bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who is crying wolf? Seasonal effect on antipredator response to age-specific alarm calls in common ravens, Corvus corax
Authors: Gallego-Abenza Mario , Blum Christian R. , Bugnyar Thomas
Published: January 2021

Communication about threats including those posed by the presence of predators occurs mainly through acoustic signals called alarm calls. The comprehension of these calls by receivers and their rapid antipredator response are crucial in terms of survival. However, to avoid overreaction, individuals should evaluate whether or not an antipredator response is needed by paying attention to who is calling. For instance, we could expect adults to be more experienced with predator encounters than juveniles and thus elicit stronger antipredator responses in others when alarming. Similarly, we could expect a stronger response to alarm calls when more than one individual is calling. To test these assumptions, we applied a playback experiment to wild ravens, in which we manipulated the age class (adult or juvenile) and the number (one or two) of the callers. Our results revealed a seasonal effect of age class but no effect of number of callers. Specifically, the ravens responded with stronger antipredator behaviour (vigilance posture) towards alarm calls from adults as compared to juveniles in summer and autumn, but not in spring. We discuss alternative interpretations for this unexpected seasonal pattern and argue for more studies on call-based communication in birds to understand what type of information is relevant under which conditions.
Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells
Authors: Kembuan Cynthia , Oliveira Helena , Graf Christina
Published: January 2021

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), consisting of NaYF4 doped with 18% Yb and 2% Er, were coated with microporous silica shells with thickness values of 7 ± 2 and 21 ± 3 nm. Subsequently, the negatively charged particles were functionalized with N-(6-aminohexyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AHAPS), which provide a positive charge to the nanoparticle surface. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) measurements revealed that, over the course of 24h, particles with thicker shells release fewer lanthanide ions than particles with thinner shells. However, even a 21 ± 3 nm thick silica layer does not entirely block the disintegration process of the UCNPs. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays and cell cytometry measurements performed on macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) indicate that cells treated with amino-functionalized particles with a thicker silica shell have a higher viability than those incubated with UCNPs with a thinner silica shell, even if more particles with a thicker shell are taken up. This effect is less significant for negatively charged particles. Cell cycle analyses with amino-functionalized particles also confirm that thicker silica shells reduce cytotoxicity. Thus, growing silica shells to a sufficient thickness is a simple approach to minimize the cytotoxicity of UCNPs.
Digital marketing strategy: companies experience during pandemic
Authors: Meshko Nataliia , Savinova Anastasiia
Published: January 2021

COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant changes, especially regarding the use of digital technologies in the promotion of goods and services. Digital marketing strategies are widespread in various sectors of the world economy. With the use of digital marketing tools, the companies are able to gain real-time consumer insights, to create and to communicate value to consumers more creatively. This scientific research described proposes to determine the feasibility of using a digital marketing strategy in the context of a limited budget, using the example of an IT company. The results of digital marketing tools were analyzed, management problems according to strategic decisions are identified and the strategy of digital opportunities for the local context was improved. The key factors of digital marketing strategy are usability, tangible value, perceived value, high return, efficiency, quality of digital services, quality of digital information, quality of the digital system, predictability of expected results. The main strategies for promoting goods and services in the digital environment, and expected financial indicators in the context of the chosen strategies and changes in important indicators during a pandemic were considered. Measures for improving the promotion strategy were proposed; they will help maintain an appropriate level of development of the company within the current budget and contribute to its financial stability.
ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF BUILDING DEFECTS AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Authors: Adamonytė Elinga
Published: January 2021

This article analyzes what determines the decrease in the value of real estate, physical and moral depreciation. These studies explain how environmental conditions affect buildings from the outside. The consequences of the primary change are identified and predicted. Aggressive soil causes are clarified and the expression of soil strength properties are presented. The study also specifies the procedure and administration for monitoring building defects.
Supernova 2018cuf: A Type IIP Supernova with a Slow Fall from Plateau
Authors: Dong 董一 Yize 泽 , Valenti S. , Bostroem K. A. , Sand D. J. , Andrews Jennifer E. , Galbany L. , Jha Saurabh W. , Eweis Youssef , Kwok Lindsey , Hsiao E. Y. , Davis Scott , Brown Peter J. , Kuncarayakti H. , Maeda Keiichi , Rho Jeonghee , Amaro R. C. , Anderson J. P. , Arcavi Iair , Burke Jamison , Dastidar Raya , Folatelli Gastón , Haislip Joshua , Hiramatsu Daichi , Hosseinzadeh Griffin , Howell D. Andrew , Jencson J. , Kouprianov Vladimir , Lundquist M. , Lyman J. D. , McCully Curtis , Misra Kuntal , Reichart Daniel E. , Sánchez S. F. , Smith Nathan , Wang Xiaofeng , Wang Lingzhi , Wyatt S.
Published: January 2021

We present multiband photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2018cuf, a Type IIP (“P” for plateau) supernova (SN) discovered by the Distance Less Than 40 Mpc Survey within 24 hr of explosion. SN 2018cuf appears to be a typical SN IIP, with an absolute V-band magnitude of −16.73 ± 0.32 at maximum and a decline rate of 0.21 ± 0.05 mag/50 days during the plateau phase. The distance of the object was constrained to be 41.8 ± 5.7 Mpc by using the expanding photosphere method. We used spectroscopic and photometric observations from the first year after the explosion to constrain the progenitor of SN 2018cuf using both hydrodynamic light-curve modeling and late-time spectroscopic modeling. The progenitor of SN 2018cuf was most likely a red supergiant of about 14.5 M
⊙ that produced 0.04 ± 0.01 M
⊙
56Ni during the explosion. We also found ∼0.07 M
⊙ of circumstellar material (CSM) around the progenitor is needed to fit the early light curves, where the CSM may originate from presupernova outbursts. During the plateau phase, high-velocity features at ∼11,000 km s−1 were detected in both the optical and near-infrared spectra, supporting the possibility that the ejecta were interacting with some CSM. A very shallow slope during the postplateau phase was also observed, and it is likely due to a low degree of nickel mixing or the relatively high nickel mass in the SN.
Detection of PO in Orion-KL: Phosphorus Chemistry in the Plateau Outflow
Authors: Bernal J. J. , Koelemay L. A. , Ziurys L. M.
Published: January 2021

The PO molecule (X
2Πr) has been detected toward Orion-KL via its J = 2.5 → 1.5 transition near 109 GHz using the 12 m telescope of the Arizona Radio Observatory. This transition consists of a quartet of lines, generated by lambda-doubling and phosphorus hyperfine interactions, creating a distinct pattern of doublets of doublets. All four features (F = 3 → 2, e, f and 2 → 1, e, f ) were detected. The line profiles measured were relatively broad, with ΔV
1/2 ∼ 21–25 km s−1, and V
LSR ∼ 10 km s−1, clearly identifying the molecule as arising from the Orion “plateau” region. The J = 2  → 1 transition of PN (X
1Σ) at 94 GHz was also measured, and its line profile indicates a plateau origin in Orion, as found previously by Ziurys. Therefore, PO and PN arise from the same gas. There was no evidence of a “hot core” or “ridge” component in either molecule. The column densities determined for PO and PN in the Orion plateau are N
tot ≈ 5.4(0.2) × 1013 and 2.0(0.4) × 1013 cm−2, respectively, with corresponding abundances, relative to H2, of f ∼ 1.6(0.1) × 10−10 and 6.1(0.6) × 10−11, resulting in PO/PN ∼ 3. The PO and PN line profiles also resemble those of SiO and SiS, suggesting that the phosphorus molecules are produced by shocks in the plateau outflow. The observed PO/PN ratio in Orion-KL is very close in value to that measured in other warm molecular clouds, indicating a common synthesis pathway for these two molecules in outflows caused by star formation.
TESS Observations of the Luhman 16 AB Brown Dwarf System: Rotational Periods, Lightcurve Evolution, and Zonal Circulation*
Authors: Apai Dániel , Nardiello Domenico , Bedin Luigi R.
Published: January 2021

Brown dwarfs were recently found to display rotational modulations, commonly attributed to cloud cover of varying thickness, possibly modulated by planetary-scale waves. However, the long-term, continuous, high-precision monitoring data to test this hypothesis for more objects is lacking. By applying our novel photometric approach to Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite data, we extract a high-precision lightcurve of the closest brown dwarfs, which form the binary system Luhman 16 AB. Our observations, which cover about 100 rotations of Luhman 16 B, display continuous lightcurve evolution. The periodogram analysis shows that the rotational period of the component that dominates the lightcurve is 5.28 hr. We also find evidence for periods of 2.5, 6.94, and 90.8 hr. We show that the 2.5 and 5.28 hr periods emerge from Luhman 16 B and that they consist of multiple, slightly shifted peaks, revealing the presence of high-speed jets and zonal circulation in this object. We find that the lightcurve evolution is well fit by the planetary-scale waves model, further supporting this interpretation. We argue that the 6.94 hr peak is likely the rotation period of Luhman 16 A. By comparing the rotational periods to observed v sin(i) measurements, we show that the two brown dwarfs are viewed at angles close to their equatorial planes. We also describe a long-period (P ∼ 91 hr) evolution in the lightcurve, which we propose emerges from the vortex-dominated polar regions. Our study paves the way toward direct comparisons of the predictions of global circulation models to observations via periodogram analysis.
Fewer Hip Dislocations With Anterior Total Hip Arthroplasty for Displaced Femoral Neck Fracture
Authors: Haller Justin M. , Working Zachary M. , Ross Hunter L. , Gililland Jeremy M. , Kubiak Erik N.
Published: January 2021

The primary goal of this study was to compare dislocation rates with an anterior approach vs a posterior approach for patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) for displaced femoral neck fracture. A retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent THA for acute femoral neck fracture at the authors' level I trauma center. All patients had at least 1 year of follow-up. Modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) and EuroQol 5D-5L score were obtained to assess hip function and overall quality of life at a minimum of 12 months postoperatively. The study population included 76 patients (posterior, 22; anterior, 54), with mean follow-up of 39 months (range, 12–125 months). Significantly more postoperative complications occurred in the posterior group compared with the anterior group (7 vs 4, respectively;
P
=.006). In addition, significantly more hip dislocations occurred in the posterior group compared with the anterior group (3 vs 1, respectively;
P
=.037). The study did not show a difference in mHHS (anterior, 82; posterior, 77;
P
=.411). The findings suggest that an anterior-based approach to THA may result in fewer complications than a posterior-based approach for patients who have displaced femoral neck fracture. Patients should be counseled on the higher perioperative risk after surgery compared with patients undergoing elective THA. Patients undergoing THA with an anterior approach for femoral neck fracture can expect to achieve good hip functional outcome and good quality of life 12 months after surgery. [
Orthopedics
. 2021;44(2):e248–e252.]
Effect of Early Weight Bearing on Outcomes After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Trimalleolar Ankle Fractures
Authors: Myers Devon M. , Pulido Sergio H. , Forsting Shane , Umbel Benjamin , Taylor Benjamin C.
Published: January 2021

Current practice allows early weight bearing of unstable ankle fractures after fixation. This study offers a unique comparison of early weight bearing (EWB) vs late weight bearing (LWB) in operatively stabilized trimalleolar ankle fractures. The goal of this study was to evaluate union rates, clinical outcomes, and complications for patients who were managed with EWB vs LWB. The authors performed a retrospective review of 185 patients who underwent surgical stabilization for trimalleolar ankle fracture. Fixation of the posterior malleolus and weight bearing status were determined by surgeon preference. For this study, EWB was defined as 3 weeks or less and LWB was defined as greater than 3 weeks. Patients were evaluated for fracture union and implant failure. Complications and clinical outcomes included ambulatory status, infection rate, and return to surgery. The EWB group included 47 (25.4%) patients, and the LWB group included 138 (74.6%) patients. Of the 7 nonunions, 1 (14.3%) occurred in the EWB group and 6 (85.7%) in the LWB group. A total of 72 (38.9%) posterior malleolar fractures were operatively stabilized, and stabilization did not affect union rates. Syndesmotic fixation was required for 12.5% of patients, despite posterior malleolar stabilization. Syndesmotic fixation increased the union rate 2.5 times. Deep infection and open fracture decreased union. No difference was seen between groups in implant failure, union rate, infection, or return to the operating room. No deleterious effect of EWB in operatively treated trimalleolar ankle fractures was found for union, implant failure, infection, or reoperation. Syndesmotic fixation may offer an advantage over posterior malleolar fixation, with improved union rates. [
Orthopedics
. 2021;44(3):160–165.]
Prosthetic Replacement Has a Clinical Outcome Superior to That of Trapeziectomy With Ligament Reconstruction and Tendon Interposition: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Lee Jun-Ku , Yoon Byung-Ho , Lee Hyun Il , Kim Choongki , Choi Seongju , Han Soo-Hong
Published: January 2021

A meta-analysis was performed to compare trapeziectomy with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition (LRTI) vs prosthetic replacement for first carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis. Seven prospective and retrospective comparison trials were retrieved. A total of 459 patients receiving trapeziectomy with LRTI and 374 patients receiving prosthesis replacement with a follow-up of 12 to 69 months were identified. There were no differences in visual analog scale scores or complications. However, the mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score was 3.73 points lower and the mean pinch power was 1.16 points higher in the prosthesis replacement group, and this was significant. Prosthetic replacement led to a superior clinical outcome compared with trapeziectomy with LRTI, with no difference in complications. [
Orthopedics
. 2021;44(2):e151–e157.]
New discrete logarithm computation for the medium prime case using the function field sieve
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Madhurima , Sarkar Palash , Singh Shashank , Thomé Emmanuel
Published: January 2021

The present work reports progress in discrete logarithm computation for the general medium prime case using the function field sieve algorithm. A new record discrete logarithm computation over a 1051-bit field having a 22-bit characteristic was performed. This computation builds on and implements previously known techniques. Analysis indicates that the relation collection and descent steps are within reach for fields with 32-bit characteristic and moderate extension degrees. It is the linear algebra step which will dominate the computation time for any discrete logarithm computation over such fields.
Constacyclic codes of length $ 8p^s $ over $ \mathbb F_{p^m} + u\mathbb F_{p^m} $
Authors: Dinh Hai Q. , Nguyen Bac T. , Maneejuk Paravee
Published: January 2021

For any odd prime \begin{document}$ p $\end{document}, the structures and duals of \begin{document}$ \lambda $\end{document}-constacyclic codes of length \begin{document}$ 8p^s $\end{document} over \begin{document}$ \mathcal R = \mathbb F_{p^m}+u\mathbb F_{p^m} $\end{document} are completely determined for all unit \begin{document}$ \lambda $\end{document} of the form \begin{document}$ \lambda = \xi^l\in \mathbb F_{p^m} $\end{document}, where \begin{document}$ l $\end{document} is even. In addition, the algebraic structures of all cyclic and negacyclic codes of length \begin{document}$ 8p^s $\end{document} over \begin{document}$ \mathcal R $\end{document} are established in term of their generator polynomials. Dual codes of all cyclic and negacyclic codes of length \begin{document}$ 8p^s $\end{document} over \begin{document}$ \mathcal R $\end{document} are also investigated. Furthermore, we give the number of codewords in each of those cyclic and negacyclic codes. We also obtain the number of cyclic and negacyclic codes of length \begin{document}$ 8p^s $\end{document} over \begin{document}$ \mathcal R $\end{document}.
Optimization of a Multi-Item Inventory model for deteriorating items with capacity constraint using dynamic programming
Authors: Karimi Mahdi , Sadjadi Seyed Jafar
Published: January 2021

In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted regarding inventory control of deteriorating items. However, due to the complexity of the solution methods, various real assumptions such as discrete variables and capacity constraints were neglected. In this study, we presented a multi-item inventory model for deteriorating items with limited carrier capacity. The proposed research considered the carrier, which transports the order has limited capacity and the quantity of orders cannot be infinite. Dynamic programming is used for problem optimization. The results show that the proposed solution method can solve the mixed-integer problem, and it can provide the global optimum solution.
Robust passivity analysis of mixed delayed neural networks with interval nondifferentiable time-varying delay based on multiple integral approach
Authors: Botmart Thongchai ,   Department of Mathematics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand, Noun Sorphorn , Mukdasai Kanit , Weera Wajaree , Yotha Narongsak ,   Department of Mathematics, University of Pha Yao, 	Pha Yao 56000, Thailand,   Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 	Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
Published: January 2021

New results on robust passivity analysis of neural networks with interval nondifferentiable and distributed time-varying delays are investigated. It is assumed that the parameter uncertainties are norm-bounded. By construction an appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii containing single, double, triple and quadruple integrals, which fully utilize information of the neuron activation function and use refined Jensen's inequality for checking the passivity of the addressed neural networks are established in linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). This result is less conservative than the existing results in literature. It can be checked numerically using the effective LMI toolbox in MATLAB. Three numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and the merits of the proposed methods.
Random attractors for stochastic discrete long wave-short wave resonance equations driven by fractional Brownian motions
Authors: Liu Ranran ,   School of Mathematical Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, P. R. China, Liu Hui , Xin Jie ,   School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, P. R. China,   College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai An, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
Published: January 2021

We study the dynamical behavior of the solutions of stochastic discrete long wave-short wave resonance equations driven by fractional Brownian motions with Hurst parameter $ H\in(\frac{1}{2}, 1) $. And then we prove that the random dynamical system has a unique random equilibrium, which constitutes a singleton sets random attractor.
The extended Burr-R class: properties, applications and modified test for censored data
Authors: Al-Babtain Abdulhakim A. ,   Department of Statistics and Operations Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia, Sherwani Rehan A. K. , Afify Ahmed Z. , Aidi Khaoula , Nasir M. Arslan , Jamal Farrukh , Saboor Abdus ,   College of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan,   Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Insurance, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt,   Laboratory of probability and statistics LaPS, University Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, Algeria,   Government S. E College Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan,   Department of Statistics, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan,   Kohat University of Science and Technology, KPK, Pakistan
Published: January 2021

This article introduces a new three-parameter Marshall-Olkin Burr-R (MOB-R) family which extends the generalize Burr-G class. Some of its general properties are discussed. One of its special models called the MOB-Lomax distribution is studied in detail for illustrative purpose. A modified chi-square test statistic is provided for right censored data from the MOB-L distribution. The model parameters are estimated via the maximum likelihood and simulation results are obtained to assess the behavior of the maximum likelihood approach. Applications to real data sets are provided to show the usefulness of the proposed MOB-Lomax distribution. The modified chi-square test statistic shows that the MOB-Lomax model can be used as a good candidate for analyzing real censored data.
On $ \delta b $-open continuous functions
Authors: Ozel Cenap ,   Department of Mathematics, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia, Al Shumrani M. A. , Kaymakci Aynur Keskin , Park Choonkil , Shin Dong Yun ,   Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Selcuk University, 42030 Konya, Turkey,   Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea,   Department of Mathematics, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we define an almost $ \delta b $-continuity, which is a weaker form of $ R $-map and we investigate and obtain its some properties and characterizations. Finally, we show that a function $ f:\left(X, \tau \right) \rightarrow \left(Y, \varphi \right) $ is almost $ \delta b $-continuous if and only if $ f:\left(X, \tau _{s}\right) \rightarrow \left(Y, \varphi _{s}\right) $ is $ b $-continuous, where $ \tau _{s} $ and $ \varphi _{s} $ are semiregularizations of $ \tau $ and $ \varphi $, respectively.
Multi-stage differential evolution algorithm for constrained D-optimal design
Authors: Zhang Xinfeng ,   School of Economics and Statistics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China, Zhu Zhibin , Zhang Chongqi ,   Undergraduate School of Medical Business, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
Published: January 2021

In practice, objective condition may impose constraints on design region, which make it difficult to find the exact D-optimal design. In this paper, we propose a Multi-stage Differential Evolution (MDE) algorithm to find the global approximated D-optimal design in an experimental region with linear or nonlinear constraints. MDE algorithm is approved from Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. It has low requirements for both feasible regions and initial values. In iteration, MDE algorithm pursues evolutionary equilibrium rather than convergence speed, so it can stably converge to the global D-optimal design instead of the local ones. The advantages of MDE algorithm in finding D-optimal design will be illustrated by examples.
The effect of multiplicative noise on the exact solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Abdelrahman Mahmoud A. E. ,   Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia, Mohammed Wael W. , Alesemi Meshari , Albosaily Sahar ,   Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Ha'il, Saudi Arabia,   Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt,   Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Published: January 2021

We consider in this paper the stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation forced by multiplicative noise in the Itô sense. We use two different methods as sine-cosine method and Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method to obtain new rational, trigonometric and hyperbolic stochastic solutions. These stochastic solutions are of a qualitatively distinct nature based on the parameters. Moreover, the effect of the multiplicative noise on the solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equation will be discussed. Finally, two and three-dimensional graphs for some solutions have been given to support our analysis.
Annual reproductive phenology of the coprophagous beetleDichotomius satanas(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) of the cloud forest in eastern Mexico
Authors: Barretto Julliana , Cruz Magdalena , Escobar Federico
Published: January 2021

Reproductive phenology of organisms is modulated by biotic and abiotic factors, with direct effects on the demography. This study describes the annual reproductive phenology ofDichotomius satanas(Harold, 1867) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) of the cloud forest in eastern Mexico, through the morphological changes in the reproductive systems of individuals and their relationship with climatic conditions. Three stages of sexual maturity were recognised as occurring throughout the year: immature, maturing, and mature – with a higher occurrence of immature individuals. Abundance of immature and maturing females was explained by minimum temperature, but none of the environmental variables considered was related to mature females. Abundance of immature and maturing males was related to precipitation, while abundance of mature males was related to minimum temperature and precipitation. The phenology ofD. satanaswas markedly seasonal with a single peak of abundance corresponding to the reproductive period during the warm and rainy season, thus indicating a univoltine pattern of reproduction. Immature females were recorded before immature males, and no synchrony was observed between the maturing and mature males and females. We provide information pertaining to the reproductive biology of coprophagous beetles and highlight the importance of reproductive phenology as a tool with which to understand future environmental scenarios.
Transcriptional Diversity and Niche-Specific Distribution of Leukocyte Populations duringStaphylococcus aureusCraniotomy-Associated Biofilm Infection
Authors: Aldrich Amy L. , Horn Christopher M. , Heim Cortney E. , Korshoj Lee E. , Kielian Tammy
Published: January 2021

Neurosurgery for brain tumor resection or epilepsy treatment requires a craniotomy to gain access to the brain. Despite prophylactic measures, infectious complications occur at a frequency of 1–3%, with approximately half caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) that forms a biofilm on the bone flap and is recalcitrant to antibiotics. Using single-cell RNA sequencing in a mouse model of S. aureus craniotomy infection, this study revealed the complex transcriptional heterogeneity of resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes in the brain, in addition to transcriptionally diverse granulocyte subsets in the s.c. galea and bone flap. In the brain, trajectory analysis identified the transition of microglia from a homeostatic/anti-inflammatory to proinflammatory and proliferative populations, whereas granulocytes in the brain demonstrated a trajectory from a granulocyte myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)–like phenotype to a small population of mature polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). In the galea, trajectory analysis identified the progression from two distinct granulocyte-MDSC–like populations to PMN clusters enriched for IFN signaling and cell cycle genes. Based on their abundance in the galea and bone flap, PMNs and MDSCs were depleted using anti-Ly6G, which resulted in increased bacterial burden. This revealed a critical role for PMNs in S. aureus containment because MDSCs were found to attenuate PMN antibacterial activity, which may explain, in part, why craniotomy infection persists in the presence of PMN infiltrates. These results demonstrate the existence of a transcriptionally diverse leukocyte response that likely influences the chronicity of S. aureus craniotomy infection.
Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of cysticercosis from 2000 to 2014 in Dali, Yunnan province, China.
Authors: Li Huanzhang , Zang Xinzhong , Hu Xiaokang , Abe Eniola Michael , Qian Menbao , Xue Jingbo , Chen Yingdan , Zhou Changhai , Liu Yuhua , Li Shizhu
Published: January 2021

Cysticercosis remains a public health problem in China, with disease prevalence attributed to poor socio-economic and public health conditions. This parasitic food-borne disease was prioritized for effective control following implementation of the national surveys on parasitic diseases carried out in China. We predicted the cysticercosis distribution in Dali, Yunnan Province by assessing spatio-temporal distribution characteristics between 2000 and 2014 to better understand the trend of the disease incidence. A database of cysticercosis cases was provided by the clinical department at the Dali Prefectural Institute of Research and Control of Schistosomiasis. Describing the epidemiological features of cysticercosis and analyzing its spatiotemporal distribution of cases using mapping, scanning and spatial autocorrelation analysis, our findings found a total of 3,347 patients with cysticercosis infection, neurocysticercosis in particular. Cysticercosis prevalence was the highest among young and middle-aged male farmers, and also predominant among the Bai nationality. Three aggregation areas were identified during the period 2000-2014. Hotspot analysis implicated Dali City, Eryuan County and Yangbi County between 2000 and 2007, with areas gradually shifting towards the western and northern parts of the province. The hotspot map indicated that Eryuan County was a constant problem with respect to cysticercosis. The results indicated three cysticercosis clusters in Dali that could be attributed to environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyles. Multi-sectoral control initiatives are, therefore, recommended in these areas to effectively control and prevent cysticercosis among the population.
Visualization of schistosomiasis snail habitats using light unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Chamberlin Andrew J. , Jones Isabel J. , Lund Andrea J. , Jouanard Nicolas , Riveau Gilles , Ndione Raphaël , Sokolow Susanne H. , Wood Chelsea L. , Lafferty Kevin D. , De Leo Giulio A.
Published: January 2021

Schistosomiasis, or “snail fever”, is a parasitic disease affecting over 200 million people worldwide. People become infected when exposed to water containing particular species of freshwater snails. Habitats for such snails can be mapped using lightweight, inexpensive and field-deployable consumer-grade Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones. Drones can obtain imagery in remote areas with poor satellite imagery. An unexpected outcome of using drones is public engagement. Whereas sampling snails exposes field technicians to infection risk and might disturb locals who are also using the water site, drones are novel and fun to watch, attracting crowds that can be educated about the infection risk.
Spatiotemporal analysis of hand, foot and mouth disease data using time-lag geographically-weighted regression
Authors: Hong Zhi-Min , Wang Hu-Hu , Wang Yan-Juan , Wang Wen-Rui
Published: January 2021

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common and widespread infectious disease. Previous studies have presented evidence that climate factors, including the monthly averages of temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, wind speed and Cumulative Risk (CR) all have a strong influence on the transmission of HFMD. In this paper, the monthly time-lag geographically- weighted regression model was constructed to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of effect of climate factors on HFMD occurrence in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. From the spatial and temporal perspectives, the spatial and temporal variations of effect of climate factors on HFMD incidence are described respectively. The results indicate that the effect of climate factors on HFMD incidence shows very different spatial patterns and time trends. The findings may provide not only an indepth understanding of spatiotemporal variation patterns of the effect of climate factors on HFMD occurrence, but also provide helpful evidence for making measures of HFMD prevention and control and implementing appropriate public health interventions at the county level in different seasons.
Lap Shear Test for Automotive-Type Adhesives for Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Bonding
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: January 2021

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a lap shear test method for use in measuring the bonding characteristics of automotive-type adhesives for joining fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) to themselves and to metals.
Peel Strength of Soft Trim Adhesives
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: January 2021

This SAE Recommended Practice shall be used to determine the peel strength achieved by an adhesive when used to bond various decorative, flexible substrates such as cloth supported vinyl or carpet, to rigid (steel), semi-rigid (SMC plastic), or other similar substrates.
Softening Point of Interior Trim Adhesives
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: January 2021

This SAE Recommended Practice shall be used to determine the temperature at which an adhesive softens to the point at which it no longer can support a given load.
Overlap Shear Test for Sealant Adhesive Bonding of Automotive Glass Encapsulating Material to Body Opening
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: January 2021

This recommended practice defines a procedure for the construction of a lap shear specimen for the purpose of testing the bondability of an automotive sealant adhesive to the elastomeric material used in automotive encapsulating.

The present practice of encapsulating automotive glass is described as molding elastomeric material onto the outer edge of the glass using thermoplastic or thermosetting material that quickly sets in the mold. The glass is removed from the mold with cured elastomeric material bonded to the perimeter of thee glass. This encapsulated glass module can now be bonded with a sealant adhesive into the body opening of a vehicle.
Induction Cure Test for Metal Bonding Adhesives
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: January 2021

This SAE Recommended Practice defines a procedure for determining the adhesion strength characteristics of heat-cured metal bonding adhesives subjected to induction heating.
Method for the Determination of Expansion and Water Absorption in Automotive Sealers
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: January 2021

This SAE Recommended Practice sets forth methods for determining total expansion gravimetrically and volumetrically, calculating vertical expansion and measuring the water absorption of cut and uncut sealer beads.
Method for Evaluating the Flow Properties of Pumpable Sealers
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: January 2021

This SAE Recommended Practice sets forth a method for evaluating the flow properties of automotive sealers that have been dispensed via a high pressure automatic system.
Surface Match Verification Method for Pressure Sensitive Adhesively Attached Components
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: January 2021

This SAE Recommended Practice applies to evaluation of the conformance match condition existing between two surfaces. Evaluation of this conformance may be especially useful in bonded applications although it may also have relevance to bolted adjacent surface joint conditions.

Since good bonding surface conformity is necessary for providing optimal bond performance with pressure sensitive adhesives, the purpose of this document is to provide a method of evaluating the conformance match of the mating surfaces.

This document is intended as a guide toward standard practice but may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering the use of this document.

Tool types, materials, application tools, and component contact area evaluation methods are included as part of this document.

In most cases a visual evaluation of contact performance may be satisfactory; however, for greater accuracy a measurement tool may be used. When reporting a contact value the mode of evaluation (e.g., visual, measurement tool) should be indicated.
The Relativity of Ren (Humaneness)
Authors: Hu Xiangnong
Published: January 2021

A textual difference exists between 2A6 and 6A6 of the Mengzi: In 2A6, the heart-mind of ceyin (compassion), xiuwu (shame), cirang (courtesy and modesty), and shifei (moral judgement) are said to be the four “duan” (germs) of ren (humaneness), yi (optimal appropriateness), li (observance of the rites), and zhi (wisdom), whereas in 6A6, the term “duan” is not found. For this reason, some scholars today criticize the interpretation that translates “duan” as “starting point”, which implies a substantial difference between the four germs and ren, yi, li, and zhi that apparently does not exist in 6A6. Instead, these scholars prefer another interpretation that takes “duan” as an indication of the essential sameness between the four germs and ren, yi, li, and zhi that are originally possessed by a morally perfect heart-mind. This essay re-evaluates these two interpretations. First, it argues that compared to the first, the second interpretation’s argument for a morally perfect heart-mind is less compatible with the nature of Mengzi’s moral philosophy as a teaching that focuses on self-introspection and moral cultivation in experience. Second, this essay reinforces the first interpretation by demonstrating the existence of two different senses of ren (as well as yi, li, and zhi) in the Mengzi, thus allowing it to coherently suggest that the heart-mind possessing the four germs as innate moral feelings is the same as the “relatively antecedent” ren, which is, at the same time, the starting point for developing the “relatively consequent” ren that is substantially different from the former.
The Challenges to Political Participation of Women in Afghanistan
Authors: Meera Mundayat , Yekta Khatera
Published: January 2021

Issues of women’s rights, including political and social rights, are important topics and relevant to the political development of countries. Unfortunately, many Afghan women have been deprived of their rights and privileges for numerous reasons. The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the challenges facing women’s political participation in Afghanistan and to present strategies that can pave the way for women’s political participation. The results show that there are challenges in the context of women’s political participation, most notably cultural, historical and ideological problems. Afghanistan’s current socio-economic environmental conditions contribute to tribal culture and clan-centric life patterns, characterized by patriarchy and centred on manhood. The patriarchal structure of society defines and interprets religious teachings as masculine and in favour of men. Cumulatively, issues such as educational barriers, economic dependence, gender gaps, and hundreds of other such obstacles, are at the root of the challenges to women’s political participation. The relationship between these causes is such that the strengthening of one leads to the strengthening of the others, and vice versa.
Aren't we all exhausted already? EU copyright exhaustion and video game resales in the Games-as-a-Service era
Authors: Trapova Alina , Fava Emanuele
Published: January 2021

This article examines the issue of copyright exhaustion for digitally distributed video games in the EU. In light of the case law of the CJEU and national courts, it applies to video games two relevant dichotomies – sale/licence and goods/services. Diving into the modern Games-as-a-Service (GaaS) trend, it argues that treating all transactions as sales and all games as goods poorly reflects the complexity of today's video game industry. The many uncertainties of the current legal framework and the impractical consequences of digital exhaustion could force the industry to change its distribution models in ways not necessarily beneficial to consumers. Thus, the applicability of exhaustion to digitally distributed games should be ruled out once and for all. Nonetheless, where copyright is unable to offer satisfactory solutions, consumer law may protect players vis-à-vis digital distribution platforms, while at the same time providing legal certainty to the industry.
Interaction of EU and UK copyright in a post-Brexit world: will video games get more protection than they bargain for?
Authors: Kempton Nick
Published: January 2021

The UK's approach to copyright and its adoption of a closed list of categories of work has led to unforeseeable gaps in protection in video games and fails to recognize the intellectual creativity that has gone into various elements of a video game, such as in-game animation. However, the CJEU's decision in Cofemel (C-683/17) has sought to harmonize copyright in the EU and provides two simplified requirements for subsistence of copyright allowing for expansive protection and open ended categories of work. This decision broadens out copyright in a way which may fill in some of the gaps of protection for video games but at what cost? This article explores how Cofemel might impact the video games industry in practice, as well as the ways in which the UK courts might address Cofemel in light of its direct conflict with UK legislation at a critical political time where the UK is about to depart from the EU.
Wymogi i nakazy dotyczące noszenia masek ochronnych
Authors: Badora-Musiał Katarzyna
Published: January 2021

In the absence of effective drugs that could be used in the treatment of infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, behavioral methods of preventing infection have become important in counteracting the epidemic, including wearing protective masks. A historical overview of the epidemic and the introduc­tion of the mask order allows an epidemic to be better understood not only as a biological event, but also as a social process. Many countries have enforced the wearing of masks in public despite conflicting opinions about whether their use could prevent transmission of the coronavirus from one person to another. In Poland, the content of the official message on the effectiveness of wearing masks was changing, ultimately introducing the obligation to cover the mouth and nose with masks or an element of clothing in generally accessible places.
Świadczenia rehabilitacji medycznej w Polsce w czasie pandemii COVID-19. Zagadnienia regulacyjne i organizacyjne
Authors: Mrożek-Gąsiorowska Magdalena A.
Published: January 2021

Medical rehabilitation in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regulatory and organizational issues The medical rehabilitation system in Poland includes various rehabilitation services, financed by various institutions, including the NFZ, ZUS, KRUS, PFRON and local governments. The aim of the study is to identify the most important problems and limitations of this system, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The most important issues to be solved and proposed reforms of the medical rehabilitation system in Poland presented in recent years were identified. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on this system, providing rehabilitation services and problems related to the im­plementation of further legal regulations in the first months of the pandemic were discussed. One of the most important recommended changes is the implementation of the comprehensive care model and the activities aimed at coordinating various elements and levels of rehabilitation.
Public health activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Report from the US
Authors: Rabin Kenneth , Rauh Lauren
Published: January 2021

With more than 6.5 million known cases and nearly 195,000 deaths as of 9 September 2020, the United States has been gravely affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic. The nation’s response can only be described as inconsistent and ineffective. The role of the once preeminent US Centers for Disease Control has been undercut. The extent of infection and death can be attributed to the failure of many Americans to wear masks and maintain physical distance, appropriate behaviors which the nation’s political leadership has advocated to some degree but failed to adopt in practice.
Delegalizacja Solidarności i uwolnienie Lecha Wałęsy
Authors: Friszke Andrzej
Published: January 2021

Banning of Solidarity and the release of Lech Walesa Banning Solidarity made on 8 October 1982. Was the intention of the authorities to close the era of Solidarity. Chief Military Prosecutor Office would, however, bring Lech Walesa before the court, just like other leaders of the Association, which wanted accused of preparing for the violent overthrow of the communist regime. The decision to release from internment Walesa walked away this option. Walesa was to remain an „ordinary citizen”, isolated from public life. Hopes for enforcing passivity Walesa, and the more his capitulation, however, were in vain. He argued that his attitude during the hearing in the investigation against leaders of Solidarity and KSS „KOR” clandestine meeting with the underground TKK and the conversation with the officers SB in April 1983. The ability to process Walesa crossed finally John Paul II, who broke objections communist authorities, met with the leader of the compound during his pilgrimage to Poland in June 1983.
Zmiana statusu i etniczna mobilizacja podczas wydarzeń marca 1956 roku w Gruzji
Authors: Blauvelt Timothy
Published: January 2021

Status Shift and Ethnic Mobilisation in the March 1956 Events in Georgia The large-scale demonstrations that took place in Georgia in early March 1956 following Khrushchev’s criticism of Stalin at the 20th Party Congress were the first significant expressions of public protest and civil disobedience in the Soviet Union for decades, and they also bore a clearly nationalistic character. Based primarily on materials from the Georgian KGB and Party archives and interviews with former Party officials and participants of the events, this article examines potential interpretations of these events derived from elite incorporation and ethnic mobilisation theories.