bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes
Authors: Spruce Richard
Published: November 2014

Having previously embarked on a collecting expedition to the Pyrenees, backed by Sir William Hooker and George Bentham, the botanist Richard Spruce (1817–93) travelled in 1849 to South America, where he carried out unprecedented exploration among the diverse flora across the northern part of the continent. After his death, Spruce's writings on fifteen fruitful years of discovery were edited as a labour of love by fellow naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), whom Spruce had met in Santarém. This two-volume work, first published in 1908, includes many of the author's exquisite illustrations. Showing the determination to reach plants in almost inaccessible areas, Spruce collected hundreds of species, many with medicinal properties, notably the quinine-yielding cinchona tree, as well as the datura and coca plants. Featuring four maps, Volume 2 includes discussion of the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Andes and the cinchona forests of western Chimborazo.
Pharmacographia
Authors: Flückiger Friedrich August , Hanbury Daniel
Published: November 2014

First published in 1874 and reissued here in its second edition of 1879, this substantial work provides information on the vegetable material medica used by Victorian pharmacists, principally in Britain but also in India. Arranging the entries according to the type of plant from which each drug is derived, Daniel Hanbury (1825–75) and Friedrich August Flückiger (1828–94) give a description of each drug as well as covering its botanical origin and history, including its first medicinal application. They also discuss chemical composition, referring to the investigations of other scientists as well as their own, and comment on microscopic structure. Intending to create a broad reference work rather than an encyclopaedia, the authors chose not to focus on the therapeutic applications of the drugs. In many instances, however, they give some information on how the plant products are used. The appendix provides short biographical and bibliographical notes.
Submarine Telegraphs
Authors: Bright Charles
Published: November 2014

An accomplished telegraph engineer in his own right, Sir Charles Bright (1863–1937) was the son of Sir Charles Tilston Bright (1832–88), who had achieved greatness in laying the first transatlantic cable in 1858. The younger Bright worked alongside his father for a time, continued his research, and became an authority on the subject. Examining the history, construction and working of submarine telegraphs, this 1898 treatise traces both technical and commercial developments, looking also at the labour involved. Bright addresses the laying of cables across the globe, giving accounts of projects in India, South America and beyond. Illuminating the many commercial uses for submarine cables, Bright provides an informed survey of the early standardisation of telegraphy systems. Replete with detailed illustrations and technical drawings, this work remains an indispensable resource on the history of telecommunications and electrical engineering.
Observations in Meteorology
Authors: Jenyns Leonard
Published: November 2014

Although devoted to his parish, Leonard Jenyns (1800–93) combined his clerical duties with keen research into the natural world around him. His numerous publications include A Manual of British Vertebrate Animals (1835) and Observations in Natural History (1846), both of which are reissued in this series. This 1858 work is based on nineteen years of meticulous observation of Cambridgeshire weather, including trends in atmospheric pressure and precipitation. Jenyns' careful recording of his surroundings supplies the raw data for the text and many informative tables. The geological position of Swaffam Bulbeck, where most of the observations were made, is briefly discussed along with other factors bearing upon the climate of Cambridgeshire more generally. Throwing light on how meteorological observation was conducted and interpreted, the work reflects a growing interest in the topic in Victorian Britain.
Schliemann's Excavations
Authors: Schuchhardt Carl
Published: November 2014

This overview of the famous and pioneering excavations of Heinrich Schliemann was first published in German in 1889, and in this extended English translation in 1891. The author, Carl Schuchhardt (1859–1943), had wide experience of excavations in both Asia Minor and Europe, and the translator, Eugénie Sellers (1860–1943), was the first female student of the British School at Athens. The book begins with a life of Schliemann, who had died in 1890, and goes on to describe his extraordinary discoveries at Troy and Mycenae, and his work at Tiryns, Ithaca and Orchomenos. It also contains two reports of later work at the mound of Hissarlik, the site of Troy, by Schliemann himself and his assistant Wilhelm Dörpfeld, which had not been included in the German edition. The book is illustrated with many line drawings, and includes the famous photograph of Sophia Schliemann wearing 'the gold of Troy'.
Narrative of the Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857
Authors: Hind Henry Youle
Published: November 2014

Born in Nottingham, Henry Youle Hind (1823–1908) moved to Canada in 1846. He joined the newly formed Canadian Institute in 1849 and later taught chemistry and geology at Trinity College in Toronto. In 1857–8, he made a range of observations during two expeditions to investigate underexplored areas of Canada and their agricultural and mineral potential to support future settlement. Illustrated with a number of plates based on photographs, this two-volume work first appeared in 1860. Intended for a broad readership, the narrative is regarded as a classic of nineteenth-century exploration literature, noted especially for its descriptive use of language and eye for detail. Volume 1 covers the entire Red River expedition of 1857 and the first part of the 1858 expedition through parts of the Assiniboine, Saskatchewan and other valleys.
A Summer in Iceland
Authors: Paijkull Carl Wilhelm
Published: November 2014

In 1865, the Swedish geologist Carl Wilhelm Paijkull (1836–69) made a voyage from Copenhagen to Iceland, a country that was still little understood by the rest of Europe. In the course of a trip that had a chiefly scientific purpose, Paijkull noted not only the geological features of the island, but also many salient aspects of Icelandic culture in a detailed yet readable style. The book features a number of striking engravings of natural features, including the volcano Hekla, as well as depictions of Icelanders engaging in activities such as drying fish or crossing a river. Paijkull ranges widely in his narrative, commenting on the Icelandic fondness for dogs, historical and contemporary friction with Denmark, and the island's economic fortunes. His perceptive account was first published in Swedish in 1866 and is reissued here in the English translation that appeared in 1868.
The Life of Edward Jenner M.D.
Authors: Baron John
Published: November 2014

Written by his friend, the physician John Baron (1786–1851), this laudatory biography of the 'father of immunology' did much to enhance the reputation of Edward Jenner (1749–1823) upon its publication in two volumes between 1827 and 1838. The work covers Jenner's personal and professional life both before and after his development of the vaccine for smallpox, as well as touching on the vaccine's reception and use around the world. Thoroughly explaining the history and facts of vaccination, Baron established himself as an authority on the subject. Although criticised by some for its unquestioning praise of Jenner's genius, the work is valuable for its use of primary sources, drawing heavily on correspondence and personal notes, excerpts of which appear throughout the text. Volume 2, published in 1838, covers Jenner's later life and the global reception of vaccination. The appendix lists the various honours bestowed upon him.
The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation
Authors: Hakluyt Richard
Published: November 2014

Richard Hakluyt (1552?–1616) was fascinated from his earliest years by stories of strange lands and voyages of exploration. A priest by profession, he was also an indefatigable editor and translator of geographical accounts, and a propagandist for English expeditions to claim new lands, especially in the Americas. His most famous work was first published in 1589, and expanded in 1598–1600: reissued here is the twelve-volume edition prepared by the Scottish firm of James MacLehose and Sons and first published between 1903 and 1905, which included introductory essays and notes. Hakluyt's subjects range from transcriptions of personal accounts and 'ruttiers' (descriptive charts of voyages) to patriotic attacks against rival nations (especially Spain). Volume 10 contains material relevant to the voyages 'for the discovery of the large, rich, and beautifull Empire of Guiana' as well as voyages to the Caribbean and other parts of South America.
The Land of Desolation
Authors: Hayes Isaac Israel
Published: November 2014

Despite the fact that his previous trip to the Arctic had left him gravely ill and with a permanently injured foot, the explorer and physician Isaac Israel Hayes (1832–81) immediately proclaimed his desire to return north. In 1869, aboard the steamer Panther, he was granted his wish. The trip was financed by the artist William Bradford (1823–92), who planned to use it as an opportunity to paint and photograph Greenland. First published in 1871, this account gives the reader the opportunity to survey the landscape, touching also on the history of polar exploration. It is illustrated with a number of engravings. Also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection are An Arctic Boat-Journey in the Autumn of 1854 (1860), Hayes's account of a gruelling episode during the ill-fated second Grinnell expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, and The Open Polar Sea (1867).
First on the Antarctic Continent
Authors: Borchgrevink C. E.
Published: November 2014

Norwegian-born Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (1864–1934) claimed to have been the first person to step onto the Antarctic mainland when he first visited the continent in 1895. Becoming enthusiastic about Antarctic exploration, he was inspired to organise his own expedition on the Southern Cross, with principal funding from Sir George Newnes, an English newspaper proprietor. The British Antarctic Expedition (1898–1900) of ten men to Cape Adare comprised seven Norwegians, two British and one Australian. This was the first expedition to construct a building in Antarctica, overwinter on land, and use sledge dogs for travel. It also set a new farthest south record. Although Borchgrevink was not an effective leader, and problems developed between the Norwegians and the English speakers, the expedition's scientific and exploratory achievements were significant. First published in 1901, and illustrated with many photographs, this work illuminates these endeavours.
Journal of a Voyage in Baffin's Bay and Barrow Straits in the Years 1850–1851
Authors: Sutherland Peter Cormack
Published: November 2014

In the mid-nineteenth century, British Arctic exploration was focused on the search for the missing expedition of Sir John Franklin. Physician and geologist Peter Cormack Sutherland (1822–1900) served as surgeon on William Penny's 1850–1 search expedition, which was instructed to concentrate on Jones Sound, Wellington Channel and Barrow Strait in the Canadian Arctic. Sutherland's illustrated eyewitness account, first published in two volumes in 1852, tells of appalling weather conditions, notes the hazards of navigating icy seas, describes the wildlife and geology of the region, and offers observations on the Inuit. Sutherland also recounts the poignant discovery of Franklin's winter quarters at Beechey Island and the graves of several of his crew. Franklin's fate, however, was yet to be discovered. Volume 1 covers the journey from Aberdeen as far as Barrow Strait. Sutherland's records here the many perils of the Arctic winter.
A Polar Reconnaissance
Authors: Markham Albert Hastings
Published: November 2014

Enhanced by several attractive engravings, this work, first published in 1881, illuminates Arctic exploration in the region of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, north of the Russian mainland. Naval officer Albert Hastings Markham (1841–1918) summarises previous discoveries and voyages made in the region by various navigators from England, Russia, Norway and elsewhere. He goes on to give an account of his 1879 voyage aboard the Norwegian cutter Isbjörn, offering details of Arctic flora and fauna, topographical and oceanographic features, and navigational difficulties presented by ice. For those interested in the scientific aspects of the expedition, the appendices contain notes and lists, prepared by experts, drawing on the various botanical and zoological specimens that were collected. Also reissued in this series are Markham's A Whaling Cruise to Baffin's Bay (1874), The Great Frozen Sea (1878) and Northward Ho! (1879).
A Whaling Cruise to Baffin's Bay and the Gulf of Boothia, and an Account of the Rescue of the Crew of the Polaris
Authors: Markham Albert Hastings , Osborn Sherard
Published: November 2014

First published in 1874, this illustrated work by Albert Hastings Markham (1841–1918) recounts his experiences aboard the Dundee steam whaler Arctic. Markham also gives an account of the rescue of the crew of the American vessel Polaris, crushed by ice in 1872 during its attempt to reach the North Pole. The work is enhanced by details of meetings with Inuit, encounters with polar wildlife, oceanographic observations, and meteorological events. Appropriately, fellow naval officer and explorer Sherard Osborn (1822–75) wrote the introduction: he had a long interest in Arctic exploration, advocated the benefits of using steam ships in icy waters, and encouraged Markham to embark on the whaling cruise. The appendices include a 'list of birds shot', as well as data on botanical and geological specimens. Also reissued in this series are Markham's The Great Frozen Sea (1878), Northward Ho! (1879) and A Polar Reconnaissance (1881).
Ehnasya, The Labyrinth, Gerzeh and Mazghuneh
Authors: Petrie William Matthew Flinders
Published: November 2014

A pioneering Egyptologist, Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853–1942) excavated over fifty sites and trained a generation of archaeologists. This reissue brings together two of the well-illustrated excavation reports that he prepared with collaborators. The first, originally published in 1905, documents his work at Ehnasya (or Herakleopolis Magna), ranging in its coverage from the twelfth-dynasty temple to the houses of the Roman period. The text includes material by C. T. Currelly (1876–1957) on the various cemeteries. The second report, from 1912, records the findings from a number of sites. Petrie discusses the labyrinth located in the Faiyum; Gerald Wainwright (1879–1964) notes the discovery at Gerzeh of early examples of iron and ceramic artefacts; and the cemeteries and pyramids of Mazghuna are examined by Ernest Mackay (1880–1943). Petrie wrote prolifically throughout his long career, and a great many of his other publications are also reissued in this series.
Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis
Authors: Denifle Heinrich , Chatelaine Emile
Published: November 2014

An Austrian Dominican priest, Heinrich Denifle (1844–1905) carried out painstaking research in the archives of the Vatican and in libraries throughout Europe, resulting in several major publications on medieval history and theology. In 1887 he was appointed to edit the medieval records of the University of Paris, with the assistance of the palaeographer Emile Chatelaine (1851–1933). Paris was the centre of theological learning in Europe in the Middle Ages, and the records here contain important information regarding the university's organisation, teachers, students, relations with popes and kings, religious orders, and intellectual controversies. The four volumes published between 1889 and 1897 contain the texts of some 2,700 records, with references to many more in the notes. Volume 2 (1891) contains material covering 1286–1350, when the university was growing both in size and influence internationally.
Exercises in Idiomatic Italian
Authors: Rossetti Maria Francesca
Published: November 2014

This innovative aid to the study of Italian was published in 1867 by Maria Francesca Rossetti (1827–76), the older sister of Dante Gabriel, William Michael and Christina. A scholar and teacher of Italian, she was later to publish A Shadow of Dante, a guide to the Divine Comedy, also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection. Her purpose here, as she explains in her preface, is to demonstrate idiomatic Italian usage by providing short passages translated very literally into English, so that the 'unnatural' English phraseology demonstrates the correct Italian construction. The passages are to be translated back into Italian, with the help of some supplied vocabulary and an opening chapter which elucidates some of the more difficult aspects of Italian grammar, often by comparing Italian with French usage. The technique had long been used for Latin and Greek prose composition, but was innovatory for modern languages.
Ecological Governance
Authors: Woolley Olivia
Published: November 2014

Ecological degradation has been an object of concern for the international community since the early 1970s, but legal approaches that have been employed to improve the protection of ecosystems have failed to halt this decline. Ecological Governance explores how the law should respond to this rapid global deterioration of ecosystems by examining the foundational scientific and ethical considerations for designing laws that are effective for ecological protection. Based on these analyses, it argues that developed states should prioritise the reduction of the ecological stresses for which they are responsible in decision-making on their future courses. The author also proposes structures for governance and associated legal frameworks that would enable the formulation and implementation of policies for ecological sustainability.
Social Life in Greece from Homer to Menander
Authors: Mahaffy John Pentland
Published: November 2014

The classical scholar J. P. Mahaffy (1839–1919) is known equally for his work on Greek texts and Egyptian papyri (his edition of The Flinders Petrie Papyri is reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection). He graduated from Trinity College, Dublin and spent the rest of his working life there, as a fellow, and ultimately as provost from 1914 until his death. In this 1874 work, Mahaffy attempts to penetrate what he describes as the 'subjective side … the feelings of the Greeks in their temples and their assemblies, in their homes, and their wanderings'. He considers the methodology to be used in interrogating works of literature for this sort of sociological, or even psychological, research, and examines the written evidence from Homer to Menander, focusing, almost inevitably, on Athens. This is an early and pioneering work in an area of study which has become increasingly significant over the last century.
The Life and Errors of John Dunton, Citizen of London
Authors: Dunton John
Published: November 2014

This two-volume work, originally published in 1705 and now reissued in John Nichols' edition of 1818, was one of the earliest examples of autobiographical writing in English. John Dunton (1659–1732), a highly eccentric bookseller and publisher, was also responsible for one of the first periodicals in London, the Athenian Gazette, which invited its readers to submit questions on any topic, to be answered by the Athenian Society, a group of learned men (in fact, Dunton himself and some cronies). However, he was not a practical businessman, and the death of his wife and his own illness led to poverty, and to hack-work for others. The Life and Errors was followed by pamphlets attacking those whom he blamed for his misfortunes. The work gives a fascinating picture of authors and the book trade in Restoration London. Volume 2 contains selections by Nichols from Dunton's works.
Journals and Correspondence of Lady Eastlake
Authors: Eastlake Elizabeth
Published: November 2014

Later known as Lady Eastlake, the writer Elizabeth Rigby (1809–93) travelled widely in her early years, and subsequently moved in the highest literary and artistic circles. After an illness in 1827 she was taken abroad to recover, and her encounters with European art led to her writing career. In 1849, she married the painter Charles Eastlake, who became the director of the National Gallery and president of the Royal Academy. Continuing to write, especially for the Quarterly Magazine, on literature and art, she spent part of each year touring galleries and private collections across Europe. This engaging two-volume work of 1895, edited by her nephew and full of shrewd judgements on art and on people, is compiled from her journals and letters. Volume 2, covering the period from 1854 to her death, concludes with a reminiscence by one of her closest friends, the illustrator and author Eleanor Vere Boyle.
The Life, Diaries and Correspondence of Jane Lady Franklin 1792–1875
Authors: Franklin Jane Griffin
Published: November 2014

Jane Franklin (1792–1875) became well known in the middle of the nineteenth century for her tireless campaign to discover the fate of the lost Arctic expedition led by her husband, Sir John Franklin (1786–1847). The editor of this volume, Willingham Franklin Rawnsley (1845–1927), was Sir John's great-nephew, with access to the family papers. The four sections of this work, first published in 1923, address Jane's life before her marriage in 1828; the period when her husband was posted to the Mediterranean; life in Tasmania, where Sir John served as governor; and Lady Franklin's quest to learn the fate of her husband's expedition in search of the North-West Passage. Given appropriate context, the extracts illuminate her interest in European travel, her activities in Tasmania - especially in education and the treatment of female convicts - and her movements over the globe after searches discovered evidence of her husband's demise.
The Bible and Natural Philosophy in Renaissance Italy
Authors: Berns Andrew D.
Published: November 2014

The Bible and Natural Philosophy in Renaissance Italy explores the reciprocal relationship between biblical interpretation and natural philosophy in sixteenth-century Italy. The book augments our knowledge of the manifold applications of medical expertise in the Renaissance and of the multiple ways in which the Bible was read by educated people who lacked theological training. Andrew D. Berns demonstrates that many physicians in sixteenth-century Italy, Jewish and Christian alike, took a keen interest in the Bible and post-biblical religious literature. Berns identifies the intellectual tools that Renaissance doctors and natural philosophers brought to bear on their analysis of the Bible and assesses how their education and professional experience helped them acquire, develop, and use those tools. The Bible and Natural Philosophy in Renaissance Italy argues that the changing nature of medical culture in the Renaissance inspired physicians to approach the Bible not only as a divine work but also as a historical and scientific text.
Ancient Cambridgeshire
Authors: Babington Charles Cardale
Published: November 2014

This work, first published in 1853, grew from a paper describing the crossing of two Roman roads at Cambridge, and the small Roman fort at Grantchester. However, other Roman sites were added to the investigation, and the book came to encompass all the Roman and other ancient roads of Cambridgeshire, as well as the locations where Roman coins and other remains had been found. The author, Charles Cardale Babington (1808–95), is best remembered as the pupil and assistant of John Stevens Henslow and as his successor in the chair of botany at Cambridge. However, Babington was also keenly interested in archaeology, and this fascinating work of local history is the first substantial account of Roman Cambridgeshire, describing not only the courses of the various roads but also finds such as the Roman villa at Comberton, the Roman cemetery at Trumpington, and large numbers of individual coins and other artefacts.
The Contentious History of the International Bill of Human Rights
Authors: Roberts Christopher N. J.
Published: November 2014

Today, the idea of human rights enjoys near-universal support; yet, there is deep disagreement about what human rights actually are - their true source of origin, how to study them, and how best to address their deficits. In this sweeping historical exploration, Christopher N. J. Roberts traces these contemporary conflicts back to their moments of inception and shows how more than a half century ago a series of contradictions worked their way into the International Bill of Human Rights, the foundation of the modern system of human rights. By viewing human rights as representations of human relations that emerge from struggle, this book charts a new path into the subject of human rights and offers a novel theory and methodology for rigorous empirical study.
Correspondence with Sarah Wescomb, Frances Grainger and Laetitia Pilkington
Authors: Richardson Samuel
Published: November 2014

Samuel Richardson (1689–1761), renowned master printer and celebrated English novelist, wrote hundreds of letters during his lifetime. The Cambridge Edition of the Correspondence of Samuel Richardson is the first complete edition of these letters. This volume contains his correspondences, many published for the first time, with three very different young women, all seeking to find their voice within family and society while corresponding with a celebrated author and moralist. Sarah Wescomb and Frances Grainger, two young, unmarried correspondents, sought paternal advice from the middle-aged author and in the process contested stances taken in his novels. Laetitia Pilkington, an accused adulteress, offers poignant glimpses into an impoverished woman's struggles to survive in Grub Street. The scholarly apparatus in this volume provides ample information about these three women's lives and their milieu, giving fascinating insights into eighteenth-century English social and literary history.
Restoration Plays and Players
Authors: Roberts David
Published: November 2014

Introducing readers to the key texts, theatrical practice and context of late seventeenth-century drama, David Roberts combines literary and theatrical approaches to show how Restoration plays were written, performed, received and printed. Structured according to the 'life cycle' of the dramatic text, this book reproduces extracts from twenty-four of the most influential Restoration plays to provide readers with a comprehensive and colourful introduction to the period's drama. Roberts encourages readers to look beyond a limited canon of established plays and practice, and to see how Restoration Drama has been revived and adapted on the modern stage. Restoration Plays and Players is of great interest to undergraduate and non-specialist readers of seventeenth-century drama, Restoration literature and theatre studies.
A Commentary on the Paris Principles on National Human Rights Institutions
Authors: de Beco Gauthier , Murray Rachel
Published: November 2014

The Principles relating to the Status of National Institutions (The Paris Principles) were adopted by National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) and endorsed by both the UN General Assembly and Human Rights Commission. Since their adoption, they have become the standards applicable to these institutions with a mandate to promote and protect human rights. This book offers a complete study of the Paris Principles, which includes an appraisal of their establishment, evolution and potential for the future; a comprehensive commentary on each provision; and a practical guide to their interpretation, including the implications they have for the implementation of the competencies of NHRIs. This is the first book to thoroughly analyse the Paris Principles and will be essential reading for a global audience of both practitioners working for NHRIs and the UN as well as human rights scholars.
The Fossil Fishes of the English Chalk
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: November 2014

The Chalk Group of southern and eastern England preserves a rich marine fauna of Late Cretaceous age. In this work, first published in seven parts between 1902 and 1912, Arthur Smith Woodward (1864–1944) provides what remains the principal account of fossil fishes from these deposits. Woodward describes and illustrates over fifty genera of ray-finned, lobe-finned, and cartilaginous fishes. The three-dimensional preservation of some Chalk fishes allows Woodward to describe aspects of anatomy not visible in heavily compressed fossils of similar age from other localities. Woodward finds that the fine detail apparent in bony fish skulls from the Chalk provides evidence of a closer correspondence between Cretaceous species and their modern relatives than had previously been anticipated. This monograph represents one of Woodward's last truly monumental contributions on fossil fishes, and was completed at around the time his scientific attention became increasingly dedicated to the now infamous Piltdown Man.
Globalization and Mass Politics
Authors: Hellwig Timothy
Published: November 2014

This book analyzes how increases in international trade, finance, and production have altered voter decisions, political party positions, and the types of public issues that parties focus on in postindustrial democracies. Although many studies interrogate whether internationalization matters in regard to policy outcomes and how globalization relates to mass protest, few examine globalization and mass politics more generally. This book argues that by reducing the room in which to maneuver in policy making, globalization reduces the importance of economic-based issues while increasing the electoral importance of non-economic issues. The argument is tested on original and existing data sources.
Behind the 1953 Coup in Iran
Authors: Rahnema Ali
Published: November 2014

Ali Rahnema's work is a meticulous historical reconstruction of the Iranian coup d'état in 1953 that led to the overthrow of Mohammed Mosaddeq and his government. Mosaddeq's removal from power has probably attracted more attention than any other event occurring during his tenure because of the role of foreign involvement, the political, economic and social impact on Iran, and the long-term impact the ousting had on Iran-US relations. Drawing on American, British and Iranian sources, Rahnema closely examines the four-day period between the first failed coup and the second successful attempt, investigating in fine detail how the two coups were conceptualised, rationalised and executed by players on both the Anglo-American and Iranian sides. Through painstaking research into little-studied sources, Rahnema casts new light on how a small group of highly influential pro-Britain politicians and power brokers revisited the realities on the ground with the CIA operatives dispatched to Iran and how they recalibrated a new, and ultimately successful, operational plan.
Sovereignty, Property and Empire, 1500–2000
Authors: Fitzmaurice Andrew
Published: November 2014

This book analyses the laws that shaped modern European empires from medieval times to the twentieth century. Its geographical scope is global, including the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and the Poles. Andrew Fitzmaurice focuses upon the use of the law of occupation to justify and critique the appropriation of territory. He examines both discussions of occupation by theologians, philosophers and jurists, as well as its application by colonial publicists and settlers themselves. Beginning with the medieval revival of Roman law, this study reveals the evolution of arguments concerning the right to occupy through the School of Salamanca, the foundation of American colonies, seventeenth-century natural law theories, Enlightenment philosophers, eighteenth-century American colonies and the new American republic, writings of nineteenth-century jurists, debates over the carve up of Africa, twentieth-century discussions of the status of Polar territories, and the period of decolonisation.
Non-Violence and the French Revolution
Authors: Alpaugh Micah
Published: November 2014

Historians of the French Revolution have traditionally emphasised the centrality of violence to revolutionary protest. However, Micah Alpaugh reveals instead the surprising prevalence of non-violent tactics to demonstrate that much of the popular action taken in revolutionary Paris was not in fact violent. Tracing the origins of the political demonstration to the French Revolutionary period, he reveals how Parisian protesters typically tried to avoid violence, conducting campaigns predominantly through peaceful marches, petitions, banquets and mass-meetings, which only rarely escalated to physical force in their stand-offs with authorities. Out of over 750 events, no more than twelve percent appear to have resulted in physical violence at any stage. Rewriting the political history of the people of Paris, Non-Violence and the French Revolution sheds new light on our understanding of Revolutionary France to show that revolutionary sans-culottes played a pivotal role in developing the democratically oriented protest techniques still used today.
Anti-JC Virus Antibody Prevalence in Canadian MS Patients
Authors: Bhan Virender , Lapierre Yves , Freedman Mark S. , Duquette Pierre , Selchen Daniel , Migounov Vladimir , Walt Len , Zhang Annie
Published: November 2014

Background: Anti–John Cunningham (JCV) antibodies have been detected in approximately 50% to 60% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Age, sex, and geographic location have been associated with seroprevalence differences. We describe anti-JCV antibody prevalence in the Canadian cohort of patients enrolled in the JCV Epidemiology in MS study. Methods: This cross-sectional multicenter study evaluated the effects of demographic and disease characteristics on anti-JCV antibody seroprevalence in MS patients irrespective of disease type and treatment. A single blood sample was collected for analysis of anti-JCV antibodies using a two-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Chi-square and logistic regression tests were used to determine significance. Results: A total of 4198 Canadian MS patients participated in the study; the overall anti-JCV antibody prevalence was 56.3% (95% confidence interval: 54.8% to 57.8%). Seroprevalence was significantly associated with age (increasing from 45% in young to 61% in those >60 years), sex, and region (p<0.0001 for age and sex; p=0.005 for region). No significant differences in anti-JCV antibody prevalence were associated with race, MS disease type and duration, or number and duration of treatments. Immunosuppressant use was associated with a higher seroprevalence rate (63.4%) compared with no immunosuppressant use (55.9%; p=0.040). Conclusions: Canadian MS patients had an overall anti-JCV antibody seroprevalence that was consistent with previous studies using the two-step ELISA. Significant associations of anti-JCV antibody positivity were found with age, sex, region, and immunosuppressant therapy, whereas seroprevalence was not associated with race, MS type, MS duration, or number or duration of MS treatments.
Transition in electron physics of magnetic reconnection in weakly collisional plasma
Authors: Le A. , Egedal J. , Daughton W. , Roytershteyn V. , Karimabadi H. , Forest C.
Published: November 2014

Using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations with a Monte Carlo treatment of the Coulomb collision operator, we study the transition in electron dynamics of magnetic reconnection for various levels of collisionality. The weakly collisional cases considered all fall into the so-called Hall or kinetic regime. Nevertheless, collisions may still alter the electron kinetic physics characteristic of collisionless reconnection, where adiabatic trapping energizes the electrons and leads to strong anisotropy of the electron velocity distribution and pressure. This anisotropy can support extended current sheets, associated with secondary island formation and turbulent flux rope interactions in three dimensional systems. The collisional simulations demonstrate how weak collisions may modify or eliminate these electron structures in the kinetic regimes. While the reconnection rate is not sensitive to the collisionality in the range studied, we find that increasing collisionality reduces the level of electron energization near the reconnection site. Finally, the results provide guidance for new laboratory reconnection experiments that will access the weakly collisional regimes.
Breast-feeding and hospitalization for asthma in early childhood: a nationwide longitudinal survey in Japan
Authors: Yamakawa Michiyo , Yorifuji Takashi , Kato Tsuguhiko , Yamauchi Yoshitada , Doi Hiroyuki
Published: November 2014

Objective

Whether or not breast-feeding is protective against asthma among children is still controversial. Therefore, we examined the effects of breast-feeding on hospitalization for asthma in early childhood.

Design

Secondary data analyses of a nationwide longitudinal survey of children in Japan ongoing since 2001, with results collected from 2001 to 2004. We used logistic regression models to evaluate the associations of breast-feeding with hospitalization for asthma in children between the ages of 6 and 42 months, adjusting for children’s factors (sex, day-care attendance and presence of older siblings) and maternal factors (educational attainment and smoking habit).

Setting

All over Japan.

Subjects

Term singleton children with information on feeding practices during infancy (n 43367).

Results

After adjusting for maternal factors and children’s factors, exclusive breast-feeding at 6–7 months of age was associated with decreased risk of hospitalization for asthma in children. The adjusted odds ratio was 0·77 (95 % CI 0·56, 1·06). One-month longer duration of breast-feeding was associated with a 4 % decreased risk of hospitalization for asthma (OR=0·96; 95 % CI 0·92, 0·99).

Conclusions

The protective effects of breast-feeding on hospitalization for asthma were observed in children between the ages of 6 and 42 months.
Has the Earth been exposed to numerous supernovae within the last 300 kyr?
Authors: Melott Adrian L. , Usoskin Ilya G. , Kovaltsov Gennady A. , Laird Claude M.
Published: November 2014

Firestone (2014) asserted evidence for numerous (23) nearby (d < 300 pc) supernovae (SNe) within the Middle and Late Pleistocene. If true, this would have strong implications for the irradiation of the Earth; at this rate, the mass extinction level events due to SNe would be more frequent than 100 Myr. However, there are numerous errors in the application of past research. The paper overestimates likely nitrate and14C production from moderately nearby SNe by about four orders of magnitude. Moreover, the results are based on wrongly selected (obsolete) nitrate and14C datasets. The use of correct and up-to-date datasets does not confirm the claimed results. The claims in the paper are invalid.
Economics for a creative world: a response to comments
Authors: KOPPL ROGER , KAUFFMAN STUART , FELIN TEPPO , LONGO GIUSEPPE
Published: November 2014

In response to Pelikan, Witt, Foster, and Colander, we reiterate our main contributions: (1) our more careful demonstration of why ‘mechanistic’ models have limited application, (2) our account of novelty as a system-level phenomenon, and (3) our identification of ‘novelty intermediation’ as important to creative economic dynamics. We also address some of the criticisms raised by the commenters. Pavel Pelikan's idea of stochastic causality does not somehow eliminate unprestateable change. We do challenge certain strong notions of universal causation, as Ulrich Witt notes, but such notions are probably best abandoned. Although, we do not repudiate mathematical modeling as our paper suggested to John Foster, we may give less scope than Foster to such methods. Finally, we point out the extreme difficulty of implementing the sort of engineering vision Colander articulates.
Uptake of liquid from wet surfaces by the brush-tipped proboscis of a butterfly
Authors: Lee Seung Chul , Lee Sang Joon
Published: November 2014

This study investigated the effect of the brush-tipped proboscis of the Asian comma (Polygonia c-aureum) on wet-surface feeding. The tip region of this proboscis was observed, especially two microstructures; the intake slits through which liquid passes into the proboscis and the brush-like sensilla styloconica. The sensilla styloconica were connected laterally to the intake slits in the tip region. The liquid-feeding flow between the proboscis and the wet surface was measured by micro-particle image velocimetry. During liquid feeding, the sensilla styloconica region accumulates liquid by pinning the air-liquid interface to the tips of the sensilla styloconica, thus the intake slit region remains immersed. The film flow that passes through the sensilla styloconica region shows a parabolic velocity profile and the corresponding flow rate is proportional to the cubed length of the sensilla styloconica. Based on these observations, we demonstrated that the sensilla styloconica promotes the uptake of liquid from wet surfaces. This study may inspire the development of a microfluidic device to collect liquid from moist substrates.
Central–axial–central chirality transfer: asymmetric synthesis of highly substituted indenes bearing a stereogenic quaternary carbon center from optically active propargyl alcohols
Authors: Egi Masahiro , Shimizu Kaori , Kamiya Marin , Ota Yuya , Akai Shuji
Published: November 2014

An asymmetric synthesis of highly substituted indenes has been developed via the central–axial–central chirality transfer from optically active propargyl alcohols.
Synthesis of polysubstituted cyclopenta[b]indoles via relay gold(i)/Brønsted acid catalysis
Authors: Dhiman Seema , Ramasastry S. S. V.
Published: November 2014

A relay gold(i)/Brønsted acid catalyzed one-pot cyclopentannulation of indoles has been achieved starting from easily accessible 1-(2-aminophenyl)prop-2-ynols and readily available 1,3-dicarbonyls.
Electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing with field-effect transistors is able to unravel cellular adhesion and detachment processes on a single cell level
Authors: Susloparova A. , Koppenhöfer D. , Law J. K. Y. , Vu X. T. , Ingebrandt S.
Published: November 2014

We introduce a novel technique of impedimetric sensing of cellular adhesion, which might have the potential to supplement the well-known technique of Electrical Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) in cell culture assays.
A droplet microfluidic system for sequential generation of lipid bilayers and transmembrane electrical recordings
Authors: Czekalska Magdalena A. , Kaminski Tomasz S. , Jakiela Slawomir , Tanuj Sapra K. , Bayley Hagan , Garstecki Piotr
Published: November 2014

We report a droplet microfluidic system that automates the formation of lipid bilayers and allows for electrophysiological measurements and for an automated screening protocols in which the activity of proteins is tested against inhibitors.
Anionic glycolipids related to glucuronosyldiacylglycerol inhibit protein kinase Akt
Authors: Vetro Maria , Costa Barbara , Donvito Giulia , Arrighetti Noemi , Cipolla Laura , Perego Paola , Compostella Federica , Ronchetti Fiamma , Colombo Diego
Published: November 2014

Long chain GlcADG analogues synthesized as PI3P mimics inhibited isolated Akt and proliferation of human ovarian carcinoma IGROV-1 cells.
Synthesis of (phosphonomethyl)phosphinate pyrophosphate analogues via the phospha-Claisen condensation
Authors: Gelat Fabien , Lacomme Claire , Berger Olivier , Gavara Laurent , Montchamp J.-L.
Published: November 2014

Pyrophosphate analogues are of great importance especially for the design of biologically active molecules.
Electrochemical polymerization of 1,3,4,6-tetraarylpyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-2,5-dione (isoDPP) derivatives
Authors: Welterlich Irina , Neudörfl Jörg-Martin , Tieke Bernd
Published: November 2014

Electrochemical polymerization of tetraaryldiketopyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole (isoDPP) derivatives leads to deeply coloured low band gap polymers with reversible oxidation and reduction behaviour and electrochromic properties.
Zinc oxide based photocatalysis: tailoring surface-bulk structure and related interfacial charge carrier dynamics for better environmental applications
Authors: Kumar S. Girish , Rao K. S. R. Koteswara
Published: November 2014

Surface-bulk modification of zinc oxide for efficient photocatalysis.
Processable conducting graphene/chitosan hydrogels for tissue engineering
Authors: Sayyar S. , Murray E. , Thompson B. C. , Chung J. , Officer D. L. , Gambhir S. , Spinks G. M. , Wallace G. G.
Published: November 2014

Electrically conductive, mechanically improved graphene/chitosan/lactic acid composites were synthesised and could be easily processed into multi-layer scaffolds using additive fabrication techniques.
High-performance deformable photoswitches with p-doped graphene as the top window electrode
Authors: Li Rongjin , Liu Zhaoyang , Parvez Khaled , Feng Xinliang , Müllen Klaus
Published: November 2014

Deformable polymer photoswitches with p-doped single layer graphene as the top window electrode exhibit an on/off ratio as high as 8.5 × 105.
The role of Ca2+ influx in endocytic vacuole formation in pancreatic acinar cells
Authors: Voronina Svetlana , Collier David , Chvanov Michael , Middlehurst Ben , Beckett Alison J. , Prior Ian A. , Criddle David N. , Begg Malcolm , Mikoshiba Katsuhiko , Sutton Robert , Tepikin Alexei V.
Published: November 2014

The inducers of acute pancreatitis trigger a prolonged increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c), which is responsible for the damage to and eventual death of pancreatic acinar cells. Vacuolization is an important indicator of pancreatic acinar cell damage. Furthermore, activation of trypsinogen occurs in the endocytic vacuoles; therefore the vacuoles can be considered as ‘initiating’ organelles in the development of the cell injury. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the formation of endocytic vacuoles and Ca2+ influx developed in response to the inducers of acute pancreatitis [bile acid taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate (TLC-S) and supramaximal concentration of cholecystokinin-8 (CCK)]. We found that the inhibitor of STIM (stromal interaction molecule)/Orai channels, GSK-7975A, effectively suppressed both the Ca2+ influx (stimulated by inducers of pancreatitis) and the formation of endocytic vacuoles. Cell death induced by TLC-S or CCK was also inhibited by GSK-7975A. We documented the formation of endocytic vacuoles in response to store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) induced by thapsigargin [TG; inhibitor of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ pumps] and observed strong inhibition of TG-induced vacuole formation by GSK-7975A. Finally, we found that structurally-unrelated inhibitors of calpain suppress formation of endocytic vacuoles, suggesting that this Ca2+-dependent protease is a mediator between Ca2+ elevation and endocytic vacuole formation.