bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulse Oximetry Using Organic Optoelectronics under Ambient Light
Authors: Han Donggeon , Khan Yasser , Ting Jonathan , Zhu Juan , Combe Craig , Wadsworth Andrew , McCulloch Iain , Arias Ana C.
Published: March 2020

Light absorption in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood varies appreciably over the visible and near‐infrared spectrum. Pulse oximeters use two distinct wavelengths of light to measure oxygen saturation SpO2 of blood. Currently, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are used in oximeters, which need additional components to drive them and negatively impact the overall size of the sensor. In this work, an ambient light oximeter (ALO) is demonstrated, which can measure photoplethysmography signals and SpO2 using various kinds of ambient light, avoiding the use of LEDs. Spectral filters are combined with organic photodiodes to create the ALO with sensitivity peaks at green (525 nm), red (610 nm), and near‐infrared (740 nm) wavelengths. Finally, the wearable ALO is used to measure photoplethysmography signals and SpO2 on the index finger in different indoor and outdoor lighting conditions and the measurements are validated with commercial pulse oximeters under normal and ischemic conditions.
Achievement of High‐Performance Nondoped Blue OLEDs Based on AIEgens via Construction of Effective High‐Lying Charge‐Transfer State
Authors: Zhang Han , Li Aisen , Li Ganggang , Li Baoxi , Wang Zhiming , Xu Shuping , Xu Weiqing , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: March 2020

There remains an urgent demand for high‐quality blue luminogens that can simultaneously achieve high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) in film and high exciton utilization efficiency (EUE) in the electroluminescence (EL) process. In this study, a referable molecular design strategy is developed for blue luminogens via constructing low‐lying locally excited (LE) state with an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristic and high‐lying charge‐transfer (CT) state for the effective triplet‐to‐singlet conversion channel. 2TriPE‐BPI‐MCN with the insertion of p‐cyano and o‐methyl groups is designed to compare with its matrix framework (2TriPE‐BPI). They have analogous properties of the lowest singlet (S1) states with blue emission and free of concentration quenching in film; however, 2TriPE‐BPI‐MCN exhibits unusual response for hydrostatic pressure owing to its S2 state CT characteristics. Therefore, 2TriPE‐BPI‐MCN can harness more electrogenerated excitons than 2TriPE‐BPI, resulting in a better EL performance in nondoped blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) (CIEx,y = 0.153, 0.147) with high external quantum efficiency of 4.6% and negligible efficiency roll‐off. These findings could open a feasible avenue to develop high‐quality blue luminogens for high‐performance nondoped blue OLEDs.
Engineering Colloidal Lithography and Nanoskiving to Fabricate Rows of Opposing Crescent Nanogaps
Authors: Gu Panpan , Zhang Wei , Zhao Zhiyuan , Ai Bin , Zheng Tianxing , Chiechi Ryan C. , Li Chunguang , Shi Zhan , Zhang Gang
Published: March 2020

A scalable fabrication route combining colloidal lithography and nanoskiving is reported for generating free‐standing asymmetric metal nanostructures of crescent‐shaped gold nanowires and rows of opposing crescents with and without nanogaps. Strong localized surface plasmon resonances and propagating surface plasmon polaritons are excited at the sharp tips of the crescent and in the sub‐10 nm nanogaps. High‐order resonance modes are excited due to the coupling between the resonances in the tips and gaps. The Raman signals are greatly enhanced due to the strong electric fields. In addition, the optical responses and electric field distributions can be controlled by the polarization of the incident light. The strong electric field enhancement coupled with facile, scalable fabrication make crescent‐shaped nanostructures promising in nonlinear optics, optical trapping, and surface‐enhanced spectroscopy.
Effect of Backbone Fluorine and Chlorine Substitution on Charge‐Transport Properties of Naphthalenediimide‐Based Polymer Semiconductors
Authors: Wei Huan , Liu Yu , Liu Zhiqiang , Guo Jing , Chen Ping‐An , Qiu Xincan , Dai Gaole , Li Yuxiang , Yuan Jianyu , Liao Lei , Hu Yuanyuan
Published: March 2020

Fluorine (F) and chlorine (Cl) substitution in organic semiconductors has been found to be effective for enhancing the performance of organic photovoltaics. However, the effect of these substitutions on charge transport properties of organic semiconductors remains elusive. A series of naphthalene diamide (NDI)‐based copolymers: N2200, the corresponding fluorinated N2200 (F‐N2200), and chlorinated N2200 (Cl‐N2200) are employed to fabricate field‐effect transistors. Gate‐dependent and temperature‐dependent mobility are measured and analyzed to reveal the intrinsic electronic properties of the polymers. It is found that F substitution decreases energetic disorder of the semiconductor while Cl substitution increases it. These findings are further supported by density functional theory calculations and characterizations on the performance of doped devices based on the three polymers. Overall, the influence of fluorination and chlorination on charge transport in those NDI‐based polymers is identified and clarified, which is important for justifying the wide employment of fluorination and chlorination strategies in organic electronics.
Transcriptome analysis of tobacco root response to different concentrations of nitrate
Authors: Yang Huijuan , Zhang Yuning , Zhou Yan , Wang Jing , Geng Xinqi , Shi Hongzhi
Published: March 2020

We aimed to explore genes and transcription factors (TFs) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) that were closely related to responses to different concentrations of nitrate (NO3−) in tobacco root. Cultivar K326 was used in this study. The RNA sequence data generated from K326 treated with high or low concentration of NO3− supplied at different time points (0, 6, 12, and 24 h) were analyzed to determine the transcriptome response of tobacco root to NO3− supply. The expression of numerous genes was altered after high and low NO3− treatment. Further analysis revealed 1981 and 3573 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from low and high NO3− treatment groups, respectively. Comparative analysis identified 567 low‐NO3−‐specific, 2159 high‐NO3−‐specific, and 1414 commonly expressed genes. Combining short time‐series expression miner (STEM) and weighed gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA) results, 136 and 416 DEGs were identified from low and high NO3− groups, respectively, among which, 12 were TFs. In the constructed protein−protein interaction (PPI) network, three DEGs in high NO3− group (LOC107807186, LOC107792457, and LOC107786314) exhibited highest degrees. Within low NO3− group, LOC107798206, LOC107815159, and LOC107779796 had highest degrees. Among the 12 TFs, LOC107778750, LOC107810552, and LOC107804260 had the highest degrees. Our data provides valuable information about genes, especially the 12 TFs, which were induced by different concentrations of NO3− in tobacco root. These findings may be useful for identification of high or low NO3− treatment‐induced genes and TFs, as well as for understanding potential gene regulation mechanisms in response to NO3− supply in tobacco.
Defining optimal soybean seeding rates and associated risk across North America
Authors: Gaspar Adam P. , Mourtzinis Spyridon , Kyle Don , Galdi Eric , Lindsey Laura E. , Hamman William P. , Matcham Emma G , Kandel Hans J. , Schmitz Peder , Stanley Jordan D. , Schmidt John P. , Mueller Daren S. , Nafziger Emerson D. , Ross Jeremy , Carter Paul R. , Varenhorst Adam J. , Wise Kiersten A. , Ciampitti Ignacio A. , Carciochi Walter D. , Chilvers Martin I. , Hauswedell Brady , Tenuta Albert U. , Conley Shawn P.
Published: March 2020

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeding rate research across North America is typically conducted in small geo‐political regions where environmental effects on the seeding rate × yield relationship are minimized. Data from 211 individual field studies (∼21,000 data points, 2007–2017) were combined from across North America ranging in yield from 1,000– 7,500 kg ha−1. Cluster analysis was used to stratify each individual field study into similar environmental (soil × climate) clusters and into high (HYL), medium (MYL), and low (LYL) yield levels. Agronomically optimal seeding rates (AOSR) were calculated and Monte Carlo risk analysis was implemented. Within the two northern most clusters the AOSR was higher in the LYL followed by the MYL and then HYL. Within the farthest south cluster, a relatively small (±15,000 seeds ha−1) change in seeding rate from the MYL was required to reach the AOSR of the LYL and HYL, respectively. The increase in seeding rate to reach the LYL AOSR was relatively greater (5x) than the decrease to reach the HYL AOSR within the northern most cluster. Regardless, seeding rates below the AOSR presented substantial risk and potential yield loss, while seeding rates above provided slight risk reduction and yield increases. Specific to LYLs and MYLs, establishing and maintaining an adequate plant stand until harvest maximized yield regardless of the seeding rate, while maximizing seed number was important with lower seeding rates. These findings will help growers manage their soybean seed investment by adjusting seeding rates based upon the productivity of the environment.
Modularity measures: Concepts, computation, and applications to manufacturing systems
Authors: Shao Yue , Zavala Victor M.
Published: March 2020

We propose a measure to quantify the modularity of industrial production (manufacturing) systems and optimization formulations to compute it. From a manufacturing perspective, we argue that a system is deemed modular if: (a) the equipment units that comprise it form clusters (modules) of dense connectivity (i.e., difficult module assembly tasks are performed off‐site), (b) connectivity between modules is sparse (i.e., easy assembly tasks are performed on‐site), (c) the number of modules is small, and (d) the module dimensions facilitate transportation. We show that the measure proposed satisfies these requirements and that it can be computed by solving a convex mixed‐integer quadratic program. We provide a discussion on advantages and disadvantages of alternative modularity measures used in different scientific and engineering communities. Our results seek to highlight conceptual and computational challenges that arise from the need to define and quantify modularity in a manufacturing context.
Land Fragmentation and Food Insecurity in Ethiopia
Authors: Knippenberg Erwin , Jolliffe Dean , Hoddinott John
Published: March 2020

This paper builds on the literature surrounding the economic consequences of land fragmentation, focusing on the effects of such fragmentation on food insecurity rather than agricultural productivity. Building on existing literature, it accounts for concerns regarding the exogeneity of fragmentation, its measurement, and the importance of considering impacts in terms of different welfare metrics. Using data from the Living Standards and Measurement Survey (LSMS) that are well‐suited to addressing these issues, the analysis finds that land fragmentation reduces food insecurity in Ethiopia. This result is robust to how fragmentation is measured and to how exogeneity concerns are addressed. Further, the paper finds that land fragmentation mitigates the adverse effects of low rainfall on food security. This is because households with diverse parcel characteristics can grow a greater variety of crop types.
Paternal mosaicism for a novel PBX1 mutation associated with recurrent perinatal death: Phenotypic expansion of the PBX1‐related syndrome
Authors: Arts Peer , Garland Jessica , Byrne Alicia B. , Hardy Tristan S.E. , Babic Milena , Feng Jinghua , Wang Paul , Ha Thuong , King‐Smith Sarah L. , Schreiber Andreas W. , Crawford April , Manton Nick , Moore Lynette , Barnett Christopher P. , Scott Hamish S.
Published: March 2020

Autosomal dominant (de novo) mutations in PBX1 are known to cause congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), with or without extra‐renal abnormalities. Using trio exome sequencing, we identified a PBX1 p.(Arg107Trp) mutation in a deceased one‐day‐old neonate presenting with CAKUT, asplenia, and severe bilateral diaphragmatic thinning and eventration. Further investigation by droplet digital PCR revealed that the mutation had occurred post‐zygotically in the father, with different variant allele frequencies of the mosaic PBX1 mutation in blood (10%) and sperm (20%). Interestingly, the father had subclinical hydronephrosis in childhood. With an expected recurrence risk of one in five, chorionic villus sampling and prenatal diagnosis for the PBX1 mutation identified recurrence in a subsequent pregnancy. The family opted to continue the pregnancy and the second affected sibling was stillborn at 35 weeks, presenting with similar severe bilateral diaphragmatic eventration, microsplenia, and complete sex reversal (46, XY female). This study highlights the importance of follow‐up studies for presumed de novo and low‐level mosaic variants and broadens the phenotypic spectrum of developmental abnormalities caused by PBX1 mutations.
Efficient Reduction of Oxazolyl‐Bearing Secondary Anilides to Amines by Nickel‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation
Authors: Zhou Jian , Bo Xiaofan , Wan Li , Xin Zhong
Published: March 2020

A convenient procedure for the catalytic hydrosilylation of secondary anilides bearing an oxazolyl group has been developed. In the presence of inexpensive NiBr2, the reduction of functionalized secondary amides with nontoxic and air‐stable TMDS proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding functionalized amines. The method displays a broad applicability for the reduction of many types of substrates, and shows good compatibility and excellent chemoselectivity for several sensitive functional groups such as halo, ester and nitro groups.
Application of GO/COF as a novel, efficient and recoverable catalyst in the Knoevenagel reaction
Authors: Monehzadeh Fatemeh , Rafiee Zahra
Published: March 2020

Hybrid composite based on graphene oxide (GO) and covalent organic framework (COF) [GO/COF] was developed via a simple solvothermal method, at which GO was applied as a platform to load COF based on melamine and terephthaldehyde. The synthesized hybrid nanocomposite was characterized by FT‐IR, XRD, EDX and SEM techniques. Morphological analyses carried out by SEM confirm the successful growth of COF over GO. Then, the resultant composite was employed as an amazing and cost‐effective catalyst in the condensation of several aldehydes with malononitrile and produced the corresponding coupling products in high yields (up to 84%) at room temperature under solvent‐free conditions with an amount of catalyst, 15 mg in a very short reaction time of 10 min. The catalyst could be reused without a noteworthy drop in catalytic activity at least eight times. The use of GO/COF catalyst outcomes under mild reaction conditions in very short reaction time, exceptional catalytic activity, high recyclability and an easy work‐up process for the Knoevenagel condensation.
Effectiveness of acoustic cameras as tools for assessing biogenic structures formed by Sabellaria in highly turbid environments
Authors: Griffin Ross A. , Jones Robyn E. , Lough Natasha E.L. , Lindenbaum Charles P. , Alvarez Maria C. , Clark Katie A.J. , Griffiths Jonathan D. , Clabburn Peter A.T.
Published: March 2020

Accurately mapping the extent and status of biogenic reefs formed by polychaete worms of the genus Sabellaria is of conservation importance given their protected status across Europe.

Traditionally, side‐scan sonar (SSS) combined with ground‐truthing in the form of seabed photography and videography has been widely accepted as the most suitable approach for mapping these reefs in the subtidal zone. In highly turbid environments visibility at the seabed can be near zero, however, rendering optical‐based ground‐truthing redundant. Consequently, the true distribution and status of Sabellaria reefs in some shallow subtidal areas around the UK remains unclear despite their designation as Annex‐I features of several Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) under the Habitats Directive.

Acoustic camera imagery (ACI) collected using acoustic cameras in two deployment configurations matched well with the backscatter signatures of seabed features in corresponding SSS data. The ACI was of suitable resolution for visualizing Sabellaria colony structures, allowing for their Annex‐I ‘reef’ defining attributes (extent, patchiness, and elevation) to be assessed. Colony formation ‘type’ was also distinguishable in the ACI, although confidence in differentiating between low‐lying Sabellaria formations and surrounding substrates was low, particularly when using a pole‐mounted configuration.

This study provides a proof of concept for using acoustic cameras as tools for ground‐truthing SSS interpretation and assessing the status of Sabellaria bioconstructions in low‐visibility environments. Further development of this approach and incorporating it into statutory monitoring programmes could improve the management of the reef habitats in subtidal areas of the Severn Estuary and other highly turbid environments.
Charge exchange, from the sky to the laboratory: A method to determine state‐selective cross‐sections for improved modeling
Authors: Betancourt‐Martinez Gabriele L. , Cumbee Renata S. , Leutenegger Maurice A.
Published: March 2020

Charge exchange (CX) is a semi‐resonant recombination process that can lead to spectral line emission in the X‐ray band. It occurs in nearly any environment where hot plasma and cold gas interact: in the solar system, in comets and planetary atmospheres, and likely astrophysically, in, for example, supernova remnants and galaxy clusters. It also contributes to the soft X‐ray background. Accurate spectral modeling of CX is thus critical to properly interpreting our astrophysical observations, but the commonly used CX models in popular spectral fitting packages often rely on scaling equations and may not accurately describe observations or laboratory measurements. This paper introduces a method that can be applied to high‐resolution CX spectra to directly extract state‐selective CX cross‐sections for electron capture, a key parameter for properly simulating the resulting CX spectrum.
Herleitung eines Teilsicherheitsbeiwerts für hochfeste Vergussmörtel in Offshore‐Anwendungen
Authors: Werner Michael , Cotardo Dario , Lohaus Ludger
Published: March 2020

Für die Bemessung von Grout‐Verbindungen in Offshore‐Anwendungen (Windenergieanlagen und Plattformen) werden die baustofflichen Zusammenhänge überwiegend auf Grundlage von DIN EN 1992 abgeleitet, die für die Bemessung und Konstruktion von Hoch‐ und Ingenieurbauten aus Beton, Stahlbeton und Spannbeton gilt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Anwendung des Bemessungswerts der Betondruckfestigkeit fcd für moderne, hochleistungsfähige Grouts diskutiert. Zunächst wird vorgestellt, wie sich der Bemessungswert der Betondruckfestigkeit fcd im Detail zusammensetzt und wie im normativen Sicherheitskonzept Streuungen in den Annahmen sowie Unsicherheiten bei deren Ermittlung berücksichtigt werden. Auf Grundlage von Druckfestigkeitswerten aus realitätsnahen und Offshore‐typischen Verfüllversuchen wurden Variationskoeffizienten abgeleitet, die zur Herleitung eines Teilsicherheitsbeiwerts für Grout γG verwendet wurden. Die Anwendbarkeit des Bemessungswerts der Betondruckfestigkeit fcd unter Berücksichtigung des hergeleiteten Teilsicherheitsbeiwerts für Grout γG wurde anschließend überprüft und dem Bemessungswert der DIN EN 1992 gegenübergestellt.
Black male teachers, white education spaces: Troubling school practices of othering and surveillance
Authors: Callender Christine
Published: March 2020

The absence of male teachers in primary schools has been an ongoing concern for policymakers and schools in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, and as schools have become more ethnically diverse so have concerns that the teacher workforce should reflect the communities it serves. Pre‐service teacher training plays a critical role in this aim, by identifying, recruiting, retaining and training those who demonstrate potential to become teachers in English primary schools. As one of a few studies to explore the racialised and gendered experiences of black male teachers in England, I adopt the use of critical race theory (CRT) to examine how black male teachers are characterised and constructed in white education spaces. Drawing on a larger study, this paper utilises counternarrative, a key precept of CRT, to draw attention to processes of exclusion, othering and surveillance through the experience of David (the main character). Interview and documentary data illuminate institutional processes of overt and covert racism, as well as racialised and gendered stereotyping. David’s story reveals how his voice is muted as it is woven into processes of othering, hyper‐surveillance and disciplinary power.
Corrected estimator of sensitive population proportion using unknown repeated trials in the unrelated question randomized response model
Authors: Grover Lovleen Kumar , Kaur Amanpreet
Published: March 2020

In this paper, we have pointed out a major mistake in the research paper of Singh and Mathur [(2004). Unknown repeated trials in the unrelated question randomized response model,Biometrical Journal, 46:375–378]. We have corrected this mistake and proposed the corresponding corrected estimator of sensitive population proportion. Furthermore, we have obtained the variance of our proposed estimator. Likewise, Singh and Mathur, we have also compared the variance of our proposed estimator with that of the Greenberg et al.’s estimator theoretically as well as numerically.
Reliable blood cancer cells' telomere length evaluation by qPCR
Authors: Ropio Joana , Chebly Alain , Ferrer Jacky , Prochazkova‐Carlotti Martina , Idrissi Yamina , Azzi‐Martin Lamia , Cappellen David , Pham‐Ledard Anne , Soares Paula , Merlio Jean‐Philippe , Chevret Edith
Published: March 2020

Background

Telomere shortening is linked to a range of different human diseases, hence reliable measurement methods are needed to uncover such associations. Among the plethora of telomere length measurement methods, qPCR is reported as easy to conduct and a cost‐effective approach to study samples with low DNA amounts.

Methods

Cancer cells’ telomere length was evaluated by relative and absolute qPCR methods.

Results

Robust and reproducible telomere length measurements were optimized taking into account a careful reference gene selection and by knowing the cancer cells ploidy. qPCR data were compared to “gold standard” measurement from terminal restriction fragment (TRF).

Conclusions

Our study provides guidance and recommendations for accurate telomere length measurement by qPCR in cancer cells, taking advantage of our expertise in telomere homeostasis investigation in primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Furthermore, our data emphasize the requirement of samples with both, high DNA quality and high tumor cells representation.
Implementation of grey wolf optimization controller for multiple humanoid navigation
Authors: Muni Manoj K. , Parhi Dayal R. , Kumar Priyadarshi Biplab
Published: March 2020

In this paper, grey wolf optimization controller (GWOC) is considered as a multiobjective technique for multiple humanoid navigations. Upon activation of GWOC, the humanoids mimic the group hunting behavior of grey wolves and navigate toward the target in a collision‐free manner in presence of both static and dynamic hurdles. The wolves in the pack will either diverge for searching prey or converge together for attacking the prey following the best search agent (Leader Alpha). GWOC has the ability to keep the humanoid free from being trapped in local minima whereas it facilitates it to head toward global minima. GWOC provides better results as compared to other intelligent techniques because of its five characteristics that include safe boundary, protection, following, hunting, and caring. Both simulation and experimental navigation in laboratory conditions for single as well as for multiple humanoid NAOs have been carried out. From the results of simulation and experimental data, it is confirmed that GWOC provides global minima for humanoid robots in complex environments with different shaped obstacles. A Petri‐net controller is considered while navigating multiple humanoids, as during multiple humanoid navigations, one humanoid robot acts as a dynamic obstacle to other humanoids.
Overexpression of long non‐coding RNA RP11‐363E7.4 inhibits proliferation and invasion in gastric cancer
Authors: Chen Chao , Wang Xin , Liu Tianzhou , Tang Xiaohuan , Liu Yuanda , Liu Tong , Zhu Jiaming
Published: March 2020

LncRNA RP11‐363E7.4 has been shown to be downregulated in gastric cancer (GC), while the effect of lncRNA RP11‐363E7.4 on GC and its potential molecular mechanisms is unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the functional role and underlying molecular mechanisms of lncRNA RP11‐363E7.4 involved in GC progress.To address the question, quantitative real‐time PCR assay was performed to confirm lncRNA RP11‐363E7.4 expression levels in GC tissues and cell lines. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were estimated using Cell Counting Kit‐8, colony formation, scratch wound healing and Transwell assays. Potential molecular mechanisms were evaluated using western blot assay. The results showed that lncRNA RP11‐363E7.4 was significantly downregulated in GC cell lines and 82 paired tissues. The correlation between expression and clinicopathological features indicated that low expression of lncRNA RP11‐363E7.4 was associated with T stage (P = .010). Functional experiments showed that overexpression of lncRNA RP11‐363E7.4 prevented proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced apoptosis of GC cells. Western blot assay revealed that lncRNA RP11‐363E7.4 functioned via the p53, Bax/Bcl‐2, β‐catenin pathway. In summary, this study revealed that lncRNA RP11‐363E7.4 functioned as a tumour suppressor by inhibiting proliferation, migration, and invasion and inducing apoptosis of GC cells. Significance of the study:LncRNA RP11‐363E7.4 has been shown to be downregulated in GC, while the effect of lncRNA RP11‐363E7.4 on GC and its potential molecular mechanism is unclear. We revealed that lncRNA RP11‐363E7.4 functioned as a tumour suppressor by inhibiting proliferation, migration, and invasion and inducing apoptosis of GC cells. LncRNA RP11‐363E7.4 might become an attractive diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of GC and a promising target for GC treatment.
Serum free light chains and multiple myeloma: Is it time to extend their application?
Authors: Markovic Uros , Leotta Valerio , Tibullo Daniele , Giubbolini Rachele , Romano Alessandra , Del Fabro Vittorio , Parrinello Nunziatina Laura , Cannizzaro Maria Teresa , Di Raimondo Francesco , Conticello Concetta
Published: March 2020

In nonsecretory, oligo‐secretory, and light chain multiple myeloma patients, serial sFLC evaluation could precede biochemical and clinical disease progression, even in extramedullary relapse, thus initiating early treatment with novel anti‐MM agents.
Nano‐structured Hollow Carbon Materials from a Non‐isothermal Chemical Vapor Deposition of Polyphenols
Authors: Li Dongdong , Cai Chao , Yang Shijia , Xu Xun , Wang Xinwei , Zhu Tang , Guo Jing , Zhang Ying , Dong Haixia , Li Xiaofeng , Zhao Ning , Xu Jian
Published: March 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

Pyrogallic acid (PG) was used as a modeling carbon source in fabricating nano‐structured hollow carbon materials (HCMs) by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. We found that non‐isothermal deposition can improve the integrity of the obtained HCMs. The different pyrolyzed species from PG under varied temperatures lead to the temperature‐dependent deposition yield, graphitization degree and morphology of the HCMs. HCMs including hollow spheres of varied sizes, cubic boxes with yolk‐shell structure, nanotubes, mesoporous particles and double‐shelled fibers, were prepared by using different templates, demonstrating the universality of this strategy. The carbon source has been extended to other plant polyphenols. The abundant and renewable solid precursors for CVD method endow this strategy excellent operation safety, improved storage and transportation convenience and low cost, and would boost the production of morphology‐ and size‐controlled HCMs and their applications in the fields such as water treatment, electrode materials, adsorbent, drug delivery, and so forth.
Helicobacter pylori– New model experiments on a “chemically gifted” bacterium
Authors: Ducci Matthias
Published: March 2020

Helicobacter pyloriist ein weit verbreitetes Bakterium, welches den Magen infizierter Menschen besiedelt. Um im sauren Milieu überleben zu können, produziert es Urease. Dieses Enzym ist in der Lage, den mit der Nahrung aufgenommenen Harnstoff in Ammoniak und Kohlenstoffdioxid zu spalten. Das gebildete Ammoniak neutralisiert die Magensäure in der unmittelbaren Umgebung des Bakteriums. Im Beitrag werden neu entwickelte Modellexperimente präsentiert, welche die chemischen Prozesse für Schülerinnen und Schüler eindrucksvoll nachvollziehbar machen. Als Modell für das Bakterium dienen Alginatbällchen, in denen die beteiligten Substanzen eingeschleust werden. Diese werden in Lösungen eingetaucht, welche dem Magensaft nachempfunden wurden.
Green Asymmetric Organocatalysis
Authors: Krištofíková Dominika , Modrocká Viktória , Mečiarová Mária , Šebesta Radovan
Published: March 2020

Asymmetric organocatalysis is becoming one of the main tools for the synthesis of chiral compounds that are needed as medicines, crop protection agents, and other bioactive molecules. It can be effectively combined with various green chemistry methodologies. Intensification techniques, such as ball milling, flow, high pressure, or light, bring not only higher yields, faster reactions, and easier product isolation, but also new reactivities. More sustainable reaction media, such as ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, green solvent alternatives, and water, also considerably enhance the sustainability profile of many organocatalytic reactions.
Across the Board: Arjan W. Kleij on Electrosynthesis for Regioselective Carboxylation of Aromatic Alkenes
Authors: Kleij Arjan W.
Published: March 2020

In this series of articles, the board members of ChemSusChem discuss recent research articles that they consider of exceptional quality and importance for sustainability. This entry features Prof. A. W. Kleij, who discusses the use of electrosynthesis to advance the regioselective hydrocarboxylation of low‐value olefins to afford high‐value carboxylic acids using carbon dioxide as reagent. In particular, in a recent breakthrough contribution a general β‐carboxylation of aromatic olefins is displayed and as such significantly expands state‐of‐the‐art carboxylation chemistry.
Effects of different doses of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin on elderly patients with ST‐elevation acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
Authors: He Weifeng , Cao Maolin , Li Zhifeng
Published: March 2020

Objective

To conduct a randomized double‐blind prospective study to investigate effect of different doses of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin on elderly patients with ST‐elevation AMI after PCI.

Methods

One hundred and ninety‐two AMI patients over 60 years old who underwent PCI were randomly divided into six groups: the low atorvastatin group, high atorvastatin group; low rosuvastatin group; high rosuvastatin group; low simvastatin group; high simvastatin group. Demographic data and clinical information as well as coronary angiography parameters were recorded. Plasma levels of CK‐MB, BNP, ALT, and TnI were measured at 12 hr, 24 hr, and 1 week after PCI. Major cardiovascular events (MACE) were recorded and analyzed using Kaplan–Meier (K‐M) curve.

Results

No significant differences were observed in angiographic and procedural characteristics. In all high dose groups, all levels of CK‐MB, BNP, ALT, and TnI were significantly lower. However, after 1 week of PCI, only CK‐MB, BNP, and TnI showed significant difference between high and low dose groups. Patients in high dose groups had significantly lower rates for surgical or percutaneous intervention, recurrence of angina, and rehospitalization. K–M curve analysis also showed cumulative incidence freedom time of overall MACE in high dose groups was significantly longer. No significant differences were found among different drugs with the same doses.

Conclusion

Patients with higher doses had lower level of CK‐MB, BNP, ALT, and TnI and lower occurrence of MACE after PCI.
Opening the door to greater phylogeographic inference in Southeast Asia: Comparative genomic study of five codistributed rainforest bird species using target capture and historical DNA
Authors: Lim Haw Chuan , Shakya Subir B. , Harvey Michael G. , Moyle Robert G. , Fleischer Robert C. , Braun Michael J. , Sheldon Frederick H.
Published: March 2020

Indochina and Sundaland are biologically diverse, interconnected regions of Southeast Asia with complex geographic histories. Few studies have examined phylogeography of bird species that span the two regions because of inadequate population sampling. To determine how geographic barriers/events and disparate dispersal potential have influenced the population structure, gene flow, and demographics of species that occupy the entire area, we studied five largely codistributed rainforest bird species: Arachnothera longirostra, Irena puella, Brachypodius atriceps, Niltava grandis, and Stachyris nigriceps. We accomplished relatively thorough sampling and data collection by sequencing ultraconserved elements (UCEs) using DNA extracted from modern and older (historical) specimens. We obtained a genome‐wide set of 753–4,501 variable loci and 3,919–18,472 single nucleotide polymorphisms. The formation of major within‐species lineages occurred within a similar span of time (0.5–1.5 mya). Major patterns in population genetic structure are largely consistent with the dispersal potential and habitat requirements of the study species. A population break across the Isthmus of Kra was shared only by the two hill/submontane insectivores (N. grandis and S. nigriceps). Across Sundaland, there is little structure in B. atriceps, which is a eurytopic and partially frugivorous species that often utilizes forest edges. Two other eurytopic species, A. longirostra and I. puella, possess highly divergent populations in peripheral Sunda Islands (Java and/or Palawan) and India. These species probably possess intermediate dispersal abilities that allowed them to colonize new areas, and then remained largely isolated subsequently. We also observed an east–west break in Indochina that was shared by B. atriceps and S. nigriceps, species with very different habitat requirements and dispersal potential. By analyzing high‐throughput DNA data, our study provides an unprecedented comparative perspective on the process of avian population divergence across Southeast Asia, a process that is determined by geography, species characteristics, and the stochastic nature of dispersal and vicariance events.
Influence of taxonomic resolution on mutualistic network properties
Authors: Renaud Estelle , Baudry Emmanuelle , Bessa‐Gomes Carmen
Published: March 2020

Ecologists are increasingly interested in plant–pollinator networks that synthesize in a single object the species and the interactions linking them within their ecological context. Numerous indices have been developed to describe the structural properties and resilience of these networks, but currently, these indices are calculated for a network resolved to the species level, thus preventing the full exploitation of numerous datasets with a lower taxonomic resolution. Here, we used datasets from the literature to study whether taxonomic resolution has an impact on the properties of plant–pollinator networks.

For a set of 41 plant–pollinator networks from the literature, we calculated nine network index values at three different taxonomic resolutions: species, genus, and family. We used nine common indices assessing the structural properties or resilience of networks: nestedness (estimated using the nestedness index based on overlap and decreasing fill [NODF], weighted NODF, discrepancy [BR], and spectral radius [SR]), connectance, modularity, robustness to species loss, motifs frequencies, and normalized degree.

We observed that modifying the taxonomic resolution of these networks significantly changes the absolute values of the indices that describe their properties, except for the spectral radius and robustness. After the standardization of indices measuring nestedness with the Z‐score, three indices—NODF, BR, and SR for binary matrices—are not significantly different at different taxonomic resolutions. Finally, the relative values of all indices are strongly conserved at different taxonomic resolutions.

We conclude that it is possible to meaningfully estimate the properties of plant–pollinator interaction networks with a taxonomic resolution lower than the species level. We would advise using either the SR or robustness on untransformed data, or the NODF, discrepancy, or SR (for weighted networks only) on Z‐scores. Additionally, connectance and modularity can be compared between low taxonomic resolution networks using the rank instead of the absolute values.
Assessing the performance of index calibration survey methods to monitor populations of wide‐ranging low‐density carnivores
Authors: Dröge Egil , Creel Scott , Becker Matthew S. , Loveridge Andrew J. , Sousa Lara L. , Macdonald David W.
Published: March 2020

Apex carnivores are wide‐ranging, low‐density, hard to detect, and declining throughout most of their range, making population monitoring both critical and challenging. Rapid and inexpensive index calibration survey (ICS) methods have been developed to monitor large African carnivores. ICS methods assume constant detection probability and a predictable relationship between the index and the actual population of interest. The precision and utility of the resulting estimates from ICS methods have been questioned. We assessed the performance of one ICS method for large carnivores—track counts—with data from two long‐term studies of African lion populations. We conducted Monte Carlo simulation of intersections between transects (road segments) and lion movement paths (from GPS collar data) at varying survey intensities. Then, using the track count method we estimated population size and its confidence limits. We found that estimates either overstate precision or are too imprecise to be meaningful. Overstated precision stemmed from discarding the variance from population estimates when developing the method and from treating the conversion from tracks counts to population density as a back‐transformation, rather than applying the equation for the variance of a linear function. To effectively assess the status of species, the IUCN has set guidelines, and these should be integrated in survey designs. We propose reporting the half relative confidence interval width (HRCIW) as an easily calculable and interpretable measure of precision. We show that track counts do not adhere to IUCN criteria, and we argue that ICS methods for wide‐ranging low‐density species are unlikely to meet those criteria. Established, intensive methods lead to precise estimates, but some new approaches, like short, intensive, (spatial) capture–mark–recapture (CMR/SECR) studies, aided by camera trapping and/or genetic identification of individuals, hold promise. A handbook of best practices in monitoring populations of apex carnivores is strongly recommended.
Evolution of altitudinal migration in passerines is linked to diet
Authors: Pageau Claudie , Vale Mariana M. , de Menezes Marcio Argollo , Barçante Luciana , Shaikh Mateen , S. Alves Maria Alice , Reudink Matthew W.
Published: March 2020

Bird migration is typically associated with a latitudinal movement from north to south and vice versa. However, many bird species migrate seasonally with an upslope or downslope movement in a process termed altitudinal migration. Globally, 830 of the 6,579 Passeriformes species are considered altitudinal migrants and this pattern has emerged multiple times across 77 families of this order. Recent work has indicated an association between altitudinal migration and diet, but none have looked at diet as a potential evolutionary driver. Here, we investigated potential evolutionary drivers of altitudinal migration in passerines around the world by using phylogenetic comparative methods. We tested for evolutionary associations between altitudinal migration and foraging guild and primary habitat preference in passerines species worldwide. Our results indicate that foraging guild is evolutionarily associated with altitudinal migration, but this relationship varies across zoogeographical regions. In the Nearctic, herbivorous and omnivorous species are associated with altitudinal migration, while only omnivorous species are associated with altitudinal migration in the Palearctic. Habitat was not strongly linked to the evolution of altitudinal migration. While our results point to diet as a potentially important driver of altitudinal migration, the evolution of this behavior is complex and certainly driven by multiple factors. Altitudinal migration varies in its use (for breeding or molting), within a species, population, and even at the individual level. As such, the evolution of altitudinal migration is likely driven by an ensemble of factors, but this study provides a beginning framework for understanding the evolution of this complex behavior.
Assessing population‐level consequences of anthropogenic stressors for terrestrial wildlife
Authors: Katzner Todd E. , Braham Melissa A. , Conkling Tara J. , Diffendorfer Jay E. , Duerr Adam E. , Loss Scott R. , Nelson David M. , Vander Zanden Hannah B. , Yee Julie L.
Published: March 2020

Human activity influences wildlife. However, the ecological and conservation significances of these influences are difficult to predict and depend on their population‐level consequences. This difficulty arises partly because of information gaps, and partly because the data on stressors are usually collected in a count‐based manner (e.g., number of dead animals) that is difficult to translate into rate‐based estimates important to infer population‐level consequences (e.g., changes in mortality or population growth rates). However, ongoing methodological developments can provide information to make this transition. Here, we synthesize tools from multiple fields of study to propose an overarching, spatially explicit framework to assess population‐level consequences of anthropogenic stressors on terrestrial wildlife. A key component of this process is using ecological information from affected animals to upscale from count‐based field data on individuals to rate‐based demographic inference. The five steps to this framework are (1) framing the problem to identify species, populations, and assessment parameters; (2) field‐based measurement of the effect of the stressor on individuals; (3) characterizing the location and size of the populations of interest; (4) demographic modeling for those populations; and (5) assessing the significance of stressor‐induced changes in demographic rates. The tools required for each of these steps are well developed, and some have been used in conjunction with each other, but the entire group has not previously been unified together as we do in this framework. We detail these steps and then illustrate their application for two species affected by different anthropogenic stressors. In our examples, we use stable hydrogen isotope data to infer a catchment area describing the geographic origins of affected individuals, as the basis to estimate population size for that area. These examples reveal unexpectedly greater potential risks from stressors for the more common and widely distributed species. This work illustrates key strengths of the framework but also important areas for subsequent theoretical and technical development to make it still more broadly applicable.
Vanilla distribution modeling for conservation and sustainable cultivation in a joint land sparing/sharing concept
Authors: Watteyn Charlotte , Fremout Tobias , Karremans Adam P. , Huarcaya Ruthmery Pillco , Azofeifa Bolaños José B. , Reubens Bert , Muys Bart
Published: March 2020

Vanilla, an expensive but popular spice used in many industries, faces problems related to its supply. Some of these problems are due to the fact that vanilla cultivation is based on clonal material of a single species (Vanilla planifolia) and is dominated by just a few countries located outside the native growing areas of aromatic vanilla species, which is the neotropics. Despite the economic importance of this crop, relatively little attention has been paid to its wild relatives, in particular with respect to their biology, ecology, and potential use. We hypothesized that species distribution models (SDMs) can identify suitable areas for both the conservation and cultivation of vanilla crop wild relatives (CWRs), following a joint land sparing/land sharing (SPASHA) approach, thus offering alternative sourcing areas and production methods. This is the first study that explored the use of ensemble SDMs to provide applicable land use maps related to the conservation and sustainable cultivation of wild vanilla species in Costa Rica, contributing to a solution for the problems related to current vanilla production systems. We focused on four aromatic vanilla CWRs, native to Costa Rica, to make land use policy recommendations for this country, and more specifically for the biological corridor Osa and its surroundings within our study region Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA). The resulting distribution maps, with a mean AUC of 0.89, reflected their current potential distribution (ranging from unsuitable to suitable) in Costa Rica. Combining them with recent land use and conservation area maps of our study region, we defined (1) areas for vanilla conservation and (2) areas for sustainable vanilla cultivation within agroforestry systems. These land use recommendations can now be integrated within the National Bio‐Corridor Program (PNCB) that aims at making biological corridors more productive by proposing alternative income generation for local communities living within these areas. Our approach can be applied to identify priority areas for implementing the SPASHA approach on other vanilla CWRs and in more regions across its native growing ranges, given the availability of land use maps and enough occurrence records to build accurate SDMs.
Desmin‐related myopathy characterized by non‐compaction cardiomyopathy, cardiac conduction defect, and coronary artery dissection
Authors: Tamiya Ran , Saito Yuki , Fukamachi Daisuke , Nagashima Koichi , Aizawa Yoshihiro , Ohkubo Kimie , Hatta Takumi , Sezai Akira , Tanaka Masashi , Ishikawa Taisuke , Makita Naomasa , Sumitomo Naokata , Okumura Yasuo
Published: March 2020

Desmin‐related myopathy (DRM) is a rare heritable cardiac and skeletal muscle disease caused by mutations in the desmin gene (DES). DRM is generally characterized by skeletal muscle weakness, conduction disturbance, and dilated cardiomyopathy. However, the clinical cardiac phenotypes of DRM are not yet fully understood. Herein, we report the first case of DRM with the de novo missense DES mutation, R454W, that is characterized by left ventricular non‐compaction cardiomyopathy, progressive cardiac conduction defect, spontaneous coronary artery dissection, and no skeletal muscle weakness. Our case findings suggest that clinicians should genetically test patients who have cardiomyopathy, progressive cardiac conduction defect, and coronary artery dissection, even if the patient has neither family history of DRM nor skeletal muscle symptoms.