bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The new biophilia: an exploration of visions of nature in Western countries
Authors: Born Riyan J.G. van den , Lenders Rob H.J. , Groot Wouter T. de , Huijsman Ellen
Published: July 2002

Visions of nature are the subject of much philosophical and policy debate. The present paper focuses, however, on the visions of nature held by people not professionally involved in the issue, namely those of the general public. These visions constitute the democratic basis of environmental conservation and the frame for effective two-way communication between professionals and communities on nature protection and management. It appears that the general public in Europe and the USA has developed a strong general ‘biophilia’ (nature-friendliness). One indicator of this is that in quantitative research, 70–90% of the population recognize the right of nature to exist even if not useful to humans in any way. In qualitative research settings, lay people reveal a remarkable richness and depth of views and experiences of nature. A quantitative survey on images and values of nature, and a qualitative study consisting of in-depth interviews on the relationship between childhood experiences in nature and adult visions of nature were conducted in the Netherlands. A factor analysis revealed a classification of types of nature, which included ‘wild nature’, ‘arcadian nature’, ‘penetrative nature’ and other such images that, with wild nature in the lead, were ascribed a smoothly decreasing degree of naturalness. Asked to rank the values and functions of nature, the top three were formed by the value for human health, the intrinsic value and the value for future generations. In the qualitative interviews, indications were found that more intense childhood experiences with nature could be associated with later ascription of a high degree of naturalness to wild nature, and less intense experiences with later ascription of a high degree of naturalness to arcadian nature. Many significant experiences took place beyond the reach of parental supervision. Findings such as these are of obvious relevance for environmental education and the design of ‘experiential nature’ in and around protected areas. Social science research concerning nature protection is often triggered by frictions between local people and protected area authorities. Such situations tend to be dominated by the airing of grievances, demands for economic compensation and so on, and these then also tend to dominate the research findings. Taking place away from these specific hot spots of conflict, social science research of the types discussed in this paper shows that many non-conflictual lines of communication are open for nature protection agencies.
Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 diarrhoea associated

with well water and infected cattle on an Ontario farm
Authors: JACKSON S. G. , GOODBRAND R. B. , JOHNSON R. P. , ODORICO V. G. , ALVES D. , RAHN K. , WILSON J. B. , WELCH M. K. , KHAKHRIA R.
Published: July 2002

A 16-month old female child living on an Ontario dairy

farm was taken to hospital suffering

from bloody diarrhoea. Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7

was isolated from her stool. Initial tests of

well water samples were negative for E. coli by

standard methods but culture of selected

coliform colonies on sorbitol-MacConkey agar led to isolation of

E. coli O157[ratio ]H7. E. coli

O157[ratio ]H7 was also isolated from 63% of cattle on the farm.

The E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 isolates

from the child, the water and the cattle were phage type 14,

produced verotoxins 1 and 2, and

were highly related on analysis by pulsed field gel

electrophoresis. The child did not have

known direct contact with the cattle and did not consume

unpasteurized milk. Hydrogeological

investigation revealed the design and location of the well

would allow manure-contaminated

surface water to flow into the well. This investigation

demonstrates that cattle farm well water

is a potential source of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 which

may not be identified by standard screening for

E. coli in water.
Rabies in Thailand
Authors: MITMOONPITAK C. , TEPSUMETHANON V. , WILDE H.
Published: July 2002

The prevalence of canine and human rabies in Thailand has decreased

significantly during the
last decade. This has been associated with an increasing number of human
post-exposure
treatments. Educational efforts, mass vaccination of dogs and cats and
the use of safe and
effective vaccines have all made an impact. The proportion of fluorescent
antibody positive
dogs, among those examined for rabies averaged 54% indicating that rabies
is still a major
public health threat. Canine rabies vaccination is not usually performed
in animals <3 months
old. However, this study revealed that 14% of rabid dogs were <3 months
old and 42% were
[les ]6 months old. This is the age group most likely to interact with humans
and other dogs.
Our study also supports the World Health Organization's recommendation
that observing
suspected rabid dogs for 10 days is an adequate and safe practice.
Crayfish: A newly recognized vehicle for vibrio infections
Authors: BEAN N. H. , MALONEY E. K. , POTTER M. E. , KORAZEMO P. , RAY B. , TAYLOR J. P. , SEIGLER S. , SNOWDEN J.
Published: July 2002

We conducted a 1-year case-control study of sporadic vibrio
infections to identify risk factors
related to consumption of seafood products in two coastal areas of Louisiana
and Texas.
Twenty-six persons with sporadic vibrio infections and 77 matched controls
were enrolled.
Multivariate analysis revealed that crayfish (P<0·025)

and raw oysters (P<0·009) were
independently associated with illness. Species-specific analysis revealed
an association between
consumption of cooked crayfish and Vibrio parahemolyticus
infection (or 9·24, P<0·05). No
crayfish consumption was reported by persons with V. vulnificus

infection. Although crayfish
had been suspected as a vehicle for foodborne disease, this is the first
time to our knowledge
that consumption of cooked crayfish has been demonstrated to be associated
with vibrio
infection.
Community studies on hepatitis B in Rajahmundry town of
Andhra Pradesh, India, 1997–8: unnecessary therapeutic
injections are a major risk factor
Authors: SINGH J. , BHATIA R. , PATNAIK S. K. , KHARE S. , BORA D. , JAIN D. C. , SOKHEY J.
Published: July 2002

In Rajahmundry town in India, 234 community cases of jaundice were interviewed for risk
factors of viral hepatitis B and tested for markers of hepatitis A–E. About 41% and 1·7% of
them were positive for anti-HBc and anti-HCV respectively. Of 83 cases who were tested
within 3 months of onset of jaundice, 5 (6%), 11 (13·3%), 1 (1·2%), 5 (6%) and 16 (19·3%)
were found to have acute viral hepatitis A–E, respectively. The aetiology of the remaining 60%
(50/83) of cases of jaundice could not be established. Thirty-one percent (26/83) were already
positive for anti-HBc before they developed jaundice. History of therapeutic injections before
the onset of jaundice was significantly higher in cases of hepatitis B (P = 0·01) or B–D
(P = 0·04) than in cases of hepatitis A and E together. Other potential risk factors of hepatitis
B transmission were equally prevalent in two groups. Subsequent studies showed that the
majority of injections given were unnecessary (74%, 95% CI 66–82%) and were administered
by both qualified and unqualified doctors.
The seroepidemiology of rubella in western Europe
Authors: PEBODY R. G. , EDMUNDS W. J. , CONYN-van SPAENDONCK M. , OLIN P. , BERBERS G. , REBIERE I. , LECOEUR H. , CROVARI P. , DAVIDKIN I. , GABUTTI G. , GERIKE E. , GIORDANO C. , HESKETH L. , PLESNER A. M. , RAUX M. , ROTA M. C. , SALMASO S. , TISCHER A. , VALLE M. , MILLER E.
Published: July 2002

Most of the countries in western Europe have now implemented mass infant rubella
immunization programmes, instead of or in addition to selective vaccination in order to
achieve the elimination of congenital rubella syndrome.

The European countries Denmark, England and Wales, Finland, France, Germany, Italy and
the Netherlands undertook large, national serological surveys collecting several thousand serum
specimens during 1994–8. Antibodies against rubella virus were detected by a variety of enzyme
immuno-assays. Comparability of the assay results was achieved by a standardized
methodology. The age- and sex-stratified serological results were related to the schedules,
coverage of rubella vaccination and the incidence in these countries.

The results show widely differing levels of immunity to rubella both in the general
population and in the specific age groups of males and females. A low rate (< 5%) of
susceptibles in childhood and adolescents of both sexes was obtained only in Finland and the
Netherlands.

Countries such as Italy with only moderate coverage for the infant immunization programme
currently have both high susceptibility levels in the general population and in the at-risk
population. The likelihood is of continued epidemics of rubella with cases of congenital rubella
syndrome. The continued implementation of selective vaccination will help to offset the impact
of this ongoing transmission and to protect women on reaching childbearing age.
Vowel-length in Warray and weight identity
Authors: Borowsky Toni , Harvey Mark
Published: July 2002

Correspondence is a relation between one representation and another
(McCarthy & Prince 1993, 1994, 1995). This relationship may be between
an underlying or lexical representation and a surface representation, that
is: Input–Output forms; or between surface forms such as a reduplicant
and its base (McCarthy & Prince 1995) or other derivationally related
pairs
(see for example Benua 1995, McCarthy 1995, Kenstowicz 1996) –
i.e. Output–Output. Correspondence constraints over related words
in a
paradigm ensure uniformity within the paradigm. In earlier theories this
effect was ensured by the Strict Cycle Constraint, which forbade structure-changing
operations except in immediately derived environments and
thus ensured that most of the base word stayed the same in derivation.
In
this paper we show that correspondence between derivationally related
output forms (Benua 1995) is essential for the proper analysis of vowel
length in Warray, a language of Northern Australia spoken near Darwin,
and superior to an account making use of cyclicity. Correspondence
constraints ensuring identity between output forms explain the pattern
of
vowel length in nouns, predicting both where long vowels occur as well
as
the apparently anomalous appearance of short vowels where long vowels
might be expected.
Marc D. Hauser (1996). The evolution of communication.
Cambridge,
Mass.: MIT Press. Pp. xiii+760.
Authors: Ham William H. , Cohn Abigail C.
Published: July 2002

This volume impressively synthesises vast literatures from the
fields of linguistics,
bioacoustics, psychology, neurobiology, evolutionary biology, ethology
and anthropology, and in the process raises a number of provocative questions
regarding the contentious issue of human language origins. Because
the book is so far-reaching, both in terms of the breadth of communicative
phenomena which it covers and the depth in which it discusses them, a short
review such as the present one can only scratch the surface of the wealth
of
information and ideas which it contains.

This book was written to fill a perceived need for a text covering a
wide range
of issues in comparative communication, for which it is certainly well
suited.
Those interested in the production and perception of auditory and visual
signals, as well as in issues as diverse as evolutionary biology and cognitive
psychology, will find it an easily readable – or browseable –
piece of work. As
Hauser notes, he has ‘attempted to write a book that is aimed primarily
at the
expert while being useful to those wishing to pick out pieces...for undergraduate
and graduate instruction’ (p. 14). The book is successful along both
lines. It is
extremely well organised and well indexed, making it easy to select case
studies
relevant to specific communicative phenomena (e.g. audition, vocalisation,
acquisition, signed languages, etc.) or particular species (humans, monkeys,
anurans, birds, etc.). Particularly useful are the large number of graphics
and
illustrations, as well as conceptual ‘boxes’ which succinctly
summarise key
concepts or theoretical perspectives which may be unfamiliar to some readers
(e.g. statistical information theory, neural tuning curves, source-filter
theory
and sexual selection theory, to name just a few).
Plastic vipers: influence of food intake on the size and shape of Gaboon vipers (Bitis gabonica)
Authors: Bonnet Xavier , Shine Richard , Naulleau Guy , Thiburce Christian
Published: July 2002

Repeated measurements of captive‐born Gaboon vipers Bitis gabonica from an inbred stock examined the degree to which an animal's size and shape are affected by food intake. We also used the level of asymmetry in dorsal coloration as an index for possible genetic (inbreeding?) effects. Both of these factors, and the interaction between them, affected phenotypes of the young snakes. Snakes raised with abundant food differed from their less well‐fed siblings not only in size, but also in body mass relative to snout–vent length, head length relative to snout–vent length, head width relative to head length, and fang length relative to jaw length. Hence, our data show that body proportions (including the feeding apparatus) can be influenced by the environment after birth.
Genetic evidence for the origin of the agrimi goat (Capra aegagrus cretica)
Authors: Bar‐Gal Gila Kahila , Smith Patricia , Tchernov Eitan , Greenblatt Charles , Ducos Pierre , Gardeisen Armelle , Horwitz Liora Kolska
Published: July 2002

The agrimi goat Capra aegagrus cretica is unique to Crete and its offshore islands. It has been identified as a sub‐species of the wild bezoar goat Capra aegagrus aegagrus Erxleben, 1777, which it closely resembles in horn shape, body form and coloration. This classification has been disputed by some researchers who claim that the agrimi are feral goats, derived from early domestic stock brought to the island by the first Neolithic settlers. In order to clarify this issue, DNA analyses (cytochrome b and D loop sequences) were carried out on tissue of live and skeletonized agrimi and compared to sequences of wild and domestic caprines. Results conclusively show the agrimi to be a feral animal, that clades with domestic goats (Capra hircus) rather than with wild Asiatic bezoar. This study demonstrates that morphometric criteria do not necessarily reflect genetic affinities, and that the taxonomic classification of agrimi should be revised.
The relative order of prepositional phrases in English:
Going beyond Manner–Place–Time
Authors: Hawkins John A.
Published: July 2002

This article argues against Manner–Place–Time
and other proposed grammatical principles of ordering for
prepositional phrases (PPs) in postverbal position in English.
Instead, greater empirical adequacy can be achieved by
a theory of processing efficiency that defines a preference
for minimal domains in the recognition of syntactic phrase
structure and in the processing of lexical–semantic
dependencies between verbs and prepositions. Some new entailment
tests are proposed on the basis of which these dependencies
can be defined. The data come from 500 pages of written
English. For 300 pages, an additional analysis is given
in terms of structural ambiguity avoidance and pragmatic
information status. Syntactic complexity is the biggest
single predictor of PP sequences, whereas lexical–semantic
factors predominate when syntactic preferences are weak.
Manner–Place–Time is not the correct semantic
generalization, however. Ambiguity avoidance had no clear
impact on these orderings. Pragmatic effects were not visible
when syntactic weight made no predictions and were correlated
with weight when it did but were less strongly supported.
Toward an interpersonal life-stress model of depression: The developmental context of
stress generation
Authors: RUDOLPH KAREN D. , HAMMEN CONSTANCE , BURGE DORLI , LINDBERG NANGEL , HERZBERG DAVID , DALEY SHANNON E.
Published: July 2002

The validity of a developmentally based life-stress model of depression was evaluated in 88
clinic-referred youngsters. The model focused on (a) the role of child–environment
transactions, (b) the specificity of stress–psychopathology relations, and (c) the
consideration of both episodic and chronic stress. Semistructured diagnostic and life-stress
interviews were administered to youngsters and their parents. As predicted, in the total sample
child depression was associated with interpersonal episodic and chronic stress,
whereas externalizing disorder was associated with noninterpersonal episodic and
chronic stress. However, the pattern of results differed somewhat in boys and girls. Youngsters
with comorbid depression and externalizing disorder tended to experience the highest stress
levels. Support was obtained for a stress-generation model of depression, wherein children
precipitate stressful events and circumstances. In fact, stress that was in part dependent on
children's contribution distinguished best among diagnostic groups, whereas independent
stress had little discriminative power. Results suggest that life-stress research may benefit from
the application of transactional models of developmental psychopathology, which consider how
children participate in the construction of stressful environments.
Preventive intervention as means of clarifying direction of effects in socialization:

Anxious-withdrawn preschoolers case
Authors: LAFRENIERE PETER J. , CAPUANO FRANCE
Published: July 2002

An indicated preventive intervention research program integrating attachment, attributional,

and behaviorist perspectives was conducted to test the hypothesis that parent–child

relationship disturbances directly effect the child's adjustment to the preschool.

Anxious-withdrawn preschool children and their mothers were divided equally into treatment and

control groups, and assessed on maternal self-report of parenting stress, behavioral ratings of

mother–child interaction, and teacher ratings of the children in the preschool classroom.

Results showed significant changes in the treatment group: mothers in the treatment group

moderated their level of control to a more appropriate, less intrusive level, while children in the

treatment group showed an increase in cooperation and enthusiasm during a problem solving task

with mother. Teacher-rated social competence and anxious-withdrawn behavior indicated

improvement, although only the former was significant. The demonstration of effects of this

home intervention for the mother on the child's behavior in the preschool confirm the

transactional model underlying this study and demonstrate the utility of a parent–child

interaction training component for the prevention of behavioral–emotional problems in

young children.
Eye disease in older people
Authors: Kritzinger EE
Published: July 2002

Visual impairment in the aging population may be brought about by localized pathological change or it may be associated with systemic disease. Localized ocular disorders include three of the commonest causes of visual loss in the elderly, namely cataract, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Systemic diseases, with associated ocular involvement which may progress to blindness, include diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, which predispose to retinal vascular occlusion. Visual function may also be affected by various autoimmune disorders (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis), cerebrovascular disease, intraocular or intracranial tumours (primary or metastatic), as well as by infectious agents (herpes zoster ophthalmicus) and drugs (steroids).
The association between social networks and mortality in later life
Authors: Bowling A , Grundy E
Published: July 2002

In this paper recent studies of the relationships between social networks and mortality among older people are reviewed. Although a large amount of research effort has been expended on identifying and explaining such relationships, many studies have focused predominantly on those in middle age groups and very few have included sufficient numbers of older old people to allow separate analyses. Moreover, although relationships between various indicators of social support, participation and mortality have been demonstrated, this finding is not universal and considerable uncertainties remain about the strength of any such association, how it may vary between age and social groups and how it operates. In part, these uncertainties reflect the wide range of conceptual definitions of social networks or social support, methodologies and data sets used to address the issue.
HOL-λσ: an intentional first-order expression of
higher-order logic
Authors: DOWEK GILLES , HARDIN THERESE , KIRCHNER CLAUDE
Published: July 2002

We give a first-order presentation of higher-order logic based on explicit substitutions. This
presentation is intentionally equivalent to the usual presentation of higher-order logic based
on λ-calculus, that is, a proposition can be proved without the extensionality axioms in one
theory if and only if it can be in the other. We show that the Extended Narrowing and
Resolution first-order proof-search method can be applied to this theory. In this way we get
a step-by-step simulation of higher-order resolution. Hence, expressing higher-order logic as
a first-order theory and applying a first-order proof search method is a relevant alternative
to a direct implementation. In particular, the well-studied improvements of proof search for
first-order logic could be reused at no cost for higher-order automated deduction. Moreover,
as we stay in a first-order setting, extensions, such as equational higher-order resolution,
may be easier to handle.
Introduction to linear bicategories
Authors: COCKETT J. R. B. , KOSLOWSKI J. , SEELY R. A. G.
Published: July 2002

Linear bicategories are a generalization of bicategories in which the one horizontal
composition is replaced by two (linked) horizontal compositions. These compositions
provide a semantic model for the tensor and par of linear logic: in particular, as
composition is fundamentally non-commutative, they provide a suggestive source of models
for non-commutative linear logic.

In a linear bicategory, the logical notion of complementation becomes a natural linear
notion of adjunction. Just as ordinary adjoints are related to (Kan) extensions, these linear
adjoints are related to the appropriate notion of linear extension.

There is also a stronger notion of complementation, which arises, for example, in cyclic
linear logic. This sort of complementation is modelled by cyclic adjoints. This leads to the
notion of a *ast;-linear bicategory and the coherence conditions that it must satisfy. Cyclic
adjoints also give rise to linear monads: these are, essentially, the appropriate generalization
(to the linear setting) of Frobenius algebras and the ambialgebras of Topological Quantum
Field Theory.

A number of examples of linear bicategories arising from different sources are described,
and a number of constructions that result in linear bicategories are indicated.
Subnets of proof-nets in multiplicative linear logic with MIX
Authors: BELLIN GIANLUIGI
Published: July 2002

This paper studies the properties of the subnets of a proof-net
for
first-order Multiplicative
Linear Logic without propositional constants (MLL−),
extended with the rule of Mix: from [vdash ]Γ and [vdash ]Δ infer
[vdash ]Γ, Δ. Asperti's correctness criterion and its interpretation
in terms of concurrent processes are extended to the first-order case.
The notions of kingdom and empire of a formula are extended from
MLL− to MLL−+MIX.
A new proof of the sequentialization theorem is given. As a corollary,
a system
of proof-nets is given for De
Paiva and Hyland's Full Intuitionistic Linear Logic with Mix; this
result gives a general
method for translating Abramsky-style term assignments into proof-nets,
and vice versa.
Action semantics reasoning about functional programs
Authors: LASSEN S. B.
Published: July 2002

This paper develops the functional part of a theory of action
semantics for reasoning about
programs. Action notation, the specification language of action
semantics, is given an
evaluation semantics, and operational techniques from process theory and
functional
programming are applied in the development of a versatile action
theory. The power of the
theory is demonstrated by means of action semantic proofs of functional
program
equivalences.
Ethical Issues in Enhancement: An Introduction
Authors: McGEE GLENN
Published: July 2002

The role of the healer is expanding. Attempts by
physicians to enhance human capacity are but one among
many new medical projects. The twentieth century ushered
in significant changes in therapeutic modalities, and the
past two decades have seen the role of the physician reshaped
by economic, political, and dramatic new social mores.
People ask new and different things of their clinicians.
Under managed care, the primary care clinician is expected
to have much more skill than was traditionally expected
of a general internist, and new incentives force physicians
to much more explicitly ration the care they provide to
patients and to patient populations. But perhaps no change
in the contemporary world of health portends more long-term
effects than the introduction of enhancement technologies.
Abstracts of Note: The Bioethics Lecture
Authors: Iserson Kenneth V.
Published: July 2002

This section is meant to be a mutual effort. If you find
an article you think should be abstracted in this section,
do not be bashful—submit it for consideration
to Kenneth V. Iserson care of CQ. If you do not like the
editorial comments, this will give you an opportunity
to respond in the letters section. Your input is desired
and anticipated.
Uniform Intersecting Families with Covering
Number Restrictions
Authors: FRANKL P. , OTA K. , TOKUSHIGE N.
Published: July 2002

It is known that any k-uniform family with
covering number t has at most
ktt-covers. In this
paper, we deal with intersecting families and give better
upper bounds for the number of
t-covers. Let pt(k)
be the maximum number of t-covers in any
k-uniform intersecting
families with covering number t. We prove that, for a
fixed t,

formula here

In the cases of t=4 and 5, we also prove that
the coefficient of kt−1
in pt(k) is exactly
(t2).
The Matroid Ramsey Number n(6,6)
Authors: BONIN JOSEPH E. , McNULTY JENNIFER , REID TALMAGE JAMES
Published: July 2002

A tight upper bound on the number of elements in a connected matroid with fixed rank
and largest cocircuit size is given. This upper bound is used to show that a connected
matroid with at least thirteen elements contains either a circuit or a cocircuit with at least
six elements. In the language of matroid Ramsey numbers, n(6, 6) = 13: this is the largest
currently known matroid Ramsey number.
Conditional Independences among Four Random
Variables III: Final Conclusion
Authors: MATÚš F.
Published: July 2002

The problem of probabilistic representability of semimatroids over a four-element set is
solved. In this problem, one looks for all combinations of conditional independences within
four random variables which can occur simultaneously. New properties of the stochastic
conditional independences are deduced from conditional information inequalities. Examples
of four-tuples of random variables are presented to show the probabilistic representability
of three non-Ingleton semimatroids.
Intrapartum management of twin gestations
Authors: Levinsky E , Barrett JFR
Published: July 2002

The intrapartum management of the twin pregnancy has remained a controversial and challenging issue in obstetrics. Development of a management plan for delivery of a twin gestation necessitates consideration of multiple factors including fetal presentations, gestational age, estimated fetal weights, the presence of maternal or fetal complications, and the experience of the attending obstetrician, anaesthetic staff and neonatologists. In twin gestations in which a trial of labour is possible, the major factor determining the intrapartum course is the relative presentations of twin A and twin B on admission to the delivery suite.
Influence of oviductal cells and conditioned medium on porcine gametes
Authors: Bureau Mariève , Bailey Janice L. , Sirard Marc-André
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study was to optimise porcine in vitro fertilisation (IVF) with cryopreserved semen with the exploitation of the oviduct secretion. The oocytes were cultured in NCSU37 supplemented with db-cAMP (1 mM), porcine follicular fluid (pFF; 10%), cysteine (0.1 mg/ml) and β-mercaptoethanol (25 μM) for 44 h (the first 20 h with 10 IU/ml hCG and PMSG). The oviductal epithelial cells (OEC) were cultured in TCM-199 medium (with 10% FCS, 0.2 mM pyruvate and 50 μg/ml gentamicin) for 48 h. To determine the effects of OEC and conditioned medium, oocytes were separated into five groups for the last 3 h of maturation and placed in: fresh maturation medium (controls), OEC-cNCSU with OEC in the maturation medium for 24 h; OEC-fNUSU with fresh OEC in maturation medium; cTCM with TCM-199 conditioned with OEC for 48 h; or fTCM with fresh TCM-199. Results indicate that OEC-cNCSU and OEC-fNCSU increase the number of oocytes reaching the two pronucleus (2PN) stage (p < 0.01) and decrease the polyspermy rate (p < 0.01) compared with controls. The rates are significantly lower than controls when cTCM and fTCM were used (p < 0.01). As regards blastocyst rates, an increase was observed in the OEC-cNCSU and cTCM groups (p < 0.05). For the second experiment, spermatozoa were incubated with OEC in IVF medium (mTBM medium supplemented with 0.1% BSA) without caffeine for 4 h prior to IVF. Results indicate that sperm treatment with OEC increases the 2PN rate (p < 0.01) compared with controls and reduces the polyspermy rate (p < 0.01). In conclusion, our study shows that co-incubation of OEC with both oocytes and sperm before IVF reduces polyspermy rates and improves embryo development.
HENRY MARTYN AND ENGLAND’S CHRISTIAN EMPIRE: REREADING JANE EYRE THROUGH MISSIONARY BIOGRAPHY
Authors: Gibson Mary Ellis
Published: July 2002

IN 1814 THE YOUNG Thomas Babington Macaulay tried his hand at the couplet to memorialize one of his Evangelical family’s heroes. Henry Martyn, chaplain to the British East India Company, had died in 1812 on his way home from duties in the east. With an adolescent’s enthusiasm for battle Macaulay engaged the tropes of spiritual quest and violent conquest that accompanied the evangelical spirit. To Martyn’s efforts he attributed, “Eternal trophies! Not with carnage red, / Not stained with tears by hapless captives shed, / But trophies of the Cross!” (281). Military violence gives way to conquest in a higher sphere, the world of the mission field. Nearly a half century later George Eliot evoked Martyn’s spiritual heroism at the outset of her career as a fiction writer. In Scenes of Clerical Life, Janet Dempster finds the inspiration to reform her life by reading the Memoir of Henry Martyn. Martyn’s example nerves her to engage in self-sacrifice and is the catalyst for her return to the scene of domestic violence; in an act of self-conquest Janet assumes the role of model wife and forgiving Christian.
The Bible and the avant-garde: the search for a classical tradition in the Israeli theatre
Authors: ROKEM FREDDIE
Published: July 2002

The Israeli theatre has frequently employed the Hebrew Bible as a source for theatrical performances. Analysing three such performances, this article shows that the Bible, with its charged ideological implications for the establishment of the state of Israel, has perhaps somewhat unexpectedly inspired avant-garde productions that have frequently criticized the accepted ideological and aesthetic norms. The first of the three performances analysed is Hanoch Levin's play based on the book of Job called ‘The Torments of Job’ (Yisorei Iov), which Levin directed at the Cameri theatre in 1981. The second is the play ‘Jehu’ by Gilead Evron, directed by Hanan Snir at the Habima National Theatre in 1992, and the third is the ‘Bible Project’ directed by Rina Yerushalmi, which consists of two independent, but interrelated productions: ‘And He Said And He Was Walking’ (Va Yomer Va Yelech), which premiered in 1996, and ‘And They Bowed. And He Feared’ (Va Yishtachu. Va Yerra) which premiered in 1998.
Unsupervised learning of part-of-speech guessing rules
Authors: MIKHEEV ANDREI
Published: July 2002

Words unknown to the lexicon present a substantial problem to

part-of-speech tagging. In this paper we present a technique for fully

unsupervised acquisition of rules which guess possible parts of speech

for unknown words. This technique does not require specially prepared

training data, and uses instead the lexicon supplied with a tagger and

word frequencies collected from a raw corpus. Three complimentary sets

of word-guessing rules are statistically induced: prefix

morphological rules, suffix morphological rules and ending guessing

rules. The acquisition process is strongly associated with

guessing-rule evaluation methodology which is solely dedicated to the

performance of part-of-speech guessers. Using the proposed technique a

guessing-rule induction experiment was performed on the Brown Corpus

data and rule-sets, with a highly competitive performance, were

produced and compared with the state-of-the-art. To evaluate the

impact of the word-guessing component on the overall tagging

performance, it was integrated into a stochastic and a rule-based

tagger and applied to texts with unknown words.
Explanation-based learning and finite state transducers: applications
to parsing lexicalized tree adjoining grammars
Authors: SRINIVAS B.
Published: July 2002

There are currently two philosophies for building grammars and
parsers:
hand-crafted, wide coverage grammars; and statistically induced grammars
and parsers.
Aside from the methodological differences in grammar construction, the
linguistic
knowledge which is overt in the rules of handcrafted grammars is hidden
in the
statistics derived by probabilistic methods, which means
that generalizations are also
hidden and the full training process must be repeated for each domain.
Although
handcrafted wide coverage grammars are portable, they can be made more
efficient
when applied to limited domains, if it is recognized
that language in limited domains
is usually well constrained and certain linguistic constructions are more
frequent
than others. We view a domain-independent grammar as a repository of portable
grammatical structures whose combinations are to be specialized for a given
domain. We use Explanation-Based Learning (EBL) to identify the relevant
subset of
a handcrafted general purpose grammar (XTAG) needed to parse in a given
domain
(ATIS). We exploit the key properties of Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammars
to
view parsing in a limited domain as finite state transduction from strings
to their
dependency structures.
Right Hemisphere Language Operations
Authors: Blonder Lee X.
Published: July 2002

This book contains an introduction by the editors
and 15 chapters that are divided into three parts. Part
I is entitled “Decoding Speech Sounds and Individual
Words”; part II: “Lexical and Sentence-Level
Semantics”; and Part III: “Discourse Processing
and Problem Solving.” Each part concludes with a
commentary by the editors. As these section titles show,
the book provides evidence that the right hemisphere is
involved with functions more commonly ascribed to the left
hemisphere, namely, phonology, morphology, and semantics.
In addition, several chapters are devoted to aspects of
communicative competence commonly associated with right
hemisphere specialization, such as discourse comprehension
and the appreciation of emotional verbal messages. Previous
works, such as Language, Aphasia, and the Right Hemisphere
by Chris Code (1987), provide a more basic introduction
to what was then known of right hemisphere communicative
competence. The Beeman and Chiarello volume is directed
towards a more sophisticated target audience familiar with
neurolinguistic models of hemispheric contributions to
language comprehension.
Economic growth, energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions in India: 1990-2020
Authors: MURTHY N.S. , PANDA M. , PARIKH J.
Published: July 2002

This article investigates the linkages between economic growth, energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in India by analysing the structure of production and consumption in the Indian economy. We begin with an examination of the consumption pattern of six different income classes, three each in urban and rural India, and then estimate the direct and indirect energy and CO2 emission coefficients for supporting production in various sectors. This provides us with a basis for estimating the energy and emission content of the consumption baskets of the different income classes in India. CO2 emissions are projected to increase from 0.18 tonnes of carbon (tC) per capita in 1990 to about 0.62 tC per capita in 2020 under the reference scenario which corresponds to a GDP growth rate of 5.5% per annum. We then analyse scenarios of technology improvement in which emissions are reduced to 0.47 tC per capita in 2020. Our projection methodology takes into account the changes in aggregate consumpti
on pattern due to mobility of the population across the income classes and from rural to urban areas, besides the increase in per capita consumption of all classes.
Is there a Québec sound?
Authors: DHOMONT FRANCIS
Published: July 2002

This article approaches the definition of the important term 'acousmatic' by reference to its origins in the sound studios of the French National Radio. The links from France to Québec are outlined and the Québecois acousmatic school, largely based in Montreal, is introduced. Aspects of a typical piece are discussed, and the author is able to answer the title question positively.
Commentary: Assessing the Risks Presented by Parents
Authors: Glaser Danya
Published: July 2002

The model outlined in the paper by Partridge, Casswell
and Richardson is an interesting one. Its strengths are
particularly the multidisciplinary nature of the assessment
and its extension over a period of time, allowing for the
assessment to be also a therapeutic process. It stands in
contrast to many single-handed expert assessments carried
out as a cross sectional view of the family at one particular
point.

The decision not to meet with the children is understandable on the basis that the children may well have
been seen by other professionals. However, since parenting is a dyadic interaction it can only be observed by
meeting with both parents and children together. The
notion of risk and assessment of risk is broader than the
risk posed by an adult or parent to a generic child. Beyond
a capacity to injure and physically or sexually abuse, risk
extends to emotional abuse or injury and emotional
neglect, insensitivity or inability to meet the child's
developmental needs. An assessment of these capacities is
best related to the needs of particular children and includes
issues of attachment. These can only be assessed by
meeting with the children and/or the children and parents
together.

The addition to the team of an adult psychiatrist with a
particular interest in personality and the influence of early
experiences on adult functioning has been found to be of
great value.

An alternative model is the multi-family intensive assessment process, during which several families attend
together for a short period of time and during which intra-family interactions as well as group processes are observed.
Play in Childhood: An Anthropological Perspective
Authors: James Allison
Published: July 2002

This paper offers a critical assessment and some illustrations
of an
anthropological approach to the study of children's play. It argues
that
universal definitions of play are problematic and that therefore attention

should be paid to the local definitions of play operative in any culture.
This
includes, importantly, the meanings that children attribute to and generate

through their play. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork the paper illustrates

just one aspect of children's play: the different ways in which play

facilitates power relations to be articulated, upheld, and challenged.
In this
sense play is revealed to be far from a frivolous activity. Instead, it
is a
serious medium through which children conduct their social affairs.
EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE DIALOGUE SERIES
Authors: Barnett William A.
Published: July 2002

This dialogue is the first to appear in
Macroeconomic Dynamics. Other dialogues on topics of importance
to macroeconomics will appear occasionally
in this journal. Unlike interviews appearing in the MD
Interview series, conversations appearing
in the MD Dialogue series will not be focused on the life
and work of a participant but rather on a
particular research topic. Another distinction between the two
series is the general format and structure.
Each interview in the MD Interview series will include only
one interviewee, although there may be multiple
interviewers who jointly conduct an interview with a single
interviewee (e.g., the interview of David
Cass by Stephen Spear and Randall Wright in the preceding issue).
In contrast, each dialogue will include at
least two direct dialogue participants, and may or not be conducted
by a third party to the conversation.
Factors affecting the recognition of words in a second language
Authors: Meador Diane , Flege James E. , Mackay Ian R. A.
Published: July 2002

This study examined the recognition of English words by groups of native speakers of Italian who differed in age of arrival in Canada and amount of continued native language use. The dependent variable was the number of words correctly repeated in English sentences presented in noise. Significantly higher word recognition scores were obtained for early than late bilinguals, and for early bilinguals who used Italian seldom than for early bilinguals who used Italian relatively often. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that the native Italian participants' ability to perceive English vowels and consonants accounted for a significant amount of variance in the word-recognition scores independently of age of arrival, amount of L1 use, and length of residence in Canada. The native language use effect was interpreted to have arisen from differences in the extent to which the early bilinguals' Italian phonetic system influenced the representations they developed for English vowels and consonants.
Crosslinguistic influence in bilingual language acquisition: Italian and French as recipient languages
Authors: Müller Natascha , Hulk Aafke
Published: July 2002

In this paper we want to compare the results from monolingual children with object omissions in bilingual children who have acquired two languages simultaneously. Our longitudinal studies of bilingual Dutch–French, German–French, and German–Italian children show that the bilingual children behave like monolingual children regarding the type of object omissions in the Romance languages. They differ from monolingual children with respect to the extent to which object drop is used. At the same time, the children differentiate the two systems they are using. We want to claim that the difference between monolingual and bilingual children concerning object omissions in the Romance languages is due to crosslinguistic influence in bilingual children: the Germanic language influences the Romance language. Crosslinguistic influence occurs once a syntactic construction in language A allows for more than one grammatical analysis from the perspective of child grammar and language B contains positive evidence for one of these possible analyses. The bilingual child is not able to map the universal strategies onto language-specific rules as quickly as the monolinguals, since s/he is confronted with a much wider range of language-specific syntactic possibilities. One of the possibilities seems to be compatible with a universal strategy. We would like to argue for the existence of crosslinguistic influence, induced by the mapping of universal principles onto language-specific principles – in particular, pragmatic onto syntactic principles. This influence will be defined as mapping induced influence. We will account for the object omissions by postulating an empty discourse-connected PRO in pre-S position (Müller, Crysmann, and Kaiser, 1996; Hulk, 1997). Like monolingual children, bilingual children use this possibility until they show evidence of the C-system (the full clause) in its target form.
The glucocorticoid receptor inhibits NFκB by interfering with serine-2 phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain
Authors: Nissen Robert M. , Yamamoto Keith R.
Published: July 2002

Glucocorticoids repress NFκB-mediated activation of proinflammatory genes such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and ICAM-1. Our experiments suggest that the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) confers this effect by associating through protein–protein interactions with NFκB bound at each of these genes. That is, we show that the GR zinc binding region (ZBR), which includes the DNA binding and dimerization functions of the receptor, binds directly to the dimerization domain of the RelA subunit of NFκB in vitro and that the ZBR is sufficient to associate with RelA bound at NFκB response elements in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrate in vivo and in vitro that GR does not disrupt DNA binding by NFκB. In transient transfections, we found that the GR ligand binding domain is essential for repression of NFκB but not for association with it and that GR can repress an NFκB derivative bearing a heterologous activation domain. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in untransfected A549 cells to infer the mechanism by which the tethered GR represses NFκB-activated transcription. As expected, we found that the inflammatory signal TNFα stimulated preinitiation complex (PIC) assembly at the IL-8 and ICAM-1 promoters and that the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (pol II) in those complexes became phosphorylated at serines 2 and 5 in its carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) heptapeptide repeats (YSPTSPS); these modifications are required for transcription initiation. Remarkably, GR did not inhibit PIC assembly under repressing conditions, but rather interfered with phosphorylation of serine 2 of the pol II CTD.
The role of a Williams-Beuren syndrome-associated helix–loop–helix domain-containing transcription factor in activin/nodal signaling
Authors: Ring Colleen , Ogata Souichi , Meek Lauren , Song Jihwan , Ohta Tatsuru , Miyazono Kohei , Cho Ken W.Y.
Published: July 2002

We investigated the regulation of the activin/nodal-inducible distal element (DE) of the Xenopus goosecoid (gsc) promoter. On the basis of its interaction with the DE, we isolated aXenopus homolog of the human Williams-Beuren syndrome critical region 11 (XWBSCR11), and further, show that it interacts with pathway-specific Smad2 and Smad3 in a ligand-dependent manner. Interestingly, we also find that XWBSCR11 functions cooperatively with FoxH1 (Fast-1) to stimulate DE-dependent transcription. We propose a mechanism in which FoxH1 functions together with Smads as a cofactor for the recruitment of transcription factors like XWBSCR11 in the process of activin/nodal-mediated gsc-specific induction. This mechanism provides considerable opportunities for modulation of transcription across a variety of activin/nodal-inducible genes, increasing diversity in promoter selection, thus leading to the differential induction of activin/nodal target genes.