bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basolateral activation with TLR agonists induces polarized cytokine release and reduces barrier function in RPE in vitro
Authors: Terheyden Laura , Roider Johann , Klettner Alexa
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Systemic inflammation may be of importance in the development of AMD. RPE cells can recognize danger signals with toll-like receptors (TLR) and may react in a pro-inflammatory manner. In this study, we evaluated the basal and apical secretions of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β in primary RPE cells and RPE/choroid explant cells under basolateral stimulation of TLR2, 3, and 4; the effects on barrier function; and their influence on neuronal cell viability.

Methods

RPE/choroid tissue explants were prepared from porcine eyes and cultivated in modified Ussing chambers; primary porcine RPE cells on transwell plates. Cells were basally stimulated with agonists Pam2CSK4 (Pam; TLR2), polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C; TLR3), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS; TLR4) for 24 h. Supernatants were evaluated with ELISA for cytokines TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β. Apical supernatants were applied to SHSY-5Y cells, and cell viability was evaluated in MTT assay. Barrier function was tested by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and occludin immunostaining.

Results

None of the tested TLR agonists was toxic on RPE cells after 24 h of exposure. Unstimulated RPE cells secreted hardly any cytokines. Pam induced IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNFα on the basal and apical sides at all concentrations tested. Poly I:C induced IL-6 and TNFα primarily at the basal side at lower but on both sides at higher concentrations. LPS induced IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNFα apically and basally at all concentrations tested. In the RPE/choroid, a strong difference between apical and basal secretions could be found. IL-6 was constitutively secreted basally, but not apically, but was induced by all agonists on both sides. IL-1ß and TNFα alpha were strongly induced on the basal side by all agonists. TER was reduced by all agonists, with Pam and LPS being effective in all concentrations tested. Occludin expression was unaltered, but the distribution was influenced by the agonists, with a less distinct localization at the cell borders after treatment. None of the agonists or supernatants of treated RPE and RPE/choroid organ cultures exerted any effect on viability of SHSY-5Y cells.

Conclusions

Danger signals activating TLRs can induce polarized cytokine expression and contribute to the loss of barrier function in the RPE.
Lung ultrasound features predict admission to the neonatal intensive care unit in infants with transient neonatal tachypnoea or respiratory distress syndrome born by caesarean section
Authors: Poerio Antonio , Galletti Silvia , Baldazzi Michelangelo , Martini Silvia , Rollo Alessandra , Spinedi Sofia , Raimondi Francesco , Zompatori Maurizio , Corvaglia Luigi , Aceti Arianna
Published: September 2020

We aimed to evaluate the reliability of lung ultrasound (LU) to predict admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for transient neonatal tachypnoea or respiratory distress syndrome in infants born by caesarean section (CS). A prospective, observational, single-centre study was performed in the delivery room and NICU of Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital in Bologna, Italy. Term and late-preterm infants born by CS were included. LU was performed at 30’ and 4 h after birth. LU appearance was graded according to a previously validated three-point scoring system (3P-LUS: type-1, white lung; type-2, black/white lung; type-3, normal lung). Full LUS was also calculated. One hundred infants were enrolled, and seven were admitted to the NICU. The 5 infants with bilateral type-1 lung at birth were all admitted to the NICU. Infants with type-2 and/or type-3 lung were unlikely to be admitted to the NICU. Mean full-LUS was 17 in infants admitted to the NICU, and 8 in infants not admitted. In two separate binary logistic regression models, both the 3P- and the full LUS proved to be independently associated with NICU admission (OR [95% CI] 0.001 [0.000–0.058], P = .001, and 2.890 [1.472–5.672], P = .002, respectively). The ROC analysis for the 3P-LUS yielded an AUC of 0.942 (95%CI, 0.876–0.979; P<.001), while ROC analysis for the full LUS yielded an AUC of 0.978 (95%CI, 0.926–0.997; P<.001). The AUCs for the two LU scores were not significantly different (p = .261).

Conclusion: the 3P-LUS performed 30 min after birth proved to be a reliable tool to identify, among term and late preterm infants born to CS, those who will require NICU admission for transient neonatal tachypnoea or respiratory distress syndrome.

What is known• Lung ultrasound (LU) has become an attractive diagnostic tool in neonatal settings, and guidelines on point-of-care LU in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) have been recently issued.• LU is currently used for diagnosing several neonatal respiratory morbidities and has been also proposed for predicting further intervention, such as NICU admission, need for surfactant treatment or mechanical ventilation in preterm infants.

What is new• LU performed 30′ after birth and evaluated through a simple three-point scoring system represents a reliable tool to identify, among term and late preterm infants born to caesarean section, those with transient neonatal tachypnoea or respiratory distress syndrome who will require NICU admission.• LU performed in the neonatal period confirms its potential role in ameliorating routine neonatal clinical management.
Hybrid bio-inspired algorithm and convolutional neural network for automatic lung tumor detection
Authors: Vijh Surbhi , Gaurav Prashant , Pandey Hari Mohan
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we have proposed a hybrid bio-inspired algorithm which takes the merits of whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO). The proposed algorithm is referred as the hybrid WOA_APSO algorithm. We utilize a convolutional neural network (CNN) for classification purposes. Extensive experiments are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. Here, pre-processing and segmentation are performed on 120 lung CT images for obtaining the segmented tumored and non-tumored region nodule. The statistical, texture, geometrical and structural features are extracted from the processed image using different techniques. The optimized feature selection plays a crucial role in determining the accuracy of the classification algorithm. The novel variant of whale optimization algorithm and adaptive particle swarm optimization, hybrid bio-inspired WOA_APSO, is proposed for selecting optimized features. The feature selection grouping is applied by embedding linear discriminant analysis which helps in determining the reduced dimensions of subsets. Twofold performance comparisons are done. First, we compare the performance against the different classification techniques such as support vector machine, artificial neural network (ANN) and CNN. Second, the computational cost of the hybrid WOA_APSO is compared with the standard WOA and APSO algorithms. The experimental result reveals that the proposed algorithm is capable of automatic lung tumor detection and it outperforms the other state-of-the-art methods on standard quality measures such as accuracy (97.18%), sensitivity (97%) and specificity (98.66%). The results reported in this paper are encouraging; hence, these results will motivate other researchers to explore more in this direction.
Effect of endodontic treatment on periodontal healing of grade 3 endo-periodontal lesions without root damage in periodontally compromised patients—a retrospective pilot study
Authors: Ruetters Maurice , Kim Ti-Sun , Krisam Johannes , El-Sayed Shirin , ElSayed Nihad
Published: September 2020

Objectives

There is little evidence about the effect of different treatment protocols for grade 3 endo-periodontal lesions without root damage in patients with periodontitis according to the new classification of periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of endodontic treatment on the achievement of periodontal healing.

Materials and methods

Teeth with the initial diagnosis endo-periodontal lesion without root damage grade 3, treated with a standardized endodontic treatment protocol, were included in this study. A retrospective analysis was performed to assess the impact on periodontal healing by evaluating probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment gain (CAL), and periapical index score (PAI).

Results

Nineteen teeth and 13 patients were included. A mean reduction of 3.19 ± 3.41 mm in PPD was recorded. The mean CAL gain was 2.33± 3.75 mm. Five teeth (45.4%) showed an improvement of PAI and were classified as treatment success.

Conclusions

The results failed to show a highly predictable treatment outcome for endo-periodontal lesion grade 3 without root damage in patients with periodontitis. However, endodontic therapy alone resulted in treatment success for some of the teeth, which would otherwise have had a poor prognosis.

Clinical relevance

Endo-periodontal lesions can often be challenging for dentists in daily clinical practice. To date, there is not much evidence for practitioners to rely on. Therefore, this study aims to strengthen the evidence for the management and treatment of endo-periodontal lesions. Although the outcome is not highly predictable yet, teeth with the initial diagnosis endo-periodontal lesion without root damage grade 3 can benefit from an endodontic treatment.
High-resolution taxonomic examination of the oral microbiome after oil pulling with standardized sunflower seed oil and healthy participants: a pilot study
Authors: Griessl Tim , Zechel-Gran Silke , Olejniczak Stefan , Weigel Markus , Hain Torsten , Domann Eugen
Published: September 2020

Objectives

We aimed at the high-resolution examination of the oral microbiome depending on oil pulling, compared it with saline pulling, and analyzed whether the method is capable of reducing the overall microbial burden of the oral cavity.

Materials and methods

The study was a cohort study with three healthy subjects. Oil pulling samples, saline pulling samples, and saliva samples were microscoped and cultured under microaerophilic and anaerobic conditions; colony-forming units were counted; and cultivated bacteria were identified employing MALDI-TOF MS. The oral microbiomes (saliva) and the microbiota incorporated in oil and saline pulling samples were determined in toto by using 16S rDNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatics.

Results

Microscopy revealed that oral epithelial cells are ensheathed with distinct oil droplets during oil pulling. Oil pulling induced a higher production of saliva and the oil/saliva emulsion contained more bacteria than saline pulling samples. Oil pulling resulted in a significant and transient reduction of the overall microbial burden in comparison to saliva examined prior to and after pulling. Both oil and saline pulling samples mirrored the individual oral microbiomes in saliva.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this pilot study, it might be concluded that oil pulling is able to reduce the overall microbial burden of the oral cavity transiently and the microbiota in oil pulling samples are representative to the oral microbiome.

Clinical relevance

Within the limitations of this pilot study, it might be concluded that oil pulling can be considered as an enlargement of standard oral hygiene techniques since it has the characteristic of an oral massage, enwrapping epithelial cells carrying bacteria in oil vesicles and reaching almost all unique habitats in oral cavity.
Modulation of benzofuran structure as a fluorescent probe to optimize linear and nonlinear optical properties and biological activities
Authors: Krawczyk Przemysław
Published: September 2020

The study presents the influence of structure modulation by introducing selected donor and acceptor substituents on optical properties of benzofuran used in biological imaging. As the starting form, 2-(5-formylbenzofuran-2-yl)acetamide described experimentally was used. This molecule contains an aldehyde group as reactive site, through which conjugation with protein occurs. Structure modulation was carried out by attaching additional electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents to the amino group, namely -NH2, -NHCH3, -NO2, -OH, and -OCH3. Studies have shown that the -NH2, -NHCH3, -OH, and -OCH3 substituents do not induce a significant change in the position of maximum absorption and fluorescence relative to each other. They also do not change the parameters describing the nonlinear response. Only the presence of the -NO2 substituent results in significant solvatochromic shifts. Changing substituents also does not significantly affect the LD50 value, and all tested fluorescent probes should not be considered toxic to humans. Modulation of the benzofuran derivative structure also does not change the active center in which the biocomplex with the protein is formed. In each case, the conjugation takes place via LYS114. In addition, the study was prompted to analyze the linear and nonlinear optical properties of conjugates formed after the reaction with Concanavalin A.

Graphical abstract
Initial responsiveness to darbepoetin alfa and its contributing factors in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients in Japan
Authors: Hayashi Terumasa , Kato Hideki , Tanabe Kenichiro , Nangaku Masaomi , Hirakata Hideki , Wada Takashi , Sato Hiroshi , Yamazaki Yasushi , Masaki Takao , Kagimura Tatsuo , Yamamoto Hiroyasu , Hase Hiroki , Kamouchi Masahiro , Imai Enyu , Mizuno Kyoichi , Iwasaki Manabu , Akizawa Tadao , Tsubakihara Yoshiharu , Maruyama Shoichi , Narita Ichiei
Published: September 2020

Background

Hyporesponsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) is associated with cardiovascular events and poor renal outcome in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to investigate the initial responsiveness to darbepoetin alfa (DA) and its contributing factors using the data from the BRIGHTEN.

Methods

Of 1980 patients enrolled at 168 facilities, 1695 were included in this analysis [285 patients were excluded mainly due to lack of hemoglobin (Hb) values]. The initial ESA response index (iEResI) was defined as a ratio of Hb changes over 12 weeks after DA administration per weight-adjusted total DA dose and contributing factors to iEResI were analyzed.

Results

The mean age was 70 ± 12 years (male 58.8%; diabetic nephropathy 27.6%). The median creatinine and mean Hb levels at DA initiation were 2.62 mg/dL and 9.8 g/dL, respectively. The most frequent number of DA administration during 12 weeks was 3 times (41.1%), followed by 4 (15.6%) times with a wide distribution of the total DA dose (15–900 μg). Remarkably, 225 patients (13.3%) did not respond to DA. Multivariate analysis showed that male gender, hypoglycemic agent use, iron supplementation, high eGFR, low Hb, low CRP, low NT-proBNP, and low urinary protein–creatinine ratio were independently associated with better initial response to DA (P =  < 0.0001, 0.0108, < 0.0001, 0.0476, < 0.0001, 0.0004, 0.0435, and 0.0009, respectively).

Conclusions

Non-responder to DA accounted for 13.3% of patients with non-dialysis CKD. Iron supplementation, low CRP, low NT-proBNP, and less proteinuria were predictive and modifiable factors associated with better initial response to DA.
An epistemic approach to the formal specification of statistical machine learning
Authors: Kawamoto Yusuke
Published: September 2020

We propose an epistemic approach to formalizing statistical properties of machine learning. Specifically, we introduce a formal model for supervised learning based on a Kripke model where each possible world corresponds to a possible dataset and modal operators are interpreted as transformation and testing on datasets. Then, we formalize various notions of the classification performance, robustness, and fairness of statistical classifiers by using our extension of statistical epistemic logic. In this formalization, we show relationships among properties of classifiers, and relevance between classification performance and robustness. As far as we know, this is the first work that uses epistemic models and logical formulas to express statistical properties of machine learning, and would be a starting point to develop theories of formal specification of machine learning.
Trade creation and trade diversion of economic integration agreements revisited: a constrained panel pseudo-maximum likelihood approach
Authors: Pfaffermayr Michael
Published: September 2020

For PPML estimation of high-dimensional structural gravity panel models it proves useful to exploit the equilibrium restrictions imposed by the system of multilateral resistances. The main advantage of this approach lies in the functional dependence of the parameters of all dummy variables on the structural trade cost parameters. Moreover, the delta method is used to establish confidence intervals of counterfactual changes. Using the constrained panel PPML estimator for a panel of 65 countries in the period 1994–2012 indicates significant trade creation of economic integration agreements with average ranging in between 12.2 and 30.3% in 2012. Results also point to substantial domestic and international trade diversion, where the former dominates the latter.
Black-box combinatorial optimization using models with integer-valued minima
Authors: Bliek Laurens , Verwer Sicco , de Weerdt Mathijs
Published: September 2020

When a black-box optimization objective can only be evaluated with costly or noisy measurements, most standard optimization algorithms are unsuited to find the optimal solution. Specialized algorithms that deal with exactly this situation make use of surrogate models. These models are usually continuous and smooth, which is beneficial for continuous optimization problems, but not necessarily for combinatorial problems. However, by choosing the basis functions of the surrogate model in a certain way, we show that it can be guaranteed that the optimal solution of the surrogate model is integer. This approach outperforms random search, simulated annealing and a Bayesian optimization algorithm on the problem of finding robust routes for a noise-perturbed traveling salesman benchmark problem, with similar performance as another Bayesian optimization algorithm, and outperforms all compared algorithms on a convex binary optimization problem with a large number of variables.
Prenatal and Postnatal Predictive Factors for Children’s Inattentive and Hyperactive Symptoms at 5 Years of Age: The Role of Early Family-related Factors
Authors: Huhdanpää Hanna , Morales-Muñoz Isabel , Aronen Eeva T. , Pölkki Pirjo , Saarenpää-Heikkilä Outi , Kylliäinen Anneli , Paavonen E. Juulia
Published: September 2020

We examined several parent-reported prenatal and postnatal factors as potential risk factors for attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology in 5-year-old children. Our study is based on the CHILD-SLEEP birth cohort. Several parental questionnaires were collected prenatally (32nd pregnancy week) and postnatally (i.e. child aged 3, 8, and 24 months and at 5 years). At 5 years of age, ADHD symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. Our main results showed that being a boy, parental depressive symptoms, more negative family atmosphere or a child’s shorter sleep duration, and maternal authoritarian parenting style predicted inattentive/hyperactive symptoms. Maternal and paternal authoritative parenting style predicted less inattentive/hyperactive symptoms. Children with several risk factors together had the highest risk for inattentive/hyperactive symptoms. Our findings emphasise the need for early screening and treatment of parental mental health, and early evidence-based targeted parental support, to enable early intervention in those children at a risk of developing ADHD.
Ocular siderosis: a misdiagnosed cause of visual loss due to ferrous intraocular foreign bodies—epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, imaging and available treatment options
Authors: Casini Giamberto , Sartini Francesco , Loiudice Pasquale , Benini Gabriella , Menchini Martina
Published: September 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a meaningful literature review about the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, imaging and treatment of ocular siderosis (OS).

Methods

A computerized search from inception up to March 2020 of the online electronic database PubMed was performed using the following search strings: “ocular siderosis” and “siderosis bulbi”. The reference list in each article was analysed for additional relevant publications.

Results

OS is an uncommon cause of visual loss due to a retained ferrous intraocular foreign body (IOFB). It may develop from 18 days to years after a penetrating trauma that usually occurs during hammering. On average, patients are 22–25 years old, and the vast majority are male. The most common cause of OS development is delayed presentation by the patient or missed diagnosis of IOFB after trauma. The pathophysiology is not fully understood; nevertheless, iron deposition causes hydroxyl radical formation, which damages photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium. Moreover, iron damages retinal vessels with consequent inner retinal layers degeneration. The most frequent signs are iris heterochromia, pupillary mydriasis, cataract development and retinal arteriolar narrowing with pigmentary retinal degeneration. Electroretinogram signs, in particular,b-wave amplitude reduction, arise earlier than clinical signs. Orbital CT scans and ultrasonography play an essential role in detecting IOFBs. Treatment depends on the IOFB location and OS development. However, it is crucial to remove the IOFB after OS development because visual acuity and clinical signs may improve. Anterior segment IOFBs can be dislodged using an intraocular magnet (IOM) or forceps through limbal paracentesis. In contrast, posterior segment IOFBs require a pars plana vitrectomy and IOM or forceps to be removed through an enlarged sclerotomy or the limbus.

Conclusion

Recommending the usage of protective glasses and spreading knowledge about OS may further benefit patient care.
Identification of quantitative trait loci governing early germination and seedling vigor traits related to weed competitive ability in rice
Authors: Dimaano Niña Gracel B. , Ali Jauhar , Mahender Anumalla , Sta. Cruz Pompe C. , Baltazar Aurora M. , Diaz Maria Genaleen Q. , Pang Yun Long , Acero Bart L. , Li Zhikang
Published: September 2020

Weed competitive ability (WCA) is vital for the improvement of grain yield under direct-seeded and aerobic rice ecosystems where weeds are a major limiting factor. Early seed germination (ESG) and early seedling vigor (ESV) are the crucial traits for WCA. This study attempted to map the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and hotspot regions governing ESG and ESV traits. A total of 167 BC1F5selective introgression lines developed from an early backcross population involving Weed Tolerant Rice 1 (WTR-1) as the recipient parent and Y-134 as the donor parent were phenotyped for ESG and ESV traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in ESG-related traits except for root length and in ESV-related traits except for plant height at 7 days after sowing. A total of 677-high quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used to analyze the marker-trait association from a 6 K SNP genotyping array. Forty-three QTLs were identified on all chromosomes, except on chromosomes 4 and 8. Thirty QTLs were contributed by a desirable allele from Y-134, whereas 13 QTLs were from WTR-1. Twenty-eight of the identified genetic loci associated with ESG and ESV traits were novel. Two QTL hotspot regions were mapped on chromosomes 11 and 12. The genomic regions of QTL hotspots were fine-tuned and a total of 13 putative candidate genes were discovered on chromosomes 11 and 12 collectively. The mapped QTLs will be useful in advancing the marker aided-selection schemes and breeding programs for the development of rice cultivars with WCA traits.
Targeting FDI
Authors: Ferrett Ben , Wooton Ian
Published: September 2020

We study the tax/subsidy competition between two countries to attract the FDI projects of two firms. We assume that governments lack the capacity to target every potential inward investor such that each can only bid for a single firm. When the characteristics of the two countries are common knowledge, subsidy competition never arises in equilibrium. Both governments may target the same firm if there is uncertainty as to the more profitable location for that firm’s plant, such that both governments believe they may win the competition. We also explore how such uncertainty affects the firms’ after-tax profits.
Thermoplastic Blends Based on Poly(Butylene Succinate-co-Adipate) and Different Collagen Hydrolysates from Tanning Industry: I—Processing and Thermo-mechanical Properties
Authors: Seggiani Maurizia , Altieri Roberto , Cinelli Patrizia , Esposito Alessandro , Lazzeri Andrea
Published: September 2020

In this study, blends of a biodegradable thermoplastic polyester, poly (butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) with two different raw hydrolyzed collagens (HCs), derived from the tannery industry, were investigated in terms of processability, rheological, thermal and mechanical properties. HCs, obtained by alkaline (HCa) and enzymatic (HCe) hydrolysis of the solid wastes generated during the shaving of the tanned leather, were used in PBSA/HC blends, up to 20 wt% of HC, produced by melting extrusion and processed by injection molding. All the blends up to 20 wt% HCs resulted suitable for the injection molding obtaining flexible molded specimens with good tensile properties. The different secondary structure of the two HCs influenced the rheology, morphology and mechanical properties of the produced blends. In particular, HCa, due its higher content of oligopeptides and free amino-acids, showed a good compatibility with the polymeric matrix acting as a plasticizer with consequent reduction of melt viscosity with increasing its loading. The molded dog-bones specimens containing 20 wt% HCa showed a value of elongation at break of 810%. While, HCe, due its higher presence of b-sheet structures, behaved as organic filler, showing a poor interfacial interaction with PBSA with consequent decrease of the tensile properties with increasing its loading. The good processability and satisfactory mechanical properties obtained encourage the use of both investigated collagen hydrolysates in the production of thermoplastic blends and relative molded products for applications in agriculture and plant nurseries, such as pots or small containers with fertilizing properties, due the presence of HCs.
Landscape-wide changes in land use and land cover correlate with, but rarely explain local biodiversity change
Authors: Jung Martin , Scharlemann Jörn P. W. , Rowhani Pedram
Published: September 2020

Context

There is an ongoing debate whether local biodiversity is declining and what might drive this change. Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) are suspected to impact local biodiversity. However, there is little evidence for LULC changes beyond the local scale to affect biodiversity across multiple functional groups of species, thus limiting our understanding of the causes of biodiversity change.

Objectives

Here we investigate whether landscape-wide changes in LULC, defined as either trends in or abrupt changes in magnitude of photosynthetic activity, are driving bird diversity change.

Methods

Linking 34 year (1984–2017) time series at 2745 breeding bird survey (BBS) routes across the conterminous United States of America with remotely-sensed Landsat imagery, we assessed for each year what proportion of the landscape surrounding each BBS route changed in photosynthetic activity and tested whether such concomitant or preceding landscape-wide changes explained changes in bird diversity, quantified as relative abundance (geometric mean) and assemblage composition (Bray–Curtis index).

Results

We found that changes in relative abundance was negatively, and assemblage composition positively, correlated with changes in photosynthetic activity within the wider landscape. Furthermore, landscape-wide changes in LULC in preceding years explained on average more variation in bird diversity change than concomitant change. Overall, landscape-wide changes in LULC failed to explain most of the variation in bird diversity change for most BBS routes regardless whether differentiated by functional groups or ecoregions.

Conclusions

Our analyses highlight the influence of preceding and concomitant landscape-wide changes in LULC on biodiversity.
Integrating micro-learning content in traditional e-learning platforms
Authors: Díaz Redondo Rebeca P. , Caeiro Rodríguez Manuel , López Escobar Juan José , Fernández Vilas Ana
Published: September 2020

Lifelong learning requires appropriate solutions, especially for corporate training. Workers usually have difficulty combining training and their normal work. In this context, micro-learning emerges as a suitable solution, since it is based on breaking down new concepts into small fragments or pills of content, which can be consumed in short periods of time. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we offer an updated overview of the research on this training paradigm, as well as the different technologies leading to potential commercial solutions. Second, we introduce a proposal to add micro-learning content to more formal distance learning environments (traditional Learning Management Systems or LMS), with the aim of taking advantage of both learning philosophies. Our approach is based on a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) that is deployed in the cloud. In order to ensure the full integration of the micro-learning approach in traditional LMSs, we have used two well-known standards in the distance learning field: LTI (Learning Tools Interoperability) and LIS (Learning Information Service). The combination of these two technologies allows the exchange of data with the LMS to monitor the student’s activity and results. Finally, we have collected the opinion of lectures from different countries in order to know their thoughts about the potential of this new approach in higher education, obtaining positive feedback.
Metaphorical Use of Algorithm in Legal Reasoning
Authors: Campo Alessandro
Published: September 2020

The current use of big data in the legal framework suggests the idea of algorithm as a new topos of the legal rhetoric. Indeed, in addition to the “rhetoric of algorithm”, an “algorithm of rhetoric” may also exist, in strict connection with an anthropological structure. Even leaving aside its epistemic value, the algorithm is in fact always experienced by the jurist through a metaphorical process, in a very similar way, for instance, to the metaphorical use of graphs in economics (McCloskey). That said, the reasoning about big data is metaphorical as well, and this allows us to believe that there is still a role for pathos and ethos within the legal reasoning. Moreover, and most importantly, the ideal to which the data-based knowledge (the so called dataism) aims—that is, the pretension of being able to map all that there is to know—is metaphorical, too. In this paper I will discuss algorithms and big data in the guise of new topoi. The aim of this paper is therefore to imagine a philosophical-juridical semiotic by means of which it is possible to highlight the persistent difference between reasonableness and reason in the judge’s work. Vis-à-vis algorithms and big data, as well as the rules of law, the judge does not act as bouche de la loi, but rather practices a reason which is irreducibly rhetoric and related to the humanities.
Semi-Analytical Solution of Chemical Flooding in Heterogeneous Non-Communicating Layers with a Focus on Low Salinity Water Flooding
Authors: Al-Ibadi Hasan , Stephen Karl D. , Mackay Eric J.
Published: September 2020

Chemical flooding has been implemented intensively for some years to enhance sweep efficiency in porous media. Low salinity water flooding (LSWF) is one such method that has become increasingly attractive. Historically, analytical solutions were developed for the flow equations for water flooding conditions, particularly for non-communicating strata. We extend these to chemical flooding, more generally, and in particular for LSWF where salinity is modeled as an active tracer and changes relative permeability. Dispersion affects the solutions, and we include this also. Using fractional flow theory, we derive a mathematical solution to the flow equations for a set of layers to predict fluid flow and solute transport. Analytical solutions tell us the location of the lead (formation) waterfront in each layer. We extend a correlation that we previously developed to predict the effects of numerical and physical dispersion. We used this correction to predict the location of the second waterfront in each layer which is induced by the chemical’s effect on mobility. We show that in multiple non-communicating layers, mass conservation can be used to deduce the interlayer relationships of the various fronts that form. This is based on similar analysis developed for water flooding although the calculations are more complex because of the development of multiple fronts. The result is a predictive tool that we compare to numerical simulations and the precision is very good. Layers with contrasting petrophysical properties and wettability are considered. We also investigate the relationship between the fractional flow, effective salinity range, salinity dispersion and salinity retardation. The recovery factor and vertical sweep efficiency are also very predictable. The work can also be applicable to other chemical EOR processes if they alter the fluid mobility. This includes polymer and surfactant flooding.
The fragranced products phenomenon: air quality and health, science and policy
Authors: Steinemann Anne
Published: September 2020

Fragrance is used in consumer products around the world. However, fragrance has been associated with adverse effects on indoor and outdoor air quality and human health. Questions arise, such as the following: Why does fragrance in products pose problems? What are sources of emissions and exposures? What are health and societal effects? What are possible solutions? This paper examines the issue of fragranced consumer products and its science and policy dimensions, with a focus on the implications for air quality and human health. Results include new findings and new questions for future research directions.
Method for identifying effective carbonate source rocks: a case study from Middle–Upper Ordovician in Tarim Basin, China
Authors: Chen Jun-Qing , Pang Xiong-Qi , Wu Song , Chen Zhuo-Heng , Hu Mei-Ling , Liu Luo-Fu , Ma Kui-You , Pang Bo , Huo Zhi-Peng
Published: September 2020

Hydrocarbon expulsion occurs only when pore fluid pressure due to hydrocarbon generation in source rock exceeds the force against migration in the adjacent carrier beds. Taking the Middle–Upper Ordovician carbonate source rock of Tarim Basin in China as an example, this paper proposes a method that identifies effective carbonate source rock based on the principles of mass balance. Data from the Well YW2 indicate that the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation contains effective carbonate source rocks with low present-day TOC. Geological and geochemical analysis suggests that the hydrocarbons in the carbonate interval are likely self-generated and retained. Regular steranes from GC–MS analysis of oil extracts in this interval display similar features to those of the crude oil samples in Tabei area, indicating that the crude oil probably was migrated from the effective source rocks. By applying to other wells in the basin, the identified effective carbonate source rocks and non-source rock carbonates can be effectively identified and consistent with the actual exploration results, validating the method. Considering the contribution from the identified effective source rocks with low present-day TOC (TOCpd) is considered, the long-standing puzzle between the proved 3P oil reserves and estimated resources in the basin can be reasonably explained.
Investigation of the base flow of a generic space launcher with dual-bell nozzle
Authors: Scharnowski Sven , Kähler Christian J.
Published: September 2020

The typical afterbody flow of a space launcher is characterized by a strong interaction of the engine’s exhaust jet and the separated shear layer emerging from the main body. This interaction is further complicated by strong changes in the spatial and temporal behavior of the afterbody flow during the atmospheric ascent of a launcher. Theoretically, a dual-bell nozzle not only allows for a gain in payload compared to standard single-bell nozzles, but also it alters the wake flow topology due to the two nozzle modes. To predict the benefits as well as the additional risks, the afterbody flow of a generic space launcher model equipped with a cold-flow dual-bell nozzle is investigated in detail. The flow was analyzed for sub-, trans- and supersonic Mach numbers ranging from 0.3 to 2.9 for a variety of nozzle pressure ratios. Particle image velocimetry measurements and schlieren measurements with high repetition rate were performed to determine the dynamics of the separated shear layer, the nozzle jet and their interaction. It is shown that the reattachment length of the base flow decreases with increasing nozzle pressure ratio. Furthermore, the nozzle pressure ratio at which the dual-bell nozzle switches from sea-level mode to altitude mode is reduced by $$15\%$$

15
%

with high subsonic outer flow and by as much as $$65\%$$

65
%

for an outer flow at a Mach number of 1.6. Even for a constant nozzle pressure ratio, the nozzle flow topology depends on the Mach number of the outer flow.
Assessment of groundwater potentiality using geospatial techniques in Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal
Authors: Pal Subodh Chandra , Ghosh Chiranjit , Chowdhuri Indrajit
Published: September 2020

The word water is life, so life on this planet cannot be possible without water. Water is an essential natural resource that is a surface and groundwater device for human society. The purpose of this research is to assess the groundwater potentiality of the Purba Bardhaman district. All data (primary and secondary) are collected from different sources and analyzed in geographic information system (GIS) software to prepare thematic maps. Different geo-environmental factors like as land use and land cover, soil, lithology, rainfall and distance from the river, etc., can impact on groundwater availability directly or indirectly in Purba Bardhaman area. To identify groundwater potential zones, all these factors are composed into GIS software using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method. The groundwater potential map has been divided into five classes based on their magnitude as very high, high, medium, low and very low groundwater potential zones. It shows that the areas of very low, low, medium, high and very high groundwater potential zones are 21.54%, 35.80%, 26.47%, 10.13%, 6.06%, respectively, of the total area. Finally, validation is carried out using groundwater depth data collected from 44 drilled tube wells which are located in a scattered manner for whole Purba Bardhaman district which indicates a higher similarity with an area under curve value of 86.8%.
Experimental study and performance comparison on various types of rectangular piano key side weirs at a 120° section of a 180° curved channel
Authors: Mehri Yaser , Esmaeili Solmaz , Soltani Jaber
Published: September 2020

Application of side weirs with high effective length is necessary to discharge excessive flows, to control the flow in water conveyance systems, and irrigation and drainage systems. Most of the studies on the side weirs have been conducted on the straight channels and linear weirs. The flow pattern on the outer arc of the curved channels and its suitability for side weir can be used and combined with the piano key weirs. So far, no comparison has been made on rectangular piano key side weirs (RPKSW) at a 120° Section of a 180° Curved Channel. In this study, an experimental study was performed on A-, B-, C-, and D-type RPKSW at a bend angle of 120 degrees. The results showed that the specific energy at two ends of the RPKSWs was the same, with a slight difference of 3.4% for A-Type, 1.3% for B-Type, 1.1% for C-Type, and 1.8% for D-Type weirs. The discharge coefficients of the studied weirs were also investigated, and it was concluded that B-Type weir has better performance than other weirs. On average, the discharge coefficient of B-Type weir was 9.9%, 21.2%, and 24.1% higher than that of A-Type, C-Type, and D-Type weir, respectively. It was shown that the ratio of P/h1 is the main parameter affecting the weir discharge coefficient. Finally, an empirical equation was proposed for each weir. The proposed equation has MAE = 0.028 for A-Type weir, MAE = 0.041 for B-Type weir, MAE = 0.049 for C-Type weir, and MAE = 0.053 for D-Type weir.
Health Differences between Religious and Secular Subgroups in the United States: Evidence from the General Social Survey
Authors: Walker Mark H. , Drakeford Leah , Stroope Samuel , Baker Joseph O. , Smith Alexander L.
Published: September 2020

Religious nonaffiliates who have high certainty in the existence of God or a higher power (theistic nones) have grown rapidly in size in the U.S. in the last 30 years, and are now the fourth largest American religious or secular category. This subgroup has been overlooked in prior research on religion, secularism, and health. We build on recent work on religion and health by distinguishing between atheists, agnostics, and nonaffliliated theists when examining the link between religious or secular identification and self-rated health. Specifically, we advance research on the heterogeneity of secular individuals and health by splitting nonaffiliated theists into two subgroups: those who report certainty in their beliefs about God or some higher power (i.e., theistic nones), and those who are less certain about their beliefs in God (i.e., doubting nones). We analyze 13 waves (1988–2018) of pooled data (N = 15,349) from the General Social Survey (GSS), a large, recurring, and nationally-representative sample of U.S. adults conducted on a periodic basis. Using the GSS, we assessed self-rated health across religious and secular categories in a well-controlled model. When compared with conservative Protestants, theistic nones and atheists had significantly higher levels of self-rated health, whereas agnostics and low-certainty nonaffiliated theists (doubting nones) did not report significantly higher levels of self-rated health. This study adds to previous research by differentiating between theistic and doubting nones among nonaffiliated theists in relation to overall health differences. The results suggest that the level of certainty in beliefs about God or a higher power are an important factor among religious nones for predicting health outcomes. These findings highlight the necessity of analyzing heterogenous subgroups within secular populations in studies of health and well-being.
A novel ‘practical body image’ therapy for adolescent inpatients with anorexia nervosa: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Biney Hannah , Astbury Sarah , Haines Amanda , Grant Jessica , Malone Nicola , Hutt Matt , Matthews Rachel , Morgan John F. , White Sarah , Lacey J. Hubert
Published: September 2020

Purpose

To determine the potential effectiveness of a novel 10-week manualised Practical Body Image therapy (PBI) with mirror exposure (ME), when used as an adjuvant to an intensive treatment package (TAU) in adolescent inpatients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN). To evaluate the effectiveness of ME in an adolescent population.

Methods

Using a randomised control design, 40 girls aged 11–17 years with AN were assigned to PBI with TAU (n = 20) and TAU alone (n = 20). Both groups completed self-report measures of body image at week 1 and week 10 of the study to measure the potential effectiveness of PBI. The PBI group completed measures at week 7 to evaluate the ME component.

Results

31 participants completed the study; 16 TAU, 15 PBI. PBI participants had greater improvement in all outcomes than TAU participants. Medium effect sizes were seen for self-reported weight concern, body image avoidance in terms of clothing and body image anxiety. ME produced effect sizes in self-reported body image avoidance in terms of clothing and grooming that were greater than 0.40,n = 14.

Conclusion

The findings demonstrate that PBI supports an intensive inpatient treatment package and addresses elements of negative body image. PBI was beneficial for addressing body image dissatisfaction with improvements in weight concerns, body image avoidance and physical appearance trait anxiety following the ME component. The magnitude of the effect sizes is comparable to previous studies. Positive qualitative feedback indicated the intervention was acceptable to users. PBI is a promising new adjuvant treatment for AN.

EMB Rating

Level I: randomized controlled trial.
Random dynamic analysis of vertical train–bridge systems under small probability by surrogate model and subset simulation with splitting
Authors: Xiang Huoyue , Tang Ping , Zhang Yuan , Li Yongle
Published: September 2020

The response of the train–bridge system has an obvious random behavior. A high traffic density and a long maintenance period of a track will result in a substantial increase in the number of trains running on a bridge, and there is small likelihood that the maximum responses of the train and bridge happen in the total maintenance period of the track. Firstly, the coupling model of train–bridge systems is reviewed. Then, an ensemble method is presented, which can estimate the small probabilities of a dynamic system with stochastic excitations. The main idea of the ensemble method is to use the NARX (nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input) model to replace the physical model and apply subset simulation with splitting to obtain the extreme distribution. Finally, the efficiency of the suggested method is compared with the direct Monte Carlo simulation method, and the probability exceedance of train responses under the vertical track irregularity is discussed. The results show that when the small probability of train responses under vertical track irregularity is estimated, the ensemble method can reduce both the calculation time of a single sample and the required number of samples.
Quantitative analysis on coupling of traction current into cab signaling in electrified railways
Authors: Liu Chang , Yang Shiwu , Cui Yong , Lv Jiaqi
Published: September 2020

Cab signaling apparatus is the critical equipment for ground-vehicle communication in electrified railways. With the rapid development of high-speed and heavy-haul railways, the immunity to unbalanced traction current interference for cab signaling apparatus in the onboard train control system is increasingly demanded. This paper analyzes the interference coupling mechanism of the ZPW-2000 track circuit. Based on electromagnetic field theory and the actual working parameters, a calculation model is established to complete the quantitative research of the cab signal induction process and traction current interference. Then, a finite element model is built to simulate the process. The simulation results under the signal frequency, fundamental and harmonic interference are all consistent with the theoretical calculation results. The practical measurement data verify the coupling relationship between cab signal inductive voltage and rail current. Finally, an indirect immunity test method applying this relation for the cab signals is proposed, and the voltage indexes of the disturbance sources are determined, i.e., the test limits. The results provide an accurate quantitative basis for the cab signaling research and design of the immunity test platform; besides, the proposed indirect test method can simplify the test configuration and improve test efficiency.