bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tumordurchbruchschmerzen mit passendem Wirkprofil behandeln
Authors: Jäger-Becker Dagmar
Published: March 2018

Mehr als 60% der 1,5 Millionen Tumorpatienten in Deutschland leiden an Dauerschmerzen, die mit einer ausgefeilten Tumorschmerztherapie meist gut kontrolliert werden können. „Aber schauen Sie genau hin bei ihren Tumorpatienten“, betonte Priv.-Doz. Justus Benrath aus Mannheim. „Denn bis zu 80% haben trotz einer Basistherapie mit retardierten Opioiden zusätzlich Tumordurchbruchschmerzen“. Die vorübergehenden Schmerzattacken erfordern eine gezielte Behandlung, etwa mit einem schnell wirksamen Analgetikum wie Fentanyl-Buccaltabletten, das dem besonderen Profil der Schmerzspitzen gerecht wird.
Unberechtigter therapeutischer Nihilismus
Authors: Hoc Siegfried
Published: March 2018

Ältere Turmorpatienten haben eine geringere Chance, nach dem aktuellen Wissens-stand behandelt zu werden. Sie sind in onkologischen Studien kaum vertreten und sie werden seltener leitliniengerecht behandelt, beklagte Priv.-Doz. Ulrich Wedding, Jena. Für Wedding ist dieser „therapeutischen Nihilismus bei älteren Patienten“ sachlich nicht gerechtfertigt. Die aktuelle Studienlage zeigt bei verschiedenen Tumorentitäten wie Darm-, Brust- und Lungenkrebs, dass innovative Therapien den Patienten unabhängig vom Alter nützen können.
Überlebensvorteil für Bortezomib auch nach 3 Jahren nachweisbar
Authors: Kretzschmar Alexander
Published: March 2018

Eine aktualisierte Analyse der VISTA-Studie zeigt auch nach einem medianen Followup von 36,7 Monaten einen signifikanten Überlebensvorteil bei unbehandelten Myelom-Patienten unter der Dreierkombination Bortezomib/Melphalan/Prednison (VMP) gegenüber dem alten Standard Melphalan/Prednison (MP). Diese Überlegenheit ist um so höher einzuschätzen als rund 50% der Patienten im MP-Arm im weiteren Verlauf ihrer Erkrankung ebenfalls Bortezomib (Velcade®) erhalten hatten, hob Dr. Hans-Jürgen Salwender, Hamburg, auf einer Pressekonferenz auf dem Deutschen Krebskongress 2010 hervor. Die VISTA-Daten bestätigen weiter, dass von Bortezomib auch Patienten mit eingeschränkter Nierenfunktion profitieren, wie Prof. Dr. Orhan Sezer, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg, erläuterte. Erste Auswertungen der Langzeitstudie wiesen darüber hinaus auf eine positive Beeinflussung des Knochenstoffwechsels hin, der bei vielen Myelom-Patienten gestört ist.
Vor- und Nachteile der Etablierung eines Prostatakarzinomzentrums (DKG)
Authors: Gagel B. , Klotz T.
Published: March 2018

In der BRD erkranken zirka 40 000 Männer pro Jahr an einem Prostatakarzinom. Die Be-handlungskonzepte variieren in Abhängigkeit vom Einzelfall. In diesem Zusammen-hang spielen multimodale interdisziplinäre Behandlungskonzepte wie überall in der On-kologie eine immer größere Rolle.Hier macht das Prostatakarzinom definitiv keine Ausnahme. Die Bildung von Prostatakarzinomzentren an Kliniken erleichtert durch Verbesserung der Ablauforganisation und interdisziplinären Kommunikation die Behandlung der Patienten unabhängig vom Stadium und erlaubt eine rasche Umsetzung neuer Entwicklungen. Die Etablierung eines Zentrums ist allerdings mit hohen Kosten verbunden, die zurzeit weder ambulant noch stationär im KV- oder DRG-System abgebildet werden.
VMP-Schema mit Überlebensvorteil gegenüber MP
Authors: Kretzschmar Alexander
Published: March 2018

Die Dreijahres-Daten der VISTA-Studie bestätigen den Anspruch dieses Schemas als eine First-Line-Therapie bei dieser Patientenkohorte. Teilnehmer waren 682 unvorbehandelte, nicht für eine Stammzelltransplantation geeignete Patienten mit einem medianen Alter von 71 Jahren. Nach einem Follow-up von 36,7 Monaten lebten mit 68,5 vs. 54,0 % deutlich mehr mit dem VMP-Schema (Bortezomib/Melphalan/Prednison) behandelte Patienten als im Vergleichsarm mit dem MP-Schema (Melphalan/Prednison) (HR 0,653, p = 0,0008).
Tumorhistologie und Biomarker weisen den Weg
Authors: Hoc Siegfried
Published: March 2018

Wird ein nicht kleinzelliges Lungenkarzinom (NSCLC) in einem frühen, noch resektablen Stadium diagnostiziert, ist die Prognose nicht schlechter als bei anderen malignen Erkrankungen. Das ist aber nur bei einem Viertel der Erkrankten der Fall. Einen deutlichen Fortschritt in der NSCLC-Behandlung markiert in dieser Situation die zielgerichtete individualisierte Therapie in Verbindung mit einer pathohistologischen Charakterisierung des Tumors und die Bestimmung prädiktiver molekularbiologischer Marker.
Investigation concerning the Radiation Exposure of the Medical Personnel during F-l8-FDG-PET Studies
Authors: Will E. , Beuthien-Baumann B. , Linemann H.
Published: March 2018

Aim: The aim of the investigation was the identification of those working steps with the highest radiation exposure for the medical personnel during F-l8-FDG-PET studies and to evaluate the effectiveness of radiation protection devices and instructions developed in our PET-center. Methods: The personal dose and hand dose were measured for each working procedure during F-l8-FDG-PET studies using electronic personal dosimeters and thermoluminescent dosimeters respectively. Additionally, measurements of the radiation level near the patient were taken. Results: The mean personal dose resulting from syringe preparation was 1 μSv/syringe, from injection 3 μSv/patient, from blood sampling during quantitative studies 6 μSv/study, and from positioning and handling of the patient 6 μSv/study. The mean hand dose per syringe preparation was 710 μSv for each hand. The mean hand dose during injection was 13 μSv for the right hand and 27 μSv for the left hand. All above mentioned values were measured applying the routine radiation shielding in use in our PET center. Conclusion: With the developed radiation shielding and means to reduce radiation exposure applied the allowed annual dose for medical personnel are not exceeded. One exception is the hand dose resulting from syringe preparation. An automatic or remote filling device should be used at this working step.
Metastases in patients with malignant melanoma despite of negative sentinel lymph node: Has the concept to be changed?
Authors: Konz B. , Schmid-Wendtner M. H. , Sander C. , Dresel S. , Tatsch K. , Volkenandt M. , Hahn K. , Weiss M.
Published: March 2018

Aim: The Sentinel Lymph Node (SLN) is of considerable prognostic relevance, because extended lymph node dissection may not be performed in patients presenting with histologically negative SLN. The aim of the present study was to prove the prognostic value of the SLN-concept in these patients. Methods: So far the clinical follow-up of 162 patients with histologically proven malignant melanoma and metastatically uninvolved (negative) SLN was investigated. Histological examination included standard methods (HE-Test) and special histochemical techniques (S-100, HMB-45). All patients underwent clinical examination, ultrasonic diagnosis of the regional lymph nodes, and x-ray of the chest every 3 months. Results: Despite of negative SLN-findings in 8/162 patients metastases of the malignant melanoma were found after a time period of 5-27 months. Three patients presented with recurrence in the previously mapped (negative) SLN-basin. In another case the scintigraphically visualized SLN could not be identified intraoperativelly by means of the hand-held gamma probe. One patient showed intransit-metastases or skin-metastases, respectively; another patient recurred in the scar area. One patient showed hematogenic dissemination (liver) which is not detectable by lymphoscintigraphy; in another patient metastases were found outside the primary lymphatic basin (cervical). Conclusion: In our patient group 4,9% presented with metastases despite negative SLN while published data report up to 11% (observation period 35 months), among them only 3 patients (1,9%) being real concept failures. Our results underline that there is no evidence to change this concept in patients with clinically early stage.
The role of L-3-1-123-iodine-α-methyl tyrosine-SPECT in cerebral gliomas
Authors: Schmidt D. , Matheja P. , Coenen H. H. , Langen K.-J. , Weckesser M.
Published: March 2018

L-3-1-123-iodine-a-methyltyrosine (IMT) is a 1-123-labelled amino acid which has been used for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of cerebral gliomas for more than a decade. IMT-SPECT is able to detect tumor infiltration independent of disruptions of the blood-brain barrier which is often difficult with computed tomography or magnetic resonance tomography. The method is useful to detect tumor recurrences and helps to distinguish gliomas from non-neoplastic brain masses. IMT-SPECT is thus a valuable tool in the diagnostic evaluation and in therapy planning of patients with cerebral gliomas.
Funktionsszintigraphie in der Transplantatnachsorge
Authors: Gratz K. F.
Published: March 2018

Spezielle Indikationen für nuklearmedizinische Untersuchungen in der Transplantatnachsorge sind die Beurteilung von Perfusion, Funktion und Urinabfluß im postoperativen Verlauf nach Nieren-Tx u.a. mittels 99mTc-DTPA-Bolusstudie, bei einer kombinierten Tx gleichzeitig für das Pankreas-Tx geltend, am Herz-Tx die RNV zur Funktionsbeurteilung, die Antimyosin-Szintigraphie zum Ausschluß einer Abstoßungsreaktion in der Spätphase, die Choleszintigraphie zum Nachweis von Galleabflußstörungen nach Leber-Tx, nach auxiliärer Tx zur Beurteilung des Funktionsverlaufes beider Organe. Die Ventilations-Perfusionsszintigraphie ist hilfreich nach Lungen-Tx bei unilateralen Vorgehen zur Funktionsabschätzung der verbliebenen Eigenlunge, zur Erkennung von Stenosen bzw. der Bronchomalazie im Bereich der Anastomose. Die 3-Phasen-Skelettszintigraphie kann Prognoseparameter nach Knochen-Tx liefern. Weitere, allgemeine Verfahren z. B. zur Messung der Perfusion, des Glukoseoder Fettstoffwechsels, zur Darstellung einer Abstoßungsreaktion, zur Abszeßoder zur Tumorrezidivdiagnostik werden fakultativ eingesetzt.
Fatty Tissue Visualization 18 Hours after 133Xe Lung Ventilation Study
Authors: Bekier A. M.
Published: March 2018

In order to check a new rebreathing unit for ventilation investigations of the lungs with radioactive gases, a 133Xe lung ventilation study was performed in a 56-year old healthy volunteer. The contamination check on the following day triggered a radiation warning caused by the retained xenon activity in the body. The whole-body scan performed 18 h after the inhalation showed clearly a faint delineation of the xenon activity, corresponding to the subcutaneous fatty tissue of the individual studied.
Zur klinischen Wertigkeit der zerebralen Dopamin-D2-Rezeptorszintigraphie
Authors: Klimke A. , Larisch R.
Published: March 2018

Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt eine Übersicht über Befunde und klinische Indikationen zur Dopamin-D2-Rezeptorszintigraphie. Methoden zur Untersuchung der D2-Rezeptoren sind die Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) mit 11C- oder 18F-markierten Butyrophenonen oder Benza- miden oder die Einzelphotonen-Emissions-Tomographie (SPECT) mit 123l-lodobenzamid (IBZM). Die wichtigste neurologische Indikation ist die Differentialdiagnose des Parkinsonismus: In frühen Stadien des Morbus Parkinson findet sich eine Erhöhung der Striatalen D2-Rezeptorbin- dung (D2-RB) im Vergleich zu gesunden Normalpersonen. Patienten mit einem Steele-Richardson-Olszewski-Syndrom oder einer Multisystem- atrophie hingegen, die therapeutisch schwierig einzustellen sind, zeigen eine Verringerung der striatalen D2-RB. Das ebenfalls abzugrenzende medikamentös induzierte Parkinson-Syndrom beruht auf einer Blockade der D2-Rezeptoren, die durch die Dopamin-D2-Rezeptorszintigraphie nachgewiesen werden kann. Weitere mögliche Indikationen bestehen in der Psychiatrie: Bei schizophrenen Patienten, die mit Neuroleptika behandelt werden, ist die Bestimmung der »Receptor Occupancy« sinnvoll, um die optimale Medikamentendosis zu bestimmen. Außerdem ermöglicht die D2-Rezeptorszintigraphie bei diesen Patienten die Differentialdiagnose zwischen dem malignen Neuroleptikasyndrom und der febrilen Katatonie. Bei Suchterkrankungen könnte die Methode möglicherweise zur Prädiktion und Verlaufskontrolle neurochemischer Veränderungen im Rahmen einer Entwöhnungsbehandlung genutzt werden. Bei der Depression schließlich kann die Bestimmung der D2-RB die Wahl der Therapie für den Kliniker vereinfachen: Neue klinische Befunde deuten an, daß Patienten mit niedriger D2-RB gut auf eine medikamentöse Therapie ansprechen, während bei Patienten mit hoher D2-RB u.a. eine Schlafentzugsbehandlung aussichtsreich ist.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Experimental Tendonitis in Sheep
Authors: Stewart W. A. , Trout D. R. , Dobson H. , Bahr R. , Hurtig M. B.
Published: March 2018

Experimental tendonitis in sheep is used to demonstrate the advantages of magnetic resonance imaging: three-dimensional imaging ability, high image resolution and the ability to detect alteration in tissue composition that occurs in pathological states.
Reconstruction of Distal Hind Limb Injuries in Cats Using the Caudal Superficial Epigastric Skin Flap
Authors: Salisbury S. , Bauer M. S.
Published: March 2018

Four cats were admitted for treatment of traumatic wounds distal to the tarsus. The caudal superficial epigastric skin flap was used to reconstruct each wound. In two cats, an initial flap that included all four mammary glands was attempted, but the segment of the flap that incorporated the first mammary gland underwent necrosis. Caudal superficial epigastric flaps that included mammary glands ## 2, 3 and 4 survived completely in three cats. In one cat the distal 3.0 cm, including the second mammary gland, underwent necrosis after a seroma formed. These flaps covered defects that extended beyond the tarsus in all cats and to the digits in two cats.

Four cats with traumatic wounds distal to the tarsus underwent reconstructive surgery. Caudal superficial epigastric flaps that included mammary glands ## 2, 3 and 4 were used to reconstruct the wounds. In two cats, all four mammary glands were initially included with the flap. In these two cats, the distal portions of the flaps including the first mammary gland underwent necrosis. The necrotic areas were debrided and the flaps were repositioned to cover the defects. The remainder of these flaps and one flap that included mammary glands ## 2–4 survived completely. All flaps covered defects that extended beyond the tarsus in all cats and to the digits in two cats.
Bone Plate Removal in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Emmerson T. D. , Muir P.
Published: March 2018

The medical records and radiographs of 255 consecutive bone plate applications were reviewed. Thirteen percent of the bone plates were removed. Removal of bone plates was most often performed for carpal, tibial, femoral and humeral constructs. Only 9.4% of plates were applied to the tibia and the tarsus, but 27% of plate removals were performed for these skeletal regions.

The most common reason for plate removal was construct instability. Factors often associated with unstable constructs included multiple limb injuries, fracture comminution, empty screw holes, engagement of an inadequate number of cortices proximal or distal to the fracture and failure to use cancellous bone autograft. Other reasons for plate removal included infection, soft tissue irritation, and chronic lameness.

A series of 255 consecutive bone plate applications were reviewed. Thirteen percent of bone plates were removed. Construct instability was the most common reason for plate removal. Bone plates were also removed because of soft tissue irritation, infection, and chronic lameness. Plate removal was most often performed for tibial and tarsal constructs.
Interlocking Intramedullary Nail Fixation for a Comminuted Diaphyseal Femoral Fracture in an Alpaca
Authors: Roush J. K. , DeBowes R. M. , Mills J. , Lillich J. D.
Published: March 2018

While reports of long bone fracture repair in new world camelids are limited, clinical cases are more frequently encountered. Options from repair have been similar to those chosen for small ruminants. The use of an interlocking intramedullary nail for a comminuted mid-diaphyseal femoral fracture proved to be successful. Based on the relatively straight and narrow shape of the femur of new world camelids and the results of this case, the interlocking intramedullary nail may be a suitable option for long bone fracture repair in these species.
Comparison of Fishing Line for Repair of the Cruciate Deficient Stifle
Authors: Meinen J. , Phillips T. , Manley P. A. , Sicard Gretchen K.
Published: March 2018

Numerous types of suture material have been used for extra-articular cranial cruciate ligament stabilization. Although monofilament nylon leader line is considered by some to be the most appropriate material for this procedure, monofilament nylon fishing line is a popular alternative (8, 13). The purpose of this study was to evaluate four brands of nylon fishing line in order to determine the superiority of the material as well as the sterilization method of choice. The four brands of monofilament fishing line tested were 36 kilogram test “Ande”, “Berkley”, “Hi-Seas”, and “Maxima”.

“Ande” and “Maxima” proved superior in strength prior to sterilization. When the materials were sterilized by ethylene oxide, minimal elongation was observed. However, there was a significant decrease in strength for three of the four materials (“Ande”, “Hi-Seas”, and “Maxima”) when compared to unsterilized or to steam sterilized samples. Steam sterilization resulted in significant elongation of all materials tested and had a variable effect on strength (either greater, equal, or less than no sterilization). Considering all materials, “Ande” was the nylon material of choice when ethylene oxide was used for sterilization, and “Ande” or “Maxima” were the nylon materials of choice when steam sterilization was used.

The strength and elongation of four brands of thirty-six-kilogram test monofilament nylon fishing line were tested using a materials testing machine without sterilization and following either steam or ethylene oxide sterilization. “Ande” was the nylon material of choice when ethylene oxide was used for sterilization and “Ande” or “Maxima” were the nylon materials of choice when steam sterilization was used.
Radiographic Prevalence of Osteochondrosis in Yearling Feral Horses
Authors: Valentino L. W. , Gaughan E. M. , Biller D. R. , Raub R. H. , Lillich J. D.
Published: March 2018

The purpose of the study is to document the prevalence of articular surface osteochondrosis lesions in feral horses. Eighty yearling feral horses were used. Radiographic images of the left stifle, both tarsocrural, metatarsophalangeal, metacarpophalangeal joints were taken. Radiographs were examined for the presence of osteochondral fragmentation and abnormal outline of subchondral bone suggestive of osteochondrosis. The prevalence of each lesion was calculated for each joint as well as for overall prevalence within the group, the latter being 6.25%. Typical osteochondrosis lesions were found within the tarsocrural and metatarsophalangeal joints. Based on the difference in prevalence of osteochondrosis between feral and certain domestic horses, management practices and perhaps genetic base may have a greater influence on the development of the disease in horses than trauma alone.
Body Weight as a Predisposing Factor for Humeral Condylar Fractures, Cranial Cruciate Rupture and Intervertebral Disc Disease in Cocker Spaniels
Authors: Conzemius M. G. , Shofer F. S. , Brown Dorothy
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not body weight is a risk factor for humeral condylar fractures (HCF), cranial cruciate rupture (CCR) or intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in the American Cocker Spaniel dog. Body weight, age, sex and recorded diagnoses of 854 Cocker Spaniels admitted to the teaching hospital, over a four-year period, were recorded from medical records. Dogs with a diagnosis of HCF (n = 21) weighed significantly more than the general population of Cocker Spaniels seen at the hospital over the same time period. Dogs with CCR (n = 20) were likely to weigh more than the general population. Whereas, dogs with IVDD (n = 47) weighed less than the general population of Cocker Spaniels. From these results, we concluded that body weight is a predisposing factor for HCF in Cocker Spaniels; that there is a tendency for Cocker Spaniels with CCR to be heavier than the general population and that being overweight does not predispose them to IVDD.

Body weight, age, sex, and diagnoses of 854 Cocker Spaniels admitted over four years were recorded. Dogs with humeral condylar fractures weighed significantly more than the general population of Cocker Spaniels admitted over the same time period. Dogs with cruciate rupture weighed more, on average, than the general population of Cocker Spaniels, but surprisingly, dogs with intervertebral disc disease weighed less.
Experimental Use of Kiel Bone after Subtotal Sternectomy in the Dog
Authors: Pepe M. , Bellezza E. , Bufalari A. , Arcelli R. , Moriconi F. , Meo A.
Published: March 2018

The experimental results of chestwall reconstruction after partial sternectomy are reported. Four Beagle dogs underwent subtotal sternal resection and reconstruction by the implantation of a cortico-spongy bone heterograft, sandwiched between two layers of reabsorbable mesh.

Major postoperative complications were not observed. The implant showed favorable mechanical and biological properties.

Approximately six months after the operation two animals were euthanatized as were the remaining two after 12 months. Pathological examination showed good incorporation of the implanted bone with only partial resorption of its spongiosa.

Compared with autologous bone transplants in humans, sterile bone heterograft seems to afford the same mechanical properties but with significantly reduced surgical trauma.

The experimental results of chest-wall reconstruction after partial sternectomy in four Beagle dogs are reported.
Achilles Tenorrhaphy in Five Dogs: A Modified Surgical Technique and Evaluation of a Cranial Half Cast
Authors: Burbidge H. , Firth E. , Fox S. , Guerin S.
Published: March 2018

Achilles mechanism rupture in four of five dogs was treated with tenorrhaphy using a modified surgical technique designed to optimise accurate apposition of tendon to bone. Two bone tunnels were drilled in the calcaneal tuber from a plantomedial - dorsolateral, and plantolateral – dorsomedial direction respectively. The distal ends of the tendons were sutured to the calcaneal tuber using a Krachow suture pattern. The remaining dog had a mid-tendon Achilles mechanism rupture. A resinous half cast was placed on the cranial aspect of the tarsocrural joint of all five dogs, for a minimum of six weeks, in order to provide limited post operative support. Du e to insufficient cast material two of the support splints failed and one of these cases also required a second surgical procedure. A varying amount of soft tissue irritation was noted in each case. All of the five Achilles mechanisms healed, and all of the dogs returned to normal function.

Five dogs with surgical reconstruction of the Achilles mechanism were stabilised postoperatively with a resinous half cast placed on the cranial aspect of the tarsocrural joint for a minimum of six weeks. Two of these casts failed at the tarsocrural joint when six folds of casting material were used; all subsequent cases had eight folds applied. Variable soft tissue irration was observed under the cast in each case. A modified surgical technique using a Krachow suture pattern allowed good tendon-bone apposition. All five Achilles mechanisms healed, and all dogs returned to normal function. Bilateral lesions were identified in 3 of the 4 dogs examined.
Articular Lag Screw Fixation of a Proximal Humeral Fracture in a Dog
Authors: Holmberg D. L.
Published: March 2018

The use of screws placed from the articular surface in lag fashion for the repair of proximal femoral physeal fractures has been reported experimentally and clinically with mixed results. This report describes the use of the technique in the repair of a fractured proximal humeral physis.
Vascular Injury and Delayed Hemorrhage after Antebrachial External Skeletal Fixation in a Dog
Authors: Davidson E. B.
Published: March 2018

A seven-month-old female Saluki was diagnosed with angular limb deformity due to premature closure of the left distal ulnar physis. Corrective radial osteotomy and ulnar ostectomy were performed, and the radius was stabilized with external skeletal fixation. Profuse haemorrhage occurred from the second medioproximal pin site two weeks after surgery. Removal of the pin resolved the hemorrhage. Early recognition and treatment of vascular injury secondary to vessel erosion after external skeletal fixation is necessary, as this is a serious complication. Appropriate pin placement in the radius will prevent this complication.

Two weeks after application of an external skeletal fixator to the antibrachium of a seven-month-old Saluki profused haemorrhage occurred from one pin site. Surgical removal of the pin was necessary to arrest haemorrhage.
Biomechanical Comparison of Standard Excisional Hip Arthroplasty and Modified Deep Gluteal Muscle Transfer Excisional Arthroplasty
Authors: Dogan S. , Vanderby R. , Dueland R. T.
Published: March 2018

A comparison of hind limb weight-bearing for standard hip excision (EX) vs. modified deep gluteal excision (MDG) was performed in sixteen hips of eight dogs. Using force plated technology, maximum vertical force was determined in each hind limb at a walk before and at two and four months after the operation. Recovery with both techniques was 67% at two months and 84% at four months after the operation. In conclusion, transfer of a portion of the deep gluteal muscle to the femoral osteotomy site appears not to halve any advantage over standard hip excision. The original deep gluteal transfer technique was not compared.

A portion of this report was presented at the 1995 Veterinary Orthopedic Society meeting, Whistler, B.C. Canada
Mandibular lengthening in a juvenile camel by distraction osteogenesis
Authors: Hurtig M. B. , Whiteside D. , Mehren K. , Cruz A. M.
Published: March 2018

A three-year old bactrian camel was surgically treated by means of distraction osteogenesis for the correction of a severe mandibular brachygnathia. The mandible was osteotomized in two fragments at the diastema. An external fixator frame, composed of five 1/3rd rings connected by three connecting bars and two transporting rods, was used to achieve stability and optimize sequential fragment distraction during bone healing. After a period of four months, adequate healing had occurred and 35 mm of new bone had formed. Although a significant lengthening was accomplished, the final result was not optimal. We describe the technique used and discuss the suitability and limitations of this technique for its use in large animals.

Mandibular lengthening by means of distraction osteogenesis is described in a juvenile camel. Bone lengthening was accomplished over a period of time making this technique suitable for large animal species. However structural adjustments to the external lengthening device are necessary to obtain optimal results.
Lateral condyle fracture of the femur complicated by lateral patellar luxation in two dogs
Authors: DiMeo A. , Bellezza E. , Pepe M. , Bufalari A.
Published: March 2018

Two cases of lateral condyle fracture of the femur associated with lateral patellar luxation in the dog are described in this paper. Lateral condyle fractures are rare and difficult to diagnose. If the fracture is not opportunely reduced, the instability of the stifle can cause lateral patellar luxation and severe degenerative joint disease.
Use of osteogenic protein-1 in the management of a nonunion radial fracture in a Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri boliviensis)*
Authors: Vogelnest L. , Shimmin A. J. , Moses P. A. , Simpson D. J. , Liptak J. M.
Published: March 2018

A Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) presented with comminuted, proximal diaphyseal fractures of the left radius and ulna which were repaired with a type II acrylic external fixateur and intramedullary pin, respectively. The external fixateur was removed six weeks postoperatively as the antebrachium was stable despite radiographic evidence that the radial fracture had failed to completely heal. Eight months postoperatively, radiographic examination revealed a nonunion fracture of the proximal radial diaphysis. The nonunion fracture was stabilised with a miniplate and screws, and osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) (bone morphogenetic protein-7) was inserted to augment bony union. Radiographic evidence of fracture healing was present four weeks postoperatively. Bone morphogenetic proteins, in particular OP-1, can be used as a substitute for autogenous cancellous bone if there is an insufficient quantity of cancellous bone or harvesting will result in unacceptable morbidity.

Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1 or bone morphogenetic protein 7) was used in the management of a nonunion fracture of the radius in a Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri boliviensis). Osteogenic protein-1 was used in preference to autogenous cancellous bone as the small size of the monkey would have limited the quantity of cancellous bone and predisposed to morbidity at the harvest site. This is the first report of the clinical use of OP-1 in veterinary surgery.
Effects of an opioid receptor agonist and antagonist on cytokine-stimulated canine articular chondrocytes in three-dimensional culture
Authors: Cook J. L. , Dodam J. R. , Kreeger J. M. , Tomlinson J. L. , Kuroki K. , Priddy N. H.
Published: March 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of [D-Ala2, Nme-Phe4, Gly5-ol] enkephalin (DAMGO), a μ-opioid receptor agonist, and β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA), a μ-opioid receptor antagonist, on the biosynthetic capabilities of canine chondrocytes cultured in the presence of interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β). Articular chondrocytes were harvested from the humeral heads of three adult dogs and cultured in a three-dimensional (3-D) gel medium made from low-melting agarose and cell culture medium. Chondrocytes in 3-D culture were exposed to IL-1 β (0 or 20 ng/ml), DAMGO (0,0.1,1.0, or 10 μM), and β-FNA (0 or 10 μM) by addition to the liquid media in all possible combinations. On days five and 15 of 3-D culture, liquid medium samples were harvested for subsequent analysis of glycosaminogly- can (GAG), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and matrix metalloprotease-3 (MMP-3) content. On the same days, gel plugs were also harvested and evaluated for GAG content.

Incubation with IL-1 β decreased the amount of GAG in the gel plugs and caused an increase in PGE2 production on days five and 15 of 3-D culture. Treatment with DAMGO or β-FNA did not significantly modulate PGE2 production, MMP-3 production, GAG loss to the medium or GAG content of the gel plugs on either day five or 15 of 3-D culture in the presence or absence of IL-1 β. We concluded that DAMGO and β-FNA had neither protective nor detrimental effects on the biosynthetic capabilities of chondrocytes in the presence or absence of IL-1 β.
On age-related mammalian bone loss: Insights of the Utah paradigm
Authors: Frost H. M.
Published: March 2018

An elegant design stratagem would make its loads control the strength of an organ intended to carry loads without breaking. Healthy load-bearing mammalian bones do exactly that. Physiologists begin to understand how they do it, and this article reviews some of the biological “machinery” responsible for it. Why? Because that machinery’s features show what can cause age-related bone loss, how it occurs, how a long-overlooked mechanism in bone marrow would contribute to it, why loss of whole-bone strength seems more important than loss of bone ‘mass’, and why some absorptiometric indicators of whole-bone strength are unreliable. The machinery’s features also show why strong muscles normally make strong bones, why persistently weak muscles normally make weak bones, and why loss of muscle strength usually causes a disuse-pattern osteopaenia.

Those things could question long-accepted ‘wisdom’, but four observations concern that; (1) the questions concern what facts mean far more than the accuracy of the facts, and the basic facts now seem pretty clear;

(2) this article must leave resolution of such questions, and of the devils that can hide in the details, to other times, places and people;

(3) the plate tectonics story showed that better facts and ideas can change accepted wisdom dramatically;

(4) and poor interdisciplinary communication delayed and still delays diffusion of better facts and ideas to many skeletal science and clinical disciplines that needed and need them.
Pull-out strength of orthopaedic screws in polymethylmethacrylate filled medullary cavities of foal third metacarpal bones
Authors: Martin G. S. , Gill M. S. , Sod G. A.
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro pull-out force and strength of 4.5-mm and 5.5-mm cortical screws inserted in the diaphysis of foal third metacarpal bones with and without polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) filling the medullary cavity. Filling the medullary cavity with PMMA significantly increased the pull-out force of 4.5-mm screws by 2.0-fold, and 5.5-mm screws by 2.2-fold, compared to controls (p < 0.001). Also the mean pull-out strength per mm of bones filled with PMMA was significantly greater (p < 0.001) than empty control bones. Our results suggest that filling the medullary cavity with PMMA at sites of greater stress, such as the ends of the plate and near the fracture site, may result in a more stable internal fixation.
Internal splinting of dorsal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal instabilities in dogs and cats with the ComPact UniLock 2.0/2.4TM System
Authors: Keller M. , Montavon P. M. , Voss K.
Published: March 2018

Dorsal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal instabilities are considered to be uncommon in dogs and only a few cases have been reported in cats. Treatment usually consists at partial arthrodesis. Internal splinting of the affected joints represents an alternative surgical method, with the goal of preserving joint function. In the present study, 13 animals (10 cats and 3 dogs) with dorsal, dorsomedial or dorsolateral intertarsal or tarsometatarsal instabilities, treated with an internal fixator (ComPact UniLock 2.0/2.4™ System) in bridging function, were reviewed. The joint cartilage was left intact. Follow-up time ranged from one month to one year postoperatively. The clinical outcome was considered good or excellent in 12 of the animals and moderate in one cat. The implants were removed from three patients. Follow-up radiographs were available for 10 cases. Joint space narrowing, or joint fusion, occurred in three cases. A broken screw each in one cat and one dog did not affect the stability of the joints involved. The technique described is simple and less invasive than partial arthrodesis and results suggest it as being a valuable alternative to partial arthrodesis. Early implant removal might possibly prevent cartilage damage and joint fusion due to prolonged immobilization.
Use of a stainless steel cable and headless tapered compression screw for repair of a tibial crest fracture in a 10-year-old horse
Authors: Galuppo L. D. , Johnson N. L.
Published: March 2018

Tibial tuberosity and/or crest fractures uncommonly occur in horses and are generally acquired injuries associated with direct trauma to the stifle region. Non-articular, minimally to moderately displaced tibial tuberosity fractures can be conservatively managed with strict stall rest for several months. Large, unstable, articular, and/or displaced fractures require open reduction and internal fixation. Traditional methods of fracture repair have utilized compression plates and bone screws or stainless steel wire in tension-band configurations. However, simple tibial tuberosity or crest fractures can be surgically repaired via a minimally invasive approach with use of stainless steel cable in a tension-band configuration and headless compression screw, and result in a successful outcome.
Augmentation of intertransverse process lumbar fusion
Authors: Martinez Steven A. , Hughes Joanne , Lincoln James D. , Shih Mei-Shu , Zheng Hellen , Carroll William J. , Nawrocki Michael A.
Published: March 2018

Spinal fusion surgery for alleviation of intractable lower back pain in humans is currently a primary therapeutic technique, with failure rates averaging between 5 to 35%. Implanted and external source-based electrical stimulation devices have been investigated in an attempt to increase osteogenesis at the fusion site in an attempt to reduce spinal fusion failure rates. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of two co-processor systems and an additional system with an SIS generation field at 15.8 mA (rms) using biomechanical, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and histomorphometric analyses, in rabbits following dorsolateral (= posteriolateral [in humans]) spinal fusion. Fifty-six male New Zealand White underwent bilateral lumbar spinal fusion by performing decortication of the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae four and five with placement of autogenic cancellous bone graft harvested from the ilial wings. Four study groups were designated based on the type of IES device used for stimulation or as a control. Eight weeks after surgery all subjects were sacrificed and the quality and strength of the fusion masses were compared using radiographic, biomechanical, histomorphometry, and qualitative histological evaluation. While some variation existed within and between groups, Group 2 showed a significant improvement in all parameters measured as compared to the control group (P<0.05). The use of adjunct non-invasive surface IES for improving bony fusion rates for patients undergoing lumbar spinal fusion is supported by this study.
Outcome following surgical repair of achilles tendon rupture and comparison between postoperative tibiotarsal immobilization methods in dogs
Authors: Nielsen C. , Pluhar G. E.
Published: March 2018

Surgical treatment of Achilles tendon rupture in dogs is generally associated with a favourable outcome, although the recovery time to best function is relatively long at 20.2 weeks. Dogs with injuries of less than 21 days duration may have a better functional outcome. When comparing external fixator application to splint or cast management, initial tibiotarsal immobilization method does not significantly affect the complication rate, duration of immobilization, recovery time, or functional outcome.
Holding Strength of 4.5 mm Cortical Screws in Polymethylmethacrylate Filled Medullary Cavities of Canine Bone
Authors: Gustafson S. B. , Blackketter D. M. , Schwarz P. D. , Klause S. E.
Published: March 2018

The technique of adding polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to the medullary cavities of canine bone significantly increases the screw pullout resistance by 3.6 times over bone without PMMA. This increased holding power per screw would be advantageous when due to the fracture configuration, a minimum number of screws must be used on one or both fracture sides. This would help resist bone shear loosening at the screw/ bone interface by adding the additional pullout strength of the PMMA. Each mm of PMMA filling the medullary cavity is equivalent to adding the pullout strength of an additional 1.0 mm of cortical bone (310.0 N/ mm).

Paired femurs were used to evaluate the in vitro mechanical advantages of the holding strength of 4.5 mm orthopaedic bone screws on adult canine bone, with and without the medullary cavity filled with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Maximum cortical screw pullout force and holding strength were significantly greater for bones with the medullary cavity filled with PMMA than for bones without PMMA. Holding strength of PMMA was not different from the holding strength per mm of bone.
Traumatic Rectal Tear in a Dog Without Concurrent Pelvic Fractures
Authors: Pechman R. D. , Hosgood Giselle
Published: March 2018

Rectal tears are an uncommon but serious condition, most often reported in dogs with pelvic fractures. However, this report documents a traumatic rectal tear in a dog without pelvic fractures, and emphasizes the need for rectal examination in any dog suspected of sustaining blunt trauma, whether or not pelvic fractures are obvious.

A traumatic rectal tear without pelvic fractures occurred in a dog after being hit by a car. Prompt treatment resulted in an uncomplicated recovery.
Bone and Cartilage Transplantation
Authors: Markel M. D. , Hanson P. D.
Published: March 2018

Bone and cartilage transplantation have included autogenic, allogenic, and xenogenic tissues. Non-vascular cortical bone grafts are incorporated through a process of resorption, vascular invasion, and new bone deposition. Cancellous grafts are incorporated through a process of bone deposition followed by resorption. A variety of proteins, enzymes and enzyme inhibitors, collectively termed osteogenins, have been identified to have osteo-inductive activity. The incorporation of cartilage grafts differs from that of bone in several ways, largely due to differences in nutrition of the graft and biology of the incorporation process. The completeness of allograft incorporation is restricted in part by the immune response due to genetic disparity between donor and recipient tissues. Effective methods of sterilizing the graft, to prevent transmission of pathogens from donor to recipient, are important. Veterinary applications of graft material are expanding. While autogenous cancellous grafts to augment fracture repair remain the area of greatest use, segmental allografts for repair of large fracture defects in small animals are also utilized. The application of cartilage and osteochondral grafts in horses represent another area of active research.

The use of bone and cartilage transplantation in veterinary surgery continues to expand. What follows is a review of the biologic principles relating to graft incorporation, the effects different storage and handling techniques have on graft incorporation, and the clinical relevance of current research to veterinary application of bone and cartilage transplantation.
Stacked Veterinary Cuttable Plates for Treatment of Comminuted Diaphyseal Fractures in Cats
Authors: Cockshutt Joanne , Kuzma A. B. , McLaughlin R. M.
Published: March 2018

Comminuted long bone fractures in four cats were repaired using stacked 2.0/2.7 mm cuttable plates. The plates were used as “lengthening plates", spanning cortical defects to maintain limb length. The defects were filled with autogenous cancellous bone graft. The plates did not fracture through unfilled screw holes and good to excellent limb function returned in all four cats.
The Anatomy Heresies
Authors: Shively M. J.
Published: March 2018

This essay presents incorrect, misleading, or easily misconstructed anatomical statements from a number of sources and follows each with editorial and clinically applicable commentary. The purpose of this exercise is not to degrade the sources, but only to correct the misconceptions in an attempt to avoid their perpetuation.
Methyl Methacrylate and Polypropylene Mesh Reconstruction of Ventral Thoracic Wall Deficit Following Sternal Liposarcoma Resection
Authors: Goldsmid Sarah , Johnson K. A.
Published: March 2018

A composite of methyl methacrylate and polypropylene mesh was used to reconstruct a massive chest wall deficit, following resection of a sternal liposarcoma.
The Effects of Direction and Velocity of Movement, and Intra-Articular Fluid Volume on Intra-Articular Pressue
Authors: Straface S. F. , Newbold P. J. , Nade S.
Published: March 2018

levels. In joints with simulated acute effusion the effect of position on IAP was dependent upon the volume of fluid in the joint. The results indicate that dynamic pressure levels in the moving knee are related to the movements of the joint. The characteristic and reproducible patterns of pressure may reflect changes in the structural configuration of the joint capsule and surrounding tissues during movement, and are influenced by the amount of fluid in the joint.
Excision Arthroplasty of the Canine Scapulohumeral Joint: Report of Three Cases
Authors: Bruecker K. A. , Piermattei D. L.
Published: March 2018

Excision arthroplasty has been proposed as an alternative salvage procedure to arthrodesis for conditions of the canine scapulohumeral joint that cannot be effectively treated. The purpose of this paper is to describe the technique, review the indications for the procedure in three cases and discuss complications and long term results. In a retrospective review of 3 cases, all patients had return of pain-free use of the limb. Excision arthroplasty of the canine scapulohumeral joint is less invasive, technically less demanding than arthrodesis and was found to be an effective salvage procedure in the three dogs reported herein.
Use of the “Ilizarov” External Fixator in a Dog
Authors: Thommasini M. D. , Betts C. W.
Published: March 2018

The “Ilizarov” technique is a new exciting concept for bone repair using a dynamic external fixator. The apparatus has proved to be very useful and beneficial because of the stability afforded the fracture site from three-dimensional fixation while providing a mechanism for incremental spatial adjustment over time. The minimum invasion of bone and soft tissue necessary assures minimal disruptance of osseous blood supply. Small diameter pins (0.8–1.2 mm) make innumerable combinations of assembly possible. The system can be used for repair of simple and comminuted fractures, nonunions and osteomyelitis. It is truly unique in the versatility provided for repair of severe bone malformation, especially when the surrounding soft tissue can not immediately adjust to the desired change in bony alignment. It also has similar advantage when used for bone lengthening.
Aspirin Medication in Dogs
Authors: Peters I. O. M. , Willemsen A. , de Bruyne J. J. , Nap R. C.
Published: March 2018

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid; ASA) is widely used in both human and veterinary medicine. Therapeutic plasma salicylate concentrations (PSCs) can be reached using enteric-coated ASA tablets, but a delay in the initial rise and large fluctuations in the PSCs have been reported. From experiments described previously, the authors concluded that the large type enteric-coated ASA tablets were not suitable for use in beagle dogs.

In the first experiment described here, these large type tablets were administered to large mongrel dogs. Although the mean PSC reached therapeutic levels after 44 h, in individual dogs subtherapeutic concentrations were frequently recorded. In the second experiment microgranulated type enteric-coated ASA tablets were given to beagle dogs in a crossover design study. PSCs in all dogs exceeded minimal therapeutic levels 6 h after tablet administration. Stable therapeutic PSCs were found in both groups on different feeding regimens. In the third experiment the two types of enteric-coated ASA tablets were administered to fasting beagles. Comparable therapeutic PSCs were reached with both formulations.

From the present studies it can be concluded that the large type enteric-coated ASA tablet is not suitable for use in large mongrel dogs. Secondly, it can be concluded that the microgranulated type enteric-coated ASA tablet is suitable for the use in beagle dogs. In the third experiment it was proven that fasting eliminated the differences in mean PSC curves between the two types of ASA medication.

On the basis of canine gastric physiology the authors expect similar types of large enteric-coated tablets of other drugs to generate comparably poor plasma concentrations. The gastric evacuation of tablets is primarily related to the tablet dimensions and digestibility, and not to the drug contained by these tablets.