bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the density of modular points in universal deformation spaces
Authors: Böckle Gebhard
Published: February 2007

Based on comparison theorems for Hecke algebras and universal deformation rings with strong restrictions at the critical prime l , as provided by the results of Wiles, Taylor, Diamond, et al., we prove under rather general conditions that the corresponding universal deformation spaces with no restrictions at l can be identified with certain Hecke algebras of l -adic modular forms as conjectured by Gouvêa, thus generalizing previous work of Gouvêa and Mazur. Along the way, we show that the universal deformation spaces we consider are complete intersections, flat over [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /] l of relative dimension three, in which the modular points form a Zariski dense subset. Furthermore the fibers above [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /] l of these spaces are generically smooth.
The null condition for quasilinear wave equations in two space dimensions, II
Authors: Alinhac S.
Published: February 2007

We consider quasilinear wave equations with small data of size ε, in two space dimensions. Assuming the null condition is satisfied, we proved in a previous paper the (conjectured) large time existence result. In this paper, using the "geometric blowup" techniques introduced in our previous work, we prove that, under generic conditions on the data, blowup does occur at the specified time; more precisely, the blowup can be described as a "geometric blowup of cusp type" (uniformly in ε in appropriate variables). Taking advantage of the techniques introduced in the paper, we also prove the blowup result for the technically similar case of quasilinear wave equations, without null condition, in three space dimensions.
On integrability of infinitesimal actions
Authors: Moerdijk Ieke , Mrčun Janez
Published: February 2007

We use foliations and connections on principal Lie groupoid bundles to prove various integrability results for Lie algebroids. In particular, we show, under quite general assumptions, that the semi-direct product associated to an infinitesimal action of one integrable Lie algebroid on another is integrable. This generalizes recent results of Dazord and Nistor.
Lower bounds for shape resonances widths of long range Schrödinger operators
Authors: Burq Nicolas
Published: February 2007

In this article we give general lower bounds of shape resonance widths in the semi-classical limit for Schrödinger operators in the exterior of smooth compact obstacles with Dirichlet or Neuman boundary conditions and with long range dilation analytic potentials. These lower bounds are exponentially small with respect to the Planck constant.
Polyharmonic functions on trees
Authors: Cohen Joel M. , Colonna Flavia , Gowrisankaran Kohur , Singman David
Published: February 2007

In this paper, we introduce and study polyharmonic functions on trees. We prove that the discrete version of the classical Riquier problem can be solved on trees. Next, we show that the discrete version of a characterization of harmonic functions due to Globevnik and Rudin holds for biharmonic functions on trees. Furthermore, on a homogeneous tree we characterize the polyharmonic functions in terms of integrals with respect to finitely-additive measures (distributions) of certain functions depending on the Poisson kernel. We define polymartingales on a homogeneous tree and show that the discrete version of a characterization of polyharmonic functions due to Almansi holds for polymartingales. We then show that on homogeneous trees there are 1-1 correspondences among the space of n th-order polyharmonic functions, the space of n th-order polymartingales, and the space of n -tuples of distributions. Finally, we study the boundary behavior of polyharmonic functions on homogeneous trees whose associated distributions satisfy various growth conditions.
Diophantine equations and ergodic theorems
Authors: Magyar Akos
Published: February 2007

Let ( X , μ) be a probability measure space and T 1 , . . . , T n be a family of commuting, measure preserving invertible transformations on X . Let Q ( m 1 , . . . , m n ) be a homogeneous, positive polynomial with integer coefficients, and let S λ = { m ∈ Z n : Q ( m ) = λ} denote the set of integer solutions m = ( m 1 , . . . m n ) of the diophantine equation Q ( m ) = λ. We prove that under a certain nondegeneracy condition on the polynomial Q ( m ) and an ergodic condition on the family of transformations T = ( T 1 , . . . , T n ) the images of the solution sets: Ω x ,λ = {( T m1 1 T m2 2 … T mn n x ): m ∈ S λ} become uniformly distributed on X w.r.t. μ for a.e. x ∈ X as λ → ∞. That is the pointwise ergodic theorem holds when the standard averages are replaced by the ones, where the exponents satisfy a diophantine equation. The proof uses a variant of the Hardy-Littlewood method of exponential sums developed by Birch and Davenport and techniques from harmonic analysis. A key point is the corresponding maximal theorem, which is a discrete analogue of a maximal theorem on R n corresponding to the level surfaces of the polynomial Q ( x ).
Liaison and Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity
Authors: Chardin Marc , Ulrich Bernd
Published: February 2007

In this article we establish bounds for the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of projective schemes in terms of the degrees of their defining equations. The main new ingredient in our proofs is to show that generic residual intersections of complete intersection rational singularities again have rational singularities. When applied to the theory of residual intersections this circle of ideas also sheds new light on some known classes of free resolutions of residual ideals.
Zero Mach number limit for compressible flows with periodic boundary conditions
Authors: Danchin R.
Published: February 2007

We address the question of convergence to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for slightly compressible viscous flows with ill-prepared initial data and periodic boundary conditions (the case of the whole space has been studied in an earlier paper by the author). The functional setting is very close to the one used by H. Fujita and T. Kato for incompressible flows. For arbitrarily large initial data, we show that the compressible flow with small Mach number exists as long as the incompressible one does. In particular, it exists globally if the corresponding incompressible solution exists for all time. We further state a convergence result for the slightly compressible solution filtered by the group of acoustics.
Algebraicity of real analytic hypersurfaces with maximal rank
Authors: Ji Shanyu
Published: February 2007

Let M be a connected strongly pseudoconvex real analytic hypersurface in C n +1 . Suppose that ( M, p ) is of maximal rank for any p ∈ M . It is shown that the following two statements are equivalent: (i) There exists a certain point p 0 ∈ M such that ( M, p 0 ) is CR isomorphic to a germ of a real algebraic hypersurface. (ii) For any point p ∈ M , ( M, p ) is CR isomorphic to a germ of a real algebraic hypersurface.
Canonical extension of endomorphisms of type III factors
Authors: Izumi Masaki
Published: February 2007

We extend the notion of the canonical extension of automorphisms of type III factors to the case of endomorphisms with finite statistical dimensions. Following the automorphism case, we introduce two notions for endomorphisms of type III factors: modular endomorphisms and Connes-Takesaki modules. Several applications to compact groups of automorphisms and subfactors of type III factors are given from the viewpoint of ergodic theory.
The Kodaira dimension of moduli spaces of curves with marked points
Authors: Logan Adam
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this paper is to generalize the methods and results due to Eisenbud, Harris, and Mumford on the moduli space of curves of genus g to the moduli space of curves of genus g with n marked points. The main result is the determination, for each g with 4 ≤ g ≤ 23, of an n such that the moduli space is of general type.
Sharp upper bounds on the number of resonances near the real axis for trapping systems
Authors: Stefanov Plamen
Published: February 2007

We study resonances near the real axis (|Im z | = O ( h N ), N > 1) and the corresponding resonant states for semiclassical long range operators P ( h ). Without a priori assumptions on the distribution or on the multiplicities of the resonances, we show that the truncated resonant states form a family of quasimode states for P ( h ), stable under small perturbations. As a consequence, they also form a family of quasimode states for any suitably defined (self-adjoint) reference operator P #( h ), therefore, those resonances are perturbed eigenvalues of P #( h ). Next we show that the semiclassical wave front set of the resonant states is contained in the set of trapped directions [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /]. We construct a suitable reference operator from P ( h ) by imposing a microlocal barrier outside [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /] to show that the counting function for those resonances admits an upper bound of Weyl's type connected with the measure of [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="03i" /]. We give an example of a system for which this bound is optimal and also prove similar bounds in case of classical scattering by obstacle.
Liouville property and regularity of a Hessian quotient equation
Authors: Bao Jiguang , Chen Jingyi , Guan Bo , Ji Min
Published: February 2007

We are concerned with properties of (convex) solutions to the Hessian quotient equation S n,k ( D 2 u ) = φ, 1 ≤ k < n . As our first main result we prove some regularity of strong solutions, while the second states that for φ ≡ 1 an entire convex solution with a quadratic growth bound must be a quadratic polynomial.
A natural construction of Borcherds' fake baby monster Lie algebra
Authors: Höhn Gerald , Scheithauer Nils R.
Published: February 2007

We use a Z 2 -orbifold of the vertex operator algebra associated to the Niemeier lattice with root lattice A 8 3 and the no-ghost theorem of string theory to construct a generalized Kac-Moody algebra. Borcherds' theory of automorphic products allows us to determine the simple roots and identify the algebra with the fake baby monster Lie algebra.
p -adic variation of L functions of one variable exponential sums, I
Authors: Zhu Hui June
Published: February 2007

For a polynomial f ( x ) in ([inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /]) of degree d ≥ 3 let [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /] be the L function of the exponential sum of f mod p . Let NP [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="03i" /] denote the Newton polygon of [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="04i" /]. Let HP ([inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="05i" /]) denote the Hodge polygon of [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="06i" /], which is the lower convex hull in [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="07i" /] of the points ( n, n ( n +1)/2 d ) for 0 ≤ n ≤ d - 1. Let [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="08i" /] be the space of degree- d monic polynomials parameterized by their coefficients. Let GNP [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="09i" /] := [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="10i" /] NP [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="11i" /] be the lowest Newton polygon over [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="12i" /] if exists. We prove that for p large enough GNP [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13i" /] exists and we give an explicit formula for it. We also prove that there is a Zariski dense open subset [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="14i" /] defined over [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="15i" /] in [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="16i" /] such that for [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="17i" /] and for p large enough we have NP [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="18i" /] = GNP [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="19i" /]; furthermore, as p goes to infinity their limit exists and is equal to HP [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="20i" /]. Finally we prove analogous results for the space of polynomials f ( x ) = x d + ax with one parameter. In particular, for any nonzero a ∈ [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="21i" /] we show that lim p →∞ NP (( x d + ax ) ⊗ [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="22i" /]) = HP [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="23i" /].
Classification of Weil-Petersson isometries
Authors: Daskalopoulos Georgios , Wentworth Richard
Published: February 2007

This paper contains two main results. The first is the existence of an equivariant Weil-Petersson geodesic in Teichmüller space for any choice of pseudo-Anosov mapping class. As a consequence one obtains a classification of the elements of the mapping class group as Weil-Petersson isometries which is parallel to the Thurston classification. The second result concerns the asymptotic behavior of these geodesics. It is shown that geodesics that are equivariant with respect to independent pseudo-Anosov's diverge. It follows that subgroups of the mapping class group which contain independent pseudo-Anosov's act in a reductive manner with respect to the Weil-Petersson geometry. This implies an existence theorem for equivariant harmonic maps to the metric completion.
The de Rham-Federer theory of differential characters and character duality
Authors: Harvey Reese , Lawson Blaine , Zweck John
Published: February 2007

The theory of differential characters is developed completely from a de Rham-Federer viewpoint. Characters are defined as equivalence classes of special currents, called sparks, which appear naturally in the theory of singular connections. As in de Rham-Federer cohomology, many different spaces of currents are shown to yield the character groups. The fundamental exact sequences are derived, and a multiplication of de Rham-Federer characters is defined using new transversality/intersection results for flat and rectifiable currents. An equivalence of de Rham-Federer characters with the classical Cheeger-Simons characters is given, as in de Rham cohomology, via integration. This discussion rounds out the approach to characters introduced by Gillet-Soulé and Harris. The groups of differential characters have a natural topology and smooth Pontrjagin duals (introduced here) which fit into fundamental exact sequences. A principal result is the formulation and proof of duality for characters on oriented manifolds. It is shown that the pairing ( a, b ) [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /] a * b ([ X ]) defined by multiplication and evaluation on the fundamental cycle, gives an isomorphism of the group of differential characters of degree k with the dual to characters in degree n - k -1 where n = dim( X ). Thom homomorphisms, which refine the usual ones in de Rham theory and integral cohmology, are established for differential characters. Gysin maps for characters are similarly established. New examples, namely Morse sparks and Hodge sparks, are introduced and examined in detail.
Determination of the blow-up rate for the semilinear wave equation
Authors: Merle Frank , Zaag Hatem
Published: February 2007

In this paper, we find the optimal blow-up rate for the semilinear wave equation with a power nonlinearity. The exponent p is superlinear and less than 1 + 4/ N -1 if N ≥ 2.
The second hull of a knotted curve
Authors: Cantarella Jason , Kuperberg Greg , Kusner Robert B. , Sullivan John M.
Published: February 2007

The convex hull of a set K in space consists of points which are, in a certain sense, "surrounded" by K . When K is a closed curve, we define its higher hulls, consisting of points which are "multiply surrounded" by the curve. Our main theorem shows that if a curve is knotted then it has a nonempty second hull. This provides a new proof of the Fáry/Milnor theorem that every knotted curve has total curvature at least 4π.
Cyclic Hopf orders defined by isogenies of formal groups
Authors: Childs Lindsay N. , Underwood Robert G.
Published: February 2007

Using degree 2 polynomial formal groups, we construct Hopf algebras over valuation rings of local number fields K that are orders in KG, G cyclic of order p n . The construction does not yield all Greither orders when n = 2, but does yield new classes of Hopf orders for all n ≥= 3, and shows that a general Hopf order in KG, G cyclic of order p n , involves at least n ( n +1)/2 parameters.
On a non-vanishing conjecture of Kawamata and the core of an ideal
Authors: Hyry Eero , Smith Karen E.
Published: February 2007

We show, under suitable hypotheses which are sharp in a certain sense, that the core of an m-primary ideal in a regular local ring of dimension d is equal to the adjoint (or multiplier) ideal of its d -th power. This generalizes the fundamental formula for the core of an integrally closed ideal in a two-dimensional regular local ring due to Huneke and Swanson. We also find a generalization of this result to singular (nonregular) settings, which we show to be intimately related to the problem of finding nonzero sections of ample line bundles on projective varieties. In particular, we show that a graded analog of our formula for core would imply a remarkable conjecture of Kawamata predicting that every adjoint ample line bundle on a smooth variety admits a nonzero section.
Galois structure of Zariski cohomology for weakly ramified covers of curves
Authors: Köck Bernhard
Published: February 2007

We compute equivariant Euler characteristics of locally free sheaves on curves, thereby generalizing several results of Kani and Nakajima. For instance, we extend Kani's computation of the Galois module structure of the space of global meromorphic differentials which are logarithmic along the ramification locus from the tamely ramified to the weakly ramified case.
Latet Anguis in Herba : A Reading of Vergil's Third Eclogue
Authors: Schultz Celia E
Published: February 2007

Most scholarship on Vergil's third Ecloguesees
tension between Damoetas and Menalcas. This article argues that they
sing with the same voice; instead, tension lies between the herdsmen and
Palaemon, whose harmonious relationship with his environment contrasts
with their pessimistic attitude. Emblematic of this distinction is that
the herdsmen fear the snake lurking in the grass, while Palaemon sees
the grass as the perfect place for poetic composition. Different outlooks
mirror different approaches to the pastoral genre. This prompts Palaemon
to award both singers the vitula, symbol of pastoral's realistic
aspect, rather than the cups, which represent the genre's poetic register.
The Waiting Servant in Later Roman Art
Authors: Dunbabin Katherine M. D
Published: February 2007

Although literary sources from the early Empire attest to
the importance attached to the presence of a large staff of specialized
servants at the banquets of the wealthy, in the art of this period
little emphasis is placed upon the servants in banquet scenes, who serve
essentially utilitarian functions. By the later Empire, however, figures
of attendants bearing offerings become much more prominent and convey
messages of the wealth and status of the owners and of the lavishness
of their hospitality. The article studies the iconographical sources of
these figures and compares the processions of servants shown in other
contexts as part of the general representation of the life of luxury.
Addresses to the Jury in the Attic Orators
Authors: Wolpert Andrew
Published: February 2007

Athenian litigants often used direct address when referring to an action
carried out on behalf of Athens even when it was impossible for many
on the jury to have participated. This rhetorical fiction allowed the
Athenians to imagine the rule of the people as transcending time and
place, as well as individuals and institutions, and to represent the
demos as eternal and unchanging. Through rhetoric, the jury acquired
its authority and the Athenians preserved their link to the past even
as the composition of the courts changed and even as new juries rendered
new verdicts.
Status, Pay, and Pleasure in the De Architectura of Vitruvius
Authors: Mark. Masterson
Published: February 2007

This article seeks to show the effect that Vitruvius' probable social status had on the contents of the De Architectura. The education proposed for the architect, the receipt of a wage, and pleasure all shape the treatise in significant ways. The article supplements these discussions with a close reading of a section of the De Architectura hitherto neglected in the secondary literature: the cameo appearance of Aristippus in the preface to Book 6. Vitruvius arguably uses the figure of Aristippus, the pleasure-loving philosopher whom Vitruvius offers to the reader as a stand-in for the architect, to focus and negotiate further the issues of status, pay, and pleasure.
Getting to the Story: Unwriteable Discourse and Interpretive Practice in American Journalism
Authors: Peterson Mark Allen
Published: February 2007

The mandate for journalists is to "get" the story from sources with diverse, sometime inimical interests. Most news stories are negotiated in defined social contexts among many different actors, including sources, journalists, editors and press agents. Much of this negotiation occurs in an unwriteable register. Such discourse is thus a key site for looking at interpretive agency in newswriting. Speech labeled "off-the-record" is but one of several modes of discourse that are unwriteable in journalistic practice. In this article I examine a case study of journalistic practice, and the efforts I, as a journalist, engaged in to "get" the story from political actors who shift on and off the record while seeking to further their own practical agendas. I follow the conversations with situated political actors, both on and off the record, as the journalist attempts to move, both socially and textually, from unwriteable speech to a writeable story.
You Don't Eat Indian and Chinese Food at the Same Meal: The Bisexual Quandary
Authors: Shokeid Moshe
Published: February 2007

The paper reports on six months observations at the meetings of a bisexual social group in New York. It presents the participants' narratives about their sexual histories, and describes the ambience experienced at the special social events they initiated. The discourse, and the behavior displayed, offer an opportunity to explore the participants' search of space to enable them to express their unique identity and its uncertainties. The conclusions focus on the role of bisexuality in the landscape of sexuality dominated by the binary division of heterosexuality/ homosexuality. The paper applies the ethnographic method to a field neglected by anthropologists [bisexuality, gay culture, ethnography].
The Body of the Nation: Terrorism and the Embodiment of Nationalism in Contemporary Israel
Authors: Weiss Meira
Published: February 2007

Israel is a country whose nationalism arguably hinges on a military conflict routine. In this paper I illustrate how national identity is inscribed in the Israeli body, and how "the body of the nation" arises following critical events such as terrorist bombings. Building on a discursive analysis of "bodyTalk" in the media representation of terrorist attacks, the article focuses on the non-discursive management of concrete bodies following such attacks. I focus on practices that can be subsumed under "body identification" and take place in the National Institute of Forensic Medicine. The data is based on interviews and observations conducted in the Institute during 1996-2000, and supplemented by narrative analysis of media texts. "Body Identification" and "bodyTalk" are thus presented as complementary aspects of the discourse of collective, national identity in contemporary Israel. It is argued that Israeli and Jewish identities, although sometimes discursively (politically) separated, are still closely tied in more fundamental, nonverbal practices of body identification [nationalism, terrorism, the body, forensic medicine, Israel].
Shi'a Women's Rituals in Northwest Pakistan: The Shortcomings and Significance of Resistance
Authors: Hegland Mary Elaine
Published: February 2007

Contained by strong bonds with family, religious
community, and Shi'a spirituality, Shi'a Muslim women in Peshawar,
Pakistan did not overtly protest strict gender rules. Rather, they
resisted the phallocentric messages in ritual symbolism and sermons
through ritual performance. They redefined ritual meanings by applying
them to their own purposes. Their recitation, chanting, preaching,
self-flagellation, repertoire of chants, administration, and outreach
activities in Shi'a ritual demonstrated their abilities and competence in
dealing with the public, thereby non-verbally contesting belittling gender
characterizations. While noting the short-comings of their accommodating
resistance through ritual practice and the uncertainty of its results,
this article, based on fieldwork conducted in the early 1990s, argues
that even such subtle gender resistance sustains women's resilience. It
provides opportunities for building confidence and for practicing
resistance which may later be wielded with significant outcomes, should
developing conditions allow.
[End Page 411]
Fear of a Black Nation: Local Rappers, Transnational Crossings, and State Power in Contemporary Cuba
Authors: Fernandes Sujatha
Published: February 2007

This essay analyzes the relationships between culture, power,
and politics in contemporary Cuba through the lens of hip-hop. In
particular, I look at the interactions between Cuban rappers, the
Cuban socialist state, and diverse transnational networks in a moment
of economic crisis, increasing racial disparities, and Cuba's changing
global position. The essay explores how the Cuban state has harnessed
the energy of the growing hip-hop movement as a way of bolstering its
popularity; I highlight forms of appropriation and collaboration between
transnational cultural forms and the nation-state that have generally
been absent from accounts of cultural globalization. But I also suggest
that Cuban rappers' participation in transnational networks allows
these rappers some autonomy to continue promoting messages of racial
egalitarianism and to develop alternative strategies in a moment of
declining options for black youth.
Chain(ed) Mail: Hypermestra and the Dual Readership of Heroides 14
Authors: Fulkerson Laurel
Published: February 2007

Through a detailed analysis of key passages in
Heroides 14, this article seeks to show that Hypermestra's letter,
generally considered to be peculiar and rhetorically ineffective,
is in fact cleverly designed to elicit distinct responses from its
two potential readers. Either the letter will be read by Lynceus, its
addressee, who will return to save Hypermestra from her father, Danaus,
or (more likely) the letter will be intercepted by Danaus, who will
find in it information written to convince him that he has mistakenly
imprisoned his daughter. Hypermestra's hitherto unnoticed sophistication
in epistolography prefigures her larger success: she survives to found
a royal line at Argos.
Apologizing for Socrates: Plato and Xenophon on Socrates' Behavior in Court
Authors: Danzig Gabriel
Published: February 2007

This paper argues that the accounts of Socrates' behavior in
court given by both Plato and Xenophon stem from the need these authors
felt to respond, in different ways, to the post-trial debate about
Socrates. Plato's aim in the Apology was primarily to respond to specific
charges of incompetence, arrogance, and failure in court. Central literary
and philosophical difficulties in the composition can be explained on this
basis, as can characteristic Platonic doctrines elaborated here and in
other Socratic dialogues. Xenophon's treatment of Socrates in his Apology
can be explained by a similar polemical motive. While Plato acknowledges
that Socrates failed in conventional terms, and develops an alternative
framework for evaluating success and failure, Xenophon makes the more
outrageous claim that Socrates was a success in conventional terms.
"Our Jerusalem": Americans in the Holy Land and Protestant Narratives of National Entitlement
Authors: Shamir Milette
Published: February 2007

The essay tells the story of the "American Colony," a nonconformist
commune of evangelical Protestants who settled in Jerusalem in 1881,
from the perspective of American Studies. It argues that despite its
many idiosyncratic features, this story can help elucidate a crucial
aspect of Protestant America's narratives of national identity and of
national entitlement in the postbellum era. It captures, that is, the
regressive, feminized, eastward-towing theme that subtends these
narratives' emphasis on progress, expansion, and a masculine thrust
westward. This inherent duality in mainstream US nationalism is
investigated in the main sections of the essay through a comparison
between the writings of the American-born Colonists and
Jerusalem by Selma Lagerlöf, a novel that tells the story of the
Colony from the standpoint of Swedish nation formation.
The Black Jews of Harlem: Representation, Identity, and Race, 1920-1939
Authors: Gold Roberta S
Published: February 2007

This article examines journalism on Harlem's Black Jews in Ashkenazic and
African American newspapers in the interwar years. While Jewish reporters
approached Black Jews incredulously and enquired about their true
origins, black papers described them in matter-of-fact tones. These
disparate journalistic attitudes reflected the two communities' different
understandings of the connection between "black" and "Jew." They also
stemmed from the unequal opportunities facing the groups during a period
of transformation in American ethnoracial classifications. Jews, on the
cusp of "becoming white" in mainstream eyes, sought to distinguish
themselves from black people, while blacks, confined to the base of the
racial hierarchy, received the sects with racial solidarity.
Why Here? Scholarly Locations for American Indian Studies
Authors: O'Brien Jean M
Published: February 2007

This article takes up the problematic relationship between American Indian studies and American studies from the perspective of graduate training and disciplinary boundaries. It argues that while American studies potentially offers an ideal scholarly location for both graduate training and as a national organization (as it does for ethnic studies more broadly), AIS has not embraced, nor been embraced by, the discipline or the organization in ways that it could be. It closes by offering some possible explanations for the disconnect between AIS and American studies vis a vis ethnic studies more generally.
Straight into Compton: American Dreams, Urban Nightmares, and the Metamorphosis of a Black Suburb
Authors: Sides Josh
Published: February 2007

This article traces the historic evolution of the California city of Compton, both as a physical place, and as a popular cultural idea. A recipient of the coveted All-American Cities Award in 1952, the almost exclusively white city of Compton quickly integrated after the landmark Supreme Court housing desegregation cases of the early 1950s. By the late 1950s, Compton was a symbol of black middle class achievement, and by the 1970s it would become a vanguard for black political power, with a black mayor and city council. However, by the 1980s, the intense concentration of gang activity in Compton, coupled with the city's proximity to the movie and music-making industries of Hollywood, contributed to the recasting of Compton as a symbol of black crime and poverty throughout urban America. The article explores this transformation of Compton from a place name to a metonym in local and national media reporting, hip-hop music, and the so-called "gangsta" films of the 1980s and 1990s. A quick glance at local business and county land annexation patterns suggests, as well as the battle to rename Compton Boulevard, suggests that by the late 1980s, the idea of Compton became almost as important—and in some cases, far more so—than the actual history of the place. The lesson of the Compton story, the author concludes, is that an engaged citizenry should approach "truths" about physical places with as much skepticism as we do "truths" about races of people.
The Wrath of Hesiod: Angry Homeric Speeches and the Structure of Hesiod's Works and Days
Authors: Lardinois A. P. M. H
Published: February 2007

The structure of Hesiod's Works and Days has long puzzled classical scholars, in part because the poem is not held together by an overarching narrative, but instead is composed of a single speech. In this paper I find an explanation for the structure of Works and Days in the arrangements of several angry speeches in the Homeric epics, in particular Menelaus' speech to Euphorbus (Il. 17.18-32), and I argue that this structure serves a particular rhetorical purpose, which is to persuade the external audience to side with Hesiod in his dispute with his brother and the kings of Ascra.
Intensification of Agriculture at Ban Chiang: Is There Evidence from the Skeletons?
Authors: Pietrusewsky Michael , Douglas Michele T. (Michele Toomay)
Published: February 2007

Human skeletal remains excavated in 1974 -1975 at Ban Chiang, a premetal to Bronze/Iron Age site located in northeastern Thailand, are used to examine the health effects of sedentism and agricultural intensification. The archaeological sequence provides evidence for the introduction of iron and water buffalo in the Middle period, suggesting the beginning of intensified agriculture. The effects of this agricultural intensification on the paleodemography, health, and patterns of traumatic injury of Ban ChiangÕs early inhabitants is examined. The skeletal and dental attributes examined include palaeodemographic parameters, dental caries, dental enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, stature, skeletal infections, and trauma. The results of this analysis are mixed. There are decreases in life expectancy and mean age-at-death that are consistent with a decline in health over time, but evidence for an increase in fertility, expected with intensified agriculture, is not found. Expected temporal increases in dental enamel hypoplasia and adult cribra orbitalia are documented. However, the expected decline in adult stature and expected increases in dental caries, cribra orbitalia in subadults, skeletal infection, and traumatic injury are not found. Overall, the skeletal indicators support continuity in Ban Chiang health, suggesting continuous reliance on a broadly based subsistence system. These findings do not fit the typical pattern demonstrated for other human groups experiencing the transition to sedentism and intensified agriculture and may support the contention that Southeast AsiaÕs archaeological sequence differs markedly from those studied elsewhere in the world.
A Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) Cultivation Experiment in the Middle Yellow River Valley and Some Related Issues
Authors: Lu Tracey Lie-Dan
Published: February 2007

Green foxtail, the progenitor of foxtail millet, was domesticated in the Yellow River Valley by 8000 B.P . However, the domestication process is not known. Hence a cultivation experiment was conducted in 1999 and 2000. Although biological change indicative of domestication is usually not manifest in two years, this experiment provides information relevant to the origin of millet farming, sedentism and farming, and the Neolithic tools used for millet farming in the Yellow River Valley.
Site LPO023 of Kurin: Characteristics of a Lapita Settlement in the Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia)
Authors: Sand Christophe , Bolé Jacques , Ouetcho André
Published: February 2007

Recent studies have dramatically shortened the chronology of Lapita pottery production in Remote Oceania, allowing this easily identifiable, decorated ceramic ware to be used as a precise temporal marker of first Austronesian settlement in this vast region. Unresolved questions about the precise date of settlement of the Loyalty Islands, located strategically between southern Vanuatu and the Grande Terre of New Caledonia, hinted at a clear picture of the direction and timing of the spread of the Lapita Cultural Complex in southern Melanesia. The results of the excavation of a Lapita site on Maré, in the south of the Loyalty Islands, are presented here, allowing firm placement of the first settlement phase of this region around 1050–1000 B.C. , well in line with recent regional chronologies.
Resolving Long-Term Change in Polynesian Marine Fisheries
Authors: Allen Melinda S
Published: February 2007

There is growing evidence that patterns of marine fisheries on some Pacific islands underwent significant changes over the period of human occupation. One such island is Aitutaki in the Southern Cook Islands. Over the millennia of human occupation, there were shifts in habitat use, changes in targeted prey, and the abandonment of some fishing technologies. However, the most striking trend was an apparent decline in fishing altogether. This paper brings together several lines of evidence in an effort to understand why fishing became less important on this small Polynesian "almost-atoll." The possibility of over-harvesting or resource depression is considered. Resource depression could have been a factor at one mainland locality, where occupations were at least semipermanent, but was apparently not involved in declines at an offshore islet site where occupations were short term but intensive. However, fishing on the offshore islet, and deeper water fishing in general, may have been adversely affected by the loss of a key raw material traditionally used for fishhooks, namely pearlshell (Pinctada margaritifera). Further consideration of the offshore islet assemblages is assisted by mtDNA analyses, which have allowed for species level determinations within a key family, the Serranidae. Considering the suite of changes as a whole, the costs of fishing apparently increased significantly over the 1000-year period of occupation. What is less certain is the potential role that terrestrial components (i.e., agriculture and animal husbandry) of subsistence played in fishing declines. Stable isotope studies, now underway, may further elucidate the relationships between marine and terrestrial components of subsistence.
New Radiocarbon Ages of Colonization Sites in East Polynesia
Authors: Anderson Atholl , Sinoto Yosihiko H
Published: February 2007

The archaeological chronology of initial human colonization in East Polynesia has relied substantially upon radiocarbon dating results from a small number of sites in the central region, notably Motu Paeao cemetery (Maupiti) and Vaito'otia-Fa'ahia (Huahine) in the Society Islands, and Hane (Ua Huka) and Ha'atuatua (Nuku Hiva) in the Marquesas Islands. Recent field research and new radiocarbon dates showed that Ha'atuatua and Motu Paeao were occupied significantly later than had been suggested by earlier results. We now report the results of new radiocarbon dating on the remaining two sites. Leaving aside questionable results on bone and wood samples, six shell samples from Vaito'otia-Fa'ahia indicate occupation in the period a.d. 1050–1450. Five shell and five charcoal samples from Hane indicate that occupation did not begin earlier than about a.d. 1000. Taken together with other recent research on the chronology of initial colonization in East Polynesia we suggest that habitation did not begin until a.d. 900 or later.
Dryland Horticulture in Maupiti: An Ethnoarchaeological Study
Authors: Cauchois Mickaelle-Hinanui
Published: February 2007

Maupiti (Society Islands,Fr ench Polynesia) is a small high island where dry and nonmechanized horticulture is still practiced. These practices can be seen in small orchard-gardens on the coastal plain and on mountainsides. Dryland cultures can seldom be organized in larger fields in the mountain,wher e staple species such as taro and bananas can be mixed among fallow. A quasi-exhaustive archaeological survey has been made in Maupiti and no evidence of prehistoric horticultural remains were found. This lack of archaeological remains and the presence of several dryland orchard-gardens were the beginning of a study whose main purpose was to try to understand how dryland horticulture should appear in the archaeological record.
Voyaging and Interaction in Ancient East Polynesia
Authors: Rolett Barry Vladimir
Published: February 2007

The origins of East Polynesian culture are traced to a regional homeland that was centered on the Society Islands but which also included neighboring archipelagoes. Archaeological evidence suggests a fall-off through time in the frequency of opensea voyaging within this homeland, with marked declines in voyaging and interaction after a.d. 1450. A range of social and environmental factors may have contributed to these declines. The regional distribution of terrestrial resources is significant because the smallest islands often suffered the most acute consequences of human-induced environmental change. Tahiti, in the Society Islands, is unique in terms of the unparalleled scale of its resource base and its high degree of voyaging accessibility. If Tahiti and the Societies played the role of a regional hub in early interaction spheres, developments in Tahiti may have influenced inhabitants of the outer archipelagoes. Specifically, if circumstances restricted the flow of timber and canoes from the Societies to outlyingar chipelagoes, and this coincided with the depletion of forest reserves on the smaller outlyingislands, these developments could help explain the contraction of early central East Polynesian interaction spheres. It is likely that voyaging patterns in the Marquesas and the Pitcairn Islands, comparatively isolated archipelagoes, were little affected by internal developments in the Societies.
Skeletal Variation among Mesolithic People of the Ganga Plains: New Evidence of Habitual Activity and Adaptation to Climate
Authors: Lukacs John R , Pal J. N
Published: February 2007

Rethinking new perspectives in South Asian archaeology necessitates wider appreciation
for insights derived from the bioarchaeological analysis of prehistoric human
skeletons. Since the 1970s, Mesolithic sites near Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh) have
yielded abundant well-preserved human skeletons permitting a bioarchaeological
approach to past life-ways. Prior research on human remains from Sarai Nahar Rai
and Mahadaha is supplemented by this analysis of human skeletal variation in 47
specimens from Damdama. This report examines skeletal variation in muscle attachment
sites (entheses) and musculoskeletal stress markers, prevalence of osteoarthritis,
long bone dimensions and proportions, and estimates of stature for the human skeletons
from Damdama. The objective of this study is to better understand habitual
activity patterns, variation in stature, and adaptation to climate among Mesolithic
foragers of North India. Standardized methods of paleopathology, osteometry, and
stature estimation were used. While most entheses displayed a ''normal'' range of
development, those associated with bipedal locomotion and overhand throwing
were especially well developed. Extreme hypertrophy of the soleal line indicates
repetitious and forceful plantar flexion as in walking long distances, up hills, or with
heavy loads. Hypertrophy of the supinator crest suggests forceful overhand throwing
as in launching spears or projectiles. Osteoarthritis is unusually low in frequency,
though spinal osteophytes and arthritis of the hand and elbow were observed. Stature
is tall at Damdama, a trait shared with inhabitants of Sarai Nahar Rai and
Mahadaha. Collectively, North Indian Mesolithic groups are significantly taller than
Eastern or Western European Mesolithic samples. Long lower limbs may be an
adaptation to locomotor efficiency, but may also reflect adaptation to high seasonal
temperatures. Indices of distal to proximal limb segments for both upper and
lower extremities conform to physiological principles of thermoregulation and suggest
biological adaptation to a hot arid environment.
Understanding Hearth Function: An Approach from Harappa
Authors: Meyer Jonathan Cody
Published: February 2007

Hearth features possess potential for providing valuable archaeological data on
past cooking and heating practices. Ethnographic study demonstrates a relationship
between hearth morphology and function in rural Punjabi homes. Preliminary work
from the nearby Indus civilization site of Harappa suggests a relationship between
hearth content and morphology. If hearth contents reflect hearth function, future
research may provide further insight on archaeological hearth use in conjunction
with hearth type.
Talking about Sex: Contemporary Construction of Sexuality in Rural Kenya
Authors: Prazak Miroslava
Published: February 2007

Discussion of sexuality in Kuria District in rural Kenya is constrained by relationships of respect between parents and children. Grandparents and peers were, and continue to be, the main sources of knowledge and information on the subject. As the arbiters of norms and values, grandparents convey reproduction as the goal of sexual activity, carried out within the context of marital responsibilities. Peers provide a more practice-oriented perspective, as well as form the community of peers which ultimately enforces the norms, based on cultural notions of appropriate and inappropriate behavior. The growing importance of education, mandated by shifting economic, political, and social contexts is helping redefine roles and expectations, but has not yet become fully integrated into the discourse or processes needed to define guidelines for regulating adolescent sexuality to reflect more closely the contemporary situation within which adolescents learn about and practice appropriate sexual behaviors.
Carrying Capacity's New Guise: Folk Models for Public Debate and Longitudinal Study of Environmental Change
Authors: Cliggett Lisa
Published: February 2007

Current public debates about the environment often assume a clear relationship between resource availability and population growth: more people mean fewer resources. Over the past three decades, scholars in the social and natural sciences have disassembled the notion of carrying capacity to demonstrate that relationships between humans and their ecosystems are more open, fl uid, and complex than the concept allows. Despite scholarly recognition of the problems with carrying capacity, the term, and its underlying logic, endures. By reframing the concept as a folk model, we continue to highlight ecological relationships and advance arguments for conservation, but also acknowledge the complexity of human-environment links which formal applications of carrying capacity ignore.
Lupines, Manganese, and Devil-Sickness: An Anglo-Saxon Medical Response to Epilepsy
Authors: Dendle Peter
Published: February 2007

The most frequently prescribed herb for "devil-sickness" in the vernacular medical books from Anglo-Saxon England, the lupine, is exceptionally high in manganese. Since manganese depletion has been linked with recurring seizures in both clinical and experimental studies, it is possible that lupine administration responded to the particular pathophysiology of epilepsy. Lupine is not prescribed for seizures in classical Mediterranean medical sources, implying that the Northern European peoples (if not the Anglo-Saxons themselves) discovered whatever anticonvulsive properties the herb may exhibit.