bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change of acidity of the environment in the process of decomposition of apatitis sulfuric acid
Authors: Sabirov R. F. , Makhotkin A. F. , Sakharov Yu. N.
Published: October 2019

An experimental study of the decomposition process of Kovdorsky apatite with certain particle sizes, in a 1 dm3 batch reactor with stirring of the reaction mixture, initial phosphoric acid concentration 17% by weight, in the system: Apatite-H3PO4 – H2SO4-H2O. Sulfuric acid was introduced in stoichiometric amount at the beginning of the process. The process was carried out at a ratio L:S 2.5:1, at a temperature of 78– 82 °C. The process was monitored by the method of joint determination of sulfuric and phosphoric acids by titrimetric analysis of the composition of the reaction mixture in the presence of methyl orange, and then phenolphthalein. Determined the concentration of phosphoric acid, the concentration of excess or deficiency of sulfuric acid and the concentration of monocalcium phosphate gel were determined. The acidity of the reaction mixture was recorded according to the indications of a Ph-meter (pH-105 MA with a combined glass electrode – ESK-10603). In the system: Apatite-H3PO4-H2SO4-H2O, when analyzing the obtained experimental values of these parameters, it was shown that during the process the pH of the reaction mixture rises to pH 6.3 for about 30 minutes, and then decreases to pH 4.5–5. Comparison of the dependence of pH values on the concentration of sulfuric acid in an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid and the pH values of the reaction mixture with the corresponding concentrations of sulfuric and phosphoric acids shows that the pH value of the reaction mixture is determined by the presence in the mixture between weft product - monocalcium phosphate gel. The process of decomposition of apatite in the system Apatite-H3PO4-H2SO4-H2O proceeds in several stages. At the beginning, a rapid decomposition of phosphate raw materials with phosphoric acid and a corresponding change in the pH of the reaction mixture, associated with the accumulation of monocalcium phosphate in solution, takes place. Then there is a slow decomposition of monocalcium phosphate with sulfuric acid and a corresponding decrease in pH to 4.5–5. The pH value at the end of the process is determined by the physicochemical properties of phosphoric acid present in the reaction mixture. At all stages of the process there is a constant increase in the concentration of phosphoric acid associated with the decomposition of monocalcium phosphate gel.
Computational Modeling on Aquaporin-3 as Skin Cancer Target: A Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Study
Authors: Yadav Dharmendra K. , Kumar Surendra , Choi Eun-Ha , Chaudhary Sandeep , Kim Mi-hyun
Published: October 2019

Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) is one of the aquaglyceroporins, which is expressed in the basolateral layer of the skin membrane. Studies have reported that human skin squamous cell carcinoma overexpresses AQP3 and inhibition of its function may alleviate skin tumorigenesis. In the present study, we have applied a virtual screening method that encompasses filters for physicochemical properties and molecular docking to select potential hit compounds that bind to the Aquaporin-3 protein. Based on molecular docking results, the top 20 hit compounds were analyzed for stability in the binding pocket using unconstrained molecular dynamics simulations and further evaluated for binding free energy. Furthermore, examined the ligand-unbinding pathway of the inhibitor from its bound form to explore possible routes for inhibitor approach to the ligand-binding site. With a good docking score, stability in the binding pocket, and free energy of binding, these hit compounds can be developed as Aquaporin-3 inhibitors in the near future.
Essential Oils with High Activity Against Stationary Phase Bartonella Henselae
Authors: Ma Xiao , Shi Wanliang , Zhang Ying
Published: October 2019

Bartonella henselae is a fastidious Gram-negative intracellular bacterium which can cause cat scratch disease, endocarditis in humans and animals as well as other complications, leading to acute or chronic infections. The current treatment for Bartonella infections is not very effective due to antibiotic resistance and also persistence. To develop better therapies for persistent and chronic Bartonella infections, in this study, with the help of SYBR Green I/PI viability assay, we performed a high-throughput screening of an essential oil library against stationary phase B. henselae. We successfully identified 32 essential oils that had high activity, including four essential oils extracted from Citrus plants, three from Origanum, three from Cinnamomum, two from Pelargonium and two from Melaleuca, as well as frankincense, ylang ylang, fir needle, mountain savory (winter), citronella, spearmint, elemi, vetiver, clove bud, allspice and cedarwood essential oils. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of these 32 top hits indicated they were not only active against stationary phase non-growing B. henselae but also had good activity against log phase growing B. henselae. The time-kill curve by drug exposure assay showed 13 active hits, including essential oils of oregano, cinnamon bark, mountain savory (winter), cinnamon leaf, geranium, clove bud, allspice, geranium bourbon, ylang ylang, citronella, elemi and vetiver, could eradicate all stationary phase B. henselae cells within 7 days at the concentration of 0.032% (v/v). Two active ingredients, carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde, of oregano and cinnamon bark essential oils, respectively, were shown to be very active against stationary phase B. henselae such that they were able to eradicate all the bacterial cells even at the concentration ≤ 0.01% (v/v). Our finding of active essential oils may help to develop more effective treatments for persistent Bartonella infections.
Development of Coffee Biochar Filler for the Production of Electrical Conductive Reinforced Plastic
Authors: Giorcelli Mauro , Bartoli Mattia
Published: October 2019

In this work we produced biochar by coffee waste and use it as filler in epoxy resin composite with the aim to increase their electrical properties. The biochar and biochar based composite electrical conductivity were studied in function of applied pressure and compared with carbon black and carbon black composite. The applied pressure has the aim to investigate the behaviour of filler in powder or dispersed in composite in function of compression. Results showed that even if the coffee biochar has less conductivity if compared with carbon black in powder form, it has better conductivity in composite if compared with carbon black. Composite mechanical properties were tested and they are generally improved respect to neat epoxy resin.
Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modeling of the Effects of Some Macroeconomic Variables on Economic Growth in Nigeria
Authors: Adenomon Monday Osagie , Ojo Rotimi Olalekan
Published: October 2019

Research background: Relationship between inflation rate, unemployment rate, interest rate and real gross domestic product per capita in Nigeria. However, there seems to be a short-run or long-run relationship among the macroeconomic variables.Purpose: This study investigated the impact of the inflation rate, unemployment rate and interest rate on real gross domestic product per capita (RGDPPC) (proxy for economic growth) and proffered recommendations towards enhancing economic growth and to reduce the distasteful effects of inflation rate, unemployment rate and interest rate in Nigeria in this present time economic challenges.Research methodology: This study applied a linear dynamic model Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) modeling technique to analyze the short-run dynamics and long-run relationship of the economic growth in Nigeria over the sample period between 1984 and 2017 using annual secondary data extracted from World Bank Development Indicators Report (last updated January 2019).Results: The empirical results showed that there was long-run relationship between inflation rate, unemployment rate and interest rate on real gross domestic product per capita (proxy for economic growth) in Nigeria. The result further revealed that only unemployment rate had a significant positive impact on real gross domestic product per capita in the long-run and inflation rate had a significant negative impact on real gross domestic product per capita in the short-run.Novelty: Therefore, the study concluded that unemployment rate and inflation rate proved to have significant impacts on economic growth in the long-run and short-run respectively. Formulation of policies to reduce unemployment through the adoption of labour concentrated technique of production, entrepreneurship development and policy to keep the inflation rate at single digit.
Oasis Evolution in Response to Human Inducedwater Resources Reallocation in South Xinjiang during Past Four Decades
Authors: Ma Yuanxu , Wang Jianping , Yan Fang , Mamat Aynur
Published: October 2019

Vegetation in drylands is sensitive to climatic changes and human activities. Remote sensing and spatial analyses provide us useful tools for monitoring long-term vegetation dynamics over large regional scale. In this study, we analyzed the oasis vegetation cover change of the Tarim Basin using Landsat data sets from six epochs, 1975s, 1990s, 2000s, 2005s, 2010s and 2014. The results show that vegetation cover of oases increases from 34600 km2 in 1975s to 101000 km2 in 2014, though there was a vegetation coverage decrease from 77600 km2 in 2000s to 42680 km2 in 2010s. The percentage of annul water consumption has increased from 34% in 1970s to 52% in 2010s in the upper Tarim River, and decreased from 15% in 1970s to 9% in 2010s in the lower Tarim River. The decrease of oases area from 2000s to 2010s probably resulted from the rapid urbanization and large scale land reclamation. Although there is an increasing trend for oases coverage, local degradation of oases especially in the northern part occurred. This may be caused by inadequate water supply of the Tarim River. The results of multiple regression show that human activities contribute 70% of oases area change. Human induced water resources reallocation and heat energy balance is the primary cause of total oasis change.
What do Plants Leave after Summer on the Ground? The Effect of Afforested Plants in Arid Environments
Authors: Jiménez-Rodríguez César Dionisio , Coenders-Gerrits Miriam , Uhlenbrook Stefan , Wenninger Jochen
Published: October 2019

Stable isotope concentrations in the soil, rain and ground water have been used to trace the water extraction zones of plants in different environments. The need to identify the plant water use by plants in afforestation programs to control desertification increases the importance of sap water partitioning of plants in sand dune areas. However, the introduction of new plant covers exerts pressure on the water resources and can affect the local soil water conditions. In this study, we analyzed the isotope concentrations in rain, soil, sap, and ground water after the summer of 2010. Two experimental plots established in the Hailiutu catchment (Shaanxi province, northwest China) were selected to gather the water samples between September and October 2010. One plot is dominated by Salix bushes (Salix psammophila C. Wang \& Chang Y. Yang) and the other by the tree species Willow (Salix matsudana Koidz.). The total precipitation at the experimental site was 401 mm/yr during 2010, while 88.7 mm was collected in total for the period September to October. Willow trees transpired 12.82 kg/d being almost three times larger than Salix shrubs (4.57 kg/d). Despite the transpiration rates of both plant species and the few rain events in the region, the soil water beneath the plant covers is not depleted. Stable isotope signature of soil water beneath both covers shows the fractionation front in Salix at 20 cm depth and at Willow at 40 cm depth. However, soil water signature is closer to the groundwater than the collected rain water.
The Effect of Large-Capacity Magazine Bans on High-Fatality Mass Shootings, 1990–2017
Authors: Klarevas Louis , Conner Andrew , Hemenway David
Published: October 2019

Objectives. To evaluate the effect of large-capacity magazine (LCM) bans on the frequency and lethality of high-fatality mass shootings in the United States.

Methods. We analyzed state panel data of high-fatality mass shootings from 1990 to 2017. We first assessed the relationship between LCM bans overall, and then federal and state bans separately, on (1) the occurrence of high-fatality mass shootings (logit regression) and (2) the deaths resulting from such incidents (negative binomial analysis). We controlled for 10 independent variables, used state fixed effects with a continuous variable for year, and accounted for clustering.

Results. Between 1990 and 2017, there were 69 high-fatality mass shootings. Attacks involving LCMs resulted in a 62% higher mean average death toll. The incidence of high-fatality mass shootings in non–LCM ban states was more than double the rate in LCM ban states; the annual number of deaths was more than 3 times higher. In multivariate analyses, states without an LCM ban experienced significantly more high-fatality mass shootings and a higher death rate from such incidents.

Conclusions. LCM bans appear to reduce both the incidence of, and number of people killed in, high-fatality mass shootings.
Tourniquet Use Does Not Affect Functional Outcomes or Pain After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Goel Rahul , Rondon Alexander J. , Sydnor Kiersten , Blevins Kier , O’Malley Michael , Purtill James J. , Austin Matthew S.
Published: October 2019

Background:

The use of a tourniquet during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is controversial. Pain and return to function are believed, by some, to be influenced by the use of a tourniquet. The hypothesis of this study was that use of a tourniquet would delay postoperative functional recovery and increase pain as compared with no tourniquet use.

Methods:

Two hundred patients were recruited for this prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomized to undergo TKA either with a tourniquet (100 patients) or without one (100 patients) and blinded to group allocation. Primary outcome measures were functional assessment testing using the Timed Up & Go (TUG) test and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores. Secondary outcome measures included the stair-climb test, blood loss, surgical field visualization, and range of motion. Outcome measures were completed preoperatively, in the hospital, and postoperatively at a first and a second follow-up. The minimal detectable change, Student t test, Fisher exact test, and nonasymptotic chi-square analysis with an alpha of p < 0.05 were used to determine significance.

Results:

The no-tourniquet group had more calculated blood loss (1,148.02 mL compared with 966.64 mL; p < 0.001) and more difficulty with surgical field visualization (p < 0.0001). The tourniquet group had greater knee extension at the first follow-up (−7° compared with −9°; p = 0.044).

Conclusions:

Tourniquet use during TKA significantly decreases blood loss and does not adversely affect early postoperative outcomes. Tourniquet use during routine TKA is safe and effective, and concerns about deleterious effects on function and pain may not be justified.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Peningkatan Derajat Kesehatan Masyarakat Melalui Pemeriksaan Kesehatan dan Edukasi Pola Hidup Sehat
Authors: Puspitasari Puspitasari , Rinata Evi , Salim Agus
Published: October 2019

Improving the level of public health can be started by increasing sufficient knowledge about healthy lifestyles. The period of the elderly is a period of life that needs attention because this period is susceptible to disease. Community service activities aim to broaden the views on the importance of health for the elderly. This activity was carried out at the elderly Posyandu, Jiken Village, Tulangan, Sidoarjo in March to April 2019. The method used was observation, Point of Care Testing (POCT) training for Posyandu cadres, counseling and consultation regarding healthy lifestyles. The result of this activity is that Posyandu cadres can do Point of Care Testing (POCT) and can implement it continuously because the simple medical devices they have are complete. In addition, the elderly people are increasingly enthusiastic to come to the posyandu. This can be seen from the list of visits and activeness of the elderly in participating in the whole series of activities while in the posyandu.
Influência da altura de comedouros tubulares no comportamento ingestivo de frangos de corte.
Authors: Roll V. F. B. , Dai Prá M. A. , Roll A. A. P. , Xavier E. G. , Rossi P. , Anciuti M. A. , Rutz F.
Published: October 2019

O objetivo deste trabalho foi de verificar o efeito da altura de comedouros tubulares sobre o comportamento de frangos de corte. Foram alojados 880 frangos de corte fêmeas Ross divididos em 40 boxes (repetições) com 22 aves cada (11 aves/m2). Nos boxes, a cama foi de cepilho de madeira, com bebedouros lineares de água corrente e comedouros tubulares com capacidade para 18 kg de ração. As aves foram submetidas a duas alturas de comedouro em dois períodos diferentes (28-35 dias de idade, comedouro alto (CAL): borda superior do comedouro com 20 cm do solo, comedouro baixo (CB): borda superior com 11 cm do solo; 36 a 42 dias de idade - CAL: borda superior com 25 cm do solo, CB: borda superior com 18 cm do solo). Para verificar a descrição geral do comportamento das aves foi utilizada a técnica de amostragem instantânea scan sampling e no estudo do comportamento de ingestão das aves (monitorado durante 12 h consecutivas) utilizou-se como ferramenta de registro microcâmeras instaladas simultaneamente em 4 boxes. No teste de preferência os frangos individualmente ou coletivamente deveriam escolher entre um comedouro alto ou um comedouro baixo disponíveis ao mesmo tempo dentro do box. Foi utilizado um delineamento completamente casualizado sendo que as médias das variáveis respostas foram comparadas através do teste t ou estatística não paramétrica quando necessária. Os frangos de corte preferem consumir ração em comedouros tubulares regulados a baixa altura. A utilização de comedouros baixos reduz a freqüência de visitas ao mesmo, sendo inversamente proporcional ao tempo de ingestão de alimentos, porém sem afetar ao consumo total de ração.
Address for correspondence: Lugovaja Inna S. – Belarusian National Technical University, 12 Ya. Kolasa str., 220013, Minsk, Republic of Belarus. Tel: +375 17 292-84-37 gpa_atf@bntu.by
Authors: Lugovaja I. S.
Published: October 2019

Hydraulic systems used in mechanisms and machines are intended for mechanical movements: load lifting, material pressing, moving of working bodies, etc. Mineral oils with low viscosity are used in them as working fluids. Such liquids include food products (honey, molasses, tar, minced meat, dough, pasta, creams, starches), construction materials (clay, cement, sealant), petroleum products, etc. which are found in chemical and textile, wine and bakery, cosmetic and confectionery, dairy and paintwork, construction industry and many other areas of activity. At the same time, hydraulic systems are used in various sectors of the national economy, which are designed for pumping or transporting a high-viscosity working fluid. However, description of such hydraulic systems, their classification, specific features of the devices of which they consist, has yet received insufficient attention. In this regard, this paper provides a classification of hydraulic systems for pumping and transporting highly viscous liquids, a description of their composition, main types of pumps and devices for controlling and performing technological tasks widely used in various industries. It is shown that all pumps used for these purposes can be divided into two groups: dynamic and volumetric. The paper presents schemes of devices, a brief description and operational principle of pumps used for these purposes. The executed analysis has shown that an operation of hydraulic systems for pumping highly viscous liquids necessitates further study of their characteristics, as well as development of methods for calculation and design.
Pengaruh Corporate Governance dalam Memprediksi Biaya Ekuitas dengan Pendekatan Model Ohlson
Authors: Rivandi Muhammad , Marlina Marlina
Published: October 2019

Abstract: Cost of equity a concept of cost in determining the real cost that must be borne by the company to obtain funds from a source or use of capital from each source of funds, then determine the average cost of capital of all funds used by the company. The method used in the measurement of equity costs is the Ohlson model. Research objectives to prove empirically the Effect of Corporate Governance in Predicting Equity Costs with the Ohlson Model Approach. Research population of manufacturing companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample used using porposive sampling techniques amounted to 30 companies. The analysis method used uses a panel regression model. Based on the test results, it is empirically proven that (1) Family Ownership does not affect the cost of Equity, (2) Institutional Ownership negatively affects the cost of equity, (3) The Independent Board of Commissioners does not affect the cost of equity. الملخص: تكلفة الأسهم هي مفهوم التكلفة في تحديد مقدار التكاليف الحقيقية التي يجب أن تتحملها الشركة للحصول على أموال من مصدر أو استخدام رأس المال من كل مصدر للأموال، ثم تحديد متوسط تكلفة رأس المال (متوسط تكلفة رأس المال) لجميع الصناديق المستخدمة من قبل الشركة. الطريقة المستخدمة في قياس تكاليف الأسهم هي نموذج أولسون. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو إثبات ملكية الأسرة بشكل تجريبي، والملكية المؤسسية، ومجلس مفوضين مستقلين حول تكلفة الأسهم. البحوث السكانية لهذا البحث شركات في بورصة إندونيسيا. كانت العينة المستخدمة تقنية أخذ عينات هادفة بلغ مجموعها 30 شركة. الطريقة التحليلية المستخدمة هي نموذج انحدار اللوحة. بناءً على نتائج الاختبار، تثبت بشكل تجريبي أن (1) ملكية الأسرة ليس لها أي تأثير على تكلفة الأسهم، (2) الملكية المؤسسية لها تأثير سلبي على تكلفة الأسهم، (3) مجلس المفوضين المستقلين ليس له أي تأثير على تكلفة حقوق الملكية. Abstrak: Biaya ekuitas sebuah Konsep biaya dalam menentukan besarnya biaya secara riil yang harus ditanggung oleh perusahaan untuk memperoleh dana dari suatu sumber atau penggunaan modal dari masing-masing sumber dana, untuk kemudian menentukan biaya modal rata-rata (average cost of capital) dari keseluruhan dana yang dipergunakan perusahaan. Metode yang digunakan didalam pengukuran biaya ekuitas adalah model Ohlson. Tujuan penelitian untuk membuktikan secara empiris Kepemilikan Keluarga, Kepemiikan Institusional, dan Dewan Komisaris Independen Terhadap Biaya Ekuitas. Populasi penelitian perusahaan manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Sampel yang digunakan mengunakan teknik porposive sampling berjumlah 30 perusahaan. Metode Analisis yang digunakan menggunakan model regresi panel. Berdasrkan hasil pengujian membuktikan secara empiris bahwa (1) Kepemilikan Keluarga tidak berpengaruh terhadap biaya Ekuitas, (2) Kepemilikan Institusional berpengaruh negatif terhadap biaya ekuitas, (3) Dewan Komisaris Independen tidak berpengaruh terhadap biaya ekuitas.
Novel Nanoparticle Based Applications in Oilfield: From Sand Consolidation to Water Shutoff
Authors: Kalgaonkar Rajendra , Alnoaimi Khalid , Wagle Vikrant
Published: October 2019

The present paper describes the development of unique chemistries for plugging and sealing water producing zones and binding produced sand in unconsolidated formations. This is achieved by tuning the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles to act as either conformance sealants or as sand binders. Wherein the sealants would completely seal-off the water and gas producing zones, the binders would consolidate the produced sand while maintaining the reservoir permeability.

The sealing and binding mechanisms of the nanoparticles are based upon triggered chemistries to achieve delayed gelling activation to ensure proper placement of the treatment into the target zone and avoid premature plugging of pipe lines, coiled tubing or other tubulars. The treatment can be placed downhole as a single pill. When the surface chemistry is tuned for the nanoparticles to act as binders for sand consolidation, the pill has high affinity to the solid surface and therefore is less prone to build up in the pore space. Once cured at reservoir temperature it forms a thin layer of hard gel around the surface of the sand particles, cementing the sand grains together at the same time maintaining open porosity to ensure easy flow of hydrocarbons and injected water. When the pill is deployed as a sealant for water conformance, it occupies the available pore space to seal-off the water producing zones. The newly developed systems can be effectively applied as sealants or binders up to BHST of 300°F.

The surface modified nanoparticles were studied for their abilities to consolidate loose sand and at the same time maintain good permeability in case of binders, while to plug and seal water producing zones in case of conformance sealants. The static and dynamic gelation times were evaluated up to 300°F. It was shown that the gelation time of the nanoparticles can be controlled by surface chemistry modification, pH alterations as well as by adjusting the concentration of the activator, which is advantageous as it allows the treatment to remain pumpable over predictable periods of time. The effects of shear rate on gelation time and viscosity buildup are presented. Regain permeability studies showed that permeability could be controlled by specific surface modifications of the nanoparticles.

The novelty of this paper is that it not only describes the development of unique nanoparticles for water conformance and sand control, but also provides a selection criteria for applying the surface modified nanoparticles for these downhole applications.
Key Technologies and Practice of Ultra-HTHP Drilling in South China Sea
Authors: Xu Dongsheng , Yang Jin , Zhao Ying , Huang Yi , Luo Ming , Chen Yuan , Li Lei , Yang Yupeng , Wang Jie , Zhang Minghe
Published: October 2019

Ultra-HTHP reservoirs are Contained in the deep strata of Yingqiong Basin in the South China Sea. The formation pressure coefficient is about 2.30, and the reservoir temperature is about 230℃. So the reservoir has the characteristics of low pressure bearing capacity and high collapse pressure, it poses great challenges to drilling operations.

Aiming at the difficulties of Ultra-HTHP wells, we carried out a series of studies. Firstly, We have done 2170 sets of experiments on rock properties to study drillability and viscoplasticity of rocks, the test conditions is 200℃ with confining pressures of 20 Mpa, 35 Mpa and 50 Mpa. Secondly, focusing on the problems of large surface casing and high risk of anti-collision in HTHP cluster wells, We improved drilling efficiency by pre-inclination drilling and anti-collision drilling. Finally, to protect reservoirs and reduce pollution, we invented a dual-effect drilling and completion fluid system with megatherm resistance.

After decades of research and public relations, we had completed a series of successful exploration and practice. Based on the law of viscoplastic change of rock under HTHP and rock breaking mechanism, we innovatively expounded a composite impactor acceleration tool with rotating and axial high frequency impact force characteristics. According to the principle of jet pump, a new type of speed-increasing jet-suction bit with bottom jet and reverse jet-suction dual-fluid channel had been creatively invented, it can increase the ROP of Ultra-HTHP wellbore by 162%. Ultra-HTHP cluster well surface drilling, pre-inclination, anti-collision one-trip high-efficiency drilling technology realizes the cluster well large-scale borehole drilling, pre-inclination, anti-collision three-in-one operation mode, it reduced the risk of anti-collision while improving the operation time, the single well construction period saved 2.5 days, and the average drilling cost saved 600 thousand RMB per day.Compared with conventional solid-phase drilling and completion fluids, the dual-effect drilling and completion fluids have high temperature, high density and low solid content decrease by 20%, mud cake thickness decreases by 60%, and permeability recovery value increases from 70% to more than 90%. Compared with the single well cost of cesium formate system in the world, single well saves 48 million RMB.

Ultra-HTHP wells had been successfully drilled 16 wells in the South China Sea, and the success rate is 100%. The average drilling cycle reduced from 175 days to 52 days, it is of great reference value for Ultra-HTHP drilling. It can be recommended to make Ultra-HTHP offshore areas such as the North Sea of Britain and the Gulf of Mexico of the United States.
Accurate Prediction of CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems
Authors: Hamdi Zakaria , Chenxi Dong
Published: October 2019

In CO2 gas injection, the oil recovery rate of the miscible flooding is significantly higher than that of the non-miscible flooding. The miscibility of oil and CO2 can only be achieved when pressure is above the minimum miscible pressure (MMP), hence MMP is an important parameter for the optimal design of the CO2 injection in the reservoir. The MMP can be determined by traditional methods such as experimental and empirical correlation approaches. The experimental method is accurate but time-consuming and expensive, while the correlation methods are efficient but have limited application range due to its theoretical assumption's limitation. Thus, a more efficient and accurate method for MMP measurement is in need. Artificial neuro network (ANN) is an effective tool for engineering estimation, hence some MMP prediction model based on ANN was proposed by researchers, but the accuracy of models still can be improved. In this study, four factors (heavy hydrocarbon molecular weight, reservoir temperature, volatile and intermediate ratio oil) of MMP were designed as input, MMP as output, and ANFIS model is constructed for MMP prediction, the accuracy is estimated by the root mean square error (RMSE). The simulation results indicate that the ANFIS model has higher accuracy (average RMSE=1.846) and wider application range than those traditional correlation approaches (best-performed correlation RMSE=4.25). ANFIS runs faster and cheaper than the experimental approach. Among all the ANFIS models, the hybrid algorithm optimized ANFIS with Gaussian member function is most accurate with RMSE=1.44. BP algorithm optimized ANFIS with PSigmoid membership function produces the largest error (RMSE=2.83). Therefore, the ANFIS model developed in this study is more accurate and time-saving than traditional methods in predicting MMP and is more accurate than the previous neural network MMP prediction models.
Applications of Interbed Multiple Elimination
Authors: Qi Qunli , Ye Zaibing , Gao Kai , Li Guanmei
Published: October 2019

Multiple contamination both surface related and interbeded are common and known to hinder the interpretation, reservoir characterization and inversion studies. Surface related multiple is always present and strong on marine data, but not often a problem on land data. Interbed multiple is rather dependent on the subsurface structures and not always obvious, however in presence of strong subsurface reflectors, interbed multiple contamination could be marked, this article mainly focus on IME – Interbed Multiple Elimination. Two methodologies including data driven Extended SRME IME in combination with radon transform based demultiplex and ISS (inversion scattering series) based IME are introduced. Good demultiple results are demonstrated by case study.
Optimization Of Large Gas Cap Development Plan Though Pilot Learning Leading to Significant Cost Saving
Authors: Agrawal Pawan , Keshtta Osama , Draoui Elyes
Published: October 2019

Field presented here is giant heterogeneous carbonate field consist of multi-stacked reservoirs, located in offshore Abu Dhabi. It consists of a very large rich gas cap with oil rim. Current development plan is oil production from oil rim with peripheral water injection & crestal gas injection. Long Term Development Plan "LTDP" of field consists of co-development of oil rim (through water injection at GOC) and gas cap (through partial gas recycling) to maximize oil, condensate & gas value. Details of LTDP are in Ref. 7. To further maximize condensate value, mid-term plan is complete gas recycling by production of rich gas through gas cap producer located downdip of structure and injection of dry gas through gas injector located in the crest.

To de-risk midterm plan, a gas cap producer pilot has been drilled in one of prolific reservoir. Main objectives of gas producer pilot were to reduce uncertainty of CGR, assess gas well capacity & assess gas offtake impact on oil rim. This paper presents optimization of gas cap development in terms of number of wells, trajectory, location & completion based on learning of gas cap pilot.

Literature data indicate that below dew point pressure, gas condensate reservoirs exhibit growth of a condensate bank around the wellbore, which effectively reduce the relative permeability to gas flow & well capacity. Flow in near wellbore region is also impacted by saturation dependent inertial forces (non-Darcy flow). On the other hand at high capillary number improvement in gas relative permeability counteracts the PI reduction. All this effects have been considered in gas cap development.

In this study using a fit for purpose sector model extracted from full field model, all the three phenomenon's non-Darcy effect, condensate blockage and relative permeability improvement at higher capillary number has been studied for different well trajectories such as vertical well, deviated well and horizontal well. Based on simulation results horizontal well was chosen for piloting to minimize impact of condensate blockage, gas turbulent effect and produce the condensate reservoir more efficiently. Sector model was fine-tuned based on pilot results which were further upscaled in the full field simulation. Based on pilot learning well trajectory, location & completion has been optimized for different flow units which leads to significant cost saving.
Multi-Disciplinary Data Integration as Key to Resolve Complex Structural
Authors: Gruber Wilfried , Ghedan Shawket , Rouis Lamia , Eid Tarek , Eldali Magdi Abdelhad , Gibrata Muhammad Antonia
Published: October 2019

The Cheleken area holds a series of hydrocarbon accumulations along a transpressional ridge (Apsheron trend). Seismic data is key to understand each field's structural setting and complexity especially in the inter-well space. Previous data interpretations could not overcome limitations and ambiguities of data quality leading to a range of possible interpretations. This study presents how integration of well data and structural style concepts into the seismic workflow results in a structural model matching all data and field characteristics.

Interpretation of band limited thus low-resolution seismic data in context of a complex structural setting across a thick deltaic succession is challenging. In order to avoid over-interpretation and non-systematic patterns all available information was integrated into the interpretation process. From preliminary identification of the master fault and stress regime, a classical Riedel shear system was recognized. Prevailing fault plane geometries at each deformation stage were defined and applied to guide fault delineation at larger scale. Linking interpreted faults to corresponding well markers, identified by layer doubling or missing sections, required considerable effort due to the high number of deviated wells, but strongly reduced ambiguities.

The central part of the Lam field forms a positive flower structure across the productive Red Series. A strike slip system with helicoidal fault geometry is the prevailing structural style. Such fault system originates from a single master fault at large depth. Transpressional deformation led to the formation of Riedel faults that root in the main fault. Ongoing deformation resulted in the additional formation of P- faults connecting the Riedel faults at larger depth only. At the same time, Riedel faults steepen while propagating upward, but die out at the top of the Red Series. This resulted in structural highs developed as updomings between the en-echelon patterns of the Riedel faults. These show reverse offsets on the flanks but typically only minor throw when passing the central sections of the updomings. A second, relatively younger set of normal faults was identified which did not match the strike slip system interpretation. These faults crosscut the older faults in the shallow succession and indicate a recent extensional regime.

Exceptional situations require exceptional effort across multiple disciplines to arrive at a common understanding for hydrocarbon fields. Success keys were to find the balance between data driven and model driven results and to allow for a certain degree of simplification. The latter was substantial in the construction of a model that captures the main field characteristics but avoids unnecessary detail in terms of structure and subsequently hydrocarbon distribution.
Prediction of Water Saturation for Tight Sandstone Reservoirs by Using Array Dielectric Logging ADL
Authors: Guo Haopeng , Zhang Haitao , Li Gaoren , Yan Xuecheng , Zhang Wenjing , Wang Yanmei , Xiao Liang , Liu Die
Published: October 2019

Conventional hydrocarbon saturation estimation methods based on porosity and resistivity curves cannot be well used in our target formations due to the difficulty of the determination of necessary input parameters. The formation water resistivity was heavily affected by the various salinity. The water salinity was considered to have little effect to the delectric constant, especially for the delectric constants measured with frequency higher than 200 MHz. In this study, we proposed a new model to predict water saturation from the array delectric logging (ADL) data in the Chang 8 Formation of Penyang region, west Ordos Basin, west China. This model was similar with the classic Archie's equation in form, whereas the involved parameters were much easily to be determined. Based on the lab delectric constant measurements of 6 typical core samples, we determined the input parameters in this new model. Meanwhile, considering the effect of pore structure to delectric measurements, a model of calculating various mε from porosity was established. By using the proposed model, we processed several wells with which the ADL data was acquired, the consecutive water saturation curves were calculated. Comparisons of predicted water saturation with irreducible water saturation, core derived results and the drill stem test (DST) data illustrate that this model was reliable. The advantage of this model was that it can be used to precisely calculate water saturation in any formations with various formation water salinity, whereas the conventional methods lost their role.
Advanced Logs and Seismic Driven Geomechanics in Complex Sandstone Reservoirs for Drilling Optimization
Authors: Nasreldin Gaisoni , Gibrata Muhammad A. , Rajaiah Nanthakumar , Elsadany Karim , Aly Omar , Al Asadi Yousif Mohamed , Knispel Ricarda , Eid Tarek , Rouis Lamia , Eldali M.A.. A. , Skelhorn Richard , Oweni Tarek , Mukherjee Anubrati , Subbiah Surej Kumar
Published: October 2019

Sandstone reservoirs of the South Caspian basin in Turkmenistan are currently undergoing further development—with the addition of deviated wells. The localized depletion occurring in some of the offshore fields in this area has thus far triggered a host of geomechanics-related challenges—including wellbore instabilities and poor hole quality. In anticipation of further depletion over the remaining fields life, geomechanics effects will become more pronounced and the associated technical and economic challenges facing these fields may increase.

To assist in future well planning and field development, and to diagnose the problems already encountered in the existing vertical wells, 3D seismic-driven mechanical earth models (MEMs) were built. These covered the main sandstone reservoirs as well as the shaley formations. This integration of data from drilling operations, open hole logs, core, seismic and formation pressure measurements provided a constrained and consistent description of the prevailing in-situ state of stress, pore pressures and rock mechanical properties. These geomechanical models were further improved by accounting for historical depletion in the fields considered. The depletion modelling was performed numerically using a simulator performing finite difference fluid-flow calculations. The results obtained and understanding gained were then considered in the analyses of wellbore stability for future wells.

This paper describes these geomechanical analyses and modelling—including the data integration to assess wellbore stability at the current level of depletion.
Mothballing Initiative Ensuring Operations Efficiency for Inactive Facilities
Authors: Yassien Diaa , Al-Ghaferi Mohamed , Al Janahi Mohammed , Al Jaberi Fawzi , Albadi Mohamed , Al Katheiri Ghalib , Al Shehhi Zayed , Al Belooshi Fares
Published: October 2019

In oil and gas production, certain cases require to shutdown Wellheads or surface facilities for extended period to anable preventive maintenance or reservoir monitoring. The major concern is how to preserve the equipment's from corrosion risk during the shutdown periods. The corrosion potential increases with the presence of sour gases (H2S and CO2) and exposure of piping facilities to sour gase media under high pressure is the main cause for metallic corrosion. Despite well flowing condition to production facilities is designed to have continuous corrosion inhibitor injection which forms a protection film layer as a corrosion control, the shutdown condition diminishes the role of the the protection layer, hence, mothballing was identified as an alternative resolution to ensure piping integrity and corrosion control in place while shutdown duration. In this paper, the sour gases corrosion effect is described by defining corrosion types. Mothballing process is identified based on the preservation concept, duration and different procedures for protection, noted the resources required and mitigation to perform the activities with assigned team members. Downhole tubing and surface facilities piping is also discussed for mothballing while inactive and offline duration of sour gas wells and associated surface piping facilities. Two types of mothballing media are listed based on target equipment for effective results, inhibited diesel was selected for well down hole mothballing, and dry inert nitrogen gas as media for X-mass tree and surface pipe line facilities. Additional improvement and opportunity for operation efficiency is to carry out the mothballing as campaign to optimize the resources for both time with cost saving initiative. Team members from different disciplines required to contribute for mothballing operations, task asssignement for each disciplines as per roles and responsabilities organize stream line all resources to achieve ultimat goal for facilities integrity.
A mutant allele of zeta-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is associated with the yellow pigmentation of the ‘Pinalate’ sweet orange mutant and reveals new insights into its role in fruit carotenogenesis
Authors: Rodrigo Maria Jesus , Lado Joanna , Alos Enriqueta , Alquezar Berta , Dery Orly , Hirschberg Joseph , Zacarias Lorenzo
Published: October 2019

Fruit coloration is one of the main quality parameters of Citrus fruit primarily determined by genetic factors. The fruit of ordinary sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) displays a pleasant orange tint due to the accumulation carotenoids, representing b,b-xanthophylls more than 80% of the total content. Pinalate is a spontaneous bud mutant derived from sweet orange Navelate, characterized by yellow fruits due to elevated proportions of upstream carotenes and reduced b,b-xanthophylls. To identify the molecular basis of Pinalate yellow fruit, a complete characterization of carotenoids profile together with transcriptional changes in carotenoid biosynthetic genes were performed in mutant and parental fruits during development and ripening. Pinalate fruit tissues showed a distinctive carotenoid profile at all ripening stages, accumulating phytoene, phytofluene and unusual proportions of 9,15,9´-tri-cis- and 9,9´-di-cis-z-carotene, while content of downstream carotenoids was significantly decreased. Transcript levels for most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes showed no alterations in Pinalate; however, the steady-state level mRNA of z-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), which catalyses the conversion of 9,15,9´-tri-cis- to 9,9´-di-cis-z-carotene, was significantly reduced in Pinalate fruit and leaf tissues. The isolation of the Pinalate Z-ISO genomic sequence identified a new allele with a single nucleotide insertion at the second exon, which generates an alternative splicing site that alters Z-ISO transcripts encoding non-functional enzyme. Moreover, functional assays of citrus Z-ISO in E.coli showed that light is able to enhance a non-enzymatic isomerization of tri-cis to di-cis-z-carotene which is in agreement with the partial rescue of mutant phenotype when Pinalate fruits are highly exposed to light during ripening. The defect in Pinalate Z-ISO gene causes a bottleneck in the carotenoid pathway with an unbalanced content of carotenes upstream to b,b-xanthophylls in fruit tissues. Taken together, our results indicate that a spontaneous single nucleotide insertion in Z-ISO is the molecular basis of the altered pigmentation in Pinalate sweet orange mutant and points this isomerase as an essential activity for carotenogenesis in citrus fruits.
Competitive Endogenous RNA (ceRNA) Regulation Network of lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA in Wilms tumor
Authors: tang fucai , Lu zechao , wang jiamin , Li zhibiao , Wu weijia , Duan Haifeng , He zhaohui
Published: October 2019

Background: Competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) have revealed a new mechanism of interaction between RNAs. However, such comprehension of the ceRNA regulatory network in wilms tumor remains limited.
Methods: Raw RNA sequencing profiles regarding mRNAs, miRNAs and lncRNAs on wilms tumor samples and normal samples were obtained from Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatment (TARGET). EdgeR package was applied to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs. Functional enrichment analyses were conducted via DAVID database and the ClusterProfile R package. The lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA interaction ceRNA network was established in Cytoscape according to the identified lncRNAs–miRNAs and miRNAs–mRNAs interactions. Subsequently, correlation between ceRNA network and overall survival prognosis were analyzed.
Results: A total of 2,037 lncRNAs, 154 miRNAs and 3,609 mRNAs were identified as differentially expressed RNAs in wilms tumor. 205 lncRNAs, 26 miRNAs and 143 mRNAs were included in ceRNA regulatory network. Analysis results showed that 14 out of the 205 lncRNAs, 1 out of 26 miRNAs and 8 out of 143 mRNAs were associated with overall survival in Wilms tumor patients (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: CeRNA networks played an important role in Wilms tumor. This might provide effective bioinformatics basis and novel insights for further understanding of the mechanisms underlying Wilms tumor.