bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’APPROCHE JURIDIQUE INTERNATIONALE DU PHÉNOMÈNE DE DISCRIMINATION FONDÉE SUR LE MOTIF DES ANTÉCÉDENTS JUDICIAIRES
Authors: Mbungo Rolince
Published: June 2020

Les individus ayant des antécédents judiciaires forment une minorité qui n’a pas encore pu sortir des affres de la discrimination. La discrimination fondée sur le motif des antécédents judiciaires est courante et très ancrée dans les lois, politiques et pratiques des États à travers le monde. Un encadrement juridique international du phénomène n’a pas encore été véritablement mis en place. Ceci ne signifie pas pour autant qu’il y ait à proprement parler un vide juridique international à ce propos, puisque divers instruments internationaux, fussent-ils généraux, s’avèrent pertinents en l’espèce. L’on constate une réelle indigence normative internationale et, dans le meilleur des cas, une imprécision normative internationale sur ce phénomène. Cette insuffisance est légèrement palliée par une jurisprudence internationale, une soft law internationale, une coutume et une doctrine, elles aussi très pusillanimes et partielles. Les différentes approches nationales et régionales contiennent quelques mesures de protection importantes pouvant constituer, si elles sont renforcées, des jalons importants à la construction d’un véritable encadrement juridique international de ce phénomène.
WE WERE SAILING INTO UNCHARTED WATERS: FLAWS IN THE APPLICATION OF CANADA’S CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY AND WAR CRIMES ACT
Authors: Nerenberg Marc , Larochelle Philippe
Published: June 2020

In Canada’s two trials to date under the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act, serious flaws in the application of the Act have emerged, in particular regarding the framing of the indictment. In prior proceedings at the ICTR and ICTY, the indictments contained detailed recitations of the facts, including the specific “constitutive crimes” for which trials on the “chapeau crimes” of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity were held, and in which convictions and acquittals were based on these indicated “constitutive crimes”. In Canada, the indictments merely indicated the “chapeau crimes” and not the “constitutive crimes”, making it impossible for an accused to know precisely for what he is charged, negatively affecting trial preparation, and impossible to determine if a jury is actually unanimous on any given “constitutive crime”, effectively rendering illusory the right to a jury trial. The authors argue that the Canadian indictments foster a fundamental misunderstanding of the essential elements needed to prove the international crimes of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, compromising the possibility of holding a fair trial under the Act.
Du retrait anticipé au prolongement des carrières : institutionnalisation et standardisation des fins de carrière en Belgique1
Authors: Sanderson Jean-Paul , Burnay Nathalie
Published: June 2020

Depuis les années 2000, les gouvernements belges qui se sont succédé ont pris des mesures pour accroître le taux d’emploi et pour favoriser le maintien des travailleurs âgés en activité. Cependant, la Belgique continue d’être caractérisée par un faible taux d’emploi chez les 55 à 64 ans. Cet article tente d’en comprendre les raisons à travers deux questions : pour quelles raisons quitte-t-on le marché du travail et qui sont les travailleurs poursuivant leur activité professionnelle après l’âge légal de la retraite ?

Ces analyses s’inscrivent dans le cadre théorique du parcours de vie et des processus de standardisation/déstandardisation, institutionnalisation/désinstitutionnalisation.
Le principe de décentralisation organisationnelle et son application en paroisse
Authors: Giffard Pierre-Alain
Published: June 2020

Cet article aborde la question de la décentralisation organisationnelle dans le cadre de la paroisse. Après avoir défini ce qu’est la décentralisation organisationnelle, et en quoi elle est déjà présente dans la vie de l’Église, l’auteur présente l’exemple d’une communauté chrétienne décentralisée pour illustrer comment la décentralisation peut aider les paroisses à être plus missionnaires et attirantes pour les nouvelles générations. L’article révèle qu’une « décentralisation salutaire » peut être exercée à différents niveaux de la vie paroissiale : les formes liturgiques, les petits groupes, la formation de leaders, la supervision des ministères, de responsables laïques et du personnel. Malgré l’importance de ce principe organisationnel et des promesses qui l’accompagnent, il est enfin rappelé que son application ne doit pas être considérée comme une fin en soi, mais comme un moyen pour mieux réaliser la mission l’Église.
Soaring Imaginations: The First Montgolfier Ballooning Spectacle at Versailles in Word and Image
Authors: Lewis Theobald Catherine J.
Published: June 2020

Beginning with the first series of flights by the French Montgolfier brothers in 1783, hot air ballooning quickly metamorphosed from a dangerous scientific experiment with potential military uses into a widespread cultural craze with deep social implications. Using the lens of the idea of “wonder,” I examine the word-image interactions in a selection of engraved representations of the first Montgolfier demonstration for Louis XVI at Versailles. Such a collective close reading first exposes techniques that aim at encouraging admiration in readers for both the new technology and the French state that produced it. However, visual cues in the images indicate a persistent suggestion of doubt and uncertainty—and even fear—as they take readers “up and away” from the confines and comforts of everyday life. The word-image nexus surrounding this spectacle generates an altered textual world in which traditional social and sexual hierarchies lose stability and the future is full of possibility.
Wonder, Politics, and the Founding of Civilizations in Gravina’s Della Ragione Poetica and Vico’s Scienza Nuova
Authors: Bertland Alexander
Published: June 2020

Gianvincenzo Gravina (1664–1718) and Giambattista Vico (1668–1744) were two Neapolitan philosophers concerned with the way human society initially formed. They agreed that ancient myths were produced by a mentality that had a powerful ability for acute perception but could not reflect abstractly. They also agreed that wonder (la maraviglia) was an important force that enchanted the first peoples into founding society. They disagreed on how this happened. Gravina argued that early poets could see the truth and used persuasive poetry to teach the people how to live. Vico argued that wonder impelled the first poets to create false divinities that frightened the first bestial people into founding civilization. While the two views differ, they show how Neapolitan Enlightenment thinkers developed radically different answers to questions that Northern Europeans were asking.
Travel as Education: Gulliver the Traveller and the Potential Corruptions of Seeking Betterment Abroad
Authors: Gill Dónal
Published: June 2020

Travel provides countless opportunities for wonder. The breadth of human experience enabled by traversing new territory includes curiosity, excitement, and surprise. However, achieving this breadth may well be better left unfulfilled. Gulliver’s interactions with the King of Brobdingnag in Book II of Gulliver’s Travels (1726) raise interesting questions regarding travel and its effects on the traveller. This essay argues that Gulliver’s Travels draws upon Locke’s insights into travel as an endeavour with the potential to be didactic, ultimately presenting a case against the universal benefit of embarking on a voyage. Swift’s text offers little hope for the existence of the type of traveller who would be improved rather than corrupted by the experience, which suggests that wonders of travel ought to be avoided. This generates a counter-Enlightenment riposte to liberal assumptions concerning the possibility and likelihood of individual edification through pursuing the wonders of travel.
Susciter un vaste forum de discussions. Les écrits de Wagner dans la presse allemande des années 1850
Authors: Candoni Jean-François
Published: June 2020

Cet article examine comment un espace médiatique s’est constitué autour des écrits de Richard Wagner dans l’Allemagne du milieu du xixe siècle. La contribution prend en compte la réception par la presse allemande de l’ensemble des textes théoriques du compositeur, depuis ses premiers essais jusqu’aux écrits de Zurich consacrés à la réforme de l’opéra. Il apparaît clairement que la réception de ses écrits dans la presse spécialisée et quotidienne et la vivacité des débats qu’ils ont fait naître ont joué un rôle décisif non seulement dans la naissance de phénomène Wagner, mais aussi dans la façon dont son oeuvre dramatique a été perçue à travers des analyses parfois précises, mais souvent réductrices, voire erronées.
Rester en retrait de l’espace médiatique. Le cas Schreker
Authors: Flamion Aurore
Published: June 2020

Principalement connu pour ses opéras, le compositeur Franz Schreker (1878-1934) connaît une trajectoire des plus étonnantes : si ses premiers opéras sont salués par la presse, il subit rapidement le feu de critiques extrêmement diverses. Outre les arguments ad personam – il est issu d’une famille juive –, la presse s’empare de réseaux sémantiques qui étayent cet antisémitisme : ceux de la décadence et de la dégénérescence. Particulièrement féconds dans la presse germanique des années 1918-1921, ces termes ne semblent pas susciter de réponse de Schreker, qui préfère publier ses essais esthétiques dans les Musikblätter des Anbruch, jeune journal qu’il se sait acquis. Le compositeur se tient loin des polémiques : politique ou esthétique, aucune ne suscite de véritable réponse. Définissant sa démarche compositionnelle dans un nombre restreint d’articles publiés dans les Musikblätter des Anbruch, Schreker semble en effet évacuer toute référence aux termes concentrant la polémique : décadence, dégénérescence, impressionnisme et expressionnisme.
Les sites Internet de compositeur·rices, ou la permanence des modèles d’écriture de soi
Authors: Kirchberg Irina , Lazzaro Federico
Published: June 2020

En tant que production non musicale destinée à la lecture, le site Internet personnel d’un·e compositeur·rice peut être considéré, dans son ensemble, comme un « écrit » de compositeur en plus de servir d’archive pour différentes formes d’écrits par ou sur l’artiste (textes de présentation d’oeuvres, interviews, etc.). Les analyses comparées d’un type de texte omniprésent sur les sites de compositeur·rices – la biographie – ainsi que de l’approche au genre du texte de présentation d’une oeuvre permettent de considérer les stratégies d’autoprésentation et de présentation de leur musique mises en oeuvre par les compositeur·rices. Ces analyses aboutissent au constat d’une tendance générale à la production de contenus plutôt destinés aux professionnels de la musique et à la sous-exploitation des possibilités offertes par le numérique pour la promotion et la médiation de la musique contemporaine.
Comprendre le parcours du devenir parent. Regard sur une démarche de recherche collaborative et qualitative à l’international
Authors: Soulière Marguerite , Monceau Gilles , Fortuna Cinira Magali , Mondain Nathalie , Santana da Silva Simone , Pilotti Anne
Published: June 2020

La production des connaissances portant sur la naissance provient en grande partie des sciences médicales. Pourtant, la naissance est un processus biopsychosocial, un événement clé de l’existence. L’expérience qu’en font les parents est en lien étroit avec les contextes socioculturels et leurs circonstances personnelles lors de l’arrivée d’un nouvel enfant. Poursuivant l’objectif de reconnaître, de comprendre et de documenter les vécus de naissance, une étude pilote collaborative, internationale et interdisciplinaire a été menée sur une période de deux ans au Brésil, au Canada et en France. L’article a pour but de présenter et de qualifier le dispositif méthodologique. Des groupes formés de parents, d’une part, et de professionnels de la naissance, d’autre part, dans les trois pays, ont été rencontrés à trois reprises. Ces groupes de discussion ont été mobilisés autour de l’objectif de construire collectivement un questionnaire commun à l’intention des parents. La restitution des analyses locales et transnationales, après chaque étape, a permis de préparer de manière inductive un outil quantitatif. Elle a aussi donné lieu à une démarche réflexive qui a interrogé des évidences et des certitudes dans chaque pays et permis de constater la convergence de discours et de pratiques entourant l’arrivée d’un enfant. Des exemples de types de résultats obtenus sont insérés dans les descriptions de la démarche faisant ainsi ressortir ses dimensions pratiques, éthico-politiques et épistémologiques.
Apprendre aux futurs enseignants à faire analyser des documents en classe d’histoire : un « verrou d’apprentissage »?
Authors: Jadoulle Jean-Louis
Published: June 2020

Depuis les années 60-70, en francophonie, les activités d’analyse de documents ont été promues dans l’enseignement de l’histoire, parallèlement à la mise en avant des finalités intellectuelles critiques et des finalités citoyennes assignées à cette discipline scolaire. La présente étude qui porte sur une cohorte de 19 étudiants futurs enseignants au terme de leur formation à l’Université de Liège (Belgique) indique que la compétence à concevoir des activités d’analyse documentaire est source de difficultés d’apprentissage majeures. L’approche Decoding the Disciplines (Middendorf & Pace, 2004; Pace, 2017) permet de les éclairer. Ces difficultés renvoient à l’existence de préconceptions qui mettent l’accent sur les finalités culturelles et civiques plutôt que sur les finalités intellectuelles critiques et citoyennes. Cette approche suggère également des pistes pour lever ces difficultés, essentiellement en rendant explicites et opérationnelles les tâches dont les étudiants doivent avoir la maîtrise, en explicitant et en débattant des conceptions de la discipline scolaire et en développant l’évaluation formative.
La perception de l’enseignement de la francophonie littéraire en Amérique du Nord
Authors: Bocco Amevi
Published: June 2020

La francophonie en tant que champ d’étude de la littérature des régions du monde en dehors de la France métropolitaine ayant le français comme langue de communication apparaît de plus en plus, de nos jours, dans les universités en Amérique du Nord en général, et aux États-Unis en particulier. Cependant, force est de reconnaître que le terme « francophonie » tel qu’il apparaît pour la première fois vers la fin du XIXe siècle est loin de représenter un domaine d’études de la littérature et de la culture aussi riche que celui de l’Amérique du Nord d’aujourd’hui, d’où la problématique à résoudre : Qu’est-ce que la francophonie? Comment la francophonie en Amérique du Nord diffère-t-elle de celle du plus grand espace francophone en termes de locuteurs, en l’occurrence l’Afrique? Ce projet se propose de partir des définitions multidimensionnelles du terme francophonie pour se focaliser sur l’Amérique du Nord, en particulier les États-Unis où le terme représente un champ académique et révèle un aspect unique dans les institutions universitaires avec plusieurs défis qui, de nos jours, nécessitent des solutions pratiques.
De la ruine aux décombres : esthétique du reste dans 14 de Jean Echenoz
Authors: Jérusalem Christine
Published: June 2020

L’étude s’intéresse aux ruines dans le roman 14 de Jean Echenoz (Minuit, 2012). Quels vestiges la Grande Guerre laisse-t-elle dans l’oeuvre singulière de l’écrivain ? Si la ruine des Lumières ou du romantisme se présentait sur un mode élégiaque, noble et sublime, elle ne possède plus aujourd’hui le lustre triomphant des siècles passés. On verra comment, dans 14, elle se place résolument sous le signe du prosaïque, du minuscule, voire du rebut. On analysera ainsi le sens et les modalités de cet effritement mémoriel qui se double malgré tout d’un retour de « survivances », au sens où l’entendait Abby Warburg. Au-delà de 14, nous montrerons que ce motif innerve toute l’oeuvre de l’écrivain, symptôme d’une condition socio-économique et reflet d’une réflexion ontologique. La ruine constitue en ce sens un paradigme heuristique extrêmement fécond.
Tout dissoudre : la poétique de la ruine dans Charøgnards de Stéphane Vanderhaeghe
Authors: Gélinas-Lemaire Vincent
Published: June 2020

Le premier roman de Stéphane Vanderhaeghe, Charøgnards (2015), se présente comme un journal d’apocalypse dans lequel se dissolvent les composantes fondamentales du récit, de l’identité des personnages, de leur environnement, de leur quotidien, du temps, de la communication, et jusqu’à l’encre sur la page. C’est aussi le langage qui se désagrège, incarnant la ruine comme processus actif et inéluctable plutôt que dans une forme figée hors du temps. Quant à l’espace, pourtant peu représenté, son organisation simple mais fixe apporte une dose de stabilité au récit, attachant l’apocalypse intime du narrateur à une aire contenue et connue, à l’opposé de la portée globale qui caractérise nombre de scénarios contemporains de fin du monde. Notre analyse est traversée d’extraits d’une entrevue menée avec l’auteur, qui nous aident à éclairer sa posture face à l’histoire littéraire de notre motif et à sa capacité à traduire les angoisses du présent dans de nouvelles formes littéraires. Nous tissons également des liens entre Charøgnards et À tous les airs (2017), le second roman publié par Vanderhaeghe, ainsi qu’avec diverses expérimentations formelles ayant inspiré l’auteur, depuis le nouveau roman jusqu’à la littérature américaine postmoderniste.
Disparaître dans les ruines du capitalisme. L’imaginaire de Détroit dans la photographie et la littérature françaises contemporaines
Authors: Guidée Raphaëlle
Published: June 2020

Le titre de cet article est une variation sur celui d’un essai d’Anna Tsing, Le champignon de la fin du monde. Sur les possibilités de vivre dans les ruines du capitalisme. Dans cet essai remarquable, l’imaginaire apocalyptique de la fin du capitalisme et/ou du monde cède la place à une description minutieuse des formes de vie qui se mettent en place dans les espaces dévastés par l’exploitation de la nature. En prolongeant cette enquête anthropologique sur un terrain esthétique, je me propose d’examiner la manière dont la littérature de langue française et la photographie française contemporaines racontent et montrent ce qui advient après une catastrophe économique dans une ville, Détroit, dont les ruines en sont venues à incarner la faillite du fordisme et du « rêve américain ». Partant d’un examen des photographies d’Yves Marchand et Romain Meffre (Les ruines de Détroit, 2011), nous verrons comment celles-ci se sont trouvées au coeur d’un débat sur la « pornographie des ruines », débat auquel les nombreux romans et récits sur Détroit publiés en France depuis 2013 ont en revanche échappé. Nous montrerons pourtant que, loin de remédier aux manques d’une imagerie des ruines qui invisibilise les habitants de la ville tout en tirant profit de leur misère, la récente littérature de langue française inspirée par ces images reconduit leur effacement dans la plupart des cas.
Une population de tortues serpentines (Chelydra serpentina) confrontée à des captures accidentelles lors d’opérations de contrôle de castors
Authors: Lapointe Jean , Mazerolle Marc J. , Duranseau Michel , Fournier Pierre
Published: June 2020

La tortue serpentine (Chelydra serpentina) est une espèce préoccupante au Canada. Son déclin est appréhendé en raison des menaces actuelles, dont les principales seraient celles qui augmentent la mortalité des adultes. Nous avons étudié la population du lac Mud à Rouyn-Noranda. Six spécimens adultes, 2 mâles et 4 femelles, ont fait l’objet d’un suivi télémétrique en 2018. L’objectif était de connaître leurs déplacements et de déterminer les habitats sélectionnés pendant la période d’activité. La superficie des domaines vitaux avant la ponte (moyenne = 25,8 ha,n = 5) était plus faible qu’après la ponte (moyenne = 204,7 ha,n = 5). À l’échelle du domaine vital, les tortues ont sélectionné les ruisseaux et les marécages avant la période de ponte. Toutefois, aucune sélection d’habitats n’a été détectée après la période de ponte. Du 13 mai au début septembre 2018, la plupart (67 %) des spécimens étudiés franchissaient un passage aquatique où le castor était piégé à des fins de contrôle. Cet endroit isolait un secteur d’hibernation important des zones d’activités estivales. Afin de diminuer les risques de mortalité accidentelle, nous recommandons une méthode de contrôle des castors mieux adaptée aux déplacements des tortues serpentines.
N95 Usage During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: DeLauro Nicole M. , Ghobrial Nader , Yu Dong
Published: June 2020

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), formerly ubiquitous and disposable in the hospital and healthcare environment, has become scarce during the COVID-19 pandemic. This shortage has precipitated creative solutions to re-use and/or extend the lifetime of PPE, most notably the N95 mask. This article attempts to summarize options regarding re-use of N95 respirators and is for informational purposes only.
Brain states govern the spatio-temporal dynamics of resting-state functional connectivity
Authors: Aedo-Jury Felipe , Schwalm Miriam , Hamzehpour Lara , Stroh Albrecht
Published: June 2020

Previously, using simultaneous resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and photometry-based neuronal calcium recordings in the anesthetized rat, we identified blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses directly related to slow calcium waves, revealing a cortex-wide and spatially organized correlate of locally recorded neuronal activity (Schwalm et al., 2017). Here, using the same techniques, we investigate two distinct cortical activity states: persistent activity, in which compartmentalized network dynamics were observed; and slow wave activity, dominated by a cortex-wide BOLD component, suggesting a strong functional coupling of inter-cortical activity. During slow wave activity, we find a correlation between the occurring slow wave events and the strength of functional connectivity between different cortical areas. These findings suggest that down-up transitions of neuronal excitability can drive cortex-wide functional connectivity. This study provides further evidence that changes in functional connectivity are dependent on the brain’s current state, directly linked to the generation of slow waves.
A single-cell transcriptomic and anatomic atlas of mouse dorsal raphe Pet1 neurons
Authors: Okaty Benjamin W , Sturrock Nikita , Escobedo Lozoya Yasmin , Chang YoonJeung , Senft Rebecca A , Lyon Krissy A , Alekseyenko Olga V , Dymecki Susan M
Published: June 2020

Among the brainstem raphe nuclei, the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) contains the greatest number of Pet1-lineage neurons, a predominantly serotonergic group distributed throughout DR subdomains. These neurons collectively regulate diverse physiology and behavior and are often therapeutically targeted to treat affective disorders. Characterizing Pet1 neuron molecular heterogeneity and relating it to anatomy is vital for understanding DR functional organization, with potential to inform therapeutic separability. Here we use high-throughput and DR subdomain-targeted single-cell transcriptomics and intersectional genetic tools to map molecular and anatomical diversity of DR-Pet1 neurons. We describe up to fourteen neuron subtypes, many showing biased cell body distributions across the DR. We further show that P2ry1-Pet1 DR neurons – the most molecularly distinct subtype – possess unique efferent projections and electrophysiological properties. These data complement and extend previous DR characterizations, combining intersectional genetics with multiple transcriptomic modalities to achieve fine-scale molecular and anatomic identification of Pet1 neuron subtypes.
Intentional text
Authors: Marder Eve
Published: June 2020

It is important to read what the authors have written and to pay attention to every word when you write.
Organic eutrophication increases resistance of the pulsating soft coralXenia umbellatato warming
Authors: Vollstedt Svea , Xiang Nan , Simancas-Giraldo Susana Marcela , Wild Christian
Published: June 2020

Recent research indicates that hard corals in a process that is termed phase shift are often replaced by soft corals in reefs. The simultaneous occurrence of local (i.e. organic eutrophication as highly under-investigated parameter) and global (i.e. ocean warming) factors may facilitate these phase shifts as hard corals are negatively affected by both ocean warming and organic eutrophication. Knowledge about soft coral responses to environmental change remains incomplete, although these organisms are becoming important players in reefs. The present study thus investigated the individual and combined effects of organic eutrophication (as glucose addition) and warming on the ecological data of the pulsating soft coralXenia umbellata. We assessed health status, growth and pulsation rates of soft corals in a 45 day aquarium experiment, with first manipulation of organic eutrophication (no, low, medium and high glucose addition) over 21 days followed by step-wise increases in water temperature from 26 to 32 °C over 24 days. Findings revealed that glucose addition did not affect health status, growth and pulsation rates of the investigated soft corals. Under simulated ocean warming, soft corals that had experienced organic eutrophication before, maintained significantly higher pulsation rates (averaging 22 beats per minute—bpm) and no mortality compared to the controls that showed a decrease of 56% (averaging 15 bpm) in pulsation rates and mortality of 30% at water temperatures of 32 °C compared to 26 °C. This apparently positive effect of organic eutrophication on the ecological data of soft corals under an ocean warming scenario decreased with increasing water temperature. This study thus indicates that (a) organic eutrophication as additional energy source up to a certain threshold may increase the resistance of soft corals to ocean warming and (b) pulsation rates of soft corals may be used as inexpensive, easily detectable, and non-invasive early warning indicator for ocean warming effects on benthic reef communities. When comparing findings of this study for soft corals with previous results for hard corals, it can be assumed that soft corals under the predicted increases of organic eutrophication and warming gain more and more competitive advantages. This may further facilitate phase shifts from hard to soft corals in warming reefs.
Whole-genome sequence analyses of Glaesserella parasuis isolates reveals extensive genomic variation and diverse antibiotic resistance determinants
Authors: Wan Xiulin , Li Xinhui , Osmundson Todd , Li Chunling , Yan He
Published: June 2020

Background

Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) is a respiratory pathogen of swine and the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease. The structural organization of genetic information, antibiotic resistance genes, potential pathogenicity, and evolutionary relationships among global G. parasuis strains remain unclear. The aim of this study was to better understand patterns of genetic variation, antibiotic resistance factors, and virulence mechanisms of this pathogen.

Methods

The whole-genome sequence of a ST328 isolate from diseased swine in China was determined using Pacbio RS II and Illumina MiSeq platforms and compared with 54 isolates from China sequenced in this study and 39 strains from China and eigtht other countries sequenced by previously. Patterns of genetic variation, antibiotic resistance, and virulence mechanisms were investigated in relation to the phylogeny of the isolates. Electrotransformation experiments were performed to confirm the ability of pYL1—a plasmid observed in ST328—to confer antibiotic resistance.

Results

The ST328 genome contained a novel Tn6678 transposon harbouring a unique resistance determinant. It also contained a small broad-host-range plasmid pYL1 carrying aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2”)-Ia and blaROB-1; when transferred to Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 by electroporation, this plasmid was highly stable under kanamycin selection. Most (85.13–91.74%) of the genetic variation between G. parasuis isolates was observed in the accessory genomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major subgroups distinguished by country of origin, serotype, and multilocus sequence type (MLST). Novel virulence factors (gigP, malQ, and gmhA) and drug resistance genes (norA, bacA, ksgA, and bcr) in G. parasuis were identified. Resistance determinants (sul2, aph(3”)-Ib, norA, bacA, ksgA, and bcr) were widespread across isolates, regardless of serovar, isolation source, or geographical location.

Conclusions

Our comparative genomic analysis of worldwide G. parasuis isolates provides valuable insight into the emergence and transmission of G. parasuis in the swine industry. The result suggests the importance of transposon-related and/or plasmid-related gene variations in the evolution of G. parasuis.
A revision of the pelomedusoid turtle Jainemys pisdurensis from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Lameta Formation of India
Authors: Joyce Walter G. , Bandyopadhyay Saswati
Published: June 2020

Background

Jainemys pisdurensis comb. nov. is an extinct pleurodiran turtle from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of India, previously referred to Carteremys and Shweboemys. The holotype, an eroded skull, had been collected near the village of Pisdura, south of Nagpur, in Maharashtra State, while all referred shell material originates from coeval sediments exposed at the nearby village of Dongargaon. Initial estimates believed this turtle to either be an early representative of Podocnemididae or a basal representative of Pelomedusoides.

Methods

We here figure and describe all specimens that had previously been referred to Jainemys pisdurensis comb. nov. We furthermore re-evaluate the validity of this fossil turtle and explore its phylogenetic relationships within Pleurodira.

Results

The holotype of Jainemys pisdurensis comb. nov. displays a morphology that differs substantially from that originally reported. Most notably, the palatines only have a minor contribution to the broad triturating surfaces but have a broad midline contact with each other, the pterygoids only have a midline contact of intermediate length and do not contact the opisthotics posteriorly, the basisphenoid is broad and short, and the opisthotics do not contribute to the flooring of the cavum acustico-jugulare. The referred shell material also displays a morphology different from that reported originally, in particular in that vertebral I does not contribute to the anterior margin of the carapace while the nuchal does. Phylogenetic analysis places the cranial material within the bothremydid clade Kurmademydini, while the shell material is placed in an unresolved polytomy at the base of this clade. Jainemys pisdurensis is confirmed to be a valid species of pleurodiran turtle, but the high diversity of coeval kurmademydines in India demands removal of the postcranial remains from this taxon. The realization that all valid species of Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) turtles from India form a clade supports the hypothesis that India was physically separated from the rest of Gondwana at this time.
Trophic degradation predispositions and intensity in a high-flow, silted reservoir
Authors: Bartoszek Lilianna , Miąsik Małgorzata , Koszelnik Piotr
Published: June 2020

The objective of the work was to demonstrate the relationship between the natural environmental characteristics of a reservoir and its catchment and severity of trophic degradation. The shallow, highly-silted Rzeszów Reservoir (SE Poland) was the object of study. The impact on degradation of internal supply from accumulated bottom sediments was also assessed, using water and sediment sampled in 2013 and 2014. A high value for trophic state was identified for the reservoir on the basis of TSI indexes, while assessed natural resilience to degradation and analysis of the catchment as a supplier of biogenic and organic matter both indicate high susceptibility to cultural eutrophication. Obtained values for equilibrium phosphate concentrations under anoxic conditions (EPC-0) point to the possibility of a more intensive process of internal supply in phosphorus. However, the presence of sediments poor in organic matter suggest no major threat of ongoing eutrophication. Desludging and/or dredging are likely to entail elimination from the ecosystem of a large part of the pollutants accumulated in sediments, as well as the internal supply of phosphate to the water column. However, as external sources are responsible for the advanced degradation of Rzeszów Reservoir, any attempts at reclamation within the water will fail to yield persistent effects if appropriate protective procedures in the catchment are not implemented.
Mammalian Embryo:HoxGenes
Authors: Parker Hugo J
Published: June 2020

Hoxgenes are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that play important roles in establishing the basic body plan of animals. Mammals have 39Hoxgenes clustered into four chromosomal complexes. This gene family regulates the regional character and patterning of diverse structures along the anterior–posterior (A/P) axis of the embryo. Nested patterns ofHoxgene expression generate a Hox combinatorial protein code that orchestrates the morphogenesis of structures in the nervous system, axial skeleton, limbs, intestine and many other tissues. In light of their key role in regulating morphogenesis across animal species, modulation ofHoxexpression or function over the course of evolution is believed to have been important in generating diversity.

Key Concepts

Axial patterning is the process that generates different regional characteristics during the development of a tissue, such as the nervous system or skeleton.

Hoxgenes encode a family of transcription factors that regulate the identity of structures along the anterior–posterior (A/P) axis of embryos.

Colinearity is the correlation between the order ofHoxgenes along a chromosome and their expression along the axis of an embryo.

The collection of Hox proteins expressed in a region provides a combinatorial code for specifying diversity.

Posterior prevalence is a model for explaining why some Hox proteins dominate over others when they are co‐expressed.

Selector genes control the identity of a tissue.

Homeotic transformation is the conversion of one structure into another due to loss or gain of selector gene activity.

Segmentation subdivides a developing tissue, such as the hindbrain or skeleton, into repeating units that ultimately generate different structures along an axis.

Subfunctionalisation is the partitioning of function and regulation between duplicated genes compared with the ancestral gene.

Changes inHoxexpression or function may be important for generating differences in structures during the evolution of vertebrates.

Cooption refers to the redeployment or coupling of a common molecular pathway to multiple patterning processes.
It's not just what you say, it's how you say it too. Adolescents' hostile attribution of intent and emotional responses to social comments
Authors: van den Berg Yvonne H. M. , Lansu Tessa A. M.
Published: June 2020

A highly prevalent and relevant situation in which adolescents have to interpret the intentions of others is when they interact with peers. We therefore successfully introduced a new paradigm to measure hostile attribution bias (HAB) and emotional responses to such social interactions and examined how it related to youth's aggressiveness. We presented 881 adolescents (Mage = 14.35 years; SD = 1.23; 48.1% male) with audio fragments of age‐mates expressing social comments that varied in content (e.g., what the person says) and tone of voice (e.g., how the person says it). Participants' peers also reported on their aggressiveness. In general, added negativity of content and tone was driving the youth's intent attribution and emotional responses to the comments. In line with the Social Information Processing model, we found more hostile attribution of intent and more negative emotional responses of aggressive youth to ambiguous stimuli. Aggression was also related to more hostile intent attributions when both content and tone were negative. Unlike most studies on HAB, the aggression effects in the current study emerged for girls, but not boys. Implications of these results and future use of the experimental paradigm are discussed.
Fabrication and Characterization of Fe16N2Micro‐Flake Powders and Their Extrusion‐Based 3D Printing into Permanent Magnet Form
Authors: Zirhli Onur , Gunduz Akdogan Nilay , Odeh Yazan N. , Misirlioglu I. Burc , Devlin Eamon , Akdogan Ozan
Published: June 2020

Fe16N2is a compound with giant saturation magnetization approaching or exceeding that of rare‐earth‐based permanent magnets. The abundance of its elements and low‐cost synthesis of this compound has made it highly attractive to replace rare‐earth‐based permanent magnets that are becoming ever more expensive to utilize in applications. Herein, its synthesis from Fe flakes by surfactant‐assisted high energy ball milling is demonstrated. The synthesized Fe flakes are then reduced under forming gas (Ar/H2), followed by nitridation at low temperatures under ammonia (NH3) gas. The formation of Fe16N2phase exceeding 50% by volumetric fraction is observed and confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and Mössbauer analysis. Following the Fe16N2flake synthesis, extrusion‐based 3D printing is used to check the feasibility of incorporation of the flakes into functional polymer matrix composites. For this purpose, an ink of intermixed synthesized powder with photoresist SU8 is used. Using the prescribed method, a prototype Fe16N2permanent magnet composite is successfully produced using an additive manufacturing approach. Such efficient production of Fe16N2powders via routes already applicable to magnet production and the consolidation of the powders with 3D printing are expected to open up new possibilities for next‐generation permanent magnet applications.
Understanding the Critical Role of Binders in Phosphorus/Carbon Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries through Unexpected Mechanism
Authors: Xiao Wei , Sun Qian , Banis Mohammad Norouzi , Wang Biqiong , Li Weihan , Li Minsi , Lushington Andrew , Li Ruying , Li Xifei , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Sun Xueliang
Published: June 2020

Polymer binders that combine active materials with conductive agents have played a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity of phosphorus anodes with a huge volume change upon sodiation/desodiation. Herein, the role of binders on the structural/chemical stability of phosphorus/carbon anode is spectroscopically uncovered through unexpected mechanism. Surprisingly, the selection of different binders is found to determine the oxidation degree of active phosphorus in various electrodes, which correlate well with their electrochemical properties. At a high oxidation degree, the electrode applying a conventional poly(vinylidene difluoride) binder displays the worst electrochemical properties, while the electrode using a sodium alginate binder delivers the best electrochemical performance (a highly reversible capacity of 1064 mAh g−1 with a 90.1% capacity retention at 800 mA g−1 after 200 cycles and an outstanding rate capability of 401 mAh g−1 at 8000 mA g−1) for its negligible oxidation. Additionally, the emergence/decomposition of surface intermediates, including (PO2)3− and (PO4)3− species, are observed in the discharging/charging processes via the ex situ P K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopies. This novel discovery of the unique role of binders in phosphorus anodes, not only provides an opportunity to ameliorate their electrochemical properties, but also enables their practical applications in high‐energy sodium‐ion batteries.
A “Trojan Horse” Camouflage Strategy for High‐Performance Cellulose Paper and Separators
Authors: Zhang Fang , Lan Xiwei , Peng Huawen , Hu Xianluo , Zhao Qiang
Published: June 2020

Lignin‐carbohydrate complexes (LCC) underpin the comprehensive properties of natural wood. Facile restoration of LCC analogues in paper is challenging because of the charge repulsion between negatively charged lignin and pulp fibrils. A camouflage strategy is discovered to prepare positively charged lignosulfonate–polyamide‐epichlorohydrin complex (LPC) nanoparticles, which are effectively incorporated in pulp through the “LPC–pulp” attraction instead of “lignosulfonate–pulp” repulsion. Water‐resistant LPC paper sheets are prepared in ≈20 min without pressurization. They exhibit high tensile strength (41 MPa), surviving boiling water treatment for 14 days, on par with the strength of pristine paper and certain plastics in a dry state. The camouflage strategy applies to various pulps and processing technologies, as exemplified by a paper separator showing exceptional electrolyte wettability and rate capability in lithium‐ion batteries. This work establishes advanced cellulose valorization with combined strength, water stability, and tailored microstructures replacing petroleum polymers in engineering and energy implications.
Energy Level Engineering in Organic Thin Films by Tailored Halogenation
Authors: Ortstein Katrin , Hutsch Sebastian , Hinderhofer Alexander , Vahland Jörn , Schwarze Martin , Schellhammer Sebastian , Hodas Martin , Geiger Thomas , Kleemann Hans , Bettinger Holger F. , Schreiber Frank , Ortmann Frank , Leo Karl
Published: June 2020

In modern electronics, it is essential to adapt band structures by adjusting energy levels and band gaps. At first sight, this “band structure engineering” seems impossible in organic semiconductors, which usually exhibit localized electronic states instead of Bloch bands. However, the strong Coulomb interaction in organic semiconductors allows for a continuous shift of the ionization energy (IE) over a wide range by mixing molecules with halogenated derivatives that exhibit different quadrupole moments. Here, this effect of energy level engineering on blends of pentacene and two fluorinated derivatives, in which the position but not the number of fluorine atoms differ, is studied. Structural investigations confirm that pentacene forms intermixed phases in blends with the fluorinated species. The investigation of electronic properties and simulations reveals a much larger shift of the ionization energy (1.5 eV) than in previous studies, allowing to test this model in a range not investigated so far, and emphasizing the role of the position of the halogen atoms. The tuning effect is preserved in electronic devices such as field‐effect transistors and significantly influences device characteristics.
Anion Substitution in Porous Aromatic Frameworks: Boosting Molecular Permeability and Selectivity for Membrane Acetylene Separation
Authors: Zhang Panpan , Zou Xiaoqin , Song Jian , Tian Yuyang , Zhu Youliang , Yu Guangli , Yuan Ye , Zhu Guangshan
Published: June 2020

Precise tailoring of pore chemistry is indispensable for efficient membrane gas separation, particularly for the challenging acetylene system. Here, a strategy called “anion substitution” is reported, to strengthen the interaction between anions and acetylene within the pores, for radically improving gas selectivity and permeability. The anions F−and OH−are infixed in iPAF‐1 to replace the original Cl−ion. Their small anionic radii allow retention of the original high porosity of iPAF‐1‐Cl in iPAF‐1‐F and iPAF‐1‐OH. Highly basic F−and OH−confined in the pores attract acidic acetylene strongly and preferentially. Nanoparticles of iPAF‐1 are processed to form mixed matrix membranes, represented by iPAF‐1‐OH/6FDA‐ODA. The prepared membranes exhibit remarkable performance in separating acetylene from ethylene and ethane. Transplantation of porous and functional iPAF‐1‐OH into 6FDA‐ODA significantly enhances both acetylene permeability (sevenfold) and permselectivity (fivefold) for acetylene over ethylene and ethane, which is crucial for membrane acetylene gas separation.
Hofmeister‐Effect‐Guided Ionohydrogel Design as Printable Bioelectronic Devices
Authors: Shang Yinghui , Wu Chu , Hang Chengzhou , Lu Hongliang , Wang Qigang
Published: June 2020

Bioelectronic platforms convert biological signals into electrical signals by utilizing biocatalysts that provide tools to monitor the activity of cells and tissues. Traditional conducting materials such as solid conductors and conducting polymers are confronted with a great challenge in sophisticated production processes and mismatch at biological tissues–machine interfaces. Furthermore, the biocatalyst, the key functional component in the electron‐transfer reaction for bio‐signal detection denatures easily in an ionic conductive solution. Herein, a bionic strategy is elaborately developed to synthesize an ionohydrogel bioelectronic platform that possesses extracellular‐matrix‐like habitat by employing hydrated ionic liquids (HILs) as ionic solvent and bioprotectant. This strategy realizes an integration of ionic and enzymatic electronic circuits and minimization of the disparities between tissues and artificial machines. The Hofmeister effect of HILs on enzyme proteins and polymer chains ensures the high bioactivity of the enzymes and greatly improves the mechanical properties of the ionohydrogels. Moreover, hydrogen bonds formed by ILs, water, and polymer chains greatly improve the water‐retention of the ionohydrogel and give it more practical significance. Consequently, the promising ionohydrogel is partly printed and fabricated into wearable devices as a pain‐free humoral components monitor and a wireless motion‐sensor.
Cs4PbI6‐Mediated Synthesis of Thermodynamically Stable FA0.15Cs0.85PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Shao Zhipeng , Meng Hongguang , Du Xiaofan , Sun Xiuhong , Lv Peiliang , Gao Caiyun , Rao Yi , Chen Chen , Li Zhipeng , Wang Xiao , Cui Guanglei , Pang Shuping
Published: June 2020

The stability issue is still one of the main limitations of the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics. The mixed cation FAxCs1−xPbI3 has shown great promise owing to its improved thermal and moisture stability. However, the study of FAxCs1−xPbI3 is concentrated on formamidine (FA)‐rich perovskite, whereas cesium (Cs)‐rich FAxCs1−xPbI3 perovskites are barely studied due to the inevitable phase separation when Cs > 30 mol%. Here, a Cs4PbI6‐mediated method is developed to synthesize Cs‐rich FAxCs1−xPbI3 perovskites. It is demonstrated that Cs4PbI6 intermediate phase has a low Cs cation diffusion barrier and therefore offers a fast ion exchange with the preformed FA‐rich perovskite phase to finally form the Cs‐rich FAxCs1−xPbI3 perovskite. The results indicate that ≈15% alloying with organic FA cations can sufficiently stabilize the perovskite phase with excellent phase and UV‐irradiation stability. The FA0.15Cs0.85PbI3 perovskite solar cells achieve a champion power conversion efficiency of 17.5%, showing the great potential of Cs‐based perovskites for efficient and stable solar cells.