bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration speeds among eleven species of long‐distance migrating passerines across Europe, the desert and eastern Africa
Authors: Yohannes Elizabeth , Biebach Herbert , Nikolaus Gerhard , Pearson David J.
Published: February 2009

Based on phenology, passage and median dates gathered from large number of study sites, we measured autumn and spring migration speeds of eleven long distance migratory passerines in four different ecogeographic sectors: Europe, desert, north‐eastern and eastern Africa. Results demonstrate that, during the southward autumn migration, late‐departing species, such as lesser whitethroat Sylvia curruca, garden warbler S. borin, spotted flycatcher Muscicapa striata, whitethroat S. borin, and willow warbler Phylloscopus trochilus cover their migration route with a slower average migration speed across Europe than do early migrating species. During spring migration, late‐departing species (marsh warbler Acrocephalus palustris, garden warbler, spotted flycatcher, red‐backed shrike Lanius collurio) across north‐eastern Africa showed a higher speed than early migrating species. Our results show overall shorter migration duration estimates in spring than autumn. Sector‐wise seasonal comparisons of duration indicate that migration journey in the African and desert sectors are covered in a relatively shorter time in spring than in autumn. Periods required to cover the distance between northern latitude breeding grounds and desert during both seasons were equivalent.
Periapical granulomas and cysts
Authors: MORTENSEN H. , WINTHER J. E. , BIRN H.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— A clinical and radiographic study was undertaken on 1,600 periapical lesions from 1,133 patients referred for extractions or apicoectomies. The clinical findings as well as the radiographic size (diameter) of the lesions were recorded. When this diameter measured less than 5 mm, the pathologic tissue was left in the bone after extraction, whereas in cases where the lesions were 5 mm or more, an excochleation was done and the specimens subjected to a routine histologic examination. In the group consisting of 753 controlled periapical lesions less than 5 mm in diameter all cases healed uneventfully within two years. The distribution of all periapical lesions according to regions was found to be in good correlation with caries frequency. Likewise the distribution within the dental arch of histologically verified granulomas and cysts was compared with earlier reports. A statistically significant higher proportion of cysts was found in the premolar than in the molar region (0.025 > P > 0.02), whereas the opposite was true regarding granulomas. The preoperative radiographic diagnosis showed only poor correlation with the histologic diagnosis. Fistulae occurred more often in connection with granulomas than with cysts (statistically significant, 0.025 > P > 0.01).
Luxation of permanent teeth due to trauma A clinical and radiographic follow‐up study of 189 injured teeth
Authors: ANDREASEN J. O.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— The present study is a clinical and radiographic follow‐up investigation of 108 patients with 189 luxated permanent teeth. The observation period ranged from 1 to 12 years with a mean of 3.4 years. A multivariate analysis was applied to examine the relationship between 17 clinical factors and the following four dependent variables: pulp necrosis, pulp obliteration, progressive root resorption, and loss of marginal bone support. Pulp necrosis was found in 98 teeth (52%), and this complication was significantly related to the type of luxation and stage of root development. Pulp obliteration was registered in 42 teeth (22%) and found significantly related to the variables stage of root development, type of luxation, and crown fracture. Progressive external root resorption occurred in 21 teeth (11 %). The type of luxation, reduction, and the time interval from injury to treatment was found significantly related to this complication. Loss of marginal bone support was found in 18 instances (10%), and this complication was significantly related to type of luxation, time interval from injury to treatment, fracture of supporting bone, and number of injured teeth.
Some methods for fluorochromation and staining of rat mast cells with bacic dyes
Authors: HALS EINAR
Published: February 2009

Abstract—Fluorochromation and staining possibilities of rat mast cells with basic dyes have been studied. The material consisted mainly of tongue, salivary and lymph glands, as well as decalcified material from jaws containing incisors. A very selective fluorescence for mast cells was achieved with several basic fluomchromes, but berberine sulfate, acridine orange, and thioflavine T proved especially useful. Some combinations of dyes to be used for ordinary and/or ultraviolet light are described. The most useful seemed to be acridine orangelhematoxylinleosin, acridine orangelaniline blue WS, berberine sulfatelthiazine red R. The acid dyes mainly served as background stains. Good results were achieved in ordinary light with the basic dye methyl green, which also revealed interesting color change phenomena (“allochromasia”).
Range of movement of mandible in children
Authors: INGERVALL BENGT
Published: February 2009

Abstract— The range of movement of the mandible was studied in 103 boys and girls aged 7 years, in 110 boys and girls aged 10 years, and in 60 women aged 20 years. The mobility of the mandible was estimated by repeated direct measurement of the maximal opening capacity, and in the 10‐year‐old children and the women also by measurement of maximal protrusion and lateral movement. The method for recording the mobility of the mandible proved to be precise. Lateral movement of the mandible to the right was greater than to the left both in children and adults. No difference in opening capacity or maximal protrusion was found between the boys and the girls, while lateral movement was somewhat larger in the boys. The mean maximal opening capacity was 46 mm in the 7‐year‐old children, 51 mm in the 10‐year‐old children, and 51 mm in the adult women. Maximal protrusion and lateral movement was, on the average, 9–10 mm in the 10‐year‐old children and in the adult women. The investigation suggests that in girls the range of movement of the mandible has reached adult level by 10 years. The opening capacity in children was found to be positively correlated with body height and body weight. Both in children and adults relatively high positive correlations were found between opening capacity, protrusion, and lateral movement.
The action of F‐ on human alkaline phosphatases obtained from human fetal parietal bones
Authors: PAUNIO ILKKA K. , KNUUTTILA MATTI L. E.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— Human fetal (age 8–14 weeks) parietal bones were homogenated and subjected to two different chromatographic procedures. Three distinct alkaline phosphatase enzyme preparations were obtained with DEAE‐cellulose ion‐exchange chromatography and six different alkaline phosphatase enzyme preparations with DEAE‐cellulose ion‐exchange chromatography and gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex G‐200. F‐ (as NaF or KF) caused a slight inhibition of the enzymic hydrolysis reaction of p‐nitrophenyl phosphate produced by the three enzyme preparations, allowing calculation of the inhibition constants (Ki). When Mg2+ was present in the incubation media, no valid inhibition constants could be calculated for fluoride because of a non‐linearity of the experimental values. The other six enzyme preparations were, however, completely unaffected by the F‐ whether Mg2+ was present or not until a 0.166 ×10‐1 M F‐ concentration level was reached in the incubation media. The F‐ was still ineffective when other substrates such as Na4P2O5 and α‐naphthyl phosphate were used instead of p‐nitraphenyl phosphate. F‐ produced, however, a slight activation of the enzymic hydrolysis reaction of both p‐nitrophenyl phosphate and α‐naphthyl phosphate catalyzed by some enzyme preparations when phosphate was added to the incubation media.
Social Exchange and Knowledge Sharing among Knowledge Workers: The Moderating Role of Perceived Job Security
Authors: Bartol Kathryn M. , Liu Wei , Zeng Xiangquan , Wu Kelu
Published: February 2009

Drawing on perceived organizational support (POS) theory and employee-organizational relationship theories, this research investigated the association between POS and knowledge sharing as well as the potential moderating effects of perceived job security. Study participants were 255 information technology professionals and their supervisors working in the information technology industry in China. Findings showed that POS was positively related to knowledge sharing, and, as expected, perceived job security moderated the association. More specifically, the positive association between POS and employee knowledge sharing held only for employees who perceived higher job security from their organization. In contrast, POS was not significantly associated with knowledge sharing when employees perceived their job security to be relatively low. This latter result is consistent with contentions from employee-organizational relationships theories that limited investment by employers is likely to lead to lower contributions from employees. The findings are also congruent with arguments from social exchange theory that meaningful reciprocity is built on a history of open-ended exchanges whose development may be inconsistent with a shorter-term employment horizon.
‘Annotation Mapping’ and What it Means: Developing the Gladstone Catalogue as a Resource for the History of Reading
Authors: Bradley Matthew
Published: February 2009

In 2005, the AHRC funded a project to identify and catalogue the books owned by William Ewart Gladstone, and to produce an online database with details of his extensive annotations and marginalia. This essay is an examination of the methodological issues and challenges that arose over the course of the project, as it comes towards its conclusion. These were broadly of two types. The first related to problems of establishing book provenance, which forced a significant rethink of the scope and function of the database, altering it from a ‘virtual recreation’ of Gladstone's library to an information resource for evidences of his reading. The second related to the task of ‘mapping’ Gladstone's annotations themselves, a project undertaken in a critical atmosphere where history of the book studies in general and the history of reading in particular has been questioning orthodoxies about marginalia as a more privileged form of writing, and the use of it as evidence of the reading experience.
How Young does Vulvo-Vaginal Pain Begin? Prevalence and Characteristics of Dyspareunia in Adolescents
Authors: Landry Tina , Bergeron Sophie
Published: February 2009

Introduction

Dyspareunia remains under-investigated despite recent population-based studies indicating that its prevalence ranges from 12% to 21% in adult women. Although clinical data suggest that dyspareunia can begin during adolescence, a large-scale epidemiological study has yet to be conducted with this population.

Aims

To determine the prevalence and characteristics of dyspareunia in a large-scale sample of adolescents, in addition to the characteristics of vulvo-vaginal insertion pain in nonsexual contexts.

Methods

With written informed consent, data were obtained from 1,425 girls (12–19-year-olds), from seven metropolitan high schools during regular school hours using a self-report questionnaire.

Main Outcome Measures

Dyspareunia prevalence was evaluated by asking sexually active participants whether or not they regularly (at least 75% of the time) experienced pain during intercourse. Pain duration, context of onset, location, intensity, and pain during tampon insertion and pelvic exams were evaluated.

Results

Results revealed that 20% of sexually active girls (N = 251) reported having regular pain during intercourse for at least 6 months or more. A primary form of pain was reported by 67% of adolescents and significantly more girls with chronic dyspareunia identified the vaginal opening (39%; x_ = 3.9/10) as being their most painful site compared with internal pain sites (18–29%; x_ 2.9−3.2/10) (P = 0.042). Chronic dyspareunia cases reported significantly more pain during first and usual tampon insertion (P = 0.003; P = 0.009) than pain-free controls, while no difference was found between groups regarding pelvic exams (P = 0.086). Experiencing severe pain at first tampon insertion was linked to a fourfold risk of reporting chronic dyspareunia (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Results mirror prevalence estimates found in population-based studies with adult women and suggest that chronic dyspareunia is a significant sexual health problem in adolescent girls, with pain extending beyond intercourse to nonsexual contexts.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Promotes Endothelial Differentiation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells
Authors: Ning Hongxiu , Liu Gang , Lin Guiting , Yang Rong , Lue Tom F. , Lin Ching-Shwun
Published: February 2009

Introduction

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC) could potentially restore endothelial function in vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED). The mechanism for ADSC endothelial differentiation remained unidentified.

Aim

To test whether ADSC could differentiate into endothelial cells in the penis and to identify the underlying mechanism of ADSC endothelial differentiation.

Methods

For in vivo endothelial differentiation, ADSC were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), injected into rat corpora cavernosa, and localized by immunofluorescence and phase-contrast microscopy. For in vitro endothelial differentiation, ADSC were grown in endothelial growth medium 2 (EGM2), stained for endothelial markers CD31, von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and assessed for the ability to form tube-like structures in Matrigel and to endocytose acetylated low-density lipoprotein (Ac-LDL). To identify factors that promote ADSC endothelial differentiation, ADSC were grown in various media, each of which contained a specific combination of supplemental factors and assessed for LDL-uptake. PD173074, a selective inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) receptor, was used to confirm the importance of FGF2 signaling for ADSC endothelial differentiation.

Main Outcome Measures

In vivo endothelial differentiation was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy. In vitro endothelial differentiation was assessed by immunofluorescence, Matrigel tube formation, and Ac-LDL uptake.

Results

Injected ADSC were localized to the sinusoid endothelium, some of which stained positive for both BrdU and endothelial antigen rat endothelial cell antigen. ADSC proliferated at a faster rate in EGM2 than in standard DMEM, expressed endothelial markers CD31, vWF, and eNOS, formed tube-like structures in Matrigel, and endocytosed Ac-LDL. These properties were greatly diminished when ADSC were grown in the absence of FGF2 but were unaffected when grown in the absence of vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, or epidermal growth factor. Furthermore, ADSC displayed similar endothelial properties when grown in FGF2-supplemented basic medium as in EGM2. Finally, blockade of FGF2 signaling with PD173074 abrogated ADSC endothelial differentiation.

Conclusions

ADSC could differentiate into endothelial cells in the penis. FGF2 signaling mediates ADSC endothelial differentiation.
THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS OF A SOCIAL SYSTEM: CROSS‐LEVEL EFFECTS OF HIGH‐PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS ON EMPLOYEES’ ATTITUDES
Authors: TAKEUCHI RIKI , CHEN GILAD , LEPAK DAVID P.
Published: February 2009

Drawing on emerging multilevel theorizing in human resources management, we tested a multilevel model of high‐performance work systems (HPWS), using data obtained from 324 managers and 522 employees in 76 Japanese establishments. Results from cross‐level analyses indicated that the relationships between establishment‐level HPWS and employee job satisfaction and affective commitment were fully mediated by establishment‐level concern for employees climate. These results shed new light on the mechanisms through which HPWS impacts employee outcomes and serve to bridge between macro and micro perspectives of human resource management. The research and practice implications of the findings are discussed.
HOW BROADLY DOES EDUCATION CONTRIBUTE TO JOB PERFORMANCE?
Authors: NG THOMAS W. H. , FELDMAN DANIEL C.
Published: February 2009

This study looks at the effects of education level on job performance in 2 ways. First, it provides a meta‐analysis on the relationships between education level and 9 dimensions of job behaviors representing task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance. Results here show that, in addition to positively influencing core task performance, education level is also positively related to creativity and citizenship behaviors and negatively related to on‐the‐job substance use and absenteeism. Second, we investigate the moderating effects of sample and research design characteristics on the relationships between education and job performance. Significant results were found for gender, race, job level, and job complexity. The article concludes with implications for future research and the management of an increasingly educated workforce.
Evaluation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor response following nociceptive stimulation of latent myofascial trigger points in humans
Authors: Kimura Y. , Ge H.‐Y. , Zhang Y. , Kimura M. , Sumikura H. , Arendt‐Nielsen L.
Published: February 2009

Aim:  Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) are a major cause of musculoskeletal pain. It has been reported that stimulation of a latent MTrP increases motor activity and facilitates muscle pain via activation of the sympathetic nervous system. However, the magnitude of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor response following stimulation of MTrP has not been studied in healthy volunteers. The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate the magnitude of the vasoconstrictor response following a nociceptive stimulation (intramuscular glutamate) of MTrPs and a breath‐hold manoeuvre (activation of sympathetic outflow) and (2) assess whether the vasoconstrictor response can be further modulated by combining a nociceptive stimulation of MTrPs and breath‐hold.

Methods:  Fourteen healthy subjects were recruited in this study. This study consisted of four sessions (normal breath group as control, breath‐hold group, glutamate MTrP injection group and glutamate MTrP injection + breath‐hold group). Skin blood flow and skin temperature in both forearms were measured with laser Doppler flowmetry and infrared thermography, respectively, in each session (before the treatment, during the treatment and after the treatment).

Results:  Glutamate injection into MTrPs decreased skin temperature and blood flow in the peripheral area. The magnitudes of the reduction were comparable to those induced by the breath‐hold manoeuvre, which has been used to induce sympathetic vasoconstrictor response.

Conclusion:  The combination of glutamate injection into latent MTrPs together with the breath‐hold manoeuvre did not result in further decrease in skin temperature and blood flow, indicating that sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity is fully activated by nociceptive stimulation of MTrPs.
The effects of nitrous oxide on recovery from isoflurane anaesthesia in dogs
Authors: Laing S. , Paul V. , Murison P. J.
Published: February 2009

Objectives: To assess rate and quality of recovery from anaesthesia where isoflurane was delivered in oxygen or oxygen/nitrous oxide.

Methods: Dogs anaesthetised with propofol were randomly allocated to receive isoflurane maintenance in either 100 per cent oxygen (group 1) or 66 per cent nitrous oxide (N2O)/34 per cent oxygen (group 2). Time from end of anaesthesia to achieving sternal recumbency was recorded. Incidence of adverse behaviours (vocalisation, uncontrolled head movement and restlessness) were assessed. Recovery quality was recorded on a visual analogue scale (VAS) (anchored at 0 with “best possible” recovery and “did not recover” at 100 mm). Age, weight, gender, anaesthetic duration, mean vaporiser setting, VAS scores, recovery times, postoperative temperature and behavioural scores were compared (chi‐squared test, Mann‐Whitney U test or t‐test as appropriate, significance P≤0·05).

Results: Objective data from 54 dogs were analysed, only VAS data where the observer was unaware of treatment group were used (n=33). Recovery was faster in group 2 dogs (median 10 min [range 4 to 31] compared with 14 minutes [3 to 43] in group 1, P=0·049) with less restlessness (0 [0 to 4] compared with 2 [0 to 4] in group 1, P=0·013) and uncontrolled head movement (0 [0 to 4] compared with 1 [0 to 3] in group 1, P<0·001). However, VAS scores were not statistically different between groups (group 1: mean 39·4 mm [s.d. 24·0)]; group 2: 30·1 mm [25·9]; P=0·303).

Clinical Significance: Addition of N2O to isoflurane anaesthesia results in a lower incidence of adverse behaviour (for example restlessness) and marginally faster recovery.
Pancreatitis associated with clomipramine administration in a dog
Authors: Kook P. H. , Kranjc A. , Dennler M. , Glaus T. M.
Published: February 2009

A three‐year‐old, male, entire, Yorkshire terrier was presented with peracute onset of abdominal pain and vomitus. Clinicopathological abnormalities included severely increased serum lipase activity, immeasurably high serum trypsin‐like immunoreactivity and mild hypocalcaemia. Canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) was intended to be measured, however, the sample got lost. Ultrasonography revealed a hypoechoic pancreas with small amounts of peripancreatic fluid and hyperechogenic mesentery. Acute pancreatitis (AP) was diagnosed and the dog recovered with appropriate therapy within 48 hours. Clomipramine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for alleviating signs of separation anxiety had been given for seven weeks. Two similar, albeit less severe, episodes associated with previous courses of clomipramine had occurred eight months earlier that responded to discontinuing clomipramine and supportive care. As SSRIs are associated with AP in human beings and no other trigger could be identified, we conclude that clomipramine should be considered as a potential cause when investigating causes for AP in susceptible breeds or other dogs presenting with compatible clinical signs.
Prevalence and risk factors of behavioural changes associated with age‐related cognitive impairment in geriatric dogs
Authors: Azkona G. , García‐Belenguer S. , Chacón G. , Rosado B. , León M. , Palacio J.
Published: February 2009

Objectives:The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and severity of behavioural changes associated with age and their relationship to risk factors such as sex, reproductive status, bodyweight and age.

Methods:A cross‐sectional study design was chosen. A total of 325 geriatric dogs were included. Owners of dogs older than nine years were interviewed by a veterinary behaviourist. Structured phone interviews were used to gather information about four behavioural categories related to cognitive impairment: sleep/wake cycles, social interaction, learning and house training and signs of disorientation.

Results:Signs of cognitive impairment showed a prevalence of 22·5 per cent in geriatric dogs. Sex and age emerged as significant predictor variables. Females and neutered dogs were significantly more affected than males and entire dogs, respectively. Prevalence and severity increased with age. Although weight was not a statistically significant predictor variable, smaller animals had greater odds of showing age‐related cognitive impairment. The most impaired behavioural categories were social interaction and house training.

ClinicalSignificance:Age‐related behavioural changes should be considered by practicing veterinarians because of their relative high prevalence among geriatric dogs, especially in females.
Improving the Quality of Fresh‐Cut Apples, Pears, and Melons Using Natural Additives
Authors: Alandes L. , Quiles A. , Pérez‐Munuera I. , Hernando I.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT:  Improving the quality of different fresh‐cut fruits by adding natural substances was studied. “Fuji” apples, “Flor de Invierno” pears, and “Piel de Sapo” melons were treated with calcium lactate, N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine, glutathione, and malic acid and stored for 4 wk at 4 °C. Instrumental texture (penetration), microstructure (light microscopy), acidity, soluble solids, color, pectinmethylesterase activity, and microflora were studied. The results showed that the combined treatment reinforced the cell walls strengthening the structure and texture of these fruits and maintained the L* and a* values throughout 4 wk of storage at 4° C. The combination of additives provided low microbial counts in apples until the 4th week and in melons until the 2nd week. So, this combined treatment could be used to extend the shelf life of some fresh‐cut fruits while preserving their quality.
2, 5‐Diketopiperazines (Cyclic Dipeptides) in Beef: Identification, Synthesis, and Sensory Evaluation
Authors: Chen M.Z. , Dewis M.L. , Kraut K. , Merritt D. , Reiber L. , Trinnaman L. , Da Costa N.C.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT:  Stewed beef and grilled dry aged beef were analyzed as part of an in‐depth analytical program, with the aim of creating new flavors incorporating only compounds identified in the target foods and identifying new synthesis targets. In‐house GC‐MS analyses of several types of cooked beef have identified over 1000 volatile and semivolatile components; many for the 1st time. Among the semivolatiles detected were ten 2, 5‐diketopiperazines (cyclic dipeptides) previously unreported in beef. These cyclic dipeptides are cis‐cyclo(l‐Ile‐l‐Pro), cis‐cyclo(l‐Leu‐l‐Pro), cis‐cyclo(l‐Pro‐l‐Pro), cis‐cyclo(l‐Pro‐l‐Val), cis‐cyclo(l‐Ala‐l‐Pro), cyclo(Gly‐l‐Pro), cyclo(Gly‐l‐Leu), cis‐cyclo(l‐Met‐l‐Pro), cis‐cyclo(l‐Phe‐l‐Pro), and cis‐cyclo(l‐Phe‐l‐Val). All 10 cyclic dipeptides were synthesized and evaluated organoleptically. Among them cis‐cyclo(l‐Leu‐l‐Pro), cis‐cyclo(l‐Met‐l‐Pro), and cis‐cyclo(l‐Phe‐l‐Pro) were found to be of particular organoleptic interest.
Stability of medication in early psychosis: a comparison between second‐generation and low‐dose first‐generation antipsychotics
Authors: Opjordsmoen Stein , Melle Ingrid , Friis Svein , Haahr Ulrik , Johannessen Jan O. , Larsen Tor K. , Rund Bjørn R. , Simonsen Erik , Vaglum Per , McGlashan Thomas H.
Published: February 2009

Aim: This naturalistic study aims to compare discontinuation rates for low‐dose first‐generation versus second‐generation antipsychotics in first‐episode psychotic patients.

Methods: The prescription of antipsychotic medication in 301 consecutively admitted patients with first‐episode psychosis from four catchment areas is described. For the first year of inclusion a first‐generation antipsychotic in low dose was recommended as the first medication. From the second year a second‐generation antipsychotic was recommended as first choice. Switching was allowed when any drug was judged to be ineffective or to have serious side‐effects. Switching during the first 2 years after inclusion is described.

Results: Switching from a low‐dose first‐generation antipsychotic was more frequent than from a second‐generation antipsychotic (90.7 vs. 58.4%). Lack of therapeutic effect and side‐effects were the more frequently recorded reasons for changing in the first‐generation group. Akathisia, parkinsonism, dyskinesias, dystonia and dysphoria were more often reported in patients on first‐generation drugs. Weight gain and sedation were more often reported in patients on second‐generation drugs.

Conclusion: The findings suggest a better adherence to and tolerability for second‐generation antipsychotics than for low‐dose first‐generation antipsychotics in first‐episode psychosis.
Clinical practice and research activities for early psychiatric intervention at Japanese leading centres
Authors: Mizuno Masafumi , Suzuki Michio , Matsumoto Kazunori , Murakami Masaaki , Takeshi Kiyoaki , Miyakoshi Tetsuo , Ito Fumiaki , Yamazawa Ryoko , Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Nemoto Takahiro , Kurachi Masayoshi
Published: February 2009

Aim: To describe clinical practice and research activities for early psychiatric intervention in Japan, a country with a huge number of psychiatric beds and a history of long‐stay, hospital‐based psychiatry.

Methods: The characteristics, methods and activities of early intervention studies and implementation at four leading institutions in Japan are described.

Results: The Tokyo Youth Club (Tokyo), the Department of Neuropsychiatry of Toyama University Hospital (Toyama), the Sendai At‐risk Mental State and First Episode (SAFE) service (Sendai), and the Il Bosco of Toho University Omori Medical Center (Tokyo) have unique and active psychiatric programmes. Eachcentre has its own clinical research programme and treatment strategies. The Japanese Society for the Prevention of Psychiatric Disorders, founded in 1996, has made a steady contribution to psychiatric care by providing a forum for members to promote best practices for early intervention and by hosting annual meetings to discuss research and treatment.

Conclusions: The Japanese psychiatry service is continuing its transition from hospital‐based psychiatry to community‐based psychiatry. Despite these difficult circumstances, the publication of data on the duration of untreated psychosis in Japan along with evidence that early detection determines outcome has encouraged new attempts to promote early psychiatric intervention.
Journey into and through an early detection of psychosis service: the subjective experience of persons at risk of developing psychosis
Authors: Hardy Kate V. , Dickson Joanne M. , Morrison Anthony P.
Published: February 2009

Aim: This study aimed to explore how persons who have been assessed as being at risk of developing psychosis make sense of and understand their experiences, using a qualitative approach.

Methods: The sample comprised six female and four male participants (n = 10), ranging in age from 16 to 30 years, with a mean age of 21.8 years. All the participants had entered into a National Health Service Early Detection service in the North of England, which provides interventions for persons assessed as being at a high risk of developing psychosis. Individual semistructured interviews were conducted to study how persons at risk of developing psychosis construct their understanding and perception of their experiences.

Results: The analyses identified three central themes: (i) ‘perception of needs’, which highlighted how participants recognized the need to enter services and how they identified what they required from the service; (ii) participants' subjective journey; and (iii) participants' orientation to the future.

Conclusions: The journey described by participants assessed as being at risk of developing psychosis provides further insight into how persons make sense of their experiences from a qualitative ‘insider’ perspective. The findings are discussed in relation to the existing literature relating to the early detection and intervention of psychosis and clinical implications are identified.
Predictors of poor adherence to medication among patients with first‐episode schizophrenia‐spectrum disorder
Authors: Quach Phuong Le , Mors Ole , Christensen Torben Østergaard , Krarup Gertrud , Jørgensen Per , Bertelsen Mette , Jeppesen Pia , Petersen Lone , Thorup Anne , Nordentoft Merete
Published: February 2009

Aim: This study sought to identify predictors for poor adherence to medication among patients with first‐episode schizophrenia‐spectrum disorder.

Methods: Medication adherence was measured 1 and 2 years after initiation of antipsychotic medication in a follow‐up study of 547 patients. Relevant variables were systematically assessed at baseline, 1‐ and 2‐year follow up.

Results: Most patients have difficulties with medication adherence over time. Negative attitudes towardsmedication and lack of consistent family support are the strongest predictors for poor adherence to medication for first‐episode psychotic patients in the first 2 years. After 1 year of treatment, unawareness of the effect of medication, lack of positive attitudes towards medication, substance abuse, young age and high global functioning also predict poor adherence to medication.

Conclusions: A number of variables were independently associated with poor adherence. Rating of insight and attitudes towards medication makes it possible to predict poor adherence in incident cases with schizophrenia.
Bacteriophage biocontrol in animals and meat products
Authors: Atterbury R. J.
Published: February 2009

Since their discovery almost a century ago, bacterial viruses (bacteriophages or ‘phages’) have been used to prevent and treat a multitude of bacterial infections (phage therapy: PT). In addition, they have been the basis for many advances in genetics and biochemistry. Phage therapy was performed on human subjects in the United States, Europe and Asia in the few decades following their discovery. However, Western countries largely abandoned PT in favour of antibiotics in the 1940s. The relatively recent renaissance of PT in the West can be attributed partly to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance in human and animal pathogens. However, the stringent controls on human trials now required in the United States and Europe have led to a greater number of domestic animal and agricultural applications as an alternative to PT in man. This trend is set to continue, at least in the short term, with recent approval from the Food and Drug Administration allowing commercial phage treatments to be used in human food in the USA. Nevertheless, despite these significant milestones and the growing number of successful PT trials, significant obstacles remain to their widespread use in animals, food and ultimately medicine in many parts of the world. This review will provide a brief overview of the history of PT in the West and will summarize some of the key findings of phage biocontrol studies in animals and meat products.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for the collared pika (Ochotona collaris) and their cross‐amplification in five other Ochotona species
Authors: ZGURSKI J. M , DAVIS C. S , HIK D. S
Published: February 2009

We developed primers for eight polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from the collared pika, Ochotona collaris, and also tested nine loci previously developed for the American pika, O. princeps, for use in O. collaris. Forty‐six individuals from an O. collaris population in the southern Yukon were genotyped using all 17 loci. The average number of alleles per locus was six and the average observed heterozygosity was 0.59. All loci were tested for use in four Asian pika species and all but two loci amplified reliably in these species.
Development of microsatellite markers for blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala using 5′‐anchored PCR
Authors: TANG SHOU‐JIE , LI SI‐FA , CAI WAN‐QI
Published: February 2009

A rapid method for isolating microsatellite loci in blunt snout bream, based on the 5′‐anchored polymerase chain reaction technique, revealed 522 microsatellite loci (consisting of 442 dinucleotide, 4 trinucleotide and 76 tetranucleotide repeats). Of the 25 loci characterized, 10 turned out to be highly polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 17 while the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.4899 to 0.9355 in population of selected strain F7 and from 0.5786 to 0.9556 in wild population from Lake Liangzi. These markers are useful as tools for the detection of genetic variation levels in selected strains and wild populations of blunt snout bream for germplasm conservation.
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN ZIMBABWE: EVIDENCE FROM A CONTINGENT VALUATION STUDY
Authors: Muchapondwa Edwin , Carlsson Fredrik , Köhlin Gunnar
Published: February 2009

If communities living adjacent to the elephant see it as a burden, then they cannot be its stewards. To assess their valuation of it, a contingent valuation method study was conducted for one CAMPFIRE district in Zimbabwe. Respondents were classified according to their preferences over the elephant. The median willingness to pay for the preservation of 200 elephants is ZW$260 (US$4.73) for respondents who considered the elephant a public good and ZW$137 (US$2.49) for those favouring its translocation. The preservation of 200 elephants yields an annual net worth of ZW$10,828 (US$196) to CAMPFIRE households. However, the majority of households (62%) do not support elephant preservation. This is one argument against devolution of elephant conservation. External transfers constitute one way of providing additional economic incentives to local communities.
WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR WATER SERVICE IMPROVEMENTS IN MIDDLE‐INCOME URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN SOUTH AFRICA: A STATED CHOICE ANALYSIS
Authors: Snowball J.d. , Willis K.g. , Jeurissen C.
Published: February 2009

Water provision is not only an economic issue in South Africa, but also of social and political significance. One of the important reasons for increasing the brief of local government is so that services can be provided taking into account heterogeneous community preferences. However, measuring such preferences for water, which has some public good characteristics, is a challenge. This study elicits household willingness to pay for improvements in water attributes in Grahamstown West in the Eastern Cape, using conjoint analysis. Results show a fairly high McFadden R2 and that Bacteria Count, Discolouration, Interruptions to supply and Price are statistically significant determinants of choice. The paper also suggests ways in which the model could be adapted for use in lower income and education households.
Inflammatory cytokines modulate chemokine production patterns of HepG2 cells toward initially inclined direction
Authors: Ohashi Tomohiko , Tanabe Junichi , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Okumura Akihiko , Sato Ken , Ayada Minoru , Hotta Naoki , Kuzuya Teiji , Ito Hiroyasu , Nakao Haruhisa , Yoneda Masashi , Kakumu Shinichi
Published: February 2009

Aim:  Human hepatocytes are known to express an array of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In this study, we examined the potential roles of hepatocytes in regulating immune responses in the liver, by assessing the induction of Th1‐ or Th2‐specific chemokines in HepG2 cells after various inflammatory stimulations.

Methods:  HepG2 cells were stimulated with IL‐1α, IFN‐γ, IL‐4, IL‐10, and/or CCL2, harvested at several time points, and served for the analyses of cytokine/chemokine mRNA expressions by semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR.

Results:  (i) IL‐1α up‐regulated mRNA levels of CXCL8, CXCL10, and CCL2. IFN‐γ increased those of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL5, while IL‐4 or IL‐10 had no effect. (ii) Addition of IL‐4 to the culture of IFN‐γ‐stimulated cells, down‐regulated CXCL9 and CXCL10 mRNA levels. (iii) Addition of IFN‐γ to the culture of IL‐1α‐stimulated cells, further up‐regulated CXCL9 and CXCL10 mRNA levels. Addition of IL‐4 decreased CXCL8 and CXCL10 levels, and increased CCL2 level in IL‐1α‐stimulated cells. (iv) CCL2 induced IL‐4 mRNA expression.

Conclusions:  IFN‐γ augmented mRNA expression of Th1‐specific chemokines (CXCL9 and CXCL10) in HepG2 cells. IL‐4 had no effect on those of Th2‐spesific chemokines (CCL17 and CCL22); however, it was supposed to augment Th2 response indirectly through the induction of CCL2 under the inflammatory condition. The findings suggest that hepatocytes have ability to promote immune responses in the liver toward the direction, initially determined by the cytokine balances in the local inflammatory region.
Process-based modelling of decadal trends in growth, survival, and smolting of wild salmon (Salmo salar) parr in a Scottish upland stream
Authors: Gurney William S.C. , Bacon Philip J. , Tyldesley Graham , Youngson Alan F.
Published: February 2009

This paper reports a new model of the freshwater stages of an anadromous fish, at the core of which is a stochastic description of the size-at-age dynamics of a growing cohort. Emigration is assumed to require the individual to exceed a threshold size at a critical time of year, thus making the distributions of survival to, and age at, smolting emergent properties of the model. The model is applied to a long-term data set on juvenile Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) in the Girnock Burn, Scotland, to understand the role played by decadal temperature trends in generating changes in smolt production and age distribution. We conclude that changes in age at smolting are compatible with causation by shifts in the temperature regime. However, the large attenuation between a dramatic fall in spawner numbers and a relatively minor diminution in total smolt production does not result from the physiological effects of temperature but is rather a result of strongly density-dependent mortality between the deposition of ova and the appearance of catchable fry the following summer.
Interactions between native juvenile burbot (Lota lota) and the invasive spinycheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus) in a large European lake
Authors: Hirsch Philipp Emanuel , Fischer Philipp
Published: February 2009

Freshwater crayfish are successful invaders in many ecosystems and as cryptic nocturnal species display a potential niche overlap with benthic nocturnal fish. In this study, we tested the effects of the invasive spinycheek crayfish ( Orconectes limosus ) on native young-of-the-year (YOY) and adult burbot ( Lota lota ) in Lake Constance. Using mesocosm experiments, we tested if shelter preferences of YOY and adult burbot and crayfish changed between single and mixed species treatments. To further study the role of crayfish as a stressor for burbot, we monitored the nocturnal behaviour of the species in mesocosms using passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag technology and subsequently determined the plasma cortisol levels in burbot after single and mixed species treatments. Spinycheek crayfish successfully repelled YOY burbot from their preferred daytime shelters into alternative, previously unselected shelters. Crayfish also affected the nocturnal behaviour of YOY burbot by eliciting avoidance behaviour and caused an increase in the plasma cortisol levels. While adult burbot did not display any changes between single and mixed species treatments, our results indicate negative effects of spinycheek crayfish on YOY burbot. We conclude that the frequently dense, invasive crayfish populations in lakes may negatively influence local benthic fish populations via their YOY cohorts.
Reproduction areas of roach (Rutilus rutilus) in the northern Baltic Sea: potential effects of climate change
Authors: Härmä Meri , Lappalainen Antti , Urho Lauri
Published: February 2009

The roach ( Rutilus rutilus ) is a common freshwater fish species in the brackish coastal areas of the northern Baltic Sea. In this study, surveys of roach larvae were carried out at reed-belt shores encompassing the entire archipelago zone in the northwestern Gulf of Finland. A logistic regression model was constructed and then used to spatially predict and map potential roach reproduction areas using a geographic information system (GIS). The results indicate that low spring salinity (<4‰) is the most important factor determining the success of roach reproduction. Reed-belt shores in the inner archipelago with large freshwater inputs in the spring constitute the key reproduction areas. Spring runoff peaks caused by melting snow together with the effects of ice cover on the spreading of freshwater runoff enable roach to reproduce relatively far from river mouths. Nevertheless, 68% of the reed-belt shores in the study area are presently beyond the 4‰ salinity limit and thus unsuitable for reproduction. In the future, climate change is predicted to reduce the salinity of the Baltic Sea, but the potential climate change impacts on roach are partly contradictory. The most likely outcome, however, is a spatial increase in the extent of roach reproduction areas in the northern Baltic Sea.
Precipitous declines in pinto abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana kamtschatkana) abundance in the San Juan Archipelago, Washington, USA, despite statewide fishery closure
Authors: Rothaus Don P. , Vadopalas Brent , Friedman Carolyn S.
Published: February 2009

Pinto abalone ( Haliotis kamtschatkana kamtschatkana ) index stations in the San Juan Archipelago were systematically monitored by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife from 1992 through 2006. During this period, abalone abundance declined by 77% and the mean shell length (SL) increased 10.4 mm. Abalone densities at all index stations are currently well below the threshold of 0.15 abalone·m–2 required for successful fertilization. From 1992 to 1996, 16% of individuals encountered measured <90 mm SL, while only 6% of the individuals from 2003 to 2006 were in this small size class. Similarly, the number of those >114 mm SL was greater in the 2000s than in the 1990s. The mean SL of all live abalone observed in the 1990s (107.62 ± 0.87 mm) was significantly different from the mean SL of empty shells (114.21 ± 2.1 mm), but no difference was detected between the mean SLs of empty shells and live abalone in the 2000s (114.97 ± 1.42 mm). Taken together, these data suggest recruitment failure from an Allee response to low population densities.
A Bayesian approach to identifying mixtures from otolith chemistry data
Authors: Munch S. B. , Clarke L. M.
Published: February 2009

Studies investigating population structure and mixed-stock composition of fish populations frequently use otolith chemistry as a natural tool for discerning stocks. Current methods for estimating mixed-stock composition, however, assume complete accuracy in the training data, which is often not the case. Here we present a method for estimating mixed-stock composition using multivariate continuous data that accounts for uncertainty in the training data. Application of the method to previously reported data for natal homing in weakfish ( Cynoscion regalis ) and simulations based on these data revealed that for sample sizes greater than about 30, the present method provides results that are quite similar to those of previous methods. An advantage of this Bayesian approach over other methods, however, is the ease with which functionals of the model, such as migration distance and direction, can be calculated. It also provides simple means of visualizing spatial structure in the classification probabilities and migration patterns.
Reconstructing historical stock development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the eastern Baltic Sea before the beginning of intensive exploitation
Authors: Eero Margit , Köster Friedrich W. , MacKenzie Brian R.
Published: February 2009

The landings of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) in the eastern Baltic Sea in the early decades of the 20th century were below 50 thousand tonnes and therefore lower than in recent years at very low stock size. These low landings have largely contributed to a perception that the stock size was also low before the 1950s. In this investigation, we demonstrate that cod spawning stock biomass in the years 1925–1944 fluctuated in a similar range as in the periods from the 1950s to the mid-1970s and from the late 1980s onwards and was in most of these years at least twice as high as at present. Fishing mortality before the 1940s was below 0.2, but reached moderate levels during the Second World War. The stock size before the war may be considered as a reference level of biomass at low fishing impact, providing important information for the management of fisheries and the Baltic ecosystem.