bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MONITORING POPULATION LEVELS OF EIGHT SPECIES OF NOCTUIDS WITH SEX-ATTRACTANT TRAPS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA, 1978–1983: CONGRUENCY OF YEAR-TO-YEAR FLUCTUATIONS IN INTRASPECIFIC DENSITY SHOWN BY SUBSETS OF MONITORING SITES
Authors: Byers J.R. , Struble D.L. , Schaalje G.B.
Published: November 2009

The abundance levels of eight species of cutworms and army worms were monitored with sex-attractant traps at 81 locations in a 13 000-km2 area of southern Alberta from 1978 to 1983. Year-to-year change in population levels could be consistently detected by monitoring at a relatively small number of locations. For all species, subsets of selected locations along transects, or random subsets of as few as five locations, showed year-to-year fluctuations in mean catch per trap that were similar in pattern to those of the whole monitored area. The results indicate that long-term surveillance monitoring of pest species of cutworms and armyworms to detect year-to-year population changes, and long-term trends, is feasible in terms of both the resource requirements and reliability of the relative population estimates.
APHID FECUNDITY, REPRODUCTIVE LONGEVITY, AND PARASITE DEVELOPMENT IN THE SCHIZAPHIS GRAMINUM (RONDANI)(HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) – LYSIPHLEBUS TESTACEIPES (CRESSON) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) SYSTEM
Authors: Kring T.J. , Kring J.B.
Published: November 2009

The fecundity and reproductive longevity of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) parasitized by Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) were determined in the laboratory under four temperature regimes. Daily reproduction by S. graminum declined rapidly after parasitization except at a relatively low temperature regime (12–16 °C). The mean progeny production by parasitized aphids of 2.75 ± 0.08 nymphs per parasitized adult was not significantly different than that for unparasitized aphids (2.94 ± 0.23 nymphs) during the period of time equal to the reproductive life of parasitized aphids. Reproductive longevity of parasitized aphids was longest at the lowest temperature (5.67 ± 0.25 days at 12–16 °C). No significant differences were observed in total progeny produced at different temperatures. The number of progeny within parasitized nulliparous adults (3.37 ± 0.33) as determined by dissections was not significantly different from the mean total progeny produced by parasitized aphids. Parasitization thus seems to interfere with oogenesis, but not with embryonic development or progeny deposition.
NOTES ON EUROPEANLONGITARSUSSPECIES INTRODUCED IN NORTH AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: ALTICINAE)
Authors: LeSage Laurent
Published: November 2009

Ecological data, distribution records, comments, and diagnostic features are given for eight European species ofLongitarsusLatreille introduced into North America:L.ferrugineus(Foudras);L.succineus(Foudras);L.luridus(Scopoli);L.jacobaeae(Waterhouse);L.ganglbaueriHeikertinger;L.pratensis(Panzer);L.pellucidus(Foudras); andL.rubiginosus(Foudras). The last two species are reported for the first time in North America.
INDUCTION AND AVERSION-LEARNING IN POLYPHAGOUS ARCTIID LARVAE (LEPIDOPTERA) IN AN ECOLOGICAL SETTING
Authors: Dethier V.G.
Published: November 2009

Induction and aversion-learning are two kinds of behavior modification that depend upon ingestion for their effect. Both have previously been demonstrated in laboratory experiments. The polyphagous, ground dwelling larvae of the arctiid Diacrisia virginica Fabr. have now been shown to experience these two kinds of behavior modification in the field under natural conditions. The adaptive value of aversion-learning is self-evident. The adaptive value of induction is obscure. Evidence is presented here showing that induction overcomes hierarchical specificity before the level of deprivation becomes critical. As a consequence, plants low in the hierarchy of acceptability become fully rather than marginally acceptable, thus minimizing interruptions in feeding. Interruption is known to engender deleterious physiological responses.
A PHENOLOGY MODEL AND FIELD EVALUATION OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALS.) VUILLEMIN (DEUTEROMYCOTINA: HYPHOMYCETES) MYCOSIS OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (HBN.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Feng Ziding , Carruthers Raymond I. , Larkin Timothy S. , Roberts Donald W.
Published: November 2009

A simulation model was developed to predict the timing of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.), larval mortality following exposure to Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin conidia. Model response was compared with laboratory and field data collected specifically for model validation. In laboratory validation experiments, four conidial doses of a B. bassiana isolate collected from the People’s Republic of China were applied to European corn borer larvae which were then incubated at fluctuating temperatures. Simulation results compared favorably with fungal development and mycosis under laboratory conditions. Field validation experiments showed that applications of B. bassiana to European corn borer neonates in whorl-stage corn resulted in mortality levels over 60% when conidia and European corn borers were placed on the plants on the same day. When B. bassiana conidia were placed on plants prior to European corn borers, mortality decreased linearly with time. Model predictions of the timing of European corn borer mortality were found to be accurate when B. bassiana conidia were placed on corn plants at the same time or prior to European corn borers. When European corn borers were placed on plants prior to conidia, the model underestimated the time to European corn borer death. Lack of model fit in this situation is thought to be due to delayed host and pathogen interactions on the corn plant rather than poor prediction of the physiological development of the disease.
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT, BEHAVIOR, AND HOST SYNCHRONY OF DACNUSA DRYAS (NIXON) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) PARASITIZING THE ALFALFA BLOTCH LEAFMINER, AGROMYZA FRONTELLA (RONDANI) (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)
Authors: Guppy J.C. , Meloche F. , Harcourt D.G.
Published: November 2009

Studies in eastern Ontario showed that the exotic parasite Dacnusa dryas (Nixon) typically has three generations a year that correspond seasonally to those of its host, the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rondani). The mature larvae of the third generation enter diapause in September and resume development in the spring. The egg – first instar interval, which occurs within the actively feeding leafminer, developed at rates similar to those of the host larva. The remaining two instars and the pupa, which occur within the host puparium, developed at rates similar to those of the host pupa; in the two non-diapausing generations, the durations of these stages decreased with rise in temperature from 13 to 23 °C. Coincidence of wasp flight and hatch of leafminer eggs was high in all three generations. This host–parasite synchrony results mainly from a sequence of three events during their life cycles: lack of development of the parasite beyond the first instar within the host larva, a temperature-dependent rate of development of the subsequent stages which is similar to that of the host pupa, and different overwintering strategies which result in the parasite emerging later than its host to sustain the relationship. Behavior of the parasite is described in relation to host detection, egg deposition, and reproduction.
REARING AND HOST AGE SUITABILITY OF FANNIA CANICULARIS (L.) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) FOR PARASITIZATION BY MUSCIDIFURAX ZARAPTOR KOGAN AND LEGNER (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)
Authors: Mandeville J. David , Mullens Bradley A. , Meyer Jeffery A.
Published: November 2009

The fecundity and sex ratio of progeny of Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner were assessed on <1-day-old to >9-day-old Fannia canicularis (L.) pupae. Two age classes of parasites (1 day old and 2–3 days old) were used. Host age did not significantly affect production of progeny. Mean number of progeny per female increased in both parasite age groups on 3 successive days of host-exposure as the parasites aged: 4.5, 7.4, and 10.4 progeny per female were produced for the 1-day-old parasites and 7.6, 10.4, and 11.8 progeny per female were produced for the 2- to 3-day-old parasites. Sex ratio of progeny was not significantly affected by host age, averaging 77% females (range 63–92%). Mass rearing of F. canicularis on used M. domestica medium is described.
PREDATION BY PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (SAY) ON MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE, EPILACHNA VARIVESTIS MULSANT, IN INDIANA SOYBEANS
Authors: O’Neil Robert J.
Published: November 2009

Daily rates of predation by Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on Mexican bean beetle larvae, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were measured in soybeans, Glycine max (L.). The number of Mexican bean beetle larvae attacked per predator per day remained consistently low throughout 2 years of study. Estimates of the area searched by P. maculiventris were calculated from the number of prey attacked, number of prey available for attack, and leaf area. As leaf area increased, P. maculiventris searched more area, demonstrating a search strategy shared with other predators of canopy-inhabiting prey in soybeans.
OVIPOSITION OF THE GALL MIDGE CYSTIPHORA SONCHI (BREMI) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) VIA THE STOMATA OF PERENNIAL SOWTHISTLE (SONCHUS ARVENSIS L.)
Authors: DeClerck Rosemarie A. , Steeves Taylor A.
Published: November 2009

Cystiphora sonchi (Bremi) females, fixed while ovipositing into leaves of perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis L.), were sectioned and then examined with a light microscope. Sections revealed that this gall-inducing species oviposited into leaves of sowthistle via the stomatal openings of the lower epidermis. Furthermore, sections of eggs and surrounding leaf tissues indicated that the epidermis was not punctured during oviposition.
NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF NORTH AMERICANTACHINUSGRAVENHORST (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: November 2009

Two new species,Tachinus beckerifrom northwestern British Columbia and southern Yukon Territory andT.californicusfrom southern California, are described and their major diagnostic characters illustrated with line drawings and scanning electron photomicrographs.Tachinus jacuticus campbelliis placed in synonymy withT.jacuticus jacuticusand a new subspecies,T.jacuticus ullrichi, from Quebec and Labrador is named.Tachinus thruppiHatch is removed from synonymy withT.frigidusand considered a valid species. BothT.thruppiandT.frigidusare redescribed and illustrated. A new, revised key to the species ofTachinusis included.New distributional data are presented for 40 species and new or revised distributional maps are presented for 24 species. Changes in classification ofTachinusproposed by Ullrich in his revision of the world species are reviewed and those that are accepted are incorporated into a revised classification of the North American species. These changes are included in a check list of the North and Central American species of the genus.
DENSITY, PARASITISM, AND DISEASE INCIDENCE OF LARVAE OF THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA WALKER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), IN MANITOBA, 1973–1986’
Authors: Turnock W. J.
Published: November 2009

Populations of larvae of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk., in four physiographic regions of Manitoba showed similar trends over time: a decline from the outbreak of 1971–1972 to very low densities in 1975–1977, an increase to a peak during the years 1979–1981, and a subsequent decline. During the period of peak larval populations, brief (1 or 2 years) outbreaks [at least some fields with > 20 larvae per square metre) occurred at five locations in two regions, the Swan River Plain and the Valley River Plain, but not in the Western Uplands or the Manitoba Lowlands. In the first two regions, larval densities rose rapidly (from < 1.6 to > 13.8/m2) in 1 year. Although the general trend of population density was similar, there were differences in density among and within regions, and in the timing, severity, and duration of peak populations. Two parasitoids (Banchus flavescens Cress., Athrycia cinerea (Coq.)) and two pathogens (a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and fungi of the Entomophthorales) occurred regularly in larval populations. Of these, B. flavescens had the highest constancy among collections and may help to keep bertha armyworm populations at low densities. NPV was rarely found among larvae from low-density populations but appeared in all populations that reached outbreak levels. No single biotic agent could be associated with the population declines because of multiple parasitism and the difficulty in partitioning mortality when only a single sample could be taken. The rapid increase of bertha armyworm larvae from very low to outbreak levels in 1 year will prevent predictions of outbreaks from being based on larval densities in the preceding year.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE NEARCTIC ORTHOCLADIINAE (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Cranston P. S. , Oliver D. R.
Published: November 2009

Five new species, Apometriocnemus beringensis, Cricotopus (Cricotopus) bifurcatus, Doithrix dillonae, Hydrobaenus piloculus, and Paratrissocladius lawrencensis, are described. The following new combinations are established: Bryophaenocladius astis (Roback 1951b); Compterosmittia nerius (Curran 1930); Parakiefferiella subaterrima (Malloch 1915); Paratrichocladius nitidus (Malloch 1915); Pseudosmittia nanseni (Kieffer 1926); and Zalutschia sivertseni (Aagard 1979). New genus name synonymies are Maricladius Sublette, 1970 with Parakiefferiella Thienemann, 1936; and Prosmittia Brundin, 1956 with Pseudosmittia Goetghebuer, 1932. New species name synonymies are Spaniotoma (Trichocladius) senex Johannsen, 1937 with Trichocladius nitidellus Malloch, 1915 (= Acricotopus nitidellus); Hydrobaenus traenis Roback, 1957b with Hydrobaenus astis Roback, 1957b (= Bryophaenocladius astis); Compterosmittia clavigera Saether, 1982 with Camptocladius nerius Curran, 1930 (= Compterosmittia nerius); Cricotopus flannagani Saether, 1971 with Cricotopus macraei Saether, 1971; Gymnometriocnemus marionensis Saether, 1969 with Metriocnemus subnudus Edwards, 1929 (= Gymnometriocnemus (Gymnometriocnemus) subnudus); Gymnometriocnemus (Raphidocladius) acigus Saether, 1983 with Metriocnemus brumalis Edwards, 1929 (= Gymnometriocnemus (Raphidocladius) brumalis); Limnophyes spatulosus Saether, 1975 with Limnophyes borealis Goetghebuer, 1933; Limnophyes cristatissimus Saether, 1975 with Camptocladius fumosus Johannsen, 1905 (= Limnophyes fumosus); Limnophyes hudsoni Saether, 1975 with Limnophyes immucronatus Saether, 1969; Hydrobaenus hudsoni Saether, 1977 with Chaetocladius (Parachaetocladius) abnobaeus Wülker, 1959 (= Parachaetocladius abnobaeus); Parakiefferiella torulata Saether, 1969 with Camptocladius subaterrimus Malloch, 1915 (= Parakiefferiella subaterrima); Trichocladius helis Roback, 1957b with Orthocladius nitidus Malloch, 1915 (= Paratrichocladius nitidus); Syncricotopus fontinalis Saether, 1969 with Chironomus rufiventris Meigen, 1830 (= Paratrichocladius rufiventris); Pseudorthocladius (Lordella) comans Saether and Sublette, 1983 with Pseudorthocladius (Lordella) wingoi Saether and Sublette, 1983; Smittia triappendiculata Goetghebuer, 1931 with Camptocladius forcipatus Goetghebuer, 1921 (= Pseudosmittia forcipatus); and Psilometriocnemus cristatus Saether, 1982 with Psilometriocnemus triannulatus Saether, 1969. Major new distribution records are given for 49 species including 8 Nearctic and 32 Canadian. A key to adult males of Nearctic Limnophyes is given.
THE EFFECTS OF A SPUNBONDED POLYESTER ROW COVER ON CAULIFLOWER YIELD LOSS CAUSED BY INSECTS
Authors: Millar Katherine V. , Isman Murray B.
Published: November 2009

A field trial was conducted to evaluate a spunbonded polyester row cover (Reemay) as a means of protecting cauliflower plants from insect pests. Total yield variables (curd weight, size, and color) did not differ significantly between plants under the row covers and those treated with insecticides, although plants under the row covers did produce a greater yield at an early harvest date. Plants in control plots failed to produce any marketable heads, owing to attack by cabbage maggots,Delia radicum(L.). Row covers may be a useful alternative to insecticides for pest control via physical exclusion of the key pest(s) from the crop plant.
EFFECTS OF BENZOYLPHENYLUREA INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS ON EGGS AND LARVAE OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (FABR.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Marshall D.B. , Pree D.J. , McGarvey B.D.
Published: November 2009

Three benzoylphenylurea insecticides, diflubenzuron, triflumuron, and teflubenzuron, were toxic when applied to eggs of Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.) 0–2 and 4–6 days post-oviposition. Most treated eggs hatched but larvae died in the early instars. High larval mortalities also occurred when treatments were applied to foliage prior to oviposition. Treatments applied to larvae, especially older larvae, were less toxic than those applied to eggs. In the field, control was similar whether insecticides were applied during egg deposition, first hatch of eggs, or against early-instar larvae. Applications during egg deposition are suggested as optimal for control. Control of spotted tentiform leafminer with insect growth regulators was equivalent to that obtained with deltamethrin or methomyl.

Residues of diflubenzuron and triflumuron, applied pre-bloom, persisted until leaf drop 19 weeks later. Residues of teflubenzuron persisted for 9 weeks. Populations of spotted tentiform leafminer were suppressed throughout the season and residues of all insect growth regulators except teflubenzuron applied in May were toxic to larvae into October.
A REVIEW OF THE GENUS PARABARROVIA GIBSON (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTION OF THE IMMATURE STAGES AND A NEW SPECIES
Authors: Lafontaine J.D. , Kononenko V.S.
Published: November 2009

The genus Parabarrovia Gibson, with one included species, P. keelei Gibson, was previously known from the original type material collected in the MacKenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, in northern Canada. The known range of P. keelei is extended to include other areas in Beringia, namely, Yukon (British Mountains), Alaska (Brooks Range and Seward Peninsula), and the USSR (Wrangel Island). The immature stages are described for the first time. A second species of Parabarrovia, P. ogilviensis Lafontaine, also known only from the Beringian area, is described from the Ogilvie Mountains, Yukon, Canada. The position of Parabarrovia within the Noctuidae is reviewed and the genus is tentatively retained within the subfamily Noctuinae. Adults, including genital characters, and the immature stages are described and illustrated for both species.
THE MADICOLOUS TIPULIDAE (DIPTERA) OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THE BIOLOGY AND IMMATURE STAGES OF DACTYLOLABIS MONTANA (OSTEN SACKEN) AND D. HUDSONICA ALEXANDER (DIPTERA: TIPULIDAE)
Authors: Sinclair B.J.
Published: November 2009

The Tipulidae occurring in madicolous habitats of eastern North America are briefly discussed. Biological information is given for Dactylolabis montana (Osten Sacken) and D. hudsonica Alexander. A larval key to separate them is provided, as well as descriptions of larvae and pupae for both species.
FIELD TESTS ON CONTROL OF THE IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) AND THE CABBAGE LOOPER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) BY MIXTURES OF MICROBIAL AND CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES
Authors: Jaques Robert P.
Published: November 2009

The efficacy of mixtures of permethrin and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner (B.t.), Autographa californica (Speyer) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ACNPV), or Pieris (= Artogeia) rapae (L.) granulosis virus (PRGV) against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), and the imported cabbageworm, P. rapae, was assessed by field plot tests. Protection of the crop and yield by plots treated with several of the reduced-dosage mixtures were similar to protection and yield by plots treated with permethrin at the full rate, demonstrating a feasible procedure for reducing the amount of chemical insecticide applied without sacrificing protection of the crop. Furthermore, efficacy of the biological component of the mixtures, B.t. or viruses, was frequently enhanced by low concentrations of the chemical component on the mixture.
TIMING OF INSECTICIDE APPLICATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY), (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), ON POTATOES IN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Boiteau G.
Published: November 2009

Different insecticide spray regimes were tested in 1984, 1985, and 1986 to determine the optimal time to control the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), on Russet Burbank potatoes in New Brunswick. Insecticides applied in mid-July at the peak of larval abundance when plants were entering into bloom had the greatest efficacy in controlling beetles and protecting the yield. A single insecticide application at 50% bloom was 12–17% and 82–95% more effective than one application at bloom and full growth, respectively.
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE AND INFESTATION POTENTIAL OF CABBAGE MAGGOT, DELIA RADICUM (L.) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), ATTACKING RUTABAGA IN MANITOBA AS DETERMINED BY CAPTURES OF FEMALES IN WATER TRAPS
Authors: Bracken G.K.
Published: November 2009

The seasonal activity and infestation potential of the cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), attacking rutabaga was studied at two Manitoba locations over 4 years based on captures of females in yellow water traps baited with alryl isothiocyanate. The activity peak for the overwintering generation occurred on 8 June ± 4.1 days (mean ± SD), with degree-day accumulations, base 5°C, of 159 ± 6.2 for soil at 5 cm and 387 ± 69.4 for air for both locations combined. The activity peak for the first generation occurred on 12 August ± 11.7 days with degree-day accumulations of 981 ± 229.3 and 1295 ± 175.7 for soil and air temperatures, respectively.

Correlations between numbers of females trapped per week and of eggs in soil samples from around rutabaga plants for individual seasons at the two locations generally were not significant. A regression of numbers of eggs on females trapped based on all data was significant but had a low coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.289). The water traps are adequate for monitoring seasonal activity of adult flies but the captures are unreliable as quantitative indicators of potential infestation.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE NORTH AMERICAN TIGER BEETLE,CICINDELA H1RTICOLLISSAY, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF FIVE NEW SUBSPECIES (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE)
Authors: Graves Robert C. , Krejci Mark E. , Graves Anne C.F.
Published: November 2009

Cicindela hirticollisSay 1817 is associated with shoreline and riverine sand deposits and is widely distributed in North America. Geographic variation in this species was analyzed by multivariate analysis of size, elytral markings, and color data obtained from some 4000 specimens from 75 sites throughout the species distribution. Eleven subspecies are recognized and discussed:C.h.hirticollisSay,gravidaLeC.,ponderosaThorns.,abruptaCsy.,rhodensisCalder,corpusculaRumpp,shelfordi,athabascensis,coloradula,couleensis, andsiuslawensisGraves. Possible Pleistocene réfugia, and redistribution of the species following continental glaciation are discussed. Theoretical advantages of certain variants in particular climates or on certain substrates, are considered.Cicindela hirticollishas been eliminated or is endangered in many of its former habitats due to human activities.

Five new subspecies are described:C.h.shelfordi(type locality: Guthrie, OK) which inhabits the Great Plains region;C.h.athabascensisfrom the Lake Athabasca Sand Dunes of Saskatchewan and Alberta;C.h.coloradulafrom the Little Colorado River, AZ;C.h.couleensis(type locality: Vantage, WA) which is distributed in the Columbia–Snake river system of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho; andC.h.siuslawensis(type locality: Florence, OR) which inhabits the Pacific coast of Oregon and Washington.
A REVIEW OF THEOENEIS POLIXENES(FABRICIUS) (LEPIDOPTERA: SATYRINAE) COMPLEX IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Troubridge James T. , Parshall David K.
Published: November 2009

North American species of theOeneis polixenes(Fabricius, 1775) complex are reviewed. Two new subspecies,Oeneis polixenes luteusandOeneis polixenes woodi, as well as one new species,Oeneis philipi, are described from northwestern North America.Oeneis polixenes peartiae(Edwards, 1897) is synonymized withOeneis polixenes subhyalina(Curtis, 1835).
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS MONOTARSOBIUS (CHILOPODA: LITHOBIIDAE) FROM JAPAN
Authors: Ishii Kiyoshi
Published: November 2009

A species of the genus Monotarsobius, M. kojimai sp. nov., is described from Japan. This species is characterized by having a notable swelling on the dorsal side of tarsus I of the 15th leg in the male.
EFFECTS OF SAGEBRUSH REMOVAL AND LEGUME INTERSEEDING ON RANGELAND GRASSHOPPER POPULATIONS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Hewitt George B. , Onsager Jerome A.
Published: November 2009

Grasshopper density and species composition were determined from 1982 to 1985 in four 75-ha pastures in the northern mixed prairie region near Miles City, MT. Treatment in two pastures consisted of sagebrush removal and interseeding alfalfa and cicer milkvetch. Two pastures were not treated. The treated pastures were grazed only half as long as the untreated pastures but with twice the number of steers. Forage yield decreased in all pastures from 1983 to 1985 because of below-average precipitation and grasshopper density increases. In one pasture, 10% of the legume seedlings were destroyed by grasshoppers. The annual rates of increase in total grasshopper presence were similar in treated and untreated pastures. However, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.), which eats forbs and is a strong flyer, increased more in treated than untreated pastures; six additional abundant species, all of which were grass feeders, did not increase more in treated pastures. Thus, treatments did not markedly affect total grasshopper population trends but did influence species composition and provided additional food plants for some species.
FACTORS AFFECTING MORTALITY OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (HÜBNER), IN ALBERTA
Authors: Lee Dennis A.
Published: November 2009

A combination of laboratory and field trials, from 1983 to 1985, were used to determine mortality factors affecting all life stages of Alberta populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), feeding on corn. The resulting life table demonstrated that greatest mortality occurred during the first and second larval instars (62.2%), when mature larvae are in diapause (69.5%), and from moth migration and loss in reproductive potential (70.3%). Stages where mortality was slight included the egg stage (11.7%), non-diapausing third- to fifth-instar larvae (2%), and pupae (10.4%).

Laboratory trials showed that greater egg mortality occurred at relative humidities (RH) of 35 and 55% than at a RH of 75%. In the field, egg parasitism was nil, predation of early-instar larvae (5.2%) and diapausing larvae (6%) was low, and parasitoids were scarce (emerging from ca. 2% of pupae). Sustained periods of hot, dry weather with high moisture stress were related to mortality of both eggs and early-instar larvae. Death of early-instar larvae also was related to periods of rainy weather with low evaporation. The 64% non-diapause larval mortality was much lower than that reported elsewhere. The dramatic increase in the corn borer since its recent introduction to Alberta may be due to a lack of natural enemies, and because only non-resistant corn hybrids are grown.
A BUCKET EMERGENCE TRAP FOR CORTICOLOUS INSECTS
Authors: Moeck Henry A.
Published: November 2009

An emergence trap for bark-inhabiting insects was constructed out of a 22.7-L plastic pail. Screened windows in the sides of the bucket provided ventilation. A plastic funnel in the bottom of the bucket held one of three sizes of container for live- or dead-trapping of emerged insects. In laboratory and field tests with lodgepole pine bolts infested with mountain pine beetle and associated insects, the traps had a trapping efficiency of 97.5%.
NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION LEVELS, AND CONTROL OFGRAPHOLITA LIBERTINAHEINR. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), A PEST OF LINGONBERRIES IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Morris Ray F. , Penney B.G. , Greenslade G. , Hendrickson P.A. , McRae K.B.
Published: November 2009

Grapholita libertinaHeinr. larvae are a pest of economic importance in lingonberries (partridgeberries),Vaccinium vitis-idaeaL. var.minusLodd, in Newfoundland. Both domestic and export markets are affected. Surveys conducted during the period 1973–1982 to determine distribution and larval population levels, in localities where berries were harvested commercially, indicated they were infested to varying intensities in all 15 localities studied. Highest infestations occurred at Pouch Cove (5 September 1974 — 122 larvae per kilogram of ripe berries) and on Witless Bay Line (9 August 1977 — 276 larvae per kilogram of green berries).

In experiments conducted from 1980 to 1982 at six locations, there was a significant decrease in level of infestation as the crop reached maturity. Our results suggest that delaying the opening of the lingonberry harvest season until the last week of September decreased the risk of infestation.

Observations on the life history ofG.libertinaand a naturally occurring hymenopterous parasite are presented.
PARASITES AND PREDATORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PONDEROSA PINE TIP MOTH, RHYACIONIA ZOZANA (KEARFOTT) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN CALIFORNIA AND OREGON
Authors: Niwa Christine G.
Published: November 2009

Sixteen hymenopteran and one dipteran species of parasites were recovered from Rhyacionia zozana (Kearfott) larvae and pupae collected in California and Oregon. Total percentage parasitism was high, averaging 47.2% in quantitative studies. The ichneumonid wasp, Glypta zozanae Walley and Barron, was the most abundant parasite, attacking over 30% of the hosts collected. Parasitization rates were presented for each parasite species recovered. Two suspected predators, Phyllobaenus binotatus (Chapin) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and Leptothorax sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), were found in association with R. zozana cocoons. A single Aegilips sp. (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) was recovered from a host cocoon; the relation between this parasite and R. zozana is as yet undetermined. Parasite biologies were discussed.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFICACY AND ECONOMIC RETURNS OF AERIAL SPRAYS AGAINST THE WHEAT MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Elliott R.H.
Published: November 2009

Evaluations of individually collected wheat heads and whole plants indicated that several factors may influence the efficacy of aerial sprays against the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin). These factors related to methods of assessing midge damage, condition of wheat heads during spraying, and methods of spray application. Location- and distribution-related influences also were important.

Efficacy assessments were based on reductions in midge larvae, midge-damaged kernels, and percentage kernel damage. The latter data were confounded by differences in kernel numbers within wheat heads. In head and plant samples, sprays were more effective at reducing numbers of midge larvae than reducing the incidence of midge-damaged kernels. Evaluations of individual heads overestimated the efficacy of sprays in whole plants which contained one primary and two tiller heads. Sprays provided more effective midge control and kernel protection in the primary heads, which emerged before spraying, than tiller heads, which emerged mainly after spraying. Protection was usually better in apical than basal regions of each head type. In whole plants, efficacy declined as tillering increased.

Plant evaluations indicated that the high-volume (37.4 L water per hectare) chlorpyrifos spray provided the best midge control and kernel protection (95% and 87%, respectively), followed by the low-volume (18.7 L water per hectare) chlorpyrifos spray (87% and 76%, respectively), and low-volume dimethoate spray (66% and 53%, respectively). When improvements in both yield and grade were considered and calculations based on 1987/1988 wheat prices, net returns from the three aerial sprays ranged from $62 to $113 Canadian per hectare. Long-term benefits of the sprays probably were less favourable. Reduction in wheat midge after spraying would negate the benefits of an egg–larval parasite, Pirene penetrans (Kirby), which was present in low numbers.
ISOLATION OF ASPERGILLUS PARASITICUS SPEARE AND BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALS.) VUILLEMIN FROM MELANOPLINE GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) AND DEMONSTRATION OF THEIR PATHOGENICITY IN MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (FABRICIUS)
Authors: Moore K.C. , Erlandson M.A.
Published: November 2009

Aspergillus parasiticus Speare and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin were isolated from melanopline grasshoppers in Saskatchewan in 1986 and 1987. The pathogenicity of these isolates for Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) nymphs was assessed by topical, oral, and injected applications of 1.0 × 103, 104, or 105 conidia per individual. The A. parasiticus isolate was pathogenic to M. sanguinipes by injection and topical application but not orally. The B. bassiana isolate was pathogenic when injected or topically applied resulting in high mortality (82–100%), at all doses tested, between days 3 and 5 post-inoculation. Beauveria bassiana was infectious, at the highest dose tested, when orally applied with the majority of mortality occurring between 7 and 14 days post-inoculation.
SURVIVAL OF LARCH CASEBEARERS, COLEOPHORA LARICELLA (HUBNER), ON FOLIAGE OF EIGHT SEEDLING CONIFERS
Authors: Ramsay Carol A. , Long Garrell E.
Published: November 2009

A no-choice feeding study was used to evaluate larch casebearer development and survival on eight species of conifer seedlings and two foliar stages of larch from molting to the fourth-instar larvae through adult eclosion. Percentage survival through adult eclosion varied on foliage of western larch (spring—flush stage, 44%; fall—bud set stage, 23%), Douglas-fir (40%), grand fir (26%), Englemann spruce (26%), western white pine (10%), and lodgepole pine (6%). No survival occurred on ponderosa pine or western hemlock. The rate of development differed among conifer seedling species, and between foliar stages of larch.
SWEETPOTATO WHITEFLY BEMISIA TABACI (GENNADIUS) (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE), A POTENTIAL INSECT PEST IN CANADA
Authors: Broadbent A.B. , Foottit R.G. , Murphy G.D.
Published: November 2009

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), was accidentally imported into Canada on poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd., cuttings from the United States in 1987 and in 1988. The biology and population dynamics of B. tabaci were reviewed by Butler et al. (1986). It is a worldwide pest of more than 500 plant species in 74 families. Prior to 1986, there was only one report of this insect as a greenhouse pest, on vegetables in Turkey (Lopez-Avila and Cock 1986). Bemisia tabaci was first reported on poinsettia in Florida greenhouses in November 1986 (Price et al. 1987). In 1987, this insect was reported as a pest on field tomatoes in Florida (Schuster and Price 1987).
DESCRIPTION OF THE LIFE STAGES OF MACROGLENES PENETRANS (KIRBY) (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA, PTEROMALIDAE), A PARASITOID OF THE WHEAT MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Doane J.F. , DeClerck-Floate R. , Arthur A.P. , Affolter F.
Published: November 2009

The life stages of Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby), an egg–larval parasitoid of the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), are described. The mean length and width, respectively, of 25 parasitoid eggs deposited in host eggs were 0.105 ± 0.008 (SD) mm and 0.041 ± 0.006 mm. Mature oocytes were 0.131 ± 0.008 mm long by 0.038 ± 0.004 mm wide, slightly larger than laid eggs.

A frequency distribution of head width (HW) indicated two larval instars during the feeding period. During development, the HW of the first instar remains almost constant at about 0.03 mm whereas body length (BL) increases from about 0.15 to about 0.3 mm. Both HW and BL increase in the second instar from about 0.15 and 0.49 to 0.34 and 1.05 mm, respectively, for mature larvae. The third instar does not feed and is characterized by hook-like "pseudomandibles" and four incurving spines on the terminal segment. The pupa is adectious exarate. Adults are about 2 mm long, shiny bluish-black, and have translucent wings. Males have prominent rust-coloured eyes; eyes of females are less prominent and fuscous.
ALLOZYME VARIATION INHALICTUS RUBICUNDUS(CHRIST): A PRIMITIVELY SOCIAL HALICTINE BEE (HYMENOPTERA: HALICTIDAE)
Authors: Packer Laurence , Owen Robin E.
Published: November 2009

Halictus rubicundus(Christ) is a primitively eusocial halictine bee. Studies of electrophoretic variation at 48 loci for 37 enzymes with an average of 38 bees per locus provided an expected heterozygosity of 0.038 ± 0.018 for a population from Vancouver, B.C. This value is well within the range found for other primitively eusocial bees and wasps. Comparisons of allozyme mobilities made among samples from France, Alberta, and Vancouver indicated that there are some genetic differences, with the French sample appearing particularly distinct. The lociDiaph,G3pdh-1, and6Pgd-1had variants with both alleles at high frequency within the Vancouver population. These loci could provide good estimates of the average relatedness between nest mates.
DRIFT OF AQUATIC INSECTS FOLLOWING METHOXYCHLOR TREATMENT OF THE SASKATCHEWAN RIVER SYSTEM
Authors: Dosdall Lloyd M. , Lehmkuhl Dennis M.
Published: November 2009

Drift of aquatic insects was compared at three sites downstream (21, 38, and 107 km) from methoxychlor treatment (0.3 mg. L−1 for 15 min) of the North Saskatchewan River, relative to an upstream untreated site. Species of Diptera (Simuliidae), Ephemeroptera (Baetidae, Heptageniidae, Ephemerellidae, Ametropodidae, Metretopodidae, and Tricorythidae), Plecoptera (Perlodidae and Chloroperlidae), Trichoptera (Hydropsychidae and Hydroptilidae), and Hemiptera (Corixidae) were studied. Drift responses differed depending on species, distance from the injection site, and time after methoxychlor injection. Exposure to methoxychlor initiated catastrophic drift of aquatic insects at all downstream sites. Of 22 species compared before treatment and following methoxychlor injection, post-treatment drift of 17, 21, and 13 species significantly exceeded pre-treatment drift at the km 21, 38, and 107 sites, respectively. Methoxychlor treatment initiated or increased drift of several normally non-drifting species. Similar drift patterns were observed among closely related taxa during the catastrophic phase. For all species studied, comparisons of 24-h drift densities between days preceding and following the catastrophic phase of treatment indicated significant post-treatment drift density increases or decreases at one or more of the downstream sites, but not at the untreated site. Species were classified according to their drift responses to methoxychlor treatment. Factors that may have caused different drift responses among species are discussed.
STATUS OF THE PARASITE AGRYPON FLAVEOLATUM (GRAVENHORST) (HYMENOPTERA, ICHNEUMONIDAE), INTRODUCED TO CONTROL THE WINTER MOTH IN NOVA SCOTIA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Barron John R.
Published: November 2009

Agrypon flaveolatum (Gravenhorst), introduced from Europe to control the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), on apple and oak in Nova Scotia and British Columbia, was distinguished from the closely related native species, A. provancheri (Dalla Torre) and A. alaskensis (Ashmead). A detailed study of the three species revealed that they could be distinguished by specific morphological characters and by results of morphometric analyses of intra- and inter-specific variation of number of annuli of the antennal flagellum. The history of introductions of both the host and parasite is reviewed, including an account of host–parasite interactions. All of the characters defining species entities were found to be correlated with differences in host insect, host plant, and distribution.
TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN LOCUST: MORPHOMETRIC COMPARISONS OF MELANOPLUS SPRETUS (WALSH) WITH SOLITARY AND MIGRATORY MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (F.)
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2009

Morphometric analysis of 16 body measurements of migratory and solitary Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) and M. spretus (Walsh) was used to determine if M. spretus was, in fact, the migratory phase of M. sanguinipes. Migratory M. sanguinipes was found to be more similar to its own solitary phase than to M. spretus. Melanoplus spretus resembled migratory M. sanguinipes, but in 14 comparisons M. spretus differed significantly from both solitary and migratory M. sanguinipes. Despite the potential for environmental variation obscuring differences in morphology, the divergent morphometric characters of M. spretus and the phases of M. sanguinipes appear to justify the status of M. spretus as a true species.
EVALUATION OF THREE TRAP DESIGNS FOR THE CAPTURE OF CONIFER-FEEDING BEETLES AND OTHER FOREST COLEOPTERA
Authors: Chénier J.V.R. , Philogène B.J.R.
Published: November 2009

Sticky stovepipe traps, flight interception traps, and Lindgren multiple-funnel traps were baited with conifer monoterpenes and ethanol to capture conifer-feeding beetles and their associates. Of the more than 6000 beetles captured, 74.6% were caught by stovepipe traps, 14.8% by interception traps, and 10.7% by multiple-funnel traps. Dominant families were the Scolytidae (14.5% of all beetles captured), Elateridae (14.4%), Lampyridae (12.1%), Cerambycidae (12.0%), Cleridae (10.5%), Curculionidae (9.3%), Staphylinidae (4.0%), and Buprestidae (3.4%), with other families accounting for 19.8% of specimens captured. Conifer-feeding species in the families Buprestidae, Melandryidae, Cerambycidae, Scolytidae, and Curculionidae and their predators (Cleridae) were captured in greatest numbers by the sticky stovepipe traps; the interception traps generally captured the fewest specimens. The sticky stovepipe traps may be superior because they offer a distinct vertical silhouette to approaching insects.
A SIMULATION MODEL OF NORTHERN CORN ROOTWORM, DIABROTICA BARBERI SMITH AND LAWRENCE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), POPULATION DYNAMICS AND OVIPOSITION: SIGNIFICANCE OF HOST PLANT PHENOLOGY
Authors: Naranjo Steven E. , Sawyer Alan J.
Published: November 2009

Based on field and laboratory research, a simulation model was developed that describes the within-season population dynamics and oviposition of adult northern corn rootworm beetles, Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence, in field corn, Zea mays L. Particular emphasis was placed on the role of host plant phenology. Overall goals were to examine the contribution of insect dispersal to the dynamics of single fields, and provide a means of examining the factors influencing insect/plant synchrony and the relationship between adult abundance, oviposition, and crop phenology. The model is process-oriented and integrates component models for corn phenology, and adult emergence, mortality, dispersal, reproductive development, and oviposition.

Comparison of field data with simulations excluding dispersal generally indicated a net emigration of beetles from corn fields on a season-long basis; however, the timing and magnitude of dispersal from fields were strongly influenced by the relative timing of corn flowering, beetle sex, and the reproductive maturity of females. Simulation and field data were used to describe and estimate the parameters of a component model for dispersal incorporating these features. Various component models and the overall system model were validated against independent field data. The model provided adequate prediction of adult emergence and crop phenology for three varieties on which it was based, but consistently underpredicted total oviposition and poorly predicted the phenology of two different corn varieties. Overall, the model accurately predicted seasonal population trends, the relative abundance of mature females, and the relationship between adult abundance and oviposition.
ANALYSIS OF A SIMULATION MODEL OF NORTHERN CORN ROOTWORM, DIABROTICA BARBERI SMITH AND LAWRENCE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), DYNAMICS IN FIELD CORN, WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR POPULATION MANAGEMENT
Authors: Naranjo Steven E. , Sawyer Alan J.
Published: November 2009

Analyses were performed on a simulation model describing the population dynamics of adult Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence in field corn. Overall goals were to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of this insect/plant system and explore possibilities for improved population management. Parametric sensitivity analyses revealed that model behavior was moderately sensitive to changes in the timing of female emergence, rates of immature female dispersal at peak flower, fecundity, and rates of reproductive development. Model behavior was highly sensitive to changes in age-specific oviposition rates, and to factors determining the seasonal timing and duration of the flowering period of corn. Alteration of planting dates, variations in seasonal temperature patterns, and year-to-year variation in beetle dispersal patterns greatly affected the simulated relationship between adult abundance, oviposition, and crop phenology, and the synchronization of beetle populations with flowering corn. Factorial analyses indicated that manipulation of planting dates, variety, and the duration of the flowering period represent equivalent alternatives for reducing site-specific oviposition. Factorial analyses further suggested that the timing of emergence and dispersal, relative to flowering, are the major factors contributing to the presence of beetles during the flowering period, but their relative contributions depend on the seasonal time of flowering. The timing of emergence is more important in early-flowering fields but dispersal becomes more important for fields flowering later in the season. Simulation was used to examine the relationship between adult abundance, oviposition, and crop phenology and to formalize hypothetical improvements in current action thresholds for making recommendations for corn rootworm control based on adult sampling. Overall, analyses have allowed important insights into the behavior of this insect/plant system.
REVISION OF THE GENUS ELASMODERUS SAUSSURE (ORTHOPTERA: TRISTIRIDAE)
Authors: Cigliano Maria Marta , Ronderos Ricardo A. , Kemp William P.
Published: November 2009

Numerical analyses were performed on three nominal species of the family Tristiridae. The synonymy existing between Philippiacris Liebermann and Elasmoderus Saussure is corroborated. Philippiacris rabiosus Liebermann is placed in synonymy under Elasmoderus lutescens (Blanchard) as a morphotype. The new combination Elasmoderus wagenknechti (Liebermann) is proposed, and a new species from Chile, Elasmoderus minutus, is erected.
STRIDULATION AND ASSOCIATED BEHAVIOR OF THE NATIVE ELM BARK BEETLEHYLURGOPINUS RUFIPES(EICHHOFF) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Swedenborg Paul D. , Jones Richard L. , Ryker Lee C.
Published: November 2009

Male native elm bark beetles,Hylurgopinus rufipes(Eichhoff), had distinctive simple multipulse stress and rivalry chirps, and a bimodally patterned premating stridulation at the gallery site. Males were strongly arrested at attractive female galleries. Not all female galleries were attractive to males. For a short period after the arrival of the first (resident) male, conspecific males often contested the resident male. Stridulation by females was not detected.