bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nighttime ozone variability in the high latitude winter mesosphere
Authors: Smith Anne K. , López‐Puertas Manuel , Funke Bernd , García‐Comas Maya , Mlynczak Martin G. , Holt Laura A.
Published: November 2014

We use satellite observations and a numerical model to investigate polar nighttime ozone at the secondary maximum, around 90–95 km. Observations from the MIPAS and SABER satellite instruments indicate that the highest ozone mixing ratios are seen during the late fall to early winter period in both hemispheres and for all years examined. Simulations using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) find qualitatively the same seasonal evolution. Analysis of WACCM results shows that the high ozone concentration is due in part to the relatively quiet dynamical conditions in early winter. The mean circulation, which brings warmer temperatures and higher concentrations of H, is weaker in early winter than during middle and late winter. H in the late fall to early winter period drops to the lowest levels seen during the year due to lack of a source from photochemistry, weak transport into the region by the mean circulation, and continual loss due to diffusive separation. The low concentration of H leads to higher ozone.
A New Technique to Map the Lymphatic Distribution and Alignment of the Penis
Authors: Long Liu Yan , Qiang Pan Fu , Ling Tao , Wei Zhang Yan , Long Zhang Yu , Shan Meng , Rong Li Shi , Li Li Hong
Published: November 2014

The present study was to examine the distribution of lymphatic vessels in the penis of normal adult males, which could provide an anatomical basis for improvement of incisions in penile lengthening surgery, and may also help to prevent postoperative refractory edema. Thirteen normal adult male volunteers were recruited for this study. Contrast agent was injected subcutaneously in the foreskin of the penis, and after two minutes magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL) was performed. The acquired magnetic resonance images were analyzed to determine the changes in the number and diameter of lymphatic vessels in different parts of the penis. Maximum intensity projections (MIP) and materializes interactive medical image control system (MIMICS) were applied to analyze the overall distribution of lymphatic vessels in the penis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that the lymphatic vessels were in conspicuous contrast with surrounding tissues and could be clearly identified. Penile lymphatic vessels were clearly visible in the root of the penis. At the junction of the penis and the abdominal wall, all lymphatic vessels were found to be concentrated in the dorsal part of the penis. MIP two‐dimensional reconstruction showed that the overall distribution of relatively large lymphatic vessels in the dorsal and ventral parts of the penis could be seen clearly on bilateral 45° position, but not inside the abdominal wall because some of lymphatic vessels were overlapped by other tissues in the abdomen. MIMICS three‐dimensional reconstruction was able to reveal the overall spatial distribution of lymphatic vessels in the penis from any angle. The reconstruction results showed that there were 1–2 main lymphatic vessels on the root of dorsal penis, which coursed along the cavernous to the first physiological curvature of the penis. Lymphatic vessels merged on both sides of the ventral penis. At the root of the penis, lymphatic vessels gradually coursed to the dorsal surface of the penis and folded at the abdominal wall to the outside, and finally merged into the inguinal lymph nodes. The changes in distribution, number and diameter of the lymphatic vessels in the penis were observed by MRI. MIP and MIMICS reconstructions directly revealed the anatomical features of penile lymphatic vessels such as spatial distribution, overall alignment, and the relations to adjacent structures, drainage and reflux. The study will provide the anatomical basis for penile surgery, penile lymphatic reflux disorders caused by trauma or lymphatic vessels obstruction, and lymph node metastasis in penile cancer. Anat Rec, 298:1465–1471, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural Studies and Anticancer Activity of a Novel Class of β‐Peptides
Authors: Kudryavtsev Konstantin V. , Yu Chia‐Chun , Ivantcova Polina M. , Polshakov Vladimir I. , Churakov Andrei V. , Bräse Stefan , Zefirov Nikolay S. , Guh Jih‐Hwa
Published: November 2014

Functionalized oligomeric organic compounds with well‐defined β‐proline scaffold have been synthesized by a cycloadditive oligomerization approach in racemic and enantiopure forms. The structure of the novel β‐peptides was investigated by NMR spectroscopic and X‐ray methods determining the conformational shapes of the β‐proline oligomers in solution and solid states. The main structural elements subject to conformational switches are β‐peptide bonds between 5‐arylpyrrolidine‐2‐carboxylic acid units existing in Z/E configurations. The whole library of short β‐peptides and intermediate acrylamides has been tested on antiproliferative activity towards the hormone‐refractory prostate cancer cell line PC‐3 revealing several oligomeric compounds with low micromolar and submicromolar activities. Bromine‐substituted dimeric and trimeric acrylamides induced caspase‐dependent apoptosis of PC‐3 cells through cell‐cycle arrest and mitochondrial damage.
Multi‐analysis strategy for metabolism of Andrographis paniculata in rat using liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Wenlan , Sun Xiangming , Xu Ying , Wang Xuezhi , Bai Jing , Ji Yubin
Published: November 2014

Compared with chemical drugs, it is a huge challenge to identify active ingredients of multicomponent traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). For most TCMs, metabolism investigation of absorbed constituents is a feasible way to clarify the active material basis. Although Andrographis paniculata (AP) has been extensively researched by domestic and foreign scholars, its metabolism has seldom been fully addressed to date. In this paper, high‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was applied to analysis and characterization of AP metabolism in rat urine and feces samples after oral administration of ethanol extract. The differences in metabolites and metabolic pathways between the two biological samples were further compared. The chemical structures of 20 components were tentatively identified from drug‐treated biological samples, including six prototype components and 14 metabolites, which underwent such main metabolic pathways as hydrolyzation, hydrogenation, dehydroxylation, deoxygenation, methylation, glucuronidation, sulfonation and sulfation. Two co‐existing components were found in urine and feces samples, suggesting that some ingredients' metabolic processes were not unique. This study provides a comprehensive report on the metabolism of AP in rats, which will be helpful for understanding its mechanism. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CarbonCarbon Bond Formation by Lewis Superacid Catalysis
Authors: Dunach Elisabet
Published: November 2014

Diverse intramolecular cyclizations involving the formation of CC bonds are described using catalytic methodologies based on Lewis superacids. Examples are presented on 1,6‐diene cyclizations to gem‐dimethylcyclohexane structures. Tandem cyclization of trienes are described to afford bicyclic structures in reactions involving rearrangements. Hydroarylation of olefins and of allenes is developed in catalytic FriedelCrafts‐type coupling processes, which can give rise to tandem reactions. The olfactory evaluation of the series of prepared compounds is also presented.
Thioether Profragrances: Parameters Influencing the Performance of Precursor‐Based Fragrance Delivery in Functional Perfumery
Authors: Maddalena Umberto , Trachsel Alain , Fankhauser Peter , Berthier Damien L. , Benczédi Daniel , Wang Wei , Xi Xiujuan , Shen Youqing , Herrmann Andreas
Published: November 2014

A series of thioether profragrances was prepared by reaction of different sulfanylalkanoates with δ‐damascone and tested for their release efficiencies in a fabric‐softener and an all‐purpose cleaner application. Dynamic headspace analysis on dry cotton and on a ceramic plate revealed that the performance of the different precursors depended on the structure, but also on the particular conditions encountered in different applications. Moreover, profragrances derived from other α,β‐unsaturated fragrance aldehydes and ketones were synthesized analogously and evaluated using the same test protocol. Thioethers were found to be suitable precursors to release the corresponding fragrances, but neither the quantity of profragrance deposited from an aqueous environment onto the target surface, nor the amount of fragrance released after deposition could be linearly correlated to the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the compounds. Different sets of compounds were found to be the best performers for different types of applications. Only one of the compounds evaluated in the present work, namely the thiolactic acid derivative of δ‐damascone, efficiently released the corresponding fragrance in both of the tested applications. Profragrance development for functional perfumery thus remains a partially empirical endeavour. More knowledge (and control) of the various application conditions are required for an efficient profragrance design.
Deorphanization and Characterization of Human Olfactory Receptors in Heterologous Cells
Authors: Chatelain Pierre , Veithen Alex , Wilkin Françoise , Philippeau Magali
Published: November 2014

Olfaction plays an indispensable role in human and animals in self and environmental recognition, as well as intra‐ and interspecific communication. Following the discovery of a family of olfactory receptors (ORs) by Buck and Axel in 1991, it has been established that the sense of smell begins with the molecular recognition of a chemical odorant by one or more ORs expressed in the olfactory sensory neurons. Therefore, characterization of the molecular interactions between odorant molecules and ORs is a key step in the elucidation of the general properties of the olfactory system and in the development of applications, i.e., design of new odorants, search for blockers, etc. The process putted in place at ChemCom to improve the expression of ORs at the cytoplasmic membrane of the HEK293 cell and assays enabling large‐scale deorphanization, and to characterize the interaction between chemical odorants and ORs is described. The family of human ORs includes ca. 400 putatively functional ORs which are GPCRs (G protein‐coupled receptors); to date over 100 human ORs have been deorphanized.
Unexpected Loss of Stereoselectivity in Ring‐Opening Reaction of 2‐Alkoxy‐2‐Thio‐1,3,2‐Oxathiaphospholanes With a Pyrophosphate Anion
Authors: Guga Piotr , Tomaszewska Agnieszka
Published: November 2014

A reaction of DBU promoted ring opening in nucleoside‐3'‐O‐ and nucleoside‐5'‐O‐(2‐thio‐4,4‐pentamethylene‐1,3,2‐oxathiaphospholane) monomers with a pyrophosphate or a methylenediphosphonate anion proceeds with substantial loss of stereoselectivity. Depending on the absolute configuration of the phosphorus atom, so far widely accepted the stereoretentive mechanism of condensation is accompanied by a stereoinvertive one, most likely employing an intramolecular ligand–ligand exchange in an uncharged intermediate. Chirality 27:155–122, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Electrochemical Degradation of Triclosan at a Ti/SnO2‐Sb/Ce‐PbO2 Anode
Authors: Maharana Dusmant , Niu Junfeng , Rao Neti Nageswara , Xu Zesheng , Shi Jianghong
Published: November 2014

Electrochemical degradation of an emerging contaminant, triclosan (5‐chloro‐2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) phenol) by a Ti/SnO2‐Sb/Ce‐PbO2 anode was investigated. The degradation efficiency attained >99.9% during 5 min of electrolysis at all influential factors, i.e., applied current density (2–10 mA/cm2), pH 3–11, inter‐electrode distance (1–4 cm), initial concentration (0.5–5 mg/L triclosan) and supporting electrolyte (10 mmol/L NaCl). Total organic carbon removal ratio achieved 79.7% at the optimal conditions after 2 min of electrolysis. The electrochemical degradation of triclosan followed pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. The intermediate products namely 2,4‐dichlorophenol, 5‐chloro‐3‐(chlorohydroquinone) phenol and 2‐chloro‐5‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) benzene‐1,4‐diol were prominently detected using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A degradation mechanism of triclosan at the Ti/SnO2‐Sb/Ce‐PbO2 anode was proposed based on the intermediates. The energy consumption of triclosan (4 mg/L) degradation at different electrode distances (1–4 cm) was 0.466–2.225 kWh m−3. The Ti/SnO2‐Sb/Ce‐PbO2 anodes can be employed preliminary for rapid degradation of triclosan in wastewater.
A Low‐Power Miniaturized 315 MHz Transceiver Module for Biosignal Transmission
Authors: Maenaka Kazusuke , Chan Alex Chun Kit , Ohkochi Sayaka , Nakamura Toshiaki , Kitamura Hirokazu , Kimura Junichi , Higuchi Kohei
Published: November 2014

In this paper we describe a small‐sized and extremely low–power consumption transceiver module for a wireless sensor network, especially suitable for biosignal transmission. Currently, many types of transceiver modules such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, and low‐power radio modules for 315 MHz are available on the market. However, when we consider an extremely small and light system including a battery and transceiver module for a wireless sensor network mounted on the human body, almost all the transceiver modules on the market consume too much power and are too large for assembly. In this study we concentrated on creating an extremely low–power consumption and small/lightweight transceiver module for the 315 MHz radio band. As a result, we successfully designed and fabricated a transceiver module with a size of 11 × 11 × 1.5 mm3 including a bipolar ASIC for the radio circuit and an eight‐bit microcontroller. The operation currents of the receiver and transmitter are 2 mA and 1 mA, respectively, for a supply voltage of 2.5 V. These results are generally sufficient for many uses for wireless sensor network systems, and not only for biosignal applications.
Current Development Status and Perspectives of Self‐Regulated Insulin Delivery Systems: A Review
Authors: Matsumoto Akira , Miyahara Yuji
Published: November 2014

Diabetes is not an infectious disease but its increasingly rapid and worldwide spread has been recognized as “pandemic”. Despite the necessity for continuous and accurate glycemic control in the management of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus, the current palliative treatment relies almost solely on patient self‐injection of insulin, which not only impinges on the QOL of patients but also fails to precisely control the dose of insulin, where an overdose must be strictly avoided since it can otherwise cause serious hypoglycemia. The development of self‐regulated insulin delivery systems is a long‐standing challenge for materials science, for which the exploitation of glucose oxidase and sugar‐binding lectin are two prevalent strategies to achieve the function of glucose sensitivity. These protein‐based components, however, are inappropriate for long‐term use and storage due to their denaturing and cytotoxic natures, and they are hardly suitable for any implantable applications. Thus, they have not yet been put in clinical use to date. This review intends to provide an overview of the current efforts to develop a thoroughly synthetic alternative making use of a phenylboronic acid–derived polyacrylamide gel.
Interaction of CD154 with different receptors and its role in bidirectional signals
Authors: Alturaihi Haydar , S. Hassan Ghada , Al‐Zoobi Loubna , Salti Suzanne , Darif Youssef , Yacoub Daniel , Akoum Souhad El , Oudghiri Mounia , Merhi Yahye , Mourad Walid
Published: November 2014

In addition to its classical receptor, CD40, it is now well established that CD154 also binds αIIbβ3, α5β1, and αMβ2 integrins. Although these integrins are all members of the same family, they bind CD154 differently. The current investigation aims to analyze the interaction of CD154 with α5β1 and αMβ2 and investigate its role in bidirectional signals in various human cell lines. Results obtained herein indicate that the CD154 residues involved in the interaction with α5β1 are N151 and Q166, whereas those involved in αMβ2 binding are common to residues required for CD40, namely Y145 and R203. Soluble CD40/CD154 or αMβ2/CD154 complexes do not interfere with the binding of CD154 to α5β1‐positive cells, but inhibit the binding of CD154 to CD40‐ or αMβ2‐positive cells, respectively. Ligation of CD154 on CD154‐positive cells with soluble CD40, αIIbβ3, α5β1, or αMβ2 stimulates intracellular signaling, including MAPK phosphorylation. Given that CD154 exists as a trimer, our data strongly suggest that CD154 may bind concomitantly to two receptors of the same or different family, and biologically activate cells expressing both receptors. The characterization of CD154/receptor interactions helps the identification of new therapeutic targets for the prevention and/or treatment of CD154‐associated autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
A novel quantized time‐domain compressed feedback scheme in coordinated multipoint LTE‐advanced systems
Authors: Wang Ying , Xu Jing , Lin Wenxuan
Published: November 2014

Coordinated Multi‐Point technique has attracted much attention for its promising potential on improving spectral efficiency. However, in frequency division duplexing systems, significant channel state information (CSI) mismatch and huge feedback overhead greatly limit its performance. Within state of the art feedback schemes in which channel matrix are fed back over subcarriers, the feedback overhead is too large, and the achieved network gain is also limited. In this paper, we exploit the channel sparsity in time‐domain and propose an quantized time‐domain compressed feedback (QTDCF) scheme. For the sake of performance evaluation, two conventional feedback schemes are compared with our scheme. Rate gap between rate with perfect CSI and actual rate with erroneous CSI is used as the performance evaluation metric. A theoretic upper bound on the rate gaps, with respect to the total feedback overhead, is also derived for our scheme. Furthermore, considering the asymmetry characteristic of the global channel, an optimal bit allocation strategy among all cooperating cells is designed for our proposed QTDCF scheme. The proposed strategy is based on the branching and bounding theory with integer constraints on bits allocated for quantizing each channel coefficient over subcarriers or channel taps. Finally, simulation results show that our scheme can significantly reduce the feedback overhead and greatly improve the CSI reconstruction quality compared with existing feedback schemes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability of vitamins B1, B2 and minerals content in baobab (Adansonia digitata) leaves in East and West Africa
Authors: Hyacinthe Traoré , Charles Parkouda , Adama Korbo , Diarra Compaoré‐Sérémé , Dicko Mamoudou H. , Svejgaard Jan J. , Diawara Bréhima
Published: November 2014

The regional variability and age–age correlation on vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and minerals (Ca, Mg, P, K, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Zn) concentration in baobab leaves were investigated. Baobab was cultivated from seeds from 11 countries including Benin, Burkina Faso, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Tanzania, Togo, Senegal, and Sudan. Vitamins B1 and B2 content were assessed using microbiological VitaFast kits methods and minerals by atomic absorption and flame spectrometry methods. Overall, the results showed a higher content of vitamin B2 compared to vitamin B1 with the highest vitamin B2 content (1.04 ± 0.05 mg/100 g DM) from Senegal. The highest iron (Fe) content of 26.39 mg/100 g was found in baobab leaves from Mali. For age–age correlation, adult baobab leaves of Nankoun in Burkina Faso provided the highest calcium (Ca) content of 3373 mg/100 g. However, for provenance trial, young plants from three communities of Burkina Faso showed the highest calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) content. The study demonstrated that vitamins B1 and B2 and mineral contents in baobab leaves vary with the country and the age of the tree. Vitamin B1 content was higher in baobab leaves from ascendants compared to those from descendants, while in contrast vitamin B2 content was higher in the leaves from the descendants compared to their ascendants (mother tree).
Tirucallane‐Type Triterpenoids from Celastrus stylosusWall.
Authors: Shan Wei‐Guang , Gao Zai‐Lin , Ying You‐Min , Xiang Jia‐Gui , Wang Fa‐Song , Zhan Zha‐Jun
Published: November 2014

Two new tirucallane‐type triterpenoids, (24Z)‐tirucalla‐7,24‐diene‐3β,11β,26‐triol (1) and (3S,24R)‐tirucall‐7‐ene‐3,24,25‐triol (2), along with the known compound celastrol (3), were isolated from the root barks of Celastrus stylosus Wall. The structures of 1–3 were established by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 2D NMR and MS analyses. It is the first report on tirucallane‐type triterpenoids from the genus Celastrus and may be of vital chemotaxonomic significance.
An Unexpected Role of Carbon Disulfide: A New and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzimidazoles
Authors: Gladysz John A. , Reza Safaei Hamid , Nouri Sara
Published: November 2014

A new and efficient methodology for the synthesis of 2‐substituted benzimidazoles is described. In this procedure, CS2 unexpectedly facilitated the cyclization reaction between benzene‐1,2‐diamine and benzenecarbaldehydes in CH2Cl2 at room temperature. The reactions occur under mild conditions require simpler equipment and easier workup procedures.
New Acetogenins from the Seeds of Annona coriacea
Authors: da C. Alves Thayana , Gonçalves Mariele R. S. , Correia Francyne C. S. , da Silva Virgínia C. , de Sousa Paulo T. , de Carvalho Mário G. , Braz‐Filho Raimundo , Dall'Oglio Evandro L.
Published: November 2014

From the hexane and MeOH extracts of Annona coriacea Mart. (Annonaceae) seeds, two novel acetogenins, coriapentocins A and B (1 and 2, resp.) were isolated. The known acetogenin bullacin (3) was also isolated from the hexane extract. The structures of compounds 1–3 were elucidated by NMR and MS analysis, and relative configurations were established by comparison with literature data.
Four New Cucurbitacins from the Fruit of Momordica charantia
Authors: Chen Jian‐Chao , Yuan Xiao‐Xi , Zhou Lin , Liu Jie‐Qing , Nian Yin , Li Zhong‐Rong , Li Yan , Xie Ming‐Jin , Qiu Ming‐Hua
Published: November 2014

Four new 5β,19‐epoxycucurbitacins, kuguacins T–W (1–4, resp.), along with nine known cucurbitane derivatives, 5–13, were obtained from the fresh fruit of Momordica chrantia. Structures of the new metabolites were elucidated as 5β,19‐epoxy‐25‐hydroxycucurbitane‐3,7,23‐trione (1), 5β,19‐epoxy‐3,7‐dioxo‐23,24,25,26,27‐pentanorcucurbitan‐22‐oic acid (2), 5β,19‐epoxy‐3β‐hydroxycucurbit‐24‐ene‐7,23‐dione (3), and 5β,19‐epoxy‐25‐hydroxycucurbit‐23‐ene‐3,7‐dione (4), by extensive spectroscopic investigations, which were confirmed by a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses in the case of compound 4.
Sequential Ugi Four‐Component Reaction (4‐CR)/CH Activation Using (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene for the Synthesis of 3‐(Diphenylmethylidene)‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indol‐2‐ones
Authors: Ghabraie Elmira , Balalaie Saeed
Published: November 2014

A sequential Ugi four‐component reaction (4‐CR)/CH activation using (diacetoxyiodo)benzene is reported. This process is a five‐component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, aniline derivatives, isocyanides, phenylpropiolic acid (3‐phenylprop‐2‐ynoic acid), and (diacetoxyiodo)benzene for the synthesis of 3‐(diphenylmethylidene)‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indol‐2‐ones. This procedure offers several advantages such as good yields, high bond‐forming efficiency, selectivity, and short reaction times.
Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Ophiocerin C through Two Different Approaches
Authors: Srilatha Malampati , Das Biswanath
Published: November 2014

Stereoselective total synthesis of ophiocerin C has been accomplished through two different approaches starting separately from acetaldehyde and from (R)‐propylene oxide, and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation has been employed as the key step in both approaches.
The Role of Authentic Leadership in Fostering Workplace Inclusion: A Social Information Processing Perspective
Authors: Boekhorst Janet A.
Published: November 2014

The extant literature has largely overlooked the importance of a climate for inclusion as a response to the growing trend of workplace diversity. This conceptual article contends that an organization‐wide change effort comprising several reinforcing processes aimed at creating a climate for inclusion is needed to institutionalize workplace inclusion. Drawing on social information processing theory, authentic leaders are posited to transmit social information about the importance of inclusion into the work environment through inclusive leader role modeling. Reward systems that remunerate inclusive conduct can foster the vicarious learning of inclusive conduct by followers. Large and diverse workgroups offer a plethora of opportunities for followers to learn how to behave in an inclusive manner. Authentic leaders and followers who share cooperative goals related to developing a climate for inclusion can prompt the vicarious learning of inclusive behaviors by followers, thereby facilitating goal attainment for both parties. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and risk of colorectal cancer: results from the EPIC‐Italy study
Authors: Sieri S. , Krogh V. , Agnoli C. , Ricceri F. , Palli D. , Masala G. , Panico S. , Mattiello A. , Tumino R. , Giurdanella M.C. , Brighenti F. , Scazzina F. , Vineis P. , Sacerdote C.
Published: November 2014

A carbohydrate‐rich diet, resulting in high blood glucose and insulin, has been hypothesized as involved in colorectal cancer etiology. We investigated dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), in relation to colorectal cancer, in the prospectively recruited EPIC‐Italy cohort. After a median 11.7 years, 421 colorectal cancers were diagnosed among 47,749 recruited adults. GI and GL were estimated from validated food frequency questionnaires. Multivariable Cox modeling estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for associations between colorectal cancer and intakes of total, high GI and low GI carbohydrate and GI and GL. The adjusted HR of colorectal cancer for highest versus lowest GI quartile was 1.35; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.78; p trend 0.031. Increasing high GI carbohydrate intake was also significantly associated with increasing colorectal cancer risk (HR 1.45; 95% CI 1.04–2.03; p trend 0.034), whereas increasing low GI carbohydrate was associated with reducing risk (HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.54–0.98; p trend 0.033). High dietary GI and high GI carbohydrate were associated with increased risks of cancer at all colon sites (HR 1.37; 95% CI 1.00–1.88, HR 1.80; 95% CI 1.22–2.65, respectively), whereas high GI carbohydrate and high GL were associated with increased risk of proximal colon cancer (HR 1.94; 95% CI 1.18–3.16, HR 2.01; 95% CI 1.08–3.74, respectively). After stratification for waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), cancer was significantly associated with GI, and high GI carbohydrate, in those with high WHR. These findings suggest that high dietary GI and high carbohydrate intake from high GI foods are associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer.
Genetic and Environmental Variances of Bone Microarchitecture and Bone Remodeling Markers: A Twin Study
Authors: Bjørnerem Åshild , Bui Minh , Wang Xiaofang , Ghasem-Zadeh Ali , Hopper John L , Zebaze Roger , Seeman Ego
Published: November 2014

All genetic and environmental factors contributing to differences in bone structure between individuals mediate their effects through the final common cellular pathway of bone modeling and remodeling. We hypothesized that genetic factors account for most of the population variance of cortical and trabecular microstructure, in particular intracortical porosity and medullary size – void volumes (porosity), which establish the internal bone surface areas or interfaces upon which modeling and remodeling deposit or remove bone to configure bone microarchitecture. Microarchitecture of the distal tibia and distal radius and remodeling markers were measured for 95 monozygotic (MZ) and 66 dizygotic (DZ) white female twin pairs aged 40 to 61 years. Images obtained using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography were analyzed using StrAx1.0, a nonthreshold-based software that quantifies cortical matrix and porosity. Genetic and environmental components of variance were estimated under the assumptions of the classic twin model. The data were consistent with the proportion of variance accounted for by genetic factors being: 72% to 81% (standard errors ∼18%) for the distal tibial total, cortical, and medullary cross-sectional area (CSA); 67% and 61% for total cortical porosity, before and after adjusting for total CSA, respectively; 51% for trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD; all p < 0.001). For the corresponding distal radius traits, genetic factors accounted for 47% to 68% of the variance (all p ≤ 0.001). Cross-twin cross-trait correlations between tibial cortical porosity and medullary CSA were higher for MZ (rMZ = 0.49) than DZ (rDZ = 0.27) pairs before (p = 0.024), but not after (p = 0.258), adjusting for total CSA. For the remodeling markers, the data were consistent with genetic factors accounting for 55% to 62% of the variance. We infer that middle-aged women differ in their bone microarchitecture and remodeling markers more because of differences in their genetic factors than differences in their environment. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Cyanuric chloride functionalized silica nanoparticles for covalent immobilization of lipase
Authors: Banjanac Katarina , Mihailović Mladen , Prlainović Nevena , Stojanović Marija , Carević Milica , Marinković Aleksandar , Bezbradica Dejan
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

In this work, fumed nano‐silica (FNS) was chemically modified to amino (AFNS) and subsequently to cyanuric chloride (CCAFNS) modified silica and tested for the immobilization of lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL). The effects of the initial enzyme concentration, immobilization time and buffer ionic strength on immobilization were investigated in order to optimize utilization of the support and determine the mechanism of immobilization. The most active preparations were used to examine thermal and operational stability.

RESULTS

The amount of immobilized enzyme increased with increasing enzyme concentration, achieving loadings of 121.3, 104.8 and 61.2 mg per g of FNS, CCAFNS and AFNS, respectively. Lipase immobilized on CCAFNS carrier in 0.1 mol L−1 buffer expressed the highest lipolytic activity (1320 IU g−1 support), while more stable preparations were obtained in 1 mol L−1 buffer.

CONCLUSION

Successful modification of silica was confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Activity results showed that, depending on the support, immobilization was governed by different interactions. On FNS and AFNS immobilization was exclusively by adsorption, while on CCAFNS after the initial adsorption lipase molecules reoriented and amino groups of the enzyme formed a covalent bond with the chlorine atom of the modified carrier. Improved thermal and operational stability of lipase immobilized on CCAFNS in 1 mol L−1 buffer led to the conclusion that electrostatic interactions have a great role in the immobilization. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Biomorphometric analysis of ilio‐sacro‐iliacal corridors for an intra‐osseous implant to fix posterior pelvic ring fractures
Authors: Gras Florian , Hillmann Sophia , Rausch Sascha , Klos Kajetan , Hofmann Gunther O. , Marintschev Ivan
Published: November 2014

It is hypothesized that ilio‐sacro‐iliacal corridors for a new envisioned pelvic ring implant (trans‐sacral nail with two iliacal bolts = ISI‐nail: ilio‐sacro‐iliacal nail) exists on the level of S1‐ or S2‐vertebra in each patient. The corridors of 84 healthy human pelves (42x ♂; 42x ♀, 18–85 years) were measured in high resolution CT scans using the Merlin Diagnostic Workcenter Software. Trans‐sacral corridors (≥9 mm diameter) on the level of S1 and S2 were found in 62% and 54% of pelves with a mean length [mm ± SD] of 164 ± 12.9 and 142 ±  10.2. Corresponding iliac corridors were present in all specimens in caudally tilted axial planes of 37.8 ± 0.67° and 53.7 ± 0.94° in relation to the operating table plane and divergent angulations of 69.0 ± 0.49° and 70.1 ± 0.32° in relation to the sagittal midline plane. Sacral dysmorphism, with compensatory larger S2 corridors were prevalent in 24% of pelves; ilio‐sacro‐iliacal osseous corridors for the envisioned implant were found in 88% of pelves on the level of S1 or S2. In the remaining 12% with too narrow corridors for any trans‐sacral implant (screws, bars, ISI nail) alternative fixation methods have to be considered. Expected advantages of the envisioned ISI nail compared to available fixation devices are discussed. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:254–260, 2015.
Characterization of local delivery with amphotericin B and vancomycin from modified chitosan sponges and functional biofilm prevention evaluation
Authors: Parker Ashley Cox , Beenken Karen E. , Jennings Jessica Amber , Hittle Lauren , Shirtliff Mark E. , Bumgardner Joel D. , Smeltzer Mark S. , Haggard Warren O.
Published: November 2014

Polymicrobial musculoskeletal wound infections are troublesome complications and can be difficult to treat when caused by invasive fungi or bacteria. However, few local antifungal delivery systems have been studied. Chitosan and polyethylene glycol (PEG) sponge local antifungal delivery systems have been developed for adjunctive therapy to reduce musculoskeletal wound contamination. This study evaluated the effects of blending PEG, at 6,000 or 8,000 g/mol, with chitosan in sponge form on in vitro amphotericin B and vancomycin elution, eluate activity, cytocompatibility, and in vivo prevention of a bacterial biofilm. Blended chitosan sponges released both amphotericin B and vancomycin in vitro. All tested amphotericin B eluates remained active against Candida albicans, and vancomycin eluates from blended sponges maintained activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Amphotericin B eluates obtained after 1 h from blended sponges elicited 62–95% losses in fibroblast viability, but 3 h eluates only caused 22–60% decreases in viability. In a Staphylococcus aureus infected mouse catheter biofilm prevention model, vancomycin loaded chitosan/PEG 6000 sponge cleared bacteria from 100% of the catheters, with reduced clearance rate observed in other sponges. These results indicate that the chitosan/PEG blended sponges have potential for local antifungal and/or antibiotic combination delivery as an adjunctive therapy to prevent wound infections. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:???–???, 2015.
Combining SERS and microspectrofluorimetry with historically accurate reconstructions for the characterization of lac dye paints in medieval manuscript illuminations
Authors: Castro Rita , Pozzi Federica , Leona Marco , Melo Maria João
Published: November 2014

In the present study, a number of dark red microsamples from nine illuminated manuscripts of three important medieval Portuguese monasteries (St. Mamede of Lorvão, Holy Cross of Coimbra and St. Mary of Alcobaça) were analyzed using a multi‐analytical approach to identify the dyes, fillers, binders and other additional paint components. Historically accurate reconstructions of lac dye paints were prepared according to recipes from medieval treatises and characterized as reference materials. Its purpose was to create better means to study this complex dye, by using the materials and techniques as close as possible to the medieval ones and ultimately build a solid database to support the interpretation of the results obtained from the spectroscopic techniques. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and microspectrofluorimetry were used here for the first time as complementary techniques to characterize lac dye paints, whereas Raman microscopy and micro‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to detect binders and fillers. While SERS was able to offer a conclusive molecular fingerprint of lac dye, microspectrofluorimetry provided useful information on the global formulation of the red paints. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to Examine a Patient with Chorea
Authors: Cardoso Francisco
Published: November 2014

Chorea is a movement disorder that results from the continuous and random flow of muscle contractions leading to a dance‐like appearance. The aims of this article are to define chorea, discuss its underlying causes, and provide a video demonstration of a seven‐step guide on how to examine a patient with this movement disorder. This guide helps the clinician to determine the clinical features, severity, and etiology of chorea.
The perspective on cholesterol‐lowering mechanisms of probiotics
Authors: Ishimwe Nestor , Daliri Eric B. , Lee Byong H. , Fang Fang , Du Guocheng
Published: November 2014

The use of probiotics as food components combats not only cardiovascular diseases but also many gastrointestinal tract disorders. Their health benefits along with their increased global market have interested scientists for better formulation and appropriate administration to the consumers. However, the lack of clear elucidation of their cholesterol‐lowering mechanisms has complicated their proper dosage and administration to the beneficiaries. In this review, proposed mechanisms of cholesterol reduction such as deconjugation of bile via bile salt hydrolase activity, binding of cholesterol to probiotic cellular surface and incorporation into their cell membrane, production of SCFAs from oligosaccharides, coprecipitation of cholesterol with deconjugated bile, and cholesterol conversion to coprostanol have been discussed. Also, hypocholesterolemic effects on human‐ and animal‐trial results, commonly used probiotics and synbiotics with effect on serum cholesterol regulation, types of bile salt hydrolase genes, and substrate specificities have been discussed.
Review and another derivation of the power wave
Authors: Hirano Takuichi
Published: November 2014

The power wave had been proposed to handle the power flow of transmission lines with complex‐valued characteristic impedance. Although the power wave is commonly used, the straightforward derivation of the power wave had not been presented in the previous paper. In this article, the power wave was reviewed and its straightforward derivation is presented. The definition and the meaning of the power wave became much clearer. Numerical simulations were performed to confirm the physical meaning of several wave definitions, and it was confirmed that only the power wave satisfies consumed power and conjugate matching relation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:26–28, 2015
New radar absorbent material based of carboned foam glass application to pyramidal radar absorber
Authors: Legendre Jean‐Francois
Published: November 2014

This note describes a new material made of carboned foam glass. Shaped as a pyramid, its leads to great absorption levels. The computation of reflection coefficient is completely derived. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:18–22, 2015
A 75–85 GHz down‐conversion mixer with integrated Marchand baluns in 90 nm CMOS with excellent matching and port‐to‐port isolation for automotive radars
Authors: Lin Yo‐Sheng , Li Guo‐Hao , Van Hieu Nguyen
Published: November 2014

A 75–85 GHz double‐balanced down‐conversion mixer for automotive radars using standard 90 nm CMOS technology is reported. The down‐conversion mixer comprises a double‐balanced Gilbert cell with inductive source‐degeneration RF transconductance stage for RF‐port input matching bandwidth and conversion gain (CG) enhancement, a Marchand balun for converting the single RF input signal to differential signal, a Marchand balun for converting the single LO input signal to differential signal, and a baseband amplifier. The mixer consumes 13 mW and achieves excellent RF‐port input reflection coefficient of −13.1 to −19.4 dB and LO‐port input reflection coefficient of −9.1 to −11.8 dB for frequencies of 75–85 GHz. In addition, for frequencies of 75–85 GHz, the mixer achieves CG of −1 to 1.5 dB, LO‐RF isolation of 43.5–49.2 dB, LO‐IF isolation of 56.5–64.5 dB and RF‐IF isolation of 35.9–39.4 dB, one of the best CG and port‐to‐port isolation results ever reported for a CMOS down‐conversion mixer with operation frequency around 80 GHz. Furthermore, the mixer achieves an excellent input third‐order intercept point of 2.7 dBm at 79 GHz. These results demonstrate the proposed down‐conversion mixer architecture is promising for W‐band transceivers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:73–80, 2015
Compact tri‐band monopole antenna with hybrid strips for WLAN/WiMAX applications
Authors: Ren Xueshi , Gao Steven , Yin Yingzeng
Published: November 2014

A novel compact microstrip‐fed tri‐band monopole antenna for WLAN and WiMAX applications is presented in this letter. Hybrid Strips including an L‐shaped strip and a meandered strip are used to generate three resonances in the monopole antenna. Due to the use of a meandered line structure, the antenna size is reduced to 38 × 20 × 1 mm3 only. Compared to the existing designs, the proposed antenna has a size 30, 55, and 70% of the designs in [1–3], respectively. To investigate the performance of antenna versus key antenna design parameters, results of a parametric study are presented. Simulated surface current is also shown. To validate the concept, one antenna prototype is implemented and tested, and the measured results show that the antenna can achieve good performance for WLAN 2.4/5.8 GHz and WiMAX 3.5 GHz applications. The antenna has a compact size and is easy for fabrication, hence useful for practical applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:94–99, 2015
Experimental proof for pattern reconfigurability of 60‐GHz quasi‐Yagi antenna
Authors: Yang Yi , Chan King Yuk , Nikolic Nasiha , Ramer Rodica
Published: November 2014

This article demonstrates the possibility of designing pattern reconfigurable quasi‐Yagi antenna without compromising antenna's realized gain or operating frequency band. By controlling the length of dipole driven arms and the transition delay line, the E‐plane beam direction of designed antennas are steered from −20° to +20°, in 10° steps. In this communication, five separate 60 GHz antennas with different radiation directions are simulated, fabricated and measured. The experimental results match well the predicted ones and demonstrate that the radiation beam direction of quasi‐Yagi antenna can be freely shifted. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:84–88, 2015
Compact dual‐antenna with π‐shape grounded strip for enhanced bandwidth and decreased coupling for LTE tablet computer application
Authors: Wong Kin‐Lu , Lin Po‐Wei
Published: November 2014

A compact dual‐antenna for the long term evolution (LTE) operation in its high band of 1710–2690 MHz is presented for the LTE tablet computer application. The dual‐antenna occupies a small volume of 10 × 45 × 0.8 mm3 and comprises two back‐to‐back folded loops separated by a π‐shape grounded strip. Each folded loop is directly fed to generate its half‐wavelength mode at about 2.6 GHz, and one arm of the π‐shape grounded strip is parasitically excited to provide a quarter‐wavelength resonant mode at about 1.9 GHz. The two resonant modes are formed into a wide operating band of about 1.7–2.7 GHz, which covers the desired LTE high band. Furthermore, the other arm of the π‐shape grounded strip provides a resonant path to direct the excited surface currents on the device ground plane. In this case, the surface currents flowing along the top edge of the device ground plane is greatly suppressed, thereby decreasing the coupling between the two feeding ports of the dual‐antenna. The dual‐antenna provides acceptable isolation better than about 10 dB and good antenna efficiency better than about 55% over a wide operating band of larger than 1 GHz. This leads to acceptable envelope correlation coefficient (<0.3 for the proposed dual‐antenna) obtained for the LTE high‐band (1710–2690 MHz) operation. Operating principle of enhanced bandwidth and decreased coupling of the dual‐antenna is described. Results of the fabricated dual‐antenna are presented, and the MIMO performance of the dual‐antenna is also discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:104–111, 2015
High‐gain series‐fed aperture‐coupled microstrip antenna array
Authors: Mohamed Issa , Sebak Abdel R.
Published: November 2014

A 60 GHz high‐gain four‐element series‐fed microstrip patch array antenna is presented. Its feeding mechanism is accomplished through inclined aperture slots in the ground plane. Inclined slot angles were selected to ensure equal feeding to each antenna element. Both simulated and measured results present solid performance with a 4 GHz 2:1 VSWR impedance bandwidth with 87% overall efficiency. The array exhibits maximum realized gain of 12.5 dB, which makes it a good candidate for millimeter‐wave systems and imaging applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:91–94, 2015
Design of compact triple‐passband microwave filters based on stepped impedence resonators
Authors: Tsai Lin‐Chuan
Published: November 2014

In this letter, a novel coupling configuration for a stepped impedance resonator (SIR) is proposed and used in the design of triple‐passband filters with a small circuit. The filter was designed to have higher selectivity by manipulating direct coupling, input, and output external quality factors of the SIR. The second and third resonant frequencies can be tuned by adjusting the structural parameters. To verify the proposed configuration, triple‐passband Chebyshev filters were designed and implemented using microstrip lines. The consistency between the measured results and full‐wave simulation prediction validated that the configuration of the proposed filters is feasible. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:124–127, 2015
Inverse scattering approach with measurement of only total electric field
Authors: Moriyama Toshifumi , Takenaka Takashi
Published: November 2014

An inverse scattering approach using only total electric field data is developed for reconstructing electrical parameters of unknown scatterers. Two interior boundary value problems are set up whose solutions coincide with each other if and only if a medium inside the observation surface is the same as that of the original scattering problem. A cost functional of misfit between the two solutions is introduced to solve the inverse problem and its gradient is derived explicitly. Numerical examples are provided to assess the proposed inversion approach. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:137–141, 2015