bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lectotypification of the name Fimbristylis cioniana (Cyperaceae)
Authors: D’ANTRACCOLI MARCO , ROMA-MARZIO FRANCESCO , ASTUTI GIOVANNI , MACCIONI SIMONETTA , PERUZZI LORENZO
Published: April 2017

The present contribution is part of an ongoing work promoted by the Italian Botanical Society aimed to recognize and typify all the taxa described from Italy and their loci classici, in order to increase their systematic knowledge and promote further studies (Domina et al. 2012, Peruzzi et al. 2015).
Two notes on Brazilian Myrcia (Myrtaceae)
Authors: SOBRAL MARCOS
Published: April 2017

Myrcia De Candolle (1827: 46) is an American genus with about 450 species (Govaerts et al. 2017). Along the examination of some Brazilian species I spotted two unresolved names in Aulomyrcia O.Berg (1855–1856: 35), a genus presently merged in Myrcia as section Aulomyrcia (O.Berg) Grisebach (1864: 234) and recently studied by Lucas et al. (2016), and here propose the necessary taxonomic changes for them. Herbaria are cited according to Thiers (2017) and specimens are identified by herbarium numbers or barcodes; links for the images may be found in herbaria homepages available in Thiers (2017).
A new species of Spigelia L. (Loganiaceae) from Mexico
Authors: ISLAS-HERNÁNDEZ C. SOFIA , LOZADA-PÉREZ LUCIO , ALVARADO-CÁRDENAS LEONARDO O.
Published: April 2017

A new Mexican species of Spigelia (Loganiaceae), distributed in the states of Guerrero and Michoacán, is here described. The new species can be distinguished from the similar-looking S. humboldtiana by its corolla with innerly purple lobes, inserted stamens above the proximal half of the corolla tube and exserted style. With this contribution, Mexico reaches a total of 20 species, of which 50% are endemic, highlighting this country as a center of diversity for this genus. A dichotomous key for the species recorded in the states of Guerrero and Michoacán is included.
Typification of names and nomenclatural notes on juno irises (Iridaceae) from Western Asia, Western Europe, and North Africa

Authors: BOLTENKOV EUGENY V. , GOVAERTS RAFAËL
Published: April 2017

Some juno irises that have been described from Western Asia, Western Europe, and North Africa are in need of typification. Twenty eight names of juno irises (22 species, 5 varieties, and 1 form) are here typified, or nomenclatural remarks are provided. In the western portion of the species range, juno irises are represented mainly by Iris aucheri, I. caucasica, I. persica, and I. planifolia. Most of the original material was collected from Turkey, Caucasus, Syria, and Algeria. Lectotypes are designated here for 16 names, and the lectotype of I. stenophylla is corrected here. The holotypes for the names I. nusairiensis and I. postii are indicated; neotypes for the names I. atropatana, I. bolleana, I. issica, I. persica var. magna, I. persica var. mardinensis, I. tauri and I. transtagana are designated. Three new combinations I. aucheri var. fumosa, I. caucasica var. atropatana, and I. planifolia subsp. palaestina, are proposed. Five names at the species rank are for the first time reduced to synonyms (indicated in parentheses): Colchicum falcifolium (= Iris caucasica), I. nusairiensis (= I. aucheri var. fumosa), I. pseudocaucasica (= I. caucasica f. coerulescens), I. schischkinii (= I. caucasica var. multiflora), and I. sindjarensis (= I. aucheri var. fumosa). The ambiguity about authorship of the names I. caucasica, I. galatica, and I. palaestina is also resolved.
Spontaneous hybridization among Allium tulipifolium and A. robustum (Allium subg. Melanocrommyum, Amaryllidaceae) under cultivation
Authors: SMIRNOV SERGEI , SKAPTSOV MIKHAIL , SHMAKOV ALEXANDER , FRITSCH REINHARD M. , FRIESEN NIKOLAI
Published: April 2017

In the living Allium collection of the South Siberian Botanical Garden of the Altai State University, Barnaul (Russia), among the species Allium tulipifolium and A. robustum (A. subg. Melanocrommyum sect. Decipientia), several morphologically intermediate plants grown from seeds were found. We assumed they could result from spontaneous hybridization. To confirm our assumption we studied the hybrids and their alleged parents cytologically (chromosome and genome size) and compared the sequences of the nuclear DNA (ITS) and three plastid DNA fragments (trnL-trnF and rpl32-trnL spacers and rps16 intron). Our data confirmed the hybrid nature of these plants and also showed that the hybridization between the two species (A. tulipifolium and A. robustum) is possible in both directions. This opens up opportunities for targeted hybridization and breeding of new ornamental varieties.
Two new keratinophilic fungal species
Authors: ZHANG YAN-WEI , ZENG GUI-PING , ZOU XIAO , HAN YAN-FENG , LIANG ZONG-QI , QIU SHU-YI
Published: April 2017

Two new keratinophilic fungal species, Chrysosporium jingzhouense and C. clavisporum, were isolated from farmland soil of Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, and from plant root soil of Guigang City, Guangxi Province, China, respectively, using child hair as bait. Molecular and morphological characters were used to identify taxonomic status. The phylogeny shows C. jingzhouense is clustered with C. articulatum and C. keratinophilum; while C. clavisporum appears to be related to C. qinghaiense, C. indicum and C. linfenense. These previously described Chrysosporium species can be easily distinguished from our proposed new species based on morphology alone. The holotypes, ex-types and ex-isotypes have been deposited in the Institute of Fungus Resources (GZAC).
Silene oxelmanii (Caryophyllaceae), a new species from Iran
Authors: GHOLIPOUR ABBAS
Published: April 2017

Silene oxelmanii sp. nov. (sect. Auriculatae, Caryophyllaceae) is described as a new species from CW-Iran. The new species is a rhizomatous perennial herb morphologically similar to S. eriocalycina from which differs in having shorter leaves and alar pedicel, a longer and tomentose calyx and antophore and a capsule included in calyx. A distribution map, ecological remarks, original illustration and photos of the new species are presented.
Phanera larseniana (Leguminosae: Cercidoideae), a new species from Thailand
Authors: CHANTARANOTHAI PRANOM , MATTAPHA SAWAI , WANGWASIT KHANIT
Published: April 2017

Phanera larseniana, a new species from north–eastern Thailand, is described and illustrated.  It most closely resembles P. rubro-villosa but differs in the length of the floral parts, and in the number and position of the staminodes. The species is known only from a single locality in north-eastern Thailand. An illustration and photos of the new species are provided.
Raman Spectroscopy of Blood and Blood Components
Authors: Atkins Chad G. , Buckley Kevin , Blades Michael W. , Turner Robin F.B.
Published: April 2017

Blood is a bodily fluid that is vital for a number of life functions in animals. To a first approximation, blood is a mildly alkaline aqueous fluid (plasma) in which a large number of free-floating red cells (erythrocytes), white cells (leucocytes), and platelets are suspended. The primary function of blood is to transport oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body and move carbon dioxide in the return direction after it is produced by the cells’ metabolism. Blood also carries nutrients to the cells and brings waste products to the liver and kidneys. Measured levels of oxygen, nutrients, waste, and electrolytes in blood are often used for clinical assessment of human health. Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive analytical technique that uses the inelastic scattering of light to provide information on chemical composition, and hence has a potential role in this clinical assessment process. Raman spectroscopic probing of blood components and of whole blood has been on-going for more than four decades and has proven useful in applications ranging from the understanding of hemoglobin oxygenation, to the discrimination of cancerous cells from healthy lymphocytes, and the forensic investigation of crime scenes. In this paper, we review the literature in the field, collate the published Raman spectroscopy studies of erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets, plasma, and whole blood, and attempt to draw general conclusions on the state of the field.
Should Millions of Students Take a Gap Year? Large Numbers of Students Start the School Year Above Grade Level
Authors: Peters Scott J. , Rambo-Hernandez Karen , Makel Matthew C. , Matthews Michael S. , Plucker Jonathan A.
Published: April 2017

Few topics have garnered more attention in preservice teacher training and educational reform than student diversity and its influence on learning. However, the actual degree of cognitive diversity has yet to be considered regarding instructional implications for advanced learners. We used four data sets (three state-level and one national) from diverse contexts to evaluate how many students perform above grade level in English Language Arts and mathematics. Results revealed that among American elementary and middle school students, 20% to 49% in English Language Arts and 14% to 37% in mathematics scored 1 year or more above grade level. We address what these findings imply for K-12 schools, grouping decisions, and educational policies that strive to foster advanced abilities.
The impact of a multi-component physical activity programme in low-income elementary schools
Authors: Massey William V , Stellino Megan B , Holliday Megan , Godbersen Travis , Rodia Rachel , Kucher Greta , Wilkison Megan
Published: April 2017

Objective:

To identify the effects of a structured and multifaceted physical activity and recess intervention on student and adult behaviour in school.

Design:

Mixed-methods and community-based participatory approach.

Setting:

Large, urban, low-income school district in the USA.

Methods:

Data were collected at three time points over a 1-year period. Sources included recess observations at four elementary schools, in-class behavioural observations of fifth-grade students ( n = 21) and focus groups with fourth- and fifth-grade students ( n = 75).

Results:

Results suggested an increased amount of positive interactions between adults and students and a decreased amount of conflict in the playground post intervention. Results also suggested that a peer-leadership training programme had beneficial effects on students’ classroom behaviour.

Conclusion:

Results from this study provide evidence that school recess can be used to teach social–emotional competencies that can impact student behaviour during recess and in the classroom.
The Southern Military Tradition
Authors: Maley Adam J. , Hawkins Daniel N.
Published: April 2017

Throughout the history of the United States, the South has had higher levels of military service than other regions of the country. Scholars regularly refer to this phenomenon as a “Southern military tradition.” The reasons behind this overrepresentation are not completely understood. Do Southern sociodemographic characteristics make it a preferred recruiting area or is there something distinctive about the cultural legacy of Southern history that encourages and supports military service? Using a unique data set that includes county-level active duty army enlistments and sociodemographic information, we show that Southern counties have significantly higher enlistment rates than counties in the Northeast and Midwest. These differences disappear when sociodemographic factors, such as fewer college graduates and a prominent presence of Evangelical Christians, are taken into account. These findings suggest that population characteristics may be a stronger driver of current regional disparities in military service than an inherited Southern military tradition.
The ‘Cumberbatch’ Hamlet (1)
Authors: Sokolova Boika , Cinpoeş Nicoleta
Published: April 2017

This essay reads Lyndsey Turner’s 2015 Hamlet at the Barbican Theatre in London against the production’s priorities, namely, being star, new audience and box office driven. It explores the negotiation of the script, space and politics at the heart of this production. Giving its due when discussing the cinematic employment of cuts, editing, lighting and freeze frames, it acknowledges that some of the special effects were lost to the theatre spectator, per force cast in a secondary role in a production that prioritized live-streaming across the world.
Nurses’ Perceptions of Self as Role Models of Health
Authors: Hurley Shelia , Edwards Joellen , Cupp Jann , Phillips Michael
Published: April 2017

This study purposed to determine the relationship between nurses’ personal health practices and their perceptions of themselves as role models for health promotion, and assess the relationship of personal and professional characteristics both on perception of self as role model and on the practice of healthy behaviors. In this study of 804 Tennessee registered nurses, 4% report smoking, 24.9% drink alcohol, 34% are overweight, and 30% are obese. Approximately 70% do not meet the weekly physical activity recommendations of 150 min, and 36.2% follow guidelines for a healthy diet only 50% of the time or less. There were significant correlations between following a healthy diet or physical activity and the Self as a Role Model of Health Promotion (SARMHEP) scores. Based on the regression analysis, working in an acute care or ambulatory setting negatively affected the SARMHEP, as opposed to age and sex having a positive effect on the SARMHEP score.
A Population‐Based Analysis of Survival for Sinonasal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Unsal Aykut A. , Chung Sei Yeon , Unsal Aylin B. , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: April 2017

Objectives

Literature detailing factors affecting survival in sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma (SNRMS) is limited due to its rarity. We analyze the demographics, potential prognostic factors, overall survival, and treatment efficacy of SNRMS.

Study Design and Setting

Administrative database study.

Methods

SNRMS was queried in the SEER database (1973‐2013; Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results). Data were analyzed for demographic and clinicopathologic trends. Kaplan‐Meier model was utilized for assessing survival.

Results

A total of 286 cases of SNRMS were identified. The median age at diagnosis was 24.5 years, and the mean tumor size was 5.1 cm. Overall 5‐, 10‐, and 20‐year disease‐specific survival was 35.1%, 25.4%, and 12.0%, respectively. Regional lymph node involvement was present at diagnosis in more than half of cases (54.3%) and distant metastasis in 32.2% of cases. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (54.9%) and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (23.8%) were the primary histologies. Alveolar‐type SNRMS was more likely than the embryonal type to metastasize to distant sites (41.7% vs 24.1%), and it possessed poorer 5‐year survival (29.2% vs 45.6%). Distant metastasis decreased 5‐year survival from 35.1% to 3.8%, whereas lymph node involvement did not significantly affect survival. Patients <10 years old had the highest survival rates. Primary tumor origin by subsite did not significantly affect survival. Smaller tumor sizes and earlier Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group stages were associated with improved outcomes. Surgical therapy had the highest survival rates.

Conclusion

SNRMS has overall poorer prognosis than all other parameningeal rhabdomyosarcomas studied. Age <10 years, smaller tumor sizes, lack of distant metastasis, localized tumors, earlier Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group stages, and embryonal histology were all associated with improved outcomes.
Titanium Ossicular Chain Reconstruction Revision Success and Preoperative Factors Predicting Success
Authors: Le Phong T. , O’Connell Brendan P. , Baker Andrew B. , Keller Robert G. , Lambert Paul R.
Published: April 2017

Objective

Determine rates of success after revision titanium ossicular chain reconstruction with either partial or total ossicular replacement prosthesis and assess preoperative factors predicting positive outcomes.

Study Design

Case series with planned data collection.

Setting

Tertiary hospital.

Subjects and Methods

The charts of 76 surgical patients who underwent revision titanium ossicular chain reconstruction from 2003 to 2014 were abstracted from a prospectively maintained database at the Medical University of South Carolina. Postoperative air‐bone gap (ABG) after revision surgery at short‐term (<6 months) and intermediate to long‐term (>1 year) follow‐up and preoperative factors associated with postoperative ABG ≤20 dB were recorded. A paired t test or Wilcoxon signed‐rank sum test was utilized to compare preoperative, short‐term, or intermediate to long‐term results.

Results

Seventy‐six patients underwent revision ossiculoplasty and met inclusion criteria. Mean postoperative ABG was 22.5 at short‐term follow‐up (P <. 0001) and 24.4 at intermediate to long‐term follow‐up (P =. 003). Postoperative ABG ≤20 dB was achieved in 51.5% of patients. The only preoperative factor associated with postoperative ABG ≤20 dB was location of original primary ossiculoplasty (P =. 01).

Conclusions

This is one of the larger studies involving revision titanium ossiculoplasty. Revision surgery showed a significant improvement in postoperative ABG. The location of the original ossiculoplasty correlated with success of revision surgery (defined as postoperative ABG ≤20 dB). Patients who had the primary ossiculoplasty at an outside hospital may have better audiometric outcomes than patients who had it at a tertiary hospital.
Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid: A Population‐Based Analysis
Authors: Au Joshua K. , Alonso Jose , Kuan Edward C. , Arshi Armin , St. John Maie A.
Published: April 2017

Objectives

To analyze the epidemiology and describe the prognostic indicators of patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid.

Study Design and Setting

Retrospective cohort study based on a national database.

Methods

The US National Cancer Institute’s SEER registry (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) was reviewed for patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid from 1973 to 2012. Study variables included age, sex, race, tumor size, tumor grade, regional and distant metastases, and treatment modality. Survival measures included overall survival (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS).

Results

A total of 199 cases of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid were identified. Mean age at diagnosis was 68.1 years; 58.3% were female; and 79.4% were white. Following diagnosis, 46.3% of patients underwent surgery; 55.7%, radiation therapy; and 45.8%, surgery with radiation therapy. Kaplan‐Meier analysis demonstrated OS and DSS of 16% and 21% at 5 years, respectively. Median survival after diagnosis was 9.1 months. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that predictors of OS and DSS included age (P <. 001, P <. 001, respectively), tumor grade (P <. 001, P =. 001), and tumor size (P <. 001, P =. 001). Surgical management was a predictor of OS but not DSS.

Conclusion

Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid is a rare malignancy with a very poor prognosis. Surgical resection confers an overall survival benefit. Age, tumor grade, and tumor size are predictors of OS and DSS.
Survival and Margin Status in Head and Neck Radiation‐Induced Sarcomas and De Novo Sarcomas
Authors: Rosko Andrew J. , Birkeland Andrew C. , Chinn Steven B. , Shuman Andrew G. , Prince Mark E. , Patel Rajiv M. , McHugh Jonathan B. , Spector Matthew E.
Published: April 2017

Objective

To describe histologic subtypes and oncologic outcomes among patients with radiation‐induced and de novo sarcomas of the head and neck.

Study Design

Retrospective case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary academic center.

Subject and Methods

In total, 166 adult patients with sarcoma of the head and neck treated from January 1, 1985, to January 1, 2010, were included. Tumors were characterized as radiation induced (15.1%) vs de novo sarcomas (84.9%). Clinical and tumor characteristics were compared. The primary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS).

Results

Radiation‐induced sarcomas were more likely to be high grade (P =. 006) and advanced stage (P =. 03). Chondrosarcoma was more common in de novo tumors (P =. 02) while leiomyosarcoma (P =. 01), sarcoma not otherwise specified (P =. 02), and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (P <. 001) were more common in radiation‐induced sarcomas. Radiation‐induced sarcomas were associated with statistically significantly worse DSS (P =. 019) and OS (P =. 005) compared with de novo sarcomas, but when only high‐grade soft tissue sarcomas were analyzed, neither DSS (P =. 48) nor OS (P =. 29) differed. Margin status was a significant predictor of survival as both R0 and R1 resections correlated with statistically better DSS and OS compared with R2 (P <. 001) resections and patients treated with radiation therapy/chemoradiation therapy alone (P =. 005).

Conclusion

Radiation‐induced sarcomas of the head and neck correlate with worse survival compared with de novo tumors; however, when controlling for tumor grade and resection status, there is no statistically significant difference in observed outcomes.
Emojis as Tools for Emotion Work: Communicating Affect in Text Messages
Authors: Riordan Monica A.
Published: April 2017

Emojis are pictures commonly used in texting. The use and type of emojis has increased in recent years; particularly emojis that are not faces, but rather objects. While prior work on emojis of faces suggest their primary purpose is to convey affect, few have researched the communicative purpose of emojis of objects. In the current work, two experiments assess whether emojis of objects also convey affect. Different populations of participants are shown text messages with or without different emojis of objects, asked to rate the message’s affective content, and indicate their confidence in their ratings. Overall results suggest that emojis of objects communicate positive affect, specifically joy. These findings are framed in the sociological theory of emotion work, suggesting that the time and effort involved in using emojis may help maintain and enhance social relationships.
Volatile anaesthetics added to cardiopulmonary bypass are associated with reduced cardiac troponin
Authors: Bignami Elena , Guarnieri Marcello , Pieri Marina , De Simone Francesco , Rodriguez Alcira , Cassarà Luigi , Lembo Rosalba , Landoni Giovanni , Zangrillo Alberto
Published: April 2017

Background:

Every year, over 1 million cardiac surgical procedures are performed all over the world. Reducing myocardial necrosis could have strong implications in postoperative clinical outcomes. Volatile anaesthetics have cardiac protective properties in the perioperative period of cardiac surgery. However, little data exists on the administration of volatile agents during cardiopulmonary bypass. The aim of this study was to assess if volatile anaesthetics administration during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces cardiac troponin release after cardiac surgery.

Materials and methods:

We retrospectively analysed data from 942 patients who underwent cardiac surgery in a teaching hospital. The only difference between the groups was the management of anaesthesia during CPB. The volatile group received sevoflurane or desflurane while the control group received a combination of propofol infusion and fentanyl boluses. Patients who received volatile anaesthetics during cardiopulmonary bypass (n=314) were propensity-matched 1:2 with patients who did not receive volatile anaesthetics during CPB (n=628).

Results:

We found a reduction in peak postoperative troponin I, from 7.8 ng/ml (4.8-13.1) in the non-volatile group to 6.8 ng/ml (3.7-11.8) in the volatile group (p=0.013), with no differences in mortality [2 (0.6%) in the volatile group and 2 (0.3%) in the non-volatile group (p=0.6)].

Conclusions:

Adding volatile anaesthetics during cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with reduced peak postoperative troponin levels. Larger studies are required to confirm our data and to assess the effect of volatile agents on survival.
The Neuropsychological Function of Older First-Time Child Exploitation Material Offenders: A Pilot Study
Authors: Rodriguez Marcelo , Ellis Andrew
Published: April 2017

Despite the growing incidence of child exploitation offences, there is little knowledge of the neuropsychological function of older child exploitation material offenders (CEMOs). Given that studies have reported that sex offenders demonstrate deficits attributed to frontal and temporal lobe function, the aim of this pilot study was to investigate the frontotemporal function of older first-time child exploitation material offenders (FTCEMOs). The neuropsychological performance of 11 older FTCEMOs was compared with 34 older historical sex offenders (HSOs) and 32 older nonsex offender (NSO) controls. Forty-five percent of FTCEMOs admitted to a pedophilic interest, which was significantly lower than those reported by HSOs. FTCEMOs provided significantly higher intellectual function scores than HSOs. Results revealed no evidence of mild or major neurocognitive disorder in FTCEMOs. Although the groups were not significantly different, compared with normative data, FTCEMOs reported a high incidence of impairment on a measure of decision making and on a measure of facial emotional recognition.
Using Tai Chi to Reduce Fall Risk Factors Among Older Adults: An Evaluation of a Community-Based Implementation
Authors: Gallant Mary P. , Tartaglia Meaghan , Hardman Susan , Burke Kara
Published: April 2017

This study aimed to evaluate a community-based implementation of an evidence-based fall prevention program, in which 131 individuals participated in Tai Chi: Moving for Better Balance. Self-report and functional performance assessments included demographics, health and fall history, the Activities-Specific Balance Scale, the Timed Up and Go test, and the Functional Reach test. Pre–post scores were compared with the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The mostly female participants were 73 years old, on average. At baseline, 18% reported being afraid or very afraid of falling, and 18% had fallen in the past 6 months. At follow-up, there was significant improvement in Timed Up and Go ( p < .001), Functional Reach ( p < .01), and Activities-Specific Balance Scale scores ( p < .01). These results demonstrate that a 12-week evidence-based Tai Chi program can be feasibly implemented by novice instructors, is well-received by older adults, and can effectively reduce fall risk when implemented in community settings.
Risk Factors for Developing Scoliosis in Cerebral Palsy: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study
Authors: Bertoncelli Carlo M. , Solla Federico , Loughenbury Peter R. , Tsirikos Athanasios I. , Bertoncelli Domenico , Rampal Virginie
Published: April 2017

This study aims to identify the risk factors leading to the development of severe scoliosis among children with cerebral palsy. A cross-sectional descriptive study of 70 children (aged 12-18 years) with severe spastic and/or dystonic cerebral palsy treated in a single specialist unit is described. Statistical analysis included Fisher exact test and logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors. Severe scoliosis is more likely to occur in patients with intractable epilepsy ( P = .008), poor gross motor functional assessment scores ( P = .018), limb spasticity ( P = .045), a history of previous hip surgery ( P = .048), and nonambulatory patients ( P = .013). Logistic regression model confirms the major risk factors are previous hip surgery ( P = .001), moderate to severe epilepsy ( P = .007), and female gender ( P = .03). History of previous hip surgery, intractable epilepsy, and female gender are predictors of developing severe scoliosis in children with cerebral palsy. This knowledge should aid in the early diagnosis of scoliosis and timely referral to specialist services.
Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don’t
Authors: Moulding Nicole
Published: April 2017

Childhood emotional abuse (CEA) is the least researched but most common and psychologically harmful form of child abuse. While there is a robust body of feminist research into the gendered discourses framing child sexual abuse, domestic violence, and rape and sexual assault, there has been little feminist examination of CEA. This article reports on the findings from two interview studies with women who have backgrounds of CEA exploring how this form of abuse is constituted through gendered discourses, practices, and power relations. The studies were framed by McNay’s theoretical concept of situated intersubjectivity, which attends to both the discursive and material bases of gender oppression. Discourse analysis was used to examine the gender discourses and practices in women’s narratives of CEA. Based on the analysis of the interviews, CEA is theorized as a gender practice that is often concerned with imposing a traditional femininity on daughters, but it is also shown to encapsulate contradictions about contemporary femininities where rights to autonomy and independence sit in some tension with traditional expectations. The article adds to feminist theorization by considering how the gender discourses and practices constituting CEA and other forms of violence against women intertwine with structural gender power relations and considers the implications of these insights for social work practice.
Charitable Giving in Nonprofit Service Associations: Identities, Incentives, and Gender Differences
Authors: Qu Heng , Steinberg Richard
Published: April 2017

Nonprofit service associations, such as the Lions Clubs, Rotaries, and Kiwanis, provide collective goods. Membership in a service association involves two essential elements: members’ shared interest in the club’s charitable service and private benefits stemming from social interactions with other members, such as networking, fellowship, and fun. We report results from a laboratory experiment designed to test the effect of membership and priming on charitable giving. The two experimental conditions activate chains of associative memory linked to the service or socializing aspects of membership. We find that female subjects give significantly smaller donations after receiving the socializing stimulus. Male subjects are less sensitive to our experimental conditions, giving slightly more in the socializing condition, but the differences are not statistically significant. We discuss three mechanisms that may explain our results: social identity theory, reputation and image motivations, and quality inference.
The ambiguity of pride
Authors: Miceli Maria , Castelfranchi Cristiano , Pocobello Raffaella
Published: April 2017

This work aims to account for the complexity of pride, while also trying to clear some ambiguities that in our view result from unwarranted assumptions about its two facets—“authentic” versus “hubristic” pride. We propose a model of pride in terms of its cognitive and motivational components; distinguish two kinds of pride proper: pride1, referring to achievement-based pride and pride2, concerning one’s stable qualities and dispositions; and identify the goals they are likely to elicit. We also argue that for pride to be felt, it is insufficient and even unnecessary that one’s self-evaluations should concern socially valued accomplishments. We suggest that hubris is distinguishable from both kinds of pride proper because, unlike the latter, it is qualified by the goal of superiority over others, and we consider its implications in terms of social attitudes. We also discuss whether hubris is a form of “false” pride.
The Victim of Historical Child Sexual Abuse in the Irish Courts 1999–2006
Authors: Ring Sinéad
Published: April 2017

In recent years, Ireland has been rocked by revelations of historical child sexual abuse. This has led to a variety of state responses but one question remains particularly difficult to answer: why did the sexual abuse of children go unrecognized as a societal problem for so long? This article seeks answers by scrutinizing cases in which defendants sought to have their trial prohibited because of the delayed reporting. It explores the legal test used in the period 1999–2006, which focussed on the abuser’s ‘dominion’ over the victim. The use of the notion of dominion elicited valuable information about the reasons for the delay and how children were silenced. Uncovering these stories is essential to understanding the dynamics of child sexual abuse. However, a critical reading of the delay cases that draws on feminist critiques of battered woman’s syndrome and rape trauma syndrome reveals law’s power to impose hegemonic discourses onto victims and to produce new histories. Under the dominion paradigm, the courts distorted victims’ accounts of their experiences and sidelined stories that pointed towards a culture of indifference to abuse. Thus, law is shown to occupy a paradoxical position in relation to Ireland’s history of child sexual abuse.
Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Development: Is Asia Different?
Authors: Branstetter Lee
Published: April 2017

For decades, economic policymakers in developing countries have resisted pressure to strengthen their intellectual property rights (IPR) systems. Many of them have pointed to the success of high-tech industries in Asia as confirmation of the view that keeping IPR systems weak at certain stages of economic development can function as an infant industry policy, stimulating the growth of technologically dynamic indigenous firms. This essay reviews recent econometric evidence on how changes in the IPR policy impact industrial development, and concludes that much of that evidence suggests that stronger IPR systems accelerate industrial development. The study then examines whether the lessons of Asia economic history really contradict that econometric evidence. The view presented here is that Asia is not really different. The current challenges faced by Asian firms in technologically dynamic industries suggest that long periods of industrial development under weak IPR systems can create problems that emerge in the longer run.
International University–Industry Linkage: Impact on Firm Technological Performance
Authors: Suzuki Shinya
Published: April 2017

Although previous studies have given considerable attention to collaborative research between firms and universities of the same country, firms’ collaborations with foreign universities have received comparatively little attention. In this study, we examine the impact of cross-border university–industry joint research on firm technological performance. We test our hypotheses on a panel dataset of 107 Japanese manufacturing firms for the period 2001–2004. Our findings illustrate that the research quality in partner universities and firms’ affiliates in the country of partner universities are both critical to realizing the benefits from international joint research with universities. A key contribution of this study is to suggest that distance barriers can be overcome if firm affiliates are present in the country of the partner university.
Strategic Innovation and Consumer Preferences: An Analysis of Malaysian Hybrid Car Policy
Authors: Bakar Normizan , Hasan-Basri Bakti
Published: April 2017

This study analyzes the role of consumer choice in determining a strategic innovation policy. We establish an international Bertrand duopoly and conduct a choice modelling technique. The theoretical finding shows that an increase in investment in hybrid technology innovation increases the demand for hybrid cars. However, the empirical results show that consumers do not appreciate all attributes, only the hybrid battery, CO2 emission level and the sound of hybrid engines. We suggest that the government focus on the significant attributes in order to force not only the domestic automobile firm to innovate but the vendors as well.
Multi-level and Multi-route Innovation Policies in China: A Programme Evaluation Based on Firm-level Data
Authors: Ito Asei , Li Zhuoran , Wang Min
Published: April 2017

Since the Chinese government’s rapid increase in expenditures on science and technology (S&T) during the 2000s, numerous related policies have been implemented by national-, provincial-, city-and prefecture-level governments in China. Each level of government aims to promote innovation activities; however, few empirical evaluations have been conducted for each policy level and category. This study estimates the treatment effects of innovation policies at each government level and category by using firm-level survey data from Chengdu, an inland city. Results suggest that aggregated S&T policies stimulate effective firm-level innovation activities, in particular, city-level policies and various government services. On the other hand, some policy categories, including tax incentives, seem to be inefficient and these results are also consistent with related studies. Restructuring the current policy menu and establishing further feedback mechanisms for S&T policy will improve the efficacy of such spending.
Book Review: L. Singh, K.S. Bhangoo and R. Sharma. 2016. Agrarian Distress and Farmer Suicides in North India
Authors: Kaur Prabhjot
Published: April 2017

L. Singh, K.S. Bhangoo and R. Sharma. 2016. Agrarian Distress and Farmer Suicides in North India. London: Routledge India, South Asia Edition, pp. 250. ₹895. ISBN: 978-1-138-66862-1
Book Review: S.M. Ali. 2015. Development, Poverty and Power in Pakistan: The Impact of State and Donor Interventions on Farmers
Authors: Panicker Yamuna
Published: April 2017

S.M. Ali. 2015. Development, Poverty and Power in Pakistan: The Impact of State and Donor Interventions on Farmers. London: Routledge, pp. xvi+167. ₹695. ISBN: 978-1-138-80453-1
Book Review: N. Lalitha and P.K. Viswanathan (Eds). 2015. India’s Tryst with Bt Cotton: Learning from the First Decade
Authors: Balan Neha
Published: April 2017

N. Lalitha and P.K. Viswanathan (Eds). 2015. India’s Tryst with Bt Cotton: Learning from the First Decade. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd., pp. 294, ₹950. ISBN: 978-93-5125-108-8
Availability, Price, and Affordability of Selected Essential Medicines for Chronic Diseases in 11 Countries of the Asia Pacific Region: A Secondary Analysis
Authors: Wang Haipeng , Sun Qiang , Vitry Agnes , Nguyen Tuan Anh
Published: April 2017

Access to affordable essential medicines for noncommunicable, chronic diseases is critical in management of the diseases. This study aims to assess the availability, prices, and affordability of medicines for common chronic diseases in the Asia Pacific Region (APR). A secondary analysis of medicines price and availability data from the Health Action International’s (HAI) database was undertaken using the standardized WHO/HAI methodology. The median availability of any medicine in the public sector was 35.5% compared with 56.7% in the private sector. Countries paid 1.4 times the International Reference Price to procure lowest-priced generics (LPGs) and 9.1 times for innovator brands (IBs). Patients would have to spend 2.3 and 0.4 day’s wages to purchase one month’s treatment of a chronic disease for IBs and LPGs, respectively in the private sector. These findings highlight the need to increase availability, reduce prices, and improve affordability of the medicines.
The rite way: Integrating emotion and rationality in religious participation
Authors: Wollschleger Jason
Published: April 2017

This article employs a most-similar case study of two congregations in order to explore the organizational features of congregations that impact religious participation. The congregations were as similar as possible in terms of theology, organizational history, denominational affiliation, market location, and adherent demographics. However, they differed in one key aspect: one was thriving and the other declining. Two key organizational features emerged through field research and subsequent analysis: differential provision of selective incentives and variation in emotional energy through the use of rituals. These findings are considered both for what they add to the understanding of religious participation in Mainline Protestant congregations, as well as a possible way forward to integrating approaches to religious participation that have differing micro-foundations.
Functional Impairment of Patients Undergoing Surgical Correction for Charcot Foot Arthropathy
Authors: Kroin Ellen , Schiff Adam , Pinzur Michael S. , Davis Elissa S. , Chaharbakhshi Edwin , DiSilvio Frank A.
Published: April 2017

Background:

Investigations using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 Healthy Survey (SF-36) and the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society Diabetic Foot Questionnaire (AOFAS-DFQ) have demonstrated a poor quality of life in patients with Charcot foot arthropathy. The Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) questionnaire has been widely used in patients with a broad range of musculoskeletal disorders.

Methods:

Twenty-five consecutive patients undergoing operative correction for diabetes-related Charcot foot arthropathy of the midfoot completed the SMFA prior to undergoing surgery. There were 16 males and 9 females. The average body mass index (BMI) was 37.4 (range 25.8-50.2), and the average hemoglobin A1c was 7.5 (range 5.3-10.1) prior to surgery.

Results:

All 25 patients exhibited significant impairment in all 6 domains of the SMFA ( P < .0001) as compared to the normative data. There was a high correlation between each of the 6 domains of the SMFA, even after correcting for BMI.

Conclusion:

Charcot foot severely impaired the quality of life in patients beyond the impact of morbid obesity. This impairment equally impacted all of the functional and emotional domains measured with the SMFA as compared with population norms. This investigation provides a benchmark for measuring the impact of operative correction of the deformity. In addition, the SMFA appears to be a valid tool for measuring impairment in this complex patient population.

Level of Evidence:

Level II, prospective comparative investigation
Age Structure and Neighborhood Homicide: Testing and Extending the Differential Institutional Engagement Hypothesis
Authors: Dollar Cindy Brooks , McCall Patricia L. , Land Kenneth C. , Fink Joshua
Published: April 2017

We examine the empirical applicability of differential institutional engagement in explaining the youth age structure effect on neighborhood homicide. Using the National Neighborhood Crime Study and Census data, we conduct a multilevel spatial analysis of homicides in 8,307 census tracts. We find support for three indicators of differential institutional engagement (disengaged youth, educational engagement, employment engagement). An additional dimension of institutional engagement (familial engagement) operates in the expected direction but is not statistically significant. We argue that previous cross-sectional studies reporting a null or negative relationship between percentage of young and homicide are due to omitting measures of institutional youth (dis)engagement.
Compensating Changes to the Property Tax Levy? An Empirical Test of the Residual Rule
Authors: Brien Spencer T.
Published: April 2017

The residual view of the property tax assumes that local governments set their levies equal to the difference between budgeted expenditures and expected receipts from other revenues. This approach allows them to adjust the levy to achieve greater overall revenue stability potentially at the cost of tax predictability. This article presents a formal model of the residual rule and uses it to test whether this active approach to property tax administration describes observed fiscal behavior. This test is conducted using data from county governments in Georgia over a fifteen-year period. The results support the validity of the residual rule over an alternative model of passive tax administration.
Tax Incidence
Authors: Cox James C. , Rider Mark , Sen Astha
Published: April 2017

According to economic theory, the incidence of a unit tax is independent of the statutory assignment of the liability to pay the tax. However, the theory is silent on the possible effects of market institutions on tax incidence. We report data from an experiment designed to address two questions. Is tax incidence independent of the assignment of the liability to pay tax to sellers or to buyers? Is tax incidence independent of market institutions? We conduct laboratory experiments with double auction (DA) and posted offer (PO) markets. Based on the results of nonparametric and parametric tests of prices generated by laboratory markets, we conclude that the answer to both questions is “no.” We report that observed differences from liability-side equivalence are statistically significant and economically meaningful. We also report that the incidence of the same tax differs between DA and PO markets with the same demand and supply schedules.
Continuing the Exploration of African Americans in the Early History of Evaluation in the United States
Authors: Hood Stafford
Published: April 2017

This article, based on the remarks delivered by the author at the Eleanor Chelimsky forum at the Eastern Evaluation Research Society annual conference in 2016, discusses Ambrose Caliver, an evaluator of color who worked for the federal government during segregation. Caliver’s history is an important contribution to the evaluation tree. This article discusses Caliver’s contribution to our field and the importance of recognizing people of color within the history of evaluation.
Structural performance of hybrid sandwich slabs under shear loading
Authors: Mastali Mohammad , Barros Joaquim , Valente Isabel
Published: April 2017

In a hybrid panel with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bottom skin and ribs, and deflection hardening cementitious composites (DHCC) top layer, it is very important to provide good shear connection between these various components in order to increase the load carrying capacity of the resulting hybrid slabs and a larger increment of deflection before the occurrence of the structural softening of this panel. The effectiveness of the proposed hybrid sandwich panels strongly depends on the performance of the shear connectors. The efficiency of indented shear connectors in improving the flexural performance of hybrid sandwich panels is here demonstrated. Since the efficiency of indented shear connectors in the hybrid sandwich panels is unknown, efforts are made in this paper in investigating the shear performance of hybrid slabs. A special focus is given on the indented shear connector’s behavior, considering different shear span ratios in ranges of 2.00, 1.39, and 0.77. In this regard, six hybrid sandwich panels were manufactured and experimentally tested under different shear loads. Then, the results are interpreted comprehensively. The results obtained show that the GFRP rib thickness and height, and shear span ratios influence the damage events and the structural performance of the hybrid sandwich panels. Moreover, it was observed that using indented shear connectors in the hybrid slabs, regardless of the shear span ratios, provides high load capacity, high stiffness, and large residual deflection.
Health Effects of Waterpipe Tobacco Use: Getting the Public Health Message Just Right
Authors: Ali Mohammed , Jawad Mohammed
Published: April 2017

Many public health messages benchmark the harms of waterpipe tobacco against those of cigarettes, usually using numerical magnitudes of risk. This approach, although well intentioned, could be perceived as alarmist, damaging scientific credibility, and giving an unintended impression that one tobacco product is less harmful than the other. This commentary makes clear the harm waterpipe tobacco smoking poses to public health by describing its mechanism of use, consumption uptake, toxicologic profile, and documented health outcomes, as well as challenge existing thinking that toxicologic assessments are the most appropriate way to frame waterpipe tobacco health promotion messages. How can we describe the health effects of waterpipe tobacco without undermining its toxicity nor falling into the temptation of alarmist messaging? Several recommendations are provided.