bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Logistics aspects of petroleum pipeline operations
Authors: Pienaar W. J.
Published: October 2016

The paper identifies, assesses and describes the logistics aspects of the commercial operation of petroleum pipelines. The nature of petroleum-product supply chains, in which pipelines play a role, is outlined and the types of petroleum pipeline systems are described. An outline is presented of the nature of the logistics activities of petroleum pipeline operations. The reasons for the cost efficiency of petroleum pipeline operations are given. The relative modal service effectiveness of petroleum pipeline transport, based on the most pertinent service performance measures, is offered. The segments in the petroleum-products supply chain where pipelines can play an efficient and effective role are identified.
The storage of forensic evidence at the Forensic Science Laboratory in Pretoria, South Africa
Authors: Van der Walt Juanita , Luke Rose
Published: October 2016

One of the cornerstones of the judicial process is the presentation of evidence in a court of law. The integrity of evidence is vital to reassure the courts that the correct procedures were followed throughout all the processes it was subjected to. In South Africa, the Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL) in Pretoria analyses and stores evidence. The storage facility within the FSL should contribute to the prevention of evidence contamination or degradation thereby also leading to improved service quality and output to its customers. The proper delivery of evidence can lead to the conviction of suspects and to the freedom of the innocent. This study investigates the storage facilities at the FSL to determine whether these are appropriate to ensure the integrity of evidence throughout all the processes it goes through and to recommend actions to continue to add value to the judicial system.
The impact of traffic law enforcement on road accident fatalities in Botswana
Authors: Mphela Thuso
Published: October 2016

Botswana has one of the highest rates of increase in road traffic accidents and fatalities in the world. The amendment of road laws came with stricter penalties for road offences which included higher fines and longer jail terms. This study uses multiple regression analysis subjecting variables to backward stepwise regression with a view to assessing the impact traffic law enforcement has had on fatalities in Botswana after the review of the Traffic Act of Botswana in 2008. The study uses secondary data and interview data obtained from law enforcers. The findings reveal that the enforcement of the new road laws has achieved little in the reduction of fatalities. Increasing the minimum driver licensing age may be a panacea to road accidents. Licensed drivers in the age group 30 to 45 years have the lowest rate of fatalities. The study questions the ability of punitive policies (i.e. road fines) to reduce fatalities. It offers that driver behaviour should be studied to come up with relevant policies.
Problems with the implementation of bus transport contracting in South Africa
Authors: Walters Jackie , Heyns Gert
Published: October 2016

South Africa has had a policy of competitive tendering for the provision of public transport services (subsidised commuter bus services) since the mid-1980s. Although this policy approach was conceptualised by the previous government, prior to the transfer of political power in 1994, it was reaffirmed in a 1996 White Paper on National Transport Policy. Despite the nearly 25 years that have passed since the intention to tender services, only about 32% of the subsidy budget is currently spent on some form of contracting. The majority of services are still operated on authorisations (interim contracts) which formalised services that operators were operating pre-1994. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the reasons why public transport contracting policy progress has been so slow in South Africa. The paper relies on an extensive study that was conducted regarding policy implementation obstacles in general, as well as a questionnaire survey among the subsidised commuter bus operators to solicit their views on the reasons for the delay in the implementation of the contracting system in the country. The findings of the survey indicate that the major issues hindering the implementation of the contracting system are to be found in a lack of funding, lack of capacity to implement policy and major operational issues in the permit offices.
The systems psychodynamic experiences of organisational transformation amongst support staff
Authors: Steyn Martin , Cilliers Frans
Published: October 2016

Orientation: The unconscious impact of organisational transformation is often neglected and even denied. This research revealed the manifestation and impact of high levels and different forms of anxiety experienced by employees during transformation.Research objective: The objective was to study and describe the manifesting systems psychodynamic behaviour amongst support staff during organisational transformation.Motivation for the study: Organisational transformation is mostly researched from a leadership viewpoint. Little research data are available on the experiences of support staff on the receiving end of decisions about and implementation of transformation.Research design, approach and method: A qualitative approach within the phenomenological hermeneutic interpretive stance was used. The research was set in a government organisation. A semi-structured interview with four conveniently and purposefully chosen support staff members was thematically analysed using systems psychodynamics as theoretical paradigm.Main findings: Four themes manifested, namely de-authorisation and detachment, being bullied and seduced by leadership, the organisation in the mind as incompetent, and a dangerous and persecutory system. In the discussion, the basic assumptions and relevant constructs are interpreted.Practical implications: Understanding the transformation experiences of support staff could assist the industrial psychologist to facilitate appropriate support in coaching more junior staff towards increasing wellness and work performance.Contribution: Organisational transformation is highlighted as an anxiety provoking experience especially on the lower levels of the organisation. Its potentially deep and complex psychological impact could possibly derail parts of the system if not managed in a psychologically contained manner.
GEOLOCATION SUPPORT FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE
PROJECTS IN AZERBAIJAN
Authors: Qocamanov M. H. , Gurbanov Ch. Z.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Drinking water supply and sewerage system designing and reconstruction projects are being extensively conducted in Azerbaijan Republic. During implementation of such projects, collecting large amount of information about the area and detailed investigations are crucial. Joint use of the aerospace monitoring and GIS play an essential role for the studies of the impact of environmental factors, development of the analytical information systems and others, while achieving the reliable performance of the existing and designed major water supply pipelines, as well as construction and exploitation of the technical installations. With our participation the GIS has been created in “Azersu” OJSC that includes systematic database of the drinking water supply and sewerage system, and rain water networks to carry out necessary geo information analysis. GIScreated based on “Microstation” platform and aerospace data. Should be mentioned that, in the country, specifically in large cities (i.e. Baku, Ganja, Sumqait, etc.,) drinking water supply pipelines cross regions with different physico-geographical conditions, geo-morphological compositions and seismotectonics.Mains water supply lines in many accidents occur during the operation, it also creates problems with drinking water consumers. In some cases the damage is caused by large-scale accidents. Long-term experience gives reason to say that the elimination of the consequences of accidents is a major cost. Therefore, to avoid such events and to prevent their exploitation and geodetic monitoring system to improve the rules on key issues. Therefore, constant control of the plan-height positioning, geodetic measurements for the detailed examination of the dynamics, repetition of the geodetic measurements for certain time intervals, or in other words regular monitoring is very important. During geodetic monitoring using the GIS has special significance. Given that, collecting geodetic monitoring measurements of the main pipelines on the same coordinate system and processing these data on a single GIS system allows the implementation of overall assessment of plan-height state of major water supply pipeline network facilities and the study of the impact of water supply network on environment and alternatively, the impact of natural processes on major pipeline.
ON-LINE CHANGE MONITORING WITH TRANSFORMED MULTI-SPECTRAL TIME
SERIES, A STUDY CASE IN TROPICAL FOREST
Authors: Lu Meng , Hamunyela Eliakim
Published: October 2016

Abstract. In recent years, the methods for detecting structural changes in time series have been adapted for forest disturbance monitoring using satellite data. The BFAST (Breaks For Additive Season and Trend) Monitor framework, which detects forest cover disturbances from satellite image time series based on empirical fluctuation tests, is particularly used for near real-time deforestation monitoring, and it has been shown to be robust in detecting forest disturbances. Typically, a vegetation index that is transformed from spectral bands into feature space (e.g. normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI)) is used as input for BFAST Monitor. However, using a vegetation index for deforestation monitoring is a major limitation because it is difficult to separate deforestation from multiple seasonality effects, noise, and other forest disturbance. In this study, we address such limitation by exploiting the multi-spectral band of satellite data. To demonstrate our approach, we carried out a case study in a deciduous tropical forest in Bolivia, South America. We reduce the dimensionality from spectral bands, space and time with projective methods particularly the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), resulting in a new index that is more suitable for change monitoring. Our results show significantly improved temporal delay in deforestation detection. With our approach, we achieved a median temporal lag of 6 observations, which was significantly shorter than the temporal lags from conventional approaches (14 to 21 observations).
ABSOLUTE STANDARDS FOR CLIMATE MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Leckey J.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. In a world of changing climate, political uncertainty, and ever-changing budgets, the benefit of measurements traceable to SI standards increases by the day. To truly resolve climate change trends on a decadal time scale, on-orbit measurements need to be referenced to something that is both absolute and unchanging. One such mission is the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) that will measure a variety of climate variables with an unprecedented accuracy to definitively quantify climate change. In the CLARREO mission, we will utilize phase change cells in which a material is melted to calibrate the temperature of a blackbody that can then be observed by a spectrometer. A material’s melting point is an unchanging physical constant that, through a series of transfers, can ultimately calibrate a spectrometer on an absolute scale. CLARREO consists of two primary instruments: an infrared (IR) spectrometer and a reflected solar (RS) spectrometer. The mission will contain orbiting radiometers with sufficient accuracy to calibrate other space-based instrumentation and thus transferring the absolute traceability. The status of various mission options will be presented.
SCHISTOSOMIASIS: GEOSPATIAL SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE SYSTEMS
IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Authors: Malone John , Bergquist Robert , Rinaldi Laura , Xiao-nong Zhou
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) from Earth-observing satellites offer opportunities for rapid assessment of areas endemic for vector-borne diseases including estimates of populations at risk and guidance to intervention strategies. This presentation deals with GIS and RS applications for the control of schistosomiasis in China and the Philippines. It includes large-scale risk mapping including identification of suitable habitats for Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host snail of Schistosoma japonicum. Predictions of infection risk are discussed with reference to ecological transformations and the potential impact of climate change and the potential for long-term temperature increases in the North as well as the impact on rivers, lakes and water resource developments. Potential integration of geospatial mapping and modeling in schistosomiasis surveillance and response systems in Asia within Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) guidelines in the health societal benefit area is discussed.
Clarifying the Effective Factors of Hidden Curriculum of Schools on Establishment of the Aims of Religious Education of Elementary School Students (Case Study of Ahvaz City)
Authors: Zamanzadeh Gholam Reza , Nateghi Faezeh , Seifi Mohammad
Published: October 2016

Current research aims to clarify the effective factors of hidden curriculum of schools o the establishment of the general goals of religious education in elementary period.This research is practical in regard to classification of the researches on the base of purpose and approaches the issue in phenomenological manner. Statistical population of the research includes all the principals, teachers and boy students of fifth and sixth grades of elementary schools in Ahvaz city and the samples of the research are selected through purposive sampling.Data are gathered through unstructured interview conducted by means of open answer questions and have been continued as much as saturation of the data.Grounded theory procedure or theory derived from data is used to analyze the data and to achieve intended model (theory) of the research and it includes four stages: 1-Coding 2-conceptualizing 3-Categorizing 4-Compiling the theory (model) of findings : In the next stage, 15 concepts of these codes are extracted and in the third stage, the mentioned concepts are organized in form of 5 categories(factor) : cognitive environment , social environment, physical environment, administrative environment, religious environment, and in the last stage, research theory (model) is formed on the base of discovered categories.
Prevalence of Traditional and Reverse-Algorithm Syphilis Screening in Laboratory Practice: A Survey of Participants in the College of American Pathologists Syphilis Serology Proficiency Testing Program
Authors: Rhoads Daniel D. , Genzen Jonathan R. , Bashleben Christine P. , Faix James D. , Ansari M. Qasim
Published: October 2016

Context.—Syphilis serology screening in laboratory practice is evolving. Traditionally, the syphilis screening algorithm begins with a nontreponemal immunoassay, which is manually performed by a laboratory technologist. In contrast, the reverse algorithm begins with a treponemal immunoassay, which can be automated. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recognized both approaches, but little is known about the current state of laboratory practice, which could impact test utilization and interpretation.

Objective.—To assess the current state of laboratory practice for syphilis serologic screening.

Design.—In August 2015, a voluntary questionnaire was sent to the 2360 laboratories that subscribe to the College of American Pathologists syphilis serology proficiency survey.

Results.—Of the laboratories surveyed, 98% (2316 of 2360) returned the questionnaire, and about 83% (1911 of 2316) responded to at least some questions. Twenty-eight percent (378 of 1364) reported revision of their syphilis screening algorithm within the past 2 years, and 9% (170 of 1905) of laboratories anticipated changing their screening algorithm in the coming year. Sixty-three percent (1205 of 1911) reported using the traditional algorithm, 16% (304 of 1911) reported using the reverse algorithm, and 2.5% (47 of 1911) reported using both algorithms, whereas 9% (169 of 1911) reported not performing a reflex confirmation test. Of those performing the reverse algorithm, 74% (282 of 380) implemented a new testing platform when introducing the new algorithm.

Conclusion.—The majority of laboratories still perform the traditional algorithm, but a significant minority have implemented the reverse-screening algorithm. Although the nontreponemal immunologic response typically wanes after cure and becomes undetectable, treponemal immunoassays typically remain positive for life, and it is important for laboratorians and clinicians to consider these assay differences when implementing, using, and interpreting serologic syphilis screening algorithms.
Evaluation of the Vulvar Cancer Histology Code Reported by Central Cancer Registries: Importance in Epidemiology
Authors: Siegel David A. , Wilson Reda , Wilkinson Edward J. , Gargano Julia W. , Watson Meg , Hernandez Brenda Y. , Goodman Marc T. , Lynch Charles F. , Unger Elizabeth R. , Saraiya Mona
Published: October 2016

Context.—Knowing the subtype of vulvar cancer histology is important for estimating human papillomavirus–related cancer etiology. Surveillance of human papillomavirus–related vulvar cancers informs public health decisions related to vaccination against human papillomavirus.

Objective.—To assess the accuracy of registry classifications of vulvar cancer and determine the histologic classification of cases reported as not otherwise specified.

Design.—Pathology specimens were collected from Florida, Iowa, and Hawaii cancer registries. Registry diagnosis was compared with the pathology report from the medical record and a single expert study histology review of a representative histologic section from each case.

Results.—The study included 60 invasive vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases, 6 Paget disease cases, 2 basal cell carcinoma cases, and 53 in situ cases. Comparing subtypes of invasive vulvar SCC, the registry agreed with the pathology report classification in 49 of 60 cases (81.7%). Study histology review identified the same SCC subtype as the registry in 9 of 60 cases (15.0%) and the same SCC subtype as the pathology report in 11 of 60 cases (18.3%). Whereas the registry and pathology reports classified 37 and 34 cases, respectively, as being SCC not otherwise specified, the study histology review identified a more specific subtype in all cases.

Conclusions.—Subtypes of vulvar cancer were frequently recorded as not otherwise specified in the cancer registry primarily because the pathology report often did not specify the histologic subtype. Vulvar cancer registry data are useful for tracking broad diagnostic categories, but are less reliable for vulvar cancer subtypes.
A Stage Model of Social Media Adoption
Authors: Duane Aidan , O’Reilly Philip
Published: October 2016

There is very little understanding of how organisations manage social media. In particular, there is no established path of activities that guide a company down the path of social readiness, and the management and organisation of social media is under-researched. Consequently, many organisations experience significant problems with their social media business profiles (SMBP). Stage of growth (SoG) models represent a picture of evolution, where the current stage can be understood in terms of history and future, providing an opportunity to identify the stages, paths of evolution, benchmark variables, and dominant problems experienced by organisations at each stage. Following a review of four decades (1974-2014) of SoG model research, and a review of existing social media research and practitioner insight across multiple domains, the authors adopt Gottschalk and Solli-Saether’s (2010) [1] five step Stage Modelling Process as a research methodology to develop a stage model of SMBP implementation and management. The paper analyses the findings from Step 1 (Suggested Stage Model) and Step 2 (Conceptual Stage Model) of the Stage Modelling Process, before concluding with the key findings. This research contributes to academia by enhancing the existing four decades of knowledge of SoG models, extending it to the management of social media in an organisational context. This research is also a critical piece of research from a practitioner perspective, as organisations struggle to devise tactics and strategies to manage social media adoption and use.
Surgical Treatment of Lateral Malleolar Fractures Using the Compression Cerclage System
Authors: Cansü Eren , Unal Mehmet B. , Gurcan Serkan , Parmaksizoglu Fatih
Published: October 2016

Background

Lateral malleolar fractures (Weber type B or OTA 44-B) account for 60% of all ankle fractures. To achieve anatomic restoration, surgical stabilization provides better results than conservative treatment. Various fixation methods are available to treat these fractures; however, the best method is still unknown. Our objectives were to present a new, useful, and efficient surgical technique for stabilizing lateral malleolar fractures and to analyze the outcomes of patients treated with the compression cerclage system.

Methods

The surgical technique consists of a Kirschner wire that is passed percutaneously and perpendicular to the fracture line, and a cerclage wire that is passed in a semi-circular fashion over the ends of the Kirschner wire on the lateral side of the bone, leaving loops on each side to allow bilateral compression while twisting both wires. We retrospectively evaluated patients treated with this technique, with or without additional fractures. Follow-up of <24 months and bilateral ankle fractures were the exclusion criteria. Fractures were examined clinically and radiologically in comparison to the uninjured side and were rated according to the criteria reported by McLennon and Ungersma. Olerud and Molander ankle score was used to evaluate functional outcome.

Results

At the final follow-up, 15 out of 21 patients (9 women and 6 men; mean age, 48.2 years [range, 19–78 years]) were evaluated. The mean follow-up was 5.16 years (28–129 months). Five patients had an isolated lateral malleolar fracture; eight had lateral and medial malleolar fractures; and two had trimalleolar fractures. At the final follow-up, 11 patients were rated good functionally and four were fair, and all patients were rated good radiographically according to the criteria by McLennon and Ungersma. Mean Olerud and Molander ankle score was 93.3 (range, 80–100).

Conclusions

The compression cerclage system provides good functional and radiological outcomes in patients with lateral malleolus fractures. This method is useful, safe, and efficient with minimum hardware. It can be applied through limited soft-tissue stripping, which is especially important in patients with a high risk for wound complications.
Injection-insensitive lateral divergence in broad-area diode lasers achieved by spatial current modulation
Authors: Wang Tao , Tong Cunzhu , Wang Lijie , Zeng Yugang , Tian Sicong , Shu Shili , Zhang Jian , Wang Lijun
Published: October 2016

High-power broad-area (BA) diode lasers often suffer from low beam quality, broad linewidth, and a widened slow-axis far field with increasing current. In this paper, a two-dimensional current-modulated structure is proposed and it is demonstrated that it can reduce not only the far-field sensitivity to the injection current but also the linewidth of the lasing spectra. Injection-insensitive lateral divergence was realized, and the beam parameter product (BPP) was improved by 36.5%. At the same time, the linewidth was decreased by about 45% without significant degradations of emission power and conversion efficiency.
Taxonomy ofPlatypterygius campylodonand the diversity of the last ichthyosaurs
Authors: Fischer Valentin
Published: October 2016

A complex and confusing taxonomy has concealed the diversity dynamics of Cretaceous ichthyosaurs (Reptilia) for decades. The near totality of Albian-Cenomanian remains from Eurasia has been assigned, by default, to the loosely defined entityPlatypterygius campylodon, whose holotype was supposed to be lost. By thoroughly examining the Cenomanian ichthyosaur collections from the UK, I redescribe the syntypic series ofPlatypterygius campylodon. This material, along with a handful of other coeval remains, is diagnostic and seemingly differs from the vast majority of Cretaceous remains previously assigned to this taxon. A lectotype forPlatypterygius campylodonis designated and I reassign this species toPervushovisaurus campylodonnov. comb. The feeding ecology of this species is assessed and conforms to the scenario of an early Cenomanian diversity drop prior to the latest Cenomanian final extinction.
Spatial and temporal variations in creep rate along the El Pilar fault at the Caribbean‐South American plate boundary (Venezuela), from InSAR
Authors: Pousse Beltran Léa , Pathier Erwan , Jouanne François , Vassallo Riccardo , Reinoza Carlos , Audemard Franck , Doin Marie Pierre , Volat Matthieu
Published: October 2016

In eastern Venezuela, the Caribbean‐South American plate boundary follows the El Pilar fault system. Previous studies based on three GPS campaigns (2003–2005–2013) demonstrated that the El Pilar fault accommodates the whole relative displacement between the two tectonic plates (20 mm/yr) and proposed that 50–60% of the slip is aseismic. In order to quantify the possible variations of the aseismic creep in time and space, we conducted an interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series analysis, using the (NSBAS) New Small BAseline Subset method, on 18 images from the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS‐1) satellite spanning the 2007–2011 period. During this 3.5 year period, InSAR observations show that aseismic slip decreases eastward along the fault: the creep rate of the western segment reaches 25.3 ± 9.4 mm/yr on average, compared to 13.4 ± 6.9 mm/yr on average for the eastern segment. This is interpreted, through slip distribution models, as being related to coupled and uncoupled areas between the surface and ~ 20 km in depth. InSAR observations also show significant temporal creep rate variations (accelerations) during the considered time span along the western segment. The transient behavior of the creep is not consistent with typical postseismic afterslip following the 1997 Ms 6.8 earthquake. The creep is thus interpreted as persistent aseismic slip during an interseismic period, which has a pulse‐ or transient‐like behavior.
Passive rifting of thick lithosphere in the southern East African Rift: Evidence from mantle transition zone discontinuity topography
Authors: Reed Cory A. , Liu Kelly H. , Chindandali Patrick R. N. , Massingue Belarmino , Mdala Hassan , Mutamina Daniel , Yu Youqiang , Gao Stephen S.
Published: October 2016

To investigate the mechanisms for the initiation and early‐stage evolution of the nonvolcanic southernmost segments of the East African Rift System (EARS), we installed and operated 35 broadband seismic stations across the Malawi and Luangwa rift zones over a 2 year period from mid‐2012 to mid‐2014. Stacking of over 1900 high‐quality receiver functions provides the first regional‐scale image of the 410 and 660 km seismic discontinuities bounding the mantle transition zone (MTZ) within the vicinity of the rift zones. When a 1‐D standard Earth model is used for time‐depth conversion, a normal MTZ thickness of 250 km is found beneath most of the study area. In addition, the apparent depths of both discontinuities are shallower than normal with a maximum apparent uplift of 20 km, suggesting widespread upper mantle high‐velocity anomalies. These findings suggest that it is unlikely for a low‐velocity province to reside within the upper mantle or MTZ beneath the nonvolcanic southern EARS. They also support the existence of relatively thick and strong lithosphere corresponding to the widest section of the Malawi rift zone, an observation that is consistent with strain localization models and fault polarity and geometry observations. We postulate that the Malawi rift is driven primarily by passive extension within the lithosphere attributed to the divergent rotation of the Rovuma microplate relative to the Nubian plate, and that contributions of thermal upwelling from the lower mantle are insignificant in the initiation and early‐stage development of rift zones in southern Africa.
Version 1.3 AIM SOFIE measured methane (CH4): Validation and seasonal climatology
Authors: Rong P. P. , Russell J. M. , Marshall B. T. , Siskind D. E. , Hervig M. E. , Gordley L. L. , Bernath P. F. , Walker K. A.
Published: October 2016

The V1.3 methane (CH4) measured by the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE) instrument is validated in the vertical range of ~25–70 km. The random error for SOFIE CH4 is ~0.1–1% up to ~50 km and degrades to ~9% at ∼ 70 km. The systematic error remains at ~4% throughout the stratosphere and lower mesosphere. Comparisons with CH4 data taken by the SCISAT Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment‐Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) and the Envisat Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) show an agreement within ~15% in the altitude range ~30–60 km. Below ~25 km SOFIE CH4 is systematically higher (≥20%), while above ~65 km it is lower by a similar percentage. The sign change from the positive to negative bias occurs between ~55 km and ~60 km (or ~40 km and ~45 km) in the Northern (or Southern) Hemisphere. Methane, H2O, and 2CH4 + H2O yearly differences from their values in 2009 are examined using SOFIE and MIPAS CH4 and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measured H2O. It is concluded that 2CH4 + H2O is conserved with altitude up to an upper limit between ~35 km and ~50 km depending on the season. In summer this altitude is higher. In the Northern Hemisphere the difference relative to 2009 is the largest in late spring and the established difference prevails throughout summer and fall, suggesting that summer and fall are dynamically quiet. In both hemispheres during winter there are disturbances (with a period of ~1 month) that travel downward throughout the stratosphere with a speed similar to the winter descent.
Participation of 3‐O‐sulfated heparan sulfates in the protection of macrophages by herpes simplex virus‐1 glycoprotein D and cyclophilin B against apoptosis
Authors: Delos Maxime , Hellec Charles , Foulquier François , Carpentier Mathieu , Allain Fabrice , Denys Agnès
Published: October 2016

Heparan sulfates (HS) are involved in numerous biological processes, which rely on their ability to interact with a large panel of proteins. Although the reaction of 3‐O‐sulfation can be catalysed by the largest family of HS sulfotransferases, very few mechanisms have been associated with this modification and to date, only glycoprotein D (gD) of herpes simplex virus‐1 (HSV‐1 gD) and cyclophilin B (CyPB) have been well‐described as ligands for 3‐O‐sulfated HS. Here, we hypothesized that both ligands could induce the same responses via a mechanism dependent on 3‐O‐sulfated HS. First, we checked that HSV‐1 gD was as efficient as CyPB to induce the activation of the same signalling events in primary macrophages. We then demonstrated that both ligands efficiently reduced staurosporin‐induced apoptosis and modulated the expression of apoptotic genes. In addition to 3‐O‐sulfated HS, HSV‐1 gD was reported to interact with other receptors, including herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), nectin‐1 and ‐2. Thus, we decided to identify the contribution of each binding site in the responses triggered by HSV‐1 gD and CyPB. We found that knock‐down of 3‐O‐sulfotransferase 2, which is the main 3‐O‐sulfated HS‐generating enzyme in macrophages, strongly reduced the responses induced by both ligands. Moreover, silencing the expression of HVEM rendered macrophages unresponsive to either HSV‐1 gD and CyPB, thus indicating that both proteins induced the same responses by interacting with a complex formed by 3‐O‐sulfated HS and HVEM. Collectively, our results suggest that HSV‐1 might hijack the binding sites for CyPB in order to protect macrophages against apoptosis for efficient infection.
Bioinspired Metal Ion Coordinated Polyelectrolyte Fibrous Nanoreactors
Authors: Malhotra Astha , Bera Tanmay , Zhai Lei
Published: October 2016

Inspired by natural metal ion/ligand interactions, stable electrospun hydrogel fibers (EHFs) are produced from polyelectrolyte complexes coordinated with various metal ions. This development provides a novel and promising approach to advance hydrogel fiber applications by creating fibers with high stability in solutions and controlled interfacial reactions. The embedded ions not only improve EHF stability but also act as precursors for fabricating nanoparticles on fibers. The interactions between metal ions and polyelectrolytes dictate metal ion diffusion kinetics. The combination of diffusion and reaction kinetics grants rational and predictable design rules to use EHFs as reactors for nanofabrication.
Ultrasensitive Luminescent In Vitro Detection for Tumor Markers Based on Inorganic Lanthanide Nano‐Bioprobes
Authors: Zheng Wei , Zhou Shanyong , Xu Jin , Liu Yongsheng , Huang Ping , Liu Yan , Chen Xueyuan
Published: October 2016

Ultrasensitive and accurate detection of tumor markers is of vital importance for the screening or diagnosis of cancers at their early stages and for monitoring cancer relapse after surgical resection. Inorganic lanthanide (Ln3+) nanoparticles (NPs), owing to their superior physicochemical characteristics, are regarded as a new generation of luminescent nano‐bioprobes in the field of cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this progress report, a focus is set on our recent efforts on the development of inorganic Ln3+‐NPs as efficient luminescent nano‐bioprobes for the ultrasensitive in vitro biodetection of tumor markers, with an emphasis on the dissolution‐enhanced luminescent bioassay (DELBA), an emerging technique recently developed toward practical medical applications.
Hydroxyurea effectiveness in children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia: A large retrospective, population‐based cohort
Authors: Quarmyne Maa‐Ohui , Dong Wei , Theodore Rodney , Anand Sonia , Barry Vaughn , Adisa Olufolake , Buchanan Iris D. , Bost James , Brown Robert C. , Joiner Clinton H. , Lane Peter A.
Published: October 2016

The clinical efficacy of hydroxyurea in patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) has been well established. However, data about its clinical effectiveness in practice is limited. We evaluated the clinical effectiveness of hydroxyurea in a large pediatric population using a retrospective cohort, pre‐post treatment study design to control for disease severity selection bias. The cohort included children with SCA (SS, Sβ0thalassemia) who received care at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (CHOA) and who initiated hydroxyurea in 2009‐2011. Children on chronic transfusions, or children with inadequate follow up data and/or children who had taken hydroxyurea in the 3 years prior were excluded. For each patient healthcare utilization, laboratory values, and clinical outcomes for the 2‐year period prior to hydroxyurea initiation were compared to those 2 years after initiation. Of 211 children with SCA who initiated hydroxyurea in 2009–2011, 134 met eligibility criteria. After initiation of hydroxyurea, rates of hospitalizations, pain encounters, and emergency department visits were reduced by 47% (<0.0001), 36% (P = 0.0001) and 43% (P < 0.0001), respectively. Average hemoglobin levels increased by 0.7 g/dl (P < 0.0001). Hydroxyurea effectiveness was similar across gender, insurance types and age, although there was a slightly greater reduction in hospitalizations in younger children. Am. J. Hematol. 92:77–81, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Psychiatric disorders prior to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Turner Martin R. , Goldacre Raph , Talbot Kevin , Goldacre Michael J.
Published: October 2016

It is recognized that neuropsychiatric conditions are overrepresented in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patient kindreds and psychiatric symptoms may precede the onset of motor symptoms. Using a hospital record linkage database, hospitalization with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, or anxiety was significantly associated with a first diagnosis of ALS within the following year. This is likely to specifically reflect the clinicopathological overlap of ALS with frontotemporal dementia. A diagnosis of depression was significantly associated with a first record of ALS ≥5 years later, in keeping with growing evidence for major depressive disorder as an early marker of cerebral neurodegeneration. Ann Neurol 2016;80:935–938
6‐TIPS‐β‐Cyclodextrin‐Modified Fe3O4 for Facile Enantioseparation of 1‐(1‐Naphthyl)ethylamine
Authors: Wang Lu , Liang Xiang‐Yong , Ding Li‐Sheng , Zhang Sheng , Li Bang‐Jing
Published: October 2016

A new type of chiral magnetic nanoparticle was prepared from covalently linked magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) and heptakis‐(6‐O‐triisopropylsilyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin (6‐TIPS‐β‐CD). The resulting selectors (TIPS‐β‐CD‐MNPs) combined the good magnetic properties Fe3O4 and efficient chiral recognition ability of 6‐TIPS‐β‐CD. The enantioselectivity of TIPS‐β‐CD‐MNPs towards 1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethylamine was six times higher than that of the parent β‐CD modified Fe3O4 particles.
Testing interaction between treatment and high‐dimensional covariates in randomized clinical trials
Authors: Callegaro Andrea , Spiessens Bart , Dizier Benjamin , Montoya Fernando U. , van Houwelingen Hans C.
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we considered different methods to test the interaction between treatment and a potentially large number (p) of covariates in randomized clinical trials. The simplest approach was to fit univariate (marginal) models and to combine the univariate statistics or p‐values (e.g., minimum p‐value). Another possibility was to reduce the dimension of the covariates using the principal components (PCs) and to test the interaction between treatment and PCs. Finally, we considered the Goeman global test applied to the high‐dimensional interaction matrix, adjusted for the main (treatment and covariates) effects. These tests can be used for personalized medicine to test if a large set of biomarkers can be useful to identify a subset of patients who may be more responsive to treatment. We evaluated the performance of these methods on simulated data and we applied them on data from two early phases oncology clinical trials.
Incidence, risk factors and clinical implications of chyle leak after pancreatic surgery
Authors: Strobel O , Brangs S , Hinz U , Pausch T , Hüttner F J , Diener M K , Schneider L , Hackert T , Büchler M W
Published: October 2016

Background

Chyle leak is a well known but poorly characterized complication after pancreatic surgery. Available data on incidence, risk factors and clinical significance of chyle leak are highly heterogeneous.

Methods

For this cohort study all patients who underwent pancreatic surgery between January 2008 and December 2012 were identified from a prospective database. Chyle leak was defined as any drainage output with triglyceride content of 110 mg/dl or more. Risk factors for chyle leak were assessed by univariable and multivariable analyses. The clinical relevance of chyle leak was evaluated using hospital stay and resolution by 14 days for short-term outcome and overall survival for long-term outcome.

Results

Chyle leak developed in 346 (10·4 per cent) of 3324 patients. Pre-existing diabetes, resection for malignancy, distal pancreatectomy, duration of surgery 180 min or longer, and concomitant pancreatic fistula or abscess were independent risk factors for chyle leak. Both isolated chyle leak and coincidental chyle leak (with other intra-abdominal complications) were associated with prolonged hospital stay. Some 178 (87·7 per cent) of 203 isolated chyle leaks and 90 (70·3 per cent) of 128 coincidental chyle leaks resolved with conservative management within 14 days. Initial and maximum drainage volumes were associated with duration of hospital stay and success of therapy by 14 days. Impact on survival was restricted to chyle leaks that persisted at 14 days in patients with cancer undergoing palliative surgery.

Conclusion

Chyle leak is a relevant complication, with an incidence of more than 10 per cent after pancreatic surgery, and has a major impact on hospital stay. Drainage volume is associated with hospital stay and success of therapy.
Long-term outcomes of a randomized clinical trial of supervised exercise, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or combined treatment for patients with intermittent claudication due to femoropopliteal disease
Authors: Mazari F A K , Khan J A , Samuel N , Smith G , Carradice D , McCollum P C , Chetter I C
Published: October 2016

Background

The aim was to compare the long-term outcomes of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), a supervised exercise programme (SEP) and combined treatment (PTA + SEP) in patients with intermittent claudication owing to femoropopliteal disease.

Methods

Patients recruited to an RCT comparing these treatments were invited for long-term follow-up from 2010 to 2011. Indicators of limb ischaemia were recorded (ankle : brachial pressure index (ABPI) and treadmill walking distances). Duplex ultrasound imaging was also done. Patients completed Short Form 36 and VascuQol quality-of-life (QoL) questionnaires.

Results

Of 178 patients initially recruited to the trial, 139 were alive at the time of follow-up (PTA 46, SEP 47, PTA + SEP 46). Assessments were completed for 111 patients. Median time to follow-up was 5·2 (i.q.r. 3·8–7·4) years. Sixty-nine patients (62·2 per cent) were symptomatic; 18 (16·2 per cent) had experienced a major cardiovascular event since their last follow-up visit. Improvement was observed in ABPI in all groups. QoL outcomes were inconsistent across individual groups. PTA and PTA + SEP groups had a significantly higher ABPI than the SEP group. No significant difference was observed in treadmill walking distances, QoL outcomes, restenosis rates, and new ipsilateral and contralateral lesions on duplex imaging. Patients in all groups required reinterventions (PTA 14, SEP 10, PTA + SEP 6). The total number of reinterventions was higher after PTA (29) compared with SEP (17) and PTA + SEP (9), but failed to reach statistical significance.

Conclusion

PTA, SEP and combined treatment were equally effective long-term treatment options for patients with claudication owing to femoropopliteal disease. The addition of a SEP to PTA can reduce the rate of symptomatic restenosis and reintervention. Registration number: NCT00798850 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Biotransformation and metabolic profile of anemoside B4 with rat small and large intestine microflora by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Wan Jin‐Yi , Zhang Yu‐Zhen , Yuan Jin‐Bin , Yang Feng‐Qing , Chen Yan , Zhou Lian‐Di , Zhang Qi‐Hui
Published: October 2016

Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel is commonly used in Asia, and anemoside B4 (AB4) is its major saponin, with diverse pharmaceutical effects. Previous studies showed that intestinal flora plays an important role in the metabolism of herbs administered orally. In this study, the metabolic profile of AB4 with microflora in rat small and large intestines in vitro was investigated. Gut microflora was collected from different intestinal segments and anaerobically incubated with AB4 at 37°C for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. A total of 10 metabolites were detected and identified by ultra‐ performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, involving the products of oxygenation and deglycosylation reactions. Gut microflora in the large intestine generated more comprehensive metabolic pathways, which appears to be attributable to the wider range of bacterial types and numbers of bacteria. Human cancer cell lines SMMC‐7721, Hela and MCF‐7 were treated with metabolite pools by MTT assay, together with M6 as the greatest deglycosylation product. As a result, M6 exhibited a reduction in cell viability of SMMC‐7721 with an IC50 value of 22.28 ± 1.26 μg/mL. The present study provided scientific evidence for AB4 metabolism in small and large intestines, which is helpful to reveal the active forms of AB4 in vivo.
The Use of Social Psychology in Rural Development? Two Readings of Rural Business Owners' Values
Authors: Niska Miira , Vesala Hannu T. , Vesala Kari Mikko
Published: October 2016

Rural development refers to diverse attempts being made to address the problems of rural communities. In Finland, rural development leans heavily on entrepreneurship and small business development. Rural development processes have a strong social psychological component that entails that psychological knowledge is crucial for rural development agents. Nevertheless, psychological knowledge has also been criticised for simplifying highly complex development processes and overstating the role of internal psychological factors. In this paper, we argue that, regarding the relevance and utility of psychological knowledge, the question is not only how extensively different factors are taken into account but also how knowledge about psychological factors is read and interpreted. In this paper, we focus on Finnish rural business owners' values and demonstrate that value survey data can be read from two different social psychological perspectives: those of substantialism and relationalism. Although data and the conducted analyses are kept constant, the two readings produce differing types of knowledge of rural business owners' values; one reveals what business owners ‘truly’ are like and the other informs how to best communicate with business owners. Both readings are potentially useful for rural development work. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic pancreas tumor: a case report
Authors: Battal Muharrem , Kartal Kinyas , Tuncel Deniz , Bostanci Ozgur
Published: October 2016

Key Clinical Message

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) histologically characterized by fibroblastic and myofibroblastic proliferation with inflammatory infiltrate. The therapy adopted was Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy with a histological diagnosis of the inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. The disease that should be considered as the differential diagnosis is pancreatic cancer. The diagnosis and treatment of IMT is surgical resection.
Spilled‐Oil Sorbents Prepared by Recycling of Eutrophicated Aquatic Plants
Authors: Yin Tiantian , Zhang Xinying , Liu Xiaoyan , Chai Wenbo , Li Beibei , Wang Chaoqun
Published: October 2016

Recycling of four eutrophicated aquatic plants including Eichhornia crassipes, Herba Lysimachiae, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and Potamogeton crispus as spilled‐oil sorbents was investigated. The rough and hydrophobic structures of aquatic plants were observed by scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements. The four plants exhibited superior oil sorption capacities, especially the stalk of Eichhornia crassipes. Such high oil sorption was ascribed to their high capillarity and hydrophobic surface. The aquatic plants absorbed oil to reach adsorption saturation within one minute. The oil sorption capacity was significantly affected by particle size, but was hardly influenced by temperature. The results demonstrated that the aquatic plants could be applied as low‐cost and environment‐friendly spilled‐oil sorbents.