bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a New Improved Pedagogy of “Children’s Rights and Responsibilities”
Authors: Shier Harry
Published: November 2018

There is evidence from around the world that teaching on “rights and responsibilities” in schools is confused and ill-informed; as a result, children are misled and manipulated. Child researchers in Nicaragua discovered new evidence to support this view. An examination of the literature in search of guidance on how to teach children about rights and responsibilities found no consensus, but revealed eight different ways in which the relationship between children’s rights and responsibilities has been conceptualised: (1) Rights imply duties of a duty-bearer; (2) Rights imply responsibilities by reciprocity; (3) Responsibilities can be inferred from human rights instruments; (4) Some legal instruments define both rights and responsibilities for children; (5) Cultural and religious traditions may emphasise responsibilities, but rights can still be promoted in a way that is sensitive to these traditions; (6) Responsibilities can be paired with rights as part of classroom management strategies; (7) “Citizenship” can be taught as a contractual arrangement involving rights and responsibilities of the citizen; and (8) Children, as active citizens, can take on responsibilities, including the promotion and defence of their own rights and the rights of others. The challenge for educators is to develop a pedagogical approach that can encompass all of the above in a way that is appropriate, relevant and not confusing to children.
Volunteer Tourism in Cambodian Residential Care Facilities—A Child Rights-based Approach
Authors: Ursin Marit , Skålevik Mona Lock
Published: November 2018

Cambodia has experienced a rapid and uncontrolled increase in the institutionalisation of children in the last decade. In this article, we analyse the impact of volunteer tourism on children’s wellbeing in residential care facilities in Cambodia by employing a child rights-based approach. Four articles of the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child are chosen as framework to analyse two bodies of documents. We engage in critical reflections on the impact of volunteer tourism on children’s wellbeing in residential care institutions in Cambodia as it is regulated, described and reported. We provide a critical stance on current debates about the reasons behind institutionalisation; the various linkages between institutionalisation and volunteer tourism to care facilities; the (lack of) competence, training and stability of volunteer tourists in care facilities; the interface between volunteer tourism and corruption; and the ways in which institutionalisation and volunteer tourism reinforce and are reinforced by predominant Western ideas and ideals about childhood.
The New Hungarian Constitution: Legal Critiques from Europe
Authors: Kelemen Katalin
Published: November 2018

Hungarian constitutional and legislative reforms have been in the spotlight since Hungary’s adoption of a new Fundamental Law, which entered into force on the first day of 2012. Europe’s two leading international organizations (the Council of Europe and the European Union) already issued an opinion about it the year before its entry into force, and they continued to closely follow Hungarian constitutional developments during ensuing years. The new Fundamental Law was followed by a series of new ‘cardinal laws’ and many controversial reforms. This article presents and discusses the opinions delivered by the Venice Commission, the European Court of Human Rights, and the eu institutions on these reforms and the different types of arguments on which they relied. This article also aims to present the interaction between the Hungarian government and Europe’s two leading organizations concerning the new constitutional setting of Hungary, focusing on the legal arguments in each case.
Regional Constitutional Justice in the Context of Russia’s Aspiration to be a Rule of Law State
Authors: Henderson Jane , Belykh Marina L.
Published: November 2018

This paper examines regional constitutional justice in Russia as a microcosm of the struggle for the judicial branch of state power to assert its importance, in particular in relation to separation of powers. We consider the situation of republican constitutional courts and regional charter courts which have been established in some places to oversee compliance with the republican constitution or regional charter. We note that the limited number of these courts contrasts strongly with the widespread institution of the regional ombudsman (plenipotentiary for human rights). We also see that in recent years courts in some regions have encountered a pushback from the other branches of state power. The strength of the resulting defence of the courts’ legal status gives us some cause for optimism that the principles of separation of powers and rule of law are being strongly supported in some regions.
Bent Out of Shape: Fictions of Yoga and Religion before the Courts
Authors: Dabby Dia , Barras Amélie
Published: November 2018

We engage with the practice of yoga in Californian public schools through a recent case to examine the discursive mechanisms at play when a practice is shaped as religious (or not). A correlation is made between the practice of yoga in schools and male circumcision, to think about its secular/religious vocation. This line of questioning is salient in exploring how law curates the body of the “secular” “modern” child. We argue that yoga, like circumcision, is an example of an ambidextrous practice that can be curated as either “religious” or “secular”. Section 1 provides a brief genesis of our legal cases and theoretical proposal for secularism as a curating practice. Section 2 offers discursive analyses of religious practice, as well as culture and health through yoga’s postures. Ultimately, we seek to critically examine the manner, mechanisms and methods through which different practices exercised by children or on their bodies are (re)shaped by/through the courts.
The Climatic Significance of a Late Quaternary Insect Fauna from Rodbaston Hall, Staffordshire, England
Authors: ASHWORTH ALLAN CHARLES
Published: November 2018

Abstract

An insect fauna of 318 taxa, mainly beetles, is described from kettle hole deposits at Rodbaston Hall, Staffordshire. Pollen stratigraphy together with a radiocarbon age of 10,670 years B.P. suggest that sedimentation commenced in the Late-glacial and continued until recent times.

The coleopterous fauna, the first of its size to be described from a continuous sequence through the transition between Late- and Post-glacial deposits, contains 18 species which no longer live in the British Isles. The fauna is largely composed of eurythermal species but there is an element which has strong boreal affinities at the present day and another group, the members of which by comparison have relatively southern distributions. The northern and southern groups occur as more or less distinct units within the deposit and their distribution is thought to be largely thermally controlled.

The age of the silts, the first sediments to be deposited in the hollow is not known. They could have formed in either Older Dryas or Allerød time but they contain in part a thermophilous Coleoptera assemblage which may indicate a warmer climate than that which revails at Rodbaston now. By comparison, the gyttja, which was deposited in Younger Dryas time, contains a fauna similar to that of present day northern Scandinavia and indicates a more extreme thermal environment than is found anywhere in Britain at the present day.

A very marked faunal change was observed between the Late- and Post-glacial episodes, and it is thought to indicate a rapid amelioration with the possibility that summer temperatures rose 6°C in a period of 100 to 150 years on the basis of radiocarbon dating.
Development Rates of Some Finnish Gerris Fabr. Species (Het. Gerridae) in Laboratory Cultures
Authors: VEPSALAINEN KARI
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Egg and larval development times of Gerris odontogaster (Zett.) (COD), G. lateralis Schumm. (LAT), G. lacustris (L.) (LAC), G. thoracicus Schumm. (THO) and G. rufoscutellatus Lt. (RU) were studied. In species OD they are dependent on temperature. The roles of photoperiod, crowding and food remain open, even if continuous light seems to have a retarding effect on the larval development of OD and LAC. The development times of the subsequent instars of OD, LAT and LAC were shown to be of unequal lengths.

When the development rates of different species were compared in 25―26°C, the species sequence from fastest to slowest was LAT, THO, LAC, OD and RU, i.e., disregarding RU and THO, just the opposite of the order experienced in nature in Finland. This raised the question of why the fastest species have not displaced OD in the microclimatically warmest habitats. The answer is supposed to lie in the seasonal, environmentally determined alary dimorphism of OD, which adapts it better than other species to microclimatically warm but at the same time temporary habitats.
Experiments on the Needle Shortening Pine Gall Midge
Authors: THYGESEN TH.
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Data are given on the biology of this gall midge, which has proved harmful to young trees of Mountain and Scots Pine. Special attention has been paid to the flight period as reliable information on this is essential in order to time control measures.

These can be carried out as sprays with parathion, diazinon or malathion, which all proved highly effective when applied twice during the flight period.

As young nursery trees are most vulnerable, a warning for nurseries is issued by the National Committee for Propagation and Sanitary Inspection for Horticultural Plants every spring, when the first hatchings are noted.
Media and Religion in Spain: A Review of Major Trends
Authors: Fuente-Cobo Carmen , Carabante-Muntada José María
Published: November 2018

This article aims to provide an updated overview of major trends in Spain’s changing religious media system, a topic on which little academic literature can be found in languages other than Spanish. The focus is on media and content related to what might be called ‘mainstream religions’ in a country which is still characterised as overwhelmingly Catholic, despite the progressive secularisation of society, at least in terms of the decrease in conventional religious practice. The approach adopted is a descriptive one, with the focus placed mainly on media structures, reach, reception and uses for both offline and online media.
Trauma and Emotion in the Battlefield Correspondence of Andrew Mitchell (1708–1771)
Authors: Taylor David
Published: November 2018

Andrew Mitchell’s emotional reactions to his battlefield experiences in the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) are detailed in his correspondence. Mitchell was British envoy to Prussia and its ruler Frederick II from 1756 to 1771. His letters home and to friends during the war were an outlet for his emotional turmoil, often unguarded and often expressed without a framework for comprehending the significance or impact of the emotions he felt. His problems were compounded by contemporary diplomatic theory and philosophy, which actively discouraged displays of emotion, advocating self-control and the construction of an identity best equipped to achieve diplomatic ends rather than truly represent what was felt. Analysis of Mitchell’s correspondence suggests that he used letter writing to make sense of his conflicted feelings and to fashion a viable emotional identity in his difficult situation.
Anger as Misshapen Fear: Fascism, Literature, and the Emotional Body
Authors: Gervasi Paolo
Published: November 2018

The article analyses two literary texts by the Italian writer Carlo Emilio Gadda: the anti-fascist satire Eros e Priapo, written between 1944 and 1945; and the novel Quer pasticciaccio brutto de via Merulana, first published in 1946. The deformed descriptions of the human figure in these texts are contextualised alongside a collection of anti-fascist caricatures from the same period, Enrico Gianeri’s Il Cesare di cartapesta (1945), and read as emotional symptoms of ongoing social conflicts. In fascist Italy, the representation of the body becomes the battlefield where a few resisting emotional communities contrast the strict management of public sentiment performed by the regime. In this context, deformations of the image of Mussolini and fascist society can be interpreted as performances of anger that deconstruct the official emotional regime and reveal the regime of fear on which fascism built its power.
Review of the mirine plant bug genus Phytocoris Fallén in Japan (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae), with descriptions of eight new species
Authors: Yasunaga Tomohide , Schwartz Michael D.
Published: November 2018

The mirine plant bug genus Phytocoris Fallén of Japan is reviewed; twelve species are recognized. Eight new species are proposed, diagnosed, and described: P. amateras, P. hasegawai, P. izanagii, P. izanamiae, P. kerzhnerianus, P. minakatai, P. miyamotoi, and P. protobothrops. Four known species are diagnosed, and two poorly recognized species, P. ohataensis Linnavuori and P. pallidicollis Kerzhner, are also redescribed. Phytocoris scotinus Kerzhner is proposed as a junior synonym of P. ohataensis. The male and female genitalic structures are figured and the biological information is documented for most treated species. A checklist and a key are provided to aid in the identifications of all Japanese species.
The Effect of Background Context on the Size–Time Illusion
Authors: Wiener Martin , Thompson James C.
Published: November 2018

Previous studies suggest that time perception may be altered by nontemporal stimulus properties, such as size and numerosity, where increases lead to a longer perception of time. These studies have led to the suggestion of a generalized magnitude system that processes abstract quantities. However, the majority of studies on this phenomenon have used simple stimuli, varying along one or two dimensions, and occurring in the same location. Here, we sought to explore the influence of the size–time illusion amongst complex visual scenes. Across five experiments, human participants judged the duration of two visual stimuli, of different sizes, appearing at different spatial locations for a range of sub-second durations. In half of the trials, these stimuli were overlaid on an image of a city street, with one stimulus presented farther away than the other. We found that larger stimuli were judged to be longer, but only when the larger stimulus was presented on the left side of space, and not when presented on the right or when the entire stimulus array was on the left. This effect extended to a marginal bias for left-sided stimuli to be judged as longer. However, we found that the size–time illusion for right-sided stimuli was reinstated when a background city context was presented, which may have been driven by an imposed effect of perceived distance. These results suggest that the size–time illusion is affected by the background context and location against which stimuli are presented, and provide important qualifications to theories of a common magnitude system.
Bayesian Optimization of Interval Timing and Biases in Temporal Memory as a Function of Temporal Context, Feedback, and Dopamine Levels in Young, Aged and Parkinson’s Disease Patients
Authors: Gu Bon-Mi , Jurkowski Anita J. , Shi Zhuanghua , Meck Warren H.
Published: November 2018

Interval timing behavior and its sensitivity to both temporal context and changes in dopamine (DA) levels has recently received considerable attention. Nevertheless, the exact manner in which those interactions occur is far from clear. We examined temporal reproduction with feedback in the supra-seconds range as a function of DA levels using two well-studied timing procedures. Healthy young and aged participants were studied as well as Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients tested ON and OFF their dopaminergic medication. The findings confirm the hypothesis that the ‘migration effect’ (e.g., ‘short’ durations are over-produced and ‘long’ durations are under-produced) in PD patients and the closely related Vierordt’s effect are largely influenced by the effective level of DA and in the case of the ‘migration effect’ by the probability of feedback as well. Using a Bayesian model seeking optimal timing under conditions of uncertainty, we were able to accurately simulate the distorted patterns of temporal reproduction in all groups of participants. As DA levels decrease across groups, optimal timing behavior shifts towards a greater reliance on a statistical representation of all of the durations reproduced within a specific temporal context rather than on the representation of a single duration being timed on any one trial. This analysis demonstrates the utility of Bayesian models of interval timing and highlights the importance of DA levels on clock speed and the associated uncertainty that contributes to temporal distortions.
STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF THE XYLEM OF ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF BLECHNUM FROM SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Luna María Luján , Giacosa Juan Pablo Ramos , Giudice Gabriela Elena , Fernández Paula Virginia , Ciancia Marina , Saparrat Mario C.N.
Published: November 2018

The xylem in three arborescent species of Blechnum section Lomariocycas was studied in detail using SEM, TEM, FT-IR spectroscopy and sugar composition analysis. The overall structure of root and rhizome metaxylem tracheids was similar in the three species analyzed, and characterized by mostly scalariform pitting of these multifaceted cells. Pit membrane thickness and porosity varied according to the stage of tracheid maturation. Approximately rounded deposits resembling vestures were observed in the outer pit apertures of some tracheids. Under TEM, thickenings like one-sided tori appeared on the tracheid side of tracheid-to-parenchyma contact walls; some parenchyma cells showed, in addition, features of transfer cells. As the increase in stature creates new constraints in terms of biomechanical support and water transport in plants, the characteristics found in Blechnum xylem might be related to optimization of conductive efficiency and safety. Chemical analyses of roots and rhizomes of B. yungense revealed similar levels of G-type lignin deposited in the xylem cell walls. Such lignin is the most common in ferns, including other arborescent genera. Preliminary analysis of cell wall polysaccharide composition of both root and rhizome xylem, yielded cellulose, xyloglucans and xylans with low amounts of mannans and pectins. The xylem of rhizomes had higher amounts of cellulose than root xylem. Our results are discussed in the context of functional and evolutionary aspects of xylem ferns.
Wood anatomy of Tetraclinis articulata from its natural distribution area in southeast Spain
Authors: Esteban Luis G. , de Palacios Paloma , García-Iruela Alberto , Román-Jordán Elena , Fernández Francisco G. , Fernández Sandra Díaz , Conde María
Published: November 2018

For the first time, the wood anatomy of Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters has been studied using representative samples from its natural distribution area in Spain, in Sierra de Cartagena (Region of Murcia). Mature wood was collected from five individuals representative of the forest stand and their anatomy was compared with other genera of the Cupressaceae. Axial tracheids without helical thickenings, low homogeneous rays, cupressoid pits and the absence of normal axial resin canals are characteristic features of this monotypic genus, as they are of most other Cupressaceae genera. An obvious warty layer separates this wood from the genera sharing its territory (Cupressus and Juniperus) and its semi-spherical, slightly anastomosed warts distinguish it from other, geographically distant genera (Actinostrobus and Callitris). The presence of traumatic axial resin canals is reported for the first time and supports the occurrence of this feature outside the Pinaceae. The wood anatomical diversity within the clade comprising Tetraclinis, Microbiota and Platycladus, as reconstructed by molecular analysis, is discussed.
Distinct altitudinal trends in the wood structure of Rhododendron Arboreum (Ericaceae) in Nepal
Authors: Noshiro Shuichi , Ikeda Hiroshi , Joshi Lajmina
Published: November 2018

Altitudinal trends in the wood structure of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. (Ericaceae) were studied in two areas of Nepal, Rolwaling in the central and Bajhang-Khaptad in the far western regions. In the Rolwaling area Rhododendron arboreum grew throughout the altitudinal range of this species in Nepal from 1200 to 3500 m, but, in the Bajhang-Khaptad area, it grew only above 2000 m due to the lack of enough precipitation below this altitude. In both areas stem diameter or plant height did not have any significant correlation with wood anatomical features, but altitude had significant correlations with vessel element and fibre lengthsand several features of multiseriate rays. Comparison with previously reported materials collected throughout Nepal showed that features of multiseriate rays have more distinct correlations than other features, occasionally with plant size, but mostly with altitude. Ecological implications of altitudinal trends in multiseriate rays are discussed in relation to climatic gradients and transport of signal or minerals, but no clear explanation could be found.
The Effects of Agroforestry practices on vessel properties in Populus Nigra var. Betulifolia
Authors: Sisi Davod Efhami , Karimi Alinaghi , Pourtahmasi Kambiz , Taghiyari Hamid Reza , Asadi Farhad
Published: November 2018

The effects of intercropping with alfalfa and initial tree spacing on vessel diameter and frequency in Populus nigra var. betulifolia are reported, on the basis of a study of fifteen trees. Material was harvested from anagroforestry trial near Karaj city, Iran. Treatments included four initial spacings between poplar trees intercropped with alfalfa as a nitrogenfixing plant, as well as one control treatment without alfalfa. Intercropping with alfalfa as well as increasing initial spacing had a positive effect on growth rate which in turn affected the diameter and frequency of the vessels. Intercropping with alfalfa resulted in increased vessel diameter and frequency; while wider initial spacing decreased the vessel frequency (VF), and to some extent the vessel lumen area percentage (VLA%), but increased vessel lumen diameter (VLD).
Atomic force Microscopy of torus-bearing pit membranes
Authors: Dute Roland R. , Elder Thomas
Published: November 2018

Atomic force microscopy was used to compare the structures of dried, torus-bearing pit membranes from four woody species, three angiosperms and one gymnosperm. Tori of Osmanthus armatus are bipartite consisting of a pustular zone overlying parallel sets of microfibrils that form a peripheral corona. Microfibrils of the corona form radial spokes as they traverse the margo. Margo microfibrils are loosely packed thus facilitating passage of water molecules. The pustular layer is removed by acidified sodium chlorite. Tori of Cercocarpus montanus also have a pustular surface, but lack a corona. Tori of Pinus taeda have a finely granular to amorphous torus matrix. Ulmus alata tori have microfibrils traversing the surface. The atomic force microscope proves itself a useful tool for high resolution study of pit membranes with only minimal specimen preparation.
On the Origin of Intercellular Canals in the Secondary Xylem of Selected Meliaceae Species
Authors: Dünisch Oliver , Baas Pieter
Published: November 2018

The anatomy, frequency, and origin of intercellular canals in the xylem of ten Meliaceae species (Carapa guianensis Aubl., Carapa procera DC., Cedrela odorata L., Cedrela fissilis Vell., Entandrophragma cilindricum Sprague, Entandrophragma utile Sprague, Khaya ivorensis A. Chev., Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss., Swietenia macrophylla King, Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.) were investigated using 327 samples from institutional wood collections, 398 plantation grown trees, and 43 pot cultivated plants. Tangential bands of intercellular canals and single canals were found in the xylem of all ten species. Staining of microtome sections indicated that the chemical composition of the secretion is similar to that of “wound-gums”. Studying the origin of the intercellular canals along the stem axis, it became obvious that the formation of the canals can be induced by wounding of the primary meristems (in particular by insect attacks of Hypsipyla spp., wounding of root tips) and by wounding of the cambium (formation of 43–100% of the intercellular canals). In fast growing trees of Carapa spp., Entandrophragma utile, and Khaya ivorensis, planted at an experimental site near Manaus, Brazil, numerous canals were found which were not induced by wounding of the meristems. In these trees an out of phase sequence of xylem cell development and high growth stresses were observed, which are hypothesised to be a further trigger for the traumatic formation of intercellular canals.
WOOD ANATOMY OF WOLLEMI PINE (WOLLEMIA NOBILIS, ARAUCARIACEAE)
Authors: Heady R.D. , Banks J.G. , Evans P.D.
Published: November 2018

The wood anatomy of the recently-discovered conifer Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi pine) is described for the first time. Its mature heartwood is light brown in colour and has an air dry density of 0.57 g /cm3. Growth ring boundaries are distinct and the transition from earlywood to latewood is gradual. Average tracheid length is ~ 3.4 mm. Bordered pits are one-, two- or three-seriate and the double and triple rows of pits are ‘alternate’. In the bordered pits there is a flat transition from torus to margo. A warty layer lines tracheid walls and pit cavity surfaces. Resin plugs are common in tracheids that are adjacent to rays. Helical thickenings and crassulae are absent. Rays are uniseriate, low, and are composed entirely of parenchyma cells whose walls are thin and unpitted. Cross-field pitting is ‘araucaroid’ and the number of pits per cross-field ranges from 3–11 (av. 7). Resin canals and axial parenchyma cells are absent. The differences between normal mature wood compared to compression and juvenile wood are consistent with those of most other conifer genera. The anatomical features of wood of W. nobilis strongly support its classification as a member of the Araucariaceae, but show no major differences that distinguish it as a monotypic genus. On the basis of its wood anatomy, it is not possible to state whether W. nobilis is more closely related to Agathis or to Araucaria.
Epitypification of Hagaea alsinifolia (Polyycarpon tetraphyllum subsp. Alsinifolium, Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: IAMONICO DUILIO , DOMINA GIANNIANTONIO
Published: November 2018

As part of the ongoing studies on the genus Polycarpon Linnaeus (1759: 859, 881) (see e.g., Iamonico 2015a, 2015b, 2015c, Iamonico & Domina 2015), and on the Italian loci classici (see e.g., Peruzzi et al. 2015, Brundu et al. 2015, Domina et al. 2016, Di Gristina et al. 2017, Domina et al. 2017, 2018a, 2018b), we present here a note regarding Hagaea alsinifolia Bivona-Bernardi (1815: 7–8) [currently accepted (see Bartolucci et al. 2018) as Polycarpon tetraphyllum Linnaeus (1759: 881) subsp. alsinifolium (Biv.) Ball (1877: 370)].
Erratum—SCABROUGH, A.G. & TOMASOVIC, G. (2010) Ommatomyia, a new genus from Vietnam (Diptera: Asilidae: Ommatiinae). Zootaxa, 2366, 46–54.
Authors: SCABROUGH A. G. , TOMASOVIC G.
Published: November 2018

Erratum
Cryptotendipes Lenz from Manitoba, Canada, with keys to known immatures of the genus (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: SÆTHER OLE A.
Published: November 2018

Cryptotendipes tuberosus sp. n. from Southern Indian Lake, Manitoba, Canada, is described in all stages and both sexes. Five additional species of Cryptotendipes Kieffer are recorded from Lake Winnipeg, and two from South Indian Lake. C. ariel (Sublette) is shown to be a senior synonym of C. darbyi (Sublette). The pupae and larvae of C. emorsus (Townes), C. casuarius (Townes), C. darbyi and C. pseudotener (Goetghebuer) are described or redescribed. The female of C. emorsus is described and additional information given on other male and female imagines. Keys are given to known pupae and larvae of Cryptotendipes. The distribution of Cryptotendipes in Lake Winnipeg is mapped and discussed. The separation of larval instars is shown approximately to follow Dyar’s rule.
Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Piezura Rondani (Diptera: Fanniidae)
Authors: WANG MING-FU , ZHANG DONG , AO HU
Published: November 2018

The Holarctic genus Piezura Rondani (Diptera, Fanniidae) is reviewed. Phylogenetic relationships among the species in this group, as well as the biogeography of these species, are discussed on the basis of a cladistic analysis. Piezura graminicola shanxiensis Xue, Wang and Wu, 1998 is redescribed and elevated to species rank based on comparison of its morphology and phylogenetic relationships. Syllegopterula flava Hsue, 1983 and its replacement name Thricops flavidus Xue, 1998 are treated as junior synonyms of Piezura graminicola (Zetterstedt, 1846).
The first pararchaeid spider (Araneae: Pararchaeidae) from New Caledonia, with a discussion on spinneret spigots and egg sac morphology in Ozarchaea
Authors: RIX MICHAEL G. , HARVEY MARK S.
Published: November 2018

The first pararchaeid species to be recorded from outside Australia or New Zealand, Flavarchaea humboldti n. sp., is described from female specimens collected near the summit of Mont Humboldt, New Caledonia. Morphological and behavioural data are further described for Western Australian species of Ozarchaea Rix, with the spinneret spigot morphology of O. harveyi Rix imaged under a scanning electron microscope, and the egg sac of O. westraliensis Rix described for the first time. Pararchaeid spinnerets possess two major ampullate gland spigots on the anterior lateral spinnerets and no triad on the posterior lateral spinnerets; such a spinneret spigot arrangement does not support the placement of the Pararchaeidae in the superfamily Araneoidea, and further research is needed to test the phylogenetic position of this enigmatic family.
DNA barcoding of hermit crabs of genus Clibanarius Dana, 1852 (Anomura: Diogenidae) in the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan
Authors: HIROSE MAMIKO , OSAWA MASAYUKI , HIROSE EUICHI
Published: November 2018

The diogenid hermit crab genus Clibanarius Dana, 1852 is a group of decapod crustaceans commonly found in tropical or subtropical shallow waters. The species of the genus are usually characterized by distinct color patterns in life, but the identification of colorless specimens preserved in ethanol is sometimes very difficult. DNA barcoding can facilitate species identification and recognition. In this study, we determined partial sequences of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of 11 Clibanarius species commonly found in the intertidal zones of the Ryukyu Archipelago, southwestern Japan. The sequences can be used as nametags to distinguish each of the 11 species, as the data differ for each species. The COI gene sequences of Clibanarius show an AT bias, especially in the third codon position (A+T = 76.2%), as has been reported for some other anomuran species. Phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences also offer some suggestions on the interspecific relationships of Clibanarius.
Honoured by taxon name—Robin John Tillyard
Authors: CROSBY TREVOR K.
Published: November 2018

The New Zealand bee fly genus Tillyardomyia Tonnoir, 1927 (Diptera: Bombyliidae) is one of 12 currently recognised valid generic names honouring Dr Robin John Tillyard F.R.S. (1881–1937) for his research on living and fossil insects. According to Tonnoir (1927) Tillyard was the discoverer of the family Bombyliidae in New Zealand and so Tillyardomyia was named after him even though he did not contribute any specimens of the type series for the single uncommon species of this genus, T. gracilis Tonnoir, 1927. In addition to this and the other 11 patronymic generic names, there are numerous specific names honouring him for his research.
Description of the immature stages of Wyeomyia (Spilonympha) howardi Lane & Cerqueira (Diptera: Culicidae) with a redescription of the adults
Authors: PALACIO DORALICE DI PACE , LOURENÇO-DE-OLIVEIRA RICARDO , DE ALBUQUERQUE MOTTA MONIQUE
Published: November 2018

The immature stages of Wyeomyia (Spilonympha) howardi Lane & Cerqueira are described and illustrated for the first time. The morphology characters of adult male, including genitalia, and female are redescribed and illustrated. The systematic treatment includes the geographical distribution of Spilonympha species and bionomics data for Wyeomyia howardi based on recent field collections as well as the literature.
Pseudasthenes, a new genus of ovenbird (Aves: Passeriformes: Furnariidae)
Authors: DERRYBERRY ELIZABETH , CLARAMUNT SANTIAGO , O’QUIN KELLY E. , ALEIXO ALEXANDRE , CHESSER R. TERRY , REMSEN JR. J. V. , BRUMFIELD ROBB T.
Published: November 2018

Phylogenetic analysis of the family Furnariidae (Aves: Passeriformes) indicates that the genus Asthenes is polyphyletic, consisting of two groups that are not sister taxa. Pseudasthenes, a new genus of ovenbird, is described for one of these groups. The four species included in the new genus, formerly placed in Asthenes, are P. humicola, P. patagonica, P. steinbachi, and P. cactorum.
Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from Florida: new species, new records and biogeographical affinities
Authors: LOPES MATHEUS V. , PADUA ANDRÉ , CÓNDOR-LUJÁN BÁSLAVI , KLAUTAU MICHELLE
Published: November 2018

Florida is among important marine biodiversity areas with high richness and endemism of marine taxa. Despite the economic and scientific importance of the region, knowledge on the diversity and distribution of some groups, such as calcareous sponges, is still reduced and scattered in old literature. In the present work, sponges collected in the Florida Keys were studied under an integrative perspective (traditional morphology and DNA: ITS). Three calcinean species were found: Clathrina smaragda sp. nov., C. lutea, and Ernstia rocasensis. Clathrina smaragda sp. nov. is the first Clathrina described with a green cormus. The occurrence of C. lutea in Florida was confirmed, and E. rocasensis had its geographical distribution widened from the Northeastern Brazilian waters to Florida, although Floridian individuals of this species have presented differences in morphological characters that resulted in the proposition of a new diagnosis and a discussion on morphological plasticity in Clathrinidae. A complete list of the calcareous sponges from Florida is presented and their distributional patterns are discussed.
In situ observations lead to the discovery of the large ctenophore Kiyohimea usagi (Lobata: Eurhamphaeidae) in the eastern tropical Atlantic
Authors: HOVING HENK-JAN , NEITZEL PHILIPP , ROBISON BRUCE
Published: November 2018

We report on the first records of Kiyohimea usagi Matsumoto & Robison 1992 (Ctenophora; Eurhamphaeidae) in the Atlantic Ocean. This large, fragile ctenophore cannot be captured by nets, and can only be studied in its natural habitat, the pelagic ocean. In the eastern Atlantic, in the Cape Verde region, in situ observations were obtained using the manned submersible JAGO and a towed pelagic observation system. Between 2015 and 2018 we documented 10 individuals which were encountered between 47–590 m depth. A description of the gastrovascular canal system is provided and potential feeding behavior is discussed. Our study confirms how in situ observations in the poorly explored pelagic realm will lead to the discovery of relatively large and previously undocumented fauna.
A new species of Conognatha Eschscholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), with new state records of the genus for Brazil
Authors: PINEDA CRISTIAN , BARROS RAFAEL C. , KOIKE RICARDO M.
Published: November 2018

Conognatha (Pithiscus) mielkei Pineda, Barros and Koike n. sp. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), from southeast Brazil is described and illustrated. We also report five new state records for Brazil for the following species: Conognatha (C.) ovatula, Conognatha (P.) apicalis, C. (P.) excellens, C. (P.) insignis and C. (P.) sellovii.
Two Types of the Western Pacific Pattern, Their Climate Impacts, and the ENSO Modulations
Authors: Dai Ying , Tan Benkui
Published: November 2018

The western Pacific (WP) pattern is a major teleconnection pattern that influences the wintertime Northern Hemisphere climate variations. Based on daily NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, this study examines the climate impacts and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modulation of two types of the WP pattern. The result shows that the WP patterns may arise from precursory disturbances over Asia and the North Pacific or from the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern of the same polarity as or opposite polarity to that of the WP patterns. Among these WP patterns, the WP patterns that arise from the PNA pattern of the same polarity are most influential on North American near-surface and polar stratospheric air temperatures; furthermore, their frequency of occurrence, amplitude, and duration can be affected by ENSO phases: the positive WP patterns occur more frequently with larger amplitude and longer duration in El Niño than in La Niña; and the negative WP patterns occur less frequently with smaller amplitude and shorter duration in El Niño than in La Niña. The above findings suggest that the PNA pattern plays a crucial role in the climate impacts and the ENSO modulation of the WP patterns.
A Comparison of Two Methods for Bias Correcting Precipitation Skill Scores
Authors: Pyle Matthew E. , Brill Keith F.
Published: November 2018

A fair comparison of quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) products from multiple forecast sources using performance metrics based on a 2 × 2 contingency table with assessment of statistical significance of differences requires accounting for differing frequency biases to which the performance metrics are sensitive. A simple approach to address differing frequency biases modifies the 2 × 2 contingency table values using a mathematical assumption that determines the change in hit rate when the frequency bias is adjusted to unity. Another approach uses quantile mapping to remove the frequency bias of the QPFs by matching the frequency distribution of each QPF to the frequency distribution of the verifying analysis or points. If these two methods consistently yield the same result for assessing the statistical significance of differences between two QPF forecast sources when accounting for bias differences, then verification software can apply the simpler approach and existing 2 × 2 contingency tables can be used for statistical significance computations without recovering the original QPF and verifying data required for the bias removal approach. However, this study provides evidence for continued application and wider adoption of the bias removal approach.
A Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling Framework for Correcting Reporting Bias in the U.S. Tornado Database
Authors: Potvin Corey K. , Broyles Chris , Skinner Patrick S. , Brooks Harold E. , Rasmussen Erik
Published: November 2018

The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) tornado database, generated from NCEI’s Storm Data publication, is indispensable for assessing U.S. tornado risk and investigating tornado–climate connections. Maximizing the value of this database, however, requires accounting for systemically lower reported tornado counts in rural areas owing to a lack of observers. This study uses Bayesian hierarchical modeling to estimate tornado reporting rates and expected tornado counts over the central United States during 1975–2016. Our method addresses a serious solution nonuniqueness issue that may have affected previous studies. The adopted model explains 73% (>90%) of the variance in reported counts at scales of 50 km (>100 km). Population density explains more of the variance in reported tornado counts than other examined geographical covariates, including distance from nearest city, terrain ruggedness index, and road density. The model estimates that approximately 45% of tornadoes within the analysis domain were reported. The estimated tornado reporting rate decreases sharply away from population centers; for example, while >90% of tornadoes that occur within 5 km of a city with population > 100 000 are reported, this rate decreases to <70% at distances of 20–25 km. The method is directly extendable to other events subject to underreporting (e.g., severe hail and wind) and could be used to improve climate studies and tornado and other hazard models for forecasters, planners, and insurance/reinsurance companies, as well as for the development and verification of storm-scale prediction systems.
Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2D-COS) for Analysis of Spatially Resolved Vibrational Spectra
Authors: Lasch Peter , Noda Isao
Published: November 2018

The last two decades have seen tremendous progress in the application of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) as a versatile analysis method for data series obtained using a large variety of different spectroscopic modalities, including infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy. The analysis technique is applicable to a series of spectra recorded under the influence of an external sample perturbation. Two-dimensional COS analysis is not only helpful to decipher correlations, which may exist between distinct spectral features, but can also be utilized to obtain the sequence of individual spectral changes. The focus of this review article is on the application of 2D-COS for analyzing spatially resolved data with special emphasis on hyperspectral imaging (HSI) study. In this review, we briefly introduce the fundamentals of the generalized 2D-COS analysis approach, discuss specific points of 2D-COS application to spatially resolved spectra and demonstrate essential aspects of data pre-processing for 2D-COS analysis of spatially resolved spectra. Based on illustrative examples, we show that 2D-COS is useful for spectral band assignment in HSI applications and demonstrate its utility for detecting subtle correlations between spectra features, or between features from different imaging modalities in the case of heterospectral (multimodal) HSI. Furthermore, a short overview on existing 2D-COS software tools is provided. It is hoped that this article represents not only a useful guideline for 2D-COS analyses of spatially resolved hyperspectral data but supports also further dissemination of the 2D-COS analysis method as a whole.
Preferences in Information Processing and suicide: Results from a young adult health survey in the United Kingdom
Authors: Cramer Robert J , Rasmussen Susan , Webber Wesley B , Sime Victoria L , Haile Caitlin , McFadden Claire , McManus Moira C
Published: November 2018

Background:

Suicide prevention literature currently suffers from inconsistent measurement and incomplete theoretical development.

Aims:

Using a recommended suicide measurement approach for epidemiological studies (i.e. the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire–Revised (SBQ-R)), the present investigation assessed United Kingdom young adult suicide prevalence rates. This study also investigated the utility of a Preferences in Information Processing (PIP) model of suicide in identifying those at increased odds for elevated suicide risk, as well as lifetime ideation and attempt.

Method:

A cross-sectional mental health and well-being survey study ( n = 414) was conducted.

Results:

The prevalence rates of elevated risk (49.8%), lifetime ideation only (55.3%) and lifetime attempt (13.5%) were high. Bivariate associations demonstrated that elevated depression, anxiety and Need for Affect (NFA) Avoidance were associated with worsened suicide outcomes, whereas elevated Need for Cognition (NFC) was associated with decreased suicide risk. Logistic regression results identified depression and NFA Avoidance as the strongest predictors of elevated suicide risk. Multinomial logistic regression results established several PIP-based moderation effects for depression and anxiety in which NFA Approach and NFC differentially influenced odds of suicide attempt group membership.

Conclusion:

The SBQ-R is an appropriate tool for UK young adult suicide research. NFA and NFC demonstrated potential for inclusion in young adult suicide prevention programming. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the PIP model of suicide and effectiveness of proposed theory-based approaches to suicide prevention.
Expressed emotion and socio-demographic and clinical factors in families of Brazilian patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Zanetti Ana Carolina Guidorizzi , Vedana Kelly Graziani Giacchero , Pereira Camila Corrêa Matias , de Azevedo Marques João Mazzoncini , da Silva Amanda Heloisa Santana , Martin Isabela dos Santos , Dantas Rosana Aparecida Spadoti , de Souza Jacqueline , Galera Sueli Aparecida Frari , Gherardi-Donato Edilaine Cristina da Silva
Published: November 2018

Background:

Families are the main caregivers of people with schizophrenia. Family dynamic and expressed emotion (EE) of relatives are fundamental determinants on the course of schizophrenia.

Method:

This study analyzed socio-demographic and clinical factors related to EE components. A total of 94 dyads (patients with schizophrenia and their relatives) were recruited from three mental health clinics. A form containing socio-demographic and clinical variables and the Brazilian version of Family Questionnaire were used and the data were analyzed through regression model.

Results:

Results showed that factors such as patients’ occupation status and patients’ age, as well as relatives’ gender and the degree of relatedness, were related to emotional overinvolvement and critical comments levels.

Conclusion:

This is the first study in the Brazilian cultural context that evaluates EE components and related factors on families of patients with schizophrenia. Other studies concerning EE on different cultural contexts and possible interventions must be carried out to help health professionals to improve patient and family care.
Experience of stigma among mental health service users in Hong Kong: Are there changes between 2001 and 2017?
Authors: Chung Ka-Fai , Tse Samson , Lee Chit-Tat , Wong Michael Ming-Cheuk , Chan Wing-Man
Published: November 2018

Background:

Public expenditure on mental health education has grown exponentially in the past two decades. Does the experience of stigma among people with mental health problems improve over time? Our study aims to compare the levels of perceived stigmatization, rejection experiences and stigma–coping among mental health service users in Hong Kong between 2001 and 2017 using longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional study design.

Method:

The baseline survey was completed by 193 psychiatric outpatients in 2001. They were traced for re-assessment in 2017. Another sample of 193 outpatients matched in age, gender and psychiatric diagnosis was recruited in 2017 for cross-sectional comparison. Participants completed a 39-item questionnaire on stigma experiences, Beck Depression Inventory and Disability Assessment Schedule at both time points.

Results:

In total, 109 of 193 participants (56.5%) of the 2001 survey were re-assessed. No significant change in perceived stigmatization, rejection experiences and stigma–coping was found among the 109 participants interviewed in 2001 and 2017. For cross-sectional comparison, significant differences in two perceived stigma items were observed upon Bonferroni correction (chi-square test, p < .005) and remained significant after controlling for confounding factors by regression analysis. Improvements in perceived stigmatization were on marriage and friendship, while viewpoints on trustworthiness, dangerousness, devaluation, avoidance and personal failure remained unchanged, and there was no improvement in rejection experiences and stigma–coping.

Conclusion:

Positive attitude changes over time are unlikely to occur if there is no targeted intervention on stigma. Our findings highlight that evidence-based antistigma interventions are urgently needed.