bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On outdoor testing procedures of large samples of PV modules
Authors: Lorenzo Eduardo , Moretón Rodrigo , Solorzano Jorge , Martinez‐Moreno Francisco , del Pozo Miguel , Muñoz Mikel
Published: September 2023

STC power control of PV module supply requires testing large samples of modules with low uncertainty. This paper analyses the feasibility of outdoor measurements with the modules kept at their operating positions. The classical procedure of recording I‐V curves and translating them to STC in accordance with IEC‐60891:2021 using the cell temperature directly observed at a few points of the rear of the module entails expanded uncertainties larger than 3% (k = 2), which is too much for this procedure being accepted in quality controls with contractual consequences. A convenient procedure for overcoming this barrier consists in comparing the I‐V curves of a tested and a reference module of the same type, both working under the same operating conditions. The latter is mostly secured if they are in adjacent positions. However, when the procedure is applied to large samples of PV modules kept in their operating positions, the distance between both modules can reach tens of meters and significant inter‐module temperature differences can arise. A method for counterbalancing these differences consists of correcting the measured power values by considering the temperature difference observed at the back‐sheet centres of the tested and the reference modules. That also provides clues to estimating the uncertainty of the results. This procedure has been applied in seven testing campaigns, carried out at commercial PV plants. Dedicated instrumentation, based on two radio linked I‐V tracers, allowing the simultaneous measurement of the I‐V curves and of the temperature at the centres of the reference and the tested modules, has been developed for that. The resulting uncertainties are similar to those corresponding to high‐quality solar simulators and low enough for dealing, in practice, with strict quality control requirements.
Die Geheimnisse hochdichter Materie
Authors: Bauswein Andreas
Published: September 2023

Die extremen Bedingungen bei der Kollision zweier Neutronensterne erzeugen starke Gravitationswellen und elektromagnetische Strahlung, die viel über die innere Struktur der Sterne verraten. Insbesondere können Beobachtungen mit Gravitationswellen‐Detektoren und Teleskopen helfen, die Zustandsgleichung hochdichter Materie zu bestimmen und damit mehr über deren fundamentale Bausteine und Wechselwirkungen zu erfahren. Zahlreiche Einschränkungen konnten schon abgeleitet werden. Neue Observatorien versprechen, weitere Geheimnisse in nicht allzu ferner Zukunft zu lüften.
Eichtheorien im Quantensimulator
Authors: Ott Robert , Hauke Philipp
Published: September 2023

Quantensimulatoren versprechen die kontrollierte Untersuchung komplexer Fragestellungen auf verschiedenen Gebieten der Physik. Eine vielversprechende Forschungsrichtung ist dabei die Quantensimulation von Eichtheorien, die etwa die Grundkräfte der Natur im Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik verkörpern. Hierbei werden die quantenmechanischen Felder mithilfe kontrollierter Quantensysteme im Labor gezielt nachgestellt. Dieser Artikel stellt die analoge Quantensimulation von Eichtheorien anhand des Beispiels einer vereinfachten, eindimensionalen Form der Quantenelektrodynamik vor. Wir beschreiben die Implementierung von elektrischen Feldern und Ladungen mithilfe ultrakalter Atome in optischen Gittern und diskutieren Fragen der Zeitentwicklung und Thermalisierung des Quantenvielteilchensystems. Eine besondere Herausforderung ist hierbei die Implementierung der Eichinvarianz – die definierende Eigenschaft der Eichtheorien, welche zentral für deren besondere Eigenschaften ist. In Zukunft könnten Eichtheorie‐Quantensimulatoren es uns ermöglichen, eine Reihe bisher unbeobachteter – und theoretisch ungelöster – Phänomene zu untersuchen. Ein Beispiel ist die volle quantenmechanische Dynamik des Schwinger‐Effekts, der bei extrem hohen elektrischen Feldstärken die Paarerzeugung von Elektronen und Positronen vorhersagt.
Nanoglas sinterfrei in 3D gedruckt
Authors: Bauer Jens
Published: September 2023

Nanometerfeine Strukturen aus Quarzglas, die sich direkt auf Halbleiterchips drucken lassen, erzeugt ein am Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) entwickeltes Verfahren. Ein hybrides organisch‐anorganisches Polymerharz dient als Ausgangsmaterial für den 3D‐Druck von Siliziumdioxid. Da das Verfahren ohne Sintern auskommt, sind die dazu erforderlichen Temperaturen deutlich niedriger als sonst. Zugleich ermöglicht eine höhere Auflösung Nanophotonik mit sichtbarem Licht.
Comprehensive insight on protein modification by V‐type agent: A chemical proteomic approach employing bioorthogonal reaction
Authors: Xing Meining , Wang Shuo , Cui Fangfang , Liu Haibo , Zhang Xiangye , Gao Zhenhua , Ying Wantao , Shi Enxue
Published: September 2023

Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) such as chemical agents and pesticides are posing critical threats to civilians due to their irreversible phosphonylation of diverse amino acids residues forming different protein adducts. However, traditional analytical approaches are quite limited in capturing the myriad of post‐translational events that affect protein functions, especially in identifying the low‐abundance OP adducts. Herein a systematic proteomic strategy based on a typical click‐enrich‐release‐identify bioorthogonal operation was firstly developed by employing an alkynyl‐tagged V‐type agent probe (AVP) and a biotin‐based azido‐enrichment linker (BTP‐N3). AVP targeting peptides from human serum albumin (HSA) or plasma were captured by BTP‐N3 via CuAAC click reaction, enriched by streptavidin beads, released by selective alkaline hydrolysis of phenacyl ester bond, and subsequently sequenced by LC‐MS/MS. This strategy has helped identifying 1115 unique OP adduction sites on 163 proteins in human plasma, and covers lots of OP adducts that cannot be achieved by traditional detection methods. The comprehensive coverage of novel OP substrates provided a general and sensitive approach to retrospective verification and/or dose assessment of toxic OPs.
The effects of Quercetin supplementation on cardiometabolic outcomes: An umbrella review of meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Arabi Seyyed Mostafa , Shahraki Jazinaki Mostafa , Chambari Mahla , Bahrami Leila Sadat , Maleki Mohsen , Sukhorukov Vasily N. , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: September 2023

Background

Quercetin is a bioactive flavonoid, but the effect of it on cardiometabolic factors has remained uncertain and previous findings from meta‐analyses have been controversial.

Objective

To provide an overview of the effects of Quercetin on cardiometabolic factors based on meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Method

MEDLINE, SciVerse Scopus, and Clarivate Analytics Web of Science databases were searched to identify eligible publications. As part of the umbrella review, we summarized pooled estimates, 95% CIs, heterogeneity, and publication bias. A GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach was used to rate the certainty of evidence.

Results

Five meta‐analyses including 18 eligible RCTs plus 5 RCTs that were not included in previous meta‐analyses were found. The results indicated Quercetin does not affect diastolic blood pressure (DBP), lipid profile, inflammation, anthropometric indices, fasting plasma glucose (FBG), and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR). However, Quercetin supplementation could significantly reduce systolic blood pressure (SBP) (weighted mean difference (WMD): −1.9, 95% CI = −3.2 to −0.6, I2 = 88.3%) and insulin level (WMD: −1.07, 95% CI = −1.9 to −0.1, I2 = 75.0%). The certainty of evidence ranged from very low to moderate.

Conclusion

Quercetin supplementation has reducing effects on SBP and insulin levels but not other cardiometabolic parameters. More high‐quality trials with longer follow‐up durations may be required to obtain a more robust conclusion.
A mariner's tale: Invasive endotracheal Mycobacterium marinum infection
Authors: Bell Peter T. , Anderson James , Coulter Christopher , Dettrick Andrew J. , Burke Andrew , Baird Timothy
Published: September 2023

Mycobacterium marinum is a ubiquitous water‐borne non‐tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pathogen. In humans, M. marinum infections are acquired through direct inoculation of skin wounds and are almost exclusively localized to skin and soft tissues. Pulmonary infection with M. marinum is extremely rare, and to our knowledge, invasive endobronchial disease has not been reported. Here, we present a case of a 71‐year‐old immunocompetent male surfer with invasive endotracheal M. marinum granulomatous disease. The patient was successfully cured with a regimen of azithromycin 250 mg daily, ethambutol 900 mg (15 mg/kg) daily and rifampicin 600 mg daily for 12 months following culture conversion. This case highlights several important concepts: Firstly, M. marinum infection, including invasive endobronchial infection, should be considered a rare cause of NTM pulmonary disease. Secondly, endotracheal infection can be successfully eradicated with this selected therapeutic regimen. Finally, the absence of M. marinum skin or soft‐tissue infection in this patient, raises the possibility that human disease might also be acquired via inhalation of M. marinum contaminated water in rare circumstances.
Emerging structural and pathological analyses on the erectile organ, corpus cavernous containing sinusoids
Authors: Hashimoto Daiki , Fujimoto Kota , Kim Sang Woon , Lee Yong Seung , Nakata Masanori , Suzuki Kentaro , Wada Yoshitaka , Asamura Shinichi , Yamada Gen
Published: September 2023

Background

The corpus cavernosum (CC) containing sinusoids plays fundamental roles for erection. Analysis of pathological changes in the erectile system is studied by recent experimental systems. Various in vitro models utilizing genital mesenchymal‐derived cells and explant culture systems are summarized.

Methods

3D reconstruction of section images of murine CC was created. Ectopic chondrogenesis in aged mouse CC was shown by a gene expression study revealing the prominent expression of Sox9. Various experimental strategies utilizing mesenchyme‐derived primary cells and tissue explants are introduced.

Main Findings

Possible roles of Sox9 in chondrogenesis and its regulation by several signals are suggested. The unique character of genital mesenchyme is shown by various analyses of external genitalia (ExG) derived cells and explant cultures. Such strategies are also applied to the analysis of erectile contraction/relaxation responses to many signals and aging process.

Conclusion

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the essential topics for the modern aged society. More comprehensive studies are necessary to reveal the nature of the erectile system by combining multiple cell culture strategies.
Optimized indirect adaptive robust control for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with time‐varying parameters
Authors: Chen Xiao , Deng Wenxiang , Yao Jianyong , Ge Yaowen
Published: September 2023

This paper concerns high‐accuracy tracking control and parameter estimation for semi‐strict feedback systems with unknown time‐varying parameters. The unsmooth and discontinuous parameters and matrix parameters are all taken into consideration. An optimized indirect adaptive controller based on Z‐swapping and improved least‐square algorithm is developed to handle parametric and unmolded uncertainties simultaneously. Each design index of this adaptive law can be adjusted freely according to the order of the magnitude of unknown parameters and state variables so that the coupling of the estimating process can be avoided. The Lyapunov‐based stability analysis illustrates that the proposed method can obtain a prescribed estimating result as well as transient and final tracking performance. Simulations based on two common systems verify the outstanding performance of the proposed method.
Synchronized tracking control for dynamic positioning vessel
Authors: Liang Xiaoling , Zhang Yuxiang , Li Dongyu , Ge Shuzhi Sam , How Bernard Voon Ee , Lee Tong Heng
Published: September 2023

This article addresses the time‐synchronized control problem for a floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) vessel and a liquefied natural gas carrier (LNGC) in side‐by‐side offloading operation. For such a problem, the existing finite‐time control approaches available are essentially only designed to ensure that the system state‐variables converge within a certain time. Specifically how each state‐variable converges is typically not considered in the design process. Along this line, the approach of time‐synchronized design in this paper attains the more comprehensive and desirable outcome of having the marine vessels' state‐variables arrive at the sliding mode surface in a fixed time. Also additionally, the state‐variables converge at the same moment. This approach thus can attain synchronous tracking of the LNGC to the FLNG vessel. All these desirable properties and outcomes of control system convergence are rigorously proved in the work here via the methods of Lyapunov‐type theorems and associated stability analysis. Furthermore, in order to ensure that the approaches developed here are suitably applicable in real‐world engineering conditions (with system uncertainties and external disturbances), robustness extensions are also incorporated. In the presented work, the analytical issues and the methodologies in the designed control system solution under the conditions of the disturbed systems are discussed in detail. The numerical simulations conducted verify the merits of the proposed algorithm. Comparative numerical simulations on the developed scheme, and on traditional control, are carried out to demonstrate the important and improved outcomes attained with the time‐synchronized features.
Voluntary sustainability reporting assurance in the European Union before the advent of the corporate sustainability reporting directive: The country and firm‐level impact of Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Krasodomska Joanna , Zarzycka Ewelina , Zieniuk Paweł
Published: September 2023

Drawing on institutional and signaling theories, this paper investigates country‐and firm‐level impact of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on the European Union (EU) companies' decision to have sustainability reporting assured prior to the implementation of the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). The dataset consists of 960 companies based in the EU and covers 2020–2022. The total number of observations equals 2880. The research focuses on SDGs‐related factors influencing companies' assurance decisions such as the countries' advancement in SDGs implementation represented by SDG SCORE and companies' efforts toward the SDGs achievement captured with SDG INDEX. The data are analyzed using descriptive statistics and the fixed effects regression model for panel data. The results of the study indicate that SDGs impact companies' assurance decisions on both levels. Larger companies tend to opt for assuring their sustainability reporting more frequently, while those operating in environmentally sensitive industries display greater hesitancy in this regard. The research findings suggest adding SDGs to the wide range of factors identified in previous literature as determinants of the differences in sustainability reporting assurance. Company managers should increase their efforts to achieve the SDGs, as this might promote the use of assurance. The involvement of government agencies, national accounting and auditing associations and standard setters in the implementation of the SDGs can be useful in facilitating the transition from voluntary to mandatory implementation of assurance under the new CSRD.
Magnetically Separable Mg−Zn Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Ocimum Basilicum Leaf Extract Potentiates Cytotoxicity: In vitro
Authors: Sharma Anjana , Aggarwal Nupur , Kumar Naveen , Singh Panwar Ranvir , Patial Payal , Kumar Sharma Nitish , Bala Kanchan , Sharma Navdeep , Tripathi Shalini , Raja Vaseem , Malhotra Saransh
Published: September 2023

The present manuscript portrays environmental benign, cost‐effective and energy efficient green route way to synthesize Mg−Zn ferrite nanoparticles [Mg0.05Zn0.05Fe2O4 NPs] using Ocimum Basilicum leaf extract [OBLE]. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that Ocimum Basilicum leaf extract mediated Mg−Zn ferrite nanoparticles [OBLE@Mg−Zn NPs] exhibit face centred cubic crystallinity with space group
as confirmed by Rietveld refinement studies. Microstructural analysis illustrated uniform surface morphology with well interlinked grain with an average grain size of 35.6±0.12 nm. FTIR spectra showed existence of hydroxyl −OH group at 3403 cm−1 and C=C vibration at 2345 cm−1. Magnetic hysteresis loop (M−H loop) confirmed the superparamagnetic behaviour of OBLE@Mg−Zn NPs. Cytotoxic activity of OBLE@Mg−Zn NPs was carried out against breast cancer cell line MDA‐MB‐231. Dose dependent cell viability of cancerous cells depicted cytotoxic potential of OBLE@Mg−Zn NPs.
Low Energy Vibrations and Crystalline Structure of Ambroxol Hydrochloride by THz Spectroscopy and DFT Calculations
Authors: Uhlíková Tereza , Šlechtová Ivana , Koucký Jan , Kania Patrik , Rohlíček Jan , Urban Štěpán
Published: September 2023

The widely used drug ambroxol hydrochloride (A‐HCl), was subjected to analysis by terahertz time domain (THz‐TDS) spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculations. The performed X‐ray measurement confirmed the C2/c crystallographic group for A‐HCl. On the contrary, the presented theoretical calculations, achieved by solid‐state density functional theory (ss‐DFT), determined the structure in the global minima on potential energy surface which belong to the Cc crystallographic group. In the frame of this symmetric group, the ss‐DFT calculations resulted in 40 vibrational normal modes up to wavenumber 110 cm−1. The three different functionals (B3LYP, PBE, and PW1PW) were applied and all of them provided similar results. In the same range of wavenumbers (10–110 cm−1) the THz spectrum was measured at two different temperatures (room and cryogenic). Thanks to the very good correspondence of the experiment and calculations in both position and intensities of the peaks, we were able to analyze each peak from percentage contributions of inter‐ and intra‐molecular movements point of view and trivial nomenclature for such complex normal modes was suggested as well.
N2 Activation and Reduction on Graphdiyne Supported Single, Double, and Triple boron Atom Catalysts: A First Principles Investigation.
Authors: Anis Insha , Amin Seerat , Rather Ghulam Mohammad , Dar Manzoor Ahmad
Published: September 2023

First principles simulations were carried to investigate the activity and selectivity of single, double, and triple boron atom catalysts supported on graphdiyne (GDY) monolayer for N2 capture and reduction. Our results demonstrate that the double and triple boron atom catalysts bind and activate N2 molecule effectively with significantly large binding energies of 1.23 and 1.16 eV respectively. In depth density of states analysis revealed that build‐up of boron p states near the Fermi level promotes the N2 binding on the double and triple boron atom catalysts leading to strong overlap between boron and nitrogen p‐states. The free energy pathways for nitrogen reduction indicate very low limiting potentials of −0.41 and −0.58 V for the single and triple boron atom catalysts along the alternating pathways whereas the double boron atom catalyst is found to show a very high limiting potential of −3.29 V along the enzymatic pathway. Moreover, as compared to the single boron atom catalyst, the triple boron atom catalyst is found to be effective in suppressing the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction. Thus, we expect that the current work will lead to more investigation for design of transition‐metal free catalysts for N2 conversion to ammonia.
Synthesis, Performance and Mechanism of an Anionic Scale Inhibitor in a Salt System
Authors: Luo Yisa , Sun Xueni , Wang Jun , Shao Hui
Published: September 2023

A novel non‐phosphorus and non‐nitrogen scale inhibitor IA‐HEMA was synthesized in the presence of only C, H and O using itaconic acid (IA) and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as the raw materials and hydrogen peroxide‐ascorbic acid (H2O2‐ASA) as the initiating system. The synthesis conditions were optimized with the response surface method (RSM). The results indicated that the material ratio had the largest effect on the scale inhibition rate, followed by initiator dosage, polymerization temperature and polymerization time successively. As demonstrated by the static scale inhibition experiment, the scale inhibition rate was 97.27 % when the IA‐HEMA concentration was 100 mg/L. The mechanism was explored by molecular dynamics (MD). The results indicated that IA‐HEMA was able to overcome its own distortion and adsorb on the crystal surface, and the scale inhibition performance was related to its chelating and lattice‐distortion ability, which effectively inhibited the formation and precipitation of scale. All these findings suggest that IA‐HEMA is a quite promising environmentally friendly scale inhibitor in the salt system.
A Co@C Catalyst Derived from a Cobalt‐Based Metal Organic Framework with Enhanced Activation of Peroxymonosulfate for Degradation of Organic Pollutants
Authors: Xiang Yanlei , Pan Yusong , Han Rong , Wang Yuanqing , Zhu Hongwu , Huang Run , Du Chao , Pan Chengling
Published: September 2023

Cobalt‐based catalysts are widely used as efficient activator for the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). A new carbon enclosed magnetic metal cobalt (Co@C) catalyst was successfully synthesized by high‐temperature pyrolysis of cobalt‐based metal‐organic framework. The prepared Co@C catalyst demonstrated remarkable catalytic activity for the degradation of contaminants (99.9 % for tetracycline (TC) degradation within 10 min). The TC degradation efficiency could still sustain more than 99 % after three cycles. Moreover, the Co@C/PMS system exhibited great universality for the rapid removal of other dyes such as methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB). The zero‐valent cobalt was engaged in the activation of the PMS and reacted with O2 to form Co2+, to make sure that there was enough Co2+ to activate PMS to generate Co3+. Simultaneously, the produced Co3+ ions extracted electrons out of
, driving a Co0/Co2+/Co3+ circulation to keep the high efficiency for rapid degradation of TC. In summary, this work offers a novel strategy to develop an effective magnetic heterogeneous catalyst to activate PMS for the elimination of difficult to degrade contaminants.
Functional Lignin‐based Polymers: Isolation, Synthetic Methods and High‐valued Applications
Authors: Shao Lishu , Liu Na , Wang Zhoujian , Zhan Peng , Zhang Lin , Wu Zhiping
Published: September 2023

As a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, lignin has lots of fascinating properties, such as regeneration, biocompatibility, antioxidant, hydrophilicity, unique aromatic structure, and various functional groups, which make them become interesting natural polymer raw material, and attracted more and more attention. In particular, the rich functional groups of lignin can be easily functionalized through various synthesis methods, which can endow lignin‐based polymers with new structure and function. These functional lignin‐based polymers are widely used in environmental remediation, smart hydrogel materials, catalysis, biomedical, etc. However, its various sources and types, the complex structure, relatively weak chemical reactivity, the unstable processing property, and few high value‐added products limited their practical applications. With the development of lignin varieties, modified reagent, synthesis methods, and polymerization process, many works had been published for the synthesis and application of lignin‐based polymers. In this review, the lignin isolation, modification strategies, polymerization method and process, and the promising applications were summarized and analyzed in recent years. Specially, the recent advances in the preparation of high excellent adsorbents from deconstructed lignin products are highlighted from the synthesis methods and adsorption mechanism perspective. Finally, we discussed these challenges in the green and controllable synthesis of lignin‐based polymers, and prospected their functional applications.
Syntheses of 9‐Vinylated Benzotropolones by a Sequence of Acylation, Ring‐Closing Enyne Metathesis, and Oxidation
Authors: Momm Sarah N. , Seifried Christian , Brückner Reinhard
Published: September 2023

Previous studies from our group revealed that 6,7‐benzannulated nona‐1,8‐diene‐5‐ones of a variety of substitution patterns undergo ring‐closing diene metatheses in the presence of the Grubbs‐II catalyst; the benzocycloheptadienones formed thereby gave benzotropolones in between one and four follow‐up steps. The present study discloses that exemplary 6,7‐benzannulated non‐1‐en‐8‐yn‐5‐ones undergo ring‐closing enyne metatheses in the presence of the Grubbs‐II catalyst; the vinylated benzocycloheptadienones formed thereby gave 9‐vinylbenzotropolones in four steps: silyl enol ether formation, Rubottom‐type oxidation, desilylation, and Dess‐Martin oxidation. The metathesis substrates were synthesized either from (ortho‐bromoaryl)ethynes with an unsubstituted sp‐carbon by a Br→Li exchange and an acylation with an H2C=CH‐containing Weinreb amide; or, they were synthesized from (ortho‐bromoaryl)ethynes with a trimethylsilylated sp‐carbon by a Br→Li→ZnHal exchange, an acylation with an H2C=CH‐containing thioester, and a desilylation.
Combined Experimental and Theoretical Insights on Selectivity of Rare Earth Elements with Tetra‐2‐ethylhexyl Diglycolamide
Authors: Mondal Soumyadip , Singh Dhruva K. , Sharma Joti N. , Musharaf Ali Sk
Published: September 2023

A diglycolamide based extractant namely tetra‐2‐ethylhexyl diglycolamide [TEHDGA] has been synthesized and characterized for extraction of rare earths from coal fly ash (CFA). The formation rare earth‐TEHDGA complex in the organic phase was determined from slope analysis method. The same structure was further corroborated by the density functional theoretical calculation. Furthermore, DFT approach was adopted to explain the relative stability of rare earth complex with TEHDGA over other matrix elements like Fe, Ca, Al, Mg of CFA by determining their free energy of extraction. The calculated selectivity trend from the free energy of extraction is obtained after consideration of 1 : 3 stoichiometry for Europium – the representative of all rare earth elements. Thus the correct selectivity order was established from a combined experimental and density functional theoretical studies.
MOFs‐Based Nanoagents Enable Sequential Damage to Cancer‐Associated Fibroblast and Tumor Cells for Phototriggered Tumor Microenvironment Regulation
Authors: Meng Jiaqi , Bao Weier , Liu Ming , Ma Zhecheng , Tian Zhiyuan
Published: September 2023

A composite nanoagent capable of phototriggered tumor microenvironment (TME) regulation is developed based on copper (II) metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) with encapsulation of blebbistatin (Bb) and surface modification of fibroblast activation protein‐αtargeted peptide (Tp). Tp enables active targeting of the nanoagents to cancer‐associated fibroblast (CAF) while near‐infrared light triggers Cu2+‐to‐Cu+ photoreduction in MOFs, which brings about the collapse of MOFs and the release of Bb and Cu+. Bb mediates photogeneration of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and therefore inhibits extracellular matrix production by inducing CAF apoptosis, which facilitates the penetration of nanoagent to deep tumor tissue. The dual‐channel generation of •OH based on Bb and the Cu+ species, via distinct mechanisms, synergistically reinforces oxidative stress in TME capable of inducing immunogenic cell death, which activates the antitumor immune response and therefore reverses the immunosuppressive TME. The synergistic antitumor phototherapy efficacy of such a type of nanoagent based on the abovementioned TME remodeling is unequivocally verified in a cell‐derived tumor xenograft model.
Cocatalysts‐Photoanode Interface in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: Understanding and Insights
Authors: Chen Runyu , Meng Linxing , Xu Weiwei , Li Liang
Published: September 2023

Sluggish oxygen evolution reactions on photoanode surfaces severely limit the application of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The loading of cocatalysts on photoanodes has been recognized as the simplest and most efficient optimization scheme, which can reduce the surface barrier, provide more active sites, and accelerate the surface catalytic reaction kinetics. Nevertheless, the introduction of cocatalysts inevitably generates interfaces between photoanodes and oxygen evolution cocatalysts (Ph/OEC), which causes severe interfacial recombination and hinders the carrier transfer. Recently, many researchers have focused on cocatalyst engineering, while few have investigated the effect of the Ph/OEC interface. Hence, to maximize the advantages of cocatalysts, interfacial problems for designing efficient cocatalysts are systematically introduced. In this review, the interrelationship between the Ph/OEC and PEC performance is classified and some methods for characterizing Ph/OEC interfaces are investigated. Additionally, common interfacial optimization strategies are summarized. This review details cocatalyst‐design‐based interfacial problems, provides ideas for designing efficient cocatalysts, and offers references for solving interfacial problems.
Metastatic extradural melanoma of the lumbar spine in a cat
Authors: Fert Sabrina , River Pablo , Bondonny Laura , Cauzinille Laurent
Published: September 2023

A 7‐year‐old neutered male Domestic shorthair cat, with a 1.5‐year history of left eye enucleation secondary to a diffuse iris malignant melanoma, was evaluated for progressive onset of pelvic limb paresis and ataxia with severe thoracolumbar hyperaesthesia and dysorexia. Neurological examination localised a lesion to the T3–L3 spinal cord segments. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracolumbar spine showed a well‐defined extradural T1‐weighted hyperintense non‐contrast‐enhancing mass, initially suggesting a potential haemorrhagic component. Exploratory surgery revealed a brownish extradural lumbar mass. Histologic examination concluded to a melanoma, most probably metastatic given the animal's previous medical history. This report highlights the importance of collecting a complete medical history, which can help in obtaining a preliminary differential diagnosis in cats with clinical signs of myelopathy. Although the location of this metastasis is particularly unusual both in human and veterinary medicine, making optimal treatment challenging for neurosurgeon, our increased understanding of immune and tumour cell biology during the past decade is likely to improve the future treatments of feline melanoma and its metastases.
California condor poisoned by lead, not copper, when both are ingested: A case study
Authors: Finkelstein Myra E. , Glucs Zeka E. , Bakker Victoria J. , Welch Alacia , Doblar Brook , Herman Alex , Fox Monica , Ryan Daniel , Clark Michael , Fielding Katharine Rose , David Chandra , Sears Deborah
Published: September 2023

Lead poisoning from feeding on carcasses shot with lead‐based ammunition is a well‐known threat to wildlife. Thus, nonlead (e.g., copper‐based) ammunition is promoted as a safe alternative. We present a unique situation of a male California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) discovered with both a lead fragment and a copper bullet in his digestive tract simultaneously. We show that ingestion of a copper bullet did not result in elevated blood copper concentrations, while ingestion of a lead fragment contributed to lead toxicity. Our findings can inform nonlead ammunition outreach efforts by demonstrating that ingestion of a copper‐based bullet did not result in the poisoning of a California condor.
Synthesis, Structure and Physical Properties of the Sodium‐Rich Phosphidogermanate Na8GeP4
Authors: Botta Manuel , Zeitz Sabine , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: September 2023

Sodium ion conductor materials hold promise to be an affordable substitute for ever growing lithium demand. To achieve high ionic conductivity in all‐solid state ion conductor materials, fundamental understanding of the atomic structure of the materials as well as the structure‐property relationship are basic prerequisites. It has been recently shown that phosphide‐based materials such as the superionic conductor Li9AlP4 or the lithium‐rich Li14SnP6 show great ionic conductivities what makes them promising candidates for solid electrolyte materials. Here, we present the investigation of the sodium rich phase Na8GeP4 that reveals a similar structure if compared to the lithiated phases. Na8GeP4 is synthesized via a ball‐milling procedure and a subsequent annealing process. Crystallographic investigation by Rietveld method shows that Na8GeP4 crystallizes in the cubic space group Fd
m (no. 227) with a cell parameter of a=13.4230 Å at 298 K. While it shares many structural motifs of Li8GeP4, it is not isotypic but crystallizes in the Na8SnSb4 structure type. Impedance spectroscopy as well as density functional theory calculations reveal that Na8GeP4 is a good electronic conductor with a band gap of 1.9 eV.
Analysis of vibration and critical buckling load of porous functionally graded material rectangular nanoplates under thermo‐mechanical loading
Authors: Wang Weibin , Teng Zhaochun
Published: September 2023

Based on Eringen's nonlocal elastic theory, the vibration characteristics and critical buckling load of porous functionally graded rectangular nanoplates under thermomechanical load are studied. The material properties of porous FGM nanoplates are characterized by Voigt mixing power rate and arbitrarily distributed porous model, and the correlation between material and temperature is further considered, the temperature distribution along with the thickness direction is uniform. The numerical solution of the vibration and critical buckling loads of porous functionally graded material (FGM) rectangular nanoplates under thermo‐mechanical loading are investigated using the numerical solution method‐differential transformation method (DTM), and the governing differential equations are established in the classical plate theory and Hamilton system. The effects of boundary conditions, nonlocal parameters, gradient index, temperature rise, porosity, compression load, and aspect ratio on the vibration and critical buckling load of porous FGM nanoplates under thermo‐mechanical loading effects are mainly investigated utilizing arithmetic examples.
Integrating by parts at finite density
Authors: Österman Juuso , Schicho Philipp , Vuorinen Aleksi
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Both nonzero temperature and chemical potentials break the Lorentz symmetry present in vacuum quantum field theory by singling out the rest frame of the heat bath. This leads to complications in the application of thermal perturbation theory, including the appearance of novel infrared divergences in loop integrals and an apparent absence of four-dimensional integration-by-parts (IBP) identities, vital for high-order computations. Here, we propose a new strategy that enables the use of IBP techniques in the evaluation of Feynman integrals, in particular vacuum or bubble diagrams, in the limit of vanishing temperature T but nonzero chemical potentials μ. The central elements of the new setup include a contour representation for the temporal momentum integral, the use of a small but nonzero T as an IR regulator, and the systematic application of both temporal and spatial differential operators in the generation of linear relations among the loop integrals of interest. The relations we derive contain novel inhomogeneous terms featuring differentiated Fermi-Dirac distribution functions, which severely complicate calculations at nonzero temperature, but are shown to reduce to solvable lower-dimensional objects as T tends to zero. Pedagogical example computations are kept at the one- and two-loop levels, but the application of the new method to higher-order calculations is discussed in some detail.
Quantum effects of the conformal anomaly in a 2D model of gravitational collapse
Authors: Mottola Emil , Chandra Mani , Manca Gian Mario , Sorkin Evgeny
Published: September 2023

Abstract

The macroscopic effects of the quantum conformal anomaly are evaluated in a simplified two-dimensional model of gravitational collapse. The effective action and stress tensor of the anomaly can be expressed in a local quadratic form by the introduction of a scalar conformalon field φ, which satisfies a linear wave equation. A wide class of non-vacuum initial state conditions is generated by different solutions of this equation. An interesting subclass of solutions corresponds to initial states that give rise to an arbitrarily large semi-classical stress tensor $$ \left\langle {T}_{\mu}^{\nu}\right\rangle $$

T
μ
ν

on the future horizon of the black hole formed in classical collapse. These lead to modification and suppression of Hawking radiation at late times after the collapse, and potentially large backreaction effects on the horizon scale due to the conformal anomaly. The probability of non-vacuum initial conditions large enough to produce these effects is estimated from the Gaussian vacuum wave functional of φ in the Schrödinger representation and shown to be $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(1). These results indicate that quantum effects of the conformal anomaly in non-vacuum states are relevant for gravitational collapse in the effective theory of gravity in four dimensions as well.
Line defects in fermionic CFTs
Authors: Giombi Simone , Helfenberger Elizabeth , Khanchandani Himanshu
Published: September 2023

Abstract

We study line defects in the fermionic CFTs in the Gross-Neveu-Yukawa universality class in dimensions 2 < d < 4. These CFTs may be described as the IR fixed points of the Gross-Neveu-Yukawa (GNY) model in d = 4 − ϵ, or as the UV fixed points of the Gross-Neveu (GN) model, which can be studied using the large N expansion in 2 < d < 4. These models admit natural line defects obtained by integrating over a line either the scalar field in the GNY description, or the fermion bilinear operator in the GN description. We compute the beta function for the defect RG flow using both the epsilon expansion and the large N approach, and find IR stable fixed points for the defect coupling, thus providing evidence for a non-trivial IR DCFT. We also compute some of the DCFT observables at the fixed point, and check that the g-function associated with the circular defect is consistent with the g-theorem for the defect RG flow.
Efficacy and safety of intravenous beta-blockers in acute atrial fibrillation and flutter is dependent on beta-1 selectivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials
Authors: Perrett Madeleine , Gohil Nisha , Tica Otilia , Bunting Karina V. , Kotecha Dipak
Published: September 2023

Background

Intravenous beta-blockers are commonly used to manage patients with acute atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFl), but the choice of specific agent is often not evidence-based.

Methods

A prospectively-registered systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials (PROSPERO: CRD42020204772) to compare the safety and efficacy of intravenous beta-blockers against alternative pharmacological agents.

Results

Twelve trials comparing beta-blockers with diltiazem, digoxin, verapamil, anti-arrhythmic drugs and placebo were included, with variable risk of bias and 1152 participants. With high heterogeneity (I2 = 87%; p < 0.001), there was no difference in the primary outcomes of heart rate reduction (standardised mean difference − 0.65 beats/minute compared to control, 95% CI − 1.63 to 0.32; p = 0.19) or the proportion that achieved target heart rate (risk ratio [RR] 0.85, 95% CI 0.36–1.97; p = 0.70). Conventional selective beta-1 blockers were inferior for target heart rate reduction versus control (RR 0.33, 0.17–0.64; p < 0.001), whereas super-selective beta-1 blockers were superior (RR 1.98, 1.54–2.54; p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between beta-blockers and comparators for secondary outcomes of conversion to sinus rhythm (RR 1.15, 0.90–1.46; p = 0.28), hypotension (RR 1.85, 0.87–3.93; p = 0.11), bradycardia (RR 1.29, 0.25–6.82; p = 0.76) or adverse events leading to drug discontinuation (RR 1.03, 0.49–2.17; p = 0.93). The incidence of hypotension and bradycardia were greater with non-selective beta-blockers (p = 0.031 and p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Across all intravenous beta-blockers, there was no difference with other medications for acute heart rate control in atrial fibrillation and flutter. Efficacy and safety may be improved by choosing beta-blockers with higher beta-1 selectivity.

Graphical abstract
Single-shot blind deconvolution in coherent diffraction imaging with coded aperture
Authors: Muneta Hideyuki , Horisaki Ryoichi , Nishizaki Yohei , Naruse Makoto , Tanida Jun
Published: September 2023

We present a method for single-shot blind deconvolution in coherent diffraction imaging. Coherent diffraction imaging is a technique for non-interferometric quantitative phase imaging without reference light. In our method based on coherent diffraction imaging, a complex amplitude object is illuminated with coherent light, and light from the object is captured through unknown aberrating media and a coded aperture located on the pupil plane to reduce estimated variables on the aberrated pupil function. Both the amplitude and the phase of the object are recovered from the single captured intensity image by a phase retrieval algorithm in which the coded aperture is utilized as a support to estimate the sparse aberrated pupil function. We numerically and experimentally demonstrate the proposed method with complex amplitude objects under severe aberrating conditions. In the experiment, we quantitatively evaluate its performance with ptychography, which is a method for multi-shot coherent diffraction imaging. Our method enables quantitative phase imaging through turbulence by using simple and reference-free optical hardware without any invasive process.
The Bisdioxopiperazine ICRF-193 Attenuates LPS-induced IL-1β Secretion by Macrophages
Authors: Brindle Ashleigh , Bainbridge Callum , Kumar Muganti R. , Todryk Stephen , Padget Kay
Published: September 2023

Inhibiting pathological secretion of Interleukin-1β has shown beneficial effects in disease models and in the clinic and thus there is interest in finding inhibitors that can reduce its release from macrophages in response to their activation by foreign pathogens. We used an in vitro human macrophage model to investigate whether ICRF-193, a Topoisomerase II inhibitor could modulate IL1B mRNA expression and IL-1β secretion. These macrophage-like cells readily secrete IL-1β in response to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Upon exposure to a non-toxic dose of ICRF-193, IL-1β secretion was diminished by ~ 40%; however, level of transcription of IL1B was unaffected. We show that there was no Topoisomerase 2B (TOP2B) binding to several IL1B gene sites, which may explain why ICRF-193 does not alter IL1B mRNA levels. Hence, we show for the first time that ICRF-193 can reduce IL-1β secretion. Its low cost and the development of water-soluble prodrugs of ICRF-193 warrants its further investigation in the modulation of pathological secretion of this cytokine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. (165 words).
Erosion wear assessment of sugarcane fibre reinforced polymer composites for applications of wind turbine blades
Authors: El-Tayeb N.S.M. , Mohamed Tamer A. , Hussein Abdelwahab A. , Elthakaby Mahmoud
Published: September 2023

This research reports erosion wear characteristics of polyester matrix composite reinforced with short fibres of sugar cane. Erosion tests were conducted using silica sand particles of size (200–500 µm) using a locally designed air jet-type erosion test rig. The sugarcane fibre-reinforced polyester composites (5% wt.) with different fibre lengths (3, 12, 48 mm) were impacted by sand particles at a fixed velocity of 60 m/s, impact angles (30°, 60°, 90°) and erodent weight of (2500,7500) gm. ANOVA approach was used to determine the most significant parameter and their combinations that minimize the erosion rate. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations were conducted to investigate the erosion mechanisms. Results indicated that the erosion rate is greatly influenced by fibre length as well as the erodent weight. Moreover, at an erodent weight of 2500gm, the behaviour of the material turns from brittle into ductile. At an erodent weight of 7500gm, the erosion rate is inversely proportional to the fibre length.
A co-design method for including stakeholder perspectives in nature-based flood risk management
Authors: Slinger Jill H. , Cunningham Scott C. , Kothuis Baukje L. M.
Published: September 2023

Intervention methods to establish commitment to (collaborative) action are of potential interest to researchers and policymakers intent upon including stakeholder perspectives in natural risk governance (Scolobig, Nat Hazards 81:27–43, 2016). In this paper, a 6-step co-design method for engaging with local people in collaboratively envisioning nature-based solutions for flood defence is described. The problem structuring base of the participatory method is extended to accommodate the multi-actor situation and the local context of flood risk management. The intervention method is applied in a workshop in the Houston–Galveston Bay area in October 2014. At that time there was strong contestation surrounding the proposed Ike Dike with alternative combinations of nature-based and smaller conventional engineering solutions being proposed. The results indicate that the local participants were able to envision a wide range of future outcomes for the bay and were able to use the insights on nature-based solutions and the social contacts that they acquired at the transdisciplinary workshop to mobilize commitment to joint action. This action focused on collaboration rather than specifying ecological or technical infrastructural requirements and was instrumental in initiating more open discourse on flood defence options for the Houston–Galveston Bay area. The paper concludes that the generic applicability of the co-design method is limited by the requirement to understand and accommodate local circumstances and participants’ insights within the workshop.
Indirect Inference and Small Sample Bias — Some Recent Results
Authors: Meenagh David , Minford Patrick , Xu Yongdeng
Published: September 2023

Macroeconomic researchers use a variety of estimators to parameterise their models empirically. One such is FIML; another is indirect inference (II). One form of indirect inference is ‘informal’ whereby data features are ‘targeted’ by the model — i.e. parameters are chosen so that model-simulated features replicate the data features closely. Monte Carlo experiments show that in the small samples prevalent in macro data, both FIML informal II produce high bias, while formal II, in which the joint probability of the data- generated auxiliary model is maximised under the model simulated distribution, produces low bias. They also show that FII gets this low bias from its high power in rejecting misspecified models, which comes in turn from the fact that this distribution is restricted by the model-specified parameters, so sharply distinguishing it from rival misspecified models.