bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased risk of malignancy for non‐atypical urothelial cell groups compared to negative cytology in voided urine. Morphological changes with LBC
Authors: Granados Rosario , Butrón Mercedes , Santonja Carlos , Rodríguez José‐María , Martín Ana , Duarte Joanny , Camarmo Encarnación , Corrales Teresa , Aramburu José‐Antonio
Published: April 2016

Liquid‐based cytology (LBC) has recently become the preferred method for urine cytology analysis, but differences with conventional cytology (CC) have been observed. The purpose of this study is to analyze these differences and the clinical relevance of non‐atypical urothelial cell groups (UCG) in voided urine specimens. Reporting terminology is discussed. Initially, diagnostic categories from 619 LBC and 474 CC samples, reviewed by five different pathologists, were compared (phase 1). Five years after LBC was implemented and applying strict cytologic criteria for UCG diagnosis, 760 samples were analyzed (phase 2) and compared to previous LBC specimens. Diagnostic differences, interobserver variability and clinicopathological correlation with a 6‐month follow‐up, were analyzed. UCG increased from 6.5% with CC to 20.7% (218%, 3.2 fold, P < 0.0001) with LBC. This difference was not related to interobserver variability. Five years later, the rate of UCG had decreased to 13 2%. While 6% of cases with a negative cytology had urothelial carcinoma (UC) within 6 months of diagnosis, this percentage increased to 15.7% with UCG. The sensitivity of the UCG category for UC was low (30.4%), but the specificity and the negative predictive value (NPV) were high (87.1% and 94%, respectively). LBC increases UCG when compared to CC. This can be corrected with observeŕs experience and using set cytological criteria. Due to its association with carcinoma, the presence of UCG in voided urine should be framed in a diagnostic category other than “negative for malignancy.” Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:582–590. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neural transcription factors bias cleavage stage blastomeres to give rise to neural ectoderm
Authors: Gaur Shailly , Mandelbaum Max , Herold Mona , Majumdar Himani Datta , Neilson Karen M. , Maynard Thomas M. , Mood Kathy , Daar Ira O. , Moody Sally A.
Published: April 2016

The decision by embryonic ectoderm to give rise to epidermal versus neural derivatives is the result of signaling events during blastula and gastrula stages. However, there also is evidence in Xenopus that cleavage stage blastomeres contain maternally derived molecules that bias them toward a neural fate. We used a blastomere explant culture assay to test whether maternally deposited transcription factors bias 16‐cell blastomere precursors of epidermal or neural ectoderm to express early zygotic neural genes in the absence of gastrulation interactions or exogenously supplied signaling factors. We found that Foxd4l1, Zic2, Gmnn, and Sox11 each induced explants made from ventral, epidermis‐producing blastomeres to express early neural genes, and that at least some of the Foxd4l1 and Zic2 activities are required at cleavage stages. Similarly, providing extra Foxd4l1 or Zic2 to explants made from dorsal, neural plate‐producing blastomeres significantly increased the expression of early neural genes, whereas knocking down either significantly reduced them. These results show that maternally delivered transcription factors bias cleavage stage blastomeres to a neural fate. We demonstrate that mouse and human homologs of Foxd4l1 have similar functional domains compared to the frog protein, as well as conserved transcriptional activities when expressed in Xenopus embryos and blastomere explants. genesis 54:334–349, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strong paleoclimatic legacies in current plant functional diversity patterns across Europe
Authors: Ordonez Alejandro , Svenning Jens‐Christian
Published: April 2016

Numerous studies indicate that environmental changes during the late Quaternary have elicited long‐term disequilibria between species diversity and environment. Despite its importance for ecosystem functioning, the importance of historical environmental conditions as determinants of FD (functional diversity) remains largely unstudied. We quantified the geographic distributions of plant FD (richness and dispersion) across Europe using distribution and functional trait information for 2702 plant species. We then compared the importance of historical and contemporary factors to determine the relevance of past conditions as predictors of current plant FD in Europe. For this, we compared the strength of the relationships between FD with temperature and precipitation stability since the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum), accessibility to LGM refugia, and contemporary environmental conditions (climate, productivity, soil, topography, and land use). Functional richness and dispersion exhibited geographic patterns with strong associations to the environmental history of the region. The effect size of accessibility to LGM refugia and climate stability since the LGM was comparable to that of the contemporary predictors. Both functional richness and dispersion increased with temperature stability since the LGM and accessibility to LGM refugia. Functional richness' geographic pattern was primarily associated with accessibility to LGM refugia growing degree‐days, land use heterogeneity, diversity of soil types, and absolute minimum winter temperature. Functional dispersion's geographic pattern was primarily associated with accessibility to LGM refugia growing degree‐days and absolute minimum winter temperature. The high explained variance and model support of historical predictors are consistent with the idea that long‐term variability in environmental conditions supplements contemporary factors in shaping FD patterns at continental scales. Given the importance of FD for ecosystem functioning, future climate change may elicit not just short‐term shifts in ecosystem functioning, but also long‐term functional disequilibria.
Analytical Method Applying a Mathematical Model for Axial‐Gap‐Switched Reluctance Motor
Authors: DEGUCHI KENTA , SUMITA SATOSHI , ENOMOTO YUJI
Published: April 2016

In this paper, an analytical method using a mathematical model for switched reluctance motors (SR motors) is proposed. The feature of this method is the representation of the effect of the mutual flux on the integral model by applying transient analysis utilizing preprocessed inductance tables. The advantage of this method is that the analysis time is reduced in comparison with the finite element method (FEM). The calculation results for the torque show little difference between the FEM and the proposed method, and the computation time was shortened. A 3.7‐kW prototype axial‐gap SR motor designed using the proposed method delivered the specified performance.
Day‐Ahead Global Solar Radiation Forecasting Using Binary Trees and Factor Analysis
Authors: NOMIYAMA FUMITOSHI , MURAKAMI TAKUMA , ASAI JOJI , TAKANO HIROTAKA , MURATA JUNICHI
Published: April 2016

A method is proposed for forecasting global solar radiation. The method is based on weather information using binary trees and factor analysis. The feature of this method is that it is possible to use a simple linear forecasting equation. The method has been tested on meteorological and global solar radiation data obtained at several observation sites, and the results show that it is a promising means of maintaining the balance between demand and supply of electric power in power systems of the near future with a large number of photovoltaic systems installed.
Dependence of Vacuum Electrical Breakdown Field and Field Enhancement Factor on the Number of Apertures Drilled in Small Electrodes
Authors: ISHIDA RYO , YAMANO YASUSHI , KOBAYASHI SHINICHI , KOJIMA ATSUSHI , HANADA MASAYA , SAITO YOSHIO
Published: April 2016

Dark current based on field emission current is considered to be a factor causing the vacuum electrical breakdown between multiaperture acceleration grids in the JT‐60 negative ion source. In this paper, we focus on field enhancement factor, which is a key parameter of field emission from the electrode. Vacuum breakdown testing for small‐sized electrodes simulating the multiaperture acceleration grids of the negative ion source was performed. We found the field enhancement factor and breakdown field for multiaperture electrodes, and we investigated the dependence of each parameter on the number of apertures. The results revealed that an increase in the average field enhancement factor after the end of conditioning resulting from an increase in the number of apertures led to a decrease in the dielectric strength of the multiaperture electrodes.
Development of Electrolytic Capacitor Less Photovoltaic Grid Connected Inverter with Boost‐Up Type Active Buffer Circuit
Authors: WATANABE HIROKI , KOIWA KAZUHIRO , ITOH JUN‐ICHI , OHNUMA YOSHIYA , MIYAWAKI SATOSHI
Published: April 2016

This paper proposes a configuration of a single‐phase voltage source inverter that features power decoupling capability. Generally, the converter connected to a single‐phase grid employs bulky dc link capacitors such as electrolytic capacitors in order to decouple the power ripple with twice the frequency of the power supply. The power ripple in the proposed circuit is compensated by an active buffer with small capacitors. In this paper, the fundamental operations of the proposed converter are confirmed by experimental results. From the experimental results, the output current total harmonic distortion (THD) is 3.51%, the ratio of the input current is 14.3%, and the output power factor is over 99%. In addition, the volume of the proposed circuit is reduced by 61% when the carrier frequency is 64 kHz compared to that with a carrier frequency of 16 kHz. Finally, from an evaluation of the power density using Pareto front curves, the proposed circuit achieves high power density in comparison with the conventional circuit.
Hydrate Networks under Mechanical Stress – A Case Study for Co3(PO4)2·8H2O
Authors: Bach Sven , Visnow Eduard , Panthöfer Martin , Gorelik Tatiana , Buzanich Ana Guilherme , Gurlo Aleksander , Kolb Ute , Emmerling Franziska , Lind Cora , Tremel Wolfgang
Published: April 2016

The nature of the bound water in solids with hydrogen‐bonded networks depends not only on temperature and pressure but also on the nature of the constituents. The collapse and reorientation of these network structures determines the stability of hydrated solids and transitions to other crystalline or amorphous phases. Here, we study the mechanochemically induced loss of bound water in Co3(PO4)2·8H2O and compare this process to the behavior under hydrostatic pressure. The associated phase transition and its kinetics were monitored by X‐ray powder diffraction with synchrotron radiation and quantitative IR spectroscopy. High shearing forces are responsible for the degradation of the hydrogen‐bonded network and the concomitant crystalline–amorphous transformation. UV/Vis spectroscopy, extended X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS), and X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES) provided information about the short‐range order in the amorphous solid, and thermal analysis revealed its composition and showed that the moderate charge densities of the Co2+and PO43–ions, which make the hydration enthalpy comparable to the binding energy of the counteranions, and the formation of hydrogen‐bonded networks favor multistage crystallization processes associated with the release and uptake of coordinated water. The changes of the Co2+coordination induce a color change from pink to blue; therefore, Co3(PO4)2·8H2O can be used as an overheat temperature indicator.
Regioselective Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐5‐(or 3‐)arylazo‐Substituted Pyridines and Pyrazines from Pyridinium N‐Aminides
Authors: Gala Elena , Reyes M. José , Alvarez‐Builla Julio , Izquierdo M. Luisa
Published: April 2016

Differently modified 2‐aminopyridines and pyrazines bearing an arylazo group at the 3‐ or 5‐position have been generated from pyridinium N‐aminides in a regioselective fashion. The detailed chemistry starts with attack of the N‐aminide on a diazonium salt, to form the arylazo derivative. N‐alkylation on the exocyclic nitrogen and reduction to break the N–N bond then affords the final compounds, as an extension of the broad synthetic uses of the pyridinium N‐aminides.
Iodine‐Catalyzed Oxidation of N‐Substituted Indoles by using Chloramine‐B: A Facile and Practical Approach to Isatins
Authors: Liu Peijun , Guo Jiajing , Wei Wentao , Liu Xiaozu , Sun Pinghua
Published: April 2016

An efficient method for the iodine‐catalyzed oxidation of N‐substituted indoles by using chloramine‐B under mild reaction conditions was explored. This reaction was found to be tolerant to a variety of functional groups and provided the corresponding isatins in moderate to excellent yields. In addition, application of this method to the one‐pot synthesis of 3‐hydroxyoxindole and N‐methylisatin oxime was realized.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Caprolactam and Enone Precursors to the Heterocyclic DEFG Ring System of Zoanthenol
Authors: Bagdanoff Jeffrey T. , Behenna Douglas C. , Stockdill Jennifer L. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: April 2016

The enantioselective synthesis of both caprolactam and enone synthons for the DEFG ring system of zoanthenol are described. The evolution of this approach proceeds first through a synthesis using the chiral pool as a starting point. Challenges in protecting‐group strategy led to the modification of this approach beginning with (±)‐glycidol. Ultimately, an efficient approach was developed by employing an asymmetric hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction. The caprolactam building block can be converted by an interesting selective Grignard addition into the corresponding enone synthon. Addition of a model alkyne provides support for the late‐stage addition of a hindered alkyne to the caprolactam building block.
Leisure‐time physical activity and sciatica: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Shiri R. , Falah‐Hassani K. , Viikari‐Juntura E. , Coggon D.
Published: April 2016

Background and objective

The role of leisure‐time physical activity in sciatica is uncertain. This study aimed to assess the association of leisure‐time physical activity with lumbar radicular pain and sciatica.

Databases and data treatment

Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and ResearchGate databases from 1964 through August 2015. A random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed, and heterogeneity and small‐study bias were assessed.

Results

Ten cohort (N = 82,024 participants), four case–control (N = 9350) and four cross‐sectional (N = 10,046) studies qualified for meta‐analysis. In comparison with no regular physical activity, high level of physical activity (≥4 times/week) was inversely associated with new onset of lumbar radicular pain or sciatica in a meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies [risk ratio (RR) = 0.88, 95% CI 0.78–0.99, I2 = 0%, 7 studies, N = 78,065]. The association for moderate level of physical activity (1–3 times/week) was weaker (RR = 0.93, CI 0.82–1.05, I2 = 0%, 6 studies, N = 69,049), and there was no association with physical activity for at least once/week (RR = 0.99, CI 0.86–1.13, 9 studies, N = 73,008). In contrast, a meta‐analysis of cross‐sectional studies showed a higher prevalence of lumbar radicular pain or sciatica in participants who exercised at least once/week [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.29, CI 1.09–1.53, I2 = 0%, 4 studies, N = 10,046], or 1–3 times/week (PR = 1.34, CI 1.02–1.77, I2 = 0%, N = 7631) than among inactive participants. There was no evidence of small‐study bias.

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis suggests that moderate to high level of leisure physical activity may have a moderate protective effect against development of lumbar radicular pain. However, a large reduction in risk (>30%) seems unlikely.

What does this review add

Leisure‐time physical activity may reduce the risk of developing lumbar radicular pain.
The effect of threat on cognitive biases and pain outcomes: An eye‐tracking study
Authors: Todd J. , Sharpe L. , Colagiuri B. , Khatibi A.
Published: April 2016

Background

Theoretical accounts of attentional and interpretation biases in pain suggest that these biases are interrelated and are both influenced by perceived threat. A laboratory‐based study was conducted to test whether these biases are influenced by threat and their interrelationship and whether attention or interpretation biases predict pain outcomes.

Methods

Healthy participants (n = 87) received either threatening or reassuring pain information and then completed questionnaires, interpretation and attentional bias tasks (with eye‐tracking) and a pain task (the cold pressor).

Results

There was an interaction effect for threat group and stimuli type on mean dwell time for face stimuli, such that there was an attentional bias towards happy faces in the low‐ but not high‐threat group. Further, high threat was also associated with shorter pain tolerance, increased pain and distress. In correlational analyses, avoidance of affective pain words was associated with increased pain. However, no relationship was found between attention and interpretation biases, and interpretation biases were not influenced by threat or associated with pain.

Conclusions

These findings provide partial support for the threat interpretation model and the importance of threat and affective pain biases, yet no relationship between cognitive processing biases was found, which may only occur in clinical pain samples.

What does this study add?

In healthy participants, no relationship between attention and interpretation biases was found.

Eye tracking revealed an association between later attentional processes and pain.

Threat influenced attentional biases and pain outcomes, partially supporting theoretical accounts.
Structural–acoustic sensitivity analysis of radiated sound power using a finite element/ discontinuous fast multipole boundary element scheme
Authors: Chen Leilei , Chen Haibo , Zheng Changjun , Marburg Steffen
Published: April 2016

The complete interaction between the structural domain and the acoustic domain needs to be considered in many engineering problems, especially for the acoustic analysis concerning thin structures immersed in water. This study employs the finite element method to model the structural parts and the fast multipole boundary element method to model the exterior acoustic domain. Discontinuous higher‐order boundary elements are developed for the acoustic domain to achieve higher accuracy in the coupling analysis. Structural–acoustic design sensitivity analysis can provide insights into the effects of design variables on radiated acoustic performance and thus is important to the structural–acoustic design and optimization processes. This study is the first to formulate equations for sound power sensitivity on structural surfaces based on an adjoint operator approach and equations for sound power sensitivity on arbitrary closed surfaces around the radiator based on the direct differentiation approach. The design variables include fluid density, structural density, Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, and structural shape/size. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the accuracy and validity of the proposed algorithm. Different types of coupled continuous and discontinuous boundary elements with finite elements are used for the numerical solution, and the performances of the different types of finite element/continuous and discontinuous boundary element coupling are presented and compared in detail. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mass conservative well‐balanced reconstruction at wet/dry interfaces for the Godunov‐type shallow water model
Authors: Fišer Martin , Özgen Ilhan , Hinkelmann Reinhard , Vimmr Jan
Published: April 2016

This paper presents a novel mass conservative, positivity preserving wetting and drying treatment for Godunov‐type shallow water models with second‐order bed elevation discretization. The novel method allows to compute water depths equal to machine accuracy without any restrictions on the time step or any threshold that defines whether the finite volume cell is considered to be wet or dry. The resulting scheme is second‐order accurate in space and keeps the C‐property condition at fully flooded area and also at the wet/dry interface. For the time integration, a second‐order accurate Runge–Kutta method is used. The method is tested in two well‐known computational benchmarks for which an analytical solution can be derived, a C‐property benchmark and in an additional example where the experimental results are reproduced. Overall, the presented scheme shows very good agreement with the reference solutions. The method can also be used in the discontinuous Galerkin method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycemic index of some local staples in Ghana
Authors: Eli‐Cophie Divine , Agbenorhevi Jacob K. , Annan Reginald A.
Published: April 2016

Glycemic index (GI), a measure of blood glucose level as influenced by foods has become a concern due to the increasing cases of diabetes in Ghana. In spite of this, little is known of the GI of commonly consumed carbohydrate‐rich foods of the Ghanaian diet. The GI of five Ghanaian staples: fufu (locally pounded), kenkey (Ga), banku, Tuo Zaafi (TZ), and fufu (Processed powder) were determined in a crossover trial among 10 healthy nondiabetics. Participants were given 50 g portions of pure glucose on two different occasions and subsequently the test foods containing 50 g available carbohydrates. Capillary blood glucose levels of the subjects at fasting and after ingestion of the glucose and test foods were measured within a 2‐hour period. The GI of the test foods were calculated by dividing the incremental area under the glucose response curve (IAUC) of the test food by the IAUC for the reference food and multiplying the result by 100. Processed‐powdered fufu had the least glycemic response (31), followed by Ga kenkey (41) and locally pounded fufu (55), all recording low GI. Tuo Zaafi (68) had a medium GI and banku (73), moderately high GI. Comparison of GI between the foods using ANOVA revealed a significant difference between GIs of locally pounded fufu versus I‐fufu (industrially processed fufu flour) (p = 0.026). This study showed that the five major Ghanaian staples showed low to moderately high GI. These should be considered in recommendations for diabetics.
Functional reorganization of language networks for semantics and syntax in chronic stroke: Evidence from MEG
Authors: Kielar Aneta , Deschamps Tiffany , Jokel Regina , Meltzer Jed A.
Published: April 2016

Using magnetoencephalography, we investigated the potential of perilesional and contralesional activity to support language recovery in patients with poststroke aphasia. In healthy young controls, left‐lateralized ventral frontotemporal regions responded to semantic anomalies during sentence comprehension and bilateral dorsal frontoparietal regions responded to syntactic anomalies. Older adults showed more extensive bilateral responses to the syntactic anomalies and less lateralized responses to the semantic anomalies, with decreased activation in the left occipital and parietal regions for both semantic and syntactic anomalies. In aphasic participants, we observed compensatory recruitment in the right hemisphere (RH), which varied depending on the type of linguistic information that was processed. For semantic anomalies, aphasic patients activated some preserved left hemisphere regions adjacent to the lesion, as well as homologous parietal and temporal RH areas. Patients also recruited right inferior and dorsolateral frontal cortex that was not activated in the healthy participants. Responses for syntactic anomalies did not reach significance in patients. Correlation analyses indicated that recruitment of homologous temporoparietal RH areas is associated with better semantic performance, whereas higher accuracy on the syntactic task was related to bilateral superior temporoparietal and right frontal activity. The results suggest that better recovery of semantic processing is associated with a shift to ventral brain regions in the RH. In contrast, preservation of syntactic processing is mediated by dorsal areas, bilaterally, although recovery of syntactic processing tends to be poorer than semantic. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2869–2893, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Imbalance in subregional connectivity of the right temporoparietal junction in major depression
Authors: Poeppl Timm B. , Müller Veronika I. , Hoffstaedter Felix , Bzdok Danilo , Laird Angela R. , Fox Peter T. , Langguth Berthold , Rupprecht Rainer , Sorg Christian , Riedl Valentin , Goya‐Maldonado Roberto , Gruber Oliver , Eickhoff Simon B.
Published: April 2016

Major depressive disorder (MDD) involves impairment in cognitive and interpersonal functioning. The right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ) is a key brain region subserving cognitive‐attentional and social processes. Yet, findings on the involvement of the RTPJ in the pathophysiology of MDD have so far been controversial. Recent connectivity‐based parcellation data revealed a topofunctional dualism within the RTPJ, linking its anterior and posterior part (aRTPJ/pRTPJ) to antagonistic brain networks for attentional and social processing, respectively. Comparing functional resting‐state connectivity of the aRTPJ and pRTPJ in 72 MDD patients and 76 well‐matched healthy controls, we found a seed (aRTPJ/pRTPJ) × diagnosis (MDD/controls) interaction in functional connectivity for eight regions. Employing meta‐data from a large‐scale neuroimaging database, functional characterization of these regions exhibiting differentially altered connectivity with the aRTPJ/pRTPJ revealed associations with cognitive (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, parahippocampus) and behavioral (posterior medial frontal cortex) control, visuospatial processing (dorsal visual cortex), reward (subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, medial orbitofrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex), as well as memory retrieval and social cognition (precuneus). These findings suggest that an imbalance in connectivity of subregions, rather than disturbed connectivity of the RTPJ as a whole, characterizes the connectional disruption of the RTPJ in MDD. This imbalance may account for key symptoms of MDD in cognitive, emotional, and social domains. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2931–2942, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social and individual risk factors for suicide ideation among Chinese children and adolescents: A multilevel analysis
Authors: Tan Ling , Xia Tiansheng , Reece Christy
Published: April 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and predictors of suicide ideation among primary, middle and high school students. We used multilevel modelling to investigate suicide ideation among 12,733 Chinese children and adolescents aged 9–18 years from wide range of areas across China. Approximately, 32.09% of children and adolescents reported suicide ideation, with females were more likely to report suicide ideation than males (38.09% vs. 29.95%). Our results showed that the risk factors in primary school students were different from middle and high school student groups, whereas significant risk factors for middle and high school students were similar. The city's standard of living as indicated by the Engel coefficient and the city's divorce rate were positively associated with the prevalence of suicide ideation; in contrast, the school's pupil‐to‐teacher ratio was negatively correlated with elevated suicide ideation. Significant risk factors for suicide ideation included study anxiety, self‐accusation tendency, impulsive tendency, terror tendency and physical symptoms. These results have important implications for the prevention of suicide, suggesting that both contextual (city‐level) and compositional (individual‐level) factors could be important targets for prevention and intervention for children and adolescents at risk of suicide ideation.
Identification of ex‐vivo confocal laser scanning microscopic features of melanocytic lesions and their histological correlates
Authors: Hartmann Daniela , Ruini Cristel , Mathemeier Leonie , Bachmann Mario Raphael , Dietrich Andreas , Ruzicka Thomas , von Braunmühl Tanja
Published: April 2016

Ex‐vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) offers rapid tissue examination. Current literature shows promising results in the evaluation of non‐melanoma skin cancer but little is known about presentation of melanocytic lesions (ML).

This study evaluates ML with ex‐vivo CLSM in comparison to histology and offers an overview of ex‐vivo CLSM characteristics.

31 ML were stained with acridine orange or fluorescein and examined using ex‐vivo CLSM (Vivascope2500®; Lucid Inc; Rochester NY) in reflectance and fluorescence mode. Confocal images were correlated to histopathology. Benign and malignant features of the ML were listed and results were presented. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated using contingency tables.

The ML included junctional, compound, dermal, Spitz and dysplastic nevi, as well as various melanoma subtypes. The correlation of the confocal findings with histopathology allowed the identification of different types of ML and differentiation of benign and malignant features.

The study offers an overview of confocal characteristics of ML in comparison to histology. Ex‐vivo CLSM does not reproduce the typical in‐vivo horizontal mosaics but rather reflects the vertical histological presentation. Not all typical in‐vivo patterns are detectable here. These findings may help to evaluate the ex‐vivo CLSM as an adjunctive tool in the immediate intraoperative diagnosis of ML.

Superficial spreading malignant melanoma. Histopathology (H&E stain; 200×) correlated to the reflectance (RM; 830 nm) and fluorescence mode (FM; 488 nm) in the ex‐vivo CLSM (Vivablock® by VivaScan®, acridine orange).

magnified image

Superficial spreading malignant melanoma. Histopathology (H&E stain; 200×) correlated to the reflectance (RM; 830 nm) and fluorescence mode (FM; 488 nm) in the ex‐vivo CLSM (Vivablock® by VivaScan®, acridine orange).
CPMD/GULP QM/MM interface for modeling periodic solids: Implementation and its application in the study of Y‐zeolite supported Rhn clusters
Authors: Sahoo Sudhir K. , Nair Nisanth N.
Published: April 2016

We report here the development of hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) interface between the plane‐wave density functional theory based CPMD code and the empirical force‐field based GULP code for modeling periodic solids and surfaces. The hybrid QM/MM interface is based on the electrostatic coupling between QM and MM regions. The interface is designed for carrying out full relaxation of all the QM and MM atoms during geometry optimizations and molecular dynamics simulations, including the boundary atoms. Both Born–Oppenheimer and Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics schemes are enabled for the QM part during the QM/MM calculations. This interface has the advantage of parallelization of both the programs such that the QM and MM force evaluations can be carried out in parallel to model large systems. The interface program is first validated for total energy conservation and parallel scaling performance is benchmarked. Oxygen vacancy in α‐cristobalite is then studied in detail and the results are compared with a fully QM calculation and experimental data. Subsequently, we use our implementation to investigate the structure of rhodium cluster (Rhn; n = 2 to 6) formed from Rh(C2H4)2 complex adsorbed within a cavity of Y‐zeolite in a reducible atmosphere of H2 gas. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identity, Critical Agency, and Engineering: An Affective Model for Predicting Engineering as a Career Choice
Authors: Godwin Allison , Potvin Geoff , Hazari Zahra , Lock Robynne
Published: April 2016

Background

Prior to college, many students have no experience with engineering, but some ultimately choose an engineering career. Women choose engineering at lower rates than men. This article uses critical engineering agency (CEA) to understand first‐year students' attitudes and self‐beliefs to predict the choice of an engineering career.

Purpose/Hypothesis

We investigated how first‐year students' math and physics identities and students' beliefs about the ability of science to improve the world predict choice of engineering as a career and whether these beliefs differ by gender.

Design/Method

The data were from the Sustainability and Gender in Engineering survey distributed during fall 2011 (N = 6,772). Structural equation modeling was used to understand first‐year students' affective beliefs for predicting engineering career choice.

Results

Math and physics identities are important for predicting engineering choice at the beginning of college. Recognition from others and interest in a subject are positive predictors of physics and math identities. Students' performance/competence beliefs alone are negative predictors of engineering career choice but are mediated by interest and recognition from others. Student identities and agency beliefs are significant predictors of engineering career choice, explaining 20% of the variance. We also found gender differences in students' math and physics identities and agency beliefs.

Conclusions

This article emphasizes the importance of students' recognition beliefs and the importance of agency beliefs for women in predicting engineering career choice.
Isolation of a new ssDNA aptamer against staphylococcal enterotoxin B based on CNBr‐activated sepharose‐4B affinity chromatography
Authors: Hedayati Ch Mojtaba , Amani Jafar , Sedighian Hamid , Amin Mohsen , Salimian Jafar , Halabian Raheleh , Imani Fooladi Abbas Ali
Published: April 2016

Staphylococcus aureus are potent human pathogens possessing arsenal of virulence factors. Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) and respiratory infections mediated by staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) are common clinical manifestations. Many diagnostic techniques are based on serological detection and quantification of SEB in different food and clinical samples. Aptamers are known as new therapeutic and detection tools which are available in different ssDNA, dsDNA and protein structures. In this study, we used a new set of ssDNA aptamers against SEB. The methods used included preparation of a dsDNA library using standard SEB protein as the target analyte, affinity chromatography matrix in microfuge tubes, SELEX procedures to isolate specific ssDNA‐aptamer as an affinity ligand, aptamer purification using ethanol precipitation method, affinity binding assay using ELISA, aptamer cloning and specificity test. Among 12 readable sequences, three of them were selected as the most appropriate aptamer because of their affinity and specificity to SEB. This study presents a new set of ssDNA aptamer with favorable selectivity to SEB through 12 rounds of SELEX. Selected aptamers were used to detect SEB in infected serum samples. Results showed that SEB c1 aptamer (2 µg SEB/100 nM aptamer) had favorable specificity to SEB (kd = 2.3 × 10−11). In conclusion, aptamers can be considered as useful tools for detecting and evaluating SEB. The results showed that affinity chromatography was an affordable assay with acceptable accuracy to isolate sensitive and selective novel aptamers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Translational neuroscience of basolateral amygdala lesions: Studies of urbach‐wiethe disease
Authors: Koen N. , Fourie J. , Terburg D. , Stoop R. , Morgan B. , Stein D.J. , van Honk J.
Published: April 2016

Urbach‐Wiethe disease (UWD) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by mutations in the extracellular matrix protein 1 gene on chromosome 1. Typical clinical manifestations include voice hoarseness in early infancy and neuropsychiatric, laryngeal, and dermatological pathologies later in life. Neuroimaging studies have revealed a pattern of brain calcification often but not exclusively leading to selective bilateral amygdala damage. A large body of work on amygdala lesions in rodents exists, generally employing a subregion model focused on the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the central–medial amygdala. However, human work usually considers the amygdala as a unified structure, not only complicating the translation of animal findings to humans but also providing a unique opportunity for further research. To compare data from rodent models with human cases and to complement existing data from Europe and North America, a series of investigations was undertaken on UWD subjects with selective BLA damage in the Namaqualand region, South Africa. This review presents key findings from this work, including fear processing, social‐economic behavior, and emotional conflict processing. Our findings are broadly consistent with and support rodent models of selective BLA lesions and show that the BLA is integral to processing sensory stimuli and exhibits inhibitory regulation of responses to unconditioned innate fear stimuli. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the human BLA mediates calculative–instrumental economic behaviors and may compromise working memory via competition for attentional resources between the BLA salience detection system and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex working memory system. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐frequency daily temperature variability in China and its relationship to large‐scale circulation
Authors: Wu Fu‐Ting , Fu Congbin , Qian Yun , Gao Yang , Wang Shu‐Yu
Published: April 2016

Two measures of intra‐seasonal variability, indicated respectively by standard deviations (SD) and day‐to‐day (DTD) fluctuations denoted by absolute differences between adjacent 2‐day periods, as well as their relationships with large‐scale circulation patterns were investigated in China during 1962–2008 on the basis of homogenized daily temperature records from 549 local stations and reanalysis data. Our results show that both the SD and DTD of daily minimum temperatures (Tmin) in summer as well as the minimum and maximum temperatures in winter have been decreasing, while the daily maximum temperature (Tmax) variability in summer is fluctuating more, especially over southern China. In summer, an attribution analysis indicates that the intensity of the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) and high‐level East Asian Subtropical Jet stream (EASJ) are positively correlated with both SD and DTD, but the correlation coefficients are generally greater with the SD than with the DTD of the daily maximum temperature, Tmax. In contrast, the location of the EASJ shows the opposite correlation pattern, with intensity regarding the correlation with both SD and DTD. In winter, the Arctic Oscillation (AO) is negatively correlated with both the SD and DTD of the daily minimum temperature, but its intra‐seasonal variability exhibits good agreement with the SD of the Tmin. The Siberian High acts differently with respect to the SD and DTD of the Tmin, demonstrating a regionally consistent positive correlation with the SD. Overall, the large‐scale circulation can well explain the intra‐seasonal SD, but DTD fluctuations may be more local and impacted by local conditions, such as changes in the temperature itself, the land surface, and so on.
Near‐infrared Raman spectroscopic characterization of salivary metabolites in the discrimination of normal from oral premalignant and malignant conditions
Authors: Rekha Pachaiappan , Aruna Prakasarao , Brindha Elumalai , Koteeswaran Dornadula , Baludavid Munusamy , Ganesan Singaravelu
Published: April 2016

In the present study, Raman spectroscopy has been employed in the discrimination of the saliva of normal subjects from patients with oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinomaat 785‐nm excitation. From the spectral signatures, prominent difference between normal and abnormal group because of variations in metabolic and pathological conditions of the subjects was observed. Principal component analysis coupled with linear discriminant analysis yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 96.4 and 93.8% and a specificity of 70.2 and 95.7% in the classification of normal from premalignant and normal from malignant, respectively, confirming the efficacy of Raman spectroscopy in the classification of normal and oral abnormalities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ocean warming modulates the effects of acidification on Emiliania huxleyi calcification and sinking
Authors: Milner Sara , Langer Gerald , Grelaud Michaël , Ziveri Patrizia
Published: April 2016

Ongoing ocean warming and acidification are tied to the rapid accumulation of human‐induced carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and subsequent uptake of heat and CO2 by the surface ocean. These processes are expected to drive large changes in marine ecosystems. While numerous studies have examined the effects of ocean acidification on coccolithophores, less is known on their combined effect. In this study, we investigate temperature modulation of the carbonate chemistry sensitivity of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (RCC1827 from the Western Mediterranean) in a culture experiment. We analyzed the responses of coccolith morphology, particulate inorganic and organic carbon production, and sinking rate of individual cells. E. huxleyi was exposed to three CO2 levels (ca. 400 μatm, 900 μatm, and 1400 μatm) at 15°C and 20°C. Temperature adds to the negative effect of increasing pCO2 on coccolith morphology, suggesting that a significant number of E. huxleyi strains might suffer from a temperature increase, hampering their evolutionary success. Temperature amplified the positive effect of increasing pCO2 on organic carbon production, while modulating the response of calcification rates, indicating that the response to increasing pCO2 must be taken with caution depending on the temperature range studied. Sinking rates were positively correlated with temperature, whereas pCO2 did not have any effect. The combined effect of carbonate chemistry and temperature on the E. huxleyi ratio between particulate inorganic carbon and particulate organic carbon (PIC/POC) might also lower the sinking rate of aggregates. In conclusion, in a warmer and more acidified ocean, individual coccolithophore cells might sink faster, while aggregates might sink slower.
Time reproduction deficits in essential tremor patients
Authors: Pedrosa David J. , Nelles Christian , Maier Franziska , Eggers Carsten , Burghaus Lothar , Fink Gereon R. , Wittmann Marc , Timmermann Lars
Published: April 2016

Background

Although motor symptoms predominate in essential tremor, increasing evidence indicates additional cognitive deficits. According to the pivotal role of cognitive functioning for temporal information processing and acknowledging the relevance of temporal information processing for movement coordination, we investigated whether essential tremor patients exhibit time reproduction deficits.

Methods

A total of 24 essential tremor patients and 24 healthy controls performed sub‐ and suprasecond visual duration reproduction tasks of 500 to 900 milliseconds and 1.6 to 2.4 seconds, respectively. To differentiate deficient time processing from motor or other cognitive dysfunctions, the average temporal reproduction errors were correlated with tremor severity, immediate and delayed word‐list recall performance, and verbal fluency.

Results

Essential tremor patients significantly underreproduced sub‐ and suprasecond time intervals longer than 800 milliseconds. Moreover, time compression correlated significantly with semantic verbal fluency and word‐list retrieval performance, but not with tremor severity.

Conclusion

Data suggest impaired temporal processing in essential tremor, corroborating evidence for specific cognitive deficits. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Accelerated dynamic MRI using patch regularization for implicit motion compensation
Authors: Mohsin Yasir Q. , Lingala Sajan Goud , DiBella Edward , Jacob Mathews
Published: April 2016

Purpose

To introduce a fast algorithm for motion‐compensated accelerated dynamic MRI.

Methods

An efficient patch smoothness regularization scheme, which implicitly compensates for inter‐frame motion, is introduced to recover dynamic MRI data from highly undersampled measurements. The regularization prior is a sum of distances between each rectangular patch in the dataset with other patches in the dataset using a saturating distance metric. Unlike current motion estimation and motion compensation (ME‐MC) methods, the proposed scheme does not require reference frames or complex motion models. The proposed algorithm, which alternates between inter‐patch shrinkage step and conjugate gradient algorithm, is considerably more computationally efficient than ME‐MC methods. The reconstructions obtained using the proposed algorithm is compared against state‐of‐the‐art methods.

Results

The proposed method is observed to yield reconstructions with minimal spatiotemporal blurring and motion artifacts. In comparison to the existing state‐of‐the‐art ME‐MC methods, PRICE provides comparable or even better image quality with faster reconstruction times (approximately nine times faster).

Conclusion

The presented scheme enables computationally efficient and effective motion‐compensated reconstruction in a variety of applications with large inter‐frame motion and contrast changes. This algorithm could be seen as an alternative over the current state‐of‐the‐art ME‐MC schemes that are computationally expensive. Magn Reson Med 77:1238–1248, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Hydrodistention of the bladder for the treatment of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC)
Authors: Hoke Tanya P. , Goldstein Howard , Saks Emily K. , Vakili Babak
Published: April 2016

Aims

The purpose of this study is to determine whether a transvaginal trigonal block immediately preceding cystoscopy with hydrodistention yields an additional therapeutic benefit compared to cystoscopy with hydrodistention alone for the treatment of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC).

Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed at a single‐center. Performance of a trigonal block prior to hydrodistention was at the discretion of the surgeon. A trigonal block consists of injecting 0.25% bupivacaine with 1.0% Xylocaine into the anterior vagina under the trigone under cystoscopic guidance. Procedures between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2013 were included. The primary outcome compared change in pain score from the baseline to 1‐month post‐operative.

Results

One hundred and eighty‐three patients underwent hydrodistention of the bladder. Seventy‐seven were excluded and of the 106 patients remaining, 48 received a trigonal block and 58 did not. Both groups had a significant improvement in pain scores (P < 0.0001). There was no difference in change in pain score from baseline between both groups (−2.9 vs. −2.6; P = 0.694). Distention time was dichotomized into 2 and >5 min based on surgeon preference. There was no difference in change in pain score from baseline between both groups (−3.0 vs. −2.2; P = 0.061).

Conclusions

Hydrodistention of the bladder decreased pain postoperatively regardless of trigonal block or time of distention. A randomized‐controlled trial is necessary to determine the benefits of duration of hydrodistention or performance of a block. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:784–786, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Stakeholders in the Efficiency of Nonprofit Sports Clubs
Authors: Miragaia Dina , Brito Miguel , Ferreira João
Published: April 2016

This article analyzes the efficiency levels of nonprofit sports clubs through the data envelopment analysis methodology and specifically evaluates how efficient and inefficient clubs perceive the distinct contribution of stakeholders in attaining their respective levels of output efficiency. The results distinguish the varying levels of efficiency between such clubs and highlight significant differences in the roles of the local government and of associations and federations in attaining these efficiency levels. The study further suggests best practices that can be adopted by officials at inefficient clubs toward reducing or eliminating their shortfalls in efficiency.