bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic upper airway obstruction and cardiac dysfunction: anatomy, pathophysiology and anesthetic implications
Authors: Blum Richard H. , McGowan Francis X.
Published: January 2004

The causes of obstruction to airflow in the pediatric upper airway include craniofacial disorders, subglottic stenosis, choanal atresia, syndromes associated with neuromuscular weakness, and the most common, hypertrophy of the tonsils and adenoids. Abnormal breathing can adversely affect craniofacial growth, and abnormal craniofacial development can promote upper airway obstruction. Chronic upper airway obstruction often presents with evidence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; in severe cases these children also present with pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. The development of pulmonary hypertension and right heart dysfunction from chronic upper airway obstruction is complex. Hypoxemia and hypercarbia‐induced respiratory acidosis are potent mediators of pulmonary vasoconstriction that can lead to reversible and irreversible chronic changes in the pulmonary vasculature. It is likely that production of various neurohumoral factors in response to hypoxemia and respiratory distress may further promote pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular dysfunction, and consequent impairment of systemic cardiac output. The anesthetic considerations for children undergoing adenotonsillectomy for chronic airway obstruction are significant. These children are at high risk for complications such as laryngospasm, desaturation, stimulation of pulmonary hypertension and cardiac dysfunction, pulmonary edema, postoperative upper airway obstruction, and respiratory arrest. Because of underlying condition(s) (facial abnormalities, neuromuscular disease, etc.), successful adenotonsillar surgery may not improve upper airway obstruction significantly, especially in the immediate postoperative period when edema, bleeding and the effects of anesthetics and analgesics are present.
Microlaryngoscopy‐airway management with anaesthetic techniques for CO2 laser
Authors: Werkhaven Jay A.
Published: January 2004

Carbon dioxide laser microlaryngoscopy requires planning and cooperation of both the anaesthesiologist and surgeon. While there are potentially significant complications, such as fire and difficulty ventilating the patient, laser microlaryngoscopy techniques provide the benefit of allowing for precise management of a wide range of upper airway conditions. Laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy require that the surgeon and anaesthesiologist cooperate in order to maximize exposure for the surgeon and allow for adequate ventilation of the patient. The type of airway the anaesthesiologist may use is dictated by whether access is needed to the hypopharynx, supraglottis, larynx, or subglottis. When the carbon dioxide laser is used for airway surgery, ventilation techniques that may be used include jet ventilation (subglottic or supraglottic) and intermittent or continuous endotracheal intubation, with a variety of tubes. The major complication to be avoided is airway fire. Each technique has advantages and disadvantages for avoiding fire and providing adequate ventilation. Fire is not a concern when the carbon dioxide laser bronchoscope is used, but the humidifier must be eliminated from the anaesthesia circuit to avoid vapour obstructing the bronchoscope coupler.
Anaesthetic management for the child with a mediastinal mass
Authors: Hammer Gregory B.
Published: January 2004

Administering anaesthesia to a child with an anterior mediastinal mass may lead to respiratory or circulatory collapse, even in those without symptoms. Institutions should have algorithms to manage children with mediastinal masses. Preoperative evaluations should include computed tomography, echocardiography and flow‐volume studies. Anaesthesia may be induced with inhalation agents and maintained with spontaneous respiration via facemask or laryngeal mask airway. Alternatively, positive‐pressure ventilation may be used, including tracheal intubation without muscle relaxants. Rigid bronchoscopy may be life‐saving in the event of tracheal or bronchial collapse under anaesthesia.
Simulators and difficult airway management skills
Authors: Schaefer John J.
Published: January 2004

Although difficult airway management remains one of the leading factors in anaesthetic deaths, there have been tremendous advances in the field in the last few decades. The question is, are advanced airway management skills being taught and used? Of the numerous training tools available, simulators have the advantages of providing whole‐task learning with the potential to change behaviour and, when applied to large groups of trainees, the possibility of achieving standardized application of the safest practices for a range of scenarios limited only by the creativity of the program designers. Partial‐task trainers include computer‐based software programs and simulators. Full‐scale simulators include a variety of products from several manufacturers. To take full advantage of simulators as educational tools, curricula should be designed around a set of educational objectives that address the objectives of learning in all three skill domains (cognitive, psychomotor, and affective). Simulation experiences using partial‐task or whole‐task trainers should be coupled whenever feasible with a structured clinical experience in airway management. This can best be achieved through a dedicated airway management rotation. Monitored procedure logs may also be used. Whether using a simulator or in a clinical rotation, experiences should be graded, for example, gaining experience in an adult population before gaining experience in paediatrics and in each population mastering airway management skills for common scenarios before advancing to more complicated techniques such as fibreoptic bronchoscopy.
Teaching consultants airway management skills
Authors: Nargozian Charles
Published: January 2004

Airway management skills are integral to the practice of anaesthesiology and also to the practice of emergency medicine and allied health professions such as respiratory care, emergency medical technology, and emergency and critical care nursing. The basic information to be taught is the same but the level of detail will vary depending on the audience. The learning process usually involves progression from didactic lessons to skills training on inanimate models to supervised clinical practice. Modalities that may be used for skills training include cadavers, recently dead patients, videotapes, mannequins, simulators and virtual reality trainers. To maintain knowledge and skills, review and possible retraining should be conducted on an approximately annual basis.
Airway structure, function and development in health and disease
Authors: Shaffer Thomas H. , Wolfson Marla R. , Panitch Howard B.
Published: January 2004

Until they are fully mature, the airways are highly susceptible to damage. Factors that may contribute to vulnerability of immature airways and the occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm neonates include decreased contractility of smooth muscles of the airway, which leads to generation of lower forces, and immaturity of airway cartilage, leading to increased compressibility of developing airways. Mechanical ventilation has little effect on adult airways, but affects the dimensions and mechanical properties of preterm and newborn airways. Techniques for clinical evaluation of airway function include: (i) measurements of airway function during tidal breathing (airway resistance and reactivity are significantly elevated in infants with BPD); (ii) forced expiratory flow measurements [small‐airway obstruction in infants with BPD is indicated by markedly reduced maximal volume measurements (Vmax)]; (iii) radiography procedures (plain radiographs, fluoroscopy, computed tomography and virtual bronchoscopy); and (iv) endoscopy procedures (rigid or flexible bronchoscopy, with or without measurement of oesophageal pressure). Imaging has demonstrated an excessively decreased airway cross‐sectional area during exhalation in infants with BPD and acquired tracheomegaly in very preterm infants who had received mechanical ventilatory support. To further advance our understanding of how the airways develop, and to design less damaging protocols for mechanical ventilation in preterm neonates, basic laboratory studies of airway ultrastructure need to be performed and the results correlated with clinical pulmonary function studies.
Pattern of mtDNA Variation in Three Populations from São Tomé e Príncipe
Authors: Trovoada M. J. , Pereira L. , Gusmão L. , Abade A. , Amorim A. , Prata M. J.
Published: January 2004

We have analysed the matrilineal genetic composition of three self‐reported ethnic groups from São Tomé e Príncipe (Gulf of Guinea), an African archipelago whose settlement begun in the late fifteenth century. Sequence data from the hypervariable segments I (HVS‐I) and II (HVS‐II) were obtained for 30 Angolares, 35 Forros and 38 Tongas. The repertory of mtDNA lineages in São Tomé e Príncipe denoted a fully African maternal pool, primarily arisen from a Central/Southwestern substratum. The absence of any lineages of putative European descent means that the European impact at the mitochondrial pool was virtually nil. Angolares showed a clear reduction of mtDNA diversity and a slight genetic differentiation relative to Tongas or Forros, whereas the latter two groups did not present any signs of genetic boundaries between each other. The data obtained here reinforce the depiction of genetic substructuring in São Tomé e Príncipe previously derived from Y‐chromosome STRs. In addition, the crossing of mtDNA and Y‐STR information led to the inference that the female mediated gene flow within the archipelago was less restricted than the male, a pattern that could be framed in the cultural traditions and socio‐historical interactions among the groups.
Influence of subgrid scales on resolvable turbulence and mixing in Rayleigh–Taylor flow
Authors: Cabot William H. , Schilling Oleg , Zhou Ye
Published: January 2004

The energy transfer process and the interaction of different scales in a flow induced by the variable-density Rayleigh–Taylor instability in miscible fluids is investigated using a three-dimensional direct numerical simulation database with a spatial resolution of Nx×Ny×Nz=512×512×2040. The method used to study the transfer of energy between the supergrid and subgrid scales in the homogeneous planes, determined by partitioning the modes into resolved and unresolved scales defined by a two-dimensional cutoff wave number kc in Fourier space, is applied to the kinetic energy evolution equation. The treatment of the flow inhomogeneity in the direction z parallel to the acceleration is analogous to that used in the analysis of incompressible wall-bounded flows, including channel flow and Rayleigh–Bénard convection [J. A. Domaradzki et al., Phys. Fluids 6, 1583 (1994); J. A. Domaradzki and W. Liu, ibid. 7, 2025 (1995)]. Using a sharp Fourier cutoff filter, the kinetic energy transfer is decomposed into (1) the resolved part; (2) a part corresponding to the interaction between resolved and unresolved scales; and (3) a part corresponding to the interaction between unresolved scales. The sum of these last two contributions is the subgrid-scale kinetic energy transfer, which is studied in the present work. These z-dependent spectra are computed for three different cutoff wave numbers to investigate the dependence of the transfer process on the scales contributing to the subgrid interactions. The kinetic energy transfer is further decomposed into its positive and negative components corresponding to the forward and backward cascades of energy, respectively, that arise from the nonlinear modal interactions. The decomposition into resolved and unresolved scales is used to define an effective eddy viscosity and backscatter viscosity. The principal conclusions of the analysis are (1) the transfer spectra and eddy viscosities exhibit a strong dependence on the wave number cutoff; (2) the contributions from the interaction between resolved and unresolved scales dominate the contribution to the total subgrid eddy viscosities and are responsible for the cusp at large k/kc; (3) the contributions from the interaction between unresolved scales dominate the contribution to the total subgrid eddy viscosities at small k/kc and are responsible for the small, negative contribution (associated with an inverse energy transfer), and (4) backscatter is strongest in the regions near the boundaries of the mixing layer. The physical implications of these results for subgrid-scale modeling in a large-eddy simulation of Rayleigh–Taylor instability-induced turbulence are discussed.
Density waves and coherent structures in granular Couette flows
Authors: Conway Stephen L. , Glasser Benjamin J.
Published: January 2004

Density inhomogeneities in granular flows can dramatically influence microscopic and macroscopic properties. Here, we numerically examine dilute rapid granular flows in the Couette geometry via large-scale particle-dynamic simulations, and characterize development of nonuniform particle distributions. For monodisperse grains we observe density waves in two- and three-dimensional computational domains of varying aspect ratios. Both fully developed and transient states are quantified using Fourier methods. For inelastic, planar (two-dimensional) flows exceeding a minimum solids fraction, one-dimensional, high-density clusters—well-known features of inelastic materials—align parallel to the walls. Above a critical streamwise length, these are destabilized by two-dimensional antisymmetric modes with wavelength ∼100 particle diameters. We relate oscillatory behavior to an underlying physical mechanism of the slow drift of clusters towards walls and their subsequent bursting. Further streamwise or spanwise expansions permit additional wave numbers to be expressed in these directions. In “shallow” three-dimensional flows, the planar wave types initially survive. As depth is increased above a critical value, cross-stream invariance experiences symmetry preserving instabilities to form coherent structures resembling steady and wavy Taylor–Couette fluid vortices. Their presence strongly impacts macroscopic behavior, as regions of sustained vorticity develop, and stresses and granular temperatures deviate by up to an order of magnitude from mean values. The influence of solids fraction, particle size, material elasticity, surface friction, polydispersity, and gravity are considered, and instabilities are found to intensify as collisional dissipation rises. For planar flows, transient and fully developed density distributions share many parametric responses with previous continuum results using kinetic theory.
NF-κB RelA opposes epidermal proliferation driven by TNFR1 and JNK
Authors: Zhang Jennifer Y. , Green Cheryl L. , Tao Shiying , Khavari Paul A.
Published: January 2004

NF-κB inhibition promotes epidermal tumorigenesis; however, whether this reflects an underlying role in homeostasis or a special case confined to neoplasia is unknown. Embryonic lethality of mice lacking NF-κB RelA has hindered efforts to address this. We therefore generated developmentally mature RelA–/– skin. RelA–/– epidermis displays hyperplasia without abnormal differentiation, inflammation, or apoptosis. Hyperproliferation is TNFR1-dependent because Tnfr1 deletion normalized cell division. TNFR1-dependent JNK activation occurred in RelA–/– epidermis, and JNK inhibition abolished hyperproliferation due to RelA deficiency. Thus, RelA antagonizes TNFR1–JNK proliferative signals in epidermis and plays a nonredundant role in restraining epidermal growth.
Loss of the anaphase-promoting complex in quiescent cells causes unscheduled hepatocyte proliferation
Authors: Wirth Karin G. , Ricci Romeo , Giménez-Abián Juan F. , Taghybeeglu Shahryar , Kudo Nobuaki R. , Jochum Wolfram , Vasseur-Cognet Mireille , Nasmyth Kim
Published: January 2004

The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is an ubiquitin protein ligase that together with Cdc20 and Cdh1 targets mitotic proteins for degradation by the proteosome. APC–Cdc20 activity during mitosis triggers anaphase by destroying securin and cyclins. APC–Cdh1 promotes degradation of cyclins and other proteins during G1. We show that loss of APC/C during embryogenesis is early lethal before embryonic day E6.5 (E6.5). To investigate the role of APC/C in quiescent cells, we conditionally inactivated the subunit Apc2 in mice. Deletion of Apc2 in quiescent hepatocytes caused re-entry into the cell cycle and arrest in metaphase, resulting in liver failure. Re-entry into the cell cycle either occurred without any proliferative stimulus or could be easily induced. We demonstrate that the APC has an additional function to prevent hepatocytes from unscheduled re-entry into the cell cycle.
The folding landscape of Streptomyces griseus protease B reveals the energetic costs and benefits associated with evolving kinetic stability
Authors: Truhlar Stephanie M.E. , Cunningham Erin L. , Agard David A.
Published: January 2004

Like most extracellular bacterial proteases, Streptomyces griseus protease B (SGPB) and α‐lytic protease (αLP) are synthesized with covalently attached pro regions necessary for their folding. In this article, we characterize the folding free energy landscape of SGPB and compare it to the folding landscapes of αLP and trypsin, a mammalian homolog that folds independently of its zymogen peptide. In contrast to the thermodynamically stable native state of trypsin, SGPB and αLP fold to native states that are thermodynamically marginally stable or unstable, respectively. Instead, their apparent stability arises kinetically, from unfolding free energy barriers that are both large and highly cooperative. The unique unfolding transitions of SGPB and αLP extend their functional lifetimes under highly degradatory conditions beyond that seen for trypsin; however, the penalty for evolving kinetic stability is remarkably large in that each factor of 2.4–8 in protease resistance is accompanied by a cost of ∼105 in the spontaneous folding rate and ∼5–9 kcal/mole in thermodynamic stability. These penalties have been overcome by the coevolution of increasingly effective pro regions to facilitate folding. Despite these costs, kinetic stability appears to be a potent mechanism for developing native‐state properties that maximize protease longevity.
Validation of helical tilt angles in the solution NMR structure of the Z domain of Staphylococcal protein A by combined analysis of residual dipolar coupling and NOE data
Authors: Zheng Deyou , Aramini James M. , Montelione Gaetano T.
Published: January 2004

Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) is a virulence factor from Staphylococcus aureus that is able to bind to immunoglobulins. The 3D structures of its immunoglobulin (Ig) binding domains have been extensively studied by NMR and X‐ray crystallography, and are often used as model structures in developing de novo or ab initio strategies for predicting protein structure. These small three‐helix‐bundle structures, reported in free proteins or Ig‐bound complexes, have been determined previously using medium‐ to high‐resolution data. Although the location and relative orientation of the three helices in most of these published 3D domain structures are consistent, there are significant differences among the reported structures regarding the tilt angle of the first helix (helix 1). We have applied residual dipolar coupling data, together with nuclear Overhauser enhancement and scalar coupling data, in refining the NMR solution structure of an engineered IgG‐binding domain (Z domain) of SpA. Our results demonstrate that the three helices are almost perfectly antiparallel in orientation, with the first helix tilting slightly away from the other two helices. We propose that this high‐accuracy structure of the Z domain of SpA is a more suitable target for theoretical predictions of the free domain structure than previously published lower‐accuracy structures of protein A domains.
Nucleotide recognition in the ATP‐grasp protein carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
Authors: Kothe Michael , Powers‐Lee Susan G.
Published: January 2004

Synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) requires the coordinated utilization of two molecules of ATP per reaction cycle on duplicated nucleotide‐binding sites (N and C). To clarify the contributions of sites N and C to the overall reaction, we carried out site‐directed mutagenesis aimed at changing the substrate specificity of either of the two sites from ATP to GTP. Mutant design was based in part on an analysis of the nucleotide‐binding sites of succinyl‐CoA synthetases, which share membership in the ATP‐grasp family with CPS and occur as GTP‐ and ATP‐specific isoforms. We constructed and analyzed Escherichia coli CPS single mutations A144Q, D207A, D207N, S209A, I211S, P690Q, D753A, D753N, and F755A, as well as combinations thereof. All of the mutants retained ATP specificity, arguing for a lack of plasticity of the ATP sites of CPS with respect to nucleotide recognition. GTP‐specific ATP‐grasp proteins appear to accommodate this substrate by a displacement of the base relative to the ATP‐bound state, an interaction that is precluded by the architecture of the potassium‐binding loop in CPS. Analysis of the ATP‐dependent kinetic parameters revealed that mutation of several residues conserved in ATP‐grasp proteins and CPSs had surprisingly small effects, whereas constructs containing either A144Q or P690Q exerted the strongest effects on ATP utilization. We propose that these mutations affect proper movement of the lids covering the active sites of CPS, and interfere with access of substrate.
Structural alteration of cofactor specificity inCorynebacterium2,5‐diketo‐D‐gluconic acid reductase
Authors: Sanli Gulsah , Banta Scott , Anderson Stephen , Blaber Michael
Published: January 2004

Corynebacterium2,5‐Diketo‐D‐gluconic acid reductase (2,5‐DKGR) catalyzes the reduction of 2,5‐diketo‐D‐gluconic acid (2,5‐DKG) to 2‐Keto‐L‐gulonic acid (2‐KLG). 2‐KLG is an immediate precursor toL‐ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and 2,5‐DKGR is, therefore, an important enzyme in a novel industrial method for the production of vitamin C. 2,5‐DKGR, as with most other members of the aldo‐keto reductase (AKR) superfamily, exhibits a preference for NADPH compared to NADH as a cofactor in the stereo‐specific reduction of substrate. The application of 2,5‐DKGR in the industrial production of vitamin C would be greatly enhanced if NADH could be efficiently utilized as a cofactor. A mutant form of 2,5‐DKGR has previously been identified that exhibits two orders of magnitude higher activity with NADH in comparison to the wild‐type enzyme, while retaining a high level of activity with NADPH. We report here an X‐ray crystal structure of theholoform of this mutant in complex with NADH cofactor, as well as thermodynamic stability data. By comparing the results to our previously reported X‐ray structure of theholoform of wild‐type 2,5‐DKGR in complex with NADPH, the structural basis of the differential NAD(P)H selectivity of wild‐type and mutant 2,5‐DKGR enzymes has been identified.
Plate 309. Rosa cymosa ‘Rebecca Rushforth’
Authors: Zappi Daniela , Taylor Nigel
Published: January 2004

Rosa cymosa (Rosaceae) is a vigorous climbing rose from China, belonging to sect. Banksianae; its history, taxonomy, distribution, and cultivation requirements are discussed and there is a full description of the species. The clone depicted has striking, brightly coloured young foliage and has been provided with a cultivar name, ‘Rebecca Rushforth’.
A supplementary note on the cultivation of Pilea peperomioides
Authors: Radcliffe‐Smith Alan
Published: January 2004

It is reported that Pilea peperomioidesDiels (Urticaceae) from Yunnan, China, is not, as was supposed, self‐sterile.
Plate 327. Campylotropis polyantha
Authors: Barham Joan
Published: January 2004

The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of the Chinese Campylotropis polyantha (Leguminosae) are discussed; a full botanical description and illustrations are provided.
Plate 333. Aerangis verdickii
Authors: La Croix Isobyl
Published: January 2004

Aerangis verdickii (De Wild.) Schltr. (Orchidaceae), a widespread species in tropical and Southern Africa, is illustrated; its history, relationships, distribution, ecology and cultural requirements are discussed and a full description of the species is provided.
Plate 334. Trochetiopsis ebenus
Authors: Brodie Sue , Cheek Martin , Staniforth Martin
Published: January 2004

The rediscovery, history, flower maturation and cultivation requirements of the St Helenan endemic Trochetiopsis ebenus Cronk (Sterculiaceae), which is known on the island as ‘EBONY’, are discussed; a full description and illustrations are provided.
Plate 336. Duperrea pavettifolia
Authors: De Block P. , Robbrecht E.
Published: January 2004

The taxonomy, pollination mechanism, distribution, ecology and cultivation requirements of Duperrea pavettifolia (Rubiaceae), a native of tropical continential Asia, are discussed; there is a full description of the species, accompanied by a colour plate and other illustrations.
The Androcymbium species of the Canary Islands
Authors: Pedrola‐Monfort Joan , Caujapé‐Castells Juli
Published: January 2004

The history, taxonomy, biology and cultivation of the Canary Islands endemics Androcymbium hierrense A. Santos and Androcymbium psammophilum Svent. (Colchicaceae) are discussed, together with hypotheses about their mainland origin; full botanical descriptions and illustrations are provided.
Plate 337. Hypericum subsessile
Authors: Robson Norman K. B.
Published: January 2004

Hypericum subsessile N. Robson (Clusiaceae/Guttiferae) belongs to section Ascyreia, the basic Asian section of Hypericum. Although first collected (from Yunnan and Sichuan respectively) in 1928 and 1929, it was not described until 1985, after its rediscovery in 1981. It has a relatively primitive position among the Chinese members of section Ascyreia, as is shown by, for example, its subsessile leaves and disjunct distribution. Hypericum subsessile has already proved to be a hardy garden plant with noteworthy fruits.
Plate 338. Cleistocactus acanthurus
Authors: Mottram Roy
Published: January 2004

The Peruvian species Cleistocactus acanthurus (Vaupel) D. R. Hunt (Cactaceae) is illustrated. Its history, relationships, distribution, ecology, threats and cultivation requirements are discussed and a full description of the species is provided. For comparison, the related C. sextonianus (Backeb.) D. R. Hunt is also illustrated.
Plate 339. Sisyrinchium palmifolium
Authors: Heaton Edmund , Mathew Brian
Published: January 2004

The taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation requirements of the South American Sisyrinchium palmifolium (Iridaceae) are discussed; there is a full description of the species, accompanied by a colour plate and dissection drawings.
Plate 340. Passiflora cuneata ‘Miguel Molinari’
Authors: Vanderplank John
Published: January 2004

Passiflora cuneata Willd. (Passifloraceae) is a native of Venezuela and Colombia. A local geographical variant of it, from the state of Merida, Venezuela, is illustrated and named as ‘Miguel Molinari’; although now extinct in the wild, this variant is maintained in cultivation at the British National Collection of Passiflora near Bristol, England, and has also been distributed to other collections. Its relationships, distribution, ecology, conservation status and cultivation requirements are discussed and a full description is provided.
Plate 343. Marshallia grandiflora
Authors: Smith Sarah , Shine Charles
Published: January 2004

The taxonomic history, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of Marshallia grandiflora (Compositae), a North American endemic, are discussed; a full description of the species is provided.
Plate 348. Toona sinensis
Authors: Edmonds Jennifer M. , Staniforth Martin
Published: January 2004

The taxonomy, distribution, habitat, economic value and cultivation requirements of Toona sinensis (Meliaceae), a widely‐distributed native of South‐east Asia, are discussed; a full description and illustrations of the species are provided.
Plate 349. Roscoea tumjensis
Authors: Cowley Jill , Wilford Richard
Published: January 2004

Roscoea tumjensis (Zingiberaceae), an endemic of Nepal, is illustrated and its history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation requirements are discussed; a full description is provided.
Plate 352. Hibiscus kokio subsp. saintjohnianus
Authors: Cheek Martin , Cafferty Steve , Staniforth Martin
Published: January 2004

The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of Hibiscus kokio subsp. saintjohnianus (Malvaceae), which is endemic to Hawai’i, are discussed. It is illustrated and a full description is provided.
Plate 354. Tridactyle truncatiloba
Authors: La Croix Isobyl
Published: January 2004

Tridactyle truncatiloba (Orchidaceae), a native of Gabon and the Congo Republic, is illustrated and its taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation requirements are discussed; a full description is provided.
Plate 365. Adenophora triphylla
Authors: Hall Tony , Harvey Yvette
Published: January 2004

The taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation requirements of the widespread eastern Asiatic Adenophora triphylla (Thunb. ex Murray) A.DC. (Campanulaceae) are discussed. There is a full description of the species and its two varieties, var. triphylla and var. japonica (Regel) Hara, and a colour plate of the latter.
Plate 367. Pinus brutia
Authors: Frankis Michael
Published: January 2004

The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of Pinus brutia Ten. (Pinaceae) are discussed, and a full description with illustrations is provided.
Plate 368. Platycladus orientalis
Authors: Morgan Colin S.
Published: January 2004

Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco is illustrated. The taxonomy, distribution, introduction and cultivation of the species are discussed and a full description of the species is provided.
Plate 369. Abies recurvata
Authors: Rushforth Keith
Published: January 2004

The history of the discovery and introduction of the Chinese Abies recurvata Mast. (Pinaceae) is discussed; illustrations and a full description of the species are provided.
Plate 373. Lachenalia violacea
Authors: Duncan Graham
Published: January 2004

The history, taxonomy, distribution and cultivation requirements of the South African Lachenalia violacea Jacq. (Hyacinthaceae) are discussed; a full botanical description and illustration are provided.
Plate 376. Daphniphyllum himalaense subsp. macropodum
Authors: Boyce Peter
Published: January 2004

The taxonomic history, relationships, distribution and cultural requirements of Daphniphyllum himalaense (Benth.) Muüll.‐Arg. subsp. macropodum (Miq.) T.C. Huang (Daphniphyllaceae), a small to medium‐sized evergreen tree native to China, Taiwan, South Korea and Japan, are reviewed. A description and floral diagnoses are presented.
Plate 379. Sophora davidii ‘Hans Fliegner’
Authors: Barham Joan , Staniforth Martin
Published: January 2004

The taxonomy, relationships, distribution and cultural requirements of the shrub Sophora davidii (Franch.) Pavol. (Leguminosae) are discussed; a new cultivar of this Chinese species is named ‘Hans Fliegner’, distinguished by its deep violet‐blue flowers. A colour illustration of the cultivar is provided, together with a full description of the species.
Plate 383. Roscoea humeana forma lutea
Authors: Cowley Jill , Wilford Richard
Published: January 2004

Roscoea humeana Balf. f. & W.W. Sm. (Zingiberaceae) and its colour forms, from Sichuan and Yunnan provinces of western China, are discussed along with the history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation requirements. The yellow form, described here as forma lutea Cowley, is illustrated and a full description of the species is provided.
Plate 384. Jasminum leptophyllum
Authors: Sinnott Mike , Rafiq Rubina , Green Peter
Published: January 2004

Jasminum leptophyllum R.Rafiq (Oleaceae), an endemic of Pakistan, is illustrated and its discovery, taxonomy, habitat, introduction to cultivation and cultural requirements are discussed. Notes on the relationship to other Jasminum species are also provided.
Plate 385. Salvia albimaculata
Authors: Byfield Andrew , Duman Hayri
Published: January 2004

The taxonomic history, relationship, distribution and cultural requirements of Salvia albimaculata Hedge & Huber‐Morath (Labiatae/Lamiaceae), a rare and handsome species from the Ermenek region of southern Turkey, is given. An illustration is provided, together with a full description of the species.
Plate 386. Liquidambar orientalis
Authors: Yaltrik Faik , Efe Asuman
Published: January 2004

The taxonomy, relationships, distribution and cultural requirements of the Turkish Liquidambar orientalis Mill. (Hamamelidaceae), a relict tree from earlier geological eras and a plant of considerable economic value, are discussed; an illustration is provided, together with a full description.
Plate 387. Papaver lateritium
Authors: Baytop Asuman
Published: January 2004

The taxonomy, relationships, distribution and cultural requirements of the Turkish perennial poppy, Papaver lateritium C. Koch (Papaveraceae) are discussed; an illustration is provided, together with a full description.
Plate 393. Fritillaria thunbergii
Authors: Mathew Brian
Published: January 2004

The taxonomy, relationships, distribution and cultural requirements of the Chinese Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. (Liliaceae), which has long been cultivated and naturalized in Japan, are discussed. An illustration is provided and a full description is given.
Plate 395. Fritillaria affinis
Authors: Macfarlane Roger
Published: January 2004

Fritillaria affinis (Schult.) Sealy (Liliaceae) is one of the most widespread and variable of the western North American species. Its taxonomic history, relationships, distribution and cultural requirements are discussed; a full description and an illustration are provided.
Plate 396. Fritillaria crassifolia subsp. kurdica
Authors: Rix Martyn
Published: January 2004

Fritillaria crassifolia Boiss. & Reut. (Liliaceae) is a variable Asiatic species with a wide distribution from central Turkey eastwards into Iran. Four subspecies are recognised, one of which, F. crassifolia subsp. kurdica (Boiss. & Noë) Rix, is illustrated here. Its taxonomic history, relationships, distribution and cultural requirements are discussed and a full description is provided.
Plate 397. Fritillaria tuntasia
Authors: Rix Martyn
Published: January 2004

Fritillaria tuntasia Heldr. ex Hala`csy (Liliaceae), a native of the Cyclades islands in Greece, is illustrated. Its relationships, distribution and cultural requirements are discussed and a full description is provided.
Plate 401. Strophanthus sarmentosus
Authors: Beentje Henk , Cooke David
Published: January 2004

The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of Strophanthus sarmentosus DC. (Apocynaceae), an African liana, are discussed; illustrations and a full description of the species are provided.
Plate 405. Oeceoclades decaryana
Authors: Hermans Johan
Published: January 2004

The habitat, cultivation and generic affinities of Oeceoclades decaryana (H. Perrier) Garay & P. Taylor (Orchidaceae) are discussed. Aspects of its variability and distribution are mentioned. A full description and illustrations are provided.
Plate 406. Tulipa regelii
Authors: Mathew Brian , Wilford Richard
Published: January 2004

The taxonomy, relationships, distribution and cultivation requirements of Tulipa regelii Krasn. (Liliaceae) are discussed. A full description is provided, accompanied by a colour plate and floral dissection drawings.
Plate 410. Crocus paschei
Authors: Mathew Brian
Published: January 2004

The taxonomy, relationships and cultivation requirements of the endemic Turkish Crocus paschei Kerndorff (Iridaceae) are discussed. A full description and colour illustration are provided.
Bidwill of the Bunya‐Bunya
Authors: Mabberley David J.
Published: January 2004

The work of John Bidwill, first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, is discussed with particular reference to his connections with William and Joseph Hooker, notably his early collecting in New Zealand and the living plants sent to and from Kew – especially Araucaria bidwillii– and his pioneering hybridising of ornamental plants.
Plate 411. Erythronium japonicum
Authors: Mathew Brian
Published: January 2004

Erythronium japonicum Decne. (Liliaceae), a native of Japan and Korea, is illustrated; its history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation requirements are discussed and a full description of the species is provided.
Plate 413. Paeonia japonica
Authors: Page Martin , Sinnott Mike
Published: January 2004

The Japanese Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda (Paeoniaceae) is illustrated. Its taxonomy, distribution, and cultivation requirements are discussed and a full description of the species is provided.
Plate 415. Heteropolygonatum ogisui
Authors: Tamura Minoru N. , Xu Jie‐mei
Published: January 2004

Based on specimens collected from Mt Wawu (Wawushan), Sichuan, China, Heteropolygonatum ogisui (Convallariaceae‐Polygonateae) is newly described in this paper. This species is similar to H. roseolum, but differs from it in the leaves, which are sessile and dull white on the abaxial side without a prominent midrib, and totally pink flowers. At the present stage of studies into the genus, Heteropolygonatum consists of five species: H. roseolum, H. pendulum, H. xui, H. ginfushanicum and H. ogisui, which are all epiphytic and distributed only in western China. An artificial key to the species is provided.
Plate 421. Loropetalum chinense
Authors: Boyce Peter
Published: January 2004

The history, distribution, relationships and cultural requirements of Loropetalum chinense (R.Br.) Oliver (Hamamelidaceae) are discussed. A description and illustrations of the species are provided, together with a brief discussion of generic boundaries in related genera of Hamamelidaceae.
Plate 422. Pelargonium nephrophyllum
Authors: Craib Charles
Published: January 2004

Pelargonium nephrophyllum E.M. Marais (Geraniaceae), a native of South Africa, is illustrated; its history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation requirements are discussed and a full description of the species is provided.
Plate 425. Bursaria spinosa
Authors: Jebb Matthew , Andrews Susyn
Published: January 2004

The Australian Bursaria spinosa Cav. (Pittosporaceae) is illustrated. A full description is provided, and its taxonomy, relationships, distribution and history in cultivation are discussed.
Plate 426. Camellia flava
Authors: Hakoda Naotoshi , Ninh Tran
Published: January 2004

Camellia flava (Pitard) Sealy (Theaceae), a native of North Vietnam, is illustrated; its history and cultural requirements are discussed and a description of the species is provided.
Plate 428. Veronicastrum stenostachyum
Authors: Bhandol Parmjit , Hall Tony
Published: January 2004

A short account of the distribution and local uses of the genus Veronicastrum Heist. ex Fabr. is followed by a description of the Chinese species V. stenostachyum (Hemsl.) T. Yamaz. (Scrophulariaceae); the text is complemented by a colour plate and structural illustrations, and there are recommendations for its successful cultivation.
Plate 429. Pinellia cordata
Authors: Grimshaw John , Boyce Peter
Published: January 2004

The taxonomy and distribution of Pinellia cordata N.E.Br. (Araceae) are discussed. Notes on the distinguishing features between this and other entire‐leaved Pinellia species are given and brief outlines of its history, cultivation requirements and ethnobotany are presented. A complete botanical description, watercolour illustration and floral diagnoses are provided.
Plate 448. Nerine gaberonensis
Authors: Duncan Graham
Published: January 2004

The history, taxonomy, distribution and cultivation requirements of the South African and Botswanan Nerine gaberonensis Brem. & Oberm. (Amaryllidaceae) are discussed; a full botanical description and an illustration are provided.
Plate 450. Echeveria Compressicaulis Crassulaceae
Authors: Eggli Urs , Taylor Nigel
Published: January 2004

Based on material collected in the Venezuelan state of Mérida, Echeveria compressicaulis (Crassulaceae) is described as a new species. Its stem sculpturing is similar to that of the Mexican E. multicaulis and E. nodulosa, but its exact position in the genus remains enigmatic. Its cultivation and propagation is discussed.
Plate 453. Sophora Howinsula Leguminosae
Authors: Green Peter , Hutton Ian , Cooke David
Published: January 2004

The taxonomy, endemism, affinities and cultural requirements of Sophora howinsula (W.R.B. Oliv.) P.S. Green (Leguminosae) are discussed; an illustration is provided, together with a full description.
The Coming of the Kauris
Authors: Mabberley David J.
Published: January 2004

The introduction to Europe of species of Agathis, major timber trees (kauris) grown there as greenhouse ornamentals, is discussed. The importance of Sir Joseph Banks, Kew and the [Royal] Botanic Gardens Sydney is explained and the paramount historical significance of the kauris still growing in Sydney is stressed.
Effect of a single dose of the selectin inhibitor TBC1269 on early and late asthmatic responses
Authors: Avila P. C. , Boushey H. A. , Wong H. , Grundland H. , Liu J. , Fahy J. V.
Published: January 2004

Background
Selectins participate in the initial phase of leucocyte migration from circulation to inflamed tissues and may play a role in inflammatory cellular influx into airways in asthma. In the sheep asthma model, TBC1269, a pan‐selectin antagonist, reduced late allergen response by 74%.

Objective
To determine whether a single dose of TBC1269 inhibits early (EAR) and late (LAR) asthmatic responses, and whether it inhibits sputum leucocyte influx after inhalation allergen challenge in atopic asthmatic subjects treated with bronchodilators only.

Methods
Twenty‐one asthmatic subjects (mean±SD, age=32.5±6.7 years, 8 males, FEV1 percent predicted=84±15%) with known late asthmatic response based on a screening inhalation allergen challenge were randomly assigned to receive intravenous treatment with either placebo (n=11) or TBC1269 (n=10, 30 mg/kg) infused over 15 min immediately prior to a second (post‐treatment) allergen challenge at least 4 weeks after the screening challenge. After each challenge, EAR and LAR were monitored for 7 h. In addition, sputum was induced 1 day before and 1 day after each allergen challenge.

Results
TBC1269 did not attenuate the EAR compared with placebo (largest fall in FEV1 within 1 h of 34.1±13.9% vs. 31.8±12.2% for TBC1269 and placebo groups respectively, P=0.61) or the LAR (largest fall in FEV1 between 3 and 7 h of 39.3±15.3% vs. 32.6±13.8%, P=0.24). TBC1269 had only minor effects on allergen‐induced sputum eosinophilia.

Conclusion
We conclude that TBC1269 administered before allergen challenge as a single intravenous dose does not attenuate early or late asthmatic responses to allergen in asthmatic subjects.
Early and late bronchoconstrictions, airway hyper‐reactivity, leucocyte influx and lung histamine and nitric oxide after inhaled antigen: effects of dexamethasone and rolipram
Authors: Toward T. J. , Broadley K. J.
Published: January 2004

Background
Guinea‐pig models can provide the essential features of asthma, including early‐ (EAR) and late‐ (LAR) phase asthmatic responses, airway hyper‐reactivity (AHR) and inflammatory cell influx; however, these components are rarely demonstrated all in the same model.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to establish a conscious guinea‐pig model with these essential features of asthma and to correlate these with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) histamine and nitric oxide (NO) levels. The model would be validated from the susceptibility of these parameters to standard anti‐asthmatic agents, the steroid, dexamethasone, and a phosphodiesterase‐4 (PDE4) inhibitor, rolipram.

Methods
Guinea‐pigs were sensitized with ovalbumen (OA) (10 μg plus Al2(OH)3 100 mg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) and 14 days later received inhaled OA (100 μg/mL) or vehicle for 1 h. Airway function was measured by whole‐body plethysmography as specific airway conductance (sGaw). Reactivity to inhaled histamine (nose‐only, 1 mm, 20 s) was recorded 24 h before and at 6, 12 or 24 h after OA challenge. BALF was obtained to determine the total and differential cell counts, NO and histamine.

Results
Guinea‐pigs challenged with OA showed an EAR as a fall in (sGaw) (−54.9±10.8%), which resolved by 6 h and was followed by an LAR between 7 and 11 h (−30.2±8.8%). No bronchoconstriction to inhaled histamine occurred before OA challenge but at 6, 12 or 24 h afterwards, sGaw fell significantly, indicating AHR. At 1 h after OA, macrophages, eosinophils and neutrophils significantly increased in BALF. Macrophages and eosinophils increased further up to 24 h (3‐ and 44‐fold), but neutrophils declined to control levels. BALF histamine levels increased at 0.25 h after OA challenge and peaked at 6 h. BALF NO levels initially fell (44%) 1 h after OA exposure and then progressively rose above control levels. Dexamethasone (20 mg/kg, i.p.) and rolipram (1 mg/kg, i.p.) administered 24 and 0.5 h before and 6 h after OA challenge inhibited leucocyte influx, AHR and the early deficiency and later excess of NO. Dexamethasone but not rolipram attenuated the LAR.

Conclusions
This model displays many of the features of human asthma with predictable responses to dexamethasone and evidence of anti‐asthmatic activity by the PDE4 inhibitor, rolipram.
Butterbur, a herbal remedy, confers complementary anti‐inflammatory activity in asthmatic patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids
Authors: Lee D. K. C. , Haggart K. , Robb F. M. , Lipworth B. J.
Published: January 2004

Background
The effects of butterbur (BB), a herbal remedy, as add‐on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids in patients with atopic asthma is currently unknown.

Objective
We evaluated the effects of BB, given as add‐on therapy to asthmatic patients maintained on inhaled corticosteroids, assessing adenosine monophosphate (AMP) bronchoprovocation (primary outcome variable) along with other surrogate inflammatory markers such as exhaled nitric oxide, serum eosinophil cationic protein and peripheral blood eosinophil count.

Methods
Sixteen atopic asthmatic patients with mean (standard error of mean) forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) of 78 (4)% predicted, maintained on their constant dose of inhaled corticosteroids throughout the study, received twice daily for 1 week either BB 25 mg or placebo (PL), in a double‐blind, cross‐over fashion, with a 1‐week washout period prior to each randomized treatment. Measurements were made at baselines prior to each randomized treatment and following the randomized treatment period.

Results
Baseline values for the primary and secondary outcomes were not significantly different prior to BB and PL. AMP provocative concentration causing a 20% reduction from baseline FEV1 (PC20) as doubling dilution change from baseline, significantly improved (P<0.05) with BB, 0.6 (0.2), compared with PL, −0.1 (0.3); a 0.7 doubling dilution difference. Exhaled nitric oxide as change from baseline was significantly reduced (P<0.05) with BB, −1.2 (0.8) p.p.b., compared with PL, 0.5 (0.4) p.p.b. Both serum eosinophil cationic protein and peripheral blood eosinophil count as change from baseline were also significantly suppressed (P<0.05) with BB, −3.9 (3.3) μg/L, −31 (28)×106/L compared with PL, 3.3 (2.5) μg/L, 38 (16)×106/L, respectively.

Conclusion
Chronic dosing with BB conferred complementary anti‐inflammatory activity in atopic asthmatic patients maintained on inhaled corticosteroids. Further studies are now required to assess the potential role for BB as either monotherapy in milder patients or add‐on therapy in more severe asthmatics.