bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital Diplomacy in Covid-19 Pandemic Period: A Research on T.R. Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Authors: MAZICI Emel TANYERİ
Published: September 2020

Dünya genelinde yaşanan politik, ekonomik ve sosyal değişiklikler uluslararası sistemin yönünü belirlemektedir. Devletlerarası ilişkide çok önemli bir kavram olan diplomasi faaliyetleri de dijitalleşen dünyaya ayak uydurmakta ve kendini
dijital platformlarda göstermektedir. Devletlerin stratejik iletişiminde önemli bir yeri olan kamu diplomasisi faaliyetlerinin dijital ağlar üzerinden yürütülmesi diyalog tesis etme ve geniş kitlelere erişim açısından önemli olmaktadır.
Özellikle dünyayı bir anda tek bir gündeme kitleyebilen pandemi süreci için de bu durum ayrıca önemlidir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma teknolojik gelişmelerin devletler ve toplum genelinde kullanımının yaygınlaşmasıyla önemi artan dijital
diplomasi faaliyetlerinin Covid-19 pandemi süreciyle beraber nasıl bir değişim gösterdiğini incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmektedir. Çalışmada TC Dış İşleri Bakanlığı’nın sosyal medya hesaplarından İngilizce twitter hesabı @MFATurkey
incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda yapılacak olan araştırmada içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Analizde kullanılacak kategorilerin belirlenmesinde Uysal ve Schroeder (2019) ve Strauß vd. (2015) tarafından yapılan çalışmalardan faydalanılmış
olup araştırmanın içeriğine ve sorularına uygun olarak yeni ve alt başlıklar eklenmiştir. Araştırma sonucuna göre politik paylaşımlar yanında pandemi sürecinde Covid-19 ile ilgili paylaşımlarda yer almaktadır. Tweetlerde bilgi
ve haber paylaşımı temel amaç olmakla beraber bu esnada kamu diplomasisi, görünürlük ve öz tanıtım açısından da dünya kamuoyuna mesajlar verilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Etkileşim kanallarının daha çok çeşitlendirilebileceği düşünülmekle
beraber sosyal ağların devletlerin iletişim yönetiminde önemli yeri olduğu kanısına varılmıştır. Çalışma, dijital iletişim ihtiyacının ve kullanımının arttığı Covid-19 pandemi döneminde yürütülen dijital iletişim faaliyetlerinin
TC Dış İşleri Bakanlığı sosyal medya hesabı örneğinde değerlendirilmesiyle konuya dair güncelliği ve yakın geçmişe dair özgünlüğü açısından önem taşımaktadır.
Potential of Climate Smart Agriculture in Preventing Post Harvest Loses: Instant Fufu Powder Production among Rural Women in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Olagunju F. I. , Babatunde R. O. , Adeojo R. J.
Published: September 2020

This study focused on creation of market opportunities of instant fufu powder for smallholder women farmers in Oriire local government, Oyo state, Nigeria. The purpose of the project at the rural level was to ensure creation and encouragement of more of off-farm activities like processing, storage and marketing. A multistage random sampling technique was adopted to select 240 farmers/processors involved in development of value chains for Cassava flour to improve their livelihoods and incomes as direct beneficiaries. Demonstration /training were done with the assistance of trained personnel for better understanding. Physical and live practices were used for the demonstration. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics.

The result of the study showed that 90.8% of the farmers take their products to the market with the enthusiasm of selling all, but often these products are not fully sold due to higher supply of the same products with lower demand in the market places. The adoption of fufu powder processing by the rural women did not result in acquisition of new assets although 88% of the beneficiaries reported increase in their capability to meet expenditure on food, children education, and meeting social obligations like naming ceremonies. Currently a 1 kg of mechanically processed odourless powder ‘fufu’ retails for N250 in Nigeria.

The study concluded that, the powdered cassava ‘flour’ packaging business is a potentially acceptable business that prevents post-harvest losses. It is still calling for massive investment by aspiring entrepreneurs. This will ensure capabilities to meet food requirements of a growing population by eliminating losses, making more nutritive food items from raw commodities.
Agriculture Sector Credit and Output Relationship in Nepal
Authors: Dahal Arjun Kumar , Thapa Khagendra Kumar
Published: September 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out the condition of priority of commercial banks to provide loans to the agricultural sector and to find the relationship and impact of agricultural loans to the agricultural GDP of Nepal.

Objectives: This study aims to compare the condition of loan disbursements in agricultural and manufacturing sectors. It further aims to compare loan percent with growth and contribution to the GDP of the agricultural and industrial sectors and tries to show the impact of agricultural loans to the agricultural GDP of Nepal.

Methods: It was based on a descriptive and analytical research design. Statistical tools standard deviation, correlation, regression, etc. are used and Excel, and EViews software are used for the statistical calculations. Statistical calculations and graphs are simultaneously used to show and compare the condition of variables.

Results: Commercial banks give higher priority to the manufacturing sector for loans than the agricultural sector. The Johansen Co-integration test indicates no long-run relationship between loans of commercial banks and agricultural output in Nepal. However, the least-squares method, it indicates that a positive causal relationship between agricultural loans and agricultural growth.

Implications: The loans of commercial banks directly stimulate the growth of agriculture but the amount of growth is less noticeable. Thus, it is concluded that the commercial bank's loan alone cannot affect and control the growth of the agricultural sector of the Nepalese economy therefore the government should increase its expenditure on the agricultural sector.
Physical Characteristics of Soil as Influenced by Integrated Organic Nutrient Management Practices - A Review
Authors: Singh Ashutosh , Pandey Amit Kumar , Singh Umesh
Published: September 2020

Sustaining the productivity at higher level to meet the increasing demand of food, fuel and fiber for the growing population is the key issue in Indian agriculture. Among the factors, continuous use of imbalanced fertilizers and decline in soil physical productivity and organic matter are considered responsible. To improve soil physical condition and improve organic matter status of soil, incorporation of organic sources of nutrient in combination with chemical fertilizers are recommended. This review pertinent to the present investigation has been reviewed.
Leprosy: epidemiology of the morbidity, mortality and public spending in the northeast of brazil
Authors: Júnior Edison Vitório de Souza , Cruz Diego Pires , Caricchio Giovanna Maria Nascimento , Santos Jailton Silva dos , Boery Rita Narriman Silva de Oliveira , Boery Eduardo Nagib
Published: September 2020

Objetivo: descrever a morbimortalidade e gastos públicos por hanseníase no nordeste brasileiro entre 2012 e 2017. Métodos: estudo ecológico e descritivo realizado com dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares. Selecionou-se as variáveis: unidades federativas, faixa etária, sexo, raça/cor e gastos públicos. Resultados: registrou-se 7.067 internações, 147 óbitos e mortalidade de 2,08%. As internações se destacaram em Pernambuco (33,82%), idade entre 30 a 34 anos (9,31%), sexo masculino (64,94%) e pardos (49,80%). Já os óbitos se destacaram no Maranhão (22,45%), idade entre 75 a 79 anos (12,93%), sexo masculino (68,71%) e raça/cor sem informação (48,30%). A maior mortalidade ocorreu em Sergipe (6,06%), idade entre 75 a 79 anos (9,69%), sexo masculino (2,2%) e raça/cor sem informação (2,47%). Houve impacto financeiro superior a 3,7 milhões de reais e Pernambuco onerou 42% desse valor. Conclusão: a mortalidade apresentou comportamento crescente, evidenciando a importância da precocidade diagnóstica e terapêutica para prevenir complicações.
Nursing diagnoses and interventions in mental health used in hospital admissions units: integrative Review
Authors: Bard Nathália Duarte , Feijó Isadora Olizsewski , Ipuchima Jaqueline Ramires , Paz Adriana Aparecida , Linch Graciele Fernanda da Costa
Published: September 2020

Objective: The study’s purpose has been to identify nursing diagnoses and interventions used in hospital inpatient units related to mental health care. Methods: It is an integrative literature review that was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, over the period from 2014 to 2018. Nine articles make up the study sample. Results: Mental health nursing diagnoses were grouped into related feelings: anxiety, fear, sadness, aggression, stress, denial, and family relationships. The interventions were related to cares as follows: clarify the treatment, be aware of physical and emotional risks, stimulate leaving the room, provide guidance on sleep hygiene, include family members in the treatment, promote and allow choices when possible, avoid physical and mental exhaustion of the patient, provide positive feedback on coping, provide emotional support, promote cognitive stimuli, guide appropriate behavior, perform active listening and mediate interpersonal conflicts. Conclusion: There was a shortage of studies addressing this matter.
Family experiences during child hospitalization: an integrative Review
Authors: Silva Manoella Souza da , Bazzan Jéssica Stragliotto , Milbrath Viviane Marten , Tavares Diogo Henrique , Santos Bruna Alves dos , Thomaz Manuela Maschendorf
Published: September 2020

Objetivo: Desvelar o que vem sendo produzido pela enfermagem sobre as experiências enfrentadas pelos familiares de crianças hospitalizadas. Método: revisão integrativa a partir da busca nas bases PubMed, LILACS e na biblioteca Virtual SciELO, utilizando os descritores: hospitalized child, family, nursing, durante o mês de janeiro de 2018. Selecionaram-se estudos publicados entre 2011 e 2017, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Após a análise dos dados, foram selecionados 31 estudos; Resultados: elaborou-se as categorias: adaptação da rotina familiar; afastamento do restante da família e dos filhos sadios; desajuste diante da estrutura física e falta de conforto hospitalar; procedimentos médicos, enfermagem e normas/rotinas rígidas. Conclusão: a hospitalização de uma criança interfere significativamente na vida dos familiares, afetando seu relacionamento familiar, sua saúde física e mental e a manutenção de sua rede social.
Second Language Learning Anxiety
Authors: Hardacre Bahiyyih , Güvendir Emre
Published: September 2020

Second language learning anxiety has been a widely discussed topic in second language acquisition research. For many years, research findings that looked at correlations between anxiety and language performance were inconsistent until it was determined that second language anxiety should be treated as a situational phenomenon that involves a complex adaptive system of multiple physiological, behavioral, psychological, cognitive, and context‐specific factors. Teachers must become better prepared to ease their students' second language learning anxiety. These students need guidance to overcome the various challenges that they will face while learning new language skills, interacting with peers in the classroom, presenting in front of the class, or taking a test. With a renewed understanding of the complex nature of second language anxiety, this entry discusses pedagogical implications that range from anxiety‐reducing teaching practices to anxiety coping strategies.
Novosphingobium
Authors: Kumar Roshan , Kumari Sumeeta , Anil Kumar Pinnaka , Lal Rup
Published: September 2020

No.vo.sphin.go'bi.um. L. masc. adj.
novus
new; N.L. neut. n.
Sphingobium
a bacterial genus; N.L. neut. n.
Novosphingobium
a new
Sphingobium
.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Sphingomonadales / Sphingomonadaceae / Novosphingobium

The genus
Novosphingobium
accommodates Gram‐negative, aerobic, nonsporulating, chemoorganotrophic, and rod‐shaped bacteria which are metabolically versatile. The members of this genus have been isolated from a wide range of ecological habitats including soil, coastal and freshwater sediments, deep‐sea environments, groundwater, wastewater treatment plants, activated sludge, contaminated groundwater, bioremediation reactor, hexachlorocyclohexane‐contaminated soil, oil‐contaminated sites, polychlorinated‐dioxin‐contaminated environments, rice seeds, rhizosphere, and plants. Morphologically, the colonies are mostly yellow in color, convex, circular, and smooth. Most of these isolates can be subcultured on R2A agar and may or may not be catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Similarly, they may or may not reduce nitrate into nitrite. C
18:1
ω7
c
is the major fatty acid present in the membranes of the genus
Novosphingobium
. The major quinone is ubiquinone‐10, while the major polyamine is spermidine. The major polar lipids observed in
Novosphingobium
are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, sphingoglycolipid, and phosphatidylcholine.
The DNA G
+
C content
(
mol%
): varies between 57.7 and 69.1, lowest in the case of
Novosphingobium marinum
and highest in the case of
Novosphingobium bradum
.

DNA G + C content (mol%):
57.7–69.1.

Type species:

Novosphingobium capsulatum

(Leifson 1962) Takeuchi et al. 2001.
Pseudobacteroides
Authors: Tonouchi Akio
Published: September 2020

Pseu.do.bac.te.ro'i.des. Gr. adj.
pseudês
false; N.L. masc. n.
Bacteroides
a bacterial generic name; N.L. masc. n.
Pseudobacteroides
false
Bacteroides
, so named for the original misclassification of the type species.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Eubacteriales / Oscillospiraceae / Pseudobacteroides

Cells are Gram‐stain‐negative, thermotolerant, non‐spore‐forming, nonmotile, and strictly anaerobic rods (0.8–6 μm), occurring singly, in pairs, or occasionally in chains of up to eight cells. Cells grow at 20–45°C, with an optimum at 40°C and pH 6.0–8.0, with an optimum at 7.0. Cells tolerate the heat treatment at 75°C for 10 min. Growth occurs by anaerobic fermentation of cellobiose and recalcitrant cellulosic materials. The major fermentation products are acetate, ethanol, H
2
, and CO
2
. The major cellular fatty acids are C
16:0
, iso‐C
15:0
, and C
16:0
. The closest relative of the genus
Pseudobacteroides
is the genus
Anaerobacterium
based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Phylogenetically, a member of the family
Oscillospiraceae
in the phylum
Firmicutes
. The genus
Pseudobacteroides
contains one species with a validly published name
Pseudobacteroides cellulosolvens
isolated from a methanogenic cellulose enrichment culture of municipal sewage sludge in Canada.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 35.6 (genome analysis).

Type species
:
Pseudobacteroides cellulosolvens
Horino et al. 2014
VP
(
Bacteroides cellulosolvens
Murray et al. 1984
VP
).
Ursidibacter
Authors: Hansen Mie J.
Published: September 2020

Ur.si.di.bac'ter. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Ursidae
, taxonomic name for the bear family; N.L. masc. n. bacter a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Ursidibacter
rod isolated from
Ursidae
.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / Ursidibacter

Nonmotile, nonhemolytic, fermentative, and Gram‐negative rods that are catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Positive reactions are obtained for ONPG and PNPG. Negative reactions are obtained for methyl red, alkaline phosphatase, and urease. Do not require X‐ or V‐factors. Nitrates are reduced to nitrites, but nitrites are not reduced. Acid is produced from
l
‐arabinose, dulcitol,
d
‐mannitol,
d
‐mannose, maltose,
l
‐rhamnose, and trehalose but not from
d
‐sucrose. Variable reactions are obtained for indole.

The main fatty acids for the type strain Pb43106 are C
14:0
, C
16:1
ω7
c
, C
16:0
, and summed features C
18:2
ω6,9
c
/C
18:0
ANTE. Respiratory quinones are ubiquinone‐7 (55%) and ubiquinone‐8 (45%) and the DNA G + C content 37.9 mol%.
Ursidibacter
has been isolated from the oral cavity of healthy polar and brown bears.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 37.9 to 38.03 (genome analysis).

Type species
:
Ursidibacter maritimus
Hansen et al. 2015
VP
.
Ultrahigh Areal Capacity Hydrogen‐Ion Batteries with MoO3 Loading Over 90 mg cm−2
Authors: Su Zhen , Ren Wenhao , Guo Haocheng , Peng Xuancheng , Chen Xianjue , Zhao Chuan
Published: September 2020

High areal capacity electrodes are essential to practical energy storage devices to achieve high volumetric capacity with compacted size. However, high loading of active materials remains a fundamental challenge for most metal‐ion batteries (e.g., Li+, Na+, K+) due to sluggish mass transfer kinetics and poor processability. Here, an ultrahigh areal capacity MoO3 electrode based on high loading for hydrogen‐ion battery is shown. Hydrogen ions can rapidly intercalate/deintercalate into/from MoO3‐nanofibers anode with a high specific capacity of 235 mAh g−1 at 5 C and superior rate capability up to 200 C at a low loading (≈1 mg cm−2). Attributed to the ultrafast H+ diffusion in thick MoO3 electrode, an areal capacity of 22.4 mAh cm−2 is achieved at the loading over 90.48 mg cm−2, which is the highest areal capacity ever reported for electrodes of rechargeable batteries, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. This study paves the way toward high areal capacity batteries with high‐loading active materials.
Highly Scalable and Robust Mesa‐Island‐Structure Metal‐Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors and Integrated Circuits Enabled by Stress‐Diffusive Manipulation
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Tae , Moon Sanghee , Kim Minho , Jo Jeong‐Wan , Park Chan‐Yong , Kang Seung‐Han , Kim Yong‐Hoon , Park Sung Kyu
Published: September 2020

The increasing interest in flexible and wearable electronics has demanded a dramatic improvement of mechanical robustness in electronic devices along with high‐resolution implemented architectures. In this study, a site‐specific stress‐diffusive manipulation is demonstrated to fulfill highly robust and ultraflexible amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) and integrated circuits. The photochemically activated combustion sol–gel a‐IGZO TFTs on a mesa‐structured polyimide show an average saturation mobility of 6.06 cm2 V−1 s−1 and a threshold voltage of −0.99 V with less than 9% variation, followed by 10 000 bending cycles with a radius of 125 μm. More importantly, the site‐specific monolithic formation of mesa pillar‐structured devices can provide fully integrated logic circuits such as seven‐stage ring‐oscillators, meeting the industrially needed device density and scalability. To exploit the underlying stress‐diffusive mechanism, a physical model is provided by using a variety of chemical, structural, and electrical characterizations along with multidomain finite‐element analysis simulation. The physical models reveal that a highly scalable and robust device can be achieved via the site‐specific mesa architecture, by enabling generation of multineutral layers and fine‐tuning the accumulated stresses on specific element of devices with their diffusion out into the boundary of the mesa regions.
Confined Fe–Cu Clusters as Sub‐Nanometer Reactors for Efficiently Regulating the Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wang Xiaowei , Qiu Siyao , Feng Jianmin , Tong Yueyu , Zhou Fengling , Li Qinye , Song Li , Chen Shuangming , Wu Kuang‐Hsu , Su Panpan , Ye Sheng , Hou Feng , Dou Shi Xue , Liu Hua Kun , (Max) Lu Gao Qing , Sun Chenghua , Liu Jian , Liang Ji
Published: September 2020

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) over nonprecious‐metal and single‐atom catalysts has received increasing attention as a sustainable strategy to synthesize ammonia. However, the atomic‐scale regulation of such active sites for NRR catalysis remains challenging because of the large distance between them, which significantly weakens their cooperation. Herein, the utilization of regular surface cavities with unique microenvironment on graphitic carbon nitride as “subnano reactors” to precisely confine multiple Fe and Cu atoms for NRR electrocatalysis is reported. The synergy of Fe and Cu atoms in such confined subnano space provides significantly enhanced NRR performance, with nearly doubles ammonia yield and 54%‐increased Faradic efficiency up to 34%, comparing with the single‐metal counterparts. First principle simulation reveals this synergistic effect originates from the unique Fe–Cu coordination, which effectively modifies the N2 absorption, improves electron transfer, and offers extra redox couples for NRR. This work thus provides new strategies of manipulating catalysts active centers at the sub‐nanometer scale.
Leveraging mRNA Sequences and Nanoparticles to Deliver SARS‐CoV‐2 Antigens In Vivo
Authors: Zeng Chunxi , Hou Xucheng , Yan Jingyue , Zhang Chengxiang , Li Wenqing , Zhao Weiyu , Du Shi , Dong Yizhou
Published: September 2020

SARS‐CoV‐2 has become a pandemic worldwide; therefore, an effective vaccine is urgently needed. Recently, messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have emerged as a promising platform for vaccination. In this work, the untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs are systematically engineered in order to enhance protein production. Through a comprehensive analysis of endogenous gene expression and de novo design of UTRs, the optimal combination of 5′ and 3′ UTR are identified and termed NASAR, which are 5‐ to 10‐fold more efficient than the tested endogenous UTRs. More importantly, NASAR mRNAs delivered by lipid‐derived TT3 nanoparticles trigger a dramatic expression of potential SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens. The antigen‐specific antibodies induced by TT3‐nanoparticles and NASAR mRNAs are over two orders of magnitude more than that induced by the FDA‐approved lipid nanoparticle material MC3 in vaccinated mice. These NASAR mRNAs merit further development as alternative SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated S−H Bond Insertion Reactions of Diazoalkanes with Cysteine Residues in Batch and Flow
Authors: Qin Long‐Zhou , Yuan Xin , Cui Yu‐Sheng , Sun Qi , Duan Xiu , Zhuang Kai‐Qiang , Chen Lin , Qiu Jiang‐Kai , Guo Kai
Published: September 2020

We describe the application of S−H bond insertion reactions of aryl diazoacetates with cysteine residues that enabled metal‐free, S−H functionalization under visible‐light conditions. Moreover, this process could be intensified by a continuous‐flow photomicroreactor on the acceleration of the reaction (6.5 min residence time). The batch and flow protocols described were applied to obtain a wide range of functionalized cysteine derivatives and cysteine‐containing dipeptides, thus providing a straightforward and general platform for their functionalizations in mild conditions.

magnified image
High‐Efficiency Solution‐Processed Two‐Terminal Hybrid Tandem Solar Cells Using Spectrally Matched Inorganic and Organic Photoactive Materials
Authors: Aqoma Havid , Imran Imil Fadli , Wibowo Febrian Tri Adhi , Krishna Narra Vamsi , Lee Wooseop , Sarker Ashis K. , Ryu Du Yeol , Jang Sung‐Yeon
Published: September 2020

Although the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of inorganic perovskite‐based solar cells (PSCs) is considerably less than that of organic‐inorganic hybrid PSCs due to their wider bandgap, inorganic perovskites are great candidates for the front cell in tandem devices. Herein, the low‐temperature solution‐processed two‐terminal hybrid tandem solar cell devices based on spectrally matched inorganic perovskite and organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) are demonstrated. By matching optical properties of front and back cells using CsPbI2Br and PTB7‐Th:IEICO‐4F BHJ as the active materials, a remarkably enhanced stabilized PCE (18.04%) in the hybrid tandem device as compared to that of the single‐junction device (9.20% for CsPbI2Br and 10.45% for PTB7‐Th:IEICO‐4F) is achieved. Notably, the PCE of the hybrid tandem device is thus far the highest PCE among the reported tandem devices based on perovskite and organic material. Moreover, the long‐term stability of inorganic perovskite devices under humid conditions is improved in the hybrid tandem device due to the hydrophobicity of the PTB7‐Th:IEICO‐4F back cell. In addition, the potential promise of this type of hybrid tandem device is calculated, where a PCE of as much as ≈28% is possible by improving the external quantum efficiency and reducing energy loss in the sub‐cells.
Electrochemical Fixation of Carbon Dioxide in Molten Salts on Liquid Zinc Cathode to Zinc@Graphitic Carbon Spheres for Enhanced Energy Storage
Authors: Lv Teng , Xiao Juanxiu , Weng Wei , Xiao Wei
Published: September 2020

Fixation of carbon dioxide into advanced energy materials is an ideal protocol to address challenges in energy and environmental sustainability, with the efficiency of CO2 fixation and the functionality of derived materials being the key‐enabling factors. Herein, using a liquid zinc cathode for CO2 fixation in molten salts, CO2 is electrochemically converted to graphitic carbon shells over spherical Zn cores, namely, Zn@C. The liquid Zn serves as a depolarizer to facilitate the reduction of CO2, and also a soft template to direct the generation of core–shell Zn@C spheres. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the coexisting Zn can enlarge the interlayer gap of graphitic carbon and induce a strong electronic interaction with AlCl4−. Such a strong coupling between Zn and carbon hence offers an enhanced energy storage capability of the Zn@C. The present study provides suggestions for enhancing efficiency of CO2 fixation and value‐added utilization of nonferrous metals.
High‐Efficiency Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Employing Non‐Noble Metal Catalysts
Authors: Chen Pengzuo , Hu Xile
Published: September 2020

Alkaline anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolysis is a promising technology for producing hydrogen using renewable energies. However, current AEM electrolyzers still employ noble‐metal‐containing electrocatalysts, or have significant overpotential loss, or both. Here non‐noble‐metal electrocatalysts for both the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER) are developed. Both catalysts are made of a same NiMo oxide. Judicious processing of these materials in a mixed NH3/H2 atmosphere results in a NiMo‐NH3/H2 catalyst, which has superior activity in HER, delivering 500 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 107 mV. Doping Fe ions into the NiMo‐NH3/H2 catalyst yields an Fe‐NiMo‐NH3/H2 catalyst, which is highly active for the OER, delivering 500 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 244 mV. These catalysts are integrated into an AEM electrolyzer, which delivers 1.0 A cm−2 at 1.57 V at 80 °C in 1 m KOH. The energy conversion efficiency at this current density is as high as 75%. This work demonstrates high‐efficiency AEM electrolysis using earth‐abundant catalytic materials.
Non‐flooding rice yield response to straw biochar and controlled‐release fertilizer
Authors: Yang Xin , Liu Haibing , Mao Xiaotao , Deng Jielou , Haefele Stephan M.
Published: September 2020

The non‐flooding plastic film‐mulching cultivation (NFMC) is an important water‐saving rice (Oryza sativa L.) production technique for mountainous areas. Several studies indicated that this promising production system had positive effects on rice growth compared with the traditional flooding method. However, two obvious disadvantages need to be modified for its wider application: technical difficulties for mid‐season application of fertilizer and the observed loss of soil C. The solution for these problems may lead to enhanced and more sustainable rice production under NFMC conditions. A 2‐yr field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of combining straw biochar and controlled‐release urea with the NFMC system. The experimental design included two treatments of traditional flooded cultivation: (a) no N fertilizer; (b) urea alone; and four treatments under NFMC conditions: (a) no N fertilizer; (b) urea alone; (c) controlled‐release urea + urea; (d) a combination of straw biochar and controlled‐release urea + urea. Compared to a basal application of urea, controlled‐release urea plus urea together with straw biochar significantly increased rice grain yield and effective panicles. It also increased total biomass accumulation, the greenness of the leaves (SPAD value) and improved recovery efficiency of applied N. Our results show that the combination of controlled‐release urea and straw biochar can increase yield and N use efficiency of rice under NFMC conditions.
Paternal gene pool of Malays in Southeast Asia and its applications for the early expansion of Austronesians
Authors: Sun Jin , Wei Lan‐Hai , Wang Ling‐Xiang , Huang Yun‐Zhi , Yan Shi , Cheng Hui‐Zhen , Ong Rick Twee‐Hee , Saw Woei‐Yuh , Fan Zhi‐Quan , Deng Xiao‐Hua , Lu Yan , Zhang Chao , Xu Shu‐Hua , Jin Li , Teo Yik‐Ying , Li Hui
Published: September 2020

Objectives

The origin and differentiation of Austronesian populations and their languages have long fascinated linguists, archeologists, and geneticists. However, the founding process of Austronesians and when they separated from their close relatives, such as the Daic and Austro‐Asiatic populations in the mainland of Asia, remain unclear. In this study, we explored the paternal origin of Malays in Southeast Asia and the early differentiation of Austronesians.

Materials and Methods

We generated whole Y‐chromosome sequences of 50 Malays and co‐analyzed 200 sequences from other Austronesians and related populations. We generated a revised phylogenetic tree with time estimation.

Results

We identified six founding paternal lineages among the studied Malays samples. These founding lineages showed a surprisingly coincident expansion age at 5000 to 6000 years ago. We also found numerous mostly close related samples of the founding lineages of Malays among populations from Mainland of Asia.

Conclusion

Our analyses provided a refined phylogenetic resolution for the dominant paternal lineages of Austronesians found by previous studies. We suggested that the co‐expansion of numerous founding paternal lineages corresponds to the initial differentiation of the most recent common ancestor of modern Austronesians. The splitting time and divergence pattern in perspective of paternal Y‐chromosome evidence are highly consistent with the previous theories of ethnologists, linguists, and archeologists.
Familial allomaternal care exposure is predictive of infant development
Authors: Singletary Britt
Published: September 2020

Objective

This study assesses whether increased exposure to allomaternal care (AMC, or non‐maternal care) is associated with improved infant motor and social milestone attainment.

Methods

Typically developing infants aged 13‐18 months (n = 102) were assessed by their mothers using the previously validated National Center for Health Statistics' Motor and Social Development Scale (MSD). AMC exposure from birth to present was quantified using four AMC predictor components.

Results

Exposure to Highly Involved Familial AMC has a significant medium effect on MSD score, such that infants experiencing more of this type of care score higher.

Conclusions

Familial AMC is associated with improved milestone attainment, suggesting that learning experiences are enhanced by these interactions, although further cross‐cultural studies are needed. If future studies confirm the positive effects of AMC interactions on early developmental outcomes, this may help explain the selective pressures for extensive AMC.
α‐Cyanation of Aromatic Tertiary Amines using Malononitrile as a Low‐Toxic Cyanide Source under the Catalysis of NiGa Layered Double Oxide
Authors: Wang Hui , Lu Wangmingzhu , Sun Zhonghua , Wang Anwei , Zhou Weiyou , He Mingyang , Chen Qun
Published: September 2020

NiGa layered double oxide (Ni3Ga‐LDO) has been found to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the α‐cyanation of aromatic tertiary amines using malononitrile as a low‐toxic cyanide source. Various aniline and aryltetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives were found to be tolerated by the catalytic system, and good to excellent yields for the corresponding products could be obtained. The results indicated that CN− might be produced via a oxidation‐decomposition path, and the reaction probably proceeded via a cross‐dehydrogenative coupling process. In addition, good stability and recyclability were observed for Ni3Ga‐LDO catalyst in the reaction.
Convergence properties of equilibria in the restricted three‐body problem with prolate primaries
Authors: Saeed Tareq , Chen Wei , Zotos Euaggelos E.
Published: September 2020

The aim of our work is to numerically explore the equilibrium points and the respective basins of convergence in the case of the circular restricted problem, where the two primaries are prolate. The coordinates of the libration points are derived by deploying the Newton–Raphson root method, while we also investigated the linear stability of the equilibrium points. Moreover, we also demonstrate the influence of the parameters controlling the prolateness of the primaries on the convergence dynamics of the problem. The degree of fractality of the basin diagrams on the configuration plane is estimated by calculating both the uncertainty dimension and the (boundary) basin entropy.
Automatisierungsaspekte bei der Planung von Baugrube und Gründung eines Forschungszentrums
Authors: Westermann Konrad , Meier Jörg , Pitteloud Laurent
Published: September 2020

Im Zuge der Planung und Ausführung der Baugrube und Gründung des zukünftigen Forschungszentrums von Roche in Basel wurden viele Herausforderungen bewältigt, indem automatisierte Verfahren und digitale Methoden konsequent im Spezialtiefbau angewendet wurden. Das Projekt befindet sich innerstädtisch am Rande des Industrie‐ und Forschungsareals von Roche mit sensibler Nachbarbebauung. Oberirdisch besteht das Forschungszentrum aus vier Gebäuden mit von Westen nach Osten zunehmenden Höhen von 18 bis 115 m. Diese vier Gebäude sind durch einen gemeinsamen, 140 m langen, 70 m breiten und 22 m tiefen sechsstöckigen Kellerkasten verbunden. Am Standort wurde bereits in den 1970er‐Jahren eine Schlitzwand für eine Baugrube mit gleichen Abmaßen erstellt. Zur Reduktion von Bauzeit und Investitionskosten wurde diese 45 Jahre alte Schlitzwand als Baugrubensicherung reaktiviert und der vorhandene Kellerkasten durch einen Neubau ersetzt. Die bestehende Schlitzwand wurde mit bis zu fünf Ankerlagen gegen den Erddruck und den 12 m hohen Wasserdruck im Baugrund gesichert. Die Gründung wurde als kombinierte Pfahl‐Plattengründung (KPP) mit einer 1,5 m mächtigen Bodenplatte und 178 Großbohrpfählen bemessen. Die Großbohrpfähle mit einem Durchmesser von 1,2 m und Längen von 10 bis 28 m wurden 12 m unter dem Grundwasserspiegel von der Baugrubensohle aus hergestellt. Durch die Automatisierung der KPP‐Iteration wurden der Berechnungsaufwand für die Planer und die Kosten für den Bauherrn deutlich reduziert.
Biodynamic Interfaces Are Essential for Human–Environment Interactions
Authors: Arora Manish , Giuliani Alessandro , Curtin Paul
Published: September 2020

The environment impacts human health in profound ways, yet few theories define the form of the relationship between human physiology and the environment. It is conjectured that such complex systems cannot interact directly, but rather their interaction requires the formation of an intermediary “interface.” This position contrasts with current epidemiological constructs of causation, which implicitly assume that two complex systems transfer information directly while remaining separate entities. Further, it is contended that dynamic, process‐based interfaces incorporate components from all the interacting systems but exhibit operational independence. This property has many consequences, the foremost being that characteristics of the interface cannot be fully resolved by only studying the systems involved in the interaction. The interface itself must be the subject of inquiry. Without refocusing the attention on biodynamic interfaces, how the environment impacts health cannot be discerned. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/XeyjeZeyo4o.
Luminescence properties of self‐activated Ca5Mg3Zn(VO4)6 and Ca5Mg3Zn(VO4)6:xEu3+ phosphors
Authors: He Huan , Yang Yanan , Wang Li , Li Junfeng , Cao Wenqiang , Zhang Wentao , Huang Yi , Zhang Peicong , Lai Xuefei
Published: September 2020

Self‐activated Ca5Mg3Zn(VO4)6 and Ca5Mg3Zn(VO4)6:xEu3+ phosphors were synthesized via a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction route. The crystalline structure and luminescence properties of the phosphors were analyzed using an X‐ray diffractometer and a photoluminescence spectrometer. The explored results indicated that by varying calcination temperature and the raw material ratio of Ca2+/Mg2+/Zn2+, the phosphors could be developed with different phases, crystallinity, and various fluorescence performances. The fluorescence spectrum of Ca5Mg3Zn(VO4)6 showed a broad emission band over the range 400–650 nm under an excitation wavelength of 330 nm, as well as green light emission. Furthermore, after introduction of Eu3+ ions in Eu(VO4)4, the luminescence intensity of the Eu3+ ions greatly increased as the Eu3+ ion concentration increased at the 393 nm excitation wavelength, showing green–yellow light emission simultaneously. Therefore, the obtained phosphors could be used as a potential green–yellow‐emitting luminescent material in a white light‐emitting diode device.
Self‐Assembled Peptide‐Based Biocomposites for Near‐Infrared Light Triggered Drug Release to Tumor Cells
Authors: Daso Rachel E. , Banerjee Ipsita A.
Published: September 2020

Peptide‐based nanomaterials are increasingly gaining popularity due to their specificity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In this work, a new multi‐layered peptide‐based biocomposite for targeting MCF‐7 breast cancer cells is developed. The amphipathic Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)‐Leu‐Ser peptide is synthesized, which is conjugated to a tumor‐targeting peptide sequence Gly‐Cys‐Gly‐Asn‐Ser to form Fmoc‐L‐S‐G‐C‐G‐N‐S (FLS) assemblies. To the FLS assemblies, gold nanorods are then attached to develop drug delivery vehicles (DDVs). The DDVs are entrapped with the anti‐cancer drug fulvestrant. Entrapment efficiency is found to be 50.6%. Release studies indicate that irradiating the gold nanorod bound DDVs at NIR wavelength (785 nm) increases drug release by fourfold compared to assemblies that are not irradiated. These results also show higher cytotoxicity and lower cell invasion due to photo‐triggered drug release. Furthermore, distinct actin cytoskeletal changes are observed. Such novel peptide‐based gold nanorod bound DDVs demonstrate potential in dual targeting of MCF‐7 breast cancer cells.
Chemistry in a cup of coffee: Adapting an online lab module for teaching specific heat capacity of beverages to health sciences students during the COVID pandemic
Authors: Mahaffey Angela L.
Published: September 2020

The present pandemic has hurled organizations into a new social “norm”—and academia is not exempt. As a result, a novel pedagogy has evolved, demanding mechanisms of social distance teaching and learning be developed. This new era in education has learning institutions acquiring, adapting or even designing online STEM labs for physical science courses—replacing face‐to‐face teaching laboratory settings. The difficulty of designing science practicum that promotes student engagement and relates scientific principles to “real life” has heightened as we shift to more online instruction. Therefore, a necessity to develop contemporary methods of promoting student engagement and participation in an online learning environment has become apparent. Here, a virtual lab course designed for health science majors, utilized an online lab module and, with the use of a learning management system, adapted it to illustrate the principles of specific heat capacity in “real life”: hot coffee. Students enrolled in the lab course were able to perform a virtual lab, complete calculations, compare calculated and experimental values, and relate the experimental chemistry topics to healthcare in a lab report. Following the lab experience, students completed an anonymous and voluntary qualitative survey in which they recommended this lab exercise for future classes.
Asymptomatic giant right coronary artery aneurysm in Kawasaki disease: A case report
Authors: Belayneh Dereje K. , Calais Fredrik
Published: September 2020

Incidentally diagnosed giant coronary artery aneurysms (gCAA) exceeding 50 mm in diameter are extremely rare and carry increased risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Currently, surgery is the preferred treatment for such gCAA.
The largest viable aortic aneurysm
Authors: Koubaissi Salwa A. , Zein‐El‐Dine Salah
Published: September 2020

Time has allowed us to attain new therapeutic advances in both surgical and medical fields. Nevertheless, prolonging patients’ life expectancies by using these new techniques exposes physicians to challenging and exceptional medical presentations that, in the near past, were not possibly attainable and would not have naturally occurred.
TiO2 Nanotubes Supported PtOx Nanoclusters with Enhanced Mass Activity for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: AlAqad Khaled M. , Kandiel Tarek A. , Basheer Chanbasha
Published: September 2020

Developing proper supports to enhance Pt mass activity is crucial for the practical application of electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) support is fabricated via anodizing Ti foil and loaded with PtOx nanoclusters using a facile photo‐deposition method. The formation of PtOx was confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Interestingly, the TNTs supported PtOx (Ti/TNTs/PtOx) electrocatalyst showed superior activity towards HER than the benchmark Pt/C and TiO2 nanoparticles (TNPs) supported PtOx electrocatalysts. An overpotential of −30 mV was sufficient to deliver −10 mA cm−2 from the acidic medium. The electrocatalytic mass activity of Ti/TNTs/PtOx (i. e. 204 mA mg−1) is enhanced by 12 and 1.7‐fold in comparison with those of Pt/C and TNPs supported PtOx electrocatalysts, respectively. The superior activity of Ti/TNTs/PtOx is mainly due to its large electrochemical active surface area and the excellent electron mobility in TNTs support.
Ending the Chase for a Perfect Binder: Role of Surface Chemistry Variation and its Influence on Silicon Anodes
Authors: Hays Kevin A. , Armstrong Beth , Veith Gabriel M.
Published: September 2020

In this work we examine the influence of the type of silicon source material (two milled and two plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition) on the electrochemical performance of silicon‐based anodes for Li‐ion batteries. The four representative Si sources were previously identified in literature but have never been compared side by side, which is critical to understanding the wide variation in performance reported for silicon‐based electrodes. These particles display unique surface features associated with surface oxides and residual precursor species (Si−N, Si−C, Si−H) which impact processability by changing interactions within the electrode slurry and the resulting electrochemical performance. These properties should be taken into consideration when utilizing “off‐the‐shelf” Si powders for investigations and would be good variables to explore to understand why certain chemistries display suitable performance, while others “don't work.”
Multivariate calibration: Identification of phenolic compounds in PROPOLIS using FT‐NIR
Authors: Matei Letycia Alyne , Lafay Cintia Boeira Batista , Calegari Matheus Augusto , Oldoni Tatiane Luiza Cadorin
Published: September 2020

The chemical composition of propolis is complex and varies according to location, seasonality, and vegetation where the hives are located. Raw and macerated propolis produced in different regions of Brazil were assessed and produced iPLS models from FTNIR combined to multivariate calibration to determine total phenolic content (TPC). The spectra of raw propolis were obtained analyzing samples directly, without treatment or processing, while macerated propolis was submitted to the milling process using liquid nitrogen. Concerning the results, the TPC ranged from 3.61 to 90.4 mg GAE g‐1, which indicates a significant difference among samples. It was possible to conclude that macerated propolis presented the best multivariate calibration obtained from the second derivative and SNV pre‐processing. The error values RMSECV and RMSEP were 3.79 and 6.17 mg GAE g‐1 respectively, while the determination coefficients in the calibration, cross‐validation, and external validation were 0.97, 0.87, and 0.82, respectively.
N‐terminal β‐strand of single‐headed kinesin‐1 can modulate the off‐axis force‐generation and resultant rotation pitch
Authors: Yamagishi Masahiko , Fujimura Shoko , Sugawa Mitsuhiro , Nishizaka Takayuki , Yajima Junichiro
Published: September 2020

In in vitro microtubule gliding assays, most kinesins drive the rotation of gliding microtubules around their longitudinal axes in a corkscrew motion. The corkscrewing pitch is smaller than the supertwisted protofilament pitch of microtubules, indicating that the corkscrewing pitch is an inherent property of kinesins. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which kinesins corkscrew the microtubule, we performed three‐dimensional tracking of a quantum dot bound to a microtubule translocating over a surface coated with single‐headed kinesin‐1 s under various assay conditions to alter the interactions between the kinesin and microtubule. Although alternations in kinesin concentration, ionic strength, and ATP concentration changed both gliding and rotational velocities, the corkscrewing pitch remained left‐handed and constant at ~0.3 μm under all tested conditions apart from a slight increase in pitch at a low ATP concentration. We then used our system to analyze the effect of point mutations in the N‐terminal β‐strand protruding from the kinesin motor core and found mutations that decreased the corkscrewing pitch. Our findings confirmed that the corkscrewing motion of microtubules is caused by the intrinsic properties of the kinesin and demonstrates that changes in the active or retarding force originating from the N‐terminal β‐strand in the head modulate the pitch.
Micro‐macro dynamics of the online opinion evolution: An asynchronous network model approach
Authors: Li Chong , Yang Yingjie , Liu Sifeng
Published: September 2020

This article investigates the complex relationship between endogenous and exogenous, deterministic and stochastic stimulating factors in public opinion dynamics. An asynchronous multiagent network model is proposed to explore the interaction mechanism between individual opinions and the public opinion in online multiagent network community, including both the micro and the macro patterns of opinion evolution. In addition, based on random network models, a novel algorithm is provided for opinion evolution prediction. The model property analysis and numerical experiments show that the proposed asynchronous multiagent network model can assimilate and explain some interesting phenomena that are observed in the real world. Further case studies with numerical simulation and real‐world applications confirm the feasibility and flexibility of the proposed model in public opinion analysis. The results challenge the common perception that mass media or opinion facilitators play the fundamental role in controlling the development trends of public opinion. This study shows that the formation and evolution of public opinion in the presence of opinion leaders depend also on an individual's emotional inertia and conformity pressures from peers in the same topic group.