bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors that influence response classifications in chemotherapy treated patient-derived xenografts (PDX)
Authors: Malcolm Joan E. , Stearns Timothy M. , Airhart Susan D. , Graber Joel H. , Bult Carol J.
Published: March 2019

In this study, we investigated the impact of initial tumor volume, rate of tumor growth, cohort size, study duration, and data analysis method on chemotherapy treatment response classifications in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). The analyses were conducted on cisplatin treatment response data for 70 PDX models representing ten cancer types with up to 28-day study duration and cohort sizes of 3–10 tumor-bearing mice. The results demonstrated that a 21-day dosing study using a cohort size of eight was necessary to reliably detect responsive models (i.e., tumor volume ratio of treated animals to control between 0.1 and 0.42)—independent of analysis method. A cohort of three tumor-bearing animals led to a reliable classification of models that were both highly responsive and highly nonresponsive to cisplatin (i.e., tumor volume ratio of treated animals to control animals less than 0.10). In our set of PDXs, we found that tumor growth rate in the control group impacted treatment response classification more than initial tumor volume. We repeated the study design factors using docetaxel treated PDXs with consistent results. Our results highlight the importance of defining endpoints for PDX dosing studies when deciding the size of cohorts to use in dosing studies and illustrate that response classifications for a study do not differ significantly across the commonly used analysis methods that are based on tumor volume changes in treatment versus control groups.
Comparative Antimicrobial Activity of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts on Salmonella typhi
Authors: Olukunle O. F. , Adenola O. J.
Published: March 2019

In the genesis of using plants for treatment of diseases, Garlic and lemon grass were some of the earliest plants that have proven effective. In this study the antimicrobial effect of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) and Allium sativum (garlic) extracts on clinical isolate of Salmonella typhi  was examined. Water, ethanol and methanol were used as extraction solvent. Antimicrobial effects of conventional antibiotics was assayed using disc diffusion method while antimicrobial activity of lemon grass and garlic extracts were carried out using agar well diffusion method and the zones of inhibition was measured in millimeter (mm). Comparatively, the highest percentage yield of extract was observed in water extract of garlic (21.83%) and lemon grass (6.67%). Ciprofloxacin and Perfloxacin have the highest zones of inhibition of 19.73±0.24mm and 14.47±0.31mm respectively against the clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi . Two out of the twelve clinical isolate of Salmonella typhi  used were multi drug resistant. Lemon grass extracts did not show any antimicrobial effects on the clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi  while garlic extracts showed antimicrobial effect at the concentration of 800 mg/ml, water extract of garlic has the highest zone of inhibition (14.00 mm) against the tested isolates. Therefore garlic extract could be used for the formulation of drug and treatment of Salmonella typhi   infection.
Black Aerogel Based on Short‐Time High‐Flux He Ion Implantation
Authors: Zhao Peng , Peng Jia‐Guan , Momanyi Nyachieo Kennedy , Meng Xian‐Cai , Liao Chen‐Lun , Li Xu , Lei Qin , Yuan Yue , Zhong Xiao‐Lan , Cheng Long , Xie Yong , Lu Guang‐Hong
Published: November 2024

Owing to ultra‐lightweight and integrable functionality, black aerogels are applied as light‐shielding units in complex optical systems. However, the preparation of most black aerogels involves complex and time‐consuming carbonization processes to induce carbon particles. Inspired by the barb structure of the black feathers, a simple and short‐time approach by using helium (He) ion implantation to obtain black silica aerogel, which possesses microscale, biomimetic cone arrays with several microcavities, is introduced. Benefiting from this multilevel structure, only a thin surface of ≈47 µm is required to realize evident light shielding with ≈3% transmittance and ≈2% reflectivity in the visible region. This film also possessed considerable photothermal conversion, which increased to more than 65 °C from room temperature under 1 sun energy density. Meanwhile, the realization of this black surface inherits the excellent properties of the aerogel, such as porosity, high specific surface area, and low density. This work presents a simple and effective technique for preparing black surfaces based on aerogel monoliths, holding potential for use in photocatalysis, photothermal therapy, and light stealth.
In Vivo Screening of Barcoded Gold Nanoparticles Elucidates the Influence of Shapes for Tumor Targeting
Authors: Huang Xingyue , Le Zhicheng , Ba Myint , Kumar Arun , Quek Yingjie , Xue Chencheng , Sun Xinhong , Low Jessalyn , Tian Xuehao , Tay Andy
Published: November 2024

Gold nanoparticles (NPs) are promising for cancer therapy due to their versatile shapes, optical properties, adjustable sizes, and facile functionalization. However, their diverse physicochemical properties, complex in vivo environments, and cellular heterogeneity lead to markedly different interactions with cells, impacting reproducibility and application selection. To address this, we implemented a DNA barcoding system to label gold NPs with varying shapes, sizes, and surface modifications for tumor delivery optimization. Six NP species, comprising three shapes (sphere, rod, triangle) and two sizes (40 nm, 80 nm), were tagged with unique DNA barcodes. Barcodes demonstrated minimal detachment, no interference with cell interactions, and resistance to DNase digestion. Next‐generation sequencing revealed that sphere NPs exhibited poor in vitro uptake but superior in vivo tumor targeting, likely due to enhanced endothelial interactions and reduced macrophage clearance. Additionally, 80 nm nanotriangles displayed excellent tumor targeting both in vitro and in vivo. Supporting experiments validated these findings. To demonstrate practical utility, the NPs were applied in siRNA delivery and photothermal therapy in a breast tumor model. This study pioneers the integration of DNA barcoding with gold NPs to systematically explore shape, size, and surface modifications for in vivo delivery.
Quantum Sensing of Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism in 2D Van der Waals Fe3GaTe2 Using Divacancy Spins in SiC
Authors: Chen Xia , Luo Qin‐Yue , Guo Pei‐Jie , Zhou Hao‐Jie , Hu Qi‐Cheng , Wu Hong‐Peng , Shen Xiao‐Wen , Cui Ru‐Yue , Dong Lei , Wei Tian‐Xing , Xiao Yu‐Hang , Li Deren , Lei Li , Zhang Xi , Wang Jun‐Feng , Xiang Gang
Published: November 2024

Room‐temperature (RT) 2D van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnets hold immense promise for next‐generation spintronic devices for information storage and processing. To achieve high‐density energy‐efficient spintronic devices, it is essential to understand the local magnetic properties of RT 2D vdW magnets. In this work, noninvasive in situ stray field detection is realized in vdW‐layered ferromagnet Fe3GaTe2 using divacancy spins quantum sensor in silicon carbide (SiC) at RT. The structural features and magnetic properties of the Fe3GaTe2 are characterized utilizing X‐ray diffraction, scanning tsransmission electron microscopy, Raman spectrum, magnetization, and magneto‐transport measurements. Further detailed analysis of temperature‐ and magnetic field‐dependent optically detected magnetic resonances of the PL6 divacancy near the Fe3GaTe2 reveal that, the Curie temperature (Tc) of Fe3GaTe2 is ∼360 K, and the magnetization increases with external magnetic fields. Additionally, spin relaxometry technology is employed to probe the magnetic fluctuations of Fe3GaTe2, revealing a peak in the spin relaxation rate around the Tc. These experiments give insights into the intriguing local magnetic properties of 2D vdW RT ferromagnet Fe3GaTe2 and pave the way for the application of SiC quantum sensors in noninvasive in situ stray field detection of related 2D vdW magnets.
4D Bioprinting Shape‐Morphing Tissues in Granular Support Hydrogels: Sculpting Structure and Guiding Maturation
Authors: Pramanick Ankita , Hayes Thomas , Sergis Vasileios , McEvoy Eoin , Pandit Abhay , Daly Andrew C.
Published: November 2024

During embryogenesis, organs undergo dynamic shape transformations that sculpt their final shape, composition, and function. Despite this, current organ bioprinting approaches typically employ bioinks that restrict cell‐generated morphogenetic behaviors resulting in structurally static tissues. This work introduces a novel platform that enables the bioprinting of tissues that undergo programmable and predictable 4D shape‐morphing driven by cell‐generated forces. This method utilizes embedded bioprinting to deposit collagen‐hyaluronic acid bioinks within yield‐stress granular support hydrogels that can accommodate and regulate 4D shape‐morphing through their viscoelastic properties. Importantly, precise control over 4D shape‐morphing is possible by modulating factors such as the initial print geometry, cell phenotype, bioink composition, and support hydrogel viscoelasticity. Further, shape‐morphing is found to actively sculpt cell and extracellular matrix alignment along the principal tissue axis through a stress‐avoidance mechanism. To enable predictive design of 4D shape‐morphing patterns, a finite element model is developed that accurately captures shape evolution at both the cellular and tissue levels. Finally, it is demonstrated that programmed 4D shape‐morphing enhances the structural and functional properties of iPSC‐derived heart tissues. This ability to design, predict, and program 4D shape‐morphing holds great potential for engineering organ rudiments that recapitulate morphogenetic processes to sculpt their final shape, composition, and function.
Stress‐Relieving Protective Elastomeric Interphase for Stable Ni‐rich Cathodes
Authors: Li Zi‐Wei , Lin Fan , Zhang Xu‐Dong , Zhang Xu‐Sheng , Wen Rui , Li Xu , Zheng Zi‐Jian
Published: November 2024

Anisotropic volume changes in primary particles of layered Ni‐rich transition metal oxides generate mechanical stresses during electrochemical cycling. This results in structural degradation and side reactions that deteriorate battery performance. To address this issue, a cross‐linked epoxy natural rubber (CENR) is employed as the protective elastomeric interphase. The viscoelastic properties of CENR facilitated a strong adhesion to the surface of Ni‐rich cathodes, thereby helping alleviate mechanical stresses during cycling. This approach maintained the structural integrity of the Ni‐rich cathodes and suppressed detrimental interfacial reactions. Consequently, the fortified Ni‐rich cathode retained 95.9% of its capacity after 300 cycles at 0.5 C and 82.8% after 500 cycles at 1 C. This study highlights the essential role of elastomeric materials in stabilizing Ni‐rich cathodes and offers insights that can enable the development of additional protective elastomeric layers for battery electrode materials.
Versatile Foldable Inkjet‐Printed Thermoacoustic Loudspeaker on Paper
Authors: Im Hyungyu , Jo Eunhwan , Kang Yunsung , Kim Jongbaeg
Published: November 2024

The rise of flexible electronics has sparked a demand for components, such as loudspeakers, that seamlessly integrate into various applications while maintaining their performance. However, current loudspeakers typically rely on electromechanical systems, necessitating significant space for components such as coils and magnets. This limits their flexibility and usage in thin, conformable devices. To address this, a paper‐based thermoacoustic (TA) loudspeaker utilizing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via inkjet printing is introduced. This TA loudspeaker demonstrates exceptional flexibility and durability, maintaining high acoustic performance across human‐audible frequencies up to 20 kHz, even when subjected to extensive mechanical deformation. Additionally, employing inkjet printing technology streamlines their manufacturing processes, offering a cost‐effective solution with scalability for mass production. Furthermore, an origami‐inspired 3D folding architecture enhances the loudspeaker's portability and enables versatile shape configurations, thus broadening its utility across electronic devices. These demonstrations offer a potential solution for next‐generation audio systems in flexible electronics.
Boosting Fill Factor of Semitransparent Donor‐Poor Organic Solar Cells for the Best Light Utilization Efficiency
Authors: Xue Fei , Xie Yuhao , Cui Yu , Yu Paraschuk Dmitry , Ma Wei , Yan Han
Published: November 2024

Reducing the content of light‐absorbing material in the active layer of semitransparent organic solar cells (ST‐OSCs) enhances the average visible transmittance (AVT) but sacrifices the power conversion efficiency (PCE). This dilemma is a key challenge to ST‐OSCs. Here trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate (TrTPFB)‐doping of the polymer donor at a suboptimal donor:acceptor (D:A) ratio is reported as an approach to enhance the light utilization efficiency (LUE) via boosting the fill factor (FF). The suboptimal D:A ratio results in not only a less efficient hole transporting network but also a narrower charge photogeneration profile. The latter widens the flat‐band region. These deteriorations make charge diffusion a crucial factor for compensating charge collection. TrTPFB‐doping mainly helps elongate the charge diffusion length to alleviate severe bimolecular recombination. As a result, the FF boosts from 65.1% to 72.2% in the film AVT increased device, which is comparable to that of the bulk heterojunction device with the optimal D:A ratio. The best LUE of 3.51% is achieved in the TrTPFB‐doped ST‐OSCs based on a ternary material combination; moreover, an LUE of 5.18% is predicted after proper optical optimization. The ST‐OSC showcases a greenhouse rooftop, which outperforms the glass one for the wheat plant.
Anisotropic Coupling‐Based 2D Material Dember Polarized Photodetectors
Authors: Hao Yining , Hang Tianyi , Chen Chenghao , Zhang Chengzhuang , Chen Yijing , Yu Chengcheng , Wu Shaolong , Yang Jiong , Yang Zhenhai , Li Xiaofeng , Cao Guoyang
Published: November 2024

Polarization photodetectors (PPDs) based on 2D materials hold great promise for ultracompact polarimeters due to their ability to directly detect polarization states. However, the existing PPDs based on 2D materials tend to focus on a single metric, making it challenging to obtain both a large polarization ratio (PR) and high responsivity (R). Here, black phosphorus (BP) PPDs are proposed under a nanowire configuration that enables large PR and high R simultaneously. Benefitting from the anisotropic coupling between the BP crystal and the nanowire geometry, specific light‐field distributions are formed under orthogonally polarized light incidences, through selectively exciting the localized surface plasmon and leaky‐mode resonances. A large carrier concentration gradient inherent to this structure is formed to induce a high response contrast and a large Dember current, enabling an ultrahigh PR ≈ 118.4, R ≈ 802.42 A W−1, and ultrashort response time ≈ 636 ps. Finally, a key‐free optical encryption communication system is constructed, demonstrating one of its promising applications.
A Bistate Intelligent Eutectogel Material with Water‐Regulated Stiffness for Diverse Designed Functionality
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Li Chuang
Published: November 2024

The design of stiffness‐changeable synthetic materials that can mimic their biological counterparts in the production of adaptable structures and functions is highly important but remains challenging. Here, the development of a bioinspired intelligent material composed of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and an ionically crosslinked polymer network that is capable of switching reversibly between hard plastic and soft elastic states in response to water is reported. The eutectogel stiffness can be dramatically switched and flexibly regulated by water, which can activate salt ionization and shield the ionic crosslink. This design principle is extensively applied to multiple polymers, producing a series of bistate materials that exhibit water‐regulated capabilities ranging from self‐healing, shape memory, remolding, antifreezing, anticompressing, and stretchability to conductivity. These bistate materials are used for diverse functions, such as performing mechanical tasks, sensing and monitoring human movements, lighting LEDs, and outputting signals. This work opens an avenue for the development of next‐generation stiffness‐changeable materials with diverse functionalities for various designed applications.
Self‐Healing and Stretchable Molecular Ferroelectrics with High Expandability
Authors: Wang Zhongxuan , Yang Haochen , Zhu Long , Wang Qian , Quan Lina , Chen Po‐Yen , Ren Shenqiang
Published: November 2024

The interplay between crystal ordering and stretchability is frequently encountered in contemporary materials science, particularly in the case of ferroelectrics. The inherent dilemma arises when these materials need to withstand repetitive mechanical deformations or stretching without sacrificing their crystal integrity, all while retaining their remarkable ferroelectric properties and even exhibiting self‐healing capabilities. This complexity further presents a significant challenge in the design and engineering of mechanically rigid molecular ferroelectric crystals, particularly for applications where both precise crystalline structure and mechanical adaptability are crucial. In this study, the humidity‐controlled expansion and contraction, dissolution, and recrystallization of a self‐assembled molecular ferroelectric‐in‐hydrogel framework are reported. Self‐healing ferroelectric‐in‐hydrogel networks exhibit a recyclable humidity‐tailored ionic conductivity from 2.86 × 10−6 to 1.36 × 10−5 S cm−1, facilitating the stretchable piezoelectric sensing. Additionally, the dynamic bond reforming interactions are observed, leading to the tailoring of Young's modulus from 452 to 170 MPa, maintaining ferroelectricity under a strain of 20% with a piezoelectric coefficient of 15.7 pC N−1. Upon lattice contraction, the molecular contacts undergo reforming, leading to the restoration of stretchable ferroelectrics/piezoelectrics and paving the way for stretchable bioelectronics for full‐body motion monitoring. The capabilities highlighted here open avenues for stretchable and self‐healing ferroelectric‐in‐hydrogel bioelectronic technologies.
Surface Electric Dipole Moment Engineering of All‐Inorganic Transparent Solid Matrix for Information Encryption and X‐Ray Imaging
Authors: Liu Xiaoqing , Xu Yinsheng , Zhang Xianghua , Xia Mengling
Published: November 2024

Perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) show excellent optoelectronic performance and controlled synthesis of PNCs is arising as research hot spot recently. Transparent all‐inorganic glass matrix has been proved perfect protector of PNCs from aggregation. However, the precise precipitation of PNCs in glass with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) through a facile routing is still challenge. Here, site‐specifically crystallization of PNCs are rationally designed in all‐inorganic transparent solid matrix through surface electric dipole moment engineering, achieving exceptional PLQY (89.9%). Modifying the orientation of the surface electric dipole moment reduces the water‐induced nucleation barrier and promotes the crystallization of PNCs at the selected sites. In addition, the inherent ionic structure and low formation energy of CsPbBr3 PNCs allow the luminescent structure to be erased by annealing and then recovered by water‐inducing. Combining the intense luminescence, high stability and completely reversable crystallization, the applications of PNCs‐glass in information encryption and reusable X‐ray dosimeter and imaging are demonstrated. The PNCs‐glass scintillation screen achieves the X‐ray imaging resolution of 17.5 lp mm−1, which is the highest among all the PNCs based scintillation screen.
Multifunctional Anisotropic Aerogels for Intelligent Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Authors: Yin Fangming , Lin Husitu , Wang Wenzhuang , Zhao Linjie , Paul Rajib , Li Jianhua , Liu Wei , Kong Duanyang , Jiang Yuqin , Hu Chuangang
Published: November 2024

The rapidly developing modern society has higher requirements for intelligent electromagnetic wave absorbing (EMA) materials than ever before. Herein, lightweight, multifunctional metal‐free carbon‐based aerogels (RCPs) with a longitudinal honeycomb porous framework and a transverse neatly layered structure are obtained by heat‐treating graphene oxide/oxidized carbon nanotubes/hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene complex to simultaneously achieve the tunable EMA, flame retardancy, and thermal insulation. The anisotropic structure ensures the tunable properties of the carbon aerogels along with tilt angles according to environmental needs. The honeycomb porous structure effectively promotes multiple reflections and scatterings of electromagnetic waves compared with the layered structure, maximizing the penetration inside the material and thus a high EMA performance. The optimized R10C2P‐4 exhibits a minimum reflection loss in the longitudinal direction of−61.5 dB, while the value is as low as −22.4 dB in the transverse direction. Furthermore, the porous structure adequately inhibits the spread of heat, accompanied by the phosphorus species induced by hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene pyrolysis, endowing a good flame retardancy and thermal insulation with a low thermal conductivity of 20.6 mW m−1 K−1 in the longitudinal direction, rather than the transverse direction. This work provides an ingenious insight into the design of multifunctional EMA materials, adapting flexibly to various application requirements.
Multifunctional Roles of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in a Reversible Shape‐Memory Composite
Authors: Fong Mun‐Oon , Chen Xiangping , Wong Jie‐Wei , Lok Tow‐Jie , Li Siyang , Low Jia Tee , Nordin Nur Syahirra , Miao Zhikun , Hu Qiannan , Neffe Axel T. , Wong Tuck‐Whye , Li Tiefeng , Yang Wei
Published: November 2024

The utilization of functional fillers in the development of composite materials has come a long way since its advent to improve physical, chemical, or mechanical properties of the base material. However, the heterogenous roles contributed by a single type of filler remain uncommon in this field. Here the endowment of various modifications to a 1,8‐octanediol/1,12‐dodecanedioic acid/citric acid (OD/DDA/CA) matrix through the incorporation of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) is reported. Owing to the relaxation and hysteresis loss behaviors of IONPs when exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF), the composites demonstrate a magnetothermal response. Similarly, the excitation and relaxation of electrons in IONPs under near‐infrared light (NIR) enable photothermic‐responsiveness. In combination, two findings nurtured an observed shape‐memory effect when the samples are under actuation by these indirect stimuli, where a shape recovery ratio (≥98%) and reversible strain (≤7%) are recorded. Moreover, the catalytic role of IONPs aided transesterification in the covalent network, demonstrated by successful repeated cycles of shape reconfiguration of the samples. This work highlights the prospectives of multifunctional composite fillers in the exploration of bio‐derived composite smart materials.
Ordered and Expanded Li Ion Channels for Dendrite‐Free and Fast Kinetics Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Cai Da‐Qian , Zhao Shi‐Xi , Liu Huan , Zhou Shuyu , Gao Tong , Rao Ruihua , Zhao Jianwei , Deng Yirui , Yang Jin‐Lin , Liu Ruiping
Published: November 2024

The uncontrolled polysulfide shuttling and lithium dendrite growth greatly impede the practical implementation of Li–S batteries. These issues can be alleviated by constructing an artificial layer that immobilizes soluble polysulfides and regulates Li+ flux. Here, a layer‐expanded lithium montmorillonite is fabricated through molecular intercalation to serve as a dual regulator for Li–S batteries. The lithiophilic montmorillonite, with its ordered and expanded Li+ diffusion channels, exhibits a high transference number, and promotes homogeneous Li deposition. Additionally, its moderate adsorption of polysulfides, combined with favorable Li diffusion behavior, enhanced the redox kinetics of sulfur species. This unique structure enables a prolonged lifespan of 1000 cycles at 0.5C with a low capacity decay of 0.04% per cycle for practical Li–S batteries.
In Vitro Modeling of Atherosclerosis Using iPSC‐Derived Blood Vessel Organoids
Authors: Kong Dasom , Ryu Jae‐Chul , Shin Nari , Lee Seung‐Eun , Kim Nam Gyo , Kim Hee‐Yeong , Kim Min‐Ji , Choi Jungju , Kim Da‐Hyun , Kang Kyung‐Sun
Published: November 2024

As modeling of atherosclerosis requires recapitulating complex interactions with vasculature and immune cells, previous in vitro models have limitations due to their insufficient 3D vascular structures. However, induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived blood vessel organoids (BVOs) are applicable for modeling vascular diseases, containing multiple cell types, including endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells self‐assembled into a blood vessel structure. Atherosclerotic BVOs with a microenvironment associated with atherogenesis, such as shear stress, low‐density lipoprotein, pro‐inflammatory cytokine, and monocyte co‐culture are successfully developed. In atherosclerotic BVOs, representative atherosclerotic phenotypes, including endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory responses, formation of foam cells and fibrous plaque, and moreover, calcification of the plaques are observed. To verify the drug response in this model, it is treated with clinically used lovastatin and confirm phenotype attenuation. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy of nano‐sized graphene oxides (NGOs) is evaluated on atherosclerosis. Due to their anti‐inflammatory effects, NGOs effectively alleviate the pathologic lesions in atherosclerotic BVOs by promoting macrophage polarization toward M2. These results suggest that atherosclerotic BVOs are advanced in vitro models suitable for drug discovery and elucidation of therapeutic mechanisms. From the perspective of precision medicine, this platform using patient‐derived BVOs can be further employed for personalized drug screening in the future.
Casting New Light on the Retinol and Retinyl Palmitate Functions as Chemical Enhancers for Transdermal/Topical Drug Delivery
Authors: Ren Yun‐Hao , Zhou Qi , Xu Yang , Xu Bei‐Ning , Shu Peng , Peng Li‐Hua
Published: November 2024

Retinol and retinyl palmitate, with excellent whitening and antioxidant activities, are widely used as essential functional ingredients in transdermal preparations and skincare products. Herein, for the first time, the influence and underlying mechanisms of retinol and retinyl palmitate on the skin penetration of caffeine are investigated. It is found that the penetration of caffeine is very significantly enhanced by retinol and retinyl palmitate with 2.83 and 2.57 folds, respectively. Mechanistic studies showed that they can disrupt the lipids of intercellular orderly arrangement and reduce the content of orthorhombic lattices in the skin, making the skin loose and the barrier function decreased. Furthermore, due to the formation of chemical bonds with the skin keratin, they have a strong affinity with the skin, changing the dense secondary structure of keratin with a reduced skin barrier effect. This study provides new evidence for the potential of retinol and retinyl palmitate as novel skin penetration enhancers with high safety that possess great potential for application in the transdermal delivery of pharmaceutical and cosmetic active substances.
Robustly Injectable Tetra‐PEG Hydrogel Sealants for Annulus Fibrosus Repair
Authors: Tang Guoke , Li Yucai , Liu Yi , Lin Lan , Wang Jielin , Wang Xing , Ye Xiaojian
Published: November 2024

Discectomy serves as the primary therapeutic approach for lumbar disc herniation, but the annular fibrosus defects after discectomy may lead to recurrence of disc herniation. Despite recent advances in bioinspired adhesives to seal the AF defect, the growing popularity of endoscopic discectomy has put forward high requirements for the tissue bioadhesives with rapid injectability, easy operation, and robust tissue adhesion in underwater environments. Herein, a rapidly in situ forming injectable tetra‐PEG bioadhesive (ISG) comprising of FDA‐approved tetra‐armed poly (ethylene glycol) amine (tetra‐PEG‐NH2) and tetra‐armed poly (ethylene glycol) succinimidyl glutarate (tetra‐PEG‐SG) for the sutureless closure of AF defects, is reported. Relying on quick ammonolysis reaction between N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)‐ester of tetra‐PEG‐SG polymer and amine groups of tetra‐PEG‐NH2 polymer and tissue proteins, the uniform networks are formed within seconds with easy injection, efficient waterproofness, instant tissue adhesion, and durable compliance. The goat lumbar discectomy model was used to assess the effect of ISG hydrogels in vivo. The results reveal that the resultant ISG bioadhesive can effectively maintain the disc height, fuse with the host tissue, ameliorate IVD degeneration, and retain the initial biomechanics. Together, this study provides an efficient strategy of in situ injectable glue for the minimally invasive treatment of AF defects.
High Electrical Conductance in Magnetic Emission Junction of Fe3GeTe2/ZnO/Ni Heterostructure via Selective Spin Emission through ZnO Ohmic Barrier
Authors: Kim Whan Kyun , Kim Namgun , Park Mi Hyang , Shin Yong Ha , Cho Ga Young , Kim Giheon , Yu Woo Jong
Published: November 2024

The insulator is essential for magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) that increases magnetoresistance (MR) by decoupling magnetization directions between two ferromagnets. However, wide bandgap tunnel barrier blocks the thermionic emission of electrons, significantly reducing electrical conductance through MTJ. Here, a magnetic emission junction (MEJ) is demonstrated for the first time using an Fe3GeTe2 (FGT)/ZnO/Ni heterostructure with very high electrical conductance. The conduction band of ZnO (electron affinity 4.6 eV) aligns with Fermi levels (EF) of FGT (4.47 eV) and Ni (4.58 eV) ferromagnets and forms an Ohmic barrier, enabling free spin‐electron emission through ZnO barrier and high electrical conductance. In contrast to the typical positive MR in MTJ by majority spin tunneling, negative MR is observed in FGT/ZnO/Ni MEJ. The minority spin electrons of Ni, with maximum states near the EF, are dominantly emitted to FGT over the ZnO barrier, while majority spin electrons of Ni, with maximum states below the EF, are blocked by it. In the FGT/FGT/ZnO/Ni heterostructure, the MR ratio is further increased by combining positive and negative MR at the MTJ (FGT/FGT) and MEJ (FGT/ZnO/Ni), respectively. As a result, FGT‐MEJ exhibits 10–1000 orders higher conductance than other 2D‐MTJs, while MR ratio remains similar to other 2D‐MTJs.
Subtle Tuning of Catalytic Well Effect in Phthalocyanine Covalent Organic Frameworks for Selective CO2 Electroreduction into C2H4
Authors: Yang Yi‐Lu , Li Qi , Liu Ping , Xu Qing , Zeng Qi‐Yi , Chen Yu‐Xin , Yang Yu‐Qing , Yang Hao‐Tao , Yu Fei , Wang Yi‐Rong , Chen Yifa , Lan Ya‐Qian
Published: November 2024

In the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), the strategic design of a catalytic well capable of regulating the overall confinement effects of catalytic sites holds significant promise for enhancing multiple‐electron transfer and C─C coupling efficiency, particularly for the generation of C2+ products. Here, a series of Cu‐salphen‐based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) featuring hydroxyl‐induced catalytic well are synthesized, which demonstrate successful application in electrocatalytic CO2RR to yield multiple‐electron transferred products. The meticulously engineered catalytic well, facilitated by multi‐hydroxyl groups, manifests robust confinement effects, facilitating selective adsorption, enrichment, and activation of CO2, intermediate stabilization, and reduction of energy barriers for electrocatalytic CO2RR. Specifically, product selectivity can be finely tuned from CH4 to C2H4 by modulating the levels of catalytic well, with CuPc‐DFP‐4OH‐Cu exhibiting the most pronounced catalytic well effect, yielding a high 56.86% faradaic efficiency (FE) for C2H4 at −0.7 V, while CuPc‐DFP‐Cu, with the weakest catalytic well effect, achieves a 75.24% FE for CH4 at −1.0 V. Notably, the attained FE for C2H4 (56.86%) surpasses that of all reported COFs to date. Complemented by theoretical calculations and in situ tests, this study delves deeply into the pivotal roles of hydroxyl‐induced catalytic well with confinement effects.
Effect of Surface Functionalization of Si3N4 Fillers on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of TIMs
Authors: Jin Zaifu , Li JinHong , Zhao Jiaqing , Ge Yixuan
Published: November 2024

Thermal interface materials (TIMs), which consist of polymers and thermally conductive fillers, are crucial for improving heat dissipation. This study examines the impact of surface functionalization of Si₃N₄ thermal conductive fillers on the performance of TIMs. Si₃N₄ fillers are modified with silane coupling agents of varying alkyl chain lengths, producing fillers with contact angles ranging from 25° to 151.2°, thereby ensuring enhanced interfacial compatibility with various polymers. The modified fillers are incorporated into three common polymers—silica gel (SG), epoxy resin (EP), and polyurethane (PU)—to fabricate TIMs. When the contact angle of Si₃N₄ fillers is 73.3°, they demonstrate excellent interfacial compatibility with EP, leading to a 54.37% increase in thermal conductivity and a 162.75% enhancement in elongation at break for the TIM. At a contact angle of 132.7°, the TIMs prepared with SG exhibit an 86.36% increase in thermal conductivity and a 23.88% increase in elongation at break. Given that the original Si₃N₄ already possesses adequate interfacial compatibility with PU, no further modification is required. These findings offer valuable insights for future research aimed at optimizing Si₃N₄ fillers and TIMs to achieve enhanced thermal and mechanical properties.
Inherent Lattice Distortion Engineering via Magnetic Field for High‐Quality Strained MAPbI3 Perovskite Single Crystals
Authors: Ogunleye Abdulazeez M. , Lee Hakseon , Awwal Adeshina Mohammad , Kim GunWoo , Kim Hyunmin , Choi Yoonmi , Park Jonghoo
Published: November 2024

Lattice distortion in perovskites (AMX3) significantly impacts their stability and power conversion efficiency, often in a trade‐off. The inherent lattice distortion is predominantly influenced by the size, orientation, and composition of the A‐site cations. Notably, organic–inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites with organic cations like methylammonium (MA) and formamidinium (FA) demonstrate high power conversion efficiency but compromised stability. Here, a novel synthesis method is presented for high‐quality strained MAPbI3 single crystals that offers not only enhanced optoelectronic properties but also improved thermal stability. This technique leverages the paramagnetic nature of the MA+ ion to manipulate lattice distortion. During the inverse temperature crystallization process, the dipole moment of the MA+ ion aligns with the direction of the external magnetic field. Correlating Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrates that this alignment, which induces compressive lattice strain, significantly enhances the carrier mobility from 68.1 to 487 cm2 V s−1, representing a sevenfold increase in hole mobility compared to the control sample. Additionally, it increases the carrier lifetime by 123%, from 23.458 to 52.364 ns, and improves thermal stability up to 230 °C. This findings reveal insights into the interplay between structural modifications and electronic properties, paving the way for tailored applications in photovoltaics, light‐emitting devices, and beyond.
A Numerical Strategy for Achieving Efficiency Exceeding 32% with a Novel Lead‐Free Dual‐Absorber Solar Cell Using Ca3SbI3 and Sr3SbI3 Perovskites
Authors: Rahman Md. Ferdous , Rahman Mahabur , Hossain Md. Faruk , Islam Benjer , Al Ahmed Sheikh Rashel , Irfan Ahmad
Published: November 2024

This study presents a numerical approach to achieve high efficiency using a novel dual‐absorber perovskite solar cell (PSC) utilizing environmentally friendly inorganic perovskite materials focusing on the optimization of different parameters. Ca3SbI3 and Sr3SbI3 are employed as the upper and lower absorber layer, respectively, in the proposed PSC structure. The device architecture also incorporates SnS2 as the electron transport layer (ETL) and Spiro‐OMeTAD as the hole transport layer (HTL). The further investigation explores the effect of ETL and HTL thicknesses and doping concentrations on device performance, revealing significant impact on photovoltaic parameters. Using double‐graded materials of Ca3SbI3/Sr3SbI3 with ETL and HTL, the PSC in this study achieves an optimized efficiency of 32.74% with JSC of 34.17 mA cm−2, fill factor of 83.77%, and VOC of 1.14 V having an optimized level of doping 1 × 1017 cm−3 for Sr3SbI3 and 1 × 1016 cm−3 for Ca3SbI3 perovskite materials, with a thickness of 800 and 200 nm for Sr3SbI3 and Ca3SbI3, respectively, and defect density of 1 × 1012 cm−3 for both the materials at room temperature. These findings provide a blueprint for developing highly efficient and cost‐effective PSCs, emphasizing the importance of dual‐absorber configurations in surpassing limit of efficiency of single‐junction solar cells.
Giant Power Output from Ionic/electronic Hybrid Nanocomposite Thermoelectric Converter Under Constant Temperature Gradient
Authors: Liu Siqi , Zhang Mingxia , Kong Junhua , Li Hui , He Chaobin
Published: November 2024

Thermoelectric (TE) materials that directly convert heat to electricity are of great significance for sustainable development. However, TE generators (TEGs) made from electronic TE materials suffer from low Seebeck coefficient (10−2–100 mV K−1). While ionic TE capacitors based on ionic conductors exhibit high thermovoltage (100–102 mV K−1), ionic TE capacitors provide power discontinuously only under variation of temperature gradient as ions cannot transport across electrodes to external circuits. Herein, an ionic/electronic hybrid nanocomposite TE converter (NCTEC) by integrating carbon nanotube/polylactic acid nanofibrous fabrics (CPNF) with gelatin ionogel is reported. The resulting NCTEC exhibits a record‐high output power density normalized by squared temperature gradient (Pave/ΔT2) of 1.72 mW m−2 K−2 and realizes continuous power output (over 12 h) at a constant temperature gradient, which is among the highest reported power output for TE converters and can be attributed to the combination of substantial increase in interfacial capacitive effect between ionogel and CPNF and an optimized electrical property of the CPNF. The work provides an effective strategy to overcome the limitations of both TEGs and ionic TE capacitors.
Lithium Dendrite Deflection at Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conducting Interlayers in Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Yu Zikang , Gan Chenjie , Mijailovic Aleksandar S. , Stone Aidan , Hurt Robert , Pernia Cristina Lopez , Xiao Xingcheng , Shi Changmin , Sheldon Brian W.
Published: November 2024

Solid state lithium metal batteries using garnet solid electrolytes such as LLZTO (Li6.4La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12) promise substantial improvements in energy density and safety. However, practical implementation is hindered by lithium dendrite penetration at high current densities. Recent work shows that internal electrochemically induced mechanical stresses are large enough to propagate lithium dendrites and subsequently fracture solid electrolytes. This study builds on this understanding and demonstrates that stress‐driven dendrite propagation can be controlled via deflection at weakly bonded internal interfaces. This approach, based on a fracture‐mechanics analysis of multilayered composites, is investigated with a variety of interlayer materials that are embedded into LLZTO. The viability and effectiveness of dendrite deflection are most clearly evident with reduced graphene oxide where the critical current density increased from 0.6 to 3.8 mA cm−2. In this material, both the weak interface with LLZTO and the mixed ionic–electronic conducting nature of the interlayer appear to contribute to the improved performance. Additional insight into the mechanics of multilayered electrolytes is also obtained with finite element modeling. The overall results present a promising proof‐of‐concept demonstration along with important generalized design guidelines for creating multilayered solid electrolyte architectures that can enable high‐performance solid‐state batteries.
Preoperative sarcopenia negatively impacts short‐ and long‐term outcomes of rectal cancer: A propensity score‐matched analysis
Authors: Abe Shinya , Nozawa Hiroaki , Sasaki Kazuhito , Murono Koji , Emoto Shigenobu , Kaneko Kensuke , Yokoyama Yuichiro , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki , Nagai Yuzo , Ishihara Soichiro
Published: November 2024

Aim

Sarcopenia is associated with poor postoperative outcomes in various cancers; however, limited evidence is available for rectal cancer. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of skeletal muscle mass on the short‐ and long‐term outcomes of rectal cancer.

Materials and Methods

A total of 787 Stage I–IV rectal cancer patients who underwent curative resection between 2003 and 2021 at The University of Tokyo Hospital were included. We conducted a propensity score‐matched analysis to mitigate confounding bias. The third lumber psoas muscle mass was measured to define sarcopenia.

Results

Among 787 patients, 350 (44.5%) were classified as having sarcopenia. After matching, 532 patients were analyzed. Patient characteristics in the sarcopenia and nonsarcopenia groups were similar; however, the body mass index differed. The sarcopenia group had significantly higher rates of postoperative complications of all grades (33.1% vs 24.8%; p = 0.035), of grade ≥2 (29.3% vs 21.8%; p = 0.047), and anastomotic leakage (1.9% vs 0%; p = 0.0082) than the nonsarcopenia group. The 5‐y overall survival rate was significantly lower in the sarcopenia group than in the nonsarcopenia group (85.3% vs 91.8%, p = 0.019). Disease‐free survival was similar between the groups (p = 0.40). In the total cohort analysis, sarcopenia was an independent risk factor for total postoperative complications (odds ratio 1.41, p = 0.042).

Conclusion

Preoperative sarcopenia is associated with more total postoperative complications, more anastomotic leakage, and worse survival in rectal cancer patients.
Gram‐Negative Bacteria Targeting AIE Photosensitizer for Selective Photodynamic Killing of Vibrio vulnificus
Authors: Xin Hao‐Tian , Lin Qiao‐Wen , Sun Simin , Wang Yu‐Ying , Liu Bing , Wang Wen‐Jin , Mao Zong‐Wan , Wang Kang‐Nan
Published: November 2024

Vibrio vulnificus is a highly virulent Gram‐negative bacterium exhibiting extensive resistance to various antibiotics, presenting significant challenges for efficient and selective eradication. Recently, photosensitizer (PS)‐based photodynamic therapy has emerged as an effective strategy against bacteria and biofilms. However, traditional PS struggles to penetrate the unique membrane structure of Gram‐negative bacteria such as V. vulnificus, while avoiding traversal of the membrane barrier of eukaryotic cells. To address this issue, herein, a PS named BDTP with aggregation‐induced emission properties was developed. BDTP can specifically target the DNA of V. vulnificus, but integrate into the cell membrane, preventing damage to the contents in eukaryotic cells due to its hydrophilic/lipophilic “Y‐shaped” structural characteristics. In dark conditions, BDTP functions as an antibiotic, inhibiting bacterial proliferation. Upon white light stimulation, BDTP can induce phototoxic damage to the DNA of V. vulnificus and effectively inhibit/clear V. vulnificus biofilms. Additionally, the eukaryotic cell membrane barrier significantly reduces PS‐induced damage to its nucleic acids. This strategy significantly promotes the healing of infected wounds in V. vulnificus‐infected mice. Our work introduces the first PS targeting V. vulnificus‐associated infections, demonstrating efficacy both in vitro and in vivo.
Algorithmically Enhanced Wearable Multimodal Emotion Sensor
Authors: Babu Anand , Kassahun Getnet , Dufour Isabelle , Mandal Dipankar , Thuau Damien
Published: November 2024

Sensing diverse human emotions offers significant potential for understanding deeper cognitive processes and diagnosing neurological diseases. However, capturing the full spectrum of emotions remains a significant challenge due to their intricate and subjective nature. Traditional emotion‐sensing techniques often focus on singular emotions, limiting their ability to grasp the complexity of emotional experiences. Herein, a fully printed, organic wearable sensor capable of multimodal emotion sensing by noninvasively monitoring physiological indicators such as heart rate, breathing patterns, and voice signatures is presented. The recorded signals are processed using a long short‐term memory (LSTM) neural network, achieving over 91% classification accuracy in distinguishing different emotions through a data fusion approach, showing >9% enhancement in accuracy as compared to feature fusion. As a proof of concept, Q‐learning is implemented with the data to simulate emotional responses in a robotic model. The study's approach provides a pathway to understanding complex human emotions and enhances the capabilities of effective human–machine interaction.
Multifunctional In‐Memory Analog‐to‐Digital Converter for Next‐Gen Compute‐in‐Memory Systems
Authors: Im Jiseong , Ko Jonghyun , Hwang Joon , Kim Jangsaeng , Shin Wonjun , Koo Ryun‐Han , Park Minkyu , Park Sung‐Ho , Choi Woo Young , Kim Jae‐Joon , Lee Jong‐Ho
Published: November 2024

Compute‐in‐memory (CIM) technology based on emerging nonvolatile memories (NVMs) has shown promise in enhancing artificial intelligence applications by integrating computation directly within NVM arrays. However, the efficiency of CIM systems is often curtailed by the substantial overhead that is caused by traditional complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS)‐based analog‐to‐digital converters (ADCs). Here, we report an in‐memory ADC (IMADC) that leverages NVMs to perform the dual functionalities of reference generation and voltage comparison, effectively minimizing the area occupancy and energy consumption, is reported. The IMADC not only significantly outperforms traditional ADCs but also enables the inherent processing of nonlinear activation functions such as the sigmoid function, which is required for neural networks. The IMADC‐based CIM system achieves software‐comparable accuracy in CIFAR‐10 image classification on the VGG‐9 network. The IMADC exhibits significantly reduced area occupancy (45 μm2) and energy consumption (29.6 fJ) compared to conventional CMOS‐based ADCs. The IMADC, compatible with various types of NVMs, demonstrates significant potential for enhancing the efficiency of CIM systems in terms of area occupancy and energy consumption.