bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Captura potencial y efectiva de la fauna macro-bentónica asociada al Área Central (43° 30' S-48° S) de pesca de centolla (Lithodes santolla) en la Argentina
Authors: Gaitán Esteban , Mauna Cecilia , Firpo Carla , Lértora Pablo , Mango Valeria
Published: November 2021

Las pesquerías dirigidas a especies bentónicas pueden tener un impacto negativo sobre la fauna acompañante y el fondo marino; sin embargo, las artes de pesca pasivas como las trampas se consideran menos nocivas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el impacto de la pesca con trampas para centolla (Lithodes santolla) sobre las comunidades macrobentónicas que se distribuyen en el Área Central Patagónica (44° S-47° S). Se comparó la composición de la fauna presente en las comunidades bentónicas del área donde se desarrolla la pesquería dirigida a la centolla (fauna potencialmente capturable) con la fauna macrobentónica que queda retenida en las trampas (fauna efectivamente capturada o retenida). La fauna bentónica “potencialmente capturable” se determinó mediante recolección por red de arrastre mientras que la fauna “efectivamente capturada” se obtuvo a partir de la pesca con líneas de trampas empleadas por buques centolleros. En ambos casos los datos fueron recabados durante 2016 en el Área Central Patagónica. El número de taxones registrados fue considerablemente mayor para la fauna “potencialmente capturable” (80 versus 15), representando los taxones efectivamente capturados en trampas solo un 18,7% del total de los taxones que potencialmente pueden ser capturados. La fauna “potencialmente capturable” está caracterizada (en biomasa y frecuencia de aparición) por langostino, esponjas, braquiópodos y tunicados, todas especies sésiles a excepción del langostino. La fauna “efectivamente capturada” por las trampas fue caracterizada por organismos de comportamiento predatorio activo (cangrejos y equinodermos), con una predominancia del cangrejo araña (Libidoclaea granaria), aunque la distribución espacial de este no es coincidente con las mayores abundancias de centolla. Se determinó que el efecto de la pesca con trampas sobre una de las especies más abundantes (langostino) así como sobre aquellas que presentan un rol ecológico relevante en el sistema (ejemplo esponjas y tunicados) es muy bajo, ya que existió una clara diferenciación entre la fauna macrobentónica con potencial de ser capturada y la efectivamente retenida en las trampas.
Antimicrobial Activity of Acacia Nilotica Pods Against Carbapenem Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Different Hospitals in Khartoum State
Authors:   Department of Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Omdurman Islamic University, Taher Gorish Babbiker Mohammed , Alamein Umkalthoum Mohemed Taher Mohemed ,   Department of Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan university of Science and Technology
Published: November 2021

This study was aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica against carbapenem resistant bacteria during the period from February 2018 to December 2018. Agar disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of Acacia nilotica and the ethanolic extract was examined against carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii isolated from different hospital in Khartoum state and the sample include (urine, wound swab, sputum, blood and body fluid) for 91 clinical isolates. The extract show activity against all tested microorganism and the inhibition zone were17±3 mm for E. coli, 18.3±4mm for Klebsiella pneumoniae, 16.9±4mm for Proteus mirabilis, 17±3 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 18.3±0.5mm for Enterobacter cloacae and 16±5mm for Citrobacter freundii and the activity of the extract at 100 mg/ml concentration show sensitive (82.4%), (72.6%) for 50mg/ml and (51.6%) for 25 mg/ml for all tested bacteria. Ethanol extract of Acacia nilotica was found to be effective as antibacterial against different bacterial pathogens, providing the scientific basis for its traditional application in Sudanese folk medicine against many bacterial diseases, extract had an in vitro antibacterial activity against carbapenem resistant bacteria, further studies are required to confirm this result to identify active ingredient and toxicity
A Educação Ambiental e seus Desafios: um olhar acerca das escolas municipais de São Sebastião da Amoreira – PR
Authors: Correia Suellen Jane , Poletto Rodrigo de
Published: November 2021

O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender como os professores do Ensino Fundamental I abordam a Educação Ambiental com seus alunos. Esta pesquisa foi realizada em duas escolas municipais de São Sebastião da Amoreira-PR, sendo que, para coleta de dados, utilizamos questionários diagnósticos, os quais foram aplicados aos professores de forma individual. As informações obtidas deste instrumento de coleta foi o corpus da pesquisa e para analisá-las, apoiamo-nos na Análise Textual Discursiva. Após a análise dos dados, os resultados evidenciaram que os professores abordam essa temática somente em datas simbólicas ou de forma pontual, bem como se utilizam de exemplos distantes da realidade do aluno e ineficazes para mudar o comportamento do estudante e melhorar as condições em seu entorno.
Tensões entre transformação e reprodução de discursos socioambientais:
Authors: Nunes Carvalho Yasmim , Lima de Oliveira Nepomuceno Aline
Published: November 2021

A Comissão Interinstitucional de Educação Ambiental de Sergipe (CIEASE) foi criada em 1999, pelo decreto estadual 18.509. A CIEASE é formada por representantes de órgãos estatais de Meio Ambiente, Educação, Cultura e Esporte, universidades, de ONGs e da sociedade civil. A principal responsabilidade desta comissão é a definição, implementação e o acompanhamento da Política Estadual de Educação Ambiental. A pesquisa teve como objetivo buscar respostas para alguns desafios enfrentados na implementação da Educação Ambiental no Estado de Sergipe, especificamente em relação à CIEASE para a formação de educadores(as) socioambientais. Utilizou-se uma metodologia com abordagem qualitativa, na qual foi feita uma análise, baseada em Análise Textual Discursiva, dos documentos cedidos pela Comissão e das entrevistas semiestruturadas. Conclui-se que a formação dos membros da CIEASE como educador(a) socioambiental não está alinhada à EA Crítica, o que possivelmente limita os interesses políticos e a atuação desta comissão.
correntes da Geografia e da Educação Ambiental presentes na BNCC e nas DCNEA
Authors: Andrade de Jesus Lelis Diego , Saheb Pedroso Daniele
Published: November 2021

A Geografia e a Educação Ambiental-EA são campos do conhecimento que, através de seus referenciais, possibilitam aos seres humanos diversas formas de interpretação e de interação com o espaço. Assim,  esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de investigar quais correntes do pensamento geográfico e da EA estão presentes na Base Nacional Comum Curricular-BNCC e nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação Ambiental-DCNEA. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo do tipo crítico analítico nos referidos documentos, com auxílio do software de análise de dados qualitativos ATLAS.ti, a partir dos ciclos de codificação do Saldaña (2013). Os principais resultados apontam que, na BNCC, se apresentam enfaticamente as correntes crítica, humanista e socioambiental da Geografia e as correntes denominadas de moral/ética, naturalista, crítica, conservacionista e de sustentabilidade da EA. Nas DCNEA aparecem as correntes regional, humanista, socioambiental e a crítica da Geografia e as correntes moral/ética, crítica, sistêmica, humanista, científica, de ecoeducação, sustentabilidade e práxica.
Scientific substantiation of Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPCs) for benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in water based on modern data (literature review)
Authors: Zholdakova Zoya I. , Sinitsyna Oksana O. , Kharchevnikova Nina V. , Pechnikova Irina A. , Mamonov Roman A. , Belyaeva Nadezhda I.
Published: November 2021

Correction of outdated MPCs for substances in water should be based on a generalization of the results of previous studies and the new literature data. On the example of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate, which are widespread in the environment, the possibility of adjusting the current MPC in water according to literature data is considered. A comparative assessment of the methods for calculating the MPC following international approaches and practices adopted in Russia are given. The internationally set maximum allowable dose (MAD) is based on data that does not comply with Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) requirements or domestic regulations. Modern works present new data on the mechanisms and manifestations of the harmful effects of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate. These data indicate the multipathogenetic representation of the toxic effect of benzoic acid, which is typical for most chemical compounds. The results of experiments on animals showed benzoic acid and sodium benzoate to harm the central nervous system. In particular, they significantly impair memory and coordination of movements. A forecast of safe levels of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate was carried out based on two approaches - determination of MPC in water according to the internationally established allowable daily intake (ADI) according to international requirements (1.7 mg/l) and calculation based on experimental data following the requirements of domestic methodological documents (0.6 mg/l). The toxicity of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate is determined by the benzoate ion, which makes it possible to recommend a single standard for two compounds at the level of 0.6 mg/l, a sanitary and toxicological hazard index, hazard class 2. When considering the possibility and ways of harmonizing the methodology for the regulation of substances in water with international approaches, it is necessary to take into account the deep research of scientists of our country concerning the accumulation of the effect of intoxication with prolonged exposure to substances on the body, adaptation responses, and disruption of adaptive responses and the development of new responses over time.
The barrier role of sewage treatment plants in relation to sanitary-indicative and pathogenic bacteria, parasitic agents on the example of the southern zone of Russia
Authors: Zhuravlev Petr V. , Khutoryanina Irina V. , Marchenko Boris I.
Published: November 2021

Introduction. From the sanitary and epidemiologic point of view the economic and household sewage making more than 80% of the volume of all water disposal is of the greatest practical interest. The infectious agents getting to the sewerage do not perish independently. The problem of treatment facilities of the sewerage consists of prevention of possible distribution through water of intestinal and parasitic infections. Aim of the study. To investigate the overall efficiency of sewage treatment facilities in relation to pathogenic and sanitary indicator bacteria and pathogens of parasitic diseases. Materials and methods. The object of the study was microbial and parasitic communities of household waste water from sewage treatment plants in a number of cities in the Rostov region. In work standard microbiological methods of research according to MU 2.1.5.800-99 and the methods of sanitary and parasitological researches of sewage stated in MUK 4.2.2661-10 and also author’s techniques (No. FTs/4022 MR) are used Results. The sewage of the studied cities arriving on sewage treatment plants has high degree of contamination on all bacteriological and parasitological indicators. At the same time intensity of pollution of sewage on these indicators for city drains was in the limits provided by MU 2.1.5.800-99. Dynamics of decontamination process at stages of sewage treatment facilities is shown. During normal operation of treatment systems, waste water is completely freed from salmonella. The species composition of parasitosis pathogens in wastewater that underwent the treatment stages, as well as those arriving, was almost identical in all territories. Conclusion. Researches have shown that at respect for technology of water processing of treatment facilities of the sewerage waste water practically corresponds to normative documents on bacteriological indicators. At the same time, the low performance concerning disinvasion and deworming is shown.
On the hygienic rating of silicon compounds in drinking water (literature review)
Authors: Rakhmanin Yurii A. , Egorova Natalija A. , Mikhailova Rufina I. , Ryzhova Irina N. , Kochetkova Marina G.
Published: November 2021

Introduction. Silicon is a unique element in its physicochemical properties, almost ubiquitous in water supply sources but is not normalized in drinking water in the world practice of ensuring the harmlessness of water use of the population. In our country, the half-century history of the development of hygienic silicon standards in the water began with the justification of the MPC of silicon-containing reagents used in water treatment. However, over time, doubts have arisen about the suitability of manufactured silicon standards for controlling natural silicon in drinking water. Proponents of the harmlessness of natural soluble forms of silicon advocated the elimination of silicon standards in water. In contrast, researchers of the action of silicon in silicon biogeochemical provinces have constantly revealed its adverse effects on the health of the population living in these regions, confirming this with animal experiments. methods. Literature search methods on Scopus, CyberLeninka, PubMed databases: selective, analytical-synthetic, typological. the main part. The review provides information on soluble forms of silicon, their stability and bioavailability, examines the retrospective and current state of hygienic rationing of silicon in water, discusses the shortcomings of the currently existing MPC of silicon, sodium and potassium silicates in drinking water. A detailed review of studies carried out in the silicon biogeochemical provinces of Chuvashia is given, where the inhabitants of the ecological disaster zone, who consumed drinking water with a profound imbalance of macro-and microelements and a high silicon content relative to the optimum area, observed various metabolic disorders (mineral, lipid, carbohydrate, peroxide), changes in microbiocenosis of the large intestine and immune status, an increase in the incidence rate of the adult population with chronic non-infectious diseases by 2-3 times against the national average, the highest incidence rates in children of all age groups. Conclusions. The review draws attention to the need for expanded studies of the effect on the body of natural silicon in drinking water with the usual balance of trace elements to resolve issues about the standards for natural silicon at the federal and regional levels and to establish differentiated standards for silicon-containing reagents in drinking water.
Sanitary and hygienic assessment of working conditions of civil aviation pilots
Authors: Bukhtiyarov Igor V. , Zibarev Evgeny V. , Kuryerov Nicolay N. , Immel Oksana V.
Published: November 2021

Introduction. The analysis of working conditions of pilots of civil aviation aircraft has been carried out according to the data of sanitary and hygienic characteristics (SHC). The non-compliances with hygiene standards for several factors have been established at the same time in all SHC. Materials and methods. The 220 SHC of pilots, who had been examined in the clinic of FSBSI RIOH due to suspicion of occupation disease from 2015 to 2019, conducting flights by plane (49%) and helicopter (51%) were analyzed. The methods of account of acoustic load, hygiene assessment and classification of working conditions, peer review methods, and statistical treatment methods have been used. Results. The working conditions, according to the criteria of the Guide R 2.2.2006-05, are assigned to the following classes: 3.2 - in 26%; 3.3 - in 41%; 3.4 - in 33%. Exceeding the permissible equivalent noise levels was recorded at 92% of workplaces. According to SHC, the exceedances were from 1.2 dB to 34.5 dB (class 3.1-3.4). In assessing the work intensity in 83% of cases from 5 to 11 indicators of class 3.2 were recorded. It has determined class 3.3 of work intensity. The levels of general vibration exceeded hygiene standards in 48% of cases (class 3.1- 3.2), local vibration - in 8% (class 3.1-3.2), microclimate parameters - in 67% (class 3.1-3.2), labour severity - in 22% (class 3.1-3.3), less often there were discrepancies in light (6%) and chemical factor (2%). Conclusion. According to a combination of factors, the overall assessment of working conditions of the pilots of civil aviation aircraft in 74% of cases is assigned to classes 3.3-3.4. However, the disadvantages and errors in filling out the SHC can underestimate the degree of harmfulness of the work. To improve the procedure of establishing the connection between the disease, and the profession it is necessary to amend the legislative framework to obtain objective information about the levels of factors affecting pilots, develop a separate form of SHC of working conditions of pilots, detailed instructions about the rules of filling out SHC.
Cytomic analysis: a modern universal tool for biomedical and ecological and hygienic research (literature review). Part 1
Authors: Krivtsova Elena K. , Ingel Faina I. , Akhaltseva Lyudmila V.
Published: November 2021

The understanding of the connection between malignant cell transformation and genetic instability has existed for a long time. Such markers of genetic instability as micronuclei (MN) and nuclear abnormalities - nucleoplasmic bridges (NPM) and nuclear buds are signs of malignant growth. However, they were seen only as a by-product of genetic instability, a convenient tool for its study for a long time. Only the studies of recent decades that used the latest methods of molecular genetic analysis (genome sequencing of an individual cell, long-term intravital microscopy and individual chromosomes labelling, hybridization in situ, etc.) have made it possible to establish that the rearrangements of the genetic material in cancer cells are much deeper and more massive than it thought to be. In addition, MN turned out to play an active role in maintaining the state of chromosomal instability in the cell population. This review outlines the current understanding of the processes leading to the emergence of unstable genomes - the phenomenon of «genomic chaos» and its particular case, chromothripsis. The molecular biological features of MN and their role in cellular life and the life of the whole organism are also considered. The significance of MN as diagnostic and prognostic indicators in oncological, neurodegenerative and many other diseases has been analyzed. Much attention is paid to the use of cytome analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes and human epithelial cells in medical research. It has been suggested that, when used in medical research, cytome analysis can serve as a tool to identify individuals with higher cancer risk. We used the PubMed, Web of Science, ResearchGate, Scopus, eLibrary databases as the sources of literature.
The use of digital technologies in social and hygienic monitoring of the health status of workers in harmful working conditions
Authors: Bezrukova Galina A. , Pozdnyakov Mikhail V. , Novikova Tamara A.
Published: November 2021

Introduction. To increase the effectiveness of social and hygienic monitoring of the health status of workers in harmful and/or dangerous occupation conditions by objectifying the analysis of the health status of workers and timely detection of premorbid forms of pathology, an informational medical advisory and diagnostic system is proposed that ensures the efficiency of using the previously developed methodological recommendations MR 2.2.9.0148-19 “Assessment of the risk of developing states of distress in workers in harmful working conditions”. Materials and methods. The design of the developed computer program is based on the principles of critical assessment of the employee’s health status; multiparametric characteristics of the functional reserves of the body; unity of the information base; the possibility of dynamic monitoring of the health status of employees; automation of data storage and analysis; protection of personal data. Results. The method used by the information system is based on a comprehensive assessment of the functional reserves of the body, correlated by the degree of adaptive stress, including the ranking of the employee health status according to the group of dispensary records, the indicator of adaptive compliance and the level of adaptive immunity. To facilitate the operator’s information support system integrated the List of harmful and (or) hazardous occupation factors, the presence of which is a mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (surveys) and reference weight values, heart rate and blood pressure corresponding to the physiological norm concerning gender and age of the employee. Conclusion. The proposed information system can be used during periodic medical examinations to form risk groups for the development of occupational and production-related morbidity, as well as to assess the effectiveness of hygienic and therapeutic and preventive measures aimed at improving the health of workers in harmful occupation conditions.
Characteristics of the reproductive behaviour of the population in Iran and Russia during the Pandemic period COVID-19
Authors: Ryazantsev Sergey V. , Rostovskaya Tamara K. , Zolotareva Olga A.
Published: November 2021

Introduction. The urgent issue of the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, which negatively affected the demographic development of the world’s countries, is the search for new effective mechanisms for the development of demographic potential, which is not possible without appropriate justification monitoring data. The aim of the study is to analyze trends in demographic processes and assess the reproductive behavior of the population of Russia and Iran, as well as develop recommendations in the field of monitoring demographic processes, taking into account the need to study their changes as a result of the spread of COVID-19, which seems significant for determining effective directions and measures of demographic policy in terms of increasing the birth rate in Russia and Iran in the post-pandemic period. Materials and methods. The article is based on the data of the official national statistics of the countries (the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and the Statistical Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran), the international database of the UN Population Division, and sociological information. The general research period is determined by the boundaries from 2000 to 2019. To assess the determination of reproductive behaviour in Russia and Iran, general statistical methods of data analysis were used (for example, indicators of structure, dynamics, implementation of the plan), unique methods of demographic statistics (construction of age and sex pyramids of the population, total fertility rate, and others), methods of sociological research (results are presented as All-Russian sociological research “Demographic well-being of Russians”, conducted with the participation of the authors in 2019-2020 on the territory of 10 constituent entities of Russia). Results. An assessment of fertility trends in Russia and Iran is given, general and specific traits of the character and mechanisms of reproductive behaviour are identified. The substantiation of the improvement of directions and measures of demographic policy is given, taking into account the assessment of its effectiveness. In Russia, it was aimed at increasing the birth rate. In Iran, on the contrary, at decreasing it. In both countries, the policy was very effective - in Russia in 2007-2016. the birth rate for second and subsequent births increased significantly in Iran in the late 1980s-1990s. The decline in fertility was one of the largest in the world. If in Iran the birth rate is now close to the level of simple reproduction of the population (in 2017, the total fertility rate was 2.12), then in Russia, especially after the decline since 2017. In this case, it is far from this level. Conclusion. The article substantiates the need to improve scientific monitoring of the demographic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methodological approaches for quantitative assessment of health risk associated with the labour process strength
Authors: Alekseev Vadim B. , Shur Pavel Z. , Lir Darya N. , Fokin Vladimir A.
Published: November 2021

Introduction. Labour employment of the population is increasingly associated with mental activity and is characterized by increasing stress. The article presented and tested methodical approaches to the quantitative health risk assessment associated with the labour process strength (LPS), taking into account it’s detailing by type of load. Materials and methods. In the course of the work, analytical, epidemiological, and statistical methods were used. The proposed approaches were tested on the example of assessing the health risk of male employees of oil and gas production operators (OGPO), aged from 26 to 59 years (average age: 44.51 ± 8.01 years) with work experience in the profession of from 3 up to 33 years old (average experience 17.05 ± 8.89 years). Results. The developed algorithm for assessing the health risk associated with LPS includes using a tool (checklist), which will allow, along with a comprehensive assessment, assessing detailed types of loads - intellectual, emotional, sensory, monotony mode of work. The checklist contains the specified characteristics of the LPS assessment indicators and criteria that allow us to weigh the degree of tension (0 - there is no effect on this indicator, 4 - the influence on the indicator is most pronounced). The procedure provides for a quantitative assessment of occupational health risk and determination of the contribution of detailed load types to the formation of risk. The results of testing confirm the validity of the proposed approaches. The risk of developing a gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer due to sensory load was revealed to be 2 • 10-2 and was classified as medium. As a result of exposure to sensory load and operating mode, the risk of developing atherosclerosis is 5.7 • 10-2 and 9.8 • 10-2, respectively, and classified as high. The risk of developing atherosclerosis associated with exposure to two significant LPS components is 14.9 ∙ 10-2. In this case, the contribution of the load associated with the mode of work in the development of atherosclerosis is more significant (66%) than the sensory (34%) load. Conclusion. The developed methods to assess the intensity of the labor process allow moving on to a quantitative assessment of risk and identifying the role (contribution) of individual, detailed types of loads in the formation of occupational health risks, and determining targeted preventive measures.
Fintech 2022 Trends : The era of F-CUBE “Fast and Furious Fintech”
Authors: Dubey Vivek , Walimbe Rohit S.
Published: November 2021

Due to the continued advancement in financial technologies, global businesses and startups have discovered new windows for potential economic gains. Potential investors are on the hunt for opportunities that would match the growth trend in fintech opportunities. Through a cross-sectional survey of different articles and other publications, the current study explores the various sectors in which fintech has discovered applicability. Even the emergency of personalities, most predominantly influencers, artists, content writers and unapologetic financial inclusion (low wage group, black, women, etc) has been traced to the 21st-century fintech breakthrough. An analysis of the pre-and post-pandemic fintech trends is also provided based on thorough qualitative research.
CRIMINAL PROTECTION OF MINORS FROM ACTS OF ABUSE IN ‎THE ALGERIAN ‎PENAL CODE
Authors: ABDERREZAK Ismahane
Published: November 2021

The Algerian legislator has paid special attention to childhood by ‎following ‎a strict criminal policy and setting up deterrent and injunctive ‎legal texts and ‎provisions for anyone who is tempted to exploit his ‎weakness and ‎helplessness to attack him and prejudice his physical and ‎psychological ‎integrity. Among the most important things that reflect this ‎protection are ‎the provisions in Article 269 of the Penal Code and what ‎follows. Which ‎criminalized every form of physical abuse that a minor ‎child under the age of ‎‎16 may be exposed to due to his physical ‎weakness and inability to defend ‎himself, especially in the face of the ‎closest people to him, his parents, those ‎who take care of him or those ‎who have authority over him, as he extended ‎protection in all Places ‎where he can be found while he is under this age. ‎Whether within the ‎family, in the nursery, at school, in nursing homes for ‎paramedic ‎children, or in the interests of the open environment
CONSTİTUTİONAL SYSTEMS, ATHENS AND SPARTA, ADMİNİSTRATİVE SYSTEM.
Authors: AHMED HUSSEİN AL-SHARIF OMRAN
Published: November 2021

This research studies the development of constitutional systems among the Greeks in the cities of Athens and Sparta, in terms of the political and administrative system from the year 800 to 300 BC, that is, since the emergence of the first stages of the history of the Athenian constitution in the monarchy era, through the aristocratic and oligarchic regimes and the rule of tyrants, to the democratic system in Athens. Whereas every Greek city had its own political system that distinguishes it from others, which the nature of the terrain of their country contributed the greatest contribution to, as well as the idea of self-sufficiency for each Greek city, and the boldness of Greek thought. Rather, they took their position in the kingdom of thought and had the courage to research and ask questions to themselves and sought to perceive the universe in the light of reason. Therefore, a political system appeared in every city known as the city-state system. Thus, the Greek civilization provided for the development of political thought unless other human civilizations provided it. What the Greek philosophers presented in political thought during the fifth and fourth centuries BC still represents the basis on which modern political systems were built, and the research aims to To reveal the importance of the geography of the land of the Greeks, and its impact on their civilization, and to highlight the role of Greek philosophers in matters related to the organization of the state and government, and to trace the development of constitutional systems among the Greeks from the monarchy era to the democratic system in Athens, and to identify the reasons for the stagnation of political life in Sparta under the monarchy. The importance of study and research in this subject is due to the fact that it clarifies the opinions and ideas of the Greek philosophers on constitutional systems, and thus it is an attempt to add even a small part to the history of the constitutional systems of the Greeks‎‎. Keywords: Constitutional Systems, Athens and Sparta, Administrative System.
TRANSLATION MOVEMENT REASONS AND RESULTS ‎‎
Authors: Ahmad Hamdan AL- TAMIMI Azhar
Published: November 2021

There is no doubt that after the conquest, the Arabs faced new problems in various aspects of ‎life and thought, which no longer benefited with the simple methods that they were proficient ‎in, but imposed on them new methods that must be learned and worked on, and that the ‎driving force that made Arabs interested in science comes from the Holy Qur’an and the ‎hadiths of the Prophet (PBUH) Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) who urges to seek ‎knowledge, and to convert Arabs from a tribal society into an urban society, and civilization ‎necessitates the necessity of seeking knowledge, and the only way for this is to transfer ‎science to their language through translation, and what the historians agree on is that thanks to ‎Al-Mansour, Al-Rasheed and Al-Ma'moon, translation has flourished and that To secure them ‎Freedom of thought and its expression, then by their gifts and the attractive salaries with ‎which scholars singled out them, then sending them the scientific expeditions to the country ‎of Rome to carry books and scientific and philosophical manuscripts to the House of Wisdom, ‎to be translated and explained by the most famous translators, and some princes, along with ‎the caliphs, assisted and encouraged the translation movement, that They made money to get ‎the manuscripts and made money for the translators and took care of their pension‎‎. Keywords: Translation, Translation Motives, Direct Mixing, Results of The Translati Movement
THE ROLE OF ONLINE PLATFORMS IN TEACHING ARABIC -‎AL-JAZEERA PLATFORM AS AN EXAMPLE-‎
Authors: MOHAMMED Jumana Khalid , HADI2 Abeer Fadhil
Published: November 2021

Online platforms are defined as (websites that have a technical link on the Web, ‎containing units or lessons for teaching the Arabic language, which consist of a ‎number of educational materials and activities that provide a set of multimedia ‎to achieve specific educational goals). Education is no longer confined to ‎educational institutions and universities. Because of the Internet, the field of ‎education has expanded, especially with the emergence of online learning as ‎one of the means that support the teachin/ learning process, transforming it from ‎the well-known indoctrination phase in traditional education to another, more ‎distinguished and creative phase. It works on developing skills through adopting ‎computers and networks in the transfer of knowledge and skills. The importance ‎of these educational platforms has emerged with the breakout of the Corona ‎pandemic, which have led governments to adopt online learning and educational ‎platforms in the delivery of academic material to students - in line with the ‎decisions of closing schools, universities and public facilities, that swept the ‎world, in order to save people's lives in light of the spread of the virus. Here, ‎the importance of educational platforms emerged, including “Al Jazeera ‎platform for teaching Arabic to native and non-native speakers.” This platform ‎relies on Al Jazeera news network, which it is affiliated with, to provide the ‎platform with written, audio and video news, making it with rich and renewable ‎content. This is, in addition to lessons in teaching Arabic. These lessons are on ‎‎ (syntax, morphology, and spelling) divided into three levels (beginner, ‎intermediate, advanced) and each of them is divided into (lower, intermediate, ‎higher) preceded, in the beginner level, with teaching the pronunciation of ‎Arabic sounds. All of this is accompanied by a number of exercises and ‎comprehension questions, with a list of the most prominent words in the text ‎and their translation, and through the tests on the platform, it is possible to ‎determine the linguistic level of the learner. Keywords: Teaching Arabic to non-native speakers, E-Learning, Teaching Arabic sounds.
THE NATURE OF COMPETITION IN US-EUROPEAN RELATIONS AND ITS DETERMINANTS
Authors: ABUJANAH Anwer Mohamed Ahmed
Published: November 2021

Competition is among the pivotal features and it considered as one of he international interaction movement. Generally, relationships between all countries, such as relations between individuals, no matter how close and cooperative they face, are not without manifestations of competition and conflict that may take a peaceful structure, and even take the method of violence that sometimes reaches the degree of physical confrontation. Since the end of the Cold War, international competition has become an inevitable phenomenon that characterizes international relations due to the absence of an ideological counterfactual, and as a result of many of these forces owe the same ideology as the strongest powers on the international scene. It can be noticed that they are competing forces rather than conflicting forces. Characterized by the rules of management of international relationships between these most powerful features is competition feature , not the conflict. Accordingly, the phenomenon of international competition is an aspect of international dealings. In addition it is a dominant characteristic of most international transactions between several states, especially when it comes to the economic aspect, as the conflict of interests between states necessitates the supremacy of competition in international relations. The US-European relations are stated as other manifestations of interaction between countries and do not differ too much from other international relationships, as they have cases of competition despite the manifestations of cooperation and understanding between them in many life aspects towards various international issues, but the competition between them has its nature and specifics. This topic aims to identify the nature of competition in relations between the United States of America and the European Union countries in several vital regions of the world, most notably the Middle East and the African continent. Keywords: International Competition, International Relations, International Conflict, The Middle East.
THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN THE MAJORITY STATE (184296AH/800909AD) HISTORICAL STUDY ‎
Authors: MUSTAFA‎ Wafaa Ahmed
Published: November 2021

Since the end of the second century AH-AD eighth century AD the ‎Islamic Maghreb witnessed the establishment of in dependent states in ‎all its parts in the lower Morocco the Aghlabid state was established and ‎the sons of Aghlabid were from an ancient Family that ruled Africa ‎throughout the third AH-ninth century AD founded by Ibrahim bin AI-‎Aghlab bin Salem AI- Tamimi who was confirmed by the year 184AH-‎‎800AD the pages of this research have been included within the ‎framework of the study of Islamic systems as they are among the most ‎important systems that contributed to building Islamic civilization as well ‎as providing security and achieving just and equality between the states ‎and peoples of the Islamic Maghreb so that the Islamic state knew its ‎security by the strength of its judicial is considered one of the most ‎prominent purpose of Islamic Sharia and the first goal that the rulers of ‎states seek to implement and to know the most prominent various ‎organization as well as the role of judges and the approach they ‎followed in applying the provisions of this system and what are its ‎legitimacy and conditions for its assumption the research is divided into ‎three main axes the first included the definition of the judiciary ‎linguistically and idiomatically and the emergence and development of ‎the judiciary in the majority state AS for the second axis it referred to the ‎appointment and dismissal of judges as well as their assistants while the ‎third axis talked about the institution of the majority judiciary which ‎included grievances the calculation and the police and the research came ‎out with a sent of important conclusions‎‎‎. Keywords: The Judiciary, The Aghlabids, The Lower Morocco‎.
RE-ENGINEERING STRATEGY AND PERFORMANCE OF LARGE MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN KENYA
Authors: Kithinji Jacob , Rotich Gladys , Kihara Allan
Published: November 2021

Purpose: Most of the large manufacturing firms in Kenya have been experiencing declining performance in terms of revenue, sales and the profit margins for more than a decade. This has seen some of the large manufacturing firms in the country consider strategies such as relocating or restructuring their operations, opting to serve the local market through importing from low-cost manufacturing areas instead of adopting turnaround strategies. This therefore prompted a question on whether turnaround strategies such as reengineering strategy are effective for the manufacturing firms; hence the motivation of this study.

Methodology: This study was informed by theory of constraints. A descriptive research design was adopted while 708 large manufacturing firms in Kenya registered under the Kenya Association of Manufacturers were targeted. The sample size for the study was 249 firms selected randomly from all the 14 sectors of the manufacturing industry in Kenya. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire, while mean, frequencies and percentages were used to describe the data. Correlation and regression analysis were done to show direction, magnitude and significance of the association between the variables.

Findings: The findings revealed that re-engineering strategy had significant and positive influence on the performance of large manufacturing firms in Kenya. The findings further revealed that organizational culture had significant moderating effect on the relationship between reengineering strategy and performance of large manufacturing companies. The study concluded that reengineering strategy as one of the turnaround strategies positively influenced the performance of large manufacturing companies.

Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: It is therefore recommended that the management of large manufacturing firms uphold reengineering strategy in order to enhance performance.
ՀՀ ԲՈՒՀԵՐԻ ԱՆՁԵՌՆՄԽԵԼԻ ՖՈՆԴԵՐԻ ԳՈՐԾԱՌՄԱՆ ԱՌԱՎԵԼՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԸ ԲԱՐՁՐԱԳՈՒՅՆ ԿՐԹՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՖԻՆԱՆՍԱՎՈՐՄԱՆ ՀԱՄԱՏԵՔՍՏՈՒՄ / ADVANTAGES OF FUNCTIONING THE ENDOWMENT FUNDS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF RA HIGHER EDUCATION
FINANCING
Authors: KHACHATRYAN ROBERT
Published: November 2021

The current article discusses the advantages of endowment funds of
higher education institutions in the context of financing higher education in the
Republic of Armenia (RA). The endowment funds can significantly support the
RA HEIs to engage new financial resources, to expand the scopes of financial
autonomy and further develop cooperation with their main stakeholders.
ATUAÇÃO DA FISIOTERAPIA EM REABILITAÇÃO RESPIRATÓRIA EM PACIENTES COM LESÃO MEDULAR: REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA
Authors: Lopes Joyce Lorrany Martins , Guimarães João Eduado Viana
Published: November 2021

Tendo em vista a complexidade da lesão medular em suma, decorrente de situações traumáticas e seus grandes resultados fatais como comprometimento da mobilidade, dependência física e até mesmo morte, esse tipo de lesão representa um grande problema de saúde pública em decorrência de acidentes de diversas espécies e agressões. Portanto, é de grande importãncia a abordagem desse tema na esfera da saúde principalmente porque visa capacitar os profissionais que atuam direta no tratamento e reabilitação desses pacientes. Portanto, através de uma revisão bibliográfica integrativa, buscou-se analisar a importância da atuação do fisioterapeuta nos quadros de lesões medular e evidenciar os principais fatores de risco, prognóstico e tratamento.
A PRÁTICA DA LEITURA NO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL
Authors: Silva Cleidiane Gonçalves da , Pimentel Cristiane Moraes , Paixão Eliane Maria de Lima , Campos Jucilene Pinto de , Nogueira Sandra Aparecida
Published: November 2021

O presente artigo traz como temática central a leitura como hábito dos alunos do ensino fundamental, assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar fatores que podem potencializar, no estímulo do desenvolvimento deste hábito. A metodologia adotada é de cunho qualitativo, sendo utilizada como instrumento de coleta de dados a revisão de literatura, assim, foi por meio de leituras e reflexões em artigos, revistas e livros científicos é que pode-se obter alguns resultados iniciais, tais como: a relevância da utilização de metodologias diferenciadas e a importância do papel do professor e da família neste processo.
ALFABETIZAÇÃO NO 1º CICLO DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL
Authors: Silva Cleidiane Gonçalves da , Pimentel Cristiane Moraes , Paixão Eliane Maria de Lima , Campos Jucilene Pinto de , Nogueira Sandra Aparecida
Published: November 2021

Este artigo teve como objetivo identificar conceitos e práticas de letramento, analisando seus efeitos na apropriação da linguagem escrita por crianças alfabetizadas. Verificamos que o trabalho pedagógico do alfabetizador favorece a apropriação do sistema de escrita de seus alunos, porém, enfatiza a necessidade de uma prática pedagógica que conceba a alfabetização como um processo construtivo, que permite às crianças conviver com a prática da leitura social e escrita.
ALFABETIZAÇÃO E LETRAMENTO NOS ANOS INICIAIS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL
Authors: Silva Cleidiane Gonçalves da , Paixão Eliane Maria de Lima , Campos Jucilene Pinto de , Nogueira Sandra Aparecida
Published: November 2021

Este estudo é uma revisão da literatura cujo objetivo é refletir a alfabetização e letramento nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. Surgiu um diálogo com os teóricos mais importantes sobre o tema em questão, tais como: Freire (1968), Ferreira (2001), Soares (1998), Massagão (2004). São analisados ​​textos que regulamentam a educação nacional, como a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional 9394/96 - LDBEN, o Plano Nacional de Educação 2014-2014 - PNE, além de programas governamentais como o Pacto Nacional pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa - PNAIC. São propostas estratégias para melhorar esta realidade, tendo em conta tanto a dimensão da escola no contexto geral como o conteúdo da sala de aula.
The University of Washington Ice–Liquid Discriminator (UWILD) improves single-particle phase classifications of hydrometeors within Southern Ocean clouds using machine learning
Authors: Atlas Rachel , Mohrmann Johannes , Finlon Joseph , Lu Jeremy , Hsiao Ian , Wood Robert , Diao Minghui
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Mixed-phase Southern Ocean clouds are challenging to simulate, and their
representation in climate models is an important control on climate
sensitivity. In particular, the amount of supercooled water and frozen mass
that they contain in the present climate is a predictor of their planetary
feedback in a warming climate. The recent Southern Ocean Clouds, Radiation, Aerosol Transport Experimental Study (SOCRATES) vastly increased the
amount of in situ data available from mixed-phase Southern Ocean clouds useful
for model evaluation. Bulk measurements distinguishing liquid and ice water
content are not available from SOCRATES, so single-particle phase
classifications from the Two-Dimensional Stereo (2D-S) probe are invaluable
for quantifying mixed-phase cloud properties. Motivated by the presence of
large biases in existing phase discrimination algorithms, we develop a novel
technique for single-particle phase classification of binary 2D-S images using
a random forest algorithm, which we refer to as the University of Washington
Ice–Liquid Discriminator (UWILD). UWILD uses 14 parameters computed from
binary image data, as well as particle inter-arrival time, to predict phase.
We use liquid-only and ice-dominated time periods within the SOCRATES dataset
as training and testing data. This novel approach to model training avoids
major pitfalls associated with using manually labeled data, including reduced
model generalizability and high labor costs. We find that UWILD is well
calibrated and has an overall accuracy of 95 % compared to
72 % and 79 % for two existing phase classification
algorithms that we compare it with. UWILD improves classifications of small
ice crystals and large liquid drops in particular and has more flexibility
than the other algorithms to identify both liquid-dominated and ice-dominated
regions within the SOCRATES dataset. UWILD misclassifies a small percentage
of large liquid drops as ice. Such misclassified particles are typically
associated with model confidence below 75 % and can easily be
filtered out of the dataset. UWILD phase classifications show that particles
with area-equivalent diameter (Deq)  < 0.17 mm are mostly
liquid at all temperatures sampled, down to −40 ∘C. Larger
particles (Deq>0.17 mm) are predominantly frozen at all
temperatures below 0 ∘C. Between 0 and 5 ∘C,
there are roughly equal numbers of frozen and liquid mid-sized particles (0.17<Deq<0.33 mm), and larger particles (Deq>0.33 mm) are mostly frozen. We also use UWILD's phase
classifications to estimate sub-1 Hz phase heterogeneity, and we show
examples of meter-scale cloud phase heterogeneity in the SOCRATES dataset.