bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An improved method for evaluating ecological suitability of hydropower development by considering water footprint and transportation connectivity in Tibet, China
Authors: Cui Guannan , Wang Xuan , Xu Linyu , Zhang Jin , Yu Bing
Published: September 2014

Ecological suitability evaluation for hydropower development is effective in locating the most suitable area for construction and emphasizes a clear direction for water resources governance. In this paper, water footprints and transportation connectivity were introduced to improve the existing ecological suitability evaluation application for hydropower development by revising the defects of the traditional indicator system. The following conclusions were reached. (1) Tibet was in a state of water use surplus; the prospect of further hydropower development is positive. (2) Chamdo, Lhasa and Nyingchi excelled in water use efficiency, and Ali was placed last. Nakchu was slightly superior to Ali, but it lagged behind the southern regions. Lhasa, Chamdo, Nyingchi, Xigaze and Shannan were suitable for hydropower development, which could further meet local needs and benefit other regions of China. (3) The evaluation results were in accordance with the actual eco-environmental conditions of the built hydropower projects, indicating that current hydropower development planning was basically reasonable.
Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria facilitate aerobic degradation of sulfanilic acid in activated sludge
Authors: Chen Gang , Ginige Maneesha P. , Kaksonen Anna H. , Cheng Ka Yu
Published: September 2014

Sulfanilic acid (SA) is a toxic sulfonated aromatic amine commonly found in anaerobically treated azo dye contaminated effluents. Aerobic acclimatization of SA-degrading mixed microbial culture could lead to co-enrichment of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) because of the concomitant release of ammonium from SA oxidation. To what extent the co-enriched AOB would affect SA oxidation at various ammonium concentrations was unclear. Here, a series of batch kinetic experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of AOB on aerobic SA degradation in an acclimatized activated sludge culture capable of oxidizing SA and ammonium simultaneously. To account for the effect of AOB on SA degradation, allylthiourea was used to inhibit AOB activity in the culture. The results indicated that specific SA degradation rate of the mixed culture was negatively correlated with the initial ammonium concentration (0–93 mM, R2 = 0.99). The presence of AOB accelerated SA degradation by reducing the inhibitory effect of ammonium (≥10 mM). The Haldane substrate inhibition model was used to correlate substrate concentration (SA and ammonium) and oxygen uptake rate. This study revealed, for the first time, that AOB could facilitate SA degradation at high concentration of ammonium (≥10 mM) in an enriched activated sludge culture.
Virus elimination in activated sludge systems: from batch tests to mathematical modeling
Authors: Haun Emma , Ulbricht Katharina , Nogueira Regina , Rosenwinkel Karl-Heinz
Published: September 2014

A virus tool based on Activated Sludge Model No. 3 for modeling virus elimination in activated sludge systems was developed and calibrated with the results from laboratory-scale batch tests and from measurements in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The somatic coliphages were used as an indicator for human pathogenic enteric viruses. The extended model was used to simulate the virus concentration in batch tests and in a municipal full-scale WWTP under steady-state and dynamic conditions. The experimental and modeling results suggest that both adsorption and inactivation processes, modeled as reversible first-order reactions, contribute to virus elimination in activated sludge systems. The model should be a useful tool to estimate the number of viruses entering water bodies from the discharge of treated effluents.
Toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans in a fatal human case and her feline contacts, France, March 2014
Authors: Vandentorren S , Guiso N , Badell E , Boisrenoult P , Micaelo M , Troché G , Lecouls P , Moquet M J , Patey O , Belchior E
Published: September 2014

In March 2014, a person in their eighties who was diagnosed with extensive cellulitis due to toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans died from multiple organ failure. Environmental investigation also isolated C. ulcerans in biological samples from two stray cats in contact with the case. This finding provides further evidence that pets can carry toxigenic C. ulcerans and may be a source of the infection in humans.
Emergence of enterovirus 71 C4a in Denmark, 2009 to 2013
Authors: Fischer T K , Nielsen A Y , Sydenham T V , Andersen P H , Andersen B , Midgley S  E
Published: September 2014

Enterovirus (EV) 71 has emerged as a primary cause of severe neurologic enterovirus infection in the aftermath of the global polio eradication effort. Eleven subgenotypes of EV71 exist, the C4 subgenotype being associated with large outbreaks in Asia with high mortality rates. This subgenotype has rarely been reported in Europe. In the period between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2013 a total of 1,447 EV positive samples from 1,143 individuals were sent to the Statens Serum Institute (SSI), and 938 samples from 913 patients were genotyped at the Danish National World Health Organization Reference laboratory for Poliovirus at SSI. Echovirus 6 (E06) (n=141 patients), echovirus 30 (E30) (n=114), coxsackievirus A6 (CA06) (n=96) and EV71 (n=63) were the most prevalent genotypes. We observed a shift in circulating EV71 subgenotypes during the study period, with subgenotype C4 dominating in 2012. A total of 34 EV71 patients were found to be infected with strains of the C4 subgenotype, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that they belonged to the C4a lineage. In our study, the proportions of cases with cerebral and/or sepsis-like symptoms were similar in those affected by C4a (19/34) and those with C1 and C2 (15/35). The majority (n=30) of the 34 EV71 C4 cases were children ≤5 years of age, and males (n=22) were over-represented. Continued EV surveillance is required to monitor the spread of EV71 C4 in Denmark and the rest of Europe.
‘The Perfect Hostess’: Mrs. Dalloway, Gift Exchange, and the End of Laissez-Faire
Authors: Colesworthy Rebecca
Published: September 2014

This paper intervenes in the longstanding debate over modernism's relationship to the market by taking the publication of Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway and Marcel Mauss's landmark essay, The Gift, in 1925 as a prompt to remap the historical and conceptual intersections between Anglo-American modernist literature, economic discourse, and twentieth-century theories of gift exchange. Drawing a crucial distinction between a modernist fascination with the gift and a modernist fascination with the primitive, I argue that Mauss uniquely conceived what John Maynard Keynes called the “end of laissez-faire” in terms of a shift in our collective thinking about gifts and exchanges. Via her sympathetic and critical characterization of Clarissa Dalloway, Woolf then figures this shift in terms of the emergence of a feminine ethos of hospitality. In furthermore establishing literature's centrality to fostering this ethos, she also anticipates, while historicizing and gendering, the structuralism of Lévi-Strauss, one of Mauss's primary heirs.
Rebecca West and the Origins of A Room of One's Own
Authors: Mao Douglas
Published: September 2014

This essay argues that Virginia Woolf's treatment of the wellsprings of valid art in A Room of One's Own (1929) is significantly indebted to Rebecca West's exploration of similar questions in “The Strange Necessity” (1928). Noting substantial evidence that Woolf was familiar with West's text by the time she wrote Room, the essay observes that both authors argue for the power of material conditions in art-making even as they work to deflect charges of succumbing to a reductive or soul-deadening materialism. In mounting this proactive defense, West relies in part upon a peripatetic narrator whose reflections on art are interwoven with savorings of quotidian experience; Woolf adapts this device to the distinct but cognate purposes of Room.
Taxi! The Modern Taxicab as Feminist Heterotopia
Authors: Fernald Anne E.
Published: September 2014

The taxicab operated as a crucial transitional mode of transport for bourgeois women, allowing them maximum power as spectators when it was still brave for a woman to be a pedestrian. The writings of Virginia Woolf, which so often depict bourgeois women coping with modernity, form the chief context in which to explore the role of the taxicab in liberating the modern woman. The taxi itself, clumsy and ungendered, encases a woman's body and protects her from the male gaze. At the same time, a woman in a taxi can look out upon the street or freely ignore it. As such, the taxi is a type of heterotopia: a real place but one which functions outside of and in a critical relation to, the norms of the rest of the community.
Wyndham Lewis and the Parables of Expressionist Architecture
Authors: Armond Kate
Published: September 2014

This article examines Wyndham Lewis’ The Caliph's Design alongside German Expressionist architectural design during the years 1918–1920, suggesting Bruno Taut for the role of Lewis’ sought-after ‘single architect with brains’. By analysing the intellectual and ideological context of an architectural project with similar concerns and prejudices it is possible to see Lewis’ post-war pamphlet as an exceptional phase in his writing, in which he teeters on the brink of approving political engagement for the arts and echoes some of the ideas promoted by Germany's Activist programme. These images of revolutionary utopian architecture can then be traced to Lewis’ construction of the Magnetic City in The Human Age.
Reinforcement in inflection classes: Two cues may be better than one
Authors: Enger Hans-Olav
Published: September 2014

The paper presents examples of inflection class reinforcement, where an inflection class becomes more different from its neighbours than it was. This is a manifestation of a diachronic tendency for more overt marking, similar to Kuryłowicz’ first law for analogy. It is also a manifestation of redundancy, which is characteristic of inflection. If inflection classes do not serve any purpose (as claimed by, for example, Wurzel 1986 ), it would seem strange that they should be strengthened. So, classes are not mere junk; reinforcement of class distinctions (polarisation) testifies to the autonomy of morphology (cf., for example, Aronoff 1994 , Carstairs-McCarthy 2010 , Maiden 2011 ).

A change in Swedish conjugation is argued to be reinforcement. We consider a case where declension wins over gender in Norwegian, the opposite of what has been claimed to be the norm for that language. That case is also reinforcement. I suggest that reinforcement may be thought of as a kind of simplification. That also fits with the geographical distribution of a specific change. The paper also presents some evidence that a fairly ‘concrete’ definition of inflection classes can sometimes be useful.

Inflection classes often latch on to extra-morphological properties in the cases examined, as claimed by Natural Morphology ( Wurzel 1984 ). Yet it is problematic for Wurzel that inflection classes (mere ‘ballast’, in his view, Wurzel 1986 : 76) should be strengthened. The finding is, however, expected if ‘[…] autonomously morphological structure […] can be a dynamic, self-reinforcing factor in morphological change’ ( Maiden 2005 : 168).
Identical constituent compounds in German
Authors: Finkbeiner Rita
Published: September 2014

The status of identical constituent compounds (ICCs) (e.g. Künstler-Künstler, ‘artist-artist’) is discussed controversially in the morphological literature on German. In this paper, it is claimed that ICC formation is a productive word formation pattern in German. In the first part of the paper, I investigate the formal, semantic and pragmatic properties of ICCs in German. Based on this description, I discuss in more detail two conflicting claims about their meaning constitution: the ‘prototype reading claim’ and the ‘context-dependency claim’. I argue that ICCs do not behave differently, in principle, from canonical N+N compounds with respect to context-dependency. Based on a discussion of selected theoretical models of nominal compounds, an approach is sketched that takes into account not only semantic and contextual, but also stored conceptual and experiential knowledge as main sources of knowledge in ICC interpretation. In the second part of the paper, the results of a pilot experimental study are presented in which 40 native speakers were asked to paraphrase a set of context-free German ICCs. The findings clearly indicate that ICCs are systematically interpretable in isolation, with a significant preference for ‘prototype’ (e.g. Winter-Winter: ‘very cold winter’) and ‘real’ readings (e.g. Holz-Holz: ‘real wood, not artificial wood’).
On a multifunctional derivational affix: Its use in relational adjectives or nominal modification and phrasal affixation in Hungarian
Authors: Kenesei István
Published: September 2014

The -i derivative affix is an old conundrum in the grammar of Hungarian. It is regularly classified as a fully productive affix deriving adjectives from nouns of various semantic properties including geographical and proper names. It is usually also claimed that it can occur on postpositions and some adverbials, but since these are closed classes the use of the affix in these cases is not productive. We challenge the accepted wisdom and argue that the affix is productive across the board and the meanings its derivatives represent are highly predictable. Canonical adjectives have a number of characteristics that these derivative adjectives do not, which suggests that the latter are an alternative to modification by noun, rather than adjectives proper. On the other hand, i-affixation can take referential noun phrases as its base, a phenomenon found in other morphological processes in this language, as well as in other languages. Referential adjectives based on inherently referential expressions, proper names in particular, can carry over the referential function in a conceptual-semantic, though not in a syntactic sense. I-modifiers work much the same way in Hungarian, but there are also differences, as shown in relation to result nominals as well as complex event nominals.
Biopharmaceutical Process Optimization with Simulation and Scheduling Tools
Authors: Petrides Demetri , Carmichael Doug , Siletti Charles , Koulouris Alexandros
Published: September 2014

Design and assessment activities associated with a biopharmaceutical process are performed at different levels of detail, based on the stage of development that the product is in. Preliminary “back-of-the envelope” assessments are performed early in the development lifecycle, whereas detailed design and evaluation are performed prior to the construction of a new facility. Both the preliminary and detailed design of integrated biopharmaceutical processes can be greatly assisted by the use of process simulators, discrete event simulators or finite capacity scheduling tools. This report describes the use of such tools for bioprocess development, design, and manufacturing. The report is divided into three sections. Section One provides introductory information and explains the purpose of bioprocess simulation. Section Two focuses on the detailed modeling of a single batch bioprocess that represents the manufacturing of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody (MAb). This type of analysis is typically performed by engineers engaged in the development and optimization of such processes. Section Three focuses on production planning and scheduling models for multiproduct plants.
Basic Research in Human–Computer–Biosphere Interaction
Authors: Kobayashi Hill , Matsushima Jun
Published: September 2014

In this study, we present a vision of how a human–computer–biosphere interaction (HCBI) can facilitate a sustainable society. HCBI extends and transforms the subject of human–computer interaction from countable people, objects, pets, and plants into an auditory biosphere that is an uncountable, a complex, and a non-linguistic soundscape. As an example, utilizing HCBI to experience forest soundscapes can help us feel one with nature, without physically being present in nature. The goal of HCBI is to achieve ecological interactions between humans and nature through computer systems without causing environmental destruction. To accomplish this, information connectivity must be created despite the physical separation between humans and the environment. This combination should also ensure ecological neutrality. In this paper, we present an overview of an HCBI concept, related work, methodologies, and developed interfaces. We used pre-recorded animal calls to enable a bio-acoustical feedback from the target wildlife. In this study, we primarily focus on the design and evaluation of a bio-acoustic interaction system utilizing tracking collars, microphones, speakers, infrared cameras, infrared heat sensors, micro-climate sensors, radio-tracking devices, GPS devices, radio clocks, embedded Linux boards, high-capacity batteries, and high-speed wireless communication devices. Our experiments successfully demonstrated bio-acoustic interactions between wildlife—more specifically, an endangered species of a wild cat—and human beings via a computer system, thus validating the HCBI concept.
MyChEMBL: A Virtual Platform for Distributing Cheminformatics Tools and Open Data
Authors: Davies Mark , Nowotka Michał , Papadatos George , Atkinson Francis , Van Westen Gerard , Dedman Nathan , Ochoa Rodrigo , Overington John
Published: September 2014

MyChEMBL is an open virtual platform which provides a free, secure, standardised and easy to use chemoinformatics environment for bioactivity data mining, machine learning, application development, learning and teaching. The main technical features of myChEMBL along with its applications and future plans are discussed here.
The End of Cheap Oil: Economic, Social, and Political Change in the US and Former Soviet Union
Authors: Kaufmann Robert
Published: September 2014

I use the quality and quantity of energy flows to interpret economic, social, and political changes in the US and Former Soviet Union. The economic successes of both the former Soviet Union (FSU) and the US reflect an abundant supply of high quality energy. This abundance ended in the 1970s in the US and the 1980s in the Former Soviet Union. In the US, the end of cheap oil caused labor productivity to stagnate, which stopped on-going growth in wages and family incomes. To preserve the American Dream, which holds that each generation will be better off than the one that preceded it, women entered the workforce, income was transferred from saving to consumption, the US economy changed from a net creditor to a net debtor, and debt held by families and the Federal government increased. Despite efforts to hide the income effects, the end of cheap oil also is responsible for increasing income inequality. In the FSU, the end of abundant energy supplies meant that allocating the energy surplus among the domestic economy, subsidized exports to Eastern Europe, and hard currency sales to the West became a zero sum game. This contributed to the collapse of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) alliance and the FSU. If the US is able to extricate itself from personal and governmental debt, solving the social and political concerns about inequality is the next formidable challenge posed by the end of cheap oil.
Non-Destructive Analysis of Degradation Mechanisms in Cycle-Aged Graphite/LiCoO2 Batteries
Authors: Zhang Liqiang , Wang Lixin , Lyu Chao , Li Junfu , Zheng Jun
Published: September 2014

Non-destructive analysis of degradation mechanisms can be very beneficial for the prognostics and health management (PHM) study of lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, a type of graphite/LiCoO2 battery was cycle aged at high ambient temperature, then 25 parameters of the multi-physics model were identified. Nine key parameters degraded with the cycle life, and they were treated as indicators of battery degradation. Accordingly, the degradation mechanism was discussed by using the multi-physics model and key parameters, and the reasons for capacity fade and the internal resistance increase were analyzed in detail. All evidence indicates that the formation reaction of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film is the main cause of battery degradation at high ambient temperature.
Right or Left: The Role of Nanoparticles in Pulmonary Diseases
Authors: Lu Xuefei , Zhu Tao , Chen Chunying , Liu Ying
Published: September 2014

Due to the rapid development of the nanotechnology industry in the last decade, nanoparticles (NPs) are omnipresent in our everyday life today. Many nanomaterials have been engineered for medical purposes. These purposes include therapy for pulmonary diseases. On other hand, people are endeavoring to develop nanomaterials for improvement or replacement of traditional therapies. On the other hand, nanoparticles, as foreign material in human bodies, are reported to have potential adverse effects on the lung, including oxidase stress, inflammation, fibrosis and genotoxicity. Further, these damages could induce pulmonary diseases and even injuries in other tissues. It seems that nanoparticles may exert two-sided effects. Toxic effects of nanomaterials should be considered when their use is developed for therapies. Hence this review will attempt to summarize the two-side roles of nanoparticles in both therapies for pulmonary diseases and initiation of lung diseases and even secondary diseases caused by lung injuries. Determinants of these effects such as physicochemical properties of nanoparticles will also be discussed.
Five New Iridoids from Roots of Salvia digitaloides
Authors: Wu Shwu-Jen , Chan Yu-Yi
Published: September 2014

Five new iridoids, salvialosides A–E (compounds 1–5), together with fifty known compounds were isolated from the roots of Salvia digitaloides. The structures of the new compounds were completely elucidated using a combination of 2D NMR techniques (COSY, NOESY, HMQC and HMBC) and HR-ESI-MS analyses. The known compounds were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic and physical data with those reported in the literature.
Design and Synthesis of Thiazolo[5,4-f]quinazolines as DYRK1A Inhibitors, Part I
Authors: Foucourt Alicia , Hédou Damien , Dubouilh-Benard Carole , Désiré Laurent , Casagrande Anne-Sophie , Leblond Bertrand , Loäec Nadège , Meijer Laurent , Besson Thierry
Published: September 2014

The convenient synthesis of a library of novel 6,6,5-tricyclic thiazolo[5,4-f] quinazolines (forty molecules) was achieved mainly under microwave irradiation. Dimroth rearrangement and 4,5-dichloro-1,2,3,-dithiazolium chloride (Appel salt) chemistry were associated for the synthesis of a novel 6-aminobenzo[d]thiazole-2,7-dicarbonitrile (16) a versatile molecular platform for the synthesis of various bioactive derivatives. Kinase inhibition of the final compounds was evaluated on a panel of four Ser/Thr kinases (DYRK1A, CDK5, CK1 and GSK3) chosen for their strong implications in various regulation processes, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In view of the results of this preliminary screening, thiazolo[5,4-f]quinazoline scaffolds constitutes a promising source of inspiration for the synthesis of novel bioactive molecules. Among the compounds of this novel chemolibrary, 7i, 8i and 9i inhibited DYRK1A with IC50 values ranging in the double-digit nanomolar range (40, 47 and 50 nM, respectively).
Anti-Fibrosis Effect of Scutellarin via Inhibition of Endothelial–Mesenchymal Transition on Isoprenaline-Induced Myocardial Fibrosis in Rats
Authors: Zhou Hao , Chen Xiao , Chen Lingzhi , Zhou Xi , Zheng Gaoshu , Zhang Huaiqin , Huang Weijian , Cai Jiejie
Published: September 2014

Scutellarin (SCU) is the major active component of breviscapine and has been reported to be capable of decreasing myocardial fibrosis. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether SCU treatment attenuates isoprenaline-induced myocardial fibrosis and the mechanisms of its action. Rats were injected subcutaneously with isoprenaline (Iso) to induce myocardial fibrosis and rats in the SCU treatment groups were intraperitoneally infused with SCU (10 mg·kg−1·d−1 or 20 mg·kg−1·d−1, for 14 days). Post-treatment, cardiac functional measurements and the left and right ventricular weight indices (LVWI and RVWI, respectively) were analysed. Pathological alteration, expression of type I and III collagen, Von Willebrand factor, α-smooth muscle actin, cluster of differentiation-31 (CD31), and the Notch signalling proteins (Notch1, Jagged1 and Hes1) were examined. The administration of SCU resulted in a significant improvement in cardiac function and decrease in the cardiac weight indices; reduced fibrous tissue proliferation; reduced levels of type I and III collagen; increased microvascular density; and decreased expression of α-smooth muscle actin and increased expression of CD31, Notch1, Jagged1 and Hes1 in isoprenaline-induced myocardial fibrosis in rats. Our results suggest that SCU prevents isoprenaline-induced myocardial fibrosis via inhibition of cardiac endothelial-mesenchymal transition potentially, which may be associated with the Notch pathway.
Eckol Enhances Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression through Activation of Nrf2/JNK Pathway in HepG2 Cells
Authors: Jun Young-Jin , Lee Minsup , Shin Taisun , Yoon Nayoung , Kim Ji-Hoe , Kim Hyeung-Rak
Published: September 2014

Eckol isolated from Ecklonia stolonifera was previously reported to exhibit cytoprotective activity with its intrinsic antioxidant activity in in vitro studies. In this study, we characterized the mechanism underlying the eckol-mediated the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Eckol suppressed the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and increased glutathione level in HepG2 cells. Eckol treatment enhanced the expression of HO-1 at the both level of protein and mRNA in HepG2 cells. Enhanced expression of HO-1 by eckol was presumed to be the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) demonstrated by its nuclear translocation and increased transcriptional activity. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs) and PI3K/Akt contributed to Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression. These results demonstrate that the eckol-mediated expression of HO-1 in HepG2 cells is regulated by Nrf2 activation via JNK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, suggesting that eckol may be used as a natural antioxidant and cytoprotective agent.
Special Issue: Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Castellano Ronald
Published: September 2014

Intramolecular hydrogen bonds play critical structure- and function-serving roles in biological and synthetic molecular systems. This special issue, through eight contributions, showcases the prominence of these non-covalent interactions within several scientific disciplines, and in various structural contexts and environments. Reported, for example, are the consequences of intramolecular hydrogen bonds on the structures of molecules that show biological activity, for biological mechanisms, and for the conformational switching of functional synthetic molecules. Also showcased in the contributions are the state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical methods available for the characterization of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, which critically report on their strengths, geometries, and spectroscopic signatures in the gas, solid, and solution phases.
The Integrated Use of DMSP-OLS Nighttime Light and MODIS Data for Monitoring Large-Scale Impervious Surface Dynamics: A Case Study in the Yangtze River Delta
Authors: Shao Zhenfeng , Liu Chong
Published: September 2014

The timely and reliable estimation of imperviousness is essential for the scientific understanding of human-Earth interactions. Due to the unique capacity of capturing artificial light luminosity and long-term data records, the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)’s Operational Line-scan System (OLS) nighttime light (NTL) imagery offers an appealing opportunity for continuously characterizing impervious surface area (ISA) at regional and continental scales. Although different levels of success have been achieved, critical challenges still remain in the literature. ISA results generated by DMSP-OLS NTL alone suffer from limitations due to systemic defects of the sensor. Moreover, the majority of developed methodologies seldom consider spatial heterogeneity, which is a key issue in coarse imagery applications. In this study, we proposed a novel method for multi-temporal ISA estimation. This method is based on a linear regression model developed between the sub-pixel ISA fraction and a multi-source index with the integrated use of DMSP-OLS NTL and MODIS NDVI. In contrast with traditional regression analysis, we incorporated spatial information to the regression model for obtaining spatially adaptive coefficients at the per-pixel level. To produce multi-temporal ISA maps using a mono-temporal reference dataset, temporally stable samples were extracted for model training and validation. We tested the proposed method in the Yangtze River Delta and generated annual ISA fraction maps for the decade 2000–2009. According to our assessments, the proposed method exhibited substantial improvements compared with the standard linear regression model and provided a feasible way to monitor large-scale impervious surface dynamics.
Parallel Fixed Point Implementation of a Radial Basis Function Network in an FPGA
Authors: De Souza Alisson , Fernandes Marcelo
Published: September 2014

This paper proposes a parallel fixed point radial basis function (RBF) artificial neural network (ANN), implemented in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) trained online with a least mean square (LMS) algorithm. The processing time and occupied area were analyzed for various fixed point formats. The problems of precision of the ANN response for nonlinear classification using the XOR gate and interpolation using the sine function were also analyzed in a hardware implementation. The entire project was developed using the System Generator platform (Xilinx), with a Virtex-6 xc6vcx240t-1ff1156 as the target FPGA.
Two-Photon Luminescence and Second Harmonic Generation from Gold Micro-Plates
Authors: Wang Xu , Shi Hao , Wang Naiyin , Cheng Lianghui , Gao Ying , Huang Lu , Jiang Yuqiang
Published: September 2014

Micron-sized gold plates were prepared by reducing chloroauric acid with lemongrass extract. Their two-photon luminescence (TPL) and second harmonic generation (SHG) were investigated. The results show that the TPL and SHG intensity of gold plates is dependent on the wavelength and polarization of excitation laser. The TPL intensity of gold plates decreases with the increase of the excitation wavelength except for a small peak around 820–840 nm, while SHG intensity increases with the excitation wavelength redshift. In addition, it is found that the TPL intensity of the gold plate’s edge is related with the angle between the edge orientation and the polarization direction of the excitation light. The TPL intensity increases with the angle increase from 0° to 90°.
Preliminary Calculation of the EROI for the Production of Gas in Russia
Authors: Nogovitsyn Roman , Sokolov Anton
Published: September 2014

Russia is one of the world’s largest producers of energy resources. Production of energy resources in Russia is profitable, both economically and in terms of the energy produced (as measured by EROI). At the present time, Russian oil and gas companies have a policy of energy saving, and data on energy consumption is given in annual reports. Based on these data, we can make the EROI calculation. In 2013, the EROI for the production, transportation and processing of gas for Open joint stock company (OJSC) “Gazprom” was 79:1; for OJSC “NOVATEK”, 76:1; for OJSC “Yakutsk Fuel and Energy Company (YATEC)”, only for production, 116:1. Currently, the situation in the oil and gas industry has come to a point when there is a need for the introduction of an energy audit.
Mechanisms of Forest Restoration in Landslide Treatment Areas
Authors: Chen Yi-Chang , Wu Chen-Fa , Lin Shin-Hwei
Published: September 2014

Reforestation after a landslide facilitates competition between herbaceous plants and arborous plants. Tangible variations in grassland areas in regions susceptible to landslides can only be found within collections of trees. A landslide area in the Sule Watershed was investigated. Relative illuminance results reveal that the Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) biomass in this landslide area increases with relative illuminance. A comparison of regions with tree islands indicates that the size of the grassland areas decreased and the number of tree islands increased during 2005–2010. Furthermore, a germination experiment in a soil-seed bank indicates that more woody plant species exist around the tree island than in other areas in the landslide region. Trees in a tree island change the micro-climate of the landslide region, and they gather as many nutrients and as much moisture as possible, enabling vegetation to expand around the tree island. Additionally, the area with Rhodes grass and its biomass declined annually in the tree island region. Investigation results show that tree islands and soil-seed banks are suited to reforestation in landslide regions. The pioneering research will assist regional landslide management in Taiwan.
Presence of Potential Toxin-Producing Cyanobacteria in an Oligo-Mesotrophic Lake in Baltic Lake District, Germany: An Ecological, Genetic and Toxicological Survey
Authors: Dadheech Pawan , Selmeczy Géza , Vasas Gábor , Padisák Judit , Arp Wolfgang , Tapolczai Kálmán , Casper Peter , Krienitz Lothar
Published: September 2014

Massive developments of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in Lake Stechlin, an oligo-mesotrophic lake in the Baltic Lake District of Germany raised concerns about toxic contamination of these important ecosystems. Field samples in the phase of mass developments of cyanobacteria were used for genetic and toxicological analyses. Microcystins and microcystin genes were detected in field samples of the lake for the first time. However, the toxins were not produced by the dominant taxa (Dolichospermum circinale and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae) but by taxa, which were present only in low biomass in the samples (Microcystis cf. aeruginosa and Planktothrix rubescens). The phytoplankton successions during the study period revealed an increase of cyanobacterial populations. The findings contribute to the changes that have been investigated in Lake Stechlin since the mid-1990s. The possible reasons behind these developments may be climate change, special weather conditions and an increased nutrient pool.
APPLYING NANODISPERSED MODIFIERS FOR PRODUCING SHIELDING POLYFUNCTIONAL COATINGS
Authors: Shaybadullina Arina , Yakovlev Grigory , Pervushin Grigory , Polynskih Irina
Published: September 2014

The first mineral based lacquer and paint coating have been developed based on Portland cement and soda glass, which does not require traditional silicators of zinc oxide and is also capable of absorbing man-made radiation. A significant change in the structure of silicate paint has been achieved by its modification with multi-layered carbon nanotubes. The developed composition has water resistance, good adhesion to the base, the improved durability, is capable of operating at high temperatures; the life of coating is 3 times longer in comparison with its analogues.
EUROCODE STABILITY REQUIREMENTS IN OPTIMAL SHAKEDOWN TRUSS DESIGN / OPTIMALIOS PRISITAIKANČIOS SANTVAROS PROJEKTAVIMAS TAIKANT EUROKODO REIKALAVIMUS
Authors: Blaževičius Gediminas , Atkočiūnas Juozas
Published: September 2014

The paper focuses on the optimization of a perfectly elastic-plastic truss under repeated variable load. The improved mathematical model of truss volume minimization problem with strength, stiffness and stability constraints is presented. The assumptions of the calculation methods of the truss-like structures and the shakedown theory are applied. The evaluation of the stability of elements under compression is based on EC3 requirements and related to plastic deformations in the shakedown process to correct the interpretation of the stability constraints in mathematical programming problems. In the optimization problem, truss displacements are evaluated according to different reliability levels of the ultimate and serviceability limit states of EC. The proposed methodology is illustrated with a numerical example. The results are valid for the assumption of small displacements.
Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas idealiai tamprios ir plastinės santvaros, veikiamos kintamosios kartotinės apkrovos, optimizavimas. Taikomos santvarinių konstrukcijų skaičiavimo techninės ir prisitaikymo teorijos prielaidos. Sudarytas pagerintas santvaros tūrio minimizavimo uždavinio matematinis modelis su stiprumo, standumo ir stabilumo apribojimais. Konstrukcijos gniuždomųjų elementų galimas stabilumo praradimas tikrinamas pagal Europos projektavimo normų (EN) reikalavimus, siejamus su prisitaikymo proceso plastinėmis deformacijomis. Straipsnyje pateikiamos naujos sąlygos, papildančios optimizavimo uždavinį ir patikslinančios stabilumo apribojimų interpretaciją prisitaikymo procese. Skirtingai nei tempiamųjų, gniuždomųjų strypų plastinės deformacijos (viršijus saugos ribinį būvį, t. y. išklupus) neapibrėžtos EN ir nėra vertinamos. Tad klasikinės matematinio programavimo griežtumo sąlygos yra nepakankamos idealiai tamprios plastinės santvaros prisitaikymui užtikrinti. Šis netikslumas pašalinamas pritaikius naują sąlygą, užtikrinančią, kad nenuliniai plastiniai daugikliai gali atsirasti tik dėl tempiamųjų strypų arba gniuždomųjų labai tvirtų (mažo sąlyginio liaunio) strypų takumo įtempių. Santvaros įlinkiai tūrio minimizavimo uždaviniuose ribojami atsižvelgiant į EN saugos ir tinkamumo ribinių būvių patikimumo lygmenis. Straipsnyje pristatoma metodika, kurioje liekamoji poslinkio dalis gaunama iš prisitaikymo proceso, taigi yra nulemta saugos ribinio būvio ir sąlygiškai aukštesnio patikimumo. Tariamai tamprioji poslinkio dalis skaičiuojama pagal Huko dėsnį ir yra formuojama tinkamumo ribinio būvio. Toks dviejų patikimumo lygių taikymas pagrįstas EN reikalavimais ir leidžia projektuoti ekonomiškesnę konstrukciją, palyginti su ankstesnių tyrėjų pasiūlytais modeliais. Metodika iliustruojama skaitiniu pavyzdžiu, taikant mažų poslinkių prielaidą.
OPTIMUM DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 2013
Authors: Kvedaras Audronis Kazimieras , Šaučiuvėnas Gintas
Published: September 2014

"Optimum design of steel structures 2013" review."Engineering Structures and Technologies, 6(1), pp. 42
El Consejo de Cruzada durante el reinado de Felipe III: los comisarios Juan de Zúñiga, Felipe de Tassis, Martín de Córdoba y Diego de Guzmán y Benavides
Authors: Hortal Muñoz José Eloy
Published: September 2014

El Consejo de Cruzada de la Monarquía Hispana apenas ha sido estudiado con anterioridad, debido, entre otras cuestiones, a su propia estructura y a la dificultad en encontrar fuentes para su estudio. Sin embargo, su relevancia está fuera de toda duda, ya que se encargaba de gestionar unos enormes ingresos, que pasaron a convertirse en ordinarios, pese a su aparente y primigenia condición de extraordinarios.

El devenir de este Consejo a lo largo de los siglos XVI y XVII, estuvo íntimamente ligado tanto a las luchas faccionales como a las relaciones que los monarcas Austrias mantuvieron con el Papado. Así, en los momentos de triunfo cortesano de aquellos grupos que propugnaban una hegemonía de lo castellano frente a aquellos más universalistas, el Consejo de Hacienda tuvo mayores posibilidades de intervención en el dinero procedente de las Tres Gracias. Mientras, cuando los triunfadores eran aquellos grupos cercanos a Roma, su independencia estuvo más cercana, tal y como sucedería durante la mayoría del reinado de Felipe III.

El presente artículo pretende aportar en el conocimiento del mismo durante dicho reinado mediante un estudio prosopográfico de sus principales miembros, en especial de los 4 comisarios de Cruzada que tuvo durante aquellos años.
María de Jesús, “Quid Ploras?”
Authors: Herrera Clara E.
Published: September 2014

La alta frecuencia, intensidad y plurifuncionalidad de los episodios lacrimosos en la narración de vida de la carmelita María de Jesús llaman particularmente la atención: ¿Qué tipo de sentimientos acompaña el llanto de esta religiosa? ¿Qué función narrativa tiene el llanto en su escrito? ¿Cómo se relaciona el llanto con su experiencia mística? El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar la función del llanto en el discurso de esta monja, única de velo blanco, es decir de baja condición social, hasta ahora conocida en la Nueva Granada a quien sus confesores hayan solicitado registrar sus experiencias místicas por escrito. Se utiliza también la narración de vida de otra visionaria, la madre Jerónima Nava y Saavedra, coetánea y coterránea de María de Jesús, con el objeto de hacer algunas comparaciones que permiten explicar la manera como el llanto es utilizado como un ejercicio retórico para significar fenómenos similares, de manera diferente.
Alumnos españoles en el internado jesuita de Beaumont (Old Windsor, Inglaterra), 1880-1886
Authors: Rodríguez Caparrini Bernardo
Published: September 2014

El presente artículo es continuación de otros tres estudios, en los que en conjunto analizábamos la presencia de alumnos españoles en Beaumont College (Old Windsor, Berkshire, Inglaterra) desde la fundación de este internado jesuita en octubre de 1861 hasta el mes de agosto de 1880. El periodo que ahora estudiamos comprende desde septiembre de 1880 hasta agosto de 1886. Hacemos una relación cronológica de los estudiantes españoles o de ascendencia española que pasan por las aulas del colegio a lo largo de estos seis cursos académicos, aportamos su procedencia geográfica e identificamos a todos ellos.
Disidencia política y compromiso social: Josep María Llorens i Ventura (1886-1967)
Authors: Tezanos Gandarillas Marisa
Published: September 2014

Josep María Llorens i Ventura fue un sacerdote y músicólogo vinculado culturalmente con el catalanismo y políticamente con el republicanismo. Durante la Guerra Civil se mantuvo leal al Gobierno Republicano. En 1939 se exilió en Francia. Desarrolló su trabajo pastoral entre los exiliados españoles. En 1961 publicó con el seudónimo de Joan Comas el libro L’Esglesia contra la República espanyola, una crítica radical de la posición que había adoptado la Iglesia española ante la República y la Guerra.
Forensic Readiness and eDiscovery
Authors: Sule Dauda
Published: September 2014

In a bid to discover, uncover, and stamp out digital crime while ensuring information security and assurance, there is a need to investigate the crime once it has taken place. This will help trace the criminals and also secure an organization against future attacks. Forensic readiness entails that an organization be at alert in terms of digital evidence collection and storage – that is, collecting and storing such evidence constantly in a forensically sound manner, not just when the need for such evidence arises. In the event litigation arises or is anticipated, digital evidence may need to be reviewed by the opposing parties prior to court proceedings to assess quality of the evidence; this is eDiscovery. This chapter explores eDiscovery and forensic readiness. Digital evidence for eDiscovery needs to be forensically sound and provided in a timely and efficient manner - forensic readiness helps to ensure this. This chapter seeks to establish how forensic readiness is relevant to the eDiscovery process.
Cybercrimes Technologies and Approaches
Authors: Musa WeSam
Published: September 2014

The growth of the Internet has changed our lives significantly. Not so long ago, computers used to be viewed as luxury items to have at home. People used to rely mainly on televisions and newspapers as the primary sources of news. Today, the Internet has become an essential service to depend on for many industries, such as news agencies, airports, and even utility companies. This was the beginning of a new-trillion-dollar industry: the Internet industry. However, the Internet was designed to be an open, academic tool, never to be secure. As a result, cybercrimes, cyber warfare, and other cyber illegal activities have spread to become a significant portion of Internet traffic. Cybercrimes often challenge law enforcement. It is difficult to know the exact location where an attack originated, and there are no cyber borders between nations. As a result, fighting cybercrimes requires international cooperation. The purpose of this chapter is to shed some light on motives of cybercrimes, technologies used by hackers, and solutions that can be adopted by individuals, organizations, and governments. This chapter also presents the United States (USA) and international perspectives on cybercrimes and privacy laws. In summary, individuals, organizations, and nations have roles to play in achieving security and reducing cyber risks.
Cyber-Crimes against Adolescents
Authors: Pereira Filipa da Silva , Veloso de Matos Marlene Alexandra , Sampaio Álvaro Miguel do Céu Gramaxo Olivei
Published: September 2014

At young ages there is an increase in reports of intimidation, harassment, intrusion, fear, and violence experienced through Information Technologies (IT). Hacking, spamming, identity theft, child pornography, cyber bullying, and cyber stalking are just few examples of cyber-crimes. This chapter aims to contribute, from a psychological and design perspective, to an integrative viewpoint about this complex field of cyber-crime. In this chapter, the most common types of cyber-crimes, epidemiological data, and the profiles of cyber victims and aggressors' are approached. The studies that identify the factors contributing to IT misuse and to growing online vulnerability, principally in adolescents, are also discussed. Likewise, the central explanatory theories for the online victimization and the risk factors for victimization and perpetration online are addressed. Finally, some cyber-crime prevention strategies are anticipated, in particular among young people, seeking to provide clues to the consolidation of recent policies, namely at the digital design level.
Network Situational Awareness
Authors: Fairfax Tom , Laing Christopher , Vickers Paul
Published: September 2014

This chapter treats computer networks as a cyber warfighting domain in which the maintenance of situational awareness is impaired by increasing traffic volumes and the lack of immediate sensory perception. Sonification (the use of non-speech audio for communicating information) is proposed as a viable means of monitoring a network in real time and a research agenda employing the sonification of a network's self-organized criticality within a context-aware affective computing scenario is given. The chapter views a computer network as a cyber battlespace with a particular operations spectrum and dynamics. Increasing network traffic volumes are interfering with the ability to present real-time intelligence about a network and so suggestions are made for how the context of a network might be used to help construct intelligent information infrastructures. Such a system would use affective computing principles to sonify emergent properties (such as self-organized criticality) of network traffic and behaviour to provide effective real-time situational awareness.
The Gatekeepers of Cyberspace
Authors: Soares Elisianne Campos de Melo
Published: September 2014

Cyberspace, like the territories grounded in the physical world, is an environment subject to border control and surveillance for various purposes: governmental, economic, security, among others. As in the physical sphere, governance can serve to enforce rules to avoid abuses and to allow users and institutions to build effective relationships, transparent and harmonious. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the Civil Rights Framework for the Internet in Brazil (“Marco Civil da Internet”), a project created in 2009 that aims to establish rights and obligations for the operation of the network in this Latin American nation. Before that, however, it is critical to address the issue of control and surveillance on the Internet, revealing their motivations, goals, and work tools.