bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why the brown ghost chirps at night
Authors: Oboti Livio , Pedraja Federico , Ritter Marie , Lohse Marlena , Klette Lennart , Krahe Rüdiger
Published: January 2025

Since the pioneering work by Moeller, Szabo, and Bullock, weakly electric fish have served as a valuable model for investigating spatial and social cognitive abilities in a vertebrate taxon usually less accessible than mammals or other terrestrial vertebrates. These fish, through their electric organ, generate low-intensity electric fields to navigate and interact with conspecifics, even in complete darkness. The brown ghost knifefish is appealing as a study subject due to a rich electric ‘vocabulary’, made by individually variable and sex-specific electric signals. These are mainly characterized by brief frequency modulations of the oscillating dipole moment continuously generated by their electric organ, and are known as chirps. Different types of chirps are believed to convey specific and behaviorally salient information, serving as behavioral readouts for different internal states during behavioral observations. Despite the success of this model in neuroethology over the past seven decades, the code to decipher their electric communication remains unknown. To this aim, in this study we re-evaluate the correlations between signals and behavior offering an alternative, and possibly complementary, explanation for why these freshwater bottom dwellers emit electric chirps. By uncovering correlations among chirping, electric field geometry, and detectability in enriched environments, we present evidence for a previously unexplored role of chirps as specialized self-directed signals, enhancing conspecific electrolocation during social encounters.
Queer gender identities and videogames
Authors: Maletska Mark
Published: January 2025

This narrative literature review discusses peer-reviewed research articles connecting queer gender identities and videogames. Its main purpose is to describe directions of research on connections between queer gender identities and videogames, and to indicate gaps and missing connections in existing studies. The analysed material was collected in April–August 2023 using Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Three major thematic categories were identified in the publications: representation of queer gender identities in videogames; player–avatar connections and gender dysphoria; and queer gender identities in game-related spaces. The main finding of the review is that articles focused on queer people do not tend to address the inherent queerness of videogames. Queer temporality and spatiality are not sufficiently studied in interaction with queer players, and narrative and/or visual elements remain in focus, even when potentially interactive activities like avatar creation are being researched.
(Re)producing orientalism
Authors: Xu Yizhou
Published: January 2025

Through the case study of the mobile title Game of Sultans, this article examines the proliferation of iterative and copycat games through the practice of reskins in the mobile game industry. Based on year-long autoethnographic fieldwork working in a Chinese mobile game company, I provide an on-the-ground perspective of how Orientalist representations in reskinned games are instrumentalized through the roles of “cultural brokers” and the work of localization for Western markets. By taking a theoretical and technological understanding of reskins, I argue that reskinned games, as a form of industrial mimicry, while an important aspect of standardized game production, can also serve as means of subversion against seemingly totalizing control of the US-dominated app economy. This article addresses the dearth of studies in theorizing the industry practice of game reskins beyond just a monetization tool but also its extractive labor process within the global app empire.
Russian Saint Valentine Day: The Feast of Holy Princes Peter and Fevronia
Authors:   Technical University of Munich, Legkikh Victoria
Published: January 2025

In 2008, the feast of family and faithfulness was established in Russia. This day was connected with commemoration of the Russian saints Peter and Fevronia. The initiative came from Murom (a city in Central Russia), because Ss. Peter and Fevronia are originally from the region of Murom however, since 2008 it has become a popular feast in many Russian towns. The feast has its own symbol (the chamomile flower) and awards (the medal of love and faithfulness). The most probable reason for the establishment of this feast was an increased popularity of St. Valentine’s day. The feast of Ss. Peter and Fevronia, the couple of a prince and a peasant woman, was meant to replace the western feast with a Slavic equivalent. Ss. Peter and Fevronia were locally canonized in 1547, but their veneration is known since the 15th century. The most famous vita of Ermolaj-Erazm was ordered for a menology, but it was refused because of its non-canonical character and replaced by a more canonical one. It is still unknown exactly who these saints were, as there is no clear mention of them in the chronicle. Even if the feast was established more recently, it has already started to form its own traditions, especially in the provinces. This paper is devoted to a comparison of the image of Ss. Peter and Fevronia in hymnography and hagiography and their modern image in the popular feast of the family.
An analysis of approaches to knowledge and their implications for distance education
Authors: Gadelha Sidarta Pinheiro de Araújo , Corsico Luciano , Silva Daniel Nascimento e
Published: January 2025

Epistemology is a branch of philosophy concerned with understanding human knowledge's origin, structure, method, and validity. It forces reflection so that actions based on knowledge as close as possible to what can be considered accurate cannot be established. This study aimed to analyze the different approaches to knowledge found in scientific publications 2024 and their implications for distance education. The method used was the scientific-technological one in its four stages: formulation of research questions, data collection in scientific databases, organization of data into semantic groups, and generation of results using some schematic form. The results showed that a) there are 25 approaches to knowledge, b) six semantic groups that summarize the approaches can be formed: set, cognition, information, final stage, result, and skills, and c) the implications for distance education are the application of these groups in the planning and execution of training or professional qualification proposals. The conclusion was that epistemology functions as a kind of guarantee of the validity, reliability, and trustworthiness of the knowledge that structures distance education so that what is studied is in line with what the job market needs and the professional's profile to be trained.
Awareness of Surgical Hazard Risks amongst Final-Year Medical Students in Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Imediegwu Kelechi U. , Omene Winifred U. , Ezem Favour C. , Chukwuani Jennifer C. , Abiodun Ogundipe M. , Chikwesiri Ugwujah P. , Uku Thomas U. , Eze Chinonso C. , Okoh Obinna E. , Kefas Musa B. , Emmanuel Azumah K. , Okonkwo Chibuzor S. , Emeka-Opah Annabel C. , Okoh Otitodilichukwu J. , Onuh Chioma M.
Published: January 2025

Background: Medical students represent a population that is at high risk for surgical hazards in the course of their medical education. It is therefore essential for them to have adequate information regarding possible hazards as well as risk reduction precautions to take.
Objective: This study was aimed at assessing the knowledge and awareness level of medical students at the University of Nigeria, Enugu, about surgical hazards as well as identify their various views towards hazard risk reduction.
Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 133 final year medical students at the University of Nigeria, Enugu, in Enugu State. Data was collected using digitalized self-administered questionnaire (Google Form) and a descriptive and inferential analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Consent was obtained from all respondents.
Results: A total of 133 final year medical students filled and submitted the form, with a response rate of 71%. Majority (72.2%) of the respondents were aware of chemical hazards during surgery, 94% of respondents were aware of equipment-related hazards in surgery. 92.5% were aware about needle-stick injuries while 76.7% were aware about radiation exposure risks. Only 67% had suggestions for risk reduction measures which included wearing of protective work wears, proper labelling and careful use of chemicals, proper handling and use of equipment with increased education on the prevention of surgical hazard risks.
Conclusion: The knowledge levels regarding risk reduction measures amongst the medical students though satisfactory could be significantly improved upon.
Recommendation: We recommend that the bodies in charge of medical education in Nigeria consider strengthening training regarding surgical hazards and infection prevention practices.
Is locomotion training effective for middle-aged workers?
Authors: Nishimura Akinobu , Ohtsuki Makoto , Kato Toshihiro , Nagao-Nishiwaki Rie , Senga Yoshiyuki , Kato Ko , Ogura Toru , Sudo Akihiro
Published: December 2021

Objectives

Locomotion training (LT) consisting of single-leg standing and squatting was developed to help prevent locomotive syndrome (LS), and is typically used in older people. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of LT on young and middle-aged people.

Methods

This study was performed at two companies. Workers in company A engaged in LT five times/week for 1 year, whereas workers in company B did not. Baseline and follow-up checkups consisted of questionnaires and physical performance tests, including three kinds of locomotion tests.

Results

In total, 88 and 101 workers in companies A and B, respectively, met the inclusion criteria. LS stage, stand-up test results, and scores on a geriatric locomotive function scale significantly improved among workers in company A, but only stand-up test results significantly improved among workers in company B. Quadriceps power increased in company A, but did not change in company B. Especially, workers with LS in company A had more significant changes than those without LS and those in company B.

Conclusions

The results of this longitudinal study suggest that LT is useful even for young and middle-aged workers. LT was especially more effective for workers than those without LS.
Gender and Medical Professions
Authors: Andersen Barbara A.
Published: December 2021

The gender balance of the health professions is both a product of and a potential challenge to gender systems. Anthropological investigations of gender in health care highlight some key issues: the status and authority associated with healing roles; the intersection of gender with other forms of hierarchy in medical systems; and the cultural and economic power of medical workers in different cultural and historical contexts.
Gender and COVID‐19
Authors: Schuster Caroline
Published: December 2021

Feminist insights have already played an important role in our rapidly developing understanding of COVID‐19. Intersectional research has drawn attention to the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on women of color—particularly in the care industry and essential services—as well as the amplified discrimination faced by LGBTQI+ people. Understanding the pandemic as a gendered catastrophe builds outward from feminist anthropological research, thematizing two key areas: (1) masculinity and (2) the home as a site of gendered labor. Since the 1970s anthropologists have led scholarly debates about the domestic–public distinction, and since the 1990s they have incorporated feminist theory into the disciplinary mainstream's engagement with men and manhood. Paying attention to how familiar dichotomies such as nature/culture and public/private operate during the crisis can yield unexpected insights and alliances, offering powerful conceptual tools to turn feminist anthropology's lens on those most disadvantaged by COVID‐19.
Urban Anthropology: United States
Authors: Di Giovine Michael A. , Olsen Daniel H.
Published: December 2021

This entry focuses on the origins and development of urban anthropology in the United States. It describes how urban anthropology as a unique discipline emerged in Chicago and underwent three waves that significantly affected anthropology as a whole. Using primary source citations, the entry also explains how American urban anthropologists were at the forefront of rethinking ethics, advocacy, and action anthropology. Showing the inherent holistic and interdisciplinary nature of the subfield, the entry ends with a look at future directions in this subfield.
Urban Anthropology: India
Authors: Arif Yasmeen
Published: December 2021

Urban anthropology in India resonates with its counterparts in most of the world in that it is multidisciplinary and that it shares the imprint of colonial legacies that urban research trajectories of the global South carry. If the nearly seventy‐five years since Indian independence can be a time line, the first half of that is the slow but sure recognition of the urban in sociological and anthropological perspectives, which were dominated by at the time by “Indian” staples such as tradition and modernity; caste, tribe, and ethnicity; religion and culture; and rural–urban relationships. In the second half, globally prevalent paradigms such as political economy, development, and industrialization begin to find analytical expression in the study of cities. Since the 1990s there has been an incredible growth of work on cities in India, not just multidisciplinary but also ethnographic, with a range of emphases including gender sensitivities, technologies, urban governance, infrastructures, work, consumption, architecture, art, and cinema in addition to the more conventional tropes of the Indian social.
Creative Commons, Open Access, Free/Libre Open‐Source Software
Authors: Braybrooke Kit
Published: December 2021

Creative commons (CC), open access (OA), and free/libre open‐source software (FLOSS) are three examples of how commoning, or the social practices of producing, using, and maintaining a public resource for collective benefit, can proceed in digital terrains. Commoning is historic and rooted in ancient traditions, and there are many different kinds of commons, from common‐pool resources such as oceans, air, and land to knowledge commons, which consist of data, content, and other intellectual property that has become digital, such as paintings, photographs, and publications. CC, OA, and FLOSS offer different kinds of commons‐based license frameworks that enable creators to make their work freely available on the web. They are also commons‐based movements, consisting of diverse virtual communities of hackers, makers, scholars, developers, volunteers, and advocates around the world who believe universal access to knowledge should be a public right—the critical dynamics of which anthropology is especially suited for examining.
Domestication of Animals
Authors: Manin AurÉlie
Published: December 2021

The domestication of animals is a complex process that has been going on for the past 15,000 years. The association between humans and certain animal species has been so successful that the total biomass of domesticates today surpasses the biomass of all other terrestrial vertebrates. This entry reviews the definition of a domestic animal and the main principles underlying the process of animal domestication. It concludes with some final thoughts regarding the limits and future of animal domestication.
Paleoenvironmental Context of Human Evolution
Authors: Parton Ash
Published: December 2021

The role of environmental pressures in hominin speciation, extinction, and adaptation is a subject that has long been debated, and over the past several decades a steady improvement in paleoenvironmental records has afforded a better understanding of the climatic context of evolution. High‐resolution analyses of marine and terrestrial records have revealed earth system changes over a range of spatial and temporal scales that have subsequently transformed ecosystems and resource availability. Despite sparse fossil evidence and incomplete paleoenvironmental data, current theories regarding the evolution of hominin populations indicate that developmental changes were coincident with climatic instability and substantial changes in African and Eurasian environments. While some researchers have suggested that long‐term aridification was a key factor in driving hominin evolution, other have stressed the importance of regular climatic instability and regional landscape heterogeneity in driving evolutionary processes.
Public Anthropology in the Digital Era
Authors: Lauri Antonio De , Sandvik Kristin Bergtora
Published: December 2021

The public anthropologist grapples with not one but many overlapping digital transformations, which influence how anthropologists access, produce, and disseminate knowledge. The digital turn reshapes the social fields with which the anthropologist engages; the political opportunities and risks arising from the engagement of the public anthropologist; and the methodological approach of the public anthropologist as they access, produce, and disseminate knowledge. This entry examines how digital transformations—as processes of social change—bring new possibilities and challenges for public anthropology.
Fiction, Anthropology and
Authors: Hemer Oscar
Published: December 2021

Anthropology's interest in fiction as method, and as ethnographic data, can be traced to the literary turn in the 1980s, although the close relation between anthropology and literature goes back to some of the early anthropologists who were also excellent authors. The new orientation, sparked by James Clifford and George Marcus's seminal anthology
Writing Culture
, essentially entailed the unsettling of the former balance, in classical ethnography, between the “ethnographic self” and the “personal self,” enabling a plurivocality in ethnography that resembles the shifting subject positions of a novel. From its original focus on the writing process and as an approach to literary methods and formats, literary anthropology has grown and diversified to also encompass the reading of literary texts, including fiction. A parallel tradition in visual anthropology includes the cross‐genre ethnofiction (Jean Rouch) and the use of fictional staging as a method. Although blurred, the border between fiction and ethnography remains asserted.
Comparison of dosimetric impact of intra‐fractional setup discrepancy between multiple‐ and single‐isocenter approaches in linac‐based stereotactic radiotherapy of multiple brain metastases
Authors: Tsui Sylvia S. W. , Wu Vincent W. C. , Cheung Jerry S. C.
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Treatment of multiple brain metastases by linac‐based stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) can employ either a multiple‐isocenter (MI) or single‐isocenter (SI) approach. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the dosimetric results of MI and SI approaches and compare the impacts of intra‐fractional setup discrepancies on the robustness of respective approaches using isocenter shifts, whether the same magnitude of translational and rotational effects could lead to a significant difference between the two approaches.

Methods

Twenty‐two patients with multiple brain metastases treated by linac‐based SRT were recruited. Treatment plans were computed with both the MI and SI approaches. For the MI approach, the isocenter was located at the geometric center of each planning target volumes (PTVs), whereas the isocenter of the SI approach was located midway between the PTV centroids. To simulate the intra‐fractional errors, isocenter displacements including translational and rotational shifts were hypothetically applied. Apart from the dosimetric outcomes of the two approaches, the impact of the isocenter shifts on PTVs and organs at risk (OARs) were recorded in terms of the differences (δ) in dose parameters relative to the reference plan and was then compared between the MI and SI approaches.

Results

Both MI and SI plans met the plan acceptance criteria. The mean Paddick conformity index (Paddick CI) and Dmax of most OARs between MI and SI plans did not show a significant difference, except that higher doses to the left optic nerve and optic chiasm were found in SI plans (p = 0.03). After the application of the isocenter shifts, δCI increased with an increase in the magnitude of the isocenter shift. When comparing between MI and SI plans, the δCIs were similar (p > 0.05) for all extents of translational shifts, but δCIs were significantly higher in SI plans after application of all rotations particularly ±1.5° and ±2.0° shifts. Despite the result that the majority of δDMax of OARs were higher in the SI plans, only the differences in the left optic nerve and chiasm showed generally consistent significance after both translational ≥±1 mm and rotational shifts of ≥±1.

Conclusion

Both MI and SI approaches could produce clinically acceptable plans. However, isocenter shifts brought dosimetric impacts to both MI and SI approaches and the effects increased with the increase of the shift magnitude. Although similar impacts were shown in plans of both approaches after translational isocenter shift, SI plans were relatively more vulnerable than MI plans to rotational shifts.
Adverse Perinatal Outcomes Before and After Diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Among African American Women
Authors: Angley Meghan , Drews‐Botsch Carolyn , Lewis Tené T. , Badell Martina , Lim S. Sam , Howards Penelope P.
Published: December 2021

Objective

Women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may experience adverse perinatal outcomes in the years before an SLE diagnosis. Overall, there is limited research on perinatal outcomes among African American women with SLE. We undertook this study to examine the risk of preterm and small‐for‐gestational age births among African American women with SLE compared to the general population of African American women in a large metropolitan area.

Methods

Information about women with SLE was identified from the Georgia Lupus Registry and the Georgians Organized Against Lupus Cohort and was linked with birth certificates by the Georgia Department of Public Health. Births were categorized into occurring more than 3 years before SLE diagnosis, 0–3 years before SLE diagnosis, 0–3 years after SLE diagnosis, or more than 3 years after SLE diagnosis. Comparison birth certificates to African American women in the same geographic area were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics. We used log‐risk models to compare the risk of preterm or small‐for‐gestational age births among SLE births in each diagnosis timing category to the general population, adjusting for maternal age and education and parity.

Results

Births to women with SLE were more likely to occur preterm at 0–3 years before SLE diagnosis (risk ratio [RR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.24–2.35), 0–3 years after SLE diagnosis (RR 2.29, 95% CI 1.70–3.09), and 3 or more years after SLE diagnosis (RR 2.83, 95% CI 2.36–3.38), but not 3 or more years before SLE diagnosis compared to the general population (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.77–1.38). Similar results were observed for small‐for‐gestational age births.

Conclusion

Our analysis, conducted among African American women, demonstrates an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes even before a clinical diagnosis of SLE.
2D Materials‐Based Static Random‐Access Memory
Authors: Liu Chang‐Ju , Wan Yi , Li Lain‐Jong , Lin Chih‐Pin , Hou Tuo‐Hung , Huang Zi‐Yuan , Hu Vita Pi‐Ho
Published: December 2021

2D transition‐metal dichalcogenide semiconductors, such as MoS2and WSe2, with adequate bandgaps are promising channel materials for ultrascaled logic transistors. This scalability study of 2D material (2DM)‐based field‐effect transistor (FET) and static random‐access memory (SRAM) cells analyzing the impact of layer thickness reveals that the monolayer 2DM FET with superior electrostatics is beneficial for its ability to mitigate the read–write conflict in an SRAM cell at scaled technology nodes (1–2.1 nm). Moreover, the monolayer 2DM SRAM exhibits lower cell read access time and write time than the bilayer and trilayer 2DM SRAM cells at fixed leakage power. This simulation predicts that the optimization of 2DM SRAM designed with state‐of‐the‐art contact resistance, mobility, and equivalent oxide thickness leads to excellent stability and operation speed at the 1‐nm node. Applying the nanosheet (NS) gate‐all‐around (GAA) structure to 2DM further reduces cell read access time and write time and improves the area density of the SRAM cells, demonstrating a feasible scaling path beyond Si technology using 2DM NSFETs. In addition to the device design, the process challenges for 2DM NSFETs, including the cost‐effective stacking of 2DM layers, formation of electrical contacts, suspended 2DM channels, and GAA structures, are also discussed.
Bending as Key Mechanism in the Tactile Perception of Fibrillar Surfaces
Authors: Gedsun Angelika , Sahli Riad , Meng Xing , Hensel René , Bennewitz Roland
Published: December 2021

The touching of fibrillar surfaces elicits a broad range of affective reactions, which range from the adverse stinginess of a stiff bristle brush to the pleasant feel of velvet. To study the tactile perception of model fibrillar surfaces, a unique set of samples carrying dense, regular arrays of cylindrical microfibrils with high aspect ratio made from different elastomer materials have been created. Fibril length and material compliance are varied independently such that their respective influence on tactile perception can be elucidated. This work finds that the tactile perception of similarity between samples is dominated by bending of the fibrils under sliding touch. The results demonstrate that variations of material stiffness and of surface structure are not necessarily perceived independently by touch. In the case of fibrillar elastomer surfaces, it is rather the ratio of fibril length and storage modulus which determines fibril bending and becomes the dominant tactile dimension. Visual access to the sample during tactile exploration improves the tactile perception of fibril bendability. Experiments with colored samples show a distraction by color in participants’ decisions regarding tactile similarity only for yellow samples of outstanding brightness.
Electrochemically Mediated Direct C(sp3)−H Sulfonylation of Xanthene Derivatives
Authors: Wei Wan‐Jie , Zhong Yu‐Jing , Feng Yu‐Feng , Gao Lei , Tang Hai‐Tao , Pan Ying‐Ming , Ma Xian‐Li , Mo Zu‐Yu
Published: December 2021

The construction of C(sp3)‐sulfonyl bonds through direct sulfonylation of C(sp3)−H bond presents a number of challenges, so an electrochemical oxidation‐induced direct sulfonylation of the xanthene C(sp3)−H bond was developed. Significant advantages of this method are high atom efficiency, functional group tolerance, transition metal‐ and oxidant‐free conditions. The in vitro cytotoxicity of all product is evaluated by MTT assay against human cancer cell lines. The results reveal that most of the compounds 3 da and 3 af have good inhibitory activity on tumor cell lines.

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More voices are always better: Tackling power differentials in knowledge production and access in human biology
Authors: McKerracher Luseadra , Núñez‐de la Mora Alejandra
Published: December 2021

Objective

Academic human biology seeks to characterize and explain human biocultural variation in terms of adaptations to local environments. Understanding and educating about such variation, if not carried out thoughtfully, can reinforce power asymmetries around who can produce and access the knowledge, and in what ways and places. One of many factors contributing to power inequities in knowledge production and access concerns histories of state‐driven colonization, with people(s) dispossessed of land through colonization generally having relatively less power.

Because human biologists disproportionately work with communities/sub‐populations living in marginal environments, most of which have been moved, dispossessed, and/or reconfigured through colonization, we are prone to reproducing these land‐related power imbalances but we are also well‐situated to level them.

Methods

Here, we do three things we hope will move us toward research and teaching practices that recognize and begin to disrupt colonial power inequities in human biology knowledge production and access.

Results

First, after defining terms core to understanding the power matrices at stake, we outline likely benefits to human biologists of using anticolonial approaches. Second, we highlight two frameworks offering anticolonial tools (community‐based participatory research and “two‐eyed seeing”). Third, we suggest several practical, behavioral changes to make and skills to develop for human biologists looking to shift power balances.

Conclusion

We conclude by reflecting on our own positions along the colonially rooted power gradients structuring human biology. We argue that doing so constitutes an essential early step toward creating anticolonial spaces for more ethical and just production, consumption, and application of knowledge.
Extending the phenotype of posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa caused by variants in FLVCR1
Authors: Vaughan David P. , Costello Daniel J.
Published: December 2021

Posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa (PCARP) is a rare autosomal recessive condition due to variants in the Feline Leukemia Virus Subgroup C Cellular Receptor 1 (FLVCR1) gene which was first described in 1997. In this article, we describe a young female patient with a childhood diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa and learning disability, presenting with progressive ataxia from her late teens. Examination revealed spastic lower limbs with absent reflexes, and reduced vibration and joint position sensation. Magnetic resonance imaging showed normal cerebellar volume and linear signal abnormality within the posterior columns of her spinal cord. Trio exome analysis confirmed two variants in FLVCR1. Our case extends the phenotype of PCARP to include learning disability and developmental delay, and highlights the importance of considering this rare condition in young adults or children with visual impairment and ataxia.
The management of cystic fibrosis chronic rhinosinusitis: An evidenced‐based review with recommendations
Authors: Spielman Daniel B. , Beswick Daniel M. , Kimple Adam J. , Senior Brent A. , Aanaes Kasper , Woodworth Bradford A. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Lee Stella , Cho Do‐Yeon , Adappa Nithin D. , DiMango Emily , Gudis David A.
Published: December 2021

Background

Cystic fibrosis (CF) chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has emerged as a distinct diagnostic entity, unique from other endotypes of CRS in its presentation, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. As the sinonasal health of this patient population may have broad effects on pulmonary health and quality of life, a comprehensive understanding of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to CF CRS is essential. In recognizing recent scientific advances and unique treatment modalities specific to this challenging patient population, in this review we systematically evaluate the scientific literature and provide an evidenced‐based review with recommendations (EBRR) for fundamental management principles of CF CRS.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was performed. Studies evaluating interventions for the management of CF CRS were included. An iterative review process was implemented in accordance with EBRR guidelines. A treatment recommendation was generated based on an assessment of the benefits, harms, and the overall grade of evidence.

Results

We evaluated the published literature on 5 unique topics. Each of the following therapeutic categories was investigated explicitly for treatment outcomes in patients with CF CRS: (1) nasal saline; (2) intranasal corticosteroids (INCS); (3) topical antibiotics; (4) cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy; and (5) endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).

Conclusion

Based on the currently available evidence, nasal saline, ESS, and CFTR modulators are recommended in the management of CF CRS when appropriate. INCS and topical antibiotics are options. Clinical judgment and experience are essential in caring for patients with this uniquely challenging disorder.
Ein Brønsted‐saures Galliumhydrid: Einfache Umwandlung von NNNN‐Makrocyclus‐geträgertem [GaI]+ in [GaIIIH]2+
Authors: Morris Louis J. , Ghana Priyabrata , Rajeshkumar Thayalan , Carpentier Ambre , Maron Laurent , Okuda Jun
Published: December 2021

Protonolyse von [Cp*M] (M=Ga, In, Tl) mit [(Me4TACD)H][BAr4Me] (Me4TACD=N,N′,N′′,N′′′‐Tetramethyl‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecan; [BAr4Me]−=[B{C6H3‐3,5‐(CH3)2}4]−) ergab Salze der einwertigen Metalle [(Me4TACD)M][BAr4Me], während [Cp*Al]4 das dreiwertige Hydridkation [(Me4TACD)AlH][BAr4Me]2 lieferte. Protonierung von [(Me4TACD)Ga][BAr4Me] mit [Et3NH][BAr4Me] führte zu einem ungewöhnlich sauren (pKa(CH3CN)=24.5) Gallium(III)hydrid‐Dikation [(Me4TACD)GaH][BAr4Me]2. Deprotonierung mit IMe4 (1,3,4,5‐Tetramethyl‐imidazol‐yliden) ergab [(Me4TACD)Ga][BAr4Me]. Diese reversiblen Prozesse treten bei der formalen Zwei‐Elektronen‐Oxidation und ‐Reduktion von Gallium auf. DFT‐Rechnungen legen nahe, dass eine starke Koordination des vierzähnigen Liganden die HOMO‐Energie von Gallium(I) erhöht, was die Protonierung erleichtert. Die hohe Kernladung von [(Me4TACD)GaH]2+ erleichtert den Ladungstransfer vom Hydrid zum Metall während der Deprotonierung. Die versuchte Herstellung eines Gallium(III)dihydrid‐Kations führte zu einer spontanen Dehydrierung zu [(Me4TACD)Ga]+.
Polyacrylamide mediated polyvinyl pyrrolidone composites incorporated with aligned molybdenum disulfide
Authors: Özuğur Uysal Bengü , Akın Evingür Gülşen , Pekcan Önder
Published: December 2021

In this study, we aimed to design a mechanically durable material consisting of Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as 2D material and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) enhanced Polyacrylamide (PAAm) composites. Composites containing different amounts of MoS2 were synthesized via a free‐radical crosslinking copolymerization method. They were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, fluorescence, and mechanical techniques to illuminate band gap energy, absorption, slow release kinetics, and modulus of the composites. Furthermore, the effect of swelling on the elasticity of the composites was investigated. It was observed that the elasticity exhibited similar band gap energies with respect to the MoS2 content. The results demonstrated that the MoS2 content strongly influences the optical and mechanical properties of the composites and consequently physical parameters of the composites have been correlated with the various amounts of MoS2.
Design, synthesis, biological activity, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics of novel benzimidazole derivatives as potential AChE/MAO‐B dual inhibitors
Authors: Osmaniye Derya , Evren Asaf E. , Sağlık Begüm N. , Levent Serkan , Özkay Yusuf , Kaplancıklı Zafer A.
Published: December 2021

To develop new acetylcholinesterase (AChE)–monoamine oxidase‐B (MAO‐B) dual inhibitors against Alzheimer's disease, the benzimidazole ring, which has a propargyl side chain with previously proven selective MAO‐B inhibitory activity, was used as the main structure. Moreover, like donepezil, it was thought that the enzyme AChE would provide π–π interactions with the peripheral anionic side in this structure. Piperazine derivatives were chosen for the cationic active site. The synthesis of the compounds was carried out in five steps. The structures of the compounds were determined using 1H‐NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), 13C‐NMR, and high‐resolution mass spectrometry spectroscopic methods. First, the in vitro AChE, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), MAO‐A, and MAO‐B inhibitory potentials of the obtained compounds were investigated. As a result of activity tests, compounds 5b, 5e, 5g, and 5h showed inhibitory activity against AChE; compounds 5e and 5g showed inhibitory activity against MAO‐B. None of the compounds showed inhibitory activity against BChE or MAO‐A. Compounds 5e and 5g showed dual inhibition. Among these compounds, compound 5g had inhibition potential similar to that of donepezil and selegiline. For compound 5g, further kinetic studies and Aβ‐plaque inhibitory potentials were investigated using in vitro methods. Molecular docking studies were performed using both AChE and hMAO‐B crystals to elucidate the compound's interactions with the enzyme active site. The binding modes of the compound on AChE were fully elucidated by molecular dynamics studies.
High‐throughput production of liver parenchymal microtissues and enrichment of organ‐specific functions in gelatin methacrylamide microenvironment
Authors: Roopesh Ramesh Pai , Muthusamy Senthilkumar , Velayudhan Shiny , Sabareeswaran Arumugham , Anil Kumar Pallickaveedu RajanAsari
Published: December 2021

Liver parenchymal microtissues (LPMTs) are three‐dimensional (3D) aggregates of hepatocytes that recapitulate in vivo‐like cellular assembly. They are considered as a valuable model to study drug metabolism, disease biology, and serve as ideal building blocks for liver tissue engineering. However, their integration into the mainstream drug screening process has been hindered due to the lack of simple, rapid techniques to produce a large number of uniform microtissues and preserve their structural–functional integrity over the long term. Here, we present a high‐throughput methodology to produce LPMTs in a novel, economic, and reusable Hanging‐drop Culture Chamber (HdCC). A drop‐on‐demand bioprinting approach was optimized to generate droplets of HepG2 cell suspension on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate. The substrates carrying droplets were placed inside a novel HdCC and incubated to obtain 1600 LPMTs having a size of 200–300 μm. Tissue size, cell viability, cellular arrangement and polarity, and insulin‐mediated glucose uptake by LPMTs were analyzed. The microtissues were viable and exhibited an active response to insulin stimulation. Cells within the microtissue reorganized to form hepatic plate‐like structures and expressed apical (Multidrug Resistance Protein 2 [MRP2]) and epithelial (Zonula Occludens 1 [ZO1]) markers. Further to maintain the structural integrity and enhance the functional capabilities, LPMTs were sandwiched within gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA) hydrogel and the liver‐specific functions were monitored for 2 weeks. The results showed that the 3D structure of LPMTs in GelMA sandwich was maintained while the albumin secretion, urea synthesis, and cytochrome P450 activity were enhanced compared with LPMTs in suspension. In conclusion, this study presents a novel culture chamber for mass production of microtissues and a method for enhancing organ‐specific functions of LPMTs in vitro.
Expanding advocacy for community college success
Authors: Mayfield Andrea , White Carol Cutler , Downs Tom , Erlandson Dawn
Published: December 2021

Community colleges serve the largest percentage of under‐represented, under‐prepared, and under‐resourced students yet they are often underfunded in state budgets. This article demonstrates challenges and opportunities for community college leaders in state and federal political advocacy from the perspective of a community college state system leader, a national community college trustee leader, a Washington, DC attorney advocating for community college consortium initiatives, and a university researcher. Drawing from the American Association for Community Colleges (AACC) third edition of the Competencies for Community College Leaders, the article frames discussion of advocacy within leadership development. The purpose of the article is to equip community college leaders with strategic knowledge for advocacy in local, state, and federal political contexts to expand fiscal resources. The article details recent developments in community college consortium building for targeted federal funding and a recent shift in federal policy allowing earmarks in federal appropriations.
Smoothing the path for transfer: Implementing interstate passport at community colleges
Authors: McKay Heather A. , Edwards Renée , Douglas Daniel
Published: December 2021

This article examines how states and community colleges can streamline the transfer process through an innovative national program known as Interstate Passport. The program enables block transfer of lower‐division general education attainment based on a set of learning outcomes rather than on individual courses and credits. The article shows how common transfer is for students in community colleges. It also outlines the challenges students face when they transfer including credit loss and the negative consequences including loss of time and money. These challenges are often exacerbated when students move between states. The article also presents an implementation case study of Interstate Passport at a rural community college and the implications of this program for the community college and its students. Finally, the article provides thoughts and recommendations for community college leaders on transfer policy and practice.
Cu2O/CeO2 Photo‐electrochemical Water Splitting: A Nanocomposite with an Efficient Interfacial Transmission Path under the Co‐action of a p–n Heterojunction and Micro‐mesocrystals
Authors: Tang Gangrong , Wu Yu , Zhao Jinghong , Zhang Huijuan , Zhou Miao , Wang Yu
Published: December 2021

Cu2O is an ideal p‐type material for photo‐electrochemical (PEC) hydrogen evolution, although serious electron–hole recombination and photocorrosion restrict its further improvement for PEC activity. In this work, CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) self‐assemble on the surface of Cu2O octahedra, thus successfully forming a Cu2O/CeO2 structure in which p–n heterojunctions and micro‐mesocrystals (m‐MCs) work together. The optimum Cu2O/CeO2 composite, without the use of any cocatalyst, exhibits a fivefold higher photocurrent density (4.63 mA cm−2 at 0 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode) than that of Cu2O octahedra, which is better than most Cu2O‐based photocathodes without cocatalyst and even comparable with advanced Cu2O‐based photocathodes. The hydrogen production of the optimal Cu2O/CeO2 (Faradaic efficiency of ∼100 %) is 17.5 times higher than that of pure Cu2O octahedra, and the photocurrent shows almost no decay under the 12 h stability test. The delicately designed Cu2O/CeO2 structure in this work provides reference and inspiration for the design of cathodes materials.
Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Single‐Atom Nanozymes for Enhanced Antitumor Therapy
Authors: Chang Mengyu , Hou Zhiyao , Wang Man , Li Chunxia , Al Kheraif Abdulaziz A. , Lin Jun
Published: December 2021

Single‐atom nanozymes (SAzymes) with specific response to the unique tumor microenvironment (TME) feature providing 100 % metal atoms utilization for high‐efficient enzyme‐catalyzed therapy and accurate template for the study of therapeutic mechanisms. In this review, we first introduce the various synthetic strategies of SAzymes, and the TME‐responsive SAzymes activities. Next, the TME‐responsive enhanced antitumor therapeutic approaches based on the enzymatic activities of SAzymes are summarized, and the corresponding therapy mechanisms are elaborated. Subsequently, a concise but concentrated summary, and the challenges and opportunities for the future design and engineering of SAzyme are outlined. As a new discipline, SAzymes have vast space for development in enhanced antitumor therapy. This timely review provides guidance and constructive suggestions for the future of SAzymes.
Brønsted acidic ionic liquid‐catalyzed and ultrasound‐promoted transesterification of fish oil with ethanol
Authors: Cao Piao , Zheng Lin , Sun Weizhen , Zhao Ling
Published: December 2021

Four typical Brønsted acidic ionic liquids (BILs) and concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) were used to catalyze the transesterification of fish oil with ethanol to produce fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) in this work. The experimental results show that the imidazole BILs lead to fewer side reactions and higher product quality than H2SO4. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicate that [PSMim][HSO4] molecules can be enriched at the interface and enhance the contact of eicosapentaenoic acid triglyceride (EPATG, a typical component of fish oil) and ethanol. And ester groups of EPATG tend to expose more to ethanol in the BILs system, which facilitates the occurrence of transesterification. However, H2SO4 has no positive effect on the distribution of the two reactants. For the transesterification, the interfacial property affects the catalytic activity a lot, instead of catalyst acidity. Also, the reaction rate is accelerated, obviously, by ultrasound‐led liquid–liquid phase emulsification.
Cerebrospinal fluid flow cytometry and risk of central nervous system relapse after hyperCVAD in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Garcia Kelsey‐Leigh A. , Cherian Sindhu , Stevenson Philip A. , Martino Christen H. , Shustov Andrei R. , Becker Pamela S. , Percival Mary‐Elizabeth M. , Oehler Vivian G. , Halpern Anna B. , Walter Roland B. , Orozco Johnnie J. , Keel Siobán B. , Estey Elihu H. , Cassaday Ryan D.
Published: December 2021

Background

Potential involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) by acute lymphoblastic leukemia is typically evaluated by a conventional cytospin (CC) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) is generally more sensitive and specific than morphology, but data to guide its use versus CC are limited.

Methods

This study identified 92 patients who had MFC performed on their initial CSF specimen and received at least 4 cycles of hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone alternating with methotrexate and cytarabine (hyperCVAD) as their initial treatment.

Results

Eighteen (20%) were CSF+ by MFC at the baseline, and only 6 of these patients were positive by CC. In contrast, 0 of 51 patients who were negative by MFC and had CC available were positive by CC. Despite the receipt of significantly more intra‐CSF chemotherapy (P < .001), the cumulative incidence of CNS relapse by MFC was 22% among CSF+ patients versus 5% among those who were CSF– (P = .044). No such association was observed between CNS relapse and CC results (P = .42). None of the 74 CSF– patients became CSF+ during their initial treatment despite being tested a median of 5 times (range, 2‐10). CSF positivity by MFC was the factor most strongly associated with CNS relapse in a series of univariate Cox models (hazard ratio, 3.7; P = .067). The initial CSF status by MFC had no significant impact on overall or event‐free survival.

Conclusions

MFC of CSF is superior to CC of CSF in identifying adults at high risk for CNS relapse after treatment with hyperCVAD. Surveillance of CSF by MFC has limited utility.