bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of an obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon) wood allergen as a class I chitinase
Authors: Kespohl S. , Sander I. , Merget R. , Petersen A. , Meyer H. E. , Sickmann A. , Bruening T. , Raulf‐Heimsoth M.
Published: May 2005

Background:  Wood dust is known to cause allergic occupational asthma and obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon) is a prominent exponent in this field. However, the knowledge about wood allergens is still limited. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize obeche wood allergens.

Methods:  Obeche extracts were prepared from freshly ground in comparison to 7 years stored wood dust and investigated by Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis, enzyme‐linked allergosorbent test and immunoglobulin (Ig)E‐immunoblot. Allergens were detected by specific IgE of seven obeche allergic patients’ sera and protein analysis was performed by mass spectrometry. Cross‐reactivity was demonstrated by ImmunoCAP‐inhibition with sera of seven obeche and four latex‐allergic patients.

Results:  Obeche extracts showed different protein pattern and IgE‐binding capacities depend on the age of the wood dust. A 38 kDa protein was identified as major obeche wood allergen, detected by six of seven (85%) obeche allergic patients’ sera and was entitled as Trip s 1. Trip s 1 is homologous to plant class I chitinases and exhibited enzyme activity demonstrated by chitinolysis. Co‐recognition or cross‐reactivity of Trip s 1 according to structural similarity was seen in sera of latex allergic patients. IgE inhibition studies with obeche as solid phase and Trip s 1 and latex hevein as inhibitor demonstrated that Trip s 1 was a more effective inhibitor in obeche as well as in latex allergic patients’ sera.

Conclusions:  Trip s 1 is a new obeche wood allergen of the plant class I chitinase family. This finding may explain the dominant role of obeche in sensitization against wood dust.
Continuing Medical Education: an international reality
Authors: Braido F. , Popov T. , Ansotegui I. J. , Gayraud J. , Nekam K. L. , Delgado J. L. , Malling H. J. , Olson S. , Larchè M. , Negri A. , Canonica G. W. ,   EAACI CME Accreditation Committee
Published: May 2005

We are all aware today of the growing interest in continuing medical education (CME) programmes in many European Countries and it is important to understand why and how CME could become an international reality. It is obvious that patients need a good doctor – the best possible – as far as medical knowledge, attention to the patient's quality of life and cost–control is concerned. All European health care systems have to take into consideration everything that causes patient dissatisfaction, risk management and unjustified expenses. An example is the increase of claims and complaints against doctors and the strong attention of patients to medical procedures. In other words, medicine worldwide is becoming a service industry and has to consider quality and quantity of performances as well as to pay attention to personal responsibility. The object of our work is to evaluate the CME systems present in Europe, to show the work done on CME by the CME Committee of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology and to highlight the Consensus Report on CME approved by an international panel of CME experts.
In search for predictive factors for atopy in human cord blood
Authors: Allam J. P. , Zivanovic O. , Berg C. , Gembruch U. , Bieber T. , Novak N.
Published: May 2005

Since early prevention is regarded as an important corner stone in the management of atopic diseases, the identification of reliable markers detecting individuals at risk are of major interest. Therefore, many efforts have been made to unravel reliable predictors for atopy which might identify children at risk and allow the initiation of preventive strategies at an early stage. In the past, much scientific energy has been forced in particular on the development of as noninvasive methods as possible to reach this goal. It is obvious that the identification of markers for atopy at the earliest time of life – namely immediately after birth – represents one of the most attractive attempts. In consequence various studies have been initiated to address this issue investigating markers for atopy in cord blood. Most of them have been geared to our current knowledge about cellular and soluble factors which are dysregulated in adolescent atopic individuals. Although the findings of these studies will improve our knowledge about the initial evolution of atopy, several parameters evaluated did not show any association or have led to almost conflicting results. In order to provide an up‐date about the current developments in this field, recent research findings on predictive factors for atopy in cord blood are summarized in the following synopsis.
Anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab) for life‐threatening hemolytic–uremic syndrome
Authors: Yassa SK , Blessios G , Marinides G , Venuto RC
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  Rituximab is a chimaeric monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen. It has been successfully used in B‐cell malignancy and its efficacy in the treatment of in autoimmune hemolytic anemia and other autoimmune diseases is being investigated. There are also few case reports of its success in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, but no reports of its use in hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS). We report a 36‐year‐old patient who had lost the function of her native kidneys secondary to HUS. After more than 1 year in clinical remission, she received a living unrelated kidney transplant. This immediately precipitated a severe relapse of HUS. The process was abrogated but not completely inactivated, despite over 40 plasma exchange treatments. Consequently, she was given Rituximab in courses of two to three doses, each dose 375 mg/m2, at weekly intervals with remarkable stabilization of her disease for approximately 6 months.
Effect of lamivudine treatment in patients with decompensated cirrhosis due to anti‐HBe positive/HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Nikolaidis Nikolaos , Vassiliadis Themistoklis , Giouleme Olga , Tziomalos Konstantinos , Grammatikos Nikolaos , Patsiaoura Kalliopi , Orfanou‐Koumerkeridou Eleni , Balaska Aikaterini , Eugenidis Nikolaos
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  Lamivudine has been shown to improve liver function and reduce the need for liver transplantation (LT) in patients with decompensated HBeAg‐positive cirrhosis. Nevertheless, there is only limited experience with lamivudine in patients with anti‐HBe‐positive/HBeAg‐negative cirrhosis. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether lamivudine treatment improves liver function and subsequently pre‐LT survival or delays or obviates the need for LT in patients with anti‐HBe‐positive/HBeAg‐negative cirrhosis. Between July 1998 and June 2003, 20 consecutive patients awaiting LT were enrolled in the study. All patients showed active viral replication and were treated with lamivudine 100 mg daily. Significant clinical improvement, defined as a decrease in the Child–Pugh–Turcotte score by ≥2 points, was observed in 11 (55%) patients. The median change in the Child–Pugh–Turcotte score was −2 (range −5 to +2). The median time required to achieve a 2‐point or greater reduction in Child–Pugh–Turcotte score was 6 months (range 3–12 months). In nine patients (45%), the Child–Pugh–Turcotte score decreased to ≤6 (Child's class A cirrhosis). At last follow‐up, 14 (70%) patients were alive and waiting for LT, with a median LT‐free survival of 36 months (range 12–63 months). One patient (5%) developed resistance to lamivudine with reappearance of HBV DNA after 48 months of treatment. In conclusion, our results provide further evidence to the notion that lamivudine is beneficial in patients with decompensated anti‐HBe‐positive/HBeAg‐negative cirrhosis caused by actively replicating chronic hepatitis B.
Safety of using hepatitis B virus core antibody or surface antigen‐positive donors in kidney or pancreas transplantation
Authors: Akalin Enver , Ames Scott , Sehgal Vinita , Murphy Barbara , Bromberg Jonathan S
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  Hepatitis B virus core antibody (HBcAb) or surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive organ donors have the potential to transmit infection to transplant recipients. We investigated the safety of using HBcAb(+) or HBsAg(+) donors in kidney or pancreas transplant recipients with 1 yr lamivudine prophylaxis. While HBsAb(−) recipients of HBcAb(+) donors received prophylaxis, HBsAb(+) recipients did not. HBsAg(+) organs were only used in patients who were both HBcAb and HBsAb(+). Forty‐six patients received HBcAb(+) and four received HBsAg(+) organs (47 kidney, two pancreas, and one kidney/pancreas). All but one recipient were HBsAg(−), 25 were HBsAb(+), and 19 HBcAb(+). During a median 36 months of follow‐up (range 6–66 months), with 43 of a total 50 patients having at least 1 yr follow‐up and were off lamivudine, and none of the patients developed hepatitis B viremia or seroconversion to HBsAg or HBsAb(+). These results suggest that HBcAb(+) or HBsAg(+) organs can be used safely in selected recipients with lamivudine prophylaxis without requiring hepatitis B immunglobulin.
Guidelines for the treatment and management of new‐onset diabetes after transplantation1
Authors: Wilkinson Alan , Davidson Jaime , Dotta Francesco , Home Philip D , Keown Paul , Kiberd Bryce , Jardine Alan , Levitt Naomi , Marchetti Piero , Markell Mariana , Naicker Sarala , O'Connell Philip , Schnitzler Mark , Standl Eberhard , Jose‐VicenteTorregosa  , Uchida Kazuharu , Valantine Hannah , Villamil Federico , Vincenti Flavio , Wissing Martin
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  Although graft and patient survival after solid organ transplantation have improved markedly in recent years, transplant recipients continue to experience an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with the general population. A number of factors are known to impact on the increased risk of CVD in this population, including hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus. Of these factors, new‐onset diabetes after transplantation has been identified as one of the most important, being associated with reduced graft function and patient survival, and increased risk of graft loss. In 2003, International Consensus Guidelines on New‐onset Diabetes after Transplantation were published, which aimed to establish a precise definition and diagnosis of the condition and recommend management strategies to reduce its occurrence and impact. These updated 2004 guidelines, developed in consultation with the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), extend the recommendations of the previous guidelines and encompass new‐onset diabetes after kidney, liver and heart transplantation. It is hoped that adoption of these management approaches pre‐ and post‐transplant will reduce individuals’ risk of developing new‐onset diabetes after transplantation as well as ameliorating the long‐term impact of this serious complication.
Treatment of Segmental Tibial Defects Using Acute Bone Shortening Followed by Gradual Lengthening with Circular External Fixator
Authors: Rahal S. C. , Volpi R. S. , Vulcano L. C.
Published: May 2005

The aim of this study was to clinically and radiographically evaluate acute bone shortening followed by gradual lengthening in the treatment of large segmental tibia defects induced in seven clinically normal dogs. A circular external fixator was assembled with one proximal 5/8‐circle ring, one middle ring and one distal ring connected with three rods. Thirty per cent of the tibia and fibula were removed in the middle and distal parts of the diaphyses, between the middle and distal rings. Acute bone shortening with compression of proximal and distal segments was performed. A subperiosteal osteotomy was performed between the half‐ring and middle ring. Bone distraction started 7 days after surgery; after lengthening, the apparatus was left in place for 14 weeks for consolidation of regenerated bone. The frame was removed at the end of this period, and the dogs observed for four more weeks. Functional results were considered excellent in two, good in three and fair in the other two dogs. Bone regeneration within the distraction gap was obtained 14 weeks after neutral fixation period. We concluded that acute bone shortening followed by gradual lengthening by Ilizarov method can be used to treat extensive tibial defects in dogs, although it presents limb temporary abnormal limb shape and unequal length as early disadvantages.
Essentials of research ethics for healthcare professionals
Authors: Aita Marilyn , Richer Marie‐Claire
Published: May 2005

AbstractWhether conducted in a university or the healthcare field, research with human subjects gives rise to a multitude of ethical questions for healthcare professionals. While engaging in ongoing professional development on how to conduct research ethically, both clinicians and scientists need to expand their knowledge to provide answers to the following questions: Which ethical theories serve as a foundation for ethical principles in research ethics? What ethical principles should a researcher respect when conducting research with human subjects? What does it mean to conduct research ethically? What ethical dilemmas are encountered by a researcher in conducting research? This paper provides a review of ethical theories, and the ethical basis of guidelines developed and used to guide human subject research. Ethical behaviors and the personal responsibility of the researcher conducting research with human subjects are discussed along with the ethical considerations in research designs and methods.
Gender differences in health habits and in motivation for a healthy lifestyle among Swedish university students
Authors: Von Bothmer Margareta I. K. , Fridlund Bengt
Published: May 2005

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate gender differences in students’ health habits and motivation for a healthy lifestyle. The sample of students comprised a probability systematic stratified sample from each department at a small university in the south‐west of Sweden (n = 479). A questionnaire created for this study was used for data collection. Self‐rated health was measured by number of health complaints, where good health was defined as having less than three health complaints during the last month. A healthy lifestyle index was computed on habits related to smoking, alcohol consumption, food habits, physical activity and stress. Female students had healthier habits related to alcohol consumption and nutrition but were more stressed. Male students showed a high level of overweight and obesity and were less interested in nutrition advice and health enhancing activities. The gender differences are discussed in relation to the impact of stress on female students’ health, and the risk for male students in having unhealthy nutritional habits in combination with being physically inactive and drinking too much alcohol.
Patients’ experiences of acquiring information related to genomics: A pilot study
Authors: Pestka Elizabeth
Published: May 2005

Health care professionals recognize that nurses will need to provide a significant proportion of patient education regarding genomics and health care. The research question investigated involved determining factors most important in facilitating patients’ understanding of the relation between genomics and their health care status and to examine the quality of the current patient education experience. Methodology involved conducting semistructured interviews with a sample of eight adults diagnosed with congenital heart defects or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy being seen as outpatients. Interviews were tape recorded and transcribed. Data analysis included studying the interviews for compelling themes related to the patient education process. By identifying desirable elements of genomics patient education, future interventions can be adapted to maximize patients’ learning experiences.
Nurses’ experiences of caring for women who end pregnancies for fetal anomalies (2nd trimester terminations through labor induction techniques)
Authors: Bishop Susan
Published: May 2005

Canadian data suggest that the increasing use of prenatal technologies has led to an increase in the selective termination of affected pregnancies. Accurate prenatal diagnosis is available in the first and early second trimester leading to operative techniques such as dilation and curettage or dilation and evacuation. However, there are many women who, due to the advanced gestational age of the fetus, require that labor induction techniques be used to terminate the pregnancy with one‐to‐one continuous nursing care being provided throughout the procedure. Nurses who care for these women face expanded responsibilities and complex challenges. A computer based search of the literature indicated that there is, as yet, no published nursing research exploring or describing these nurses’ experiences from a qualitative, phenomenological research approach.
Clinical picture of boys with XSCID and the road to gene therapy
Authors: Davis Joie , Chinen Javier , Garafalo Mary , Woltz Patricia , Malech Harry , Puck Jennifer
Published: May 2005

X‐Linked Severe Combined Immune Deficiency is a rare (about 1/50 000) disorder manifested by a lack of both cellular and humoral immune function. Without treatment the affected male infants usually die in their first year of life from persistent and chronic infections, particularly with opportunistic pathogens.

Treatment by bone marrow transplantation (BMT) rescues > 90% of the patients fortunate enough to have an HLA matched sibling donor. Survival is decreased to 60–80% if the donor is a parent whose HLA antigens match half of the child’s. However, short and long‐term complications of BMT include graft failure, graft versus host disease and lack of B‐cell reconstitution, leaving patients dependent on monthly IV gammaglobulin infusions.

We have evaluated eight males between the ages of 5–19 who were selected because of poor outcome after BMT. They all have growth failure, malabsorption, lung disease, and chronic anemia. They all have received 1–4 haploidentical BMTs but continue to be on monthly IVIG and antibiotics. Because their T cell counts are falling and are insufficient to regulate immune response, they are candidates to enrol in the NIH XSCID Gene Transfer clinical trial. This presentation will describe the clinical picture of the eight gene transfer candidates and how the treated subject progressed after receiving gene transfer.
Tough choices: A preliminary evaluation of an intervention to support decision making about prophylactic mastectomy
Authors: McCullum Mary , Bottorff Joan L. , Balneaves Lynda G. , Davison B. Joyce , Esplen Mary Jane , Kim‐Sing Charmaine , Gelmon Karen A. , Lamb Sheila , Kuusk Urve , Kieffer Stephanie
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate an intervention to support informed decision making about prophylactic mastectomy (PM) by high‐risk women. As no relevant PM decision support interventions were identified, we developed a booklet and counseling session, based on the Ottawa Decision Support Framework. In the study's first phase, five women who requested information about PM received a copy of the booklet, followed by a tape‐recorded counseling session with an oncology nurse to clarify information in the booklet and help women to identify relevant values, family issues, and other related concerns. Follow‐up telephone interviews were conducted to obtain women's feedback on the intervention. The study's second phase is assessing the feasibility of recruiting eligible women and of implementing the research protocol, with seven participants to date. The intervention shows promise in that it is acceptable to women and feasible to incorporate into specialized clinic settings. Based on these findings, a multisite evaluation of this PM decision support intervention is planned.
A comparison of a genetic screening strategy and a biochemical strategy for population screening for hemochromatosis
Authors: Patch Christine , Roderick Paul , Rosenberg William
Published: May 2005

This presentation reports findings from a randomised controlled trial, offering biochemical or genetic screening to 3000 individuals in a primary care population. Assessments of anxiety, general health and depression were made at baseline, testing, result and 6 month followup.

The most common reason given for not accepting screening was ‘not interested’ or ‘too busy.’ Screening did not lead to significant changes in the assessments and there were no significant differences between the two strategies.

The two screening strategies appeared to cause little adverse psychological disturbance, adding support to previous work suggesting that genetic testing, when used for screening in this way, has few adverse effects.
Genetic testing for Alzheimer's disease: Impact on health behaviors
Authors: Read Catherine Y
Published: May 2005

The REVEAL (Risk Evaluation and Education for Alzheimer's Disease) study provides APOE genotype disclosure to first degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individuals who test positive for the E4 allele of APOE are at increased risk of developing AD, but little is known about whether people would alter their health behaviors based on this information. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that participants who are E4 positive will be more likely than those who are E4 negative to make medication, diet, and mental and physical exercise changes that they believe relevant to the prevention of AD. This information will guide the development of support and counseling interventions for persons with genetic risk for AD.
Glutathione as a depigmenting agent: an overview
Authors: Villarama C. D. , Maibach H. I.
Published: May 2005

Synopsis

Glutathione is an ubiquitous compound found in our bodies. Aside from its many ascribed biologic functions, it has also been implicated in skin lightening. We review in vitro and in vivo studies that show evidence of its involvement in the melanogenic pathway and shed light on the its anti‐melanogenic effect. Proposed mechanisms of action include: (a) direct inactivation of the enzyme tyrosinase by binding with the copper‐containing active site of the enzyme; (b) mediating the switch mechanism from eumelanin to phaeomelanin production; (c) quenching of free radicals and peroxides that contribute to tyrosinase activation and melanin formation; and d) modulation of depigmenting abilities of melanocytotoxic agents. These concepts supported by the various experimental evidence presented form basis for future research in the use of glutathione in the treatment of pigmentary disorders.
Topical palmitoyl pentapeptide provides improvement in photoaged human facial skin1
Authors: Robinson L. R. , Fitzgerald N. C. , Doughty D. G. , Dawes N. C. , Berge C. A. , Bissett D. L.
Published: May 2005

Synopsis

The palmitoyl pentapeptide palmitoyl‐lysine‐threonine‐threonine‐lysine‐serine (pal‐KTTKS) is a synthetic material that was designed as a topical agent to stimulate collagen production and thus provide a skin anti‐wrinkle benefit. To determine if pal‐KTTKS is effective, the clinical study reported here was conducted. Caucasian female subjects (n = 93, aged 35–55) participated in a 12‐week, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, split‐face, left–right randomized clinical study assessing two topical products: moisturizer control product vs. the same moisturizer product containing 3 ppm pal‐KTTKS. Pal‐KTTKS was well tolerated by the skin and provided significant improvement vs. placebo control for reduction in wrinkles/fine lines by both quantitative technical and expert grader image analysis. In self‐assessments, subjects also reported significant fine line/wrinkle improvements and noted directional effects for other facial improvement parameters.
Synthesis of mono‐dispersed spherical silica particles containing covalently bonded chromophores
Authors: Walenzyk T. , Carola C. , Buchholz H. , König B.
Published: May 2005

Synopsis

Organic–inorganic ultraviolet (UV) active hybrid materials have been prepared by a sol‐gel process from benzophenone derivatives and tetraethylorthosilicate. The silica particles are spherical in shape and have a narrow size distribution which remains unchanged up to organic chromophore concentrations of 0.2 mmol g−1. At higher concentrations the spheres become less regular and fuse. A dependence of the material absorption properties on the particle size (at the same organic chromophore concentration) and on the concentration of surface grafted chromophores was noted. The most effective UV filter materials were found in a combination of silica incorporated chromophores and surface grafted chromophores at an overall low chromophore concentration. A comparison of the photostability of chromophores at standardized UV irradiation revealed an increase in stability for silica incorporated and surface immobilized benzophenone compared to benzophenone in a homogeneous solution.
Local power functions of tests for double unit roots
Authors: Haldrup Niels , Lildholdt Peter
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this paper is to characterize three commonly used double unit root tests in terms of their asymptotic local power. To this end we study a class of nearly doubly integrated processes which in the limit will behave as a weighted integral of a double indexed Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck process. Based on a numerical examination of the analytical distributions, a comparison of the tests is made via their asymptotic local power functions.
Optimization in telecommunication networks
Authors: Van Hoesel Stan
Published: May 2005

Network design and network synthesis have been the classical optimization problems in telecommunication for a long time. In the recent past, there have been many technological developments such as digitization of information, optical networks, Internet, and wireless networks. These developments have led to a series of new optimization problems. This manuscript gives an overview of the developments in solving both classical and modern telecom optimization problems. The classical (still actual) network design and synthesis problems are described with an emphasis on the latest developments on modelling and solving them. Mathematical theorems will be related to the models described. This includes Menger's disjoint paths theorem, the Ford–Fulkerson max‐flow‐min‐cut theorem, and also Gomory–Hu trees and the Okamura‐Seymour cut‐condition Finally, we describe recent optimization problems such as routing, wavelength assignment, and grooming in optical networks.
Individual differences in RAN and reading: a response timing analysis
Authors: Clarke Paula , Hulme Charles , Snowling Margaret
Published: May 2005

Thirty 8–11‐year‐old children were administered tests of rapid naming (RAN letters and digits) and reading‐related skills. Consistent with the hypothesis that RAN predicts reading because it assesses the ability to establish arbitrary mappings between visual symbols and verbal labels, RAN accounted for independent variance in exception word reading when phonological skills were controlled. Response timing analysis of different components of RAN digits and letters revealed that neither average item duration nor average pause duration were unique predictors of reading skill. However, the number of pauses on digit naming predicted unique variance in exception word reading. Moreover, better readers paused more strategically than poorer readers (e.g. more often at the ends of lines). We suggest that rapid automatised naming may in part reflect differences in strategic control that are a result of differences in reading practice and experience.
Effectiveness of computerised spelling training in children with language impairments: a comparison of modified and unmodified speech input
Authors: Bishop Dorothy , Adams Caroline , Lehtonen Annukka , Rosen Stuart
Published: May 2005

This study evaluated a computerised program for training spelling in 8‐ to 13‐year‐olds with receptive language impairments. The training program involved children typing words corresponding to pictured items whose names were spoken. If the child made an error or requested help, the program gave phonological and orthographic cues to build up the word's spelling. Eleven children received this training with ordinary speech, and eleven had the same program but with speech modified to lengthen and amplify dynamic portions of the signal. Nine children were in an untrained control group. Trained children completed between 6 and 29 training sessions each of 15 minutes, at a rate of 3 to 5 sessions per week, with an average of over 1000 trials. Children were assessed before and after training. Trained children learned an average of 1.4 novel spellings per session. The trend was for children presented with modified speech to do less well than those trained with ordinary speech, regardless of whether they had auditory temporal processing impairments. Trained groups did not differ from the untrained control group in terms of gains made on standardised tests of spelling or word and nonword reading. This study confirms the difficulty of training literacy skills in children with severe language impairments. Individual words may be learned, but more general knowledge of rule‐based phonological skills is harder to acquire.
Spillovers and Local Growth Controls: An Alternative Perspective on Suburbanization
Authors: BYUN PILLSUNG , WALDORF BRIGITTE S. , ESPARZA ADRIAN X.
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT  Since the 1970s, many local jurisdictions in politically fragmented metropolitan regions have enacted growth control and management measures to tackle the challenges arising from rapid suburban growth. These locally implemented growth controls have produced spillovers—the spatial shifts of homebuilding and households to nearby localities. Using data for California, this paper investigates the link between growth controls and homebuilding. The results suggest that some of the excess homebuilding can be linked to the presence or absence of growth control measures and thus be attributed to spillover effects. Moreover, generators of spillovers are nearly exclusively located in urban areas along the coast whereas the receptors of spillovers are primarily found at the metropolitan fringes and in peripherally located jurisdictions of the interior.
Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7‐year‐olds
Authors: Viding Essi , Blair R. James R. , Moffitt Terrie E. , Plomin Robert
Published: May 2005

Background:  Individuals with early warning signs of life‐long psychopathy, callous‐unemotional traits (CU) and high levels of antisocial behaviour (AB) can be identified in childhood. We report here the first twin study of high levels of psychopathic tendencies in young children.

Methods:  At the end of the first school year, teachers provided ratings of CU and AB for 3687 twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). For the analyses of extreme CU, we selected same‐sex twin pairs where at least one twin scored 1.3 or more standard deviations above the mean on the CU scale (612 probands, 459 twin pairs). For the analysis of extreme AB, we selected same‐sex twin pairs where at least one twin scored 1.3 or more standard deviations above the mean on AB scale (444 probands, 364 twin pairs). Furthermore, the extreme AB sample was divided into those who were also extreme on CU (children with psychopathic tendencies; 234 probands, 187 twin pairs) and those who did not score in the extreme for CU (children without psychopathic tendencies; 210 probands, 177 twin pairs).

Results:  DeFries–Fulker extremes analysis indicated that exhibiting high levels of CU is under strong genetic influence. Furthermore, separating children with AB into those with high and low levels of CU showed striking results: AB in children with high levels of CU is under extremely strong genetic influence and no influence of shared environment, whereas AB in children with low levels of CU shows moderate genetic and shared environmental influence.

Conclusions:  The remarkably high heritability for CU, and for AB children with CU, suggests that molecular genetic research on antisocial behaviour should focus on the CU core of psychopathy. Our findings also raise questions for public policy on interventions for antisocial behaviour.
The effect of three different calcium phosphate implant coatings on bone deposition and coating resorption: a long‐term histological study in sheep
Authors: Schopper Christian , Moser Doris , Goriwoda Walter , Ziya‐Ghazvini Farzad , Spassova Else , Lagogiannis Georgios , Auterith Alexandra , Ewers Rolf
Published: May 2005

Abstract: The present study investigated the hypothesis that hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and a HA‐gel coated on endosseous titanium (Ti) implants by spark discharging (SD) and dip coating would achieve predictable osseointegration without evident bioresorption of the coatings on the long term. A costal sheep model was used for the implantation of the HA/SD, HA/TCP/SD, and HA‐gel/SD specimens, which were retrieved 6 and 12 months following implantation. HA and Ti coatings on implants obtained by conventional plasma spraying (HA/PS, Ti/PS) were used as controls. Microscopy showed that osseointegration was achieved from all types of implants. No evidence for bioresorption of the HA/SD, HA/TCP/SD, and HA‐gel/SD coatings was present but cohesive failure with disruption of the coating/implant interface was seen. A statistical analysis of the histomorphometrical data showed no time‐dependent effect, however. HA/PS coatings achieved significantly higher bone–implant contact (BIC) percentages of the total implant surface (toBIC) than the other types of coatings (P=0.01). If the BIC percentages were traced separately for implant portions placed into cortical and cancellous bone (coBIC and caBIC, respectively), detailed analysis showed that the caBIC values of HA‐gel/SD and HA/PS coatings were significantly higher than that of the other types of coatings (P=0.01). CaBIC values were highly correlated with toBIC values (P<0.001). The present study showed that the preparation techniques used produced thin, dense, and unresorbable coatings that achieved osseointegration. Compared with the control coatings, however, only HA‐gel/SD coating can be recommended from the investigated preparation techniques for a future clinical use if a better coating cohesion is achieved.
Zygoma implant‐supported midfacial prosthetic rehabilitation: a 4‐year follow‐up study including assessment of quality of life
Authors: Landes Constantin Alexander
Published: May 2005

Objective: Successful prosthetic rehabilitation is crucial for quality of life in cases of large maxillary defects when surgical reconstruction is not advisable because of general health or patient refusal. For this purpose, the extended indications for Zygomaticus® fixtures in different defect types were evaluated.

Patients and methods: Twelve patients received 28 zygoma implants and 23 dental implants (if a segment of alveolar process was available) and were followed‐up 14–53 months. Zygoma implants were positioned classically in the maxillary molar region and to reduce leverage, a premolar and a canine position was developed. The quality of life was assessed by a validated questionnaire after complete rehabilitation.

Results: Cumulative zygoma implant survival was 82%. Three losses occurred because of persistent infection and gradual loosening. Lost implants were immediately replaced in adjacent bone. Insufficient implant length within soft tissue reconstructions was prone to chronic infection by pocketing and recurrent overgrowth of granulating tissue. Longer implants were free of soft tissue inhibition, yet prone to overloading and high leverage in cases when no anterior alveolar process and dental implants were present. Zygoma implant success was therefore 71%, including the new premolar and canine Zygomatikusfixture‐position. Periotest® values increased from 0 to +7 to the fourth year, peri‐implant bleeding and plaque index were decreasing from 56% to 0% and 33% to 0%, respectively, and good general quality of life with the priorities on chewing and activity was noted.

Conclusion: Zygoma implants can reliably anchor the midfacial maxillary prostheses and enable a quality of life comparable with autologous maxillary reconstruction. They can be replaced immediately if local infection or loosening should occur. A premolar and canine position reduce leverage when no anterior alveolar process is present. The patient can alternatively be provided with dental implants.
The evaluation of processed cancellous bovine bone as a bone graft substitute
Authors: Worth Andrew , Mucalo Michael , Horne Geoffrey , Bruce Warrick , Burbidge Hilary
Published: May 2005

Objective: To determine the ability of a novel bovine cancellous bone xenoimplant to act as an osteoconductive graft in an ovine femoral defect model. An autograft harvested from the xenoimplant site was placed in a contralateral limb defect for comparison.

Material and methods: The xenoimplant used had been rendered immunologically inert by a novel defatting and deproteinating process. Following surgical implantation of cores into condylar cancellous bone defects, fluorochrome labels were administered to 12 sheep at 2 1/2, 4 1/2 and 8 weeks. Incorporation of the xenoimplants and autografts into the host bone was compared radiographically and histomorphometrically at 10 weeks.

Results: Radiographically, the degree of osteointegration was comparable. Histomorphometric data, consisting of labelled surface (LS) estimates, confirmed osteoconductive properties of both the xenoimplants and autografts. Remodelling activity was greatest in the xenoimplants at 2 1/2, weeks. At 4 1/2 weeks, there was more activity in the autograft, but by 8 weeks they were performing similarly. Xenoimplant‐LS estimates were comparable or greater than those of the autograft at all times.

Conclusions: Processed bovine cancellous bone xenoimplants were osteoconductive in this model and show promise for development as a biomaterial in human and veterinary orthopaedic surgery.
Study of calcium hydroxide apexification in 26 young permanent incisors
Authors: Dominguez Reyes A. , Muñoz Muñoz L. , Aznar Martín T.
Published: May 2005

Abstract –  This study was carried out in order to observe the effectiveness of apexification in young permanent incisors. The sample comprised 26 young permanent incisors with necrotic pulp and open apices. The time taken to obtain apical closure, its form and size were analysed in order to find out if closure was influenced by existing pathology or size of apex. The treated teeth were compared with their corresponding contralateral teeth. The test of McNemar and anova was used and a result of P = 0.05 was considered significant. Teeth with pretreatment apical shapes that were convergent or parallel all resulted in physiological apical shapes after treatment. Eight teeth had divergent apical shapes before treatment. Of these, one had a physiological shape, five ended with rounded apices and two teeth had straight apices post‐treatment. Apical closure was obtained in 100% of the cases studied, of these 88.4% needed three to four sessions of calcium hydroxide treatment (an average of 3.23 sessions) in order to obtain apical closure, the average time employed was 12.19 months. Clinical symptoms resolved in all teeth that presented with symptoms. Preoperative symptoms did not affect outcome. Pathology of the tooth before treatment does not influence the time needed to obtain apical closure.
The fate of a mid‐root fracture: a case report
Authors: Davidovich Esti , Heling Ilana , Fuks Anna B
Published: May 2005

Abstract –  The present report describes a case of a mid‐root fracture in a maxillary central incisor of a 19‐year‐old patient. The fractured tooth was splinted with composite that was removed only 3 years later, as the patient did not appear for follow‐up examinations. At this time, the radiographs revealed a normal periodontal ligament, rounding of the borders of the fragments and pulp obliteration of both fragments. Eight years later, the tooth was clinically normal and blurred calcification of the root canal was disclosed radiographically. After 13.5 years the patient complained of tooth mobility and radiographic examination revealed an advanced cervical root resorption. As no conservative approach was possible at this stage, the patient was referred to a prosthodontist for esthetic rehabilitation.
Experimentally Verified Numerical Optimization of a Three-Dimensional
Parametrized Turbine Vane With Nonaxisymmetric End Walls
Authors: Nagel Marc G. , Baier Ralf-D.
Published: May 2005

A three-dimensional optimization procedure on the basis of a transitional Navier-Stokes code has been developed and tested. It allows complete three-dimensional parameterization of the flow channel for improved engine component design. Both the aerofoils and the end walls are three-dimensionally parameterized to permit full design control over the wetted surface. The end wall curvature is in fact controlled by the superposition of an axisymmetric and a nonaxisymmetric parameterization. The target comprises profile and secondary losses. The optimization procedure was applied to a low-loss turbine vane and resulted in an aerodynamic design with considerably reduced losses. Vanes and end walls were then manufactured according to this optimization. The high-speed cascade wind tunnel measurements performed on these parts confirm the computational results.
An Implicit Fluctuation Splitting Scheme for Turbomachinery Flows
Authors: Bonfiglioli A. , De Palma P. , Pascazio G. , Napolitano M.
Published: May 2005

This paper describes an accurate, robust and efficient methodology for solving two-dimensional steady transonic turbomachinery flows. The Euler fluxes are discretized in space using a hybrid multidimensional upwind method, which, according to the local flow conditions, uses the most suitable fluctuation splitting (FS) scheme at each cell of the computational domain. The viscous terms are discretized using a standard Galerkin finite element scheme. The eddy viscosity is evaluated by means of the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence transport equation, which is discretized in space by means of a mixed FS-Galerkin approach. The equations are discretized in time using an implicit Euler scheme, the Jacobian being evaluated by two-point backward differences. The resulting large sparse linear systems are solved sequentially using a preconditioned GMRES strategy. The proposed methodology is employed to compute subsonic and transonic turbulent flows inside a high-turning turbine-rotor cascade.
Thermoacoustic Modeling of a Gas Turbine Combustor Equipped With
Acoustic Dampers
Authors: Bellucci Valter , Schuermans Bruno , Nowak Dariusz , Flohr Peter , Paschereit Christian Oliver
Published: May 2005

In this work, the TA3 thermoacoustic network is presented and used to simulate acoustic pulsations occurring in a heavy-duty ALSTOM gas turbine. In our approach, the combustion system is represented as a network of acoustic elements corresponding to hood, burners, flames and combustor. The multi-burner arrangement is modeled by describing the hood and combustor as Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) acoustic elements. The MIMO transfer function (linking acoustic pressures and acoustic velocities at burner locations) is obtained by a three-dimensional modal analysis performed with a Finite Element Method. Burner and flame analytical models are fitted to transfer function measurements. In particular, the flame transfer function model is based on the time-lag concept, where the phase shift between heat release and acoustic pressure depends on the time necessary for the mixture fraction (formed at the injector location) to be convected to the flame. By using a state-space approach, the time domain solution of the acoustic field is obtained. The nonlinearity limiting the pulsation amplitude growth is provided by a fuel saturation term. Furthermore, Helmholtz dampers applied to the gas turbine combustor are acoustically modeled and included in the TA3 model. Finally, the predicted noise reduction is compared to that achieved in the engine.
Three-Dimensional Separations in Axial Compressors
Authors: Gbadebo Semiu A. , Cumpsty Nicholas A. , Hynes Tom P.
Published: May 2005

Flow separations in the corner regions of blade passages are common. The separations are three dimensional and have quite different properties from the two-dimensional separations that are considered in elementary courses of fluid mechanics. In particular, the consequences for the flow may be less severe than the two-dimensional separation. This paper describes the nature of three-dimensional (3D) separation and addresses the way in which topological rules, based on a linear treatment of the Navier-Stokes equations, can predict properties of the limiting streamlines, including the singularities which form. The paper shows measurements of the flow field in a linear cascade of compressor blades and compares these to the results of 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD). For corners without tip clearance, the presence of three-dimensional separation appears to be universal, and the challenge for the designer is to limit the loss and blockage produced. The CFD appears capable of predicting this.
Large Eddy Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer in a Channel Roughened by Square or Semicircle Ribs
Authors: Ahn Joon , Choi Haecheon , Lee Joon Sik
Published: May 2005

The internal cooling passage of a gas turbine blade has been modeled as a ribbed channel. In the present study, we consider two different rib geometries, i.e., square and semicircle ribs, in order to investigate their thermal and aerodynamic performance. Large eddy simulations (LESs) of turbulent flow in a ribbed channel with a dynamic subgrid-scale model are performed. In our simulation, the no-slip and no-jump conditions on the rib surface are satisfied in the Cartesian coordinates using an immersed boundary method. In order to validate the simulation results, an experimental study is also conducted, where the velocity and temperature fields are measured using a hot wire and a thermocouple, respectively, and the surface heat transfer is measured using the thermochromic liquid crystal. LES predicts the detailed flow and thermal features, such as the turbulence intensity around the ribs and the local heat transfer distribution between the ribs, which have not been captured by simulations using turbulence models. By investigating the instantaneous flow and thermal fields, we propose the mechanisms responsible for the local heat transfer distribution between the ribs, i.e., the entrainment of the cold fluid by vortical motions and the impingement of the entrained cold fluid on the ribs. We also discuss the local variation of the heat transfer with respect to the rib geometry in connection with flow separation and turbulent kinetic energy. The total drag and heat transfer are calculated and compared between the square and semicircle ribs, showing that two ribs produce nearly the same heat transfer, but the semicircle one yields lower drag than the square one.
Modeling Transition in Separated and Attached Boundary
Layers
Authors: Roberts Stephen K. , Yaras Metin I.
Published: May 2005

This paper presents a mathematical model for predicting the rate of turbulent spot production. In this model, attached- and separated-flow transition are treated in a unified manner, and the boundary layer shape factor is identified as the parameter with which the spot production rate correlates. The model is supplemented by several correlations to allow for its practical use in the prediction of the length of the transition zone. Second, the paper presents a model for the prediction of the location of transition inception in separation bubbles. The model improves on the accuracy of existing alternatives, and is the first to account for the effects of surface roughness.