bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Storage Disorders
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

The storage disorders are characterized by hereditary lysosomal enzyme deficiences with resultant abnormal accumulation of storage material in macrophages in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. The storage disorders are categorized as lipidoses and mucopolysaccharidoses. Most are inherited as autosomal-recessive traits. The accumulation of macrophages in the bone marrow and spleen results in hematologic abnormalities; neuronopathic effects are prominent in some forms. The major storage disorders that will be considered are Gaucher’s disease, Neimann-Pick disease, the “seablue” histiocyte syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis, and other storage disorders. Gaucher’s disease is a lipidosis resulting from deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (beta-glucosidase) with resultant accumulation of glucocerebroside in macrophages. Gaucher’s disease is inherited as an autosomal-recessive trait. Three clinical forms are recognized that differ in age of onset and symptomatology (Beutler, 1991). Type I, the chronic adult (nonneuronopathic) form, is by far the most common, presents in adults or children, and occurs with increased frequency in families of Ashkenazic (European) .Jewish extraction. Hematologic manifestations predominate. Type II, the acute infantile neuronopathic form, and type III, the subacute juvenile neuronopathic form, are rare and characterized by onset in childhood with progressive neurologic symptoms.
Noninfectious Granulomas
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Several types of noninfectious granulomas may be found in the bone marrow biopsy. These include lipogranulomas, sarcoidosis, and reactive (sarcoid-like) granulomas in association with systemic disorders. Lipogranulomas are focal granulomatous reactions to lipid. Lipogranulomas are the most common type of granulomatous reaction occurring in the bone marrow and may be found in up to 9% of bone marrow specimens (Rywlin and Ortega, 1972). Lipogranulomas are a reaction to lipid, the origin of which is not established; exogenous mineral oil has been suggested to be the cause of similar lipogranulomas commonly observed in the spleen (Liber and Rose, 1967). Lipogranulomas were found to be slightly more common in bone marrows from patients with diabetes mellitus and weight loss (Rywlin and Ortega, 1972). There are no characteristic peripheral blood findings. The lipogranuloma in the bone marrow consists of a focal aggregate of vacuolated lipidcontaining macrophages and admixed inflammatory cells, including lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and rare multinucleated giant cells (Fig. 24.1).
Metastatic Tumors
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

The bone marrow is a common site of metastases of nonhematopoietic tumors. Bone marrow metastases may be discovered on bone marrow biopsy performed for staging in asymptomatic patients with tumors with a high propensity for bone marrow involvement, or following the onset of symptomatic marrow metastases with bone pain and anemia. Bone marrow metastases may be found in both adult and pediatric patients. Bone marrow metastases in pediatric patients are predominantly from “round cell” tumors, including metastatic neuroblastoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). Bone marrow metastases in adult patients are predominantly from carcinomas of the lung, breast, and prostate. Patients with bone marrow metastases may be asymptomatic or may present with bone pain and hematologic abnormalities. For example, in patients with small-cell lung carcinoma, there was no significant difference in peripheral blood counts between patients with and without marrow involvement at presentation (Ihde et al, 1979; Bezwoda et al, 1986; Tritz et al, 1989). Patients with more advanced marrow involvement may present with bone pain and anemia. A leukoerythroblastic blood picture typical of myelophthisic anemia is frequently present (Papac, 1994). The latter is characterized by circulating immature granulocytes, normoblasts, abnormal platelets, teardrop erythrocytes, and reticulocytosis, and is believed to be due to disruption of the normal mechanisms regulating release of hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow; splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis may also play a role in cases with extensive marrow replacement (Fig. 31.1).
“A More Perfect Union”: Symbolizing the National Union of States
Authors: Scott Pamela
Published: October 2023

In 1754, Benjamin Franklin devised the first symbolic emblem for America whose political content-national union-expressed Euro-American concerns (Cat. 1). European allegorical figures of the New World originating during the Renaissance were Native Americans wearing feather clothing and accompanied by indigenous animals and plants. About the time of the Revolution, the “Indian Princess” was fused with the European figure of Liberty or Minerva (emblematic of strength and civic virtue) to create a new composite personification given various titles but expressive of the new American liberty through representative government.
The Italian City-States
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P
Published: October 2023

The Dark Ages in Europe from about 800 A.D. came to an end with the commercial revolution of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The stimulus came largely from the Crusades to the Middle East, which brought west­ ern Europe into contact with new and different, many of them luxury, goods, brought to the Middle East partly from India and China by sea to the Persian Gulf and Red Sea and the rest of the way by caravan. Venice and Genoa provided the Crusaders with shipping, and grew rich in the process. The two cities fought with Byzantium, with each other over ports of call and the colonies of Cyprus and Crete, and with the Turks after they had cap­ tured Constantinople. Genoa early eliminated Pisa, a port used by Florence, and Amalfi as rivals for the trade. Genoa was also the first to break out of the Mediterranean into the Atlantic and thus to northern Europe in 1278, with Venice following a century later. Slowly, with fighting, Venice and Genoa concentrated their trade, Venice more to the east, Genoa to the west; and in the East Genoa to the north, especially the Black Sea, Venice to the south in Syria and Egypt (Heers, 1964, p. 101). From the east Venice brought mainly spices, silk, and cotton; Genoa brought alum for preparing woolen cloth for dyeing, silk, sugar, raisins, sweet wine, and dyes. From the western Mediterranean, after the fall of Constantinople had cut off the Black Sea, Genoa carried wines, wheat, fruit, and alum from the mines at Tolfa in the papal states to compete with alum from the east. Venetian galleys headed east carried woolens, some timber for shipbuilding until supplies in the upper Adriatic ran low, and especially silver mined in south Germany, the Tyrol, Bohemia, and Hungary.
Portugal and Spain
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P
Published: October 2023

Throughout this book we encounter the question whether the decline of a given country was relative or absolute, that is, whether the income and wealth of the country did in fact slip back. With Spain there is little doubt. Three distinguished historians have each written papers entitled “The Decline of Spain” (Elliot, 1961 [1970]; Hamilton, 1938 [1954]; Vicens Vives, 1970). The decline was perhaps more political than economic, for although it was rich because of conquest and of wresting of treasure from the New World, Spain was never really economically developed in the early modern period. Castilians, said Gerald Brenan (1950, p. x), had an industrial and commercial apathy. Except for shipbuilding in the north along the Bay of Biscay and fine woolens, trade, industry and finance were largely in the hands of foreigners until Spaniards made some progress in winning it half-way back in the eighteenth century (Herr, 1958, pp. 147-48). But first we turn to Portugal.
Britain, the Classic Case
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P
Published: October 2023

Great Britain furnishes the classic example of the national life cycle of rapid growth in trade, industry, and finance, reaching a peak and world economic primacy, then slowly declining. The usual formulation starts with the industrial revolution ofl760 to 1830, with varying dates given by different analysts. Some regard the peak as the Great Exhibition in London’s Crystal Palace in 1851; others regard it as being later, perhaps 1870 or in the 1890s. Decline was accelerated by the two World Wars ofl914-1918 and 1939-1945, sometimes telescoped into one. The industrial phase was pre­ ceded by a rise in trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, followed by one in finance.
Introduction
Authors: Bay Mia
Published: October 2023

When Olaudah Equiano, an African who was captured and shipped to the New World in 1756, first saw the slave ship and its white crew, he fainted in fright. He was convinced that he and the other blacks he saw chained aboard the vessel would be eaten “by these white men with horrible looks, red faces, and long hair.” No assurances from African slave merchants assisting with the loading of the slaver could convince Equiano or the rest of the ship’s human cargo that they would not ultimately be consumed by “these ugly men.” Equiano’s fear that his white captors were cannibals was a misapprehension widely shared among his countrymen from the interior of Africa, who were unfamiliar with whites.
“;A New Negro for a New Century”:Black Racial Ideology, 1900-1925
Authors: Bay Mia
Published: October 2023

The early decades of this century ushered in the slow demise of scientific racism in the American academy. Led by a German-born anthropologist named Franz Boas, turn-of-the-century scientists investigated the biological basis of race for the first time, initiating an inquiry that ultimately led to the conclusion that culture and environment rather than racial characteristics-were the main arbiters of human differences. This scientific revolution did not take place overnight. Boas’s arguments against the innate inferiority of black people did not achieve a large following even among his peers until after 1910.
Adapting Rules, Privately and Publicly
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

How can a legal system minimize the risks of unreasonable generality on the one hand and potentially abusive rulelessness on the other? There are three good answers.

The first answer calls for a species of casuistry. In deciding between rules and rulelessness, officials should examine the context and inquire into the likelihood of error and abuse with either rules or rulelessness—and hence make an “on balance” judgment about risk. A good deal of progress can be made through this route. We can see, for example, that clear rules are generally required for the criminal law, and that for college admissions, casuistical judgments may well be best. We can allow casuistry in contexts in which casuistry makes sense and move in the direction of rules when the context suggests that rules are better.
Setting The Standard
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: October 2023

The construction of modem masculinity was closely linked to the new bourgeois society that was in the making at the end of the eighteenth century. It was then that a stereotype of manliness emerged that we recognize even today. Yet, the contribution that past ideas of manhood made to the modem stereotype cannot be neglected. If the idea of manhood changed direction in the late eighteenth century, from what did it change?

The break with older, aristocratic ideas of manhood was not abrupt. Medieval ideals such as chivalry and institutions such as the duel lasted well into modem times. The earlier ideals of manhood, confined to the aristocracy, were, to a large extent, based upon a warrior caste; however, the refinement and ritual of court society had tempered such an image of masculinity long before the end of the eighteenth century. Nevertheless, medieval tournaments were more like war games than the rituals of chivalry, which, in any case, were associated with knighthood in its decline—when strong rulers had placed limits upon violence. Duels—the combat between two men in front of witnesses—had become ritualized ever since the sixteenth century.
Warriors and Socialists
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: October 2023

The warrior and the socialist seem opposites who should not be forced to coexist in the same chapter of one book. The warrior provides a climax to a concept of manliness inherent in much of the construction of modem masculinity, adding important features to a stereotype strengthened by the First World War. Some socialists, as we shall see, attempted to project a new kind of man who rejected the normative stereotype. And yet the very fate of this new man can throw new light upon the ideal of modem manliness, its strength and its failing. To pass from the glorification of the warrior and nation to this socialist man is like seeing a ray of light penetrating the surrounding darkness, even though it was extinguished at the time by a society that, when not at war, encouraged aggressive competitiveness and the good fight even in peace.
The Normal Society of Men
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: October 2023

The masculine ideal held firm through war and revolution, all attempts at fundamental change had been destined to failure. Modem masculinity reflected the aspiration of a modem society that remained largely unchanged, not necessarily in its economic or even social composition—after all, the Bolshevik revolution changed both—but in its acceptance of respectability as a vital cement of society and the nation. Ever since the time of Winckelmann, true manliness had symbolized an essentially healthy society, and this society, in turn, did not merely posit manliness as an ideal to be reached but made it an integral part of its function. Before we discuss the climax of modem masculinity to be reached between the two world wars, we must pause to consider the principal means through which society itself transformed manliness from theory into practice. We have up to now stressed the masculine stereotype as an ideal, or as representative of society, but have paid relatively little attention to how it was institutionalized—how the very functioning of normative society became linked to the masculine ideal. Western society had always been run by men, but in modem times the stereotype of masculinity was institutionalized and firmly anchored within the modern state.
Pushing the Envelope:Reforming from Within
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: October 2023

The rules of the game had changed relatively little for state television’s film department and its doctrinaire head, but another department and its leader behaved in an altogether different fashion. In part, it was a question of exceptional leadership groups; in part the difference was structural: the target of their programming was youth. The Kremlin was deeply agitated by the possible loss of the replacement generation to the styles and worldview of the West. Young people were effectively opting out of the Soviet future, and the Gorbachev administration was determined to utilize its most powerful asset, television.
The Media Market: Politics, Commerce, and Press Freedom
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: October 2023

When the official Soviet censorship agency was abolished, Communist Party monopoly rule removed, and pluralism in media ownership and content permitted, issues of press freedom in Russia began to resemble those of other countries. In other words, as direct political intervention receded (but certainly did not vanish), much of the conflict began to take place on the economic front. Politics and economics were tightly intertwined, but masked by a very nearly unregulated and economically crippled media system, still hostage to the legacy of over seventy years of information control. The institutions of the Soviet system had created path­ ways, and the footprints of the past were everywhere. Every Soviet regime had been obsessed with the mass media, beginning with Lenin’s revolutionary use of newspapers to mobilize activists and radio to support his new order, and ending with Mikhail Gorbachev’s bold and unpredictable media innovations. The regime’s conviction that the mass media held the secret of mass persuasion could be seen in the very nuts and bolts of the rusting infrastructure left in post-Soviet Russia.
Changing Channels on the Most Powerful Medium
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: October 2023

Only four and-a-half years had passed between the 1990 May Day parade and the winter of the Chechen war. On May Day Mikhail Gorbachev was surprised by the public’s hostility, and during Chechnya Boris Yeltsin was surprised by the low impact of his information policy. In both cases, the events taking place in a single, delimited space became nationally significant, in large part because of television. The old ways-on the screen and in the polity-did not work any more, if, in fact, they had ever worked as imagined. The battle for television reflects and explains much in the demise of the Soviet Union and the transformation of Russia. The enormous changes wrought there bear thinking about because of the broader policy issues regarding the role of television in times that redefine the meaning of a nation and its future.
Human Development Strategies In South Asia
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

The battle for human development is going to be won or lost mainly m Asia because that is where 70% of the developing world’s people live. Asia has made significant human progress in the past three decades. Average life expectancy has increased by 18 years-from 46 years in 1960 to 64 years in 1990. Average primary enrolment has increased from 57% to 71%. Infant and child mortality rates have been about halved. And the immunization coverage for one-year-olds is now around 85% in East Asia-higher than the average for industrial countries. But there is a distressing and lengthening agenda of human deprivation. More than 700 million people live in absolute poverty. More than 600 million people cannot read or write, two-thirds of them women. And about half the people have no access to safe drinking water. More disturbing are the wide disparities within Asia. South Asia, with more than one billion people, has a life expectancy 12 years lower than that in East Asia and a literacy rate 34 percentage points lower, 47% compared with 81%, and the lowest of all regions. Three-quarters of the world’s illiterate people live in the five most populous Asian states China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia.
Human Development Potential In The Islamic World
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

The human development ranks of Islamic countries are generally lower than their per capita income ranks, showing that their income has not been fully translated into the lives of their people. The overall Human Development Index (HDD for 49 Islamic countries is only 0.393, placing the Islamic world in the low human development category. Many Islamic countries have HDI ranks far below their per capita GNP ranks: for example, the difference is 54 for Oman, 52 for the United Arab Emirates and 41 for Iraq (table 8.1). This difference reveals the considerable potential in these societies for enhancing their human development. Some non-Islamic countries enjoy much better education and health than Islamic countries at similar per capita incomes (table 8.2). In access to health services, safe water and sanitation-and in combined primary and secondary enrolment ratios-the Islamic world lags behind the developing country average. Within their respective regions, the Islamic countries are generally behind the regional average in most social indicators of development. While this picture is true for most Islamic countries, there is a brighter side. Some Islamic countries, particularly Jordan, Malaysia and Tunisia, show that much can be done in human development if the political determination is there. Jordan and Tunisia, at per capita incomes of $1,060 and $1,500, enjoy literacy levels higher than Saudi Arabia’s, which has a per capita income five times higher. Similarly, Malaysia,
Policy Direction Of The World Bank
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

Although the senior management and the Executive Board of the World Bank never ignored politics in their economic decision making, that was not true of Bank staff-young, self-confident professionals from the world’s leading universities who treated the latest economic theories and development models as gospel. They were repeatedly told to focus only on the technical and economic aspects of projects and programmes -thus the narrow technical judgements of the Bank staff were linked with the much broader economic and political perspective of senior management and the Executive Board.
A New 20:20 Global Compact For Basic Social Services
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

Human Development Report 1991 reached a startling conclusion: “the lack of political commitment, not of financial resources, is often the real cause of human neglect.” The report demonstrated the considerable potential for restructuring priorities in national budgets and in aid allocations. It estimated that as much as $50 billion a year could be released to provide basic social services for all-by cutting military expenditures, by privatizing inefficient public enterprises and by correcting wrong development priorities. It also estimated, on the basis of partial data, that bilateral and multilateral donors were earmarking only a small fraction of their aid budgets for human priority concerns.
An Economic Security Council
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

The global agenda is changing fast. Instead of a preoccupation with East-West cold war and nuclear security, there is finally a rising concern with many issues of human security. While economic and social issues are rising to the top of the global agenda, there paradoxically are no global institutions of economic governance to handle these issues effectively and regularly. Chapter 14 showed how institutions of global economic governance have weakened exactly when global interdependence has increased. A serious vacuum in global economic management is being filled through ad hoc improvisations.
Successful African American Males and Their Families
Authors: Hrabowski III Freeman A , Maton Kenneth I , Greif Geoffrey L
Published: October 2023

Almost everything we read and hear about young Black males focuses on the problems of crime, violence, drugs, teenage pregnancy, and poor academic achievement. Although many Americans have heard the calamitous statistics on the plight of young African American males, few can pinpoint a single reason for the downward-spiraling trends. Some attribute the problems to the general deterioration of urban communities, problems complicated by drugs (especially the increased use of crack cocaine) and increased crime over the past decades. Some blame racism. Others point their fingers at these young men and suggest that they lack responsibility or that they possess a victim mentality. Sociologist William Julius Wilson focuses on structural problems in the economy that prevent meaningful participation by these young men-the steady decline, for example, in manufacturing jobs in a service- and technology-oriented employment market. Still others believe that without access to the marketplace, with the long, hard road to success closed to them, these young men seek out immediate gratification. No doubt all of these factors contribute to the current status of young Black males.
The Chances of War: Lee, Longstreet, Sickles, and the First Minnesota Volunteers
Authors: Gramm Kent
Published: October 2023

The field at Gettysburg where the First Minnesota monument now stands was hot and smoky as the sun set, some-time around 7 P.M., that July 2. Some of the men from Red Wing, Winona, St. Paul, and places north and west lay on shuddering ground as the battery immediately behind them thundered, shooting flame and streams of acrid smoke. Until now these men had watched safely for hours―but with growing unease, then alarmas the battle of Daniel Sickles’s Third Corps against the two big Confederate divisions assailing it spread toward them. Facing west, the Minnesotans had stood by the battery, seeing, across a half-mile of mostly open country, long blue lines stretching north along the road ahead, and away southeast into some woods at least a mile from their left. The apex of this bent line was at a peach orchard. Way off to the left a rocky hill and a stony prominence in front of it had been swept by a pandemonium of smoke, volumes of musketry fire, and cheers of thousands of men―not to mention the unnerving Rebel Yell; the roar and smoke had traveled up that line until the peach orchard had been drowned in smoke.
Gettysburg’s Gettysburg: What the Battle Did to the Borough
Authors: Gallman J Matthew , Baker Susan
Published: October 2023

History has an odd way of elevating relatively unknown locales into positions of prominence. The luck of geography or some strange twist of fate can suddenly turn a nation’s eyes onto an unsuspecting community, forever linking its name with a single major episode. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in 1863 was hardly an obscure backwater. This bustling county seat of roughly 2,400 people boasted a vibrant commercial center, sever-al hotels and taverns, a railroad depot, the county prison and a new courthouse, a Lutheran Theological Seminary, and a college. Nonetheless, few Americans were familiar with Gettysburg before the first days of July, when nearly 170,000 armed men converged upon the borough. By battle’s end, the two armies had suffered over 51,000 casualties; Gettysburg would never be quite the same.
The Pennsylvania Gambit and the Gettysburg Splash
Authors: Mcmurry Richard M
Published: October 2023

Throughout the first three days of July in the year 1863, Union and Confederate troops fought a great battle at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. This battle became the best-known engagement of the American Civil War. It may well be the best-known battle in the history of the United States and the subject of more historical studies than any other military engagement in which American troops have participated. Despite its prominence, and all the effort historians have devoted to studying it, and despite all the controversies it has engendered, Gettysburg is still a very much misunderstood baftle. The more important the aspect of the battle, it seems, the greater the misunderstanding. This statement is especially relevant when it comes to the two most important facets of Gettysburg and the campaign of which it was a part―the battle’s origins and its importance in the war’s military history.
September 1938
Authors: Lukes Igor
Published: October 2023

The first operational study of a German military offensive against Czechoslovakia, code-named “Schulung,” was prepared in May 1935. On this foundation was built the original study’s more advanced version, Operation Green. This plan acquired realistic dimensions by late June 1937 and was redrawn in April 1938 to reflect the new situation brought about by the annexation of Austria. On 30 May 1938 the Fuhrer signed yet another version of the plan: German armed forces had to smash Czechoslovakia “in the near future.” They were specifically instructed to carry out ‘‘ a thrust into the heart of Czechoslovakia . . . with the strongest possible’’ force. An attached cover letter stipulated that the day of execution for Operation Green was 1 October 1938 “at the latest. “ A number of meetings between Hitler and Germany’s top military commanders followed, but not all were amiable. Many officers were unable to have faith in the Fiihrer’s military genius; some told him openly that Germany’s western defenses could be held against a French attack for only three weeks. In that case, Hitler replied during a meeting on 10 August 1938, the whole Wehrmacht “would not be good for anything.” There was open talk about defeatism and opposition among the generals.
The First Amendment in Cyberspace
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

I go on this great republican principle, that the people will have virtue and intelligence to select men of virtue and wisdom. Is there no virtue among us? If there be not, we are in a wretched situation. No theoretical checks, no form of government, can render us secure. To suppose that any form of government will secure liberty or happiness without any virtue in the people, is a chimerical idea. If there be sufficient virtue and intelligence in the community, it will be exercised in the selection of these men; so that we do not depend on their virtue, or put confidence in our rulers, but in the people who are to choose them.
On Property and Constitutionalism
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

It is often said that the abandonment of communism in Eastern Europe has led to a large-scale transition. It is important, however, to distinguish among the quite different features of the current changes. The new reform movements actually involve three distinct movements. The first is a movement from a system of one-party domination to (some form of) democracy. The second is a movement from a command economy to one based, at least to some degree, on markets. The third is a movement from a system in which government is unconstrained by laws laid down in advance to one of constitutionalism and the rule of law.
Health-Health Trade-Offs
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

There are deep and fundamental and intuitively understood grounds for rejecting the view that confines itself merely to checking the parity of outcomes, the view that matches death for death, happiness for happiness, fulfilment for fulfilment, irrespective of how all this death, happiness, and fulfilment comes about.

There is a pervasive problem in the regulation of risk, one that is only now receiving public attention.
Democratizing America Through Law
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

American government should be more effective, more efficient, and more democratic. Recent institutions are the source of these problems. Legal reforms could dramatically improve these institutions without great difficulty.

I propose three such reforms. First, government should rely much more than it now does on the provision of information, on disclosure, and on education. Second, economic incentives should replace much of the command-and control regulation that has become so characteristic of our administrative institutions. Third, the law should promote more decentralization in the private and public spheres, allowing greater flexibility for states and localities, for employers, and for workers.
Taiwan, Southern China, and the New East Asian Economy
Authors: Hsing You-tien
Published: October 2023

The increasing intraregional investment within Asia has been one of the most distinctive phenomena in Asia’s new economy. The four East Asian dragons-Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea-have not only changed their role from capital receivers to capital exporters, the main destination of their direct overseas investment has also been within Asia, especially in the ASEAN countries and China. This chapter discusses the emergence of the new transnational investors from East Asia and takes a closer look at Taiwan’s trade and direct investment in China. The chapter also examines two local conditions in southern China in which Taiwanese-funded manufacturing projects have been concentrated: southern China’s economic connections with the outside world via Hong Kong, and a large pool of labor with diversified qualifications. These two conditions have set the plat­ form for southern China to interact with transnational capitals, including those from Taiwan.
Reform Coalitions and Blood Connections
Authors: Hsing You-tien
Published: October 2023

With the newly gained economic autonomy, the bureaucratic entrepreneurs in China have become the most important agents for Taiwanese investors in southern China. While the other foreign multinationals in China had to deal with red tape in Beijing, smaller Taiwanese investors had been negotiating with local decision makers who were endowed with economic resources, political authority, and social connections. The economic decentralization in post-Mao China has provided the institutional context for this highly localized process of transnational capital flows.
Monasteries as Agents of the Corporate Church
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B
Published: October 2023

The medieval monastery was a complex organization of production and distribution set within the more elaborate corporate structure of the institutional Christian Church. Monasteries were conspicuous in the local economies where they played a dual role as retail distributors of the assurance of eternal salvation and as producers of agricultural products. In the corporate structure of Christendom the medieval monastery operated as a (downstream) franchised firm, receiving quality assurance and name-brand recognition from the Church of Rome in return for certain payments (upstream).
How the Church Preempted the Marriage Market
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B
Published: October 2023

Everyone familiar with the infamous dispute between the Catholic Church and King Henry VIII of England, over who he could and could not marry, knows that the medieval Church wielded great power over the institution of marriage. But the fundamental questions of how and why the Church gained control over this basic contract have received far less attention. This chapter shows that over time the Church successfully captured the medieval marriage market by implementing a twofold strategy. First, it linked regulatory compliance with eternal salvation; second, it varied its interpretations of what constituted a “valid” marriage in accord with certain economic objectives.
How the Church Gained from Usury and Exchange Doctrines
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B
Published: October 2023

Consolidation of Church authority and centralized decision making began to gather force about the eighth and ninth centuries and accelerated in the tenth through twelfth centuries. The status of certain key Church institutions gives credence to this claim. In particular, the medieval papacy launched important efforts to maintain “doctrinal purity.” These included assaults on and prohibitions against heresy, witchcraft, and the practice of magic, disputes with papal pretenders, and the waging of holy wars. Furthermore, the Church established particular regulations that constrained practices of members and limited opportunistic behavior of downstream suppliers of its chief product—assurance of eternal salvation. This profit maximizing behavior included renewed condemnation of simony, restrictions on lay investiture, and limits on the role and jurisdiction of monasteries and churches. In order to collect monetary and other rents, to suppress interlopers, cheaters, and malfeasors, as well as to enforce entry control, the Church established the apostolic camera, a corporeal agency (discussed in detail in Chapter 2). Such fundamental institutional changes in the Church had the effect of enhancing rent collections, limiting entry into the market for souls, and creating, enhancing, and maintaining demand inelasticity for its final product.
The Medieval Church and the Emergence of Capitalism
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B
Published: October 2023

The medieval Catholic Church was an institution with an avowed public interest that nevertheless consistently behaved in a manner that promoted its particular interests. As the foregoing chapters have shown, these particular interests were most often rooted in economic considerations, such as the preservation of market power, the accumulation of wealth, and the pursuit of profits. Consequently, the medieval Church readily lends itself to economic analysis as well as to theological, philosophical, historical and sociological analysis. Many Church historians have understood the economic dimensions of medieval Church behavior, but few have had the economic training and expertise to analyze Church history within the paradigm of modern economic theory. This book attempts to raise the level of earlier analysis that emphasized the economic aspects of religion.
Assessing Competence to Consent to Treatment
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S
Published: October 2023

One of the most challenging tasks facing clinicians today is the assessment of patients' capacities to consent to treatment. The protection of a patient's right to decide, as well as the protection of incompetent patients from the potential harm of the decisions they might make, rests largely on clinicians' abilities to judge patients' capacities to decide what treatment they will receive. Confusing laws and complex ethical questions surrounding competence to consent to treatment have made the process of competence assessment intimidating for many clinicians. Health professionals - physicians, medical students nad residents, nurses, and mental health practitioners - have long needed a consice guidebook that translates the issue for practice. This is what this book accomplishes. The aurthors describe the place of competence in the doctrine of informed consent and show how assessments of competence to consent to treatment can be structured by using a specific set of general medical and psychiatric treatment settings, explain how the assessment should be conducted, and offer a structured interview method to assist the task. They also explore the often difficult process of making the judgement about competence and desire what to do when patients' capacities are limited.
American Panorama
Authors: Reid-Pharr Robert
Published: October 2023

“Excess” is the factor that one must immediately confront in any reading of William Wells Brown’s 185 3 novel, Clote4 or the President’s Daughter. It is a work that seemingly rofuses to contain itself, to establish a voice that might properly be understood as Black or American. Instead of seamlessly weaving together its materials and themes into one grand whole, a world unto itself, Brown seems almost to revel in revealing how awkwardly hobbled together this conglomeration of advertisements, gossip, sensational tales from the abolitionist press, and reworked images from his own previously published slave narrative actually are.
Everyone Can Write
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

With Writing without Teachers (OUP 1975) and Writing with Power (OUP 1995) Peter Elbow revolutionized the teaching of writing. His process method--and its now commonplace "free writing" techniques--liberated generations of students and teachers from the emphasis on formal principles of grammar that had dominated composition pedagogy. This new collection of essays brings together the best of Elbow's writing since the publication of Embracing Contraries in 1987. The volume includes sections on voice, the experience of writing, teaching, and evaluation. Implicit throughout is Elbow's commitment to humanizing the profession, and his continued emphasis on the importance of binary thinking and nonadversarial argument. The result is a compendium of a master teacher's thought on the relation between good pedagogy and good writing; it is sure to be of interest to all professional teachers of writing, and will be a valuable book for use in composition courses at all levels.
Toward a Phenomonology of Freewriting
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

A scene. I am leading a workshop for teachers. I introduce freewriting as merely a first thing: easiest, lowest level, not very complicated—good for getting started. I don’t allocate much time: ten minutes for writing, ten for brief reactions. This is all just warming up and going on to other more complicated activities in teaching writing, activities that will take more time to try out and discuss. But as we talk about it we tangle. Some love freewriting. A few even get what I would call too enthusiastic, going overboard, developing a reactive revulsion at all the planning and care they’d always associated with writing: breaking out, spontaneity is all, “free at last.” But others are deeply distrustful, disturbed, critical. Freewriting touches some nerve. We fight. Finally, I get tired of the fighting and defending—or suddenly realize how much time has gone by. “Let’s move on, this is not the main thing, it’s just one of many kinds of writing: options, spectrum, no big deal.”
What Is Voice in Writing?
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

I’m setting out on a long path in this essay so I’d better give an overview of the terrain. In the first section, I describe three major debates about voice. These debates involve large, ideological questions about the nature of self or identity and about the relation of the text to the writer. These debates are all the more troublesome because they tend to be cast in binary, either/or terms. In the much longer concluding section (“Five Meanings of Voice), I respond to these debates by trying to show that we don’t need to resolve them in either/or terms. Instead, we can look carefully at the term voice and see that it has some fairly noncontroversial meanings when applied to writing.
Reflections on Academic Discourse: How It Relates to Freshmen and Colleagues
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

I love what’s in academic discourse: learning, intelligence, sophistication— even mere facts and naked summaries of articles and books; I love reasoning, inference, and evidence; I love theory. But I hate academic discourse. What follows is my attempt to work my way out of this dilemma. In doing so I will assume an ostensive definition of academic discourse: it is the discourse that academics use when they publish for other academics. And what characterizes that discourse? This is the question I will pursue here.
Inviting the Mother Tongue: Beyond “Mistakes,” “Bad English,” and “Wrong Language”
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

This essay grows out of feeling torn between conflicting goals or obligations. I think most teachers of first year college writing courses also feel this conflict, and I experience it acutely as director of a university writing program. On the one hand, I feel an obligation to invite all my students to use their own language and not to make them conform to the language and culture of mainstream English (see “Students’ Rights to Their Own Language” [Committee]). On the other hand, I feel an obligation to give all my students access to the written language of power and prestige.
Using the Collage for Collaborative Writing
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

Plenty of people have celebrated collaborative writing (e.g., Ede and Lunsford; LeFevre), so I can invoke the medieval trope of occupatio: I will not give all the reasons why collaborative writing is a good thing; I will not talk about how frequently it occurs in the world and therefore how our students should learn to use it; nor about the collaborative dimension of writing we think of as private; nor about how collaborative writing helps students learn better because of all the pooling of information, ideas, and points of view; nor about the students who have hated writing because it makes them feel lonely and helpless but who come to like it when they write with others; nor will I cite the much-cited Harvard research showing how students who study together get better grades (Light).
Fragments
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

Perhaps David and others can persuade me that I am wrong, but I fear that there is a conflict between the role of writer and that of academic. I wish there were not. In this essay I will explore how this conflict plays out in a first year writing class. But it will be obvious that I see the issue lurking in a larger dimension—even autobiographically. I am an academic and I am a writer. I’ve struggled to be able to make both claims, and I am proud of both identities— but I sometimes feel them in conflict. Thus I’m talking here about the relationship between two roles—two ways of being in the world of texts. It is my wish that students should be able to inhabit both roles comfortably.
Starting the Portfolio Experiment
at SUNY Stony Brook: Written with Pat Belanoff
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

We seek here to give an accurate and practical description of a portfolio-based evaluation system we have just instituted. But we can be more accurate and practical if we avoid giving a static picture and instead suggest the inevitable historical flux: the experiments that preceded this system and the countless opportunities for modification in the future.
Writing Assessment in the Twenty-First Century: A Utopian View
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

How shall we deal with what lies ahead? In his essay Edward M. White warns us of future dangers and urges us to steer away from them. I will point to future ideals and try to get us to steer closer.
The Savage Comedian
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: October 2023

Eliot has never enjoyed a public reputation as a comic poet or as an obscene poet, but his new friends in London in 1915 were well acquainted with the lusty characters who peopled his bawdy ballads and limericks. Eliot playfully interspersed the narrative of his letters to Conrad Aiken with stanzas on the escapades of King Bolo and his Big Black Kween, “that airy fairy hairy-’un, who led the dance on Golder’s Green with Cardinal Bessarion.” He sent poems entitled “The Triumph of Bullshit” and “Ballade pour la grosse Lulu” to Wyndham Lewis, and he wrote to Pound from Merton College, Oxford, that Lewis’s “puritanical principles seem to bar my way to Publicity. . . . I understand that Priapism, Narcissism etc. are not approved of, and even so innocent a rhyme as ‘. . . pulled her stockings off / With a frightful cry of “Hauptbahnhof1’ is considered decadent” (L1 86). Lewis, who saw the poems as “excellent bits of scholarly ribaldry,” jokingly told Pound that he wanted to print them in his periodical Blast but would uphold his “naif determination to have no ‘Words Ending in - Uck, -Unt, and -Ugger!’”
Bogor, Indonesia
Authors: Tinker Irene
Published: October 2023

Bogor is a street food connoisseur’s paradise. Although the typical Indonesian’s diet never strays far from rice, the longtime staple, street vendors offer not only a remarkable number of variations on basic meal themes but also many types of “snacks:” both savory and sweet. This chapter depicts the diversity of Bogor street cuisine and examines how selling and consumption patterns are shaped by seasonal changes in food supplies and dietary preferences, as well as by rather more persistent gender ideologies. As in some of the other cities, schoolchildren comprise an important market for the street food vendors; for this reason, the EPOC staff helped initiate a program to improve the sanitation and nutritional value of street foods sold around schoolyards.
lloilo, Philippines
Authors: Tinker Irene
Published: October 2023

In more ways than one, street foods feed the youth of the rapidly growing city of Iloilo. University students patronize and work for vendors while attending school, and many, weighing the opportunities for profit against the relatively low wages in other sectors, establish their own street food enterprise after graduation. Vendors also feed the schoolchildren, especially since the EPOC staff helped vendors establish direct links to schools, and at the same time improve the sanitation and nutritional value of their products. The Iloilo case study also provides a close look at the important, complex relations of credit, trust, and loyalty along the street food distribution chain: namely, relations between vendors and their lenders and suppliers, as well as between vendors and their customers.