bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Methane Recovery for Fuels: A Comparative Study of Fugitive Emissions in Biogas Plants, WWTPs, and Landfills
Authors: Gil-García Daniel , Revuelta-Aramburu Marta , Morales-Polo Carlos , Cledera-Castro María del Mar
Published: November 2024

How accurate are current estimation methods for fugitive methane emissions in methane-producing facilities, and how do they vary across biogas plants, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and landfills? Based on this, the hypothesis posited in this study is that current methods significantly underestimate methane emissions, particularly in WWTPs and biogas plants, due to limitations in accounting for recovered methane and the reliance on general parameters such as the oxidation factor. To test this, a comparative analysis was carried out involving 33 biogas plants, 87 WWTPs, and 119 landfills in the Iberian Peninsula, comparing officially recorded data with estimates derived from our own calculations. Our findings confirm the lack of precision in current emission estimation methods, particularly for WWTPs and biogas plants, where factors like the omission of recovered methane lead to underreporting. This study highlights that WWTPs emit the largest amount of methane due to their organic material processing, exceeding emissions from landfills and biogas plants. In contrast, methods for estimating emissions in landfills are found to be more reliable. The results suggest that improving calculation methodologies, especially for WWTPs and biogas plants, as well as enhancing leak monitoring and methane recovery systems, is crucial to reducing the environmental impact of methane-producing facilities.
Capturing the Value of Walkability
Authors: Zolnik Edmund
Published: November 2024

Capturing the value infrastructure investments add to the residential market is a longstanding policy to defray their expense. Unfortunately, estimates of the added value of infrastructure, generally, and estimates of the added value of walkability, specifically, are scarce. Novel, multiscale models free independent variables to manifest simultaneously at different scales of analysis to greatly improve specifications to precisely estimate walkability valuation. Results from analysis of years of transactions within walking distance of heavy rail stations suggest that walkability adds value available for capture locally, not systemically. Stakeholders confront myriad problems to replicate the accessibility characteristics shown to add value given the distinct cluster where walkability adds value available for capture in a heavy rail system.
Chefs Evaluate Syrup from the Wild Bigleaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum): A New Artisanal Food from Pacific Northwest Forests
Authors: Price Lisa M. L. , Colonna Ann , Jones Eric T.
Published: November 2024

This paper examines a new artisanal food product made from bigleaf maple trees (Acer macrophyllum). These trees are indigenous to, and thrive in, the moist and mild climate of the Pacific Northwestern regions of the United States and Canada. Small producers have a new artisanal product from this historically valuable tree. The sap is collected from family-owned woodland trees to produce maple syrup. To better understand the gastronomic potential of bigleaf maple syrup, we conducted sensory evaluations with culinary professionals. In this study undertaken in Oregon, the syrup from three small independent producers was subjected to sensory hedonic and attribute assessments by 62 chefs. The results of the sensory assessments and the details of the testing methods and analysis are presented. This paper examines the agreement among the chefs and the implications for the culinary acceptance of this new artisanal product. We discuss in detail (1) the complexity of flavor; (2) the most likely use of bigleaf maple syrup in various foods or as a sweetener; (3) and the four most important reasons for purchasing bigleaf maple syrup consisting of both environmental and taste attributes.
Comparison of TLR4 Genotype and TLR4 Pathway-Related Cytokines in Different Strains of Mice in Response to Pertussis Toxin Challenge
Authors: Wei Jie , Wang Lichan , Wei Chen , Guang Jiaona , Wang Hong , Zhou Jiaqi , Li Huan , Ma Xiao , Yue Bingfei
Published: November 2024

Background: The genetic background of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) proved to be important in the induction of immune protection against Bordetella pertussis infection in humans. Currently, the evaluation of the acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine depends largely on using different mouse strains, while the TLR4 genotype of different mouse strains in response to pertussis toxin (PT) is not carefully determined. The current study was designed to determine the differences in TLR4 genotype and TLR4 pathway-related cytokines in response to PT stimulation among mouse strains of ICR, NIH, and BALB/c. Method: We first determined the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR4 gene by using first-generation sequencing. Then, the cellular response, including the TLR4 mRNA expression and TLR4 signaling-related cytokines, of immune cells from different mouse strains after PT stimulation was determined. Result: Three missense mutation sites (rs13489092, rs13489093, rs13489097) of the TLR4 gene were found. ICR mice were homozygous without mutation, NIH mice were partially heterozygous, and BALB/c mice were homozygous with a missense mutation. The expression of TLR4 was repressed while the downstream cytokines were upregulated after PT stimulation differently among mouse strains. The IFN-β cytokine of the TRIF pathway was significantly increased in ICR mice (p < 0.05). The IL-6 cytokine of the MyD88-dependent pathway was significantly increased in BALB/c mice (p < 0.05). The identified SNPs of the TLR4 gene in different mouse strains might account for the differences in cytokines levels determined after PT stimulation. Conclusions: Our studies might provide useful referees to reduce the mouse-derived difference in the determination of vaccine titer and increase the comparability of the vaccine from different origins, as different mouse strains were used for vaccine development in different countries.
The Subduction-Related Metavolcanic Rocks of Maroua, Northern Cameroon: New Insights into a Neoproterozoic Continental Arc Along the Northern Margin of the Central African Fold Belt
Authors: Biakan à Nyotok Pierre Christel , Gountié Dedzo Merlin , Djamilatou Diddi Hamadjoda , Lenhardt Nils , Klamadji Moussa Ngarena , Fosso Tchunte Periclex Martial , Kamgang Pierre
Published: November 2024

The metavolcanic rocks around Maroua in the Far North Region of Cameroon are located at the northern margin of the Central African Fold Belt (CAFB) and have not been studied to date. The petrographic and whole-rock geochemical data presented in this paper highlight their magma genesis and geodynamic evolution. The lavas are characterized by basaltic, andesitic, and dacitic compositions and belong to the calc-alkaline medium-K and low-K tholeiite series. The mafic samples are essentially magnesian, while the felsic samples are ferroan. On a chondrite-normalized REE diagram, mafic and felsic rocks display fractionated patterns, with light REE enrichment and heavy REE depletion (LaN/YbN = 1.41–5.38). The felsic samples display a negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.59–0.87), while the mafic lavas are characterized by a positive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 1.03–1.35) or an absence thereof. On a primitive mantle-normalized trace element diagram, the majority of the samples exhibit negative Ti and Nb–Ta anomalies (0.08–0.9 and 0.54–0.74, respectively). These characteristic features exhibited by the metavolcanic rocks of Maroua are similar to those of subduction-zone melts. This subduction would have taken place after the convergence between the Congo craton (Adamawa-Yadé domain) and the Saharan craton (Western Cameroonian domain). Petrological modelling using major and trace elements suggests a derivation of the Maroua volcanics from primitive parental melts generated by the 5–10% partial melting of a source containing garnet peridotite, probably generated during the interaction between the subducted continental crust and the lithospheric mantle and evolved chemically through fractional crystallization and assimilation.
Motions in Pictures: From Habermas’s Informal Political Sphere to Formal Politics in the Films Footloose, Land and Freedom and The Beguiled
Authors: Thomas Jane , Tunney Sean
Published: November 2024

This article analyses three historical fiction films, Footloose, Land and Freedom and The Beguiled, to help illuminate aspects of politics and political theory. We study them to explore the relationship between Habermas’s concepts of the lifeworld and political spheres, which analysts have critiqued as opaque. Drawing on Habermas’s theory of communicative action, we debate prevailing understandings of the implications of his work for deliberative democracy via an exploration of the films. By expanding the definition of the term ‘motion’ (otherwise known as ‘draft resolution’), we relate this concept to these Habermasian themes. Thus, this paper analyses feature film case studies as they incorporate motions into fictionalised accounts. We suggest that focusing on these movies’ motions, embedded in unfolding narratives, can help reconceive Habermas’s work to illustrate fluidity in how people and ideas may move between informal and more formal spheres. Ultimately, by showcasing the importance of motions in political participation, via these movies, we advance the idea that motions may be seen as part of a ladder of involvement, providing further opportunities for encouraging participation.
Differentiating Occupational Burnout Among Chinese Nurses: Moderating Roles in Nursing Work Environment and Perceived Care Quality
Authors: Cao Yucheng , Wu Qiwei , Shi Leiyu , Gao Yu , Chappell Kathy , Shao Jing
Published: November 2024

Objective: To investigate and identify different profiles of occupational burnout among Chinese nurses and explore how these burnout profiles moderate the relationship between the nursing work environment and perceived care quality. Methods: Cross-sectional data retrieved from the Chinese Nursing Work Environment Survey (C-NWES) were used for analysis. Variables of interest included occupational burnout, the nursing work environment, nurses’ perceived care quality, and demographic characteristics. Latent profile analysis was employed to identify potential profiles of occupational burnout, which were subsequently used as moderating variables to explore the relationship between the nursing work environment and perceived care quality. Results: Four profiles of occupational burnout were identified among Chinese nurses: Self-Fulfillment profile (38.3%), Emotional Exhaustion profile (37.7%), Lack of Accomplishment profile (16.6%), and Self-Isolation profile (7.4%). Among these, nurses in the Self-Fulfillment profile showed the greatest responsiveness to changes in the work environment, followed by those in the Self-Isolation profile, with the Emotional Exhaustion profile being the least responsive. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for tailored interventions to address the specific needs of distinct nurse groups experiencing burnout, enabling organizations to improve nurses’ well-being, work performance, and patient care quality.
Sex-Specific Associations Between Lifestyle Factors and Sick Leave in the Serbian Working Population: Findings from the National Health Survey
Authors: Knezevic Snezana , Gajic Tamara , Djonovic Nela , Knezevic Sara , Vukolic Dragan , Marinkovic Tatjana , Janicijevic Nikoleta , Vasiljevic Dragan , Djordjevic Slavica , Marinkovic Dragan , Stajic Dalibor
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Sick leave is influenced by various modifiable lifestyle factors and sex differences. This study investigates the associations between body mass index, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption and sick leave among Serbia’s working population, with emphasis on sex differences. Methods: Data from the 2019 National Health Survey of Serbia were analyzed, involving a sample of 4652 individuals. Chi-square tests and logistic regression models assessed the relationships between lifestyle factors and sick leave. Results: Among the participants, 15.8% reported sick leave in the past 12 months, with higher rates among women in both short-term (13.9% vs. 10.6%) and long-term (3.4% vs. 2.2%) sick leave. This study identifies obesity (OR = 2.6), poor dietary habits (fruit OR = 2.1; vegetables OR = 2.8), smoking (OR = 1.9), and risky alcohol consumption (OR = 4.1) as key predictors of sick leave in men, while smoking (OR = 1.8) and risky alcohol consumption (OR = 3.1) are major predictors in women. The inconsistent association between diet, physical activity, and sick leave may be attributed to differences in reporting accuracy, differing definitions of healthy intake, or the influence of unmeasured lifestyle factors. Conclusions: Smoking and risky alcohol consumption increase the odds of sick leave for both sexes. Interventions targeting smoking cessation and mitigating risky alcohol consumption could significantly decrease sick leave rates. While fruit and vegetable consumption, along with physical activity, showed inconsistent effects in both sexes, further studies are warranted to elucidate their roles.
Effects of Foot Position-Based Gait Training on Muscle Activity, Gait Parameters, and Balance in Subacute Stroke Patients
Authors: Lee Yubin , Pyo Yeongjae , Lim Chaegil
Published: November 2024

Background: the effects of gait training based on the positioning of affected foot muscle activity, gait parameters, and balance ability were investigated in patients with subacute stroke. Material and Methods: Forty-five patients with subacute stroke were randomly assigned to three groups: straight gait training (SGT) group (n = 15), outward curved gait training group (OCGT) with the paretic foot positioned laterally (n = 15), or inward curved gait training (ICGT) group with the paretic foot positioned medially (n = 15). All groups received 30 min interventions, comprising 15 min of gait training, five times per week for four weeks. Outcomes were measured in terms of muscle activation of the gluteus maximus (GM), vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis; five gait parameters (step length, stance phase, swing phase, velocity, and maximum force); and balance ability assessed using the timed up and go (TUG) test. Results: All groups exhibited significant improvements in all variables after the four-week intervention period (p < 0.05). Specifically, the overall muscle activation and gait parameters for each group increased as follows: the SGT showed increases of 38.8% and 5.7%, respectively; the OCGT exhibited improvements of 38.9% and 7.4%; and the ICGT demonstrated enhancements of 59.8% and 9.2%. However, except for comparisons between the SGT and ICGT groups in terms of GM muscle activity and TUG, no significant differences were observed between the groups for the other variables (p > 0.05). Conclusions: although patients with subacute stroke can improve their overall physical function regardless of the gait training method, ICGT may be more effective in enhancing muscle activity and balance ability.
Co-Designing in Cultural Tourism: TExTOUR ICT Services and Performance Monitoring System
Authors: Pasandideh Shabnam , Raiyani Kashyap , Lerones Pedro Martín , Ahmed Sajib , Pereira Pedro , Barrientos Francisco J. , Martins João
Published: November 2024

The enhancement of cultural heritage for tourism can greatly benefit from the opportunities offered by Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), promoting greater interaction and integration between all stakeholders and service providers. In recent years, ICT applications and platforms have tended to provide a platform to translate the strategic goals and performance metrics of cultural heritage tourism into comprehensive services tailored to stakeholders’ needs by participating stakeholders. A successful co-designed platform integrates explicit services—requiring specialized software tools—and implicit services, facilitating evaluation processes. This adaptability ensures continuous improvement and alignment with evolving strategies and business objectives. As part of the European project, the development of the TExTOUR open ICT platform marks a significant advancement in leveraging technology within cultural tourism. It exemplifies the creation of a sustainable and adaptable framework, co-designed specifically to support and amplify the strategic objectives of cultural heritage tourism. This approach not only fosters better engagement and management within the sector but also sets a new standard for innovation in cultural tourism practices.
Economic Contribution, Characterization, and Motivations of Tourists: The Raymi Llaqta in Peru
Authors: Zavaleta Chavez Arroyo Franklin Omar , Sánchez Pantaleón Alex Javier , Weepiu Samekash Milena Leticia , Puscan Visalot Jhunniors , Esparza-Huamanchumo Rosse Marie
Published: November 2024

This study assesses the economic contribution and motivations of tourists attending the Raymi Llaqta festival in Chachapoyas, Peru. This study used an econometric analysis based on the application of two types of regression models: non-zero truncated Poisson regression and zero-truncated negative binomial regression. Data were collected through face-to-face structured interviews with domestic and foreign tourists who visited Chachapoyas during the festival. Results indicate significant spending on accommodation, food, transportation, and activities. Tourist satisfaction averaged 3.7, with notable appreciation for the festival’s variety, authenticity, local hospitality, and safety. While both foreign and domestic tourists expressed positive views on the cultural representation and organization of the event, they suggested improvements in hygiene and promotional efforts. Despite using a structured questionnaire, response bias could affect the accuracy of self-reported experiences. This research provides valuable insights into the festival’s direct economic impact on the local economy and highlights the importance of high tourist satisfaction for effective marketing strategies.
High Blood Pressure and Impaired Brain Health: Investigating the Neuroprotective Potential of Magnesium
Authors: Alateeq Khawlah , Walsh Erin I. , Cherbuin Nicolas
Published: November 2024

High blood pressure (BP) is a significant contributor to the disease burden globally and is emerging as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the young as well as the old. The well-established impact of high BP on neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and dementia is widely acknowledged. However, the influence of BP across its full range remains unclear. This review aims to explore in more detail the effects of BP levels on neurodegeneration, cognitive function, and dementia. Moreover, given the pressing need to identify strategies to reduce BP levels, particular attention is placed on reviewing the role of magnesium (Mg) in ageing and its capacity to lower BP levels, and therefore potentially promote brain health. Overall, the review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the evidence linking BP, Mg and brain health. It is hoped that these insights will inform the development of cost-effective and scalable interventions to protect brain health in the ageing population.
MaPom1, a Dual-Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Regulated Kinase, Positively Regulates Thermal and UV-B Tolerance in Metarhizium acridum
Authors: Zhang Yu , Song Lei , Xia Yuxian
Published: November 2024

Fungi play irreplaceable roles in the functioning of natural ecosystems, but global warming poses a significant threat to them. However, the mechanisms underlying fungal tolerance to thermal and UV-B stresses remain largely unknown. Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) Pom1 is crucial for fungal growth, conidiation, and virulence. However, its role in stress tolerance within kingdom fungi has not been explored. In this study, we analyzed the function of MaPom1 (a Pom1 homologous gene) in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium acridum and its regulatory roles in stress tolerance. Conidial thermal and UV-B tolerance significantly decreased in the MaPom1 disruption strain (ΔMaPom1), whereas conidial yield and virulence were unaffected. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily related to amino sugar, nucleotide sugar metabolism, cell wall components, growth and development, and stress response pathways. Under heat shock treatment, the expression levels of heat shock protein genes decreased significantly, leading to reduced thermotolerance. Moreover, under UV-B treatment, MaPom1 expression and the enzyme activity significantly changed, indicating its involvement in regulating UV-B tolerance. The percentage of nuclear damage in ΔMaPom1 under UV-B treatment was higher than that in the wild-type strain (WT) and the complementary strain (CP). Additionally, the transcription levels of DNA damage-related genes significantly decreased, whereas those of several genes involved in the DNA damage repair response increased significantly. Overall, MaPom1 contributed to thermal and UV-B tolerance by regulating the expression of heat shock protein genes and DNA damage repair genes.
Synthesis of a Pd2L4 Hydrazone Molecular Cage Through Multiple Reaction Pathways
Authors: Montà-González Giovanni , Martínez-Máñez Ramón , Martí-Centelles Vicente
Published: November 2024

Molecular cages are preorganized molecules with a central cavity, typically formed through the reaction of their building blocks through chemical bonds. This requires, in most cases, forming and breaking reversible bonds during the cage formation reaction pathway for error correction to drive the reaction to the cage product. In this work, we focus on both Pd–ligand and hydrazone bonds implemented in the structure of a Pd2L4 hydrazone molecular cage. As the cage contains two different types of reversible bonds, we envisaged a cage formation comparative study by performing the synthesis of the cage through three different reaction pathways involving the formation of Pd–ligand bonds, hydrazone bonds, or a combination of both. The three reaction pathways produce the cage with yields ranging from 73% to 79%. Despite the complexity of the reaction, the cage is formed in a high yield, even for the reaction pathway that involves the formation of 16 bonds. This research paves the way for more sophisticated cage designs through complex reaction pathways.
Highly Effective Modulator Therapy: Implications for the Microbial Landscape in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Valladares Kristina N. , Jones Luke I. , Barnes Jarrod W. , Krick Stefanie
Published: November 2024

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channel. In the lungs specifically, CFTR mutations lead to changes in mucus viscosity and defective mucociliary clearance. Moreover, people with CF (pwCF) mount an insufficient immune response to invading pathogens, which predisposes individuals to chronic airway disease associated with chronic inflammation, colonization, and recurrent infections by mainly opportunistic pathogens. These chronic infections in the CF lung are typically polymicrobial and frequently harbour multidrug-resistant pathogens, making both treatment and eradication very challenging. During the last decade, the development of highly effective CFTR modulator therapy (HEMT) has led to a breakthrough in treatment options for pwCF. While the majority of pwCF now live longer and have fewer CF exacerbations, colonisation with common respiratory pathogens persists, thereby contributing to chronic inflammation and infection. Interestingly, there are limited reports examining the lung microbiome in the post-modulator era. Since ETI treatment is still quite novel and has only been used for about five years by now, this review will be one of the first discussing the current literature on the effect of ETI on CF pathogens. In addition, we will identify unanswered questions that remain from the effect of HEMT on the CF microbiome.
TPGPred: A Mixed-Feature-Driven Approach for Identifying Thermophilic Proteins Based on GradientBoosting
Authors: Zhao Cuihuan , Yan Shuan , Li Jiahang
Published: November 2024

Thermophilic proteins maintain their stability and functionality under extreme high-temperature conditions, making them of significant importance in both fundamental biological research and biotechnological applications. In this study, we developed a machine learning-based thermophilic protein GradientBoosting prediction model, TPGPred, designed to predict thermophilic proteins by leveraging a large-scale dataset of both thermophilic and non-thermophilic protein sequences. By combining various machine learning algorithms with feature-engineering methods, we systematically evaluated the classification performance of the model, identifying the optimal feature combinations and classification models. Trained on a large public dataset of 5652 samples, TPGPred achieved an Accuracy score greater than 0.95 and an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC) score greater than 0.98 on an independent test set of 627 samples. Our findings offer new insights into the identification and classification of thermophilic proteins and provide a solid foundation for their industrial application development.
Cerebral Aneurysm: Filling the Gap Between Pathophysiology and Nanocarriers
Authors: Toader Corneliu , Radoi Mugurel Petrinel , Covlea Christian-Adelin , Covache-Busuioc Razvan-Adrian , Ilie Milena Monica , Glavan Luca-Andrei , Corlatescu Antonio-Daniel , Costin Horia-Petre , Gica Maria-Daria , Dobrin Nicolae
Published: November 2024

Intracranial aneurysms, characterized by abnormal dilations of cerebral arteries, pose significant health risks due to their potential to rupture, leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage with high mortality and morbidity rates. This paper aim is to explore the innovative application of nanoparticles in treating intracranial aneurysms, offering a promising avenue for enhancing current therapeutic strategies. We took into consideration the pathophysiology of cerebral aneurysms, focusing on the role of hemodynamic stress, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation in their development and progression. By comparing cerebral aneurysms with other types, such as aortic aneurysms, we identify pathophysiological similarities and differences that could guide the adaptation of treatment approaches. The review highlights the potential of nanoparticles to improve drug delivery, targeting, and efficacy while minimizing side effects. We discuss various nanocarriers, including liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, and their roles in overcoming biological barriers and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, we discuss the potential of specific compounds, such as Edaravone and Tanshinone IIA, when used in conjunction with nanocarriers, to provide neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory benefits. By extrapolating insights from studies on aortic aneurysms, new research directions and therapeutic strategies for cerebral aneurysms are proposed. This interdisciplinary approach underscores the potential of nanoparticles to positively influence the management of intracranial aneurysms, paving the way for personalized treatment options that could significantly improve patient outcomes.
Ultrasound Irradiation as a Candidate Procedure to Improve the Transdermal Drug Delivery to the Tail Edema of a Mouse Model
Authors: Kumegawa Shinji , Suzuki Takuya , Fujimoto Kota , Uemura Kazuhisa , Tachibana Katsuro , Yamada Gen , Asamura Shinichi
Published: November 2024

Drug therapy for secondary lymphedema has not yet been established. Conventional oral and intravenous administration is difficult to administer in sufficient doses due to adverse events. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a transdermal delivery system that can deliver high concentrations of drugs to the edema area. In this study, we examined the efficacy of transdermal drug delivery in a mouse model of tail edema using ultrasound irradiation (sonication method). Ultrasound irradiation can deliver high-molecular-weight substances subcutaneously, and the percutaneous administration of clobetasol propionate to the mouse tail edema model prevented the enlargement of lymphatic vessels with reduced tail volume. Therefore, steroid administration utilizing ultrasound irradiation is effective in decreasing tail swelling in a mouse tail edema model. Thus, ultrasound irradiation could have the potential to innovate the treatment of secondary lymphedema by directly administering the drug to the edema.
Genetic Modifiers of Hemoglobin Expression from a Clinical Perspective in Hemoglobinopathy Patients with Beta Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Diamantidis Michael D. , Ikonomou Georgia , Argyrakouli Ioanna , Pantelidou Despoina , Delicou Sophia
Published: November 2024

Hemoglobinopathies, namely β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD), are hereditary diseases, characterized by molecular genetic aberrations in the beta chains of hemoglobin. These defects affect the normal production of hemoglobin with severe anemia due to less or no amount of beta globins in patients with β-thalassemia (quantitative disorder), while SCD is a serious disease in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels (qualitative disorder). Despite the revolutionary progress in recent years with the approval of gene therapy and gene editing for specific patients, there is an unmet need for highlighting the mechanisms influencing hemoglobin production and for the development of novel drugs and targeted therapies. The identification of the transcription factors and other genetic modifiers of hemoglobin expression is of utmost importance for discovering novel therapeutic approaches for patients with hemoglobinopathies. The aim of this review is to describe these complex molecular mechanisms and pathways affecting hemoglobin expression and to highlight the relevant investigational approaches or pharmaceutical interventions focusing on restoring the hemoglobin normal function by linking the molecular background of the disease with the clinical perspective. All the associated drugs increasing the hemoglobin expression in patients with hemoglobinopathies, along with gene therapy and gene editing, are also discussed.
Urothelial Urinary Bladder Cancer Is Characterized by Stage-Dependent Aberrations in Metabolism of Bioactive Sphingolipids
Authors: Młynarczyk Grzegorz , Mikłosz Agnieszka , Chabowski Adrian , Baranowski Marcin
Published: November 2024

Although dysregulated sphingolipid metabolism was observed in many malignant tumors, bladder cancer has not yet been examined in this regard. This study aims to investigate the metabolism of bioactive sphingolipids across different stages of urothelial urinary bladder cancer (UBC). Forty-eight patients with UBC were included in this study. The neoplasms were classified as either non-muscle-invasive (NMIBC, n = 24) or muscle-invasive (MIBC, n = 24). Samples of the healthy bladder tissue were taken from the patients who underwent radical cystectomy. The content of sphingolipids was measured using an HPLC method, and the mRNA expression of sphingolipid transporters and metabolizing enzymes was evaluated using RT-PCR. Compared to the healthy bladder tissue, the UBC, regardless of the stage, showed an elevated expression of SphK1, Spns2, and ABCC1. The changes in the level of bioactive sphingolipids were strongly stage-dependent. MIBC showed accumulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide, whereas the content of these sphingolipids in the NMIBC tumor was not different from that of healthy tissue. Moreover, MIBC, compared to NMIBC, was characterized by higher levels of sphingosine and dihydroceramide. We conclude that profound alterations in sphingolipid metabolism develop upon UBC transition from non-muscle-invasive to muscle-invasive. They include the accumulation of S1P, resulting from the increased availability of sphingosine generated from ceramide, which also builds up due to a further activation of its de novo synthesis. We hypothesize that the dysregulation of S1P metabolism leading to the accumulation of this tumor-promoting sphingolipid contributes to the progression of UBC.
Fluorescent Aerolysin (FLAER) Binding Is Abnormally Low in the Clonal Precursors of Acute Leukemias, with Binding Particularly Low or Absent in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Authors: Álvarez Flores María Beatriz , Sopeña Corvinos María , Guillén Santos Raquel , Cava Valenciano Fernando
Published: November 2024

Flow cytometry plays a fundamental role in the diagnosis of leukemias and lymphomas, as well as in the follow-up and evaluation of minimally measurable disease after treatment. In some instances, such as in the case of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), rapid diagnosis is required to avoid death due to serious blood clotting or bleeding complications. Given that promyelocytes do not express the glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein CD16 and that deficient CD16 expression is a feature of some CD16 polymorphisms and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), we included the GPI anchor probe FLAER aerolysin in the APL flow cytometry probe panel. Initial tests showed that FLAER binding was absent in pathological promyelocytes from APL patients but was consistently detected with high intensity in healthy promyelocytes from control bone marrow. FLAER binding was studied in 71 hematologic malignancies. Appropriate control cells were obtained from 16 bone marrow samples from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and non-infiltrated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Compared with the positive FLAER signal in promyelocytes from healthy bone marrow, malignant promyelocytes from APL patients showed weak or negative FLAER binding. The FLAER signal in APL promyelocytes was also lower than that in control myeloid progenitors and precursors from patients with other forms of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or myelodysplastic syndrome. Minimal measurable disease studies performed in APL patients after treatment found normal promyelocyte expression when minimal measurable disease was negative and FLAER-negative promyelocytes when disease relapse was detected. The inclusion of FLAER in the flow cytometry diagnosis and follow-up of APL could be very helpful. Decreased FLAER binding was found in all cases of APL, confirmed by the detection of the PML-RARA fusion transcript and, to a lesser extent, in the other AMLs studied. This study also revealed FLAER differences in other acute leukemias and even between different precursors (myeloid and lymphoid) from healthy controls. However, the reason for FLAER’s non-binding to the malignant precursors of these leukemias remains unknown, and future studies should explore the possible relation with an immune escape phenomenon in these leukemias.
Genome-Wide Analysis of the Class III Peroxidase Gene Family in Physcomitrium patens and a Search for Clues to Ancient Class III Peroxidase Functions
Authors: Aparato Vincent P. M. , Rabbi Fazle , Madarash Taylor , Brisbourne Wyllie A. , Barker Elizabeth I. , Suh Dae-Yeon
Published: November 2024

Plant class III peroxidases (PRXs) catalyze generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidation of various compounds including lignin precursors. PRXs function in cell wall metabolism, defense, and stress responses. However, gene redundancy and catalytic versatility have impeded detailed functional characterization of PRX genes. The genome of the model moss Physcomitrium patens harbors a relatively small number (49) of PRX genes. Conserved architecture of four exons and three ‘001’ introns, found in some algal PRX genes and in the PpPRX family, suggests that this architecture predated divergence of the green algal and land plant lineages. The PpPRX family expanded mainly through whole-genome duplications. All duplicated pairs but one were under purifying selection and generally exhibited similar expression profiles. An expanded phylogenetic tree revealed a conserved land plant-wide clade that contained PRXs implicated in stress responses in non-lignifying cells, providing a clue to ancient functions of land plant PRXs. Functional clustering was not observed, suggesting convergent evolution of specific PRX functions (e.g., lignification) in different plant lineages. With its small complement of PRXs, P. patens may be useful for functional characterization of land plant PRXs. Several PpPRXs were proposed for further study, including PpPRX34 and PpPRX39 in the ancient land plant-wide clade.
Web Traffic Anomaly Detection Using Isolation Forest
Authors: Chua Wilson , Pajas Arsenn Lorette Diamond , Castro Crizelle Shane , Panganiban Sean Patrick , Pasuquin April Joy , Purganan Merwin Jan , Malupeng Rica , Pingad Divine Jessa , Orolfo John Paul , Lua Haron Hakeen , Velasco Lemuel Clark
Published: November 2024

As companies increasingly undergo digital transformation, the value of their data assets also rises, making them even more attractive targets for hackers. The large volume of weblogs warrants the use of advanced classification methodologies in order for cybersecurity specialists to identify web traffic anomalies. This study aims to implement Isolation Forest, an unsupervised machine learning methodology in the identification of anomalous and non-anomalous web traffic. The publicly available weblogs dataset from an e-commerce website underwent data preparation through a systematic pipeline of processes involving data ingestion, data type conversion, data cleaning, and normalization. This led to the addition of derived columns in the training set and manually labeled testing set that was then used to compare the anomaly detection performance of the Isolation Forest model with that of cybersecurity experts. The developed Isolation Forest model was implemented using the Python Scikit-learn library, and exhibited a superior Accuracy of 93%, Precision of 95%, Recall of 90% and F1-Score of 92%. By appropriate data preparation, model development, model implementation, and model evaluation, this study shows that Isolation Forest can be a viable solution for close to accurate web traffic anomaly detection.
Garden Snail Predatory Insects’ Modus Operandi Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Murgia Giulia , Coroneo Valentina , Zuddas Carlo , Pani Sara Maria , Cogoni Maria Paola
Published: November 2024

Heliciculture farms are susceptible to significant biotic issues that can impact snail breeding, among them, the entomofauna predation of snails. Predatory insects can cause damage to snail shells during predation, and sometimes, the specific type of damage may be characteristic of certain insect families or species. Under laboratory conditions, we analysed the predatory activity of the species Silpha tristis Illiger, 1798 (Coleoptera: Silphidae), Ocypus olens (Müller, 1764) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), Carabus (Macrothorax) morbillosus constantinus Kraatz, 1899 (Coleoptera: Carabidae), and Lampyris sardiniae Geisthardt, 1987 (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) against the gastropod Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774) reared on snail farms located in the Sardinian region. The adult and larval stages of each species were tested, except for L. sardiniae, as only the larval stage preys upon snails. This study showed that among all of the species considered, only two insects were able to damage the shell of C. aspersum: C. morbillosus constantinus and O.olens. This may prove valuable in C. aspersum breeding for the recognition of specific lesions, even in the absence of the predator.
Review of IoT Systems for Air Quality Measurements Based on LTE/4G and LoRa Communications
Authors: Gololo Mpho Gift Doctor , Nyathi Clinton Wenfrey , Boateng Lennox , Nkadimeng Edward Khomotso , Mckenzie Ryan Peter , Atif Iqra , Kong Jude , Mahboob Muhammad Ahsan , Cheng Ling , Mellado Bruce
Published: November 2024

The issue of air pollution has recently come to light due to rapid urbanization and population growth globally. Due to its impact on human health, such as causing lung and heart diseases, air quality monitoring is one of the main concerns. Improved air pollution forecasting techniques and systems are needed to minimize the human health impact. Systems that fall under the Internet of Things (IoT) topology have been developed to assess and track numerous air quality metrics. This paper presents a review of IoT systems for air quality measurements, where the emphasis is placed on systems with LTE/4G and LoRa communication capabilities. Firstly, an overview of the IoT monitoring system is provided with recent technologies in the market. A critical review is provided of IoT systems regarding air quality using LTE/4G and LoRa communications systems. Lastly, this paper presents a market analysis of commercial IoT devices in terms of the costs, availability of the device, particulate matter each device can measure, etc. A comparative study of these devices is also presented on LTE/4G and possibly LoRa communications systems.
An Innovative Honeypot Architecture for Detecting and Mitigating Hardware Trojans in IoT Devices
Authors: Omar Amira Hossam Eldin , Soubra Hassan , Moulla Donatien Koulla , Abran Alain
Published: November 2024

The exponential growth and widespread adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices have introduced many vulnerabilities. Attackers frequently exploit these flaws, necessitating advanced technological approaches to protect against emerging cyber threats. This paper introduces a novel approach utilizing hardware honeypots as an additional defensive layer against hardware vulnerabilities, particularly hardware Trojans (HTs). HTs pose significant risks to the security of modern integrated circuits (ICs), potentially causing operational failures, denial of service, or data leakage through intentional modifications. The proposed system was implemented on a Raspberry Pi and tested on an emulated HT circuit using a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). This approach leverages hardware honeypots to detect and mitigate HTs in the IoT devices. The results demonstrate that the system effectively detects and mitigates HTs without imposing additional complexity on the IoT devices. The Trojan-agnostic solution offers full customization to meet specific security needs, providing a flexible and robust layer of security. These findings provide valuable insights into enhancing the security of IoT devices against hardware-based cyber threats, thereby contributing to the overall resilience of IoT networks. This innovative approach offers a promising solution to address the growing security challenges in IoT environments.
Activation of a GPCR, ORL1 Receptor: A Novel Therapy to Prevent Heart Failure Progression
Authors: Pathan Saliha S. , Pugazenthi Aarthi , Dixon Beverly R. E. A. , Wensel Theodore G. , Rosengart Todd K. , Mathison Megumi
Published: November 2024

The number of ischemic heart failure (HF) patients is growing dramatically worldwide. However, there are at present no preventive treatments for HF. Our previous study showed that Gata4 overexpression improved cardiac function after myocardial infarction in rat hearts. We also found that Gata4 overexpression significantly increased the expression of a Pnoc gene, an endogenous ligand for the cell membrane receptor ORL1. We hypothesized that the activation of the ORL1 receptor would suppress HF in a rat ischemic heart model. Adult Sprague Dawley rats (8 weeks old, six males and six females) underwent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Three weeks later, normal saline or MCOPPB (ORL1 activator, 2.5 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneal injection was started, and continued 5 days a week for 3 months. Echocardiography was performed six times: pre-operative, 3 days after coronary artery ligation, pre-MCOPPB or saline injection, and 1, 2, and 3 months after saline or MCOPPB injection started. Animals were euthanized after 3 months’ follow-up and the hearts were harvested for histological analysis. The ORL1 activator, MCOPPB, significantly improved cardiac function after myocardial infarction in rats (ejection fraction, MCOPPB vs. saline at euthanasia, 67 ± 3% vs. 43 ± 2%, p < 0.001). MCOPPB also decreased fibrosis and induced angiogenesis. Thus, the ORL1 activator, MCOPPB, may be a novel treatment for preventing HF progression.
The Complementary Role of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Coronary Artery Disease: From Early Diagnosis to Tailored Management
Authors: Crispino Simone Pasquale , Segreti Andrea , Ciancio Martina , Polito Dajana , Guerra Emiliano , Di Gioia Giuseppe , Ussia Gian Paolo , Grigioni Francesco
Published: November 2024

Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for over 9 million deaths annually. The prevalence of CAD continues to rise, driven by ageing and the increasing prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Current clinical guidelines emphasize the importance of functional tests in the diagnostic pathway, particularly for assessing the presence and severity of ischemia. While recommended tests are valuable, they may not fully capture the complex physiological responses to exercise or provide the necessary detail to tailor personalized treatment plans. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) offers a comprehensive assessment of the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and muscular systems under stress, potentially addressing these gaps and providing a more precise understanding of CAD, particularly in settings where traditional diagnostics may be insufficient. By enabling more personalized and precise treatment strategies, CPET could play a central role in the future of CAD management. This narrative review examines the current evidence supporting the use of CPET in CAD diagnosis and management and explores the potential for integrating CPET into existing clinical guidelines, considering its diagnostic and prognostic capabilities, cost-effectiveness, and the challenges associated with its adoption.
Outcome Through the Years of Left-Ventricular Assist Devices Therapy for End-Stage Heart Failure: A Review
Authors: Tropea Ilaria , Cresce Giovanni Domenico , Sanesi Valerio , Salvador Loris , Zoni Daniele
Published: November 2024

Heart transplantation remains the gold standard surgical treatment for advanced heart failure. Over time, medical therapies have achieved remarkable outcomes in terms of survival and quality of life, yet their results may be insufficient, even when maximized. The limited availability of organ donors and the selective criteria for heart transplant eligibility have led to a significant rise in the utilization of long-term mechanical circulatory support, including left ventricular assist devices. Patients receiving LVADs often present with multiple comorbidities, constituting a highly vulnerable population. Individuals living with LVADs may experience various long-term complications, such as bleeding, driveline infections, neurological events, and right ventricular dysfunction. Fortunately, the development of increasingly biocompatible LVAD devices in recent years has resulted in a notable reduction in these complications. This review aims to summarize the principal complications encountered by patients with LVADs throughout their treatment and the associated daily management strategies.