bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rates of Internal Hiring of Ophthalmology Faculty from their Institution of Training at Top Academic Medical Centers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Rizk Emanuelle M. , Wang Jiangxia , Zhao Xiyu , Tsou Brittany , Metiku Beruk E. , Cho Katie , Samineni Pranav , Sridhar Jayanth , Woreta Fasika A.
Published: July 2023

Background Throughout graduate and postgraduate education, trainees need to gauge the impact of training location on future institutions of practice.

Objective We assessed rates of internal hiring of ophthalmology faculty at academic institutions from their same institution of training.

Methods This was a cross-sectional study. We included 1,246 clinical ophthalmology faculty at the 13 top-ranked institutions listed in the 2021 U.S. News and World Report. Primary, emeritus, adjunct, and affiliate faculty were included. Publicly available information was collected from institutional websites and other online sources. Statistical analyses were conducted using t-tests or Mann–Whitney tests, chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests, and multivariate logistic regression. The main outcome measured was internal hires, defined as faculty who had completed residency and/or fellowship training at their current institution.

Results In total, 47.3% of faculty were internal hires who completed residency or fellowship at the same institution. Among externally trained faculty, 27.7% completed residency and 56.0% completed fellowship at another top 13 programs. Internal hires were more frequently fellowship-trained, had a greater number of publications, and practiced in smaller departments (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.002, respectively). A greater proportion of internal hires held leadership positions (p = 0.012). Faculty practicing in the Midwest or West and with more years since residency graduation were less likely (odds ratio [OR], 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18–0.48; OR, 0.49, 95% CI, 0.31–0.78; OR, 0.98, 95% CI, 0.97–0.99, respectively) to be internal hires. Faculty with non-R01 National Institutes of Health funding were more likely to be internal hires (OR, 1.82, 95% CI: 1.12–2.96).

Conclusions Training institution is key to determining the institution of practice. These results may be beneficial for trainees to consider when selecting a training program.
Role of Genetic Markers in Dental Caries: A Literature Review
Authors: Sharma Disha , Bhandary Srikala
Published: July 2023

Introduction This article reviews the literature on the role of genetic markers in the initiation and progression of dental caries and provides a modern understanding of the disease etiology. Dental caries is a complex, chronic, multifactorial disease which is influenced by genetic, environmental, and social factors. Identification of genetic risk factors will help screen and identify susceptible patients to better understand the contribution of genes in caries etiopathogenesis to formulate various diagnostic and novel therapeutic approaches in the management of the disease.

Materials and Methods Innovations and ideas were retrieved based on the literature in journals and textbooks indexed in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science database. The theories obtained are then summarized into a continuous series; thus, readers can more easily understand the ideas and innovations offered.

Results Through interactions of the involved gene products, genetic markers have been constructed and provide us with insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying caries. There can also be gene–gene interactions or gene–environment interactions that create epigenetic effects that all possibly contribute to caries risk and resistance. A variety of caries markers have been identified, including genes affecting salivary flow rates and composition, tooth formation genes, as well as immune genes.

Conclusion Information derived from various diverse studies will provide new tools to target individuals and/or populations for a more efficient and effective implementation of new preventive measures and diagnostic and novel therapeutic approaches in the management of dental caries.
Psycho-oncology/Supportive Care in Head–Neck Cancers Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Sinha Shwetabh , Pandey Saket , Salins Shirley L. , Salins Naveen , Deodhar Jayita , Gupta Tejpal , Laskar Sarbani G. , Budrukkar Ashwini , Swain Monali , Kumar Anuj , Murthy Vedang , Nair Sudhir , Nair Deepa , Joshi Poonam , Chaturvedi Pankaj , Menon Nandini , Patil Vijay , Joshi Amit , Noronha Vanita , Prabhash Kumar , Agarwal Jai Prakash
Published: July 2023

An elevated level of distress is associated with poor health-related quality of life (QoL), decreased patient satisfaction, poor treatment compliance, and possible reduced survival. This randomized trial, conducted at a single center in India, enrolled head–neck cancer patients aged > 18 years who were undergoing curative intent radiation therapy, and had significant baseline distress as per the National Comprehensive Cancer Network distress thermometer (distress score ≥ 4). The patients were randomized into the Standard arm (STD), which involved routine assessment by the oncologist, or the Interventional arm (INV), where psycho-oncology/palliative/supportive care referral was done at baseline and every week during treatment. The study's primary endpoint was the proportion of patients having significant distress 6 months' posttreatment. A total of 212 patients were randomized (n = 108 STD, n = 104 INV). At 6 months' post-treatment completion, 90 and 89 were evaluable in the STD and INV, respectively. The median distress score was 2 in both arms at this time point. There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients having significant distress in STD versus INV (9 vs. 15.6%, p = 0.20). There was an improvement in any symptom measured by the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Score (pain, tiredness, drowsiness, nausea, lack of appetite) and the QoL for the entire cohort with no statistically significant difference between arms for symptoms, QoL, or survival endpoints. Psycho-oncology and palliative/supportive care referral did not impact distress, symptom burden, QoL, or survival at 6 months' posttreatment completion significantly in this randomized trial.

Clinical Trial Registry of India Registration number: CTRI/2016/01/006549.
Languages in China link climate, voice quality, and tone in a causal chain
Authors: Liang Yuzhu , Wang Lining , Wichmann Søren , Xia Quansheng , Wang Shuai , Ding Jun , Wang Tianheng , Ran Qibin
Published: July 2023

Are the sound systems of languages ecologically adaptive like other aspects of human behavior? In previous substantive explorations of the climate–language nexus, the hypothesis that desiccation affects the tone systems of languages was not well supported. The lack of analysis of voice quality data from natural speech undermines the credibility of the following two key premises: the compromised voice quality caused by desiccated ambient air and constrained use of phonemic tone due to a desiccated larynx. Here, the full chain of causation, humidity→voice quality→number of tones, is for the first time strongly supported by direct experimental tests based on a large speech database (China’s Language Resources Protection Project). Voice quality data is sampled from a recording set that includes 997 language varieties in China. Each language is represented by about 1200 sound files, amounting to a total of 1,174,686 recordings. Tonally rich languages are distributed throughout China and vary in their number of tones and in the climatic conditions of their speakers. The results show that, first, the effect of humidity is large enough to influence the voice quality of common speakers in a naturalistic environment; secondly, poorer voice quality is more likely to be observed in speakers of non-tonal languages and languages with fewer tones. Objective measures of phonatory capabilities help to disentangle the humidity effect from the contribution of phylogenetic and areal relatedness to the tone system. The prediction of ecological adaptation of speech is first verified through voice quality analysis. Humidity is observed to be related to synchronic variation in tonality. Concurrently, the findings offer a potential trigger for diachronic changes in tone systems.
Oscillatory shear stress-induced downregulation of TET1s injures vascular endothelial planar cell polarity by suppression of actin polymerization
Authors: Qu Kai , Wang Caihong , Huang Lu , Qin Xian , Zhang Kun , Qiu Juhui , Wang Guixue
Published: July 2023

Vascular endothelial polarity induced by blood flow plays crucial roles in the development of atherosclerosis. Loss of endothelial polarity leads to an increase in permeability and leukocyte recruitment, which are crucial hallmarks of atherosclerotic initiation. Endothelial cells exhibit a morphological adaptation to hemodynamic shear stress and possesses planar cell polarity to the direction of blood flow. However, the mechanism of how hemodynamic shear stress regulates endothelial planar cell polarity has not been firmly established. Here, we found that TET1s, a short isoform of Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1, was a mediator in the regulation of the planar cell polarity in endothelial cells in response to hemodynamic shear stress. In the process, low expression of TET1s induced by oscillatory shear stress led to the endothelial planar polarity damage through inhibition of F-actin polymerization. TET1s can regulate demethylation level of the sFRP-1 promoter to alter the expression of sFRP-1, which affects the interaction of sFRP-1/Fzd4 and F-actin polymerization. Our study revealed the mechanism of how TET1s mediates endothelial planar cell polarity in response to hemodynamic shear stress and provides a new insight for the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Effect of iron thicknesses on spin transport in a Fe/Au bilayer system
Authors: Briones J. , Weber M. , Stadtmüller B. , Schneider H. C. , Rethfeld B.
Published: July 2023

This paper is concerned with a theoretical analysis of the behavior of optically excited spin currents in bilayer and multilayer systems of ferromagnetic and normal metals. As the propagation, control, and manipulation of the spin currents created in ferromagnets by femtosecond optical pulses is of particular interest, we examine the influence of different thicknesses of the constituent layers for the case of electrons excited several electronvolts above the Fermi level. Using a Monte-Carlo simulation framework for such highly excited electrons, we first examine the spatiotemporal characteristics of the spin current density driven in a Fe layer, where the absorption profile of the light pulse plays an important role. Further, we examine how the combination of light absorption profile, spin-dependent transmission probabilities, and iron layer thickness affects spin current density in a Fe/Au bilayer system. For high-energy electrons studied here, the interface and secondary electron generation have a small influence on spin transport in the bilayer system. However, we find that spin injection from one layer to another is most effective within a certain range of iron layer thicknesses.
Topological surface state induced spin pumping in sputtered topological insulator (Bi2Te3)–ferromagnet (Co60Fe20B20) heterostructures
Authors: Pandey Lalit , Gupta Rahul , Khan Amir , Gupta Nanhe Kumar , Hait Soumyarup , Kumar Nakul , Mishra Vireshwar , Sharma Nikita , Svedlindh Peter , Chaudhary Sujeet
Published: July 2023

Topological insulators with high spin–orbit coupling and helically spin-momentum-locked topological surface states (TSSs) can serve as efficient spin current generators for modern spintronics applications. We used the industrial-friendly DC magnetron sputtering technique to fabricate magnetic heterostructures consisting of Bi2Te3 (BT) as a topological insulator and Co60Fe20B20 (CFB) as a magnetic layer and studied the temperature-dependent spin pumping, utilizing out-of-plane ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy. These results demonstrate that the effective spin-mixing conductance is significantly affected by the contribution of two-magnon scattering (TMS). It is found that the TMS-free effective spin-mixing conductance increases with decreasing temperature. Additionally, results from magneto-transport measurements indicate that the surface coherence length of BT is in accordance with the temperature-dependent effective spin-mixing conductance. This enhancement of effective mixing conductance correlated with the enhancement in the contribution of the TSSs as evaluated using the weak-anti-localization effect. This study provides a deeper understanding of the temperature-dependent spin dynamics in sputtered BT/CFB heterostructures which can serve as a guide for further exploration of such bilayers for topological-based spintronic applications.
Sound velocities in liquids near freezing: Dependence on the interaction potential and correlations with thermal conductivity
Authors: Khrapak S. A. , Khrapak A. G.
Published: July 2023

We present systematic investigation of sound velocities in various fluids at the fluid–solid phase transition. First, theoretical estimates indicating that quasi-universal values of sound velocities at freezing can be expected are presented. Then, this prediction is verified on three model systems with quite different interactions (inverse power law, screened Coulomb, and Lennard-Jones pairwise potentials) and 15 real atomic and molecular liquids. It is documented that the ratio of the sound velocity to the thermal velocity tends to a quasi-universal value (cs/vT∼10) in many systems considered, but exceptions also exist. In particular, extremely soft interactions can result in indefinitely large ratios cs/vT. Complex hydrocarbon liquids also demonstrate high ratios cs/vT. On the other hand, liquids composed of light elements, such as hydrogen and neon, demonstrate lower ratios cs/vT. For model systems, we discuss relations between the thermodynamic sound velocity and instantaneous longitudinal, transverse, and bulk sound velocities. It is found that these relations are greatly affected by the potential softness. Finally, correlations between the thermal conductivity coefficient and the sound velocity are briefly discussed in the context of Bridgman's formula.
The future ahead gas sensing with two-dimensional materials
Authors: Ottaviano Luca , Mastrippolito Dario
Published: July 2023

The state of the art of the literature on two-dimensional (2D) materials currently used in conductometric and transistor-type gas sensing devices is here illustrated, followed by a survey of the potential research avenues opened by emerging 2D materials such as 2D oxides, 2D magnetic materials, and 2.5D hetero-structured and texturized materials. This Perspective also illustrates recent developments in experimental operando technique and computational methodologies that can be relevant in the field. Issues related to key performance parameters of 2D gas sensors are discussed from a perspective view against the performance of present state-of-the-art metal oxides-based gas sensing devices.
Mitochondrial sulfide promotes life span and health span through distinct mechanisms in developing versus adult treated
Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Vintila Adriana Raluca , Slade Luke , Cooke Michael , Willis Craig R. G. , Torregrossa Roberta , Rahman Mizanur , Anupom Taslim , Vanapalli Siva A. , Gaffney Christopher J. , Gharahdaghi Nima , Szabo Csaba , Szewczyk Nathaniel J. , Whiteman Matthew , Etheridge Timothy
Published: July 2023

Living longer without simultaneously extending years spent in good health (“health span”) is an increasing societal burden, demanding new therapeutic strategies. Hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S) can correct disease-related mitochondrial metabolic deficiencies, and supraphysiological H
2
S concentrations can pro health span. However, the efficacy and mechanisms of mitochondrion-targeted sulfide delivery molecules (mtH
2
S) administered across the adult life course are unknown. Using a
Caenorhabditis elegans
aging model, we compared untargeted H
2
S (NaGYY4137, 100 µM and 100 nM) and mtH
2
S (AP39, 100 nM) donor effects on life span, neuromuscular health span, and mitochondrial integrity. H
2
S donors were administered from birth or in young/middle-aged animals (day 0, 2, or 4 postadulthood). RNAi pharmacogenetic interventions and transcriptomics/network analysis explored molecular events governing mtH
2
S donor-mediated health span. Developmentally administered mtH
2
S (100 nM) improved life/health span vs. equivalent untargeted H
2
S doses. mtH
2
S preserved aging mitochondrial structure, content (citrate synthase activity) and neuromuscular strength. Knockdown of H
2
S metabolism enzymes and FoxO/
daf-16
prevented the positive health span effects of mtH
2
S, whereas DCAF11/
wdr-23
– Nrf2/
skn-1
oxidative stress protection pathways were dispensable. Health span, but not life span, increased with all adult-onset mtH
2
S treatments. Adult mtH
2
S treatment also rejuvenated aging transcriptomes by minimizing expression declines of mitochondria and cytoskeletal components, and peroxisome metabolism hub components, under mechanistic control by the
elt-6
/
elt-3
transcription factor circuit. H
2
S health span extension likely acts at the mitochondrial level, the mechanisms of which dissociate from life span across adult vs. developmental treatment timings. The small mtH
2
S doses required for health span extension, combined with efficacy in adult animals, suggest mtH
2
S is a potential healthy aging therapeutic.
Noncanonical HPV carcinogenesis drives radiosensitization of head and neck tumors
Authors: Schrank Travis P. , Kothari Aditi , Weir William H. , Stepp Wesley H. , Rehmani Hina , Liu Xinyi , Wang Xiaowei , Sewell Andrew , Li Xue , Tasoulas Jason , Kim Sulgi , Yarbrough Gray , Xie Yue , Flamand Yael , Marur Shanthi , Hayward Michele C. , Wu Di , Burtness Barbara , Anderson Karen S. , Baldwin Albert S. , Yarbrough Wendell G. , Issaeva Natalia
Published: July 2023

We analyzed transcriptional data from 104 HPV+ (Human papillomavirus) HNSCC (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) tumors together with two publicly available sources to identify highly robust transcriptional programs (modules) which could be detected consistently despite heterogeneous sequencing and quantification methodologies. Among 22 modules identified, we found a single module that naturally subclassifies HPV+ HNSCC tumors based on a bimodal pattern of gene expression, clusters all atypical features of HPV+ HNSCC biology into a single subclass, and predicts patient outcome in four independent cohorts. The subclass-defining gene set was strongly correlated with Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) target expression. Tumors with high expression of this NF-κB module were rarely associated with activating PIK3CA alterations or viral integration, and also expressed higher levels of HPHPV E2 and had decreased APOBEC mutagenesis. Alternatively, they harbored inactivating alterations of key regulators of NF-κB, TNF receptor associated factor 3 (TRAF3), and cylindromatosis (CYLD), as well as retinoblastoma protein (RB1). HPV+ HNSCC cells in culture with experimental depletion of TRAF3 or CYLD displayed increased expression of the subclass-defining genes, as well as robust radio-sensitization, thus recapitulating both the tumor transcriptional state and improved treatment response observed in patient data. Across all gene sets investigated, methylation to expression correlations were the strongest for the subclass-defining, NF-κB-related genes. Increased tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells and increased Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) expression were identified in NF-κB active tumors. Based on the relatively high rates of cure in HPV+ HNSCC, deintensification of therapy to reduce treatment-related morbidity is being studied at many institutions. Tumor subclassification based on oncogenic subtypes may help guide the selection of therapeutic intensity or modality for patients with HPV+ HNSCC.
Functional modules for visual scene segmentation in macaque visual cortex
Authors: Hesse Janis K. , Tsao Doris Y.
Published: July 2023

Segmentation, the computation of object boundaries, is one of the most important steps in intermediate visual processing. Previous studies have reported cells across visual cortex that are modulated by segmentation features, but the functional role of these cells remains unclear. First, it is unclear whether these cells encode segmentation consistently since most studies used only a limited variety of stimulus types. Second, it is unclear whether these cells are organized into specialized modules or instead randomly scattered across the visual cortex: the former would lend credence to a functional role for putative segmentation cells. Here, we used fMRI-guided electrophysiology to systematically characterize the consistency and spatial organization of segmentation-encoding cells across the visual cortex. Using fMRI, we identified a set of patches in V2, V3, V3A, V4, and V4A that were more active for stimuli containing figures compared to ground, regardless of whether figures were defined by texture, motion, luminance, or disparity. We targeted these patches for single-unit recordings and found that cells inside segmentation patches were tuned to both figure-ground and borders more consistently across types of stimuli than cells in the visual cortex outside the patches. Remarkably, we found clusters of cells inside segmentation patches that showed the same border-ownership preference across all stimulus types. Finally, using a population decoding approach, we found that segmentation could be decoded with higher accuracy from segmentation patches than from either color-selective or control regions. Overall, our results suggest that segmentation signals are preferentially encoded in spatially discrete patches.
Scattering evidence of positional charge correlations in polyelectrolyte complexes
Authors: Fang Yan N. , Rumyantsev Artem M. , Neitzel Angelika E. , Liang Heyi , Heller William T. , Nealey Paul F. , Tirrell Matthew V. , de Pablo Juan J.
Published: July 2023

Polyelectrolyte complexation plays an important role in materials science and biology. The internal structure of the resultant polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) phase dictates properties such as physical state, response to external stimuli, and dynamics. Small-angle scattering experiments with X-rays and neutrons have revealed structural similarities between PECs and semidilute solutions of neutral polymers, where the total scattering function exhibits an Ornstein–Zernike form. In spite of consensus among different theoretical predictions, the existence of positional correlations between polyanion and polycation charges has not been confirmed experimentally. Here, we present small-angle neutron scattering profiles where the polycation scattering length density is matched to that of the solvent to extract positional correlations among anionic monomers. The polyanion scattering functions exhibit a peak at the inverse polymer screening radius of Coulomb interactions,
q
*
≈ 0.2 Å
−1
. This peak, attributed to Coulomb repulsions between the fragments of polyanions and their attractions to polycations, is even more pronounced in the calculated charge scattering function that quantifies positional correlations of all polymer charges within the PEC. Screening of electrostatic interactions by adding salt leads to the gradual disappearance of this correlation peak, and the scattering functions regain an Ornstein–Zernike form. Experimental scattering results are consistent with those calculated from the random phase approximation, a scaling analysis, and molecular simulations.
Longitudinal mapping of the development of cortical thickness and surface area in rhesus macaques during the first three years
Authors: Xia Jing , Wang Fan , Wang Ya , Wang Li , Li Gang
Published: July 2023

Studying dynamic spatiotemporal patterns of early brain development in macaque monkeys is critical for understanding the cortical organization and evolution in humans, given the phylogenetic closeness between humans and macaques. However, due to huge challenges in the analysis of early brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data typically with extremely low contrast and dynamic imaging appearances, our knowledge of the early macaque cortical development remains scarce. To fill this critical gap, this paper characterizes the early developmental patterns of cortical thickness and surface area in rhesus macaques by leveraging advanced computing tools tailored for early developing brains based on a densely sampled longitudinal dataset with 140 rhesus macaque MRI scans seamlessly covering from birth to 36 mo of age. The average cortical thickness exhibits an inverted U-shaped trajectory with peak thickness at around 4.3 mo of age, which is remarkably in line with the age of peak thickness at 14 mo in humans, considering the around 3:1 age ratio of human to macaque. The total cortical surface area in macaques increases monotonically but with relatively lower expansions than in humans. The spatial distributions of thicker and thinner regions are quite consistent during development, with gyri having a thicker cortex than sulci. By 4 mo of age, over 81% of cortical vertices have reached their peaks in thickness, except for the insula and medial temporal cortices, while most cortical vertices keep expanding in surface area, except for the occipital cortex. These findings provide important insights into early brain development and evolution in primates.
Structural basis for binding of
Drosophila
Smaug to the GPCR Smoothened and to the germline inducer Oskar
Authors: Kubíková Jana , Ubartaitė Gabrielė , Metz Jutta , Jeske Mandy
Published: July 2023

Drosophila
Smaug and its orthologs comprise a family of mRNA repressor proteins that exhibit various functions during animal development. Smaug proteins contain a characteristic RNA-binding sterile-α motif (SAM) domain and a conserved but uncharacterized N-terminal domain (NTD). Here, we resolved the crystal structure of the NTD of the human SAM domain-containing protein 4A (SAMD4A, a.k.a. Smaug1) to 1.6 Å resolution, which revealed its composition of a homodimerization D subdomain and a subdomain with similarity to a pseudo-HEAT-repeat analogous topology (PHAT) domain. Furthermore, we show that
Drosophila
Smaug directly interacts with the
Drosophila
germline inducer Oskar and with the Hedgehog signaling transducer Smoothened through its NTD. We determined the crystal structure of the NTD of Smaug in complex with a Smoothened α-helical peptide to 2.0 Å resolution. The peptide binds within a groove that is formed by both the D and PHAT subdomains. Structural modeling supported by experimental data suggested that an α-helix within the disordered region of Oskar binds to the NTD of Smaug in a mode similar to Smoothened. Together, our data uncover the NTD of Smaug as a peptide-binding domain.
Frequent transitions in mating-type locus chromosomal organization in
Malassezia
and early steps in sexual reproduction
Authors: Coelho Marco A. , Ianiri Giuseppe , David-Palma Márcia , Theelen Bart , Goyal Rohit , Narayanan Aswathy , Lorch Jeffrey M. , Sanyal Kaustuv , Boekhout Teun , Heitman Joseph
Published: July 2023

Fungi in the basidiomycete genus
Malassezia
are the most prevalent eukaryotic microbes resident on the skin of human and other warm-blooded animals and have been implicated in skin diseases and systemic disorders. Analysis of
Malassezia
genomes revealed that key adaptations to the skin microenvironment have a direct genomic basis, and the identification of mating/meiotic genes suggests a capacity to reproduce sexually, even though no sexual cycle has yet been observed. In contrast to other bipolar or tetrapolar basidiomycetes that have either two linked mating-type-determining (
MAT
) loci or two
MAT
loci on separate chromosomes, in
Malassezia
species studied thus far the two
MAT
loci are arranged in a pseudobipolar configuration (linked on the same chromosome but capable of recombining). By generating additional chromosome-level genome assemblies, and an improved
Malassezia
phylogeny, we infer that the pseudobipolar arrangement was the ancestral state of this group and revealed six independent transitions to tetrapolarity, seemingly driven by centromere fission or translocations in centromere-flanking regions. Additionally, in an approach to uncover a sexual cycle,
Malassezia furfur
strains were engineered to express different
MAT
alleles in the same cell. The resulting strains produce hyphae reminiscent of early steps in sexual development and display upregulation of genes associated with sexual development as well as others encoding lipases and a protease potentially relevant for pathogenesis of the fungus. Our study reveals a previously unseen genomic relocation of mating-type loci in fungi and provides insight toward the identification of a sexual cycle in
Malassezia
, with possible implications for pathogenicity.
Solar radiation management with a tethered sun shield
Authors: Szapudi István
Published: July 2023

This paper presents an approach to Solar Radiation Management (SRM) using a tethered solar shield at the modified gravitational L1 Lagrange point. Unlike previous proposals, which were constrained by the McInnes bound on shield surface density, our proposed configuration with a counterweight toward the Sun circumvents this limitation and potentially reduces the total mass by orders of magnitude. Furthermore, only 1% of the total weight must come from Earth, with ballast from lunar dust or asteroids serving as the remainder. This approach could lead to a significant cost reduction and potentially be more effective than previous space-based SRM strategies.
The dominant instability of near-extreme Stokes waves
Authors: Deconinck Bernard , Dyachenko Sergey A. , Lushnikov Pavel M. , Semenova Anastassiya
Published: July 2023

The instability of Stokes waves, steady propagating waves on the surface of an ideal fluid of infinite depth, is a fundamental problem in the field of nonlinear science. The dominant instability of these waves depends on their steepness. For small amplitude waves, it is well known that the Benjamin–Feir or modulational instability dominates the dynamics of a wave train. We demonstrate that for steeper waves, an instability caused by disturbances localized at the wave crest vastly surpasses the growth rate of the modulational instability. These dominant localized disturbances are either coperiodic with the Stokes wave or have twice its period. In either case, the nonlinear evolution of the instability leads to the formation of plunging breakers. This phenomenon explains why long propagating ocean swell consists of small-amplitude waves.
Designing collaborative writing tasks for face-to-face and
computer-mediated communication contexts
Authors: Kessler Matt
Published: July 2023

Prior chapters of this volume have focused on
issues surrounding collaborative writing’s (CW) theoretical
motivations, features of studies’ designs, and trends among
findings. This chapter shifts readers’ attention to the different
types of CW tasks and activities that have been adopted in the
published literature. First, the author summarizes commonly employed
tasks across both face-to-face and computer-mediated communication
modalities (e.g., story/narrative tasks). Second, the most
frequently adopted CW activities in face-to-face classrooms (e.g.,
dictogloss), followed by those writing tasks often used in
computer-mediated communication instructional modalities (e.g.,
expository tasks) are examined. In this section, the increasing use
of multimodal writing activities is also discussed. The chapter
closes with a series of recommendations for implementing different
CW tasks and activities.
High-speed manufacturing-driven strength-ductility improvement of H13 tool steel fabricated by selective laser melting
Authors: Kim Yeon Woo , Park Haeum , Eom Young Seong , Ahn Dong Gill , Kim Kyung Tae , Yu Ji-hun , Choi Yoon Suk , Park Jeong Min
Published: July 2023

H13 tool steel was additively manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM). The sample printed at a higher laser scan speed exhibited higher strength and ductility than those of the sample printed at a lower speed. The samples were repeatedly exposed to a massive heat input during the SLM. The in-situ tempering effect was applied to the sample; the phase fraction is changed by varying the heat input by controlling the laser scan speed. The microstructure analysis showed that the sample printed at a higher scan speed had a higher fraction of retained austenite than at a lower speed. The former was affected by deformation-induced martensitic transformation with enhanced strain-hardening ability. This study entailed the control of process parameters to improve the mechanical properties and the productivity of SLM-printed H13 tool steel. It investigated the relationship between the laser scan speed and the phase fraction, whose effect on the mechanical properties was confirmed.
The association between Dark Triad and pro-environmental behaviours: the moderating role of trait emotional intelligence (La asociación entre la Tríada Oscura y las conductas proambientales: el papel moderador de la inteligencia emocional rasgo)
Authors: Giancola Marco , Palmiero Massimiliano , D’Amico Simonetta
Published: July 2023

Human activity represents the main reason for several environmental issues, including the acceleration of climate change and the loss of biodiversity. Identifying personal characteristics and resources underpinning people’s disposition towards pro-environmental behaviours (PEB) can represent a valuable tool to cope with today’s environmental crisis. The current study aimed to deepen the interplay between the Dark Triad and PEB, addressing the moderating role of Trait Emotional Intelligence (Trait EI). A sample of 200 individuals ( M age = 20.37, SD age = 1.46, 51.5% females) participated in this cross-sectional web-based research. Results revealed a negative association between the Dark Triad and PEB, whilst Trait EI moderated such an interplay, dampening the negative effect of the Dark Triad. These findings suggest that Trait EI, by reappraisal processes and emotion regulation strategies, allows people to model their behavioural responses positively, facilitating the engagement to PEB. Limitations and future directions were considered.
No-go theorem for static configurations of two charged dust species
Authors: Aceña Andrés , Cardin Guntsche Bruno , Gentile de Austria Ivan
Published: July 2023

We consider static spacetimes with no specific spacial symmetry where the matter content consists of two charged dust species. This comes motivated by the fact that static configurations are possible with one dust, but only if it is electrically counterpoised dust (ECD). In order to have such dust, the quotient between electric charge density and mass density needs to be fine-tuned to a value that is far less than the charge-mass quotient for any known particle. Here we prove that there are no static configurations with two dust species unless each one is ECD. This shows that ECD spacetimes cannot be made with matter that has on average the correct charge-mass ratio, but that the underlying particles must have such ratio.
Deep learning-based boundary effect filtering for nanometric roughness of diamond-turned micro-structured surface
Authors: Zhu Guangqiang , Guo Pan , Xiong Zhiwen
Published: July 2023

The functional performance of micro-structured surfaces manufactured by diamond turning is closely related to their nanometric surface roughness. Evaluating the surface roughness is crucial for determining the workpiece’s functionalities. However, conventional filters like wavelet and Gaussian filters can result in a boundary effect that affects the evaluation result when extracting surface roughness from micro-structured surface. To eliminate this boundary effect, a filter that combines deep learning with spectrum analysis for extracting nanometric surface roughness from micro-structured surfaces is proposed. First, the theoretical modeling of the method used for micro-structured surface filtering which contains spectrum analysis and deep learning structure is described in detail. Second, diamond turning experiment based on the designed micro-structured surface is performed for verifying the proposed method. Finally, the nanometric surface roughness without boundary effect is obtained by the proposed method and the filtering result is compared with the one obtained by the traditional filter. The result not only shows that the proposed method can achieve effective extraction for nanometric surface roughness, but also the values of the evaluation parameters are accurate and reliable compared with those obtained by the Gaussian regression filter which has the boundary effect. Significantly, the proposed method could fundamentally eliminate the boundary effect, thus improving the evaluation for nanometric surface roughness of micro-structured surface.
Carbon dots stabilized photoluminescent blue phase liquid crystals
Authors: Chen Ying , Cui Huaruo , Duan Ran , Tang Ruiqi , Tong Yingping , Zhao Dongyu , He Wanli
Published: July 2023

Blue phase liquid crystals (BPLCs) have significant potential in the field of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and are proposed as potential next-generation of LCDs candidates. However, BPLCs do not emit light directly and need an extra backlight device. As a result, the blue phase liquid crystal display retains the disadvantages of low brightness and low energy efficiency, which remarkably limit its application. Recently, as a kind of novel fluorescent carbon nanomaterials, carbon dots (CDs) have captured considerable attention because of their excellent optical properties. Here, CDs were directly synthesized by a simple solvothermal method and introduced into BPLCs. By combining the excellent optical properties of CDs with the blue phase liquid crystal system, the photoluminescent blue phase liquid crystals (CDs-BPLCs) with self-photoluminescence are prepared. Meanwhile, the stability of BPLCs can be improved by CDs. Such CDs-BPLCs have enormous potential in the development of novel energy-saving display devices.
Existence and regularity for nonlinear parabolic double obstacle problems
Authors: Byun Sun-Sig , Ryu Seungjin
Published: July 2023

We study nonlinear parabolic equations of p-Laplacian type with irregular double obstacles to establish the existence and an optimal global Calderón–Zygmund theory.
Tunable emission glass ceramic nanocomposites via devitrification of glassy Na2O-GeO2-MnO2 for optoelectronic and optical limiting applications
Authors: Morad Ibrahim , Harby Amany E , Ali H Elhosiny , El-Desoky M M
Published: July 2023

Manganese (IV) ion has been deemed a functional non-rare-Earth activator for the generation of red emissions, while the oxide and fluoride hosts that provide suitable sites for Mn4+ have to be prepared with usually rigorous control of reaction conditions, including redox equilibrium and temperature. In this study, the parent glass with 20Na2O- 80GeO2- 0.1 MnO2, in mol% composition is prepared via conventional melt-quenching, and the devitrification of the glass is induced by thermal treatment. The capability of appropriate thermal treatment to transform glasses into glass-ceramic nanocomposites (GCNs) with crystallites smaller than 21 nm was confirmed by XRD measurements. An enhancement in the optical characteristic of the GCNs is induced owing to the modifications in the microstructure. Tauc’s and ASF models were used to calculate the direct allowed transition energy. Localized states in the forbidden region cause the decrease in the glass ceramic’s bandgap (E

g

opt), as illustrated by the Urbach energy (Eu) values. Optical absorption parameters and the relation between transition energy and refractive index (n) were investigated. The increase in heat treatment temperature induces an improvement in the nonlinear (X(3)) susceptibility and (n(2)) refractive parameters. The synthetic method demonstrated here for Na2Ge4O9:Mn4
+ might be extended for the synthesis of other phosphors-containing activators with a high oxidation state. Moreover, Optical Cut-Off characteristics (OCC) revealed that the sample reduces the light transmission intensity by higher heat treatment temperature. The results suggest that 540° heat-treated samples are encouraging materials in a variety of optoelectronics applications, and mainly optical apparatus.
Completely entangled subspaces from Moore-like matrices
Authors: Nawareg Mohamed
Published: July 2023

Construction of completely entangled subspaces (CES) has gained a considerable attention, recently. These subspaces which contain only entangled states are of great importance for entanglement theory and also provide a valuable resource for quantum information processing tasks. The results of [Proc. Math. Sci., 114, 365 (2004)] and in particular using the properties of certain matrix, namely Vandermonde matrix, to build CES motivated us to search for new distinct CES's. Mainly, the stimulating question of whether there are other matrices that can lead to building CESs emerged. In the current paper we give an affirmative answer to this question by providing a method for constructing CESs using the properties of Moore-like matrices. In addition, we give few examples for the proposed subspaces in case of 3-qubit and 2-qutrit systems. Then a comparison between the resulted subspaces and those constructed from Vandermonde matrix has been given for the systems understudy. The results shows that the two methods give identically the same subspaces in case of multiqubit systems. However, for multipartite systems with local dimensions d ≥ 3 the two methods gave unequivalent CES subspaces. Interestingly, the properties of the proposed Moore-like matrices provided a far rich way for constructing CES subspaces. It leads to generating as many distinct CES's as we want for each multipartite quantum system. This is in contrary to Vandermonde-based method which can give only one CES per system. In addition, the basis for each of the given examples has been obtained in a simple form. Moreover, we evaluated the entanglement of uniformly mixed states over the obtained subspaces in terms of concurrence and geometric measure of entanglement. Since different parameters of a Moore-like matrix lead to distinct CESs for the same system, the realized results can open the door for more investigations and/or applications.
A simple alternative in approximation and asymptotic expansion by exponential/trigonometric functions
Authors: Mironov Sergej L
Published: July 2023

Function approximation plays a crucial role in applied mathematics and mathematical physics, involving tasks such as interpolation, extrapolation, and studying asymptotic properties. Over the past two centuries, several approximation methods have been developed, but no universal solution has emerged. Each method has its own strengths and weaknesses. The most commonly used approach, rational Padé approximants, has limitations, performing well only for arguments x < 1 and often containing spurious poles. This report introduces a new and straightforward procedure for exponential/trigonometric approximation that addresses these limitations. The method demonstrates accurate fitting capabilities for various functions and solutions of second-order ordinary differential equations, whether linear or nonlinear. Moreover, it surpasses the performance of Padé approximants. Notably, the proposed algorithm is remarkably simple, requiring only four values of approximating functions. The provided examples show case the potential of this method to offer a straightforward and reliable approach for a wide range of tasks in applied mathematics and mathematical physics.
Stellar limits on scalars from electron-nucleus bremsstrahlung
Authors: Bottaro Salvatore , Caputo Andrea , Raffelt Georg , Vitagliano Edoardo
Published: July 2023

We revisit stellar energy-loss bounds on the Yukawa couplings g
B,L of baryophilic and leptophilic scalars ϕ. The white-dwarf luminosity function yields g
B ≲ 7 × 10-13 and g
L ≲ 4 × 10-16, based on bremsstrahlung from 12C and 16O collisions with electrons. In models with a Higgs portal, this also implies a bound on the scalar-Higgs mixing angle sinθ ≲ 2 × 10-10. Our new bounds apply
for mϕ
≲ 1 keV and are among the most restrictive ones, whereas for mϕ
≲ 0.5 eV, long-range force measurements dominate. Besides a detailed calculation of the bremsstrahlung rate for degenerate and semi-relativistic electrons, we prove with a simple argument that non-relativistic bremsstrahlung by the heavy partner is suppressed relative to that by the light one by their squared-mass ratio. This large reduction was overlooked in previous much stronger bounds on g
B. In an appendix, we provide fitting formulas (few percent precision) for the bremsstrahlung emission of baryophilic and leptophilic scalars as well as axions for white-dwarf conditions, i.e., degenerate, semi-relativistic electrons and ion-ion correlations in the “liquid” phase.
Comparative analysis of machine learning techniques for so2 prediction modelling
Authors: Shaziayani W N , Noor N M , Azan S , Ul-Saufie A Z
Published: July 2023

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is produced both naturally and by human activity. The primary natural resource is derived from volcanoes. The burning of fossil fuels is the primary anthropogenic source (especially coal and diesel). Therefore, a reliable and accurate predicting method is essential for an early warning system for SO2 atmospheric concentration. There are still limited studies in Malaysia that use machine learning methods to predict SO2 concentrations. With the aid of machine learning, this study seeks to develop and predict future SO2 concentrations for the next day using the maximum daily data from Klang, Selangor. RapidMiner Studio is the data mining tool used for this research work. Based on the results, it showed that the SVM model was the best guide to be used compared with the other five models (GLM, DL, DT, GBT, and RF). The performance indicators showed that the SVM model was adequate for the next day’s prediction (R2 = 0.77, SE = 8.26, REL = 18.69%, AE = 1.46, and RMSE = 2.82). The developed model in this research can be used by Malaysian authorities as a public health protection measure to give Malaysians an early warning about the problem of air pollution. The goal of predictive modelling is to make a reasonable prediction of the variable of interest, and frequently, to determine how much the independent variable contributed to the dependent variable. The results also showed that the previous SO2 concentrations were one of the most influential parameters used to predict the future SO2 concentrations.