bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexuality and individual support plans for people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Stoffelen J. M. T. , Herps M. A. , Buntinx W. H. E. , Schaafsma D. , Kok G. , Curfs L. M. G.
Published: October 2017

Background

Sexual rights and sexuality are important aspects of quality of life, also for people with intellectual disabilities (IDs). However, providing support in this area to people with ID poses some challenges. In this study, the content of individual support plan (ISP) documents was analysed to determine the extent to which sexuality and sexual rights are addressed in part of the ISP documents.

Method

Content analysis was carried out on a sample of 187 ISP documents from seven different service provider organisations in the Netherlands. First, we conducted a lexical search using terms related to sexuality and sexual health. The retrieved segments were then analysed.

Results

A total of 159 ISP documents (85%) of 60 men and 99 women contained some reference to aspects of sexuality. However, these references were mostly descriptive and offered little guidance in terms of providing support. Moreover, these notations mostly described negative or problematic aspects of sexuality. References to sexual education, treatment, intervention programs or support strategies were rarely found in the ISP documents.

Conclusions

Although sexuality is addressed in most ISP documents, there is little information available about the provision of professional support in this area that would give people the opportunity to exert sexual rights. As sexuality and exerting sexual rights are important for people with ID as well as for other people, it is recommended that issues surrounding proactive sex education, shared decision‐making and the implementation of sexual healthcare plans are addressed in the ISP.
The reaction history of kyanite in high‐P aluminous granulites
Authors: Kendrick Jillian , Indares Aphrodite
Published: October 2017

Cathodoluminescence (CL) mapping of kyanite in high pressure, aluminous granulites from the central Grenville Province reveals internal structures that are linked to their metamorphic reaction history. In two samples, individual kyanite crystals are shown to be composite porphyroblasts comprising three distinct generations, defined by their CL intensity and Cr (±V, Ti, Fe and Ga) content, and each separated by resorbed interfaces. In contrast, a sub‐aluminous sample contains two types of kyanite, one as resorbed inclusions in garnet and another in the groundmass or replacing garnet. These textural variants of kyanite are interpreted within the framework of phase equilibria modelling. In P–T pseudosections, a first generation of kyanite, which is only present in the most aluminous samples, is potentially linked to staurolite breakdown, and its resorption is consistent with a subsequent increase in pressure. This kyanite represents the earliest remnant of prograde metamorphism identifiable in these rocks. The second generation, present in the porphyroblasts in the same samples and as inclusions in garnet in the sub‐aluminous sample, is interpreted to be the peritectic product of muscovite dehydration melting. Resorption of this kyanite is consistent with subsequent continuous dehydration melting of biotite, which is also inferred based on microstructural considerations. The final generation of kyanite, present as rims on the prograde kyanite porphyroblasts in aluminous samples and as part of the groundmass or replacing garnet in the sub‐aluminous rock, is interpreted to have grown during melt crystallization upon retrogression. The presence of retrograde kyanite implies that the melt crystallized over a wide range of temperatures, and provides an important constraint on the P–T conditions of the metamorphic peak and on the retrograde P–T path. CL mapping is crucial for identifying retrograde kyanite in aluminous samples, as it preferentially overgrows existing kyanite rather than replacing other prograde phases. The scarcity of kyanite in sub‐aluminous rocks allows retrograde kyanite to grow as discrete crystals that can be identified by optical microscopy. This work attests to the potential of unconventional tools such as CL imaging for deciphering the metamorphic history of rocks.
The microstructure, local indium composition and photoluminescence in green‐emitting InGaN/GaN quantum wells
Authors: CHERY N. , NGO T.H. , CHAUVAT M.P. , DAMILANO B. , COURVILLE A. , DE MIERRY P. , GRIEB T. , MEHRTENS T. , KRAUSE F.F. , MÜLLER‐CASPARY K. , SCHOWALTER M. , GIL B. , ROSENAUER A. , RUTERANA P.
Published: October 2017

In this work, we analyse the microstructure and local chemical composition of green‐emitting InxGa1–xN/GaN quantum well (QW) heterostructures in correlation with their emission properties. Two samples of high structural quality grown by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) with a nominal composition of x = 0.15 and 0.18 indium are discussed. The local indium composition is quantitatively evaluated by comparing scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images to simulations and the local indium concentration is extracted from intensity measurements. The calculations point out that the measured indium fluctuations may be correlated to the large width and intensity decrease of the PL emission peak.
The biorhythm of human skeletal growth
Authors: Mahoney Patrick , Miszkiewicz Justyna J. , Chapple Simon , Le Luyer Mona , Schlecht Stephen H. , Stewart Tahlia J. , Griffiths Richard A. , Deter Chris , Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie
Published: October 2017

Evidence of a periodic biorhythm is retained in tooth enamel in the form of Retzius lines. The periodicity of Retzius lines (RP) correlates with body mass and the scheduling of life history events when compared between some mammalian species. The correlation has led to the development of the inter‐specific Havers–Halberg oscillation (HHO) hypothesis, which holds great potential for studying aspects of a fossil species biology from teeth. Yet, our understanding of if, or how, the HHO relates to human skeletal growth is limited. The goal here is to explore associations between the biorhythm and two hard tissues that form at different times during human ontogeny, within the context of the HHO. First, we investigate the relationship of RP to permanent molar enamel thickness and the underlying daily rate that ameloblasts secrete enamel during childhood. Following this, we develop preliminary research conducted on small samples of adult human bone by testing associations between RP, adult femoral length (as a proxy for attained adult stature) and cortical osteocyte lacunae density (as a proxy for the rate of osteocyte proliferation). Results reveal RP is positively correlated with enamel thickness, negatively correlated with femoral length, but weakly associated with the rate of enamel secretion and osteocyte proliferation. These new data imply that a slower biorhythm predicts thicker enamel for children but shorter stature for adults. Our results develop the intra‐specific HHO hypothesis suggesting that there is a common underlying systemic biorhythm that has a role in the final products of human enamel and bone growth.
A guide for effective anatomical vascularization studies: useful ex vivo methods for both CT and MRI imaging before dissection
Authors: Renard Yohann , Hossu Gabriela , Chen Bailiang , Krebs Marine , Labrousse Marc , Perez Manuela
Published: October 2017

The objective of this study was to develop a simple and useful injection protocol for imaging cadaveric vascularization and dissection. Mixtures of contrast agent and cast product should provide adequate contrast for two types of ex vivo imaging (MRI and CT) and should harden to allow gross dissection of the injected structures. We tested the most popular contrast agents and cast products, and selected the optimal mixture composition based on their availability and ease of use. All mixtures were first tested in vitro to adjust dilution parameters of each contrast agent and to fine‐tune MR imaging acquisition sequences. Mixtures were then injected in 24 pig livers and one human pancreas for MR and computed tomography (CT) imaging before anatomical dissection. Colorized latex, gadobutrol and barite mixture met the above objective. Mixtures composed of copper sulfate (CuSO4) gadoxetic acid (for MRI) and iodine (for CT) gave an inhomogeneous signal or extravasation of the contrast agent. Agar did not harden sufficiently for gross dissection but appears useful for CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies without dissection. Silicone was very hard to inject but achieved the goals of the study. Resin is particularly difficult to use but could replace latex as an alternative for corrosion instead of dissection. This injection protocol allows CT and MRI images to be obtained of cadaveric vascularization and anatomical casts in the same anatomic specimen. Post‐imaging processing software allow easy 3D reconstruction of complex anatomical structures using this technique. Applications are numerous, e.g. surgical training, teaching methods, postmortem anatomic studies, pathologic studies, and forensic diagnoses.
Differences in US Adult Dietary Patterns by Food Security Status
Authors: Taylor Christopher A. , Spees Colleen K. , Markwordt Alayna M. , Watowicz Rosanna P. , Clark Jill K. , Hooker Neal H.
Published: October 2017

Dietary patterns and food security is considered in four ways: Healthy Eating Index (HEI), food category consumption patterns, energy/macronutrient contributions of food categories, and sub‐category caloric intake accounting for consumption patterns. 2005–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data were grouped by What We Eat in America food sub‐categories. Of the 20,363 adults, 14,592 were high (71.7%), 2,125 marginal (10.4%), 2,317 low (11.4%), and 1,329 very low food secure (6.5%). High food secure adults have higher HEI in total and each sub‐measure (including refined grains and empty calories). Consumption frequency in most food categories declines with food insecurity. As food insecurity deepens so more energy and carbohydrates are attributable to nonalcoholic beverages. Evidence of the negative dietary impact of sweetened beverages in particular for food insecure adults is presented. Very few differences in dietary patterns emerge, suggesting broad societal level policy combined with targeted sub‐category and nutrition education initiatives.
Effect of a high‐cholesterol diet on lipoprotein metabolism and xanthoma formation in rabbits
Authors: Hu Hao , Gao Yak , Tang Jing , Zhao Yaozh , Wang Hui , Jiang Hua
Published: October 2017

Background

Xanthelasma is the most common type of cutaneous xanthoma and often occurs on the eyelids. Xanthoma has been reported to be highly correlated with abnormal lipoprotein metabolism.

Aims

In this study, we wanted to investigate the effects of a high‐cholesterol diet on xanthoma formation and lipoprotein metabolism in rabbits.

Methods

In animals fed with high‐cholesterol diet, deteced plasma lipid [ie, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (L‐DLC)] levels and pathology of xanthoma.

Results

Plasma lipid levels were dramatically elevated within 8 weeks. In addition, high dietary cholesterol promoted xanthoma formation on the napex. Microscopic examination showed that foam cells laden with cholesterol deposits accumulated around the dermal capillaries and cutaneous appendages within the skin of the napex.

Conclusion

These findings indicate a critical role for a high‐cholesterol diet in the dysregulation of lipoprotein metabolism and the development of xanthoma in rabbits. The results suggest that abnormal lipid metabolism may increase the occurrence of xanthoma.
Imaging behind occluded areas with an iatrogenic perforated balloon: A safe, practical, and simple new method of visualizing the distal lumen in total occlusion
Authors: Balaban Yakup , Bektaş Osman , Bayramoğlu Adil , Gümrükçüoğlu Hasan A. , Kayışoğlu Ali H.
Published: October 2017

Objective

In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness and reliability of a new method that reveals whether guidewire advanced distal to the lesion is in the lumen in patients with acute (ATO) or chronic coronary total occlusion (CTO).

Methods

Forty‐one patients with symptomatic ATO and 22 patients with CTO who were admitted into our catheterization laboratory between January 2016 and March 2017 were included. In patients in whom antegrade filling could not be demonstrated after passing 0.014″ guidewire beyond the total lesion, a 1.25 × 15 mm balloon was punctured with a needle outside the operative field to visualize the total lesion. This perforated balloon was then used to deliver an opaque substance through this hole to visualize the distal part.

Results

The mean age of our 63 patients was 66 ± 12 years. They had diabetes (57%), hypertension (100%), and a history of PCI (85%). The mean procedural time was 27 ± 6.8 min, and the mean volume of contrast material used was 93.9 ± 24 mL. This technique was 100% successful in accurately demonstrating the distal lumen and preventing complications.

Conclusion

This new method we developed is much simpler and more useful than other methods for visualization of the true lumen because we can re‐orient the balloon at the time of opaque injection and use 190 cm guidewire without additional costs. Additionally, one balloon is sufficient for the operation.
Effect of sex difference in clinical presentation (stable coronary artery disease vs unstable angina pectoris or non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction vs ST‐elevation myocardial infarction) on 2‐year outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Tang Xiao‐Fang , Song Ying , Xu Jing‐Jing , Ma Yuan‐Liang , Zhang Jia‐Hui , Yao Yi , He Chen , Wang Huan‐Huan , Jiang Ping , Jiang Lin , Liu Ru , Gao Zhan , Zhao Xue‐Yan , Qiao Shu‐Bin , Xu Bo , Yang Yue‐Jin , Gao Run‐Lin , Yuan Jin‐Qing
Published: October 2017

Objective

To determine whether there is a difference in 2‐year prognosis among patients across the spectrum of coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods

We analyzed all consecutive patients undergoing PCI at a single center from 1/1‐12/31/2013. Clinical presentations were compared between sexes according to baseline clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics and 2‐year (mean 730 ± 30‐day) outcomes.

Results

We grouped 10 724 consecutive patients based on sex and clinical presentation. Among patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), rates of all‐cause death (6.7% vs 1.4%) and cardiac death (3.8% vs 1.1%) were significantly higher in women than in men (P < 0.05), but these rates did not differ between men and women with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) and non‐ST‐elevation acute coronary syndrome ((NSTE‐ACS). Incidence of major bleeding was greater than in men only in those women presenting with ACS. After multivariable adjustment, female sex was not an independent predictor of outcomes in STEMI (hazard ratio [HR] for all‐cause death: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.52‐3.38; P = 0.55; HR for cardiac death: 0.69, 95%CI: 0.23‐2.09, P = 0.51], but was still an independent predictor of bleeding in STEMI (HR: 3.53, 95%CI: 1.26‐9.91, P = 0.017).

Conclusion

Among STEMI patients, women had worse 2‐year mortality after PCI therapy, but female sex was not an independent predictor of mortality after adjustment for baseline characteristics. In STEMI patients, women were at higher bleeding risk than men after PCI, even after multivariable adjustment.
Functional analysis of ESM1 by siRNA knockdown in primary and metastatic head and neck cancer cells
Authors: Bender Onur , Gunduz Mehmet , Cigdem Sadik , Hatipoglu Omer Faruk , Acar Muradiye , Kaya Mesut , Grenman Reidar , Gunduz Esra , Ugur Kadriye Serife
Published: October 2017

Background

Genetic factors play a large role in cancer, and thus, there is a great desire to understand the effects of different genes in cancer and to also develop gene therapy for better treatments. Therefore, the development of alternative diagnosis and therapy modalities is of utmost importance. The aim of our study was to illuminate the role of ESM1 (endothelial cell‐specific molecule‐1, also known as Endocan) in proliferation and migration of head and neck cancer, thus helping to pave the way for new treatment modalities and predictive biomarkers.

Methods

ESM1 expression was shown with immunofluorescence assay using confocal laser scanning microscope in primary and metastatic head and neck cancer cells. ESM1 expression was knocked down by RNA interference in head and neck cancer cells. Knockdown efficiency was evaluated by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR and Western blot. Cell proliferation and migration assays were performed by xCELLigence real‐time cell analysis system.

Results

Immunofluorescence assay showed nuclear localization and high expression of ESM1 in primary and metastatic head and neck cancer cells. ESM1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased in ESM1‐knockdown cells compared to control. ESM1‐knockdown cells showed reduced proliferation and migration activity when compared to control cells.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that ESM1 has roles on proliferation and migration of head and neck cancer cells.
Dynamin‐related protein 1‐mediated mitochondrial fission contributes to post‐traumatic cardiac dysfunction in rats and the protective effect of melatonin
Authors: Ding Mingge , Ning Jiao , Feng Na , Li Zeyang , Liu Zhenhua , Wang Yuanbo , Wang Yueming , Li Xing , Huo Cong , Jia Xin , Xu Rong , Fu Feng , Wang Xiaoming , Pei Jianming
Published: October 2017

Mechanical trauma (MT) causes myocardial injury and cardiac dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. This study investigated the role of mitochondrial dynamics in post‐traumatic cardiac dysfunction and the protective effects of melatonin. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to 5‐minute rotations (200 revolutions at a rate of 40 rpm) to induce MT model. Melatonin was administrated intraperitoneally 5 minute after MT. Mitochondrial morphology, myocardial injury, and cardiac function were determined in vivo. There was smaller size of mitochondria and increased number of mitochondria per μm2 in the hearts after MT when the secondary myocardial injury was induced. Melatonin treatment at the dose of 30 mg/kg reduced serine 616 phosphorylation of Drp1 and inhibited mitochondrial Drp1 translocation and mitochondrial fission in the hearts of rats subjected to MT, which contributed to the reduction of myocardial injury and the improvement of cardiac function. In vitro, H9c2 cells cultured in 20% traumatic plasma (TP) for 12 hour showed enhanced mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm) loss, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and decreased mitochondrial complex I‐IV activities. Pretreatment with melatonin (100 μmol/L) efficiently inhibited TP‐induced mitochondrial fission, ∆Ψm loss, cytochrome c release, and improved mitochondrial function. Melatonin's protective effects were attributed to its role in suppressing plasma TNF‐α overproduction, which was responsible for Drp1‐mediated mitochondrial fission. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that abnormal mitochondrial dynamics is involved in post‐traumatic cardiac dysfunction. Melatonin has significant pharmacological potential in protecting against MT‐induced cardiac dysfunction by preventing excessive mitochondrial fission.
Foetal development of skeletal muscle in bovines as a function of maternal nutrition, foetal sex and gestational age
Authors: Gionbelli T. R. S. , Veloso C. M. , Rotta P. P. , Valadares Filho S. C. , C. Carvalho B. , Marcondes M. I. , S. Cunha C. , Novaes M. A. S. , Prezotto L. D. , Duarte M. S. , Gionbelli M. P.
Published: October 2017

To determine the effects of maternal nutrition on modifications of foetal development of the skeletal muscle and possible increase in the potential of skeletal muscle growth in cattle, gestating cows were either fed 190% NRC recommendations (overnourished; ON) or 100% NRC recommendation (control; CO). Interaction between maternal nutrition (MN) and the foetal sex (FS) was also investigated. Foetuses were necropsied at four different time points throughout gestation (139, 199, 241 and 268 days of gestation) to assess the mRNA expression of myogenic, adipogenic and fibrogenic markers in skeletal muscle. Phenotypic indicators of the development of skeletal muscle fibres, intramuscular lipogenesis and collagen development were also evaluated. Modifications in mRNA expression of skeletal muscle of foetuses were observed in function of MN and FS despite the lack of effect of MN and FS on foetal weight at necropsy. Maternal ON increased the mRNA expression of the myogenic marker Cadherin‐associated protein, beta 1 (CTNNB1) and adipogenic markers Peroxissome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and Zinc finger protein 423 (ZNF423) at midgestation. However, no differences on foetal skeletal muscle development were observed between treatments at late gestation indicating that a compensatory development may have occurred on CO foetuses making the effect of MN on skeletal muscle development not significant at late gestation. Moreover, our data have shown an evidence of sexual dimorphism during foetal stage with a greater skeletal muscle development in male than in female foetuses. In conclusion, providing a higher nutritional level to pregnant cows changes the trajectory of the development of skeletal muscle during midgestation, but apparently does not change the potential of post‐natal growth of muscle mass of the offspring, as no differences in skeletal muscle development were observed in late gestation.
Effect of Aging on Processes of Motor Inhibition
Authors: Tsuchida Noriaki , Kawakami Miki
Published: October 2017

The processes of inhibiting uninstructed motor responses were examined to identify age differences. Younger adults (n = 40) and older adults (n = 38) participated in two experiments using the Stimulus‐Response Compatibility task. They were asked to push the switch on the side contralateral to the stimulus. The results indicated that responses induced by visual stimuli were gradually inhibited as a result of repeated trials on the contralateral (not‐induced) side, and no age differences were noted. The addition of a color‐discrimination task to the Stimulus‐Response Compatibility task inhibited impulsive response induced by visual stimuli in younger adults only. These results indicate that certain processes of inhibiting motor responses are affected by aging, whereas other processes remain unaffected.
Prevalence, predictors and correlates of insomnia in US army soldiers
Authors: Klingaman Elizabeth A. , Brownlow Janeese A. , Boland Elaine M. , Mosti Caterina , Gehrman Philip R.
Published: October 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the rates, predictors and correlates of insomnia in a national sample of US Army soldiers. Data were gathered from the cross‐sectional survey responses of the All‐Army Study, of the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Service members. Participants were a representative sample of 21 499 US Army soldiers who responded to the All‐Army Study self‐administered questionnaire between 2011 and 2013. Insomnia was defined by selected DSM‐5 criteria using the Brief Insomnia Questionnaire. The results highlight significant functional difficulties associated with insomnia among US soldiers, as well as insights into predictors of insomnia specific to this population. Insomnia was present in 22.76% of the sample. Predictors of insomnia status in logistic regression included greater number of current mental health disorders, less perceived open lines of communication with leadership, less unit member support and less education. Insomnia had global, negative associations with health, social functioning, support, morale, work performance and Army career intentions. The results provide the strongest evidence to‐date that insomnia is common in a military population, and is associated with a wide array of negative factors in the domains of health, military readiness and intentions to remain in military careers.
Altered Serum Thyrotropin Concentrations in Dogs with Primary Hypoadrenocorticism before and during Treatment
Authors: Reusch C.E. , Fracassi F. , Sieber‐Ruckstuhl N.S. , Burkhardt W.A. , Hofer‐Inteeworn N. , Schuppisser C. , Stirn M. , Hofmann‐Lehmann R. , Boretti F.S.
Published: October 2017

Background

Thyrotropin (TSH) can be increased in humans with primary hypoadrenocorticism (HA) before glucocorticoid treatment. Increase in TSH is a typical finding of primary hypothyroidism and both diseases can occur concurrently (Schmidt's syndrome); therefore, care must be taken in assessing thyroid function in untreated human patients with HA.

Objective

Evaluate whether alterations in cTSH can be observed in dogs with HA in absence of primary hypothyroidism.

Animals

Thirty dogs with newly diagnosed HA, and 30 dogs in which HA was suspected but excluded based on a normal ACTH stimulation test (controls) were prospectively enrolled.

Methods

cTSH and T4 concentrations were determined in all dogs and at selected time points during treatment (prednisolone, fludrocortisone, or DOCP) in dogs with HA.

Results

cTSH concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 2.6 ng/mL (median 0.29) and were increased in 11/30 dogs with HA; values in controls were all within the reference interval (range: 0.01–0.2 ng/dL; median 0.06). There was no difference in T4 between dogs with increased cTSH (T4 range 1.0‐2.1; median 1.3 μg/dL) compared to those with normal cTSH (T4 range 0.5‐3.4, median 1.4 μg/dL;P=0.69) and controls (T4 range 0.3‐3.8, median 1.8 μg/dL;P=0.35). After starting treatment, cTSH normalized after 2–4 weeks in 9 dogs and after 3 and 4 months in 2 without thyroxine supplementation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Evaluation of thyroid function in untreated dogs with HA can lead to misdiagnosis of hypothyroidism; treatment with glucocorticoids for up to 4 months can be necessary to normalize cTSH.
Deficiency of the melanin biosynthesis genes SCD1 and THR1 affects sclerotial development and vegetative growth, but not pathogenicity, in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Liang Yue , Xiong Wei , Steinkellner Siegrid , Feng Jie
Published: October 2017

The fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic plant pathogen causing significant damage on a broad range of crops. This fungus produces sclerotia that serve as the long‐term survival structures in the life cycle and the primary inoculum in the disease cycle. Melanin plays an important role in protecting mycelia and sclerotia from ultraviolet radiation and other adverse environmental conditions. In this study, two genes, SCD1 encoding a scytalone dehydratase and THR1 encoding a trihydroxynaphthalene reductase, were disrupted by target gene replacement, and their roles in mycelial growth, sclerotial development and fungal pathogenicity were investigated. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the deduced amino acid sequences of SCD1 and THR1 were similar to the orthologues of Botrytis cinerea. Expression of SCD1 was at higher levels in sclerotia relative to mycelia. THR1 was expressed at similar levels in mycelia and sclerotia at early stages, but was up‐regulated in sclerotia at the maturation stage. Disruption of SCD1 or THR1 did not change the pathogenicity of the fungus, but resulted in slower radial growth, less biomass, wider angled hyphal branches, impaired sclerotial development and decreased resistance to ultraviolet light.
The first brain: Species comparisons and evolutionary implications for the enteric and central nervous systems
Authors: Furness J. B. , Stebbing M. J.
Published: October 2017

Background

The enteric nervous system (ENS) and the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals both contain integrative neural circuitry and similarities between them have led to the ENS being described as the brain in the gut.

Purpose

To explore relationships between the ENS and CNS across the animal kingdom. We found that an ENS occurs in all animals investigated, including hydra, echinoderms and hemichordates that do not have a CNS. The general form of the ENS, which consists of plexuses of neurons intrinsic to the gut wall and an innervation that controls muscle movements, is similar in species as varied and as far apart as hydra, sea cucumbers, annelid worms, octopus and humans. Moreover, neurochemical similarities across phyla imply a common origin of the ENS. Investigation of extant species suggests that the ENS developed in animals that preceded the division that led to cnidaria (exemplified by hydra) and bilateria, which includes the vertebrates. The CNS is deduced to be a bilaterian development, later than the divergence from cnidaria. Consistent with the ENS having developed independent of the CNS, reciprocal connections between ENS and CNS occur in mammals, and separate neurons of ENS and CNS origin converge on visceral organs and prevertebral ganglia. We conclude that an ENS arose before and independently of the CNS. Thus the ENS can be regarded as the first brain.
Horses and the Embodiment of Elite Masculinity in the Dolenjska Hallstatt Culture
Authors: Frie Adrienne C.
Published: October 2017

In later prehistory horse ownership was a manifestation of wealth and physical prowess, and demonstrated access to distant lands. Because of the expense and restricted availability of horses, they are often reduced to indicators of status without more nuanced considerations of how lived human‐horse interactions enmeshed them in these status displays. To complicate the simple horse/status object equivalence, this article presents a specific case for the symbolic and social significance of horses in Early Iron Age south‐eastern Slovenia through the lens of equine iconography, and argues that horses and particularly equestrianism were essential to embodying elite masculine identity. Broadly, this article seeks to move beyond equating high‐status goods with high‐status people by discussing how particular events, bodily abilities and human‐animal relationships were all intertwined in the materialization of social distinction for a particular group.
High‐resolution mapping of the pericentromeric region on wheat chromosome arm 5AS harbouring the Fusarium head blight resistance QTLQfhs.ifa‐5A
Authors: Buerstmayr Maria , Steiner Barbara , Wagner Christian , Schwarz Petra , Brugger Klaus , Barabaschi Delfina , Volante Andrea , Valè Giampiero , Cattivelli Luigi , Buerstmayr Hermann
Published: October 2017

The Qfhs.ifa‐5A allele, contributing to enhanced Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat, resides in a low‐recombinogenic region of chromosome 5A close to the centromere. A near‐isogenic RIL population segregating for the Qfhs.ifa‐5A resistance allele was developed and among 3650 lines as few as four recombined within the pericentromeric C‐5AS1‐0.40 bin, yielding only a single recombination point. Genetic mapping of the pericentromeric region using a recombination‐dependent approach was thus not successful. To facilitate fine‐mapping the physically large Qfhs.ifa‐5A interval, two gamma‐irradiated deletion panels were generated: (i) seeds of line NIL3 carrying the Qfhs.ifa‐5A resistance allele in an otherwise susceptible background were irradiated and plants thereof were selfed to obtain deletions in homozygous state and (ii) a radiation hybrid panel was produced using irradiated pollen of the wheat line Chinese Spring (CS) for pollinating the CS‐nullisomic5Atetrasomic5B. In total, 5157 radiation selfing and 276 radiation hybrid plants were screened for deletions on 5AS and plants containing deletions were analysed using 102 5AS‐specific markers. Combining genotypic information of both panels yielded an 817‐fold map improvement (cR/cM) for the centromeric bin and was 389‐fold increased across the Qfhs.ifa‐5A interval compared to the genetic map, with an average map resolution of 0.77 Mb/cR. We successfully proved that the RH mapping technique can effectively resolve marker order in low‐recombining regions, including pericentromeric intervals, and simultaneously allow developing an in vivo panel of sister lines differing for induced deletions across the Qfhs.ifa‐5A interval that can be used for phenotyping.
Juvenile elastoma without germline mutations in LEMD3 gene: A case of Buschke‐Ollendorff syndrome?
Authors: Condorelli Alessandra , Musso Nicolo , Scuderi Laura , Condorelli Daniele F. , Barresi Vincenza , De Pasquale Rocco
Published: October 2017

We report the case of a 6‐year‐old Caucasian girl with clinical and histopathologic features of Buschke‐Ollendorff syndrome. Histologic examination of skin lesions showed thick, curly, elastic fibers in the derma. Bone lesions compatible with Buschke‐Ollendorff syndrome were found in the girl's mother. Mutations in LEMD3 are pathogenic for Buschke‐Ollendorff syndrome. Analysis of all exons and exon‐intron junctions of LEMD3 did not reveal any germline mutations.
Pediatric keloids: A 6‐year retrospective review
Authors: Michael Afieharo I. , Ademola Samuel A. , Olawoye Olayinka A. , Iyun Ayodele O. , Adebayo Wasiu , Oluwatosin Odunayo M.
Published: October 2017

Background/Objectives

Keloids are reportedly rare at the extremes of life. We sought to describe the epidemiology of pediatric keloids seen at the plastic surgery outpatient department of the University College Hospital, Ibadan.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all children younger than 19 years who presented with nonburn keloids between 2008 and 2014. Data were obtained on age; duration, size, and location of the keloid; family history; mode of treatment; and outcome. Outcome variables were recurrence and wound complications. Data were analyzed using the Pearson chi‐square test for discreet variables and the independent‐sample t test for continuous variables. P < .05 was taken as statistically significant.

Results

Within the review period, 304 patients presented with keloids, of whom 40 (13.1%) were younger than 19 years. There was a female preponderance (n = 23, 57.5%). The mean age at onset of the keloid was 9.3 years (range 3 months‐18 years). Thirty (75%) patients had keloids in the head and neck region. Keloids were sporadic in 31 (77.5%) patients. Nineteen (47.5%) patients had multimodal treatment for keloid. The recurrence rate was 20%. Recurrence was significantly associated with the size of the lesion (P = .003).

Conclusion

Keloids during childhood are not rare. More attention should be paid to the management of keloids in this age group.
Perineal groove in female infants: A case series and literature review
Authors: Garcia‐Palacios Maria , Mendez‐Gallart Roberto , Cortizo‐Vazquez Jorge , Rodriguez‐Barca Pablo , Estevez‐Martinez Elina , Bautista‐Casasnovas Adolfo
Published: October 2017

Background

Perineal groove is a rare congenital malformation that is unknown to many clinicians and is often misdiagnosed. Although it may be self‐resolving during childhood, this nonepithelized mucous membrane can pose the risk of local irritation and infection, particularly urinary tract infection.

Methods

A retrospective study of female infants diagnosed with a perineal groove was performed, demographic characteristics and clinical features were analyzed, and a photographic review was conducted.

Results

Five patients with perineal groove were observed in our clinic in 2015‐16. The mean age was 14 months. None had symptoms, and no treatment was required. During follow‐up of 1 year, all remained asymptomatic.

Conclusions

Our retrospective review suggests that perineal groove may be an underdiagnosed condition. Most cases resolve spontaneously, but confusion in diagnosis may lead to misdiagnosis or misinterpretation of sexual abuse and unnecessary treatments.
Phenomenal Feel as Process1
Authors: Paul L.A.
Published: October 2017

Phenomenal character (or feel) is the what‐it's‐likeness of subjective experience. I develop an ontology of phenomenal feel as process. My being in some phenomenal state R is the process of my instantiating R’s neurological correlate. The ontology explains why we have asymmetric epistemic access to phenomenal characters: the ontological ground for the subjective or first‐personal stance is different from the ontological ground for the objective or third‐personal stance. I end by situating my account in debates about physicalism.
The Naïve Conception of Properties
Authors: Schnieder Benjamin
Published: October 2017

The semantic rules that govern ordinary property discourse appear to give rise to a version of Russell's antinomy. Do we therefore have an inconsistent conception of properties? This paper firstly develops a consistent conception of properties and secondly argues that we may indeed interpret ordinary property discourse as expressing the consistent conception rather than an inconsistent one.
Photochemistry and Photophysics of the 3‐Styrylidenebenz[e]indanes
Authors: Saltiel Jack , Gupta Shipra , Eaker David W. , Kropp Andrew M. , Kumar V. K. Ratheesh
Published: October 2017

The photochemical and photophysical properties of the extended conformers of trans‐ and cis‐1‐(2‐naphthyl)‐2‐phenylethenes (t‐ and c‐NPEB) are strikingly different than those of their rigid analogues, trans‐ and cis‐3‐styrylidenebenz[e]indane (t‐ and c‐BPE). The fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime at 25°C in methylcyclohexane drop from 0.76 and 22.2 ns in t‐NPEB to 0.0051 and 0.25 ns in t‐BPE, and there are complementary changes in the photoisomerization quantum yields. In both cases, photoisomerization occurs in S2, a stilbenic excited state. The differences in behavior are traced to the diminished S1/S2 energy gap on the alkyl substitution afforded by the five‐membered ring in BPE. The effect of viscosity on the torsional relaxation of t‐BPE, evaluated in glycerol/methanol mixtures at 25°C and in 95/5 and 99.9/0.1 glycerol/methanol (% v/v) as a function of T, is well accounted for by the medium‐enhanced barrier model. Absorption and fluorescence spectra of t‐BPE in pure glycerol reveal aggregate formation. Quenching of t‐BPE fluorescence in methylcyclohexane by tri‐n‐butylamine (TBA) leads to exciplex fluorescence. Comparison with analogous results for t‐NPEB suggests that charge transfer involves primarily the naphthalenic S1 state in t‐NPEB and the stilbenic S2 state in t‐BPE.
Pupil dilation indicates the coding of past prediction errors: Evidence for attentional learning theory
Authors: Koenig Stephan , Uengoer Metin , Lachnit Harald
Published: October 2017

The attentional learning theory of Pearce and Hall () predicts more attention to uncertain cues that have caused a high prediction error in the past. We examined how the cue‐elicited pupil dilation during associative learning was linked to such error‐driven attentional processes. In three experiments, participants were trained to acquire associations between different cues and their appetitive (Experiment 1), motor (Experiment 2), or aversive (Experiment 3) outcomes. All experiments were designed to examine differences in the processing of continuously reinforced cues (consistently followed by the outcome) versus partially reinforced, uncertain cues (randomly followed by the outcome). We measured the pupil dilation elicited by the cues in anticipation of the outcome and analyzed how this conditioned pupil response changed over the course of learning. In all experiments, changes in pupil size complied with the same basic pattern: During early learning, consistently reinforced cues elicited greater pupil dilation than uncertain, randomly reinforced cues, but this effect gradually reversed to yield a greater pupil dilation for uncertain cues toward the end of learning. The pattern of data accords with the changes in prediction error and error‐driven attention formalized by the Pearce‐Hall theory.
Setting Priorities in Behavioral Interventions: An Application to Reducing Phishing Risk
Authors: Canfield Casey Inez , Fischhoff Baruch
Published: October 2017

Phishing risk is a growing area of concern for corporations, governments, and individuals. Given the evidence that users vary widely in their vulnerability to phishing attacks, we demonstrate an approach for assessing the benefits and costs of interventions that target the most vulnerable users. Our approach uses Monte Carlo simulation to (1) identify which users were most vulnerable, in signal detection theory terms; (2) assess the proportion of system‐level risk attributable to the most vulnerable users; (3) estimate the monetary benefit and cost of behavioral interventions targeting different vulnerability levels; and (4) evaluate the sensitivity of these results to whether the attacks involve random or spear phishing. Using parameter estimates from previous research, we find that the most vulnerable users were less cautious and less able to distinguish between phishing and legitimate emails (positive response bias and low sensitivity, in signal detection theory terms). They also accounted for a large share of phishing risk for both random and spear phishing attacks. Under these conditions, our analysis estimates much greater net benefit for behavioral interventions that target these vulnerable users. Within the range of the model's assumptions, there was generally net benefit even for the least vulnerable users. However, the differences in the return on investment for interventions with users with different degrees of vulnerability indicate the importance of measuring that performance, and letting it guide interventions. This study suggests that interventions to reduce response bias, rather than to increase sensitivity, have greater net benefit.
Predicting changes in hemoglobin S after simple transfusion using complete blood counts
Authors: Mathur Gagan , Ten Eyck Patrick , Knudson C. Michael
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Hemoglobin S percentages are used in the management of patients who have sickle cell disease. However, hemoglobin S measurements often are not routinely or rapidly performed. Rapid and accurate methods to estimate hemoglobin S levels after simple transfusion may improve the care of patients with sickle cell disease.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A comprehensive review of the electronic medical record identified 24 stable patients with sickle cell disease who received simple red blood cell transfusions and had hemoglobin S measurements before and after the transfusion that were less than 72 hours apart. Examination of these patients identified 62 separate transfusions that met our criteria. Three simple equations that utilized complete blood count values and readily available information from the medical record were used to predict the post‐transfusion hemoglobin S level after transfusion (Equation 1: predicted post‐transfusion hemoglobin = pre‐transfusion hemoglobin S × [pre‐transfusion hemoglobin/post‐transfusion hemoglobin]; Equation 2: predicted post‐transfusion hemoglobin S = pre‐transfusion hemoglobin S × [pre‐transfusion hematocrit/post‐transfusion hematocrit]; and Equation 3: predicted post‐transfusion hemoglobin S = pre‐transfusion hemoglobin S × total pre‐transfusion hemoglobin/[total pre‐transfusion hemoglobin + (red blood cell volume × 20)]).

RESULTS

The predicted hemoglobin S values for all three equations showed a highly significant correlation with the measured post‐hemoglobin S value. The coefficient of determination (R2) for Equations 1, 2, and 3 was 0.95, 0.92, and 0.97, respectively. Predicting the post‐transfusion hemoglobin S value using estimates of the patient's total hemoglobin and the transfused hemoglobin (Equation 3) was the most precise.

CONCLUSION

Reductions in hemoglobin S values in patients with sickle cell disease who receive simple red blood cell transfusions can be reliably predicted using complete blood cell measurements and simple arithmetic equations.
Ultrasonographic measurement of caudal vena cava to aorta ratios for determination of volume depletion in normal beagle dogs
Authors: Kwak Jungmin , Yoon Hakyoung , Kim Jaehwan , Kim Minjoo , Eom Kidong
Published: October 2017

A noninvasive method for quantifying hydration status would be helpful for clinical management and for research applications in dogs. This prospective, experimental, pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility of ultrasonographic measurement of the caudal vena cava to aorta ratio as a method for quantifying volume depletion in dogs. In 12 normal beagle dogs, furosemide was administered intravenously at a dose of 1 mg/kg, every 2 h, for 8 h, to induce consecutive volume depletion. Every 30 min after administration, ultrasonographic images of the caudal vena cava and aorta, and physical and biological parameters related to dehydration were acquired. On transverse and longitudinal planes of caudal vena cava and aorta images, the height and area of the caudal vena cava and aorta were measured to calculate the caudal vena cava/aorta ratios. All images were acquired by approaching from the right intercostal space with the dogs in left lateral recumbency. A negative correlation was present between the percentage of weight loss in dogs and all four investigated caudal vena cava/aorta ratios (transverse plane width of the caudal vena cava [TW]/aorta; transverse plane height of caudal vena cava [TH]/aorta; longitudinal plane area of the caudal vena cava [TA]/aorta; and longitudinal plane maximal height of the caudal vena cava [L]/aorta). Significant differences (P < 0.001) were seen between dogs with and without clinical signs of dehydration for all caudal vena cava/aorta ratios. Findings indicated that ultrasonographic caudal vena cava/aorta ratios are feasible methods for quantifying volume depletion and for use as an adjunct to standard subjective methods for estimating hydration status in dogs.
Do male athletes with already high initial haemoglobin mass benefit from ‘live high–train low’ altitude training?
Authors: Hauser Anna , Troesch Severin , Steiner Thomas , Brocherie Franck , Girard Olivier , Saugy Jonas J. , Schmitt Laurent , Millet Grégoire P. , Wehrlin Jon P.
Published: October 2017

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

It has been assumed that athletes embarking on an ‘live high–train low’ (LHTL) camp with already high initial haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) have a limited ability to increase their Hbmass further post‐intervention. Therefore, the relationship between initial Hbmass and post‐intervention increase was tested with duplicate Hbmass measures and comparable hypoxic doses in male athletes.

What is the main finding and its importance?

There were trivial to moderate inverse relationships between initial Hbmass and percentage Hbmass increase in endurance and team‐sport athletes after the LHTL camp, indicating that even athletes with higher initial Hbmass can reasonably expect Hbmass gains post‐LHTL.

It has been proposed that athletes with high initial values of haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) will have a smaller Hbmass increase in response to ‘live high–train low’ (LHTL) altitude training. To verify this assumption, the relationship between initial absolute and relative Hbmass values and their respective Hbmass increase following LHTL in male endurance and team‐sport athletes was investigated. Overall, 58 male athletes (35 well‐trained endurance athletes and 23 elite male field hockey players) undertook an LHTL training camp with similar hypoxic doses (200–230 h). The Hbmass was measured in duplicate pre‐ and post‐LHTL by the carbon monoxide rebreathing method. Although there was no relationship (r = 0.02, P = 0.91) between initial absolute Hbmass (in grams) and the percentage increase in absolute Hbmass, a moderate relationship (r = −0.31, P = 0.02) between initial relative Hbmass (in grams per kilogram) and the percentage increase in relative Hbmass was detected. Mean absolute and relative Hbmass increased to a similar extent (P ≥ 0.81) in endurance (from 916 ± 88 to 951 ± 96 g, +3.8%, P < 0.001 and from 13.1 ± 1.2 to 13.6 ± 1.1 g kg−1, +4.1%, P < 0.001, respectively) and team‐sport athletes (from 920 ± 120 to 957 ± 127 g, +4.0%, P < 0.001 and from 11.9 ± 0.9 to 12.3 ± 0.9 g kg−1, +4.0%, P < 0.001, respectively) after LHTL. The direct comparison study using individual data of male endurance and team‐sport athletes and strict methodological control (duplicate Hbmass measures and matched hypoxic dose) indicated that even athletes with higher initial Hbmass can reasonably expect Hbmass gain post‐LHTL.