bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of depression in primary care
Authors: Weich Scott , Nazareth Irwin , Morgan Louise , King Michael
Published: July 2007

Background

Depression is prevalent, costly and often undertreated.

Aims

To test the hypothesis that people with low socio-economic status are least likely to receive and adhere to evidence-based treatments for depression, after controlling for clinical need.

Method

Individuals with an ICD-10 depressive episode in the past 12 months (n = 866) were recruited from 7271 attendees in 36 general practices in England and Wales. Depressive episodes were identified using the 12-month Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Treatment receipt and adherence were assessed by structured interview, and rated using evidence-based criteria.

Results

We identified 332 individuals (38.3%) who received and adhered to evidence-based treatment. There were few socio-economic differences in treatment allocation. Although those without educational qualifications were least likely to receive psychological treatments (OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.34–0.89, P = 0.02), this association was not statistically significant after adjusting for depression severity.

Conclusions

We found no evidence of inverse care in the treatment of moderate and severe depression in primary care in England and Wales.
The devil is in the detail: Partnerships between psychiatry and faith-based organisations
Authors: Leavey Gerard , King Michael
Published: July 2007

Clergy continue to have a central role in many communities and the utility of their involvement in the care of people with mental health problems is increasingly argued. However, there has been a failure to examine the form and parameters of partnerships between faith-based organisations and psychiatry.
Deployment-related stress and trauma in Dutch soldiers returning from Iraq
Authors: Engelhard Iris M. , Van Den Hout Marcel A. , Weerts Jos , Arntz Arnoud , Hox Joop J. C. M. , McNally Richard J.
Published: July 2007

Background

Some questionnaire studies have shown increased mental health problems, including probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in soldiers deployed to Iraq.

Aims

To test prospectively whether such problems change over time and whether questionnaires provide accurate estimates of deployment-related PTSD compared with a clinical interview.

Methods

Dutch infantry troops from three cohorts completed questionnaires before deployment to Iraq (n=479), and about 5 months (n=382, 80%) and 15 months (n=331, 69%) thereafter. Post-traumatic stress disorder was evaluated by questionnaire and clinical interview.

Results

There were no group changes for general distress symptoms. The rates of PTSD for each cohort were 21, 4 and 6% based on questionnaires at 5 months. The deployment-related rates of PTSD based on the clinical interview were 4, 3 and 3%.

Conclusions

There was a specific effect of deployment on mental health for a small minority. Questionnaires eliciting stress symptoms gave substantial overestimations of the rate of PTSD.
Impact of Positive Positron Emission Tomography on Prediction of Freedom From Progression After Stanford V Chemotherapy in Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Advani Ranjana , Maeda Lauren , Lavori Philip , Quon Andrew , Hoppe Richard , Breslin Sheila , Rosenberg Saul A. , Horning Sandra J.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To correlate [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG-PET) status after chemotherapy, but before radiation, with outcome in patients treated with the Stanford V regimen.

Patients and Methods

We analyzed retrospectively 81 patients with Hodgkin's disease who had serial [18F]FDG-PET scans performed at baseline and again at the completion of Stanford V chemotherapy, before planned radiotherapy. Patients with favorable stage I/II (nonbulky mediastinal disease) and those with bulky mediastinal disease or stage III/IV were scanned after 8 and 12 weeks of chemotherapy, respectively. Radiotherapy fields were determined before starting chemotherapy based on baseline computed tomography scans.

Results

After chemotherapy, six of 81 patients had residual [18F]FDG-PET–positive sites, all in sites for which radiotherapy was planned. Four of the six patients with positive [18F]FDG-PET scans after chemotherapy experienced relapse compared with just three of 75 patients with negative [18F]FDG-PET scans. At a median follow-up of 4 years, the freedom from progression (FFP) was 96% in postchemotherapy [18F]FDG-PET–negative patients versus 33% in [18F]FDG-PET–positive patients (P < .0003). In a bivariate Cox model, [18F]FDG-PET positivity after chemotherapy remained a highly significant predictor of progression-free survival even after controlling for bulky disease and International Prognostic Score more than 2.

Conclusion

These data indicate that PET status after chemotherapy is strongly predictive of FFP with the Stanford V regimen despite the use of consolidative radiotherapy. These results have implications for the design of clinical trials adapted to functional imaging.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia After Adjuvant Breast Cancer Therapy in Older Women: Understanding Risk
Authors: Patt Debra A. , Duan Zhigang , Fang Shenying , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Giordano Sharon H.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer in older women.

Patients and Methods

Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked database were used for women diagnosed with nonmetastatic breast cancer from 1992 to 2002. The primary end point was a claim with an inpatient or outpatient diagnosis of AML (International Classification of Diseases ninth revision, codes 205 to 208), comparing patients treated with and without adjuvant chemotherapy, and by differing chemotherapy regimens. The cumulative hazard of AML was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine factors independently associated with the development of AML.

Results

In this observational study, there were 64,715 patients: 10,130 received adjuvant chemotherapy and 54,585 did not. The median patient age was 75.6 years (range, 66 to 104 years). The mean follow-up was 54.8 months (range, 13 to 144 months). The absolute risk of developing AML at 10 years after any adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer was 1.8% versus 1.2% for women who had not received chemotherapy. The adjusted hazard ratio for AML with adjuvant chemotherapy versus none was 1.53 (95% CI, 1.14 to 2.06). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) within the first year of diagnosis did not convey a significantly increased risk of AML (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.92).

Conclusion

There is a small but real increase in AML after adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer in older women. This study may underestimate the true incidence because myelodysplastic syndrome cannot be identified through claims. G-CSF use within the first year of diagnosis does not convey an increased risk of AML in older women.
Oil Content Estimation of Individual Kernels of Quercus Ilex Subsp. Rotundifolia [(Lam) O. Schwarz] Acorns by Fourier Transform near Infrared Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares Regression
Authors: Sousa-Correia Cristina , Alves Ana , Rodrigues José C. , Ferreira-Dias Suzana , Abreu José M. , Maxted Nigel , Ford-Lloyd Brian , Schwanninger Manfred
Published: July 2007

The aim of this work was to use Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy and partial least squares regression (PLSR) to estimate the oil content of individual Holm oak ( Quercus sp.) acorn kernels from different trees, sites and years that should be used in the future for molecular marker association studies. Sampling of acorns in two consecutive years (2003 and 2004) and from different sites in Portugal provided independent sample sets. A total of 89 samples (acorn kernels) representative of the natural oil content range were extracted. The results of the analyses performed by three people revealed accuracy of the oil extraction procedure ( n-hexane) and the precision (repeatability) of this method, assessed during a four-day period, gave a standard deviation of 0.1%. Careful wavenumber selection and several steps of validation of the PLSR models led to a final robust model that allowed the precise prediction of the oil content of individual acorns. By using the wavenumber ranges from 5995 to 5323 cm−1 and from 4478 to 4177 cm−1 of the vector normalised spectra, a PLSR model with a coefficient of determination ( r 2) of 0.992 and a root mean square error of cross-validation ( RMSECV) of 0.37% was achieved. The RPD value of about 10 and a bias of almost zero showed that the developed models are good for process control, development, and applied research. Oil content estimation of individual Quercus sp. acorns by FT-NIR and PLSR was shown to be possible. The varying water content detected in the spectra of the milled kernels after drying in similar conditions, within and especially between years, could be handled.
Toward Hyperspectral Sensing in Practical Devices: Measurements of Fuel, H2O and Gas Temperature in a Metal Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine
Authors: Hagen Christopher L. , Sanders Scott T.
Published: July 2007

Absorption spectra of H2O (v2 + v3 band, R branch) and iC8H18 (C–H stretch overtone, entire band) were measured in the harsh and highly transient environment of a combusting piston engine using a lamp and spectrometer. Spectra were taken at a rate of 900 spectra s−1 over the 1600 nm–1850 nm range with a resolution of 0.75 nm (3.0 cm−1). A grating spectrometer, based on an extended indium gallium arsenide (x-InGaAs) linear array camera, was used. The engine is an isooctane(2,2,4-trimethylpentane)-fueled homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine operating at 1000 rpm. Spectra were post processed for in-cylinder temperature, H2O density and fuel density. Fuel spectra measured near auto-ignition conditions differ slightly from room-temperature spectra, as expected. Averaging was employed (1000 engine cycles) to mitigate the challenges introduced by measuring spectra in an engine (for example, beamsteering). With this averaging, we were able to achieve a broadband minimum detectable absorbance of less than 1%.
The Reliability of Pesticide Determinations Using near Infrared Spectroscopy and the Dry-Extract System for Infrared (DESIR) Technique
Authors: Saranwong Sirinnapa , Kawano Sumio ,   Collaborators: M. Amari (National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Japan) and M. Yoshida (Kanagawa Agricultural Technology Center, Japan)
Published: July 2007

In a previous article, a pesticide determination system using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and the dry-extract system for infrared (DESIR) technique had been developed. In order to evaluate system reliability, a number of tests had been conducted. To reduce time and labour needed for pesticide assays by gas chromatography, artificial solutions of each pesticide in acetone were used in place of sample extract that was used in the previous article. Effects of several factors, such as chemical structure, interference of another reagent in the solution and sample presentation, on the system accuracy were evaluated. A tentative collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of large scale utilisation. To test the influence of chemical structure, three pesticides— acephate, dichlofluanid and tetrachloro-isophthalonitrile (TPN)—having different numbers of functional groups with strong dipole moment were used. From the range of 0 ppm to 50 ppm active ingredient in acetone, the SEPs obtained were 2.1, 5.3 and 9.3 ppm for acephate, dichlofluanid and TPN, respectively. These results corresponded to the number of strong dipole moment groups in the chemical structure which were four for acephate, two for dichlofluanid and none for TPN. In the case where two kinds of pesticide were presented in the system, the SEP became larger compared to the single pesticide results. The degree of interference differed depending on the relative absorptivity between the target pesticide and the interference. Using the system developed and acephate solution, a tentative collaborative study was conducted using three laboratories and four technicians. The almost similar SEPs of 2.8, 2.8, 3.0 and 2.5 ppm were obtained by the four technicians, indicating that even if the NIR instruments used and the degree of professional skill differed between technicians, satisfactory results could be obtained after a few hours of training and a proper bias correction. Finally, to simplify the system, three kinds of sample presentation were used to develop a calibration equation for acephate. The SEPs obtained differed only minutely. It could be concluded that when using NIR analysis the operator may choose between the highly precise system which requires more time and labour because of the sample preparation involved or a slightly less precise system with simple sample presentation. Based on the Japanese pesticide control level, the developed system could be used for the monitoring of some pesticides in fruits and vegetables.
Recovery of the Dye Intermediate DNDS from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Resins
Authors: Yang Wei-Ben , Fan Jun , Li Aimin , Zhang Quanxing
Published: July 2007

Four kinds of resins were investigated for the recovery of 4,4‘-dinitrostilbene-2,2’-disulphonic acid (DNDS), which is present as a pollutant in wastewater, and their adsorption behaviour and mechanisms assessed. One of the resins, YWB-38, exhibited much better adsorption properties towards DNDS than the other two commercial acrylic ester resins XAD-7 and HP2MG. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were fitted to the experimental equilibrium data when the Langmuir model was found to provide a better fit for all resins over the temperature range studied.

The investigation indicates that hydrophobic interaction provides the main mechanism in the adsorption of DNDS onto XAD-4 resin and that such interaction decreases significantly when additional methanol (10%) is added to the DNDS solutions. While the main interaction between the acrylic ester resin and adsorbate is hydrogen bonding, this can be enhanced to some extent by increasing acid concentration. Adsorption dynamics, column adsorption and desorption processes were also investigated to explore the differences in adsorption behaviour and mechanism on the polystyrene resin XAD-4 and acrylic ester resins.
Analysis of Earthquake Energy Input in Soil-Pile-Structure System with Uncertain Soil Parameter
Authors: Kishida Akiko , Takewaki Izuru
Published: July 2007

The energy flow in a soil-pile-structure (SPS) system during an earthquake is an important consideration in seismic-resistant design. The energy input to the structure is formulated here in the frequency domain. The frequency-domain approach enables the exact and complete treatment of frequency-dependent stiffness and damping properties. It is shown that the input energy can be derived in a compact form through the frequency integration of the product of the ground-motion input component and the structural model component. By taking full advantage of this compact form, it is demonstrated that the formulation of earthquake input energy in the frequency domain is essentially appropriate for deriving the exact first and second-order sensitivities of the input energy with respect to an uncertain soil stiffness parameter. The sensitivity expressions derived for swaying-rocking models with independent uncertain parameters are used here for the efficient formulation in a new model. The exact second-order sensitivities facilitate the expression of input energy variation due to uncertainty in ground stiffness, which is useful seismic design data.
A Proposed Technique for Large Deflection Analysis of Cantilever Beams Composed of Two Nonlinear Elastic Materials Subjected to an Inclined Tip Concentrated Force
Authors: Al-Sadder Samir , Shatarat Nasim
Published: July 2007

A new technique was proposed for the large deflection problem of a prismatic composite cantilever beam made of two different nonlinear elastic materials and subjected to an inclined tip concentrated force. Two types of composite cantilever beams were considered in this study: A solid rectangular and a hollow circular cross-section beam.

The proposed technique assumes that the behavior of a composite cantilever beam is equivalent to the behavior of two homogeneous cantilever beams. A semi-analytical solution describing the complete behavior of each homogeneous beam was derived and the complete deflection curve of the composite cantilever beam was obtained by considering the weighted average deflection curves of the two homogeneous cantilevers with respect to the tip forces.

Several numerical examples were presented at the end of the study. Results obtained using the proposed technique were compared with results obtained using the software ADINA and found to be in good agreement.
Nonlinear Equivalent Simulation of Mechanical Properties of Expansive Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Columns
Authors: Lu F. W. , Li S. P. , Sun Guojun
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a nonlinear finite element analysis on the behaviour of expansive concrete-filled steel tube (ECFT) short columns. An equivalent model for axially-loaded ECFT columns is proposed. The expansive effect of the core expanding concrete is modeled by applying a temperature field to ordinary concrete. In the elastic stage, the difference between Poisson's ratio for concrete and steel is taken into account. The three dimensional concrete material model (concrete damaged plasticity model) available in ABAQUS, together with the modified Drucker-Prager yielding criterion and the non-associative flow rule are adopted to represent the plastic properties of concrete. By finite element method simulation, the load-deformation curves of the axially-loaded ECFT short columns are obtained. The numerical predictions coincide with the experimental results very well. Meanwhile, the contact pressure between the steel tube and the expansive concrete core, the axial stress distribution in the expansive concrete core under loading and the confining effect of the tube on the expansive concrete core are analyzed.
Das „Buch der Gesetze der Länder“ des Bardesanes von Edessa
Authors: Krannich Torsten , Stein Peter
Published: July 2007

The Book of the Laws of the Countries is one of the most important sources for our knowledge of Syriac Christianity in the late second century. In 1979 Albrecht Dihle has depicted Bardesanes as an ingenious christian philosopher. The sources of his theory of free will are the middle-platonic and peripatetic philosophy, mainly Alexander of Aphrodisias and his dialog De fato.

This new german translation of the Book of the Laws of the Countries gives an introduction into the Bardesanes research.
Dritter Bericht zur griechischen Patristik: Über Editionen und Textkritik, Handschriften, Instrumente und Verwandtes (1998-2001) (1. Teil)
Authors: Uthemann Karl-Heinz
Published: July 2007

Dieser Bericht will primär kritische Editionen und Untersuchungen zur Überlieferungsgeschichte patristischer Texte in griechischer Sprache erfassen, fügt dem aber Informationen über Editionen paganer Texte der Antike und Spätantike (3.), des Oriens Christianus (4.), gnostischer und manichäischer Quellen (Anhang IV) sowie über andere Themen wie z.B. Hilfsmittel der Forschung (6.; teils in Anhang IV; V) oder Handschriften-Kataloge (Anhang VIII) hinzu, sofern ein Bezug zur griechischen Patristik gegeben ist, die hier zeitlich so wie in der CPG definiert wird. Doch soll damit nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß gelegentlich ein Werk des neunten Jahrhunderts genannt wird. Übersichtlicher gegliedert, erfaßt dieser Research Report inhaltlich dasselbe wie die vorherigen Berichte.
Der Hirte des Hermas: Plausibilisierungs- und Legitimierungsstrategien im Übergang von Antike und Christentum
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: July 2007

Concentrating on the opening “book of visions” of the Pastor Hermae the article analyzes the interplay of the genre of apocalyptic and a strategy of visionary legitimization. A close reading shows a carefully structured text that tries to combine the generic expectations of the apocalypsis of John with a visionary biography that is part of the hearers' (rather than readers') neighbourhood. This approach is able to interpret several hitherto awkward elements as part of a world view shared by recent as well as longstanding Christians. Thus, the Pastor Hermae is a document no less of Roman than of Christian religion.
The Date of the Martyrdom of Lucian of Antioch
Authors: Barnes Timothy D
Published: July 2007

The influential priest and teacher Lucian of Antioch suffered martyrdom during the great ‘Persecution’ set in train by the emperor Diocletian in late February 303, which was finally ended in Asia Minor, the Syrian region and Egypt in the late spring and summer of 313. Lucian was executed in Nicomedia on 7 January: both the place and the day are attested by unimpeachable evidence, including the ancient editor's note on a homily in praise of Lucian delivered by John Chrysostom (PG 50, 519-526 [CPG 4346]), the early martyrology preserved in a Syriac manuscript written in Edessa in 411 (PO 10/1, 12,1 Nau), and the Martyrologium Hieronymianum (ActaSS Nov. II/2, Brussels 1931, 29). The year of Lucian's martyrdom, however, is not explicitly attested and must be inferred from the fact that he was tried and condemned to death by a Roman emperor who was in Nicomedia at the time. Since Lucian can hardly have suffered martyrdom as early as January 305, when Diocletian was certainly in Nicomedia, the only possible years between 303 and 313 when Lucian can have been tried by an emperor in that city immediately before execution on a 7 January are 311 and 312. The majority of modern scholars have plumped for the later of these two years, dating the death of Lucian to 7 January 312. But the earlier date of 7 January 311 argued by Baronius has occasionally been adopted, as by Friedrich Loofs and Karl Baus, while Michael Slusser has recently set out a detailed argument in its favour. Lest Slusser's case be accepted by default, the case for 7 January 312 will here be set out. It is totally compelling.
Patristische Arbeitshilfen im Internet (V). Fremdsprachige Zeichensätze
Authors: Wallraff Martin
Published: July 2007

Es ist üblich geworden, darüber zu klagen, daß im Computerzeitalter auch solche Arbeiten den Autoren aufgebürdet werden, die klassischerweise den Typographen zukamen, also eigens dafür ausgebildeten und darin erfahrenen Spezialisten – und dies, ohne daß die Autoren dafür bezahlt oder die Bücher billiger würden. Die Klage ist berechtigt, und zusätzlich ist zu bedenken, daß die Zeche nicht nur der Autor zahlt, sondern auch der Leser, denn obwohl Autoren, Herausgeber oder die jeweils zuständigen Hilfskräfte mitunter ein hohes Maß an Zeit und Mühe investieren, um reproduktionsfähige Druckvorlagen zu liefern, sind die Resultate im Hinblick auf Lesbarkeit und Ästhetik oft nicht sehr befriedigend. Daß man mit dem Computer alles machen kann, heißt noch nicht, daß der (dafür nicht ausgebildete) Benutzer auch weiß, wie er es machen kann oder könnte oder sollte. Mit anderen Worten: pouvoir und savoir faire sind nicht das Gleiche.
Monitoring Field Soil Suction Using a Miniature Tensiometer
Authors: Cui Yu-Jun , Tang Anh-Minh , Mantho Altin Theodore , De Laure Emmanuel
Published: July 2007

An experimental device was developed to monitor the field soil suction using a miniature tensiometer. This device consists of a double tube system that ensures a good contact between the tensiometer and the soil surface at the bottom of the testing borehole. This system also ensures the periodical retrieving of the tensiometer without disturbing the surrounding soil. This device was used to monitor the soil suction at the site of Boissy-le-Châtel, France. The measurement was performed at two depths (25 and 45 cm) during two months (May and June 2004). The recorded suction data are analyzed by comparing with the volumetric water content data recorded using TDR (Time Domain Reflectometer) probes as well as the meteorological data. A good agreement between these results was observed, showing a satisfactory performance of the developed device.
Using Rolling Dynamic Deflectometer and Overlay Tester to Determine the Reflective Cracking Potential
Authors: Chen Dar-Hao
Published: July 2007

A forensic study was performed using a rolling dynamic deflectometer (RDD) and overlay tester (OT) to investigate the reflective cracks on SH87. Comparative tests were performed on the BU90 that has no cracks. The test results show that BU90 has lower density and lower asphalt content than SH87. This means the hot-mix asphalt (HMA) on BU90 has less resistance to reflective cracking than SH87. The OT confirmed that the cycles to failure are less for BU90 than for SH87. Thus, in terms of individual layer properties, the wearing surface and crack-retarding layer on SH87 has a greater crack resistance than that on BU90 and the asphalt mixes were not the principal reason for the cracking. The three main contributing factors for the reflective cracking on SH87 are: (1) thinner HMA, (2) higher joint movements, and (3) poor bonding between layers. Based on the reliability concept, at 90 % confidence level, the threshold W1–W3 deflection values were found to be 4.4 mils and it is much less than 6.5 mils developed from the IH20 project that has 100 mm of HMA as opposed to 64 mm for the SH87 project. It reaffirms that thicker HMA takes longer to have reflective cracking and it also needs a higher threshold W1–W3 deflection value. Thus, the thicker HMA overlay on BU90 (183 mm) would delay the reflective cracks. The methodology presented demonstrates RDD and OT’s abilities to characterize the reflective cracking potential and the proposed threshold value provides a good foundation for further refinement when additional data are available.
Simplified Presentation of the Stress-Energy Method for General Commercial Use
Authors: Daum Matthew
Published: July 2007

To help the dynamic stress versus energy method for constructing cushion curves gain more commercial acceptance, this paper presents two improvements to previous work. First is the reporting of stress-energy equations (A and B values) for several more commercially available cushion materials. Second is a simplified method for manipulating and displaying the stress-energy equation using a common spreadsheet program. This simplified method makes cushion curves dynamic and accessible without the need for a programming language, and presents the results in industry-standard format. Combining these two components help make the stress-energy method more accessible for packaging engineers working in industry.
Cogging-Torque Analysis on Permanent-Magnet Machines by Simulation and Measurement (Analyse des Rastmoments von permanentmagneterregten Maschinen mittels Simulation und Messung)
Authors: Schlensok Christoph , van Riesen Dirk , Schmülling Benedikt , Schöning Marc Christian , Hameyer Kay
Published: July 2007

Cogging torque is an effect to be considered in the design and optimization process of Permanent-Magnet Machines (PMM). Many simulation methods have been proposed. Verification of provided results require measurements of the cogging torque. Measuring it is, though, no easy task. Existing measurement setups often do not decouple the influence of the drive and the measured PMM. Hence, we propose a simple yet accurate test bench design for the measurement of cogging torque. The studied PMM is simulated using the Finite-Element Method (FEM) numerically, and the results are compared.
Verfahren zur Widerstandsmessung in einem Dreiphasengemisch (Method for Resistance Measurement in a Three-Phase Mixture)
Authors: Bähnck Frauke , Wagner Friedrich Ernst
Published: July 2007

Methanhydratvorkommen könnten den weltweiten Energiebedarf auf absehbare Zeit sicherstellen. Viele mit Methanhydrat und dessen Abbau zusammenhängende Fragen sind unbeantwortet. Hierzu gehören das Entstehen von Methanhydrat und das Einschließen von Gasmolekülen in die Struktur von Wassermolekülen. Für derartige Untersuchungen wurde ein Hochdruckautoklav entwickelt, dessen Messzelle die Möglichkeit bietet, Widerstands- und Temperaturmessungen unter Hochdruck in einem Sediment durchzuführen, dem Wasser und Gas zugeführt wird. Für die Widerstandsmessung wurde ein Verfahren entwickelt, das eine präzise Aussage über das Verhalten des Dreiphasengemisches im gesamten Messraum gestattet.
Versuchsanordnung zur Untersuchung des Strömungs- und Betriebsverhaltens einer Axialturbine (Equipment for the Experimental Investigation of Flow Field and Performance of an Axial Turbine)
Authors: Klein Jens , Özdemir Hasan , Stoff Horst
Published: July 2007

Für die Dichtwirkung von Axialturbinen-Deckbandgeometrien wird die Einrichtung eines Versuchsstands beschrieben, um Strömungsfelder nach der Reynolds-Analogie in einer Beschaufelung, bestehend aus der Folge von Leit-, Lauf- und Leitreihe, zu untersuchen. Die Daten entstammen Druckmessungen einer 5-Loch-Traversiersonde und den Schaufeloberflächen, deren Messungen aus dem drehenden Rotor induktiv mit Telemetrie übertragen werden.
„Das allergefährlichste ist die Wut der Bauern.” Die Versorgung der Partisanen und ihr Verhältnis zur Zivilbevölkerung. Eine Fallstudie zum Gebiet Baranowicze 1941–1944
Authors: Brakel Alexander
Published: July 2007

Vorspann

Ein Ereignis von der Größe und Bedeutung des sowjetischen Partisanenkrieges der Jahre 1941–1944 konnte nicht unbeachtet bleiben. Die Zahl der einschlägigen Darstellungen ist groß. Doch ist es ihr durchgehendes Problem, dass sie die Ereignisse entweder aus sowjetischer oder aus deutscher Sicht rekonstruieren. Als einer der ersten hat Alexander Brakel alle sowjetischen, deutschen und polnischen Quellen systematisch miteinander verzahnt. Das ermöglicht einen völlig neuen Blick auf diesen Krieg.
Wege in den Schuldenstaat. Die strukturellen Probleme der deutschen Finanzpolitik als Resultat historischer Entwicklungen
Authors: Hansmann Marc
Published: July 2007

Vorspann

Wenn nicht nur Kassandra den Staatsbankrott voraussagt, sondern auch leidenschaftslose Analytiker vor den ruinösen Gefahren einer zu hohen Verschuldung der öffentlichen Hand warnen, dann sind die Historiker aufgerufen, nach den Ursachen dieses Problems, genauer: nach den strukturellen Defiziten der deutschen Finanzpolitik im 20. Jahrhundert zu fragen. Marc Hansmann, ein ausgewiesener Experte, der jetzt als Kämmerer der Stadt Hannover arbeitet, tut dies und lenkt dabei den Blick weit zurück: auf Fehlsteuerungen im Kaiserreich, auf die traditionelle Kompliziertheit des Steuersystems und der Finanzverfassung sowie auf politischen Opportunismus, der sich vor allem aus dem Parteiproporz speiste. Finanzpolitische Zwangslagen, die eine alternative Politik a priori ausgeschlossen hätten, habe es dagegen nie gegeben. Es gibt sie auch heute nicht, wie Hansmann nachdrücklich betont.
Die Einheit der europäischen Zeitgeschichte
Authors: Boyer Christoph
Published: July 2007

Vorspann

Aus der Vogelschau stellt sich die europäische Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts dem in Salzburg lehrenden Historiker Christoph Boyer als Ensemble dreier Hauptpfade sozialökonomischer Entwicklung dar, von dem am Ende einer übrig blieb: der demokratisch-keynesianisch-sozialstaatliche Industriekapitalismus, der allerdings unverzüglich in eine neuerliche existentielle Krise steuerte. Boyer rekonstruiert und vergleicht diese Pfade und ordnet sie schließlich in globale Zusammenhänge ein.
Bericht zur deutschen Wirtschaftslage 1943/44. Eine Bilanz des Reichsministeriums für Rüstung und Kriegsproduktion über die Entwicklung der deutschen Kriegswirtschaft bis Sommer 1944
Authors: Scherner Jonas
Published: July 2007

Vorspann

Im ersten Halbjahr 1944 erstellte das Planungsamt des Reichsministeriums für Rüstung und Kriegsproduktion unter der Federführung von Hans Kehrl den „Bericht zur deutschen Wirtschaftslage 1943/44”. Dieses Dokument, ursprünglich nur als Grundlage für die zukünftige Planung gedacht, wurde auf Veranlassung Albert Speers nach einigen Änderungen im August 1944 an alle Minister, Reichs- und Gauleiter weitergeleitet. Der Bericht bietet einen knappen und dennoch umfassenden Überblick über die Entwicklung der deutschen Wirtschaft von Kriegsbeginn bis Mitte 1944 aus der Sicht der verantwortlichen Zeitgenossen. Der Bericht ist als eine Art kriegswirtschaftliches Programm des Speerministeriums zu verstehen und wirft angesichts mancher unbekannter Informationen neue Fragen auf.
Measuring Primary Care of Children in Pediatric Resident Continuity Practices: A Continuity Research Network Study
Authors: Krugman Scott D. , Racine Andrew , Dabrow Sharon , Sanguino Sandra , Meyer Walter , Seid Michael , Serwint Janet R.
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVES. Pediatric resident continuity practices provide care to more than one fifth of the socioeconomically disadvantaged population of the United States. With the structural challenges of resident training, there may be concerns about a lower quality of care received by patients. The objectives of this study were to measure parental perception of resident primary care, to determine the characteristics associated with better care, and to compare perception with a previously published community standard.

METHODS. A cross-sectional survey using the Parents’ Perception of Primary Care was conducted of patients enrolled at 19 national academically affiliated resident continuity practices from the Continuity Research Network. Outcome measures included mean total scale score for the Parents' Perception of Primary Care and mean scores for each primary care domain. Comparisons were made between the subset of resident patients who were older than 5 years and a previously published community survey of parents of school-age children.

RESULTS. A total of 2572 patients were enrolled with a final sample size of 2211 analyzable surveys. The sample was 37% black and 40% Hispanic; 81% of the children had Medicaid insurance; and 20% of the parents had less than a high school education. Parents rated the care that they received in resident continuity with high total scores and subscale scores, with an overall mean total scale score of 74.0. Higher scores were associated with number of visits to the provider and being able to name the resident as the primary care provider, whereas minority status was associated with lower access and communication scores. The resident sample over age 5 had higher mean scores for the total scale and every domain as compared with the community sample.

CONCLUSIONS. Parents of patients at resident continuity sites rated residents as providers of high-quality care to a socioeconomically disadvantaged population as compared with a previously published community sample. Efforts to improve resident continuity and identification may help improve care delivered in resident practices.
The influence of binder type, cracking and cover on corrosion rates of steel in chloride-contaminated concrete
Authors: Scott A. , Alexander M. G.
Published: July 2007

Cracking of reinforced concrete can result in substantial reduction in service life owing to rapid initiation of steel corrosion. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) can alter not only the pore solution chemistry but also the environment surrounding the steel and lead to significant reductions in corrosion rate. The impact of binder type on corrosion rate was assessed using seven concrete mixtures comprising ordinary Portland cement (PC) and blends of PC with ground granulated blast-furnace slag, fly ash, condensed silica fume and a ternary blend. Corrosion rates were measured in prismatic specimens with crack widths of 0·2 mm or 0·7 mm. For 20 mm cover, all the SCMs resulted in at least a 50% reduction in corrosion rate compared with the PC control. Increase in crack width from 0·2 mm to 0·7 mm increased corrosion rate in all cases, but had far less impact than that of the SCMs. Increase in cover depth from 20 mm to 40 mm had substantial benefits for PC specimens, reducing corrosion rates by more than half; the same benefits were not observed in specimens using SCMs. This was ascribed to corrosion rates of SCM concretes being controlled primarily by resistivity of the system, while rates in PC specimens were controlled mainly by oxygen availability and thus cover depth.
Shear transfer between ribbed slab and internal column
Authors: Lau T. L. , Clark L. A.
Published: July 2007

The results are presented of tests on 20 micro-concrete wide beam ribbed slabs at internal column locations. It was found that shear failure of a wide beam ribbed slab can occur at an internal column either by punching shear or wide beam shear. Although a punching shear failure of a wide beam ribbed slab is very similar to that of a solid slab, the shear capacity is reduced relatively, because some of the potential shear failure surface is lost when it enters the ribbed section. Plastic theories for punching shear and wide beam shear were developed, which gave good agreement with the test failure loads.
Influence of paste/mortar rheology on the flow characteristics of high-volume fly ash self-consolidating concrete
Authors: Lachemi M. , Hossain K. M. A. , Patel R. , Shehata M. , Bouzoubaâ N.
Published: July 2007

Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is known for its excellent deformability, high resistance to segregation and use without applying vibration in congested reinforced concrete structures characterised by difficult casting conditions. The rheology of paste and mortar is important to understand the flow behaviour of SCC. The current paper presents the results of a comprehensive investigation to establish correlations among the rheological parameters of paste/mortar (such as yield stress and plastic viscosity) and the fresh properties of concrete mixtures incorporating high volumes of fly ash (FA) (such as slump flow, flow time, filling capacity and segregation index) in order to predict the flow behaviour of corresponding SCC. The specific Marsh cone flow time of paste and fresh properties of concrete were also correlated. Twenty-one mixtures of paste, mortar, and concrete with four variables such as total binder content (350–450 kg/m3), percentage of FA as cement replacement (30–60% by mass), percentage of superplasticiser (SP) (0·1 to 0·6% by solid mass), and water-to-binder ratio (w/b) (0·33–0·45) were investigated. An attempt had been made to identify the range of rheological parameters of paste and mortar to achieve desired fresh properties such as flowability and self-consolidation of corresponding SCC. The prediction of the rheological parameters of paste/mortar is relatively easy compared with the prediction of the fresh properties of SCC. Establishment of correlations among the rheological parameters of paste/mortar and fresh properties of SCC can save time and energy associated with the mix proportioning of a satisfactory FA SCC.
A MODEL FOR RESIDENCE TIME IN CONCURRENT VARIABLE INTERVAL PERFORMANCE
Authors: Navakatikyan Michael A.
Published: July 2007

A component‐functions model of choice behavior is proposed for performance on interdependent concurrent variable‐interval (VI) variable‐interval schedules based on the product of two component functions, one that enhances behavior and one that reduces behavior. The model is the solution to the symmetrical pair of differential equations describing behavioral changes with respect to two categories of reinforcers: enhancing and reducing, or excitatory and inhibitory. The model describes residence time in interdependent concurrent VI VI schedules constructed from arithmetic and exponential distributions. The model describes the data reported by Alsop and Elliffe (1988) and Elliffe and Alsop (1996) with a variance accounted for of 87% compared to 64% accounted for by the Davison and Hunter (1976) model and 42% by Herrnstein's (1970) hyperbola. The model can explain matching, undermatching, and overmatching in the same subject under different procedures and has the potential to be extended to performance on concurrent schedules with more than two alternatives, multiple schedules, and single schedules. Thus, it can be considered as an alternative to Herrnstein's quantitative law of effect.
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTIAL TRAINING PROCEDURES ON LINKED PERCEPTUAL CLASS FORMATION
Authors: Fields Lanny , Tittelbach Danielle , Shamoun Kimberly , Watanabe Mari , Fitzer Adrienne , Matneja Priya
Published: July 2007

When the stimuli in one perceptual class (A') become related to the stimuli in another perceptual class (B'), the two are functioning as a single linked perceptual class. A common linked perceptual class would be the sounds of a person's voice (class A') and the pictures of that person (class B'). Such classes are ubiquitous in real world settings. We describe the effects of a variety of training procedures on the formation of these classes. The results could account for the development of naturally occurring linked perceptual classes. Two perceptual classes (A' and B') were formed in Experiment 1. The endpoints of the A' class were called anchor (Aa) and boundary (Ab) stimuli. Likewise, the anchor and boundary stimuli in the B' class were represented as Ba and Bb. In Experiment 2, the A' and B' classes were linked by the establishment of one of four cross‐class conditional discriminations: Aa→Ba, Aa→Bb, Ab→Ba, or Ab→Bb. Results were greatest after Aa→Bb training, intermediate after Aa→Ba and Ab→Ba training, and lowest after Ab→Bb training. Class formation was influenced by the interaction of the anchor/boundary values and the sample/comparison functions of the stimuli used in training. Experiment 3 determined whether class formation was influenced by different sets of two cross‐class conditional discriminations: Aa→Ba and Ab→Bb, or Aa→Bb and Ab→Ba. Both conditions produced equivalent results. Similarities were attributable to the use of anchor stimuli as samples and boundary stimuli as comparisons in each training condition. Finally, the results after joint Aa→Ba and Ab→Bb training were much greater than those produced by summing the results of Aa→Ba training alone and Ab→Bb training alone. This same synergy was not observed after joint Aa→Bb and Ab→Ba training or either alone.
DO INFANTS SHOW GENERALIZED IMITATION OF GESTURES?
Authors: Horne Pauline J. , Erjavec Mihela
Published: July 2007

Two experiments were conducted to investigate generalized imitation of manual gestures in 1‐ to 2‐year‐old infants. In Experiment 1, 6 infants were first trained four baseline matching relations (e.g., when instructed “Do this,” to raise their arms after they saw the experimenter do so). Next, four novel gestures that the infants did not match in probe trials were selected as target behaviors during generalized imitation Test 1; models of these gestures were presented on unreinforced matching trials interspersed with intermittently reinforced baseline matching trials. None of the infants matched the target behaviors. To ensure that these behaviors were in the infants' motor skills repertoires, the infants were next trained to produce them, at least once, under stimulus control that did not include an antecedent model of the target behavior. In repeat generalized imitation trials (Test 2), the infants again failed to match the target behaviors. Five infants (3 from Experiment 1) participated in Experiment 2, which was identical to Experiment 1 except that, following generalized imitation Test 1, the motor‐skills training was implemented to a higher criterion (21 responses per target behavior), and in a multiple‐baseline, across‐target‐behaviors procedure. In the final generalized imitation test, 1 infant matched one, and another infant matched two target behaviors; the remaining 17 target behaviors still were not matched. The results did not provide convincing evidence of generalized imitation, even though baseline matching was well maintained and the target behaviors were in the infants' motor skills repertoires, raising the question of what are the conditions that reliably give rise to generalized imitation.
MATERNAL NUTRITION AND FOUR‐ALTERNATIVE CHOICE
Authors: Davison Michael , Krägeloh Christian U. , Fraser Mhoyra , Breier Bernhard H.
Published: July 2007

Two groups of 10 male rats were trained to nose poke for food pellets at four alternatives that provided differing rates of pellet delivery on aperiodic schedules. After a fixed number of pellets had been delivered, 5, 10 or 20 in different conditions of the experiment, a 10‐s blackout occurred, and the locations of the differing rates of pellet delivery were randomized for the next component. Two groups of rats were used: The AD group consisted of 10 rats born to dams that had normal (ad libitum) nutrition during pregnancy, whereas the 10 rats in the UN group were from dams exposed to reduced food availability during pregnancy. All pups received normal nutrition after birth. Choice between the nose‐poke alternatives quickly adapted when the rates of pellet delivery were changed in both groups, but there were no consistent differences in the speed of adaptation between the two groups. The generalized matching relation failed to describe the allocation of responses among alternatives, but the contingency‐discriminability model provided a precise description of performance.
TIMING, REMEMBERING, AND DISCRIMINATION
Authors: Sargisson Rebecca J. , White K. Geoffrey
Published: July 2007

Four pigeons were first trained in a timing procedure. In one condition, each trial began with the presentation of an X on the center key, followed by a delay (short or long), after which two side keys were lit. If the delay was short, pecks to the red side key were reinforced. If the delay was long, pecks to the green side key were reinforced. In a second condition, the opposite contingencies applied following presentation of a square on the center key. Choice responses were then tested at 10 time intervals ranging from short to long (1 to 4 s and 4 to 7 s in different conditions). The two timing conditions were combined to create a remembering condition in which correct responding depended upon discrimination of both the sample stimulus (X or square) and the delay interval (short or long). Choices varied systematically across delay in timing conditions, but in remembering conditions, accurate choice at the training delays did not initially generalize to intermediate delays. However, with prolonged training in the remembering task, the response pattern began to resemble that of the timing conditions. Generalization gradients were asymmetrical, in accordance with Weber's Law, in that greater generalization occurred with longer delays than with shorter delays.
Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Bacterial Brown Spot inPhaseolus vulgarisL.
Authors: Navarro Felix , Skroch Paul , Jung Geunhwa , Nienhuis James
Published: July 2007

Bacterial brown spot (BBS) is caused byPseudomonas syringaepv.syringae, an epiphytic, ice nucleation active bacterium and a pathogen of many crop species. In snap bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.), BBS reduces crop value due to blemishes on the pods. A recombinant inbred line population (EP‐RIL) and an inbred backcross population (EEP‐IBC) developed from crosses between a BBS‐resistant landrace, Puebla 152, and a susceptible cultivar, Eagle, were tested for ice nucleation and number of BBS lesions. The rank correlation between leaf ice nucleation and number of BBS lesions was 0.65. Regions located on linkage groups B1, B3, B6, and B11 were associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) for both resistance traits in the EP‐RIL by composite interval mapping. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker P1.1500 located on linkage group B1, and AN6.1600 located linkage group B6, were confirmed in the EEP‐IBC population. These regions explained 13 and 19% of the variation for BBS in the EP‐RIL population. The region from linkage group B3 was not confirmed in the EEP‐IBC population, but was significantly associated with BBS resistance in an independent population in a previous study. The results indicate that indirect selection for RAPD markers associated with QTL can be effective in introgressing BBS resistance.