bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contextual Influences on Work and Family Roles: Gender, Culture, and Socioeconomic Factors
Authors: Perrone‐McGovern Kristin M. , Wright Stephen L. , Howell Desiree S. , Barnum Emily L.
Published: March 2014

Multiple factors influence the ways in which men and women combine work and family roles. Career counselors and other career development professionals must be cognizant of the cultural shifts in gender roles and the unique perspectives of younger generations regarding work–family interface. Workplace characteristics, economic trends, and personal values converge to influence decisions related to career, family, and other life roles. Much of the existing literature addressing work–family interface has been conducted in the United States and may not generalize to international populations. In this conceptual article, the authors examine current empirical knowledge and culturally sensitive frameworks for understanding work–family interface across countries and cultures. The authors discuss implications and recommendations for practice based on an integrated conceptualization of the literature.
Academic Underachievement and Recovery: Student Perspectives on Effective Career Interventions
Authors: Hwang Mae Hyang , Lee Donghyuck , Lim Hyo Jin , Seon Hye Yon , Hutchison Brian , Pope Mark
Published: March 2014

Academic achievement has a significant influence on various career development and decision‐making factors. Therefore, it is important for career counselors to understand how past academic underachievement affects students’ current lives and to develop interventions that might ameliorate negative effects. This study examined the experiences of 9 ethnically diverse college students who had experienced and overcome academic failure. Data were collected by individual interviews and analyzed based on the consensual qualitative research method. Four themes emerged in relation to participants’ academic underachievement and recovery: attitude, study strategies, external support, and coping difficulties. The results suggest that underachieving students are better able to cope with and overcome academic difficulties when they set clear career goals, use effective learning strategies, consciously put forth more effort, and receive external support.
Career Decision‐Making Intervention With Unemployed Adults: When Good Intentions Are Not Effective
Authors: Bullock‐Yowell Emily , Leavell Kari A. , McConnell Amy E. , Rushing Amanda D. , Andrews Lindsay M. , Campbell Michael , Osborne Lauren K.
Published: March 2014

This study adapted existing empirically supported interventions to explore options for serving large numbers of unemployed adults. Participants included 150 unemployed adults (72 experimental group, 78 control group) seeking employment office services to maintain U.S. federal unemployment compensation. A 1‐hour workshop was offered to the 72 experimental group participants. The same career development variables were assessed during data collection for both groups. Results revealed the workshop had no impact on negative career thinking and potentially increased career decision‐making difficulties in the experimental group. Intervention effectiveness issues, implications for future research, and intervention options with unemployed adults are discussed.
Synthesis of 13C and 15N labeled 2,4‐dinitroanisole
Authors: Jagadish Bhumasamudram , Field Jim A. , Chorover Jon , Sierra‐Alvarez Reyes , Abrell Leif , Mash Eugene A.
Published: March 2014

Syntheses of [13C6]‐2,4‐dinitroanisole (ring‐13C6) from [13C6]‐anisole (ring‐13C6) and [15N2]‐2,4‐dinitroanisole from anisole using in situ generated acetyl nitrate and [15N]‐acetyl nitrate, respectively, are described. Treatment of [13C6]‐anisole (ring‐13C6) with acetyl nitrate generated in 100% HNO3 gave [13C6]‐2,4‐dinitroanisole (ring‐13C6) in 83% yield. Treatment of anisole with [15N]‐acetyl nitrate generated in 10 N [15N]‐HNO3 gave [15N2]‐2,4‐dinitroanisole in 44% yield after two cycles of nitration. Byproducts in the latter reaction included [15N]‐2‐nitroanisole and [15N]‐4‐nitroanisole.
Seasonal Surface Drainage of Sloping Farmland: A Review of Its Hydrogeomorphic Impacts
Authors: Monsieurs Elise , Dessie Mekete , Adgo Enyew , Poesen Jean , Deckers Jozef , Verhoest Niko , Nyssen Jan
Published: March 2014

The combination of runoff‐generating areas (saturated soils) and overland flow concentration in features such as drainage ditches makes sloping farmland vulnerable to soil erosion. The establishment of drainage ditches aims at draining the excess of water from the farmland, particularly in areas where soils are saturated in the rainy season. The hydrogeomorphic impacts on the farmland itself and on downstream areas need however also to be studied. Off site, downstream problems comprise higher peak discharges, leading to gully initiation, an increase in sediment load, and flooding problems. On‐site problems such as the development of the drainage ditches into (ephemeral) gullies are less documented, although they may be important, as illustrated in the Lake Tana Basin (Ethiopia). The similarities and interactions between ephemeral gully channels and drainage ditches have to be considered to better understand all effects of drainage. Drainage ditches are a potential source of conflict between farmers with different interests and power, as well as between upstream and downstream users. A case study on drainage ditches on sloping farmlands in the Lake Tana Basin showed that nine out of ten catchments had drainage densities by ditches ranging from 53 to 510 m ha−1. Drainage ditches were constructed with an average top width of 27 (±9) cm. A significant correlation was found between stone bund density (physical conservation structures) and ditch drainage density (R = −0·72), in line with the Ethiopian government's ban on drainage ditches in farmlands where stone bunds have been constructed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Study of Diphenylfumaronitrile and Furan‐Substituted Diketopyrrolopyrrole Alternating Copolymer and Its Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Sonar Prashant , Ha Tae‐Jun , Seong Yuri , Yeh Shih‐Chieh , Chen Chin‐Ti , Manzhos Sergei , Dodabalapur Ananth
Published: March 2014

A fused aromatic furan‐substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole and novel diphenylfumaronitrile conjugated building blocks are used for the synthesis of an alternating copolymer (DPFN‐DPPF) via Suzuki polycondensation. In this paper, the first attempt to use the diphenylfumaro­nitrile building block for the synthesis of conjugated polymer is described. The number‐average and weight‐average ­molecular weights calculated for DPFN‐DPPF are 20 661 and 66 346 g mol−1, respectively. The optical bandgap calculated for DPFN‐DPPF is 1.53 eV whereas the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) value calculated by photoelectron spectroscopy in air (PESA) is 5.50 eV. The calculated HOMO value is lower, which is suitable for stable organic electronic devices. DPFN‐DPPF polymer is used as an active layer in bottom‐contact bottom‐gate organic thin‐film transistor devices and the thin film exhibits a hole mobility of 0.20 cm2 V−1 s−1 in air.

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Stereospecific Styrene Polymerization by Methylalumoxane‐Activated Ti (IV) N‐Trimethylsilylamido Complexes Bearing the N‐Biphenyl or N‐(6‐(2‐(Diethylboryl)phenyl)‐Pyrid‐2‐yl) Motif
Authors: Narayana Gurram Venkata , Xu Guangjuan , Wang Dongren , Speiser Maria , Frey Wolfgang , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: March 2014

Cp'TiCl2(N‐(6‐(2‐(diethylboryl)phenyl)pyrid‐2‐yl)SiMe3), [Cp' = C5H5 (3), C5(CH3)5 (4)], and the aminoborane‐free half‐titanocene analogs with the general formula: Cp'TiCl2(N‐(biphenyl‐3‐yl)SiMe3); [Cp' = C5H5 (7), C5(CH3)5 (8)] are synthesized and used in the polymerization of styrene. All the pre‐catalysts are active in styrene polymerization, >90% syndiotactic poly(styrene) (st‐PS) is produced, exceeding that of their ansa‐homologues (C5(CH3)5)TiCl2(6‐(2‐(diethylboryl)phenyl)pyrid‐2‐ylamido)(dimethylsilyl) (9) and (C5(CH3)5)TiCl2(3‐biphen‐3‐ylamido)(dimethylsilyl) (10) both in activity and molecular weight. Pre‐catalyst 8 allows for the synthesis of high‐molecular‐weight st‐PS with activities up to 5000 kgst‐PS molcat−1 h−1. Implications of the 2‐(diethylboryl)phenyl)pyrid‐2‐yl group on polymerization activity and molecular weight are discussed.

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An optimized preparation of bismaleimide–diamine co‐polymer matrices
Authors: Sipaut Coswald S. , Padavettan Vejayakumaran , Rahman Ismail Ab. , Mansa Rachel F. , Dayou Jedol , Jafarzadeh Mohammad
Published: March 2014

The main aim of this study was to develop an improved method for the preparation of a bismaleimide–diamine (BMI/DDM) polymer matrix, achieving shorter curing time, longer processing time (pot life), and good thermal mechanical properties. A matrix of BMI/DDM thermoset was prepared at optimal conditions and formulation, containing BMI and DDM in a 2:1 mol ratio with 0.1 wt% of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as the curing accelerator. An optimal temperature of 150°C was selected for both melt‐mixing and curing processes. The mechanism of matrix preparation was also investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and quantitative Fourier transformed infrared analysis. DCP at the optimal concentration was found to accelerate cross‐linking reactions between BMI and DDM without inhibiting the chain‐extension reaction of BMI. The specified formulation exhibited longer gel time (208 s/g) and shorter post‐curing time (2 h) compared to other formulations. In addition, thermomechanical behavior and thermal stability were analyzed by dynamic mechanical analysis and thermomechanical analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The storage modulus (E′), glass transition temperature (Tg), and decomposition temperature (Td) of the BMI/DDM thermosets increased with the BMI content of the formulations, while the coefficient of thermal expansion and damping behavior (tan δ) decreased in a similar manner, primarily because of an increase in the degree of cross‐linking. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid Identification of Polymethoxylated Flavonoids in Traditional Chinese Medicines with a Practical Strategy of Stepwise Mass Defect Filtering Coupled to Diagnostic Product Ions Analysis based on a Hybrid LTQ‐Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer
Authors: Zhang Jia‐Yu , Wang Fang , Zhang Hong , Lu Jian‐Qiu , Qiao Yan‐Jiang
Published: March 2014

Introduction

The methodology of stepwise mass defect filtering (MDF) approach coupled to diagnostic product ions (DPIs) analysis on a hybrid linear trap quadrupole (LTQ)/orbitrap mass spectrometer was the first to be established to screen and identify structural analogues from complex herbal extracts.

Objective

To develop an analytical methodology that could be adopted to screen and identify structural analogues in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) rapidly and accurately.

Methods

Taking polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs) in the leaves of Citrus reticulata Blanco as an example, high‐resolution mass data were acquired by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a LTQ/orbitrap mass spectrometer. The stepwise MDF with multiple mass defect windows or mass windows enabled the original data to be analysed much faster and more accurately by reducing the potential interferences of matrix ions. Additionally, analysis of DPIs could provide a criterion to classify the target constituents detected into certain chemical families.

Results

In total, 81 PMFs, including 50 polymethoxyflavones and 31 polymethoxyflavanones or polymethoxychalcones, were screened and identified from the original data and preliminarily identified.

Conclusion

The analytical methodology developed could be used as a rapid, effective technique to screen and identify compounds from TCM extracts and other organic matter mixtures with compounds that can also be classified into families based on the common carbon skeletons. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linearity aspects of the ensemble of data assimilations technique
Authors: Megner L. , Tan D. G. H. , Körnich H. , Isaksen L. , Horányi A. , Stoffelen A. , Marseille G.‐J.
Published: March 2014

We examine the linearity of the Ensemble of Data Assimilations (EDA) technique with respect to the amplitude of the applied observation perturbations. We provide explicit examples to assess the linear relationship between such modifications of the observing system and the resulting changes in the EDA ensemble spread. The results demonstrate that, for a state‐of‐the‐art numerical weather prediction (NWP) system, such linearity between the applied observation perturbations and the EDA ensemble spread holds well for temporal and spatial regimes relevant to global medium‐range weather prediction: specifically, for forecast lead‐times of up to approximately 5 days, in the vertical throughout the troposphere up to the lower and middle stratosphere and for broad horizontal scales.
Improved detection of host cell proteins (HCPs) in a mammalian cell‐derived antibody drug using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in conjunction with an HCP‐enrichment strategy
Authors: Thompson Jenny Heidbrink , Chung Wai Keen , Zhu Min , Tie Liu , Lu Yali , Aboulaich Nabila , Strouse Robert , Mo Wenjun (David)
Published: March 2014

RATIONALE

Host cell proteins (HCPs), which are process‐related impurities typically present at low levels in recombinant biopharmaceutical products, are often measured using an immunological technique, such as an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In contrast to ELISA which only provides the total amount of HCP, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) can provide both qualitative and quantitative information about the major HCP species. In this study, an HCP‐enrichment step was optimized and combined with LC/MS to identify and determine the relative abundance of HCPs present in a monoclonal antibody (mAb) drug product.

METHODS

An NS0 (mouse myeloma) cell‐derived mAb drug product, whose total HCP level was less than 100 ng/mg of protein, was subjected to analysis by LC/MS. One‐dimensional and two‐dimensional chromatography options, together with the off‐line HCP enrichment strategy based on Protein A chromatography, were evaluated for optimal HCP detection.

RESULTS

With this approach, nineteen HCPs were detected from a therapeutic mAb, an improvement over the detection of only one HCP without depletion.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with other published HCP studies with LC/MS, the HCP‐enrichment step in our method enables a more practical and relevant application to approved protein therapeutics, which are mostly mammalian cell‐derived products with HCPs present at very low levels. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyses of several recently proposed group key management schemes
Authors: Liu Niu , Tang Shaohua , Xu Lingling , He Daojing
Published: March 2014

Designing group key management schemes is a troubled field. In this paper, we review three schemes recently proposed, including Kayam's scheme for groups with hierarchy, Piao's group key management (KM) scheme, Purushothama's group KM schemes. We point out the problems in each scheme. Kayam's scheme is not secure to collusion attack. Piao's group KM scheme is not secure. The hard problem it bases is not really hard, and the way their scheme uses a hard problem is improper. Purushothama's scheme has an unnecessary design that costs lots of resources and does not give an advantage to the security level and dynamic efficiency of it. We also briefly analyze the underlying reasons why these problems emerge and give suggestions on designing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Institutional Entrepreneurship in the Informal Economy: China's Shan‐Zhai Mobile Phones
Authors: Lee Chuan‐Kai , Hung Shih‐Chang
Published: March 2014

During the last decade, Chinese shan‐zhai mobile phones have steadily and deliberately evolved from an informal economy to a formal one. We draw on institutional entrepreneurship to study this evolution, focusing in particular on how informal Chinese entrepreneurs pursued change and the transition to a formal economy. We emphasize three strategies—framing, aggregating, and bridging—Chinese entrepreneurs employed to mobilize support, garner resources, and increase their amount and level of legitimacy. We also discuss implications for research on informal economies and institutional entrepreneurship. Copyright © 2014 Strategic Management Society.
Experimental study on seismic performance of concrete‐filled steel tabular frame‐shear wall structure with buckling‐resistant braces
Authors: Ren Fengming , Zhou Yun , Chen Guangming , Liang Jianwei
Published: March 2014

Three specimens of concrete‐filled steel tubular (CFST) frame‐shear wall structures with a scaling ratio of 1:4 were designed and tested in the present study. Two of them were installed with triple‐steel tube buckling‐resistant braces (BRBs). The seismic performances of the specimens were evaluated by testing them under lateral cyclic loading with constant axially compressive load being applied on the tops of the columns and the shear wall. The structural performances, such as failure characteristics, hysteretic behaviour, skeleton curve, strength degradation, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation capacity and strains at different locations of the three specimens, were measured and analysed in detail. The results showed that the load‐bearing capacity, the deformation capacity and the energy dissipation of the CFST frame‐shear wall structure were significantly improved due to the dissipation capacity of the BRBs, with the strength and stiffness degradation being obviously reduced. The results also showed that the CFST frame‐shear wall structure with BRBs has preferable mechanical behaviour and more reasonable failure mode. It was verified that the BRB can be used to improve the seismic performance of the CFST frame‐shear wall structure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active Learning Classrooms and Educational Alliances: Changing Relationships to Improve Learning
Authors: Baepler Paul , Walker J. D.
Published: March 2014

This chapter explores the “educational alliance” among students and between students and instructors. We contend that this is a framework that can help us understand how active learning classrooms facilitate positive educational outcomes.
Challenges in computational organic chemistry
Authors: Bachrach Steven M.
Published: March 2014

Despite tremendous progress over the past four decades, challenges remain in the field of computational organic chemistry. Challenges that are likely to be addressed in the near term include tackling the complexity of large configuration spaces, reactions where dynamic effects dictate product outcomes, design of enzymes to catalyze specific reactions, and the quest for a standard computational method. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2014, 4:482–487.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis
C. N. R. Rao and the Growth of Solid State and Materials Chemistry as a Central Domain of Research
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Jagannatha
Published: March 2014

In celebrating Professor C. N. R. Rao's 80th birthday, this article recalls his singular contributions to solid state and materials chemistry for about sixty years. In so doing, the article also traces the growth of the field as a central domain of research in chemical sciences from its early origins in Europe. Although Rao's major work lies in solid state and materials chemistry – a field which he started and nurtured in India while its importance was being recognized internationally – his contributions to other areas of chemistry (and physics), viz., molecular spectroscopy, phase transitions, fullerenes, graphene, nanomaterials and multiferroics are equally significant. Illustrative examples of his work devoted to rare earth and transition metal oxides, defects and nonstoichiometry, metal‐insulator transitions, investigation of crystal and electronic structures of a variety of solids by means of electron microscopies and photoelectron spectroscopy, superconducting cuprates, magnetoresistive manganites, multiferroic metal oxides of various structures and, last but not the least, development of new strategies for chemical synthesis of a wide variety of solids including nanomaterials and framework solids in different dimensionalities, are highlighted. The article also captures his exemplary role as a science teacher, science educationist and institution builder in post‐Independence India.
Alignment of vorticity and rods with Lagrangian fluid stretching in turbulence
Authors: Ni Rui , Ouellette Nicholas T. , Voth Greg A.
Published: March 2014

Stretching in continuum mechanics is naturally described using the Cauchy–Green strain tensors. These tensors quantify the Lagrangian stretching experienced by a material element, and provide a powerful way to study processes in turbulent fluid flows that involve stretching such as vortex stretching and alignment of anisotropic particles. Analysing data from a simulation of isotropic turbulence, we observe preferential alignment between rods and vorticity. We show that this alignment arises because both of these quantities independently tend to align with the strongest Lagrangian stretching direction, as defined by the maximum eigenvector of the left Cauchy–Green strain tensor. In particular, rods approach almost perfect alignment with the strongest stretching direction. The alignment of vorticity with stretching is weaker, but still much stronger than previously observed alignment of vorticity with the eigenvectors of the Eulerian strain rate tensor. The alignment of strong vorticity is almost the same as that of rods that have experienced the same stretching.
X.—Water Movements in the Firth of Forth
Authors: Craig R. E.
Published: March 2014

Even a superficial attempt to record the earlier studies on the Firth of Forth brings out the importance of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in supporting research on the underlying principles of estuarine water conditions.

My bibliography starts with the Transactions of that society for 1816, though it is not until 1884, with the studies of H. R. Mill, that we come to work which is really useful to our present purpose. Mill worked from a floating laboratory at Granton Sea Quarry. He carried out twice-daily observations at the Quarry, and systematic observations over a long period at 12 stations in mid-Firth, from Alloa to the Isle of May, and also at several points on the south coast. He reports on variations (largely seasonal) in temperature and on density as an index of salinity, and on the alkalinity of the water. These latter, of course, vary largely with the river inflow, which has a rather imprecise correlation with season.
XIV.—Occurrence of Specific Pollutants in Fish in the Forth and Tay Estuaries
Authors: Holden A. V. , Topping G.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Although no particular studies have been made of pollutants in fish of the Forth and Tay estuaries, samples from these areas have been examined together with similar samples from other Scottish coastal waters, as part of a national survey of marine pollution. The contaminants investigated so far have been organochlorine compounds, including pesticide residues and polychlorinated biphenyls, mercury (including organic mercury), lead, cadmium, copper and zinc. Pelagic and demersal fish, molluscs and Crustacea have been sampled, although not all contaminants have been determined in all species.

Few samples have been obtained from the upper sections of the two estuaries, but in comparison with residue levels found in other Scottish waters the species in the two areas contained concentrations little different from those considered to be normal. The selection of species and tissues for analysis, and the problems of interpretation of the analytical data, in terms of locating the sources of pollution and assessing the effects of the pollutants on fish, are discussed. More detailed surveys would be required to identify any localised areas of high contamination.
Algal Removal Studies on a Pilot Scale Water Treatment Plant at Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Johnson D. , Farley M. R. , Youngman R. E.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

During 1970 a pilot-scale water treatment plant was operated at Loch Leven to investigate the feasibility of producing a potable water from such a source.

The study showed that while no particular problems were encountered in producing a water of satisfactory chemical quality it was rarely possible to produce a water of satisfactory biological quality. This was due to the fact that the water treatment processes investigated were unable to retain sufficiently large numbers of the small algae so characteristic of Loch Leven and as a consequence the finished water nearly always contained unacceptably high numbers of algae.
Factors affecting the Distribution and Productivity of Emergent Vegetation at Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Britton R. H.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The extent of emergent vegetation at Loch Leven has declined considerably within historical times. In 1972 only 5 per cent of the shoreline and less than 0·01 per cent of the area of the loch was occupied by emergent vegetation, the principal species being Phragmites communis Trin. and Polygonum amphibium L. The production of Phragmites communis was estimated from standing crop measurements and is low for a eutrophic lake. The maximum aerial shoot biomass varies from 1148 to 513 g dry wt/m2 in the different beds. The total production of all species of emergent vegetation is insignificant when compared to other sources of primary production. Possible factors causing the low production and decline in emergent vegetation are discussed. These include water level changes, soil types, exposure to wind and wave action and grazing by wildfowl and domestic stock.
The Energy Requirements of Certain Larval Chironomid Populations in Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: McLusky D. S. , McFarlane A.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Utilising data on biomass, mean weight and oxygen consumption, the energy requirements for four genera of larval chironomid populations in Loch Leven have been calculated on a monthly and annual basis. Applying the formula of McNeill and Lawton (1970), estimates for annual production have also been derived.
Bioenergetics of Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) at Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Laughlin K. F.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The tufted duck was chosen as the subject of an energy study at Loch Leven because it is a diving duck which feeds mainly from within the loch and it is present throughout the year, about 500 to 600 pairs nest annually.

Using data from population counts, breeding biology and feeding studies and the analysis of body and egg composition an energy budget for the population has been computed. The values for respiration, R, are calculated on the basis that ‘existence energy’ requirements are 2·5 × Standard Metabolic Rate. Values for rejecta assume an assimilation efficiency of 75 per cent.

The figures have been presented on a monthly basis as there are wide fluctuations in population size, and therefore energy demand during the year and between years. In 1970 very large numbers of tufted ducks were present on the loch during autumn. The additional demands of these birds over 4 months represent an increase in the annual energy requirements of almost 50 per cent.

Chironomid larvae account for 60 per cent of the food of the tufted ducks at Loch Leven; other important food items are caddis larvae and molluscs (mainly Valvata spp.).

Expressed on a /m2 basis and over a full year the energy demands of the tufted ducks represent a small proportion of the total energy available at Loch Leven. However, water depth and the depth of the food in the substrate reduce the actual availability of the food and probably reduce the usable feeding area to 20 per cent of the total loch area.
The Helminth Parasites of Aquatic Birds from Loch Leven, Kinross: The Trematodes of Laridae
Authors: Fraser P. G.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Twelve species of trematode are described from 70 gulls of 5 species examined at Loch Leven. Observations on these trematodes are given with additional morphological details. The environmental origins of the parasites are discussed and related to the habits of the hosts.
A Summary of the Loch Leven IBP Results in relation to Lake Management and Future Research
Authors: Morgan N. C. , McLusky D. S.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The International Biological Programme provided resources and enabled the work of a considerable number of researchers to be focused on physical, chemical and biological studies on Loch Leven, Kinross. In this paper the results are summarised with the help of an energy flow diagram and relationships between different trophic levels discussed. Major gaps in our knowledge, which have still to be worked on before all the relationships between different trophic levels can be well understood, have been highlighted. The causes of changes which have been recorded at Loch Leven and the unusual variability in the ecosystem are discussed and hypotheses presented. Profitable lines for future research are suggested, particularly in relation to the management of the loch as a National Nature Reserve and a brown trout fishery.
VI.—The Blood Donor
Authors: Titmuss Richard M.
Published: March 2014

When one has spent—or mis-spent—substantial fractions of many years in gathering materials for a study and has eventually seen the results published in book form one is strongly conscious of a need to forget; at the very least there is a wish not to live in repetitious ways. An ancient Arab proverb, possibly relevant here, runs something like this: the word you have spoken is your master; the word you have not spoken is your slave. And so it is with my book The Gift Relationship which I sub-titled From Human Blood to Social Policy.
The hydrography and plankton of the Moray Firth
Authors: Adams J. A. , Martin J. H. A.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The Moray Firth forms part of the north British coastal area of the North Sea and is distinguished by its depth, hydrography and plankton from the offshore northern North Sea. The 35·0 or 35·1 × 103 isohaline can be taken as the boundary between the two areas.

Geographical and seasonal variations in temperature and salinity are described in terms of a belt of low salinity coastal water in the inner firth and along its southern shore and of “mixed” water to the north and east. During the winter the “mixed” water is warmer than the coastal water, during the summer it is colder. Tidal streams are dominantly semi-diurnal, relatively weak in the inner firth and relatively strong in the outer firth. Residual currents are largely wind driven, and some are caused by tidal effects.

Geographical variation in the seasonal changes in the phytoplankton standing stock is related to water column stratification. The early spring standing stocks are highest in the inner firth and off the southern shore. During the summer and early autumn, phytoplankton is most abundant below the pycnocline. Average zooplankton standing stocks increase from 0·2–0·6 g dry weight (100m3) 1 in winter to 1.0 g (100m3) 1 exceptionally 4·5 g (100m3) 1. in summer. Standing stocks in November–December range from 0·3 to 1·8 g (100m3) 1.
Exploited fish and shellfish species in the Moray Firth
Authors: Hopkins P. J.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The Moray Firth has been intensively fished for many years and has been of great historic importance to the development of Scottish fisheries. The stocks of exploited species in the firth and their relations to other stocks in Scottish waters are described.

Exploited demersal species include haddock, cod, whiting, plaice and lemon sole. The firth is an important nursery area for plaice, and is the most important plaice spawning ground in the North Sea.

The Moray Firth is also an important nursery area for herring. Evidence suggests that these fish recruit to adult stocks in the Minch. In the early 1960s a pair trawl fishery for sprats started and the firth became the most important sprat fishing area in Scotland. However, recruitment of recent year classes has been too poor to sustain the fishery, which has now been closed in order to protect the juvenile heiring which were landed as by-catch.

The distributions of shellfish species are closely related to the bottom sediments. Landings have become increasingly important as the demersal and pelagic fisheries have declined or moved further offshore. The fishery on the Norway lobster is now of particular importance and the catch per unit effort data do not suggest any decline in stock size. Other exploited species include squid, scallops, crabs and lobster.
Trends of population change at colonies of cliff-nesting seabirds in the Moray Firth
Authors: Mudge G. P.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Available information on the sizes and locations of seabird breeding colonies in the Moray Firth is reviewed. Guillemot is the most abundant species with a population of about 149,000 individuals at thirteen main colonies. The bulk of the populations of each species occur in east Caithness. Comparison of counts made in 1969 with more recent censuses indicate substantial increases in population size in the 1970s for most species. The results of annual counts at detailed study plots in five Caithness colonies between 1980 and 1984 suggest that this trend of increase has ceased for guillemots, razorbills and kittiwakes.
A study of the littoral fauna of some soft shores of the Inverness, Cromarty and Dornoch Firths
Authors: Rendall D. , Hunter J.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The littoral macrobenthic fauna of soft shores at three sites in the Cromarty Firth, two sites in the Dornoch Firth and seven sites in the Inverness Firth (northeast Scotland) was studied in 1982 and 1983 respectively.

At each site ten replicate samples were taken from each of three stations at 0·65, 1·15 and 1·7 m above Chart Datum. Estimation of environmental disturbance caused by the Inverness sewage discharge and a comparison of the three firths was made using both diversity indices and multivariate techniques.
The macrobenthos of the Beatrice Oilfield, Moray Firth, Scotland
Authors: Hartley J. P. , Bishop J. D. D.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The benthic ecology of the Beatrice Oilfield area is described from preproduction surveys carried out in 1977, 1980 and 1981. and from earlier published information. Variations in the water depth (from 33m to > 60 m) over the area were mirrored by sedimentary and faunal gradients. The sediments ranged from very fine, through fine to medium sands and were inhabited by faunal communities characterised by Thyasira flexuosa, Tellina fabula and Tellina pygmaea, respectively. Two fades of the fine sand community were noted, typified by the abundance of Thyasira flexuosa in muddier sediments and Crenella decussala in coarser deposits. Localised patches of shell gravel in which the fauna was characterised by reduced densities of Tellina fabula with elevated numbers of Scoloplos armiger and Lumbrineris gracilis occurred in medium depths. Examination of the faunal composition indicates that the Beatrice Oilfield lies at the interface between Glemarec's infralittoral and coastal étages.

Comparison with earlier reports of the benthic communities of the area suggests a degree of long term persistence of the fauna in qualitative and quantitative terms. A list of all taxa found during the recent surveys is given; this includes a number of new records from the North Sea.
The efficacy of the well of the well (WOW) culture system on development of bovine embryos in a small group and the effect of number of adjacent embryos on their development
Authors: Kang Sung-Sik , Ofuji Sosuke , Imai Kei , Huang Weiping , Koyama Keisuke , Yanagawa Yojiro , Takahashi Yoshiyuki , Nagano Masashi
Published: March 2014

The aim of the present study was to clarify the efficacy of the well of the well (WOW) culture system for a small number of embryos and the effect of number of adjacent embryos in a WOW dish on blastocyst development. In conventional droplet culture, embryos in the small-number group (5–6 embryos/droplet) showed low blastocyst development compared with a control group (25–26 embryos/droplet). However, small and large numbers of embryos (5–6 and 25 embryos, respectively) in a WOW dish showed no significant differences in cleavage, blastocyst rates, and mean cell number in blastocysts compared with the control group (25–30 embryos/droplet). In addition, the number of adjacent embryos in a WOW dish did not affect the development to blastocysts and cell number in blastocysts. In conclusion, a WOW dish can provide high and stable blastocyst development in small group culture wherever embryos are placed in microwells of the WOW dish.
THE ARABIC FREUD: THE UNCONSCIOUS AND THE MODERN SUBJECT
Authors: EL SHAKRY OMNIA
Published: March 2014

This essay considers how Freud traveled in postwar Egypt through an exploration of the work of Yusuf Murad, the founder of a school of thought within the psychological and human sciences, and provides a close study of the journal he co-edited,Majallat ʿIlm al-Nafs. Translating and blending key concepts from psychoanalysis and psychology with classical Islamic concepts, Murad put forth a dynamic and dialectical approach to selfhood that emphasized the unity of the self, while often insisting on an epistemological and ethical heterogeneity from European psychoanalytic thought, embodied in a rejection of the dissolution of the self and of the death drive. In stark contrast to the so-called “tale of mutual ignorance” between Islam and psychoanalysis, the essay traces a tale of historical interactions, hybridizations, and interconnected webs of knowledge production between the Arab world and Europe. Moving away from binary models of selfhood as either modern or traditional, Western or non-Western, it examines the points of condensation and divergence, and the epistemological resonances that psychoanalytic writings had in postwar Egypt. The coproduction of psychoanalytic knowledge across Arab and European knowledge formations definitively demonstrates the outmoded nature of historical models that presuppose originals and bad copies of the global modern subject—herself so constitutively defined by the presence of the unconscious.
THE PHILLIPSONIAN ENLIGHTENMENT
Authors: KIDD COLIN
Published: March 2014

A founding editor of Modern Intellectual History (MIH), an acclaimed biographer of Adam Smith and a prolific essayist on all aspects of the Scottish Enlightenment, from its origins to its aftermath, Nicholas Phillipson needs little introduction to the readers of this journal. However, Phillipson's recent retirement from his editorial duties on MIH provides a suitable moment to celebrate one of the pioneers in our field. When the current editors set out to commission a historiographical overview of Phillipson's oeuvre and career, I was honoured to be asked and delighted to accept.
Optimism and Planning for Future Care Needs among Older Adults
Authors: Sörensen Silvia , Hirsch Jameson K. , Lyness Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2014

Aging is associated with an increase in need for assistance. Preparation for future care (PFC) is related to improved coping ability as well as better mental and physical health outcomes among older adults. We examined the association of optimism with components of PFC among older adults. We also explored race differences in the relationship between optimism and PFC. In Study 1, multiple regression showed that optimism was positively related to concrete planning. In Study 2, optimism was related to gathering information. An exploratory analysis combining the samples yielded a race interaction: For Whites higher optimism, but for Blacks lower optimism was associated with more planning. High optimism may be a barrier to future planning in certain social and cultural contexts.
CODEM Instrument
Authors: Kuemmel (This author contributed equally to this work.) Anne , Haberstroh (This author contributed equally to this work.) Julia , Pantel Johannes
Published: March 2014

Communication and communication behaviors in situational contexts are essential conditions for well-being and quality of life in people with dementia. Measuring methods, however, are limited. The CODEM instrument, a standardized observational communication behavior assessment tool, was developed and evaluated on the basis of the current state of research in dementia care and social-communicative behavior. Initially, interrater reliability was examined by means of videoratings (N = 10 people with dementia). Thereupon, six caregivers in six German nursing homes observed 69 residents suffering from dementia and used CODEM to rate their communication behavior. The interrater reliability of CODEM was excellent (mean κ = .79; intraclass correlation = .91). Statistical analysis indicated that CODEM had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .95). CODEM also showed excellent convergent validity (Pearson’s R = .88) as well as discriminant validity (Pearson’s R = .63). Confirmatory factor analysis verified the two-factor solution of verbal/content aspects and nonverbal/relationship aspects. With regard to the severity of the disease, the content and relational aspects of communication exhibited different trends. CODEM proved to be a reliable, valid, and sensitive assessment tool for examining communication behavior in the field of dementia. CODEM also provides researchers a feasible examination tool for measuring effects of psychosocial intervention studies that strive to improve communication behavior and well-being in dementia.
Screening for Depression with the Depression in Old Age Scale (DIA-S) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS15)
Authors: Heidenblut Sonja , Zank Susanne
Published: March 2014

Purpose of the study. The Depression in Old Age Scale (DIA-S), a new screening tool for geriatric depression, was designed to be both practical and appropriate for use with medically ill geriatric patients. The diagnostic accuracy of the DIA-S and the short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS15) were tested and compared. Methods. Using the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) as gold standard, the scales were validated with a sample of N = 331 geriatric inpatients. Results. ROC curves, AUC outcomes, sensitivity and specificity, and logistic regression models for impact factors on misclassification rates indicate good psychometrical qualities of the DIA-S, whereas the validity of the GDS15 was lower.
Factors influencing quantitative liquid (scanning) transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Abellan P. , Woehl T. J. , Parent L. R. , Browning N. D. , Evans J. E. , Arslan I.
Published: March 2014

An overview of beam–sample interactions identified for changing imaging and experimental conditions using a visual approach.
Single inorganic–organic hybrid nanowires with ambipolar photoresponse
Authors: Yoo Jewon , Pyo Jaeyeon , Je Jung Ho
Published: March 2014

Single ZnO nanoparticle–PEDOT:PSS hybrid nanowires show ambipolar (positive/negative) photoresponse by illumination wavelength. A “heart” array of the single nanowires, integrated at the planned sites, demonstrates UV-visible discrimination.
Nanowire array chips for molecular typing of rare trafficking leukocytes with application to neurodegenerative pathology
Authors: Kwak Minsuk , Kim Dong-Joo , Lee Mi-Ri , Wu Yu , Han Lin , Lee Sang-Kwon , Fan Rong
Published: March 2014

A nanowire microchip platform enables rapid capture and molecular typing of rare trafficking leucocytes in cerebrospinal fluids of Alzheimer's patients. It has the potential for molecular diagnosis of brain inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders with minimal invasiveness.
Direct sp3 C–H bond arylation, alkylation, and amidation of tetrahydroisoquinolines mediated by hypervalent iodine(iii) under mild conditions
Authors: Muramatsu Wataru , Nakano Kimihiro , Li Chao-Jun
Published: March 2014

We have developed a method for the sp3 C–H bond functionalization of tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) mediated by [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene (PIFA).
A high efficiency H2S gas sensor material: paper like Fe2O3/graphene nanosheets and structural alignment dependency of device efficiency
Authors: Jiang Zaixing , Li Jun , Aslan Hüsnü , Li Qiang , Li Yue , Chen Menglin , Huang Yudong , Froning Jens Peter , Otyepka Michal , Zbořil Radek , Besenbacher Flemming , Dong Mingdong
Published: March 2014

Preparation of paper like vertically arranged Fe2O3/graphene nanosheets and their application in H2S gas response with high efficiency.
Revised crystal structure and luminescent properties of gadolinium oxyfluoride Gd4O3F6doped with Eu3+ions
Authors: Grzyb Tomasz , Wiglusz Rafal J. , Nagirnyi Vitali , Kotlov Aleksei , Lis Stefan
Published: March 2014

The crystal structure of gadolinium oxyfluoride was revised. Luminescent properties of the Eu3+-doped materials were characterized by luminescence spectroscopy.
Production of aqueous dispersions of inorganic graphene analogues by exfoliation and stabilization with non-ionic surfactants
Authors: Guardia Laura , Paredes Juan I. , Rozada Rubén , Villar-Rodil Silvia , Martínez-Alonso Amelia , Tascón Juan M. D.
Published: March 2014

The production of stable aqueous suspensions of several inorganic graphene analogues was performed by exfoliation of the corresponding bulk layered materials via sonication using non-ionic surfactants as dispersing agents.
Revisiting the principles of preparing aqueous quantum dots for biological applications: the effects of surface ligands on the physicochemical properties of quantum dots
Authors: Zhang Butian , Hu Rui , Wang Yucheng , Yang Chengbin , Liu Xin , Yong Ken-Tye
Published: March 2014

Aqueous CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots with different surface ligands were prepared through ligand exchange and extensively characterized for biological applications.
Investigation of high Δεderivatives of the [closo-1-CB9H10]−anion for liquid crystal display applications
Authors: Pecyna Jacek , Kaszyński Piotr , Ringstrand Bryan , Bremer Matthias
Published: March 2014

Two series of sulfonium zwitterions of the [closo-1-CB9H10]−anion were prepared and investigated as high Δεadditives to nematics.
Selectively targeting an inactive conformation of interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase by allosteric inhibitors
Authors: Han Seungil , Czerwinski Robert M. , Caspers Nicole L. , Limburg David C. , Ding WeiDong , Wang Hong , Ohren Jeffrey F. , Rajamohan Francis , McLellan Thomas J. , Unwalla Ray , Choi Chulho , Parikh Mihir D. , Seth Nilufer , Edmonds Jason , Phillips Chris , Shakya Subarna , Li Xin , Spaulding Vikki , Hughes Samantha , Cook Andrew , Robinson Colin , Mathias John P. , Navratilova Iva , Medley Quintus G. , Anderson David R. , Kurumbail Ravi G. , Aulabaugh Ann
Published: March 2014

ITK (interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase) is a critical component of signal transduction in T-cells and has a well-validated role in their proliferation, cytokine release and chemotaxis. ITK is an attractive target for the treatment of T-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases. In the present study we describe the discovery of kinase inhibitors that preferentially bind to an allosteric pocket of ITK. The novel ITK allosteric site was characterized by NMR, surface plasmon resonance, isothermal titration calorimetry, enzymology and X-ray crystallography. Initial screening hits bound to both the allosteric pocket and the ATP site. Successful lead optimization was achieved by improving the contribution of the allosteric component to the overall inhibition. NMR competition experiments demonstrated that the dual-site binders showed higher affinity for the allosteric site compared with the ATP site. Moreover, an optimized inhibitor displayed non-competitive inhibition with respect to ATP as shown by steady-state enzyme kinetics. The activity of the isolated kinase domain and auto-activation of the full-length enzyme were inhibited with similar potency. However, inhibition of the activated full-length enzyme was weaker, presumably because the allosteric site is altered when ITK becomes activated. An optimized lead showed exquisite kinome selectivity and is efficacious in human whole blood and proximal cell-based assays.