bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Farewell to Alms
Authors: Lechterman Theodore M.
Published: October 2021

Having considered why a democratic polity might have reason to limit philanthropy’s reach, the book moves to consider the conditions under which such a polity might have reason to offer donations affirmative support. Policies that subsidize philanthropic donations are a fixture of the public finance regimes of most democratic societies. Most instantiations of this policy make subsidies available on a neutral basis, with no special priority accorded to specific categories of nonprofit activity. Numerous critics find this policy wanting, contending that public support for philanthropy can only be justified as a way of responding to poverty. The chapter affirms that a society’s least advantaged members have powerful claims on collective resources but notes serious limitations with using philanthropy to satisfy them. Meanwhile, it proposes that public support for citizens’ varied philanthropic commitments is valuable as a way of mediating the limitations of majority rule and securing the organizational foundations of democratic deliberation.
Reforming Competition and Media Law
Authors: Hartmann Sarah , Holznagel Bernd
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines two recent legal proposals from Germany, seeking to adjust competition and media law in relation to digital intermediaries and platforms as gatekeepers. These proposals update the toolkit of competition law to preserve market structures and introduce new behavioural duties of non-discrimination and transparency to safeguard media plurality. As one of the first specific regulatory forays into digital dominance, they can serve as case studies and useful points of reference inside and outside of the EU. The chapter also demonstrates the proposals’ weaknesses, especially concerning positive “must-be-found” obligations for public interest content. It proposes an alternate approach, integrating and merging elements of competition law and media law to redefine the scope and beneficiaries of plurality safeguards.
Obliging Platforms to Accept a Duty of Care
Authors: Woods Lorna , Perrin Will
Published: October 2021

This chapter introduces the statutory duty of care model of regulation proposed by Carnegie UK Trust and which underpinned the approach of the UK Government’s Online Harms White Paper. Based on the approach found in the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, the proposal is for systems-based regulation which has two aspects. The first that it is the platform that should be regulated not the content, including the design of the platform and the operation of the business. Secondly, the duty of care implies a risk assessment so that reasonably foreseeable harms are avoided where possible or mitigated. Perfection is not required and this regime does not impose liability on the platform for individual items of content. An independent regulator was envisaged, one that had a double role: enforcement and the development of good behaviours through codes of practice.
Determining Our Technological and Democratic Future
Authors: Nemitz Paul , Pfeffer Matthias
Published: October 2021

This chapter talks about the concentration of power in the hands of the GAFAM, which became possible because of the Internet and software that remained largely unregulated. It cites the infant industry argument as a classic neo-liberal dispute that any legal regulation would stand in the way of innovation. It also elaborates how the current generation are faced with similar arguments with the new technological leaps and irreversible accumulations of power that will make the corporations even more powerful. The chapter points out that future technologies such as, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Quantum Computing, must be considered in the context of the concentration of economic and technological power. It emphasizes the need for regulating AI that requires an anticipatory understanding of the potential of this new technology and a holistic view of the business models of all digital technologies.
Reconceptualizing Media Freedom
Authors: Tambini Damian
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the relationship between theories of freedom of the media and new approaches to regulation of Internet intermediaries. It outlines two approaches to media freedom: an international human rights approach supported by regional human rights courts and the UN which adopts a positive approach to the role of law, the state and media regulation to support fundamental rights, and a US approach which stresses negative rights against the state. It argues that much-needed new interventions to support ethical approaches of new media and the sustainability of existing media are difficult to reconcile with a negative rights approach. The chapter argues that a new, conditional approach to media freedom should be developed in order to create a new social contract for the media and democracy.
The Role of Ideas from a Practical Perspective
Authors: Ypi Lea
Published: October 2021

This chapter focuses on the practical use of ideas in light of the Architectonic’s remarks on the passage from the system of nature to that of freedom. Given Kant’s repeated emphasis on the role of the practical for systematic unity, the chapter turns to the relationship between the concept of purposiveness and the ideas of reason in the Canon of Pure Reason. It argues that although Kant insists here that the practical use of ideas can satisfy the demand for systematic unity central to the Architectonic of Pure Reason, the fact that Kant does not distinguish between practical and transcendental freedom, that practical freedom is equated with the liberum arbitrium and that reason in its practical use has no domain of its own (unlike in the third Critique), complicates his argument in favour of the purposive foundation of the system based on reason’s normativity.
The Right of Sovereignty
Authors: Lee Daniel
Published: October 2021

Sovereignty is the vital organizing principle of modern international law. The Right of Sovereignty examines the origins of that principle in the legal and political thought of its most influential theorist, Jean Bodin (1529/30–1596). As Daniel Lee argues in this study, Bodin’s most lasting theoretical contribution was his thesis that sovereignty must be conceptualized as an indivisible bundle of legal rights constitutive of statehood. While these uniform ‘rights of sovereignty’ licensed all states to exercise numerous exclusive powers, including the ‘absolute power’ to ‘absolve’ and release its citizens from legal duties, they were ultimately derived from, and therefore limited by, the law of nations. The book explores Bodin’s creative synthesis of classical sources in philosophy, history, and the medieval legal science of Roman and canon law in crafting the rules governing state-centric politics. The Right of Sovereignty is the first book in English on Bodin’s legal and political theory to be published in nearly a half-century and surveys themes overlooked in modern Bodin scholarship: empire, war, conquest, slavery, citizenship, commerce, territory, refugees, and treaty obligations. It will interest specialists in political theory and the history of modern political thought, as well as legal history, the philosophy of law, and international law.
Introduction
Authors: Lee Daniel
Published: October 2021

What was sovereignty supposed to be, and what purpose might it serve for our common future? This study addresses these questions by examining the legal and political thought of Jean Bodin (1529/30–1596), widely regarded as the preeminent theorist of sovereignty in early modern political thought. This Introduction offers a preview of four principal themes and arguments to be explored in this book: (1) sovereignty as a permissive legal right; (2) Bodin’s concept of positive law as duty-creating command; (3) the negative function of absolute power; (4) the pluralistic structure of the Bodinian sovereign state. Special emphasis will be placed on Bodin’s outsized, though overlooked, influence on the intellectual origins of modern public international law, whose architecture is still anchored fundamentally in the notion of a state’s sovereign right.
Conclusion
Authors: Lee Daniel
Published: October 2021

The search for a new purpose for sovereignty appropriate for the post-Cold War world has emboldened international lawyers and policy specialists to reconceptualize sovereignty in terms of the state’s fiduciary responsibilities to protect. This shift to a fiduciary theory, stressing the state’s sovereign duties over its sovereign rights, is typically framed as a rejection of a ‘traditional’ or ‘classical’ Westphalian theory of sovereignty, commonly thought to be exemplified by Jean Bodin. This concluding essay, however, argues that Bodin not only belongs to this intellectual tradition of interpreting sovereignty in terms of fiduciary obligations, he deserves to be considered one of its originators. As the principal trustees of humanity, all sovereigns were burdened by duties to preserve and protect the naturally weak bonds that held humanity together. These included duties to honour treaties and pacts, promote commerce, guarantee safe conduct, as well as to intercede on behalf of oppressed peoples. Taken together, sovereignty was understood to be an agent of equity to protect humanity from evil.
Neural Prosthetics
Authors: Glannon Walter
Published: October 2021

Neural prosthetics (neuroprostheses, neural prostheses) are devices or systems that influence the input and output of information in the brain. They modulate, bypass, supplement, or replace regions of the brain and its connections to the body that are damaged, dysfunctional, or lost from brain injury, congenital conditions, limb loss, or neurodegenerative disease. Neural prosthetics can generate, improve, or restore sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Some prosthetics are implanted in the brain. Others are connected to it in brain–computer interfacing. This book describes auditory and visual prosthetics, deep brain and responsive neurostimulation, brain–computer interfaces, brain-to-brain interfaces, optogenetics, and memory prosthetics and discusses some of their neuroscientific and philosophical implications. The neuroscientific discussion focuses on how neural prosthetics can restore brain and bodily functions. The philosophical discussion focuses on how people with these prosthetics can benefit from or be harmed by them. It also focuses on how these devices and systems can lead to a better understanding of or change our attitudes about the brain–mind relation, identity, mental causation, and agency. The book considers the therapeutic, rehabilitative, and restorative potential of neural prosthetics in improving functional independence and quality of life for millions of people with disabling conditions.
Auditory and Visual Prosthetics
Authors: Glannon Walter
Published: October 2021

This chapter explains the neuroscience behind auditory and visual prosthetics and discusses how they can improve spatial and social navigation and affect recipients’ experience of the world. Cochlear, auditory brainstem, and auditory midbrain implants can enable congenitally deaf children to have sound awareness and produce speech. Cochlear implants may allow adults who have become hearing impaired or profoundly deaf to regain some degree of hearing. How well people with these implants adjust to them depends on their previous experience and expectations of acquired or restored hearing. The chapter also discusses visual prosthetics for people with congenital blindness and those who have become blind from injury or disease. It points out that visual prosthetics are at a comparatively early stage of development because of the size and complexity of the visual system. Like auditory prosthetics, the age at which a person receives a visual prosthetic and the expectations of those transitioning from blindness to vision with a visual prosthetic can influence how they adjust to sensory change.
Neural Prosthetics for Memory
Authors: Glannon Walter
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses different techniques to treat pathologies of forgetting and remembering. Deep brain stimulation can modulate hypoactive engram cells and synaptic connections in the hippocampal–entorhinal circuit or other cortical regions to improve memory encoding and retrieval. This same technique can modulate hyperactivity in the hippocampal–amygdala circuit to weaken or suppress emotionally charged memories. It can also erase memories by inducing electrophysiological silence in neurons associated with the memory trace. The chapter also explains the design and mechanism of a hippocampal prosthetic to restore encoding and retrieval in people with damaged hippocampi resulting in spatial, working, semantic, and episodic memory impairment. By regulating neural firing patterns necessary to form and access memories, this prosthetic could ameliorate anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Like other neural prosthetics, this would depend on how well the hippocampal prosthetic integrated into the brain and interacted with multiple cell fields in the declarative memory network. Although this prosthetic would not select some memories as being more meaningful than others in forming a personal narrative, its ability to restore encoding and retrieval functions would be necessary for this constructive process.
Williams on ought
Authors: Broome John
Published: October 2021

In 2002, Bernard Williams delivered a lecture that revisited the arguments of his article ‘Ought and moral obligation’, published in his Moral Luck. The lecture attributed to the earlier article the thesis that there are no ‘personal’ or (as I put it) ‘owned’ oughts. It also rejected this thesis. I explain the idea of an owned ought, and support Williams’s lecture in asserting that there are owned oughts by providing a further argument. I also examine the question of how accurately Williams’s later lecture interprets his earlier article. An alternative view is that the earlier article is not concerned with ownership, but argues only that ought is a propositional operator. I point out that this is a trivial claim, and not a fit topic for an article.
Introduction
Authors: Finkelstein David
Published: October 2021

This introduction explains the rationale for undertaking this sort of study, and offers a summary of the book. This is an interdisciplinary study of the ‘webs of empire’ that underpinned and enabled skilled print labour networks over the Victorian and Edwardian periods. It is a cultural history, with chapters incorporating original material linked to labour history, working-class literary culture, migration, social history, and print culture. Drawing on a range of unique primary and secondary sources covering Australia, Canada, the UK, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States, it focuses on the ‘typographical web’ that encompassed print economies across these regions. It offers insights into how print culture structures translated across national boundaries, how print workers were mobilized and organized as the century progressed, and how shared craft identities, creative endeavours, and trade press publications created a sense of moral community linking the printing fraternity across space and time.
Creative Printers
Authors: Finkelstein David
Published: October 2021

From the 1840s, and over the course of the next six decades, new and emerging print trade unions backed the launch of monthly typographical trade press journals in the USA, UK, South Africa, and Australia. Many were short-lived, or underwent multiple transformations of title, frequency, and format throughout their lifespan. The aim of these journals was to inform, entertain, and support the development of a cooperative, shared professional trade identity and working-class literary culture. They shared information and borrowed material from each other, reproducing trade news, working-class poetry and other items from sister publications when needed. A feature of many of these typographical journals was the use of in-house compositor-poets and creative writers. Many of these individuals have now been forgotten. One of the aims of this chapter is to focus attention on their roles as labour laureates and on their significance in cultural history and print culture studies.
Afterword
Authors: Finkelstein David
Published: October 2021

This section offers final thoughts on how key themes were addressed across the book’s three chapters. The printing world sketched out in the preceding pages maps onto a ‘print economy’ based on a moral community of compositors and printers, bound together by a shared trade identity. The print economies and print diasporas of the Victorian world were expansive in nature, encompassing links and activity across an English-speaking world that drew together Australasia, the British Isles, North America, and South Africa. In arguing this, the work has approached the issues in interdisciplinary fashion, a cultural history focusing on individuals and events traversing space and time, and arguing for a socially engaged analysis of cultural factors informing print culture developments, labour history, and geographical movement.
Houses for Moderate Means
Authors: Sillars Stuart
Published: October 2021

Debate about housing was continued with books of plans and photographs of houses, beginning with Daily Mail volumes of prize winning houses for workers. These were shown in plans and elevations, a form that evolved into easily read pages with sketches of houses and gardens. Others followed, including Daily Mail designs family houses, in competitions related to the paper’s Ideal Home Exhibitions. Other books, especially those by Randal Phillips, were aimed at individuals thinking of commissioning houses. His The House I Want showed a mock-Georgian house—the period’s dominant style—on its cover, while the book’s title contrasted subtly with Reiss’s volume. Some of his later volumes included Modernist designs. Such books developed a new pastime, of planning an actual house or exploring one in the imagination. The Ideal Home Exhibition extended this with full-size replicas of newly designed houses, allowing visitors to examine them in person.
Taking Bearings
Authors: Hawes Greta
Published: October 2021

This chapter turns from the way Pausanias provokes formative experiences to consider his work as an object in its own right. It describes how stories fit within the Periegesis’ textual architecture by introducing the analytical framework of ‘mythographic topography’. This is the idea that form and content are inextricably bound up in each other when each passage of text (topos) is also a place on the map (topos). There are three studies in this chapter: an analysis of the function of cross-references in sorting content hierarchically and establishing authenticity; a survey of the ways Pausanias deals with heroes with more than one tomb; and a reading of the story of Hyrnetho’s death which illustrates the lure of local perspectives in this mythographic archive.
Localisms
Authors: Hawes Greta
Published: October 2021

This chapter analyses the ways that the different histories of four places shaped the stories that Pausanias attaches to them in the Imperial period. It describes how different relationships to canonical literature, and different experiences of destruction, rebuilding, and decline shaped the epichoric storytelling of Thebes, Corinth, Mycenae, and Messenia. It argues that Thebes’ experience of destruction, rebuilding and depopulation meant that its physical landscape was closely tied to a safely canonical expression of myth. Pausanias’ comments about Roman Corinth’s divergence from the traditional myths of the place points in fact to the creativity of storytelling there. Mycenae presents the most extended description of a ruined city that we have in the Periegesis and yet the hallmarks of ruination still affect the stories told on site. Messenia, finally, offers a case-study in the opportunistic creation of civic myths within existing strictures.
Future Relations Between the Union and the UK
Authors: Dougan Michael
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the main constitutional and empirical factors that will influence the future management of relations between the EU and the UK in fields such as trade and security. As well as explaining the evolution of the two parties’ preferences during the Article 50 TEU withdrawal process, this chapter summarizes the key points contained in the Political Declaration on future relations which was agreed between the EU and the UK in October 2019; then explains how the UK Government, under Prime Minister Boris Johnson, reneged upon key parts of that mutual political understanding in the weeks following Brexit. At the time of writing, negotiations are ongoing, with major points of contention over, e.g. level playing field commitments; access to fishing waters and markets; guarantees for fundamental rights protection; and governance of future EU–UK relations.
Life-History Variation
Authors: Hutchings Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2021

The chapter begins with a brief overview of life-history trait variability among species at a coarse resolution of phylogenetic affinity before drilling down into variability between classes within a single subphylum (vertebrates). The chapter then unfolds with examples of how life histories can be strikingly variable among populations within the same species. Natural selection plays a dominant role in generating life-history variability within and among populations of the same species. But among species and higher-level taxonomic ranks, a considerable amount of life-history variation can be attributed to constraints. These are developmental, structural, physiological, or genetic boundaries that hinder or limit life-history expression. Evidence of one type of constraint emerges when species are unable to express trait values common in other species. A second type of constraint is evident because of the nature of trait covariation and what it can potentially say about constancy; these are termed life-history invariants. The chapter concludes with a consideration of how patterns of life-history trait covariation might evolve. The question here is whether traits covary with one another in ways that are reasonably predictable, empirically defensible, and plausibly adaptive. It is these patterns of covariation that have driven efforts to classify trait combinations in accordance with various continuums of divergence, a well-known one being that which distinguishes r- from K-selection.
Vital Rates
Authors: Hutchings Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2021

Age-specific schedules of survival (lx) and fecundity (bx) comprise the vital rates that are key to estimating individual and population rates of increase. At the individual level, rates of increase reflect individual fitness. Common metrics include the intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0), and reproductive value (RV). Across taxa, three general patterns of survival with age have been identified. Fecundity, however, tends either to remain constant or to increase with age until organisms begin to senesce, depending on whether growth is determinate or indeterminate. Life tables, which provide a logistically tractable means of expressing lx and bx, provide a straight-forward means of comparing the fitness of alternative life histories, allowing for the calculation of life-history trait optima. By changing parameter values, life tables can be used to explore how different levels of intrinsic and extrinsic mortality affect fitness. One implication of these exploratory exercises is the realization that different regimes of juvenile and adult mortality can result in the evolution of different life histories. As one example, optimal age at maturity is expected to decrease with increases in the ratio of survival during the juvenile period of life relative to survival during the adult period of life. Life-history theory, thus, can be used to predict how changes to abiotic and biotic environments might influence the fundamental ‘decisions’ that genotypes face concerning reproduction.
Introduction
Authors: Warren James
Published: October 2021

This chapter sets out the topic and structure of the book. Metameleia is the ancient Greek term for ‘regret’ in the sense close to the modern notion of ‘agent regret’. It is a painful self-reflexive emotion based on a revised assessment of a past action. Understanding regret is important as a way of understanding the nature of virtue, ethical improvement, and the possibility of moral dilemmas. Modern accounts of agent regret, including for example the account offered by Bernard Williams, share some characteristics of the accounts of metameleia offered by Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics. But there are also important differences which we should note and try to explain.
Virtue, Metameleia, Regret, and Remorse
Authors: Warren James
Published: October 2021

In Nicomachean Ethics 9.4 Aristotle says that the virtuous person will be ‘without regret’ and that bad people are full of regret. And in Nicomachean Ethics 7.8 he says that every akratic person is regretful but an unrestrained person is free from regret. Why does he think this? Is it correct? The case of Agamemnon, who sacrifices his daughter to allow the Greeks to sail to Troy, suggests that sometimes it would be wrong not to regret an action even if it was overall the best thing to do. So why does Aristotle think otherwise?
Aristotle on Regret and Counter-Voluntary Actions
Authors: Warren James
Published: October 2021

Aristotle also associates regret/metameleia with ‘counter-voluntary’ actions in Nicomachean Ethics 3.1. For example, someone may give a friend a drink with the intention of saving him from thirst but poison the friend instead. They will then likely regret that action. This chapter considers the role of a certain kind of ignorance and later recognition in accounting for this kind of regret and compares it with recent accounts of ‘agent regret’ inspired by Bernard Williams’ example of the driver who ‘through no fault of his’ runs over a child. A similar example also occurs, perhaps not coincidentally, in E. R. Dodds’ discussion of Sophocles’ Oedipus
the King.
Metameleia and Ignorance
Authors: Warren James
Published: October 2021

This chapter draws together the material from Chapters One to Four and considers the role of (temporary) ignorance in both regret caused by counter-voluntary action and regret caused by akratic action. It argues that in both cases regret requires the agent to have performed an act under a certain kind of ignorance. When that ignorance is dispelled then regret is possible because the agent can now reassess the previous action and perform the self-criticism necessary for regret. The kind of ignorance concerned will vary, on Aristotle’s analysis, depending whether the regretted action was voluntary, as in the case of the akratic, or counter-voluntary.
Gellius and Gallus on the Limits of Regret
Authors: Warren James
Published: October 2021

Aulus Gellius reports a set of criticisms of Cicero raised by Asinius Gallus. The criticisms include the claim that Cicero uses the notion of regret (paenitentia) incorrectly by implying that regret may be an appropriate response to something not voluntarily performed or chosen. This claim is assessed in the light both of the general picture of ancient accounts of regret assembled so far and also in the light of R. Jay Wallace’s recent account of the limits of regret and the relationship between regret and affirmation. This returns to the discussion of what a virtuous person may and may not regret.
The Ageing Brain in Context
Authors: Irish Muireann , Ramanan Siddharth
Published: October 2021

Successful interpersonal functioning relies upon the dynamic interplay of several complex cognitive and socio-emotional processes, enabling us to anticipate, predict, and respond appropriately to the behaviour of others. While significant attention has been paid to the emergence of these functions in childhood, comparatively less research has addressed how social cognition continues to evolve and change across the lifespan. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of how changes in social cognition arise as a natural consequence of healthy ageing, with important implications for how we construct and assess these processes in older adults. It then considers how degeneration of large-scale brain networks specialized for socio-emotional processing disrupts interpersonal functioning in dementia syndromes, and the mechanisms driving such impairments. In doing so, we aim to provide an empirically grounded road map to understand the dynamic nature of social cognitive function across the lifespan with a view to promoting resilience and well-being in later years.
Commemorating Power in Early Medieval Saxony
Authors: Greer Sarah
Published: October 2021

This book examines the function of convents as memorial centres in early medieval Saxony as expressed in the historical texts written for and by these institutions. In the early medieval world, how people remembered the past changed how power was seen in the present. Certain sites, like the prominent convents of Gandersheim and Quedlinburg, were linked to memories of the predecessors of the new dynasty that came to power in tenth century Saxony, the Ottonians. With the accession of the first Ottonian king to the throne in 919, the memorial centres linked to his family shot to the foreground of Saxon politics, with their prominence and prestige seen as exceptional in tenth-century Western Europe. Through closely examining how and why these convents became central sites in the new Ottonian Empire, this book reveals how the women in these communities themselves were skilful political actors. The women of Gandersheim and Quedlinburg were constantly renegotiating their relationships with the Ottonian rulers and their families and were able to produce new visions of the past to achieve their ends. In so doing, a new vision of the history of the Ottonian dynasty and their convents emerges, one of contingency, versatility, and luck.
Human Flourishing Fuelled by Love
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Reiss Michael J.
Published: October 2021

Humans need to be loved. Human love has its origins in natural selection. From a theological perspective one would expect that if God is love, God would enable love to emerge in the story of life. Frans de Waal has shown that the evidence for animal emotions, including love, seems most convincing for our closest evolutionary relatives. Complementary to evolutionary accounts of origins of what we recognize as love in humans are the accounts provided by the world’s religions which, by and large, see God as the author of love. In the Christian tradition, the word becoming physically embodied is both a realization of God’s love and an inspiration for humans to love. VanderWeele sees flourishing as based on five domains: happiness and life satisfaction; mental and physical health; meaning and purpose; character and virtue; and close social relationships. Love provides the fundamental driver for caring about human flourishing.
The Restoration of Crown and Church, 1660–70
Authors: Smith Hannah
Published: October 2021

Set against the backdrop of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, rebellion in England and Scotland, and parliament’s proscription of religious dissent, this chapter focuses on Charles II’s establishment of a permanent professional army in 1660–1 and the increasing conflict between Charles II and parliament over its existence. The king’s inability to impose his own religious policy and his increasingly unworkable relationship with parliament made governance without parliament an attractive option for him. The 1660s saw Charles deliberating over whether to rule with the army’s assistance. Yet this was a potentially dangerous course of action, as Charles was aware, and throughout the decade, he was repeatedly faced with the question: to what extent was the king’s army his own?
The Vigor of Confederacies
Authors: Waterfield Robin
Published: October 2021

The chief way in which the Greeks united in the third century in order to be able to offer resistance to Macedon was by forming large federal states. The two greatest of these were based in Achaea and in Aetolia, but both quickly spread well beyond these ethnic borders. “Aetolia” came to mean almost all of central Greece, and “Achaea” much of the Peloponnese. I discuss the differences between confederacies and the most familiar form of ancient Greek polity, the polis, and show how confederacies gained their strengths, before focusing on the structures set up by the Aetolians and Achaeans. By the time Antigonus came to the Macedonian throne, the Achaeans were on the rise, but the Aetolians were already a powerful threat. They had spearheaded the Greek repulsion of the Celts from central Greece, thus preserving Delphi, the most important of the Greeks’ common religious centers, and they used this as a springboard for further expansion. Antigonus treated them warily throughout his reign.
A Glimpse of the Future
Authors: Waterfield Robin
Published: October 2021

In a brief final chapter, I cover Antigonus’ death in 239, and the reign of his son, Demetrius II. By the end of Demetrius’ reign, Macedonian power was severely reduced, but it recovered under Antigonus III Doson (229-221). However, by now the Romans were developing an interest in cutting out Macedon and being the arbiters themselves of Greek fortunes. Doson’s successor, Philip V, and then his son Perseus were in constant conflict with the Romans, and in 168 the country was reduced and divided into four small republics. Roman control of Greece was more or less total, and I argue that this was in part Antigonus’s legacy: the Greeks’ loathing of Macedon drove them into the arms of Rome. To illustrate this loathing, I focus on the Athenians’ obliteration, in the year 200, of all favorable mentions in their public records of the Antigonid dynasty.
The Systems Work of Social Change
Authors: Rayner Cynthia , Bonnici François
Published: October 2021

The issues of poverty, inequality, racial justice, and climate change have never been more pressing or paralyzing. Current approaches to social change—which rely on industrial models of production and power—are not helping. In fact, they are designed to entrench the status quo. In The Systems Work of Social Change, Cynthia Rayner and François Bonnici draw on two hundred years of history and a treasure trove of stories of committed social change-makers to uncover principles and practices for social change that radically depart from industrial approaches. Rather than delivering “solutions,” these principles and practices focus on the process of change itself. Through rich storytelling and lucid analysis, Rayner and Bonnici show that connection, context, and power sit at the heart of the change process, ensuring broader agency for people and communities to create social systems that are responsive and representative in a rapidly changing world. Simple yet profound, this book distils a timely set of lessons for practitioners, leaders, scholars, and policymakers. "It will guide those who work in and think about systems change for a generation. A breakthrough book.” - Stephan Chambers, Director, Marshall Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science
Connection, Context, and Power
Authors: Rayner Cynthia , Bonnici François
Published: October 2021

In Chapter 3, three principles of systems work are proposed: the values and beliefs that organizations uphold to support systems that are more responsive and representative of the people who live in them. These principles are: Principle 1—Foster Connection: Organizations working in systems foster connection, building new collective identities that keep groups together while learning. Principle 2—Embrace Context: Organizations working in systems embrace context, equipping primary actors to respond to day-to-day complexity, dynamically adapting as the context requires. Principle 3—Reconfigure Power: Organizations working in systems reconfigure power, putting decision-making and resources in the hands of primary actors, ensuring that social systems fully represent the people who live in them.
Thinking With Empedocles
Authors: Betegh Gábor
Published: October 2021

The paper offers a close analysis of Aristotle’s discussion in De Anima 1. 4 (407b27–408a34) of the views according to which soul is harmonia. To understand properly why the harmonia views are important for Aristotle, we need a better grasp of Empedocles’ role in his discussion. It is not that Empedocles had a harmonia theory of the soul, or that Aristotle thought so, but that Aristotle could consider elements of Empedocles’ views as containing central aspects of Aristotle’s own theory. The ‘Empedoclean’ conception of harmonia as a ‘logos of the mixture’ could be conceived as an anticipation of his own notion of essence and form, whereas Love as Harmonia has the function of bringing and keeping together the elements composing the body. The connections between the harmonia theories of the soul discussed in De Anima 1.4 and the problem of the unity of the soul in 1.5 are also explored.
Aristotle On The Many Senses Of Being
Authors: Menn Stephen
Published: October 2021

It is important for Aristotle’s science of being that being is said in many ways, not only the categorial senses, but also being as actuality and potentiality, as truth, and per accidens. But Aristotle describes all the senses of being only in the puzzling MetaphysicsΔ‎. 7, which also puzzlingly ignores the distinction between 1-place (existential) being and 2-place (predicative) being, giving predominantly predicative examples with a few existential examples mixed in. But Aristotle’s methodology requires him to reanalyse assertions of 1-place being as assertions of 2-place being in order to investigate their causes; different ‘senses’ of being yield different investigations of causes. But we must reject the common assumption that Aristotle analyses ‘F exists’ as ‘for some appropriate G, F is G’; rather, he analyses ‘F exists’ as ‘for some appropriate S, S is F’, and looks for the causes of F’s existence in the causes of S’s being F.
New Evidence on Carneades
Authors: Fleischer Kilian
Published: October 2021

The article provides some substantial new evidence on Carneades by re-editing several lines in Philodemus’ Index Academicorum (PHerc. 1021, col. 22. 1–17) which up until now has not yielded any reasonable information. New imaging techniques (MSI and HSI) as well as a new editorial system have been applied to the papyrus for the first time. Among other things, we learn from the new readings the reasons for Carneades’ avoidance of writing. Furthermore, an anecdotal episode is reported that features an epistemological pun involving the Stoic Diogenes of Babylon. Later on in the text Carneades’ participation in the embassy to Rome (155 BCE) was dealt with. The philosophical and biographical implications of the new readings and related questions are discussed.
Persuasive Technology
Authors: Williams James
Published: October 2021

This chapter begins by illustrating a scenario which provides a wider view of the phenomenon of persuasive technologies in society. A technology that commands such a totalizing influence over the human experience would naturally touch on virtually every ethical issue imaginable. Perhaps the closest analogue in our time would be the internet. The chapter then distinguishes two types of ethical issues: those pertaining to content within the system, and those pertaining to the form of the system. Many of the most pressing ethical questions that have to do with the form, rather than the content, of such a technology relate to the dynamics of influence — persuasion, coercion, manipulation, and the like — and particularly their implications for users' freedom or autonomy.
Love Drugs
Authors: Savulescu Julian
Published: October 2021

This chapter focuses on biomedical human enhancements, presenting a welfarist account of enhancement. The welfarist account defines enhancement as “any change in the biology or psychology of a person which increases the chances of that person leading a good life in the relevant set of circumstances.” Some argue that while it is acceptable to use biomedical products as a treatment to cure a specific disease, it is not acceptable to use it as an enhancement to improve on a natural state. A second major argument against enhancement, especially in the arena of love enhancement is “authenticity.” Another objection is the risk of abuse, or the risk of enabling someone to put up with abuse. The chapter then distinguishes between using love drugs to support a good relationship through difficult child rearing years against using them to endure abuse.
Genetic Immunisation
Authors: Johnson Tess , Giubilini Alberto
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the ethics of genetic immunisation. If we use gene editing to confer immunity, maybe we could eliminate infectious diseases that threaten our populations today. If gene editing technology was refined, properly ethically assessed, and made accessible to the public as a way of ensuring one’s children’s immunity, it might become as important as, or even preferable to, vaccination. The chapter then compares genetic immunisation and vaccination. If parents would and should vaccinate their children, and if they should be held accountable for not doing so, does the same hold for genetic immunisation? Overall, genetic immunisation is not “the new” vaccination. However, with some caveats, it is a promising and morally-justifiable new alternative to traditional vaccination. Vaccination must continue to be supported, but for parents who are already undertaking IVF, genetic immunisation may become the new vaccination. If so, it should be accompanied by the same aspects of parental responsibility and accountability — to the benefit both of individual future children and of society at large.
Brain Stimulation and Identity
Authors: Pugh Jonathan
Published: October 2021

This chapter reflects on the impact of brain stimulation on identity. Following substantial advances in our understanding of the brain, surgeons and neuroscientists have been able to develop powerful new medical interventions that aim to treat disease by modifying electrical activity in the brain. At present, Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is the most precise tool that we have at our disposal in this regard; it can target a cubic millimeter of brain tissue. In terms of precision, it stands in stark contrast to drugs that influence brain activity by affecting neurotransmitters across the brain. However, despite its precision, in some rare cases, DBS can have unintended side-effects, including behavioural and emotional changes. The possibility of controlling motivational and emotional states has intrigued scientists since the earliest days of invasive neurostimulation. This prospect raises profound ethical questions, regardless of whether such changes are intentional or an unintended side-effect of treatment. To what extent does it make sense to say that a medical intervention like DBS can change the recipient into “a different person”? The chapter then turns to concepts in moral philosophy, considering the nature of identity and the self.
Emergency medicine
Authors: Roberts Catherine
Published: October 2021

This chapter contains 35 questions that encompass all of the important areas of emergency medicine, with detailed explanations. These questions have been designed to develop the reader’s analytical and decision-making skills by showing how to approach solving clinical problems that are commonly encountered in the Emergency Department, how to use tests efficiently and effectively, and some of the options for treatment that are available other than admission under inpatient teams. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Promoting Executive Functions During the Writing Process
Authors: Mason Linda H. , Brady Stacie
Published: October 2021

The complexity of writing has increased in the 21st century, demanding more of students, and challenging teachers to provide effective instruction. Developing and supporting students’ executive functions addresses these demands and challenges. Many students, unfortunately, lack the executive functions skills needed to promote the higher-order processes that relate to regulating essential writing behaviours. In this chapter, the role of executive functions processes and writing skill development, is situated within the complexity of written expression. A synthesis of effective research-based instruction for supporting students’ executive functions across the writing process from sentence writing to essay writing is presented. We describe an extensively researched approach, self-regulated strategy development (SRSD), and include an example of scaffolding strategies for teaching from early elementary grades through secondary grades. Research approaches for including self-regulation within technological intervention is then reviewed. Implications for research are noted in conclusion.
“Please Don’t Put a Price on Our Lives”
Authors: Moran Gillian , Mountford Nicola
Published: October 2021

This chapter combines two streams of scholarship—social media marketing and influence, and market organization—to examine two case studies of patient activism in the context of Irish drug pricing. The first is the provision of Orkambi, a drug for cystic fibrosis, which was approved in Ireland after eleven months of state/pharma negotiations held in a context of public debate and social media campaigning by people living with cystic fibrosis, their loved ones, and their advocates. The second case concerns the provision of Spinraza, a drug for patients with spinal muscular atrophy. In each case the chapter identifies key actors and tracks their social media activity with a view to identifying key turning points in the debate, relational links, and shifts. Ultimately the goal is to understand how activist organizations and individuals organize and reorganize the pharmaceutical market and the collective good through their actions and interactions on social media.
Initiators, Controllers, and Influencers
Authors: Lindén Lisa
Published: October 2021

This chapter looks at how patient advocates have intervened in cervical cancer policies to promote and enact the HPV test as the new “right tool for the job” in cervical cancer screening. By drawing upon an ethnography of a Swedish patients’ group, it provides a case study of patient advocates as key actors in the current fabrics and monitoring of healthcare policies. Focused on the interplay between “uninvited participation” and “evidence-based activism,” the chapter discusses how patient advocacy roles—“initiators,” “controllers,” and “influencers”—are enacted and sparked through policy-related patient activism. The author pays particular attention to how patient advocates translate “credentialized knowledge,” such as clinical guidelines, journal articles, and statistics, into evidence in support of policy change. The chapter develops the notion of “evidential objects,” used for analyzing the role of such material and textual objects in patient advocates’ mobilization of evidence.