bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy of Vietnamese Adolescents
Authors: Patel Sheetal G. , Salahuddin Nazish M. , O'Brien Karen M.
Published: February 2008

Individual (gender and acculturation), microsystem (social support), exosystem (socioeconomic status), and macrosystem (racism) variables were examined as predictors of career decision-making self-efficacy in a sample of 85 Vietnamese adolescents in the Washington, D.C., area. English language acculturation and peer support accounted for unique variance in the prediction of career decision-making self-efficacy. Implications for career counseling and future research are discussed.
Confronting Career Double Binds
Authors: Shapiro Mary , Ingols Cynthia , Blake-Beard Stacy
Published: February 2008

Over the past decade, practitioners and scholars have struggled to explain women's career choices. The current language, including “opting out,” “on and off ramping,” and “mommy track,” is not only inadequate but assumes a deviation from an accepted norm. We challenge the relevance of the paradigm against which women are being judged, namely, the psychological contract that exchanged lifelong employment for “work is primary” commitment. Given organizations' evolving need for agility, organizations no longer offer job security. We propose that, in response, women are rejecting the outdated career model based on stable employment and instead are enacting an updated “we are selfemployed” model. Being at the leading edge of career self-agency, women face a double bind that is exacerbated by persistent socialized gendered schemas. We explore the shift in career paradigms, what organizations and women have done to date, and the implications in addressing the double bind going forward.
Contextual Affordances of Rural Appalachian Individuals
Authors: Bennett Sara Lynne Rieder
Published: February 2008

Vocational psychology has recently begun examining the career development of marginalized and underrepresented populations. Social cognitive career theory provides a theoretical understanding of how cultural differences, resources, and barriers may affect the vocational choices and actions of individuals from minority populations. Contextual affordances, in particular, provide psychologists with a mechanism through which both distal and proximal environments influence vocational outcomes. This article examines the contextual affordances of Appalachian individuals from a social justice perspective. Implications for interventions and future research are proposed.
Meseritz-Obrawalde: a `wild euthanasia' hospital of Nazi Germany
Authors: Benedict Susan , Chelouche Tessa
Published: February 2008

In 1939, Hitler authorized a programme of `euthanasia' of children and adults with physical and psychiatric disorders. Initially, gas chambers were established at six psychiatric institutions in Germany and Austria. This programme was discontinued in August 1941 but the killings continued on an individual basis. Physicians selected patients who were unable to work or who required extensive care, and ordered the nurses to administer lethal doses of sedatives. Meseritz-Obrawalde was a site for 10,000 of these killings. Using documents from the trial of one of Obrawalde's physicians, Hilde Wernicke, the era of `wild euthanasia' is described and her rationale for participating in the killings is explored.
News and Notes: Autobiography of a Schizophrenic (1951) and the postwar anti-psychiatric movement: 1946—51
Authors: Rousseau George
Published: February 2008

Autobiography of a Schizophrenic , published in 1951, is one of the earliest examples of the fictional mental breakdown memoir written in English. Its unknown author should also be considered prophetic of the anti-psychiatry movement that would flourish a decade later in the 1960s. The anonymous author trusts to Christian salvation rather than humanism or nihilism, and thinks faith in God the schizophrenic's only secure remedy.
Late-Holocene atmospheric lead deposition in the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes
Authors: Cooke Colin A. , Abbott Mark B. , Wolfe Alexander P.
Published: February 2008

The analysis of lead (Pb) in lake-sediment cores is a useful method to reconstruct local histories of Pb pollution. Here, we use Pb concentration profiles from lake sediments to reconstruct local trajectories of pre-Colonial smelting from three metallurgical centres in the South American Andes: the Morococha mining district, Peru; the Bolivian Altiplano around Lake Titicaca; and the silver-mining centre of Potosí, Bolivia. The earliest evidence for Pb enrichment from smelting is on the Altiplano beginning ~AD 400, coincident with the rise of the pre-Incan Tiwanaku and Wari Empires. Coeval with the collapse of these Empires ~AD 1000, there is a dramatic decrease in Pb pollution on the Altiplano, suggesting metallurgical activity was closely tied to the Tiwanaku state. In contrast, metallurgy at Morococha, Peru and Potosí, Bolivia began ~AD 1000—1200, likely as the result of the diaspora generated by the collapses of Tiwanaku and Wari. The independent chronologies of these records suggest asynchronous metallurgical activity between mining centres, and local-scale control of mineral resources. Following Inca conquest of the Andes ~AD 1450, strong increases in Pb are noted at all three study sites, suggesting an increase in silver production to meet Inca imperial demand. Following Hispanic conquest (AD 1532), large increases in Pb pollution are noted at Morococha and Potosí, only to be superseded by industrial development. The records presented here have implications for the reconstruction of Andean prehistory, and demonstrate the sensitivity of lake sediment geochemistry to pre-Colonial smelting activity. The technique has much potential for exploring the timing and magnitude of pre-industrial metallurgy in the New World.
Holocene climate inferred from biological (Diptera: Chironomidae) analyses in a Southampton Island (Nunavut, Canada) lake
Authors: Rolland Nicolas , Larocque Isabelle , Francus Pierre , Pienitz Reinhard , Laperrière Laurence
Published: February 2008

Concerns about the effects of global warming on Arctic environments have stimulated multidisciplinary research into the history of their long-term climatic and environmental variability to improve future predictions of climate in these remote areas. Here we present the first palaeolimnological study for Southampton Island using analyses of chironomids supported by sedimentological analyses, carried out on a 1 m long core retrieved from a lake located in the northeastern part of the island. This core was made up of marine sediments underneath 65 cm of freshwater lake sediments. A marine shell, humic-acids and chironomid head capsules were used to date this sequence. The Holocene environmental history of the lake consisted of two major contrasting periods. The first one, between about 5570 and 4360 cal. yr BP, was climatically unstable, with common postglacial chironomid taxa such as Corynocera oliveri-type, Paracladius and Microspectra radialis-type. This period also corresponded to the highest chironomid-inferred August air temperature (10°C) for the whole record and to significant increases in major chemical elements as detected by x-ray fluorescence. During the second period, which lasted from about 3570 cal. yr BP until the present, limnological conditions seemed to stabilize after a change to cold oligotrophic chironomid taxa, such as Heterotrissocladius subpilosus-group, with no major variations in the abundance of chemical elements. Inferred August air temperatures ranged between 8 and 9°C. This study provided unique information on the timing of the Holocene Thermal Maximum in the Foxe Basin area, a region with very little information available on long-term climate change. This region showed, so far, relatively few signs of recent climatic change, as opposed to other regions in the High Arctic.
Historical soil erosion and land-use change during the last two millennia recorded in lake sediments of Frickenhauser See, northern Bavaria, central Germany
Authors: Enters Dirk , Dörfler Walter , Zolitschka Bernd
Published: February 2008

Based on palaeolimnological investigations on a 1275 cm long lacustrine sediment record, sediment yields (SY) and denudation rates (DR) for the last 2000 years were reconstructed from Frickenhauser See, a small lake in central Germany. SY and DR generally correspond with the human land-use history derived from pollen analysis and reveal a drastic interruption of natural processes starting in the eleventh century AD. SY increased over 350-fold from 0.9 t/km2 per yr to 328 t/km2 per yr in response to deforestation and subsequent soil erosion. The average denudation rate within the catchment area is 81 mm for the last 2000 years, most of which occurred between AD 1100 and 1870. Taking into account that only one-third of the catchment area is suitable for agriculture, the cumulative soil loss from agricultural fields is around 240 mm (0.31 mm/yr). Historical events such as a widespread abandonment period (AD 1300—1450) and the Thirty Years War (AD 1618—1648) are reflected in the pollen record but cause only minor fluctuations in reconstructed sediment yields. This study demonstrates that by applying a multiproxy approach lacustrine sediments provide an excellent archive to reconstruct the effects of human land use on the geomorphological process system and to identify human—environment interactions.
Testing the sensitivity of charcoal as an indicator of fire events in savanna environments: quantitative predictions of fire proximity, area and intensity
Authors: Duffin K.I. , Gillson L. , Willis K.J.
Published: February 2008

The charcoal record contained in lake sedimentary sequences is often used to infer past fire events. Studies to calibrate such charcoal records have been carried out in a range of mid- to high-latitude regions and relationships have been determined between size and quantity of charcoal in the sediment and proximity and spatial extent of the fires. Very little is known, however, about the relationship between fire events in savanna ecosystems and how these are represented in the charcoal record in lake sedimentary sequences. This study presents the results of a project that aimed to calibrate the micro- and macroscopic charcoal record from Kruger National Park, South Africa, with known fire events. Surface sediment samples were analysed for charcoal of different size classes and compared with data on fire proximity, area and intensity (the rate of energy released along a fire front) from fire events over the last 10 years, and the relevant source areas for micro- and macroscopic charcoal were quantified. Results indicated that (i) the Relevant Source Area of Charcoal for lakes c. 200 m diameter is between 0 and 5 km for charcoal particles >50 ∝m in length and between 10 and 15 km for charcoal particles <50 ∝m; (ii) that charcoal deposits are most likely to represent combined fire events from the preceding five years; (iii) that fire proximity, area and intensity are each significantly represented in the charcoal record, but not equally, as the signal resulting from fire intensity is stronger than that for fire proximity or area. Mathematical equations linking charcoal with fire proximity, area and intensity are presented.
Revisiting pollen accumulation rates from Swedish lake sediments
Authors: Giesecke Thomas , Fontana Sonia L.
Published: February 2008

Early hope that the estimation of pollen accumulation-rates (PAR) from lake sediments would permit the quantitative reconstruction of past vegetational composition abated when results from several experiments uncovered the problems of the method. A review of monitoring experiments, mainly conducted between 1960 and 1980, shows that basin size, transport of pollen with flowing water and sediment redeposition and focusing are the most important factors influencing pollen deposition in lakes. With careful site selection most of these factors can be rendered unimportant or constant. It is shown that PAR estimates from three small lakes in a rather homogeneous forest region are very similar for the last 9000 years. Results from monitoring of pollen deposition in pollen traps provides important information in the interpretation of PAR. Monitoring experiments were conducted to explore the deposition of pollen on and in small lakes. Pollen deposition in pollen traps floating on small lakes was not different from pollen deposition observed on land. PAR estimates from lake sediments were comparable with the results of pollen monitoring obtained with Tauber-type traps. A proportion of airborne pollen deposited on a lake surface is lost during the transport to the lake sediment. The amount of pollen that is lost differs between pollen types.
Documentary data provide evidence of Stockholm average winter to spring temperatures in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Authors: Leijonhufvud L. , Wilson R. , Moberg A.
Published: February 2008

Swedish archives provide several types of documentary sources relating to port activities in Stockholm for the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These documentary sources reflect sea ice conditions in the harbour inlet and correlate well with late-winter to early-spring temperatures. Instrumental measurements of temperature in Stockholm began in 1756, which allow for careful empirical assessment of the proxies from that date. After combining proxy series from several sources to derive a mean time series, calibration and verification trials are made and a preliminary January-April temperature reconstruction is developed from 1692 to 1892. This series, which explains 67% of the temperature variance, is further verified against independent temperature data from Uppsala, which go back to 1722. This additional verification of the reconstruction also assesses the quality of the early instrumental data from Uppsala, which has potential homogeneity problems before 1739 as a result of the thermometer being located indoors. Our analysis suggests that before this date, the instrumental data may be 'too warm' and need correction. Together, the documentary and instrumental data identify the post-1990 period as the warmest in three centuries. Continuing assessment of the historical archives should result in some of the documentary records being extended back into the early sixteenth century, allowing the future development of a southern Swedish winter temperature reconstruction for the last -500 years.
Holocene influx of the Tsushima Current into the Japan Sea signalled by spatial and temporal changes in Neogloboquadrina incompta distribution
Authors: Domitsu Hanako , Oda Motoyoshi
Published: February 2008

Neogloboquadrina incompta is an optimal marker of the transitional water formed by mixing of the warm Tsushima Current with cold waters of the Japan Sea. Spatial and temporal changes in N. incompta distribution have been analysed to reconstruct the timing and processes by which modern surface-water conditions were established in the Japan Sea as a function of postglacial influx of the Tsushima Current resulting from rising sea levels. The spatiotemporal distribution of N. incompta suggests that transitional water formed in the eastern to southern marginal regions of the Japan Sea prior to the deposition of the K-Ah tephra (7.3 cal. kyr BP) and then expanded southwestward. A northern cold water mass, together with the cold Liman Current, affected the southwestern part of the Japan Sea until 6.9 cal. kyr BP, which may have been a result of the weaker influence of the Tsushima Current during a time of lower sea level.
Do Lessons People Learn Determine Disaster Cognition and Preparedness?
Authors: Mishra Sasmita , Suar Damodar
Published: February 2008

The study examines whether disaster experience and education through risk perception initiate flood and heat wave preparedness. Data were collected from 300 people, each of flood-prone and heat wave affected areas in Orissa. Results reveal that people having disaster experience and education are more prepared for flood and heat wave. More the people have prior disaster experience and education, more they perceive the risk of flood and heat wave. While increase in perceived risk of the disaster initiates flood preparedness, it does not further heat wave preparedness. Risk perception is only found to be a mediator between disaster experience, disaster-related education and flood preparedness.
Role of Coping Strategies and Social Support in Perceived Illness Consequences and Controllability among Diabetic Women
Authors: Awasthi Purnima , Mishra R.C.
Published: February 2008

Interest in the processes by which people cope with stress has grown dramatically over the past decade. In the present study the role of coping strategies and social support in perceived illness consequences and illness controllability beliefs among diabetic women (n = 100) were studied. It was found that approach coping strategies reduced the severity of perceived illness consequences, whereas avoidance coping strategies increased the severity of perceived illness consequences. The approach strategies of coping were positively correlated to self and doctors’ control. The patients characterised by high level of social support felt less severe consequences of illness. These findings are discussed in the context of the current analyses of lay theories and also folk models of illness find due representation.
Moderating Influence of Emotional Intelligence on the Link Between Academic Self-efficacy and Achievement of University Students
Authors: Adeyemo D.A.
Published: February 2008

The study examined the moderating influence of emotional intelligence on the link between academic self-efficacy and achievement among university students. The participants in the study were 300 undergraduate students at the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Their age ranged between 16.5 years and 30 years with mean age of 19.4 years. Two valid and reliable instruments were used to assess emotional intelligence and academic self-efficacy while participants’ first semester result was used as a measure of academic achievement. Descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and hierarchical regression analysis were used to analyse the data. The result demonstrated that emotional intelligence and academic self-efficacy significantly correlated with academic achievement. The moderating effect of emotional intelligence on the relationship between academic self-efficacy and achievement was also established. On the basis of the findings, it is suggested that emotional intelligence should be integrated into undergraduate curriculum. The study further advocated for the promulgation of educational policy on emotional intelligence and academic self-efficacy.
Ingroup Bias, Intergroup Contact and the Attribution of Blame for Riots
Authors: Ruback R. Barry , Singh Purnima
Published: February 2008

Hindu and Muslim college students judged the severity of a riot and attributed blame for that riot to the Hindu community, the Muslim community and the individual offenders. Both Hindu and Muslim students showed an ingroup bias, in that when offenders were from participants’ own religious group, they blamed the offenders the most and their own community the least. However, when the offenders were from the other religious group, students (both Hindus and Muslims) blamed the other religious community. Two results were consistent with the research literature on equal status intergroup contact. First, the amount of contact Hindu students had with Muslims was negatively related to their assignment of blame to offenders. Second, Hindu participants who lived in mixed Hindu–Muslim neighbourhoods were less likely to blame the Muslim community.
Neo-liberal Development and Reproductive Health in India
Authors: Simon-Kumar Rachel
Published: February 2008

This article seeks to explore the implications of neo-liberalism on women-centred reproductive health programmes, particularly in advancing their goals of political empowerment. The article develops a critique of reproduction and women as citizens of the public space in neo-liberal economies. It argues that the rhetoric of consumer freedom and high-quality services belie women's position as subjects of an economic growth-led society where reproduction is another resource to be harnessed for capitalism. Contrary to feminist intent, the public awareness of the ‘personal’ or the ‘reproductive’ does not necessarily lead to a concomitant enhancement of political aims.
What has Happened in Africa since Cairo?
Authors: Turshen Meredeth
Published: February 2008

This article presents data on what has happened in Africa since Cairo. On too many fronts, especially in the areas of ICPD promises, the countries and people of sub-Saharan Africa have moved backwards, or have stagnated and made no progress. The poorest African countries grew poorer, while the richest nations of the North got (much) richer; life expectancy fell; maternal mortality rates rose; skilled personnel attended fewer births; the rates of preventable and treatable communicable diseases rose; public expenditure on health stagnated; and ratios of physicians to population fell or remained the same in one-fourth of the countries. This reflected a serious brain drain. Family planning is the one service that grew in the decade since Cairo.
Women Making Choices
Authors: Goyal Ashima
Published: February 2008

Amartya Sen's capability approach is very useful to analyse how choices affect the potential of women, once the position that women lack self-awareness when they make their choices is dropped. Women's agency is underestimated. Women's ‘otherregarding choices’ are not irrational because altruism has not only intrinsic, but also instrumental value as a source of social capital; it may even increase some types of freedom. The mask of conformity women wear in preferring less to more can be misinterpreted as a lack of awareness. The rapidity with which even poor women make use of opportunities that suit their other-regarding choices and the special modes of functioning they have developed as a result prove that the mask of women's conformity is a shallow one.
‘Docile Oriental Women’ and Organised Labour
Authors: Chakravarty Deepita
Published: February 2008

This article attempts to understand women's labour market behaviour in the context of export-oriented garment manufacturing in India, particularly women's decision to work and their alleged aversion to unionism. Asian women's submissiveness in the labour market can hardly be the result of ‘Oriental docility’ in every case. We question this assumption by looking at a small sample of 25 women in garment manufacturing firms in Hyderabad, India, and seek other explanations for women's lack of interest in unions, and note the pressures that affect them.
Female Education and Nigeria's Development Strategies
Authors: S. Dauda Risikat Oladoyin
Published: February 2008

This article analyses the various strategies and policies implemented by successive Nigerian governments since the 1985 Nairobi Declaration and the World Declaration on Education for All, and ascertains whether policy initiatives were effective in ensuring access to, and improving the quality of, education for girls and women. This article analyses primary, secondary and university enrolment figures by gender for the period 1986–2004. Findings indicate that gender stereotypes in the educational system, and wide male–female gaps in education continue despite education being a high priority area. The reasons include a weak institutional framework, lack of coordination of policy initiatives and inadequate funding. Engendering education is vital to Nigeria's development programmes.
A Study of Resiliency Characteristics in the Adjustment of International Graduate Students at American Universities
Authors: Jing Wang
Published: February 2008

This research introduced the concept of resilience into the study of adjustment of international graduate students at U.S. universities. The purpose of this study was to explore relationships among resilience characteristics, background variables, and adjustment problem areas, and to gauge the effects of resilience and background variables on adjustment. The Organizational Development Resources' Personal Resilience Questionnaire and the Michigan International Student Problem Inventory were used, and 207 usable responses were gathered. Statistical analyses revealed that resilience characteristics were moderately associated with background variables, highly negatively correlated with adjustment problem areas, better correlated with adjustment problem areas than were background variables, and resilience had the greatest effect on adjustment.
Speaking of Internationalisation: An Analysis Policy of Discourses on Internationalisation of Higher Education in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: McLellan Carlton E.
Published: February 2008

This article explores the policy implications of internationalisation of higher education in post-apartheid South Africa. It uses several of the country's policy documents and analyses what they infer about the process of internationalisation and its role in the transformation of South African higher education and society. The particular policy documents used as points of analysis have been chosen because they are crucial policy documents in South Africa that continue to guide higher education in that country and have particular relevance for the process of internationalisation. Two key interrelated arguments are made in this article. One argument is that internationalisation, as it is defined herein, is a policy issue that has failed to gain significant recognition in higher education policy circles in South Africa; the second is that its policy importance is evidenced implicitly in at least three of the country's transformational policy priorities.
Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality
Authors: Von Ruden Abby E. , Adson David E. , Kotlyar Michael
Published: February 2008

Depression in patients with coronary artery disease is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is not clear, however, if treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) decreases the rate of future cardiovascular events. This paper reviews the available literature regarding the effect of SSRI use on cardiovascular outcomes. Thirteen studies addressing this issue were identified. Of these, 5 concluded that SSRI use is associated with decreased cardiovascular morbidity or mortality, 2 concluded that SSRI use was associated with worsened prognosis, and 6 studies found no statistically significant association. Almost all of the published literature examining the effect of SSRIs on cardiovascular outcomes is based on observational studies, thereby precluding definitive conclusions. Randomized controlled studies are clearly needed to definitively address this issue.
Differential Effects of Carvedilol and Metoprolol Succinate on Plasma Norepinephrine Release and Peak Exercise Heart Rate in Subjects With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Vittorio Timothy J. , Zolty Ronald , Kasper Michael E. , Khandwalla Raj M. , Hirsh David S. , Tseng Chi-Hong , Jorde Ulrich P. , Ahuja Kartikya
Published: February 2008

Dosing equivalency of carvedilol and metoprolol remains a debate. Degree of β1-blockade is best assessed by blunting of the exercise-induced heart rate. Accordingly, the authors have investigated dosing equivalency by examining baseline and peak exercise heart rates and norepinephrine levels in subjects with chronic heart failure treated with carvedilol or metoprolol. Thirty-seven subjects treated with carvedilol (32.9 ± 3.5 mg; n = 23) or metoprolol succinate (XL) (96.4 ± 15.9 mg; n = 14) referred for cardiopulmonary exercise testing were studied prospectively. Carvedilol versus metoprolol XL subjects did not differ with respect to baseline heart rate (73 ± 2 vs 70 ± 3 bpm), or baseline plasma norepinephrine levels (597.5 ± 78.3 vs 602.1 ± 69.6 pg/mL), P = NS. However, despite similar peak exercise norepinephrine levels (2735.8 ± 320.1 vs 2403.1 ± 371.6 pg/mL), heart rate at peak exercise was higher in subjects receiving carvedilol (135 ± 4 bpm) than those receiving metoprolol XL (117 ± 6 bpm), P = 0.02. Similar norepinephrine release and more complete β1-blockade is observed in well-matched subjects with chronic heart failure treated with a mean daily dose of metoprolol XL 96.4 mg compared with carvedilol 32.9 mg.
Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors and Most Traditional Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Cause Similar Moderately Increased Risks of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Hennekens Charles H. , Borzak Steven
Published: February 2008

Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors relieve pain from inflammatory conditions by decreasing the gastrointestinal side effects from traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Basic research provided plausible mechanisms and some observational epidemiological studies, case-control and cohort, indicated that patients prescribed with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs had increased risks for myocardial infarction and stroke. Because patients prescribed with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors were systematically different, uncontrolled and uncontrollable confounding by indication was as large as the observed risks. Thus, epidemiological studies or their meta-analyses could not discern whether, and if so, how much, the risks were real. A comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized trials indicated that cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors increased the risk of vascular events by 42%, almost exclusively myocardial infarction, as did high-dose regimens of ibuprofen and diclofenac, but not naproxen. Individual clinical judgments and policy decisions should include cardiovascular disease and noncardiovascular disease risks including gastrointestinal side effects and clinical benefits including improved quality of life from less pain and disability.
Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction and Impaired Microcirculation Response to Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Hyperinsulinemia
Authors: Ashikaga Takashi , Nishizaki Mitsuhiro , Fujii Hiroyuki , Ihara Kensuke , Niki Saori , Murai Tadashi , Maeda Shingo , Yamawake Noriyoshi , Kishi Yukio , Isobe Mitsuaki
Published: February 2008

Endothelial dysfunction occurs in hyperinsulinemia (HI). Coronary microcirculation responses to vasoactive agents are examined in 57 patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Patients were divided into 2 groups, 37 with normoinsulinemia (NI) and 20 with HI based on results of a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Epicardial artery vasoactivity in response to acetylcholine chloride is measured to assess endothelial function. Coronary microcirculation function is evaluated by intracoronary administration of 50 µg of adenosine triphosphate, 1 mg of isosorbide dinitrate, and 0.05 mg/kg of atrial natriuretic peptide. Epicardial artery vasoconstriction in response to 100 µg of acetylcholine is mildly reduced in HI ( P = .04). Coronary flow reserve in response to adenosine triphosphate in NI is similar to that in HI. In NI, the resting mean (SD) peak velocity in response to isosorbide dinitrate (40.7 [10.9] cm/s) vs atrial natriuretic peptide (39.6 [10.9] cm/s) is similar. In contrast, the resting mean (SD) peak velocity in response to atrial natriuretic peptide (31.3 [9.3] cm/s) vs isosorbide dinitrate (43.5 [10.0] cm/s) in HI is statistically significantly blunted ( P < .001). Atrial natriuretic peptide may have a pathologic effect on coronary microcirculation even in mild endothelial dysfunction among patients with HI.
The Influence of Gender Role Stereotyping on Women's Experiences of Female Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Hassouneh Dena , Glass Nancy
Published: February 2008

Female same-sex intimate partner violence (FSSIPV) is a serious problem that affects the health and safety of lesbian and bisexual women. To begin to address the paucity of research, a mixed methods study was conducted to identify shared and unique risk and protective factors for FSSIPV. This article reports on qualitative findings related to the influence of gender role stereotyping on women's experiences of FSSIPV. Findings indicate that gender role stereotyping shapes women's experiences of FSSIPV by influencing individual, familial, community, and societal perceptions and responses to this phenomenon.
Exploring the Links Between Components of Coordinated Community Responses and Their Impact on Contact With Intimate Partner Violence Services
Authors: Klevens Joanne , Baker Charlene K. , Shelley Gene A. , Ingram Eben M.
Published: February 2008

In the 1990s, concerns with response fragmentation for intimate partner violence (IPV) led to the promotion of coordinated community responses (CCRs) to prevent and control IPV. Evaluation of CCRs has been limited. A previous evaluation of 10 CCRs funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showed no overall impact on rates of IPV when compared to matched communities. However, there was great variability in the quality and quantity of CCR efforts between sites and thus potentially different levels of impact. This article establishes the impact of each of the 10 CCRs on women's past-year exposure to IPV and contact with IPV services and explores the associations between specific CCR components and contact with IPV services.
Women's Rights, Domestic Violence, and Recourse Seeking in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Schuler Sidney Ruth , Bates Lisa M. , Islam Farzana
Published: February 2008

This article seeks to deepen understanding of the reasons that abused women in a resource-poor rural setting seek recourse so seldom and with so little success. Data from in-depth interviews and group discussions are used to explore the range of responses to domestic violence and to examine barriers to recourse seeking. Findings illustrate how the combination of poverty and gender inequality, inequities in the legal framework, and patriarchal attitudes and corruption in both formal and informal institutions at the local level discourage abused women from seeking recourse and decrease the likelihood of a favorable outcome when they do.
Prevalence and Effects of Rape Myths in Print Journalism
Authors: Franiuk Renae , Seefelt Jennifer L. , Cepress Sandy L. , Vandello Joseph A.
Published: February 2008

Two studies examine the prevalence and effects of rape myths in the print media covering a real-life case of alleged sexual assault. Study 1 was an archival study of 156 sources from around the country. Articles about the Kobe Bryant case were coded for instances of rape myths, among other variables. Of the articles, 65 mentioned at least one rape myth (with “she's lying” being the single most common myth perpetuated). Study 2 assessed participants' ( N = 62) prior knowledge of the Bryant case and exposed them to a myth-endorsing or myth-challenging article about the case. Those exposed to the myth-endorsing article were more likely to believe that Bryant was not guilty and the alleged victim was lying. The implications for victim reporting and reducing sexual assault in general are discussed.
Sensory-Motor Rehabilitation in Rett Syndrome
Authors: Pizzamiglio Maria Rosa , Nasti Marianna , Piccardi Laura , Zotti Antonella , Vitturini Claudio , Spitoni Grazia , Nanni Maria Vittoria , Guariglia Cecilia , Morelli Daniela
Published: February 2008

Rett syndrome (RS) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder that mostly affects females. It is characterized by a regression of motor, cognitive, linguistic, and social abilities and by an inappropriate and stereotypical use of the hands. The purpose of the current study was to explore the possibility of rehabilitating purposeful use of the hands and hand-eye coordination in individuals with this syndrome. G.P., a child affected by RS, received experimental, computerized visual-motor coordination training and a sensory-motor rehabilitative program specifically designed for her based on Piaget's (1937) theory of cognitive development. After 3 years of therapy, G.P. partially regained the use of her hands as an instrument of object knowledge and as a means of communicating with people.
rFVIIa in trauma: a review and opinion-based guidelines
Authors: Bruder Eric , Howes Daniel W
Published: February 2008

Recombinant activated factor seven (rFVIIa) is a novel and emerging therapy for the acquired coagulopathy associated with massive bleeding and hemorrhagic shock. The intent of this paper is to review the mechanism of action of rFVIIa, to discuss the current state of evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of rFVIIa, and to offer guidance regarding its use in severely traumatized patients. No study has demonstrated a survival benefit in humans. rFVIIa, is safe to use in the setting of severe trauma associated with ongoing bleeding and acquired coagulopathy. Doses of 80—200 μg/kg may be used after correction of thrombocytopenia and acidosis. Hypothermia should be corrected in any traumatized patient, but should not be a barrier to its administration. Definitive evidence supporting the use of rFVIIa is lacking, but ongoing studies will delineate survival benefits, dosing regimens, and adverse events associated with its use.
Damage control orthopaedics
Authors: Philipson Mark R , Parker Paul J
Published: February 2008

Damage control orthopaedics (DCO) describes a philosophy for the management of the patient with multiple bony injuries. The fundamental principles are that fractures and traumatic soft tissue injuries (the `wound organ') should be stabilised promptly with the minimum physiological insult to the patient, and that initial surgery should be regarded as a staged part of the resuscitation process. This article discusses the history of DCO; the scientific basis behind DCO principles; patient selection for DCO; the principles of resuscitation in the multiply injured; the evidence for and against DCO; and possible future advances.
Prevention and treatment of post-traumatic acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Benfield Rodd , DuBose Joseph , Demetriades Demetrios
Published: February 2008

Post-Traumatic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the acutely injured patient. The American-European Consensus Conference Report established the most widely accepted definition of ARDS in 1994. In recent years it appears the incidence and impact of the disease are on the decline. This article reviews strategies to prevent and treat post-traumatic ARDS. Well-accepted, proven strategies include lung protective ventilation strategies, as well as conservative transfusion and crystalloid resuscitation policies and the adoption of leukoreduction techniques. Other modalities including hypertonic saline resuscitation, use of albumin and diuretics, positive end expiratory pressure, high-frequency ventilation, prone positioning, recruitment maneuvers, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, corticosteroids, exogenous surfactant, and inhaled nitric oxide are also reviewed.
Humeral shaft fractures: a review of literature
Authors: Mohammed Saqib Zafar  , Porter Keith
Published: February 2008

Humeral shaft fracture account for nearly 3% of all fractures. Trauma specialists should be aware of a range of possible injuries, complications and be confident in their management. This article reviews the various aspects of humeral shaft fractures and details different treatment options available. We found that in the majority of cases non-operative management has excellent results provided attention is paid to follow up and rehabilitation.
Reducing Farmworker Residential Pesticide Exposure: Evaluation of a Lay Health Advisor Intervention
Authors: Arcury Thomas A. , Marín Antonio , Snively Beverly M. , Hernández-Pelletier Mercedes , Quandt Sara A.
Published: February 2008

The goal of this analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of a promotora program for teaching women in Latino farmworker families about pesticide safety and increasing pesticide safety behaviors. Volunteer promotoras delivered a pesticide safety curriculum (intervention) and nutrition curriculum (control) to farmworker women residing in western North Carolina and Virginia. Pre-and postintervention interviews assessed differences in delivery of the intervention, recognition of the intervention, pesticide knowledge, pesticide exposures behaviors, and integrated pest management behaviors. Participants in the intervention group reported significantly more receipt of pesticide education and greater recognition of the key messages. However, their knowledge, pesticide exposure behaviors, and integrated pest management behaviors did not change. A more structured program is needed to be sure that the dose of interventions is large enough to overcome educational and cultural characteristics of immigrant communities. Policy changes are needed to address circumstances outside of farmworkers' control that affect pesticide exposure.
Universal Design Considerations for Improving Student Achievement on English Language Proficiency Tests
Authors: Liu Kristin K. , Anderson Michael
Published: February 2008

This article studies accessible assessment design to large-scale English language proficiency assessments that are now mandatory for elementary and secondary English language learners in public schools. Using a modified Delphi approach, a panel of 33 experts from the areas of assessment, English as a second language or bilingual education, and special education provided feedback on features of accessible English language proficiency tests. Experts rated the importance of a set of accessible test design considerations suggested by the literature and were able to add and rate additional considerations suggested by their own experience. Considerations related to the creation of concise and readable text in assessment items received consistently high ratings overall. In contrast, considerations relating to the creation of test items that allow for format changes (e.g., Braille, oral presentation, sign language) showed the most variability in ratings.
Evaluation of Body Surface Area as a Determinant of Cholecystodynamics Due to Orally Administered Standardized Skimmed Milk
Authors: Ugwu A.C.
Published: February 2008

The author studied the relationship between body surface area and both the gallbladder contraction index and gallbladder emptying rate. Using the ellipsoid formula, gallbladder volumes were sonographically measured in the preprandial state and 20 minutes after a standardized fatty meal in 62 subjects. Gallbladder contraction indices and emptying rates were calculated. The body surface area of 61 subjects who followed the study design was computed from their height and weight measurements. Parametric tests also were carried out, revealing that there were no significant correlations between body surface area and gallbladder contraction index and gallbladder emptying rate. Dosing in cholecystodynamic studies may be limited by lack of correlation between gallbladder emptying rate and body surface area.
Mirror-Image Artifact Mimicking a Carotid Artery Dissection
Authors: Kurtz Abby
Published: February 2008

Sonographic artifacts are a common occurrence in B-mode, color, and spectral Doppler. Sonographers should be aware of the potential occurrence of these artifacts so that a normal examination is not classified as abnormal. In the case presented in this article, a mirror-image artifact from the wall of the jugular vein appeared in the common carotid artery lumen, mimicking a carotid artery dissection.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Atrial Flutter
Authors: Martinez Sarah
Published: February 2008

Fetal tachyarrhythmias are infrequently encountered in utero. They are divided into subgroups including: atrial flutter/fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), sinus tachycardia, and atrial extrasystoles. Tachyarrhythmias can lead to fetal hydrops, congestive heart failure, and possibly fetal demise. Atrial flutter in a fetus is defined by an atrial rate of 300 to 600 beats per minute (bpm), with or without a 1:1 conduction rate to the ventricles. Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) is the most common cause of supraventricular tachycardia and should be considered in cases of atrial tachycardia. Recognition of cardiac dysrhythmias is essential in early intervention. Cardiac antiarrthymic agents are frequently used with success to convert fetal dysrhythmias to a normal sinus rhythm. Digoxin is typically first-line therapy, and in more advanced or severe cases, additional drugs are often used.
Imperforate Anus With Renal Ectopia
Authors: Berg Shari , Michael Kim
Published: February 2008

This case study describes the sonographic findings of an infant born with an imperforate anus. Imperforate anus occurs in about 1 in 4000 to 5000 live births. It can be associated with VACTERL or VATER syndrome, which includes vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal, and limb malformations. Prognosis depends on the level of the imperforate anus and the extent of the associated anomalies.
Stomach Peptic Ulcer: Confined Gastric Perforation
Authors: Thachuk Anna Valerienvna
Published: February 2008

Many patients present with epigastic pain as an indication for abdominal sonography. Usually, cholelithiasis or pancreatitis is diagnosed. Nevertheless, some unique other causes of epigastric pain often require several medical modalities before a definitive diagnosis can be made. This case details an elderly patient who complained of epigastric pain from a motor vehicle accident three weeks earlier. The sonographic findings were suggestive of a stomach rupture. Usually, a stomach rupture elicits severe abdominal pain, which was not present in this patient. Computed tomography (CT) was recommended for further investigation. The CT findings were most consistent with a lesser curve gastric ulcer that was contained as a perforation by the lesser sac. Nevertheless, some of the signs were suggestive of a cancerous etiology (enlarged lymph nodes, thick stomach wall). A biopsy was performed to identify the cause. The result of biopsy was peptic ulcer of helicobacter etiology. When scanning patients with epigastric pain, sonographers must be aware of other causes of epigastric pain, such as stomach ulcer perforation, and perform a thorough investigation.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate–dependent trafficking of peritoneal B cells requires functional NFκB-inducing kinase in stromal cells
Authors: Kunisawa Jun , Gohda Masashi , Kurashima Yosuke , Ishikawa Izumi , Higuchi Morio , Kiyono Hiroshi
Published: February 2008

We previously reported that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) regulates peritoneal B-cell trafficking and subsequent intestinal IgA production, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We demonstrate here that nuclear factor κB–inducing kinase (NIK) is involved in the regulation of S1P-mediated trafficking of peritoneal B cells. Although peritoneal B cells from NIK-mutated alymphoplasia (aly) mice expressed type 1 S1P receptor (S1P1) at comparable levels and demonstrated normal migration toward S1P, aly peritoneal B cells showed decreased sensitivity to FTY720, an S1P1 modulator. NIK-mutated stromal cells showed decreased levels of adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) and increased CXCL13 expressions, leading to impaired ability to support S1P-mediated emigration, but not immigration, of peritoneal B cells. Therefore, aly peritoneal B cells exhibited normal S1P-mediated peritoneal B-cell trafficking from peritoneum to intestine for IgA production when they were transferred into severe combined immunodeficient or wild-type mice. However, S1P-mediated emigration of wild-type B cells from the aly peritoneal cavity was impaired without affecting their immigration from the blood. Further, transfer of wild-type stromal cells into the peritoneum restored S1P-mediated trafficking of aly peritoneal B cells. These findings suggest that NIK in stromal cells has a specific role in the regulation of S1P-mediated trafficking of peritoneal B cells.