bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fetal bone and joint disorders
Authors: Jakobovits Ákos
Published: December 2008

A szerző a magzatok csontjainak és ízületeinek funkcióját, majd patológiáját tárgyalja. A csontok biztosítják a test statikáját, a koponya és a gerincoszlop védi a központi idegrendszert, a mellkas a szívet és a tüdőt, a medence pedig a hasi szerveket. Mindezek kóros elváltozásai veszélyeztetik a szervek normális működését. A csontok mozgását az ízületek és az izmok teszik lehetővé. A végtagok abnormalitásai a mozgásokat korlátozzák („foetal akinesia deformation sequence”). Akinesiát idézhetnek elő elsősorban a csont-, az ízületi, továbbá idegrendszeri, izom-, esetleg bőrbetegségek, amelyek befolyásolják a csontok és ízületek állapotát, funkcióképességét. Mindezek a kóros elváltozások aktivitáskorlátozást vagy rokkantságot okoznak, súlyos esetben halálosak. Ultrahanggal a betegségek korán kimutathatók, és reménytelen esetben a terhesség megszakítása javasolt.
Valores, socialização e comportamento: sugestões para uma sociologia da elite judiciária
Authors: Perissinotto Renato M. , Medeiros Pedro Leonardo , Wowk Rafael T.
Published: December 2008

Este artigo propõe estratégias de pesquisa que contribuam para uma Sociologia das Elites Judiciárias. Para tanto, defende a necessidade de articular pesquisas que, ao mesmo tempo, identifiquem os valores professados pelos agentes jurídicos, analisem as instituições no interior das quais tais agentes são socializadas e, por fim, estudem as suas decisões. Na sua primeira parte, o artigo apresenta os resultados de um questionário aplicado aos desembargadores do Tribunal de Justiça do Paraná, no ano de 2006, no que diz respeito aos seus valores jurídicos. A segunda parte faz considerações sobre a necessidade de estudar os processos de socializações exógena e endógena dos entrevistados para que se possa entender algumas das respostas analisadas no item anterior. Por fim, defende-se, a necessidade de um estudo comportamental desses agentes por meio de pesquisas quantitativas e qualitativas de suas decisões (acórdãos). O artigo não pretende produzir conclusões definitivas, dado o caráter ainda inicial de algumas de nossas pesquisas.
Postmenopausal intestinal obstructive endometriosis: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Popoutchi Pedro , Lemos Carlos Renato dos Reis , Rosa e Silva Julio César , Nogueira Antônio Alberto , Feres Omar , Rocha José Joaquim Ribeiro da
Published: December 2008

CONTEXT: Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, which is commonly detected in gynecological practice but rarely reported as a coloproctological disorder. The objective of the present report was to discuss a rare case of postmenopausal intestinal endometriosis simulating a malignant lesion, following a review of the literature. CASE REPORT: A 74-year-old woman with complaints of hematochezia and tenesmus of two months' duration accompanied by liquid feces and pelvic pain, but with no other gastrointestinal or gynecological complaints, was referred to our service. She had been menopausal for 22 years, with no hormone replacement treatment, and had undergone panhysterectomy three years before the referral to us, due to endometrial thickening and a right adnexal cyst. Five months before this referral, she had undergone laparotomy due to acute obstructive abdomen, which revealed a tumor mass involving the small bowel. Anatomopathological examination of the enterectomy suggested a hypothesis of intestinal endometriosis. A proctological examination was normal. Computed tomography of the pelvis revealed thickening of the rectosigmoid transition and colonoscopy revealed friable tumor formation in the rectum. A biopsy of the lesion revealed mucosal fragments of endometrial type, which led to a review of the previous anatomopathological examination. The patient underwent rectosigmoidectomy with protective transversotomy, with a good postoperative course, and anatomical examination confirmed the intestinal endometriosis. The patient subsequently suffered a stenosing recurrence of the lesion and has undergone colostomy since then.
Surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma recurrence at the renal fossa following radical nephrectomy
Authors: Jesus Carlos Márcio Nóbrega de , Casafus Filemón Anastásio Silva , Agostinho Aparecido Donizetti
Published: December 2008

CONTEXT: Isolated renal cell carcinoma recurrence at the renal fossa is a rare event. This condition occurs in 1 to 2% of radical nephrectomy cases. It is usually seen in postoperative follow-up imaging examinations such as abdominal computed tomography or abdominal ultrasound. There is controversy among urologists and oncologists regarding the best way to treat this rare situation, because of the few cases in the literature. CASE REPORT: We report on a case of isolated recurrence at the renal fossa due to renal cell carcinoma (RCC), four and a half years after radical nephrectomy, without evidence of metastases in other organs. The diagnosis was made from abdominal tomography performed during outpatient follow-up, in which a retroperitoneal mass was observed in the renal fossa. Excision was carried out by means of a subcostal transversal incision, without complications. One and a half years after the procedure, there was evidence of metastasis in the left lung and, six months later, another recurrence at the ninth anterior right rib, while the patient remained asymptomatic. Aggressive surgical treatment is a good method for controlling this rare situation of single retroperitoneal RCC recurrence. Abdominal tomography must continue to be performed over long periods of follow-up, to monitor for RCC following radical nephrectomy, in order to diagnose any late retroperitoneal recurrences. These must be treated as single RCC metastases.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LYMPHADENOID CHANGES IN THE THYROID GLAND
Authors: GREENE R.
Published: December 2008

In a series of 161 patients subjected to thyroidectomy, two were found to be suffering from Hashimoto's disease, and the thyroids of a further forty-two contained lymphadenoid nodules indistinguishable from those found in Hashimoto's disease. Of the forty-four patients whose glands showed the characteristic change, it was possible to follow in detail the post-operative course of forty-three. Of these, twenty developed severe hypothyroidism necessitating treatment with thyroid, while a further seven are under suspicion. Of the 117 patients whose glands did not show the characteristic change, none developed hypothyroidism.

The hypothesis is advanced that those patients with toxic goitres which are found to contain lymphadenoid nodules are suffering from early Hashimoto's disease.
THE EFFECTS OF OESTRADIOL ON THE RAT UTERUS
Authors: COLE D. F.
Published: December 2008

1. The water and electrolyte changes in the uteri of spayed rats have been investigated after the administration of oestradiol-17 (β) and are found to fall into two main phases.

2. 6–10 hr. after the subcutaneous injection of the hormone the total water content increases, as a result of expansion of the extracellular fluid space and of the relative cell volume. The increase of the relative cell volume is caused by an increase of the idiomolar value.

3. 18–54 hr. after the injection the total water content increases again after a temporary fall. The water increase is now confined to the intracellular space. Total nucleoprotein and residual phosphorus increase, and it is suggested that the nucleoprotein phosphate groups are responsible for the increase of the electrostatic equivalent and hence the increased potassium concentration in the cells. The idiomolar value falls, and there is probably an increased formation of cell protein at this stage.

4. The changes observed in the total water content of the organ agree with the findings of Astwood [1938], Talbot, Lowrie & Astwood [1940] and Zuckerman, Palmer & Hanson [1950]. There are no significant changes in the plasma concentrations of potassium, sodium or chloride or in the total osmotic pressure of the plasma.
RECOVERY FROM OESTROGEN-INDUCED STERILITY IN ALBINO MICE
Authors: EMMENS C. W.
Published: December 2008

1. Male albino mice were rendered sterile by the injection of 2·5–40 μg. of oestradiol benzoate in nut oil B.P. twice weekly. Seven out of eight mice were sterile after 6 weeks of injections of 10 μg. Testicular damage was seen histologically in some males, and a highly significant weight loss occurred in the testes of all groups. These effects rapidly disappeared when injections ceased, and full fertility and normal testicular weight were regained.

2. The control groups of males in these tests, while showing no testicular abnormalities, lost fertility to some extent when injected with either nut oil or physiological saline. This loss was also regained when injections ceased.

3. Female albino mice were rendered sterile by the injection of 0·5–12·5 μg. of oestradiol benzoate in nut oil twice weekly for 4 weeks. Even the lowest dose caused complete sterility during the period of injections and for 2 weeks thereafter. Recovery from all dose levels was apparently complete, although mice receiving 12·5 μg. took from 41 to 125 days to produce a litter when injections were stopped.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE INTRAVAGINAL ASSAY OF NATURAL OESTROGENS USING AQUEOUS EGG ALBUMIN AS THE VEHICLE OF ADMINISTRATION
Authors: BIGGERS J. D.
Published: December 2008

1. Oestrone dissolved in 1 % aqueous albumin, and administered by the intravaginal route, has 2·5–4·9 times the activity shown in 50% aqueous glycerol. 1 % aqueous egg albumin alone does not produce cornification of the vagina in the mouse.

2. When administered in 1 % aqueous egg albumin the relative potency of oestriol in terms of oestrone is 1·09, limits of error (P = 0·05) 0·70–1·70; and that of oestradiol-3:17β is 1·75, limits of error (P = 0·05) 1·15–2·66.

3. The slopes of the dose-response lines obtained with albumin are lower than the slopes obtained with glycerol but tests show the difference to be not quite significant at the 5 % level. There is no doubt, however, that the intravaginal route in general gives a lower slope than the subcutaneous route.

4. The slopes of the dose-response lines obtained in intravaginal tests using oestrone, oestriol and oestradiol-3:17β do not differ significantly.

5. The observed differences in slope have been discussed from the point of view of oestrogen action.
APPLICATION OF ENDOCRINOLOGICAL RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHIATRY
Authors: REISS M.
Published: December 2008

The difficulties involved in any analysis of neuro-endocrine relationships are outlined. Whether disturbances arise primarily in the brain or in the endocrine system the series of repercussions usually results in a vicious circle which has to be broken at some point if therapy is to be tried.

Hormone therapy of psychiatric cases has fallen into discredit because of its wide and indiscriminate use. Such treatment is only justified when the most exact and exhaustive tests of endocrine function have first been carried out. A number of such tests are discussed.

Investigation of 131I metabolism of the thyroid makes it possible to detect borderline cases with only very slight (previously unsuspected) thyroid disturbances. In many such cases the correct treatment of the thyroid under- or over-function improves the mental condition. Insensitivity of the body tissues to thyroid hormone is assumed in cases where the radioactive tracer method shows an increased thyroid function while the B.M.R. is normal or decreased.

The use of ACTH for clinical response tests for the adrenal cortex and for treatment of different mental cases is discussed, together with gonadal and pituitary anterior lobe function in its relation to mental disorder.

Different psychopathological states can develop under identical endocrine conditions; different endocrine changes can be seen in cases which are to the psychiatrist 'identical entities'. The classical conception of psychiatric entities must be considered out of date if pathogenetic and causal analysis of mental disease is to be established.
THE EFFECT OF HYSTERECTOMY ON THE ACTION OF OESTRONE ON THE SYMPHYSIS PUBIS OF OVARIECTOMIZED MICE
Authors: HALL KATHLEEN
Published: December 2008

The experiments described are part of an attempt to discover why, in the response of the mouse pelvis to oestrogens, the anterior border and dorsal aspect of the symphysis pubis are always affected first, and in particular whether the reproductive tract (part of which lies in close apposition to the dorsal surface of the symphysis) plays a role in the reaction.

Ninety-one ovariectomized albino mice were used in five experiments. Oestrone in doses of 3–30 μg./day was injected subcutaneously for 8–24 days into animals with the reproductive tract intact, or from which uterine horns, or cervix, or cervix and vagina had been removed. The pelves were examined by means of X-ray photographs, macroscopically at autopsy, and by histological investigation.

The results showed that the action of oestrone on the symphysis pubis is not affected by removal of the uterine horns, cervix or vagina, and it is therefore unlikely that these structures play any role in the reaction.
THE EFFECT OF THYROIDECTOMY ON REPRODUCTION IN THE FEMALE RABBIT
Authors: KROHN P. L.
Published: December 2008

Surgical thyroidectomy during pregnancy in rabbits does not affect the outcome of pregnancy. Ovulation, implantation and pregnancy take place normally in thyroidectomized rabbits.
THE INDUCTION OF MENSTRUAL BLEEDING IN AMENORRHOEIC AND NORMAL MONKEYS BY PROGESTERONE
Authors: KROHN P. L.
Published: December 2008

Menstrual bleeding can be induced in monkeys with secondary amenorrhoea by the injection of 5 daily doses of progesterone. Bleeding follows 3–6 days after the end of the injections. Normal regular periods sometimes follow.

The minimum amount necessary is 5 mg. daily for 3–4 days and spreading the total dose over several days seems to enhance its effectiveness.

A condition of epimenorrhoea can be induced in normal monkeys by the regular administration of short courses of progesterone either immediately a menstrual bleeding has begun or shortly after. As many as 27 regular bleedings in 328 days have been induced.

If premature bleeding is not induced the onset of the next period is delayed.
FAILURE OF PROGESTERONE TREATMENT TO AFFECT DELAYED IMPLANTATION IN MINK
Authors: HAMMOND JOHN
Published: December 2008

Treatment of mink by subcutaneous implantation of progesterone tablets, absorbed at the rate of 600–900 μg. daily, failed to prevent delay in implantation of the embryo. The treatment may possibly have resulted in increased productivity.

The factors regulating the time of implantation are discussed. Considerations of quantitative ovarian hormone requirements and interactions in other species make it appear probable that the failure was not due to too low a dosage. This would imply that, besides the presumed increase of luteal secretion, implantation requires the presence of an extra-ovarian factor acting upon the uterus, or passing in its secretion to the blastocyst.
THE TIME OF VAGINAL OPENING IN RATS AFTER OVARIAN AUTOTRANSPLANTATION
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. , ZUCKERMAN S.
Published: December 2008

The ovaries of immature rats were transplanted beneath the infrahyoid muscles in the neck. Litter-mate controls were anaesthetized or subjected to a mock operation. The control animals tended to have open vaginae at an earlier age, but the age at which the vaginal closure membrane had broken down in the two groups was not significantly different.
THE ACTIVITY OF THE FEMALE ALBINO RAT DURING LACTATION
Authors: EAYRS J. T.
Published: December 2008

An apparatus is described for recording electrically the spontaneous activity of rats during the course of lactation. Using this apparatus, the pattern of activity has been measured in lactating rats living in natural lighting (controls) and in the dark (experimental animals). All rats spent more time on their nests by day than by night but this difference was less marked in the animals living in the dark. The length of time spent on the nest during 24-hr. periods decreased with the progress of lactation in both groups of animals, and the rate of decrease was the same in both groups of animals.

All animals were active for a longer period by night than by day, but the difference between the night and day activity was significantly less in the experimental animals than in the controls.

Night activity was characterized by a significantly greater number of bursts separated by shorter quiescent intervals. This pattern of activity was not modified by confinement in the dark.

The total duration of spontaneous activity within each 24-hr. period increased significantly as lactation progressed. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the number of bursts of activity and a corresponding decrease in the mean duration of the interval between these bursts. Confinement in darkness was without significant effect on these changes.

These findings are discussed in relation to the impairment of lactation which takes place when the doe is deprived of the visual stimulus. It is concluded that this impairment is unlikely to be due to any change in the maternal behaviour of the doe.
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESPONSE OF EXPERIMENTAL WOUND HEALING TO ACTH
Authors: CLAYTON BARBARA E. , PRUNTY F. T. G.
Published: December 2008

The formation of experimentally-produced granulation tissue can be inhibited by ACTH. It has been shown that pitressin tannate and chorionic gonadotrophin do not have this effect. No gonadotrophic activity could be detected in the sample of ACTH used.

Hypophysectomized mice became progressively and rapidly less responsive to ACTH.

The gonads were found to be essential for inhibition to occur.

Adrenalectomized mice at the beginning of the breeding season, adrenalectomized pregnant mice, and adrenalectomized mice pre-treated with chorionic gonadotrophin showed inhibition of healing by ACTH. Adrenalectomized mice pre-treated with follicle-stimulating hormone or pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin were not inhibited.

Cortisone acetate causes inhibition in intact and gonadectomized mice. Neither testosterone, oestriol, nor oestradiol had any effect; but progesterone gave definite impairment under the conditions of the experiment.

It is suggested that the gonads are capable of responding to ACTH under the influence of luteinizing hormone.
THE EFFECT OF EPHEDRINE ON THE EXCRETION OF REDUCING STEROIDS, 17-KETOSTEROIDS AND URIC ACID IN HEALTHY MEN
Authors: BRAY BARBARA M. , MERIVALE W. H. H. , WILLCOX D. R. C.
Published: December 2008

The urinary excretion in five healthy men of 17-ketosteroids, reducing steroids, uric acid and creatinine was studied for a 3-day control period, a period of 2 days during which 6 grains (390 mg.) of ephedrine were given by mouth, and for 1 day immediately thereafter.

In all five men the excretion of reducing steroids rose to levels outside the normal range on one of the days on which ephedrine was given. There was an abrupt return to normal, even in the men who showed the increased excretion, on the first day of the administration of ephedrine.

In two men 17-ketosteroid excretion rose above the upper limit of normal, but in two others there was no significant alteration, while in one the 17-ketosteroid excretion bore an inverse relationship to that of the reducing steroids.

No consistent change occurred in the uric acid excretion.
THE GROWTH OF THE OOCYTE AND FOLLICLE IN THE ADULT RAT
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. , ZUCKERMAN S.
Published: December 2008

In accordance with what appears to be a general rule among mammals, the ovum of the rat at first grows very rapidly in relation to the follicle of which it is part; it then remains more or less stationary in size while the follicle continues to expand. The slope of the line relating ovular to follicular size in the first phase of growth has been found to differ significantly from rat to rat. The range of size (in stained sections) within which the regression lines for the two phases of follicular growth intersect is 78–153μ. This means that on an average the oocyte reaches its maximum size when it is covered by four layers of granulosa cells, and before an antrum appears.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF POST-PARTUM ENDOMETRIAL REPAIR IN THE GUINEA-PIG AND RAT
Authors: SHARMAN A.
Published: December 2008

An experimental study was made of post-partum endometrial regeneration in twenty-one healthy guinea-pigs and in twenty healthy rats. To serve as controls, one guinea-pig was killed on the day of parturition and another 6½ days following parturition: three rats were killed on the day of parturition and one 6½ days following parturition. All the remaining animals were ovariectomized. Groups of three were killed at the following intervals after parturition, viz.: 22, 40, 58, 84 hr. and 6½ days. In each group, one animal was left uninjected, another injected with oestrogenic hormone and the third injected with corpus luteum hormone. Endometrial regeneration appeared to proceed normally in all the animals.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE KOBER COLOUR AND FLUORESCENCE REACTIONS OF THE NATURAL OESTROGENS
Authors: BROWN J. B.
Published: December 2008

The two-stage Kober reaction with oestriol, oestrone and oestradiol-17β has been investigated. The factors involved in the maximum production of colour are summarized.

Reducing agents were important in both the first and second stages of the Kober reaction. Oestriol in small amounts did not form the red Kober colour when reducing agents were not present in the first stage.

In the absence of water, sulphuric acid did not give optimal results in the first stage. Oestradiol-17β failed to give the Kober colour reaction in the presence of high concentrations of sulphuric acid. Optimal sulphuric acid-water ratios differed for the three oestrogens and were 76 % sulphuric acid for oestriol, 66 % acid for oestrone and 60 % acid for oestradiol-17β. The development of fluorescence was similarly affected by sulphuric acid concentration.

The phenol-sulphuric acid reagent used by many workers appears to owe its efficacy to the action of the phenol, partly as a reducing agent and partly as a diluent of the sulphuric acid.

Oestriol reacted in the first stage at a slower rate than oestrone and oestradiol.

Further water and heating was usually required after the first stage (i.e. for the second stage of the Kober reaction) for complete formation of the red colour. Maximum intensity and stability of the red colour in the second stage was obtained in the presence of 50–60 % sulphuric acid and water. Under these optimum conditions the second heating time was not critical.

In the second stage, concentrations of sulphuric acid lower than 50 % caused instability of the colour and fading during heating.

In the second stage of the Kober reaction, reducing agents with oxidation-reduction potentials of the order of the hydroquinone-quinhydrone couple were also required for the production of maximum density and stability of the red colour.

A colour method based on these findings is presented.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OXYTOCIN AND ADRENALINE IN MILK EJECTION IN THE SOW
Authors: BRAUDE R. , MITCHELL K. G.
Published: December 2008

The intravenous injection of adrenaline simultaneously with 1 i.u. of Pitocin in the sow caused a marked reduction in the amount of milk that is normally ejected following the injection of 1 i.u. of Pitocin alone. In each sow a plateau was reached with a dose of approximately 400 μg. of adrenaline, and an increase in the amount of adrenaline injected up to 2000 μg. did not cause any further reduction in the amount of milk ejected.

The injection of 1000 μg. adrenaline, 62 to 90 secs, before the injection of 1 i.u. of Pitocin, completely inhibited the ejection of milk associated with the latter. In two out of three sows a definite, though small, ejection of milk occurred following the injection of either 400 or 1000μg. of adrenaline alone. The possible actions of adrenaline in these experiments are discussed.
STRESS AND EPIDERMAL MITOTIC ACTIVITY.
Authors: BULLOUGH W. S.
Published: December 2008

The effects of stress, induced by overcrowding adult male mice, have been examined in relation to adrenal size and to epidermal mitotic activity. After 3 weeks the size (expressed as the maximum sectional area) of the adrenal medulla of the crowded mice increased by about 80 %, while that of the cortex increased by about 30 %. Simultaneously, the epidermal mitotic rate fell by about 60 %.

The effects of the adrenal hormones on epidermal mitosis were next studied. It was found that adrenaline has a powerful antimitotic action both in vivo and in vitro, and that the same is true of the glucocorticoid hormone, 11-dehydro-17-hydroxycorticosterone-21-acetate (cortisone).

It is suggested that the antimitotic effects of stress may be due to a high rate of secretion of either, or both, these adrenal hormones, and that these substances act through some interference in carbohydrate metabolism. When energy production is inhibited, it is known that, while no new epidermal mitosis can develop, there is no impediment to the completion of any division already in progress, and this is the precise pattern of inhibition produced by both adrenaline and cortisone.

Evidence is reviewed to suggest that the antimitotic action of these hormones may be related to an inhibition of hexokinase. Adrenaline is not known to affect this enzyme, but it is rapidly oxidized to adrenochrome which does. It is shown that adrenochrome has a powerful antimitotic action.
THE ACTION OF THYROTROPHIC HORMONE AND CORTISONE ON THE UPTAKE OF 131I BY THE THYROID GLAND
Authors: VERZÁR F. , VIDOVIC V.
Published: December 2008

Hypophysectomized rats were injected with 25μc. of 131I, and the iodine uptake of the thyroid was followed with a Geiger counter for several days. At post-hypophysectomy intervals of 18–59 days no 131I was concentrated in the thyroid.

An anterior pituitary extract ('Preglandol', Hoffmann-La Roche) in daily doses of 0·2 ml. given for 2 or 3 days, restored the activity of the thyroid. Thyrotrophin (Armour), a highly purified preparation, in quantities of 1–10 mg/day also restored the thyroid activity after 2–3 days.

One or two daily injections of 2·5 mg. cortisone, administered simultaneously with Preglandol or thyrotrophin, prevented this activation of the thyroid.

It is concluded that the effect of cortisone is due to a direct inhibition of the thyroid, and not to interference with the production of thyrotrophic hormone.
SYMPATHETICO-ADRENAL INHIBITION OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL MILK-EJECTION MECHANISM
Authors: CROSS B. A.
Published: December 2008

1. Emotional inhibition of the milk-ejection reflex in rabbits is described.

2. Injection of 5–50 μg adrenaline intravenously into does before nursing interfered with milk ejection, as shown by the failure of the young to withdraw more than three-quarters of the normal yield of milk. Injection of 150 mU (=milliunits) 'Pitocin' immediately after the adrenaline did not restore normal milk ejection.

3. Intravenous injection of 5 μg adrenaline suppressed the milk-ejection response to 50 mU posterior pituitary extract in anaesthetized rabbits with cannulated teats, provided the injection of adrenaline preceded that of the posterior pituitary extract. The inhibitory effect had not entirely disappeared in 2 min. 50μg adrenaline prevented the occurrence of milk ejection for 3½ min.

4. Intravenous doses of 5 μg adrenaline, but not smaller amounts, inhibited the milk-ejection response to electrical stimulation of the supraoptico-hypophysial tract, if injected before stimulation or during the latent period of the response. When injected after the commencement of milk ejection 5 μg adrenaline was without effect, but 50 μg abolished the response.

5. Electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus produced inhibition of the milk-ejection response to injected oxytocic extract, together with pupillary dilatation and exophthalmos. The inhibition closely resembled that resulting from injection of adrenaline.

6. It is concluded that one mechanism involved in the emotional inhibition of milk ejection is an activation of the sympathetico-adrenal system, resulting in antagonism of the action of the neurohypophysial milk-ejection hormone on the contraction process within the mammary gland.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE RABBIT NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
Authors: VAZQUEZ-LOPEZ E.
Published: December 2008

1. The rabbit neurohypophysis is composed of nerve fibres and their endings, of neuroglia and microglia, and of a vascular system with reticulin fibres spreading in perivascular spaces.

2. The nerve tracts in the pars nervosa lie in the wide areas between the perivascular spaces, but the axons leave the tracts to run their terminal courses within these spaces.

3. The axons terminate in complicated giant bulbs and menisci.

4. The neuroglia lies in the same areas as the nerve tracts. Many neuroglial processes cross the perivascular spaces and end in attachment to the vessel wall. There are no important connexions between neuroglial cells and axon endings.

5. There is no specific type of neuroglia peculiar to the neurohypophysis. The morphology of the neuroglial cells in the median eminence and in the stalk is different from that of the neuroglial cells in the pars nervosa.

6. Morphologically, the neurohypophysis appears to be a sensory organ, similar to the chemo-receptors and pressor-receptors existing in other parts of the body. If it has a secretory function as well, then the secretion may occur at the giant terminations of the nerves, perhaps by a process of rupture of these formations.
A HISTORY OF SIX YEARS' THIOURACIL TREATMENT IN A BROWN LEGHORN HEN
Authors: JUHN MARY
Published: December 2008

The history is recorded of a Brown Leghorn hen that received 0·5% thiouracil in the diet from 9 weeks of age until the bird was over 6 years old, when it was killed.

During this period certain sections of the plumage exhibited a series of new and different pigments, while others remained relatively unchanged. The last category comprised the regions originally salmon; the feathers were structurally altered, but continued a duller shade of the original hue. Feathers of the dorsal tracts and the smaller wing coverts showed shades of orange and rust, resembling the modified male during the first 3 years. Thereafter, these feathers gradually became pale gold and small, but true female segments reappeared surrounding the shaft. Large wing and tail feathers were not greatly changed except the two most distal secondaries. At the end of the experimental period, proximally located, regenerating secondaries were laying down metallic black with some coarse brown mottling.

Eggs continued to be laid, but intervals between clutches were greatly lengthened. Tests for fertility by artificial insemination were made at 3 and 6 years of age. Viable chicks were hatched at both times. Dissection of embryos and chicks in the second series showed greatly enlarged thyroids.

Possible explanations of the appearance of black feather pigments in remiges and rectrices during such long-continued treatment with thiouracil are considered.
ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND ADRENALINE-NORADRENALINE CONTENT OF CHROMAFFIN TISSUE
Authors: COUPLAND R. E.
Published: December 2008

The distribution of chromaffin tissue in the rabbit, frog and dogfish is described and compared with findings previously reported for the human foetus. The results are correlated with the adrenaline-noradrenaline content of the tissues.

It is shown that in the dogfish, where the chromaffin tissue is completely separate from adrenocortical material, the pressor activity of the tissue is entirely due to noradrenaline. In man and rabbit the intra-adrenal chromaffin tissue contains a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline, whilst the pressor activity of the extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue (para-aortic bodies) is entirely due to noradrenaline.

The para-aortic bodies of the human foetus are probably endocrine organs and may be concerned with the humoral control of vasomotor tone.
CLINICAL TRIAL OF AN ANTI-THYROXINE COMPOUND
Authors: FRASER T. RUSSELL , MACLAGAN N. F.
Published: December 2008

1. An anti-thyroxine compound, n-butyl-3:5-diiodo-4-hydroxy-benzoate (BDHB), did not exert any anti-thyroxine effect during the treatment of one myxoedematous patient with intravenous thyroxine.

2. This drug, when given for short periods to nine thyrotoxic patients, induced a partial remission, no greater than that obtained in two of these patients with iodides, and not well sustained beyond about three weeks' administration.

3. The results suggest that this drug cannot be employed clinically in dosages high enough to produce a definite anti-thyroxine effect.
THE SECRETION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN THE SHEEP
Authors: BUSH I. E. , FERGUSON K. A.
Published: December 2008

Adrenal venous blood was collected from six anaesthetized sheep, of which two had been previously hypophysectomized. The blood was extracted and analysed for adrenocortical steroids by paper chromatography. In each case the predominant secretory product found in the extracts was 17α-hydroxycorticosterone. Small amounts of corticosterone and a substance tentatively identified as 11β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione were also found in all the extracts. Only traces of other reducing steroids or αβ-unsaturated ketosteroids were found: their irregular appearance makes it likely that they were artifacts. It seems unlikely that the secretion of the adrenal cortex in vivo is as complex as the mixture of products released by the perfused beef adrenals in the experiments of Hechter, Zaffaroni, Jacobsen, Levy, Jeanloz, Schenker & Pincus [1951].

The reported actions of cortical steroids, or whole adrenal extracts, when injected into mammals or added to isolated tissues have become so numerous that it has become essential to find out by direct experiment what the adrenal cortex actually secretes into the blood in various conditions. In the absence of direct knowledge of the nature of the cortical secretion, various theories of adrenocortical function have been proposed from time to time [e.g. Sayers, 1950], but recent work has cast considerable doubt upon them. All such theories postulate that the adrenal cortex secretes one or more steroid substances at particular rates in various physiological conditions, and it is necessary to find out whether this is the case or not.

This paper describes experiments on six sheep in which adrenal venous blood was collected and analysed by paper chromatography [Bush, 1953] in order to determine the rate and type of secretion in this species.
THE EFFECT OF PARA-HYDROXYPROPIOPHENONE ON THE THYROID GLAND
Authors: TALA P. , RAILO J. , ELFVING G.
Published: December 2008

The effect of para-hydroxypropiophenone (PHP) on the morphology of the thyroid gland was studied by daily injecting PHP subcutaneously in young male guinea-pigs. The activation of the thyroid was determined by the method published by Uotila & Kannas [1952].

PHP produced hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, measured as an increase in the percentage of epithelium in the thyroid (E%). In the first few days the relative weight of the gland declined, probably because of loss of colloid, but increased thereafter. This conforms with the results of the E% measurements. The findings suggest that under the conditions of these experiments PHP acted as a goitrogen.
RESPONSES OF THE PARS INTERMEDIA OF THE CAT'S HYPOPHYSIS TO ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE
Authors: KARKUN J. N. , KAR AMIYA B. , MUKERJI B.
Published: December 2008

Prolonged intramuscular injections of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) into kittens cause marked hypertrophy of the basophil cells of the pars intermedia and cytological changes resembling the hyaline changes described in the same cells of the pars distalis. These changes indicate an altered physiological state of the basophils and probably an enhanced output of intermedin. The lack of response of the basophil cells of the pars distalis or of other cells of the pars intermedia suggests that the basophils of the two hypophysial components are physiologically dissimilar, and those of the pars intermedia are solely responsible for the elaboration of intermedin.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ACETATE ON THE SECRETION OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE BY THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
Authors: HODGES J. R.
Published: December 2008

1. Cortisone acetate suspension, administered subcutaneously or orally to rats, caused no changes in adrenal ascorbic acid concentration. Intraperitoneal injections of cortisone acetate suspension caused profound adrenal ascorbic acid depletion, which was apparently due to a non-specific effect caused by the intraperitoneal administration of suspended matter.

2. Pretreatment of rats with large doses of cortisone acetate diminished, but did not prevent completely, the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion normally caused by unilateral adrenalectomy.
ANTIDIURETIC ACTIVITY IN THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS OF RATS AFTER ADRENALECTOMY AND REPLACEMENT THERAPY
Authors: CAVALLERO C. , DOVA EMMA , ROSSI L.
Published: December 2008

1. The content of antidiuretic hormone in the neurohypophysis, the weight of the neurohypophysis and the daily output of urine were studied in the following groups of rats: intact rats which received 2 g NaCl/100 ml. as drinking fluid; adrenalectomized rats; sham-adrenalectomized rats; adrenalectomized rats injected with deoxycorticosterone acetate or aqueous adrenocortical extract, lipo-adrenal extract, cortisone or cortisone and noradrenaline; adrenalectomized rats to which sodium chloride had been administered; and adrenalectomized rats which received both sodium chloride and adrenocortical hormones.

2. The antidiuretic hormone content of the pars nervosa (per mg wet gland) of intact rats to which salt had been given was about half of that of controls without extra salt. There was no significant difference between the mean daily urine volumes of the two series.

3. In adrenalectomized and sham-adrenalectomized rats, 2 days after the operation, the hormone content of the pars nervosa was reduced. In adrenalectomized animals this decrease in antidiuretic activity persisted; in sham-operated rats the antidiuretic activity had increased 5 days after the operation and was fully restored after 7. The daily urine output of the adrenalectomized animals was about one-third of that of intact controls.

4. No significant increase in antidiuretic hormone content of the neurohypophysis occurred when adrenocortical preparations were injected into adrenalectomized rats, but the urine volume of these animals increased.

5. Salt alone, in low or high doses, both orally or subcutaneously administered, increased the amount of antidiuretic principle in the pituitaries of adrenalectomized rats, but control levels were not attained. The daily urine volume of these animals returned to normal.

6. Combined treatment of adrenalectomized rats with salt and adrenocortical extract or cortisone, but not with salt and deoxycorticosterone acetate, led to full restoration of the antidiuretic hormone content of the neurohypophysis. These treatments also produced a rise of the daily urine volume above that of intact controls.

7. In adrenalectomized rats a close relationship was found between the degree to which the various treatments raised the hormone content of the gland and that to which they increased the daily output of urine.

8. The significance of the results is discussed, and the impossibility of drawing conclusions from them about neurohypophysial function in adrenocortical deficiency is stressed.
CYCLIC VARIATION IN THYROID FUNCTION OF FEMALE MICE AS ASSESSED BY RADIOACTIVE IODINE
Authors: SOLIMAN F. A. , REINEKE E. P.
Published: December 2008

The study of the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid glands of mature female mice during the oestrous cycle showed a pattern of cyclic variation. The maximal uptake of radioactive iodine is attained by the thyroids during prooestrus.
INFLUENCE OF SOMATOTROPHIC HORMONE AND CORTISOL UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TISSUE NECROSIS
Authors: SELYE H.
Published: December 2008

Using a modification of the granuloma pouch technique [Selye, 1953], it is demonstrated in rats that pretreatment with somatotrophic hormone (STH) augments the resistance of the adjacent skin to the necrotizing actions of the irritant, while cortisol has an opposite effect. The protective action of STH is abolished by simultaneous cortisol treatment.

It is concluded that, under suitable conditions, the ability of a chemical irritant to produce tissue necrosis can be altered at will by administering varying proportions of STH and cortisol.
URINARY EXCRETION OF PREGNANEDIOL IN POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN AND MEN DURING PROLONGED DAILY ADMINISTRATION OF PROGESTERONE
Authors: MARRIAN G. F. , RUSSELL MARGARET E. , ATHERDEN SHELIA M.
Published: December 2008

Progesterone (50 mg/day) was administered by intramuscular injection to six intact post-menopausal women and to one man for periods of 13–20 days, and by mouth to one intact post-menopausal woman for 15 days. Determinations of the daily urinary excretion of pregnanediol by these subjects gave results in marked contrast to those of Sommerville & Marrian [1950].
EFFECT OF SOME PREPARATIONS OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE ON THE COLOUR OF BUFO ARENARUM HENSEL
Authors: STOPPANI A. O. M. , PIERONI P. F. , MURRAY A. J.
Published: December 2008

In view of recent claims that intermedin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) are identical or closely related, a comparative study of their action on skin colour and the adrenals of the toad, Bufo arenarum Hensel, has been carried out.

1. Intermedin and ACTH darken the skin of the pale, hypophysectomized toad, but, weight for weight, intermedin is far more active than ACTH. Both preparations are more active than those of the pressor and oxytocic principles of the posterior pituitary. The melanotrophic action of ACTH does not depend on the presence of the adrenals or the sex of the toad.

2. Treatment with formaldehyde or boiling with sodium hydroxide, which are known to destroy the activity of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone, do not affect the action of ACTH on the skin; the latter treatment may even increase it. Boiling ACTH with acid does not affect its action on the colour of the skin.

3. Unlike ACTH, intermedin does not prevent atrophy of the adrenals after hypophysectomy or the development of asthenia.

4. It is concluded that the adrenocorticotrophic and chromatophorotrophic actions of the hypophysis are produced by two different substances.
THE EFFECT OF ACTH ON THE REACTION TO SKIN HOMOGRAFTS IN RABBITS
Authors: KROHN P. L.
Published: December 2008

The administration to rabbits of up to 25 mg ACTH (Armour) daily in a beeswax/arachis oil medium sometimes prolongs the survival of skin homografts, but does not consistently reproduce the effects of 10 mg cortisone acetate daily on the homograft reaction, the processes of wound healing, or the blood picture.

The concomitant administration of chorionic gonadotrophin to female rabbits does not improve the response to ACTH.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE IN GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: CLAYTON BARBARA E.
Published: December 2008

1. The influence of cortisone and ascorbic acid on the course of experimentally induced scurvy in guinea-pigs has been studied.

2. The effect of cortisone varied with the intake of ascorbic acid. Cortisone neither accelerated nor retarded the development of scurvy in chronically scorbutic animals.

When the intake of ascorbic acid was very low, cortisone did not prevent a fall in body weight and ultimate death from chronic scurvy. With a slightly higher (intermediate) dosage of ascorbic acid cortisone appeared to improve the retarded formation of epiphysial bone. With both intermediate and high intakes of synthetic ascorbic acid cortisone exerted a 'toxic' effect which ultimately resulted in earlier death.

3. Cortisone did not produce inhibition of wound healing in guinea-pigs.
STUDIES ON THE ADRENAL AND THYROID GLANDS OF THE GROUND SQUIRREL DURING HIBERNATION
Authors: VIDOVIC V. L. , POPOVIC V.
Published: December 2008

Hibernation in the ground squirrel ends within 1–2 hr after total adrenalectomy and does not recur.

Survival time after adrenalectomy in laboratory-kept ground squirrels during November and December was longer than it was during September-October and February-March.

Body temperature during hibernation (4–18° C) was restored to normal (37° C) within 1–2 hr after adrenalectomy, the animals being kept in a room at 17° C.

Oxygen consumption was measured in ground squirrels on the 6th and 7th days after adrenalectomy at 31–32° and 4° C respectively. Maximum consumption occurred at 4° C; normal body temperature was retained.

The 131I uptake by the thyroid of non-hibernating ground squirrels is considerably smaller in early Autumn (September-October) than during the winter months. Radioactive iodine is not accumulated by the thyroid gland of the hibernating ground squirrel, but 3 days after adrenalectomy the amount of 131I accumulated is equivalent to that taken up by the gland of the non-hibernating animal.

The effects of adrenalectomy in the hibernating and non-hibernating ground squirrel are compared with those obtained in hypothermic rats maintained in similar environmental conditions.
SPERMATOGENESIS AND ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY IN GRAFTS OF FROZEN AND THAWED RAT TESTIS
Authors: DEANESLY RUTH
Published: December 2008

Testes of prepubertal rats retain their capacity to grow and differentiate as homografts after gradual freezing to − 79° C and thawing. Spermatozoa are formed in scrotal grafts.
EFFECTS OF DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE AND CORTISONE ON THE EXCRETION OF HYPOTONIC SALINE BY ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: COLE D. F.
Published: December 2008

The response to loads of hypotonic saline has been investigated in intact and in adrenalectomized rats treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate, with cortisone acetate and with both steroids. The response of untreated adrenalectomized animals was also studied.

Intact rats excreted more water than sodium during the 5 hr after loading with hypotonic saline. There was a reduction of the proportion of water reabsorbed in the renal tubules, but the proportion of sodium reabsorbed was unaltered.

Adrenalectomized rats, either with or without deoxycorticosterone treatment, did not show this diuretic response, and there was evidence that sodium was lost from the body cells. Rats in these two groups reabsorbed a smaller proportion of sodium in their renal tubules than intactrats.

Adrenalectomized rats treated with cortisone showed partial restoration of the ability to excrete water, but the renal loss of sodium was greater than in intact animals. Treatment of adrenalectomized rats with both cortisone and deoxycorticosterone restored water excretion to normal values, but excessive amounts of sodium were lost. In neither group which received cortisone was there any indication of loss of cell sodium.

The response of rats in the group receiving both steroids was not a normal water diuresis because the animals were unable to excrete water without loss of sodium. It appeared unlikely that there was excessive antidiuretic hormone activity in the rats receiving cortisone and that some factor other than reduction of pituitary antidiuretic hormone secretion was essential for normal water diuresis.
THE BIOASSAY OF INSULIN IN VITRO BY MANOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS ON SLICES OF MAMMARY GLANDS
Authors: BALMAIN JUDITH H. , COX C. P. , FOLLEY S. J. , McNAUGHT MARY L.
Published: December 2008

The total gas output of slices of lactating rats' mammary glands metabolizing in bicarbonatesaline containing glucose and acetate is increased by the addition of insulin. From this response a straight-line assay has been developed. Using eight rats and twelve respirometers per rat, a six-point assay gave an estimate of relative potency consistent with that obtained by the manufacturers of the preparations used. A value of 0·18 was obtained for the index of precision (λ).