bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary trade‐off between male colouration and feather moult extent also indirectly determines female moult
Authors: Kiat Yosef , Sapir Nir
Published: December 2021

Males and females are often influenced by different selective forces, frequently resulting in diverging phenotypes, for example in colouration. Since an animal's colouration may strongly influence its fitness, causes and consequences of sexual dichromatism in birds could aid in understanding important factors affecting sexual and natural selection. Variation in plumage ornamentation may affect mate attraction or intraspecific antagonistic behaviour. In most passerines, body plumage colouration of juveniles is obtained through the process of feather moult. The number of moulted wing and tail feathers, which also influences the bird's appearance, may affect its fitness. Here, we show that body plumage colouration of male, but not female, passerines is correlated with the number of moulted wing and tail feathers in the early stage of the bird's life for both sexes. Thus, the extent of wing and tail moult in females is not modulated by the female's colouration and can prevent females from reaching their sex‐specific optima. This result could be explained by high intersexual genetic correlations, which might make it impossible for the sexes to reach their own trait fitness optima. Our findings may indicate that species‐specific, rather than sex‐specific, internal correlations shaped bird moult strategy, an important avian life‐history trait.
Can Cold Turkey Reduce Inflation Inertia? Evidence on Disinflation and Level‐k Thinking from a Laboratory Experiment
Authors: GIAMATTEI MARCUS
Published: December 2021

It is widely believed that inflation inertia varies with the policy pursued. In a novel experiment, price setters determine inflation rates and react to a central bank's indicator, which is implemented exogenously either as cold turkey or gradual disinflation. In a third treatment, subjects in the role of a central banker set the indicator endogenously, potentially reducing inertia by signaling to be a tough central banker. I find inertia to be structurally stable and invariant to policies. The data can be organized by a model of level‐ thinking, which shows that cold turkey improves only a few subjects' adjustment while leaving many behind.
The Walls Have Ears: Local Information Environments and Corporate Fraud
Authors: HAGENDORFF JENS , LE NHAN , NGUYEN DUC DUY
Published: December 2021

This paper shows that a firm's likelihood of committing corporate fraud is affected by the local information environment. We use the density of local bank branch networks as a proxy for the local information environment. We show that denser bank branch networks increase the likelihood of fraud detection, accelerate the detection of fraud, and decrease the fraud propensity of local firms. Our results cannot be explained by the clustering of firms in urban areas, geographic proximity to regulators, or other location effects. Overall, our study identifies a spatial dimension in the detection and prevention of corporate fraud.
E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4‐2 exerts neuroprotective effects during endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Lodes Daphne E. , Zhu Jiuhe , Tsai Nien‐Pei
Published: December 2021

The neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down‐regulated protein 4‐like (Nedd4‐2) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase critical for neurodevelopment and homeostasis of neural circuit excitability. While dysregulation of Nedd4‐2 has been linked to elevated seizure susceptibility through impaired ubiquitination of multiple direct substrates, it remains largely unclear whether Nedd4‐2 interconnects other cellular pathways that affect neuronal activity and seizure susceptibility. Here, we first showed that Nedd4‐2 associates with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulates the expression of multiple ER‐resident proteins. Furthermore, utilizing Nedd4‐2 conditional knockout mice, we showed that Nedd4‐2 is required for the maintenance of spontaneous neural activity and excitatory synapses following the induction of ER stress. When analyzing activation of the canonical pathways of ER stress response, we found that Nedd4‐2 is required for phosphorylation of eIF2α. While phosphorylation of eIF2α has been shown to reduce seizure susceptibility, attempts to facilitate phosphorylation of eIF2α in Nedd4‐2 conditional knockout mice failed to produce such a beneficial function, suggesting a role for Nedd4‐2 in integrating the ER stress response to modulate seizure susceptibility. Altogether, our study demonstrates neuroprotective functions of Nedd4‐2 during ER stress in neurons and could provide insight into neurological diseases in which the expression or activity of Nedd4‐2 is impaired.

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A new classification system for the anatomical variations of the human circle of Willis: A systematic review
Authors: Ayre James R. , Bazira Peter J. , Abumattar Mohammed , Makwana Haran N. , Sanders Katherine A.
Published: December 2021

The circle of Willis (CoW) is an anastomotic arterial network located on the base of the brain. Studies have shown that it demonstrates considerable anatomical variation in humans. This systematic review aimed to identify and catalogue the described anatomical variations of the CoW in humans to create a new, comprehensive variation classification system. An electronic literature search of five databases identified 5899 studies. A two‐phase screening process was performed, and studies underwent quality assessment. A total of 42 studies were included in the review. Data were extracted and circles were reconstructed digitally using graphics software. The classification system contains 82 CoW variations in five continuous groups. Group one contains 24 circles with one or more hypoplastic segments only. Group two contains 11 circles with one or more absent segments only. Group three contains 6 circles with hypoplastic and absent segments only. Group four contains 26 circles with one or more accessory segments. Group five contains 15 circles with other types of anatomical variation. Within each group, circles were subcategorised according to the number or type of segments affected. An original coding system was created to simplify the description of anatomical variations of the CoW. The new classification system provides a comprehensive ontology of the described anatomical variations of the CoW in humans. When used with the coding system, it allows the description and categorisation of recorded and unrecorded variants identified in past and future studies. It is applicable to current clinical practice and the anatomical community, including human anatomy education and research.
Pregnancy with inflammatory bowel disease: Outcomes for mothers and their children at a European tertiary care center
Authors: Hoffmann Peter , Krueger Julian , Bashlekova Teodora , Rupp Christian , Baumann Lukas , Gauss Annika
Published: December 2021

Aim

The study aimed at investigating pregnancy complications, birth outcomes, and postnatal child development in pregnancies of women with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs).

Methods

This is an uncontrolled retrospective single‐center study between 2014 and 2019. It is a mixed‐method cross‐sectional study using data from (1) electronic patient records and (2) questionnaires and copies of mothers' and children's health booklets. Disease activity and IBD medications were analyzed and related to pregnancy complications, birth outcomes, and postnatal child development using mixed models for statistical analyses.

Results

Fifty live births from 46 patients were included. Disease activity anytime during pregnancy occurred in 56%. Biologics were applied in ca. 25% of pregnancies, mostly only through the second trimester. Pregnancies of mothers with active disease were slightly shorter than those of mothers with inactive disease (37.4 weeks vs. 38.9 weeks). Adverse pregnancy outcomes were reported in 28% of the live births, including small for gestational age in 6%, low birth weight in 18%, and preterm birth in 20%. Postnatal developmental abnormalities and health problems were reported in 26.8% of the children. Mixed model analyses failed to reveal significant associations between IBD activity and IBD medications during pregnancy and pregnancy complications, perinatal birth outcomes, and postnatal child development.

Conclusion

Despite a tendency of shorter pregnancies in patients with active IBD and lower birth weight and birth size in patients with IBD‐related therapy during pregnancy, disease activity and medications did not significantly influence pregnancy, birth, and developmental outcomes.
Becoming a feminist methodologist while researching sexual violence support services
Authors: WHITTINGDALE ELEANOR
Published: December 2021

This article contends that feminist methodologies offer rich and diverse insights for the production of socio‐legal knowledge. Recognizing the pioneering work of early feminist methodologists, it explores three key issues that feminist methodologies bring into sharp relief: a push beyond the scientific method, reflexivity, and reciprocity. Drawing upon a case study relating to the long‐elided voices and narratives of English sexual violence support workers, the article goes on to discuss the process of applying feminist methodologies in practice. It frames engaging with feminist methodologies during empirical work as a continuous process of becoming, a rigorous project of critical reflection undergirded by the challenges of translating feminist theory into practice. The process of becoming a feminist methodologist is explored here as an evolving and messy labour of commitments, apprehensions, and realizations, and as a way of doing research that recognizes the impossibility of unstitching ourselves from the claims to knowledge that we make.
Intra‐household double burden of overweight/obesity and anaemia: Evidence from 49 low‐and middle‐income countries
Authors: Irache Ana , Gill Paramjit , Caleyachetty Rishi
Published: December 2021

Globally, overweight/obesity is rising rapidly while anaemia persists. Nevertheless, evidence on their coexistence at the household level remains limited. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, we quantified the magnitude, distribution and inequalities (i.e., estimates by wealth, education level and residence) in the intra‐household double burden (DBM) of overweight/obesity and anaemia among mothers and their children living in 49 low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). The pooled prevalence of total intra‐household DBM was 17.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.6, 18.8); 16.2% (95% CI: 14.6, 17.9) for mothers with overweight/obesity and children with anaemia; and 2.8% (95% CI: 2.5, 3.1) for mothers with anaemia and children with overweight/obesity. South Africa had the highest prevalence of total DBM at the household level, affecting almost one in three households. Households with mothers with overweight/obesity and children with anaemia followed an inverse social gradient, with higher estimates found in the richest quintile, highest maternal education level and in urban areas; although with some variation across regions. The opposite was observed for mothers with anaemia and children with overweight/obesity. The largest inequality gaps were found for mothers with overweight/obesity and children with anaemia in Togo by household wealth (29.3%‐points; p < 0.001), in Ghana by maternal education level (28.0%‐points; p = 0.001) and in Niger by area of residence (25.2%‐points; p < 0.001). Although double‐duty actions might help accelerate action towards reducing malnutrition in all its forms, a comprehensive assessment of the causes of anaemia is first warranted to design effective country‐specific programmes.
The blood–CSF–brain route of neurological disease: The indirect pathway into the brain
Authors: Cousins Oliver , Hodges Angela , Schubert Julia , Veronese Mattia , Turkheimer Federico , Miyan Jaleel , Engelhardt Britta , Roncaroli Federico
Published: December 2021

The brain is protected by the endothelial blood–brain barrier (BBB) that limits the access of micro‐organisms, tumour cells, immune cells and autoantibodies to the parenchyma. However, the classic model of disease spread across a disrupted BBB does not explain the focal distribution of lesions seen in a variety of neurological diseases and why lesions are frequently adjacent to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces. We have critically reviewed the possible role of a blood–CSF–brain route as a disease entry pathway into the brain parenchyma. The initial step of this pathway is the transfer of pathogens or immune components from the blood into the CSF at the choroid plexuses, where the blood–CSF barrier (BCSFB) is located. The flow of CSF results in disease dissemination throughout the CSF spaces. Access to the brain parenchyma from the CSF can then occur across the ependymal layer at the ventricular surface or across the pial–glial barrier of the subarachnoid space and the Virchow–Robin spaces. We have reviewed the anatomy and physiology of the blood–CSF–brain pathway and the brain barriers controlling this process. We then summarised the evidence supporting this brain entry route in a cross‐section of neurological diseases including neuromyelitis optica, multiple sclerosis, neurosarcoidosis, neuropsychiatric lupus, cryptococcal infection and both solid and haematological tumours. This summary highlights the conditions that share the blood–CSF–brain pathway as a pathogenetic mechanism. These include the characteristic proximity of lesions to CSF, evidence of disruption of the brain barriers and the identification of significant pathology within the CSF. An improved understanding of pathological transfer through the CSF and across all brain barriers will inform on more effective and targeted treatments of primary and secondary diseases of the central nervous system.
Discriminant ability of the 3‐ounce water swallow test to detect aspiration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Donohue Cara , Tabor Gray Lauren , Chapin Jennifer , Anderson Amber , DiBiase Lauren , Wymer James P. , Plowman Emily K.
Published: December 2021

Background

Given the need for quick and accurate dysphagia screening tools to optimize referral workflows and resource utilization in fast‐paced multidisciplinary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) clinics, we evaluated the discriminant ability of the 3 oz. water swallow test (WST) to detect aspiration in individuals with ALS.

Methods

A total of 212 paired 3 oz. WST (index test) and standardized videofluoroscopic swallow studies (reference test) were completed in individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of ALS. Blinded raters analyzed swallowing safety using the validated penetration‐aspiration scale (PAS; non‐aspirator: PAS < 6; aspirator: PAS ≥ 6). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) were calculated.

Key Results

Index test: 78 (36.8%) WSTs were scored as a fail and 134 (63.2%) as a pass. Reference test: Aspiration was confirmed in 67 (31.6%) reference tests with 145 (68.4%) reference tests verified as having no aspiration. Sensitivity and specificity of the 3 oz. WST to detect radiographically confirmed aspiration was 55.2% and 71.7%, respectively (AUC: 0.635, PPV: 47.4%, NPV: 77.6%).

Conclusions & Inferences

In this dataset, the 3 oz. WST did not demonstrate adequate sensitivity or specificity to detect aspiration in people with ALS as a stand‐alone dysphagia screening tool.
Diagnostic Value of Next‐Generation Sequencing in Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tang Yuchen , Zhao Dacheng , Wang Shenghong , Yi Qiong , Xia Yayi , Geng Bin
Published: December 2021

Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) has developed rapidly in the last decade and is emerging as a promising diagnostic tool for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). However, its diagnostic value for PJI is still uncertain. This systematic review aimed to explore the diagnostic value of NGS for PJI and verify its accuracy for culture‐negative PJI patients. We conducted this systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify diagnostic technique studies evaluating the accuracy of NGS in the diagnosis of PJI. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were estimated for each article. The detection rate of NGS for culture‐negative PJI patients or PJI patients with antibiotic administration history was also calculated. Of the 87 identified citations, nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of NGS ranged from 63% to 96% and 73% to 100%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values ranged from 71% to 100% and 74% to 95%, respectively. The detection rate of NGS for culture‐negative PJI patients in six studies was higher than 50% (range from 82% to 100%), while in three studies it was lower than 50% (range from 9% to 31%). Also, the detection rate of NGS for PJIs with antibiotic administration history ranged from 74.05% to 92.31%. In conclusion, this systematic review suggests that NGS may have the potential to be a new tool for the diagnosis of PJI and should be considered to be added to the portfolio of diagnostic procedures. Furthermore, NGS showed a favorable diagnostic accuracy for culture‐negative PJI patients or PJI patients with antibiotic administration history. However, due to the small sample sizes of studies and substantial heterogeneity among the included studies, more research is needed to confirm or disprove these findings.
Role of rare immune cells in common variable immunodeficiency
Authors: Soltani Mojdeh , Rezaei Mahnaz , Fekrvand Saba , Ganjalikhani‐Hakemi Mazdak , Abolhassani Hassan , Yazdani Reza
Published: December 2021

Common variable immunodeficiency disorder (CVID) is a heterogeneous disorder and the most common symptomatic antibody deficiency disease characterized with hypogammaglobulinemia and a broad range of clinical manifestations. Multiple genetic, epigenetic, and immunological defects are involved in the pathogenesis of CVID. These immunological defects include abnormalities in the number and/or function of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and other rare immune cells. Although some immune cells have a relatively lower proportion among total immune subsets in the human body, they could have important roles in the pathogenesis of immunological disorders like CVID. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review that described the role of rare immune cells in the pathogenesis and clinical presentations of CVID.
Treatment experiences during a cognitive behaviour therapy group intervention targeting repetitive negative thinking: A qualitative study
Authors: Rogiers Roland , Van Parys Hanna , Baeken Chris , Van den Abbeele Dirk , Remue Jonathan , De Raedt Rudi , Lemmens Gilbert M. D.
Published: December 2021

Objectives

Treatment of repetitive negative thinking (RNT) focuses rather on individual than group cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) treatment. Additionally, little is known on how clients experienced these interventions. This study investigates clients’ experiences on participating in a CBT group intervention targeting RNT (RNT‐G).

Design

Of the 80 participants, 11 were randomly selected for an in‐depth, semi‐structured interview after treatment. Interviews focused on what participants experienced as important on group aspects, offered interventions, homework tasks, and possible changes.

Methods

All participants were adults, diagnosed with major depressive disorder and/or generalized anxiety disorder and being currently in mental health care treatment. After transcribing the interviews, analyses were performed according to the guidelines of thematic analysis.

Results

Four major themes were identified. First, the group format itself was experienced as an important factor of change. The experiences about the different offered interventions during the group formed a second theme. A third theme related to changes in family or professional life and dealing with RNT as a result of the intervention. Finally, group participation, social interactions, and mental health care treatment were experienced as mutually influencing during the intervention.

Conclusions

The results of this study shed some light on which treatment interventions were perceived as beneficial during the RNT‐G and should therefore be emphasized in treatment. Further, they indicate that the treatment in a group format was experienced as helpful by the participants. Finally, a positive mutual influence between the group intervention and the ongoing individual treatment was experienced.
Pediatric case of conidiobolomycosis: A rare entity
Authors: Gupta Parakriti , Pilania Rakesh Kumar , Kaur Harsimran , Rudramurthy Shivaprakash Mandya , Soni Ranu , Batra Nitya , Verma Roshan , Singh Surjit , Chatterjee Debajyoti
Published: December 2021

Conidiobolomycosis caused by Conidiobolus species is an uncommon infection restricted to tropical and subtropical regions, usually affecting immunocompetent individuals. More than half of pediatric cases of conidiobolomycosis across the globe are from India. We report a case of subcutaneous conidiobolomycosis in an adolescent with development delay who responded to combined therapy with itraconazole and saturated solution of potassium iodide.
Incidence, prevalence and mortality of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Australia
Authors: Cox Ingrid A. , Otahal Petr , de Graaff Barbara , Corte Tamera J. , Moodley Yuben , Zappala Chris , Glaspole Ian , Hopkins Peter , Macansh Sacha , Walters E. Haydn , Palmer Andrew J.
Published: December 2021

Background and objective

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most common forms of interstitial lung diseases. While studies have been conducted in other countries to determine the epidemiological burden of IPF, there is limited information in Australia. Our study aimed to address this gap and generate the first estimates for the mortality, incidence and prevalence of IPF in Australia.

Methods

Estimates were generated by utilizing the novel Mortality Incidence Analysis Model (MIAMOD) method and software based on the illness–death model. Data inputs included population estimates and mortality data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) for the period 1997–2015 and participant data from the Australian IPF Registry (AIPFR). Projections were estimated for a 10‐year period up to 2025.

Results

Overall crude and age‐standardized estimates for mortality were 5.9 and 6.3 per 100,000 population; incidence, 10.4 and 11.2 per 100,000 population; and prevalence, 32.6 and 35.1 per 100,000 population. Crude and age‐standardized mortality, incidence and prevalence increased over the study period; however, they demonstrated a decreasing trend over the projected period. Persons older than 70 years constituted 9% of the population; however, they accounted for approximately 82%–83% of all deaths, incident and prevalent cases. All estimates were higher in males than in females.

Conclusion

Our study provides the first estimates for incidence, prevalence and mortality of IPF in Australia. By reporting national estimates for IPF, our study addresses an information gap important for policy, planning and to help optimize the allocation of resources for the management of patients with IPF.
COVID‐19 immunopathology with emphasis on Th17 response and cell‐based immunomodulation therapy: Potential targets and challenges
Authors: Pourgholaminejad Arash , Pahlavanneshan Saghar , Basiri Mohsen
Published: December 2021

The role of the immune system against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is unknown in many aspects, and the protective or pathologic mechanisms of the immune response are poorly understood. Pro‐inflammatory cytokine release and a consequent cytokine storm can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and result in multi‐organ failure. There are many T cell subsets during anti‐viral immunity. The Th17‐associated response, as a pro‐inflammatory pathway, and its consequent outcomes in many autoimmune disorders play a fundamental role in progression of systemic hyper‐inflammation during COVID‐19. Therapeutic strategies based on immunomodulation therapy could be helpful for targeting hyper‐inflammatory immune responses in COVID‐19, especially Th17‐related inflammation and hyper‐cytokinemia. Cell‐based immunotherapeutic approaches including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) seem to be promising strategies as orchestrators of the immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). In this review, we highlight Th17‐related immunopathology of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and discuss cell‐based immunomodulatory strategies and their mechanisms for regulation of the hyper‐inflammation during COVID‐19.
Transgenic pigs expressing near infrared fluorescent protein—A novel tool for noninvasive imaging of islet xenotransplants
Authors: Kemter Elisabeth , Citro Antonio , Wolf‐van Buerck Lelia , Qiu Yi , Böttcher Anika , Policardi Martina , Pellegrini Silvia , Valla Libera , Alunni‐Fabbroni Marianna , Kobolák Julianna , Kessler Barbara , Kurome Mayuko , Zakhartchenko Valeri , Dinnyes Andras , Cyran Clemens C. , Lickert Heiko , Piemonti Lorenzo , Seissler Jochen , Wolf Eckhard
Published: December 2021

Background

Islet xenotransplantation is a promising concept for beta‐cell replacement therapy. Reporter genes for noninvasive monitoring of islet engraftment, graft mass changes, long‐term survival, and graft failure support the optimization of transplantation strategies. Near‐infrared fluorescent protein (iRFP) is ideal for fluorescence imaging (FI) in tissue, but also for multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) with an even higher imaging depth. Therefore, we generated reporter pigs ubiquitously expressing iRFP.

Methods

CAG‐iRPF720 transgenic reporter pigs were generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer from FACS‐selected stable transfected donor cells. Neonatal pig islets (NPIs) were transplanted into streptozotocin‐diabetic immunodeficient NOD‐scid IL2Rgnull (NSG) mice. FI and MSOT were performed to visualize different numbers of NPIs and to evaluate associations between signal intensity and glycemia. MSOT was also tested in a large animal model.

Results

CAG‐iRFP transgenic NPIs were functionally equivalent with wild‐type NPIs. Four weeks after transplantation under the kidney capsule, FI revealed a twofold higher signal for 4000‐NPI compared to 1000‐NPI grafts. Ten weeks after transplantation, the fluorescence intensity of the 4000‐NPI graft was inversely correlated with glycemia. After intramuscular transplantation into diabetic NSG mice, MSOT revealed clear dose‐dependent signals for grafts of 750, 1500, and 3000 NPIs. Dose‐dependent MSOT signals were also revealed in a pig model, with stronger signals after subcutaneous (depth ∼6 mm) than after submuscular (depth ∼15 mm) placement of the NPIs.

Conclusions

Islets from CAG‐iRFP transgenic pigs are fully functional and accessible to long‐term monitoring by state‐of‐the‐art imaging modalities. The novel reporter pigs will support the development and preclinical testing of novel matrices and engraftment strategies for porcine xeno‐islets.
Short‐term exercise‐induced protection of cardiovascular function and health: why and how fast does the heart benefit from exercise?
Authors: Thijssen Dick H. J. , Uthman Laween , Somani Yasina , van Royen Niels
Published: December 2021

Regular exercise training has potent and powerful protective effects against the development of cardiovascular disease. These cardioprotective effects of regular exercise training are partly explained through the effects of exercise on traditional cardiovascular risk factors and improvement in cardiac and vascular health, which take several weeks to months to develop. This review focuses on the observation that single bouts of exercise may also possess an underrecognized, clinically useful form of immediate cardioprotection. Studies, performed in both animals and humans, demonstrate that single or short‐term exercise‐induced protection (SEP) attenuates the magnitude of cardiac and/or vascular damage in response to prolonged ischaemia and reperfusion injury. This review highlights preclinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that SEP activates multiple pathways to confer immediate protection against ischaemic events, reduce the severity of potentially lethal ischaemic myocardial injury, and therefore act as a physiological first line of defence against injury. Given the fact that the extent of SEP could be modulated by exercise‐related and subject‐related factors, it is important to recognize and consider these factors to optimize future clinical implications of SEP. This review also summarizes potential effector signalling pathways (i.e. communication between exercising muscles to vascular/cardiac tissue) and intracellular pathways (i.e. reducing tissue damage) that ultimately confer protection against cardiac and vascular injury. Finally, we discuss potential future directions for designing adequate human and animal studies that will support developing effective SEP strategies for the (multi‐)diseased and aged individual.

Key points

Single or short‐term exercise‐induced protection (SEP) attenuates the magnitude of cardiac and/or vascular damage in response to prolonged ischaemia and reperfusion injury (IR injury).

SEP activates multiple pathways to confer cardiac protection, which develops remotely at the site of the activated muscle by release of circulating molecules, which transfer towards activation of intramyocardial signalling that promotes cell survival during episodes of IR injury.

SEP represents an attractive intervention in aged individuals and in those with co‐morbidities. The immediate protection, low cost and simplicity to increase the ‘dose’ of SEP offers unique opportunities in the clinical applications of SEP.

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A Novel Mathematical Formulation for Density-Based Topology Optimization Method Considering Multi-Axis Machining Constraint
Authors: Deng Hao , To Albert C.
Published: December 2021

This paper proposes a novel density-based method for structural design considering restrictions of multi-axis machining processes. A new mathematical formulation based on Heaviside function is presented to transform the design field into a geometry which can be manufactured by multi-axis machining process. The formulation is developed for 5-axis machining, which can be also applied to 2.5D milling restriction. The filter techniques are incorporated to effectively control the minimum size of void region. The proposed method is demonstrated by solving the compliance minimization problem for different machinable freeform designs. The length to diameter (L:D) ratio geometric constraint is introduced to ensure the machinable design, where deep hole or narrow chamber features are avoided using proposed method. Several two- and three-dimensional numerical examples are presented and discussed in detail.
Economic justice and social policy in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Beddoe Liz
Published: December 2021

Editorial
Pride and shame in child and family protection: Emotions and the search for humane practice
Authors: Pinnell Dalice
Published: December 2021

Book review
Predicting Changes in Physical Education Teachers’ Behaviors Promoting Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using an Integrated Motivational Model
Authors: Maltagliati Silvio , Carraro Attilio , Escriva-Boulley Géraldine , Bertollo Maurizio , Tessier Damien , Colangelo Alessandra , Papaioannou Athanasios , di Fronso Selenia , Cheval Boris , Gobbi Erica , Sarrazin Philippe
Published: December 2021

Purpose: To identify motivational determinants explaining Physical Education teachers’ behaviors promoting students’ physical activity (PA) amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Nine hundred thirty-one Italian and French teachers completed a questionnaire assessing motivational determinants (self-determined motivation, self-efficacy, perceived ease and usefulness toward digital technologies, engagement at work), their intention and behaviors promoting PA, in reference to before and during the pandemic. Path analyses tested the associations of changes in motivational determinants with changes in intention and behaviors. Results: Increases in autonomous, controlled motivation, self-efficacy, and perceived usefulness toward digital technologies, and a decrease in amotivation were associated with an increase in the intention to promote PA. In turn, an increase in intention, but also in self-efficacy, autonomous motivation, and perceived usefulness toward digital technologies were paired with an increase in behaviors promoting PA. Conclusion: Implications regarding the commitment of Physical Education teachers to challenging pedagogical situations, such as promoting PA amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, are discussed.
Endosomal sorting drives the formation of axonal prion protein endoggresomes
Authors: Chassefeyre Romain , Chaiamarit Tai , Verhelle Adriaan , Novak Sammy Weiser , Andrade Leonardo R. , Leitão André D. G. , Manor Uri , Encalada Sandra E.
Published: December 2021

Mutant prion protein particles form axonal aggregates inside endolysosomes via axonal transport and endosomal fusion.
Momentum-resolved electronic structure and band offsets in an epitaxial NbN/GaN superconductor/semiconductor heterojunction
Authors: Yu Tianlun , Wright John , Khalsa Guru , Pamuk Betül , Chang Celesta S. , Matveyev Yury , Wang Xiaoqiang , Schmitt Thorsten , Feng Donglai , Muller David A. , Xing Huili Grace , Jena Debdeep , Strocov Vladimir N.
Published: December 2021

Addressing design of future quantum devices, the study uncovers electronic structure of a superconductor-semiconductor interface.
Spatial compartmentalization: A nonlethal predator mechanism to reduce parasite transmission between prey species
Authors: Oliveira-Santos L. Gustavo R. , Moore Seth A. , Severud William J. , Forester James D. , Isaac Edmund J. , Chenaux-Ibrahim Yvette , Garwood Tyler , Escobar Luis E. , Wolf Tiffany M.
Published: December 2021

Predators reduced parasite spillover transmission and disease emergence among prey species.
Fatigue in assemblies of indefatigable carbon nanotubes
Authors: Gupta Nitant , Penev Evgeni S. , Yakobson Boris I.
Published: December 2021

Fatigue in nanotube assemblies happens much more readily at tube-tube interfaces rather than inside their walls.
Inducing thermodynamically blocked atomic ordering via strongly driven nonequilibrium kinetics
Authors: Jung Chulho , Ihm Yungok , Cho Do Hyung , Lee Heemin , Nam Daewoong , Kim Sangsoo , Eom In-Tae , Park Jaehyun , Kim Chan , Kim Yoonhee , Fan Jiadong , Ji Nianjing , Morris James R. , Owada Shigeki , Tono Kensuke , Shim Ji Hoon , Jiang Huaidong , Yabashi Makina , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Noh Do Young , Song Changyong
Published: December 2021

Ultrafast laser–excited nanoparticle images reveal nonequilibrium kinetics–driven unusual surface ordering at high temperature.
Observing crossover between quantum speed limits
Authors: Ness Gal , Lam Manolo R. , Alt Wolfgang , Meschede Dieter , Sagi Yoav , Alberti Andrea
Published: December 2021

We experimentally investigate quantum speed limits and their crossover in a multilevel system by fast matter wave interferometry.
Observation of bound states in the continuum embedded in symmetry bandgaps
Authors: Cerjan Alexander , Jörg Christina , Vaidya Sachin , Augustine Shyam , Benalcazar Wladimir A. , Hsu Chia Wei , von Freymann Georg , Rechtsman Mikael C.
Published: December 2021

Designing the photonic environment yields a mechanism for creating bound states in the continuum over a wide range of angles.
How did absentee voting affect the 2020 U.S. election?
Authors: Yoder Jesse , Handan-Nader Cassandra , Myers Andrew , Nowacki Tobias , Thompson Daniel M. , Wu Jennifer A. , Yorgason Chenoa , Hall Andrew B.
Published: December 2021

This study finds that no-excuse absentee voting policies did not meaningfully increase turnout in the 2020 U.S. election.
Conformational changes in the yeast mitochondrial ABC transporter Atm1 during the transport cycle
Authors: Ellinghaus Thomas L. , Marcellino Thomas , Srinivasan Vasundara , Lill Roland , Kühlbrandt Werner
Published: December 2021

Cryo-EM reveals the structure of the mitochondrial ABC transporter Atm1 from yeast in the occluded state.
Instant interfacial self-assembly for homogeneous nanoparticle monolayer enabled conformal “lift-on” thin film technology
Authors: Song Liping , Xu Ben Bin , Cheng Qian , Wang Xiaoyuan , Luo Xiaoning , Chen Xue , Chen Tao , Huang Youju
Published: December 2021

Instant interfacial self-assembly of nanoparticle monolayer advances the thin film technology in a “lift-on” and conformal manner.
At-home wireless monitoring of acute hemodynamic disturbances to detect sleep apnea and sleep stages via a soft sternal patch
Authors: Zavanelli Nathan , Kim Hojoong , Kim Jongsu , Herbert Robert , Mahmood Musa , Kim Yun-Soung , Kwon Shinjae , Bolus Nicholas B. , Torstrick F. Brennan , Lee Christopher S. D. , Yeo Woon-Hong
Published: December 2021

A systematic study of soft materials and flexible mechanics yields a soft patch capable of detecting sleep stages and sleep apnea.
Above-ordering-temperature large anomalous Hall effect in a triangular-lattice magnetic semiconductor
Authors: Uchida Masaki , Sato Shin , Ishizuka Hiroaki , Kurihara Ryosuke , Nakajima Taro , Nakazawa Yusuke , Ohno Mizuki , Kriener Markus , Miyake Atsushi , Ohishi Kazuki , Morikawa Toshiaki , Bahramy Mohammad Saeed , Arima Taka-hisa , Tokunaga Masashi , Nagaosa Naoto , Kawasaki Masashi
Published: December 2021

We observe magnetotransport coupled to noncoplanar spin ordering/fluctuation in a triangular-lattice magnetic semiconductor.
Dissecting structure-function of 3-O-sulfated heparin and engineered heparan sulfates
Authors: Karlsson Richard , Chopra Pradeep , Joshi Apoorva , Yang Zhang , Vakhrushev Sergey Y. , Clausen Thomas Mandel , Painter Chelsea D. , Szekeres Gergo P. , Chen Yen-Hsi , Sandoval Daniel R. , Hansen Lars , Esko Jeffrey D. , Pagel Kevin , Dyer Douglas P. , Turnbull Jeremy E. , Clausen Henrik , Boons Geert-Jan , Miller Rebecca L.
Published: December 2021

This study provides proof of concept for cell-based heparin without heparin-induced thrombocytopenia side effects.
Quantum conformance test
Authors: Ortolano Giuseppe , Boucher Pauline , Degiovanni Ivo Pietro , Losero Elena , Genovese Marco , Ruo-Berchera Ivano
Published: December 2021

A practical quantum scheme is shown to have a performance beyond the classical limits in monitoring a manufacturing process.
A human orthogonal IL-2 and IL-2Rβ system enhances CAR T cell expansion and antitumor activity in a murine model of leukemia
Authors: Zhang Qian , Hresko Morgan E. , Picton Lora K. , Su Leon , Hollander Michael J. , Nunez-Cruz Selene , Zhang Zheng , Assenmacher Charles-Antoine , Sockolosky Jonathan T. , Garcia K. Christopher , Milone Michael C.
Published: December 2021

A human IL-2 and IL-2Rβ orthogonal cytokine-receptor pair enables a tunable approach to enhancing CAR T cell engraftment and antitumor efficacy.
Mechanism of praziquantel action at a parasitic flatworm ion channel
Authors: Park Sang-Kyu , Friedrich Lukas , Yahya Nawal A. , Rohr Claudia M. , Chulkov Evgeny G. , Maillard David , Rippmann Friedrich , Spangenberg Thomas , Marchant Jonathan S.
Published: December 2021

Parasitic flatworm sensitivity to praziquantel is determined by amino acid variation in the binding pocket of a TRP channel.
Consumption of Supplementary Inulin Modulates Milk Microbiota and Metabolites in Dairy Cows with Subclinical Mastitis
Authors: Wang Yue , Nan Xuemei , Zhao Yiguang , Jiang Linshu , Wang Hui , Zhang Fan , Hua Dengke , Liu Jun , Yao Junhu , Yang Liang , Xiong Benhai
Published: December 2021

The profile of the microbial community and metabolic activity in milk are the main determinants of udder health status and milk quality. Recent studies have demonstrated that diet could directly modulate the mammary gland microbiome.
Evidence for Enzymatic Backbone Methylation of the Main Membrane Lipids in the Archaeon Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis
Authors: Coffinet Sarah , Mühlena Lukas , Lipp Julius S. , Weil Micha , Neubauer Cajetan , Urich Tim , Hinrichs Kai-Uwe
Published: December 2021

Butanetriol and pentanetriol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers are membrane lipids recently discovered in anoxic environments. These lipids differ from typical membrane-spanning tetraether lipids because they possess a nonglycerol backbone.
A Peptide Derived from GAPDH Enhances Resistance to DNA Damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells
Authors: Zhao Xi , Lian Xianqiang , Liu Yan , Zhou Liyan , Wu Bian , Fu Yu V.
Published: December 2021

Many studies have shown that microorganisms, including bacteria and yeast, display increased tolerance to stress after exposure to the same stressor. However, the mechanism remains unknown.
Select Streptococci Can Degrade
Candida
Mannan To Facilitate Growth
Authors: Fultz Robert , Ticer Taylor , Glover Janiece , Stripe Leah , Engevik Melinda A.
Published: December 2021

This work highlights a previously undescribed aspect of streptococcal
Candida
interactions. Our work identifies that certain streptococci possess the enzymes required to degrade mannan, and through this mechanism, they can release mannose residues from the cell wall of fungal species and use them as a nutrient source.
Mammalian Orthoreovirus Reassortment Proceeds with Little Constraint on Segment Mixing
Authors: Hockman Megan R. , Jacobs Nathan T. , Mainou Bernardo A. , Koelle Katia , Lowen Anice C.
Published: December 2021

Quantification of reassortment in diverse viral systems is critical to elucidate the implications of genome segmentation for viral evolution. In principle, genome segmentation offers a facile means of genetic exchange between coinfecting viruses.
Microglia Do Not Restrict SARS-CoV-2 Replication following Infection of the Central Nervous System of K18-Human ACE2 Transgenic Mice
Authors: Olivarria Gema M. , Cheng Yuting , Furman Susana , Pachow Collin , Hohsfield Lindsay A. , Smith-Geater Charlene , Miramontes Ricardo , Wu Jie , Burns Mara S. , Tsourmas Kate I. , Stocksdale Jennifer , Manlapaz Cynthia , Yong William H. , Teijaro John , Edwards Robert , Green Kim N. , Thompson Leslie M. , Lane Thomas E.
Published: December 2021

Understanding the immunological mechanisms contributing to both host defense and disease following viral infection of the CNS is of critical importance given the increasing number of viruses that are capable of infecting and replicating within the nervous system. With this in mind, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of microglia in aiding in host defense following experimental infection of the central nervous system (CNS) of K18-hACE2 with SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19.
Catch Me if You Can: the Crosstalk of Zika Virus and the Restriction Factor Tetherin
Authors: Herrlein Marie-Luise , Schmanke Paul , Elgner Fabian , Sabino Catarina , Akhras Sami , Bender Daniela , Glitscher Mirco , Tabari Denna , Scholl Catharina , Stingl Julia , Hildt Eberhard
Published: December 2021

Although tetherin expression is strongly induced by ZIKV infection there is a reduction in the amount of tetherin protein. This is due to enhanced lysosomal degradation.
A 21-Year Survey of Escherichia coli from Bloodstream Infections (BSI) in a Tertiary Hospital Reveals How Community-Hospital Dynamics of B2 Phylogroup Clones Influence Local BSI Rates
Authors: Rodríguez Irene , Figueiredo Ana Sofia , Sousa Melissa , Aracil-Gisbert Sonia , Fernández-de-Bobadilla Miguel D. , Lanza Val F. , Rodríguez Concepción , Zamora Javier , Loza Elena , Mingo Patricia , Brooks Claire J. , Cantón Rafael , Baquero Fernando , Coque Teresa M.
Published: December 2021

Sepsis is the third leading cause of mortality in Western countries and one of the Global Health Threats recognized by the WHO since 2017. Despite
Escherichia coli
constituting the most common cause of bloodstream infections (BSI), its epidemiology is not fully understood, in part due to the scarcity of local and longitudinal studies.
Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Optimization of Piperacillin-Tazobactam in Critically Ill Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and the Influence of Concomitant Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Hahn Jongsung , Min Kyoung Lok , Kang Soyoung , Yang Seungwon , Park Min Soo , Wi Jin , Chang Min Jung
Published: December 2021

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large prospective pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) study of piperacillin-tazobactam in ECMO patients. We used piperacillin-tazobactam plasma concentration data from four different cases (concomitant use of ECMO and CVVHDF, receiving ECMO only, weaned from ECMO and receiving CVVHDF, and weaned from ECMO and not receiving CVVHDF) to provide preliminary insights into the incremental effects of critical illness, ECMO, and CVVHDF on PK.
Adapted Protocol for
Saccharibacteria
Cocultivation: Two New Members Join the Club of Candidate Phyla Radiation
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmad , Maatouk Mohamad , Rajaonison Andriamiharimamy , Zgheib Rita , Haddad Gabriel , Bou Khalil Jacques , Raoult Didier , Bittar Fadi
Published: December 2021

In this study, the first TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) system has been developed. This technique can specifically quantify
Saccharibacteria
members in any sample of interest in order to investigate their prevalence.
Evaluation of Three Quantitative Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Immunoassays
Authors: Chapuy-Regaud Sabine , Miédougé Marcel , Abravanel Florence , Da Silva Isabelle , Porcheron Marion , Fillaux Judith , Diméglio Chloé , Izopet Jacques
Published: December 2021

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 and caused a dramatic pandemic. Serological assays are used to check for immunization and assess herd immunity.
Identification of Hemagglutinin Mutations Caused by Neuraminidase Antibody Pressure
Authors: Wang Fei , Wan Zhimin , Wang Yajuan , Wu Jinsen , Fu Hui , Gao Wei , Shao Hongxia , Qian Kun , Ye Jianqiang , Qin Aijian
Published: December 2021

HA binds with the sialic acid receptor on the host cell and initiates the infection mode of influenza virus. NA cleaves the connection between receptor and HA of newborn virus at the end of viral production.
Enhancement of Biocontrol Efficacy of Pichia kudriavzevii Induced by Ca Ascorbate against Botrytis cinerea in Cherry Tomato Fruit and the Possible Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Sun Keyu , Wang Ziwuzhen , Zhang Xuanqing , Wei Ze , Zhang Xue , Li Lei , Fu Yaning , Gao Jianhua , Zhao Xin , Guo Jun , Wang Junping
Published: December 2021

Antagonistic yeast is a promising way to control postharvest fruit decay because of its safety and broad-spectrum resistance. However, the biocontrol efficacy of yeast is limited by environmental stress, such as oxidative stress.
Identification of HLA-A*24:02-Restricted CTL Candidate Epitopes Derived from the Nonstructural Polyprotein 1a of SARS-CoV-2 and Analysis of Their Conservation Using the Mutation Database of SARS-CoV-2 Variants
Authors: Takagi Akira , Matsui Masanori
Published: December 2021

COVID-19 vaccines have been designed to elicit neutralizing antibodies against the Spike protein of the original SARS-CoV-2, and hence they are less effective against variants. It is possible that novel variants will appear and escape from vaccine-elicited immunity.
Systematic Evaluation of the Accelerate Pheno System for Susceptibility Testing of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Blood Cultures
Authors: Patel Yera A. , Kirn Thomas J. , Weinstein Melvin P. , Uprety Priyanka
Published: December 2021

Bacteremia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Rapid identification of pathogens for early targeted antimicrobial therapy is crucial for detecting emergence of antibiotic resistance and improving outcomes.