bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
أثر تطبيق مبادئ الجودة الشاملة في الأداء الاستراتيجي دراسة حالة شركة يمن موبايل للهاتف النقال
Authors: تاج الدين بشير علي فرحان , المخلافي عبد العزيز محمد أحمد
Published: September 2024

هدف البحث إلى تحديد أثر تطبيق مبادئ الجودة الشاملة (التزام الإدارة العليا بالجودة، التركيز على العملاء وجمهور المستفيدين، مشاركة العاملين، التحسين والتطوير المستمر، التركيز على العمليات) في الأداء الاستراتيجي في شركة يمن موبايل، ومعرفة مستوى تطبيق مبادئ الجودة الشاملة، وكذلك معرفة مستوى الأداء الاستراتيجي، واستخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، كما استخدم الاستبانة أداة، وتكوّن مجتمع البحث من جميع العاملين في شركة يمن موبايل تحت المسميات الوظيفية (رئيس مجلس الإدارة، المدير التنفيذي، مساعد المدير التنفيذي، مدير إدارة، رئيس قسم، مشرف، مختص) البالغ عددهم (543) موظفاً، واختيرت العينة بأسلوب العينة الطبقية العشوائية حيث بلغ حجم العينة (225) موظفاً. توصل البحث إلى العديد من الاستنتاجات أهمها: وجود أثر ذي دلالة إحصائية لمبادئ إدارة الجودة الشاملة في الأداء الاستراتيجي في شركة يمن موبايل، أن مستوى تطبيق مبادئ الجودة الشاملة في شركة يمن موبايل حصل على درجة متوسطة، أن مستوى الأداء الاستراتيجي في شركة يمن موبايل حصل على درجة عالية، وقدم البحث العديد من التوصيات أهمها: أن شركة يمن موبايل بحاجة إلى بذل المزيد من الاهتمام بتطبيق مبادئ الجودة الشاملة في الشركة في جميع أنشطتها ووظائفها بوصفها عوامل رئيسة في تحسين الأداء الاستراتيجي، على إدارة الشركة الاستمرار في تعزيز المركز التنافسي عن طريق تقديم خدمات ذات جودة عالية تلبي رغبات جميع فئات المجتمع وبأسعار منافسة.
أثر تمكين العاملين في الإبداع الإداري في قطاع الاتصالات اليمنية
Authors: المطاع محمد أحمد محمد , المخلافي عبد العزيز محمد أحمد
Published: September 2024

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد أثر تمكين العاملين في الإبداع الإداري في قطاع الاتصالات اليمنية، واستخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، ولجمع البيانات الميدانية اعتمدا على أداة الاستبانة، وكان حجم مجتمع الدراسة (4266) عنصراً، وتم أخذ عينة باستخدام أسلوب العينة العشوائية الطبقية تمثل حجمها ب(352) مفردة، وكانت أبرز نتائج الدراسة ما يلي :- إن مستوى تمكين العاملين في قطاع الاتصالات اليمنية من وجهة نظر العاملين إجمالاً كان متوسطاً؛ حيث حصل على متوسط حسابي مقداره (4.31) بانحراف معياري (0.87) وبنسبة (61.57%) كما بينت نتائج الدراسة أن مستوى توفر الإبداع الإداري في قطاع الاتصالات اليمنية من وجهة نظر العاملين كان مرتفعاً؛ حيث حصل على متوسط حسابي مقداره (4.83) بانحراف معياري (0.71) وبنسبة (69%)  وبينت نتائج الدراسة أنه يوجد أثر ذو دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى دلالة (α≤0.05)  لتمكين العاملين بأبعاده (تفويض السلطة، التدريب، التحفيز، فريق العمل، المشاركة في اتخاذ القرارات) في الإبداع الإداري في قطاع الاتصالات اليمنية، وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة تهيئة المناخ التنظيمي الملائم لتطبيق مفهوم التمكين الإداري وتطوير نظام حوافز يتسم بالعدالة والموضوعية، وتنظيم الدورات التدريبية لجميع العاملين وتحديثها باستمرار، وتوزيع العمل بشكل جماعي، وتقديم الدعم والمساعدة للعاملين وتشجيعهم على تبني الأفكار الجديدة وعدم التردد في تطبيقها وتحمل مسؤولية النتائج بغض النظر عن المخاطر، وتوعية الموظفين بأهمية موقعهم كعنصر مهم وفعال في الإدارة.
علم النفس الإيجابي بين التنظير وواقع الممارسة
Authors: الحزمي طاهر قايد غالب
Published: September 2024

يهدف البحث الحالي إلى التعريف بعلم النفس الإيجابي ودوره ومجالاته وأهدافه، ومن خلال الاطلاع على ما كتب في هذا العلم اتضح الآتي:
يعتبر علم النفس الإيجابي البوابة أو المدخل الذي من خلاله يمكن تحقيق التوازن وتصحيح المسار السيكولوجي وهو منهج تنموي للفضائل والقدرات، ومنهج وقائي من المرض، وعلاجي في ذات الوقت ومن أسمائه: علم النفس الإيجابي أو السيكولوجية الإيجابية، علم السعادة، علم مكامن القوة الإنسانية وعلم اقتدار الإنسان.
وهو توجه حديث يقوم بدراسة الخبرة الذاتية والمشاعر الإيجابية، السمات الإيجابية، الحياة ذات المعنى والانفعالات الإيجابية، ويعمل على مستوى الفرد والجماعة في الماضي والحاضر والمستقبل.
ويقدم علم النفس الإيجابي قائمة مؤشرات إيجابية للصحة النفسية تتمثل في محورين أولهما: قياس الحيوية العاطفية، والثاني: قياس النشاط الوظيفي الإيجابي، ويشكل المحورين الوجه النقيض للائحة العيادية المرضية.
ويؤكد علماء النفس الإيجابي على أن توظيف الإنسان لخصائصه الإيجابية وقدراته ومواهبه وفضائل النفس يحقق له الحياة السعيدة أو الحياة الطيبة، ويهدف هذا العلم إلى تحقيق التوازن السيكولوجي بين النموذج الإيجابي والنموذج المرضي في الممارسة والتطبيق، وتوجيه الاهتمام والدراسة نحو المرونة النفسية وجودة الحياة بدلاً من الانهماك في المرض وعوامله وأسبابه.
دور القيادة الاستراتيجية في إدارة الأزمات بوزارة السياحة في الجمهورية اليمنية
Authors: سعيد محمد احمد غالب
Published: September 2024

هدف البحث إلى تعرف دور القيادة الاستراتيجية في إدارة الأزمات بوزارة السياحة في الجمهورية اليمنية، واعتمد الباحث على المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي، وتمثل مجتمع البحث في موظفي الوزارة من مختلف المستويات القيادية والإدارية بديوان عام وزارة السياحة ومجلس الترويج السياحي بأمانة العاصمة صنعاء، وعددهم (117) موظفاً وموظفة، واستخدم الباحث أسلوب الحصر الشامل؛ لأن مجتمع البحث صغيرٌ. وجُمعت البيانات بواسطة استخدام أداة الاستبانة، كما استخدمت الدراسة برنامج التحليل الإحصائي (27SPSS,) لإدخال البيانات ومعالجتها واختبار الفرضيات، وقد توصل البحث إلى عدد من النتائج، أبرزها: أن دور القيادة الاستراتيجية بأبعادها المختلفة بوزارة السياحة من وجهة نظر عينة البحث جاء بمستوى متوسط بوزن نسبي(57%)، كما أن واقع إدارة الأزمات بمراحلها المختلفة بوزارة السياحة من وجهة نظر عينة البحث جاء بمستوى منخفض بوزن نسبي(51%)، كما توصل البحث إلى وجود علاقة ارتباط طردية موجبة بين ممارسة القيادة الاستراتيجية وإدارة الأزمات، وهو ما يعزز دورها في إدارة الأزمات، وأن هناك دوراً دالًّا إحصائيًّا للقيادة الاستراتيجية في إدارة الأزمات بوزارة السياحة في الجمهورية اليمنية، وتوصل الباحث إلى عدد من التوصيات، أهمها: ينبغي على وزارة السياحة العمل على تعزيز مفهوم القيادة الاستراتيجية لدى قياداتها؛ نظراً لدورها المهم في القدرة على التنبؤ وتمكين الموظفين في إدارة الأزمات عن طريق عقد المؤتمرات المتخصصة، وإعطاء المزيد من الاهتمام بتطبيق ممارساتها المختلفة عبر الدورات التدريبية التخصصية في مجال القيادة الاستراتيجية وإدارة الأزمات، وتأهيل وتفعيل وحدة الطوارئ السياحية بوزارة السياحة بشريًّا وماليًّا وفنيًّا، وتجهيزها بوسائل التقنية الحديثة كافة، والاستفادة من موارد صندوق الترويج السياحي، وإعداد خطة عاجلة لإدارة مرحلة التعافي لقطاع السياحة في الجمهورية اليمنية.
دور الشهيد القائد حسين بن بدر الدين الحوثي في تعزيز الوعي بأهمية المقاطعة الاقتصادية
Authors: مطهر أحمد محمد عبده
Published: September 2024

يهدف هذا البحث إلى إبراز الدور المميز للشهيد القائد في تعزيز الوعي بأهمية المقاطعة الاقتصادية، وأن المقاطعة الاقتصادية ركيزة من ركائز المشروع العملي في منهج الشهيد القائد، وتكمن أهمية البحث في علاقته المباشرة بالجانب الاقتصادي الذي هو صلب قوام الدول وشريان حياتها.
واستخدم في البحث المنهجين: الوصفي والاستقرائي، واقتصر البحث في المبحث الأول على التعريف بمصطلحات البحث، وفي المبحث الثاني على أهداف المقاطعة الاقتصادية، ودور الشهيد القائد في تعزيز الوعي بأهميتها، وقد خلص البحث إلى نتائج من أبرزها:

إن المقاطعة الاقتصادية وسيلة لتعزيز العامل الذاتي، والاقتصاد الوطني وتطوير القدرة الإنتاجية، ويُعد الاكتفاء الذاتي من كمال الإيمان في مواجهة أعداء الإسلام، وإن تحقيق المسلمين للاكتفاء الذاتي في قوتهم الضروري سيجعلهم قادرين على مواجهة أعدائهم.
إن للمقاطعة الاقتصادية أهميّتها البالغة كسلاح فعّال بيد العرب والمسلمين، الذين يستطيعون به ومن خلاله تركيع أعدائهم.
إن المقاطعة الاقتصادية مبدأ قرآني وسلاح فعّال ومؤثر في إطار التكافؤ بمعناه الحقيقي؛ ولا سيما في مواجهة الاستهداف الشامل من أعداء الإسلام.
موقف أشهر نحاة اليمن في القرن الثامن الهجري من المذاهب النحوية
Authors: الهزمي فايز صالح عبد الله
Published: September 2024

تهدف الدراسة إلى إظهار تراث أشهر النحويين اليمنيين في القرن الثامن الهجري، ومعرفة منهجهم في البحث، ومواقفهم من المذاهب النحوية، والآراء النحوية التي تفردوا بها، وأسلوبهم في ذلك.
وتظهر أهمية البحث في أنه يتناول المواقف والآراء النحوية لأشهر نحاة اليمن في القرن الثامن الهجري، إضافة إلى توضيح مختصر لمعنى الخلاف النحوي.
تمثلت مشكلة البحث في عدم وجود دراسات كافية تبين جهود أشهر نحاة اليمن في القرن الثامن الهجري، وعدم إظهار تلك الدراسات للمواقف التي تفردوا بها في آرائهم النحوية على حد علم الباحث. ويمكن تلخيص مشكلة البحث في عدد من الأسئلة التي تمت الإجابة عنها في مضمون البحث، وهي: ما الخلاف النحوي وما العوامل المؤثرة عليه. مَن أشهرُ نحاة اليمن في القرن الثامن الهجري، وما موقفهم من المذاهب النحوية ومسائل الخلاف النحوي، وما الآراء النحوية التي تفردوا بها؟
اتبع الباحث في هذه الدراسة المنهج الوصفي القائم على الاستقراء، والوصف، والتحليل، أما خطة الدراسة فقد اقتضت طبيعتها أن يتم تقسيم البحث المسمى بعنوان موقف أشهر نحاة اليمن في القرن الثامن الهجري من المذاهب النحوية، إلى: مقدمة تحتوي على خطة البحث، ثم توطئة، وثلاثة مباحث، اشتمل المبحث الأول على الخلاف النحوي وعوامل ظهوره، فيما احتوى المبحث الثاني على موقف أشهر نحاة اليمن في القرن الثامن الهجري من نحاة المذهب البصري، أما المبحث الثالث فقد احتوى على موقف أشهر نحاة اليمن من نحاة المذهب الكوفي، وخُتم البحث بخاتمة تضمنت أبرز النتائج وتوصيات عامة، ثم قائمة بالمراجع.
التَّحْفَةُ المُسْلِيَةُ لـ (محمد بن يحيى مُرْغُم ت 1380هـ) تَخْمِيْسُ القَصِيْدَةِ المُنْشِيَةْ لـ (الحسن بن علي بن جابر الهَبَل ت 1079هـ)
Authors: شرف الدين محمد عبد الله يحيى
Published: September 2024

تهدف هذا الدراسة والتحقيق إلى تقديم المخطوطة: التحفة المسلية لـ (محمد بن يحيى مرغم) تخميس القصيدة المنشية لـ (الحسن بن علي بن جابر الهبل) كما أرادها مؤلفها، ثم معرفة محتواها الشعري من حيث القيم الجمالية والفنية، مع الاهتمام بتقصي ترجمة وافية للمؤلف العلامة الشاعر محمد بن يحيى مرغم المتوفى عام 1380 للهجرة' من نشأته ودراسته ومشائخه وحياته العلمية ومؤلفاته، فتحقق تقديم شخصية علمية مغمورة غفلته كتب التراجم.
أمَّا قصيدته (التحفة المسلية)، فتعد من الشعر الفصيح، وقد واكبت لغتها وتراكيبها وصورها وأخيلتها القصيدة المنشية المخمسة، وتمازجتا كأنهما كيان واحد، وخلصت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها:

تحقيق القصيدة المسلية تحقيقًا علميًّا.
التخميس عملية شعرية معقدة استطاع الشاعر مرغم تنفيذها بحرفية بالغة الإبداع، ومرجع ذلك إلى شاعريته وملكته اللغوية والتركيبية.
التوثيق العلمي لترجمة وافية لمرغم، حيث كان علمه ينفتح على علوم اللغة والأدب ناهيك بالعلوم الدينية ومكانته الاجتماعية، حيث وظف علمه في إصلاح المجتمع.

وأهم التوصيات:

الدعوة إلى الاهتمام بدراسة وتحقيق مؤلفات مرغم خاصة والمخطوطات اليمنية عامة.
اعتماد مادة (تحقيق المخطوطات) لتدرس في مرحلة البكالوريوس في الجامعات اليمنية مع مراعات خصوصية التخصصات.
إلزام طلاب الدراسات العليا في الجامعات اليمنية على دراسة وتحقيق المخطوطات اليمنية.
ضرورة الاهتمام بتحقيق المخطوطات اليمنية ليستفيد منه الباحثون والدارسون.
الأساليب الإقناعية وتقنيات الدعاية في خطابات الناطق الرسمي لكتائب القسام في حركة حماس (أبو عبيدة) خلال معركة طوفان الأقصى
Authors: أبوضهير فريد عبد الفتاح , علاونة نيفين نسيم , أبو الرب دعاء سيف الدين , حمدان بان شعبان
Published: September 2024

هدفت الدراسة إلى رصد الأساليب الإقناعية وتقنيات الدعاية المستخدمة في الخطاب الإعلامي للناطق الرسمي لكتائب القسام (أبو عبيدة) خلال معركة طوفان الأقصى (2023/2024) وتحليلها. ولتحقيق هدف الدارسة تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي والاعتماد على أداة تحليل مضمون عينة من خطابات أبي عبيدة. وتكوّن مجتمع الدراسة من جميع خطابات الناطق باسم كتائب القسام أبو عبيدة، والمتعلقة حصريًّا بحرب "طوفان الأقصى"، وتم اختيار عينة عمدية، بلغت (16) خطاباً خلال الفترة الزمنية من السابع من أكتوبر (2023) حتّى الثالث من مارس (2024). وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن الخطابات تناولت أهدافَ عمليةِ طوفان الأقصى، وموضوع الأسرى الفلسطينيين في سجون الاحتلال، وبطولات المقاومة وإنجازاتها خلال الحرب، والخسائر البشرية والمادية واللوجستية لجيش الاحتلال. واشتملت الخطابات على الاستمالات الخطابية الثلاثة: المنطق (اللوجوس)، والمصداقية (الإيثوس)، والعاطفة (الباثوس)، من خلال تقديم الحجج والأدلة والإحصاءات، وتبرير أهداف عملية طوفان الاقصى السياسية لإقناع الفلسطينيين وشعوب العالم، وملامسة مشاعرهم لكسب تأييدهم للمقاومة والقضية الفلسطينية. كما واستخدم أبو عبيدة عددا من التقنيات الدعائية في خطاباته، مثل: العموميات البراقة، وحشد التأييد الشعبي، والتسمية السلبية، وغيرها من التقنيات لتحقيق أهداف المقاومة بدقة وإيجاز. ووجه خطابه إلى الأمتين: العربية والإسلامية، وشعوب العالم عامة، وكذلك إلى الشعب الإسرائيلي وجيشه.
Analyses of Biometric Growth Parameters, Feeding Composition and Fisheries Aspects of Auxis thazard (Frigate Tuna) of the East, West and South Coasts of Sri Lanka
Authors: Rathnayaka Hasini , Perera Hadinnapola Appuhamilage Chintha Crishanthi , Perera Lashanthi
Published: September 2024

This study examines the biometric parameters of Auxis thazard, a commercially significant neritic tuna species in Sri Lanka, after primary and secondary data analyses. In secondary data analysis, data following the year 2017 were obtained from the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources for a comparative study of Western, Southern and Eastern coasts. The Length-Weight Relationships (LWR) for Auxis thazard in West, South and East coasts were W= 0.0012TL^3.6586, W = 0.0026TL^3.4846 and W = 0.0147TL^2.951. The pooled regression coefficient (‘b’) values indicated positive allometric growth in West and South, and isometric growth in East. The condition factor showed relatively healthy conditions in fish for West and South and poor condition for East. The gillnets reported 98% of catches in West and ringnets reported. 68% and 67% of catches in South and East respectively. The primary data analysis was conducted in the West coast from November 2021 to February 2022. The LWR was W= 0.0114TL^3.0366 indicating isometric growth and fish were relatively healthy. Shrimps were the most preferred prey item at each stomach fullness level. The percentages below 29.5 (length at first maturity reports by FishBase) included 18.8, 39.2 and 34.0 for West, South and East suggesting continuous fish landing monitoring.
Radikalleşme ve Şiddet İçeren Aşırıcılığı Uzaklarda Önlemek: Afrika Boynuzu’nda Şiddet İçeren Aşırıcılığa Karşı Direncin Güçlendirilmesi
Authors: Kılıç Kaan
Published: September 2024

Göç hareketleri vasıtasıyla topraklarını terk eden bireyler, radikalleşme ve aşırıcılığın yıkıcı etkilerine karşı savunmasız durumda olarak kabul edilmektedir. Avrupa toplumu için en büyük tehditlerden birisi, Kuzey Afrika ve Ortadoğu kaynaklı göçlerle birlikte Avrupa’nın sosyokültürel yapısının bozulmasıdır. Ayrıca Avrupa’da doğan ve çatışma bölgelerine gidip gelerek şiddet pratiği kazanan bireylerin varlığı da Avrupa’nın güvenliğini tehdit etmektedir. Avrupa Birliği (AB) ülkeleri bu tehditleri bertaraf etmek ve Afrika üzerindeki sosyoekonomik çıkarlarını koruyabilmek maksadıyla şiddet içeren aşırıcılık ve radikalleşme ile mücadele projeleri tasarlamaktadır. Bu girişimlerden bir tanesi, Şiddet İçeren Aşırıcılığa Karşı Direncin Güçlendirilmesi (Strengthening Resilience to Violent Extremism – STRIVE) isimli projedir. Afrika Boynuzu özelinde tasarlanan projenin genel hedefi, bölgedeki ülkelerde insan haklarını gözeterek, uluslararası hukuka bağlı bir şekilde terörizmi önlemek ve şiddet içeren aşırıcılıkla mücadele etmektir. Ancak AB tarafından gerçekleştirilen projelerde, bölgedeki yerel halk tarafından yanlış anlaşılabilecek ya da sosyal dokuda uyumsuzluğa neden olabilecek faaliyetlerin yapıldığı da görülmektedir. Gerçekleştirilen bazı faaliyetlerin, radikalleşmenin etkilerini azaltmak bir yana topluluklar üzerinde daha da radikalleştirici etkilere sahip olabileceği unutulmamalıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, AB’nin Afrika Boynuzu’na yönelik geliştirmiş olduğu radikalleşme ve şiddet içeren aşırıcılıkla mücadele programlarının radikalleşme üzerine olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerini incelemektir.
Avrupa Birliği’nde Göç ve Popülizm: Fransa ve Ulusal Cephe (Front National)
Authors: Gedik Ahmet
Published: September 2024

2010 yılı sonunda etkisini gösteren Arap Baharı ile milyonlarca Suriyeli için nihai hedef olarak görülen Batı Avrupa’ya yönelen göç ciddi bir tehdit algısı oluşturmuştur. Artan uluslararası göçün AB ülkelerinde liderlerin popülist söylemleriyle güvenlikleştirme konusu haline gelmesi ve bunun sonuncunda bir tehdit olarak algılanması yıllardır tartışılırken, 2021 yılında ABD’nin Afganistan’dan çekilmesi ve Afganların, AB’ye yönelik göçünün kamuoyunda dikkat çekici hale bürünmesi popülist söylemlerin ön plana çıkmasına yol açmıştır. AB ülkelerindeki göç politikaları, AB’nin temel normlarından uzaklaşırken ülkeler kendi göç politikaları ve söylemleriyle göç ve göçmen algısını şekillendirmeye başlamıştır. Örneğin Fransa’nın göç politikalarına bakıldığında, AB içerisinde göç konusuna en tedbirli yaklaşan ülkelerden biri olduğu görülmektedir. Arap Baharı’nın başladığı bölgelerden göç akınını engellemeye çalışırken, mevcut göçmen nüfusunu artırmak istememekte ve bunu da AB çatısı altında Frontex gibi kurumların güçlendirilmesiyle sağlamaya çalışmaktadır. Bu bakımdan, göçe ve göçmenliğe ilişkin popülist söylemin siyasete en çok yansıdığı ülke Fransa’dır. Bunun sonucunda da FN ve aşırı sağ hareketler siyasal olarak yükselmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, Fransa özelinde AB liderlerinin aşırı sağcı ve popülist söylemleri ile göç akınını bir tehdit unsuru olarak güvenlikleştirilerek nasıl etkilediği irdelenmiştir. Göç karşıtlığı, aşırı sağ hareketlerin daha tercih edilebilir ve seçmen gözünde daha ılımlı görünmelerini mi sağlamaktadır? FN’in aşırı sağdan giderek merkeze yaklaşması ve popülist söylemin etkisi bu çalışmanın temel odak noktasıdır.
Morocco, at the Heart of the Harmonization of the African Union's Migration Policies: Context, Complexity, Diversity, Effects and Challenges
Authors: Charef Mohamed , Bouchfar Yasmine
Published: September 2024

Since the mid-1980s, the European Union has adopted a cautious attitude to migratory flows. It has constantly stepped up initiatives to combat immigration, by tightening border controls and reducing the granting of visas, thereby forcing would-be emigrants to look for alternatives. At the same time, Africa is facing unique migration challenges. The consequences of colonization, the imposition of capitalist relations and the development of an extroverted economy, among others, continue to influence current migration dynamics. Persistent economic crises, exacerbated by inequitable global economic policies, are driving many people to seek better opportunities elsewhere. In addition, the effects of climate change, such as desertification, droughts and floods, are intensifying migratory pressures. African countries therefore need to develop effective migration policies to govern migratory flows and respond to geopolitical challenges. It is crucial to put in place regional and international cooperation mechanisms to manage migration in a coordinated and humane manner. This means thinking carefully about migration issues, considering the historical, economic and political realities that shape them. This issue must be at the heart of the concerns of States and the African Union.
It is true that attempts are being made at continental level, such as the Kampala Convention and the establishment of the African Continental Free Trade Area (ACFTA), but these measures can only be truly appreciated if they are applied on the ground.
Düzensiz Göçmen ve Sağlık Hakkı: Düzensiz Göçmenlerin Sağlık Hizmetlerinden Yararlanabilme Hakkına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme
Authors: Tarlansoy Beyrak
Published: September 2024

Göçmen ve düzensiz göçmen sorunu uluslararası literatürde üzerinde en fazla durulan kavramlardan biridir. Özellikle düzensiz göçmenlerin daha iyi yaşam dolayısıyla kendi yerlerini terk etmek zorunda kalmaları onların birtakım zorluklarla karşılaşmalarına neden olmaktadır. Göç ettikleri yerlerde yaranan temel ihtiyaç sorunları ve onların çözüm yolları düzensiz göçmenlerin hayatlarını zorlamaktadır. Bahsi geçen temel ihtiyaçların başında sağlık hizmetlerinden yararlanabilme hakkı ve ilgili sağlık hizmetlerine erişim desteği ilgili uluslararası literatür açısından daha fazla öne çıkmaktadır.
Sağlık hakkı denilen sosyal hak uluslararası örgütler ve özellikle Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından herkesin sosyal dışlanma ve ayrımcılığa maruz kalmadan sağlık hizmetlerinden yararlanabilmesini öngörmektedir. Uluslararası örgütler düzensiz göçmenlerin sağlık hakkına sahip olmasına ilişkin pozitif yönde kararlar almasına rağmen ilgili göçmenlerin zaman zaman sağlık hizmetlerine erişimi farklı nedenlerle engellenebiliyor. Ancak, sağlık hakkı denilen sosyal hak herkesin sağlık hizmetine erişimini daha adil ve eşitlik ilkesi çerçevesinde erişilebilir kılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu engellerin aradan kaldırılması düzensiz göçmenlerin daha kolay bir şekilde sağlık hizmetlerine erişimini gerektirmektedir.
Bu araştırma, düzensiz göçmenlerin sağlık hakkını konu edinmektedir. Araştırma süresince, düzensiz göçmenlerin sağlık hakkına ilişkin haklar, engeller ve ilgili engellerin aradan kaldırılması modelleri, onların yenilenmesi ve daha sistematik yaklaşımlarla değiştirilmesine vurgu yapmaktadır. Araştırmada öngörülen yaklaşım, sağlık hizmetlerine erişimin elde edilmesinde düzensiz göçmenlerin hukuki statülerinin ön şart olarak öne sürülmemesidir. Dolayısıyla bahsedilen yaklaşım, düzensiz göçmenlerin sağlık hakkına sahip olmasını “haklara sahip olma hakkı” ilkesi temelinde değerlendirilmesini öngörmektedir.
Geçiş ve AB Üyelik Sürecinde Bulgaristan’da Göç, Siyasi Temsil ve Milliyetçilik
Authors: Şen Seyhan
Published: September 2024

Tarihsel olarak göç veren bir ülke olarak nitelendirilen Bulgaristan’da yakın zamana kadar yaşanan kitlesel göçlerin büyük bir bölümünü ülkede yaşayan Türkler ve diğer etnik gruplar oluşturmuştur. Farklı etnik kimliklerden oluşan toplulukları mümkün olduğunca ülke dışına göçe zorlamak ve Bulgaristan’da etnik açıdan homojen bir nüfus yapısı oluşturma yönündeki milliyetçi politikanın bir sonucu olan bu göçlerin son örneğini 1989 yılındaki Zorunlu Göç oluşturmuştur. Geçiş süreci ise tüm kesimden vatandaşların gelişmiş ülkelere göç ettiği yeni bir dönemin başlangıcı olmuştur. 1989 zorunlu göçü ve öncesindekiler siyasi saiklerin bir sonucu iken, geçiş sürecinden sonraki göçler ağırlıklı olarak ekonomik ve toplumsal nedenlerden kaynaklanmıştır. Geçiş ve AB süreçlerinde toplumsal güçlerde ve siyasi parti sisteminde yaşanan değişim ülke içindeki azınlık ve etnik gruplar ile yurt dışına göç etmiş vatandaşların siyasi temsili bakımından gerilimli ve ikircikli bir durum meydana getirmiştir. 2009 seçimleri sonrasında aşırı sağcı ve milliyetçi partilerin iktidar ortaklığına kadar yükselmesiyle birlikte yeni bir aşamaya girilmiştir. Bir taraftan seçme ve seçilme hakkına ilişkin düzenlemelerde vatandaşların ikamet ettikleri ülke ve ikinci bir vatandaşlığa sahip olma durumuna göre farklılaştırma yapılmıştır. Diğer taraftan ise uygulamada özellikle Türkiye’de yaşayan vatandaşların kullandığı oylara karşı söylem ve yargı süreci yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışma, Bulgaristan’da siyasi temsil ve milliyetçilik etkileşimini kuramsal olarak Avrupalılaşma çerçevesinde siyasi parti sistemi ve yurt dışında yaşayan vatandaşların seçme ve seçilme hakları üzerinden ele almaktadır.
Implementación de sensores fibra óptica del tipo rejilla de Bragg en banco de pruebas de análisis rotodinámicos
Authors:   Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIME Unidad Ticomán, Calzada Ticomán 600, La Purísima Ticomán, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, C.P. 07340, México, rnández González Josué Iván
Published: September 2024

El desarrollo de métodos no invasivos para la identificación de parámetros vibracionales en sistemas rotodinámicos demanda la implementación de modernos sistemas de detección. En este contexto, dentro del marco experimental de análisis rotodinámicos; el uso de sensores piezoeléctricos presenta restricciones como vulnerabilidad a campos electromagnéticos, conexiones complejas y la incapacidad de detección distribuida; limitaciones subsanadas a partir de la implementación de la tecnología de sensores basados en fibra óptica con rejillas de Bragg (FBG). El presente estudio muestra la implementación de sensores FBG en un banco de pruebas experimental que simula las condiciones de un sistema rotodinámico; se fundamenta en una revisión literaria sobre los diferentes enfoques de aplicación de los sensores FBG en estudios dinámicos y ciertos aspectos necesarios para su implementación. Los resultados del estudio presentan la instalación y pruebas iniciales de funcionamiento de los sensores FBG en el banco de pruebas de análisis rotodinámicos, verificando su funcionalidad.
Elaboración de prototipo mecánico para la implementación en una balanza de Kibble
Authors: Alarcon Mazari Hugo Enrique , García Pérez Oscar Alejandro , Peña Pérez Luis Manuel
Published: September 2024

El objetivo de este estudio es diseñar y evaluar el comportamiento mecánico de una estructura que servirá como parte de la planta de lo que al final será una balanza de Kibble de mesa. Para el diseño de los elementos mecánicos se utilizaron materiales con requerimientos especiales como son: Aluminio 6061 y Titanio Ti 6AL-4V. Las partes mecánicas fueron diseñadas mediante software CAD y requerimientos de TD&G, además se les realizaron análisis de elemento finito bajo diferentes condiciones de frontera. Los resultados muestran los límites elásticos en los elementos. Donde podemos concluir que la implementación de los mecanismos diseñados y analizados son efectivos para los requerimientos específicos para la etapa dos del proyecto, la cual consiste en la instrumentación de la estructura.
Povezanost med vročinskimi valovi in obiski na Internistični prvi pomoči Univerzitetnega kliničnega centra Ljubljana v obdobju 2013–2017
Authors: Perčič Simona , Hojs Ana , Pohar Majda , Bitenc Katarina , Medved Anže , Lampič Vladimira , Možina Hugon
Published: September 2024

Background: Heatwaves have a severe impact on the number of deaths and emergency department visits, making them the most hazardous natural disaster due to climate change in many regions of the world. Our aim was to assess the short-term association between emergency department visits and heat waves from 2013 to 2017 to see whether any difference in the number of visits occurred at the Emergency Department in Ljubljana University Medical Centre during that period.
Methods: The design of our study is a retrospective cross-sectional epidemiologic study. We estimated relative risks (RR) for a number of ED visits during heatwave days and reference period days for the observed diagnoses (all causes, diseases of the circulatory system, respiratory system, endocrine diseases, diseases of the digestive system and genitourinary diseases) sex, and age (from 19 to 74 years old, 75 years old and older), as well as 99.6% confidence intervals (CI) and excess ED visits in percent (%) associated with heatwaves occurring in the years from 2014 to 2017. Data were analyzed for the patients arriving at the Emergency Department of the Ljubljana University Medical Centre during summer time, from May to September. The region covers around 550,000 people and is considered an urban and rural area.
Results: The results of our study showed that there was no statistically significant increase in number of ED visits during heatwaves for all causes in all observed years. We noticed even statistically significant protective phenomena between heatwaves and the number of ED visits. These happened in the years 2015 and 2017 for both sexes and circulatory system diseases, in 2016 for men, circulatory system diseases, and in 2015 for respiratory system diseases. We showed a statistically significant association between heatwaves and the number of visits in the ED for endocrine diseases in 2013.
Conclusion: Despite the increased heat load in the last observed years, the number of ED visits in Ljubljana has remained stable or even decreased. Further studies on how each intervention affects the behavior of the observed population are needed to clarify whether public health measures and inter-sectoral cooperation impact the number of ED visits.
Regional anaesthetic techniques in 14 Slovenian obstetric units between 2013 and 2021: where are we and where are we going?
Authors: Stopar Pintarič Tatjana , Verdenik Ivan
Published: September 2024

Background: The use of regional anaesthetic techniques for caesarean section and labour analgesia is necessary for quality-driven obstetric anaesthesia as required by European minimum standards for obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia departments, which were issued by the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy in 2020. The aim of this article is to evaluate the rate of caesarean sections performed using regional anaesthetic techniques and the rates of epidural, remifentanil-PCA, and meperidine analgesia for managing labour pain across the 14 Slovenian obstetric units, respectively.
Methods: Data from the Slovenian National Perinatal Information System (NPIS) from 2013 to 2021 were analysed.
Results: Spinal anaesthesia was used as a primary anaesthetic method (> 50% of elective caesarean sections) in a half of Slovenian obstetric units. For emergency caesarean sections, regional anaesthetic methods (spinal and epidural) were used in > 50% parturients in 3 obstetric units. Eight obstetric units had an epidural rate of >10%. The use of epidural analgesia has progressively increased in 9 of 14 obstetric units. Remifentanil has been routinely used in 6 obstetric units. Accordingly, the consumption of meperidine has dropped in all but one obstetric unit in Slovenia.
Conclusion: In the past decade, considerable progress has been observed in obstetric anaesthesia practice in Slovenia. This is evident from the increased use of regional anaesthesia for caesarean section and labour analgesia. However, there are considerable discrepancies in anaesthetic practices between different obstetric units in Slovenia, a situation the parturients should be informed of well in advance to be able to choose the obstetric unit according to their labour and delivery preferences. In order to avoid the differences in the quality and accessibility of anaesthetic practice between units, it is necessary to increase the number of anaesthesiologists involved in obstetric anaesthesia to ensure 24/7 service of labour analgesia to be able to fulfill minimum European standards for obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia departments.
Evaluating the Preparedness of Private Higher Education in Egypt to Transition towards Learning-Driven Organisations
Authors: Garad Alaa , Al Ajmi Abdullah , Khawaja Sarwar
Published: September 2024

Private Higher Education Institutions (PrHEIs) in Egypt has experienced significant growth in recent decades. This study aims to evaluate the preparedness of PrHEIs in Egypt to transition towards becoming Learning-Driven Organisations LDOs. The transition to a learning-driven model is imperative for institutions striving to enhance educational quality and adapt to evolving demands in a dynamic educational landscape. The research employs a qualitative mono-method approach, using in-depth interviews with key stakeholders in Egypt's PrHEIs. The sampling for this study comprises 15 heads of PrHEIs in Egypt, selected through purposive sampling to ensure representation across diverse institutional sizes and educational focuses. The qualitative research assesses institutional preparedness across critical dimensions such as leadership commitment, faculty development, curriculum delivery, and technology integration. Through semi-structured interviews, insights are gathered regarding perceptions, challenges, and strategies related to transitioning into LDOs. Findings from this study contribute valuable insights into the current state of institutional preparedness and inform recommendations for enhancing readiness to foster a culture of continuous learning and innovation in PrHEIs in Egypt. The outcomes of this research have implications for educational policy, institutional leadership, and strategic planning in the context of educational transformation. Keywords: Organisational Learning, Leadership commitment, Faculty development, Curriculum delivery, Technology integration, and Student satisfaction, Private Higher Education, Egypt
Beyond the Franchising: Strategic Alignment as the Key to Thriving UK Private Higher Education
Authors: Khawaja Sarwar
Published: September 2024

This research delves into the evolving landscape of private higher education (PrHE) in the UK, moving beyond the traditional franchising model to explore the critical role of strategic alignment between Public Higher Education Institutions (PuHEIs) and Private Higher Education Institutions (PrHEIs) in fostering thriving institutions. While franchising arrangements have traditionally facilitated the delivery of PuHEIs programmes through PrHEIs, this study emphasises the importance of strategic alignment in achieving long-term success. The study explores how aligning institutional mission, strategic goals, resources, and practices can enhance academic quality, expand access to education, and foster innovation. Using Oxford Business College (OBC) as a case study, the research highlights OBC's transformation from a follower to a pioneer in research, staff development, and business incubation, driven by direction of strategic alignment with PuHEIs. Key focus areas include widening participation, student support, research enhancement, staff development, and business incubation. The findings underscore that beyond the transactional nature of franchising, strategic alignment is essential for PrHEIs to thrive, setting a new paradigm for sustainable and impactful higher education partnerships in the UK. Keywords: UK Higher Education (HE) Franchising, Strategic Alignment, Public Higher Education Institutions (PuHEIs), Private Higher Education Institutions (PrHEIs), Oxford Business College (OBC)
The Effect of Team Game Tournament to Improve Students’ Speaking Ability at the Second Grade of SMPN 2 Padang
Authors: Dinda Legita  , Annisha Dyuli Adha  , Suparmi Suparmi
Published: September 2024

The problems of this research were students’ lack of vocabulary, lack of pronunciation, lost confident, a fear of making mistakes, and speaking English is difficult to learn. This research aimed to find out how the TGT method improves students' speaking ability and the significant factors in using the TGT method at SMPN 2 Padang. This research used purposive sampling and VIII.5 as sample in the classroom. This research used qualitative research design and Classroom Action Research approach that consisted 2 cycles, and has four stages, namely; planning, action, observation, and reflection. The instrument of this research was test; pre-test and post-test, observation sheet, and questionnaire. The research results showed a significant increase in students' speaking ability, the improvement of percentage was 18.75% from pre-test to post-test II. The questionnaire revealed that 88.12% of students preferred learning with intrinsic motivation, which showed that the importance of motivation in the learning process.
Energy Sources in Natural and Anthropogenic Ecosystems
Authors: Gheorghe Iuliana Florentina
Published: September 2024

This study makes an inventory, a classification and a SWOT analysis of all energy sources that support the functionality of natural and man-made systems. The analysis is carried out at the planetary level, taking into account the entire ecosphere. It is an interdisciplinary study based on literature, integrating information from the field of ecology with that of physics, chemistry, biology, meteorology, and geography. The study carries out an inventory of all types of energy sources; makes a classification of these sources according to their origin and determines which is the most advantageous source through a SWOT analysis. The entire activity of the earth is supported by two large categories of energy sources, namely solar energy and telluric energy. Currently, ten types of energy sources are used or are in the experimental stage, five sources with solar origin and five sources with telluric origin. The most advantageous energy source in terms of regeneration capacity, production costs and ecological footprint is the biofuels. The conclusions of this study are very useful in the realization of energy production strategies and the selection of the most advantageous sources in terms of cost and benefit.
Conflicts in Land Use and Management
Authors: Angelkovic Dusica Trpcevska , Stojanovska Makedonka
Published: September 2024

As land is limited, conflicts between land uses, and, consequently, conflicts between land users about land use inevitably arise. The objective of this paper is to provide a broad, cross-sectional overview of land use conflicts as perceived by different actors and to explore the actors’ experiences with these conflicts. We conducted 45 face-to-face interviews with key land use actors in the Republic of North Macedonia. Then we applied a qualitative text analysis or identification of keywords to identify the most relevant conflicts across all land use sectors (agriculture, forestry, nature protection, etc.) and their impacts on local actors’ daily experiences. The results show that actors are aware of many diverse land use conflicts, most frequently regarding land uses for environmental/species conservation, forestry, and agriculture. Thus, land use conflicts play an important and mostly negative role in the experiences of land use actors. These findings fill current gaps in the literature on land use conflicts regarding the types of conflicts of which actors are aware and the consequences of these conflicts. The results also underline the relevance of addressing conflicts in land use planning and governance, the need for appropriate conflict management, and the necessity of providing local actors with sufficient resources to deal with land use conflicts.
Usability of the Various Land Use Optimization Models for the Spatial Planning Purposes in the Republic of North Macedonia
Authors: Angelkovic Dusica Trpcevska , Blinkov Ivan
Published: September 2024

The land use optimization process uses different models that generally belong to 2 groups:  mathematical models and heuristics models.  Variety of models shave been developed for various aims. Each of has its positive and negative sides, advantages and disadvantages. Aim of this research is to be defined usability of various land use model optimization for the purpose of spatial planning in the Republic of North Macedonia.  The basic methodological tool in this chapter covers collection, study and comparative analysis of relevant literary data and evaluation of selected researches. In the absence of domestic literature, mostly literature from several countries from Europe, USA, Asia was analyzed. Then 17 models were selected for in detail analyze.  To examine the possibilities of applying the optimization models described in the analyzed research. an evaluation was performed according to the following criteria: a) availability of the data used by the model, that is, the possibility of providing the data used in the model from official sources; b) number of optimization goals; c) number of land uses; d) local adaptability, which implies conformity of the goals, purposes, influencing factors, limitations and other specifics of the model with those in our conditions; e) scope of the research.   More of the The reviewed papers on the analyzed optimization models and methods, marked by the authors, clearly indicate the fact or exceptional difficulty in determining the optimal land use model.
Morphological and Germination Characteristics of Alhagi maurorum Boiss. and Salsola richteri Kar. Seeds Distributed in the Karakum Desert of Turkmenistan
Authors: Amanov Arslan , Parlak Salih
Published: September 2024

The Karakum Desert is the largest desert in Turkmenistan and covers a significant part of Central Asia. This desert is home to plant species that can adapt to hot, dry, and barren conditions. During the summer months, the Karakum Desert can get extremely hot, with temperatures reaching up to 50 °C, while in winter, it can drop to -20 °C. Therefore, the desert conditions significant seasonal temperature differences. In winter, rainfall is very low, snow rarely falls, and quickly melts. Afghan winds have an impact on the desert vegetation. The desert vegetation mainly consists of short grasses and woody shrubs. Despite the scarcity of rainfall and high temperatures during the summer months, steppe plants have generally been able to adapt to the harsh conditions of the desert. There are also species that have adapted to the desert climate, such as Alhagi maurorum Boiss., Haloxylon persicum Bunge, Haloxylon aphyllum (Minkw.) Iljin), Solanum nigrum L., and Salsola richteri Kar. These plants are highly valuable in terms of nutrition for animals and are used as winter animal feed in rural areas. In this study, the seed and germination characteristics of Alhagi maurorum Boiss. and Salsola richteri Kar, which are tree and shrub-like plants that can adapt to Karakum Desert conditions, were examined. In laboratory study, the morphological characteristics of the seeds were determined, and vitality and germination tests were conducted. Information was obtained about the germination adaptation of these plants in desert ecosystems. As a result of the study, it was determined that S. richteri had a very low rate of viable seeds and no germination, while the germination process of Alhagi maurorum could take a considerably long time.
Monitoring Türkiye’s Vegetation Cover with NDVI: Terrestrial and Temporal Perspectives
Authors: Güler Sümeyye , Turgut Bülent
Published: September 2024

This study aims to monitor and analyze the temporal and spatial dynamics of Türkiye's vegetation cover from 2000 to 2023 using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data. The primary objective is to assess the changes in vegetation density across various geographical regions of Türkiye and determine how these changes are influenced by environmental factors such as land use and climate variability. NDVI data from July of each year were processed using ArcGIS to classify vegetation into six categories, ranging from water bodies to dense forests. The study reveals significant fluctuations in NDVI values, indicating both vegetation growth and degradation across different regions over time. Key findings include a positive correlation between NDVI values and forested areas, and a negative correlation in regions affected by drought or land use change. These results provide valuable insights into the long-term trends of vegetation dynamics in Türkiye and can help inform future conservation and land management strategies.
Unveiling Uncertainty: Exploring the Potential of Neutrosophic Statistics for Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Salama A. A. , Alhabib Rafif
Published: September 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various fields, but its effectiveness can hampered by limitations in handling uncertainty inherent in real-world data. Traditional statistical methods often rely on binary logic (true/false) and may not adequately capture the nuances of uncertainty present in real-world data. This paper explores neutrosophic statistics (NS) as a novel approach to address uncertainty in AI applications. NS, introduced by Smarandache (1998), generalizes classical set theory by incorporating three truth-values: truth (T), indeterminacy (I), and falsity (F). This allows for a more nuanced representation of uncertainty compared to traditional binary methods. We discuss the limitations of classical statistics and how NS can overcome them. The paper explores the potential of NS for AI in areas like machine learning, data fusion, and Explainable AI (XAI). We propose research questions and methodology to investigate the effectiveness of NS integration with AI frameworks. The expected outcome is to contribute to the development of more robust and reliable AI systems by demonstrating the effectiveness of NS in handling uncertainty. Finally, we discuss future research directions to further explore the potential of NS for AI.
Reform and Innovative Exploration of the Teaching Model for Sports Rehabilitation Technology
Authors:   Geely University of China, China, Yuan Rui
Published: September 2024

Sports Rehabilitation Technology is a crucial professional course for students majoring in sports rehabilitation, essential for building clinical thinking and mastering clinical rehabilitation skills. This course demands the integration of theory and practice, emphasizing the cultivation of practical skills. This article delves into the current status of teaching modes in the field of Sports Rehabilitation Technology, proposing practical approaches for innovating the teaching model. These include optimizing the practical teaching system, enriching teaching methods through case-oriented approaches, enhancing the construction of online network resources, and innovating a multi-dimensional teaching evaluation system. Furthermore, the article analyzes potential challenges in reforming and innovating the teaching model, offering countermeasures aimed at improving the teaching quality of Sports Rehabilitation Technology and providing references for the reform and innovation of its teaching practices.
Exploration of the Application of Laser Cladding Technology in Teaching Materials Processing in Colleges and Universities
Authors:   Shaanxi Xinxing Thermal Spraying Technology Co.,Ltd China., Yin Xiangyang
Published: September 2024

Laser cladding technology has been developed continuously since the 1970s and has been widely used in aerospace, automobile manufacturing, energy, and other fields, and its technical advantages have been gradually recognized and promoted. At present, the teaching of materials processing in colleges and universities mainly relies on traditional theory lectures and experimental operations, but with the rapid development of industrial technology, this mode of teaching is gradually exposed to many shortcomings. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application methods and modes of laser cladding technology in the teaching of materials processing in colleges and universities. Through the overview of the development of this technology and its case study in actual teaching, it shows how to effectively integrate laser cladding technology into the teaching system to meet the current situation and needs of materials processing teaching in colleges and universities.
The Path of Cultivating Teaching Skills of History Teacher Trainees under the Background of "New Teacher Training" — Taking Lingnan Normal University as an Example
Authors:   Lingnan Normal University，Law And Politics College，China, Guo Shulin
Published: September 2024

To cultivate excellent teachers in the new era, Guangdong Province has put forward the construction strategy of "New Teacher Training", aiming at cultivating high-quality teachers, improving the teacher training team, and constructing a teacher education model with Guangdong characteristics under the impetus of education reform. Lingnan Normal University, as one of the lists of Guangdong Province's national innovation experimental zones and co-construction units, has achieved remarkable results in constructing the "New Teacher Training". Taking Lingnan Normal University as an example, the author analyzes the new challenges in the context of the construction of a "New Teacher Training" mainly from the current situation of teaching skills training for history teacher trainees, the reflection on the training objectives, the existing problems and the training strategies, and reflects on the path of history teacher trainees' teaching skills training during the change of education.