bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
50 Years of Environmental Monitoring at Henkel
Authors: Wind T. , Steber J. , Tolls J.
Published: December 2013

The gradually increasing detergents consumption in Germany since 1950 resulted in higher emissions of their ingredients to the environment. The first generation of mineral oil-based surfactants, tetrapropylene benzene sulfonate (TPS), exhibited poor biodegradability and caused public environmental concerns. These prompted Henkel in 1958 to start a systematic measurement of some main detergent constituents in the river Rhine in Germany. Since then, a number of monitoring activities regarding the determination of detergent ingredients concentrations and freights in rivers and waste water treatment plants (WWTP) followed. This paper summarizes 50 years experience at Henkel in monitoring of detergent ingredients in the aquatic environment. The long-term monitoring results on the river Rhine provides an impressive record of the development of the environmental burden by surfactant emissions and of the gradual improvement of river water quality over time. The reasons for the changes are discussed. Further monitoring activities on WWTPs have shown for the first time, that domestic wastewater treatment plants (DWTP) are similarly suitable for the removal of surfactants like municipal ones. The good removal of prominent organic detergent ingredients was shown by several time-proportional sampling campaigns in municipal WWTPs. Finally the positive impact of the modernisation of a municipal WWTP on the chemical and biological water quality on a small river creek is reported over the time period of 7 years. All of the reported studies indicate a low environmental burden due to the use of detergents ingredients today. The learnings from the different activities in environmental monitoring by Henkel have contributed to a solid understanding of the fate of detergent ingredients in the environment. This in turn was the prerequisite for development of reliable exposure prediction models. Today, Henkel employs both, environmental monitoring and modeling instruments, for assessing the environmental exposure of chemicals.
Study of Adsorption of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate on Alumina Using Surfactant Ion-selective Electrode
Authors: Liu B.-X. , Wang W.-X. , Lu Y.-H. , Du Z.-P.
Published: December 2013

The adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on alumina was studied by using the surfactant ion-selective electrode. The adsorbance could be calculated from the potential and concentration response characteristics of surfactant ion-selective electrode to get surfactant adsorption isotherm. Further experiment results show that the adsorbance was greatly influenced by pH of the solution. It is demonstrated that surfactant ion-selective electrode could be utilized to measure surfactant concentrations in solution after adsorption equilibrium without solid-liquid separation.
Compositional Analysis and Environmental Performance of LAS Produced from GTL Normal Paraffin and Different Alkylation Routes
Authors: Eadsforth C. V. , Dirkzwager H. , Maase B.
Published: December 2013

The production of normal paraffin from Gas to Liquids (GTL) plants provides LAB producers with a more cost-effective feedstock than normal paraffin extracted from kerosene. Test results to date demonstrate that the performance of GTL Normal Paraffin, and LAB and LAS derived from it, however, is equal to that of kerosene derived normal paraffin. Recent work has particularly focussed on the environmental performance of LAS produced from GTL Normal Paraffin. Detailed GC and NMR analyses confirm that there is little, if any, significant difference in the analytical “profiles” of the kerosene and GTL Normal Paraffin derived LAS samples. It is therefore not surprising that there is no difference in the biodegradability of kerosene and GTL Normal Paraffin derived LAS samples. All samples achieved > 60% mineralisation after 28 days (OECD 301B); all these data were consistent with previous biodegradability data for LAS from European Chemical Bureau (ECB) and Human & Environmental Risk Assessment (HERA) databases. Similarly, there is no difference in the ecotoxicity of kerosene and GTL Normal Paraffin derived LAS samples. Test results to fish (LC50), invertebrates (EC50) and algae (EC50) lay in the range 1–10 mg/l, 1–10 mg/l and 10–100 mg/l respectively; again these data are entirely consistent with previous ecotoxicity data for LAS from ECB and HERA databases.
A Biodegradation Study of Triethylene Glycol Monododecyl Ether under the Conditions of the OECD Screening Test 301E
Authors: Zgoła-Grześkowiak A. , Grześkowiak T. , Wyrwas B. , Frańska M. , Borkowska M. , Łukaszewski Z.
Published: December 2013

The biodegradation of triethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12EO3) was studied under the conditions of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Screening Test. Primary biodegradation of C12EO3 and concentration profiles of its metabolites were measured by the high performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection (HPLC-FD) after derivatisation with 1-naphthoyl chloride. High performance liquid chromatography – electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used for the identification and analysis of C12EO3 and its metabolites.
Micellar Studies of Magnesium Soaps Using Ion-selective Electrode
Authors: Heda L. C. , Pareek D. , Pareek C. , Mosalpuri S.
Published: December 2013

Magnesium soaps of caproic and caprylic acids were prepared and a cell was set up for the measurement of EMF (electromotive force) of the cell containing referred soap solutions in methanol water solvent system with the aid of ion-selective electrode. The critical micelle concentration of soap solutions was determined by plotting the electromotive force of the cell against soap concentration. The critical micelle concentration of these soap solutions varies with increase in chain length of the fatty acids in the soap. The energetic studies of the system have been carried out from the electromotive force values of the cell containing soap solution to ascertain the chain length compatibility and agglomeration profile. The values of free energy change are negative indicating the spontaneity of cell reaction and decreases with increasing soap concentration while increases with the increase methanol concentration in solvent mixture.
Phosphorylation of Mono- or Di-octadienyl-D-xylosides. Influence towards Surfactant Properties
Authors: Pradeau S. , Pezron I. , Komunjer L. , Bouquillon S.
Published: December 2013

Phosphorylation of mono- or dioctadienyl-D-xylosides has been studied and led to mono- or dioctadienyl-D-xylosides phosphate derivatives. Comparison between monooctadienyl-D-xylosides and monooctadienyl-D-xyloside phosphate derivatives are not easy because of the complexity of having pure forms and corresponding data. However, comparison of dioctadienyl-D-xyloside diethoxyphosphate derivatives to dioctadienyl-D-xylosides indicates similar cmc values and surface activity. Dioctadienyl-D-xyloside phosphate derivatives, on the other hand, are characterized by a high hydrophilicity and a poor surface activity. Mostly, it was found that the introduction of these ethoxylated or non-ethoxylated phosphate groups influences the solubility and the surfactant properties of the mono- or dioctadienyl-D-xylosides.
Polymer-modified Microemulsions – a Template for the Formation of BaSO4 Nanoparticles
Authors: Koetz J. , Lutter S. , Fechner M.
Published: December 2013

Polymer-modified microemulsions can be obtained by adding polymers to a mixture consisting of water, oil, and a cosurfactant. In dependence on the type of polymer used quite different effects can be observed. On the one hand water soluble polymers can be incorporated into the individual water droplets of a water-in-oil microemulsion, or into droplet clusters, and on the other hand they can induce the formation of a sponge phase, that means a bicontinuous microemulsion. Our experiments have shown that nonionic polymers, hydrophobically modified polyampholytes, as well as polycations can induce the formation of a phase channel between the water-in-oil and the oil-in-water microemulsion. The polymer-modified microemulsions can be used as a new type of template for the formation of nanoparticles. Therefore, polymer-stabilized barium sulfate nanoparticles of quite different size and shape can be formed in the microemulsion template phase, and redispersed after solvent evaporation in water.
Use of Biomonitors for the Validation of Chemo-thermal Disinfecting Washing Procedures
Authors: Kagemann G. , Hilgenberg B. , Rech J. , Heintz M. , Vossebein L.
Published: December 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of different commercially available biomonitors for the validation of chemo-thermal disinfecting washing procedures in textile service enterprises. In the course of quality management systems (e.g. acc. to EN 14065: Risk Analysis and Biocontamination Control System, RABC-System) the performance of disinfecting washing procedures has to be controlled and validated periodically by the use of biomonitors. Biomonitors (typically small cotton fabrics) are loaded with bacteria and often encapsulated in semipermeable membranes. The following types of biomonitors are commercially available: a) “open design”, fabrics soaked with blood and bacteria enclosed in textile bags, b) monitors with bacteria enclosed in a semipermeable membrane and c) monitors surrounded by a semipermeable membrane and covered with a hard plastic surface. The membranes should avoid bacterial contamination of the textiles and environment because bacteria are too large to pass the membrane. It is commonly accepted in practice that liquids, proteins and disinfecting agents can diffuse through the membrane. However, big differences in the germ reductions measured with different biomonitors were detected, depending on their individual design. Therefore the diffusion properties of several detergent ingredients were quantified by using semipermeable membranes. It is demonstrated that proteins and even active oxygen species, are retained by these membranes and are thus not able to kill or inactivate bacteria inside the monitors. Hence the use of biomonitors with membranes should be reconsidered, because they are mainly able to detect thermal disinfection, but barely react to the chemical part of chemo-thermal disinfection procedures.
Chitosan Hydrogels Covalently Crosslinked with a Natural Reagent
Authors: Vílchez S. , Samitier V. , Porras M. , Esquena J. , Erra P.
Published: December 2013

Chitosan hydrogels were synthesized by crosslinking them with genipin at different concentrations. The time required for obtaining the hydrogel and their physico-chemical properties, such as rheological analysis, stability at different pH's and water absorption capacity were studied as a function of the genipin concentration. The morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy on freeze-dried hydrogels. The results revealed that low genipin concentration allowed to obtain well crosslinked hydrogels and indicated that the genipin concentration influenced the physico-chemical properties studied. Moreover, the results showed that the swelling percentage of chitosan hydrogels depends highly on the crosslinking degree and on the medium pH.
Sustainability in Industrial Laundering
Authors: Hloch H. G. , Bohnen J.
Published: December 2013

The paper presents results concerning the sustainability of laundering processes which were achieved by BMBF research projects of the wfk Cleaning Technology Research Institute on reduction of energy and detergent in professional laundries (01 RT 9973) and by the development of economical laundering processes with optimised water-, energy- and detergent consumption to achieve an appropriate particle content for operating theatre textiles (0330466). General reduction of water and energy consumption was reached by optimisation of mechanical agitation in tunnel washers (continuous batch washers). Investigations in laundries showed significant increase of soil removal by rotating drum in comparison to oscillation drum systems with consequence of reduced dosage of detergents. This is especially for soil which is mainly removed by mechanical action. At the same time no higher values of textile damage occurred. In addition, the total water consumption was reduced to 4 L/kg. In research project 0330466 economical washing processes were developed with appropriate particle release for surgical textiles (drapes, gowns, clean air suits). The investigations were carried out with respect to textile material and its making up, washing and rinsing technology, drying technology as well as detergents and laundry aids. By use of suitable textiles, optimisation of laundering and drying processing, application of suitable detergents and installation of an online-particle control system in the tumble dryer, the specific water consumption was reduced from about 40 L/kg to 20 L/kg. In addition, the detergent dosage was reduced to 60%.
Interaction between α, β Layered Sodium Disilicate and Surfactants
Authors: Wei H.-B. , Wang Y.-J. , Fu Y.-C. , Xu H. , Li J.-P. , Dong J.-X.
Published: December 2013

This paper investigated the interaction of α-Na2Si2O5 and β-μNa2Si2O5 with surfactants sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), sodium lauryl sulfate (K12), alkyl polyglycol ether-9 (AEO-9) and α-olefin hydrocarbon sulfonate (AOS) under condition approximating the detergent spray drying process. The interaction samples were characterized by XRD and TG. The experimental results showed that α-Na2Si2O5 and β-Na2Si2O5 sustained their phases after interacted with surfactants. The relative crystallinity of α-Na2Si2O5 had little change after interacting with surfactants exception of AOS because it had better adsorbable effect on the surface of α-Na2Si2O5 than LAS, K12 and AEO-9. At the same conditions, the amount of H2O and surfactants were both important factors on the relative crystallinity of β-μNa2Si2O5. It also was proved that the temperature had little influence on the relative crystallinity of both α-Na2Si2O5 and β-Na2Si2O5. Compared with Al-δ-Na2Si2O5, α-Na2Si2O5 and β-μNa2Si2O5 were more stable than Al-δ-Na2Si2O5 after interacted with surfactants.
The UV Spectroscopic Determination of Two Critical Micelle Concentrations of Domiphen Bromide in Solutions with KBr and Calculations of the Packing Parameter
Authors: Kopecká B. , Fazekaš T. , Kaclík P. , Kopecký F.
Published: December 2013

Three different forms of the surface-active domiphen cations were detected by the UV spectroscopy in aqueous solutions of domiphen bromide, eventually with KBr additive. In sufficiently dilute solutions there are free domiphen cations, which aggregate into two types of micelles at two distinct concentrations, interpreted as the first and second critical micelle concentration, cmc and cmc2. From the logarithmic dependences of cmc and cmc2 on the bromide concentrations the corresponding degrees of counterion binding were estimated. Conformation analysis of the domiphen cation was performed and the packing parameters of the lowest energy conformers were calculated. The observed spectral shifts and the calculated packing parameters suggest that two conformers of domiphen cation with different arrangement of the phenoxyethyl group are responsible for the respective formation of two types of micelles.
Phase Behavior of Engkabang Fat with Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Gani S. S. A. , Basri M. , Rahman M. B. A. , Kassim A. , Salleh A. B. , Abdul Rahman R. N. Z. R. , Ismail Z.
Published: December 2013

Phase behavior of engkabang fat was determined through the construction of ternary phase diagrams using nonionic surfactants. Several phase regions appeared in the ternary phase diagrams such as isotropic, homogenous, liquid crystal, two phase and three phase regions. The increase of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values of the nonionic surfactants used gave larger isotropic and homogenous region in the ternary phase diagrams. The combination of engkabang fat:Solubilisant Gamma (2:1) in the ternary phases diagram gave an even larger isotropic and homogenous regions as well as the formation of liquid crystal region.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of the Influence of Micelles on the Oxidation of Acetone by N-Bromophthalimide in Aqueous Acetic Acid Medium
Authors: Katre Y. R. , Tripathi K. , Joshi G. K. , Singh A. K.
Published: December 2013

The effect of cationic micelles of Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and anionic micelles of Sodium dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) on the kinetics of oxidation of acetone by N-Bromophthalimide (NBP) was studied iodometrically at 308 K. In addition to kinetic experiments, conductivity measurements have also been done to obtain critical micelle concentration and other thermodynamic properties. The kinetic observations indicate fractional order and first order dependence, with respect to [Acetone] and [NBP] respectively. Cationic surfactant (CTAB) strongly catalysed the oxidation of acetone in aqueous acetic acid medium and typical kobs and [CTAB] profile was observed i.e. with the progressive increase in [CTAB], the reaction rate increased, at higher concentration constancy in kobs was observed, whereas anionic surfactant (SDS) was found to show no considerable effect on reaction rate. Mercuric acetate and phthalimide exhibited nil effect on the reaction rate. The presence of inorganic salts (KCl, KBr) exhibits positive effect in the reaction rate. The various activation parameters in presence of CTAB and SDS have been also evaluated. A suitable mechanism consistent with the experimental findings has been proposed. The binding constant with surfactants has been evaluated.
Micelles Activated Planar Chromatographic Separation of Hydrophilic Vitamins
Authors: Mohammad A. , Gupta R. , Bhawani S. A.
Published: December 2013

The separation efficiency of micellar solutions in thin layer chromatography of hydrophilic vitamins (B1, B9, B12 and C) has been examined using silica gel as stationary phase. The best results were obtained with mixed micelles (aqueous solution of anionic SDS (0.5%) plus non-ionic Triton X-100 (0.5%) surfactants) and butanol (9:1 v/v) as mobile phase. The proposed method is applicable to the identification and separation of vitamins (B1, B9 and C) present in drug samples (Becosule and Celin). The separation 1 μg of vitamin C from milligram quantities (up to 0.50 mg) of vitamin B1 has been successfully realized. Effect of metal ions as impurities on the separation of B1, B9 and vitamin C and limit of detection of these vitamins have been examined.
Synthesis of Nanocrystal TiO2 and Study of Photocatalytic Degradation Property
Authors: Tai X.-M. , Du Z.-P. , Wang W.
Published: December 2013

Using Tetrabutyl titanate (TBOT) as titanium source, the nanocrystal TiO2 was synthesized via hydrolysis deposition processing in cationic surfactant system at room temperature. The synthesized products were characterized by TEM and XRD. Photocatalytic degrade to NPE-10, phenol and DBS in solar irradiating were studied, respectively. The TiO2 powder showed excellent photocatalytic property. It was different to degrade three substances. NPE-10 was degraded nearly 70% in 2 hours, phenol was degraded nearly 95% in 8 hours, DBS was degraded nearly 82% in 8 hours.
Removal of Tartrazine from Aqueous Solution by Activated Coal
Authors: Ishaq M. , Saeed K. , Ahmad I. , Shakirullah M. , Nadeem S.
Published: December 2013

Removal of industrially important Tartrazine dye from aqueous solution was carried with virgin and variously activated coal samples at room temperature. The morphological study indicated that the number of coal particles was increased when the coal was evacuated at 200°C while aggregated form was observed at 400°C evacuation temperature. The coal particles were again formed at 600°C evacuation temperature. The coal, which was evacuated at 400°C, adsorbed less Tartrazine than the coal samples which were evacuated at 200 and 600°C. This might be caused by the aggregation of the coal particles at 400°C (because of the plastic range of coal swelling), which results in a decrease of the coal surface area. The obtained adsorption data were also fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, which followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models.
Analysis of the Influence of Alkyl Polyglycoside Surfactant and Cosolvent Structure on Interfacial Tension in Aqueous Formulations versus n-Octane
Authors: Iglauer S. , Wu Y. , Shuler P. , Tang Y. , Goddard W. A.
Published: December 2013

We studied the influence of molecular structural elements of alkyl polyglycoside (APG) surfactants on the interfacial tension (IFT) in aqueous formulations against n-octane. This included the analysis of alkyl and aryl chain length, type and number of sugar-ring head, anomers, addition of cosolvents and effect of salt addition. We found that longer alkyl or aryl chains lead to lower IFT, consistent with data recorded for commercial (mixed) APGs. APGs with only one sugar-ring head had lower IFT than their analog maltose derivates (two-ring head). Intriguingly the stereochemistry of the sugar head (i.e. galactose versus glucose) and the type of anomer showed a significant influence on IFT. The n-octyl-α-D-glucopyranoside anomer had a lower IFT than the corresponding β-anomer. 1-octanol and 1-hexanol were efficient cosolvents consistent with the datasets observed for commercial APGs. Salt addition reduced IFT. Functional groups (aldehyde, amide-methoxy) integrated into the molecular architecture of the APG skeleton were efficient in terms of significantly reducing IFT, suggesting a strategy for the molecular design of advanced APG surfactants. We discuss the results in the context of the hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept, which we modified so that IFT values are discussed instead of phase behavior.
Micellar Behaviour of Copper Surfactants Derived from Fresh (Untreated) Sesame Oil and Used (Treated at High Temperature) Sesame Oil
Authors: Sharma R. , Bhutra R. , Khan S.
Published: December 2013

Copper soaps have been prepared from fresh and used sesame oils. The formation of copper soaps has been confirmed by spectral technique. Micellar characterization of copper soaps has been studied by density, viscosity and ultrasonic measurements. The apparent molar volume and apparent molar compressibility have been enumerated at constant temperature using these data. The results were used to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC), soap-solvent interaction. The results of apparent molar volume were discussed in terms of Masson's equation and the results of viscosity data have been discussed in terms of Jones-Dole equation. The CMC values are found to increase with decrease in average molecular weight of the soap. It has been observed that there is a decrease in soap-solvent interaction with the decrease in average molecular weight of copper soap.
Formula Design of Pesticide Microemulsion Formulation
Authors: Feng Zhao , Shan Lu , Ying Xia Hong , Ling He Ji
Published: December 2013

Microemulsions are regarded as one of the most promising pesticide formulations. However, formulation of pesticide microemulsions is not simple. Obtaining efficient, scientific and inexpensive formulation designs is challenging. In this work, cyhalothrin was used as a pesticide sample, and a systematic study on microemulsion formula design was carried out based on its pseudo-ternary phase diagram and the orthogonal design method. An explanation of the use of our approach is included to assist the formulator, and the development of a 5.28% w/w cyhalothrin microemulsion is described.
Micellization of Gemini Surfactants in Polymer Solutions
Authors: Tikariha D. , Ghosh K. K. , Quagliotto P.
Published: December 2013

The micellization behavior of three cationic gemini surfactants, C16H33N+(CH3)2(CH2)SN+(CH3)2C16H33, 2Br− (s = 4, 6, 10) have been studied in the presence of 1% (w/v) and 5% (w/v) polyethylene glycol-600 (PEG-600) by conductivity measurements at 300–320 K. From the conductivity data the critical micelle concentration, the degree of counterion ionization (α) and the thermodynamics of micellization ΔGo
m, ΔHo
m, ΔSo
m, of the gemini surfactants have been determined. The micellar parameters show a significant dependence on the spacer length and as well as amount of polymer.
Fragmentation Mechanism of Alkyl-monoglycosides by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sayed N. A. , Sukkary M. EL , Aiad A. , El-Azab W.
Published: December 2013

Alkylmonoglycosides with different alkyl chain lengths (APG8, APG9, APG10 and APG14) were prepared by Fisher reaction of glucose with fatty alcohols. Excess alcohol was used to increase the possibility of producing alkyl monoglycosides products. Mass spectrometry with chemical ionization was used to confirm their structures as alkyl monoglycosides. Accordingly, the obtained signals at m/z = 293, 307, 321 and 377 corresponds to their protonated molecules. The base lines which are the most intensive signals in each spectrum at m/z = 145, 127, 141 and 197 represent the most abundant ions and define the pathway of their fragmentation mechanism. The mass 145 for APG8 is generated from the parent ion by elimination of the mass ROH followed by H2O. For this compound cleavage occurs at the C–O bond next to the glucose ring, while fragmentation of alkyl monoglycosides with carbon number 9, 10 and 14 occurs at the O–R bond releasing the alkyl cation R of the aglucone moiety (CnH2n+1) along with large fragment ions characteristic of the glucose moiety.
Thermodynamics of Micellization and Conductance Behavior of Uranyl Soap Solutions
Authors: Sharma V. , Sharma M. , Gautam D.
Published: December 2013

The conductance results showed that uranyl soaps behave as weak electrolyte in dilute solution of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at various temperatures below the critical micelle concentration, indicating that Debye–Hückel–Onsager's equation is not applicable to these soaps solutions. The value of critical micelle concentration decreases with increasing chain length of the soap and increasing temperature. The results were used to evaluate various thermodynamic parameters for both dissociation and association processes and may be satisfactorily explained in the light of phase separation model. The results show that the dissociation process of these soaps was found to be endothermic while micellization is exothermic in nature.
Phase Behaviour of the Microemulsion Systems Formed by the Composite Surfactants Alkyl Polyglucoside and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
Authors: Zhao J.-R. , Li X.-Q. , Li Y. , Chai J.-L. , Shang S.-C. , Lu J.-J.
Published: December 2013

The phase behavior of microemulsions containing composite surfactants of non-ionic alkyl polyglucoside and anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate was studied by the ∊-β fishlike phase diagram method. In microemulsion systems APG(SDS)/alcohol/alkane/water, there exists an obvious synergistic effect in terms of the composition of the interfacial layer and the solubilization ability. In the interfacial layer the number of surfactant and alcohol molecules notably decrease, resulting in a significant improvement in the solubilization ability of the system. The effects of alcohols, alkanes and salinity on the ∊-β fishlike phase diagrams of APG/SDS/alcohol/alkane/brine microemulsion systems were also discussed.
Removal of Triphenylmethane Dye from Aqueous Solution by Carbonaceous Adsorbent
Authors: Alam S. , Mabood F. , Sadiq M. , Noor-ul-Amin  , Bangash F. K.
Published: December 2013

Removal of acid blue 1 from aqueous solution on activated carbon produced from Salvadora oleoides was investigated. The samples were characterized by BET surface area, BJH pore volume and pore diameter, XRD, SEM, EDS and FTIR analysis. The surfaces contain functional groups like ketones and hydroxyl which disappeared at high activation temperature; relatively high amount of carbon w.r.t. oxygen was found with the increase in activation temperature; the increase in surface area and development of porous structures showed a positive effect on the adsorption capacity. Adsorption of the dye on carbon at 10 and 45°C showed that the first order, Bangham and Elovich and parabolic diffusion equations apply to the kinetic data. The adsorption rate increased with the temperature and with thermal activation of the sample. Thermodynamic parameters like ΔE≠, ΔH≠, ΔS≠ and ΔG≠ were calculated from the kinetic data. The negative values of ΔS≠ reflect decrease in the disorder of the system at the solid-solution interface during adsorption. Gibbs free energy (ΔG≠), which represents the driving force for the affinity of dye for the carbon, increased with the increase in activation temperature.
Nonequilibrium Association of Oppositely Charged Macromolecules and Amphiphiles
Authors: Mészáros R.
Published: December 2013

Recently, a novel concept has been proposed to interpret the nonequilibrium character of oppositely charged polyelectrolyte/surfactant mixtures. According to this approach, at low surfactant-to-polyelectrolyte ratios the system is a thermodynamically stable solution. In a given composition range colloidal dispersions of the polyelectrolyte/surfactant nanoparticles are formed. In the presence of surfactant excess, the dispersions can be stabilised via the adsorption of the surfactant ions on the surface of the hydrophobic polyelectrolyte/surfactant nanoparticles. In the presence of polyelectrolyte excess, charge stabilised polyelectrolyte/surfactant dispersions might also be prepared if the charge of the macromolecules is large enough. These latter colloidal dispersions are stabilised by the uncompensated charges of the polyelectrolyte. The colloidal dispersion concept provides several options to control the formation of self-assemblies and the kinetic stability of the mixtures. In this paper, the effect of solution preparation protocols and different additives (including non-ionic polymers or surfactants) on the mentioned properties of oppositely charged macromolecule/surfactant systems is discussed.
Synthesis of Some Novel Sulfonamide Derivatives and Investigating their Biocidal Activity in Cooling Towers
Authors: Badawi A. M. , Mohamed D. E. , Hafiz A. A. , Ahmed S. M. , Gohar Y. M. , Soliman E. A. , Sanan M. S. A.
Published: December 2013

A novel series of dibenzothiophenedioxide sulphonamide derivatives were synthesized and tested as antimicrobial agents. The chemical structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed by micro elemental analysis, fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-NMR). The surface parameters of two of the prepared compounds were determined at 35°C including, surface tension, effectiveness, maximum surface excess and minimum surface area. Also the standard free energy of micellization and adsorption were recorded. The results showed that the prepared sulphonamides have good surface properties and effective antimicrobial activity against thirty three test organisms isolated from cooling towers.
Micellar Characteristics and Surface Properties of Some Sulfobetaine Surfactants
Authors: Singh N. , Ghosh K. K.
Published: December 2013

The micellar and interfacial properties of three sulfobetaine surfactants of the type CnH2n+1N+Me2(CH2)3SO3
− (n = 10; SB3-10 n = 12; SB3-12, n = 16; SB3-16) have been studied by conductometry and surface tension measurements. The critical micellar concentration (CMC), surface excess concentration (Γmax), minimum surface area per molecule of surfactant (Amin), Gibbs free energy of micellization (ΔGo
m), Gibbs energy of transfer (ΔGo
trans), the surface pressure at CMC (πCMC) and the Gibbs energy of adsorption (ΔGo
ads) of these surfactants have also been determined. Effect of formamide has been studied at higher temperature conductometrically. Results show that alkyl chain length and the amount of solvent composition influences micellization and surface properties of sulfobetaines. Increment in the CMC, ΔGo
m and ΔGo
trans, can be accounted for changes in the polarity of the bulk phase. Γmax, and πcmc decreases where as Amin increases with increase in the organic solvent. It was also observed that micellization in water-formamide mixture was even slower than in the case of ethylene glycol.
Optimization of Parameters for the Preparation of Au/TiO2 with Photodegradation of NPE-10 in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Feng C.-B. , Chen L. , Du Z.-P.
Published: December 2013

The degradation in aqueous solution of nonionic surfactant, nonylphenyl poly(oxyethylene)ethers (NPE-10), which was photocatalyzed by Au/TiO2 nanoparticles has been studied. The particles were obtained using modified deposition-precipitation with Urea (DP Urea). The Taguchi method was implemented successfully to optimize the photoactivity for Au/TiO2 photocatalyst. The optimized catalyst was characterized by XRD, BET, TEM, XPS and UV-visible absorption spectra techniques. It was found that Au3+/Ti4+ molar ratio was the main parameter having significant effect on photocatalytic activity. Under optimal conditions, the observed Au nano-particle size and distributions indicate, that smaller gold nanoparticles (∼1.8 nm diameter) were obtained, and the existing of Au particles promote the photoadsorption of oxygen on the surface of photocatalysts. Both are responsible for the significantly enhanced catalytic activity of commercial TiO2 (pure P-25) toward the photodegradation of NPE-10-probably by increasing the rate of production of separated electrons and holes.
Synthesis of Disk-Like and Flower-Like ZnO Nanostructures by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Assisted non-Basic Solution Process
Authors: Salem J. K.
Published: December 2013

Disk-like and flower-like ZnO nanostructures were prepared in alcoholic solutions with SDS-free and various sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentrations by a non-basic solution method. In all cases, the obtained crystals exhibited the crystal structure of wurtzite ZnO and photoluminescence at UV and green regions. The ZnO grown in the SDS solution have a morphology of aggregated disk-like and flower-like structures. The origin of morphology different of the ZnO crystals is explained by a chemical interaction between surface of ZnO seed crystal and SDS micelles.
Interactions between Dyes and Cetyl-trimethyl Ammonium Bromide
Authors: Patil S. , Agrawal M. A.
Published: December 2013

Surfactants have been widely used as auxiliaries in many areas of textile finishing. The nature of the interactions between dyes and surfactants is one of the basic piece of information for understanding the process of dyeing and finishing of textile material. The role of attractive interactions between the hydrocarbon tails and repulsive interactions between the surfactant head groups on the micellar association process have been studied. The presented work is oriented on the determination of the critical micelle concentration and molar conductance, in aqueous solution of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide by using the electric conductivity method. From conductivity data parameters for dyes – surfactant interaction such as micellar ionization degree α, counter ion binding and free energy of micellization have been calculated. On the basis of results it is clear that critical micelle concentration depends on the nature of ionic group and concentration of counter ion in solution.
Bis(Diquaternary Ammonium)Salts: Synthesis, Effect of Spacer on Surface Activities and Aggregation Properties of Reactive Red 198 in Aqueous – Surfactants Solutions
Authors: Abdel-Salam F. H. , El-Said A. G.
Published: December 2013

A series of bis-diquaternary ammonium salts (cationic Gemini surfactants) with different length in spacer were prepared and characterized. The surface properties such as the critical micelle concentration CMC, minimum surface tension γCMC, effectiveness of the surface tension reduction πCMC, maximum surface excess Γmax and surface area per molecule Amin have been determined by means of surface tension measurements. As expected, these surfactants have good surface activities than those conventional monomeric ones (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DTAC)) and the spacer plays an important role in the surface properties. Under experimental conditions, surface parameters decreases with the increase of carbon number of the spacer the except analogue with a benzene ring due to its inflexibility. The aggregation ability of some practically used reactive azodyes (C.I. Reactive Red 198) in aqueous solutions and the prepared surfactants was investigated using UV-visible spectroscopic methods. The spectroscopic studies were extended in order to determine the effect of molecular structure of the surfactants on the aggregative properties of C.I. Reactive Red 198 (RR 198). The aggregation behaviour of the RR 198 in solutions and in the presence of additives is related to their apparent deviations from Beer's law and aggregation number (N). The aggregation constant (Kn) of the monomer/dimer equilibrium was calculated. The aggregate structures and the nature of the interacting pairs in this dye were discussed using Kasha exciton theory.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Kinetic Study of Two New Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Edrissi M. , Soleymani M. , Asadian M.
Published: December 2013

Two new surfactants (stearoyl morpholinium chloride and palmitoyl morpholinium chloride) were synthesized in two steps. In the first step, chloride acids were reacted with morpholine salt for producing morpholinium normal penta decyl ketone and morpholinium normal hepta decyl ketone. In the second step, the obtained products were reacted with HCl to produce suitable surfactants. The synthesis products in each steps were analyzed by Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and elemental analysis. Also, the kinetic of the reactions were investigated. It has been shown that the synthesis reaction of the first step, the low rate step, follows a first order for two surfactants. The properties of two surfactants were investigated for anti-static and surface tension reduction. It was found that the hydrocarbon chain length is the main factor which has an effect on the properties of surfactants.
Conductometry and Thermodynamic Study of Micellization of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Mixed Solvents Containing Dilute Electrolyte Solutions
Authors: El-Aila H. J. Y.
Published: December 2013

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was determined conductometrically in binary mixtures of water + cosolvent at various temperatures and at low concentrations of sodium chloride, ranging from 0.0 to 2.4 × 10−2 M. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and acetonitrile (AN) were used as cosolvents added to water. The ability of NaCl to lower the CMC of CTAB in water was inhibited by DMSO and AN. Thermodynamic parameters of micellization ΔHo
m, ΔSo
m, and ΔGo
m were evaluated according to the pseudo-phase model. The contribution of DMSO and AN in the micellization process of CTAB in aqueous electrolyte solutions were discussed in terms of the observed thermodynamic properties.
Ultimate Biodegradation of Commercial Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonates (LAS) Under ISO 14593 Headspace CO2 Test: Compliance with EU Detergent Regulation 648/2004
Authors: Serrano L. I. , Velasco C. A. P. , Malagón A. S. C.
Published: December 2013

The EU Detergent Regulation 648/2004 introduces a new pass-fail criterion for the biodegradability of all surfactant classes used in household detergents. The new criterion is based on the determination of the mineralisation of the surfactant, ultimate biodegradability. There are a series of official biodegradation tests allowed in the new Regulation as well as a reference test based on the ISO 14593 method. There are few data in the literature about the biodegradation results of common surfactants using the above methodology and consequently the aim of our study was to apply it to a variety of commercial LAS products. Both the influence of the counter-ion and initial concentration of LAS have been assessed. The results confirm that LAS complies with the ultimate biodegradation requirements fixed on the new EU Detergent Regulation.
The Influence of Surfactant's Synergism on the Solubilization of Some Fluorescent Compounds
Authors: Abdel-Rahem R. , Abdel-Shafi A. A. , Al-Hawarine J. , Ayesh A. S.
Published: December 2013

Aqueous solutions of anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyammonium bromide (CTAB) were prepared at room temperature in order to investigate the influences of surfactants mixing on the solubilization of 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate and toluene. The phase behavior of CTAB/SDS was firstly investigated to obtain the optimum ratio of CTAB/SDS that result in an isotropic solution before reaching the two phase region. From the conductivity and surface tension measurements, the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of single and mixed surfactant solutions were obtained and the interaction parameter (β) were evaluated. Water solubility enhancement of (0–3 wt.%) toluene by micellar solutions of single surfactant SDS, CTAB and mixed solutions of SDS-CTAB surfactants were then investigated by establishing the phase behavior and measuring the absorption and the emission spectra of these solutions. The toluene was completely solubilized by the micellar solution of single surfactants, whereas turbidity was observed at toluene concentration of about 1.5 wt.% in the micellar solution of SDS-CTAB. The fluorescence behavior of 2-naphthol-6-sulfonate (2NO6S) and toluene in the single and mixed surfactant solutions was also compared. The solubilization of toluene in surfactant solutions was explained in terms of hydrophobic interaction occurring within the surfactant core and the palisade layers.
A Novel Synthesis of Anionic Heterogemini Surfactants Containing COOH, SO3H and PO(OH)2 Headgroups from Corynomicolic Acid and its Derivatives
Authors: Kawase T. , Aisaka T. , Oida T.
Published: December 2013

Anionic heterogemini surfactants with –COOH, –SO3H and –PO(OH)2 headgroups in combination were synthesized from Corynomicolic acid derivatives having R = C11H23. The –SO3H headgroup was obtained by the successive conversion of OH → OMs → SCN → SH → –SO3H. The PO(OH)2 headgroup was introduced by the conjugate-addition to E-isomer of α,β-unsaturated ester derived from Corynomycolic acid ester. Heterogemini surfactant with –SO3H and –PO(OH)2 headgroups was also synthesized from phosphonate analog of Corynomycolic acid. The stereoisomers (syn- and anti-isomers) of heterogemini surfactants were separately prepared except for heterogemini surfactants with –COOH and –PO(OH)2 headgroups. Effects of variation and stereochemistry of two anionic headgroups on their surfactant properties were also studied on the basis of surface tension measurements.
Synthesis and Interfacial Properties of Novel Imidazoline Gemini Surfactants
Authors: LiKey W. , Tian H. , Zhou X.
Published: December 2013

Two novel imidazoline gemini surfactants quaternary ammonium salts of di(2-undecyl (heptadecyl)-1-formyl aminoethyl imidazoline) hexanediamine (SUAEIHDI/SHAEIHDI) were synthesized in this article, and their interfacial properties were studied. It was found that SUAEIHDI had a higher CMC value than SHAEIHDI in distillated water at constant temperature (12 ± 2) °C, indicating that it was easier for SHAEIHDI to form micelles in water. The symmetrical molecular structure of SUAEIHDI/SHAEIHDI is composed of lipophilic group and hydrophilic group comprising many active elements i. e. O, N and two imidazoline rings. The novel imidazoline gemini surfactants can be viewed as block-like copolymers, whose surface-modifying effects on nanomaterials are promising.
Synthesis and Properties of Disodium Mono-fatty Alcohol Citrate
Authors: Song Jin-ling , Yang Xiu-quan , Zhou Zhang-cai
Published: December 2013

The long reaction time and low conversion of the existing technologies in indirect synthesis of disodium mono-fatty alcohol citrate constrain their industrialized application. Here, we developed a new technology and synthesized a series of monoester of citric acid salts different carbon atoms in hydrophobic group. The structures of intermediate and products were defined by infrared spectra and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Their physico-chemical properties were systematically studied for the first time, including equilibrium surface tension, wetting ability, emulsification stability and foaming behavior in aqueous solution. The results show that ifs the number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic group increases, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) decreases, wetting ability weakens, the foaming volume in hard water increases and emulsification stability for liquid paraffin and bean oil increases, but opposite for oil acid.
Investigating the Activity of Zirconia as a Catalyst and a Support for Noble Metals, in Green Oxidation of Cyclohexane
Authors: Sadiq M. , Alam S. , Mabood F. , Bangash F. K. , Ilyas M.
Published: December 2013

Green oxidation of cyclohexane by molecular oxygen was carried out over ZrO2 and noble metals (Pd and Pt) supported on zirconia in solvent free conditions. Studies have been carried out in a typical three-necked batch reactor. Reaction products were identified by GC and UV spectrophotometer. Reaction rates were determined as a function of temperature, partial pressure of oxygen, amount of catalyst, volume of reactants, agitation and reaction duration. The agitation effect and activation energy revealed the absence of mass transfer resistance. Experimental results unveiled the effect of morphology of ZrO2 on catalysis. 1.0 wt.% noble metal/ZrO2(m) was found more selective for cyclohexanol production at low temperature, agitation 900rpm and partial pressure of 101.325 KPa while at high temperature cyclohexanol was further oxidized to cyclohexanone. Comparison of Pt/ZrO2 and Pd/ZrO2 catalysts was made on the basis of reactivity and selectivity. Catalysts were characterized by using BET surface area and pore size analyzer, XRD and SEM. To conclude shortly, for the oxidation of cyclohexane, platinum or palladium supported on zirconia are selective, recyclable and could behave as truly heterogeneous catalysts.
Investigating the Catalytic Activity of Monoclinic Zirconia; Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol in Aqueous Medium at Mild Conditions
Authors: Sadiq M. , Ilyas M. , Alam S.
Published: December 2013

The oxidation/degradation of benzyl alcohol in artificially contaminated water under atmospheric pressure by molecular oxygen/air over ZrO2(m) catalyst was investigated. Monoclinic phase ZrO2 was synthesized and characterized by modern techniques. Oxidation of benzyl alcohol in aqueous medium was carried out in a typical three necked double walled batch reactor equipped with thermometer and condenser. The rate of oxidation was affected by different reaction parameters such as speed of agitation, catalyst loading, temperature, concentration of substrate solution (46.3 – 185 mmol/L) and partial pressure of oxygen. Major products were detected with GC and UV spectrophotometer. Optimal conditions were setup for better catalytic activity of ZrO2(m). To sum up, catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol in aqueous medium by ZrO2(m) is a useful and cheaper method for the conversion of benzyl alcohol to valuable products as well as for the removal of benzyl alcohol from industrial waste water.