bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A RAPID METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF ALUMINA IN CLAYS1
Authors: Ellison R. W.
Published: June 2006

With the material analyzed in routine a definite relation was noted between the proportion of combined water and silica. The determination of combined water and of iron was all that was necessary to calculate the silica and alumina. The procedure is given and also a curve showing the relation between combined water and silica in the particular material cited. This same short cut chemical analysis is applicable to other days when the curve for the ratio of combined water to silica has been determined for each clay.
SOME PROPERTIES OF CHROME SPINEL1
Authors: Parmeleu C. W. , Ally Arde
Published: June 2006

Five chrome ores covering a wide range of chemical composition from different localities were studied and their behavior at high temperatures was ascertained. The properties determined are chemical and mineralogical composition, thermal expansion (25 to 1250°C), specific gravity changes after various heat treatments, and X‐ray characteristics.
THE EFFECT OF DE‐AIRING ON THE STRENGTH OF STIFF‐MUD PRODUCTS IN THE WET STATE1
Authors: Lovrrrov Ellis
Published: June 2006

The strength of one‐inch square stiff‐mud bars is determined by bending until they break and the angle of bending is determined as a measure of the wet strength.
THE BUCKLING OF WALL TILE*
Authors: Wilson Hewitt
Published: June 2006

A description is given of the separation of wall tile from their cement backing in a Seattle apartment hotel. Tests of the tile and delayed observations indicated that the failures were caused by an excessive shrinkage of the cement‐clay‐sand backing wall. Precautions should be taken against setting tile on a green unshrunk, flimsy, backing wall, especially when the plastered surface is over 1 inch in thickness and can shrink en bloc over large areas. An excessive amount of clay or other plasticizers will likewise increase the shrinkage and danger of separation.
THE USE OF NATURAL GAS IN FIRING STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS1
Authors: Blair Marion W.
Published: June 2006

Some of the advantages of natural‐gas firing are enumerated and the thermal value and cost of natural gas are compared with coal. Other points discussed in the paper are: (1) the influence of irregular operation and length of firing schedule on economy, (2) the value of controlled air supply under pressure, and (3) the reported gas consumption for various products in different districts.
REFRACTORIES FOR USE IN SULPHATE‐RECOVERY FURNACES OF THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRIES*
Authors: Cunliffe J. A. , Clem H. E.
Published: June 2006

The paper gives a short review of the soda‐recovery methods used in the Kraft process. The tests made to determine the relative merits of different refractories were (1) P.C.E. determinations of soda‐refractory mixtures, (2) simulative‐service slag tests, and (3) petrographic analyses. Tests indicate that resistance is produced by (1) an impervious crystalline structure, such as soapstone for the low temperatures and electro‐cast mullite for the high temperatures, or (2) chemical inertness in contact with soda, such as is found with purer forms of magnesia.
A MECHANISM OF BLACK SPECK FORMATION IN ENAMEL RESULTING FROM REBOILING OF THE GROUND COAT*
Authors: Hayes Anson , Canfield J. J. , Mcgohan G. W.
Published: June 2006

Experimental and microscopic evidence is given to show that rebolling of a ground coat results from a fracture when refiring the ground‐coat enamel. Air fills the cracks and connected bubbles. The cracks are sealed over and there is an expansion of the bubbles downward toward the base metal into the oxide layer. No evidence has been found which indicates that reboiling is caused by evolution of gas from the metal.
VITREOUS ENAMEL IMPACT MACHINE*
Authors: Holscher H. H.
Published: June 2006

A description of and data obtained with a pendulum type impact machine developed especially For use on intricately shaped electric range parts are given. The machine has been designed in such a manner that it reduces the personal factor of operation to a minimum. The effect of enamel and steel thickness upon impact is presented.
METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF THE RELATIVE VISCOSITY OF ENAMEL GLASSES1
Authors: Kinzir C. J.
Published: June 2006

A method has been developed by which the flow characteristics of vitreous enamel glasses may be conveniently studied. The apparatus and method are described. Typical results are illustrated both by photographs and by a chart based on planimeter measurements of area of flow.
CHROMIUM GREEN STAINS*
Authors: Hill E. C.
Published: June 2006

A series of experiments was made to modify the formula for light green (Victoria green) underglaze color recommended by Seger and to simplify the preparation of the stain in large quantities for terra cotta production. Four compositions were found which could be used as a substitute for Seger's underglaze green.
DISCOLORATION OF A TERRA COTTA GLAZE*
Authors: Nicholson T. E.
Published: June 2006

This paper deals with a peculiar discoloration of a typical terra cotta glaze. The method of solving the problem is outlined, and conclusions are reached which point out methods of prevention of similar defects.
CLARION CLAY OF VINTON COUNTY, OHIO*
Authors: Stout Wilber
Published: June 2006

The Clarion clay in the Hope field of Vinton county is persistent over a large area, has excellent thickness, and has good mining conditions. It is a high‐grade clay approaching semiflint in character and has special adaptation for dry‐press stiff‐mud fire brick of cone 31 quality.
ELECTRIC ANNEALING OF GLASS*
Authors: Cherry R. M.
Published: June 2006

The total and distribution heat requirements are discussed in general as well as the manner in which electric leers economically meet these requirements based on actual determinations and calculations.
FACTORS CAUSING THE VARIATION OF RESULTS IN TESTS FOR THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ENAMELS*
Authors: Shands E. H. , Turk R. H. , Wolfram H. G.
Published: June 2006

The reason for variability of tests for physical properties of porcelain enamel was investigated. Slight differences in gage of base metal, its source and method of manufacture, and the fineness and thickness of the enamel coating and firing temperature all seriously affect the results obtained. These physical properties may be adjusted at will by regulating the method of preparation.
V. A Study of Enamel‐Metal Contact Zones by Chemical Methods
Authors: Spencer‐Strong George H. , King R. M.
Published: June 2006

Analyses were made of the material from the steel‐enamel contact zones of a series of enamels containing varying amounts of cobalt oxide. The impact resistance of these enamels was determined and a method for determining cobalt in enamels was developed.
SHEET‐IRON ENAMELS
Authors: Schaal Robert B.
Published: June 2006

The corrective effect of a soft enamel in copperheading is shown. Pearlitc. in the Fishscaling is caused by gas from the steel. steel is the basic cause of copperheading.
COMMERCIAL BUTANE AS A CERAMIC FUEL*
Authors: Greene C. F.
Published: June 2006

The occurrence, manufacture, and utilization of commercial butane is discussed. It is compared with other gaseous fuels in respect to (1) theoretical thermal efficiency, (2) volume of products of combustion, (3) theoretical flame temperature, (4) rate of flame propagation, (5) specific gravity, (6) resulting quality of ware, and (7) cost per unit of available heat. Results of actual tests on an open‐fire McDougal tunnel kiln using butane, in which these properties were considered, indicated that it is possible to substitute butane for coal‐gas fuel with only minor adjustments in kiln, burner, or accessory equipment.
DIFFUSION COMBUSTION AND ITS APPLICATION TO GLASSMELTING*
Authors: Williams P. Q. , Cone C.
Published: June 2006

Fuel gas may be burned as rapidly as possible by thorough premixing or as slowly as possible by the elimination of all effects tending to accelerate the mixture of air and gas. In the latter case, combustion occurs through molecular interdiffusion, hence, “diffusion combustion.”

The diffusion flame has unique properties as a heat radiator, not necessarily associated with visible luminosity, which are attained by liberating the maximum quantity of free suspended carbon from a given volume of gas. These properties make possible greater uniformity of heat distribution and lower temperature gradients than are possible with any other type of combustion.

The combustion requirements of the ideal glass tank, which include maximum utilization of the melting surface, heat penetration into the bath, and convection current control, are well met by diffusion combustion.
NOTES ON THE X‐RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS OF MULLITE*
Authors: Posnjak E. , Greig J. W.
Published: June 2006

A wide range of artificial alumina‐silica products has been examined by the X‐ray powder method. In each case in which the pattern has been sufficiently clear to permit a decision the pattern has been that of mullite, not that of sillimanite. The examination included a number of preparations made by heating clay minerals and clays at 1000°.

Mullite crystals containing alumina or the oxides of iron or titanium in solid solution give diffraction patterns in which the lines are slightly displaced toward the origin with respect to the corresponding lines in the diffraction pattern of the standard mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO2).

Mullite crystals, freed by HF treatment from the matrix in which they grew, often give diffraction patterns in which the intensities of certain lines arc strikingly different from normal. This is due to the orientation of the minute elongated crystals when mounted for photographing.

Finally, two recent papers proposing special names for certain similar materials are discussed and, on the basis of published data and the evidence presented here, these proposals are found to be unwarranted.
SELECTION OF CLAYS FOR SAGGERS OF PREDETERMINED RESISTANCE TO THERMAL SHOCK AND PREDICTION OF SAGGER LIFE IN SERVICE*
Authors: Heindl R. A. , Mong L. E.
Published: June 2006

A series of twelve sagger bodies having a wide range in properties was prepared from fourteen different clays and grog made, in most instances, from the same clays. Experimental saggers heated to different temperatures were tested for resistance to thermal shock and the values compared with predetermined values assigned to each of the bodies. A chart was prepared which shows the relation between modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, linear thermal expansion, and resistance of saggers to thermal shock.
THE ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR OF GLASS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE*
Authors: Guyer E. M.
Published: June 2006

New instruments and equipment are described for the measurement of the electrical conductivity of glass at room temperatures. The accuracy of the method is discussed and certain precautions are specified for this type of measurement. A short review is given of the results of measurements with such equipment on a series of glasses. In partirular, experiments are described on the effect of (1) chilling, (2) prolonged heat treatment which produces an actual separation of phases, (3) mechanical strains, and (4) superposed radio‐frequency currents on the conductivity of the glass at room temperature. In conclusion, it is pointed out that the results of these measurements indicate that the electrical behavior of glass at room temperature is of importance.
SOME EFFECTS OF GRAIN SIZE OF CHINA CLAYS*
Authors: Vieweg Hermann F.
Published: June 2006

Measurements of grain size of a series of china clays were made, and a preliminary investigation of the relation between particle size and some properties was undertaken.
ELIMINATION OF BLISTERING OF ENAMELED‐IRON NUMBER PLATES *
Authors: Scott W. J.
Published: June 2006

In the manufacture of enameled‐iron number plates for dials on pay‐station telephones, blisters, formed in the enamel during the low‐temperature firing of the printed characters and background, resulted in an average process loss of 14%. Proposed remedies tried without success were (1) the use of different enamels and enameling irons, (2) firing the characters at other temperatures than the standard temperature of 1310°F, and (3) special treatment of the iron surface before enameling, such as deep steelblasting, heating at 1310°F prior to enameling, or copper plating. The blistering was finally eliminated by increasing the length of the heating‐up period in the character firing operation.
GRAPHITE AS A REFRACTORY*
Authors: Stone Richard H
Published: June 2006

ARSTRACT

(1) Some properties of graphite are discussed and industrial applications as a refractory are enumerated. (2) Previous work on graphite, particularly during the World War on graphite crucibles, is reviewed. That work was directed toward finding substitutes for imported graphites and clays. Since peace‐time conditions were restored the manufacturers have returned to foreign sources of raw materials and some reasons for this tendency are advanced (3) Analyses of several foreign and domestic graphites are tabulated (4) Reports are given on experiments on the thermal conductivity of clay‐graphite bodies.; with the effect of varying percentages of graphite on the conductivity.
CONSTITUTION AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF SILICA COKEOVEN BRICK AFTER SERVICE*
Authors: Austin J. B. , Pierce R. H. H.
Published: June 2006

Two silica brick which were in service in a coke oven for over ten years have been examined under the petrographic microscope. At the fluc sidc the brick were almost completely converted to cristobalite, next comes a relatively thick layer which is mainly tridymite, and finally near the coke side quartz is found in addition. Measurements on small specimens taken from one of the brick show that the several layers have very different expansions. It is concluded that in cooling a battery of ovens great care should be taken to cool slowly through the temperature range 200 to 300°C.
GLASS AS A STRUCTURAL AND STRESS‐RESISTING MATERIAL*
Authors: Preston F. W.
Published: June 2006

A collection of notes on the stresses set up in glassware of various sorts by various forces and treatments is presented, with some observations on how the stresses act to produce failure.
THE EFFECT OF MECHANICAL PRESSURE ON THE IMBIBITIONAL AND DRYING PROPERTIES OF SOME CERAMIC CLAYS, II*
Authors: Westman A. E. R.
Published: June 2006

The apparatus and technique used in a study of the permeable‐pressing characteristics of ceramic clays, described in a previous paper with the same title, were used in making a detailed study of the effect of molding pressure on the properties of permeablepressed disks of Florida and Delaware kaolins, The effect of initially high preswres on the properties of disks made at low pressures was investigated, and the rate of water removal was studied. The permeable‐pressing characteristics of mixtures of clays and nonplastics were investigated at high and low pressures and the firing properties of permeable‐pressed clay disks made in the previous investigation were determined. Further work with larger disks is in progress.
RAPID FIRING OF SEMIPORCELAIN*
Authors: Robson J. T.
Published: June 2006

Some of the factors limiting the firing cycle of semiporcelain ware are listed. Satisfactory seven‐inch bisque, eight high, was obtained with a complete firing cycle of 15½ hours. Satisfactory glost was obtained with a complete firing cycle of 8½ hours.
POTASH–SODA–LIME FELDSPAR EUTECTIC STUDY*
Authors: Martz Joseph A.
Published: June 2006

An investigation was made of the fusion behavior of the potash feldspar, soda feldspar, and soda‐lime feldspar system, all materials being of commercial grade. The potash feldspar had a pyrometric cone equivalent of cone 9½, the soda feldspar, cone 6½, and the soda‐lime feldspar deformed at cone 11½. Mixtures varying according to the triaxial diagram were made in the form of pyrometric cones. These were fired in groups along with standard Orton cones.

The 30% commercial potash feldspar‐70% commercial soda feldspar mixture reached 6 o'clock deformation when standard Orton cone 6 showed 2 o'clock deformation.

The mixture of 62½% commercial potash feldspar with 37½% soda‐lime feldspar reached 6 o'clock deformation when cone 7 showed 1 o'clock deformation, the deformation of the cone 9½ potash feldspar being reduced 3 cones by the addition of the proper percentage of the cone 11½ soda‐lime feldspar.

There was an increase in deformation temperatures (no indication of eutectic) in the plagioclase series, soda feldspar to soda‐lime feldspar.

The mixture of 30% commercial potash feldspar, 60% commercial soda feldspar, 10% soda‐lime feldspar showed 6 o'clock deformation when cone 6 showed 1 o'clock deformation, this being the lowest temperature at which any member of the system showed 6 o'clock deformation.
EFFECT OF ZINC OXIDE ON SHEET‐IRON COVER‐ENAMEL PROPERTIES*
Authors: Fetterolf L. D.
Published: June 2006

The effect of ZnO on sheet‐iron cover‐enamel properties was studied by evaluation of the properties of a typical sheet‐iron cover enamel in which ZnO was used as single‐ and double‐partial replacements for the various ingredients. The fluxing action of ZnO was found to be pronounced and it was markedly effective in decreasing frit solubility in the mill liquor. Improvement in gloss resulted from its use without any adverse effect on enamel extensibility and resistance to thermal shock.
X‐RAY INVESTIGATION OF THE OPACIFYING COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN SHEET‐IRON COVER ENAMELS*
Authors: Andrews Andrew I. , Breen J. P.
Published: June 2006

By the use of X‐ray methods, sheet‐iron cover‐enamel frits and fired enamels were investigated. The results obtained show that tin oxide exists as tin dioxide in the enamel, antimony as antimony pentoxide, fluorspar as calcium fluoride, and cryolite as sodium fluoride. Zirconium oxide does not exist as the crystalline zirconium oxide even when present as a mill addition. Variations in the compositions of the ordinary sheet‐iron cover enamels do not affect the identity of the crystals.
THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF SHEET‐IRON GROUND‐COAT ENAMELS*
Authors: Andrews Andrew I. , Smith Robert K.
Published: June 2006

The thermal expansions of sheet‐iron ground‐coat enamels were determined by use of the interferometer. The results showed that the calculated expansions based on the factors of Mayer and Havas were close to the actual expansions. It was also shown that variations of borax, feldspar, and quartz resulted in a fairly uniform change in the expansion. It was possible to interpolate between values for these constituents. The softening of the enamels in the interferometer test proved to be a characteristic change depending on the fusibility of the enamel. These data showed promise as a test for fusibility.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SODA IN GLASSES*
Authors: Scholes S. R.
Published: June 2006

A direct determination of alkali is often avoided in glass analysis because of the tedious nature of the method and the estimation by difference is not justifiable because of accumulating errors. The method proposed consists in HF‐H2SO4 decomposition, removal of MgO and R2O3 by lime, conversion of sulfate to carbonates by Ba(OH)2 and CO2, boiling to precipitate CaCO3 and BaCO3, and titration of Na2CO3.
COLOR CHANGES IN FLINT GLASS*
Authors: Lyle A. K. , Sharp Donald E.
Published: June 2006

Decolorizcd glasses vary in their approach to neutral color depending upon their and custom of manufacture. Iron, the chief coloring agent in colorless glass, produces several colors. The iron color is first controlled and then neutralized with complementary color or colors furnished by a variety of oxides. The final tint may be neutral or not, depending upon the method of examination, and varies with changing conditions.

Thc decolorizing materials are subject to change after the glass is made. These changes are caused by heat and light radiations. Much research on color change is incomplete. The glass composition should be accurately known and the color should represented by spectral transmissions.
THE ACTION OF WASTE‐WOOD ASH ON REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Skinner Kenneth G. , Field Norman L.
Published: June 2006

A description is given of several industrial waste‐wood furnaces with auxiliary oil‐firing equipment to show the types of installations and the slagged areas. In the tests, wood ash from industrial furnaces was blown onto panels of various refractories which had bccn heated in an oil flame. Chemical analyses and properties of the brick tested, the waste‐wood ash, the slags from industrial furnaces, and the test furnace are given. All of the refractories suffered in this high lime‐alkali slag, but silicon carbide gave the best resistance. The tests indicated that the absorption of the fireclay and diaspore types of brick was more important in their resistance than the alumina‐silica ratio. Petrographic studies of the slag‐brick interface showed the presence of mullite in all of the fireclay, kaolin, and diaspre brick.
WATER MOVEMENT IN STIFF‐MUD WARE AND ITS RELATION TO DRYING*
Authors: Lovejoy Ellis
Published: June 2006

Stiff‐mud test bars were dried from one surface, and the rate of water loss was determined by frequent weighings. The plotted curves indicate an end point in the water movement with a loss of around 60% of the total water. This loss was checked by soluble salts in the clay and alkalinity tests at intervals.
A PECULIARITY OF SHEET‐IRON ACID RESISTING COVER COAT ENAMELS*
Authors: Ebright H. E. , Hansen J. E.
Published: June 2006

It has been demonstrated that the small bare spots evident in the first coat of acid‐resisting enamel applied directly upon the ground coat are not necessarily the result of a process fishscaling in the ground coat during the firing operation, but are more often the result of reboiling of the ground‐coat enamel and lack of film strength in the yet unfused layer of acid‐resisting enamel. Reboiling, or other mechanical movements of the ground coat, may promote defects in acid‐resisting enamels which would not be visible in those of the nonacid‐resisting type, particularly when these enamels are applied directly upon the ground coat. The electrolytes used with acid‐resisting enamels are directly connected with the popping condition noted. A choice of the proper kinds and amounts of electrolytes for “setting‐up” the enamel can, in some cases, eliminate or minimize this trouble. The use of a nonacid‐resisting enamel, properly set up as an intermediate layer between the ground coat and the finish coat of acid‐resisting enamel, will also prevent troubles of this kind. The tendency for this peculiar defect to occur depends also upon the type of enameling base metal used and its tendency to reboil.
A SUMMARY OF THE OBSERVATIONS AND FACTS CONCERNING THE PHENOMENON OF REBOILING*
Authors: Lord James Osborn
Published: June 2006

The recent observations and generally accepted facts concerning the phenomenon of reboiling of enamels on sheet metals are listed concisely. Six photomicrographs are presented to show the outstanding characteristics of the enamels obtained by some of the treatments described in the paper. With no attempt at a final explanation, a series of the most obvious deductions to be drawn from the observations of the first portion of the paper is made. In conclusion, some of the various theories that have been expressed to explain reboiling are mentioned and discussed.
EFFECT OF ORGANIC GRINDING MEDIA ON WATER‐SOLUBLE SILICA FRITS*
Authors: Barlett Helen Blair , Schwartzwalder Karl
Published: June 2006

The tendency of fine particles of a slightly water‐soluble silicate to agglomerate, thus preventing effective determination of grain‐size distribution in the dried material, may be overcome by using organic liquids as the grinding media. An explanation is offered for the action of various liquids.
MINERALOGY OF TYPICAL NORTH CAROLINA CLAYS AND SHALES*
Authors: Pabianic W. L. , Stolte N. H.
Published: June 2006

A microscopic examination was made on those clays and shales of North Carolina which gave most promise of future development in the structural day products industry. The more common minerals were determined rather than the rare ones which did not occur in sufficient quantity to affect the quality of the clay. The work showed clay substance to be the most abundant material present, followed by quartz, red and yellow iron oxides, muscovite through sericite to hydromica, and epidote, with smaller amounts of rutile, biotite, titanite, tourmaline, and zircon. Diatoms were found in two cases and kaolinite in one.
SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH ZIRCON AND ZIRCONIA REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Comstock George F.
Published: June 2006

This is a record of the results of five years' research on refractory uses for a chemically purified grade of zircon and electrically fmed zirconia of high purity. The products investigated included semi‐permanent foundry molds, refractory brick and cements, ladle nozzles, and crucibles. Electric firing and a small oil‐fired tunnel kiln are described. Sintered zircon grog was found superior to electrically fused grog. Zircon brick made with 50% grog, using 20% milled zircon for the permanent bond and fired at 1600°C for an hour, showed no firing shrinkage, very slight volume change, and high compressive strength at 1600°C. They were extremely resistant to spalling but did not resist basic slags or metallic oxides very well a t high temperature. Zircon‐bonded magnesite brick were more refractory than ordinary magnesite, more resistant to spalling, and had about the same slag resistance magnesite. Zirconia was more refractory than zircon and had better slag resistance. Lime‐bonded zirconia crucibles of good spalling resistance were made, but the cost was higher than that of zircon. The effects of various binders are discussed.
THE SHALES AND BRICK CLAYS OF GEORGIA*
Authors: Smith Richard W.
Published: June 2006

A résumé is given of the geology, general ceramic properties, and uses of the shales and alluvial clays of Georgia, based on a study by the Georgia Geological Survey. The conclusions were derived from seven months of field work and from ceramic tests on 115 samples from private properties and active plants.1
AN INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING THE WORKABILITY OF CLAYS *
Authors: Norton F. H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

An instrument is described for measuring quantitatively the workability of clays, using the principle of twisting rapidly a tubular test specimen and recording the stress‐strain diagram. Some results are given to indicate the value of this instrument.
TENSILE TESTS OF GLASSES*
Authors: Schwalbe W. L. , Badger A. E. , Silverman W. B.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A machine was designed to place tensile loads on glass fibers having diameters from 0.6 to 0.8 millimeter (0.024 to 0.032 inch). The results of tests on twelve glasses of known chemical compositions are given. The fractured surfaces exhibited characteristic smooth and rippled areas which were measured and correlated with the breaking loads. In order to compare the various glasses, it is convenient to use that value of the load per unit area which exists in a fiber whose fractured surface shows a smooth area that is 1% of the section. For the twelve glasses tested, these values ranged from 23.0 to 33.0 kg. per mm.2 (32,500 to 47,000 1b. per sq. in.) when the load on the fiber was increased at the rate of 1 pound per minute.
EFFECT OF GLASS COLOR ON SETTING RATES IN MANUFACTURE OF GLASS BOTTLES *
Authors: Burch O. G. , Babcock C. L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

It has been observed in the manufacture of bottles of the same size and shape from various colored glasses, such as emerald green and amber and the so‐called flint bottle glass, that higher machine speeds are usually obtained in the case of the colored glasses. A laboratory test has been devised to measure the cooling rates of several colored and colorless glasses throughout their respective working ranges, which gives results paralleling the speeds obtained in actual bottle manufacture.
SOME CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PRODUCTION OF FUSED MULLITE FOR REFRACTORIES *
Authors: Kraner Hobart M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The principles of the process of fusing ceramic materials for abrasives and refractories are now rather generally known. The benefits to be derived from the additions of fused materials to a refractory are likely to be (1) an increase of chemical resistance owing to the greater density and lower permeability, (2) an increase of load‐bearing value of the product, and (3) a control of the kind and number of crystalline materials present in the grain as well as the proportion of glass contained. The term “flux” is not necessarily correctly used in connection with such fused materials, because it often applies only to a constituent which changes the proportions of the crystalline phases and does not affect the refractoriness or glass content.
NATURE OF THE GLASS PHASE IN HEATED CLAY MATERIALS: II*
Authors: Shelton George R. , Meyer William W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The glass phase in the bodies studied was more sensitive to variations in heat treatment than were the physical properties. Increased rates of heating caused less glass and mullite formation, less quartz corrosion, more pores and blebs, and increased heterogeneity of the glassy matrix. Microstructure and physical properties indicated an optimum heating rate between 50° and 90° per hour. Soaking increased the amount of glass, more so after slow than after rapid heating. Soaking after rapid heating did not reduce the number of blebs. Soaking too long and at too high temperatures made blebs more numerous. A minimum soaking time of one hour seemed desirable. The optimum heating rate and minimum soaking time governed the shortest heating schedule productive of the best microstructure and physical properties.
SOME PYROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PYROPHYLLITE *
Authors: Parmelee C. W. , Barrett L. R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Two samples of pyrophyllite from North Carolina were heated at temperatures from 400° to 1400°C. Studies of weight loss, volume change, and other heat effects were made. X‐ray examinations were made of the unheated and heated samples to determine the minerals present.

Pyrophyllite lost its water of constitution between 400° and 700°C without any heat effect or breakdown of the crystal lattice. There was, however, an increased separation of the alumino‐silicate layers reflected in a permanent linear expansion. Between 1000° and 1100°C, the dehydrated pyrophyllite decomposed, one of the products being mullite.

In the presence of small quantities of vanadic and tungstic oxides, mullite and cristo‐balite were noticed at a lower temperature; boric oxide had no effect.
THE STRUCTURE OF SILICA GLASS BY X‐RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES *
Authors: Warren B. E. , Biscce J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Three definite conclusions can be drawn from the X‐ray diffraction studies of vitreous silica. (1) The tetrahedral scheme of coordination, in which each silicon is tetrahedral surrounded by four oxygens and each oxygen shared between two silicons, is given directly by the Fourier analysis. (2) The liquid‐like continuity in the structure of glassy silica with no indication of discrete particles is given by the absence of small‐angle scattering. (3) If the diffraction pattern is explained by assuming small cristo‐balite crystals in the glass, calculations are made from the peak breadth that the particles can not be greater than about 8A. The random‐network theory of the structure of glass is in agreement with these experimental facts.
A STUDY OF AN ALUMINA‐SILICA CHECKER BRICK FROM THE REGENERATOR OF A GLASS TANK *
Authors: Thompsoni C. L. , Rexford E. P.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

At the end of a campaign, alumina‐silica checker brick in glass‐tank regenerators occasionally are found to have undergone partial destruction as a result of the separation of an altered surface layer of the brick from the less affected core. In an investigation of such an occurrence, it was found that the outer layer had largely been converted to nephelite by reaction of soda vapors and dust from the glass batch with mullite and corundum in the brick. Thermal expansion determinations showed that the rate of reversible thermal expansion in the altered layer was almost twice as great as that of the unaltered brick. It is concluded that the separation or slabbing of the altered layer was due in part to this difference in thermal expansion and in part to a permanent expansion of the slabbed layer which occurred apparently when portions of the brick substance were converted to nephelite.
MODIFICATION OF THE BINGHAM PLASTOMETER *
Authors: Irwin J. T. , Bevis R. E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A brief review of the literature on methods of determining consistency of enamel slips is given, followed by a description of a simplified method, making use of two capillaries of different lengths and involving only one time measurement and two volume measurements per determination.
AN INVESTIGATION OF POWER REDUCTION AND MOISTURE CONTROL IN WASTE‐HEAT DRYING *
Authors: McKinley J. M. , Robinson R. R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The conditions existing in a firebrick drier of the usual continuous waste‐heat type were analyzed and a description of the drier equipment and the results obtained are given. Observations were made on the amount of air flowing through the drier and the pressures and power required for air flow, and the relative humidity of the air entering and leaving the drier is given Calculations to determine the amount of air at a predetermined temperature required for heating the ware are made, and methods of procedure to reduce power and to control humidity are detailed. An account of the data collected after the changes were put into effect illustrates the possibility of lowering power costs, controlling humidity, and increasing the speed of drying as well as reducing the loss in ware.
KARCITE, A NEW CERAMIC MATERIAL FOR LABORATORY EQUIPMENT*
Authors: Phelps Stuart M. , Marbaker Edward E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A program of research and development is described that has resulted in the formulation and commercial production of a ceramic body, which, when impregnated with bitumens and heat‐treated, becomes impervious because of the deposition of carbon, in the form of coke, in its pores. This material possesses properties particularly adapting it to use in the manufacture of sinks, drain pipe and fittings, and other forms of laboratory and chemical plant equipment. The properties of the new material are given, and its application in other fields is considered.
SURFACE PROPERTIES OF FUSED SALTS AND GLASSES: II, CONTACT ANGLE AND WORK OF ADHESION ON GOLD AND PLÁTINUM IN VARIOUS ATMOSPHERES
Authors: Ellefson Bennett S. , Taylor Nelson W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

At 1000°C, drops of sodium silicate (42% Na2O) resting on a gold surface showed the same contact angle in vacuo, nitrogen, or oxygen, but on a platinum surface they spread to a thin layer in the presence of oxygen. Lithium metaborate and an enamel cover‐coat frit behaved like the sodium silicate in forming drops on platinum in vacuo and thin films when oxygen was present. The absolute work of adhesion was determined in several cases. This quantity is greater for the metal surfaces than for a surface of electrode graphite. The rate of spreading was shown to depend inversely on the viscosity of the liquid. Photographs are presented to illustrate these observations. Some applications are noted.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT BODIES ON SOME WETTING AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF GLAZES *
Authors: Lampman C. Major
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Variations in the fluid properties of glazes produced by different bodies were studied, and several methods for testing the wetting ability of the glazes were compared. An angle‐of‐contact method was found best for measuring the ability of glazes to wet bodies. It was found that different bodies had varying effects on the fluid properties of a glaze. The maturing temperatures of a glaze are not fixed for a given glaze but may vary as much as four cones on different bodies, if wetting ability is considered in determining this temperature.
FOURIER ANALYSIS OF X‐RAY PATTERNS OF SODA‐SILICA GLASS *
Authors: Warren B. E. , Biscob J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

X‐ray diffraction patterns were obtained for five compositions of soda‐silica glass. The patterns were made in an evacuated camera, using MoKα radiation monochromated by reflection from rock salt. The patterns show a perfectly continuous change in appearance with increasing soda content. From a Fourier analysis of the X‐ray scattering curves, radial distribution curves for the five glasses were obtained. The distribution curves uniquely establish several important points. Each silicon atom is surrounded by 4 oxygens at a distance of about 1.62A and each sodium by about 6 oxygens at 2.35A. The existence in the glass of simple discrete molecules, such as SiO2, NaaO, Na2Si2O6, and Na2SiO3, is uniquely ruled out by the distribution curves.

The X‐ray results lead to the following picture of soda‐silica glass. Each silicon is tetrahedrally surrounded by 4 oxygens at a distance of about 1.62A. Part of the oxygens are bonded to 2 silicons and part only to 1 silicon. The sodium ions Na+ are arranged in various holes in the silicon‐oxygen network, being surrounded on the average by about 6 oxygens at a distance 2.35A. Although this is a definite scheme of structure, it does not repeat identically at regular intervals, and the material, therefore, is noncrystalline.
X‐RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY OF SODA‐BORIC OXIDE GLASS *
Authors: Biscoe J. , Warren B. E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

X‐ray diffraction patterns have been made of three samples of soda‐boric oxide glass of the following molal compositions: 0.114 Na2O, 0.225 Na2O, and 0.333 Na2O. The patterns were made in an evacuated camera, using MoK α radiation monochromatic by reflection from rock salt. Radial distribution curves for the three compositions were obtained by Fourier analysis. The first peak of the distribution curves is due to the boron‐oxygen separation. The distances are 1.37, 1.42, and 1.48A. From the peak areas, the number of oxygens about a boron is found to be 3.2, 3.7, and 3.9. The continuous change, both in interatomic distance and number of surrounding oxygens, indicates that the borons are partly in triangular and partly in tetrahedral coordination, the fraction in the latter increasing with increase of soda. Six oxygens about each sodium at 2.4A and from five to six oxygens about each oxygen at 2.4A are consistent with the distribution curves. The results can be interpreted in terms of a random network picture of vitreous soda‐boric oxide, in which the borons are bonded either to three or four oxygens and the sodium atoms are randomly distributed in holes in the boron‐oxygen network. Maxima and minima in the physical properties of glasses containing boric oxide and soda are explained in terms of the ability of the boron atom to change to tetrahedral coordination when some oxide such as Na2O is present to supply the necessary extra oxygen.
GRINDING DRY‐PROCESS ENAMEL AND ITS EFFECT ON WORKING PROPERTIES *
Authors: Manson M. E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The degree of grinding dry‐process enamels has a marked effect on the packing of powder on the balls and mill walls, on the loss due to convection currents during the dusting operation, and on the ease with which the powder goes through a vibrating screen. The use of small amounts of water in the mill during grinding is beneficial to all these powder characteristics.
IMPROVEMENT OF STIFF‐MUD CLAYS THROUGH PH CONTROL *
Authors: Barker G. J. , Truog Emil
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Clays, when given a correct alkali treatment, show a marked improvement in working qualities. They become more plastic, require less power to extrude the clay through the die, and, when dried, have greater strength and are less pervious to water. The tendency of clays to laminate is reduced. The fired ware is stronger and has a lower moisture absorption. Both acid and calcareous clays are susceptible to improvement by this process. The amount of reagents must be carefully controlled by pH measurement for best results. The method of testing for pH. and the limits within which the two type clays must be held are described.
NOTES ON THE USE OF PYROPHYLLITE AS AN ELECTRICAL INSULATOR *
Authors: Satevens F.rankj
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Results of a few tests made on pyrophyllite bodies are recorded for the benefit of others interested in the application of that material to their use. Physical and electrical data are tabulated.
EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON ACCELERATED CHEMICAL DURABILITY TESTS MADE ON COMMERCIAL GLASS BOTTLES*
Authors: Bacon Frank R. , Burch O. G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Chemical durability results obtained by tests on crushed samples and bottle surfaces on a variety of commercial glass‐bottle compositions show the difficulties encountered in attempting to correlate accelerated tests with the actual performance of the bottles toward various solutions under service conditions. The results obtained thus far indicate that the value of accelerated tests conducted with distilled water as a leaching medium is questionable as an aid in predicting resistance of various glass compositions to neutral solutions at room temperature.
DEFORMATION OF INSULATING FIREBRICK UNDER LOAD*
Authors: Norton C. L. , Duplin V. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

An electrically heated furnace and a method to apply loads to full‐size insulating firebrick heated throughout to thermal equilibrium are described. Sixteen commercial brands of insulating firebrick of various use limits were tested under several loads over a range of temperatures. No correlation was found to exist between the weight and the resistance to hot loading or between the cold crushing strength and the hot load‐bearing capacity.
EFFECT OF ENAMEL ON THE STRENGTH OF ENAMELING IRON*
Authors: Andrews A. I. , Dietterle E. W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Ground‐coat enamel was first applied on one side and then on each side of 26‐, 20‐, 18‐, 10‐, and 6‐gauge enameling stock, and the strengths of the pieces were determined in cross bending. The results show a decided increase in strength for the enameled specimens over that of the stock before enameling. An increase in the thickness of the enamel also increases the strength within limits. The effect on the lighter gauges is greater than on the heavy gauges, and the strength is greater when the enamel is under compression than under tension.
EFFECT OF EXCHANGEABLE BASES ON TORSION PROPERTIES OF CLAYS*
Authors: Sullivan John D. , Graham Robert P.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Torsion properties of a plastic fire clay, a ball clay, two flint fire clays, a bentonite, and Georgia kaolin were studied. The effect of exchangeable bases on the surface of the clay particles on stress‐strain relationships was established. The widest differences, in general, were found in the sodium and hydrogen forms of the various bodies. A rational explanation of the behavior of clays with different exchangeable bases lies in the fact that their colloidal natures govern to a large degree their workable characteristics, and colloidal properties, in turn, are dependent on the water film surrounding the particle. The nature of the water film is influenced by the kind and the nature of the charges in the ion atmosphere surrounding the particles and may be changed by replacing an exchangeable base with another cation.
EFFECT OF EXCHANGEABLE BASES ON DRYING OF CLAY BODIES*
Authors: Sullivan John D. , Graham Robert P.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Studies were made at 100°F. and 50% relative humidity, 150°F. and 50% humidity, and 175°F. and 15% humidity to determine the effect of exchangeable bases present on the surface of the clay particles on drying rates. Drying may be considered to take place in two stages which are characterized by different rates. The first is rapid and is accompanied by shrinkage of the body, whereas the second is considerably slower and the shrinkage is slight. The drying rates of the base‐saturated bodies studied were nearly the same in the first stage, but in the second pronounced differences resulted. Sodium clays dried much more slowly than the other bodies investigated. At 175°F. and 15% humidity, H clay dried the most rapidly. A rational explanation of the phenomena, based on the colloidal nature of the clay particle and on the unfired absorption of the bodies, is given.
A PINITIZED TUFF OF CERAMIC IMPORTANCE*
Authors: Kerr Paul F.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

One of the chief objects of the study of the pinitized zone at American Canyon has been the identification of the material, with particular attention to the mineral content and nomenclature. The firing behavior has also been investigated and compared with the corresponding behavior of comparable material from other localities, including pyrophyllite, sericite, and muscovite. The methods employed include a brief field inspection, microscopic observation, chemical analysis, and an X‐ray diffraction study of natural and fired samples.
DEVELOPMENT AND PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF PINITE*
Authors: Page G. A. , Raine F. F. , Sullivan V. R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A deposit of a soft talclike rock, called “pinite,” composed of hydrous aluminum silicates, has been found recently in South American Canyon on the east side of the Humboldt Range near Rochester, Nevada. Prospecting and development of the deposit have consisted of trenching, open‐cut work, and the subsequent removal of sufficient tonnage to show a large zone of uniform material.

Pinite inverts readily to mullite, and firing is accompanied by a permanent expansion. Thermal‐expansion curves show an absence of free silica. Pinite has a high specific gravity, it fires extremely hard and white, and the fired product is highly resistant to certain types of fluxes and to abrasion.

Refractories have been produced and placed in selected applications. The results obtained from tests with pinite indicate a superiority over other refractories in certain types of service.

Products have been made by the stiff‐mud and casting processes, Pinite refractories have been used in rotary enamel smelting furnaces and in the cold zone and cooler linings of rotary cement, lime, and magnesite kilns.
RELATION OF PARTICLE SIZE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT REFLECTED FROM PORCELAIN ENAMEL SURFACES*
Authors: Zwermann C. H. , Andrews A. I.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Various opacifiers were added in increasing percentages to clear, regular white, very opaque white, and acid‐resisting enamels. These were ground to various degrees of fineness from coarse down to a few microns or finer; they were applied to sample plates and their reflectances were measured. Increased opacity is obtained by extremely fine milling because of the excellent dispersion of the opacifiers.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE SCUMMING PROBLEM*
Authors: Spencer‐Strong G. H. , McMahon L. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The two general types of scumming and their causes are discussed. The sulfate type of scumming is caused by sulfates either in the enamel materials or in the atmosphere to which the ware is exposed. Nonsulfate types of scums are usually caused by a combination of factors, which include underfiring, excess water vapor in the furnace atmosphere, fineness of grinding, and mill additions, especially clays and opacifiers.