bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling the formation and dispersal of
streamwise vortices in turbulent
flow
Authors: Launder B. E.
Published: February 2023

In many practical circumstances in aeronautical
engineering and in related industries, flows arise
where concentrated streamwise vorticity is embedded
within a turbulent shear flow. The juxtaposition of
these features makes such flows particularly
challenging to compute using CFD methods. In
particular, one may be forced to abandon strategies
for modelling the turbulent stresses that prove
adequate in two dimensional shear flows (i.e. in
flows where the vorticity vector is orthogonal to
the mean velocity). The paper reviews developments
in modelling turbulent stresses from their transport
equations (rather than by appeal to an eddy
viscosity hypothesis) and demonstrates, by way of a
range of examples, the capabilities of this approach
for handling flows with concentrated streamwise
vorticity.
Absolute and convective instabilities in
separation bubbles
Authors: Allen T. , Riley N.
Published: February 2023

At a sufficiently high Reynolds number small
separation bubbles, as for example at the
leading-edge of an aerofoil, are characterised by
laminar flow separation and turbulent reattachment.
The transition to turbulence in the separated-flow
region through the introduction of a disturbance at
the boundary, localised in time and space, is
examined. It is found that transition to turbulence
is promoted by rapidly growing convective
instabilities, and not an absolute instability at
the point of application of the disturbance.
Aircraft parameter identification using an
estimation-before-modelling
technique
Authors: Hoff J. C. , Cook M. V.
Published: February 2023

This paper describes a comparative evaluation of two
data smoothing algorithms for use in a two step
estimation-beforemodelling procedure for aircraft
parameter identification. A simple fixed lag
smoother is compared with the usual, and more
complex, modified-Bryson-Frazier smoother in the
first, state estimation, step of the aircraft
parameter identification procedure. The comparison
is illustrated by application to the analysis of the
Dutch Roll motion of the Embraer EMB-312 Tucano.
Both algorithms were found to give results of
comparable accuracy although the fixed lag smoother
is computationally more efficient. It was concluded
that the fixed lag smoother algorithm is an
acceptable alternative to the
modified-Bryson-Frazier algorithm in aircraft
parameter identification applications.
Experimental studies on flow transition of
a plane wall jet
Authors: Hsiao F.-B. , Sheu S.-S.
Published: February 2023

Flow transition in the developing region of a plane
wall jet is studied experimentally by means of
hot-wire measurements. The Reynolds number, based on
the jet exit velocity and nozzle exit height, varies
from 3 x 102 to 3 x 104 in the
investigations. The results indicate that the most
important factor causing wall jet flow to change
from the initial exit state to the final turbulent
state is the rapid increase of turbulent intensity
from the formation of vortical structures and their
interactions with the wall. Data also shows that the
transition process of the wall jet depends on the
Reynolds number in the operating range. When the
Reynolds number is greater than 2000, the mean
velocity distribution of the wall jet changes
directly from a top-hat profile at the nozzle exit
to a turbulent profile in the turbulent developed
region. When the Reynolds number is smaller than
2000, Glauert's laminar velocity profile is found
between the nozzle exit and the turbulent region. It
is also found that the transition will be delayed
and the transition region prolonged with the
decrease of the Reynolds number.
Aeroelastic design and flight test
evaluation of the Ranger 2000 training
aircraft
Authors: Schweiger J. , Weiss F. , Dobbs S. K.
Published: February 2023

The paper describes the aeroelastic analysis for the
design, the ground verification tests and the flight
test programme, for the Ranger 2000 training
aircraft, developed jointly by Dasa and Rockwell
International between 1991 and 1994, as a competitor
for the next generation US Air Force and Navy Joint
Primary Advanced Training System (JPats). Special
efforts with respect to the aeroelastic stability
were required for the T-tail configuration, for the
design of the manual flight control system, and for
the establishment of sufficient mass balance for the
control surfaces. Several ground vibration tests
were performed for the complete aircraft and for
individual components for all major design
improvements during the flight test evaluation. To
minimise the required time for these tests, highly
modular test equipment was required. For an
efficient flutter flight test programme a reliable
excitation system was chosen. This system consists
of slotted rotating cylinders, mounted on small
vanes, which can be attached to any aerodynamic
surface. This equipment creates defined unsteady
aerodynamic forces to excite the eigenmodes of the
structure.

Quasi-on-line frequency and damping data evaluation
between consecutive flight test points was made
possible by installing the required hardware and
software directly at the flight test quick-look
control room, for the direct use of telemetry data.
With this approach only a small number of dedicated
flutter flights was required.
Effects of a central straight on an
S-shaped diffusing duct
Authors: Yu S. C. M. , Chan W. K.
Published: February 2023

Some earlier investigations on the flows in S-shaped
diffusing ducts suggested that the first bend was
the primary source of pressure loss and engine-face
flow distortion, e.g., Goldsmith. By increasing the
curvature ratio (ratio of the duct curvature to the
duct inlet cross-sectional diameter) of the first
bend and by incorporation of a straight diffuser
joining the end of the first bend and the inlet of
the second bend, a significant improvement in the
total pressure recovery at the engine face could be
achieved (Fig. 1). A large proportion of the gain in
the total pressure was attributed to the central
straight diffuser. Results at a lower inlet speed
(incompressible; inlet Reynolds number about 60 000)
in the same ducts by Ho, Myring and
Livesey(2) revealed the same trend as
in the original high inlet speed reported by
Goldsmith(1) (compressible; inlet Mach
number from 0·4 to 0·8; inlet Reynolds number over
one million). However, changing the curvature ratio
in the first bend also changes the direction of the
axis of the inlet plane, which should be aligned in
the same direction as the axis of the exit plane
(cf Fig. 1). Thus, the previous
experiments were actually comparing ducts at
different angles of attack relative to the axis of
the exit plane; in relation to a typical jet
aircraft intake installation. Hence, the
effectiveness of the straight diffuser at zero angle
of attack (relative to the axes of the inlet and
exit planes) on the overall total pressure recovery
in an S-shaped duct had not been assessed.
An experimental investigation into yaw
control at high alpha on a chined forebody using
slot blowing
Authors: Williams S. P. , Garry K. P.
Published: February 2023

Results are presented from low-speed windtunnel tests
on an isolated generic chined forebody with
pneumatic methods of yaw control at high alpha.
Measurements of forces and moments were made on the
forebody at angles of attack in the range 0° ≤ ɑ ≤
60°. Slot blowing through the chine edge at various
angles and upper surface tangential blowing have
been compared, and optimum configurations have been
identified. The effects of forebody cross-sectional
shape have also been investigated and have been
found to be highly critical in determining blowing
effectiveness. Limited flowfield visualisation is
also presented in order to gain some understanding
of the flow field characteristics.
Transient finite element dynamic response
of laminated composite stiffened
shell
Authors: Mukhopadhyay M. , Goswami S.
Published: February 2023

The paper uses the conventional nine-noded Lagrangian
element for studying transient linear response
analysis of composite stiffened shells. An improved
version of the stiffener modelling has been used in
which the stiffener can be placed anywhere inside
the element. For the first time, concentric or
eccentric stiffeners have been used for composite
stiffened shells for solving the transient dynamic
response of these structures. These are not
available in existing commercial packages. Different
types of time dependent loading such as short
duration air-blast loading, suddenly applied
uniformly distributed step loading and sinusoidally
harmonic loading have been considered in this paper.
The results of stiffened composite cylindrical
shells and doubly curved shells with different
boundary conditions and various laminate
orientations have been presented for eccentric
stiffeners. Parametric studies considering different
variables have also been carried out.
Technical Note
Authors: Traub L. W.
Published: February 2023

A theoretical study was undertaken to determine the
effect of taper ratio on the trailing vortex
structure of a high aspect ratio unswept wing. The
wing was modelled using lifting line theory, and the
vortex was assumed to have a Rankine distribution of
circulation. The results show that reducing the
taper ratio of the wing, decreases the maximum
tangential velocity of the vortex as well as the
vortex span while the core's diameter increases.
Data is also presented showing the sensitivity of
induced drag to wake vortex parameters.
Improved methodology for inverse
simulation
Authors: Rutherford S. , Thomson D.G.
Published: February 2023

Inverse simulation is becoming a more widely used
technique in flight mechanics studies. The ability
to predict control and response time histories for a
predefined manoeuvre or task has obvious benefits in
certain applications (handling qualities studies
related to the ADS-33 requirements for helicopters,
for example). The main criticisms of the technique
have always been concerned with the numerical
problems usually encountered when solving the
equations of motion in the inverse manner. In this
paper these problems are highlighted and a simple
technique which overcomes them is presented. This
technique provides a robust mechanism whereby
reliable and consistent inverse simulations are
possible.
Collectively variable incidence wingtips
for lift control and reduced gust
sensitivity
Authors: Barnard R.H.
Published: February 2023

This paper describes an investigation of the
aerodynamic characteristics of collectively variable
incidence wing tips at low speeds. Theoretical
considerations supported by experimental
measurements suggest that the use of articulated
tips which can be rotated to a high incidence for
low speed flight will decrease sensitivity to gusts.
Furthermore, windtunnel measurements demonstrate
that the use of very high tip incidences can produce
an increment in maximum overall lift coefficient for
some wing configurations. Another feature
investigated is the possibility of utilising the
lift increment for the purposes of direct lift
control. The use of a radio controlled model to test
the practical viability of the concept is
described.
THE UNEVENTFUL RECEPTION OF MANDEVILLE’S IDEAS IN THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY DUTCH REPUBLIC, OR THE MYSTERIOUS CASE OF THE MISSING OUTRAGE
Authors: Hengstmengel Joost , Verburg Rudi
Published: February 2023

The heated debates that Bernard Mandeville’s work inspired in Britain, France, and Germany are well-documented. No such account is available for the public reception of his ideas in his country of birth, the Dutch Republic. This paper seeks to fill that void. Remarkably, his ideas did not cause much of a stir. Consequently, the paper explains the divergent pattern of response from the Dutch. It is argued that his ideas were either reverting to disputes that had already been settled or were out of touch with the general climate of opinion in the Netherlands.
Volcanic Emissions, Plume Dispersion, and Downwind Radiative Impacts Following Mount Etna Series of Eruptions of February 21–26, 2021
Authors: Sellitto P. , Salerno G. , Corradini S. , Xueref‐Remy I. , Riandet A. , Bellon C. , Khaykin S. , Ancellet G. , Lolli S. , Welton E. J. , Boselli A. , Sannino A. , Cuesta J. , Guermazi H. , Eremenko M. , Merucci L. , Stelitano D. , Guerrieri L. , Legras B.
Published: February 2023

During the extended activity of Mount Etna volcano in February–April 2021, three distinct paroxysmal events took place from February 21 to 26, which were associated with a very uncommon transport of the injected upper‐tropospheric plumes toward the north. Using a synergy of observations and modeling, we characterized the emissions and three‐dimensional dispersion for these three plumes, monitored their downwind distribution and optical properties, and estimated their radiative impacts at selected locations. With a satellite‐based source inversion, we estimate the emitted sulfur dioxide (SO2) mass at an integrated value of 55 kt and plumes injections at up to 12 km altitudes, which qualifies this series as an extreme event for Mount Etna. Then, we combine Lagrangian dispersion modeling, initialized with measured temporally resolved SO2 emission fluxes and altitudes, with satellite observations to track the dispersion of the three individual plumes. The transport toward the north allowed the height‐resolved downwind monitoring of the plumes at selected observatories in France, Italy, and Israel, using LiDARs and photometric aerosol observations. Volcanic‐specific aerosol optical depths (AODs) in the visible spectral range ranging from about 0.004 to 0.03 and local daily average shortwave radiative forcing (RF) ranging from about −0.2 to −1.2 W m−2 (at the top of atmosphere) and from about −0.2 to −3.0 W m−2 (at the surface) are found. The composition (possible presence of ash), AOD, and RF of the plume have a large inter‐plume and intra‐plume variability and thus depend strongly on the position of the sampled section of the plumes.
Preconditioning of Summer Melt Ponds From Winter Sea Ice Surface Temperature
Authors: Thielke Linda , Fuchs Niels , Spreen Gunnar , Tremblay Bruno , Birnbaum Gerit , Huntemann Marcus , Hutter Nils , Itkin Polona , Jutila Arttu , Webster Melinda A.
Published: February 2023

Comparing helicopter‐borne surface temperature maps in winter and optical orthomosaics in summer from the year‐long Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate expedition, we find a strong geometric correlation between warm anomalies in winter and melt pond location the following summer. Warm anomalies are associated with thinner snow and ice, that is, surface depression and refrozen leads, that allow for water accumulation during melt. Warm surface temperature anomalies in January were 0.3–2.5 K warmer on sea ice that later formed melt ponds. A one‐dimensional steady‐state thermodynamic model shows that the observed surface temperature differences are in line with the observed ice thickness and snow depth. We demonstrate the potential of seasonal prediction of summer melt pond location and coverage from winter surface temperature observations. A threshold‐based classification achieves a correct classification for 41% of the melt ponds.
Understanding Subsurface Fracture Evolution Dynamics Using Time‐Lapse Full Waveform Inversion of Continuous Active‐Source Seismic Monitoring Data
Authors: Liu Xuejian , Zhu Tieyuan , Ajo‐Franklin Jonathan
Published: February 2023

Predicting the behavior, geometry, and flow properties of subsurface fractures remains a challenging problem. Seismic models that can characterize fractures usually suffer from low spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we develop a correlative double‐difference time‐lapse full waveform inversion of continuous active source seismic monitoring data for determining high‐spatiotemporal‐resolution time‐lapse Vp models of in‐situ fracture evolution at a shallow contamination site in Wyoming, USA. Assisted by rock physics modeling, we find that (a) rapidly increasing pore pressure initializes and grows the fracture, increasing the porosity slightly (from ∼13.7% to ∼14.6%) in the tight clay formation, thus decreasing Vp (∼50 m/s); (b) the fluid injection continues decreasing Vp, likely through the introduction of gas bubbles in the injectate; and (c) final Vp reductions reach over ∼150 m/s due to a posited ∼4.5% gas saturation. Our results demonstrate that high‐resolution Vp changes are indicative of mechanical and fluid changes within the fracture zone during hydrofracturing.
Direct Observations of Energetic Electron Scattering and Precipitation Due To Whistler‐Mode Waves in the Dayside High‐Density Regions
Authors: Sugo Shin , Kasahara Satoshi , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Katoh Yuto , Keika Kunihiro , Yokota Shoichiro , Hori Tomoaki , Kasahara Yoshiya , Matsuda Shoya , Matsuoka Ayako , Shinohara Iku , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Kumamoto Atsushi , Nakamura Satoko , Kitahara Masahiro
Published: February 2023

Plasmaspheric hiss waves play an important role in electron precipitation, leading to the formation of slot region in the Earth's radiation belt. Previous studies indicate that the electron density and the background magnetic field strength are responsible for the intensity of whistler‐mode waves and resultant electron precipitation. Nevertheless, no direct evidence of the strong pitch angle scattering of energetic electrons by hiss waves inside the plasmasphere has been obtained due to the small loss cone near the magnetic equator, where the scattering occurs. Furthermore, the density and magnetic field structures have not been investigated simultaneously and on the same magnetic field lines as the hiss wave enhancement and electron precipitation. With high angular resolution data of ∼10–100 keV electron flux obtained by the Medium‐Energy Particle experiments‐electron analyzer onboard the Exploration of energization and Radiation in Geospace satellite, we identified two events of the strong electron precipitation. A detailed examination revealed that the precipitation occurs in association with the amplitude enhancement of hiss waves. Moreover, strong scattering occurs simultaneously with electron density enhancements, while the magnetic field strength hardly correlates with the wave intensity. Our direct observations indicate that the electron density and its spatial structure (gradient) are crucial to electron precipitation. The observations also indicate that strong scattering leading to substantial loss cone filling occurs up to the magnetic latitude of ∼15° for the events.
Distinguishing Physical and Biological Controls on the Carbon Dynamics in a High‐Arctic Outlet Strait
Authors: Burgers T. M. , Miller L. A. , Rysgaard S. , Mortensen J. , Else B. , Tremblay J.‐É. , Papakyriakou T.
Published: February 2023

The water mass assembly of Nares Strait is variable, owing to fluctuating wind forcings over the central Arctic Basin, and irregular northward flows from the West Greenland Current (WGC) in Baffin Bay. Here we characterize the physico‐chemical properties of the water masses entering Nares Strait in August 2014. We employ an extended optimum multi‐parameter (OMP) analysis to estimate the mixing fractions of predefined source water masses, and to distinguish the role of physical and biological processes in governing the distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in Nares Strait. We show the first documented evidence of Siberian shelf waters arriving in Nares Strait, along with a diluted upper halocline layer of partial Pacific‐origin. These mixed‐origin water masses appear to play an important role in driving a modest phytoplankton bloom in Kane Basin, leading to decreased surface pCO2 concentrations in Nares Strait. Although inorganic nitrogen was already limited near the surface in northern Nares Strait, the rather shallow upper halocline layer and the shoaling bathymetry in Kane Basin facilitated upwelling of nutrients to the surface. Our observations suggest that the positioning of the Transpolar Drift, and hence the balance of Atlantic and Pacific water delivered to Nares Strait, may play an important role in regional biological productivity and carbon uptake from the atmosphere. We also observed water masses from the WGC transported as far north as Kane Basin, contributing to relatively high pCO2 and low pH in the intermediate and deep water column of southern Nares Strait and northern Baffin Bay.
Impact of Model Resolution on Secondary Eyewall Formation and Eyewall Replacement Cycle
Authors: Wang Xingbao , Weng Fuzhong , Peng Wenwu , Zhang Hongjie , Li Qinglan
Published: February 2023

Depicting Secondary Eyewall Formation (SEF) and Eyewall Replacement Cycle (ERC) in a numerical model is important for tropical cyclone (TC) forecasting. However, there is no consensus about what resolutions are appropriate to describe SEF/ERC within a full‐physics mesoscale model. In this study, numerical experiments are conducted to examine the impact of the horizontal and vertical resolutions on SEF/ERC. The mesoscale model is configured through nesting to the horizontal grid spacings of 6, 4, 2, 1.33, 0.67‐km, and with 27‐ and 54‐levels on an f‐plane in a quiescent environment. In addition, there are more levels below 1.5‐km to better describe the TC boundary layer (TCBL). The simulations with 6 and 4‐km grid spacings show no obvious SEF/ERC regardless of the number of vertical levels. When the horizontal grid spacings decrease to 2‐km or smaller, the simulations manifest SEF/ERC. These results are supported by a few simulations with the ARW model using similar configurations. Furthermore, the spectra of kinetic energy and vertical velocity from various resolutions confirm that the grid spacings should be smaller than 4‐km to resolve SEF/ERC. The impact of doubling vertical levels on the SEF/ERC is not as significant as doubling the horizontal resolutions. Finally, we discuss the coupling between the balanced/unbalanced flows (above/in the TCBL), and their effect on SEF. It is proposed that the coupled balanced/unbalanced processes that generate the quasi‐steady cooling zone in the primary eyewall and two warming regions inside and beyond the cooling zone are essential for SEF.
Calibration‐Free Priestley‐Taylor Method for Reference Evapotranspiration Estimation
Authors: Su Qiong , Singh Vijay P.
Published: February 2023

The Priestley‐Taylor (PT) method is widely used in hydrologic and crop models to calculate the atmospheric demand for water or reference evapotranspiration (ETo). However, the default value of the PT coefficient  cannot assure reliability under different climatic regions due to the inadequate consideration of the aerodynamic components. In addition, the spatial and temporal evolution of PTa at global scales and how meteorological parameters affect its change have not been elucidated to date. Here, we derived an analytical expression of PTa following the Penman‐Monteith method, i.e., , where SA and represent the available energy and wind speed impacts on ETo, respectively. The daily Princeton Global Forcing data set (0.25° × 0.25°, 1948–2016) was used to validate PTa. The calibration‐free PTa improved the simulation of aerodynamic components and, consequently, the accuracy of ETo estimation. The gridded global monthly PTa data set is fully open‐source and can be incorporated into hydrologic and crop models. We also demonstrated that PTa under equilibrium or quasi‐equilibrium evaporation conditions (1.26 ± 0.04) was very close to the default value. The simplified PTa, with relative humidity as the only input, still performed better than the original method. Results indicated that the radiative component was the driving factor of the global ETo changes from 1948 to 2016. The impacts of available energy and wind speed on global ETo variations tend to intensify in a warming climate. Our findings have important implications for understanding the roles of radiative and aerodynamic components in the global ETo changes.
Reconstitution of human pyroptotic cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ji Yanhao , Hawkins Christine J.
Published: February 2023

Pyroptosis is a lytic form of programmed cell death induced by the activation of gasdermins. The precise mechanism of gasdermin activation by upstream proteases remains incompletely understood. Here, we reconstituted human pyroptotic cell death in yeast by inducible expression of caspases and gasdermins. Functional interactions were reflected by the detection of cleaved gasdermin-D (GSDMD) and gasdermin-E (GSDME), plasma membrane permeabilization, and reduced growth and proliferative potential. Following overexpression of human caspases-1, -4, -5, and -8, GSDMD was cleaved. Similarly, active caspase-3 induced proteolytic cleavage of co-expressed GSDME. Caspase-mediated cleavage of GSDMD or GSDME liberated the ~ 30 kDa cytotoxic N-terminal fragments of these proteins, permeabilized the plasma membrane and compromised yeast growth and proliferation potential. Interestingly, the observation of yeast lethality mediated by co-expression of caspases-1 or -2 with GSDME signified functional cooperation between these proteins in yeast. The small molecule pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh reduced caspase-mediated yeast toxicity, allowing us to expand the utility of this yeast model to investigate the activation of gasdermins by caspases that would otherwise be highly lethal to yeast. These yeast biological models provide handy platforms to study pyroptotic cell death and to screen for and characterize potential necroptotic inhibitors.
Polarized Au(i)/Rh(i) bimetallic pairs cooperatively trigger ligand non-innocence and bond activation
Authors: Alférez Macarena G. , Moreno Juan J. , Maya Celia , Campos Jesús
Published: February 2023

Tuning the stereoelectronic and chelating properties of a Rh(i) Lewis base affects its reactivity towards Lewis acidic Au(i) fragments. This includes unusual ligand non-innocence, formation of bimetallic adducts and cooperative NH3 activation.
Numerical simulation of macrosegregation heredity on TC4 titanium alloy ingot by vacuum arc remelting
Authors: Zhenquan Jing , Sun Yanhui , Song Sicheng
Published: February 2023

In this study, Fluent software is used to simulate the interaction between temperature and solute fields during the process of vacuum arc remelting. The heredity law of macrosegregation of the easily segregated Fe element between the primary and secondary ingots is examined. The results shows that macrosegregation of the primary ingot has a genetic effect on the macrosegregation of secondary ingots. Compared with the primary ingot, the negative segregation in the surface area of the secondary ingot leads to a certain increase. When the position and direction of the lower part of the primary ingot are unchanged, the negative segregation in the surface area of the secondary ingot exhibits the highest increase, and the negative segregation degree increases by 0.42. When the position and direction of the upper part of the primary ingot remains unchanged, the positive segregation in the core of the secondary ingot exhibits the highest increase, and the positive segregation degree increass by 0.57. When the upper and lower parts of the primary ingot are exchanged and the upper half is downward, the positive segregation degree of the secondary ingot core is reduced by 0.17. When upper and lower parts of the primary ingot switch positions and directions of the upper and lower parts are downward, the center segregation of the secondary ingot is improved when compared to that of the primary ingot, and processing of the primary ingot is not required. This is turn leads to greater significance in actual production.
Effect of rotational speed and copper interlayer on the mechanical and fracture behaviour of friction stir spot welds of 5754 aluminium alloy
Authors: Gassaa Ramzi , Hemmouche Larbi , Badji Riad , Gilson Lionel , Rabet Luc , Mimouni Oussama
Published: February 2023

The application of joining processes requires advanced mechanical tests to control the joints’ quality. Generally, welded sheets are verified using tensile shear tests. However, few studies also recommend conducting tension peel and cross-tension tests. The present work evaluates the mechanical behaviour of 5754 aluminium sheets jointed by friction stir spot welding (FSSW). The influence of the rotational speed on joint strength was first compared to riveted assemblies. Then, sheets welded with pure copper interlayers were compared to the precedents. The results indicated that, without an interlayer, lower and intermediate rotational speeds lead to higher mechanical strength under tensile shear tests compared to riveted assembly. However, it performed worse under tension peel and cross-tension tests at all studied rotational speeds. By adding copper, the strength of welded sheets is globally improved under tensile shear tests. Nevertheless, under tension peel and cross-tension tests, it performed worse, although a slight improvement was observed for increasing rotational speeds. Two different failure morphologies and four fracture modes were observed regarding the different tested samples. Microhardness tests were also conducted, to relate the influence of the studied parameters on the joint’s strength.
Vers une science ouverte francophone en santé. Le champ de l’éducation médicale est aussi concerné
Authors: Cauli Marie , Lemarié Etienne , Tremblay Yves
Published: February 2023

Contexte et problématique : La société des savoirs constitue un changement de paradigme sur la forme et sur le fond. La science ouverte (SO) est un mouvement mondial qui vise à rendre accessible les produits de la recherche et qui s’accélère avec les potentialités technologiques. Elle s’appuie sur un certain nombre de principes : accès et diffusion large et sans entrave, partage et retombée des produits de la recherche avec la société civile. Contenu et analyse : La SO comporte un accès libre et gratuit aux articles, un accès aux données sources, une analyse des données, la mise à disposition de pré-prints, l’évaluation ouverte. Dans ce contexte, la francophonie, par l’hétérogénéité de ses situations et son homogénéité linguistique, apparaît comme un terrain privilégié d’observation et d’expérimentation. Le Groupe de réflexion et d’information en science ouverte francophone (GRISOF), qui œuvre à l’amélioration de la recherche francophone dans la science médicale et en santé, propose, à partir de ses acquis, quelques clés pratiques pour le chercheur clinicien, le chercheur en biomédical et en santé publique, oriente sa réflexion vers l’évaluation et intensifie sa feuille de route sur la formation. Si l’anglais est la langue prédominante, le traitement automatique du langage (TAL) constitue une opportunité technologique. L’accès libre aux articles donne une opportunité aux travaux en français de mieux se faire connaître, de même que la traduction numérisée permet d’accéder aux articles d’autres langues. Conclusion : L’accès libre aux articles permet d’améliorer la profondeur et l’étendue des connaissances des étudiants. Il constitue une composante essentielle des apprentissages de recherche. Faire participer les étudiants à la publication ouverte de leurs propres travaux est un moyen de les sensibiliser aux pratiques scientifiques ouvertes.
Areas of endemism and environmental heterogeneity: a case study in Mexican legumes
Authors: Arenas-Navarro Maribel , Escalante Tania , Miguel-Talonia César , Silva-Galicia Ana , Téllez-Valdés Oswaldo
Published: February 2023

Fabaceae is a monophyletic family comprising more than 22 000 species worldwide. In Mexico, it is the second-most species rich family, inhabiting multiple ecosystems with a high diversity of life forms. Our aims were to (1) identify areas of endemism (AEs) by using endemicity analysis at different cell sizes (1°, 0.5° and 0.25°) for 488 Mexican legumes, (2) describe the climatic and topographic heterogeneity of AE, (3) determine whether there is a positive relationship between AEs and climatic and topographic heterogeneity and (4) examine the conservation status of legumes that defined the AEs. We found six general AEs, supported by 63 species, with endemicity index values ranging from 2.05 to 6.86. These general areas had zones where biogeographical provinces intersected and exhibited a higher environmental heterogeneity. Areas detected at 1° showed a positive relationship between endemicity index and environmental heterogeneity. Legume species currently lack legal protection in Mexico, 69% of the endemic species do not have an evaluation category according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and eight species are in some risk category. Future conservation efforts should focus on protecting endemism areas from accomplishing representative natural protected areas.
Secluded dark sector and muon (g-2) in the light of fast expanding Universe
Authors: Ganguly Sougata , Roy Sourov , Tapadar Ananya
Published: February 2023

The lack of information before Big Bang Neucleosynthesis (BBN) allow us to assume the
presence of a new species ϕ whose energy density redshifts as a
-4+n
where n > 0 and 
a is the scale factor. This non-standard cosmological setup facilitates a larger portal
coupling (ϵ) between the dark and the visible sectors even when the two sectors are not
in thermal equilibrium. Here, we have considered U(1)
Lμ-Lτ
⊗ U(1)
X
gauge
extension of the Standard Model (SM) and studied different phases of the cosmological evolution of
a thermally decoupled dark sector such as leak-in, freeze-in, reannihilation, and late-time
annihilation in the presence of fast expansion. Due to the tree level kinetic mixing between
U(1)
X
and U(1)
Lμ-Lτ
gauge bosons, the dark sector couples with the μ and τ 
flavored leptons of the SM. We show that in our scenario it is possible to reconcile the dark
matter relic density and muon (g-2) anomaly. In particular, we show that for 2 × 10-4 ≲ ϵ ≲ 10-3, 5.5 MeV ≲ mZ
'
≲ 200
MeV, n = 4, and 1 TeV ≲ mχ
≲ 10 TeV relic density constraint
of dark matter, constraint from muon (g-2) anomaly, and other cosmological, astrophysical
constraints are satisfied.
Enhanced phase sensitive amplification towards improving noise immunity
Authors: Guo Hui , Li Zhi , Sun Hengxin , Liu Kui , Gao Jiangrui
Published: February 2023

Quantum states are essential resource for quantum-enhanced applications. Loss incurred in the distribution channel, however, dissipates the high signal-to-noise ratio advantage enjoyed by the squeezed state. Here, we first demonstrate noise immunity enhancement by using phase-sensitive amplifier (PSA) with measurement-based noiseless linear amplifier (MB-NLA). We explore the signal transfer capability with the amplifier in a noisy channel. The MB-NLA enhanced PSA has obvious suppression effect on channel noises, especially it has improvement for the noise contaminated signal. Better performance can be achieved by flexibly adjusting amplifier parameters. With the amplifier, it is promising to overcome the entanglement-distribution loss and show its superiority in squeezing based quantum sensing.
Measurement of wide energy range neutrons with a CLYC(Ce) scintillator
Authors: Zhou Weixin , Cui Tongyuan , Zhang Zhi , Yang Yigang , Yi Han , Hou Donghui
Published: February 2023

The CLYC(Ce) (Cs2LiYCl6:Ce3+) scintillator can
identify different particles with various specific energy losses and
is capable of measuring the fast neutron energy via the
35Cl(n,p)35S reaction. Thus, it is rational to expect
using this detector for monitoring the on-site neutron dose rate for
astronauts or equipments working at a spacecraft, which may undergo
the irradiation of cosmic rays of energetic protons or alpha
particles that could induce the production of spallation
neutrons. However, as the spallation neutrons, as well as the
moderated neutrons, have an energy distribution from the thermal
region to several hundred MeV, the direct measurement of the neutron
spectrum, which helps calculate the exact value of dose rate in the
spacecraft, requires that the energy response matrices should be
known in advance. In this study, we calibrated a
Φ38 mm × 38 mm CLYC(Ce) scintillator detector with
the Back-n beamline at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS),
acquiring its energy response matrices (ERM) ranging from 0.1 MeV
to 100 MeV. To verify the CLYC(Ce) scintillator detector's
capability for measuring neutrons with such a wide region, using the
ERM, the energy spectrum of the Back-n beamline was reconstructed
and the result conformed to the CSNS-measured result well; a good
conformation between the reconstructed spectrum and the standard
Watt fission neutron spectrum of 252Cf was also observed. This
calibrated detector then was used to measure the cosmic-ray induced
neutron spectra at five different sites in China of various
altitudes. The measured neutron fluxes at five different sites
conformed to results predicted by the EXcel based Program
Atmospheric Cosmic-ray Spectrum (EXPACS). The results presented in
this study indicate that the CLYC(Ce) scintillator detector is
promising to be used in spacecraft as a neutron monitor with a wide
energy range.
Cesàro exponents of mixed norm spaces
Authors: Chen Bonan , Cheng Guozheng , Fang Xiang , Liu Chao , Yu Tao
Published: February 2023

In 1934, G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood calculated [Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) 36 (1934), pp. 516–531] the optimal Cesàro exponent for Hardy spaces. In this paper we calculate it for mixed norm spaces, hence including the Bergman spaces in particular. The main technical challenge lies in the analysis of the example needed for the critical case.
Bounds for the reduction number of primary ideal in dimension three
Authors: Mandal Mousumi , Saloni Kumari
Published: February 2023

Let

(
R
,

m

)

(R,\mathfrak {m})

be a Cohen-Macaulay local ring of dimension

d
≥
3

d\geq 3

and

I
I

an

m

\mathfrak {m}

-primary ideal of

R
R

. Let

r
J

(
I
)

r_J(I)

be the reduction number of

I
I

with respect to a minimal reduction

J
J

of

I
I

. Suppose

depth
⁡
G
(
I
)
≥
d
−
3

\operatorname {depth} G(I)\geq d-3

. We prove that
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="r Subscript upper J Baseline left-parenthesis upper I right-parenthesis less-than-or-equal-to e 1 left-parenthesis upper I right-parenthesis minus e 0 left-parenthesis upper I right-parenthesis plus lamda left-parenthesis upper R slash upper I right-parenthesis plus 1 plus left-parenthesis e 2 left-parenthesis upper I right-parenthesis minus 1 right-parenthesis e 2 left-parenthesis upper I right-parenthesis minus e 3 left-parenthesis upper I right-parenthesis">

r
J

(
I
)
≤

e
1

(
I
)
−

e
0

(
I
)
+
λ
(
R

/

I
)
+
1
+
(

e
2

(
I
)
−
1
)

e
2

(
I
)
−

e
3

(
I
)

r_J(I)\leq e_1(I)-e_0(I)+\lambda (R/I)+1+(e_2(I)-1)e_2(I)-e_3(I)

, where

e
i

(
I
)

e_i(I)

are Hilbert coefficients. Suppose

d
=
3

d=3

and

depth
⁡
G
(

I
t

)
>
0

\operatorname {depth} G(I^t)>0

for some

t
≥
1

t\geq 1

. Then we prove that
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="r Subscript upper J Baseline left-parenthesis upper I right-parenthesis less-than-or-equal-to e 1 left-parenthesis upper I right-parenthesis minus e 0 left-parenthesis upper I right-parenthesis plus lamda left-parenthesis upper R slash upper I right-parenthesis plus t">

r
J

(
I
)
≤

e
1

(
I
)
−

e
0

(
I
)
+
λ
(
R

/

I
)
+
t

r_J(I)\leq e_1(I)-e_0(I)+\lambda (R/I)+t

.
Clinical Next-Generation Sequencing Panels Reveal Molecular Differences Between Merkel Cell Polyomavirus–Negative Merkel Cell Carcinomas and Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
Authors: Hartsough Emily , Mino-Kenudson Mari , Lennerz Jochen K , Dias-Santagata Dora , Hoang Mai P
Published: February 2023

Objectives

We aim to determine molecular differences between Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV)–negative Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs).

Methods

Our study included 56 MCCs (28 MCPyV negative, 28 MCPyV positive) and 106 NECs (66 small cell NECs, 21 large cell NECs, and 19 poorly differentiated NECs) submitted for clinical molecular testing.

Results

APC, MAP3K1, NF1, PIK3CA, RB1, ROS1, and TSC1 mutations, in addition to high tumor mutational burden and UV signature, were frequently noted in MCPyV-negative MCC in comparison to small cell NEC and all NECs analyzed, while KRAS mutations were more frequently noted in large cell NEC and all NECs analyzed. Although not sensitive, the presence of either NF1 or PIK3CA is specific for MCPyV-negative MCC. The frequencies of KEAP1, STK11, and KRAS alterations were significantly higher in large cell NEC. Fusions were detected in 6.25% (6/96) of NECs yet in none of 45 analyzed MCCs.

Conclusions

High tumor mutational burden and UV signature, as well as the presence of NF1 and PIK3CA mutations, are supportive of MCPyV-negative MCC, whereas KEAP1, STK11, and KRAS mutations are supportive of NEC in the appropriate clinical context. Although rare, the presence of a gene fusion is supportive of NEC.
Designing for Patients and GPS
Authors: Cooper Martin
Published: February 2023

Primary care has transformed and continues to adapt at great pace, Miriam Lemar, Chair of the BCS Primary Health Care Specialist Group, explains. We must not, however, lose sight of our customers’ needs as we design, build and deploy.
Wearables and Connected Health Futures
Authors: Woolley Sandra
Published: February 2023

Dr Sandra Woolley FBCS, Deputy Director of Keele University Digital Society Institute, explores future healthcare opportunities and challenges.
Net Zero: A Digital Journey
Authors:   BCS
Published: February 2023

BCS presents a new digital series exploring the instrumental role of the IT industry in responding to the climate crisis; delivering digital solutions to support mitigation and adaptation, whilst embedding sustainability itself.
BCS: Influence, Impact and in the News
Authors: Penketh Claire
Published: February 2023

Across core policy areas such as diversity, education, AI and climate change, BCS’ focus on influencing IT’s defining debates continues to grow. Claire Penketh, Senior Press Officer, reports on BCS’ reach and reputation.
Security and the Power of Positive Engineering
Authors: Greenland Alex
Published: February 2023

Phishing is expected to continue its advance, exploiting emergent UK and global conditions. What if we used positive defences, asks Alex Greenland MBCS, co–founder and CEO of UK cyber security firm Epi Technologies.
Bypassing Multi-Factor Authentication
Authors: Russell Steve
Published: February 2023

Increased adoption of multi–factor authentication (MFA) is helping companies and individuals to secure their data more effectively; however, threat actors have been quick to adapt in the constantly evolving security arms race. Steve Russell MBCS CITP CISSP explores the rising trend in MFA bypass techniques, and how to mitigate against them.
Trustworthy Software: Moving Towards Adoption
Authors: Revell Alastair
Published: February 2023

The general public is beginning to wake up to the importance of trustworthiness in systems, writes Alastair Revell CEng CITP FBCS.
IT in Court: The Evidence Does Not Speak for Itself
Authors: Kennedy Ian
Published: February 2023

Presenting digital evidence in court is an onerous and complex process. Dr Ian Kennedy FBCS CITP MCSFS outlines the processes, rules and explores the future of digital forensics.
Self–Tallying Electronic Voting Based on Blockchain
Authors: Zeng Gongxian , He Meiqi , Yiu Siu Ming , Huang Zhengan
Published: February 2023

Paper–based voting systems are not only environmentally unfriendly but also require a lot of manpower for tallying. Gongxian Zeng, Meiqi He, Siu Ming Yiu, Zhengan Huang propose an alternative in The Computer Journal (Volume 65, issue 12, December 2022)
Selection on an extreme-yet-conserved larval life-history strategy in a tapeworm
Authors: Benesh Daniel P
Published: February 2023

Evolutionary stasis characterizes many phenotypes, even ones that seem suboptimal. Among tapeworms, Schistocephalus solidus and its relatives have some of the shortest developmental times in their first intermediate hosts, yet their development still seems excessively long considering they can grow faster, larger, and safer in the next hosts in their complex life cycles. I conducted 4 generations of selection on the developmental rate of S. solidus in its copepod first host, pushing a conserved-but-counterintuitive phenotype toward the limit of known tapeworm life-history strategies. Faster parasite development evolved and enabled earlier infectivity to the stickleback next host, but low heritability for infectivity moderated fitness gains. Fitness losses were more pronounced for slow-developing parasite families, irrespective of selection line, because directional selection released linked genetic variation for reduced infectivity to copepods, developmental stability, and fecundity. This deleterious variation is normally suppressed, implying development is canalized and thus under stabilizing selection. Nevertheless, faster development was not costly; fast-developing genotypes did not decrease copepod survival, even under host starvation, nor did they underperform in the next hosts, suggesting parasite stages in successive hosts are genetically decoupled. I speculate that, on longer time scales, the ultimate cost of abbreviated development is reduced size-dependent infectivity.
Effect of integrated medicines management on the quality of drug treatment in hospitalised multimorbid patients — a secondary endpoint analysis of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Syversen Malin Olsen , Shah Sarah Farhin , Mathiesen Liv , Mowé Morten , Lea Marianne
Published: February 2023

Objectives

To investigate the effect of integrated medicines management provided to hospitalised multimorbid patients on the quality of drug treatment at discharge measured as the mean number of potential prescribing omissions and potentially inappropriate medicines.

Methods

Multimorbid patients ≥18 years, using a minimum of four regular drugs from a minimum of two therapeutic drug classes, were recruited from the Internal Medicine ward, Oslo University Hospital, Norway, from August 2014 to March 2016 and randomly assigned, 1:1, to the intervention or control group. Intervention patients received integrated medicines management throughout the hospital stay. Control patients received standard care. This paper reports the results of a pre-specified secondary endpoint analysis of a randomised controlled trial; the difference between the intervention and control group at discharge in the mean number of potential prescribing omissions and potentially inappropriate medicines, measured with START-2 and STOPP-2 criteria, respectively. The difference between the groups was calculated using rank analysis.

Key findings

In total, 386 patients were analysed. Integrated medicines management reduced the mean number of potential prescribing omissions at discharge, compared to the control group, 1.34 versus 1.57, respectively (mean difference 0.23, 95% CI 0.07–0.38, P = 0.005, adjusted for values at admission). There was no difference in the mean number of potentially inappropriate medicines at discharge (1.84 versus 1.88, respectively; mean difference 0.03, 95% CI −0.18 to 0.25, P = 0.762, adjusted for values at admission).

Conclusions

Integrated medicines management delivered to multimorbid patients during a hospital stay led to an improvement in undertreatment. No effect on deprescribing of inappropriate treatment was seen.