bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disinhibition of Tectal Neurons by Pretectal Lesions in the Frog
Authors: Ingle David
Published: October 2006

The rapid habituation of many neurons in the frog optic tectum to moving spots is presumed to underlie the behavioral habituation of the frog to repeated movement of prey objects. The "disinhibited" feeding of frogs after pretectal lesions is paralleled by the consistent failure of tectal neurons to ignore moving buglike stimuli.
Drug-Induced Change in the Distribution of Sulfonamides in the Mother Rat and Its Fetus
Authors: Anton A. H. , Rodriguez R. E.
Published: October 2006

The distribution of a highly bound antibacterial sulfonamide was markedly altered in both the mother rat and its fetus by interfering with the binding of this drug to plasma protein in the mother. This effect was due to binding displacement, since the displacing agent had little or no effect on the distribution of another sulfonamide with very low binding to plasma protein.
Blood-Feeding Requirements of the Mosquito: Geographical Variation in
Aedes taeniorhynchus
Authors: O'Meara George F. , Evans David G.
Published: October 2006

Wild populations of
Aedes taeniorhynchus
were polymorphic for the diets required for ovarian development. In
Aedes taeniorhynchus
populations from mangrove swamps, most females possessed the capacity to produce eggs on a blood-free diet. But where the grassy salt marsh was the mosquito's principal habitat, most females lacked this capacity. Both kinds of females could utilize a blood meal for egg production.
Crystallization of NADP-Specific Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Burke William F. , Swafford James R. , Reeves Henry C.
Published: October 2006

The first crystalline preparation of isocitrate dehydrogenase specific for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate has been obtained with enzyme isolated from
Escherichia coli
. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to elucidate the structure of the crystals, which were found to exist as regular octahedrons ranging in size from 5 to 90 micrometers.
Huntite Flowstone in Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico
Authors: Hill Carol A.
Published: October 2006

Huntite flowstone has recently been discovered in Carlsbad Caverns. This flowstone occurs as a thin, white layer of microcrystals (approximately 1 to 60 micrometers in diameter) which appears buckled and crinkled. The huntite is believed to be precipitating directly from magnesium-rich solutions rather than forming by alteration of preexisting minerals.
Antibody to HSV-2 Induced Tumor Specific Antigens in Serums from Patients with Cervical Carcinoma
Authors: Aurelian L. , Schumann B. , Marcus R. L. , Davis H. J.
Published: October 2006

Antibody distinct from that involved in neutralization and directed to an antigen (AG-4) induced in HEp-2 cells by infection with herpesvirus type 2 was identified in serums from patients with cervical carcinoma by means of a quantitative micro complement fixation test. The presence of antibody to AG-4 correlates well with the extent of the tumor; antibody is virtually absent in matched control women and in women with therapy and without recurrent neoplasia. Reactivity is not observed with control antigen consisting of a cell extract prepared from uninfected HEp-2 cells. The possible prognostic significance of this antibody and its implications are discussed.
Support of New Principal Investigators by NIH: 1966 to 1972
Authors: Douglass Carl D. , James John C.
Published: October 2006

In summary, our findings indicate that the research project grant programs of NIH have consistently provided opportunities for newly trained scientists to receive support for biomedical research projects that they have initiated themselves. The system encourages progress in the biomedical sciences through the continuous influx of creative individuals who can explore their own research ideas, ideas that also correspond to the health research needs of the nation as reflected by the categorical missions of the institutes. Despite the decline (approximately 20 percent) in the total number of active research projects over the past 7 years. the proportion of new PI's among all recipients of new awards remained fairly constant from year to year. From 1966 to 1972, an average of 57 percent of all new research project awards were received by PI's entering the system for the first time, while an average of approximately 10 percent of all the PI's on research projects each year were new PI's being supported by NIH for the first time.
Radio Noise from Towns: Measured from an Airplane
Authors: Swenson G. W. , Cochran William W.
Published: October 2006

Measurements of broadband radio noise in the range 73 to 440 megahertz were made over several small Illinois cities during August, September, and December 1972. Results for cities with a population larger than 25,000 are presented as brightness temperatures between 2400 and 9600 degrees Kelvin. Even the smallest villages produce significant noise pollution. There is considerable diurnal variation and some evidence for seasonal variation.
Brainstem Temperature Affects Gill Ventilation in the California Scorpionfish
Authors: Crawshaw L. I. , Hammel H. T. , Garey W. F.
Published: October 2006

California scorpionfish,
Scorpaena guttata
, were implanted with a pair of thermodes which straddled the anterior brainstem. When the fish were in water of about 20°C, warming the thermodes to temperatures above 20°C caused a proportional increase in the ventilatory minute volume. Cooling the thermodes below 20°C caused a proportional decrease in the ventilatory minute volume. It is concluded that the anterior brainstem temperature provides an important input to the respiratory control center in teleost fish.
Sediments of Deep Canadian Shield Lakes: Observations of Gross Structure and Biological Significance
Authors: Emery Alan R.
Published: October 2006

Sediments of deep Canadian shield lakes have a firm mud-water interface and an intricately structured, oxygenated surface. Surface relief is not uniform, but is broken by small ridges and upright chironomid tubes. The sedimentary material behaves like a weak jelly and becomes flocculent only when violently disturbed. Sculpins were observed to rest on and, when startled, to hide in the oxygenated layers. Sequestering of nutrients in the bottom sediments is enhanced by the structuring of the substrate surface below 10 meters, and may inhibit nutrient recycling at overturn.
Plasma Membranes: Isolation from Naturally Fused and Lysolecithin-Treated Muscle Cells
Authors: Reporter Minocher , Raveed Dan
Published: October 2006

A medium containing bicarbonate and calcium was used to isolate plasma membranes of cultured muscle cells. Membranes from differentiated myotubes, as well as the labile, largely unfused, lysolecithin-treated cells from the same culture could be isolated by identical manipulations. Adenylate cyclase of high specific activity was assayed in plasma membranes from both types of cells. Lysolecithin treatment apparently interferes with the metabolism and turnover of membrane phospholipids and thus prevents the natural fusion of muscle cells.
Redistribution of Snowfall across a Mountain Range by Artificial Seeding: A Case Study
Authors: Hobbs Peter V. , Radke L. F.
Published: October 2006

Clouds over the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains were artificially seeded to reduce the riming and fall speeds of snow crystals and to divert snowfall across the crest. Aircraft observations showed that the clouds were glaciated by the seeding. The crystal habits and the degrees of riming of snow crystals reaching the target area were modified. Snowfall rates decreased at the crest and simultaneously increased 20 kilometers east of the crest.
Synthesis of RNA-Polyadenylic Acid by Isolated Brain Nuclei
Authors: Banks Susan P. , Johnson Terry C.
Published: October 2006

Nuclei, isolated from mouse brain tissue at various stages of postnatal development and incubated under cell-free conditions, synthesized RNA molecules that were associated with polyadenylic acid [poly(A)]. The RNA synthesized by these nuclei was similar to the poly(A)-associated products described for intact eukaryotic cells. The brain nuclei synthesized a similar proportion of RNA-poly(A) in the presence either of Mg
2+
or of Mn
2+
with (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
. The RNA from neonatal brain nuclei appeared to have a greater proportion of poly(A)-containing RNA than nuclear products obtained from more mature neural tissue.
Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in vitro: Interaction of Thymus-Derived Cells during Cytotoxic Allograft Responses in vitro
Authors: Wagner Hermann
Published: October 2006

A mouse in vitro allograft system was used to check for synergism among thymus-derived cells during cell-mediated immune responses. Synergistic interactions occurred between thymus and thymus-derived lymphocytes. The majority of precursors of cytotoxic effector cells were peripheral thymus-derived cells; thymocytes acted mainly as amplifier cells.
Behavior of Free-Ranging Macaques after Intraventricular 6-Hydroxydopamine
Authors: Redmond D. E. , Hinrichs R. L. , Maas J. W. , Kling A.
Published: October 2006

Macaques (
Macaca mulatta
) observed in a free-ranging colony on Guayacan Island, Puerto Rico, were significantly different in their social interactions, initiatives, facial expressions, and postures after intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine compared with sham-treated and field controls. This study extends the known effects of 6-hydroxydopamine and catecholamine depletion to the social interactions of a higher primate species under free-ranging conditions.
Effect of Restricted Use of Phosphate-Based Detergents on Onondaga Lake
Authors: Murphy C. B.
Published: October 2006

A marked decrease in the concentration of total inorganic phosphate in the epilimnion and hypolimnion of Onondaga Lake, New York State, has been observed during the 1½ years between July 1971 and January 1973. This decrease has been correlated to the implementation of phosphate-limiting legislation. The response of characteristic plankton species has been investigated.
Radiation Belts of Jupiter
Authors: Stansberry Kent G. , White R. Stephen
Published: October 2006

Predictions of Jupiter's electron and proton radiation belts are based mainly on decimeter observations of 1966 and 1968. Extensive calculations modeling radial diffusion of particles inward from the solar wind and electron synchrotron radiation are used to relate the predictions and observations.
Thymus Adenylate Cyclase Activity during Murine Leukemogenesis
Authors: Kemp Robert G. , Duquesnoy Ren J.
Published: October 2006

Activity of thymus adenylate cyclase was more than three times higher in leukemic AKR mice than in nonleukemic AKR mice and CBA mice. Preleukemic AKR mice that had no evidence of leukemia but were expected to soon develop the disease exhibited similarly elevated activities of thymus adenylate cyclase.
Social Facilitation and Development in
Ephestia khniella
Z.
Authors: Cotter William B.
Published: October 2006

Total time required for larval and pupal development in
Ephestia khniella
Z. was significantly modified when habitable space of the food mass was increased by dilution with a nontoxic sawdust. Doubling the living space resulted in an increased developmental rate, presumably due to a reduction in the number of larval interactions. Tripling the living space, however, produced a somewhat unexpected delay in development, accompanied by a marked increase in variance about the means for both males and females.
Hormonal Control of Neutrophil Lysosomal Enzyme Release: Effect of Epinephrine on Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate
Authors: Ignarro Louis J. , Paddock Richard J. , George William J.
Published: October 2006

Human neutrophilic leukocytes release neutral protease and β-glucuronidase during cell contact with, and phagocytosis of, zymosan particles treated with rheumatoid arthritic serum. Release of lysosomal enzymes is inhibited by epinephrine and adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), but not by phenylephrine or adenosine 5′-monophosphate. Inhibition of enzyme release by epinephrine may be mediated by cyclic AMP because the cyclic AMP in the neutrophils is increased by epinephrine treatment at the time when enzyme release is reduced.
Lateral Movements of Membrane Glycoproteins Restricted by Dynamic Cytoplasmic Barriers
Authors: Edidin Michael , Kuo Scot C. , Sheetz Michael P.
Published: October 2006

Cell membranes often are patchy, composed of lateral domains. These domains may be formed by barriers within or on either side of the membrane bilayer. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 molecules that were either transmembrane- (H-2D
b
) or glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored (Qa2) were labeled with antibody-coated gold particles and moved across the cell surface with a laser optical tweezers until they encountered a barrier, the barrier-free path length (BFP). At room temperature, the BFPs of Qa2 and H-2D
b
were 1.7 ± 0.2 and 0.6 ± 0.1 (micrometers ± SEM), respectively. Barriers persisted at 34°C, although the BFP for both MHC molecules was fivefold greater at 34°C than at 23°C. This indicates that barriers to lateral movement are primarily on the cytoplasmic half of the membrane and are dynamic.
Recovery from Retrograde Amnesia: A Learning Process
Authors: Schneider Allen M. , Tyler Jonathan , Jinich Daniel
Published: October 2006

Retrograde amnesia was produced in rats by electroconvulsive shock. Memory recovered if the animals were given repeated test trials. Memory did not recover if steps were taken to reduce the conditioning properties of the test trials; the manipulations included eliminating the response, altering the apparatus cues, or extinguishing conditioned "fear" by confining animals to the apparatus during the first test trial.
Serum Induced Lymphoid Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity to Human Transitional Cell Carcinomas of the Genitourinary Tract
Authors: Hakala Thomas R. , Lange Paul H.
Published: October 2006

In some serums of patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), a factor is present which induces lymphocytes from most donors with or without TCC to become cytotoxic against TCC-derived target cells. The induced cytotoxicity was directed against target cells derived from TCC's of the renal pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder, but not against cells derived from normal kidney, bladder, testis, or skin or from renal cell carcinoma. Cytotoxicity occurred without complement but did not occur without effector cells.
Induced Polarization: A Geophysical Method for Locating Cultural Metallic Refuse
Authors: Angoran Yed E. , Fitterman David V. , Marshall Donald J.
Published: October 2006

The problem of delineating cultural refuse sites (dumps) arises in civil engineering studies. Induced polarization measurements have been successfully applied in several cases. Laboratory tests on synthetic samples indicate that the effect is due to the metal content of the dumps. The method may be applicable to archeological investigations.
Localization of Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Human Chromosomes
Authors: Latt Samuel A.
Published: October 2006

The bromodeoxyuridine sensitivity of 33258 Hoechst fluorescence allows microfluorometric analysis of sister chromatid exchanges in human metaphase chromosomes. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges among chromosomes correlates with chromosome length. Exchanges appear to occur predominantly in interband regions, as defined by quinacrine fluorescence, or very near band-interband junctions. A few regions are involved unusually frequently.
Platelet and Plasma Fibrinogens Are Identical Gene Products
Authors: Doolittle R. F. , Takagi T. , Cottrell B. A.
Published: October 2006

Human platelet fibrinogen has been shown to be indistinguishable from plasma fibrinogen by a variety of criteria, including subunit composition and cross-linking characteristics as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, quantitative amino terminal analysis of fibrin, and the amino acid compositions of fibrinopeptides. The structural identity of the fibrinopeptides released from platelet and plasma fibrinogens is consistent with the two proteins being products of the same gene or genes.
Olfactory Learning-Set Formation in Rats
Authors: Slotnick Burton M. , Katz Howard M.
Published: October 2006

Rats trained on 16 two-odor discrimination problems showed rapid acquisition of a learning set and one-trial learning by the end of the problem series. Learning to sample odor cues before responding and adoption of a "win-stay, lose-shift" strategy probably accounts for the virtually errorless learning. Learning-set performance of rats trained with odor stimuli is comparable to that reported for primates trained on visual cues.
From Mars with Love
Authors: Young Richard S. , DeVincenzi Donald L.
Published: October 2006

1) Sample return missions from Mars are feasible in the 1980's.

2) The least expensive missions (direct sample return without sterilization) may be criticizable because of the possibility of back-contamination, although upgrading the handling and containment facilities could make unsterile return acceptable.

3) Sample sterilization decreases the total scientific value appreciably, depending on the measurements to be made. Geology is least affected and biology and organic chemistry are most affected.

4) Quarantine in earth orbit, in the same sense as for the lunar samples, would not be feasible without very large increases in cost. Orbital quarantine facilities, either automated or manned, would be very expensive, risky, and of limited use because of size limitations.

5) Orbital quarantine may be feasible if the sample is split, part of it sterilized and returned to the earth for study, and the remainder studied for pathogenicity in the automated mode as best we can in the limited space available in orbit. Ground studies of sterilized material plus "live" studies in orbit may convince us of the safety of returning the remaining sample to the earth under carefully prescribed conditions.

6) Additional unmanned, Viking-type missions to Mars can add considerably to our knowledge about a martian biota, or its absence, and thus increase the likelihood of being able to return an unaltered sample safely to the earth.
Inhibition of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Rats Severely Depleted of T Cells
Authors: Gonatas Nicholas K. , Howard Jonathan C.
Published: October 2006

Lewis rats depleted of thymus-derived cells (B rats) failed to develop either experimental allergic encephalomyelitis or antibody against myelin basic protein. Lewis B rats reconstituted with 690 × 10
6
thymocytes developed experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and levels of antibody against myelin basic protein comparable to those of controls. The Lewis B rat model should be useful in the analysis of the role of thymus-derived cell populations and antibody in the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.
The Renin-Angiotensin System and Thirst: A Reevaluation
Authors: Stricker Edward M. , Bradshaw Wilson G. , McDonald Robert H.
Published: October 2006

Systemic injections of renin that stimulate substantial amounts of drinking in nephrectomized rats can produce plasma renin activities that fall well above the physiological range. Furthermore, increases in plasma renin activities that occur in rats with intact kidneys during experimental hypotension appear to be too low to provide the basis for the observed elevations in water intake. These findings question the contribution of the renin-angiotensin system to thirst under normal physiological conditions.
Science Advice in the White House? Continuation of a Debate
Authors: Skolnikoff Eugene B. , Brooks Harvey
Published: October 2006

Thus, we are skeptical of the commonly stated arguments for re-creation of a science office at the White House, but are ultimately convinced that such an office is justified. A three-man CST is a reasonable proposal, although the detailed structure is less critical than the mandate given to the office, and the general understanding within government of its functions and limitations and of its relationship to the President.

To give it permanence, the office should be grounded in a science policy management and oversight function that is critically needed today. That kind of strong office could lead a president to use it as his personal science advisory staff, but the decision must be made anew by each president. The President does have other ways of obtaining scientific advice, although the right kind of science office would be a preferable route in our view.

The importance of such an office being able to present its analyses and recommendations in policy terms useful to other policy-makers cannot be overestimated. This has important implications for the kind of competence required to staff and work with such a council; it also requires recognition of the fact that policy-relevant studies and advice can never be value-free, even when carried out by scientists and engineers.

And finally, such a council could bring intensive and continuous attention to the international dimension of U.S. science policy, which seems to us to be particularly neglected.

It is not yet clear whether there will be any structural changes in the new Administration. But it is not too soon to be clearer about the essential factors that should underlie a sensible proposal for this or the next Administration.
Rubidium-87/Strontium-87 Age of Juvinas Basaltic Achondrite and Early Igneous Activity in the Solar System
Authors: Allègre C. J. , Birck J. L. , Fourcade S. , Semet M. P.
Published: October 2006

A (4.60 ± 0.07) × 10
9
year internal isochron has been drawn for the achondrite Juvinas by the rubidium-87/strontium-87 method. Earlier petrographic investigation of achondrites supplemented by a new ion microprobe study of Juvinas strongly suggest an igneous origin for this class of meteorites. The results thus indicate that igneous activity may have rapidly followed the formation of the achondrites' parent body 4.6 × 10
9
years ago.
Jupiter Revisited: First Results from the University of Chicago Charged Particle Experiment on Pioneer 11
Authors: Simpson J. A. , Hamilton D. C. , Lentz G. A. , McKibben R. B. , Perkins M. , Pyle K. R. , Tuzzolino A. J. , O'Gallagher J. J.
Published: October 2006

During the December 1974 Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounter our experiment provided measurements of Jovian energetic protons and electrons both in the magnetic equatorial zone and at previously unexplored high magnetic latitudes. Many of the observations and conclusions from the Pioneer 10 encounter in 1973 were confirmed, with several important exceptions and new findings. We report evidence from Pioneer 11 for protons (∼ 1 million electron volts) of Jovian origin in interplanetary space. In the outer magnetosphere particle intensities at high magnetic latitudes were comparable to those observed in the equatorial zone, and 10-hour variations in particle intensities and spectra were observed at both high and low magnetic latitudes. Therefore, confinement of particles in the outer magnetosphere to a thin equatorial magnetodisc is adequate neither as a description of the particle distribution nor as a complete explanation of the 10-hour variations. Pioneer 11 data support a model in which the intensity varies with a 10-hour period in phase throughout the sunward side of the magnetosphere and is relatively independent of position within the magnetosphere. Transient, highly anisotropic bursts of protons with energies of ∼ 1 million electron volts observed near the orbit of Ganymede suggest local acceleration in some regions of the magnetosphere. In the inner core where particles are stably trapped, a maximum in the high-energy nucleonic flux was again found, corresponding to the Pioneer 10 maximum at ∼ 3.4 Jupiter radii (
R
J
), which is apparently a persistent feature of the inner radiation zone. In addition, Pioneer 11 data indicate two more local maxima in the nucleonic flux inside 3.4
R
J
, one of which may be associated with absorption by Amalthea, and a maximum intensity at 1.9
R
J
more than 20 times that at 3.4
R
J
, The flux of relativistic electrons reached a maximum on the magnetic equator at 1.8
R
J
, only slightly less than that measured by Pioneer 10 near its closest approach at 3.1
R
J
.
Binary Pulsar PSR 1913 + 16: Model for Its Origin
Authors: Van Horn H. M. , Sofia S. , Savedoff M. P. , Duthie J. G. , Berg R. A.
Published: October 2006

The existing observational data for the binary pulsar PSR 1913 + 16 are sufficient to give a rather well-defined model for the system. On the basis of evolutionary considerations, the pulsar must be a neutron star near the upper mass limit of 1.2 solar masses (
M
⊙
). The orbital inclination is probably high, i ≳ 70°, and the mass of the unseen companion probably lies close to the upper limit of the range 0.25
M
⊙
to 1.0
M
⊙
. The secondary cannot be a main sequence star and is probably a degenerate helium dwarf. At the 5.6-kiloparsec distance indicated by the dispersion measure, the magnetic dipole model gives an age of ∼4 × 10
4
years, a rate of change of the pulsar period of P ∼2 nanoseconds per day, and a surface magnetic field strength ∼ ⅓ that of the Crab pulsar. The pulsar is fainter than an apparent magnitude
V
∼+ 26.5 and is at least ∼80 times fainter than the Crab pulsar in the x-ray band. The companion star should be fainter than
V
∼+ 30, and a radio supernova remnant may be detectable near the position of the pulsar at a flux level of ≲10 janskys. Important tests of this model will be provided by more accurate measurement of
P
and by a careful search for a faint supernova remnant.
Electrostatic and Steric Effects in the Selective Complexation of Cations in Nonactin
Authors: Phillies George D. J. , Asher Irvin M. , Stanley H. Eugene
Published: October 2006

The ester carbonyl stretch frequencies of complexes of the macrotetrolide nonactin with Na
+
, K
+
, Rb
+
, Cs
+
, Tl
+
, NH
4
+
, NH
3
OH
+
, and (NH
2
)
2
CNH
2
+
have been measured. For the larger alkali cations and the polyatomic cations, the ester carbonyl stretch frequency is linearly proportional to the cation-ester carbonyl electrostatic interaction energy. This constitutes direct evidence that the cation-nonactin interaction is primarily electrostatic, rather than mechanical (steric).
Localization of Cyclic GMP and Cyclic AMP in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle: Immunocytochemical Demonstration
Authors: Ong S. H. , Steiner A. L.
Published: October 2006

When rat cardiac and skeletal muscle are explored by immunocytochemical procedures designed to show sites of localization of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP), distinct staining patterns for the two nucleotides are seen. Antibody to cyclic AMP is found in the area of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, while antibody to cyclic GMP is found with a periodic distribution corresponding to that of the A band. This suggests a role for cyclic GMP in the regulation of myosin.
Turquoise Mine and Artifact Correlation for Snaketown Site, Arizona
Authors: Sigleo Anne Colberg
Published: October 2006

Trace element analyses on turquoise from 24 mines in the southwestern United States indicate that the turquoise artifacts from Snaketown site in south-central Arizona came from the Himalaya mine near Halloron Springs, California. The correlation of artifact and mine turquoise in the Southwest is a means of determining prehistoric exchange patterns.
Coexistence of Sparrows: A Test of Community Theory
Authors: Pulliam H. Ronald
Published: October 2006

A study of the coexistence of sparrows in grassland and woodland habitats of the Research Ranch in southeastern Arizona supports the predictability of current community theory. For each of the habitats studied, the production of seeds and the abundance of seed-eating, winter-resident sparrows were measured. The theory correctly predicts the number of species supported in each of the habitats. In both cases for which the prediction is that only one species could be supported, the theory correctly predicts which species should be present.
Internal Waves: Measurements of the Two-Dimensional Spectrum in Vertical-Horizontal Wave Number Space
Authors: Bell T. H. , Bergin J. M. , Dugan J. P. , Hamilton Z. C. B. , Morris W. D. , Okawa B. S. , Rudd E. E.
Published: October 2006

Thermistor chain measurements of internal wave motions below the thermocline in the western North Atlantic have been spectrally decomposed in vertical-horizontal wave number space. The measured two-dimensional spectrum exhibits a systematic deviation from the corresponding Garrett and Munk model for internal wave spectra.
Spectral Tuning of Pigments Underlying Red-Green Color Vision
Authors: Neitz Maureen , Neitz Jay , Jacobs Gerald H.
Published: October 2006

Variations in the absorption spectra of cone photopigments over the spectral range of about 530 to 562 nanometers are a principal cause of individual differences in human color vision and of differences in color vision within and across other primates. To study the molecular basis of these variations, nucleotide sequences were determined for eight primate photopigment genes. The spectral peaks of the pigments specified by these genes spanned the range from 530 to 562 nanometers. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequences of these eight pigments suggest that three amino acid substitutions produce the approximately 30-nanometer difference in spectral peaks of the pigments underlying human red-green color vision, and red shifts of specific magnitudes are produced by replacement of nonpolar with hydroxyl-bearing amino acids at each of the three critical positions.
Superhelix Densities of Circular DNA's: A Generalized Equation for Their Determination by the Buoyant Method
Authors: Upholt William B.
Published: October 2006

Equations for the measurement of the supertwisting of circular DNA's from banding positions in buoyant density gradients containing intercalating dyes have required the use of SV40 DNA isolated from virions as a reference DNA. These equations are modified to allow the use of any closed circular DNA of known superhelix density as a reference DNA.
Winter Dormancy in Sea Turtles: Independent Discovery and Exploitation in the Gulf of California by Two Local Cultures
Authors: Felger R. S. , Cliffton K. , Regal P. J.
Published: October 2006

Documentation is reported for sea turtles overwintering on the sea bottom. Seri Indians have traditionally hunted nonmigrating dormant green turtles (
Chelonia mydas
) along the bottom of the Infiernillo Channel in the Gulf of California. Mexican fishermen independently discovered dormant turtles during winter 1972-1973, and with new hunting technologies are rapidly decimating these unusual stocks.
Tensions Between Materials and Environmental Quality
Authors: Carpenter Richard A.
Published: October 2006

The tensions between availability of materials and quality of the environment will increase with economic growth and the appreciation of environmental values. These tensions can be relieved to an extent by internalizing the costs of environmental protection so that they are reflected in the price of materials. Economic incentives and disincentives, such as effluent fees, are receiving renewed attention (5, pp. 49-51). In addition, government regulation to protect the environment will, perhaps arbitrarily, affect the availability and use of materials. The report,
Man, Materials, and Environment
(5, p. 25), concluded that:

A national materials policy should be based upon the principle that calculations of benefits and costs associated with the extraction, transport, processing, use, and disposal of materials should take full account of the value of common property resources and of any change in the value of common properties resulting from the impact of materials on the environment; and should support the principle that those responsible for impairment of the environment should bear the costs of damage or repair. These principles should become a commonplace element of property rights, legislation, and administrative practice at all levels of government. The difficulty of measuring benefits and costs should not delay adoption of these principles but suggests the need for continuous observation and experimentation.

Environmental protection regulations will result in: (i) increased costs for many materials; (ii) disruptive changes in use of materials, due to environmental characteristics and revised cost effectiveness calculations; (iii) restrictions on the siting of processing and manufacturing installations; (iv) preemption of access and surface rights to some mineral bearing lands, particularly those that are federally controlled; (v) diversion of capital from new production facilities; and (vi) frustrating delays in decisions, such as those affecting leasing and plant siting.

In return for these generally undesirable disruptions in the continued development and supply of materials, society will obtain: (i) improved quality of air and water; (ii) long-term protection of the natural ecosystems of which man is a part; (iii) more efficient allocation of natural resources on the basis of more accurate and complete accounting of costs; (iv) improved human health through decreased contamination of the environment with toxic substances; and (v) conservation of materials through a closing of the production, use, and disposal cycle.

Ingenuity and a more complete understanding of the parts and interactions of the energy, materials, and environment system can do much to reduce the tensions in these conflicts and bring about equitable trade-offs among societal goals.
High-Pressure Physics: The 1-Megabar Mark on the Ruby
R
1
Static Pressure Scale
Authors: Mao H. K. , Bell P. M.
Published: October 2006

Ruby crystals were subjected to a static pressure greater than 1 megabar in a diamond-windowed pressure cell. The pressure was monitored continuously by observing the spectral shift of the sharp fluorescent
R
1
ruby line excited with a cadmium-helium gas-diffusion laser beam. One megabar appears to be the highest pressure ever reported for a static experiment in which an internal calibration was employed.
Reactions of Oriented Molecules
Authors: Brooks Philip R.
Published: October 2006

Beams of oriented molecules have been used to directly study geometrical requirements in chemical reactions. These studies have shown that reactivity is much greater in some orientations than others and demonstrated the existence of steric effects. For some reactions portions of the orientation results are in good accord with traditional views of steric hindrance, but for others it is clear that our chemical intuition needs recalibrating. Indeed, the information gained from simultaneously orienting the reactants and observing the scattering angle of the products may lead to new insights about the detailed mechanism of certain reactions.

Further work must be done to extend the scope and detail of the studies described here. More detailed information is needed on the CH
3
I reaction and the CF
3
I reaction. The effects of alkyl groups of various sizes and alkali metals of various sizes are of interest. In addition, reactions where a long-lived complex is formed should be studied to see if orientation is important. Finally, it would be of interest to apply the technique to the sort of reactions that led to our interest in the first place: the S
N
2 displacements in alkyl halides where the fascinating Walden inversion occurs.
Paracytic (Syndetocheilic) Stomata in Carboniferous Seed Ferns
Authors: Stidd L. L. Oestry , Stidd B. M.
Published: October 2006

Stomata of the paracytic type have been discovered on the lower pinnule surface of the Carboniferous seed fern foliage species
Alethopteris sullivanti
. The stomatal complex is not visible when the cuticle is in place. This is apparently the first report of paracytic stomata in Carboniferous plants.
Intensity Dependence of the Fluorescence Lifetime of in vivo Chlorophyll Excited by a Picosecond Light Pulse
Authors: Campillo A. J. , Kollman V. H. , Shapiro S. L.
Published: October 2006

New data on intensity-dependent lifetimes indicate that all previous in vivo fluorescence studies of chlorophyll by picosecond techniques must be reinterpreted. Anomalously short lifetimes result from high-intensity effects due to exciton-exciton annihilation processes. Measurements in
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
with single-pulse, low-intensity excitation indicate a longer "true" lifetime of 650 ± 150 picoseconds.
Alternative Transformation Behavior in Sulfides: Direct Observations by Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Putnis A.
Published: October 2006

Structural phase transformations in Ni
7
S
6
and Cu
7
S
4
have been observed dynamically by in situ experiments in a transmission electron microscope. In this way it is possible to demonstrate the possibility of two fundamentally different types of behavior: (i) the ideal transformation from the stable high-temperature form to the stable low-temperature form and vice versa and (ii) alternative metastable processes which operate when the formation of the low-temperature state is impeded.
Earth Rotation Measured by Lunar Laser Ranging
Authors: Stolz A. , Bender P. L. , Faller J. E. , Silverberg E. C. , Mulholland J. D. , Shelus P. J. , Williams J. G. , Carter W. E. , Currie D. G. , Kaula W. M.
Published: October 2006

The estimated median accuracy of 194 single-day determinations of the earth's angular position in space is 0.7 millisecond (0.01 arc second). Comparison with classical astronomical results gives agreement to about the expected 2-millisecond uncertainty of the 5-day averages obtained by the Bureau International de l'Heure. Little evidence for very rapid variations in the earth's rotation is present in the data.
Feline Oncornavirus—Associated Cell Membrane Antigen: Expression in Transformed Nonproducer Mink Cells
Authors: Sliski A. H. , Essex M. , Meyer C. , Todaro G.
Published: October 2006

The feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA) is a target for naturally occurring immunity that protects the cat against development of fibrosarcoma and leukemia. Feline sarcoma virus-transformed "nonproducer" mink cells express high levels of FOCMA, but not of the major viral structural proteins. Transformation of the same cells by murine sarcoma virus, or infection with feline leukemia virus, which is nontransforming for epithelial or fibroblastic cells, did not induce FOCMA. Thus, FOCMA expression in mink lung cells is specifically associated with transformation by feline sarcoma virus.
Treatment of Established Renal Cancer by Tumor Cells Engineered to Secrete Interleukin-4
Authors: Golumbek Paul T. , Lazenby Audrey J. , Levitsky Hyam I. , Jaffee Liz M. , Karasuyama Hajime , Baker Mitzi , Pardoll Drew M.
Published: October 2006

The generation of antigen-specific antitumor immunity is the ultimate goal in cancer immunotherapy. When cells from a spontaneously arising murine renal cell tumor were engineered to secrete large doses of interleukin-4 (IL-4) locally, they were rejected in a predominantly T cell-independent manner. However, animals that rejected the IL-4-transfected tumors developed T cell-dependent systemic immunity to the parental tumor. This systemic immunity was tumor-specific and primarily mediated by CD8
+
T cells. Established parental tumors could be cured by the systemic immune response generated by injection of the genetically engineered tumors. These results provide a rationale for the use of lymphokine gene-transfected tumor cells as a modality for cancer therapy.
Dynamic Organization of Developing Purkinje Cells Revealed by Transgene Expression
Authors: Smeyne Richard J. , Oberdick John , Schilling Karl , Berrebi Albert S. , Mugnaini Enrico , Morgan James I.
Published: October 2006

The cerebellum has many properties that make it a useful model for investigating neural development. Purkinje cells, the major output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, have drawn special attention because of the availability of biochemical markers and mutants that affect their development. The spatial expression of L7, a protein specific for Purkinje cells, and L7βGal, a gene expressed in transgenic mice that was constructed from the L7 promoter and the marker β-galactosidase, delineated bands of Purkinje cells that increased in number during early postnatal development. Expression of the transgene in adult
reeler
mutant mice, which show inverted cortical lamination, and in primary culture showed that the initial expression of L7 is intrinsic to Purkinje cells and does not depend on extracellular signals. This may reflect an underlying developmental map in cerebellum.
Flavonoid and Other Chemical Constituents of Fossil Miocene
Celtis
and
Ulmus
(Succor Creek Flora)
Authors: Giannasi David E. , Niklas Karl J.
Published: October 2006

Organic solvent extractions of green-colored fossil
Celtis
sp. and
Ulmus
sp. leaves (36 to 25 × 10
6
years old) indicate the preservation of quercetin-3-O-glycosides, apigenin and luteolin carbon glycosides, methyl pheophorbide a, and a consortium of other organic constituents. Comparisons between referable fossil and extant taxa indicate a high level of phytochemical fidelity. The preservation of
O
-glycosides indicates a mild postdepositional environment during fossilization.
The Proton Microprobe: A Powerful Tool for Nondestructive Trace Element Analysis
Authors: Bosch Fritz , El Goresy Ahmed , Martin Bernd , Povh Bogdan , Nobiling Rainer , Schwalm Dirk , Traxel Kurt
Published: October 2006

A proton microprobe capable of focusing proton beams with energies up to 6 million electron volts to a spot size of 2 × 2 square micrometers has been used for chemical analysis of small grains of minerals in lunar samples by proton-induced x-ray emission. The proton microprobe is preferable to the electron microprobe for analyzing trace elements whose concentrations are below the detection limit of the latter and for analyzing objects with numerous major and trace elements with a wide range of atomic numbers. Application of the proton microprobe to biological samples is feasible.
Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase by Anions in the Carbon Dioxide-Bicarbonate System
Authors: Pocker Y. , Tanaka Nobuo
Published: October 2006

Chloride and iodide ions exhibit noncompetitive inhibition of carbon dioxide hydration catalyzed by bovine carbonic anhydrase and competitive inhibition of bicarbonate dehydration. Consideration of the net velocity at equilibrium leads to a satisfactory resolution of the dilemma concerning the different concentrations of such anions required to halve the initial reaction rate for each substrate.
The Tokamak: Model T Fusion Reactor
Authors: Steiner Don , Clarke John F.
Published: October 2006

During the past several years there have been significant scientific and technological advances related to the tokamak magnetic confinement scheme. These are summarized in the context of a recent tokamak reactor design study which emphasizes reduced size, higher power density, and enhanced plant reliability and maintainability relative to earlier tokamak reactor design studies. The direct plant cost of the proposed reactor is estimated to be in the range $1000 to $1500 per electrical kilowatt. A three-phase strategy for demonstrating tokamak fusion power generation at a committed site is outlined. It is estimated that implementation of the three-phase program would require about 20 years and a total escalated expenditure of $10 billion to $15 billion. The tokamak power plant described here is not viewed as definitive but rather as a point of departure in the development of a plan to demonstrate tokamak power generation.
Infrared Image of Venus at the Time of Pioneer Venus Probe Encounter
Authors: Apt Jerome , Goody Richard
Published: October 2006

An image of the infrared emission from the Earth-facing hemisphere of Venus was obtained at the time the Pioneer Venus probes penetrated the atmosphere. The thermal structure of the atmosphere at the 85-millibar level included regions of rapidly varying polar features, a solar-related postdawn warm area, and a nonsolar-fixed nighttime warm area. The probes succeeded in entering each of these three thermal regions.
First Results from the Large Probe Infrared Radiometer Experiment
Authors: Boese Robert W. , Pollack James B. , Silvaggio Peter M.
Published: October 2006

During the descent to the surface of Venus, the large probe infrared radiometer measured the net thermal radiative flux in several spectral bandpasses. Preliminary analysis has permitted us to estimate (i) the infrared extinction coefficient profile attributable to aerosols, with respect to their visible profile, in the upper atmosphere of Venus and (ii) the water vapor mixing ratio below the clouds. An indication of the composition of a multicomponent cloud is seen in the data from the spectral bandpass from 6 to 7 micrometers.
Solitons in a Reaction-Diffusion System
Authors: Tuckwell Henry C.
Published: October 2006

Solitary waves in reaction-diffusion systems usually annihilate on collision. A nonlinear system of reaction-diffusion equations has been constructed which has solitons: solitary waves whose interaction in a collision results in the emergence of two solitary waves identical to the colliding waves.
Dehydration of Ethanol: New Approach Gives Positive Energy Balance
Authors: Ladisch Michael R. , Dyck Karen
Published: October 2006

Water was removed from aqueous ethanol by using cellulosic materials, starch, corn, and other agents. The combustion energy of the ethanol product can exceed the energy needed to carry out the dehydration by a factor of 10.
High-Speed Cinematographic Evidence for Ultrafast Feeding in Antennariid Anglerfishes
Authors: Grobecker David B. , Pietsch Theodore W.
Published: October 2006

Analyses by means of high-speed, light cinematography at 800 and 1000 frames per second have shown that members of the shallow-water anglerfish genus
Antennarius
are capable of producing an enormous suction pressure for prey capture by means of an extraordinarily rapid expansion of the buccal and opercular cavities. Prey is totally engulfed at speeds considerably greater than those recorded for any other fish. The structural adaptations responsible for this rapid prey engulfment provide anglerfishes with one of the fastest known vertebrate feeding mechanisms.
Voyager 2: Energetic Ions and Electrons in the Jovian Magnetosphere
Authors: Vogt R. E. , Cummings A. C. , Garrard T. L. , Gehrels N. , Stone E. C. , Trainor J. H. , Schardt A. W. , Conlon T. F. , McDonald F. B.
Published: October 2006

The Voyager 2 encounter has enhanced our understanding of earlier results and provided measurements beyond 160 Jupiter radii (
R
J
) in the magnetotail. Significant fluxes of energetic sulfur and oxygen nuclei (4 to 15 million electron volts per nucleon) of Jovian origin were observed inside 25
R
J
, and the gradient in phase space density at 12
R
J
indicates that the ions are diffusing inward. A substantially longer time delay versus distance was found for proton flux maxima in the active hemisphere in the magnetotail at Jovicentric longitudes λ
III
= 260° to 320° than in the inactive hemisphere at λ
III
= 85° to 110°. These delays can be related to the radial motion of plasma expanding into the magnetotail, and differences in the expansion speeds between the active and inactive hemispheres can produce rarefaction regions in trapped particles. It is suggested that the 10-hour modulation of interplanetary Jovian electrons may be associated with the arrival at the dawn magnetopause of a rarefaction region each planetary rotation.
Differential Avoidance of Mimetic Salamanders by Free-Ranging Birds
Authors: Brodie Edmund D. , Brodie Edmund D.
Published: October 2006

Members of a free-ranging avian community avoided the mimetic morph of the salamander
Plethodon cinereus
significantly more often than a nonmimetic morph when offered with the model eft stage of
Notophthalmus viridescens
and the palatable salamander
Desmognathus ochrophaeus
. This is apparently the first demonstration of the efficacy of mimetic coloration of salamanders to uncaged birds.