bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive study of focused ion beam induced lateral damage in silicon by scanning probe microscopy techniques
Authors: Rommel M. , Spoldi G. , Yanev V. , Beuer S. , Amon B. , Jambreck J. , Petersen S. , Bauer A. J. , Frey L.
Published: May 2010

Scanning probe microscopy techniques and, in particular, scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) were used for a detailed characterization of focused ion beam (FIB) induced damage in the surrounding of purposely irradiated areas on silicon. It is shown that the damaged area detected using these techniques extends up to several micrometers around the irradiated structures. The influence of the key FIB processing parameters on the FIB induced damage was examined. Parameters which were taken into account are the ion dose (from 1012 to 1018 cm−2), the milled structure size (circle diameters from 0.25 to 10 μm), the beam energy (from 10 to 30 keV), and the beam current (from 1.5 to 280 pA). Moreover, the influence of the SSRM settings on the measurement results was investigated. Settings which were considered are the bias voltage and the force applied to the tip during the SSRM analysis. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy analyses were performed to validate the SSRM results. Scattering between Ga ions and residual gas particles in the vacuum chamber of the FIB tool is identified as the main reason for the observed damaged area.
Development of the trappe force field for ammonia
Authors: Zhang Ling , Siepmann J. Ilja
Published: May 2010

The transferable potentials for phase equilibria (TraPPE) force field is extended through the development of a non-polarizable five-site ammonia model. In this model, the electrostatic interactions are represented by three positive partial charges placed at the hydrogen position and a compensating partial charge placed on an M site that is located on the C3 molecular axis and displaced from the nitrogen atom toward the hydrogen atoms. The repulsive and dispersive interactions are represented by placing a single Lennard–Jones site at the position of the nitrogen atom. Starting from the five-site model by Impey and Klein (Chem. Phys. Lett. 1984, 104, 579), this work optimizes the Lennard–Jones parameters and the magnitude of the partial charges for three values of the M site displacement. This parameterization is done by fitting to the vapor–liquid coexistence curve of neat ammonia. The accuracy of the three resulting models (differing in the displacement of the M site) is assessed through computation of the binary vapor–liquid equilibria with methane, the structure and the dielectric constant of liquid ammonia. The five-site model with an intermediate displacement of 0.08 Å for the M site yields a much better value for the dielectric constant, whereas differences in the other properties are quite small.
Qualitative Research Methods in Mental Health
Authors: Peters Sarah
Published: May 2010

As the evidence base for the study of mental health problems develops, there is a need for increasingly rigorous and systematic research methodologies. Complex questions require complex methodological approaches. Recognising this, the MRC guidelines for developing and testing complex interventions place qualitative methods as integral to each stage of intervention development and implementation. However, mental health research has lagged behind many other healthcare specialities in using qualitative methods within its evidence base. Rigour in qualitative research raises many similar issues to quantitative research and also some additional challenges. This article examines the role of qualitative methods within mental heath research, describes key methodological and analytical approaches and offers guidance on how to differentiate between poor and good quality qualitative research.
Automated morphological analysis of cells in body fluids by the digital microscopy system DM96
Authors: Riedl Jurgen A , Dinkelaar Rob B , van Gelder Warry
Published: May 2010

Background

Differential counting and morphological analysis of nucleated cells in body fluids (eg, cerebrospinal fluid and pleural fluid) are of great diagnostic importance to the clinician. A recent development in this field was the introduction of an application for an automated microscopy system, the DM96 Body Fluid module, enabling the automated analysis of body fluid samples. This computerised system provides an automated morphological analysis of body fluids, including an automated classification of all nucleated cells.

Aims

To investigate the ability of the digital microscopy system, DM96, to automatically classify cells in different types of body fluids.

Methods

A total of 177 body fluids (including cerebrospinal fluid, abdominal fluid and continuous ambulant peritoneal dialysis fluid) were analysed on the DM96, and results were compared with the manual microscopy method.

Results

A study in 177 samples demonstrates an overall preclassification accuracy of 90% in spinal fluid and 83% in other body fluids using the automated system. Correlation coefficients for postclassification as compared with manual review range from 0.92 to 0.99 for spinal fluid sample analyses and from 0.83 to 0.98 for other body fluids. The within-run variation of automated classification is less than 6% for all cell categories (4% excluding macrophages).

Conclusion

The DM96 has proven to be reliable and efficient, contributing to overall quality improvement in morphological analysis and automated cell classification of peripheral blood and other body-fluid samples.
Familial paraganglioma syndromes: Table 1
Authors: Chetty Runjan
Published: May 2010

Paragangliomas and phaeochromocytomas may occur in syndromic or sporadic forms. The former are well recognised with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2 and von Hippel–Lindau syndromes. A few cases are associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. The familial paraganglioma–phaeochromocytoma syndromes are less well recognised, but as more genetic testing is performed, more cases belonging to this syndrome will be revealed. These syndromes result from mutations in one of three subunits of thesuccinate dehydrogenase(SDH) gene. There are four types: type 1 associated withSDHD, type 2 with an unknown gene, type 3 withSDHCand type 4 withSDHB. There are distinct genotypic–phenotypic correlations with each mutation. Patients withSDHBmutations have a positive family history in 33% of cases, present with single tumours around 30 years of age and have extra-adrenal paragangliomas mainly in the abdomen and pelvis; 20% may also have phaeochromocytomas, and tumours in these patients have a great propensity to metastasise. Patients withSDHDandSDHCmutations have a higher positive family history (66%) and have head and neck paragangliomas.SDHDpatients present at 30 years with multiple tumours, while inSDHCmutation carriers, single tumours appear at around 38 years of age. A small percentage of patients with sporadic paragangliomas/phaeochromocytomas may haveSDHmutations as well.
Chronic dizziness: a practical approach
Authors: Bronstein A M , Lempert T , Seemungal B M
Published: May 2010

Patients with chronic dizziness pose a particular challenge to the clinician, partly because their symptoms correlate poorly with standard vestibular tests; so a ‘test and think later’ approach is likely to lead to diagnostic confusion rather than clarity. Rather, a meticulous clinical assessment is required. Here our approach to the chronic dizzy patient is described with an emphasis on treating the patient's symptoms.
Set up and run a thrombolysis service for acute stroke
Authors: Muir Keith W , Baird Tracey
Published: May 2010

Intravenous thrombolysis significantly improves the chance of independent recovery from ischaemic stroke but its benefit is strongly time dependent: present evidence supports effectiveness when delivered up to 4.5 h after symptom onset but the chance of recovery is twice as great when it is given within 90 min compared with 3–4.5 h. Delivery of treatment to a high proportion of patients is possible but requires clinicians to optimise systems for patient transfer, clinical and radiological assessment. A high proportion of patients with stroke already present to UK hospitals within the treatment time window even without specific public awareness or prehospital triage. Establishing a service requires dialogue with all those involved in the patient pathway, including ambulance dispatchers, paramedics, emergency department staff, radiology and colleagues in acute medicine. Most acute stroke teams cross traditional medical disciplines. Thrombolysis should ideally be delivered within an integrated service that seamlessly includes acute stroke unit care and rehabilitation.
Life and death diagnosis
Authors: Chadwick David , Jelen Paddy , Almond Solomon
Published: May 2010

The differential diagnosis of episodes of transient loss of consciousness can be straightforward but can also present some of the greatest diagnostic difficulties. In most circumstances, when there is uncertainty, usually when there have been only one or a few poorly observed events, it may be reasonable to admit to that uncertainty and await any further events to clarify the diagnosis. We have reason to know from bitter experience that this is not always the case and that more rigorous consideration of investigation may be justified rather than allowing the passage of time to clarify the diagnosis.
Mass Spectrometric Imaging of Ginsenosides Localization in Panax ginseng Root
Authors: Taira Shu , Ikeda Ryuzo , Yokota Naohiko , Osaka Issey , Sakamoto Manabu , Kato Mitsuro , Sahashi Yuko
Published: May 2010

We performed mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) to localize ginsenosides ( Rb 1, Rb 2 or Rc , and Rf ) in cross-sections of the Panax ginseng root at a resolution of 100 μm using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) of alkali metal-adducted ginsenoside ions revealed structural information of the corresponding saccharides and aglycone. MALDI-MSI confirmed that ginsenosides were located more in the cortex and the periderm than that in the medulla of a lateral root. In addition, it revealed that localization of ginsenosides in a root tip (diameter, 2.7 mm) is higher than that in the center of the root (diameter, 7.3 mm). A quantitative difference was detected between localizations of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside ( Rb 1, Rb 2, or Rc ) and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside ( Rf ) in the root. This imaging approach is a promising technique for rapid evaluation and identification of medicinal saponins in plant tissues.
Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther Leaf Extracts Protect Against Brain Injury in Ischemic Rats
Authors: Kao Tsung-Kuei , Ou Yen-Chuan , Raung Shue-Ling , Chen Wen-Ying , Yen Yu-Ju , Lai Ching-Yi , Chou Su-Tze , Chen Chun-Jung
Published: May 2010

As practice in folk medicine, Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther possesses several biological/pharmacological activities including hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory. We investigated the neuroprotective potential of Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther leaf extracts on inflammation-mediated ischemic brain injury. Water (GWE), 50% alcohol (GE50) extracts of Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther, and extracts obtained from further extraction of GE50 with ethyl acetate (GEE) were used. Oral administration of GEE, but not GWE or GE50, for 2 weeks protected animals against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion brain injury. The neuroprotective effect of GEE was accompanied by reductions in brain infarction, neurological deficits, caspase-3 activity, malondialdehyde content, microglia activation, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Since microglia-mediated inflammation plays critical roles in ischemic brain injury, anti-inflammatory potential of Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther leaf extracts was further investigated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ-activated BV-2 microglial cells. GEE decreased H2O2 - and LPS/IFN-γ-induced free radical generation and LPS/IFN-γ-induced iNOS expression. Mechanistic study revealed that the neuroactive effects of GEE were markedly associated with anti-oxidative potential, activation of serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphatases, and down-regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, Akt, Src, Janus kinase-1, Tyk2, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1, and NF-κB and might be attributed to the presence of polyphenolic compounds such as gallic acid, genistin, daidzin, and quercetin. Together, our findings point out its potential therapeutic strategies that target microglia activation, oxidative stress, and iNOS expression to reduce ischemic brain injury and suggest that Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther leaf extracts represent a valuable source for the development of neuroprotective agents.
Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Methanol Extract ofKalanchoe gracilis(L.) DC Stem in Mice
Authors: Lai Zhen-Rung , Peng Wen-Huang , Ho Yu-Ling , Huang Shun-Chieh , Huang Tai-Hung , Lai Shang-Chih , Ku Yoe-Ray , Tsai Jen-Chieh , Wang Ching-Ying , Chang Yuan-Shiun
Published: May 2010

In this study, we evaluated the analgesic effect of the methanol extract of Kalanchoe gracilis (MKGS) stem in animal models by inducing writhing response with acetic acid and conducting formalin test. The anti-inflammatory effect of MKGS was also estimated on mice with λ-carrageenan induced paw edema model. In order to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of MKGS, we analyzed the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRx) in the liver, and the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in the edema paw tissue. In the analgesic tests, MKGS (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) decreased both the acetic acid-induced writhing response and the licking time in the late phase of the formalin test. In the anti-inflammatory test, MKGS (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) decreased paw edema at the third, fourth, fifth and sixth hours after λ-carrageenan had been administrated. Furthermore, MKGS increased the activities of SOD and GRx in liver tissues and decreased MDA level in the edema paws three hours after λ-carrageenan was injected. MKGS also affected the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and NO induced by λ-carrageenan. All these results suggested that MKGS possessed analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of MKGS might be related to the lowering of MDA level in the edema paw via increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GRx in the liver, as well as the decreases in the levels of TNF-α and NO, and the production of IL-1β in inflamed tissues.
Earthworm Extracts Facilitate PC12 Cell Differentiation and Promote Axonal Sprouting in Peripheral Nerve Injury
Authors: Chen Chao-Tsung , Lin Jaung-Geng , Lu Tung-Wu , Tsai Fuu-Jen , Huang Chih-Yang , Yao Chun-Hsu , Chen Yueh-Sheng
Published: May 2010

The present study provides in vitro and in vivo evaluations of earthworm (Pheretima aspergilum) on peripheral nerve regeneration. In the in vitro study, we found the earthworm (EW) water extracts caused a marked enhancement of the nerve growth factor-mediated neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells as well as the expressions of growth associated protein 43 and synapsin I. In the in vivo study, silicone rubber chambers filled with EW extracts were used to bridge a 10 mm sciatic nerve defect in rats. Eight weeks after implantation, the group receiving EW extracts had a much higher success percentage of regeneration (90%) compared to the control (60%) receiving the saline. In addition, quantitative histology of the successfully regenerated nerves revealed that myelinated axons in EW group at 31.25 μg/ml was significantly more than those in the controls (p < 0.05). These results showed that EW extracts can be a potential growth-promoting factor on regenerating peripheral nerves.
Treatment with Lindera strychnifolia Reduces Blood Pressure by Decreasing Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Shimomura Masayuki , Ushikoshi Hiroaki , Hattori Arihiro , Murata Ichijiro , Ohno Yasushi , Aoyama Takuma , Kawasaki Masanori , Nishigaki Kazuhiko , Takemura Genzou , Fujiwara Takako , Fujiwara Hisayoshi , Minatoguchi Shinya
Published: May 2010

Lindera strychnifolia (Tendai-Uyaku), a medicinal plant, has long been used for the treatment of cardiac, renal and rheumatic diseases in Japan. We investigated the effect of Lindera strychnifolia on systolic blood pressure, cardiac function, and plasma noradrenaline levels in rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were given free access to water or extract solution of Lindera strychnifolia, which was extracted with a ratio of 10 g Lindera strychnifolia roots/20 ml water. Systolic blood pressure was measured by using a tail-cuf sphygmomanometer twice a week from 10 to 30 weeks of age, and compared to the age-matched Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) as a control group. At 30 weeks of age, heart function was measured by echocardiography and blood samples were taken for detection of plasma noradrenaline levels, and rats were then sacrificed. Systolic blood pressure gradually increased from 10 to 30 weeks of age in the SHR group, while it did not change in the WKY group. In the Lindera-treated SHR group, the increase in systolic blood pressure was significantly attenuated from 21 to 30 weeks of age. Echocardiography showed a significant increase in ejection fraction in the Lindera-treated SHR group (60.4 ± 7.8%) as compared to the SHR group (39.7 ± 23.4%). Plasma noradrenaline levels were significantly decreased in Lindera-treated SHR group compared to the SHR group. These results suggest that Lindera strychnifolia has an anti-hypertensive effect and improves cardiac function in spontaneous hypertensive rats. These effects may be related to the decrease in plasma noradrenaline levels by Lindera strychnifolia.
Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Ameliorate Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Authors: Li Jing , Liu Huiping , Ramachandran Srinivasan , Waypa Gregory B. , Yin Jun-Jie , Li Chang-Qing , Han Mei , Huang Hsien-Hao , Sharp Willard W. , Vanden Hoek Terry L. , Shao Zuo-Hui
Published: May 2010

Doxorubicin (Dox) is one of the most widely used and successful chemotherapeutic antitumor drugs. Its clinical application is highly limited due to its cumulative dose-related cardiotoxicity. Proposed mechanisms include the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress. Therefore, reducing oxidative stress should be protective against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. To determine whether antioxidant, grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) attenuates Dox-induced ROS generation and protects cardiomyocytes from Dox-induced oxidant injury, cultured primary cardiomyocytes were treated with doxorubicin (Dox, 10 μM) alone or GSPE (50 μg/ml) with Dox (10 μM) for 24 hours. Dox increased intracellular ROS production as measured by 6-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, induced significant cell death as assessed by propidium iodide, and declined the redox ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential as determined by 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethlbenzimidazole-carbocyanide iodine (JC-1). Analysis of agarose gel electrophoresis revealed Dox-induced nuclear DNA damage with the ladder like fragmentation. GSPE treatment suppressed those alterations. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy data also showed that GSPE strongly scavenged hydroxyl radical, superoxide and DPPH radicals. Together, these findings indicate that GSPE in combination with Dox has protective effect against Dox-induced toxicity in cardiomyocytes, which may be in part attributed to its antioxidative activity. Importantly, flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that co-treatment of Dox and GSPE did not decrease the proliferation-inhibitory effect of Dox in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. Thus, GSPE may be a promising adjuvant to prevent cardiotoxicity without interfering with antineoplastic activity during chemotherapeutic treatment with Dox.
Anti-Inflammatory Effect ofBuddleja officinalison Vascular Inflammation in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Lee Yun Jung , Moon Mi Kyoung , Hwang Sun Mi , Yoon Jung Joo , Lee So Min , Seo Kwan Soo , Kim Jin Sook , Kang Dae Gill , Lee Ho Sub
Published: May 2010

Vascular inflammation process has been suggested to be an important risk factor in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated whether and by what mechanisms an aqueous extract of Buddleja officinalis (ABO) inhibited the expressions of cellular adhesion molecules, which are relevant to inflammation and atherosclerosis. Pretreatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with ABO (1–10 μg/ml) for 18 hours dose-dependently inhibited TNF-α-induced adhesion U937 monocytic cells, as well as mRNA and protein expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Pretreatment with ABO also blocked TNF-α-induced ROS formation. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is required in the transcription of these adhesion molecule genes. Western blot analysis revealed that ABO inhibits the translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB to the nucleus. ABO inhibited the TNF-α-induced degradation of IκB-α, an inhibitor of NF-κB, by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IκB-α in HUVEC. Taken together, ABO could reduce cytokine-induced endothelial adhesiveness throughout down-regulating intracellular ROS production, NF-κB, and adhesion molecule expression in HUVEC, suggesting that the natural herb Buddleja officinalis may have potential implications in atherosclerosis.
Brucea javanica Oil Induces Apoptosis in T24 Bladder Cancer Cells via Upregulation of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, and Inhibition of NF-κB and COX-2 Expressions
Authors: Lou Guo-Guang , Yao Hang-Ping , Xie Li-Ping
Published: May 2010

The potential molecular mechanism of Brucea javanica oil in the induction of apoptosis of T24 bladder cancer cells was investigated in vitro. T24 cells were divided into two groups: one, treated with B. javanica oil and the other, untreated. The cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 4 mM glutamine. The morphological characteristics of T24 cells were examined microscopically at the 2nd and 5th day of the culture. The drug toxicity spectrum ( IC 50) was estimated by the MTT assay, and viability of T24 cells was assessed on the basis of the percentage of T24 apoptotic cells, as determined by Annexin/PI staining and flow cytometric analysis. The expression of caspase-3, capase-9, NF-κB p65, and COX-2 was analyzed by Western blotting. Morphological characteristics of the cells on the 2nd day showed apoptosis of the treated T24 cells; it was more apparent in the cells on the 5th day. B. javanica oil decreased the cell viability at the testing concentrations spectrum (5–0.156 mg/ml), and this viability was significantly higher as compared to the control group. In this concentration spectrum, B. javanica oil also induced apoptosis of T24 cells, which was analyzed by annexin/PI staining and flow cytometric analysis. These results were also statistically significant as compared to those of the control group. The expressions of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were low in the control T24 cells, while the expressions of NF-κB and COX-2 were high in normal T24 cells. Treatment with B. javanica oil significantly induced the expressions of caspase-3 and caspase-9 proteins in T24 cells, whereas the expressions of NF-κB and COX-2 proteins were inhibited. B. javanica oil significantly reduced the viability of T24 cells and induced T24 cell apoptosis. The molecular mechanism underlying these effects may be the activation of caspase apoptotic pathway by upregulation of the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 proteins and inhibition of the expression of NF-κB and COX-2 proteins.
ALTERNATIVE RANDOMIZATION FOR VALUING AMERICAN OPTIONS
Authors: KIMURA TOSHIKAZU
Published: May 2010

This paper deals with randomization methods for valuing American options written on dividend-paying assets, which are based on the idea of treating the maturity date as a random variable. In the randomization method introduced by Carr in 1998, he used the Erlangian distributed random variable to develop a recursive algorithm starting from the so-called Canadian option with an exponentially distributed random maturity. The purposes of this paper are (i) to provide much simpler pricing formulas for the Canadian option; (ii) to interpret the Gaver–Stehfest method developed for inverting Laplace transforms as an alternative randomization method in the context of valuing American options; and (iii) to evaluate the performance of the Gaver–Stehfest method in details with theoretical and numerical views. Numerical experiments indicate that the Gaver–Stehfest method works well to generate accurate approximations for the early exercise boundary as well as the option value.
THE VALUATION OF CALLABLE-PUTTABLE REVERSE CONVERTIBLE BONDS
Authors: YAGI KYOKO , SAWAKI KATSUSHIGE
Published: May 2010

Many companies issue some complex structured bonds. A reverse convertible bond is one of such structured bonds. In this paper we consider a valuation model of callable-puttable reverse convertible bonds which have the complex payoff in a setting of the optimal stopping problem between the issuer and the investor. Reverse convertible bonds issued by a company can be exchanged for the shares of another company. We analyze the pricing of reverse convertible bonds with call and put clauses and explore analytical properties of the value of the reverse convertible bond and optimal call and put boundaries by the issuer and the investor, respectively. Furthermore, we investigate how the call and put clauses affect the value and the optimal strategies for both of them.
COMPUTING BOUNDS ON RISK-NEUTRAL DISTRIBUTIONS FROM THE OBSERVED PRICES OF CALL OPTIONS
Authors: NISHIHARA MICHI , YAGIURA MUTSUNORI , IBARAKI TOSHIHIDE
Published: May 2010

This paper derives, in closed forms, upper and lower bounds on risk-neutral cumulative distribution functions of the underlying asset price from the observed prices of European call options, based only on the no-arbitrage assumption. The computed bounds from the option price data show that the gap between the upper and lower bounds is large near the underlying asset price but gets smaller away from the underlying asset price. Since the bounds can be easily computed and visualized, they could be practically used by investors in various ways.
EXACT SOLUTION TO THE SCALAR DKP EQUATION IN (1+3)-DIMENSIONAL ROBERTSON–WALKER SPACE–TIME
Authors: FALEK M. , MERAD M.
Published: May 2010

In the context of curved space–time, the scalar DKP equation in (1+3)-dimensional Robertson–Walker space–time is solved. The exact solution is then determined by the technique of vector spherical harmonics. As an application, the rate of the created particles in the presence of gravity is calculated via the method of Bogoliubov transformations.
DYNAMICAL ELECTROWEAK SYMMETRY BREAKING IN STRING MODELS WITH D-BRANES
Authors: KITAZAWA NORIAKI
Published: May 2010

The possibility of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking by strong coupling gauge interaction in models with D-branes in String Theory is examined. Instead of elementary scalar Higgs doublet fields, the gauge symmetry with strong coupling (technicolor) is introduced. As the first step of this direction, a toy model, which is not fully realistic, is concretely analyzed in some detail. The model consists of D-branes and anti-D-branes at orbifold singularities in (T2 × T2 × T2)/Z3 which preserves supersymmetry. Supersymmetry is broken through the brane supersymmetry breaking. It is pointed out that the problem of large S parameter in dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking scenario may be solved by natural existence of kinetic term mixings between hypercharge U(1) gauge boson and massive anomalous U(1) gauge bosons. The problems to be solved toward constructing more realistic models are clarified in the analysis.
AN IMPROVED LOWER BOUND ON THE NUMBER OF LIMIT CYCLES BIFURCATING FROM A HAMILTONIAN PLANAR VECTOR FIELD OF DEGREE 7
Authors: JOHNSON TOMAS , TUCKER WARWICK
Published: May 2010

The limit cycle bifurcations of a Z2equivariant planar Hamiltonian vector field of degree 7 under Z2equivariant degree 7 perturbation is studied. We prove that the given system can have at least 53 limit cycles. This is an improved lower bound for the weak formulation of Hilbert's 16th problem for degree 7, i.e. on the possible number of limit cycles that can bifurcate from a degree 7 planar Hamiltonian system under degree 7 perturbation.
A GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR IMPROVING ACCURACY OF SOFTWARE QUALITY PREDICTIVE MODELS: A SEARCH-BASED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING APPROACH
Authors: AZAR DANIELLE
Published: May 2010

In this work, we present a genetic algorithm to optimize predictive models used to estimate software quality characteristics. Software quality assessment is crucial in the software development field since it helps reduce cost, time and effort. However, software quality characteristics cannot be directly measured but they can be estimated based on other measurable software attributes (such as coupling, size and complexity). Software quality estimation models establish a relationship between the unmeasurable characteristics and the measurable attributes. However, these models are hard to generalize and reuse on new, unseen software as their accuracy deteriorates significantly. In this paper, we present a genetic algorithm that adapts such models to new data. We give empirical evidence illustrating that our approach out-beats the machine learning algorithm C4.5 and random guess.
Interactions ofLactobacilliwith PathogenicStreptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Westbroek Mark L. , Davis Crystal L. , Fawson Lena S. , Price Travis M.
Published: May 2010

Objective. To determine whether (1) a decreased concentration ofLactobacilliallowsS. pyogenesto grow; (2)S. pyogenesis able to grow in the presence of healthyLactobacillusconcentrations; (3)S. pyogenesis capable of inhibitingLactobacilli.Methods. One hundred fifty patient samples ofS. pyogeneswere mixed with four different concentrations ofL. crispatusandL. jensenii. Colony counts and pH measurements were taken from these concentrations and compared usingt-tests and ANOVA statistical analyses.Results. Statistical tests showed no significant difference between the colony counts ofS. pyogenesby itself and growth when mixed withLactobacilli, and no significant difference between the colony counts ofS. pyogenesin the four different concentrations ofLactobacilli.Conclusion. The statistical data representing the growth of these two organisms suggests thatLactobacillidid not inhibit the growth ofS. pyogenes. Also,S. pyogenesdid not inhibit the growth ofLactobacilli.
Support Vector Machine for Behavior-Based Driver Identification System
Authors: Qian Huihuan , Ou Yongsheng , Wu Xinyu , Meng Xiaoning , Xu Yangsheng
Published: May 2010

We present an intelligent driver identification system to handle vehicle theft based on modeling dynamic human behaviors. We propose to recognize illegitimate drivers through their driving behaviors. Since human driving behaviors belong to a dynamic biometrical feature which is complex and difficult to imitate compared with static features such as passwords and fingerprints, we find that this novel idea of utilizing human dynamic features for enhanced security application is more effective. In this paper, we first describe our experimental platform for collecting and modeling human driving behaviors. Then we compare fast Fourier transform (FFT), principal component analysis (PCA), and independent component analysis (ICA) for data preprocessing. Using machine learning method of support vector machine (SVM), we derive the individual driving behavior model and we then demonstrate the procedure for recognizing different drivers by analyzing the corresponding models. The experimental results of learning algorithms and evaluation are described.
Reasons for Delay in Seeking Care for Tuberculosis, Republic of Armenia, 2006–2007
Authors: Schneider Dana , McNabb Scott J. N. , Safaryan Marina , Davidyants Vladimir , Niazyan Ludmila , Orbelyan Sona
Published: May 2010

Background. Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Armenia, case reports of active TB increased from 590 to 1538 between 1990 and 2003. However, the TB case detection rate in Armenia in 2007 was only 51%, indicating that many cases go undetected or that suspected cases are not referred for confirmatory diagnosis. Understanding why Armenians do not seek or delay TB medical care is important to increase detection rates, improve treatment outcomes, and reduce ongoing transmission.Methods. Two hundred-forty patients hospitalized between August 2006 and September 2007 at two Armenian TB reference hospitals were interviewed about symptoms, when they sought medical attention after symptom onset, outcomes of their first medical visit, and when they began treatment after diagnosis. We used logistic regression modeling to identify reasons for delay in diagnosis.Results. Fatigue and weight loss were significantly associated with delay in seeking medical attention [aOR=2.47(95%CI=1.15, 5.29);aOR=2.99(95%CI=1.46, 6.14), resp.], while having night sweats protected against delay [aOR=0.48(95%CI=0.24, 0.96)]. Believing the illness to be something other than TB was also significantly associated with delay [aOR=2.63(95%CI=1.13, 6.12)]. Almost 20% of the 240 TB patients were neither diagnosed at their first medical visit nor referred for further evaluation.Conclusions. This study showed that raising awareness of the signs and symptoms of TB among both the public and clinical communities is urgently needed.
Genome Size Variation inMalusSpecies
Authors: Höfer Monika , Meister Armin
Published: May 2010

The nuclear DNA content for 256 different accessions belonging to 26 primaryMalusspecies and 20 species hybrids was estimated by flow cytometry using propidium iodide. Diploids ranged from 1.245 (M. tschonoskii) to 1.653  pg per 2C nucleus (M. florentina). As our study covered complete phylogenetic and geographic representation, preliminary conclusions between nuclear DNA content and geographical and taxonomic features could be drawn. The data indicated that species found far from the centre of origin in Asia clustered into separate sections and series and possessed higher DNA content. These areM. trilobataandM. florentinathe only two species existing in South-East Europe on one hand;M. ioensisand 3x and 4x speciesM.heterophylla, M.platycarpa, M. glaucescens, M. angustifolia, M. lancifoliaandM. coronaria—in East and Central North America on the other hand. A significantly decreased 1Cx DNA content was observed with the increase in ploidy for six species.
High Prevalence ofArcobacterCarriage in Older Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Fera Maria Teresa , Russo Giuseppina T. , Di Benedetto Antonino , La Camera Erminia , Orlando Angelo , Giandalia Annalisa , Ruffa Vincenzo F. , Lanza Giulia , Lentini Valeria , Perdichizzi Giuseppa , Cucinotta Domenico
Published: May 2010

Arcobacters are potential pathogens related to diarrheic infections and, rarely, septicaemia. This study evaluated the prevalence of arcobacters in stool samples of subjects with (n=38) and without (n=61) type 2 diabetes by using cultural and molecular techniques. ThreeArcobacterpositive cultures were found, all among diabetic subjects, whereas molecular analysis showed a carriage rate of 79% and 26.2% in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes (P<.001), respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that type 2 diabetes (β=1.913; 95%CI: 2.378–19.285;P<.0001) and age (β=1.744; 95%CI: 2.077–15.766;P=.001) were the only factors independently associated with arcobacters colonization in this population. Our study demonstrated a high prevalence of arcobacters colonization in type 2 diabetic and older subjects. The clinical significance and the potential health risk associated with these emerging species remain to be determined.
Skeletal Dysplasias Associated with Mild Myopathy—A Clinical and Molecular Review
Authors: Piróg Katarzyna A. , Briggs Michael D.
Published: May 2010

Musculoskeletal system is a complex assembly of tissues which acts as scaffold for the body and enables locomotion. It is often overlooked that different components of this system may biomechanically interact and affect each other. Skeletal dysplasias are diseases predominantly affecting the development of the osseous skeleton. However, in some cases skeletal dysplasia patients are referred to neuromuscular clinics prior to the correct skeletal diagnosis. The muscular complications seen in these cases are usually mild and may stem directly from the muscle defect and/or from the altered interactions between the individual components of the musculoskeletal system. A correct early diagnosis may enable better management of the patients and a better quality of life. This paper attempts to summarise the different components of the musculoskeletal system which are affected in skeletal dysplasias and lists several interesting examples of such diseases in order to enable better understanding of the complexity of human musculoskeletal system.
Induction of Specific CD8+T Cells against Intracellular Bacteria by CD8+T-Cell-Oriented Immunization Approaches
Authors: Nagata Toshi , Koide Yukio
Published: May 2010

For protection against intracellular bacteria such asMycobacterium tuberculosisandListeria monocytogenes, the cellular arm of adaptive immunity is necessary. A variety of immunization methods have been evaluated and are reported to induce specific CD8+T cells against intracellular bacterial infection. Modified BCG vaccines have been examined to enhance CD8+T-cell responses. Naked DNA vaccination is a promising strategy to induce CD8+T cells. In addition to this strategy, live attenuated intracellular bacteria such asShigella, Salmonella, andListeriahave been utilized as carriers of DNA vaccines in animal models. Vaccination with dendritic cells pulsed with antigenic peptides or the cells introduced antigen genes by virus vectors such as retroviruses is also a powerful strategy. Furthermore, vaccination with recombinant lentivirus has been attempted to induce specific CD8+T cells. Combinations of these strategies (prime-boost immunization) have been studied for the efficient induction of intracellular bacteria-specific CD8+T cells.
Tuboovarian Abscesses: Is Size Associated with Duration of Hospitalization & Complications?
Authors: DeWitt Jason , Reining Angela , Allsworth Jenifer E. , Peipert Jeffrey F.
Published: May 2010

Objective. To evaluate the association between abscess size and duration of hospitalization and need for surgical intervention. Methods. We collected data from patients admitted with ICD‐9 codes 614.9 (PID) and 614.2 (TOA) from January 1, 1999‐ December 31, 2005. We abstracted data regarding demographics, diagnostic testing/laboratory testing, imaging, treatment, and clinical course. Two abscess groups were created: ≤8 cm or >8 cm. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and duration of hospitalization and surgical intervention for women with large abscesses were compared to women with smaller collections. Results. Of the 373 charts reviewed, 135 had a TOA and 31% required management with drainage and/or surgery. The average abscess size for those treated successfully with conservative management was 6.3 cm versus those requiring drainage and/or surgery (7.7 cm, P = .02). Every 1 cm increase in abscess size as associated with an increase in hospitalization by 0.4 days (P = .001). Abscesses greater than 8 cm were associated with an increased risk of complications (P < .01). Conclusions. Larger tubo‐ovarian abscesses are associated with an increased duration of hospitalization and more complications including an increased need for drainage or surgery. Additional research to determine the most efficacious antibiotic regimen management strategy is needed.
High Accuracy Combination Method for Solving the Systems of Nonlinear Volterra Integral and Integro‐Differential Equations with Weakly Singular Kernels of the Second Kind
Authors: Pan Lu , He Xiaoming , Lü Tao
Published: May 2010

This paper presents a high accuracy combination algorithm for solving the systems of nonlinear Volterra integral and integro‐differential equations with weakly singular kernels of the second kind. Two quadrature algorithms for solving the systems are discussed, which possess high accuracy order and the asymptotic expansion of the errors. By means of combination algorithm, we may obtain a numerical solution with higher accuracy order than the original two quadrature algorithms. Moreover an a posteriori error estimation for the algorithm is derived. Both of the theory and the numerical examples show that the algorithm is effective and saves storage capacity and computational cost.
Successful Use of Stellate Ganglion Block and Pulsed Radiofrequency in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Report
Authors: Lipov Eugene
Published: May 2010

Objective. To report our successful treatment of acute symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). By the use of stellate ganglion block (SGB) and pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) to the stellate ganglion(SG) , sequentially. Background. A 48-year-old male a victim
of armed robbery , who presented with extreme symptoms consistent with the diagnosis of PTSD. He was treated with antianxiety medications, as well as psychotherapy, but his symptoms persisted.
Methods. Fifty-five days post trauma, we administered a SGB to the patient. One month later, we administered PRF to the right SG . We repeated the pulsed radiofrequency 30 weeks post trauma and performed a second SGB two weeks after that. Results. After the SGB , the patient experienced a major reduction in anxiety. Over the next week his improved allowing a significant reduction of antianxiety medications. One month later the symptoms returned and again subsided substantially following PRF , and that relief lasted four months. The patient than required another following PRF and a SGB with good responses. Conclusion. We report that selective blockade of the stellate ganglion via injection and the treatment with PRF, relieved our patient's symptoms of PTSD. And we also provide a plausible explanation of the effect.
The Jew in the Text: What Christian Charters Tell UsAbout Medieval Jewish Society
Authors: Ray Jonathan
Published: May 2010

This paper will explore the viability and limits of using non-Jewish charters for the reconstruction of medieval Jewish history. While the settlement charters have long been recognized as important sources for institutional history, their value to the understanding of the Jewish community has yet to be fully explored. Analysis of these documents has tradition-ally been limited to determining the level of royal protection of Jewish rights or the nature of Jewish-Christian relations. These charters were, in large part, products of Jewish requests. In locating the voice of the Jewish petitioner within these charters it becomes possible discern the priorities, needs and fears of the medieval Jewish community. Furthermore, these documents also suggest ways in which Jews used Christian secular authority as an instrument for the establishment of political structures internal to their communities.
Stabilising Afghanistan
Authors: Ying Rong
Published: May 2010

This article comprises two parts: the first in which the author examines the ramifications of the process of stabilising Afghanistan and the second in which he discusses a possible role for the Russia, India and China (RIC) trilateral. The author cites the results of a survey conducted in all thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, which mainly concerns the attitude of the people and the national mood in 2004 and 2008. The results revealed very low levels of confidence. The crux of the problem was that the war cannot be won, nor the Afghan situation addressed by the military approach. The situation is extremely complex and tense mainly because of the lack of strategic coherence within the West and their attempt to promote a Western set-up in Afghanistan without heed to, or respect for, the Afghan condition. The focus has been only on capturing the Al-Qaeda through Operation Enduring Freedom. The role of Pakistan was also quite complex and the question was whether it should be seen as part of the problem or part of the solution. The American’s Afghan policy was insensitive to the geopolitical complexity in the region. Since all three countries were affected by the situation in Afghanistan, stability in this area was in the interests of all. It was necessary, therefore, to make the trilateral more relevant and the election in September 2009 provided a good occasion to look for a common agenda and adopt a proactive stance. The RIC could encourage the exploration of a new political set-up in Afghanistan by taking into account its national conditions. They could also stress a leading role for the United Nations and explore a regional approach, whereby the various organisations in the region could be interconnected to explore solutions.
The Russia–India–China Trilateral and Afghanistan
Authors: Varadarajan Siddharth
Published: May 2010

This article examines the possible contours of a trilateral initiative for the pursuit of a regional solution to the long-term stability of Afghanistan. Such a solution, in the author’s view, would have to be based on the involvement of Afghanistan’s neighbours—Pakistan, Iran, India, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Russia, as well as China, along with sustained efforts to support a well-focussed, Afghan-led counterinsurgency campaign. This would have to be strongly supplemented by a coordinated process of political reconciliation and economic rehabilitation based on the speedy integration of Afghanistan into regional energy, transport and trade networks.
Reflecting on China’s Promotion of the Sustained Stable Increase of Farmers’ Incomes
Authors: Qiang Yang
Published: May 2010

The slow increase in rural incomes and the widening income gap between rural and urban citizens are important problems for the work on agriculture and in rural areas. To maintain a steady increase in rural income, we should persist in developing the rural–urban economies in a coordinated and harmonious way and constructing a long-term mechanism to promote rural incomes in the coming period. Besides, we should explore the potential of increasing rural incomes through optimising the inner structure of agriculture, and seeking channels outside agriculture for incomes increase. We should also make vigorous efforts to develop non-agricultural industries, and speed up the urbanisation progress and the migration of the redundant labour force.
Later-Life Employment Preferences and Outcomes: The Role of Midlife Work Experiences
Authors: Raymo James M. , Warren John R. , Sweeney Megan M. , Hauser Robert M. , Ho Jeong-Hwa
Published: May 2010

In this article, the authors evaluate relationships between midlife work experiences and the realization of preferences for full-time employment, part-time employment, and complete retirement at age 63-64. Using rich data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, the authors demonstrate that the likelihood of achieving one’s preferred employment status is related to earlier work experiences including employment stability in midlife and self-employment, part-time employment, and private pension coverage across the life course. Despite large gender differences in work experiences across the life course, relationships between earlier work experiences and the likelihood of realizing later-life employment preferences are similar for men and women. The authors also find that these relationships are only partially mediated by economic and employment circumstances in late midlife, suggesting the need for further evaluation of the cumulative pathways linking midlife work experiences to the realization of later-life employment preferences.