bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Letter of Juan Luis Vives to Jerome Aleander, from Louvain, December 17, 1522
Authors: Mccully George E.
Published: April 2006

Accessions of primary source materials concerning Juan Luis Vives (1493-1540) continue to be made, increasing our need for a thorough restudy of his life and thought. Since Adolfo Bonilla y San Martín's authoritative biography was published in 1903, besides the obvious advances in supplementary scholarship, more than sixty letters by Vives himself, many letters addressed to him, one treatise which may have been his (which has yet to be analyzed and published), as well as the records of the Inquisitorial trials of members of his family, have been added to the evidence known to be extant.

The letter with which this article is concerned has been published in this century but has not explicitly been incorporated into any studies of Vives. Professor Kristeller recently described the manuscript used in the Paquier edition (P) and brought it to my attention. The letter is here republished, in closer fidelity to the manuscript, and with an expanded critical apparatus which suggests a new interpretation of its meaning.
Venetian State Papers and English Civic Pageantry, 1558-1642
Authors: Bergeron David M.
Published: April 2006

Attempting to recover what has been a largely ignored and vastly overlooked subject in theater history, Professor Glynne Wickham has demonstrated the importance of the study of civic pageantry as a natural part of the evolution of English drama. Wickham makes a most persuasive case for the significance of these dramatic entertainments as they contribute both technically and thematically to the regular stage of the English Renaissance, and he shows clearly that the whole subject is in need of further exploration in order to counter the neglect it has received at the hands of many scholars. Civic pageantry, as Wickham defines it and as I use the term, refers of course to planned dramatic entertainments, not just color or spectacle, designed to honor the sovereign or magistrate on special occasions. Generally, there are three kinds of pageants: royal entries of the sovereign, the sovereign's provincial progresses, and the annual Lord Mayor's Show in London.
Earth of Flesh, Flesh of Earth: Mother Earth in the Faerie Queene
Authors: Kendrick Walter M.
Published: April 2006

Mutabilitie's claim to sovereignty over gods and men alike, as she lays it before Jove in Book VII of the Faerie Queene, is supported first of all by a genealogical argument:

I am a daughter, by the mothers side,

Of her that is Grand-mother magnifide

Of all the Gods, great Earth, great Chaos child….

(VII.VI.26)

As a ‘Titanesse,’ Mutabilitie is older by one generation than any inhabitant of Olympus. Her first assault on Jove's dominion is based on the simple equation of priority in time with priority to power: because she came first, she deserves first place. Of all her arguments, however, this turns out to be the weakest, and Jove disposes of it handily.
Tessier and the ‘Essex Circle’
Authors: Ward John M.
Published: April 2006

In a recent issue of this Quarterly, Gustav Ungerer called attention to several hitherto unnoticed documents concerning the English sojourn of the French lutenist and composer Charles Tessier and on the basis of this evidence concluded that the musician was for a time admitted to the ‘Essex Circle.’ The conclusion should rather be a conjecture, I believe.

The documents published by Ungerer include three letters written by Tessier to Anthony Bacon, the brother of Francis, in the spring of 1597. In the first, Tessier asks to be taken into Bacon's service or, failing this, to be recommended to another gentleman for service. In the second, written some weeks later, he describes some newly composed airs which he intends to present to Bacon, but illness has prevented his doing so, and he begs for money.
‘The Greek Commander’ Hernán Núñez de Toledo, Spanish Humanist and Civic Leader
Authors: Nader Helen
Published: April 2006

One of the principal differences separating the Italian Renaissance from the Spanish has been the civic character of the Italian humanists’ professional lives. Intense involvement in urban politics, crucial to the development of rhetoric and historical perspective in the works of Coluccio Salutati, Leonardo Bruni, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Francesco Guicciardini, has seemed to be missing in the careers of Spanish humanists. The careers of Spain's most renowned humanists, Antonio de Nebrija (1444-1522) and ‘the Greek Commander’ Hernán Núñez de Toledo (1470?-1553), have been the best exemplars of the academic, rather than civic, context of Spanish humanism: their humanist translations and editions of Latin and Greek texts were published after Nebrija and Núñez were incorporated into the university community as faculty.
Hermetism and Cahalism in the Heresy of the Judaizers
Authors: Wieczynski Joseph L.
Published: April 2006

To anyone with an interest in the general question of Russian relations with the West during the pre-Petrine period of Russian history the so-called heresy of the Judaizers merits special attention. Although our sources for the study of the Judaizing movement are limited, extant materials do provide a unique opportunity to observe Russian society of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries at a crucial moment of interaction with foreign elements that criticized, if not denied, traditional Russian beliefs and institutions. At a time of European history when criticism of the established order was rife, when traditions, attitudes, and creeds felt the sharp thrust of reasoned inquiry, Russia was not aloof from the ferment that threatened all dogmatism and rigorism of belief.
The Santa Hermandad and the First Italian Campaign of Gonzalo de Córdoba, 1495-1498*
Authors: Stewart Paul
Published: April 2006

Historians have overlooked a significant aspect of Ferdinand and Isabella's Santa Hermandad. The canon of historical knowledge has long included the part played by the Hermandad army in royal efforts to establish control over Castile and to conquer Granada. However, the use made of these troops was equally important in the period after the victory over the Moors. After 1492 the record of the Hermandad army clearly demonstrates the continuing process of growing royal power and in so doing indicates the basic patterns of the reign. The key is found in the hitherto unappreciated participation of the Hermandad army in the Italian campaigns of 1495-98.
Shakespeare and Ariosto: Much Ado About Nothing, King Lear, and Othello
Authors: Cairncross Andrew S.
Published: April 2006

A general doubt survives as to Shakespeare's knowledge and use of Italian. In spite of some admissions, there is a tendency to follow Richard Farmer's argument that Shakespeare got such knowledge from English textbooks or translations. For example, it is suggested that the Hero-Claudio story in Much Ado About Nothing comes not from Ariosto's Orlando Furioso but from the English translation by Sir John Harington or from one of the many English versions of the story.

Shakespeare's knowledge and use of Italian, however, can be illustrated and established by reference to cantos IV-VI of Orlando Furioso. These cantos provided Shakespeare with material not only for the Hero-Claudio theme in Much Ado, but also for King Lear and Othello. It was typical of him to conflate several sources in one play. Thus he combined the Hero-Claudio (Genevra-Ariodante) theme with other sources, such as Bandello, Whetstone, or Spenser.
The French Lutenist Charles Tessier and the Essex Circle
Authors: Ungerer Gustav
Published: April 2006

The purpose of the present article is to record a decisive period in Charles Tessier's career as a professional lutenist: his residence in England which led to the publication of his first collection of court airs. Tessier's journey to England is no novelty, but whereas information so far was limited to the London publication of his court airs, three unedited letters he addressed to Anthony Bacon now make it possible to project his visit and his publication against their social background. The paper accordingly is a contribution to the as yet unknown biography of Charles Tessier.

Anthony Bacon appears to hold the key to explaining Tessier's visit to England. Their acquaintance may go back to some time between 1579 and 1592 when Bacon was residing in France, studying continental politics and gathering intelligence with a view to putting his experience at the disposal of the English government.
Cristoforo Landino's First Lectures on Dante*
Authors: Field Arthur
Published: April 2006

Like many humanists of the late fifteenth century, Cristoforo Landino (1425-1498) came to consider himself not only a rhetorician but a speculative philosopher as well. Like many of these same humanists, Landino would not allow himself to peddle the merely fashionable: he pretended that he had been drinking from philosophical founts since his youth. In his dialogue De anima, completed about 1471, Landino suggested that from the early 1450s he not only was receiving systematic training in natural philosophy from Carlo Marsuppini but also was learning some Plato from the teenager Marsilio Ficino.
The Patron's Role in the Production of Architecture: Bartolomeo Scala and the Scala Palace
Authors: Pellecchia Linda
Published: April 2006

Architectural patronage in the late Quattrocento was a way of demonstrating status. In spite of the republican and unaristocratic rhetoric espoused by the Florentine ruling class, powerful families, like the Medici or Strozzi, sought to impress their compatriots with conspicuous displays of wealth. In the course of the fifteenth century, the attitude towards the manifestation of riches passed from a medieval and Christian contempt to a distinct appreciation of magnificence as a virtue and duty of the rich. This need to impress is nowhere more apparent than in the patronage of architecture—especially palace building.
The Ramist as Fallacy-Hunter: Abraham Fraunce and The Lawiers Logike
Authors: Pomeroy Ralph S.
Published: April 2006

Abraham Fraunce holds a conspicuous though somewhat anomalous place in Renaissance literary history. He is usually regarded as a minor poet, worth studying mainly for his close association with two major ones—Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip Sidney—and for his translations of Virgil, Heliodorus, and Tasso. He is also considered an important figure in Renaissance rhetorical history (insofar as that can and should be distinguished from literary history) for The Arcadian Rhetorike (1588) and, to a lesser extent, for The Sheapheardes Logike (?I585) and The Lawiers Logike (1588). Indeed, James J. Murphy has recently identified Fraunce as one of the twenty most frequently cited Renaissance rhetoricians—“the names most often seen in footnotes or heard in learned papers at meetings.”
Sacred and Sexual Motifs in All's Well That Ends Well*
Authors: Simonds Peggy Muñoz
Published: April 2006

Whatever scholars may think of its value as a work of poetic literature, Shakespeare's All's Well That Ends Well is remarkably entertaining in the theater. Perhaps this is so because it fulfills the fundamental generic responsibility of comedy; it overcomes the death of the fathers through a bawdy emphasis on youthful sexuality and love, and it manipulates mythical plot elements that are subconsciously familiar to any audience in Western civilization. The play skillfully diverts our attention from death and burial to the “little death” of sexual orgasm, from age, illness, and the destruction of war to marriage and the joy of new life. Above all, it is not so much a “problem play” in the Shavian sense as it is a typical work of Renaissance comic art that attempts to unite both the physical and the spiritual elements of human existence within a single structure of the imagination.
Dürer's Portrait of Erasmus and the Ars Typographorum
Authors: Hayum Andrée
Published: April 2006

Dürer's portrait of Erasmus is an image so familiar that for most of us it has become the quintessence of the scholar portrait (Fig. 1). In spite of this—or perhaps because of it—few have thought about this famous engraving with any precision. It comes as a surprise, moreover, when one examines the literature, to find that the encounter between such a notable pair of personages has produced a strangely limited and unsatisfying body of commentary. What emerges is basically the critical dilemma summed up in one writer's assessment of Dürer's effort: “Il a fait une admirable gravure, mais un mauvais portrait.“ Heinrich Wölfflin and Erwin Panofsky found certain commendable traits in the Erasmus engraving. But these and other scholars reach consensus principally in their negative judgment of how Dürer's print functions as a likeness of Erasmus.
Friar Sixtus IV and the Sistine Chapel
Authors: Goffen Rona
Published: April 2006

The Sistine Chapel (Fig. I) has been seen by millions and has been the subject of much scholarly attention. The most important and sustained study of The Sistine Chapel before Michelangelo is L. D. Ettlinger's learned volume of that title. In this book, Ettlinger demonstrated that the typology of the murals, in which Moses is juxtaposed with Christ, represents the doctrine of papal primacy. There is still more to be learned about the Chapel, however, if we take into account the fact that the founder, Sixtus IV, was a Franciscan friar before he was pope.
Etymology, Genealogy, and the Immutability of Origins
Authors: Rothstein Marian
Published: April 2006

New paths into the vast and intricate forest of ways in which Renaissance texts use or respond to their literary antecedents have emerged from numbers of recent studies such as those of Thomas Greene and David Quint. Here I should like to suggest an extension of that concern with the originary beyond the strictly literary relations of text to subtext or imitation to authorizing model. A sense of the living presence of the source is manifest in the Renaissance treatment of words, things, individuals, and institutions.
Three Meditations on the Destruction of Vergil's Statue: The Early Humanist Theory of Poetry
Authors: Fisher Alan
Published: April 2006

On the last day of August, 1397, Carlo Malatesta, Count of Rimini and commander of the Florentine League, won a battle outside Mantua. He entered the city and shortly afterward ordered the destruction of a statue of Vergil which had stood there “for centuries” upon the poet's tomb. In Bologna and Florence, humanists were alarmed. Carlo was no ordinary military vandal: he was a cultivated man, trained in the virtues of the bonae litterae; members of his family had been friends with Petrarch; the chief men of his league were enthusiastic about the new literary culture. Yet here he was, desecrating the memory of the king of poets. To desecrate Vergil was to desecrate poetry itself—or so the humanists construed it when they responded to the event.
The Myth of the Platonic Academy of Florence
Authors: Hankins James
Published: April 2006

Nee enim tarn numeranda veterum

testimonia sunt quam ponderanda.

Poliziano, Misc. I. 39

There has never been much doubt among Renaissance scholars about the leading role played by Marsilio Ficino and Neoplatonic philosophy in the cultural life of the High Renaissance. From the time of his first biographer, Giovanni Corsi, Ficino's work of recovering and disseminating Platonism was held to be one of the great achievements of Medici patronage. The publication history of his translations and other writings during the early modern period attests to the widespread interest they aroused, not only among professional philosophers, but also among educated persons in general.
The Academy of Domenko Venier, Music's Literary Muse in Mid-Cinquecento Venice
Authors: Feldman Martha
Published: April 2006

I in the Mid-Sixteenth Century Venetian writers, artists, scholars, and musicians came increasingly to play out their cultural ideals within informal academies. These academies made no bylaws or statutes, nor did they keep the sorts of membership lists, minutes, and systematic records that were to become commonplace by the end of the century. In essence they were regular gatherings, chiefly in private homes, for discussion, debate, and performance. The diffuse demography of the republican city-state made it well-suited to the dynamic processes of artistic and intellectual interchange that such gatherings provided.
Realpolitik and Elizabethan Ceremony: The Earl of Hertford's Entertainment of Elizabeth at Elvetham, 1591
Authors: Breight Curt
Published: April 2006

In a recent essay on new historicism Louis Montrose is concerned that “the terms in which the problem of ideology has been posed and is now circulating in Renaissance literary studies—namely as an opposition between ‘containment’ and ‘subversion’—are so reductive, polarized, and undynamic as to be of little or no conceptual value. A closed and static, singular and homogeneous notion of ideology must be succeeded by one that is heterogeneous and unstable, permeable and processual.“ Montrose's critique and recommended solution seem both valid and commonsensical, yet they are infrequently practiced, perhaps nowhere more hegemonically than in discussions of Renaissance elite ceremonies.
The Single Self: Feminist Thought and the Marriage Market in Early Modern Venice*
Authors: Cox Virginia
Published: April 2006

The Year 1600 Witnessed A significant though little-noted event in Italian cultural history: the publication of the first substantial full-length works by Italian women writers arguing the case for women's moral and intellectual equality with men. The writers in question were two Venetians, Lucrezia Marinella and Modesta Pozzo (Moderata Fonte); their works, respectively, a polemical treatise,La nobilta et I'eccellenza delle donne,and a dialogue, Ilmerito delle donne.These texts, long neglected, have recently begun to attract a certain amount of critical attention: particularly Fonte'sMerito,far the more accessible of the two and a work, as is now being recognized, of considerable literary merit.
Possessed by the Devil? A Very Public Dispute in Utrecht
Authors: Kaplan Benjamin J.
Published: April 2006

No phenomenon reveals the otherness, the alien quality of early modern culture as dramatically as reputed cases of demonic possession. Previously a rare and rather marginal phenomenon, demonic possession became a new plague in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Physically the affliction manifested itself in recurrent fits, convulsions, foaming at the mouth, difficulty eating and drinking, bug-eyes, and extreme contortions of the body. Verbally demoniacs sometimes ranted incoherently; other times, their words were offensively clear to those around them. Speaking with the supposed voice of the devil, demoniacs uttered blasphemies and obscenities, denied fundamental Christian dogmas, and mocked figures of authority.
Impassioned Mother or Passive Icon: The Virgin's Role in Late Medieval and Early Modern Passion Sermons*
Authors: Ellington Donna Spivey
Published: April 2006

On 13 April 1403, Parisian chancellor Jean Gerson delivered one of his most famous sermons, a sermon on the Passion of Christ entitled “Ad deum vadit.” That evening, in the second part of the sermon, Gerson set forth the central and most dramatic portion of the Passion narrative, the crucifixion of Jesus. As he had done throughout the story, Gerson sought to recreate the feelings, responses, and very words of Mary as she witnessed her son's suffering. In an anguished question that echoed Jesus’ own, Gerson proclaims that Mary was able to cry to God.
Breaking the Silence: The Poor Clares and the Visual Arts in Fifteenth-Century Italy*
Authors: Wood Jeryldene M.
Published: April 2006

As Dante and Beatrice begin their ascent to the Empyrean in canto 3 of the Paradiso, they alight on the moon where they encounter pale spirits, not mere reflections but “true substances … assigned [there] for inconstancy to holy vows” (Dante, 29-31).1 Encouraged by Beatrice, Dante asks an eager soul identified as Piccarda Donati, a Poor Clare abducted from a Florentine convent by her brother and coerced into a politically expedient marriage, “through what warp she had not entirely passed the shuttle of her vow” (Dante, 95-96). Like the followers of Saint Clare who “go cloaked and veiled on earth,” she replies, “as a girl, I fled the world to walk the way she walked and closed myself into her habit, pledged to her sisterhood till my last day” (Dante, 98-99, 103-05).
Sons and Mothers: Agrippina, Semiramis, and the Philological Construction of Gender Roles in Early Modern Germany (Lohenstein'sAgrippina, 1665)
Authors: Newman Jane O.
Published: April 2006

Trois ou quatre heures du Regne de Neron ont esté plus funestes à l'Empire Romain que toute la vie d'Agrippine sa Mere. (Three or four hours of Nero's reign were more deadly to the Roman Empire than the entire life of Agrippina, his mother.)

Pierre de Moyne,La Galerie des Femmes Fortes(1647,1660)

Gentes tamen esse feruntur,/in quibus et nato genetrix et nato parenti/iungitur. (And yet, they say that there are tribes among whom mother and son, daughter with father mates.)

Ovid,Metamorphoses, 10: 331-33

Act three of Daniel Casper von Lohenstein's 1665 German language play about Nero's assassination of his mother and erst-while co-regent Agrippina in A.D. 59 contains what could arguably be deemed one of the most salacious scenes produced on the early modern stage in central Europe.
From Mascarade to Tragedy: The Rhetoric of Apologia in Jodelle's Recueil des inscriptions*
Authors: Cornilliat François
Published: April 2006

On Thursday, 17 February 1558, King Henri II was to come to the Paris Hotel de Ville with Francois de Lorraine, Duke of Guise, and have dinner with the municipal council. This was on rather short notice (the king had signified his intention on 8 February); but then, it was not supposed to be a solemn entree, only a banquet. In addition to the hearty pleasures of a Jeudi Gras, there was a lot to celebrate, most notably the recent (8 January) capture of Calais and the fort of Guignes by the duke, which had put an end to over four centuries of English presence on French soil. The banquet in the decorated Grande Salle was supposed to be the main event, but the aldermen wanted more.
Giordano Bruno and the Stuart Court Masques*
Authors: Gatti Hilary
Published: April 2006

It has long been known that Bruno's fourth Italian dialogue,L0spaccio della bestia trionfante, written and published in London in 1584, was used as a source by Thomas Carew for his masqueCoelum Britannicum.This was Carew's only masque; but it was by no means a minor event within the Stuart calendar of court entertainments. However, in spite of general agreement on the quality ofCoelum Britannicumas one of the major entertainments of the Stuart court, the use by Carew of Bruno's dialogue has never been extensively or satisfactorily commented on. Both Bruno and Carew scholars have clearly been ill at ease with the relationship and have tended to dismiss it with a few brief and evasive remarks.
Theater and its Social Uses: MachiavellisMandragolaand the Spectacle of Infamy*
Authors: Tylus Jane
Published: April 2006

Long seen as a play that celebrates the new-found freedom of its female protagonist, Mandragola may in fact question the very possibility of theatrical "liberation. "Drawing on the foundational myth central to Renaissance thinking about theater, the abduction of the Sabine women, this essay shows how Machiavelli endeavored to make his play a discomfitting experience for characters and audience alike. This conception of comedy as social trap both challenged humanistic notions of the ideal relationship between theater and the city, and accentuated the surveillant norms inherent in humanists'understanding of the role of the stage in society.
The Carolina and the Culture of the Common Man: Revisiting the Imperial Penal Code of 1532*
Authors: Wiltenburg Joy
Published: April 2006

The Carolina penal code of 1532, issued as a manual of court procedures for the Holy Roman Empire, offers an opportunity to examine connections between the legal text and broader cultural discourses. The code uses persuasive techniques that promote a vision of the rational layman as the exemplar of common sense and public order. The representations of the legal text parallel contemporary tendencies in fiction and pamphlet literature. Both authoritative and literary texts used print to promote identification with a universalized ideal, limited by class and gender but discursively constructed as common to all reasonable people.
“Fast ti'd unto them in a golden Chaine”: Typology, Apocalypse, and Woman's Genealogy in Aemilia Lanyer's Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum
Authors: Loughlin Marie H.
Published: April 2006

Aemilia Lanyer uses the genealogical model of promise, fulfillment, and supersedure implied by biblical typology and the vindication of the godly implied in scriptural apocalypse to accomplish several related aims: to represent her dedicatees as biblical types; to fashion Margaret, Countess of Cumberland, as the apotheosized Christian woman; to write women's literary history. Her fluid metaphors and biblical allusions, which require reading equally for their material and spiritual significance, acknowledge Margaret and her daughter's desire for the spiritual inheritance of the Kingdom and the worldly aristocratic inheritance willed away from their female line in favor of a male heir.
Castigating Livy: The Rape of Lucretia andThe Old Arcadia
Authors: Shuger Debora
Published: April 2006

The final books ofThe Old Arcadiarewrite two episodes from Livy's History: the rape of Lucrece and the execution of Brutus's sons. These episodes, which dominate Livy's account of the birth of the Roman republic, provide early modern republicanism with its foundational narrative, one that associates monarchy with aristocratic sexual license, and republicanism with the impartial rule of law. Sidney's plot hinges on this conflict between "unbridled desire" and "never-changing justice," and yet in flat contrast to both ancient and Renaissance republicanism, the work seems to privilege equity over law, clemency over justice, noble natures over impersonal codes. In what follows, I have tried to recover the unfamiliar politics - not republican and yet scarcely absolutist - structuringThe Old Arcadia.
Circa 1600: Spanish Values and Tuscan Painting
Authors: Goldberg Edward L.
Published: April 2006

In the years 1599-1604, Grand Duke Ferdinando I de'Medici ordered state gifts of contemporary Florentine paintings for three influential Spanish noblewomen (Catalina de la Cerda, Marquesa de Denia; Magdalena de Guzmán, Marquesa del Valle; and María de Toledo y Colonna, Duquesa de Alba). The problem of producing images suitable for Spanish usage is discussed in explicit detail, in a series of documents recently discovered in the Archivio di Stato di Firenze.
Civic Humanism and the Rise of the Medici*
Authors: Jurdjevic Mark
Published: April 2006

This article analyzes the intellectual content of civic humanism in the specific context of Medici power, asking the question: what ideological role did civic humanism play in Medicean Florence? It argues that there is no contradiction between the ideals of civic humanism and support for the Medici regime. On the contrary, civic humanism could be used to justify and legitimate Medici power. The article analyzes the writings of principal humanists such as Leonardo Bruni, Poggio Bracciolini, and Francesco Filelfo, showing that Hans Baron's republican “civic humanism “ was compatible with different constitutional forms and different distributions of power.
Joking Matters: Politics and Dissimulation in Castiglione'sBook of the Courtier*
Authors: Cavallo Joann
Published: April 2006

A gentleman is never unintentionally insulting.

—Oscar Wilde

The Book of the Courtieroutwardly portrays an aura of cordial solidarity as courtiers gathered in Urbino from various regions of Italy attempt to describe the ideal courtier; recently, however, critics have uncovered tensions on various fronts which threaten to expose deep rifts under the elegant courtly veneer. While these “counter” readings have focused primarily on the courtier's relation to the prince and to other courtiers, this essay aims to explore conflicts that arise from the different regional and political affiliations of the group. In particular, I argue that the largely ignored section on joke-telling teaches courtiers how to give vent to their animosity under the cover of humor and dissimulation.
The Opinions of the International Court of Justice on the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Matheson Michael J.
Published: April 2006

On July 8, 1996, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) responded to requests by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) for advisory opinions on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons. These opinions deserve careful attention, and have already been the subject of considerable scholarly commentary.
A. Racke GmbH & Co. v. Hauptzollamt Mainz
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Kokott Juliane , Hoffmeister Frank
Published: April 2006

A. Racke GMBH & Co. v. Hauptzollamt Mainz. Case C-l 62/96.

Court of Justice of the European Communities, June 16, 1998.

The German Bundesfinanzhof (Federal Finance Court) asked the Court of Justice of the European Communities whether an EEC Council regulation suspending the trade concessions provided for by the 1980 Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was valid. The Court answered in the affirmative, holding that, in adopting the regulation, the Council had not acted contrary to the rules of customary international law concerning termination and suspension of treaty relations because of a fundamental change of circumstances.
The Method is the Message
Authors: Slaughter Anne-Marie , Ratner Steven R.
Published: April 2006

We structured this symposium on the premise that comparison reveals critical differences. We asked our authors, as noted in the introduction, to describe their methodology, apply it to the concrete problem of accountability for atrocities in internal conflict, and discuss its merits and demerits relative to other approaches presented in the symposium. We threw out these questions as a means of structuring a debate in a way that would be most helpful to our readers and that would encourage our authors to engage with each other as self-consciously as possible. We did not seek competition as an end in itself, but as a spur to self-reflection.
The Legal Mandate of Multilateral Development Banks as Agents for Change Toward Sustainable Development
Authors: Handl Günther
Published: April 2006

In its June 1997 review of the state of the global environment and the implementation of Agenda 21, five years after the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), the UN General Assembly drew a rather gloomy picture. While acknowledging that some progress toward sustainable development had been made, for example, in curbing pollution and slowing the rate of resource degradation in a number of countries, the Assembly’s report noted that, overall, trends tended toward continued deterioration. Not surprisingly, therefore, the report also reiterated Agenda 21’s call upon, inter alia, multilateral development banks (MDBs) to ensure that development funding “contribute to economic growth, social development and environmental protection in the context of sustainable development.” The report, in short, enjoined MDBs to strengthen their commitment to sustainable development.
The Abiding Relevance of Federalism to U.S. Foreign Relations
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. , Goldsmith Jack L.
Published: April 2006

The international law community has heavily criticized the United States’ handling of the Breard case. These criticisms are understandable. Perhaps because of the rush of time, the explanations by the Department of Justice and the Supreme Court for failing to stop Breard’s execution brushed over important issues of domestic and international law. In addition, Virginia’s decision to proceed with the execution, and the federal Government’s decision not to block it, may have reflected insufficient respect for international law and institutions. These decisions may also adversely affect U.S. relations with other nations and weaken consular protection of U.S. citizens abroad. These criticisms, however, tell only part of the story. In particular, they do not consider countervailing considerations grounded in the Constitution’s allocation of authority between the federal and state governments.
Revising the History of Machiavellism: English Machiavellism and the Doctrine of Things Indifferent
Authors: Kahn Victoria
Published: April 2006

We should be careful since not all indifferent things which appear indifferent are. Florentines can disguise and color any thing; and it is now adays the common exercise of the greatest wits of the world to transform good into evil, evil into good, and both into indifferent; so that in these days scant any thing is as it appears, or appears as it is.

In linking the rhetorical machinations of the “Florentine” or stereotypical Machiavel with sixteenth- and seventeenth-century theological and political debate concerning the doctrine of “things indifferent,” this quotation from William Bradshaw invites us to reconsider the usual histories of Machiavellism in Renaissance England. In particular, it suggests that the association of Machiavelli with rhetoric in the English Renaissance is more complicated than it might first appear.
The Diffusion of the Writings of Petrus Ramus in Central Europe, c. 1570-c. 1630
Authors: Freedman Joseph S.
Published: April 2006

For What Reasons did Academicians select to use or not to use any given textbook for their own classroom instruction during the Renaissance? To what extent did ideological or pragmatic considerations influence such decisions? In this article these questions are posed to examine the use of the writings of Petrus Ramus (1515—1572) and Omer Talon (ca. 1510-1562) at schools and universities in Central Europe during the six decades between 1570 and 1630. Did “Ramist” academicians of this period make use in the classroom of writings by these two authors because of some fundamental agreement with their views? Or were these two authors preferred during these six decades because their writings could be used eclectically and/or they fit well into specific parts of the curriculum at certain academic institutions?
Your Humble Handmaid: Elizabethan Gifts of Needlework*
Authors: Klein Lisa M.
Published: April 2006

The Stowe inventory of the contents of the Wardrobe of Robes gives us a privileged glimpse into the closets of Queen Elizabeth in 1600. There could be found over one thousand clothing items: gowns, robes, kirtles, foreparts, petticoats, cloaks, safeguards, and doublets, plus two hundred additional pieces of material, as well as pantofles, fans, and jewelry. Many of these were gifts presented to the queen at the New Year, on progresses, at Accession Day tilts or other events. Items of embroidered clothing come to dominate the existing gift rolls. The 1588-89 New Year's gifts include, in addition to £795 in gold, almost six dozen gifts of clothing, most of them richly embroidered, plus sixteen items of jewelry, several pieces of gold- or silverplate, and a dozen gifts of embroidered furnishings.
Marineo Sículo: A Protagonist of Humanism in Spain*
Authors: Rummel Erika
Published: April 2006

The writings of Lucio Marineo Sículo, royal historian at the court of Fernando and Isabel, provide a wealth of information on the history of early humanism in Spain. His collection of letters, in particular, yields the kind of anecdotal evidence that adds the fine strokes to the overall picture of Renaissance Spain.

Marineo was born in Vizzini, Sicily, in the mid 1440s. He embarked on a scholarly career late in life. His parents, he tells us, ridiculed and frustrated his desire for an education. As a result he learned to read and write only when he was twenty-five. It seems that the local vicar became his mentor, but it was not until he moved to Catania that he received formal schooling.
The Caroline Church Heroic: The Reconstruction of Epic Religion in Three Seventeenth-Century Communities
Authors: Barbour Reid
Published: April 2006

In his biography of Nicholas Ferrar, A.L. Maycock speaks volumes in describing the Ferrar family's transition in 1625 as a movement from one venture (the Virginia Company) to another, the “great adventure” of Little Gidding. In this one phrase Maycock comprehends the view of its founders that no less than the Virginia Company's epic plantation of true religion among the Indians, the community at Little Gidding ranks as a heroic enterprise, the discursive preoccupation of which proves to be the very nature of Christian heroism itself. Even if readers of the Ferrar papers do not know how highly Nicholas Ferrar prized theActs and Monuments, it is impossible for them to miss the Foxeian narratives of “heroic suffering” so pervasive in the “story books” left as folio records of the dialogues performed by the so-called Little Academy.
Making a Good Impression: Diana Mantuana's Printmaking Career
Authors: Lincoln Evelyn
Published: April 2006

In 1576, the year after she married the aspiring architect Francesco da Volterra and moved to Rome, a Mantuan engraver named Diana (known in the twentieth century as Diana Scultori) produced a large, single-sheet engraving of an Ionic volute, richly decorated with a chain of stylized acanthus leaves and flowers, and a slightly abbreviated version of the egg-and-dart and bead-and-reel moldings that adorned the capital (fig. 1). In its size, its attention to decorative detail, and its pictorial character, Diana's print differed quite a bit from the model-bookish profiles of the classical orders previously in circulation (fig. 2). Most unusual, though, was the signature of a woman under several lines of Latin text engraved beneath the image, explicitly dedicating it to students of architecture: “This volute from an ancient capital of a Numidian stone column of the composite order, in St. Peter's in the Vatican, was drawn by Francesco da Volterra and Baptista di Petra Santa for the common use of students of this art. Diana Mantuana, wife of the same Francesco, engraved [it] in Rome. 1576.”
The Dead Wives in the Dead House: Narrative Inconsistency and Genre Confusion in Dostoevskii's Autobiographical Prison Novel
Authors: Oeler Karla
Published: April 2006

InNotes from the Dead House, fictional narrator Aleksandr Petrovich Gorianchikov appears as wife murderer in the preface and as a political prisoner in the memoirs. In the preface, Gorianchikov experiences moral anguish over his crime. But the memoirs actively employ social analysis to shift the burden of guilt from convicts onto the social structure. This authoritarian structure, which divides society into an underclass of ignorant “children” ruled by violent “fathers,” notably excludes women. The murder of a second wife in an inset tale brutally enacts this exclusion: while Gorianchikov's social analysis helps him understand many of the prisoners, it cannot account for the convict Shishkin's murder of his wife Akulka. Gorianchikov's personal guilt for murdering his wife constitutes a response to—and a repetition of—the moral bewilderment that emerges out of Akulka's death. Seen in this light, the formal tensions between preface, memoir, and inset tale are motivated by and demonstrate a conflict between social analysis and individual responsibility.
Getting to Know “The Peoples of the USSR”: Ethnographic Exhibits as Soviet Virtual Tourism, 1923-1934
Authors: Hirsch Francine
Published: April 2006

In this article, Francine Hirsch examines the Ethnographic Department of the Russian Museum as a venue for virtual tourism, where museumgoers were able to become acquainted with “the Peoples of the USSR” and where Soviet ethnographers and Politprosvet activists attempted to work out an idealized narrative about the socialist transformation of the Soviet Union. Focusing on the period of the “Great Break,” Hirsch investigates the role of “the narrative” in the process of Soviet state formation and the role of mass participation in facilitating Soviet authoritarian rule. Hirsch treats the “ideological front” as a dynamic realm and shows how ethnographers, activists, and museumgoers attempted to reconcile disparities between “the real” and “the ideal” in the Soviet Union. In addition, she evaluates how the Soviet developmentalist narrative evolved after 1931, as ethnographers attempted to formulate a nonbiological, sociohistorical explanation for the persistence of traditional culture among certain population groups in an effort to counter German racial theories.
Cinema of Attractions versus Narrative Cinema: Leonid Gaidai’s Comedies and El'dar Riazanov’s Satires of the 1960s
Authors: Prokhorov Aleksandr
Published: April 2006

Leonid Gaidai’s comedies of the 1960s owed their phenomenal success to Gaidai’s visual style of humor, which starkly contrasted to verbal instantiations of official Soviet ideology within narrative-driven Soviet cinema. An attentive comparison between Gaidai’s comedies and the satirical films of El'dar Riazanov accounts for the outstanding popularity of the former and the more modest success of the latter. What makes Gaidai unique is his interest in visual, especially physical, humor. Gaidai privileged key elements of physical comedy, such as the primacy of visual over verbal humor, an exhibitionistic enlargement of the human body as a comic attraction, the transition from a still image to a moving picture as a visual attraction, and, most important, a chain of loosely connected sight gags (which became his signature structure) over a coherent and cohesive narrative. By contrast, Riazanov’s satires tended to mock social vices and therefore relied heavily on a goal-oriented ideological narrative.
Central Heating and Forced Ventilation: Origins and Effects on Architectural Design
Authors: Bruegmann Robert
Published: April 2006

The three major methods of heating buildings, based on hot air, hot water, and steam, were all developed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, largely in Great Britain. At the same time, forced ventilation, based either on the drawing power of heat or on the use of mechanical means like the fan, was also established. The greatest application of the new equipment was made by the engineer David Boswell Reid at the Houses of Parliament starting in 1834. Many problems had to be overcome. Medical doubts about ventilation, the rivalry between architects and engineers, and difficulties in reconciling design with equipment were all attacked, and by the last quarter of the 19th century largely solved. Publications of the last two decades of the century standardized the technology and made it readily available to the architect, engineer, and general public. Use of the new technology made possible many new architectural developments. Prison, theater, greenhouse, and hospital were all largely dependent on central heating and forced ventilation. In other building types new levels of comfort and increased standards of safety were made possible. Perhaps the most profound change was in the conception of the building itself. Buildings could be seen literally in terms of living organisms or machines. Reid even defined architecture as the act of enclosing and servicing an interior atmosphere, a notion not developed until the 20th century.
Arnolfo's S. Maria del Fiore: A Working Hypothesis
Authors: Toker Franklin
Published: April 2006

Construction of the Cathedral or Duomo of S. Maria del Fiore began in Florence in 1293/94, reached the stage of rising masonry by 1296, and had progressed so well by 1300 that the Florentine city council authorized a lifetime tax exemption for its founding architect, Arnolfo di Cambio. But at some moment after this auspicious start ill-fortune intervened: by 1310 Arnolfo was dead and work on his project suspended. Refounded as a new project in a series of committee decisions in the years 1357-1368, Florence Cathedral is generally regarded as anonymous or collective in authorship. Its fame rests not on Arnolfo's abandoned and unrecorded project but on the prodigious cupola erected by Filippo Brunelleschi from 1420 to 1436, Europe's first major dome since antiquity and chief harbinger of the Italian Renaissance. In 1978 the author presented excavation results that questioned the Brunelleschi-centered tradition and reinforced instead a persistent counter-tradition which attributes the basic features of the 1368 plan and of Brunelleschi's cupola to Arnolfo's original project of ca. 1293-1296. That preliminary hypothesis in favor of Arnolfo as conceptual author of Florence Cathedral is now strengthened by the results of a second Duomo excavation in 1980. The new findings, together with a reappraisal of the documentary evidence and a set of reconstruction drawings, are submitted here as a second and longer look at the project that changed the course of European architecture.
Frank Lloyd Wright and the Young Le Corbusier
Authors: Turner Paul Venable
Published: April 2006

Frank Lloyd Wright's influence on European architecture after 1910, especially in Germany and Holland, is well documented. Little attention, however, has been given to Wright's possible influence on Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret). This article argues that Wright had a major effect on Jeanneret's development in the 1910s, contributing to several of the basic principles of his mature work. A previously unpublished letter by Le Corbusier of 1925 is the main document that sheds light on this question. The paper examines Jeanneret's knowledge of the early publications of Wright's work, and compares selected designs of the 1910s with Wright's published work. Among the formal characteristics that appear first in Jeanneret's designs in a Wrightian context are the continuous band of windows extending the full length of a façade and often even around the corners, the dynamic relationship of interior spaces of differing heights, and the plastic manipulation of architectural form by the removal of "slices" from a building's mass in special ways. These traits lead directly to some of the most distinctive features of Le Corbusier's work of the 1920s, including elements of his "Five Points" of architecture.
H. H. Richardson's Frank William Andrews House
Authors: Ochsner Jeffrey Karl
Published: April 2006

The Frank William Andrews House, Middletown, R. I. (1872-1873), H. H. Richardson's first large country residence, has long been regarded as a significant work in the development of 19th-century American architecture. However, it has remained largely unknown, except for a single plan and elevation which have been widely published. This article presents new information regarding the client, the history of the commission, its construction and demise. Previously unknown working drawings and photographs, which were retained by the Andrews descendants (who were traced by the author), are included and are the basis for a detailed description of the house. This description and an examination of possible sources for the house provide the basis for a reevaluation of its significance, in terms of the development of American domestic architecture in the 1870s and 1880s and in terms of H. H. Richardson's development of a formally integrated architecture.
The Genesis of Sir John Soane's Museum Idea: 1801-1810
Authors: Feinberg Susan G.
Published: April 2006

This article traces the early building history of Sir John Soane's Museum in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, prior to its erection in 1809. Various unpublished drawings and manuscripts in the Soane collection establish the germ of the idea for the London museum nearly a decade earlier in an unrealized project for a specially designed gallery at Soane's villa in Ealing for his architectural collection. A series of designs leading up to the 1809 museum plan are here published for the first time. It is further shown how this pre-eminent British architect's museum idea represented a lifelong ambition to elevate the status of architecture and to establish an architectural dynasty. In the course of pursuing these twin goals, the architect created a uniquely eccentric private house-museum which became a public trust only four years before the architect's death.