bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Neural-Network-Based Lossless Image Coder with Preprocessed Input Data
Authors: Ulacha Grzegorz , Stasinski Ryszard
Published: February 2025

It is shown in this paper that the appropriate preprocessing of input data may result in an important reduction of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) training time and simplification of its structure, while improving its performance. The ANN is working as a data predictor in a lossless image coder. Its adaptation is done for each coded pixel separately; no initial training using learning image sets is necessary. This means that there is no extra off-line time needed for initial ANN training, and there are no problems with network overfitting. There are two concepts covered in this paper: Replacement of image pixels by their differences diminishes data variability and increases ANN convergence (Concept 1); Preceding ANN by advanced predictors reduces ANN complexity (Concept 2). The obtained codecs are much faster than one without modifications, while their data compaction properties are clearly better. It outperforms the JPEG-LS codec by approximately 10%.
Multi-User Activity Recognition Using Plot Images Based on Ambiental Sensors
Authors: Alexan Anca Roxana , Alexan Alexandru Iulian , Oniga Stefan
Published: February 2025

Artificial intelligence has increasingly taken over various aspects of daily life, resulting in the proliferation of smart devices and the development of smart living and working environments. One significant domain within this technological advancement is human activity recognition, which includes a broad spectrum of applications such as patient monitoring and supervision of children’s activities. In this research, we endeavor to design a human activity recognition system that effectively analyzes multi-user data through a machine learning framework centered on graphical plot images. The proposed methodology uses a PIR sensor-based system. This system uses a two-stage process; the first one involves generating new image datasets as density map images and graphical representations based on the Kyoto CASAS multi-user dataset. In the second stage, the generated data are provided to a sequential convolutional neural network, which predicts the 16 activities developed by two users. To generate the new datasets, we only used data from ambient sensors, which were organized in windows. We tested many types of window dimensions and extra features such as temporal aspect and the limitation of two activities in one window. The neural network was optimized by increasing the deconvolutional layers and adding the AdamW optimizer. The results demonstrate the viability of this method, evidencing an accuracy rate of 83% for multi-user activity and an accuracy rate of 99% for single-user activity. This study successfully achieved its objective of identifying an efficient activity recognition methodology and a data image representation. Furthermore, future enhancements are anticipated by integrating data sourced from PIR sensors, with information gathered from user-personal devices such as smartphones. This approach is also applicable to real-time recognition systems.
Collision Avoidance Behavior Mining Model Considering Encounter Scenarios
Authors: Chen Shuzhe , Zhang Chong , Wu Lei , Wang Ziwei , Wu Wentao , Li Shimeng , Gao Haotian
Published: February 2025

With the development of intelligent waterborne transportation, mining collision avoidance patterns based on spatiotemporal and motion data of ships are crucial for the autonomous navigation of intelligent ships, which requires accurate collision avoidance information under various encounter scenarios. Addressing the existing issues of low precision and false detection in data mining algorithms, this paper proposes a collision avoidance behavior mining model considering encounter scenarios. The model is based on the Automatic Identification System (AIS) and the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs); it firstly identifies ship collision avoidance turning points by analyzing trajectory curvature with turning and recovering factors. Then, by combining AIS data and the specific navigational environment, it matches the ship encounter pairs and determines the encounter scenarios. Comparative experiments show that the model demonstrates superior accuracy in various scenarios compared to traditional algorithm. Finally, the model was applied to AIS data east of the Yangtze River Estuary, recognizing a total of 827 instances of ship collision avoidance behavior under different encounter scenarios. The case study shows that the model can precisely mine collision avoidance information, laying a solid foundation for future research on autonomous collision avoidance decision making for intelligent ships.
Crashing Fault Residence Prediction Using a Hybrid Feature Selection Framework from Multi-Source Data
Authors: Liu Xiao , Fang Xianmei , Sun Song , Gao Yangchun , Yang Dan , Yan Meng
Published: February 2025

The inherent complexity of modern software frequently leads to critical issues such as defects, performance degradation, and system failures. Among these, system crashes pose a severe threat to reliability, as they demand rapid fault localization to minimize downtime and restore functionality. A critical step of fault localization is predicting the residence of crashing faults, which involves determining whether a fault is located within the stack trace or outside it. This task plays a crucial role in software quality assurance by enhancing debugging efficiency and reducing testing costs. This study introduces SCM, a two-stage composite feature selection framework designed to address this challenge. The SCM framework integrates spectral clustering for feature grouping, which organizes highly correlated features into clusters while reducing redundancy and capturing non-linear relationships. Maximal information coefficient analysis is then applied to rank features within each cluster and select the most relevant ones, forming an optimized feature subset. A decision tree classifier is then applied to predict the residence of crashing faults. Extensive experiments on seven open-source software projects show that the SCM framework outperforms seven baseline methods, which include four classifiers and three ranking approaches, across four evaluation metrics such as F-measure, g-mean, MCC, and AUC. These results highlight its potential in improving fault localization.
The Antimicrobial Potential of Actinomycetes Isolated from Marine Soils in Tyre City Beach, Lebanon: A Promising Source of Novel Bioactive Metabolites
Authors: Dhaini Hassan K. , Khalil Mahmoud I. , El Hajj Rana
Published: February 2025

The development of extensive antibiotic resistance has created an urgent demand to identify novel sources of antimicrobial agents. Interest in actinomycetes has become prevalent around the world because of their ability to generate several beneficial bioactive metabolites. In the present study, 32 marine soil samples were collected from Tyre City Beach, Lebanon, in different seasons. A total of 10 actinomycetes species were identified and characterized depending on their microscopic features. All isolates were tested for their potential to exert antimicrobial activities against varied microorganisms using cross-streak and agar well diffusion methods. All isolates displayed significant antimicrobial activities against the tested indicator microorganisms. Similarly, all 10 isolates of marine actinomycetes exhibited antifungal activity in cross-streak tests against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. Moreover, the optimum conditions used to enhance the production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites against Bacillus cereus were tested for the three isolates Kocuria rosea, Micrococcus luteus, and Streptomyces longisporoflavus. Our results indicate that actinomycetes isolated from Tyre City Beach, Lebanon, represent a promising source of antimicrobial bioactive substances.
Error Estimators for a Krylov Subspace Iterative Method for Solving Linear Systems of Equations with a Symmetric Indefinite Matrix
Authors: Alibrahim Mohammed , Darvishi Mohammad Taghi , Reichel Lothar , Spalević Miodrag M.
Published: February 2025

This paper describes a Krylov subspace iterative method designed for solving linear systems of equations with a large, symmetric, nonsingular, and indefinite matrix. This method is tailored to enable the evaluation of error estimates for the computed iterates. The availability of error estimates makes it possible to terminate the iterative process when the estimated error is smaller than a user-specified tolerance. The error estimates are calculated by leveraging the relationship between the iterates and Gauss-type quadrature rules. Computed examples illustrate the performance of the iterative method and the error estimates.
On Zero-Divisor Graphs of Zn When n Is Square-Free
Authors: Alnefaie Kholood , Gammi Nanggom , Rahman Saifur , Ali Shakir
Published: February 2025

In this article, some properties of the zero-divisor graph Γ(Zn) are investigated when n is a square-free positive integer. It is shown that the zero-divisor graph Γ(Zn) of ring Zn is a (2k−2)-partite graph when the prime decomposition of n contains k distinct square-free primes using the method of congruence relation. We present some examples, accompanied by graphic representations, to achieve the desired results. It is also obtained that the zero-divisor graph Γ(Zn) is Eulerian if n is a square-free odd integer. Since Zn is a semisimple ring when n is square-free, the results can be generalized to characterize semisimple rings and modules, as well as rings satisfying Artinian and Noetherian conditions through the properties of their zero-divisor graphs. We endeavored to show that Γ(R) is a partite graph with a certain condition on n and also that Γ(R) is a complete graph when n=p2 for a prime p as part of a corollary. To prove these results, we employed the assistance of several theoretic congruence relations that grabbed our attention, making the investigation more interesting.
A Large Sample Study of Fuzzy Least-Squares Estimation
Authors: Yoon Jin Hee , Choi Seung Hoe
Published: February 2025

In many real-world situations, we deal with data that exhibit both randomness and vagueness. To manage such uncertain information, fuzzy theory provides a useful framework. Specifically, to explore causal relationships in these datasets, a lot of fuzzy regression models have been introduced. However, while fuzzy regression analysis focuses on estimation, it is equally important to study the mathematical characteristics of fuzzy regression estimates. Despite the statistical significance of optimal properties in large-sample scenarios, only limited research has addressed these topics. This study establishes key optimal properties, such as strong consistency and asymptotic normality, for the fuzzy least-squares estimator (FLSE) in general linear regression models involving fuzzy input–output data and random errors. To achieve this, fuzzy analogues of traditional normal equations and FLSEs are derived using a suitable fuzzy metric. Additionally, a confidence region based on FLSEs is proposed to facilitate inference. The asymptotic relative efficiency of FLSEs, compared to conventional least-squares estimators, is also analyzed to highlight the efficiency of the proposed estimators.
Commercial NIRS May Not Detect Hemispheric Regional Disparity in Continuously Measured COx/COx-a: An Exploratory Healthy and Cranial Trauma Time-Series Analysis
Authors: Sainbhi Amanjyot Singh , Froese Logan , Stein Kevin Y. , Vakitbilir Nuray , Gomez Alwyn , Islam Abrar , Bergmann Tobias , Silvaggio Noah , Hayat Mansoor , Zeiler Frederick A.
Published: February 2025

Continuous metrics of cerebral autoregulation (CA) assessment have been developed using various multimodal cerebral physiological monitoring devices. However, CA regional disparity remains unclear in states of health and disease. Leveraging existing archived data sources, we preliminarily evaluated regional hemispheric disparity in CA using the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived cerebral oximetry index (COx/COx-a). Along with bilateral NIRS, regional cerebral oxygen saturation, arterial blood pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and bilateral COx/COx-a were derived using three different temporal resolutions—10 s, 1 min, and 5 min—based on non-overlapping mean values. The regional disparity between hemispheres was evaluated based on median and median absolute deviation. Further, patient-level autoregressive integrative moving average models were calculated for each signal stream and used to generate personalized vector autoregressive models. Multi-variate cerebral physiologic relationships between hemispheres were assessed via impulse response functions and Granger causality analyses. Data from 102 healthy control volunteers, 27 spinal surgery patients, and 95 TBI patients (varying in frontal lobe pathology impacting the optode path; 64 without bifrontal lobe pathology, 15 without left frontal lobe pathology, 11 without right frontal lobe pathology, and 5 with bifrontal lobe pathology) were retrospectively analyzed. For subjects with or without cranial pathology, no difference in COx/COx-a was found between hemispheres regardless of the analytic method. In TBI patients without pathology underneath the NIRS sensor, distant parenchymal injury does not seem to have an effect on the CA of uninjured frontal lobes. Further work is required to characterize regional disparities with multi-channel CA measurements in healthy and disease states.
Prenatal Maternal Immune Activation with Lipopolysaccharide Accelerates the Developmental Acquisition of Neonatal Reflexes in Rat Offspring Without Affecting Maternal Care Behaviors
Authors: Hall Mary Beth , Lemanski Elise A. , Schwarz Jaclyn M.
Published: February 2025

Maternal immune activation (MIA)—infection with an immunogen during pregnancy—is linked to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in offspring. Both MIA and NDDs are associated with developmental delays in offsprings’ motor behavior. Therefore, the current study examined the effects of MIA on neonatal reflex development in male and female offspring. Sprague Dawley rats were administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 50 μg/mL/kg, i.p.) or saline on embryonic day (E)15 of gestation. The offspring were then tested daily from postnatal day (P)3–P21 to determine their neonatal reflex abilities. The maternal care behaviors of the dam were also quantified on P1–P5, P10, and P15. We found that, regardless of sex, the E15 LPS offspring were able to forelimb grasp, cliff avoid, and right with a correct posture at an earlier postnatal age than the E15 saline offspring did. The E15 LPS offspring also showed better performance of forelimb grasping, hindlimb grasping, righting with correct posture, and walking with correct posture than the E15 saline offspring did. There were no significant differences in maternal licking/grooming, arched-back nursing, non-arched-back nursing, or total nursing across the E15 groups. Overall, these findings suggest that MIA with LPS on E15 accelerates reflex development in offspring without affecting maternal care. This may be explained by the stress acceleration hypothesis, whereby early-life stress accelerates development to promote survival.
Renal Implications of Dysregulated Protein Homeostasis: Insights into Ubiquitin–Proteasome and Autophagy Systems
Authors: Delrue Charlotte , Speeckaert Marijn M.
Published: February 2025

The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy maintain protein homeostasis, which is critical to cellular function and survival. The dysregulation of these pathways has been recognized as a hallmark of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. This review elucidates the role of the UPS and autophagy in kidney disease, namely through inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis and apoptosis. The pathways of NF-κB, TGF-β and mitochondrial failure result in glomerular injury and tubulointerstitial fibrosis due to impaired proteostasis in podocytes and tubular epithelial cells. Recent studies have revealed a connection between the autophagic process and the UPS, wherein compensatory mechanisms aim to spike down proteotoxic stress but eventually seem inadequate in cases of chronic derangement. Low-dose pharmacological inhibitors, autophagy modulators, and new gene and nanotechnology-based treatments may all help to restore the protein balance and reduce kidney injury. A more thorough understanding of these pathways is needed to develop kidney-protective and disease-modifying therapeutic interventions.
Biomimetic Design of Underwater Adhesives Based on Tea Polyphenol-Modified Gelatin
Authors: Wu Ziwei , Li Zhipeng , Li Yixiao , Wang Haoyu , Yue Jiang , Xing Tieling
Published: February 2025

Although many tissue adhesives with good biocompatibility are currently available, their lack of wet adhesion capacity significantly hinders their clinical application. Therefore, further development and exploration of new medical adhesives are necessary. Inspired by the adhesion mechanism of marine mussels, through modifying gelatin protein with gallic acid (GA) for wet adhesion and cross-linking gelatin (Gel) molecular chains with tea polyphenols (TP), the adhesive TP-GA/Gel was developed. The adhesive exhibited an adhesion strength of up to 130.47 kPa to porcine skin tissues and maintained a high adhesion state in various aqueous environments, demonstrating excellent and reproducible adhesion. Additionally, TP-GA/Gel possessed outstanding antimicrobial, antioxidant, and biocompatibility properties. In an in vivo wound healing study with SD rats, the wound area treated with TP-GA/Gel adhesive decreased from 10.3 mm2 to 0.9 mm2 after 15 days, promoting effective and scarless wound healing. These results highlight the promising clinical potential of TP-GA/Gel as a medical adhesive.
Identification of Brain Activation Areas in Response to Active Tactile Stimulation by Gripping a Stress Ball
Authors: Sasaki Kei , Sakurai Noriko , Yoshida Nobukiyo , Oishi Misuzu , Kasai Satoshi , Kodama Naoki
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Research on pleasant tactile perception has primarily focused on C-tactile fibers found in hairy skin, with the forearm and face as common study sites. Recent findings of these fibers in hairless skin, such as the palms, have sparked interest in tactile stimulation on the hands. While studies have examined comfort and brain activity in passive touch, active touch remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate differences in pleasant sensation and brain activity during active touch with stress balls of varying hardness. Methods: Forty healthy women participated. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), brain activity was measured as participants alternated between gripping stress balls of soft, medium, and hard hardness and resting without a ball. Participants rated hardness and comfort on a 9-point scale. Results: Soft stress balls were perceived as soft and comfortable, activating the thalamus and left insular cortex while reducing activity in the right insular cortex. Medium stress balls elicited similar perceptions and thalamic activation but with reduced right insular cortex activity. Hard stress balls caused discomfort, activating the insular cortex, thalamus, and amygdala while reducing anterior cingulate cortex activity. Conclusions: Soft stress balls may reduce aversive stimuli through perceived comfort, while hard stress balls may induce discomfort and are unlikely to alleviate stress.
Natural Ventilation in Building Buffer Spaces of Traditional Qiang Dwellings: Field Study in Western China
Authors: Zhao Ying , Li Kun , Han Meng , Xiong Jianwu , Zhang Yifan
Published: February 2025

As China’s rural revitalization progresses, the green and sustainable development of traditional dwellings has gained significant attention. Traditional Qiang dwellings in western Sichuan, located in high-altitude cold regions, often feature thick walls and small windows, limiting air circulation. Buffer spaces play a key role in improving indoor air quality and reducing energy consumption through natural ventilation. This study explores traditional Qiang dwellings in western Sichuan through field research, architectural analysis, and numerical simulations. The study analyzes three buffer space types and compares natural ventilation in dwellings with and without buffer spaces. The results show better air circulation in buildings with buffer spaces. The simulation further shows that when the courtyard’s aspect ratio is 1.3 and the width-to-height ratio is 0.9, ventilation and air renewal rates are optimized. Based on this, the study proposes natural ventilation optimization strategies to reduce reliance on mechanical systems and improve energy efficiency. The study provides a scientific basis for low-carbon Qiang dwelling design and offers practical strategies for improving living environments, supporting sustainable rural development.
Immune Cell Interplay in the Fight Against GBM
Authors: Vallieri Nico , Datsi Angeliki
Published: February 2025

Despite multimodal therapies, the treatment of glioblastoma remains challenging. In addition to the very complex mechanisms of cancer cells, including specialized phenotypes that enable them to proliferate, invade tissues, and evade immunosurveillance, they exhibit a pronounced resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. More advanced tumors create a hypoxic environment that supports their proliferation and survival, while robust angiogenesis ensures a constant supply of nutrients. In GBM, these structures are very pronounced and contribute to the creation and maintenance of a highly immunosuppressive microenvironment that promotes tumor growth and immune escape. In addition, the high accumulation of immunosuppressive tumor-infiltrating leukocytes and other cells, the pronounced expression of immune checkpoint molecules, and the low mutational burden, i.e., the low number of neoantigens, are hallmarks of GBM and contribute to the challenge of therapeutic approaches. Here, we review a number of mechanisms that GBM exploits to support tumor growth and potential treatments. These include new chemotherapeutics, tumor treating fields, and small molecules, including compounds targeting angiogenesis or blockers of tyrosine kinases that inhibit tumor cell proliferation and survival. In addition, we focus on immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade or cell therapies, in particular vaccination with dendritic cells and CAR-T cells, which can either kill GBM cells directly or bypass immunosuppression by modulating the tumor microenvironment or boosting the patient’s own immune response.
Identifying Rural Hotspots for Head and Neck Cancer Using the Bayesian Mapping Approach
Authors: Ramamurthy Poornima , Adeoye John , Choi Siu-Wai , Thomson Peter , Sharma Dileep
Published: February 2025

Background: The Bayesian mapping approach has not been used to identify head and neck cancer hotspots in Australia previously. This study aims to identify rural communities at risk of head and neck cancer (HNC) for targeted prevention programs. Methods: This study included data from 23,853 cases recorded in the Queensland Cancer Register between 1982 and 2018. Outcomes for mapping included incidence, overall mortality, 3-year mortality, and 5-year mortality. Local government areas (LGAs) with a general population aged 15 years and above (according to 2016 census data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics) were utilized for mapping. Results: Of the 59 LGAs with higher-than-average risk, 22 predominantly rural and remote LGAs showed statistically significant higher risks of head and neck cancer occurrence. Estimated median standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) ranged from 0.57 to 3.44 and were higher than the state average in 38 LGAs. Four LGAs had the highest mortality—the Shires of Quilpie, Yarrabah, Murweh, and Hinchinbrook. Conclusions: Whilst reasons for some LGAs exhibiting higher HNC are unknown, Bayesian mapping highlights these rural and remote regions as worthy of further investigation. In conclusion, the Bayesian disease mapping approach is effective in identifying high-risk communities for HNC. Findings from this study will aid in designing targeted screening and interventions for the prevention and management of head and neck cancer in regional and remote communities through support services such as a cancer navigator.
Evaluation of an IDH1/2 Mutation FastTrack Assay for Patients with Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Winter Melanie , Ebner Silvana , Scheuber Nina , Schulze Falko , Kinzler Maximilian N. , Walter Dirk , Wild Peter J.
Published: February 2025

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma, a malignancy originating from the bile ducts, poses significant treatment challenges due to its typically late diagnosis and limited therapeutic options. However, recent advances in molecular genetics enable more personalized treatment approaches. A notable breakthrough in this context is the identification of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations, particularly IDH1 and IDH2, which occur in a subset of cholangiocarcinoma patients. Those with IDH1/2 mutations may benefit from targeted therapies. For instance, Ivosidenib, an IDH1 inhibitor, has shown efficacy in clinical trials, offering a new therapeutic option for patients with IDH1-mutant cholangiocarcinoma. Developing and implementing standardized protocols for testing and reporting mutation status are crucial for consistency and accuracy in clinical practice. Both the Idylla™ IDH1-2 Mutation Assay Kit as a FastTrack method and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) panels play critical roles in molecular characterization of cholangiocarcinoma. Methods: Under this aspect, a set of cholangiocarcinomas was tested using the Idylla™ platform regarding the respective recommended guidelines and standards of DIN EN ISO:17020 and DIN EN ISO:15198. Results: Overall, 25 clinically diagnosed intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas or Adeno-CUPs were analyzed. IDH1/2 mutations were identified in 68% (17/25) of cases using both methods, with high concordance between NGS and Idylla™ results. Discrepancies were observed in two samples, where Idylla™ detected no mutations, but NGS reported IDH1 and IDH2 mutations, respectively. Conclusions: IdyllaTM offers a rapid, user-friendly, and specific method for detecting IDH1/2 mutations, ideal for immediate clinical needs. NGS, while more time-consuming and costly, provides comprehensive genetic profiles valuable for personalized medicine and research. The choice between these methods should be guided by the clinical context, resource availability, and individual patient needs. For routine diagnostics, we recommend an algorithmic approach starting with the FastTrack method followed by NGS for wildtype cases.
Reduction of Prostate Cancer Risk: Role of Frequent Ejaculation-Associated Mechanisms
Authors: Hassan Mohamed , Flanagan Thomas W. , Eshaq Abdulaziz M. , Altamimi Osama K. , Altalag Hassan , Alsharif Mohamed , Alshammari Nouf , Alkhalidi Tamadhir , Boulifa Abdelhadi , El Jamal Siraj M. , Haikel Youssef , Megahed Mossad
Published: February 2025

Prostate cancer (PCa) accounts for roughly 15% of diagnosed cancers among men, with disease incidence increasing worldwide. Age, family history and ethnicity, diet, physical activity, and chemoprevention all play a role in reducing PCa risk. The prostate is an exocrine gland that is characterized by its multi-functionality, being involved in reproductive aspects such as male ejaculation and orgasmic ecstasy, as well as playing key roles in the regulation of local and systemic concentrations of 5α-dihydrotestosterone. The increase in androgen receptors at the ventral prostate is the first elevated response induced by copulation. The regulation of prostate growth and function is mediated by an androgen-dependent mechanism. Binding 5-DHT to androgen receptors (AR) results in the formation of a 5α-DHT:AR complex. The interaction of the 5α-DHT:AR complex with the specific DNA enhancer element of androgen-regulated genes leads to the regulation of androgen-specific target genes to maintain prostate homeostasis. Consequently, ejaculation may play a significant role in the reduction of PCa risk. Thus, frequent ejaculation in the absence of risky sexual behavior is a possible approach for the prevention of PCa. In this review, we provide an insight into possible mechanisms regulating the impact of frequent ejaculation on reducing PCa risk.
Urothelial Bladder Carcinoma in Young and Elderly Patients: Pathological Insights and Age-Related Variations
Authors: Tătar Andrada-Claudia , Loghin Andrada , Nechifor-Boilă Adela , Raicea Andrada , Popelea Maria-Cătălina , Chibelean Călin , Gherasim Raul-Dumitru , Borda Angela
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: UBC demonstrates a relatively low prevalence in patients under 50 years old. Our study aimed to compare the pathological characteristics of UBC in young and elderly patients and to assess the age-related variations in these characteristics. Methods: This retrospective study from January 2018 to December 2022 encompassed 762 patients with an initial diagnosis of UBC. To evaluate the pathological characteristics of UBC in young patients, compared to elderly patients, we divided our cohort using a cut-off age of 50 years. Additionally, to evaluate the age-dependent variations in these characteristics, we further stratified our patients into three age groups (≤50, 51–70, and >70 years old). Results: Of the 762 patients included in our study, 37 (4.86%) were young (≤50 years old), with a median age of 44 and a M:F ratio of 3.11:1. Conventional UC was the most common histology (86.5%). Regarding tumour grade, we noticed a higher prevalence of PUNLMP (10.8% versus 2.3%) and LGPUC (45.9% versus 37.1%) and a lower prevalence of HGPUC (43.2% versus 60%) and CIS (0% versus 0.6%) in young patients (p = 0.008). In this group, the pTa stage revealed a higher prevalence (64.9% versus 46.8%), while pT1 and pT2 showed a lower prevalence (32.1% versus 18.9% and 20.6% versus 16.2%) (p = 0.179). All results remained consistent when the cohort was stratified into three age groups, showing age-related variations (p = 0.001 and p = 0.089, respectively). Conclusions: In young patients, UBC tends to be of a lower grade and stage compared to elderly patients, and these characteristics demonstrate a gradual age-related stratification.
A Scoping Review of the Implications and Applications of Body Composition Assessment in Locally Advanced and Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer
Authors: Mai Dinh Van Chi , Drami Ioanna , Pring Edward T. , Gould Laura E. , Rai Jason , Wallace Alison , Hodges Nicola , Burns Elaine M. , Jenkins John T. ,   on behalf of the BiCyCLE Research Group
Published: February 2025

Background: A strong body of evidence exists demonstrating deleterious relationships between abnormal body composition (BC) and outcomes in non-complex colorectal cancer. Complex rectal cancer (RC) includes locally advanced and locally recurrent tumours. This scoping review aims to summarise the current evidence examining BC in complex RC. Methods: A literature search was performed on Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Original studies examining BC in adult patients with complex RC were included. Two authors undertook screening and full-text reviews. Results: Thirty-five studies were included. Muscle quantity was the most commonly studied BC metric, with sarcopenia appearing to predict mortality, recurrence, neoadjuvant therapy outcomes, and postoperative complications. In particular, 10 studies examined relationships between BC and neoadjuvant therapy response, with six showing a significant association with sarcopenia. Only one study examined interventions for improving BC in patients with complex RC, and only one study specifically examined patients undergoing pelvic exenteration. Marked variation was also observed in terms of how BC was quantified, both in terms of anatomical location and how cut-off values were defined. Conclusions: Sarcopenia appears to predict mortality and recurrence in complex RC. An opportunity exists for a meta-analysis examining poorer BC and neoadjuvant therapy outcomes. There is a paucity of studies examining interventions for poor BC. Further research examining BC specifically in patients undergoing pelvic exenteration surgery is also lacking. Pitfalls identified include variances in how BC is measured on computed tomography and whether external cut-off values for muscle and adipose tissue are appropriate for a particular study population.
Construction of a Cofactor Self-Sufficient Enzyme Cascade System Coupled with Microenvironmental Engineering for Efficient Biosynthesis of Tetrahydrofolate and Its Derivative of L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate
Authors: Yan Ziting , Qin Lisha , Qin Ruirui , Wang Xin , Chen Kequan
Published: February 2025

Tetrahydrofolate (THF), the biologically active form of folate, serves as a crucial carrier of one-carbon units essential for synthesizing cellular components such as amino acids and purine nucleotides in vivo. It also acts as an important precursor for the production of pharmaceuticals, including folinate and L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (L-5-MTHF). In this study, we developed an efficient enzyme cascade system for the production tetrahydrofolate from folate, incorporating NADPH recycling, and explored its application in the synthesis of L-5-MTHF, a derivative of tetrahydrofolate. To achieve this, we first screened dihydrofolate reductases (DHFRs) from various organisms, identifying SmDHFR from Serratia marcescens as the enzyme with the highest catalytic activity. We then conducted a comparative analysis of formate dehydrogenases (FDHs) from different sources, successfully establishing an NADPH recycling system. To further enhance biocatalytic efficiency, we optimized key reaction parameters, including temperature, pH, enzyme ratio, and substrate concentration. To address the challenge of pH mismatch in dual-enzyme reactions, we employed an enzymatic microenvironment regulation strategy. This involved covalently conjugating SmDHFR with a superfolder green fluorescent protein mutant carrying 30 surface negative charges (−30sfGFP), using the SpyCatcher/SpyTag system. This modification resulted in a 2.16-fold increase in tetrahydrofolate production, achieving a final yield of 4223.4 µM. Finally, we extended the application of this tetrahydrofolate synthesis system to establish an enzyme cascade for L-5-MTHF production with NADH recycling. By incorporating methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), we successfully produced 389.8 μM of L-5-MTHF from folate and formaldehyde. This work provides a novel and efficient pathway for the biosynthesis of L-5-MTHF and highlights the potential of enzyme cascade systems in the production of tetrahydrofolate-derived compounds.
Correction: Zeng et al. Hedgehog Signaling: Linking Embryonic Lung Development and Asthmatic Airway Remodeling. Cells 2022, 11, 1774
Authors: Zeng Ling-Hui , Barkat Muhammad Qasim , Syed Shahzada Khurram , Shah Shahid , Abbas Ghulam , Xu Chengyun , Mahdy Amina , Hussain Nadia , Hussain Liaqat , Majeed Abdul , Khan Kashif-ur-Rehman , Wu Ximei , Hussain Musaddique
Published: February 2025

In the original publication [...]
Oro-Functional Conditions in a 6-to-14-Year-Old School Children Population in Rome: An Epidemiological Study
Authors: Laganà Giuseppina , Lione Roberta , Malara Arianna , Fanelli Silvia , Fabi Francesco , Cozza Paola
Published: February 2025

Background: The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to assess oral and functional conditions, the prevalence of malocclusions, and oral habits in a population of schoolchildren in Rome (Italy). Methods: The study sample included n. 1033 subjects, between 6 and 14 years of age, attending public schools in Rome. Oral health condition, occlusal relationship, and functional analysis were charted for all subjects. The rate of prevalence for the dental health element was calculated. To evaluate the relationship between the variables examined, Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to assess the significative findings of this association. Results: More than half of the students had a low level of oral hygiene (654 subjects). Class I malocclusion was the most common occlusal condition (573 subjects). Oral habits were present in most of the subjects and more than one habit was observed. Conclusions: The results of the current investigation highlight the necessity of improving public health programs for orthodontic prevention, and future screenings need to be planned to organize resources in Rome.
Clinical Efficacy of Prolotherapy for Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Saramantos Antonios , Kyrgidis Athanassios , Venetis Gregorios , Hatziantoniou Georgios , Chrysostomidis Anestis , Sardeli Chrysanthi , Tilaveridis Ioannis
Published: February 2025

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) encompass a group of conditions characterized by anatomical, histological, and/or functional abnormalities that affect the muscular and/or articular components of the temporomandibular joint. Prolotherapy is an injectable treatment modality for chronic musculoskeletal pain that involves dextrose solution administration in the joint. Aims: To summarize, the aims involve considering the existing quality of clinical evidence on the efficacy of prolotherapy versus placebo and other active comparators, such as autologous blood products or botulinum toxin, in improving the outcomes of TMDs. Methods: A literature search in MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane databases was performed, following the PRISMA statement guidelines, to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of patients with TMDs receiving prolotherapy. The maximal incisor opening (MIO), visual analogue score (VAS) for pain, and frequency of dislocations were analyzed as the outcomes. The weighted mean difference was used to pool outcomes. The risk of bias was recorded for the included studies. Results: Six studies comparing prolotherapy to placebo were identified. Prolotherapy is uniformly more efficient in reducing the VAS for pain when compared to the placebo (mean difference = 1.20, 95%CI: 0.56–1.84, p < 0.001). Perceived jaw mobility was improved among prolotherapy patients, (mean difference = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.05–0.90, p = 0.003) when compared to the placebo. A beneficial effect for prolotherapy with regard to MIO (mean difference = 0.84, 95%CI: −2.12–3.80, p = 0.58) was not confirmed. Prolotherapy appears to be more efficient than autologous blood products in reducing VAS for pain (mean difference = 0.49, 95%CI: 0.11–0.87, p = 0.01). Prolotherapy was found to be more effective in reducing pain, MIO, and clicking when compared to an occlusal splint in a single study. Conclusions: Prolotherapy is also a promising modality for TMDs, despite the limited number of randomized clinical trials. Existing evidence supports its use to reduce TMD-related pain, even against other modalities. Further research is needed to better describe the benefit of prolotherapy for other outcomes.
The Effect of Pre-Deformation on the Microstructure and Hardness of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy
Authors: Zhai Hongchao , Zhang Lei , Xing Shuohao , Hou Huiying , Wang Zhijie , Liu Sha
Published: February 2025

In this paper, hot rolling pre-deformation treatment was applied to an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy after solid solution treatment, followed by peak aging treatment. The effect of the degree of deformation was discussed. The microstructure of the alloy after treatment was observed and the mechanical properties were tested. The results indicate that after hot rolling pre-deformation, high-density dislocations are introduced within the grains of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy, and the dislocation density gradually increases with the degree of deformation. At the same time, with the increase of rolling deformation, the alloy hardness first increases and then decreases. When the deformation is 40%, the alloy hardness reaches a peak value of 101.7 HV. In the subsequent aging process, with the increase of deformation, the time required to reach peak aging is gradually shortened, and at 40% deformation, the alloy hardness reaches a peak of 99.7 HV after 12 h of aging. Moreover, the dislocations generated by pre-deformation can become entangled around the grain boundary and the coarse quenching precipitated phase, providing nucleation particles for the subsequent precipitation of the strengthened phase, effectively improving the precipitation strengthening effect of the alloy during aging, and thus improving the hardness of the alloy at the peak aging state. This study provides a research idea for improving the hardness of the alloy and expands the application of the deformation aging process in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys.
Causality Between Brent and West Texas Intermediate: The Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic and Russia–Ukraine War
Authors: Lahmiri Salim
Published: February 2025

The article analyzes the Granger-based causal relationship between two major crude oil markets, namely Brent and West Texas Intermediate (WTI), by using the standard vector autoregression (VAR) framework. In this regard, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine war on causality between Brent and WTI are examined. The empirical results from Granger-causality tests show (a) strong causality from Brent to WTI during the period prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia–Ukraine war, (b) no causality from WTI to Brent during the period prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia–Ukraine war, (c) no causality from Brent to WTI during the COVID-19 pandemic, (d) evidence of causality from WTI to Brent during the COVID-19 pandemic, and (e) no evidence of causality from both markets during the period of Russia–Ukraine war. In addition, causality tests in quantiles support results from the linear Granger causality tests in general. However, contrary to the standard linear causality test, the quantile-in-regression causality test shows that Brent returns cause WTI returns during the pandemic period and WTI returns cause Brent returns before the pandemic. Furthermore, the results from the time-varying Granger causality tests support all conclusions from the standard linear (and static) Granger causality test, except the hypothesis that Brent causes WTI during the pandemic. Moreover, the time-varying Granger tests show evidence that causality between Brent and WTI clearly varies across the pandemic and war periods. Revealing the causalities between Brent and WTI across periods of economic and political stability, pandemic, and war would help policymakers develop appropriate energy policy and help investors determine appropriate risk management actions.
A Secure Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Design with Unknown Leader Dynamics Under False Data Injection Attacks
Authors: Bonab Parisa Ansari , Sargolzaei Arman
Published: February 2025

The combination of connectivity and automation allows connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) to operate autonomously using advanced on-board sensors while communicating with each other via vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) technology to enhance safety, efficiency, and mobility. One of the most promising features of CAVs is cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC). This system extends the capabilities of conventional adaptive cruise control (ACC) by facilitating the exchange of critical parameters among vehicles to enhance safety, traffic flow, and efficiency. However, increased connectivity introduces new vulnerabilities, making CACC susceptible to cyber-attacks, including false data injection (FDI) attacks, which can compromise vehicle safety. To address this challenge, we propose a secure observer-based control design leveraging Lyapunov stability analysis, which is capable of mitigating the adverse impact of FDI attacks and ensuring system safety. This approach uniquely addresses system security without relying on a known lead vehicle model. The developed approach is validated through simulation results, demonstrating its effectiveness.
Intraoperative Management of Parathyroid Glands and Long-Term Outcome of Parathyroid Function Following Total Thyroidectomy
Authors: Chiang Feng-Yu , Lee Kang Dae , Tae Kyung , Jung Kwang Yoon , Wang Chih-Chun , Hwang Tzer-Zen , Wu Che-Wei , Wang Shih-Wei , Shih Yu-Chen , Huang Tzu-Yen
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: In situ preservation is the primary strategy to preserve parathyroid gland (PG) function during thyroid surgery, while autotransplantation is used when inadvertent removal or devascularization occurs. Deciding on the optimal approach intraoperatively for exposed PGs remains challenging. This study evaluates intraoperative PG management strategies and long-term outcomes of PG function following total thyroidectomy. Methods: This retrospective study included 543 patients undergoing primary total thyroidectomy, excluding those with comorbid parathyroid disease. A stabbing test assessed the vascular supply of exposed PGs. PGs with fresh blood oozing after the test were preserved in situ; otherwise, they were autotransplanted. Intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and ionized calcium (iCa) were measured preoperatively and on postoperative day 1 (PO-1D), and during follow-up. Permanent hypoparathyroidism (PHPS) was defined as iPTH < 15 pg/mL, iCa < 4.2 mg/dL, or continued need for calcitriol or calcium supplementation after a postoperative period of 12 months (PO-12M). The PHPS rate was compared with the corresponding intraoperative PG status. Results: A total of 528 patients were enrolled in this study. At PO-1D, 434 patients (82.2%) had iPTH ≥ 15 pg/mL, 65 (12.3%) had iPTH between 4 and 15 pg/mL, and 29 (5.5%) had iPTH < 4 pg/mL. At PO-12M, 527 patients (99.81%) had iPTH ≥ 15 pg/mL, 1 (0.19%) had iPTH between 4 and 15 pg/mL, and none had iPTH < 4 pg/mL. Five patients (0.95%) were in PHPS after PO-12M. Among the 462 patients with at least one viable PG preserved in situ, the PHPS rate was 0.2%, compared to 6.1% (66 patients) for those without a viable PG preserved in situ (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Permanent hypoparathyroidism is rare when at least one viable PG is preserved in situ during total thyroidectomy. The stabbing test is a simple, useful, and cost-effective method to assess the vascular supply of exposed PGs, providing surgeons with essential information for intraoperative PG management.