bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Surrogate Biomarkers to Predict Clinical Benefit in Men with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: An Update and Review of the Literature
Authors: Armstrong Andrew J. , Febbo Phillip G.
Published: August 2009

Recurrent prostate cancer has a complex molecular etiology and a prolonged disease course. Although initially responsive to androgen ablation, many men eventually become castration resistant, develop skeletal metastases, and are palliatively treated with docetaxel-based chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bisphosphonates, and best supportive care. Given the modest success rates of the current standard of care, clinical trial enrollment is encouraged. Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a heterogeneous disease, both in clinical manifestations and outcomes, requiring an individualized approach to both patient care and trial design. Herein, we review surrogate markers of disease progression and treatment efficacy in advanced prostate cancer in light of recently published guidelines that have redefined eligibility, response criteria, and suitable endpoints in prostate cancer drug development. The guidelines have refined outcome measures to potentially better capture clinical benefit and the ability of novel targeted molecular and biologic agents to impact favorably on this disease. We consider prostate-specific antigen changes, circulating tumor cells, bone scan alterations, markers of bone metabolism (urinary N-telopeptide and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase), pain improvements, and progression-free survival. To illustrate the role and challenges of these potential biomarkers and endpoints in drug development, we discuss a class of novel molecularly targeted agents, the src kinase inhibitors. Given that there are currently no validated surrogate markers of overall survival for assessing early clinical benefit from systemic therapy in metastatic CRPC, incorporation of relevant biomarkers into all phases of clinical development is essential to accelerate drug development in this field.
A Prospective Outcomes Analysis of Palliative Procedures Performed for Malignant Intestinal Obstruction Due to Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Chi Dennis S. , Phaëton Rebecca , Miner Thomas J. , Kardos Steven V. , Diaz John P. , Leitao Mario M. , Gardner Ginger , Huh Jae , Tew William P. , Konner Jason A. , Sonoda Yukio , Abu-Rustum Nadeem R. , Barakat Richard R. , Jaques David P.
Published: August 2009

Objective.

To obtain prospective outcomes data on patients (pts) undergoing palliative operative or endoscopic procedures for malignant bowel obstruction due to recurrent ovarian cancer.

Methods.

An institutional study was conducted from July 2002 to July 2003 to prospectively identify pts who underwent an operative or endoscopic procedure to palliate the symptoms of advanced cancer. This report focuses on pts with malignant bowel obstruction due to recurrent ovarian cancer. Procedures performed with an upper or lower gastrointestinal (GI) endoscope were considered “endoscopic.” All other cases were classified as “operative.” Following the procedure, the presence or absence of symptoms was determined and followed over time. All pts were followed until death.

Results.

Palliative interventions were performed on 74 gynecologic oncology pts during the study period, of which 26 (35%) were for malignant GI obstruction due to recurrent ovarian cancer. The site of obstruction was small bowel in 14 (54%) cases and large bowel in 12 (46%) cases. Palliative procedures were operative in 14 (54%) pts and endoscopic in the other 12 (46%). Overall, symptomatic improvement or resolution within 30 days was achieved in 23 (88%) of 26 patients, with 1 (4%) postprocedure mortality. At 60 days, 10 (71%) of 14 pts who underwent operative procedures and 6 (50%) of 12 pts who had endoscopic procedures had symptom control. Median survival from the time of the palliative procedure was 191 days (range, 33–902) for those undergoing an operative procedure and 78 days (range, 18–284) for those undergoing an endoscopic procedure.

Conclusion.

Patients with malignant bowel obstructions due to recurrent ovarian cancer have a high likelihood of experiencing relief of symptoms with palliative procedures. Although recurrence of symptoms is common, durable palliation and extended survival are possible, especially in those patients selected for operative intervention.
Cancer Awareness in Atypical Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Authors: Oberic Lucie , Buffet Marc , Schwarzinger Mickael , Veyradier Agnès , Clabault Karine , Malot Sandrine , Schleinitz Nicolas , Valla Dominique , Galicier Lionel , Bengrine-Lefèvre Leila , Gorin Norbert-Claude , Coppo Paul ,   for the Reference Center for the Management of Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Published: August 2009

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Outline the clinical and biological features that would prompt a clinician to investigate an underlying malignancy in a patient suffering from thrombotic microangiopathy.Conduct additional investigation to diagnose or rule out malignancy.Formulate in timely fashion an adapted treatment plan for a patient with a cancer-associated thrombotic microangiopathy.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Remote Estimation of the Hydraulic Properties of a Sand Using Full‐Waveform Integrated Hydrogeophysical Inversion of Time‐Lapse, Off‐Ground GPR Data
Authors: Lambot Sébastien , Slob Evert , Rhebergen Jan , Lopera Olga , Jadoon Khan Zaib , Vereecken Harry
Published: August 2009

We used integrated hydrogeophysical inversion of time‐lapse, proximal ground penetrating radar (GPR) data to remotely infer the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties of a laboratory sand during an infiltration event. The inversion procedure involved full‐waveform modeling of the radar signal and one‐dimensional, vertical flow modeling. We combined the radar model with HYDRUS‐1D. The radar system was set up using standard, handheld vector network analyzer technology. Significant effects of water dynamics were observed on the time‐lapse radar data. The estimated hydraulic parameters were relatively consistent with direct characterization of undisturbed sand samples. Significant differences were particularly observed for the saturated hydraulic conductivity, which was underestimated by two orders of magnitude. Nevertheless, the use of soil hydraulic parameters derived from reference measurements failed to correctly predict water dynamics, whereas GPR‐based predictions captured some of the major features of time domain reflectometry measurements and better agreed with visual observations. These results suggest that the proposed method is promising for noninvasive, effective hydraulic characterization of the shallow subsurface and hence, monitoring of water dynamics at the field scale.
Desiccation of Unsaturated Porous Media: Intermediate‐Scale Experiments and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Oostrom M. , Wietsma T. W. , Dane J. H. , Truex M. J. , Ward A. L.
Published: August 2009

Soil desiccation (drying), involving water evaporation induced by air injection and extraction, is a potentially robust vadose zone remediation process to limit migration of inorganic or radionuclide contaminants through the vadose zone. Desiccation also has the potential to improve gas‐phase‐based treatments by reducing water saturation and therefore increasing sediment gas‐phase permeability. Before this technology can be deployed in the field, concerns related to energy limitations, osmotic effects, and potential contaminant remobilization after rewetting must be addressed. A series of detailed, intermediate‐scale laboratory experiments, using unsaturated homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, was conducted to improve our understanding of energy balance issues related to soil desiccation. The experiments were subsequently simulated with the multifluid flow simulator STOMP, using independently obtained hydraulic and thermal porous medium properties. In all experiments, the injection of dry air proved to be an effective means for removing essentially all moisture from the test media. Observed evaporative cooling generally decreased with increasing distance from the gas inlet chamber. The fine‐grained sand embedded in the medium‐grained sand of the heterogeneous system showed two local temperature minima associated with the cooling. The first one occurred because of evaporation in the adjacent medium‐grained sand, whereas the second minimum was attributed to evaporative cooling in the fine‐grained sand itself. Results of the laboratory tests were simulated accurately only if the thermal properties of the flow cell walls and insulation material were taken into account, indicating that the appropriate physics were incorporated into the simulator.
Treatment of septage in sludge drying reed beds: a case study on pilot-scale beds
Authors: Troesch S. , Liénard A. , Molle P. , Merlin G. , Esser D.
Published: August 2009

French legislation requires the control of private on-site sanitation systems by local authorities. This will result in a large increase of the quantity of sludge from septic tanks to be treated. Nevertheless, large wastewater treatment plants are not systematically able to treat this sludge because they may have reached their nominal load or they are not so numerous in rural zone to avoid too long transportation. The study concerns both the feasibility of sludge reed beds devoted to the treatment of septage and the assessment of a simultaneous treatment with aerated sludge. The experiments have been carried out on eight pilot-scale drying reed beds (2 m2) planted with Phragmites australis. Two filtration layers of either vegetal compost or sand were tested. The study is focused on the commissioning period (first vegetative year) with a loading rate of 30 kg SS m−2 yr−1. According to these operational conditions, dewatering efficiencies reached approx. 30% DM during summer but less than 20%DM in winter for each filtration layer and sludge. High removal efficiencies, with an average of 96%, 92% and 89% for SS, COD and TKN respectively, were achieved with septage whereas they were lower for the mixture of aerated sludge and septage. The dewaterability of septage and its filtration behaviour were assessed by several parameters (Capillary Suction Time, bound water) which may be some interesting tools for an optimised loading strategy.
Modelling of biofilters for ammonium reduction in combined sewer overflow
Authors: Henrichs M. , Welker A. , Uhl M.
Published: August 2009

Biofiltration has proved to be a useful system to treat combined sewer overflow (CSO). The study presented uses numerical simulation to detect the critical operating conditions of the filter. The multi-component reactive transport module CW2D was used for the simulation study. Single-event simulations of lab-scale-column experiments with varying boundary conditions regarding the throttle outflow rate were carried out. For the calibration of the CW2D model measurement results of four experiments in two lab-scale columns were used. The model was validated by simulating four events of two further columns filled with the same filter material. These columns were operating with higher throttle outflow rates than the columns used for calibration. For ammonium (NH4-N) a good fit between measured and simulated data could be achieved. However, the comparison of simulated and measured effluent concentrations of nitrate (NO3-N) showed that there is a need for further investigations mainly due to the uncertainties in the degradation process during dry periods between the loadings.
Curriculum Reform in Baccalaureate Nursing Education: Review of the Literature
Authors: Forbes Maryann O , Hickey Mary T
Published: August 2009

The debate surrounding the need for reform in nursing education has been heard for well over a decade. Recently, deficiencies in the quality of patient care, as well as patient safety issues, have led to calls for change in health professions education by nursing organizations and the Institute of Medicine (IOM). The rationale and scope of any proposed curricular revision or changes in teaching practices must be firmly grounded in a comprehensive review of the literature and based on current research findings. This article synthesizes the recent literature related to curriculum reform and innovation in nursing education. Four themes were identified in the literature: incorporating safety and quality in nursing education, re-designing conceptual frameworks, strategies to address content laden curricula, and teaching using alternative pedagogies. Synthesis of the recent literature in the field will assist faculty who are beginning the curriculum evaluation and revision process in their own schools.
Reactive Dividing-Wall Columns - Defying Equilibrium Restrictions
Authors: Kiss Anton A , Pragt J. J. , van Strien C. J. G.
Published: August 2009

This work presents an integrated reactive-distillation design based on a dividing-wall column (DWC) applied to an industrial case study within AkzoNobel. Remarkably, it is among the first industrial applications of a reactive DWC reported in literature. The benefits of this novel integrated design are the ability to overcome VLE and chemical equilibrium limitations, as well as to separate the main product as high purity side-stream. To solve the problem of a production shift required by market demand changes, we propose an innovative integrated design that combines reaction and separations into one reactive DWC that allows significant savings in capital and operating costs  up to 35% and 15%, respectively. Two scenarios are analyzed and the results of the rigorous AspenPlus simulations are provided.
Fractal Scaling in Crude Oil Price Evolution via Time Series Analysis of Historical Data
Authors: Gerogiorgis Dimitrios I
Published: August 2009

This paper presents historical price data for two different crude oil types and examines the stationarity and inherent structure in oil price variation, applying many degrees of time resolution. Time Series Analysis results are then used to identify patterns and analyze the variation timescales. A specific goal of this study is to investigate and demonstrate the presence of fractal scaling. In particular, we postulate and prove that the mean size of the absolute values of price changes obeys a fractal scaling law (a power law) and can be expressed as a function of the analysis time interval (here, the latter is an independently varying parameter, ranging from a day up to a calendar year). The fractal structure of crude oil price variation is confirmed, the drift exponent is computed and the power scaling window of validity is depicted for both types, illustrating the interplay of both short- and long-term effects on the intrinsic structure of crude oil prices before and after 2008.
Effect of Sound Wave Irradiation on Methane Conversion in DC Pulse Discharge Plasma
Authors: Okada Masaki , Nakane Tomoo , Furukawa Shigeki , Onoe Kaoru , Hiaki Toshihiko
Published: August 2009

The effects of sound wave irradiation were investigated on the efficiency of chemical reaction and product distribution in plasma field generated by DC pulse discharge. Since the discharge plasma provides high energy locally, various chemical reactions ungoverned by thermodynamics can occur. However, the discharge space is extremely confined, which restricts the conversion of feed gas. In this work, the combination of discharge plasma and sound wave irradiation, which increases the vibration motion of the medium particle, was studied. An expansion of streamer into a fan-shape was observed with the irradiation of sound wave. The expansion of the discharge space was positively correlated with the vibration speed of the medium particle (Vs). Accordingly, the effects of sound wave irradiation on the methane conversion (XCH4) were evaluated. When methane diluted in argon (mole fraction of methane was 0.1) was used as the feed gas, methane conversion increased with Vs, and XCH4 at 3.0 m/s of Vs increased to approximately twice that for no sound wave irradiation. This increase in XCH4 resulted from the improvement in the reaction probability due to expansion of the discharge field and change of discharge properties. On the other hand, hydrogen formation and oily and deposit compounds formation were slightly increased. Therefore the enhancement of reaction efficiency and the possibility of product-control of plasma reaction by sound wave combined process were suggested.
The Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Using an Oscillatory Baffled Bioreactor
Authors: Troeger Claudia N , Harvey Adam P
Published: August 2009

Biopolymers are biodegradable polymers made from renewable resources. They can be made from plants or by microorganisms. Pseudomonas putida is one such microorganism. Under nutrient limitation and carbon excess it produces polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), which are linear polyesters, to store carbon as energy resource. PHAs are biodegradable and are used in the production of bioplastics.The production of biopolymers from microorganisms is currently not cost effective, because of expensive substrates, low yields and complex downstream processing. Therefore, intensification of PHA production to achieve higher yields in smaller, more efficient equipment at lower capital costs would be an advantage.Oscillatory baffled reactors (OBRs) are a form of plug flow reactor that can be used for long residence time reactions, as the plug flow is not dependent on achievement of a certain net flow velocity in the reactor, leading to much more compact designs. Fermentations, such as the production of PHA by P. putida, show characteristically long residence times. Therefore, they could be intensified in an OBR. Since one major advantage of the OBR is its highly uniform, controllable mixing, which can be used to enhance gas-to-liquid mass transfer, it should be suitable for biological reactions. Fed-batch or continuous fermentation is a second advantage, as it should minimize substrate and product inhibition. Lower, more uniform shear rates than in a stirred tank reactor would be an additional advantage for processing shear-sensitive cells. Previous research has shown that the OBR can provide higher biomass concentrations and greater gas-liquid mass transfer than conventional fermenters. In this work, the production of PHA by P. putida KT2442 was studied. The parameters investigated here were agitation rate and temperature. It was demonstrated that PHA can be produced in the OBR. The fermentation temperature and agitation rate resulting in the highest OD and PHA yield in this parameter space were determined as 30 ± 1°C and an oscillatory Reynolds number (Reo) of 300, respectively. It was also demonstrated that using an OBR can lead to higher OD (10.8 vs 7.26) and dry cell weight (3.75 g/L vs 2.4 g/L) than in a comparable conventional stirred tank reactor.
Simultaneous Coke Reduction with Improved Syngas Production during Propane Steam Reforming using Forced CO2 Cycling
Authors: Alenazey Feraih S , Dave Chirag , El-Nashaie Said S.E.H. , Susu Alfred , Adesina Adesoji A
Published: August 2009

Carbon deposition during hydrocarbon steam reforming is often a major cause of pathological reactor performance and catalyst deactivation. In this paper, we report the effect of forced periodic cycling between propane-steam reforming feed and a carbon gasifying agent (CO2) as a novel reactor strategy to both improve product yield (H2 and CO) and catalyst longevity. Experiments were carried out over Co-Ni/Al2O3 catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor. Cycle period, ?, was varied between 5 to 20 mins at 5 different cycle splits, (0.1 ? s ? 0.9). Both H2 and CO formation rates were higher (up to 5-fold and more than 10-fold, respectively) than that attainable under steady-state operation at all periods investigated. In particular, the time-average H2:CO ratio was lower (< 3.0) than the steady-state equivalent for the pure propane steam reforming (14.0), although it increased monotonically with cycle split. Composition cycling with CO2 also improved catalyst stability and longevity compared to steady-state performance at the cycle periods examined. This strategic reactor operation is therefore a potentially useful key to green process engineering in the overall petrochemical plant design to effect greenhouse gas emission reduction.
Kernel PCA Performance in Processes with Multiple Operation Modes
Authors: Maestri Mauricio L , Cassanello Miryan C. , Horowitz Gabriel I
Published: August 2009

Kernel PCA, as a multivariate statistical process monitoring (MSPM) tool, is a powerful technique capable of coping with non linear relations between variables, thus outperforming classical linear techniques when non linearities are present in data. In real industrial chemical processes, multiple plant operating modes often lead to multiple nominal operation regions, and MSPM techniques that do not take account of this fact show increased false alarm and missing alarm rates. The existence of multiple operation modes is often more frequent than clearly expressed strong non linear relations between the variables involved. Non linear relations do exist, but the small variability allowed in key variables during normal plant operation prevents these non linear relations from being expressed in the data. In this work, a fault detection tool based on Kernel PCA is tested in such multiple operation modes environments, with final objective of implementing the tool in a real industrial installation. Robustness of the tool for coping with a certain percentage of outliers is particularly examined. The tool is applied to three case studies: (i) a two dimensional toy example, (ii) a realistic simulation usually used as a bench-mark example, known as the Tennessee Eastman Process, (iii) real data from a methanol plant. Hence, the feasibility of implementing fault detection tools based on this technique in the field of chemical industrial processes is discussed.
Analysis on a Counter-Current Flow Hemodialyzer
Authors: Loney Norman W
Published: August 2009

The closed form solution to the conjugated boundary value problem posed by a counter current hemodialyzer facilitates the estimation of the overall mass transfer coefficient. Comparison of the proposed model results with published experimental data shows good agreement for Urea and Creatinine clearances over a published range of blood and dialyzate flow rates. This model predicts clearances with a maximum error of less than 4% for both Urea and Creatinine when blood flow is 75% of the dialyzate flow. However, when both blood and dialyzate flows are identical the model over predicts the experimental data by 1.47% in the case of Urea and 4.75 for Creatinine flows of 300 ml/min. Although the concentration profile is an infinite series involving confluent hypergeometric functions, 2 terms of the series were sufficient (Mathematica notebook program) to produce these results. Overall mass transfer coefficients can now be deduced from the Sherwood numbers and provide possible improvement over currently used area coefficients.
Combining qualitative and quantitative methods in studying education
Authors: Sevkusic Slavica
Published: August 2009

In the humanities, in the last two decades, there has been an evident increase of research combining quantitative and qualitative methods, techniques, approaches, concepts or language. This paper discusses the arguments for and against these research drafts, which most often appear in literature under the title mixed methods research. While some authors consider this type of research as the announcement of the third paradigm in studying social phenomena and the approach that shifts the war between the two paradigms into the past, other authors claim that the paradigms underlying the two basic research orientations are incompatible because they study essentially different phenomena, and therefore the methods from two research traditions cannot be combined in any way. The third viewpoint, which we advocate as well, argues that qualitative and quantitative methods cannot be applied together in one draft for the purposes of triangulation or cross-validation, but that they can be combined for complementary objectives. This paper describes the example of mixed methods draft of complementary objectives in pedagogy, which refers to evaluation of mathematics curriculum. The example shows that combining qualitative and quantitative methods is not only possible, but that it creates the conditions for arriving at data which would not be possible to obtain using only one or the other approach.
On written expression of primary school pupils
Authors: Stevanovic Jelena , Maksic Slavica , Tenjovic Lazar
Published: August 2009

Normative rules of standard Serbian language are acquired during primary and secondary education through curriculum demands of Serbian language instruction, which takes place in three fields: grammar, orthography and culture of expression. Topic of interest in this paper is the quality of written expression of 6th and 7th grade pupils, in the context of all three fields specified to be mastered by the curriculum of Serbian language. Research comprised 148 primary school pupils from Belgrade. Linguistic analysis of spontaneously created written text was performed, in the conditions where it was not explicitly demanded form the pupil to write correctly. The results indicate that the majority of pupils make spelling and grammatical errors, meeting the condition for the basic level of mastering the knowledge in Serbian language according to the standards specified for the end of compulsory education. In addition to this, a considerable majority of pupils has a satisfactory level of culture of written expression. Pupils more often make spelling than grammatical errors. Seventh grade pupils are better than sixth grade pupils with respect to adhering to grammar rules and according to culture of written expression, while the mark in Serbian language and general school achievement of pupils correlate only with the degree of adhering to the orthographic rules. It was concluded that not only individual programs of support for pupils who make more errors are necessary, but also launching national projects for the development of linguistic competence of the young in Serbia.
Prevalence of lymphoplasmacytic synovitis in dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: Erne Jay B. , Goring Robert L. , Kennedy Fidelma A. , Schoenborn William C.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To determine the prevalence of lymphoplasmacytic synovitis (LPS) in dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture and compare clinical, radiographic, cytologic, and histologic findings in dogs with and without LPS.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—110 dogs with naturally occurring CCL rupture.

Procedures—Histologic examination of synovial biopsy specimens obtained at the time of surgical treatment was used to identify dogs with LPS. Clinical, radiographic, cytologic, and histologic findings were compared between dogs with and without LPS.

Results—56 (51%) dogs had histologic evidence of LPS. There were no significant differences in age, body weight, duration of lameness, severity of lameness, severity of radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease, extent of CCL rupture (partial vs complete), or gross appearance of the medial meniscus between dogs with and without LPS. Mean tibial plateau angle was significantly lower in dogs with LPS than in dogs without LPS, and dogs with LPS were significantly more likely to have neutrophils in their synovial fluid. Lymphocytes were seen in synovial fluid from a single dog with LPS.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that LPS was common in dogs with naturally occurring CCL rupture. However, only minor clinical, radiographic, cytologic, and histologic differences were identified between dogs with and without LPS.
Evaluation of hormone receptor expression for use in predicting survival of female dogs with malignant mammary gland tumors
Authors: Chang Chao-Chin , Tsai Min-Hsuan , Liao Jiunn-Wang , Chan Jacky Peng-Weng , Wong Min-Liang , Chang Shih-Chieh
Published: August 2009

Objective—To evaluate the prognostic potential of expression of hormone receptors in malignant mammary gland tumors of dogs.

Design—Cohort study.

Animals—89 female dogs with malignant mammary gland tumors and 24 female dogs with benign mammary gland tumors.

Procedures—Female dogs with malignant (n = 89 dogs) and benign (24) mammary gland tumors were evaluated to determine the prognostic value of the expression of estrogen receptor (ER)A or the progesterone receptor (PR), as determined by use of immunohistochemical methods.

Results—In this study, 68 (60.2%) and 88 (77.9%) of the 113 dogs with mammary gland tumors had expression of ERA and PR, respectively. Expression of ERA and PR was detected proportionately more frequently in benign tumors (23/24 [95.8%] and 24/24 [100%], respectively) than in malignant tumors (45/89 [50.6%] and 64/89 [71.9%]). Percentage of tumors with positive results for ERA and PR was significantly higher in tumors < 5 cm in diameter; as clinical stage I, II, or III; and without metastasis to lymph nodes or distant metastasis. However, only PR expression in tumor cells was significantly associated with 1-year survival after surgical removal of the tumor. Moreover, dogs with malignant tumors expressing ERA and PR had a significantly higher survival rate, compared with the rate for dogs with malignant tumors expressing ERA but not PR.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These findings strongly suggested that expression of PR could be used as a prognostic factor for survival, especially in female dogs with malignant mammary gland tumors with ERA expression.
Evaluation of vehicular trauma in dogs: 239 cases (January–December 2001)
Authors: Streeter Elizabeth M. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Laforcade-Buress Armelle de , Freeman Lisa M. , Rush John E.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To describe a population of dogs with vehicular trauma and to determine whether age, type and severity of injury, or preexisting disease were associated with outcome.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—239 dogs evaluated at a university referral hospital after vehicular trauma over a 12-month period.

Procedures—Patient characteristics, including age, outcome, animal trauma triage (ATT) score, treatments performed, hospital stay, cost, and preexisting disease, were recorded from medical records of dogs that had vehicular trauma. Dogs were assigned to a young, middle-aged, or geriatric age group. Categoric and continuous variables were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors to identify possible associations.

Results—239 dogs (126 males and 113 females) were evaluated following vehicular trauma during 2001: young (n = 149), middle-aged (68), and geriatric (22). The median ATT score was 3 (range, 0 to 15). Sixteen dogs had preexisting disease. Hospital stay ranged from < 1 to 28 days (median, 3 days). Cost ranged from $77 to $10,636 (median, $853). Two hundred six dogs were discharged. Twenty-six dogs were euthanatized, and 7 died. Dogs that died or were euthanatized had significantly higher ATT scores. The ATT score also was associated with a significantly higher cost of care. Dogs with multiple injuries had significantly higher ATT scores, had increased cost of care, and were significantly more likely to die or be euthanatized.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased injury severity in dogs was associated with increased mortality rates and higher cost of treatment.
Computed tomography and low-field magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism: 11 cases (2001–2003)
Authors: Auriemma Edoardo , Barthez Paul Y. , van der Vlugt-Meijer Roselinda H. , Voorhout George , Meij Björn P.
Published: August 2009

Objective—To compare the results of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary gland in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) caused by histologically confirmed pituitary adenoma.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—11 dogs with PDH that underwent transsphenoidal hypophysectomy.

Procedures—Medical records of dogs examined between January 2001 and March 2003 were reviewed. Dogs were included in this study if they had clinical signs of hypercortisolism at the time of admission (for which PDH was diagnosed) and underwent transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Pre- and postcontrast CT and low-field MRI (0.2-Tesla magnet) were performed on the same day as surgery for each dog.

Results—An abnormal pituitary gland was found in 7 dogs by use of MRI and in the same 7 dogs by use of CT. Significant differences were found between postcontrast CT and MR images for height, width, and length of the pituitary gland; brain area; and thickness of the sphenoid bone. However, the pituitary gland height-to-brain area ratio determined from postcontrast CT and MR images was not significantly different. The signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio of pre- and postcontrast MR images were significantly higher than those of the CT images.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Low-field MRI and dynamic CT imaging of the pituitary gland provided comparable information on the presence of pituitary adenomas in dogs with PDH.
Subtotal or partial unilateral arytenoidectomy for treatment of arytenoid chondritis in five calves
Authors: Nichols Sylvain , Anderson David E.
Published: August 2009

Case Description—5 calves were evaluated for abnormal respiratory noise associated with variable degrees of respiratory distress.

Clinical Findings—Tachypnea and inspiratory dyspnea were detected at initial evaluation in all calves. Endoscopic evaluation of the upper respiratory tract revealed enlarged and immobile arytenoids. Radiographic (n = 3) and computed tomographic (1) evaluation of the laryngeal area revealed images that were indicative of a large soft tissue mass at the level of the arytenoids obstructing the rima glottis. A presumptive diagnosis of arytenoid chondritis was made.

Treatment and Outcome—A tracheostomy tube was placed in all calves. Medical treatment (with antimicrobials and anti-inflammatory drugs) was attempted in 4 calves after initial evaluation. Unilateral arytenoidectomy via a laryngotomy was performed under general anesthesia in all calves. Dysphagia and coughing were the most frequent postoperative complications. Three calves survived at least 6 months after the procedure. One calf died of a perforated abomasal ulcer 3 months after the surgery. Another calf died suddenly 1 month after the surgery of an undetermined cause.

Clinical Relevance—Unilateral arytenoidectomy was a viable surgical treatment for arytenoid chondritis in calves. Further research in a larger number of affected cattle is needed to determine the advantages or disadvantages of this procedure over other surgical techniques.
Hematologic and plasma biochemical findings in cold-stunned Kemp's ridley turtles: 176 cases (2001–2005)
Authors: Innis Charles J. , Ravich Jared B. , Tlusty Michael F. , Hoge Melissa S. , Wunn Denise S. , Boerner-Neville Leslie B. , Merigo Constance , Weber E. Scott
Published: August 2009

Objective—To document hematologic and plasma biochemical values for a large number of cold-stunned Kemp's ridley turtles at the beginning of rehabilitation, to investigate differences in hematologic and plasma biochemical values of turtles that ultimately survived versus those that died, and to compare values of survivors during convalescence with initial values obtained at the time of admission.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—176 stranded, cold-stunned Kemp's ridley turtles hospitalized between 2001 and 2005.

Procedures—Hematologic and plasma biochemical values obtained at the time of admission were compared retrospectively for turtles that died versus turtles that survived. Initial results for survivors were compared with convalescent results obtained later in rehabilitation.

Results—Turtles that died had significantly greater plasma concentrations of sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and uric acid than did turtles that survived. For survivors, values obtained during convalescence for BUN concentration and plasma calcium concentration were significantly greater than initial values obtained at the time of admission, whereas values obtained during convalescence for glucose, sodium, and uric acid concentrations were significantly lower than initial values.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cold-stunned Kemp's ridley turtles may be affected by electrolyte derangements, dehydration, and decreased renal function. Hematologic and plasma biochemical evaluation of such turtles provided useful clinical and prognostic information during the rehabilitation process.
Antifungal Activity of Three Fern Extracts on Causative Agents of Groundnut Early Leaf Spot and Rust Diseases
Authors: Sahayaraj Kitherian , Francis Borgio Jesu , Raju Ganapathy
Published: August 2009

Antifungal Activity of Three Fern Extracts on Causative Agents of Groundnut Early Leaf Spot and Rust Diseases

Antimycotic activity of three fern extracts fromHemionitis arifolia(Burm.f.) Moore.,Pteridium aquilinum(Linn.) Kuhn. andChristella parasitica(Linn.) H. Lev. were evaluated against groundnut early leaf spot and rust disease causative agentsviz., Puccinia arachidisSpeg. andPhaeoisariopsis personata(Berk & M.A. Cuortis) Vanarx., espectively by mycelial dry weight method. Both the fungi were sensitive to all the three fern extracts tested. Among the extracts, chloroform extract ofH. arifoliawas found to have maximum antifungal activity against both fungi. Between these two fungi,P. personatawas found to be more sensitive to the tested plant extracts thanP. arachidis.From this study it is concluded that chloroform extract fromH. arifoliacan be utilized for managing rust and leaf spots diseases on groundnut.
Contribution to the Knowledge of the Chalcid Parasitoid Complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Agromyzid Leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from Turkey, with New Hosts and Records
Authors: Gençer Lütfiye
Published: August 2009

Contribution to the Knowledge of the Chalcid Parasitoid Complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Agromyzid Leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from Turkey, with New Hosts and Records

A total of nineteen parasitoid species were recorded from agromyzid leafminers in some sites of Middle Anatolia. These species were:Diglyphus iseae(Walker),D. pachyneurusGraham,D. crassinervisErdös,D. pusztenzis(Erdös&Novicky),D. begini(Ashmead),Baryscapussp.,Hemiptarsenus zilahisebessiErdös,Pnigalio soemius(Walker),Neochrysocharis formosa(Westwood),N. claraSzelenyi,N. arvensisGraham,N. chlorogaster(Erdös),Chrysocharis pentheus(Walker),C. phyrne(Walker),C. pubicornis(Zetterstedt),C. viridis(Nees),Pediobius metallicus(Walker) (Eulophidae),Epiclerus panyas(Walker) (Tetracampidae), andMerismussp. (Pteromalidae). Among the parasitoids reared,Diglyphus beginiandChrysocharis viridishave been for the first time found in Turkey,D. crassinervis, H. zilahisebessi, N. claraandE. panyaswere recorded fromChromatomyia horticolaandP. soemiuswas recorded fromLiriomyza strigatawere recorded for the first time.
Influence of Fusarium and Wheat Stem Sawfly Infestation on Volatile Compounds Production by Wheat Plants
Authors: Piesik Dariusz , Wenda-Piesik Anna , Weaver David , Macedo Tulio , Morrill Wendell
Published: August 2009

Influence ofFusariumand Wheat Stem Sawfly Infestation on Volatile Compounds Production by Wheat Plants

Plants that were infested by the wheat stem sawfly emitted significantly increased amounts of the secondary metabolites linalool, linalool oxide, ß-farnesene, ß-caryophyllene, and 4-heptanone in comparison to uninfested plants. Wheat plants parasitized byFusariumspecies also have emitted volatiles. The amount of volatiles released varied by infective species ofFusariumand volatile patterns varied over time for both sawfly infestation and pathogen infection. Plants that were stressed by both herbivory and pathogens emitted even greater amounts of certain volatiles. Surprisingly, larval sawfly mortality was much greater in plants infected byFusariumspecies, and both mortality and the rate of volatile release varied byFusarium. The role of these plant volatiles are further discussed in the context of defensive plant responses toFusariumand sawfly infestation.
Impact of Glomus Fasciculatum and Fluorescent Pseudomonas on Growth Performance of Vigna Radiata (L.) Wilczek Challenged with Phytopathogens
Authors: Basu Muthuramalingam , Santhaguru Karuppagnaniar
Published: August 2009

Impact ofGlomus Fasciculatumand FluorescentPseudomonason Growth Performance ofVigna Radiata(L.) Wilczek Challenged with Phytopathogens

Fusarium oxysporumandRhizoctonia solaniare the major soil-borne pathogens causing growth and yield depression. The present study focused on the ability of fluorescentPseudomonasandGlomus fasciculatumon growth performance ofVigna radiatain pathogen-infested soil. The percent colonization byG. fasciculatumindicated an increase of the presence of fluorescentPseudomonasand a decrease of the presence ofFusarium oxysporumorRhizoctonia solani. However, the reduction of colonization induced pathogen in percent was alleviated by fluorescentPseudomonas. Inoculation with either fluorescentPseudomonasorG. fasciculatumor both induced a significant increase in root and shoot length, plant vigour index, dry weight and total N and P content in V. radiata as compared to uninoculated control. The impact of inoculation was much pronounced in dual inoculated plants in comparison with those inoculated with eitherG. fasciculatumor fluorescentPseudomonas. In contrast, treatment of plants with eitherF. oxysporumorR. solanidecreased the root and shoot length, plant vigour index, dry weight and total N and P content in the test legume. However, in the presence of fluorescentPseudomonasandG. fasciculatum, the adverse effect on the pathogens on growth ofV. radiatawas alleviated.
Disappearance of Azoxystrobin, Cyprodinil, and Fludioxonil Residues on Tomato Leaves in a Greenhouse
Authors: Szpyrka Ewa , Sadło Stanisław
Published: August 2009

Disappearance of Azoxystrobin, Cyprodinil, and Fludioxonil Residues on Tomato Leaves in a Greenhouse

The objective of this work was to estimate the disappearance parameters of azoxystrobin, cyprodinil and fludioxonil initial deposits, active ingredients of Amistar 250 SC, and Switch 62,5 WG, at present, commonly used for the protection of fruits and vegetables against diseases of fungal origin. The tests were carried out on tomato plants grown in commercial greenhouses sprayed with homogenous 0.1% aqueous solution of these plant protection products. It was found that on tomato leaves azoxystrobin, cyprodinil, and fludioxonil residues dropped by half on average within 13, 9, and 31 days after treatments, respectively. Therefore, in conditions of high infection pressure, there is a need to repeat the fungicide application but not earlier than 10 days after previous application of Amistar 250 SC and Switch 62,5 WG.
The Synergists Action of Piperonyl Butoxide on Toxicity of Certain Insecticides Applied Against Helopeltis Theivora Waterhouse (Heteroptera: Miridae) in the Dooars Tea Plantations of North Bengal, India
Authors: Roy Somnath , Mukhopadhyay Ananda , Gurusubramanian Guruswami
Published: August 2009

The Synergists Action of Piperonyl Butoxide on Toxicity of Certain Insecticides Applied AgainstHelopeltis TheivoraWaterhouse (Heteroptera: Miridae) in the Dooars Tea Plantations of North Bengal, India

Higher efficacy of mixture of insecticides with synergists piperonyl butoxide (PB) was reported in controlling in the Dooars population ofHelopeltis theivoraWaterhouse. Therefore, the use of synergists as one of the countermeasures against the insecticide resistance problem ofH. theivorais recommended. The combination of deltamethrin +PB (piperonyl butoxide), quinalphos +PB and imidacloprid +PB showed 44.60, 16.01 and 11.14 folds increase of toxicity (synergistic ratio) than the respective insecticide alone. Piperonyl butoxide acted as an oxidase inhibitor. The addition of PB to some extent suppressed the resistance ofH. theivorato these insecticides, suggesting that the P450 enzyme complex may be involved in the mechanism of toxicity.
Nitrate Non-Utilizing Mutants and Vegetative Compatibility Groups of Fusarium Proliferatum and F. Sacchari Isolated from Rice in the Peninsular Malaysia and Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Izzati Mohd Zainudin Nur , Ismail Nor , Izham Mohamed Nor Nik , Razak Azmi , Mohd Sidique Siti , Salleh Baharuddin
Published: August 2009

Nitrate Non-Utilizing Mutants and Vegetative Compatibility Groups ofFusarium ProliferatumandF. SacchariIsolated from Rice in the Peninsular Malaysia and Kalimantan, Indonesia

A total of 26 isolates ofFusarium proliferatumandF. sacchariwere isolated from rice in the Peninsular Malaysia and Kalimantan, Indonesia. Spontaneous chlorate-resistant sectors (CRSs) were recovered from all wild type of bothFusariumspecies when cultured on two chlorate media. The non-utilizing (nit) mutants were generated ascrn(chlorate resistant, nitrate utilizing),nit1, nit3and nitM based on phenotyping growth-types on diagnostic media with different sources of nitrogen. Thenitmutants were paired on minimal medium (MM) for examining the vegetative compatibility. The majority ofnitmutants (32.3-46.5%) recovered werenit1.Eight and seven vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) ofF. proliferatumandF. sacchariwere identified, respectively. The isolates ofF. proliferatumandF. sacchariwere genetically diverse as shown by the number and distribution of the VCGs. No strong correlation was observed between VCGs of both species and location.
L’Emprisonnement avec sursis au Québec : impact de l’arrêt Proulx
Authors: Lehalle Sandra , Landreville Pierre , Charest Mathieu
Published: August 2009

Conditional sentencing, introduced in Canada in 1996 to reduce the practice of incarceration for sentences of less than two years, allows a convicted offender to serve his or her prison sentence in the community. This article presents the descriptive and analytical findings from unpublished, empirical research on conditional sentencing in the province of Quebec. We elaborate on the changes to probation with respect to the Proulx judgment, pronounced in 2000 by the Supreme Court of Canada, and to the management framework for this measure, implemented throughout Quebec in 2001. An analysis of the findings leads to considerable data on the evolution of conditional sentencing with respect to the clientele, the sentences and, most of all, the court-imposed conditions for conditional sentences, particularly house arrest and curfew. The breach of conditions and re-offending by convicted offenders, and the management of these relapses, complete this portrait of the use, the successes, and the failures of conditional sentencing in Quebec. These results enable us to highlight the fact that the Proulx judgment has had an important impact, in Quebec, on the judicial and administrative practices involved in conditional sentencing.
Inmate Perspectives on the Remand Crisis in Canada
Authors: Weinrath Michael
Published: August 2009

In Canada, the number of pre-trial detention cases in provincial/territorial custody has soared dramatically. The traditional proportion of sentenced to remand in the inmate population, 75% sentenced to 25% remand, has now become a 50/50 split, and this trend has been accelerating. This paper explores possible reasons for this dramatic shift, focusing particularly on the two-for-one time served credit available to offenders upon conviction. Using content analysis of open-ended survey responses, we provide a “convict” perspective both on explanations for the rise in remand rates and on potential solutions to the problem. The formal position of justice officials on use of the two-for-one policy is compared and contrasted with inmate perceptions. Study findings indicate some consistency between official and inmate explanations, but also show considerable divergence, particularly in whether or not the accused or the prosecution seek to delay the trial process. We conclude with suggestions for policy development and future research.