bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐1.4: Elevated‐Metal Metal‐Oxide Thin‐Film Transistor with Fluorinated Indium‐Gallium‐Zinc Oxide Channel towards Flexible Applications
Authors: Wang Sisi , Lu Lei , Li Jiapeng , Xia Zhihe , Kwok Hoi Sing , Wong Man
Published: November 2018

Towards to the requirements of the low processing temperature for the flexible application, elevated‐metal metal oxide (EMMO) thin‐film transistors with fluorinated indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide (IGZO) channel were fabricated at the highest temperature of 300°C. The effect of Von dependence on channel length was reduced in the fluorinated channel. And the Von of the devices, especially for the short channel with L=2µm, are improved by this fluorination treatment. The results show that the short time plasma treatment is an effective method to decrease the thermal budget and enhance scalability in the flexible application fabrication.
P‐1.7: Influence of Mg Content and Argon/Oxygen Ratio on Photoelectric properties of co‐sputtering MIZO
Authors: Yang Yukun , Lu Huiling , Zhang Shengdong
Published: November 2018

The authors investigated optical and electrical properties of MIZO film which was prepared by co‐sputtering for the first time. MgO and IZO (In:Zn=9:1) were used as the two targets to sputter at the same time. By controlling the sputtering power of the two targets, the content of Mg, resistivity and the optical band gap of MIZO can be adjusted, thereby meeting the needs of the applications of UV detector and other purposes. With the increasing of Mg content, the resistivity of MIZO increased from 9.1× 10−4 Ωcm to 6.0 × 108 Ωcm, and the band gap could be broadened to 3.97eV. Except for Mg content, the effect of the ratio of argon to oxygen was also explored, IZO as one of the two targets is very sensitive to the ratio of argon to oxygen, leading to the decrease of the MIZO resistivity of the same magnesium content with the increase of the ratio of argon to oxygen, while the band gap increases first and then decrease.
P‐1.8: External Compensation for TFT Vth&Mobility Using Linear Charge Sense Method in AMOLED Display
Authors: Jin Yu-Feng , Xie Hong-Jun
Published: November 2018

A new method for Sense and Calculate TFT characteristics is simulated with 3T1C structure of AMOLED display. By using data programming compensation, it can correct both Vth and Mobility. The proposed method uses Linear Charging Method which has faster charging speed than Source Follower Method. By increasing the Vgs of driving TFT, we can even reduce the charging time to 0.5ms. And fast charging make it possible to achieve real‐time detection in higher and higher resolution display. The principle of the method will be described in detail and giving out the simulation data. The experiments are carried out in a 31‐inch AMOLED panel.
P‐1.10: Solution‐processed metal oxide semiconductors fabricated with oxygen radical assisting perchlorate aqueous precursors through a new low‐temperature reaction route
Authors: Gao Peixiong , Lan Linfeng
Published: November 2018

In this report, an innovative and simple chemical route for fabricating MO semiconducting films at relatively low temperature without any fuel additives or special annealing methods is demonstrated. Different from combustion method, the precursor that we compound contains only two kinds of oxidizers. The precursor, which consisted of perchlorate, nitrate, and DI water, is easily converted into In2O3 at an annealing temperature of 250 °C due to oxygen radical assisting decomposition and large amount of heat generation. It is found that perchlorate salt can decompose and form oxide film with high quality at lower temperature when assisted by nitrate salt. The optimized In2O3‐TFT fabricated at 250°C via this precursor exhibits a saturate mobility of 14.5 cm2V−1s−1. Furthermore, this approach has been expanded to fabrication films at 350°C and attained improved performance.
P‐1.11: A Compact Model of Current and Capacitance for Amorphous Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Zhuang Feng , Wei Xixiong , Li Na , Zhou Zheng , Deng Wanling
Published: November 2018

In recent years, amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) have shown outstanding performance in flexible circuit applications, active matrix display and so on. Therefore, they will play an increasingly important role in the future of electronic applications. At the same time, an analytical model that predicts the electrical characteristics of IGZO TFTs is also critical. In this paper, we present a current and capacitance compact model of a‐IGZO TFTs. The compact model can be applied to different channel lengths for a‐IGZO TFTs. Besides, it is capable of capturing device characteristics and of maintaining high computational efficiency. Its accuracy is validated through the extensive comparisons between model results and experimental data.
P‐1.12: 5T2C Hybrid Compensation Circuit for AMOLED Displays
Authors: Wu Xiaoling , Han Baixiang , Nie Chenglei , Cai Yuying , Chaw Gary
Published: November 2018

We introduce a novel pixel circuit for active matrix‐organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) displays. This pixel circuit is a kind of hybrid compensation method with both internal compensation and external compensation, wherein the pixel circuit includes five n‐type thin‐film transistors (TFTs) and two capacitors (5T2C) as well as an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED). In this kind of hybrid compensation, the external compensation extracts the threshold voltage of the driving TFT during the turning on or turning off period of the TV. Once the threshold voltage is extracted, they can be used during the internal compensation procedure. By simulating the pixel circuit using this hybrid compensation method, we confirm that the pixel circuit can compensate the panel stability by internal compensation and the whole panel uniformity by external compensation due to the shift of the threshold voltage of the driving TFT.
P‐1.14: The Influence of Dual‐channel on the Performance of Self‐Align Top‐Gate IGZO Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Deng Xuan , Zhang Xiaodong , Liang Ting , Zhou Xiaoliang , Zhang Shengdong
Published: November 2018

In this work, fully transparent dual‐layer channel self‐aligned top‐gate amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin‐film transistors (a‐IGZO TFTs) are fabricated on glass substrates. Dual‐layer channel is consist of indium gallium zinc oxide with different partial pressure of oxygen while sputtering. An oxygen‐rich IGZO was deposited to control the threshold voltage and an oxygen‐poor IGZO was then deposited to modulate device mobility. The device exhibited the excellent performances, including: a field effect mobility of 5.33 cm2/Vs, a suitable threshold voltage of 1.68V, a sub‐threshold swing of 0.54V/dec and a high on/off current ratio. Furthermore, the devices also shows great stability under bias stress.
P‐3.1: 2 Stack‐2&3 Color Top Emission White OLEDs for AR & VR
Authors: Li Xiaohu , Jiao Zhiqiang , Zhu Haibin , Liu Tun , Kang Liangliang , Yuan Guangcai , Wang Lu
Published: November 2018

In this work, we developed top emission white OLED (T/E WOLED) device for an application to high resolution AR and VR. By preparing a good performance of semitransparent cathode and optimizing the critical organic layer to co‐regulate the microcavity structure, we fabricated the 2 stack 3‐color as well as 2 stack 2‐color WOLED devices, and the key impact factors to the performance of T/E WOLED were discussed. Results indicate that the 2 stacked 3‐color WOLED device shows a very wide color gamut, while the microcavity structure leads to a low light‐emitting efficiency. However, the 2 stack 2 color device (blue unit + yellow unit) exhibits a wonderful light‐emitting efficiency and CIE coordinates of (0.37, 0.36). Furthermore, the efficiency of this device can achieve as high as 80% of the bottom emitting device, revealing a superior prospect to the application of AR & VR.
P‐5.1: An 8‐Bit Driver for OLED‐on‐Silicon Micro‐Displays
Authors: Lu Chih-Wen , Lee Lai , Pei-Yi
Published: November 2018

The luminance of an OLED is proportional to its current. Therefore, current driving scheme can obtain good luminance uniformity. However, the OLED current ranges from hundreds of picoamperes to tens of nanoamperes for an OLED‐on‐silicon micro‐display. The driving capability of the small current is weak to drive the parasitic data line. In this work, a voltage driving scheme is used to drive the micro‐display. 3T1C pixel circuit is designed. One transistor is used for the current source, the other one is a switch, and another one is a dummy switch for the reduction of the charge injection and clock feedthrough errors. An image voltage is driven to the gate of the current source transistor, this device converts the image voltage to a current and sends this current to the corresponding OLED. Because the device current is not linearly proportional to the gate voltage, the characteristic of the digital‐to‐analog converter (DAC) should be nonlinear to fit the inverse current‐voltage characteristic of CMOS device. 256 binary currents flow into 256 diode connected transistors to generate 256 gray level voltages. These 256 gray level voltages are used for all output channels. Each output channel contains an 8‐bit DAC and a buffer amplifier. The DAC chooses one voltage from the 256 gray level voltages according to the corresponding image data. The buffer amplifier drives the gray voltage to the corresponding pixel.
P‐5.5: A Local Histogram Framework for Contrast Enhancement
Authors: Zhou Xue-Bing , Wen Yi-Chien , Jin Yu-Feng , Syu Shen-Sian , Jou Ming-Jong
Published: November 2018

This paper proposes an implementation framework based on local contrast enhancement (LCE). The framework, implemented on Xilinx Kintex‐7 FPGA platform, is lighted on the 55” Ultra‐High Definition (UHD) LCD panel and shows the result of image contrast enhancement. In accordance with the hardware design concept, the implementation framework adopts the module partition, hardware parallel processing structure and pipeline processing architecture. The hardware implementation fully achieves the real‐time requirements.
P‐6.6: Fabrication of Cu BCE‐structure IGZO TFTs for 85‐inch 8K4K 120Hz GOA LCD Display
Authors: Wang Xiao , Ge Shi-Min , Li Shan , Jiang M , Meng Yan-Hong , Wu Wei , Zhu Feng , Li Gong-Tan , Liu Jing-Jing , Shi Long-Qiang , Zhao Feng , Park D , Chiu Chung-Yi , Lee Chia-Yu
Published: November 2018

The electrical characteristics of the back‐channel‐etch (BCE) configuration based amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) were studied. The passivation layer ,the selection of color filter material and design of GOA TFT structure were modified for lessening the influence of H2O molecules adsorbing on the back channel of the BCE‐structure. The negative and positive bias temperature stress results revealed that the optimized GOA TFTs exhibited good device reliability. Finally, a high performance 85‐inch 8K4K 120Hz GOA LCD was demonstrated.
P‐6.8: Analysis and research of color shift phenomenon
Authors: Hao Yuanyuan , Tian Ming , Sai Jiazuo , Hou Qingna , Lin Hongtao , Li Lin , Hao Zhaohui , Wang Tao
Published: November 2018

As a technology to reduce cost and power consumption, dual gate and precharge driving mode has been widely used in TFT ‐ LCD products, however, color shift appear during the V‐T test in some special array structure product, so we conduct an analysis. By experiment, we prove that there are two feedback voltage in such design , one is caused by the coupling capacitance between gate electrode and source electrode, the other is caused by the coupling capacitance between pixel electrode and adjacent gate electrode. Feedback voltage are different in different pixels, so V‐T curve is different, the different feedback voltage lead to abnormal color.The paper propose the color shift phenomenon may bring defect to the display quality, which has an important reference significance to the choice of dual gate and precharge driving mode.
P‐6.9: Big Data and Cloud Service—A Mask Intelligent Handling System
Authors: Zou Zehua , Pan Jiangshen , Xin Xiandong , Yang Jia , Chen Xiaochun , Jiang Yunkang , Zhang Xijian
Published: November 2018

With the popularization of information and automation, an automatic handling system has been gradually applied to various industries of intelligent manufacturing. For the intelligent management of Mask in TFT‐LCD industry, unmanned transport has naturally become a key tool for factories to enhance competitiveness and expand profitability. Meanwhile, the Mask cost exponentially increases with the increasing generation lines. In order to create leading global G10.5 production line, a Mask intelligent handling system including MES, ACS and AGV is built. As the system brain, MES is responsible for collecting production information and processing big data. ACS can collect Mask information, accept MES instruction and coordinate the logical actions among different devices. AGV acts as an implementer to carry out the specific implementation of Mask movement. The Mask intelligent handling system has been implemented at present, and it plays an important role in the improvement of the business productivity and corporate profits.
P‐6.14: The impact of Alignment film and process on the trailing problem of the display
Authors: chen Jing
Published: November 2018

The PSVA product using the alignment film with initiator can greatly reduce the UV1 time during the alignment process, ,but at the same time causes the trajectory of the moving picture trajectory (hereinafter referred to trailing). In this paper, different alignment processes were applied in the same PSVA product, it has been found that the smear can be improved by increasing the UV1 voltage OR UV1 time
P‐7.1: Evaluation and Measurement of Ambient Performance for Optical Displays
Authors: Tang Xian , Sun Jianpei , Huang Yan , Li Qian
Published: November 2018

With the rapid development of optical display technology, people gradually enter the screen age. The performance of display directly affects every aspect of life, and even affects sense of happiness. In the practical application of display, ambient light from indoor lighting, outdoor sunlight and the like interferes with the screen reading, and thereby affecting the overall performance of the display. Starting from the action mechanism of ambient light on the display, this paper focuses on the measurement method of display contrast in ambient light. In addition, combined with the latest measurement technology, the measurement solutions for the environmental light characteristics of the display for different applications is proposed in this paper. And these solutions have been verified by the practical measurement, which can provide reference for the industry analysis and continuous improvement of the quality of the display.
P‐9.5: Flexible and vacuum‐free fabricated quantum dot‐light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Su Sikai , Huang Zijing , Chen Shuming
Published: November 2018

Flexible quantum dotlight‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) are demonstrated by using hot‐pressing AgNWs as the transparent conductive electrode and EGaIn as the back electrode. Both AgNWs and EGaIn are printable, and thus the whole device can be fabricated via vacuum‐free processes. The hot‐pressing AgNWs electrode exhibits excellent physical characteristics such as high transparency of 96.7% in the visible spectral region, and low sheet resistance of 28 Ω/sq. With the AgNWs and EGaIn, vacuum‐free‐fabricated QLEDs are successfully achieved with efficiency 13.2cd/A. Because of the elimination of the costly vacuum processes, the proposed fabrication processes are low cost and allow rapid fabrication of flexible QLEDs with high performance.
P‐9.8: Light responsive Micro‐LED arrays for Interactive Display Applications
Authors: Wang Ruoning , Lu Tao , Wei Feng , Liu Yibo , Yan Siwu , Zhanghu Mengyuan , Liu Zhaojun
Published: November 2018

The effective light‐emitting area of Micro‐LED display take up only 10%∼20% of the whole pixel due to its ultra‐high brightness, enabling the integration of multi‐functional devices like sensors and integrated circuits into each pixel of the array. Therefore, a Micro‐LED array embedded with photodetectors can develop the light‐responsive capabilities. The LEDs present emission mode under forward biasing, and the photodetectors perform sensing mode under non‐forward biasing. Then a periodic switching between these two modes is realized by active matrix driving with a 3T2C structure. In order to reduce the complexity of circuits routing, we utilize the same data line to input the display signals and extract light signals by a multiplexer control circuit. It switches so fast that to human eyes the display appears to stay on continuously and at the same time the ambient light can also be detected. The ultra‐high resolution and light‐responsive ability of the Micro‐LED arrays open up a feasible route to a variety of advanced applications, for example, interactive display, which consists of under‐screen fingerprint identification, adaptive brightness control, touchless gestural recognition. Besides display, other applications like light‐activated electronic whiteboard and near field optical communication (NFOC) will also be covered.
P‐12.5: High Transmittance Color Filter of Hybrid
Authors: Jin Pan , Jiao Yaping , Zhu Hongxun , Wang Zhijun
Published: November 2018

The particles of pigment can scatter source light, using a dye reduces the proportion of pigment, so the transmittance was improved nicely. The hybrid color filter also exhibit tuneable emission characteristics, another the hue of dye is better, thus higher purity red, green and Blue (RGB) primary colors be got, the hybrid also can be used in wide‐color‐gamut products, the transmittance enhance 10%～13% in C‐light and 10%～12% in backlight (BL) at the white balance.
P‐13.6: The Improvement of OLED Image Sticking Based on Motion Detection
Authors: Sun Chunlai , Fan Rui , Wang Hengjie , Zhang Xiaoning , Hwang Taijun , Wang Limin
Published: November 2018

An improvement method of OLED image sticking based on motion detection without additional circuit units is proposed. Images are divided into static images, mixed images, and moving images by comparing the image luminance among different frames. In this method, the static image is moved and its luminance is reduced. As for the mixed image, its luminance is reduced by varying proportions in different areas. When it is a moving image, the luminance of pixels is reduced. The simulation results show that the improvement can effectively improve OLED image sticking by using the image sticking evaluation method proposed. As for static images, the improvement percentage is 55.05%. When it comes to mixed images, the improvement in static areas is 14.29% and it is 3.29% in motion areas. As for moving images, the improvement percentage is 7.35%.
P‐13.7: High‐quality OLED Micro‐display aided by PGL‐SCS operator
Authors: Guo Aiying , Ran Feng , Zhang Jianhua , Xu Meihua , Shen Huaming
Published: November 2018

In the high‐quality OLED micro‐display, it is difficult to balance the faster frame refresh rate and higher resolution frame. In order to solve this problem, this paper propose a high‐efficient PGL‐SCS (Particle Gray Level‐Scan Control Strategy) operator as the new scan strategy, which is based on the digital fractal scan strategy. This paper firstly introduces the theory model of PGL‐SCS operator, which based on the relationship between sub‐space code sequences and bit code sequences for different gray levels. Second, the theory performance of PGL‐SCS is analysed. At last, the PGL‐SCS operator is tested using the IP core and self‐build HD OLED micro‐display system. The experiments shows that the PGL‐SCS operator can obtain 100% scan utilization and a significant decrease in the system clock frequency, compared with the traditional scan methods. With the proposed PGL‐SCS there is no need of using high‐speed IC circuits to realize the high‐resolution and high‐quality OLED micro‐display system.
P‐14.2: Inkjet printed OLEDs based on novel cross‐linkable electron transport materials
Authors: Xie Liming , Zhuang Jinyong , Su Wenming , Cui Zheng
Published: November 2018

Cross‐linkable electron transport material TV‐TmPY has been successfully implemented to the inkjet printed organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The crosslinked films show good air stability. High external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) were achieved for the spin‐coated and inkjet printed blue phosphorescent OLED, which were measured to be 12.8% and 8.5%, respectively.
A Bayesian approach to Mendelian randomisation with dependent instruments
Authors: Shapland Chin Yang , Thompson John R. , Sheehan Nuala A.
Published: November 2018

Mendelian randomisation (MR) is a method for establishing causality between a risk factor and an outcome by using genetic variants as instrumental variables. In practice, the association between individual genetic variants and the risk factor is often weak, which may lead to a lack of precision in the MR and even biased MR estimates. Usually, the most significant variant within a genetic region is selected to represent the association with the risk factor, but there is no guarantee that this variant will be causal or that it will capture all of the genetic association within the region. It may be advantageous to use extra variants selected from the same region in the MR. The problem is to decide which variants to select. Rather than selecting a specific set of variants, we investigate the use of Bayesian model averaging (BMA) to average the MR over all possible combinations of genetic variants. Our simulations demonstrate that the BMA version of MR outperforms classical estimation with many dependent variants and performs much better than an MR based on variants selected by penalised regression. In further simulations, we investigate robustness to violations in the model assumptions and demonstrate sensitivity to the inclusion of invalid instruments. The method is illustrated by applying it to an MR of the effect of body mass index on blood pressure using SNPs in the FTO gene.
Monoalkylated Cyclen Complexes for Efficient Proteolysis: Influence of Donor Atom Exchange
Authors: Hinojosa Sebastián , Weise Christoph , Albold Uta , Kulak Nora
Published: November 2018

Metal complexes of cyclen have been widely used to hydrolytically cleave biomolecules (proteins, RNA, DNA) and model substrates. Such cleavage reactions, however, usually require a high pH, long incubation times and enhanced temperatures. The present study combines two straightforward approaches to increase the proteolytic cleavage activity of cyclen complexes: alkylation in order to improve interactions with hydrophobic domains of proteins as well as single and double heteroatom exchange in order to increase the Lewis acidity of the metal center, in this case Cu(II). This allows reactions with BSA and Mb as model proteins to be carried out also at near‐physiological conditions. A Cu(II) complex with an alkylated oxacyclen ligand was identified as the most efficient species. Furthermore, a dioxacyclen derivative was investigated in proteolytic reactions for the first time.
Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Aryl Halides and Phenols by 4,4’‐Dimethoxy‐2,2’‐bipyridine and 4,7‐Dimethoxy‐1,10‐phenanthroline
Authors: Zhao Yingying , Wang Xiangyong , Kodama Koichi , Hirose Takuji
Published: November 2018

Several Cu(I) complexes of 2,2’‐bipyridines were studied for the catalytic coupling of aryl iodides and phenols and 4,4’‐dimethoxy‐2,2’‐bipyridine was shown to be an effective ligand of CuI in 1:2 (CuI:ligand) ratio for the synthesis of a wide range of diaryl ethers (up to 97% yield) using K3PO4 as base in DMF at 100 °C. The catalysis was highly dependent on the reaction temperature and was successfully applied in the coupling with more attractive and challenging substrates, aryl bromides, at 140 °C in good‐to‐excellent yields (78−95%). Moreover, the heteroaromatic effect for the reaction was studied and gave a comparable result with phenyl group (up to 95% yield). Significantly, a structurally related N,N‐bidentate ligand, 4,7‐dimethoxy‐1,10‐phenanthroline, exhibited better performance for less‐reactive combinations of aryl halides and phenols.
Environmentally Benign Neat Mechanochemical Synthesis and Photophysical Studies of Indolylquinolines via Silica gel Catalyzed Metal free A3‐Coupling
Authors: Yadav Chandragiri Suresh , Suhasini Ramalingam , Thiagarajan Viruthachalam , Velmurugan Devadasan , Kannadasan Sathananthan
Published: November 2018

An efficient neat mechanochemical method for the synthesis of fluorescent indolylquinonlines via A3‐coupling reaction of 1‐phenylsulfonylindole‐3‐carbaldehyde (1), substituted anilines 2(a–j) and substituted phenylacetylene 3(a,b) using SiO2 as an effective catalyst has been developed. The photophysical properties of newly synthesized indolylquinoline derivatives 4(a–l) were established and it depends on the nature of substituent at C6 position of quinoline moiety.
A viable approach for limiting fault currents in electric networks
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqing , Zhang Yongzheng
Published: November 2018

The growth of electric energy demand has resulted in a dramatic increase in the fault currents. To limit the fault currents, a viable approach is proposed in this article. In the approach, a resonance‐type fault current limiter (FCL) is employed. The FCL has a parallel circuit structure composed of a reactor and a capacitor. The key feature of the FCL is based on using a discharge gap to control the inductive reactance of the reactor. During a short‐circuit fault, the breakdown of the discharge gap makes the inductive reactance of the reactor approximately equal to the capacitive one of the capacitor and the resultant parallel resonance produces a high impedance in the fault circuit to limit the fault currents. The experimental model of the FCL is built to measure the limited fault current waveforms. The case study is also carried out by PSCAD (Power Systems Computer Aided Design) simulation, in which the FCL is applied to an actual 500 kV electric network. A desired current‐limiting effect is exhibited in both the experimental measurement and case study. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hormone management of trans women
Authors: Coxon Jonny , Seal Leighton
Published: November 2018

In the previous issue, the authors introduced some principles underlying the medical management of transgender people, before focusing on trans men. In this article they look at the hormonal management of men transitioning to a female gender.
The evolution of RNA structural probing methods: From gels to next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Mailler Elodie , Paillart Jean‐Christophe , Marquet Roland , Smyth Redmond P. , Vivet‐Boudou Valerie
Published: November 2018

RNA molecules are important players in all domains of life and the study of the relationship between their multiple flexible states and the associated biological roles has increased in recent years. For several decades, chemical and enzymatic structural probing experiments have been used to determine RNA structure. During this time, there has been a steady improvement in probing reagents and experimental methods, and today the structural biologist community has a large range of tools at its disposal to probe the secondary structure of RNAs in vitro and in cells. Early experiments used radioactive labeling and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as read‐out methods. This was superseded by capillary electrophoresis, and more recently by next‐generation sequencing. Today, powerful structural probing methods can characterize RNA structure on a genome‐wide scale. In this review, we will provide an overview of RNA structural probing methodologies from a historical and technical perspective.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and Chemistry

RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in vitro and In Silico

RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells
Diverse roles of RNA‐binding proteins in cancer traits and their implications in gastrointestinal cancers
Authors: Masuda Kiyoshi , Kuwano Yuki
Published: November 2018

Gene expression patterns in cancer cells are strongly influenced by posttranscriptional mechanisms. RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) play key roles in posttranscriptional gene regulation; they can interact with target mRNAs in a sequence‐ and structure‐dependent manner, and determine cellular behavior by manipulating the processing of these mRNAs. Numerous RBPs are aberrantly deregulated in many human cancers and hence, affect the functioning of mRNAs that encode proteins, implicated in carcinogenesis. Here, we summarize the key roles of RBPs in posttranscriptional gene regulation, describe RBPs disrupted in cancer, and lastly focus on RBPs that are responsible for implementing cancer traits in the digestive tract. These evidences may reveal a potential link between changes in expression/function of RBPs and malignant transformation, and a framework for new insights and potential therapeutic applications.

This article is categorized under:

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
Irrigation Water Quality
Authors: Zaman Mohammad , Shahid Shabbir A. , Heng Lee
Published: November 2018

The quality of irrigation waters differs in various regions, countries and locations based on how the groundwater has been extracted and used, the rainfall intensity and subsequent aquifer recharge. The use of groundwater for agriculture in hot arid countries where rainfall is scarce leads to increase groundwater salinity and limits the selection of crops for cultivation. It is therefore important to determine the irrigation water quality. The concentration and composition of soluble salts in water determines its quality for irrigation. Four basic criteria for evaluating water quality for irrigation purposes are described, including water salinity (EC), sodium hazard (sodium adsorption ratio-SAR), residual sodium carbonates (RSC) and ion toxicity. Toxicities of boron and chlorides to plants are described. More specifically the relative tolerance levels of plants to boron is tabulated for easy understanding. The most important part of this chapter is the modification of water quality diagram of US Salinity Laboratory Staff published in the year 1954, this diagram does not present EC over 2250 μS cm-1, however, most of the irrigation waters present salinity levels higher than 2250 μS cm−1. Therefore, to accommodate higher water salinity levels the water classification diagram is extended to water salinity of 30,000 μS cm−1 allowing the users of the diagram to place EC values above 2250 μS cm−1. The salinity and sodicity classes are included in this chapter to provide information for crop selection and develop salinity and sodicity management options. The procedures for water salinity reduction through blending of different waters and management of water sodicity using gypsum are described by giving examples.
Discovery of caerulomycin/collismycin-type 2,2′-bipyridine natural products in the genomic era
Authors: Chen Dandan , Zhao Qunfei , Liu Wen
Published: November 2018

2,2′-Bipyridine (2,2′-BP) is the unique molecular scaffold of the bioactive natural products represented by caerulomycins (CAEs) and collismycins (COLs). CAEs and COLs are highly similar in the chemical structures in which their 2,2′-BP cores typically contain a di- or tri-substituted ring A and an unmodified ring B. Here, we summarize the CAE and COL-type 2,2′-BP natural products known or hypothesized to date: (1) isolated using methods traditional for natural product characterization, (2) created by engineering the biosynthetic pathways of CAEs or COLs, and (3) predicted upon bioinformatics-guided genome mining. The identification of these CAE and COL-type 2,2′-BP natural products not only demonstrates the development of research techniques and methods in the field of natural product chemistry but also reflects the general interest in the discovery of CAE and COL-type 2,2′-BP natural products.
Residential purification system uses Voltea's “tunable” water deionisation technology
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: November 2018

Voltea has developed and launched a home water purification system that is based on its Membrane-Capacitive Deionisation (CapDI©) electro-desalination technology. This article briefly looks at the system called DiEntry which, according to the company, addresses the most pressing water issues in the market – quality, taste and waste.
REJOINDER TO JONATHAN SMITH, RESEARCH NOTE ON SHUN 舜
Authors: Smith Adam D.
Published: November 2018

In his Research Note, “Shun 舜 and the Interpretation of Early Orthographical Variation,” in this issue of Early China, Jonathan Smith made several claims about the early evolution of the graph 舜, in particular suggesting that it should be identified with the graph lin 粦 that occurs in certain Western Zhou bronze inscriptions. While showing that these claims are ill-supported, I nevertheless concur in the identification with the bronze-inscriptional graph, but show that the word being written is 濬 ~ 浚 “deep, profound” and in no way connected with lin 粦.
HISTORY AS FUTURE—TIME, PREDICTION, AND HISTORICAL NARRATIVE IN THE ZUO ZHUAN
Authors: Gibas Piotr
Published: November 2018

This article demonstrates that historical narrative in the Zuo zhuan is founded on the concept of “timeliness,” that is, on the understanding of time as being endowed with moral qualities. The choice between a “timely” (shi 時) or “untimely” (bu shi 不時) course of action determines the success or failure of the person involved in it. The origins of the ideas of time that shape the historical narrative of Zuo zhuan can be traced to mantic literature of the same period, such as almanacs.

Early Chinese writers of history—like diviners—strove to explain the past in order to predict the future. Seen in this light, “knowing history” implies understanding and mastering the mechanisms that drive it; and looking into the past is tantamount to “knowing” the future.
Numerical modelling of supersonic boundary-layer receptivity to solid particulates
Authors: Chuvakhov Pavel V. , Fedorov Alexander V. , Obraz Anton O.
Published: November 2018

Atmospheric particulates may be a major source of boundary-layer instabilities leading to laminar–turbulent transition on aerodynamically smooth bodies flying at supersonic speeds. Particulates penetrating into the boundary-layer flow can excite wavepackets of the first- and/or second-mode instability. The packets grow downstream, reach the threshold amplitude and ultimately break down to turbulent spots. A numerical model is developed to simulate excitation of unstable wavepackets by spherical solid particulates. As an example, computations are carried out for a $14^{\circ }$ half-angle sharp wedge flying at an altitude of 20 km, Mach number 4 and zero angle of attack. The numerical results agree satisfactorily with the theory developed by Fedorov (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 737, 2013, pp. 105–131). The numerical model opens up an opportunity to investigate receptivity to particulates for practical supersonic and hypersonic configurations such as blunt bodies of revolution.
ON A PROBLEM OF CHEN AND LEV
Authors: CHEN SHI-QIANG , TANG MIN , YANG QUAN-HUI
Published: November 2018

For a given set$S\subset \mathbb{N}$,$R_{S}(n)$is the number of solutions of the equation$n=s+s^{\prime },sr\geq 0$and that$A$and$B$are sets with$A\cup B=\mathbb{N}$and$A\cap B=\{r+mk:k\in \mathbb{N}\}$. We prove that if$R_{A}(n)=R_{B}(n)$for all positive integers$n$, then there exists an integer$l\geq 1$such that$r=2^{2l}-1$and$m=2^{2l+1}-1$. This solves a problem of Chen and Lev [‘Integer sets with identical representation functions’,Integers16(2016), A36] under the condition$m>r$.
A NEW MENON’S IDENTITY FROM GROUP ACTIONS
Authors: WANG YU-JIE , JI CHUN-GANG
Published: November 2018

Let
$n$
be a positive integer. We obtain new Menon’s identities by using the actions of some subgroups of
$(\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z})^{\times }$
on the set
$\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$
. In particular, let
$p$
be an odd prime and let
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$
be a positive integer. If
$H_{k}$
is a subgroup of
$(\mathbb{Z}/p^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\mathbb{Z})^{\times }$
with index
$k=p^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}u$
such that
$0\leqslant \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}<\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$
and
$u\mid p-1$
, then
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathop{\sum }_{x\in H_{k}}(x-1,p^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}})=\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}(p^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}})}{k}\bigg(1+k(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD})+u\frac{p^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}-1}{p-1}\bigg),\end{eqnarray}$$
where
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}(n)$
is the Euler totient function.
AT THE TIPPING POINT? AL-AZHAR’S GROWING CRISIS OF MORAL AUTHORITY
Authors: Bano Masooda
Published: November 2018

Routinely required to lend religious legitimacy to contentious state policies, al-Azhar's moral authority has been under pressure since its nationalization in 1961. This article outlines how Shaykh al-Azhar Ahmad al-Tayyib's recent alliance with President ʿAbd al-Fattah al-Sisi has, however, exposed al-Azhar's moral authority to unprecedented risks. This is for three reasons. First, the tactics used by al-Sisi's government to quell the Muslim Brotherhood have been more extreme than those used by previous regimes. Second, the al-Azhari establishment's defence of these violent tactics has been more unqualified than in the past. Third, current state-led reforms of al-Azhar's curriculum are more controversial than prior efforts along these lines. As I show, these recent developments are not a complete break from the past; rather, they are a natural outcome of incremental shifts that have been occurring within al-Azhar since its nationalization over fifty years ago.
A POLITICS OF CARE: LOCAL NURSES IN MANDATE PALESTINE
Authors: Shatz Julia R.
Published: November 2018

This article examines the work experiences of Palestinian Arab nurses to illuminate the operation of the colonial public health regime in Mandate Palestine. Analyzing nurses’ work in the clinics of town and village communities and their relationships with the colonial government's Department of Health, it argues that these nurses were social and political interlocutors in the system of public health, which depended upon their intimate relationships with local communities. By pulling these women out of the archives, this article complicates received wisdom among scholars about development, expertise, and the chronology of welfare. Telling the stories of these women also provides a ground-level view of the operation of daily governance in Mandate Palestine and the lived social, political, and economic realities of an often-overlooked cadre of Palestinian workers from that period.
Variation in the ovine keratin-associated protein 15-1 gene affects wool yield
Authors: Li W. , Gong H. , Zhou H. , Wang J. , Liu X. , Li S. , Luo Y. , Hickford J. G. H.
Published: November 2018

Keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) are constituents of wool and hair fibres and are believed to play an important role in determining the characteristics of the fibres. In the current study, a polymerase chain reaction-single stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) approach was used to screen for variation in the ovine KAP15-1 gene (KRTAP15-1). Four PCR-SSCP banding patterns, representing four different variants (named A to D), were detected. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms were found within the coding region and three of these were non-synonymous. The effect of this genetic variation on wool traits was investigated in 396 Merino × Southdown-cross sheep. Of the three variants found in these sheep (A, B and C), the presence of B was found to be associated with decreased wool yield, while C was associated with increased wool yield and decreased fibre diameter standard deviation. Sheep of genotype AC had a higher wool yield than those of genotype AA or AB.
An Ancient Greek Lament Form
Authors: Cosgrove Charles H.
Published: November 2018

An unusual ancient Greek lament form, hitherto overlooked by students of the subject, displays the following syntax: parallel sentences with verb in initial position (Vi) expressing the loss, followed by the grammatical subject (S). Sometimes the same verb was used in each of the parallel lines. ViS parallelism is a subliterary syntax reflecting a very old style. A number of Greek authors adopted this syntax to represent or allusively echo the form. Examples, although relatively scarce, are spread through a diverse range of ancient literature spanning at least six centuries, from the second century BC to the fourth century AD, with earlier echoes as far back as Homer.
Pindar and the Epic Cycle
Authors: Spelman Henry
Published: November 2018

This article argues that Pindar refers to cyclic Trojan epics as fixed poems known to his audiences and discusses why this matters for our understanding of his poetry. Section I claims that Isthmian 4 alludes to the Aethiopis as the work of Homer. Section II examines how Nemean 10 closely engages with the Cypria. Section III argues that Nemean 6 and Isthmian 8 signal an intertextual engagement with the Aethiopis and the Cypria. A conclusion assesses how far we can extrapolate from the preceding arguments to generalize about Pindar's relationship to Trojan epic and then suggests one particular way in which recognizing allusions to lost epic can enrich our understanding of his preserved lyric.
Indications of Speakers in Ancient Dialogue: A Reappraisal
Authors: Jażdżewska Katarzyna
Published: November 2018

This contribution reconsiders the question of indications of speakers in ancient Greek dialogue literature and their ‘invention’ by Theodoret of Cyrus by offering a systematic examination of the available (mostly papyrological) evidence. It discusses ancient conventions for marking changes of interlocutors in Greek literary dialogues and compares them with those present in dramatic works and in documentary and paraliterary texts such as reports of court proceedings, the Acta Alexandrinorum and Acta Martyrum, and reports of Church councils. It is hypothesized that the development of indications of speakers in Greek dialogue was influenced by documentary practices of the Imperial period and by paraliterary genres which imitated them.
Multicomponent Analysis of Ionospheric Scintillation Effects Using the Synchrosqueezing Technique for Monitoring and Mitigating their Impact on GNSS Signals
Authors: Sivavaraprasad G. , Ratnam D. Venkata , Otsuka Yuichi
Published: November 2018

Ionospheric scintillation effects degrade satellite-based radio communication/navigation links and influence the performance of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). An adaptive wavelet-based decomposition technique, Synchrosqueezing Transform (SST), with a Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) algorithm has been implemented for time-frequency representation of GNSS multi-component signals and mitigation of scintillation effects. Synthetic In-phase (I) and Quadra-phase (Q) samples were collected from the Cornell Scintillation Model (CSM) and the CSM amplitude scintillation signal was processed with SST-DFA for the detection of noisy scintillation components and mitigation of ionospheric scintillation effects. Also, performance of the SST-DFA algorithm was tested for real-time GNSS ionospheric scintillation data collected from a GNSS Software Navigation Receiver (GSNRx) located at a low-latitude station in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The de-noising performance of the SST-DFA algorithm was further evaluated and compared with a low-pass Butterworth filter during different ionospheric scintillation time periods. The experimental results clearly demonstrated that the proposed method is reliable for mitigation of ionospheric scintillation noise both in time and frequency scales.
Human Stampedes: An Updated Review of Current Literature
Authors: de Almeida Maria Moitinho , von Schreeb Johan
Published: November 2018

Human stampedes are a major cause of mortality in mass gatherings, but they have received limited scientific attention. While the number of publications has increased, there is no recent review of new study results. This study compiles and reviews available literature on stampedes, their prevention, preparedness, and response.

A search for peer-reviewed and grey literature in PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland USA), Google Scholar (Google Inc.; Mountain View, California USA), Web of Science (Thomson Reuters; New York, New York USA), the World Health Organization Library Database (WHOLIS; World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland), and ReliefWeb (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; Geneva, Switzerland) was conducted, and papers were selected according to pre-defined eligibility criteria. Included items were read and results were compiled and summarized. A total of 64 publications were included, of which, 34 were published between 2013-2016. The most studied events were Germany’s Love Parade stampede in 2010 (Duisburg, Germany; n = 6) and the United Kingdom (UK) Hillsborough Stadium stampede in 1989 (Sheffield, England; n = 4). Conflicting definitions of human stampedes were found. The common belief that they result from an irrational and panicking crowd has progressively been replaced by studies suggesting that successive systemic failures are main underlying causes. There is a lack of systematic reporting, making news reports often the only source available. Prevention measures are mainly related to crowd management and venue design, but their effectiveness has not been studied. Drills are recommended in the preparedness phase to improve coordination and communication. Delay in decisions, poor triage, or loss of medical records are common problems in the response, which may worsen the outcome.

Stampedes are complex phenomenon that remain incompletely understood, hampering formulation of evidence-based strategies for their prevention and management. Documentation comes mostly from high-profile events and findings are difficult to extrapolate to other settings. More research from different disciplines is warranted to address these gaps in order to prevent and mitigate future events. A start would be to decide on a common definition of stampedes.

Moitinho de AlmeidaM,von SchreebJ.Human stampedes: an updated review of current literature.Prehosp Disaster Med.2019;34(1):82–88.
Long-term stellar magnetic field study at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory
Authors: Butkovskaya Varvara , Plachinda Sergei , Baklanova Dilyara
Published: November 2018

The long-term monitoring of magnetic cycles is a key diagnostic in understanding how dynamo generation and amplification of magnetic fields occur in solar-like stars. One of the current key problems is the establishment of the magnetic field behavior during the activity cycles for stars of different ages and evolutionary statuses. We present the experience of using own long-term datasets for study of activity cycles in selected stars at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.
Statistical Study of Solar White-light Flares and Comparison with Superflares on Solar-type Stars
Authors: Namekata Kosuke , Sakaue Takahito , Watanabe Kyoko , Asai Ayumi , Maehara Hiroyuki , Notsu Yuta , Notsu Shota , Honda Satoshi , Ishii Takako T. , Ikuta Kai , Nogami Daisaku , Shibata Kazunari
Published: November 2018

Recently, many superflares on solar-type stars were discovered as white-light flares (WLFs). A correlation between the energies (E) and durations (t) of superflares is derived as t∝E0.39, and this can be theoretically explained by magnetic reconnection (t∝E1/3). In this study, we carried out a statistical research on 50 solar WLFs with SDO/HMI to examine the t-E relation. As a result, the t-E relation on solar WLFs (t∝E0.38) is quite similar stellar superflares, but the durations of stellar superflares are much shorter than those extrapolated from solar WLFs. We present the following two interpretations; (1) in solar flares, the cooling timescale of WL emission may be longer than the reconnection one, and the decay time can be determined by the cooling timescale; (2) the distribution can be understood by applying a scaling law t∝E1/3B−5/3 derived from the magnetic reconnection theory.