bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Speed CMOS Pixel Physics and Electronics
Authors: Fowler Boyd
Published: April 2013

Article not available.
Superresolution Systems
Authors: Driggers Ronald , Bennett Gisele
Published: April 2013

Super-resolution is known to be a number of different processes. One is enhancing the resolution beyond the diffraction limit of an imaging system and another is enhancing the resolution beyond the sampling limits of an imaging system. These two processes will be discussed and described with application to appropriate military imaging systems. Article not available.
Robotic Surgery and the Opportunities for Advanced Imaging Modalities
Authors: Scott Dave
Published: April 2013

Article not available.
Vertical Cavity Laser Hygrometer for the National Science Foundation Research Jet
Authors: Paige Mark E. , Massick Steven M. , Silver Joel A. , Zondlo Mark A.
Published: April 2013

A vertical cavity diode laser hygrometer has been constructed for performing atmospheric measurements on the National Science Foundation research jet. The design of the hygrometer and its flight performance are presented.
Perspectives of Laser Spectroscopic Methods for Security, Industrial and Biochemical Applications
Authors: Noll Reinhard , Jander Peter , Janzen Christoph
Published: April 2013

An overview of applications of laser-spectroscopy for detection of explosives, food safety and elemental analysis of moving objects for raw material processing and recycling tasks is given. The presentation focuses on Raman, fluorescence and LIBS-spectroscopy. Article not available.
Toward the Development of a Hierarchical Coastal Classification System- An Example from the Mariana Islands
Authors: Fry John C. , Duncan Michael D. , Bachmann Charles M. , Nichols C. Reid
Published: April 2013

Article not available.
Coastal Characterization from Hyperspectral Imagery
Authors: Bachmann Charles M. , Nichols C. Reid. , Montes Marcos J. , Fusina Robert A. , Fry John C. , Li Rong-Rong , Gray Deric , Korwan Daniel , Parrish Christopher , Sellars Jon , White Stephen A. , Woolard Jason , Lee Krista , McConnon Cecilia , Wende Jon
Published: April 2013

Coastal mapping products and models from hyperspectral remote sensing experiments in different coastal types are compared: barrier island coast (Virginia, 2007), coral coast (Hawaii 2009), mangrove coast (Australia, 2009), and coral limestone and volcanic coasts (Guam and CNMI, 2010). Article not available.
Fabry-Perot Sensors for Precision Trace Gas Measurement
Authors: Heaps William S. , Georgieva Elena
Published: April 2013

Fabry-Perots are useful for remote sensing. They can operate at high resolution while maintaining high brightness. Instruments will be described to measure greenhouse gases on earth and to search for methane on Mars.
DFB lasers from 760 nm to 3400 nm for sensing applications
Authors: Hildebrandt Lars , Zeller Wolfgang , Naehle Lars , Fuchs Peter , Zimmermann Christian , Koeth Johannes
Published: April 2013

We describe the status quo concerning DFB laser diodes between 760 nm and 3400 nm as well as new developments aiming for up to 80 nm tuning range, high power and low linewidth in this spectral region.
Introducing the Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E): Finding Solar Energy Technology Gamechangers in a Crowded Field
Authors: Danielson David
Published: April 2013

In this talk, ARPA-E’s Founding Program Director Dr. David Danielson will provide an introduction to ARPA-E’s approach to investing in transformational energy R&D projects and will discuss potential game-changing opportunities in solar energy technology.
Large Area Optical and Opto-Electronic Solar Thin Film Applications
Authors: George Mark A.
Published: April 2013

In this paper we review the predominate large area thin film coating technologies used for manufacture of optical solar devices. We discuss typical film properties and their technical challenges for several important solar applications.
New Optical Concept for Concentrator Photovoltaics
Authors: Angel Roger
Published: April 2013

Sunlight is collected by 3.1 × 3.1 m square dish reflectors. At each focus, light is apportioned by secondary optics onto many cells in a concave array, with each cell receiving the same 1000× concentration.
Material Choices and Tolerance Budget in the Optical Design of Solar Photovoltaic Concentrators
Authors: Leutz Ralf , Fu Ling , Annen Hans Philipp
Published: April 2013

Novel materials (including a thermoformable silicone) for concentrating photovoltaics (CPV) are included in a clear conceptual tolerance budget for the systematic interaction of optical and mechanical design of parquet and module.
An Autarkic Science: Physics, Culture, and Power in Franco’s Spain
Authors: Herran Néstor , Roqué Xavier
Published: April 2013

We discuss the rise of modern physics in Spain during Francoism (1939–1975) within the context of culture, power, and the ongoing historical assessment of science during the dictatorship. Contrary to the idea that Francoist policy was indifferent if not hostile to modern science, and that ideology did not go deeper than the rhetorical surface, we discuss the ways in which the physical sciences took advantage of, and in turn were used by, the regime to promote international relations, further the autarkic economy, and ultimately generate power. In order to understand what physics meant within the National Catholic political order, we contrast the situation in the post–Civil War decades with the situation before the war. First we discuss how the war transformed the physicists’ community, molding it around certain key fields. We then turn to the work of right-wing ideologues and conservative scientists and philosophers, who stressed the spiritual dimension of the discipline and argued for the integration of science into the Christian scheme of the world. The cultural realignment of the discipline coincided with the institutional changes that harnessed physics to the military and economic needs of the autarkic state, which we discuss in the final section. To conclude, we reflect upon the demise of autarkic physics in the late 1960s and the overall implications of our argument with regard to the development of physics in Spain.
Thermal Properties of Cu-Hf-Ti Metallic Glass Compositions
Authors: Figueroa I. A.
Published: April 2013

The glass transition temperature Tg, crystallization temperature Tx, solidus temperature Tm, and liquidus temperature Tl, of a number of ternary Cu-Hf-Ti glassy alloys in the composition range of 51< Cu <67, 5 < Hf < 40 and 5 < Ti <40 (at.%) are reported and discussed. It is found that increasing the Ti:Hf ratio results in a rapid decreasing of Tg and Tx. This behavior is related to the fact that the melting point and cohesive energy for Ti are substantially lower than for Hf. The solidus temperature Tm, remains relatively constant on a wide range of compositions. The liquidus temperatures data suggest a ternary eutectic within the compositional field encompassed by the Cu55Hf20Ti25, Cu59Hf21Ti20, Cu60Hf20Ti20 and Cu55Hf21Ti24 alloys, with a liquidus temperature, Tl, of ∼1170 K; this is supported by the DTA traces, which show a single melting peak. Based on the DTA analysis, the experimentally calculated liquidus projection for the ternary Cu-Hf-Ti alloy system is also reported.
Geographic Variation in Black–White Differences in End-of-Life Care for Patients with ESRD
Authors: Thomas Bernadette A. , Rodriguez Rudolph A. , Boyko Edward J. , Robinson-Cohen Cassianne , Fitzpatrick Annette L. , O’Hare Ann M.
Published: April 2013

Background and objectives

Patterns of end-of-life care among patients with ESRD differ by race. Whether the magnitude of racial differences in end-of-life care varies across regions is not known.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This observational cohort study used data from the US Renal Data System and regional health care spending patterns from the Dartmouth Atlas of Healthcare. The cohort included 101,331 black and white patients 18 years and older who initiated chronic dialysis or received a kidney transplant between June 1, 2005, and September 31, 2008, and died before October 1, 2009. Black–white differences in the odds of in-hospital death, dialysis discontinuation, and hospice referral by quintile of end-of-life expenditure index (EOL-EI) were examined.

Results

In adjusted analyses, the odds ratios for dialysis discontinuation for black versus white patients ranged from 0.47 (95% confidence interval=0.43 to 0.51) in the highest quintile of EOL-EI to 0.63 (95% confidence interval=0.54 to 0.74) in the lowest quintile (P for interaction<0.001). Hospice referral ranged from 0.55 (95% confidence interval=0.50 to 0.60) in the highest quintile of EOL-EI to 0.82 (95% confidence interval=0.69 to 0.96) in the lowest quintile (P for interaction<0.001). The association of race with in-hospital death also differed in magnitude across quintiles of EOL-EI, ranging from 1.21 (95% confidence interval=1.08 to 1.35) in the highest quintile of EOL-EI to 1.47 (95% confidence interval=1.27 to 1.71) in the second quintile (P for interaction<0.001).

Conclusions

There are pronounced black–white differences in patterns of hospice referral and dialysis discontinuation among patients with ESRD that vary substantially across regions of the United States.
Relationship-Specificity, Contract Enforceability, and Income Smoothing
Authors: Dou Yiwei , Hope Ole-Kristian , Thomas Wayne B.
Published: April 2013

Contracting parties, such as the firm and its supplier, have cost-reducing incentives to make investments that support the unique transactions between them. However, to the extent that one party may renege on its contractual obligations, the other party incurring the cost of the relationship-specific investment bears additional risk and is less willing to invest such that sub-optimal investment occurs. In countries where enforceability of explicit contracts is particularly weak, parties have incentives to signal their willingness to fulfill implicit claims and maintain long-term relationships. We predict that firms engage in income smoothing to send such a signal to their suppliers. Consistent with these expectations, we find that firms that both reside in countries with weak contract enforceability and operate in industries with a greater need for relationship-specific investments tend to smooth reported income more. We further decompose income smoothing into “informational” and “garbled” components and find that results are driven by the informational component of income smoothing. Our results support the important role that accruals play in providing information in the presence of incomplete contracts.

JEL Classifications: F14, K12, L14, M41, M43
Mechanisms of Glucose Lowering of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin When Used Alone or With Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Solis-Herrera Carolina , Triplitt Curtis , Garduno-Garcia Jose de Jesús , Adams John , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Cersosimo Eugenio
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE

To assess glucose-lowering mechanisms of sitagliptin (S), metformin (M), and the two combined (M+S).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We randomized 16 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to four 6-week treatments with placebo (P), M, S, and M+S. After each period, subjects received a 6-h meal tolerance test (MTT) with [14C]glucose to calculate glucose kinetics. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting plasma insulin, C-peptide (insulin secretory rate [ISR]), fasting plasma glucagon, and bioactive glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and gastrointestinal insulinotropic peptide (GIP) were measured.

RESULTS

FPG decreased from P, 160 ± 4 to M, 150 ± 4; S, 154 ± 4; and M+S, 125 ± 3 mg/dL. Mean post-MTT plasma glucose decreased from P, 207 ± 5 to M, 191 ± 4; S, 195 ± 4; and M+S, 161 ± 3 mg/dL (P < 0.01). The increase in mean post-MTT plasma insulin and in ISR was similar in P, M, and S and slightly greater in M+S. Fasting plasma glucagon was equal (∼65–75 pg/mL) with all treatments, but there was a significant drop during the initial 120 min with S 24% and M+S 34% (both P < 0.05) vs. P 17% and M 16%. Fasting and mean post-MTT plasma bioactive GLP-1 were higher (P < 0.01) after S and M+S vs. M and P. Basal endogenous glucose production (EGP) fell from P 2.0 ± 0.1 to S 1.8 ± 0.1 mg/kg ⋅ min, M 1.8 ± 0.2 mg/kg ⋅ min (both P < 0.05 vs. P), and M+S 1.5 ± 0.1 mg/kg ⋅ min (P < 0.01 vs. P). Although the EGP slope of decline was faster in M and M+S vs. S, all had comparable greater post-MTT EGP inhibition vs. P (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

M+S combined produce additive effects to 1) reduce FPG and postmeal plasma glucose, 2) augment GLP-1 secretion and β-cell function, 3) decrease plasma glucagon, and 4) inhibit fasting and postmeal EGP compared with M or S monotherapy.
Science and Language for English Language Learners in Relation to Next Generation Science Standards and with Implications for Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts and Mathematics
Authors: Lee Okhee , Quinn Helen , Valdés Guadalupe
Published: April 2013

The National Research Council (2011) released “A Framework for K–12 Science Education” that is guiding the development of the Next Generation Science Standards, which are expected to be finalized in early 2013. This article addresses language demands and opportunities that are embedded in the science and engineering practices delineated in the Framework. By examining intersections between learning of science and learning of language, the article identifies key features of the language of the science classroom as students engage in these language-intensive science and engineering practices. We propose that when students, especially English language learners, are adequately supported to “do” specific things with language, both science learning and language learning are promoted. We highlight implications for Common Core State Standards for English language arts and mathematics.
Clinical, laboratory, and radiographic predictors of the occurrence of seizures following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Ibrahim George M. , Fallah Aria , Macdonald R. Loch
Published: April 2013

Object

At present, the administration of prophylactic antiepileptic medication following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is controversial, and the practice is heterogeneous. Here, the authors sought to inform clinical decision making by identifying factors associated with the occurrence of seizures following aneurysm rupture.

Methods

Exploratory analysis was performed on 413 patients enrolled in CONSCIOUS-1 (Clazosentan to Overcome Neurological Ischemia and Infarction Occurring after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage), a prospective randomized trial of clazosentan for the prevention of angiographic vasospasm. The association among clinical, laboratory, and radiographic covariates and the occurrence of seizures following SAH were determined. Covariates with a significance level of p < 0.20 on univariate analysis were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to define optimal predictive thresholds.

Results

Of the 413 patients enrolled in the study, 57 (13.8%) had at least 1 seizure following SAH. On univariate analysis, a World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade of IV–V, a greater subarachnoid clot burden, and the presence of midline shift and subdural hematomas were associated with seizure activity. On multivariate analysis, only a subarachnoid clot burden (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.39–5.49) and subdural hematoma (OR 5.67, 95% CI 1.56–20.57) were associated with seizures following SAH. Using ROC curve analysis, the optimal predictive cutoff for subarachnoid clot burden was determined to be 21 (of a possible 30) on the Hijdra scale (area under the curve 0.63).

Conclusions

A greater subarachnoid clot burden and subdural hematoma are associated with the occurrence of seizures after aneurysm rupture. These findings may help to identify patients at greatest risk for seizures and guide informed decisions regarding the prescription of prophylactic anticonvulsive therapy. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT00111085 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
Writing Palestinian Exile: The Politics of Displacement in the Narratives of Mahmoud Darwish, Mourid Barghouti, Raja Shehadeh and Fawaz Turki
Authors: Habib Maha F.
Published: April 2013

This article explores experiences and notions of exile and return as attempts at the reconstruction of identity and nation in Palestinian literature: Raja Shehadeh's Strangers in the House (2002), Mourid Barghouti's I Saw Ramallah (1997), Fawaz Turki's Exile's Return (1994), and Mahmoud Darwish's Memory for Forgetfulness (1986). The exilic experience represents an act of ejection and dispossession, feelings of displacement and poignancy and a capacity for survival and resistance. While return represents the recapture of being Palestinian, and of Palestine. The interweaving of history, politics and religion in the creation of Palestinian exile is met with the interweaving of things literary, political and spiritual, in the reconstruction and re-affirmation of identity and geography. This literature is an attempt at re-narration, re-constitution and continuity: the collective quilting together of experiences of exile and dispossession in an effort to re-possess not just an identity, but a nation, forming Palestinian return.
No Country for Old Men: a search for masculinity in later life
Authors: Saxton Benjamin , Cole Thomas R.
Published: April 2013

As several recent studies have shown, contemporary scholarship on masculinity in later life is beset with significant limitations that mirror social and cultural aspects of the very subject that it is meant to study. Reflecting the culture at large, studies of masculinity have presupposed an unspoken, static image of midlife men as the criterion for manhood. This essay reads the protagonist of No Country for Old Men, Sheriff Ed Tom Bell, in the context of masculinity studies, age studies, and the evolution of the American Western. Both Cormac Mcarthy’s novel and the Coen brothers’ film adaptation will be addressed. We argue that, as a man who becomes deprived of the traditional props of ageless male identity, Bell offers an unexpected and intriguing instance of the search for late-life masculine identity. By the end of No Country for Old Men, Bell has departed from the traditional masculinity scripts of the American Western. He is an aging, ineffectual cowboy who has retired, renounced the violence that sustained his male dominance, and lost the moral certainty that ensured his identity. Bell is no longer certain of who he is - which leaves him free to find out what it might mean to be an old man.
Endovascular Thrombectomy Following Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Single-Center Case Series and Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Sussman Eric , Kellner Christopher , McDowell Michael , Yang Peter , Nelson Eric , Greenberg Sophie , Sahlein Daniel , Lavine Sean , Meyers Philip , Connolly E.
Published: April 2013

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to thrombo-embolic occlusion in the cerebral vasculature is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and throughout the world. Although the prognosis is poor for many patients with AIS, a variety of strategies and devices are now available for achieving recanalization in patients with this disease. Here, we review the treatment options for cerebrovascular thromboembolic occlusion with a focus on the evolution of strategies and devices that are utilized for achieving endovascular clot extraction. In order to demonstrate the progression of this treatment strategy over the past decade, we will also present a single-center case series of AIS patients treated with endovascular thrombectomy.
Arsenic-Induced Genotoxicity and Genetic Susceptibility to Arsenic-Related Pathologies
Authors: Faita Francesca , Cori Liliana , Bianchi Fabrizio , Andreassi Maria
Published: April 2013

The arsenic (As) exposure represents an important problem in many parts of the World. Indeed, it is estimated that over 100 million individuals are exposed to arsenic, mainly through a contamination of groundwaters. Chronic exposure to As is associated with adverse effects on human health such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases and the rate of morbidity and mortality in populations exposed is alarming. The purpose of this review is to summarize the genotoxic effects of As in the cells as well as to discuss the importance of signaling and repair of arsenic-induced DNA damage. The current knowledge of specific polymorphisms in candidate genes that confer susceptibility to arsenic exposure is also reviewed. We also discuss the perspectives offered by the determination of biological markers of early effect on health, incorporating genetic polymorphisms, with biomarkers for exposure to better evaluate exposure-response clinical relationships as well as to develop novel preventative strategies for arsenic- health effects.
The Chinese Hill Censer, boshan lu : A Note on Origins, Influences and Meanings
Authors: Rawson Jessica
Published: April 2013

Alors que les brûle-parfums sont bien connus dans l'Asie de l'Ouest aux époques anciennes, ils ne semblent pas avoir été en usage en Chine avant les VIe ou Ve siècles avant notre ère, époque où ils sont encore rares. Cet article est consacré à l'introduction en Chine d'un type particulier de brûle-parfum dont le couvercle conique en forme de montagne repose sur la coupe où se trouvait l'encens. Généralement, le pied est haut et peut représenter une créature étrange soutenant la montagne. Cette forme peu commune a souvent été considérée comme le développement d'un type plus ancien ayant un couvercle en dôme de faible hauteur. Dans cet article, il est suggéré que ce brûle-parfum en forme de montagne a été conçu sur le modèle de brûle-parfums utilisés dans l'empire achéménide. Certains de ceux-ci sont connus par la sculpture de Persepolis tandis que d'autres exemples, en argent, proviennent de Lydie. Ils ont un haut couvercle conique fermant une petite coupe soutenue par un haut pied. Il est important de noter que des oiseaux sont perchés au sommet des brûle-parfums iraniens, une caractéristique qui se trouve aussi sur les pièces chinoises. Il y a eu beaucoup d'échanges entre les aires couvertes aujourd'hui par la Chine et par l'Iran, le lien se faisant par la voie de la Sibérie. Des représentations du type achéménide figurent sur des textiles provenant de Pazyryk dans les Altaï. Les Chinois adoptèrent ces formes exotiques pour leurs brûle-parfums une fois seulement que la coutume de brûler de l'encens y eut été bien établie, lorsqu'ils eurent reconnu la fonction de cet objet d'origine étrangère. De plus, la forme de la montagne et le support de celle-ci sont de pures interprétations chinoises. Ces caractéristiques illustrent une croyance selon laquelle les montagnes étaient des lieux où vivaient les immortels. De fait, les brûle-parfums ont probablement été conçus comme représentant les îles imaginaires de la mer orientale où l'on pensait que vivaient les immortels. Lorsque les humains approchaient de ces îles, elles disparaissaient sous les vagues. Les créatures qui portaient ces montagnes à bout de bras pourraient avoir été conçues afin de montrer comment les îles apparaissaient et disparaissaient tour à tour.
ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF MEASURING CLOSE-RANGE IMAGE POINTS USING MANUAL AND STEREO MODES
Authors: Sužiedelytė-Visockienė Jūratė
Published: April 2013

The performed investigations are aimed at estimating the accuracy of image processing using different image point measurements. For this purpose, digital close-range images were processed applying photogrammetric software PhotoMod. The measurements have been made employing two methods: stereo and manual mode. Two or more overlapping images are matched when control and tie points are estimated.

The images of two objects have been taken for experimental investigation. Control points and tie points were measured switching either to stereo or manual mode applying the required software. The control points of the first object are distributed on the surface of a smooth facade and on the surface of different (a few) levels. The process of image matching includes the calculation of the correlation coefficient, vertical parallax residuals and the root mean square of the object. Following image transformation (adjustment processes) to the created 3D model, the accuracy of the measured points is determined. All these values show the precision of close-range photogrammetric processes. Such accuracy satisfies requirements for creating a proper digital terrain model and orthophoto generation.
Origine et développement d'une méthode de calcul des coûts : la méthode des unités de valeur ajoutée (UVA)
Authors: Levant Yves , de La Villarmois Olivier
Published: April 2013

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, différentes méthodes de calcul de coûts ont été développées pour répondre à certaines des limites de la méthode des sections homogènes. Le point commun de ces méthodes est de proposer une décomposition plus fine des opérations tout en restant simples dans leur exploitation. La méthode UVA, fruit des adaptations successives de la méthode GP, rencontre encore un certain écho. Proposée en France par un réseau de cabinets conseils, elle fait depuis quelques années l’objet de publications. Dans un premier temps, un rappel historique de l’émergence de cette méthode depuis les premiers travaux de Georges Perrin, son initiateur, sera proposé. Dans un second temps, une formalisation de la méthode permettra de mettre en évidence ses intérêts par rapport à la méthode des sections homogènes et à ses développements.
L'impact d'une nouvelle norme en matière d'information sectorielle sur les prévisions des analystes financiers
Authors: Allioualla Sakina , Laurin Claude
Published: April 2013

De récents écrits sur l’impact d’une nouvelle approche prônée en Amérique en matière d’information sectorielle tendent à démontrer que le volume d’information sectorielle divulguée en vertu du SFAS 131 a augmenté. Toutefois, ces écrits ne mentionnent pas si l’information sectorielle divulguée en vertu du SFAS 131 rencontre mieux les besoins des investisseurs. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer si l’information sectorielle divulguée en respectant la nouvelle norme SFAS 131 procure de l’information utile aux investisseurs. Pour rencontrer cet objectif, nous analysons la précision des prévisions émises par les analystes financiers suite à l’adoption de la nouvelle norme par un échantillon d’entreprises. Nos résultats démontrent que, sur certain horizon, les prévisions des analystes financiers peuvent être plus précises lorsqu’elles s’appuient sur de l’information sectorielle publiée en suivant les directives du SFAS 131.
La politique fiscalo-comptable des entreprises françaises : une étude exploratoire
Authors: Rossignol Jean-Luc
Published: April 2013

La variable fiscale est susceptible d’influencer la détermination des choix comptables ; elle concourt à l’établissement d’une politique fiscalo-comptable de la firme. D’après les résultats de notre étude qui n’est qu’exploratoire, l’existence de cette politique se justifie par une organisation des fonctions comptable et fiscale particulièrement proche ainsi que par une perception essentiellement fiscale de l’utilité des comptes individuels.
L'arbitrage entreprise/marché : le rôle du contrôle interne, outil de réduction des coûts de transaction
Authors: Ebondo Eustache , Pigé Benoît
Published: April 2013

Dans l’étude des organisations, la distinction entre le marché et l’entreprise apparaît fondée, depuis 1937 et l’article de Coase, sur l’économie des coûts de transactions. L’avantage de l’entreprise est d’être capable de gérer certaines transactions à un coût moindre que le marché, en raison notamment de l’existence de systèmes de contrôle interne qui permettent une meilleure prise en compte des spécificités des transactions et assurent une limitation de la latitude discrétionnaire de chacun en présence d’une asymétrie d’information. Le développement des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication, cumulé avec un accroissement des connaissances et une spécialisation des savoirs, entraîne la nécessité de repenser la notion d’organisation en fonction des avantages comparatifs de celle-ci, avantages fondés sur les mécanismes de contrôle interne existants ou à mettre en œuvre.
Le rôle des contrôleurs de gestion dans l'apprentissage organisationnel : une analyse de la phase de suivi des réalisations
Authors: Bollecker Marc
Published: April 2013

Cet article analyse la manière dont le contrôle de gestion, et plus précisément la phase de suivi des réalisations, peut contribuer à l’apprentissage organisationnel. Après avoir décrit les limites de l’approche « traditionnelle » ou « informationnelle » de l’apprentissage en contrôle de gestion, cette contribution se fonde sur le modèle de conversion des connaissances de I. Nonaka et H. Takeuchi, afin de mieux cerner le rôle des individus dans l’acquisition des savoirs au niveau de la phase de suivi des réalisations. Ce modèle, qui met notamment en valeur l’importance des réunions de suivi et du rôle des contrôleurs de gestion, sert de fondement à une étude empirique menée auprès de 81 entreprises industrielles françaises. L’étude montre que les contrôleurs de gestion contribuent à l’apprentissage organisationnel, en facilitant le déroulement des réunions de suivi par des activités de traduction.
Dix ans de recherche empirique sur la comptabilité par activités : état de la situation actuelle et perspectives
Authors: Gosselin Maurice , Pinet Caroline
Published: April 2013

Depuis plus de dix ans, de nombreuses entreprises ont utilisé des modèles de comptabilité et de gestion par activités (CGPA) dans le but d’améliorer la gestion de leurs coûts. Des chercheurs ont tenté, par des études empiriques, de représenter adéquatement la situation actuelle du concept de CGPA dans les organisations en décrivant les systèmes mis en place et en identifiant les facteurs qui influencent leur adoption, leur implantation et le succès de leur mise en œuvre dans les organisations. L’objectif de cet article est de faire une recension des études empiriques, effectuées sur la CGPA, de manière à statuer sur l’état de la recherche réalisée jusqu’à présent. Le point sur la situation actuelle permettra d’identifier les axes de recherche à approfondir et de proposer de nouvelles voies de recherche dans ce domaine. Cet examen permet de constater que les études réalisées sont peu révélatrices quant à leurs résultats puisqu’elles ne permettent pas de porter des jugements clairs et logiques sur les relations entre certaines variables – l’adoption, la mise en œuvre et le succès de l’implantation de la CGPA – et les facteurs susceptibles de les influencer. En effet, l’analyse de la recherche en CGPA permet de constater que les études réalisées comportent plusieurs lacunes, notamment au niveau des fondements conceptuels et de la mesure des variables. Ces constatations mettent en évidence l’eut, encore au stade embryonnaire, de la recherche en CGPA. Les chercheurs devront résoudre les problèmes liés à la méthodologie de la recherche empirique et à la mesure des différents construits utilisés dans leurs modèles et développer une typologie des démarches de comptabilité par activités et de gestion par activités.
SIMULATION OF PULSATILE BLOOD FLOW THROUGH STENOTIC ARTERY CONSIDERING DIFFERENT BLOOD RHEOLOGIES: COMPARISON OF 3D AND 2D-AXISYMMETRIC MODELS
Authors: Karimi Safoora , Dadvar Mitra , Dabagh Mahsa , Jalali Payman , Modarress Hamid , Dabir Bahram
Published: April 2013

Hemodynamic factors such as velocity distribution, pressure gradient and wall shear stress are thought to play an important role in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion. Although there are many studies about modeling the blood flow behavior in carotid, hemodynamic characteristics of blood flow in a stenosed carotid artery is still debatable. In this study a three-dimensional (3D) model of a symmetric stenosed common carotid artery (CCA) is developed and the simulation results of it are compared to the experimental data where subsequent agreement is confirmed. To study the accuracy of two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric model, the result of it is compared to the result of the 3D model. Two non-Newtonian rheological models, namely Carreau and modified Power-law, as well as Newtonian model are used to realize the hemodynamical differences of 2D-axisymmetric and 3D models in pulsatile blood flow. Comparing the 3D simulated results with 2D-axisymmetric modeling results that were published in recent years indicates that the assumption of 2D-axisymmetric model cannot adequately predict the velocity profiles even for a symmetric stenotic artery. Although a symmetric stenotic artery is considered, the results indicate a nonsymmetric flow in poststenosis region that is detected by the presence of extensive secondary flows particularly at diastole. The existence of secondary flows that can only be detected in 3D modeling is the main reason for the differences in hemodynamic factors in 3D and 2D results.
Protestant ethic: Contributing towards a meaningful workplace
Authors: Steenkamp Petrus L.
Published: April 2013

Little did Max Weber know that his essay ‘Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism’, written in 1905 (which was republished in 1920), would survive the times and still be a source for discussion and interpretation during the 21st century. Today as in previous times, work and the workplace poses its challenges. The common thread through history seems to be attempts to enhance the workplace, to better it, to convert it into a place where people could work with a free spirit. Yet, in spite of all the attempts, one failure after the other has been recorded. In a research program that endeavoured to construe the meaningful workplace, Protestant ethic was identified as one possible contributory towards such an ideal. This article explores the contribution of Protestant ethic as a contributory and sets it within the framework of universal individual values pertaining to work and work-specific values. The article also indicates that the Protestant ethic can indeed contribute towards a meaningful experience whilst performing work-related tasks in workspace. The Protestant work ethic is more than a cultural norm that places a positive moral value on doing a good job. Based on a belief that work has intrinsic value for its own sake, it represents a value system that contributes to the experience of meaningfulness whilst performing work.
Critical evaluation of the MODIS Deep Blue aerosol optical depth product for data assimilation over North Africa
Authors: Shi Y. , Zhang J. , Reid J. S. , Hyer E. J. , Hsu N. C.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue (DB) collection 5.1 (c5.1) aerosol optical depth (AOD) data were analyzed and evaluated for the first time from an independent research group using eight years of Terra (2000–2007) and Aqua (2002–2009). Uncertainties in the DB AOD were identified and studied, and our results show that the performance of DB c5.1 is strongly dependent on surface albedo and aerosol microphysics. Using data with only "very good" quality assurance, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the DB Terra (Aqua) AOD is 0.24 (0.19) when validated against AERONET. Expanding upon the uncertainty analysis, the potential of applying the DB products for aerosol assimilation was explored. Empirical corrections and quality assurance procedures were developed for North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to create a data assimilation (DA)-quality DB product. After applying those procedures, the RMSE is reduced by 18.1% (18.2%) for Terra (Aqua) DB data. Prognostic error models of 0.069 + 0.175 × AODTerra_DB with no noise floor and 0.048 + 0.182 × AODAqua_DB with a noise floor of 0.104 were found for DA-quality Terra and Aqua DB data, respectively. These procedures were also applied to two months of DB collection 6 (c6) AOD data, and reductions in RMSE were found, indicating that the algorithms developed for c5.1 data are applicable to c6 data to some extent.
Microbial colonisation of chasmoendolithic habitats in the hyper-arid zone of the Atacama Desert
Authors: DiRuggiero J. , Wierzchos J. , Robinson C. K. , Souterre T. , Ravel J. , Artieda O. , Souza-Egipsy V. , Ascaso C.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Efforts in searching for microbial life in the driest part of Atacama Desert, Chile, revealed a small number of lithic habitats that can be considered as environmental refuges for life. In this study, we describe for the first time chasmoendolithic colonisation of fissures and cracks of rhyolite-gypsum and calcite rocks collected in the hyper-arid zone of the desert. The use of high-throughput sequencing revealed that the Atacama rock communities comprised a few dominant phylotypes and a number of less abundant taxa representing the majority of the total community diversity. The chasmoendolithic communities were dominated by Chroococcidiopsis species cyanobacteria and supported a number of heterotrophic bacterial lineages. Micro-climate data and geomorphic analysis of the mineral substrates suggested higher water availability in the calcite rocks in the form of enhanced water retention in the complex network of cracks and fissures of these rocks as well as increased occurrence of liquid water in the form of dewfall. These characteristics were associated with a diverse community of phototrophic and heterotrophic bacteria in the calcite chasmoendolithic ecosystem. This study is another example of the diversity of adaptive strategies at the limit for life and illustrates that rock colonisation is controlled by a complex set of factors.
Calibration of non-ideal thermal conductivity sensors
Authors: Kömle N. I. , Macher W. , Kargl G. , Bentley M. S.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. A popular method for measuring the thermal conductivity of solid materials is the transient hot needle method. It allows the thermal conductivity of a solid or granular material to be evaluated simply by combining a temperature measurement with a well-defined electrical current flowing through a resistance wire enclosed in a long and thin needle. Standard laboratory sensors that are typically used in laboratory work consist of very thin steel needles with a large length-to-diameter ratio. This type of needle is convenient since it is mathematically easy to derive the thermal conductivity of a soft granular material from a simple temperature measurement. However, such a geometry often results in a mechanically weak sensor, which can bend or fail when inserted into a material that is harder than expected. For deploying such a sensor on a planetary surface, with often unknown soil properties, it is necessary to construct more rugged sensors. These requirements can lead to a design which differs substantially from the ideal geometry, and additional care must be taken in the calibration and data analysis. In this paper we present the performance of a prototype thermal conductivity sensor designed for planetary missions. The thermal conductivity of a suite of solid and granular materials was measured both by a standard needle sensor and by several customized sensors with non-ideal geometry. We thus obtained a calibration curve for the non-ideal sensors. The theory describing the temperature response of a sensor with such unfavorable length-to-diameter ratio is complicated and highly nonlinear. However, our measurements reveal that over a wide range of thermal conductivities there is an almost linear relationship between the result obtained by the standard sensor and the result derived from the customized, non-ideal sensors. This allows for the measurement of thermal conductivity values for harder soils, which are not easily accessible when using standard needle sensors.
MESMO 2: a mechanistic marine silica cycle and coupling to a simple terrestrial scheme
Authors: Matsumoto K. , Tokos K. , Huston A. , Joy-Warren H.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Here we describe the second version of Minnesota Earth System Model for Ocean biogeochemistry (MESMO 2), an earth system model of intermediate complexity, which consists of a dynamical ocean, dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice, and energy moisture balanced atmosphere. The new version has more realistic land ice masks and is driven by seasonal winds. A major aim in version 2 is representing the marine silica cycle mechanistically in order to investigate climate-carbon feedbacks involving diatoms, a critically important class of phytoplankton in terms of carbon export production. This is achieved in part by including iron, on which phytoplankton uptake of silicic acid depends. Also, MESMO 2 is coupled to an existing terrestrial model, which allows for the exchange of carbon, water and energy between land and the atmosphere. The coupled model, called MESMO 2E, is appropriate for more complete earth system simulations. The new version was calibrated, with the goal of preserving reasonable interior ocean ventilation and various biological production rates in the ocean and land, while simulating key features of the marine silica cycle.
Population Aging and the Economics of International Travel
Authors: Riker David
Published: April 2013

This paper examines the relationship between the aging of the US population and outbound international travel using individual survey responses of overseas recreational travellers from the USA in 2009. The econometric analysis indicates that there are significant differences across age groups in the propensity to travel, the length of stay and the level of expenditure overseas that are consistent with the different economic incentives and constraints that each age group faces. The econometric models are used to project the changes in aggregate international travel expenditures that will result from anticipated demographic changes over the next decade.
Sesquiterpene lactones. XXXVII. Germacranolides in the genus Stizolophus Cass.
Authors: Nowak Gerard , Drożdż Bohdan , Buděšĺnský Miloš , Holub Miroslaw
Published: April 2013

Three germacranolides, hitherto unknown in this species, were isolated from the herb, Stizolophus balsamita (Lam.) Cass. ex Takht. They were identified as: 8α(4'-hydroxy) - senecioyloxy-9α-hydroxyparthenolide, isospiciformin and 8α,9α-dihydroxyparthenolide.
Plant population processes in the course of forest succession in abandoned meadows. II. Demography of succession promotors
Authors: Falińska Krystyna
Published: April 2013

The studies on populations in the course of forest succession in abandoned meadows (15 ha) were conducted for 15 years (1974-1988). It was found that the population size of species which took part in the successional process either changed directionally, i.e. developmental phases of populations conformed to the succession stages, or fluctuated, when no direct relationship between both was determined. Three types of population dynamics were distinguished: 1) developmental cycle (increase, decrease and equilibrium in population size) lasted as long as forest comeback; 2) developmental cycle accompanied one successional phase; 3) species appeared in cycles, as a series of populations in the course of long-term succession. Following species groups were distinguished regarding their role in the vegetation transformation in unmown meadows: 1) long-term promotors, present throughout succession and affecting both, changes in meadow vegetation, and initiation of tall-herb and brushwood communities; 2) short-term promotors, present in the first successional phases, especially at the stage of transformation of meadow phytocoenoses; 3) stenoecious promotors, confined to various depressions, periodically or permanently overlogged. All succession promotors were characterized by: high fecundity, ability to form polycormones and clones, strong and long-lived underground organs, modification of lifecycles, dual reproductive mode.
Number of nucleoli in diploids and polyploids of the genus Achillea L.
Authors: Dąbrowska Janina
Published: April 2013

Nucleoli were counted in 9228 interphase nuclei of the apical root meristem of 40 Achillea L. taxa (di-, tetra-. hexa- and octoploids). It was established that the distribution of nucleoli number in an interphase nucleus can be used as a rough practical indicator to distinguish between diploids and polyploids. The highest number of nucleoli (12) was found in an octoploid Achillea pannonica, but only in a small percentage of the nuclei (0.3% out of 283 nuclei).
Epilepsy Associated with Systemic Autoimmune Disorders
Authors: Devinsky Orrin , Schein Adam , Najjar Souhel
Published: April 2013

Systemic autoimmune disorders affect multiple organ systems. Brain involvement commonly causes seizures, which may be the presenting symptom. Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjorgren's syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, sarcoidsosis, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, Behcet's, and Hashimoto's encephalopathy are reviewed. Mechanisms underlying CNS pathology in systemic autoimmune disorders—and specifically factors predisposing these patients—are discussed, including vascular disease (e.g., prothrombotic state, anticardiolipin antibody, emboli, vasculitis), antineuronal antibodies, immune complexes, cytokines, metabolic disorders, infection, and therapy. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies must be individualized for both the disorder and the patient. Systemic autoimmune disorders affect multiple organ systems and frequently involve the central and peripheral nervous systems. Seizures are among the most common neurological manifestation and occasionally can be the presenting symptom. There are many causes of seizures in systemic autoimmune disorders ( Table 1 ), and the first clinical challenge is to determine not only the cause but also the significance of seizures. In some cases, they are clues to metabolic or infectious disorders or medication toxicity; in other cases, seizures herald a life-threatening progression of the underlying illness.
Rational Design of Mechano‐Responsive Optical Materials by Fine Tuning the Evolution of Strain‐Dependent Wrinkling Patterns
Authors: Kim Philseok , Hu Yuhang , Alvarenga Jack , Kolle Mathias , Suo Zhigang , Aizenberg Joanna
Published: April 2013

Rational design strategies for mechano‐responsive optical material systems are created by introducing a simple experimental system that can continuously vary the state of bi‐axial stress to induce various wrinkling patterns, including stripes, labyrinths, herringbones, and rarely observed checkerboards, that can dynamically tune the optical properties. In particular, a switching of two orthogonally oriented stripe wrinkle patterns from oxidized polydimethylsiloxane around the critical strain value is reported, as well as the coexistence of these wrinkles forming elusive checkerboard patterns, which are predicted only in previous simulations. These strain‐induced wrinkle patterns give rise to dynamic changes in optical transmittance and diffraction patterns. A theoretical description of the observed pattern formation is presented which accounts for the residual stress in the membrane and allows for the fine‐tuning of the window of switching of the orthogonal wrinkles. Applications of wrinkle‐induced changes in optical properties are demonstrated, including a mechanically responsive instantaneous privacy screen and a transparent sheet that reversibly reveals a message or graphic and dynamically switches the transmittance when stretched and released.