bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electric field calculation in composite dielectrics by curved surface charge method based on electric flux continuity condition
Authors: Hamada Shoji , Takuma Tadasu
Published: September 2002

This paper describes triangular surface charge methods (SCM) using a curved shape function for calculating electric fields in composite dielectrics. In SCM, the boundary condition on dielectric surface is conventionally represented by the point matching of a normal component of electric flux density (Dn), which we call the Dp method. We have proposed a method based on the continuity equation of electric flux, which is termed the Φs method. The electric flux is calculated by numerically integrating Dn on each corresponding partial area with proper weight functions. When the continuity of the electric potential (V) is also needed, the point matching of V is adopted conventionally (Vp method). We have applied the same integral procedure as the Φs method to the continuity condition of V by replacing Dn with V for the kernel of the integral equation, and we obtained a new representation of potential condition (Vs method).

We have computed the electric field for a spherical dielectric under a uniform field. The calculated results show that the Φs method improves the accuracy of the field by about two orders compared with the Dp method, and that the Vs method gives accuracy comparable to the Vp method. The proposed techniques attain the accuracy of the electric field at the spherical center almost equal to the accuracy of the total surface area of the simulating sphere. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(3): 9–16, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.2017
Mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analysis of drinking water disinfection by‐products
Authors: Plewa Michael J. , Kargalioglu Yahya , Vankerk Danielle , Minear Roger A. , Wagner Elizabeth D.
Published: September 2002

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays were used to analyze drinking water disinfection by‐products (DBPs) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) AS52 cells. The DBPs were chosen because they are common in drinking water, resulting from conventional disinfection using chlorination and chloramination. Data were also available to compare these results with cytotoxicity and mutagenicity studies in Salmonella typhimurium. The rank order in decreasing chronic cytotoxicity measured in a microplate‐based assay was bromoacetic acid (BA) ≫ 3‐chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2[5H]‐furanone (MX) > dibromoacetic acid (DBA) > chloroacetic acid (CA) > KBrO3 > tribromoacetic acid (TBA) > EMS (ethylmethanesulfonate, positive control) > dichloroacetic acid (DCA) > trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The induction of DNA strand breaks by these agents was measured by alkaline single‐cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE, comet assay) and the rank order in decreasing genotoxicity was BA ≫ MX > CA > DBA > TBA > EMS > KBrO3, while DCA and TCA were refractory. BA was more cytotoxic (31×) and genotoxic (14×) than MX in CHO cells. BA was over 400× more genotoxic than potassium bromate. The brominated haloacetic acids (HAAs) were more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated analogs. The HAAs expressed a statistically significant inverse relationship in CHO cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity as a function of increased numbers of halogen atoms per molecule. A quantitative comparison was conducted with results from a previous study with cytotoxicity and mutagenicity in S. typhimurium. There was no correlation between chronic CHO cell and bacterial cell cytotoxicity. DBP‐induced CHO cell cytotoxicity was not related to mutagenic potency in S. typhimurium. Cytotoxicity in CHO cells was statistically significant and highly correlated to CHO cell genotoxicity. Finally, we determined that the DBP genotoxic potency in CHO cells and the mutagenic potency in S. typhimurium were not related. This suggests that toxicity data in S. typhimurium did not quantitatively predict the toxic effects of DBPs in mammalian cell systems. The microplate CHO cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays were well suited for the analysis of DBPs, especially when the quantity of test material is limited. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:134–142, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of cell cycle control in bleomycin‐induced mutagen sensitivity
Authors: Cloos Jacqueline , Temmink Olaf , Ceelen Manon , Snel Mireille H.J. , Leemans Charles R. , Braakhuis Boudewijn J.M.
Published: September 2002

Bleomycin‐induced chromosomal instability, generally referred to as mutagen sensitivity, is associated with an increased risk for the development of environmentally related cancer including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and lung cancer. On average, the cultured lymphocytes of patients with these types of cancer show an increased number of chromatid breaks per cell after bleomycin exposure in the late S or G2 phase of the cell cycle as compared to lymphocytes from control persons. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether cell cycle regulation is involved in mutagen sensitivity. We determined cell cycle arrest after bleomycin‐induced DNA damage in 21 lymphoblastoid cell lines that varied in mutagen sensitivity score. An ataxia telangiectasia (AT) cell line was included for comparison. Using a cut‐off point of 0.70 breaks per cell, eight cell lines were classified as insensitive and 13 cell lines showed the hypersensitive phenotype. Compared to insensitive cell lines, bleomycin‐treated hypersensitive cells remained at a relatively high level of DNA synthesis, as measured by thymidine incorporation, and showed a decreased accumulation of cells in G2 and M phase, as measured by flow cytometry. AT cells showed an extremely high mutagen sensitivity score, a high level of DNA synthesis, and a strong G2 block. In conclusion, mutagen sensitivity is associated with “damage‐resistant growth,” which is indicative of impaired cell cycle arrest. By which specific pathway(s) this checkpoint defect is explained has yet to be elucidated; however, it is probably distinct from the checkpoint defect in AT cells. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:79–84, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two UVC‐induced stress response pathways in HeLa cells identified by cDNA microarray
Authors: Guo Yueliang Leon , Chang Hsien‐Chang , Tsai Jui‐He , Huang Jong‐Chi , Li Ching , Young Kung‐Chia , Wu Li‐Wha , Lai Ming‐Der , Liu Hsiao‐Sheng , Huang Wenya
Published: September 2002

Environmental toxins induce multiple effects in vivo, involving various molecular pathways. The ultraviolet C (UVC, 254 nm) component of sunlight can cause strong cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. In this study, UVC‐induced stress response factors were analyzed by cDNA microarray, using the Millennium® Nylon membrane chip system. HeLa cells were irradiated with 30 Joule/m2/sec UVC, incubated for 30 or 60 minutes and then subjected to the analysis. Multiple chips were used for each experimental condition so that the data could be analyzed statistically. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify groups of genes whose expression changed in a similar manner with time post‐UVC irradiation. Three major factors were identified, depending on the directionality of expression changes in each gene. The factor loadings in all three identified gene groups were high, indicating that genes within each group were highly correlated. Two factors exhibited significantly changed expression patterns after 30 minutes of incubation but in the opposite direction. This indicates that the “immediate early” UVC‐induced stress response was elicited by two major pathways. Interestingly, expression of the genomic damage‐inducible GADD genes, as well as p53, was initially decreased, unlike the “immediate early” genes Fos/Jun and Egr‐1, which were strongly increased after 30 minutes of incubation. The results indicate that PCA used in the analysis of pre‐hypothesized, functionally related genes can identify the potential subpathways in a group. This method provides a novel approach for identifying functionally‐related genes in microarray studies. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:122–128, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
p53 codon 72 polymorphism in coronary artery disease: No evidence for association with increased risk or micronucleus frequency
Authors: Manfredi Samantha , Masetti Serena , Botto Nicoletta , Colombo Maria Giovanna , Terrazzi Marco , Vassalle Cristina , Biagini Andrea , Andreassi Maria Grazia
Published: September 2002

A common polymorphism at codon 72 (Arg72Pro) of the p53 gene, a gene which codes for a tumor‐suppressor protein with both antiproliferative and pro‐apoptotic actions, has recently been reported to be a risk factor for coronary luminal narrowing after angioplasty. However, the association of the polymorphism with coronary artery disease (CAD) risk has not been studied. We evaluated the distribution of the Arg72Pro genotype in 250 patients, 180 with angiographically documented CAD and 70 with normal coronary angiography, by using polymerase chain reaction amplification of patient DNA followed by restriction enzyme digestion. We also examined the association between the Arg72Pro genotype and chromosome damage in 82 male patients (60 CAD and 22 no‐CAD) by the micronucleus (MN) test in human lymphocytes, a sensitive assay for chromosome breakage and aneuploidy. The frequencies of Pro/Pro, Pro/Arg, and Arg/Arg genotypes in CAD patients were not significantly different from those who were CAD‐free (χ2 = 0.20, P = 0.90) and not significantly associated with the extent and severity of CAD. A significant increase in MN frequency was observed in relation to smoking status (8.4 ± 0.6, 11.9 ± 1 and 12.0 ± 1.6, for non smokers, ex‐smokers and smokers, respectively; P = 0.02). Moreover, diabetic patients showed higher levels of MN than normal patients (13.5 ± 1.4 vs. 9.6 ± 0.5, P = 0.0025). Also, MN frequency was significantly higher in CAD patients than in no‐CAD patients (11.2 ± 0.7 vs. 8.0 ± 0.9, P = 0.02) and increased with the number of affected vessels (9.3 ± 0.1, 12.2 ± 1.5 and 12.5 ± 1.3 for one‐, two‐, and three‐vessel disease, respectively; P = 0.02). However, there were no associations between MN frequency and the Arg72Pro polymorphism. Although there appears to be an association between CAD and MN frequency, our results indicate that the Arg72Pro polymorphism does not have a significant impact on CAD or MN frequencies. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:110–115, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA sequence analysis of interlocus recombination between the human T‐cell receptor gamma variable (GV) and beta diversity‐joining (BD/BJ) sequences on chromosome 7 (inversion 7)
Authors: Ballinger Scott W. , Judice Stephen A. , Nicklas Janice A. , Albertini Richard J. , O'Neill J. Patrick
Published: September 2002

V(D)J recombinase‐mediated recombination between the T‐cell receptor (TCR) gamma variable (GV) genes at chromosome 7p15 and the TCR beta joining (BJ) genes at 7q35 leads to the formation of a hybrid TCR gene. These TCR gamma/beta interlocus rearrangements occur at classic V(D)J recombination signal sequences (RSS) and, because the loci are in an inverted orientation, result in inversion events that are detectable in the chromosome structure as inv(7)(p15;q35). Similar rearrangements involving oncogenes and either TCR or immunoglobulin genes mediated by the V(D)J recombinase are found in lymphoid malignancies. Oligonucleotide primers that allow polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification across the inv(7) genomic recombination junction sequence have been described. Southern blot analysis has been primarily used to confirm the GV/BJ hybrid nature of the product, with limited information on the DNA sequence of these recombinations. We have modified this PCR method using total genomic DNA from the mononuclear cells in peripheral blood samples to increase specificity and to allow direct sequencing of the translocation junction that results from the recombination between the GV1 and BJ1 families of TCR genes in 25 examples from 11 individuals (three adults, one child, six newborns, and one ataxia telangiectasia (AT) patient). We focused on samples from newborns based on previous studies indicating that the predominant hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) mutations in newborns are V(D)J recombinase‐mediated deletion events and that the frequency of these mutations decreases with increasing age. Although the dilution series‐based PCR assay utilized does not yield sharply defined quantitative endpoints, results of this study strongly suggest that inv(7) recombinations in newborns occur at equal or lower frequencies than those seen in adults. Consistent with the PCR primer pairs, all sequenced products contain a GV1 and a BJ1 segment and most also contain a BD1 segment. GV1s2 and 1s4 were the most frequently found GV1 genes (8 and 9 examples, respectively) and BJ1s5 and 1s6 were the most frequently found BJ1 genes (9 and 10 examples, respectively). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology for assessing GV/BJ interlocus rearrangements mediated by V(D)J recombinase. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:85–92, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupational exposure to pesticides and cytogenetic damage: Results of a Hungarian population study using the micronucleus assay in lymphocytes and buccal cells
Authors: Pastor Susana , Creus Amadeu , Xamena Noel , Siffel Csaba , Marcos Ricard
Published: September 2002

The frequency of micronuclei (MN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes and in buccal epithelial cells was used as a biomarker of genotoxic effects resulting from occupational exposure to pesticides. In addition, the cytokinesis‐block proliferation index (CBPI) was calculated to detect possible variations in the proliferative kinetics of lymphocytes due to pesticide exposure. This study was performed on 84 pesticide‐exposed workers and 65 unexposed controls from Hungary. The pesticide‐exposed workers, classified as moderately and highly exposed, were also evaluated separately. Statistical evaluation of the cytogenetic biomarkers indicated that there were no significant differences between pesticide‐exposed workers and controls, nor between moderately and highly exposed workers. Nevertheless, the statistical analysis revealed that additional factors such as age, sex, ingestion of raw vegetables, and working as a pesticide applicator affected lymphocyte MN frequency. In addition, age, sex, and smoking affected the frequency of MN in buccal cells. Results from the CBPI analysis showed that the proliferation index decreased with pesticide exposure and that this parameter was also affected by smoking and by the gender of individuals. The results of this study indicate no significant increase in MN in this group of Hungarian workers; however, the reduced CBPI in the highly exposed population suggests a possible genotoxic effect of pesticide exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:101–109, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
O‐ethylthymidine adducts are the most relevant damages for mutation induced by N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea in female germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Álvarez L. , Comendador M.A. , Sierra L.M.
Published: September 2002

Responses to genotoxic agents vary not only among organisms, test systems, and cellular stages, but also between sexes; little, however, is known about the mutagenic consequences of chemical exposures to female germ cells. In this study, the mutagenicity of N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU) was analyzed in female germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster using the recessive‐lethal test and the vermilion system, which simultaneously generates information on induced mutation frequency and mutation spectrum. ENU was mutagenic in all stages of oogenesis, although there were differences among the stages. In mature and immature oocytes, ENU‐induced mutations in the vermilion locus were 43.5% A:T→G:C transitions, 39.1% A:T→T:A transversions, 8.7% G:C→A:T transitions, and 8.7% A:T→C:G transversions, indicating that the most important premutagenic lesions induced by this chemical are O4‐ethylthymine and O2‐ethylthymine. The low frequency of mutation involving O6‐ethylguanine (i.e., G:C→A:T transitions) could be a consequence of the repair of these lesions by O6‐methylguanine DNA methyltransferase. Comparison of these results with those previously obtained in male germ cells stresses the importance of the repair activity of the analyzed cells, because the mutation spectrum in female germ cells was similar to the spectrum obtained with repair‐proficient spermatogonial cells and different from repair‐deficient postmeiotic cells. The results also indicate that studies with female germ cells could be an alternative to the use of premeiotic male germ cells, especially when the analysis of these cells is difficult or almost impossible and when studies of in vivo DNA repair in premeiotic germ cells are performed. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:143–152, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance of a single glazing assembly exposed to a fire in the centre of an enclosure
Authors: Shields T.J. , Silcock G.W.H. , Flood M.
Published: September 2002

The result of 14 experiments in which a single glazing assembly was exposed to fires of increasing severity in the centre of an enclosure are presented. The glazing assembly was exposed to a two zone fire enclosure environment with consistency and repeatability within each set of three experiments conducted at each fire severity level evident from the enclosure gas temperature profiles. The results presented include heat release rates, enclosure and local gas temperature, heat flux distribution, glass surface temperatures, shaded glass temperatures, thermally induced strains, crack bifurcation patterns and loss of integrity of the glazing assembly. Limits regarding the maximum incident heat fluxes required to cause catastrophic failure of the glazing assembly are suggested. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of time to flashover in the ISO 9705 room corner test based on cone calorimeter test results
Authors: Hansen Anne Steen , Hovde Per Jostein
Published: September 2002

The ISO room corner test is used for classification of surface materials in a number of countries, and as the reference scenario test for the new European single burning item test, its importance increases even more. Time to flashover may be regarded the most important result from the room corner test. In this paper we describe three different calculation models for predicting in which period of testing time flashover in the room corner test will occur. The predictions are all based on test results from the cone calorimeter. The models are a modified version of the Wickström/Göransson model, the model by Östman/Tsantaridis and a model based on multivariate statistical analysis. The three models were applied to a data set containing test results from 57 different products. We found that the modified Wickström/Göransson model and the statistical model generally calculated time to flashover with high precision. The Östman/Tsantaridis model was excellent in prediction of time to flashover within 10 min of testing time, but performed poorer for time to flashover above 10 min. Based on these analyses, a simple, but efficient method for predicting the interval of time when flashover occurs is suggested. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of volatile components isolated from Hawaiian green coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.)
Authors: Lee Kwang‐Geun , Shibamoto Takayuki
Published: September 2002

Volatile components isolated from Hawaiian green coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.) were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The mass of total volatile components recovered from 200 g C. arabica beans was 2.7 ± 0.3 mg. The volatile components identified in this extract were: ten alcohols, four aldehydes, one ketone, one lactone, three heterocyclic compounds, two hydrocarbons, and two miscellaneous compounds. The major constituents were 3‐methyl butanoic acid (32.8%), phenyl ethyl alcohol (17.3%), hexanol (7.2%), 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methylacetophenone (3.7%), and 3‐methyl butanol (3.6%). Heterocyclic compounds, important components in providing coffee with their characteristic flavours, were not found in the extract from green coffee beans, except for 2‐methoxy‐3‐(2‐methylpropyl)‐pyrazine. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and CO2 extracts of the oriental tobacco, Prilep
Authors: Palic Radosav , Stojanovic Gordana , Alagic Sladjana , Nikolic Mira , Lepojevic Zika
Published: September 2002

A study of the chemical composition of essential oil and CO2 extracts of the middle and upper leaf positions of the oriental tobacco Prilep was performed using GC and GC–MS. The major constituents were: in the essential oil, neophytadiene and solanone; in CO2 extract I, neophytadiene; and in CO2 extract II, nicotine, nonacosane and solanesol. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and CO2 extracts were investigated against the microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results showed that oil from the middle leaves showed greater activity than the oil of the upper leaves. Both leaf oils mainly showed greater activity than CO2 extracts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragrance: emerging health and environmental concerns
Authors: Bridges Betty
Published: September 2002

Products containing scent are a part of daily life. The majority of cosmetics, toiletries, household and laundry products contain fragrance. In addition, there is exposure to fragrance from products that are used to scent the air, such as air fresheners and fragranced candles. In spite of this widespread use and exposure, there is little information available on the materials used in fragrance. Fragrance formulas are considered trade secrets and components that make up the fragrance portion of the product are not revealed on labels. Fragrance is increasingly cited as a trigger in health conditions such as asthma, allergies and migraine headaches. In addition, some fragrance materials have been found to accumulate in adipose tissue and are present in breast milk. Other materials are suspected of being hormone disruptors. The implications are not fully known, as there has been little evaluation of systemic effects. There are environmental concerns as well, as fragrances are volatile compounds, which add to both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Synthetic musk compounds are persistent in the environment and contaminate waterways and aquatic wildlife. At present there is little governmental regulation of fragrance. The fragrance industry has in place a system of self‐regulation. However, the present system has failed to address many of the emerging concerns. Industry needs to responsibly address concerns and ensure that scented products are safe for users, those inadvertently exposed and the environment. It is essential that an industry that is, and wishes to continue to be, self‐regulated should identify and address concerns in a forthright and responsible manner. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical constituents of the essential oils of Goniothalamus malayanus Hook. f. and Thoms.
Authors: bin Jantan Ibrahim , bin Ahmad Fasihuddin
Published: September 2002

The chemical composition of the leaf, bark and root oils of Goniothalamus malayanus Hook. f. and Thoms. was examined by capillary GC and GC–MS. The leaf oil was made up mainly of sesquiterpenoids, of which β‐selinene (33.6%) was the dominant component. The other major compounds present were viridiflorol (13.1%), epi‐globulol (7.7%), (E)‐nerolidol (4.4%) and globulol (3.8%). The bark and root oils, which were qualitatively similar but with some variation in levels of the individual constituents, were also rich in sesquiterpenoids (97% and 95%, respectively), with eudesmols as the most abundant compounds. The bark oil contained a higher amount of β‐eudesmol (32.2%), γ‐eudesmol (21.8%) and α‐eudesmol (6.6%) than the root oil. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extraction of aroma components to quantify overall sensory character in a processed blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) concentrate
Authors: Boccorh Raymond K. , Paterson Alistair , Piggott John R.
Published: September 2002

Quantification by chromatography of overall aroma character in fruit concentrates is not straightforward. Of paramount importance is that chromatographic extracts should have a sensory character similar to the original concentrate. Concentration strategies in a blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) thermal evaporative concentrate were studied, combining sensory and gas chromatographic analyses. Aroma components were concentrated either by liquid–liquid extraction or adsorption to five sorbent extraction matrices, varying in bonded phase and eluted with solvent mixtures of different polarities. Sensory and chromatographic analyses showed that sorbent extracts varied markedly in composition as a function of eluant polarity. Choice of bonded phase had limited influence. Gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O) showed that, although aroma components in sorbent extracts varied, aroma notes of flavour components could be related to original concentrate character. This was not the case with liquid–liquid extracts. Sorbent extracts, retaining the sensory character of original juice concentrates, facilitate the study of quantitative relationships between sensory character and chromatographic data in fruit products. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oils from some Myrceugenia species (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Limberger Renata P. , Simões‐Pires Cláudia A. , Sobral Marcos , Menu Chantal , Bessiere Jean‐Marie , Henriques Amélia T.
Published: September 2002

Essential oils from Myrceugenia euosma, M. foveolata, M. pilotantha, M. myrtoides and M. oxysepala, collected in Southern Brazil, were analysed by GC and GC–MS. Seventy compounds were identified, representing 86–99% of the oil content of the investigated species. The oils from M. foveolata, M. pilotantha and M. myrtoides were characterized by cyclic sesquiterpenes (67–90%), mainly those from the germacrene cyclization pathway. M. foveolata showed a predominance of globulol (21.3%) and epi‐globulol (17.8%), while in the oils from M. pilotantha and M. myrtoides, spathulenol (18.7% and 23.8%, respectively) was the most representative. The oil from M. oxysepala and M. euosma were found to be quite distinct from the other species. The oil of M. eousma showed a predominance of nerolidol (46.7%) and epi‐globulol (33.4%), and that of M. oxysepala was made up mainly by oxygenated compounds (80.4%), being 29% terpenes and 51.4% aliphatic compounds, such as aldehydes (nonadecanal, 20.6%; dodecanal, 6.8%); methyl‐ketones (2‐tridecanone, 5.0%) and alcohols (n‐undecanol, 4.5%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and its natural hybrid (clone 583) from Morocco
Authors: Farah Abdellah , Fechtal Mohamed , Chaouch Abdelaziz , Zrira Saadia
Published: September 2002

In this work, the essential oils of a natural E. camaldulensis (clone 583) hybrid were studied. Yield (ml/100 g dry weight) production was determined. This is higher than the parental species (E. camaldulensis), which has 0.79% of essential oils vs. 0.90% for the hybrid species. About 40 components were detected by chromatography analysis. Hybrid essential oils are richer in 1,8‐cineole (84.92%) than the parental species (42.35%). The α‐pinene content of the hybrid is inferior to that of parental species (2.5% vs. 28.30% for E. camaldulensis). Use of the crystallization method allowed us to obtain approximately 75% of essential oils, with about 95% of 1,8‐cineole. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of the essential oils of Annona cuneata L. and Annona senegalensis Pers. stem barks
Authors: Khallouki Farid , Younos Chafique , Soulimani Rachid , Bessière Jean Marie
Published: September 2002

The composition of the essential oils of the Annona senegalensis Pers. and Annona cuneata L. (Annonaceae) stem barks is reported. GC and GC–MS analyses showed p‐cymene (36.0%) as the most abundant component of A. senegalensis, whilst sabinene (39.9%) was the main component of A. cuneata. α‐and β‐Pinene, (5.1% and 9.2%), β‐phellandrene (4.9%), limonene (5.8%) and germacrene D (9.0%), were the major constituents of A. cuneata; those of A. senegalensis stem bark oil were α‐phellandrene (25.0%), α‐pinene (8.3%), Z‐sabinol (6.9%) and limonene (4.8%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents of star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito L.) from Cuba
Authors: Pino Jorge , Marbot Rolando , Rosado Aristides
Published: September 2002

The volatile constituents of the star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito L.) growing in Cuba were analysed by GC–MS. One hundred and four compounds were identified in the aroma concentrate, of which (E)‐2‐hexenal, 1‐hexanol, limonene, linalool, α‐copaene and hexadecanoic acid were found to be the major constituents. The presence of many terpenic compounds is thought to contribute to the unique flavour of the star apple fruit. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of essential oil composition of Iranian fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and hydrodistillation methods
Authors: Yamini Y. , Sefidkon F. , Pourmortazavi S. M.
Published: September 2002

Essential oil of fennel cultivated in Iran was obtained by hydrodistillation and supercritical (CO2) extraction (SFE) methods. The oils were analysed by capillary gas chromatography using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. The compounds were identified according to their retention indices and mass spectra (EI, 70 eV). The effects of different parameters, such as pressure, temperature, modifier volume and extraction time, on the supercritical fluid extraction of fennel oil were investigated. The results showed that, under pressure of 350 atm, temperature 55 °C, methanol 5% and dynamic extraction time of 45 min, extraction was more selective for the extraction of (E)‐anethol. Sixteen compounds were identified in the hydrodistilled oil. However, by using supercritical carbon dioxide in optimum conditions, only nine components represented more than 99% of the oil. The results showed that, in Iranian fennel oil, (E)‐anethol is a major component. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
V. K. Raina, R. K. Lal, Savita Tripathi, M. Khan, K. V. Syamasundar and S. K. Srivastava, ‘Essential oil composition of genetically diverse stocks of Murraya koenigii from India’. Flavour and Fragrance Journal17(2) 2002, 144–146
Authors: Raina V. K. , Lal R. K. , Tripathi Savita , Khan M. , Syamasundar K. V. , Srivastava S. K.
Published: September 2002

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Flavour and Fragrance Journal 17(2) 2002, 144–146.
Localization of the 17q breakpoint of a constitutional 1;17 translocation in a patient with neuroblastoma within a 25‐kb segment located between the ACCN1 and TLK2 genes and near the distal breakpoints of two microdeletions in neurofibromatosis type 1 patients
Authors: Van Roy Nadine , Vandesompele Jo , Berx Geert , Staes Katrien , Van Gele Mireille , De Smet Els , De Paepe Anne , Laureys Geneviève , van der Drift Pauline , Versteeg Rogier , Van Roy Frans , Speleman Frank
Published: September 2002

We have constructed a 1.4‐Mb P1 artificial chromosome/bacterial artificial chromosome (PAC/BAC) contig spanning the 17q breakpoint of a constitutional translocation t(1;17)(p36.2;q11.2) in a patient with neuroblastoma. Three 17q breakpoint‐overlapping cosmids were identified and sequenced. No coding sequences were found in the immediate proximity of the 17q breakpoint. The PAC/BAC contig covers the region between the proximally located ACCN1 gene and the distally located TLK2 gene and SCYA chemokine gene cluster. The observation that the 17q breakpoint region could not be detected in any of the screened yeast artificial chromosome libraries and the localization of the 17q breakpoint in the vicinity of the distal breakpoints of two microdeletions in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 suggest that this chromosomal region is genetically unstable and prone to rearrangements. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of the small interstitial deletion at chromosome band 1p34–p35 and its association with poor outcome in oligodendroglial tumors
Authors: Iuchi Toshihiko , Namba Hiroki , Iwadate Yasuo , Shishikura Tomotane , Kageyama Hajime , Nakamura Yoko , Ohira Miki , Yamaura Akira , Osato Katsunobu , Sakiyama Shigeru , Nakagawara Akira
Published: September 2002

To narrow down the putative tumor‐suppressor gene locus and to assess the predictability of clinical courses by genomic alterations, we analyzed 46 oligodendroglial tumors for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the distal region of the short arm of chromosome 1. LOH at 1p was found in 43 tumors (93.5%), including all 28 oligodendrogliomas, all eight oligo‐astrocytomas, six of eight anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, and in one of two anaplastic oligo‐astrocytomas. Thirty‐seven tumors showed LOH patterns consistent with a large terminal deletion, whereas six tumors showed LOH suggesting interstitial deletions. Our data also showed two small regions of overlap at 1p34–p35 (∼5.7 Mb) and at 1p36.1–p36.2 (∼12 Mb). Among the six tumors with interstitial deletion, the proximal region was deleted in five tumors, whereas the distal region was deleted in only half of them. Overall, 91% of tumors showed deletion including this proximal region. To examine the clinical significance of the LOH pattern, the samples were classified into three groups: tumors without 1p LOH (Group 1, n = 3), tumors with an interstitial deletion (Group 2, n = 6), and tumors with a large terminal deletion (Group 3, n = 37). Both overall and progression‐free survival of patients in Group 2 was extremely poor compared with those included in Group 3 (P = 0.0006 and P = 0.003, respectively). As to the clinical response to chemotherapy, nimustine prevented tumor recurrence in Group 3 (P = 0.034) but not in Group 2. Our results demonstrate that a putative tumor‐suppressor gene(s) in oligodendroglial tumors is localized at 1p34–p35 and that small interstitial deletions, in contrast to large terminal deletions, are strongly predictive of both chemoresistance and aggressive characteristics of these tumors. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequential changes of the DMBT1 expression and location in normal lung tissue and lung carcinomas
Authors: Mollenhauer Jan , Helmke Burkhard , Müller Hanna , Kollender Gaby , Lyer Stefan , Diedrichs Laura , Holmskov Uffe , Ligtenberg Toon , Herbertz Stephan , Krebs Inge , Wiemann Stefan , Madsen Jens , Bikker Floris , Schmitt Liane , Otto Herwart F. , Poustka Annemarie
Published: September 2002

Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 (DMBT1) at chromosome region 10q25.3–q26.1 has been proposed as a candidate tumor‐suppressor gene for brain, digestive tract, and lung cancer. Recent studies on its expression in lung cancer have led to divergent results and have raised a controversial discussion. Moreover, DMBT1 has been implicated with epithelial protection in the respiratory tract. We thus wondered how a loss of its expression could be related to carcinogenesis in the lung. To address these issues, we investigated the DMBT1 expression and location in the normal lung and lung cancer. By reverse‐transcription PCR, a down‐regulation of the DMBT1 expression in lung cancer cell lines is commonly detected. Immunohistochemical studies in situ demonstrate that there are also low steady‐state levels of DMBT1 in the normal respiratory epithelium. However, an up‐regulation takes place in the tumor‐flanking epithelium and upon respiratory inflammation. Lung carcinomas show increased DMBT1 expression compared to that of undiseased lung tissue, but decreased DMBT1 levels compared to that of tumor‐flanking and inflammatory tissue. A switch from a lumenal secretion to a secretion to the extracellular matrix takes place during lung carcinogenesis. Our data may resolve the controversial discussion on its expression in lung carcinomas. We hypothesize that the changes of the DMBT1 expression and location do reflect a time course that may point to possible mechanisms for its role in epithelial cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multicolor COBRA‐FISH analysis of chronic myeloid leukemia reveals novel cryptic balanced translocations during disease progression
Authors: Barbouti Aikaterini , Johansson Bertil , Höglund Mattias , Mauritzson Nils , Strömbeck Bodil , Nilsson Per‐Gunnar , Tanke Hans J. , Hagemeijer Anne , Mitelman Felix , Fioretos Thoas
Published: September 2002

During the initial indolent chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the t(9;22)(q34;q11), resulting in the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph), is usually the sole cytogenetic anomaly, but as the disease progresses into the accelerated phase (AP), and eventually into aggressive blast crisis (BC), secondary aberrations, mainly unbalanced changes such as +8, i(17q), and +Ph, are frequent. To date, molecular genetic studies of CML BC have mainly focused on alterations of well‐known tumor‐suppressor genes (e.g., TP53, CDKN2A, and RB1) and oncogenes (e.g., RAS and MYC), whereas limited knowledge is available about the molecular genetic correlates of the unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities. Balanced secondary changes are rare in CML AP/BC, but it is not known whether cryptic chromosomal translocations, generating fusion genes, may be responsible for disease progression in a subgroup of CML. To address this issue, we used multicolor combined binary ratio fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which allows the simultaneous visualization of all 24 chromosomes in different colors, verified by locus‐specific FISH in a series of 33 CML cases. Two cryptic balanced translocations, t(7;17)(q32–34;q23) and t(7;17)(p15;q23), were found in two of the five cases showing the t(9;22) as the only cytogenetic change. Using several BAC clones, the breakpoints at 17q23 in both cases were mapped within a 350‐kb region. In the case with the 7p15 breakpoint, a BAC clone containing the HOXA gene cluster displayed a split signal, suggesting a possible creation of a fusion gene involving a member of the HOXA family. Furthermore, one case with a partially cryptic t(9;11)(p21–22;q23) and an MLL rearrangement as well as a previously unreported t(3;10)(p22;p12–13) were identified. Altogether, a refined karyotypic description was achieved in 12 (36%) of the 33 investigated cases, illustrating the value of using multicolor FISH for identifying pathogenetically important aberrations in CML AP/BC. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigenetic control of the E‐cadherin gene (CDH1) by CpG methylation in colectomy samples of patients with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Azarschab Pia , Porschen Rainer , Gregor Michael , Blin Nikolaus , Holzmann Karlheinz
Published: September 2002

E‐cadherin belongs to the cadherin family of calcium‐dependent cell‐adhesion molecules. The cadherins play an essential role in biological processes such as ordering of cell sorting, migration, and differentiation, and their malfunctioning is connected with neoplasia. Neoplastic progression in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis is characterized by the development of epithelial dysplasia. Transcriptional silencing of tumor‐suppressor genes by promoter methylation has been observed in different types of human cancers and dysplasia. To explore the mode of E‐cadherin regulation, 156 biopsy samples from 26 patients with long‐standing ulcerative colitis were screened. To detect the methylation status of our samples, a methylation‐specific PCR was applied. Methylation of the E‐cadherin (CDH1) promoter was detected in 93% of the patients with dysplastic biopsy samples, in contrast to only 6% of the patients without dysplasia (P < 0.001). We also examined the level of synthesis of E‐cadherin protein by immunohistochemical staining in different paraffin‐embedded samples of dysplastic and non‐dysplastic origin in a subset of our patients. Samples with dysplasia displayed reduced levels, whereas samples without dysplasia revealed normal E‐cadherin protein synthesis. These results show that the E‐cadherin promoter is subjected to epigenetic control in colorectal ulceration. Obviously, this event may play an important role in the progression from chronic inflammation to colorectal cancer. For this reason, methylation of the CDH1 promoter is an attractive new biomarker for detecting ulcerative colitis patients with a high risk for developing colorectal cancers. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosomal analysis of hepatic adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia by comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Chen Yann‐Jang , Chen Pei‐Jer , Lee Mei‐Chi , Yeh Shiou‐Hwei , Hsu Ming‐Ta , Lin Chi‐Hung
Published: September 2002

Hepatic adenoma (HA) and focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) are two common non‐malignant tumors of the liver. Genomic analysis on these benign lesions may shed light on the genetic mechanism underlying liver carcinogenesis. We used comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to evaluate genomic changes in eight cases of HA and six cases of FNH, obtained by surgical procedures; the resulting chromosomal aberration profiles were analyzed together with their pathological and clinical manifestations. We found consistent chromosomal lesions associated with both non‐malignant hepatic tumors. The overall genomic abnormalities in HA and FNH were much less obvious than those in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Among these limited changes, frequent gains were located on chromosomal arms 1q (50%), 17q (50%), 1p (38%), and 11q (38%) in HA, and on 11q (50%), 9q (33%), 17q (33%), and 22q (33%) in FNH. Gains outnumbered losses, and HA contained more CGH abnormalities than did FNH. Interestingly, CGH alteration hotspots found in HA, but not in FNH, appeared largely to coincide with common genomic lesions of cancerous HCC, suggesting an interesting relationship along the tumorigenesis pathway of HA and HCC. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosome arm 16q in Wilms tumors: Unbalanced chromosomal translocations, loss of heterozygosity, and assessment of the CTCF gene
Authors: Yeh Albert , Wei Michelle , Golub Samuel B. , Yamashiro Darrell J. , Murty Vundavali V. , Tycko Benjamin
Published: September 2002

Chromosome arm 16q is a common site of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in Wilms tumors (WTs). The mechanism and consequences of 16q LOH are not known, but the CTCF gene, in band 16q22, is a candidate target gene. CTCF protein binds to DNA upstream of the H19 gene on chromosome band 11p15, and maintains normal imprinting of H19 and IGF2. Thus, its loss might predispose to de novo methylation of the maternal allele of H19 and loss of imprinting (LOI) of IGF2 in WTs. We mapped Chr16 LOH in WTs and correlated this with unbalanced chromosomal translocations and histopathology. We also analyzed the CTCF gene for its mRNA and protein expression and DNA sequence, and we investigated correlations with methylation of H19mat. In our series, unbalanced t(1;16) chromosomal translocations were a major pathway for Chr16 loss of heterozygosity, and this LOH was correlated significantly with tumor anaplasia. CTCF mapped in the minimal region of Chr16 LOH. However, we found no correlation between Chr16 LOH, or loss of CTCF mRNA or protein, and methylation of H19mat. Some WTs contained reduced amounts of CTCF protein, but among these were cases with and without H19mat methylation. Rare WTs with simultaneous 16q LOH and H19mat methylation lacked CTCF mutations. These data argue against the CTCF gene as a target of Chr16 LOH in WTs, but leave open the possibility that post‐transcriptional loss of CTCF protein may account for some instances of LOI. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of Alu repeat clusters as mediators of recurrent chromosomal aberrations in tumors
Authors: Kolomietz Elena , Meyn M. Stephen , Pandita Ajay , Squire Jeremy A.
Published: September 2002

There is increasing evidence for the involvement of repetitive DNA sequences as facilitators of some of the recurrent chromosomal rearrangements observed in human tumors. The high densities of repetitive DNA, such as Alu elements, at some chromosomal translocation breakpoint regions has led to the suggestion that these sequences could provide hot spots for homologous recombination, and could mediate the translocation process and elevate the likelihood of other types of chromosomal rearrangements taking place. The Alu core sequence itself has been suggested to promote DNA strand exchange and genomic rearrangement, and it has striking sequence similarity to χ (which has been shown to stimulate recBCD‐mediated recombination in Escherichia coli). Alu repeats have been shown to be involved in the generation of many constitutional gene mutations in meiotic cells, attributed to unequal homologous recombination and consequent deletions and/or duplication events. It has recently been demonstrated that similar deletion events can take place in neoplasia because several types of leukemia‐associated chromosomal rearrangements frequently have submicroscopic deletions immediately adjacent to the translocation breakpoint regions. Significantly, these types of deletions appear to be more likely to take place when the regions subject to rearrangement contain a high density of Alu repeats. With the completion of the Human Genome Project, it will soon be possible to create more comprehensive maps of the distribution and densities of repetitive sequences, such as Alu, throughout the genome. Such maps will offer unique insights into the relative distribution of cancer translocation breakpoints and the localization of clusters of repetitive DNA. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remyelination of the spinal cord following intravenous delivery of bone marrow cells
Authors: Akiyama Yukinori , Radtke Christine , Honmou Osamu , Kocsis Jeffery D.
Published: September 2002

Bone marrow contains a population of pluripotent cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell lineages, including neural cells. When injected directly into the demyelinated spinal cord they can elicit remyelination. Recent work has shown that following systemic delivery of bone marrow cells functional improvement occurs in contusive spinal cord injury and stroke models in rat. We report here that secondary to intravenous introduction of an acutely isolated bone marrow cell fraction (mononuclear fraction) from adult rat femoral bones separated on a density gradient, ultrastructurally defined remyelination occurs throughout a focal demyelinated spinal cord lesion. The anatomical pattern of remyelination was characteristic of both oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell myelination; conduction velocity improved in the remyelinated axons. When the injected bone marrow cells were transfected to express LacZ, β‐galactosidase reaction product was observed in some myelin‐forming cells in the spinal cord. Intravenous injection of other myelin‐forming cells (Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing cells) or the residual cell fraction of the gradient did not result in remyelination, suggesting that remyelination was specific to the delivery of the mononuclear fraction. While the precise mechanism of the repair, myelination by the bone marrow cells or facilitation of an endogenous repair process, cannot be fully determined, the results demonstrate an unprecedented level of myelin repair by systemic delivery of the mononuclear cells. GLIA 39:229–236, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.