bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Allamanda cathartica Seed Oil: A Novel Source of Plant Oil Substitute for Industrial Processing
Authors: Oyeleke Gboyega O. , Olawale Stephen G. , Ajao Funmilola D. , Salam Mudasiru A. , Oluwasina Matthew M.
Published: August 2020

Oil from Allamanda cathartica seed was extracted using n-hexane as solvent in soxhlet extractor. The physicochemical and antioxidants properties of the oil were carried out using standard analytical methods. The fatty acid attributes of the extracted seed oil were determined by Gas Liquid Chromatographic (GLC) method. The results of the physicochemical properties gave the followings: Specific gravity (0.87±0.04 g/cm3), refractive index (1.46±0.02 at 30°C), viscosity (53.12±0.08 mpal/sec), acid value (69.17±0.12 mg/g), peroxide value (1.86±0.02 meg O2/kg), saponification value (81.59±0.18 mg/g), iodine value (41.78±0.04 mg/100 g) and unsaponifiable matter (1.61±0.02%). The antioxidant analysis gave 2,2diphenyl picryl-1-hydrazyl radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) as (62.13±0.13%), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (0.63±0.01%) and phenols (0.63±0.01%). The extracted oil was found to contain 64% saturated, 32% unsaturated and 4% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Margaric (23.74 g/100 g) and erucic acids (11.35 g/100 g) were the main saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively in the seed oil. The overall results revealed that Allamanda cathartica seed oil is a potential source of plant oil alternative to the existing sources of oils.
Synthesis and Characterization of Natural Oil Doped PVA Membrane
Authors: Gama X. S.
Published: August 2020

In deciding the workable layout of any network an appropriate technology plays a major role and can improve accuracy and flexibility efficiently, if chosen and implemented in best possible way. The growth in the infrared applications has created a need for knowledge of its optical characteristics in the spectral region for the purpose of designing. Very little work is previously reported in natural oil doped PVA membranes. In this work, a simple attempt is made synthesize and characterize the wintergreen oil and basil oil doped PVA membranes. In investigation, basil oil and wintergreen oil doped PVA membranes were prepared and is made to characterize. The resulting membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WXAD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
Pyogenic Anaerobes of Wound Infection and the Associated Risk Factors among Patients in Uyo, Southern Nigeria
Authors: Onwuezobe I. A. , Matthew P. C.
Published: August 2020

Aims: Anaerobic causes of pyogenic wound infection are not usually investigated due to difficulties in cultural techniques, lack of equipment and technical man-power. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anaerobic bacteria agents of pyogenic infection and the associated risk factors among patients in a tertiary hospital.

Study Design: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo and carried out on 136 wound samples from patients. These samples were collected from all consented patients with pyogenic wound infection that met the inclusion criteria.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Uyo, the capital city of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria between April and October, 2018.

Methodology: Deep wound swabs or aspirated pus samples were collected and inoculated into fresh 25% Sheep Blood Agar plate and incubated in an anaerobic jar containing anaerobic indicator and Gas-pak at 37oC for 48 – 72 hours Identification of isolates was performed following standard procedures. Data were obtained through a well- structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software.

Results: Of the 136 samples collected, 127 yielded microbial growth with a total of 202 isolates which included 50 and 2 pure growths of aerobes and anaerobes respectively and 75 combined growths of aerobes and anaerobes. Overall, more aerobes (125) were isolated when compared to the anaerobes (77). Nevertheless, the predominant anaerobe was B. fragilis 26(33.8%). There was a statistical significant relationship between the age of the patient and infection by gram- positive anaerobes (p = 0.002).

Conclusion: Bacteriodes fragilis is mainly involved in anaerobic pyogenic wound infections in Uyo, however, only the age of the patient was found to be a factor in the prevalence of infection by gram-positive anaerobes.
Preliminary Study on the In vivo Anti-neuroinflammatory Effects of Khaya grandifoliola and Cymbopogon citratus Polysaccharide Fractions
Authors: Mediesse K. F. , Matharasala G. , Boudjeko T. , Yogeeswari P.
Published: August 2020

Aims: To determine the effects of polysaccharide fractions named KGF and CCF respectively for Khaya grandifoliola stem bark and Cymbopogon citratus leaves on Central Nervous System (CNS) depression and on systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced brain inflammation and hyperalgesia in BALB/c.

Methodology: BALB/c mice weighing about 25-35 g were used for the experimentation. Depressant effects of polysaccharide fractions were firstly evaluated using Rota Rod and Actophotometer apparatus. Secondly, LPS or saline solution (5 mg/kg) was Intraperitoneally administered (i.p.) 1 hour after oral administration of polysaccharide fractions (100 mg/kg test dose, p.o.) or distilledwater. Then, the hot plate and tail-flick models were performed 1 hour after LPS injection to determine thermal hyperalgesia and brain inflammation, was examined 3 hours after LPS injection by Luminex assay.

Results:Systemic LPS administration resulted in a reduction of pain response latency and an increasing expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) genes in brain after 24 hours. From the results it was observed that treatment with KGF and CCF (100 mg/kg, p.o) significantly attenuated LPS-induced hyperalgesia and overexpression of brain levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α genes dependent on inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway in BALB/c without CNS depressant properties.

Conclusion: The present findings confirm the potential of KGF and CCF in the treatment of neuroinflammation-related diseases and it warrant further testing for the development of a new chemical entities. However further studies are required for determination of effective dose and mechanism of action associated.
Cyclic AMP‐hydrolyzing phosphodiesterase inhibitors potentiate statin‐induced cancer cell death
Authors: Longo Joseph , Pandyra Aleksandra A. , Stachura Paweł , Minden Mark D. , Schimmer Aaron D. , Penn Linda Z.
Published: August 2020

Dipyridamole, an antiplatelet drug, has been shown to synergize with statins to induce cancer cell‐specific apoptosis. However, given the polypharmacology of dipyridamole, the mechanism by which it potentiates statin‐induced apoptosis remains unclear. Here, we applied a pharmacological approach to identify the activity of dipyridamole specific to its synergistic anticancer interaction with statins. We evaluated compounds that phenocopy the individual activities of dipyridamole and assessed whether they could potentiate statin‐induced cell death. Notably, we identified that a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, cilostazol, and other compounds that increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels potentiate statin‐induced apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that both dipyridamole and cilostazol further inhibit statin‐induced activation of sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 2, a known modulator of statin sensitivity, in a cAMP‐independent manner. Taken together, our data support that PDE inhibitors such as dipyridamole and cilostazol can potentiate statin‐induced apoptosis via a dual mechanism. Given that several PDE inhibitors are clinically approved for various indications, they are immediately available for testing in combination with statins for the treatment of hematological malignancies.
Fine‐needle aspiration as an alternative to core needle biopsy for tumour molecular profiling in precision oncology: prospective comparative study of next‐generation sequencing in cancer patients included in the SHIVA02 trial
Authors: Dupain Célia , Masliah‐Planchon Julien , Gu Céline , Girard Elodie , Gestraud Pierre , Du Rusquec Pauline , Borcoman Edith , Bello Diana , Ricci Francesco , Hescot Ségolène , Sablin Marie‐Paule , Tresca Patricia , de Moura Alexandre , Loirat Delphine , Frelaut Maxime , Vincent‐Salomon Anne , Lecerf Charlotte , Callens Céline , Antonio Samantha , Franck Coralie , Mariani Odette , Bièche Ivan , Kamal Maud , Le Tourneau Christophe , Servois Vincent
Published: August 2020

High‐throughput molecular profiling of solid tumours using core needle biopsies (CNB) allows the identification of actionable molecular alterations, with around 70% success rate. Although several studies have demonstrated the utility of small biopsy specimens for molecular testing, there remains debate as to the sensitivity of the less invasive fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) compared to CNB to detect molecular alterations. We aimed to prospectively evaluate the potential of FNA to detect such alterations in various tumour types as compared to CNB in cancer patients included in the SHIVA02 trial. An in‐house amplicon‐based targeted sequencing panel (Illumina TSCA 99.3 kb panel covering 87 genes) was used to identify pathogenic variants and gene copy number variations (CNV) in concomitant CNB and FNA samples obtained from 61 patients enrolled in the SHIVA02 trial (NCT03084757). The main tumour types analysed were breast (38%), colon (15%), pancreas (11%), followed by cervix and stomach (7% each). We report 123 molecular alterations (85 variants, 23 amplifications and 15 homozygous deletions) among which 98 (80%) were concordant between CNB and FNA. The remaining discordances were mainly related to deletions status, yet undetected alterations were not exclusively specific to FNA. Comparative analysis of molecular alterations in CNB and FNA showed high concordance in terms of variants as well as CNVs identified. We conclude FNA could therefore be used in routine diagnostics workflow and clinical trials for tumour molecular profiling with the advantages of being minimally invasive and preserve tissue material needed for diagnostic, prognostic or theranostic purposes.
Vortioxetine induces apoptosis and autophagy of gastric cancer AGS cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway
Authors: Lv Gao‐Bo , Wang Ting‐Ting , Zhu Hai‐Lin , Wang Hong‐Ke , Sun Wen , Zhao Li‐Feng
Published: August 2020

Vortioxetine is a potent antagonist of the 5‐hydroxytryptamine receptor and serotonin transporter and has been reported to function as an antidepressant in the treatment of major depressive disorder. However, its antitumor effects remain unclear. Here, we examined whether vortioxetine affects the characteristics of GC cells. Cell viability was measured by a colony formation assay and, in addition, cell invasion, migration and apoptosis assays were performed with a transwell assay and a flow cytometry assay. Protein levels were measured by western blotting. We found that vortioxetine inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration abilities of AGS cells. Additionally, vortioxetine could induce apoptosis and autophagy by increasing the levels of Bax, active caspase‐3/‐9, Beclin‐1 and light chain 3, as well as by downregulating Bcl‐2 and P62. Further investigations indicated that vortioxetine regulated apoptosis and autophagy via activation of the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/AKT pathway. Taken together, our data suggest that vortioxetine has cytotoxic effects against GC AGS cells as a result of inhibiting proliferation, invasion and migration, as well as by inducing apoptosis and autophagy through the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/AKT pathway.
Functional and pharmacological evaluation of a novel SCN2A variant linked to early‐onset epilepsy
Authors: Adney Scott K. , Millichap John J. , DeKeyser Jean‐Marc , Abramova Tatiana , Thompson Christopher H. , George Alfred L.
Published: August 2020

Objective

We identified a novel de novo SCN2A variant (M1879T) associated with infantile‐onset epilepsy that responded dramatically to sodium channel blocker antiepileptic drugs. We analyzed the functional and pharmacological consequences of this variant to establish pathogenicity, and to correlate genotype with phenotype and clinical drug response.

Methods

The clinical and genetic features of an infant boy with epilepsy are presented. We investigated the effect of the variant using heterologously expressed recombinant human NaV1.2 channels. We performed whole‐cell patch clamp recording to determine the functional consequences and response to carbamazepine.

Results

The M1879T variant caused disturbances in channel inactivation including substantially depolarized voltage dependence of inactivation, slower time course of inactivation, and enhanced resurgent current that collectively represent a gain‐of‐function. Carbamazepine partially normalized the voltage dependence of inactivation and produced use‐dependent block of the variant channel at high pulsing frequencies. Carbamazepine also suppresses resurgent current conducted by M1879T channels, but this effect was explained primarily by reducing the peak transient current. Molecular modeling suggests that the M1879T variant disrupts contacts with nearby residues in the C‐terminal domain of the channel.

Interpretation

Our study demonstrates the value of conducting functional analyses of SCN2A variants of unknown significance to establish pathogenicity and genotype–phenotype correlations. We also show concordance of in vitro pharmacology using heterologous cells with the drug response observed clinically in a case of SCN2A‐associated epilepsy.
Engineered Role of SiC Particle Size on Multi‐Length‐Scale Wear Damage of Spark Plasma Sintered Zirconium Diboride
Authors: Hassan Rubia , Balani Kantesh
Published: August 2020

The engineered role of coarse‐SiC (D50 ≈72 μm) and fine‐SiC (D50 ≈3 μm) particles on the wear damage of zirconium boride (ZrB2) is assessed at different length scales. Monolithic ZrB2 and 20 vol% SiC reinforced ZrB2 with SiC of two different particle sizes are consolidated via spark plasma sintering. Wear tests conducted on sintered samples for examining multi‐length scale performance include fretting (micro‐wear), micro‐scratching (meso‐wear) and ball‐on‐disk (macro‐wear), under dry and unlubricated conditions. The damage assessment and wear mechanism, characterised via scanning electron microscopy and optical profilometry, show Hertzian tensile cracking in all the samples at loads ≥5 N during micro‐scratching. Wear volume, wear rate and coefficient of friction (cof) decreased with SiC reinforcement during macro‐wear. Fine‐SiC reinforced ZrB2 (ZSF) composite showed least cracking at loads ≥5 N owing to its highest fracture toughness (4.6 MPa m1/2) as compared to coarse‐SiC reinforced composite (ZSC, 2.1 MPa m1/2) and monolithic ZrB2 (3.9 MPa m1/2). Hardness of composites increases as compared to ZrB2, and ZSF shows enhanced elastic modulus and fracture toughness. In summary, superiority of ZSF in terms of improved mechanical performance and wear resistance makes it a potential high‐end material for aerospace applications, where particles with high surface impact may cause material deformation and removal.
Adverse Impact of Heavy Metals on Bone Cells and Bone Metabolism Dependently and Independently through Anemia
Authors: Zhang Shuping , Sun Li , Zhang Jie , Liu Sijin , Han Jinxiang , Liu Yajun
Published: August 2020

Mounting evidence is revealing that heavy metals can incur disordered bone homeostasis, leading to the development of degenerative bone diseases, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, degenerative disk disease, and osteomalacia. Meanwhile, heavy metal‐induced anemia has been found to be intertwined with degenerative bone diseases. However, the relationship and interplay among these adverse outcomes remain elusive. Thus, it is of importance to shed light on the modes of action (MOAs) and adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) responsible for degenerative bone diseases and anemia under exposure to heavy metals. In the current Review, the epidemiological and experimental findings are recapitulated to interrogate the contributions of heavy metals to degenerative bone disease development which may be attributable dependently and independently to anemia. A few likely mechanisms are postulated for anemia‐independent degenerative bone diseases, including dysregulated osteogenesis and osteoblastogenesis, imbalanced bone formation and resorption, and disturbed homeostasis of essential trace elements. By contrast, remodeled bone microarchitecture, inhibited erythropoietin production, and disordered iron homeostasis are speculated to account for anemia‐associated degenerative bone disorders upon heavy metal exposure. Together, this Review aims to elaborate available literature to fill in the knowledge gaps in understanding the detrimental effects of heavy metals on bone cells and bone homeostasis through different perspectives.
Validation of simplified classification of magnifying endoscopy for diagnosis of Barrett's dysplasia with blue laser imaging
Authors: Chen Tzu‐Haw , Lin Ro‐Ting , Wang Wen‐Lun , Lee Ching‐Tai , Tseng Cheng‐Hao , Hsu Wen‐Hung , Tai Wei‐Chen , Wang Hsiu‐Po , Chang Chi‐Yang
Published: August 2020

A new simplified classification of magnifying endoscopy for diagnosis of Barrett's dysplasia has been developed by Barrett's international narrow band imaging group. Further validation is needed to investigate its feasibility. The aim of our study was to evaluate the inter‐observer agreement, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for the new classification system with a novel blue laser imaging modality. Total of 12 endoscopists (6 more experienced and 6 less experienced) from five medical centers in Taiwan joined this endoscopic training program, which was composed of three sessions: pretest, educational, and post‐test. A set of 80 endoscopic images with non‐dysplastic or dysplastic Barrett lesions was used for these tests. All raters were asked to predict presence or absence of dysplasia based on the newly developed classification after an educational module. The overall inter‐observer agreement (κ value) before and after the educational module were 0.4419 and 0.5573. The inter‐observer agreement before and after training were 0.5471 and 0.5837 in more experienced group, 0.3625 and 0.5499 in less experienced group, respectively. The overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity values before and after training did not change significantly, except for increased specificity in more experienced group from 0.7083 to 0.7526. Our validation study for diagnosis of Barrett's dysplasia by using simplified classification with blue laser imaging showed moderate inter‐observer agreement and good accuracy. After an educational module, inter‐observer agreement in both groups and specificity in more experienced group got improved in a different scale.
Small intestine gastrointestinal stromal tumor and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1: A case report
Authors: Lin Yu‐Hung , Wang Chun‐Hsiang , Chiu Yin‐I , Lin Ruey‐Chang , Mo Lein‐Ray
Published: August 2020

The clinical manifestation of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) predisposes patients to the development of a variety of neoplasms, such as neurofibroma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), optic pathway glioma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and pheochromocytoma. We report the case of a patient with NF1 who underwent surgery for MPNST of the right upper abdominal wall in which a GIST arising in the jejunum was found incidentally. Two years later, the patient underwent surgical resection of a GIST in the small intestine owing to clinical manifestation of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Further imaging examination is required for symptomatic plexiform neurofibroma to distinguish between an MPNST and other benign subcutaneous tumors. Patients with NF1 should undergo periodic computed tomography image surveillance because they are of increased risk of developing GISTs. Standard therapy for NF1‐GIST is surgery, and patients should be carefully followed up after tumor resection.
A Route to Indoles via Modified Fischer Indole Intermediates from Sulfonanilides and Ketene Dithioacetal Monoxides
Authors: Kinoshita Jun , Baralle Alexandre , Yoshida Akira , Yanagi Tomoyuki , Nogi Keisuke , Yorimitsu Hideki
Published: August 2020

An S−N variant of the N−N‐based Fischer indole synthesis has been developed. Treatment of sulfonanilides and ketene dithioacetal monoxides with a powerful acid anhydride provides N‐sulfonyl‐2‐methylsulfanylindoles. The initial interrupted Pummerer reaction would yield the key S−N‐tethered precursor in situ that then undergoes [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement, after which the endgame to the indole ring follows the Fischer manner.
Relationship tenure differentially influences pair‐bond behavior in male and female socially monogamous titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus)
Authors: Rothwell Emily S. , Carp Sarah B. , Savidge Logan E. , Mendoza Sally P. , Bales Karen L.
Published: August 2020

Pair‐bonded primates have uniquely enduring relationships and partners engage in a suite of behaviors to maintain these close bonds. In titi monkeys, pair bond formation has been extensively studied, but changes across relationship tenure remain unstudied. We evaluated differences in behavioral indicators of pair bonding in newly formed (~6 months paired, n = 9) compared to well‐established pairs (average 3 years paired, n = 8) of titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) as well as sex differences within the pairs. We hypothesized that overall males would contribute more to maintenance than females, but that the pattern of maintenance behaviors would differ between newly formed and well‐established pairs. Each titi monkey (N = 34) participated in a partner preference test (PPT), where the subject was placed in a middle test cage with grated windows separating the subject from the partner on one side and an opposite‐sex stranger on the other side. During this 150‐min behavioral test, we quantified four key behaviors: time in proximity to the partner or stranger as well as aggressive displays toward the partner or stranger. Overall, we found different behavioral profiles representing newly formed and well‐established pair‐bond relationships in titi monkeys and male‐biased relationship maintenance. Males spent ∼40% of their time in the PPT maintaining proximity to the female partner, regardless of relationship tenure. Males from well‐established bonds spent less time (14%) near the female stranger compared to males from newly formed bonds (21%) at the trend level. In contrast, females from well‐established bonds spent less (23%) time near the male partner in the PPT compared to females from newly formed bonds (47%). Aggressive displays were more frequent in newly formed bonds compared to well‐established bonds, especially for females. Scan sampling for homecage affiliation showed that newly formed pairs were more likely to be found tail twining than well‐established pairs.
Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and neurochemical investigations of lamotrigine‐pentylenetetrazole kindled mice to ascertain it as a reliable model for clinical drug‐resistant epilepsy
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Goel Rajesh K.
Published: August 2020

Background

Pentylenetetrazole kindling has long been used for the screening of investigational antiseizure drugs. The presence of lamotrigine, at a very low dose, does not hamper kindling in mice; rather it modifies this epileptogenesis process into drug‐resistant epilepsy. The lamotrigine‐pentylenetetrazole kindled mice show resistance to lamotrigine, phenytoin, and carbamazepine. It may also be possible that other licensed antiseizure drugs, like the mentioned drugs, remain ineffective in this model; therefore, this was the subject of this study.

Methods

Swiss albino mice were kindled with pentylenetetrazole for 35 days in the presence of either methylcellulose vehicle or lamotrigine (subtherapeutic dose, ie, 5 mg/kg). Vehicle vs lamotrigine‐kindled mice were compared in terms of (a) resistance/response toward nine antiseizure drugs applied as monotherapies and two drug combinations; (b) lamotrigine bioavailability in blood and brain; (c) blood‐brain barrier integrity; and (d) amino acids and monoamines in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.

Results

Lamotrigine vs vehicle‐kindled mice are similar (or not significantly different P > .05 from each other) in terms of (a) response toward drug combinations; (b) lamotrigine bioavailability; and (c) blood‐brain barrier integrity except for, significantly (P < .05) reduced taurine and increased glutamate in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Aside from these, lamotrigine‐kindled mice show significant (P < .05) resistant to lamotrigine (15 mg/kg), levetiracetam (40 mg/kg); carbamazepine (40 mg/kg), zonisamide (100 mg/kg), gabapentin (224 mg/kg), pregabalin (30 mg/kg), phenytoin (35 mg/kg), and topiramate (300 mg/kg).

Conclusion

Lamotrigine‐pentylenetetrazole kindling takes longer to develop (~5 weeks) in comparison to lamotrigine‐amygdale (~4 weeks) and lamotrigine‐corneal (~2 weeks) kindling models. However, drug screening through this model may yield superior drugs with novel antiseizure mechanisms.
Aktivierte Modifikation der Träger‐Metall‐Wechselwirkungen als Schlüssel für hochaktive Ru/γ‐Al2O3‐Katalysatoren für die COx‐ Methanisierung
Authors: Chen Shilong , Abdel‐Mageed Ali M. , Dyballa Michael , Parlinska‐Wojtan Magdalena , Bansmann Joachim , Pollastri Simone , Olivi Luca , Aquilanti Giuliana , Behm R. Jürgen
Published: August 2020

Ru/Al2O3 ist ein außerordentlich stabiler, aber weniger aktiver Katalysator für Methanisierungs‐Reaktionen. Hier berichten wir über einen neuartigen Ansatz, mit dem die Aktivität dieser Katalysatoren bei der Methanisierung von CO2 in CO2/H2‐Gemischen erheblich gesteigert werden kann. Hochaktive und ‐stabile Ru/γ‐Al2O3‐Katalysatoren wurden über eine Hochtemperatur‐Behandlung im reduktiven Reaktionsgasgemisch erhalten. Operando/In‐situ‐Spektroskopie und Rastertransmissionselektronenmikroskopie (STEM)‐Abbildungen zeigen, dass die deutlich erhöhte Aktivität für die Methanisierung von CO bzw. CO2 mit einer Abflachung der Ru‐Nanopartikel und der Bildung von stark basischen Plätzen auf dem hydroxylierten Aluminiumoxid einhergeht. Die erhöhte Aktivität der Katalysatoren um Faktoren von 5 (CO) bzw. 14 (CO2) führen wir auf eine aktivierte Modifikation der Träger‐Metall‐Wechselwirkungen zurück, die durch eine reaktive Modifizierung der Al2O3‐Oberfläche im Reaktionsgas und eine erhöhte thermische Mobilität der Ru‐Nanopartikel verursacht wird.
Making or Breaking Metal‐Dependent Catalytic Activity: The Role of Stammers in Designed Three‐Stranded Coiled Coils
Authors: Pinter Tyler B. J. , Manickas Elizabeth C. , Tolbert Audrey E. , Koebke Karl J. , Deb Aniruddha , Penner‐Hahn James E. , Pecoraro Vincent L.
Published: August 2020

While many life‐critical reactions would be infeasibly slow without metal cofactors, a detailed understanding of how protein structure can influence catalytic activity remains elusive. Using de novo designed three‐stranded coiled coils (TRI and Grand peptides formed using a heptad repeat approach), we examine how the insertion of a three residue discontinuity, known as a stammer insert, directly adjacent to a (His)3 metal binding site alters catalytic activity. The stammer, which locally alters the twist of the helix, significantly increases copper‐catalyzed nitrite reductase activity (CuNiR). In contrast, the well‐established zinc‐catalyzed carbonic anhydrase activity (p‐nitrophenyl acetate, pNPA) is effectively ablated. This study illustrates how the perturbation of the protein sequence using non‐coordinating and non‐acid base residues in the helical core can perturb metalloenzyme activity through the simple expedient of modifying the helical pitch adjacent to the catalytic center.
Accelerating Crystallization of Open Organic Materials by Poly(ionic liquid)s
Authors: Zhang Su‐Yun , Miao Han , Zhang He‐min , Zhou Jun‐Hao , Zhuang Qiang , Zeng Yu‐Jia , Gao Zhiming , Yuan Jiayin , Sun Jian‐Ke
Published: August 2020

The capability to significantly shorten the synthetic period of a broad spectrum of open organic materials presents an enticing prospect for materials processing and applications. Herein we discovered 1,2,4‐triazolium poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) could serve as a universal additive to accelerate by at least one order of magnitude the growth rate of representative imine‐linked crystalline open organics, including organic cages, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and macrocycles. This phenomenon results from the active C5‐protons in poly(1,2,4‐triazolium)s that catalyze the formation of imine bonds, and the simultaneous salting‐out effect (induced precipitation by decreasing solubility) that PILs exert on these crystallizing species.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Cephanolide A
Authors: Zhang Hongyuan , He Haibing , Gao Shuanhu
Published: August 2020

The first asymmetric total synthesis of cephanolide A, a complex hexacyclic C18 dinorditerpenoid from cephalotaxus sinensis, was achieved. The synthesis features a convergent strategy, which provides a flexible approach to prepare the biogenetically cephalotaxus diterpenoids and structurally related derivatives for biological studies. A mild intramolecular Prins cyclization was developed to construct the central hexahydrofluorenol skeleton (A‐B‐C ring), which relies on the originally proposed hydroacylation strategy. A remote hydroxy group directed hydrogenation was applied to stereospecifically reduce the tetra‐substituted enone unit. A sequence of ring forming steps, including lactonization, cation mediated etherification and Friedel–Crafts cyclization, was efficiently utilized to forge the cage‐like skeleton.
Raising the COx Methanation Activity of a Ru/γ‐Al2O3 Catalyst by Activated Modification of Metal–Support Interactions
Authors: Chen Shilong , Abdel‐Mageed Ali M. , Dyballa Michael , Parlinska‐Wojtan Magdalena , Bansmann Joachim , Pollastri Simone , Olivi Luca , Aquilanti Giuliana , Behm R. Jürgen
Published: August 2020

Ru/Al2O3 is a highly stable, but less active catalyst for methanation reactions. Herein we report an effective approach to significantly improve its performance in the methanation of CO2/H2 mixtures. Highly active and stable Ru/γ‐Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by high‐temperature treatment in the reductive reaction gas. Operando/in situ spectroscopy and STEM imaging reveals that the strongly improved activity, by factors of 5 and 14 for CO and CO2 methanation, is accompanied by a flattening of the Ru nanoparticles and the formation of highly basic hydroxylated alumina sites. We propose a modification of the metal–support interactions (MSIs) as the origin of the increased activity, caused by modification of the Al2O3 surface in the reductive atmosphere and an increased thermal mobility of the Ru nanoparticles, allowing their transfer to modified surface sites.
Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Juniperus communis leaf extract: Catalytic activity in real‐outdoor conditions and electrochemical properties
Authors: Mahboub Sara , Zerrouki Djamal , Henni Abdellah
Published: August 2020

The present study investigates the green synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles using Juniperus communis leaf aqueous extract at room temperature. Synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were characterized with different techniques such as UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM‐EDAX) and electrochemical method. Photocatalytic and anti‐bacterial activities of synthesized AgNPs are evaluated based on the obtained result showed an efficient inhibition growth for gram negative P. Aeruginosa, E. Coli, and gram positive bacteria S.aureus. The AgNPs exhibited an excellent photocatalytic activity toward the degradation of methylene blue both indoor and outdoor, under sunlight, an efficiency of 95% was achieved. As an easy and environmentally friendly process, AgNPs based on Juniperus communis leaf extract could be applied for the degradation of pollutants and wastewater treatment.
Structural‐mechanical and biomedical surface properties of elastic polyurethane after PECVD of Ar/C2H2
Authors: Morozov Ilya A. , Kamenetskikh Alexander S. , Beliaev Anton Y. , Scherban Marina G. , Lemkina Larisa M. , Eroshenko Daria V. , Kiselkov Dmitriy M.
Published: August 2020

Plasma treatment of polymers has many perspective applications in biomedical area. Carbon or carbon‐like coatings of elastic polymers are of interest. However, deformation of the polymeric substrates easily damages the modified surface. Such flaws cancel all the benefits of the treatment and should be avoided. In this paper, a surface of elastic polyurethane (PU) (elastic modulus is 25 MPa) is treated by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of acetylene/argon. As a result, inhomogeneous carbon‐containing nanolayers are formed: discontinuous and solid coatings with heterogeneous stiffness and thickness (from 2 to 11 nm). Structural peculiarities and relatively low elastic modulus (several GPa) of the coatings prevent their fracture under uniaxial deformation of at least up to 50% (however, the thickest coating is covering by a mesh of local nanocracks). The coatings have improved biomedical properties: better albumin adsorption and resistance to bacteria of Escherichia coli.
Social Media Monitoring for Water Quality Surveillance and Response Systems
Authors: Mix Nelson , George Aaron , Haas Adam
Published: August 2020

Key Takeaways

A literature review and interviews with utilities were conducted to understand the use of social media monitoring for the early detection of water quality problems.

Utility case studies show that social media can be used for customer engagement, crisis communications, and monitoring and surveillance for water quality.

Future opportunities include integrating social media with customer service and surveillance and response systems.
Understanding and Using AWWA Standards and Manuals
Authors: Olson Paul J.
Published: August 2020

Key Takeaways

AWWA's standards and manuals go through a rigorous review and approval process to ensure uniform, accurate, trusted guidance for the water industry in its products and operations.

It's up to a large network of skilled, expert AWWA volunteers to navigate the myriad steps required to develop standards and manuals.

Not only are these guidelines useful on numerous present‐day fronts; the historical context helps water utilities work with older equipment and materials.
Activation and competition of lipoylation of H protein and its hydrolysis in a reaction cascade catalyzed by the multifunctional enzyme lipoate–protein ligase A
Authors: Zhang Xinyi , Nie Jinglei , Zheng Yuanmin , Ren Jie , Zeng An‐Ping
Published: August 2020

Protein lipoylation is essential for the function of many key enzymes but barely studied kinetically. Here, the two‐step reaction cascade of H protein lipoylation catalyzed by the multifunctional enzyme lipoate–protein ligase A (LplA) was quantitatively and differentially studied. We discovered new phenomena and unusual kinetics of the cascade: (a) the speed of the first reaction is faster than the second one by two orders of magnitude, leading to high accumulation of the intermediate lipoyl‐AMP (Lip‐AMP); (b) Lip‐AMP is hydrolyzed, but only significantly at the presence of H protein and in competition with the lipoylation; (c) both the lipoylation of H protein and its hydrolysis is enhanced by the apo and lipoylated forms of H protein and a mutant without the lipoylation site. A conceptual mechanistic model is proposed to explain these experimental observations in which conformational change of LplA upon interaction with H protein and competitive nucleophilic attacks play key roles.
Regulation and remodeling of intermediate metabolite and membrane lipid during NaCl‐induced stress in freshwater microalga Micractinium sp. XJ‐2 for biofuel production
Authors: Yang Haijian , Hu Chunxiang
Published: August 2020

Microalgae can accumulate a large fraction of reduced carbon as lipids under NaCl stress. This study investigated the mechanism of carbon allocation and reduction and triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in microalgae under NaCl‐induced stress. Micractinium sp. XJ‐2 was exposed to NaCl stress and cells were subjected to physiological, biochemical, and metabolic analyses to elucidate the stress‐responsive mechanism. Lipid increased with NaCl concentration after 0‐12 hr, then stabilized after 12–48 hr, and finally decreased after 48–72 hr, whereas TAG increased (0–48 hr) and then decreased (48–72 hr). Under NaCl‐induced stress at lower concentrations, TAG accumulation, at first, mainly shown to rely on the carbon fixation through photosynthetic fixation, carbohydrate degradation, and membrane lipids remodeling. Moreover, carbon compounds generated by the degradation of some amino acids were reallocated and enhanced fatty acid synthesis. The remodeling of the membrane lipids of NaCl‐induced microalgae relied on the following processes: (a) Increase in the amount of phospholipids and reduction in the amount of glycolipids and (b) extension of long‐chain fatty acids. This study enhances our understanding of TAG production under NaCl stress and thus will provide a theoretical basis for the industrial application of NaCl‐induced in the microalgal biodiesel industry.
Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in upper gastrointestinal surgery: systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Scheufele F , Schirren R , Friess H , Reim D
Published: August 2020

Background

Infectious complications are common after gastrointestinal surgery. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) might reduce their incidence. SDD is used widely in colorectal resections, but its role in upper gastrointestinal resection is less clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of SDD on postoperative outcome in upper gastrointestinal surgery.

Methods

Studies investigating SDD in upper gastrointestinal surgery were included after search of medical databases (PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar). Results were analysed according to predefined criteria. The incidence of perioperative overall complications and death was pooled. Risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool.

Results

Some 1384 studies were identified, of which four RCTs were included in the final analysis. These studies included 415 patients, of whom 213 (51·3 per cent) received standard treatment/placebo and 202 (48·7 per cent) had SDD. The incidence of anastomotic leakage (odds ratio (OR) 0·39, 95 per cent c.i. 0·19 to 0·80; P = 0·010) and pneumonia (OR 0·42, 0·23 to 0·78; P = 0·006) was reduced in patients receiving SDD. Rates of surgical-site infection (P = 0·750) and mortality (P = 0·130) were not affected by SDD.

Conclusion

SDD seems to be associated with reduction of anastomotic leakage and pneumonia following upper gastrointestinal resection, without affecting postoperative mortality.
Sensitivity of a PER.C6® cell line to bis(2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)phosphate and evaluation of a new, biocompatible single‐use film
Authors: Jachuck Joshua R. , Krishnathu Soumya Mohanan , Landau Jeffrey E. , Ko Hsu‐Feng , Bhatia Ravi
Published: August 2020

Single‐use technologies have brought numerous advantages to the biopharmaceutical industry. In particular, single‐use bags made from multi‐layered polymeric films have been adopted for cell culture and liquid handling operations in place of traditional stainless‐steel systems. Despite the advantages, leachable compounds originating from the film's materials of construction present a new challenge. In 2013, bis(2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)phosphate (bDtBPP) was identified as a common leachable from several single‐use bags that is detrimental to the growth and viability of many Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. While much work has been completed to characterize CHO cell sensitivity to bDtBPP, little has been done to characterize its impact on other important production cell lines, particularly PER.C6®. This publication investigates inconsistent cell growth observed in a PER.C6® cell line during bioprocess development. The growth inhibition was linked to leachable migration from Bioclear™ 10, a single‐use film from Cytiva (formerly GE Healthcare) that was used for cell expansion. It was shown that the PER.C6® cells displayed a sensitivity to bDtBPP, comparable to that observed in sensitive CHO cell lines. Finally, biocompatibility of PER.C6® with Cytiva's new Fortem film was evaluated, demonstrating that Fortem™ film is a suitable single‐use technology for culturing PER.C6® cells.
Clinical outcomes of definitive whole pelvic radiotherapy for clinical lymph node metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: Tsuchida Keisuke , Inaba Koji , Kashihara Tairo , Murakami Naoya , Okuma Kae , Takahashi Kana , Igaki Hiroshi , Nakayama Yuko , Maejima Aiko , Shinoda Yasuo , Matsui Yoshiyuki , Komiyama Motokiyo , Fujimoto Hiroyuki , Ito Yoshinori , Sumi Minako , Nakano Takashi , Itami Jun
Published: August 2020

Background

In this study, we aim to present the clinical outcomes of radiotherapy (RT) in clinical pelvic lymph node‐positive prostate cancer (cN1) patients. We also analyze the prognostic factors with focus on RT dose escalation to metastatic lymph nodes (LN).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the data from cN1 patients who were treated with definitive RT and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) between June 2004 and February 2016. All patients received localized irradiation to the prostate region and whole pelvis irradiation. Some patients received intensity‐modulated radiation therapy with RT dose escalation to metastatic LN. Univariate analyses using log‐rank test were performed to find prognostic factors between patient subgroups.

Results

Fifty‐one consecutive patients were identified. The median follow‐up period for all patients was 88 (range 20‐157) months. Primary Gleason pattern and LN RT dose were statistically significant prognostic factors for relapse‐free survival (RFS) and distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS). Especially, RT dose escalation (60 Gy or more) to metastatic LN significantly improved RFS and DMFS compared with standard dose RT (4‐year RFS 90.6% vs 82.1%, 7‐year RFS 90.6% vs 58.0%, P = .015; 4‐year DMFS 90.6% vs 82.1%, 7‐year DMFS 90.6% vs 62.8%, P = .023). The following factors were all statistically significant for biochemical relapse‐free survival (BRFS): T stage, LN RT dose, local RT dose, and ADT duration period. Any significantly different toxicity was not seen for each LN or local RT dose except for the incident rate of grade 2 or more acute urinary retention, which was significantly higher in the higher LN RT dose (60 Gy or more) group by the Chi‐square test.

Conclusions

RT dose escalation to metastatic LN in cN1 patients improves BRFS, RFS, and DMFS at 4 and 7 years, without increasing severe adverse events.
Chemical Variation and Pharmacological Properties ofDyssodia decipiensEssential Oil
Authors: Pacheco‐Hernández Yesenia , Sánchez‐Hernández Gloria Rubí , Reyes‐Cervantes Eric , Romero‐Arenas Omar , Pérez‐Xochipa Ivonne , Villa‐Ruano Nemesio
Published: August 2020

Dyssodia decipiensis one of the seven recognized species within theDyssodiagenus, which has economic and social relevance in Mexico. Herein, we report on the volatile characterization and pharmacological activity ofD. decipiens. The essential oils (2017–2019) contained verbenone (30.8–60.9 %), limonene (5.6–35.5 %),β‐caryophyllene (7.8–19.8 %) and linalool (4.5–12.4 %) as major constituents along the studied years. Antifungal properties were probed onCandida albicansATCC 90028, ATCC 10231 (fluconazole resistant) and five clinical isolates (IS1–IS5). Flower essential oils had the best anti‐C. albicansactivity (MIC 59.2–93.5 μg mL−1), and limonene (MIC 125.5–188.4 μg mL−1) andβ‐caryophyllene (MIC 104.3–184.2 μg mL−1) were involved in this effect. SEM examination revealed thatD. decipiensessential oils produced an evident lysis on the fungus. Mosquito repellent activity was demonstrated onAedes aegypti, a vector of dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses. The repellent activity of leaf essential oils (20 %) was effective within 1–5 h post‐treatment (>90 %) and it was stronger (p<0.01) than that of commercial DEET. The evaluation of the four major volatiles (10 % each) produced similar results to those of essential oils. Finally, leaf essential oils showed a moderate antiproliferative activity on the lines OVCAR‐3 (LD5056.5–85.7 μg mL−1), and verbenone (LD5065.3 μg mL−1) andβ‐caryophyllene (LD5043.6 μg mL−1) were linked to this effect.
Cystine‐glutamate antiporter xCT as a therapeutic target for cancer
Authors: Liu Lin , Liu Rui , Liu Yi , Li Guanghui , Chen Qing , Liu Xiaodong , Ma Shumei
Published: August 2020

Cystine/glutamic acid reverse transporter (System Xc−), a member of the amino acid transporter family, consists of two subunits, light chain xCT and heavy chain 4F2hc. xCT is the cystine/glutamate antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), which promotes cystine uptake and glutathione biosynthetic, thus protecting against oxidative stress and ferroptosis. Studies have confirmed that xCT is highly expressed in a variety of tumour and is associated with tumour proliferation, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance and ferroptosis, and can be used as a potential target for tumour treatment. This review provides insights into the biological effects of xCT and contribute to the development of new xCT‐based strategies.
Design of a Multiuse Photoreactor To Enable Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Chemical Transformations and Labeling in Live Cells
Authors: Bissonnette Noah B. , Ryu Keun Ah , Reyes‐Robles Tamara , Wilhelm Sharon , Tomlinson Jake H. , Crotty Kelly A. , Hett Erik C. , Roberts Lee R. , Hazuda Daria J. , Jared Willis M. , Oslund Rob C. , Fadeyi Olugbeminiyi O.
Published: August 2020

Despite the growing use of visible‐light photochemistry in both chemistry and biology, no general low‐heat photoreactor for use across these different disciplines exists. Herein, we describe the design and use of a standardized photoreactor for visible‐light‐driven activation and photocatalytic chemical transformations. Using this single benchtop photoreactor, we performed photoredox reactions across multiple visible light wavelengths, a high‐throughput photocatalytic cross‐coupling reaction, and in vitro labeling of proteins and live cells. Given the success of this reactor in all tested applications, we envision that this multi‐use photoreactor will be widely used in biology, chemical biology, and medicinal chemistry settings.