bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential incidence trends of colon and rectal cancers in Hong Kong: an age‐period‐cohort analysis
Authors: Zhang Bo , Xie Shao‐Hua , Yu Ignatius Tak‐sun
Published: June 2018

Background

Colorectal cancer has been the second most common cancer among men and women in Hong Kong since 2012, but the underlying reasons for this increase remain unclear. We describe the incidence trend for colorectal cancer in Hong Kong to explore its etiology within this population.

Methods

The temporal trends in colorectal cancer incidence between 1983 and 2012 were analyzed with joinpoint regressions by sex, age groups, and anatomic sites among adults using data from the Hong Kong Cancer Registry. An age‐period‐cohort analysis was used to evaluate the effects of age, calendar periods, and birth cohorts on the observed temporal trends.

Results

The incidence of colon cancer among those aged 50 years and older in both sexes increased steadily from 1983 until the mid‐1990s and was followed by a slight decrease thereafter, whereas the incidence among those aged 20–49 years decreased steadily from 1983 to 2012. In contrast, the incidence of rectal cancer steadily increased in men and remained stable in women throughout the study period. Significant period and birth cohort effects were observed for colon cancer, whereas period effects on the temporal trends were observed for male rectal cancer.

Conclusions

The incidences of colon and rectal cancers have exhibited divergent patterns between 1983 and 2012 in Hong Kong, indicating heterogeneous etiologies between these two types of cancers. Surveillance of the risk factors related to colon and rectal cancers in the Hong Kong population should be performed, and the increased rectal cancer incidence in males is worthy of extra attention.
Predicting antidepressant response by monitoring early improvement of individual symptoms of depression: individual patient data meta-analysis
Authors: de Vries Ymkje Anna , Roest Annelieke M. , Bos Elisabeth H. , Burgerhof Johannes G. M. , van Loo Hanna M. , de Jonge Peter
Published: June 2018

Background

Improvement in depression within the first 2 weeks of antidepressant treatment predicts good outcomes, but non-improvers can still respond or remit, whereas improvers often do not.

Aims

We aimed to investigate whether early improvement of individual depressive symptoms better predicts response or remission.

Method

We obtained individual patient data of 30 trials comprising 2184 placebo-treated and 6058 antidepressant-treated participants. Primary outcome was week 6 response; secondary outcomes were week 6 remission and week 12 response and remission. We compared models that only included improvement in total score by week 2 (total improvement model) with models that also included improvement in individual symptoms.

Results

For week 6 response, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and negative and positive predictive values of the total improvement model were 0.73, 0.67 and 0.74 compared with 0.77, 0.70 and 0.71 for the item improvement model. Model performance decreased for week 12 outcomes. Of predicted non-responders, 29% actually did respond by week 6 and 43% by week 12, which was decreased from the baseline (overall) probabilities of 51% by week 6 and 69% by week 12. Inpost hocanalyses with continuous rather than dichotomous early improvement, including individual items did not enhance model performance.

Conclusions

Examining individual symptoms adds little to the predictive ability of early improvement. Additionally, early non-improvement does not rule out response or remission, particularly after 12 rather than 6 weeks. Therefore, our findings suggest that routinely adapting pharmacological treatment because of limited early improvement would often be premature.

Declaration of interest

None.
Asymmetric Information and Imperfect Competition in Lending Markets
Authors: Crawford Gregory S. , Pavanini Nicola , Schivardi Fabiano
Published: June 2018

We study the effects of asymmetric information and imperfect competition in the market for small business lines of credit. We estimate a structural model of credit demand, loan use, pricing, and firm default using matched firm-bank data from Italy. We find evidence of adverse selection in the form of a positive correlation between the unobserved determinants of demand for credit and default. Our counterfactual experiments show that while increases in adverse selection increase prices and defaults on average, reducing credit supply, banks’ market power can mitigate these negative effects. (JEL D22, D82, G21, G32, L13, L25)
Backward Induction in the Wild? Evidence from Sequential Voting in the US Senate
Authors: Spenkuch Jörg L. , Montagnes B. Pablo , Magleby Daniel B.
Published: June 2018

In the US Senate, roll calls are held in alphabetical order. We document that senators early in the order are less likely to vote with the majority of their own party than those whose last name places them at the end of the alphabet. To speak to the mechanism behind this result, we develop a simple model of sequential voting, in which forward-looking senators rely on backward induction in order to free ride on their colleagues. Estimating our model structurally, we find that this form of strategic behavior is an important part of equilibrium play. We also consider, but ultimately dismiss, alternative explanations related to learning about common values and vote buying. (JEL D72, D82, D83)
University Innovation and the Professor's Privilege
Authors: Hvide Hans K. , Jones Benjamin F.
Published: June 2018

National policies take varied approaches to encouraging university- based innovation. This paper studies a natural experiment: the end of the “professor's privilege” in Norway, where university researchers previously enjoyed full rights to their innovations. Upon the reform, Norway moved toward the typical US model, where the university holds majority rights. Using comprehensive data on Norwegian workers, firms, and patents, we find a 50 percent decline in both entrepreneurship and patenting rates by university researchers after the reform. Quality measures for university start-ups and patents also decline. Applications to literature on university technology transfer, innovation incentives, and taxes and entrepreneurship are considered. (JEL I23, L26, M13, O31, O33, O34)
ΤΑΧΕΙΑ ΓΡΑΦΙΚΗ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΣ ΚΑΤΑΡΤΙΣΜΟΥ ΜΙΓΜΑΤΩΝ
Authors: ΚΑΛΑΪΣΑΚΗΣ Π.
Published: June 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
When a Child Likes School
Authors: Виноградова Наталья , Vinogradova Natalya
Published: June 2018

The publication contains answers of the doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Education, Honored Scientist N.F. Vinogradova on readers’ questions related to the peculiarities of education and training of a hyperactive first-grader. Parents of such children are given specific pedagogical advice designed to help in the formation of a growing personality, organically combining the energy of cognitive initiative, the desire for self-realization with the ability to control and restrain oneself, to reckon with others, adequately assess their own behavior and the consequences of their actions. Teachers who have difficulties in working with hyperactive children are encouraged to follow a methodical approach that allows them to correct carefully their excessive emotional reactions, excessive self-esteem, inability to concentrate, fulfill the requirements of adults, follow disciplinary norms, while helping to keep the cognitive interest, desire to learn, positive attitude towards school.
Postgraduate student of the University: the technology of scientific work and pedagogical activity
Authors: Резник Семен , Reznik Semen
Published: June 2018

Examines the content, system and technology training in graduate school, preparing for independent scientific activities, methodology of scientific work, and gives recommendations for the writing, preparation and defense of a thesis.
Much attention is paid to the preparation of a graduate student to work at the Department of the University, the organization and planning of his life and work.
For graduate students and degree applicants, as well as for students who want to devote themselves to research and teaching.
Mechanical components of the electric drive of machines: calculation and design
Authors: Неменко Александра , Nemenko Aleksandra
Published: June 2018

The tutorial discusses the selection, calculation and design of mechanical components of electric machines; provides reference and explanatory materials, as well as examples of technical documentation.
The Association of Inpatient Occupancy with Hospital‐Acquired Clostridium difficile Infection.
Authors: Abir Mahshid , Goldstick Jason , Malsberger Rosalie , Setodji Claude M. , Dev Sharmistha , Wenger Neil
Published: June 2018

Few studies have evaluated the relationship between high hospital occupancy and hospital‐acquired complications. We evaluated the association between inpatient occupancy and hospital‐acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) using a novel measure of hospital occupancy. We analyzed administrative data from California hospitals from 2008–2012 for Medicare recipients aged ≥65 years with a discharge diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, or pneumonia. Using daily census data, we constructed patient‐level measures of occupancy on admission day and average occupancy during hospitalization (range: 0‐1), which were split into four groups. We used logistic regression with cluster standard errors to estimate the adjusted and unadjusted relationship of occupancy with hospital‐acquired CDI. Across 327 hospitals, 558,344 discharges met our inclusion criteria. Higher admission day occupancy was associated with significantly lower adjusted likelihood of CDI. Compared to the 0‐0.25 occupancy group, patients admitted on a day of 0.51‐0.75 occupancy had 0.86 odds of CDI (95% CI 0.75‐0.98). The 0.76‐1.00 admission occupancy group had 0.87 odds of CDI (95% CI 0.75‐1.01). With regard to average occupancy, intermediate levels of occupancy 0.26‐0.50 (odds ratio [OR] = 3.04, 95% CI 2.33‐3.96) and 0.51‐0.75 (OR = 3.28, 95% CI 2.51‐4.28) had over three‐fold increased adjusted odds of CDI relative to the low occupancy group; the high occupancy group did not have significantly different odds of CDI compared to the low occupancy group (OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.70‐1.31). These findings should prompt exploration of how hospitals react to occupancy changes and how those care processes translate into hospital‐acquired complications in order to inform best practices.
Improving Microretailer and Consumer Welfare in Developing Economies: Replenishment Strategies and Market Entries
Authors: Gui Luyi , Tang Christopher S. , Yin Shuya
Published: June 2018

Problem definition: Microretailers in remote rural areas in developing countries face high replenishment costs because of poor road infrastructure and the lack of formal distribution channels. This paper investigates the effectiveness of two innovative replenishment strategies (purchasing cooperatives and nonprofit wholesalers) deployed by nongovernmental organizations to reduce microretailers’ replenishment costs and improve consumer welfare. Academic/practical relevance: The problem is relevant in practice, as travel cost has been documented as a major cost burden that leads to meager earnings for the microretailers, few retailers in the market, and high prices to the consumers (because of less competition). Analyzing how these innovative strategies alleviate the previously described problems enables us to develop practical insights as well as fill an important gap in the literature. Methodology: We adopt a stylized model that captures price competition, consumer welfare, and the market entry decision of microretailers under the replenishment strategies considered. We compare the equilibrium retailer profit, consumer welfare, and the number of retailers entering the market under these strategies. Results: We find that in a regulated market, a nonprofit wholesaler creates supply chain inefficiency, and thus can lead to a higher retail price, which benefits the retailers yet harms the consumers. However, with free market entry (unregulated market), we show that under certain market conditions, both the cooperative and the nonprofit wholesaler strategies can be Pareto improving. Yet between these two strategies, there typically exists a trade-off in both regulated and unregulated markets, that is, the cooperative strategy enhances consumer welfare, while the wholesaler strategy leads to higher retailer profits. Managerial implications: The policy maker needs to be mindful about the market conditions and the relative emphasis between the profit and market participation of microretailers and consumer welfare when choosing and implementing the purchasing cooperative and the nonprofit wholesaler strategies.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2017.0700 .
IMAGENS SUSSURRANTES: CINEMA DE FLUXO E TEMPO MÍTICO EM HISTÓRIAS QUE SÓ EXISTEM QUANDO LEMBRADAS
Authors: Da Silva Fabrício Basílio Pacheco , Bragança Maurício De
Published: June 2018

O artigo tem o objetivo de tensionar cinema e literatura a partir do insólito produzido em  Histórias que só existem quando lembradas (Bra/Arg/Fra, 2011), de Julia Murat. Associamos primeiramente o filme ao cinema de fluxo, estética que aposta na sensorialidade, em filmes com narrativas rarefeitas, nas quais a noção de espaço-tempo é ressignificada a partir da dilatação do plano. A partir disso, buscamos pistas para análise na literatura, convocando Pedro Páramo, de Juan Rulfo, como lugar teórico capaz de fornecer paralelos entre as obras do escritor mexicano e de Julia Murat e também nas discussões sobre transculturação narrativa, apresentadas por Ángel Rama. O que nos move aqui é perceber esse gesto evanescente presente no filme, como uma espécie de “imagens sussurrantes”, de existência efêmera, vinculadas ao universo do insólito também construído em Pedro Páramo. Desta forma, o filme se utiliza da estética do fluxo se aproximando da ideia de transculturação alcançada pelos procedimentos literários que renovaram a narrativa dos escritores na América Latina.
O REAL E SEUS TRUQUES: O EFEITO FANTÁSTICO EM THE PRESTIGE, DE CHRISTOPHER NOLAN
Authors: Francisco Junior Abílio Aparecido , Santos Adilson
Published: June 2018

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a presença do “efeito fantástico” no filme The Prestige, de Christopher Nolan. A partir de pesquisadores do fantástico, como David Roas (2014) e Filipe Furtado (1980), como também de Roland Barthes, em seu ensaio “O efeito de real” (1968), verificar-se-ão as ferramentas utilizadas por Nolan para construir um efeito de suspensão no espectador. Tal efeito tem o intuito de causar a hesitação - tão importante para a configuração do fantástico na narrativa - no receptor de sua obra, impossibilitando que ele faça uma escolha entre os caminhos que são apresentados no decorrer do filme. Assim, a partir de cortes inteligentes, da ambientação bem construída, do desenvolvimento psicológico dos personagens, entre outros, tem-se uma construção muito bem-feita do efeito fantástico durante todo o filme de Christopher Nolan.
Places and non-places in Monica Ali’s Brick Lane
Authors: Sereno Julia Goulart
Published: June 2018

This article aims at analyzing the role of flashbacks experienced by Nazneen, who is the protagonist of the novel Brick Lane (2003), by Monica Ali. By considering the concepts of spaces, places and non-places proposed by anthropologist Marc Augé in Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity (1994), which is mentioned by phi-losopher Zygmunt Bauman in Liquid Modernity (2000), the present article will demon-strate how Nazneen tries to reconstruct/rewrite her spatial and temporal displacement through her memory. However, what could be seen as an escape is, in essence, a journey in search for meaning, for belonging.
Nutrition: reducing the hypermetabolic response to thermal injury
Authors: Price Christina
Published: June 2018

Nutritional support is seen as a vital component in the battle to attenuate the extreme hypermetabolic response experienced by patients suffering from large thermal injuries. Protein catabolism precipitating protein malnutrition places patients at greater risk of wound infection and sepsis due to delayed wound healing. Underfeeding, aggressive feeding, feeding routes, timing of initiation of feeding and tight insulin control have all been explored extensively in the quest to understand what nutritional treatment will best attenuate the hypermetabolic response. Despite this it is suggested that the majority of patients with large thermal injuries do not receive adequate nutritional support immediately post injury. Nurses have a pivotal role to play in ensuring that thermal injury patients receive appropriate nutritional support based on the best available evidence.
Chronic heart failure nursing: integrated multidisciplinary care
Authors: Brennan Emma Jane
Published: June 2018

Heart failure is a condition that is increasing in prevalence in the UK, with high patient mortality rates and frequent hospital admissions. Nurse-led heart failure services help to improve patient outcomes through aiding pharmacological, interventional and holistic care. Heart failure management teams that work to support patients can vary greatly from service to service. This article discusses the evidence and guidelines supporting an integrated multidisciplinary approach to chronic heart failure nursing care.
Limitations of track and trigger systems and the National Early Warning Score. Part 2: sensitivity versus specificity
Authors: Grant Steven , Crimmons Kevin
Published: June 2018

The second article on the use of track and trigger scoring (TTS) and National Early Warning Scoring Systems (NEWS 1 and 2) discusses how their use in relation to some patients can be too sensitive and in the case of others it merely detects late deterioration. This raises concerns that TTS and NEWS focus on a single set of observations at one point in time. They, therefore, ignore the observational trends by failing to compare the latest readings against previous sets of vital signs. It is therefore important that nurses do not rely solely on these tools, but use them in conjunction with their physiological knowledge and clinical assessment to identify deteriorating patients, as well as those who do not require unnecessary escalation of care.
Motor abilities in 182 children treated for idiopathic clubfoot: A comparison between the traditional and the Ponseti method and controls
Authors: Aulie V. S. , Halvorsen V. B. , Brox J. I.
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The aim of the study was to examine motor abilities in children treated for idiopathic clubfoot with either the traditional extensive surgery method or the Ponseti method, and compare their motor skills with a control group without clubfoot.

Methods

A total of 89 children treated according to the traditional method (mean age 9.0 years, 7 to 10) and 93 treated ad modum Ponseti (mean age 8.8 years, 7 to 10) were recruited from a multicentre clinical study in Norway. A total of 45 age-matched children without clubfoot were recruited from a nearby school. They were all assessed with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children – Second Edition (MABC-2), which evaluates motor performance. We applied Analysis of Covariance for comparison of the two treatment methods and adjusted for gender, laterality, comorbidity, achillotomy or more extended surgery, physiotherapy and the age when the child walked independently.

Results

We found no significant difference in any of the various components or the total score of the MABC-2 between patients treated with the two different methods. In all, 76% of the children treated according to the traditional method and ad modum Ponseti, and 96% in the control group, respectively, were classified as having normal motor abilities.

Conclusion

About three-quarters of children aged nine years and treated for idiopathic clubfoot had normal motor abilities. We found similar results in patients treated with the traditional method and the Ponseti method.

Level of Evidence

II
Onabotulinum toxin-A (Botox) for spastic equinus in cerebral palsy: A prospective kinematic study
Authors: Hastings-Ison T. , Sangeux M. , Thomason P. , Rawicki B. , Fahey M , Graham H. K.
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Botulinum toxin-A (or Botox) is widely used for the management of equinus gait in children with cerebral palsy but few recent studies have included instrumented gait analysis.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study. Gait analysis was performed four weeks before and four weeks after Botulinum toxin-A injection for spastic equinus to detect the maximum effects on gait kinematics. Outcome measures included the Gait Profile Score (GPS), the Gait Variable Score (GVS) for the ankle, maximal ankle dorsiflexion and maximal knee extension at midstance.

Results

In all, 37 children participated (20 boys); mean age five years seven months (4 years 1 month to 8 years 2 months); 19 with unilateral and 18 bilateral involvement. At a mean four weeks post-injection, the GPS and ankle GVS were unchanged. However maximum ankle dorsiflexion increased for the whole group; median 7.7° (confidence interval (CI) 4° to 10.6°) to 11.5° (CI 7.7° to 12.9°), p = 0.02. Maximum midstance knee extension was unchanged for the whole group, but median knee flexion increased in children with bilateral involvement; 10.9° (CI 7.4° to 20.8°) to 16.5° (CI 8.4° to 19.7°), p = 0.58.

Conclusion

Injections of the gastrocsoleus for spastic equinus did not result in objective improvements in overall gait. Improvements in ankle dorsiflexion for children with bilateral involvement may be offset by deterioration at the knee.

Level of Evidence

II - prospective cohort study, before and after intervention
Television market, ownership concentration and management strategies in Portugal
Authors: Faustino Paulo
Published: June 2018

The main objective of this article is to measure media concentration of the Portuguese television industry, and to evaluate the extension to which concentration in television companies relates to management strategies. A review of literature about media economics and management and strategic decisions is presented. Following this theoretical background, the empirical analysis of the ownership concentration of Portuguese television companies is based on qualitative and quantitative methods. The main information sources were corporate reports, television market reports, specialized books, articles and scientific papers, among other documental sources of information related to this area. In terms of main conclusions, high television ownership concentration levels, which have always been a feature of the Portuguese television industry market, although still high, have been decreasing for the past ten years. However, high concentration levels are observed in media groups, resulting from the convergence of television and other types of media. This is mainly due to bundling strategies of telecom operators (which added pay television services to the traditional telecommunications portfolio) and to diversification strategies from television network players (taking advantage of audience segmentation and easier access to broadcasting space).
Hedging against disaster: Risk and mitigation in the media and entertainment industries
Authors: Chalaby Jean K.
Published: June 2018

The objective of this article is twofold. First, it seeks to identify and classify the most likely sources of potential loss for media and entertainment businesses. Adopting the World Bank’s definition of risk as a ‘possibility of loss’ and opportunity as the ‘upside of risk’, this article constructs a typology of risks that are categorized in seven types: catastrophic, financial, regulatory, technological, intellectual property (IP) related, value chain related and commercial. Combining this typology with a review of the most common risk mitigation strategies, this article demonstrates that risk management is central to the way media firms operate and has a determining influence on their output. Risk analysis, therefore, offers us a better understanding of corporate strategies in the media and entertainment industries both in terms of management and content.
Book Reviews
Authors: Amanullah Arshad , Ivory Gareth , Sexton Max
Published: June 2018

Making News in Global India: Media, Publics, Politics, Sahana Udupa (2015)

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 278 pp.,

ISBN: 9781107099463, h/bk, £67.00

Television and The Second Screen: Interactive TV in the Age of Social Participation, James Blake (2017)

London: Routledge, 194 pp.,

ISBN: 9781138914322, h/bk, £105

DVD, Blu-Ray and Beyond: Navigating Formats and Platforms within Media Consumption, Jonathan Wroot and Andy Willis (eds) (2017)

Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 244 pp.,

ISBN: 97833196275571, h/bk, ¢115
El lugar del "sentido" en el horizonte de experiencia de Ser y Tiempo
Authors: Medina Gerardo
Published: June 2018

La cuestión del ser, presente a lo largo de todo el camino de pensamiento de Martin Heidegger, no es sin embargo, tratada de un modo fijo, sino que sus sucesivas variaciones responden al horizonte a partir del cuál ella es experimentada en tanto constituye la “cosa” del pensar. Se trata pues, en este artículo, de sacar a la luz el horizonte desde el que fue experimentado el libro Sein und Zeit Allí, la cosa del pensar es vislumbrada bajo el trazo del “sentido” (Sinn). Este, lejos de representar un mero recurso terminológico, señala en dirección del lugar a partir del cual ella misma es aprehendida; pero también, pone de manifiesto su alcance y sus límites. Precisamente en ellos se produce el cambio en la marcha, que mantiene al pensar esencial en la proximidad de aquello que constituye su “cosa” (Sache).
Hegemonía. Concepto clave para pensar la política
Authors: Giacaglia Mirta
Published: June 2018

En medio de una época donde la incertidumbre, la inseguridad y la desprotección crecen, la teoría de la hegemonía, elaborada por Gramsci y reformulada por E. Laclau y Ch. Mouffe, constituye un punto nodal para pensar la política. Esta categoría surge como respuesta a una crisis que pone en cuestión las concepciones tradicionales para explicar la contingencia de las formas históricas concretas. La sociedad no debe ser entendida como un espacio cerrado sino como una estructura, resultado de prácticas articulatorias que organizan y constituyen las relaciones sociales. La hegemonía, entonces, entendida como articulación contingente de elementos en torno a las luchas de los agentes sociales concretos, configura una valiosa herramienta teórica para reflexionar acerca de nuestra compleja realidad.
Ética y creatividad. Libertad, sentido y reglas en contextos práctico-operativos
Authors: Vigo Alejandro G.
Published: June 2018

El presente trabajo explora las conexiones entre las nociones de ética y creatividad. Primero, se intenta mostrar que lo que llamamos ‘creatividad’ presupone la referencia a un background de sentido en el cual juegan un papel decisivo la referencia afines y a procedimientos reglados. A continuación se examina el caso de los juegos reglados como el ajedrez, que revelan de modo paradigmático la peculiar trabazón de espontaneidad y mediación reglada que caracteriza a los contextos en los que puede desplegarse el tipo de capacidades, actitudes y estrategias que solemos llamar “creativas”. Por último, se intenta trasladar las estructuras así avistadas al ámbito de la praxis no-lúdica, para poner de manifiesto el importante papel que desempeña la creatividad en el ámbito propio de la acción humana, en cuanto ésta comporta una dimensión estrictamente moral. Etica y creatividad, juego y moral aparecen, desde esta perspectiva, como fenómenos mucho más estrechamente emparentados de lo que parece a primera vista.
"Sentido". Una frontera de la filosofía
Authors: Albizu Edgardo
Published: June 2018

Este artículo enfoca la problemática del sentido desde dos puntos de vista. 1) Su “Wirkungsgeschichte”: gesta efectual, historia o contra-tiempo que produce, efectúa, deja ser memorado. 2) Su tiempo principal, pro-veedor, localizable tras la necesidad de lo sido, libertad precedente a cuanto se forma, punto en el cual el significante "ser" se rompe. “Principio”, evocado por “principal”, no alude aquí, ante todo, a una causa en sentido estricto, sino al tiempo vigente de una efectividad actuante, respecto del cual la inherencia del efecto no puede prejuzgarse a priori.
Modernidad y actualidad de Montaigne
Authors: Llinas Begon Joan Lluis
Published: June 2018

El artículo se divide en tres partes. En primer lugar, se comenta la crítica de Montaigne a una determinada filosofía y se defiende la consideración de Montaigne como filósofo. En segundo lugar, se intenta situar a Montaigne respecto de la filosofía moderna. En tercer lugar, más allá de su modernidad, se comenta su utilidad para reflexionar algunos problemas contemporáneos, como el de la multiculturalidad, el de la identidad personal y el de la justificación de la actividad filosófica.
El commentaire Philosophique de Pierre Bayle
Authors: Bahr Fernando
Published: June 2018

El Commentaire philosophique sur ces paroles de Jésus-Christ ‘Contrain-les d’entrer’ publicado en 1686 por el calvinista francés Pierre Bayle constituye uno de los capítulos más interesantes y menos conocidos en la elaboración moderna del concepto de tolerancia civil. En este artículo se reconstruye el itinerario desarrollado por Bayle en esa obra y se pasa revista a las señales de inconsistencia teórica que se han detectado en la misma. En principio, estamos de acuerdo con Walter Rex y Gianluca Mori en que los criterios racionalistas presentados en la Parte I del escrito resultan difíciles de conciliar con los argumentos escépticos que dominan en la Parte II. A nuestro juicio, sin embargo, estos y otros intérpretes comparten un supuesto no evidente: que en el Commentaire Bayle intentó elaborar una teoría de la tolerancia. Si se prestan atención a algunos pasajes de la obra, en cambio, la empresa bayleana aparece más bien como una recopilación de argumentos contrarios a la intolerancia religiosa que no requiere necesariamente de una articulación interna. Desde esta perspectiva, nos parece, las inconsistencias no resultan insalvables. AbstractThe Commentaire philosophique sur ces paroles de Jesus-Christ ‘Contrain-les d’entrer’, that the French Calvinist Pierre Bayle wrote in 1686 is a particularly important book in the built-up of the concept of civil toleration on Modern Philosophy. In this article we reconstruct the principal arguments of the work and review some problems of incoherence detected. We agree with Walter Rex and Gianluca Mori on their rationalist criteria presented where they express that is difficult to conciliate in Part I with the skeptical reasoning that dominates in Part II, but it must be noted that these exegetes, and many others, have in common a non-obvious assumption: that Pierre Bayle wrote the Commentaire philosophique to present a unified theory on toleration. If we examine some passages of the book it could be seen, whereas, that the baylean design shows itself as a compilation of arguments against religious intolerance, a compilation that is not internally required to be articulated. From this point of view, we think that the problems of coherence could be saved.
An examination of violence that students are exposed and students’ responses against violence according to their school levels
Öğrencilerin okul düzeylerine göre yaşadıkları şiddet ve bu şiddete karşı gösterdikleri tepkilerin incelenmesi
Authors: Gündüz Yüksel
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this study is to reveal violence that students are exposed and students’ responses against violence according to their school levels. In this context, it has been searched for answers related to in which school level students are exposed to violence the most, the gender of teachers that engage in violence, the types of violence that students are exposed the most and what students’ responses against violence in school level are. This research was carried out using general screening model. The sample of this research consists of 615 voluntary students that took education of pedagogical proficiency in Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Education in 2015-2016 Academic year. Four surveys developed by researcher and prepared with expert opinion were used to obtain data. When examined the findings of this research, it can be seen that violence exists in the first five years of primary education the most while it exists in higher education the least. The other finding is that male teachers engage in much more violence to their students. Hitting hands with a stick, slapping face, pulling ear, hitting fingers with a ruler and standing on one foot are emerged as types of violence. Students exhibit behaviors as keeping silent, adopting negative attitude, being uninterested in lessons, sulking, being disrespectful, showing grudge or hatred against violence. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetYapılan çalışmanın amacı, okul düzeylerine göre öğrencilerin yaşadıkları şiddet ve bu şiddete karşı gösterdikleri tepkilerin neler olduğunu ortaya koymaktır. Bu kapsamda, öğrencilerin şiddeti en çok yaşadıkları eğitim düzeyinin, şiddet uygulayan öğretmenlerin cinsiyetinin, en çok uğranılan şiddet türünün ve uygulanan şiddete karşı okul düzeyinde gösterilen tepkilerin neler olduğuna ilişkin sorulara yanıt aranmıştır. Araştırmada tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, 2015-2016 eğitim öğretim yılında Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi bünyesinde yapılan pedagojik formasyon eğitimi alan 615 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen ve uzman görüşü alınarak hazırlanan 4 anket kullanılmıştır. Bulgularına bakıldığında: En çok şiddet ilköğretimin ilk 5 yılında, en az şiddet yükseköğretim düzeyinde yaşanmıştır. Erkek öğretmenlerin daha çok şiddet uyguladığı görülmektedir. Şiddet türü olarak, ele sopayla vurma, yüze tokat atma, kulak çekme, cetvelle parmak uçlarına vurma, tek ayaküstünde durdurmanın uygulandığı görülmektedir. Öğrenciler şiddete karşı,  sessiz kalma, olumsuz tavır takınma, derse ilgisiz kalma, küsme, saygı göstermeme, kin ve nefret gösterme davranışlarında bulunmuşlardır.
Konversi Tinggi Pasang Surut Di Perairan Cilacap Terhadap Energi Yang Dihasilkan
Authors: Handoyo Gentur , Suryoputro Agus A.D , Pratikyo Ibnu
Published: June 2018

Pasang surut merupakan parameter yang penting dalam memperoleh besaran energi pasang surut yang berdasarkan nilai muka air pasang tertinggi dan surut terendah. Perairan Kabupaten Cilacap, propinsi Jawa Tengah merupakan perairan yang terletak di Samudera Hindia yang diduga terdapat potensi energi pasang surut yang tinggi. Selain itu faktor lokal yang mempengaruhi adalah bentuk morfologi pantai yang berbentuk alamiah dan diperairan pantai seperti teluk dan selat sempit serta kedalaman perairan. Tipe pasang surut dan nilai muka air pasang tertinggi dan muka air surut terendah diperoleh menggunakan Metode Admiralty. Hasil yang didapt tipe pasang surut di perairan Kabupaten Cilacap Campuran Condong ke Harian Ganda dengan nilai formzahl 0,3. Sedangkan nilai muka air pasang tertinggi sebesar 2,3m dan surut terendah sebesar 0,05m. Hasil simulasi untuk luasan kolam tunggal 1,1 km2 diperoleh energi pasang surut sebesar 61.161 kWh selama kurun waktu satu tahun di perairan Kabupaten Cilacap, Propinsi Jawa Tengah. Maka dapat disimpulkan, bahwa pemanfaatan perencanaan kedepannya untuk memperoleh energi pasang surut yang maksimal sebagai sumber energi alternatif.Kata kunci : Energi, Pasang Surut, Perairan CilacapTidal is an important parameter in obtaining tidal energy quantities are based on the face value of the highest high water level and the lowest low water level. Cilacap Regency waters, Central Java province is located in the waters of the Indian Ocean which is allegedly contained the high potential tidal energy. Tidal are caused by the influece of the force attraction of the moon and the sun. Besides that the local factors affecting is the shaped of morphology coastal which is natural-shaped and in coastal waters such as gulf, narrow strait and the waters depth. The type and tidal value of the highest high water level and the lowest low water level is obtained by using admiralty methods, the results obtained in the tidal type Cilacap Regency waters mixed tide prevailing semi diurnal is formhazl value 0,3. While the face value of the highest high water level is 2,3 m and the lowest low water level is 0,05 m. Simulation results for expressing a single pool of 1,1 km2 of tidal ebergy acquired 61.161 kWh for one year in the waters of Cilacap Regency, Central Java province. Thus it can be inferred that the utilization of energy obtained can be refference in the future construction planning in the future to obtain the maximum tidal energy as a source alternative energy.Keywords : Energy, Tidal, Waters of Cilacap
Optimasi Suhu Dan Ph Pertumbuhan Lactococus Lactic Isolat Ikan Kerapu
Authors: Subagiyo Subagiyo , Nuraeni Ria Azizazh Tri , Setyati Wilis Ari , Santoso Adi
Published: June 2018

Temperature and pH is one of the environmental factors that influence microbial growth, so it needs to be optimized in order to obtain optimum values for cell production. The experiments were performed using the medium of   ROGOSA and Sharpe (MRS). The pH value is set with the addition of 1 N NaOH and 1N HCl to obtain a pH value of 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Optimization of temperature performed by incubation at 25, 30, 35 and 40 oC. Bacterial growth was measured by changes in optical density at 600 nm wave-lengh. The results showed that the initial pH of 7 is the initial pH value which produces the most rapid growth, while the initial pH 4 provides the slowest growth. Temperature that produces the most rapid growth is 30 and 35 ° C while the temperature 40oC produce the slowest growth.  Keywords : Lactococcus lactis, temperature, pH, growthSuhu dan pH merupakan salah satu faktor lingkungan yang berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan mikrobia, sehingga perlu untuk dilakukan optimasi guna mendapatkan nilai-nilai yang optimum untuk produksi sel. Percobaan dilakukan menggunakan medium deMan, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS). Nilai pH  diatur dengan penambahan NaOH 1 N dan HCL 1N hingga diperoleh nilai pH 4, 5, 6, 7, dan 8.. Optimasi suhu dilakukan dengan inkubasi pada suhu 25, 30, 35 dan 40 oC . Pertumbuhan bakteri diukur berdasarkan perubahan optical density pada panjang geliombang 600 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pH awal 7 merupakan nilai pH awal yang menghasilkan pertumbuhan yang paling cepat sedangkan pH awal 4 memberikan pertumbuhan yang paling lambat. Suhu yang menghasilkan pertumbuhan paling cepat adalah 30 dan 35 oC sedangkan suhu 40oC menghasilkan pertumbuhan yang paling lambat. Kecepatan agitasi yang menghasilkan pertumbuhan paling cepat adalah 100 rpm dan paling lambat 150 rpm. Kata kunci : Lactococcus lactis, suhu, pH, pertumbuhan
Kandungan Pigmen Fikobiliprotein dan Biomassa Mikroalga Chlorella vulgaris pada media dengan Salinitas Berbeda
Authors: Djunaedi Ali , Sunaryo Sunaryo , Suryono Chrisna Adi , Santosa Adi
Published: June 2018

Phyobilliprotein (phycocyanin and allophycocyanin) pigments content and biomass of Chlorella vulgarisare affected by salinity related to osmotic pressure and density of media. This study was to determine the effect of salinity on phycobiliproteins pigment contents and biomass of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. The cultivation used microalgae derived from Balai Besar Pengembangan Budidaya Air Payau (BBPBAP), Jepara. Research method was the Laboratory study with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Consisting of one treatment with five stages of salinity treatments: 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 ppt and using three times of repetition. Analysis of pigments used UV-Vis spectrophotometric extracted with acetone as the solvent. Harvesting time was when it reached at the stationair phase using flocculation method. The results showed that salinity had the significant effect (p <0.05) on Phycobilliprotein pigment and biomass. The treatments of 35 ppt showed that the highest content of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin pigments 1,4426 mg/gram and 1,254 mg/gram and biomass were 0,648 g/L respectively.Keywords: Chlorella vulgaris, salinity, Phycobilliprotein pigment, biomass. Kandungan pigmen fikobiliprotein (fikosianin dan allofikosianin)dan biomasa Chlorella vulgaris dipengaruhi oleh salinitas yang berkaitan dengan tekanan osmotik dan densitas media. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh salinitas terhadap kandungan pigmen fikobiliproteindan laju pertumbuhan Chlorella vulgaris. Biota uji diperoleh dari Balai Besar Pengembangan Budidaya Air Payau (BBPBAP), Jepara. Metode penelitian adalah eksperimen laboratoris dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 5 taraf perlakuan salinitas, yaitu: 20, 25, 30, 35, dan 40 ppt dengan pengulangan sebanyak 3 kali. Analisis pigmen dengan metode spektrofotometer UV-Vis yang diekstraksi menggunakan larutan aseton. Pemanenan biomassa pada fase stasioner dengan menggunakan metode flokulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa salinitas berpengaruh nyata (p<0.05) terhadap kandungan pigmen fikobiliprotein dan biomasa Chlorella vulgaris. Perlakuan salinitas 35 ppt menghasilkan kadar pigmen fikosianin dan allofikosianin tertinggi, yaitu 1,4426 mg/gram, dan 1,254 mg/gram dan biomassa tertinggi yaitu 0,648 gr/L. Kata Kunci  : Chlorella vulgaris, salinitas, pigmen fikobiliprotein, biomasa
Komposisi Makroalga Yang Berasosiasi Di Ekosistem Padang Lamun Pulau Tumpul Lunik, Pulau Rimau Balak Dan Pulau Kandang Balak Selatan, Perairan Lampung Selatan
Authors: Riniatsih Ita , Munasik Munasik , Suryono Chrisna Adi , Azizah Ria , Hartati Retno , Pribadi Rudhi , Subagiyo Subagiyo
Published: June 2018

Assosiation between macroalga and seagrass ecosystem in South Lampung has been determined.  There were 3 sampling locations, ie. Station 1 (Tumpul Lunik Island), Station 2 (Rimau Balak Island) and Station 3 (Kandang Balak Selatan Island). Observation of macroalga and seagrass were carried out using quadran transect method (0,5 x 0,5 m2) along 100 meter with 10 meter distance berween transect. It is done triplicates. The research showed that there were twelve species macroalgae belong to three families found in seagrass bed. Their distribution were varied. Highest density of macroalga was Halimeda makroloba in habitat of seagrass Enhalus acorides at around Pulau Tempul Lunik Island. The substrat was sand and rubble which support good growth of both species The presence of macroalgae in seagrass bed could be a competitor related to the space for live and nutrient utilization in the waters.   Keywords: macroalga, Halimeda macroloba, Enhalus acoroides, seagrass ecosystem  Pengamatan tentang asosiasi antara makroalga di ekosistem padang lamun perairan Lampung Selatan telah dilakukan. Lokasi pengamatan yang terbagi menjadi 3 stasiun, yaitu Stasiun 1 (Pulau Tumpul Lunik), Stasiun 2 (Pulau Rimau Balak) dan Stasiun 3 (Pulau Kandang Balak Selatan). Pengamatan makroalga dan lamun di masing-masing lokasi dilakukan dengan metoda transek kuadran (0,5 x 0,5 m) sepanjang 100 meter dengan jarak pengamatan setiap 10 meter untuk penghitungan dengan kuadran. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan ulangan sebanyak 3 kali garis transek di setiap stasiun pengamatan.  Duabelas jenis makroalga dari 3 Famili telah ditemukan di ekosistem padang lamun dengan sebaran kepadatan makroalga yang beragam. Kepadatan tertinggi makroalga ditemukan pada jenis Halimeda makroloba yang banyak ditemukan tumbuh pada habitat lamun Enhalus acorides di sekitar Pulau Tempul Lunik. Kondisi perairan yang bersubstrat dasar pasir dan pecahan karang sangat mendukung untuk pertumbuhan ke dua jenis vegetasi tersebut. Kehadiran makroalga di ekosistem padang lamun dapat menjadi kompetitor bagi keberadaan dan kondisi  penutupan lamun, terkait dengan persaingan dalam menempati ruang dan pemanfaatan nutrien di perairan. Kata kunci: makroalga, Halimeda macroloba, Enhalus acoroides, ekosistem padang lamun
Pemanfaatan Chitosan Dari Limbah Cangkang Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) sebagai Adsorben Logam Timbal (Pb)
Authors: Supriyantini Endang , Yulianto Bambang , Ridlo Ali , Sedjati Sri , Nainggolan Amtoni Caesario
Published: June 2018

AbstractUtilization of Chitosan From Wastewater Shell (Portunus pelagicus) as Lead Metal Adsorbent (Pb) Chitosan is able to be one solution to reducing the pollution of heavy metals in waters, as capable of binding of heavy metal ions by utilizing the amine and hydroxyl groups on chitosan. This research aims to know the adsorption ability of chitosan against heavy metals lead (Pb). Chitosan is made from the waste of a small crab attaching shells were taken from the village of Betahwalang, Demak. The method used is the method with the demineralisasi using 1 N HCl for 1 hour, deproteinasi with 3.5% NaOH for 1 h, and deasetilasi using NaOH 50% for 2 hours. FTIR analysis of the results showed the degree of Deasetilasi Chitosan of 80.30% with 36.84% yield. Solution of Pb of Pb (CH3COO)2 at a concentration of 10 mg/L is used as pollutants, and the concentration of chitosan used in adsorption process i.e. 1, 2, 4, and 8%. Stirring on the process of adsorption using a magnetic stirrer with a speed of 200 rpm for 30 minutes. The metal content of Pb in the chitosan is then analyzed using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric). The results showed that chitosan obtained from shell small crab attaching has the potential as a bioadsorben metals Pb, the concentration of chitosan 1, 2, 4, 8% & each have an absorbance of 8.31; 35.62; 45.24 & 57.74%. Keywords: Chitosan, metals Pb, Adsorption, crab Shells  AbstrakKitosan mampu menjadi salah satu solusi mengurangi pencemaran logam berat di perairan, karena mampu mengikat ion-ion logam berat dengan memanfaatkan gugus hidroksil dan amina yang terdapat pada chitosan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan adsorpsi chitosan terhadap logam berat Timbal (Pb). Chitosan dibuat dari limbah cangkang rajungan yang diambil dari desa Betahwalang, Demak. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kimia dengan demineralisasi menggunakan HCl 1 N selama 1 jam, deproteinasi dengan NaOH 3,5 % selama 1 jam, dan deasetilasi menggunakan NaOH 50 % selama 2 jam. Hasil analisis FTIR  menunjukkan Derajat Deasetilasi kitosan sebesar 80,30 % dengan rendemen 36,84 %. Larutan Pb dari  Pb(CH3COO)2 pada konsentrasi 10 mg/L digunakan sebagai polutan, dan konsentrasi chitosan yang digunakan pada proses adsorpsi yaitu 1, 2, 4, dan 8 %. Pengadukan pada proses adsorpsi menggunakan magnetic stirrer dengan kecepatan 200 rpm selama 30 menit. Kandungan logam Pb yang ada di dalam chitosan kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan  metode AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa chitosan yang didapatkan dari cangkang rajungan mempunyai potensi sebagai bioadsorben logam Pb, konsentrasi chitosan 1, 2, 4, & 8 %  masing-masing memiliki daya serap sebesar 8,31; 35,62 ; 45,24  & 57,74 %. Kata Kunci : Chitosan, logam Pb, Adsorpsi, Cangkang Rajungan