bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liberal Legitimation and Communicative Action in British India: Reading Flora Annie Steel's On the Face of the Waters
Authors: Thomas David Wayne
Published: March 2009

Most scholarship on nineteenth century British literature emphasizes a skeptical view of liberalism, but some scholars have been rethinking the liberal tradition, as when Amanda Anderson suggests that literary critics draw on Jürgen Habermas's social and political theory. This discussion follows that suggestion by looking to one of liberalism's most problematic settings--the British empire in India--and offering a reading in Flora Annie Steel's On the Face of the Waters (1897). The essay concludes that a properly historicized Habermasian theory can indeed suggest a new model of literary reading, applicable even to an imperialist text and context.
How Literature Becomes Knowledge: A Case Study
Authors: Valenza Robin
Published: March 2009

The first section of the essay inquires, "Is literature a special kind of knowledge?"; the second, "Is literary criticism a special kind of knowledge?" Through an analysis of Samuel Richardson's Clarissa and Samuel Johnson's Dictionary , the essay shows how a literary work's status as an object of knowledge can be determined by its use. The essay proposes that the eighteenth-century notion of "index-learning"–reading a text by way of its index–and its more recent incarnation–"search engine learning"–combined with techniques of close reading can yield a new kind of literary-critical knowledge that might be called "slow reading."
Charlotte Smith's Literary Exile
Authors: Sodeman Melissa
Published: March 2009

Frequently praised for the way in which her landscape descriptions copy nature, and often charged with plagiarism, Charlotte Smith unsettles distinctions made by contemporaries between art's imitation of nature and its imitation of other texts. Her fiction, in particular, suggests that for Smith the authenticity promised by properly mirroring nature is inextricable from less respectable modes of copying. This essay addresses the relation between Smith's imitative aesthetic—broadly characterized as encompassing various modes of copying—and her biographical experience of exile and alienation, which she copies into the novels not as an "original," but as an imitation that proliferates through a structural principle of copying.
Performance Texts: Arise Evans, Grace Carrie, and the Interplay of Oral and Handwritten Traditions during the Print Revolution
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: March 2009

This essay considers the different modes of transmission of political and spiritual prophecy and petitions during the English Civil War and Interregnum periods. The careers of Arise Evans, Grace Carrie, and other radical prophets provide a richer context for understanding the importance to seventeenth-century writers and their audiences of both oral performance and manuscript practices during the so-called "print revolution." Such print performance texts, which both record oral performance and in their formats mirror it, remind us of the complicated interchanges between oral performance, handwritten documents, and printed pages.
A Sea of Denial: The Early Modern Spanish Invention of the Pacific Rim
Authors: Padrón Ricardo
Published: March 2009

“A Sea of Denial” examines the cartographic invention of the Pacific Rim by the Spanish imperial imagination during the long sixteenth century. Guided by the desire to include as much as possible within the line of demarcation established by the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) and the negotiation of its antimeridian in the 1520s, Castilian mapmakers designed maps of the world and of the Hispanic Indies that fashioned the lands around the Pacific Ocean into an increasingly coherent image of a trans-Pacific empire. This study examines how this development is accomplished on specific maps through the interplay of line, word, and image, of geography and artistry, that struggle to map the traditional “East” as a Hispanic “West,” called “las Indias del Poniente.” These maps include the 1529 world map by Diogo Ribeiro, in the collection of the Vatican Library, and the 1570 map of the Indies by Juan López de Velasco eventually published as part of Antonio de Herrera’s Descripción de las Indias (1601). The world map of Martin Waldseemüller (1507) and the Pacific map of Abraham Ortelius (1589) provide points of comparison. Although this effort avails itself of the flexibility inherent in modern cartography, it cannot convincingly displace the deep-seated tendency to think of East and Southeast Asia precisely as “Eastern.” Ultimately, the effort fails, but not without offering us some insight into the ways that the early modern imperial imagination could attempt to remap the world for its own purposes.
Outside Bets: Disciplining Gamblers in Early Modern Spain
Authors: Santo-Tomás Enrique García
Published: March 2009

The gambling house is one of the most visited places in early modern Spanish fiction, yet it still remains grossly overlooked in contemporary criticism. The first part of this essay provides an interdisciplinary reassessment of the topic by analyzing the economic, moral, and religious parameters that transformed the game of cards into a complex and multivalent issue, fascinating and polemical at once. Secondly, the essay examines the strategies employed by a selection of reformist writers to request institutional action against these gambling houses, in order to show how this “domestication of chance” was ultimately designed not only to safeguard the economic privileges of the nobility, but also to foster processes of class cohesion and identity formation.
Narrating the Ineffable Lepanto: The Austrias carmen of Joannes Latinus (Juan Latino)
Authors: Wright Elizabeth R.
Published: March 2009

In his two-book epic poem, the Austrias carmen , Joannes Latinus (Juan Latino) chronicles the Battle of Lepanto and asserts himself as a worthy heir to Virgil. Along the way, the poet grapples with the age-old poetic question of how to narrate heroic actions undertaken to build or buttress empires. A former slave who gained fame as a Latin professor in Granada, Latinus crafted his epic in a manner that both celebrates the Holy League victory over the feared Ottoman navy and mourns war’s steep human toll. Unsettling opening verses invoke a militant Spanish Catholicism hardened during Granada’s bitter civil war, the Second Revolt of the Alpujarras (1568–1570). Yet as the poem focuses on Lepanto, it looks past the militant Catholicism of the day, highlighting cultural reference points that link Christians and Muslims across the Mediterranean. In fact, the poem’s emotional highpoint centers on the death of the admired Ottoman admiral, Ali Pasha. Spanish troops display his severed head as a trophy on the captured Turkish flagship. At this point, narrated action pauses as the poetic voice records the moment Ali Pasha’s two sons see this horrific sight. In the poem’s longest passage of direct discourse, the brothers lament their father’s death and ponder their own future as slaves of their Christian adversaries. This elegy for the fallen Turkish commander prompts closing reflections about how Latinus positions the Austrias carmen within the epic canon.
The Veiled Ladies of the Early Modern Spanish World: Seduction and Scandal in Seville, Madrid, and Lima
Authors: Bass Laura R. , Wunder Amanda
Published: March 2009

This article examines the controversial fashion of veiling in the early modern Spanish world. Working across the media of art, literature, and the law, it explores the intersecting ways in which moralists, legislators, playwrights, painters, and poets constructed the figure of the veiled lady ( tapada ) as a social type at once alluring and deeply unsettling. We provide an explanation of the terminology and taxonomy of veiling, with illustrations to show the various styles of face-covering popular in early modern Spain. We then argue that this fashion and the controversy—as well as the entertainment—it generated were closely tied to Spain’s rise as an imperial power, especially to the new forms of urbanism that developed in the ancient city of Seville and the much younger capitals of Madrid and Lima. As these rapidly expanding cities offered their inhabitants new spaces of social interaction and new possibilities for social mobility, wealth, and consumerism, their changing urban landscapes and complex demographics also generated anxieties of failure and deception. Cultural concerns regarding religious practice, the regulation of domestic and public space, and racial and class distinctions coalesced around the figure of the tapada . Seductive, mysterious, and rebellious, she absorbed the fantasies and fears of urban life in three of the most dynamic cities of imperial Spain.
The Dido Episode in Ercilla’s La Araucana and the Critique of Empire
Authors: Galperin Karina
Published: March 2009

This paper examines the episode of Dido in Ercilla´s La Araucana . Recalled in
America but referring to the Mediterranean context, Galperin claims that this episode should be
read together with other metropolitan digressions within the poem equally critical of the Spanish
empire such as the visions of Bellona and Fitón, which bring to the text the battles of Saint
Quentin and Lepanto. Moreover, she argues that through the figure of Dido Ercilla not only
assimilates Dido to the Araucanians, as it has already been noticed, but also to the “infidels” in
the Mediterranean world: the Arabs and the Ottomans. The geography underlying this episode
through Dido´s journey, and especially the place in which a virtuous alternative imperial model
is located (Carthage; that is, Tunis), covers a territory problematically related to contemporary
Spanish conflicts in Europe. Cyprus, Tunis and North Africa locate this new empire –based on
virtue, justice and the rejection of greed- in territories under Muslim control, recently taken from Christian hands. Thus, within the frame of the third book of the Araucana –the most pessimistic
about the Spanish project and the one which alternates American and European episodes the
most- the implicit alliance suggested between Dido and Philip II´s European enemies, highlights
the fragility of the Habsburg domination both in the American and Mediterranean fronts. By
doing this, Ercilla seems to be subtly distancing himself from the political project of his own
monarch.
The Political Economy of Opinion: Public Credit and Concepts of Public Opinion in the Age of Federalism
Authors: Schmeller Mark
Published: March 2009

This essay examines the origins of the concept of public opinion in early national political discourse. It argues that the science of political economy and institutions of public finance made the idea of public opinion “thinkable” in important and distinctive ways. Focusing on controversies over revolutionary war debts and Alexander Hamilton’s system of public finance, I show how “public opinion” passed into the American political lexicon through the medium of economic discourse. In debates over the assumption and funding of public debts, and the chartering of the Bank of the United States, previously vague and unarticulated assumptions about the nature and role of public opinion quickly evolved into explicit and politicized theories of public opinion. In many respects, the partisan conflict of the early 1790s can be understood as a struggle between different “political economies of opinion”: divergent understandings of the relation between value and public opinion, and the management (or manipulation) of both by
Yeoman Farmers in a Planters’ Republic: Socioeconomic Conditions and Relations in Early National Prince George’s County, Maryland
Authors: Sarson Steven
Published: March 2009

From the founding of the colonies through independence, contemporary commentators and many historians since have portrayed the independent yeoman farmer as the archetypal early American. Yet colonial Chesapeake social-economic historians have found that landownership rates in the tidewater fell from two-thirds of free household heads in the 1660s to one-half a century later. This article takes Prince George’s County, Maryland, as a test case and uses censuses and tax records to reveal that landownership rates fell further to one-third by 1800 and one-quarter by 1820. Moreover, the proportion of yeomen (broadly defined as owning 40 to 799 acres) fell from 24 percent of free householders in 1800 to under 19 percent in 1820. The decline was due to the precarious economic position of small yeomen, owners of 40 to 279 acres, who formed under 17 percent of free householders in 1800 and just 11 percent in 1820. Furthermore, while historians often portray yeomen as eschewing markets and slavery, the vast majority grew
A Detestable Shrine: Alcohol Abuse in Antebellum Philadelphia
Authors: Osborn Matthew Warner
Published: March 2009

Between 1815 and 1850, American physicians greatly expanded their efforts to treat the consequences of alcohol abuse. Prior to about 1820, local authorities commonly confined incapacitated drunkards to almshouse cells, where they received little or no medical attention. But in 1815, a physician at the Philadelphia Almshouse published the first American description of delirium tremens, a form of insanity caused solely by heavy drinking. It quickly became a subject of intense interest in Philadelphia’s prestigious medical community, transforming how physicians and medical institutions responded to alcohol abuse. By mid century, many hospitals devoted entire wards to treating inebriates. These sweeping medical developments shaped new conceptions of poverty and failure in the early republic. Physicians’ interest in delirium tremens emerged at a historical moment in which alcohol abuse and economic instability constituted pressing social problems. Prominent Philadelphia citizens blamed the growth of poverty on
Pliny’s Natural History: Enkuklios Paideia and the Ancient Encyclopedia
Authors: Doody Aude
Published: March 2009

Pliny's Natural History is often referred to as one of the first western encyclopedias and its encyclopedism is central to how it is used and understood. This article argues for a reassessment of the grounds on which we call the Natural History an encyclopedia by reexamining its relationship to the works of Cato, Varro, and Celsus and to the ancient educational concept of enkuklios paideia . If Pliny's Natural History is an encyclopedia, it is not because it belonged to an ancient genre of encyclopedias that ancient readers and writers recognized as such; its encyclopedism needs to be understood instead as a product of the text's reception history.
Roman Law and Human Liberty: Marsilius of Padua on Property Rights
Authors: Lee Alexander
Published: March 2009

This article, drawing on Marsilius of Padua's Defensor Pacis , discusses Marsilius's theory of dominium , situating that theory within the context of the debate with Pope John XXII and William of Ockham. The author also reintroduces the long unsettled question of the extent of Marsilius's legal knowledge and training. The article closes by calling for a more sustained investigation of Marsilius's knowledge of Roman law, and of his relation to the poverty controversy and especially Ockham.
Samuel Clarke’s Newtonian Soul
Authors: Wigelsworth Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2009

This article explores and categorizes the belief of what awaited the soul after bodily death held by English divine Samuel Clarke, D.D. as compared to that held by his close friend Isaac Newton. Evidence taken from the corpus of Clarke's writings reveals both he and Newton to be mortalists, but of differing types and to different degrees. While it has long been known that Clarke and Newton were often of one mind in matters of theology, a comparative study of their conceptions of soul reveals that the two friends held even more parallels than has been acknolwedged.
The German Hercules’s Heir: Pierre Gassendi’s Reception of Keplerian Ideas
Authors: Sakamoto Kuni
Published: March 2009

Pierre Gassendi is widely known as a reviver of Epicurean atomism. But he was also regarded as an accomplished astronomer by his contemporaries. Along with the life-long observational pursuits, Gassendi developed his theories of the causes underlying celestial motions. In elaborating them, he absorbed seveal ideas coming from the astronomy of Johannes Kepler. Moreover, Gassendi went further to incorporate some theological principles from the Keplerian cosmology, especially the idea that God is a Geometer. The present paper thus explores Kepler's influence on the philosophy of Gassendi in both astronomical and theological spheres.
Reading “Sibylline Leaves”: J. G. Hamann in the History of Ideas
Authors: Betz John R.
Published: March 2009

Though long overshadowed by the more familiar lights of the German Enlightenment, arguably no figure of the lateeighteenth century exercised a more profound influence upon the intellectual giants of the early nineteenth centurythan the Koenigsberg author and critic, Johann Georg Hamann (1730–88), otherwise known as the ‘Magus of theNorth.’ In an effort to establish Hamann's place in the history of ideas--beyond popular misconceptions that Hamannwas an ‘irrationalist’--this article traces the history of Hamann's reception, showing how his notoriously difficultwritings (his ‘sibylline leaves’) were interpreted by such celebrated figures as Goethe, Schelling, Hegel, andKierkegaard.
Was William Godwin a Utilitarian?
Authors: Lamb Robert
Published: March 2009

The aim of this article is to discuss whether the political thought of the late eighteenth-century British philosopher William Godwin--as expressed in his Enquiry Concerning Political Justice , published in three different editions during the 1790s--is best described as utilitarian. The significance of this issue and its resolution are threefold. First, it is important within Godwin scholarship. My objective is to rehabilitate the utilitarian reading. Second, attention to this issue informs understandings of late eighteenth-century utilitarianism. Third, it speaks to a methodological problem in the history of ideas because ascribing a utilitarian moral theory to Godwin involves a rejection of the claim, associated with the work of Quentin Skinner, that we cannot ascribe to past thinkers concepts that they lack the linguistic means to express.
Interpreting the Religion of Thomas Hobbes: An Exchange: Hobbes’s Erastianism and Interpretation
Authors: Martinich A. P.
Published: March 2009

A. P. Martinich's The Two Gods of Leviathan appeared in 1992, and J. R. Collins's The Allegiance of Thomas Hobbes in 2005. Martinich offered a revisionist interpretation of Thomas Hobbes's religious commitments. He rebuked the conventional view that Hobbes was an atheist and placed him within particular traditions of reformed Christian theology. Collins's book strongly differed from these conclusions, and reasserted Hobbes's hostility to traditional Christianity as part of a general contextualization of his writings within the period of the English Revolution. The following exchange between Martinich and Collins was first aired in 2007 as a debate at the Southwestern Political Science Association's Annual Conference.
Interpreting Thomas Hobbes in Competing Contexts
Authors: Collins Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2009

A. P. Martinich's The Two Gods of Leviathan appeared in 1992, and J. R. Collins's The Allegiance of Thomas Hobbes in 2005. Martinich offered a revisionist interpretation of Thomas Hobbes's religious commitments. He rebuked the conventional view that Hobbes was an atheist and placed him within particular traditions of reformed Christian theology. Collins's book strongly differed from these conclusions, and reasserted Hobbes's hostility to traditional Christianity as part of a general contextualization of his writings within the period of the English Revolution. The following exchange between Martinich and Collins was first aired in 2007 as a debate at the Southwestern Political Science Association's Annual Conference.
Conveying the Olympic Message: NBC Producer and Sportscaster Interviews Regarding the Role of Identity
Authors: Billings Andrew C.
Published: March 2009

Eleven producers and sportscasters who are NBC Olympic employees and/or former Olympians were interviewed concerning the role of gender, ethnicity, and nationality in producing and conveying the Olympic telecast. Interviewees tended to regulate clock-time most heavily in terms of gender equity and moderated on-air dialogue most overtly when attempting to avoid nationalistic biases. Meanwhile, ethnicity appeared to be an issue in which producers and reporters felt influenced their product to a much lesser extent, arguing that visual images informed the audience in regard to ethnicity much more than production and dialogic choices. Implications for agenda-setting and framing theories are articulated.
The Uses and Gratifications of Viewing Mixed Martial Arts
Authors: Cheever Nancy
Published: March 2009

Mixed martial arts (MMA) is the most popular televised combat sport among young men. The goal of this study was to determine what draws people to the sport and keeps them watching. This study measured the reported behaviors and opinions of more than 2,700 MMA fans worldwide through online survey responses. Results show that mixed martial arts fans are dedicated viewers who enjoy the competition and technical aspects of the sport more than its sensational qualities.
It Hurts the Team Even More: Differences in Coverage by Sports Journalists of White and African-American Athletes Who Engage in Contract Holdouts
Authors: Bishop Ronald
Published: March 2009

A textual analysis was conducted of newspaper articles written in the late summer of 2004 about the contract holdouts of quarterback Philip Rivers of the San Diego Chargers, who is white, and Kellen Winslow II, a tight end who plays for the Cleveland Browns. Winslow is African-American. Articles were written by sports journalists assigned to regularly cover the teams, as well as columnists for those news organizations. Journalists writing for Cleveland news organizations emasculated Winslow, treating him like a moody adolescent incapable of making significant decisions on his own. Any athlete takes a risk by confronting management, but this research suggests the risk is heightened for African-American athletes.
Lucky Come Hawaii
Authors: Shirota Jon
Published: March 2009

Adapted from the 1965 novel of the same name, Lucky Come Hawaii was produced in Los Angeles at the Inner City Cultural Center in 1990 and later by Kumu Kahua Theatre in Honolulu. In 1990, it was also produced in New York City by the Pan Asian Repertory Theatre with a production grant from the John F. Kennedy Center Fund for New American Plays.
Leilani's Hibiscus
Authors: Shirota Jon
Published: March 2009

Leilani's Hibiscus was produced first by East West Players in Los Angeles in 1999 and later by Kumu Kahua Theatre in Honolulu in 2000. Katsunori Yamazato translated the play into Japanese, and this version was produced in Okinawa in 2001 and 2003, in Los Angeles in 2002, and in Tokyo in 2003.
Vice and the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Disorders: A Philosophical Case Conference
Authors: Sadler John Z.
Published: March 2009

Abstract:
This main article for a Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology philosophical case conference is intended to raise philosophical, psychiatric, and public policy issues concerning the relationship between concepts of criminality, mental disorder, and the classification of mental disorders. After introducing the basic problem of the confounding of “vice” and mental disorder concepts in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition—Text Revision, the author summarizes three different cases from the literature that illustrate the problem of the vice–mental disorder relationship. Four general aspects of the conceptual issues are presented to frame the discussion, and general questions in a range of domains are posed for commentators.
When Violence Becomes a Psychiatric Symptom
Authors: Wilson Simon , Adshead Gwen
Published: March 2009

Abstract:
Psychiatrists are increasingly expected to be involved in violence assessment, prediction, and prevention. For some psychiatrists this sits uncomfortably with their conception of themselves as doctors. Is violence (ever) a medical/psychiatric symptom? If so, what is the role of medicine/psychiatry in preventing violence? What are the consequences of an interventionist stance? We attempt to explore some of these questions in this paper.
Review Paper: Cancer Stem Cells and Cancer Nonstem Cells: From Adult Stem Cells or from Reprogramming of Differentiated Somatic Cells
Authors: Trosko J. E.
Published: March 2009

Two opposing hypotheses of the origin of cancer have existed for many decades. One hypothesis postulates that the adult stem cell is needed to initiate the carcinogenic process, whereas the other claims a somatic differentiated cell can dedifferentiate or be reprogrammed to regain properties associated with cancer cells. Recent reemergence of the cancer stem cell hypothesis and the isolation of presumptive cancer stem cells from many types of cancer have forced a reexamination of these 2 hypotheses of the origin of cancer. In addition, normal embryonic and adult stem cells have now been isolated and partially characterized. Furthermore, the demonstration of embryonic-like stem cells, being isolated from adult-differentiated skin fibroblast cells of mice, monkey, and human beings, provides a newer opportunity to determine which of these 2 hypotheses might explain the cell type for initiating the carcinogenic process. The goal of this review is to integrate these recent findings, concerning the isolation of normal and cancer stem cells, with several of the classical concepts of carcinogenesis (initiation/promotion/progression; mutation/epigenetic; stem cell theory/dedifferentiation hypotheses; oncogenetumor suppressor theory). Although the weight of the evidence in this review seems to support the stem cell hypothesis, only future studies, probably using comparative animal and human oncologic studies, will determine if targeting the cancer stem cell, with individualized medical approaches, will improve cancer prevention and therapy.
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Vascular Urinary Bladder Tumors from Cows with Enzootic Hematuria
Authors: Carvalho T. , Naydan D. , Nunes T. , Pinto C. , Peleteiro M. C.
Published: March 2009

Fifty-six endothelial-derived urinary bladder tumor samples collected from 26 animals with bovine enzootic hematuria were selected for immunohistochemical studies. Expression of factor VHI-related antigen (FVIIIra), CD31, muscle-specific actin, uroplakin III (UPIII), and the cell cycle-related proteins cyclin Dl and p53 was evaluated in hemangiomas, “hemangioendotheliomas” (a vascular tumor that histologically is intermediate in appearance between a hemangioma and a conventional hemangiosarcoma), and hemangiosarcomas. Although CD31 expression was seen in all endothelial tumors tested, FVIIIra was not expressed in poorly differentiated endothelial tumor cells from solid areas or in 7 muscle-invasive hemangiosarcomas. Cyclin Dl overexpression was seen in 53% of hemangiomas, 82% of hemangioendotheliomas, and 95% of hemangiosarcomas. P53 immunoreac-tivity was only seen in muscle-invasive hemangiosarcomas. The UPIII staining pattern, normally very intense on the apical aspect and cytoplasm of superficial urothelial cells, was altered in the urothelium in an estimated 25% of hemangiomas, most hemangioendotheliomas, and most hemangiosarcomas. In conclusion, CD31 is a better marker than FVIIIra in the characterization of bovine endothelial tumors. The cell cycle regulatory pathways involving cyclin Dl and p53 seem to be impaired in endothelial urinary bladder tumors, p53 immunoreactivity positively correlating with enhanced invasion.
Neuropathology of Naturally Occurring Trypanosoma evansi Infection of Horses
Authors: Rodrigues A. , Fighera R. A. , Souza T. M. , Schild A. L. , Barros C. S. L.
Published: March 2009

The clinical signs and pathology of the central nervous system in 9 horses with naturally occurring neurologic disease due to Trypanosoma evansi are described. The clinical course was 2 to 20 days; clinical signs included marked ataxia, blindness, head tilt and circling, hyperexcitability, obtundity, proprioceptive deficits, head pressing, and paddling movements. Grossly, asymmetric leukoencephalomalacia with yellowish discoloration of white matter and flattening of the gyri were observed in the brain of 7 of 9 horses. Histologically, all 9 horses had necrotizing encephalitis that was most severe in the white matter, with edema, demyelination, and lymphoplasmacytic perivascular cuffs. Mild to moderate meningitis or meningomyelitis was observed in the spinal cord of 5 of 7 horses. T. evansi was detected immunohistochemically in the perivascular spaces and neuropil of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue in 8 of 9 horses.
Comparative Pathology of Nocardiosis in Marine Mammals
Authors: Leger J. A. St. , Begeman L. , Fleetwood M. , Frasca S. , Garner M. M. , Lair S. , Trembley S. , Linn M. J. , Terio K. A.
Published: March 2009

Nocardia spp. infections in mammals cause pyogranulomatous lesions in a variety of organs, most typically the lung. Members of the Nocardia asteroides complex are the most frequently recognized pathogens. Nine cases of nocardiosis in free-ranging pinnipeds and 10 cases of nocardiosis in cetaceans were evaluated. Host species included the hooded seal ( Cystophora cristata, n = 8), leopard seal ( Hydrurga leptonyx, n = 1), Atlantic bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus, n = 4), beluga whale ( Delphinapterus leucas, n = 4), and killer whale ( Orcinus orca, n = 2). The most common presentation of nocardiosis in both pinnipeds and cetaceans was the systemic form, involving 2 or more organs. Organs most frequently affected were lung and thoracic lymph nodes in 7 of 9 cases in pinnipeds and 8 of 10 cases in cetaceans. Molecular identification and bacterial isolation demonstrated a variety of pathogenic species. N. asteroides, N. farcinica, N. brasiliensis, and N. otitisdiscaviarum are pathogenic for pinnipeds. In cetaceans N. asteroides, N. farcinica, N. brasiliensis, N. cyriacigeorgica, and N. levis are pathogenic. Hematoxylin and eosin and acid fast staining failed to reveal bacteria in every case, whereas modified acid fast and Grocott's methenamine silver consistently demonstrated the characteristic organisms. In both pinnipeds and cetaceans, juvenile animals were affected more often than adults. Hooded seals demonstrated more cases of nocardiosis than other pinnipeds.
Acquired Melanosis Caused by Acorn Ingestion in the Nero Siciliano Pig
Authors: Lanteri G. , Marino F. , Laganà G. , Bellocco E. , Barreca D. , Liotta L. , Sfacteria A. , Macrì B.
Published: March 2009

In this study, an acquired pigmentation in Nero Siciliano pigs is reported and evaluated by a multidisciplinary approach to support the hypothesis it is caused by an ingested material. A total of 18 pigs were studied. Fourteen conventionally slaughtered animals showed black discoloration of lymph nodes. The lymph nodes were normal in size and shape but showed diffuse black discoloration of the cortex and medulla. Melanosis of fat was observed in 2 animals and was limited to the back. Histochemical tests performed on tissues enabled identification and differentiation of the pigment. Immunohistochemical staining for macrophage markers showed macrophages containing a variable amount of melanin-like granules. Stains for human melanoma, as well as S-100 protein, did not show any reaction. Histochemical methods for tyrosinase showed colorimetric patterns that confirmed the presence of the enzyme in acorns. The activity was mostly latent. A high tannin content was demonstrated, reaching about 76% of the total phenolic compounds. Our data, and the well-known steps on melanin formation, permit us to hypothesize that swine tyrosinase could act on phenolic substances found in acorns. Tyrosinase activation could take place in genetically predisposed swine after acorns are eaten, and this event could increase the biosynthesis and the anomalous storage of melanin.
Fluorescence Induction as a Biomarker of Creosote Phototoxicity to the Aquatic MacrophyteLemna Gibba
Authors: Gensemer RW , Ren L , Day KE , Solomon KR , Greenberg BM
Published: March 2009

Biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) toxicity to aquatic plants were developed using the wood preservative creosote. We tested physiological indicators of photosynthetic performance in cultures of the floating aquatic macrophyte Lemna gibba (G3). Creosote was applied at concentrations ranging from 1–300 ppm, and plants were grown under laboratory lighting that mimics the relative levels of UV radiation found in natural sunlight (simulated solar radiation; SSR). Population growth bioassays demonstrated that similar to individual PAHs, creosote exhibited UV-enhanced phototoxicity. Chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence induction parameters were also diminished by creosote, and closely corresponded to functional responses of population growth by the end of each experiment. Fluorescence induction thus is a validated biomarker assay that is closely and functionally related to population growth inhibition in aquatic plants.
Injury in Youth Football
Authors: Goldberg B
Published: March 2009

The participation of children and young adolescents in the sport of football has been an area of concern for parents and physicians. This concern has arisen from the well documented risk of catastrophic and chronic disabling injuries that occur in high school, college, and professional competition. The smaller size and slower speed of young football players suggest that the reduced force of impact might create a different injury experience than that found at higher levels of competition. This paper will examine the injury experience of children participating in three divisions determined by weight and age.
Measurement of Hydraulic Properties of Geosynthetic Clay Liners Using a Flow Box
Authors: Daniel DE , Trautwein SJ , Goswami PK
Published: March 2009

An important property of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) is hydraulic conductivity. The authors describe and evaluate a new device, a GCL flowbox, that offers several advantages over large tanks or flexible-wall permeameters. The GCL flowbox can be used to test large-scale intact specimens, overlapped specimens with a full-width seam, and specimens subjected to environmental stresses such as freeze-thaw. A transparent, acrylic GCL flowbox was developed for testing at low normal stresses, and a metal version was developed for applying higher normal stresses. Results from the GCL flowbox compared favorably to results obtained with tanks and flexible-wall permeameters. It is concluded that the GCL flowbox provides a convenient and reliable testing methodology for verifying the hydraulic conductivity of both intact specimens and overlapped GCL panels.
Unloading-Reloading Sequences and the Analysis of Mechanical Test Results for Continuous Fiber Ceramic Composites
Authors: Steen M , Vallés JL
Published: March 2009

The introduction of intermittent unloading — reloading cycles during mechanical testing is an extremely powerful tool to assist in the interpretation of the mechanical response of a material to the imposed loading conditions. This technique has a potential as a probing method in material characterization which has been vastly underestimated, particularly in the case of continuous-fiber ceramic composites (CFCCs), where, in addition to helping in the description of damage development, it can yield important information on fiber-matrix interfacial phenomena as well. The present contribution highlights the results obtained from the incorporation of unloading-reloading cycles during uniaxial strength, creep and fatigue tests on selected 2D woven CFCCs at room and elevated temperatures. Some implications for the modeling of the mechanical behavior are indicated.
Comparison of Vane Pump Tests Using Different Vickers Vane Pumps
Authors: Kunz AJ , Broszeit E
Published: March 2009

Several test procedures with the Vickers V 104 C are compared with those of the Vickers VQ-series to show their different technological properties and tribological options for testing. Based on these investigations, the wear results achieved on different test rigs can be interpreted to form a statement on the actual scope of hydraulic pump testing with Vickers vane pumps. Starting from this and including the requirements of industry together with stimulations coming up from new developed fluid analysing devices, the demands for a new pump test method can be derived. Therefore, a comprehensive structure and stress analysis and the documentation of basic wear characteristics in the vane pump V 104 C using a pure mineral oil without additives will be introduced. Thus wear results achieved with this pump and the 35 VQ 25 using identical commercial fluids can be compared. Wear maps derived from wear calculations and verified with wear results obtained with the pure mineral oil can be used to estimate the test performance of the 20 VQ 5 as a substitute for the V 104 C, and will allow a theoretical explanation of the empirically derived upper wear limits used in all vane pump test.
A Review of Contamination Related Hydraulic Pump Problems in Japanese Injection Molding, Extrusion and Rubber Molding Industries
Authors: Sasaki A
Published: March 2009

It is known that contamination of hydraulic oil is one of the major factors causing hydraulic pump problems. Many test reports on contaminant sensibility of hydraulic pumps have been published with new oil and standard dusts but the results of these tests could not guarantee to predict in-service performance. This report describes three cases investigated.

The first investigation was done on hydraulic pumps used for injection molding machines application. The causes of pump problems were examined by analysis of maintenance records. The second investigation was performed to determine overhaul frequency of hydraulic pumps used for aluminum extruders. By introducing a new method of hydraulic oil management which reduces oil oxidation products, pump life was extended from 3000 to 15000 hours. The third investigation was done to determine the relationship between pump problems and contamination levels of hydraulic oils of 411 rubber molding machines for 20 months. The results showed that pump problems appeared at half the recommended oil lifetimes for these fluids.

These studies showed that the cause of pump problems was clogging of suction strainers leading to pump cavitation. The clogged strainers were washed with several different solvents to identify the causes of suction strainer clogging. Clogging of suction strainers was attributable to sticky oxidation products of hydraulic oils. Electrostatic oil cleaners removed not only micron range solid particles but also submicron size particles. Hydraulic pump problems have been substantially reduced by introducing this new method of contamination control.
The Gamma Wear Test for Hydraulic Fluid Qualifications
Authors: Tessmann RK , Heer DJ
Published: March 2009

The qualification of fluids for use in a hydraulic system has been a major concern to component manufacturers for several years. The primary issue in a hydraulic system is the compatibility of the fluid with the main pump in the system. There are several bench-type wear tests for the evaluation of fluids, however, most of these are not intended specifically for hydraulic fluids but were developed for lubrication fluids. Therefore, many engineers have relied upon the pump tests which were available in order to select the fluid to be used in their hydraulic system. The testing of a hydraulic pump to qualify a hydraulic fluid is very time consuming and expensive.

This paper reviews several of the more wide-spread bench-type tests which are used to evaluate hydraulic fluids. However, the main purpose of the paper is to describe a new test system for evaluating the anti-wear characteristics of hydraulic fluids called the Gamma Wear Test System.
An Overview of Fatigue and Other Metallurgical Failure Modes and Analysis at the Kennedy Space Center
Authors: McDanels SJ
Published: March 2009

NASA's Kennedy Space Center (KSC) utilizes a wide variety of materials in many different applications. A partial list of these materials includes various series of carbon steel, stainless steel, and aluminum. The failure modes encountered include Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC), overload, and fatigue. Failure analyses exemplifying these materials, applications, and modes are routinely performed utilizing stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopic fractographic analysis, and metallography. The analyses were performed on both NASA and Air Force flight hardware components, as well as components from the External Tank (ET), the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB's), and Ground Support Equipment (GSE).
Design Strategies for Polymer-Lined Flex-Hose Distance/Volume Pieces
Authors: Santay AJ , Becker ID , Werley BL
Published: March 2009

Several strategies are presented for the design of “distance/volume pieces (DVPs)” used to cope with adiabatic compression hazards in the use of polymer-lined flexible hoses. A well-designed metal DVP located at the dead-end of a system will contain the hot gases produced during compression of the initial hose contents and spare the more easily ignited polymer from ignition. One design strategy contains the entire hot slug of gas within the DVP, the other contains all of the gas that nominally exceeds a given temperature. System modifications that might enhance the effectiveness of DVPs are also described.
Combustion Testing of Non-Metallic Materials in Ambient and Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres
Authors: Steinberg TA
Published: March 2009

A system has been fabricated to study the combustion characteristics of non-metallic materials in stationary and flowing oxygen-enriched atmospheres at ambient conditions. A description of the system and two current research programs underway are presented. In the first program five materials (Kydex V, Kydex 100, Kydex 200, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic and polycarbonate) were evaluated under ambient conditions for their ignition and self-extinguishment characteristics according to two standardized ASTM tests. These five materials are vacuum-formable plastics currently under consideration for use in a series of new ground-transport vehicles being produced for the Olympics to be held in Sydney in 2000. Before these candidate materials can be approved, however, it was necessary to collect data on their ignition and combustion characteristics to ensure that they meet relevant Australian standards. These materials are ranked, from most ignition and burn resistant to least ignition and burn resistant, in the following order: Kydex 200, Kydex 100, Kydex V, polycarbonate, and ABS. The second program evaluated six materials (clear and blue polyethylene, butyl rubber, nitrile rubber, Polyvinylchloride, and silicone rubber) due to their common use as endotracheal tube materials. These materials, in a standard configuration, are evaluated as a function of tube material and combustion characteristics. Results given include flame characteristics, burn time, flame spread velocity and fuel burn rate. None of the six materials evaluated are appropriate choices for an endotracheal tube material if any ignition sources are present due to the vigorous burning exhibited.
Characterization of Polymers Found in an Oxygen Environment
Authors: Williams MK , Faughnan PD
Published: March 2009

The characterization of polymers can be a diverse process involving many different techniques. When dealing with an oxygen environment, the identification of compatible polymeric materials is essential, especially in an ever changing chlorofluorocarbon solvent-free world. At the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), this task is accomplished by the Materials Science Division. Infrared analysis (IRS) is the technique used to identify molecular structure, and along with chemical or electronic separation techniques, additives or contaminants can be identified. Other techniques such as thermal analysis can be used to identify transitional changes and suggest similar versus different chemical compositions. X-ray Photoelectron Microscopy (XPS) can identify surface composition or degradation and elemental ratios. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) addresses outgassing properties and their effect on the oxygen environment. This paper will address the forensics of polymer identification using such combination techniques as IRS and thermal analysis, and highlight other techniques utilized in this challenging effort.
Colorado Begins Superpave Validation
Authors: Aschenbrener T , LaForce R , Shuler S
Published: March 2009

One of the first applications of Superpave technology in Colorado was at a high traffic intersection near Denver in 1994. The project was developed to demonstrate whether Superpave asphalt technology could solve a recurring problem of rutting in a very severe traffic environment. Although the project was designed for an anticipated 8 million ESALs, recent traffic classification analysis indicates traffic is over 30 million ESALs in 20 years. In spite of this significant difference the Superpave asphalt materials are performing well. However, as would be expected, the control section developed ruts in the wheelpaths six months after construction.

The Superpave concept originally included both a mixture design method and an analysis system which was intended to determine the adequacy of the materials with respect to rutting and cracking distress. However, when this project was conceived and built, the analysis portion of Superpave had not been fully developed. Therefore, in the absence of a means to evaluate the structural ability of the design mixture by Superpave methods, the French Rut Tester and Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device were used to determine the adequacy of the design and construction mixtures. Analysis of results indicates field performance of asphalt mixtures may be predictable with respect to rutting.

This paper documents the planning, design, construction and two year performance of this very high traffic asphalt concrete intersection.
Construction Considerations in the Field Application of the Superpave Mix Design System
Authors: Noureldin AS
Published: March 2009

Establishment of relationships between asphalt content and distress levels (rutting, fatigue cracking, and low temperature cracking) during the mix design process is one of the major advantages of the SUPERPAVE mix design system.

These relationships, which are specific for the mix under consideration, can be employed to predict the expected loss in the distress oriented pavement life resulting from any deviation in asphalt content from the target optimum value. Those expected losses in pavement life can be used as rational basis for the construction related pay adjustment factors. The pay adjustment factors in this case will have the advantage of being “mix specific”.

The overall pavement performance life may be significantly affected when the specified asphalt content, aggregate gradation (job mix formula) and degree of compaction are not achieved in situ. Quantification of these effects is essential for rational pay adjustment factors in asphalt pavement construction.

This paper presents a scheme that employs data obtained during the SUPERPAVE mix design process to predict the “mix specific” expected loss (or gain) in pavement performance life resulting from any in situ deviation in asphalt content, aggregate gradation and relative compaction from the specified job mix formula and degree of compaction tolerance bands.

The proposed scheme can be easily programmed and become as part of the structure of the SUPERPAVE software.