bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of terpenoids in the gas phase using headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME)
Authors: Zabaras D. , Wyllie S. G.
Published: August 2002

A relationship between the fibre coating/gas phase partition coefficient (Kfg) of terpenoids and their linear temperature programmed retention index (LTPRI) was derived using a group of selected monoterpenoids (with LTPRI's ≤ 1124). The accuracy of this relationship was tested by comparing calculated and experimentally measured Kfg values for the same group of 13 compounds, including monoterpene hydrocarbons, alcohols and ethers. A good agreement between the two values (RSD ≤ 11%) was found for most compounds, even when a BPX‐5 GC column was used for the determination of the LTPRI values. The derived model was then applied to the prediction of Kfg values for 37 other terpenoids found in aromatic plants. The similarity between calculated and experimentally measured Kfg values was found to be acceptable, even when the model was extrapolated for compounds with LTPRIs as high as 1481. Some of the predicted values were then applied to the quantitative determination of damage‐induced changes in the headspace concentration above Salvia officinalis L. (common sage) leaves. The relationship established in this paper enables the simple and accurate determination of terpenoids in the gas phase, using polydimethylsiloxane–solid‐phase microextraction (PDMS–SPME) at 25 °C. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses and odour descriptions of jasmine lactone and cis‐jasmone analogues bearing cyclopropane moieties
Authors: Kiyota Hiromasa , Higashi Emi , Koike Takanori , Oritani Takayuki
Published: August 2002

Analogues of jasmine lactone and cis‐jasmone, bearing cyclopropane rings instead of double bonds, were synthesized and their odour characteristics were examined. Modification of the cyclopentenone ring of cis‐jasmone reduced both the quality and the intensity of the original odour. Cyclopropanation of the pentenyl side chains did not increase the odour intensity, but it gave a fruity characteristic to the original odours of cis‐jasmone and jasmine lactone. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 3D incompressible Navier–Stokes velocity–vorticity weak form finite element algorithm
Authors: Wong K. L. , Baker A. J.
Published: August 2002

The velocity–vorticity formulation is selected to develop a time‐accurate CFD finite element algorithm for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in three dimensions.The finite element implementation uses equal order trilinear finite elements on a non‐staggered hexahedral mesh. A second order vorticity kinematic boundary condition is derived for the no slip wall boundary condition which also enforces the incompressibility constraint. A biconjugate gradient stabilized (BiCGSTAB) sparse iterative solver is utilized to solve the fully coupled system of equations as a Newton algorithm. The solver yields an efficient parallel solution algorithm on distributed‐memory machines, such as the IBM SP2. Three dimensional laminar flow solutions for a square channel, a lid‐driven cavity, and a thermal cavity are established and compared with available benchmark solutions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of target genes within an amplicon at 14q12‐q13 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yasui Kohichiroh , Imoto Issei , Fukuda Yoji , Pimkhaokham Atiphan , Yang Zeng‐Quen , Naruto Takuya , Shimada Yutaka , Nakamura Yusuke , Inazawa Johji
Published: August 2002

Comparative genomic hybridization studies have revealed frequent amplification of the 14q12‐q13 region in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESC) cell lines. To identify genes targeted for amplification, we first defined the minimal common region of amplification using fluorescence in situ hybridization in affected ESC cell lines. The amplicon covered about 6 Mb, between markers D14S1034 and L18528. Then we screened 32 ESC cell lines to discern amplifications and expression levels of 26 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that had been localized to the amplified region. Five known genes (BAZ1A, SRP54, NFKBIA, MBIP, and HNF3A) and two uncharacterized ESTs (GenBank Accession numbers AA991861 and AA167732) within the amplicon showed amplification and consequent overexpression. Two of these transcripts were amplified in three of the primary ESCs we examined. Our findings suggest that these seven genes are candidate targets of the amplification mechanism and therefore may be associated, together or separately, with development and progression of ESC. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Issues concerning association studies for fine mapping a susceptibility gene for a complex disease
Authors: Kaplan Norman , Morris Richard
Published: August 2002

The usefulness of association studies for fine mapping loci with common susceptibility alleles for complex genetic diseases in outbred populations is unclear. We investigate this issue for a battery of tightly linked anonymous genetic markers spanning a candidate region centered around a disease locus, and study the joint behavior of chi‐square statistics used to discover and to localize the disease locus. We used simulation methods based on a coalescent process with mutation, recombination, and genetic drift to examine the spatial distribution of markers with large noncentrality parameters in a case‐control study design. Simulations with a disease allele at intermediate frequency, presumably representing an old mutation, tend to exhibit the largest noncentrality parameter values at markers near the disease locus. In contrast, simulations with a disease allele at low frequency, presumably representing a young mutation, often exhibit the largest noncentrality parameter values at markers scattered over the candidate region. In the former cases, sample sizes or marker densities sufficient to detect association are likely to lead to useful localization, whereas, in the latter case, localization of the disease locus within the candidate region is much less likely, regardless of the sample size or density of the map. The effects of increasing sample size or marker density are also investigated. Based upon a single marker analysis, we find that a simple strategy of choosing the marker with the smallest associated P value to begin a laboratory search for the disease locus performs adequately for a common disease allele. We also investigated a strategy of pooling nearby sites to form multiple allele markers. Using multiple degree of freedom chi‐square tests for two or three nearby sites, we found no clear advantage of this form of pooling over a single marker analysis. Genet. Epidemiol. 20:432–457, 2001. Published by Wiley‐Liss, 2001.
On the validity of the TDT test in the presence of comorbidity and ascertainment bias
Authors: Robins James M. , Smoller Jordan W. , Lunetta Kathryn L.
Published: August 2002

Comorbidity, the association of two disorders, occurs commonly with complex diseases. In this paper, we investigate the effects of both true (within‐family) comorbidity and spurious comorbidity due to ascertainment bias on the validity of both the parental and sibling control transmission/disequilibrium test. Specifically, we consider settings in which a candidate gene is unlinked to the target phenotype but is in linkage disequilibrium with a comorbid phenotype. We derive conditions under which the presence of true and/or spurious comorbidity will result in an artificial correlation between the target phenotype and the candidate gene. Genet. Epidemiol. 21:326–336, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy of the Upper Miocene Deurne Sands (Diest Formation) of northern Belgium, southern North Sea Basin
Authors: Louwye Stephen
Published: August 2002

Diverse and well‐preserved palynomorph assemblages recovered from the Deurne Sands, a local member of the Upper Miocene Diest Formation near Antwerp, allow the recognition of dinoflagellate cyst biozones defined in the North Atlantic realm (East Coast, USA) and the North Sea region (Nieder Ochtenhausen well, northern Germany). Based on the dinoflagellate cyst assemblages and the calcareous microfossils, the deposition of the Deurne Sands took place at some time during middle to late Tortonian (Late Miocene). These sands can be correlated biostratigraphically with the Dessel Sands in the Campine area of northern Belgium. This correlation demonstrates the existence of two separate and contemporary depositional areas in northern Belgium during early Late Miocene times. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methodological limitations of economic evaluations of antenatal screening
Authors: Petrou Stavros
Published: August 2002

A review of recent economic studies of antenatal screening reveals widespread violation of accepted economic evaluation methodology. In particular, the costs and benefits of antenatal screening are often misclassified and conflated, and the non‐resource effects of averted costs are often excluded from the evaluation process. The result is a widespread violation of the explicit and systematic approaches taken by economic analysts more generally, and conclusions that may be described as misleading. This letter calls for economic analysts to be consistent in their application of economic evaluation methodology to antenatal screening programmes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of thermal sensation based on simulation of temperature distribution in a vehicle cabin
Authors: Kataoka Takuya , Nakamura Yoshiaki
Published: August 2002

Thermal comfort in an automobile is predicted with numerical simulation. The flow field and temperature distribution are solved with a grid system based on many small cubic elements which are generated automatically with cabin and passenger configuration. Simulation of temperature is combined with simulation of cooling cycle and calculation of heat transfer at the wall including solar radiation to treat transient and actual driving conditions of the vehicle. In order to evaluate thermal comfort, transitional effective temperature is calculated from simulated thermal conditions and physiologic values which are calculated by a simple model of a human thermal system. This system can well predict thermal sensation of passengers in a short period of time. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(3): 195–212, 2001
Experimental evaluation of electrode conversion efficiency of alkali metal thermal to electric converter
Authors: Tanaka Kotaro
Published: August 2002

The alkali metal thermal to electric converter (AMTEC) system which utilizes the sodium ion conductivity of a beta″‐alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) is expected to have high conversion efficiency above 30% including practical heat losses. However, the achieved experimental efficiencies have been around 15%. In this paper, current–voltage characteristics and heat and mass transfer processes on a single cell have been examined experimentally and thermal electrode conversion efficiency has been discussed. Measured electrode conversion efficiency without thermal losses showed that it was about 40% at a power density of 0.3 W/cm2. A theoretical analysis on the thermal losses has also been conducted and these losses are estimated to be 0.3 W/cm2 in a practical tube type cell, so that an actual cell system efficiency of 30% is expected. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(3): 234–244, 2001
Improving extreme hydrologic events forecasting using a new criterion for artificial neural network selection
Authors: Coulibaly Paulin , Bobée Bernard , Anctil François
Published: August 2002

The issue of selecting appropriate model input parameters is addressed using a peak and low flow criterion (PLC). The optimal artificial neural network (ANN) models selected using the PLC significantly outperform those identified with the classical root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) or the conventional Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NSC) statistics. The comparative forecast results indicate that the PLC can help to design an appropriate ANN model to improve extreme hydrologic events (peak and low flow) forecast accuracy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of prolonged hydroxytamoxifen treatment of MCF‐7 cells on mitogen activated kinase cascade
Authors: Rabenoelina Fanjaniriana , Semlali Abdelhabib , Duchesne Marie‐Josèphe , Freiss Gilles , Pons Michel , Badia Eric
Published: August 2002

Resistance to the antiestrogen tamoxifen is the main stumbling block for the success of breast cancer therapy. We focused our study on cellular alterations induced by a prolonged treatment with the active tamoxifen metabolite hydroxytamoxifen (OHT). We show that a prolonged OHT treatment (for up to 7 days) led to a progressive increase in the level of phosphorylated p44/42 mitogen activated kinase (MAP kinase) induced by 10−7 M TPA stimulation, without any significant change in the protein level. This effect was also observed in MCF‐7 cells grown first in medium containing dextran‐coated charcoal‐treated FCS (DCC medium) for 20 days prior to OHT treatment, indicating a specific effect of the antiestrogen and not an effect of estrogen deprivation. It was prevented by cotreatment with estradiol and not observed in the estrogen receptor negative HeLa cell line, suggesting that it was mediated by the estrogen receptor. TPA induced phosphorylation of MEK1/2 was also raised by OHT treatment, without any change in their protein level or Raf‐1 and H‐Ras levels. When the MCF‐7R OHT resistant cell line was grown in antiestrogen containing medium, the level of phosphorylated p44/42 MAP kinase was also high but reversed when the antiestrogen was removed. The 2 other MAP kinase, JNK and P38 pathways were not affected in the same way by OHT treatment. In conclusion, our data reveal that a prolonged OHT treatment, by increasing p44/42 MAPK activity, affects a key step in the growth control of MCF‐7 cells, although not sufficiently to overcome the growth inhibitory effect of the drug. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Local photodynamic therapy (PDT) of rat C6 glioma xenografts with Pd‐bacteriopheophorbide leads to decreased metastases and increase of animal cure compared with surgery
Authors: Schreiber Smadar , Gross Shimon , Brandis Alex , Harmelin Alon , Rosenbach‐Belkin Varda , Scherz Avigdor , Salomon Yoram
Published: August 2002

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), locally applied to solid C6 rat glioma tumors in the foot of CD1 nude mice, eradicated the primary tumor and also decreased the rate of groin and lung metastases. Pd‐Bacteriopheophorbide (Pd‐Bpheid), a novel photosensitizer synthesized in our laboratory, was used in our study. The primary lesion in the hind leg was treated by an i.v. injection of 5 mg/kg of Pd‐Bpheid and immediate illumination (650–800 nm, 360 J/cm2). This protocol and the surgical amputation of the leg were compared for local and metastasis responses. Following PDT, hemorrhage, inflammation with tumor necrosis and flattening were observed and histologically verified in the photodynamically treated tumor. Whereas local tumor control rates were up to 64% following PDT, in surgically treated animals, local tumor control was absolute. The rates of metastases in the groin and the lungs were at least 12‐fold lower in the photodynamically treated animals compared with untreated or surgery‐treated groups. The overall cure rates after PDT or surgery were 36% and 6%, respectively, at 8 weeks. These findings suggest that local PDT with Pd‐Bpheid, which acts primarily on the tumor vasculature, efficiently eradicates the solid C6 tumors. In addition, the local PDT of the primary lesion has beneficial therapeutic effects on remote C6 metastasis, which is not obtained with surgery. It is therefore suggested, that although surgery is highly efficient for the immediate removal of the primary tumor, it lacks such systemic, therapeutic effects on distant metastases. Pd‐Bpheid‐PDT may thus offer a potentially superior curative therapy for C6 glioma tumors in the limb by eradicating the target tumor and by reducing the rate of metastasis in the groin and lung, possibly due to innate immunity. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anticachectic effects of the natural herb Coptidis rhizoma and berberine on mice bearing colon 26/clone 20 adenocarcinoma
Authors: Iizuka Norio , Hazama Shoichi , Yoshimura Kiyoshi , Yoshino Shigefumi , Tangoku Akira , Miyamoto Koji , Okita Kiwamu , Oka Masaaki
Published: August 2002

We previously showed that the natural herb Coptidis rhizoma has an anticachectic effect in nude mice bearing human esophageal cancer cells. We further investigated this phenomenon by examining the anticachectic effect of C. rhizoma in syngeneic mice bearing colon 26/clone 20 carcinoma cells, which cause IL‐6–related cachexia after cell injection. We evaluated nutritional parameters such as serum glucose level and wasting of adipose tissue and muscle in tumor‐bearing and non‐tumor‐bearing mice treated with C. rhizoma (CR) supplement or a normal diet. IL‐6 levels in those mice were quantified by ELISA and real‐time RT‐PCR. CR supplementation significantly attenuated weight loss in tumor‐bearing mice without changing food intake or tumor growth. Furthermore, these mice maintained good nutritional status. IL‐6 mRNA levels in tumors and spleens and IL‐6 protein levels in tumors and sera were significantly lower in tumor‐bearing mice treated with CR supplement than in those treated with a normal diet. CR supplementation did not affect food intake, body weight, nutritional parameters and IL‐6 levels in non‐tumor‐bearing mice. An in vitro study showed that C. rhizoma and its major component, berberine, inhibited IL‐1–induced IL‐6 mRNA expression in a dose‐dependent manner in colon 26/clone 20 cells. Our results showed that C. rhizoma exerts an anticachectic effect on colon 26/clone 20–transplanted mice and that its effect is associated with tumor IL‐6 production. We also suggest that its effect might be due to berberine. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of cyclin D1 and D2 promoters by human T‐cell leukemia virus type I tax protein is associated with IL‐2–independent growth of T cells
Authors: Mori Naoki , Fujii Masahiro , Hinz Michael , Nakayama Katsushi , Yamada Yasuaki , Ikeda Shuichi , Yamasaki Yoshihiro , Kashanchi Fatah , Tanaka Yuetsu , Tomonaga Masao , Yamamoto Naoki
Published: August 2002

Our aim was to examine the involvement of G1 cell‐cycle regulators in cell growth dysregulation induced by HTLV‐I. Compared to uninfected cells, higher expression levels of cyclin D1 and D2 mRNA were detected in HTLV‐I–infected T‐cell lines, which were at least in part mediated by the viral transforming protein Tax since Tax activated both cyclin D1 and D2 promoters in the human T‐cell line Jurkat. A Tax mutant that did not activate NF‐κB failed to activate cyclin D1 and D2 promoters. Inhibitors of NF‐κB (dominant negative IκBs mutants) suppressed Tax‐dependent activation of cyclin D1 and D2 promoters, indicating that Tax‐induced activation was mediated by NF‐κB. Wild‐type and mutant Tax capable of activating NF‐κB, but not Tax mutant incapable of activating NF‐κB, converted cell growth of a T‐cell line from being IL‐2–dependent to being IL‐2–independent; and this conversion was associated with IL‐2–independent induction of cyclins D1 and D2. Our data suggest that induction of cyclins D1 and D2 by Tax is involved in IL‐2–independent cell‐cycle progression as well as IL‐2–independent transformation of primary human T cells by HTLV‐I. High expression levels of cyclin D1 and D2 mRNAs were also detected in some patients with ATL. Our findings link HTLV‐I infection to changes in cellular D‐type cyclin gene expression, transformation of T cells and subsequent development of T‐cell leukemia. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism and modification by environmental factors of stomach cancer risk in Chinese
Authors: Takezaki Toshiro , Gao Chang‐ming , Wu Jian‐zhong , Li Zhong‐you , Wang Jian‐dong , Ding Jian‐hua , Liu Yan‐ting , Hu Xu , Xu Tian‐liang , Tajima Kazuo , Sugimura Haruhiko
Published: August 2002

Oxidative stress is involved in many types of DNA damage, e.g., resulting in 8‐hydroxyguanine adducts. Since a human counterpart exists for the yeast gene OGG1 (hOGG1) encoding an enzyme that repairs 8‐hydroxyguanine, its polymorphism, Ser326Cys, might have potential as a genetic marker for cancer susceptibility. To investigate its association with stomach cancer risk and possible interactions with environmental factors, we conducted a case‐control study of 101 stomach cancer cases and 198 controls using PCR‐single‐strand conformation polymorphism and a questionnaire approach. The proportional distribution of the Cys/Cys alleles did not differ between stomach cancer cases and controls, but subgroup analyses revealed that a frequent drinking habit elevated the odds ratio (OR) for stomach cancer in Cys/Cys compared to Ser/Ser and Ser/Cys carriers. The ORs with frequent consumption of pickled vegetables and meat tended to be higher in Cys/Cys than in Ser/Ser and Ser/Cys carriers, these interactions being on the borderline of statistical significance. Our findings suggest that the hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism may alter the impact of some environmental factors on stomach cancer development. For confirmation, an additional study with a larger number of subjects is now required. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
European Union electoral rights and the political participation of migrants in host polities
Authors: Day Stephen , Shaw Jo
Published: August 2002

In 1993 the introduction of the legal framework of European Union citizenship through the Treaty of Maastricht heralded the institution of a range of limited electoral rights for EU citizens resident in other Member States. The origins of these rights lie in impulses towards the democratisation of the EU and its institutions, as well as in the search to enhance the legitimacy of the Union through the development of a concept of citizenship. This paper investigates further the implications of treating this group of EU law rights as a species of migrants' rights, and questions how far they introduce a principle of alien suffrage positing that host politiesoughtwherever possible to afford political participation rights to (long‐term) resident non‐nationals, in the interests of promoting democracy and human rights. It questions the consistency and normative effects of these rights, which specifically exclude from participation third‐country nationals, who cannot enjoy Union citizenship rights since they lack the nationality of a Member State. The paper concludes by suggesting changes to the framework of EU electoral rights which might be considered in the context of the ongoing process of constitutional and governance reform in the EU. Copyright ­© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel current‐conducting composite substrates for exposing osteoblasts to alternating current stimulation
Authors: Supronowicz P. R. , Ajayan P. M. , Ullmann K. R. , Arulanandam B. P. , Metzger D. W. , Bizios R.
Published: August 2002

The present study demonstrates that novel nanocomposites consisting of blends of polylactic acid and carbon nanotubes effectively can be used to expose cells to electrical stimulation. When osteoblasts cultured on the surfaces of these nanocomposites were exposed to electric stimulation (10 μA at 10 Hz) for 6 h/day for various periods of time, there was a 46% increase in cell proliferation after 2 days, a 307% increase in the concentration of extracellular calcium after 21 consecutive days, and upregulation of mRNA expression for collagen type‐I after both 1 and 21 consecutive days. These results provide evidence that electrical stimulation delivered through novel, current‐conducting polymer/nanophase composites promotes osteoblast functions that are responsible for the chemical composition of the organic and inorganic phases of bone. Furthermore, this evidence elucidates aspects of the cellular/molecular‐level mechanisms involved in new bone formation under electrical stimulation. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 499–506, 2002
Enron's Lesson: Rebuild Internal Auditing Now!
Authors: Smith Gordon
Published: August 2002

The Enron debacle proves that outsourcing the internal audit department is a bad idea. Now is the time to get
rid of the outsourcers and strengthen your own internal auditing. The author gives some valuable tips on making it
stronger, smarter, and flexible. © Canaudit Inc.: The Canaudit Perspective, February
2002
Information Technology Is Out—Knowledge Sharing Is In
Authors: Douglas Priscilla H.
Published: August 2002

Knowledge in action drives business success. Real value—as measured by growth, market share, and customer
loyalty—results only when organizations can learn from and apply information. Successful enterprises will
adopt a business strategy that fully exploits the potential of knowledge sharing to achieve a sustainable market
advantage. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PKC‐MEK‐MAPK‐dependent signal transduction pathway mediates the stimulation of lysyl oxidase expression by serum and PDGF in rat aortic smooth muscle cells
Authors: Smith‐Mungo Lynda , Kagan Herbert M.
Published: August 2002

Lysyl oxidase (LO) plays a critical role in the stabilization and insolubilization of fibrous structural proteins of the extracellular matrix and has been implicated in the suppression of Ras‐induced tumorigenesis. Several prior reports demonstrate that the expression of this catalyst is strongly influenced by a variety of effectors of cell function and is responsive to the growth state of fibrogenic cells. Using specific inhibitors of components of signal transduction pathways, the present study reveals that a PKC‐MEK‐MAPK‐dependent pathway is critical to the enhanced expression of the LO gene in response to variations in the levels of the serum component of the growth medium and in response to platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF). PDGF is shown to be the major component of fetal bovine serum, which stimulates the activity of a LO promoter construct. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 775–784, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in the expression of annexin A5 gene during in vitro chondrocyte differentiation: Influence of cell attachment
Authors: Turnay Javier , Olmo Nieves , Lizarbe M. Antonia , Mark Klaus von der
Published: August 2002

Several lines of evidence indicate that annexin A5, a membrane‐associated protein with calcium‐channel activity, plays a key role in cartilage calcification during endochondral ossification. As a major constituent of cartilage matrix vesicles, which are released from microvilli of hypertrophic chondrocytes, it is involved in calcium uptake necessary for the initial stages of cartilage calcification. Little is known, however, concerning transcriptional regulation of the annexin A5 gene during chondrocyte differentiation. Here, we report on changes in annexin A5 expression by measuring mRNA and protein levels during in vitro differentiation of chick sternal chondrocytes to the hypertrophic phenotype. Terminal differentiation of mature sternal chondrocytes was achieved in the presence of sodium ascorbate in high‐density cultures growing either in monolayer or over agarose as cell aggregates. Differentiation of chondrocytes to hypertrophic cells was followed by morphological analysis and by the onset of type X collagen expression. High expression levels of annexin A5 mRNA were detected in chondrocytes freshly isolated from the sterna by enzymatic digestion and subsequently in cells growing in monolayer, but annexin A5 gene transcription was rapidly downregulated when cells were grown in suspension as aggregates over agarose. However, protein levels did not decrease probably due to its low turnover rate. In suspension culture, annexin A5 mRNA reappeared after 3 weeks concomitantly with segregation of the aggregates into single cells and onset of chondrocyte hypertrophy. The downregulation of annexin A5 expression in cells growing as matrix‐rich aggregates was reverted when extracellular matrix components were removed and cells were reseeded onto tissue culture plastic, suggesting that cell spreading, formation of focal contacts and stress fibers stimulated annexin A5 expression in proliferating as well as in hypertrophic chondrocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 132–142, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of signal transduction pathways and promoter sequences that mediate parathyroid hormone 1–38 inhibition of osteoprotegerin gene expression
Authors: Halladay David L. , Miles Rebecca R. , Thirunavukkarasu Kannan , Chandrasekhar Srinivasan , Martin T. J. , Onyia Jude E.
Published: August 2002

Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a secreted member of the tumor necrosis receptor superfamily, is a potent inhibitor of osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), a potent inducer of osteoclast formation, suppresses OPG mRNA expression in vitro and in vivo. To determine the molecular basis of this inhibition, we analyzed the effects of PTH on the human OPG promoter (−5917 to +19) fused with β‐galactosidase reporter gene in stable and transient transfections into rat osteoblast‐like UMR106 cells. The effect of PTH on OPG promoter expression was biphasic and concentration‐dependent. PTH (1–100 nM) induced the transcriptional activity of the OPG promoter (1.7‐fold) at 8 h followed by a gradual decrease with maximal inhibition (6.6‐fold) at 24–48 h. To ascertain the signal transduction pathways mediating PTH (1–38) effects on OPG gene expression, we compared the effects of PTH with PTH analogs, parathyroid hormone‐related protein 1–34 (PTHrP 1–34), forskolin, 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine (IBMX), dibutyryl cAMP, phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate (PMA), thapsigargin and calcium ionophore A23187. PTH 1–31 and PTHrP 1–34, which stimulate the cAMP/PKA pathway, and other activators of cAMP/PKA, forskolin, IBMX, N6, O2′‐dibityryl adenosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (dibutyryl cAMP), all elicited a similar biphasic response on OPG promoter expression. PTH analogs PTH 3–34 and PTH 7–34, that do not stimulate cAMP production, had no effect on OPG expression. In contrast, phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate (PMA), an activator of PKC, stimulated OPG promoter expression, while thapsigargin and calcium ionophore A23187, which increase intracellular Ca2+, showed a dose‐dependent inhibition of OPG promoter expression. To delineate the promoter sequences that mediate the inhibitory effects of PTH on OPG transcription, we analyzed systematic deletions of the OPG promoter for responsiveness in transient transfection assays. The major inhibitory effects of PTH were localized to 391 bp (−372 to +19) of the proximal promoter. Deletions of the promoter region led to a complete loss of responsiveness. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the inhibitory effects of PTH on OPG are mediated at the transcriptional level through cis elements in the proximal promoter. The similar biphasic response of OPG to PTH, PTH 1–31, PTHrP 1–34, forskolin, IBMX and dibutyryl cAMP suggests that PTH regulates OPG transcription via activation of the cAMP/PKA signal transduction pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 1–11, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further results on the maximum size of a hole in an incomplete t‐wise balanced design with specified minimum block size*
Authors: Adamczak I. , Kreher D. L. , Ling A. C. H. , Rees R. S.
Published: August 2002

Kreher and Rees 3 proved that if h is the size of a hole in an incomplete balanced design of order υ and index λ having minimum block size $k \ge t+1$, then,

They showed that when t = 2 or 3, this bound is sharp infinitely often in that for each h ≥ t and each k ≥ t + 1, (t,h,k) ≠(3,3,4), there exists an ItBD meeting the bound. In this article, we show that this bound is sharp infinitely often for every t, viz., for each t ≥ 4 there exists a constant Ct > 0 such that whenever (h − t)(k − t − 1) ≥ Ct there exists an ItBD meeting the bound for some λ = λ(t,h,k). We then describe an algorithm by which it appears that one can obtain a reasonable upper bound on Ct for any given value of t. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 10: 256–281, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jcd.10014
Significance of cerebrospinal fluid adenosine deaminase isoenzymes in tuberculous (TB) meningitis
Authors: Schutte C.‐M. , Ungerer J.P.J. , du Plessis H. , van der Meyden C.H.
Published: August 2002

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) exists as two isoenzymes, ADA1 and ADA2. It appears that the ADA2 isoenzyme originates mainly from monocytes and macrophages. In tuberculous pleural effusions most of the ADA activity consists of ADA2. The aim of this prospective study was to analyse ADA isoenzymes in the CSF of patients with meningitis to investigate whether the expected rise of the ADA2 isoenzyme would occur in tuberculous meningitis. ADA isoenzyme analysis was performed on the CSF of 15 patients with tuberculous and 11 patients with bacterial meningitis by an automated kinetic enzyme coupled assay in the presence and absence of a specific ADA inhibitor. The ratio of ADA2/ADATotal was >0.8 in 14/15 patients with tuberculous meningitis. In bacterial meningitis the ratio was ≥0.8 in 10/11 patients. The ADA2 isoenzyme is the major contributor to increased ADA activity in the CSF of patients with tuberculous meningitis, probably reflecting the monocyte–macrophage origin of the ADA. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:236–238, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A contemporary psychoanalytic model of countertransference
Authors: Gabbard Glen O.
Published: August 2002

Over the last 100 years, countertransference has evolved from a narrow construct referring to the analyst's transference to the patient to a jointly created phenomenon that is ever‐present in the psychotherapeutic situation. In recent years, a myriad of theoretical perspectives have begun to converge around the view that countertransference is partly determined by the therapist's preexisting internal object world and partly influenced by feelings induced by the patient. Countertransference is now regarded as inevitable, and minor enactments of countertransference may provide valuable information about what is being recreated in the therapist–patient dyad. Self‐disclosure of countertransference may be useful in some situations, but the sharing of some feelings will overwhelm patients and burden them in a way that may be destructive to the therapeutic process. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 57: 983–991, 2001.
Regulation of human eosinophil NADPH oxidase activity: A central role for PKCδ
Authors: Bankers‐Fulbright Jennifer L. , Kita Hirohito , Gleich Gerald J. , O'Grady Scott M.
Published: August 2002

Eosinophils play a primary role in the pathophysiology of asthma. In the lung, the activation state of the infiltrating eosinophils determines the extent of tissue damage. Interleukin‐5 (IL‐5) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) are important signaling molecules involved in eosinophil recruitment and activation. However, the physiological processes that regulate these activation events are largely unknown. In this study we have examined the mechanisms of human eosinophil NADPH oxidase regulation by IL‐5, LTB4, and phorbol ester (PMA). These stimuli activate a Zn2+‐sensitive plasma membrane proton channel, and treatment of eosinophils with Zn2+ blocks superoxide production. We have demonstrated that eosinophil intracellular pH is not altered by IL‐5 activation of NADPH oxidase. Additionally, PKCδ inhibitors block PMA, IL‐5 and LTB4 mediated superoxide formation. Interestingly, the PKCδ‐selective inhibitor, rottlerin, does not block proton channel activation by PMA indicating that the oxidase and the proton conductance are regulated at distinct phosphorylation sites. IL‐5 and LTB4, but not PMA, stimulated superoxide production is also blocked by inhibitors of PI 3‐kinase indicating that activation of this enzyme is an upstream event common to both receptor signaling pathways. Our results indicate that the G‐protein‐coupled LTB4 receptor and the IL‐5 cytokine receptor converge on a common signaling pathway involving PI 3‐kinase and PKCδ to regulate NADPH oxidase activity in human eosinophils. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the aquaporin 8 water channel in a rat salivary epithelial cell line†
Authors: Hoque A.T.M. Shamsul , Yamano Seiichi , Liu Xibao , Swaim William D. , Goldsmith Corinne M. , Delporte Christine , Baum Bruce J.
Published: August 2002

Aquaporins are a family of water channels considered to play an important role in fluid transport across plasma membranes. Among the reported isoforms, relatively little is known about the functional role of aquaporin 8 (AQP8), and there are no cell lines known to express the AQP8 protein. We report here that the rat submandibular epithelial cell line, SMIE, expresses AQP8. Using RT‐PCR, the presence of mRNA for AQP8 was demonstrated in these cells. Confocal immunofluorescence experiments revealed that the AQP8 protein is primarily present in the apical membranes of SMIE cells. When grown as a polarized monolayer on collagen coated polycarbonate filters, and exposed on their apical surface to different hyperosmotic (440, 540, or 640 mOsm) solutions, net fluid movement across SMIE cells was 8–25‐fold that seen under isosmotic conditions. Similarly, when grown on coverslips and then exposed to a hypertonic solution, SMIE cells shrunk as a function of time. Together, these results suggest that SMIE cells endogenously express functional AQP8 water channels. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adhesion of epithelial cells to fibronectin or collagen I induces alterations in gene expression via a protein kinase C‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Lam Kirby , Zhang Lianfeng , Yamada Kenneth M. , Lafrenie Robert M.
Published: August 2002

Adhesion of human salivary gland (HSG) epithelial cells to fibronectin‐ or collagen I gel‐coated substrates, mediated by β1 integrins, has been shown to upregulate the expression of more than 30 genes within 3–6 h. Adhesion of HSG cells to fibronectin or collagen I for 6 h also enhanced total protein kinase C (PKC) activity by 1.8–2.3‐fold. HSG cells expressed PKC‐α, γ, δ, ε, μ, and ζ. Adhesion of HSG cells to fibronectin or collagen I specifically activated PKC‐γ and PKC‐δ. Cytoplasmic PKC‐γ and PKC‐δ became membrane‐associated, and immunoprecipitated PKC‐γ and PKC‐δ kinase activities were enhanced 2.5–4.0‐fold in HSG cells adherent to fibronectin or collagen I. In addition, adhesion of fibronectin‐coated beads to HSG monolayers co‐aggregated β1 integrin and PKC‐γ and PKC‐δ but not other PKC isoforms. Thus, integrin‐dependent adhesion of HSG cells to fibronectin or collagen I activated PKC‐γ and PKC‐δ. The role of this PKC upregulation on adhesion‐responsive gene expression was then tested. HSG cells were treated with the specific PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I, cultured on non‐precoated, fibronectin‐ or collagen I‐coated substrates, and analyzed for changes in adhesion‐responsive gene expression. Bisindolylmaleimide I strongly inhibited the expression of seven adhesion‐responsive genes including calnexin, decorin, S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, steroid sulfatase, and 3 mitochondrial genes. However, the expression of two adhesion‐responsive genes was not affected by bisindolylmaleimide I. Treatment with bisindolylmaleimide I did not affect cell spreading and did not significantly affect the actin cytoskeleton. These data suggest that adhesion of HSG cells to fibronectin or collagen I induces PKC activity and that this induction contributes to the upregulation of a variety of adhesion‐responsive genes. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupational toxic risks in dental laboratory technicians
Authors: Choël Léon , Grosgogeat Brigitte , Bourgeois Denis , Descotes Jacques
Published: August 2002

Dental laboratory technicians use a wide range of materials and techniques. They are thus subject to occupational exposures of many different kinds. The aim of this review is to present the circumstances of exposure, the related risks, and the epidemiological data available in the literature. Exposures to metals, waxes, resins and silica can cause irritation or allergic reactions, affecting either the skin or the respiratory tract. The risks of benign pneumoconiosis induced by hard metals are well documented. A prevalence of 15.4% after 20 or more years of exposure has been reported, whereas the prevalence in the general population is less than 1%. Malignant pneumoconiosis is caused by dust from crystalline silica, asbestos or beryllium. Silicosis is the most common occupational disease among dental technicians, while for berylliosis the risk is not well documented. Isolated cases of systemic autoimmune diseases have been observed. No study has yet demonstrated a link between these diseases and occupational exposure of dental technicians. Silica is known to provoke systemic scleroderma, but its role in prosthetists remains to be established. The first steps in prevention are the identification, classification and evaluation of exposure and the effects of that exposure on the health of exposed workers. Reduction or elimination of exposure by collective or individual protective measures are the best modalities of prevention.Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of adrenomedullin expression and release
Authors: Minamino Naoto , Kikumoto Katsuro , Isumi Yoshitaka
Published: August 2002

Adrenomedullin (AM) was originally identified in the extracts of human pheochromocytoma tissue, but this peptide is now known to be synthesized and secreted from many kinds of cells in the body, including vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, cardiac myocytes, epithelial cells, and cancer cells. In this review, we summarize AM‐secreting and AM gene‐expressing cells in addition to the regulation of secretion and gene expression of AM. Although the data are still limited to deduce the general features of AM gene expression, synthesis, and secretion, AM is assumed to be classified into the new class of biologically active peptides, which is mainly expressed and secreted from non‐endocrine type cells by the stimulation with inflammation‐related substances. It is also interesting that serious physiological conditions such as inflammation or hypoxia potently stimulate AM expression and release, suggesting its unique physiological function distinct from other known biologically active peptides. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:28–39, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenovirus infection targets the cellular protein kinase CK2 and RNA‐activated protein kinase (PKR) into viral inclusions of the cell nucleus
Authors: Souquere‐Besse Sylvie , Pichard Evelyne , Filhol Odile , Legrand Valerie , Rosa‐Calatrava Manuel , Hovanessian Ara G. , Cochet Claude , Puvion‐Dutilleul Francine
Published: August 2002

The effects of the adenovirus infection on the distribution of the cellular protein kinase CK2 and double‐stranded RNA‐activated protein kinase (PKR) were examined at the ultrastructural level. Immunogold labeling revealed the redistribution of CK2 subunits and PKR to morphologically distinct structures of the cell nucleus. The electron‐clear amorphous structures, designated pIX nuclear bodies in our previous work (Rosa‐Calatrava et al., 2001), contained CK2 α and PKR. The protein crystals, which result from the regular assembly of hexon, penton base, and fiber proteins [Boulanger et al. (1970) J Gen Virol 6:329–332], contained CK2 β and PKR. Both viral structures were devoid of viral RNA, including the PKR‐inhibitor VA1 RNA generated by the RNA polymerase III. Instead, VA1 RNA accumulated in PKR‐free viral compact rings in which the viral RNA generated by the RNA polymerase II was excluded. Microsc. Res. Tech. 56:465–478, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex change in the protandrous black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli: A review in gonadal development, estradiol, estrogen receptor, aromatase activity and gonadotropin
Authors: Lee Yan‐Horn , Du Jin‐Lien , Yueh Wen‐Shiun , Lin Bih‐Yun , Huang Jing‐Duan , Lee Cheng‐Yen , Lee Mong‐Fong , Lau En‐Lieng , Lee Fang‐Yi , Morrey Craig , Nagahama Yoshitaka , Chang Ching‐Fong
Published: August 2002

Black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli Bleeker, a marine protandrous hermaphrodite, is functional male for the first two years of life but begins to sexually change to female after the third year. Testicular tissue and ovarian tissue was separated by connective tissue in the bisexual gonad. This sex pattern provides a very good model to study the endocrine mechanism of sex change in fish. The annual profiles of plasma estradiol, vitellogenin and 11‐ketotestosterone concentrations in males were significantly different from those in the three‐year‐old females. Significantly high levels of plasma estradiol during the prespawning/spawning season and low levels of plasma 11‐ketotestosterone during the spawning season were observed in the inversing females. No difference of plasma testosterone levels was observed in males and females. Oral administration of estradiol stimulated high levels of gonadal aromatase activity, plasma gonadotropin II levels and sex change in the two‐year‐old fish. Exogenous estradiol administered for 5–6 months induced a reversible sex change in one‐ and two‐year‐old fish. The sensitive period for estradiol treatment of sex change is from early prespawning to spawning season. Implantation with testosterone for more than a year could not block the natural sex change in three‐year‐old fish. Exogenous aromatase inhibitors (1,4,6‐androstatriene‐3,17‐dione or fadrozole) suppressed aromatase activity in the brain. Oral administration with aromatase inhibitors for a year further inhibited the natural sex change in three‐year‐old black porgy and all fish became functional male with spermiation. Estrogen receptor α gene in the ovarian tissue of bisexual gonad is significantly less expressed than that in the vitellogenic ovary of female on the basis of reverse‐transcription polymerase‐chain reaction. There was no difference in the annual profiles of the plasma gonadotropin II levels in the males and natural inversing females. Plasma gonadotropin II levels were significantly higher in estradiol‐treated group than those in the control. It is concluded that estradiol, aromatase activity and estrogen receptor in the ovarian tissue play an important role in the natural and controlled sex change in black porgy. The association of gonadotropin and sex change in black porgy is not clear. J. Exp. Zool. 290:715–726, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is there a BOLD response of the visual cortex on stimulation of the vision‐related acupoint GB 37?
Authors: Gareus Isabel K. , Lacour Michael , Schulte Anja‐Carina , Hennig Juergen
Published: August 2002

Purpose

To determine whether or not acupuncture of guangming (GB 37) produces a significant response of the visual cortex detectable by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Materials and Methods

This study investigates the activation of the visual cortex elicited by a soft and an intensified stimulation of GB 37, an acupoint documented to influence vision‐related disorders. Three different paradigms were carried out to detect any possible modulation of the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD)‐response in the visual cortex to visual stimulation through acupuncture.

Results

The percentage signal changes in the visual stimulation cycles did not significantly differ before vs. during acupuncture.

Conclusion

Whereas no BOLD‐response correlating with acupuncture was detected in the visual cortex, BOLD‐signal‐changes in response to needle twisting were detected in different cortical areas. Further studies are necessary to clarify whether these clusters correlate to inevitable somatosensory stimulation accompanying acupuncture or represent an acupuncture‐specific response. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:227–232. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.