bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide at zigzag edges of exfoliated molybdenum telluride nanoflakes
Authors: Zhao Xuan , Wang Yu , Da Yunli , Wang Xinxia , Wang Tingting , Xu Mingquan , He Xiaoyun , Zhou Wu , Li Yafei , Coleman Jonathan N , Li Yanguang
Published: April 2020

The two-electron reduction of molecular oxygen represents an effective strategy to enable the green, mild and on-demand synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. Its practical viability, however, hinges on the development of advanced electrocatalysts, preferably composed of non-precious elements, to selectively expedite this reaction, particularly in acidic medium. Our study here introduces 2H-MoTe2 for the first time as the efficient non-precious-metal-based electrocatalyst for the electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide in acids. We show that exfoliated 2H-MoTe2 nanoflakes have high activity (onset overpotential ∼140 mV and large mass activity of 27 A g−1 at 0.4 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode), great selectivity (H2O2 percentage up to 93%) and decent stability in 0.5 M H2SO4. Theoretical simulations evidence that the high activity and selectivity of 2H-MoTe2 arise from the proper binding energies of HOO* and O* at its zigzag edges that jointly favor the two-electron reduction instead of the four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen.
Seizures in an Immunocompetent Adult From Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Is Isoniazid to Blame?
Authors: Navalkele Bhagyashri , Bueno Rios Maria X , Wofford John D , Kumar Vijay , Webb Risa M
Published: April 2020

Isoniazid-induced seizures are a rare adverse reaction especially in immunocompetent adults. We report a case of a healthy man with seizures shortly after ingestion of his first therapeutic dose of isoniazid with rifapentine therapy for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Only 6 other similar cases are reported in the literature.
Regicide and Redemptive Violence in the French Revolution
Authors: Duong Kevin
Published: April 2020

This chapter describes how Jacobins crafted a new language of violence during the trial and execution of Louis XVI in the French Revolution: the language of redemptive violence. The execution of the king served as a founding act of French republican democracy. It was also a scene of irregular justice: no legal warrants or procedural precedents existed for bringing a king to justice before the law. Regicide as redemptive violence helped bypass that obstacle. Although redemptive violence had roots in prerevolutionary notions of penal justice and social cohesion, its philosophical ambitions were revolutionary and modern. Analyzing that language illuminates how republican democracy weaponized a distinctive ideology of extralegal violence at its origins. It also helps explain redemptive violence’s enduring appeal during and after the French Revolution.
From Glory to Total War in Algeria
Authors: Duong Kevin
Published: April 2020

This chapter analyzes the relationship between Tocqueville’s passion for glory and his endorsement of total war in Algeria. It is now commonplace to acknowledge Alexis de Tocqueville’s support for Algerian colonization. Less well understood, however, is why he also endorsed the French strategy of “total war” in the regency. How was Tocqueville’s liberalism linked to the specific shape of violence in Algeria? This chapter situates Tocqueville’s Algerian writings in the intersecting intellectual contexts of the 1840s to argue that his apologies for total war were shaped by the lingering legacies of revolutionary republicanism and Bonapartism which defined glory in terms of national defense. By tethering modern liberty to this conception of glory, Tocqueville provided resources for rationalizing settlerism’s exterminationist violence.
Redemptive Violence on the Eve of the Great War
Authors: Duong Kevin
Published: April 2020

This chapter studies how an image of irrationalist redemptive violence saturated French intellectual culture on the eve of the First World War. It links the proliferation of that image of violence to the popularity of Henri Bergson. It draws attention to the way his philosophy was adapted into a political theory of decadence and degeneration across the political spectrum after 1900. The chapter highlights the writing of Georges Sorel because a conceptual reconstruction of his Reflections on Violence dramatizes how so many French thinkers could link voluntaristic violence with moral regeneration. It concludes by describing the nationalistic fate of Sorel’s argument as it travelled in and beyond France.
Life After Deployment
Authors: Yarvis Jeffrey S. , Figley Charles R.
Published: April 2020

This chapter continues to prepare the reader to understand and appreciate the garrison duties of combat social workers (CSWs) and their day-to-day duties. Military social worker duties are similar to those within U.S. Veterans Administration and other institutions: administration, supervision, and direct practice. But a very special job of social workers within the military, including but not limited to CSWs, is to care for those who were deployed and their families. This includes services for combat social workers, as the authors note. This, at times, is challenging for CSWs who must not only care for themselves but for many clients they live near.
Dark Mornings to New Beginnings
Authors: Meshad Shad
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the experiences of a combat social worker who was wounded in combat and survived to go on to be a trail blazer as a Veteran Affairs (VA) clinical social worker. He describes how he was hired in 1971 to help the West Los Angeles VA Medical Center to organize an outreach program to Vietnam veterans who refused to seek help from the VA because of their experiences within the military. The author presents the vet-to-vet rap group model and the Vet Center project, where he helped to identify resources and guide vets and their families to what they need. The author describes his successful career as a social activist and veteran advocate through his LA-based National Veterans Foundation.
Combat Social Work in Afghanistan, 2010–2011
Authors: Stokes Thomas J. , North Naomi
Published: April 2020

This chapter presents an interview with a combat social worker who shares his experience of deployment to Afghanistan, initially assigned to the 344th Combat Support Hospital, U.S. Army Reserve. In Afghanistan, the author was attached to the Medical Combat Stress Control Detachment 1 and forward deployed as a combat social worker to Forward Operating Base Gardez. The author breaks down deployment into phases and describes the operational stress associated with each phase for deployed personnel and their families. As a result of their service, military personnel and their families undergo interpersonal and cultural transformations, including the development of profound relationships. This chapter points out the effects of loneliness, social isolation, and cultural disconnect on members of the military community as they navigate civilian society. The author offers lessons learned to social workers practicing with members of the military community, including preventing problems before they occur and viewing members of the military community through a sociocultural lens.
Deployment of a Social Worker
Authors: Kirwan Eric J.
Published: April 2020

In this chapter, the author discusses adaptability as the most valuable quality for a social worker. Reflecting on his career, the author discusses his ability to adjust to any situation and connect with different types of people. That skill has translated well for him in his career. He especially focuses on his experiences as a combat social worker during deployment, since he used every social work skill to be effective in this setting. He discusses the many challenges and the lessons he learned from being a combat social worker. He notes, for example, that mental health is not well-received in the military, especially within certain combat-focused units. He describes how it requires a lot of outreach and integration with members to help develop rapport and reduce stigma. One lesson learned: playing ping-pong seemed to be one of the popular activities among other strategies used to build relations within units while doing outreach.
Monsters to Destroy
Authors: Bapat Navin A.
Published: April 2020

This study argues that the war on terror can be explained as an effort to cement the U.S. dollar as the world’s foremost reserve currency by expanding American control over the global energy markets. Since the 1970s, the states of OPEC agreed to denominate their oil sales in U.S. dollars in exchange for American military protection. The 9/11 attacks gave the U.S. cover to eliminate current challengers to this system while simultaneously striking new security agreements with host states throughout the Middle East, Africa, and central Asia that are critical to the extraction, sale, and transportation of energy to global markets. However, the U.S. security guarantee soon created a moral hazard problem. Since the host states had American protection, they were free to engage in corrupt behaviors—while labeling their political opponents as terrorists. To make matters worse, these states had incentives to keep terrorists in their territory, given that doing so would force the U.S. to protect them indefinitely. As a result of this moral hazard problem, terrorists in the host states gradually grew in power and transitioned to insurgencies, which caused a rapid escalation in violence. Facing the increasing cost of securing the host states, the U.S. was forced to scale back its security guarantee, which in turn contributed to greater violence in the energy market. Although the U.S. began the war to maintain its economic dominance, it now finds itself locked into a seemingly permanent war for its economic security.
Order in the Age of Great Power Politics
Authors: Lascurettes Kyle M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 4 (“Order in the Age of Great Power Politics”) assesses the first three cases of order change opportunity. In two of these instances—the Westphalian settlements after the Thirty Years’ War in 1648 and the peace of Utrecht following the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713—the great power victors of these conflicts seized their opportunity to reshape order, while in one—the end of the Seven Years’ War in 1763—they did not. The chapter demonstrates that the logic of excluding introduced in chapter 3 best explains dominant-actors’ preferences and behaviors in these moments. When these states perceived no major threats on the horizon—in 1763—they were content to focus on the particularities of the recent war and its peace settlement rather than recasting larger order principles. But in the presence of looming threatening forces, the dominant actors of 1648 and 1713 sought larger and more fundamental order changes that went far beyond the particular issues of the day.
The Wilsonian Order Project
Authors: Lascurettes Kyle M.
Published: April 2020

How do we account for the vision of international order the American delegation pursued at the Paris Peace Conference after World War I, manifested most concretely in the Covenant of the League of Nations that was written by avowed liberal internationalist Woodrow Wilson? The dominant inclusive narrative of order construction in 1919 emphasizes America’s liberal institutions at home coupled with its president’s progressive ideals and sense of ideological mission in world affairs. By contrast, chapter 6 (“The Wilsonian Order Project”) argues that the new ideological threat posed by radical socialism after the Bolshevik Revolution in late 1917 actually played the most critical role in shaping the order preferences of Wilson and his principal advisers both before and during the Paris Peace Conference.
The Importance of Candidate and District Characteristics
Authors: West Karleen Jones
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines how ethnic-party candidates’ efforts to attract votes in 2006 were reflected in their campaign strategies. According to the argument of this book, ethnic-party candidates are expected to behave strategically in response to certain individual and district-level constraints, and on occasion emphasize their personal characteristics and their abilities to provide patronage in order to be competitive. This chapter evaluates this expectation using data gathered in three provinces on five different Pachakutik party campaigns during the 2006 legislative elections in Ecuador. The investigation focuses specifically on how district demographics (like district magnitude) and candidate qualities (like prior experience in politics and access to resources) affect the extent to which ethnic candidates emphasize a consistent platform for attracting voters. This qualitative analysis relies on campaign materials, campaign speeches, candidate interviews, and personal observations in order to measure how candidates generate representational relationships with their constituents.
How to Drink in Japan
Authors: West Mark D.
Published: April 2020

This chapter uses Japanese court opinions and other sources to explore the broad contours of alcohol in Japanese society: the what, where, and why of drinking in Japan. The what examines the primary kinds of alcohol consumed in Japan (sake, shochu, and beer), the cultural significance of those drinks and others, and the correlations certain drinks have with certain activities. The where examines social drinking practices at establishments like izakaya, snacks (sunakku), and host clubs as well as at-home drinking norms like drinking with dinner (banshaku) and nightcaps (nezake). The why explores motivations for drinking, including work-related drinking patterns and drinking as stress relief.
Punishing the Drunk
Authors: West Mark D.
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores the Japanese criminal sentencing system both in general and in the context of crimes committed while intoxicated. Sentencing in Japan is based on a “market price” system in which courts usually pronounce sentences that are slightly lower than those requested by prosecutors. In most criminal cases, courts then construct a narrative to explain the sentence. The narrative often takes into account factors like remorse, apology, settlement with the victim, and impact on society. In criminal cases involving intoxicated defendants, courts additionally rely on two specific factors: oaths to stop drinking and the support of others, particularly family members.
Conclusion: One for the Road
Authors: West Mark D.
Published: April 2020

The conclusion begins with a final case, in which an intoxicated salaryman is run over by a train, as an example of the degree to which cases have both common themes and individual-specific characteristics. In this case the deceased’s heirs sue the railway company for wrongful death, and the railway company countersues for damages incurred in cleaning up the tracks. The court finds no liability for the railway and orders the deceased’s heirs to pay a portion—but not all—of the costs of cleanup. Along the way the court provides such detail that the deceased emerges as a recognizable individual who drank in familiarly patterned ways. The book concludes by analyzing its key findings, focusing on the rich description of alcohol in Japanese society created by courts and their ability to bring individuals to life in their narratives.
Melody, Memory, and Engagement in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Vanstone Ashley D. , Cuddy Lola L.
Published: April 2020

What are the personal and clinical implications of preserved memory for music in dementia? In light of this question, a framework is proposed for integrating basic and clinical research findings and for case formulation and theory building in music-based interventions. Elaborating on the Comprehensive Process Model of Engagement, a proposal is made for music engagement as an inclusive concept that encompasses the variety of ways in which individuals involve themselves with musical stimuli. It is argued that instances of music engagement arise through the combined influence of person, stimulus, and environment attributes. Preserved memory for melodies is discussed as an attribute of the person with particular relevance to music engagement. This approach orients naturally toward considering individual differences and, as such, lends itself well to case-based research and clinical case formulation.
Musical Playlists for Addressing Depression in People With Dementia
Authors: Garrido Sandra
Published: April 2020

Depression is common in most forms of dementia. The relationship appears to be bi-directional, with depression being both a prodromal (or early) symptom and a risk factor for developing dementia. Depression and anxiety can also contribute to accelerated cognitive decline and reduced quality of life in people with dementia. This chapter will outline the relationship between depression and dementia and consider the use of personalized musical playlists to address depression in people with dementia. Although listening to music is a powerful means for improving mood among certain groups, people with depression and people with dementia appear to be vulnerable to music triggering negative thoughts or negative memories. Both the benefits and the risks to be considered in playlist selection will be discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

Introduces the text and lays out the vision as to what is to be covered and how this will be done. The chapter discusses the role of quantitative analysis in policy debates and how the text will prepare the reader to engage in and understand these debates in Macroeconomics.
Inflation, Output, and the Phillips Curve
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the intellectual history of the Phillips curve and its impact on U.S. policy making during the 1960s and 1970s. It discusses the intellectual response to stagflation in terms of both NAIRU, rational expectations and the New Keynesians.
The Great Depression through the Lens of Our Model
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the Great Depression. It examines the ability of the New Keynesian model to account for the data and also alternative research based around modelling the impact of New Deal policies.
Math Reviews
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

This chapter reviews the math and probability theory we use in the text. Derivatives and Lagrangians are covered in some detail.
Python and Dynare Code
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

In this chapter a variety of different sample codes are provided in Python, complementing the Matlab code in the main text. In addition, Dynare (an open source add-on to Matlab) code is provided for the business cycle model.
Differences in Mentality*
Authors: Reykowski Janusz
Published: April 2020

Intercultural similarity of ideological conflicts, which are manifested in many countries as the conservatism/liberalism opposition, is related to the origin of these conflicts. They are an expression of differences in mentality, reflecting two opposite tendencies that exist in human mind. One is associated with human’s fundamental adaptation task: maintaining cohesion of their community and protecting its welfare. The other is related to the strivings for emancipation of the individual. The first tendency is the basis for the collectivist mentality and conservative ideology, whereas the other one, historically much more recent, is expressed by the individualist mentality and liberal ideology. There are considerable psychological differences between the two, especially in value systems, moral thinking, and cognitive styles. But there are also similarities. Therefore, the widespread belief that those two ideologies constitute two separate, naturally hostile “nations,” is misleading.
The Poem as Icon
Authors: Freeman Margaret H.
Published: April 2020

The objective in this book is to show how poetry enables us cognitively to aesthetically access, experience, and identify with the visible and invisible “being” of reality, with art as one cognitive expression of the aesthetic faculty, science another. Just as scientific knowledge of reality is achieved through physically exploring the far reaches of the visible and invisible worlds, so is poetic experience achieved through iconically simulating in semblance the “being” of reality that integrates both self and world in participatory unity. “Being” here should not be understood as the existence of material substance, but as the essence of all that is, both visible and invisible, material and immaterial, a life force in continuous flux and change. The book explores cognition as the sensory-motor-emotive-conceptual processes of “minding” and the aesthetic faculty as the processes of attention, imagination, memory, discrimination, expertise, and judgment that underlie all human cognition, including the arts and the sciences. Drawing from research such as blending and neurocognition in interdisciplinary cognitive literary studies, the book attempts to resolve long-standing questions about the function of poetry. Accepting the premise that poetry is its own artistic reason for being, it introduces the major elements—semblance, metaphor, schema, and affect—that constitute a poem as icon in motivating a poet’s intension and a respondent’s engagement. In so doing the book makes the case that a poem is a potential icon of the felt reality of being and shows that poetic iconicity provides a means for evaluating great poetry and an explanation for its endurance.
Loving Stones
Authors: Haberman David L.
Published: April 2020

Loving Stones: Making the Impossible Possible in the Worship of Mount Govardhan is based on ethnographic and textual research with two major objectives. First, it is a study of the conceptions of and worshipful interactions with Mount Govardhan, a sacred mountain located in the Braj region of north-central India that has for centuries been considered an embodied form of Krishna. In this capacity it provides detailed information about the rich religious world associated with Mount Govardhan, much of which has not been available in previous scholarly literature. It is often said in that Mount Govardhan “makes the impossible possible” for devoted worshipers. This investigation includes an examination of the perplexing paradox of an infinite god embodied in finite form, wherein each particular form is non-different from the unlimited. Second, it aims to address the challenge of interpreting something as radically different as the worship of a mountain and its stones for a culture in which this practice is quite alien. This challenge involves exploration of interpretive strategies that aspire to make the incomprehensible understandable, and engages in theoretical considerations of incongruity, inconceivability, and like realms of the impossible. This aspect of the book includes critical consideration of the place and history of the pejorative concept of idolatry (and secondarily, its twin, anthropomorphism) in the comparative study of religions. Accordingly, the second aim aspires to use the worship of Mount Govardhan as a site to explore ways in which scholars engaged in the difficult work of representing other cultures struggle to “make the impossible possible.”
What’s So Special About the 50-Minute Hour?
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S.
Published: April 2020

In What’s So Special About the 50 Minute Hour? the authors uncover the pragmatic reasons behind the 50-minute session. But this standardized process of client care is fairly unique to the helping professions. Therapists lack the flexibility to end a session premature or extend a session if needed. Insurance companies also standardize the process, providing billing increments based on time. Research on the optimal session time did not yield conclusive findings that there is any benefit of a 50-minutes session over various time increments. The pragmatics reasons of billing and time management tend to be influential factors to the longevity of the 50-minute session standard.
Promoting Democracy in the Face of Autocracy
Authors: Herrold Catherine E.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 5 reviews how President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, following his installation in 2014, quickly moved to consolidate power and repress Egypt’s NGO sector. The chapter describes how in 2017 the Egyptian government ratified an even more oppressive NGO law that further restricted foreign funding, eliminated loopholes for human rights organizations, curtailed permissible activities, and instituted more severe punishments for violating the law. Rather than a transition to democracy, Egypt seemed to have settled into even deeper autocracy, as President Sisi curtailed civil society even more repressively than had Mubarak. Chapter 5 draws on data collected in 2014 and 2017 to show how development NGO and foundation leaders persevered, finding new and creative ways to continue to fight for reform.
Critical Journalists in China and Russia
Authors: Repnikova Maria
Published: April 2020

This chapter compares media politics in China and Russia through the prism of critical journalists. It argues that whereas Chinese journalists experience political restrictions in the form of “structured ambiguity” or via frequent preemptive signals from the state, Russian journalists face a more arbitrary state that sends occasional post-factum signals that are difficult to premeditate. As a result, journalists’ negotiation strategies also differ between the two cases. Chinese journalists embark upon a routine game of cautious improvisation with the state, whereas Russian journalists combine defiant opposition with resigned self-censorship. The China-Russia comparison suggests that structured ambiguity breeds resistance from within, whereas arbitrary coercion incites political contestation that is more isolated but also more radically disposed.
Legitimacy, Resilience, and Political Education in Russia and China
Authors: Koesel Karrie J.
Published: April 2020

How do authoritarian regimes attempt to build loyalty among a globally minded youth? In what ways do they educate students to be supportive of those in power, and how do strategies of legitimation change over time? This chapter examines political and patriotic education in contemporary Russia and China, including government-recommended textbooks from Russian high schools and the politics subject test of the Chinese National College Entrance Examination (NCEE). Political education materials provide a window into what these regimes view as the most politically important, what they want to transmit to young people, and insight into authoritarian strategies of legitimation. Several conclusions can be drawn from this analysis. One is that both the Russian and the Chinese regimes socialize around similar pillars of legitimacy, including ideology, institutions, and law. However, the Chinese regime seeks to foster support by highlighting economic and cultural achievements, whereas the Russian textbooks are both supportive and subversive in their discussions of democracy.
Going Public
Authors: Rosenfeld Bryn
Published: April 2020

This chapter investigates the political orientations and career aspirations of students who intend to join the state sector in Russia, using original survey data from three elite Russian universities. The analysis focuses on whether and how Russia’s future public servants differ from others in their views of the importance of political freedom, order, national security, and strong economic performance. It finds that Russian youth aspire to work for an autocratic state not because they favor autocratic values nor because they hope to build more democratic institutions. Rather, their preference is based on access to recruitment channels: universities with strong alumni networks in the state apparatus or a parent working in the public sector. These findings suggest that public sector workers’ attitudes are similar to those of others at the start of their careers. Over time, however, public servants’ political attitudes diverge, suggesting that Russia’s large public sector also plays a vital role in securing regime support.
Dynamics of Livelihoods, Income, and Poverty
Authors: Afsar Rita , Hossain Mahabub
Published: April 2020

Chapter 5 presents a systematic analysis of urban poverty by examining changes in the human-capital composition of the labour force, in the livelihoods of the respondents, and the level and composition of income for different occupational groups. It also identifies the determinants of household income with the help of a multivariate regression model, using the household-level data. Alongside, it examines the distribution of income over time, changes in the degree of inequality, and estimates the contribution of different sources of income to the income inequality with the help of the Gini decomposition analysis. It shows notable reduction in the incidence of moderate and extreme poverty in 2010. Also, it estimates changes in the incidence, intensity, and severity of poverty, identifying the correlates of poverty for Dhaka city in order to answer the question: is the poorer segment of the urban population benefitting from positive economic trends?
Locative Media Arts and Political Aesthetics
Authors: Wilken Rowan
Published: April 2020

Chapter 4 explores the vital role that locative media art plays in illuminating tensions associated with contemporary technologically mediated culture, with this art serving as criticism, as an enactment of a subtle political aesthetics. Taking up these themes, this chapter explores three specific projects—Blast Theory’s You Get Me; Josh Begley’s Metadata+ iOS smartphone application; and Julian Oliver’s Border Bumping. These projects have been selected for the ways that they utilize different location technologies; for the critical issues they raise; and, for the opportunities they present for thinking through aesthetics and its relationship to politics.
Mobile Social Networking and Locational Privacy
Authors: Wilken Rowan
Published: April 2020

This chapter, the final chapter of the book, looks in detail at privacy. Privacy is an elusive and fraught but still very important concept. It remains of pressing concern for those with a stake in social, mobile, and locative media, whether that be end-users, companies, or regulators. The chapter is structured in three sections. The first critically engages with the established and rapidly expanding body of work on privacy, tracing the development of this term over time, and why privacy remains of enduring concern in relation to locative media and location data. The second examines how privacy implications and impacts are negotiated by consumers. And the third considers attempts to develop conceptual models of privacy that account for the reality of fast-moving traffic in decontextualized spatial big data.
Tibullus
Authors: Hejduk Julia Dyson
Published: April 2020

Despite playing a relatively minor role in Tibullan elegy, Jupiter exhibits a remarkable range of activities and symbolic valences. Book 1 makes the god, like Messalla, primarily a foil and competitor to the values of the elegiac world. As Messalla is introduced fighting on land and sea while the poet languishes before his mistress’s troublesome door, so Jupiter is introduced as the wielder of the rain and thunderbolts that could penetrate that door. Jupiter the dominus, in fact, is the one who brought into being Messalla’s world of war, wounds, and “roads” of death. Priapus’s insistence that Jupiter forbade lovers’ oaths to be binding implicitly casts Jupiter as one with a background in amorous perjury; as with Messalla’s imagined epiphany in the following poem, the god enters the elegiac sphere to succeed where the poet fails. The Nile’s supplantation of “rainy Jupiter” as the all-encompassing husband and father aligns with Tibullus’s covert exclusion of Augustus from his pastoral world. Jupiter’s transformation in book 2 into the victorious god of Rome signals Tibullus’s changing purposes. Like Virgil, Tibullus hints at the inherent instability of the Golden Age ideal, since Jupiter’s expulsion of Saturn signals the end of a utopian era even as Augustus’s victory clears the way for a new one. When Jupiter assigns the Laurentian fields to the proto-Romans, he is lodged between flitting Love and flitting Victory. Whether stability or instability will predominate is something not even the Sibyl can foresee.
The Changing Environment for Scholarly Publishing
Authors: Greco Albert N.
Published: April 2020

The importance of the publishing and dissemination of scholarly books and journals remains secure since this process is pivotal to the life blood of academic research. However, the process of scholarly publishing and dissemination in the United States has undergone a series of major substantive developments that have, in many instances, improved the quality and dissemination of content and, in a few cases, impacted negatively on this ecosystem. This chapter provides an analysis of key developments in the scholarly publishing sector, including growth in the number of US colleges and the impact on scholarly publishing output and libraries; concentration in the commercial publishing industry; and changes in both industry employment (and diversity) and the number of bookstores.
The Promotion and Placement of Scholarly Journals
Authors: Greco Albert N.
Published: April 2020

Since at least the 1980s, there have been significant changes in the marketing of scholarly journals utilized by the majority of scholarly publishers. This shift meant that traditional advertising (which was very effective for many decades) and direct mail pieces (which were rather ineffective because of 1.5% to 2.0% response rates) were de-emphasized but not eliminated completely. They were supplanted somewhat by the growing use of social media and emails. This chapter provides an overview of print and digital journal distribution strategies, procedures, and platforms. Attention is paid to the US and global journal markets and subscriptions, including data on library expenditures. A sample journal’s contract with an author is presented and analyzed. There is a discussion of Sci-Hub, open access, article processing charges, the development of Plan S and Plan U, and research funding policies.
The Product and Pricing of Scholarly Books
Authors: Greco Albert N.
Published: April 2020

Scholarly book publishing and printing has a long tradition, starting with Oxford University Press (1478) and Cambridge University Press (1584). The American colonies, and later the United States, lived in the shadow of these two great presses. While many of the US presses today are quite large, with global operations, they were, in the late 19th century and the early years of the 20th century, far from the professional operations of today. This chapter gives an introduction to book history in the United Kingdom and the United States with an emphasis on university presses and competition from commercial publishers for authors, readers, and sales. It provides a review of substantive market drivers, revenues, new title output, and production costs. A sample book contract and profit and loss statement (for a hardcover and digital book) are presented and analyzed.
Managing in Turbulent Times
Authors: Greco Albert N.
Published: April 2020

Faculty members and researchers live and work in a highly structured and in many ways an inflexible world of “publish or perish.” To obtain tenure and promotion or research grants, an academic has to produce high-impact scholarly publications, which can vary significantly from one institution to another and from one academic field to another. This chapter addresses the changing scholarly book environment and competition to university presses from commercial publishers seeking scale. A list of marketing strategies is presented stressing the need to understand the bargaining power of suppliers and customers; a need for focus in the marketplace; and the possibility of affinity clusters, audiobooks, “short” books, and selling book chapters to address market slippage. Detailed statistical data is presented.
Equality of opportunity
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2020

Chapter 4 scrutinizes justifications appealing to equality of opportunity. Initially, it defines “opportunity” and then proceeds to distinguish between formal and substantive equality of opportunity. It shows why, contrary to common beliefs, on some interpretations formal equality of opportunity is compatible with, indeed requires, affirmative action. Also, on those interpretations of formal equality of opportunity where it rules out affirmative action, formal equality of opportunity does not constitute a plausible fundamental requirement of justice. The chapter also argues that affirmative action generally promotes substantive equality of opportunity across individuals; that substantive equality of opportunity can be rooted in distributive fairness and the relational concern that we all relate to one another in a fair way; and, finally, that a number of common challenges to substantive equality of opportunity can either be defeated or will in themselves motivate closely related justifications of a wide set of affirmative action policies.
Merit
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2020

This chapter argues that objections to affirmative action based on the ideal of meritocracy have little force. Initially, the chapter distinguishes a concern for merit from the concern not to disappoint reasonable expectations. It then offers two counterexamples to the claim that the best qualified applicants have a claim to the positions for which they have applied. The chapter also argues that once we adopt a suitably broad notion of merit, many putative affirmative action schemes do not clash with the principle of merit, and, in any case, outreach affirmative action is compatible with standard, but problematic, versions of the merit principle. It then expresses skepticism about the fruitfulness of building into the notion of affirmative action that selected candidates must be minimally qualified. Finally, the chapter suggests that it is an open question whether selecting applicants who are not the most meritorious results in the selected individuals having a lower level of merit. The reason for this is that affirmative action affects the pool of applicants.
The impacts of integrated media systems and social media in news
Authors: Dowd Cate
Published: April 2020

Integrated media systems are not only content management systems for production and publishing of online news, they are also hubs for mobile connectivity to remote servers and conduits for search and social media, but verification and analytics have also spawned data jobs intersecting with journalism. These layers of technological convergence across social media and media systems are like tunnels to data sharing on cloud servers. The latter has also presented opportunities for intermediary agencies, like Storyful, owned by Murdoch, to access big data and the potential of linked data via social media. The potential of cloud servers, mixed with social media, has also spawned new roles for news verification and roles in online trends, as well as cloud engineering jobs. Big data has indeed inspired new data sharing partnerships to boost online traffic and advertising through data insights. The result is more analytics that impact on the focus in journalism.
Game design and the Semantic CAT Method for journalism
Authors: Dowd Cate
Published: April 2020

Future semantic learning systems for journalism should aim to integrate the values of the domain by using an ontological approach and a participatory design method like the Semantic CAT Method (Dowd). This method draws on game design and contextual approaches, as well as language structures. A focus on language and game design methods can work for semantic ends as well as modelling game-play. Ambiguity in design is also informative, but an ontology approach sorts language ambiguities, such as the same word with different connotations for journalism, social media, and public relations. It also helps to reveal domain characteristics that put journalism in a new light. The Trigger documents in the CAT Method include a focus on potential data and are scaffolded in participatory workshops. They include tasks for drawing and labelling typical scenarios in journalism, as well as UML diagrams for logic in processes, producing good results for an ontological base for journalism.
“I Think We Got Away with It”
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the enforcement campaign against manipulation of interest rate and foreign exchange benchmarks by traders and other employees of global banks. After reviewing the history, functioning, and weaknesses of LIBOR, the world’s most important interest rate benchmark, the chapter relates how the banking industry, banking regulators, and central bankers responded ineffectively to signs of LIBOR manipulation that emerged in 2008. By contrast, robust enforcement actions spearheaded by the U.S. Department of Justice and the Commodities Futures Trading Commission, beginning with the Barclays case in 2012, attracted worldwide attention. They led directly to parliamentary investigations, leadership turnover at some banks, and significant domestic and international benchmark reforms, culminating with an industry-wide shift away from LIBOR toward more reliable indices. Likewise, the foreign exchange manipulation scandal and related prosecutions led to the adoption of international reforms. In both cases, several individuals were also charged criminally, most notably UBS trader Tom Hayes. By using its authority over global banks to protect the integrity of widely used financial benchmarks that have the characteristics of public goods, U.S. actions benefited users of these benchmarks around the world.
“Geneva Is Beautiful This Time of Year”
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the U.S. enforcement campaign against Swiss banks that facilitated tax evasion by U.S. customers and its impact on the global regime for tax information sharing. After reviewing the legal and policy issues raised by offshore tax evasion, the chapter examines how the U.S. criminal prosecution of UBS led to the release of tens of thousands of U.S. customer names to the IRS, opening an unprecedented breach in Swiss bank secrecy. The UBS case opened the way for prosecutions of other Swiss banks; negotiations with Switzerland on tax disclosure; and U.S. adoption of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), which penalizes foreign banks that fail to disclose U.S. customer accounts. While the U.S. approach initially encountered significant resistance, many countries, including major offshore centers, concluded bilateral information-sharing agreements with the United States, while some onshore jurisdictions adopted FATCA-like legislation to fight offshore tax evasion. Eventually, the U.S. approach provided a model for multilateral reform through the OECD’s Common Reporting Standard (CRS), which provides automatic exchange of account information among numerous jurisdictions.
“A Hidden War”
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the rise of financial sanctions as a tool of U.S. foreign policy and the role of U.S. prosecutors in enforcing sanctions against global banks. It describes how the United States developed its financial sanctions capabilities against terrorist groups, then turned them against state actors such as North Korea, culminating with elaborate sanctions programs against Iran and Russia. It shows how U.S. federal and state prosecutors uncovered large-scale sanctions evasion efforts at numerous global banks that processed U.S. dollar payments. This enforcement campaign led to some of the largest criminal fines ever levied, and global banks such as HSBC and BNP Paribas agreed to implement U.S. sanctions and anti-money laundering controls in their worldwide operations, thus broadening the reach of U.S. policy. Although U.S. enforcement actions faced strong criticism by U.S. allies, banks facing large fines, negative publicity, and potential loss of access to essential U.S. dollar payment infrastructure complied with U.S. demands. Unlike other cases, U.S. sanctions did not lead to multilateral reforms, instead triggering efforts by sanctioned states and bystanders to reduce their dependence on the U.S. dollar and U.S. payment systems.
The Invention of Latin American Music
Authors: Palomino Pablo
Published: April 2020

This book reconstructs the transnational history of the category of Latin American music during the first half of the twentieth century, from a longer perspective that begins in the nineteenth century and extends the narrative until the present. It analyzes intellectual, commercial, state, musicological, and diplomatic actors that created and elaborated this category. It shows music as a key field for the dissemination of a cultural idea of Latin America in the 1930s. It studies multiple music-related actors such as intellectuals, musicologists, policymakers, popular artists, radio operators, and diplomats in Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, the United States, and different parts of Europe. It proposes a regionalist approach to Latin American and global history, by showing individual nations as both agents and result of transnational forces—imperial, economic, and ideological. It argues that Latin America is the sedimentation of over two centuries of regionalist projects, and studies the place of music regionalism in that history.
A Continental Patchwork
Authors: Palomino Pablo
Published: April 2020

This chapter describes, first, the diverse and scattered musical markets, agents, institutions, and discourses that operated within what today is considered to be Latin America, but back then were considered disparate local, urban, diasporic, and transregional musical circuits. It shows the absence of unifying factors, either economic or ideological, that could sustain any encompassing regional aesthetic discourse or practice. Then the chapter presents the appearance, in disparate geographic spaces, of early intellectual, journalistic, and musicological notions of Latin America as a single regional musical space. It shows how, by the 1930s, a variety of regionalist discourses on Latin and Pan-American music gained legitimacy.
Globalization and Good Governance
Authors: Goebel Zane
Published: April 2020

This chapter synthesizes sociolinguistic scholarship on enregisterment, regimes of language, chronotopes, and scale to offer the concept of “mass-mediated chronotopic identity.” It starts with an examination of a 1998 speech on good governance made by the director of the International Monetary Fund, and the subsequent uptake of these ideas in policy documents sponsored by an Indonesian president and a government ministry. The chapter traces the imitation of ideas of good governance across these contexts through reference to words, such as “efficiency,” “effectiveness,” “corruption,” and “bureaucracy.” In doing so, it points to the utility of connecting the discursive work that occurs within one chronotopic moment with another quite different one. I argue that a reduction in media censorship, along with the move from a highly centralized authoritarian regime to a democratic one tasked with the large-scale fiscal and political decentralization of Indonesia, facilitated this imitation and the creation of what I refer to as “chronotopes of good governance.”
Office Language Ideologies
Authors: Goebel Zane
Published: April 2020

This chapter starts to relate data analysis from the previous two chapters to interview data gathered in an Indonesian government office between August 2003 and January 2004. This analysis continues to draw on scholarship on imitation, while pointing to the limitations of interviewing as a research methodology. In examining civil servants’ ideologies about how Javanese and Indonesian is and should be used in the office, it points out that participants imitate nationally regimented ideas about Javanese and Indonesian usage, while also highlighting that not all types of Javanese are created equal, with some varieties having more social value than others. In recognizing these differences in social value, participants reported that they would strategically use different varieties to obtain situational profit.