bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on an argon laser‐induced photopolymerization employing both mono‐ and bischromophoric hemicyanine dye—Borate complex as a photoinitiator. Part III
Authors: Jędrzejewska Beata , Urbański Sławomir
Published: June 2010

Two series of homodimeric hemicyanine dyes based on 4‐(p‐N,N‐dialkylaminostyryl)pyridinium and 4‐(p‐N,N‐dialkylaminostyryl)quinolinium residues have been evaluated as novel photoinitiators for radical polymerization induced with an argon ion laser visible emission. In the tested photoredox pairs, hemicyanine dye cation acts as an electron acceptor and it is coupled with n‐butyltriphenyl borate anion being an electron donor. The photochemistry of the series of bichromophoric stilbazolium borates, 1,3‐, 1,5‐, and 1,10‐bis‐[4‐(p‐N,N‐dialkylaminostyryl)pyridinyl]alkane di‐n‐butyltriphenylborates and 1,3‐, 1,5‐, and 1,10‐bis‐[4‐(p‐N,N‐dialkylaminostyryl)quinolinyl]alkane di‐n‐butyltriphenylborates, was compared with the photochemistry of the structurally related, monochromophoric styrylpyridinium and the styrylquinolinium borates. The experimental results indicated that the rate of photopolymerization depends on ΔGel of the electron transfer between borate anion and hemicyanine cation. The relationship between the rate of polymerization and the free energy of activation shows the dependence predicted by the classical theory of the electron transfer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
A study of the recycling and stability of flexographic photopolymer plates
Authors: Cordeiro Cristina C. , Bernardin Adriano M. , Da Silva Luciano , Fiori Márcio A. , Benavides R. , Oenning Leonardo W. , Paula Marcos M. S.
Published: June 2010

Flexographic photopolymer plates have a wide range of commercial applications despite the fact that recycling of such materials is difficult. In consequence, there is a large bulk of leftover material around the world. In this research, the photopolymer plate waste products, identified as styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR)/polyester are blended into common polypropylene (PP) and ethylenevinylacetate (EVA) resins at different loading percentages. PP and EVA are used as the polymer matrix and the recovered styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) material as the filler. Evaluation of the mechanical, spectroscopic, thermal and chemical properties, as well as morphology, is done by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical results show that elongation strongly depends on the matrix polymer: the greater the amount of solid‐sheet photopolymer (SSP), the smaller the elongation. No specific interactions were detected; however, thermal degradation and transitions were displaced, suggesting some miscibility. More homogeneity is seen for EVA blends, with no significant chemical attack detected. It is possible to reuse these recycled materials in blends with PP and EVA resins. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of poly(1‐vinyl‐3‐propylimidazolium) iodide for quasi‐solid polymer electrolyte in dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Jin Xin , Tao Jie , Yang Yan
Published: June 2010

The synthesis conditions of ionic liquid 1‐vinyl‐3‐propylimidazolium iodide (ViPrIm+I−) and Poly(1‐vinyl‐3‐propylimidazolium) iodide [P(ViPrIm+I−)] were studied in this work. P(ViPrIm+I−) as a single‐ion conductor providing iodine was designed to develop a quasi‐solid polymer electrolyte based on PVDF/PEO film for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The samples were characterized respectively by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), etc. The results showed that the single‐ion conducting quasi‐solid polymer electrolyte (SC‐QPE) exhibited high ionic conductivity of 1.86 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature measured by CHI660C Electrochemical Workstation. Moreover, solar cells assembled using the SC‐QPE yielded an open‐circuit voltage of 0.83V, short‐circuit current of 8.01 mA cm−2 and the conversion efficiency of 2.42%. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of poly(3‐octylthiophene)/single wall carbon nanotube composites for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Kim Hee Jin , Koizhaiganova Raushan B. , Karim Mohammad Rezaul , Lee Gang Ho , Vasudevan Thiagarajan , Lee Mu Sang
Published: June 2010

In situ polymerization of P3OT with SWCNT is carried out in the presence of a FeCl3 oxidant in a chloroform medium. The characterization of the composites is performed with FTIR, Raman, 1H‐NMR, UV–Vis, PL spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TEM, and conductivity measurements. The change (if any) in CC symmetric and antisymmetric stretching frequencies in FTIR, the shift in G band frequencies in Raman, any alterations in λmax of UV–Vis and PL spectroscopic measurements are monitored with SWCNT loading in the polymer matrix. 1H‐NMR confirms the wrapping of the polymer on to the SWCNT indicating lack of mobility. The work function values and the optical band gap values also support this view. The in situ polymerization procedure of the donor polymer molecules and the acceptor carbon nanotubes has resulted in enhanced dispersibility and stability of the composites in organic solvents. However, the principal focus of the study is to understand the interaction between the polymer and the SWCNTs, as the interface plays an important role in its application in the photovoltaic cells. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Curing behavior and mechanical properties of hollow glass microsphere/bisphenol a dicyanate ester composites
Authors: Wang Jinhe , Liang Guozheng , He Shaobo , Yang Lianli
Published: June 2010

Hollow glass microsphere (HGS)/bisphenol A dicyanate ester (BADCy) composites have been prepared by mechanical mixing, followed by a stepped curing process. The effect of HGS on the curing behavior of BADCy was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanical properties of the composites were examined by mechanical tests, and the improvements of the mechanical properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results show that HGS is catalytic for the polycyclomerization of the BADCy, which is advantageous to reduce the maximal processing temperature. The impact strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus and storage modulus of BADCy are improved. The improvements of the mechanical properties without sacrificing thermal properties, the ability of lowing processing temperature and the low cost make HGS good filler for cyanate ester resin. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Possibilities of polymer‐aided dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes at neutral pH
Authors: Agarwal B. J. , Bhattacharya S. D.
Published: June 2010

Water‐soluble polymers have versatile application, viz., water‐soluble polyacrylates have been widely used in the reactive dyeing of cellulosic fibers and the related soaping as an important component of the leveling and washing agent. In this article, one such water‐soluble polymer, polyacrylic acid has been synthesized, characterized, and applied in conjunction with various types of reactive dyes, namely triazinyl, vinyl sulfone, high exhaustion, and bifunctional reactive dyes, along with crosslinking agents, namely glycerol 1,3‐dichlorohydrin and hexamethylene tetramine‐hydroquinone, respectively. One of the crosslinking agents (the former one) has been synthesized in the laboratory. Crosslinking agent is necessary to adhere the dye molecule onto the cellulose macromolecule. Different process sequences have been formulated and explored for dyeing purpose. All such dyeings were carried out at neutral pH. The dyed samples were assessed through color strength in terms of K/S values and their fastness properties were assessed by standard methods. All such dyeings were compared with conventional dyed samples. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
New method for preparation of hydrophobic interaction chromatographic stationary phases based on polymer‐grafted silica and their chromatographic properties
Authors: Wang Fanghuan , Dai Xiaojun , Gong Bolin
Published: June 2010

A new “grafting to” method for the preparation of polymer‐grafted silica hydrophobic interaction (HIC) packings was used in following steps. Firstly, 3‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane was bonded on silica to obtain SH‐group modified silica. Secondly, glycidylmethacrylate (GMA) was coated on the surface of SH‐silica to obtain polymer‐grafted epoxide‐silica. Finally, the polymer‐grafted epoxide‐silica was dispersed in polyethylene glycol of dioxane solution to produce HIC stationary phase. The prepared HIC packings have advantages for biopolymer separation, high column efficiency and good resolution for proteins. The dynamic protein loading capacity of the synthesized packings was 36.0 mg/g. Six proteins were fast separated in less than 12.0 minutes using the synthesized HIC stationary phases. Then the stationary phase was evaluated in detail to determine the effects of pH of mobile phase, concentration of ammonium sulfate and the temperature on the retention of proteins. The thermodynamic parameters of these proteins are consistent with the entropically driven nature of hydrophobic interactions, The HIC column was used for purification of trypsin from a crude extract solution with only one step. The purity of the purified trypsin was more than 95%. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of electrically conducting copolymers based on biphenyl and thiophene
Authors: Simitzis Johannis , Triantou Despina , Soulis Spyridon
Published: June 2010

New electrically conducting copolymers based on biphenyl and thiophene in a form of film were synthesized by electropolymerization using potentiostatic conditions and the corresponding homopolymers, polyphenylenes, and polythiophenes, for comparison reasons. Different values of applied potential were used, to study its effect on the structure, morphology, and electrical conductivity of the films. From the analysis of the current‐time curves, it was found that the growth of the films follows layer by layer (2D) mechanism. The films were studied by FTIR, TGA, XRD, SEM‐EDAX and their electrical conductivity was determined, as well as their energy gap (Eg) by cyclic voltammetry. The copolymers had higher conductivity (appr. 1 S/cm) and lower Eg (appr. 1.2 eV) than that of the corresponding homopolymers. These materials due to their high conductivity, high stability under repetitive potential cycling, and partial solubility are candidates for electronic applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Origin of double melting peaks of α‐form isotactic polypropylene: Recrystallization and lamellar thickness hierarchy
Authors: Yang Jinhai
Published: June 2010

Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) shows both double melting peaks and single melting peak depending on cooling rates and crystallization temperatures. This manuscript reviews the related studies. These melting behaviors can be explained based on two types of spherulite structures. Type I Spherulites have predominant cross‐hatched lamellae with same thickness in both tangential and radial directions. They form at low crystallization temperatures and show one melting peak at fast heating rates, while double melting peaks at low heating rates because of recrystallization. Type II Spherulites have thinner cross‐hatched lamellae in center and thicker radial lamellae in peripheral part. They form at high crystallization temperatures and show double melting peaks that can not be eliminated by fast heating rates. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of wood flour loading and thermal annealing on viscoelastic properties of poly(lactic acid) composite films
Authors: Hrabalova M. , Gregorova A. , Wimmer R. , Sedlarik V. , Machovsky M. , Mundigler N.
Published: June 2010

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films filled with up to 50 wt % softwood flour were prepared by melt compounding and thermocompression. Thermal annealing of the melt was performed at temperatures from 90°C to 120°C, for 45 min. Responses on polymer‐filler interactions, viscoelastic properties, crystallinity of PLA as well as PLA‐wood flour‐filled films were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effectiveness of fillers on the storage moduli (C) was also calculated. The results reveal that wood flour (WF) in conjunction with thermal annealing affected the melting behavior of PLA matrix, and the glass transition temperature. It was further found that the effectiveness of the wood filler in biocomposites widely improved with thermal annealing as well as with higher WF concentration. Finally, it was found that the compatibility between WF and the PLA matrix can be improved when suitable annealing conditions are applied. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
PVA cryogel membranes as a promising tool for the retention and separation of metal ions from aqueous solutions
Authors: Papancea Adina , Valente Artur J. M. , Patachia Silvia
Published: June 2010

The sorption and transport of metal ions by poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel membranes (PVA HG), obtained by physical crosslinking through the freezing/thawing method, was analyzed using aqueous nitrate solutions of copper, lead, and nickel, at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 mM, at 25°C. The sorption of heavy metal by PVA HG has been characterized by swelling and loading degrees. The effect of the heavy metals incorporation on the chemical properties of PVA HG matrices has been studied using SEM, to observe changes in the surface morphology of PVA HG membranes, and FTIR–ATR, aiming to monitor the heavy metals ions sorption into PVA hydrogel membranes. The analysis of permeation and diffusion coefficients of 100 mM aqueous solutions of Cu2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+ show that the diffusion process may be mainly described by hydrodynamic models; however, the transport process shows that the distribution coefficient for the different heavy metals are always higher than one, in agreement, with the sorption studies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Electrical and mechanical properties of bismuth oxide nanowire/poly(vinyl acetate)
Authors: Mahmoud Waleed E. , Al‐Ghamdi A. A.
Published: June 2010

Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) loaded bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanowires was successfully prepared at low temperature and ambient pressure. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the final product. It was found that Bi2O3 nanowires were formed and the diameter of the rods was confined to within 8 nm. The diameter and length of formed rods was found increase by increasing the bismuth oxide concentration in the PVAc matrix. The current‐voltage (I‐V) characteristic curves revealed that the charge transport is mainly nonlinear due to grain boundary contribution. The complex impedance spectroscopy was confirmed that the grain boundary effect controls the charge transport mechanism through nanocomposites. The deformation behavior after preparing the nanocomposites, irrespective of Bi2O3 concentration, is similar to that of the unfilled elastomer, implying that the mechanism of large deformation is mainly governed by the matrix. The mechanical measurements confirmed that the bismuth oxide has rod‐like shape. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Reinforcing rubber with carbon nanotubes
Authors: Nah Changwoon , Lim Jee Young , Cho Baik Hwan , Hong Chang Kook , Gent Alan N.
Published: June 2010

We suggest a new reinforcing mechanism for carbon nanotube (CNT)/rubber compounds, based on a comparison of CNT reinforcement of natural rubber (NR) with that by carbon black (CB). The mechanical properties of the NR/CNT compounds were significantly higher, but the amount of bound rubber, an indication of the level of filler‐rubber interaction, was lower than with CB. Moreover, the CNT‐filled compounds showed a greater degree of strain‐softening (Payne effect) and stress‐softening (Mullins effect) and higher permanent set than the CB‐filled compounds, indicating weaker bonding. In scanning electron microscope studies on cryogenically‐fractured surfaces, the CNT bundles were seen to protrude out of the surface when the sample was stretched and slid back in when the deformation was removed. We infer that interfacial interactions between CNT and NR are weak in comparison with the relatively strong adhesion between rubber and CB, as indicated by the high amount of bound rubber in that case. Thus, reinforcement by CNTs is attributed to their large aspect ratio and physical entanglement with rubber molecules, rather than to strong interfacial interaction. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Halogen‐free intumescent flame retardant acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends
Authors: Zhao Guodong , Pan Zhiliang , Lu Chengxiang , Cai Xufu
Published: June 2010

The influence of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with and without synergistic agents — aluminum hypophosphite (Al(H2PO2)3), epoxy resin (E‐44), and Zeolite 4A — in acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (ABS/PET) blends was investigated. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL94 tests were used to investigate flame properties. The results showed that APP with and without synergistic agents all improved the flame retardancy of ABS/PET systems. The ABS/PET/APP + 2 wt % Al(H2PO2)3, ABS/PET/APP + 2 wt % E‐44, and ABS/PET/APP + 3 wt % Zeolite 4A systems achieved the best flame retardancy rating of V0 and LOI values were 32, 34, and 30.5, respectively. The thermal degradation behaviors analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated APP mainly accelerated the degradation of PET and led to the increase of charring residues. Al(H2PO2)3 and E‐44 resulted in synergistic effects on the charring process of ABS/PET/APP. SEM revealed that the intact, dense, and strong char layer formed on the surface of the ABS/PET/APP/ Al(H2PO2)3 (or E‐44) system, which was significantly different from the loose and porous char layer of ABS/PET and ABS/PET/APP systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Cyclodextrin inclusion complex formation with butylated hydroxytoluene and its application in polyethylene film
Authors: Agrawal Manisha , Kim Young Teck , Tonelli Alan , Whang Hyun Suk
Published: June 2010

The phenolic antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), is added during polymer processing to protect polymers from oxidative degradation. Because of its high‐volatility, it is susceptible to loss through volatilization in high‐temperature processing. Cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complexation (IC) with volatile compounds can prevent losses of volatile compounds, because of volatilization. In this study, BHT was successfully included in β‐CD and its complex was confirmed using Wide‐Angle X‐ray Diffraction (WAXD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films with BHT itself and BHT‐β‐CD‐IC were produced on a pilot plant scale. After extrusion, it was found that 44 and 78% BHT was lost from the BHT‐β‐CD‐IC LDPE and BHT LDPE films, respectively. Hence, the complex proved to be more efficient in preventing loss of BHT, because of encapsulation of volatile BHT. In addition, microscopy studies indicate that BHT‐β‐CD‐IC LDPE film shows small aggregates, uniformly distributed in the LDPE matrix over a large range. The BHT efficiency of the complex in the film was measured using DSC for determining the oxidation induction time. The oxidation induction time (OITtime) was 35 min for the BHT‐β‐CD‐IC LDPE film as compared with 16 min and 26 min values of LDPE and BHT LDPE films, respectively. Hence, the encapsulation of BHT in β‐CD maximizes the efficiency and stability to thermal degradation for BHT‐β‐CD‐IC LDPE film. The viscoelastic behavior of the films was also studied using dynamic mechanical analysis. The results indicate increases in storage modulus (El) and loss modulus (Ell) of the complex and a shift in the maxima of tan δ (Ell/El) to lower temperature in the LDPE films processed with BHT, β‐CD, and BHT‐β‐CD‐IC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of temperature‐sensitive block copolymers from poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and 4‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone or 4‐phenyl‐ε‐caprolactone
Authors: Lee Ren‐Shen , Huang Yi‐Ting , Chen Wen‐Hsin
Published: June 2010

This study synthesizes thermally sensitive block copolymers poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐b‐poly(4‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone) (PNIPA‐b‐PMCL) and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐b‐poly(4‐phenyl‐ε‐caprolactone) (PNIPA‐b‐PBCL) by ring‐opening polymerization of 4‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone (MCL) or 4‐phenyl‐ε‐caprolactone (BCL) initiated from hydroxy‐terminated poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) as the macroinitiator in the presence of SnOct2 as the catalyst. This research prepares a PNIPA bearing a single terminal hydroxyl group by telomerization using 2‐hydroxyethanethiol (ME) as a chain‐transfer agent. These copolymers are characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 1H‐NMR, FTIR, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The thermal properties (Tg) of diblock copolymers depend on polymer compositions. Incorporating larger amount of MCL or BCL into the macromolecular backbone decreases Tg. Their solutions show transparent below a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and opaque above the LCST. LCST values for the PNIPA‐b‐PMCL aqueous solution were observed to shift to lower temperature than that for PNIPA homopolymers. This work investigates their micellar characteristics in the aqueous phase by fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The block copolymers formed micelles in the aqueous phase with critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) in the range of 0.29–2.74 mg L−1, depending on polymer compositions, which dramatically affect micelle shape. Drug entrapment efficiency and drug loading content of micelles depend on block polymer compositions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of a novel castor‐oil‐derived additive on the mechanical properties and oxygen diffusivity of polystyrene
Authors: Klinger Markus , Tolbod Lars Poulsen , Ogilby Peter R.
Published: June 2010

Mechanical properties, densities, and oxygen diffusion coefficients have been measured in polystyrene samples (PS) as a function of additive loading. The additive employed is based on castor oil, and is a desirable alternative to phthalates. Tensile strength measurements indicate the additive renders PS stronger at low loadings, i.e. it antiplasticizes the material. In contrast, the additive plasticizes PS at high loadings. Specific volumes and oxygen diffusion coefficients do not show this dual behavior. Rather, one observes a monotonic decrease in density and oxygen diffusivity with an increase in additive loading. This suggests that the larger segmental motions responsible for the macroscopic properties of the polymer are influenced by the additive in a different manner than the local motions and confined changes in free volume that govern the mobility of oxygen. These data indicate that antiplasticization cannot be predicted solely from diffusivity and density measurements and, vice versa, trends in diffusivity cannot be deduced from mechanical measurements alone. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Polymerization of ethylene by supported zirconium alkoxide complex
Authors: Basso Nara R. de S. , Galland Griselda B. , dos Santos João H. Z. , Fim Fabiana , Sauer Cíntia , Carone Carlos
Published: June 2010

Dichlorobis(3‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4‐pyrone)Zr(IV) was grafted onto different inorganic supports, namely SiO2, MAO‐modified SiO2, MCM‐41, Al2O3, and MgO. The resulting supported catalysts were shown to be active in ethylene polymerization using methylaluminoxane (MAO) as the catalyst. Catalysts were characterized by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and nitrogen adsorption method. The highest catalyst activities were observed for the zirconium complex supported on MCM‐41. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of nano‐sized NiO and its surface catalytic effect on poly(vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Gandhi S. , Nagalakshmi N. , Baskaran I. , Dhanalakshmi V. , Nair M. R. Gopinathan , Anbarasan R.
Published: June 2010

Nickel oxide (NiO) nano particle is synthesized by Ultrasound assisted one pot method and thus synthesized nano NiO is mixed with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to prepare the PVA/NiO nanocomposite. The influence of the composition on the structural modification on the composite is evaluated. The particle size and morphology of NiO nano material is confirmed by HRTEM. The structure and properties of the PVA/NiO nanocomposite material are characterized by FTIR, XRD, UV–Visible spectroscopy, DSC, TGA, and HRTEM. The synthesized PVA nanocomposite underwent hydrolytic oxidation reaction assisted by the effect of nano‐sized NiO. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Morphology and mechanical properties of soy protein scaffolds made by directional freezing
Authors: Guan Juan , Porter David , Tian Kun , Shao Zhengzhong , Chen Xin
Published: June 2010

Directional freezing and freeze‐drying techniques were used to make robust soy protein scaffolds. The development of the morphology and mechanical properties of the scaffolds with fabrication conditions such as solution concentration and freeze temperature was studied in detail. Directional freezing produced anisotropic morphological features in the soy protein scaffolds, which produced differences between the mechanical properties in the freeze direction and the direction perpendicular to it. The evolution of the scaffold morphology started from the fibrillar columns, which widened to become layers and which then grew regularly spaced ridges normal to the layers, which eventually fused to form a highly anisotropic foam structure. Suitable soy protein solutions for making the scaffolds were prepared with guanidine hydrochloride and dithiothreitol, and the viscosity–concentration relations showed that the soy protein behaved consistently as a good polymer solution over the concentration range used for the scaffolds. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Evaluation of RF electromagnetic field exposure levels from cellular base stations in Korea
Authors: Kim Byung Chan , Park Seong‐Ook
Published: June 2010

This article presents the measurement results of human exposure to CDMA800 and CDMA1800 signals at locations in Korea where the general public has expressed concern. Measurements were performed at 50 locations across the country to compare the electromagnetic field levels with the general public exposure compliance limits. At each site, the distances between the nearest single or co‐located base station and measurement positions were within a range of approximately 32–422 m. The measured exposure levels were very low compared with the international standard and the Korean human protection notice. The highest field level was 1.5 V/m, which corresponds to 0.15% of the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines for human exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 31:495–498, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Randomized clinical trial of metronidazole ointment versus placebo in perianal Crohn's disease
Authors: Maeda Y , Ng S C , Durdey P , Burt C , Torkington J , Rao P Kumar Dhruva , Mayberry J , Moshkovska T , Stone C D , Carapeti E , Vaizey C J
Published: June 2010

Background

The potential for metronidazole 10 per cent ointment to exert therapeutic benefit in perianal Crohn's disease, while minimizing the adverse effects found with oral metronidazole, was evaluated in a randomized placebo-controlled study.

Methods

Subjects with perianal Crohn's disease were randomized to metronidazole 10 per cent ointment, 0·7 g applied perianally three times daily, or placebo ointment. The Perianal Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI) was scored at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment. Perianal pain was assessed on a visual analogue scale.

Results

Seventy-four subjects (33 metronidazole, 41 placebo) were evaluated. The mean(s.e.m.) reduction in PCDAI score at 4 weeks was 2·4(0·5) in the metronidazole group and 2·2(0·4) in the placebo group (P = 0·660). More subjects in the metronidazole group than the placebo group showed a reduction in PCDAI score of at least 5 points (10 of 27 versus 4 of 34; P = 0·031). Perianal discharge was reduced significantly in metronidazole-treated subjects (P = 0·012). A greater reduction in perianal pain was seen in the metronidazole group, which approached statistical significance (P = 0·059). No serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusion

Metronidazole 10 per cent ointment was not effective in the reduction of PDCAI score, but some secondary outcomes showed improvement suggestive of a treatment effect. It is well tolerated, with minimal adverse effects, and has potential as treatment for pain and discharge associated with perianal Crohn's disease. Registration number: NCT00509639 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Clinical impact of intraoperative histological examination of the ductal resection margin in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Konishi M , Iwasaki M , Ochiai A , Hasebe T , Ojima H , Yanagisawa A
Published: June 2010

Background

Although ductal resection margin status in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is evaluated by intraoperative histological examination of frozen sections, its clinical relevance remains controversial.

Methods

Material taken from patients who underwent R0 or R1 resection for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with intraoperative histological examination of the final ductal resection margins between 1994 and 2003 were reviewed. The following histological classification was used: insufficient, negative for malignancy (NM), undetermined lesion (UDL) or positive for malignancy (PM). Multivariable analyses of overall survival and anastomotic recurrence in relation to ductal margin status were performed.

Results

Resection material from 363 patients was identified. For the proximal ductal margin, only PM in intramural lesions was significantly associated with poor survival (hazard ratio (HR) 1·72, 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1·06 to 2·74) and anastomotic recurrence (HR 6·39, 95 per cent c.i. 1·89 to 21·62) compared with NM. In analysis of overall survival according to distal ductal margin status, the HRs for UDL and PM lesions in comparison with NM were not significant.

Conclusion

PM in intramural lesions found during intraoperative histological examination of the proximal ductal resection margin was related to clinical outcome. This finding favours additional resection of the bile duct. A similar association was not found for histology results of the distal resection margin.
Predictors of permanent ileostomy after restorative proctocolectomy
Authors: Wibmer A G , Kroesen A J , Gröne J , Slavova N , Weinhold A , Buhr H J , Ritz J-P
Published: June 2010

Background

Proctocolectomy with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) is a surgical approach for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. This study evaluated predictors of the need for a permanent ileostomy to identify patients at high risk of IPAA failure.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent proctocolectomy and IPAA between 1997 and 2008. A logistic regression model was used for multivariable analysis of potential risk factors.

Results

Proctocolectomy was combined with IPAA in 185 patients, of whom 169 had a loop ileostomy formed. IPAA and ileostomy closure were successful in 162 patients (87·6 per cent). Reasons for not closing the ileostomy included pouch failure (16 patients), patient choice (5) and death (2). Thus one in eight patients had a permanent ileostomy after planned IPAA. Age was the major predictor of the need for a permanent ileostomy in multivariable analysis (P = 0·002) with a probability of more than 25 per cent in patients aged over 60 years. However, advancing age was associated with colitis, co-morbidity, obesity and corticosteroid use.

Conclusion

The probability of the need for a permanent ileostomy after IPAA increases with age.
Magnetic resonance elastography: A review
Authors: Mariappan Yogesh K. , Glaser Kevin J. , Ehman Richard L.
Published: June 2010

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a rapidly developing technology for quantitatively assessing the mechanical properties of tissue. The technology can be considered to be an imaging‐based counterpart to palpation, commonly used by physicians to diagnose and characterize diseases. The success of palpation as a diagnostic method is based on the fact that the mechanical properties of tissues are often dramatically affected by the presence of disease processes, such as cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis. MRE obtains information about the stiffness of tissue by assessing the propagation of mechanical waves through the tissue with a special magnetic resonance imaging technique. The technique essentially involves three steps: (1) generating shear waves in the tissue, (2) acquiring MR images depicting the propagation of the induced shear waves, and (3) processing the images of the shear waves to generate quantitative maps of tissue stiffness, called elastograms. MRE is already being used clinically for the assessment of patients with chronic liver diseases and is emerging as a safe, reliable, and noninvasive alternative to liver biopsy for staging hepatic fibrosis. MRE is also being investigated for application to pathologies of other organs including the brain, breast, blood vessels, heart, kidneys, lungs, and skeletal muscle. The purpose of this review article is to introduce this technology to clinical anatomists and to summarize some of the current clinical applications that are being pursued. Clin. Anat. 23:497–511, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of BiNbTe2O8.
Authors: Blanchandin S. , Champarnaud‐Mesjard J. C. , Thomas P. , Frit B.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Cadmium Vanadophosphate Built up from Rutile and HTB‐Type Ribbons: CdVO2(H2O)PO4.
Authors: Leclaire Andre , Borel Marie‐Madeleine , Chardon Josiane , Raveau Bernard
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structure Determination of a New Aluminum Phosphate Fluoride: Sr3Al2(HPO4)F10.
Authors: Le Meins J.‐M.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluoride Ion Donor Properties of TcO2F3 and ReO2F3: X‐Ray Crystal Structures of MO2F3×SbF5 (M: Tc, Re) and TcO2F3×XeO2F2 and Raman and NMR Spectroscopic Characterization of MO2F3×PnF5 (Pn: As, Sb), [ReO2F2(CH3CN)2] [SbF6], and [Re2O4F5][Sb2F11].
Authors: LeBlond Nicolas , Dixon David A. , Schrobilgen Gary J.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Absorption and Emission Spectral Properties of Pr3+, Nd3+, and Eu3+ Ions in Heavy‐Metal Oxide Glasses.
Authors: Nachimuthu Ponnusamy , Vithal Muga , Jagannathan Ranga
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Thermal and Calorimetric Investigations of CuH3IO6×2H2O and Ag2H3IO6×H2O.
Authors: Maneva M. , Botova M. , Nikolova D. , Georgiev M.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Relationships in Cobalt Iodate Hydrates — Thermal Analyses, X‐Ray, IR, and Raman Spectroscopic Studies.
Authors: Pracht G. , Lutz H. D.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Using LaGaO3 Electrolyte. Part 2. Improvement of Oxide Ion Conductivity and Power Density by Doping Fe for Ga Site of LaGaO3.
Authors: Ishihara Tatsumi , Shibayama Takaaki , Honda Miho , Nishiguchi Hiroyasu , Takita Yusaku
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Decomposition of Tin Tetrachloride Based on Cl‐ and Sn‐Concentration Measurements.
Authors: Takahashi Kazuo , Kunz Andreas , Woiki Dirk , Roth Paul
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Spinel‐Si3N4: Multi‐Anvil Press Synthesis and Structural Refinement.
Authors: Schwarz Marcus , Miehe Gerhard , Zerr Andreas , Kroke Edwin , Poe Brent T. , Fuess Hartmut , Riedel Ralf
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Michael Reactions in Water Using Lewis Acid—Surfactant Combined Catalysts.
Authors: Mori Yuichiro , Kakumoto Kentaro , Manabe Kei , Kobayashi Shu
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of 1,1,1‐Trifluoroalkan‐2‐ols by Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation.
Authors: Kuroki Yoshichika , Asada Daisuke , Sakamaki Yuko , Iseki Katsuhiko
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure/Enantioselectivity Study of the Asymmetric Addition of Trimethylsilylcyanide to Benzaldehyde Catalyzed by Ti(IV)—Schiff Base Complexes.
Authors: Flores‐Lopez Lucia Z. , Parra‐Hake Miguel , Somanathan Ratnasamy , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclic Phosphorochloridites (Chloridates) Based on Chiral Butane‐2,3‐diol and Dihydrobenzoin as Reagents for the Analysis of Enantiomeric Compositions of Alcohols by 31P NMR Spectroscopy.
Authors: Bredikhin A. A. , Bredikhina Z. A. , Gaisina. L. M. Gaisina. L. M. , Strunskaya E. I. , Azancheev N. M.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Halophilic Mechanism of Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution in Pentafluorohalobenzenes with Anions of Transition Metal Carbonyls.
Authors: Ivushkin V. A. , Sazonov P. K. , Artamkina G. A. , Beletskaya I. P.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of 3,6‐Bis(3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐R‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazines with Alkenes.
Authors: Rusinov G. L. , Ishmetova R. I. , Latosh N. I. , Ganebnych I. N. , Chupakhin O. N. , Potemkin V. A.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Diastereoselective Pinacol Reaction of Aliphatic and Aromatic Aldehydes by Combined Use of Newly Utilized Titanium(II) Bromide and Copper.
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Kagayama Akifumi , Igarashi Koji
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Heterocyclic Compounds from Cyclopropenethione Derivatives.
Authors: Matsumura Noboru , Yagyu Yoshio , Ito Masamichi , Adachi Tomohiro , Mizuno Kazuhiko
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocyclic Synthesis via Enaminonitriles: An Efficient, One‐Step Synthesis of Some Novel Azolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine, Pyrimido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole, Pyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole, Pyrimidine and Pyrazole Derivatives.
Authors: Al‐Afaleq Eljazi I.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemistry and Mechanism of Vinyl‐Migrating [1,2]‐Wittig Rearrangement of α‐Lithioalkyl Vinyl Ethers.
Authors: Tomooka Katsuhiko , Inoue Tadashi , Nakai Takeshi
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Surface‐Mediated Solid‐Phase Reactions: The Preparation of Acyl Phosphonates by Oxidation of 1‐Hydroxyphosphonates on the Solid Surface.
Authors: Kaboudin Babak
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols under Fluorous Biphasic Conditions.
Authors: Betzemeier Bodo , Cavazzini Marco , Quici Silvio , Knochel Paul
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of Sulfoxides to Sulfides Mediated by Ferrocene and Trifluoroacetic Anhydride.
Authors: Kobayashi Kenji , Kubota Yasuo , Furukawa Naomichi
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of S‐Alkenyl Derivatives of 8‐Quinolinethiol.
Authors: Kim D. G. , Arslambekov R. M. , Subbotina Yu. O. , Belik A. V.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bicyclic Pyridones as Potent, Efficacious and Orally Bioavailable Thrombin Inhibitors.
Authors: Coburn Craig A. , et al. et al.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Nonracemic Synthesis and Reactivity of Two New Endocyclic Enamines in the Phenyloxazolopiperidine Series.
Authors: Francois David , Poupon Erwan , Lallemand Marie‐Christine , Kunesch Nicole , Husson Henri‐Philippe
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.