bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial distribution and basic ecology of Heterodera schachtii and H. betae wild populations developing on sea beet, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima
Authors: Gracianne Cécile , Petit Eric J. , Arnaud Jean-François , Porte Catherine , Renault Lionel , Fouville Didier , Rouaux Claudia , Fournet Sylvain
Published: September 2014

Most populations of crop pathogens have wild relative populations from which they can originate but for which basic knowledge of their ecological requirementsin naturais scarce. However, the study of spatial distribution and ecology of wild pathogen populations may help control them in crops through a better understanding of the environmental factors driving population dynamics. Here, we focused onHeterodera schachtiiandH. betae, two cyst nematodes that cause severe damage to sugar beet (Beta vulgarisssp.vulgaris) crops and can develop on a wild beet relative, the sea beet (B. vulgarisssp.maritima). We investigated the occurrence of both nematode species in the wild and explored some environmental factors that may influence their geographical distribution. To do so, we sampled the wild hostB. v.ssp.maritimaalong the European Atlantic and North Sea coastlines. Results showed thatH. schachtiimainly occurred in the colder environments of northern Europe, whereasH. betaewas preferentially distributed in the warm environments of southern Europe. It was previously established thatH. betaeonly recently appeared in The Netherlands, which are in the north of Europe. Thus, our results do not support this hypothesis. Overall, this study accurately documents the geographical occurrence of two nematode crop pest species in the wild and helps identify the main environmental factors affecting their distribution range.
The white-tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, exhibits an auxin-orientated behaviour affecting its migration and propagation
Authors: Feng Hui , Shao Ying , Wei Li-hui , Gao Cun-yi , Zhou Yi-jun
Published: September 2014

Aphelenchoides besseyiis an obligate parasite that often causes white-tip symptoms in rice plants. The nematode exhibits ectoparasitic behaviour with its infection rate matching the development of rice plants. Few studies have analysed howA. besseyimigration is influenced by chemical and host factors. Here, we focused on the effects of auxins on nematode migration and propagation. Exposure ofA. besseyito an auxin gradient created by a Pluronic F-127 gel resulted in nematode aggregation at the highest auxin concentration tested, 100 μm. Inoculation on the susceptible cv. Ningjing1 produced more nematodes than on the resistant rice cv. Tetep, which correlated with their endogenous auxin levels. Young panicles treated with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid produced more grains and nematodes, whereas plants treated with the auxin transport inhibitor, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, led to fewer nematodes in the seeds. In addition,A. besseyirarely migrated and multiplied in the plants of the male sterile rice cv. Zhenshan97A, which had insufficient auxin level in pollen and thus could not generate any grains in most panicles. However, large numbers of nematodes were observed in seeds of cv. Zhenshan97A that had received pollens from the maintainer cv. Zhenshan97B. The results indicate that auxin might play a key role in the migration and propagation ofA. besseyi.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of the Saratov population of the European dagger nematode, Xiphinema diversicaudatum (Nematoda: Dorylaimida), with notes on phylogeography of the species
Authors: Chizhov Vladimir N. , Pridannikov Mikhail V. , Peneva Vlada , Subbotin Sergei A.
Published: September 2014

Plesiotype specimens of the European dagger nematode, Xiphinema diversicaudatum, were collected in Saratov, Russia, and morphologically, morphometrically and molecularly characterised. PCR with specific primer was developed for rapid diagnostics of this species. Phylogenetic relationships of X. diversicaudatum with other Xiphinema species, as inferred from the analyses of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA and coxI mtDNA gene sequences, are also provided. The study revealed that the clade X. diversicaudatum, together with X. bakeri (North America) and X. chengi (Asia), is related to Xiphinema species from the Mediterranean region and likely originated from a common ancestor inhabiting this area. The phylogenetic reconstructions with coxI mtDNA were used to describe the pattern of present genetic diversity of X. diversicaudatum and infer its biogeographical history in Europe. Haplotype diversity of X. diversicaudatum populations from Central Europe was significantly higher than those from south-eastern Europe, central, south-eastern and southern European Russia. It has been hypothesised that, during the Last Glacial Maximum, X. diversicaudatum populations probably persisted in refuge areas in the Carpathian mountains or the Alps, the species subsequently expanding from these areas and colonising other regions in Europe.
Phylogenetic relationships of Telotylenchidae Siddiqi, 1960 and Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Iran, as inferred from the analysis of the D2D3 expansion fragments of 28S rRNA gene sequences
Authors: Ghaderi Reza , Karegar Akbar , Niknam Gholamreza , Subbotin Sergei A.
Published: September 2014

Sixteen species,Amplimerlinius globigerus,A. macrurus,Bitylenchus parvus,Merlinius brevidens,M. nanus,Neodolichorhynchus phaseoli,Paramerlinius neohexagrammus,Pratylenchoides alkani,P. ritteri,P. utahensis,Scutylenchus paniculoides,S. rugosus,S. tartuensis,Scutylenchussp. A,Trophurus imparandTylenchorhynchus brassicae, from the families Telotylenchidae and Merliniidae were collected from different locations in Iran and molecularly characterised using sequencing of the D2D3 expansion fragments of the 28S rRNA gene. Morphometrics and light micrography for studied species are also provided as vouchers. The phylogenetic relationships of Telotylenchidae and Merliniidae with other representatives of the order Tylenchida, as obtained from Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood analysis of partial 28S rRNA gene sequences, are presented and discussed. The results of phylogenetic analysis were in accordance with classifications in whichBitylenchusandScutylenchusare considered as separate genera, butTessellusandTelotylenchuswere synonyms ofTylenchorhynchus. The Shimodaira-Hasegawa test of the 28S rRNA gene sequence alignment and trees rejected a large genus concept ofTylenchorhynchusand the constrained monophyly for Belonolaimidae revealed within this family two genera groups:i) BelonolaimusandIbipora; andii) CarphodorusandMorulaimus. The present results also support the combination ofPratylenchoidesand Merliniinae into a single family, the Merliniidae.
Non enim ab hiis que sensus est iudicare sensum.Sensation and Thought in Theaetetus, Plotinus and Proclus
Authors: MacIsaac D. Gregory
Published: September 2014

I examine the relation between sensation and discursive thought (dianoia) in Plato, Plotinus, and Proclus. InTheaetetus, a soul whose highest faculty was sensation would have no unified experience of the sensible world, lacking universal ideas to give order to the sensible flux. It is implied that such universals are grasped by the soul’s thinking. In Plotinus the soul is not passive when it senses the world, but as thelogosof all things it thinks the world through its own forms.

Proclus argues against the derivation of universallogoifrom the senses, which alone can’t make the sensible world comprehensible. At most they give a record of the original sense-impression in its particularity. The soul’s own projected logoi give the sensible world stability. For Proclus, bare sensation does not depend on thought, but a unified experience of the sense-world depends on its paradigmaticlogoiin our souls.
Clavatispora thailandica gen. et sp. nov., a novel taxon of Venturiales (Dothideomycetes) from Thailand
Authors: BOONMEE SARANYAPHAT , BHAT JAYARAMA D. , MAHARACHCHIKUMBURA SAJEEWA S.N. , HYDE KEVIN D.
Published: September 2014

An unusual wood-inhabiting fungus was found in northern Thailand. The combination of characters of this taxon, viz. setose, ostiolate ascomata, bitunicate asci, dark brown, wedge-shaped to clavate, muriform ascospores, and a hyphomycetous asexual state producing ellipsoidal, septate, highly constricted, holoblastic conidia is not found in any hitherto described genus of Dothideomycetes. An LSU phylogeny showed this taxon to be clearly placed in the family Sympoventuriaceae, Venturiales. The name Clavatispora thailandica gen. and sp. nov., is introduced to accommodate this taxon, which is described and illustrated and compared with other genera in this family.
Homortomyces tamaricis sp. nov. and convergent evolution of Homortomyces and Stilbospora
Authors: WIJAYAWARDENE NALIN N. , HYDE KEVIN D. , CAMPORESI ERIO , BHAT D. JAYARAMA , SONG YU , CHUKEATIROTE EKACHAI , WANG YONG , Zhang Jin-Hua
Published: September 2014

A new species Homortomyces tamaricis is introduced from Cervia, Italy. It is distinct from H. combreti, the type species of this monotypic genus, in having smaller conidia, smaller paraphyses and shorter supporting cells. Morphologically Homortomyces is similar to Stilbospora, which groups in Diaporthales incertae sedis in maximum-likelihood analysis of LSU rDNA sequences. Maximum-likelihood analysis of the combined data set of LSU and ITS rDNA sequences indicates that Homortomyces species cluster with Tubeufiaceae with 77% bootstrap support, but group as a distinct clade with high bootstrap value (100%). These two genera show convergent evolution since both share very similar morphological characters, but have distinct phylogenetic lineages. Further phylogenetic analyses are needed, when more strains of Homortomyces and related genera are available, to resolve the genus familial placement. We maintain the genus in Dothideomycetes incertae sedis. No sexual state has yet been reported for this genus.
Morphology and phylogeny of Pseudorobillarda eucalypti sp. nov., from Thailand
Authors: TANGTHIRASUNUN NARUMON , SILAR PHILIPPE , BHAT DARBHE JAYARAMA , CHUKEATIROTE EKACHAI , WIJAYAWARDENE D.N. NALIN , MAHARACHCHIKUMBURA SAJEEWA S.N. , HYDE KEVIN D.
Published: September 2014

Pseudorobillarda is a coelomycete genus of Dothideomycetes with appendaged conidia and 15 species epithets. In this study, we isolated four strains of Pseudorobillarda from dead leaves in Thailand. DNA sequence data generated from the large subunit (28S) ribosomal DNA (nuLSU) gene was used in phylogenetic studies. The phylogenetic trees generated indicate that Pseudorobillarda form a distinct lineage in Dothideomycetes that may eventually require separate family status. The Pseudorobillarda strains comprised two distinct species and this is also supported by morphological characteristics. In this paper we introduce a new species of Pseudorobillarda, P. eucalypti and compare it with other species of the genus. We also deposit data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), small subunit (18S) ribosomal DNA (nuSSU),the RNA polymerase II 2nd largest subunit genes (RPB2), Translation Elongation Factor 1-α (TEF1-α) and β-Tubulin (Bt) genes from each strain in GenBank for future studies.
Wiesneriomyces a new lineage of Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota) basal to Tubeufiales
Authors: SUETRONG SATINEE , RUNGJINDAMAI NATTAWUT , SOMMAI SUJINDA , RUNG-AREERATE PATHITA , SOMMRITHIPOL SAYANH , GARETH JONES E.B.
Published: September 2014

Wiesneriomyces is an asexual genus comprising two species, found growing on submerged leaves and terrestrial leaf litter in tropical habitats. The genus is characterized by conidiomata with setae, macronematous and branched conidiophores, and hyaline conidia in uniseriate chains connected by narrow isthmi. A multigene (SSU & LSU) analysis of 13 strains of Wiesneriomyces including W. conjuntosporus and W. laurinus formed a monophyletic clade in the Dothideomycetes with high support (98 BSMP, 99 BSML & 1.00 BYPP). The Wiesneriomyces clade is elevated to a higher taxonomic rank, the family Wiesneriomycetaceae, based on cultural, morphological and multi-gene phylogenetic evidence. The family forms a sister lineage to Tubeufiales with strong support.
Mycosphaerellaceous fungi and new species of Venustosynnema and Zasmidium on ferns and fern allies in Taiwan
Authors: Kirschner Roland , Liu Li-Chia
Published: September 2014

Selected fungi on ferns in Taiwan are described, illustrated, annotated and complemented with first DNA sequences. The ranges of distribution, host species, morphology, and the taxonomy of some species were revised. ITS rDNA sequences proved to be useful for distinguishing between species on the same host. A new species of Venustosynnema found on dead leaves of Selaginella moellendorfii differs from the other species of the genus by its small conidiomata with smooth central seta and reniform conidia. A new species of Zasmidium described on living fronds of Dicranopteris linearis is particular by its hyaline, smooth conidia. New data are derived from new collections of Pseudocercospora athyrii, Ps. cyatheae, and Ps. pteridophytophila hitherto only known from the type collections and of Mycosphaerella gleicheniae. Ps. christellae is considered a synonym of Ps. pteridophytophila. M. gleicheniae and Ps. cyatheae are new records for Taiwan.
Taxonomy and phylogeny of Dothideomycetes
Authors: McKENZIE ERIC H.C. , JONES E.B. GARETH , HYDE KEVIN D.
Published: September 2014

The ascomycete class Dothideomycetes comprises a highly diverse range of fungi characterized mainly by bitunicate asci, usually with fissitunicate dehiscence. Species are saprobes, with many asexual states comprising extremely important plant pathogens. They are also endophytes, epiphytes, fungicolous, lichenized, or lichenicolous fungi. They occur worldwide in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats. Until recently the taxonomy of Dothideomycetes was confused and based mostly on a limited number of morphological characters. Molecular data has been recently incorporated into their study and a more natural phylogeny of the group is emerging. The recent monograph of 105 families by Hyde and co-workers (2013), with a phylogenetic tree based on four genes, has advanced the understanding of this group and kick-started further studies.
Towards a natural classification of Dothideomycetes 2: The genera Cucurbidothis, Heterosphaeriopsis, Hyalosphaera, Navicella and Pleiostomellina (Dothideomycetes incertae sedis)
Authors: ARIYAWANSA HIRAN A. , THAMBUGALA KASUN M. , KANG JI-CHUAN , ALIAS SITI A. , CHUKEATIROTE EKACHAI , HYDE KEVIN D.
Published: September 2014

By re-examining the generic types of Dothideomycetes genera, incertae sedis we can propose higher level positions according to the morphology based on modern taxonomic concepts but, more importantly, we illustrate the taxa so that they are better understood. In this way the taxa can be recollected and molecular data can be used to place them in a natural taxonomic framework of the Ascomycota. The generic types of Cucurbidothis, Heterosphaeriopsis, Hyalosphaera, Navicella and Pleiostomellina were re-examined in this study. A synopsis of the history and descriptions and illustrations of these genera are provided. Cucurbidothis is placed in Cucurbitariaceae as a distinct genus, while Navicella and Pleiostomellina are referred to Melanommataceae and Parmulariaceae respectively based on the morphological similarities. Heterosphaeriopsis and Hyalosphaera are retained in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis as they are not typical of any existing families of Dothideomycetes. Fresh collections of these genera are needed for further studies, so that they can be epitypified and molecular data can be analyzed to stabilize their natural classification.
Towards a natural classification of Dothideomycetes 3: The genera Muellerites, Trematosphaeriopsis, Vizellopsis and Yoshinagella (Dothideomycetes incertae sedis)
Authors: DAI DONG-QIN , BAHKALI ALI H. , BHAT D. JAYARAMA , XIAO YUAN-PING , CHUKEATIROTE EKACHAI , ZHAO RUI-LIN , McKENZIE ERIC H.C. , XU JIAN-CHU , HYDE KEVIN D.
Published: September 2014

We re-examine the generic types of genera with unclear placement in Dothideomycetes. These genera were hitherto poorly illustrated or described. Following examination their appropriate familial or ordinal level placements based on modern morphology concepts may be better understood. The generic types of Muellerites, Trematosphaeriopsis, Vizellopsis and Yoshinagella were re-examined in this study. Muellerites is placed in Dothidotthiaceae, Vizellopsis in Asterinaceae, while Trematosphaeriopsis and Yoshinagella are retained in Dothideomycetes incertae sedis, as they are not typical of any existing families of Dothideomycetes. By illustrating and redescribing the genera we expect renewed interest for recollection and molecular study so that these dothideomycetous genera can be placed in a natural taxonomic framework.
Some remarks on rare and new Palaearctic species of the genus Zodion Latreille (Diptera: Conopidae)
Authors: STUKE JENS-HERMANN
Published: September 2014

Zodion hispanicum spec. nov. is described from Spain (Murcia, Sierra Espuña) and Zodion hauseri spec. nov. is described from Kazakhstan (Almaty Province, Charyn Valley). A diagnosis is given for Zodion andersoni Kröber, 1936 and Zodion vsevolodi Zimina, 1974. Zodion asiaticum Becker, 1922 is placed as a junior synonym of Zodion cinereum (Fabricius, 1794) (syn. nov.). New faunistic records are presented for Z. andersoni and Z. vsevolodi.
Review of the idiocerine leafhoppers of Pakistan (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) with a description of a new species
Authors: KHATRI IMRAN , WEBB M. D.
Published: September 2014

The Idiocerinae of Pakistan are reviewed and a new species, Tasnimocerus sindhensis sp. nov. (Pakistan: Tandojam), is described and illustrated from Pakistan. Two new junior synonyms of Idioscopus nitidulus (Walker) are recognized: Idioscopus karachiensis Ahmed, Naheed & Ahmed syn. nov. and I. freytagi Ahmed, Naheed & Ahmed syn. nov. Idioscopus nagpurensis (Pruthi) is newly recorded from Pakistan. A checklist of Idiocerinae from Pakistan is also provided together with a key to genera and species.
Temporal Patterns of Precipitation and Vegetation Variability over Zimbabwe during Extreme Dry and Wet Rainfall Seasons
Authors: Mberego Seth , Gwenzi Juliet
Published: September 2014

Climatic variability over southern Africa is a well-recognized phenomenon, yet knowledge about the temporal variability of extreme seasons is lacking. This study investigates the intraseasonal progression of extreme seasons over Zimbabwe using precipitation and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data covering the 1981–2005 period. Results show that the greatest deficits/surpluses of precipitation occur during the middle of the rainfall season (January and February), and the temporal distribution of precipitation during extreme dry seasons seems to shift earlier than that of extreme wet seasons. Furthermore, anomalous wet (dry) conditions were observed prior to the development of extreme dry (wet) seasons. Impacts of precipitation variations on vegetation lag by approximately 1–2 months. The semiarid southern region experiences more variability of vegetation cover than do the northern and eastern regions. Three distinct temporal patterns of dry years were noted by considering the maximum NDVI level, the mid-postseason NDVI condition, and nested dry spells. The findings of this study emphasize that climate extremes ought not to be simply understood in terms of total seasonal precipitation, because they may have within them some nested distribution patterns that may have a strong influence on primary production.
Scaling Laws for the Heterogeneously Heated Free Convective Boundary Layer
Authors: van Heerwaarden Chiel C. , Mellado Juan Pedro , De Lozar Alberto
Published: September 2014

The heterogeneously heated free convective boundary layer (CBL) is investigated by means of dimensional analysis and results from large-eddy simulations (LES) and direct numerical simulations (DNS). The investigated physical model is a CBL that forms in a linearly stratified atmosphere heated from the surface by square patches with a high surface buoyancy flux. Each simulation has been run long enough to show the formation of a peak in kinetic energy, corresponding to the “optimal” heterogeneity size with strong secondary circulations, and the subsequent transition into a horizontally homogeneous CBL.

Scaling laws for the time of the optimal state and transition and for the vertically integrated kinetic energy (KE) have been developed. The laws show that the optimal state and transition do not occur at a fixed ratio of the heterogeneity size to the CBL height. Instead, these occur at a higher ratio for simulations with increasing heterogeneity sizes because of the development of structures in the downward-moving air that grow faster than the CBL thickness. The moment of occurrence of the optimal state and transition are strongly related to the heterogeneity amplitude: stronger amplitudes result in an earlier optimal state and a later transition. Furthermore, a decrease in patch size combined with a compensating increase in patch surface buoyancy flux to maintain the energy input results in decreasing KE and a later transition. The simulations suggest that a CBL with a heterogeneity size smaller than the initial CBL height has less entrainment than a horizontally homogeneous CBL, whereas one with a larger heterogeneity size has more.
Future Changes in the Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Activity Projected by a Multidecadal Simulation with a 16-km Global Atmospheric GCM
Authors: Manganello Julia V. , Hodges Kevin I. , Dirmeyer Brandt , Kinter James L. , Cash Benjamin A. , Marx Lawrence , Jung Thomas , Achuthavarier Deepthi , Adams Jennifer M. , Altshuler Eric L. , Huang Bohua , Jin Emilia K. , Towers Peter , Wedi Nils
Published: September 2014

How tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the northwestern Pacific might change in a future climate is assessed using multidecadal Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-style and time-slice simulations with the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System (IFS) at 16-km and 125-km global resolution. Both models reproduce many aspects of the present-day TC climatology and variability well, although the 16-km IFS is far more skillful in simulating the full intensity distribution and genesis locations, including their changes in response to El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Both IFS models project a small change in TC frequency at the end of the twenty-first century related to distinct shifts in genesis locations. In the 16-km IFS, this shift is southward and is likely driven by the southeastward penetration of the monsoon trough/subtropical high circulation system and the southward shift in activity of the synoptic-scale tropical disturbances in response to the strengthening of deep convective activity over the central equatorial Pacific in a future climate. The 16-km IFS also projects about a 50% increase in the power dissipation index, mainly due to significant increases in the frequency of the more intense storms, which is comparable to the natural variability in the model. Based on composite analysis of large samples of supertyphoons, both the development rate and the peak intensities of these storms increase in a future climate, which is consistent with their tendency to develop more to the south, within an environment that is thermodynamically more favorable for faster development and higher intensities. Coherent changes in the vertical structure of supertyphoon composites show system-scale amplification of the primary and secondary circulations with signs of contraction, a deeper warm core, and an upward shift in the outflow layer and the frequency of the most intense updrafts. Considering the large differences in the projections of TC intensity change between the 16-km and 125-km IFS, this study further emphasizes the need for high-resolution modeling in assessing potential changes in TC activity.
Influence of the Background State on Rossby Wave Propagation into the Great Lakes Region Based on Observations and Model Simulations*
Authors: Holman Kathleen D. , Lorenz David J. , Notaro Michael
Published: September 2014

The authors investigate the relationship between hydrology in the Great Lakes basin—namely, overlake precipitation and transient Rossby waves—using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis data and historical output from phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3). The preferred path of observed Rossby wave trains associated with overlake precipitation on Lake Superior depends strongly on season and appears to be related to the time-mean, upper-level flow. During summer and fall, the Northern Hemisphere extratropical jet is relatively narrow and acts as a waveguide, such that Rossby wave trains traversing the Great Lakes region travel along the extratropical Pacific and Atlantic jets. During other months, the Pacific jet is relatively broad, which allows more wave activity originating in the tropics to penetrate into the midlatitudes and influence Lake Superior precipitation. Analysis is extended to CMIP3 models and is intended to 1) further understanding of how variations in the mean state influence transient Rossby waves and 2) assess models’ ability to capture observed features, such as wave origin and track. Results indicate that Rossby wave train propagation in twentieth-century simulations can significantly differ by model. Unlike observations, some models do not produce a well-defined jet across the Pacific Ocean during summer and autumn. In these models, some Rossby waves affecting the Great Lakes region originate in the tropics. Collectively, observations and model results show the importance of the time-mean upper-level flow on Rossby wave propagation and therefore on the relative influence of the tropics versus the extratropics on the hydroclimate of the Great Lakes region.
Estimating the Contribution of Sea Ice Response to Climate Sensitivity in a Climate Model
Authors: Caldeira Ken , Cvijanovic Ivana
Published: September 2014

The response of sea ice to climate change affects Earth’s radiative properties in ways that contribute to yet more climate change. Here, a configuration of the Community Earth System Model, version 1.0.4 (CESM 1.0.4), with a slab ocean model and a thermodynamic–dynamic sea ice model is used to investigate the overall contribution to climate sensitivity of feedbacks associated with the sea ice loss. In simulations in which sea ice is not present and ocean temperatures are allowed to fall below freezing, the climate feedback parameter averages ~1.31 W m−2 K−1; the value obtained for control simulations with active sea ice is ~1.05 W m−2 K−1, indicating that, in this configuration of CESM1.0.4, sea ice response accounts for ~20% of climate sensitivity to an imposed change in radiative forcing. In this model, the effect of sea ice response on the longwave climate feedback parameter is nearly half as important as its effect on the shortwave climate feedback parameter. Further, it is shown that the strength of the overall sea ice feedback can be related to 1) the sensitivity of sea ice area to changes in temperature and 2) the sensitivity of sea ice radiative forcing to changes in sea ice area. An alternative method of disabling sea ice response leads to similar conclusions. It is estimated that the presence of sea ice in the preindustrial control simulation has a climate effect equivalent to ~3 W m−2 of radiative forcing.
A Simple Analytical Model for Understanding the Formation of Sea Surface Temperature Patterns under Global Warming*
Authors: Zhang Lei , Li Tim
Published: September 2014

How sea surface temperature (SST) changes under global warming is critical for future climate projection because SST change affects atmospheric circulation and rainfall. Robust features derived from 17 models of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) include a much greater warming in high latitudes than in the tropics, an El Niño–like warming over the tropical Pacific and Atlantic, and a dipole pattern in the Indian Ocean. However, the physical mechanism responsible for formation of such warming patterns remains open.

A simple theoretical model is constructed to reveal the cause of the future warming patterns. The result shows that a much greater polar, rather than tropical, warming depends primarily on present-day mean SST and surface latent heat flux fields, and atmospheric longwave radiation feedback associated with cloud change further enhances this warming contrast. In the tropics, an El Niño–like warming over the Pacific and Atlantic arises from a similar process, while cloud feedback resulting from different cloud regimes between east and west ocean basins also plays a role. A dipole warming over the equatorial Indian Ocean is a response to weakened Walker circulation in the tropical Pacific.
Contentment, Satisfaction and Good-Pleasure
Authors: Khalil Atif
Published: September 2014

The article examines early Sufi notions of rida, usually translated as “contentment,” “satisfaction,” and “good-pleasure.” It does so through a close textual analysis of some of the most important works of the tradition authored up until what has been identified as the “formative period of Sufi literature,” a period which ends in the 11th century. In the process, the article situates rida within the larger context of early Islamic moral psychology as it was formulated by the fledgling Sufi tradition. The article analyses early definitions of rida, the role of rida in tribulation, contentment and the ills of complaint, the higher levels of rida, and the role of love in rida. It ends with a brief overview of the paradox of rida inherent within a largely deterministic theology which traces all acts back to God.
An American Sufism
Authors: Dickson William Rory
Published: September 2014

The Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi order is a transnational religious organization. Founded by Shaykh Nazim al-Haqqani (b. 1922), the order spread throughout the Middle East in the 1950s and 1960s, and then to Britain in the 1970s. In 1990, Nazim’s student Shaykh Hisham Kabbani moved to the United States and established a branch of the Naqshbandi-Haqqani order there. The past fifteen years have seen the emergence of this order as one of the most widespread and politically active Sufi organizations in America. In this paper I ask: Why and how is it that the Naqshbandi-Haqqani order effectively functions as a public religion in America? To answer this question, I will use José Casanova’s theory of public religion to understand why and how the order has developed and maintained a public profile in the United States. I contend that the Naqshbandi-Haqqani order’s public activity is rooted in: (1) the Naqshbandi order’s history of public significance in Muslim societies; (2) the order’s theological and practical appreciation of religious and cultural pluralism; (3) the order’s transnational character; and (4) its adoption of certain elements of American civil religion.
Intertext and Artworks – Reading Islamic Hagiography
Authors: McGregor Richard
Published: September 2014

Taking a medieval Egyptian Islamic hagiography as its reference point, this study explores dimensions of religious textuality with special interest in the materiality of intertextual sources. Focusing our study on the material and artwork status of the text as object, we begin to retrieve a neglected component of textual studies. Drawing on Genette’s idea of the paratext, with its open-ended and evolving conception of textuality, along with the appearance of these same texts as “material-texts” within the hagiography, we may cross the divide between discursive textuality and material culture. This traverse is made possible in the text through the performative and embodied treatments of intertext material.
Yahvé et les sages de Babylone
Authors: Bellavance Éric
Published: September 2014

La poésie hébraïque est généralement très concise : les vers sont courts et ne comprennent souvent que deux ou trois mots. La poésie du Deutéro-Isaïe ne fait pas exception. Mais en utilisant sciemment certains mots auxquels il est possible d’attribuer plus d’un sens, le prophète est en mesure de formuler un message beaucoup plus complet et complexe que le texte ne le suggère à première vue, tout en conservant la concision habituelle de la poésie hébraïque classique. Cette complexité est particulièrement bien illustrée dans un passage où le prophète se moque des devins et des sages babyloniens (Is 44,25), afin de démontrer à ses auditeurs que Yahvé est le seul et unique responsable de la libération de son peuple et qu’il est derrière la décision du roi perse Cyrus de reconstruire Jérusalem et son temple.
La présence (in)visible de Dieu
Authors: Hazan Olga
Published: September 2014

L’auteure montre ici que dans la haggadah d’or, produite en Catalogne durant la première moitié du XIVe siècle et conservée aujourd’hui à la British Library, au moins six des 17 figures ailées du cycle narratif imagé représentent Dieu de façon explicite. Après avoir brièvement commenté la représentation abstraite du divin dans la haggadah de Sarajevo, Hazan examine chacune des 17 figures ailées de la haggadah d’or en les confrontant aux textes sources. Pour finir, elle expose la résistance des auteurs à l’idée d’une représentation anthropomorphique de Dieu dans l’art juif, cette résistance expliquant selon elle le fait que la présence imposante de Dieu dans le cycle narratif imagé de la haggadah d’or soit demeurée invisible à ce jour.
The Impact of Behavioral Risk Assessments and Tailored Health Information on Pediatric Injury
Authors: Brixey Suzanne N. , Weaver Nancy L. , Guse Clare E. , Zimmermann Haydee , Williams Janice , Corden Timothy E. , Gorelick Marc H.
Published: September 2014

Background. Integrating age appropriate injury prevention messages during a well-child visit is challenging in the face of competing demands. Purpose. To describe a 7-month pilot using technology to facilitate injury prevention risk assessment and education integration. Methods. We prospectively tracked responses to the computer-based injury prevention self-assessment tool, safety product distribution, and any subsequent contact with the local hospital system for related unintentional injuries. Results. A total of 2091 eligible visits by 1368 unique patients were assessed. Eight hundred forty-three unique patients completed the Safe N’ Sound assessment and 7 were subsequently injured, with an injury related to a Safe N’ Sound target area. Conclusions. A kiosk-based tailored injury assessment tool can be successfully integrated into a busy pediatric practice. Unintentional injury outcomes can be linked to the tailored anticipatory guidance and can identify the effectiveness of this electronic integration of injury prevention messaging into well-child examinations.
Identification of Early Developmental Deficits in Infants With Prenatal Heroin, Methadone, and Other Opioid Exposure
Authors: Beckwith Anna Malia , Burke Sharon A.
Published: September 2014

Objective. Study aims to examine development in infants following prenatal heroin, methadone, and opioid exposure, which adversely affects central and autonomic nervous systems. Abrupt discontinuation results in neurologic and behavioral findings as Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS). Method. Following NAS treatment, 28 infants (mean age 55 days [range 21-98 days], 57% male) were assessed using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III) Cognitive, Language, and Motor subscales. Outcomes were compared with a historical control. Results. Mean Language and Cognition scores were significantly lower ( P < .001) in the NAS group. Distributions of scores for Language ( P < .001) and Cognition ( P = .022) were also significantly different between NAS and historical control groups. Conclusion. Prenatal heroin, methadone, and other opioid exposure is associated with weaknesses in language and cognition. This information has important public health implications, drawing attention to an otherwise healthy infant population which may benefit from early intervention services.
Choosing Whom to Trust
Authors: Martínez-Gallardo Cecilia , Schleiter Petra
Published: September 2014

Presidential cabinets include on average more nonparty ministers than governments in any other form of democracy, and critics of presidentialism have argued that this compromises representativeness, accountability, and governability. Yet cabinet partisanship in presidential democracies remains poorly understood. Existing studies argue that the partisan composition of cabinets reflects the degree to which presidents prioritize building legislative support. We demonstrate that a better understanding of government formation requires attention to a second dimension of choice: agency risks. Focusing on the relationship between presidents and their own parties, which is at the core of every presidential government, we show that party-affiliated ministers are not always reliable agents for presidents and that presidents appoint nonpartisan ministers to limit agency loss. We test this argument using original data on the partisanship of single-party cabinets in 12 Latin American countries and find support for the key claims.
A Review on Capacitive-Type Sensor for Measurement of Height of Liquid Level
Authors: Kumar Brajesh , Rajita G , Mandal Nirupama
Published: September 2014

The capacitive sensors are used in a variety of industrial and automotive application. A capacitive sensor converts a change in position, or properties of dielectric material into an electrical signal. These properties of capacitor can be used to measure the liquid level in storage tanks. The various aspects and configurations of capacitive liquid level measurement have been described. Here, review is also done on the several types of liquid level measurement techniques using capacitive sensor, for conducting and non-conducting liquid.
Risk Score Algorithm for Treatment of Persistent Apical Periodontitis
Authors: Yu V.S. , Khin L.W. , Hsu C.S. , Yee R. , Messer H.H.
Published: September 2014

Persistent apical periodontitis related to a nonvital tooth that does not resolve following root canal treatment may be compatible with health and may not require further intervention. This research aimed to develop a Deterioration Risk Score (DRS) to differentiate lesions requiring further intervention from lesions likely to be compatible with health. In this cross-sectional study, patient records (2003-2008) were screened for root-filled teeth with periapical radiolucency visible on periapical radiographs taken at treatment and at recruitment at least 4 yr later. The final sample consisted of 228 lesions in 182 patients. Potential demographic and treatment risk factors were screened against 3 categorical outcomes (improved/unchanged/deteriorated), and a multivariate independent multinomial probit regression model was built. A 5-level DRS was constructed by summing values of adjusted regression coefficients in the model, based on predicted probabilities of deterioration. Most lesions (127, 55.7%) had improved over time, while 32 (14.0%) remained unchanged, and 69 (30.3%) had deteriorated. Significant predictors of deterioration were as follows: time since treatment (relative risk [RR]: 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.22, p = .030, rounded beta value = 1, for every year increase after 4 yr), current pain (RR: 3.79, 95% CI: 1.48-9.70, p = .005, rounded beta value = 13), sinus tract present (RR: 4.13, 95% CI: 1.11-15.29, p = .034, rounded beta value = 14), and lesion size (RR: 7.20, 95% CI: 3.70-14.02, p < .001, rounded beta value = 20). Persistent apical periodontitis with DRS <15 represented very low risk; 15-20, low risk; 21-30, moderate risk; 31-40, high risk; and >40, very high risk. DRS could help the clinician identify persistent apical periodontitis at low risk for deterioration, and it would not require intervention. When validated, this tool could reduce the risk of overtreatment and contribute toward targeted care and better efficiency in the timely management of disease.
Proteins, Pathogens, and Failure at the Composite-Tooth Interface
Authors: Spencer P. , Ye Q. , Misra A. , Goncalves S.E.P. , Laurence J.S.
Published: September 2014

In the United States, composites accounted for nearly 70% of the 173.2 million composite and amalgam restorations placed in 2006 (Kingman et al., 2012), and it is likely that the use of composite will continue to increase as dentists phase out dental amalgam. This trend is not, however, without consequences. The failure rate of composite restorations is double that of amalgam (Ferracane, 2013). Composite restorations accumulate more biofilm, experience more secondary decay, and require more frequent replacement. In vivo biodegradation of the adhesive bond at the composite-tooth interface is a major contributor to the cascade of events leading to restoration failure. Binding by proteins, particularly gp340, from the salivary pellicle leads to biofilm attachment, which accelerates degradation of the interfacial bond and demineralization of the tooth by recruiting the pioneer bacterium Streptococcus mutans to the surface. Bacterial production of lactic acid lowers the pH of the oral microenvironment, erodes hydroxyapatite in enamel and dentin, and promotes hydrolysis of the adhesive. Secreted esterases further hydrolyze the adhesive polymer, exposing the soft underlying collagenous dentinal matrix and allowing further infiltration by the pathogenic biofilm. Manifold approaches are being pursued to increase the longevity of composite dental restorations based on the major contributing factors responsible for degradation. The key material and biological components and the interactions involved in the destructive processes, including recent advances in understanding the structural and molecular basis of biofilm recruitment, are described in this review. Innovative strategies to mitigate these pathogenic effects and slow deterioration are discussed.
Surgeon length of service and risk-adjusted outcomes: linked observational analysis of the UK National Adult Cardiac Surgery Audit Registry and General Medical Council Register
Authors: Hickey Graeme L , Grant Stuart W , Freemantle Nick , Cunningham David , Munsch Christopher M , Livesey Steven A , Roxburgh James , Buchan Iain , Bridgewater Ben
Published: September 2014

Summary

Objectives

To explore the relationship between in-hospital mortality following adult cardiac surgery and the time since primary clinical qualification for the responsible consultant cardiac surgeon (a proxy for experience).

Design

Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected national registry data over a 10-year period using mixed-effects multiple logistic regression modelling. Surgeon experience was defined as the time between the date of surgery and award of primary clinical qualification.

Setting

UK National Health Service hospitals performing cardiac surgery between January 2003 and December 2012.

Participants

All patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafts and/or valve surgery under the care of a consultant cardiac surgeon.

Main outcome measures

All-cause in-hospital mortality.

Results

A total of 292,973 operations performed by 273 consultant surgeons (with lengths of service from 11.2 to 42.0 years) were included. Crude mortality increased approximately linearly until 33 years service, before decreasing. After adjusting for case-mix and year of surgery, there remained a statistically significant ( p = 0.002) association between length of service and in-hospital mortality (odds ratio 1.013; 95% CI 1.005–1.021 for each year of ‘experience’).

Conclusions

Consultant cardiac surgeons take on increasingly complex surgery as they gain experience. With this progression, the incidence of adverse outcomes is expected to increase, as is demonstrated in this study. After adjusting for case-mix using the EuroSCORE, we observed an increased risk of mortality in patients operated on by longer serving surgeons. This finding may reflect under-adjustment for risk, unmeasured confounding or a real association. Further research into outcomes over the time course of surgeon's careers is required.
Mechanisms and management of functional abdominal pain
Authors: Farmer Adam D , Aziz Qasim
Published: September 2014

Summary

Functional abdominal pain syndrome is characterised by frequent or continuous abdominal pain associated with a degree of loss of daily activity. It has a reported population prevalence of between 0.5% and 1.7%, with a female preponderance. The pathophysiology of functional abdominal pain is incompletely understood although it has been postulated that peripheral sensitisation of visceral afferents, central sensitisation of the spinal dorsal horn and aberrancies within descending modulatory systems may have an important role. The management of patients with functional abdominal pain requires a tailored multidisciplinary approach in a supportive and empathetic environment in order to develop an effective therapeutic relationship. Patient education directed towards an explanation of the pathophysiology of functional abdominal pain is in our opinion a prerequisite step and provides the rationale for the introduction of interventions. Interventions can usefully be categorised into general measures, pharmacotherapy, psychological interventions and ‘step-up’ treatments. Pharmacotherapeutic/step-up options include tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors and the gabapentinoids. Psychological treatments include cognitive behavioural therapy and hypnotherapy. However, the objective evidence base for these interventions is largely derived from other chronic pain syndrome, and further research is warranted in adult patients with functional abdominal pain.
Tissue removal inside the beating heart using a robotically delivered metal MEMS tool
Authors: Vasilyev Nikolay V. , Gosline Andrew H. , Veeramani Arun , Wu Ming Ting , Schmitz Gregory P. , Chen Richard T. , Arabagi Veaceslav , del Nido Pedro J. , Dupont Pierre E.
Published: September 2014

A novel robotic tool is proposed to enable the surgical removal of tissue from inside the beating heart. The tool is manufactured using a unique metal MEMS process that provides the means to fabricate fully assembled devices that incorporate micron-scale features in a millimeter scale tool. The tool is integrated with a steerable curved concentric tube robot that can enter the heart percutaneously through peripheral vessels. Incorporating both irrigation and aspiration, the tissue removal system is capable of extracting substantial amounts of tissue under teleoperated control by first morselizing it and then transporting the debris out of the heart through the lumen of the robot. Tool design and robotic integration are described, and ex vivo and in vivo large animal experimental results are presented.
Educational Tracking and Juvenile Deviance in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Wen-Hsu , Yi Chin-Chun
Published: September 2014

Educational tracking in Chinese society is quite different from that in Western society, in that the allocation to either the vocational or academic track is based on a national entrance examination, which happens at ninth grade (age 14-15). Hence, students in many Asian countries (e.g., China and Taiwan) have to face academic tracking in early adolescence. Because of cultural emphasis on education in Taiwan, the impact of tracking on deviance is profound and can be seen as a crucial life-event. With this concept in mind, we examine how educational tracking influences adolescent deviance during high school. In addition, we also examine how educational tracking may indirectly influence deviance through other life domains, including depression, delinquent peer association, and school attachment. By using longitudinal data (the Taiwan Youth Project), we find that educational tracking increases deviance not only directly but also indirectly through delinquent peers and low school attachment. Some implications and limitations are also discussed.