bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activated sludge microbial community responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes: community structure does matter
Authors: Ma Qiao , Qu Yuanyuan , Shen Wenli , Wang Jingwei , Zhang Zhaojing , Zhang Xuwang , Zhou Hao , Zhou Jiti
Published: April 2015

The ecological effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been a worldwide research focus due to their extensive release and accumulation in environment. Activated sludge acting as an important gathering place will inevitably encounter and interact with CNTs, while the microbial responses have been rarely investigated. Herein, the activated sludges from six wastewater treatment plants were acclimated and treated with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) under identical conditions. Illumina high-throughput sequencing was applied to in-depth analyze microbial changes and results showed SWCNTs differently perturbed the alpha diversity of the six groups (one increase, two decrease, three no change). Furthermore, the microbial community structures were shifted, and specific bacterial performance in each group was different. Since the environmental and operational factors were identical in each group, it could be concluded that microbial responses to SWCNTs were highly depended on the original community structures.
Computational Modelling of Piston Ring Dynamics in 3D
Authors: Dlugoš Jozef , Novotný Pavel
Published: April 2015

Shrnutí

Pokročilé výpočtové modely pístní skupiny na základě virtuálních prototypů vyžadují mimo jiné i detailní popis dynamického chování pístního kroužku. Z tohoto hlediska je zřejmé, že pístní kroužky pracují v podmínkách, které obecně nelze zjednodušit na často využívaný osově symetrický model. Píst a vložka válce nemají dokonale kruhový tvar především v důsledku výrobních tolerancí a vnějšího tepelně-mechanického zatížení. V případech, kdy kroužek nedokáže kopírovat deformace vložky, nastane lokální ztráta kontaktu a následně i zvýšený profuk spalin a spotřeba oleje. V současné době využívané výpočtové modely nejsou schopné zahrnout všechny podstatné efekty. Článek se zaměřuje na tvorbu 3D poddajného modelu pístního kroužku s využitím Timoshenkovy teorie prutů a Multibody systému (MBS). Vytvořený výpočetní model je porovnán s numerickým řešením na základě metody konečných prvků (FEM).
Optimized signal-to-noise ratio with shot noise limited detection in Stimulated Raman Scattering microscopy
Authors: Moester M. J. B. , Ariese F. , de Boer J. F.
Published: April 2015

We describe our set-up for Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) microscopy with shot noise limited detection for a broad window of biologically relevant laser powers. This set-up is used to demonstrate that the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in SRS with shot noise limited detection is achieved with a time-averaged laser power ratio of 1:2 of the unmodulated and modulated beam. In SRS, two different coloured laser beams are incident on a sample. If the energy difference between them matches a molecular vibration of a molecule, energy can be transferred from one beam to the other. By applying amplitude modulation to one of the beams, the modulation transfer to the other beam can be measured. The efficiency of this process is a direct measure for the number of molecules of interest in the focal volume. Combined with laser scanning microscopy, this technique allows for fast and sensitive imaging with sub-micrometre resolution. Recent technological advances have resulted in an improvement of the sensitivity of SRS applications, but few show shot noise limited detection. The dominant noise source in this SRS microscope is the shot noise of the unmodulated, detected beam. Under the assumption that photo damage is linear with the total laser power, the optimal SNR shifts away from equal beam powers, where the most signal is generated, to a 1:2 power ratio. Under these conditions the SNR is maximized and the total laser power that could induce photodamage is minimized. Compared to using a 1:1 laser power ratio, we show improved image quality and a signal-to-noise ratio improvement of 8 % in polystyrene beads and C. Elegans worms. Including a non-linear damage mechanism in the analysis, we find that the optimal power ratio converges to a 1:1 ratio with increasing order of the non-linear damage mechanism.
Exploring the impact of rotating rectangular plasmonic nano-hole arrays on the transmission spectra and its application as a plasmonic sensor
Authors: Mahros A. M. , Tharwat M. M. , Ashry I.
Published: April 2015

Plasmonic nano-structures play a significant role in most recent photonic devices and applications. In this paper, we investigate the optical transmission spectra of rotatable periodic nano-metric apertures with different dimensions. This investigation includes monitoring the modification of both the transmission resonance wavelengths and peak transmittance at different dimensions and orientations of the nano-holes. The obtained results provide better insight to the interaction of light with periodic plasmonic nano-hole arrays. We find that nano-holes dimension/orientation can totally suppress an optical transmission, tune its resonance wavelengths, and change its peak values. Furthermore, we present the surface plasmonic resonance sensing as an application for the reported nano-hole array.
Taking a look at both sides of the ice: comparison of ice thickness and drift speed as observed from moored, airborne and shore-based instruments near Barrow, Alaska
Authors: Mahoney Andrew R. , Eicken Hajo , Fukamachi Yasushi , Ohshima Kay I. , Simizu Daisuke , Kambhamettu Chandra , Rohith M.V. , Hendricks Stefan , Jones Joshua
Published: April 2015

Data from the Seasonal Ice Zone Observing Network (SIZONet) acquired near Barrow, Alaska, during the 2009/10 ice season allow novel comparisons between measurements of ice thickness and velocity. An airborne electromagnetic survey that passed over a moored Ice Profiling Sonar (IPS) provided coincident independent measurements of total ice and snow thickness and ice draft at a scale of 10 km. Once differences in sampling footprint size are accounted for, we reconcile the respective probability distributions and estimate the thickness of level sea ice at 1.48 ± 0.1 m, with a snow depth of 0.12 ± 0.07 m. We also complete what we believe is the first independent validation of radar-derived ice velocities by comparing measurements from a coastal radar with those from an under-ice acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). After applying a median filter to reduce high-frequency scatter in the radar-derived data, we find good agreement with the ADCP bottom-tracked ice velocities. With increasing regulatory and operational needs for sea-ice data, including the number and thickness of pressure ridges, coordinated observing networks such as SIZONet can provide the means of reducing uncertainties inherent in individual datasets.
Impact of spatial aliasing on sea-ice thickness measurements
Authors: Geiger Cathleen , Müller Hans-Reinhard , Samluk Jesse P. , Bernstein E. Rachel , Richter-Menge Jacqueline
Published: April 2015

We explore spatial aliasing of non-Gaussian distributions of sea-ice thickness. Using a heuristic model and >1000 measurements, we show how different instrument footprint sizes and shapes can cluster thickness distributions into artificial modes, thereby distorting frequency distribution, making it difficult to compare and communicate information across spatial scales. This problem has not been dealt with systematically in sea ice until now, largely because it appears to incur no significant change in integrated thickness which often serves as a volume proxy. Concomitantly, demands are increasing for thickness distribution as a resource for modeling, monitoring and forecasting air–sea fluxes and growing human infrastructure needs in a changing polar environment. New demands include the characterization of uncertainties both regionally and seasonally for spaceborne, airborne, in situ and underwater measurements. To serve these growing needs, we quantify the impact of spatial aliasing by computing resolution error (Er) over a range of horizontal scales (x) from 5 to 500 m. Results are summarized through a power law (Er= bxm) with distinct exponents (m) from 0.3 to 0.5 using example mathematical functions including Gaussian, inverse linear and running mean filters. Recommendations and visualizations are provided to encourage discussion, new data acquisitions, analysis methods and metadata formats.
Influence of different stands of sal (Shorea robusta C. F. Gaertn.) forest of Bangladesh on soil health
Authors: Hasan Mohammad Kamrul , Mamun Md Bayeazid
Published: April 2015

The study was conducted in Dukhula sadar and Gasabari forest range under Madhupur Sal Forest of Bangladesh to determine the soil nutrient composition and isolation of fungi with varying stands. Three stands viz. pure sal, plantation and mixed were considered as treatment of the study. A quadrate sample plot of 10×10 m2 size was measured to collect soil samples for both chemical analysis and fungi isolation. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, total N, available P, exchangeable K, available S, fungal abundance and colony character (cm) were determined to achieve the objective of the study. The results revealed that soil pH and electrical conductivity were highest (6.61 and 21.10?S/cm) in mixed stand and lowest (6.38 and 10.75?S/cm) in pure stand. Organic matter content and total N were highest (2.24 and 0.145%) in plantation stand and lowest (1.65 and 0.112%) in mixed and pure stand, respectively. Available P, exchangeable K and available S were highest (3.65, 98.66 and 17.53ppm) in pure stand and lowest (1.97, 79.49 and 10.25ppm) in plantation stand. In addition, four fungal genera Sclerotium, Rhizoctonia, Pythium and Verticillium were identified in the study area soils. The highest fungal population (entire genus except Verticillium) (colony number/g soil) was found in mixed stand while it was found lowest in pure (Sclerotium ) and plantation stand (Rhizoctonia and Pythium ). There was no significant variation in colony diameter of the fungi among the treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that better soil health was maintained in natural forest rather than plantation forest.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(1): 17-25, April 2015
Assessing genetic diversity of Maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for agronomic traits
Authors: Rahman Shanjida , Mia Md Mukul , Quddus Tamanna , Hassan Lutful , Haque Md Ashraful
Published: April 2015

Maize is one of the most important cereals globally and a promising cereal supplement in Bangladesh. The current study was undertaken to assess genetic diversity among nine maize genotypes. Data were recorded on seven morphological traits viz. plant height (cm), ear height (cm), ear length (cm), ear diameter (cm), number of kernels/ear, 1000-kernel weight (g) and yield/plant (g). Statistical analysis showed significant variation among maize genotypes. Considering plant height, ear length, ear diameter, ear height, number of kernels/ear and yield/plant BHM-7 was observed as the best one. Among all the traits higher phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for yield/plant. Genetic advance was highest for 1000-kernel weight followed by number of kernels/ear. The correlation study revealed only two positive significant associations: plant height with yield/plant and ear diameter with ear length. Nine genotypes were grouped into three clusters. These all clearly indicated the presence of ample genetic diversity among maize genotypes which can be exploited in future breeding program for better utilization of maize germplasm.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(1): 53-61, April 2015
Performance of bitter gourd in association with Karanja (Pongamia pinnata L.) tree
Authors: Khan Md Nasir Uddin , Hasan Mohammad Kamrul
Published: April 2015

The study was conducted at the Char Kalibari which is situated along the bank of Old Brahmaputra River under Sadar Upazila of Mymensingh district during November 2013 to March 2014 to observe the performance of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) as arable crop with karanja (Pongamia pinnata L.) trees in an agroforestry system. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications having four treatments viz., T0 (open field condition referred as control), T1 (< 50 cm distance from the tree base), T2 (50-100 cm distance from the tree base) and T3 (>100 cm distance from the tree base). The result showed that all the growth parameters and yield of bitter gourd were significantly influenced by the associated tree component at different distances from the karanja tree base. The highest (1.92 tha-1) fresh yield of bitter gourd was obtained in open field condition compare to any other treatments but no significant different was found from the treatment T3 (distance >100 cm from the tree) while the lowest (0.8 tha-1) in < 50 cm distance from the tree base. It was found that on an average 58.33%, 29.17% and 14.58% yield of bitter gourd were decreased in <50 cm, 50-100 cm and >100 cm distances from karanja tree base compare to open field condition. On the other hand, the growth performance of karanja trees i.e. both height and girth increment was better in sole tree condition compare to tree with bitter gourd condition. Therefore, it can be concluded that tree-crop combination i.e. >100 cm distance from the tree base would be possible although there was some yield loss (14.58%) which was less significant compare to alone bitter gourd. Through this combination we can get diversified product. So, we can follow this agroforestry system to improve char based farming system of Bangladesh during the early establishment period of trees.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(1): 63-73, April 2015
Assessment of microbial load in marketed broiler meat at Mymensingh district of Bangladesh and its public health implications
Authors: Hasan M Mahmudul , Kabir SM Lutful , Hoda Nazmul , Amin M Mansurul
Published: April 2015

An investigation was conducted to assess the bacteriological quality of 30 samples of fresh broiler thigh meat samples sold in different retail markets in Mymensingh. Total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), total salmonella count (TSC) and total campylobacter count (TCpC) in meat samples of different broiler markets like K.R. at BAU campus, Boyra and Kewatkhali were determined. Mean of TVC, TCC, TSC and TCpC for the K.R. at BAU campus, Boyra and Kewatkhali markets were 5.69, 6.03, 6.17 log10 CFU/g, 4.52, 4.66, 4.69 log10 CFU/g, 3.35, 3.51, 3.61, log10 CFU/g and 2.31, 2.56, 2.66 log10 CFU/g, respectively. It was observed that the mean values of TVC, TCC, TSC and TCpC in case of Boyra and Kewatkhali market exceeded the ICMSF recommendations which may cause alarm to consumers health. The variation of TVC in meats of different broiler market was significant (P<0.05) at 5% level of probability whereas TCC and TSC obtained from meat samples of different markets were not showed significant (P>0.05).The mean values of TCpC in meats of three different market were highly significant with 1% level of probability (P<0.01).There was no significant correlation found between TVC and TCC (P>0.05), but a significant correlation found between TVC with TSC and TVC with TCpC in meats of three different markets respectively. Presence of Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and Salmonella spp. in meats must receive particular attention, as these organisms are responsible for causing harm to public health. Suggestion has been given to improve the present sanitary condition of meat processing to minimize bacterial load.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(1): 87-95, April 2015
Immune response of fowl cholera vaccine produced at Bangladesh Agricultural University in farm level
Authors: Bag Md Abdus Sattar , Amin Md Mansurul , Rahman Md Bahanur , Arafat Yasir Ahammad , Salim Md , Rasel Imrul Hasan , Majumder Ummay Habiba
Published: April 2015

The work was carried out to determine the immunogenicity of fowl cholera vaccine (FCV) produced by Livestock and Poultry Vaccine Research and Production Centre (LPVRPC) at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU). A total five hundred of sevenweek old Hy-sex chickens (both white and brown) were vaccinated @ 0.5 ml of 2.93×108 CFU through subcutaneous route in each selected groups such as A1, A2 and A3; and B1, B2 and B3. Booster dose was provided at 13 weeks of age in group A3 and B3. Group C was kept as unvaccinated/control. Postvaccination sera were collected at different time schedule from all the groups of birds and antibody against fowl cholera were determined by Passive haemagglutination (PHA) test. At 4 weeks of primary vaccination (11 weeks aged birds) the mean PHA titres of sera were 96.00±34.21 and 96.00±34.21in group A1 and B1 respectively. On the other hand mean PHA titres at 5-weeks following vaccination (12 weeks aged birds) were 88.00±33.12 and 96.00±34.21in group A2 and B2, respectively. After 4 weeks of booster vaccination the mean PHA titres were 104.00±33.12in A3 and 104.00±33.12 in B3 group. The mean PHA titres in chickens of unvaccinated control group C was <4±0.00.Fowl cholera vaccine prepared at LPVRPC induced a good level of immunity at the farm level and it was also demonstrated that booster (secondary) vaccination is essential to develop protective level of immunity.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(1): 103-107, April 2015
Fishers access to the common property waterbodies In the northern region of Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Md Amzad , Das Mousumi , Alam Md Shahanoor , Haque Md Enamul
Published: April 2015

The study was designed to explore the status of fishers access to the common property waterbodies (CPW) and associated problems of using CPW. Three upazillas (administrative units) of the Northern region of Bangladesh were selected for the empirical study. Data were collected from fishers, non-fishers and other stakeholders through structured interview schedules, physical observation, and participatory rural appraisal (PRA). The access of poor fishers group to the CPW was very limited in the study area. The government policy of revenue collection through leasing system badly affected the fishers group as they do not have required level of capital, unity, leadership and education. A revenue oriented fisheries management system with short lease periods was found to encourage over-fishing and destructive fishing by lessees, where the lessees were noted to sweep away all the fish stock as soon as their contract ended without considering the sustainable use of resource and biodiversity. Consequently, the productivity of the CPW is declining gradually. To ensure the effective access of fishers group to CPW and their sustainable use, an advised long-term community based management (CBM) plan needs to be developed with the effective participation of the fishers groups and other stakeholders.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(1): 125-133, April 2015
Aqua-drugs and chemicals: impact on fish health and production in Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Gias Uddin , Hasan Md Towhid , Faruk Md Ali Reza , Rahman Md Khalilur , Hoque Md Nazmul
Published: April 2015

Correction: On 29th April 2015 the page numbers of this article were changed from 159-166 to 161-168.The present study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of aqua-drugs and chemicals on fish health and production in Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2013 to June 2014. Data were collected through personal contact, market survey, focus group discussion and participatory rural appraisal with fish farmers, associations and aqua-drug sellers. Fifty five different types of aqua-drugs and chemicals were recorded in the study area, among those, 20 types were widely used by the farmers for different fish disease treatment. It was recorded that renamycine, cotrim vet, ossi-c, polgard plus and timsen were used for the treatment of EUS in pangus, tilapia and koi which had an average recovery of 75-85%. For the treatment of edwardsiellosis in pangus and koi, farmers used potassium permanganate, timsen, polgard plus, geolite gold and renamycine which had an average recovery of 65-80%, and for the treatment of dropsy in tilapia, aquamycine, ossi-c and potassium permanganate were used which had an average of 80-85% recovery. Histopathology of gill and liver of fishes were almost normal in control ponds, whereas, in drugs treated ponds the organs had pathological changes like necrosis, pyknotic cells, hemorrhage, hypertrophy, lamellar missing, talengiactasis and vacuums. However, production of pangus, tilapia and koi was 12000 kg/acre, 15000 kg/acre and 14000 kg/acre in drug treated ponds respectively, whereas, it was 5000 kg/acre, 9000 kg/acre and 8000 kg/acre in non-treaded ponds respectively.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(1): 161-168, April 2015
Gender and Affect in Testimonial Performance: The Example of I Once Knew a Girl
Authors: Fitzpatrick Lisa
Published: April 2015

Using the Theatre of Witness production I Once Knew a Girl as its focal point, this essay examines the operation of affect in performances that address Northern Ireland's history of civil conflict. I Once Knew a Girl seeks to capture women's experience of those decades. The gendered aspects of that conflict and of the associated violence and victimhood are rarely acknowledged or explored, although the research on domestic and sexual violence suggests that public civic violence has an aggravating impact on all forms of violence, including those normally designated as ‘private’. These performances focus on the personal and individual experience of the conflict and its aftermath, while seeking to create affective experiences for the spectators. Affect arguably facilitates the public telling of taboo stories while minimizing the potential for audience objectification and ‘Othering’ of the participant/protagonist. ‘Taboo’, because sexual and domestic violence – an issue that arises repeatedly within this production – is often minimized or marginalized in public discussion of the Northern Irish conflict, where the focus is on the ‘masculine’ narratives of nation and nationalisms.
Structural and Biochemical Investigation of Bacteriophage N4-Encoded RNA Polymerases
Authors: Lenneman Bryan , Rothman-Denes Lucia
Published: April 2015

Bacteriophage N4 regulates the temporal expression of its genome through the activity of three distinct RNA polymerases (RNAP). Expression of the early genes is carried out by a phage-encoded, virion-encapsidated RNAP (vRNAP) that is injected into the host at the onset of infection and transcribes the early genes. These encode the components of new transcriptional machinery (N4 RNAPII and cofactors) responsible for the synthesis of middle RNAs. Both N4 RNAPs belong to the T7-like “single-subunit” family of polymerases. Herein, we describe their mechanisms of promoter recognition, regulation, and roles in the phage life cycle.
A New Compendium of Soil Respiration Data for Africa
Authors: Epule Terence
Published: April 2015

The objective of this paper is to present to the scientific community a new dataset derived from existing literature on soil respiration in Africa. The data has thus been obtained by searching for records in peer review papers and grey literature. The main search engines used are: Scientific Citation Index (SCI) database, ISI Science web and Google scholar. This data description paper has greatly advanced the number of data points on soil respiration in Africa from 4 in 2010 to 62 in 2014. The new data points are culled from 47 peer review publications and grey literature reports. The data lends its self to a lot of possible analytical methods such as correlation analysis, multiple linear regressions, artificial neural network analysis and process base modeling. The overall conclusion that can be drawn here is that this paper has greatly advanced the availability of soil respiration data in Africa by presenting all the available records that before now were only reported in different studies.
Ferronematics Based on Paramagnetic Nitroxide Radical Liquid Crystal
Authors: Akita Takuya , Uchida Yoshiaki , Nakagami Sho , Kiyohara Daichi , Nishiyama Norikazu
Published: April 2015

We have prepared novel ferronematics based on a paramagnetic liquid crystalline (LC) material. Our ferronematics can disperse a higher volume fraction of magnetic nanoparticles compared to classical ferronematics because paramagnetic nature of the host LC material prevents the aggregation of magnetic nanoparticles. The interactions between the magnetic nanoparticles and the LC material enhance a magnetic anisotropy of ferronematics and improve the magnetic responsivity.
State Feedback with Memory for Constrained Switched Positive Linear Systems
Authors: Liu Jinjin , Zhang Kanjian
Published: April 2015

In this paper, the stabilization problem in switched linear systems with time-varying delay under constrained state and control is investigated. The synthesis of bounded state-feedback controllers with memory ensures that a closed-loop state is positive and stable. Firstly, synthesis with a sign-restricted (nonnegative and negative) control is considered for general switched systems; then, the stabilization issue under bounded controls including the asymmetrically bounded controls and states constraints are addressed. In addition, the results are extended to systems with interval and polytopic uncertainties. All the proposed conditions are solvable in term of linear programming. Numerical examples illustrate the applicability of the results.
Projective Synchronization of Chaotic Discrete Dynamical Systems via Linear State Error Feedback Control
Authors: Xin Baogui , Wu Zhiheng
Published: April 2015

A projective synchronization scheme for a kind of n-dimensional discrete dynamical system is proposed by means of a linear feedback control technique. The scheme consists of master and slave discrete dynamical systems coupled by linear state error variables. A kind of novel 3-D chaotic discrete system is constructed, to which the test for chaos is applied. By using the stability principles of an upper or lower triangular matrix, two controllers for achieving projective synchronization are designed and illustrated with the novel systems. Lastly some numerical simulations are employed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed projective synchronization scheme.
A Fuzzy Logic-Based Approach for Estimation of Dwelling Times of Panama Metro Stations
Authors: Berbey Alvarez Aranzazu , Merchan Fernando , Calvo Poyo Francisco , Caballero George Rony
Published: April 2015

Passenger flow modeling and station dwelling time estimation are significant elements for railway mass transit planning, but system operators usually have limited information to model the passenger flow. In this paper, an artificial-intelligence technique known as fuzzy logic is applied for the estimation of the elements of the origin-destination matrix and the dwelling time of stations in a railway transport system. The fuzzy inference engine used in the algorithm is based in the principle of maximum entropy. The approach considers passengers’ preferences to assign a level of congestion in each car of the train in function of the properties of the station platforms. This approach is implemented to estimate the passenger flow and dwelling times of the recently opened Line 1 of the Panama Metro. The dwelling times obtained from the simulation are compared to real measurements to validate the approach.
Application of Satellite-Based Spectrally-Resolved Solar Radiation Data to PV Performance Studies
Authors: Amillo Ana , Huld Thomas , Vourlioti Paraskevi , Müller Richard , Norton Matthew
Published: April 2015

In recent years, satellite-based solar radiation data resolved in spectral bands have become available. This has for the first time made it possible to produce maps of the geographical variation in the solar spectrum. It also makes it possible to estimate the influence of these variations on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules. Here, we present a study showing the magnitude of the spectral influence on PV performance over Europe and Africa. The method has been validated using measurements of a CdTe module in Ispra, Italy, showing that the method predicts the spectral influence to within ±2% on a monthly basis and 0.1% over a 19-month period. Application of the method to measured spectral responses of crystalline silicon, CdTe and single-junction amorphous silicon (a-Si) modules shows that the spectral effect is smallest over desert areas for all module types, higher in temperate Europe and highest in tropical Africa, where CdTe modules would be expected to yield +6% and single- junction a-Si modules up to +10% more energy due to spectral effects. In contrast, the effect for crystalline silicon modules is less than ±1% in nearly all of Africa and Southern Europe, rising to +1% or +2% in Northern Europe.
Pyroelectric Harvesters for Generating Cyclic Energy
Authors: Hsiao Chun-Ching , Jhang Jia-Wai
Published: April 2015

Pyroelectric energy conversion is a novel energy process which directly transforms waste heat energy from cyclic heating into electricity via the pyroelectric effect. Application of a periodic temperature profile to pyroelectric cells is necessary to achieve temperature variation rates for generating an electrical output. The critical consideration in the periodic temperature profile is the frequency or work cycle which is related to the properties and dimensions of the air layer; radiation power and material properties, as well as the dimensions and structure of the pyroelectric cells. This article aims to optimize pyroelectric harvesters by matching all these requirements. The optimal induced charge per period increases about 157% and the efficient period band decreases about 77%, when the thickness of the PZT cell decreases from 200 μm to 50 μm, about a 75% reduction. Moreover, when using the thinner PZT cell for harvesting the pyroelectric energy it is not easy to focus on a narrow band with the efficient period. However, the optimal output voltage and stored energy per period decrease about 50% and 74%, respectively, because the electrical capacitance of the 50 μm thick pyroelectric cell is about four times greater than that of the 200 μm thick pyroelectric cell. In addition, an experiment is used to verify that the work cycle to be able to critically affect the efficiency of PZT pyroelectric harvesters. Periods in the range between 3.6 s and 12.2 s are useful for harvesting thermal cyclic energy by pyroelectricity. The optimal frequency or work cycle can be applied in the design of a rotating shutter in order to control the heated and unheated periods of the pyroelectric cells to further enhance the amount of stored energy.
A Meta-Analysis of Cigarette Smoking Prevalence among Adolescents in China: 1981–2010
Authors: Han Juan , Chen Xinguang
Published: April 2015

Background: Systematic data regarding adolescent smoking are needed at the national level to support evidence-based tobacco control in China. The goal of this study was to estimate smoking prevalence among Chinese adolescents using published data. Methods: Published studies were located electronically from the commonly used databases in Chinese and English, complemented by manual searching. Forty-five studies were selected of the 9771 retrieved from the databases. These studies targeted adolescents aged 12–17 or middle/high school students, were conducted during the 1981–2010, and had adequate data for meta-analysis. The 45 selected studies covered 52 sites in different parts of China. Smoking rates were estimated using the sample-weighted and random effect method. Results: The estimated prevalence rate of lifetime smoking (ever smoked) varied within a narrow range (39.04%–46.03%) for males and progressively increased from 2.47% in 1981–1985 to 19.72% in 2001–2005 for females. The prevalence rate of current (30-day) smoking for males declined from 26.62% in 1981–1985 to 10.86% in 1996–2000 before increasing again. The prevalence of current smoking for females increased from 0.29% in 1981–1985 to 3.26% in 2006–2010. Conclusions: The high levels of male smoking and the rapid increase in female smoking indicate growing burdens from tobacco-related diseases, underscoring the urgent need to strengthen adolescent tobacco control in China.
Induction of Nickel Accumulation in Response to Zinc Deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Nishida Sho , Kato Aki , Tsuzuki Chisato , Yoshida Junko , Mizuno Takafumi
Published: April 2015

Excessive accumulation of nickel (Ni) can be toxic to plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the Fe2+ transporter, iron (Fe)-regulated transporter1 (IRT1), mediates Fe uptake and also implicates in Ni2+ uptake at roots; however, the underlying mechanism of Ni2+ uptake and accumulation remains unelucidated. In the present study, we found that zinc (Zn) deficient conditions resulted in increased accumulation of Ni in plants, particularly in roots, in A. thaliana. In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of Ni uptake correlating zinc condition, we traced 63Ni isotope in response to Zn and found that (i) Zn deficiency induces short-term Ni2+ absorption and (ii) Zn2+ inhibits Ni2+ uptake, suggesting competitive uptake between Ni and Zn. Furthermore, the Zrt/Irt-like protein 3 (ZIP3)-defective mutant with an elevated Zn-deficient response exhibited higher Ni accumulation than the wild type, further supporting that the response to Zn deficiency induces Ni accumulation. Previously, expression profile study demonstrated that IRT1 expression is not inducible by Zn deficiency. In the present study, we found increased Ni accumulation in IRT1-null mutant under Zn deficiency in agar culture. These suggest that Zn deficiency induces Ni accumulation in an IRT1-independen manner. The present study revealed that Ni accumulation is inducible in response to Zn deficiency, which may be attributable to a Zn uptake transporter induced by Zn deficiency.
Nucleotide Salvage Deficiencies, DNA Damage and Neurodegeneration
Authors: Fasullo Michael , Endres Lauren
Published: April 2015

Nucleotide balance is critically important not only in replicating cells but also in quiescent cells. This is especially true in the nervous system, where there is a high demand for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced from mitochondria. Mitochondria are particularly prone to oxidative stress-associated DNA damage because nucleotide imbalance can lead to mitochondrial depletion due to low replication fidelity. Failure to maintain nucleotide balance due to genetic defects can result in infantile death; however there is great variability in clinical presentation for particular diseases. This review compares genetic diseases that result from defects in specific nucleotide salvage enzymes and a signaling kinase that activates nucleotide salvage after DNA damage exposure. These diseases include Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, mitochondrial depletion syndromes, and ataxia telangiectasia. Although treatment options are available to palliate symptoms of these diseases, there is no cure. The conclusions drawn from this review include the critical role of guanine nucleotides in preventing neurodegeneration, the limitations of animals as disease models, and the need to further understand nucleotide imbalances in treatment regimens. Such knowledge will hopefully guide future studies into clinical therapies for genetic diseases.
A Quantum Chemical and Statistical Study of Cytotoxic Activity of Compounds Isolated from Curcuma zedoaria
Authors: Hamdi Omer , Anouar El , Shilpi Jamil , Trabolsy Zuhra , Zain Sharifuddin , Zakaria Nur , Zulkefeli Mohd , Weber Jean-Frédéric , Malek Sri , Rahman Syarifah , Awang Khalijah
Published: April 2015

A series of 21 compounds isolated from Curcuma zedoaria was subjected to cytotoxicity test against MCF7; Ca Ski; PC3 and HT-29 cancer cell lines; and a normal HUVEC cell line. To rationalize the structure–activity relationships of the isolated compounds; a set of electronic; steric and hydrophobic descriptors were calculated using density functional theory (DFT) method. Statistical analyses were carried out using simple and multiple linear regressions (SLR; MLR); principal component analysis (PCA); and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). SLR analyses showed that the cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds against a given cell line depend on certain descriptors; and the corresponding correlation coefficients (R2) vary from 0%–55%. MLR results revealed that the best models can be achieved with a limited number of specific descriptors applicable for compounds having a similar basic skeleton. Based on PCA; HCA and MLR analyses; active compounds were classified into subgroups; which was in agreement with the cell based cytotoxicity assay.
Development of Self-Consolidating High Strength Concrete Incorporating Treated Palm Oil Fuel Ash
Authors: Alsubari Belal , Shafigh Payam , Jumaat Mohd
Published: April 2015

Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) has previously been used as a partial cement replacement in concrete. However, limited research has been undertaken to utilize POFA in high volume in concrete. This paper presents a study on the treatment and utilization of POFA in high volume of up to 50% by weight of cement in self-consolidating high strength concrete (SCHSC). POFA was treated via heat treatment to reduce the content of unburned carbon. Ordinary Portland cement was substituted with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% treated POFA in SCHSC. Tests have been conducted on the fresh properties, such as filling ability, passing ability and segregation resistance, as well as compressive strength, drying shrinkage and acid attack resistance to check the effect of high volume treated POFA on SCHSC. The results revealed that compared to the control concrete mix, the fresh properties, compressive strength, drying shrinkage, and resistance against acid attack have been significantly improved. Conclusively, treated POFA can be used in high volume as a cement replacement to produce SCHSC with an improvement in its properties.
Influence of Amino Acid Compositions and Peptide Profiles on Antioxidant Capacities of Two Protein Hydrolysates from Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) Dark Muscle
Authors: Chi Chang-Feng , Hu Fa-Yuan , Wang Bin , Li Zhong-Rui , Luo Hong-Yu
Published: April 2015

Influence of amino acid compositions and peptide profiles on antioxidant capacities of two protein hydrolysates from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) dark muscle was investigated. Dark muscles from skipjack tuna were hydrolyzed using five separate proteases, including pepsin, trypsin, Neutrase, papain and Alcalase. Two hydrolysates, ATH and NTH, prepared using Alcalase and Neutrase, respectively, showed the strongest antioxidant capacities and were further fractionated using ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography. Two fractions, Fr.A3 and Fr.B2, isolated from ATH and NTH, respectively, showed strong radical scavenging activities toward 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (EC50 1.08% ± 0.08% and 0.98% ± 0.07%), hydroxyl radicals (EC50 0.22% ± 0.03% and 0.48% ± 0.05%), and superoxide anion radicals (EC50 1.31% ± 0.11% and 1.56% ± 1.03%) and effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation. Eighteen peptides from Fr.A3 and 13 peptides from Fr.B2 were isolated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and their amino acid sequences were determined. The elevated antioxidant activity of Fr.A3 might be due to its high content of hydrophobic and aromatic amino acid residues (181.1 and 469.9 residues/1000 residues, respectively), small molecular sizes (3–6 peptides), low molecular weights (524.78 kDa), and amino acid sequences (antioxidant score 6.11). This study confirmed that a smaller molecular size, the presence of hydrophobic and aromatic amino acid residues, and the amino acid sequences were the key factors that determined the antioxidant activities of the proteins, hydrolysates and peptides. The results also demonstrated that the derived hydrolysates and fractions from skipjack tuna (K. pelamis) dark muscles could prevent oxidative reactions and might be useful for food preservation and medicinal purposes.
Functional Diversity of Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor Isoforms in Shrimp and Their Characters Related to Antiviral Activity
Authors: Li Shihao , Guo Shuyue , Li Fuhua , Xiang Jianhai
Published: April 2015

Anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) is a small protein with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, which has potential application in the disease control. Previously, we isolated seven ALF isoforms from the Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. In the present study, their distributions in tissues of shrimp were analyzed and the data showed that different isoforms had different expression profiles, which suggested that they might have different functions. Then, the functions of different isoforms were studied by analyzing the antibacterial and antiviral activities of the functional domain of ALFs, the LPS-binding domain (LBD), which were synthesized by chemical methods. Different ALFs showed distinct antibacterial and antiviral activities, which were consistent with their diverse tissue distribution patterns. Sequence analysis on the LBD domain of different isoforms revealed that an identical lysine residue site was specifically conserved in peptides with anti-WSSV activity. In order to confirm whether this lysine residue is critical to the antiviral activity of the peptide, new peptides were synthesized by changing residues at this site. Changing the lysine residue at the specific site to other amino acid residue, the antiviral activity of the peptide apparently decreased. While replacing other residue with a lysine residue at this site in LBD peptide without anti-WSSV activity, the peptide will obtain the antiviral activity to WSSV. These results not only showed us a comprehensive understanding on the function of ALFs from F. chinensis, but also provided clues for the development of ALFs as potential therapeutic drugs to WSSV.
Selective Laser Melting of Ti-45Nb Alloy
Authors: Schwab Holger , Prashanth Konda , Löber Lukas , Kühn Uta , Eckert Jürgen
Published: April 2015

Ti-45Nb is one of the potential alloys that can be applied for biomedical applications as implants due to its low Young’s modulus. Ti-45Nb (wt.%) gas atomized powders were used to produce bulk samples by selective laser melting with three different parameter sets (energy inputs). A β-phase microstructure consisting of elliptical grains with an enriched edge of titanium was observed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. The mechanical properties of these samples were evaluated using hardness and compression tests, which suggested that the strength of the samples increases with increasing energy input within the range considered.
Mathematical Modelling of Metabolic Regulation in Aging
Authors: Mc Auley Mark , Mooney Kathleen , Angell Peter , Wilkinson Stephen
Published: April 2015

The underlying cellular mechanisms that characterize aging are complex and multifaceted. However, it is emerging that aging could be regulated by two distinct metabolic hubs. These hubs are the pathway defined by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and that defined by the NAD+-dependent deacetylase enzyme, SIRT1. Recent experimental evidence suggests that there is crosstalk between these two important pathways; however, the mechanisms underpinning their interaction(s) remains poorly understood. In this review, we propose using computational modelling in tandem with experimentation to delineate the mechanism(s). We briefly discuss the main modelling frameworks that could be used to disentangle this relationship and present a reduced reaction pathway that could be modelled. We conclude by outlining the limitations of computational modelling and by discussing opportunities for future progress in this area.
Selenium and Its Supplementation in Cardiovascular Disease—What do We Know?
Authors: Benstoem Carina , Goetzenich Andreas , Kraemer Sandra , Borosch Sebastian , Manzanares William , Hardy Gil , Stoppe Christian
Published: April 2015

The trace element selenium is of high importance for many of the body’s regulatory and metabolic functions. Balanced selenium levels are essential, whereas dysregulation can cause harm. A rapidly increasing number of studies characterizes the wide range of selenium dependent functions in the human body and elucidates the complex and multiple physiological and pathophysiological interactions of selenium and selenoproteins. For the majority of selenium dependent enzymes, several biological functions have already been identified, like regulation of the inflammatory response, antioxidant properties and the proliferation/differentiation of immune cells. Although the potential role of selenium in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease has been investigated for decades, both observational and interventional studies of selenium supplementation remain inconclusive and are considered in this review. This review covers current knowledge of the role of selenium and selenoproteins in the human body and its functional role in the cardiovascular system. The relationships between selenium intake/status and various health outcomes, in particular cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischemia/infarction and reperfusion injury are reviewed. We describe, in depth, selenium as a biomarker in coronary heart disease and highlight the significance of selenium supplementation for patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
Multiple Autoregulation of Nodulation (AON) Signals Identified through Split Root Analysis of Medicago truncatula sunn and rdn1 Mutants
Authors: Kassaw Tessema , Jr. William , Frugoli Julia
Published: April 2015

Nodulation is energetically costly to the host: legumes balance the nitrogen demand with the energy expense by limiting the number of nodules through long-distance signaling. A split root system was used to investigate systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON) in Medicago truncatula and the role of the AON genes RDN1 and SUNN in the regulatory circuit. Developing nodule primordia did not trigger AON in plants carrying mutations in RDN1 and SUNN genes, while wild type plants had fully induced AON within three days. However, despite lacking an early suppression response, AON mutants suppressed nodulation when roots were inoculated 10 days or more apart, correlated with the maturation of nitrogen fixing nodules. In addition to correlation between nitrogen fixation and suppression of nodulation, suppression by extreme nutrient stress was also observed in all genotypes and may be a component of the observed response due to the conditions of the assay. These results suggest there is more than one systemic regulatory circuit controlling nodulation in M. truncatula. While both signals are present in wild type plants, the second signal can only be observed in plants lacking the early repression (AON mutants). RDN1 and SUNN are not essential for response to the later signal.
The Energy-Water Nexus: An Analysis and Comparison of Various Configurations Integrating Desalination with Renewable Power
Authors: Gold Gary , Webber Michael
Published: April 2015

This investigation studies desalination powered by wind and solar energy, including a study of a configuration using PVT solar panels. First, a water treatment was developed to estimate the power requirement for brackish groundwater reverse-osmosis (BWRO) desalination. Next, an energy model was designed to (1) size a wind farm based on this power requirement and (2) size a solar farm to preheat water before reverse osmosis treatment. Finally, an integrated model was developed that combines results from the water treatment and energy models. The integrated model optimizes performances of the proposed facility to maximize daily operational profits. Results indicate that integrated facility can reduce grid-purchased electricity costs by 88% during summer months and 89% during winter when compared to a stand-alone desalination plant. Additionally, the model suggests that the integrated configuration can generate $574 during summer and $252 during winter from sales of wind- and solar-generated electricity to supplement revenue from water production. These results indicate that an integrated facility combining desalination, wind power, and solar power can potentially reduce reliance on grid-purchased electricity and advance the use of renewable power.