treatments are needed.

Aims

The aim of this work was to understand the primary genes and proteins involved in the regulation of striae compared to normal skin and to identify the differentially expressed genes and biochemical aspects of SA and SR Importantly, this is the first published study to use a molecular high‐throughput approach combined with in vivo evaluation.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed the molecular differences between skin with and without stretch marks (rubra [SR] and alba [SA]) of female volunteers using DNA microarray (Whole Human Genome Microarray Kit, 4×44 K, Agilent Technologies) analyses of cutaneous biopsies (2 mm) and in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy of selected buttock regions, a technique recently introduced as a noninvasive skin evaluation method.

Results

We identified gene expression alterations related to ECM, cellular homeostasis, and hormones such as secretoglobulins. Spectral analyses of collagen, fibrillin, and glycosaminoglycans were conducted by Raman spectroscopy at different skin depths. The main differences observed when comparing skin with and without stretch marks were at depths between 75 and 95 μm, corresponding to the dermal‐epidermal junction and dermis regions and showing differences between normal skin and stretched skin regarding collagen, collagen hydration, and elastin fibers.

Conclusion

The results obtained by RNA and protein analyses are complementary and show that significant changes occur in the skin affected by stretch marks. These results suggest new strategies and opportunities to treat this skin disorder and for the development of new and eficiente cosmetic products.
Effect of 5‐year continuous positive airway pressure treatment on the lipid profile of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A pilot study
Authors: Simon Beatrix , Gabor Bettina , Barta Imre , Paska Csilla , Boszormenyi Nagy Gyorgy , Vizi Eva , Antus Balazs
Published: May 2019

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) provides a well‐documented symptomatic relief for most patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); however, its effect on dyslipidaemia remains contradictory. The aim of this longitudinal pilot study was to investigate the effect of long‐term CPAP treatment on the lipid profile of patients with severe OSA. Fasting serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), low‐ and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C and HDL‐C) and triglyceride (TG) were longitudinally measured in 33 OSA patients with an apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) of ≥30 events/hr, at the time of diagnosis (baseline) and at control visits following fixed‐pressure CPAP treatment. Compared to baseline values, even as short as a 2‐month CPAP therapy resulted in a significant decrease of both TC and LDL‐C levels (TC, 5.62 ± 0.22 vs. 5.18 ± 0.21 mmol/L; LDL‐C, 3.52 ± 0.19 vs. 3.19 ± 0.2 mmol/L; p < 0.05 for each). These lipid fractions exhibited similar improvements at 6 months and after 5 years of CPAP treatment (TC, 5.1 ± 0.17 mmol/L; LDL‐C, 2.86 ± 0.16 mmol/L; p < 0.01 for each). The reduction in lipid levels was greater in younger patients and/or in those who had higher body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.05). There were no significant correlations between AHI and lipid levels (p > 0.05); BMI showed a weak negative association with HDL‐C fraction (BMI, r = −0.263, p < 0.05). CPAP therapy had neither short‐ nor long‐term effects on TG and HDL‐C levels (p > 0.05). CPAP therapy has a rapid and long‐lasting beneficial effect on the lipid profile of patients with severe OSA.
Controlling preharvest maturity in farmed Arctic char: A review from the Canadian perspective
Authors: Yossa Rodrigue , Bardon‐Albaret Agnès , Chiasson Marcia A. , Liu Qi , Duston Jim , Manning Tony , Benfey Tillmann J.
Published: May 2019

Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus L. is a promising candidate for aquaculture expansion in Northern Europe, Canada, and the United States because of its excellent growth at low temperature, tolerance to high rearing density, high fillet yield, and superior flesh texture and flavor. To support this industry, several breeding programs in these regions currently focus on selection for growth and delayed maturation. While the growth potential of existing strains has been improved, preharvest sexual maturation remains a problem in this industry. This article describes current knowledge on the control of preharvest maturation in Arctic char at the hatchery level through the production of single‐sex and triploid populations and during the grow‐out phase through the manipulation of photoperiod and feed intake. Research perspectives on the subject are also suggested in order to complement the efforts of ongoing breeding programs.
Managing Dissonance and Dissent: Bureaucratic Professionalism and Political Risk in Policy Implementation
Authors: Lillvis Denise
Published: May 2019

This article examines the implementation of a Michigan rule requiring vaccine‐critical parents to attend an education session at a local health department prior to receiving an immunization waiver. During interviews (N = 35), public health professionals recognized that providing waivers deviated from their professional mission. Yet, they chose to prioritize client service in their interactions, thereby managing and absorbing conflict at the parent level. Politically, vaccine critics have succeeded in proposing bills to undo this rule. This suggests that conflict management and absorption is a vital policy function because conflict can turn into political action, endangering the future of a promising rule.
Biochemical and physiological investigations on adenosine 5ʹ monophosphate deaminase from Plasmodium spp.
Authors: Nagappa Lakshmeesha Kempaiah , Singh Dipti , Dey Sandeep , Kumar Kota Arun , Balaram Hemalatha
Published: May 2019

The interplay between ATP generating and utilizing pathways in a cell is responsible for maintaining cellular ATP/energy homeostasis that is reflected by Adenylate Energy Charge (AEC) ratio. Adenylate kinase (AK), that catalyzes inter‐conversion of ADP, ATP and AMP, plays a major role in maintaining AEC and is regulated by cellular AMP levels. Hence, the enzymes AMP deaminase (AMPD) and nucleotidases, which catabolize AMP, indirectly regulate AK activity and in‐turn affect AEC. Here, we present the first report on AMPD from Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria. The recombinant enzyme expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied using functional complementation assay and residues vital for enzyme activity have been identified. Similarities and differences between Plasmodium falciparum AMPD (PfAMPD) and its homologs from yeast, Arabidopsis and humans are also discussed. The AMPD gene was deleted in the murine malaria parasite P. berghei and was found to be dispensable during all stages of the parasite life cycle. However, when episomal expression was attempted, viable parasites were not obtained, suggesting that perturbing AMP homeostasis by over‐expressing AMPD might be lethal. As AMPD is known to be allosterically modulated by ATP, GTP and phosphate, allosteric activators of PfAMPD could be developed as anti‐parasitic agents.
Identification and characterization of Helicobacter pylori O‐acetylserine‐dependent cystathionine β‐synthase, a distinct member of the PLP‐II family
Authors: Devi Suneeta , Tarique Khaja Faisal , Ali Mohammad Farhan , Abdul Rehman Syed Arif , Gourinath Samudrala
Published: May 2019

O‐acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS) and cystathionine β‐synthase (CBS) are members of the PLP‐II family, and involved in L‐cysteine production. OASS produces L‐cysteine via a de novo pathway while CBS participates in the reverse transsulfuration pathway. O‐acetylserine‐dependent CBS (OCBS) was previously identified as a new member of the PLP‐II family, which are predominantly seen in bacteria. The bacterium Helicobacter pylori possess only one OASS (hp0107) gene and we showed that the protein coded by this gene actually functions as an OCBS and utilizes L‐homocysteine and O‐acetylserine (OAS) to produce cystathionine. HpOCBS did not show CBS activity with the substrate L‐serine and required OAS exclusively. The HpOCBS structure in complex with methionine showed a closed cleft state, explaining the initial mode of substrate binding. Sequence and structural analyses showed differences between the active sites of OCBS and CBS, and explain their different substrate preferences. We identified three hydrophobic residues near the active site of OCBS, corresponding to one serine and two tyrosine residues in CBSs. Mutational studies were performed on HpOCBS and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS. A ScCBS double mutant (Y158F/Y226V) did not display activity with L‐serine, indicating indispensability of these polar residues for selecting substrate L‐serine, however, did show activity with OAS.
The Development‐Ending Dominant and the Late Cadence in vi: Changing Norms in the Sonatas of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven
Authors: DUANE BENJAMIN
Published: May 2019

Scholars disagree about the stylistic norms surrounding the end of the development section in eighteenth‐century sonatas. Although most sonata theories claim that the typical development ends with a prolonged dominant of the home key, other work never mentions this prolongation and focuses instead on a late cadence in vi – a gesture that often occurs near the end of the development, just before a brief retransition that may or may not culminate in a home‐key dominant.

I evaluate these divergent views by analysing a corpus containing all first‐movement sonata forms from the string quartets and piano sonatas of Haydn, Mozart and early Beethoven. The results validate both views, provided they are placed in historical context. In the 1780s and 1790s the majority of developments ended with a dominant prolongation. In the 1760s and 1770s, however, only about a third ended this way. At the same time, the late cadence in vi appeared in over three‐quarters of developments from the 1760s and 1770s but in only half of those from the 1780s and 1790s.

Thus, the conflicting accounts of development‐ending norms reflect a historical transition from one convention (the late cadence in vi) to another (the dominant prolongation).
Whole‐genome resequencing‐based QTL‐seq identified AhTc1 gene encoding a R2R3‐MYB transcription factor controlling peanut purple testa colour
Authors: Zhao Yuhan , Ma Junjie , Li Ming , Deng Li , Li Guanghui , Xia Han , Zhao Shuzhen , Hou Lei , Li Pengcheng , Ma Changle , Yuan Mei , Ren Li , Gu Jianzhong , Guo Baozhu , Zhao Chuanzhi , Wang Xingjun
Published: May 2019

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea. L) is an important oil crop worldwide. The common testa colours of peanut varieties are pink or red. But the peanut varieties with dark purple testa have been focused in recent years due to the potential high levels of anthocyanin, an added nutritional value of antioxidant. However, the genetic mechanism regulating testa colour of peanut is unknown. In this study, we found that the purple testa was decided by the female parent and controlled by a single major gene named AhTc1. To identify the candidate gene controlling peanut purple testa, whole‐genome resequencing‐based approach (QTL‐seq) was applied, and a total of 260.9 Gb of data were generated from the parental and bulked lines. SNP index analysis indicated that AhTc1 located in a 4.7 Mb region in chromosome A10, which was confirmed by bulked segregant RNA sequencing (BSR) analysis in three segregation populations derived from the crosses between pink and purple testa varieties. Allele‐specific markers were developed and demonstrated that the marker pTesta1089 was closely linked with purple testa. Further, AhTc1 encoding a R2R3‐MYB gene was positional cloned. The expression of AhTc1 was significantly up‐regulated in the purple testa parent YH29. Overexpression of AhTc1 in transgenic tobacco plants led to purple colour of leaves, flowers, pods and seeds. In conclusion, AhTc1, encoding a R2R3‐MYB transcription factor and conferring peanut purple testa, was identified, which will be useful for peanut molecular breeding selection for cultivars with purple testa colour for potential increased nutritional value to consumers.
Development and validation of a tool to assess the rural neighborhood environment for obesity in Korean adults
Authors: Kim Bongjeong , Kim Gwang Suk , Hyun Hye Sun
Published: May 2019

Objectives

This study aimed to develop and validate a tool that assesses the perceived neighborhood environments influencing obesity development among rural adults in Korea.

Design and Samples

Qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Twenty‐one adults participated in focus group interviews. Subsequently, two independent surveys were conducted with rural adults aged 19–65.

Measurements

Literature review and focus group interviews were used to generate initial items. An expert's panel evaluation established content validity for these items and pilot testing of the draft tool was performed. Explanatory (n = 328) and confirmatory factor analyses (n = 1,070) were used to establish construct validity, and internal consistency and test–retest reliability were calculated (n = 88).

Results

The new tool consisting of 37 items was developed and validated. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed an eight‐subscale structure (χ2 = 3,738.1, GFI = 0.831, SRMR = 0.060, RMSEA = 0.070). The tool showed moderate test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.519–0.775) and good internal consistency except for Social Influence on Healthy Eating (Cronbach's α = 0.612).

Conclusions

The Rural Neighborhood Environment Assessment for Obesity tool might be a valid and reliable instrument for public health practitioners to assess complex social and physical environmental factors related to obesity.
Hope as an irreducible concept
Authors: Blöser Claudia
Published: May 2019

I argue for a novel answer to the question “What is hope?”. On my view, rather than aiming for a compound account, i.e. analysing hope in terms of desire and belief, we should understand hope as an irreducible concept. After criticizing influential compound accounts of hope, I discuss Segal and Textor's alternative of describing hope as a primitive mental state. While Segal and Textor argue that available developments of the standard definition do not offer sufficient conditions for hope, I question the deep‐seated idea that desire and belief are even necessary conditions for hope. My suggestion is that we should take seriously the fact that we hope in a great variety of ways and should question the search for elements that are common to all cases. A promising alternative follows the Wittgensteinian idea that cases of hope are related in terms of family resemblance, i.e. are multiply realizable on the ontological level while falling under the non‐definable concept of hope.
Authorship and Originality in Seventeenth‐Century Iberia: Faria e Sousa’s Rimas Várias de Luís de Camoens
Authors: Park Simon
Published: May 2019

Manuel de Faria e Sousa’s Rimas Varias de Luis de Camoens (1685–88) continues to be the most influential edition of and scholarly work on Camões’s lyric oeuvre. While his attributions have been widely debated (and many disproved), the reasons Faria e Sousa puts forward for them have received only cursory attention. The commentator’s strikingly psychological explanations for ascribing texts to Camões suggest unexpected ways in which lyric authorship could be conceptualised in the seventeenth century. How he deals with the proliferation of texts in manuscript miscellanies illuminates where the line lay between variants, poorly concealed plagiarism, and entirely new poems – in other words, what makes a poem original. Faria e Sousa’s edition points to a prehistory of claims to author’s rights and authorial originality before the introduction of copyright legislation and highlights the role that editors played in the construction of modern authorship, suggesting they might be as possessive of texts, if not more so, than writers themselves.
Lorenzo de’ Medici and inheritance law in Florence
Authors: Kuehn Thomas
Published: May 2019

In 1477 a law was passed in Florence concerning inheritance by women. This law has long been taken (including by the near‐contemporaries, Niccolo Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini) as Lorenzo de’ Medici's effort to preclude his enemies, the Pazzi, from gaining a lucrative estate, just a year before the assassination attempt of Easter 1478. In fact, what the law did was address a real legal problem in the interpretation of Florence's inheritance statute and fit the law with the designs of the Florentine, Giovanni Borromei, whose estate it was, and who seemingly wanted it to go to his nephew. While contemporary consilia reveal that the law's interpretation was a minority position among practising jurists, it was a perfectly legal point of view and not solely a political manoeuvre against the Pazzi.
A comparative study on oral health status in Greek preschool children with neurodevelopmental disorders with movement limitations
Authors: Tzouanaki Aikaterini , Agouropoulos Andreas , Kavvadia Katerina , Papagiannoulis Liza
Published: May 2019

Aim

To assess the oral health status of preschool children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) in Greece and compare it to that, of healthy children of the same age.

Methods and results

The sample consisted of 146 preschool children with NDD and movement limitations attending the rehabilitation centers of ELEPAP and 165 healthy children matched for age and maternal origin. Caries prevalence, dmft index, precavitated carious lesions (WSL) prevalence Visual Plaque Index (VPI), Restorative Index (RI), Mutans Streptococci (MS) levels, saliva buffer capacity, gingival hyperplasia, tooth wear and developmental dental defects were assessed. Data were analyzed using parametric and nonparametric tests (P ≤.05). The NDD group, compared to the healthy controls, had significantly lower caries prevalence (P <.001), dmft index (P <.001), VPI (P <.001) and MS levels (P = .027), significantly higher WSL prevalence (P <.001), and visited the dentist at an older age (P <.001). Significant determinants of WSL in the NDD group was the VPI (P = .009) and the presence of MS (P <.028).

Conclusion

Preschool children with NDD had lower prevalence of manifested caries but higher prevalence of WSL. However, most oral health parameters need improvement for both groups indicating the need for proper early interventions especially in the NDD group.
Honesty‐humility and prosocial behavior: The mediating roles of perspective taking and guilt‐proneness
Authors: Fang Yuan , Dong Yan , Fang Lanran
Published: May 2019

The prosocial personality trait of honesty‐humility has received extensive attention in the last decade. However, research on the mechanism underlying the relationship between honesty‐humility and prosocial behavior is rather scarce. This study aims to explore the internal mechanism underlying this relationship to draw a complete picture of the honesty‐humility trait. A sample of 458 Chinese young adults was obtained to complete self‐report measures of honesty‐humility, perspective taking, guilt‐proneness, and prosocial behavior. The mediation model revealed that: (1) honesty‐humility positively related to prosocial behavior; (2) perspective taking and guilt‐proneness mediated the relationship between honesty‐humility and prosocial behavior, separately; and (3) the effect of honesty‐humility on prosocial behavior was mediated via perspective taking and then guilt‐proneness. In conclusion, we provide an initial support for the mediating roles of perspective taking and guilt‐proneness in the relationship between honesty‐humility and prosocial behavior. Both theoretical and practical implications for understanding the psychological mechanisms of prosocial behavior are discussed.
Anxiety Symptom Severity and Long‐term Risk for Suicidal Behavior in Depressive Disorders
Authors: Coryell William , Fiedorowicz Jess , Solomon David , Endicott Jean , Keller Martin
Published: May 2019

Objective

We have previously shown that the severity of anxiety symptoms during major depressive episodes is associated in a linear fashion with the proportion of weeks in depressive episodes during a subsequent 25 years of follow‐up. Here, we test whether the negative prognostic implications of anxiety comorbidity extend to higher likelihoods of suicidal behavior.

Methods

We used the NIMH Collaborative Depression Study (CDS) cohort to test both the severity of eight anxiety symptoms and the presence or absence of four anxiety disorders as risk factors for suicide attempts or completions over a mean (SD) follow‐up of 16.6 (8.5) years. Separate analyses tested potential predictors of events that occurred within 2 years and those that occurred later.

Results

None of the baseline anxiety manifestations were significantly associated with overall risks for past or future suicide attempts. Only the diagnosis of phobic disorder was overrepresented in the 36 who committed suicide. Psychic anxiety was a risk factor for suicide attempts beyond 2 years of follow‐up, and phobic anxiety was protective of suicides within this period.

Conclusions

These results did not show anxiety comorbidity to be an important risk factor for suicide attempts or completions.
Young children's perceptions and beliefs about hypothetical shy, unsociable, and socially avoidant peers at school
Authors: Zava Federica , Watanabe Lori K. , Sette Stefania , Baumgartner Emma , Laghi Fiorenzo , Coplan Robert J.
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study was to explore young children's perceptions, beliefs, and anticipated outcomes about different types of social withdrawal (shyness, unsociability, social avoidance). Participants were N = 212 children (n = 110 boys) aged 2.55–6.37 years (M = 4.86, SD = 0.89) recruited from three preschools and kindergartens in Italy. Children were interviewed individually and asked about hypothetical peers displaying different types of social withdrawal (i.e., shy, unsociable, socially avoidant) and for comparison purposes, aggressive and socially competent behaviors were also assessed. Among the three vignettes depicting types of withdrawn children, children rated the hypothetical shy peer as having the highest social motivations, the unsociable peer as receiving the least sympathy from others, and the avoidant peer as being the least intelligent and least liked by the teacher. In addition, girls reported wanting to play more with the shy peer than boys, and kindergarteners reported a higher affiliative preference for all subtypes of socially withdrawn peers than preschoolers. These findings suggest that Italian young children have a quite sophisticated ability to differentiate among the different social motivations and emotions that may underlie social withdrawal.