bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Friction Behavior of Anodic Oxide Layer Coating on 2017A T4 Aluminum Alloy under Severe Friction Solicitation: The Effect of Anodizing Parameters
Authors: Kchaou Mohamed
Published: February 2024

This article aims to highlight the wear mechanisms and friction behavior of the 2017A T4 anodized aluminum alloy used for automotive and aerospace applications. The effect of the processing parameters on the durability of the anodized layer under high friction is studied. Scratch tests were carried out to study the level of the friction coefficient with the increase in the thickness of the oxide layer formed on the Al 2017 A (AU4G) substrate. The results of the scratch tests show that the variation in the anodization duration, which influences the thickness of the oxide layer, induces an increase in the coefficient of friction. Besides, the variations in friction coefficient with sliding distance are influenced by the changes in wear morphology and degree of oxidation. Treated surfaces with a thickness of 50 μm have the lowest friction coefficients and wear rates. Their improved wear resistance may be related to the increased bond strength compared to other anodized surfaces. The tribological damage was characterized by the detachment of debris, which increases with the increase of the duration of anodization. Upon sliding, its detachment leads to delamination of the underlying anodic aluminum oxides and subsequent abrasion of the aluminum substrate.
The Effectiveness of determining the Load-bearing Capacity of Piles based on the Results of Pile Dynamic Testing: The Case Study of Long An Province, Vietnam
Authors: Vo Nguyen Phu-Huan , Nghia-Nguyen Trong
Published: February 2024

Determining the load-bearing capacity of piles currently relies on various field experimental methods, with static pile compression loading testing and dynamic pile testing through Pile Driving Analysis (PDA) being widely accepted as reliable practices. However, the application of PDA tests faces limitations, especially in construction projects with weak soil profile while the static pile load test usually requires high testing costs. Consequently, the conventional dynamic pile testing method, checking the resistance through a number of dynamic hammer blows, is commonly utilized. Despite its prevalence, there has been limited research on the traditional dynamic pile testing method. In light of this, the present study aims to examine the traditional approach by analytical and numerical simulations. By doing so, it seeks to offer a more objective and comprehensive understanding of its effectiveness when compared to alternative methods.
Development of Surface Roughness Prediction and Monitoring System in Milling Process
Authors: Lai Yu-Sheng , Lin Wei-Zhu , Lin Yung-Chih , Hung Jui-Pin
Published: February 2024

High surface quality is an important indicator for high-performance machining during the manufacturing process. The surface roughness generated in machining can be affected by cutting parameters and machining vibration. To achieve processing efficiency, monitoring surface quality within the desired range is important. This study aimed to develop a surface roughness prediction system for the milling process. The predictive model was established based on data collected from machining experiments with the response surface methodology. The surface roughness is related to independent variables, including cutting parameters and machining vibration, in terms of nonlinear functions by regression analysis and the neural network approach, respectively. To be implemented in a CNC milling machine for online application, a predictive model was introduced in the Virtual Machine Extension (VMX) intelligent software development platform. This model can acquire the cutting parameters from the controller via the Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture (OPCUA) interface as well as the vibration features from the sensory module. The system can calculate the roughness based on these data and issue alert when the predicted value exceeds the preset threshold or abnormal vibration is detected.
RIOD:Reinforced Image-based Object Detection for Unruly Weather Conditions
Authors: Pavitha P. P. , Rekha K. Bhanu , Safinaz S.
Published: February 2024

Deep Neural Network (DNN) object detectors have proved their efficiency in the detection and classification of objects in normal weather. However, these models suffer a lot during bad weather conditions (foggy, rain, haze, night, etc.). This study presents a new scheme to reduce the aforementioned issue by attenuating the noise in the input image before feeding it to any kind of neural network-based object detector. In this study, the image optimization function transforms subpar-quality images due to bad weather into pictures with the optimal possible quality by estimating the proper illumination and transmission function. These optimized images showed improved object detection rates in the YOLOv4 and YOLOv5 models. This improvement in object detection was also noticed in the case of video input. This scheme was tested with images/videos from various weather conditions, and the results showed an encouraging improvement in detection rates.
Kefirin Obezite ve Diyabet Üzerine Etkileri
Authors: Doğan Güney Hilal , Özer Altundağ Özlem
Published: February 2024

Özet
Son on yılda obezite, diyabet, dislipidemi gibi kronik bulaşıcı olmayan hastalık vakalarındaki artışla birlikte tamamlayıcı veya adjuvan tedavi olarak probiyotik ve prebiyotik kullanımına ilgi artmıştır. Kefir probiyotik içeriği zengin fermente bir üründür. Probiyotik içeriği zengin bir fermente ürün olan kefirin diyabet üzerindeki etkileri incelemek amacıyla son on yılda yapılan çalışmalar incelenmiş ve derlenmiştir. Sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde farklı dozlarda ve farklı sürelerde günlük olarak tüketilen kefirin iyi bir glisemik kontrol ve metabolik kontrol sağlayıcı olduğu incelenen çalışmalarda belirtilmektedir. Yapılan bu derleme çalışması ile hedeflenen ileriki çalışmalarda farklı süt türleri ve farklı bakteri suşları kullanılarak üretilen kefirlerin insan sağlığının farklı boyutlardaki etkilerinin incelenmesine (merkezi sinir sistemi gibi) ve kefirin raf ömrü gibi kriterlerine etkisine ışık tutması amaçlanmaktadır.
Investing In Renewable Energy Stocks: Performance of Yield Cos in US
Authors: Gautham Mohandas
Published: February 2024

Purpose – Renewable Energy company stocks is gaining taction for yielding lucrative returns in covid and post covid world. Moreover, there has been a lot of talk about ESG investing and its potential benefits to the future economy. Most of the top companies in terms of market capitalization often use yield cos to shift the risks and gain good returns.The purpose of the paper is to focus on how the renewable energy companies having yield cos operate and what makes their structure unique for investment.
Design/methodology/approach – The stock data for the top 5 renewable companies with yield cos are taken from Yahoo Finance, Cap IQ for the years 2010 to 2023. Stock price analysis is carried out to determine how the stocks performed compared to S&P500 index.
Findings – We could see that the yield co structure for the renewable companies remains an attractive and viable mechanism for renewable energy projects and the companies. The renewable companies most of the time bet the market index suggesting that the stocks have significant potential in the future.
Originality/value – The paper primarily focuses on the renewable energy companies which follow the yield co structure. First, the historic trend from 2010 has been analyzed to determine how the companies evolved over time. Second, correlation analysis has been performed with the index to determine how it compared against the market. Third, detailed analysis has been performed on the impact of yield cos and its potential benefits.
Phytochemicals, Physico-Chemical and Fatty Acid Composition of Oil Extracted from Carica Papaya (Papaw) Seed
Authors: A. E., Adeleke , A. P., Onifade, , O. E., Isola, , A. M., Oke, , I. M. Olanipekun, , S. S., Aghanti,
Published: February 2024

Carica Papaya is an economically important tropical herbaceous plant with numerous biological activities. In local medicine, different parts of C. Papaya (leaves, stems, roots, fruits, and seeds) are utilized in the treatment of various ailments. The seeds are rich in fibre and thus have the ability to regulate our bowel movements, removing toxins from the body and maintaining a healthy gut. The carpain present in Carica papaya helps kill bacteria and parasites thus keeping our digestive system healthy. This study investigated the phytochemicals, physicochemical properties, and fatty acid characterization of oil extracts of Carica Papaya (Papaw) Seed flour. Fatty acid composition was determined using a Gas chromatograph (model 8700; Perkin Elmer) and phytochemicals as well as physicochemical properties were determined using standard analytical methods. The results of the physicochemical properties of the oil were 2.810 ±1.040 mg KOH/g for acid value, iodine value 22.000 ±8.000, peroxide values 17.000 ±2.646b, Free fatty acid (FFA)0.180 ±0.009a mEq/kg, refractive index1.335 ±1.010aand specific gravity 0.895 ±0.052a. The low acid, free fatty acid and peroxide value suggested the edibility of oil and stability to oxidative rancidity during storage. The fatty acid profile revealed that the oil contained appreciable amount of unsaturated fatty acids such as Oleic acid (13.420 ±0.026%), Linoleic acid, 24.640 ±0.040 %, Linolenic Acid 4.750 ±0.026 c%, Arachidonic acid, 2.950 ±0.160b and Palmitoleic acid 2.290 ± 0.173 % with Linoleic acid, being the most abundant fatty acid. However. the result of total fatty acid composition showed that seed oil contained relatively the same amount of unsaturated fatty (48.05 %) and saturated fatty acid (51.95%), thus making it nutritionally important if properly refined and industrially valuable. The results in this study suggested the C. papaya seed might be incorporated into existing foods, to solve the problems of malnutrition and other health related issue.
Obi holt Alfred Glander in den Aufsichtsrat
Authors: Mende Jan , Hofmann Janine
Published: February 2024

Mit Alfred Glander rückt ein ehemaliger Top-Manager von Plus, Fressnapf und Kik in den Obi-Aufsichtsrat. Er kommt auf Empfehlung des Hauptgesellschafters.
Flensburger verliert kräftig
Authors: Brück Mario
Published: February 2024

Konsumzurückhaltung und eine Preiserhöhung haben den Absatz von Flensburger deutlich unter den Branchenschnitt gedrückt.
Haus ohne Ware
Authors: Hebben Miriam , Nissen Madeleine , Ingelmann Anja
Published: February 2024

Die glorreichen Zeiten des Kaufhauses sind lange vorbei. Und doch ist jede Schließung ein deprimierender Anblick. Oft folgen Jahre des Leerstandes – selbst in guten Lagen. Die Bereitschaft, ins Risiko zu gehen, sinkt. Miriam Hebben, Anja Ingelmann und Madeleine Nissen
LEH ist Haupteinkaufsstätte für Bio
Authors: Kühn Iki
Published: February 2024

Inflation und steigende Preise machen auch dem Biomarkt zu schaffen. Die Preissteigerungen fallen hier geringer aus als im konventionellen Segment. Verbraucher achten auch beim Bioeinkauf auf ihre Ausgaben. Drogeriemärkte und Discounter profitieren dabei.
Stimmung ist besser als die Lage
Authors: Biester Silke
Published: February 2024

Bei der Spielwarenmesse haben sich die Aussteller bemüht, Optimismus zu verbreiten. Doch die Märkte sind noch immer gesättigt, Regale voll und Konsumenten unwillig Geld auszugeben.
Dänemarks Agrartransformation
Authors: Pehl Patrick
Published: February 2024

Europaweit sind Traktoren und Landwirte auf den Straßen, doch in Dänemark herrscht Ruhe. Was ist das Geheimnis der Dänen? Welche strategischen Entscheidungen und politischen Maßnahmen verfolgt das Land zwischen den Meeren, um seinen Agrarsektor nachhaltig zu gestalten? Was kann Deutschland für seine zukunftsorientierte Landwirtschaft lernen?
Das Meer bringt den Mehrertrag
Authors: Schaal René
Published: February 2024

Frankfurt a.M. Die EU-Düngeprodukteverordnung weist insgesamt fünf Klassen von Biostimulanzien aus. Eine Kategorie umfasst Algen und Algenextrakte. Deren bioaktiven Inhaltsstoffe haben vielfältige Signalwirkungen und eröffnen damit neue Wege, um das Ertrags- und Qualitätspotenzial besser ausnützen zu können – nicht nur im Ökolandbau.
Understanding Consumer Choices: Towards Sustainable Water Use in India
Authors: Ginwal Richa , Kumar Daleep
Published: February 2024

This study addresses the pressing issue of water scarcity in India, focusing on sustainable water management and the crucial role of consumer behavior. It establishes a clear correlation between safe water access, economic development, and public health, emphasizing the interconnectedness of these factors. The concept of a
water footprint, comprising green, blue, and gray components, provides a framework for analyzing global water usage. The socio-economic context highlights the significance of recognizing water as an economic good for efficient resource allocation. Global water availability is discussed, revealing the inadequacies in freshwater
distribution and the widening gap between demand and supply. India's precarious position, given its large population, is underscored. Issues related to water consumption, including reckless groundwater exploitation, emphasize the need for stakeholder involvement and a paradigm shift in water management. The study stresses the urgency of an action plan for sustainable water management, advocating strategies such as storage, conservation, and recycling. Disproportionate water usage in agriculture and urban inefficiencies are addressed, urging modernization and technological advancements. Public engagement emerges as pivotal, with consumer behavior significantly impacting water usage patterns. The study discusses the role of public feedback "report cards" in promoting accountability among service providers, whether private or government-owned. Highlighting growing awareness in India, referencing NITI Aayog's Composite Water Management Index, the study emphasizes the disparity between population and freshwater resources. Groundwater depletion and per capita water use statistics underscore the need for immediate action. The study explores untapped water supply sources, advocating for the reduction of system leakage and promoting rainwater harvesting. The potential of stormwater and wastewater management is discussed, emphasizing the importance of incorporating green infrastructure solutions. In conclusion, the study underscores the significance of studying consumer behavior to enhance water conservation strategies. Recommendations include assessing consumer awareness, understanding utilization patterns, and perceptions affecting economic impact. The research advocates for a paradigm shift in water use and recycling, emphasizing the critical role of consumers in shaping a sustainable water future for India.
Safeguarding the Future: The Critical Role of Child Vaccination in Cultivating a
Healthy Generation
Authors: Dobriyal Anoop K , Dobriyal Shailja , Kumar Koshal
Published: February 2024

Child vaccination stands as a pivotal element in public health, offering a robust defense against infectious diseases and contributing to broader societal well-being. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of child vaccination, delving into its historical significance, scientific underpinnings, societal impact, educational dimensions, and global initiatives. In the Indian context, where healthcare challenges are diverse
and densely populated, the importance of child vaccination is accentuated. The historical trajectory in India, from early efforts against smallpox to contemporary immunization programs, reveals significant strides and persistent challenges. Scientifically, vaccination relies on immunological principles, necessitating ongoing
research, innovation, and rigorous scrutiny to ensure safety and efficacy. Societal benefits extend beyond individual protection, encompassing economic productivity, educational attainment, and global health security. Education and advocacy are crucial for the success of vaccination programs, addressing misinformation and
fostering trust. Global initiatives led by organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and Gavi aim to ensure equitable vaccine access worldwide. Challenges persist, including vaccine hesitancy and ethical considerations around mandatory policies. The paper concludes by emphasizing the enduring importance of child vaccination as a beacon of hope, urging continued commitment, education, and collaboration to build a healthier and more resilient future for all
The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on MSMEs in the Uttarakhand State
Authors: Panwar Divyanshu , Mamgain Pradeep , Sati M. C.
Published: February 2024

Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) have significant potential of job opportunities. It reduces the earning imbalances between locations and enables people to be financially secure and to earn money from jobs, especially in scattered places, like in Uttarakhand, which comes with its own geographical challenges, being a hilly state. The livelihood becomes more challenging when it confronts some natural disaster or pandemic like Covid-19, as was globally observed in 2020. This work is an attempt to examine the impact on small and medium-sized businesses, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, in the state. The impact of the pandemic is studied on the employment, number of units and investments in the MSMEs of the state. The study was carried out using SPSS 20 software, and the pre- and post- pandemic data, from 2015 to 2024, was analyzed by computing CAGR (compound average growth rate). A severely ill impact of the Covid-19 pandemic was observed in the number of units, employment and investment in the MSMEs in Uttarakhand, during the period of study.
تفعيل صندوق الخسائر والأ رضر ار: التعلّم من وجهات نظر المموّلين والمستفيدين المحتملين
Authors:   Stockholm Environment Institute, Shawoo Zoha , Bakhtaoui Inès , Schultheiß Lisa , Naushin Nusrat , Ahmed Lina ,   Germanwatch,   International Centre for Climate Change and Development
Published: February 2024

يوضح هذا الملخص النقاط الرئيسية التي برزت عن الأبحاث الجديدة والتي تهدف بشكل خاص إلى توجيه تصميم الصندوق لمساعدته في تحقيق أهدافه.
Puesta en marcha del Fondo para Pérdidas y Daños: aprender de las perspectivas de financiadores y receptores potenciales
Authors:   Stockholm Environment Institute, Shawoo Zoha , Bakhtaoui Inès , Schultheiß Lisa ,   Germanwatch, Naushin Nusrat , Ahmed Lina ,   International Centre for Climate Change and Development
Published: February 2024

Este documento resume los puntos clave identificados en un reciente estudio que trata de determinar el diseño del fondo en vista de sus objetivos. Puntos clave:
Según estudios recientes, para ayudar más eficazmente a que los países vulnerables respondan y se recuperen de los efectos de la crisis climática, el nuevo Fondo para Pérdidas y Daños (Fondo PyD) debería establecerse y gestionarse de una forma que sea justa y que los donantes y las comunidades receptoras consideren como tal.

Aunque no hay una sola forma correcta de poner en marcha el fondo, es fundamental que sea transparente a la hora de establecer prioridades, gestionar equilibrios y determinar quién participará en la toma de las decisiones clave.

Además de apoyar tanto la recuperación inmediata como a largo plazo, el fondo debe identificar vías para que la financiación llegue a nivel local, de manera que beneficie a las comunidades más afectadas por las pérdidas y los daños de acuerdo con sus propias necesidades y prioridades.

En la puesta en marcha del fondo deberá prestarse mucha atención a cuatro puntos de equilibrio clave: establecer un alcance financiero amplio para el fondo o centrarse en mejorar la coordinación con otros proveedores de financiación; poner énfasis en la gobernanza participativa o en enfoques descentralizados; dar prioridad a los procesos de toma de decisiones participativos o a otros más rápidos; y priorizar una mayor accesibilidad o una supervisión más estricta.
 
¿Cómo se justifica una invasión?
Authors: Langebaek Rueda Carl Henrik , Uscátegui Camilo Ernesto
Published: February 2024

¿Cómo se justifica una invasión? cuestiona la arraigada creencia de que los muiscas, antes de la llegada de los conquistadores, eran gobernados por unos pocos caciques tiranos que a través de la expansión violenta y la búsqueda de riqueza consolidaron un poder basado en la tributación. Esta obra brinda una interpretación alternativa sobre cómo se ha entendido el poder y cómo la narrativa de los "indios tiranos" no solo fue una condena moral, sino también una justificación ideológica de la expansión imperialista y colonial. Por medio de esta apasionante investigación, Carl Henrik Langebaek y Camilo Ernesto Uscátegui estudian celebraciones, alianzas matrimoniales e intercambios muiscas y a partir de ahí dan cuenta de cómo la visión de "tiranos" fue construida cuidadosa y deliberadamente desde los intereses de los conquistadores y la Corona en el siglo XVI.
Does Googling Impact Euronext Stock Returns?
Authors: COSTA Luís , VIEIRA Elisabete , MADALENO Mara
Published: February 2024

This study intends to analyze a potential connection between the number of Google searches and Euronext stock returns, considering also the impact that investor sentiment has on stock returns. For this purpose, we analyzed Euronext companies’data from 2017 to 2021, using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) methodology.
Modern approaches in toddlers' education
Authors:   Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania, Mihai Elena Claudia , Ghiță Iulia Adelina ,   Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania
Published: February 2024

Parenting involves a multitude of responsibilities, one of the most critical being the education of children. A holistic approach to child education encompasses home-based learning, experiential learning, digital resources, the transmission of values and beliefs, and formal education. All these sources can facilitate collaboration between educators and parents in delivering sustainable education for their children.
This article aims to investigate the use of alternative or traditional educational methods, using rewards and punishments or no consequences, by a sample of toddlers’ parents. Their main sources of information for children's education were investigated also. The sample study included 40 preschoolers’ parents, aged 24 - 39 years.
The correlation between teacher support and primary school students’ life and school satisfaction
Authors:   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Teacher Education, Croatia, Vidić Tomislava , Ožanić Marija Stamać ,   Hendal d. o. o., Croatia
Published: February 2024

Students’ life satisfaction is a sense of subjective well-being and the capacity to effectively deal with and adapt to change and cope with environmental demands. In the last three years, students all over the world have been faced with changes in the educational system brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Many schools were forced to organize online classes, and numerous teachers encountered this way of teaching for the first time. The aim of this research was to examine the perception of teacher support and its correlation with students’ school and life satisfaction. The research was carried out among 402 students of the third to eighth grade of primary school in Zagreb, Croatia. The implemented simple analysis of variance has shown higher satisfaction with teacher support, school and life among younger than among older children. Regression analyses have shown that students’ age and teacher support act as important predictors of students’ school satisfaction, which was found to be a predictor of students’ life satisfaction.
Institutional attachment as a key factor for academic performance
Authors:   Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Suditu Mihaela , Safta Cristina Georgiana ,   Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania
Published: February 2024

The current study intends to analyze two dimensions considered crucial for students' academic success, namely institutional attachment, understood as a sense of belonging and an awareness of being part of a community, and academic performance, as a sustained effort, directed and materialized in achieving high academic results. The sample we propose consists of 296 first- and third-year students. The research instrument used is the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ). The premise that underpins our approach is that there is a strong and sustained relationship between institutional attachment and academic performance. The results are statistically processed and are explained in tables and graphs.
The strengths of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in university students: A qualitative investigation
Authors:   The State University of New Jersey, USA, Ramji Anusha V. , Foster Juliet ,   Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, United Kingdom
Published: February 2024

Though adults with ADHD face more challenges than neurotypicals at university, they seem to have found ways to manage. This might be indicative of strengths, an area neglected in currently “deficit” focused ADHD research. This project aimed to ascertain what the strengths could be in 5 undergraduates who completed an audio-recorded semi-structured qualitative interview. Data was collected from a phenomenological perspective, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed. Courage, Humanity, Seeking Self Actualization, Vitality, as well as Wisdom and Knowledge were the 5 themes extracted using the Character Strengths and Virtues Handbook (CSV) (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Further research on the strengths related to ADHD could increase the generalizability of these findings and add to our knowledge of this area which has been neglected by research.
The efectiveness of augmented reality technology in enhancing learning outcomes among primary school students: a study based on the ARCS model of motivation
Authors:   Northern Border University, Saudi Arabia, Alenezi Abdullah
Published: February 2024

This paper examines the effectiveness of using augmented reality (AR) with the ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction) framework to improve student performance and motivation in primary schools in Saudi Arabia. A sample of 100 randomly selected primary school pupils from grades 4 to 6 were used in the study, and two motivational and learning use scales were used to collect data. The results of the study indicated that AR implementation using the ARCS framework significantly improved knowledge and motivation among the primary school students. The paper recommends that AR should be adopted in primary schools in Saudi Arabia, specifically for grades 4 to 6, as an effective method of enhancing student learning and motivation.
Derivation of depolarization ratios of aerosol fluorescence and water vapor Raman backscatters from lidar measurements
Authors: Veselovskii Igor , Hu Qiaoyun , Goloub Philippe , Podvin Thierry , Boissiere William , Korenskiy Mikhail , Kasianik Nikita , Khaykyn Sergey , Miri Robin
Published: February 2024

Abstract. Polarization properties of the fluorescence induced by polarized laser radiation are widely considered in laboratory studies. In lidar observations, however, only the total backscattered power of fluorescence is analyzed. In this paper we present results obtained with a modified Mie–Raman–fluorescence lidar operated at the ATOLL observatory, Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, University of Lille, France, allowing us to measure depolarization ratios of fluorescence at 466 nm (δF) and of water vapor Raman backscatter. Measurements were performed in May–June 2023 during the Alberta forest fires season when smoke plumes were almost continuously transported over the Atlantic Ocean towards Europe. During the same period, smoke plumes from the same sources were also detected and analyzed in Moscow, at the General Physics Institute (GPI), with a five-channel fluorescence lidar able to measure fluorescence backscattering at 438, 472, 513, 560 and 614 nm. Results demonstrate that, inside the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the urban aerosol fluorescence is maximal at 438 nm, and then it gradually decreases with the increase in wavelength. The smoke layers observed within 4–6 km height present a maximum fluorescence at 513 nm, while in the upper troposphere, fluorescence maximum shifts to 560 nm. Regarding the fluorescence depolarization ratio, for smoke its value typically varies within the 45 %–55 % range. The depolarization ratio of the water vapor Raman backscattering at 408 nm is shown to be quite low (2±0.5 %) in the absence of fluorescence because the narrowband interference filter (0.3 nm) in the water vapor channel selects only the strongest vibrational lines of the Raman spectrum. As a result, the depolarization ratio at the water vapor Raman channel is sensitive to the presence of strongly depolarized fluorescence backscattering and can be used for the evaluation of the aerosol fluorescence contribution to measured water vapor mixing ratio.
Determination of the vertical distribution of in-cloud particle shape using SLDR-mode 35 GHz scanning cloud radar
Authors: Teisseire Audrey , Seifert Patric , Myagkov Alexander , Bühl Johannes , Radenz Martin
Published: February 2024

Abstract. In this study we present an approach that uses the polarimetric variable SLDR (slanted linear depolarization ratio) from a scanning polarimetric cloud radar MIRA-35 in the SLDR configuration, to derive the vertical distribution of particle shape (VDPS) between the top and base of mixed-phase cloud systems. The polarimetric parameter SLDR was selected for this study due to its strong sensitivity to shape and low sensitivity to the wobbling effect of particles at different antenna elevation angles. For the VDPS method, elevation scans from 90 to 30∘ elevation angle were deployed to estimate the vertical profile of the particle shape by means of the polarizability ratio, which is a measure of the density-weighted axis ratio. Results were obtained by retrieving the best fit between observed SLDR from 90 to 30∘ elevation angle and respective values simulated with a spheroidal scattering model. The applicability of the new method is demonstrated by means of three case studies of isometric, columnar, and plate-like hydrometeor shapes, respectively, which were obtained from measurements at the Mediterranean site of Limassol, Cyprus. The identified hydrometeor shapes are demonstrated to fit well to the cloud and thermodynamic conditions which prevailed at the time of observation. A fourth case study demonstrates a scenario where ice particle shapes tend to evolve from a pristine state at the cloud top toward a more isometric shape or less dense particles at the cloud base. Either aggregation or riming processes contribute to this vertical change of microphysical properties. The new height-resolved identification of hydrometeor shape and the potential of the VDPS method to derive its vertical distribution are helpful tools to understand complex processes such as riming or aggregation, which occur particularly in mixed-phase clouds.
Phytoplankton response to increased nickel in the context of ocean alkalinity enhancement
Authors: Xin Xiaoke , Faucher Giulia , Riebesell Ulf
Published: February 2024

Abstract. Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is considered one of the most promising approaches to actively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere by accelerating the natural process of rock weathering. This approach involves introducing alkaline substances sourced from natural mineral deposits, such as olivine, basalt, and carbonates or obtained from industrial waste products such as steel slag, into seawater and dispersing them over coastal areas. Some of these natural and industrial substances contain trace metals, which would be released into the oceans along with the alkalinity enhancement. The trace metals could serve as micronutrients for marine organisms at low concentrations but could potentially become toxic at high concentrations, adversely affecting marine biota. To comprehensively assess the feasibility of OAE, it is crucial to understand how the phytoplankton, which forms the base of marine food webs, responds to ocean alkalinization and associated trace metal perturbations. As one of the most abundant metals in OAE source materials, understanding the impacts of nickel (Ni) on the phytoplankton is critical for OAE assessment. In this study, we investigated the influence of nickel (Ni) on three representative phytoplankton species over a gradient of nine Ni concentrations (from 0 to 100 µmol L−1 with 12 µmol L−1 synthetic organic ligand). The impacts of elevated Ni varied among the tested phytoplankton species. The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi and the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae exhibited a growth rate inhibition of about 30 % and 20 %, respectively, at the highest Ni concentrations. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50, at which the growth rate is inhibited by 50 %) of both species exceeded the tested range of Ni. This suggests that both species were only mildly affected by the elevated Ni concentrations. In contrast, the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii displayed a considerably higher sensitivity to Ni, with a 60 % growth rate inhibition at the highest Ni concentration and an IC50 value of 63.9 µmol L−1. In conclusion, the variability in phytoplankton sensitivity to Ni exposure suggests that for OAE applications with Ni-rich materials caution is required and critical toxic thresholds for Ni must be avoided.
Local ship speed reduction effect on black carbon emissions measured at remote marine station
Authors: Heikkilä Mikko , Luoma Krista , Mäkelä Timo , Grönholm Tiia
Published: February 2024

Abstract. Speed restrictions for ships have been introduced locally to reduce the waves and turbulence causing erosion, and safety hazards, and to mitigate the air and underwater noise emissions. Ship speed restrictions could be used to minimise the climate impact of maritime transport since many air pollutants in ship exhaust gas are reduced when travelling at lower speeds. However, for example, methane and black carbon emissions do not linearly correlate with the load of internal combustion engines. Therefore, the effect of speed restrictions may not be trivial. Black carbon concentrations from ship plumes were examined at the remote marine site in the Finnish Southwestern archipelago. Ships with service speeds over 15 knots and equipped with an exhaust gas cleaning system were analysed for black carbon emissions as a function of speed. Both unadjusted and weather-adjusted main engine loads were modelled to determine load-based emission factors. Black carbon concentration per kilogram of fuel decreased as a function of engine load. However, as calculated per hour the black carbon emission increased as a function of ship speed except around a constant emission area, which was roughly 15–20 knots. In terms of local air quality, total black carbon emission per nautical mile was the highest around the halved speeds, 10–13 knots, or when the speed was higher than 20–23 knots. From a climate warming perspective, the CO2 emissions dominated the exhaust gas and reducing the speed decreased the global warming potential in CO2 equivalent both per hour and per nautical mile.
Measurement Report: Elevated excess-NH3 can promote the redox reaction to produce HONO: Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Zhang Xinyuan , Wang Lingling , Wang Nan , Ma Shuangliang , Wang Shenbo , Zhang Ruiqin , Zhang Dong , Wang Mingkai , Zhang Hongyu
Published: February 2024

Abstract. The incongruity between atmospheric oxidizing capacity and NOx emissions during the COVID-19 pandemic remains puzzling. Here, we show evidence from field observations of ten sites in China that there was a noticeable increase in NH3 concentrations during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to the meteorological conditions, the significant decrease in sulfate and nitrate concentrations enhanced the portioning of NH4+ to NH3 Such conditions enable enhanced particle pH values, which in turn accelerate the redox reactions between NO2 and SO2 to form HONO. This mechanism partly explains the enhanced atmospheric oxidizing capacity during the pandemic and highlights the importance of coordinating the control of SO2, NOx, and NH3 emissions.
The cascading effect of wildfires on flood risk: a study case in Ebro River basin Spain
Authors: Sutanto Samuel Jonson , Janssen Matthijs , de Brito Mariana Madruga , del Pozo Garcia Maria
Published: February 2024

Abstract. Climate change increases the risk of wildfires and floods in the Mediterranean region. Yet, wildfire hazards are often overlooked in flood risk assessments and treated in isolation even though they can amplify floods. Indeed, by altering the hydrological response of burnt areas, wildfires can lead to increased runoff and cascading impacts. This study aims to comprehensively assess flood risk using a multi-criteria GIS-based approach, considering both current conditions and future scenarios for the Ebro River basin in Spain in the year 2100. More specifically, this study investigates future flood risk under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SPP) 1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, taking into account projected socio-economic conditions and the cascading impact of wildfires. An Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach is employed to assign weights to various indicators and components of flood risk, based on insights gathered from interviews with seven experts specializing in natural hazards. Results show that the influence of wildfires on baseline flood risk is not apparent. Under the SSP1-2.6 scenario, regions with high flood risk are expected to experience a slight risk reduction, regardless of the presence of wildfires, due to an expected substantial development in adaptive capacity. The highest flood risk, almost double compared to the baseline, is projected to occur in the SSP5-8.5 scenario, especially when considering the cascading impacts of wildfires. Therefore, this research highlights the importance of adopting a multi-hazard risk management approach, as reliance solely on single-risk analyses may lead to an underestimation of the compound and cascading impacts of multi-hazards.
The contribution of transport emissions to ozone mixing ratios and methane lifetime in 2015 and 2050 in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs)
Authors: Mertens Mariano , Brinkop Sabine , Graf Phoebe , Grewe Volker , Hendricks Johannes , Jöckel Patrick , Lanteri Anna , Matthes Sigrun , Rieger Vanessa S. , Righi Mattia , Thor Robin N.
Published: February 2024

Abstract. We quantify the contributions of emissions from the transport sector to tropospheric ozone and the hydroxyl radical (OH) by means of model simulations with a global chemistry-climate model equipped with a source attribution method. For the first time we applied a method which allows to quantify also contributions to OH which is invariant upon disaggregation or recombination and additive. Based on these quantified contributions, we analyse the ozone radiative forcings (RF) and methane lifetime reductions attributable to emissions from the transport sectors. The contributions were analysed for each transport sector separately and for 2015 as well as for 2050 under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) SSP1-1.9, SSP2-4.5, and SSP3-7.0. In line with previous publications using the source attribution approach, we quantify an ozone RF attributable to emissions from land transport, shipping, and aviation for the year 2015 of 121 mW m-2, 60 mW m-2, and 31 mW m-2, respectively. At the same time, we diagnose a relative reduction in methane lifetime due to transport emissions of 14.3 % (land transport), 8.5 % (shipping), and 3.8 % (aviation). These reductions are significantly larger as reported by previous studies due to the application of the source attribution method. Compared to 2015, only SSP1-1.9 shows a strong decrease in ozone RF and methane lifetime reduction attributable to the entire transport sector in 2050. For the projections SSP2-4.5, we find similar effects of the total transport sector as for 2015, while the effects in SSP3-7.0 increase compared to 2015. This small change of the effects for the two projections compared to 2015 is caused by two main factors. Firstly, aviation emissions are projected to increase in SSP2-4.5 (increase of 107 %) and SSP3-7.0 (+86 %) compared to 2015, resulting in a projected ozone RF of 55 mW m-2 (+78 %) and 50 mW m-2 (+61 %) for the year 2050 from aviation emissions. Secondly, the non-linear effects of atmospheric chemistry in polluted regions such as Europe and North America lead to rather small reductions in ozone and OH in response to emission reductions, especially from land transport emissions. In addition, the increase in emissions from land transport in other parts of the world, particularly in South Asia, leads to an increased contribution of ozone and OH. In particular, ozone formed by land transport emissions from South Asia causes a strong RF that partially offsets the reductions in Europe and North America. Moreover, our results show that besides the non-linear response, lack of international co-operations, as in the SSP3-7.0 projection, hinder mitigation of ground-level ozone.
Confocal μ-XANES as a tool to analyze Fe oxidation state in heterogeneous samples: the case of melt inclusions in olivine from the Hekla volcano
Authors: Botcharnikov Roman , Wilke Max , Garrevoet Jan , Portnyagin Maxim , Klimm Kevin , Buhre Stephan , Krasheninnikov Stepan , Almeev Renat , Moune Severine , Falkenberg Gerald
Published: February 2024

Abstract. Here we present a confocal Fe K-edge μ-XANES method (where XANES stands for X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy) for the analysis of Fe oxidation state in heterogeneous and one-side-polished samples. The new technique allows for an analysis of small volumes with high spatial 3D resolution of <100 µm3. The probed volume is restricted to that just beneath the surface of the exposed object. This protocol avoids contamination of the signal by the host material and minimizes self-absorption effects. This technique has been tested on a set of experimental glasses with a wide range of Fe3+ / ΣFe ratios. The method was applied to the analysis of natural melt inclusions trapped in forsteritic to fayalitic olivine crystals of the Hekla volcano, Iceland. Our measurements reveal changes in Fe3+ / ΣFe from 0.17 in basaltic up to 0.45 in dacitic melts, whereas the magnetite–ilmenite equilibrium shows redox conditions with Fe3+ / ΣFe ≤0.20 (close to FMQ, fayalite–magnetite–quartz redox equilibrium) along the entire range of Hekla melt compositions. This discrepancy indicates that the oxidized nature of glasses in the melt inclusions could be related to the post-entrapment process of diffusive hydrogen loss from inclusions and associated oxidation of Fe in the melt. The Fe3+ / ΣFe ratio in silicic melts is particularly susceptible to this process due to their low FeO content, and it should be critically evaluated before petrological interpretation.
Implementation of the ISORROPIA-lite aerosol thermodynamics model into the EMAC chemistry climate model (based on MESSy v2.55): implications for aerosol composition and acidity
Authors: Milousis Alexandros , Tsimpidi Alexandra P. , Tost Holger , Pandis Spyros N. , Nenes Athanasios , Kiendler-Scharr Astrid , Karydis Vlassis A.
Published: February 2024

Abstract. This study explores the differences in performance and results by various versions of the ISORROPIA thermodynamic module implemented within the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model. Three different versions of the module were used, ISORROPIA II v1, ISORROPIA II v2.3, and ISORROPIA-lite. First, ISORROPIA II v2.3 replaced ISORROPIA II v1 in EMAC to improve pH predictions close to neutral conditions. The newly developed ISORROPIA-lite has been added to EMAC alongside ISORROPIA II v2.3. ISORROPIA-lite is more computationally efficient and assumes that atmospheric aerosols exist always as supersaturated aqueous (metastable) solutions, while ISORROPIA II includes the option to allow for the formation of solid salts at low RH conditions (stable state). The predictions of EMAC by employing all three aerosol thermodynamic models were compared to each other and evaluated against surface measurements from three regional observational networks in the polluted Northern Hemisphere (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE), European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), and Acid Deposition Monitoring Network of East Asia (EANET)). The differences between ISORROPIA II v2.3 and ISORROPIA-lite were minimal in all comparisons with the normalized mean absolute difference for the concentrations of all major aerosol components being less than 11 % even when different phase state assumptions were used. The most notable differences were lower aerosol concentrations predicted by ISORROPIA-lite in regions with relative humidity in the range of 20 % to 60 % compared to the predictions of ISORROPIA II v2.3 in stable mode. The comparison against observations yielded satisfactory agreement especially over the USA and Europe but higher deviations over East Asia, where the overprediction of EMAC for nitrate was as high as 4 µg m−3 (∼20 %). The mean annual aerosol pH predicted by ISORROPIA-lite was on average less than a unit lower than ISORROPIA II v2.3 in stable mode, mainly for coarse-mode aerosols over the Middle East. The use of ISORROPIA-lite accelerated EMAC by nearly 5 % compared to the use of ISORROPIA II v2.3 even if the aerosol thermodynamic calculations consume a relatively small fraction of the EMAC computational time. ISORROPIA-lite can therefore be a reliable and computationally efficient alternative to the previous thermodynamic module in EMAC.
GPEP v1.0: the Geospatial Probabilistic Estimation Package to support Earth science applications
Authors: Tang Guoqiang , Wood Andrew W. , Newman Andrew J. , Clark Martyn P. , Papalexiou Simon Michael
Published: February 2024

Abstract. Ensemble geophysical datasets are foundational for research to understand the Earth system in an uncertainty-aware context and to drive applications that require quantification of uncertainties, such as probabilistic hydro-meteorological estimation or prediction. Yet ensemble estimation is more challenging than single-value spatial interpolation, and open-access routines and tools are limited in this area, hindering the generation and application of ensemble geophysical datasets. A notable exception in the last decade has been the Gridded Meteorological Ensemble Tool (GMET), which is implemented in FORTRAN and has typically been configured for ensemble estimation of precipitation, mean air temperature, and daily temperature range, based on station observations. GMET has been used to generate a variety of local, regional, national, and global meteorological datasets, which in turn have driven multiple retrospective and real-time hydrological applications. Motivated by an interest in expanding GMET flexibility, application scope, and range of methods, we have developed the Python-based Geospatial Probabilistic Estimation Package (GPEP) that offers GMET functionality along with additional methodological and usability improvements, including variable independence and flexibility, an efficient alternative cross-validation strategy, internal parallelization, and the availability of the scikit-learn machine learning library for both local and global regression. This paper describes GPEP and illustrates some of its capabilities using several demonstration experiments, including the estimation of precipitation, temperature, and snow water equivalent ensemble analyses on various scales.