bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Whig Interpretation of the Welfare State
Authors: Ashford Douglas E.
Published: October 2011

Butterfield's well-known warning to historians may hold important lessons for the analysis of the contemporary welfare state. In his view, the Whig historians distorted history by interpreting the past in terms of the present. They allowed themselves to become “dispensers of moral judgments” by dividing the world into the friends and enemies of progress. Many contemporary explanations of welfare states pose the same problem, not so much because social science intentionally excludes the past, but because the search for rigorous empirical explanations of our present choices and accomplishments is divorced from the past. As Himmelfarb noted in her comments on the study of social history, the investigations of this intricate transformation of nineteenth-century liberal states are now virtually “two cultures.”
On the Origins of American Counterintelligence: Building a Clandestine Network
Authors: Block Alan A. , McWilliams John C.
Published: October 2011

The subject of American counterintelligence has generated a considerable amount of scholarship in recent years, the bulk of that research focusing on the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and its predecessor, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Those agencies were and continue to be commonly recognized as having fulfilled the primary role as the nation's intelligence-gatherers. Within this vast intelligence community exists a microcosm in the form of counterespionage, or more euphemistically, counterintelligence.
Gender and Professionalization in the Origins of the U.S. Welfare State: The Careers of Sophonisba Breckinridge and Edith Abbott, 1890–1935
Authors: Muncy Robyn
Published: October 2011

In response to New Deal legislation, veteran reformer Molly Dewson exclaimed: “I cannot believe I have lived to see this day. It's the culmination of what us girls and some of you boys have been working for for so long it's just dazzling.” Historians have subsequently confirmed Dewson's judgment that female New Dealers had been hawking their agenda for a long time before Franklin Roosevelt's administration finally bought it. Indeed, Clarke A. Chambers, Susan Ware, and J. Stanley Lemons have carefully documented the activities of a large contingent of women who inaugurated their battle for public welfare programs during the Progressive Era (1890–1920), continued their fight through the 1920s—a decade that one activist called the “tepid, torpid years”—and stood ready with their programs when the Great Depression renewed the possibility of federal welfare legislation in the 1930s. Now we need an explanation for the continuity of this female commitment to public welfare programs: Why was it that middle-class women played such a prominent part in sustaining the Progressive Era's social welfare agenda into the 1930s.
Structure, Sequence, and Subordination in American Political Culture: What's Traditions Got to Do with It?
Authors: Orren Karen
Published: October 2011

Rogers Smith's American Political Science Review article, “Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz: The Multiple Traditions of America,” poses challenging substantive and methodological questions for the study of American political development. Whether or not it intended to do so, the article has struck a chord in several programs of research. The following colloquy between Smith and me centers on Smith's reading of political culture in terms of “traditions.” In a spirit of advancing our common enterprise, I have sharpened rather than muted the differences between Smith's views and my own in order to bring them into relief in a short space.
Populism, Politics, and Public Policy: 1970s Conservatism
Authors: Hoeveler J. David
Published: October 2011

A quarter century and more has passed since the 1970s made its debut. History, always problematic as an objective undertaking, encourages present-mindedness when proximity to events in question governs our perspectives. This article does not pretend to have avoided this pitfall. Today the animus against government dominates political discourse. “Outsiders” who aspire to office boast of that status; “insiders” obscure theirs. All politicians design to show their commonness, their oneness with the people, the beleaguered people, victims of the socially privileged, of haughty bureaucrats, and the sundry occult forces that sustain their misery. Ours, it has been observed, has become a dominantly “populist” culture, its anti-elitism resounding from local Serb Halls in Milwaukee and elsewhere to the very chambers of the Capitol itself.
Diseases Chasing Money and Power: Breast Cancer and Aids Activism Challenging Authority
Authors: Bix Amy Sue
Published: October 2011

Through the 1980s and early 1990s, the course of American health research was increasingly shaped by politically-aggressive activism for two particular diseases, breast cancer and AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). Even as national stakes rose, both in dollars spent and growing demands on the medical system, breast cancer and AIDS advocates made government policy-making for research ever more public and controversial. Through skillful cultivation of political strength, interest groups transformed individual health problems into collective demands, winning notable policy influence in federal agencies such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Activists directly challenged fundamental principles of both government and medical systems, fighting to affect distribution of research funds and questioning well-established scientific methods and professional values. In the contest for decision-making power, those players achieved remarkable success in influencing and infiltrating (some critics said, undermining) both the politics and science of medical research. Between 1990 and 1995, federal appropriations for breast cancer study rose from $90 million to $465 million, while in that same period, NIH AIDS research rose from $743.53 million to $1,338 billion.
Hospitals, Insurance, and the American Labor Movement: The Case of New York in the Postwar Decades
Authors: Rosner David , Markowitz Gerald
Published: October 2011

In the summer of 1989, an extended strike by the various “Baby Bell” telephone companies, including those of New York, Massachusetts, California, and thirteen other states in the Northeast, Midwest, and West Coast, brought to public attention the importance of health and hospital insurance to the nation's workers. In what theLos Angeles Timesheadline proclaimed was a “Phone Strike Centered on the Issue of Health Care,” workers at NYNEX, Pacific Bell, and Bell Atlantic went out on strike over management's insistence that the unions pay a greater portion of their hospital insurance premiums. In contrast to their willingness to grant wage concessions throughout most of the 1980s, the unions and their membership struck to protect what was once considered a “fringe” benefit of union membership. What had been a trivial cost to companies in the 1940s and 1950s had risen to 7.9 percent of payroll in 1984 and 13.6 percent by 1989. Unable to control the industry that had formed around hospitals, doctors, drug companies, and insurance, portions of the labor movement redefined its central mission: the fringes of the previous forty years were now central concerns. In the words of one local president engaged in the bitter communication workers strike: “‘It took us 40 years of collective bargaining’ to reach a contract in which the employer contributed [substantially to] the costs of health care, ‘and now they want to go in one fell swoop backward.’”
From Eugenics to Medical Genetics
Authors: Paul Diane
Published: October 2011

Sheldon Reed coined the expression “genetic counseling” in 1947, the same year he succeeded Clarence P. Oliver as Director of the University of Minnesota's Dight Institute for Human Genetics. In reflections written more than a quarter-century later, Reed noted that the term had occurred to him “as a kind of genetic social work without eugenic connotations.” Sharply distinguishing the aims of eugenics and counseling, he explained that whereas the former promotes the interests of the larger society, the latter serves the interests of individual families—as families perceive them. Reed never denied that he or other postwar medical geneticists were concerned with population improvement. But he maintained that counseling served a different purpose. Commenting on the history of the Dight Institute, Reed asserted: “There were certainly no attempts to benefit society as a whole in dealing with these families. This was not thought of as a program of eugenics.”
Gender in Early U.S. Social Policy
Authors: Orloff Ann Shola
Published: October 2011

In the social-scientific literature on the welfare state, scholars have long argued that the quality and extent of support available to workers outside the market—thecitizen's wage—has a direct impact on their standard of living and an indirect effect on the bargaining position of labor within market relationships. In a parallel way, recent feminist scholarship on social policy has pointed out that how—if at all—the state steps in to assist women in their role as mothers when marital relationships break up or never form has a direct impact on the standard of living within motheronly families, and an indirect effect on women's bargaining position within two-parent families by (at least partially) setting the terms on which they will live should they want to exit relationships. Thus, just as analysts have argued that the level of the citizen's wage is revealing about the effect of policy on class inequality, a focus on what the state does for single mothers and their children is analytically strategic for assessing the relationship between policy and gender inequality. The situation of mother-only families reveals the inherent social and economic vulnerability of all women that exists due to their childrearing and domestic responsibilities and their low earnings, which is usually masked when women are in households with wage-earning men.
Five Downtown Strategies: Policy Discourse and Downtown Planning Since 1945
Authors: Abbott Carl
Published: October 2011

Americans have planned for their downtowns within a continually changing framework of images and assumptions about the nature of central business districts. During each decade since World War II, discussion of downtown problems and possibilities has been dominated by a distinct set of assumptions that has conditioned academic research, federal policy, and local planning. From decade to decade, experts on downtowns have chosen different themes as central to the interpretation of downtown growth, change, and policy needs. As the understanding of the situation has changed, so have the preferred planning solutions and public interventions.
Housing and American Privatism: The Origins and Evolution of Subsidized Home-Ownership Policy
Authors: Lewis Paul George
Published: October 2011

In the late 1980s, congressional investigations revealed patterns of influence peddling, lack of oversight, and poorly targeted expenditures at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, criticizing both the content and administration of various federal housing initiatives. Some commentators have concluded that the dogged preference for a private-sector strategy and the privatization of public activities in the Reagan administration—goals pursued while the agency suffered dramatic budget cuts—are at the root of recent HUD embarrassment.
Sowing the Seeds of “Welfare”: The Transformation of Mothers' Pensions, 1900–1940
Authors: Howard Christopher
Published: October 2011

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) had come to symbolize everything that is wrong with the American welfare state. Benefit levels have always varied significantly from state to state and seldom have been adequate anywhere to move recipients above the poverty line. Until the 1960s some local administrators discriminated against certain categories of recipients, particularly blacks and unwed mothers. Overt discrimination is now rare; instead, potential beneficiaries must negotiate a series of seemingly neutral administrative hurdles whose cumulative effect is to discourage many of those eligible from applying. Conservatives claim that AFDC subsidizes a broad range of socially-undesirable behaviors, from idleness and a lack of civic obligation to out-of-wedlock births and permanent dependence on public assistance. Liberals dispute these claims but cannot or will not make an affirmative case for the program. Program administrators at the national and local levels have never been strong champions. Opinion polls consistently show that most Americans favor “helping the poor” but not “welfare,” which they equate with AFDC. Finally, beneficiaries view receipt of AFDC as stigmatizing and degrading. Low benefit levels and the lack of decent-paying jobs create a moral climate in which many single mothers receiving AFDC must lie to the Internal Revenue Service and their case workers about working on the side in order to make ends meet.
Jimmy Carter, Public Policy, and the Public Interest
Authors: Thomas Norman C.
Published: October 2011

By most assessments, Jimmy Carter's presidency was a failure. The popular image of Carter is that of a president who was politically naive, an inept manager, a well-meaning but nettlesome scold, and an unsuccessful leader. According to two recent scholarly evaluations, Carter was an ineffective leader who ranks in the bottom quintile of the thirty-nine presidents who have preceded George Bush.
The Collegiate Crisis: History, Politics, and Education Policy - Charles J. Sykes, The Hollow Men: Politics and Corruption in Higher Education (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1990. Pp. xii, 356. $19.95).
Authors: Tobias Marilyn
Published: October 2011

The American academy is in dire straits asserts journalist Charles J. Sykes in The Hollow Men. A largely unheralded “revolution from above,” the author claims, “has robbed higher education of much of its traditional content, while distorting its values and its basic principles” (309). To understand the contemporary academic scene, he continues, is to understand the radicalization of the academy by the left, which had resulted in the intrusion of politics into both scholarship and the classroom, assaults on those who do not accept the “politically correct” line, and a fragmented, incoherent curriculum that trivializes the historic meaning of the liberal arts. While the current “crisis of values” (309) is often traced to the 1960s student movement, Mr. Sykes argues that the roots of the problem also go back to the post–World War II period and perhaps even to the late nineteenth century, when the agreement over “ends” (71) disappeared and “higher education's immune system” was “destroyed” (72).
Herbert Hoover's Last Laugh: The Enduring Significance of the “Associative State” in the United States
Authors: Hart David M.
Published: October 2011

State-building in America is a tortuous process. Policy entrepreneurs who seek to establish new state capacities face significant ideological and institutional constraints. These constraints often limit the scope of their entrepreneurship and typically force them to compromise or adapt their ideals to fit political circumstances. Yet, although its path of development has been convoluted, there is an American state and not a trivial one at that. Indeed, the same features of the polity that constrain state-building can also motivate and support it.
Through the Past Darkly: The Politics and Policies of America's Drug War
Authors: McWilliams John C.
Published: October 2011

Drug wars. Few topics generate more ccontroversy or provoke more debate. Few topics conjure up more futile and dismal images among the American population. Few topics are more synonymous with defeat. Never has our government been mired in a conflict so enduring or fought against an enemy so utterly impossible to conquer. For seventy-five years—nearly four times longer than both World Wars, Korea, and Vietnam combined—the federal government has been waging an endless war against seemingly impossible odds.
Elitism, Think Tanks, and American Politics: A Review Essay
Authors: Jones Charles O.
Published: October 2011

I have spent my professional career studying and writing about American politics. I have yet to integrate satisfactorily the antipolitical attitudes that remain so prevalent among intellectuals in our system. Perhaps I take it as a personal defeat that a lifetime of teaching and research can have so little impact. Whatever the cause, I still register astonishment upon encountering the variety and depths of disdain for the American political system within our academies. The most recent evidence of the pervasiveness of antipolitics to come to my attention is that contained in three fine studies of philanthropy and policy institutes (or “think tanks”). They are the subject of this review essay.
IL-6/IL-6 receptor system and its role in physiological and pathological conditions
Authors: Mihara Masahiko , Hashizume Misato , Yoshida Hiroto , Suzuki Miho , Shiina Masashi
Published: October 2011

IL (interleukin)-6, which was originally identified as a B-cell differentiation factor, is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates the immune response, haemopoiesis, the acute phase response and inflammation. IL-6 is produced by various types of cell and influences various cell types, and has multiple biological activities through its unique receptor system. IL-6 exerts its biological activities through two molecules: IL-6R (IL-6 receptor) and gp130. When IL-6 binds to mIL-6R (membrane-bound form of IL-6R), homodimerization of gp130 is induced and a high-affinity functional receptor complex of IL-6, IL-6R and gp130 is formed. Interestingly, sIL-6R (soluble form of IL-6R) also binds with IL-6, and the IL-6–sIL-6R complex can then form a complex with gp130. The homodimerization of receptor complex activates JAKs (Janus kinases) that then phosphorylate tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain of gp130. The gp130-mediated JAK activation by IL-6 triggers two main signalling pathways: the gp130 Tyr759-derived SHP-2 (Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway and the gp130 YXXQ-mediated JAK/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway. Increased IL-6 levels are observed in several human inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman's disease and systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. IL-6 is also critically involved in experimentally induced autoimmune diseases. All clinical findings and animal models suggest that IL-6 plays a number of critical roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In the present review, we first summarize the IL-6/IL-6R system and IL-6 signal transduction, and then go on to discuss the physiological and pathological roles of IL-6.
Alternating current electroosmotic flow of the Jeffreys fluids through a slit microchannel
Authors: Liu Quansheng , Jian Yongjun , Yang Liangui
Published: October 2011

Using the method of separation of variables, semi-analytical solutions are presented for the time periodic EOF flow of linear viscoelastic fluids between micro-parallel plates. The linear viscoelastic fluids used here are described by the Jeffreys model. The solution involves solving the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation, together with the Cauchy momentum equation and the Jeffreys constitutive equation considering the depletion effect produced by the interaction between macro-molecules of the Jeffreys fluid and the channel surface. The overall flow is divided into depletion layer and bulk flow outside of depletion layer. The velocity expressions of these two layers were obtained, respectively. By numerical computations, the influence of oscillating Reynolds number, Re, normalized retardation time, λ2ω, and normalized wall zeta potential, ψ¯w, on velocity amplitude is presented. Results show that the magnitude of the velocity amplitude becomes smaller with the increase of retardation time for small and intermediate Re. For large Re, the velocity is almost unchanged near the EDL with retardation time. Moreover, high zeta potential results in larger the magnitude of EOF velocity no matter whether the Re is large or not, especially within the depletion layer.
Isothermal, mass-limited rarefactions in planar and spherical geometry
Authors: Drake R. Paul
Published: October 2011

Solutions are developed for isothermal, mass-limited rarefactions in which the temperature is held constant by continued heating. The case of spatially constant temperature and fixed total energy is also revisited. These solutions are useful in the context of experiments in which plasmas are continuously heated for long periods (up to tens of ns) by present-day lasers or hohlraums.
Morphological and electrical characterization of ZnO nanocomposites in dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Rey G. , Karst N. , Doisneau B. , Roussel H. , Chaudouet P. , Consonni V. , Ternon C. , Bellet D.
Published: October 2011

ZnO nanocomposites were fabricated as photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. ZnO nanowires grown by catalyst-free metal-organic chemical vapor deposition were uniformly covered with ZnO nanoparticles by chemical bath deposition. ZnO nanocomposites exhibit the highest cell efficiency of 2.44% with a 16.7 mA/cm2 short circuit current density due to a higher specific surface area as compared to bare ZnO nanowires. The relatively low open circuit voltage of 0.48 V is associated with a significant decrease in the electron effective life time as shown by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, pointing out the importance to control the interface quality in dye-sensitized solar cells.
Plykin type attractor in electronic device simulated in MULTISIM
Authors: Kuznetsov Sergey P.
Published: October 2011

An electronic device is suggested representing a non-autonomous dynamical system with hyperbolic chaotic attractor of Plykin type in the stroboscopic map, and the results of its simulation with software package NI MULTISIM are considered in comparison with numerical integration of the underlying differential equations. A main practical advantage of electronic devices of this kind is their structural stability that means insensitivity of the chaotic dynamics in respect to variations of functions and parameters of elements constituting the system as well as to interferences and noises.
Linear matrix inequality criteria for robust synchronization of uncertain fractional-order chaotic systems
Authors: Chen Liping , Chai Yi , Wu Ranchao
Published: October 2011

This paper is devoted to synchronization of uncertain fractional-order chaotic systems with fractional-order α: 0 < α < 1 and 1 ≤ α < 2, respectively. On the basis of the stability theory of fractional-order differential system and the observer-based robust control, two sufficient and necessary conditions for synchronizing uncertain fractional-order chaotic systems with parameter perturbations are presented in terms of linear matrix inequality, which is an efficient method and could be easily solved by the toolbox of MATLAB. Finally, fractional-order uncertain chaotic Lü system with fractional-order α = 0.95 and fractional-order uncertain chaotic Lorenz system with fractional-order α = 1.05 are taken as numerical examples to show the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.
Microfluidic droplet encapsulation of highly motile single zoospores for phenotypic screening of an antioomycete chemical
Authors: Yang Haifeng , Qiao Xuan , Bhattacharyya Madan K. , Dong Liang
Published: October 2011

Highly motile Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae) zoospores of an oomycete plant pathogen and antioomycete candidate chemicals were encapsulated into microdroplets. Random fast self-motion of P. sojae zoospores was overcome by choosing an appropriate flow rate for a zoospore suspension. To influence stochastic loading of zoospores into a microfluidic channel, a zoospore suspension was directly preloaded into a microtubing with a largely reduced inner diameter. A relatively high single zoospore encapsulation rate of 60.5% was achieved on a most trivial T-junction droplet generator platform, without involving any specially designed channel geometry. We speculated that spatial reduction in the diameter direction of microtubing added a degree of zoospore ordering in the longitudinal direction of microtubing and thus influenced positively to change the inherent limitation of stochastic encapsulation of zoospores. Comparative phenotypic study of a plant oomycete pathogen at a single zoospore level had not been achieved earlier. Phenotypic changes of zoospores responding to various chemical concentration conditions were measured in multiple droplets in parallel, providing a reliable data set and thus an improved statistic at a low chemical consumption. Since each droplet compartment contained a single zoospore, we were able to track the germinating history of individual zoospores without being interfered by other germinating zoospores, achieving a high spatial resolution. By adapting some existing droplet immobilization and concentration gradient generation techniques, the droplet approach could potentially lead to a medium-to-high throughput, reliable screening assay for chemicals against many other highly motile zoospores of pathogens.
Frequent emergency attenders: is there a better way?
Authors: Kirby Sue E. , Dennis Sarah M. , Jayasinghe Upali W. , Harris Mark F.
Published: October 2011

Background. Understanding the reasons for frequent re-attendances will assist in developing solutions to hospital overcrowding. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with frequent re-attendances in a regional hospital thereby highlighting possible solutions to the problem. Methods. A retrospective analysis was performed on emergency department data from 2008. Frequent re-attenders were defined as those with four or more presentations in a year. Clinical, service usage and demographic patient characteristics were examined for their influence on re-presentations using multivariate analysis. Results. A total of 8% of the total patients presenting to emergency re-attended four or more times in the year. Frequent re-attenders were older, presented with an unplanned returned visit and had a diagnosis of neurosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), convulsions, dyspnoea or repeat prescriptions, follow-up examinations or dressings and sutures and less likely to present in summer. Frequent re-attendances were unrelated to sex, time of presentation or country of birth. Conclusions. Diversion of patients with minor conditions to alternative services; referral of COPD patients to follow-up respiratory services and patients with neurosis to community mental health services would reduce emergency utilisation. Improving access to and resourcing of alternative non-hospital services should be investigated to reduce emergency overcrowding. What is known about the topic? Frequent re-attendances at emergency contribute to emergency overcrowding and are a problem worldwide. Generally, frequent re-attendances have been associated with disadvantage. Identifying patient factors that predict re-attendances will assist in developing strategies to prevent their occurrence. The reasons for re-attendances may vary depending on access to other services and the role of the hospital. What does this paper add? This paper adds to the field by demonstrating how routinely collected hospital data can be used to determine patient characteristics important in frequent re-attendances. The factors associated with frequently re-attending patients include older age, type of condition, unplanned return visit and season. What are the implications for practitioners? This paper has implications for both administrators and clinicians. The diversion of attending patients with neurosis, COPD, dyspnoea or repeat prescriptions, follow-up examinations or dressings and sutures to alternative affordable and accessible services would reduce overcrowding in the emergency department.
Strategies in the application of the Donnan membrane technique
Authors: Weng Liping , Alonso Vega Flora , Van Riemsdijk Willem H.
Published: October 2011

Environmental context
Free ion concentrations determine the effects of nutrients and pollutants on organisms in the environment. The Donnan membrane technique provides a measure of free ion concentrations. This paper presents clear guidelines on the application of the Donnan membrane technique for determining free ion concentrations in both synthetic and natural samples.

Abstract
The Donnan membrane technique (DMT) can be applied to measure free ion concentrations both in laboratory and in situ in the field. In designing DMT experiments, different strategies can be taken, depending on whether accumulation is needed. (1) When the free ion concentration is above the detection limit of the analytical technique (e.g. ICP-MS), no accumulation is needed and no ligand is added to the acceptor. Measurement can be based on the Donnan membrane equilibrium. (2) When an accumulation of less than 500 times is needed, an appropriate amount of ligand can be added to the acceptor and measurement can be based on the Donnan membrane equilibrium. (3) When an accumulation factor of larger than 500 times is needed, a relatively large amount of ligand is added to the acceptor and measurement can be based on the transport kinetics. In this paper, several issues in designing the DMT experiments are discussed: choice of DMT cell, measurement strategies and ligands and possible implication of slow dissociation of metal complexes in the sample solution (lability issue). The objective of this paper is to give better guidance in the application of DMT for measuring free ion concentrations in both synthetic and natural samples.
Achieving ethnic minority students' inclusion: a Flemish school's discursive practices countering the quasi‐market pressure to exclude
Authors: Zanoni Patrizia , Mampaey Jelle
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this paper is to identify how ethnically diverse schools can discursively maintain a good reputation. Reputation allows attracting the mixed student population necessary to achieve inclusion or closing the gap between the attainment of ethnic majority and minority students. In semi‐market educational systems where students are free to attend the school of their choice yet education has no market price, the share of ethnic minority students functions as one of the main indicators of a school's educational quality. Ethnically diverse schools are thus perceived as offering lower quality education. Based on the case of a highly ethnically diverse, inclusive secondary school in the exclusive Flemish secondary educational semi‐market, we found that a positive reputation could be achieved through three related discursive practices: affirming the high‐quality education of the school, redefining the relation between students' ethnic diversity and educational quality and reconstructing ethnic diversity as an educational resource.
Who Wrote the Rhetoric? A Response to Brad McAdon
Authors: Walzer Arthur E. , Inabinet Brandon M.
Published: October 2011

In several recent essays, Brad McAdon has argued that Aristotle's Rhetoric is such a fractured, inconsistent text that it is reasonable to conclude it is not the work of a single author, “Aristotle,” but the work of an editor who combined sections of treatises by several authors. This article challenges McAdon's thesis by reexamining the historical transmission of the Rhetoric and analyzing a central passage in the work—namely Rhetoric 1.4–14 (on the idia or special topics)—that McAdon believes Aristotle could not have written.
The influence of word shading and word length on eye movements during reading
Authors: Leyland Louise-Ann , Kirkby Julie A. , Juhasz Barbara J. , Pollatsek Alexander , Liversedge Simon P.
Published: October 2011

An interesting issue in reading is how parafoveal information affects saccadic targeting and fixation durations. We investigated the influence of shading selected regions of text on eye movements during reading of long and short words within sentences. A target word, either four- or eight-letters long, was presented in one of four shading conditions: the whole target word shaded; the first half shaded; second half shaded; no shading. There was no evidence of a visually mediated parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Saccadic targeting was modulated by the shading on the first half of the word, such that fixations landed closer to the beginning of the word than in the other three shading conditions. Furthermore, partial word shading, resulting in visual non-uniformity of the target word, produced longer gaze durations than the other conditions. Finally, readers spent more time re-reading target words when they were partially shaded than in the other two conditions. We suggest that our effects are due to targeting of the optimal viewing location and revisits to check words that appear visually unusual. Together, the results indicate robust effects of low-level visual characteristics of the word on oculomotor decisions of where and when to move the eyes during reading.
First Report of Gray Mold of Strawberry Caused by Botrytis cinerea in South Carolina
Authors: Fernández-Ortuño D. , Li X. , Chai W. , Schnabel G.
Published: October 2011

Gray mold caused by Botrytis spp. is one of the most economically important diseases of cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) worldwide. From April to June 2011, strawberries with symptoms resembling gray mold disease were collected from different locations (Chesnee, Florence, Lexington, McBee, Monetta, and North Augusta) in South Carolina. Fruit infections began as small, firm, light brown lesions that enlarged quickly, becoming covered with a gray, fuzzy mass of spores followed by a soft rot. To isolate the causal agent, spores from symptomatic fruit were suspended in 1% Tween 20, streaked onto the surface of potato dextrose agar plates, and incubated at 22°C. Fungal colonies from single spores were at first colorless and later became gray to brown when the conidiphores and conidia developed. Conidia were identified by their morphological characteristics: an average size of 14 × 9 μm, ellipsoid to rounded without internal structure, and with a scar on the point of union to the conidiophore (1). Sclerotia produced in culture were hard, dark, irregular shaped, and formed after 2 weeks. The pathogen was identified as Botrytis cinerea Pers.: on the basis of morphology and confirmed by a restriction digest with ApoI of the 413-kb PCR amplification product obtained with BA2f/BA1r primers (2). Koch's postulates were conducted by inoculating 10 surface-sterilized strawberries with a conidial suspension (105 spores/ml) of a randomly chosen B. cinerea isolate previously characterized; 10 control fruit received sterile water without conidia. The inoculated fruit were incubated for 3 days at room temperature in air-tight plastic bags. Inoculated fruit developed typical gray mold symptoms with gray sporulating lesions. The developing spores on inoculated fruit were confirmed to be B. cinerea. All control fruit remained healthy. For many Botrytis spp., the internal transcribed spacer region does not reveal nucleotide variations and thus is useless for species identification. We used additional, more appropriate genetic markers for molecular-based species identification and verified that strawberries in South Carolina are affected by gray mold disease caused by B. cinerea. To our knowledge, this is the first scientific report of B. cinerea causing gray mold of strawberry in South Carolina.

References: (1) W. R. Jarvis. Botryotinia and Botrytis Species: Taxonomy, Physiology and Pathogenicity. A Guide to the Literature. Monograph no. 15. Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, Ottawa, 1977. (2) K. Nielsen et al. Plant Dis. 86:682, 2002.
Effects of Dew Removal and Mowing Frequency on Fungicide Performance for Dollar Spot Control
Authors: Delvalle Tanner C. , Landschoot Peter J. , Kaminski John E.
Published: October 2011

Dollar spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa) is a severe disease problem on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) fairways. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dew removal and mowing frequency on fungicide performance for dollar spot control. In 2009 and 2010, an experiment involving daily dew removal or no dew removal, mowing frequency (2, 4, and 6 days week–1), and fungicides (chlorothalonil, propiconazole, and iprodione) was conducted on creeping bentgrass maintained as a fairway. Daily dew removal resulted in fewer dollar spot infection centers (IC) compared with not removing dew during late summer 2009 and 2010 for all mowing-frequency and fungicide treatments. As mowing frequency increased from 2 to 6 days week–1, dollar spot IC decreased when averaged across all fungicide treatments. For all fungicides, daily dew removal increased the number of days needed to reach a 15-IC plot–1 point of reference when compared with fungicide treatments in which dew was not removed. The number of days required to reach 15 IC varied with fungicide, mowing frequency, and year the test was conducted. Results demonstrate that dollar spot control with fungicides can be extended when daily dew removal is employed and, in some cases, when mowing frequency is increased on dew-covered turf. Benefits of dew-removal practices on dollar spot and fungicide performance can vary with weather conditions, fungicide, threshold level, and possibly other factors.
Phylogenetic History of Phytophthora cryptogea and P. drechsleri Isolates from Floriculture Crops in North Carolina Greenhouses
Authors: Olson H. A. , Carbone I. , Benson D. M.
Published: October 2011

The evolutionary history of Phytophthora cryptogea and P. drechsleri isolates previously collected from floriculture crops in North Carolina commercial greenhouses was explored with coalescent- and parsimony-based analyses. Initially, 68 isolates representing 13 location–host groups were sequenced at multiple loci. Sequences of all isolates within a group were identical. A subset of isolates were selected, cloned to resolve heterozygous sites, and analyzed with SNAP Workbench. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA and cytochrome oxidase II gene genealogies were congruent and indicated that P. cryptogea and P. drechsleri are sister species diverged from a common ancestor with no evidence of gene flow. In contrast, genealogies inferred from β-tubulin (β-tub) and translation elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) genes were in conflict with these loci. Coalescent analysis based on a nonrecombining partition in β-tub and EF-1α showed an initial (older) split between P. cryptogea and P. drechsleri, with a later (recent) event separating the remaining P. cryptogea haplotypes from P. drechsleri. A parsimony-based minimal ancestral recombination graph inferred recombination between P. cryptogea and P. drechsleri isolates in the ITS region and β-tub, suggesting genetic exchange between species. Also, putative recombination between A1 and A2 mating types of P. cryptogea suggests that sexual reproduction has occurred in the history of these P. cryptogea isolates.
Quantification of undersea gas leaks from carbon capture and storage facilities, from pipelines and from methane seeps, by their acoustic emissions
Authors: Leighton T. G. , White P. R.
Published: October 2011

In recent years, because of the importance of leak detection from carbon capture and storage facilities and the need to monitor methane seeps and undersea gas pipelines, there has been an increased requirement for methods of detecting bubbles released from the seabed into the water column. If undetected and uncorrected, such leaks can generate huge financial and environmental losses. This paper describes a theory by which the passive acoustic signals detected by a hydrophone array can be used to quantify gas leakage, providing a practical (as opposed to research), passive and remote detection system which can monitor over a period of years using simple instrumentation. The sensitivity in detecting and quantifying the flux of gas is shown to exceed by more than two orders of magnitude the sensitivity of the current model-based techniques used commercially for gas leaks from large, long pipelines.
‘Silent’ carriage of two familial Mediterranean fever gene mutations in large families with only a single identified patient
Authors: Camus D , Shinar Y , Aamar S , Langevitz P , Ben‐Zvi I , Livneh A , Lidar M
Published: October 2011

Camus D, Shinar Y, Aamar S, Langevitz P, Ben‐Zvi I, Livneh A, Lidar M. ‘Silent’ carriage of two familial Mediterranean fever gene mutations in large families with only a single identified patient.

The presence of two mutations in the familial Mediterranean fever gene, without overt familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), designated as phenotype III, predisposes to developing ‘silent’ AA amyloidosis, recognized as phenotype II, due to the absence of medical supervision and colchicine prophylaxis. We sought to determine the prevalence of phenotype III in large families with only one subject affected with FMF, in order to assess the population at risk for transformation to phenotype II. A total of seven large families were recruited for the study. Siblings were screened for MEFV mutations and underwent a clinical interview to assess for unrecognized FMF manifestations. Phenotype III, most commonly associated with a V726A/E148Q genotype, was detected in 10% of siblings of index cases from informative families, corresponding to a 10‐fold increase in comparison to the expected rate in the general population (p < 0.01). Unnoticed ‘FMF‐like’ manifestations were detected among two siblings in the five families in which the index case was heterozygous, but in none of the siblings of the homozygous index cases. The enrichment for phenotype III and detection of occult FMF in large families, in which only a single member is afflicted with FMF, mandates routine clinical evaluation and genetic screening of siblings.
Clinical features and risk factors of tuberculosis in living‐donor liver transplant recipients
Authors: Imai S. , Ito Y. , Hirai T. , Imai H. , Ito I. , Maekawa K. , Chin K. , Ichiyama S. , Uemoto S. , Mishima M.
Published: October 2011

Background

The incidence of active tuberculosis (TB) among liver transplant recipients varies depending on the endemic area and various reported TB risk factors. Although living‐donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is predominant in Japan, the TB incidence and risk factors among LDLT recipients are unknown.

Methods

Active TB episodes among 1222 LDLT recipient cases from 1990 to 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. A matched case–control study was performed to identify risk factors for active TB infection.

Results

Nine patients (0.74%, 5 males and 4 females, median age 48 years) developed active TB following LDLT. The incidence of TB in adults (over 18 years) and in the later cohort (2000–2007) was more than that of children and in the early cohort (1990–1999), respectively. Seven of 9 patients were diagnosed within 1 year after LDLT. No patient received isoniazid for latent TB infection treatment before transplantation. TB infection was controlled with anti‐tuberculous drugs in all affected patients. However, 2 patients died of graft failure. Univariate analyses identified severe Child–Pugh score (≥ 11) (P = 0.006; odds ratio [OR], 10.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9–51.5), requirement for plasma exchange or plasmapheresis (P = 0.009; OR, 10.0; 95% CI, 1.9–53.4), and ABO‐incompatible transplantation (P = 0.0003; OR, 34.0; 95% CI, 4.7–248.3) as risk factors for onset of active TB infection.

Conclusions

Patients having an elevated Child–Pugh score, plasma exchange or plasmapheresis, and ABO‐incompatible transplantation should be considered at greater risk for active TB infection, and treatment for latent TB infection before transplantation should be considered.
Mortality in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest patients has decreased in the era of therapeutic hypothermia
Authors: REINIKAINEN M. , OKSANEN T. , LEPPÄNEN P. , TORPPA T. , NISKANEN M. , KUROLA J. ,   Finnish Intensive Care Consortium
Published: October 2011

Background

Mild therapeutic hypothermia (TH) improves survival after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). This treatment was implemented in most Finnish intensive care units (ICUs) in 2003. The aim of this study was to find out whether hospital mortality of ICU‐treated OHCA patients has changed in the era of TH.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of data collected prospectively into the database of the Finnish Intensive Care Consortium during the years 2000–2008. The study population consisted of 3958 patients for whom cardiac arrest was registered as the reason for ICU admission and who were transferred to the ICU from the emergency department. We divided the patients into those treated in the pre‐hypothermia era (2000–2002) and those treated in the hypothermia era (2003–2008). We investigated whether the treatment period had any impact on hospital mortality.

Results

There were no differences between the periods regarding the age or initial Glasgow Coma Scores of the patients. Mean severity of illness was higher in the latter period. Despite this, mortality decreased: the hospital mortality rate was 57.9% in 2000–2002 and 51.1% in 2003–2008, P < 0.001. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, treatment in 2003–2008 was associated with a reduced risk of in‐hospital death (adjusted odds ratio 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.45–0.64 and P < 0.001). Survival improved markedly between the years 2002 and 2003. This improvement has persisted, but there has been no further improvement.

Conclusion

Concurrently with the implementation of TH, hospital mortality of OHCA patients treated in Finnish ICUs decreased.
Anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian immature teratoma
Authors: Sameshima Azusa , Hidaka Takao , Shima Tomoko , Nakashima Akitoshi , Hasegawa Toru , Saito Shigeru
Published: October 2011

Anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (anti‐NMDAR) encephalitis is a treatment‐responsive encephalitis associated with anti‐NMDAR antibodies. Unlike classic paraneoplastic encephalitis, this disorder usually develops in young women with ovarian teratoma who typically present with marked neuropsychiatric symptoms, followed by prolonged respiratory failure, clouding of consciousness, and bizarre dyskinesia. This disorder is often treatable by resection of ovarian tumor and immunotherapy, but, delayed diagnosis results in a worse condition and sometimes fatal outcome. However, some gynecologists are not familiar with this disorder. When physicians encounter a female patient with encephalitis showing marked neuropsychiatric symptoms, search for an ovarian tumor should be promptly initiated. We present a case of anti‐NMDAR encephalitis associated with ovarian immature teratoma. The symptoms were dramatically relieved by tumor resection and immunotherapy.