bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Feasible Methodology for Engineering Applications in Damage Tolerance of Composite Sandwich Structures
Authors: Xie Zonghong , Vizzini Anthony J.
Published: May 2004

In this paper, a feasible methodology is proposed for the damagetolerant design of composite sandwich structures and the residual safety evaluation of low-velocity impacted composite sandwich structures. This methodology is based upon the implementation of an event-driven failure criterion called Damage Propagation Criterion. In this criterion, the impact-damaged composite sandwich structure is considered to be unsafe if the damage will propagate to a specified characteristic location near the damage zone under the desired compressive load. The critical far field stress corresponding to the initiation of damage propagation at the specified characteristic location is used as the only characteristic value in this criterion. For a sandwich structure with low-velocity impact damage, this critical far field stress can be determined through either Sandwich Compression After Impact (SCAI) test or numerical analysis by using a modified analytical model or a nonlinear finite element model. Both the experimental and numerical approaches are briefly introduced with examples in this paper. At the end of this paper, the feasible methodology is introduced for the engineering applications in damage-tolerant design of composite sandwich structures and the residual safety evaluation of impact-damaged composite sandwich panels.
The Effect of Leadership in a Public Bad Experiment
Authors: Moxnes Erling , van der Heijden Eline
Published: May 2004

In the face of global or regional environmental problems, do countries that take unilateral actions inspire other countries to curtail emissions? The effect of leadership at the individual level is investigated by the use ofa novel design ofa laboratory public bad experiment with a leader. Twelve groups of5 participants played the game twice with two treatments: 10 rounds with a leader and 10 rounds without a leader. The order ofthe treatmentswas balanced over groups. A significant (within-subject) effect of leadership is found. Followers invest, on average, 13% less in the public bad when there is a leader setting the good example as opposed to a situation with no leader. This produces benefits also to the leaders but not enough to recover all the costs of taking a leading position.
How Do Leaders Make Decisions?
Authors: Mintz Alex
Published: May 2004

Poliheuristic theory (PH) bridges the gap between cognitive and rational theories of decision making. PH postulates a two-stage decision process. During the first stage, the set of possible options is reduced by applying a “noncompensatory principle” to eliminate any alternative with an unacceptable return on a critical, typically political, decision dimension. Once the choice set has been reduced to alternatives that are acceptable to the decision maker, the process moves to a second stage, during which the decision maker uses more analytic processing in an attempt to minimize risks and maximize benefits. In this article, the author applies poliheuristic theory to individual, sequential, and interactive decision settings. Subsequent articles in this issue offer theoretical extensions and multiple tests of the theory using multiple methods (formal, statistical, experimental).
The Impact of Political Violence on Tourism
Authors: Neumayer Eric
Published: May 2004

The hypothesis that political violence deters tourism is mainly based on case study evidence and a few quantitative studies confined to a small sample of countries. Two estimation techniques—a fixed-effects panel estimator with contemporaneous effects only and a dynamic generalized method of moments estimator—are used to test the impact of various forms of political violence on tourism. Both models show strong evidence that human rights violations, conflict, and other politically motivated violent events negatively affect tourist arrivals. In a dynamic model, even if autocratic regimes do not resort to violence, they have lower numbers of tourist arrivals than more democratic regimes. Results also show evidence for intraregional, negative spillover, and cross-regional substitution effects.
The Role of Information in Choices Over Income Distributions
Authors: Herne Kaisa , Suojanen Maria
Published: May 2004

How people distribute income is investigated, using participants in two experimental treatments—one with and the other without a veil of ignorance. The experiment tests two major hypotheses: (1) the veil of ignorance generates Rawlsian choices, and (2) equal bargaining power and the veto rule generate Rawlsian choices, even though there is no veil of ignorance. Rawlsian choices are defined as those that maximize the income of the lowest income group. Results show that the proportion of Rawlsian choices is bigger in those groups in which there is no veil of ignorance. In group discussions, arguments related to justice are also more common in the no veil of ignorance than in the veil of ignorance treatment.
The Effects of Different Types of Military Mobilization on the Outcome of International Crises
Authors: Lai Brian
Published: May 2004

One dominant explanation for why crises escalate to war is based on misperception. Alternative rational explanations for why crises escalate to war are examined, including commitment problems, the cost of revealing military advantages, and a desire for greater future gains. These explanations for war argue that states are likely to prefer a military to a diplomatic solution and to mobilizetheir militaries to maximize a surprise attack advantage. This type of mobilization (private) is different from mobilization by states seeking a diplomatic advantage (public) because states are trying to avoid revealing information. When one state in a crisis mobilizes privately, war is more likely because one state is committed to conflict whereas the other is not receiving signals of an impending conflict. The effect of private mobilization on war is tested using the International Crisis Behavior data. The results demonstrate that private mobilization is likely to lead to war.
An Event Data Analysis of Third-Party Mediation in the Middle East and Balkans
Authors: Schrodt Philip A. , Gerner Deborah J.
Published: May 2004

Event data on the Israel-Lebanon and Israel-Palestinian conflicts in the Levant (1979-1999) and the Serbia-Croatia and Serbia-Bosnia conflicts in the Balkans (1991-1999) are used to test two sets of process-related hypotheses embedded in the theoretical and qualitative literatures on mediation. Cross-correlation analysis is used to examine the time delay in the effects of mediation on the level of violence over time. Results show that these effects vary somewhat, depending on the conflict, and differ substantially, depending on who is conducting the mediation. Whether conflict reduction is most effectively achieved with sanctions or rewards is tested. Results show that a reduction in violence is generally associated with mediation combined with conflictual action directed toward both of the antagonists and combined with cooperative action directed to the weaker antagonist.
Leaders of the People? the Nazi Party and German Society
Authors: Noakes Jeremy
Published: May 2004

This article examines the attempt by the political organization of the Nazi Party (PO) to find a role for itself following the establishment of the Third Reich. Some within the new administration argued that, having achieved power, the Party was now superfluous and its propaganda functions should be absorbed within the new Propaganda Ministry. During 1933–35, Hitler pursued a dual policy of restraining any revolutionary initiatives, while at the same time reassuring the Party that it had an important future role within the regime without precisely defining what that role should be. The Office of the F¸hrer’s Deputy under Rudolf Hess and his Chief of Staff, Martin Bormann, developed a concept of the PO’s role as Menschenführung, literally ‘leadership of people’, to provide them with the justification to intervene in all matters of state policy and action which affected ‘people’ and thereby to secure political leadership within the regime. This assertion was contested by the state authorities and by other party agencies, notably the SS, and was never fully achieved because of the polycratic nature of the regime. In practice, from 1936 onwards the PO’s role was primarily exercised at district and local level and took the form of the implementation of an alternative concept, ‘ supervision’ ( Betreuung) of the German people through propaganda, indoctrination and ideological and social control.
Personality and Sojourner Adjustment
Authors: Ward Colleen , Leong Chan-Hoong , Low Meilin
Published: May 2004

This article describes a study based on two samples of sojourners and hosts in Australia and Singapore. The objectives of this research are (a) to explore the relationship between the Big Five personality dimensions and cross-cultural adjustment and (b) to test the “cultural fit” hypothesis. The first sample included 165 Singaporean and 139 Australian students in Australia; the second included 244 Australian expatriates and 671 Chinese Singaporeans in Singapore. Correlation analyses were undertaken that examined the relationship between neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, as well as their discrepancies from host-culture norms, and cross-cultural adjustment. Findings demonstrated that neuroticism and extraversion were related to psychological and sociocultural adaptation in both sojourning samples. Agreeableness and conscientiousness were also linked to psychological well-being in both samples and to sociocultural adaptation in the Singaporean sojourning group. There was no empirical support in either Singapore or Australia for the cultural fit proposition.
Self-Concordance and Subjective Well-Being in Four Cultures
Authors: Sheldon Kennon M. , Elliot Andrew J. , Ryan Richard M. , Chirkov Valery , Kim Youngmee , Wu Cindy , Demir Meliksah , Sun Zhigang
Published: May 2004

Sheldon and colleagues have recently focused research attention on the concept of self-concordance, in which people feel that they pursue their goals because the goals fit with their underlying interests and values rather than because others say they should pursue them. Self-concordant individuals typically evidence higher subjective well-being (SWB). But is this also true in non-Western cultures, which emphasize people’s duty to conform to societal expectations and group-centered norms? To address this question, this study assessed goal self-concordance and SWB in four different cultures. U.S., Chinese, and South Korean samples evidenced equal levels of self-concordance, whereas a Taiwanese sample evidenced somewhat less self-concordance. More importantly, self-concordance predicted SWB within every culture. It appears that “owning one’s actions”—that is, feeling that one’s goals are consistent with the self—may be important for most if not all humans.
Methodological Considerations of Applying a Tat-Type Picture-Story Test in Cross-Cultural Research
Authors: Hofer Jan , Chasiotis Athanasios
Published: May 2004

This article examines problems associated with the selection and use of picture cues to assess data on implicit motives in cross-cultural research. A TAT-type picture-story test was administered to 121 Gwembe Tonga adolescents in Zambia. The stories were coded following Winter’s scoring system. The cue strength of each of the five picture stimuli in Zambia was identified and compared to findings on cue strength in a German student sample. Cue strengths differed markedly in both samples. Analyses on differential item functioning (item bias) showed that cross-cultural comparisons on motive strengths are not advisable. In further analyses, the influence of Zambian participants’educational level and written language on the stimulus pull of the picture cues was verified. Consequences of the validity of the findings on motive strength and some possible guidelines for future cross-cultural research are discussed.
Reflexivity and Personcentered Counseling
Authors: Rennie David L.
Published: May 2004

This article is organized around the claim that reflexivity, defined asself-awareness and agency within that self-awareness, isfundamental to being a self. Carl Rogers’s concept of the person is examined inthe light of this claim. It is argued that his notion of the person hasmore to do with ethics than ontology and that his lack of distinctionbetween self and self-concept obscures agency, his tacit recognitionof it in his practice of counseling notwithstanding. HarryFrankfurt’s and Charles Taylor’s writings are drawn on to support this. Itis suggested that the humanistic prizing of the dignity of the client,making up the ethic of person-centered counseling, is both protectedand enhanced once the approach is revised in the light of reflexivity.Implications of this revision for the durability of person-centeredcounseling in a climate of increasing endorsement of manualized,technical approaches to counseling and psychotherapy arediscussed.
Tito’s Slaughterhouse: A Critical Analysis of Rummel’s Work on Democide
Authors: Dulić Tomislav
Published: May 2004

The article provides a critical analysis of the quantitative method used by Rudolph J. Rummel in order to estimate the democide rate for various political systems in the 20th century. The first part shows that the estimates used by Rummel for Tito’s Yugoslavia cannot be relied upon, since they are largely based on hearsay and unscholarly claims frequently made by highly biased authors. The second part shows how the data have influenced the mid-estimates Rummel uses for further statistical analysis. A comparison with demographic research in former Yugoslavia shows that Rummel’s mid-estimates for Tito’s mass killings are much too high and contravene his data for the population deficit in Yugoslavia. The author also criticizes a key assumption in Rummel’s method of ‘reasonable approximation’, namely, that overestimations tend to be taken out by underestimations. It is shown why such a proposition is problematic, particularly in this case where there is a wide discrepancy between high and low estimates. Although the article concentrates on communist terror in former Yugoslavia, the results may have wider implications for Rummel’s research if he uses similar sources in other case studies. If so, Rummel would need to revise the method and exclude unreliable estimations in order to obtain useful data.
One-Thirteenth of a Data Point Does Not a Generalization Make: A Response to Dulić
Authors: Rummel Rudolph J.
Published: May 2004

While Dulić’s article is a helpful assessment of the sources Rummel used, it fails as a test of his general democide estimation methods or as an evaluation of his democide estimate for Tito’s Yugoslavia. Aside from mistakenly generalizing from one regime to Rummel’s results for 218, Dulić ignores 39 years of Rummel’s estimates for 1949–87 to concentrate on his own estimation of what Rummel’s estimate would be for 1944–48 (12.8% of the period Rummel covered). Dulić loads his estimate with war killed and the greater democide of other factions for 1941–45, miscompares the total to the 1948 census, and thereby wrongly concludes that Rummel’s estimate for the full 1944–87 period is too high. But Dulić provides no comparative estimate of his own for the full period to show this.
Unity in Action: Explaining Alignment Behavior in the Middle East
Authors: Lebovic James H.
Published: May 2004

Stephen Walt’s The Origin of Alliances is the most comprehensive, theoretically informed, and widely cited study to date of Middle East alignment behavior during and after the turbulent ‘Arab cold war’ period of the 1950s and 1960s. But Walt may have overstated the discordant character of inter-Arab behavior when he concludes that Arab states ‘balance’ more than they ‘bandwagon’. This study argues that the strength, duration, and ultimate impermanence of regional alignments against Israel indicate that they had a more important basis in ideology than Walt presumes or that realists can accept. Through a graphical portrayal of the results of a factor analysis performed on COPDAB (Conflict and Peace Data Bank) data for the 1948–78 period, and WEIS (World Event Interaction Survey) data for the 1966–93 period, this study establishes that, into the 1970s, the divisions implied by Walt never fully overshadowed the unity in opposition to Israel that was found among parties on the front lines of that confrontation. More specifically, it finds that concordance rather than division prevailed in relations among Israel’s principal adversaries, that concordance had an important basis in conflict with Israel, and that, by the late 1970s, regional politics were far less orderly. It supports a constructivist perspective by concluding that, as a focal point of Arab nationalism, the conflict with Israel imposed normative constraints upon the behavior of Arab leaders.
Family Structure, Family Processes, and Adolescent Delinquency: The Significance of Parental Absence Versus Parental Gender
Authors: Demuth Stephen , Brown Susan L.
Published: May 2004

One third of all children are born to unmarried mothers and over one half of children will spend some time in a single-parent family. In fact, single-father families are the fastest growing family form. Using data from the 1995 National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, the authors extend prior research that has investigated the effects of growing up in a two-parent versus single-mother family by examining adolescent delinquency in single-father families, too. This strategy helps us to identify the mechanisms through which living with a single parent increases delinquency, notably, whether the effect is predominantly a function of parental absence (i.e., one versus two parents) or parental gender (i.e., single mother versus single father). The results indicate that adolescents in single-parent families are significantly more delinquent than their counterparts residing with two biological, married parents, although these differences are reduced once the authors account for various family processes. Furthermore, family processes fully account for the higher levels of delinquency exhibited by adolescents from single-father versus single-mother families.
State Failure, Economic Failure, and Predatory Organized Crime: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Sung Hung-En
Published: May 2004

Organized crime research has regained momentum in the post-Cold War era, yet the field remains dominated by single-society studies of low generalizability. This study reports findings from comparative analysis of perceptions of predatory organized crime conducted in 59 countries. Two hypotheses of predatory organized crime were evaluated. The state failure hypothesis argues that the failure of the state to deliver key political goods such as security, justice, and stability encourages criminal groups to perform state functions. The economic failure hypothesis holds that poor economic outcomes such as high unemployment, low standards of living, and a reliance on an underground economy stimulates the growth of criminal syndicates as suppliers of demanded goods, services, and jobs. Analytical results provided general support to both hypotheses. Judicial independence and black market activities were the strongest political and economic correlates of predatory organized crime. Policy implications for organized crime control in developing countries are discussed.
Washing Our Students Clean
Authors: Toll Cathy A. , Nierstheimer Susan L. , Lenski Susan Davis , Kolloff Penny Britton
Published: May 2004

This article presents the nontraditional research of four teacher educators who used their own stories about teaching and their responses to those stories to problematize their work with preservice elementary education teachers. The data were analyzed using qualitative data methods of coding, categorizing, and interpreting. Among the themes that emerged from the analyses of their stories and responses to each other’s stories were profound emotional dimensions of their college teaching experiences. The conflicts underlying these emotions include issues of creating constructivist classrooms, the perceived dichotomy between the university and the “real world,” and educators’ desires to be both nurturing and instructive. The piece concludes with implications for other teacher educators.
Changing Preservice Teachers’ Attitudes/Beliefs About Diversity
Authors: Garmon M. Arthur
Published: May 2004

This study focused on determining whether there are particular factors that may be associated with the development of greater multicultural awareness and sensitivity in preservice teachers. The researcher conducted extensive interviews with one 22-year-old White female teacher candidate and identified six factors that appeared to play a critical role in her positive multicultural development. Three of the factors were dispositional and included openness to diversity, self-awareness/self-reflectiveness, and commitment to social justice. The other three factors were experiential and included intercultural experiences, support group experiences, and educational experiences. Several implications of the study are discussed.
Recent UK Growth: A Comparison with France, Germany and the US
Authors: Barrell Ray , Metz Robert , Riley Rebecca
Published: May 2004

During the second half of the 1990s the UK economy enjoyed a sustained period of strong and stable growth. Since then the slowdown in the world economy that accompanied the collapse in equity markets has served until recently to moderate growth both domestically and abroad. But, in comparison to other major economies, the UK has so far emerged relatively unscathed. This could be the result of good fortune, well directed stabilisation policies or reformed institutions. Part at least of the relatively good growth performance displayed by the UK economy comes from stronger domestic demand. It is of course difficult to disentangle strong demand growth from the impacts on income of improved supply performance. We attempt to isolate those elements that are most clearly demand side stimulants.
The Zero Interest Rate Floor (ZIF) and its Implications for Monetary Policy in Japan
Authors: Hunt Benjamin , Laxton Douglas
Published: May 2004

This paper uses the IMF's macroeconomic model MULTIMOD to examine the implications of the zero interest rate floor (ZIF) for the design of monetary policy in Japan. Similar to findings in other studies, targeting rates of inflation lower than 2.0 per cent significantly increases the likelihood of the ZIF becoming binding. Systematic monetary policy strategies that respond strongly to stabilise output and inflation, or that incorporate some explicit price-level component, can help to mitigate the implications of the ZIF.
Evidence-Based Social Science and the Rehnist Interpretation of the Development of Active Labor Market Policy in Sweden During the Golden Age: A Critical Examination
Authors: Toft Christian
Published: May 2004

This article examines the conventional Rehnist interpretation of active labor market policy in Sweden during the period from the war to the early 1970s and asks how it relates to the basic principles of evidence-based social science research.It is shown that the interpretation is misleading, reproducing and communicating material, stories, and images that were supplied bysome of the leading Swedish actors rather than producing an analysis based on the empirical examination of actual developments.The conclusion of the article offers suggestions for an alternative evidencebased interpretation of the Swedish case.
Basic Income: A Simple and Powerful Idea for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Van Parijs Philippe
Published: May 2004

A basic income (or demogrant) is an income paid by a political community to all its members on an individual basis, without means test or work requirement. This article surveys the various forms the basic income proposal has taken and how they relate to kin ideas; synthesizes the central case for basic income, as a strategy against both poverty and unemployment; examines the question of whether and in what sense a universal basic income is affordable; and discusses the most promising next steps towards it, both in the North and in the South.
Adaptation of a Political Bureaucracy to Economic and Institutional Change Under Socialism: The Chinese State Family Planning System
Authors: Merli M. Giovanna , Qian Zhenchao , Smith Herbert L.
Published: May 2004

In China, the transformation from a centrally planned economy to one dominated by market forces has been characterized by the devolution of authority from the center (Beijing) to localities. This is as true of the enormous state bureaucracy associated with the control of fertility as it is with the economic bureaucracies more often studied in transitional societies. Using observations from several field sites, the authors document how county-, township-and village-level family planning cadres have gone from being agents of the state to autonomous actors who must negotiate between the ongoing demands of the central bureaucracy and the new opportunities available in the locales in which they work and dwell. They suggest that any serious change in the draconian restrictions on fertility that have obtained in China for almost thirty years is likely to derive from initiatives at the local level. Local actors (cadres) have already begun to adjust to the tensions between responsibilities and available resources that have tended to induce paralysis in the upper levels of this long-standing state bureaucracy.
Building an Effective Research Partnership Between a University and a State Correctional Agency: Assessment of Drug Treatment in Pennsylvania Prisons
Authors: Welsh Wayne N. , Zajac Gary
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this project was to develop a collaborative research partnership between Temple University’s Center for Public Policy and the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (DOC), with a demonstration research project that included three main elements: (a) a descriptive assessment of drug and alcohol programming (through program surveys and a 1-day symposium with treatment staff members), including the identification of critical service delivery components and goals; (b) an intensive on-site process evaluation of representative programs at two institutions; and (c) the preparation of an outcome evaluation research design on the basis of analyses and discussion between Temple and the DOC. This article summarizes critical stages in the development of the partnership; reactions from Steering Committee members and drug treatment staff members; results from a survey of 118 drug treatment programs at 24 state prisons; major findings from process evaluation; and implications for drug treatment programming, policy, and evaluation.
Research on Religions in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Zhuo Xinping
Published: May 2004

Research on religions in China has greatly developed in the fields of social sciences and humanities in the second half of the 20th century. The author will deal with its historical background, its institutional establishment, its basic understanding of religion and related research on religions such as Buddhism, Taoism and folk religions, Christianity, Islam and other religions generally, to trace the development of religious studies as an independent discipline in the People's Republic of China.
Project Succeed Academy
Authors: Brown Lionel
Published: May 2004

Alarming numbers of students, particularly minority students, are being suspended and expelled from our nations’ schools. The surface issue is discipline; however, the underlying issues are literacy and barriers to academic success. To address these issues, a large urban district opened a new school for students who were not succeeding in traditional settings, had escalating discipline problems, and were failing academically. It was called Project Succeed Academy. This article details the lessons learned in the schools design, implementation, and evolution. An analysis of the political, community, and financial issues that caused reduction of the original design are discussed.
Equitable Measurement of School Effectiveness
Authors: Thompson Bruce R.
Published: May 2004

This article examines a value-added model to rate schools, taking into account varying characteristics of students entering the schools, including poverty, race, mobility, and stability. The model uses regression to separate the influence of demographics that are outside the schools’ control from those under school control. This value-added model leads to school ratings that compare actual performance to performance predicted by poverty rates. Even after adjusting for poverty, some schools consistently outperform others on a wide range of tests over a 5-year period, whereas other schools consistently perform at the bottom. Finally, this article discusses uses that can be made of this model.
The Changing Role of the Village
Authors: Thompson Carolyn J.
Published: May 2004

Social capital theory is used as a lens for examining the culture of an African American college student-led movement during the events of the San Francisco State College strike that began in 1968. Results reveal strong ties with the African American community as well as with a number of on- and off-campus networks. An in-depth look at the ties with the community is explored as a way of better understanding the transmission of culture among African Americans then and how it may have changed over time.
Merry-Go-Round
Authors: Davis Donna M.
Published: May 2004

Current research suggests that schools in urban settings are experiencing increased instances of de facto segregation. This article explores the implications for creating democratic structures in schools that are segregated and includes a discussion of the desegregation efforts in Kansas City, Missouri, as a way to illustrate the reality of the return to segregation. The article further explores issues around identity and self, culture and schooling, and curriculum implications. Ultimately, the author suggests that de facto segregated schooling has become a reality that no longer seems an urgent problem in a country focused on school safety and standardized testing.
Exploring School Engagement of Middle-Class African American Adolescents
Authors: Sirin Selcuk R. , Rogers-Sirin Lauren
Published: May 2004

Because of the scarcity of knowledge about middle-class African American adolescents, the present study explored psychological and parental factors in relation to academic performance. The participants were 336 middle-class African American students and their biological mothers. The findings suggest that for African American middle-class adolescents, educational expectations and school engagement have the strongest relation to academic performance. Self-esteem was not related to academic performance. The results also indicate that positive parent-adolescent relationships, not parents’educational values, were related to better academic performance. Implications for school counselors are discussed.
Gambling Attitudes and Gambling Behavior of Residents of Macao: The Monte Carlo of the Orient
Authors: Kwan Fanny Vong Chuk
Published: May 2004

Situated on the west bank of the Pearl River Delta 1 hour from Hong Kong, Macao has had more than 150 years of experience with gambling. In the 1990s, more than 50% of tax revenue came from gambling. Recent deregulation of the gaming sector, in which licenses were granted to three investors (one local and two from Las Vegas), will bring economic and social changes to the community. This study examines Macao residents’ attitudes about gambling, their current gambling behavior, their experiences with problems related to gambling, and their concerns for the future as Macao relies on gambling as its major economic stimulus. Findings indicate that the respondents have mixed attitudes toward gambling. The problems associated with gambling that they cited most frequently were family quarrels and the need to borrow money to gamble. The study also discusses the future of the sector and the government’s role in protecting residents from the ills of gambling.
Modeling Participation in an Online Travel Community
Authors: Wang Youcheng , Fesenmaier Daniel R.
Published: May 2004

This study contributes to the understanding of online travel communities by extending and empirically testing a conceptual framework of online travel community member needs. Specifically, the relationships between member needs and their level of participation in an online travel community are examined; in addition, the effects of duration of membership on the level of participation and the role of demographic differences in terms of member needs and participation are explored. The results show that social and hedonic needs have positive effects on level of participation while functional need has a negative effect. Membership status had an influence on level of participation and demographic characteristics were found to play important roles in terms of member needs and participation in online communities. Implications of these findings are discussed as they provide important guidelines for the development of online travel communities.
The Relationship between Risk-Taking, Sensation-Seeking, and the Tourist Behavior of Young Adults: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Pizam Abraham , Jeong Gang-Hoan , Reichel Arie , van Boemmel Hermann , Lusson Jean Marc , Steynberg Lizl , State-Costache Olimpia , Volo Serena , Kroesbacher Claudia , Kucerova Jana , Montmany Nuria
Published: May 2004

This study analyzed the effects of the combined psychological characteristics of risk-taking and sensation seeking on the travel behavior and preferred tourist activities of young adults on leisure trips. The results of this cross-cultural study, which was conducted among 1,429 students at 11 universities located in 11 different countries, found that respondents with high combined risk-taking and sensation seeking (RSS) scores differed significantly in their travel behavior, mode of destination choice, preferred tourist activities and demographics, from those who had low RSS scores. The study also discovered a significant difference between nationalities on RSS scores.
Conventions Made Too Simple?
Authors: Bunzl Martin , Kreuter Richard
Published: May 2004

For Ruth Millikan, convention consists of patterns that are produced by reproduction which proliferate due partly to weight of precedent. The authors argue that on Millikan’s account, a lot more is going to count as conventional than seems reasonable on any plausible account of convention. Moreover, at least some things that the authors think ought to be counted as conventions are going to get left out.
Evolution of Human Jealousy A Just-So Story or a Just-So Criticism?
Authors: Sesardic Neven
Published: May 2004

To operationalize the methodological assessment of evolutionary psychology, three requirements are proposed that, if satisfied, would show that a hypothesis is not a just-so story: (1) theoretical entrenchment (i.e., that the hypothesis under consideration is a consequence of a more fundamental theory that is empirically well-confirmed across a very wide range of phenomena), (2) predictive success (i.e., that the hypothesis generates concrete predictions that make it testable and eventually to a certain extent corroborated), and (3) failure of rival explanations (i.e., that crucial and successful predictions attributed to the hypothesis in question cannot be derived from alternative hypotheses). The author argues that the hypothesis about evolutionary sex differences in human jealousy satisfies all three requirements.
How Does It Work?
Authors: Bunge Mario
Published: May 2004

This article addresses the following problems: What is a mechanism, how can it be discovered, and what is the role of the knowledge of mechanisms in scientific explanation and technological control? The proposed answers are these. A mechanism is one of the processes in a concrete system that makes it what it is — for example, metabolism in cells, interneuronal connections in brains, work in factories and offices, research in laboratories, and litigation in courts of law. Because mechanisms are largely or totally imperceptible, they must be conjectured. Once hypothesized they help explain, because a deep scientific explanation is an answer to a question of the form, “How does it work, that is, what makes it tick—what are its mechanisms?” Thus, by contrast with the subsumption of particulars under a generalization, an explanation proper consists in unveiling some lawful mechanism, as when political stability is explained by either coercion, public opinion manipulation, or democratic participation. Finding mechanisms satisfies not only the yearning for understanding, but also the need for control.
The Mechanisms of Emergence
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith
Published: May 2004

This article focuses on emergence in social systems. The author begins by proposing a new tool to explore the mechanisms of social emergence: multi agent–based computer simulation. He then draws on philosophy of mind to develop an account of social emergence that raises potential problems for the methodological individualism of both social mechanism and of multi agent simulation. He then draws on various complexity concepts to propose a set of criteria whereby one can determine whether a given social mechanism generates emergent properties, in the sense that their explanation cannot be reduced to a mechanistic account of individuals and their interactions. This combined account helps to resolve the competing claims of methodological individualists and social realists. The author’s conclusion is that the scope of mechanistic explanation may be limited due to the extreme complexity of many social systems.
Deliberative Toleration
Authors: Bohman James
Published: May 2004

Political liberals now defend what Rawls calls the “inclusive view” of public reason with the appropriate ideal of reasonable pluralism. Against the application of such a liberal conception of toleration to deliberative democracy “the open view of toleration is with no constraints” is the only regime of toleration that can be democratically justified. Recent debates about the public or nonpublic character of religious reasons provide a good test case and show why liberal deliberative theories are intolerant and fail to live up to democratic obligations to provide justifications to all members of the deliberative community. In a deliberative democracy, accommodations to religious minorities must be based on transformations in the current reflective equilibrium among the norms that make up the complex democratic ideal. This is not merely a conceptual enterprise of commensuration, since the need for any such transformation in standards of justification is due to changes in the nature of the polity itself, changes that in turn modify its regime of toleration.
A Deliberative Approach to Conflicts of Culture
Authors: Deveaux Monique
Published: May 2004

How should liberal democratic states respond to cultural practices and arrangements that run afoul of liberal norms and laws? This article argues for a reframing of the challenges posed by traditional or nonliberal cultural minorities. The author suggests that viewed from up close, such dilemmas are revealed to be primarily intracultural rather than intercultural conflicts, and reflect the political and practical interests of factions of communities much more thandeep moral differences. Using the example of the reform of customary marriage laws in post-apartheid South Africa, this article makes the case for a more pragmatic, politically focused approach to resolving conflicts of culture that it is argued is both more democratic and effective than alternatives recently advanced by liberals and deliberative democracy theorists.
Rawls on International Justice
Authors: Reidy David A.
Published: May 2004

Rawls’s The Law of Peoples has not been well received. The first task of this essay is to draw (what the author regards as) Rawls’s position out of his own text where it is imperfectly and incompletely expressed. Rawls’s view, once fully and clearly presented, is less vulnerable to common criticisms than it is often taken to be. The second task of this essay is to go beyond Rawls’s text to develop some supplementary lines of argument, still Rawlsian in spirit, to deflect key criticisms made by Rawls’s critics. The overall defense given here of Rawls’s position draws on a deep theme running throughout all of Rawls’s work in political philosophy, namely, that the task of political philosophy is to mark the moral limits given by and through a commonhuman reason, itself socially and historically achieved, within which human nature must develop (and reveal itself over time) if it is to be an expression or manifestation of human freedom.
Preference for Online Social Interaction
Authors: Caplan Scott E.
Published: May 2004

The model introduced and tested in the current study suggests that lonely and depressed individuals may develop a preference for online social interaction, which, in turn, leads to negative outcomes associated with their Internet use. Participants completed measures of preference for online social interaction, depression, loneliness, problematic Internet use, and negative outcomes resulting from their Internet use.Results indicated that psychosocial health predicted levels of preference for online social interaction, which, in turn, predicted negative outcomes associated with problematic Internet use. In addition, the results indicated that the influence of psychosocial distress on negative outcomes due to Internet use is mediated by preference for online socialization and other symptoms of problematic Internet use.T he results support the current hypothesis that that individuals’ preference for online, rather than face-to-face, social interaction plays an important role in the development of negative consequences associated with problematic Internet use.
Effects of Lead Framing on Selective Exposure to Internet News Reports
Authors: Zillmann Dolf , Chen Lei , Knobloch Silvia , Callison Coy
Published: May 2004

With headlines and texts held constant, the subheads of articles embedded in an Internet newsmagazine were manipulated in an overview from which articles could be selected. In a control condition, the lead, indicating deplorable happenings,was framed in a factual manner.In the other conditions,the leads were framed either in terms of conflict between feuding parties, the unfolding of disastrous occurrences, the emotional upheaval and agony suffered by the victims of these occurrences, or the economic implications of the incidents. Selective exposure to the articles was accumulated in minute intervals and automatically recorded. Leads projecting aggravated conflict or the agony over suffered misfortunes were found to foster increased reading times of the associated articles. The effects of highlighting misfortunes by themselves or of emphasizing the misfortunes’ economic implications proved to be negligible, however.
Moving beyond “Just the Facts”
Authors: Eveland William P. , Marton Krisztina , Seo Mihye
Published: May 2004

The increasing use of online news, particularly by young Americans, pointsto the importance of understanding what users learn from this form of news and whether features of online news encourage or discourage various types of learning. This experimental study demonstrates that online news that takes advantage of one of the key characteristics of the Web—the use of in-text hyperlinks—may actually discourage learning of the facts that make up many news stories. But this same linking structure apparently encourages those who commonly use the Web to have more densely interconnected knowledge structures for public affairs topics. However, those who rarely use the Webfor news do not gain such advantages and may even suffer disadvantages. These findings point to limitations in most past online news learning research, which has been limited to “just the facts” in its measurement of learning from the news.
Agenda-Setting Effects and Attitude Strength
Authors: Kiousis Spiro , McCombs Max
Published: May 2004

This study examined the consequences of agenda-setting effects for attitudes toward political figures during the 1996 presidential election. In particular, guided by the literature from agenda setting, attitude strength, and the hierarchy of effects, the analysis tested hypotheses about the relationships among media coverage, public salience, and the strength of public attitudes regarding a set of 11 political figures. The findings indicate that increased media attention to political figures is correlated with higher levels of public salience and attitude strength. In addition, multivariate tests showed that one dimension of attitude strength, dispersion of opinions, mediated the relationship between media coverage and public salience. The implications of the results are also discussed.
Stalking and Other Forms of Intrusive Contact among Adolescents and Young Adults from the Perspective of the Person Initiating the Intrusive Contact
Authors: Haugaard Jeffrey J. , Seri Lisa G.
Published: May 2004

As concern about stalking in domestic situations has heightened, increased attention has been paid to stalking and other forms of intrusive contact among adolescents and young adults. However, limited information about these relationships from the perspective of the person initiating the intrusive contact is available. This study describes the experiences of 52 undergraduates who acknowledged initiating intrusive contact after the breakup of a dating or romantic relationship. From a survey of 631 undergraduates, 7% of the females and 11% of the males initiated intrusive contact that lasted at least 2 weeks after the end of their relationship. Characteristics of the intrusive contact, the relationships in which it occurred, and those who initiated the intrusive contact are described.
The Georgia Cognitive Skills Experiment
Authors: van Voorhis Patricia , Spruance Lisa M. , Ritchey P. Neal , Listwan Shelley Johnson , Seabrook Renita
Published: May 2004

Effects of the Georgia Cognitive Skills Program, a replication of Ross and Fabiano’s Reasoning and Rehabilitation, were examined for 468 parolees randomly assigned to treatment and comparison groups between May 1997 and July 1998. The evaluation tested the effects on arrests/revocations, technical violations, and employment at 9 months and returns to prison at 18 to 30 months. Survival analysis found slightly lower (statistically insignificant) recidivism rates for experimental participants than comparisons. No significant differences were found between experimental and comparison participants on technical violations and employment. Statistically controlling for offender risk factors, program completers had significantly fewer rearrests/revocations and returns to prison and more favorable employment outcomes than comparisons and dropouts. Results were similar for low-risk and medium/high-risk parolees.
Unlocking the Iron Cage
Authors: Kelly Terrence
Published: May 2004

This article explores the relationship between public administration and deliberative democracy by examining the development in Jürgen Habermas’s thought on public administration. The argument is made that a shift has occurred in the way that Habermas conceptualizes public administration—a shift that makes it possible to see both the plausibility and necessity of a deliberative democratic form of state administration. Shown is how Habermas’s later democratic theory can be used as a resource for those defending the administrative discretion necessary to create a collaborative government with citizens.