bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Franz Ehrle historien du grand schisme
Authors: Millet Hélène
Published: June 2022

L’œuvre de Franz Ehrle en tant qu’historien du Grand Schisme est considérable : deux livres et huit très gros articles, tous consacrés à l’édition de textes inédits. Elle porte entièrement ou presque sur la période 1394-1410, qu’il considérait comme essentielle pour la compréhension du XVe siècle, et sur les relations de la France et des papes avignonnais. Sa méthode est celle d’un érudit et ses explications sont destinées aux spécialistes. Nombreux sont les chercheurs qui ont travaillé dans son sillage, soit pour étudier les dossiers dont proviennent beaucoup des textes qu’il a édités, soit pour rééditer les principaux, soit pour développer un problème historique dont il avait signalé l’intérêt. Ehrle n’a que rarement appréhendé le schisme dans son ensemble, sauf dans une production nécessitant la plus grande concision. Il est en effet l’auteur d’une version rectifiée de la liste des papes traditionnelle, telle que développée sur les murs de la basilique Saint-Paul-hors-les-Murs, parue en 1904-1905, puis vraisemblablement censurée, reprise enfin, mais pas à l’identique, dans l’Annuario Pontificio de 1947.
Franz Ehrle’s historical work on the Great Western Schism is considerable. It is made up of two books and eight extensive essays, all referring to an edition of unpublished texts, dealing nigh exclusively with the period 1394-1410, which the Jesuit saw as being the key to a proper understanding of the 15th century and the relations between France and the Avignon popes. Ehrle’s preferred method is scholarly and his explanations are addressed to persons with specialist knowledge. Many research scientists have followed in his footsteps, by either examining the many texts which he edited, getting to grips again with the sources, or else by trying to shed new light on the historical question to which he had given such attention. Ehrle paid little attention to the Great Western Schism as a whole, since the quantity of sources and documents which were his particular interest obliged him to be as concise as possible. He corrected the traditional list of the popes which was fixed to the walls of the Roman Basilica of St Paul’s outside the Walls. His version was published 1904-1905, very probably censored. It was again published in the Annuario Pontificio of 1947, but not exactly in its original order.
Franz Ehrle sj und die Armenfürsorge
Authors: Sohn-Kronthaler Michaela
Published: June 2022

Der Beitrag wendet sich mehreren Studien Franz Ehrles zur Geschichte der Armenfürsorge zu, darunter der wichtigsten in Form einer 1881 erschienenen Monographie. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie diese Veröffentlichung in den Diskurs der sozialen Frage im 19. Jahrhundert einzuordnen und als eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Antwort auf das Werk des deutschen Nationalökonomen und Journalisten Arwed Karl Bernhard Emminghaus (1831-1916) mit dem Titel „Das Armenwesen und die Armengesetzgebung der europäischen Staaten“ (mit Beiträgen mehrerer Autoren) zu verstehen ist. Ehrle wandte sich gegen dessen vom Geist des Kulturkampfes geprägte Kritik an der kirchlichen Armenpflege, indem er sich auf Quellen aus biblischer Zeit, der Antike, dem Mittelalter und der Moderne stützte, verwies auf das jahrhundertelange erfolgreiche Wirken kirchlicher caritas und plädierte gemäß dem Subsidiaritätsprinzip für ein einträgliches Zusammenwirken von Staat und Kirche im Bereich der Armenfürsorge, ferner für den konfessionellen Frieden, um den Armen bestmöglich Hilfe zukommen zu lassen.
This contribution examines several studies of Franz Ehrle concerning the history of care for the poor, the most important being his monograph published in 1881. The article demonstrates how discussion of the ‘social question’ in the 19th century was the general context in which the publication was written, and how this work of Ehrle may be particularly understood as a scientifically-based response to “The wretch and the pour law of the European states” of the German economist and journalist Arwed Karl Bernhard Emminghaus (1831-1916) and several other authors. Ehrle rejects the trend of interpreting ecclesiastical care of the poor as part of a cultural struggle, but draws on the Bible, antiquity, the Middle ages and modernity to show its proper context. He illustrates how the ecclesiastical notion of caritas which proved so successful for centuries could also prove a good model of collaboration between Church and State, and between the various Christian denominations, bringing not only peace amongst these institutions but also the best possible help to the poor.
Stakeholders’ Perception on Auditors’ Role and Its Impact on Audit Expectation Gap with Special Reference to Licensed Commercial Banks in Sri Lanka
Authors: Prawanth S. , Perera K. H.
Published: June 2022

Purpose: This study was conducted to understand the stakeholder perception on auditors’ role and its impact on audit expectation gap. Design/Methodology/Approach: A sample of 457 shareholders, employees, customers, and auditors from different licensed commercial banks were selected for the study using the convenience sampling method. Information collected through questionnaires was analyzed using descriptive analysis and Mann Whitney U test. Findings: The study revealed an audit expectation gap between auditors and the shareholders; the auditors and customers; and auditors and employees in the areas of audit responsibility, the usefulness of audited financial statements, audit education, and providing non-assurance services. However, this gap was not significant with regard to audit reliability among auditors and employees. Practical Implication: The main reason behind this gap is the lack of proper education and understanding of the audit standards and audit practices. This gap can be reduced by giving adequate knowledge and awareness of audits to the stakeholders and the users of financial statements in general. Limitations: The study considered the stakeholders of licensed commercial banks in Sri Lanka, whereas there are so many other financial institutions registered under the Central bank of Sri Lanka.
Banking Sector Development and Economic Growth in Sri Lanka: An Econometric Analysis
Authors: Wijesinghe M. D. J. W. , Dulanjani P.
Published: June 2022

Purpose: This study aims to explore the role of the banking sector in elevating the economic growth of Sri Lanka by identifying the short-run and long-run relationship between banking sector development and economic growth in Sri Lanka. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study uses annual data for the period 1960 to 2019 from World Bank's Global Financial Development Database and World Development Indicators. Odedokun's model, which assumes the causation between financial development to economic growth, is employed using the bound test within the ARDL framework. Findings: The estimated long-term parameter of the banking industry development indicator was found to be positively affected economic growth by supporting supply-led growth model. The estimations of the Error Correction Model provide a broad picture of the short-term relationship, and the results are highly consistent with the results of the long-term model. Granger Causality test found that the banking sector development granger cause to the GDP indicating a unilateral relationship. Originality: This study differs from the existing studies, which focus on the neoclassical one-sector aggregate production model. Financial development is input along with other real sector variables to identify the short-run and long-run relationship with the help of a newly developed econometric approach.
Economic costs of drought and farmers' adaptation strategies: evidence from Sri Lanka
Authors: Prasanna R. P. I. R.
Published: June 2022

Sri Lanka, a country in the tropical region, has experienced cyclical droughts of high intensity, occurring in intervals of three to four years. These droughts have had a series of adverse impacts on the economic and social life of people in the country. This study attempts to assess the economic costs of drought and farmers’ adaptation strategies to drought with the intention of informing the policies which address drought-related economic vulnerability among farm households in Sri Lanka. Data were drawn from 540 farm households in the North Central Province (NCP) in the dry zone of Sri Lanka, in 2015. Results indicate that drought weakens agricultural production, food consumption and the investment capability of farm households, while also increasing indirect costs such as those arising in relation to healthcare. Thus, immediate measures, particularly income mediating policies to provide compensation to drought-affected families, are required to avoid multiple impacts of drought to farm households and to the provincial economy.
Understanding Upward Scalability of Cycloidal Rotors for Large-Scale UAS Applications
Authors: Halder Atanu , Benedict Moble
Published: June 2022

This paper investigates the upward scalability of a cycloidal rotor (also known as a cyclorotor) from an aeromechanics standpoint while utilizing a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver and a lower order aeroelastic model. The CFD results show that the nondimensional
thrust remains almost unchanged with increasing Reynolds number, while the nondimensional torque and power decrease significantly from Re= 104 to 105, which clearly shows that the cycloidal rotor scales up favorably from thrust production and aerodynamic efficiency standpoints.
The structural scalability study shows that as the cyclorotor size is increased, the blade weight per unit thrust remains constant; however, the blade stress increases monotonically if the rotor geometry is kept similar. This monotonic increase in the blade stress is found to be independent
of the blade structural design. To bound the blade stress with increasing size, the diameter of the cyclorotor needs to be increased at a faster rate compared to the blade span, which reduces the rotor aspect ratio (blade-span/rotordiameter). Proper scaling laws necessary to bound the blade
stress are formulated. Utilizing these insights, an optimization framework based on a genetic algorithm is developed to determine optimal cyclorotor configurations for a thrust range from 1 to 1000 lb.
Diaphragm impairment in patients admitted for severe COVID-19
Authors: López-Viñas Laura , Vega-Villar Juan , Rocío-Martín Esmeralda , García-García Patricia , De La Rosa Santiago Elena , Galván-Román Jose María , Wix-Ramos Rybel
Published: June 2022

Among patients affected by the virus COVID-19, physicians have observed ventilation disorders. It is relevant to assess neurological involvement, including the role of diaphragmatic function. Its possible impairment could be related to the systemic inflammatory response and disease progression that both typify COVID-19 infection. We distinguished two groups (severe group (SG) and mild group (MG)) according to the severity of respiratory symptomatology. We performed neurophysiological and sonography studies to evaluate the diaphragmatic function. Regarding the sonography variables, we identified statistically significant differences in the right mean diaphragmatic thickness along with the expiration, showing 1.56 mm (SEM: 0.11) in the SG vs 1.92 mm (SEM: 0.19) in the MG (p = 0.042). The contractibility of both hemidiaphragms was 15% lower in the severe group, though this difference is not statistically significant. In our examination of the neurophysiological variables, in the amplitude responses, we observed a greater difference between responses from both phrenic nerves as follows: the raw differences in amplitude were 0.40 μV (SEM: 0.14) in the SG vs 0.35 μV (SEM: 0.19) in the MG and the percentage difference was 25.92% (SEM: 7.22) in the SG vs 16.28% (SEM: 4.38%) in the MG. Although diaphragmatic dysfunction is difficult to detect, our combined functional and morphological approach with phrenic electroneurograms and chest ultrasounds could improve diagnostic sensitivity. We suggest that diaphragmatic dysfunction could play a relevant role in respiratory disturbance in hospitalised patients with severe COVID-19.
Isolation and identification of Helicobacter pylori from raw chicken meat in Dhamar Governorate, Yemen
Authors: Almashhadany Dhary Alewy , Mayas Sara Mohammed , Ali Noor Lutphy
Published: June 2022

Although Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most common bacterial pathogens of human, its natural reservoirs are still unclear. There is an increasing number of reports that document the occurrence of H. pylori in various foods. This study aimed at isolation of H. pylori from chicken meat sampled. Two hundred and sixty samples were collected randomly from slaughterhouses and markets in Dhamar Governorate, Yemen. Samples were enriched in Brain-Heart Infusion broth in microaerophilic conditions before inoculating the Camp-Blood agar and EYE agar plates. Results showed that 13.8% of samples were contaminated evidenced by H. pylori growth via traditional culture method on agar media. No significant differences between sample types (thighs and breast muscles) (p=0.353) or the sampling source (p=0.816) were observed. Autumn season was associated with increased occurrence of H. pylori. The source of H. pylori in food is still not identified. Proper cooking and good sanitation practices are highly recommended to avoid the infection. Further studies addressing the potential sources of H. pylori are highly suggested.
Collegiate Athletic Trainers' Experiences Implementing Return-to-Sport Policies and Procedures During COVID-19: A Qualitative Research Study
Authors: Root Hayley J. , Abdenour Thomas E. , Eason Christianne M. , DiSanti Justin S. , Post Eric G.
Published: June 2022

Context

Athletic trainers (ATs) were critical personnel in the development of policies and procedures for the safe return to campus and resumption of sport during the 2020–2021 academic year. Policies focused on preventing the potential spread of COVID-19, as well as screening, testing, and management of cases; however, which aspects of implementation were successful or more challenging was unknown.

Objective

To identify successes and challenges in the implementation of return-to-sport policies and procedures during the 2020–2021 academic year amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design

Qualitative study.

Setting

National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions I, II, and III.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 27 ATs (9 women [33.3%], mean age = 48.5 ± 9.8 years, years of experience = 25.0 ± 10.5) who were in positions of leadership or who were actively involved in developing and then implementing COVID-19 return-to-sport policies and procedures completed Zoom interviews.

Data Collection and Analysis

Semistructured Zoom interviews were audio and video recorded and later transcribed. The data were analyzed by a team of 4 experienced researchers using the consensual qualitative research approach. Field notes, intercoder reliability, and multiple-analyst triangulation were used to establish data credibility.

Results

Emerging themes were implementation of public health interventions, interprofessional collaboration, and advancing the profession of athletic training. Participants described establishing and strengthening collaborations with other health care professionals as well as key stakeholders on campus as a positive outcome of the pandemic, but variations in policies among institutions and states made policy communication and enforcement more challenging.

Conclusions

The ATs played a pivotal role in policy development, communication, and enforcement. Overall, participants took pride in serving as health care leaders for their universities and opening the eyes of colleagues to the breadth of their athletic training skill sets.
Perry Syndrome with a Novel Mutation and a Rare Presentation
Authors: Krishnan Pramod , Sarma Gosala R. K. , Murgod Uday , Srinivas Murali , Roy Ajit K.
Published: June 2022

Objective:

To characterize the first patient of Perry syndrome reported from India.

Methods:

A 62-year-old gentleman presented with acute encephalopathy, hypercapnia, central hypoventilation, and seizures. He required ventilatory support for persistent respiratory failure even after the resolution of the encephalopathy. History revealed symptoms of orthostatic hypotension, episodes of shallow breathing, unsteadiness of gait, anxiety and depression, and significant weight loss for the previous two years. His mother and elder brother had succumbed to a similar illness. Investigations for neuromuscular diseases, including myasthenia and Pompes disease, were negative. Genetic tests for muscular dystrophies and myopathies, investigations for infectious, autoimmune, and para-neoplastic diseases were negative. Neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies were unremarkable. During his hospital stay, he developed rigidity and bradykinesia.

Results:

In view of the prominent respiratory failure, Parkinsonism, unexplained weight loss, and family history, he was tested for Perry syndrome. A heterozygous missense variation in Exon 2 of the DCTN1 gene that results in the substitution of Proline for Alanine at codon 45 (pA45P) was detected. This variant was not detected in his clinically unaffected brother. The clinical presentation and genetic test indicate Perry syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant fatal disease, which has never been reported from India. The patient improved with Levodopa and neurorehabilitation but eventually succumbed to his illness three years later.

Conclusion:

Perry syndrome, though rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with a family history of Parkinsonism and central hypoventilation.
Minimally Invasive Surgery Periodontal Therapy for the Treatment of Intrabony Periodontal Defects
Authors: Thamaraiselvan Murugan , Narayan Siddharth , Soundarajan Subasree
Published: June 2022

Background:

Minimally invasive therapeutic approaches have become the standard of care for many medical procedures. Conventional periodontal surgical therapies involve extensive tissue reflection, resulting in increased morbidity which stands to reason out that Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) approach for periodontal therapy would result in less morbidity and better esthetics for the patient. Thus, the aim of this review is to assess the clinical efficacy of MIS periodontal therapy compared to conventional access flap surgery for the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects.

Materials and Methods:

An electronic and manual search was done to identify and collect studies evaluating MIS periodontal therapy for the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects in terms of periodontal probing depth (PPD) reduction, clinical attachment level (CAL) gain, and gingival recession (REC) with a minimum of 6 month follow-up published in English. Six studies which satisfied the inclusion criteria were included for the review and the data extracted.

Results:

The six included studies contributed to a total of 193 patients who underwent 93 MIS therapies for treating intrabony defects with at least a 6-month follow-up. Clinical evaluation showed a PPD reduction ranging from 3.55 ± 0.88 mm to 5.2 ± 1.6 mm, while CAL gain ranged from 2.82 ± 1.19 mm to 4.5 ± 1.1 mm, while the change in gingival margin level ranged from 0.06 mm to 0.5 mm. Only one study directly compared single flap approach (SFA) (a type of MIS) to double flap approach (papilla preservation flap) which reported PPD reduction and CAL gain to be better in SFA.

Conclusion:

Even though the above evidence compels us to believe that minimally invasive periodontal surgery is less invasive, less time consuming, and less morbid, the lack of enough studies directly comparing MIS with conventional access flap surgeries suggest that these conclusions are arbitrary. Thus, there is currently an absence of adequate evidence to substantiate the beneficial effect of minimally invasive periodontal surgical approach compared to a conventional access flap surgery for the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects.
Assessing the Antimicrobial Properties of Copper-Iodide Doped Adhesives in an In vitro Caries Model
Authors: Mennito Anthony S. , Schmidt Michael , Lane Andrew , Kelly Abigail , Sabatini Camila , Renne Walter , Evans Zachary
Published: June 2022

Context:

Recurrent caries are the leading cause of composite resin failure.

Aims:

The purpose of this pilot study was to test the efficacy of a novel copper iodide (CuI) containing dental adhesive in an in vitro caries model.

Subjects and Methods:

Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus were grown individually on the complex medium for 48 h at 37°C. The pH of the mixed medium was 7.0 initially and tested every 24 h. 40 extracted teeth were prepared with standardized cavity preparations and coated with control or experimental CuI adhesives and imaged using a micro-computed tomography (microCT). Four study groups were evaluated: (1) control (2) 0.5 μg/ml CuI (3) 1.0 μg/ml CuI, 4) 5.0 μg/ml CuI. After incubation, the teeth were re-imaged using the microCT. Utilizing AnalyzePro software the three-dimensional data sets were overlaid and demineralization was measured and statistics were run.

Statistics:

Stratified ANOVA models were run to determine if there were differences between the control and experimental adhesive groups. Similarly, pH and bacterial concentrations were evaluated to ensure the viability of polymicrobial specimen.

Results and Conclusions:

Significant differences were found between the control group and the 1.0 and 5.0 CuI adhesive groups. No differences in pH were noted between the groups. Overlaid changes in demineralization were recorded as volume loss. CuI adhesives with 5 mg/ml or higher have the potential to limit tooth demineralization after bacterial penetration of a dental restoration in an in vitro caries model. Further testing is needed.
Cryptorchidism in Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria
Authors: Agbo Christian A. , Godwin Joseph T. , Muhammad Musa Y.
Published: June 2022

Objective:

To determine the presentation, management, and outcome of cryptorchidism in Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:

This is a retrospective study conducted at Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria. Information of patients who presented with cryptorchidism to the hospital from January 2015 to January 2020 was retrieved from the folders and analysed.

Results:

A total of 37 patients were studied during the study period. Only three (8.1%) presented and had correction before/at the age of two. A majority of patients (91.9%) presented after the age of two; 78% of the testes were palpable. The condition was unilateral in 30 patients (81.1%) and bilateral in seven patients (18.9%). Laparoscopy was used in one (2.7%) patient. A majority (51.4%) of the testes were in the inguinal canal, 29.7% at the external ring, 13.5% at the internal ring, and 5.4% within the abdomen. Orchidopexy was performed for 41 undescended testes and orchidectomy for three atrophic testes. There was a good outcome in 93.2% of the surgical corrections. Scrotal haematoma developed following two orchidopexies and one (2.2%) testis retracted.

Conclusion:

Cryptorchidism is a common anomaly in urology. The correction of cryptorchidism at the appropriate age is indicated to optimise testicular function, potentially reduce and/or facilitate the diagnosis of testicular malignancy, provide cosmetic benefits, and prevent complications such as a clinical hernia or torsion. Education of parents, traditional birth attendants, midwives, and doctors in our environment is required to ensure earlier presentation and treatment.
Preference for Deletion vs. Epenthesis in Japanese Phonological Adaptations
Authors: Shoji Shinichi
Published: June 2022

This study investigated phonological adaptation of non-loan words in Japanese and their preference for either deletion or epenthesis. Earlier studies argue that non-loan Japanese words prefer deletion while loanwords prefer epenthesis. Studies further show that the input medium affects the adaptation; text-input leads to epenthesis while sound-input to deletion. The present study experimented with text-input of non-loan nonce words and investigated how native Japanese speakers adapt their causative, passive, and potential forms. Results showed a strong preference for deletion in causative forms, a relatively weak preference for deletion in potential forms, and no significant preference in passive forms. The outcome indicates that deletion is not present by default, and further investigation is needed to define factors that influence the selection.
The Effectivity of Local Fee Collection: Case Study in Selected Municipalities of the South Bohemian District, Czech Republic
Authors: Bína Filipová Dana , Moravec Lukáš , Kukalová Gabriela , Vaňková Zdeňka
Published: June 2022

Local fees and tax income are one of the income sources of a municipality budget. Their size and collection is regulated by the municipality and a particular state. 12 municipalities of the South Bohemian District were chosen according to their size to find out the efficiency of the collection of the higher mentioned income. Next, a relationship between individual shares and size of selected municipalities in number of inhabitants was calculated based on shares among city fees, tax income and total income. The size of yields in local fees differs and the size of municipality (based on the number of inhabitants) is not the main factor of the difference. Yields of municipalities are also influenced by geographical and economic factors (e.g.: growth of tourism, Český Krumlov). Furthermore, absence of any relationship among local fees, tax income and total income was found within selected municipalities.
Slovak Self-governments` Legislative Aspects of the Possibilities in Dealing with Nuclear and Other Extraordinary Events
Authors: Peráček Tomáš , Srebalová Mária , Filip Stanislav
Published: June 2022

The scientific article focuses primarily on management problems involving municipal self-government in solving the crisis situation of the population in cases not only exceptional nuclear events. It stresses the need to respond flexibly with a legislative solution to the lack of regulation. The main focus of research is to define the legal basis for the protection of the population at national level. It then focuses on proposals for legal solutions that will enable adequate protection of the population of the affected territories in the Slovak Republic. Using selected scientific methods of examination, we critically evaluate the legislative difficulties limiting the preparedness of the management of municipalities to cases of possible exceptional events especially nuclear events. The result and added value of our examination are proposals for more appropriate regulation in terms of protecting the lives, health, property and social security of the affected population.
What Happens When Data Lies? A Case Study of Measuring City Attractiveness in Romania
Authors: Pavelea Alina Maria , Neamțu Bogdana , Hințea Călin Emilian
Published: June 2022

The last decades have seen an increse in the number of studies that investigate the factors that make cities attractive. This was also the initial aim of the present study. However, the initial results were striking. Cities that do not possess the characteristics that are usually attributed to attractive cities were ranked among the most attractive ones in Romania. Thus, it became evident that the first step should be to determine which is the most appropriate measure of attractiveness in the Romanian context. The results show that in Romania the historical and legal context, as well as the current way in which official data are provided affect the reliability of well-known measures of city attractiveness. More specifically, international migrants who regain their citizenship artificially inflate the data regarding population growth and migration for cities in the Easter part of the country. The study provides recommendations for improving the capacity of municipalities to take evidence-based decisions.
The Value of Truth and Citizens’ Panels - from Philosophical Roots to Practical Consequences of the Governance Concept
Authors: Zawadzka-Pak Urszula Kinga
Published: June 2022

In recent years, instruments of governance, including citizens’ panels (citizens’ assemblies) have gained interest all over the world, including Poland. The danger of its application stems from the fact that they assume the desire to allocate more and more political power to partners at the expense of legitimate authorities. Hence, the purpose of this article is to examine the axiological foundations of the instruments of governance, focusing on the value of truth. In the conclusion of the research, it was stated that the implementation of the citizens’ panels in Gdańsk leads to violations of the value of truth, one of the pillars of Latin civilization.
E-administration in Polish and Hungarian Municipalities – a Comparative Analysis of the Regulatory Issues
Authors: Hoffman István , Karpiuk Mirosław
Published: June 2022

E-administration became on important issues of the development of the municipal administrations. In this paper we examined the regulation of Poland and Hungary to examine the challenges of these reforms. The Polish and Hungarian municipalities have been strongly influenced by the digitalisation. In the fields of administrative decisions, decision-making and public service provision new tools and methods have been introduced. We should emphasise, that the centrally operated platforms can be even interpreted as a new, ‘soft’ tool of the centralisation. However, the Polish and Hungarian systems are similar, but there are differences which are related to the different competences and spatial structure of the municipal systems of the two countries.
Legislating Extra-Legal References: Naming the Criteria and Placing the Clauses (Polish and European Perspective)
Authors: Leszczyński Leszek
Published: June 2022

The aim of the study is the analysis of the role of legislating the extra-legal references in the form of general clauses in the statutory legal orders. The main features of legislative policy determine that it is in principle rational activity despite the fact that the objectives of the reference are not fully transparent. Although the clauses refer in a controlled and point-based manner to extra-legal values, in fact they extend the scope of judicial discretion, which allows for a departure in the processes of judicial application of the law from legislative intentions and expectations. Legislators of both in Polish and other European legal orders try to determine the functions of general clauses by giving appropriate names to the criteria of general clauses, by locating clauses in appropriate segments of the legal system and normative act as well as by defining the conditions for the application of clauses in a particular decisional process. The shape of all these activities depends on various factors. The most essential role among them is played however by the type of political system in which the clauses are created and of which properties determine the way of use of the clauses by the courts in processes of application of law.
Introducing innovative cellular therapies into the clinic: a 2-year retrospective experience of a chimeric antigen receptor T-cell programme at a single centre in Switzerland
Authors: Stolz Sebastian , Roncador Marco , Rösler Wiebke , Zenz Thorsten , Manz Markus G. , Müller Antonia M.S. , Widmer Corinne C.
Published: June 2022

AIM OF THE STUDY: Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are a powerful form of immune-cell therapy for patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma and acute B lymphoblastic leukaemia. CAR-T cells have been commercially available in Switzerland since 2018. Because of the complexity and costs of this treatment it is critical to review patient outcomes in real-world settings, to examine whether the promising results from pivotal trials can be reproduced and to identify clinical parameters that determine their efficacy.
METHODS: Here we present results of a retrospective study analysing outcomes of patients treated with CAR-T cells in a single academic centre in Switzerland during the first two years after commercial approval (BASEC-No. 2020-02271). Cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune-cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), responses to treatment, ancillary laboratory studies and administrative specifics of CAR-T treatment were examined and are discussed.
RESULTS: From October 2018 to August 2020 CAR-T cell therapy was evaluated in 34 patients, mostly with relapsed/refractory aggressive B-cell lymphoma (87% had refractory disease). Thirty-one patients underwent leukapheresis. Three of 31 patients (9.6%) died of rapid disease progression before the CAR-T cell product was delivered, two patients were enrolled into a clinical trial, three patients were not given CAR-T cells for other reasons. Ultimately, 23 patients were infused with a commercial CAR-T cell product and included in this analysis. Fourteen (61%) patients received bridging therapy while waiting for a median of 41 days (range 31–62) for delivery of the CAR-T cell product. Toxicity and severe side effects were rare (CRS >3 in 13%, ICANS > grade 3 in 10% of patients), manageable and resolved completely thereafter. The best overall response rate was 65%, with complete responses in 38% of lymphoma patients. At 12 months postinfusion, 61% of patients were alive and 35% progression free. With a median follow-up of 14 months, 13/23 (56%) patients were alive at the time of writing.
CONCLUSION: CAR-T cell therapy proved to be safe and manageable under adequate hospital conditions. Outcomes resemble results from pivotal trials. The majority of patients was heavily pretreated and refractory at the time of CAR-T cell infusion. Patient selection, time point of leukapheresis, bridging strategies and timing of CAR-T cell infusion may be critical to further improve outcomes.
SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in children, parents and school personnel from June 2020 to April 2021: cohort study of 55 schools in Switzerland
Authors: Ulyte Agne , Haile Sarah R. , Blankenberger Jacob , Radtke Thomas , Puhan Milo A. , Kriemler Susi
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND: Few studies have directly examined the incidence or seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in children, parents and teachers from the same school communities. This study aimed to describe SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence within cantonal districts and school communities in children, parents and school personnel in June-September 2020 and March-April 2021 in the canton of Zürich, Switzerland.
METHODS: We invited children from 55 randomly selected primary and secondary schools and 275 classes within them to participate in the Ciao Corona study in June-July 2020. Parents of the participating children and all school personnel were invited in August-September 2020. Eligible classes, parents and school personnel were tested again in March-April 2021. Venous blood was tested for SARS-CoV-2 serology. We collected sociodemographic information of the participants in online questionnaires on enrolment in the study. We excluded vaccinated adults and those with unverified vaccination status from the main analysis. Seroprevalence estimates were adjusted for test accuracy. We assessed the variability of seroprevalence within and across cantonal districts and school communities and compared it with the per capita cumulative incidence of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections.
RESULTS: In June-September 2020, 2,473 children, 1,608 school personnel and 2,045 parents participated in the study. In June-September 2020, seroprevalence was low (4.4% to 5.8%) in all cohorts. In March-April 2021, seroprevalence in children and parents (18.1% and 20.9%) was slightly higher than in school personnel (16.9%). We observed a large variation in seroprevalence estimates of the three cohorts within and between districts and school communities, with the median ratio of children’s seroprevalence to per capita confirmed cases in district inhabitants of 3.1 (interquartile range 2.6 to 3.9). Seroprevalence was lower in children in the upper school level and their parents, but not teachers. Children’s seroprevalence was slightly higher in classes with infected main teachers and families with one infected parent and substantially higher in families with two infected parents.
CONCLUSIONS: We observed similar seroprevalence in children and parents, somewhat lower in school personnel in March-April 2021 and striking variation between districts and school communities. Children’s seroprevalence was higher in classes with infected main teachers and from families with infected parents.
Identity in the 21st Century Nigerian Fiction: A Case Study of Blackass by Igoni A. Barrett
Authors: Ossai Ogochukwu
Published: June 2022

This paper attempts to examine the allegorical narrative strategies and politics of identity—race, and gender, using postcolonial and racial frameworks. The novel, Blackass written by a Nigerian writer is a 21st century fierce comic satirical adaptation of Metamorphosis, a novella by Franz Kafka. The intricacies and culture within a society and ethnicity in a nation such as patriarchy are explored through the language, characters, and development of the plot in Nigerian literature. For this essay, I enter into the discourse of race by analyzing the social and cultural phenomena that occur throughout the structure of the fictional work.
IOT BASED MOVABLE DIVIDER AND TRAFFIC
SIGNAL VIOLATION DETECTION
Authors: Arihant.M.Rode  , Leena Patil  , Rutuja.S.Shende  , Suramya.B.Deshpande  , Vaishnavi.S.Kurode
Published: June 2022

As you know Population of India is increasing day by day, so does the users using vehicles and because
of which number of vehicles are growing, but there is no increase in lane area of road, because of which a huge
problem arises that is Road Traffic Congestion. For this problem, we have come up with a solution. We will
increase the lane area of one side of the road and this will be done with the help of a divider which is nothing but a
moving road divider. It will increase lane area of the congested side of the road. Like in morning time everyone
has to leave for their jobs and at this time a part of the road is much in use and other is almost empty, so to give
more space to vehicles going for job, road divider can be moved to the almost empty side of road and similarly this
same thing can be applied at evening time but in exactly opposite way. To detect this, we are using various sensers
and a technology called Internet of Things (IOT). Not only this but we will also be detecting Traffic Signal
Violation, to detect this, we will embed the signals with RFID readers and vehicles with tags. All this includes
some hardware like Arduino UNO, IR sensers, RFID, Ultrasonic senser, DC motor.
Lane Detection on Roads using Computer Vision
Authors: K.VenuGopal  , Ch.Rohith  , D. Siddhartha  , ShubhangiMahule
Published: June 2022

Lane Detection Systems which functions with the purpose to fete the lane borders
on road and farther prompts the motorist if he changes and moves to wrong lane markings.
Lane detecting system is an essential element of numerous technologically intelligent
transport systems. Although it’s a complicate thing to reach because of scrupling road
conditions that a person encounters especially while driving at night or indeed in daylight.
Lane boundaries are detected using a camera that captures the view of the road, mounted on
the front of the vehicle. Given a picture captured from a camera hooked up to a vehicle
moving on a road during which captured road could or might not be leveled, or have easily
described edges, or some former conceded patterns thereon, also road discovery from an
image will be applied to hunt out the road in a picture so it might used as a place in
robotization of driving system within the vehicles for moving the vehicle in precise road. In
this system of chancing the road within the image prisoner by the vehicle, we're suitable to
use some algorithms for vanish point discovery, exploitation Hough Transformation Space,
chancing the region of interest, edge discovery exploitation canny edge discovery for road
discovery. We've a tendency to use thousands of filmland of colorful roads to trainer our
model so the model might notice the road as a result within the new image reused through
the vehicle.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE AUTHORITIES IN 1991–1994: FROM THE PUTSCH TO THE NEW CONSTITUTION (based on the materials of the Nizhny Novgorod region)
Authors: Halin Alexey A. , Akimova Ekaterina A. , Loseva Alexandra S.
Published: June 2022

The relevance of the article is that it highlights the previously unexplored process of the formation of new authorities in modern Russia in the period before the adoption of the new constitution of the country. The well-established opinion that the construction of a new system of public administration began on the basis of a new Constitution has not been substantiated by historical research. This article is intended to fill this gap.

The material was prepared on the basis of the study of scientific literature and archival materials. The research is based on the documents of the archival funds of the Central Archive of the Nizhny Novgorod region. At the same time, a concrete historical method, methods of comparative analysis, using external and internal criticism of documents are used.

The article reveals the transformation of the authorities in the Nizhny Novgorod region in 1991-1994. After the failure of the August putsch and the Decree of Boris Yeltsin “On some issues of the activities of executive authorities in the RSFSR” dated August 22, 1991, the activities of the CPSU were suspended and the dismantling of the communist leadership began – including in the Nizhny Novgorod region. On August 25, E.V. Krestyaninov was elected to the post of chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Council of People’s Deputies. On August 27, Boris Nemtsov was appointed the representative of the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin in the region. On November 30, 1991 it was approved by the head of the administration of the Nizhny Novgorod region.

The Regional Council of People’s Deputies conducted preparatory organizational work on the formation of a full-fledged regional parliament – the Legislative Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The main part of this work was carried out in the Small Council formed after the events of 1991.

The events of October 1993 led to the radical restructuring of the system of public administration and local self-government. On October 21, 1993, the Regional Council approved the “Basic Principles” of the Regulations on the Legislative Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod Region”. Early elections of deputies were held on March 27, 1994 and on their outcome, the council of the first convocation of the Legislative Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod Region was formed. This is how the long-term work of the Regional Council of People’s Deputies ended and the history of the new regional parliament – the Legislative Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod region – opened.

The article substantiates the opinion that the formation of new state authorities began on the basis of presidential decrees, even before the adoption of the Constitution of 1993. It has important practical and theoretical significance for understanding the political history of modern Russia.
Hematological Status in Septic or Non Septic Dogs due to Parvoviral Enteritis
Authors: GÜLERSOY Erdem , NASERİ Amir
Published: June 2022

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality for dogs younger than 1 year-old. Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) is a predisposing factor for the development of sepsis. The inflammatory response to the disease may have predictive value for the alterations in the presence of sepsis. Therefore, the diagnostic approach to a septic dog with CPE should include clinical examinations followed by routine laboratory examinations such as hemogram. In this study, a total of 61 dogs, aged 4-6 months, 7 healthy (Control Group) and 54 diseased dogs with clinical signs of CPE such as anorexia, vomiting and hemorrhagic enteritis (CPE Group) were used. CPE group was divided into Septic CPE (n: 25) and Non Septic CPE (n: 29) subgroups in accordance with 2001 systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criterias. Clinical examinations and hemogram analysis from venous blood samples were performed. When compared to the Control group, the respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR) and body temperature of the dogs in the CPE group were higher (p
MİLLİ HAVACILIĞI KURMA YOLUNDA BERLİN BÜYÜKELÇİSİ KEMALETTİN SAMİ PAŞA’NIN GİRİŞİMLERİ: JUNKERS TAYYARE FABRİKASI ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: Bolat Mahmut , Öztürk Yasin
Published: June 2022

Türkiye’de cumhuriyetin ilanı sonrası kalkınma hamlelerinden birisi de hava harp sanayii alanında gerçekleştirilmeye çalışılmış ve Millî Hava Harp Sanayii kurmak hedeflenmiştir. O dönemde Türkiye’nin mevcut teknolojik ve ekonomik durumu böyle bir sanayii oluşturmaya yeterli olmadığından bu eksiklik bu noktada ileri ülkelerle iş birliği ile giderilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Bu konuda tercih edilen ülke de Almanya olmuştur. Almanya ile I. Dünya Savaşı sonrası kesilen ilişkiler Cumhuriyet döneminde tekrar resmi olarak kurulmuş ve Almanya’nın hava harp sanayisindeki tecrübesinden faydalanma yoluna gidilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda Almanya’ya gönderilen heyet dönemin Berlin Büyükelçisi Kemalettin Sami (Gökçen) Paşa’nın girişimleri ile 1925’te Almanya’nın Junkers Uçak Fabrikası ile anlaşma sağlamış ve Junkers ile kurulan ortaklık neticesinde Türkiye’de “Tayyare ve Motor Türk Anonim Şirketi (TOMTAŞ)” kurulmuş ve bu şirket üzerinden 1926’da Kayseri Uçak Fabrikası oluşturulmuştur. Fakat Junkers firmasının bu dönemde Rusya’da yaptığı yatırımlar sonucu girdiği ekonomik dar boğaz, uçak fabrikasının faaliyetlerine engel olmuş ve bundan doğan anlaşmazlıklar sonucu da fabrika 1928 yılında kapatılmıştır.
Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de millî bir hava harp sanayii oluşturma çabaları, bu doğrultuda Alman Junkers firması ile yapılan ortaklık ve bu ortak girişimin gerçekleştirdiği faaliyetler ve sonuçları; nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi metodu ile konu ile ilgili arşiv belgeleri ile telif ve tetkik eserler kullanılarak kaleme alınmıştır.
Normative Data for the Singapore English and Chinese SF-36 Version 2 Health Survey
Authors: Sow Wei Ting , Wee Hwee Lin , Wu Yi , Tai E-Shyong , Gandek Barbara , Lee Jeannette , Ma Stefan , Heng Derrick , Thumboo Julian
Published: June 2022

Introduction: The aim of this study is to report normative data for the Short-Form 36 version 2 (SF-36v2) for assessing health-related quality of life, in the Singapore general population. Materials and Methods: Data for English and Chinese-speaking participants of the Singapore Prospective Study Programme were analysed. The SF-36v2 scores were norm-based with the English-speaking Singapore general population as reference and reported by age (in decades), gender and ethnicity as well as for the 5 most prevalent chronic medical conditions. Scores were reported separately for the English and Chinese language versions. Results: A total of 6151 English-speaking (61.5% Chinese and 19.2% Malay) and 1194 Chinese-speaking participants provided complete data. Mean (SD) age of all participants was 49.6 (12.58) years with 52.4% being women. In both languages, women reported lower scores than men on all scales. Among the chronic medical conditions, stroke had the largest impact on all English SF-36v2 scales and on 3 Chinese SF-36v2 scales (role-physical, general health and social functioning). Conclusion: We have provided detailed normative data for the Singapore English and Chinese SF-36v2, which would be valuable in furthering HRQoL research in Singapore and possibly the region.

Key words: Health-related quality of life, Health status, Mental well-being, Social well-being