bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cartulaires Français en Angleterre
Authors: Marchegay Paul
Published: July 2011

Around 1820, several manuscripts went missing from the archives of Maine-et-Loire in Angers, among them two of the region's most valued cartularies, Le Livre Noir de Saint-Florent, prés Saumur and La Grande Pancarte de Fontevrauld. These volumes were later discovered to have been purchased by the famed book collector Thomas Phillipps, and, in 1850, the Angers archivist Paul Marchegay travelled to England to document these and other French cartularies in English collections. The result of his efforts is Cartulaires Français en Angleterre (1855). This important bibliography provides full descriptions of seven French cartulary manuscripts held at the British Museum, lists by geographic location twenty-two documents pertaining to French foundations, and describes the two manuscripts held in the Phillipps collection. It both represents an important contribution to the history of Angers and reveals a fascinating story of diplomatic co-operation among the archivists of France and England.
The Life of Alexander Duff, D.D., LL.D
Authors: Smith George
Published: July 2011

George Smith (1833–1919) spent many years in India as an educator and editor of the Calcutta Review. He was a great supporter of missionary work and became secretary of the foreign mission committee of the Free Church of Scotland in 1870. He also wrote popular books of missionary biography including this two-volume Life of Alexander Duff (1879). Duff (1806–1878) was the first foreign missionary of the Church of Scotland and a leading figure in promoting Christian education in India. Duff pioneered what he called 'downward filter theory' which centred on educating India's upper caste through English in the hope that this elite group would then take responsibility for the evangelisation and modernisation of South Asia. Volume 2 describes Duff's life from 1843 until his death in 1878, covering his contribution to the 1854 educational reforms in India and the founding of the University of Calcutta.
The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher
Authors: Collinson Richard
Published: July 2011

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This account of Frobisher's voyages in search of the North-West Passage in the sixteenth century was compiled in 1867 from the first edition of Hakluyt's Voyages (1589) with additional manuscript documents. The southern areas of the New World having been claimed by Spain and Portugal, British and Dutch sailors took the lead in exploring the North Atlantic, both in search of profit from the lands first discovered by Cabot in 1500, but also in an effort to find an alternative route to the East.
The History of Greece
Authors: Mitford William
Published: July 2011

This vast study, first published between 1784 and 1818, and written on an unprecedentedly large historical scale, was begun at the urging of the author's friend Edward Gibbon. William Mitford (1744–1827), a scholar of private means, a magistrate and an MP, was concerned for the preservation of national and military stability, and he in part used his work to draw parallels between the rise of Athenian democracy and the contemporary status of the British constitution. This stance drew some criticism initially, but Mitford's approach was later praised in the wake of the French Revolution. The History, therefore, offers fascinating insights into its own time as well as a study of ancient Greece. The four volumes reissued here are from the uniform edition of 1808. The second volume takes the story of events in Greece from the Thirty Years' Truce to 404 BCE and the end of the Peloponnesian War.
The History of Greece
Authors: Mitford William
Published: July 2011

This vast study, first published between 1784 and 1818, and written on an unprecedentedly large historical scale, was begun at the urging of the author's friend Edward Gibbon. William Mitford (1744–1827), a scholar of private means, a magistrate and an MP, was concerned for the preservation of national and military stability, and he in part used his work to draw parallels between the rise of Athenian democracy and the contemporary status of the British constitution. This stance drew some criticism initially, but Mitford's approach was later praised in the wake of the French Revolution. The History, therefore, offers fascinating insights into its own time as well as a study of ancient Greece. The four volumes reissued here are from the uniform edition of 1808. Volume 3, first published in 1797, covers the period from 404 to 386 BCE, including the rise of Mitford's hero, Philip of Macedon.
The Voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil
Authors: Pyrard François
Published: July 2011

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. Shipwrecked on the Maldives in 1602–1607, Pyrard de Laval learnt the local language and studied the culture, flora and fauna of the islands. On his escape to Goa he continued his cultural investigations in Portuguese India, before returning to France by way of Saint Helena and Brazil in 1611. His book, which included practical advice for French traders travelling to Asia and a phrase book for visitors to the Maldives, was an immediate success. This three-volume translation of the 1619 edition appeared in 1887–1890.
Five Years in an English University
Authors: Bristed Charles Astor
Published: July 2011

Charles Astor Bristed (1820–1874) was an American scholar and author, and the first American writer to defend American English spelling. Having graduated from Trinity College in 1845 he published this two-volume account of his experiences at the university in 1852 to provide accurate, first-hand information for Americans about study in an English university, with the intention of starting a debate over the inclusion of aspects of English higher education in the American system. Volume 2 contains an analysis of study at Cambridge and compares this with study at American universities, including a description of the supposed shortcomings and advantages of American higher education and its contrasts with the English system. This volume provides valuable insights into the differences between English and American higher education in the nineteenth century. Examination papers for mathematics and classics from the 1840s are included in an appendix.
History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
Authors: Gregorovius Ferdinand
Published: July 2011

Ferdinand Gregorovius (1821–1891) was a celebrated German medieval historian. After studying philosophy and theology at the University of Königsberg, Gregorovius moved to Rome in 1852, and became immersed in researching the medieval history of the city. First published in 1872, his monumental study of medieval Rome was the first modern account of the subject, and became the standard reference. This English translation of the fourth German edition appeared between 1894 and 1902. In his work Gregorovius discusses the political, social and cultural changes in the city from 400 to 1534, making extensive use of primary sources. Gregorovius also includes the Renaissance in his study, showing how medieval thought and events influenced political and cultural life and thought during the Renaissance. Volume 4, Part 2 covers the period 1100–1200 and examines the causes of the rebellion leading to the establishment of an elected Senate.
The History of Jamaica
Authors: Long Edward
Published: July 2011

Edward Long's three-volume work marks a major turning point in the historiography of Jamaica, as the first attempt at a comprehensive description of the colony, its history, government, people, economy and geography. The son of a prominent Jamaican plantation owner, Long (1734–1813) spent twelve years running his father's property, an experience which permeates his vision of the island's past, present and future. Long defends slavery as 'inevitably necessary' in Jamaica, suggesting the institution to be implicit in the 'possession of British freedom'. Volume 3 covers the natural history of Jamaica, including descriptions of weather phenomena and a catalogue of native flora of potential interest to British importers. It also includes a translation of the French 'code noir' governing slavery, proposed as a model for future British legislation. This important 1774 book provides fascinating insights into eighteenth-century colonial Jamaica and the ideology of its commercial and administrative elite.
Memoirs of Eminent Englishwomen
Authors: Costello Louisa Stuart
Published: July 2011

Louisa Stuart Costello (1799–1870) was a poet and artist who supported her family with her paintings. As well as writing a number of historical novels, Costello researched and wrote the biographies of many prominent women, using their letters and diaries to tell their extraordinary stories. This second volume chronicles the lives of eight women including Lucy Harrington, a literary patron who was a friend of John Donne and a muse to Ben Jonson. Also featured is the life of Frances Howard, who was accused of the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, who she saw as an obstacle to her marriage to Robert Carr, a favourite of King James. She was a public hate figure described as a 'murderous, syphilitic sorceress', and was found guilty of the killing and imprisoned. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=costlo
The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans in the Years 1814–1815
Authors: Gleig George Robert
Published: July 2011

Tactless and ambitious, George Robert Gleig was perhaps a strange choice for an army chaplain; however, his enthusiasm for army life was clear and as an annalist of military manoeuvres he proved both insightful and popular. First published in 1821, just six years after he had witnessed the British campaigns in Washington and New Orleans, Gleig's volume presented readers with a vivid chronicle of conflicts that had unfolded thousands of miles from their own cosy parlours and drawing rooms. Just as his own itinerary had moved him rapidly from one iconic landmark to the next, so too does the pace of his written narrative progress. From Bermuda to the Blue Mountains and on to New Orleans, this account provides a glimpse of the impressions, sentiments and attitudes fostered among the young men who fought some of the most influential battles in British and American history.
Electromagnetics for High-Speed Analog and Digital Communication Circuits
Authors: Niknejad Ali M.
Published: July 2011

Modern communications technology demands smaller, faster and more efficient circuits. This book reviews the fundamentals of electromagnetism in passive and active circuit elements, highlighting various effects and potential problems in designing a new circuit. The author begins with a review of the basics - the origin of resistance, capacitance, and inductance - then progresses to more advanced topics such as passive device design and layout, resonant circuits, impedance matching, high-speed switching circuits, and parasitic coupling and isolation techniques. Using examples and applications in RF and microwave systems, the author describes transmission lines, transformers, and distributed circuits. State-of-the-art developments in Si based broadband analog, RF, microwave, and mm-wave circuits are reviewed. With up-to-date results, techniques, practical examples, illustrations and worked examples, this book will be valuable to advanced undergraduate and graduate students of electrical engineering, and practitioners in the IC design industry. Further resources for this title are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521853507.
Scientific Software Design
Authors: Rouson Damian , Xia Jim , Xu Xiaofeng
Published: July 2011

The authors analyze how the structure of a package determines its developmental complexity according to such measures as bug search times and documentation information content. The work presents arguments for why these issues impact solution cost and time more than does scalable performance. The final chapter explores the question of scalable execution and shows how scalable design relates to scalable execution. The book's focus is on program organization, which has received considerable attention in the broader software engineering community, where graphical description standards for modeling software structure and behavior have been developed by computer scientists. These discussions might be enriched by engineers who write scientific codes. This book aims to bring such scientific programmers into discussion with computer scientists. The authors do so by introducing object-oriented software design patterns in the context of scientific simulation.
Physics MCQs for the Part 1 FRCR
Authors: Ilyas Shahzad , Matys Tomasz , Sheikh-Bahaei Nasim , Yamamoto Adam K. , Graves Martin J.
Published: July 2011

Physics MCQs for the Part 1 FRCR is a comprehensive and practical revision tool for the new format Part 1 FRCR examination, covering the complete physics curriculum. Key features:
• Contains 300 questions that reflect the style and difficulty of the real exam
• Covers basic physics, radiation legislation and all the imaging modalities included in the Royal College of Radiologists training curriculum and new FRCR examination
• Includes new exam topics such as MRI and ultrasound imaging
• Answers are accompanied by clear, detailed explanations giving candidates in-depth understanding of the topic
• Much of the question material is based on the Radiology-Integrated Training Initiative (RITI), as recommended by the Royal College of Radiologists
A must-have revision resource for all Part 1 FRCR candidates, Physics MCQs for the Part 1 FRCR is written by a team of specialist registrars who have recently successfully passed the Part 1 FRCR exam and a renowned medical physicist.
Analytical synthesis technique for linear uniform‐amplitude sparse arrays
Authors: Caratelli D. , Viganó M. C.
Published: July 2011

A novel analytical approach to the synthesis of linear sparse arrays with uniform‐amplitude excitation is presented and thoroughly discussed in this paper. The proposed technique, based on the auxiliary array factor concept, is aimed at the deterministic determination of the optimal array element density and excitation phase tapering distributions useful to mimic a desired radiation pattern. In particular, the developed antenna placement method does not require any iterative or stochastic optimization procedure, resulting in a dramatic reduction of the antenna design times (typically on the order of a few seconds). Antenna mutual coupling is not taken into account within the developed methodology; hence, to assess the sensitivity of the design procedure to such nonideality, a dedicated numerical investigation has been carried out by using a rigorous full‐wave electromagnetic field prediction technique. The obtained results prove the effectiveness and the versatility of the proposed array synthesis approach even in operative scenarios where a significant deviation from desired antenna operation is observed.
Topology effects of interface and gate voltage on electrical transport through the CNT/C60/CNT junction using the Green’s function method
Authors: Shokri A. A. , Nikzad Sh.
Published: July 2011

In this work, we investigate electron transport across a carbon molecular junction consisting of a C60 molecule attached to two semi-infinite metallic open-end CNT leads in the coherent regime. Here, we put emphasis on topology of the molecular-electrode interface and gate voltage, and obtain the electrical transmission through the CNT/C60/CNT structure, using the Green’s function method in the framework of a nearest neighbor tight-binding approximation. To this end, three different ways of coupling C60 fullerene through one, five, and six carbon atoms to the CNT-leads in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the tube have been considered. Also, the current-voltage characteristic is calculated in the Landauer-Büttiker formalism at room temperature. It is shown that the number of contact points between the electrodes and the molecule can play an important role in the electrical transport. Also, the bond dimerization and a gate voltage shift the molecular levels, where by adjusting the related parameters the electron conduction can be controlled. Our results show that the proposed structure gives rise to the resonance states and quasi-bound states (Fano resonances) close to −2.63 eV. These antiresonance states are related to the active region and independent from the coupling strength between the device and the leads. The numerical results may serve as important components of nanocircuits.
Serum selenium concentration at diagnosis and outcome in patients with haematological malignancies
Authors: Stevens Jane , Waters Rachel , Sieniawska Christina , Kassam Shireen , Montoto Silvia , Fitzgibbon Jude , Rohatiner Ama , Lister Andrew , Joel Simon
Published: July 2011

We have previously reported presentation serum selenium level to be predictive of outcome in diffuse large B–cell lymphoma. This has now been studied in a further 430 patients, 163 with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), 156 with Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL), and 111 with Follicular Lymphoma (FL). Serum selenium was below the UK normal reference range in 45% of patients, and correlated with serum albumin (r = 0·24–0·46, P < 0·001–0·003) in all tumour types. Independent predictors of presentation selenium were; French‐American‐British subtype and albumin (P < 0·001 for both) in AML, haemoglobin (P = 0·002) and B‐symptoms (P = 0·01) in HL, and albumin (P < 0·001) in FL. In AML and HL, response to first line therapy was lower in patients with low serum selenium, but selenium was no longer predictive of response when other variables were entered into a multivariate model. Low selenium was also associated with a worse overall survival in FL [Hazard Ratio (HR) 2·3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·4, 4·0] and a trend to a worse overall survival in AML (HR 1·43, 95% CI 0·96, 2·13) by univariate Cox regression analysis, but not by multivariate analysis. In conclusion, low serum selenium is associated with a worse outcome in patients with haematological malignancies, but is not independently predictive, suggesting that it reflects other factors.
Immunocytochemistry in Europe: results of the European Federation of Cytology Societies (EFCS) inquiry
Authors: Schmitt F. , Cochand‐Priollet B. , Toetsch M. , Davidson B. , Bondi A. , Vielh P.
Published: July 2011

F. Schmitt, B. Cochand‐Priollet, M. Toetsch, B. Davidson, A. Bondi and P. Vielh

Immunocytochemistry in Europe: results of the European Federation of Cytology Societies (EFCS) inquiry

Objective:  This report describes the results of the first chosen topic of the European Federation of Cytology Societies (EFCS) scientific committee, which concerns the application of immunocytochemistry (ICC) to cytological material. While ICC has become an important ancillary method, not only for diagnosis but also to assess prognostic and predictive factors on cytological material, there are many different methodologies used and the lack of standardization has been criticized. This inquiry aimed first to obtain an overview of the techniques used and second to suggest mechanisms for standardization and quality control.

Methods:  We report the results of 28 replies from 13 countries to a web‐based inquiry into types of specimens, preparations and technical methods.

Results:  Conventional smears were the preparations most commonly used, followed by cytospins, cell blocks and liquid‐based preparations, in that order. Avidin‐biotin complex, labelled streptavidin‐biotin or peroxidase anti‐peroxidase were used in 61% and enhanced‐polymer technology in 39%. Automated staining techniques were used by 64%. More than half used the same antibody dilutions as histopathology although only 20% used cell blocks.

Conclusion:  Reduction of variability by using automation, appropriate controls and customized dilution of antibodies according to different samples could improve the quality of ICC and standardize the techniques, along with quality control and quality assurance measures.
State Power, Civic Participation and the Urban Frontier: The Politics of the Commons in Karachi
Authors: Anwar Nausheen H.
Published: July 2011

Abstract:  A martial state's neoliberal policies opened the nation's frontiers to new forms of globalization. This article investigates the political process that undergirded the military and global capital's sequestration of common land in Karachi and the concomitant contestation by a key civil society organization. Using Foucault's conception of sovereignty and government as an assemblage of authority and strategies of rationalization, this paper analyses the role of state and non‐state actors and changing power configurations in a conflict that surrounded the enclosure of a common and its transformation into a securitized zone of consumption in Karachi's Civil Lines. The conflict highlights the nature of the politics of space and citizenship in Pakistan's primary metropolis.
Process Sociology and International Relations
Authors: Linklater Andrew
Published: July 2011

Norbert Elias was unusual amongst sociologists of his generation in placing international relations at the centre of sociological analysis – and he was ahead of various theorists of the state who argued in the 1970s and 1980s for enlarging the boundaries of sociology to include relations between states. In Elias's process sociology, international competition for power and security, and ‘elimination struggles’, have led to larger territorial monopolies of power. In the case of ‘civilized’ societies, inner pacification has developed alongside preparation for, and repeated involvement in, interstate war. Elias argued that there is no parallel to the ‘civilizing process’ in international relations, but he observed that higher levels of human interconnectedness have created pressures on people to become better attuned to each other's interests over greater distances. However, many groups react against perceived threats to power, autonomy and prestige and, in general, everyday orientations have lagged behind advances in international interdependence. For Elias, the sociological challenge was to understand how the species can acquire greater control over the processes of global integration. This paper discusses the place of international relations in Elias's account of the civilizing process; it maintains that the approach should be linked more closely with the ‘English School of international relations’ and its analysis of ‘civility’ and ‘standards of civilization’ in world affairs.
A Tumor‐Related Lymphoid Progenitor Population Supports Hierarchical Tumor Organization in Canine B‐Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Ito D. , Endicott M.M. , Jubala C.M. , Helm K.M. , Burnett R.C. , Husbands B.D. , Borgatti A. , Henson M.S. , Burgess K.E. , Bell J.S. , Kisseberth W.C. , Valli V.E. , Cutter G.R. , Avery A.C. , Hahn K.A. , O'Brien T.D. , Modiano J.F.
Published: July 2011

Background: Tumors have heterogeneous properties, which could be explained by the existence of hierarchically and biologically distinct tumor cells such as tumor‐initiating cells (TICs). This model is clinically important, as TICs are promising targets for cancer therapies. However, TICs in spontaneous B‐cell lymphoma have not been conclusively identified.

Hypothesis/Objectives: Tumor cells with a progenitor phenotype exist in B‐cell lymphoma, reflecting a hierarchical organization.

Animals: Twenty‐eight client‐owned dogs with previously untreated B‐cell lymphoma and 6 healthy dogs.

Methods: This was a prospective study. Flow cytometry was used to identify lymphoid progenitor cells (LPCs) that coexpressed hematopoietic progenitor antigens CD34, CD117, and CD133, with lymphoid differentiation markers CD21 and/or CD22 in B‐cell lymphoma. The polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangements was used to analyze clonality and relatedness of tumor populations. A xenograft model with NOD/SCID/IL‐2Rγ−/− mice was adapted to expand and serially transplant primary canine B‐cell lymphoma.

Results: LPCs were expanded in lymph nodes from 28 dogs with B‐cell lymphoma compared with 6 healthy dogs (P= .0022). LPCs contained a clonal antigen receptor gene rearrangement identical to that of the bulk of tumor cells. Canine B‐cell lymphoma xenografts in recipient mice that maintained LPCs in the tumors were recurrently observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These results suggest the presence of a hierarchy of tumor cells in B‐cell lymphoma as has been demonstrated in other cancers. These findings have the potential to impact not only the understanding of lymphoma pathogenesis but also the development of lymphoma therapies by providing novel targets for therapy.
Identification of Machining Chatter Marks on Surfaces of Automotive Valve Seats
Authors: Bamberger Hagay , Ramachandran Saikrishnan , Hong En , Katz Reuven
Published: July 2011

In this paper, we propose a method for inspecting machining chatter marks on automotive valve seats using image processing technique. Chatter or self-excited tool-workpiece relative vibration is unacceptable in the machining processes of valve seats, because it causes poor surface finish and can create internal leaks in the engine. Robust identification of chatter marks on machined surfaces is one of the main challenges in the realization of an automatic in-line inspection system. We suggest several methods for calculating the chatter marks severity, using circle fitting and gray level co-occurrence matrix technique, which was for the first time implemented on circular images.
Laminar cortical dynamics of conscious speech perception: Neural model of phonemic restoration using subsequent context in noise
Authors: Grossberg Stephen , Kazerounian Sohrob
Published: July 2011

How are laminar circuits of neocortex organized to generate conscious speech and language percepts? How does the brain restore information that is occluded by noise, or absent from an acoustic signal, by integrating contextual information over many milliseconds to disambiguate noise-occluded acoustical signals? How are speech and language heard in the correct temporal order, despite the influence of contexts that may occur many milliseconds before or after each perceived word? A neural model describes key mechanisms in forming conscious speech percepts, and quantitatively simulates a critical example of contextual disambiguation of speech and language; namely, phonemic restoration. Here, a phoneme deleted from a speech stream is perceptually restored when it is replaced by broadband noise, even when the disambiguating context occurs after the phoneme was presented. The model describes how the laminar circuits within a hierarchy of cortical processing stages may interact to generate a conscious speech percept that is embodied by a resonant wave of activation that occurs between acoustic features, acoustic item chunks, and list chunks. Chunk-mediated gating allows speech to be heard in the correct temporal order, even when what is heard depends upon future context.
A Common Mutation in the Defensin
DEFB126
Causes Impaired Sperm Function and Subfertility
Authors: Tollner Theodore L. , Venners Scott A. , Hollox Edward J. , Yudin Ashley I. , Liu Xue , Tang Genfu , Xing Houxun , Kays Robert J. , Lau Tsang , Overstreet James W. , Xu Xiping , Bevins Charles L. , Cherr Gary N.
Published: July 2011

A frequent frameshift mutation in defensin
DEFB126
, a protein that adheres to the surface of human sperm, weakens its ability to penetrate cervical mucus-like gels and causes low fertility.
Voltammetric determination of 1,2-diaminoanthraquinone using carbon paste electrode
Authors: Zima Jiří , Tinková Veronika , Wang Joseph , Barek Jiří
Published: July 2011

Direct current (DC) voltammetry and differential pulse (DP) voltammetry using a carbon paste electrode (CPE) have been used for the determination of trace amounts of ecotoxic 1,2-diaminoanthraquinone (DAAQ). The limit of determination (LD) of DAAQ for DC voltammetry was 2 × 10–6 mol l–1, and for DP voltammetry 2 × 10–7 mol l–1 under the optimized conditions in a mixed Britton–Robinson buffer pH 12 and methanol (1:9) medium. Adsorptive accummulation of the analyte on the surface of CPE decreased the limit of determination to 2 × 10–8 mol l–1 for DP voltammetry. Practical applicability of these newly developed methods was verified on model samples of river water.
JET QUENCHING PARAMETER VIA SOFT COLLINEAR EFFECTIVE THEORY (SCET)
Authors: D'ERAMO FRANCESCO , LIU HONG , RAJAGOPAL KRISHNA
Published: July 2011

We analyze the transverse momentum broadening in the absence of radiation of an energetic parton propagating through quark-gluon plasma via Soft Collinear Effective Theory (SCET). We show that the probability for picking up transverse momentum k⊥ is given by the Fourier transform of the expectation value of two transversely separated light-like path-ordered Wilson lines. The subtleties about the ordering of operators do not change the [Formula: see text] value for the strongly coupled plasma of [Formula: see text] SYM theory.
Microbial Sensing by Toll Receptors
Authors: Chtarbanova Stanislava , Imler Jean-Luc
Published: July 2011

The family of Toll-like receptors plays an essential role in the induction of the immune response. These receptors sense the presence of microbial ligands and activate the nuclear factor-κB transcription factor. We review the key studies that led from the formulation of the concept of pattern recognition receptors to the characterization of Toll-like receptors, insisting on the important role played by the model organism
Drosophila melanogaster
and on the increasing evidence connecting these receptors to cardiovascular disease.
Effect of Top and Bottom Boundary Conditions on Symmetric Instability under Full-Component Coriolis Force
Authors: Itano Toshihisa , Kasahara Akira
Published: July 2011

The linear stability of a zonal flow confined in a domain within horizontal top and bottom boundaries is examined under full consideration of the Coriolis force. The basic zonal flow is assumed to be in thermal wind balance with the density field and to be sheared in both vertical and horizontal directions under statically and inertially stable conditions. By imposing top and bottom boundary conditions in this framework, the number of wave modes increases to four, instead of two in an unbounded domain, as already reported in studies on internal gravity waves. The four modes are classified into two pairs of high- and low-frequency modes: the high modes are superinertial and the low modes are subinertial. The discriminant of symmetric instability is nevertheless determined by the sign of the potential vorticity of the basic zonal flow, as in the case of an unbounded domain. The solutions satisfying the top and bottom boundary conditions are interpreted as the superposition of incident and reflected waves, revealing that the neutral solutions consist of two neutral plane waves with oppositely directed vertical group velocities. This may explain why the properties of wave behavior, such as the instability criteria, remain the same in both the bounded and unbounded domains, although the manifestation of wave activity, such as the order of dispersion relation, is quite different in the two cases. Furthermore, the slope of the constant momentum surface, the slope of the isopycnic surface including the nontraditional effect of the Coriolis force, and the ratio between the frequencies of gravity and inertial waves form an essential set of parameters for symmetric motion. The combination of these dimensionless quantities determines the fundamental nature of symmetric motions, such as stability, regardless of boundary conditions with and without the horizontal component of the planetary vorticity.
Imposture and Rebellion: Consideration of the Personality of Prophet Muhammad by Ma'ruf ar-Rusafi
Authors: Filali-Ansary Abdou
Published: July 2011

This paper is devoted to an analysis of ma‘ruf ar-Rusafi’s work The Personality of Mohammed or the Elucidation of the Holy Enigma. While ar-Rusafi is traditionally known as a poet who combines great evocative power with a superb mastery of language and strict adherence to classical form, this canonical image is seriously complicated by the iconoclastic character of this book, completed in 1933 but unpublished until 2002. It totally rejects the orthodox theory of prophecy as passive transmission, and insists on the historic development behind orthodoxy. Rusafi puts forward a way of conceiving the Prophet’s mission that he considers more faithful to the sources and in greater conformity with the elementary requirements of reason. he proposes a “disenraptured” or “demythologized” reading of the Prophet’s life and work. The author considers ar-Rusafi’s book as the most serious assault on orthodoxy that has been launched on it from within in modern times.
Bias detection and correction in RNA-Sequencing data
Authors: Zheng Wei , Chung Lisa M , Zhao Hongyu
Published: July 2011

Background

High throughput sequencing technology provides us unprecedented opportunities to study transcriptome dynamics. Compared to microarray-based gene expression profiling, RNA-Seq has many advantages, such as high resolution, low background, and ability to identify novel transcripts. Moreover, for genes with multiple isoforms, expression of each isoform may be estimated from RNA-Seq data. Despite these advantages, recent work revealed that base level read counts from RNA-Seq data may not be randomly distributed and can be affected by local nucleotide composition. It was not clear though how the base level read count bias may affect gene level expression estimates.

Results

In this paper, by using five published RNA-Seq data sets from different biological sources and with different data preprocessing schemes, we showed that commonly used estimates of gene expression levels from RNA-Seq data, such as reads per kilobase of gene length per million reads (RPKM), are biased in terms of gene length, GC content and dinucleotide frequencies. We directly examined the biases at the gene-level, and proposed a simple generalized-additive-model based approach to correct different sources of biases simultaneously. Compared to previously proposed base level correction methods, our method reduces bias in gene-level expression estimates more effectively.

Conclusions

Our method identifies and corrects different sources of biases in gene-level expression measures from RNA-Seq data, and provides more accurate estimates of gene expression levels from RNA-Seq. This method should prove useful in meta-analysis of gene expression levels using different platforms or experimental protocols.
Why Didn't I Think of That? Self-Regulation through Selective Information Processing
Authors: Trudel Remi , Murray Kyle B.
Published: July 2011

In this article, the authors present an information-processing model of self-regulation. The model predicts that consumers with an active self-regulatory goal will tend to focus on the cost (rather than the pleasure) of consumption, and as a result, they are better able to control their behavior. In contrast to prior research, the authors find that consumers with an active goal are most vulnerable to self-regulatory failure when the object of desire is farther away from them (in either time or space) because as the distance increases they focus less on the costs of consumption. Finally, results indicate that if product information is not externally available (i.e., it must be recalled from memory), people are more likely to focus on pleasure and fail at self-regulation. The results are robust across four experiments using a variety of stimuli, goal primes, and information-processing measures.
Water and society in the ancient Maghrib : technology, property and development
Authors: Shaw Brent D.
Published: July 2011

The author attempts to show, first of all, how our approaches to the problem of water in the ancient Maghrib, both as natural resource and as property, have been determined by modern conceptions of political and economic development. Once this historical background to the problématique has been outlined, along with the biases it has imparted to the study of ancient hydraulic technology, a fresh beginning is made founded on the basic physical principles upon which the collection, movement, and allocation of water must have been made in ancient north Africa. The limited number of physical principles is assured both by the simple technology available at the time and by the fact that most of the agricultural land in the region (over 95 %) had to be served by these same basic techniques ever in our own time. Therefore, it is necessary to understand first how simple hydraulic systems function and develop before even beginning to deal with more complex problems of rural development in the Roman period. Two types of such irrigation systems are described in order to demonstrate their function within definable environments. These case studies are undertaken to show why some rural regions were open to agricultural development while others were not, given any possible application of a traditional irrigation technology, African or Roman. To measure the effects of a possible conscious alteration of traditional water control systems, the case of the concrete wadi dams of Tripolitania is investiated as perhaps the clearest example of the deliberate substitution of 'Roman' construction techniques for a traditional form of water control. Finally, the author attempts to provide a broader framework for the study of the use of different irrigation techniques in the development of African agriculture. A complex set of geopolitical factors, rather than a simple monocausal explanation of introduction by outsiders, is at the centre of this argument. The geographical elements that are crucial include the first principles governing the physical movement of water, local environmental conditions, and the nature of human response to these conditions. The responses throughout the entire southern Mediterranean arid zone are seen to have considerable similarity in type (though not in precise cause or chronology) as revealed by a number of 'fossil indicators' including extraordinarily high grain yields, wadi cross-walling techniques, and typical fortified-farm complexes. The advance and retreat of these irrigation systems is then seen to depend primarily on a combination of these historical-ecological conditions and generally favourable or unfavourable political environments, rather than on any consciously applied Roman imperial policy of agrarian development.
Un petit monument de Mididi : temple ou mausolée
Authors: Ferchiou Naïdé
Published: July 2011

Little building located in the south of Mididi, near a megalitic necropolis. Erected in average height, it consists of a cella upon stylobates which had to be preceded by a porch — excavated into the bottom wall of a big recess in bottom-of-oven. The only kept capital derives from the Corinthian class. The architecture of this monument allies it to the buildings in Haut Tell at the severian time.
Gedanken über einige Steinmonumente der Sahara
Authors: Engljaehringer Gertrude , Kraml Roland , Milburn Mark
Published: July 2011

Notre but est de décrire des structures de monuments protohistoriques dans des zones bien différentes et d'attirer l'attention du lecteur sur certaines caractéristiques importantes. Le manque actuel de datations ajouté aux lacunes dans nos connaissances du contenu est à attribuer, au moins en partie, à la rareté d'études spécialisées sur l'époque comprise entre le « néolithique saharien » et l'époque classique.

II nous semble bien que certains types dont il est question ici n'ont pas été publiés, tandis que d'autres ont été fouillés avant l'utilisation des moyens modernes de datation. La terminologie spécialisée n'existe qu'à peine, même en français. La tâche de la classification par type ainsi que l'étude de la distribution régionale restent encore à leurs débuts.
The Kasserine Archaeological Survey, 1982-1986 (University of Virginia, USA - Institut National d'Archéologie et d'Art de Tunisie)
Authors: Hitchner R. Bruce
Published: July 2011

La présente enquête est la réalisation d'un projet conçu en collaboration pour faire l'étude socio-économique de la région autour des villes romaines de Cillium (Kasserine) et de Thelepte, à partir de la recension et de l'analyse des vestiges d'établissements antiques. 89 sites ont été pris en compte au cours des quatre campagnes de reconnaissance sur le terrain. La plupart appartiennent à une période comprise entre le Ier et le VIIe siècles de notre ère ; ils constituent un échantillonnage hiérarchisé de sites : agglomération urbaine, village, exploitation agricole grande ou petite et structure de moindre importance. La prospection a permis d'identifier également les traces d'un contrôle des eaux associé à ces installations.

Des résultats obtenus, il ressort en gros, que l'incorporation de la région dans l'empire romain s'est traduite par une multiplication des implantations agricoles entre le Ier et le IVe siècles. Les raisons précises de ce changement ne sont pas toutefois inscrites dans les données archéologiques elles-mêmes, mais peuvent être mises en relation avec la fondation de centres urbains d'importance à Cillium et à Thelepte au Ier siècle de notre ère et avec l'introduction de l'olivier comme culture de rapport. En même temps, il apparaît que le développement de la période romaine a suivi des schémas d'occupation préexistants et a fait largement appel pour la mise en valeur agricole à des techniques indigènes propres aux régions arides. La prospection a fourni aussi des éléments de nature à faire penser qu'un certain nombre d'établissements ont été abandonnés de la fin du Ve au VIIe siècle. Ici encore, l'archéologie ne peut guère donner l'explication de cette évolution. Il est suggéré toutefois que cet abandon peut être le résultat de la réapparition du pastoralisme dans la région à la fin du Ve et au début du VIe siècle, ainsi que l'effet de la réintroduction des structures fiscales romaines antérieures sur une économie en déclin, par les autorités byzantines après 533.
Inscriptions du Sud constantinois
Authors: Gascou Jacques , Guéry Roger
Published: July 2011

Une mission épigraphique, dirigée par H. -G. Pflaum et à laquelle a participé R. Guéry, a eu lieu au mois de septembre 1966 dans le Sud constantinois. Sur soixante-cinq inscriptions recensées, quarante-neuf, dont trente-huit inédites, devaient être incorporées au volume 3 des Inscriptions Latines d'Algérie dont la publication n'est pas encore annoncée. Cet article a pour but de les faire connaître. Parmi les textes les plus intéressants, on relève une borne cadastrale de délimitation entre terres publiques et privées des Cirtéens, deux autels à Mercure et au dieu local Baliddir, la stèle funéraire d'un sacerdos Cererum et celle d'un decurión des quatre colonies.
L'apport du Q de Tobin à la modélisation de l'investissement en France
Authors: Epaulard Anne
Published: July 2011

L'apport du Q de Tobin à la modélisation de l'investissement en France,

par Anne Epaulard.

Cet article revient sur la pertinence du modèle en Q de Tobin pour la modélisation du comportement d'investissement des entreprises françaises. Des tests d'hypothèses non emboîtées permettent de mesurer l'apport du Q de Tobin en comparant les performances de ce modèle à celles de l'accélérateur, du profit et de la profitabilité. Nous exploitons ensuite deux visions alternatives permettant de justifier, au niveau maao-économique, la présence simultanée de l'accélérateur et du Q de Tobin dans les équations d'investissement. La première consiste à supposer qu'une partie des entreprises est contrainte dans ses débouchés. Nous estimons alors un modèle à deux régimes (accélérateur - Q de Tobin) dont les performances empiriques sont satisfaisantes et soulignent que les deux régimes se sont succédé et ont parfois coexisté sur la période 1974-1989. La seconce vision consiste à introduire l'hypothèse de concurrence monopolistique dans le modèle théorique et les estimations économétriques.
Relations causales entre les dépenses militaires et leur environnement macro-économique : tests partiels pour la France et les États-Unis
Authors: Jacques Jean-François , Picavet Emmanuel
Published: July 2011

Causal Relations between Military Spending and its Macroeconomic Environment: Partial Tests for France and the United States,

by Jean-François Jacques and Emmanuel Picavet.

This article presents the results of Granger causality tests made in a multivariate context comprising military spending, the budget deficit and domestic product for France (1953-1989) and the United States (1947-1990). In the case of France, close dependency links are found between these variables. Conversely, military spending in the United States appears to stand somewhat apart from product fluctuations and the budget deficit. The introduction of an additional series (real interest rates) in no way challenges these conclusions.
Lampes tardo-républicaines à Glanum : essai de détermination typologique et physico-chimique
Authors: Bémont Colette , Lahanier Christian
Published: July 2011

This is an archaeological and physico-chemical study of a group of some 50 lamps, all datable between the end of the 2nd c. B.C. and the reign of Augustus, and preserved in the Glanum excavation reserve. Most of them come from Glanum, the others from neighbouring sites.

They fall essentially into six main groups: 1. biconical lamps of the "Esquiline" type, 2. bitronconical lamps in grey ware, 3. lamps of the "ad anitrelle" type, 4. "dolphin" lamps with points in relief, 5. lamps of type Dressel 3, 6. bird's head lamps. However, the samples include several variants and hybrids, many of them unpublished. The analysis of the paste, type-by-type and globally, produces six principal groups: the first three include most of the earlier lamps attested, the other three most of the lamps of the "second generation". One should note, however, that the groups as defined by their paste eut across several different types of lamp. Also important to note is the very close chemical similarity between the black varnished lamps with a red paste (biconical lamps of the Esquiline) and the sherds of "Campanian ware A" of the classical, middle, and late periods which were analysed at the same time for comparison. Nevertheless, the small size of the samples analysed requires us to be prudent.