bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A HISTÓRIA E CULTURA AFRICANA EM SOCIOLOGIA: AS RELIGIÕES DE MATRIZ AFRICANA
Authors: Vieira Tamara
Published: July 2020

Há mais de quinze anos foi aprovada a obrigatoriedade do ensino de história e cultura africana e afro-brasileira foi aprovada em 2003 (Lei nº 10.639) no currículo de todas as disciplinas que compõem a Educação Básica. O que significou o reconhecimento da ausência do negro enquanto produtor de saber e portador de uma história. Assim, nos restringimos ao modo como a história e cultura africana é inserida no ensino de Sociologia, e para isso, nos detemos sobre o modo em que as religiões de matriz africana estão sendo abordados pelos livros didáticos de Sociologia aprovados pelo PNLD 2018 . Foi possível identificar que ao abordar as religiões de matiz africana, o debate se restringe ao candomblé e a umbanda, que são observadas no âmbito da diversidade de religiões existentes no Brasil e sua contextualização no âmbito da formação da cultura nacional. Neste sentido, há muito ainda a ser feito para o debate da intolerância religiosa, bem como, do racismo brasileiro.
O Conservadorismo Essencial como característica da psiquê das elites brasileiras: uma análise conceitual em Manoel Bomfim (1868-1932)
Authors: Santos Patrick Silva dos
Published: July 2020

Uma das grandes narrativas que permearam o debate acadêmico no Brasil se dá em torno do processo civilizatório aqui construído junto ao colonizador português e a transplantação de suas instituições para o interior do Estado imperial brasileiro. As estruturas de poder patrimonialista estamental plasmada historicamente pelo Estado português para sua colônia americana, ainda hoje, são recuperadas como elemento explicativo das origens das mazelas brasileiras. Não me interessa aqui ratificar essa assertiva ou condená-la. O que me interessa é apresentar a explicação similar do médico Manoel Bomfim (1868 – 1932), que sem mobilizar o conceito de patrimonialismo de Max Weber –, em seu primeiro ensaio histórico-sociológico A América Latina: males de origem (1905), utiliza o conceito de conservadorismo essencial para explicar traços da herança portuguesa que se cristalizaram no modelo de atuação estatal e nas demais dinâmicas sociais brasileiras.
Primeiro como negação: esperança, ética do cuidado e autonomia no #EleNão
Authors: Santo Thais Marques do , Porto Douglas
Published: July 2020

A principal novidade das eleições presidenciais de 2018 no Brasil foi o movimento Mulheres unidas contra Bolsonaro, tendo aglutinado em torno da consigna #EleNão diversos setores organizados da luta feminista e milhões de mulheres sem filiação alguma, inclusive sem experiência de prática política. O Movimento que nasceu nas redes sociais acumulou força e agregou mulheres de forma tão expressiva que viabilizou sua presença nas ruas e demonstrou-se capaz de realizar a difícil tarefa de agregar setores políticos que têm sido incapazes de cooperar entre si e de construir uma frente de luta ampla, unificada e, ao mesmo tempo, plural. Através de análise qualitativa, pretendemos identificar a natureza do movimento Mulheres unidas contra Bolsonaro e compreender por que foram as mulheres o principal grupo social a mobilizar-se contra o candidato do PSL.
Análise do conceito de ciência em Bruno Latour nas obras A Esperança de Pandora e Jamais Fomos Modernos
Authors: Feres Aua Pedro Miguel
Published: July 2020

Na segunda metade do século XX, o campo intelectual que se dedicava a pensar a ciência girava em torno de um questionamento: se a atividade científica e seus produtos seriam capazes ou não de encurtar um gap existente entre os polos humano e não humano, entre sujeitos e objetos. É nesse cenário que Bruno Latour, filósofo francês, propõe um entendimento inovador a respeito da separação moderna entre humanos e não humanos e, consequentemente, a respeito da prática científica. Em nosso trabalho, pretendemos discutir esse entendimento, que consiste na ideia de que, em realidade, nós jamais teríamos separado esses polos como parecíamos fazer. Realizaremos uma reflexão sobre ciência à luz de Bruno Latour nas obras Jamais Fomos Modernos e A Esperança De Pandora a fim de discutir seus principais pontos no que tange à prática científica. Concluiremos, analisando essas ideias para o entendimento do autor a respeito da modernidade, ilustrando como a ciência não é capaz de encurtar o suposto gap, pois este jamais existiu, pois, a própria atividade cerne do Ocidente, a atividade científica, opera em uma mistura de natureza e cultura, humanos e não humanos.
A fenomenologia de Martin Heidegger e a especificidade metodológica das Ciências Humanas
Authors: Ribeiro Almeida Rafael , Magalhães de Paula Rafaela
Published: July 2020

As Ciências Humanas movimentam-se num impasse investigativo desde seu processo de constituição, no século XIX. E isso porque o mesmo modelo metodológico utilizado para investigar objetos especificamente regidos por leis naturais, transpassou-se como referencial para as Humanidades. Em vista disso, a racionalidade ligada às Ciências do espírito se percebe na premência de ir em busca de uma base metodológica própria. Neste sentido, nosso objetivo reside em explicitar a Fenomenologia de Martin Heidegger e sua possível contribuição para o universo temático das Ciências Humanas, em termos de método específico. Para tanto, investiga-se o pensamento de Heidegger em sua primeira fase filosófica representado, em especial, por “Ser e tempo” e “Os problemas fundamentais da fenomenologia”, ambos de 1927. A primeira evidência da contribuição heideggeriana no tocante a uma metodologia específica das Humanidades reside no fato de o autor ter introduzido um universo existencial no método por ele elaborado. O segundo indicativo da contribuição heideggeriana basicamente resume-se ao modo como o autor entende o conceito de “compreensão”. Assim sendo, indica-se viável propor uma postura metodológica alternativa, que, tal qual as Ciências Naturais, também pretende produzir uma racionalidade: a racionalidade das Ciências Humanas.
Tráfico de drogas e encarceramento feminino: intersecções de gênero e raça
Authors: Melo Liciane Barbosa de , Belusso Osmar
Published: July 2020

O presente artigo busca fazer uma reflexão acerca dos processos de criminalização dos conflitos de gênero relacionados a sistema de justiça e prisões. Inicialmente, expomos os números acerca do sistema prisional feminino presentes no relatório do Departamento Nacional de Informações Penitenciárias (Depen), chamando atenção para o crescimento exponencial de mulheres presas, especialmente por crimes relacionados à Lei de Drogas nos últimos anos. A partir disso, realizamos uma breve discussão acerca da legislação penal sobre drogas no Brasil e então buscamos traçar um diálogo entre o trabalho de Angela Davis sobre a obsolescência das prisões e de Dina Alves a respeito da interseccionalidade de gênero, raça e classe na produção da punição. Por fim, propomos algumas questões que poderão servir como auxílio de futuras análises e construção de instrumentos de enfrentamento do fenômeno do encarceramento feminino.
Apresentação
Authors: Quagliato Henrique Da Costa Valério , Cesar Freitas Sabrina
Published: July 2020

Apresentação do segundo número do sexto volume da Revista Sociologias Plurais.
Produção e Divulgação do Conhecimento em Turismo: análise do curso de Gestão de Turismo da UFPR Setor Litoral
Authors: Neves Christopher Smith Bignardi , Kushano Elizabete Sayuri
Published: July 2020

Esta pesquisa propôs realizar uma análise do curso de Tecnologia em Gestão de Turismo da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) – Setor Litoral, direcionada para a compreensão da inserção do mesmo face ao desenvolvimento territorial e ao projeto político pedagógico do Setor Litoral. Para tanto, buscou conceitos que façam compreender a produção do conhecimento em Turismo, além dos aspectos da divulgação científica. Apresentou-se o histórico do curso em questão, seguida da análise e discussão dos TCCs compreendendo o período de 2012 a 2018, utilizando-se do método de análise documental. Constatou-se a interdisciplinaridade do Curso de Gestão de Turismo, bem como a atuação dos mesmos junto com o corpo discente na produção e divulgação do conhecimento. A análise dos TCCs evidenciou que produção do conhecimento pelo curso de Gestão de Turismo apresentou maior quantitativo no ano de 2016, seguido pelos anos de 2014 e 2017. Ademais, observou-se que a grande maioria das pesquisas realizadas em campo, ocorreram nos municípios litorâneos, principalmente Matinhos e Paranaguá. Os temas abordados são variados, destacando a segmentação de mercado. Conclui-se que há um compromisso dos trabalhos analisados com estudos e pesquisas regionais, em coerência com o projeto político pedagógico do Setor Litoral da UFPR.
2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane – inhalation fraction.
Determination method in workplace air
Authors: Bonczarowska Marzena , Brzeźnicki Sławomir
Published: July 2020

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A BPA) is a substance in a form of a solid crystals or flakes with a mild phenolic odor. BPA is commonly used in the production of epoxide, polycarbonate or polysulfone resins, glues, breaks fluids or as a flame retardants and fungicides. Exposure to BPA can cause irritation of skin, BPA can also act as a nefro or hepatotoxic factor and upper respiratory tract or mucous membranes of the eye. BPA has a negative effects on human fertility.
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive method for determining BPA concentrations in workplace air in the range from 1/10 to 2 MAC values, in accordance with the requirements of Standard No. PN-EN 482.
The study was performed using a liquid chromatograph with spectrophotometric (UV-VIS) and spectrofluorimetric (FLD) detection. All chromatographic analyses were performed with Supelcosil LC 18 (150 × 3 mm) analytical column, which was eluted with mixture of acetonitrile and water (1:1).
This method was based on collecting BPA on glass fiber filter, extracting with acetonitrile, and chromatographic determining resulted solution with HPLC technique. The average extraction efficiency of BPA from filters was 90%. The method was linear (r = 0.9996) within the investigated working range 0.125–5 mg/m3 for a 720-L air sample. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was to 0.02 μg/ml (UV-VIS) and 0.013 μg/ml (FLD), and 0.068 μg/ml (UV-VIS) and 0.042 μg/ml (FLD), respectively.
The analytical method described in this paper enables specific and selective determination of BPA in workplace air in presence of other compounds. The method is precise, accurate and it meets the criteria for measuring chemical agents listed in Standard No. PN-EN 482+A1:2016-01. The method can be used for assessing occupational exposure to BPA and associated risk to workers’ health. The developed method of determining BPA has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see appendix).
Lithium hydride. Determination in workplaces air
Authors: Surgiewicz Jolanta
Published: July 2020

Lithium hydride is a solid, unstable substance. It reacts violently with water to produce strong liquor (LiOH) and hydrogen. It may self-ignite. It is used in the metallurgical, pharmaceutical, ceramic and chemical industries.
Lithium hydride is strongly toxic. It is irritating and corrosive to the to the skin, damaging the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. May cause eye burns and loss of vision. Harmful to the digestive tract, nervous system and kidneys. Exposure limit values for lithium hydride is NDS – 0.025 mg/ m3.
The aim of the study was the amendment of the method for determining concentrations of lithium hydride in the air at workplaces in the range of 1/10 to 2 NDS values, in accordance with the requirements of Standard No. EN 482.
The developed method for determining involves: collect of lithium hydride contained in the air on a membrane filter, mineralization of the filter using concentrated nitric acid, and the determination lithium in the solution prepared for analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry with lean flame air-acetylene ( F-AAS).
This method enables the determination of lithium in concentration range of 0.05  3.50 g/ml. The lithium calibration curve obtained is characterized by correlation coefficient R2 = 1.0000. The detection limit of lithium (LOD) is 2 ng/ml, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) is 5 ng/ml. Determined coefficient of recovery is 1.00.
The developed method enables the determination of lithium hydride in workplaces air in the concentration range of 0.0008  0.056 mg/m3 (for a 720 l air sample) which represents 0.03  2.24 NDS.
The method of determining of lithium hydride has been recorded as an analytical procedure (appendix).
Urea – inhalable fraction. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)
Authors: Konieczko Katarzyna , Skowroń JOLANTA
Published: July 2020

Urea is a non-flammable, colorless or white crystalline solid. It has a faint aroma of ammonia and a cooling, saline taste. It is hygroscopic, very well soluble in water. During long-term storage and in aqueous solutions urea partly decomposes with the release of ammonia and carbon dioxide. Urea is used as a: component of fertilizer and animal feed; raw material for production of plastics, flame-proofing agents, adhesives, medicines, cosmetics and household products; reductant in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems used to reduce NOx emissions from stationary and mobile sources; deicing compound on roads, railroad tracks and airport runways; in the food industry as an additive for bakery products, alcoholic beverages and gelatine-based products and as a reagent in laboratories. In 2012, world production of urea was estimated to be around 184 million tonnes and is projected to increase further. In the European Chemicals Agency, urea was registered by 5 companies from Poland. The number of workers exposed to urea in 2 of these plants is a total of 201 people. Urea is an endogenous product, formed in the liver in the urea cycle from ammonia formed by the catabolism of amino acids and proteins, is then excreted by the kidneys. An adult man excretes about 20 ÷ 35 g of urea in the urine during the day. Most of the information on the effects of urea in humans comes from patients with renal insufficiency who have elevated urea levels. Adverse effects of urea include: headache, nausea, vomiting, syncope, confusion, electrolyte abnormalities in the blood. Urea has a slight irritating effect on the eyes and does not irritate the skin. At concentrations above 10% urea has a keratolytic effect - it facilitates peeling and increases the permeability of the stratum corneum, thereby increasing the therapeutic activity of many topical medications. Based on animal studies urea has low acute and chronic toxicity and no carcinogenic or reproductive toxicity. Urea does not meet the classification criteria as a CLP hazardous substance. Due to very low vapor pressure, exposure is possible only to urea dust. Therefore, in order to protect workers from the nuisance of particulate matter (dust) of urea, the MAC (TWA) value of 10 mg/m3 was recommended as for other dusts not classified for toxicity but posing a hazard for visibility reasons. There is no basis for determining the short-term exposure limit value (STEL) and the biological exposure index value (BEI).
Quinoline. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)
Authors: Frydrych Barbara , Bruchajzer Elżbieta , Szymańska Jadwiga
Published: July 2020

Quinoline is a colorless hygroscopic liquid with a pungent odor. It darkens with age. It is soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene and carbon disulfide, and is slightly soluble in water. It is used as a solvent and a decarboxylation reagent, and as a raw material in manufacturing dyes, antiseptics, fungicides, niacins and pharmaceuticals. The occupational exposure to quinoline applies to a person involved in the production of the substance or using products manufactured from this substance. The primary routes of potential human exposure to quinoline are ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. The most common symptoms of poisoning include eye and skin irritation, damage to the cornea, the retina or optic nerve, headaches and dizziness. Quinoline produced mutations in bacteria in the presence of metabolic activation, unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes, and DNA adducts. Studies of carcinogenicity in animals indicated that administration of quinoline (in feed) increased significantly the incidence of vascular tumors (hemangiomas or hemangiosarcomas) of the liver. Quinoline is classifield as mutagenic category 2 (substance, which is consider as mutagenic to humans) and to category 1B of carcinogenic substances (potent carcinogen to humans – may cause cancer). According to the above data, the MAC value for quinoline was established at 0.6 mg/m3. MAC- -STEL value was not established. The substance was labeled with “sk” (absorption through the skin can be similarly important as inhalation) and “I” – irritant substance.
1,3-Butadiene. Determination in workplace air
Authors: Kowalska Joanna
Published: July 2020

1,3-Butadiene is a colorless gas with a mild, aromatic odor. It is produced worldwide on a large industrial scale.
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for determining concentrations of 1,3-butadiene in workplace air.
The determination method is based on the adsorption of 1,3-butadiene on activated charcoal (200/50 mg sections), desorption with carbon disulfide and the analysis of the resulting solution with gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). A capillary column Rtx-5ms (60 m × 0.32 mm, i.d. × 0.25 μm film thickness) was used.
The method is linear within the working range from 0.98 µg/ml to 19.6 µg/ml, which is equivalent to air concentrations from 0.22 to 4.36 mg/m3 for a 4.5-L air sample.
The analytical method described in this paper enables selective determination of analytes in workplace air in presence of coexisting substances. The method is precise, accurate and it meets the criteria for procedures for measuring chemical agents listed in Standard No. EN 482. The method can be used for assessing occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene and associated risk to workers’ health.
The developed method of determining 1,3-butadiene has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see appendix).
Nanoparticle aerosols filtration using nonwoven filter media – separation mechanisms and experimental results
Authors: Jakubiak Szymon
Published: July 2020

This paper presents the mechanisms of nanoparticles retention on nonwoven filter media during depth aerosol filtration and the influence of parameters such as particle size, linear velocity and gas temperature, fibre diameter and packing density and surface charge of particles and fibres on retention efficiency of particles according to the classic filtration theory. Based on a review of literature sources, a comparison of filtration efficiency results obtained on the basis of classic filtration theory and experimental results is presented.
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine and its salts – inhalable fraction. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)
Authors: Bruchajzer Elżbieta , Frydrych Barbara
Published: July 2020

3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine (3,3'-DMB, DMB, o-tolidine) is a solid used (as water-soluble dihydrochloride salt (dimethylbenzidine · 2HCl)) in the production of azopigments, polyurethane elastomers and plastics for coating. Small amounts are also used in diagnostic tests in laboratories. Occupational exposure to dimethylbenzydine occurs mainly during the production and use of pigments to dye textiles, plastics, paper and leather. In 2005–2014, dimethylbenzidine was used in Poland in 18–30 workplaces, where 135–280 people each year (mainly women) were exposed. No epidemiological data and information related to toxic effects of DMB in humans was found in the available literature. The LD50 value (median lethal dose) after single intragastric administration of 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine to rats was 404 mg/kg. After repeated exposure of laboratory animals, liver, kidney, thyroid injury and hematological changes were noted. In the Ames tests with metabolic activation, it was found that metabolites of 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine show stronger mutagenic action than the parent compound. 3,3'-DMB induced also chromosome aberrations and exchange of sister chromatids in in vitro tests. Although 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine is a derivative of carcinogenic benzidine, carcinogenic effects on humans have not been proven. However, research provides data about carcinogenic effect of 3,3'-DMB in animals. After subcutaneous administration of 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine and its dihydrochloride salt in drinking water, Zymbal's and mammary glands tumors, and cancers of uterus, skin, liver, hematopoietic system, small and large intestine were observed in rats. IARC classified 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine in the 2B group (a supposed carcinogenic agent for humans), whereas ACGIH – in the A3 group (proved carcinogenic effect on animals and unknown carcinogenic effect for humans). The European Union (according to the CLP classification) has listed 3,3'-DMB in the 1B category with the inscription "H350 – can cause cancer". The permissible concentrations for 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine have been established in some European countries only (Austria, Slovenia and Switzerland) as 0.03 mg/m3. The basis of the proposed maximum concentration value (MAC-TWA) for 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine and its salts was a risk assessment of cancer in male rats chronically exposed to 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine dihydrochloride in drinking water. Taking into account the cancer risk at the level of 10-4, a concentration of 0.03 mg/m3 for the MAC-TWA value was proposed. There are no basis to determine the short-term value (STEL) and biological limit values (BLV). It was also proposed to label the compound with "Carc 1B", which indicates that it is a carcinogen category 1B, and "skin" – the absorption of substances through the skin may be as important as an inhalation route.
‘GO TO BIESZCZADY!’: TOURISM IN THE WESTERN BIESZCZADY MOUNTAINS IN THE 1930s
Authors: Organ Michał
Published: July 2020

Purpose. The aim of the study is focused on the development of tourism in the Western Bieszczady Mountains in the 1930s, the period being a turning point which started to change the perception of the region and its opportunities for further progress in the field.

Method. To present a comprehensive image of the issue in question, individual subsections covered in the study are devoted to available contemporary sources of tourist information, including maps and guidebooks, the creation of an activity profile of selected organisations, institutions and societies which had undertaken various steps and made investments in the tourist infrastructure. Furthermore, the contemporary transportation network and accommodation possibilities are discussed to outline the most severe limitations of tourism in the region. A depiction of marked tourist trails allowing first trips in the Western Bieszczady Mountains to be undertaken was also provided. To convey the intended study, historical-type methodology was applied.

Findings. The conducted analysis indicates that one of the most significant issues hindering the development of tourism in the region was the unsatisfactory transportation network, and especially the quality of roads and lack of means of transport which would successfully link eastern and western railroads, allowing further touristic exploration and development of tourist infrastructure, especially places of accommodation. Furthermore, analysis of the contemporary sources indicates that the previously negative perception of the Western Bieszczady Mountains among tourists and specialists in the field had started to change.

Research and conclusions limitations. The final conclusion, stating that the 1930s may be treated as a turning point in the development of tourism in the Western Bieszczady Mountains, at least in terms of their perception, can be drawn thanks to analysis of the available primary sources issued in the covered period.

Practical implications. The presented discussion demonstrating the development of tourism in the Western Bieszczady Mountains in the covered period of time may constitute very useful material for any further research devoted to the history of tourism in Poland, and especially for studies discussing the history of mountain tourism in the Polish Carpathians.

Originality. The study offers the first comprehensive discussion provided in Polish literature solely devoted to the topic in question. Previous sources are very limited in terms of analysed primary sources or treat the subject, especially the discussed period of time, as short introductory paragraphs or subsections in the discussion of tourism in the Western Bieszczady Mountains.

Type of paper. Monographic article.
CONFERENCE REPORT: ANTHROPOLOGY OF TOURISM INTEREST GROUP (ATIG) PANEL AT THE 117th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (2018)
Authors: Owsianowska Sabina
Published: July 2020

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Computer Simulations Using Complex Numerical Pyrolysis and Suppression Models
Authors: Krauze Andrzej , Krasuski Adam
Published: July 2020

models available in the Fire Dynamics Simulator. A theoretical example was provided of a computer
analysis using experimental models of pyrolysis and sprinkler models. One of the most
important factors that affect results of building safety computer analysis if the heat release rate
(HRR) obtained in the model. It may be defined in many ways in computer programmes. Use
may be made of the basic method, i.e. a defined value of HRR may be entered, independently
of simulation conditions. A more advanced method comprises calculation of HRR from the
model by simulating pyrolysis processes. Selection of a method for modelling HRR also defines
possibilities related to modelling effects of water suppression. Modelling fire suppression by
water must take into account three most important elements: moving of water droplets through
the air, transporting the water along the solid surface, and predicting the decreasing of the
burning rate. The basic method is to modify HRR curve. More advanced methods allow the
user to model decay phase depending on amount of water which reaches fire area.
Head and Neck Cancers, Version 2.2020, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
Authors: Pfister David G. , Spencer Sharon , Adelstein David , Adkins Douglas , Anzai Yoshimi , Brizel David M. , Bruce Justine Y. , Busse Paul M. , Caudell Jimmy J. , Cmelak Anthony J. , Colevas A. Dimitrios , Eisele David W. , Fenton Moon , Foote Robert L. , Galloway Thomas , Gillison Maura L. , Haddad Robert I. , Hicks Wesley L. , Hitchcock Ying J. , Jimeno Antonio , Leizman Debra , Maghami Ellie , Mell Loren K. , Mittal Bharat B. , Pinto Harlan A. , Ridge John A. , Rocco James W. , Rodriguez Cristina P. , Shah Jatin P. , Weber Randal S. , Weinstein Gregory , Witek Matthew , Worden Frank , Yom Sue S. , Zhen Weining , Burns Jennifer L. , Darlow Susan D.
Published: July 2020

Treatment is complex for patients with head and neck (H&N) cancers with specific site of disease, stage, and pathologic findings guiding treatment decision-making. Treatment planning for H&N cancers involves a multidisciplinary team of experts. This article describes supportive care recommendations in the NCCN Guidelines for Head and Neck Cancers, as well as the rationale supporting a new section on imaging recommendations for patients with H&N cancers. This article also describes updates to treatment recommendations for patients with very advanced H&N cancers and salivary gland tumors, specifically systemic therapy recommendations.
Private Payer and Medicare Coverage for Circulating Tumor DNA Testing: A Historical Analysis of Coverage Policies From 2015 to 2019
Authors: Douglas Michael P. , Gray Stacy W. , Phillips Kathryn A.
Published: July 2020

Background: Clinical adoption of the sequencing of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) for cancer has rapidly increased in recent years. This sequencing is used to select targeted therapy and monitor nonresponding or progressive tumors to identify mechanisms of therapeutic resistance. Our study objective was to review available coverage policies for cancer ctDNA–based testing panels to examine trends from 2015 to 2019. Methods: We analyzed publicly available private payer policies and Medicare national coverage determinations and local coverage determinations (LCDs) for ctDNA-based panel tests for cancer. We coded variables for each year representing policy existence, covered clinical scenario, and specific ctDNA test covered. Descriptive analyses were performed. Results: We found that 38% of private payer coverage policies provided coverage of ctDNA-based panel testing as of July 2019. Most private payer policy coverage was highly specific: 87% for non–small cell lung cancer, 47% for EGFR gene testing, and 79% for specific brand-name tests. There were 8 final, 2 draft, and 2 future effective final LCDs (February 3 and March 15, 2020) that covered non–FDA-approved ctDNA-based tests. The draft and future effective LCDs were the first policies to cover pan-cancer use. Conclusions: Coverage of ctDNA-based panel testing for cancer indications increased from 2015 to 2019. The trend in private payer and Medicare coverage is an increasing number of coverage policies, number of positive policies, and scope of coverage. We found that Medicare coverage policies are evolving to pan-cancer uses, signifying a significant shift in coverage frameworks. Given that genomic medicine is rapidly changing, payers and policymakers (eg, guideline developers) will need to continue to evolve policies to keep pace with emerging science and standards in clinical care.
Enighed om målet, men strid om midlerne
Authors: Krag Helen
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Verdens uorden
Authors: Udenrigs Redaktion
Published: July 2020

Fra redaktionen
Religion and Individualism in Modernity. Reflections on the Occasion of a Pandemic.
Authors: Vázquez García Peñuela José María
Published: July 2020

Modernity in the West had, among other things, the effect of encouraging people to distance themselves, especially from the more cultivated classes, from ecclesiastical structures, at first, and then from the Christian religion itself. This distancing had incidence on individualism, which also led to a modern vision of man and society. This paper discusses the main philosophical, political and cultural motives that directly influenced, especially after the French Revolution, the accelerated process of secularization. This process led to the skeptical and post-metaphysical attitude of the post-modernity of the 20th century. Unlike previous ones, it was a century in which atheism was not an attitude of few individuals among the intellectuals but it spread also to large groups of citizens. However, since the last two decades of the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st, some changes can be perceived that could indicate a return of interest towards religion in the West.
Religion in census, the 2011 Albania experience and its flaws
Authors: Akshija Ilir
Published: July 2020

The sensitive topic of religion in the Albanian 2011 census and the coming one is the focus of this study. The country majority is composed of ethnic Albanians, sharing the same nationality; blood, language, culture, territory while religion differs. It was found a flaw in categorization under the category ‘Bektashi’, one of the Albanian traditional divisions historically a sub-category of ‘Islam’. Placing it as a separate category, while the main body category ‘Islam’ is the other option creates fogginess for the inquired person. Checking on ‘Islam’ excludes s/he from the possibility to choose ‘Bektashi’ and vice versa. Data retrieved from the official INSTAT Albania online web atlas and reorganized second study objectives. Maps show a shift from traditional religious categories, Muslim, Catholic, Orthodox and Bektashi with clear geographical connotations. Traditional religious nominations range from the lowest loss of 2.9% to 56.5%. With a range 53.6%, and mean and standard deviation 23.6±13.3%, change is statistically significant p<0.001. The whole country records a fidelity to traditional categories of 75.6%. The quest of separation from the main body of a religious affiliation is a special case of separation because the sub-division always pretends to save the original message, not bringing a novelty. The case of the Albanian religious census categories superposition constitutes a technical error that needs revision.
Judicial Independence in Kosovo. A Critical Analysis of Select Provisions of the Law on Courts
Authors: Xhemajli Haxhi , Halili Xhevdet , Kilgallon Tristin M.
Published: July 2020

As the Republic of Kosovo continues to develop as independent state, the world watches closely. Of particular interest to many is whether Kosovo will truly embrace the rule of law or whether it’s growth will continue to be hampered by the long shadow of corruption. As the judiciary plays a central role in ensuring the rule of law is implemented and followed, it is critical that judges are free to exercise their judicial power freely and without fear of recourse from other members of the government, or the public. To this end, the newly revised Law on Courts is a key piece of legislation, as it specifies the qualifications, rights, and duties of the judges. This paper will analyze key provisions of the Law on Courts, paying special attention to how they impact judicial independence.
Fluctuating Capacity and the Strategic Role of Self-Binding Directives in Preserving Autonomy
Authors: Raphael Anna J.
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this article is to examine the concept of fluctuating capacity and its intricacies, identifying the issues that can inform the development of provisions in this area. The paper seeks to challenge the current binary approach applied in this context by showing that the
lack of legal principles governing the concept of fluctuating capacity renders people in this category vulnerable to being denied autonomy. It proposes a conceptual definition for the determination of fluctuating capacity and suggests the use of self-binding directives as a measure to overcome
the setbacks of the binary approach. The paper also proposes expanding the application of self-binding directives to include a wider scope of disorders with episodic features, adding to the debate on the autonomy and rights of people with bipolar disorder. The ethical justification for adopting
self-binding directives in this context is the safeguarding of autonomy when individuals prefer to extend their autonomy beyond moments of incapacity.
Consolidation chemotherapy may improve pathological complete response for locally advanced rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a retrospective study
Authors: Cui Jin , Dou Xue , Sun Yanlai , Yue Jinbo
Published: July 2020

Background

Patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) have an improved prognosis if achieved a pathological complete response (pCR) on account of neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (nCRT). However, the proportion of patients achieving pCR is only 8–24%. The purpose of this study was to explore whether the addition of consolidation chemotherapy to nCRT could improve pCR rate in patients with LARC.

Materials and Methods

The subjects were 144 individuals with clinical stage II (T3–4, N0) or III (any T, N1–2) LARC who had received neoadjuvant CRT followed by total mesorectal excision (TME). Eighty-three patients in the consolidation chemotherapy group received two cycles XELOX between CRT and TME, while 61 patients in the standard treatment group without consolidation chemotherapy. The pCR (ypT0N0), tumor downstaging (ypT0-2N0) after TME and adverse events (AEs) during and post treatment were compared between the treatment groups using multivariable logistic regression analysis. To adjust the unbalanced variables for the primary endpoint, logistic regression analysis and stratified analysis were performed.

Results

The consolidation chemotherapy group improved pCR rate (19.3% vs 4.9%,p= 0.01) and tumor downstaging rate (45.8% vs 24.6%,p= 0.009) compared to the standard treatment group. After adjustment for clinical tumor stage, clinical nodal stage and time interval to surgery, patients with consolidation chemotherapy were more likely to reach pCR (adjusted odds ratio 4.91, 95% CI [1.01–23.79],p= 0.048). AEs during and post treatment in the two groups were 54.1% vs 49.3% (p= 0.57), respectively. In addition, the incidence of any grade 1–2 AEs in the two groups was 93.4% vs 95.1% (p= 0.93), while the incidence of grade 3 AEs was 1.6% versus 2.4% (p= 0.74), respectively. No grade 4 AEs occurred in two groups.

Conclusions

The addition of neoadjuvant consolidation chemotherapy after CRT significantly increased the pCR rate and did not increase the AEs during and post treatment and in patients with LARC.
A Study of Second Order Slope Rotatable Designs under Intra-class Correlated Structure of Errors Using Partially Balanced Incomplete Block Type Designs
Authors: Sulochana B. , Victorbabu B. Re.
Published: July 2020

In this paper, a study of second order slope rotatable designs under intra-class correlated structure of errors using partially balanced incomplete block type designs is suggested. Further, we study the variance function of the estimated slopes for different values of intra-class correlated coefficient ( ) and distance from centre (d) for 6 ≤ v ≤ 12 (number of factors) are also suggested. We note the new method sometimes leads to designs with fewer number of design points.
L × T Analysis in F5 Lines of RGR Population Derived through Exploitation of Heterotic Groups in Gossypium Species
Authors: Tantuway Girish , Patil Shreekant S.
Published: July 2020

The combining ability studies assist in choosing the desirable parents for crossing in hybrid development. Forty derived hybrids generated by crossing ten F5 lines to the four testers for assessing combining ability. Hybrids along with the parents were planted in randomized block design and analysis of variance suggested that lines had significant differences for all the characters studied except number of monopodia per plant, reproductive points on sympodia and ginning outturn. Significant line effect of seed cotton yield and lint yield was revealed by ANOVA for combining ability. Variance of sca was higher than Variance of gca for all characters apart from seed cotton yield and lint yield. RGR F6 9 and RGR F6 7 lines were recorded to be the highest seed cotton yielding lines. The gca effects were highly significant for seed cotton yield and lint yield in RGR F5 1 and RGR F5 5 lines. RGR F5 1 x DR-8, RGR F5 7 x DR-8 and RGR F5 8 x DR-8 were the top three hybrids for seed cotton yield. The sca effect was positively significant in hybrids RGR F5 7 × DR-8 and RGR F5 1 × DR-8 for seed cotton yield.
Studies on the Proximate Contents and Potentials of Musa sapientum and Persea americana Fruits Peel as Media for the Growth of Medically Important Fungi
Authors: Ekwe David C. , Ekwebelem Osmond C. , Eze Emmanuel A.
Published: July 2020

Aim: The present study was designed to formulate growth media for medically important fungi using banana and avocado fruits peel.

Methodology: The peels were obtained from fresh banana and avocado fruits and dried into crisps at 100oC using hot air oven, pulverised into powder using Hammer mill machine and sieved into fine powder using 1 mm sieve size. Pure isolates of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cladosporium sp. were obtained from the Diagnostic Laboratory of the Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and used for the study. Two different media, Banana Peel Agar (BPA) and Avocado Peel Agar (APA) were formulated. 2 g of each fruit peel powder was introduced into separate conical flasks, 1g of agar powder was added as solidifying agent and varied glucose concentrations (20%, 10%, 5% and 0%) was used as nutrient (carbon source) supplement. The prepared media was sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes. The test organisms were inoculated aseptically onto the formulated media and incubated for 3 days at 37oC. Fungal growth was visually observed. For comparative analysis, Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) was used as control. 

Results: The formulated media supported the growth of all the test organisms, although at varying degrees. BPA showed more suitability than APA, with the growth of the test organisms on BPA favourably comparable to that on SDA. Proximate analysis of the fruit peels indicated that the moisture, ash, fat, crude fibre, crude protein and carbohydrate contents of avocado peel were 7.35%, 14.65%, 0.10%, 9.75%, 6.57% and 61.58% respectively and 5.80%, 6.00%, 0.45%, 5.35%, 10.95% and 71.45% respectively for banana peel.

Conclusion: Banana and avocado fruits peel can be utilized as alternative materials in the formulation of culture media for the in vitro cultivation of fungi for medical and research purposes.
Pupillary Response to Light is Preserved in Patients without Brain Insult Undergoing Rapid Sequence Intubation
Authors: Chaturbedi Abhishek , Thakur Jitendra , Jha Aashik , Niraula Milan
Published: July 2020

Objective of the Study: This paper has been aimed to determine whether the pharmacological neuromuscular blockade with rocuronium during emergency Rapid Sequence Intubation (RSI) affected pupillary response to light (PLR) in patients with brain insult as compared to patients who had non- neurological illness. Previous studies elucidated that RSI with pharmacological neuromuscular blockade does not affect PLR, except in patients with significant neurological lesion. Our objective is to examine the validity of existing but scarce literature on this subject, with further stratification of patients involved in this study into neurological and non-neurological disease groups.

Methods: This was a prospective case-reference study of case group with brain insult patients compared with reference group of patients without neurological diseases undergoing RSI in emergency settings. It is single centered study, conducted from October 2019 till May 2020. A pair of a neurosurgeon and a medical officer assessed pupillary light response after administration of neuromuscular blockade and intubation, each blinded to other’s assessment of PLR. Cases without pupillary response before RSI intubation were excluded. The primary outcome measure was clinically observable Pupillary Light Response (PLR) following neuromuscular blockade with Rocuronium in each group.

Results: We examined 50 patients undergoing RSI with Rocuronium, either in emergency department or Intensive Care Unit (ICU), 25 each in index and reference group respectively. All patients in the reference group showed PLR after RSI. Of case group patients receiving RSI, only15 of 25 (60%) demonstrated PLR after RSI. This was statistically significant (p value<0.05) when compared to number of patients with intact PLR after RSI in reference group. Cohen’s Kappa Coefficient (k) for inter-observer agreement was 0.70.

Conclusion: Rocuronium does not appear to affect PLR after emergent RSI in patients without brain injury. Only in patients with known brain insult showed impaired PLR, suggesting impaired pupillary light reflex mechanism may be the culprit for this aberration, rather than pharmacological neuromuscular blockade.
Boosting Room‐Temperature Magneto‐Ionics in a Non‐Magnetic Oxide Semiconductor
Authors: de Rojas Julius , Quintana Alberto , Lopeandía Aitor , Salguero Joaquín , Costa‐Krämer José L. , Abad Llibertat , Liedke Maciej O. , Butterling Maik , Wagner Andreas , Henderick Lowie , Dendooven Jolien , Detavernier Christophe , Sort Jordi , Menéndez Enric
Published: July 2020

Voltage control of magnetism through electric field‐induced oxygen motion (magneto‐ionics) could represent a significant breakthrough in the pursuit for new strategies to enhance energy efficiency in magnetically actuated devices. Boosting the induced changes in magnetization, magneto‐ionic rates and cyclability continue to be key challenges to turn magneto‐ionics into real applications. Here, it is demonstrated that room‐temperature magneto‐ionic effects in electrolyte‐gated paramagnetic Co3O4 films can be largely increased both in terms of generated magnetization (6 times larger) and speed (35 times faster) if the electric field is applied using an electrochemical capacitor configuration (utilizing an underlying conducting buffer layer) instead of placing the electric contacts at the side of the semiconductor (electric‐double‐layer transistor‐like configuration). This is due to the greater uniformity and strength of the electric field in the capacitor design. These results are appealing to widen the use of ion migration in technological applications such as neuromorphic computing or iontronics in general.
Understanding the Instability of the Halide Perovskite CsPbI3 through Temperature‐Dependent Structural Analysis
Authors: Straus Daniel B. , Guo Shu , Abeykoon AM Milinda , Cava Robert J.
Published: July 2020

Despite the tremendous interest in halide perovskite solar cells, the structural reasons that cause the all‐inorganic perovskite CsPbI3 to be unstable at room temperature remain mysterious, especially since many tolerance‐factor‐based approaches predict CsPbI3 should be stable as a perovskite. Here single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray pair distribution function (PDF) measurements characterize bulk perovskite CsPbI3 from 100 to 295 K to elucidate its thermodynamic instability. While Cs occupies a single site from 100 to 150 K, it splits between two sites from 175 to 295 K with the second site having a lower effective coordination number, which, along with other structural parameters, suggests that Cs rattles in its coordination polyhedron. PDF measurements reveal that on the length scale of the unit cell, the PbI octahedra concurrently become greatly distorted, with one of the IPbI angles approaching 82° compared to the ideal 90°. The rattling of Cs, low number of CsI contacts, and high degree of octahedral distortion cause the instability of perovskite‐phase CsPbI3. These results reveal the limitations of tolerance factors in predicting perovskite stability and provide detailed structural information that suggests methods to engineer stable CsPbI3‐based solar cells.
Photochromic Mechanism and Dual‐Phase Formation in Oxygen‐Containing Rare‐Earth Hydride Thin Films
Authors: Hans Marcus , Tran Tuan T. , Aðalsteinsson Sigurbjörn M. , Moldarev Dmitrii , Moro Marcos V. , Wolff Max , Primetzhofer Daniel
Published: July 2020

The phase formation of a photochromic Gd0.31(H0.55O0.45)0.69 thin film, grown by reactive magnetron sputtering, is critically evaluated. Oxygen is preferably incorporated into the underdense columnar grain boundaries, when the as‐deposited gadolinium hydride film is exposed to ambient conditions. Two phases, Gd2O3 and GdH2, are formed with significant compressive residual stress of 5.9 ± 1.5 GPa. These findings, extracted from transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and atom probe tomography, provide a straightforward explanation for the photochromic effect. The mechanism can be understood as photon‐induced hydrogen transfer between the two phases, identical in nature to the photochromic effect in bulk yttrium hydride at high pressure.