bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic Markets and Electronic Hierarchies
Authors: Malone Thomas W , Yates Joanne , Benjamin Robert I
Published: November 2023

The innovations in information technologies of the past two decades have radically reduced the time and cost of processing and communicating information. These reductions have in turn brought many changes in the ways that tasks are accomplished in firms. Data-processing systems have transformed the ways in which accounting data are gathered and processed, for example, and CAD/CAM (computer-aided design and manufacture) has transformed the ways in which complex machinery is designed. Underlying (and often obscured by) these changes in how business tasks are performed may be more fundamental changes in how firms and markets organize the flow of goods and services through their value-added chains (e.g., see Porter & Millar, 1985). This chapter addresses this more basic issue of how advances in information technology are affecting firm and market structures and discusses the options that these changes present for corporate strategies.
Building a Competitor Intelligence Organization: Adding Value in an Information Function
Authors: Westney D Eleanor , Ghoshal Sumantra
Published: November 2023

Over a decade ago, Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) lamented that although organization theory had increasingly emphasized the importance of the environment in explaining the behavior of organizations, empirical studies of how organizations gathered and used information about their environment were surprisingly scarce. Since then, a small but growing body of work on environmental analysis units has emerged in the strategy field (Dieffenbach, 1983; Engledow & Lenz, 1985; Fahey & King, 1979; Fahey, King, & Narayan, 1981; Fuld, 1985; Ghoshal & Kim, 1986; Jain, 1984; Lenz & Engledow, 1986; Montgomery & Weinberg, 1979; Narchal, Kittapa, & Bhattacharya, 1987; Post et al., 1982; Prescott & Smith, 1987; Sammon, Kurland, & Spitalnic, 1984; Stubbart, 1982; Thomas, 1980). However, the findings have been contradictory and inconclusive. Despite the widespread assumption that business environments are becoming increasingly volatile and that therefore companies should want to set up formal systems to monitor and analyze those environments, studies to date have found no clear patterns of evolution and institutionalization. As one summary of the literature put it: “In practice, firms are experiencing difficulties in implementing and effectively conducting environmental analysis it is apparent that there is still considerable uncertainty about viable structures for environmental analysis units and significant administrative problems accompanying their use” (Lenz & Engledow, 1986, pp. 71, 83).
Collectivization
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of 1930, in the winter months that were usually times of inertia and isolation in the village, the storm that had been building for almost two years broke with a vengeance. Stimulated by Stalin’s announcement in December that it was time to move towards “liquidation of the kulaks as a class,” Communists and Komsomols descended on the country-side en masse to get rid of the kulaks, collectivize the village, dose the churches, and generally kick the backward peasantry into the socialist twentieth century. Haranguing, browbeating, threatening, and arresting, the militant modernizers’ approach had a basic underlying simplicity: Either you join the kolkhoz, they were in effect telling the peasants, or you risk joining the kulaks and going to Solovki or Siberia. The peasants, for their part, responded with wailing and lamentations and all manner of passive and furtive resistance, but on the whole they bore it fatalistically, signed up for the kolkhoz when they saw no other choice, and did not erupt into outright rebellion. Of course many saw it as a return to serfdom, but that at least was an evil they knew, and one that the village suffered together, communally, not as individual lost souls like the unfortunate kulaks.
Research Methodology
Authors: O’shaughnessy John
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 11 we reviewed the objections to methodological monism’s assertion that any discipline aspiring to be a science must follow the scientific method employed in the mature sciences. Opponents, though, encompass a wide spectrum. In the broadest terms there are those who do not deny the applicability of the methods of science to the study of human action but claim such methods do not exhaust the realm of useful methods and techniques. This is the position of those who proclaim the virtues of methodological pluralism. But there is a second category of critics: those who do not deny that the methods of the natural sciences apply to the study of human physiology and involuntary behaviour but deny their appropriateness for understanding human action. This chapter considers the methodology to which this group of ant positivists typically object. This is the methodology that is commonly regarded as positivist in 01ientation. But it is positivist only in terms of today’s common usage of the term positivism. It is not the pure logical positivism of the Vienna Circle. It is perhaps in recognition of this that many writers prefer to use the term the “received view,” although this alternative label may be considered pejorative.
The World of the Store
Authors: Abelson Elaine S
Published: November 2023

Women were at the forefront of the gradual shift of middle-class values from prudent economy to guarded extravagance. But the stores played a large and hardly benign role in this process. In the closing decades of the century, as the department store emerged from the dry-goods bazaar, the experience of shopping changed considerably. Deploring what she called the “Napoleonic cam paign against the middle-class pocket-book,” English visitor Kath erine Busbey charged that, beyond the profusion of consumer goods, the interior of the American department store furthered the campaign. The “amazing luxury” of decor, the important openings and promotions, the special holiday and seasonal attrac tions, the profuse displays of out-of-season flowers, the colorful caged live birds, the splashing electric fountains, and even the free samples of food provided an “unnatural tantalization” as they lent the stores a perennial air of festival and excitement. “What chance has … the call of thrift and a commonplace little home against such allurement?” Busbey wondered.
Apatheia, Smirenie, Humility
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

The philosophical literature on ethical concepts is so old and so extensive that its size has to be counted not in pages but in yardage of bookshelves, and in age, not in decades or in centuries but in millennia. For a linguist, this literature constitutes an inexhaustible source of delight, enlightenment, inspiration—and frustration.

The frustration is due to the profound ethnocentrism of much of this literature. In particular, what most Anglo-Saxon ethical works tend to do is to discuss ethical concepts embodied in certain English words as if they were language-independent moral ideas, culture-free and fully transferrable from one language to another. For example, concepts such as ‘justice’, ‘honesty’, ‘hypocrisy’, or ‘greed’ are discussed as if they stood for some universally valid categories, rooted in human nature and human reason rather than in the English language and in the broad cultural tradition which has given the English lexicon its present shape.
Lexical Universals and Psychological Reality
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

For a semanticist, there can hardly be a question more vital and more disturbing than the one raised in a memorable article by Robbins Burling (1969:427): “When an anthropologist undertakes a semantic analysis, is he discovering some ‘psychological reality’ which speakers are presumed to have or is he simply working out a system of rules which somehow take account of the observed phenomena?”

Burling followed this question with an ironic remark: “It certainly sounds more exciting to say we are ‘discovering the cognitive system of the people’ than to admit that we are just fiddling with a set of rules which allow us to use the terms the way others do.” He concluded, “Nevertheless, I think the latter is a realistic goal, while the former is not.”
‘Alternate Generations’ in Australian Aboriginal Languages
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

Two decades ago Rodney Needham (1971a:xxviii) issued a challenge to linguists and mathematicians: “If a mathematician or a linguist thinks that he can see how to extend into the elucidation of social classification and corporate institutions certain methods which have proved revealing in his own subject, it is entirely to the good that he should try his hand at it and show the anthropologists what his method is. The decisive point, though, is whether the formal analyses really do provide students of society with advantageous methods of understanding what they are trying to understand”. (Cf. also Leach 1971.)
Australian English
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

To many, it is axiomatic that language is a mirror of culture, as well as being a part of culture. To others, however, the question is much more problematic, as I found out when I gave a paper to the Sydney Linguistic Circle on linguistic differences between English and Polish, which, I argued, reflected differences between Anglo Saxon culture and Polish culture.’ (For a published version of the paper in question, see Wierzbicka 1985b and 1991a.)

My claims were challenged by Michael Halliday—not on empirical grounds but from a methodological standpoint. Is it justified, he asked, to link individual linguistic phenomena with non-linguistic aspects of culture directly? He acknowledged that in some cases direct links do seem to exist, but he was inclined to confine such cases to the lexicon.
The Intelligible Constitution
Authors: Goldstein Joseph
Published: November 2023

In this eloquent and cogent book, noted constitutional scholar Joseph Goldstein argues that the Supreme Court’s central obligation is to address itself to the American people from whom it derives its constitutional authority. Yet, he points out, the Court repeatedly fails to make its opinions clear, even to legal professionals and scholars.
Cardiovascular Adjustments To Isometric Contractions
Authors: Rowell Loring B
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the cardiovascular adjustments to isometric contractions-also called isometric or static exercise-and to contrast these adjustments with those already described for dynamic exercise. This will provide background and set the stage for later chapters dealing with the reflexes that govern the cardiovascular responses to dynamic exercise (Chapters 10-12).
The National System for Technical Innovation in Germany
Authors: Keck Otto
Published: November 2023

Germany is a special case, for several reasons. One is its recent political history. After World War II the country was divided into two states with opposed political-economic systems, the Federal Republic of Germany in the West (with a capitalist economy and a pluralist democracy) and the German Democratic Republic in the East (with a centrally planned economy and an authoritarian socialist political system).
Organizing for Continuous Improvement: Evolutionary Theory Meets the Quality Revolution
Authors: Winter Sidney G
Published: November 2023

The producers of management advice operate in an economic environment where the tides of fad and fashion run strong. Frameworks, slogans, and buzzwords are brought forth in great profusion with attendant fanfare and claims of novelty. Although large rewards often accrue to successful fashion leaders, it is open to question whether organizations actually perform much better as a result of this activity. To the jaded eye, the latest widely acclaimed insight often looks suspiciously like a fancy repackaging of some familiar platitude or truism. Alternatively, it may be that this year’s fashionable ideas are genuinely valuable-but largely because they help to correct a misallocation of attention that was itself produced by an excess of enthusiasm for ideas fashionable in the recent past. Quality is now a very fashionable word in the management vocabulary. Not too long ago, Business Week devoted a special issue to “The Quality Imperative,” declaring in its introduction that a focus on quality is producing a “global revolution, affecting every facet of business” (1991:7). Skeptics are not hard to find, however.
The Improvers
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

On the Fourth of July 1826, Americans celebrated their nation’s Golden Jubilee, the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. They observed the occasion with a holiday, speeches, toasts, and cannon salutes. Most remarkably, however, the day was hallowed by an unforeseeable combination of events. At fifty minutes past noon Thomas Jefferson, eighty-two-year-old author of the Declaration and third president, died at Monticello, his home in Albemarle County, Virginia. His last words had been, “Is it the Fourth?” Five hours later ninety-year-old John Adams, congressional advocate of the Declaration and second president, likewise died at his home in Quincy, Massachusetts. Friends in youth, the two men had become political adversaries, only to resume their friendship in old age and engage in a philosophical correspondence. Adams’s last words were “Thomas Jefferson still survives,” though in fact he was mistaken. Couriers traveling by steamboats and relays of galloping horses carried the news of the deaths north from Virginia and south from Massachusetts. Compounding the coincidence, the riders bearing these tidings met in Philadelphia, where it had all started at Independence Hall fifty years before. In Washington, John Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United States, learned of Jefferson’s death on the sixth; he learned of his father’s on the ninth in Baltimore, having started north to visit the old man. The president pronounced the juxtaposition of events a “visible and palpable mark of Divine favor” to the nation, and most of his countrymen agreed.
Jacksonian Democracy and the Rule of Law
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

Although Andrew Jackson defended his own authority with resolute determination, he did not manifest a general respect for the authority of the law when it got in the way of the policies he chose to pursue. This character trait, already apparent in his military career, continued to manifest itself during his years in the White House. Jackson’s removal of the federal deposits from the Bank of the United States proved but one of a number of presidential actions illustrating his impatience with legal restraints. His reactions to the Supreme Court’s decision on Cherokee rights, to abolitionist use of the mails, and to the epidemic of public violence that raged during his presidency all contribute to the pattern. Old Hickory’s admirers, in his own time and since, have extolled his willpower and leadership. Yet, although he set an example of an activist presidency, Jackson’s administration was also an unusually divisive one. He remains the only president to have been formally censured by the Senate. No wonder the opposition party took up the name that traditionally stood for resistance to abuses of executive authority: “Whigs.”
Antebellum Legal Education
Authors: LaPiana William P
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most honored of all antebellum legal scientists, Joseph Story, defined common law in this way: “It is rather a system of elementary principles and of general juridical truths, which are continually expanding with the progress of society, and adapting themselves to the gradual changes of trade, and commerce, and the mechanic arts, and the exigencies and usages of the country.’’ The first part of this definition is the reflection in the law of a central idea in early and mid-nineteenth-century culture. The second played an important role in the rhetoric of justification often used by antebellum lawyers. Taken together, however, these two elements do not create a complete picture of the antebellum view of law. Law is a profession, as well as a science; it is practiced, as well as analyzed. The practical aspect of law was bound up with procedure, the part of law that governs practice in the courts. The science of principles and the practical study of procedure together formed an amalgam that defined American legal education before the Civil War. The first section of this chapter out-lines the nature of the science of principles; the second section does the same for procedure. The consequences for antebellum legal education are set out in the third section.
The Analysis Of Japanese Factories Located Overseas
Authors: Abo Tetsuo
Published: November 2023

Analytical Perspectives On Japanese Overseas Plants To understand how Japanese firms have transferred their management and production systems to subsidiaries operating in the United States, it is important first to understand the context in which it has occurred. This chapter will begin by discussing the general phenomenon of foreign direct investment (FDI) as practiced in Japan since the early 1970s. It then describes two theories of multinational enterprises and contrasts them with the emerging model of the Japanese multinational enterprise. It concludes with an explanation of the theoretical framework and methodology of the research on which this book is based. Foreign Direct Investment By Japanese Manufacturing Companies In The United States The aggregate macroeconomic value of overseas business activity is usually described in terms of FOi. Accordingly, Figure 1-1 shows that the flow of FOi from Japan, on a reported basis, began to surge after the 1970s. (Regarding the historical development of Japanese FOi, see the Epilogue.) Japan’s performance in this area soon ranked among that of the other industrially advanced countries. Growth in Japan’s FDI was particularly pronounced in the 1980s. A sharp and persistent increase in the current account surplus gave rise to fundamental changes in the economic structure of Japan and her trading partners, and although it does not compare with the dramatic growth in foreign securities investment stimulated by the money-boom, Japanese FDI did increase in two very conspicuous stages. In 1986, FDI had doubled from the previous year to the U.S.$20 billion level in spite of economic pressure in the form of trade friction and the sharply appreciated yen; by 1989 it had more than tripled over the previous 3 years to reach US$67 billion while domestically, the “bubble” economy triggered a boom in stock and foreign realestate investment.
Sdm.k3=f/k3(=f) Sdm=f as Contingent Future
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

It has been observed that the insertion of jr nfr-n wnn m:-!Jt=t “If you have nothing (to give)” in a variant of a formula exhorting the living to make food offerings to the dead coincides with the appearance of the form d,d.k3=fn. One obtains the impression that the added conditional clause triggered the use of sdm.k3=f, evidencing the latter’s contingent character.
Conclusion
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

The three verb forms sdm.jn=f, sdm hr=f, and sdm.k3=f may be grouped together as the contingent tenses of Middle Egyptian. With the exception of the aorist use of sdm.jn=f in the medicine texts, they approach the tripartite model found in the forms with jw.
Constitutional Adjudication: Law or Politics?
Authors: Perry Michael
Published: November 2023

In the title of this book, “the Constitution” is the Constitution of the United States, and “the courts” are both the federal courts and the courts of the states. The court with which I am principally concerned in this book, however, is the Supreme Court of the United States: Among the federal courts and the courts of the states, the Supreme Court has the last word about the meaning of the Constitution and is therefore the most powerful court in the country. This book is about what approach to constitutional interpretation the Supreme Court should follow. It is also about what role the Court should play-in particular, about how large or active a role it should play, or how small or passive a role-in bringing the interpreted Constitution to bear in resolving constitutional conflicts. Although I focus on the Supreme Court, much of what I say in this book about constitutional adjudication-that is, about interpreting the constitutional text and bringing the interpreted Constitution to bear in resolving the conflict at hand-is applicable to every court, state as well as federal, charged with protecting the United States Constitution.
Origi Does Not Entail Minimalism, II: The Indeterminacy of Morality
Authors: Perry Michael
Published: November 2023

An originalist approach to the interpretation of the constitutional text does not entail a minimalist judicial role-a role in which the exercise of judicial discretion is negligible-because, as I explained in the preceding chapter, (1) there is often more than one plausible conclusion to the inquiry into the original meaning of a constitutional provision, more than one conclusion an originalistjudge can plausibly reach; in that sense, the historical inquiry constitutive of the originalist approach is often indeterminate; and (2) according to at least one of those conclusions the directive represented by the provision as originally understood is often relatively indeterminate in the context of the conflicts, or of many of them, to which it is relevant. In the preceding chapter, I asked what an originalist judge is likely to do when confronted by the indeterminacy of constitutional history-the indeterminacy of historical inquiry into original meaning. Now the question is what an originalist judge is likely to do when confronted by the indeterminacy of constitutional morality-the indeterminacy of a constitutional directive.
’When They Produce Reasons for Delay’ Devising the Remedy
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

The Court’s request for a third argument on remedy could not dampen spirits within the NAACP. The argument was unlikely to be helpful, though. Twice the lawyers had laid out the only position they reasonably could take, but the first two arguments made it clear that many justices wanted a more gradual remedy than the NAACP offered. Yet the NAACP position was unassailable on the terms the justices were willing to state in open court. Marshall said the Court should ignore threats of resistance and, taking administrative concerns into account, no more than a year would be needed to desegregate. If the Court ignored the prospect of resistance, Marshall was clearly right. None of the justices was willing to say in public that the remedy ought to take resistance into account. The result was a peculiar sort of oral argument. The justices said they agreed with the NAACP’s premises, from which the conclusion--quick desegregation-inexorably followed. Yet they persistently rejected that conclusion, sometimes expressing irritation that the lawyers had not gotten the point. Because the justices could not say openly that they expected resistance, however, the argument had people talking at cross-purposes. The real action occurred inside the Court, and the lawyers could do little to influence its outcome. The reargument took place in April 1955, nearly a year after the Court’s initial decision. The reargument was first scheduled for the fall of 1954, but it was postponed. Frankfurter suggested a delay until after the fall elections. More im-portant, Jackson died on October 8, 1954. Warren did not want to decide the remedy issue until the Court was at full strength. Eisenhower nominated John Marshall Harlan, a patrician New York lawyer whose grandfather was the only dissenter in Plessy v. Ferguson. Southerners used the nomination to vent their spleen at Brown, and delayed Harlan’s confirmation until late March 1955.1 In the year between the initial decision and the third argument much had happened. In 1953 the board of education in Topeka voted to eliminate segregation. Most children could attend the schools nearest their homes, although African-American children were ’given the privilege of attendir the nearest Negro
’’I’d Kind of Outlived My Usefulness’ The Changing Context of Civil Rights Litigation
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

Just as the attack on the NAACP took shape, new forces entered the civil rights field. The NAACP’s lawyers found it sensible to delay some strategic litigation. They also found that other participants in the civil rights movement changed what the lawyers could do. The lawyers eventually assumed new roles in seeking to guarantee voting rights and access to public transportation and private restaurants, but the path toward these new roles was tortuous. Working out what the lawyers could do took time, and they were sometimes called upon to play roles with which they were not entirely comfortable at the start. By the time of the 1960-{;l sit-ins, the time had come for Marshall to move on. As he put it, ’I thought I’d kind of outlived my usefulness, in original ideas, in the NAACP hierarchy, what have you.
Managerial Control
Authors: Oster Sharon M
Published: November 2023

A well-designed financial reporting system is key for both planning and control in nonprofit organizations. Yet, as Anthony and Young suggest, in many nonprofits financial controls are woefully inadequate. Moreover, the financial information used by staff and given to trustees is often unnecessarily confusing. This chapter focuses on fundamental principles of the financial reporting and control process as a way of showing how a welldesigned, well-constructed budgeting process can help nonprofits grow and develop.
Introduction
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

Looking back on the work of the Constitutional Convention, Thomas Jefferson wrote James Madison in 1789 that “we have already given ... one effectual check to the Dog of War by transferring the power of letting him loose from the Executive to the Legislative body, from those who are to spend to those who are to pay.” He was referring not only to the power to declare war, vested in Congress by the Declaration Clause, but also to the power of appropriating money for exercises of war power, vested in Congress by the Spending, Army and Navy, and the Necessary and Proper Clauses. The Appropriations Clause reinforces this power of the purse by prohibiting the spending of public revenues without appropriation. The Statement and Account Clause, in turn, complements the Appropriations Clause by requiring periodic accounts of how public money is spent.
The Power of the Purse in Pre-Constitutional America
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

The power of the purse in national security affairs traced a distinctly American course in the colonies and was influenced by the apparent failure of legislative conduct of the Revolutionary War. After describing the colonial model of government, we examine how the lower houses of the colonial legislatures used the power of the purse against the colonial governors and the status of that power on the eve of the Revolution. We then examine the power of the purse in the states during the Revolution and the evolution of legislative conduct of the Revolutionary War, before drawing lessons from the war.
The Mechanics of National Security Spending
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

It would tell only part of the story to describe the preenactment national security appropriation process-the procedural path to a budget and the limitations or prescriptions contained in a bill. One of the most significant aspects of the national security appropriation process is much less visible. In this chapter we examine the spending discretion vested in the executive by Congress and explain how the defense agencies and Congress interact in the exercise of that discretion In particular, we examine four broad categories of congressionally conferred discretion in national security appropriations: lump-sum appropriations, reprogramming, budget transfers, and impoundment.
Legitimating Appropriations
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

The paradigm of what we have called legitimating appropriations-appropriation measures from which the executive infers authority for national security actions-is the succession of appropriations for military activities in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. In this chapter, we therefore use the Vietnam War appropriations as an example of legitimating appropriations and begin by applying the general force-and-effect analysis presented in chapter 11 to these appropriations. We then consider four general objections to the use of national security appropriations to legitimate national security actions.
To War with Words: British Propaganda in the United States during the Phoney War, September 1939 to May 1940
Authors: Cull Nicholas John
Published: November 2023

At 11:15 on the morning of Sunday, September 3, 1939, Neville Chamberlain broadcast to the people of Britain. In somber tones he delivered the long-dreaded message: Britain was at war with Germany. Moments later, air raid sirens wailed across the city. A German preemptive strike seemed at hand. Inside the Ministry of Information, members of the staff were clustered around office radio sets. At the sound of the siren, they moved en masse into the specially prepared basement shelter. At Broadcasting House, the American correspondents waited, ready for the story that many believed would transform the foreign policy of their country. But the deluge didn’t come that day. The siren was a false alarm, and the war at first proved little more substantial. Allied forces assumed their defensive positions in France and waited. In the meantime, Hitler devastated Poland.
Their Finest Hour: Projecting the Battle of Britain, May to September 1940
Authors: Cull Nicholas John
Published: November 2023

On the morning of May 15, 1940, the German army broke through French lines at Sedan. Now no Allied forces stood between the Germans and the English Channel. In mounting anxiety, Churchill and the French Prime Minister, Paul Reynaud, begged Roosevelt to make more supplies available for purchase. They also requested the loan of fifty or so destroyers to cover mounting naval losses. FDR agreed to try to provide more material for sale, but he insisted that Congress would block any more substantial aid. In place of destroyers, Churchill was offered “the best of luck.” He needed it.
Introduction: Gender and Feminism in Bioethics
Authors: Wolf Susan M
Published: November 2023

I was too young—I had never heard of Lou Gehrig’s disease until my grandmother Ruth returned from Minnesota with the diagnosis. Her hand already cramped and frozen, she explained that “the Mayo” predicted the rest of her would follow, in a neuromuscular degeneration called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. I remember thinking that a trip so far from Washington, D.C., must mean they were right.
Supplier and Buyer Networks
Authors: Nishiguchi Toshihiro , Anderson Erin
Published: November 2023

Many discussions of “Japanese business practices” center around the complex and (by Western standards) unusual manner in which Japanese manufacturers are thought to deal with their suppliers. Many anecdotal accounts of Japanese practice paint a picture of a tightly woven web characterized by elevated levels of service, innovation, and efficiency. These impressive results of Japanese buyer-supplier transactions are usually achieved with little of the well-publicized rancor that often characterizes the ever-changing lineup of players in many conventional supplier-buyer transactions. It is tempting to conclude that Japanese buyer-supplier relationships operate as smoothly as though everyone involved worked for the same company. However, that conclusion is tempered by the observation that such results are not often achieved even when it really is all one company.

Obviously, not all Japanese supplier-buyer relationships are as successful as the growing mythology of Japanese management prowess would have it. Yet so many Japanese buyer-supplier relationships achieve such impressive results that the thoughtful manager must ask how they do it.
Corporate Success and Corporate Failure
Authors: Kay John
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I describe three legendary stories of business success. The revival of the Disney Corporation was one of the most impressive business achievements of the 1980s. BMW–in 1959 a company on the edge of bankruptcy–recovered to become one of the world’s most profitable automobile manufacturers. Honda’s attack on the U.S. motorcycle industry is one of the most famous episodes in business history and became the prototype of Japanese success in Western markets.
Cooperation and Coordination
Authors: Kay John
Published: November 2023

This chapter is a theoretical interlude that introduces tools, arguments, and concepts used extensively in my later analysis. The essence of a firm is the set of relationships among its stakeholders and between itself and other firms. This chapter describes the principal functions of these interactions. The most important objectives of commercial relationships are cooperation (the joint activity toward a shared goal), coordination (the need for mutually consistent responses), and differentiation (the avoidance of mutually incompatible activities).
Markets
Authors: Kay John
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with how successful firms choose markets to make the most of their distinctive capabilities. It answers the question, “What is the core business?” which has been a central strategic issue for many firms in the last decade.

I begin with the important distinctions among markets, industries, and strategic groups. Markets are bounded by the ability of consumers to substitute one product for another.
Suffixaufnahme in Kartvelian
Authors: Boeder Winfried
Published: November 2023

The Kartvelian or South Caucasian languages form a family of genetically closely related languages which, as far as we know, have always been spoken in approximately the same area: the western and middle regions of Transcaucasia, including parts of present-day northeastern Turkey. Kartvelian comprises Georgian in the eastern and middle regions, Svan in the northwestern mountain region, Mingrelian in the northwest, and Laz in the southwest of the area. Whereas the latter two languages have been attested mainly since the nineteenth century, Georgian has a written tradition from the fifth century onward.
Genitives and Adjectives as Attributes in Daghestanian
Authors: Boguslavskaja Ol’ga Ju.
Published: November 2023

The phenomenon of Suffixaufnahme as such (Finck 1910, Plank 1990) is not characteristic of Daghestanian languages. Even adjectival modifiers rarely agree with their head nouns in case, and for Daghestanian at least this appears to be a precondition of Suffixaufnahme. The closest approximation to Suffixaufnahme occurs in Tsakhur, and similar patterns are found in the Tsez group, where a modifier in the genitive agrees in case with its headalthough, unlike in prototypical Suffixaufnahme, the case marker of the head is not literally repeated on the modifier. It is precisely in these languages that the case of the noun is marked in some way on adjectival modifiers as well, thus pointing to a strong affinity between adjectives and nouns in the genitive. The aim of this chapter, then, is to examine systematically, in a representative sample of Daghestanian languages, what genitival nouns and adjectives have in common and what distinguishes them in the first place.
What This Book Is About
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

To begin with, let me tell you what this book is not about. It is not a diet book: it won’t tell you how to lose weight, reduce your blood’s bad cholesterol levels, and rev up the “good” cholesterol without counting calories, while you eat all and everything you want. It is not about food as the elixir of lost youth. It is not about eating as a way to improve your immune system.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

Under the umbrella term, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), we lump together a group of symptoms that involve the lower intestinal tract, usually the colon, for which we can find no structural cause after a detailed study. These include Pain relieved by having a bowel movement that may be as sociated with a change in the frequency and the consistency of the stool.
Diet And The Aging Gut
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

In the United States, the fastest growing sector of the population is the 65-and-over age group, currently numbering about 28 million. Students of demographics project that by the year 2050 one out of every eight of us will be 75 years and older. We all experience the effects of age on our bodies and can see its visible mark, but what does time do to the gut?
Introduction
Authors: Belletti Adriana , Rizzi Luigi
Published: November 2023

The essays collected in this volume originate, directly or indirectly, from the Certificat de spècialisation en thèorie syntaxique et syntaxe comparative which was held at the University of Geneva in 1989-90. This program gave rise to a substantive body of research in comparative syntax which seemed to us original and coherent enough to justify a collective publication.
Negative Concord in West Flemish
Authors: Haegeman Liliane , Zanuttini Raffaella
Published: November 2023

In this paper we will be looking at the phenomenon of negative concord. After a general description of the data of negative concord in Romance languages we will concentrate on its properties in one Germanic language, West Flemish (a Belgian dialect of Dutch).
Making a Group into a Team
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on effective teams-their formation and maintenance. We provide a brief background on the team as it exists in an organization as well as a general way of looking at team processes across cultures. Finally, we present a number of applications of our model to topics in team dynamics such as conformity and stimulating creativity, team decisions, motivation of team members, and combination of the team with technological innovations.

Why do we form into teams, and what is their function in an effective company? In many U.S. corporations, teams are formed at the initiative of management to solve management, production, sales, and other problems as to help the company maintain a competitive edge. For instance, Ed Lawler of the University of Southern California surveyed Fortune 1,000 companies and found that the amount of management-initiated teamwork has increased substantially from 1987 to the present. He argues that companies using a “high involvement,” or team-based approach are among the most effective. People also voluntarily join teams in order to satisfy their self-motives and cultural values, and they do so with people similar to themselves. In some countries like Germany and Sweden, work teams are organized through national labor laws in a system of participative management. Regardless of why people join a team, a key question is how do we transform a group of employees into a successful team? What will be clear from this chapter is that creating an effective team is tied to our self-knowledge and our cultural background.
Introduction
Authors: Salzman Jack
Published: November 2023

There was a time, not even so long ago, that “Grand Alliance” would have been a more appropriate title for a volume devoted to the relationship between African Americans and American Jews. Despite some cautionary voices, most scholars wrote of the relationship-and many still do-as one that worked well from the turn of the century through the middle of the civil rights movement. That presumed history has been told many times: Although African Americans arrived in the New World in 1620 and the first Jews settled in 1654, Blacks and Jews had little occasion to interact until the early part of the twentieth century. To be sure, there was the issue of Jewish involvement in the slave trade and of Jews as slave holders, but not until recently has such interaction been the cause of serious friction. Even the lynching of a Black and a Jew in Tennessee in 1868 and the invidious studies of scientific racists near the end of the nineteenth century did little to link the two groups.
“The Law of the Land is the Law”: Antebellum Jews, Slavery, and the Old South
Authors: Silverman Jason H
Published: November 2023

There was a Jewish Ashley Wilkes in the Old South surely ii: would have been Judah P. Benjamin. Master of the New Orleans plantation, Bellechase, and its some one hundred and forty slaves, Benjamin was in many ways an icon of the southern planter and gentleman. And, while no one would doubt that Benjamin was a true, bona fide antebellum southern slaveowner, his quiet attitude toward the “peculiar institution” perhaps reflects the deep and contradictory feelings shared by some of his fellow southern Jews seeking acceptance and assimilation. For, “though he entered the ranks of the planter class that ruled the (Old South],” wrote one of his biographers, “(Benjamin] never felt that slavery reflected the divine order of things. He was not taken in by distorted theories of the Bible; he never argued that Blacks were of a lower order; and he hated the cruelty of the overseers he heard about.”
Long-Distance Runners of the Civil Rights Movement: The Contribution of Jews to the NAACP and the National Urban League in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Weiss Nancy J
Published: November 2023

Cooking back in 1973 on a lifetime of close association with Jews in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Roy Wilkins, he NAACP ‘s executive secretary, reflected on the role that Jews had played in the struggle for civil rights. “They are very quick... to aid the downtrodden,” he said, “they ‘re very keen, intellectually, in seeing their own plight mirrored in somebody else ‘s treatment, they ‘re very generous in their giving to these causes.” While Wilkins was not arguing that Jews, of all sympathetic whites, had been uniquely helpful, his appreciation for their contributions was unambiguous: “They have supplied sympathy, understanding, intellectual achievement and skills, comprehension over and above the regular comprehension of similar groups... and, most of all, they have never forgotten ... what a hard time they had.”
NP Movement, Operator Movement, and Scrambling in Hungarian
Authors: Kiss Katalin É
Published: November 2023

Section 2 of this paper will put forth a Hungarian sentence structure from which all and only the grammatical orders of the major constituents of a sentence, as well as the interpretation and stress differences of the various permutations are deducible. The sentence structure argued for divides primarily into a topic and a VP, which occupy the specifier and complement positions of a TenseP, respectively. The VP consists of a flat V-initial V’ component, a preverbal focus located in the specifier position of VP, and quantifiers left-adjoined to VP. That is: Section 3 of the paper will point out the differences between the proposed sentence structure and alternative analyses of Hungarian (those in Brody (1990), Horvath (this volume), and Maracz (1990)), and will discuss the empirical evidence supporting the proposed approach.
Retelling the Tale: Wars in Common Memory
Authors: Adams Michael C
Published: November 2023

Then Studs Terkel used The Good War in the title of his 1985 oral history of World War II, he made all other titles of books on that conflict pale by comparison. He also implicitly challenged us to think about a wider theme, namely, why some wars are thought of as good and some as bad. I think most people would agree that, within this framework, the Civil War and World War II are good wars, Vietnam (and possibly Korea) is a bad war. There are some clear reasons why this should be so. Both the Civil War and World War II came after periods of self-doubt when the very existence of accepted national foundations appeared in jeopardy. The sectional animosities of the 1850s threatened to divide America permanently. Southerners increasingly rejected unconditional loyalty to the Union, while some Northerners seemed too apathetic or cowardly to fight for the nation’s life.
Knowledge Stress and Knowledge Workers
Authors: Zand Dale E
Published: November 2023

Leaders involved in a competitive race for knowledge need to be aware of two fundamental factors that affect leadership in the late twentieth century. First, there is the incessant, almost frantic drive to acquire and use knowledge before one’s competitors. This drive for speed produces a new kind of stress—knowledge stress. Leaders need to know the sources of knowledge stress so that they can manage its debilitating effects on learning and adaptation. The second critical fac tor is the character and attitudes of the workforce. Today’s workforce consists of increasingly sophisticated thinkers and users of knowledge who have distinctive views and attitudes about the role of the leader, their work, and themselves. In this chapter, we first talk about the stresses of knowledge work: complexity, ambiguity, multiple influences, temporary relationships, and vulnerable self-esteem. We then explore the special characteristics and attitudes of knowledge workers: a desire for freedom to question, independence and self-responsibility, a quest for personal growth, and a concern for corporate morality.
A New Organizational Structure
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter introduced middle-up-down as the management style most conducive to organizational knowledge creation. But for middle-up-down management to work effectively, we need an organizational structure that supports the management process. Knowledge creation has implications not only for the management process; it also has profound implications for organizational structure. This chapter develops the theoretical and practical bases of a new organizational structure, referred to as a “hypertext” organization, that enables an organization to create knowledge efficiently and continuously.
Language Development
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

Discussions of language problems of developing countries cover a wide range of problems such as national multilingualism, language education policies, and languages as symbols of group identity. Many of these issues can be dealt with by the conceptual frameworks used in the study of social organization, political systems, or economic processes. Some questions, however, relate to the state of a language itself, as shown by observations that such and such a language is “backward” or “inadequate” or that a particular language needs “purifying,” “reforming,” “modernizing,” or some other forms of improvement. This kind of issue is closer to the conceptual framework of linguistics, although not commonly dealt with by professional linguists, and it may be useful to offer a linguistic perspective on it.
The Role of Arabic in Ethiopia: A Sociolinguistic Perspective
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

One method of presenting the sociolinguistic setting of a language is to include it in a formula representing the sociolinguistic profile of a nation or other political entity (Ferguson, 1966; Uribe Villegas, 1968). This method differs from others in that it selects a political entity rather than any other demographic, societal, cultural, or psychological framework, and in that it uses a particular taxonomy of language types and functions (Stewart, 1968). This method makes no strong claims for predictive value and omits important sociolinguistic data relevant for assessment of the ‘roles’ of languages in a nation; it does, however, offer a convenient way of making gross sociolinguistic comparisons among nations and it seems to have considerable heuristic value in suggesting lines of investigation and data collection often overlooked in the establishment of national language policies.