bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RAZVOJ LJUDSKIH RESURSA KAO PREDUSLOV ORGANIZACIONE USPJEŠNOSTI / HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AS A CONDITION OF ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS
Authors: Radosavac Željko M.
Published: October 2017

Contemporary business conditions do not impose only need for adjustment of the organization but also the need for adjustment of employees. Human resources, manifested through individual knowledge, skills, individual qualities and achievements, is the basis of competitive advantage of organizations and the main resource for the survival, the growth and development of modern organizations. Treating employees as a decisive factor for the success of organizations, it follows that their primary duty is to provide, maintain and develop the best people through the wide range of human resource activities. Thus, Human Resource Development, designated as a key activity for achieving the projected goals of the organization, can be defined as a set of systematic and planned activities appointed by an organization to provide its members with the opportunities to learn necessary skills to meet current and future job demands. Employees are increasingly accepting the reality that education becomes their responsibility in order to develop their full working potential and to ensure self employment opportunities. On the other hand, encouraging educational programs, organizations strive not only to meet the business needs for education of employees, but also their interests, creating and developing the climate of continuous learning and dissemination of knowledge in all areas. To what extent will the organization attach importance to certain practices that guide and encourage staff development depends on its current situation, activities, goals and adopted development strategy. Adequate choice, the assignment according to their abilities and affinities, continuous training and education, are generally accepted methods without which the development of employees is not possible. The American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) estimates that U.S. organizations spent $134.1 billion on employee learning and development in 2008, and $125.9 billion in 2009.Human resource managers in large organizations ranked training and development as the most important functional area they had to deal with because HRD programs must respond to job changes and integrate the long-term plans and strategies of the organization to ensure the efficient and effective use of resources. Combining different methods and approaches, and referring to all employees in the organization, training and human resources development become a tools for achieving change and the effects they produce are becoming a far-reaching and strategic.
MODELLING OF INNER CORRELATION FACTORS AS A PLATFORM FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY IN B&H (RS) / MODELIRANJE INTERKORELACIONIH FAKTORA KAO PLATFORME UPRAVLJANJA KVALITETOM HOTELIJERSKOG POSLOVANJA U BiH (RS)
Authors: Landika Mirjana , Bojanić Radmila
Published: October 2017

Through sets of measures and decisions, the business systems direct their own activities on the path of realization of business goals, defined as the desired values of the output vector coordinates. The business efficiency demands adequate market positioning in a complex and intensively interactive correlation matrix of the social – economic system, and it is achieved through adequate creation, recognition and adjusting to user demands. Market positioning represents a set of measures and activities through which the business system, by creating of its own output, strives through efficient allocation of the potentially available resources towards making its own offer acceptable and more attractive in comparison with the other competitors. The specific circumstances of business systems in transition countries are characterized by focusing on survival and neglecting an innovative approach and failing to activate the available potentials in creation of business strategies. The additional challenge and inspiration for concretization of affirmative market positioning inevitably refers to the size, intensity, stochastic character, diversity and variability of factors creating the user expectations, and which necessarily must be adequately recognized, qualified, quantified and encompassed by adequate decision-making model. Objectification of the aforementioned activities, in the selected research project, is primarily determined by orientation towards natural – geographic, cultural, sports – recreational and/or educational aspects, as well as through expressive tendency of lacking orientation towards an innovative approach to creation, amending and/or enriching of the offer package. The abovementioned results from the business determination which implies focusing on a narrow market segment, traditionalism in creation and promoting of the offer packages, significantly limited offer range, especially in the segment of additional services, language barrier.Maximizing the keeping of competitive position up-to-date on the global, rather than the local level, harmonizing of the business activities with resource potentials and system environment requires activation of the intellectual capital within the meaning of model verification of the noted tendencies and their perfecting into a business decision-making system.Activation of potential of the innercorrelation static methodology enables classification of direction and intensity of individual influence of stochastic values as the determinants of the achieved level and user perception of the service quality in the hotel industry. The selection of factors compatible with the real circumstances contributes to the theoretical verification of the selected business portfolio in the process of creation of the desired business result and calculation of the monetary consequences of individual business determinations.
Neka procesna pitanja u vezi sa određivanjem vještačenja i ličnosti vještaka
Authors: Stanišić Slobodan
Published: October 2017

U tekstu se razmatraju određena sporna procesna pitanja u vezi sa određivanjem ličnosti vještaka u svim kognicionim postupcima (parnični, krivični, upravni, prekršajni i dr.), sa posebnim osvrtom na odluke koje sud ili drugi nadležniorgan koji vodi postupak donosi povodom prijedloga i prigovora stranaka u vezi sa tim pitanjima.
Protiveksplozivna zaštita u kontekstu i korelaciji sa mogućom reindustrijalizacijom u Republici Srpskoj
Authors: Gaćanović Mićo
Published: October 2017

U Društvenoj zajednici kakva je naša, a u vremenu u kome živimo pitanje reindustrijalizacije je od životne važ-nosti, jer se ista mora provesti kako bih i dalje bili svoj na svome. Dakle to je proces koji odmah traži isključivo i samo isamo reforme kako u načinu življenja tako i radu. Postojeći i budući tehnološki procesi traže znanja i industrijski kodeks– što smo u proteklim godinama izgubili. Dakle moramo ići u proces reindustrijalizacije a to je u kontekstu i korelaciji saznanjima i industrijskim kodeksom ponašanja iz protiveksplozivne zaštite. U radu iznosimo svoje iskustvo a po tome stavpo datoj temi.
Dr Milan Škulić: Osnovne novine u krivičnom procesnom pravu Srbije, novi Zakonik o krivičnom postupku iz 2011. godine, Pravni fakultet u Beogradu, Beograd, 2013, str. 199.
Authors: Simović Miodrag , Simović Vladimir
Published: October 2017

Dr Milan Škulić, redovni profesor Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu1, napisao je priručnik “Osnovne novine u krivičnom procesnompravu Srbije, novi Zakonik o krivičnom postupku iz 2011. godine”,u izdanju Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu. Recenzenti su dr VojislavĐurđić, redovni profesor Pravnog fakulteta u Nišu, dr Stanko Bejatović, redovni profesor Pravnog fakulteta u Kragujevcu i dr DaniloNikolić, advokat iz Niša.
Uncoupling of dynamin polymerization and GTPase activity revealed by the conformation-specific nanobody dynab
Authors: Galli Valentina , Sebastian Rafael , Moutel Sandrine , Ecard Jason , Perez Franck , Roux Aurélien
Published: October 2017

Dynamin is a large GTPase that forms a helical collar at the neck of endocytic pits, and catalyzes membrane fission (Schmid and Frolov, 2011; Ferguson and De Camilli, 2012). Dynamin fission reaction is strictly dependent on GTP hydrolysis, but how fission is mediated is still debated (Antonny et al., 2016): GTP energy could be spent in membrane constriction required for fission, or in disassembly of the dynamin polymer to trigger fission. To follow dynamin GTP hydrolysis at endocytic pits, we generated a conformation-specific nanobody called dynab, that binds preferentially to the GTP hydrolytic state of dynamin-1. Dynab allowed us to follow the GTPase activity of dynamin-1 in real-time. We show that in fibroblasts, dynamin GTP hydrolysis occurs as stochastic bursts, which are randomly distributed relatively to the peak of dynamin assembly. Thus, dynamin disassembly is not coupled to GTPase activity, supporting that the GTP energy is primarily spent in constriction.
Spatio-temporal control of mutualism in legumes helps spread symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Authors: Daubech Benoit , Remigi Philippe , Doin de Moura Ginaini , Marchetti Marta , Pouzet Cécile , Auriac Marie-Christine , Gokhale Chaitanya S , Masson-Boivin Catherine , Capela Delphine
Published: October 2017

Mutualism is of fundamental importance in ecosystems. Which factors help to keep the relationship mutually beneficial and evolutionarily successful is a central question. We addressed this issue for one of the most significant mutualistic interactions on Earth, which associates plants of the leguminosae family and hundreds of nitrogen (N2)-fixing bacterial species. Here we analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of fixers and non-fixers along the symbiotic process in the Cupriavidus taiwanensis–Mimosa pudica system. N2-fixing symbionts progressively outcompete isogenic non-fixers within root nodules, where N2-fixation occurs, even when they share the same nodule. Numerical simulations, supported by experimental validation, predict that rare fixers will invade a population dominated by non-fixing bacteria during serial nodulation cycles with a probability that is function of initial inoculum, plant population size and nodulation cycle length. Our findings provide insights into the selective forces and ecological factors that may have driven the spread of the N2-fixation mutualistic trait.
Striatal adenosine A2A receptor neurons control active-period sleep via parvalbumin neurons in external globus pallidus
Authors: Yuan Xiang-Shan , Wang Lu , Dong Hui , Qu Wei-Min , Yang Su-Rong , Cherasse Yoan , Lazarus Michael , Schiffmann Serge N , d'Exaerde Alban de Kerchove , Li Rui-Xi , Huang Zhi-Li
Published: October 2017

Dysfunction of the striatum is frequently associated with sleep disturbances. However, its role in sleep-wake regulation has been paid little attention even though the striatum densely expresses adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs), which are essential for adenosine-induced sleep. Here we showed that chemogenetic activation of A2AR neurons in specific subregions of the striatum induced a remarkable increase in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Anatomical mapping and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that striatal A2AR neurons innervated the external globus pallidus (GPe) in a topographically organized manner and preferentially formed inhibitory synapses with GPe parvalbumin (PV) neurons. Moreover, lesions of GPe PV neurons abolished the sleep-promoting effect of striatal A2AR neurons. In addition, chemogenetic inhibition of striatal A2AR neurons led to a significant decrease of NREM sleep at active period, but not inactive period of mice. These findings reveal a prominent contribution of striatal A2AR neuron/GPe PV neuron circuit in sleep control.
Functional dichotomy in spinal- vs prefrontal-projecting locus coeruleus modules splits descending noradrenergic analgesia from ascending aversion and anxiety in rats
Authors: Hirschberg Stefan , Li Yong , Randall Andrew , Kremer Eric J , Pickering Anthony E
Published: October 2017

The locus coeruleus (LC) projects throughout the brain and spinal cord and is the major source of central noradrenaline. It remains unclear whether the LC acts functionally as a single global effector or as discrete modules. Specifically, while spinal-projections from LC neurons can exert analgesic actions, it is not known whether they can act independently of ascending LC projections. Using viral vectors taken up at axon terminals, we expressed chemogenetic actuators selectively in LC neurons with spinal (LC:SC) or prefrontal cortex (LC:PFC) projections. Activation of the LC:SC module produced robust, lateralised anti-nociception while activation of LC:PFC produced aversion. In a neuropathic pain model, LC:SC activation reduced hind-limb sensitisation and induced conditioned place preference. By contrast, activation of LC:PFC exacerbated spontaneous pain, produced aversion and increased anxiety-like behaviour. This independent, contrasting modulation of pain-related behaviours mediated by distinct noradrenergic neuronal populations provides evidence for a modular functional organisation of the LC.
Metformin extends C. elegans lifespan through lysosomal pathway
Authors: Chen Jie , Ou Yuhui , Li Yi , Hu Shumei , Shao Li-Wa , Liu Ying
Published: October 2017

Metformin, a widely used first-line drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D), has been shown to extend lifespan and delay the onset of age-related diseases. However, its primary locus of action remains unclear. Using a pure in vitro reconstitution system, we demonstrate that metformin acts through the v-ATPase-Ragulator lysosomal pathway to coordinate mTORC1 and AMPK, two hubs governing metabolic programs. We further show in Caenorhabditis elegans that both v-ATPase-mediated TORC1 inhibition and v-ATPase-AXIN/LKB1-mediated AMPK activation contribute to the lifespan extension effect of metformin. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of metformin regulated healthspan extension will boost its therapeutic application in the treatment of human aging and age-related diseases.
Room at the top
Authors: Schekman Randy
Published: October 2017

Five years after eLife published its first papers, we reflect on our consultative approach to peer review, the challenges of reproducibility, and the need to reform how published research is assessed.
N‐terminal S‐acylation facilitates tonoplast targeting of the calcium sensor CBL6
Authors: Zhang Chunxia , Beckmann Linda , Kudla Jörg , Batistič Oliver
Published: October 2017

Protein S‐acylation is important for many biological processes. It confers proteins with the ability to attach to the plasma membrane and the membranes confining the ER and Golgi compartments. Yet, the contribution of S‐acylation to regulating and targeting lysosomal/vacuolar proteins remains largely enigmatic. Here, we report that vacuolar targeting of the calcium sensor calcineurin B‐like protein 6 (CBL6) from Arabidopsis thaliana is brought about by S‐acylation of N‐terminal cysteine residues. Our results suggest distinctions in mechanisms and efficiency of targeting between CBL6 and the previously characterized vacuolar‐targeted CBL2 protein. Moreover, we define which CBL‐interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) could interact with CBL6 and observe a remarkable temperature dependence of CBL6/CIPK complex formation. Collectively, these findings indicate a common S‐acyla tion‐dependent vacuolar membrane targeting pathway for proteins.
Seasonal Slumps in Juventae Chasma, Mars
Authors: Ojha Lujendra , Chojnacki Matt , McDonald George D. , Shumway Andrew , Wolff Michael J. , Smith Michael D. , McEwen Alfred S. , Ferrier Ken , Huber Christian , Wray James J. , Toigo Anthony
Published: October 2017

Dark topographic slumps several meters wide, tens of meters in length, and up to a meter in depth are observed on the slopes of Juventae Chasma (JC), Valles Marineris (VM), Mars. These slumps usually originate near the terminal points of recurring slope lineae (RSL). Near their initiation points, the slumps have topographic depressions due to the removal of materials; near their lowermost reaches, new materials are deposited in lobes. Over the course of three Mars years, 10 active slumps have been observed in JC, all of which formed in or near the same season (areocentric longitude: Ls 0°–120°). Mars Color Imager (MARCI) observations show low‐altitude atmospheric obscurations confined within the topography of the VM and JC in the seasons when the slumps form. In one instance, data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars and MARCI show evidence of H2O ice in the atmospheric obscuration, likely due to the formation of a low‐level afternoon cloud above a dust storm, or mixing of condensate clouds with a diffuse dust cloud. The presence of atmospheric obscurations with H2O ice near times when the slumps form is intriguing, but no direct evidence currently exists to support that they aid in slump formation. Further monitoring of this site will help establish if RSL and/or atmospheric events play a role in the creation of contemporary slumps.
Oxidative Drug Metabolism by Mammalian CytochromeP450Enzymes Using Their Monooxygenase and Peroxygenase Functions
Authors: Hrycay Eugene G. , Bandiera Stelvio M.
Published: October 2017

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system represents the predominant biotransformation pathway in the human body for lipophilic exogenous and endogenous compounds. The monooxygenase reaction catalyzed by CYP enzymes involves the addition of one oxygen atom from molecular oxygen to a lipophilic substrate, while incorporating the other oxygen atom into a molecule of water, thereby leading to the production of more polar and easily excreted metabolites. Thus, CYP enzymes are major determinants of duration of action and clearance of drugs. In some cases, CYP enzymes are involved in the formation of chemically reactive and potentially toxic metabolites, as well as in clinically significant drug–drug interactions, which are a widely recognized cause of adverse drug reactions in humans. This chapter focuses on the oxidative biotransformation of therapeutic drugs catalyzed by human CYP enzymes. The topics covered include the identification of human hepatic and extrahepatic CYP enzymes involved in drug biotransformation, CYP bioactivation of prodrugs to pharmacologically active compounds, human CYP drug–drug interactions, CYP monooxygenase and peroxygenase reactions involving drug substrates, and mechanisms involved in CYP oxidative drug reactions.
Therapeutic Protein Drug–Drug Interactions
Authors: Kraynov Eugenia , Martin Steven W.
Published: October 2017

Most of the reported drug–drug interactions (DDIs) involving therapeutic proteins (TPs) have been mild in nature and did not require dose adjustments. The majority of observed TP‐DDI occurred when small‐molecule drugs were coadministered with cytokine‐modulating TP. However, alterations in P‐glycoprotein and plasma proteins such as albumin or α acid glycoprotein have also been implicated in potential DDI. A new class of TP, antibody–drug conjugates, can potentially be involved as victims of DDI when clearance of the released drug is impaired.

Both the 2007 EMA “Guideline on the Clinical Investigation of the Pharmacokinetics of Therapeutic Proteins” and 2012 FDA draft “Guidance on Drug Interaction Studies” contain recommendations for the TP‐DDI evaluation. Comprehensive assessment of the DDI risk for TPs requires a systematic, science‐driven approach that takes into account clearance mechanisms of the TP, its pharmacology, the target patient population, and expected concomitant medications. To date, conducting a clinical DDI study is the most reliable approach for TP‐DDI assessment. The approaches include population PK modeling, coadministration with cytochrome P450 (CYP) substrate cocktail, assessment of CYP expression in tissue biopsies, and measurements of the systemic cytokine concentrations.
From Molecular‐Level Organization to Nanoscale Positioning: Synergetic Ligand Effect on the Synthesis of Hybrid Nanostructures
Authors: Xiang Di , Liu Hong , Yang Lei , Liang Yuting , Zhu Jiaqi , Lu Zhongyuan , Hou Ying , Yang Ming
Published: October 2017

A key challenge in advancing the design of hybrid nanostructures (HNs) lies in the difficulty in mastering the principle of selected hybrid formation, which is complicated not only by the size and shape variations of nanoparticles but also by the interfacial phenomena associated with surface ligands. Here this study elaborates the formation mechanism of HNs by a combined experimental and theoretical study employing multiscale simulations and shows how molecular information encoded on particle surface can be transferred into distinct composite patterns. The emergence of different HNs is found to be not only related to ligand binding strengths affecting the reaction kinetics but also the ligand–ligand interactions responsible for phase segregation. Unexpectedly, the sulfidation of Ag nanoparticles co‐stabilized by citrate/gallic acid with different molar ratios constantly produces heterodimers with faster reaction rate than the formation of core–shell structures when they are solely coated by citrate or gallic acid. The surprising result originates from the phase separation of two short surface ligands with large contrast in binding strengths as indicated by photoluminescence spectra and supported by the dissipative particle dynamics simulations. Hierarchical HNs consisting of a heterodimer shell with built‐in hot spots can be further synthesized using Au@Ag core–shell particles with mixed surface layers.
Sandwich‐Type Nanocomposite of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Periodic Mesoporous Silica with Vertically Aligned Mesochannels of Tunable Pore Depth and Size
Authors: Wang Zheng‐Ming , Peng Wenqin , Takenaka Yoshiko , Yoshizawa Noriko , Kosuge Katsunori , Wang Wendong , Ozin Geoffrey A.
Published: October 2017

Sandwich‐type nanocomposites of graphene oxide (GO) and periodic mesoporous silica (PMS) with vertically aligned mesochannels of different pore depth and size are synthesized and characterized, and their formation modes are examined. The existence of mesoscale ordered structure in the mixture of GO and surfactant solutions is confirmed for the first time by in situ small angle X‐ray scattering measurement using synchrotron radiation. The mesochannel depth and pore wall ripening of PMS in the nanocomposites are controlled by the reaction time of the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate. The pore size of PMS in the nanocomposites can be varied in the range of 1–5 nm by varying the chain length of alkyltrimethylammonium (CnTA+) template and high specific surface area (≈1000 m2 g−1) is achieved for all samples. Nanocomposites with vertically aligned PMS mesochannels can be synthesized by applying CnTA+ templates of n ≥ 12, whereas with CnTA+ of n ≤ 10, either PMS nanoparticle deposited GO structure or the structure with incomplete coverage of GO surface with imperfect PMS is found. The aggregation behaviors of surfactant molecules on GO depend on surfactant concentration relative to critical micelle concentration and reaction temperature, and result in the peculiar nanocomposites of different structural styles.
Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles in Metal‐Phenolic Networks: Catalytic and Antimicrobial Applications of Coated Textiles
Authors: Yun Gyeongwon , Pan Shuaijun , Wang Ting‐Yi , Guo Junling , Richardson Joseph J. , Caruso Frank
Published: October 2017

The synthesis of metal nanoparticle (NP)‐coated textiles (nanotextiles) is achieved by a dipping process in water without toxic chemicals or complicated synthetic procedures. By taking advantage of the unique nature of tannic acid, metal‐phenolic network‐coated textiles serve as reducing and stabilizing sites for the generation of metal nanoparticles of controllable size. The textiles can be decorated with various metal nanoparticles, including palladium, silver, or gold, and exhibit properties derived from the presence of the metal nanoparticles, for example, catalytic activity in water (>96% over five cycles using palladium nanoparticles) and antibacterial activity against Gram‐negative bacteria (inhibition of Escherichia coli using silver nanoparticles) that outperforms a commercial bandage. The reported strategy offers opportunities for the development of hybrid nanomaterials that may have application in fields outside of catalysis and antimicrobials, such as sensing and smart clothing.
Metal‐Halide Perovskite Transistors for Printed Electronics: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Lin Yen‐Hung , Pattanasattayavong Pichaya , Anthopoulos Thomas D.
Published: October 2017

Following the unprecedented rise in photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies during the past five years, metal‐halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as a new and highly promising class of solar‐energy materials. Their extraordinary electrical and optical properties combined with the abundance of the raw materials, the simplicity of synthetic routes, and processing versatility make MHPs ideal for cost‐efficient, large‐volume manufacturing of a plethora of optoelectronic devices that span far beyond photovoltaics. Herein looks beyond current applications in the field of energy, to the area of large‐area electronics using MHPs as the semiconductor material. A comprehensive overview of the relevant fundamental material properties of MHPs, including crystal structure, electronic states, and charge transport, is provided first. Thereafter, recent demonstrations of MHP‐based thin‐film transistors and their application in logic circuits, as well as bi‐functional devices such as light‐sensing and light‐emitting transistors, are discussed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in the area of MHPs‐based electronics, with particular emphasis on manufacturing, stability, and health and environmental concerns, are highlighted.
Durability and flexibility of chimpanzee grooming patterns during a period of dominance instability
Authors: Koyama Nicola F. , Ronkainen Kirsty , Aureli Filippo
Published: October 2017

Growing evidence from studies on primates and other taxa has shown that the maintenance of long‐term affiliative patterns influences fitness. Thus, understanding how individuals regulate social interactions in response to environmental and social factors contributes to our understanding of the evolutionary basis of sociality. We investigated the durability of affiliation patterns in chimpanzees across three 3‐month periods of varying social uncertainty depending on the degree of stability in the male hierarchy, with a 2‐year gap between each period. Periods were unstable (no clear alpha male), recently stable (new alpha male just established) and stable (alpha male in place for 2 years). We focused on three features of social exchange shared by human and non‐human primates: consistency of exchanges across periods, durability of preferred partners, and degree of reciprocity in each period. We compared male‐to‐male, female‐to‐female, male‐to‐female, and female‐to‐male grooming patterns. Overall, more grooming was exchanged in the stable period. Grooming patterns were not consistent across the three periods, but were only consistent between the recently stable and stable periods for female‐to‐female and male‐to‐female dyads. As predicted from the opportunistic nature of male relationships, male‐to‐male grooming was least likely to be correlated across all periods and males had relatively fewer durable (i.e., preferred partners in all periods) same‐sex partners than females. Our predictions that grooming reciprocity would be less likely during the unstable period and in male–male dyads were only partially supported. We found grooming reciprocity in all periods for female–female dyads but only in the stable period for male–male and female–male dyads. Although long‐term affiliative patterns are well studied in primates, this is the first study to investigate the association between social uncertainty and durability of affiliative patterns. Our findings suggest social uncertainty influences social exchange and highlight the importance of considering group instability in studies of social relationships.
Methoden der C‐H‐Funktionalisierung für den Wasserstoffisotopenaustausch
Authors: Atzrodt Jens , Derdau Volker , Kerr William J. , Reid Marc
Published: October 2017

Die vielfältigen Anwendungen der Wasserstoffisotope (Deuterium, D, und Tritium, T) in den physikalischen und Biowissenschaften erfordern unterschiedliche Methoden für deren Einführung in verschiedenste molekulare Architekturen. In diesem Aufsatz beschreiben wir die neuesten Fortschritte bei der synthetischen C‐H‐Funktionalisierung für den Wasserstoffisotopenaustausch.
Development of electrochemical noninvasive glucose nanobiosensor using antioxidants as a novel mediator
Authors: Poursadeghian Sepideh , Rabiee Mohammad , Moshayedi Hamid Reza , Karimi Meysam , Tahriri Mohammadreza , Tayebi Lobat
Published: October 2017

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, and millions of people die from its related disorders each year; thus, people with diabetes have to control the level of blood glucose frequently. In the last decade, the noninvasive biosensors have been considered to track glucose level without finger pricking. In this research, the glucose biosensor was developed using a new formulation containing hydroxylmethoxyphenyl derivation as a novel mediator that was extracted from a natural source. The mediator characterization was performed by means of thin‐layer chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the electrochemical activity of the prepared biosensor was evaluated by Autolab potentiostate machine. Scanning electron microscope micrographs revealed a flat surface on the modified electrode that is crucial in electron conduction equivalence. The cyclic voltammetry examination ascertained the irreversible oxidative reaction of phenolic mediator that leads the biosensor system to more electron formation. The obtained results demonstrated that antioxidants could improve the electron forming and also it could enhance the current signal. Finally, response time could be controlled by variation in polyvinyl alcohol concentration.
Einfluss realer Materialeigenschaften auf numerische Modellvorhersagen: Fallstudie Betonmast
Authors: Göbel Luise , Mucha Felix , Kavrakov Igor , Abrahamczyk Lars , Kraus Matthias
Published: October 2017

Die Modellbildung zu der Berechnung von Tragwerken ist eine wichtige Aufgabe im konstruktiven Ingenieurbau. Die Prognosen eines Modells hängen stets von getroffenen Annahmen und Vereinfachungen ab, weshalb die Abschätzung der notwendigen Detailliertheit bei der Modellentwicklung häufig im Mittelpunkt steht. Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich der Fragestellung, wie stark sich die Approximation des Strukturverhaltens durch ein numerisches Modell verbessern lässt, wenn die theoretischen Eingangsparameter der Normen und Richtlinien durch Parameter hoher Genauigkeit ersetzt werden.

Als Anwendungsbeispiel dient ein 10 m langer vorgespannter Betonmast. Im Zuge der Herstellung des Masts mittels Schleuderverfahren kann es zu Unregelmäßigkeiten in den Querschnittsabmessungen und Materialeigenschaften kommen. In dieser Studie wird der Einfluss realer Geometrie‐ und Materialparameter, die in umfassenden Laborversuchen ermittelt wurden, auf die Antwort eines numerischen Modells untersucht. Darüber hinaus werden die damit gewonnenen Modellvorhersagen experimentell ermittelten Antwortgrößen bezüglich des Mastschwingungsverhaltens gegenübergestellt, sodass die Sensitivität der Modellantwort auf die Variation verschiedener Eingangsparameter herausgestellt wird. Des Weiteren kann die Frage beantwortet werden, welche Anforderungen an die Modelleingangsparameter gestellt werden sollten, um hinreichend genaue Vorhersagen über das Strukturverhalten des Masts zu erzielen.
Maternal Use of Weight Loss Products and the Risk of Neural Tube Defects in Offspring: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Hoang Thanh T. , Agopian A.J. , Mitchell Laura E.
Published: October 2017

Background

Several studies have assessed potential associations between use of weight loss products in the periconceptional period and neural tube defects (NTDs). However, the individual studies are inconclusive and there has not been a systematic review of this literature.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search, using Ovid MEDLINE and PubMed, to identify studies that evaluated the association between products used for weight loss and the risk of NTDs. Because many studies of birth defects only evaluate a composite birth defect outcome, we evaluated studies that defined the outcome as “any major birth defect” or as NTDs. We abstracted data on study design, exposure definition, outcome definition, covariates and effect size estimates from each article that met our inclusion criteria. For studies that evaluated a composite birth defect outcome, we also abstracted the number of NTD cases included in the composite outcome. We used a modified version of the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale to assess the quality of each article.

Results

We screened 865 citations and identified nine articles that met our inclusion criteria. The majority of studies reported positive associations between maternal use of weight loss products and birth defects (overall and NTDs). However, there were few significant associations and there was considerable heterogeneity in the specific exposures assessed across the nine studies.

Conclusion

Our systematic review of weight loss products and NTDs indicates that the literature on this topic is sparse. Because several studies reported modest, positive associations between risk and use of weight loss products, additional studies are warranted. Birth Defects Research 110:48–55, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐Throughput Feasible Screening Tool for Determining Enzyme Stabilities against Organic Solvents Directly from Crude Extracts
Authors: Wedde Severin , Kleusch Christian , Bakonyi Daniel , Gröger Harald
Published: October 2017

Biotransformations in organic chemistry frequently suffer from limitations caused by low water‐solubility of substrates and product inhibition. Both, usually are addressed by the addition of organic cosolvents, which often accompanies at the expense of enzyme stability. A common method for measuring enzyme stability is to determine the melting temperature (Tm) of the enzyme. However, current methods are limited to the application of purified enzymes. Herein, for the first time, an easy and fast (<1 h) high‐throughput feasible method to determine enzyme stabilities directly from crude extracts is reported. In pure buffer, the Tm value measured in the crude extract was identical to that obtained for the purified enzyme. Through the addition of different organic compounds, the Tm values in the crude extract differed by up to 2.4 °C from that of the purified enzymes due to the presence of the host‐cell proteins. Thus, the measurement of enzyme stabilities in crude extracts appears to represent conditions in whole‐cell catalysts even better. The applied nano differential scanning fluorimetry technology is further proven to be suitable for whole‐cell catalysts with two overexpressed enzymes; thus representing a tool for the rapid screening of natural and mutant enzyme libraries in terms of process stability for challenging biotransformations.
Acute basophilic leukemia associated with the t(16;21)(p11;q22)/FUS‐ERG fusion gene
Authors: Toda Yusuke , Nagai Yuya , Shimomura Daiki , Kishimori Chiyuki , Tsuda Katsuyo , Fukutsuka Katsuhiro , Hayashida Masahiko , Ohno Hitoshi
Published: October 2017

Key Clinical Message

We herein report a rare case of acute basophilic leukemia with t(16;21)(p11;q22) generating the FUS‐ERG fusion gene. The basophilic nature of leukemia blasts was demonstrated by cytomorphology, toluidine blue metachromasia, mature basophil‐associated antigen expression, and characteristic granules under electron microscopy. The molecular link between t(16;21)/FUS‐ERG and basophilic differentiation remains unclear.
Performance Evaluation of Constructed Wetlands Treating Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent in Taihu Lake, China
Authors: Shen Xiaoxiao , Huang Dechun , Zhang Changzheng , Hu Kai
Published: October 2017

Constructed wetlands are often used for advanced treatment of the secondary effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Through assessing wetlands based on economic, technical, environmental, and social impacts, an optimal process is selected. In this study, a set of assessment methods for wetland treatment technology is established: The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to establish the evaluation index system; the entropy weight method is employed to calculate the index weights; and the preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation (PROMETHEE) is utilized for ranking of the selected treatment technologies. Then four processes applied in Taihu Lake basin, China are evaluated. The results show the following ranking: Vertical‐flow wetland–ecological pond–surface‐flow wetland–horizontal‐flow wetland, vertical‐flow wetland–horizontal‐flow wetland, ecological pond–horizontal‐flow wetland–surface‐flow wetland, and ecological ditch–ecological pond. The wetland exhibits certain universality and space portability with regard to treatment of municipal WWTP effluent. From the view of comprehensive benefits, the ranking of the treatment technology based on the vertical‐flow wetland is high (Φ values between 0.0224 and 0.0349), whereas that based on the ecological pond is low (Φ values between −0.2086 and −0.2652), owing to the mechanism of the process itself and the role of microorganisms in the system. Moreover, for organic matter removal, a vertical‐flow wetland process is recommended (48%), whereas for the removal of N contamination, an integrated‐flow wetland process is suggested (31.2% for NH3‐N, 32.4% for TN removals).
Categorization of Abuse Potential–Related Adverse Events
Authors: Sellers Edward M. , Romach Myroslava K.
Published: October 2017

All drugs with central nervous system activity must undergo an assessment of their abuse potential, and these data must be included in a New Drug Application. Part of this assessment is an analysis of treatment‐emergent adverse events that occur during clinical development. Using an iterative consensus strategy, we evaluated and grouped an available list of 213 flag terms for abuse potential from the Food and Drug Administration, into categories and assessed the relevance of the terms to primary abuse behavior. Consequences of abuse (28%) were most common, followed by diagnoses (19%), altered thoughts (18%), cognitive effects (10%), stimulation/anxiety (9%), central nervous system depression (9%), and mood elevation (1%). The vast majority of abuse potential–related terms reflects treatment‐emergent adverse events, not behaviorally motivating features to abuse a drug. Almost 30% of terms are related to altered perception or altered cognition. These are serious consequences in the context of abusable psychoactive drugs. Only 20% of terms were rated as definitely or probably reflecting intrinsic behavioral reinforcing potential, and 30% were assessed as having weak predictive utility. Sponsors need to have an explicit strategy for collecting, interpreting, and analyzing abuse‐related adverse event information completely and accurately.
Optimal operator deployment and replication for elastic distributed data stream processing
Authors: Cardellini Valeria , Lo Presti Francesco , Nardelli Matteo , Russo Russo Gabriele
Published: October 2017

Processing data in a timely manner, data stream processing (DSP) applications are receiving an increasing interest for building new pervasive services. Due to the unpredictability of data sources, these applications often operate in dynamic environments; therefore, they require the ability to elastically scale in response to workload variations. In this paper, we deal with a key problem for the effective runtime management of a DSP application in geo‐distributed environments: We investigate the placement and replication decisions while considering the application and resource heterogeneity and the migration overhead, so to select the optimal adaptation strategy that can minimize migration costs while satisfying the application quality of service (QoS) requirements. We present elastic DSP replication and placement (EDRP), a unified framework for the QoS‐aware initial deployment and runtime elasticity management of DSP applications. In EDRP, the deployment and runtime decisions are driven by the solution of a suitable integer linear programming problem, whose objective function captures the relative importance between QoS goals and reconfiguration costs. We also present the implementation of EDRP and the related mechanisms on Apache Storm. We conduct a thorough experimental evaluation, both numerical and prototype‐based, that shows the benefits achieved by EDRP on the application performance.
Effect of Water Addition during Preparation on the Early‐Time Photodynamics of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Layers
Authors: Aphrham S. , Pan Q. , Zaccarine S. F. , Felter K. M. , Thieme J. , van den Nieuwenhuijzen K. J. H. , ten Elshof J. E. , Huijser A.
Published: October 2017

The effect of water addition during preparation of a CH3NH3PbI3 layer on the photodynamics is studied by femtosecond transient absorption. Both the regular perovskite and the aqueous analogue show charge thermalisation on a timescale of about 500 fs. This process is, however, less pronounced in the latter layer. The spectral feature associated with hot charges does not fully decay on this timescale, but also shows a long‐lived (sub‐ns) component. As water molecules may interfere with the hydrogen bonding between the CH3NH3+ cations and the inorganic cage, this effect is possibly caused by immobilisation of cation motion, suggesting a key role of CH3NH3+ dipole reorientation in charge thermalisation. This effect shows the possibility of controlling hot charge carrier cooling to overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit.
Effects of Gold Colloids on the Photosensitization Efficiency of Silica Particles Doped with Protoporphyrin IX
Authors: Zampini Giulia , Tarpani Luigi , Massaro Giuseppina , Gambucci Marta , Nicoziani Andrea , Latterini Loredana
Published: October 2017

Photodynamic treatments represent a non‐invasive tool to intervene in the cell cycle, only when needed, but high excitation power is an important limitation. In this work, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is covalently anchored to the surface of silica particles. The hybrid colloids are prepared with different photosensitizer loadings and characterized by TEM, SEM‐EDX and spectroscopic methods. The visible excitation of the colloidal samples generates reactive oxygen species, which are quantified by use of a specific chemical scavenger agent (1,3‐diphenylisobenzofuran). The determined efficiencies depend on the PpIX loading, being higher in the sample where the aggregation is reduced. To enhance further the photosensitizing performance of silica‐PpIX samples, increasing amounts of gold nanoparticles are conjugated to the silica surface in order to exploit the antenna effect of plasmonic nanostructures. The visible excitation of silica‐PpIX systems in the presence of gold nanoparticles results in a faster and more efficient photoinduced formation of ROS species reaching a 230 % enhancement of ROS photosensitization when 1013 Au nanoparticles mL−1 (corresponding to circa 75 ppm of gold) are present. The efficiency data are discussed in terms of plasmonic enhancement of the excitation field.
Two‐Electron Oxidation of Water Through One‐Photon Excitation of Aluminium Porphyrins: Molecular Mechanism and Detection of Key Intermediates
Authors: Mathew Siby , Kuttassery Fazalurahman , Remello Sebastian Nybin , Thomas Arun , Yamamoto Daisuke , Onuki Satomi , Nabetani Yu , Tachibana Hiroshi , Inoue Haruo
Published: October 2017

The reaction mechanism of photochemical water oxidation catalyzed by AlIII porphyrins (AlTIIIMPyP(OH)2) covalently adsorbed through the coordination of one axial OH group on the surface of TiO2 particles was investigated by time‐resolved nanosecond laser flash photolysis (NLFP). Three types of transient species with completely different absorption and decay characteristics were detected by means of NFLP, demonstrating that the photochemical production of H2O2 from water is initiated only by one‐photon excitation of the catalyst followed by stepwise two‐electron conversion processes, providing a promising model for photochemical water oxidation. Laser flash excitation of AlIIITMPyP adsorbed on a transparent TiO2 film leads to the formation of the AlTMPyP(OH) radical cation through one‐electron injection from the excited singlet state of the catalyst to the conduction band of TiO2. The radical cation is subsequently deprotonated into AlTMPyP(O.), which further reacts with OH−/H2O to form a key intermediate, the radical anion of AlTMPyP(O‐OH), having a characteristic O−O bond at the axial position within a delay time of 2–3 μs. Thereafter the radical anion efficiently transfers a second electron to TiO2 leading to the formation of AlTIIIMPyP(O‐OH) (≈67 μs), which reacts further with OH−/H2O to liberate free hydrogen peroxide as an end‐product with regeneration of the starting catalyst, AlTIIIMPyP(OH), (≈500 μs).
Zirconium Propoxide: A Coupling Agent for the Synthesis of Multifunctional Photoinitiators
Authors: Zhou Junyi , Allonas Xavier , Liu Xiaoxuan
Published: October 2017

A commercial photoinitiator, 2‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropiophenone (PI‐1173), was employed to synthesize a novel multifunctional photoinitiator (MPI) via ligand substitution of zirconium propoxide in the absence of any catalyst. With different feed ratios of the reactant, trifunctional and tetrafunctional zirconium‐based photoinitiators were obtained. The photoinitiation properties of the MPIs were evaluated by real‐time FTIR of the UV‐curing formulation, which shows that the photoinitiation ability of MPIs were comparable to PI‐1173. Three different levels of final conversion were achieved with varied concentrations of MPIs. The residual‐free PIs in cured samples were also measured by extraction of chloromethane. The results showed that the multifunctional structures of MPIs are more immobilized in the cross‐linked networks than the parent molecule.
Electrochemical Behavior of Pyridinium and N‐Methyl Pyridinium Cations in Aqueous Electrolytes for CO2 Reduction
Authors: Lebègue Estelle , Agullo Julia , Bélanger Daniel
Published: October 2017

The electrochemical reduction of aqueous pyridinium and N‐methyl pyridinium ions is investigated in the absence and presence of CO2 and electrolysis reaction products on glassy carbon, Au, and Pt electrodes are studied. Unlike pyridinium, N‐methyl pyridinium is not electroactive at the Pt electrode. The electrochemical reduction of the two pyridine derivatives was found to be irreversible on glassy carbon. These results confirmed the essential role of the N−H bond of the pyridinium cation. In contrast, the electrochemical response of N‐methyl pyridinium ion at the glassy carbon electrode suggests that a specific interaction occurs between the glassy carbon surface and the aromatic ring of the pyridinium derivative. For all electrodes, an enhancement of current was observed in the presence of CO2. However, NMR spectroscopy of the solutions following electrolysis showed no formation of methanol or other possible byproducts of the reduction of CO2 in the presence of either pyridinium derivative ion.