bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of β‐ and β,β‐Substituted Morita—Baylis—Hillman Adducts Using a Two‐Step Protocol.
Authors: Magee David I. , Ratshonka Same , McConaghy Jessica , Hood Maggie
Published: October 2012

A two‐step procedure via Knoevenagel condensation and selective reduction is successfully applied to various substituents on the ketone, ester group and various aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Nitric Oxide with α,β‐Unsaturated Hydrazones.
Authors: Yang Desuo , Luo Xiaolin , Zhu Haiyun , Guo Yaning , Wu Longmin
Published: October 2012

An efficient method for the synthesis of the title compounds is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Attachment of Carbonyl Functionalities onto Olefins via Copper‐Promoted Radical Reaction of Dichloromethylcyanides.
Authors: Kamijo Shin , Yokosaka Shinya , Inoue Masayuki
Published: October 2012

The addition of radicals derived from dichloromethylacetonitrile derivatives to unactivated olefins under conditions A) provides β‐chloro‐substituted adducts.
ChemInform Abstract: NHC‐Catalyzed C—O or C—N Bond Formation: Efficient Approaches to α,β‐Unsaturated Esters and Amides.
Authors: Zhang Bo , Feng Peng , Cui Yuxin , Jiao Ning
Published: October 2012

The reaction is conducted under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: 4′‐Methylbiphenyl‐2‐carbonitrile Synthesis by Continuous Flow Suzuki—Miyaura Reaction.
Authors: Estrada Gizelda O. D. , Flores Marcella C. , da Silva Joaquim F. M. , de Souza Rodrigo O. M. A. , e Miranda Leandro S. M.
Published: October 2012

Suzuki—Miyaura cross‐coupling of ester (I) with aryl bromides and iodides under continuous flow conditions provides biphenyl derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Reductive Aldol Reaction Using Tertiary Amine as Hydride Donor.
Authors: Osakama Kazuki , Sugiura Masaharu , Nakajima Makoto , Kotani Shunsuke
Published: October 2012

A novel type of enantioselective aldol reaction between α,β‐unsaturated ketones and aldehydes includes a sequence of conjugated reductions under conditions A).
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Iodine Mediated Cyclization Reactions of 2‐(1‐Alkynyl)benzylic Alcohols to Substituted Indenones.
Authors: Wang Chengyu , Yang Jingyu , Cheng Xingcan , Li Ende , Li Yanzhong
Published: October 2012

Various alkynylbenzyl alcohols, when treated with iodine, undergo cyclization to indenones.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Heteroaromatics Using Unprotected Iodoanilines with Inhibition of the Amination Reaction.
Authors: Beladhria Anissa , Beydoun Kassem , Ammar Hamed Ben , Salem Ridha Ben , Doucet Henri
Published: October 2012

A wide variety of heteroarenes is directly arylated with unprotected iodoanilines under optimized conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorine‐Containing 1,4‐Dioxa‐2‐azaspiro[4.5]deca‐2,6,9‐trienes by Reaction of Polyfluorinated Cyclohexa‐2,5‐dienones with Nitrile Oxides.
Authors: Kovtonyuk V. N. , Kobrina L. S. , Gatilov Yu. V.
Published: October 2012

Title compounds (III)/(IV), (VIII) and (XI)/(XII) are synthesized by reaction of dienones (I) or (V), resp., with in situ generated nitrile oxides (II) or N‐hydroxybenzimidoyl chlorides (VI) and (X), resp., as mixtures of diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Study of N1‐Alkylation of Indoles from the Reaction of 2(or 3)‐Aminoindole‐3(or 2)carbonitriles with DMF‐Dialkylacetals.
Authors: Loidreau Yvonnick , Melissen Sigismund , Levacher Vincent , Loge Cedric , Graton Jerome , Le Questel Jean‐Yves , Besson Thierry
Published: October 2012

The study is performed under microwave irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Preliminary Biological Study of Bisindolylmethanes Accessed by an Acid‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Vinyl Indoles.
Authors: Pathak Tejas P. , Osiak Jaroslaw G. , Vaden Rachel M. , Welm Bryan E. , Sigman Matthew S.
Published: October 2012

Indolizine or pyrrole can be used as alternative nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzofuran Based 1,3,5‐Substituted Pyrazole Derivatives: As a New Class of Potent Antioxidants and Antimicrobials — A Novel Accost to Amend Biocompatibility.
Authors: Rangaswamy Javarappa , Kumar Honnaiah Vijay , Harini Salakatte Thammaiah , Naik Nagaraja
Published: October 2012

A series of 12 title compounds of type (I) is prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyfunctional Imidazoles. Part 6. Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐1‐aryl‐4‐chloro‐1H‐imidazole‐5‐carboxylic Acids Derivatives.
Authors: Chornous V. A. , Grozav A. N. , Vovk M. V.
Published: October 2012

Title derivatives are synthesized starting from aldehydes (I) via azides (IV) or starting from azido compounds (VI) to form esters (IX), amides (XI), or carboxylic acids (XII), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Isoxazole‐benzoquinone Hybrids via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction as Key Step.
Authors: Kumar P. Ravi , Behera Manoranjan , Raghavulu K. , Shree A. Jaya , Yennam Satyanarayana
Published: October 2012

1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides derived from oximes of type (I) with terminal alkynes and following oxidative demethylation offers a regioselective synthesis of isoxazole substituted p‐benzoquinones (IV) (10 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Novel Bis(2‐thioxothiazolidin‐4‐one) Derivatives as Potential GSK‐3 Inhibitors.
Authors: Kamila Sukanta , Biehl Edward R.
Published: October 2012

A practical synthesis of a novel series of bisarylidene derivatives is developed which affords the target compounds in good to excellent yields exclusively as (Z,Z)‐isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Spiropyrans and Spirooxazines. Part 7. Novel Spirobipyrans and Their Cationic Derivatives.
Authors: Solov'eva E. V. , Besuglyi S. O. , Voloshin N. A. , Metelitsa A. V. , Minkin V. I.
Published: October 2012

Novel photochromic spirobipyrans (III) and corresponding trimethylammonium salts (V) are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reaction of Photochemically Generated α‐Hydroxy‐o‐quinodimethanes with Trifluoromethyl Ketones.
Authors: Takaki Ken , Fujii Toshifumi , Yonemitsu Hosei , Fujiwara Makoto , Komeyama Kimihiro , Yoshida Hiroto
Published: October 2012

The title reaction leads to formation of isochromanone structures, whereas reductive work‐up provides diols [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Alkylanilines and Substituted Quinolines by Reaction of Aniline with Alcohols and CCl4 Effected with Ni‐Containing Catalysts.
Authors: Khusnutdinov R. I. , Baygusina A. R. , Aminov R. I. , Dzhemilev U. M.
Published: October 2012

N‐Alkylanilines and quinolines are synthesized starting from aniline (I) using nickel acetate/triethylamine as catalyst system.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of 5‐(2‐Amino‐[1,2,4]triazolo [1,5‐a]pyridin‐7‐yl)‐N‐(tert‐butyl)pyridine‐3‐sulfonamide (CZC24758), as a Potent, Orally Bioavailable and Selective Inhibitor of PI3K for the Treatment of Inflammatory Disease.
Authors: Sunose Mihiro , Bell Kathryn , Ellard Katie , Bergamini Giovanna , Neubauer Gitte , Werner Thilo , Ramsden Nigel
Published: October 2012

Various 7‐substituted triazolopyridines are prepared and shown to be potent PI3Kγ inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Andrographolide Derivatives as Potent anti‐HIV Agents.
Authors: Tang Chunlei , Liu Yajuan , Wang Bin , Gu Guolong , Yang Liumeng , Zheng Yongtang , Qian Hai , Huang Wenlong
Published: October 2012

Title compounds (I) are synthesized starting from andrographolide.
ChemInform Abstract: Addition of Dimethyl Phosphite to Imines Bearing the L‐Methionine Moiety and Its Surprisingly Poor Chiral Assistance.
Authors: Lewkowski Jaroslaw , Karpowicz Rafal
Published: October 2012

Addition of dimethyl phosphite to L‐methionine‐derived azomethines (I) does not show significant diastereoselectivity as known from other amino acids, e.g. L‐leucine.
ChemInform Abstract: Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Constituents of Cinnamomum cassia Twigs.
Authors: Ngoc Tran Minh , Khoi Nguyen Minh , Ha Do Thi , Nhiem Nguyen Xuan , Tai Bui Huu , Don Dao Van , Luong Hoang Van , Son Doan Cao , Bae KiHwan
Published: October 2012

Cinnacasolides A (Ia), B (Ib) and C (II) are isolated together with 10 known cinnamaldehyde derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of Gambogic Acid Analogues as Potent Cytotoxic and Antiinflammatory Agents.
Authors: Yen Chiao‐Ting , Nakagawa‐Goto Kyoko , Hwang Tsong‐Long , Morris‐Natschke Susan L. , Bastow Kenneth F. , Wu Yang‐Chang , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung
Published: October 2012

Prenyl‐ and pyrano‐xanthones derived from xanthenone (III), a basic backbone of gambogic acid, are synthesized and screened for in vitro cytotoxic effects against four human cancer cell lines and anti‐inflammatory activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Functional Gold Nanorods: Synthesis, Self‐Assembly, and Sensing Applications
Authors: Vigderman Leonid , Khanal Bishnu P. , Zubarev Eugene R.
Published: October 2012

Review: 317 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Routes to Graphene, Graphene Oxide and Their Related Applications
Authors: Zhu Yu , James Dustin K. , Tour James M.
Published: October 2012

Review: 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Optoelectronic Properties of Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Nanot Sebastien , Haroz Erik H. , Kim Ji‐Hee , Hauge Robert H. , Kono Junichiro
Published: October 2012

Review: 288 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Vortices Inside Superconductors. A Soft Material Inside a Hard Material
Authors: van der Beek Kees , Levy‐Bertrand Florence
Published: October 2012

Review: 3 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalized Polyoxometalates with Covalently Linked Bisphosphonate, N‐Donor or Carboxylate Ligands: From Electrocatalytic to Optical Properties
Authors: Dolbecq Anne , Mialane Pierre , Secheresse Francis , Keita Bineta , Nadjo Louis
Published: October 2012

Review: Zn, Co, Ni, Mo, and W POMs; 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic and Spatial Structures of Water‐Soluble Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes with Thiol‐Containing Ligands Underlying Their Ability to Act as Nitric Oxide and Nitrosonium Ion Donors
Authors: Vanin Anatoly F. , Burbaev Dosymzhan Sh.
Published: October 2012

Review: 90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,2′:6′,2′′‐Terpyridines Functionalized with Thienyl Substituents: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Husson Jerome , Knorr Michael
Published: October 2012

Review: 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazines and Its Extended Analogues: Important Buildings Blocks for Conjugated Materials
Authors: Rasmussen Seth C. , Mulholland Michael E. , Schwiderski Ryan L. , Larsen Cole A.
Published: October 2012

Review: synthesis and characterization of the title compounds; 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Demetalation of Chlorophyll Pigments
Authors: Saga Yoshitaka , Tamiaki Hitoshi
Published: October 2012

Review: 159 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reversibly Expanded Encapsulation Complexes
Authors: Ajami Dariush , Rebek Julius
Published: October 2012

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Technique in Heterocycle Synthesis
Authors: Jain Ankit Kr. , Singla Rajeev K.
Published: October 2012

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of NO‐ and HNO‐Producing Diazeniumdiolates
Authors: Evans Anthony S. , Toscano John P.
Published: October 2012

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Glutamyl‐tRNA in Bacteria. Multiple Identities for Multiple Functions.
Authors: Katz Assaf , Orellana Omar
Published: October 2012

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Indirect Approach for Anion Detection: The Displacement Strategy and Its Application
Authors: Lou Xiaoding , Ou Daxin , Li Qianqian , Li Zhen
Published: October 2012

Review: 131 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Detection of Plant Viruses with ELISA and Other Protein‐Based Technologies
Authors: Stobbs Lorne W.
Published: October 2012

Review: 323 refs.
What's New in Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy Recommendations for Unstable Angina/Non–ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Wenger Nanette K.
Published: October 2012

This focused update addresses the use of the newly approved oral antiplatelet agents, prasugrel and ticagrelor, for the management of patients with UA/NSTEMI.

The author has no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
SIMinG‐1k: A thousand‐core simulator running on general‐purpose graphical processing units
Authors: Raghav Shivani , Marongiu Andrea , Pinto Christian , Ruggiero Martino , Atienza David , Benini Luca
Published: October 2012

This paper introduces SIMinG‐1k—a manycore simulator infrastructure. SIMinG‐1k is a graphics processing unit accelerated, parallel simulator for design‐space exploration of large‐scale manycore systems. It features an optimal trade‐off between modeling accuracy and simulation speed. Its main objectives are high performance, flexibility, and ability to simulate thousands of cores. SIMinG‐1k can model different architectures (currently, we support ARM (Available from: http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.ddi0100i/index.html) and Intel x86) using two‐step approac where architecture specific front end is decoupled from a fast and parallel manycore virtual machine running on graphical processing unit platform. We evaluate the simulator for target architecture with up to 4096 cores. Our results demonstrate very high scalability and almost linear speedup with simulation of increasing number of cores.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyzing noise robustness of wide fan‐in dynamic logic gates under process variations
Authors: Frustaci Fabio , Lanuzza Marco , Perri Stefania , Corsonello Pasquale
Published: October 2012

Wide fan‐in dynamic logic gates are difficult to design due to the large number of leaky evaluation paths connected to the dynamic node. Designers have to cope with their low noise tolerance further worsened by the effects of process parameter variation.

In this paper, a novel analytical model is derived and validated to evaluate the noise robustness of wide fan‐in dynamic logic gates taking process variation effects into account. Experiments were performed using a commercial 45‐nm 1‐V CMOS technology, and the noise robustness in terms of unity noise gain (UNG) was evaluated for 16 and 32‐bit OR gates. Obtained results demonstrate that the proposed model is able to predict the mean value of the UNG with a maximum error of only 6.8%, whereas the difference between the predicted and simulated UNG yield is always lower than five percentage points. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Chemogenomics in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Bieler Michael , Koeppen Herbert
Published: October 2012

Preclinical Research

The goal of chemogenomics is the exploration of all possible interactions between compounds from the chemical space and targets from the biological space. This huge interaction matrix is only sparsely filled with experimental data but can be complemented by predicted values for selected ligand–target pairs. The prediction by computational chemogenomics uses the similarity principle that states that similar compounds have similar properties and that targets with similar binding sites bind similar ligands. Chemogenomics has a number of interesting applications, e.g. the prediction of the bioprofile of drugs including an assessment of possible adverse drug effects or the support of phenotypic screening by target fishing. This review focuses on applications of computational chemogenomics in pharmaceutical research and on the role that it plays in an industrial environment.
Infectomics Screening for Novel Antiviral Drug Targets
Authors: Liu Yuan , Yin Qi , Yuan Yao , Yang Wenyong , Jiang Chuangui , Huang Canhua
Published: October 2012

Preclinical Research

Infectomics, a novel way to globally and comprehensively understand the interactions between microbial pathogens and their hosts, has significantly expanded understanding of the microbial infections. The infectomics view of viral–host interactions on the viral perspective principally focuses on gene acquisition, deletion, and point mutation, while traditional antiviral drug discovery concentrates on viral encoding proteins. Recently, high‐throughput technologies, such as mass spectrometry‐based proteomics, activity‐based protein profiling, microarray analysis, yeast two‐hybrid assay, small interfering RNA screening, and micro RNA profiling, have been gradually employed in the research of virus–host interactions. Besides, signaling pathways and cellular processes involved in viral–host interactions provide new insights of infectomics in antiviral drug discovery. In this review, we summarize related infectomics approaches in the studies of virus–host interactions, which shed light on the development of novel antiviral drug targets screening.
Cell type–specific translational profiling in the Xenopus laevis retina
Authors: Watson F. L. , Mills E. A. , Wang X. , Guo C. , Chen D. F. , Marsh‐Armstrong N.
Published: October 2012

Background: Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP), a method recently developed to generate cell type–specific translational profiles, relies on creating transgenic lines of animals in which a tagged ribosomal protein is placed under regulatory control of a cell type–specific promoter. An antibody is then used to affinity purify the tagged ribosomes so that cell type–specific mRNAs can be isolated from whole tissue lysates. Results: Here, cell type–specific transgenic lines were generated to enable TRAP studies for retinal ganglion cells and rod photoreceptors in the Xenopus laevis retina. Using real time quantitative PCR for assessing expression levels of cell type–specific mRNAs, the TRAP method was shown to selectively isolate mRNAs expressed in the targeted cell and was efficient at purifying mRNAs expressed at both high and low levels. Statistical measures used to distinguish cell type–specific RNAs from low level background and non‐specific RNAs showed TRAP to be highly effective in Xenopus. Conclusions: TRAP can be used to purify mRNAs expressed in rod photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells in X. laevis. The generated transgenic lines will enable numerous studies into the development, disease, and injury of the X. laevis retina. Developmental Dynamics, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo evidence for unbiased ikaros retinal lineages using an ikaros‐cre mouse line driving clonal recombination
Authors: Tarchini Basile , Jolicoeur Christine , Cayouette Michel
Published: October 2012

Background: We showed previously that the transcription factor Ikaros is expressed in early but not late retinal progenitors cells (RPCs), and is necessary and sufficient for the production of early‐born neurons. Preliminary evidence using retinal explant cultures qualitatively suggested that Ikaros‐positive RPCs might share a common lineage with Ikaros‐negative RPCs. Results: To explore further this question in vivo in a quantitative manner, we generated BAC transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase under the regulatory elements of the Ikaros gene, and crossed them with Cre reporter lines. Different transgenic lines labeled a variable number of RPCs, resulting in either dense or sparse radial arrays of reporter‐positive progenies. Analysis of over 800 isolated cell arrays, which are most likely clones, confirmed that Ikaros‐expressing RPCs generate both early‐ and late‐born cell types in the same lineage, and that the overall cell composition of the arrays closely resembles that of the population of the mature retina. Interestingly, another sparse line did not label arrays, but appeared to specifically reflect Ikaros postmitotic expression in amacrine and ganglion cells. Conclusions: These mouse lines confirm the unbiased potential of the Ikaros lineage in vivo and provide novel tools for clonal lineage tracing and single neuron tracking in the retina. Developmental Dynamics, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of postembryonic heart development and maturation in the zebrafish, Danio rerio
Authors: Singleman Corinna , Holtzman Nathalia G.
Published: October 2012

Background: Cardiac maturation is vital for animal survival and must occur throughout the animal's life. Zebrafish are increasingly used to model cardiac disease; however, little is known about how the cardiovascular system matures. We conducted a systematic analysis of cardiac maturation from larvae through to adulthood and assessed cardiac features influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Results: We identified a novel step in cardiac maturation, termed cardiac rotation, where the larval heart rotates into its final orientation within the thoracic cavity with the atrium placed behind the ventricle. This rotation is followed by linear ventricle growth and an increase in the angle between bulbous arteriosus and the ventricle. The ventricle transitions from a rectangle, to a triangle and ultimately a sphere that is significantly enveloped by the atrium. In addition, trabeculae are similarly patterned in the zebrafish and humans, both with muscular fingerlike projections and muscle bands that span the cardiac chamber. Of interest, partial loss of atrial contraction in myosin heavy chain 6 (myh6/weahu423/+) mutants result in the adult maintaining a larval cardiac form. Conclusions: These findings serve as a foundation for the study of defects in cardiovascular development from both genetic and environmental factors. Developmental Dynamics, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Germline transgenesis of the chordate Ciona intestinalis with hyperactive variants of sleeping beauty transposable element
Authors: Hozumi Akiko , Mita Kaoru , Miskey Csaba , Mates Lajos , Izsvak Zsuzsanna , Ivics Zoltan , Satake Honoo , Sasakura Yasunori
Published: October 2012

Background: Transposon‐mediated transgenesis is an excellent method for creating stable transgenic lines and insertional mutants. In the chordate Ciona intestinalis, Minos is the only transposon that has been used as the tool for germline transformation. Adding another transposon system in this organism enables us to conduct genetic techniques which can only be realized with the use of two transposons. Results: In the present study, we found that another Tc1/mariner superfamily transposon, sleeping beauty (SB), retains sufficient activity for germline transformation of C. intestinalis. SB shows efficiencies of germline transformation, insertion into gene coding regions, and enhancer detection comparable to those of Minos. We have developed a system for the remobilization of SB copies in the C. intestinalis genome by using transgenic lines expressing SB transposase in the germ cells. With this system, we examined the manner of SB mobilization in the C. intestinalis genome. SB shows intrachromosomal transposition more frequently than Minos. Conclusions: SB‐based germline transformation and the establishment of a new method that uses its frequent intrachromosomal transposition will result in breakthroughs in genetic approaches that use C. intestinalis together with Minos. Developmental Dynamics 242:30–43, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Backdoor pathway for dihydrotestosterone biosynthesis: Implications for normal and abnormal human sex development
Authors: Fukami Maki , Homma Keiko , Hasegawa Tomonobu , Ogata Tsutomu
Published: October 2012

We review the current knowledge about the “backdoor” pathway for the biosynthesis of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). While DHT is produced from cholesterol through the conventional “frontdoor” pathway via testosterone, recent studies have provided compelling evidence for the presence of an alternative “backdoor” pathway to DHT without testosterone intermediacy. This backdoor pathway is known to exist in the tammar wallaby pouch young testis and the immature mouse testis, and has been suggested to be present in the human as well. Indeed, molecular analysis has identified pathologic mutations of genes involved in the backdoor pathway in genetic male patients with undermasculinized external genitalia, and urine steroid profile analysis has argued for the relevance of the activated backdoor pathway to abnormal virilization in genetic females with cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency and 21‐hydroxylase deficiency. It is likely that the backdoor pathway is primarily operating in the fetal testis in a physiological condition to produce a sufficient amount of DHT for male sex development, and that the backdoor pathway is driven with a possible interaction between fetal and permanent adrenals in pathologic conditions with increased 17‐hydroxyprogesterone levels. These findings provide novel insights into androgen biosynthesis in both physiological and pathological conditions. Developmental Dynamics 242:320–329, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transposable elements and viruses as factors in adaptation and evolution: an expansion and strengthening of theTE‐Thrust hypothesis
Authors: Oliver Keith R. , Greene Wayne K.
Published: October 2012

In addition to the strong divergent evolution and significant and episodic evolutionary transitions and speciation we previously attributed toTE‐Thrust, we have expanded the hypothesis to more fully account for the contribution of viruses toTE‐Thrust and evolution. The concept of symbiosis and holobiontic genomes is acknowledged, with particular emphasis placed on the creativity potential of the union of retroviral genomes with vertebrate genomes. Further expansions of theTE‐Thrust hypothesis are proposed regarding a fuller account of horizontal transfer ofTEs, the life cycle ofTEs, and also, in the case of a mammalian innovation, the contributions of retroviruses to the functions of the placenta. The possibility of drift byTEfamilies within isolated demes or disjunct populations, is acknowledged, and in addition, we suggest the possibility of horizontal transposon transfer into such subpopulations. “Adaptive potential” and “evolutionary potential” are proposed as the extremes of a continuum of “intra‐genomic potential” due toTE‐Thrust. Specific data is given, indicating “adaptive potential” being realized with regard to insecticide resistance, and other insect adaptations. In this regard, there is agreement betweenTE‐Thrust and the concept of adaptation by a change in allele frequencies. Evidence on the realization of “evolutionary potential” is also presented, which is compatible with the known differential survivals, and radiations of lineages. Collectively, these data further suggest the possibility, or likelihood, of punctuated episodes of speciation events and evolutionary transitions, coinciding with, and heavily underpinned by, intermittent bursts ofTEactivity.
Post‐Synthesis Grafting of Fluoropropyl Groups on SBA‐15 Type Ordered Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Benamor Taissire , Miesh Julien , Montégut Gaëtan , Nouali Habiba , Marichal Claire , Lebeau Bénédicte
Published: October 2012

The post‐synthesis grafting of fluoroalkyl groups has been performed to modulate the hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance of SBA‐15 type ordered mesoporous silica (OMS). The influence of the nature of the grafting agent and its structural and textural characteristics and the silanol content of the starting material on the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the grafted material was investigated. If the parent material possessed high silanol content after calcination, high grafting yields and low CBET parameters were obtained.
Micro Solid‐Contact Ion‐Selective Electrode Using a Carbon Nanotube Tower as Ion‐to‐Electron Transducer and Conductive Substrate
Authors: Guo Xuefei , Meyung Timothy , Yun Yeoheung , Shanov Vesselin N. , Halsall H. Brian , Heineman William R.
Published: October 2012

Solid contact (SC) ion‐selective electrodes (ISEs) have been recognized as the next generation of ISEs. In this work, the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of a carbon nanotube (CNT) tower enable it to play the dual roles of transducer and substrate for micro SC‐ISEs. The electrode had a close to Nernstian slope of 35 mV/decade aCa2+, a linear range of four orders of magnitude of calcium ion activity (10−5.6 to 10−1.8 M), and a detection limit of 1.6×10−6 M. The simplified fabrication by a one‐step drop casting makes miniaturizing SC‐ISEs and fabricating sensor arrays easier to achieve.
A New Electrochemical Flow Cell for the Remote Sensing of Heavy Metals
Authors: Noyhouzer Tomer , Mandler Daniel
Published: October 2012

Remote sensing is a fast developing field. The ability to detect various elements in secluded or inaccessible areas holds great opportunities. Here we present a new electrochemical flow cell which was developed as part of an autonomous flow system for measuring heavy metals in aquatic environments. The system was designed for remote sensing. Our system can utilize different commercially available electrodes and apply a range of electrochemical methods. The system was studied through both electrochemical experiments and simulation. The potential of the platform was demonstrated by analyzing seawater spiked with cadmium. Good agreement was found between our results and those obtained by ICP‐MS analysis.
Electrochemical Activation of the Natural Catalytic Cycle of Cytochrome P450s in Human Liver Microsomes
Authors: Wasalathanthri Dhanuka P. , Malla Spundana , Faria Ronaldo C. , Rusling James F.
Published: October 2012

The natural catalytic cycle of cytochrome (cyt) P450 enzymes in human liver microsome (HLM) films was activated electrochemically via the electron transfer sequence electrode→cyt P450 reductase (CPR)→cyt P450. Cyclic voltammograms for HLM films had midpoint potentials of −0.50 V vs. SCE at pH 7.4 characteristic of CPR, not cyt P450s. HLM and CPR microsomes without cyt P450s did not electrocatalytically reduce H2O2, and did not shift midpoint potential when CO was added, also indicating that the peaks do not correspond to iron heme cyt P450 enzymes. Electrochemical activation of the natural cyt P450 cycle for substrate conversion via CPR in HLM films was confirmed by catalytic electrolysis in an electrochemical microfluidic array designed to generate and detect reactive metabolites by measuring their reactivity with DNA.
Direct Voltammetric Determination of Total Iron with a Gold Microelectrode Ensemble
Authors: Zakharova E. A. , Elesova E. E. , Noskova G. N. , Lu M. , Compton R. G.
Published: October 2012

The behavior of the Fe(II)/(III) redox system at a Au microelectrode ensemble (Au‐MEE) based on a solid composite by means of direct and cyclic voltammetric analysis (VA) is reported. With a simple electrode activation and sample preparation, the influence of dissolved organic substances was eliminated, providing highly sensitive results. The analytical signal was based on the maximum cathodic current (I) of the first derivative (dI/dE), and iron determination within the 0.002–0.04 mg L−1 range was studied. A sensitive LOD (3σ) value of 0.7 µg L−1 for total iron concentration was calculated; total iron determination in different waters was shown.
Immunoenrichment microwave and magnetic proteomics for quantifying CD47 in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Mahesula Swetha , Raphael Itay , Raghunathan Rekha , Kalsaria Karan , Kotagiri Venkat , Purkar Anjali B. , Anjanappa Manjushree , Shah Darshit , Pericherla Vidya , Jadhav Yeshwant Lal Avinash , Gelfond Jonathan A.L. , Forsthuber Thomas G. , Haskins William E.
Published: October 2012

We hypothesized that quantitative MS/MS‐based proteomics at multiple time points, incorporating immunoenrichment prior to rapid microwave and magnetic (IM2) sample preparation, might enable correlation of the relative expression of CD47 and other low abundance proteins to disease progression in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model of multiple sclerosis. To test our hypothesis, anti‐CD47 antibodies were used to enrich for low abundance CD47 prior to microwave and magnetic proteomics in EAE. Decoding protein expression at each time point, with CD47‐immunoenriched samples and targeted proteomic analysis, enabled peptides from the low abundance proteins to be precisely quantified throughout disease progression, including: CD47: 86–99, corresponding to the “marker of self” overexpressed by myelin that prevents phagocytosis, or “cellular devouring,” by microglia and macrophages; myelin basic protein: 223–228, corresponding to myelin basic protein; and migration inhibitory factor: 79–87, corresponding to a proinflammatory cytokine that inhibits macrophage migration. While validation in a larger cohort is underway, we conclude that IM2 proteomics is a rapid method to precisely quantify peptides from CD47 and other low abundance proteins throughout disease progression in EAE. This is likely due to improvements in selectivity and sensitivity, necessary to partially overcome masking of low abundance proteins by high abundance proteins and improve dynamic range.
Validation of nonlinear time history analysis models for single‐storey concentrically braced frames using full‐scale shake table tests
Authors: Goggins J. , Salawdeh S.
Published: October 2012

The concentrically braced frame (CBF) structure is one of the most efficient steel structural systems to resist earthquakes. This system can dissipate energy during earthquakes through braces, which are expected to yield in tension and buckle in compression, while all other elements such as columns, beams and connections are expected to behave elastically. In this paper, the performance of single‐storey CBFs is assessed with nonlinear time‐history analysis, where a robust numerical model that simulates the behaviour of shake table tests is developed. The numerical model of the brace element used in the analysis was calibrated using data measured in physical tests on brace members subjected to cyclic loading. The model is then validated by comparing predictions from nonlinear time‐history analysis to measured performance of brace members in full scale shake table tests. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the performance of the CBF to different earthquake ground motions is investigated by subjecting the CBF to eight ground motions that have been scaled to have similar displacement response spectra. The comparative assessments presented in this work indicate that these developed numerical models can accurately capture the salient features related to the seismic behaviour of CBFs. A good agreement is found between the performance of the numerical and physical models in terms of maximum displacement, base shear force, energy dissipated and the equivalent viscous damping. The energy dissipated and, more particular, the equivalent viscous damping, are important parameters required when developing an accurate displacement‐based design methodology for CBFs subjected to earthquake loading. In this study, a relatively good prediction of the equivalent viscous damping is obtained from the numerical model when compared with data measured during the shake table tests. However, it was found that already established equations to determine the equivalent viscous damping of CBFs may give closer values to those obtained from the physical tests. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) affects hormone receptor activity, steroidogenesis, and expression of endocrine-related genes in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Du Guizhen , Hu Jialei , Huang Hongyu , Qin Yufeng , Han Xiumei , Wu Di , Song Ling , Xia Yankai , Wang Xinru
Published: October 2012

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a widespread and persistent chemical in the environment. We investigated the endocrine-disrupting effects of PFOS using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays. Reporter gene assays were used to detect receptor-mediated (anti-)estrogenic, (anti-)androgenic, and (anti-)thyroid hormone activities. The effect of PFOS on steroidogenesis was assessed both at hormone levels in the supernatant and at expression levels of hormone-induced genes in the H295R cell. A zebrafish-based short-term screening method was developed to detect the effect of PFOS on endocrine function in vivo. The results indicate that PFOS can act as an estrogen receptor agonist and thyroid hormone receptor antagonist. Exposure to PFOS decreased supernatant testosterone (T), increased estradiol (E2) concentrations in H295R cell medium and altered the expression of several genes involved in steroidogenesis. In addition, PFOS increased early thyroid development gene (hhex and pax8) expression in a concentration-dependent manner, decreased steroidogenic enzyme gene (CYP17, CYP19a, CYP19b) expression, and changed the expression pattern of estrogen receptor production genes (esr1, esr2b) after 500 µg/L PFOS treatment in zebrafish embryos. These results indicate that PFOS has the ability to act as an endocrine disruptor both in vitro and in vivo by disrupting the function of nuclear hormone receptors, interfering with steroidogenesis, and altering the expression of endocrine-related genes in zebrafish embryo. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:353–360. © 2012 SETAC
Double‐blind, randomized study of extended release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) monotherapy in older patients with generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Mezhebovsky Irina , Mägi Kairi , She Fahua , Datto Catherine , Eriksson Hans
Published: October 2012

Objective

The objective of the study was to evaluate once‐daily extended release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) monotherapy in older patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

Methods

An 11‐week (9‐week treatment; 2‐week posttreatment), randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study (D1448C00015) of flexibly‐dosed quetiapine XR (50–300 mg/day) or placebo conducted at 47 sites (Estonia, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, and USA) between September 2006 and April 2008. Patients (≥66 years) with DSM‐IV diagnosis of GAD, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM‐A) total score of ≥20 with item 1 (anxious mood) and 2 (tension) scores of ≥2, Clinical Global Impressions–Severity of Illness (CGI‐S) score of ≥4, and Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score of ≤16 were eligible for inclusion. Primary endpoint: week 9 change from randomization in HAM‐A total score.

Results

Patients were randomized to quetiapine XR (n = 223) or placebo (n = 227). At week 9, quetiapine XR significantly reduced HAM‐A total score versus placebo (least squares mean −14.97 versus −7.21; p < 0.001); symptom improvement with quetiapine XR versus placebo was significant at week 1 (p < 0.001). At week 9, quetiapine XR demonstrated significant benefits over placebo for HAM‐A response and remission rates, HAM‐A psychic and somatic cluster, MADRS total, CGI‐S, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index global, pain visual analog scale, and Quality of Life, Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire short form % maximum total scores and Clinical Global Impressions–Improvement (% patients with a score of 1/2) (all p < 0.001). Adverse events (>5% in either treatment group) included somnolence, dry mouth, dizziness, headache, and nausea.

Conclusions

Quetiapine XR (50–300 mg/day) monotherapy is effective in the short term in improving symptoms of anxiety in older patients with GAD, with symptom improvement seen as early as week 1. Tolerability findings were generally consistent with the known profile of quetiapine. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BORROWING TO COPE WITH ADVERSE HEALTH EVENTS: LIQUIDITY CONSTRAINTS, INSURANCE COVERAGE, AND UNSECURED DEBT
Authors: Babiarz Patryk , Widdows Richard , Yilmazer Tansel
Published: October 2012

This article uses data from the Health and Retirement Study for 1998–2010 to investigate whether households respond to the financial stress caused by health problems by increasing their unsecured debt. Results show both the probability of having unsecured debt and the amount of debt increase after an adverse health event among households with low financial assets, who are uninsured, or who have less generous health insurance. The effect of health problems on borrowing is caused by both medical expenditures and disruptions to the income stream. Unsecured debt seems to remain on some households' balance sheets for an extended period. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A One‐Pot Cross‐Pinacol Coupling/Rearrangement Procedure
Authors: Scheffler Ulf , Mahrwald Rainer
Published: October 2012

A new catalytic retro‐pinacol/cross‐pinacol reaction, followed by subsequent rearrangement or deoxygenation of the intermediately formed vicinal diols, is described. This operationally simple one‐pot protocol allows isolation of geminal α,α‐diphenyl ketones or 1,1‐diphenyl alkenes with high yields and selectivities.
A Practical One‐Step Synthesis of 1,2‐Oxazoline Derivatives from Unprotected Sugars and Its Application to Chemoenzymatic β‐N‐Acetylglucosaminidation of Disialo‐oligosaccharide
Authors: Noguchi Masato , Fujieda Tsukasa , Huang Wei Chun , Ishihara Masaki , Kobayashi Atsushi , Shoda Shin‐ichiro
Published: October 2012

A facile and practical method for synthesis of sugar oxazolines (=dihydrooxazoles) from the corresponding N‐acetyl‐2‐amino sugars has been developed by using 2‐chloro‐1,3‐dimethyl‐1H‐benzimidazol‐3‐ium chloride (CDMBI) as a dehydrative condensing agent. The intramolecular dehydrative reaction between the 2‐acetamido group and the anomeric OH group of unprotected N‐acetyl‐2‐amino sugars took place smoothly in H2O, leading to the formation of a 1,2‐oxazoline (=4,5‐dihydrooxazole) moiety in good yield. Since the reaction proceeds in H2O without using any protecting groups, the resulting oxazolines can be utilized as effective glycosyl donors for the subsequent enzymatic glycosylation. We have successfully demonstrated a highly efficient chemoenzymatic transglycosylation of a disialo‐oligosaccharide moiety to p‐nitrophenyl N‐acetylglucosaminide catalyzed by a mutant endo‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase without isolating disialo‐oligosaccharide oxazoline as synthetic intermediate.
Application of D‐chiro‐Inositol as a Chiral Template for the DielsAlder Reaction
Authors: Trant John F. , Belding Lee , Dudding Travis , Hudlicky Tomas
Published: October 2012

The DielsAlder reaction can reliably provide the expected endo‐product in the presence of secondary orbital overlap. It can be considerably more difficult to access a single enantiomer of the exo‐product. In this paper, a D‐chiro‐inositol derivative is used as a chiral tether to facilitate the regio‐, diastereo‐, and enatioselective cycloaddition between cinnamic acid and hexa‐3,5‐dienoic acid. The DielsAlder reaction between these two substrates, or their respective esters, does not occur under thermal conditions. Because of the ease of removal of the chiral tether from the resulting cyclohexene, this approach could provide a viable technique to access otherwise unavailable systems.
Microsegregation: From Basic Concepts to Complexity in Liquid Crystal Self‐Assembly
Authors: Tschierske Carsten
Published: October 2012

This review is focused on the basic concepts of microsegregation and a fundamental understanding of the formation of positionally ordered LC phases based on micro‐ and nanophases, interaction parameters and interfaces. Selected examples were chosen from the actual literature to illustrate the concepts. Microsegregation is the basis of classical LC phases and cybotaxis, and most importantly, it paves the way to a huge number of new LC phases. Beside the distinct modes of micellar packing motifs and liquid quasicrystals formed by self‐assembly of dendritic molecules, attention is also focused on the specific effects of rigid anisometric units and polyphilicity. Honeycomb LC phases, vesicular LC phases and mesophases with 3D‐lattices lead to enhanced complexity of LC self‐assembly.
Effects of ethnicity and gender role expectations of pain on experimental pain: A cross‐cultural study
Authors: Alabas O.A. , Tashani O.A. , Johnson M.I.
Published: October 2012

Background

Gender role expectations of pain (GREP) have been shown to mediate sex differences in experimental pain. Few studies have investigated the role of ethnicity in shaping GREP. The aim of this study was to examine interactions between ethnicity and GREP on experimentally induced pressure and ischaemic pain in Libyan and white British students in their respective countries.

Methods

Libyan (n = 124) and white British (n = 51) students completed a GREP questionnaire and their response to experimental pain was measured. Blunt pressure pain threshold (PPT) was measured over the 1st interosseous muscle using algometry. Pain intensity and pain unpleasantness (100 mm visual analogue scale) were measured at 1‐min intervals during a submaximal effort tourniquet test on the forearm.

Results

Multivariate analysis of variance detected significant effects for Sex and Ethnicity on pain measurements. Men had higher PPTs than women (p < 0.001). Libyans had higher PPTs than white British participants (p < 0.001). There were significant effects for Sex and Ethnicity for pain intensity ratings (p < 0.01) but no significant differences between the sexes in pain unpleasantness (p > 0.05). Libyan participants had higher pain intensity (p < 0.01) and pain unpleasantness (p < 0.05) ratings compared with white British participants. There were effects for Sex and Ethnicity for all GREP dimensions. Libyan participants exhibited stronger stereotypical views in GREP than white British participants (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

GREP was the mediator of sex but not ethnic differences in pain report, suggesting that gender stereotypical attitudes to pain account for differences in pain expression between men and women.
Arab Youth in Canada: Acculturation, Enculturation, Social Support, and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Paterson Ashley D. , Hakim‐Larson Julie
Published: October 2012

Results from 98 Arab youth in Canada showed that having a positive Arab culture orientation was related to greater family life satisfaction with family social support as a mediator. A positive European Canadian orientation was related to greater school life satisfaction, but this relation was not mediated by friend social support. Implications for the processes of enculturation and acculturation are discussed.

Los resultados obtenidos de 98 jóvenes Árabes en Canadá mostraron que tener una orientación cultural Árabe positiva estaba relacionado con una mayor satisfacción sobre la vida en familia, con el apoyo social familiar como mediador. Tener una orientación Eurocanadiense positiva estaba relacionado con una mayor satisfacción en la vida escolar, pero esta relación no estaba mediada por el apoyo social de los amigos. Se discuten las implicaciones para los procesos de inculturación y aculturación.
Attachment Style Differences and Depression in African American and European American College Women: Normative Adaptations?
Authors: Cooley Eileen L. , Garcia Amber L.
Published: October 2012

This study examined ethnic differences in attachment styles and depression among African American and European American college women. African American women reported less favorable views of others, which suggests that attachment styles emphasizing caution in relationships may be normative and adaptive for these women. There were no differences between groups in views of self or reports of depressive symptoms. Implications for long‐term relationships and counseling are discussed.

Este estudio examinó las diferencias étnicas en estilos de apego y depresión entre estudiantes universitarias Afroamericanas y Euroamericanas. Las mujeres Afroamericanas expresaron una visión menos favorable sobre los demás, lo que sugiere que los estilos de apego que enfatizan la precaución en las relaciones pueden ser normativos para estas mujeres, y el resultado de su adaptación. No hubo diferencias entre los grupos en cuanto a la visión de sí mismas o expresión de síntomas depresivos. Se discuten las implicaciones para las relaciones a largo plazo y la consejería.