bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrorheological, viscoelastic, and creep‐recovery behaviors of covalently bonded nanocube‐TiO2/Poly(3‐octylthiophene) colloidal dispersions
Authors: Sever Evrim , Unal Halil Ibrahim
Published: February 2016

In this study, nanocube‐TiO2 and covalently bonded nanocube‐TiO2/poly(3‐octylthiophene), (P3OT) core/shell structured hybrid nano materials were dispersed in silicone oil (SO) and antisedimentation stabilities of these suspended particles were determined to be 31% and 65%, respectively. Polarizabilities (Δεnanocube‐TiO2 = 0.1925 and Δεnanocube‐TiO2/P3OT = 0.0920) and relaxation times (λnanocube‐TiO2 = 3.4 × 10−4 s and λnanocube‐TiO2/P3OT = 2.7 × 10−4 s) of dispersions were determined by dielectric measurements. Optical microscopy studies showed that these suspensions were highly polarizable under externally applied electric field strengths and classified as electrorheological (ER) active materials. The effects of volume fraction of dispersed phase, shear rate, shear stress, external electrical field strength, frequency, and temperature onto ER activities of these suspensions were studied. Yield stresses of nanocube‐TiO2 and nanocube‐TiO2/P3OT were determined to be 128 and 310 Pa, respectively. Viscoelastic studies revealed that the elastic characters of the particles were dominant to their viscous ones and elasticity moduli were determined to be 31.5 and 142 kPa, for nanocube‐TiO2 and nanocube‐TiO2/P3OT, respectively. Finally, the creep‐recovery behaviors of these suspensions were identified and %recoveries of nanocube‐TiO2/SO and nanocube‐TiO2/P3OT/SO systems were determined to be 39% and 73%, respectively under τ = 5 Pa external shear stress. Because of the high polarizabilitiy, ER activity, vibration damping, and creep‐recovery properties, the nanocube‐TiO2/P3OT/SO suspension system was classified as smart material and suitable for potential vibration damping applications. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:351–359, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Pharmacotherapy Treatment Patterns, Outcomes, and Health Resource Utilization Among Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction at a U.S. Academic Medical Center
Authors: Bress Adam P. , King Jordan B. , Brixner Diana , Kielhorn Adrian , Patel Harshali K. , Maya Juan , Lee Vinson C. , Biskupiak Joseph , Munger Mark
Published: February 2016

Study Objective

To assess clinical characteristics, pharmacotherapy treatment patterns, resource utilization and associated charges, and morbidity and mortality outcomes among a real‐world cohort of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in an academic medical center setting.

Design

Retrospective analysis.

Data Source

Electronic health record database that includes clinical, laboratory, and administrative data for all facilities of the University of Utah Health Care System.

Patients

A total of 989 adults with prevalent (preexisting) HFrEF, identified by using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 428.x (heart failure) between January 1, 2007, and June 30, 2013, and who had a left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or lower.

Measurements and Main Results

The cohort had a mean age of 64 ± 15 years and was predominantly white (71%) and male (74%). Patients received β‐blockers, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and aldosterone receptor antagonists (ARAs) at rates of 79%, 69%, and 29%, respectively. Patients achieved target doses of β‐blockers, ACEIs, and ARBs at rates of only 24%, 31%, and 13%, respectively. Overall, 58% of patients were prescribed dual therapy with a β‐blocker and an ACEI or ARB, and 19% were prescribed triple therapy (β‐blocker, an ACEI or ARB, and an ARA). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between baseline characteristics with the presence of triple therapy. Two variables were statistically significant in both models: increasing age was associated with a lower odds of triple therapy (univariate: odds ratio [OR] 0.760, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.673–0.857; multivariate: OR 0.768, 95% CI 0.625–0.942), whereas receipt of an implantable cardiac device was associated with a 2‐fold increase in the odds of triple therapy (univariate: OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4–3.1; multivariate: OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.5). During a mean ± SD follow‐up of 36 ± 27 months, all‐cause mortality was 0.12 per person‐year. There were 1311 all‐cause hospitalizations of which 611 (47%) were for worsening heart failure. The rate of all‐cause and heart failure–specific hospitalizations was 0.44 and 0.21 per person‐year of follow‐up, respectively. The median length of stay was 6.4 ± 8.8 days, and the median charge was $22,310. The 30‐day all‐cause readmission rate was 20%, and the primary reason for readmission was heart failure in 65% of cases.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the continuing significant disease and economic burden for patients with HFrEF. Challenges remain in utilization of established disease‐modifying therapy and in the treatment of patients with HFrEF and multiple comorbidities.
Phosphoproteome analysis demonstrates the potential role of THRAP3 phosphorylation in androgen‐independent prostate cancer cell growth
Authors: Ino Yoko , Arakawa Noriaki , Ishiguro Hitoshi , Uemura Hiroji , Kubota Yoshinobu , Hirano Hisashi , Toda Tosifusa
Published: February 2016

Elucidating the androgen‐independent growth mechanism is critical for developing effective treatment strategies to combat androgen‐independent prostate cancer. We performed a comparative phosphoproteome analysis using a prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, and an LNCaP‐derived androgen‐independent cell line, LNCaP‐AI, to identify phosphoproteins involved in this mechanism. We performed quantitative comparisons of the phosphopeptide levels in tryptic digests of protein extracts from these cell lines using MS. We found that the levels of 69 phosphopeptides in 66 proteins significantly differed between LNCaP and LNCaP‐AI. In particular, we focused on thyroid hormone receptor associated protein 3 (THRAP3), which is a known transcriptional coactivator of the androgen receptor. The phosphorylation level of THRAP3 was significantly lower at S248 and S253 in LNCaP‐AI cells. Furthermore, pull‐down assays showed that 32 proteins uniquely bound to the nonphosphorylatable mutant form of THRAP3, whereas 31 other proteins uniquely bound to the phosphorylation‐mimic form. Many of the differentially interacting proteins were identified as being involved with RNA splicing and processing. These results suggest that the phosphorylation state of THRAP3 at S248 and S253 might be involved in the mechanism of androgen‐independent prostate cancer cell growth by changing the interaction partners.
Phase separation in dilute polymer solutions at high‐rate extension
Authors: Subbotin Andrey V. , Semenov Alexander N.
Published: February 2016

In this article the demixing instability and phase segregation in unentangled polymer solutions of semiflexible chains at high‐rate uniaxial extension above the coil to stretched coil transition was studied. Orientation of the stretched chains was described in terms of an effective potential field. Based on the free energy analysis it was shown that the flow‐induced orientation of polymer segments could drastically reduce the energy of their steric repulsion. As a result attraction between the chains gain more importance, and this effect lead to the demixing process and eventual segregation of polymer from the solvent if the strain rate exceeds some critical value. A mean‐field theory was developed to study this flow‐induced phase separation effect. The phase diagrams of the system showing the spinodal and binodal transitions at different extension rates were calculated and discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1066–1073
Pediatric bronchiectasis: No longer an orphan disease
Authors: Goyal Vikas , Grimwood Keith , Marchant Julie , Masters I. Brent , Chang Anne B.
Published: February 2016

Bronchiectasis is described classically as a chronic pulmonary disorder characterized by a persistent productive cough and irreversible dilatation of one or more bronchi. However, in children unable to expectorate, cough may instead be wet and intermittent and bronchial dilatation reversible in the early stages. Although still considered an orphan disease, it is being recognized increasingly as causing significant morbidity and mortality in children and adults in both affluent and developing countries. While bronchiectasis has multiple etiologies, the final common pathway involves a complex interplay between the host, respiratory pathogens and environmental factors. These interactions lead to a vicious cycle of repeated infections, airway inflammation and tissue remodelling resulting in impaired airway clearance, destruction of structural elements within the bronchial wall causing them to become dilated and small airway obstruction. In this review, the current knowledge of the epidemiology, pathobiology, clinical features, and management of bronchiectasis in children are summarized. Recent evidence has emerged to improve our understanding of this heterogeneous disease including the role of viruses, and how antibiotics, novel drugs, antiviral agents, and vaccines might be used. Importantly, the management is no longer dependent upon extrapolating from the cystic fibrosis experience. Nevertheless, substantial information gaps remain in determining the underlying disease mechanisms that initiate and sustain the pathophysiological pathways leading to bronchiectasis. National and international collaborations, standardizing definitions of clinical and research end points, and exploring novel primary prevention strategies are needed if further progress is to be made in understanding, treating and even preventing this often life‐limiting disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:450–469. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nitrogen incorporation in SnO2 thin films grown by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Jiang Jie , Lu Yinmei , Kramm Benedikt , Michel Fabian , Reindl Christian T. , Kracht Max E. , Klar Peter J. , Meyer Bruno K. , Eickhoff Martin
Published: February 2016

The influence of nitrogen incorporation in high concentrations on the structural properties and morphology of SnO2–xNx thin films grown by chemical vapor deposition is studied. A decrease in crystallite size and a lattice expansion in SnO2–xNx films with increasing x are found by X‐ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Substitutional nitrogen with a binding energy of 397.15 eV was detected by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attributed to the N3− ion in the SnN bond. The increase of the N atomic concentration x in SnO2–xNx films from 0 to 7.9 at.% without phase separation with increasing NH3 flow rate during the deposition is accompanied by a decrease of O atomic concentration.
Investigating efficiency droop in InGaN/GaN quantum well structures using ultrafast time‐resolved terahertz and photoluminescence spectroscopy
Authors: Dunn Aniela , Spencer Ben F. , Hardman Samantha J. O. , Graham Darren M. , Hammersley Simon , Davies Matthew J. , Dawson Phil , Kappers Menno J. , Oliver Rachel A. , Humphreys Colin J.
Published: February 2016

The mechanisms governing efficiency droop in an In0.18Ga0.82N/GaN multiple quantum well structure were investigated using a combination of ultrafast time‐resolved terahertz and photoluminescence spectroscopy. From excitation fluence dependent studies, a reduction in the room temperature photoluminescence efficiency to 3% of its maximum value was observed for an excitation fluence of 0.96 mJcm‐2. A correlation was found between the onset of efficiency droop and the emergence of a peak on the high‐energy side of the quantum well emission with a 1/e decay time of 19.6 ps. These characteristics were attributed to the saturation of localised states and the population of higher energy delocalised states. Time‐resolved studies revealed different scaling behaviours between the terahertz and photoluminescence decay dynamics, suggesting that the saturation of localised hole states may be playing a part in the onset of efficiency droop. (© 2016 The Authors. Phys. Status Solidi C published by WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acceptor states in HgCdTe films grown by molecular‐beam epitaxy on GaAs and Si substrates
Authors: Yakushev M. V. , Mynbaev K. D. , Bazhenov N. L. , Varavin V. S. , Mikhailov N. N. , Marin D. V. , Dvoretsky S. A. , Sidorov Yu. G.
Published: February 2016

A study of defects in HgCdTe films grown by molecular‐beam epitaxy on GaAs and Si substrates was performed. Variable‐temperature photoluminescence (PL) and carrier lifetime measurements were carried out on as‐grown films and films subjected to post‐growth annealings. Films grown on GaAs substrates appeared to be mostly free from defects providing energy states within the bandgap, yet specific acceptor states were generated in these films under conditions associated with mercury deficiency. The properties of films grown on Si substrates were mostly governed by two types of uncontrolled defects. Relatively deep levels with energy 40 to 70 meV were revealed with the use of PL measurements, yet their effect on the lifetime was not traced. The lifetime value was rather determined by other type of defects with energy depth of ∼30 meV. Possible relation of these defects to the specifics of MBE growth of HgCdTe on Si substrates is discussed. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anisotropic optical properties of a homoepitaxial (Zn,Mg)O/ZnO quantum well grown on a‐plane ZnO substrate
Authors: Mohammed Ali Mohammed J. , Chauveau J.M. , Bretagnon T.
Published: February 2016

The optical properties of homoepitaxial non‐polar (Zn,Mg)O/ZnO single quantum wells (QWs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a‐plane (11‐20) ZnO substrates are investigated by using reflectance and continuous wave photoluminescence spectroscopies. The reflectivity and CW‐PL spectra measured at low temperature reveal strong in‐plane optical anisotropies and clear reflectance structures. The signatures of confined excitons analogous to C‐exciton and (A, B)‐excitons in bulk ZnO, are detected using light polarized respectively along the c‐axis and perpendicular to this axis. Temperature dependence of CW‐PL has been investigated in the two polarizations. For electric field of the light perpendicular to the c‐axis the total intensity of the PL lines decreases by about an order of magnitude when the temperature increases from 8 K to room temperature. At low temperature a line associated to an excitonic complex dominates the PL spectrum. When the temperature increases the intensity of this line decreases as the intensity of the line associated to the free exciton increases. In the other polarization for temperature above 100 K a new line appears in the spectrum. Its intensity increases with temperature. This feature is associated to the c‐like free exciton. The degree of polarization of these lines is independent of temperature. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Defect related emission of ZnO and ZnO Cu nanocrystals prepared by electrochemical method
Authors: Torchynska T. V. , El Filali B. , Ballardo Rodríguez I. Ch. , Shcherbyna L.
Published: February 2016

Photoluminescence (PL), its temperature dependence, and SEM images have been applied for the comparative study of the ZnO and ZnO Cu nanocrystals (NCs). NCs were created by the electrochemical (anodization) method with different NC sizes and annealed at 400 °C for 2 hours in ambient air. PL spectra show a near band edge (NBE) emission and three defect‐related PL bands in ZnO NCs, and four defect‐related PL bands in ZnO Cu NCs. The defect related PL band with the peak at 2.60‐2.70 eV is connected with the Cu complexes in ZnO Cu NCs. PL spectra of all PL bands in both NC types were studied in the temperature range 10‐300 K. Their integrated PL intensities and the activation energies of PL thermal decays have been estimated. It is shown that the PL intensities of defect related PL bands have been stimulated essentially at doping by the small Cu concentration (2.2%) in ZnO Cu NCs. It is revealed additionally that the Cu doping leads to decreasing the activation energies of thermal decay for the defect related PL bands in ZnO Cu NCs in comparison with those in ZnO NCs. The physical reason of this effect and the mechanisms of optical transitions for defect related PL bands in ZnO NCs have been discussed. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multi‐band radiation detector based on HgCdTe heterostructure
Authors: Kryshtab T. , Savkina R. K. , Smirnov A. B. , Kladkevich M. , Samoylov V.
Published: February 2016

We describe multi‐band radiation detector based on HgCdTe/Si heterostructure, which exhibits sensitivity in the MWIR and LWIR spectral range without cryogenic cooling to achieve useful performance. The noise equivalent power (NEP) for one of the detectors studied reached NEP296 K= 3.8×10‐13W/Hz1/2. HgCdTe‐based heterostructure is also considered as sub‐THz detector. The sensitivity of HgCdTe‐based heterostructure for sub‐THz radiation was found after the oblique‐incidence (45°) bombardment with silver ions (140 keV). The signal was detected without antenna and amplification and NEP at ν≈140 GHz and 296 K reaches 4.5×10‐8W/Hz1/2. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
[6]‐Shogaol, a Novel Chemopreventor in 7,12‐Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene‐induced Hamster Buccal Pouch Carcinogenesis
Authors: Kathiresan Suresh , Govindhan Annamalai
Published: February 2016

Oral cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Despite advances in chemotherapy for the cancer management, the survival rate has not yet been improved. Dietary nutrient has been receiving a lot of attention and interest in the chemotherapeutic development. [6]‐Shogaol is a major bioactive compound identified in ginger that possesses many pharmacological properties. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of [6]‐shogaol on 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene‐induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis. Oral squamous cell carcinoma induced in HBP by painting with 0.5% 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), thrice in a week for 16 weeks. We observed 100% tumour incidence, decreased levels of lipid peroxidation, antioxidant, and phase II detoxification enzymes (GST, GR and GSH) in DMBA‐induced hamsters. Further, enhanced activity of phase I enzymes (cytochrome p450 and b5) and over‐expression of mutant p53, Bcl‐2 and decreased expression of wild type p53 and Bax were noticed in DMBA‐induced hamsters. Our results indicated that [6]‐shogaol (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight) treated with DMBA‐painted hamsters, considerably reversed tumour incidence, improved antioxidant status, phase II detoxification enzymes, and also inhibit lipid peroxidation and phase I enzymes. Moreover, [6]‐shogaol inhibits mutant p53 and Bcl‐2 expression and significantly restored normal p53, Bax levels. Thus, we concluded that [6]‐shogaol prevents DMBA‐induced HBP carcinogenesis through its antioxidant as well as modulating apoptotic signals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can we detect Li K X‐ray in lithium compounds using energy dispersive spectroscopy?
Authors: Hovington Pierre , Timoshevskii Vladimir , Burgess Simon , Demers Hendrix , Statham Peter , Gauvin Raynald , Zaghib Karim
Published: February 2016

Lithium is the key element for the development of battery and new technology and the development of an analytical technique to spatially and quantitatively resolve this element is of key importance. Detection of Li K in pure metallic lithium is now possible in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with newly designed Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). However, this work is clearly showing, for the first time using EDS, the detection of Li K in several binary lithium compounds (LiH, Li3N, Li2S, LiF and LiCl). Experimental Li K X‐rays intensity is compared with a specially modified Monte Carlo simulation program showing discrepancies between theoretical and experimental Li K measurements. The effect of chemical bounding on the X‐rays emission using density functional theory with the all‐electron linearized augmented plane wave is showing that the emission of Li K from the binary compounds studied should be, at least, 12 times lower than in metallic Li. SCANNING 38:571–578, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Concise Review: Cell-Based Therapies and Other Non-Traditional Approaches for Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Creusot Remi J. , Battaglia Manuela , Roncarolo Maria-Grazia , Fathman C. Garrison
Published: February 2016

The evolution of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) therapy has been marked by consecutive shifts, from insulin replacement to immunosuppressive drugs and targeted biologics (following the understanding that T1D is an autoimmune disease), and to more disease-specific or patient-oriented approaches such as antigen-specific and cell-based therapies, with a goal to provide efficacy, safety, and long-term protection. At the same time, another important paradigm shift from treatment of new onset T1D patients to prevention in high-risk individuals has taken place, based on the hypothesis that therapeutic approaches deemed sufficiently safe may show better efficacy if applied early enough to maintain endogenous β cell function, a concept supported by many preclinical studies. This new strategy has been made possible by capitalizing on a variety of biomarkers that can more reliably estimate the risk and rate of progression of the disease. More advanced (“omic”-based) biomarkers that also shed light on the underlying contributors of disease for each individual will be helpful to guide the choice of the most appropriate therapies, or combinations thereof. In this review, we present current efforts to stratify patients according to biomarkers and current alternatives to conventional drug-based therapies for T1D, with a special emphasis on cell-based therapies, their status in the clinic and potential for treatment and/or prevention.
Wnt3a, a Protein Secreted by Mesenchymal Stem Cells Is Neuroprotective and Promotes Neurocognitive Recovery Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Zhao Yuhai , Gibb Stuart L. , Zhao Jing , Moore Anthony N. , Hylin Michael J. , Menge Tyler , Xue Hasen , Baimukanova Gyulnar , Potter Daniel , Johnson Evan M. , Holcomb John B. , Cox Charles S. , Dash Pramod K. , Pati Shibani
Published: February 2016

Intravenous administration of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been shown to reduce blood brain barrier compromise and improve neurocognition following traumatic brain injury (TBI). These effects occur in the absence of engraftment and differentiation of these cells in the injured brain. Recent studies have shown that soluble factors produced by MSCs mediate a number of the therapeutic effects. In this study, we sought to determine if intravenous administration of MSCs (IV-MSCs) could enhance hippocampal neurogenesis following TBI. Our results demonstrate that IV-MSC treatment attenuates loss of neural stem cells and promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in TBI injured mice. As Wnt signaling has been implicated in neurogenesis, we measured circulating Wnt3a levels in serum following IV-MSC administration and found a significant increase in Wnt3a. Concurrent with this increase, we detected increased activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, IV recombinant Wnt3a treatment provided neuroprotection, promoted neurogenesis, and improved neurocognitive function in TBI injured mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate a role for Wnt3a in the therapeutic potential of MSCs and identify Wnt3a as a potential stand-alone therapy or as part of a combination therapeutic strategy for the treatment of TBI.
Contract-based verification of MATLAB-style matrix programs
Authors: Wiik Jonatan , Boström Pontus
Published: February 2016

MATLAB/Simulink is a popular toolset for developing embedded software. The main target of the toolset is numerical computing applications and the tools offer a rich language for manipulating matrices. This paper presents an approach to automatic, modular, contract-based verification of programs written in a subset of the MATLAB programming language. We focus on efficient handling of the built-in matrix manipulation functions commonly used in MATLAB. We restrict ourselves to the subset of MATLAB suitable for code generation, which means matrix types and shapes can be determined statically. We present an approach to static type and shape inference for matrices that is more strict than MATLAB, but aids verification. The type and shape information is then used in the verification. From the programs and contracts we generate verification conditions that are discharged with an off-the-shelf SMT solver. We discuss two approaches to encode matrix functions and evaluate them on a number of examples. We also investigate the use of k-induction to decrease the need for user annotations. We found our approach to be efficient for programs that manipulate relatively small matrices, which are common in embedded applications.
Indo-western Pacific ocean capacitor and coherent climate anomalies in post-ENSO summer: A review
Authors: Xie Shang-Ping , Kosaka Yu , Du Yan , Hu Kaiming , Chowdary Jasti S. , Huang Gang
Published: February 2016

ENSO induces coherent climate anomalies over the Indo-western Pacific, but these anomalies outlast SST anomalies of the equatorial Pacific by a season, with major effects on the Asian summer monsoon. This review provides historical accounts of major milestones and synthesizes recent advances in the endeavor to understand summer variability over the Indo-Northwest Pacific region. Specifically, a large-scale anomalous anticyclone (AAC) is a recurrent pattern in post-El Ni˜no summers, spanning the tropical Northwest Pacific and North Indian oceans. Regarding the ocean memory that anchors the summer AAC, competing hypotheses emphasize either SST cooling in the easterly trade wind regime of the Northwest Pacific or SST warming in the westerly monsoon regime of the North Indian Ocean. Our synthesis reveals a coupled ocean–atmosphere mode that builds on both mechanisms in a two-stage evolution. In spring, when the northeast trades prevail, the AAC and Northwest Pacific cooling are coupled via wind–evaporation–SST feedback. The Northwest Pacific cooling persists to trigger a summer feedback that arises from the interaction of the AAC and North Indian Ocean warming, enabled by the westerly monsoon wind regime. This Indo-western Pacific ocean capacitor (IPOC) effect explains why El Ni˜no stages its last act over the monsoonal Indo-Northwest Pacific and casts the Indian Ocean warming and AAC in leading roles. The IPOC displays interdecadal modulations by the ENSO variance cycle, significantly correlated with ENSO at the turn of the 20th century and after the 1970s, but not in between. Outstanding issues, including future climate projections, are also discussed.
ICD‐10 Medical Coding: The Role of Perioperative Services in Addressing Implementation Challenges
Authors: Wing Toni L.
Published: February 2016

The International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD‐10) was adopted in the United States on October 1, 2015. Replacing the outdated ICD, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) coding system was long overdue, and the updated classifications were needed to accurately collect data and improve patient care. However, the complexity of ICD‐10 may present substantial challenges for health information management coders and affect hospital revenue collection. Because the OR generates a large share of a hospital's overall revenue, perioperative services personnel must take a critical look at ICD‐10 changes and address adoption challenges to minimize the negative effects ICD‐10 may have on surgical revenue and help personnel identify perioperative services’ important role in ICD‐10 implementation.
Clinical Issues‐February 2016
Authors: Van Wicklin Sharon A. , Chambers Kerrie , Klacik Susan
Published: February 2016

This month

Using an automated washer or washer/disinfector that includes a lubrication cycle to process implants

Key words: surgical implants, lubrication, critical water.

Using items packaged in impervious packages if dropped

Key words: impervious package, dropped items, event‐related sterility.

Using a normal saline solution rather than sterile water to wipe instruments and flush lumens during surgical procedures

Key words: normal saline solution, sterile water, lumens, gross soil.

Wicking versus blotting excess skin antiseptics in a gel form

Key words: wicking, blotting, skin antiseptics.

Silver‐based dressings and risk of patient injury if left in place during a surgical procedure

Key words: silver‐based dressings, surgical procedures, patient injuries.
Integrating Simulations Into Perioperative Education for Undergraduate Nursing Students
Authors: Bashaw Marie
Published: February 2016

Incorporating high‐fidelity simulations into an undergraduate nursing program's perioperative elective course capitalizes on students’ active learning. Simulations allow students the opportunity to assess and participate in clinical scenarios, apply standards, and demonstrate correct nursing actions without compromising patient safety. Incorporating a high‐risk, low‐volume malignant hyperthermia simulation experience into the undergraduate nursing curriculum emphasizes active learning and provides an opportunity for students to experience an uncommon emergency perioperative event. A high‐fidelity malignant hyperthermia simulation links a scenario with course content, incorporates didactic information from previous courses, and emphasizes the importance of debriefing.
The Psychological Mechanism of Brand Co-creation Engagement
Authors: Hsieh Sara H. , Chang Aihwa
Published: February 2016

Co-creation for brand innovation is an intriguing and rapidly growing trend in the current competitive market. Past research emphasizes the economic gains of consumer co-creation, with limited research focusing on the psychological effects engendered in the process of consumer brand co-creation. Drawing from self-determination theory and implicit self-esteem theory, the present research proposes an integrative framework for synthesizing the perceived psychological benefits and distinctive motivations in the brand co-creation process. The results indicated that brand self–connection and three perceived benefits of brand co-creation tasks (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) facilitate consumer motivations to participate in brand co-creation campaigns. These motivations facilitate the establishment of brand co-creation engagement, which in turn leads to strengthened brand relationship behavior. This research exemplifies that a well designed brand co-creation contest is a potent means which can not only enhance consumer engagement with the co-creation contest, but also turn engaged consumers into intangible assets for brand innovation.
The Impact of User Review Volume on Consumers’ Willingness-to-Pay: A Consumer Uncertainty Perspective
Authors: Wu Yinglu , Wu Jianan
Published: February 2016

Numerous studies have investigated the impact of review volume and review variance on product price, but their findings are mixed. The perspective of mismatch cost framework (e.g., Sun 2012) argues that, at the market level, the impact of review variance on product price varies with review valence due to diverse product tastes across individuals. The perspective of classic expected utility framework (e.g., Wu and Ayala Gaytán 2013; Wu et al. 2013) further argues that heterogeneous risk attitudes across individuals directly drives the varying impact of both review volume and variance on willingness-to-pay, regardless of review valence. Although both frameworks have gained good empirical support, neither of them probed whether the impact of review volume or review variance varies within an individual.

We extend the current research by focusing on the varying impact of review volume on consumers’ willingness-to-pay. Combining economic and behavioral theories of decisions under uncertainty, we argue that consumers’ preferences of uncertainty can vary both across and within individuals. The extended framework thus concludes that the impact of review volume on consumers’ willingness-to-pay not only varies across individuals with different types of uncertainty preferences, but may also change with review valence within an individual of some types of uncertainty preferences. The framework is tested using an experimental study and an empirical study. Results from both studies provide good support for this broader framework.
Doing One's Reasonable Best: What Moral Responsibility Requires
Authors: MONTMINY MARTIN
Published: February 2016

Moral responsibility, I argue, requires agents to do what is within their abilities to act morally. This means that an agent is to blame just in case his wrongdoing is due to an underperformance, that is, to a failure to do what he can to act morally. I defend this account by considering a skeptical argument about responsibility put forth by Gideon Rosen and by Michael Zimmerman. I explain why the epistemic condition they endorse is inadequate and why my alternative epistemic condition, which directly follows from my general condition on culpability, should be preferred. I then defend my view against potential criticisms.
Margination of white blood cells: a computational approach by a hydrodynamic phase field model
Authors: Marth Wieland , Aland Sebastian , Voigt Axel
Published: February 2016

We numerically investigate margination of white blood cells and demonstrate the dependency on a number of conditions including haematocrit, the deformability of the cells and the Reynolds number. The approach, which is based on a mesoscopic hydrodynamic Helfrich-type model, reproduces previous results, e.g. a decreasing tendency for margination with increasing deformability and a non-monotonic dependency on haematocrit. The consideration of inertia effects, which may be of relevance in various parts of the cardiovascular system, indicates a decreasing tendency for margination with increasing Reynolds number. The effect is discussed by analysing inertial and non-inertial lift forces for single cells under different flow conditions and large-scale two-dimensional simulations of interacting red blood cells and white blood cells in an idealized blood vessel.
Pea weevil damage and chemical characteristics of pea cultivars determining their resistance to Bruchus pisorum L.
Authors: Nikolova I.
Published: February 2016

Bruchus pisorum (L.) is one of the most intractable pest problems of cultivated pea in Europe. Development of resistant cultivars is very important to environmental protection and would solve this problem to a great extent. Therefore, the resistance of five spring pea cultivars was studied to B. pisorum: Glyans, Modus; Kamerton and Svit and Pleven 4 based on the weevil damage and chemical composition of seeds. The seeds were classified as three types: healthy seeds (type one), damaged seeds with parasitoid emergence holes (type two) and damaged seeds with bruchid emergence holes (type three). From visibly damaged pea seeds by pea weevil B. pisorum was isolated the parasitoid Triaspis thoracica Curtis (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Modus, followed by Glyans was outlined as resistant cultivars against the pea weevil. They had the lowest total damaged seed degree, loss in weight of damaged seeds (type two and type three) and values of susceptibility coefficients. A strong negative relationship (r = −0.838) between the weight of type one seeds and the proportion of type three seeds was found. Cultivars with lower protein and phosphorus (P) content had a lower level of damage. The crude protein, crude fiber and P content in damaged seeds significantly or no significantly were increased as compared with the healthy seeds due to weevil damage. The P content had the highest significant influence on pea weevil infestation. Use of chemical markers for resistance to the creation of new pea cultivars can be effective method for defense and control against B. pisorum.
Blaming the media? Folk attitudes towards the state of the English language and its ‘wrongdoers’
Authors: Ebner Carmen
Published: February 2016

Every now and then one stumbles across complaints about the decaying state of the English language. British English is under threat from American English. English is dying or just on the verge of drawing its last breath. Recurring allegations similar to these are made by worried, albeit self-opinionated, speakers who are not only quick to declare the time of death of English, but also to point the finger at who they think is to blame for these developments. As part of my PhD project on usage attitudes in British English, I included the somewhat general question ‘What do you think about the state of the English language?” in an online questionnaire which was completed by 230 informants from Great Britain in order to obtain an insight into commonly held beliefs about British English. This particular question generated answers from 176 informants who shared their personal beliefs, or rather fears, about the state of the English language. In this article, I would like to share some of the insights gained through the preliminary analysis of these answers and invite you to contribute by completing a survey on this topic.
Troublesome English translations of Taiwanese dishes
Authors: Reynolds Barry Lee
Published: February 2016

Almost every Taiwanese university has some form of an English Department, some with straightforward names (e.g., Department of English) and some with ambiguous names (e.g., Department of Applied Languages). The so-called ‘Applied Courses’ are in fact English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses covering a range of Business and Tourism topics. While pursuing my doctorate I taught these courses as an adjunct lecturer in several universities. This experience continuously reaffirmed suspicions that one particular aspect of English language education was being neglected in Taiwanese secondary and tertiary education, that is, how to translate the names of the foods and dishes that make up the culturally laden Taiwanese cuisine.
Monarchs and minnows vs. broadband and bungee jumping
Authors: Brewer Charlotte
Published: February 2016

‘Some of our predecessors in the science of lexicography thought it was part of their duty to improve the English language,’ wrote an editor of the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) in 1934 (Craigie, 1934: 26). ‘We have got beyond that stage, and consider that if it is to be improved it is not our business to do so, but record it as it was and as it is.’ Such claims for unbiased and objective descriptivism in dictionary-making became standard over the course of the twentieth century and are regularly repeated in dictionaries today. In the words of the first edition of the New Oxford Dictionary of English, published in 1998 and reprinted in many other Oxford dictionaries, ‘A good dictionary reports the language as it is, not as the editors (or anyone else) would wish it to be’ (Pearsall, 1998: xv).
ON THE USE OF THE MAST MODEL IN ASSESSMENT OF TELEMEDICINE: A COMMENT ON EKELAND AND GRØTTLAND
Authors: Kidholm Kristian , Jensen Lise Kvistgaard , Kotzeva Anna
Published: February 2016

In their article “Assessment of MAST in European Patient-Centered Telemedicine Pilots” published in this journal (1), Anne Granstrøm Ekeland and Astrid Grøttland describe the results from a questionnaire study of how MAST (Model for Assessment of Telemedicine) (2) was used and perceived by the project managers in twenty-one studies of telemedicine in the European project RENEWING HEALTH.
Attribution ofSalmonella entericaserotype Hadar infections using antimicrobial resistance data from two points in the food supply system
Authors: VIEIRA A. R. , GRASS J. , FEDORKA-CRAY P. J. , PLUMBLEE J. R. , TATE H. , COLE D. J.
Published: February 2016

A challenge to the development of foodborne illness prevention measures is determining the sources of enteric illness. Microbial subtyping source-attribution models attribute illnesses to various sources, requiring data characterizing bacterial isolate subtypes collected from human and food sources. We evaluated the use of antimicrobial resistance data on isolates ofSalmonella entericaserotype Hadar, collected from ill humans, food animals, and from retail meats, in two microbial subtyping attribution models. We also compared model results when either antimicrobial resistance or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were used to subtype isolates. Depending on the subtyping model used, 68–96% of the human infections were attributed to meat and poultry food products. All models yielded similar outcomes, with 86% [95% confidence interval (CI) 80–91] to 91% (95% CI 88–96) of the attributable infections attributed to turkey, and 6% (95% CI 2–10) to 14% (95% CI 8–20) to chicken. Few illnesses (<3%) were attributed to cattle or swine. Results were similar whether the isolates were obtained from food animals during processing or from retail meat products. Our results support the view that microbial subtyping models are a flexible and robust approach for attributingSalmonellaHadar.
Impact of marine vertebrates on Antarctic terrestrial micro-arthropods
Authors: Bokhorst Stef , Convey Peter
Published: February 2016

Traits of primary producers associated with tissue quality are commonly assumed to have strong control over higher trophic levels. However, this view is largely based on studies of vascular plants, and cryptogamic vegetation has received far less attention. In this study natural gradients in nutrient concentrations in cryptogams associated with the proximity of penguin colonies on a Maritime Antarctic island were utilized to quantify the impact of nitrogen content on micro-arthropod communities. Proximity to penguin colonies increased the nitrogen concentration of cryptogams, and the penguin source was confirmed by decreasing δ15N values at greater distances from colonies. Micro-arthropod abundance, diversity (H’) and richness declined with distance from the penguin colonies, and was positively correlated with the nitrogen concentrations of cryptogams. Δ15N of micro-arthropods was positively correlated (r2=0.865, P<0.01) with δ15N of the moss Andreaea depressinervis indicating that penguin-derived nitrogen moves through Antarctic food webs across multiple trophic levels. Nitrogen content of cryptogams was correlated with associated micro-arthropods indicating that biotic interactions affect community development in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems. The spatial patterns of Antarctic biodiversity can therefore be affected by local factors, such as marine vertebrates, beyond existing latitudinal patterns of temperature and water availability.
Unifying structured recursion schemes
Authors: HINZE RALF , WU NICOLAS
Published: February 2016

Folds and unfolds have been understood as fundamental building blocks for total programming, and have been extended to form an entire zoo of specialised structured recursion schemes. A great number of these schemes were unified by the introduction of adjoint folds, but more exotic beasts such as recursion schemes from comonads proved to be elusive. In this paper, we show how the two canonical derivations of adjunctions from (co)monads yield recursion schemes of significant computational importance: monadic catamorphisms come from the Kleisli construction, and more astonishingly, the elusive recursion schemes from comonads come from the Eilenberg–Moore construction. Thus, we demonstrate that adjoint folds are more unifying than previously believed.
The Sense-scapes of Neo-Assyrian Capital Cities: Royal Authority and Bodily Experience
Authors: Thomason Allison Karmel
Published: February 2016

This study approaches the material world of the Neo-Assyrian period in Mesopotamia from the theoretical and methodological standpoint of the field of sensory archaeology. Analysis of relevant royal inscriptions, administrative tablets, bas-reliefs and artefacts excavated from the palaces in the Assyrian capital cities of Nimrud, Khorsabad and Nineveh demonstrates that the Assyrian kings and their courtly advisors participated in activities of biopolitics. The study identifies several phenomena and features of the Assyrian world, including palaces that served as sensorial envelopes, commensal feasts, travelling processions, water-control projects and libation rituals that the Neo-Assyrian royal authority deployed in attempts to control sensory experiences. At the same time, the study reconstructs the sensory experiences of Assyrian bodies as they passed through royally curated structures and landscapes.
Abklärung der chronischen Diarrhö
Authors: Truninger Kaspar
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung. Das differenzialdiagnostische Spektrum der chronischen Durchfallerkrankungen ist vielfältig und deren Abklärung anforderungsreich. Dieser Beitrag vermittelt einen Ansatz für eine rationelle und rationale diagnostische Strategie, um einerseits eine Überdiagnostik zu vermeiden und andererseits keine bedeutenden Erkrankungen zu verpassen. Die exakte Anamnese, die körperliche Untersuchung und ein Basislabor bilden die Grundlage in der Abklärung der chronischen Diarrhö. Ist diese Primärdiagnostik unauffällig, hat die Mehrzahl der jüngeren Patienten (<50) eine funktionelle Diarrhö. Bei Patienten >50 Jahren gehört ergänzend die Koloskopie zur Primärdiagnostik. Wenn die Ursache nach dieser Diagnostik unklar bleibt, lohnt sich der Ansatz «categorize, test & treat», d.h. die Klassifizierung in entzündliche bzw. nicht-entzündliche chronische Diarrhö.
Massive Carbon Dioxide Stores Beneath Mammoth Mountain
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: February 2016

Gas in rocky pores beneath the surface of California's Mammoth Mountain could fuel dangerous carbon dioxide emissions for the next 28 to 1100 years.
James Wynne Dungey (1923–2015)
Authors: Southwood David
Published: February 2016

Dungey, whose research laid the foundation for how the Sun's magnetic field connects to Earth's magnetic field, died on 9 May 2015. He was 92.
New Model Improves Predictions of Shallow Landslides
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: February 2016

An advanced, process-based model that incorporates typically neglected processes provides new insight into the complex dynamics controlling shallow landslide formation.
Crosstalk between adipose-derived stem cells and chondrocytes: when growth factors matter
Authors: Zhong Juan , Guo Bin , Xie Jing , Deng Shuwen , Fu Na , Lin Shiyu , Li Guo , Lin Yunfeng , Cai Xiaoxiao
Published: February 2016

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and mesenchymal stem cells are promising for tissue repair because of their multilineage differentiation capacity. Our previous data confirmed that the implantation of mixed ASCs and chondrocytes into cartilage defects induced desirable in vivo healing outcomes. However, the paracrine action of ASCs on chondrocytes needs to be further elucidated. In this study, we established a co-culture system to achieve cell-to-cell and cell-to-tissue crosstalk and explored the soluble growth factors in both ASCs and chondrocytes supplemented with 1% fetal bovine serum to mimic the physiological microenvironment. In ASCs, we screened for growth factors by semi-quantitative PCR and quantitative real-time PCR and found that the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB), hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and transforming growth factor-β1 significantly increased after co-culture in comparison with mono-culture. In chondrocytes, VEGFA was significantly enhanced after co-culture. Unexpectedly, the expression of collagen II and aggrecan was significantly down-regulated in the co-culture group compared with the mono-culture group. Meanwhile, among all the growth factors screened, we found that the BMP family members BMP-2, BMP-4, and BMP-5 were down-regulated and that VEGFB, HIF-1α, FGF-2, and PDGF were significantly decreased after co-culture. These results suggest that crosstalk between ASCs and chondrocytes is a pathway through the regulated growth factors that might have potential in cartilage repair and regeneration and could be useful for tissue engineering.