bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pediatric intracranial tumors over a 5-year period in a tertiary care center of North Kerala, India: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Govindan Aparna , Parambil Rajeev , Alapatt Jacob
Published: April 2018

Background: Pediatric brain tumors are unique in terms of distribution, clinical presentation, pathologic types, management, and prognosis. There are not many studies from India which have looked into the epidemiology of pediatric brain tumors. Aims: This study aimed to analyze the epidemiology of pediatric brain tumors in North Kerala and compare it with data from the rest of India and other countries. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of 5-year data of pediatric brain tumors which were operated in a tertiary referral center in North Kerala, India, from 2009 to 2013. The data were procured from the departments of neurosurgery and pathology of the institution. The data were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS software. Results: A total of 71 children had histologically proven brain tumors during the 5-year period. There were 34 boys and 37 girls. Distribution in different age groups was as follows: infancy –5 (7%), 1–5 years –22 (31%), 6–10 years – 21 (29.6%), and 11–18 years – 23 (32.4%). The most common tumors were primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs). In infancy, the number of high-grade tumors was more, whereas in the 11–18 years' age group, there were a significantly higher number of low-grade tumors (P = 0.04). Discussion: Pediatric brain tumors were distributed almost equally in both sexes. PNET was the most common. We could not get statistical significance in many of our values due to small sample size. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for diligent collection of data and maintenance of a registry for brain tumors to study the disease in the Indian population.
Therapeutic evaluation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist etanercept against traumatic brain injury in rats: Ultrastructural, pathological, and biochemical analyses
Authors: Hasturk Askin , Gokce Emre , Yilmaz Erdal , Horasanli Bahriye , Evirgen Oya , Hayirli Nazli , Gokturk Hilal , Erguder Imge , Can Belgin
Published: April 2018

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of etanercept (ETA) on histopathological and biochemical changes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar albino rats were distributed into three groups (n = 12 each). Control group rats were not subjected to trauma. Trauma group rats were subjected to TBI only. ETA group rats were subjected to TBI plus ETA (5 mg/kg intraperitoneal [i.p.]). The groups were further subdivided into those sacrificed in the hyperacute stage (1 h after TBI) (control-1, trauma-1, and ETA-1 groups) and the acute stage (6 h after TBI) (control-6, trauma-6, and ETA-6 groups). Tissue levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, malondialdehyde, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were analyzed. Histopathological and ultrastructural evaluations were also performed. Results: i.p. administration of ETA at 1 and 6 h significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine expression, attenuated oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, prevented apoptosis, and increased antioxidant defense mechanism activity in comparison to trauma group. Histopathological and ultrastructural abnormalities were significantly reduced in ETA-treated rats compared to closed head injury trauma groups. Conclusions: ETA significantly improves neural function and prevents post-TBI histopathological damage in rats.
Convection-enhanced drug delivery for glioblastoma: A systematic review focused on methodological differences in the use of the convection-enhanced delivery method
Authors: Halle Bo , Mongelard Kristian , Poulsen Frantz
Published: April 2018

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a leading cause of brain cancer-related death. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents the transport of most systemic delivered molecules to the brain. This constitutes a major problem in the therapy of brain tumors. In the last decade, numerous different drug-delivery approaches have been developed to overcome the BBB. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the methodological aspects used in all preclinical and clinical studies published from 2011 to 2016 where convection-enhanced delivery (CED) was used for drug delivery in the treatment of GBM. A systematic review of English articles published in the past 5 years was undertaken using PubMed and Embase. The search terms (brain tumor [MeSH Terms]) AND (CED OR convection enhanced delivery) were used in PubMed and a similar search was carried out in Embase using their “multi-field search.” All studies using CED on an intracranial GBM model were included. The search resulted in 151 hits after duplicates were removed. In total, 30 studies were included in the review. Of these, two publications studied the technical aspects of the CED method. Furthermore, only one study was a clinical study. The research field is focused on preclinical drug development trials and less emphasis is placed on the CED technique itself. However, it is important that future studies focus on establishing optimal protocols for the use of CED in rodents as well as for big brain models to be able to use the CED method in patients with GBM.
Unusual radiological presentation of intracranial dermoid cyst: A case series
Authors: Kumaran Sunitha , Srinivasa Rakshith , Ghosal Nandita
Published: April 2018

Intracranial dermoids are rare congenital lesions of the brain that account for < 1% of all intracranial tumors. Even though they are rare, typical computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features along with location allow radiological diagnosis in the majority of patients. Radiologically, dermoid cysts typically appear as nonenhancing low-density masses on CT scan and are hyperintense on T1-weighted (T1-W) MRI sequences with variable signal on T2-W sequences. We describe two cases of dermoid with unusual imaging appearance with the presence of mural nodule in both the cases. The recognition of atypical radiological features can avoid diagnostic pitfalls and is clinically relevant for overall surgical management.
Burden of dengue-related neurosurgical emergencies during an epidemic: A tertiary care experience
Authors: Kutty Raja , Sreemathyamma Sunilkumar , Sivanandapanicker Jyothish , Mundhe Vijay , Chhabra Kapil , Peethambaran Anilkumar
Published: April 2018

Dengue is one of the most common flavivirus infections which can manifest from common flu-like fever to fatal hemorrhagic complication. Epidemics of dengue return every year with peaks during the rainfall claiming substantial number of lives in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. We present manifestations of dengue in patients who underwent neurosurgery in a tertiary referral center during such an epidemic. There were total four patients referred for neurosurgical intervention as sequelae to dengue coagulopathy. Among them, three had intracranial bleeds and one had spinal cord hematoma along with intracranial hemorrhages. This small series includes the youngest reported case of dengue coagulopathy with intracranial bleed and only the second case of spontaneous intraspinal hematoma sequelae to dengue hemorrhagic fever. The situations where patients contract dengue in a setting of neurosurgical intervention are grave. The margin of safety in the presence of dengue coagulopathy is narrow. The surgeon has to outweigh benefit against risk of surgery in each individual.
Angiocentric glioma: Report of a rare case presenting with psychosis
Authors: Chaudhari Jayashri , Kothari Kanchan , Pandya Tejal , Goel Naina
Published: April 2018

Angiocentric glioma (AG), first described in 2005, was included as a distinct entity in the 2007 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. It is a very rare cerebrocortical tumor mainly affecting children and young adults with a history of intractable partial seizures. The histopathological features of this entity are perivascular arrangement of monomorphic, bipolar spindled cells with subpial aggregation of tumor cells and variable neuroparenchymal colonization. Of uncertain histogenesis, this is a stable/slowly growing tumor. Prognosis following total surgical resection is favorable. We describe an AG in a 16-year-old, intellectually disabled, male patient, with psychosis. This is a rare presentation with only one such case in literature. Patient's symptoms ameliorated following surgery.
Using of the chicken wing's bone in the microneusurgical training model for microdrilling
Authors: Cokluk Cengiz
Published: April 2018

Background and Objective: Repetitive practicing of microneurosurgical techniques in experimental laboratory using real surgical instruments on training models is extremely important before starting the real surgical interventions. The modeling of the surgical steps with creating of suitable laboratory models is also another important issue in the successfully gaining of microneurosurgical practice. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, it was created a laboratory training model for microneurosurgical drilling of cranial bones including the close location with the neural and vascular structures. All steps of this study were performed under the operating microscope. Twenty-five fresh chicken wings obtained from supermarket were used for this study. The difficulty and suitability of the model was evaluated in terms of the usability in the training of microneruosurgical microdrilling. Difficulty of the procedure was divided as three degree (very easy, easy, and difficult). The objective criterion for the evaluation of the difficulty of the procedure was the protection of the neurovascular and muscular structures during the procedure. Results: The suitability of the procedure was also evaluated within three groups as bad, good, and perfect. In four (16%) chicken wing's bone, the difficulty of the microdirilling was evaluated as difficult. Fifteen (60%) of the chicken wing's bones were microsurgically drilled with easy procedure. The remaining six (24%) of the wing's bone microdrilling was evaluated as very easy procedure. The suitability of the model was evaluated as bad in three (12%) of the chicken wing's bone. The suitability was found as good in 16 (64%) of the bones. In the remaining three (24%) of the chicken wing's bone microdrilling, the suitability of the model was evaluated as perfect. Conclusion: Microsurgical drilling of the chicken wing's bone without any vascular and muscular injury is accepted as the indication of the successfully surgical microdrilling process. Consolidation of the surgical practice in a laboratory setting, grasping and using of microsurgical instruments, can be repeated in several times in this model. We believe that this model will contribute to the practical training of microneurosurgery.
Factors affecting functional outcome after decompressive craniectomy performed for traumatic brain injury: A retrospective, cross-sectional study
Authors: Khan Farid , Valliani Arif , Rehman Abdul , Bari Muhammad
Published: April 2018

Background: Factors affecting functional outcome after decompressive craniectomy (DC) performed for traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain poorly understood. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of all patients who underwent primary DC for TBI at our hospital between 2010 and 2014. Multivariate regression analyses were used to determine the predictors of functional outcome and overall survival. Results: A total of 98 patients with severe (n = 81, 82.6%) or moderate (n = 17, 17.4%) TBI underwent primary DC and were included in this study. The 30-day and overall mortality rates were 15.3% and 25.5%, respectively. At a median follow-up of 90 (interquartile range (IQR): 38–180) days, median Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) and Glasgow outcome scale-extended (GOSE) scores were 50 (IQR: 20–70) and 5 (IQR: 3–7), respectively. Young age and severe TBI were predictors of mortality. Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score on discharge was a strong predictor of KPS and GOSE scores. Conclusion: Primary DC afforded an acceptable functional outcome (GOSE score ≥5) in 45.9% of patients. Young age and lower GCS at presentation were associated with worse survival. GCS score on discharge was a strong predictor of functional outcome.
Endoluminal shuntscope-guided ventricular catheter placement: Early experience
Authors: Agrawal Vivek , Aher Rajendra
Published: April 2018

Background: Placement of ventricular catheter (VC) in an optimal position is the most important factor in determining the outcome of shunt surgery. VC obstruction due to shunt tube placement in brain parenchyma, across the septa, tangled in the choroid plexuses and clogging of VC due to brain matter or other debris are common reasons resulting in shunt complete or partial dysfunction. To resolve these hurdles, many technical advancements have been made including navigation, stereotaxy, sonography, and ventriculoscope-guided VC placement. Objective: To report early experience, technique, and result of placing VC with shuntscope. Methods: We are publishing our experience of shuntscope-guided ventriculoperitoneal shunt in 9 cases done from June 2015 to April 2016. Shuntscope is a 1 mm outer diameter semi-rigid scope from Karl Storz with 10000 pixel of magnification. It has a fiber optic lens system with camera and light source attachment away from the scope to make it light weight and easily maneuverable. Results: In all cases, VC was placed in the ipsilateral frontal horn away from choroid plexuses, septae, or membranes. Septum pellucidum perforation and placement to opposite side of ventricle was identified with shunt scope assistance and corrected. Conclusion: Although our initial results are encouraging, larger case series would be helpful. Complications and cost due to shunt dysfunction can thus be reduced to a great extent with shuntscope.
Специальные слабые пределы и простой спектр тензорных произведений потоков
Authors: Lobanov Mikhail Sergeevich , Ryzhikov Valerii Valentinovich
Published: April 2018

Построен пример сохраняющего меру потока $T_t$, для которого тензорное произведение $T_t\otimes T_{\alpha t}$ имеет простой спектр при всех значениях $\alpha > 1$. Конструкция потока использует асимптотически бесконечно малые надстройки и надстройки, полученные применением результатов из теории конечных полей. Для спектральной меры $\sigma$ такого потока верно, что любая неортогональная проекция меры $\sigma\times\sigma$ на диагональ в $\mathbb R\times \mathbb R$ является 1-1-отображением $(\operatorname{mod} 0)$ относительно меры $\sigma\times\sigma$.
Библиография: 12 названий.
Atmospheric bromoform at Cape Point, South Africa: an initial fixed-point data set on the African continent
Authors: Kuyper Brett , Palmer Carl J. , Labuschagne Casper , Reason Chris J. C.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Bromoform mixing ratios in marine air were measured at Cape Point Global
Atmospheric Watch Station, South Africa. This represents the first such
bromoform data set recorded at this location. Manual daily measurements were
made during a month-long field campaign (austral spring 2011) using a gas
chromatograph-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) with a custom-built front
end thermal desorption trap. The measured concentrations ranged between 4.4
and 64.6 (± 22.2 %) ppt with a mean of
24.8 ± 14.8 ppt. The highest mixing ratios recorded here
occurred at, or shortly after, low tide. The diurnal cycle exhibited a
morning and evening maximum with lower concentrations throughout the rest of
the day. Initial analysis of the data presented indicates that the local kelp
beds were the dominant source of the bromoform reported. A concentration-weighted trajectory analysis of the bromoform measurements suggests that two
offshore source areas may exist. These source areas appear to be centred on
the Agulhas retroflection and extend from St Helena Bay to the southwest.
Air quality in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River channel: A cruise campaign
Authors: Li Zhong , Li Chunlin , Ye Xingnan , Fu Hongbo , Wang Lin , Yang Xin , Wang Xinke , Zhao Zuohui , Kan Haidong , Mellouki Abdelwahid , Chen Jianmin
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Yangtze River is the longest river in China, nearly one-third of the national population lives along the River. Air quality over the Yangtze River is interesting as it may have significant influences on aquatic ecosystem, public health onboard and coastal areas. A comprehensive 15-days cruise campaign has been performed in the Mid-Lower Reaches Yangtze River (MLYR) in winter of 2015. Based on the filter samples, the concentration and chemical composition of PM2.5 were greatly varied or fluctuated in different regions. Crustal elements (Ca, Mg, Al and K) from floating dust showed peak concentrations in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions, while secondary species (SO42−, NO3− and NH4+) and some most enriched elements (Pb, As, Se and Cd) presented high levels in the central China (Wuhan). The significant correlation between Se and SO42− suggested that coal combustion may play a key role on the secondary inorganic formation. The relative high enrichment factors (EFs) of Ca (EFs > 100) suggested the crustal elements may derive from anthropogenic sources. Furthermore, the concentration of levoglucosan in PM2.5 and CO column level from satellite data greatly enhanced in the rural area (Anhui and Jiangxi), indicating that biomass burning may make remarkable contribution to rural area. The concentrations of V and Ni were found to evidently elevate in the Shanghai port, which were mainly ascribed to the ship emission through the air mass source analysis and the relatively high ratio of V / Ni as well. This result shown herein portrayed a good picture of air pollution along the Yangtze River.
The evaluating study of the momentum and heat exchange process of two surface layer schemes during the severe haze pollution in east China
Authors: Peng Yue , Wang Hong , Li Yubin , Liu Changwei , Zhao Tianliang , Zhang Xiaoye , Gao Zhiqiu , Che Huizheng , Zhang Meng
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The turbulent flux parameterization schemes in surface layer are crucial for air pollution modeling. The pollutants prediction by atmosphere chemical model exist obvious deficiencies, which may be closely related to the uncertainties of the momentum and sensible heat fluxes calculation in the surface layer. In this study, a new surface layer scheme (Li) and a classic scheme (MM5) were compared and evaluated based on the observed momentum and sensible heat fluxes in east China during a severe haze episode in winter. The results showed that it is necessary to distinguish the thermal roughness length z0h from the aerodynamic roughness length z0m, and ignoring the difference between the two led to large errors of the momentum and sensible heat fluxes in MM5. The error of calculated sensible heat flux was reduced by 54 % after discriminating z0h from z0m in MM5. Besides, the algorithm itself of Li scheme performed generally better than MM5 in winter in east China and the momentum flux bias of the Li scheme was lower about 12%, sensible heat flux bias about 5 % than those of MM5 scheme. Most of all, the Li scheme showed a significant advantage over MM5 for the transition stage from unstable to stable atmosphere corresponding to the PM2.5 accumulation. The momentum flux bias of Li was lower about 38 %, sensible heat flux bias about 43 % than those of MM5 during the PM2.5 increasing stage. This study result indicates the ability of Li scheme for more accurate describing the regional atmosphere stratification, and suggests the potential improving possibilities of severe haze prediction in east China by online coupling it into the atmosphere chemical model.
Evaluation of SCIAMACHY Level-1 data versions using nadir ozone profile retrievals in the period 2003–2011
Authors: Shah Sweta , Tuinder Olaf N. E. , van Peet Jacob C. A. , de Laat Adrianus T. J. , Stammes Piet
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Ozone profile retrieval from nadir-viewing satellite instruments operating in
the ultraviolet–visible range requires accurate calibration of
Level-1 (L1) radiance data. Here we study the effects of calibration
on the derived Level-2 (L2) ozone profiles for three versions of
SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric ChartograpHY
(SCIAMACHY) L1 data: version 7 (v7), version 7 with m-factors
(v7mfac) and version 8 (v8). We retrieve nadir ozone profiles
from the SCIAMACHY instrument that flew on board Envisat using the
Ozone ProfilE Retrieval Algorithm (OPERA) developed at KNMI with a focus on
stratospheric ozone. We study and assess the quality of these profiles and
compare retrieved L2 products from L1 SCIAMACHY data versions from the
years 2003 to 2011 without further radiometric correction. From validation of
the profiles against ozone sonde measurements, we find that the v8 performs
better than v7 and v7mfac due to correction for the scan-angle
dependency of the instrument's optical degradation. Validation for the years 2003 and 2009 with ozone sondes shows deviations of
SCIAMACHY ozone profiles of 0.8–15 % in the stratosphere
(corresponding to pressure range ∼ 100–10 hPa) and 2.5–100 % in
the troposphere (corresponding to pressure range
∼ 1000–100 hPa), depending on the latitude and the L1 version
used. Using L1 v8 for the years 2003–2011 leads to deviations of
∼ 1–11 % in stratospheric ozone and ∼ 1–45 % in
tropospheric ozone. The SCIAMACHY L1 v8 data can still be improved upon in the
265–330 nm range used for ozone profile retrieval. The slit function
can be improved with a spectral shift and squeeze, which leads to a few
percent residue reduction compared to reference solar irradiance spectra.
Furthermore, studies of the ratio of measured to simulated reflectance spectra
show that a bias correction in the reflectance for wavelengths below
300 nm appears to be necessary.
Characteristics of greenhouse gas concentrations derived from ground-based FTS spectra at Anmyeondo, South Korea
Authors: Oh Young-Suk , Kenea S. Takele , Goo Tae-Young , Chung Kyu-Sun , Rhee Jae-Sang , Ou Mi-Lim , Byun Young-Hwa , Wennberg Paul O. , Kiel Matthäus , DiGangi Joshua P. , Diskin Glenn S. , Velazco Voltaire A. , Griffith David W. T.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Since the late 1990s, the meteorological observatory established in Anmyeondo (36.5382° N, 126.3311° E, and 30 m above mean sea level) has been monitoring several greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs, and SF6 as a part of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Program. A high resolution ground-based (g-b) Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) was installed at this observation site in 2013 and has been operated within the frame work of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) since August 2014. The solar spectra recorded by the g-b FTS cover the spectral range 3800 to 16 000 cm−1 at a resolution of 0.02 cm−1. In this work, the GGG2014 version of the TCCON standard retrieval algorithm was used to retrieve total column average CO2 and CH4 dry mole fractions (XCO2, XCH4) and from the FTS spectra. Spectral bands of CO2 (at 6220.0 and 6339.5 cm−1 center wavenumbers, CH4 at 6002 cm−1 wavenumber, and O2 near 7880 cm−1 ) were used to derive the XCO2 and XCH4. In this paper, we provide comparisons of XCO2 and XCH4 between the aircraft observations and g-b FTS over Anmyeondo station. A comparison of 13 coincident observations of XCO2 between g-b FTS and OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory) satellite measurements are also presented for the measurement period between February 2014 and November 2017. OCO-2 observations are highly correlated with the g-b FTS measurements (r2 = 0.884) and exhibited a small positive bias (0.189 ppm). Both data set capture seasonal variations of the target species with maximum and minimum values in spring and late summer, respectively. In the future, it is planned to further utilize the FTS measurements for the evaluation of satellite observations such as Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT, GOSAT-2). This is the first report of the g-b FTS observations of XCO2 species over the Anmyeondo station.
Impacts of anthropogenic inputs on the hypoxia and oxygen dynamics in the Pearl River Estuary
Authors: Wang Bin , Hu Jiatang , Li Shiyu , Yu Liuqian , Huang Jia
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In summer, the Pearl River Estuary experiences hypoxia, largely driven by the high input of freshwater with low dissolved oxygen (DO) and abundant nutrients and particulate organic carbon from the Pearl River network. In this study, we used a well-validated coupled physical-biogeochemical model to study the response of hypoxia and oxygen dynamics to variations of anthropogenic inputs (i.e. DO, nutrients, and particulate organic carbon). Model results showed that hypoxia in the Pearl River Estuary was confined to the shelf off the Modaomen sub-estuary with a hypoxic area of ~ 200 km2 mainly due to the combined effect of re-aeration and sediment oxygen demand. Numerical experiments suggested that hypoxia in the Pearl River Estuary was most sensitive to riverine inputs of particulate organic carbon , followed by DO concentrations and nutrients. Specifically, a 50 % decrease (increase) in riverine input of particulate organic carbon led to a 47 % decrease (64 % increase) in hypoxic area, with the sediment oxygen demand and water column production being the two most important processes contributing to the changes in DO concentration and hypoxic extent. Changes in the riverine inputs of DO and nutrients had little impact on the simulated hypoxia because of the buffering effects of re-aeration, i.e. the re-aeration compensated the changes in surface apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) associated with river-induced variations of oxygen source and sink processes. The Pearl River Estuary features shallow waters (with averaged depth of 10 m) where oxygen provided by the re-aeration could penetrate to bottom waters via vertical diffusion that largely offset the changes in DO contributed by other oxygen source and sink processes. This study highlights the importance of re-aeration in determining the hypoxic extent and the buffering effects of re-aeration in reducing hypoxia variability in shallow estuary.
The composition and distribution of labile dissolved organic matter across the south west Pacific
Authors: Panagiotopoulos Christos , Pujo Pay Mireille , Benavides Mar , Van Wambeke France , Sempéré Richard
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The distribution and dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved combined neutral sugars (DCNS) were studied across an increasing oligotrophic gradient (−18 to −22° N latitude) spanning from the Melanesian Archipelago (MA) area to the western part of the south Pacific gyre (WGY), in austral summer, as a part of the OUTPACE project. Our results showed DOC and DCNS concentrations exhibited little differences among the MA and WGY areas (0–200 m: 55–78 µMC for DOC and 1.5–2 µMC for DCNS), however, a deeper penetration of DOC was noticeable at 150 m depth at the WGY area. This finding was also reflected to the DOC and semi-labile DOC (DOCSL) stocks values (integration 0–200 m) for which we found higher values in the WGY than the MA area. The high excess DOCSL measured in WGY was characterized by a high residence time (130 ± 31 days (n = 3)) about three times higher than the MA region (Tr = 40 ± 7 days (n = 8)) suggesting an accumulation of the semi-labile DOM in the surface waters of WGY. DCNS yields (DCNS-C x DOC−1 %) also followed this pattern with higher values recorded in the WGY (3.2 ± 1.3 %) than MA (2.8 ± 0.8 %) highlighting the presence of semi-labile dissolved organic material (DOM) in the form of polysaccharides. These polysaccharides also exhibited a higher residence time in WGY (Tr = 8 ± 4 days, n = 3) than in MA (Tr = 3 ± 1days, n = 8) suggesting that this DCNS pool persists longer in the surface waters of the WGY. The accumulation of DOCSL in the surface waters of WGY is probably due to the very slow bacterial degradation due to nutrient limitation indicating that biologically produced DOC can be stored in the euphotic layer for a very long period.
Earth system model simulations show different feedback strengths of the terrestrial carbon cycle under glacial and interglacial conditions
Authors: Adloff Markus , Reick Christian H. , Claussen Martin
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In simulations with the MPI Earth System Model, we study the feedback between
the terrestrial carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2 concentrations under
ice age and interglacial conditions. We find different sensitivities of
terrestrial carbon storage to rising CO2 concentrations in the two
settings. This result is obtained by comparing the transient response of the
terrestrial carbon cycle to a fast and strong atmospheric CO2
concentration increase (roughly 900 ppm) in Coupled Climate Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (C4MIP)-type simulations
starting from climates representing the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and
pre-industrial times (PI). In this set-up we disentangle terrestrial
contributions to the feedback from the carbon-concentration effect, acting
biogeochemically via enhanced photosynthetic productivity when CO2
concentrations increase, and the carbon–climate effect, which affects the
carbon cycle via greenhouse warming. We find that the carbon-concentration
effect is larger under LGM than PI conditions because photosynthetic
productivity is more sensitive when starting from the lower, glacial
CO2 concentration and CO2 fertilization saturates later. This
leads to a larger productivity increase in the LGM experiment. Concerning the
carbon–climate effect, it is the PI experiment in which land carbon responds
more sensitively to the warming under rising CO2 because at the
already initially higher temperatures, tropical plant productivity
deteriorates more strongly and extratropical carbon is respired more
effectively. Consequently, land carbon losses increase faster in the PI than
in the LGM case. Separating the carbon–climate and carbon-concentration
effects, we find that they are almost additive for our model set-up; i.e. their synergy is small in the global sum of carbon changes. Together,
the two effects result in an overall strength of the terrestrial carbon cycle
feedback that is almost twice as large in the LGM experiment as in the PI
experiment. For PI, ocean and land contributions to the total feedback are of
similar size, while in the LGM case the terrestrial feedback is dominant.
tran-SAS v1.0: a numerical model to compute catchment-scale hydrologic transport using StorAge Selection functions
Authors: Benettin Paolo , Bertuzzo Enrico
Published: April 2018

Abstract. This paper presents the “tran-SAS” package, which
includes a set of codes to model solute transport and water residence times
through a hydrological system. The model is based on a catchment-scale
approach that aims at reproducing the integrated response of the system at
one of its outlets. The codes are implemented in MATLAB and are meant to be
easy to edit, so that users with minimal programming knowledge can adapt them
to the desired application. The problem of large-scale solute transport has
both theoretical and practical implications. On the one side, the ability to
represent the ensemble of water flow trajectories through a heterogeneous
system helps unraveling streamflow generation processes and allows us to make
inferences on plant–water interactions. On the other side, transport models
are a practical tool that can be used to estimate the persistence of solutes
in the environment. The core of the package is based on the implementation of
an age master equation (ME), which is solved using general StorAge Selection
(SAS) functions. The age ME is first converted into a set of ordinary
differential equations, each addressing the transport of an individual
precipitation input through the catchment, and then it is discretized using
an explicit numerical scheme. Results show that the implementation is
efficient and allows the model to run in short times. The numerical accuracy
is critically evaluated and it is shown to be satisfactory in most cases of
hydrologic interest. Additionally, a higher-order implementation is provided
within the package to evaluate and, if necessary, to improve the numerical
accuracy of the results. The codes can be used to model streamflow age and
solute concentration, but a number of additional outputs can be obtained by
editing the codes to further advance the ability to understand and model
catchment transport processes.
Improvements of the hydrological processes of the Town Energy Balance Model (TEB-Veg, SURFEX v7.3) for urban modelling and impact assessment
Authors: Stavropulos-Laffaille Xenia , Chancibault Katia , Brun Jean-Marc , Lemonsu Aude , Masson Valéry , Boone Aaron , Andrieu Hervé
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Climate change and demographic pressure are common issues to be considered when conducting urban planning. Local authorities and stakeholders have therefore opted for more nature-based adaptation strategies, which are especially suitable to influence both hydrological and energy processes. Assessing the multiple benefits of such strategies on the urban microclimate thus requires effective numerical tools. This paper presents recent developments of the water budget in the TEB-Veg model (SURFEX v7.3), which allows for a better representation of the hydrological processes of urban subsoil. This new hydrological module has been called TEB-Hydro. The developments studied concern the introduction of subsoil underneath built surfaces, and the processes of: horizontally rebalancing intra-mesh soil moisture, draining soil water via the sewer network, and limiting deep drainage in the aim of achieving a more realistic base flow pattern in the sewer system. A sensitivity analysis is then performed in order to identify the hydrological parameters required for model calibration. The new TEB-Hydro model is evaluated on two small residential catchments in Nantes (France) by comparing simulated sewer discharges to observation findings. In both cases, the model tends to overestimate total sewer discharge and performs better under wet climate conditions, with a KGE statistical criterion greater than 0.80 vs. roughly 0.60 under drier weather conditions. Yet these findings remain encouraging since the same set of model parameters are identified for both catchments, irrespective of meteorological and local physical conditions. This approach opens opportunities to apply the model at the city scale with respect to projections of climate and demographic changes.
Using paired catchments to quantify the human influence on hydrological droughts
Authors: Rangecroft Sally , Van Loon Anne F. , Coxon Gemma , Breña-Naranjo Jose Agustin , Van Ogtrop Floris , Van Lanen Henny A. J.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Currently most of our understanding about the human influence on droughts at the catchment scale comes from modelling and typically not from observation data. Using observation data, a paired catchment comparison can be used to quantify the different between two similar catchments. Commonly used on control treatment experiments, paired catchments have been used recently in a more applied manner to analyse the effect of urbanization on flooding. In this study, we explore the paired catchment comparison approach as a possible way forward to quantify the influence of human activities on hydrological drought through observations. Using river discharge time series for drought analysis, the difference calculated in drought metrics (frequency, duration, deficit volumes) between the paired catchments is attributed to the human activity which is only present in the influenced catchment. Here we outline the methodological approach to quantifying this human influence on hydrological droughts and the requirements in catchment selection, as well as showcase the application using some example results from contrasting case studies in the UK and Australia with catchments heavily influenced by groundwater abstraction. Whilst the selection of the paired catchments must be done with rigorous criteria, this approach overcomes the impacts of climate variability in pre- and post-disturbance studies, and avoids assumptions considered when partly or fully relying on simulation modelling. We discuss important considerations for a successful analysis. This is the first application of this approach to quantify the human influence on hydrological droughts, demonstrating the use of this tool to study hydrology in our human-dominated world.
An Evaluation of the Performance of Sea-Bird Scientific's Autonomous SeaFETTM: Considerations for the Broader Oceanographic Community
Authors: Miller Cale A. , Pocock Katie , Evans Wiley , Kelley Amanda L.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The commercially available Sea-Bird SeaFETTM provides an accessible way for a broad community of researchers to study ocean acidification and obtain robust measurements of seawater pH via the use of an in situ autonomous sensor. There are pitfalls, however, that have been detailed in previous best practices for sensor care, deployment, and data handling. Here, we took advantage of two distinctly different coastal settings to evaluate the Sea-Bird SeaFETTM and examine the multitude of scenarios in which problems may arise confounding the accuracy of measured pH. High-resolution temporal measurements of pH were obtained during 3- to 5-month field deployments in three separate locations (two in south-central, Alaska, USA, and one British Columbia, CA) spanning a broad range of nearshore temperature and salinity conditions. Both the internal and external electrodes onboard the SeaFETTM were evaluated against robust benchtop measurements for accuracy utilizing either the factory calibration, an in situ single-point calibration, or in situ multi-point calibration. In addition, two sensors deployed in parallel in Kasitsna Bay, AK, USA, were compared for inter-sensor variability in order to quantify other factors contributing to SeaFETTM intrinsic inaccuracies. Based on our results, the multi-point calibration method provided the highest accuracy (
Shear wave reflection seismics yields subsurface
dissolution and subrosion patterns: application to the
Ghor Al-Haditha sinkhole site, Dead Sea, Jordan
Authors: Polom Ulrich , Alrshdan Hussam , Al-Halbouni Djamil , Holohan Eoghan P. , Dahm Torsten , Sawarieh Ali , Atallah Mohamad Y. , Krawczyk Charlotte M.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Near-surface geophysical imaging of alluvial fan settings is a challenging task, but crucial for understating geological processes in such settings. The alluvial fan of Ghor Al-Haditha at the southeast shore of the Dead Sea is strongly affected by localized subsidence and destructive sinkhole collapses, with a significantly increasing sinkhole formation rate since ca. 1983. A similar increase is observed also on the western shore of the Dead Sea, in correlation with an ongoing decline of the Dead Sea level. Since different structural models of the upper 50 m of the alluvial fan and varying hypothetical sinkhole processes have been suggested for the Ghor Al-Haditha area in the past, this study aimed to clarify the subsurface characteristics responsible for sinkhole development. For this purpose, high-frequency shear wave reflection vibratory seismic surveys were carried out in the Ghor Al-Haditha area along several crossing and parallel profiles with a total length of 1.8 km and 2.1 km in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The sedimentary architecture of the alluvial fan at Ghor Al-Haditha is resolved down to a depth of nearly 200 m in high-resolution, and is calibrated with the stratigraphic profiles of two boreholes located inside the survey area. The most surprising result of the survey is the absence of evidence for a thick (> 2–10 m) compacted salt layer formerly suggested to lie at ca. 35–40 m depth. Instead, seismic reflection amplitudes and velocities image with good continuity a complex interlocking of alluvial fan deposits and lacustrine sediments of the Dead Sea between 0–200 m depth. Furthermore, the underground of areas affected by sinkholes is characterized by highly-scattering wave fields and reduced seismic interval velocities. We propose that the Dead Sea mud layers, which comprise distributed inclusions or lenses of evaporitic chloride, sulphate, and carbonate minerals as well as clay silicates, become increasingly exposed to unsaturated water as the sea level declines, and are consequently destabilized and mobilized by both dissolution and physical erosion in the subsurface. This new interpretation of the underlying cause of sinkhole development is supported by surface observations in nearby channel systems. Overall this study shows that shear wave seismic reflection technique is a promising method for enhanced near-surface imaging in such challenging alluvial fan settings.
Holocaust Cinema as Depicted by Film Advisory Boards in Five English Speaking Countries
Authors: Lazar Alon , Litvak Hirsch Tal
Published: April 2018

Holocaust cinema is important constituent in conveying the events of the Holocaust and its aftermath within present day culture. Recommendations by film advisory boards can encourage or deject exposure to Holocaust cinema. Age-classifications and their justifications of Holocaust movies produced between 1993 and 2015, by film advisory boards in five English speaking countries, were investigated. Differences in age classifications, and similarity in depicting Holocaust movies as mainly heavy with violence, sex, profanity and mature contents, were noted. In order to capture more fully the complexities marking Holocaust cinema, expansion of the vocabulary used by these boards is needed.
Women in the Cinema of Nuri Bilge Ceylan
Authors: Masdar Kara Funda , Eşitti Şakir
Published: April 2018

This study in general examines the representation of women in Turkish cinema with a retrospective evaluation and tries to understand the present condition, specifically it examines the ways in which women were treated in the films of Nuri Bilge Ceylan, one of the most important directors of Turkish cinema in the recent period. The study focuses on  Climate, Three Monkeys, Once Upon A Time in Anatolia and Winter Sleep named movies of Ceylan, and these movies were analysed with the qualitative content analysis method. According to the findings of the study, in his films Ceylan generally picks men as the main characters. In his own words, he finds men's world more complicated and fragmented and women are the secondary characters who are suppressed under patriarchal structure and male domination.
The Orientation of Future Cinema: Technology, Aesthetics, Spectacle
Authors: Ballas Anthony James
Published: April 2018

Book Review: Bruce Isaacs, The Orientation of Future Cinema: Technology, Aesthetics, Spectacle. Bloomsbury, 2014. 320 pp. ISBN 9781628924312 (paperback)
Editorial
Authors: Bayrak Bengisu
Published: April 2018

Volume 6.2 (2017) includes the articles by Hasan Gürkan, Bahar Muratoğlu Pehlivan & Gül Esra Atalay, Andrew Ali Ibbi, Iqbal Shailo, Alon Lazar & Tal Litvak Hirsch, Elloit Cardozo, Floribert Patrick C. Endong, Olugbenga Elegbe, Volkan Yücel & Ziya Toprak, Aslı Daldal, Funda Mardar Kara & Şakir Eşitti.
El Salvador en 1998
Authors: Editor El
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 66, 1998: 571-574
La independencia del Banco Central y el caso de El Salvador
Authors: Alesina Alberto
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 66, 1998: 577-586
El demonio de La paz
Authors: Molina Velásquez Carlos
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 66, 1998: 633-647
Mediating Roles of Corporate Goal-Setting, Goal-Orientation and Corporate Ethical Values on Work Attitudes of Bank Employees
Authors: Ajibola. O. Ogunyemi , Fasanmi Samuel S. , Olubunmi Onunkun
Published: April 2018

The present study was conducted to examine the mediating roles of corporate goal setting and goal orientation in corporate ethical values and work attitudes of bank employees in Nigeria. Correlation coefficients and regression analysis were employed. Results showed, among other things, that there was a significant contribution of corporate ethical values to work attitudes of bank employees in Nigeria (t = 8.119, p < .05), significant mediating roles of both corporate goal setting and goal orientation in the contribution of corporate ethical values to work attitudes of bank employees in Nigeria. It was recommended, among other things, that organizations should set specific, attainable goals and foster performance goal orientation among employees.
Sarcopenia-A baby boomers dilemma for nurse practitioners to discover, diagnose, and treat
Authors: Jackson Kelley L. , Hunt Dennis , Chapa Deborah , Gropper Sareen S.
Published: April 2018

Objective: Sarcopenia is a disease of low skeletal muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging. It is most commonly seen in individuals aged 50 years and over. Nurse practitioners can take a proactive approach to the understanding and screening of this disease in attempts to prolong its onset or to treat the condition before it leads to additional adverse consequences. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature, including evidence-based literature from peer-reviewed articles, including randomized controlled trials, was conducted.Results: This review of the literature indicated patients can benefit greatly from nurse practitioner’s awareness and intervention by screening for sarcopenia as well as offering appropriate education and treatment to their patients. Once a diagnosis is reached, the nurse practitioner can then collaborate with other disciplines such as nutrition, medicine, exercise physiology and/or physical therapy to develop an intervention strategy that can treat or prevent this condition before it leads to decreased independence, early onset disability and decreased quality of life, among other adverse health outcomes.Conclusions: There is a call to action on the part of nurse practitioners in efforts to prevent and/or slow the onset of age-related sarcopenia and its adverse consequences.