bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loneliness in a Maximum-Security Forensic Hospital: An Experience Sampling Analysis
Authors: Phelps Donald C. , Waite Bradley M. , Hillbrand Marc
Published: March 2007

This study investigated correlates of loneliness in 25 incarcerated psychiatric patients in a maximum-security hospital to clarify relations between loneliness and other contextual and interpersonal variables. Forensic inpatients reported the greatest frequency of loneliness and negative emotional states when they were alone. Significant positive correlations were found between reported loneliness and subjective variables such as rejection, helplessness, worthlessness, and anxiety. A significant negative correlation was found between reported loneliness and sociability. Patients reported the greatest frequency of loneliness during leisure-type activities. Leisure time was filled with activities, such as television watching, that did not make people feel sociable but instead fostered negative emotional states. The findings indicate that activities that are goal-directed and enhance sense of worth decrease feelings of helplessness and worthlessness. Unexpectedly, reported loneliness was not related to any of the personality measures used, suggesting that the subjective experience of loneliness may not be related to personality traits.
On the Limits of Economic Prediction
Authors: Heilbroner Robert L.
Published: March 2007

The uses of economics are many, as are also the methodologies by which its various purposes can be defended or elucidated. In this paper I shall confine my attention, however, to but one of its many aims—the predictive intent that constitutes a distinguishing characteristic of so much economic work. Lest I be accused of claiming that prediction is an integral part of all economics, let me explicitly point out that the discipline has taxonomic, structural, purely formal, normative, and still other aspects, none of which involves prediction, and all of which have their useful roles to play. Nonetheless, I do not think that most economists would disagree with my contention that a predictive purpose lies at the heart of much of economic science today, in particular when that science is used on behalf of policy.
The Concept of Tribe: Crisis of a Concept or Crisis of the Empirical Foundations of Anthropology?
Authors: Godelier Maurice
Published: March 2007

Anthropologists customarily use the term ‘tribe’ to designate two realms of different yet connected facts. On the one hand, nearly all of them make use of it to distinguish one type of society among many, one specific mode of social organization which they compare to others—’bands,’ ‘States,’ etc. There is, however, a lack of unanimity on this point, an outcome of the imprecision, the haziness of the criteria selected to define and to isolate these various types of society. But the discord is deeper yet with respect to the second use of the term ‘tribe,’ when it is used to designate a stage in the evolution of human society.
Monopoly Capital and the Reorganization of the Health Sector
Authors: Salmon J. Warren
Published: March 2007

The "health care crisis" has stimulated large corporations to be come active in health policy and program developments on national as well as local levels. While "rationalization" of health services is rapidly occuring within the present period of economic crisis, specific reorganization strategies for the health sector are being discussed among capitalist planning bodies. These early discussions are key to shaping a class stand to eventually transform health ser vices delivery under monpoly capital control.
Economic Nationalism, The Left and the World Economy
Authors: Willoughby John
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the adoption of ad hoc protectionist politics by the trade union leadership fails to address effectively the issues of job loss and managerial control of production. Instead, protectionist policies actually weaken trade union power in both the short term and long term.

The essay proposes an alternative strategy. It is possible for labor to demand protection against the anarchy of accumulation while avoiding demobilizing alliances with the corporate world. If full employment policies require trade and capital controls, then protectionism should be supported, but only in the context of the actual implementation of those proworker macroeconomic policies.
Peasant Patriarchy and the Subversion of the Collective in Vietnam
Authors: Wiegersma Nan
Published: March 2007

The Vietnamese peasant family economy operated according to its own dynamic, which sustained itself and undercut the collective economy. Although the Workers' Party was successful in some early aspects of collectivization, peasant patriarchs ultimately challenged collective institutions, forcing a return to family farming. The mechanism of this success was their careful control of the labor of women and children in small plot, kitchen garden and handicraft activities that, because of socialist pricing policies, were more profitable than the collective production of staples.
The Rate of Surplus Value, the Organic Composition of Capital and the Rate of Profit in Greek Manufacturing
Authors: Lianos Theodore P.
Published: March 2007

This is an empirical paper that reports estimates of some basic marxian variables for the Greek manufacturing sector for the period 1960-1983. It is shown that the organic composition of capital follows an increasing trend while the rate of surplus value and the rate of profit fluctuate with no apparent trend. It is also shown that the productivity of labor varies more than the wage rate.
Objectivism, Relativism and the Importance of Rhetoric for Marxist Economics
Authors: Milberg William S. , Pietrykowski Bruce A.
Published: March 2007

The revolution in social thought which has taken place in anthropology, sociology, history, literature and even law has been squelched in economics by both neoclassicals and Marxists. It is the purpose of this essay to show that aspects of contemporary poststructuralist and feminist theory are considerably more compatible with Marxian and neo-Marxian theory than with neoclassical thought. More important, we argue that these poststructuralist and feminist approaches, and especially their implicit theory of the relation between the individual and society, can significantly enhance Marxian economic analysis of the production process and consumer behavior by creating a richer theory of individual behavior and by expanding the Marxian conception of institutions and thus of accumulation and reproduction.
The Sexual Division of Labor, Sexuality, and Lesbian/Gay Liberation: Toward a Marxist-Feminist Analysis of Sexuality in U.S. Capitalism
Authors: Matthaei Julie
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the ways in which economic forces have contributed to the social construction of sexuality in the 19th-20th-century United States. It centers on the institution of the sexual division of labor, which is shown to construct both heterosexual marriage, as well as homosexual relations of differing types. The breakdown of the sexual division of labor in the 20th-century is shown to be related to the rise of the lesbian/gay liberation and feminist movements.
Productive and Unproductive Labor in the Labor Theory of Value
Authors: Mohun Simon
Published: March 2007

Using a particular understanding of the labor theory of value, this paper surveys the criticisms made of the Marxian distinction between productive and unproductive labor, and rejects them as misconceived. The distinction is then used to draw some consequences for how "the rate of exploitation" should be understood.
Creating "Credible" Economic Policy in Developing and Transitional Economies
Authors: Grabel Ilene
Published: March 2007

The criterion of "credibility" is invoked today as a means of privileging neoliberal economic policies and independent monetary institutions, namely, autonomous central banks. The paper argues that the credibility criterion presents a formidable obstacle to dissent and to open debate over the feasibility of alternative economic policies and monetary institutions. The paper concludes by suggesting two alternative criteria by which economic policy regimes and the governance structure of monetary institutions could be adjudicated. These alternative criteria are termed the "principle of democratic credibility" and the "principle of fallibility."
The Social Structure of Accumulation in South Korea: Upgrading or Crumbling?
Authors: Jeong Seongjin
Published: March 2007

By applying the theory of the social structure of accumulation (SSA), this paper attempts to explain Korea's 30-year economic boom and its present structural crisis. The economic downturn of 1989-92 is interpreted as the beginning of the crisis. The neoliberal economic policies of the Korean government since the 1980s are shown to be far short of establishing the new SSA needed to overcome the current structural problems and restore prosperity.
Research as an Extended Group Phenomenon: Is `Hard Science' a Sexual Metaphor?
Authors: Evans Chris
Published: March 2007

The article `The Group Conductor and Group Research - Ethical, Conceptual and Technical Problems' (Group Analysis, December 2000) by Birgitt Balhausen-Scharf and Gerhard Rudnitzki is approached as a description of research as a group analysable experience, and hence, though perhaps not generally seen that way, as something for which group analysts have pertinent and specific skills, particularly in the field of `dynamic administration'. Their article describes the authors' departure from what they see as a largely flawed, perhaps failed, research group experience. In some ways it reflects that group experience, showing some lack of clarity about gross numbers and in the diagrammatic simplifications offered, also in possibly suggesting some idealizing (and fearful) projective views of research, or of outcome research, may have been held by the researchers. On the positive side, the article gives a very clear depiction of how easily well-intentioned research efforts can go astray, and how being involved in research can impinge on group conductors' and patients' conscious and unconscious experience of groups. Some reasons for the experience having taken the shape it did, and some wider; more positive views of the potential for the group-analytic world to embrace research more confidently and creatively are offered.
Psychotherapy and Research: An Uneasy Relationship
Authors: Hass David
Published: March 2007

In the related fields of psychoanalysis, psychotherapy and counselling, the interconnections between clinical practice and research have often been problematic. Clinicians feel frequently' that the findings of research projects have little practical use to offer them, while researchers feel that their hard-won results are ignored by the practitioners whose work they are intended to support. Clinicians are inclined to dismiss research findings as either over-elaborate or over-simplified: researchers see these dismissive responses as impressionistic and arbitrary. This article examines the continuing debate at the core of their differences, about the scientific status of therapy, in reference to which researchers and practitioners can often be seen to occupy opposing positions.
Gender, Sexuality and Power in Groups
Authors: Burman Erica
Published: March 2007

In this paper I draw on issues posed by an experiential women's group, first, to explore relations between women in groups and, second, to highlight how gendered institutional dynamics enter into relations of desire and authority between women. Reviewing current literature on women, gender and groups, I discuss the absence of discussion of the erotic (including the homoerotic) within groups - including women's groups and how this connects with questions of agency, power and knowledge. The gendering of power and authority and its reflections within group processes is also considered. Two contrasting representations emerging from the group material, the `experienced lesbian' and the `murderous doctor', are then analysed as indicative of the range of available transferential positions in which the (woman) group conductor can be located. It is argued, first, that such broader consideration of women's positions within group processes promotes exploration of the multiple and diverse forms of sexed/gendered relations within groups. Second, that these relations may transcend actual sex/gendered positions, whereby, third, attending to such institutionally gendered power dynamics accords with group analysis as an arena connecting individual, familial and broader cultural relations, and in which transformative relations can be prefigured.
The Group, the Patient and the Illness
Authors: Reik Herta
Published: March 2007

The young woman said that she did not understand anything, she did not know what was going on in the group, she felt left out, like a child among grown-ups. She had made similar complaints in previous sessions to which the group had not reacted. It seemed that she would again be ignored. However this time I heard something in her voice which I thought was important. She sounded anxious.

I remarked that it might be interesting for the group to explore why they wanted this group member to remain a `child'. There was a short silence. Then an older woman said that it suited her - there were more women in the group than men, she did not need another woman. An older man looked at the girl fondly and said that he thought that she was lovely as she was and should stay like this. A woman exclaimed that she was `so cute', always coming out with things which nobody else mentioned. `I like to confide in her, use her as a mother like my mother used me' was another spontaneous reaction.

The group then began to associate with problems of their own adolescence, their wishes and fears. Two women who had adolescent daughters became aware of feelings about them which they had not been in touch with before. The talk widened to families and their jealousies and rivalries, incestuous phantasies and wishes. Each communication was responded to with strong feelings and brought new realizations.

The young woman who had listened silently through all this then began to speak. She said that she had been the only one of four siblings who had not known that her parents were planning to separate. She was twelve at the time and it had bothered her ever since. She realized that she had become anxious in the group when she did not know what was happening. She was now able to connect her anxiety to her past experience. She was father's favourite of the four girls in the family. She had been anorexic at the time of her parents' separation but was able to stop it. However, she still had trouble with eating from time to time. The theme did not change until the end of the group. I did not say anything; it seemed totally unnecessary, in fact I felt that it would be an intrusion and interruption of the intense group process in action.
`Figuration': The Contribution of Norbert Elias to Group Analysis and the Contribution of Group Analysis to the Social Sciences
Authors: Gfaller Georg R.
Published: March 2007

The theory of `figuration `formulated by Norbert Elias (1897-1990) is the basis of S.H. Foulkes's concept of group analysis and the group as network. The author assesses the importance of The Civilizing Process (Elias, 1939) and of the `critical theory' of the Frankfurt School with which they were both involved and discusses the application of group analysis to research and understanding in anthropology and other areas of social science.
Ending is for Life
Authors: Powell Andrew
Published: March 2007

It is easy enough to talk about a therapy having ended. After all, it had a beginning, so why should it not come to an end? The author suggests this is true only in the concrete sense. No matter whether the therapeutic outcome is felt to have been successful or a failure, it can be argued that once psychotherapy has been set in motion, the process is genuinely `without end'. An exception of a kind is to be found where the relationship is transformed from therapy to friendship; but is not true friendship also an opportunity for continuing personal development? Freudian, Jungian and Group-analytic approaches are compared. The whole question of beginnings and endings is concluded with reference to the recurring nature of the individual lifecycle, which in this author's view is indispensable to a meaningful account of the evolutionary universe.
Psychotic Decompensation During Group Psychotherapy: Early Recognition and Treatment
Authors: Hummelen Jacobus W.
Published: March 2007

This article describes how psychotic decompensation can develop in group psychotherapy. In the early stages of decompensation fusion-anxiety (expressed by self-imposed isolation) is replaced by fusion-need (expressed by boundless interaction). When fusion-anxiety is dominant, there is a splitting between libidinous and aggressive object relations. The group-as-a-whole is then experienced positively, while aggression is directed towards individual group members. In later stages of decompensation, the splitting lies within the group itself: some group members are experienced positively, while others are strongly criticized. Psychotic symptomatology is often denied by the group members. In such cases, the therapist should intervene actively, giving the group structure and direction; he or she should not wait for correction to come out of the group itself.
Combined Individual and Group-Analytic Psychotherapy with Young Psychotics
Authors: van Montfoort Robert , Thelosen Ed
Published: March 2007

In treating hospitalized psychotic patients in the 20-30 age bracket the authors combined individual and Group-analytic psychotherapy. This helped them to handle frustration, rage and manic regression.
The Individual and the Transpersonal
Authors: Lo Verso Girolamo
Published: March 2007

Why is ethnic membership so important for identity? The author answers that culture is an inseparable element of personal identity and the distinction of identity from intrapsychic, interpsychic and transpsychic experience does not correspond to the psychic reality of the self. There is a reciprocal `conception' between individual and world: the `subject' is constructed by a transpersonal world that he or she reelaborates. In such a sense the small group can be seen as a laboratory, because it allows a confrontation of similarities and differences and the elaboration of cultural, institutional, individual and family dimensions.
Identity and the Death Instinct: Aspects of Transcultural Research
Authors: Heenen-Wolff Susann
Published: March 2007

The author tries to establish theoretically the notion of identity. She finds similarities between the concepts of character and identity and underlines that the building up of identity is necessary for each individual, but that identity, when reinforced by the death drive, can also become a dangerous weapon against all that is considered non-identical.
The Median Group: An Introduction
Authors: Lyndon Piers
Published: March 2007

This article introduces the altered psychological dynamic brought about by an increase in group size. It seeks to map out a number of continuities and differences with conventional small-group analysis and looks briefly at the evolution of the larger group process.
Block Training in Group Psychotherapy in the Baltic States
Authors: Lorentzen S. , Kuriene A. , Laurinaitis E. , Lyngstad K. , Petkutė E. , Sørlie Ti , Zileniėnė S.
Published: March 2007

During the last 15 to 20 years, block training in group psychotherapy and group analysis has gained increasing popularity in several European countries. One obvious benefit of concentrating the training to a few designated periods each year is the possibility of educating professionals from remote areas who might not otherwise get the chance to train in psychotherapy. Another benefit is the opportunity to bring expertise to an area which lacks experienced teachers. This article analyses a Baltic programme with a view to evaluating its overall effectiveness and compares it with experiences in a similar Norwegian programme.
A general theory of sympathy, mind-reading, and social interaction, with an application to the Prisoners' Dilemma
Authors: Sally David
Published: March 2007

A theory of sympathy is advanced, based on the insights of theorists such as Hume, Smith, Cooley, Mead, and Heider, and drawing on modern findings in sociology and social psychology. The process of identifying with another person is determined by the perception of distance from the other, may involve non-conscious imitation, and leads to an enlarged self-interest. The core of the theory is a model balancing physical distance, psychological similarity and familiarity, affection, and evaluation. Great emphasis is placed on the incarnation of social actors, the importance of their bodies and sentiments, and the effects of the interaction order. This theoretical structure is applied to the Prisoners' Dilemma in order to derive a large set of predictions that are tested successfully against the wealth of experimental results.
Theorizing power: Weber, Parsons, Foucault and neostructuralism
Authors: Heiskala Risto
Published: March 2007

The article is an attempt to develop a synthetic conception of power based on Weber's, Parsons's and Foucault's writings. The aim is, first, to build a bridge between the so-called resource theories of power (Weber, Parsons) and the structural approach (Foucault) and, second, to do this in the form of a conception which would be usable on both macro- and micro-levels at the same time. Four theories are discussed: (1) the distributive approach (Weber); (2) the collective approach (Parsons); (3) the structural approach (Foucault); and (4) the neostructuralist approach (this article). It is argued that these approaches can be ordered on a scale on which the complexity of analysis increases as one moves from (1) to (4), and that the selection of an appropriate level of analysis in an empirical study is a practical issue relative to the aim of the study. The types of analyses characteristic of the more complex levels are illustrated by a discussion of the problem posed by Big Case Comparison in historical sociology (level 3) and everyday conversation (level 4), including comments on phenomenological sociology and conversation analysis.
National identity, politics and democracy
Authors: Denitch Bogdan
Published: March 2007

Striving to characterize the politics of national identity in relation to democracy, the article tends to show that nationalism develops where there is a lack of democracy. Examples from the breakdown of Yugoslavia are examined and the political processes in the breakaway countries analysed.
From “Finalization” to “Mode 2”: old wine in new bottles?
Authors: Weingart Peter
Published: March 2007

Discussions about “new forms of knowledge-production” refer to purportedly fundamental changes in the organization of science. A closer look reveals that these changes pertain to a particular sector of science, i.e. policy-related fields. It is suggested that a better understanding of the kind and scope of changes would be achieved by viewing them as resulting from a “scientification” of society and a correlate “politicization” of science, both of which processes signify the emergence of the knowledge society. Ironically, the “finalization thesis”, which foresaw much of this two decades ago, met with opposition, while the new claims were embraced. This is explained by the context of legitimation
Ethical Life or `The Customary'
Authors: Böhme Gernot
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the question of what type of ethics may be efficient to cope with actual problems in advanced societies, i.e. environmental problems, social conflicts, the usage of new technologies. The answer given is that it is not morality or ethical decisions that count but the customary (das Übliche). But the customary is a rather precarious resource. This is not only because it may turn out to be the particularistic orientation of social groups, like those of companies, political parties, or even peer groups but also because it is eaten up by the progress of modernity. This is shown by comparison with the historical forerunner of the customary, namely what has been called ethical life (substantielle Sittlichkeit) by Hegel.
In Praise of Philosophy: Johann P. Arnason's Long but Successful Journey Towards a Theory of Modernity
Authors: Knöbl Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

There is a clearly discernible thread running through Johann P. Arnason's whole work. Starting with a highly sophisticated discussion of the Marxian term `praxis' in the 1970s he was increasingly able to link his insights to macro-sociological questions. In the 1980s, focusing particularly on the notions of `power' and `culture', he formulated a theory of modernity which challenges the diagnoses of other major contemporary social theorists such as Habermas, Giddens, Castoriadis and others.
Global Market Cultures and the Construction of Modernity in Southeast Asia
Authors: Evers Hans-Dieter , Gerke Solvay
Published: March 2007

Belief in the benevolence of free markets has become a fundamental credo of professional experts, economists, business people and politicians. We regard this discourse as part of a new culture of markets, which has also taken root in Southeast Asia. Expanding markets and using high-tech devices of communication are interpreted as cultural systems that are used in the construction of modernity. An `unbridled romanticism of productivity' (Baudrillard) and a `romance of capitalism' are the meta-narratives underlying the culture of markets. This theme is followed up on two empirical levels. The development policy of three Southeast Asian governments, namely Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia, is briefly characterized as market corporatism, market socialism and high-tech developmentalism. We then focus on the emergence of the new middle classes, their actual and symbolic consumption and their lifestyles. Finally the decline of real markets, the creation of virtual markets and the state of postmodernity in Southeast Asia are discussed. We conclude that market fundamentalism and postmodern lifestyles characterize the beginning rather than the end of modernity in Southeast Asia.
Full-time and Reduced-hours Work Schedules and Marital Quality
Authors: BARNETT ROSALIND CHAIT , GAREIS KAREN C.
Published: March 2007

In this stratified random sample of 98 married full-time and reduced-hours female physicians with children, the authors tested the hypothesis that the relationship between work hours and marital-role quality would be mediated by the proportion of low-schedule-control household tasks performed by the physicians. The hypothesis was supported: Physicians working longer hours reported higher marital-role quality than those working fewer hours to the extent that they performed fewer low-schedule-control household tasks than did their reduced-hours counter-parts. Conversely, reduced-hours physicians, who, on average, performed more low-schedule-control tasks, reported lower marital-role quality.
Collective Behavior in Organizational Settings
Authors: Blankenship Ralph L.
Published: March 2007

In a community mental health center which stressed professional colleagueship and deemphasized administrative power, unilateral use of authority presented recurring, contingent crises. Two episodes are compared and analyzed to reveal negotiation as the primary mechanism of controlling equals and to indicate collective behavior as an alternative course toward negotiated order when routine channels of communication are blocked.
Class Formation in the Workplace
Authors: RUSSELL RAYMOND
Published: March 2007

Efforts to operationalize “ownership” in class formation research have emphasized diferences in power among ownership categories and have neglected the crucial question of whether an individual works for profit or for a wage. The importance of this variable is highlighted with data from the Boston taxi industry in which drivers differ little in control over their work but differ greatly in the way their work is compensated. In recent years, fleet owners have consciously manipulated these differences to displace a unionized labor force that drives for commissions with ostensibly self-employed drivers who rent their cabs by the shift.
Industrial Feudalism Reconsidered
Authors: D'AMICO RONALD
Published: March 2007

In recent years, sociologists have increasingly investigated the ways in which institutional or organizational features of the labor market constrain workers' mobility patterns throughout the economy. Building on this work, this article analyzes union effects on patterns of job mobility. It finds that the union effects vary by type of union and by type of job change, with industrial unions promoting the incidence of intrafirm occupation changes and craft unions decreasing the incidence of interoccupation moves. Apparently, unions operate to lend coherence and stability to careers by binding their members more closely to organizational and occupational structures.
Job Complexity as Perceived by Workers and Experts
Authors: LOPATA HELENA ZNANIECK , NORR KATHLEEN FORDHAM , BARNEWOLT DEBRA , MILLER CHERYL ALLYN
Published: March 2007

Following a symbolic interactionist framework, a study of Chicago-area women aged 25 to 54 focused on their constructed reality including definitions of the complexity of their job. Women in even low status and task complexity occupations, as measured by Duncan and DOT scales, found some dimensions of their jobs “above average”—such as independence, responsibility, opportunities to see the product of the work, and opportunities for self-development—and were pleased by this level of perceived job complexity. There are women who feel their jobs are below average along these dimensions and are pleased with this situation, but there are fewer of them than the stereotypes of female workers predict. Women appear to judge their jobs from a social role rather a task perspective, which probably accounts for the relatively low fit between their evaluations of job complexity and the Duncan socioeconomic index or The Dictionary of Occupational Titles' complexity scale.
Social Bases of Support for Workplace Democracy
Authors: HAAS AIN
Published: March 2007

Little research has been done to verify speculations about reasons for the upsurge of interest in workplace democracy in recent years. This study analyzes personal interview and mail survey data from workers in Gothenburg in 1977 and 1980, to discover what differentiates advocates and opponents of the idea. Although different categories of workers appeared basically like-minded about the effects of Sweden's new Codetermination Law, opinions on further democratization of the workplace varied according to workers' political philosophy, job experiences, and, to a lesser extent, upbringing. Some changes in the base of support for workplace democracy were detected, especially in terms of job-related factors.
Coming Out at Work
Authors: SCHNEIDER BETH E.
Published: March 2007

Combining research on work and occupations with that describing the process of “coming out” for homosexuals suggests several dimensions of work that affect the decision to reveal one's sexual identity in the context of work. Drawing on quantitative data on 228 lesbian workers, the analysis explores the relationship among workplace determinants, coworker sociability, and disclosure of sexual identity. Results indicate that among the dimensions examined, risk variables (income and working with children), socioemotional climate variables (gender structure and human service work), and prior loss of job due to disclosure have significant impact on decisions to reveal sexual identity to coworkers. Disclosure is context specific: The meaning of the pervasive and systematic influence of the economic domain on sociability, the management of identity, and the place of sexuality at work are considered.
Sources of Self-Esteem in Work
Authors: SCHWALBE MICHAEL L.
Published: March 2007

Social psychologists and sociologists of work have documented the importance of numerous aspects of work experience for adult self-esteem. The social psychological dynamics of many of these work and self-esteem relationships remain, however, to be explored fully. The research reported here probes these dynamics by examining various sources of self-esteem in work and asking, What's important for whom? The data presented suggest that in the workplace, self-perceived competence is the most important source of self-esteem for most people, followed by reflected approaisals, and then social comparisons. The data also suggest that occupational conditions can affect source importance. A new self-esteem-centered conception of the person-environment fit is proposed based on this analysis.
Gender-Based Wage Differences
Authors: PFEFFER JEFFREY , ROSS JERRY
Published: March 2007

In a study of more than 20,000 high-level administrators in 821 colleges and universities, it was found that women's salaries were lower than men's, even when institutional, individual, and positional characteristics were statistically controlled. Moreover, the negative effect of female incumbency on salary was greater in larger institutions and in private as compared with public colleges and universities. There was also limited evidence that the availability of more resources tended to increase the amount of gender-based wage discrimination. There was no effect of being in a university, a four-year college, or a two-year college. The results are consistent with the evidence of wage discrimination against women, and serve to identify some factors of organizational context that affect the extent of such discrimination.
Effects of Employee Ownership on Employee Attitudes
Authors: BUCHKO AARON A.
Published: March 2007

Research on the effects of employee ownership on employee attitudes has yielded differing results. One reason is the use of alternative theoretical perspectives to guide research efforts. Three theoretical perspectives have been identified in previous research: the Intrinsic Satisfaction model, the Instrumental Satisfaction model, and the Extrinsic Satisfaction model. These three perspectives were compared in a study of employees in an employee-owned company. Results indicated the greatest support for the Instrumental Satisfaction perspective, in which ownership affects employee attitudes primarily through providing greater perceived influence and control. Additional support was found for the Extrinsic Satisfaction perspective, with employee attitudes affected by the financial value of ownership. No support was found for the Intrinsic Satisfaction perspective.
Mass-Production Automation and Work-Group Solidarity in the Post-World War II Automobile Industry
Authors: ZETKA JAMES R.
Published: March 2007

Did mass-production automation trigger a decline in shop-floor militancy in the post-World War II period? Was it responsible for deskilling and atomizing once militant occupation groups? Drawing on a rich array of archival and interview evidence, this article addresses these questions by tracing the impact of automation on the most militant work groups in the American automobile industry. These were the work groups who performed stamping, body-building, and trim operations. The findings suggest that mass-production automation failed both to atomize and to deskill these militant occupational groups. An alternative explanation for post-World War II declines in shop-floor militancy is proposed in the conclusion.
Skill, Autonomy, and Technological Change in Canada
Authors: GRAYSON J. PAUL
Published: March 2007

In Canada, the General Social Survey of 1989 provides the opportunity to examine the relationship between skill and autonomy for individuals in different industrial sectors, occupations, and demographic groups. It also enables an examination of the extent to which the introduction of new technology is associated with various combinations of skill and autonomy. Overall it is found that the association between skill and autonomy is not very strong; moreover, it varies considerably by sector, occupation, and demographic group. In addition, individuals most likely to report both high skill and high autonomy tend to have been affected by the introduction of new technology in the 1984-1988 period.
A Comparison of the Sex-Type of Occupational Aspirations and Subsequent Achievement
Authors: LEVINE PHILLIP B. , ZIMMERMAN DAVID J.
Published: March 2007

This article further explores the connection between the sex-type of a girl's occupational aspirations and the sex-type of her subsequent occupation achieved in the labor market. The authors replicate previous work by Jerry Jacobs and build on it by using more recent data and an alternative methodology to address this issue. Two cohorts of data from the National Longitudinal Surveys are employed to estimate transition probability matrices between the sex-types of aspired occupations and the sex-types of achieved occupations. Then, multivariate models of the probability of entering a traditional (i.e., female-dominated) or nontraditional (i.e., male-dominated) occupation are estimated. The authors find that Jacobs actually overestimated the relationship between aspirations and achievement and that this relationship has, in some ways, grown weaker over time.
Two Paths to Self-Employment?
Authors: CARR DEBORAH
Published: March 2007

This article contrasts the sociodemographic characteristics of self-employed women and men in both incorporated and unincorporated businesses. An analysis of 1980 Public Use Microsample (PUMS) data reveals that neither Schumpeter's (1934) “default” theory nor Knight's (1933) “career” theory offers an adequate explanation of women's self-employment. Women's family characteristics, which represent both constraint and choice, are significant predictors of women's self-employment. Human capital characteristics, including education, age, and past work experience are significant predictors of both women's and men's self-employment status. Self-employment is presented as a form of contingent work, which affords women schedule flexibility.
The Transformation of the Japanese Employment System
Authors: LINCOLN JAMES R. , NAKATA YOSHIFUMI
Published: March 2007

The 1990s have witnessed significant change in the Japanese employment system and in the work organization of Japanese firms. This article gives a broad overview of the changes taking place in Japanese employment and compensation practice, recruiting and promotion, and corporate organization. More than in previous postwar downturns, Japanese firms are going to great and creative lengths to reduce workforce size and costs without resorting to formal layoffs. Yet the restructurings and adjustments designed to provide this flexibility often prove under scrutiny to be less substantial than media accounts or public corporate pronouncements suggest. Frequently the changes seem in large part symbolic—signaling to the workforce the need for change in the corporate culture and for diminished expectations in a more severe economic environment.
Hiring in a Hobbesian World
Authors: MILLER SHAZIA RAFIULLAH , ROSENBAUM JAMES E.
Published: March 2007

Although economic theory and employers blame youths' labor market problems on skill and work habit deficiencies, hiring employers do not use information related to these attributes. To explore this discrepancy, the authors interviewed a sample of 51 employers about the information they use in hiring entry-level workers. They found that employers have much available information but mistrust information from most sources. This mistrust explains their strong emphasis on impressions in interviews, a method that has been shown to give invalid (and biased) results, which often results in their selecting unproductive workers. The authors also found that some employers overcome the problem of mistrusted information in two ways: using information from their own workers and from long-term social networks. Although economic theory assumes that labor markets respond to all sources of information, these results suggest that employers use only information received in a social context that ensures its trustworthiness.
Laminated Plate with an Embedded Through-Crack in the Central Layer
Authors: Ramachandran K.N. , Alwar R.S.
Published: March 2007

In this paper the behavior of laminated plates subjected to bending is analyzed when the center lamina contains a "through-crack." The effects of crack size and longitudinal and transverse moduli on the stress intensity factor were evaluated.
Predicting Moduli and Strengths Reduction of Unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy Composites Due to Hygrothermal Effects
Authors: Chang Fu-Kuo , Shahid Iqbal , Engdahl Roger A.
Published: March 2007

Analytical models were developed for predicting mechanical properties, moduli and strengths, of unidirectional composites under hygrothermal conditions. The models, based on micro-mechanics, can be used to evaluate the effects of temperature and moisture on the properties of graphite/epoxy unidirectional composites, below the glass transition temper ature. Existing data of AS/3501-5 and T300/976 graphite/epoxy composites were used to compare with the analyses. The comparisons generally agreed very well with the data. Ac cordingly, the models easily could be implemented with existing finite element codes for evaluating the response of laminated composite plates under hygrothermal conditions.
Properties and Formability of an Aligned Discontinuous Fiber Thermoplastic Composite Sheet
Authors: Okine R.K. , Edison D.H. , Little N.K.
Published: March 2007

A thermoformable thermoplastic composite sheet product is described. The sheet consists of aligned discontinuous reinforcing fibers in a thermoplastic resin. It is drawable to 50 % or more axial draw ratio and has mechanical properties close to those of straight continuous fiber composite sheets. Development and preservation of fiber alignment enables the achievement of high fiber volume fraction (FVF) and mechanical properties. In general, tensile modulus and strength are 90% or better of continous fiber composites at the same FVF. Fatigue and creep properties are also comparable. This paper details the mechanical and formability characteristics of the sheets and presents various applications that show the processing advantages of this advanced composite sheet concept over straight continuous fiber or woven fabric sheets.
Development and Characterization of Controlled Interphase Composites (CIC) Materials for Damage Tolerant Applications
Authors: Raghava Ram S.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the stress state in the fiber-matrix interface region (interphase) of resin-matrix composites. The stress state arises from the application of ex ternal loads and from in-built stress generated during cooling from the curing temperature. Based on the stress state in the interphase, a model has been proposed to tailor make and control the interphase in the development of damage tolerant composites. Scanning elec tron microscopy has been used to examine failure modes in the tested samples. Drop weight impact strengths have been measured on graphite and glass reinforced controlled interface composites.
Supertough Unsaturated Polyester and Its SMC
Authors: Tong S.N. , Wu Peter T.K.
Published: March 2007

Toughened unsaturated polyesters were prepared by chemical reaction, physical blending, and block copolymerization method, respectively. Mechanical proper ties of thus formed unsaturated polyesters after curing were compared. The superior per formance of block copolymers was explained with dynamic test and morphology study. Mechanical properties of their sheet molding compounds were studied as well.
Strain Energy Release Rates in Finite Graphite/Epoxy Plates with a Crack under Mixed Mode Deformation
Authors: Yum Y.J. , Hong C.S.
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates the mixed mode problem numerically and experi mentally for the finite orthotropic plate where an inclined crack parallel to the fiber direc tion is centrally placed. The mixed mode correction factors of strain energy release rate are calculated by using the modified mapping collocation method and those of graphite/ epoxy plates are presented as functions of the crack length for various aspect ratios, crack angles and boundary conditions. To confirm the validity of these results, the mixed mode fracture test for graphite/epoxy specimens is performed for selected combinations of crack length and angle. Mixed mode strain energy release rates for various crack angles and crack lengths are obtained.
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Formulations for Laminated Plates
Authors: Wanthal Steven P. , Yang Henry T.Y.
Published: March 2007

Aiming at satisfying the need for modeling the effects of transverse shear and transverse normal stress in thin and thick laminated plates, a family of three quadrilat eral displacement finite elements are formulated. The family includes: a 16 node, 40 de gree-of-freedom; a 16 node, 48 degree-of-freedom, and a 24 node, 64 degree-of-freedom quadrilateral element for modeling each layer of the laminate. To evaluate the formulation and applicability the present elements are used to model a range of example problems of thin and thick laminated plates in bending and stretching, and the results are compared with alternative solutions. Examples show that these three types of finite elements are capable of modeling, to various degrees, the effects of, such as, transverse shear and trans verse normal stresses. The elements are also capable of predicting interlaminar stresses which could cause delamination.
The Effect of Accelerator on the Crosslink Density and Mechanical Behaviour of an SBR-Filled Elastomer
Authors: Spathis G. , Kontou E. , Saklabani A.
Published: March 2007

The effect of accelerator to sulfur ratio variation on the crosslink density of an SBR-carbon black filled elastomer has been studied. Moreover, the reinforcement ef fect of the inclusions as well as the type of rubber attachment on the filler surface with varying the accelerator content has also been examined. DSC tests and swelling measure ments have been made for the studying of the chemical crosslinking. Equilibrium stress- strain tests and tensile-retraction measurements have been carried out for the determina tion of the mechanical behaviour of the materials tested. The Mooney-Rivlin relation was used to describe the behaviour of the rubber matrix and values of constants C1, C2 have been calculated with the use of the strain amplification factor.
Transverse Cracking and Local Delamination in [04/90n]s and [90n/04]s Carbon Fiber/Toughened Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Berglund Lars A. , Varna Janis , Jie Yuan
Published: March 2007

[04/90n]s and [90n/04 ]s laminates were used to study 90°-layer failure mechanisms in HTA/6376 carbon fiber/toughened epoxy. The different stacking sequences were chosen to vary the stress states, since experimental results show differences in failure strains as well as in the local delamination behavior at the crack tip. Differences in the onset of transverse cracking and local delamination behavior between [04/90m]s and [90 n/04]s laminates was discussed using a model based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). Although quantitative LEFM-predictions do not agree with data for the carbon fiber/toughened epoxy investigated, the general predictions for differences in and causes of local delamination behavior were confirmed by experimental data. The fact that the main features were correctly predicted, encourages the development of some modified LEFM-approach to describe toughened matrix composites.