bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current and Future Diagnostics for Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Zilouchian Hussein , Faqah Omair , Kabir Md Alamgir , Gross Dennis , Pan Rachel , Shaifman Shane , Younas Muhammad Awais , Haseeb Muhammad Abdul , Thomas Emmanuel , Asghar Waseem
Published: January 2025

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is an RNA virus enclosed in an envelope that infects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Despite its significant burden on public health, no vaccine is currently available, and many individuals remain unaware of their infection due to the often asymptomatic nature of the disease. Early detection of HCV is critical for initiating curative treatments, which can prevent long-term complications such as cirrhosis, liver cancer, and decompensated liver disease. However, conventional diagnostic approaches available, such as enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods, are often costly, time-intensive, and challenging to be implemented in resource-limited settings. This review provides an overview of HCV disease and the structural components of the virus, illustrating how different diagnostic methods target various parts of the viral structure. It examines current diagnostic tests and assays, highlighting their mechanisms, applications, and limitations, which necessitates the development of improved detection methods. Additionally, the paper explores emerging technologies in HCV detection that could offer affordable, accessible, and easy-to-use diagnostic solutions, particularly for deployment in low-resource and point-of-care settings. These advancements have the potential to contribute significantly to achieving the World Health Organization’s (WHO) target of eliminating HCV as a public threat by 2030.
Citric Acid Cross-Linked Gelatin/Pectin Coatings Increase Shelf Life of Ripe Grapes
Authors: Barbosa Jhonatas Rodrigues , Gonçalves Magally Araújo , da Silva Martins Luiza Helena , de Fátima Henriques Lourenço Lúcia
Published: January 2025

Grapes, one of the most widely consumed fruits, present commerce challenges due to their short shelf life. One promising solution is the chemical cross-linking of polymers such as gelatin and pectin, which can create stronger and more biodegradable networks. This study evaluated the cross-linking of gelatin/pectin to extend the shelf life of ripe grapes, using citric acid as a cross-linker. Three different ratios of gelatin and pectin (1:1, 2:1, and 1:2) were tested in coatings applied to grapes. The results showed that the 1:1 ratio (gelatin/pectin) was the most effective in delaying the ripening of grapes. An analysis of the characteristics of the cross-linked networks revealed the formation of covalent bonds between the polymers, confirmed by FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. The 1:1 coverage was superior, maintaining the visual quality of the grapes and delaying the loss of mass and firmness during the 10-day storage period. Grapes covered with this mixture showed less reduction in firmness and a lower accumulation of sugars, demonstrating its effectiveness in maintaining the quality of the fruit.
Solving and Optimization of Cobb–Douglas Function by Genetic Algorithm: A Step-by-Step Implementation
Authors: Dinc Ali , Yildiz Faruk , Nag Kaushik , Otkur Murat , Mamedov Ali
Published: January 2025

This study presents an innovative application of genetic algorithms (GAs) for optimizing the Cobb–Douglas production function, a cornerstone of economic modeling that examines the relationship between production output and the inputs of labor and capital. This research integrates traditional optimization methods, such as partial derivatives, with evolutionary computation techniques to address complex economic constraints. The methodology demonstrates how GAs outperform classical techniques in solving constrained optimization problems, offering superior robustness, adaptability, and efficiency. Key results highlight the alignment between GA solutions and traditional Lagrangian methods while underscoring the computational advantages of GAs in navigating non-linear and multi-modal landscapes. This work serves as a valuable resource for both educators and practitioners, offering insights into the potential of GAs to enhance optimization processes in engineering, economics, and interdisciplinary applications. Visual aids and pedagogical recommendations further illustrate the algorithm’s utility, making this study a significant contribution to the computational optimization literature. Additionally, the optimization process using genetic algorithms is presented in a step-by-step manner, with accompanying visual graphs that enhance comprehension and demonstrate the method’s effectiveness in solving mathematical problems, as validated by the study’s results.
Chromium Substitution Within Ruthenium Oxide Aerogels Enables High Activity Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
Authors: Adame-Solorio Jesus , Kimmel Samuel W. , Bailey Kathleen O. , Rhodes Christopher P.
Published: January 2025

Acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts that provide high activity, lower costs, and long-term stability are needed for the wide-scale adoption of proton-exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers for generating hydrogen through electrochemical water splitting. We report the effects of chromium substitution and temperature treatments on the structure, OER activity, and electrochemical stability of ruthenium oxide (RuO2) aerogel OER electrocatalysts. RuO2 and Cr-substituted RuO2 aerogels (Ru0.6Cr0.4O2) were synthesized using sol–gel chemistry and then thermally treated at different temperatures. Introducing chromium into the synthesis increased the surface area (7–11 times higher) and pore volume (5–6 times higher) relative to RuO2 aerogels. X-ray diffraction analysis is consistent with s that Cr was substituted into the rutile RuO2 structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that trivalent Cr substitution altered the surface electronic structure and ratio of surface hydroxides. The specific capacitance values of Cr-substituted RuO2 aerogels were consistent with charge storage within a hydrous surface. Cr-substituted RuO2 aerogels exhibited 26 times the OER mass activity and 3.5 times the OER specific activity of RuO2 aerogels. Electrochemical stability tests show that Cr-substituted RuO2 aerogels exhibit similar stability to commercial RuO2. Understanding how metal substituents can be used to alter OER activity and stability furthers our ability to obtain highly active, durable, and lower-cost OER electrocatalysts for PEM electrolyzers.
Appendiceal Intussusception: A Rare Diagnosis and the Role of Imaging in Its Detection
Authors: Milošević Stefan , Bubanja Miljana , Zugic Anja , Mitrovic Milica , Stosic Katarina , Tosic Vasko , Vasin Dragan , Djuric-Stefanovic Aleksandra
Published: January 2025

Appendiceal intussusception is a rare condition characterized by the invagination of the appendix into the base of the cecum. In some cases, this condition can lead to obstruction, ischemia, and perforation. It is more common in elderly patients, particularly women, and is often associated with the presence of a lesion, benign or malignant, acting as a “lead point.” This case report details the emergency management of a 54-year-old female patient with severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The physical examination was unremarkable, as were the laboratory tests. However, ultrasound revealed a small amount of fluid in the pelvis, leading to further investigation with a CT scan which showed appendiceal intussusception with significant wall edema, fluid in the surrounding fatty tissue, and reactive lymph nodes. The patient then underwent an operation that confirmed an intussuscepted appendix showing signs of ischemia. Histopathology showed the presence of an endometrioma acting as the “lead point”. This case report showcases the crucial role of diagnostic imaging, which is superior to clinical examination and laboratory tests when diagnosing these patients. Diagnostic imaging, coupled with careful differential diagnosis, is vital to distinguishing benign conditions from malignancy and ensuring timely and appropriate intervention. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention are essential to prevent life-threatening complications such as gangrene and perforation and exclude malignancy in adult patients.
Emergency Identification of Endotracheal Tube Tip via Ultrasonography Used by Trained Nurse in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
Authors: Voulgaridou Athanasia , Deftereos Savas , Chloropoulou Pelagia , Bekiaridou Konstantina , Tsouvala Emmanouela , Meziridou Rozita , Foutzitzi Soultana , Kaselas Christos , Sinopidis Xenophon , Mantadakis Elpis , Kambouri Katerina
Published: January 2025

Background: Endotracheal tube (ETT) placement is crucial for neonates with respiratory failure. Ultrasonography (US) has emerged as a valuable tool to detect ETT positioning, competing with traditional methods. Nurses, being front-line caregivers, can perform basic ultrasound examinations. This study aimed to assess whether a nurse inexperienced in US could identify the correct ETT position in neonates after a brief ultrasound training. Methods: This study included intubated neonates hospitalized in a NICU with a postmenstrual age of under 45 weeks. A NICU nurse, following a short ultrasound training, measured the distance of the ETT tip to the right pulmonary artery and aortic arch. Chest X-rays (CXRs) confirmed the ETT position. The neonates’ ages, genders, weights, and examination times were recorded. Results: This study involved 67 neonates, including 40 (59.7%) males, with 39 (58.2%) weighing below 1500 g. The median time for correct ETT placement confirmation by CXR was 12.6 min, while US-assisted ETT recognition took 6 min initially and 5.1 min at the end of the training, which was a significant difference. No major differences were found in US distance based on the neonate’s weight and age. Gender marginally influenced US distance (β = −0.089, p = 0.056). Conclusions: The NICU nurse responded well to ultrasound training, showing results comparable with CXR. Further studies with more patients and additional studied factors are needed to fully assess US’s reliability in determining ETT positioning.
Outcomes of Outpatient Elective Esophageal Varices Band Ligation in Cirrhosis Patients with Significant Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Amin Nisar , Ayoub Mark , Tomanguillo Julton , Chela Harleen , Tahan Veysel , Daglilar Ebubekir
Published: January 2025

Background: Current guidelines advise against platelet transfusion prior to emergent esophageal variceal band ligation (EVL) in cirrhotic patients with platelet counts below 50 × 103/μL. However, recommendations for elective EVL remain unclear. This study evaluates the outcomes of cirrhotic patients undergoing outpatient EVL. Methods: Adult patients aged 18 years and older diagnosed with cirrhosis, with or without significant thrombocytopenia (<50 × 103/μL), were identified using the TriNetX database. Patients who received platelet transfusions within one week prior to or on the day of EVL were excluded. Cirrhotic patients with significant thrombocytopenia undergoing outpatient elective EVL were categorized into two cohorts: (1) those with platelet counts between 30 and 49 × 103/μL and (2) those with platelet counts ≥50 × 103/μL. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to compare rates of post-EVL esophageal variceal bleeding and 14-day mortality between the two cohorts. Results: A total of 16,718 cirrhotic patients undergoing outpatient EVL were included in the analysis. Of these, 17.2% (n = 2874) had significant thrombocytopenia, while 82.8% (n = 13,844) had platelet counts ≥50 × 103/μL. Two well-matched cohorts (2864 patients each) were created using 1:1 PSM. No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups regarding 14-day post-EVL esophageal variceal bleeding (13.7% vs. 15.2%; p = 0.12), 14-day mortality (5.7% vs. 5.0%; p = 0.28), and 28-day mortality (8.4% vs. 7.5%; p = 0.20). Conclusions: Elective EVL appears to be safe in cirrhotic patients with platelet counts as low as 30 × 103/μL, challenging the current threshold of 50 × 103/μL for platelet transfusion.
Pseudohypertriglyceridemia in a Patient with Pancreatitis Without Evidence for Glycerol Kinase Deficiency: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Zhu Jianping , Zhang Chunjuan , Zhao Rui
Published: January 2025

Background: Pseudohypertriglyceridemia (pseudo-HTG) is a condition in patients with glycerol kinase deficiency or other disorders of glycerol metabolism, as well as in individuals with alcoholism, severe liver disease, or metabolic disturbances, and those receiving heparin therapy. Exogenous glycerol intake can also trigger this condition. However, the causes of pseudo-HTG are poorly understood, and a clinical algorithm for its diagnosing remains to be developed. Case presentation: We present the case of a 46-year-old man admitted to hospital with hypertriglyceridemia-induced severe acute pancreatitis (HTG-SAP) and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Upon admission, his plasma triglyceride (TG) level was critically high at 43.78 mmol/L (3877 mg/dL). During hospitalization, he developed acute renal insufficiency and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Despite conventional lipid-lowering treatments, including extracorporeal lipoprotein apheresis, his TG levels remained elevated. The unusually clear serum led to suspicion of pseudo-HTG. A glycerol-corrected TG assay confirmed normal TG values, thereby diagnosing pseudo-HTG. Conclusions: This report presents the first confirmed case of pseudo-HTG verified through definitive glycerol kinase (GK) gene testing in a patient without glycerol kinase deficiency. We also include a review of the relevant literature and propose a clinical algorithm. The case report highlights the importance of considering pseudo-HTG in hypertriglyceridemia patients who do not respond well to the standard TG-lowering treatment. Our proposed clinical algorithm for diagnosing pseudo-HTG is potentially invaluable in clinical practice, and helps to prevent unnecessary lipid-lowering treatments for patients with pseudo-HTG.
Quantitative Evaluation of Debris Removal from NiTi Rotary Endodontic Instruments After Different Cleaning Procedures
Authors: Generali Luigi , Generali Paolo , Bertani Pio , Cavani Francesco , Checchi Vittorio , Filippini Tommaso , Veneri Federica
Published: January 2025

Objectives: Endodontic instruments require thorough decontamination and sterilization before use and reuse to ensure the safety and success of treatments. However, standardized protocols are lacking. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of different cleaning protocols in removing debris from NiTi rotary file surfaces. Methods: Forty-eight new Mtwo NiTi rotary instruments (sizes 10/.04, 15/.05, 20/.06, and 25/.06) were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 12). A set of new sterile instruments (Group I) served as the negative control. After usage for primary endodontic treatment, instruments underwent different cleaning protocols: steam sterilization without cleaning (Group II); ultrasonic cleaning + steam sterilization (Group III); and manual cleaning with a scouring sponge + ultrasonic cleaning + steam sterilization (Group IV). Back-scattered scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the apical, middle, and coronal sections were processed using Fiji software (version 2.14.0) to quantify debris as a percentage of the total selected area. Results: No significant differences were found among the three sections within each group, although higher debris amounts were observed from coronal to apical in Groups I and II. Group I had the least debris, while Group II showed the most, with statistically significant differences compared to other groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between Groups III and IV, though Group IV showed notably less debris. Conclusions: The combination of mechanical, chemical, and ultrasonic cleaning proved most effective at removing debris from endodontic instruments. Current cleaning methods, however, remain insufficient for complete debris removal, highlighting the need for further research to standardize and improve cleaning and sterilization protocols or preferably use single-use/single-patient instruments.
Simulators as an Innovative Strategy in the Teaching of Physics in Higher Education
Authors: Álvarez-Siordia Felipe Miguel , Merino-Soto César , Rosas-Meléndez Samuel Antonio , Pérez-Díaz Martín , Chans Guillermo M.
Published: January 2025

The effectiveness of the use of PhET educational simulators as didactic tools in the teaching of physics concepts was evaluated, comparing their effects on motivation and self-efficacy in engineering students when performing traditional laboratory practices since their impact on STEM disciplines, commitment, and understanding are crucial for academic success. The sample consisted of 236 first-year students divided into an experimental group using simulators and a control group that performed the practices in the physics laboratory. The Reduced Instructional Materials Motivation Scale (RIMMS) and the self-efficacy subscale of the MSLQ, translated and validated in Spanish, were used. The results showed that the experimental group exhibited a significant increase in motivation. No statistically significant differences were found in self-efficacy, suggesting that its impact on this aspect is limited and possibly requires more activities with simulators. This study concludes that simulators can complement and improve traditional practices, especially to increase student motivation.
Examining the Effectiveness of Non-Digital Game-Based Learning Among University Computer Science Students on the Topic of Improper Integrals
Authors: Szilágyi Szilvia , Palencsár Enikő , Körei Attila , Török Zsuzsanna
Published: January 2025

Using digital and non-digital card games to teach mathematics is a well-established didactic technique widely applied at different levels of education. Game-based learning strategies are also gaining ground in higher education, but the use of maths card games in university settings remains limited. Generation Z students are true digital natives, members of a hyper-cognitive generation with a learning profile different from any previous generation. In this paper, an original non-digital card game, Blue Yeti, is presented that supports determining the convergence property of improper integrals using the comparison theorems and the Cauchy–Maclaurin test, providing a motivational and effective way of acquiring knowledge for Gen Z students. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development process, rules, and gameplay mechanics of Blue Yeti, which was created as a key component of a multifunctional didactic framework. In addition, it presents findings from a two-year research study conducted among first-year bachelor’s students in computer science on the benefits of playing Blue Yeti. Quantitative studies were carried out with 63 first-year IT students using a quasi-experimental research design to measure the effectiveness of the game. A pre- and post-test design was used with the experimental group of 31 participants to evaluate the short-term effects of card game-based learning. A t-test for paired samples was used for hypothesis testing. To assess the medium-term impact, the results from the related midterm exam problems were statistically analysed, comparing the outcomes of the experimental group with those of the control group using the Mann–Whitney U-test. The results indicated that the experimental group outperformed the control group, achieving a mean score of 3.03 out of 6 on the designated midterm exam problems, compared to the control group’s mean score of 1.78. Additionally, student attitudes towards the game were measured using a mixed-method approach, which provided not only quantitative data but also qualitative information on student attitudes towards Blue Yeti, complementing the statistics on learning outcomes. The results of the study clearly support the effectiveness of the card game.
HIL-Based Fault-Tolerant Vector Space Decomposition Control for a Six-Phase PMSM Fed by a Five-Level CHB Converter
Authors: Shayeghan Mona , Di Benedetto Marco , Lidozzi Alessandro , Solero Luca
Published: January 2025

The growing demand for higher reliability and efficiency in modern electric drives, coupled with the increasing adoption of multi-phase machines, has necessitated advancements in fault-tolerant control strategies. This paper presents a fault tolerance analysis for a six-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) connected to a five-level cascaded H-bridge converter, employing a level-shift pulse width modulation (LSPWM) technique. Unlike existing strategies, this work integrates a unique combination of three key innovations: first, a fault detection mechanism capable of identifying faults in both machine phases and inverter legs with high precision; second, an open-circuit fault compensation strategy that dynamically reconfigures the faulty inverter phase leg into a two-level topology to reduce losses and preserve healthy switches; and third, a modified closed-loop control method designed specifically to mitigate the adverse effects of short-circuit faults while maintaining system stability. The proposed approach is validated through rigorous simulations in Simulink and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) tests, demonstrating its robustness and applicability in high-reliability applications.
Recovered Ammonia as a Sustainable Energy Carrier: Innovations in Recovery, Combustion, and Fuel Cells
Authors: La Corte Daniele , Maddaloni Marina , Vahidzadeh Reza , Domini Marta , Bertanza Giorgio , Ansari Samee Ullah , Marchionni Matteo , Tola Vittorio , Nancy Nancy Artioli
Published: January 2025

Recovered ammonia, extracted from waste streams such as industrial leachates and organic waste, represents a unique opportunity to harness a sustainable, carbon-free energy resource. This paper focuses on the energy potential of ammonia recovered from waste, emphasizing its role as a critical element in the transition to a low-carbon economy. Integrating recovered ammonia into energy systems enables industries to reduce dependence on conventional ammonia production, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and advance circular economy practices. The study reviews advanced technologies for recovering ammonia from waste, as well as its application in combustion processes and fuel cells. Particular emphasis is placed on optimizing ammonia combustion to minimize nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and on utilizing recovered ammonia in direct ammonia fuel cells and hydrogen generation for fuel cells. Challenges associated with scaling waste recovery technologies and integrating recovered ammonia into existing energy infrastructures are critically examined. By providing an in-depth assessment of the environmental and economic benefits of using recovered ammonia as an energy source, this paper highlights its potential to decarbonize sectors such as transportation, industry, and power generation.
Analysis and Verification of Equivalent Circuit Model of Soft-Pack Lithium Batteries
Authors: Li Fei , Li Zhaojie , Zhang Yanlei , Xu Guoning , Wang Xuwei , Zhang Haoyi
Published: January 2025

High-energy-density lithium batteries play a crucial role in the lightweight design of stratospheric airship systems. This paper conducts an in-depth experimental study of the equivalent circuit model of soft-pack batteries, with a focus on how parameter identification methods affect model accuracy. To this end, first-order RC, second-order RC, and third-order RC equivalent circuit models were constructed, and model parameters under different temperature and current conditions were obtained through constant-current intermittent discharge experiments. During the parameter identification process, special consideration was given to the impact of sampling time on voltage measurements and the interdependent constraints among models. Additionally, the effects of current, temperature, and SOC (state of charge) variations on ohmic resistance and polarization resistance–capacitor parameters were analyzed. The experimental results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of battery terminal voltage calculated using parameter identification methods that account for these factors is significantly lower than when these factors are not considered. By comparing the voltage calculation accuracy and operational efficiency of the three models, the second-order RC model was determined to be the preferred choice due to its simple structure, high computational efficiency, and superior accuracy.
Modeling of TES Tanks by Means of CFD Simulation Using Neural Networks
Authors: Rojas Cala Edgar F. , Béjar Ramón , Mateu Carles , Borri Emiliano , Romagnoli Alessandro , Cabeza Luisa F.
Published: January 2025

Modeling of thermal energy storage (TES) tanks with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools exhibits limitations that hinder the time, scalability, and standardization of the procedure. In this study, an innovative technique is proposed to overcome the challenges in CFD modeling of TES tanks. This study assessed the feasibility of employing neural networks for TES tank modeling, evaluating the similarities in terms of structure and signal-to-noise ratio by comparing images generated by neural networks with those produced through CFD simulations. The results regarding the structural similarity index indicate that around 94% of the images obtained have a similarity index above 0.9. For the signal-to-noise ratio, the results indicate a mean value of 25 dB, which can be considered acceptable, although indicating room for improvement. Additional results show that our neural network model obtains the best performance when working with initial states close to the stable phase of the TES tank. The results obtained in this study are promising, laying the groundwork for a future pathway that could potentially replace the current methods used for TES tank modeling.
Hydrocarbon Generation Potential and Molecular Composition of Eocene Guchengzi Formation Coals and Carbonaceous Mudstones from the Fushun Basin, NE China
Authors: Fu Zhe , Huang Haiping , Xu Xianghe , Zhang Hong , Ma Yong
Published: January 2025

A coal seam from the Fushun Basin in NE China was investigated pertaining to its bulk and molecular compositions to elucidate its hydrocarbon generation potential. Eocene Guchengzi Formation coals and carbonaceous mudstones were deposited in oxic environments and fell within the subbituminous A rank. Hydrogen index (HI) values spanned within a range from 139 to 495 mg HC/g total organic carbon (TOC), indicating the presence of Type II2-III kerogens. The pyrolytic hydrocarbon yield (S2) linearly increased with TOC content in carbonaceous mudstones, while there was no evident correlation between S2 and TOC in the coals. Molecular compositions revealed that the input of algae and aquatic biomass did not enhance the hydrocarbon generation potential of the coals. Moreover, the hydrocarbon generation potential of the coals was not influenced by changes in flora. However, the degree of terpenoid aromatization showed a clear correlation with the HI values. A higher hydrocarbon generation potential is associated with a lower degree of aromatization, even though the Pristane/Phytane ratio does not indicate such a correlation. Bacterial transformation played a pivotal role in the structural rearrangement of the coal matrix, resulting in hydrogen incorporation into the coal. This ultimately led to a relatively hydrogen-rich composition with high oil-generating potential.
The Competitiveness of the Wood Forest Product Trade and Its Sustainable Development: The Case of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia
Authors: Usoltceva Natalia , Tian Gang , Chang Shilong
Published: January 2025

In recent years, the demand for forest products has remained high, which, in turn, has intensified competition for timber exports. The Russian Far East is a region with one of the largest forest areas in the country; however, the competitiveness of the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) in wood forest product exports remains an open question. The purpose of this study is to assess and compare the competitiveness of the timber industry in the FEFD using a comprehensive competitiveness index. In this study, international trade indices were calculated on the basis of export and import data on wood forest products. Then, the indices were weighted by the methods of entropy weight and coefficient of variation. Finally, the two methods were combined, and a comprehensive competitiveness index of the Russian region’s timber industry was derived. The results show that the FEFD maintains competitiveness in the wood processing industry. The calculation results for the competitiveness of the woodworking industry will help to strengthen the attractiveness of trade in the Far Eastern Federal District and will contribute to the strengthening of positions in the domestic market and the expansion of trade relations of the FEFD in the international market. All of this will form new trade chains, which, in turn, will have a positive impact on the economic development of both the region itself and the countries that have trade relations with the FEFD in the sphere of export and import of wood products.
Tree Functional Traits’ Responses to Forest Edges and Fire in the Savanna Landscapes of Northern South America
Authors: Armenteras-Pascual Dolors , Garcia-Suabita Walter , Garcia-Samaca Arnold Sebastian , Reyes-Palacios Alejandra
Published: January 2025

In the fire-prone tropical savanna landscapes of northern South America, forest edge effects significantly shape tree structural integrity and functional traits, with implications for ecosystem resilience, carbon storage, and biodiversity. This study examines how the edge effect, intensified by fire, affects species dominance, forest structure, and functional trait distributions in this region. Using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs), we analyzed changes in species abundance and structural variables (biomass, basal area, tree height, and wood density), as well as leaf (leaf thickness, leaf moisture, leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and specific leaf area (SLA)) and stem (bark and stem thickness and stem-specific density) traits across edge-to-interior gradients. The key findings indicate significant reductions in tree height (F = 19.27, p < 0.01), basal area (F = 6.52, p < 0.01), and biomass (F = 5.44, p < 0.01) near the edges. Leaf moisture (F = 11.8, p < 0.01) and specific leaf area (SLA, F = 7.02, p < 0.01) increased at the edges, reflecting microenvironmental gradients, with heightened fire sensitivity seen in traits like bark thickness (F = 11.88, p < 0.01). Fire-affected areas displayed intensified adaptive trait shifts, suggesting a compounded resilience but potential functional convergence, limiting adaptive capacity under climate stressors. These findings emphasize the ecological significance of edge–fire interactions, advocating conservation strategies to enhance structural and trait diversity for ecosystem stability. Our study underscores the need for targeted management to bolster resilience and biodiversity within these dynamic landscapes as climate pressures intensify.
Invasive Plants Do Not Exert Univocal Responses on Soil Abiotic and Biotic Characteristics
Authors: Zizolfi Monica , Maisto Giulia , Santini Giorgia , Memoli Valeria , Trifuoggi Marco , Di Natale Gabriella , Toscanesi Maria , Barile Rossella , Santorufo Lucia
Published: January 2025

Invasive plants are among the top five drivers of biodiversity loss, primarily due to competition and allelopathy. By releasing root exudates, they alter soil properties, influencing both the abiotic and biotic characteristics of soil. The effects of invasive plants on soil characteristics and biota remain underexplored, with findings on this topic often being controversial and context-dependent. This study aimed to understand the impact of two invasive species—black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima Mill.)—on soil abiotic characteristics, microbial and Collembola communities. Comparisons were made with soils under two types of native vegetation cover: holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) and herbaceous vegetation. In fall 2023, twelve sites within Vesuvius National Park (three per plant cover type) were sampled to assess soil characteristics, microbial biomass and activities, and Collembola communities. Tree of heaven increased soil pH (6.95), bacterial biomass (42.94 ng g−1) and Collembola density (2038 organisms m2) while reducing water content (10.6% d.w.) and organic carbon (1.21% d.w.). Black locust increased nitrogen content (0.70% d.w.) but reduced microbial biomass (22.85 ng g−1) and Collembola density (873 organisms m2). Tree of heaven soils showed a higher proportion of hemi-edaphic Collembola (48.3%) compared to black locust soils, which were dominated by eu-edaphic forms (42.2%). Despite these differences, Collembola species composition was poorly diversified under invasive plants, with Brachystomella parvula and Protaphorura armata dominating both types of cover. In conclusion, the presence of invasive plants was associated with declines in soil organism biodiversity, underscoring their disruptive influence on forest ecosystems.
Dynamic Failure Mechanism and Fractal Features of Fractured Rocks Under Quasi-Triaxial Static Pressures and Repeated Impact Loading
Authors: Li Peng , Liu Yan , Zhang Jie , Dong Zhihong , Wu Xinghui , Miao Shengjun , Cai Meifeng
Published: January 2025

Mastering the dynamic mechanical behaviors of pre-stressed fractured rocks under repeated impact loads is crucial for safety management in rock engineering. To achieve this, repeated impact loading experiments were performed on produced fractured samples exposed to varying pre-applied axial and confining pressures using a split Hopkinson pressure bar test system in combination with a nuclear magnetic resonance imaging system, and the dynamic failure mechanism and fractal features were investigated. The results indicate that the dynamic stress–strain curves exemplify typical class II curves, and the strain rebound progressively diminishes with growing impact times. The impact times, axial pressure, and confining pressure all significantly affect the dynamic peak strength, average dynamic strength, dynamic deformation modulus, average dynamic deformation modulus, maximum strain, and impact resistance performance. Moreover, under low confining pressures, numerous shear cracks and tensile cracks develop, which are interconnected and converge to form large-scale macroscopic fracture surfaces. In contrast, specimens under a high confining pressure primarily experience tensile failure, accompanied by localized small-scale shear failure. Under low axial pressure, some shear cracks and tensile cracks emerge, while at high axial pressure, anti-wing cracks and secondary coplanar cracks occur, characterized predominantly by shear failure. In addition, as the confining pressure grows from 8 to 20 MPa, the fractal dimensions are 2.44, 2.32, 2.23, and 2.12, respectively. When the axial pressures are 8, 14, and 20 MPa, the fractal dimensions are 2.44, 2.46, and 2.52, respectively. Overall, the degree of fragmentation of the sample decreases with growing confining pressure and grows with rising axial pressure.
Synthesis of PVA-Based Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications: Recent Trends and Advances
Authors: Rahman Khan Mohammad Mizanur , Rumon Md. Mahamudul Hasan
Published: January 2025

There is ongoing research for biomedical applications of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based hydrogels; however, the execution of this has not yet been achieved at an appropriate level for commercialization. Advanced perception is necessary for the design and synthesis of suitable materials, such as PVA-based hydrogel for biomedical applications. Among polymers, PVA-based hydrogel has drawn great interest in biomedical applications owing to their attractive potential with characteristics such as good biocompatibility, great mechanical strength, and apposite water content. By designing the suitable synthesis approach and investigating the hydrogel structure, PVA-based hydrogels can attain superb cytocompatibility, flexibility, and antimicrobial activities, signifying that it is a good candidate for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, drug delivery, wound dressing, contact lenses, and other fields. In this review, we highlight the current progresses on the synthesis of PVA-based hydrogels for biomedical applications explaining their diverse usage across a variety of areas. We explain numerous synthesis techniques and related phenomena for biomedical applications based on these materials. This review may stipulate a wide reference for future acumens of PVA-based hydrogel materials for their extensive applications in biomedical fields.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Repurposed Antiretrovirals in Hepatitis B Virus Treatment: A Narrative Review of the Pros and Cons
Authors: Ugbaja Samuel Chima , Omerigwe Simon Achi , Ndlovu Saziso Malusi Zephirinus , Ngcobo Mlungisi , Gqaleni Nceba
Published: January 2025

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) continue to be global public health issues. Globally, about 39.9 million persons live with HIV in 2023, according to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 2024 Fact Sheet. Consequently, the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that about 1.5 million new cases of HBV occur, with approximately 820 thousand mortalities yearly. Conversely, the lower percentage of HBV (30%) cases that receive a diagnosis is a setback in achieving the WHO 2030 target for zero HBV globally. This has necessitated a public health concern to repurpose antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for the treatment of HBV diseases. This review provides an introductory background, including the pros and cons of repurposing antiretrovirals (ARVs) for HBV treatment. We examine the similarities in replication mechanisms between HIV and HBV. We further investigate some clinical studies and trials of co-infected and mono-infected patients with HIV–HBV. The topical keywords including repurposing ARV drugs, repurposing antiretroviral therapy, Hepatitis B drugs, HBV therapy, title, and abstracts are searched in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The advanced search includes the search period 2014–2024, full text, clinical trials, randomized control trials, and review. The search results filtered from 361 to 51 relevant articles. The investigations revealed that HIV and HBV replicate via a common route known as ‘reverse transcription’. Clinical trial results indicate that an early initiation of ARVs, particularly with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) as part of a regimen, significantly reduced the HBV viral load in co-infected patients. In mono-infected HBV, timely and correct precise medication is essential for HBV viral load reduction. Therefore, genetic profiling is pivotal for successful ARV drug repurposing in HBV treatment. Pharmacogenetics enables the prediction of the right dosages, specific individual responses, and reactions. This study uniquely explores the intersection of pharmacogenetics and drug repurposing for optimized HBV therapy. Additional in vivo, clinical trials, and in silico research are important for validation of the potency, optimum dosage, and safety of repurposed antiretrovirals in HBV therapy. Furthermore, a prioritization of research collaborations comprising of regulators and funders to foster clinically adopting and incorporating repurposed ARVs for HBV therapy is recommended.
Advances in Targeted Therapy for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Current Treatments and Novel Approaches
Authors: Saegusa Kazusa , Tsuchida Yumi , Komai Toshihiko , Tsuchiya Haruka , Fujio Keishi
Published: January 2025

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with diverse clinical manifestations that can lead to severe organ damage. The complex pathophysiology of SLE makes treatment selection difficult. This review examines the current evidence for biological therapies in SLE, including the anti-B cell activating factor antibody belimumab; the type I interferon receptor antagonist anifrolumab; the novel calcineurin inhibitor voclosporin; and rituximab, which targets CD20 on B cells. We also describe emerging therapies, including novel agents in development and CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, which has shown promise in early clinical experience. Recent advances in biomarker research, including interferon signatures and transcriptomic profiles, may facilitate patient stratification and treatment selection. This review offers insights into current and future treatment strategies for patients with SLE by analyzing clinical trial results and recent immunological findings.
Rapid Natural Killer Cell Gene Responses, Generated by TLR Ligand-Induced Trained Immunity, Provide Protection to Bacterial Infection in rag1−/− Mutant Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Muire Preeti J. , Hanson Larry A. , Petrie-Hanson Lora
Published: January 2025

T and B cell-deficient rag1−/− mutant zebrafish develop protective immunity mediated by trained immunity. In mammals, trained immune responses can be induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. This study evaluated protective trained immunity in rag1−/− zebrafish through exposure to TLR ligands (beta glucan, R848, poly I:C), RE33® (a live-attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine), or combinations thereof, followed by wild-type E. ictaluri challenge one month later. Survival analyses revealed that all TLR ligands and vaccine treatments provided significantly higher protection than the control, with beta glucan inducing significantly greater protection than RE33®, while R848 and poly I:C were equivalent to the vaccine. Survivals for the treatments were beta glucan 70%, beta glucan + RE33® 60%, R848 + RE33® 54%, poly I:C + RE33® 50%, R848 49%, poly I:C 32%, RE33® 24%, and control 0%. Gene expression analysis of kidney and liver tissues post challenge revealed that beta glucan training elicited early and strong increased expressions of nklb (5536 fold @ 6 hpi), nkld (147 fold @ 12 hpi), and ifng (575 fold @ 12 hpi) in the kidney, and ifng (1369 fold @ 6 hpi), nkla (250 fold @ 6 hpi), nklb (734 fold @ 6 hpi), nklc (2135 fold @ 6 hpi) and nkld (589 fold @ 6 hpi) in the liver. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that early kidney gene expressions at 6–12 h post secondary infection (nkla @ 12 hpi, nklb @ 6 and 12 hpi, nklc @ 6 and 12 hpi, nkld @ 6 and 12 hpi, ifng @ 6 and 12 hpi, t-bet @ 6, 12 and 48 hpi, and nitr9 @24 hpi) in the kidney and liver (nkla, nklb, nklc, nkld, ifng, t-bet and nitr9 @ 6 hpi) were associated with the highest survival. This study highlights that TLR ligand-induced trained immunity boosts innate immunity and survival, with NK cell subpopulations in kidney and liver tissues responding differently to mediate protective responses.
Do Lumbar Paravertebral Muscle Properties Show Changes in Mothers with Moderate-Severity Low Back Pain Following a Cesarean Birth? A Case–Control Study
Authors: Ali Mohamed G. , Mohammed Abeer A. , Ragab Walaa M. , Zakaria Hoda M. , Alwhaibi Reem M. , Ibrahim Zizi M. , Mamoon Rehab S.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Cesarean birth (CB) is linked to nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP). Different properties of the muscular tissue, including contractile, biomechanical, and viscous properties, may reflect its physiological or pathological condition. This study aimed to measure these properties of lumbar paravertebral muscles (LPVMs) and their relationship with post-CB mothers with moderate-severity NSLBP and match their measurements to those of the controls. Methods: Sixty women were included in this case–control research. They were divided into two equal groups: Group (A) representing cases, consisted of 30 females who experienced CB and complained of moderate-severity NSLBP, and Group (B) representing controls, consisted of 30 healthy females who had never experienced pregnancy with no or mild-severity NSLBP. Results: The statistical analysis between the two groups yielded significant differences in the right and left LPVMs’ tone (p = 0.002 and 0.015), relaxation time (p = 0.002 and 0.022), and creep (p = 0.013 and 0.008), respectively. On the other side, there were non-significant differences in the right and left LPVMs’ stiffness (p = 0.055 and 0.367) and elasticity (p = 0.115 and 0.231), respectively. The regression analysis’s final model indicated a strong overall performance (Nagelkerke: 1.00). Conclusions: The LPVMs of post-CB mothers with moderate-severity NSLBP showed remarkable changes in both contractile and viscous properties: muscle tone notably decreased, while viscosity increased. However, biomechanical properties like stiffness and elasticity showed negligible changes. This fitted regression analysis illustrated the holistic strong effect of LPVMs’ properties as risk factors contributing to post-CB NSLBP, emphasizing their consideration in diagnosis and intervention strategies for such cases.
Advancements in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: From Diagnosis to the Return-to-Sports
Authors: Bouguennec Nicolas , Hardy Alexandre
Published: January 2025

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) plays a crucial role in knee stability and function, with its injuries posing challenges across the domains of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation [...]
Comparative Analysis of Primary and Revision Single-Level Lumbar Fusion Surgeries: Predictors, Outcomes, and Clinical Implications Using Big Data
Authors: Mahamid Assil , Jayyusi Fairoz , Hodruj Marah , Mansour Amr , Fishman Dan , Behrbalk Eyal
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The etiology of lumbar spine revision surgery is multifactorial, involving mechanical, biological, and clinical factors that challenge sustained spinal stability. Comparative analysis reveals significantly higher complication rates, prolonged hospital stays, and increased costs for revision surgeries compared to primary fusions, despite low mortality rates. Leveraging a comprehensive dataset of 456,750 patients, this study identifies predictors of revision surgery and provides actionable insights to enhance patient outcomes and optimize healthcare resource allocation. Methods: A total of 456,750 patients registered in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2016 to 2019 were identified as having undergone single-level lumbar fusion surgery (primary fusion: 99.5%; revision fusion: 0.5%). Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for patient demographics, clinical comorbidities, and hospital characteristics were constructed to evaluate clinical outcomes and postoperative complications. Results: Patients undergoing revision lumbar fusion surgery were significantly younger compared to those undergoing primary fusion procedures (53.92 ± 20.65 vs. 61.87 ± 12.32 years, p < 0.001); among the entire cohort, 56.4% were women. Compared with patients undergoing primary lumbar fusion, those undergoing revision fusion surgery were significantly more likely to experience surgical site infections (odds ratio [OR] 27.10; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 17.12–42.90; p < 0.001), urinary tract infections (OR 2.15; 95% CI 1.39–3.33; p < 0.001), and prolonged length of stay (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.24–1.89; p < 0.001). Revision surgery patients had significantly lower odds of incurring high-end hospital charges (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.51–0.83; p < 0.001). Other complications, including respiratory complications, dural tears, thromboembolic events, and acute renal failure, showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups. In-hospital mortality rates were low and did not differ significantly between groups (revision: 0.2% vs. primary: 0.1%, OR 3.29; 95% CI 0.45–23.84; p = 0.23). Conclusions: Patients undergoing revision lumbar fusion surgeries face significantly higher risks of surgical site infections, urinary tract infections, and prolonged hospital stays compared to primary fusion procedures. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve perioperative management and reduce complications in revision lumbar fusion surgery.