bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Natural Selection in Genetic Differentiation of Worldwide Populations of Drosophila ananassae
Authors: Baines John F , Das Aparup , Mousset Sylvain , Stephan Wolfgang
Published: December 2004

The main evolutionary forces leading to genetic differentiation between populations are generally considered to be natural selection, random genetic drift, and limited migration. However, little empirical evidence exists to help explain the extent, mechanism, and relative role of these forces. In this study, we make use of the differential migration behavior of genes located in regions of low and high recombination to infer the role and demographic distribution of natural selection in Drosophila ananassae. Sequence data were obtained from 13 populations, representing almost the entire range of cosmopolitan D. ananassae. The pattern of variation at a 5.1-kb fragment of the furrowed gene, located in a region of very low recombination, appears strikingly different from that of 10 noncoding DNA fragments (introns) in regions of normal to high recombination. Most interestingly, two main haplotypes are present at furrowed, one being fixed in northern populations and the other being fixed or in high frequency in more southern populations. A cline in the frequency of one of these haplotypes occurs in parallel latitudinal transects. Taken together, significant clinal variation and a test against alternative models of natural selection provide evidence of two independent selective sweeps restricted to specific regions of the species range.
The Genetic Architecture of Response to Long-Term Artificial Selection for Oil Concentration in the Maize Kernel
Authors: Laurie Cathy C , Chasalow Scott D , LeDeaux John R , McCarroll Robert , Bush David , Hauge Brian , Lai Chaoqiang , Clark Darryl , Rocheford Torbert R , Dudley John W
Published: December 2004

In one of the longest-running experiments in biology, researchers at the University of Illinois have selected for altered composition of the maize kernel since 1896. Here we use an association study to infer the genetic basis of dramatic changes that occurred in response to selection for changes in oil concentration. The study population was produced by a cross between the high- and low-selection lines at generation 70, followed by 10 generations of random mating and the derivation of 500 lines by selfing. These lines were genotyped for 488 genetic markers and the oil concentration was evaluated in replicated field trials. Three methods of analysis were tested in simulations for ability to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL). The most effective method was model selection in multiple regression. This method detected ∼50 QTL accounting for ∼50% of the genetic variance, suggesting that >50 QTL are involved. The QTL effect estimates are small and largely additive. About 20% of the QTL have negative effects (i.e., not predicted by the parental difference), which is consistent with hitchhiking and small population size during selection. The large number of QTL detected accounts for the smooth and sustained response to selection throughout the twentieth century.
An Efficient Resampling Method for Assessing Genome-Wide Statistical Significance in Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci
Authors: Zou Fei , Fine Jason P , Hu Jianhua , Lin D Y
Published: December 2004

Assessing genome-wide statistical significance is an important and difficult problem in multipoint linkage analysis. Due to multiple tests on the same genome, the usual pointwise significance level based on the chi-square approximation is inappropriate. Permutation is widely used to determine genome-wide significance. Theoretical approximations are available for simple experimental crosses. In this article, we propose a resampling procedure to assess the significance of genome-wide QTL mapping for experimental crosses. The proposed method is computationally much less intensive than the permutation procedure (in the order of 102 or higher) and is applicable to complex breeding designs and sophisticated genetic models that cannot be handled by the permutation and theoretical methods. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulation studies and an application to a Drosophila backcross.
Evidence for Genetic Control of Adult Weight Plasticity in the Snail Helix aspersa
Authors: Ros Mathieu , Sorensen Daniel , Waagepetersen Rasmus , Dupont-Nivet Mathilde , SanCristobal Magali , Bonnet Jean-Claude , Mallard Jacques
Published: December 2004

Phenotypic plasticity and canalization are important topics in quantitative genetics and evolution. Both concepts are related to environmental sensitivity. The latter can be modeled using a model with genetically structured environmental variance. This work reports the results of a genetic analysis of adult weight in the snail Helix aspersa. Several models of heterogeneous variance are fitted using a Bayesian, MCMC approach. Exploratory analyses using posterior predictive model checking and model comparisons based on the deviance information criterion favor a model postulating a genetically structured heterogeneous environmental variance. Our analysis provides a strong indication of a positive genetic correlation between additive genetic values affecting the mean and those affecting environmental variation of adult body weight. The possibility of manipulating environmental variance by selection is illustrated numerically using estimates of parameters derived from the snail data set.
Examination of the Roles of Sgs1 and Srs2 Helicases in the Enforcement of Recombination Fidelity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Spell Rachelle Miller , Jinks-Robertson Sue
Published: December 2004

Mutation in SGS1, which encodes the yeast homolog of the human Bloom helicase, or in mismatch repair (MMR) genes confers defects in the suppression of mitotic recombination between similar but nonidentical (homeologous) sequences. Mutational analysis of SGS1 suggests that the helicase activity is required for the suppression of both homologous and homeologous recombination and that the C-terminal 200 amino acids may be required specifically for the suppression of homeologous recombination. To clarify the mechanism by which the Sgs1 helicase enforces the fidelity of recombination, we examined the phenotypes associated with SGS1 deletion in MMR-defective and recombination-defective backgrounds. Deletion of SGS1 caused no additional loss of recombination fidelity above that associated with MMR defects, indicating that the suppression of homeologous recombination by Sgs1 may be dependent on MMR. However, the phenotype of the sgs1 rad51 mutant suggests a MMR-independent role of Sgs1 in the suppression of RAD51-independent recombination. While homologous recombination levels increase in sgs1Δ and in srs2Δ strains, the suppression of homeologous recombination was not relaxed in the srs2 mutant. Thus, although both Sgs1 and Srs2 limit the overall level of mitotic recombination, there are distinct differences in the roles of these helicases with respect to enforcement of recombination fidelity.
Drosophila melanogaster Prat, a Purine de Novo Synthesis Gene, Has a Pleiotropic Maternal-Effect Phenotype
Authors: Malmanche Nicolas , Clark Denise V
Published: December 2004

In Drosophila melanogaster, two genes, Prat and Prat2, encode the enzyme, amidophosphoribosyltransferase, that performs the first and limiting step in purine de novo synthesis. Only Prat mRNA is present in the female germline and 0- to 2-hr embryos prior to the onset of zygotic transcription. We studied the maternal-effect phenotype caused by Prat loss-of-function mutations, allowing us to examine the effects of decreased purine de novo synthesis during oogenesis and the early stages of embryonic development. In addition to the purine syndrome previously characterized, we found that Prat mutant adult females have a significantly shorter life span and are conditionally semisterile. The semisterility is associated with a pleiotropic phenotype, including egg chamber defects and later effects on embryonic and larval viability. Embryos show mitotic synchrony and/or nuclear content defects at the syncytial blastoderm stages and segmentation defects at later stages. The semisterility is partially rescued by providing Prat mutant females with an RNA-enriched diet as a source of purines. Our results suggest that purine de novo synthesis is a limiting factor during the processes of cellular or nuclear proliferation that take place during egg chamber and embryonic development.
Genetic Determination of Susceptibility to Estrogen-Induced Mammary Cancer in the ACI Rat
Authors: Gould Karen A , Tochacek Martin , Schaffer Beverly S , Reindl Tanya M , Murrin Clare R , Lachel Cynthia M , VanderWoude Eric A , Pennington Karen L , Flood Lisa A , Bynote Kimberly K , Meza Jane L , Newton Michael A , Shull James D
Published: December 2004

Hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors play major roles in the complex etiology of breast cancer. When treated continuously with 17β-estradiol (E2), the ACI rat exhibits a genetically conferred propensity to develop mammary cancer. The susceptibility of the ACI rat to E2-induced mammary cancer appears to segregate as an incompletely dominant trait in crosses to the resistant Copenhagen (COP) strain. In both (ACI × COP)F2 and (COP × ACI)F2 populations, we find strong evidence for a major genetic determinant of susceptibility to E2-induced mammary cancer on distal rat chromosome 5. Our data are most consistent with a model in which the ACI allele of this locus, termed Emca1 (estrogen-induced mammary cancer 1), acts in an incompletely dominant manner to increase both tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity as well as to reduce tumor latency in these populations. We also find evidence suggestive of a second locus, Emca2, on chromosome 18 in the (ACI × COP)F2 population. The ACI allele of Emca2 acts in a dominant manner to increase incidence and decrease latency. Together, Emca1 and Emca2 act independently to modify susceptibility to E2-induced mammary cancer.
Stigmatizing Language for Alcohol Use Disorder and Liver Disease on Liver Transplant Center Websites
Authors: Mahle Rachael , Okanlawon Adedayo , Luther Jay , Louissaint Jeremy , Zhang Wei
Published: February 2024

This cross-sectional study investigates the adoption of recommendations for the use of nonstigmatizing language to describe alcohol use disorder and alcohol-related liver disease among liver transplant centers in the US.
Tumor Mutational Burden in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Response to Checkpoint Inhibition
Authors: Zang Peter D. , Chawla Neal S. , Barragan-Carrillo Regina , Chehrazi-Raffle Alex , Tripathi Abhishek , Pal Sumanta K. , Dorff Tanya B.
Published: February 2024

This single-center cohort study assesses the association of tumor mutational burden status in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
Recurrence/prognosis estimation using a molecularly positive surgical margin‐based model calls for alternative curative strategies in pIIIA/N2 NSCLC
Authors: Li Li , He Kewen , Zhou Tao , Xu Yang , Pang Jiaohui , Yu Qingxi , Gao Yongsheng , Shi Hongjin , Zhu He , Li Mengke , Yu Jinming , Yuan Shuanghu
Published: February 2024

Stage pIIIA/N2 non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is primarily treated by complete surgical resection combined with neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapies. However, up to 40% of patients experience tumor recurrence. Here, we studied 119 stage pIIIA/N2 NSCLC patients who received complete surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT). The paired tumor and resection margin samples were analyzed using next‐generation sequencing (NGS). Although all patients were classified as negative resection margins by histologic methods, NGS revealed that 47.1% of them had molecularly positive surgical margins. Patients who tested positive for NGS‐detected residual tumors had significantly shorter disease‐free survival (DFS) (P = 0.002). Additionally, metastatic lymph node ratio, erb‐b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2) mutations, and SWI/SNF‐related, matrix‐associated, actin‐dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4 (SMARCA4) mutations were also independently associated with DFS. We used these four features to construct a COX model that could effectively estimate recurrence risk and prognosis. Notably, mutational profiling through broad‐panel NGS could more sensitively detect residual tumors than the conventional histologic methods. Adjuvant CT and adjuvant CRT exhibited no significant difference in eliminating locoregional recurrence risk for stage pIIIA/N2 NSCLC patients with molecularly positive surgical margins.
Cognitive effects of humorous drawings on learning: An eye‐tracking study
Authors: Cazes Mathilde , Noël Audrey , Jamet Eric
Published: February 2024

Although humor is frequently used in face‐to‐face courses and computer‐based training, there is no consensus in the literature on its effects on students' learning. The aim of the present study was therefore to assess the cognitive effects of adding humorous drawings in a computer‐based course on both learning outcomes and learning behaviors (eye movements). It was assumed that humorous drawings would improve learning through the active resolution of incongruity. To isolate this effect from those of the illustrations, a nonhumorous drawings condition was also compared with the text‐only condition. Eye‐movement data showed that humor increased visiting duration for the drawings. Learning outcomes were not affected by the nonhumorous drawings, whereas humor had a positive effect on comprehension, though not on retention. This effect of humor was not mediated by visiting time for the slides. Our results argue in favor of the use of content‐relevant cartoons to improve students' learning.
A hybrid approach for PV based grid tied intelligent controlled water pump system
Authors: Selvakumaran S. , Baskaran K.
Published: February 2024

This article proposes a hybrid POA‐RBFNN approach for PV (photovoltaic) based grid tied intelligent controlled water pump system. The proposed method is the hybrid wrapper of Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA) and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and later it is termed as POA‐RBFNN method. On the basis of bidirectional power grids, this research presents bidirectional power flow control for PV systems. The water pump is driven through a three‐phase synchronous reluctance motor (RSM). A novel Cuk integrated Landsman converter can operate at low duty cycles to provide larger DC voltages with negligible switching losses is used. In addition, to enhance the pumping system reliability, solar panels and electric pumps can be used to their maximum potential. Despite fluctuating weather conditions, the system supplies nominal displacement all over the day and surplus energy to the grid. Furthermore, if one of the sources fails, the pump performance is unaffected. Switching losses are minimized since the Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) operates at a fundamental frequency. In all operational modes, this control delivers unique grid‐side power quality and unity power factor functioning. Here, the performance of the proposed hybrid system is implemented in the MATLAB and is compared with several existing methods.
Directed Energy Deposition‐Arc Repair Al6.5Cu2Ni0.3Ti0.5Zr0.25V Alloy: Microstructure Evolution and Strengthening Mechanism
Authors: Dai Hongbin , Song Yu , Chen Hongtao , Miao Jian
Published: February 2024

Casting Al6.5Cu2Ni0.3Ti0.5Zr0.25V alloy is applied to aircraft engine components, but the casting defects are difficult to avoid. In this research, the local defects of casting heat‐resistant Al6.5Cu2Ni0.3Ti0.5Zr0.25V alloy parts are repaired by the arc‐directed energy deposition method. To examine the mechanism of the microstructure in the repaired zone of the heat treatment condition on the high‐temperature characteristics, the microstructure evolution of the repaired zone before and after heat treatment is analyzed. The results indicate that stratification exists in the sedimentary layer, however, the overall grain distribution is relatively uniform. After heat treatment, the microstructure of the repaired zone is changed, Cu element distribution becomes uniform and dendrite segregation disappears; simultaneously, the grain in the repaired zone mainly exists as high angle grain boundaries, which improves the fracture resistance ability of the material. At 350 °C, the average tensile strength, yield strength and elongation are 120.0 MPa, 98.6 MPa and 12.9%, respectively, the tensile strength reaches 94.1% of the matrix. Dimples abound on the fracture's exterior, and the fracture form of the repaired zone is microporous aggregate fracture. δ‐Al3CuNi and γ‐Al7Cu4Ni enhance the grain boundary strength, and θ′‐Al2Cu diffuses from the α‐Al matrix during aging, which is the main reason for the excellent high‐temperature performance of the repaired zone.
Adaptive Phase or Variant Formation at the Austenite/Twinned Martensite Interface in Modulated Ni–Mn–Ga Martensite
Authors: Chulist Robert , Wójcik Anna , Sozinov Alexei , Tokarski Tomasz , Faryna Marek , Schell Norbert , Skrotzki Werner , Li Bin , Sehitoglu Huseyin , Li Xi , Maziarz Wojciech
Published: February 2024

The crystal structure and transformation path from austenite to 10M martensite in Ni–Mn–Ga single crystal are examined employing high‐energy synchrotron radiation, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Using temperature gradient, an austenite/twinned martensite interface is stabilized revealing the crystal structure and microstructure of both phases and the transformation sequence across the interface. Depending on the distance from the interface, three distinct types of martensite crystal lattice, namely simple tetragonal and two monoclinic modulated ones, that is, 10M′ and 10M are confirmed. In situ measurements show that lattice mismatch formed at the habit plane is compensated by the formation of micro‐twinned and branched martensite along with an elastic change in lattice parameters. It is shown that the characteristics for periodic shuffling twin boundaries, such as modulation twins or inverted stacking faults, are installed in later stages of transformation. In other words, large microstructure elements that most efficiently accommodate the strain are installed first, and then smaller elements are operable. Overall, the experimental results show that the crystal lattice does not adapt modulated phase at the habit plane and cannot be built up from simple non‐modulated tetragonal blocks but rather a specific sequence of phase transformations using shear/shuffling deformation takes place.
Lightweight Zn‐Philic 3D‐Cu Scaffold for Customizable Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Shi Shaohong , Zhou Dongcheng , Jiang Yuheng , Cheng Fangchao , Sun Jianping , Guo Quanquan , Luo Yiteng , Chen Yungui , Liu Wei
Published: February 2024

Porous metal current collectors (CCs) serve as key component for aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (AZIBs). Herein, a lightweight 3D‐Cu architecture with customizable geometries is developed to enable reversible Zn‐metal cycling. The 3D‐Cu is prepared by 3D‐printing a crosslink‐able polymer scaffold followed by Cu‐metallization. The printed architecture is optimized to endow 3D‐Cu with electric conductivity that is on‐par with commercial Cu foam, but can reduce ≈80% of the weight and consumption of Cu. A Zn‐philic graphene (Gr) coating is adopted to promote uniform and (002)‐preferred Zn growth onto the 3D‐Cu surface, creating a 3DP‐Cu@Gr architecture that induces conformal Zn‐deposition and greatly suppressed H2‐evolution reaction. The 3DP‐Cu@Gr||Zn shows stable 700 cycles at 4 mA cm−2 and 2 mAh cm−2, with coulombic efficiency >99.6%. Zn‐loaded 3D‐electrodes enable symmetrical cells with stable 300 h cycling at 10 mA cm−2, delivering a specific accumulated capacity of 86.7 Ah g−1. This represents an unprecedented combination of cycle stability, high charge rate, and electrode lightweight. The all‐printed pantacle‐shape full pouch cells (3.6 mAh) exhibit 91.4% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1 C. Possessing unusual design freedom, this strategy demonstrates a pathway for developing lightweight Cu CCs and customizable high‐energy AZIBs.
Buried Interface‐The Key Issues for High Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yan Nan , Fang Zhimin , Dai Zhonghua , Feng Jiangshan , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: February 2024

Interface engineering is known for effectively improving interfacial contact and passivating defects to enhance device performance of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Currently, most of works focus on surface passivation, while the buried interface is equally important. The film quality of perovskite layer greatly relies on the buried interface, leaving a pronounced impact on overall device performance. In addition, resolving defects and energy level mismatch at buried interface remains challenging. Optimizing the buried interface becomes a promising approach for high‐efficiency inverted PSCs. This review summarizes recent advances in buried interface engineering and emphasize the importance of corresponding characterization techniques. The various functions of buried interface engineering are carefully discussed, including crystallization modulation, defect passivation, energy level alignment, chemical reaction inhibition, chemical bridge, dipole cancellation and novel buried interfacial techniques. Finally, current challenges and prospects are put forward that should be addressed to further improve device performance of inverted PSCs.
Realizing Red Mechanoluminescence of ZnS: Mn2+ Through Ferromagnetic Coupling
Authors: Liu Hongzhen , Zheng Yuantian , Liu Shengqiang , Zhao Jing , Song Zhen , Peng Dengfeng , Liu Quanlin
Published: February 2024

Self‐recoverable mechanoluminescence (ML) is becoming a novel technology widely used in the fields of sensing, display, and artificial intelligence. The dominant ML material, ZnS: Mn2+, is reported to solely present a yellow emission color, which limits the applications of self‐recoverable ML materials to a large extent. Herein, an effective strategy to extend the ML emission range of ZnS: Mn2+ by the ferromagnetic coupling of Mn2+ ions are reported. Under the thermal carbon‐reduction atmosphere (TCRA), the emission ranges of ML, photoluminescence (PL), and persistent luminescence spectra of ZnS: Mn2+ phosphors are all successfully broadened from yellow to red. Furthermore, as for the PL and ML intensities of ZnS: Mn2+, they are intensified to 1.76 and 3.23 folds larger under the TCRA treatment than those in pure nitrogen, respectively. Various spectra and magnetic test results reveal that the red emission bands of ZnS: Mn2+ @TCRA phosphors originate from the ferromagnetic coupling of Mn2+ ions. This study is the first to realize strong red emission and tunable multicolor luminescence in the conventional ZnS‐based phosphors, which introduces opportunities for discovering the multiband emissions of Mn2+ ion in other compounds. Brightly multicolored ZnS: xMn2+ @TCRA elastic films have been fabricated to demonstrate their anti‐counterfeiting and security applications.
Intrinsically Stretchable Organic Photovoltaic Cells with Improved Mechanical Durability and Stability via Dual‐Donor Polymer Blending
Authors: Li Xin , Ke Huizhen , Li Sunsun , Gao Mengyuan , Li Saimeng , Yu Jinfeng , Xie Haijuan , Zhou Kangkang , Zhang Kai , Ye Long
Published: February 2024

Intrinsically stretchable organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) have garnered significant attention as crucial devices for powering next‐generation wearable electronics. Despite the rapid power conversion efficiency gains in champion OPVs, their brittle stretchability has failed to meet the demands of the Internet of Things era, severely hindering further development and practical applications. In this regard, a new dual‐donor polymer blending strategy is demonstrated for constructing intrinsically stretchable OPVs by designing a novel high‐molecular–weight conjugated polymer PM6‐HD. This PM6 derivative featuring long alkyl chains can reach a sufficiently high molecular weight and thus exhibits a high fracture strain exceeding 90%, which is ≈12 times higher than the benchmark PM6. Synergistic optimization of mechanical properties and photovoltaic performance in polymer:small molecule and all‐polymer systems constructed from the physical blends of PM6 and PM6‐HD is achieved. Crucially, the resulting intrinsically stretchable OPV demonstrates excellent stretchability and stability, with a record PCE80% strain of 50.3% and the efficiency retention of above 80% even after 1000 cycles of cyclic stretching at high strains. This work contributes to the advancement of intrinsically stretchable OPV technology and opens up new possibilities for its integration into wearable electronic devices.
Construction of Ag─Co(OH)2 Tandem Heterogeneous Electrocatalyst Induced Aldehyde Oxidation and the Co‐Activation of Reactants for Biomass Effective and Multi‐Selective Upgrading
Authors: Zhou Peng , Lv Xingshuai , Huang Huining , Cheng Baixue , Zhan Haoyu , Lu Yankun , Frauenheim Thomas , Wang Shuangyin , Zou Yuqin
Published: February 2024

The electrocatalytic oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) provides a feasible way for utilization of biomass resources. However, how to regulate the selective synthesis of multiple value‐added products is still a great challenge. The cobalt‐based compound is a promising catalyst due to its direct and indirect oxidation properties, but its weak adsorption capacity restricts its further development. Herein, by constructing Ag─Co(OH)2 heterogeneous catalyst, the efficient and selective synthesis of 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furanoic acid (HMFCA) and 2,5‐furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) at different potential ranges are realized. Based on various physical characterizations, electrochemical measurements, and density functional theory calculations, it is proved that the addition of Ag can effectively promote the oxidation of aldehyde group to a carboxyl group, and then generate HMFCA at low potential. Moreover, the introduction of Ag can activate cobalt‐based compounds, thus strengthening the adsorption of organic molecules and OH− species, and promoting the formation of FDCA. This work achieves the selective synthesis of two value‐added chemicals by one tandem catalyst and deeply analyzes the adsorption enhancement mechanism of the catalyst, which provides a powerful guidance for the development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts.
Ultralong Cycling and Safe Lithium–Sulfur Pouch Cells for Sustainable Energy Storage
Authors: Chen Wei , Hu Yin , Liu Yuanpeng , Wang Shuying , Hu Anjun , Lei Tianyu , Li Yaoyao , Li Peng , Chen Dongjiang , Xia Li , Xue Lanxin , Yan Yichao , Lu Gongxun , Zhou Mingjie , Fan Yuxin , Yang Hui , Tao Xinyong , Wang Xianfu , Li Yanrong , Xiong Jie
Published: February 2024

While layered metal oxides remain the dominant cathode materials for the state‐of‐the‐art lithium‐ion batteries, conversion‐type cathodes such as sulfur present unique opportunities in developing cheaper, safer, and more energy‐dense next‐generation battery technologies. There has been remarkable progress in advancing the laboratory scale lithium–sulfur (Li–S) coin cells to a high level of performance. However, the relevant strategies cannot be readily translated to practical cell formats such as pouch cells and even battery pack. Here these key technical challenges are addressed by molecular engineering of the Li metal for hydrophobicization, fluorination and thus favorable anode chemistry. The introduced tris(2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl) phosphite (TBP) and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBA+F−) as well as cellulose membrane by rolling enables the formation of a functional thin layer that eliminates the vulnerability of Li metal towards the already demanding environment required (1.55% relative humidity) for cell production and gives rise to LiF‐rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) to suppress dendrite growth. As a result, Li–S pouch cells assembled at a pilot production line survive 400 full charge/discharge cycles with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.55% and impressive rate performance of 1.5 C. A cell‐level energy density of 417 Wh kg−1 and power density of 2766 W kg−1 are also delivered via multilayer Li–S pouch cell. The Li–S battery pack can even power an unmanned aerial vehicle of 3 kg for a fairly long flight time. This work represents a big step forward acceleration in Li–S battery marketization for future energy storage featuring improved safety, sustainability, higher energy density as well as reduced cost.
Facile Approach for Designing Icephobic Coatings Using Polymers/Silica Nanoparticle Composites via Self‐Formation of Superhydrophobic Surfaces
Authors: Patil Aravind H. , Trinh Ngoc Le , Do Hackwon , Gaiji Houda , Kang Youngho , Lee Joohan , Chung Changhyun , Lee Han‐Bo‐Ram
Published: February 2024

Ice accumulation and proliferation adversely affect the activities of various residential, commercial, and polar research stations. Although significant efforts are devoted to preventing ice adhesion to various surfaces by developing various anti‐icing coatings, it is still necessary to enhance overall performance and durability. Herein, a facile approach is proposed for fabricating an icephobic coating on an aluminum 6061 (Al) substrate, by coating a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/ poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) composite through a spin‐coating method, followed by sprinkling of SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). Crosslinker/binder‐free adhesion between PDMS and PTFE is achieved by utilizing secondary‐induced electrostatic dipole‐dipole interactions, these interactions are supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations as well as structural studies. Moreover, the controlled addition of PTFE powder to PDMS improves the water‐repellency, mechanical strength, and surface roughness of the coating. The self‐formation of the superhydrophobic state of the PDMS/PTFE composite is achieved by sprinkling SiO2 NPs. The sprinkled SiO2 NPs are protected by the PDMS/PTFE composite, which serves as a stress concentrator to achieve low ice adhesion. Furthermore, freezing at low temperatures can be delayed by controlling the heat flow rate, interfacial contact area, and surface texture. This indicates the feasibility of the proposed method for various promising anti‐icing applications.
Photochemical Synthesis of 1,4‐Dicarbonyl Containing Quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐Ones through Consecutive Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Xu Cong‐Lun , Bao Ye‐Peng , Xie Yang , Ye Hai‐Bing , Xuan Jun
Published: February 2024

Herein, we report a photochemical synthesis of 1,4‐dicarbonyl containing quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones through consecutive photoredox catalysed reactions. A wide range of C3‐modified quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones were obtained in 53–91% yields by this approach. Mechanistic studies including radical trapping, EPR studies, D‐labelling investigations, and many other control experiments well explained the proposed consecutive photoredox mechanism.
Lymphocyte‐Activation Gene 3 Facilitates Pathological Tau Neuron‐to‐Neuron Transmission
Authors: Chen Chan , Kumbhar Ramhari , Wang Hu , Yang Xiuli , Gadhave Kundlik , Rastegar Cyrus , Kimura Yasuyoshi , Behensky Adam , Kotha Sumasri , Kuo Grace , Katakam Sruthi , Jeong Deok , Wang Liang , Wang Anthony , Chen Rong , Zhang Shu , Jin Lingtao , Workman Creg J. , Vignali Dario A. A. , Pletinkova Olga , Jia Hongpeng , Peng Weiyi , Nauen David W. , Wong Philip C. , Redding‐Ochoa Javier , Troncoso Juan C. , Ying Mingyao , Dawson Valina L. , Dawson Ted M. , Mao Xiaobo
Published: February 2024

The spread of prion‐like protein aggregates is a common driver of pathogenesis in various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related Tauopathies. Tau pathologies exhibit a clear progressive spreading pattern that correlates with disease severity. Clinical observation combined with complementary experimental studies has shown that Tau preformed fibrils (PFF) are prion‐like seeds that propagate pathology by entering cells and templating misfolding and aggregation of endogenous Tau. While several cell surface receptors of Tau are known, they are not specific to the fibrillar form of Tau. Moreover, the underlying cellular mechanisms of Tau PFF spreading remain poorly understood. Here, it is shown that the lymphocyte‐activation gene 3 (Lag3) is a cell surface receptor that binds to PFF but not the monomer of Tau. Deletion of Lag3 or inhibition of Lag3 in primary cortical neurons significantly reduces the internalization of Tau PFF and subsequent Tau propagation and neuron‐to‐neuron transmission. Propagation of Tau pathology and behavioral deficits induced by injection of Tau PFF in the hippocampus and overlying cortex are attenuated in mice lacking Lag3 selectively in neurons. These results identify neuronal Lag3 as a receptor of pathologic Tau in the brain，and for AD and related Tauopathies, a therapeutic target.
Post‐disclosure distress among racial and ethnic groups in a preclinical AD trial
Authors: Ritchie Marina , Salazar Christian R. , Gillen Daniel L. , Grill Joshua D.
Published: February 2024

INTRODUCTION

Trialists need a thorough understanding of whether reactions to Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker information differ among racial and ethnic groups in preclinical AD trials.

METHODS

We used data from the Anti‐Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease Study to analyze cognitively unimpaired participants’ responses on the Impact of Event Scale (IES) 24 to 72 hours after amyloid disclosure. We fit a linear regression model to test whether mean IES scores differed among participants from specific racial and ethnic groups. We considered potential effect modification by amyloid status.

RESULTS

Reactions to disclosure did not significantly differ among participant groups based on self‐reported race and ethnicity. Although the results were not significant when stratified by amyloid status, all racial and ethnic groups except for participants self‐reporting Hispanic/Latino ethnicity were observed to have higher mean IES in the elevated amyloid group.

DISCUSSION

These results support continued use of current disclosure methods in preclinical AD trials.
Bidirectional Neuronal Actuation by Uncaging with Violet and Green Light
Authors: Sansalone Lorenzo , Zhao Jun , Nguyen Linh T. B. , Gupta Swati , Benson Deanna L. , Abe Manabu , Ellis‐Davies Graham C. R.
Published: February 2024

We have developed a photochemical protecting group that enables wavelength selective uncaging using green versus violet light. Change of the exocyclic oxygen of the laser dye coumarin‐102 to sulfur, gave thio‐coumarin‐102, a new chromophore with an absorption ratio at 503/402 nm of 37. Photolysis of thio‐coumarin‐102 caged γ‐aminobutyric acid was found to be highly wavelength selective on neurons, with normalized electrical responses >100‐fold higher in the green versus violet channel. When partnered with coumarin‐102 caged glutamate, we could use whole cell violet and green irradiation to fire and block neuronal action potentials with complete orthogonality. Localized irradiation of different dendritic segments, each connected to a neuronal cell body, in concert with 3‐dimenional Ca2+ imaging, revealed that such inputs could function independently. Chemical signaling in living cells always involves a complex balance of multiple pathways, use of (thio)‐coumarin‐102 caged compounds will enable arbitrarily timed flashes of green and violet light to interrogate two independent pathways simultaneously.
Over 19 % Efficiency Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Manipulating the Intermolecular Interactions through Side Chain Fluorine Functionalization
Authors: Hu Huawei , Liu Shuai , Xu Jiaoyu , Ma Ruijie , Peng Zhengxing , Peña Top Archie Dela , Cui Yongjie , Liang Wenting , Zhou Xiaoli , Luo Siwei , Yu Han , Li Mingjie , Wu Jiaying , Chen Shangshang , Li Gang , Chen Yiwang
Published: February 2024

Fluorine side chain functionalization of non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) represents an effective strategy for enhancing the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, a knowledge gap persists regarding the relationship between structural changes induced by fluorine functionalization and the resultant impact on device performance. In this work, varying amounts of fluorine atoms were introduced into the outer side chains of Y‐series NFAs to construct two acceptors named BTP‐F0 and BTP‐F5. Theoretical and experimental investigations reveal that side‐chain fluorination significantly increase the overall average electrostatic potential (ESP) and charge balance factor, thereby effectively improving the ESP‐induced intermolecular electrostatic interaction, and thus precisely tuning the molecular packing and bulk‐heterojunction morphology. Therefore, the BTP‐F5‐based OSC exhibited enhanced crystallinity, domain purity, reduced domain spacing, and optimized phase distribution in the vertical direction. This facilitates exciton diffusion, suppresses charge recombination, and improves charge extraction. Consequently, the promising power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.3 % and 19.2 % were achieved in BTP‐F5‐based binary and ternary devices, respectively, surpassing the PCE of 16.1 % for BTP‐F0‐based OSCs. This work establishes a structure‐performance relationship and demonstrates that fluorine functionalization of the outer side chains of Y‐series NFAs is a compelling strategy for achieving ideal phase separation for highly efficient OSCs.
Synergetic Modulation of Steric Hindrance and Excited State for Anti‐Quenching and Fast Spin‐Flip Multi‐Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorophore
Authors: Jin Jia‐Ming , Liu Denghui , Chen Wen‐Cheng , Shi Chengxiang , Chen Guowei , Wang Xiaofeng , Xing Longjiang , Ying Weidong , Ji Shaomin , Huo Yanping , Su Shi‐Jian
Published: February 2024

Multi‐resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) materials hold great promise for advanced high‐resolution organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) displays. However, persistent challenges, such as severe aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) and slow spin‐flip, hinder their optimal performance. We propose a synergetic steric‐hindrance and excited‐state modulation strategy for MR‐TADF emitters, which is demonstrated by two blue MR‐TADF emitters, IDAD‐BNCz and TIDAD‐BNCz, bearing sterically demanding 8,8‐diphenyl‐8H‐indolo[3,2,1‐de]acridine (IDAD) and 3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐8,8‐diphenyl‐8H‐indolo[3,2,1‐de]acridine (TIDAD), respectively. These rigid and bulky IDAD/TIDAD moieties, with appropriate electron‐donating capabilities, not only effectively mitigate ACQ, ensuring efficient luminescence across a broad range of dopant concentrations, but also induce high‐lying charge‐transfer excited states that facilitate triplet‐to‐singlet spin‐flip without causing undesired emission redshift or spectral broadening. Consequently, implementation of a high doping level of IDAD‐BNCz resulted in highly efficient narrowband electroluminescence, featuring a remarkable full‐width at half‐maximum of 34 nm and record‐setting external quantum efficiencies of 34.3 % and 31.8 % at maximum and 100 cd m−2, respectively. The combined steric and electronic effects arising from the steric‐hindered donor introduction offer a compelling molecular design strategy to overcome critical challenges in MR‐TADF emitters.
Microwave‐assisted synthesis, characterization, and application of tragacanth gum grafted copolymer as bioflocculant for the treatment of textile wastewater using coagulation‐flocculation technique: Swelling behavior and biodegradation studies
Authors: Shende Ashwini , Chidambaram Ramalingam
Published: February 2024

This study presents, the synthesis of microwave‐assisted biodegradable polyacrylamide grafted tragacanth gum (Tr‐g‐PAM), which was utilized as a bioflocculant to treat textile effluent and compared against the conventional flocculant. The reaction parameters for maximal grafting were optimized by varying the reaction factors. The grafting of acrylamide onto the backbone of Tragacanth gum was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, TGA, and SEM–EDX studies. Swelling studies were performed in deionized water and different salts. Tr‐g‐PAM exhibited pH and temperature‐dependent swelling behavior. Biodegradation studies of the graft copolymer were carried out by the soil composting method. Tr‐g‐PAM showed 91.54% degradation within 60 days, compared to Tragacanth, which degraded within 15 days. SEM techniques were used to describe various phases of biodegradation. Flocculation performances of the graft copolymers were evaluated in simulated colloidal wastewater. Influencing variables such as bioflocculant dosage, pH, and flocculation mixing speed were examined. The maximum decolorization at the optimum pH of 6 and 120 mg/L dosage was found to be 91.8% and 88.5% for Tr‐g‐PAM and Tragacanth. In conclusion, a biodegradable Tr‐g‐PAM with better flocculation efficiency than that of Tragacanth and other commercial flocculants would be a promising choice as an eco‐friendly adsorbent for the removal of contaminants from water resources.
Statistical and rheological evaluation of the effect of salts in partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions
Authors: Santos Jonas F. , Santos Allan S. , de Oliveira Priscila F. , Santos Izabel C. V. M. , Mansur Claudia R. E.
Published: February 2024

Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA) is the most common anionic copolymer used in Enhanced oil recovery (EOR), but the use of this polymer presents some limitations in the presence of divalent cations. The objective of this work was to evaluate the thermal stability of PHPA in brines containing Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ cations (isolated or combined). In this study, the PHPA used at a concentration of 2500 mgL−1 has a MW of 20 × 106 Da. The stability of the polymeric solutions was monitored through rheological analyses for 180 days at 70°C, in the absence of oxygen, using a central composite rotational design. In the absence of dissolved oxygen and cations, the PHPA solution was basically the same as that observed over a period of 30 days. It was observed that Ca+2 ion had the greatest influence on reducing the viscosity of PHPA in all cases. Polymeric solutions with Total dissolved solids (TDS) greater than 1000 mg L−1 showed complete degradation of the polymer in 180 days. The statistical data corroborate the rheological results, showing that only the main effect of Na+ was not statistically significant and that the concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+ presented statistically significant effects in their linear components and quadratic components.
A cultural reflection on animal welfare and its implication for modern Chinese society
Authors: Zhou Jeff
Published: February 2024

China has a rich cultural heritage spanning thousands of years, and the significance of animal welfare and sustainability are reflected in China's diverse traditional philosophies, beliefs, and literature. These concepts have shaped Chinese people's perception of nature and treatment of animals throughout history. In this article, we will explore how animal welfare and sustainability are reflected in traditional Chinese culture, and discuss their significance and implication in modern Chinese society.
Tannic acid extracted from gallnut improves intestinal health with regulation of redox homeostasis and gut microbiota of weaned piglets
Authors: Deng Zhang‐Chao , Wang Jie , Wang Juan , Yan Yi‐Qin , Huang Yu‐Xuan , Chen Chi‐Qing , Sun Lv‐hui , Liu Meng
Published: February 2024

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of tannic acid (TA) derived from gallnut supplementation on growth performance and health status of weaned piglets. A total of 432 weanling piglets (7.05 ± 1.05 kg) were randomly allocated into 4 treatment groups with 6 replicates of 18 pigs/pen. Piglets were fed either a basal diet (CON), or basal diets supplemented with 1.5 kg/t TA, 3.0 kg/t TA, or 1.8 kg/t zinc oxide (ZnO) for 21 days. The results showed that, compared to the CON, dietary TA supplementation did not affect (p > 0.05) growth performance and serum biochemistry of weaned piglets. However, 3.0 kg/t TA had higher SOD, GPX, and CAT activities and a lower MDA concentration in the jejunum than those of the CON or the ZnO group. Meanwhile, 3.0 kg/t TA increased (p < 0.05) villus height and villus height/crypt depth, and decreased (p < 0.05) crypt depth in the small intestine. Dietary TA also downregulated (p < 0.05) IL‐1β and TNF‐α expression in jejunum. Furthermore, 3.0 kg/t TA reduced (p < 0.05) the abundance of Candidatus Brocadia and Escherichia‐Shigella in cecal digesta. Notably, both Candidatus Brocadia and Escherichia‐Shigella had a negative correlation with antioxidant enzymes activities (R < −0.60, p < 0.01), but Escherichia‐Shigella was positively correlated with MDA concentrations (R = 0.44, p < 0.05) in the jejunum. In conclusion, compared to the CON, 3.0 kg/t TA supplementation improved the gut health status of weaned piglets, potentially by regulating redox homeostasis and gut microbiota.
Synthesis of Regioregular and Random Boron‐Fused Azomethine Conjugated Polymers for Film Morphology Control
Authors: Ohtani Shunsuke , Gon Masayuki , Tanaka Kazuo , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: February 2024

Regioregular and random conjugated polymers based on a boron‐fused azomethine unit were synthesized by Sonogashira–Hagihara cross coupling reaction. Although these polymers exhibited similar optical properties in the solution states, a distinct difference was observed in the aggregation forming ability in the film states; scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation indicated the existence of fiber‐like aggregates in the spin‐coated film of the regioregular polymer, while regiorandom polymer showed no aggregate in the film state. Accordingly, the UV–vis absorption spectrum of the regioregular polymer showed an increased shoulder peak due to the aggregate formation, whereas the random one showed no change. Furthermore, an absolute fluorescence quantum efficiency of the regioregular polymer was enhanced in response to the aggregate disassembly via thermal annealing treatment. In this study, we demonstrate that controlling regioregularity of the conjugated polymers can induce the different morphological structures and thermal‐responsive behaviors. These findings could be beneficial for the design strategy and potential applications of thin‐film optoelectronic devices with stimuli‐responsive properties.
Massive circulating metastatic cells: A case of carcinocythemia
Authors: Farkh Carine , Debus Jérome , Andrieu Valérie , Gay Juliette
Published: February 2024

Key Clinical Message

Importance of careful differential diagnosis to make the distinction between carcinocythemia and acute leukemia or lymphoma.
Operando DRIFTS Investigations on Surface Intermediates and Effects of Potassium in CO2 Hydrogenation over a K−Fe/YZrOx Catalyst
Authors: Fedorova Elizaveta A. , Kraußer Laura , Weiß Jana , Fedorov Aleksandr , Brückner Angelika , Kondratenko Evgenii V. , Kubis Christoph
Published: February 2024

A detailed operando DRIFTS study on the CO2 Fischer‐Tropsch reaction with K‐promoted Fe/YZrOx catalysts was performed to investigate the influence of this modification on the catalytic performance in the formation of lower olefins as well as higher hydrocarbons and to gain insights into mechanistic aspects. Catalytic testing revealed an enhanced formation of olefins and hydrocarbons by adding potassium to the catalysts, while spectroscopic studies revealed various stable adsorbates and intermediates such as monodentate carbonates, bicarbonates, formates, formyl, and methoxy on the surface of the K‐promoted Fe/YZrOx catalysts compared to the unpromoted one. Based on gas‐feed switching experiments and statistical analysis of literature IR data regarding Fe‐containing catalysts, it was found that carbonate species interacting with H2 are transformed to higher hydrocarbons and methane via formate and formyl formation, while bicarbonate species are decomposed accompanied by the formation of CO, which then further reacts to form formate or formyl and finally hydrocarbons.