bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Professional orientation theory and practice development in the Lithuanian SSR
Authors: Kregzdė S.
Published: January 2019

Shortly after the First World War, theoretical research and practical professional guidance activity was begun; they were terminated during the German occupation. Due to a succession of objective and subjective reasons, they were renewed only in the last decade. Since 1957, a string of sociological psychological research has been conducted demonstrating students' professional interests and inclinations relative to national economic needs, the knowledge-based validity of students' professional self-determination, i.e. medical and psychological requirements, as well as the nature of a profession. Significant discrepancies were disclosed.

Based on this data as well as overall school experience and analysis of teaching plans, much pedagogical research was carried out using pedagogical experiment and eight-year schools 7th-8th grade leaders' professional guidance

Systems were created. Research work intensified practical activity (professional information, professional consultation), which was set up to coordinate the Interdepartmental Council of Students Professional Guidance of the Republic. The Council includes the planning organs of Education and Higher and Secondary Specialized Education Ministries, the Committee on Vocational-technical education, health care, the press, radio and television, as well as research institutes and university department representatives.

Further professional guidance work aims to closely link with research work: the high and mid-level qualified specialist professional guidance is set up in an effort to select special secondary and higher education establishments with existing professional interests and inclinations; also, professional guidance effectiveness is determined.
Certain difficulties in mastering English tense forms in higher special Lithuanian schools
Authors: Kuzmickaitė E.
Published: January 2019

In November 1967 a test was carried out at Vilnius State University and Vilnius State Pedagogical Institute with the aim to check the second- and third-year students’ knowledge, skills and habits in using English tenses. The objective of the test was to ascertain the difficulties the students encounter in learning English tenses. The results of the test revealed the following: I. The largest number of mistakes is made in the use of the Past Indefinite, Present Perfect and Past Perfect. This is caused by some reasons of philological and methodological character. Partially the teaching process which does not provide for the study of grammar as a separate aspect is to be blamed. II. The teaching of grammar should be rearranged in the following way: a) by changing the system of presenting and consolidating the grammar material proceeding from the peculiarities of the grammar system of the native language; b) by teaching grammar as a separate aspect in close connection with the entire material of the English language, taught at every particular higher school
Active vocabulary stock of two-year-old Lithuanian children depending on upbringing conditions
Authors: Dailidienė J.
Published: January 2019

Our investigations have confirmed the point of view upheld by many investigators that the stock of children's active vocabulary depends on their upbringing conditions. Both in families and educational establishments there may be certain conditions furthering or hindering the development of children's speech. The studies of children's active speech require special investigation of the character of conditions taking into account all the factors, ensuring the normal level of children's speech development. In the conditions of social upbringing we can reach a high level of children's active speech. It requires development of new methods and is the object of further investigation.
Some data on health condition of the students of Vilnius Teachers‘ Training Institute (On the basis of the data of 1967-1971)
Authors: Ragalevičius L. , Leimonienė R.
Published: January 2019

The prophylaxis and treatment of students is carried on by the Clinics of higher schools. It can be stated that the students’ health condition has improved of late, but for eyesight troubles. Besides, the number of students appointed for special physical training has also increased.
The changes of the firstformers‘ physical qualities
Authors: Muratchodžajeva G.
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the experimental research in the changes of physical capacity for work of first formers in a week’s cycle during the whole year. The results of the research can be used for working out scientific recommendations for stirring up physical and mental activities of the pupils. The article describes the researches carried out with the help of the electrochastotometre and electrotensodinamograph, as well as physical training of the pupils. The article also states the changes in the frequency of the movement, the strength of the hand, the endurance of 50% of the maximum strength and the indivisible index of the muscle’s activity in kg/second. All these experimental results are interesting from the pedagogical point of view.
The roots of children‘s labour education in the history of pedagogics of Lithuania
Authors: Vasiliauskas R.
Published: January 2019

In the documents of the Party, in the works of scientific communism much place is devoted to labour training. Communist morality has formed out of folk’s moral norms. That’s why in the family of the Lithuanian peasant the child's labour upbringing is very relevant nowadays as an important part of spiritual culture of Lithuanian folk. The peasant family has old traditions of labour training. They are testified by various sources such as folklore, ethnography, belles-lettres (works by Žemaitė, G. Petkevičaitė-Bitė, M. Valančius), memoirs of M. Katkus, S. Matulaitis, etc. The child’s labour education is considered folk pedagogics. In the second half of the nineteenth century folk pedagogics played quite an important role in education. Labour was one of the most important factors of education. As shown in the article, children’s labour training was conditioned both by pedagogical and social factors. Neither research work was carried out on folk pedagogics nor methodological problems discussed. So in the article different points of view of Soviet and foreign scientists on folk pedagogics are given. The aim of this research work is to show the role of labour training in the peasant family, to define the essence of upbringing, its features and methods, and to make some conclusions about progressive traditions of those times. Peasants’ reminiscences are one of the most important sources. For that purpose research methods such as questionnaires and interviews are used. At the end of the article some conclusions about the results of representative research are given.
The psychological typology of juvenile offenders in bourgeois Lithuania
Authors: Endzinas A.
Published: January 2019

1. The so called progressive method of student division was used in juvenile education institutions in bourgeois Lithuania. Juvenile offenders in these institutions were divided into “free”, “supervized”, and “correctional” groups according to behavior. The new juvenile offenders were first assigned to "supervized" group and later to the “free” group, in which they had almost full freedom. They got later out to freedom from the “free” group. The head of Pedagogics Department in Kaunas University J. Vabalas-Gudaitis questioned the relevance of such system, and proposed to replace it with type classification based on psychological features. He called his new typology the “synergotypical classification of offenders” and published it in the journal “Forensic manual”. 2. J. Vabalas-Gudaitis typology consisted of three types of offenders: I. Mental – associative type II. Emotional – associative type III. Peripheral – associative type 3. The proposed classification of Professor J. Vabalas-Gudaitis was introduced into one of juvenile education institutions in Kalnaberze. Since every type needed different kind of work, the offenders were divided into three groups. Educations assigned to different groups had to behave themselves in accordance to group psychological features. In order to carry out psychological research and collect corresponding data, a separate group with an assigned educator was formed. Juvenile offenders were initially assigned into this group; dominating character features were determined, personal file was started, medical investigation was carried out by a doctor and the offender was assigned to a corresponding group. The initial assigning was not accurate at all times and sometimes the juvenile offenders must have been transferred into the other group. 4. The treatment methods were used according to the psychological types: in mental – associative group the attention was focused on the development of feelings of honor and worth; in emotional – associative group – to the ability of self-control, temper, and self-restraint. The program efficacy was reduced by the wide spectrum of the age of offenders: juvenile offenders in Kalnaberze educational institution was from 10 to 14 years of age.
The first Lithuanian book of problems in arithmetic
Authors: Rumšas P.
Published: January 2019

The beginnings of teaching arithmetic in the Lithuanian language can be found in the primers of the 18th - 19th centuries. In the first half of the l9th century the first three manuals of arithmetic were written but remained unpublished. The book of problems in arithmetic [14] is the first book published in Lithuanian; it was written in 1879 and for some time was being copied by hand and distributed. The manuscript of this book is preserved at the Library of the Academy of Sciences of Lithuania. Before publication the book of problems was fundamentally remade and supplemented. The three sections about abstract, concrete and fractional numbers comprise 630 problems, most of them textual. Some problems are recommended to be solved with the help of equations. The arithmetical glossary is of great value. Here with the help of Polish and German terms the meanings of the words are explained.
Characteristics of the intentions of applicants for pedagogical professions
Authors: Kregždė S.
Published: January 2019

The article deals with Soviet and foreign psychologists' views on the role of the pedagogical vocation in teacher's activity. On the basis of the investigations of 1975, which comprised 4024 pupils of the 6th-lth forms of town and village schools of the Lithuanian SSR, the characteristics of the intentions of applicants for pedagogical professions are given. These characteristics reveal the percentage of those intending to become teachers, with regard to different sexes and age. Simultaneously, changes in tendencies are shown. The article presents the characteristics of the intensity of the pedagogical vocation and those of the soundless of self-determination on the basis of the author's theoretical concepts. Practical recommendations are formulated.
Investigation of sensitivity of the proprioceptor system of man to the changes of working place parameters
Authors: Vanagienė I. , Lapė J.
Published: January 2019

Sensitivity thresholds of the proprioceptor system of man were investigated in the case of changes of working place taken as a whole and of its separate elements (table, chair and foot support) heights and angles. The influence of the absolute parameter value, duration of its estimation, subject posture at the time of changing parameters on the threshold value has been determined. The experiments have shown that sensitivity threshold is independent upon the subject sex and is the same for the table, chair and foot support heights - 8±2 mm. Sensitivity threshold for the table angle changes is equal to 90±20 minutes, for the chair angle changes - to 45± 15 minutes, equally for man and women. Recommendations are given for the psycho-physiological investigations of working places.
The investigation of senior form pupils' interests to teaching subject
Authors: Dževečka A.
Published: January 2019

The article presents the longitudinal investigation of senior form pupils’ interests to teaching subjects in general education schools. The investigation was carried out with the help of a questionnaire made by the author of the article as well as with the help of other methods. The author puts forward the intercorrelation analysis data of the level of interests to various teaching subjects in correlation groups and figures.
The selectivity of the sensory–perception processes
Authors: Bagdonas A.
Published: January 2019

The subject of this article is the selectivity of the sensory-perception processes. Selectivity and attention are considered universal features of the organization of the brain function. The new definition of attention and classification of its kinds are proposed. The relations between attention functional asymmetry, psychological refractoriness are analysed. The emphasis is laid on the importance of the compensation of visual impairement. The second part of the article is devoted to the explanation of the mechanisms of the selective attention. Classical and contemporary theories of attention are discussed and the analysis of neurophysiological and neuropsychological data on selective organization of the brain functions is given. The relationship between attention and habitude is analysed on the basis of E. Sokolov's theory of neural model of the stimulus. The article is supplied with the data obtained from psychophysiological literature as well as from original studies.
The peculiarities of the haptic perception of the form and size of figures
Authors: Jovaiša T.R.
Published: January 2019

The haptic perception of six geometrical figures (triangle, quadrangle and pentagon) changing the object place during the experiments has been investigated. The subjects were told to draw perceived figures. 1,620 pictures of figures were obtained. From our experiment the following conclusions can be drawn: the area of the haptic space depends on (l) the complexity of the figure configuration, (2) the localization of the perceived figures in the space around the subjects, (3) the peculiarities of the subject's anthropometric hand structure.
The application of psychological methods in evaluation of thought in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Gailienė D.
Published: January 2019

This article presents the results of experimental-psychological research of thought evaluation in patients with schizophrenia: 89% of the tasks could detect thought disorders in 86% of subjects. The diagnostic value of the method varies. The most valuable appeared to be the method of object exclusion. The necessity to use the compendium of methods in evaluation of thought in patients with schizophrenia is emphasized.
Some regularities of memory of visual information
Authors: Rimkutė E. , Lipeikaitė N.
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the regularities of memory and retention of the visual material. The first experiment is devoted to the immediate recall and recognition of 9 line drawings exposed for 5 seconds at 3x3 matrixes. Thus, it has been established that on the average 3.9 pictures are recalled and 5.8 pictures are recognized from one collection. The recall of the objects depends on their position in the matrix. The majority of the pictures are recalled in the left upper corner. Proceeding from the left to the right and descending from the top to the bottom, the recall becomes lesser. In the second experiment under the same conditions, the complex pictures were exposed and their immediate and 24-hour recalls have been studied. It has turned out that the immediate and the delayed recalls are not essentially different and their average quantities are accordingly 6.3 and 5.9 objects. According to the total results of the group under investigation, it has been determined that the frequency of the recall of objects depends not upon their place in the presented space, but upon the hierarchy of their importance while perceiving the picture. Side by side with the adequate recalls, the most characteristic types of reconstruction are analysed and described. The results of the experiments give evidence as for the role of the schemes which are formed in man's cognition.
Characteristic of professional interests of young workers
Authors: Čebelis J.
Published: January 2019

The article acquaints us with the findings of professional interests of the Vilnius Furniture Centre. All the young workers are divided into four groups and characterized accordingly. The results of the investigation of young workers (up to 25 years of age) have shown that 48.2 percent of them came to the enterprise without any professional interest, 43.6 percent – had the lower (consumer), and 8.2 percent - the higher (worker) level of professional interests. Yet none of them had the highest (specially professional) level of professional interests. It proves the necessity of moulding the professional interests of the young workers.
The peculiarities of intellectual activity of junior school age children
Authors: Butkienė G. , Jagutytė R. , Grakauskaitė D.
Published: January 2019

The present paper gives an account of the peculiarities of first-formers’ and fourth-formers’ intellectual activity as a significant unit of creativity and its relation to their general mental abilities, learning proficiency, and the inclination to play chess. Intellectual activity and need for cognition were investigated by the so-called “creative field” methods, recommended by D. B. Bogoyavlenskaya. General mental abilities of the pupils were defined by D. Wechsler and I. Raven's test. The analysis of the research data has revealed that most pupils belong to the lower and medium levels of intellectual activity. It proves that so far neither at home nor at school there are no adequate conditions for the development of pupils’ creativity. The results of the analysis of their need for cognition have confirmed the same. They are closely related to the data of investigation of intellectual activity, obtained by the “creative field” methods (p 0,001). It has been testified that there is statistically significant, but versatile dependence between intellectual activity and general mental abilities (p 0,01). We did not establish any significant dependence between intellectual initiative, fixed by the “creative field” methods, and general mental abilities. Meanwhile a more firm connection was found between the expression of intellectual activity in everyday life of the pupils (the need for cognition), general mental abilities and their learning proficiency (p 0,01). Both the indices of intellectual activity are more developed in most children permanently engaged in chess-playing. We consider that chess-playing gives great possibilities for the development of intellectual initiative and general intellectual abilities of pupils.
On dependent action of the children of senior pre-school age in group activity
Authors: Jacikevičienė O.
Published: January 2019

Cooperative interaction of the children of senior pre-school age occurring in group (pairs) activity on their own initiative has been investigated. An appraisal of the peculiarities of common programming, distribution of functions, cooperation and competition in achieving the aim is given. Some dependence of these peculiarities on the aim of activity and body of groups has been established. The results show some practical habits of common activities and poor possibilities in transferring these habits to new conditions.
Psychogenetic research of intelligence: Methods, problems, and results
Authors: Čepas V.
Published: January 2019

The problem of social and biological in man is one of the central problems of many sciences. In the psychological field the problem is studied by psychogeneticists with the help of twin's method. In this article some information is given about twin's method, its varieties and possibilities in psychological research of intellect (IQ). Attention is given to some urgent problems of studying hereditability of IQ. Psychological research of IQ in the USSR and abroad is analysed. Results achieved when studying monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins as well as separated twins (MZ and DZ) and siblings are discussed. A conclusion is drawn that it is impossible to answer single-meaningly the question if intellect is inherited or not. For the further solution of the problem more close cooperation of different sciences is necessary.
Problems of the conception of self-evaluation
Authors: Valickas G.
Published: January 2019

The present article deals with the problems concerning conceptualization of self-evaluation in Soviet and foreign literature. The article gives a critical view on the present situation. Self- evaluation is analysed by paying due attention to the different forms of its realization on in real life, by distinguishing and discussing the four oppositions: (a) conscious-unconscious, (b) affective-cognitive, (e) general-partial, (d) demonstrative - real. The definition of self-image is given at the end of the article (this concept is preferred). Self-image is a product of reflection of self-information in relation with certain values and standards that realize themselves in the unity of conscious and unconscious, affective and cognitive, general and partial, demonstrative and real forms.
On psychological principles of the formation of academic groups at higher schools
Authors: Kabašinskienė R.
Published: January 2019

The paper deals with the problem on the developmental process of the personality's professional self-determination. Special attention is attached to the moment of the choice of profession by secondary school graduates and to the period of higher professional training. The influence of the academic group upon the formation of occupational self-determination of the future professionals' personality, and especially upon his professional interests, is pointed out.
Motivation of labour activity as a determinant of the succesful vocational formation of a personality
Authors: Rubaževičienė M.
Published: January 2019

The results of the study of certain features of labour motivation and tendencies of its change curing the first year of practical occupation are presented. The investigation of labour motives made it possible to predict deficiencies in the vocational formation of young women-workers at the initial period of their occupational activities.
Most common responses to the Rorschach test
Authors: Gailienė D.
Published: January 2019

The article presents a list of R-responses of the Lithuanian population, which coincides with other known lists in terms of the number of responses, but not in terms of their content.
On the nervous character (Chapter I - with A. Gučas introductory word)
Authors: Adleris A.
Published: January 2019

Excerpt from A. Adler's book "Uber den nervosen charakter".
Topical problems of theoretical psychology
Authors: Bagdonas A.
Published: January 2019

A critical review of different aspects of constructing the general theory of psychology and theoretical psychology as a highest level of its development is presented in the paper. The contemporary psychology is viewed as a disintegrated preparadigmatic science, the further progress of which is unthinkable without the synthesis of different schools, theories and levels (empirical, theoretical and practical). The causes of psychology disintegration are analysed; pretensions of cognitive psychology and other modern schools (humanistic psychology, transpersonalism) are criticized. Reductionist theories are not able to substitute for the general psychological theory. The development of psychology is shown as a cumulative process, which now and then is disturbed by microrevolutions caused by behaviourism, psychoanalysis and other schools. An example of such a microrevolution was the remaking of Soviet Marxist psychology initiated by L. Vygotsky. The integration of psychological knowledge and the construction of the general psychological theory may be fulfilled by using the multiple analysis of intertheoretical relations, the cooperation of psychologists from different countries, branches and schools of psychology, the extension of theoretical investigations in the field of psychology, axiomatisation and formalisation of its laws, regularities and principles.
The factor of control of activity circumstances in social adjustment
Authors: Suslavičius A.
Published: January 2019

The problem of the effect of the control of activity circumstances on the social adjustment of the personality is discussed in the report. In experiments both animals and human being were subjected to emotionally aversive stimuli, which could be avoided, and, hence, controlled, or otherwise. Hence, the opposite results have been obtained. The probability of controlling activity circumstances evokes initiative. The lack of the possibility of controlling activity circumstances brings forth the so-called "learned helplessness". The responsibility of the personality for the results of his activity is discussed in the light of the above presented theoretical and ,empirical data; other relevant social problems are also discussed.
The principle of complementarity in psychology
Authors: Lencevičius A.
Published: January 2019

This article presents the principle of complementarity in psychology.
Coinjoint family therapy
Authors: Satir V.
Published: January 2019

The translated V. Satir text about family therapy is being presented.
Ethnic stereotypes in the Vilnius district and group favoritism
Authors: Avidonienė A. , Bistrickas R.
Published: January 2019

Ethnic stereotypes and group identity in the Vilnius District · of Lithuania were investigated. A total of 214 subjects of Lithuanian, Russian, Polish .and Jewish nationalities, respondents of the questionnaire, characterized the typical traits of the above nationalities. Traits, most frequently mentioned, were considered as stereotypical. The stereotype of a Lithuanian: diligent, nationalist, cultured, and loving his own country; Lithuanians about themselves: diligent, loving their own country, submissive, and reserved. The stereotype of a Russian: low-cultured, friendly, and lazy, has good interpersonal communication skills; 'Russians about themselves: simple, open, and diligent, fond and knowing how to communicate. The stereotype of a Pole: speculator, arrogant, low-educated and polite; Poles about themselves: diligent, cultured, polite, and religious. The stereotype" of a Jew: intelligent united-nation knows how to live cultured, and friendly; Jews about themselves: intelligent, diligent, adaptive and oriented towards education. Group favoritism phenomena in all ethnic groups was found (H. Tajfel) . The conclusion about strong positive ethnic identification in all ethnic groups was drawn.
Investigation of „childish" thinking in adults
Authors: Navickas V.
Published: January 2019

This article deals with the causes of the manifestation of the analogues of „Piaget phenomena" in adults' thinking. It states that the investigation of this problem requires a thorough choice of tasks, the need of paying attention to the subjective degree of their difficulty. Results of the investigation, carried out by using the modified variants of N. A. Podgoretskaya's methods, show that the existence of manifestations of „childish" thinking in adults does not allow, however, conclusions to be made that the intellect of adults has not reached the level of formal operations yet. Thus, the main conclusions of N. A. Podgoretskaya's works are to be challenged.
Investigation of interdependence between touch and sight
Authors: Kaffemanas R.
Published: January 2019

The article presents the data of the experimental investigation of the interdependence between schoolchildren's touch and sight. The peculiarities of intermodal transference of information, the differences between touch and sight perception have been analysed. It has been stated: having, joined the two analysers – the sight and the touch – in the process of perception the results of perception in many cases are much better.
Peculiarities of direct and indirect memory of junior pupils at subsidiary schools for mentally deficient
Authors: Grigonis A.
Published: January 2019

The productivity of memory processes of mentally deficient is lower than that of pupils with normal intellect. The results of the experiments, however, revealed simultaneously that mentally deficient children are able to increase the productivity of their mnemonical activities. The productivity of indirect memory of mentally deficient pupils in all the three reproductions is considerably higher as compared to the direct memory. The grouping of the material according to its meaning-conceiving of relations that were used by the investigated is of great importance to the productivity of mnemonical activities. So semantic coding while memorizing the material increases the volume of memorizing and keeping the memorised material by children and makes its traces more constant. The facts revealed enable us to assert that children must be taught carefully and for a long time the ways of semantical treatment of the material. Experimental research enables us to think of the ways which should help to form ways memorizing for mentally deficient children. Children, learning at schools for mentally deficient, memorize the comprehended material and keep it in their memory differently. So, trying to develop mnemonical activities of the pupils, a corrective pedagogical influence is needed. Mentally deficient children add casual elements to the recalled material. Therefore ways of recalling the material, helping to correct the mentioned peculiarity, should be searched for.
Justice: Social-psychological aspects
Authors: Suslavičius Antanas
Published: January 2019

The article discusses social-psychological aspects of justice. Theories of learning (G. Homans) and social exchange are presented. The distributive justice and its rules are analyzed. The peculiarities of the feeling of injustice are reviewed.
The prevalence of suicides in Lithuania
Authors: Domanskienė V. , Gailienė D.
Published: January 2019

The article presents epidemiological data of years 1924-1991. This data analysis showed the before the war suicide level was low, even lower than in the neighboring countries, for example, Estonia. During the years of soviet occupation, the number of suicides has grown constantly and reached its pinnacle in 1984. During the reform movement, this number decreased significantly, but it is beginning to increase recently. The number of suicides in villages and among middle-aged men is especially large. The data is discussed with the reference to Dukheim theory.
The approach of analytical psychology to child-mother relationship during the first year of life
Authors: Jusiene Roma
Published: January 2019

The paper analyses three different approaches to infant’s subjective life. They are: the psychoanalytical theory, the theory of analytical psychology and the theory of Self psychology about development in infancy, the infant-mother relationship and the formation of personality structure. The method of infant observation as one of the best ways to investigate the infant’s subjective experiences and infant-mother relationship is presented here. The significance of the method of infant observation to the theory and practise of analytical psychology and psychoanalysis is revealed. The possibilities of applying the method of infant observation in Lithuania are discussed.
Investigation into conventionality of concepts
Authors: Navickas V.
Published: January 2019

The present article represents data on how adults (19-29 year old people including 25 males and 25 females) understand conventionality of concepts “left”/“right”. Results of the investigation indicate that almost a half of subjects do not realize that “left”/“right” is a convention, thinking that “left”/“right” is immanence of objects. The investigation revealed answers of above subjects being analogous to those given by children in various stages of nominal realism (J. Piaget).
Suicidal process
Authors: Keturakis V.
Published: January 2019

This paper aims to show on the basis of various theoretical models that suicide is a process of multifactorial nature. Psychoanalytic approach has changed over the years and now it is represented by H. Henseler's narcissistic theory of suicide, which deals with the collapse of the regulation of self-esteem preceding the suicidal behaviour. Cognitive model adds that the chain of cognitive misbehaviour leads to suicidal fantasies. Social causation of suicide is presented in E. Diurkheim's sociological study of the phenomenon which deals with suicidogenic tendencies in society: egoism, or the loss of cohesiveness in society; altruism, or over integration in social group, and anomie, or the collapse of regulative norms. In the last part of this paper it is said that, if suicide is multifactorial phenomenon, as well as a process, so the aid can be provided intervening it with the hope for success.
Birth order: An important factor of individual development
Authors: Bagdonas A. , Greblikienė R. , Kaniavienė Ž.
Published: January 2019

The relation between birth order on the one side and intelligence and personality features on the other side was investigated. In the 1st study (subjects - 104 students of 8-9 grades of secondary schools from l, 2, and 3-child families) the R. Amthauer's Intelligence Structure Test was used. The first child has the most favourable conditions for intellectual development (especially in 2-child families). In the 2nd study, (subjects - 240 10-grade students of secondary schools from l, 2, 3, and 4-child families) it was established that the first child in the family shows more internal tendencies than the other children. An external locus of control is a characteristic feature of single children and children from 2-child families. A relation between Myers-Brigg's psychological types and birth order didn't occur.
The problem of suicidal personality in current suicidology
Authors: Keturakis V.
Published: January 2019

This paper aims to examine the current state of research of suicidal personality in suicidology. Methodological precautions are discussed emphasizing the multicausal nature of the suicidal process and the processional nature of personality. Specific character traits as a high level of aggression and hopelessness, low self-integration and self-esteem, and cognitive disturbances were often found to be correlated with suicidal tendencies. Suicidal persons were considered to be weak problem solvers. Emotionally-oriented stress coping strategies and maladaptive coping and survival skills were prevalent among them. The problem of one-dimensionality of suicidological research is brought up and elaborated upon in this article. The possibility of integrating the noetic (noological) dimension of personality into suicidological surveys is suggested, emphasizing a multidimensional point of view. Future prospectives concerning the link between some other noetic phenomena such as the fear of death, the awareness of freedom and responsibility, or the experience of existential isolation and suicidal behaviour are drawn.
Existential psychology and therapy: An outline of human being dilemmas
Authors: Kočiūnas Rimantas
Published: January 2019

The present article describes the main principles of existential psychology and its application to counselling and psychotherapy. The key philosophical reference points of existential psychology and therapy are formulated here. When we speak about the novelty of existential psychology we should mention first of all the idea of the total, indissoluble interrelationship of the individual and his/her world. Each individual and his/her world are said to coconstitute one another. Existential psychology posits after L. Binswanger three different planes of the world that characterize our life as Being-in-the-world: (l) Umwelt - the surrounding world; (2) Mitwelt - the world of other people and relations with them; (3) Eigenwelt – our own world and our relations to ourselves. Another important principle of existential psychology is understanding the individual and his/her life in view of his/her intrinsic ontological characteristics. The main characteristics are finiteness of life (death), anxiety, and guilt. From its very beginnings, existential psychology was not only theorization about the understanding of men, but as a practice of psychotherapy (existential analysis, Daseinanalysis, existential therapy, logotherapy, etc.). The main goal of existential therapy is to help the individual who is looking for help to experience his/her existence as real, authentic, as Being-in-the-world with certain potentialities and certain limitations. Existential therapy is oriented namely towards three main features of authentic existence: (1) towards full awareness of the present situation; (2) towards the choice of how to live in this present situation; and (3) towards accepting responsibility for one's decision. Concerning the work of existential therapists, there are some principle points: the basic attitude of the therapist; the understanding of the client; the relationship between the therapists and the client; encouraging the client to undertake real actions in his/her life. Existential therapy differs from other trends, not because it has some specific techniques and methods, but because it perceives and understands the clients' problems in a specific, existential context, with a specific, existential attitude. In practice, existential therapy deals with the main, inevitable questions of human existence, with existential dilemmas or, what was called by J. Yalom, existential gives or concerns. They are death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness. Encounters with them constitute the essence of existential dynamic conflicts. They are the main themes in existential therapy and they create the context of discussing concrete problems of clients.
Behaviorism and humanistic psychology: Two views of human nature in an indidualistic society
Authors: KATILIŪTĖ - BOYDSTUN D.
Published: January 2019

The article outlines the philosophical antecedents of behaviorism and humanistic psychology, discussing those aspects of each theoretical position that focus on personality and imply a certain view of human nature. If also discusses the philosophical flaws of each aspect and describes the formal applications of each theory in the United States, discussing the impact of the two implied views of human nature of American society, and suggesting that they have both enjoyed such ready acceptance because they are complementary aspects of an underlying individualistic world-view. Finally, it examines some evidence of such views existing or emerging in post-Soviet Lithuania.
Constancy of colour perception: Empirical investigation and mathematical model
Authors: VILIŪNAS V. , VAITKEVIČIUS H. , KULIKOWSKI J. , ZANAIB A.
Published: January 2019

The method to estimate the color constancy is suggested. The experimental results confirm the hypothesis of color constancy linear model. The linear operator calculated from the chromaticity coordinates of three chips under two different illuminations. The analysis of this linear operator is performed to clear up the physiological mechanism.
The development of aggressive behaviour in middle childhood
Authors: ŽUKAUSKIENĖ RITA
Published: January 2019

Findings from several studies are suggesting that the most of the growth of aggression occurs in the very young age and in adolescence. However,it is very little known about the gender differences in the growth and decrease of aggressive behaviour in middle childhood. Besides, most studines concerning development of aggressive behaviour have been carried out in Western cultures. Understanding the development of aggressive behaviour in childhood and adolescence in such East-European country as Lithuania presents a significant scientific and practical interest. T his study assessed gender differences in the development of aggression in the middle childhood. Peer and child interview, teacher and parents ratings of behaviour problems, and sociometric status w ere obtained for 695 first-through-seventh grade children, both boys and girls. One year later parents of 220 students repeatedly completed CBCL 4/18 form. T he results indicate that the mean tevels of boys aggressive behaviour decreases gradually during the middle childhood, starting from 9-10-years of age. Girls showed a lower level of aggression compared w ith boys, and the difference in the decrease of aggression. Aggressive behaviour was related with peer rejection, especially for boys. Results are discussed in terms of future directions for longitudinal research on the gender differences in the development of aggression.
The alterations of personal self-perception in the bibliodrama group
Authors: MARKEVIČIUS GIEDRIUS
Published: January 2019

In the context of group psychotherapy, bibliodrama is a modern group method uniting exegesis, drama, and psychotherapy. It enables - based upon the hermeneutical recall principle of human experiences, identification techniques, and feedback from the process of interpersonal interaction - every participant to deepen his/her own reflection and correct his/her self-perception. In this research the theoretical principles of bibliodrama, based on the dynamics of the petsonality's self-perception (1-structure) described by C. R. Rogers, were set forth; the repertory grid method was presented and research based upon it was carried out. The task of this research, based upon the repertory grid method, was to analize the common regularities of self-perception dynamics in the bibliodrama group. For this purpose, students of Vilnius universities were examined (a total of 16 participants of 2 bibliodrama groups ). The research proved the hypothesis: the self-perception of participants of bibliodrama became more congruent, more realistic, and more integral. It was ascertained that the personality's fragmentary system of self-perception altered towards an articulated system. The alterations of personal self-perception noticed in the bibliodrama group continued after the group work as well.
C. G. Jung’s life and major works
Authors: GUDAITĖ GRAŽINA
Published: January 2019

The article presents a short biography of C. G. Jung and the analysis of major theory constructs.
The influence of life-event stress on two forms of the ischemic heartdisease: Myocardial infarct and stenocardia
Authors: Ausmanienė Nomeda
Published: January 2019

The work deals with the influence of life-event stress on two forms of the ischemic heart disease (IHD) -myocardial infarct and stenocardia. Three groups of 30 people in each were surveyed. The first group consisted of people after myocardial infarct, the second group - of people suffering from different extent of stenocardia without myocardial infarct, and the third one was formed of healthy people ( control group). The following methods were used for the research: Life Experiences Survey test (LES) for subjective evaluation of life events; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for somatic patients (HAD); evaluation o f disease seriousness b y patients and doctors. The following aspects were evaluated when analyzing the results: influence of life-event stress on IHD; inter-group differences depending on anxiety and depression level, on number of life changes and their evaluation. Results of this study enabled to conclude that there are no statistically significant differences between healthy people and patients suffering from IHD in respect of the number of life changes, but the patients with IHD more often than healthy people use extremely negative evaluations when describing their experiences.
Differences between the recognition of known and unknown patterns
Authors: Šoliūnas Alvydas , Gurčinienė Ona
Published: January 2019

Recognition of unknown meaningless figures was investigated in psychophysical experiment with the aim to clarify which stage of known figure recognition, facture extraction or extracted facture matching with the long-term memory representations, involves successive information processing. Five groups of test figures, consisting of four, five, six, seven, and eight horizontal and vertical line-segments, were composed. Each trial consisted of the following sequence: test figure for 10 ms; individually determined interstimulus interval; masking figure; delay of definite duration (8 values between 200 and 4700 ms); three figures for comparison. The task for subject was to find and indicate which one of three figures corresponds to the test figure. Recognition probability of unknown figures did not depend on the number of figure clements. This fact, together with the previously obtained reverse dependence of the recognition probability of known figures on their complexity, cd to the conclusion that the extraction of factures is the simultaneous process while the matching of extracted features with the long-term memory representations is the successive process. Retention of information in the short-term memory up to 5 s had no effect on the task performance.
Hemispheric assymetries in the visual processing of spatial frequencies of facial emotional expressions
Authors: Saunoriūtė-Kerbelienė Silvija , Rukšėnas Osvaldas , Benson Philip J.
Published: January 2019

This paper examines two aspects of the lateralisation of cognitive function. A same-different reaction time paradigms was used to characterize perceptual processing in each visual field. Images were degraded using low-pass filtering to exclude ranges of high frequencies. ln this experiment, psychophysical procedures used facial expression images as a carrier for spatial frequency information. Observers had to judge whether two sequentially presented images showed the same emotion, irrespective of identity gender and spatial frequency content. Reaction time and accuracy measures showed that lower frequency information was processed better in the left visual field (right hemisphere). When higher frequency cues were available, both hemispheres processed stimuli equally well. In addition, some expressions were processed mare rapidly or mare accurately in a particular visual field.
Lithuanian version of Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 4/18): Some psychometric properties
Authors: Žukauskienė Rita , Ignatavičienė Kristina
Published: January 2019

Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 4/18) is accepted worldwide for assessment of children competencies and behaviour problems. As with any similar instrument, it is liable to cultural influences, hence requires reliability verification and standardisation of the instrument in particular culture where the instrument is used. This study reports on internal consistency and test-re-test reliability of the CBCL 4/18 in Lithuania, in a school-based sample (n = 2036). The analysis showed that internal consistency of anxiety/depression, withdrawal aggression, delinquency, attention, social and somatic problems scales is sufficient; however, the reliability of thought problems scale is insufficient. Limitations of current study and further steps in standardisation are discussed.
The link between psychological-social stress and life style
Authors: Šidlauskaitė Ieva
Published: January 2019

The purposes of this work was to state the connection between psychological-social stress (PS stress) and life style's features, such as: nicotine use; alcohol use; drugs use; nutrition and physical activity. To state the connection between psychological-social stress level and quantity of nicotine, alcohol, drugs use; tendency to change habits in the direction of healthier life style. Research has been carried according to health questionnaire (translated by A. Gostautas, 2000). For data analysis we used results from common research with 616 youngsters (form 18 till 22 years).Conclusions are following:• Youngsters with higher PS stress level use more cigarettes, alcohol and drugs comparing with youngsters with lover PS stress level.• Youngsters with higher PS stress level are liable not to change using of nicotine, alcohol and drugs, comparing with youngsters with lover PS stress level.• Higher PS stress level is related with unhealthier life style.