bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The allometry of daily energy expenditure in hummingbirds: An energy budget approach
Authors: Shankar Anusha , Powers Donald R. , Dávalos Liliana M. , Graham Catherine H.
Published: February 2020

Within‐clade allometric relationships represent standard laws of scaling between energy and size, and their outliers provide new avenues for physiological and ecological research. According to the metabolic‐level boundaries hypothesis, metabolic rates as a function of mass are expected to scale closer to 0.67 when driven by surface‐related processes (e.g. heat or water flux), while volume‐related processes (e.g. activity) generate slopes closer to one.

In birds, daily energy expenditure (DEE) scales with body mass (M) in the relationship , consistent with surface‐level processes driving the relationship. However, taxon‐specific patterns differ from the scaling slope of all birds.

Hummingbirds have the highest mass‐specific metabolic rates among all vertebrates. Previous studies on a few hummingbird species, without accounting for the phylogeny, estimated that the DEE–body mass relationship for hummingbirds was . In Contrast to the theoretical expectations, this slope >1 indicates that larger hummingbirds are less metabolically efficient than smaller hummingbirds.

We collected DEE and mass data for 12 hummingbird species, which, combined with published data, represented 17 hummingbird species in eight of nine hummingbird clades over a sixfold size range of body size (2.7–17.5 g).

After accounting for phylogenetic relatedness, we found DEE scales with body mass as . This slope of 0.95 is lower than previously estimated for hummingbirds, but much higher than the slope for all birds (0.68). The high slopes of torpor, hovering and flight potentially explain the high interspecific DEE slope for hummingbirds compared to other endotherms.
Applying a digital literacy framework and mapping tool to an occupational therapy curriculum
Authors: McKinstry Carol , Iacono Teresa , Kenny Amanda , Hannon John , Knight Kaye
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Amidst claims that rapid technological changes in health far outstrip the capabilities of the health workforce, digital literacy is featured in occupational therapy competency standards. However, little attention have been given to the development of digital literacy in entry‐level occupational therapy programmes and the preparation of graduates for digital health. There is a lack of guidance on how universities can demonstrate digital literacy development in occupational therapy students. The aim of this study was to test the usefulness of a digital literacy framework and mapping tool in identifying opportunities for students to develop digital literacy within an entry‐level occupational therapy programme.

Methods

Intrinsic case study design was used to test the usefulness of the digital literacy framework and mapping tool. The framework and tool were applied to the curriculum of a large entry‐level Australian occupational therapy programme.

Results

Through the process of mapping, key insights were developed on how digital literacy was embedded across the occupational therapy curricula. Limited attention was given to the development of student digital literacy in the early years of the programme. In later years, more opportunities were available to develop digital literacy at basic and intermediate levels. Across the programme, there was limited evidence of the development of advanced digital literacy.

Conclusions

The framework and mapping tool were useful in broadening understanding of the concept of digital literacy beyond information communication technologies. The framework and tool can assist those designing or refining occupational therapy curricula to operationalise the notion of digital literacy for practice, and prompt discussion and debate on digital literacy and requirements for students, graduates and occupational therapists in an ever‐changing complex health environment.
Curcumin attenuates endothelial cell fibrosis through inhibiting endothelial–interstitial transformation
Authors: Chen Xiao , Chen Xuliang , Shi Xiangxiang , Gao Zhan , Guo Zhigang
Published: February 2020

Curcumin (Cur) has various pharmacological activities, including anti‐inflammatory, antiapoptotic and anticancer effects. However, there is no report on the effect of Cur on endothelial cell fibrosis. This study was designed to investigate the effect and mechanism of Cur on endothelial cell fibrosis. An endothelial cell fibrosis model was established by using transforming growth factor (TGF) induction. Proliferation assays, qRT‐PCR, western blotting and immunostaining were performed to investigate the effects and mechanism of Cur on endothelial cell fibrosis. We found that in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), TGF‐β1 treatment significantly decreased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid‐2‐related factor 2 (NRF‐2), dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase‐1 (DDAH1), and VE‐cadherin, the secretion of cellular nitric oxide (NO) and the activity of nitrous oxide synthase (NOS), while asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and the release of inflammatory factors were elevated. Immunofluorescence showed decreased CD31 and increased α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA). Overexpression of NRF‐2 significantly attenuated the effects of TGF‐β1, while downregulation of DDAH1 potently counteracted the effect of NRF‐2. In addition, ADMA treatment resulted in similar results to those of TGF‐β1, and Cur significantly attenuated the effect of TGF‐β1, accompanied by increased VE‐cadherin, DDAH1 and NRF‐2 and decreased matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) and extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. The NRF‐2 inhibitor ML385 had the opposite effect as that of Cur. These results demonstrated that Cur inhibits TGF‐β1‐induced endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT) by stimulating DDAH1 expression via the NRF‐2 pathway, thus attenuating endothelial cell fibrosis.
Career De‐Separation in Westminster Democracies
Authors: Dowding Keith , Taflaga Marija
Published: February 2020

In Westminster parliamentary systems there was once a clear separation between the careers of public servants and of elected politicians. Politicians decided what policies they wanted to pursue, while public servants advised, devised and delivered the policies. This separation ensured that policy ideas were developed by a professional elite with experience and knowledge. Politicians came from a variety of backgrounds, entering politics for a variety of reasons. Over time, the source of policy advice for ministers has shifted from the professional public servant to political advisers lacking experience and with different career ambitions than public service. Increasingly, elected politicians are becoming ‘professionalised’—emerging from similar party and adviser backgrounds. The de‐separation of what were once distinct career paths has led to poorer policy development, increasing public malfeasance, a lower‐quality civil service, and democratic disenchantment. We need to separate the career paths once more.
Rebuilding the Universities after the Great War: Ex‐Service Students, Scholarships and the Reconstruction of Student Life in England
Authors: BREWIS GEORGINA , HELLAWELL SARAH , LAQUA DANIEL
Published: February 2020

This article examines a transformative moment in the history of British higher education. After the First World War, student numbers were boosted by the arrival of large numbers of ex‐servicemen. Their access to university was facilitated by the government‐funded Scheme for the Higher Education of Ex‐Service Students, which provided grants to nearly 28,000 students between 1918 and 1923. The article offers the first sustained historical analysis of the workings and impact of this programme, which constituted a major development in state support for individual students. Our study contextualizes these measures by showing how the war was memorialized at universities and by tracing the changing nature of student life – covering themes such as gender relations and the activities of student societies. Material from case‐study institutions in London and the North East of England is used to add specific depth to discussions of the national picture. As a whole, the article makes an original contribution to the wider literature on the First World War's impact on British society.
Delphi assessment of audit and research priorities in an emergency department
Authors: O'Donnell Sinéad M , Carison Anna , Adams Jessica , Long Elliot , Babl Franz E
Published: February 2020

Objective

Audit and research projects in the ED are important to improve patient care but can be time and resource consuming. We identified and prioritised audit and research topics among multidisciplinary ED staff to fill perceived knowledge gaps, encourage engagement, reduce duplication and facilitate translation of evidence into clinical practice.

Methods

A two‐stage electronic Delphi survey process was undertaken by senior medical, nursing, education and social work staff at the Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria. Survey 1 collected demographic data and audit and research ideas following a series of open‐ended questions. Priority themes were defined as those that had more than four responses. Survey 2 used a 7‐point Likert ranking of these themes to generate a departmental audit and research prioritisation list.

Results

72/89 (82%) available senior staff responded to survey 1 and 63/83 (76%) responded to survey 2. Survey 1 yielded 208 audit and 130 research topics. Survey 2 established a prioritised list of 17 audit and 14 research topics. Top audit themes were mental healthcare, patient flow, management of sepsis and delays in ED specialist referrals. Top research priorities were the management of sepsis, mental healthcare, management of patients with autism and the management of severe asthma.

Conclusions

This Delphi study has provided departmental audit and research priorities that are perceived to be of importance across the multidisciplinary ED team. This methodology allows strategic allocation of limited resources and may increase staff engagement.
Nutrition interventions implemented in hospital to lower risk of sarcopenia in older adults: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Rus Grace E. , Porter Judi , Brunton Alexandra , Crocker Meghan , Kotsimbos Zoe , Percic Jessica , Polzella Louise , Willet Natasha , Huggins Catherine E.
Published: February 2020

Aim

There is no standardised interventional approach to preventing or treating sarcopenia in older adults in hospital. The aim of this review was to systematically identify and synthesise the effects of nutritional interventions on markers of sarcopenia in hospitalised patients aged 65 years and older.

Methods

Four databases were searched using terms for intervention, population and setting. Eligibility screening of title and abstract and then full‐text papers was competed in duplicate, independently. The final included papers were assessed for quality, and outcome data extracted independently and in duplicate. Outcome data were synthesised by meta‐analysis, where possible, or narratively.

Results

Seven hundred and thirty‐two articles were screened for eligibility yielding six studies for inclusion. All studies provided oral nutritional support that aimed to increase protein intake ranging from an additional 10 to 40 g/d, each with a unique formulation of amino acids and/or micronutrients; three studies combined nutritional intervention with an enhanced physical activity program. Five studies measured hand grip strength, the mean difference was 1.97 kg (95% CI 0.55‐3.39, P = .006) greater in the intervention group (n = 166) compared with control group (n = 165). Assessment of muscle mass and activities of daily living were heterogeneous and the changes inconsistent between studies.

Conclusions

Few studies inform nutritional management of inpatients with sarcopenia or at risk of sarcopenia. High quality, large intervention trials are needed urgently to identify the optimal nutrition and physical activity intervention combinations to manage sarcopenia in older hospitalised adults. These studies need to include outcome measures of physical function and muscle quality.
First Record of the Belemnite Genus Hibolithes from Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Turbidites from Malaysia
Authors: MURTAZA Muhammad , RAHMAN Abdul Hadi Abd , MUTTERLOSE Joerg , NAJLA Najiatun , NASIR Mazshurraiezal Bin
Published: February 2020

Discovery of the remains of belemnites referred to the Hibolithes sp. from the Jurassic–Cretaceous Pedawan Formation in Sarawak, on the island of Borneo (Malaysia) comprises four fragments of belemnite rostra. The specimens are characterized by multiple fractures and vein filling. Two fragments measuring about 130 mm are relatively intact, with only part of the alveolar region missing; a third piece represents the middle part of a rostrum, and the fourth specimen is too fragmentary to be assigned to any specific part of the rostrum. Based on specimen characteristics, a Tithonian–Hauterivian age is plausible. The sedimentary succession that yielded the belemnite material comprises thick shale that reflects the Te division of Bouma sequence. The occurrence of a Hibolithes taxon in the uppermost Jurassic to lowermost Cretaceous Pedawan Formation sediments in Borneo reflects a near to global palaeobiogeographic distribution of this genus.
Protocol and statistical analysis plan for the REstricted fluid therapy VERsus Standard trEatment in Acute Kidney Injury—REVERSE‐AKI randomized controlled pilot trial
Authors: Vaara Suvi T. , Ostermann Marlies , Selander Tuomas , Bitker Laurent , Schneider Antoine , Poli Elettra , Hoste Eric , Joannidis Michael , Zarbock Alexander , van Haren Frank , Prowle John , Pettilä Ville , Bellomo Rinaldo
Published: February 2020

Background

Fluid accumulation frequently coexists with acute kidney injury (AKI) and is associated with increased risk for AKI progression and mortality. Among septic shock patients, restricted use of resuscitation fluid has been reported to reduce the risk of worsening of AKI. Restrictive fluid therapy, however, has not been studied in the setting of established AKI. Here, we present the protocol and statistical analysis plan of the REstricted fluid therapy VERsus Standard trEatment in Acute Kidney Injury—the REVERSE‐AKI trial that compares a restrictive fluid therapy regimen to standard therapy in critically ill patients with AKI.

Methods

REVERSE‐AKI is an investigator‐initiated, multinational, open‐label, randomized, controlled, feasibility pilot trial conducted in seven ICUs in five countries. We aim to randomize 100 critically ill patients with AKI to a restrictive fluid treatment regimen vs standard management. In the restrictive fluid therapy regimen, the daily fluid balance target is neutral or negative. The primary outcome is the cumulative fluid balance assessed after 72 hours from randomization. Secondary outcomes include safety, feasibility, duration, and severity of AKI, and outcome at 90 days (mortality and dialysis dependence).

Conclusions

This is the first multinational trial investigating the feasibility and safety of a restrictive fluid therapy regimen in critically ill patients with AKI.

Trial registration

clinical.trials.gov NCT03251131.
Habitual Ethanol Seeking and Licking Microstructure of Enhanced Ethanol Self‐Administration in Ethanol‐Dependent Mice
Authors: Renteria Rafael , Cazares Christian , Gremel Christina M.
Published: February 2020

Background

A significant component of ethanol (EtOH) dependence is the disruption to decision‐making processes. Prior work has shown EtOH dependence biases habitual seeking of EtOH and disrupts neural mechanisms supporting decision‐making. This has contributed to the hypothesis that habitual EtOH seeking in EtOH dependence may promote excessive habitual or compulsive EtOH consumption. However, decision‐making and behavioral processes underlying seeking and consummatory behaviors differ. Here, we examine the microstructure of EtOH consummatory behavior in the context of habitual EtOH seeking.

Methods

Following home cage pre‐exposure to EtOH, C57Bl/6J mice underwent 4 rounds of chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE) or air exposure. Following acute withdrawal, mice began training for operant self‐administration of 15% EtOH. Training consisted of 16‐hour sessions in which mice were trained in a random ratio (RR) schedule of reinforcement for 30‐second access to the EtOH sipper. To test for CIE‐induced changes in action control, we used sensory‐specific satiation and assessed the effect of outcome devaluation on EtOH seeking. Importantly, the use of a lickometer during operant training allowed us to measure the microstructure of lick behavior.

Results

Prior induction of EtOH dependence led to increased EtOH seeking, consumption, and an insensitivity to outcome devaluation, the latter indicative of habitual EtOH seeking. We also found altered consummatory lick patterns in CIE‐exposed mice compared to Air controls. While CIE mice had significantly more licks in a burst and a longer burst duration, there were no differences in the total number of bursts compared to Air controls. Furthermore, these EtOH consummatory behaviors correlated with blood EtOH concentrations (BECs), while EtOH‐seeking responses did not.

Conclusions

Our results confirm that EtOH dependence can produce habitual EtOH seeking and suggests the increased EtOH consummatory behaviors following EtOH dependence are separable from decision‐making processes controlling EtOH seeking.
Chemical control of the mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Australian cotton: glasshouse assessments of insecticide efficacy
Authors: Sequeira Richard V , Khan Moazzem , Reid David J
Published: February 2020

The efficacy of commercially available chemical insecticides and biopesticides on the cotton mealybug (CMB), Phenacoccus solenopsis, was evaluated in the glasshouse. Spirotetramat, sulfoxaflor and buprofezin were identified as key insecticides for use in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies aimed at controlling CMB without flaring other co‐occurring pests. When used as a single application, spirotetramat and sulfoxaflor at the rate of 96 g (active ingredient, ha−1) provided variable control of CMB. Spirotetramat used in a double spray tactic (two sequential sprays, 14–15 days apart) without crop oil provided ≥80% control of adult CMB while the addition of oil (5% v/v) increased control to ≥90%. Clothianidin synergised the spirotetramat + oil combination and was identified as a potentially useful tank mix option for use in situations where a quick knockdown of high density and/or large infestation of CMB is required, or to treat high risk infestations in squaring or younger cotton when the abundance of beneficial insects is typically low. Sulfoxaflor used in a double spray tactic provided ≥90% control of adult CMB. The addition of Pulse® penetrant (0.5% v/v) to both options improved overall efficacy. Addition of crop oil to sulfoxaflor did not yield any tangible benefits. Spirotetramat and buprofezin were identified as important tools in managing situations where whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is the primary pest management target, but CMB is also present in the crop. Buprofezin was effective on early instar mealybugs; this makes it an option for arresting CMB population growth while allowing the beneficial insect populations to increase. Sulfoxaflor was shown to be a useful option in situations where CMB is present along with key pests such as mirids (Creontiades spp.). Mealybugs are typically well controlled by naturally occurring beneficial insects without the need for insecticide use. Chemical insecticides for CMB control should be considered only as a last resort and deployed within the bounds of an IPM strategy.
Expectancy and Utilisation of Reflexology among Women with Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Rottman Benjamin M. , Wyatt Gwen , Crane Tracy E. , Sikorskii Alla
Published: February 2020

Objective

Little is understood about patient expectations and use of complementary therapies (CT) during cancer treatment. A secondary analysis of an 11‐week reflexology trial among women with breast cancer was conducted. We examined factors that predicted women’s expectations about reflexology for symptom relief, factors that predicted utilisation of reflexology, and whether by the end of the trial they believed that reflexology had helped with symptom management.

Methods

Women (N = 256) were interviewed at baseline and week 11. Friend or family caregivers in the reflexology group were trained to deliver standardised sessions to patients at least once a week for 4 weeks. Baseline and week‐11 reflexology expectations were analysed using general linear models. Reflexology utilisation was analysed with generalised linear mixed effects models.

Results

Patients who expected benefits from reflexology (“higher expectancy”) at baseline were younger, had lower anxiety, higher education, higher spirituality, and greater CT use. Worsening symptoms over time were associated with greater utilisation of reflexology, but only when baseline expectancy was low. At week 11, expectancy was higher for those with greater symptom improvement.

Conclusions

Assessing patterns of patient factors, expectancy, and change in symptoms can help determine who is likely to use reflexology, and when.
A lost cause? Fundamental problems for causal theories of parenthood
Authors: Baron Teresa
Published: February 2020

In this paper, I offer a critique of (actual and possible) causal theories of parenthood. I do not offer a competing account of who incurs parental obligations and why; rather, I aim to show that there are fundamental problems for any account of who acquires parental obligations and why by appeal to causal responsibility for a child’s existence. I outline and justify three criteria that any plausible causal account of parental obligation must meet, and demonstrate that attempting to fulfil all three criteria simultaneously will give rise to one or both of two potentially insurmountable dilemmas.
Old dog, new trick: Trivalent arsenic as an immunomodulatory drug
Authors: Ye Yishan , Gaugler Béatrice , Mohty Mohamad , Malard Florent
Published: February 2020

Trivalent arsenic (As(III)) is recently found to be an immunomodulatory agent. As(III) has therapeutic potential in several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in vivo. In vitro, it selectively induces apoptosis of immune cells due to different sensitivity. At a non‐toxic level, As(III) shows its multifaceted nature by inducing either pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory functions of immune subsets. These effects are exerted by either As(III)–protein interactions or as a consequence of As(III)‐induced homeostasis imbalance. The immunomodulatory properties also show synergistic effects of As(III) with cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the immunomodulatory effects of As(III), focusing on the effects of As(III) on immune subsets in vitro, on mouse models of immune‐related diseases, and the role of As(III) in cancer immunotherapy. Updates of the mechanisms of action, the pioneer clinical trials, dosing, and adverse events of therapeutic As(III) are also provided.
Genetic heterogeneity in Leigh syndrome: Highlighting treatable and novel genetic causes
Authors: Lee Jin Sook , Yoo Taekyeong , Lee Moses , Lee Youngha , Jeon Eunyoung , Kim Soo Yeon , Lim Byung Chan , Kim Ki Joong , Choi Murim , Chae Jong‐Hee
Published: February 2020

Leigh syndrome (LS), the most common childhood mitochondrial disorder, has characteristic clinical and neuroradiologic features. Mutations in more than 75 genes have been identified in both the mitochondrial and nuclear genome, implicating a high degree of genetic heterogeneity in LS. To profile these genetic signatures and understand the pathophysiology of LS, we recruited 64 patients from 62 families who were clinically diagnosed with LS at Seoul National University Children's Hospital. Mitochondrial genetic analysis followed by whole‐exome sequencing was performed on 61 patients. Pathogenic variants in mitochondrial DNA were identified in 18 families and nuclear DNA mutations in 22. The following 17 genes analyzed in 40 families were found to have genetic complexity: MTATP6, MTND1, MTND3, MTND5, MTND6, MTTK, NDUFS1, NDUFV1, NDUFAF6, SURF1, SLC19A3, ECHS1, PNPT1, IARS2, NARS2, VPS13D, and NAXE. Two treatable cases had biotin‐thiamine responsive basal ganglia disease, and another three were identified as having defects in the newly recognized genes (VPS13D or NAXE). Variants in the nuclear genes that encoded mitochondrial aminoacyl tRNA synthetases were present in 27.3% of cases. Our findings expand the genetic and clinical spectrum of LS, showing genetic heterogeneity and highlighting treatable cases and those with novel genetic causes.
Synthesis, stability and printing properties of a novel 2‐sulphophenoxy‐4‐chloro‐s‐triazine reactive dye for ink‐jet printing of wool
Authors: Faisal Saira , Lin Long , Clark Matthew
Published: February 2020

We report here the synthesis and characterisation of a new medium‐reactivity reactive dye containing 2‐sulphophenoxy‐4‐chloro‐s‐triazine, having enhanced the activity of the chlorine atom for further substitution by the functional groups carried by wool fibre. In addition, a dichloro‐s‐triazine dye was also synthesised for the purpose of comparison. The progress of synthesis reactions and purity of the dyes were determined using capillary electrophoresis and thin layer chromatography. The molecular structure and the chemical compositions of the synthesised dyes were confirmed using Fourier Transform–infrared spectral data and elemental analyses. The inks containing the synthesised dyes were formulated and ink‐jet‐printed onto wool fabrics and then the printed fabrics were steamed at 102°C. Compared with the dichloro‐s‐triazine dye, superior performance in terms of ink stability, K/S and dye fixation was observed for the new 2‐sulphophenoxy‐4‐chloro‐s‐triazine dye. In addition, the light fastness of the fabric printed with the inks containing the new dye was 0.5‐grade greater than that of the fabric printed with the inks containing the dichloro‐s‐triazine dye, and no changes in shade and staining were observed following wash fastness tests of the fabrics printed with the inks containing the new dye.
HJC0152 suppresses human non–small‐cell lung cancer by inhibiting STAT3 and modulating metabolism
Authors: Lu Lu , Li Hang , Wu Xin , Rao Jun , Zhou Jia , Fan Saijun , Shen Qiang
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated and overexpressed in many cancers, including non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We recently developed HJC0152 as an orally active STAT3 inhibitor. This study focused on investigating HJC0152's effect and mechanism of action in NSCLC.

Materials and methods

We analysed cell proliferation by MTT assays, cell migration by wound healing and transwell assays, protein levels by Western blot, and apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level by flow cytometry. A nude mouse tumorigenesis model was established for in vivo experiment. UHPLC‐QTOF/MS was used for untargeted metabolomic relative quantitation analysis.

Results

We found that HJC0152 exhibited activity against human NSCLC cells in vitro and NSCLC xenograft tumours in vivo via regulating STAT3 signalling and metabolism. HJC0152 efficiently reduced NSCLC cell proliferation, promoted ROS generation, induced apoptosis, triggered DNA damage and reduced motility in A549 and H460 NSCLC cells. Moreover, HJC0152 significantly inhibited the growth of A549 xenograft tumours in vivo. HJC0152 also affected metabolism, significantly decreasing and perturbating levels of several metabolites in the purine, glutathione and pyrimidine metabolism pathways.

Conclusions

HJC0152 reduces cellular capacity to scavenge free radicals, leading to ROS generation and accumulation and apoptosis. This study provides a rationale for further developing HJC0152 as a potential therapy for NSCLC and provides insights into the mechanisms by which HJC0152 exerts its anti‐cancer effects.
The mitochondria‐targeted anti‐oxidant MitoQ protects against intervertebral disc degeneration by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and redox imbalance
Authors: Kang Liang , Liu Shiwei , Li Jingchao , Tian Yueyang , Xue Yuan , Liu Xiaozhi
Published: February 2020

Objective

Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis are important contributors to the development and pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Here, we comprehensively evaluated the effects of mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagic flux and Nrf2 signalling on the mitochondrial quality control, ROS production and NP cell survival in in vitro and ex vivo compression models of IDD and explored the effects of the mitochondria‐targeted anti‐oxidant MitoQ and its mechanism.

Material and methods

Human NP cells were exposed to mechanical compression to mimic pathological conditions.

Results

Compression promoted oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and NP cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, compression disrupted the mitochondrial fission/fusion balance, inducing fatal fission. Concomitantly, PINK1/Parkin‐mediated mitophagy was activated, whereas mitophagic flux was blocked. Nrf2 anti‐oxidant pathway was insufficiently activated. These caused the damaged mitochondria accumulation and persistent oxidative damage. Moreover, MitoQ restored the mitochondrial dynamics balance, alleviated the impairment of mitophagosome‐lysosome fusion and lysosomal function and enhanced the Nrf2 activity. Consequently, damaged mitochondria were eliminated, redox balance was improved, and cell survival increased. Additionally, MitoQ alleviated IDD in an ex vivo rat compression model.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that comodulation of mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagic flux and Nrf2 signalling alleviates sustained mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress and represents a promising therapeutic strategy for IDD; furthermore, our results provide evidence that MitoQ might serve as an effective therapeutic agent for this disorder.
Category count models for adaptive management of metapopulations: Case study of an imperiled salamander
Authors: O'Donnell Katherine M. , Fackler Paul L. , Johnson Fred A. , Bonneau Mathieu N. , Martin Julien , Walls Susan C.
Published: February 2020

Managing spatially structured populations of imperiled species presents many challenges. Spatial structure can make it difficult to predict population responses to potential recovery activities, and learning through experimentation may not be advised if it could harm threatened populations. Adaptive management provides an appealing framework when experimentation is considered too risky or time consuming; we used such an approach for imperiled flatwoods salamanders at a Florida wildlife refuge. We represented this metapopulation with category count models and used stochastic dynamic programming to identify optimal decision policies that weighed trade‐offs between metapopulation persistence and management costs. We defined possible wetland categories in terms of habitat suitability and occupancy, specified category‐specific management actions, and identified transition probabilities via expert elicitation for two management strategies: “future” status quo (FSQ; frequent growing‐season burns) and extra management actions (EMA; restoration, translocation, head‐starting). We simulated metapopulation dynamics using the resulting optimal management policy and found that under model FSQ, occupancy steadily declined over time, indicating that populations would rapidly become extirpated; with model EMA, occupancy remained stable, suggesting that populations would persist only if additional actions are applied and are effective. This approach can be used to identify optimal solutions while accounting for uncertainty and considering both habitat and population dynamics, and to help managers make conservation decisions for populations at imminent risk of extinction.
What is the ideal indwelling time for metal stents after endoscopic ultrasound‐guided gastrojejunostomy? Case report of delayed iatrogenic perforation with a review of the literature
Authors: Taibi Abdelkader , Durand Fontanier Sylvaine , Derbal Sophiane , Lepetit Hugo , Christou Niki , Fredon Fabien , Mathonnet Muriel , Jacques Jeremie
Published: February 2020

Several recent studies have described the feasibility, efficacy and safety of the placement of lumen‐apposing metal stents (LAMS) for the treatment of gastrointestinal strictures. However, the optimum stent indwelling time is unclear. We reviewed the literature on endoscopic gastroenterostomy (GE) with a focus on the stent indwelling time and we described the first reported case of iatrogenic perforation six months after Axios stent placement. In the literature review (n = 239), the composite technical success rate and clinical success rate were 93.7% and 87.9%, respectively. The mean follow‐up period was 191 days, and the mean stent indwelling time was 88 days. Among 13 studies (n = 202), the mean rate of complications was 13.4%. The principal complication was mis‐deployment of the stent (4.5%). We report a case report of delayed iatrogenic perforation. A 59‐year‐old male patient with cystic dystrophy of the duodenum has been followed for several years. He presented with anorexia following duodenal obstruction and underwent endoscopic ultrasound‐guided gastrojejunostomy. Six months later, he was referred to our center due to septic shock, and abdominal computed tomography revealed peritonitis secondary to a perforation of the small intestine, opposite the Axios stent. The mean LAMS indwelling time after GE was 88 days. To minimise the rate of adverse events, such as ulceration and mucosal overgrowth, regular abdominal computed tomography and endoscopy can be performed to evaluate the local effect of the stent. When the disease has resolved, the LAMS must be removed as soon as possible.
Learning and predictability via technical analysis: Evidence from bitcoin and stocks with hard‐to‐value fundamentals
Authors: Detzel Andrew , Liu Hong , Strauss Jack , Zhou Guofu , Zhu Yingzi
Published: February 2020

What predicts returns on assets with “hard‐to‐value” fundamentals such as Bitcoin and stocks in new industries? We are the first to propose an equilibrium model that shows how technical analysis can arise endogenously via rational learning, providing a theoretical foundation for using technical analysis in practice. We document that ratios of prices to their moving averages forecast daily Bitcoin returns in and out of sample. Trading strategies based on these ratios generate an economically significant alpha and Sharpe ratio gains relative to a buy‐and‐hold position. Similar results hold for small‐cap, young‐firm, and low analyst‐coverage stocks as well as NASDAQ stocks during the dotcom era.
Calibration of probability predictions from machine‐learning and statistical models
Authors: Dormann Carsten F.
Published: February 2020

Aim

Predictions from statistical models may be uncalibrated, meaning that the predicted values do not have the nominal coverage probability. This is easiest seen with probability predictions in machine‐learning classification, including the common species occurrence probabilities. Here, a predicted probability of, say, .7 should indicate that out of 100 cases with these environmental conditions, and hence the same predicted probability, the species should be present in 70 and absent in 30.

Innovation

A simple calibration plot shows that this is not necessarily the case, particularly not for overfitted models or algorithms that use non‐likelihood target functions. As a consequence, ‘raw’ predictions from such a model could easily be off by .2, are unsuitable for averaging across model types, and resulting maps hence be substantially distorted. The solution, a flexible calibration regression, is simple and can be applied whenever deviations are observed.

Main conclusions

‘Raw’, uncalibrated probability predictions should be calibrated before interpreting or averaging them in a probabilistic way.
Osteoporosis risk assessment in primary dental care—The attitudes of Swedish dentists, patients and medical specialists
Authors: Gullberg Joanna , Lindh Christina , Axtelius Björn , Horner Keith , Devlin Hugh , Povlsen Lene
Published: February 2020

Objective

To explore and identify the attitudes of dentists, patients and medical specialists regarding implementation of osteoporosis risk assessment into Swedish primary dental care.

Background

Osteoporosis is a major health problem leading to fragility fractures. As shown in academic‐based research, dental radiological examination can be used for osteoporosis risk assessment. A substantial number of patients undergo radiographic examinations in primary dental care each year, but little is known about implementation of osteoporosis risk assessment in this setting.

Materials and methods

A qualitative research approach using focus group discussions and manifest content analysis was applied. Five focus groups with dentists and representatives from patient support groups and a single individual interview with one medical specialist were included in the sample.

Results

From the manifest content analysis, three categories emerged: (a) barriers to change in practice, (b) benefits to change in practice, and (c) needs and requirements prior to change in practice. Most participants felt that there was insufficient knowledge of osteoporosis as well as a heavy existing workload. A concern was expressed about medical practitioners' willingness to take on responsibility for patients referred by dentists. Representatives from patient support groups highlighted a lack of knowledge about osteoporosis among both the general public and the medical professionals. Clear guidelines and improved communication channels between stakeholders would have to be established to ensure a smooth treatment path for patients.

Conclusion

Despite interest in osteoporosis risk assessment in primary dental care, there are political, workflow and educational barriers that must be overcome for successful implementation.
Permanent migrants and temporary citizens: multinational Chinese mobilities in the Americas
Authors: CHAN CAROL
Published: February 2020

In this article, I examine the multinational mobility and citizenship practices of ethnic Chinese who moved to Chile after living in another Latin American country. Despite being permanent residents or Chilean citizens, some hope to return to a previous country of residence in Latin America. Based on 18 semi‐structured interviews conducted between October 2016 and August 2018, their experiences illuminate two aspects of multinational migrations. First, unlike pre‐planned serial migrations of global elites or ‘step‐wise’ migrant workers, these multinational mobilities are nonlinear and open‐ended, due to their contingence on volatile and racialized political economies. Second, unlike transnational migrants who typically maintain links to ‘origin’ countries, they seldom visit China or Taiwan, and instead visit other countries in the Americas, due to business, familial, and affective ties. I discuss the main factors shaping the contingent nature of their mobilities and attachments to Chile, which influences the multiple onward pathways possible in their futures.
The south German Plattenkalks
Authors: Wilkin Jack
Published: February 2020

The Late Jurassic lithographic limestones of southern Germany have yielded some of the most beautiful and scientifically important fossils in the world. The limestones, termed Plattenkalks which translates to flat chalks, are representative of a ‘textbook’ and widely studied example of a Konservate‐Lagerstätten.
The influence of low‐density granite bodies on extensional basins
Authors: Howell Louis , Egan Stuart , Leslie Graham , Clarke Stuart , Mitten Andrew , Pringle Jamie
Published: February 2020

The Carboniferous northern Pennine Basin remains the type locality for the ‘block and basin’ tectonic framework model. It has been widely believed that during periods of tectonic extension, large low‐density bodies within the basement permit buoyant blocks to resist isostatic subsidence. However, lithosphere‐scale structural and geodynamic modelling experiments dispute this; suggesting instead that the formation of intra‐basinal highs occurs prior to lithospheric extension. In northern UK, this tectonic framework is controlled by a combination of tectonic stress, isostasy and the buoyancy forces of low‐density granite, lithospheric flexure and, importantly, the inherited structural framework. It is hoped that further study can lead to a greater appreciation of the interplay of structural and geodynamic process that control the ‘block and basin’ framework.
Perovskite
Authors: Brooks Kent
Published: February 2020

How many people, even those interested in the Earth sciences, have heard of perovskite? Yet minerals with the perovskite structure are the most abundant minerals on the Earth with a corresponding importance for our understanding of the origin, development and functioning of our planet. Furthermore, they play important roles in modern technology, including the storage of nuclear waste, in solar cells and as superconductors.
Effect of the patatin‐like phospholipase domain containing 3 gene (PNPLA3) I148M polymorphism on the risk and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndromes: A meta‐analysis of paediatric and adolescent individuals
Authors: Li Jiaying , Hua Wenxi , Ji Cheng , Rui Jingwen , Zhao Yuening , Xie Chenyao , Shi Bimin , Yang Xiaoqin
Published: February 2020

Background

The effect of the patatin‐like phospholipase domain containing 3 gene (PNPLA3) I148M polymorphism on the risk and severity of paediatric and adolescent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains inconclusive.

Objectives

We aimed to estimate the effect of this polymorphism not only on early‐onset NAFLD risk and severity but also on metabolic syndromes susceptibility.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant datasets. The odds ratio of the dichotomic variables and the standardized mean difference of quantitative variables with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated to assess the strength of the associations.

Results

Twenty‐seven studies comprising 10 070 subjects were eligible. The summary effect showed that this polymorphism increased susceptibility to NAFLD development. Furthermore, it also indicated that nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was more frequently observed in G allele carriers among paediatric and adolescent NAFLD patients. Moreover, the meta‐analysis suggested that the variant was significantly associated with elevated liver damage indexes, including serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma‐glutamyltransferase concentrations, and liver fat content. However, the summary estimates for insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and adiposity showed no significant associations.

Conclusions

The PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism is associated with elevated early‐onset NAFLD risk, severity, and liver damage but not with related metabolic syndromes.
Vaccine effectiveness against influenza A(H3N2) and B among laboratory‐confirmed, hospitalised older adults, Europe, 2017‐18: A season of B lineage mismatched to the trivalent vaccine
Authors: Rose Angela M. C. , Kissling Esther , Gherasim Alin , Casado Itziar , Bella Antonino , Launay Odile , Lazăr Mihaela , Marbus Sierk , Kuliese Monika , Syrjänen Ritva , Machado Ausenda , Kurečić Filipović Sanja , Larrauri Amparo , Castilla Jesús , Alfonsi Valeria , Galtier Florence , Ivanciuc Alina , Meijer Adam , Mickiene Aukse , Ikonen Niina , Gómez Verónica , Lovrić Makarić Zvjezdana , Moren Alain , Valenciano Marta ,   I‐MOVE Hospital study team
Published: February 2020

Background

Influenza A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09 and B viruses co‐circulated in Europe in 2017‐18, predominated by influenza B. WHO‐recommended, trivalent vaccine components were lineage‐mismatched for B. The I‐MOVE hospital network measured 2017‐18 seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) against influenza A(H3N2) and B among hospitalised patients (≥65 years) in Europe.

Methods

Following the same generic protocol for test‐negative design, hospital teams in nine countries swabbed patients ≥65 years with recent onset (≤7 days) severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), collecting information on demographics, vaccination status and underlying conditions. Cases were RT‐PCR positive for influenza A(H3N2) or B; controls: negative for any influenza. “Vaccinated” patients had SARI onset >14 days after vaccination. We measured pooled IVE against influenza, adjusted for study site, age, sex, onset date and chronic conditions.

Results

We included 3483 patients: 376 influenza A(H3N2) and 928 B cases, and 2028 controls. Most (>99%) vaccinated patients received the B lineage‐mismatched trivalent vaccine. IVE against influenza A(H3N2) was 24% (95% CI: 2 to 40); 35% (95% CI: 6 to 55) in 65‐ to 79‐year‐olds and 14% (95% CI: −22 to 39) in ≥80‐year‐olds. Against influenza B, IVE was 30% (95% CI: 16 to 41); 37% (95% CI: 19 to 51) in 65‐ to 79‐year‐olds and 19% (95% CI: −7 to 38) in ≥80‐year‐olds.

Conclusions

IVE against influenza B was similar to A(H3N2) in hospitalised older adults, despite trivalent vaccine and circulating B lineage mismatch, suggesting some cross‐protection. IVE was lower in those ≥80 than 65‐79 years. We reinforce the importance of influenza vaccination in older adults as, even with a poorly matched vaccine, it still protects one in three to four of this population from severe influenza.
Prejudice against higher‐weight health providers: Implications for patients and providers
Authors: McClure‐Brenchley Kimberly J. , Pitpitan Eileen V. , Quinn Diane M.
Published: February 2020

Higher‐weight health providers may face prejudice, which may affect the health provider and the patient alike. In a series of five studies, we sought to experimentally determine the extent of weight prejudice against health providers as well as boundary conditions for the effects. In all studies, participants evaluated the profile of a potential health provider, which contained each study's manipulation. They subsequently rated their likelihood of selecting the provider, their perceived legitimacy of the provider, and how likely they would be to follow the provider's advice. We found that higher‐weight professionals were evaluated more negatively than lower weight professionals in Study 1. Focusing only on health professionals in Study 2, we found that higher‐weight health professionals were evaluated more negatively than lower weight professionals, especially when the health professional's specialty was relevant to weight (i.e., nutrition vs. allergies). This did not depend on gender of the health provider (Study 3). In Study 4, we found that imagined patient risk for heart disease did not moderate the effect of provider weight on prejudiced attitudes, and the effect did not change when providing participants with credible purported physician advice (Study 5). Taken together, these studies provide evidence that weight prejudice against higher‐weight health providers exists, especially in medical contexts related to weight. Not only are there implications for higher‐weight health providers, but also there are implications for patients as well. Thus, prejudice against higher‐weight health providers could constitute an important health issue.