bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic impacts of the hotel industry: an input-output analysis
Authors: Kim Hyojin , Kim Byung-Gook
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to be limited to provide an overall economic structure linked with a particular hospitality industry by identifying the economic structure of relations between the two hotel industries and other industries within a particular state in the USA.

Design/methodology/approach

– The analyses of output, labor income and employment multipliers from the input–output system were performed using the IMPLAN 3.0 software. The study attempted to compare the hotel/motel industry (industry code 411) and the accommodations industry (industry code 412) with the top ten industries and averages of each set of multipliers to estimate the relative importance and contribution of the two hotel industries to the economy of Texas. After this comparison, the aggregated input–output tables and multipliers were prepared to determine the economic inter-relationship between the two combined hotel industries (industry code 411 plus industry code 412) and the non-hotel industries, using the criteria of the NAICS (North American Industry Classification System).

Findings

– The three findings of this study are summarized as follows. First, the two hotel industries impacted the state economy due to a high induced effect from output and a considerable direct, indirect and induced effect from labor income and employment, despite their relatively lower multipliers and the economic downturn in the state. Second, the hotel-related industry had a strong inter-dependent relationship with the finance and insurance-related industries. Finally, while the hotel industry generated more labor income and employment than did the other accommodations industry, it is interesting that the other accommodations industry created more output than did the hotel industry.

Research limitations/implications

– Other than limitations pertaining to assumptions of input-output model, an input-output analysis alone cannot become the best analytical method for decision-making. The study was a cross-sectional study with 2009 data and did not incorporate a time-series flow of the state economic structure over several decades. A study of the inter-relationship among varied states bordering the state could be worthwhile to identify the flow of inputs and outputs.

Originality/value

– Despite a considerable number of research in measuring the economic impacts, this paper was of great significance, in that the economic impact of the hotel industry that has never been performed in a particular state of the USA was analyzed. Additionally, these quantified economic data and results should be helpful to future plans and policies associated with the hotel industry.
Reversal of overdose on fentanyl being illicitly sold as heroin with naloxone nasal spray: A case report
Authors: Fareed Ayman , Buchanan‐Cummings Ann Marie , Crampton Kelli , Grant Angela , Drexler Karen
Published: June 2015

Background

This is a case report describing a reversal of fentanyl overdose with naloxone nasal spray. The patient was not aware that he overdosed on fentanyl being sold as heroin.

Methods

The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has implemented an initiative to provide education for veterans, their families, friends and significant others about opioid overdose and use of naloxone reversal kits. The Atlanta VA Medical Center adopted this program to reduce the risk of opioid overdose in high risk patients.

Results

Over the past year, we provided educational sessions for 63 veterans and their families. We also prescribed 41 naloxone kits. We have received three reports of opioid overdose reversal with use of naloxone kits prescribed by the Atlanta VA Medical Center.

Conclusions and Scientific significance

The authors recommend that public health administrators and policy makers advocate for the implementation of these programs to reduce the rising number of overdose death in the United States and worldwide. (Am J Addict 2015;24:388 –390)
How common is frailty in older Australians?
Authors: Widagdo Imaina , Pratt Nicole , Russell Mary , Roughead Elizabeth
Published: June 2015

Aim

To determine the prevalence of frailty in a cohort of older Australians.

Methods

Frailty status of the 2087 participants of the Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing was assessed based on the questionnaire responses at the baseline interview. Frailty status and prevalence were assessed using four measures: two unidimensional measures (the Frailty Phenotype and Simplified Frailty Phenotype) and two multidimensional measures (Frailty Index and Prognostic Frailty Score). Agreement between the four measures was determined.

Results

The multidimensional measures identified more people as frail (17.5 and 49.4%) than did the unidimensional (2 and 8.8%). There was little agreement between the measures; only 0.5% of the participants were identified as frail by all four measures.

Conclusions

The apparent prevalence of frailty varied when different measures were used. It is important for clinicians and researchers to be aware that different frailty measures may identify different groups of older people as frail.
Provenance of the Lower Triassic Bunter Sandstone Formation: implications for distribution and architecture of aeolian vs. fluvial reservoirs in the North German Basin
Authors: Olivarius Mette , Weibel Rikke , Friis Henrik , Boldreel Lars O. , Keulen Nynke , Thomsen Tonny B.
Published: June 2015

Zircon U–Pb geochronometry, heavy mineral analyses and conventional seismic reflection data were used to interpret the provenance of the Lower Triassic Bunter Sandstone Formation. The succession was sampled in five Danish wells in the northern part of the North German Basin. The results show that sediment supply was mainly derived from the Ringkøbing‐Fyn High situated north of the basin and from the Variscan belt located south of the basin. Seismic reflection data document that the Ringkøbing‐Fyn High was a local barrier for sediment transport during the Early Triassic. Hence, the Fennoscandian Shield did not supply much sediment to the basin as opposed to what was previously believed. Sediment from the Variscan belt was transported by wind activity across the North German Basin when it was dried out during deposition of the aeolian part of the Volpriehausen Member (lower Bunter Sandstone). Fluvial sand was supplied from the Ringkøbing‐Fyn High to the basin during precipitation events which occurred most frequently when the Solling Member was deposited (upper Bunter Sandstone). Late Neoproterozoic to Carboniferous zircon ages predominate in the Volpriehausen Member where the dominant age population with a peak age of 337 Ma corresponds to the culmination of Variscan high‐grade metamorphism, whereas a secondary age population with a peak at 300 Ma matches the timing of volcanism and magmatism at the Carboniferous/Permian boundary in the northern Variscan belt. Parts of the basement in the Ringkøbing‐Fyn High were outcropping during the Early Triassic and zircon ages similar to this Mesoproterozoic basement are present in the Bunter Sandstone. The heavy mineral assemblage of the Solling Member is uniform and has a high garnet content compared to the contemporaneous sediments in the Norwegian‐Danish Basin and in the southern part of the North German Basin. This finding confirms that a local source in the Ringkøbing‐Fyn High supplied most of the fluvial sediment in the northern part of the North German Basin. The northernmost part of the Bunter Sandstone is situated on a platform area that is separated from the basin area by a broad WNW–ESE‐oriented fault zone. The most promising reservoir in the basin area is the aeolian Volpriehausen Member since the sandstone has a wide lateral distribution and a constant thickness. The alluvial to ephemeral fluvial Solling Member may be a good reservoir in the platform area and marginal basin area, but the complex sand‐body architecture makes it difficult to predict the reservoir quality.
Laparoscopic rectopexy is feasible and safe in the emergency admission setting
Authors: Bloemendaal A. L. A. , Mishra A. , Nicholson G. A. , Jones O. M. , Lindsey I. , Hompes R. , Cunningham C.
Published: June 2015

Aim

External rectal prolapse may require emergency admission in the elderly and comorbid population. We report the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic ventral rectopexy in patients having an emergency admission with external rectal prolapse.

Method

A retrospective analysis was performed of a prospective database of all rectopexies performed from 2006. Outcome and follow‐up data were assessed.

Results

Of 812 rectopexies performed, 28 were included for analysis. The mean length of hospital stay was 13.0 days. All operations were completed successfully and without intra‐operative complications. Four patients developed a postoperative complication. Two patients developed a recurrence of prolapse.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic correction of rectal prolapse following emergency admission is both feasible and safe. It can be considered for both recurring cases and cases with multiple comorbidities.
IDENTIFYING THE EFFECTS OF SIMULTANEOUS MONETARY POLICY SHOCKS
Authors: Villamizar‐Villegas Mauricio
Published: June 2015

Many central banks, particularly in the developing world, aim for exchange rate stability as a macroeconomic goal. However, most are reluctant to relinquish monetary policy autonomy, so they end up operating through both interest rate and foreign exchange interventions. But the use of multiple policy instruments does not necessarily equip monetary authorities with better tools to achieve their targets. On the contrary, their effects can potentially offset each other. Using daily data from the Central Bank of Colombia during the period of 1999–2012, I study the effects of simultaneous policies by first deriving new measures of monetary shocks and then determining their impact on economic activity. The main findings indicate that (a) while interest rate interventions have a significant impact on real and nominal variables, foreign exchange interventions tend to have limited effects; and (b) empirical anomalies, such as the positive relationship between output growth, inflation, and the policy rate are eliminated when properly accounting for the systematic responses of policy. (JELE43, E52, E58, F31)
A Multiagent Evolutionary Method for Detecting Communities in Complex Networks
Authors: Ji Junzhong , Jiao Lang , Yang Cuicui , Liu Jiming
Published: June 2015

Community structure detection in complex networks contributes greatly to the understanding of complex mechanisms in many fields. In this article, we propose a multiagent evolutionary method for discovering communities in a complex network. The focus of the method lies in the evolutionary process of computational agents in a lattice environment, where each agent corresponds to a candidate solution to the community detection problem. First, the method uses a connection‐based encoding scheme to model an agent and a random‐walk behavior to construct a solution. Next, it applies three evolutionary operators, i.e., competition, crossover, and mutation, to realize information exchange among agents and solution evolution. We tested the performance of our method using synthetic and real‐world networks. The results show its capability in effectively detecting community structures.
Schooling and Local Knowledge for Collecting Wild Honey inSouthIndia: Balancing Multifaceted Educations?
Authors: Demps Kathryn , Dougherty Jennifer , MG Jenukalla , Zorondo‐Rodríguez Francisco , Reyes‐García Victoria , García Claude
Published: June 2015

For indigenous populations, schooling and local knowledge systems may be at odds. Understanding indigenous learning systems can help mitigate conflicts between acquisition of local ecological knowledge and academic knowledge. Among boys and men of the Jenu Kuruba of SouthIndia, we compare levels of schooling and local knowledge related to wild honey collection, a central domain of male local ecological knowledge. For boys, school attendance, but not performance, negatively correlates with local knowledge related to honey collecting. Men's local knowledge for this activity negatively correlates with years of schooling, but their practical skills either neutrally or slightly positively associate with schooling. Different learning patterns between domains of knowledge can explain variation in trends of local knowledge loss. Findings suggest that schooling mostly affects knowledge of activities that are not classroom‐adaptable that people perform during school hours.
Through the Generations:VictoryGardens for Tomorrow's Tables
Authors: Andreatta Susan L.
Published: June 2015

This paper briefly looks into the past whereVictoryGardens were considered a patriotic act. Today, would such gardens help with climate change and reduce the number of food deserts? The paper also touches on community gardens and seeks other ideas for connecting people to growing local food at their home or in community environments and to sharing the harvest. Lastly, it looks at dual purposing farmland use for generating power as well as growing produce with a new method called agrivoltaic production. The overall intent of the paper is to get readers to be thinking about applied agriculture and food projects they can do as class projects, at their place of residence, and in their communities.
Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia in anaplastic large cell lymphoma, a mimicker of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Price Alexandra , Miller Jason H. , Junkins‐Hopkins Jacqueline M.
Published: June 2015

Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia can occasionally be observed in biopsies of CD30‐positive lymphoproliferative disorders. It is important to be cognizant of this association, because epithelial hyperproliferation can overshadow large atypical lymphoid cells, leading to an erroneous diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or keratoacanthoma. Herein, we present a case of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) with pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia simulating a poorly differentiated carcinoma and review the literature on this subject. Immunohistochemical staining with p63 helped delineate the infiltrating tongues of pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia from the malignant infiltrate. We present this case to raise awareness of the potential for pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia to occur in the setting of CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders. Clinicians and dermatopathologists should consider the possibility of ALCL or lymphomatoid papulosis when examining lesions with features of inflamed SCC, especially if the tumor presents on a site or in a patient that is not typical of SCC.
Nse1 and Nse4, subunits of the Smc5–Smc6 complex, are involved in Dictyostelium development upon starvation
Authors: Taniura Hideo , Tanabe Naoya , Bando Yumi , Arai Natsumi
Published: June 2015

The Smc5–Smc6 complex contains a heterodimeric core of two SMC proteins and non‐Smc elements (Nse1–6), and plays an important role in DNA repair. We investigated the functional roles of Nse4 and Nse1 in Dictyostelium discoideum. Nse4 and Nse3 expressed as Flag‐tagged fusion proteins were highly enriched in nuclei, while Nse1 was localized in whole cells. Using yeast two‐hybrid assays, only the interaction between Nse3 and Nse1 was detected among the combinations. However, all of the interactions among these three proteins were recognized by co‐immunoprecipitation assay using cell lysates prepared from the cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐ or Flag‐tagged fusion proteins. GFP‐tagged Nse1, which localized in whole cells, was translocated to nuclei when co‐expressed with Flag‐tagged Nse3 or Nse4. RNAi‐mediated Nse1 and Nse4 knockdown cells (Nse1 KD and Nse4 KD cells) were generated and found to be more sensitive to UV‐induced cell death than control cells. Upon starvation, Nse1 and Nse4 KD cells had increases in the number of smaller fruiting bodies that formed on non‐nutrient agar plates or aggregates that formed under submerged culture. We found a reduction in the mRNA level of pdsA, in vegetative and 8 h‐starved Nse4 KD cells, and pdsA knockdown cells displayed effects similar to Nse4 KD cells. Our results suggest that Nse4 and Nse1 are involved in not only the cellular DNA damage response but also cellular development in D. discoideum.
The straight leg raise test for hamstring contractures: what is the contribution of sciatic nerve irritation?
Authors: Chambers Henry G
Published: June 2015

This commentary is on the original article by Marsico et al. on pages 173–179 of this issue.
The artificial pancreas: evaluating risk of hypoglycaemia following errors that can be expected with prolonged at‐home use
Authors: Wolpert H. , Kavanagh M. , Atakov‐Castillo A. , Steil G. M.
Published: June 2015

Aims

Artificial pancreas systems show benefit in closely monitored at‐home studies, but may not have sufficient power to assess safety during infrequent, but expected, system or user errors. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of an artificial pancreas system emulating the β–cell when the glucose value used for control is improperly calibrated and participants forget to administer pre‐meal insulin boluses.

Methods

Artificial pancreas control was performed in a clinic research centre on three separate occasions each lasting from 10 p.m. to 2 p.m. Sensor glucose values normally used for artificial pancreas control were replaced with scaled blood glucose values calculated to be 20% lower than, equal to or 33% higher than the true blood glucose. Safe control was defined as blood glucose between 3.9 and 8.3 mmol/l.

Results

Artificial pancreas control resulted in fasting scaled blood glucose values not different from target (6.67 mmol/l) at any scaling factor. Meal control with scaled blood glucose 33% higher than blood glucose resulted in supplemental carbohydrate to prevent hypoglycaemia in four of six participants during breakfast, and one participant during the night. In all instances, scaled blood glucose reported blood glucose as safe.

Conclusions

Outpatient trials evaluating artificial pancreas performance based on sensor glucose may not detect hypoglycaemia when sensor glucose reads higher than blood glucose. Because these errors are expected to occur, in‐hospital artificial pancreas studies using supplemental carbohydrate in anticipation of hypoglycaemia, which allow safety to be assessed in a controlled non‐significant environment should be considered as an alternative. Inpatient studies provide a definitive alternative to model‐based computer simulations and can be conducted in parallel with closely monitored outpatient artificial pancreas studies used to assess benefit.
The effects of radicular dentine treated with double antibiotic paste and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the attachment and proliferation of dental pulp stem cells
Authors: Kim Ki Wan , Yassen Ghaeth H. , Ehrlich Ygal , Spolnik Kenneth , Platt Jeffrey A. , Windsor L. Jack
Published: June 2015

Aim

This study explored the effects of dentine treated with two concentrations of double antibiotic paste (DAP) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the attachment and proliferation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs).

Materials and Methods

Radicular dentine samples were prepared with identical dimensions and randomized into six groups (n = 4). Four groups were treated with double antibiotic paste (DAP) at concentrations of 500 mg ml−1 or 1 mg ml−1 with or without EDTA. The other two groups were treated with EDTA only or received no treatment. DPSCs were seeded on each dentine sample (10 000 cells per sample). Lactate dehydrogenase activity assays were used to calculate the attached DPSCs after 1 day of incubation. Water soluble tetrazolium assays were performed to investigate DPSCs proliferation on the treated dentine samples after three additional days of incubation. Two‐way anova followed by Tukey–Kramer tests was used for statistical analyses (α = 0.05).

Results

Dentine treated with 1 or 500 mg ml−1 of DAP followed by EDTA caused significant increases in DPSCs attachment compared to the dentine treated with the DAP alone. The 500 mg ml−1 of DAP with or without EDTA caused significant reductions in DPSCs proliferation. However, the treatment of dentine with 1 mg ml−1 of DAP did not have significant negative effects on DPSCs proliferation regardless of the use of EDTA.

Conclusion

The use of 1 mg ml−1 of DAP followed by 10 min of irrigation with EDTA in endodontic regeneration procedure may have no negative effects on the attachment and proliferation of DPSCs.
Outreach clinical dental education: the Portsmouth experience – a 4‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Radford D. R. , Holmes S. , Dunne S. M. , Woolford M. J.
Published: June 2015

Background

The Portsmouth Dental Academy (UPDA) was opened in September 2010 and was a development from the highly successful School of Professionals Complementary to Dentistry (2004–2010). The aim of the Academy was to provide integrated team education for all dental professionals in a primary care setting. The dental students are on outreach from King's College London, and the dental care professional students are registered at the University of Portsmouth.

Objectives

To evaluate the dental students response to the residential outreach educational experience at the UPDA.

Methods

A 49‐item questionnaire divided into nine domains that provided both qualitative data and quantitative data were administered at the end of the longitudinal 10‐week placement, to four successive cohorts of students in 2010–2014.

Results

A 95% return rate was achieved. Students valued highly the quality of the clinical teaching. Through their experience, they felt they understood fully the role of the dentist in care planning in primary care and felt well prepared for dental foundation training. This educational success is unpinned with successful maintenance factors including a well‐organised induction period and giving the students a sense of belongingness, empowerment and autonomy for their personal development as new graduates.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of the questionnaire study over the 4‐year period, the students were very positive about all the aspects of this residential outreach education at the UPDA but particularly valued the immersion in clinical dentistry and the bridging from dental school to their dental foundation training.
Women's Empowerment and Education: linking knowledge to transformative action
Authors: Stromquist Nelly P.
Published: June 2015

Women's empowerment is a concept that has acquired substantial recognition in the past decade. However, it is better known among international development organisations, NGOs, and grassroots groups than in academic circles. This article examines the concept of women's empowerment as a foundational element in a theory of social change in which the oppressed must be key actors in the change process. On the basis of empirical evidence, it highlights four dimensions of empowerment: economic, political, knowledge, and psychological. The knowledge dimension is fostered by one of the most respected and universal of institutions: formal education. Yet schools do not always provide friendly or even safe spaces for girls; moreover, the school curriculum emphasises academic subjects and avoids ‘life skills’ discussions. Most successful cases of empowerment through education have occurred in non‐formal education programmes that specifically promote critical reflection on gendered social norms and encourage corrective responses. The article argues that the empowerment process must consider the close connection between the private and the public arenas, as the private space seriously constrains women's availability and possibilities for transformative action; therefore, both macro‐ and micro‐level interventions are needed to create a modified gender division of labour. The promotion of agency — at both the individual and collective levels — plays a major role in the development of women's empowerment. Such a process requires the engagement of non‐state actors, particularly women‐led NGOs. The article ends with challenges for policy.
Overexpression of cryoglobulin‐like single‐chain antibody induces morular cell phenotype via liquid–liquid phase separation in the secretory pathway organelles
Authors: Hasegawa Haruki , Patel Neha , Lim Ai Ching
Published: June 2015

Cryoprecipitation of immunoglobulins is often reported in association with B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders and plasma cell dyscrasias. However, the biochemical basis of such cryoglobulin behaviors is not well understood because of a general lack of suitable experimental systems. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a single‐chain antibody (scFv–Fc) that recapitulates cryoglobulin‐like properties. When model scFv–Fc protein was engineered to multimerize, by appending the secretory tailpiece (stp) of human immunoglobulin μ‐chain to the C terminus, the resulting oligomeric scFv–Fc–stp protein acquired two unexpected properties: the induction of a morular cell phenotype during protein biosynthesis and the cryoprecipitation of secreted proteins in harvested cell culture media. The turbidity of the culture media and the inclusion bodies that gave morular appearances were attributed to microscopic spherical protein droplet formation, a hallmark characteristic of liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) event. Mutagenesis approaches revealed that these two phenomena were independent of covalent protein oligomerization induced by stp. Disruption of the N‐linked glycosylation motif in the stp region enhanced morular phenotype propensity but reduced protein secretion. Intermolecular disulfide bonds that stabilize Fc dimers and oligomers were necessary for efficient induction of LLPS, but their simultaneous elimination could not abrogate the LLPS propensity completely. Noncovalent protein–protein interactions between scFv–Fc–stp chains sufficiently established a basis for LLPS induction. Morular cell phenotypes and cryoprecipitation were clearly underpinned by intrinsic physicochemical properties embedded in the overexpressed cargo protein. Overproduction of condensation‐prone secretory proteins that culminate in LLPS in the endoplasmic reticulum therefore serves as a path to produce morular Russell body phenotype.
Increasing extent of periods of no flow in intermittent waterways promotes heterotrophy
Authors: Acuña V. , Casellas M. , Corcoll N. , Timoner X. , Sabater S.
Published: June 2015

Current trends indicate that the duration of the period with no surface flow experienced by temporary waterways is increasing. Even though several studies have already characterised the effects of non‐flow periods on stream ecosystems, the consequences of their increasing duration remain poorly understood.

Replicate artificial streams were used to characterise the effects of the duration of the non‐flow period on stream biofilm processes. We hypothesised that increased duration of the non‐flow period would differentially influence autotrophic and heterotrophic processes and promote heterotrophy (lower P : R ratios). We aimed to identify possible non‐linearities and thresholds in the disturbance–response relationships between the duration of the non‐flow period (six treatments) and stream biofilm processes (six ecological variables representing autotrophic or heterotrophic processes).

The duration of the non‐flow period proved to be important for the balance between autotrophic and heterotrophic processes in stream biofilms, with the autotrophic processes being less resistant but more resilient. Autotrophic and heterotrophic processes also differed in terms of disturbance–response relationships, which were linear for most autotrophic ecological variables and sigmoid logistic for heterotrophic variable. Hence, non‐flow periods had an immediate effect on autotrophic processes, but the effect on heterotrophic processes was delayed and completed only after crossing the ecological threshold of complete desiccation.

These differences involved a shift towards lower P : R ratios at longer durations of the non‐flow period. However, the high resilience of autotrophic processes, mainly related to the ability of diatoms to recover, limited the shift towards lower P : R ratios to the non‐flow period and to the first weeks after flow return.

This study demonstrates the complex effects of flow intermittency on stream biofilm processes, and emphasises the relevance of the duration of the non‐flow period as a predictor of the effects on temporary waterways.
Niche breadth and geographic range size as determinants of species survival on geological time scales
Authors: Saupe Erin E. , Qiao Huijie , Hendricks Jonathan R. , Portell Roger W. , Hunter Stephen J. , Soberón Jorge , Lieberman Bruce S.
Published: June 2015

Aim

Determining which species are more prone to extinction is vital for conservingEarth's biodiversity and for providing insight into macroevolutionary processes. This paper utilizes the Pliocene to Recent fossil record of mollusks to identify determinants of species' extinction over the past three million years ofEarth history.

Location

WesternAtlantic.

Methods

We focus on 92 bivalve and gastropod species that lived during the mid‐Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP; ∼3.264–3.025 Ma) and have either since gone extinct or are still extant. We used ecological niche modeling (ENM) to assess the vulnerability of these species to extinction as a function of both fundamental (FN) and realized (RN) niche breadth proxies, geographic range size, and amount of suitable area available to them during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ∼21 Ka).

Results

Geographic range size emerged as a key predictor of extinction for the studied mollusk species, withRNbreadth and amount of suitable area available during theLGMas secondary predictors. By contrast,FNbreadth was not a significant predictor of extinction risk.

Main conclusions

The failure to recoverFNbreadth as a predictor of extinction may suggest that extinction resistance is achieved when species are more successful in filling the geographic extent of their fundamental tolerances. That is, when it comes to species' survival, being a generalist or specialistsensu strictomay be secondary to the unique historical, dispersal, and biotic constraints that dictate a species' occupation of suitable environments, and consequently of geographic space, at a particular time. Identifying the factors that promote extinction is important because of the time‐intensive nature of estimating extinction risk for individual species and populations, and because of the rising concerns about the future of marine ecosystems and biodiversity.
Side effects of desmopressin in patients with bleeding disorders
Authors: Stoof S. C. M. , Cnossen M. H. , de Maat M. P. M. , Leebeek F. W. G. , Kruip M. J. H. A.
Published: June 2015

Introduction: Desmopressin is frequently used in patients with bleeding disorders because of its prohaemostatic effects. In recent years desmopressin use increased due to reported high incidence of inhibitors in mild haemophilia after clotting factor infusion and the rising costs of clotting factor concentrates. The safety and frequency of side effects have hardly been assessed in well‐designed studies. Aim: We therefore prospectively evaluated side effects of desmopressin in a large unselected cohort of bleeding disorder patients, who received a desmopressin test dose. Methods: Blood was drawn prior to, one, three, six and 24 h after desmopressin. Primary outcome was change in serum sodium, haematocrit, serum‐ and urine osmolality, body weight and vital signs. Self‐reported side effects were evaluated as secondary outcome. Results: In total, 108 patients were included, median age 30 years, the majority of whom had von Willebrand disease type 1 (76%). A significant change in water balance parameters was observed. Four patients (4%) had hyponatraemia (≤135 mmol L−1) after 24 h but no severe hyponatraemia occurred (≤125 mmol L−1). After infusion, 41 (38%) patients were hypotensive (≤90 mmHg SBP and/or ≤60 mmHg DBP) and 10 (9%) presented with tachycardia (>100 min−1). However, none of these effects sustained at 24 h. Infusion was discontinued in one patient because of tachycardia, nausea and malaise. Self‐reported side effects included: headache, fatigue, flush and dizziness. Conclusion: Observed side effects correspond with the known antidiuretic and vasomotor effects of desmopressin. Changes in parameters were temporary and not clinically relevant. In conclusion, our study supports desmopressin use as a safe treatment option in patients with various bleeding disorders.
Narrating the sound of self: The role of pronunciation in learners’ self‐constructions in study‐abroad contexts
Authors: Müller Mareike , Schmenk Barbara
Published: June 2015

This paper discusses the findings of an empirical study that explores the relationship between study‐abroad experiences, learner identity, and pronunciation. We argue that the role of pronunciation as a personal domain of meaning‐making warrants more attention than it has hitherto received. To this end, we investigate the narratives of Canadian learners, studying abroad in Germany, in relation to discourses of language learning, culture, and identity, using a Critical Discourse Analysis approach. Our data, which we gained from semi‐structured interviews and e‐journals, shows that learners’ perceptions of pronunciation are closely linked to their views of the native‐speaker ideal, impacting their self‐constructions and interpretations of learning experience. In conclusion, we argue for a more differentiated understanding of pronunciation and its implications for language teaching and study abroad.
Botulinum toxin type A injection for refractory interstitial cystitis: A randomized comparative study and predictors of treatment response
Authors: Akiyama Yoshiyuki , Nomiya Akira , Niimi Aya , Yamada Yukio , Fujimura Tetsuya , Nakagawa Tohru , Fukuhara Hiroshi , Kume Haruki , Igawa Yasuhiko , Homma Yukio
Published: June 2015

Objectives

To determine whether botulinum toxin type A can represent an alternative treatment option for patients with interstitial cystitis refractory to conventional therapies.

Methods

This is a single‐center, prospective, open labeled, randomized comparative study. Patients with refractory interstitial cystitis were randomly divided into two groups: immediate injection (group A) or 1‐month delayed injection (group B) of botulinum toxin type A after allocation. The rate of treatment response (global response assessment ≥+1: slightly improved), and changes in symptom scores and frequency volume chart variables were compared between groups 1 month after allocation. Using subjects of both groups as a single cohort, predictive factors for treatment response at 1 month post‐injection and the duration of response were explored.

Results

A total of 34 patients (group A n = 18, group B n = 16) were allocated. The response rate was significantly higher in group A than group B (72.2% vs 25.0%, P = 0.01). All symptom measures showed significant improvement in group A than group B. When both groups were combined as a single cohort, the response rate was 73.5% at 1 month, 58.8% at 3 months, 38.2% at 6 months and 20.6% at 12 months. The mean duration of response was 5.4 months. Multivariate analysis showed that past exposure to hydrodistension more than three times correlated with better outcomes.

Conclusions

Botulinum toxin type A injection could be an alternative treatment option for patients with interstitial cystitis refractory to conventional therapies, especially for those who have received repeated hydrodistensions and transurethral fulguration.
Prevalence of Zoonotic Giardia duodenalis Assemblage B and First Identification of Assemblage E in Rabbit Fecal Samples Isolates from Central China
Authors: Qi Meng , Xi Jianwei , Li Junqiang , Wang Haiyan , Ning Changshen , Zhang Longxian
Published: June 2015

Giardia duodenalis is an important zoonotic pathogen, causes diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. To date, few data are available on the prevalence of G. duodenalis in rabbits in China. In total, 955 fecal samples were collected from rabbits during 2008–2011 in Henan Province, Central China. The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 8.4% (80/955) on microscopic analysis, with the highest infection rate (11.3%) in rabbits aged 91–200 d. All G. duodenalis‐positive isolates were characterized at the small subunit ribosomal RNA, β‐giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triosephosphate isomerase genes. Two assemblages and a mixed assemblage were detected in the rabbits: assemblage B (n = 26), assemblage E (n = 2), and a mixed assemblage of B and E (n = 4). Assemblage B isolates showed variability at the nucleotide sequences belonging to the so‐called subtype BIV, based on analysis of multiple genes. This is the first report of G. duodenalis assemblage E in rabbits, and one novel subtype of assemblage E was identified through sequence analysis of gdh and bg genes, respectively. Our data suggest that rabbits may be reservoirs of G. duodenalis cysts potentially infectious to humans.
Growth characteristics and expression of CD73 and CD146 in cells cultured from dental pulp
Authors: Sivasankar Vaishnavi , Ranganathan Kannan
Published: June 2015

Aim

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in permanent teeth and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous (SHED) teeth are unique sources of mesenchymal stem cells. The aim of this study was to compare the growth characteristics and morphology of DPSCs and SHED and their immuno‐phenotype using CD73 and CD146 in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th passage of cell culture.

Methods

Growth characteristics, morphology, and colony forming efficiency were assessed for SHED and DPSCs. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry using CD146 and CD73 was performed for SHED and DPSCs in the 1st, 3rd and 5th passage of culture. Data was analyzed using SPSS™ software (version 17.0.0).

Results

The seeding efficiency and colony forming unit efficiency was higher in SHED than in DPSCs. Flow cytometry analysis using CD73 and CD146 showed an increase in CD73 expression with increase in passage number in SHED and a decrease in CD73 expression with increase in passage number in DPSCs. There was a decrease in CD146 expression from passage one through five in SHED and DPSCs.

Conclusion

Cells isolated from the pulp of deciduous teeth and permanent teeth show difference in their growth characteristics and phenotype and are a viable source of stem cells.
Individual, social and contextual factors associated with psychiatric care outcomes among patients with intellectual disabilities in the emergency department
Authors: Tint A. , Lunsky Y.
Published: June 2015

Background

Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) are disproportionately high users of psychiatric emergency services. Despite the demand for psychiatric assessments in the emergency department (ED), no clear guidelines have been established as to what factors should guide clinical decision‐making processes. The current study aimed to explore individual, social and contextual factors related to psychiatric care outcomes among patients with ID in the emergency department.

Method

Emergency department charts were reviewed for 66 individuals with ID who visited the emergency department during a psychiatric crisis.

Results

Standardised crisis severity scores were significantly higher in patients seen by psychiatrists as compared with patients who did not receive psychiatric consultations in the emergency department. A significantly greater proportion of patients with moderate or severe levels of ID (vs. borderline/mild) received psychiatric consultations. Emergency department visits resulting in inpatient hospital admission did not differ from those that did not, with the exception of the level of ID: patients admitted to psychiatric inpatient care were more likely to have moderate or severe levels of ID.

Conclusions

The psychiatric care experiences of patients with ID in the emergency department appear highly variable. Further research focused on emergency department clinical decision‐making practices concerning this population is warranted.
The relationship between challenging behaviours, mood and interest/pleasure in adults with severe and profound intellectual disabilities
Authors: Bernstein A. M. , Visconti K. J. , Csorba J. , Radvanyi K. , Rojahn J.
Published: June 2015

Background

We investigated whether current mood and interest/pleasure ratings in adults with moderate to profound intellectual disabilities were predictive of challenging behaviour [self‐injurious behaviour (SIB), aggressive/destructive behaviour and stereotypic behaviour] and vice versa.

Method

In this combined cross‐sectional and longitudinal study, staff members of a Hungarian residential facility completed translated versions of the Behaviour Problems Inventory‐Short Form (BPI‐S), the Challenging Behaviour Interview (CBI) and the Mood, Interest and Pleasure Questionnaire‐Short Form (MIPQ‐S) for 50 participants at two time points, approximately 4 to 5 months apart.

Results

Bivariate correlations from data concurrently assessed at Time‐1 showed significant linear relationships between the SIB (both frequency and severity scores) and Interest/Pleasure sub‐scales, and the Aggressive/Destructive Behaviour (severity scores) and the MIPQ‐S Mood sub‐scales (unadjusted for multiple correlations). All of these effects were found with the BPI‐S data, but not with the CBI.

Multiple regression analyses revealed that (1) low interest/pleasure assessed at Time‐1 predicted high SIB (frequency and severity) at Time‐2. (2) Interest/pleasure was not predictive of aggressive or stereotypic behaviour. (3) Mood at Time‐1 did not predict any of the three types of behaviour problems at Time‐2. (4) In reverse, high SIB (frequency and severity) at Time‐1 predicted low interest/pleasure ratings at Time‐2. (5) Surprisingly, frequent aggressive/destructive behaviour predicted high interest/pleasure. (6) Stereotypic behaviour scores at Time‐1 did not predict interest/pleasure ratings at Time‐2. Again, all of these effects were only found with the BPI‐S data, but not with the CBI.

Internal consistency, test–retest reliability and concurrent validity of the Hungarian versions of all three questionnaires had generally satisfactory outcomes.

Discussion

The fact that increasingly frequent and severe SIB was predicted by declining measures of interest/pleasure is consistent with previous studies. Contrary to those earlier studies, however, we found that SIB was not predicted by mood and that aggressive/destructive behaviour actually predicted future elevated mood. Implications for future research regarding the directional relationship between affective states such as mood and interest and pleasure, on the one hand, and challenging behaviour, on the other, were discussed.
The Vestiges of the U.S. Occupation and the Redefining of the Japanese Woman
Authors: Endo Masako
Published: June 2015

This article addresses the construction of Japanese womanhood toward the end of the U.S. occupation of Japan (1945–1952). In the early 1950s, the Japanese people were conscious about independence and envisioned a new, positive image of the nation. However, the actual image was overtly sexualized by the presence of numerous women consorting with U.S. servicemen during the occupation. This article explores how the Japanese government attempted to eliminate any sexualized elements from Japan. While focusing on Japanese women who had relationships with foreign men and mixed‐blood children, I argue that they served as the “Other” in redefining post‐occupation femininity.
Melatonin improves bone mineral density at the femoral neck in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Amstrup Anne Kristine , Sikjaer Tanja , Heickendorff Lene , Mosekilde Leif , Rejnmark Lars
Published: June 2015

Melatonin is known for its regulation of circadian rhythm. Recently, studies have shown that melatonin may have a positive effect on the skeleton. By increasing age, the melatonin levels decrease, which may lead to a further imbalanced bone remodeling. We aimed to investigate whether treatment with melatonin could improve bone mass and integrity in humans. In a double‐blind RCT, we randomized 81 postmenopausal osteopenic women to 1‐yr nightly treatment with melatonin 1 mg (N = 20), 3 mg (N = 20), or placebo (N = 41). At baseline and after 1‐yr treatment, we measured bone mineral density (BMD) by dual X‐ray absorptiometry, quantitative computed tomography (QCT), and high‐resolution peripheral QCT (HR‐pQCT) and determined calciotropic hormones and bone markers. Mean age of the study subjects was 63 (range 56–73) yr. Compared to placebo, femoral neck BMD increased by 1.4% in response to melatonin (P < 0.05) in a dose‐dependent manner (P < 0.01), as BMD increased by 0.5% in the 1 mg/day group (P = 0.55) and by 2.3% (P < 0.01) in the 3 mg/day group. In the melatonin group, trabecular thickness in tibia increased by 2.2% (P = 0.04), and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) in the spine, by 3.6% (P = 0.04) in the 3 mg/day. Treatment did not significantly affect BMD at other sites or levels of bone turnover markers; however, 24‐hr urinary calcium was decreased in response to melatonin by 12.2% (P = 0.02). In conclusion, 1‐yr treatment with melatonin increased BMD at femoral neck in a dose‐dependent manner, while high‐dose melatonin increased vBMD in the spine. Further studies are needed to assess the mechanisms of action and whether the positive effect of nighttime melatonin will protect against fractures.
Change deafness for simultaneous voices
Authors: Kawashima Takayuki
Published: June 2015

Apparent changes in auditory scenes are often unnoticed. This change deafness phenomenon was examined in auditory scenes that comprise human voices. In two experiments, listeners were required to detect changes between two auditory scenes comprising two, three, and four talkers who voiced four‐syllable words. One of the voices in the first scene was randomly selected and was replaced with a new word in change trials. The rationale was that higher stimulus familiarity conferred by human voices compared to other everyday sounds, together with encoding and memory advantages for verbal stimuli and the modular processing of speech in auditory processing, should positively influence the change detection efficiency, and the change deafness phenomenon should not be observed when listeners are explicitly required to detect the obvious changes. Contrary to the prediction, change deafness was significantly observed in three‐ and four‐talker conditions. This indicates that change deafness occurs in listeners even for highly familiar stimuli. This suggests the limited ability for perceptual organization of auditory scenes comprising even a relatively small number of voices (three or four).