bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alumina-coated Brake Discs with Intention for Reduced Non-exhaust Emission and Increased Ride Comfort of Electrical Vehicles
Authors:   University of Windsor, CANADA, Nie Xueyuan , Cai Ran , Zhang Jingzeng , Tjong Jimi
Published: May 2022

Regenerative brake, disc coatings or pad formulations with new tribology aim to avoid generating brake wear particulates on one hand. On the other hand, vacuum and filter systems aim to collect the particulate matter for disposal. This paper will briefly describe the non-exhaust emission (NEE) and corrosion issues of brake systems of electrical vehicles (EV). The methods reported for NEE reduction will then be concisely reviewed. A new cost-effective coating technology, called PEA (plasma electrolytic aluminating), will be particularly presented in this talk for fighting NEE where alumina-coatings are prepared on commercial cast iron brake discs. Brake dynamometer test results show the coatings can increase friction levels and reduce wear for both brake discs and pads. The coatings can greatly increase corrosion/rust resistance. A car test also shows that the coated discs can reduce the braking distance and make wheel rims much cleaner. The better driving comfort and modulation should result from more consistent friction forces and less stick-slip problems during each brake event, which is a very important performance factor for advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving systems of EV. It is expected that the coated discs may last as long as the lifespan of passenger cars. Therefore, the sapphire coatings would benefit the brake system in terms of better sustainability and environmental friendliness.
Mechanism of Particles Released into the Environment That Is Formed by Brake Wear on Friction Surfaces
Authors:   Academy of Professional Studies Šumadija, Department in Kragujevac, SERBIA,, Vasiljević Saša ,   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering, SERBIA, Glišović Jasna , Stojanović Nadica , Grujic Ivan
Published: May 2022

Solving the problem of the formation of particles caused by the wear of the brakes’ friction surfaces and their release into the environment is of utmost importance. Today, various technologies have been developed that aim to collect particles directly during braking or generation. With the aim of further development of devices and technologies in this paper, the modes and mechanisms of release of the formed particles into the environment are analyzed. Based on this review of the particle release mechanisms, further development of technologies for collecting particles that are a product of friction surface wear is enabled. The mechanisms of particle release are mainly reflected in the fact that they are released during the braking of the vehicle, then by releasing particles during the re-acceleration of the vehicle and the third way is falling of already formed particles from friction surfaces. In this paper, all three mechanisms are explained and analyzed in more detail.
Concept for Reproducible Braking Distance
Authors:   Knorr Bremse Systeme für Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH, GERMANY, Kohl Michael , Lozano Christopher
Published: May 2022

The constant urbanization requires the increase of transport capacities. At the same time, however, the expansion of the rail infrastructure is often only possible with great difficulty, if at all, in densely populated areas. Therefore, a central goal is to increase the utilization of the existing infrastructure. One way to achieve this is to shorten the train headways and thus to be able to run more trains per time on a line. Among other control variables, the variation of braking distances is one reason for possible margins in the system. Knorr Bremse is working on minimizing this variation with the aid of intelligent functions and control algorithms. The functions are compensating the tolerances within the technical system on the train as well as the different environmental conditions on the track. The Reproducible Braking Distance concept by Knorr Bremse is formed firstly by a deceleration control algorithm that will be in the end applied in emergency brake application. Secondly an adaptive Wheel Slide Protection System selects the best control strategy under given track conditions and is optimizing the worst cases of adhesion conditions on railways. A third pillar is the adhesion management which aims to improve adhesion in the wheel/track contact point by means of intelligent use of sanding systems in a first step. The benefits of such a concept are interesting for train operators as trains will have a more predictable braking behavior which serves the train driver. In an Automated Train Operation System the margins for brake distance variations can be reduced. A Joint research project with IFB Institut für Bahntechnik GmbH investigated the potential effect on infrastructure utilization. Depending on train type, signaling, and distance between stops, calculations showed a reduction in headways of between five and 20 percent. These functions are tested on Knorr Bremse ATLAS (Advanced Test Laboratory for Adhesion based Systems) test rig and will be used for the first time in the new product generations.
Influence of the Run-in Methodology on the Particle Number Emission of Brakes
Authors:   BMW/Technical University Ilmenau, Kolbeck Katharina ,   BMW, GERMANY, Bernhard Matthias ,   Technical  University Ilmenau, GERMANY, Schröder Thomas , Hesse David , Augsburg Klaus
Published: May 2022

The share of exhaust particles of particulate pollution caused by traffic is declining due to electrification and improved exhaust after treatment. Sources like tire, road and the brake are moving into the socio-political focus. For this reason, the UNECE mandated the Particle Measurement Program (PMP) to investigate brake particle emissions. Their task is to develop a methodology, including a cycle, to measure particulate emissions from vehicle brakes. In addition to the emission measurement cycle, a run-in procedure for the brake is also necessary to ensure a stable friction and emission behavior. The PMP proposes to repeat the WLTP-Brake cycle five times, which is time consuming and has not yet been sufficiently evaluated for its suitability as a run-in procedure. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different run-in procedures on particle emission. This is done by measuring the particle number concentration of new brakes after different run-in procedures at a test stand with an enclosed constant volume sampling system. The results show that the run-in methodology strongly influences the emission behavior in terms of the stability of the following measurements and the reproducibility.
Novel Computationally Designed Brake Disc Coatings for Thermal Spray and Extra High-Speed Laser Cladding
Authors:   Oerlikon, SWITZERLAND, Najafi Hossein , Zikin Arkadi ,   Oerlikon, UNITED STATES, Eibl Cameron ,   Oerlikon, GERMANY, Arosio Franco , Krah-Tomala Thilo
Published: May 2022

The automotive industry is faced with a significant impending regulatory and environmental challenge: dramatically and cost effectively reduce brake dust emissions. To meet this challenge at scale, a high performing wear and corrosion resistant solution is needed that combines the advantageous economics of cast iron with a cost effective and indualizable coating. Alternative technologies such as composite brake discs are untenable for mass production, due to high costs and poor mass market value. The solution is to leverage Oerlikon’s patented and big data driven Rapid Alloy Design (RAD) platform to engineer disruptive new materials specifically tailored for the application and intended deposition methods.

Oerlikon has recently developed two new materials using the RAD platform balancing the corrosion, wear, mechanical, substrate, manufacturing, cost, and environmental parameters demanded by the brake disc application. This development leveraged two promising and industrialized deposition methods, extra high-speed laser cladding (EHLA) and high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray. From a performance standpoint, the materials combine high corrosion performance and high wear resistance in a crack free solution. The materials are manufactured using low cost conventional atomization techniques and deposited as a single layer coating, significantly reducing processing costs. Environmental constraints are incorporated into the material design by eliminating carcinogenic Cobalt, Nickel, and Copper.

This article communicates the latest results on the deposition and performance of the new materials on brake discs using EHLA and HVOF technologies.
Food Business Operators: Impact of a Changing Landscape
Authors:   Ipsos Mori
Published: May 2022

This report summarises the findings from qualitative research with 30 small and micro Food Business Operators (FBOs) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Participants took part in a depth interview between 12th May to 24th June 2021, and the interviews lasted up to 45 minutes. The research was designed to help the Food Standards Agency (FSA) understand the recent experiences of small and micro FBOs in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
USLUGE SASTAVLjANjA JAVNOBELEŽNIČKIH ISPRAVA
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Đurđić Tamara
Published: May 2022

By adoption of the Law on Public Notaries of the Republic of Serbia the public notaries institution has been reaffirmed, and public notary services has been taken a significant place in contemporary legal transactions. Bearing in mind that the most important legal transactions have to be undertaken in the form of a notary public record, the notary services of drafting legal documents are of particular practical importance. In addition, notaries are authorized to issue notarial certificates, to make records of certain facts important for the circulation of goods and services, as well as to carry out notarial autentification. All these services are at the core of notarial activity and are of particular importance for legal transactions, in general ,thus are the subject of further analysis in the paper.
SAVREMENI TOKOVI ZAŠTITE POTROŠAČA
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Vujisić Dragan
Published: May 2022

Contemporary consumers’ protection policy comprises many issues, such as food, health, product safety, telecommunications, insurance, transport, tourism, energy, environment, market competition, etc. The essence of this policy are basic consumers’ rights, which are regulated at the EU level, as well as the national level. The basic consumers’ rights are: right to protection of health and safety, right to satisfaction of basic needs, right to protection of economic interests, right to legal protection, right to be informed, right to education, right to compensation and legal aid, right to be represented, right to a healthy and sustainable environment. The subject of this are paper are some of the basic consumers’ rights, which are analyzed from the perspective of the EU, as well as from the Serbian perspective.
DOMETI EKOLOŠKIH NAKNADA KAO EKONOMSKIH INSTRUMENATA ZA ZAŠTITU ŽIVOTNE SREDINE U REPUBLICI SRBIJI
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Stojanović Predrag
Published: May 2022

Environmental takses are a special kind of designated public revenues introduced into legal systems in order to achieve specific environmental goals. Numerous environmental taxes were normatively included into one legal text by passing the new Law on fees for use of public goods. In that way, the transparency concerning this matter was increased and procedures for collecting and controling this revenue were facilitated. However, in order to acheve full reaches of environmental taxes as economic instruments for environmental protection, both their fiscal and incentive role need to be sufficiently realised. In that sense, new environmental raches seem questionable, since, in practice, we still face the same issues as before – nonpurpose use of resources, as well as lack of adequate local government units control in terms of their expenditures.
MEĐUNARODNE SLUŽBENOSTI – „KVAZIUSLUGE“ U MEĐUNARODNOJ ZAJEDNICI
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Palević Milan
Published: May 2022

In the international law doctrine still there have been discussions whether the servitudes institute belongs to the sphere of the international public law. It is undisputable that, originally, the servitudes concept referred to civil law. In a broader sense, they, consequentially and logically, are before all, if not exclusively, the phenomenon of the domestic legal order (in foro domestico). Not wishing to deny, or doubt the general negative view of the international law theoreticians on the automatic and non-critical application of the principal of syllogism and analogy, the author of this paper was keen to perform the analysis of this specific international contracting arrangement accepting the view of the majority of international law jurists, based on which servitudes also represent the institute of the international law. The analysis was aimed at bringing this institute into a reasonable constellation in a relevant, competent, intellectual and imaginative way, even placing them into a correlation with the concept of services recognized by domestic law, thinking of international servitudes as a form of, hypothetically speaking, services in the international community.
INVESTICIONI FONDOVI KOJI ULAŽU U NEKRETNINE
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Labudović Stanković Jasmina
Published: May 2022

Real estate investment trusts (REITs) are a type of closed-end funds. They are very popular in the world. REITs invest in real estate (land, residential and commercial buildings, special parts of buildings, apartments, resorts, shopping centers, etc.), mortgage loans and mortgage securities. The stocks of REITs are traded on the secondary market - usually on the OTC, and the dividends they pay can be very high when the real estate market grows. Usually, REITs enjoy tax benefits - they are exempt from corporate income tax.
ELEMENTI USLUŽNOG PRAVA U INSTITUTIMA KRIVIČNOG PROCESNOG PRAVA
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Milojević Marija
Published: May 2022

In this paper, the author discovers the connection between service law and criminal procedural law which had never been examined in the domestic lеgal literature so far. He studies and presents the institutes of the criminal procedural law which serve to the subjects of the criminal procedure ex officio, that have elements of the service law that are especially distinguished and analyzed by the author. The concept of services, given in the plea agreement, as well as in the application of the principle of opportunity-particularily in the, so called, conditional opportunity, is delivered. In this way, the institutes of the criminal procedural law are observed from the different point of view, and the accent is on their serviceable character. The modern age criminal procedure is trasforming, losing on its rigidity, and, as it seems, is more turned to the arbitrarity and randomness, than to the traditional need of the state for repression of the perpetrators. The author highlights the perils that could appear in the future if this transformation trend continues.
RAZVITAK PRAVA UDRUŽIVANjA U PRIVREDI U FRANCUSKOJ: OD SREDNjOVEKOVNIH MONOPOLA DO LIBERALNIH ZABRANA
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Marinković Milica
Published: May 2022

The author in this paper gives an overview of development of the right to associate in economy and labor relations in France in the last decades before and first decades after the Bourgeois revolution. Up until 1789 economy in France was founded on an inherited medieval model of organization. The end of the 18th century marked a turn in regulation of economic relations, which, naturally, had an impact on the way labor relations were set. While guild membership was conditio sine qua non for pursuing any career in economy in the pre-Revolutionary France, it was completely opposite after the Revolution and all forms of association in economy were strictly prohibited. The author in this paper provides an analysis of both theoretical and practical premises of changes that overtook the sphere of economic and labor relations in 19th century France.
Spații verzi urbane în sprijinul calității vieții populației
Authors:   Institutul de Cercetare a Calităţii Vieţii al Academiei Române, Bucureşti, România, Humă Cristina
Published: May 2022

Crearea de spații verzi urbane pentru îmbunătățirea calității vieții populației este evidențiată în literatura de specialitate și în documente internaționale și naționale. Acest studiu prezintă situația spațiului verde urban din România, un component al mediului natural al orașului, al infrastructurii urbane și un element favorabil calității vieții populației. În acest sens, s-a analizat dinamica suprafețelor de spațiu verde în perioada 2010−2019 și suprafața de spațiu verde ce revine unui locuitor în anul 2019, la nivel național și la nivelul orașelor, având în vedere deficitul de areale verzi ca urmare (și) a declinului acestora ulterior anului 1990, precum și norma minimă prevăzută de legislația română în vigoare de 26 de metri pătrați de spațiu verde pe locuitor. De asemenea, s-au arătat rolul și beneficiile prezenței spațiilor verzi urbane pentru mediu, comunități și pentru calitatea vieții, politicile urbane actuale pentru asigurarea de spațiu verde în localitățile din România, alături de aprecierea verdelui urban de către populație în orașe românești prin comparație cu orașe europene. În elaborarea lucrării au fost utilizate date statistice din surse precum Institutul Național de Statistică, Administrația Fondului pentru Mediu, Comisia Europeană și Națiunile Unite și au fost consultate lucrări de specialitate, precum și documente strategice și legislative. Cuvinte-cheie: spații verzi urbane; beneficii spații verzi; România. ●●●●● The creation of urban green spaces to improve the quality of life of the populationis highlighted in the literature and in international and national documents. This study presents the situation of the urban green space in Romania, a component of the natural environment of the city, of the urban infrastructure and a favorable element of the quality of life of the population. In this sense, the dynamics of green space surfaces in the period 2010−2019 and the green space surface belonging to an inhabitant in 2019 were analyzed, at national and city level, given the shortage of green areas, as a result (and) of their decline after1990, as well as the minimum norm provided by the Romanian legislation in force of 26 square meters of green space per capita. Also, the role and benefits of the presence of urban green spaces for the environment, communities and quality of life were shown, the current urban policies for ensuring green space in Romanian localities, as well the appreciation of urban green by the population in Romanian cities compared to European cities. In the elaboration of the paper were used statistical data from sources such as the National Institute of Statistics, the Environment Fund Administration, the European Commission and the United Nations and specialized papers were consulted, as well as strategic and legislative documents. Keywords: urban green spaces; benefits of green spaces; Romania.
Determination of the influence of risk factors for coronary artery disease on the effectiveness of cardiac surgery by the method of myocardial scintigraphy
Authors: Kundina V.V. , Babkina T. M. , Stuley V.A.
Published: May 2022

Background. Myocardial revascularization is a life-saving technology that not only increases life expectancy, reduces recurrences of myocardial infarction and repeated surgery, but also improves its quality in patients with coronary artery disease. Risk assessment, the complexity of coronary artery disease, the presence of comorbidities, the area of hibernating myocardium, the patient’s consent are the basis for choosing a method of treatment. Positive structural and functional changes of the myocardium (increase in the area of viable myocardium), restoration or improvement of left ventricular systolic function (increase in ejection fraction and decrease in end-diastolic volume), reduction of angina are the expected result of the surgical treatment. Purpose – determining the influence of risk factors for coronary heart disease on the outcome of surgical treatment by aorto-coronary artery bypass grafting with the help of diagnostic evaluation of myocardial scintigraphy. Materials and Methods. To achieve the clinical tasks, 62 patients with coronary artery disease were examined. The mean age of the subjects was (59.6 ± 8.2) years. Myocardial scintigraphy was performed in SPECT with ECG synchronization (Gated SPECT). 99mTc-MIBI with an activity of 555–740 MBq was used. Myocardial scintigraphy was performed over time of treatment (before and after coronary artery bypass grafting) according to the protocol – One Day Rest. Results. The influence of risk factors was assessed using dynamic and static integrated indicators. The dynamic integral indicator did not show statistically significant risk factors: smoking (p = 0.54), left ventricular contractility (p = 0.43), the presence of myocardial infarction in past (p = 0.4), heart failure stage (p = 0.53) and functional class of angina (p = 0.08). The static integrated indicator also did not show statistically significant effects from smoking (p = 0.13), left ventricular contractility (p = 0.58), the presence of myocardial infarction in past (p = 0.1), heart failure stage (p = 0.11) and functional class of angina (p = 0.6). Conclusions. The risk factors for coronary artery disease, such as: myocardial infarction in past, left ventricular contractility, heart failure stage, functional class of angina and smoking, in the study group of patients, had no reported effect on revascularization by the method of aorto-coronary artery bypass grafting (static and dynamic integrated indicators p > 0.05).
Recent results of HDR brachytherapy in the treatment of localized forms of prostate cancer
Authors: Bilozor N.V. , Svynarenko A.A. , Svynarenko A.V. , Bublyk A.V. , Seredenko V.H.
Published: May 2022

Background. High levels of prostate cancer incidence require the search for more effective therapy methods. Interstitial brachytherapy is widely used in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Purpose – to evaluate the current possibilities of HDR brachytherapy using a 60CO source during radiation therapy in treatment of localized prostate cancer. Materials and Methods. 47 patients with stage II–III prostate cancer who received HDR brachytherapy in combination with EBRT (43 patients) or in mono-mode (4 patients) were examined. The low-risk group included 2 patients (4,3%), the moderate-risk group consisted of 25 patients (53,2%), and the high-risk group included 20 patients (42,5%). The initial mean PSA level was 12,9 ng/ml. The volume of the prostate varied from 17,8 to 57 cm3, the average value was 38,4 cm3. In most patients, the tumor size corresponded to T2 (55,3%). Histologically tumors in all cases corresponded to adenocarcinoma. Results. Evaluation of surgical complications showed: macrohematuria – in 23,4% of cases, acute urethritis – in 6,4% of cases, obstruction symptom – in 4,3%. PSA levels were assessed at 2 months after radiation treatment. The tumor marker ranged from 0,07 to 7,81 ng/ml, the average PSA value was 1,79 ng/ml. MRI examination after 3 months showed that regression of tumor foci and reduction of prostate size was observed in (88,8 ± 6,1)% of patients in the low and intermediate risk groups and in (65,0 ± 10,6)% of cases in the high risk group. After combined radiation treatment: dysuric phenomena of the 1st–2nd grade (RTOG) was diagnosed in 16 patients (37,2%), radiation rectitis of the 1st grade was observed in 4 patients (9,3%). A temporary decrease in sexual function was reported in 2 patients (4,2%). 83% of patients overcame the two-year recurrence-free period: (95,7 ± 3,9)% of patients in the low and intermediate risk groups and in (70,0 ± 10,2)% cases in the high risk group Conclusions. Conducting HDR brachytherapy in terms of combined radiation therapy in patients with localized prostate cancer makes it possible to deliver higher doses of radiation to the tumor volume without the increase in radiation toxicity
Therapeutic potential of modulation of the ion channel activity of vanilloid receptors TRPV1 in oncological practice
Authors: Hladkykh F.V.
Published: May 2022

Background. Type 1 vanilloid receptors (TRPV1 ) play an important role in tumoral genesis and cancer development, because the expression levels of TRPV1 change in a lot of types of cancer cells. At present, the regulation of functional activity and sensitivity of TRPV1 is an object of intensive research. Purpose – to characterize the modern concept of therapeutic potential of modulation of the ion channel activity of vanilloid receptors TRPV1 in oncological practice according to the data from open literature sources.

Materials and methods. The publications were selected from the following databases: PubMed, EBSCO, Clinical Key, etc. In these publications the data on the ion channels of the transistor receptor potential were elucidated, particularly on type 1 vanilloid receptors, their role in tumoral genesis and the therapeutic potential of the modulation of their activity. Results. Binding of exogenous agonists to the TRPV1 receptor is accompanied by the influx of Ca2+ ions from the cytosol to the cell. It is known that Ca2+ ions are one of the main secondary messengers, since they play an important role in lots of fundamental physiological processes, including cell excitability, vitality, apoptosis and transcription. The disbalance of intracellular flow of Ca2+ is associated with characteristics of different types of cancer. The latest studies have shown that Ca2+ also contributes to certain malignant appearances, such as proliferation, invasion, migration and metastasis. Moreover, TRPV1 activation modulates the apoptosis-proliferation balance through the mechanisms beyond Ca2+ signaling, and in some works TRPV1 role in metastasis of cancer cells is mentioned. Conclusions. Selective TRPV1 activation or the increase in its expression has therapeutic potential, conditioned by pleiotropic influence on the apoptosis-proliferation balance in cancer cells. TRPV1 blockage or reduction of its expression can mitigate hyperalgesia caused by the tumor. In addition, TRPV1 act as biomarkers of a range of cancers (invasive breast carcinoma, epithelial ovarian and cervical cancer).
Role and place of radiotherapy in neoadjuvant treatment of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Zemskov S.V. , Dronov O.I. , Burmich K.S. , Renz Paul , Kirichenko O. , Wellner Ulrich , Bolm Louisa , Keck Tobias , Khairnasov R.N. , Zemskova O.V.
Published: May 2022

Background. Myocardial revascularization is a life-saving technology, which contributes to increase in lifespan, reduction in myocardial infarction recurrences and repeated surgeries along with improved life quality of the patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Estimation of the risks, severity of coronary bed lesion, presence of concomitant diseases, and area of hibernating myocardium, as well as patient’s agreement are the basis of treatment method selection. Positive structural and functional changes in myocardium (increase in area of viable myocardium), restoration or improvement of systolic function of left ventricle (increase in ejection fraction and decrease in end-diastolic volume), reduction of angina symptoms are the expected results from the surgical treatment.

Purpose – to determine the influence of risk factors for coronary artery disease on the outcome of surgical treatment by the method of aorto-coronary artery bypass grafting with the help of diagnostic evaluation of myocardial scintigraphy parameters.

Materials and methods. For the implementation of the clinical objectives, 62 patients with coronary artery disease were examined. The average age of the patients was 59.6 ± 8.2 years. Myocardial scintigraphy was performed in the SPECT mode with ECG synchronization (Gated SPECT). 99mTc-MIBI with an activity of 555-740 MBq was used. Myocardial scintigraphy was conducted over time of treatment (before and after coronary artery bypass grafting) according to One Day Rest protocol.

Results. The influence of risk factors was assessed using dynamic and static integral indices. The dynamic integral index didn’t reveal statistically significant risk factors: smoking (p = 0.54), left ventricular contractility impairment (p = 0.43), history of myocardial infarction (p = 0.4), stage of heart failure (p = 0.53), and functional class of angina (p = 0.08). The static integral index didn’t reveal statistically significant influence as well: smoking (p = 0.13), left ventricular contractility impairment (p = 0.58), history of myocardial infarction (p = 0.1), stage of heart failure (p = 0.11), and functional class of angina (p = 0.6).

Conclusions. The studied risk factors for coronary artery disease, namely: history of myocardial infarction, left ventricular contractility impairment, stage of heart failure, functional class of angina, and smoking in the study group of patients had no registered influence on the revascularization effect by coronary artery bypass grafting method (integrated static and dynamic indices p > 0.05).
CHANGING THE MYCOTOXIN PROFILE IN BROWN ALGAE FROM STORM EMISSIONS
Authors: Burkin A. , Kononenko G.
Published: May 2022

Brown algae Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus, Fucus serratus Linnaeus, Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis and Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus) C.E. Lane, C. Mayes, Druehl & G.W. Saunders collected from natural substrates and from storm emissions in one of the ecotopes of the Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea (66°31' N 33°11' E) were used for comparative assessment of the content of low-molecular metabolites of micromycetes beloning to the genera Fusarium Link, Alternaria Nees, Penicillium Link, Aspergillus P. Micheli ex Haller, Myrothecium Tode, Cladosporium Link and others. After drying, the samples were crushed in a laboratory mill, a mixture of acetonitrile and water was used for extraction in a volume ratio of 84:16 with a consumption rate 10 mL per 1 g specimen. Extracts after 10-fold dilution with the buffer solution were analyzed using a set of certified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay systems (Russia). The lower limit of quantitative measurements corresponded to an 85% level of antibody binding. All analyzed compounds – T-2 toxin, diacetoxiscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins, alternariol, ochratoxin A, citrinin, PR-toxin, mycophenolic acid, aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, emodin, roridin A and ergot alkaloids – were found in the fresh thalli of F. vesiculosus, F. serratus, and A. nodosum. In the samples from the emissions, the profile of mycotoxins has been significantly changed. In F. vesiculosus and F. serratus the content of mycotoxins decreased sharply and uniformly and, as a result, the incidence of detection reduced to 8% and 15%. In A. nodosum, alternariol, aflatoxin B1 and mycophenolic acid were revealed in 17% of samples near the limits of determination of methods, and the other components of the complex could not be found. The mycotoxins were absent in the fresh thalli of S. latissima, and only some of the samples from the emissions had weak contamination with mycophenolic acid and emodin.
ON THE CALCULATION OF THE PHOSPHORUS REGIME AT THE INITIAL FILLING OF THE RESERVOIR
Authors: Datsenko Y.
Published: May 2022

The results of the calculations in changes of the phosphorus concentration in the reservoir during the formation of its ecosystem after the initial filling by river waters are presented. During this period, flooded soils and vegetation represent a significant internal source of nutrients that maintain a high level of ecosystem productivity. Calculations are based on the balance model of phosphorus in a completely mixed water body using the average values of the parameters given in the literature. A modification of the phosphorus balance as presented by Dillon and Rigler was used. Phosphorus leaching from flooded soils is approximated by an exponential relationship. Graphically illustrated is a typical course of change in the phosphorus concentration in the reservoir under the influence of flooded soils, which is a relatively rapid increase in concentrations followed by a gradual decrease. The most important parameter of this process is the time of the onset of the maximum concentration. By calculations have obtained dependences of the time of onset of the maximum phosphorus concentration in the reservoir on the intensity of the leaching process and the parameter of the balance equation. This parameter is the ratio of the water exchange coefficient and the phosphorus retention coefficient. It is shown that the time for the onset of the maximum phosphorus concentrations after flooding decreases sharply with an increase in the intensity of water exchange at its small values, but later the role of this factor becomes insignificant.
Appraising Environmental Beauty of Northern Areas of Pakistan through Rhetoric Expressions in Uzma Aslam Khan’s Thinner Than Skin: An Ecolinguistic Perspective
Authors: Mirza Hafiza Muarifa Masood , Tehseem Tazanfal , Masood Tarim , Tassadiq Naima
Published: May 2022

Environmental study is rising as a hot topic nowadays and there is a striking awareness of sustaining asymmetry between man and nature. How individuals ponder human relationships with the earth and other living creatures have changed deliberately. Ecolinguistics is a sub-field of sociolinguistics that studies the role of language in connecting human beings and their natural environment. Therefore, this research investigates the use of rhetorical expressions by Anglophone author Uzma Aslam Khan and her characters Nadir, Farhana, and Maryam and their attitudes, graduation, and engagement with the natural environment. For this purpose, the "Appraisal Model" (Martin and White, 2000) has been used as a theoretical framework that sheds light on Arran Stibbe's (2015) ecolinguistic model of Evaluation. It highlights several rhetorical devices through which the narrators expressed their positive attitude towards "the stories they lived by." They rhetorically bespeak the readers to appreciate the environmental beauty of the Northern areas of Pakistan as it is surrounded by beauty and provides a therapeutic potency to build a strong relationship between man and his motherland. The study is limited as it only attempts to praise the beauty of Northern areas by appraisal patterns and does not include the other counterparts of Pakistan. However, the study is significant as it endeavors to appreciate the environmental beauty of Pakistan and provides new avenues for scholars to bridge a gap between ecolinguistics and other areas of linguistics, such as critical discourse analysis, pragmatics, and semantics.
Seçim Şiddeti Kavramı ve Türkiye'nin Seçim Şiddeti Kimliği
Authors: SAVUT Emre
Published: May 2022

Bu çalışma seçim şiddeti kavramına ilişkin temel unsurlarıyla genel bir çerçeve çizmeyi ve bu çerçeve içerisindeki unsurlara bağlı olarak Türkiye'nin tanımlayıcı özelliklerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Seçim şiddeti kavramı, seçim dönemlerinde sonuçları etkilemeye yönelik stratejik bir tercih olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Siyasal şiddetin ve seçim manipülasyonun bir alt dalı olan seçim şiddeti; amaç, zaman ve eylem biçimi bakımından bu kavramlardan ayrışmaktadır. Türk siyasal yaşamı da demokratik siyasete geçiş sürecinden günümüze önemli seçim şiddeti örneklerine sahne olmuştur. Türkiye terörle mücadele, bölgesel farklılıklar ve bürokratik mekanizmaların sistem içerisindeki konumlanışı bakımından özgün bir niteliğe sahiptir. Bu özgün nitelik Türkiye'yi seçim şiddeti konusundaki akademik çalışmalar açısından son derece elverişli bir konuma taşımaktadır.
The Effect of Dishonest Sellers on E-commerce: An Agent-Based Modeling Approach
Authors: Huang Yi-Chen , Cheng Tak-Yu , Chie Bin-Tzong
Published: May 2022

Abstract

This paper studies dishonest sellers in the e-commerce market, specifically their impact on the market under different conditions. We consider the role of consumers’ social and individual learning and social network branches on the market. We rely on a quality uncertainty market model (Izquierdo et al., 2007) and a trust game model (Wierzbicki et al., 2014) to establish an agent-based model. Our approach considers the proportion of honest and dishonest sellers, the reputation of sellers, and the expectation of quality among consumers after purchasing the goods. The results of the study reveal that when dishonest sellers appear in a market with a high degree of quality uncertainty, there is a negative impact on the market, including a decline in consumer expected quality of products in the market, a decrease in commodity transaction volume and market price, and a decrease in seller income. The impact is more pronounced in markets with a higher proportion of dishonest sellers.

JEL classification numbers: C15, C63, D21, B82, B83.
Keywords: Agent-Based modeling, E-commerce market, Dishonest sellers, Trust game, Reputation of sellers.
Understanding child labour: the debate of children’s mental and physical health in Pakistan
Authors: Batool Syeda Amnah , Bilal Muhammad
Published: May 2022

We understand that child labour causes serious mental and physical health issues among children in Pakistan. We borrowed positivist epistemology as a guide for the methodological application of this study to understand what are the determinants of child labour? and how do they affect children’s physical and mental health? Using the laminated sampling technique, data for this study come from 100 children. After the management of data through SPSS (statistical package for social sciences), the quantitative content analysis technique helped us in data analysis. The study concludes that poverty, parents' unemployment, and children's school dropout are the major causes of child labour in Pakistan. Moreover, this study finds that child labour causes stress, frustration, aggression, and depression among the children. This study recommends that parents, government, and non-governmental organizations need to jointly devise long term policies to cope with the issue of child labour in Pakistan.
Comparative Analysis of Legal Policies Regarding Force Major During Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia and China
Authors: Bakung Dolot Al Hasni , Muhtar Mohamad Hidayat , Amer Nabih
Published: May 2022

Covid-19 as a pandemic in the 20th century has brought consequences in many aspects, one of which is the force major aspect. The force majeure policy in Indonesia is still incomplete, unlike China, which already has a more complete policy. The purpose of the research is to be able to find out about the Covid-19 policy in Indonesia and to compare the Indonesian and Chinese force major policy settings. The research method uses a normative research type with a statutory approach. The results of the study show that Indonesia's policy in dealing with covid 19 has problems in two policies, namely: the provision of information and the Lockdown policy. Meanwhile, the comparison problem with China is better by providing a mechanism with more legal certainty, namely providing access to the determination of force major against the Supreme Court, while Indonesia does not have a similar mechanism.
Alumínio altera a morfofisiologia e o metabolismo em folhas e raízes de soja
Authors:   , Castro Jailson Sousa de
Published: May 2022

Solos ácidos apresentam alta saturação de alumínio (Al) apresentando efeitos tóxicos para as plantas, interagindo com diferentes biomoléculas e vias metabólicas e resultando em danos anatômicos e/ou morfofisiológicos, prejudicando a produção agrícola. No presente estudo, investigamos respostas morfoanatômicas e fisiológicas em plantas de soja (Glycine max L.) cv. EMBRAPA 48 e MONSOY 8644 cultivados em solução hidropônica sob condições controladas com três concentrações de Al (0, 100 e 300 µM de Al 3 Cl 3 ) por 3 e 6 dias. Após o cultivo ambos cultivares apresentaram similar absorção de Al entre dias. Plantas MONSOY 8644 obtiveram maior acúmulo de Al em folhas e raízes de acordo com o aumento da disponibilidade, aumento na taxa de crescimento relativo de parte aérea, maior conteúdo de clorofilas, acúmulo de metabolitos primários e compostos fenólicos totais, maior atividade enzimática de APX e POX em folhas e CAT em raízes, e menores danos na morfologia de raízes, plantas EMBRAPA 48 mostraram maiores resultados em proteínas em altas doses de Al, aumento no conteúdo de amido em folhas, associado com a diminuição na área foliar, e menores conteúdos de H2O2 em folhas, ocorrendo localização de Al nas camadas superficiais dos ápices de raízes resultando em desorganização celular nas células da epiderme. Concluindo que o Al apresenta poucos danos ao crescimento dos cultivares de soja, propiciando estabilidade fotossintética o que permite a síntese e acúmulo de corpos carbônicos, tendo o cultivar MONSOY 8644 mecanismos mais apurados de resistência ao Al. Palavras-chave: Glycine max. Tolerância. Estresse Abiótico.
Janus kinase inhibitors in immunoinflammatory diseases: 10 years of clinical practice in rheumatology
Authors: Nasonov E. L. , Korotaeva T. V.
Published: May 2022

Despite great advances in the diagnosis and treatment of Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), which have led to a significant improvement in the prognosis in many patients, the central medical problems of this pathology – restoring the quality of life and reducing mortality to the population level – are far from being resolved. This served as a powerful stimulus for the study of new approaches to the pharmacotherapy of IMIDs, one of which is associated with the discovery of targets for small-molecule therapeutics that inhibit intracellular “signaling” molecules JAKs (Janus kinases). The current achievements, trends and recommendations regarding the use of JAK inhibitors in the treatment of IMIDs and also in the hyper-response phase of COVID-19 are reviewed.
The use of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and Janus kinase inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis during the COVID-19 coronavirus disease pandemic: data from a telephone survey of 254 patients
Authors: Karateev A. E. , Polishchuk E. Yu. , Potapova A. S. , Matyanova E. V. , Semashko A. S. , Bobkova А. O. , Filatova E. S. , Amirjanova V. N. , Glukhova S. I. , Zotkin E. G. , Lila A. M.
Published: May 2022

The prescribing of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and Janus kinase inhibitors (iJAK) during the COVID-19 pandemic requires a balanced approach and tight monitoring of the patients.

The aim of the study was to study the effect of bDMARDs and iJAK inhibitors on the condition of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), taking the patients reported outcomes, as well as the incidence of COVID-19 in these patients.

Materials and methods. A telephone survey was conducted of 254 patients with RA (average age – 49.8±13.7 years; 64.4% of patients are positive for rheumatoid factor; women – 83.5%; DAS28 score – 5.4±1.6 points), who in the period from January 2020 to June 2021 were prescribed bDMARDs or iJAK for the first time: 148 (58.3%) – rituximab; 57 (22.4%) – tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors; 20 (7.9%) – iJAK; 17 (6.7%) – interleukin 6 inhibitors; 12 (4.7%) – abatacept.

Results. At the time of the survey, 204 (80.3%) patients continued taking prescribed medications. The main reason for the interruption of treatment was administrative problems. Synthetic DMARDs (mainly methotrexate and leflunomide) were received by 68.0%, glucocorticoids – 45.3%, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – 44.5% of respondents. Among patients treated with bDMARDs or iJAK, 68.1% noted «the state of symptoms acceptable to the patient», the absence of frequent joint pain – 65.3%, the absence of increased fatigue – 14.3%. The incidence of COVID-19 and hospitalization associated with this disease did not differ in individuals who continued and stopped using bDMARDs or iJAK: 41.2% and 44.6%, 13.7% and 14.0%, respectively (p=0.80884). There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of COVID-19 and hospitalization associated with this disease in patients taking various bDMARDs or iJAK.

Conclusion. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, rituximab remains one of the most popular bDMARDs. About a third of patients receiving bDMARDs or iJAK are not satisfied with their condition. More than 40% of patients who received these drugs suffered COVID-19; 14.0% required hospitalization.
Different clinical relevance of anti-citrullinated proteins antibodies in RA patients
Authors: Avdeeva A. S. , Cherkasova M. V. , Nasonov E. L.
Published: May 2022

Objective – to find a potential relationship between ACPA and disease activity, bone destruction, and ACPAs responses to various therapeutic regimens.

Materials and methods. The study included 232 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); 90 patients had early RA; 142 patients had advanced stage of the disease.

Results. 77 (85.6%) patients with early RA were high positive for anti-CCP, and 29 (70.7%) patients – high positive for anti-MCV. A positive correlation was found between anti-MCV and DAS28 (r=0.4; p=0.04). As for advanced RA, 78 (80.4%) patients were high positive for anti-CCP, and 70 (79.5%) – for anti-MCV. There was a positive correlation between anti-MCV concentration and SDAI (r=0.4; p=0.02), as well as CDAI (r=0.4; p=0.02). No significant correlations were found between the anti-CCP levels and activity indices, anti-CCP and acute-phase parameters in both early and advanced RA groups. Higher total Sharp scores (96.5 (65.0–122.0)) were found in pts high positive for anti-MCV (n=79), compared to low-positive/negative (n=27) patients (57.0 (31.0–88.0); p<0.05). Anti-MCV levels dropped significantly in pts on rituximab and tocilizumab therapy at weeks 12 and 24 after initiation of treatment, while high anti-CCP concentration persisted throughout the treatment.

Conclusion. Anti-MCV levels correlated with inflammatory activity and development of bone destruction, and were decreasing in pts on treatment. Anti-CCP was less responsive, showed minor changes during treatment, therefore its’ thorough monitoring was not feasible.
Prospects of anti-inflammatory and urate-lowering therapy of gout: A vector from the past to the future
Authors: Garanin A. A. , Novichkova N. L. , Novichkova N. L.
Published: May 2022

The article provides an overview of new and promising drugs aimed at anti-inflammatory and urate-lowering therapy of gout, both already registered and used in clinical practice, and at the stages of implementation or clinical research and demonstrating their high efficacy and safety. Modern views and approaches to the treatment of gout, reflected in foreign and domestic clinical recommendations, are shown. Emphasis is placed on the safety and efficacy of colchicine in gouty arthritis and its cardioprotective properties in comorbid patients suffering from gout in combination with cardiovascular pathology. Information is provided on the effectiveness of new anti-inflammatory drugs for symptomatic therapy of gout: kanakinumab, according to the experience of which our country occupies a leading position in Europe. The efficacy and safety of anakinra allows us to consider the drug as an effective alternative to the traditional approach to antiinflammatory therapy of gout. Rilonacept provides doctors with more potential treatment algorithms in a population of patients with gout that is difficult to treat with traditional treatment. The historical data on the use of adrenocorticotropic hormone as an anti-inflammatory agent in gout are given. Information on reserve, new and promising urate-lowering drugs is provided. The focus is on the safety and efficacy of febuxostat, based on the results of recent large randomized clinical trials. Other drugs that reduce the level of uric acid in the blood plasma are considered: uricosuric agents (probenecid, benzbromarone, sulfinpyrazone, lezinurad, verinurad, dotinurad and archalophenate), xanthine oxidase inhibitors (allopurinol and topiroxostat), pegylated uricase preparations (pegloticase and rasburicase), which can be considered in the future as reserve drugs with the possibility of combined applications with the main means for urate-lowering therapy.