bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stress Buffers and Dysphoria in a Non‐Western Population
Authors: Lightsey Owen Richard , Christopher John C.
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated whether generalized self‐efficacy (GSE), positive automatic thoughts, optimism, or self‐mastery moderated the relationship between stressful life events and dysphoria among students from Guam. The GSE Scale, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire—Positive, the Life Orientation Test, the Self‐Mastery Scale, the Life Experiences Survey, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire were administered to 63 Guamanian undergraduates twice over 3 months. GSE, optimism, and the GSE × Negative Life Events interaction predicted unique variance in dysphoria. Persons with greater GSE tended to remain nondysphoric even when experiencing higher life stresses, whereas persons with lower GSE tended to become dysphoric under high stress conditions. This is consistent with the hypothesis that GSE may help to buffer the effects of stress among Guamanians. Persons with higher optimism tended to be less dysphoric regardless of the level of stress, compared with persons with lower optimism.
The Role of Emotion in the Construction of Career in Parent—Adolescent Conversations
Authors: Young Richard A. , Paseluikho Michele A. , Valach Ladislav
Published: December 2011

The role of emotion in the construction of career has not always been clear despite its importance in people's lives and in counseling. Recent conceptualizations suggest that emotion is a complex relational process that is socially constructed. This study illustrates the role of emotion in the construction of career from an action theory perspective. Two parent—adolescent conversations about career from a group of 14 conversations are analysed in detail to demonstrate the ways in which emotions serve to energise action and career and lend context and meaning to the process of constructing career in the family setting.
Structural Model of Coping, Appraisals, and Emotions After Relationship Breakup
Authors: McCarthy Christopher J. , Lambert Richard G. , Brack Greg
Published: December 2011

The relationship of coping resources and cognitive appraisals to emotions produced by the end of a romantic relationship at 2 separate times was investigated. Participants were 231 graduate students who completed inventories measuring their coping resources, cognitive appraisals, and emotional reactions. The results of the structural model suggested that preventive coping resources affected the appraised desirability of the event as well as initial emotional reactions and that combative coping resources affected subsequent emotional response. The implications of these findings for stress models of emotions and clinical interventions are discussed.
Control of Psychological Testing: The Threat and a Response
Authors: Clawson Thomas W.
Published: December 2011

Who has the right to use psychological tests? Until recently, most qualified professionals had access to these tests. The American Psychological Association (APA), however, has supported several legal interventions as well as legislation that would allow only licensed psychologists to use most psychological tests. The position of the Fair Access Coalition on Testing (FACT) is that the APA efforts will reduce needed services to the general public, violate existing professional policies of both the American Counseling Association and APA, initiate counterproductive turf wars, and turn existing collaboration among professional organizations into time‐consuming, resource‐devouring, nonproductive conflict. FACT's efforts to reaffirm its policy statement are outlined.
Caretaking, Separation From Parents, and the Development of Eating Disorders
Authors: Meyer Dinah F. , Russell Richard K.
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated the relationship between the cognitive and behavioral indicators of eating disorders and characteristics of codependency, including exaggerated caretaking and constricted emotion. In addition, the role of family environment was investigated through an assessment of separation from parents. College women who displayed more codependent characteristics evidenced higher levels of eating disordered behavior and conflictual separation from parents. The findings suggest that codependency may serve as an additional variable in the relationship between eating disorders and separation/individuation difficulties. Implications for counseling with college women are discussed.
An Investigation of Client and Counselor Variables That Influence Likelihood of Counselor Self‐Disclosure
Authors: Simone Dawn H. , McCarthy Patricia , Skay Carol L.
Published: December 2011

Selected client and counselor variables affecting reported likelihood of self‐disclosure by 120 experienced clinicians in relation to four scenarios were examined. Variables included client age and diagnosis and counselor gender, experience, and exposure to disclosing counselors in their own experience of counseling. Disclosure likelihood was greatest for high ego‐strength diagnoses and for respondents who reported positive disclosures from counselors in their own counseling experiences. Reasons for and against using self‐disclosure also were examined. Reasons for disclosing included promoting universality, giving encouragement, modeling, rapport‐building, and offering alternatives. Reasons against disclosing included boundary blurring, concern about counselor welfare, merging, and premature closure. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Report of the ACA Ethics Committee: 1996–1997
Authors: Forester‐Miller Holly , Shumate Steven
Published: December 2011

This report summarizes the activities of the American Counseling Association (ACA) Ethics Committee for 1996–1997. Summary data of the complaints filed and the inquiries received are presented along with a discussion of the other activities of the committee.
Intentional Forgiving as a Counseling Intervention
Authors: Ferch Shann R.
Published: December 2011

Forgiveness has been represented in counseling literature as an effective means of promoting personal and relational development. Despite this, a concise set of guidelines to direct counselors in the use of forgiveness has yet to be proposed. The author presents theological and counseling understandings of forgiveness and delineates contexts in which counselors have promoted forgiveness in clients. Drawing on the increasing base of counseling‐related literature concerning the importance of forgiveness, the author defines and proposes guidelines for a counseling approach called “intentional forgiving,” an intervention in which clients are directed to forgive someone who has wounded them.
The Destructive Nature of the TermRace: Growing Beyond a False Paradigm
Authors: Cameron Susan Chavez , Wycoff Susan Macias
Published: December 2011

Originally based on a system of folk taxonomies, the term race has been used to group people by physical appearance, often with disruptive and harmful social consequences. Given that many national and international scientific groups have diminished their use of the termracein the classification of people, it is time for mental health professionals to seriously discuss the role and assess the usefulness of the termrace.We recommend that the profession follow the lead of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1950/1978) in taking steps to question the use of the term, which UNESCO views as implying biological significance. In light of the lack of support to retain the termraceas a scientific concept, and given the development of a no race position by anthropologists and geneticists, it is time for mental health professionals to become more active in addressing the use of this term. Specifically, although counselors in training are taught to use the termraceto refer to cultural aspects of different groups of people, we believe the term itself is passé. In our opinion, the term, in varying degrees, contributes to the formation of false perceptions about various groups of people. These false perceptions are encountered by counselors when working with clients, professionals, and systems.
Applying Skill‐Based Curriculum to Teach Feedback in Groups: An Evaluation Study
Authors: Toth Paul L. , Erwin Wesley J.
Published: December 2011

Group counseling theory and empirical research indicate that interpersonal feedback is an important element that can lead to insight and change in group members. Yet, managing interpersonal feedback is a difficult skill for novice group leaders to learn. This article examines (a) the role of feedback in counseling groups; (b) the implementation of a skill‐based training program to teach novice group counselors how to give, receive, and facilitate interpersonal feedback; and (c) students' evaluation of such a program in which they participated. Recommendations are made to practitioners for incorporating feedback into counseling, and for counselor educators regarding the teaching of the intervention.
Altering White Racial Identity and Interracial Comfort Through Multicultural Training
Authors: Parker Woodrow M. , Moore Margaret A. , Neimeyer Greg J.
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the impact of multicultural training on the development of White racial identity and interracial comfort. Findings indicated that an integrative multicultural training program resulted in significant increases along 3 dimensions of White racial consciousness and in the levels of interracial comfort. This work extends related efforts to study White racial identity as an important parameter of multicultural training and counseling. In addition, psychometric data and factor structures are provided for the White Racial Consciousness Development Scale (Claney & Parker, 1989) and the Interracial Comfort Index (Claney & Parker, 1989).
Procrastination in College Students: The Role of Self‐Efficacy and Anxiety
Authors: Haycock Laurel A. , McCarthy Patricia , Skay Carol L.
Published: December 2011

In this study, the authors examined the relationships among procrastination, efficacy expectations, anxiety, gender, and age for 141 university students. Participants were asked to think about a major project and to rate their efficacy regarding the skills needed to accomplish the project. Bivariate correlations showed that efficacy expectations and anxiety had significant, individual relationships with procrastination. When these variables were entered into a regression model, only cumulative efficacy strength was a significant predictor of procrastination. Implications for practice and research suggestions are discussed.
Arnold Goldstein: From Counselor to Psychoeducator
Authors: Goldberg Alan D.
Published: December 2011

A proponent of the scientist‐practitioner model, Arnold Goldstein has devoted his career to the study and practice of helping people change. In this interview, he discussed the origins of his interest in aggression and violence, described the development of models for enhancing prosocial skills and reflects on the current and future status of counselor education.
Transpersonalism: Ego Meets Soul
Authors: Strohl James E.
Published: December 2011

Over the last few decades, the transpersonal approach has emerged from mainstream psychology to address the effects of spirituality and consciousness on personal transformation and health and to explore the optimal levels of human functioning. Despite its increasing popularity, many mental health professionals lack basic knowledge of the transpersonal approach. This article provides an introduction to and overview of the historical development, scientific basis, philosophical stance, theoretical principles, and clinical methods of transpersonal psychology.
Publication Patterns of The Personnel and Guidance Journal/Journal of Counseling & Development: 1978 to 1993
Authors: Weinrach Stephen G. , Lustig Daniel , Chan Fong , Thomas Kenneth R.
Published: December 2011

The purposes of this study were (a) to identify the primary institutional sources of articles to The Personnel and Guidance Journal/Journal of Counseling & Development from 1978 to 1993 (Volumes 57–71); (b) to identify the primary individual contributors to this journal during the survey period; (c) to identify and compare the program affiliations of individual contributors by editor during the survey period; and (d) to speculate as to whether the study results, collectively, indicate a trend toward more psychologists than counselors contributing to this journal. A total of 1,843 articles were reviewed. Of the 2,198 authors, 69% were academicians and 31% were practitioners. The data suggest that there has been a clear pattern of more psychologists than counselors contributing to this journal.
The Dimensions Underlying Loneliness Counseling Interventions: A Multidimensional Scaling Solution
Authors: Padula Marjorie A. , Conoley Collie W. , Garbin Calvin P.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate major dimensions affecting the acceptability of loneliness counseling interventions from the potential client's perspective and to compare the results with dimensions posited by theoretical models of treatment acceptability. Data were collected from 241 university students who were asked to sort loneliness counseling interventions on the basis of their similarities. Multidimensional scaling analyses revealed 4 dimensions underlying the acceptability of loneliness counseling interventions: the type of activity required by the intervention, the counselor‐client relationship, the difficulty of the intervention, and the fit of the intervention to the problem.
Racism's Impact on Counselors' Professional and Personal Lives: A Response to the Personal Narratives on Racism
Authors: Constantine Madonna G.
Published: December 2011

The author identifies common themes among the personal narratives pertaining to racism (Journal of Counseling & Development, 77[1], 1999) and discusses implications of some themes for counselors' professional and personal development.
Helping Clients Move Toward Constructive Change: A Three‐Phase Integrated Counseling Model
Authors: Morgan Barbara , Mac Millan Pamela
Published: December 2011

This article presents a 3‐phase integrated counseling model that draws from object relations and attachment theory for assessment and uses cognitive behavioral techniques to promote constructive client change. A case vignette is presented to illustrate implementation of the model.
Spiritual Wellness for Clients With HIV/AIDS: Review of Counseling Issues
Authors: Holt Jennifer L. , Houg Bonnie L. , Romano John L.
Published: December 2011

The epidemic of HIV/AIDS has resulted in an increasing population of individuals in need of counseling services: persons living with AIDS, as well as family, friends, and caregivers. The relationship between HIV/AIDS clients' counseling and spiritual issues is demonstrated by a review of salient literature. Three broad themes are used: terminal illness issues such as post‐death existence and existential meaning of life, religious disenfranchisement from society or families of origin, and multicultural spiritual and religious issues. Practical recommendations for counselors and research implications are included.
Attitudes Toward Rape Among African American Male and Female College Students
Authors: Sapp Marty , Farrell Walter C. , Johnson James H. , Hitchcock Kim
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate how African American male and female college students differ in their attitudes concerning rape. Two‐hundred and ten college students completed a 12‐item questionnaire designed to measure their views toward this issue. A 2‐group multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed statistically significant differences between African American men and women, with men being more accepting of stereotypes and myths about rape. These differences are discussed in the context of sexism and rape myths. Strategies for changing students' attitudes toward rape are proposed.
Assessment and Diagnosis of DSM‐IV Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Fong Margaret L. , Silien Karen A.
Published: December 2011

Anxiety disorders, the 2nd most common type of mental disorders, are among the most frequently missed or misdiagnosed disorders (Frances & Ross, 1996). Once they are diagnosed, effective treatments exist for them. This article provides a review of current knowledge on the assessment and diagnosis of anxiety disorders classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Emphasis is on the recognition of anxiety as a dominant symptom, frameworks for determining specific anxiety disorders, and patterns of comorbidity.
Impact of Culture and Context on Psychosocial Adaptation: The Cultural and Contextual Guide Process
Authors: Swartz‐Kulstad Jody L. , Martin William E.
Published: December 2011

The growing diversity of the American population requires of counselors an increased understanding of inter‐ and intracultural factors. All clients have culture, and contextualized cultural variables can and do affect an individual's ability to adapt to his or her environment. Adaptation difficulties typically produce concerns that further affect the individual's functioning. Counselors need to incorporate contextualized cultural factors into their conceptualization of the individual's concerns and the treatment process. Use of the Cultural and Contextual Guide Process to facilitate inclusion of contextualized culture in the counseling process is discussed and a case study is used to exemplify the process.
Screening for Medical and Neurodevelopmental Disorders for the Professional Counselor
Authors: Pollak Jerrold , Levy Sheldon , Breitholtz Timothy
Published: December 2011

This article reviews several assessment factors useful identifying the presence of a possible medical illness or neurodevelopmental disorder contributing to a client's adjustment problems. Use of behavioral observations, record reviews, brief neuro‐behavioral screening tests, and the taking of a history are outlined that can assist in raising the index of suspicion for organic influence. Also addressed are issues pertaining to referral for medical and specialty assessments, including neuropsychological evaluation.
The Role of Perceived Barriers in Career Development: A Social Cognitive Perspective
Authors: Albert Katrice A. , Luzzo Darrell Anthony
Published: December 2011

Recent research has verified the claim that high school and college students perceive a variety of career‐related barriers. Lent, Brown, and Hackett's (1994, 1996) social cognitive career theory and Weiner's (1979, 1985, 1986) attribution theory are useful approaches to increase understanding of the role that perceived barriers play in career development. This article presents a brief overview of the primary components of each theory as they relate to career‐related barriers, discusses counseling implications associated with each approach, and provides ideas for future research to explore the utility of these theories in explaining career‐related barriers.
A Voice From the Trenches: A Reaction to Ivey and Ivey (1998)
Authors: Hinkle J. Scott
Published: December 2011

A reaction to Ivy and Ivy (1998) is offered by a counselor educator and practitioner. Mental disorders, diagnosis, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), and the medical model versus the developmental model are discussed in relation to counselor education and training, diagnostic bias, and the future identity of professional counselors.
Toward a Developmental Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: The Vitality of a Contextual Framework
Authors: Ivey Allen E. , Ivey Mary Bradford
Published: December 2011

Counselors of all types need an understanding of and an ability to work with issues described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The traditional approach to the DSM‐IV tends to locate the problem in the client, whereas a developmental approach focuses on the client in social and historical context. Specific recommendations for organizing a comprehensive treatment plan are presented. The authors endorse an educational and developmental role for counselors.
Assessment of Clinical Supervisor Competencies
Authors: Getz Hildy G.
Published: December 2011

As the field of clinical supervision develops, there is expansion of conceptual models and methodology of practicing supervision. The evaluation emphasis in supervision has been on assessing the supervisory relationship and the supervisee. This article presents a focus and process to assist those training clinical supervisors to assess the competencies of the supervisor.
Mandated Reporting of Abuse/Maltreatment of Older Adults: A Primer for Counselors
Authors: Welfel Elizabeth Reynolds , Danzinger Paula R. , Santoro Sheila
Published: December 2011

Maltreatment of older adults is a serious and underrecognized problem. Every state and 6 Canadian provinces have enacted legislation to protect vulnerable older adults from abuse, and many require that mental health professionals report disclosures of abuse to authorities. However, these laws have received little attention in the counseling literature. This article examines the scope of maltreatment of older persons and describes the content of elder abuse and elder maltreatment laws, with special focus on counselors' responsibilities to report maltreatment to authorities. It concludes with strategies for assessing maltreatment and with implications of these laws for confidentiality and informed consent.
Professional Disclosure Statements and Formal Plans for Supervision: Two Strategies for Minimizing the Risk of Ethical Conflicts in Post‐Master's Supervision
Authors: Cobia Debra C. , Boes Susan R.
Published: December 2011

Ethical conflicts related to the issues of informed consent, due process, competence, confidentiality, and dual relationships in supervision are discussed. Two strategies are proposed as ways to minimize the potential for ethical conflict in post‐master's supervision: the use of professional disclosure statements by supervisors and the development of formal plans for supervision.
Five Frameworks for Increasing Understanding and Effective Treatment of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Predominately Inattentive Type
Authors: Erk Robert R.
Published: December 2011

The article presents 5 interrelated frameworks for counselors seeking to obtain a greater understanding of factors that play a pivotal role in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Special attention is devoted to cases in which the predominant characteristic is inattentiveness. The 5 frameworks examined are organicity, internalizing dimension, co‐occurring conditions, personality structure, and neurocounseling. Generating new perspectives for counseling practitioners should optimize counseling or treatment outcomes for clients with this multifaceted disorder.
Understanding Social Connectedness in College Women and Men
Authors: Lee Richard M. , Robbins Steven B.
Published: December 2011

A sense of connectedness for men was hypothesized to be based on relationships that emphasize forms of social comparison, whereas a sense of connectedness for women was hypothesized to be based on relationships that emphasize forms of intimacy and physical proximity. The results from this study generally supported the hypotheses for both women and men. For women, relationships that emphasized reliable alliance and not guidance contributed to social connectedness. For men, relationships that emphasized reassurance of worth but not reliable alliance or opportunity for nurturance contributed to social connectedness. Differences in how women and men construct social connectedness are discussed in terms of counseling implications and future research.
Icelandic and American Students' Expectations About Counseling
Authors: Ægisdóttir Stefanía , Gerstein Lawrence H.
Published: December 2011

The Expectations About Counseling‐Brief Form (H. E. A. Tinsley, 1982) was administered to 261 Icelandic and 225 American undergraduates. A 2 (Nationality: Icelandic & American) x 2 (Sex: men & women) x 3 (Holland Type: A, S, E) between subjects multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was calculated with prior counseling experience as a covariate and expectations about counseling as dependent variables. Icelanders had higher expectations about counselor expertise than did Americans. In addition, women expected to be more personally committed in counseling than did men. Results are discussed in terms of counselor roles and functions and the role of help seeking in Iceland.
An Unwarranted Escalation of Counselor‐Counseling Psychologist Professional Conflict: Comments on Weinrach, Lustig, Chan, and Thomas (1998)
Authors: Goodyear Rodney K.
Published: December 2011

S. G. Weinrach, D. Lustig, F. Chan, and K. R. Thomas (1998) made unwarranted claims about the number of psychologists publishing in the Journal of Counseling & Development during 1978 to 1993 as well as their membership in the American Counseling Association. The authors' claims are evaluated and then discussed in the context of the long‐standing counseling‐counseling psychology relationship.
Assessment and Treatment of Paraphilias
Authors: Seligman Linda , Hardenburg Stephanie A.
Published: December 2011

This article provides a description of the category of mental disorders called “paraphilias” as well as the specific types of paraphilias. Guidelines are provided for assessment of people who present with paraphilic behavior. A review of inventories and other tools that can facilitate diagnosis and description of paraphilias is included. In addition, effective approaches to treatment of these disorders as well as personal and professional issues for counselors treating people with paraphilias are briefly discussed.
Religion, Guilt, and Mental Health
Authors: Faiver Christopher M. , O'Brien Eugene M. , Ingersoll R. Elliott
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the constructs of religion, guilt, and mental health and explores relationships between these constructs as they pertain to the counseling profession. General therapeutic approaches are identified and summarized for counseling practice.
Report of the ACA Ethics Committee: 1998–1999
Authors: Brown Sherlon P. , Espina Michael R.
Published: December 2011

This report summarizes the activities of the American Counseling Association's (ACA) Ethics Committee for 1998–1999. Summary data of the complaints filed and the inquiries received are presented along with a discussion of the other activities of the ACA Ethics Committee.
Toward a Community Career System Program Evaluation Framework
Authors: Lapan Richard T. , Kosciulek John F.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a framework to guide evaluation activities for school and community programs that attempt to improve career development outcomes for students K‐16. Three essential components to this framework are discussed: (a) a comprehensive career development model for students K‐16, (b) a framework to identify post‐high school outcomes for students, and (c) a program evaluation strategy to address the diverse needs of local communities. The authors hope to engage counselors, career development researchers, and policymakers in a collaborative effort to implement practices and policies that effectively meet the post‐high school transition needs of all students.
A Social Constructivism Model of Ethical Decision Making in Counseling
Authors: Cottone R. Rocco
Published: December 2011

Social constructivism is defined as an intellectual movement in the mental health field that directs a social consensual interpretation of reality. A social constructivism approach redefines the ethical decision‐making process as an interactive rather than an individual or intrapsychic process. The process involves negotiating, consensualizing, and, when necessary, arbitrating. Counselors are guided by social and cultural factors in defining what is acceptable ethical practice.
Diagnostic Decision Making: Do Counselors Delay Final Judgments?
Authors: Hill Carrie L. , Ridley Charles R.
Published: December 2011

Although there is a theoretical, empirical rationale warranting the delay of diagnostic decision making, it is unknown whether this debiasing strategy is actually implemented in counseling practice. This study investigated whether counselors delayed their diagnostic decisions in a setting that allowed them the option of doing so. Clinical records were selected from a counselor training center at a large midwestern university and coded for delayed diagnostic decision making. Three pairs of chi‐square analyses were performed. Results indicated that delayed diagnostic decision making occurred to a greater extent than immediate diagnostic decision making across counselor‐client dyads, counselors, and clients.
Allen E. Ivey: Transforming Counseling Theory and Practice
Authors: Littrell John M.
Published: December 2011

Allen E. Ivey discusses the major influences on his life. He delineates and comments on his contributions to the counseling profession in the areas of microcounseling, developmental counseling and therapy, and multicultural counseling. He explores spirituality, social activism, and professional activities. The interview reveals Allen Ivey the person as well as Allen Ivey the professional.
Psychological Correlates of Anorexic and Bulimic Symptomatology
Authors: Rogers Rebecca L. , Petrie Trent A.
Published: December 2011

Few studies examining the relationship between eating disorders and personality have been theoretically derived; thus, findings have been equivocal. From a theoretical and empirical perspective (S. Orbach, 1986; R. L. Rogers & T. A. Petrie, 1997; G. J. Williams et al., 1994), this study investigated the connection between eating disorder symptomatology and several psychological correlates—obsessiveness, dependency, overcontrolled hostility, assertiveness, locus of control, and self‐esteem. Regression analyses indicated that obsessiveness and 2 factors of dependency accounted for 21% of the variance in a measure of anorexic attitudes and behaviors. One factor of dependency and obsessiveness accounted for 20% of the variance in a measure of bulimic symptomatology.
An Analysis of Environmental and Social Factors Affecting Adolescent Problem Drinking
Authors: Coker J. Kelly , Borders L. DiAnne
Published: December 2011

Researchers only recently have begun to examine the environmental and contextual factors that influence adolescent drinking behavior. The objective of this study was to create and test a comprehensive model of adolescent problem drinking. Items from the National Education Longitudinal Study: 1988–1994 (NELS:88; National Center for Educational Statistics, 1996) were used to create measurement models for all latent variables in the hypothesized structural model. Results indicated that high levels of parental support and a positive school climate in the 8th grade influence the formation of relationships with peers with positive values in the 10th grade that guarded against problem‐drinking behavior in the 10th grade.
Where Has Our Theory Gone? Learning Theory and Intentional Intervention
Authors: Gerber Sterling
Published: December 2011

Reflecting on the principle that every effective counseling intervention works to the extent that it incorporates sound learning principles, this article emphasizes intentional selection of intervention strategies with reference to 4 learning models: association, reinforcement, cognition‐perceptual, and cognition‐rational/linguistic. Three contexts—developmental, social, and spiritual—are described that require modification of intervention strategy, and a case example is given.
Counselors' Attribution of Responsibility, Etiology, and Counseling Strategy
Authors: Kernes Jerry L. , McWhirter J. Jeffries
Published: December 2011

This study surveyed 167 counselors working at university counseling centers on their etiology and responsibility attributions and models of helping. Participants responded to vignettes describing either a male or female client experiencing symptoms of either an identity or adjustment problem. Counselors endorsed all of P. Brickman et al.'s (1982) models of helping for both problem types. Predictions concerning etiology attributions were partially supported. Counselors selected attributions logically consistent with an internal cause for the identity problem. However, counselors did not make external attributions for the adjustment problem. No significant results were observed for the influence of client sex.
Risk Factors for Suicidality Among Clients With Schizophrenia
Authors: Schwartz Robert C. , Cohen Benjamin N.
Published: December 2011

Among clients with schizophrenia, suicidality is associated with extreme personal distress, an increased number of inpatient hospitalizations, increased health care expenditures, and early mortality. This study attempted to identify risk factors for current suicidality in clients diagnosed with schizophrenia (N = 223). Results indicated that severity of depressive symptoms most strongly correlated with degree of suicidality. Younger age and recent traumatic stress each significantly predicted suicidality independent of depressive symptoms. Stepwise regression procedures showed that the combination of depression, younger age, and traumatic stress might provide a general prediction model for suicidality among clients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Counseling implications of these findings are outlined.
The Impact of Group Work on Offender Adolescents
Authors: Viney Linda L. , Henry Rachael M. , Campbell Joanne
Published: December 2011

The impact of personal construct and psychodynamic group work on the psychosocial functioning of offender adolescents was evaluated. The repeated measures design involved 3 data collections. Data from 102 participants included measures of 5 pairs of maturational processes and 5 psychological states. Group work was effective immediately after terminating treatment in increasing helpful maturational processes and in reducing the less helpful maturational processes. The group work was also effective to some extent in reducing less helpful psychological states. The implications of this research for future interventions and its evaluation are discussed.
White Male Identity Development: The Key Model
Authors: Scott David A. , Robinson Tracy L.
Published: December 2011

The authors present the Key model, a model of White male identity development. The theoretical underpinnings of J. Helms's (1990) White Racial Identity Development Model, other relevant identity models, as well as information on male gender role socialization are presented in relation to their influence on the Key model's development. Implications for counselors are provided for each component (phase) of the model.
The Development of Abusive Personality: A Trauma Response
Authors: Lawson David M.
Published: December 2011

This article contains a review and counseling implications for an article titled “Witnessing Parental Violence as a Traumatic Experience Shaping the Abusive Personality” by Donald Dutton (2000). Dutton contends that the early combination of witnessing or directly experiencing violence, shaming, and insecure attachment contributes to the development of abusive personality in males. These individuals experience great difficulty in modulating aggression toward others. In particular, children who witness interpersonal violence have a greater likelihood of becoming partner abusers than do children who are victims of violence.
Counseling Muslim Americans: Cultural and Spiritual Assessments
Authors: Ibrahim Farah A. , Dykeman Cass
Published: December 2011

In this article, the authors identify the cultural and spiritual assessments needed to conduct counseling with Muslim Americans and Muslim immigrants to the United States. Assessment processes are outlined that include cultural identity (which subsumes several variables); worldview; spiritual assessment along with acculturation level and migration concerns; impact of languages spoken; social, occupational, and educational status of the client in host culture and in home culture (if the client is an immigrant); and family composition and social supports.
Facilitating Trainees' Multicultural Development and Social Justice Advocacy Through a Refugee/Immigrant Mental Health Program
Authors: Nilsson Johanna E. , Schale Codi L. , Khamphakdy‐Brown Supavan
Published: December 2011

This qualitative study explored trainees' experiences in an outreach program for refugee/immigrant women to examine if those experiences facilitated the development of multicultural competency and social justice advocacy. Twelve students were interviewed, and their responses yielded 3 categories: development of cultural knowledge, counseling‐related skills, and personal growth and reactions. The results indicate that student involvement in an outreach program can strengthen multicultural sensitivity and advocacy engagement.
Relative Influence of Professional Counseling Journals
Authors: Fernando Delini M. , Minton Casey A. Barrio
Published: December 2011

The authors used social network analysis of citation data to study the flow of information and relative influence of 17 professional counseling journals. Although the Journal of Counseling & Development ranked very highly in all measures of journal influence, several division journals emerged as key players in the flow of information within the counseling profession. Results highlight the many facets of journal influence and the fallacy of using single measures, such as journal impact factor, to rank professional counseling journals.
Self‐Efficacy, Self‐Rated Abilities, Adjustment, and Academic Performance
Authors: Brady‐Amoon Peggy , Fuertes Jairo N.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the association between self‐efficacy and self‐rated abilities in conjunction with adjustment and academic performance with a diverse sample of 271 undergraduate college students with majors in the liberal arts. Significant positive associations between and among the constructs in different combinations were found. The discussion focuses on the theoretical and practice implications of the results and offers suggestions for further research.
Counseling Outcomes From 1990 to 2008 for School‐Age Youth With Depression: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Erford Bradley T. , Erford Breann M. , Lattanzi Gina , Weller Janet , Schein Hallie , Wolf Emily , Hughes Meredith , Darrow Jenna , Savin‐Murphy Janet , Peacock Elizabeth
Published: December 2011

Clinical trials exploring the effectiveness of counseling and psychotherapy in treatment of depression in school‐age youth composed this meta‐analysis. Results were synthesized using a random effects model for mean difference and mean gain effect size estimates. No effects of moderating variables were evident. Counseling and psychotherapy are effective for treatment of depression in school‐age youth both at termination and follow‐up, and in school and nonschool settings.
The Contribution of Self‐Efficacy in Assessing Interests Using the Self‐Directed Search
Authors: Bullock‐Yowell Emily , Peterson Gary W. , Wright Laura K. , Reardon Robert C. , Mohn Richard S.
Published: December 2011

Using the variables self‐efficacy, self‐estimates, and self‐competencies in a hierarchical multiple regression and confirmatory factor analysis, the present study provided strong support for 3 of 6 RIASEC (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional) interest domains regarding Holland's (1997) assertion that it is unnecessary to administer a separate measure of self‐efficacy when using the Self‐Directed Search (SDS; Holland, Powell, & Fritzsche, 1994) to measure interests in career counseling. Implications for the interpretation of SDS scores in light of self‐efficacy assessment are discussed.
The Authorship Determination Process in Student–Faculty Collaborative Research
Authors: Welfare Laura E. , Sackett Corrine R.
Published: December 2011

This quantitative study provides a description of current and best practices for authorship determination in student– faculty collaborative research. Doctoral students and faculty (N = 1,009) in education‐related disciplines indicated how authorship decisions are made in common practice, how authorship decisions should be made, and their levels of comfort with the process. Their responses highlighted complexities inherent in student–faculty collaborations and informed practical recommendations for counselor educators and students.
The Centennial of Counselor Education: Origin and Early Development of a Discipline
Authors: Savickas Mark L.
Published: December 2011

July 7, 2011, marks the centennial of counselor education as a formal discipline. In recognition of its 100th birthday, the author of this article describes the origins of the discipline, beginning with its prehistory in the work of Frank Parsons to establish the practice of vocational guidance, describing the 1st course in counselor education at Harvard University in 1911, and ending with the formation of the 1st university department of counselor education at Boston University in 1914.
Processes and Stages of Change: Counseling With the Transtheoretical Model of Change
Authors: Petrocelli John V.
Published: December 2011

Technical eclecticism and theoretical integration literature has typically examined how multiple approaches to counseling practice may lead to more comprehensive and functional outcomes. Few have proposed an integration of approaches from a scientist‐practitioner perspective; many others have neglected the richness found in the body of existing theory. The purpose of this synthesis is to highlight the contributions that the Transtheoretical Model of Change (J. O. Prochaska & C. C. DiClemente, 1984; J. O. Prochaska & J. C. Norcross, 1994) has for technical eclecticism and theoretical integration. The intervention implications of processes and stages of change are discussed.
“Statistical,” “Practical,” and “Clinical”: How Many Kinds of Significance Do Counselors Need to Consider?
Authors: Thompson Bruce
Published: December 2011

The present article reviews and distinguishes 3 related but different types of significance: “statistical,” “practical,” and “clinical.” A framework for conceptualizing the many “practical” effect size indices is described. Several effect size indices that counseling researchers can use, or that counselors reading the literature may encounter, are summarized. A way of estimating “corrected” intervention effects is proposed. It is suggested that readers should expect authors to report indices of “practical” or “clinical” significance, or both, within their research reports; and it is noted that indeed some journals now require such reports.
Counseling for Suicide: Client Perspectives
Authors: Paulson Barbara L. , Worth Michelle
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to describe key therapeutic processes that facilitated overcoming suicidal ideation and behaviors in previously suicidal clients. A research method called “concept‐mapping” was used to develop an understanding of what was helpful in counseling. Thirty‐five (9 male, 26 female) previously suicidal clients (M = 38 years) performed card sorts on 65 statements derived from qualitative interviews of 9 (2 male, 7 female) previously suicidal individuals (M = 42 years). Participants identified 3 therapeutic processes that contributed to overcoming their suicidal thoughts and behaviors: (a) validating relationships, (b) working with emotions, and (c) developing a new identity.
Evaluating the Factor Structure and Internal Consistency Reliability of the Therapeutic Reactance Scale
Authors: Buboltz Walter C. , Thomas Adrian , Donnell Alison J.
Published: December 2011

Psychological reactance is an important construct for social scientists. The measure most often used to tap psychological reactance is the Therapeutic Reactance Scale (TRS; E. T. Dowd, C. R. Milne, & S. C. Wise, 1991). However, little research to date has examined the psychometric properties of the TRS. Eight hundred and eighty‐three individuals completed the TRS, and their responses were factor analyzed. Evidence indicates that psychological reactance is a multidimensional phenomenon. As currently written and interpreted however, the TRS is unable to accurately measure these multiple dimensions.
The Relationship of Culture and Empathy in Cross‐Cultural Counseling
Authors: Chung Rita Chi‐Ying , Bemak Fred
Published: December 2011

Empathy has been identified as a core condition for providing counseling. There are numerous articles discussing the components of empathy. However, as the U.S. becomes increasingly ethnically diverse and the world becomes more globalized, there is little discussion on how empathy will be effective with diverse populations. This article discusses the interaction of culture and empathy and suggests guidelines for establishing cultural empathy.
Therapist as Subject: A Review of the Empirical Countertransference Literature
Authors: Rosenberger Eric W. , Hayes Jeffrey A.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a synthesis of the research on countertransference (CT) that has been conducted since the last major review of CT literature was published in 1977. The past quarter century has witnessed a growing body of research on CT marked by methodological improvements and increasing conceptual sophistication. In this article, the authors critically review this research, noting implications for counseling practice, making connections to relevant theory, and suggesting directions for future research on CT.
Learning to Write Case Notes Using the SOAP Format
Authors: Cameron Susan , Turtle‐Song Imani
Published: December 2011

This article discusses how to use the SOAP (subjective, objective, assessment, and plan) note format to provide clear and concise documentation of the client's continuum of care. Not only does this format allow for thorough documentation, but it also assists the counselor in representing client concerns in a holistic framework, thus permitting practitioners, paraprofessionals, and case managers to better understand the concerns and needs of the client. Whereas counselors working in certain settings (e.g., public funded institutions) are likely to find various recommendations in the article easy to incorporate into their current practice, the authors believe the recommendations are relevant to a wide array of settings.
Child Group Psychotherapy in the School at the Threshold of a New Millennium
Authors: Shechtman Zipora
Published: December 2011

This article reviews existing studies in child group interventions, including educational, counseling, and psychotherapy groups. It highlights both outcome and process research, regarding the different types of groups, and offers implications for practitioners as well as for future research.
Separation‐Individuation, Adult Attachment Style, and College Adjustment
Authors: Lapsley Daniel K. , Edgerton Jason
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the relationship between separation‐individuation, adult attachment styles, and college adjustment. One hundred fifty‐six young adults completed the Psychological Separation Inventory (J. A. Hoffman, 1984; J. A. Hoffman & B. Weiss, 1987), 2 subscales from the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (R. W. Baker & B. Siryk, 1989), a measure of pathology of separation‐individuation (R. M. Christenson & W. P. Wilson, 1985), and assessments of adult attachment style (K. Bartholomew & L. Horowitz, 1991). College adjustment was positively associated with secure adult attachment and counterindicated by fearful and preoccupied attachments. Implications for counseling practice and directions for future research are discussed.