bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survey of wildlife rehabilitators regarding rabies vector species
Authors: Schopler Robert L. , Hall Aron J. , Cowen Peter
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the risks associated with
wildlife rehabilitation and the reemergence of wildlife
rabies in North Carolina through assessment of the
status of knowledge and attitudes of licensed in-state
wildlife rehabilitators about rabies and rabies vector
species (RVS).

Design—Questionnaire survey.

Sample Population—672 North Carolina licensed
wildlife rehabilitators registered in 1999.

Procedure—Wildlife rehabilitators were contacted by
mail to determine their status of knowledge and attitudes
regarding rabies and RVS. The questionnaire
was designed to determine rehabilitators' recent
experiences with RVS, attitudes toward regulations,
and knowledge of rabies virus transmission. Results
were analyzed by use of the χ2 test.

Results—Questionnaire responses were provided by
210 of the 672 (31.3%) wildlife rehabilitators. Among
rehabilitators, there were some inconsistencies in their
knowledge base regarding rabies (eg, 25% reported
that they did not know at what age animals were capable
of transmitting rabies virus). Most respondents
were amenable to all proposed licensing prerequisites
for handling RVS (ie, record keeping, additional training,
and veterinarian support). Respondents reported > 580
calls annually about rehabilitating RVS, and 80%
believed at least some of their peers were rehabilitating
RVS illegally.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—With the
establishment of rabies as a disease that is endemic
among wildlife species in North Carolina, educational
efforts directed at wildlife rehabilitators (a subpopulation
of residents potentially at high risk of rabies virus
infection) would have direct and indirect public health
benefits; similar efforts may be useful to public
health communities elsewhere in the United States.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:1568–1572)
Characterization of the use of antiemetic agents in dogs with parvoviral enteritis treated at a veterinary teaching hospital: 77 cases (1997–2000)
Authors: Mantione Nina L. , Otto Cynthia M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize the use of antiemetic agents in dogs with canine parvovirus (CPV)–associated enteritis in a veterinary teaching hospital.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—77 dogs with CPV-associated enteritis.

Procedure—Medical records of 560 dogs with confirmed CPV-associated enteritis that were admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital were reviewed. Exclusion criteria included vaccination against CPV infection within the preceding 2 weeks, hospitalization for < 24 hours or removal from the hospital against advice, or an incomplete record. Signalment, duration of hospitalization, and daily antiemetic administrations were assessed; WBC counts and clinical findings were used to classify dogs as having systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Results—77 dogs were included in the study; 55 (71%) received antiemetics (53 received metoclopramide at least once). Seventy-one dogs survived, and 6 dogs died (all 6 received antiemetics). Compared with dogs that did not receive antiemetics, duration of hospitalization was significantly longer for antiemetictreated dogs. Daily values of rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rates did not predict administration of antiemetics or duration of hospitalization; however, compared with survivors, SIRS developed more frequently among nonsurvivors. Assessment of emetic events recorded hourly for 17 dogs indicated that antiemetic treatment did not control emesis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Many dogs with CPV-associated enteritis had persistent vomiting despite antiemetic administration. The apparent difference in duration of hospitalization between antiemetic-treated dogs and other dogs may reflect a difference in disease severity between groups, although antiemetic-associated adverse events (eg, signs of depression, hypotension, and immune modulation) may prolong hospitalization. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:1787–1793)
Evaluation of survival rate and prognostic indicators for surgical treatment of left-to-right patent ductus arteriosus in dogs: 52 cases (1995–2003)
Authors: Bureau Stéphane , Monnet Eric , Orton E. Christopher
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine factors associated with long-term survival in dogs treated surgically for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—52 dogs treated surgically for left-to-right shunting PDA.

Procedure—Data pertaining to age, breed, sex, body weight, clinical examination findings, type and duration of medical treatment, results of thoracic radiography and echocardiography, and surgical and postoperative complications were collected from records. Follow-up information was obtained from medical records or telephone interviews with owners or referring veterinarians.

Results—22 dogs had mitral valve regurgitation. Mean weight and age were not significantly different between dogs with or without mitral valve regurgitation. Twenty-four (46.2%) dogs had clinical signs related to cardiac insufficiency. Left atrial dilatation was observed in 56.3% of dogs that were radiographed. Sonographic imaging was used to diagnose left atrial dilatation in 23 dogs and left ventricular dilatation in 25 dogs. The 1- and 2-year survival rates were 92% and 87%, respectively. Diagnosis of mitral valve regurgitation before surgery was not associated with the probability of survival. Age, weight, lethargy, preoperative treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and right atrial dilatation on radiographs at the time of surgery were negatively associated with probability of survival.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Surgical treatment of PDA was curative in young dogs without clinical signs of heart failure. Surgical correction of PDA should be recommended as early as possible after diagnosis, and mitral valve regurgitation is not a contraindication for surgery. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:1794–1799)
Effect of prepartum intramammary treatment with pirlimycin hydrochloride on prevalence of early first-lactation mastitis in dairy heifers
Authors: Middleton John R. , Timms Leo L. , Bader G. Ryan , Lakritz Jeffrey , Luby Christopher D. , Steevens Barry J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether prepartum intramammary treatment of dairy heifers with pirlimycin hydrochloride would reduce the prevalence of intramammary infection (IMI) and lower the somatic cell count (SCC) during early lactation or improve 305-day mature equivalent milk production.

Design—Prospective clinical trial.

Animals—183 Holstein-Friesian heifers (663 quarters) from 2 dairy farms.

Procedure—Heifers were assigned to treatment and control groups. Treated heifers received a single 50-mg dose of pirlimycin in each mammary quarter approximately 10 to 14 days prior to parturition. Prepartum mammary gland secretions and postpartum milk samples were collected for bacterial culture. Postpartum milk samples were also collected for determination of SCC or California mastitis testing and were tested for pirlimycin residues. Mature equivalent 305-day milk production data were recorded.

Results—Treated heifers in herd A had a higher overall cure rate, higher cure rates for IMI caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) andStaphylococcus aureus, lower SCC, and lower prevalence of chronic IMI, compared with control heifers. Treated heifers in herd B had a higher overall cure rate and cure rate for IMI caused by CNS, compared with control heifers, but postpartum California mastitis test scores and prevalence of chronic IMI did not differ between groups. Mature equivalent 305-day milk production did not differ between herds or treatment groups. No pirlimycin residues were detected in postpartum milk samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that prepartum treatment of dairy heifers with pirlimycin may reduce the prevalence of early lactation IMI, particularly IMI caused by CNS, without causing pirlimycin residues in milk. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:1969–1974)
Risk of removal and effects on milk production associated with paratuberculosis status in dairy cows
Authors: Lombard Jason E. , Garry Franklyn B. , McCluskey Brian J. , Wagner Bruce A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine effects on production and risk of removal related toMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosis(MAP) infection at the individual animal level in dairy cattle.

Design—Longitudinal study.

Animals—7,879 dairy cows from 38 herds in 16 states.

Procedure—A subset of dairy cattle operations that participated in the National Animal Health Monitoring System Dairy 2002 study was evaluated via a serum ELISA for antibodies against MAP and categorized according to ELISA score. Dairy Herd Improvement Association records were obtained to collect current and historical lactation data and removal (ie, culling) information. Production variables were evaluated on the basis of serum ELISA category.

Results—Cows with strong positive results had mature equivalent (ME) 305-day milk production, ME 305-day maximum milk production, and total lifetime milk production that were significantly lower than cows in other categories. No differences were observed for ME 305-day fat and protein percentages, age, lactation, and lactation mean linear somatic cell count score between cows with strong positive results and those with negative results. After accounting for lactation number and relative herd-level milk production, cows with strong positive results were significantly more likely to have been removed by 1 year after testing.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Without management changes designed to reduce the farm-level prevalence of MAP infection, paratuberculosis will continue to reduce farm income by decreasing milk production and potentially increasing premature removal from the herd. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:1975–1981)
Evaluation of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection of dairy cows attributable to infection status of the dam
Authors: Aly Sharif S. , Thurmond Mark C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To estimate the extent to which infection
with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
(MAP) of cows in a large dairy was attributable to the
infection status of their dams.

Design—Retrospective longitudinal study.

Animals—625 dam-daughter pairs of Holstein cows.

Procedure—Serologic test results were compared
between cows and their dams. Logistic regression
was used to assess whether a cow's serologic status
was associated with its dam's serologic status.
Infection with MAP attributable to being born to a
seropositive dam was estimated for individual cows
and for the herd.

Results—Cows with seropositive dams were 6.6
times as likely to be seropositive, compared with
cows of seronegative dams. For seropositive cows
born to seropositive dams, 84.6% of seropositivity
was attributable to being born to a seropositive dam
and 15.4% to other exposures, including exposure as
calves to flush water that contained feces of adult cattle.
For the herd as a whole, the seropositive status in
34% of seropositive cows was attributable to being
born to a seropositive dam.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—For dairy
herds that breed seropositive cows, subsequent
transmission of MAP to their daughters, either congenitally
or via exposure to feces and colostrum of
the dam shortly after birth, can contribute substantially
to maintaining prevalence of MAP in a herd.
Removal of seropositive, clinically unaffected cows
and their daughters would be necessary to reduce
infection with MAP attributable to congenital or periparturient
transmission from dam to daughter. (J Am
Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:450–454)
Risk factors associated with development of poxvirus lesions in hospitalized California sea lions
Authors: Nollens Hendrik H. , Hernandez Jorge A. , Jacobson Elliott R. , Haulena Martin , Gulland Frances M. D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify risk factors that may predispose
California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) to
development of cutaneous poxvirus nodules during
hospitalization in a rehabilitation center.

Design—Retrospective case-control study.

Animals—90 California sea lions admitted to a rehabilitation
center.

Procedure—Hospital records of 275 stranded
California sea lions admitted to the rehabilitation center
between January 1 and December 31, 2002, were
reviewed. All California sea lions (n = 18) that developed
≥ 1 cutaneous poxvirus nodule during hospitalization
were classified as cases. Seventy-two
California sea lions that did not develop poxvirus
lesions during hospitalization were randomly selected
(control group). The frequencies of various exposure
factors prior to admission, at admission, and during
hospitalization for cases and control sea lions were
compared by use of logistic regression.

Results—California sea lions that had previously been
admitted to the rehabilitation center were 43 times as
likely to develop poxvirus lesions as sea lions admitted
for the first time; those with high band neutrophil
counts (> 0.69 × 103 bands/μL) at admission were 20
times less likely to develop poxvirus lesions than sea
lions with counts within reference limits.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that sea lions with a history of prior hospitalization
or band neutrophil counts within reference limits
at admission were more likely to develop poxvirus
lesions during hospitalization. Sea lions with histories
of hospitalization should be kept in quarantine and
infection control measures implemented to help prevent
disease transmission to attending personnel and
other hospitalized animals. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2005;227:467–473)
Evaluation of ovine herpesvirus type 2 infections, as detected by competitive inhibition ELISA and polymerase chain reaction assay, in dairy cattle without clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever
Authors: Powers Jenny G. , VanMetre David C. , Collins James K. , Dinsmore R. Page , Carman Jane , Patterson Gage , Brahmbhatt Dipa , Callan Robert J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To monitor ovine herpesvirus type 2
(OvHV-2) infection status and the association
between OvHV-2 infection and development of clinical
signs of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in cattle.

Design—Longitudinal study.

Animals—30 mature adult cows and 18 cattle submitted
for necropsy.

Procedure—Blood and milk samples were collected at
monthly intervals from 30 adult cows for 20 consecutive
months. Nasal and ocular swab specimens were also
collected during months 9 through 20. Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) assay for detection of OvHV-2 was performed
on blood, milk, nasal swab, and ocular swab
specimens. Competitive inhibition ELISA (CI-ELISA) for
detection of antibodies against MCF viruses was performed
on serum samples obtained prior to study initiation
and monthly during the last 12 months. Tissues
obtained from herdmates without clinical signs of MCF
that were submitted for necropsy were analyzed for
OvHV-2 DNA via PCR assay for possible sites of latency.

Results—Initially, 8 of 30 cows had positive CI-ELISA
results. Seroconversion was detected in 4 cows. Ovine
herpesvirus type 2 DNA was intermittently detected in
blood, milk, nasal secretions, or ocular secretions from
17 of 30 cows. Twenty-one cows had positive CI-ELISA
or PCR assay results. No cattle in the study developed
clinical signs of MCF. Results of PCR assays performed
on tissue samples from 2 of 18 animals submitted for
necropsy were positive for OvHV-2.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—OvHV-2 infection
can occur in cattle without concurrent development
of clinical MCF. Ovine herpesvirus type 2 DNA
was detected intermittently, suggesting fluctuating
viral DNA loads or reinfection in subclinical cattle. A
definitive site of latency was not identified from tissues
obtained during necropsy. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2005;227:606–611)
Geographic distribution of babesiosis among dogs in the United States and association with dog bites: 150 cases (2000–2003)
Authors: Birkenheuer Adam J. , Correa Maria T. , Levy Michael G. , Breitschwerdt Edward B.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify the geographic distribution of babesiosis among dogs in the United States and determine, for dogs other than American Pit Bull Terriers (APBTs), whether infection was associated with a recent dog bite.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—150 dogs.

Procedure—Canine blood samples submitted to the North Carolina State University Vector-Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory between May 2000 and October 2003 for which results of aBabesia-specific polymerase chain reaction assay were positive were identified, and breed and geographic origin of dogs from which samples were obtained were recorded. History and hematologic abnormalities for dogs that were not APBTs were recorded, and possible associations with a recent dog bite were examined.

Results—Dogs positive forBabesiaDNA were located in 29 states and 1 Canadian province (Ontario).Babesia gibsoniwas the most commonly detected species, with B gibsoni DNA detected in blood samples from 131 of 144 (91%) dogs. Of the 131 dogs positive forB gibsoniDNA, 122 (93%) were APBTs. Of the 10 dogs positive forBabesia canis vogeliDNA, 6 were Greyhounds. In dogs other than APBTs, there was an association between having recently been bitten by another dog, particularly an APBT, and infection withB gibsoni.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results document an expansion of the known geographic range for babesiosis among dogs in the United States. Testing for babesiosis should be pursued in dogs with clinicopathologic abnormalities consistent with immunemediated hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia, particularly if there is a history of a recent dog bite. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:942–947)
Repair of femoral capital physeal fractures with 7.0-mm cannulated screws in cattle: 20 cases (1988–2002)
Authors: Bentley Victoria A. , Edwards III Ryland B. , Santschi Elizabeth M. , Livesey Michael A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate long-term outcome of repair of femoral capital physeal fractures with 7.0-mm cannulated screws in juvenile bulls that weighed > 350 kg (770 lb).

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—20 bulls.

Procedure—Medical records of affected cattle were identified and reviewed. Follow-up information was obtained by means of a written questionnaire, 1 to 15 years after discharge, from the veterinarians who supervised the postoperative care at bull stud facilities.

Results—Mean age and body weight at time of repair were 19 months (range, 11 to 27 months) and 513 kg (1,128.6 lb; range, 364 to 720 kg [800.8 to 1,584 lb]), respectively. Surgical repair was performed with 7.0- mm cannulated screws. A second surgery to replace malpositioned implants was required in 1 bull. Fourteen of the 20 bulls were considered serviceable for semen collection after surgical repair, and persistent lameness was evident in 11 of the 14. Mean duration for bulls to become serviceable was 5.5 months (range, 2 to 11 months). Age, weight, duration of injury at the time of repair, and degree of reduction did not have a significant effect on whether surgical repair was successful. Six bulls remained severely lame and were euthanatized.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that surgical repair of femoral capital physeal fractures in adolescent bulls with 7.0-mm cannulated screws placed in lag fashion has a good prognosis for long-term function in a semen collection facility. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:964–969)
Fabrication of a “Soft” Membrane Electrode Assembly Using Layer‐by‐Layer Technology
Authors: Farhat T. R. , Hammond P. T.
Published: December 2005

A new type of thin‐film electrode that does not utilize conducting polymers or traditional metal or chemical vapor deposition methods has been developed to create ultrathin flexible electrodes for fuel cells. Using the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique, carbon–polymer electrodes have been assembled from polyelectrolytes and stable carbon colloidal dispersions. Thin‐film LbL polyelectrolyte–carbon electrodes (LPCEs) have been successfully assembled atop both metallic and non‐metallic, porous and non‐porous substrates. These electrodes exhibit high electronic conductivities of 2–4 S cm–1, and their porous structure provides ionic conductivities in the range of 10–4to 10–3 S cm–1. The electrodes show remarkable stability towards oxidizing, acidic, or delaminating basic solutions. In particular, an LPCE consisting of poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride)/poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid)/carbon–platinum assembled on a porous stainless steel support yields an open‐circuit potential similar to that of a pure platinum electrode. With LbL carbon–polymer electrodes, the membrane‐electrode assembly (MEA) in a fuel cell can be made several times thinner, assume multiple geometries, and hence be more compact. The mechanism for LPCE deposition, electrode structure, and miniaturization will be presented and discussed, and demonstrations of the LbL electrodes in a traditional Nafion‐based proton fuel cell and the first demonstration of a thin‐film hydrogen–air “soft” fuel cell fully constructed using multilayer assembly are described.
Solution technique for pure‐component phase equilibria near the critical point
Authors: Stapley L. N. , Luks K. D.
Published: December 2005

An iterative technique is presented for determining pure‐component phase equilibrium that essentially does not depend on initiation. The technique uses both the real and the complex conjugate root information obtained from the analytical solution to cubic equations of state to extend substantially the domain of convergence. The technique is robust and effective close to the critical point. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Intraparticle diffusion mechanisms in SC sunflower oil hydrogenation on Pd
Authors: Ramírez E. , Larrayoz M. A. , Recasens F.
Published: December 2005

In this work, intrinsic kinetics were decoupled from reactant diffusivities in the SC sunflower oil hydrogenation reaction on Pd/C using a steady‐state diffusion and chemical reaction model under isothermal conditions in order to obtain low trans and stearic final products. A numerical solution combined with nonlinear parameter fitting was employed to solve this model. First, runs with small size of catalyst (0.4 mm) allowed to obtain kinetic constants irrespective of the diffusivity settings. Then, in a second set of runs, reactions were repeated on larger sizes of catalyst (up to 1 mm), that is, in the diffusion‐limited regime. The results show that while hydrogen is transported by bulk pore diffusion, the oil seem to diffuse by surface diffusion. Diffusivity of H2 is about 10 times that of triglycerides. The overall diffusivity for triglycerides is about 10−8 m2/s, and changes 3 times with an increase in pressure, and 20 times with an increase in T. Linoleate selectivity (SLO) and specific isomerization (Si) also improve with decreasing the diffusion path. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
A novel MSH2 germline mutation in homozygous state in two brothers with colorectal cancers diagnosed at the age of 11 and 12 years
Authors: Müller Annegret , Schackert Hans K. , Lange Bettina , Rüschoff Josef , Füzesi Laslow , Willert Joerg , Burfeind Peter , Shah Parantu , Becker Heinz , Epplen Joerg Thomas , Stemmler Susanne
Published: December 2005

Hereditary non‐polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndrome is caused by heterozygous germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes (MMR), (MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, and PMS2) and it is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with high penetrance. Several patients have been reported carrying bi‐allelic MMR gene mutations and whose phenotype resembled a syndrome with childhood malignancies including hematological malignancies, brain, and colorectal tumors. This phenotype is similar to the tumor spectrum of MMR knockout mice. Herein we describe two brothers of healthy consanguineous parents from Pakistan, who had developed two and three colorectal cancers at the ages of 11 and 12 years, respectively, and less than 30 polyps. Tumor specimens were microsatellite instable (MSI‐H), and expression of MSH2 and MSH6 was lost. Mutation analyses of DNA samples from both patients revealed a novel homozygous c.2006‐5T > A mutation in intron 12 of the MSH2 gene. This phenotype of the brothers is unusual as they neither develop hematological malignancies nor brain tumors at an older age of presentation than other patients with homozygous MSH2 mutations. The milder phenotype may be due to the expression of low amounts of MSH2 protein with reduced activity. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HRAS mutations in Costello syndrome: Detection of constitutional activating mutations in codon 12 and 13 and loss of wild‐type allele in malignancy
Authors: Estep Anne L. , Tidyman William E. , Teitell Michael A. , Cotter Philip D. , Rauen Katherine A.
Published: December 2005

Costello syndrome (CS) is a complex developmental disorder involving characteristic craniofacial features, failure to thrive, developmental delay, cardiac and skeletal anomalies, and a predisposition to develop neoplasia. Based on similarities with other cancer syndromes, we previously hypothesized that CS is likely due to activation of signal transduction through the Ras/MAPK pathway [Tartaglia et al., 2003]. In this study, the HRAS coding region was sequenced for mutations in a large, well‐characterized cohort of 36 CS patients. Heterogeneous missense point mutations predicting an amino acid substitution were identified in 33/36 (92%) patients. The majority (91%) had a 34G → A transition in codon 12. Less frequent mutations included 35G → C (codon 12) and 37G → T (codon 13). Parental samples did not have an HRAS mutation supporting the hypothesis of de novo heterogeneous mutations. There is phenotypic variability among patients with a 34G → A transition. The most consistent features included characteristic facies and skin, failure to thrive, developmental delay, musculoskeletal abnormalities, visual impairment, cardiac abnormalities, and generalized hyperpigmentation. The two patients with 35G → C had cardiac arrhythmias whereas one patient with a 37G → T transversion had an enlarged aortic root. Of the patients with a clinical diagnosis of CS, neoplasia was the most consistent phenotypic feature for predicating an HRAS mutation. To gain an understanding of the relationship between constitutional HRAS mutations and malignancy, HRAS was sequenced in an advanced biphasic rhabdomyosarcoma/fibrosarcoma from an individual with a 34G → A mutation. Loss of the wild‐type HRAS allele was observed, suggesting tumorigenesis in CS patients is accompanied by additional somatic changes affecting HRAS. Finally, due to phenotypic overlap between CS and cardio‐facio‐cutaneuos (CFC) syndromes, the HRAS coding region was sequenced in a well‐characterized CFC cohort. No mutations were found which support a distinct genetic etiology between CS and CFC syndromes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Titelbild: Anwendung von Übergangsmetallkomplexen zum Bleichen von Textilien und Holzpulpe (Angew. Chem. 2/2006)
Authors: Hage Ronald , Lienke Achim
Published: December 2005

Bleichkatalysatoren beschleunigen die Entfernung von Chromophoren, die in Flecken oder Holzpulpe vorkommen. Das Titelbild zeigt die Strukturen von Ligninrückständen aus Holzpulpe und Lycopen, das in Tomatenflecken gefunden wird. Peroxometall‐ und Oxometallspezies werden als reaktive Zwischenstufen in diversen katalytischen Zyklen vorgeschlagen. Im Aufsatz auf S. 212 ff. präsentieren R. Hage und A. Lienke Übergangsmetallkomplexe, die die Aktivität von H2O2 und O2 bei der Bleiche von Flecken und Pulpe erhöhen.
Synthesis, structure, reactivity, and thermal properties of new biphenylphosphine oxide bismaleimide resins
Authors: Tsai Pai‐Feng , Shau Min‐Da , Chen Guan‐Fuu
Published: December 2005

A new type of bismaleimide (BMI) resin was synthesized and confirmed by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. The reactivity was measured by differential scanning calorimetry. In addition, compositions of the synthesized BMI with three conventional BMIs (4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethane, 4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylether, 4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylsulfone) were used for making a comparison of their reactivity and thermal properties. Through the evaluation of thermogravimetric analyses, the polymers obtained through the reactions between the newly synthesized BMI containing biphenylphosphine oxide and other BMIs also demonstrated excellent thermal properties in the high temperature region and a high char yield of up to 30–45%. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1–8, 2006
Cure kinetics of a polymer‐based composite friction material
Authors: Shojaei Akbar , Abbasi Farhang
Published: December 2005

In the present article, cure kinetics of a commercially available composite friction material used in railroad vehicles is investigated using the rheometer measurements. Effect of ingredients of friction material compound, including rubber matrix, phenolic resin, and fillers, on overall cure kinetics of friction compound is also investigated by comparing the cure kinetics of friction material and rubber matrix compound. A phenomenological model and an Arrhenius‐type equation is developed for cure kinetics and induction time of both friction material and rubber matrix. The parameters of the models are extracted from experimental data, using the rheometer at different temperatures and utilizing appropriate optimization method. The good agreement between experimental measurement and models prediction indicates the good performance of the models developed in this study. The results demonstrate that phenolic resin and fillers have dominant effects on the overall cure behavior of the friction material compound. A comparison between the present results and other published data based on the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows a reasonable agreement as well. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 9–17, 2006
Graft copolymerization of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulphonic acid onto carboxymethylcellulose (sodium salt) using bromate/thiourea redox pair
Authors: Banerjee Jaya , Kumar Rajesh , Srivastava Abhishek , Behari Kunj
Published: December 2005

Unreported graft copolymer of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulphonic acid (AMPS) with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na‐CMC) was synthesized and reaction conditions were optimized using a bromate/thiourea redox pair under an inert atmosphere at 40°C. Grafting ratio, add on, and conversion increase as the concentration of thiourea and [H+] increases up to 3.6 × 10−3 and 0.6 × 10−2 mol dm−3, respectively, while on increasing the concentration of bromate ion and Na‐CMC, grafting ratio, add on, and conversion decrease. The samples of Na‐CMC and grafted Na‐CMC with AMPS were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis, with the objective of studying the effect of grafting of AMPS on the thermal stability of graft copolymer. The graft copolymer was found to be more thermally stable than pure Na‐CMC. Comparing the IR spectra of pure with grafted Na‐CMC confirm the evidence of grafting. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 26–34, 2006
Effect of dehydroxylation of hydrothermal barium titanate on dielectric properties in polystyrene composite
Authors: Badheka Prerak , Magadala Venkat , Devaraju Naga Gopi , Lee Burtrand I. , Kim Eung Soo
Published: December 2005

In today's world, technology for capacitors has grown significantly with its requirements in the direction of better dielectric properties. Developing an ideal composite material (polymer and ceramic) for satisfying the processing parameters is of great interest for capacitor industry. In this study, chemically treated barium titanate (BT) nanocrystals were prepared and used to make ceramic–polystyrene (PS) composites. A unique methodology was used in processing these materials. Effects of the chemically treated BT, filler loading, and frequency on the dielectric properties of these composites were examined, and compared with untreated BT–PS composites. Composite dielectric constant was proportional to the volume ratio of the BT filler and remained stable at different frequencies. The experimental data show that the dielectric constant of composites made with treated BT powders can attain values 2.5 times higher than that of untreated BT–PS composites. In addition, the composite shows consistency in dielectric constant values measured at different frequencies. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Surface photografting polymerization of vinyl acetate, maleic anhydride and their charge‐transfer complex. VII. Charge‐transfer complex (3)
Authors: Jianping Deng , Lianying Liu , Wantai Yang
Published: December 2005

In the present article, a practically applicable method was developed, by which the compositions of the grafted chains achieved by UV‐irradiated photografting polymerization of vinyl acetate–maleic anhydride (VAC‐MAH)/low density polyethylene (LDPE) film systems can be determined. By measuring FTIR spectra of the films containing known amounts of VAC and MAH, standard working plots of the relationship between the ratio of the absorption peak area of MAH to that of VAC and the ratio of the content of MAH to that of VAC were set up. If the characteristic absorption peak areas of MAH and VAC on the grafted film are calculated, then according to the standard working plots, the ratio of MAH content to VAC content can be determined. It is proved that this method was effective in a wide range of MAH/VAC. Using this method, LDPE films containing different contents of MAH and VAC were characterized. The results show that the MAH content in the grafted film went up progressively, as the content of MAH in the monomer feed was raised; this phenomenon became more obvious when the total monomer concentration was increased, and the polymerization temperature was enhanced. These results should be attributed to the unique ability of MAH to abstract hydrogen when irradiated with UV light. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Deposition of bone‐like apatite on modified silk fibroin films from simulated body fluid
Authors: Kino Rikako , Ikoma Toshiyuki , Monkawa Akira , Yunoki Shunji , Munekata Masanobu , Tanaka Junzo , Asakura Tetsuo
Published: December 2005

Silk fibroin films with various calcium chloride contents were prepared by a cast film method and subsequent MeOH treatment. The conformational changes from α‐helix to β‐sheet structure were analyzed by Fourier transformed infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy measurements. The films obtained were soaked in 1.5‐times simulated body fluid (1.5 SBF) and the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The films with calcium chloride contents lower than 3 wt % relative to the silk fibroin were not mineralized under these conditions, while those with calcium chloride contents more than 5 wt % mineralized after 6 h. The X‐ray diffraction patterns and inductive coupled plasma spectroscopy analyses indicated that the hydroxyapatite crystals were grown by hydrolysis of octacalcium phosphate, as indicated by differences in diffraction intensities and changes in concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in 1.5 SBF. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Radiological findings do not support lateral residual tumour as a major cause of local recurrence of rectal cancer
Authors: Syk E , Torkzad M R , Blomqvist L , Ljungqvist O , Glimelius B
Published: December 2005

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the sites of local recurrence following radical (R0) total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer in an effort to elucidate the reasons for recurrence.

Methods

Thirty-seven patients with recurrence following curative resection for rectal cancer were identified from a population of 880 patients operated on by surgeons trained in the TME procedure. Two radiologists independently examined 33 available computed tomograms and magnetic resonance images taken when the recurrence was detected.

Results

Twenty-nine of the 33 recurrences were found in the lower two-thirds of the pelvis. Two recurrent tumours appeared to originate from lateral pelvic lymph nodes. Evidence of residual mesorectal fat was identified in 15 patients. Fourteen of the recurrent tumours originated from primary tumours in the upper rectum; all of these tumours recurred at the anastomosis and 12 of the 14 patients had evidence of residual mesorectal fat.

Conclusion

Lateral pelvic lymph node metastases are not a major cause of local recurrence after TME. Partial mesorectal excision may be associated with an increased risk of local recurrence from tumours in the upper rectum.
Dietary fibre
Authors: Chuwa E W L , Seow-Choen F
Published: December 2005

Fashion more than science
Letter: Randomized clinical trial of the effects of oral preoperative carbohydrates on postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Br J Surg 2005; 92: 415–421)
Authors: Bisgaard T , Kehlet H
Published: December 2005

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses can be sent electronically via the BJS website (http://www.bjs.co.uk) or by post. All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length. Letters submitted by post should be typed on A4-sized paper in double spacing and should be accompanied by a disk.
A new device for cricothyroidotomy
Authors: Tscharlou A. Schiri pour , Klappenberger J. , Klappenberger S. , Firbas W.
Published: December 2005

A new instrument for coniotomy was developed and tested with cadaver experiments. The instrument should be simple, easy to handle, and should not have the various drawbacks of the existing devices. The new instrument was tested by 17 medical students and medical doctors on fresh human cadavers. We measured the time necessary for performing a successful experiment. It lasted 5–28 sec (mean value 22 sec) depending on the experience of the people carrying out the tests. This time is much shorter than with other existing instruments tested under experimental conditions. The instrument consists of a tube and a trocar with a small knife on the tip. The knife is used to incise the skin over the cricothyroid ligament and to perforate this ligament in sagittal position. The tube is provided with a plastic stripe, which limits the depth of the entrance of the instrument into the larynx and can also be used to attach the tube to the neck of the patient. After entering the larynx, the tube can be connected to an inflating bag. The correct seat of the tube was tested by inflation, with a calibrated probe or with laryngoscopy. The results of our tests encourage the development of this new instrument for industrial production. Clin. Anat. 19:602–604, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative evaluation of the accuracy of micro‐computed tomography in tooth measurement
Authors: Kim Insoo , Paik Ki‐Suk , Lee Seung‐Pyo
Published: December 2005

Micro‐computed tomography (MCT) is a noninvasive technique for visualizing morphological characteristics of teeth in a detailed and accurate manner, without causing any tooth destruction. A large amount of information can be obtained from such scans. The slices can be recreated in any plane, and the data can be represented as either two‐dimensional (2D) or three‐dimensional (3D) images. In addition, the internal and external anatomy can be demonstrated simultaneously or separately, and the images can be assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. However, only the qualitative accuracy of MCT had been evaluated previously. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of MCT quantitatively by comparing the values obtained by MCT with those of other imaging methods. Twelve teeth were scanned using a desktop X‐ray micro‐CT scanner, and the images were reconstructed and measured. Values obtained by direct measurement served as the primary reference for linear measurements. Measurements made by a 3D scanner and by photography were additional references. MCT was found to be a reliable method of making linear measurements and may be a useful device for measuring distance and for observing both internal and external tooth structure using the reconstructed 3D form. Clin. Anat. 20:27–34, 2007. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel interactive anatomic atlas of the hand
Authors: Gehrmann S. , Höhne K.H. , Linhart W. , Pflesser B. , Pommert A. , Riemer M. , Tiede U. , Windolf J. , Schumacher U. , Rueger J.M.
Published: December 2005

Classical anatomic atlases cannot provide the spectrum of views and the detail required in modern diagnostic and surgical techniques. Computer modeling opens the possibility to choose any view from one single model. A computerized model of the hand is presented, which has been obtained by segmentation and graphic modeling of the Visible Human dataset. In addition to being able to choose arbitrary viewpoints, it allows interrogation of the chosen views by mouse click. We believe the functions of these new kinds of atlases are superior to the classical ones. Clin. Anat. 19:258–266, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The axillary sheath and single‐injection axillary block
Authors: Ay Sadan , Akinci Metin , Sayin Murat , Bektas Umut , Tekdemir Ibrahim , Elhan Allattin
Published: December 2005

Failure to block the terminal nerves of the brachial plexus, the circumferential type of incomplete axillary brachial plexus block, is the main problem of the single‐injection technique. Two studies were carried out to observe the internal anatomy of the axillary sheath and the effect of different volumes of dye injected into the sheath in cadavers. In our first study, the internal arrangement of the axillary sheath and its septae were examined microscopically by slicing the sheath longitudinally and transversely. In the second study, boluses of 10, 20, and 40 cc of methylene‐blue were injected into one of the compartments of the axillary sheath. The axillary sheath was dissected out and sliced transversely to observe the spread of the dye in the injected and in the adjacent compartments. The specimens of the axillary sheath were then opened longitudinally and the septae excised and examined at ×10 magnification to see the effect of the various volumes of the injection bolus. This study shows that septae from the deep surface of the axillary sheath form compartments for each nerve. The septae function as barriers under physiologic conditions. By increasing the injected volume of solutions, bubble‐like defects are produced in the septae in the compartments into which leakage was demonstrated. Clin. Anat. 20:57–63, 2007. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) against liver damage induced by cigarette smoke inhalation in rats
Authors: Pekmez Hidir , Kus Ilter , Colakoglu Neriman , Ogeturk Murat , Ozyurt Huseyin , Turkoglu Asli Ozdem , Sarsilmaz Mustafa
Published: December 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate the histological and biochemical changes in liver of rats exposed to cigarette smoke and effects of caffeic acid phenetyl ester (CAPE) on these changes. For this purpose, 21 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. Animals in Group I were used as control. Rats in Group II were exposed to cigarette smoke and rats in Group III were exposed to cigarette smoke and injected daily with CAPE. At the end of the 60‐days experimental period, all rats were killed by decapitation and blood samples were obtained. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin levels and hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px ), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were determined. Following routine histological procedures, liver tissue specimens were examined under a light microscope. The levels of ALT, AST, total bilirubin, SOD, GSH‐Px and MDA were significantly increased in rats exposed to cigarette smoke compared with those of the controls. Light microscopic examination of liver specimens from rats exposed to cigarette smoke revealed mononuclear cell infiltration and that some of the hepatocytes had a hyperchromatic nucleus and enlarged sinusoids. The rats which were treated with CAPE along with cigarettes had partially attenuated histological changes associated with cigarette exposure.

In conclusion, the damage inflicted by cigarette in the rat liver can be partially prevented by CAPE administration. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformation Analysis of Aspartame‐Based Sweeteners by NMR Spectroscopy, Molecular Dynamics Simulations, and X‐ray Diffraction Studies
Authors: De Capua Antonia , Goodman Murray , Amino Yusuke , Saviano Michele , Benedetti Ettore
Published: December 2005

We report here the synthesis and the conformation analysis by 1H NMR spectroscopy and computer simulations of six potent sweet molecules, N‐[3‐(3‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐methylbutyl]‐α‐L‐aspartyl‐S‐tert‐butyl‐L‐cysteine 1‐methylester (1; 70 000 times more potent than sucrose), N‐[3‐(3‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐methylbutyl]‐α‐L‐aspartyl‐β‐cyclohexyl‐L‐alanine 1‐methylester (2; 50 000 times more potent than sucrose), N‐[3‐(3‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐methylbutyl]‐α‐L‐aspartyl‐4‐cyan‐L‐phenylalanine 1‐methylester (3; 2 000 times more potent than sucrose), N‐[3,3‐dimethylbutyl]‐α‐L‐aspartyl‐(1R,2S,4S)‐1‐methyl‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐phenylhexylamide (4; 5500 times more potent than sucrose), N‐[3‐(3‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxyphenyl)propyl]‐α‐L‐aspartyl‐(1R,2S,4S)‐1‐methyl‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐phenylhexylamide (5; 15 000 times more potent than sucrose), and N‐[3‐(3‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐methylbutyl]‐α‐L‐aspartyl‐(1R,2S,4S)‐1‐methyl‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐phenylhexylamide (6; 15 000 times more potent than sucrose). The “L‐shaped” structure, which we believe to be responsible for sweet taste, is accessible to all six molecules in solution. This structure is characterized by a zwitterionic ring formed by the AH‐ and B‐containing moieties located along the +y axis and by the hydrophobic group X pointing into the +x axis. Extended conformations with the AH‐ and B‐containing moieties along the +y axis and the hydrophobic group X pointing into the −y axis were observed for all six sweeteners. For compound 5, the crystal‐state conformation was also determined by an X‐ray diffraction study. The result indicates that compound 5 adopts an L‐shaped structure even in the crystalline state. The extraordinary potency of the N‐arylalkylated or N‐alkylated compounds 1–6, as compared with that of the unsubstituted aspartame‐based sweet taste ligands, can be explained by the effect of a second hydrophobic binding domain in addition to interactions arising from the L‐shaped structure. In our examination of the unexplored D zone of the Tinti–Nofre model, we discovered a sweet‐potency‐enhancing effect of arylalkyl substitution on dipeptide ligands, which reveals the importance of hydrophobic (aromatic)–hydrophobic (aromatic) interactions in maintaining high potency.
A Close Look at Short CCH3⋅⋅⋅Potassium Contacts: Synthetic and Theoretical Investigations of [M2Co2(μ3‐OtBu)2(μ2‐OtBu)4(thf)n] (M=Na, K, Rb, thf=tetrahydrofuran)
Authors: Anson Christopher E. , Klopper Wim , Li Jin‐Shan , Ponikiewski Lukasz , Rothenberger Alexander
Published: December 2005

Agostic interactions of the type SiCH3⋅⋅⋅M+ (M=alkali metal) are frequently mentioned in discussions of solid‐state structures of trimethylsilyl compounds and the purpose of this work was to elucidate if they also exist in the related tert‐butyl species by using density functional theory. The compounds [M2Co2(μ3‐OtBu)2(μ2‐OtBu)4(thf)n] (M=Na, n=2; M=K, n=0; M=Rb, n=1) have been synthesised and their crystal structures determined. Close contacts of methyl groups with K atoms are observed in the solid‐state structure of [K2Co2(μ3‐OtBu)2(μ2‐OtBu)4], and calculations of the rotational barrier of a tert‐butoxy group about the axis through the CO bond were performed. It was shown that apparent short CCH3⋅⋅⋅K distances are in this case a consequence of the packing in the extended solid‐state structure.