bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Onyx tunnel: reconstructive transvenous balloon-assisted Onyx embolization for dural arteriovenous fistula of the transverse-sigmoid sinus
Authors: Kerolus Mena G. , Chung Joonho , Munich Stephen A. , Matsuda Yoshikazu , Okada Hideo , Lopes Demetrius K.
Published: November 2017

Transvenous embolization is an effective method for treating dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) of the transverse-sigmoid sinus (TSS). However, in cases of complicated DAVFs, it is difficult to preserve the patency of the dural sinus. The authors describe the technical details of a new reconstructive technique using transvenous balloon-assisted Onyx embolization as another treatment option in a patient with an extensive and complex DAVF of the left TSS.

A microcatheter and compliant balloon catheter were navigated into the left internal jugular vein and placed at the distal end of the DAVF in the transverse sinus. The microcatheter was placed between the vessel wall of the TSS and the balloon. After the balloon was fully inflated, Onyx-18 was injected at the periphery of the balloon in a slow, controlled, progressive, stepwise manner; the balloon and microcatheter were simultaneously withdrawn toward the sigmoid sinus, with Onyx encompassing the entirety of the complex DAVF. The Onyx refluxed into multiple arterial feeders in a distal-to-proximal step-by-step manner, ultimately resulting in an Onyx tunnel. The final angiography study revealed complete obliteration of the DAVF and patency of the TSS.

The Onyx tunnel, or reconstructive transvenous balloon-assisted Onyx embolization technique, may be an effective treatment option for large, complex DAVFs of the TSS. This technique may provide another option to facilitate the complete obliteration of the DAVF while preserving the functional sinus.
Patients with cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas may benefit from expanded hypercoagulability and cancer screening
Authors: Polster Sean P. , Zeineddine Hussein A. , Baron Joseph , Lee Seon-Kyu , Awad Issam A.
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE

Cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) have been associated with dural sinus occlusion, and previous reports have suggested the association of hypercoagulability with some cases. But the prevalence of a hypercoagulable state has not been systematically analyzed in conjunction with laboratory markers and clinical manifestations, including history of thromboembolism or systemic malignancy. The authors hypothesize that laboratory or clinical evidence of a hypercoagulable state, including cancer, is commonly identifiable in consecutively identified patients with DAVFs, with implications for clinical management.

METHODS

The retrospective cohort study included all patients older than 17 years with cranial DAVFs diagnosed at University of Chicago Medicine during a 6-year period, whose medical records and imaging results were reviewed for objective laboratory or clinical evidence of a hypercoagulable state, including malignancy. Each case was analyzed for implications on clinical management. Data were analyzed in relation to a systematic review of the literature on this association.

RESULTS

Fifteen (88%) of 17 cases of DAVFs had laboratory (n = 8) or clinical evidence of a hypercoagulable state (thromboembolism [n = 8] or cancer [n = 6]). This hypercoagulability or cancer impacted clinical care in all 15 cases.

CONCLUSIONS

An underlying hypercoagulable state manifested by laboratory testing or clinically, including cancer, is staggeringly common. It is important to recognize this association, along with its impact on the management of the DAVFs and systemic diseases.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Novel 4-Chloro-16E-Benzylidene Steroidal Derivatives
Authors: Fan Ning-Juan , Shi Xin-Wei , Li Yuan-Feng , He Qiu-Rui , Tang Jiang-Jiang
Published: November 2017

Using androstenedione as the starting material, we have synthesised 11 novel 4-chloro-16-( E)-benzylidene androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione derivatives. All the final products are novel and were identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS spectrometry.
Facile Synthesis and Fluorescent Properties of Two Novel 4-Aryl-2,6-Dicoumarinylpyridines
Authors: Wei Qiang , Wang Xiaolong
Published: November 2017

Two novel 4-aryl-2,6-dicoumarinylpyridines were synthesised in the presence of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate via a one-pot reaction. In addition, the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the synthesised compounds in chloroform were measured for the first time.
The Right Not to Be Arbitrarily Displaced in Africa
Authors: Adeola Romola , Viljoen Frans
Published: November 2017

The African Union Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) Convention is the first international treaty that recognises the right not to be arbitrary displaced in a legally binding instrument. This right gives rise to the corresponding duty on African state parties to protect their population against arbitrary displacement. In relation to the main root causes of internal displacement in Africa recognised under this binding instrument, this paper analyses the content of the right not to be arbitrary displaced and what states should do in order to prevent arbitrary displacement in line with their obligation under the IDP Convention.
Emergency Regimes in Cameroon: Derogations or Failures of Law?
Authors: Kamdem Kamga Gerard Emmanuel
Published: November 2017

The article engages with the issue of emergency regimes in Cameroon and compliance with the international standards on that matter. Emergency regimes which entail human rights violation and infringement of the rule of law have become over the years an essential technique of government in Cameroon. Authorities are inclined to invoke such regimes more in times of democratic competition than in times of real external threat. With emergency regimes being organised by a set of international instruments mainly from a treaty-based system, the study focuses on the scale of compliance of the Cameroon emergency system with such international standards. These standards amount to a set of principles that states should comply with when confronted by emergency situations. For example, the UN Charter compels state parties to respect and protect human rights in all circumstances. With Cameroon being subject to international law and to its international commitments towards state and non-state actors, this article questions whether emergency regimes as currently designed in the country are mere derogations or failures of law.
MnSOD and Cyclin B1 Coordinate a Mito-Checkpoint during Cell Cycle Response to Oxidative Stress
Authors: Kalen Amanda , Ahmad Iman , Abdalla Maher , O’Malley Yunxia , Goswami Prabhat , Sarsour Ehab
Published: November 2017

Communication between the nucleus and mitochondrion could coordinate many cellular processes. While the mechanisms regulating this communication are not completely understood, we hypothesize that cell cycle checkpoint proteins coordinate the cross-talk between nuclear and mitochondrial functions following oxidative stress. Human normal skin fibroblasts, representative of the G2-phase, were irradiated with 6 Gy of ionizing radiation and assayed for cyclin B1 translocation, mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and cytotoxicity. In un-irradiated controls, cyclin B1 was found primarily in the nucleus of G2-cells. However, following irradiation, cyclin B1 was excluded from the nucleus and translocated to the cytoplasm and mitochondria. These observations were confirmed further by performing transmission electron microscopy and cell fractionation assays. Cyclin B1 was absent in mitochondria isolated from un-irradiated G2-cells and present in irradiated G2-cells. Radiation-induced translocation of cyclin B1 from the nucleus to the mitochondrion preceded changes in the activities of mitochondrial proteins, that included decreases in the activities of aconitase and the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and increases in complex II activity. Changes in the activities of mito-proteins were followed by an increase in dihydroethidium (DHE) oxidation (indicative of increased superoxide levels) and loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, events that preceded the restart of the stalled cell cycle and subsequently the loss in cell viability. Comparable results were also observed in un-irradiated control cells overexpressing mitochondria-targeted cyclin B1. These results indicate that MnSOD and cyclin B1 coordinate a cross-talk between nuclear and mitochondrial functions, to regulate a mito-checkpoint during the cell cycle response to oxidative stress.
Optimal Cluster Expansion-Based Intrusion Tolerant System to Prevent Denial of Service Attacks
Authors: Kwon Hyun , Kim Yongchul , Yoon Hyunsoo , Choi Daeseon
Published: November 2017

In this study, we propose an optimal cluster expansion-based intrusion-tolerant system (ITS) that can maintain quality of service (QoS) under a massive denial of service (DoS) attack. Our proposed scheme conserves resources while maintaining good QoS by optimally increasing and decreasing cluster size. To evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, we use a CloudSim simulator and compare our proposed scheme with an existing conventional adaptive cluster transformation (ACT) scheme. Our simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional ACT scheme in terms of better QoS and lower resource consumption.
Input–Output Finite Time Stabilization of Time-Varying Impulsive Positive Hybrid Systems under MDADT
Authors: Yao Lihong , Li Junmin
Published: November 2017

Time-varying impulsive positive hybrid systems based on finite state machines (FSMs) are considered in this paper, and the concept of input–output finite time stability (IO-FTS) is extended for this type of hybrid system. The IO-FTS analysis of the single linear time-varying system is given first. Then, the sufficient conditions of IO-FTS for hybrid systems are proposed via the mode-dependent average dwell time (MDADT) technique. Moreover, the output feedback controller which can stabilize the non-autonomous hybrid systems is derived, and the obtained results are presented in a linear programming form. Finally, a numerical example is provided to show the theoretical results.
Trace Metals in Cloud Water Sampled at the Puy De Dôme Station
Authors: Bianco Angelica , Vaïtilingom Mickaël , Bridoux Maxime , Chaumerliac Nadine , Pichon Jean-Marc , Piro Jean-Luc , Deguillaume Laurent
Published: November 2017

Concentrations of 33 metal elements were determined by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) analysis for 24 cloud water samples (corresponding to 10 cloud events) collected at the puy de Dôme station. Clouds present contrasted chemical composition with mainly marine and continental characteristics; for some cloud events, a further anthropogenic source can be superimposed on the background level. In this context, measurements of trace metals may help to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic and natural sources on the cloud and to better discriminate the origin of the air masses. The metal concentrations in the samples are low (between 16.4 µg L−1 and 1.46 mg L−1). This could be explained by the remoteness of the puy de Dôme site from local sources. Trace metals are then used to confirm and refine a previous sample classification. A principal component analysis (PCA) using the pH value and the concentrations of Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+ and NH4+ is performed considering 24 cloud samples. This first analysis shows that 18 samples are of marine origin and 6 samples are classified as continental. The same statistical approach is used adding trace metal concentration. Zn and Mg elements are the most abundant trace metals for all clouds. A higher concentration of Cd is mainly associated to clouds from marine origins. Cu, As, Tl and Sb elements are rather found in the continental samples than in the marine ones. Mg, V, Mn and Rb elements mainly found in soil particles are also more concentrated in the samples from continental air mass. This new PCA including trace metal confirms the classification between marine and continental air masses but also indicates that one sample presenting low pH and high concentrations of SO42−, Fe, Pb and Cu could be rather attributed to a polluted event.
Central [CNS] and Peripheral [Gastric Tissue] Selective Monitoring of Somatostatin (SRIF) with Micro-Sensor and Voltammetry in Rats: Influence of Growth Factors (GH, EGF)
Authors: Crespi Francesco
Published: November 2017

Somatostatin (SRIF) is widely distributed throughout the body, and regulates the endocrine system via interactions with various hormones, including the pituitary growth hormone, the thyroid stimulating hormone and the majority of the hormones of the gastrointestinal tract. SRIF is present in the central nervous system (CNS), where it affects rates of neurotransmission, and is also reported to be active in the intestinal tract, with evidence that stressed rats present a significant decrease in antral somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI). Analysis of SRIF has mainly been carried out by means of radioimmunoassay methods. Here, we propose the use of an electrochemical method, such as voltammetry, applied with carbon-based sensors and, in particular, the combination of differential pulse voltammetry with treated carbon fiber micro electrodes (DPV-µCFE) to facilitate the analysis of such peptidergic electro active hormones in the rat striatum and gastric tissue; the effect of growth hormone (GH) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), in particular, upon the SRIF signal has been studied in such tissues.
Please Wait, Processing: A Selective Literature Review of the Neurological Understanding of Emotional Processing in ASD and Its Potential Contribution to Neuroeducation
Authors: Shyman Eric
Published: November 2017

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its corresponding conditions have been investigated from a multitude of perspectives resulting in varying understandings of its origin, its outplay, its prognosis, and potential methods of intervention and education for individuals with the disorder. One area that has contributed significantly to providing a different type of understanding is that of neuroscience, and specifically neuroimaging. This paper will offer a selective literature review of research that investigates the role of emotional processing in ASD, and how a deepening of this line of understanding can be used to inform more comprehensive educational practices.
Efficient Degradation of Refractory Organics Using Sulfate Radicals Generated Directly from WO3 Photoelectrode and the Catalytic Reaction of Sulfate
Authors: Zheng Jingyuan , Li Jinhua , Bai Jing , Tan Xiaohan , Zeng Qingyi , Li Linsen , Zhou Baoxue
Published: November 2017

An environment-friendly method of efficiently degrading refractory organics using SO4−• generated directly from a WO3 photoelectrode and a catalytic reaction of sulfate was proposed, in which the cycling process of SO42− → SO4−• → SO42− was achieved in the treatment of organic pollutants without any other activator and without the continuous addition of sulfate. The results show that the removal efficiency for a typical refractory organics of methyl orange (MO) with 5 mg/L was up to 95% within 80 min, and merely 3% by photolysis and 19% by photocatalysis, respectively, under similar conditions. The rate constant for the disposal of MO at pH 2, in which SO4−• instead of HO• is the main oxidizer confirmed by radical scavenger experiment, is up to 5.21 × 10−4 s−1, which was ~6.6 times that (7.89 × 10−5 s−1) under neutral condition, in which HO• is the main oxidizer. The concentration of active persulfate (S2O82−, SO52−, and SO4−•) species at pH 2 was up to 0.38 mM, which was ~16-fold as much as that (0.023 mM) in neutral conditions. The method provides a new approach for the treatment and resource utilization of sulfate wastewater.
Optimal Line and Tube Placement in Very Preterm Neonates: An Audit of Practice
Authors: Finn Daragh , Kinoshita Hannah , Livingstone Vicki , Dempsey Eugene
Published: November 2017

Background: Placement of endotracheal tubes (ETTs) and umbilical catheters (UCs) is essential in very preterm infant care. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an educational initiative to optimize correct placement of ETTs and UCs in very preterm infants. Methods: A pre–post study design, evaluating optimal radiological position of ETTs and UCs in the first 72 h of life in infants <32 weeks gestational age (GA) was performed. Baseline data was obtained from a preceding 34-month period. The study intervention consisted of information from the pre-intervention audit, surface anatomy images of the newborn for optimal UC positioning, and weight-based calculations to estimate insertion depths for endotracheal intubation. A prospective evaluation of radiological placement of ETTs and UCs was then conducted over a 12-month period. Results: During the study period, 211 infants had at least one of the three procedures performed. One hundred and fifty-seven infants were included in the pre-education group, and 54 in the post-education group. All three procedures were performed in 50.3% (79/157) in the pre-education group, and 55.6% (30/54) in the post-education group. There was no significant difference in accurate placement following the introduction of the educational sessions; depth of ETTs (50% vs. 47%), umbilical arterial catheter (UAC) (40% vs. 43%,), and umbilical venous catheter (UVC)(14% vs. 23%). Conclusion: Despite education of staff on methods for appropriate ETT, UVC and UAC insertion length, the rate of accurate initial insertion depth remained suboptimal. Newer methods of determining optimal position need to be evaluated.
Performance Analysis of Secure and Private Billing Protocols for Smart Metering
Authors: Eccles Tom , Halak Basel
Published: November 2017

Traditional utility metering is to be replaced by smart metering. Smart metering enables fine-grained utility consumption measurements. These fine-grained measurements raise privacy concerns due to the lifestyle information which can be inferred from the precise time at which utilities were consumed. This paper outlines and compares two privacy-respecting time of use billing protocols for smart metering and investigates their performance on a variety of hardware. These protocols protect the privacy of customers by never transmitting the fine-grained utility readings outside of the customer’s home network. One protocol favors complexity on the trusted smart meter hardware while the other uses homomorphic commitments to offload computation to a third device. Both protocols are designed to operate on top of existing cryptographic secure channel protocols in place on smart meters. Proof of concept software implementations of these protocols have been written and their suitability for real world application to low-performance smart meter hardware is discussed. These protocols may also have application to other privacy conscious aggregation systems, such as electronic voting.
Design of Post-Consumer Modification of Standard Solar Modules to Form Large-Area Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Roof Slates
Authors: Pearce Joshua M. , Meldrum Jay , Osborne Nolan
Published: November 2017

Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems have improved aesthetics but generally cost far more than conventional PV systems because of small manufacturing scale. Thus, in the short and medium term, there is a need for a BIPV mounting system that utilizes conventional modules. Such a design is provided here with a novel modification of conventional photovoltaic (PV) modules to allow them to act as BIPV roofing slates. The open-source designs for the mechanical components necessary to provide the post-consumer conversion for a conventional PV module are provided, and prototypes are fabricated and installed on a mock roof system along with control modules mounted conventionally. The approximately U.S.$22/module BIPV roof-mounted system is direct mounted on the roof to eliminate the need for roofing shingles or other coverings, which effectively provides a 20% total cost reduction from conventional racking systems that demand a roof to mount upon without considering the savings from the rack itself. The results of the outdoor system testing found no water leaks. An increased operating temperature was observed, which would reduce the output from a silicon-based PV module by less than 10%. The results found significant potential for this design to further reduce total PV systems costs.
A New Stochastic Dominance Degree Based on Almost Stochastic Dominance and Its Application in Decision Making
Authors: Wu Yunna , Sun Xiaokun , Xu Hu , Xu Chuanbo , Xu Ruhang
Published: November 2017

Traditional stochastic dominance rules are so strict and qualitative conditions that generally a stochastic dominance relation between two alternatives does not exist. To solve the problem, we firstly supplement the definitions of almost stochastic dominance (ASD). Then, we propose a new definition of stochastic dominance degree (SDD) that is based on the idea of ASD. The new definition takes both the objective mean and stakeholders’ subjective preference into account, and can measure both standard and almost stochastic dominance degree. The new definition contains four kinds of SDD corresponding to different stakeholders (rational investors, risk averters, risk seekers, and prospect investors). The operator in the definition can also be changed to fit in with different circumstances. On the basis of the new SDD definition, we present a method to solve stochastic multiple criteria decision-making problem. The numerical experiment shows that the new method could produce a more accurate result according to the utility situations of stakeholders. Moreover, even when it is difficult to elicit the group utility distribution of stakeholders, or when the group utility distribution is ambiguous, the method can still rank alternatives.
Modal Strain Energy-Based Debonding Assessment of Sandwich Panels Using a Linear Approximation with Maximum Entropy
Authors: Meruane Viviana , Lasen Matias , López Droguett Enrique , Ortiz-Bernardin Alejandro
Published: November 2017

Sandwich structures are very attractive due to their high strength at a minimum weight, and, therefore, there has been a rapid increase in their applications. Nevertheless, these structures may present imperfect bonding or debonding between the skins and core as a result of manufacturing defects or impact loads, degrading their mechanical properties. To improve both the safety and functionality of these systems, structural damage assessment methodologies can be implemented. This article presents a damage assessment algorithm to localize and quantify debonds in sandwich panels. The proposed algorithm uses damage indices derived from the modal strain energy method and a linear approximation with a maximum entropy algorithm. Full-field vibration measurements of the panels were acquired using a high-speed 3D digital image correlation (DIC) system. Since the number of damage indices per panel is too large to be used directly in a regression algorithm, reprocessing of the data using principal component analysis (PCA) and kernel PCA has been performed. The results demonstrate that the proposed methodology accurately identifies debonding in composite panels.
Energy-Efficient Use of Licensed and Unlicensed Bands in D2D-Assisted Cellular Network Systems
Authors: Chung Yao-Liang
Published: November 2017

To date, the amount of research conducted regarding the subject of energy-efficient transmission in device-to-device (D2D)-assisted cellular network systems simultaneously utilizing both licensed and unlicensed bands is lacking. This topic is of substantial relevance to emerging 5th-generation (5G) cellular network systems, so the present study was conducted in order to address it in a practical manner. Specifically, this study proposes a simple yet effective algorithm aimed at ensuring efficient energy usage when such network systems make transmissions while utilizing both licensed and unlicensed bands. Based on novel system configurations with respect to bandwidth and link mode configurations, the proposed D2D-assisted transmission algorithm was designed with a system-level perspective in mind in order to yield greater efficiency in terms of transmission mode selection and link mode selection. As a result of these features, the proposed algorithm can not only maintain acceptable rates of transmission for all the connected users, but can also enhance system performance by a significant degree in terms of both energy efficiency and connection efficiency. Moreover, the results of simulations conducted to test the algorithm indicate that it is not only feasible, but, given its simple yet effective design, also easy to implement, such that it can serve as a valuable reference for the operators of 5G networks.
Soil Organic Matter Accumulation and Carbon Fractions along a Moisture Gradient of Forest Soils
Authors: Błońska Ewa , Lasota Jarosław
Published: November 2017

The aim of the study was to present effects of soil properties, especially moisture, on the quantity and quality of soil organic matter. The investigation was performed in the Czarna Rózga Reserve in Central Poland. Forty circular test areas were located in a regular grid of points (100 × 300 m). Each plot was represented by one soil profile located at the plot’s center. Sample plots were located in the area with Gleysols, Cambisols and Podzols with the water table from 0 to 100 cm. In each soil sample, particle size, total carbon and nitrogen content, acidity, base cations content and fractions of soil organic matter were determined. The organic carbon stock (SOCs) was calculated based on its total content at particular genetic soil horizons. A Carbon Distribution Index (CDI) was calculated from the ratio of the carbon accumulation in organic horizons and the amount of organic carbon accumulation in the mineral horizons, up to 60 cm. In the soils under study, in the temperate zone, moisture is an important factor in the accumulation of organic carbon in the soil. The highest accumulation of carbon was observed in soils of swampy variant, while the lowest was in the soils of moist variant. Large accumulation of C in the soils with water table 80–100 cm results from the thick organic horizons that are characterized by lower organic matter decomposition and higher acidity. The proportion of carbon accumulation in the organic horizons to the total accumulation in the mineral horizons expresses the distribution of carbon accumulated in the soil profile, and is a measure of quality of the organic matter accumulated. Studies have confirmed the importance of moisture content in the formation of the fractional organic matter. With greater soil moisture, the ratio of humic to fulvic acids (HA/FA) decreases, which may suggest an increase in carbon mobility in soils.
Exploring the Regional Potential of Lignocellulosic Biomass for an Emerging Bio-Based Economy: A Case Study from Southwest Germany
Authors: Maack Joachim , Lingenfelder Marcus , Smaltschinski Thomas , Jaeger Dirk , Koch Barbara
Published: November 2017

The globally emerging concepts and strategies for a “bioeconomy” rely on the vision of a sustainable bio-based substitution process. Fossil fuels are scarce and their use contributes to global warming. To replace them in the value chains, it is essential to gain knowledge about quantities and spatial distributions of renewable resources. Decision makers specifically require knowledge-based models for rational development choices. In this paper, we demonstrate such an approach using remote sensing-derived maps that represent the potential available biomass of forests and trees outside forests (TOF). The maps were combined with infrastructure data, transport costs and wood pricing to calculate the potentially available biomass for a regional bioeconomy in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg in Southwest Germany. We estimated the spatially explicit regional supply of biomass using routable data in a GIS environment, and created an approach to find the most suitable positions for biomass conversion facilities by minimizing transport distances and biomass costs. The approach resulted in the theoretical, regional supply of woody biomass with transport distances between 10 and 50 km. For a more realistic assessment, we subsequently applied several restrictions and assumptions, compiled different scenarios, optimised transport distances and identified wood assortments. Our analysis demonstrated that a regional bioeconomy using only local primary lignocellulosic biomass is possible. There would be, however, strong competition with traditional wood-processing sectors, mainly thermal utilisation and pulp and paper production. Finally, suitable positions for conversion facilities in Baden-Württemberg were determined for each of the six most plausible scenarios. This case study demonstrates the value of remote sensing and GIS techniques for a flexible, expandable and upgradable spatially explicit decision model.
Responses of Contrasting Tree Functional Types to Air Warming and Drought
Authors: Martínez-Sancho Elisabet , Vásconez Navas Lizeth K. , Seidel Hannes , Dorado-Liñán Isabel , Menzel Annette
Published: November 2017

Climate change-induced rise of air temperatures and the increase of extreme climatic events, such as droughts, will largely affect plant growth and hydraulics, leading to mortality events all over the globe. In this study, we investigated the growth and hydraulic responses of seedlings of contrasting functional types. Pinus sylvestris, Quercus spp. and Castanea sativa seedlings were grown in a common garden experiment under four treatments: control, air warming, drought and their combination during two consecutive growing periods. Height and diameter increments, stomatal conductance and stem water potentials were measured during both growing seasons. Additionally, hydraulic parameters such as xylem-specific native and maximum hydraulic conductivities, and native percentage of loss of conductivity were measured at the end of the entire experiment. Our results clearly pointed to different adaptive strategies of the studied species. Scots pine displayed a relatively isohydric behavior with a strict stomata control prohibiting native embolism whereas sweet chestnut and oak as relatively anisohydric species displayed an increased loss of native conductivity as a results of low water potentials. Seasonal timing of shoot and diameter growth also differed among functional types influencing drought impacts. Additionally, the possibility of embolism reversal seemed to be limited under the study conditions.
Genetic Variation in Quercus acutissima Carruth., in Traditional Japanese Rural Forests and Agricultural Landscapes, Revealed by Chloroplast Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Saito Yoko , Tsuda Yoshiaki , Uchiyama Kentaro , Fukuda Tomohide , Seto Yasuhiro , Kim Pan-Gi , Shen Hai-Long , Ide Yuji
Published: November 2017

Quercus acutissima Carruth. is an economically important species that has long been cultivated in Japan, so is a valuable subject for investigating the impact of human activities on genetic variation in trees. In total, 2152 samples from 18 naturally regenerated populations and 28 planted populations in Japan and 13 populations from the northeastern part of Eurasia, near Japan, were analyzed using six maternally inherited chloroplast (cpDNA) simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Although 23 haplotypes were detected in total, both the Japanese natural and artificial populations exhibited much lower genetic diversity than the continental populations. The level of genetic differentiation among natural populations in Japan was also much lower (G’ST = 0.261) than that on the continent (G’ST = 0.856). These results suggest that human activities, such as historical seed transfer, have reduced genetic diversity within and among populations and resulted in a homogeneous genetic structure in Japan. The genetic characteristics of natural and artificial populations of Quercus acutissima in Japan are almost the same and it is likely that most of the natural populations are thought to have originated from individuals that escaped from plantations.
Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Soil Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in Moso Bamboo Plantations Strongly Depend on Management Practices
Authors: Lei Zhaofeng , Sun Huanfa , Li Quan , Zhang Junbo , Song Xinzhang
Published: November 2017

Soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) play significant roles in forest carbon, nitrogen and nutrient cycling. The objective of the present study was to estimate the effect of management practices and nitrogen (N) deposition on soil DOC and DON in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz) plantations. This experiment, conducted for over 36 months, investigated the effects of four N addition levels (30, 60 and 90 kg N ha−1 year−1, and the N-free control) and two management practices (conventional management (CM) and intensive management (IM)) on DOC and DON. The results showed that DOC and DON concentrations were the highest in summer. Both intensive management and N deposition independently decreased DOC and DON in spring (p < 0.05) but not in winter. However, when combined with IM, N deposition increased DOC and DON in spring and winter (p < 0.05). Our results demonstrated that N deposition significantly increased the loss of soil DOC and DON in Moso plantations, and this reduction was strongly affected by IM practices and varied seasonally. Therefore, management practices and seasonal variation should be considered when using ecological models to estimate the effects of N deposition on soil DOC and DON in plantation ecosystems.
Blockchain-Empowered Fair Computational Resource Sharing System in the D2D Network
Authors: Hong Zhen , Wang Zehua , Cai Wei , Leung Victor
Published: November 2017

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is becoming an increasingly important technology in future networks with the climbing demand for local services. For instance, resource sharing in the D2D network features ubiquitous availability, flexibility, low latency and low cost. However, these features also bring along challenges when building a satisfactory resource sharing system in the D2D network. Specifically, user mobility is one of the top concerns for designing a cooperative D2D computational resource sharing system since mutual communication may not be stably available due to user mobility. A previous endeavour has demonstrated and proven how connectivity can be incorporated into cooperative task scheduling among users in the D2D network to effectively lower average task execution time. There are doubts about whether this type of task scheduling scheme, though effective, presents fairness among users. In other words, it can be unfair for users who contribute many computational resources while receiving little when in need. In this paper, we propose a novel blockchain-based credit system that can be incorporated into the connectivity-aware task scheduling scheme to enforce fairness among users in the D2D network. Users’ computational task cooperation will be recorded on the public blockchain ledger in the system as transactions, and each user’s credit balance can be easily accessible from the ledger. A supernode at the base station is responsible for scheduling cooperative computational tasks based on user mobility and user credit balance. We investigated the performance of the credit system, and simulation results showed that with a minor sacrifice of average task execution time, the level of fairness can obtain a major enhancement.
Study of Mobility Enhancements for RPL in Convergecast Scenarios
Authors: Wang Jinpeng , Chalhoub Gérard
Published: November 2017

In recent years, mobility support has become an important requirement in various wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. However, due to the strict resource constraints of power, memory, and processing resources in WSNs, routing protocols are mainly designed without considering mobility. Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) are a special type of WSNs that tolerate data loss. The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a routing protocol for LLNs that adapts IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) and runs on top of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.15.4 standard. RPL supports multipoint-to-point traffic and point-to-multipoint traffic. In this paper we propose a mobility enhancement mechanism in order to improve data collection applications in highly mobile scenarios. The enhancement is based on signal strength monitoring and depth updating in order to improve the routing protocol performance in mobile scenarios. This enhancement helps routing protocols to cope better with topology changes and makes proactive decisions on updating next-hop neighbours. We integrated this mechanism into the RPL and compared it with other existing RPL mobility support enhancements. Results obtained through simulation using Cooja show that our work outperforms other existing RPL mobility supports on different performance metrics. Results also prove the efficiency of our proposal in highly mobile scenarios.
Contribution-Based Grouping under Noise
Authors: Nax Heinrich , Murphy Ryan , Duca Stefano , Helbing Dirk
Published: November 2017

Many real-world mechanisms are “noisy” or “fuzzy”, that is the institutions in place to implement them operate with non-negligible degrees of imprecision and error. This observation raises the more general question of whether mechanisms that work in theory are also robust to more realistic assumptions such as noise. In this paper, in the context of voluntary contribution games, we focus on a mechanism known as “contribution-based competitive grouping”. First, we analyze how the mechanism works under noise and what happens when other assumptions such as population homogeneity are relaxed. Second, we investigate the welfare properties of the mechanism, interpreting noise as a policy instrument, and we use logit dynamic simulations to formulate mechanism design recommendations.
New Insights into Phasmatodea Chromosomes
Authors: Liehr Thomas , Buleu Olesya , Karamysheva Tatyana , Bugrov Alexander , Rubtsov Nikolai
Published: November 2017

Currently, approximately 3000 species of stick insects are known; however, chromosome numbers, which range between 21 and 88, are known for only a few of these insects. Also, centromere banding staining (C-banding) patterns were described for fewer than 10 species, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied exclusively in two Leptynia species. Interestingly, 10–25% of stick insects (Phasmatodea) are obligatory or facultative parthenogenetic. As clonal and/or bisexual reproduction can affect chromosomal evolution, stick insect karyotypes need to be studied more intensely. Chromosome preparation from embryos of five Phasmatodea species (Medauroidea extradentata, Sungaya inexpectata, Sipyloidea sipylus, Phaenopharos khaoyaiensis, and Peruphasma schultei) from four families were studied here by C-banding and FISH applying ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) and telomeric repeat probes. For three species, data on chromosome numbers and structure were obtained here for the first time, i.e., S. inexpectata, P. khaoyaiensis, and P. schultei. Large C-positive regions enriched with rDNA were identified in all five studied, distantly related species. Some of these C-positive blocks were enriched for telomeric repeats, as well. Chromosomal evolution of stick insects is characterized by variations in chromosome numbers as well as transposition and amplification of repetitive DNA sequences. Here, the first steps were made towards identification of individual chromosomes in Phasmatodea.
Identification of the Caprine Keratin-Associated Protein 20-2 (KAP20-2) Gene and Its Effect on Cashmere Traits
Authors: Wang Jiqing , Che Longjie , Hickford Jon , Zhou Huitong , Hao Zhiyun , Luo Yuzhu , Hu Jiang , Liu Xiu , Li Shaobin
Published: November 2017

The gene encoding the high glycine/tyrosine keratin-associated protein 20-2 (KAP20-2) gene has been described in humans, but has not been identified in any livestock species. A search for similar sequences in the caprine genome using the human KAP20-2 gene (KRTAP20-2) revealed a homologous sequence on chromosome 1. Three different banding patterns representing distinct sequences (A–C) in Longdong cashmere goats were identified using polymerase chain reaction-single stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis. These sequences shared high sequence similarity with the human and mouse KRTAP20-2 sequences, suggesting that A–C are caprine variants of the human and mouse genes. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, and three of them were non-synonymous. KRTAP20-2 was found to be expressed in secondary hair follicles, but not in heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, or longissimus dorsi muscle. The presence of A was associated with increased cashmere fibre weight, while the presence of B was associated with a decrease in cashmere fibre weight and curly fibre length. Goats with genotype AA had a higher cashmere fibre weight and a higher curly fibre length than those with genotypes AB or BB. These results indicate that caprine KRTAP20-2 variation may have value as a genetic marker for improving cashmere fibre weight.
Flanking Variation Influences Rates of Stutter in Simple Repeats
Authors: Woerner August , King Jonathan , Budowle Bruce
Published: November 2017

It has been posited that the longest uninterrupted stretch (LUS) of tandem repeats, as defined by the number of exactly matching repeating motif units, is a better predictor of rates of stutter than the parental allele length (PAL). While there are cases where this hypothesis is likely correct, such as the 9.3 allele in the TH01 locus, there can be situations where it may not apply as well. For example, the PAL may capture flanking indel variations while remaining insensitive to polymorphisms in the repeat, and these haplotypic changes may impact the stutter rate. To address this, rates of stutter were contrasted against the LUS as well as the PAL on different flanking haplotypic backgrounds. This study shows that rates of stutter can vary substantially depending on the flanking haplotype, and while there are cases where the LUS is a better predictor of stutter than the PAL, examples to the contrary are apparent in commonly assayed forensic markers. Further, flanking variation that is 7 bp from the repeat region can impact rates of stutter. These findings suggest that non-proximal effects, such as DNA secondary structure, may be impacting the rates of stutter in common forensic short tandem repeat markers.
Evolutionarily Distant Streptophyta Respond Differently to Genotoxic Stress
Authors: Vágnerová Radka , Lukešová Alena , Lukeš Martin , Rožnovská Petra , Holá Marcela , Fulnečková Jana , Fajkus Jiří , Angelis Karel J.
Published: November 2017

Research in algae usually focuses on the description and characterization of morpho—and phenotype as a result of adaptation to a particular habitat and its conditions. To better understand the evolution of lineages we characterized responses of filamentous streptophyte green algae of the genera Klebsormidium and Zygnema, and of a land plant—the moss Physcomitrella patens—to genotoxic stress that might be relevant to their environment. We studied the induction and repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) elicited by the radiomimetic drug bleomycin, DNA single strand breaks (SSB) as consequence of base modification by the alkylation agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and of ultra violet (UV)-induced photo-dimers, because the mode of action of these three genotoxic agents is well understood. We show that the Klebsormidium and Physcomitrella are similarly sensitive to introduced DNA lesions and have similar rates of DSBs repair. In contrast, less DNA damage and higher repair rate of DSBs was detected in Zygnema, suggesting different mechanisms of maintaining genome integrity in response to genotoxic stress. Nevertheless, contrary to fewer detected lesions is Zygnema more sensitive to genotoxic treatment than Klebsormidium and Physcomitrella
Present Glaciers and Their Dynamics in the Arid Parts of the Altai Mountains
Authors: Ganyushkin Dmitry , Chistyakov Kirill , Volkov Ilya , Bantcev Dmitry , Kunaeva Elena , Terekhov Anton
Published: November 2017

This research is based on multiyear in-situ observations, analysis of satellite and aerial imagery, meteorological data, and mass balance index calculations. Presently, 659 glaciers cover a total area of 322.1 km2. We identified four favorable, two neutral, and five unfavorable longer intervals of glacier development since 1940. A decelerating of glacial retreat took place in the 1960s and in the late 1980s/early 1990s. The strong decline in glacial mass between 1995 and 2009 resulted in a fast reduction of the glacial area (0.9% year−1 on the northern slope of Tavan Bogd, 1.5% year−1 at Mongun-Taiga), mostly due to the degradation of small glaciers; after 2009, the glacial loss slowed down. Large valley glaciers behaved asynchronously until recently, when their retreat accelerated rapidly reaching in some cases over 40 m∙year−1. Degradation of the accumulation zone and separation of the debris-covered parts of the glaciers are characteristic for the glacial retreat in the region of research. The time of reaction of the fronts of four valley glaciers of Mongun-Taiga and the northern slope of Tavan Bogd on climatic fluctuations is estimated between 11 and 20 years. Over the next decade, high rates of glacial degradation are expected.
Using Gamma and Quantile Regressions to Explore the Association between Job Strain and Adiposity in the ELSA-Brasil Study: Does Gender Matter?
Authors: Fonseca Maria , Juvanhol Leidjaira , Rotenberg Lúcia , Nobre Aline , Griep Rosane , Alves Márcia , Cardoso Letícia , Giatti Luana , Nunes Maria , Aquino Estela , Chor Dóra
Published: November 2017

This paper explores the association between job strain and adiposity, using two statistical analysis approaches and considering the role of gender. The research evaluated 11,960 active baseline participants (2008–2010) in the ELSA-Brasil study. Job strain was evaluated through a demand–control questionnaire, while body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated in continuous form. The associations were estimated using gamma regression models with an identity link function. Quantile regression models were also estimated from the final set of co-variables established by gamma regression. The relationship that was found varied by analytical approach and gender. Among the women, no association was observed between job strain and adiposity in the fitted gamma models. In the quantile models, a pattern of increasing effects of high strain was observed at higher BMI and WC distribution quantiles. Among the men, high strain was associated with adiposity in the gamma regression models. However, when quantile regression was used, that association was found not to be homogeneous across outcome distributions. In addition, in the quantile models an association was observed between active jobs and BMI. Our results point to an association between job strain and adiposity, which follows a heterogeneous pattern. Modelling strategies can produce different results and should, accordingly, be used to complement one another.