bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Que reste-t-il de 3 000 ans de création paysagère ?
Authors: Chouquer Gérard
Published: January 2014

What Remains from 3000 Years of Landscape Creation ?

Research on rural landscapes is based on the idea that the latter have their origins in the Middle Ages. Archeological prospecting and excavations, and even more the archeology of landscape forms, provides evidence that the period from the Neolithic till the end of the Roman Empire accounts for much of the form of existing landscapes. Since ancient times, the land has been registered : these overlapping cadasters have definitively helped shape landscapes. The Feudal Ages "dressed" the landscape in new ways (open fields and groves), and added its own creations, but did not alter the land's fundamental structures.
Haie sèche, haie vive et ronce artificielle
Authors: Notteghem Patrice
Published: January 2014

On caractérise souvent les différents types de bocage par les formes du parcellaire et l'organisation des réseaux de haies. Mais on s'intéresse plus rarement à la composition des haies et encore moins à leur structure. Pourtant, l'évolution des traits des différents bocages est fortement marquée par celles des techniques d'édification, d'exploitation ou d'entretien qui affectent la strate buissonnante des haies et les arbres complantés. Ces pratiques, leur maintien, leur adaptation ou leur abandon sont le reflet des fonctions attribuées aux haies, de leur place au sein de systèmes relevant d'une agro-foresterie avant la lettre. A travers les caractéristiques des haies, on peut ainsi lire l'adhésion des exploitants et des propriétaires à des idées traditionnelles ou, au contraire, la rupture avec un ordre antérieur. Moyen d'expression, les haies révèlent la valeur sociale des paysages agraires.
L'homme qui regardait l'homme qui regardait la mer
Authors: Baré Jean-François
Published: January 2014

Cet article commente un tableau du peintre William Hodges (1744-1797), artiste officiel de la deuxième expédition de Cook (1772-1775), tableau intitulé Vue depuis la pointe Vénus, Tahiti, en regardant vers l'Est. L'auteur attire l'attention sur l'attitude du personnage contemplant le paysage, qui semble analogue à celle de nombre de Tahitiens ruraux contemporains.
De la campagne à la "nature ordinaire". Génie écologique, paysages et traditions paysannes
Authors: Lizet Bernadette
Published: January 2014

Ce texte étudie l'articulation de trois grands thèmes : le paysage, l'environnement et l'agriculture. Il est abordé sous deux angles complémentaires : la "mise en paysage" de la nature, et le "dépaysement" des sociétés rurales. La première partie vise à cerner les théories et les pratiques de l'aménagement écologique en France et en Europe, à repérer les instances politico-juridiques qui les codifient et à en identifier les acteurs. La seconde traite de la désagrégation des pays et de la folklorisation des traditions paysannes induite par l'aménagement écologique.
Le paysage : un patrimoine à gérer
Authors: Bouillon Didier
Published: January 2014

The Landscape : A Heritage to Manage

Drawing up landscape policy for a regional park means choosing. Although parks may maintain a variety of options, values common to their policies can be singled out. To do this, we must have as clear an idea as possible about what is meant by the landscape and about its place in relation to a park's general policy. This implies objectives to be reached, priorities to be kept, and the means to be obtained to do all this : places, actions, partners. It carries a price in financial terms, of course, but also in terms of efforts and constraints. It is not always easy to assess this price which, beyond rhetorical incantations, is nonetheless a good indicator of the real value a social group sets on its landscape.
La problématique du paysage. État des lieux
Authors: Dubost Françoise
Published: January 2014

The Problem of the Landscape : An Inventory

The landscape is now a fashionable topic. This is not the first time. Since the 1960s, this topic has been periodically revived, and then neglected. This accounts for much of the repetition in administrative and political authorities' current discourses — a criticism that also sometimes holds for scientific research. Herein, this research is placed in a historical perspective, and it is shown how different disciplines have contributed to this topic. Emphasis has been laid on themes shared by several disciplines. There are many obvious points of convergence. The basic paradigm has been redefined to take into account new issues about the landscape, in particular the rural landscape.
La métallurgie dans l'ancien Cambodge. Travail des dieux, travail des hommes
Authors: Dupaigne Bernard
Published: January 2014

Metal-Working in Ancient Cambodia : Work of the Gods, Work of Men

Till 1940, craftsmen working in the forests of northern Cambodia smelted iron ore on a small scale to produce high-grade steel. The abundant production of iron was a factor underlying the formation and influence of the Angkor empires. Till the late 19th century, metal-workers from the Kouy ethnic group in the Kompong-Thom area supplied iron to all of Cambodia and part of Indochina. Organized in egalitarian village work groups under both a mystical and a technical leader, those metallurgists observed ceremonies and prohibitions so that divinities would guarantee the success of iron-working operations. These ceremonies, of very ancient date, unquestionably come from India. The description of the techniques used to reduce iron ore will be of special interest to archaeologists and historians, since there are so few ancient documents about this topic.
Agriculteurs métallurgistes et forgerons en Afrique soudano-sahélienne
Authors: Martinelli Bruno
Published: January 2014

Metal-Working Farmers and Smiths in the African Sudan and Sahel

Iron-Working in the Sudan and Sahel regions of Africa is linked to smelting and forging techniques and to the social relations having to do with the status of specialized workmen. By comparing some of the most representative systems of large-scale production that have survived till recent times - in the Basari (northern Togo), Dogon (Mali) and Mossi (Yatenga, Burkina Faso) areas - contrasting forms of technical and economic organization can be observed. Groups involved in working iron are either metal- working farmers who supply smiths or smiths who more or less autonomously acquire and smelt ore. Till present, little has been known about the first group. Why, in certain societies that have intensively produced iron for several centuries, have smiths been kept from smelting ? What does it mean to be a smith in a society that tends to be stratified ? Do blacksmiths "crystallize" as a social group as a result of technical and economic changes ? Traditional ways of working metal in West Africa raise historical, sociological and technological questions of far-reaching import.
Un épisode métallurgique de la guerre franco-lorraine au XVe siècle. Le procès de Roches-sur-Marne
Authors: Philippe Michel
Published: January 2014

A Metal-Working Episode in the 15th-Century French-Lorraine War : The Roches-sur-Marne Proceedings

In the last years of the 15th century, the installation of an ambitious ironworks on the Marne River became the cause of legal proceedings with political aspects, owing to the rivalry between the Lorraine family that set up this works and the Royal administration. The inquiry conducted during proceedings indicted this heavy industry. It was charged with destabilizing the local ecological and economic system, which the king's representative in the castellani of Saint-Dizier had set up for working the forests, ensuring the movement of persons and merchandise, and protecting the bourgeoisie.
Les conséquences de l'essor sidérurgique sur les usages forestiers et les pratiques agraires (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles)
Authors: Belhoste Jean-François
Published: January 2014

The Consequences of the Growing Iron Industry on Forests and Farms (16th-17th Centuries)

Thanks to new blast furnaces, the iron industry grew during the 16th century. So did the need for wood and charcoal for fuel. This led to new ways of working the forests. The old ways, particularly those involving livestock, changed. The degree of change depended on the existing agrarian system : open field and bocage areas did not adjust alike. Although changes of this sort have been important in modern times, the presence of ironworks in the Middle Ages probably already had an impact on the way of working forests and, therefore, on farming practices.
Le resserrement de l'espace agraire au Rwanda. Les paysans dans la crise
Authors: Charlery de La Masselière Bernard
Published: January 2014

Shrinking Farmland in Rwanda : Peasants in Crisis

Rwanda is in the throes of a political and social crisis that, besides the struggle for control over the government, affects the future of several million peasants. The everyday existence of the latter depends on the ability of political authorities and individuals to restructure agricultural production on an overcrowded, fragile land. Between the short-run necessities of conservation and the need to promote economic development for peasants, there are several contradictions that may soon result in a dead end. What remains of national solidarity would be menaced. Given the deep crisis the peasantry is undergoing, current fights for power become absurd. An agrarian revolution must be launched.
Prophète de la terre bouleversée. Le chef Ke'āulumoku et les premiers contacts européens à Hawaï
Authors: Charlot John
Published: January 2014

Prophet of an Overturned Earth. The Ke'âulumoku Chief and the First Contacts with Europeans in Hawai'i

This article presents the "land chants" of a chief and orator in 18th century Hawai'i. Attention is drawn to the cultural importance, at the time of early contacts with Europeans, of attachment to the land.
Pêcheurs de mer, pêcheurs de terre. La mer dans la pensée tongienne
Authors: Bataille-Benguigui Marie-Claire
Published: January 2014

Sea Fishers, Land Fishers. The Sea in Tongan Thought

On the Tonga Islands, relations with physical space, as well as the social and religious conceptions applied to the notion of territory, associate the land and sea. References to the ocean are very strong. The sea is much more than either the mere prolongation of island space or a part of the network of interisland relations. All men are called fishermen. Sea fishers, who tap the ocean's physical resources, have a close relationship with certain species of fish, the basis of divine images. Landsmen are land fishers ; they morally associate themselves with the appropriation of the ocean's resources through behaviors that consolidate social order in the group. Maritime tenure with controlled access to resources existed till the late 19th century. Despite current freedom of access, the privileged, socialized relation maintained with the oceanic environment has not completely disappeared.
Sauvage. À sauvegarder
Authors: Fritsch Philippe
Published: January 2014

Wild. Keep Wild

A description of the centers for saving wildlife and an analysis of the practices for doing this entails thinking about combining these two terms into a single phrase : wildlife conservation. For a long time, there was little likelihood of bringing together two terms referring to worlds of meaning located on different sides of the social divide between nature and culture. But this has happened. This event is not just a matter of words. It also involves practices, about which it has raised problems. In fact, this new phrase lies at the juncture between, on the one hand, the effects of a way of life that bars whatever is wild and, on the other, aspirations to restore wildlife. It is one of the enigmas of modernity.
Du bestiaire au paysage. (Ré)introduire des espèces animales
Authors: Vourc'h Anne , Pelosse Valentin
Published: January 2014

Dans la réalité des pratiques sociales, les (ré)introductions d'espèces animales ne peuvent être considérées comme répondant aux seules intentions d'une gestion écologique rationnelle. Elles sont conditionnées par le contexte culturel. Le déploiement des passions animalières est étudié en prenant notamment en compte la notion de bestiaire, la relation avec des paysages idéalisé aussi bien que le "bricolage génétique" pour "reconstituer" des espèces disparues.
Hors statut, point de salut. Ours et loups en Espagne
Authors: Bobbé Sophie
Published: January 2014

À l'occasion d'un fait divers, la question de l'incidence de la modification du statut légal de deux prédateurs (ours et loup) sur les pratiques et représentations des communautés rurales espagnoles est posée. L'application de la nouvelle réglementation ne suffit pas à évincer la gestion sociale locale du bon vieux temps. Le rapport à l'animal est pensé en termes de territorialité. Malgré les indemnisations des dommages, abattre l'animal qui outrepasse les frontières reste toujours, aux yeux des locaux, un acte utile et légitime. C'est aussi un moyen d'atteindre, d'un coup d'un seul, gestionnaires, scientifiques et écologistes. Ce fait divers indique clairement que le statut légal n'a pas effacé la perception traditionnelle.
Construction de l'animal cynégétique. Mouflons et sangliers en Languedoc
Authors: Pelosse Valentin
Published: January 2014

Ainsi que l'indiquent l'évolution et les ambiguïtés des catégories juridiques le concernant, l'animal chassable est le produit d'une laborieuse élaboration culturelle. En Languedoc, les chasseurs locaux attribuent au sanglier et au mouflon un statut différentiel. Ils se réservent les suidés et gèrent les populations d'ovidés sauvages en coopération avec les organismes officiels pour les vendre aux chasseurs étrangers. Deux études de cas (Cévennes et Caroux) montrent la complexité des pratiques zootechniques et cynégétiques.
Comment en finir avec les animaux dits nuisibles
Authors: Micoud André
Published: January 2014

La catégorie d'animaux "nuisibles" témoigne d'une représentation sociale de moins en moins partagée. Hier promis à la destruction à cause des dégâts qu'ils étaient accusés de commettre, ils ne peuvent plus aujourd'hui qu'être "régulés". L'auteur examine deux processus par lesquels ce changement de nature du sauvage a pu être entamé. Le travail de réhabilitation est celui qui consiste à changer l'image sociale de ces animaux. Celui de reproblématisation vise à donner les bases légitimes à la gestion des problèmes qu'ils peuvent continuer à poser. Mais comme le montre l'examen des péripéties juridiques au sujet du piégeage, cette "écologisation" du sauvage est encore l'objet de débats soutenus.
Un insecte au statut incertain : l'abeille
Authors: Marchenay Philippe
Published: January 2014

L'abeille a ceci de particulier qu'elle possède - aux yeux de notre société - un statut changeant et facilement réversible. Sauvage, on cherche à la faire passer dans la sphère du domestique, de la culture. Domestique, elle peut instantanément redevenir sauvage. Ce caractère "alternant" et difficilement contrôlable, qui résulte du comportement social de l'insecte, influence la nature des relations entre la société des abeilles et celle des hommes. Pratiques apicoles empiriques, attitudes, représentations, mise en forme juridique de l'appropriation des essaims peuvent ainsi être interprétées à la lumière de cette dualité sauvage/domestique.
"Sauvages Enfants des Bois Sauvages"
Authors: Delbos Geneviève
Published: January 2014

Le sauvage comme "ce qui n'appartient pas à l'ordre de la maison et pourtant y demeure", c'est dans une "histoire comme ça" de Kipling. Et puisque "tous lieux se valent" pour lui, le Chat-qui-s'en-va-tout- seul nous promène dans des demeures singulières de l'Homme où se poursuit "la plus grande entreprise du siècle sur le vivant", la domestication des espèces maritimes à des fins productives. Mais que font au juste les "Sauvages Enfants des Bois Sauvages" qui hantent la domus, et que nous racontent tous ces vagabonds solitaires qui semblent narguer à plaisir son ordre censé faire loi "à jamais et pour toujours" ? Alors, le sauvage ou bien le retour obstiné du vivant dans son insoumission manifeste à l'ordre productif de l'humain ?
Les nouveaux animaux dénaturés
Authors: Digard Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2014

The New Denatured Animals

There are not distinct, domestic and wild, animal species. But there are animals on which mankind can act in one way or another. Two opposite categories of animals are now in favor among Western peoples : pets and so-called wild animals. For people fond of pets, only anthropomorphized animals are good : a kind of substitute for children or teddy bears. People who like wild animals think that the only true animals are those living in nature where they are separated from (and protected by) mankind. But animals of both sorts have been "denatured" : such categories come out of a social reworking of the boundary with the animal kingdom. In some cases, this boundary has been abolished ; in others, it has been restored or more clearly marked. But the issue remains the same : establish a new "social contract" with certain (wild, pet) animals in order to redeem the misdeeds we guiltily commit against other animals as we eat (game, fowl and livestock).
L'articulation littorale : un principe rittérien relu par Elisée Reclus
Authors: Lefort Isabelle
Published: January 2014

II a fallu longtemps pour que les géographes passent d'une simple description nomenclaturale des côtes, sous leurs seuls aspects portuaire et militaire, à une analyse raisonnée de leur organisation. Pour ce faire, Elisée Reclus utilisa le principe d'articulation littorale élaboré par Karl Ritter. L'exemple des littoraux français permet de constater combien le géographe libertaire a su s'approprier ce concept, en se démarquant toutefois de son déterminisme systématique. Il adopte deux grilles de lecture en fonction des échelles : à petite et moyenne échelle, il insiste sur les évolutions et les dynamiques littorales, physique comme anthropique ; à grande échelle, il s'attache à dégager les possibilités d'aménagement désormais offertes par les progrès techniques, et il réutilise, mais pour les dépasser, les pratiques nomenclaturales traditionnelles. Au déterminisme rittérien, il oppose ainsi une lecture dynamique des espaces littoraux.
Les bastions de la mer
Authors: Faucherre Nicolas
Published: January 2014

Bastions of the Sea

Attacks came from the sea. The Middle Ages had to face the necessity of defending the seaboard. As of 1660, coastal defense became a government concern, as huge projects were carried out. Threats against the coastline did not cease till the 19th century. Over time, a system of defense took shape ranging from big stonework towers in the Middle Ages to the forts, citadels, fortified islands and batteries built by Vauban. Over the last three centuries, several hundred forts gradually cropped up along the French coastline. Readers are invited to discover the types of these bastions.
Les plaisirs du bord de mer (1930-1960)
Authors: Griffet Jean
Published: January 2014

Les loisirs du bord de mer, les perceptions et les formes d'expression qui leur sont associées, se transforment de manière très significative à la fin des années 1930. Lieu où le corps se renforce nécessairement des bienfaits de l'exposition au soleil et tire bénéfice du contact de l'air et de l'eau, où le tourisme et les vacances pour tous trouvent une existence matérielle, le rivage devient l'endroit propice à une expérience sensible primordiale du corps et de l'espace. Le sens des impressions éprouvées en cet espace contrasté est de moins en moins dicté par les morales du corps et la structure des rapports sociaux. L'étude du passage d'un mode de représentation, guidé par des idées, à un discours, qui fait la part belle aux sensations et à l'intensité de l'expérience vécue, considère les types d'habitat temporaire des vacanciers et les caractères des lieux de pratique où s'opère une véritable redistribution de l'usage des sens.
L'exploitation des algues en Bretagne
Authors: Arzel Pierre
Published: January 2014

Farming Algae in Brittany

For several centuries, the farming of algae on the coasts of Brittany has provided industry with raw material. The potential is diverse and rich. High demand from both industry and agriculture led public administrations to lay down strict regulations. Usages and customs for organizing the harvest completed these measures. Nowadays, a dozen different species are harvested. Whereas the demand for algae as food has decreased, industry still consumes tons of laminaria. Although farming of this species is tightly regulated, improvements can still be made on : the productivity of boats, the adaptation of the float, and the development of tools adapted to harvesting specific seaweeds.
Decandrinin, an unprecedented C9-spiro-fused 7,8-seco-ent-abietane from the Godavari mangrove Ceriops decandra
Authors: Wang Hui , Li Min-Yi , Katele Félix Zongwe , Satyanandamurty Tirumani , Wu Jun , Bringmann Gerhard
Published: January 2014

Decandrinin (1), an unprecedented C9-spiro-fused 7,8-seco-ent-abietane, was obtained from the bark of an Indian mangrove, Ceriops decandra, collected in the estuary of Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. The constitution and the relative configuration of 1 were determined by HRMS (ESI) and extensive NMR investigations, and the absolute configuration by circular dichroism (CD) and optical-rotatory dispersion (ORD) spectroscopy in combination with quantum-chemical calculations. Decandrinin is the first 7,8-seco-ent-abietane.
Sobre el latinismo en los romanceamientos bíblicos: Alternancias léxicas con el lexema patrimonial en dos testimonios de una misma versión de los Libros de los Macabeos (Ese. I, I.4 y Ac. Hist. I)
Authors: Morreale Margherita
Published: January 2014

No disponible.
El Atlas lingüístico y etnográfico de la provincia de Santander (España)
Authors: Alvar Manuel
Published: January 2014

No disponible.
Reflexiones sobre el episodio de Rachel y Vidas en el Cantar de Mio Cid
Authors: Salvador Miguel Nicasio
Published: January 2014

No disponible.
Una clave interpretativa para tres “Recursos literarios” fundamentales en los Milagros de Nuestra Señora: la alegoría, el protagonismo absoluto y el final feliz
Authors: Garrido Gallardo Miguel Ángel
Published: January 2014

No disponible.
Arabismos y mozarabismos en el Libro de los habices de las tahas de Ferreyra, Poqueyra y Xubiles (año 1527)
Authors: Martínez Ruiz Juan
Published: January 2014

No disponible.
Configuración sintáctica de IR + INFINITIVO
Authors: González Torrego Leonardo
Published: January 2014

No disponible.
Technique for Risk Identification of Software Acquisition and Information Technologies
Authors: Gasca-Hurtado Gloria Piedad , Arias Jaime Alberto Echeverri , Gómez María Clara
Published: January 2014

In this chapter, the authors present the automatization of a technique for identifying the risks that may affect software acquisition projects. The proposed technique can have an impact in two software acquisition areas: 1) acquisition software contract for: Fully Developed (FD) software, Modified-Off-The-Shelf (MOTS) software, and Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) software; and 2) information technology services contract, which can be a result of using the required technological tools for the operation of any organization. In both cases, it is indispensable to manage and address (track) the risks that may affect the success of any project type mentioned above.
Assessing Modularity in Java Programs
Authors: Sanchez Jorge Manjarrez , Belmonte Victor Navarro
Published: January 2014

The main goal of a good software design is to achieve high modularity in order to promote reusability, maintainability, and reduce costs. Coupling and cohesion are two among the many measures that quantify the degree of modularity of a system. An ideal modular design is highly cohesive and lowly coupled. This chapter presents a review of some important metrics to numerically quantify coupling and cohesion and the assessment of some tools to automate their calculation in medium and large Java programs.
Preventing the Increasing Resistance to Change through a Multi-Model Environment as a Reference Model in Software Process Improvement
Authors: Muñoz Mirna , Mejia Jezreel
Published: January 2014

Organizational process improvement offers a key opportunity for organizations to become more efficient. As a consequence, the software industry, among others, is more interested in software process improvement. However, one of the most common issues identified when an organization tries to implement a software process improvement initiative is the difficulty that they face in selecting the reference model and its adaptation to the current organization scenario. Moreover, selecting the wrong reference model according to the way the organization works becomes a trigger to increase resistance to change. This chapter presents a methodology that allows the use of a multi-model environment as a reference model so that the organization can select best practices that best fit the way it works to implement software process improvement. The results of the implementation of an improvement using the methodology proposed are also presented.
Managing Tacit Knowledge to Improve Software Processes
Authors: Heredia Alberto , García-Guzmán Javier , Medina-Domínguez Fuensanta , Mora-Soto Arturo
Published: January 2014

In general, software process improvement entails significant benefits such as increased software product quality, decreased time and development cost, and decreased risks. To obtain these, organizations must apply knowledge management because the identification of new knowledge is considered key to success when improving software processes. Existing knowledge is, however, difficult to find, and when found, it is often difficult to reuse in practice. This is due to the fact that a considerable part of the knowledge that is useful for executing software processes is tacit and not all of it can be captured and made explicit. The purpose of this chapter is to present a framework for software process improvement based on the enrichment of organizational knowledge by means of the acquisition of tacit knowledge from individuals working in different teams and environments. The framework includes the specification of roles, processes, and tools, and is based on a process asset library and the introduction of configuration and change management mechanisms.
Software Process Improvement in Small Organizations
Authors: Espinosa-Curiel Ismael Edrein , Rodríguez-Jacobo Josefina , Fernández-Zepeda José Alberto , Gutiérrez-Osorio Ulises
Published: January 2014

Recently, many micro and small-sized enterprises (MSEs) have implemented a model-based Software Process Improvement (SPI) initiative. An initiative like this is a knowledge-intensive activity that uses and creates knowledge related to multiple areas (SPI knowledge) that should be managed. However, MSEs do not usually manage their SPI knowledge, which results in its erosion and eventual loss. This chapter discusses the importance of Knowledge Management (KM) for those MSEs that are implementing an SPI initiative. It also presents the knowledge created or required to accomplish the implementation of this type of initiative. Finally, it discusses the characteristics that a software tool should have to effectively support this KM process.
A Successful Case of Software Process Improvement Programme Implementation
Authors: Mas Antonia , Mesquida Antoni Lluís
Published: January 2014

This chapter describes the experience of a Spanish software company founded in 2000, which bet strongly on quality as the way to progress towards maturity. The authors discuss the continuous evolution the company experienced through the implementation of quality standards. The actions related to the deployment and improvement of both the management and production processes are detailed. The most significant results and lessons learned during the improvement path are presented. The experience gained from continuous improvement has facilitated the deployment of a knowledge reuse strategy that enables an effort and cost reduction when implementing a new quality standard.
Social Network Analysis for Processes Improvement in Teams
Authors: García-Hernández Alejandra
Published: January 2014

There is a vast amount of literature showing the effects of social networks in different organizational settings, such as innovation, knowledge transfer, leadership, and organizational culture. Recently, business process literature has recognized the impact of Social Network Analysis (SNA) in process improvement by observing the real collaborative relationships between employees, or the SNA impact in detecting communication structures in a large software team. However, little is known about how the teams’ network structures may impact on the teams’ productivity. This chapter analyzes different network properties that may have an impact on the teams’ productivity and generates knowledge that may help to improve processes in the organizations.
Comparison of time-dependent changes in the surface hardness of different composite resins
Authors: Ozcan Suat , Yikilgan Ihsan , Uctasli Mine Betul , Bala Oya , Bek Kurklu Zeliha Gonca
Published: January 2014

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in surface hardness of silorane-based composite resin (Filtek Silorane) in time and compare the results with the surface hardness of two methacrylate-based resins (Filtek Supreme and Majesty Posterior). Materials and Methods: From each composite material, 18 wheel-shaped samples (5-mm diameter and 2-mm depth) were prepared. Top and bottom surface hardness of these samples was measured using a Vicker′s hardness tester. The samples were then stored at 37°C and 100% humidity. After 24 h and 7, 30 and 90 days, the top and bottom surface hardness of the samples was measured. In each measurement, the rate between the hardness of the top and bottom surfaces were recorded as the hardness rate. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance, multiple comparisons by Tukey′s test and binary comparisons by t-test with a significance level of P = 0.05. Results: The highest hardness values were obtained from each two surfaces of Majesty Posterior and the lowest from Filtek Silorane. Both the top and bottom surface hardness of the methacrylate based composite resins was high and there was a statistically significant difference between the top and bottom hardness values of only the silorane-based composite, Filtek Silorane (p < 0.05). The lowest was obtained with Filtek Silorane. The hardness values of all test groups increased after 24 h (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Although silorane-based composite resin Filtek Silorane showed adequate hardness ratio, the use of incremental technic during application is more important than methacrylate based composites.
Comparison of Bolton analysis and tooth size measurements obtained using conventional and three-dimensional orthodontic models
Authors: Nalcaci Ruhi , Topcuoglu Tolga , Ozturk Firat
Published: January 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy, reproducibility, efficacy and effectiveness of measurements obtained using digital models with those obtained using plaster models. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 digital models were produced by the Ortho Three-dimensional Models (O3DM) Laboratory and their software (O3DM version 2) was used to obtain measurements. Identical plaster models were used to obtain measurements of teeth with a vernier caliper. The maximum mesiodistal width of each study model, from first molar to first molar, was measured. All measurements were repeated at least 1 month later by the same operator for both digital and manual methods. The data were analyzed using Cronbach α, Wilcoxon signed rank test and the McNemar test. Results: Cronbach α value of the data at T1 and T2 for 6 anterior and 12 overall teeth measured using the two methods was very close to the ideal value of 1, indicating high intra-observer reliability. The Wilcoxon signed rank test showed statistically significant differences between the two methods (p = 0.000, P < 0.001). The measurements obtained using the digital models were lower than those obtained using the plaster models. No statistically significant differences were found between the two methods for anterior Bolton discrepancies (p = 0.375) or overall Bolton discrepancies (p = 0.00). Paired comparisons of repeated measurements for Bolton ratios showed no statistically significant differences for anterior or overall Bolton discrepancies (p = 0.688 and P = 0.375, respectively). Conclusions: Use of O3DM software is an acceptable alternative to the traditional vernier caliper method in orthodontic practice.
Antimicrobial efficacy of five essential oils against oral pathogens: An in vitro study
Authors: Thosar Nilima , Basak Silpi , Bahadure Rakesh N. , Rajurkar Monali
Published: January 2014

Objectives: This study was aimed to find out the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of five essential oils against oral pathogens and to find out the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of five essential oils against oral pathogens. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activities by detecting MIC and MBC/MFC of five essential oils such as tea tree oil, lavender oil, thyme oil, peppermint oil and eugenol oil were evaluated against four common oral pathogens by broth dilution method. The strains used for the study were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus fecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028. Results: Out of five essential oils, eugenol oil, peppermint oil, tea tree oil exhibited significant inhibitory effect with mean MIC of 0.62 ± 0.45, 9.00 ± 15.34, 17.12 ± 31.25 subsequently. Mean MBC/MFC for tea tree oil was 17.12 ± 31.25, for lavender oil 151.00 ± 241.82, for thyme oil 22.00 ± 12.00, for peppermint oil 9.75 ± 14.88 and for eugenol oil 0.62 ± 0.45. E. fecalis exhibited low degree of sensitivity compared with all essential oils. Conclusion: Peppermint, tea tree and thyme oil can act as an effective intracanal antiseptic solution against oral pathogens.
Why are some Flemish municipal party group leaders more familiar with NPM principles than others? Assessing the influence of individual factors.
Authors: Buylen Benedicte , Christiaens Johan
Published: January 2014

This study addresses the controversy in the literature regarding the effects of individual factors on party group leaders’ familiarity with a selection of New Public Management concepts. In doing so, it contributes to the scarce literature regarding this group of non-executive politicians. Furthermore, this study has an innovative methodological approach, introducing an NPM “familiarity coefficient” in order to make a quantitative assessment. Data was gathered from a survey of 363 party group leaders in Flemish municipalities and the results reveal moderate familiarity. Factors that had a positive effect on the NPM familiarity coefficient were being a majority leader, dual mandate holding and financial as well as political expertise.
Modeled global effects of airborne desert dust on air quality and premature mortality
Authors: Giannadaki D. , Pozzer A. , Lelieveld J.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Fine particulate matter is one of the most important factors contributing to air pollution. Epidemiological studies have related increased levels of atmospheric particulate matter to premature human mortality caused by cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer. However, a limited number of investigations have focused on the contribution of airborne desert dust particles. Here we assess the effects of dust particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (DU2.5) on human mortality for the year 2005. We used the EMAC atmospheric–chemistry general circulation model at high resolution to simulate global atmospheric dust concentrations. We applied a health impact function to estimate premature mortality for the global population of 30 yr and older, using parameters from epidemiological studies. We estimate a global cardiopulmonary mortality of about 402 000 in 2005. The associated years of life lost are about 3.47 million per year. We estimate the global fraction of the cardiopulmonary deaths caused by atmospheric desert dust to be about 1.8%, though in the 20 countries most affected by dust this is much higher, about 15–50%. These countries are primarily found in the so-called "dust belt" from North Africa across the Middle East and South Asia to East Asia
TransCom N2O model inter-comparison – Part 1: Assessing the influence of transport and surface fluxes on tropospheric N2O variability
Authors: Thompson R. L. , Patra P. K. , Ishijima K. , Saikawa E. , Corazza M. , Karstens U. , Wilson C. , Bergamaschi P. , Dlugokencky E. , Sweeney C. , Prinn R. G. , Weiss R. F. , O'Doherty S. , Fraser P. J. , Steele L. P. , Krummel P. B. , Saunois M. , Chipperfield M. , Bousquet P.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We present a comparison of chemistry-transport models (TransCom-N2O) to examine the importance of atmospheric transport and surface fluxes on the variability of N2O mixing ratios in the troposphere. Six different models and two model variants participated in the inter-comparison and simulations were made for the period 2006 to 2009. In addition to N2O, simulations of CFC-12 and SF6 were made by a subset of four of the models to provide information on the models proficiency in stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) and meridional transport, respectively. The same prior emissions were used by all models to restrict differences among models to transport and chemistry alone. Four different N2O flux scenarios totalling between 14 and 17 Tg N yr−1 (for 2005) globally were also compared. The modelled N2O mixing ratios were assessed against observations from in-situ stations, discrete air sampling networks, and aircraft. All models adequately captured the large-scale patterns of N2O and the vertical gradient from the troposphere to the stratosphere and most models also adequately captured the N2O tropospheric growth rate. However, all models underestimated the inter-hemispheric N2O gradient by at least 0.33 ppb (equivalent to 1.5 Tg N), which, even after accounting for an overestimate of emissions in the Southern Ocean of circa 1.0 Tg N, points to a likely underestimate of the Northern Hemisphere source by up to 0.5 Tg N and/or an overestimate of STE in the Northern Hemisphere. Comparison with aircraft data reveal that the models overestimate the amplitude of the N2O seasonal cycle at Hawaii (21° N, 158° W) below circa 6000 m, suggesting an overestimate of the importance of stratosphere to troposphere transport in the lower troposphere at this latitude. In the Northern Hemisphere, most of the models that provided CFC-12 simulations captured the phase of the CFC-12, seasonal cycle, indicating a reasonable representation of the timing of STE. However, for N2O all models simulated a too early minimum by 2 to 3 months owing to errors in the seasonal cycle in the prior soil emissions, which is still not adequately represented by terrestrial biosphere models. In the Southern Hemisphere, most models failed to capture the N2O and CFC-12 seasonality at Cape Grim, Tasmania, and all failed at the South Pole, whereas for SF6, all models could capture the seasonality at all sites, suggesting that there are large errors in modeled vertical transport in high southern latitudes.
Understanding the anthropogenic influence on formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosols via analysis of organosulfates and related oxidation products
Authors: Nguyen Q. T. , Christensen M. K. , Cozzi F. , Zare A. , Hansen A. M. K. , Kristensen K. , Tulinius T. E. , Madsen H. H. , Christensen J. H. , Brandt J. , Massling A. , Nøjgaard J. K. , Glasius M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Anthropogenic emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) may affect concentration levels and composition of biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOA) through photochemical reactions with biogenic organic precursors to form organosulfates and nitrooxy organosulfates. We investigated this influence in a field study from 19 May–22 June 2011 at two sampling sites in Denmark. Within the study, we identified a substantial number of organic acids, organosulfates and nitrooxy organosulfates in the ambient urban curbside and semi-rural background air. A high degree of correlation in concentrations was found among a group of specific organic acids, organosulfates and nitrooxy organosulfates, which may originate from various precursors, suggesting a common mechanism or factor affecting their concentration levels at the sites. It was proposed that the formation of those species most likely occurred on a larger spatial scale with the compounds being long-range transported to the sites on the days with highest concentrations. The origin of the long-range transported aerosols was investigated using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model in addition to modeled emissions of related precursors including isoprene and monoterpenes using the global Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) and SO2 emissions using the European Monitoring and Evaluation Program (EMEP) database. The local impacts were also studied by examining the correlation between selected species which showed significantly enhanced concentrations at the urban curbside site and the local concentrations of various gases including SO2, ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), NOx, aerosol acidity and other meteorological conditions. This investigation showed that an inter-play of the local parameters such as the aerosol acidity, NOx, relative humidity (RH), temperature and global radiation seemed to influence the concentration level of those species, via such as wet aerosol chemistry. The local impacts however seemed minor on the concentration levels of the studied compounds. The total concentrations of organosulfates and nitrooxy organosulfates contributed to approximately 0.7% of PM1 mass.
Assimilation of atmospheric methane products in the MACC-II system: from SCIAMACHY to TANSO and IASI
Authors: Massart S. , Agusti-Panareda A. , Aben I. , Butz A. , Chevallier F. , Crevoisier C. , Engelen R. , Frankenberg C. , Hasekamp O.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate Interim Implementation (MACC-II) delayed-mode (DM) system has been producing an atmospheric methane (CH4) analysis 6 months behind real time since June 2009. This analysis used to rely on the assimilation of the CH4 product from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument on board Envisat. Recently the \\textit{Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique} (LMD) CH4 products from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and the SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research CH4 products from the Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observation (TANSO) were added to the DM system. With the loss of Envisat in April 2012, the DM system has to now rely on the assimilation of methane data from TANSO and IASI. This paper documents the impact of this change in the observing system on the methane tropospheric analysis. It is based on four experiments: one free run and three analyses from respectively the assimilation of SCIAMACHY, TANSO and a combination of TANSO and IASI CH4 products in the MACC-II system. The period between December 2010 and April 2012 is studied. This corresponds to a period during which the performance of SCIAMACHY was deteriorating. The SCIAMACHY experiment globally underestimates the tropospheric methane by 35 part per billion (ppb) compared to the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) data and the methane column by 23 ppb compared the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) data, when the global bias of the free run against the same HIPPO and TCCON data is respectively −5 ppb and 4 ppb. The assimilated TANSO product changed in October 2011 from version v.1 to version v.2.0. The analysis of version v.1 globally underestimates the tropospheric methane by 18 ppb compared to the HIPPO data and the column by 11 ppb compared to the TCCON data. In contrast, the analysis of version v.2.0 globally overestimates the column by 10 ppb. When the high density IASI data are added in the tropical region between 30° N and 30° S, the resulting analysis is slightly less biased in the troposphere than the TANSO analysis when compared to the HIPPO data. In the meantime, this IASI plus TANSO analysis presents the worst correlation with the HIPPO data. In terms of column, the addition of the IASI data to the version v.2.0 of the TANSO data has a significant impact, mainly over extratropical regions, reducing the global bias to 6 ppb. The analysis based on the assimilation of the combination of TANSO and IASI products as well as the SCIAMACHY analysis should nevertheless be used with caution when looking at the seasonal cycle or inter-hemispheric gradient because of the unavailability of the measurements over large regions during the local winter period.
A fiber-coupled laser hygrometer for airborne total water measurement
Authors: Dorsi S. W. , Kalnajs L. E. , Toohey D. W. , Avallone L. M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The second-generation University of Colorado closed-path tunable-diode laser hygrometer (CLH-2) is an instrument for the airborne in situ measurement of total water content – the sum of vapor-, liquid- and ice-phase water – in clouds. This compact instrument has been flown on the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream-V aircraft in an underwing canister. It operates autonomously and uses fiber-coupled optics to eliminate the need for a supply of dry compressed gas. In operation, sample air is ingested into a forward-facing sub-isokinetic inlet; this sampling configuration results in particle concentrations that are enhanced relative to ambient and causes greater instrument sensitivity to condensed water particles. Heaters within the inlet vaporize the ingested water particles, and the resulting augmented water vapor mixing ratio is measured by absorption of near-infrared light in a single-pass optical cell. The condensed water content is then determined by subtracting the ambient water vapor content from the total and by accounting for the inertial enhancement of particles into the sampling inlet. The CLH-2 is calibrated in the laboratory over a range of pressures and water vapor mixing ratios; the uncertainty in CLH-2 condensed water retrievals is estimated to be 14.3% to 16.1% (1-σ). A vapor-only laboratory intercomparison with the first-generation University of Colorado closed-path tunable-diode laser hygrometer (CLH) shows agreement within the 2-σ uncertainty bounds of both instruments.