bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymers at Surfaces and Interfaces
Authors: Jones Richard A. L. , Richards Randal W.
Published: February 2010

This text deals from a fundamental viewpoint with the behaviour of polymers at surfaces and interfaces. Topics covered include the nature and properties of the surface of a polymer melt, the structure of interfaces between different polymers and between polymers and non-polymers, the molecular basis of adhesion, and the properties of polymers at liquid surfaces. Emphasis is placed on the underlying physical principles. Statistical mechanics models of the behaviour of polymers near interfaces are introduced, with the emphasis on theory that is tractable and applicable to experimental situations. Advanced undergraduates, graduate students and research workers in physics, chemistry and materials science with an interest in polymers will find this book of value.
The Biology of Marine Plants
Authors: Dring M. J.
Published: February 2010

This book provides an introduction to recent analytical and experimental studies of plant growth in the sea. The physiology and ecology of marine plants are, therefore, emphasized at the expense of a more traditional taxonomic or morphological treatment. The physics and chemistry of the marine environment are examined with specific reference to the requirements of marine plants, and much of the book concentrates on those aspects of their physiology which are unique to marine plants, or which help us to understand their ecology. Since over 90% of the species of marine plants are algae, most of the book is devoted to the marine representatives of this group, with examples from all oceans and coasts of the world where detailed work has been done. Phytoplankton and seaweeds are discussed together in chapters on photosynthesis, growth and productivity, and geographical distribution, in order to provide an integrated picture of the biology of marine plants in general. There is, however, a deliberate bias towards the seaweeds in certain chapters (e.g. morphogenesis, rocky shore ecology, economic utilization) since the ecology and physiology of these plants have received less attention in books at this level than has the ecology of phytoplankton. Marine angiosperms are also discussed alongside the autotrophic algae, and the ecological roles of bacteria and fungi in the sea are covered in a separate chapter.
The Geometry of Fractal Sets
Authors: Falconer K. J.
Published: February 2010

This book contains a rigorous mathematical treatment of the geometrical aspects of sets of both integral and fractional Hausdorff dimension. Questions of local density and the existence of tangents of such sets are studied, as well as the dimensional properties of their projections in various directions. In the case of sets of integral dimension the dramatic differences between regular 'curve-like' sets and irregular 'dust like' sets are exhibited. The theory is related by duality to Kayeka sets (sets of zero area containing lines in every direction). The final chapter includes diverse examples of sets to which the general theory is applicable: discussions of curves of fractional dimension, self-similar sets, strange attractors, and examples from number theory, convexity and so on. There is an emphasis on the basic tools of the subject such as the Vitali covering lemma, net measures and Fourier transform methods.
Goethe contra Newton
Authors: Sepper Dennis L.
Published: February 2010

This book explains the background and rationale of the German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's notorious attack on Isaac Newton's classic theory of white light and colors. Though the merits of Goethe's color science, as advanced in his massive Zur Farbenlehre, have often been acknowledged, it has been almost unanimously proclaimed invalid as physics. How could Goethe have been so mistaken? In his book, Dennis Sepper shows that the condemnation of Goethe's attacks on Newton has been based on erroneous assumptions about the history of Newton's theory and the methods and goals of Goethe's color science. By illuminating the historical background and the experimental, methodological, and philosophical aspects of Goethe's work, the author shows that his color theory is in an important sense genuinely physical and that, as simultaneously poet, scientist, historian, and philosopher, Goethe managed to anticipate important twentieth-century research not only in the history and philosophy of science, but even in color science itself.
Theocritus and the Archaeology of Greek Poetry
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: February 2010

The poems of Theocritus are our best witness to a brilliant poetic culture that flourished in the first half of the third century BC. This book considers the context from which these poems grew and, in particular, the manner in which they engage with and recreate the poetic forms of the Greek archaic age. The focus is not on the familiar bucolic poems of Theocritus, but on the hymns, mimes and erotic poems of the second half of the corpus. Recent papyri have greatly increased our understanding of how Theocritus read archaic poetry, and these discoveries are fully exploited in a set of readings which will change the way we look at Hellenistic poetry.
Social Facilitation
Authors: Guerin Bernard , Innes John
Published: February 2010

Humans may run faster, read less or type more quickly, simply because someone else is present. The presence of one person affects the behaviour of another: this is known as social facilitation and is one of the oldest topics in social psychology. Despite its importance this was the first book-length study of the phenomenon when it was published in 1993. Dr Guerin reviewed all work in the area from 1898 onwards, looking at both animal and human research, and developed his own theory, based on modern behaviour analysis. The book will be appreciated for its wide-ranging and balanced review of previous work on social facilitation and for the general review of the state of social psychology during the 1990s that Dr Guerin's work on the phenomenon includes. The author's theoretical stance is innovative and important, and will make the work required reading.
The Worlds of Renaissance Melancholy
Authors: Gowland Angus
Published: February 2010

Angus Gowland investigates the theory of melancholy and its many applications in the Renaissance by means of a wide-ranging contextual analysis of Robert Burton's encyclopaedic Anatomy of Melancholy (first published in 1621). Approaching the Anatomy as the culmination of early modern medical, philosophical and spiritual inquiry about melancholy, Gowland examines the ways in which Burton exploited the moral psychology central to the Renaissance understanding of the condition to construct a critical vision of his intellectual and political environment. In the first sustained analysis of the evolving relationship of the Anatomy (in the various versions issued between 1621 and 1651) to late Renaissance humanist learning and early seventeenth-century England and Europe, Gowland corrects the prevailing view of the work as an unreflective digest of other authors' opinions, and reveals the Anatomy's character as a polemical literary engagement with the live intellectual, religious and political issues of its day.
The Solar-Terrestrial Environment
Authors: Hargreaves John Keith
Published: February 2010

This book describes physical conditions in the upper atmosphere and magnetosphere of the Earth. The account is introductory, at a level suitable for readers with a basic inderstanding of physics and explains the principles of physical investigation. The principal material covers the neutral and ionized upper atmosphere, the magnetosphere, and structures, dynamics, disturbances and irregularities. This textbook is suitable for advanced undergraduates and new postgraduates who are taking introductory courses in upper atmospheric, ionospheric, or magnetospheric physics.
The Physics and Applications of Resonant Tunnelling Diodes
Authors: Mizuta Hiroshi , Tanoue Tomonori
Published: February 2010

This book gives a comprehensive description of the physics and applications of resonant tunnelling diodes. The opening chapters of the book set out the basic principles of coherent tunnelling theory. The effects of impurity scattering, femtosecond dynamics, non-equilibrium distribution and intrinsic bistabilities are then described in detail. The applications of RTDs, such as in high-frequency signal generation and multi-valued data storage, are also reviewed. The book closes with a chapter devoted to the more recent field of resonant tunnelling through laterally confined zero-dimensional structures. Covering all the key theoretical and experimental aspects of this stimulating area of research, the book will be of great value to graduate students of quantum transport physics and device engineering, as well as to researchers in both these fields.
Shock, Memory and the Unconscious in Victorian Fiction
Authors: Matus Jill L.
Published: February 2010

Jill Matus explores shock in Victorian fiction and psychology with startling results that reconfigure the history of trauma theory. Central to Victorian thinking about consciousness and emotion, shock is a concept that challenged earlier ideas about the relationship between mind and body. Although the new materialist psychology of the mid-nineteenth century made possible the very concept of a wound to the psyche - the recognition, for example, that those who escaped physically unscathed from train crashes or other overwhelming experiences might still have been injured in some significant way - it was Victorian fiction, with its complex explorations of the inner life of the individual and accounts of upheavals in personal identity, that most fully articulated the idea of the haunted, possessed and traumatized subject. This wide-ranging book reshapes our understanding of Victorian theories of mind and memory and reveals the relevance of nineteenth-century culture to contemporary theories of trauma.
The Life of the Longhouse
Authors: Metcalf Peter
Published: February 2010

For two centuries, travellers were amazed at the massive buildings found along the rivers that flow from the mountainous interior of Borneo. They concentrated hundreds of people under one roof, in the middle of empty rainforests. There was no practical necessity for this arrangement, and it remains a mystery. In this book Peter Metcalf provides an answer by showing the historical context, using both oral histories and colonial records. The key factor was a pre-modern trading system that funneled rare and exotic jungle products to China via the ancient coastal city of Brunei. Meanwhile the elite manufactured goods traded upriver shaped the political and religious institutions of longhouse society. However, the apparent permanence of longhouses was an illusion. In historical terms, longhouse communities were both mobile and labile, and the patterns of ethnicity they created more closely resemble the contemporary world than any stereotype of 'tribal' societies.
The impact of relative humidity, genotypes and fertilizer application rates on panicle, leaf temperature, fertility and seed setting of rice
Authors: YAN C. , DING Y. , WANG Q. , LIU Z. , LI G. , MUHAMMAD I. , WANG S.
Published: February 2010

A series of field and plant growth chamber experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to study how relative humidity (RH), genotypes and nitrogen application rates affect organ temperatures and spikelet fertility rates in rice. It was observed that organ temperatures varied with air temperature, RH, genotype and nitrogen application rate. Increases in RH at constant air temperature and increasing air temperature with a constant RH both increased organ temperatures significantly. Cultivars also exhibited differences in organ temperatures; those cultivars with erect panicles recorded lower organ temperatures than those with droopy panicles under similar climatic conditions. Similarly, cultivars with panicles above the flag leaf had lower temperatures at the panicle when compared to those plants with the panicle below the flag leaf. It was also found that panicle temperature showed a significant negative correlation with both grain filling rate and seed setting rate. Spikelet fertility could be maintained by reducing spikelet temperature under decreasing RH in a high-temperature environment. Panicle fertilizer application rates had a significant effect on the organ and canopy temperatures. The canopy temperature of rice grown with an ample supply of nitrogen was generally cooler than the canopy temperature of a nitrogen-deficient treatment.
A continuum approach to reproduce molecular-scale slip behaviour
Authors: HSU H.-Y. , PATANKAR N. A.
Published: February 2010

In this work we explore if it is possible to reproduce molecular-scale slip behaviour by using continuum equations. To that end it is noted that molecular-scale slip is affected by three factors: (i) near the wall, the fluid experiences a potential because of the wall; (ii) the fluid density responds to that potential, and hence, fluid compressibility is relevant; and (iii) the fluid can lose momentum to the wall. To incorporate these features we simulate shear flow of a compressible fluid between two walls in the presence of a potential. Compressibility effect is found to be important only in the near-wall region. The slip length is calculated from the mean velocity profile. The slip-length-versus-shear-rate trend is similar to that in molecular dynamic calculations. First, there is a constant value of the slip length at low shear rates. Then, the slip length increases beyond a critical shear rate. Lastly, the slip length reaches another constant value if the wall momentum loss parameter is non-zero. The scaling for the critical shear rate emerges from our results. The value of the slip length increases if the wall potential is less corrugated and if the momentum loss to the wall is low. An understanding of the overall force balance during various slip modes emerges from the governing equations.
Entropy, horseshoes and homoclinic trajectories on trees, graphs and dendrites
Authors: KOČAN ZDENĚK , KORNECKÁ-KURKOVÁ VERONIKA , MÁLEK MICHAL
Published: February 2010

It is known that the positiveness of topological entropy, the existence of a horseshoe and the existence of a homoclinic trajectory are mutually equivalent, for interval maps. The aim of the paper is to investigate the relations between the properties for continuous maps of trees, graphs and dendrites. We consider three different definitions of a horseshoe and two different definitions of a homoclinic trajectory. All the properties are mutually equivalent for tree maps, whereas not for maps on graphs and dendrites. For example, positive topological entropy and the existence of a homoclinic trajectory are independent and neither of them implies the existence of any horseshoe in the case of dendrites. Unfortunately, there is still an open problem, and we formulate it at the end of the paper.
Dixmier traces and coarse multifractal analysis
Authors: FALCONER KENNETH , SAMUEL TONY
Published: February 2010

We show how multifractal properties of a measure supported by a fractal F⊆[0,1] may be expressed in terms of complementary intervals of F and thus in terms of spectral triples and the Dixmier trace of certain operators. For self-similar measures this leads to a non-commutative integral over F equivalent to integration with respect to an auxiliary multifractal measure.
Indian International Law: From a Colonized Apologist to a Subaltern Protagonist
Authors: SINGH PRABHAKAR
Published: February 2010

Indian responses to international law have now seen three generations of scholarship. A decade into its independence, India began playing its role in what has retrospectively been referred to as Third World approaches to international law (TWAIL). The early 1990s witnessed the rise of TWAIL II. Armed with interdisciplinarity and inspired by the subaltern pathology of the state in the 1970s, TWAIL II scholars barged into areas with approaches never seen before. Bhupinder Chimni alone discovered six perspectives of international law from India. My article picks up from where Professor Anand has left off and adds a seventh ‘tribal’ tale to Chimni's six. It is also argued that the category ‘Third World’ needs redefinition, as pockets of poverty are increasingly betraying geography. Indian law schools have also been evaluated vis-à-vis promotion of TWAIL. The paper covers, as comprehensively as possible, approaches and issues, direct or collateral, regarding an international law from India.
Point of No Return: Joint Criminal Enterprise in Brđanin
Authors: FARHANG CLIFF
Published: February 2010

In the Brđanin and Krajišnik judgments, the ICTY Appeals Chamber found that the accused may incur criminal liability for crimes carried out by low-level non-joint criminal enterprise (JCE) physical perpetrators who are used as tools or are otherwise instrumentalized by JCE members other than the accused to carry out the crimes of the common plan. Similarly, the Appeals Chamber held that the accused may also incur liability for crimes of excess committed by non-JCE perpetrators. However, as for the precise nature of liability in such cases, no clarification was provided. From this ambiguity the author detects an inclination on the part of the Appeals Chamber to construe JCE not only as an expression of commission but also of complicity. The author then identifies and elaborates the theoretical difficulties that this construction would instil in the traditional doctrine of JCE as formulated by the Tadić Appeals Chamber and the international law of individual criminal responsibility. He suggests that awareness of these very problems of theory is the reason behind the conspicuous ambiguity in Brđanin and Krajišnik as to the nature of JCE liability.
Prosecuting the Crime of Attack on Peacekeepers: A Prosecutor's Challenge
Authors: BANGURA MOHAMED A.
Published: February 2010

The crime of attack on peacekeepers has gained specific attention in the practice of various international courts and tribunals, including the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the International Criminal Court. This article revisits the historical origins, the foundations, and the main issues from a prosecutorial perspective arising in the interpretation and litigation of this crime. It argues that the crime poses unique challenges in relation to charging practice and evidence.
Investor–State Arbitrations: Can the ‘Fair and Equitable Treatment’ Clause Consider International Human Rights Obligations?
Authors: WYTHES ANNIKA
Published: February 2010

The recent investor–state arbitration claim ofPiero Foresti, Laura De Carli and othersv.Republic of South Africaconsiders the extent to which international human rights obligations might be compromised by investor protections. In this regard, the paper examines the investor protection known as fair and equitable treatment (FET). It addresses this treatment obligation in the context of the South Africa–Italy bilateral investment treaty, and its invocation by investors who feel wronged by South Africa's black economic empowerment policies. It analyses the main interpretative theories of the FET clause, and concludes that it is to be interpreted as a self-contained treaty standard. Thissui generisapproach to interpreting FET clauses more accurately reflects the intentions of the state parties. Such a view supports the conclusion that international human rights should be considered in the interpretation of the FET clause.
Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in food production animals
Authors: VANDERHAEGHEN W. , HERMANS K. , HAESEBROUCK F. , BUTAYE P.
Published: February 2010

Until recently, reports on methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in food production animals were mainly limited to occasional detections in dairy cattle mastitis. However, since 2005 a MRSA clone, CC398, has been reported colonizing pigs, veal calves and broiler chickens and infecting dairy cows. Many aspects of its prevalence in pigs remain unclear. In other livestock, colonizing capacity and reservoir status still require elucidation. MRSA CC398 has also been detected in meat, but, as for other MRSA, the risk this poses is somewhat unclear. Currently, the most worrying aspect of MRSA CC398 appears to be its capacity to spread to humans. This might complicate MRSA control measures in human healthcare, urging research into risk factors and transmission routes. Although infections with MRSA CC398 are much less reported than carriage, more investigation into its pathogenic potential is required. Moreover, the origin and evolution of this clone remain unknown.
Obesity and shift work: chronobiological aspects
Authors: Antunes L. C. , Levandovski R. , Dantas G. , Caumo W. , Hidalgo M. P.
Published: February 2010

The present review has the objective of summarising chronobiological aspects of shift work and obesity. There was a systematic search in PubMed databases, using the following descriptors: shift work; obesity; biological clock. Shift work is extremely frequent in several services and industries, in order to systematise the needs for flexibility of the workforce, necessary to optimise productivity and business competitiveness. In developing countries, this population represents a considerable contingent workforce. Recently, studies showed that overweight and obesity are more prevalent in shift workers than day workers. In addition, the literature shows that shift workers seem to gain weight more often than those workers submitted to a usual work day. In conclusion, there is considerable epidemiological evidence that shift work is associated with increased risk for obesity, diabetes and CVD, perhaps as a result of physiological maladaptation to chronically sleeping and eating at abnormal circadian times. The impact of shift work on metabolism supports a possible pathway to the development of obesity and its co-morbities. The present review demonstrated the adverse cardiometabolic implications of circadian misalignment, as occurs chronically with shift workers.
THE YEAR IN REVIEW
Authors: To Benjamin
Published: February 2010

The positive developments contrasted with widespread violations of humanitarian law in a number of major and minor armed conflicts and in the context of the so-called ‘war on terrorism’.
THE CLUSTER MUNITIONS CONVENTION: AROUND THE WORLD IN ONE YEAR
Authors: van Woudenberg Nout , Wormgoor Wouter
Published: February 2010

On 3 December 2008, theConvention on Cluster Munitions(hereinafter the Convention), a legally binding instrument on cluster munitions that cause unacceptable harm to civilians, was signed by 94 states in Oslo. The Convention is the result of a Norwegian initiative of November 2006 which, ultimately led to negotiations conducted in Dublin from 18-30 May 2008 between 111 states. Below, a short overview will be given with regard to the process that led to the Convention, followed by a short explanation of the most relevant Articles of the Convention and the ideas behind it. Finally, a determination will be given with regard to the future role of the Convention in the field of international humanitarian law.
AGAINST MYTHICISM: A CASE FOR THE PLAUSIBILITY OF A HISTORICAL JESUS
Authors: Standing Edmund
Published: February 2010

A position that appears to be growing in popularity in atheist and rationalist circles is known as ‘mythicism’. According to this position we have no adequate reason to believe that the gospels refer to a historical figure called Jesus at all. This position of strong scepticism holds that the gospels are entirely mythological texts and that we are mistaken in reading them as embellished accounts of a man who lived and preached in the Middle East around 2000 years ago. I disagree with this position for a number of reasons. In particular, I contend that the apocalyptic material found on Jesus' lips and the hopes for a very real earthly historical transformation strongly suggest that there is an underlying historical basis to the claims that a man named Jesus made ‘prophetic’ statements about events that were expected to happen within his lifetime, and that this historical figure was considered by his band of followers to be the long awaited Messiah. The fact that hopes for eschatological transformation and claims of the coming of a Messiah are nothing more than religious mythological notions does not preclude there having been a historical figure to which these hopes were attached.
The introduction of a targeted user-pays approach to funding high-level residential aged care in Australia: an empirical investigation of the impact on price
Authors: Gargett Susan
Published: February 2010

In response to predictions that population ageing will increase government spending over the coming decades, in 1997–98, the Australian Government introduced means-tested income fees and accommodation charges for those admitted to nursing homes with income and assets above set threshold levels. Immediately prior, all residents paid the same price for their care and were not required to contribute towards the cost of their accommodation. In addition, in relation to those eligible to pay a higher price, the Government reduced its subsidisation of the cost of their care. The Government anticipated that the initiative would more equitably share the cost of age-related services across the public and private sectors, and result in some cost savings for itself. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the policy on the average price paid by residents. The findings suggest that the policy may have contributed to an increase in the average price paid, but statistical evidence is limited due to a number of data issues. Results also indicate that the rate of increase in the price was greater after theResidential Aged Care Structural Reformpackage was introduced. The study contributes to the economic analysis of the sector by evaluating time series estimates of prices paid by residents since the early 1970s.
North Atlantic geoid high, volcanism and glaciations
Authors: Carminati Eugenio , Doglioni Carlo
Published: February 2010

Shallow topography, geoid high and intense volcanism in the northern Mid Atlantic Ridge are interpreted as enhanced by the loading on the adjacent continents by ice caps during upper Cenozoic glaciations. The load of ice packs on the continental lithospheres of North America and northern Europe generated radial mantle flow at depth. In our model, these currents, where flowing from west and east, faced each other below the northern Atlantic, joining together and upwelling. Numerical modeling of this process supports the development of dynamic topography leading to uplift of the sea‐floor and inducing a regional geoid high. The upper mantle, being pumped from the deep mantle and rising to a few km shallower than average, may have contributed to larger asthenospheric melting, and to ridge centered excess magmatism, as observed in the Northern Atlantic.
Stochastic Fermi acceleration in the magnetotail current sheet: A numerical study
Authors: Greco A. , Perri S. , Zimbardo G.
Published: February 2010

A numerical study has been carried out in order to investigate the effects of model time‐dependent electromagnetic fields along with stationary, constant electric and magnetic field components on the ion dynamics. In the Earth's magnetotail, the trajectories of thermal protons are integrated in a 2‐D model where they can experience a Fermi‐like acceleration process by interacting with synthetic oscillating electromagnetic clouds, randomly positioned within the xy plane. Besides the time‐dependent fluctuations, a dawn‐dusk electric field component E0y is present, as well as a constant out‐of‐plane magnetic field component Bn. When the size of the electromagnetic clouds is small compared to the simulation box sides, the proton acceleration is mostly due to the dawn‐dusk electric field; increasing Bn causes a reduction of the obtained energies, reduction which decreases when Bn is further increased. For larger sizes of the electromagnetic blobs, Fermi acceleration becomes more efficient, and proton energies up to 100 keV are obtained. In such a case, the influence of the constant fields E0y and Bn becomes weak, and the final energy distribution does not depend on Bn. This means that the stochastic Fermi acceleration can be efficient even in the presence of a background magnetic field. Since the typical energies of protons are in good agreement with those observed for proton beams in the Earth's magnetotail, the joint effects of the random fields and the steady ones can explain particle acceleration processes in the distant and the near‐Earth magnetotail regions.
First E region observations of mesoscale neutral wind interaction with auroral arcs
Authors: Kosch M. J. , Anderson C. , Makarevich R. A. , Carter B. A. , Fiori R. A. D. , Conde M. , Dyson P. L. , Davies T.
Published: February 2010

We report the first observations of E region neutral wind fields and their interaction with auroral arcs at mesoscale spatial resolution during geomagnetically quiet conditions at Mawson, Antarctica. This was achieved by using a scanning Doppler imager, which can observe thermospheric neutral line‐of‐sight winds and temperatures simultaneously over a wide field of view. In two cases, the background E region wind field was perpendicular to an auroral arc, which when it appeared caused the wind direction within ∼50 km of the arc to rotate parallel along the arc, reverting to the background flow direction when the arc disappeared. This was observed under both westward and eastward plasma convection. The wind rotations occurred within 7–16 min. In one case, as an auroral arc propagated from the horizon toward the local zenith, the background E region wind field became significantly weaker but remained unaffected where the arc had not passed through. We demonstrate through modeling that these effects cannot be explained by height changes in the emission layer. The most likely explanation seems to be the greatly enhanced ion drag associated with the increased plasma density and localized ionospheric electric field associated with auroral arcs. In all cases, the F region neutral wind appeared less affected by the auroral arc, although its presence is clear in the data.
River Influences on Shelf Ecosystems: Introduction and synthesis
Authors: Hickey B. M. , Kudela R. M. , Nash J. D. , Bruland K. W. , Peterson W. T. , MacCready P. , Lessard E. J. , Jay D. A. , Banas N. S. , Baptista A. M. , Dever E. P. , Kosro P. M. , Kilcher L. K. , Horner‐Devine A. R. , Zaron E. D. , McCabe R. M. , Peterson J. O. , Orton P. M. , Pan J. , Lohan M. C.
Published: February 2010

River Influences on Shelf Ecosystems (RISE) is the first comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the rates and dynamics governing the mixing of river and coastal waters in an eastern boundary current system, as well as the effects of the resultant plume on phytoplankton standing stocks, growth and grazing rates, and community structure. The RISE Special Volume presents results deduced from four field studies and two different numerical model applications, including an ecosystem model, on the buoyant plume originating from the Columbia River. This introductory paper provides background information on variability during RISE field efforts as well as a synthesis of results, with particular attention to the questions and hypotheses that motivated this research. RISE studies have shown that the maximum mixing of Columbia River and ocean water occurs primarily near plume liftoff inside the estuary and in the near field of the plume. Most plume nitrate originates from upwelled shelf water, and plume phytoplankton species are typically the same as those found in the adjacent coastal ocean. River‐supplied nitrate can help maintain the ecosystem during periods of delayed upwelling. The plume inhibits iron limitation, but nitrate limitation is observed in aging plumes. The plume also has significant effects on rates of primary productivity and growth (higher in new plume water) and microzooplankton grazing (lower in the plume near field and north of the river mouth); macrozooplankton concentration (enhanced at plume fronts); offshelf chlorophyll export; as well as the development of a chlorophyll “shadow zone” off northern Oregon.
Evaluation of a 3‐D hydrodynamic model and atmospheric forecast forcing using observations in Lake Ontario
Authors: Huang Anning , Rao Yerubandi R. , Lu Youyu
Published: February 2010

Six‐month observations of surface meteorology, water temperature, and currents in Lake Ontario are used to evaluate a high‐resolution, three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model and the forecasted forcing from a regional version of the Canadian operational global environmental multiscale (GEM) model. The hydrodynamic model is based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). Driven by both the observed and modeled surface wind stress and the surface net heat fluxes (SNHF), POM is able to reproduce the observed variations of the lake surface temperature (LST) and vertical stratification conditions at the seasonal and synoptic time scales. The model also has skill in simulating the temporal and vertical variation of currents. The patterns of the simulated horizontal distributions of the LST and lake circulation are consistent with the observed climatology. Model sensitivity experiments reveal that the differences between the simulations using observed and model forcing are mainly due to the difference in wind stress instead of the SNHF. Comparison with meteorological observations suggests that GEM has good accuracy in simulating the SNHF but overestimates the wind. Model sensitivity experiments further revealed that errors in the SNHF have significant impact on simulations of water temperature in the surface and near‐surface layers, whereas errors in wind stress cause significant changes of water temperature in the thermocline.
Analyses and development of a hierarchy of frozen soil models for cold region study
Authors: Li Qian , Sun Shufen , Xue Yongkang
Published: February 2010

Numerous frozen soil models currently in use differ in the complexity of their governing equations or/and in the processes being considered. It is important to comprehensively examine and categorize these on the basis of physical principles, assumptions, and relationship to each other. In this paper frozen soil models are classified into different levels according to the complexity of the governing equations. On the basis of scale analysis, models with different levels of complexity were derived from the most complicated frozen soil model. Rationales for the simplification of models at different levels are discussed. To overcome the difficulties in achieving numerical solutions, a new method of substituting soil enthalpy and total water mass for soil temperature and volumetric liquid water content in governing equations is introduced for each level of the frozen soil models. Models with different complexity levels are assessed with observational data. The preliminary monthly and seasonal evaluation shows that the results from the models with different complexity are generally similar but with substantial differences at the Tibetan D66 site during the melting and freezing period. The model including the contribution of vapor flux due to the matric potential gradient to the water balance performs the best at the D66 site. Compared to the corresponding original models, the frozen soil model versions with enthalpy and total water mass for governing equations appear to produce consistently better performance. Furthermore, the rationale of different methods for the freezing‐melting process in frozen soil is discussed. It has been noted that the model derived from the freezing point depression equation and the soil matric potential equation is supported by both thermodynamic equilibrium theory and the simulation results.
Granzyme B of cytotoxic T cells induces extramitochondrial reactive oxygen species production via caspase‐dependent NADPH oxidase activation
Authors: Aguiló Juan I , Anel Alberto , Catalán Elena , Sebastián Alvaro , Acín‐Pérez Rebeca , Naval Javier , Wallich Reinhard , Simon Markus M , Pardo Julián
Published: February 2010

Induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a hallmark of granzyme B (gzmB)‐mediated pro‐apoptotic processes and target cell death. However, it is unclear to what extent the generated ROS derive from mitochondrial and/or extra‐mitochondrial sources. To clarify this point, we have produced a mutant EL4 cell line, termed EL4‐ρ0, which lacks mitochondrial DNA, associated with a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and a defective ROS production through the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation. When incubated with either recombinant gzmB plus streptolysin or ex vivo gzmB+ cytotoxic T cells, EL4‐ρ0 cells showed phosphatydylserine translocation, caspase 3 activation, Bak conformational change, cytochrome c release and apoptotic morphology comparable to EL4 cells. Moreover, EL4‐ρ0 cells produced ROS at levels similar to EL4 under these conditions. GzmB‐mediated ROS production was almost totally abolished in both cell lines by the pan‐caspase inhibitor, Z‐VAD‐fmk. However, addition of apocynin, a specific inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, led to a significant reduction of ROS production and cell death only in EL4‐ρ0 but not EL4 cells. These data suggest that gzmB‐induced cell death is accompanied by a caspase‐dependent pathway of extra‐mitochondrial ROS production, most probably through activation of NADPH oxidase.
L‐Ascorbate, a strong inducer of L‐dopa (3,4‐dihydroxy‐L‐phenylalanine) production from pre‐grown mycelia of Aspergillus oryzae NRRL‐1560
Authors: Mariam Irfana , Ali Sikander , Rehman Asia , Ikram‐ul‐Haq
Published: February 2010

The inductive effect of L‐ascorbate on the microbiological production of L‐dopa (3,4‐dihydroxy‐L‐phenylalanine) from Aspergillus oryzae NRRL‐1560 was investigated. All biochemical reactions were performed aerobically using mould mycelia as a source of enzyme tyrosinase and acetate buffer (pH 3.0) as an extractant. L‐Tyrosine as a substrate was added at a level of 2.5 mg/ml. Maximal L‐dopa production (1.876 mg/ml) was achieved when L‐ascorbate (5.0 mg/ml) was added 6 min after the initiation of the biochemical reaction at 50 °C, consuming 2.144 mg/ml L‐tyrosine. The performance of fuzzy‐logic control of the reaction was found to be highly promising for improvement of the substrate conversion rate (∼80%). After optimizing the reaction conditions, particularly the addition of L‐ascorbate, an increase in L‐dopa yield of 22.96% was achieved compared with the control (without ascorbate addition) when the process variables, namely buffer pH, L‐tyrosine concentration and reaction temperature, were further identified using a two‐factorial Plackett–Burman design.
Mesothelial vitronectin stimulates migration of ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Heyman Loraine , Leroy‐Dudal Johanne , Fernandes Julien , Seyer Damien , Dutoit Soizic , Carreiras Franck
Published: February 2010

Ovarian carcinomas, the most fatal gynaecological malignancies, are associated with poor prognosis predominantly because of a high recurrence rate. Ovarian cancer cells spread widely throughout the abdominal cavity leading to peritoneal metastasis. The influence of the mesothelial microenvironment on the biological mechanisms leading to cancer cell colonization of the mesothelium is poorly understood. This study aims to investigate whether mesothelial secretions affect the migration of ovarian cancer cells and focuses on the role of the adhesive molecule Vn (vitronectin) and its integrin receptors. An in vitro co‐culture model indicated that clusters of IGROV1 and SKOV3 cells adhere to MeT‐5A mesothelial cells preferentially at intercellular sites, invade the mesothelial monolayer and alter the integrity of the mesothelium. In addition, mesothelial CM (cell‐conditioned medium) induces migration of IGROV1 and SKOV3 cells in Boyden chambers and wound healing assays. Furthermore, blocking molecules directed against vitronectin or its αv integrin receptor decrease mesothelial‐CM‐induced migration by approximately 40% and 60–70% for IGROV1 and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells, respectively, in Boyden chamber assays. Wound healing assays that allow cell migration to be measured over 24 h periods demonstrated that blocking molecules prevent the migration of IGROV1 and SKOV3 cells. Vitronectin is present in CM MeT‐5A (mesothelial conditioned medium) and in metastatic peritoneal tissue sections. The expression of vitronectin at the periphery of mesothelial cells and within ovarian cancer cell clusters suggests a potential role for this molecule during intraperitoneal implantation of ovarian cancer cells. Vitronectin could represent a target for the development of anti‐adhesive strategies to impede ovarian cancer dissemination.
Stability of peakons and linear dispersion limit for the periodic Dullin–Gottwald–Holm equation
Authors: Yin Jiuli , Tian Lixin
Published: February 2010

The Dullin–Gottwald–Holm equation can be described as the unidirectional propagation of surface waves in a shallow water regime. In this paper, we study the orbital stability problem of the peaked solitons (peakons) for the periodic Dullin–Gottwald–Holm equation on the line. By constructing a function only depending on three important conservative laws, we prove that the shapes of peakons are stable under small perturbations. We also demonstrate that the solutions of the Cauchy problem for this equation converge to those of the corresponding periodic Camassa–Holm equation as the linear dispersive parameter converges to zero.
Optical properties of ZnO/Zn0.9Mg0.1O multiple quantum wells grown on (111) Si using buffer assisted pulsed-laser deposition
Authors: Pan X. H. , Guo W. , Tian W. , He H. P. , Ye Z. Z. , Gu X. Q. , Schlom D. G. , Pan X. Q.
Published: February 2010

This work investigates the photoluminescence properties of ZnO/Zn0.9Mg0.1O multiple quantum wells (MQWs), which have been fabricated by pulsed-laser deposition on (111) Si substrates using intervening epitaxial Lu2O3 buffer layers. In ZnO/Zn0.9Mg0.1O MQWs, the luminescence is dominated by localized exciton (LE) emission throughout the whole temperature range studied. With increasing temperature from 10 to 300 K, the LE emission redshifts by 38 meV. This redshift is believed to be due to the thermalized excitons occupying higher-lying localized states where they emit higher energy radiation and temperature-induced band gap shrinkage. Moreover, the LE emission from the MQWs decays more slowly than exciton emission from ZnO. In addition, the LE emission in the MQWs shows a systematic blueshift with decreasing well width, which is consistent with a quantum size effect.
A universal magnification theorem. III. Caustics beyond codimension 5
Authors: Aazami A. B. , Petters A. O.
Published: February 2010

In the final paper of this series, we extend our results on magnification invariants to the infinite family of An(n≥2),Dn(n≥4),E6,E7,E8 caustic singularities. We prove that for families of general mappings between planes exhibiting any caustic singularity of the An(n≥2),Dn(n≥4),E6,E7,E8 family, and for a point in the target space lying anywhere in the region giving rise to the maximum number of lensed images (real preimages), the total signed magnification of the lensed images will always sum to zero. The proof is algebraic in nature and relies on the Euler trace formula.
Arithmetic, mutually unbiased bases and complementary observables
Authors: Sheppeard M. D.
Published: February 2010

Complementary observables in quantum mechanics may be viewed as Frobenius structures in a dagger monoidal category, such as the category of finite dimensional Hilbert spaces over the complex numbers. On the other hand, their properties crucially depend on the discrete Fourier transform and its associated quantum torus, requiring only the finite fields that underlie mutually unbiased bases. In axiomatic topos theory, the complex numbers are difficult to describe and should not be invoked unnecessarily. This paper surveys some fundamentals of quantum arithmetic using finite field complementary observables, with a view considering more general axiom systems.
Linear response characteristics in time-dependent subdiffusive fractional Fokker–Planck equations
Authors: Kang Yan-Mei , Jiang Yao-Lin
Published: February 2010

For the time-dependent fractional Fokker–Planck equations (FFPE), obtained from the time-independent FFPE by directly replacing the time-independent external force with a time-modulated one, we investigate its response characteristics within linear response range based on a viewpoint of global perturbation. Two general response formulas are derived in time domain and frequency domain for the subdiffusive process, and they can be reduced to the counterparts in normal diffusion when the diffusion exponent tends to 1. For two concrete examples, a Kramers–Kronig relation is also discussed and is found to have different meaning in both cases. We suggest the results may be important in exploring the phenomenon of stochastic resonance and calculating the spectral density of fluctuations.
Single scattering estimates for the scintillation function of waves in random media
Authors: Bal Guillaume , Langmore Ian , Pinaud Olivier
Published: February 2010

The energy density of high frequency waves propagating in highly oscillatory random media is well approximated by solutions of deterministic kinetic models. The scintillation function determines the statistical instability of the kinetic solution. This paper analyzes the single scattering term in the scintillation function. This is the term of the scintillation function that is linear in the power spectrum of the random fluctuations. We show that the structure of the scintillation function is already quite complicated in this simplified setting. It strongly depends on the singularity of the initial conditions for the wave field and on the correlation properties of the random medium. We obtain limiting expressions for the scintillation function as the correlation length of the random medium tends to zero.
Two-fold integrable hierarchy of nonholonomic deformation of the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger and the Lenells–Fokas equation
Authors: Kundu Anjan
Published: February 2010

The concept of the nonholonomic deformation formulated recently for the Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur family is extended to the Kaup–Newell class. Applying this construction we discover a novel integrable mixed twofold hierarchy related to the deformed derivative nonlinear Schrödinger (DNLS) equation and found the exact soliton solutions exhibiting unusual accelerating motion for both its field and the perturbing functions. Extending the idea of deformation the integrable perturbation of the gauge related Chen–Lee–Liu DNLS equation is constructed together with its soliton solution. We show that the recently proposed Lenells–Fokas (LF) equation falls in the deformed DNLS hierarchy, sharing the accelerating soliton and other unusual features. Higher order integrable deformations of the LF and the DNLS equations are proposed.
Ultralow threshold green lasing and optical bistability in ZBNA (ZrF4–BaF2–NaF–AlF3) microspheres
Authors: Wu Yuqiang , Ward Jonathan M. , Nic Chormaic Síle
Published: February 2010

Upconversion lasing and fluorescence from active microspheres fabricated from a novel fluorozirconate, Er3+ doped glass, ZBNA (ZrF4–BaF2–NaF–AlF3), when pumped at 978 nm via a tapered optical fiber is demonstrated. An ultralow, green lasing threshold of ∼3 μW for 550 nm emissions is measured. This is one order of magnitude lower than that previously reported for ZBLAN (ZrF4–BaF2–LaF3–AlF3–NaF) microspheres. Optical bistability effects in ZBNA microspheres are reported and the bistable mechanism is discussed and attributed to shifts of the whispering gallery modes due to thermal expansion of the sphere, where heating is achieved by optical pumping around 978 nm. The effect of the bistability on the upconversion lasing is examined and we report multiple bistability loops within the microspheres.