bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conservação de frutos de pitaia (Hylocereus undatus (Haw.)) com utilização de revestimentos comestíveis e refrigeração
Authors: Castro Juliana Cristina , Paulino Mardigan Laura , Watanabe Rafaela , Clemente Edmar , Abreu Filho Benício Alves de
Published: May 2018

A cactácea pitaia, rica em nutrientes, ácidos graxos essenciais e antioxidante, apresenta vida de prateleira entre 6 a 8 dias, ao qual dificulta sua exportação. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características químicas e bioquímicas durante o armazenamento dos frutos com aplicação de revestimentos comestíveis e refrigeração. Os frutos foram selecionados quanto a injúrias e danos físicos, lavados e higienizados. A aplicação dos tratamentos foi realizada com gelatina e fécula, seguido de refrigeração em temperaturas de 8 ºC e 13 ºC. Os frutos foram armazenados durante 25 dias e avaliados quanto à açúcares totais e redutores (%), compostos fenólicos (AGE/mg), atividade antioxidante (% DPPH) e coloração. Os tratamentos aplicados não demonstraram influência sob os parâmetros avaliados. As temperaturas de refrigeração influenciaram na manutenção da qualidade dos frutos durante o período armazenado. O resultado da melhor temperatura para conservação dos frutos foi à 8 ºC.
Social banishment and the US “Criminal alien”: norms of violence and repression in the deportation regime
Authors: C. Brotherton David
Published: May 2018

Cet article mobilise les données issues d’un travail d’observation participante au sein d’audiences d’expulsion de migrants dans le nord-est des États-Unis en se focalisant sur deux thématiques : (i) l’émergence d’un régime de déportation et ses mécanismes de violence structurelle et (ii) les normes de la violence dans les espaces de ce régime de déportation. Par régime de déportation, nous faisons ici référence aux systèmes et pratiques institutionnels créés par l’émergence d’un état de sécurité exceptionnel, aux appareils et rituels discrets et peu discrets utilisés pour discipliner les esprits et les corps des travailleurs immigrants avec ou sans papiers, et leurs conséquences collatérales. La violence structurelle se réfère aux arrangements systémiques qui infligent des dommages sociaux aux individus en les privant de leurs droits fondamentaux à l’existence, conduisant souvent à leur mort prématurée. L’article explore différentes formes de violence dans les espaces sociaux où le régime exerce son pouvoir presque incontrôlé. Il soutient que la violence qui découle du régime a un impact important non seulement sur les non-citoyens immigrants, mais aussi sur les citoyens immigrants et les citoyens non-immigrants. Cette violence structurelle induit un effet de spirale et d’amplification qui diffuse un large éventail de relations sociales, car son pouvoir intimide, terrorise, contient et subordonne des individus et des communautés, les soumettant à son mandat imposé par l’État pour retirer des éléments « indésirables » du corps social. Ces politiques et pratiques, parrainées par l’État, visent à déshumaniser, désorienter, distraire, humilier et intimider et ne sont pas les conséquences involontaires de politiques autrement rationnelles et mesurées visant le bien commun.
Le pouvoir de régulation transnational d'une agence nationale
Authors: Benoît Cyril
Published: May 2018

Résumé L'article questionne la propension de schémas de régulation nationaux à façonner le comportement et les représentations d'entreprises « globalisées ». On étudie pour ce faire le déploiement d'agences d'évaluation médico-économique et ses effets dans le secteur pharmaceutique. Au sein de l'industrie, l'adoption des attentes et des méthodes d'évaluation spécifiques à une seule agence nationale située en Angleterre est observée. Deux explications de cette situation sont alors avancées. Un travail politique des experts de l'agence en question est d'abord mis au jour. Leur présence dans de multiples espaces internationaux a ainsi permis une importante valorisation des standards réglementaires utilisés. Dans un second temps, ces initiatives provoquent une émulation au sein de l'industrie. Convaincus que les approches du régulateur anglais sont amenées à se généraliser, les industriels en adoptent graduellement les principes. La légitimité qui leur est accordée produit en retour des effets sur les stratégies de développement des médicaments, et sur la relation des industriels avec les autres agences de régulation nationales.
Modulatory effect of three probiotic strains on infants’ gut microbial composition and immunological parameters on a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised study
Authors: De Andrés J. , Manzano S. , García C. , Rodríguez J.M. , Espinosa-Martos I. , Jiménez E.
Published: May 2018

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in gastrointestinal health. Current use of probiotics is aimed at modulating the bacterial gut composition to alleviate specific diseases. The safety and tolerance of three probiotic strains (Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis R0033, Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071) has recently been described. The objective of the present study was to analyse the microbiological composition and immunological parameters of faecal samples obtained from healthy infants from 3 to 12 months of age after receiving either one of the three probiotic strains or placebo for 8 weeks. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and multiplexing technology was used for analysis. Faecal sample analysis showed that the most abundant genus in all four groups of infants pre- and post-intervention was Bifidobacterium, representing approximately 50% of the sequences. After the intervention period the microbial composition of faecal samples in the probiotic groups did not display notable changes. In contrast, a decrease in different Bifidobacterium species, such as B. bifidum and Bifidobacterium breve and an increase in Bacteroides, Blautia, Clostridium, Coprococcus and Faecalibacterium genera was observed in the placebo group. The analysis of a wide range of immune factors in faecal samples suggests a modulatory effect by these three probiotic strains during the intervention period. The anti-inflammatory ratio interleukin (IL)-10/IL-12 increased at the end of the intervention period in the B. infantis R0033 group while the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio increased in the L. helveticus R0052 group. The decrease of the IL-10/IL-12 ratio together with the increase of the tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/IL-10 ratio demonstrated a pro-inflammatory profile in the placebo group. In conclusion, the species profile of the microbiome observed in all three probiotic groups resembled that of a younger infant, similar to an unweaned infant, when compared to the placebo group which may also be related with an anti-inflammatory effect.
Preliminares para un análisis métrico-acentual de la poesía de Teócrito
Authors: Abritta Alejandro
Published: May 2018

El presente artículo busca dar los primeros pasos en un análisis de la distribución de acentos en el hexámetro de Teócrito, a partir de la idea de que los poetas antiguos realizaban esta distribución de manera deliberada, avanzada recientemente por diversos autores. Luego de una introducción y algunas consideraciones metodológicas, se estudian los tipos de acentos en el tercer pie de un conjunto de dieciocho de los Idilios (aquellos cuya autoría corresponde con toda probabilidad a Teócrito), luego los tipos de acentos con los que el poeta cierra sus versos y, finalmente, se realiza un análisis de la correlación entre el tipo de acento en el tercer pie y el sexto. El estudio se propone detectar diferencias y similitudes entre los distintos poemas y grupos de poemas y verificar si se corresponden con las encontradas en el análisis metricológico.
Ficción y verdad en las Vidas paralelas de Plutarco
Authors: Sapere Analía V.
Published: May 2018

En el presente trabajo nos proponemos investigar las apariciones de πλάσμα en las Vidas paralelas de Plutarco. Analizaremos los sentidos y matices del término en diferentes pasajes de la obra (entendido como ‘ficción, engaño, fingimiento’, etc.), con el fin de relacionar nuestras conclusiones con las teorizaciones de Plutarco acerca del problema de la verdad en la narrativa histórica.
Las Heroidas de Ovidio, entre Oriente y Occidente
Authors: Martínez Manzano Teresa
Published: May 2018

Se examina la transmisión textual de la versión griega de Máximo Planudes de las Heroidas de Ovidio prestándose especial atención a uno de sus testimonios, Scor. Y III 13. A la luz del estudio de sus glosas griegas y latinas se deduce que, tras pasar por las manos de Demetrio Triclinio, este códice circuló en el s. XIV en un ambiente lingüisticamente mixto, probablemente Creta, en donde fue utilizado para aprender griego.
Palabras para un envidioso: una nueva inscripción latina del África romana
Authors: Alfayé Villa Silvia , Fontana Elboj Gonzalo
Published: May 2018

El propósito del presente trabajo es dar a conocer un epígrafe latino desconocido hasta la fecha. Se trata de un texto inciso sobre un clavo de bronce, hoy depositado en The Hunt Museum, Limerick (Irlanda). El epígrafe así como la propia pieza que le da soporte habían sido asignados a un contexto masónico o tabernario propios de época moderna. Sin embargo, consideramos que se trata de un texto mágico de carácter profiláctico procedente de la provincia romana de Africa, compuesto en latín vulgar y datable en los siglos IV-V d. C., y destinado a repeler a los envidiosos.
Effect of Compressive Stress on the High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of a Fe-20Ni Alloy in Air
Authors: Zhou Chang Hai , Pan Rui Yun , Ma Hai Tao
Published: May 2018

The oxidation behavior of Fe-20Ni alloy under compressive stress in air was studied at 800, 900 °C. The results examined by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that the oxide scales were consisted of an external scale and a subscale which has an intragranular scale (above 5 h at 800 °C and 900 °C) and an intergranular scale. Compared with the unstressed specimen, the growth kinetics of external scale was accelerated by an applied compressive stress. Besides, the compressive stress induced an increase in the growths of intragranular scale and intergranular scale formed on the specimens oxidized at 900 °C. However, the effect of compressive stress on the growth of intergranular scale and intragranular scale was not obvious in the case of 800°C. In addition, cracks developed in the subscale for the specimens oxidized under 2.5 MPa compressive stress when the oxidation time exceeded 20 h.
Influence of Microstructure on Shot Peening Effects of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Wang Yao Mian , Cheng Jia Peng , Yang Huan Ping , Zhang Cong Hui , Wang Bi Xia
Published: May 2018

Ti-6Al-4V alloys with equiaxed, martensitic and lamellar microstructures, respectively, were shot peened. Microstructure observation, phase analysis and surface residual stress measurement were conducted to investigate the microstructure influence on shot peening effects. The experimental results indicate that after shot peening microstructure of surface layer became fine and homogeneous for the as-received alloy which showed equiaxial microstructure. Cracks were found in the surface layer for the sample with acicular martensitic microstructure. And the sample with coarse lamellar structure transformed to equiaxed microstructure in the surface layer. Surface residual stress showed obvious difference. The samples with equiaxed microstructure achieved a compressive residual stress of 660 MPa, the ones with acicular martensitic microstructure achieved 366 MPa, and the ones with coarse lamellar microstructure showed a residual stress only 125 MPa.
Effect of Strain Path on Texture Evolution in Cold Rolled Pure Titanium
Authors: Yang Huan Ping , Wang Yao Mian
Published: May 2018

The cold rolling texture evolution as a function of strain path in pure titanium with initial typical recrystallized texture has been studied using viscoplastic self-consistent simulations. Three different strain paths, namely unidirectional rolling, two-step cross rolling and multi-step cross rolling have been employed to investigate the effect of strain path change on the evolution of deformation texture. The simulation results indicate that the activation of predominant prismatic slip in unidirectional rolling sample results in the formation of commonly cold rolling fiber texture RD//<10-10> in pure titanium, whereas the increased activity of basal slip over that of prismatic slip is responsible for the strong ND// fiber texture in the two cross rolled samples.
Synthesis of S-Licarbazepine by Asymmetric Reduction of Oxcarbazepine in Organic Solvent/Phosphate Buffer Biphasic System
Authors: Ou Zhi Hin , Xu Jia Hui
Published: May 2018

S-licarbazepine was synthesized by asymmetric reduction of oxcarbazepine in organic solvent/phosphate buffer biphasic system with Bacillus anthracis CGMCC No.12337 as catalyst. Effects of many factors on reduction were studied. Dibutyl phthalate/phosphate buffer was selected as the optimal biphasic system for reduction. The optimum reduction conditions are as follows: volume ratio of dibutyl phthalate and phosphate buffer 1:1, 30 g/L iospropanol as co-substrate, phosphate buffer pH 5, substrate concentration 7.92 mmol/L, cell concentration 30 g/L, 32°C，180 rpm. The conversion and enantiometric excess of S-licarbazepine reached 97.32% and 99.80%. An efficient method for synthesis of S-licarbazepine was provided.
Low levels of nitryl chloride at ground level: nocturnal nitrogen oxides in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia
Authors: Osthoff Hans D. , Odame-Ankrah Charles A. , Taha Youssef M. , Tokarek Travis W. , Schiller Corinne L. , Haga Donna , Jones Keith , Vingarzan Roxanne
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The nocturnal nitrogen oxides, which include the nitrate radical (NO3),
dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), and its uptake product on chloride
containing aerosol, nitryl chloride (ClNO2), can have profound impacts
on the lifetime of NOx (= NO + NO2), radical budgets, and
next-day photochemical ozone (O3) production, yet their abundances and
chemistry are only sparsely constrained by ambient air measurements. Here, we present a measurement data set collected at a routine monitoring
site near the Abbotsford International Airport (YXX) located approximately
30 km from the Pacific Ocean in the Lower Fraser Valley (LFV) on the west
coast of British Columbia. Measurements were made from 20 July to 4 August
2012 and included mixing ratios of ClNO2, N2O5, NO,
NO2, total odd nitrogen (NOy), O3, photolysis frequencies,
and size distribution and composition of non-refractory submicron aerosol
(PM1). At night, O3 was rapidly and often completely removed by dry deposition
and by titration with NO of anthropogenic origin and unsaturated biogenic
hydrocarbons in a shallow nocturnal inversion surface layer. The low
nocturnal O3 mixing ratios and presence of strong chemical sinks for
NO3 limited the extent of nocturnal nitrogen oxide chemistry at ground
level. Consequently, mixing ratios of N2O5 and ClNO2 were low
(< 30 and < 100 parts-per-trillion by volume (pptv) and
median nocturnal peak values of 7.8 and 7.9 pptv, respectively). Mixing
ratios of ClNO2 frequently peaked 1–2 h after sunrise
rationalized by more efficient formation of ClNO2 in the nocturnal
residual layer aloft than at the surface and the breakup of the nocturnal
boundary layer structure in the morning. When quantifiable, production of
ClNO2 from N2O5 was efficient and likely occurred
predominantly on unquantified supermicron-sized or refractory sea-salt-derived aerosol. After sunrise, production of Cl radicals from photolysis of
ClNO2 was negligible compared to production of OH from the reaction of
O(1D) + H2O except for a short period after sunrise.
Global warming potential estimates for the C1–C3 hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) included in the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol
Authors: Papanastasiou Dimitrios K. , Beltrone Allison , Marshall Paul , Burkholder James B.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are ozone depleting substances and potent
greenhouse gases that are controlled under the Montreal Protocol. However,
the majority of the 274 HCFCs included in Annex C of the protocol do not have
reported global warming potentials (GWPs) which are used to guide the
phaseout of HCFCs and the future phase down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). In
this study, GWPs for all C1–C3 HCFCs included in Annex C are
reported based on estimated atmospheric lifetimes and theoretical methods
used to calculate infrared absorption spectra. Atmospheric lifetimes were
estimated from a structure activity relationship (SAR) for OH radical
reactivity and estimated O(1D) reactivity and UV photolysis loss
processes. The C1–C3 HCFCs display a wide range of lifetimes (0.3
to 62 years) and GWPs (5 to 5330, 100-year time horizon) dependent on their
molecular structure and the H-atom content of the individual HCFC. The results
from this study provide estimated policy-relevant GWP metrics for the HCFCs
included in the Montreal Protocol in the absence of experimentally derived
metrics.
Effect of ecological restoration programs on dust concentrations in the North China Plain: a case study
Authors: Long Xin , Tie Xuexi , Li Guohui , Cao Junji , Feng Tian , Zhao Shuyu , Xing Li , An Zhisheng
Published: May 2018

Abstract. In recent decades, the Chinese government has made a great effort in
initiating large-scale ecological restoration programs (ERPs) to reduce the
dust concentrations in China, especially for dust storm episodes. Using the
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land cover product, the
ERP-induced land cover changes are quantitatively evaluated in this study.
Two obvious vegetation protective barriers arise throughout China from the
southwest to the northeast, which are well known as the “Green Great Wall”
(GGW). Both the grass GGW and forest GGW are located between the dust source
region (DSR) and the densely populated North China Plain (NCP). To assess the
effect of ERPs on dust concentrations, a regional transport/dust model
(WRF-DUST, Weather Research and Forecast model with dust) is applied to
investigate the evolution of dust plumes during a strong dust storm episode
from 2 to 8 March 2016. The WRF-DUST model generally performs reasonably well
in reproducing the temporal variations and spatial distributions of
near-surface [PMC] (mass concentration of particulate matter with aerodynamic
diameter between 2.5 and 10 µm) during the dust storm event.
Sensitivity experiments have indicated that the ERP-induced GGWs help to
reduce the dust concentration in the NCP, especially in BTH (Beijing,
Tianjin, and Hebei). When the dust storm is transported from the upwind DSR
to the downwind NCP, the [PMC] reduction ranges from −5 to −15 % in
the NCP, with a maximum reduction of −12.4 %
(−19.2 µg m−3) in BTH and −7.6 %
(−10.1 µg m−3) in the NCP. We find the dust plumes move up
to the upper atmosphere and are transported from the upwind DSR to the
downwind NCP, accompanied by dust decrease. During the episode, the forest
GGW is nonsignificant in dust concentration control because it is of benefit
for dry deposition and not for emission. Conversely, the grass GGW is
beneficial in controlling dust erosion and is the dominant reason for [PMC]
decrease in the NCP. Because the air pollution is severe in eastern China,
especially in the NCP, and the contribution of dust episodes is significant,
the reduction of dust concentrations will have important effects on severe
air pollution. This study illustrates the considerable contribution of ERPs
to the control of air pollution in China, especially in springtime.
Amines in boreal forest air at SMEAR II station in Finland
Authors: Hemmilä Marja , Hellén Heidi , Virkkula Aki , Makkonen Ulla , Praplan Arnaud P. , Kontkanen Jenni , Ahonen Lauri , Kulmala Markku , Hakola Hannele
Published: May 2018

Abstract. We measured amines in boreal forest air in Finland both in gas and particle
phases with 1 h time resolution using an online ion chromatograph
(instrument for Measuring AeRosols and Gases in Ambient Air – MARGA)
connected to an electrospray ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS).
The developed MARGA-MS method was able to separate and detect seven different
amines: monomethylamine (MMA), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA),
ethylamine (EA), diethylamine (DEA), propylamine (PA), and butylamine (BA).
The detection limits of the method for amines were low
(0.2–3.1 ng m−3), the accuracy of IC-MS analysis was 11–37 %, and
the precision 10–15 %. The proper measurements in the boreal forest
covered about 8 weeks between March and December 2015. The amines were found
to be an inhomogeneous group of compounds, showing different seasonal and
diurnal variability. Total MMA (MMA(tot)) peaked together with the sum of
ammonia and ammonium ions already in March. In March, monthly means for MMA
were < 2.4 and 6.8 ± 9.1 ng m−3 in gas and aerosol phases,
respectively, and for NH3 and NH4+ these were 52 ± 16 and
425 ± 371 ng m−3, respectively. Monthly medians in March for
MMA(tot), NH3, and NH4+ were < 2.4, 19 and 90 ng m−3,
respectively. DMA(tot) and TMA(tot) had summer maxima indicating biogenic
sources. We observed diurnal variation for DMA(tot) but not for TMA(tot). The
highest concentrations of these compounds were measured in July. Then,
monthly means for DMA were < 3.1 and 8.4 ± 3.1 ng m−3 in gas
and aerosol phases, respectively, and for TMA these were 0.4 ± 0.1 and
1.8 ± 0.5 ng m−3. Monthly medians in July for DMA were below the
detection limit (DL) and 4.9 ng m−3 in gas and aerosol phases,
respectively, and for TMA these were 0.4 and 1.4 ng m−3. When relative
humidity of air was > 90 %, gas-phase DMA correlated well with
1.1–2 nm particle number concentration (R2=0.63) suggesting that it
participates in atmospheric clustering. EA concentrations were low all the
time. Its July means were < 0.36 and 0.4 ± 0.4 ng m−3 in gas
and aerosol phases, respectively, but individual concentration data
correlated well with monoterpene concentrations in July. Monthly means of PA
and BA were below detection limits at all times.
Triple oxygen isotopes indicate urbanization affects sources of nitrate in wet and dry atmospheric deposition
Authors: Nelson David M. , Tsunogai Urumu , Ding Dong , Ohyama Takuya , Komatsu Daisuke D. , Nakagawa Fumiko , Noguchi Izumi , Yamaguchi Takashi
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Atmospheric nitrate deposition resulting from anthropogenic activities negatively affects human and environmental health. Identifying deposited nitrate that is produced locally vs. that originating from long-distance transport would help inform efforts to mitigate such impacts. However, distinguishing the relative transport distances of atmospheric nitrate in urban areas remains a major challenge since it may be produced locally and/or be transported from upwind regions. To address this uncertainty we assessed spatiotemporal variation in monthly weighted-average Δ17O and δ15N values of wet and dry nitrate deposition during one year at urban and rural sites along the western coast of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido, downwind of the East Asian continent. Δ17O values of nitrate in wet deposition at the urban site mirrored those of wet and dry deposition at the rural site, ranging between  ∼  +23 and +31 ‰ with higher values during winter and lower values in summer, which suggests the greater relative importance of oxidation of NO2 by O3 during winter and OH during summer. In contrast, Δ17O values of nitrate in dry deposition at the urban site were lower (+19 – +25 ‰) and displayed less distinct seasonal variation. Furthermore, the difference between δ15N values of nitrate in wet and dry nitrate deposition was, on average, 3 ‰ greater at the urban than rural site, and Δ17O and δ15N values were correlated for both forms of deposition at both sites with the exception of dry deposition at the urban site. These results suggest that, relative to nitrate in wet and dry deposition in rural environments and wet deposition in urban environments, nitrate in dry deposition in urban environments forms from relatively greater oxidation of NO by peroxy radicals and/or oxidation of NO2 by OH. Given greater concentrations of peroxy radicals and OH in cities, these results imply that dry nitrate deposition results from local NOx emissions more so than wet deposition, which is transported longer distances. These results illustrate the value of stable isotope data for distinguishing the transport distances and reaction pathways of atmospheric nitrate pollution.
Solar Wind and Kinetic Heliophysics
Authors: Marsch Eckart
Published: May 2018

Abstract. This lecture reviews recent aspects of solar wind physics and elucidates the role Alfvén waves play in solar wind acceleration and turbulence, which prevail in the low corona and inner heliosphere. Our understanding of the solar wind has made considerable progress based on remote sensing, in-situ measurements, kinetic simulation and fluid modeling. Further insights are expected from such missions as the Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter. The sources of the solar wind have been identified in the chromospheric network, Transition region and corona of the sun. Alfvén waves excited by reconnection in the network contribute to the driving of turbulence and plasma flows in funnels and coronal holes. The dynamic solar magnetic field causes solar wind variations over the solar cycle. Fast and slow solar wind streams, as well as transient coronal mass ejections are generated by the sun’s magnetic activity. Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence originates at the sun and evolves into interplanetary space. The major Alfvén waves and minor magnetosonic waves, with an admixture of pressurebalanced structures at various scales, constitute heliophysical turbulence. Its spectra evolve radially and develop anisotropies. Numerical simulations of turbulence spectra have reproduced key observational features. Collisionless dissipation of fluctuations remains a subject of intense research. Detailed measurements of particle velocity distributions have revealed non-maxwellian electrons, strongly anisotropic protons and heavy ion beams. Besides macroscopic forces in the heliosphere local wave-particle interactions shape the distribution functions. They can be described by the Boltzmann–Vlasov equation including collisions and waves. Kinetic simulations permit us to better understand the combined evolution of particles and waves in the heliosphere.
Functional trait responses to sediment deposition reduce macrofauna-mediated ecosystem functioning in an estuarine mudflat
Authors: Mestdagh Sebastiaan , Bagaço Leila , Braeckman Ulrike , Ysebaert Tom , De Smet Bart , Moens Tom , Van Colen Carl
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Human activities, among which dredging and land use change in river basins,
are altering estuarine ecosystems. These activities may result in changes in
sedimentary processes, affecting biodiversity of sediment macrofauna. As
macrofauna controls sediment chemistry and fluxes of energy and matter between
water column and sediment, changes in the structure of macrobenthic
communities could affect the functioning of an entire ecosystem. We assessed
the impact of sediment deposition on intertidal macrobenthic communities and
on rates of an important ecosystem function, i.e. sediment community oxygen
consumption (SCOC). An experiment was performed with undisturbed sediment
samples from the Scheldt river estuary (SW Netherlands). The samples were
subjected to four sedimentation regimes: one control and three with a
deposited sediment layer of 1, 2 or 5 cm. Oxygen consumption was measured
during incubation at ambient temperature. Luminophores applied at the
surface, and a seawater–bromide mixture, served as tracers for bioturbation
and bio-irrigation, respectively. After incubation, the macrofauna was
extracted, identified, and counted and then classified into functional groups
based on motility and sediment reworking capacity. Total macrofaunal
densities dropped already under the thinnest deposits. The most affected
fauna were surficial and low-motility animals, occurring at high densities in
the control. Their mortality resulted in a drop in SCOC, which decreased
steadily with increasing deposit thickness, while bio-irrigation and
bioturbation activity showed increases in the lower sediment deposition
regimes but decreases in the more extreme treatments. The initial increased
activity likely counteracted the effects of the drop in low-motility, surficial
fauna densities, resulting in a steady rather than sudden fall in oxygen
consumption. We conclude that the functional identity in terms of motility
and sediment reworking can be crucial in our understanding of the regulation
of ecosystem functioning and the impact of habitat alterations such as
sediment deposition.
Gap-filling a spatially explicit plant trait database: comparing imputation methods and different levels of environmental information
Authors: Poyatos Rafael , Sus Oliver , Badiella Llorenç , Mencuccini Maurizio , Martínez-Vilalta Jordi
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The ubiquity of missing data in plant trait databases may hinder trait-based
analyses of ecological patterns and processes. Spatially explicit datasets
with information on intraspecific trait variability are rare but offer great
promise in improving our understanding of functional biogeography. At the
same time, they offer specific challenges in terms of data imputation. Here
we compare statistical imputation approaches, using varying levels of
environmental information, for five plant traits (leaf biomass to sapwood
area ratio, leaf nitrogen content, maximum tree height, leaf mass per area
and wood density) in a spatially explicit plant trait dataset of temperate
and Mediterranean tree species (Ecological and Forest Inventory of Catalonia,
IEFC, dataset for Catalonia, north-east Iberian Peninsula,
31 900 km2). We simulated gaps at different missingness levels
(10–80 %) in a complete trait matrix, and we used overall trait means,
species means, k nearest neighbours (kNN), ordinary and regression kriging,
and multivariate imputation using chained equations (MICE) to impute missing
trait values. We assessed these methods in terms of their accuracy and of
their ability to preserve trait distributions, multi-trait correlation
structure and bivariate trait relationships. The relatively good performance
of mean and species mean imputations in terms of accuracy masked a poor
representation of trait distributions and multivariate trait structure.
Species identity improved MICE imputations for all traits, whereas forest
structure and topography improved imputations for some traits. No method
performed best consistently for the five studied traits, but, considering all
traits and performance metrics, MICE informed by relevant ecological
variables gave the best results. However, at higher missingness
(> 30 %), species mean imputations and regression kriging tended to
outperform MICE for some traits. MICE informed by relevant ecological
variables allowed us to fill the gaps in the IEFC incomplete dataset
(5495 plots) and quantify imputation uncertainty. Resulting spatial patterns
of the studied traits in Catalan forests were broadly similar when using
species means, regression kriging or the best-performing MICE application,
but some important discrepancies were observed at the local level. Our
results highlight the need to assess imputation quality beyond just
imputation accuracy and show that including environmental information in
statistical imputation approaches yields more plausible imputations in
spatially explicit plant trait datasets.
Testing the consistency between changes in simulated climate and
Alpine glacier
length over the past millennium
Authors: Goosse Hugues , Barriat Pierre-Yves , Dalaiden Quentin , Klein François , Marzeion Ben , Maussion Fabien , Pelucchi Paolo , Vlug Anouk
Published: May 2018

Abstract. It is standard to compare climate model results covering the past millennium and reconstructions based on various archives in order to test the ability of models to reproduce the observed climate variability. Up to now, glacier length fluctuations have not been used systematically in this framework even though they offer information on multi-decadal to centennial variations complementary to other records. One reason is that glacier length depends on several complex factors and so cannot be directly linked to the simulated climate. However, climate model skill can be measured by comparing the glacier length computed by a glacier model driven by simulated temperature and precipitation to observed glacier length variations. This is done here using the version 1.0 of Open Global Glacier Model (OGGM) forced by fields derived from a range of simulations performed with global climate models over the past millennium. The glacier model is applied to a set of Alpine glaciers for which observations cover at least the 20th century. The observed glacier length fluctuations are generally well within the range of the simulations driven by the various climate model results, showing a general consistency with this ensemble of simulations. Sensitivity experiments indicate that the results are much more sensitive to the simulated climate than to OGGM parameters. This confirms that the simulations of glacier length can be used to evaluate the climate model performance, in particular the summer temperatures that largely control the glacier changes in our region of interest. Simulated glacier length is strongly influenced by the internal variability of the system, putting limitations on the model-data comparison for some variables like the trends over the 20th century in the Alps. Nevertheless, comparison of glacier length fluctuations on longer timescales, for instance between the 18th century and the late 20th century, appear less influenced by the natural variability and indicate clear differences in the behaviour of the various climate models.
An updated version of a gap-free monthly mean zonal mean ozone
database
Authors: Hassler Birgit , Kremser Stefanie , Bodeker Greg E. , Lewis Jared , Nesbit Kage , Davis Sean M. , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Dhomse Sandip S. , Dameris Martin
Published: May 2018

Abstract. An updated and improved version of a global, vertically resolved, monthly mean zonal mean ozone database has been calculated – hereafter referred to as the BSVertOzone database. Like its predecessor, it combines measurements from several satellite-based instruments and ozone profile measurements from the global ozonesonde network. Monthly mean zonal mean ozone concentrations in mixing ratio and number density are provided in 5° latitude bins, spanning 70 altitude levels (1 to 70 km), or 70 pressure levels that are approximately 1 km apart (878.4 hPa to 0.046 hPa). Different data sets or Tiers are provided: Tier 0 is based only on the available measurements and therefore does not completely cover the whole globe or the full vertical range uniformly; the Tier 0.5 monthly mean zonal means are calculated as a filled version of the Tier 0 database where missing monthly mean zonal mean values are estimated from correlations against a total column ozone database. The Tier 0.5 data set includes the full range of measurement variability and is created as an intermediate step for the calculation of the Tier 1 data where a least squares regression model is used to attribute variability to various known forcing factors for ozone. Regression model fit coefficients are expanded in Fourier series and Legendre polynomials (to account for seasonality and latitudinal structure, respectively). Four different combinations of contributions from selected regression model basis functions result in four different Tier 1 data sets that can be used for comparisons with chemistry-climate model simulations that do not exhibit the same unforced variability as reality (unless they are nudged towards reanalyses). Compared to previous versions of the database, this update includes additional satellite data sources and ozonesonde measurements to extend the database period to 2016. Additional improvements over the previous version of the database include: (i) Adjustments of measurements to account for biases and drifts between different data sources (using a chemistry-transport model simulation as a transfer standard), (ii) a more objective way to determine the optimum number of Fourier and Legendre expansions for the basis function fit coefficients, and (iii) the derivation of methodological and measurement uncertainties on each database value are traced through all data modification steps. Comparisons with the ozone database from SWOOSH (Stratospheric Water and OzOne Satellite Homogenized data set) show good agreement in many regions of the globe. Minor differences are caused by different bias adjustment procedures for the two databases. However, compared to SWOOSH, BSVertOzone additionally covers the troposphere. Version 1.0 of BSVertOzone is publicly available at http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1217184.
Fluvial response to changes in the magnitude and frequency of
sediment supply in a 1D model
Authors: Müller Tobias , Hassan Marwan
Published: May 2018

Abstract. In steep headwater reaches, episodic mass movements can deliver large volumes of sediment to fluvial channels. If these inputs of sediment occur with a high frequency and magnitude, the capacity of the stream to rework the supplied material can be exceeded for a significant amount of time. To study the equilibrium conditions in a channel following different episodic sediment supply regimes (defined by grain size distribution, frequency, and magnitude of events), we simulate sediment transport through an idealized reach with our numerical 1D model BESMo (Bedload Scenario Model), which was configured using flume experiments with a similar scope. The model performs well in replicating the flume experiments (where sediment was fed constantly, in 1, 2 or 4 pulses) and allowed the exploration of alternative event sequences. We show that in these experiments, the ordering of events is not important in the long term, as the channel quickly recovers even from high magnitude events. In longer equilibrium simulations, we imposed different supply regimes on a channel, which after some time leads to an adjustment of slope, grain size, and sediment transport that is in equilibrium with the respective forcing conditions. We observe two modes of channel adjustment to episodic sediment supply. 1) High-frequency supply regimes lead to equilibrium slopes and armouring ratios that are like conditions in constant feed simulations. In these cases, the period between pulses is shorter than a fluvial evacuation time, which we approximate as the time it takes to export a pulse of sediment under average transport conditions. 2) In low-frequency regimes the pulse period (i.e. recurrence interval) exceeds the fluvial evacuation time, leading to higher armouring ratios due to longer exposure of the bed surface to flow. If the grain size distribution of the bed is fine and armouring weak, the model predicts a lowering in the average channel slope. The ratio between the fluvial evacuation time and the pulse period constitutes a threshold that can help to quantify how a system responds to episodic disturbances.
Development of the WRF-CO2 4D-Var assimilation system v1.0
Authors: Zheng Tao , French Nancy H. F. , Baxter Martin
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Regional atmospheric CO2 inversions commonly use Lagrangian
particle trajectory model simulations to calculate the required influence
function, which quantifies the sensitivity of a receptor to flux sources. In
this paper, an adjoint-based four-dimensional variational (4D-Var)
assimilation system, WRF-CO2 4D-Var, is developed to provide an alternative
approach. This system is developed based on the Weather Research and
Forecasting (WRF) modeling system, including the system coupled to chemistry
(WRF-Chem), with tangent linear and adjoint codes (WRFPLUS), and with data
assimilation (WRFDA), all in version 3.6. In WRF-CO2 4D-Var, CO2 is modeled as a tracer and its
feedback to meteorology is ignored. This configuration allows most WRF
physical parameterizations to be used in the assimilation system without
incurring a large amount of code development. WRF-CO2 4D-Var solves for the
optimized CO2 flux scaling factors in a Bayesian framework. Two
variational optimization schemes are implemented for the system: the first
uses the limited memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS)
minimization algorithm (L-BFGS-B) and the second uses the Lanczos conjugate
gradient (CG) in an incremental approach. WRFPLUS forward, tangent linear,
and adjoint models are modified to include the physical and dynamical
processes involved in the atmospheric transport of CO2. The system is
tested by simulations over a domain covering the continental United States at
48 km × 48 km grid spacing. The accuracy of the tangent linear and
adjoint models is assessed by comparing against finite difference
sensitivity. The system's effectiveness for CO2 inverse modeling is tested
using pseudo-observation data. The results of the sensitivity and inverse
modeling tests demonstrate the potential usefulness of WRF-CO2 4D-Var for
regional CO2 inversions.
Accrual-Based International Public Sector Accounting Standards: Implementation Challenges Facing the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies in the Ashanti Region of Ghana
Authors: Agyemang Joseph Kwasi , Yensu Joseph
Published: May 2018

In recent times, the significance of Accrual-based Public Sector Accounting Standards (AIPSAS) in financial reporting is gaining momentum and current debates are moving in the trend of full AIPSAS reporting. Municipal, Metropolitan and District Assemblies (MMDAs) are not let off in this instance. The move to new reporting standards results in numerous challenges for diverse interest groups such accounting practitioners. The main objective of the study was to establish the AIPSAS implementation challenges facing MMDAs in the Ashanti region of Ghana. This quantitative study was conducted to gravely study the factors that could influence the implementation of AIPSAS. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select the departments whilst convenience sampling procedure was also used to select the sample size. A sample of 480 accounting practitioners was selected from all the 30 MMDAs in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Self administered questionnaire was used to gather data from the respondents. The Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to test the significance level of the AIPSAS implementation factors. The results of the hypotheses tested revealed that with the exception of cultural practices, the level of accounting education and training, different levels of costs and the existing laws have significant effects on the implementation of AIPSAS in the MMDAs in the Ashanti region of Ghana.
The Level of Awareness of Safety Measures Practiced in School Laboratories among Pre-Service Science Teachers at Najran University
Authors: Fagihi Yahea Ali
Published: May 2018

This study is an attempt to identify the level of awareness of safety measures practiced in school laboratories among pre-service Science teachers at Najran University. It also aims to identify the sources of safety measures awareness and the statistically significant differences among the sample responses due to specialization and grade variables. To achieve the study objectives, a scale of (43) questions prepared and applied to a sample of (49) students. The scale covers the following aspects: Laboratory risk management, proper laboratory practices and first aid for laboratory injuries, in addition to a question about the sources of safety measures awareness. Results concluded that the awareness level of safety measures among pre-service Science teachers was low. There were statistically significant differences among the sample responses due to specialization, in favor of chemistry, and grade in favor of higher grades. The sources of safety measures awareness include undergraduate courses, faculty members, the laboratory safety manual, and websites.
Luke of Prague: Theologian of the Unity
Authors: Crews C. Daniel
Published: May 2018

Luke of Prague (Lukáš Pražský) (ca. 1460–1528) was a theologian and head of the Unitas Fratrum and, as such, one of the most important figures among the Unity of Brethren. During his studies at Charles University in Prague, Luke was introduced to the theological writings of Petr Chelčický. After 1494, during an open schism that occurred within the Unitas Fratrum, Luke helped reconfigure, consolidate, and restore the theology and polity in the Synod's “Major Party.” In the last years of his life, when the Protestant Reformation was just underway, he made initial (critical) contacts with Martin Luther and Melanchthon. This study examines the historiography of Luke, his biography, leadership, and controversies. Additionally, the author discusses the role of Luke in the Protestant Reformation, his views on theology and scripture, the church, and the catechism. His theological processes provide insight about how Moravians can bring about church reform today.
Sugerencias al neoliberalismo: haga su autocrítica
Authors: Ibisate Francisco Javier
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 61, 1998: 9-32
¿Desarrollo local o desarrollo comunitario?
Authors: Montoya Aquiles
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 61, 1998: 45-55
En defensa de Maquiavelo
Authors: Ribas Judit
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 61, 1998: 77-89
Contra el optimismo historicista de la transición
Authors: Herrera Sajid Alfredo
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 62, 1998: 103-107
La salud mental de base un campo con mayor responsabilidad cada día
Authors: Sisti Elvio
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 62, 1998: 193-199
Lecciones y aplicaciones del plan de nación
Authors: Ibisate Francisco Javier
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 63, 1998: 219-241
Aproximación a la filosofía de la religión de Xavier Zubiri
Authors: González Antonio
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 63, 1998: 293-306
Lucha contra el crimen y democracia
Authors: Editor El
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 64, 1998: 309-311
Tributación presuntiva para el desarrollo sostenido y equitativo
Authors: McGuire Michael
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 64, 1998: 381-400
Historia del tiempo presente en El Salvador y memoria oral
Authors: García-Nieto París María Carmen
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 64, 1998: 401-416
Acerca del problema de Dios en Hegel
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 65, 1998: 555-563