bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the heritability of phenotypes of fertility and milk performance of Simmental cattle breed in Serbia
Authors: Petrovic M.M. , Sretenovic Lj. , Aleksic S. , Pantelic V. , Novakovic Z. , Perisic P. , Petrovic M.D.
Published: November 2009

Results of the effect of direct and indirect selection of quantitative traits of fertility and milk performance of first calving cows of Simmental breed in Serbia are presented. Investigation of genetic parameters of heritability (additive genetic variance in total phenotypic variability of quantitative traits) and analysis of milk traits was done in four breeding regions and several tenths of farms where 3980 daughters of 32 sires were housed and reared. Results of analysis were obtained by application of mathematical-statistical data analysis, using mixed models (Harvey, 1990). Mathematical-statistical analysis of data was done using linear methods, i.e. method of least squares (LS method). Based on obtained results it was established that bulls-sires and several paragenetic factors caused no significant variation of fertility traits in relation to general average (P<0.01). Quantitative milk traits of first calving cows, under the influence of breeding region, had significantly higher deviation from the general average (**P<0.01). Significant deviations (*P<0.05) were caused by year of calving on milk yield and yield of milk fat (4765.0 kg and milk fat 3.86%). Established heritability coefficients for reproductive traits were following: .102, .051 and .088, and milk traits .297, .207 and .197).
The application of the FEI rules for the welfare of the horse in driving sport in Croatia
Authors: Baban M. , Sakac M. , Mijic P. , Antunovic B. , Cacic M. , Korabi N. , Ivankovic A.
Published: November 2009

The FEI (F?d?ration Equestre Internationale) is the international governing body for equestrian sport which established the new rules and regulations regarding the driving sport and the welfare of the horse from the aspect of animals' well-being (FEI, 2009ab). The FEI rules are applied to the Olympic disciplines of Show Jumping, Dressage and Eventing as well as Endurance Riding, Vaulting, Driving and Reining. The purpose of this paper was to present the FEI rules for international combined driving events which are prescribed by the national Rules and Regulations of the Croatian Equestrian Federation (HKS, 2007). The welfare of the horse must be beyond the economic interest and the demands of breeders, trainers, riders, owners, organizers, sponsors or officials. Good horse management requires the highest standards of nutrition, health, sanitation and safety. During transportation, feeding, watering, ventilation, weather conditions and safety must be taken into consideration. All riding and training methods in all stages of driving sport must treat horses as living beings and must not include any techniques which are not approved by the FEI and are degrading for the horse or cause them injuries and pain. Championships in driving sport (Dressage, Marathon, Obstacle Cones Driving) in Croatia are organized according to the FEI rules and the Croatian representative qualified in the last two World Championships in twohorse team driving (Baban et al., 2007, 2009). However, regardless of the individual success of Croatian drivers on the international scene, the traditional attitude of other drivers towards horses is still at a low level regarding the rules for the welfare of the horse. The competence of the driver is essential in the interests of the horse and the emphasis is placed on the practical experience of drivers and scientific research. The FEI especially encourages all those who participate in driving sport to achieve the highest level of education in training and management of horses. For this reason, within the scientific project, the education and training on the international level have been provided for the judges, who spread their acquired knowledge, through presentations at the seminars, to the other competitors in driving sport in Croatia. More time is needed for the full implementation of the FEI rules for the welfare of the horse at competitions in Croatia in order for all two-horse team drivers to understand that the welfare of their horses is more important than placement in competitions and money awards.
What is anthroponomy?
Authors: Dobrijevic Aleksandar
Published: November 2009

Although the 'anthroponomical question' (as Kant has named it) is one of the oldest philosophical questions, the concept of 'anthroponomy' was never treated in philosophy as it deserves. However, anthroponomy, as a theory about what a man should or could be, was never neglected. In this article the author confines himself to analysis of Kant's, Nietzsche's and Sloterdijk's anthroponomical sketches.
The processes of identity integration
Authors: Djuric Jelena
Published: November 2009

Despite inevitable elusiveness of its meanings, explication of the persisting issues of identity remains the challenge for contemporary humans. Inability to achieve full insight into its complexity points to the need to corelate basic ideas as the essential way of self-cognition and self-awareness, which represent the meaning, value and the purpose of humanity. The development of global processes can, in the same spirit, be viewed as a contribution to the conscious transformation and integration of identities.
Let's go back to Bled!: A contribution to considerations on praxis
Authors: Bielinska Katarzyna
Published: November 2009

Using the categories of the epistemic and epistemological field of theory the author is trying to show on the basis of Bled presentations of Mihailo Markovic and Milan Kangrga that their conceptions belong to two separated theoretical fields, which are incompatible with each other. Therefore even in that period we could not speak about a common praxis-philosophy nor a common vision of Marxism.
Kant's consideration of space and the puzzle of incongruence
Authors: Stojnic Una
Published: November 2009

In this paper we are dealing with Kant's view on the phenomenon of incongruous counterparts, in particular with the argument from his article 'On the First Ground of the Distinction of Regions in Space', where the phenomenon of incongruous counterparts is used as an argument for the existence of the absolute and objective space, and with the argument from Kant's Inaugural Dissertation in which he uses the phenomenon of incongruous counterparts again, but this time for a different purpose - as an argument in favor of the idea of space as a pure intuition. Our aim is to show that Kant's argument from 'On the First Ground of the Distinction of Regions in Space', although it shows the inadequacy of Leibniz's definition of congruence, does not in fact represent the reductio ad absurdum of the relationist view, for his argument in favor of the existence of the absolute space represents merely the inference to the best explanation. We also propound an alternative account of the phenomenon of incongruous counterparts, which is in line with the relationist theory. Furthermore, we call in question Kant's argument from the Inaugural Dissertation, according to which incongruence could not be explained discursively, and we put forward a conceptual determination of incongruence in terms of the notions of similarity, equality and congruence, taken as the possibility of objects to be included within the same spatial boundaries.
The application of HP-GFC chromatographic method for the analysis of oligosaccharides in bioactive complexes
Authors: Savic Ivan , Nikolic Goran , Savic Ivana , Cakic Milorad
Published: November 2009

The aim of this work was to optimize a GFC method for the analysis of bioactive metal (Cu, Co and Fe) complexes with olygosaccharides (dextran and pullulan). Bioactive metal complexes with olygosaccharides were synthesized by original procedure. GFC was used to study the molecular weight distribution, polymerization degree of oligosaccharides and bioactive metal complexes. The metal bounding in complexes depends on the ligand polymerization degree and the presence of OH groups in coordinative sphere of the central metal ion. The interaction between oligosaccharide and metal ions are very important in veterinary medicine, agriculture, pharmacy and medicine.
Collagen-bound LDL modifies endothelial cell adhesion to type V collagen: Implications for atherosclerosis
Authors: Lorkowski Stefan , Rauterberg Jürgen , Harrach-Ruprecht Bärbel , Troyer David
Published: November 2009

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is retained in the extracellular matrix of the arterial wall where it is considered to be atherogenic, but little is known about how cell adhesion to the matrix is affected by collagen-bound LDL. We tested the effect of native, oxidized and acetylated LDL reacted with adsorbed monomeric type I, III and V collagen on endothelial cell adhesion to collagen using a colorimetric adhesion assay. We found that none of the LDL species affected adhesion to type I and III collagen, but that collagen-bound native and acetylated LDL enhanced attachment to type V collagen, whereas bound oxidized LDL inhibited adhesion to this collagen. We therefore suggest that oxidized LDL associated with type V collagen in the arterial wall would favor de-endothelialization and contribute to atherogenesis and thrombosis.
Polymorphism in exon 7 of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with low incidence of microvascular damage in type 1 diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Heltianu Constantina , Manea Simona-Adriana , Guja Cristian , Robciuc Alexandra , Ionescu-Tirgoviste Constantin
Published: November 2009

Microvascular complications associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are caused in part by endothelial dysfunction. We aimed to determine the association between polymorphisms in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene (894G>T, 4ab) and T1DM-associated microvascular disorders, and the roles of nitrite/nitrate products (NOx) and low molecular weight-AGEs (LMW-AGEs) levels in this relationship. We carried out a case-control study (328 subjects) and determined genotypes by PCR. The rare-type TT of eNOS 894G>T was significantly overrepresented in patients without microvascular disorders as compared with control (OR=3.64; 95% C.I.=1.02–12.73; P=0.039). The prevalence of neuropathy was high among 894GG homozygotes (OR=0.5; 95% C.I.=0.29–0.86; P=0.012) who had high levels of triglycerides, elevated systolic BP, increased NOx, and LMW-AGEs. Decreased NOx levels were associated with 894TT genotype (beta=−0.65; P=0.043) in diabetic patients prone to microvascular complications. Multiple regression analysis indicated a negative correlation between eNOS 894G>T and diabetic neuropathy (P=0.025). The distribution of eNOS 4aa genotype was high (P=0.042) in patients with T1DM; however, it does not represent a risk factor for neuropathy. The overrepresentation of eNOS 894TT genotype in diabetic patients is associated with low risk for neuropathy. Decreased NOx and LMW-AGEs levels and lower lipid profile are the main features of patients carrying the eNOS 894T allele. These data suggest that the eNOS 894TT genotype may play a protective role by preventing microvascular disorders.
Animal model of Alzheimer’s disease: characteristics of EEG and memory
Authors: Mugantseva Ekaterina , Podolski Igor
Published: November 2009

We studied the effects of aggregated amyloid β-peptide Aβ25–35 on spatial memory and the spectral-correlational characteristics of EEG of both the dorsal hippocampus and the frontal cortex both in adult and aged rats at the early stage of Aβ25–35 action. Spatial memory was characterized using a novel cognitive test. A decrease in low-frequency theta band oscillations in the dorsal hippocampus and the frontal cortex was observed. The mean coefficient of EEG cross-correlation between these structures was significantly reduced at the early stage of Aβ25–35 action both in adult and aged rats. In addition, we found that one month after Aβ25–35 injection spatial memory was impaired. These results suggest that the decrease in low-frequency theta band oscillations and the weakening of binding between the dorsal hippocampus and the frontal cortex under the action of Aβ25–35 may be an underlying cause of the typical memory breakdown associated with the Alzheimer’s disease.
PHOENIX, a web interface for (re)analysis of microarray data
Authors: Berger Fabrice , Hertogh Benoît , Pierre Michaël , Bareke Eric , Gaigneaux Anthoula , Depiereux Eric
Published: November 2009

Microarrays are tools to study the expression profile of an entire genome. Technology, statistical tools and biological knowledge in general have evolved over the past ten years and it is now possible to improve analysis of previous datasets. We have developed a web interface called PHOENIX that automates the analysis of microarray data from preprocessing to the evaluation of significance through manual or automated parameterization. At each analytical step, several methods are possible for (re)analysis of data. PHOENIX evaluates a consensus score from several methods and thus determines the performance level of the best methods (even if the best performing method is not known). With an estimate of the true gene list, PHOENIX can evaluate the performance of methods or compare the results with other experiments. Each method used for differential expression analysis and performance evaluation has been implemented in the PEGASE back-end package, along with additional tools to further improve PHOENIX. Future developments will involve the addition of steps (CDF selection, geneset analysis, meta-analysis), methods (PLIER, ANOVA, Limma), benchmarks (spike-in and simulated datasets), and illustration of the results (automatically generated report).
Blue 473-nm solid state diode pumped Nd:YAG/BiBO microchip laser
Authors: Antończak A. , Sotor J. , Matysiak M. , Abramski K.
Published: November 2009

In this paper we present a design of a compact, low power diode-pumped CW Nd:YAG laser operating at 946 nm with intracavity blue light generation at 473 nm for battery operated applications. The nonlinear crystal used in the experiment is a BiBO crystal cut for phase-matching type I. Using 0.8 W of pumping power, 20-mW stabile output power of blue light was achieved. The second harmonic generation conversion efficiency was 2.5%.
Differential association of MUC5AC and CLCA1 expression in small cartilaginous airways of RAO‐affected and control horses
Authors: Gerber V. , De Feijter‐Rupp H. , Wagner J. , Venta P. , Harkema J. R. , Robinson N. E.
Published: November 2009

Reasons for performing study: Airway mucus accumulation is associated with indoor irritant and allergen exposure in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and a chloride channel (calcium activated, family member 1; CLCA1) are key signalling molecules involved in mucin gene expression.

Objectives: We hypothesised that exposure to irritants and aeroallergens would lead to increased expression of the mucin gene eqMUC5AC and increased stored mucosubstance in the airways of RAO‐affected horses, associated with increased neutrophils and CLCA1 and EGFR mRNA levels.

Methods: We performed quantitative RT‐PCR of eqMUC5AC, CLCA1 and EGFR; volume density measurements of intraepithelial mucosubstances; and cytological differentiation of intraluminal inflammatory cells in small cartilaginous airways from cranial left and right and caudal left and right lung lobes of 5 clinically healthy and 5 RAO‐affected horses that had been exposed to indoor stable environment for 5 days before euthanasia.

Results: Neutrophils were increased in RAO‐affected horses compared to clinically healthy controls. EqMUC5AC mRNA levels were positively correlated with both CLCA1 and EGFR mRNA levels in RAO‐affected horses but only with CLCA1 in controls. The relationship between eqMUC5AC and CLCA1 differed in the 2 groups of horses with RAO‐affected animals overexpressing CLCA1 in relation to eqMUC5AC.

Conclusions: These data implicate CLCA1 as a signalling molecule in the expression of eqMUC5AC in horses but also suggest differential regulation by CLCA1 and EGFR between horses with RAO and those with milder degrees of airway inflammation.
Prevalence of infiltrative lymphocytic mural folliculitis in equine inflammatory skin diseases
Authors: Yasuda K. , Scott D. W. , Erb H. N. , Mcdonough S. P.
Published: November 2009

Infiltrative lymphocytic mural folliculitis (ILMF) is a histopathological reaction pattern reported to occur in a small number of equine inflammatory dermatoses. However, the prevalence of ILMF in a variety of equine dermatoses has not been reported. Skin biopsy specimens from 250 horses with inflammatory dermatoses and from 27 horses with physically healthy skin were therefore evaluated. ILMF was present in 82% of the diseased skin specimens examined. ILMF was not seen in physically healthy skin. It appears that ILMF is frequently seen in a wide variety of equine inflammatory dermatoses and therefore is of little diagnostic significance. However, ILMF is not seen in physically healthy equine skin and the presence of lymphocytes in equine hair follicle epithelium should therefore be considered abnormal.
Health Care Procedures
Authors: Zaiss A. , Schulz S. , Hanser S.
Published: November 2009

Background: ICD is used for coding medical diagnoses across the world, but there is no globally accepted coding system for health care procedures. The need for the introduction of a common international medical procedure classification has been addressed by the Australian NCCH, which proposed the International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) as the basis of an international procedure classification. In parallel, the French multiaxial Classification Commune des Actes Médicaux (CCAM) has been established.

Objectives: The aim is to compare ICHI to the CCAM architecture and to assess their appropriateness for supporting international comparability of procedure data and give a recommendation for the further development of international procedure classifications.

Methods: The architecture of both ICHI and CCAM was thoroughly analyzed. ICHI classes were mapped to the classes of the multiaxial CCAM basic coding tables. This was done manually by domain experts, which analyzed the exact wording of each ICHI title. The result was assessed in terms of representability and granularity.

Results: 78.4% of ICHI classes could be mapped directly to CCAM. The anatomical site could be represented in 99.3%. Numerous ICHI classes combined anatomical sites requiring more than one CCAM code. Problems arouse due to imprecise ICHI descriptions. Conclusions: CCAM appeared as the more elaborate and mature system whereas ICHI had some drawback regarding ambiguity and varying granularity. It is recommended to improve the structure of ICHI by the beneficial aspects of the CCAM and to avoid semantic ambiguities by applying ontological principles and logic-based representation languages.
On Using References as Evidence
Authors: Talmon J. , Brender J.
Published: November 2009

Background: One has to start to consider references as a kind of evidence similar to measured data and observations. Moreover, proper referencing adds to the credibility of a paper and gives appropriate credits to work of others. Experience of reviewers and editors indicate that there is room for improvement in the way that our scientific evidence base is referred to.

Objective: To provide guidelines for referencing in medical informatics publications.

Method: The authors have collected examples of poor as well as good referencing as encountered in manuscripts submitted for review as well as in published literature.

Results and Conclusion: A set of 12 rules for proper referencing was derived. The rationale for each rule is provided and examples of rule violations and proper use of the rule are pre sented.
Identification of Lipoteichoic Acid as a Ligand for Draper in the Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by Drosophila Hemocytes
Authors: Hashimoto Yumi , Tabuchi Yukichika , Sakurai Kenji , Kutsuna Mayumi , Kurokawa Kenji , Awasaki Takeshi , Sekimizu Kazuhisa , Nakanishi Yoshinobu , Shiratsuchi Akiko
Published: November 2009

Phagocytosis is central to cellular immunity against bacterial infections. As in mammals, both opsonin-dependent and -independent mechanisms of phagocytosis seemingly exist in Drosophila. Although candidate Drosophila receptors for phagocytosis have been reported, how they recognize bacteria, either directly or indirectly, remains to be elucidated. We searched for the Staphylococcus aureus genes required for phagocytosis by Drosophila hemocytes in a screening of mutant strains with defects in the structure of the cell wall. The genes identified included ltaS, which encodes an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of lipoteichoic acid. ltaS-dependent phagocytosis of S. aureus required the receptor Draper but not Eater or Nimrod C1, and Draper-lacking flies showed reduced resistance to a septic infection of S. aureus without a change in a humoral immune response. Finally, lipoteichoic acid bound to the extracellular region of Draper. We propose that lipoteichoic acid serves as a ligand for Draper in the phagocytosis of S. aureus by Drosophila hemocytes and that the phagocytic elimination of invading bacteria is required for flies to survive the infection.
P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 Negatively Regulates T-Cell Immune Responses
Authors: Matsumoto Masanori , Miyasaka Masayuki , Hirata Takako
Published: November 2009

Cell surface sialomucins often act as antiadhesive molecules by virtue of their extended structure and negative charge. CD43 is one such sialomucin, expressed on most leukocytes. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is another sialomucin expressed by leukocytes. It serves as a major selectin ligand, but no antiadhesive role for it has been described. In this study, we showed that PSGL-1-deficient T cells, like CD43-deficient T cells, exhibited increased adhesion and proliferation compared with wild-type cells. The loss of both PSGL-1 and CD43 led to a further increase in T cell adhesion and proliferation. The reexpression of full-length PSGL-1 or CD43 in double-deficient CD4+ T cells reversed their increased adhesion and proliferation phenotype. Using chimeric constructs of human CD8 and either PSGL-1 or CD43, we demonstrated that the intracellular domain of PSGL-1 or CD43 is required for suppressing proliferation but not adhesion. Furthermore, in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease induced by the adoptive transfer of naive T cells into RAG-deficient hosts, a PSGL-1 deficiency exacerbated the development of inflammation. These results reveal a novel regulatory role for PSGL-1 in T cell adhesion and proliferation and suggest that PSGL-1 negatively regulates T cell immune responses in vivo.
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer
Authors: Jockers Ralf , Marullo Stefano
Published: November 2009

Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) has become a method of choice to monitor and quantify both constitutive and regulated interactions among proteins in intact cells. Despite the fact that BRET cannot be used to visualize the subcellular compartment where the interaction between two proteins occurs, it offers a number of practical advantages over FRET, including higher sensitivity in microplate‐based high‐throughput assays. The advantages of BRET‐based approaches are illustrated by some significant advances obtained in various fields, such as protein oligomerization, ligand‐induced conformational changes, and regulated movement of proteins between subcellular compartments.
An Overview of Arsenic Metabolism and Toxicity
Authors: Drobna Zuzana , Styblo Miroslav , Thomas David J.
Published: November 2009

It is likely that at least some of the toxic and carcinogenic effects associated with exposure to inorganic arsenic are, in fact, due to actions of its methylated metabolites. Here, we provide an overview of current models for the biological methylation of arsenicals. This information provides a context for understanding the chemical, biochemical, and genetic approaches to elucidation of the formation and function of methylated arsenicals, which are presented in the following units in this chapter. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 42:4.31.1‐4.31.6. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Acrylic Ester Polymers
Authors: Novak Ronald W. , O'Connor J. T.
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Acrylic Ester Monomers

Radical Polymerization

Health and Safety Factors

Uses

2‐Cyanoacrylic Ester Polymers
Acrylonitrile
Authors: Brazdil James F.
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Manufacturing and Processing

Economic Aspects

Storage and Transport

Health and Safety Factors
Adsorption: Gas Separation
Authors: Sherman John D. , Yon Carmen M.
Published: November 2009

Adsorption Principles

Adsorbent Principles

Adsorption Processes

Design Methods

Future Directions
Analgesics, Antipyretics, and Antiinflammatory Agents
Authors: Nugent Richard A. , Hall Charles M.
Published: November 2009

Opioid Agonists

Synthetic and Semisynthetic Agonists

Opioid Antagonists and Partial Agonists

Other Analgesic Agents

Antiinflammatories and Antipyretics

Economic Aspects
Antibiotics: β‐Lactams
Authors: Southgate Robert , Osborne Neal F.
Published: November 2009

Carbapenems

Penems

Economic Aspects
Antibiotics: Monobactams
Authors: Lindner Klaus R. , Bonner Daniel P. , Koster William H.
Published: November 2009

Synthesis

Alternative
N
‐1 Activating Groups

Economic Aspects
Biphenyl and Terphenyls
Authors: E. Thompson Quentin
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Manufacture

Shipping

Economic Aspects

Health and Safety Factors

Environmental Considerations

Derivatives
Calcium
Authors: Hluchan Stephen E.
Published: November 2009

Uses of Elemental Calcium

Chemistry and Compounds
Carbon Disulfide
Authors: Smith David E. , Timmerman Robert W.
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Manufacture

Toxicology, Health, and Safety Factors

Uses
Carcinogens
Authors: Vickery R. C.
Published: November 2009

Grouping of Carcinogens

Workplace Carcinogens

Carcinogen Mechanisms

Testing

Greater Knowledge of Carcinogenesis Anticipated
Chromatography
Authors: Converse J.G. , Villalobos R.
Published: November 2009

Beginnings of Chromatography

Fundamentals of Chromatography

Advancements in Chromatography

Gas Chromatography

Process Gas Chromatography

Liquid‐Column Chromatography
Diamines and Higher Amines, Aliphatic
Authors: Carter Richard G. , Doumaux Arthur R. , Kaiser Steven W. , Umberger Pamla R.
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Manufacture

Economic Aspects

Storage and Handling

Health and Safety Factors

Applications
Dyes: Environmental Chemistry
Authors: Reife Abraham
Published: November 2009

Effluent Treatment Methods

Fate of Dyes

Pollution Prevention

Heavy Metals

Toxicity

Legislation
Dyes: Sensitizing
Authors: Sturmer David M.
Published: November 2009

Structural Classes of Spectral Sensitizers

Spectral Sensitization of Silver Halides

Spectral Sensitization of Inorganic and Organic Solids

Spectral Sensitization in Photochemical Technology

Uses and Suppliers

Sensitizing Dye Toxicology
Enzyme Inhibitors
Authors: Muscate Angelika , Levinson Cynthia L. , Kenyon George L.
Published: November 2009

Applications for Enzyme Inhibitors

Classification of Enzyme Inhibitors

Computer‐Aided Inhibitor Design
Fiber (Dietary)
Authors: Lewis B. A.
Published: November 2009

Sources, Composition, and Structure of Dietary Fiber

Physiological Properties

Physicochemical Properties

Sources of Dietary Fiber for Processed Foods
Food Processing
Authors: Farkas Daniel F.
Published: November 2009

Regulations

Process Optimization

Preservation of Foods
Formaldehyde
Authors: Masson J. R. , McKee Davy
Published: November 2009

Production
Hydrides
Authors: Sullivan Edward A.
Published: November 2009

Simple (Binary) Hydrides

Complex Hydrides

Health and Safety Factors
Initiators (Anionic)
Authors: Quirk Roderic P. , Monroy Victor M.
Published: November 2009

Alkali Metals

Aromatic Radical Anions

Alkyllithium Compounds

Difunctional Initiators

Functionalized Initiators

Other Initiators

Health and Safety Factors
Methacrylic Acid and Derivatives
Authors: Gross Andrew W. , Dobson John C.
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Reactions

Polymerization

Higher Alkyl and Functional Methacrylates

Manufacture and Processing

Uses

Storage and Handling

Health and Safety Factors
N

‐Vinylamide Polymers
Authors: Login Robert B.
Published: November 2009

Monomers

Homopolymerization of
N
‐Vinyl‐2‐Pyrrolidinone

PVP
Hydrogels

Poly(

N

‐Vinyl‐2‐Pyrrolidinone)

Complexation

Copolymerization

Applications
Odor Modification
Authors: Berry Yvette
Published: November 2009

Olfaction

Odors

Evaluation Methodologies

Modification

Commercial Aspects

Behavior Modification by Odor
Peroxides and Peroxide Compounds (Organic)
Authors: Sanchez Jose , Myers Terry N.
Published: November 2009

Hydroperoxides

Dialkyl Peroxides

α‐Oxygen‐Substituted Hydroperoxides and Dialkyl Peroxides

Syntheses, Physical and Chemical Properties

Ozonides and Ozonization

Peroxyacids

Acyl Peroxides

Alkyl Peroxyesters

Manufacture and Processing

Economic Aspects

Health and Safety Factors

Uses
Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Zanowiak Paul
Published: November 2009

Drugs and Drug Products

Manufacturing

Quality Control and Quality Assurance
Pharmaceuticals, Chiral
Authors: Witlak Donald T. , Hopper Allen T.
Published: November 2009

Background

Methods for the Preparation of Homochiral Drugs

Analysis of Synthetic Homochiral Drugs

Chiral Pharmaceuticals

Economic Aspects
Polymethylbenzenes
Authors: Earhart H. W. , Komin Andrew P.
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Manufacture

Health and Safety Factors

Uses
Silver
Authors: Corrigan Donald A.
Published: November 2009

Occurrence and Processing

Uses of Silver

Chemistry of Silver
Vinyl Acetate Polymers
Authors: Cordeiro Cajetan F.
Published: November 2009

Health and Safety Aspects

Vinyl Acetate Polymers
Vinyl Alcohol Polymers
Authors: Marten F. Lennart
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Manufacture

Copolymers

Processing

Specifications and Standards

Health and Safety Factors

Uses
Vinyl Chloride
Authors: Cowfer Joseph A. , Gorensek Maximilian B.
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Reactions

Manufacture

Environmental Considerations

Technology Trends

Health and Safety Factors

Uses
Vinylidene Chloride Monomer and Polymers
Authors: Wessling R. A. , Gibbs D. S. , DeLassus P. T. , Obi B. E. , Howell B. A.
Published: November 2009

Monomer

Polymerization

Polymer Structure and Properties

Degradation Chemistry

Commercial Methods of Polymerization and Processing

Applications
Water Soluble Polymers
Authors: Glass J. Edward
Published: November 2009

Carbohydrate Polymers

Synthetic Water‐Soluble Polymers

Cationic Water‐Soluble Polymers

Inorganic Water‐Soluble Polymers

New Commercial Water‐Soluble Polymers

Hydrophobe‐Modification of Water‐Soluble Polymers
Proteasome inhibition with bortezomib suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma
Authors: Shapovalov Yuriy , Benavidez David , Zuch Daniel , Eliseev Roman A.
Published: November 2009

Osteosarcomas are primary bone tumors of osteoblastic origin that mostly affect adolescent patients. These tumors are highly aggressive and metastatic. Previous reports indicate that gain of function of a key osteoblastic differentiation factor, Runx2, leads to growth inhibition in osteosarcoma. We have previously established that Runx2 transcriptionally regulates expression of a major proapoptotic factor, Bax. Runx2 is regulated via proteasomal degradation, and proteasome inhibition has a stimulatory effect on Runx2. In this study, we hypothesized that proteasome inhibition will induce Runx2 and Runx2‐dependent Bax expression sensitizing osteosarcoma cells to apoptosis. Our data showed that a proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, increased Runx2 and Bax in osteosarcoma cells. In vitro, bortezomib suppressed growth and induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells but not in nonmalignant osteoblasts. Experiments involving intratibial tumor xenografts in nude mice demonstrated significant tumor regression in bortezomib‐treated animals. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that bortezomib inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma xenografts. These effects correlated with increased immunoreactivity for Runx2 and Bax. In summary, our results indicate that bortezomib suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo suggesting that proteasome inhibition may be effective as an adjuvant to current treatment regimens for these tumors. Published 2009 UICC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Operating point optimization of self‐linearized differential quantum well electroabsorptive modulator
Authors: Yazdani F. , De Souza E. A.
Published: November 2009

Electroabsorptive modulators require large depth of modulation and maximum length of in–out linearity. A systematic approach to optimize the operation of these modulators based on quantum‐confined Stark effect is presented here. The conventional operation of differential modulator, following span linearity maximization by adjusting the incident power of laser beams and modulation depth enhancement by reverse bias voltage adjustment, is presented. The results show the optimum bias voltage as 8 V and read out beam power as 175 nW. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1–4, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24815
Photonic microwave bandpass filter with negative coefficients based on flat‐top
Authors: Jianping Wang , Na Liu , Bosheng Liu , Xianwei Zhou
Published: November 2009

In this article, a novel microwave photonic filter with negative coefficient using semiconductor optical amplifiers and Fiber Bragg Gratings is proposed. Three major factors, including input current, grating coefficients and the input signal power are analyzed and compared respectively with scrutinize their affects to the filter response. Through the simulation, a better performance of the flat‐top microwave photonic filter can be achieved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 9–13, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24824
Effect of superstrate material on a high‐gain antenna using array of parasitic patches
Authors: Gupta R. K. , Mukherjee J.
Published: November 2009

This article highlights the effect of superstrate material on a high‐gain antenna using array of parasitic patches for wireless applications. The antenna structure consists of a microstrip antenna, which feeds an array of square parasitic patches fabricated on a ceramic or FR4 superstrate. The patches on a superstrate are suspended in air at λ0/2. The spacing between parasitic patches and patch dimensions decrease with dielectric constant and, thus, a compact antenna with almost same gain can be designed with high dielectric superstrate. The structures with 5 × 5 array of square parasitic patches provide a gain of 17.5 dB on infinite ground plane in both the cases but the array dimension is 55 × 55 mm2in ceramic as compared to 115 × 115 mm2Antenna with ceramic superstrate on finite ground requires 25% less ground plane size as compared to FR4. Structure with FR4 superstrate is designed, fabricated, and tested. The measured VSWR is <2 over 5.725–5.875 GHz frequency band. The antenna with 5 × 5 array of square parasitic patches provides a gain of 18.0 dB with 92% efficiency, SLL of −18.4 dB, and front to back lobe ratio of more than 20 dB. The proposed structure can be packaged inside an application platform. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 82–88, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24850
Harmonic‐suppressing bandpass filter based on coupled triangular open‐loop stepped‐impedance resonators
Authors: Chin Kuo‐Sheng , Chen Deng‐Jun
Published: November 2009

This work develops two harmonic‐suppressing bandpass filters. One has a direct‐coupled‐resonator structure and the other has a cross‐coupled‐resonator structure. The triangular open‐loop stepped‐impedance resonator is used to synthesize filters because it can create two tunable transmission zeros to suppress multi‐spurious responses in the upper stopband. The coupling coefficients of typical coupled pairs of resonators and the external quality factors of two basic feeding configurations are exploited in filter synthesis. A three‐pole Chebyshev filter and a four‐pole selective‐response filter are designed and fabricated herein. The first spurious peaks of these two experimental filters occur at five times and four times the operating frequency, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 187–191, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24866
On the application of symmetry conditions and the convergence rate of modal series in the MOM‐based integral equation analysis of laterally shielded multilayered media
Authors: Golestanirad Laleh , Mattes Michael , Mosig Juan R.
Published: November 2009

Integral equation (IE) formulations solved by the Method of Moments (MoM) have been used successfully to address a vast variety of electromagnetic problems. Printed circuits embedded partially or totally in laterally bounded multilayered media such as microwave filters or planar antennas and their associated distribution networks are most efficiently treated by this technique. In the case that the structure as well as the excitation hold some symmetry requirements, simplifications may be applied on the problem leading to a considerable improvement in the reduction of computational time and the usage of resources. In this article, we have developed formulations providing theoretical background for applying different types of symmetry conditions in the framework of the MoM‐based IE technique applied to printed circuits embedded in shielded multilayered media fed by coaxial lines. Additionally, a comprehensive convergence study has been performed to analyze the effect of mesh resolution and different aspect‐ratios of the rectangular shield on the convergence rate of modal series representing the elements of the MoM matrix. Benefits of applying symmetry simplifications have been pointed out as well. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 221–226, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24868
Low‐loss silicon‐on‐quartz (SoQ)‐based aperture‐coupled antenna on RF MEMS packaging platform
Authors: Lim Sungjoon , Hyun Ik‐Jae , Kim Jong‐Man , Jung Tony J. , Baek Chang‐Wook
Published: November 2009

This letter presents a micromachined aperture‐coupled antenna which improves antenna performances as well as simplifies a fabrication process. The SoQ (silicon‐on‐quartz) bonding and BCB (benzocyclobutene) adhesive bonding are employed for a radio frequency microelectro‐mechanical system (RF‐MEMS) packaging platform. The SoQ/BCB packaging platform makes the air cavity and the quartz substrate where the aperture‐coupled antenna is stacked. Therefore, radiation performances can be enhanced from low‐loss air/quartz substrates while a silicon substrate has almost no effects on radiation. Furthermore, the proposed method enables simultaneous integration of the antenna with the RF MEMS devices through a single packaging process. In this letter, the antenna is manufactured based on the proposed method and the fabrication process is carefully described. The s‐parameters and shear strength are measured to evaluate both of antenna and packaging performances. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 125–128, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24874
A 94 GHz low‐cost frequency source using a 47 GHz micromachined air‐cavity oscillator and a doubler
Authors: Song Sangsub , Kim Youngmin , Kwon Youngwoo , Seo Kwang‐Seok
Published: November 2009

A 94 GHz low‐cost frequency source has been developed using a 47 GHz micromachined air‐cavity oscillator and a 47‐to‐94 GHz doubler on the thin‐film substrate with the flip‐chip interconnection. The 47 GHz micromachined air‐cavity oscillator is a parallel‐feedback configuration using the micromachined air‐cavity as a parallel‐feedback element. As active devices of the oscillator and the doubler, GaAs pseudomorphic high‐electron mobility transistors were flip‐chip mounted on the thin‐film substrate with integrated passives. The developed 94‐GHz frequency source has an output power of about 3 dBm and a low‐phase‐noise of −96 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset with an oscillation frequency at 94.25 GHz. This work allows a low‐cost millimeter‐wave frequency source. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 239–241, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24884
Diurnal cycle of air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: 2. Modeling results
Authors: Panday Arnico K. , Prinn Ronald G. , Schär Christoph
Published: November 2009

After completing a 9‐month field experiment studying air pollution and meteorology in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, we set up the mesoscale meteorological model MM5 to simulate the Kathmandu Valley's meteorology with a horizontal resolution of up to 1 km. After testing the model against available data, we used it to address specific questions to understand the factors that control the observed diurnal cycle of air pollution in this urban basin in the Himalayas. We studied the dynamics of the basin's nocturnal cold air pool, its dissipation in the morning, and the subsequent growth and decay of the mixed layer over the valley. During mornings, we found behavior common to large basins, with upslope flows and basin‐center subsidence removing the nocturnal cold air pool. During afternoons the circulation in the Kathmandu Valley exhibited patterns common to plateaus, with cooler denser air originating over lower regions west of Kathmandu arriving through mountain passes and spreading across the basin floor, thereby reducing the mixed layer depth. We also examined the pathways of pollutant ventilation out of the valley. The bulk of the pollution ventilation takes place during the afternoon, when strong westerly winds blow in through the western passes of the valley, and the pollutants are rapidly carried out through passes on the east and south sides of the valley. In the evening, pollutants first accumulate near the surface, but then are lifted slightly when katabatic flows converge underneath. The elevated polluted layers are mixed back down in the morning, contributing to the morning pollution peak. Later in the morning a fraction of the valley's pollutants travels up the slopes of the valley rim mountains before the westerly winds begin.
Early Detrimental Metabolic Outcomes of rs17300539‐A Allele of ADIPOQ Gene Despite Higher Adiponectinemia
Authors: Morandi Anita , Maffeis Claudio , Lobbens Stéphane , Bouatia‐Naji Nabila , Heude Barbara , Pinelli Leonardo , Meyre David , Froguel Philippe
Published: November 2009

Minor allele A of single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 11391 G/A of ADIPOQ gene (rs17300539) has been consistently associated with higher adiponectin levels in adults and children. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic role of this variant in a large cohort of children of European origin. A total of 1,852 children from two general populations in Verona and in Fleurbaix–Laventie and from the Lille childhood obesity cohort, were genotyped and pooled together after checking for the absence of genetic heterogeneity for rs17300539 between Italian and French children. The genotype of rs17300539 was studied in relation to circulating adiponectin levels, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, fasting serum insulin (FSI), insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR)), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. After adjustment for known confounders, rs17300539 GA+AA carriers had 1.6 µg/ml higher adiponectin levels (P = 6 × 10−8) than GG carriers. They also showed higher BMI (B = 0.97, P = 0.015) and higher prevalence of obesity (OR = 1.35 (1.06–1.85), P = 0.015) than GG carriers. Before adjusting for obesity status, GA+AA carriers had higher FSI (B = 1.10, P = 0.040) and higher HOMAIR (B = 0.31, P = 0.020) than GG carriers. After adjustment for obesity status, they did not differ from GG carriers for any metabolic parameter, either among obese or nonobese children. The rs17300539‐A variant, though consistently associated with higher adiponectin levels, does not exert any appreciable protective metabolic effect in children, either in the presence or absence of obesity. In contrast, this SNP may increase the risk for childhood obesity and related insulin resistance.
The photodissociation of CH3I in the red edge of the A-band: Comparison between slice imaging experiments and multisurface wave packet calculations
Authors: Rubio-Lago L. , García-Vela A. , Arregui A. , Amaral G. A. , Bañares L.
Published: November 2009

The photodissociation of methyl iodide at different wavelengths in the red edge of the A-band (286–333 nm) has been studied using a combination of slice imaging and resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization detection of the methyl fragment in the vibrational ground state (ν=0). The kinetic energy distributions (KED) of the produced CH3(ν=0) fragments show a vibrational structure, both in the I(P23/2) and I∗(P21/2) channels, due to the contribution to the overall process of initial vibrational excitation in the ν3(C–I) mode of the parent CH3I. The structures observed in the KEDs shift toward upper vibrational excited levels of CH3I when the photolysis wavelength is increased. The I(P23/2)/I∗(P21/2) branching ratios, photofragment anisotropies, and the contribution of vibrational excitation of the parent CH3I are explained in terms of the contribution of the three excited surfaces involved in the photodissociation process, Q30, Q11, and Q31, as well as the probability of nonadiabatic curve crossing Q11←Q30. The experimental results are compared with multisurface wave packet calculations carried out using the available ab initio potential energy surfaces, transition moments, and nonadiabatic couplings, employing a reduced dimensionality (pseudotriatomic) model. A general qualitative good agreement has been found between theory and experiment, the most important discrepancies being in the I(P23/2)/[I(P23/2)+I∗(P21/2)] branching ratios. Inaccuracies of the available potential energy surfaces are the main reason for the discrepancies.
Study on dielectric and magnetodielectric properties of Lu3Fe5O12 ceramics
Authors: Wu Xiaobo , Wang Xiaofei , Liu Yunfei , Cai Wei , Peng Song , Huang Fengzhen , Lu Xiaomei , Yan Feng , Zhu Jinsong
Published: November 2009

Polycrystalline Lu3Fe5O12 ceramics with garnet structure were prepared by a solid-state reaction method. A dielectric relaxor behavior at low temperature was observed which may come from the dipolar effects associated with the charge carrier hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+. It is noticeable that their magnetodielectric (MD) properties are excellent since the applied small magnetic fields can dramatically change the dielectric constants of Lu3Fe5O12 ceramics. The origin of the MD effect is discussed.