bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SINTERING AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES IN AIR FOR A-SITE DEFICIENT (Sr0.7La0.3)1-yTiO3 PEROVSKITE SAMPLES WITH AND WITHOUT TiO2 PHASE
Authors: MORI MASASHI , YABUI SHINTARO , HIGASHI YUTA , MURAI KEI-ICHIRO , MORIGA TOSHIHIRO
Published: March 2012

The sintering and electrical properties of A-site-deficient perovskites, namely, ( Sr 0.7 La 0.3)0.85 TiO 3 with TiO 2 and ( Sr 0.7 La 0.3)0.88 TiO 3 with a single perovskite phase, were investigated in air using powders synthesized by solid-state mixing. ( Sr 0.7 La 0.3)0.85 TiO 3 showed much higher sintering characteristics than ( Sr 0.7 La 0.3)0.88 TiO 3. The relative density of ( Sr 0.7 La 0.3)0.85 TiO 3 reached 96% at 1500 °C with zero holding time, but decreased with increasing holding time, owing to pore formation inside the sample. The resistivity of ( Sr 0.7 La 0.3)0.85 TiO 3 was lower than that of ( Sr 0.7 La 0.3)0.88 TiO 3 at measurement temperatures ≤600 °C, although the reverse was observed at temperatures ≥700 °C. Because the total resistivity of ( Sr , La ) TiO 3 perovskites should be governed primarily by grain boundary resistivity at low temperatures, ( Sr 0.7 La 0.3)0.88 TiO 3 with many grain boundaries showed higher resistivity, compared to that of ( Sr 0.7 La 0.3)0.85 TiO 3.
HYDROGEN PERMEABILITY OF PALLADIUM MEMBRANE FOR STEAM-REFORMING OF BIO-ETHANOL USING THE MEMBRANE REACTOR
Authors: KINOUCHI KOUJI , KATOH MASAHIRO , HORIKAWA TOSHIHIDE , YOSHIKAWA TAKUSHI , WADA MAMORU
Published: March 2012

A Palladium membrane was prepared by electro-less plating method on porous stainless steel. The catalytic hydrogen production by steam-reforming of biomass-derived ethanol (bio-ethanol) using a Pd membrane was analyzed by comparing it with those for the reaction using reagent ethanol (the reference sample). And the hydrogen permeability of the palladium membrane was investigated using the same palladium membrane ( H 2/ He selectivity = 249, at ΔP = 0.10 MPa, 873 K). As a result, for bio-ethanol, deposited carbon had a negative influence on the hydrogen-permeability of the palladium membrane and hydrogen purity. The sulfur content in the bio-ethanol may have promoted carbon deposition. By using a palladium membrane, it was confirmed that H 2 yield (%) was increased. It can be attributed that methane was converted from ethanol and produced more hydrogen by steam reforming, due to the in situ removal of hydrogen from the reaction location.
EFFECT OF ANNEALING TEMPERATURE ON OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE THIN FILMS PREPARED BY SOL-GEL METHOD
Authors: SARODE M. T. , SHELKE P. N. , GUNJAL S. D. , KHOLLAM Y. B. , TAKWALE M. G. , JADKAR S. R. , KALE B. B. , MOHITE K. C. , KOINKAR PANKAJ
Published: March 2012

TiO 2 thin films were deposited on glass substrates by sol-gel method. Nanocrystalline TiO 2 thin films were prepared at ambient conditions and titanium tetraisopropoxide [ C 12 H 28 O 4 Ti ] was used as a Ti -precursor. The effect of annealing temperature on optical properties of nanocrystalline TiO 2 thin films was studied. The as-deposited films were dried at 100 °C for 1 hr. The films formed were further heated in temperature between 200 and 500 °C for 1 hr. The films were characterized by different techniques: XRD, UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and FESEM. The characterization studies revealed that the films are crystallized as anatase phase and nano-structured with better optical properties α = 0.89 as compared to reported data. The optical measurement showed the indirect band gap between 3.31 and 3.35 eV with corresponding crystallite sizes between 8.9 and 3.7 nm. The FESEM image of film annealed at 400 °C showed spherical nanocrystalline structure of TiO 2 particles. The crystallite sizes obtained from FESEM image are found to be between 30 and 100 nm. It is also observed that refractive index of the film increases with increasing the annealing temperature. The smaller crystallite size gives larger band gap due to quantum size effects.
STUDY OF VISIBLE LIGHT REACTIVE PHOTOCATALYST TIO2 PREPARED WITH THIOUREA
Authors: MURAI KEI-ICHIRO , ENDO KAZUKI , NAKAGAWA TAISUKE , YAMAHATA AKIKO , MORIGA TOSHIHIRO
Published: March 2012

Visible light reactive N -doped TiO 2 samples were prepared with thiourea in the sol-gel method. They had the single anatase-type crystal structure. N -doped TiO 2 synthesized with thiourea ( T - TiO 2) had a higher catalytic activity than that synthesized with urea ( U - TiO 2). The S 2 p peak observed on the surface of T - TiO 2 was assigned to S 6+ by XPS measurement. It was estimated that sulfuric acid species exist on the surface of T - TiO 2. However, it was concluded that sulfuric acid species do not have the catalytic activity directly, but depress the crystallinity, the decrease of specific surface area and the decrease of visible light absorption.
MATERIALS SCIENCE CONSTRAINTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALUMINIUM REDUCTION CELLS
Authors: METSON JAMES , McINTOSH GRANT , ETZION RONNY
Published: March 2012

The Hall-Heroult process for the production of Aluminium metal is some 125 years old. The process is energy constrained by the need to shed around half of the (electrical) energy supplied to the cell as waste heat. The molten cryolite electrolyte is sufficiently aggressive that the only reliable method of protecting the side wall of the cell is to maintain a frozen layer of electrolyte at the hot face of the sidewall. Thus the lack of a cryolite resistant sidewall is but one of several materials science constraints which still limit the energy efficiency of the process. An inert anode and non-consumable cathode are also significant challenges which limit cell life and energy efficiency. Thus there are major challenges in both materials development and new conceptual cell designs to improve the efficiency of this process.
REDUCTION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS USING PHOTOCATALYSTS ACTIVATED BY BLUE LED
Authors: Oyama Atsuko , Murai Kei-ichiro , Moriga Toshihiro
Published: March 2012

The effective utilisation of solar radiation requires the development of novel photocatalysts activated by visible-light. Activity tests of toluene decomposition were carried out in the presence of modified titanium dioxide photocatalysts in which some oxygen ions were substituted by sulfur. The elimination of toluene after 1 hour irradiation of the photocatalysts by a pulsed blue LED yielded 44 percent elimination. Pretreatment in which S -doped TiO 2 was irradiated by UV for 1 hour prior to the activity test was effective in decomposing acetaldehyde, even under a pulsed green LED irradiation.
FERROELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF CaBi4Ti4O15 THIN FILMS ON ITO/GLASS SUBSTRATES PREPARED BY SOL-GEL TECHNOLOGY
Authors: CHENG CHIEN-MIN , KUAN MING-CHANG , CHEN KAI-HUNAG , TSAI JEN-HWAN
Published: March 2012

In this study, ferroelectric CaBi 4 Ti 4 O 15 (CBT) thin films prepared by sol-gel method and deposited on ITO/glass substrates for applications in system-on-panel (SOP) devices were fabricated and investigated. The electrical and physical characteristics of as-deposited and annealed CBT thin films for metal-ferroelectric-metal (MFM) structures was discussed and investigated. In addition, the ferroelectric properties in annealed CBT thin films on ITO/glass substrate showed and exhibited clear polarization versus electrical field curves. From p - E curves, the 2 P r value and coercive field of annealed CBT thin films were calculated to be 10μC/cm2 and 180 kV/cm, respectively. Finally, the maximum capacitance, leakage current density, and transmittance within the ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectrum were also investigated and discussed.
DEVELOPMENT OF VIBRATION CONDITION MONITORING SYSTEM APPLYING OPTICAL SENSORS FOR GENERATOR WINDING INTEGRITY OF POWER UTILITIES
Authors: Kim Yeon Whan , Ho Ju-Young , Lee Young Shin
Published: March 2012

This paper describes the vibration condition monitoring diagnosis system developed for stator and rotor winding integrity assessment of 100MW class gas turbine generator in combined-cycle thermal power plant. High reliability of windings is one of the most essential prerequisite for generators of power utilities. Assessing the condition of stator winding insulation systems requires objective information from condition monitoring system. In-service monitoring is essential if a power plant is following a condition-based maintenance strategy. Generator damages are caused by the high vibration and the power system instability by secondary impacts of an unannounced plant stop and the life of the generator is decreased. The mechanical vibration in generator is induced by both mechanical and magnetic forces. The vibration condition monitoring system is required for the improved savings of operation and maintenance cost in terms of reliability in power plant.
IMPROVEMENT ON CHARACTERISTICS OF FERROELECTRIC THIN FILMS USING SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE FLUID TREATMENT
Authors: CHENG CHIEN-MIN , KUAN MING-CHANG , CHEN KAI-HUNAG , TSAI JEN-HWAN
Published: March 2012

Electrical and physical properties of as-deposited Bi 3.9 La 0.1 Ti 2.9 V 0.1 O 12 (BLTV) ferroelectric thin films on SiO 2/ Si (100) substrates were improved by low temperature supercritical carbon dioxide fluid (SCF) process treatment. The as-deposited BLTV ferroelectric thin films were treated by SCF process which mixed with propyl alcohol and pure water. The memory windows increased in C-V curves, and the oxygen vacancy and defect in leakage current density curves were obtained after SCF process treatment. Finally, the improvement properties of as-deposited BLTV thin films after SCF process treatment were investigated by XPS, C-V, and J-E measurement. The mechanism concerning the dependence of electrical properties of the ferroelectric thin films on the SCF process was investigated and discussed.
GRAFTING INTERLAYER MoO42- IN Mg/Al LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE BY THERMAL TREATMENT BELOW COLLAPSING THE LAYERED STRUCTURE
Authors: Muranishi Kennichi , Shimamura Akihiro , Kurashina Masashi , Kanezaki Eiji
Published: March 2012

Some kinds of Mg / Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) with oxometalate have been prepared by mean of anion exchange. Products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemical analysis and Thermogravimetry - Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA). Results showed that the basal spacing of heated LDH decreased with heating to 300 °C. This revealed the decrease of interlayer spacing and the interlayer anion being grafted to the layer of LDH because the decreased interlayer spacing of the heated LDH was smaller than the size of the interlayer anion.
STUDY OF EROSIVE WEAR BEHAVIOUR ONSIC/SICCOMPOSITES
Authors: SUH MIN-SOO
Published: March 2012

In the field of aerospace propulsion system, erosive wear on continuous silicon carbide ( SiC ) fibre-reinforced SiC ( SiC / SiC ) composites is of significant issue to achieve high energy efficiency. This paper proposes a crucial factor and a design guideline of SiC / SiC composites for higher erosion performance regarding cost effectiveness. Fabrication and evaluation of impacts and wear on SiC / SiC composites are successfully carried out. Erosive wear behaviours of the CVI and the LPS composites evidently show that the crucial fabrication factor against solid particle erosion (SPE). Erosive wear mechanisms on various SiC / SiC composites are determined based on the analysis of erosive wear behaviour. Designing guideline for the SiC / SiC composites for pursuit of high erosion performance is also proposed as focusing on the followings; volume fraction of matrix, strength of the matrix, bonding strength, and PyC interface.
HOMOGENIZATION OF PARTICLE SIZES IN LaTiO2N OXYNITRIDE PIGMENTS BY BEAD-MILLING TECHNIQUE
Authors: SHINNOU KAORU , FUJITO HIRONORI , KAWASAKI TOMOOKI , ANDO HIDEHITO , MITO MAIKO , MURAI KEI-ICHIRO , MORIGA TOSHIHIRO
Published: March 2012

Diffuse reflectivity in the longer wavelength region after the absorption edge was studied on the LaTiO 2 N nitrided. It was discussed in the viewpoint of particle sizes by use of ball milling and bead milling technique. The diffuse reflectivity after absorption edge of the LaTiO 2 N powders got lower in accordance with the reduction of particle sizes. In case of LaTiO 2 N aqueous suspension after the bead-milling treatment in which the primary particles were well dispersed, remarkable enhancement of the diffuse reflectivity was observed with decreasing the average particle sizes.
PREPARATION AND APPLICATION AS THE FILLER FOR ELASTOMERS OF FLAKE-SHAPED CELLULOSE PARTICLES AND NANOFIBERS
Authors: NAGATANI ASAHIRO , LEE SEUNG-HWAN , ENDO TAKASHI , TANAKA TATSUYA
Published: March 2012

Fibrous cellulose made from wood pulp was mechanically milled into flake-shaped cellulose particles(FS-CPs) using a planetary ball mill with additives under several conditions. The average particle diameter of the FS-CPs was ca. 15μm, and the particles were available in a variety of thicknesses by changing the kind of the additives used in the milling process. FS-CPs-reinforced olefinic thermoplastic elastomer composites were prepared under melt mixing and passed through an open roll to orient the particles. The tensile modulus of the composites with a compatibilizer increased with increasing the particle content. The damping properties of the composites improved, compared to the neat elastomer. On the other hand, the fibrous cellulose was suspended in water, followed by wet disk-milled to prepare cellulose nanofibers(CNFs). The wet ground products showed nanoscopic fine morphology. CNFs-reinforced natural rubber(NR) composites were prepared by mixing the water suspension of CNFs with NR latex using a homogenizer. Then, it was dried in an oven and mixed again with vulcanizing ingredients of rubber using an open roll. The tensile properties of the composites improved remarkably by the addition of small amount of CNFs.
ACCELERATION OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH AFTER OVERLOAD IN CARBON STEEL
Authors: YAMAUCHI A. , MIYAHARA H. , MAKABE C. , MIYAZAKI T.
Published: March 2012

The effects of an overload on fatigue crack growth behavior have been investigated by using carbon steel. Delayed retardation and acceleration of crack growth were both observed. These phenomena depended not only on overload conditions but also on the baseline stress conditions. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the materials affected the crack growth rate after overload. It was found that crack growth accelerated when tensile residual stress was distributed in front of the crack tip. The residual stress distribution is related to the crack opening geometry at the overload stage.
SMALL CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR AND EVALUATION OF GROWTH RATE OF COPPER PROCESSED BY EQUAL CHANNEL ANGULAR PRESSING
Authors: KAMIL KUSNO , GOTO MASAHIRO , HAN SEUNG-ZEON , EUH KWANGJUN , KAWAGOISHI NORIO , KIM SANGSHIK
Published: March 2012

Ultrafine grained copper processed by 4 cycles of equal angular pressing was fatigued to study the growth behavior of a small crack. After the crack initiation, the behavior of a major crack was monitored through plastic replication technique, showing that the crack growth rate is proportional to the crack length regardless of stress amplitudes. The crack growth rate of major cracks was evaluated by a term σanl, not by the stress intensity factor range, ΔK. Analysis on fracture surfaces by scanning electron microscopy showed a planar followed by a striated surface. The formation mechanism of fracture surface morphologies was discussed by considering the average grain size and the reversible plastic zone size at a crack tip.
EFFECT OF TEXTURE ON FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF AGE-HARDENED Al ALLOYS UNDER ULTRASONIC LOADING
Authors: MATSUSAKO HIRONORI , KARIYA KOHJI , KAWAGOISHI NORIO , WANG QINGYUAN , GOTO MASAHIRO
Published: March 2012

Effects of texture and loading frequency on the fatigue crack growth behavior of an extruded and a drawn Al alloys of 2017-T4 were investigated under ultrasonic loading frequency (20kHz) in the relative humidity of 25% and 85%, respectively. The extruded alloy has a marked texture of (111) orientation, but this specified orientation is not observed in the drawn alloy. Most of fatigue life was occupied by the growth life of small cracks in the both alloys regardless of humidity. In the low humidity, crack growth was retarded at about 0.3 mm in length in the both alloys. Although crack growth was accelerated by high humidity in the early growth process, there was no or little influence of humidity on the growth rate of cracks over about 0.3 mm in the both alloys. After the retardation of crack growth, fracture surfaces featured with many slip planes in the extruded alloy and many facets in the drawn one, respectively. The difference in growth mechanism between short cracks (<0.3 mm) and longer ones (>0.3 mm) was caused by the environment at crack tips due to high crack growth rate under ultrasonic loading, and that between the both alloys was related to the degree of texture.
EFFECT OF GEOMETRY ON THE PREPARATION OF FATIGUE SPECIMENS WITH PREDETERMINED SURFACE ROUGHNESS
Authors: KURODA MASATOSHI , MORI TAKAYUKI
Published: March 2012

In the present study, the applicability of the design of experiments (DOE) approach to the design of the long fatigue specimens of austenitic stainless steels with controlled surface roughness has been studied. The response surface models which can predict the surface roughness parameters Ra and Rz as a function of the final cutting conditions (axial feed rate and radial cutting depth) of the lathe were obtained by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the experimental data. It was found that the surface roughness parameters Ra and Rz obtained by the model prediction were in good accordance with the experiments. However, special care should be taken to minimise the specimen deflection generated during the machining process. It was concluded that the response surface models obtained were applicable to design the long fatigue specimens with controlled surface roughness.
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 9% Ni STEEL WELDED JOINT FOR LNG STORAGE TANK AT CRYOGENIC
Authors: YOON YONG-KEUN , KIM JAE-HOON , SHIM KYU-TAEK , KIM YOUNG-KYUN
Published: March 2012

To confirm the safety performance of LNG storage tank, the change in fatigue crack growth rate and fracture toughness within X-grooved weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) of newly developed 9% Ni steel, which was SMAW welded, was investigated. These materials were produced by QT (quenching, tempering) heat treatment. The weld metal specimens were prepared by taking the same weld procedure applied in actual inner shell of LNG storage tank. All tests were performed in the temperature ranging from R.T. and -162°C. The fatigue crack growth behavior was carried out using CT specimen. Investigation has been carried out to study the influence of temperature and weld effect on fatigue crack growth behavior. Also, Fracture surfaces after tests were observe by scanning electron microscope (SEM).
STABILITY OF ELASTICALLY RESTRAINED VALVE-PIPE SYSTEM WITH CRACK
Authors: HUR KWAN DO , SON IN SOO , LEE SEONG CHUL
Published: March 2012

The dynamic stability and natural frequency of elastically restrained pipe conveying fluid with the attached mass and crack are investigated in this paper. The pipe system with a crack is modeled by using extended Hamilton's principle with consideration of bending energy. The crack on the pipe system is represented by a local flexibility matrix and two undamaged beam segments are connected. The crack is assumed to be in the first mode of fracture and to be always opened during the vibrations. From the governing equations, the influence of attached mass, its position and crack on the dynamic stability of elastically restrained pipe system is presented. Also, the critical flow velocity for the flutter and divergence due to the variation in the position and stiffness of supported spring is studied. Finally, the critical flow velocities and stability maps of the cracked pipe conveying fluid with the attached mass are obtained by the changing parameters.
THERMO-ELASTIC-PLASTIC-CREEP FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES OF ANNULAR NUCLEAR FUELS
Authors: KWON Y. D. , KWON S. B. , RHO K. T. , KIM M.S. , SONG H. J.
Published: March 2012

In this study, we tried to examine the pros and cons of the annular type of fuel concerning mainly with the temperatures and stresses of pellet and cladding. The inner and outer gaps between pellet and cladding may play an important role on the temperature distribution and stress distribution of fuel system. Thus, we tested several inner and outer gap cases, and we evaluated the effect of gaps on fuel systems. We conducted thermo-elastic-plastic-creep analyses using an in-house thermo-elastic-plastic-creep finite element program that adopted the 'effective-stress-function' algorithm. Most analyses were conducted until the gaps disappeared; however, certain analyses lasted for 1582 days, after which the fuels were replaced. Further study on the optimal gaps sizes for annular nuclear fuel systems is still required.
RECYCLING WASTE NATURAL RUBBER LATEX BY BLENDING WITH POLYSTYRENE – CHARACTERIZATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: BOONDAMNOEN O. , OHSHIMA M. , AZURA A. R. , CHUAYJULJIT S. , ARIFFIN A.
Published: March 2012

Waste natural rubber latex was blended with polystyrene (WNRL/PS) for recycling. A mixture with a 50/50 ratio of rubber to PS was blended by an internal mixer (Haake) at 140 °C and 60 rpm. The PS became the matrix, and the WNRL was dispersed within the matrix. Dynamically vulcanized natural rubber/PS (NRv/PS) blends and natural rubber/PS (NR/PS) blends without vulcanization were also prepared in the same way for comparison. The tensile properties and morphologies of all blends were investigated. The crosslinking density was determined by using the Flory-Rehner equation. The experiments showed that the WNRL/PS blend exhibited a higher tensile strength, Young's modulus and crosslinking density, but a lower elongation at break, than the NRv/PS and NR/PS blends. SEM observations of the tensile fracture surface and TEM observations of the blend morphology indicated that the WNRL/PS blend needed a higher energy to break than the NRv/PS and NR/PS blends.
EFFECT OF FRICTION STIR PROCESSING CONDITION ON TENSILE PROPERTIES OF Al-7Si-0.3Mg CAST ALLOY
Authors: Chen Z.W.
Published: March 2012

Multipass friction stir processing (FSP) of cast Al -7 Si -0.3 Mg alloy was conducted and FS microstructures were related to the fracture paths and tensile properties. It has been found that high rotation speed (ω) FS caused alignments of Si particles, providing easy paths for fracturing during loading and resulting in low elongation and lower UTS values of the processed alloy. The material flow mechanism during FS leading to the alignments is suggested. This suggested mechanism has been verified after conducting FS experiments using a lower ω value which eliminated Si particle alignments and thus allowed high elongation and UTS values to be attained.
SUPERPLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF COARSE-GRAINED Al-Mg ALLOY
Authors: DIAO HAOYAN , QAYYUME REHAN , WANG TINGTING , ZHAO SHASHA , MA CHAOLI
Published: March 2012

This paper concentrates on the study of the superplastic response of coarse-grained Al - Mg alloys under uniaxial tension at different temperatures (ranging from 400°C to 525°C) and strain rates (10-2 S-1, 10-3 S-1 & 10-4 S-1). The microstructures have been analyzed using optical (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It has been observed that continuous re-crystallization occurs during hot deformation of the alloy at the temperature of 425°C and strain rate of 10-2S-1. At the temperature of 425°C and strain rate of 3.78×10-3S-1, this Al - Mg alloy has the maximum elongation to failure of 181%, which is sufficient for manufacturing of extremely complex shapes using superplastic forming technology. The constant strain rate sensitivity index m and TEM observations show that in this case deformation mechanism involved is dislocation glide. Recrystallization during the hot tension greatly enhanced the plasticity of the coarse-grained material at a strain rate of about 10-2S-1 and the maximum elongation changes as a function of the strain rate.
EVALUATION OF THERMO-OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF GASKET RUBBER SHEET DEPOSITED WITH SiOxNy GAS BARRIER FILMS
Authors: KOBAYASHI TAISHI , TABATA YOSHIHISA , YONEKURA DAISUKE , MURAKAMI RI-ICHI
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of the film thickness of SiO x N y gas barrier film on the thermo-oxidative degradation behavior of gasket rubber sheet with SiO x N y film. SiO x N y film was deposited by DC magnetron sputtering method. SiO x N y films were deposited for deposition time 10, 20, 40 and 60 minutes. Chemical bonding states of SiO x N y films were analyzed by FT-IR. Oxygen transmission rate of SiO x N y films were measured using PET substrate with SiO x N y films. The surface morphology of the film deposited on the gasket rubber sheet was observed using atomic force microscope. Thermo-oxidative degradation of gasket rubber sheet was evaluated by tensile test after heating. Heating of the samples was performed at 160, 170 and 180°C under various heating time. The fracture surface of gasket rubber sheet after tensile test was observed using scanning electron microscope. As a result, it was found that the gas barrier film was effective to delay the thermo-oxidative degradation of gasket rubber sheet, especially heated at 160°C heating.
APPLICATION ON OXYGENATED FUEL OF MONO-ETHER GROUP IN AN IDI DIESEL ENGINE
Authors: KIM HYUNG-GON , CHOI SEUNG-HUN , OH YOUNG-TAIG
Published: March 2012

Effect of oxygen components of fuels on exhaust emissions has been investigated by applying an indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine. This research analyzed variation and/or difference of the engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of the IDI diesel engine by fueling the commercial diesel fuel and four different mixed ratios of oxygenated blended fuels. Effect of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) method was analyzed on the NOx emission characteristics. Ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether (EGBE) contains 27% of oxygen components in itself, and it is a kind of effective oxygenated fuel of mono-ether group. Smoke emission from the EGBE was reduced remarkably relative to the commercial diesel fuel. The EGBE can supply oxygen components sufficiently at higher diesel engine loads and speeds. It was found that a simultaneous reduction of the smoke and the NOx was achieved with the oxygenated fuel (10 vol-%) and the cooled EGR method (10%).
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE SECTIONAL FLOW FIELDS BEHIND A SWIRL GENERATOR USING AN ULTRASOUND PIV TECHNIQUE
Authors: PARK CHEOL WOO , AN JINHYO , CHEEMA TAQI A. , LEE CHOON YOUNG , KIM GYU MAN , KIM HYUNG BUM
Published: March 2012

In the present study, we measured velocity vector fields in a vertical section behind a swirl generator structure using an ultrasound particle image velocimetry (PIV) method. The ultrasound transducer was employed as an illumination beam source to have the advantages in measuring the vertical section of the flow wake in a circulating water channel. The frequencies of the ultrasonic imaging system were in the range of 35-50 MHz and the focal depth was 12 mm from a probe. The field of view was about 4 mm x 13.5 mm. We were able to observe the instantaneous wake flow structure using an ultrasound image by applying the PIV algorithm.
SLIDING WEAR AND FRICTION BEHAVIOR OF FUEL ROD MATERIAL IN WATER AND DRY STATE
Authors: PARK JIN MOO , KIM JAE HOON , JEON KYEONG LAK , PARK JUN KYU
Published: March 2012

In water cooled reactors, the friction between spacer grid and fuel rod can lead to severe wear and it is an important topic to study. In the present study, sliding wear behavior of zirconium alloy was investigated in water and dry state using the pin-on-disc sliding wear tester. Sliding wear resistance of zirconium alloy against heat treated inconel alloy was examined at room temperature. The parameters in this study were sliding velocity, axial load and sliding distance. The wear characteristics of zirconium alloy was evaluated by friction coefficient, specific wear rate and wear volume. The micro-mechanisms responsible for wear in zirconium alloy were identified to be micro-cutting, micro-pitting, delamination and micro-cracking of deformed surface zone.
SOLDERING PROCESS AND CUTTING PERFORMANCE OF MICRO SAW WIRE BONDED WITH DIAMOND GRAINS
Authors: KAMIYA OSAMU , MIYANO YASUYUKI , TAKAHASHI MAMORU , OGA YUICHI , CHEN ZHAN WEN , FUNAOKA KENNJI
Published: March 2012

This paper will demonstrate that diamond grains can be bonded to W micro-wires (AD wires) with a specially developed metal solder in a continuous process capable of producing the wire of 1000 m in length. Cutting experiments using a specially designed cutting machine have been conducted. We will demonstrate that AD wire can cut WC (HV2500) and that AD wire performs superior compared to other commercial cutting wires bonded with diamond grains using either Ni plating or resin type. It has also been found that for wire diameter less than ~ 100 µm cutting life of the wire was short and failed in a torsion fracture mode. This will be explained by comparing the friction induced torsion to the twist strength of the wire.
REACTIVE PLASMA NITRIDING OF AL2O3 POWDER IN THERMAL SPRAY
Authors: SHAHIEN MOHAMMED , YAMADA MOTOHIRO , YASUI TOSHIAKI , FUKUMOTO MASAHIRO
Published: March 2012

Among advanced ceramics, aluminum nitride ( AlN ) had attracted much attention in the field of electrical and structural applications due to its outstanding properties. However, it is difficult to fabricate AlN coating by conventional thermal spray processes directly. Due to the thermal decomposition of feedstock AlN powder during spraying without a stable melting phase (which is required for deposition in thermal spray). Reactive plasma spraying (RPS) has been considered as a promising technology for in-situ formation of AlN thermally sprayed coatings. In this study the possibility of fabrication of AlN coating by reactive plasma nitriding of alumina ( Al 2 O 3) powder using N 2/ H 2 plasma was investigated. It was possible to fabricate a cubic- AlN (c- AlN ) based coating and the fabricated coating consists of c- AlN , α- Al 2 O 3, Al 5 O 6 N and γ- Al 2 O 3. It was difficult to understand the nitriding process from the fabricated coatings. Therefore, the Al 2 O 3 powders were sprayed and collected in water. The microstructure observation of the collected powder and its cross section indicate that the reaction started from the surface. Thus, the sprayed particles were melted and reacted in high temperature reactive plasma and formed aluminum oxynitride which has cubic structure and easily nitride to c- AlN . During the coatings process the particles collide, flatten, and rapidly solidified on a substrate surface. The rapid solidification on the substrate surface due to the high quenching rate of the plasma flame prevents AlN crystal growth to form the hexagonal phase. Therefore, it was possible to fabricate c- AlN / Al 2 O 3 based coatings through reactive plasma nitriding reaction of Al 2 O 3 powder in thermal spray.
EFFECT OF ANNEALING TREATMENT ON FERROELECTRIC AND ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Bi4-XLaXTi3O12 THIN FILMS ON ITO/GLASS SUBSTRATE
Authors: CHENG CHIEN-MIN , KUAN MING-CHANG , CHEN KAI-HUNAG , TSAI JEN-HWAN
Published: March 2012

In this study, the effects of annealing temperatures on microstructure and growth properties of Bi 3.9 La 0.1 Ti 3 O 12 (BLT) thin films on ITO substrate under conventional furnace annealing processing as a function of annealing temperatures were developed. The ferroelectric and physical properties of BLT thin films were investigated. The maximum capacitance and minimum leakage current density of BLT thin films under conventional furnace annealing processing were 4.5 nF and 10-6 A/cm2, respectively. In addition, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and grain size of SEM morphology exhibited the growth and nucleation properties of BLT thin films increased with the increase of conventional furnace annealing temperatures. The results demonstrated the correlation between the electrical, physical properties and growth and nucleation features of BLT thin films.
ADVANCED NANOHYBRID FORMULATION OF THE SPARINGLY SOLUBLE DRUG SULINDAC FOR CONTROLLED RELEASE STUDIES
Authors: MINAGAWA KEIJI , BERBER MOHAMED R. , HAFEZ INAS H. , MORI TAKESHI , TANAKA MASAMI
Published: March 2012

We offered an advanced nanohybrid formulation system of Sulindac (SUL) based on layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles. The formulated materials were characterized by X-rays, Infrared and SEM techniques to confirm the nanohybrid structure. The drug incorporation ratio was determined to be 45%. The drug solubility was improved after the LDH nanohybrid formation. The anion-exchange mechanism of LDH supported the dissolution process for the intercalated SUL.
DEVELOPMENT OF RAPID PIPE MOULDING PROCESS FOR CARBON FIBER REINFORCED THERMOPLASTICS BY DIRECT RESISTANCE HEATING
Authors: TANAKA KAZUTO , HARADA RYUKI , UEMURA TOSHIKI , KATAYAMA TSUTAO , KUWAHARA HIDEYUKI
Published: March 2012

To deal with environmental issues, the gasoline mileage of passenger cars can be improved by reduction of the car weight. The use of car components made of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) is increasing because of its superior mechanical properties and relatively low density. Many vehicle structural parts are pipe-shaped, such as suspension arms, torsion beams, door guard bars and impact beams. A reduction of the car weight is expected by using CFRP for these parts. Especially, when considering the recyclability and ease of production, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics are a prime candidate. On the other hand, the moulding process of CFRTP pipes for mass production has not been well established yet. For this pipe moulding process an induction heating method has been investigated already, however, this method requires a complicated coil system. To reduce the production cost, another system without such complicated equipment is to be developed. In this study, the pipe moulding process of CFRTP using direct resistance heating was developed. This heating method heats up the mould by Joule heating using skin effect of high-frequency current. The direct resistance heating method is desirable from a cost perspective, because this method can heat the mould directly without using any coils. Formerly developed Non-woven Stitched Multi-axial Cloth (NSMC) was used as semi-product material. NSMC is very suitable for the lamination process due to the fact that non-crimp stitched carbon fiber of [0°/+45°/90°/-45°] and polyamide 6 non-woven fabric are stitched to one sheet, resulting in a short production cycle time. The use of the pipe moulding process with the direct resistance heating method in combination with the NSMC, has resulted in the successful moulding of a CFRTP pipe of 300 mm in length, 40 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness.
IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CFRP LAMINATES USING MICRO-FIBRILLATED CELLULOSE
Authors: KIM HYOJIN , SUZUKI TADASHI , TAKEMURA KENICHI
Published: March 2012

The aim of this study is improvement of mechanical and thermal properties of plain woven carbon fiber (CF) reinforced epoxy with addition of MFC as the additive. Carbon fiber/epoxy laminates with addition 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1wt% of MFC were characterized by flexural test, DSC and TMA. The result represented that the flexural strength improved slightly at 0.3 and 0.5 wt% of MFC, but flexural modulus was not changed, respectively. The glass transition temperature of MFC-CFRP laminates showed the increase according to increase of MFC addition at 0.7 and 1.0 wt%. The coefficient of thermal expansion was decrease by 0.7 wt% of MFC addition.
SINTERING BEHAVIOR OF HYPEREUTECTIC ALUMINUM-SILICON METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES POWDER
Authors: RUDIANTO HARIS , SUN YANG SANG , JIN KIM YONG , WOO NAM KI
Published: March 2012

Lightweight materials of Aluminum-Silicon P/M alloys offer the advantage of high-wear resistance, high strength, good temperature resistance, and a low coefficient of thermal expansion. An A359 MMC alloy was mixed together with Alumix 231 in this research. Powders were compacted with compaction pressure up to 700 MPa. Particle size and compaction pressure influenced green density. Compacted powders were sintered in a tube furnace under a flowing nitrogen gas. Sintering temperature, heating rate and sintering time were verified to determine best sintering conditions of the alloys. Chemical composition also contributed to gain higher sintered density. Precipitation strengthening method was used to improve mechanical properties of this materials.T6 heat treatment was carried out to produce fine precipitates to impede movement of dislocation. The chemical composition of this materials allow for the potential formation of several strengthening precipitates including θ ( Al 2 Cu ) and β ( Mg 2 Si ).
TENSILE STRENGTH OF GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTIC BY FIBER ORIENTATION AND FIBER CONTENT VARIATIONS
Authors: Kim Jin-Woo , Kim Hyoung-Seok , Lee Dong-Gi
Published: March 2012

For unidirectional composite material, there is a theoretical mixture rule equation to calculate the strength of composite from properties of matrix and fiber content. However, the equation for tensile strength with the fiber content and the fiber orientation is not available. Therefore, this study was investigated what affect fiber content and fiber orientation have on the strength of composites. Glass fiber-reinforced plastic by changing fiber orientation and fiber content was made. Tensile strength of 0° direction of composites increased being proportional fiber content and fiber orientation function as change from isotropy (J=0) to anisotropy (J=1). But, tensile strength of 90° direction by separation of fiber filament decreased when tensile load is imposed for width direction of reinforcement fiber length direction. In this study, empirical equation to estimate tensile strength out of fiber orientation and fiber content was proposed.
A STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT AND ITS EVALUATION FOR THE SURFACE LAYER OF CONCRETE PLACED WITH PERMEABLE FORM
Authors: TANAKA RYOICHI , HABUCHI TAKASHI , AMINO TAKAHIKO , FUKUTE TSUTOMU
Published: March 2012

Permeable form can improve the quality of the surface layer of concrete and can enhance the durability of concrete structures. In this study, the improvement and its evaluation for the surface layer of concrete placed with permeable form were investigated. For these purposes, accelerated carbonation test, chloride ion penetration test, air permeability test, rebound hummer test and water permeability test were conducted using the concrete specimen. As a result, it was found that the air permeability correlates the carbonation depth, chloride ion penetration depth, rebound number and water permeable volume of concrete. Moreover, the possibility that the improvement for the surface layer of concrete can be quantitatively evaluated by air permeability test was shown.
CHARACTERIZATION OF E. CHLOROTICUS SEA URCHIN TOOTH USING NANOINDENTATION AND SEM
Authors: LAXMINARAYANA RADHIKA , RODRIGUES SAMANTHA , DICKINSON MICHELLE
Published: March 2012

The teeth of Evenchinus chloroticus are not only vital tools for their survival but also have fascinating structures in the world of science and engineering. Despite being compositionally similar to rocks, these teeth are still able to scrape along the hard surfaces of rocks for food, while having the unique ability to self-sharpen. Yet these abilities arise from the properties of the teeth, which are in turn dependent on their design and composition. Nanoindentation was used in this study to characterise the hardness across the sea urchin tooth in detail. It focuses on the chewing tip since the main grinding function is performed by this region. In addition, SEM and EDS were used to explore any correlations between the mechanical properties of the tooth and its composition. It was found that there were two main relatively hard regions (stone part in the centre of the top flange part and another similar region in the centre of the bottom keel zone). These regions are similar in structure, consisting of thin needles and matrix and have a higher magnesium content compared to other areas of the tooth, which is attributed to the greater proportion of matrix present. Furthermore, the regions below the stone part and at the start of the keel zone appear to be weaker, which might be due to the significant amount of pores in these areas. The sharp tip is maintained by shedding of the primary plates surrounding the stone part and the keel fibres, leaving only the stone part at the chewing tip.
THE INFLUENCE OF NON-ESTERIFICATION BIODIESEL IN AN INDIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE
Authors: CHOI SEUNG-HUN , OH YOUNG-TAIG
Published: March 2012

Biodiesel as alternative energy source of the traditional petroleum fuels has increased interest, because environmental pollution based exhaust emissions from vehicle became serious. The advantage of biodiesel produced from esterification of vegetable and animal oils can be used without the modification of existing diesel engine, but glycerin is generated by production process. In this study, the usability of non-esterification biodiesel as an alternative fuel was investigated in an indirect injection diesel engine. The non-esterification biodiesel has not generated glycerin in esterification process and reduced the 20 percent of cost because it has not used methanol in the production process. Experiments were conducted by using the 5, 10 and 20 percentage of biodiesel and 4 and 8 percentage of biodiesel with 1 and 2 percentage of WDP in baseline diesel fuel. The smoke emission of biodiesel was reduced in comparison with diesel fuel, but power, torque and brake specific energy consumption was similar to diesel fuel.
EVALUATION OF THERMOSTABILITIES OF ENZYMES, MEDIATORS AND IMMOBILIZING MEMBRANES FOR ENZYME SENSORS
Authors: YAMADA YOHEI , OHNISHI YUKI , HAYASHI TETSUYA , ISOBE YOSHIFUMI , YABUTANI TOMOKI
Published: March 2012

The stability of the constituents of electrochemical measurement, electron mediators, enzymes and enzyme-immobilizing membranes was evaluated under high temperature (maximum 75°C) by electrochemical analysis, UV-Vis spectrometry (UV-Vis) and UV circular dichroism (CD). As a result of stability evaluation of mediators at 75°C, electrochemical activity of 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ammonium salt (ABTS), potassium ferricyanide ( K 3[ Fe ( CN )6]) and ferrocenemethanol ( FcOH ) were not changed, but 2,6-dichloroindophenol ( DCIP ), p-benzoquinone ( p - BQ ), vitaminK3 ( VK 3) were greatly decreased. The stability of diaphorase from Bacillus stearothermophilus (DI) were compared between in-solution and in several types of membranes, Agarose H , Poly-L-lysine ( PLL ) and poly-ion-complex (PIC) by electrochemical analysis. In solution, activity and secondary structure of DI were changed at 65°C or higher. This tendency of activity was not much different in Agarose H but in PLL , the activity was almost kept until 70°C. It was suggested that DI was fixed on the electrodes in high concentration and the elimination of DI seldom arise in PLL from the magnitude of the current response and the results of prolonged stability evaluation.
PHASE BEHAVIOR OF DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL BILAYER MEMBRANE IN SALINE WATER UNDER HIGH PRESSURE
Authors: TANAKA SAEKO , GOTO MASAKI , TAMAI NOBUTAKE , MATSUKI HITOSHI
Published: March 2012

The phase transitions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) bilayer membrane in the aqueous NaCl solution were observed by means of an optical method under atmospheric and high pressures. The temperature-pressure phase diagram of the DPPG bilayer showed that the phase behavior of the DPPG bilayer was similar to that of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer except for the interdigitated gel ( L β I ) phase. Comparing the phase diagram with the diagram obtained in a phosphate buffer, it turned out that the formation of the L β I phase is suppressed by the shielding effect of NaCl on the repulsive interaction among polar headgroups.
VOLUMETRIC STUDY ON DIOLEOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE BILAYER BY PRESSURE PERTURBATION CALORIMETRY
Authors: TAMAI NOBUTAKE , TSUTSUI MAIKO , GOTO MASAKI , MATSUKI HITOSHI
Published: March 2012

We investigated the thermotropic volume behavior of the bilayer membrane of dioleoylphospha-tidylcholine ( DOPC ), which is a typical unsaturated phospholipid, by means of pressure perturbation calorimetry (PPC) in the temperature range of 6.0-85.6 °C. The thermal expansion coefficient of DOPC in the bilayer membrane was found to monotonically increase from 0.65 × 10-3 K-1 to 1.07 × 10-3 K-1 with increasing temperature. This is slightly small compared to that of dipalmi-toylphosphatidylcholine ( DPPC ) in the same state at the same temperature. Further, we calculated the specific volume V sp , L and the specific volume of the hydrocarbon region V sp , HC for DOPC and DPPC to consider the difference in the packing state of these bilayer membranes. The V sp , HC value is smaller for DOPC than for DPPC at any temperature above ca. 42 °C, which indicates that the packing state of the DOPC bilayer membrane in the liquid crystalline state is denser than that of the DPPC bilayer membrane in the same state.
EFFECT OF MOLDING CONDITIONS ON ADHESIVE PROPERTY OF LAMINATED BAMBOO COMPOSITES
Authors: MATSUKAWA HIROHITO , TAKAGI HITOSHI
Published: March 2012

This paper deals with the adhesion strength of laminated bamboo composites fabricated only from steam-exploded bamboo plates by using a hot-pressing method. The adhesion strength of laminated bamboo composites were evaluated by a short beam bending teats. The effects of molding conditions on the shear strength were examined by changing the molding temperature, time, and pressure. The optimum molding conditions of the laminated bamboo composites are 140°C, 30 min. and 10 MPa among the conditions investigated. The maximum shear strength of the laminated bamboo composites was approximately 46 MPa, and this value is comparable to that of single plate bamboo composites without lamination.
The Basel Institute for Immunology
Authors: Melchers Fritz
Published: March 2012

At the Centennial Exhibition of the Nobel Prize, the Nobel Foundation called it one of the ten cradles of creativity ( 1 ). The journal Nature likened its ideals to those of the French revolution—Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité—and called it a paradise ( 2 ) devoted to the science of immune systems: the Basel Institute for Immunology (BII). Founded by Roche in 1968, inaugurated in 1971, and closed in 2000, it was home to almost 450 scientific members, over 1,000 scientific visitors, and nearly 100 scientific advisors from more than 30 countries who worked in complete academic freedom and without commercial motives on over 3,500 projects, publishing more than 3,200 scientific papers, almost all of them on the structure and functions of immune systems of different species. This review contains a first collection of historical facts and dates that describe the background of the exceptionally successful performance and the strong scientific impact of the institute on the field of immunology.
Autophagy and the Immune System
Authors: Kuballa Petric , Nolte Whitney M. , Castoreno Adam B. , Xavier Ramnik J.
Published: March 2012

Stressors ranging from nutrient deprivation to immune signaling can induce the degradation of cytoplasmic material by a process known as autophagy. Increasingly, research on autophagy has begun to focus on its role in inflammation and the immune response. Autophagy acts as an immune effector that mediates pathogen clearance. The roles of autophagy bridge both the innate and adaptive immune systems and include functions in thymic selection, antigen presentation, promotion of lymphocyte homeostasis and survival, and regulation of cytokine production. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which autophagy is regulated, as well as the functions of autophagy and autophagy proteins in immunity and inflammation.