bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AGU Statement: Investigation of Scientists and Officials in L'Aquila, Italy, Is Unfounded
Authors: Anonymous
Published: August 2010

Seven Italian scientists and government officials are under investigation on charges of manslaughter for failure to warn the city of L'Aquila, Italy, before an earthquake hit last year, killing hundreds. The six seismologists and one government official under investigation, who are employees of the National Institute for Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) and the Civil Protection Department, took part in a meeting of the Major Risks Committee on 31 March 2009. At the meeting, the committee told L'Aquila city officials that “just because a small series of quakes has been observed [in L'Aquila] there is no reason to suggest that the sequence of low‐magnitude tremors are a precursor to a major event,” which was deemed “improbable, although not impossible.” However, on 6 April 2009, the city was struck by a Mw 6.3 earthquake that killed 308 people.

The criminal charges against these scientists and officials are unfounded. Despite decades of scientific research in Italy and in the rest of the world, it is not yet possible to accurately and consistently predict the timing, location, and magnitude of earthquakes before they occur. It is thus incorrect to assume that the L'Aquila earthquake should have been predicted. The charges may also harm international efforts to understand natural disasters and mitigate associated risk, because risk of litigation will discourage scientists and officials from advising their government or even working in the field of seismology and seismic risk assessment.
Probing Subglacial Environments Under the Whillans Ice Stream
Authors: Priscu J. C. , Powell R. D. , Tulaczyk S.
Published: August 2010

Water and wet sediments under ice sheets can play an important role in regulating the rate of ice stream flow in Antarctica, particularly over short time scales. Indeed, the discharge of subglacial lakes has been linked to an increase in ice velocity of Byrd Glacier by 10% for 14 months [Stearns et al., 2008], and studies in West Antarctica have shown that subglacial water can significantly influence overall ice stream dynamics [Fricker and Scambos, 2009], particularly at the seaward margin [Pollard and DeConto, 2009].

The subglacial environment of Antarctica also is an unexplored component of the biosphere. Low temperatures, complete darkness, and direct isolation from the atmosphere for millions of years make this one of the most extreme environments on the planet [Priscu et al., 2008]. Additionally, microorganisms beneath the ice sheet may play an important role in mineral weathering of basement rock and sediments, making them likely contributors to geochemical inputs into the surrounding ocean.
Sonographic appearance of appendiceal mucocele
Authors: Degani S. , Shapiro I. , Leibovitz Z. , Ohel G.
Published: August 2010

We present a case of the diagnosis of an appendiceal mucocele in a 23‐year‐old woman. The unusual preoperative sonographic appearance of the lesion is described and its clinical significance and differential diagnosis are discussed. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
A lightweight near-infrared spectrometer for the detection of trace atmospheric species
Authors: Gardiner T. , Mead M. I. , Garcelon S. , Robinson R. , Swann N. , Hansford G. M. , Woods P. T. , Jones R. L.
Published: August 2010

This paper describes the development and deployment of a lightweight in situ near-infrared tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (TDLAS) for balloon-borne measurements of trace species such as methane in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. The key feature of the instrument design is its ability to provide high sensitivity measurements with better than 1 part in 106 Hz−1/2 optical sensitivity in a lightweight package weighing as little as 6 kg, and maintaining this level of performance over the wide range of conditions experienced during field measurements. The absolute accuracy for methane measurements is approximately 10% limited by uncertainties in determining the gas temperature in the measurement volume. The high sensitivity and high temporal resolution (2.3 s measurement period) enables details of the fine-scale structure in the atmosphere to be measured. The TDLAS instrument has been used on a number of major international measurement campaigns. Intercomparison with other instruments during these campaigns have confirmed the comparability of the results from this instrument with measurements made by a range of other techniques, and demonstrated the instruments suitability for studies of atmospheric dynamics, transport, and mixing processes.
Thermal stability of SrTiO3/SiO2/Si Interfaces at Intermediate Oxygen Pressures
Authors: Yong G. J. , Kolagani Rajeswari M. , Adhikari S. , Vanderlinde W. , Liang Y. , Muramatsu K. , Friedrich S.
Published: August 2010

The thermal stability of epitaxial SrTiO3 thin films grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on Si (001) has been studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermodynamic calculations. Our studies focus on the stability of the SrTiO3/Si structures under the conditions typically employed in the pulse laser deposition (PLD) growth of complex metal oxide heteroepitaxy on Si. We observe additional Bragg peaks in thermally treated SrTiO3 buffered Si structures, corresponding to possibly TiSi2 and/or SrSiO3, reaction products which are consistent with the reaction schemes we propose. In addition, OM and SEM reveal microstructures that are not readily accounted for solely by the solid state reactions as put forth by previous workers but can be reasonably explained by our proposed reaction schemes. Using our observations and thermodynamic analysis, we argue that reactions involving the gaseous species SiO(g), the reactivity of which has not been previously considered in this system, are important. We attribute the onset of degradation of the SrTiO3 film at high temperatures, to the circular void forming reaction Si(s)+SiO2(s)→2SiO(g) at the interface and suggest that the reactions considered by previous workers involving all solid state reactants occurs only at the conclusion of degradation. Our results points to the need for keeping the PLD temperature as low as possible to minimize the production of reactive SiO(g) in avoiding the deleterious reactions.
Impact ionization fronts in semiconductors: Numerical evidence of superfast propagation due to nonlocalized preionization
Authors: Rodin Pavel , Minarsky Andrey , Grekhov Igor
Published: August 2010

We present numerical evidence of superfast propagation of ionizing fronts that occurs due to nonlocalized preionization of the depleted high-field region. In nonlinear dynamics terms, this traveling front mode of avalanche breakdown in a semiconductor corresponds to a pulled front propagating into an unstable state in the regime of nonlocalized initial conditions. Our simulations reveal excitation and propagation of such fronts in a Si p+-n-n+ structure. The front is triggered by applying a sharp voltage ramp to a reversely biased structure. Before the front starts to travel, field-ehanced emission of electrons from deep-level impurities preionizes initially depleted n base creating spatially nonuniform profile of free carriers. Impact ionization takes place in the whole high-field region the front propagates to. We find two ionizing fronts that propagate in opposite directions with velocities up to ten times higher than the saturated drift velocity.
Enhancing spectral contrast in organic red-light photodetectors based on a light-absorbing and exciton-blocking layered system
Authors: Higashi Yusuke , Kim Kyu-Sik , Jeon Hyeon-Gu , Ichikawa Musubu
Published: August 2010

We demonstrated a highly sensitive red-light photodetector based on a mixed copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and fullerene C60 photoactive layer, similar to a so-called bulk heterojunction structure usually used in the field of organic photovoltaics. We incorporated an additional set of organic layers that was composed of two organic p-type semiconductors to reduce the blue-light sensitivities of CuPc- and C60-based organic photodetectors. We used α,ω-diphenyl sexi-thiophene (P6T) and α,ω-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)ter-thiophene (BP3T), which are thiophene-based materials and usually have good hole-transporting properties. A thick (>100 nm) P6T layer absorbed blue light, preventing it from reaching the photoactive layer, and a thin (∼20 nm) BP3T layer whose band gap was larger than that of P6T blocked excitation energy transfer from P6T to CuPc. Thus, we successfully demonstrated a red-light photodetector with high peak sensitivity and whose current-voltage characteristics did not worsen. The optimal device showed a peak incident photon-current conversion efficiency of 51.7% at 620 nm and a specific detectivity of 4.0×1011 cm Hz1/2/W.
Controlling the electrical transport properties of graphene by in situ metal deposition
Authors: Ren Yujie , Chen Shanshan , Cai Weiwei , Zhu Yanwu , Zhu Chaofu , Ruoff Rodney S.
Published: August 2010

The deposition effect of metals on graphene was studied by in situ field effect transistor (FET) measurements in high vacuum. Metals such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) were deposited onto clean graphene surfaces, followed by FET measurements. The results show that Ag and Cu cause a shift in the Fermi level in the graphene from the Dirac point into the conduction band while Au causes a shift into the valence band. The induced carrier concentration was estimated at 2–6×1012/cm2. The shifts in the Fermi level of the graphene are explained by the different work functions of these metals.
Two-photon subwavelength lithography with thermal light
Authors: Cao De-Zhong , Ge Gui-Ju , Wang Kaige
Published: August 2010

We propose an incoherent interferometer which can partly modify the spatial correlation property of thermal light. Applying the interferometer to the two-photon double-slit interference with thermal light, we find that the subwavelength interference patterns appear in the intensity correlation not only between two same polarized photons at different positions but also between two orthogonally polarized photons at the same position. The latter can correspond to the two-photon double-slit interference using a two-photon entangled source. Our experimental result suggests that a thermal light source is capable of accomplishing subwavelength lithography technique to surpass the Rayleigh resolution limit.
Light induced tuning of quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Basnar B. , Mujagic E. , Andrews A. M. , Roch T. , Schrenk W. , Strasser G.
Published: August 2010

A method for tuning the emission of a midinfrared quantum cascade laser using ultraviolet light is presented. The method uses a quantum cascade laser where a photochromic material is deposited as the top waveguide cladding. Changing the state of the cladding causes variations in the absorbance of the cladding. Wavelength dependent changes in the waveguide losses occur, forcing the laser to emit at a wavelength correlated with an absorbance minimum of the cladding. A blueshift by about 6 cm−1 was obtained at room temperature under UV irradiation which was fully reversed by exposure to visible light or room temperature relaxation.
Communities of management knowledge diffusion
Authors: Roberts Joanne
Published: August 2010

A Communities of Practice approach is used to unravel the actions and activities that facilitate the diffusion of management knowledge among organizations. In so doing, the local embedded nature of knowledge is recognized, as is the manner in which interactions between the general and the specific provide a creative dynamic that facilitates the widespread diffusion and a multiple creation of knowledge. Knowledge interactions are explored in terms of boundary processes involving interactions between management gurus, management consultants, business schools/management academics, managers and business media. Moreover, by making a clear distinction between implicit management knowledge and management ideas and techniques, important differences between the communities engaged in the diffusion of management knowledge are revealed.
Effect of Comorbid Depression on Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Erfan Salwa , Hashim Abdel Hameed , Shaheen Moustafa , Sabry Noha
Published: August 2010

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of depression on pattern of substance use disorders (SUDs). Consecutive samples of (200) Egyptian male SUD inpatients were examined over 1-year period. Study and control samples were chosen. Study group consisted of 30 patients with comorbid substance dependence and depression. Control group consisted of 30 substance-dependent patients without depression. Semistructured interviews, Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS), were applied. Comparison between both groups showed significant differences for prescribed opioid use (100% versus 86%), polysubstance use (73% versus 43%), frequency of suicidal attempts (86% versus 43%), mean of admissions to substance use treatment (SUT) units (5 versus 2.2), mean of abstinence periods (3.8 versus 1.2); study group showed greater medical status impairment ( P = .05), social and psychiatric impairment ( P = .01). It was concluded that depression might affect SUD as regards type of substance used, pattern of use, suicide rate, duration of hospitalization, rate of rehospitalization, and finally medical, social, and psychiatric status impairment.
Electrophysiological correlates of face distortion after-effects
Authors: Zimmer Márta , Kovács Gyula
Published: August 2010

When observers are exposed to a distorted face the perceived configuration of a subsequently presented face is altered, a phenomenon called face distortion after-effect (FDAE). We compared the face-related components of the event-related potential (ERP) after adaptation to noise images—veridical and distorted faces. We found large bilateral adaptation effects on the P100 and N170 components that are related to face detection. Moreover, we found smaller adaptation effects on the N170, recorded over the right hemisphere, which can be related to the behavioural distortion after-effect and to face configurations. Our results suggest that the observed ERP adaptation effects are general for various steps of face processing and that the FDAEs similarly to gender after-effects are related to the early face-specific ERP components.
Theory of decoherence of N-state quantum systems in the Born–Markov approximation
Authors: Joynt Robert , Nguyen Bich Ha , Nguyen Van Hieu
Published: August 2010

We present a systematic formalism for the computation of the density matrix of an N-state quantum system in the presence of classical noise or a coupling to the environment. In this formalism, the density matrix of the system is given as an expansion in the generators of the SU(N) group with real coefficients. This leads to a system of master equations. The parameters in these equations may be approximately expressed in terms of the components of the Redfield tensor, when the Born and Markov approximations are valid. The general form of the solution of the system of master equations is established. All relaxation and dephasing rates are then very simply expressed as eigenvalues of a certain matrix. This gives the formulation its simplicity and makes it uniquely suitable for numerical computation. The spectral representation of the components of the Redfield tensor is derived in the case when the environment is a harmonic oscillator bath in thermal equilibrium. Beyond the Born approximation, the decoherence of the system is determined by the Lindblad formula for the Liouvillian superoperator. The Lindblad formulae of some models of multi-state quantum systems are also presented.
Structural organization of nanomaterials and nanosystems: neutron scattering insight
Authors: Belushkin A V , Kozlenko D P
Published: August 2010

An overview of the studies of structural characteristics of nanomaterials and nanosystems, performed by neutron scattering methods, is presented. The considered examples include optically active oxide materials, biological systems and solutions for track membrane etching. It is shown that features of structural organization at the nanoscale, including cluster formation, aggregation and packing modification, play an important role in the formation of the physical properties of materials.
Improved performance of dye-sensitized solar cells by tuning the properties of ruthenium complexes containing conjugated bipyridine ligands
Authors: Nguyen Hong Minh , Nguyen Duc Nghia , Kim Nakjoong
Published: August 2010

Three heteroleptic ruthenium complexes cis-[Ru(H
2
dcbpy)(L)(NCS)2], where H
2
dcbpy is 4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine and L is 4-(4-(N,N-di-(p-anisyl)amino)styryl)-4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine (Dye-1), 4-(4-(N,N-di-(p-hexyloxyphenyl)amino)styryl)-4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine (Dye-2) or 4-(5-(N,N-di-(p-hexyloxyphenyl)-amino)-thiophene-2-yl-ethenyl)-4′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine (Dye-3) have been synthesized and characterized. The influence of differently conjugated bipyridine ligands on these complexes was studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. These heteroleptic complexes show appreciably broad absorption ranges and quite high extinction coefficients. These new dyes were used as photosensitizers in nanocrystalline TiO
2 dye-sensitized solar cells. It was found that the difference in light-harvesting property between Dye-1, Dye-2 and Dye-3 is associated mainly with molar extinction coefficients and alignment of the HOMO–LUMO energy levels. The power conversion efficiencies of solar cells based on Dye-1 and Dye-2 are 4.21% and 4.41%, while Dye-3 delivered a lower efficiency of 2.88% under the same device fabrication and measurement conditions.
Synthesis and optical properties of CdSe nanocrystals and CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanostructures in non-coordinating solvents
Authors: Nguyen Hong Quang
Published: August 2010

We have performed a conventional and non-coordinated-based method for synthesis of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots in this work. This was the first time a CdSe/ZnS core/shell structure was successfully synthesized in a non-coordinating solvent without trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO). The obtained CdSe nanocrystals were characterized by using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescent (PL) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which confirmed that a series of CdSe particles with a diameter of 1.9–3.5 nm, corresponding to the first peak of absorption spectra in the 450–570 nm range, was successfully achieved. The CdSe/ZnS core/shell structures were then fabricated by coating the previously synthesized CdSe core with various ZnS layers. These CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots exhibited very high photoluminescence in comparison to that of the original CdSe cores. The narrow width of the CdSe/ZnS quantum dots indicated that the as-produced quantum dots have uniform size distribution, desirable dispersibility and excellent fluorescent properties. These are the requirements for several potential utilizations, such as cellular imaging, biomedical sensing, and solar cell and other photovoltaic applications.
Time-resolved photoluminescence study of CuInS
2/ZnS nanocrystals
Authors: Tran Thi Kim Chi , Le Quang Phuong , Nguyen Quang Liem , Li Liang , Reiss Peter
Published: August 2010

The emission mechanism in ZnS-capped 3-nm CuInS
2 nanocrystals was studied by using time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL). A typical TRPL spectrum demonstrates two broad emission bands. The spectral shifts as functions of the excitation power density and delay times from the excitation moment prove that both emission bands originate from donor-acceptor pair recombinations. Moreover, the temperature-dependent TRPL measurement revealed the importance of trapping sites in the emission mechanism of CuInS
2 nanocrystals.
Preparation and characterization of ZrO
2:Er
3+, Yb
3+ nanoparticles using a high pressure assisted soft template
Authors: Lam Thi Kieu Giang , Opalinska A , Chudoba T , Benkowski K , Lojkowski W , Tran Kim Anh , Nguyen Thanh Binh , Le Quoc Minh
Published: August 2010

Nanoparticles of ZrO
2:Er
3+, Yb
3+ fabricated by a soft template method combined with microwave heating under high pressures were reported for the first time. Nano ZrO
2:Er
3+, Yb
3+ in concentrations of 0.1–15 mol% have been fabricated in the presence of soft template agent diethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol in a microwave reactor at pressures up to 55 atm. The average size of the as-synthesized nanoparticles was found to be 5–13 nm. The upconversion luminescence of the ZrO
2:Er
3+, Yb
3+ was found in the red region of 630–710 nm and in the green region of 510–570 nm, with excitation by an infrared diode laser at the wavelengths of 830 and 940 nm, respectively. The change in content ratio between monoclinic and tetragonal phases when the annealing temperature increases from 600 to 1200 °C was investigated. The tetragonal phase content decreases and disappears for the samples annealed at 1200 °C. The increase in the content of the monoclinic phase is suggested to be a main reason for the increase in the upconversion luminescent intensity of nano ZrO
2:Er
3+, Yb
3+.
LPG sensing properties of SnO
2 nanoparticles doped with several metal oxides by a hydrothermal method
Authors: Hien Vu Xuan , Anh Ly Tu Huy , Trung Khuc Quang , Vuong Dang Duc , Chien Nguyen Duc
Published: August 2010

CuO, Al
2
O
3, Ag
2
O and La
2
O
3 doped on SnO
2 nanoparticles were successfully fabricated by a hydrothermal route at 200 °C for 3 h. The morphology and composition were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX). The results showed that the particle size is 6–8 nm without other impurities. The influence of CuO with a concentration of 0.5–3wt%, which was doped on sol SnO
2 5wt% by hydrothermal and vibration technique, was discussed. In addition, the gas sensitivity experiment of samples to 1% LPG in the temperature range of 230–430 °C indicated the improvement in sensitivity and response time. In particular, the SnO
2 sol suspension 5wt% doped with CuO 2wt% showed the best sensitivity at 330 °C.
The fabrication of GaN-based light emitting diodes (LEDs)
Authors: Nguyen Xu Lin , Nguyen Thi Ngoc Nhien , Chau Vinh Thang , Dang Mau Chien
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we report on the fabrication of blue GaN based light emitting diodes (LEDs), and then on coating procedures to obtain white LED lamps from blue LED chips. Firstly, the multi-layers of nanometer thickness GaN are grown on quarters of 2-inch diameter (0001)-orientation (c-plane) sapphire substrates by using metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) for a subsequent realization of the LED structures. Then, the blue GaN based LEDs are fabricated by using several standard microfabrication techniques, including mesa etching, metal deposition, lift-off and annealing. The luminous intensity of the fabricated blue LED chips, measured with a current of 20 mA, is approximately 80 millicandela (mcd). Afterward, a solution of phosphor (Y
3
Al
5
O
12:Ce): epoxy is prepared to coat the blue LED chips, thus obtaining the white LED lamps. After the coating procedure, the power of the fabricated white LED lamps is about 40 lm 
W
-1 at 20 mA current. All the obtained results have proved the success of the GaN-based LED fabrication and white LED lamps produced.
Resistance Phenotypes in Diverse Accessions, Breeding Lines, and Cultivars of Three Mustard Species Inoculated withTurnip mosaic virus
Authors: Kehoe Monica A. , Coutts Brenda A. , Jones Roger A. C.
Published: August 2010

The responses of 44 accessions, breeding lines, or cultivars of Brassica juncea (Indian mustard), 9 of B. carinata (Ethiopian mustard), 5 of B. nigra (black mustard), and 6 crosses between B. juncea and B. napus (canola) to sap inoculation with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) were investigated. Eleven different phenotypes were obtained, including six previously recognized in B. napus (+, O, R, RN, RN/+, and +N) and five not recorded before (+St, RN/St, RN/St/+, +N1, and +ND). All but two (+ and +St) were resistance phenotypes. The resistance phenotypes in B. carinata and B. juncea × B. napus crosses prevented systemic infection but those in B. juncea and B. nigra included systemic necrosis. Absence of systemic invasion associated with resistance phenotypes in B. carinata was confirmed by graft inoculations. The resistance phenotypes may reflect the presence of known TuMV resistance genes located in the A genome or unknown genes in the B genome in B. juncea, unknown resistance genes in the B or C genomes in B. carinata, and unknown resistance genes in the B genome in B. nigra. Further research to identify the resistance genes involved would establish the potential usefulness of these resistance phenotypes in breeding TuMV-resistant mustard cultivars for biofuel production.
New behavioral protocols to extend our knowledge of rodent object recognition memory
Authors: Albasser Mathieu M. , Chapman Rosanna J. , Amin Eman , Iordanova Mihaela D. , Vann Seralynne D. , Aggleton John P.
Published: August 2010

Animals often show an innate preference for novelty. This preference facilitates spontaneous exploration tasks of novelty discrimination (recognition memory). In response to limitations with standard spontaneous object recognition procedures for rodents, a new task (“bow-tie maze”) was devised. This task combines features of delayed nonmatching-to-sample with spontaneous exploration. The present study explored aspects of object recognition in the bow-tie maze not amenable to standard procedures. Two rat strains (Lister Hooded, Dark Agouti) displayed very reliable object recognition in both the light and dark, with the Lister Hooded strain showing superior performance (Experiment 1). These findings reveal the potential contribution of tactile and odor cues in object recognition. As the bow-tie maze task permits multiple trials within a session, it was possible to derive forgetting curves both within-session and between-sessions (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, rats with hippocampal or fornix lesions performed at normal levels on the basic version of the recognition task, contrasting with the marked deficits previously seen after perirhinal cortex lesions. Next, the training protocol was adapted (Experiment 3), and this modified version was used successfully with mice (Experiment 4). The overall findings demonstrate the efficacy of this new behavioral task and advance our understanding of object recognition.
Abscisic Acid Increases Arabidopsis ABI5 Transcription Factor Levels by Promoting KEG E3 Ligase Self-Ubiquitination and Proteasomal Degradation
Authors: Liu Hongxia , Stone Sophia L.
Published: August 2010

The Arabidopsis thaliana RING-type E3 ligase KEEP ON GOING (KEG) is a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Seedlings homozygous for T-DNA insertions in KEG accumulate high levels of the ABA-responsive transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5). Here, we demonstrate that KEG E3 ligase activity is required for the regulation of ABI5 abundance. KEG ubiquitinates ABI5 in vitro, and a functional KEG RING domain is required to restore the levels of ABI5 in keg-1 to that of the wild type. Overexpression of KEG leads to ABA insensitivity, which correlates with KEG protein levels. In the presence of ABA, ABI5 levels increase drastically via a decrease in ubiquitin-meditated proteasomal degradation. Our results indicate that ABA promotes ABI5 accumulation by inducing the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of KEG. A functional RING domain is required for the ABA-induced degradation of KEG, suggesting that the loss is due to self-ubiquitination. Mutations within KEG's kinase domain or treatments with kinase inhibitors prohibit the ABA-induced ubiquitination and degradation of KEG, indicating that phosphorylation, possibly self-phosphorylation, is involved in the ABA regulation of KEG protein levels. We discuss a model for how ABA may negatively regulate KEG protein abundance, leading to accumulation of ABI5 and ABA-dependent cellular responses.
Church‐Based Community Activism: A Comparison of Black and White Catholic Congregations
Authors: Cavendish James C.
Published: August 2010

Scholars have recently examined the role of black churches in initiating civil rights and social justice activities, community development and rehabilitation projects, and family support and community health outreach programs. Practically all of this research has been on black Protestant churches. This article seeks to address this gap in the literature by investigating the extent to which African‐American Catholic congregations engage in social action and social service programs in their communities. Data drawn from a nationwide survey of U.S. Catholic parishes are used to show that black churches are significantly more likely than white churches to engage in social service and social action activities independent of a variety of demographic, organizational, and structural factors known—or suspected—to influence activism. This finding lends support to the argument that the extra religious functions of black churches—Protestant and Catholic—are more deeply ingrained in these religious institutions than is suggested by some analysts. Equally significant is the finding of positive and significant relationships between churches that have parish councils and leadership training programs and congregational activism. This finding lends support to previous findings that suggest that the organizational structure of religious institutions may influence churchgoers' opportunities for learning and practicing civic skills relevant to community activism.
The physiological significance of cyanide‐resistant respiration in higher plants
Authors: LAMBERS HANS
Published: August 2010

Abstract A brief survey of the biochemistry of the alternative oxidative pathway (‘cyanide‐resistant respiration’) and its occurrence in vivo is given. Several hypotheses about the physiological significance of the alternative chain are discussed. These include a role in (1) heat production, (2) fruit ripening, (3) respiration of plants that contain high levels of cyanogenic glycosides, producing HCN upon wounding, (4) oxidation of NADH that is produced by various causes in excess of that required for ATP production, (5) ion uptake, and (6) osmoregulation.

In intact roots of higher plants, the activity of the alternative pathway is more active when less carbohydrate is required for assimilation of N (NH+4 NO‐3 or N2) and is less active in those when carbohydrates are being stored in a storage organ or when the availability of photosynthate is reduced. An increase in carbohydrate requirement for osmoregulation is also correlated with decreased alternative chain activity.

It is concluded that the alternative pathway in roots plays an important role in oxidation of sugars which are not required for carbon skeletons, energy production for growth and maintenance processes, osmoregulation or storage. However, the significance of this role may vary in different tissues and physiological states.
Materials and methods for carbon dioxide and water exchange analysis§
Authors: BLOOM ARNOLD J. , MOONEY HAROLD A. , BJÖRKMAN OLLE , BERRY JOSEPH
Published: August 2010

Abstract Some of the materials which are commonly used in equipment for carbon dioxide and water exchange analysis can adsorb substantial amounts of carbon dioxide and water and, thus, may cause large experimental errors. Also presented are procedures for determining the influence of light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature upon photosynthesis and transpiration.
Application to wheat and barley of two leaf photosynthesis models for C3 plants
Authors: DAY W. , PARKINSON K. J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Two models describing the relationship between net photosynthesis of leaves of C3 plants, light intensity and CO2 concentration in the substomatal cavities are described and fitted to data obtained in a constant environment cabinet and in the field. The first model, based on a resistance analogue for gaseous diffusion and Michaelis‐Menten biochemistry, gave the best fit to the data. For the field data, four parameters were required–quantum yield, mesophyll resistance, ‘dayrsquo; respiration and a photorespiration constant. For the cabinet data, a parameter representing the limiting photosynthesis rate was required. The second model, based on a recent more rigorous biochemical analysis of photosynthesis, contains five parameters–quantum yield, maximum carboxylation rate, ‘day’ respiration, a photorespiration constant and a maximum electron transport rate. It fitted the data less well.
Mock Ebonics: Linguistic racism in parodies of Ebonics on the Internet
Authors: Ronkin Maggie , Karn Helen E.
Published: August 2010

This study describes and analyzes outgroup linguistic racism in parodies of Ebonics (‘Mock Ebonics’) that appeared on the Internet in the wake of the December 18, 1996 resolution of the Board of Education of the Oakland (California) Unified School District on improving the English‐language skills of African‐American students. We examined 23 World Wide Web pages containing 270,188 words, from which we chose nine pages containing 225,726 words for in‐depth analysis. Drawing on a characterization of Mock Spanish, our analysis shows that Mock Ebonics is a system of graphemic‐phonetic, grammatical, semantic, and pragmatic strategies for representing an outgroup's belief in the imperfection and inferiority of Ebonics and its users. We show how producers of Ebonics parody pages employ these strategies, which are common in speech stereotypes, to articulate an anti‐Ebonics language ideology and shift the blame for the poor academic performance of African Americans from a racist society to learners and the community from which they come.
A note on invariance of multiple tests
Authors: Gather U. , Pawlitschko J. , Pigeot I.
Published: August 2010

The property of invariance—well‐known for a single test problem—is extended to multiple test problems. It is shown that the invariance of the components of a multiple test is necessary and sufficient for the multiple test to be invariant. Furthermore, the invariance of stepwise procedures is investigated. An example is given addressing some related aspects.
Implementation Mode and Local Government Performance Measurement: A Norwegian Experience
Authors: Johnsen A˚ge
Published: August 2010

This study explores how implementation approaches affect implementation success of performance measurement. A theory is developed using case studies of four projects from Norwegian local government in the period 1983–98. `Implementation mode' is defined as to what extent a system is coupled to organisational objectives during the implementation process. An implementation mode which decouples performance indicators (PIs) from organisational objectives seems to further implementation success. This paradoxical theory of implementation mode gives new insights both relative to classical implementation theory as in MBO, and to theories of loose coupling in implementation and reforms common in the New Institutionalist Theory.
Women in Procrustean Beds: Strength Testing and the Workplace
Authors: Messing Karen , Stevenson Joan
Published: August 2010

Pre‐employment strength testing in its present form supports employment practices which exclude women from manual handling tasks traditionally assigned to men. However, several lines of reasoning lead us to think that pre‐employment testing is a Procrustean bed which imposes unreasonable requirements on most women. Examination of some tests and their scientific underpinnings leads us to conclude that they may result in discrimination. Women often approach manual tasks in ways different from men, so that pre‐employment tests developed around the ways men usually perform these tasks are poor predictors of women’s performance at real‐life jobs. We also question the fact that pre‐employment testing involves the types of requirements imposed in men’s traditional work, but not women’s. This perspective leads us to propose a less rigid notion of physical strength and to introduce the concept of human‐task interaction. Representations of human capacity based on sexual stereotypes may conceal health and safety problems in job requirements which should be addressed directly, leading to more constructive propositions regarding job design and employee selection. We propose that standards be set for job requirements, such that all manual handling jobs become physically accessible to at least 75% of all workers.
Quantifying the Effects of Mask Metadata Disclosure and Multiple Releases on the Confidentiality of Geographically Masked Health Data
Authors: Zimmerman Dale L. , Pavlik Claire
Published: August 2010

The availability of individual‐level health data presents opportunities for monitoring the distribution and spread of emergent, acute, and chronic conditions, as well as challenges with respect to maintaining the anonymity of persons with health conditions. Particularly when such data are mapped as point locations, concerns arise regarding the ease with which individual identities may be determined by linking geographic coordinates to digital street networks, then determining residential addresses and, finally, names of occupants at specific addresses. The utility of such data sets must therefore be balanced against the requirements of protecting the confidentiality of individuals whose identities might be revealed through the availability of precise and accurate locational data. Recent literature has pointed toward geographic masking as a means for striking an appropriate balance between data utility and confidentiality. However, questions remain as to whether certain characteristics of the mask (mask metadata) should be disclosed to data users and whether two or more distinct masked versions of the data can be released without breaching confidentiality. In this article, we address these questions by quantifying the extent to which the disclosure of mask metadata and the release of multiple masked versions may affect confidentiality, with a view toward providing guidance to custodians of health data sets. The masks considered include perturbation, areal aggregation, and their combination. Confidentiality is measured by the areas of confidence regions for individuals' locations, which are derived under the probability models governing the masks, conditioned on the disclosed mask metadata.
CHEMOSENSORY RESPONSES OF THE SYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATE SYMBIODINIUM MICROADRIATICUM (DINOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Fitt William K.
Published: August 2010

Motile Symbiodinium microadriaticum (Freudenthal 1962) were attracted to a variety of nitrogen‐containing compounds, including ammonium, nitrate, urea and some amino acids. No chemosensory response to phosphate, sulphate, vitamins, trace metals or sugars was evident. Motile algae responded to concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and urea at least as low as 10−6 M. High concentrations (≥ 10−2 M) of ammonium appeared to inhibit attraction of motile algae. Calculations using ammonium release rates from various aposymbiotic hosts suggest that motile S. microadriaticum can respond to released ammonium ca. 1 cm from the source.

Cultured algae were not attracted to combined nitrogen cues for at least 2 days after inoculation into seawater with dissolved combined low nitrogen. Algae freshly isolated from starved animals were normally motile the day following isolation and attracted to ammonium and nitrate when maintained in seawater containing < 1 μM ammonium and nitrate. The algae lost their ability to orient to nitrogen attractants the day after incubation into culture medium containing high levels of ammonium and nitrate. These results suggest that chemosensory behavior is suppressed when nutrients are present in the ambient medium or are stored by the alga.

There were few differences in chemosensory abilities in different strains of S. microadriaticum to the attractants assayed, suggesting that selection for a particular strain by a host species may not be due to differential chemosensory ability or cues. However, the absence of chemical attraction of motile S. microadriaticum to infected hosts may act to preserve strain selection occurring at other steps in the infection process of aposymbiotic hosts.
STUDIES ON THE BIOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY OF THE FRESHWATER PHAEOPHYCEAN ALGA HERIBAUDIELLA FLUVIATILIS1
Authors: Wehr John D. , Stein Janet R.
Published: August 2010

A biogeographical survey of the freshwater brown alga Heribaudiella fluviatilis (Areschoug) Svedelius was conducted in southern British Columbia (Canada) and northern Washington (U.S.A.). Surveys of 121 reaches on streams and rivers revealed 25 populations, including the first record for the U.S.A. A strongly noncoastal distribution provides no evidence of a marine‐based source for its distribution in the region. Streams with Heribaudiella typically have a: current velocity greater than 1.0 m · s−1; rocky substrata; range of width from 1.7–60 m; broad range of Ca concentration; and, ranged from heavily shaded to fully open location. Although once thought rare in North America, it was fairly widespread in the region and often abundant within a given sampling site. Biogeographic and ecological data suggest that Heribaudiella may be a common, but often overlooked, component of the flora of rivers.
A SHORT‐TERM DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY OFCYSTOSEIRA OSMUNDACEA(FUCALES: CYSTOSEIRACEAE) IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Schiel David R.
Published: August 2010

Several demographic features were examined in the field over a period of eleven months for the subtidal algaCystoseira osmundacea(Turner) C. Agardh at two localities near Monterey, California. This species showed a restricted distribution with depth, with peak average numbers of 3–4 plants per m2occurring at 6–8 m and forming a dense canopy on the surface of the sea. Below 10 m depth, there was a decline in the abundance of plants and also in the proportion of plants which bore seasonal fronds and reproductive tissue.Macrocystis pyrifera(L.) C. Agardh plants were also common at both localities. There was a negative correlation between the presence of this species andC. osmundaceaat a scale of 1 m2, but no correlation at 4, 9, and 25 m2.

Cohorts ofC. osmundaceawere mapped and tagged at one locality. The plants had markedly seasonal growth, with the greatest elongation of fronds occurring between March and June. Dense surface canopies and reproductive tissue were present during the summer months of June–August. These seasonal fronds were shed during September, leaving small perennial holdfasts and fronds.

Plants were strictly dioecious, and there was a one‐to‐one ratio of male to female plants at both localities. Length‐dry weight relationships showed that the largest plants had over 80% of their weight invested in seasonal fronds (vegetative plus reproductive tissue).

Recruits ofC. osmundaceaat one locality appeared during September–November only in areas cleared to bare substratum. There was 15% survival of recruits between November and the following May, while 98% of the original mapped cohort survived for the 11 months of the study.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE FLAGELLA OF THE COLORLESS PHAGOTROPH PERANEMA TRICHOPHORUM (EUGLENOPHYCEAE).II. FLAGELLAR ROOTS1
Authors: Hilenski Lula L. , Walne Patricia L.
Published: August 2010

Peranema trichophorum (Ehrenberg) Stein, a colorless phagotrophic euglenoid flagellate, has a typically euglenoid microtubular root complement. Striated root components, relatively uncommon in euglenoids, are connected to the basal bodies and to a microtubular root.

The flagellar system of Peranema consists of three unequal microtubular roots which extend anteriorly beneath the reservoir membrane, and narrow‐band striated roots (periodicity = 29–33 nm) which connect one of the four basal bodies to the movable rodorgan of the feeding apparatus. An inter basal body striated fiber forms a three‐way connection between one particular microtubular root, a flagellar basal body, and the striated roots. A striated fibril (periodicity = 18–25 nm), which may be an extension of the striated root system, extends beneath the reservoir membrane. Associated with the striated fibril and the striated roots are cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
CHROOCOCCOID CYANOBACTERIA IN LAKE ONTARIO: VERTICAL AND SEASONAL DISTRIBUTIONS DURING 19821
Authors: Caron David A. , Pick Francis R. , Lean David R. S.
Published: August 2010

Chroococcoid cyanobacteria (0.7–1.3 μm in diameter) were discovered to be a significant component of the Lake Ontario plankton. Using epifluorescence microscopy, the densities of these microorganisms were found to vary by four orders of magnitude with a single large peak in abundance (6.5 × 105 cells mL−1) corresponding to the time of maximum water temperature. The morphology and abundance of these cyanobacteria were similar to those previously found in oceanic systems. They constituted 10% of the bacterial numbers in the epilimnion during this period, approximately 40% of the biomass of prokaryotes less than 2.0 μm, and 30% of the biomass of all microorganisms less than 20 μm in size. Size fractionation studies indicated that they were responsible for approximately 38% of the total primary production during times of peak abundance, and were important in phosphorus uptake. Cyanobacteria observed in the food vacuoles of heterotrophic microflagellates and in the guts of rotifers suggest that the latter organisms may be important consumers of this prokaryote population.
EFFECTS OF CHIRONOMID (INSECTA: DIPTERA) TUBE‐BUILDING ACTIVITIES ON STREAM DIATOM COMMUNITIES1,2
Authors: Pringle Catherine M.
Published: August 2010

Chironomid retreats, constructed out of sand grains upon submerged wood debris, increase the surface area available for diatom colonization. The three dimensional substratum afforded by chironomid tubes supports up to twelve times the diatom biavolume found upon adjacent, unmodified substratum in a northern Michigan stream. Diatom enumeration within scrapings from small defined areas on artificial substrata, combined with examination of intact natural substrata through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), reveals distinct, microdistribution patterns. The larval retreats of two major taxa of tube‐dwelling chironomid's(Micropsectrasp. andPseudodiamesacf.pertinaxGarrett) display significantly different diatom communities relative to adjacent masonite substratum. Substratum without chironomid tubes is primarily colonized byAchnanthes minutissimaKütz. andCocconeis placentulaEhr., exhibiting the lowest species diversity of microhabitats examined. The diatom flora upon sand tubes ofMicropsectrasp. is dominated byOpephora martyiHerib., as is the flora of sand grains collected from the stream sediment load. These two micro‐habitats exhibit a high community similarity (SIMI). The SIMI index also suggests that the flora ofP. pertinaxtubes is highly similar to that of sand grains. Diversity, however, is almost three times greater onP. pertinaxtubes and SEM observations reveal that this microhabitat is characterized by a more spatially complex flora; NitzschiaandNaviculaspp. dominate the upperstory, andO. martyiis located on underlying sand grains. Results indicate that tube‐building chironomids in Carp Creek affect diatom microdistribution by: (1) stabilizing sand grains and associated flora within their retreats, (2) providing a ‘refugium’ for upperstory diatom taxa from the mayfly grazer,Baetis vagansMcDunnough (Insecta: Ephemeroptera), and (3) through local nutrient enrichment.