bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strong Metal–Support Interactions for Palladium Supported on TiO2 Catalysts in the Heterogeneous Hydrogenation with Parahydrogen
Authors: Kovtunov Kirill V. , Barskiy Danila A. , Salnikov Oleg G. , Burueva Dudari B. , Khudorozhkov Alexander K. , Bukhtiyarov Andrey V. , Prosvirin Igor P. , Gerasimov Evgeny Y. , Bukhtiyarov Valerii I. , Koptyug Igor V.
Published: August 2015

Parahydrogen‐induced polarization (PHIP) was successfully utilized to demonstrate the strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) effect for palladium supported on titania catalysts. Heterogeneous hydrogenation of 1,3‐butadiene over Pd/TiO2 catalysts led to the formation of 1‐ and 2‐butenes and butane, and hyperpolarized products were obtained if parahydrogen was used in the reaction. However, if the catalysts were reduced in H2 flow at 500 °C before the hydrogenation reaction, the observed polarization levels were significantly lower or even zero, which was indicative of the suppression of the pairwise addition of hydrogen route. This observation indicated the possibility to detect the SMSI effect by the PHIP technique. Moreover, by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy it was shown that Pd is partially present as Pdδ+ after reduction under a hydrogen atmosphere at 500 °C. These results were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, which revealed the formation of Pdδ+ and the dissolution of Pd in the titania lattice.
Modeling of High‐Concentration Ethanol Production by Mucor hiemalis
Authors: Radmanesh Farzaneh , Mirmohamadsadeghi Safoora , Karimi Keikhosro , Zamani Akram
Published: August 2015

Inhibitory effects of high glucose and ethanol concentrations on ethanol production from wheat enzymatic hydrolysate by the zygomycetes fungus Mucor hiemalis were investigated and modeled. The ethanol yield was reduced by increasing the glucose concentration. Among different kinetic models, i.e., linear, Emerson, and modified Williams models, the latter successfully described the fungal growth kinetics. Considering the inhibitory effect of glucose, a model was developed for expressing the rate of ethanol production. In addition, the inhibitory effect of ethanol on ethanol yield was modeled. The model prediction satisfactorily covered the experimental data.
Self‐Assembled Boronic Ester Cavitand Capsules with Various Bis(catechol) Linkers: Cavity‐Expanded and Chiral Capsules
Authors: Tamaki Kento , Ishigami Asumi , Tanaka Yasutaka , Yamanaka Masamichi , Kobayashi Kenji
Published: August 2015

Two molecules of cavitand tetraboronic acid and four molecules of various bis(catechol) linkers self‐assemble into capsules through the formation of eight dynamic boronic ester bonds. Each capsule has a different cavity size depending on the linker used, and shows particular guest encapsulation selectivity. A chiral capsule made up of the cavitand and a chiral bis(catechol) linker was also constructed. This capsule induces supramolecular chirality with respect to a prochiral biphenyl guest by diastereomeric encapsulation through the asymmetric suppression of rotation around the axis of the prochiral biphenyl moiety.
Light‐Induced CH Arylation of (Hetero)arenes by In Situ Generated Diazo Anhydrides
Authors: Cantillo David , Mateos Carlos , Rincon Juan A. , de Frutos Oscar , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: August 2015

Diazo anhydrides (ArNNONNAr) have been known since 1896 but have rarely been used in synthesis. This communication describes the development of a photochemical catalyst‐free CH arylation methodology for the preparation of bi(hetero)aryls by the one‐pot reaction of anilines with tert‐butyl nitrite and (hetero)arenes under neutral conditions. The key step in this procedure is the in situ formation and subsequent photochemical (>300 nm) homolytic cleavage of a transient diazo anhydride intermediate. The generated aryl radical then efficiently reacts with a (hetero)arene to form the desired bi(hetero)aryls producing only nitrogen, water, and tert‐butanol as byproducts. The scope of the reaction for several substituted anilines and (hetero)arenes was investigated. A continuous‐flow protocol increasing selectivity and safety has been developed enabling the experimentally straightforward preparation of a variety of substituted bi(hetero)aryls within 45 min of reaction time.
Development of HPLC Chiral Stationary Phases Based on (+)‐(18‐Crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic Acid and Their Applications
Authors: Hyun Myung Ho
Published: August 2015

Crown ether‐based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) have been known to be useful for the resolution of racemic primary amino compounds. In particular, CSPs based on (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid have been reported to be useful for the resolution of secondary amino compounds as well as primary amino compounds. In this article, the process of developing various CSPs based on (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid to improve the chiral recognition efficiency and/or the stability of the CSPs and their applications to the resolution of various primary and nonprimary amino compounds are reviewed. Chirality 27:576–588, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Single vs Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Turgeon Ricky D. , Barry Arden R.
Published: August 2015

There is wide variability in prescribing of antiplatelet regimens following transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The objective of this review was to evaluate published and unpublished reports regarding the efficacy and safety of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) compared with a single antiplatelet agent in patients undergoing TAVI. We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Embase, and unpublished sources of literature from inception to December 2014 using terms synonymous with TAVI and DAPT. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort or case‐control studies that compared DAPT with a single antiplatelet agent post‐TAVI. Four articles met the inclusion criteria (2 RCTs, 2 cohort studies), of which all were deemed to be at high risk of bias, for a total of 662 patients. Compared with a single antiplatelet agent, DAPT did not significantly reduce all‐cause mortality (risk ratio: 1.22, 95% confidence interval: 0.72‐2.09, I2 = 0%). Due to selective outcome reporting and variable follow‐up, other outcomes of interest could not be meta‐analyzed; however, evaluation of individual studies demonstrated no significant reduction in thrombotic events with DAPT and a similar or higher risk of bleeding. Current evidence, though limited by low methodological quality, suggests a lack of benefit and potential harm with DAPT compared with a single antiplatelet agent in patients post‐TAVI. Therefore, clinicians should evaluate the use of DAPT in patients post‐TAVI on a case‐by‐case basis until more robust evidence is available to guide practice.
Dynein arms are strain‐dependent direction‐switching force generators
Authors: Shingyoji Chikako , Nakano Izumi , Inoue Yuichi , Higuchi Hideo
Published: August 2015

Dynein is a minus‐end‐directed motor that can generate (forward) force to move along the microtubule toward its minus end. In addition, axonemal dyneins were reported to oscillate in the generation of forward force, and cytoplasmic dynein is observed to generate bidirectional forces in response to defined chemical states. Both dyneins can also respond to mechanically applied force. To test whether axonemal dynein can switch direction of force generation, we measured force using an optical trap and UV‐photolysis of caged ATP. We observed that isolated dynein could repeatedly generate force in both directions along the microtubule. Bidirectional force was also observed for dynein arms that are still attached on the doublet microtubules. Axonemal dynein generated force to move backward (∼4 pN) as well as forward (5‐6 pN) along microtubules. Furthermore, backward force could be stimulated by plus‐end directed external force applied to axonemal dynein before ATP application. The results show that axonemal dynein is unique exhibiting multiple modes of force generation including backward and forward force, oscillatory force and slow, repetitive bidirectional force. The results also demonstrate that mechanical strain is important for switching the directionality of force generation in axonemal dyneins. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Arp2/3 inhibitory protein arpin induces cell turning by pausing cell migration
Authors: Gorelik Roman , Gautreau Alexis
Published: August 2015

Branched actin networks generated by the Arp2/3 complex provide the driving force for leading edge protrusion in migrating cells. We recently identified Arpin, a protein that inhibits the Arp2/3 complex in lamellipodia. Arpin is activated by the small GTPase Rac, which triggers lamellipodium formation, and thus Arpin renders protrusions unstable. A conserved role of Arpin is to induce migrating cells to turn in different migration models. Here we investigated the mechanism by which Arpin controls directional persistence. For this analysis, we segmented migration trajectories into alternating phases of active migration and pauses, based on a speed threshold. Regardless of the threshold value, Arpin induced more frequent pausing, during which the cell was more likely to change the direction of its migration. Arpin simultaneously acts on cell speed and directional persistence, which are strongly coupled parameters. Induction of frequent pausing by Arpin is consistent with Arpin circuitry: by inhibiting the Arp2/3 complex as a response to Rac activation, Arpin antagonizes a positive feedback loop that sustains protrusions at the leading edge and maintains active migration. We propose the ‘duration of active migration’ as a useful proxy to measure feedbacks associated with cell migration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for direct labeling of stem cells and in vivo MRI tracking
Authors: Kim Saejeong J. , Lewis Bobbi , Steiner Mark‐ Steven , Bissa Ursula V. , Dose Christian , Frank Joseph A.
Published: August 2015

To develop effective stem cell therapies, it is important to track therapeutic cells non‐invasively and monitor homing to areas of pathology. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate the labeling efficiency of commercially available dextran‐coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, FeraTrack Direct (FTD), in various stem and immune cells; assess the cytotoxicity and tolerability of the FTD in stem cells; and monitor stem cell homing using FTD‐labeled bone‐marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) in a tumor model by in vivo MRI. BMSCs, NSCs, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), T‐lymphocytes, and monocytes were labeled effectively with FTD without the need for transfection agents, and Prussian blue (PB) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed intracellular uptake of the agent. The viability, proliferation, and functionality of the labeled cells were minimally or not affected after labeling. When 106 FTD‐labeled BMSCs or NSCs were injected into C6 glioma bearing nude mice, the cells homing to the tumors were detected as hypointense regions within the tumor using 3 T clinical MRI up to 10 days post injection. Histological analysis confirmed the homing of injected cells to the tumor by the presence of PB positive cells that are not macrophages. Labeling of stem cells or immune cells with FTD was non‐toxic, and should facilitate the translation of this agent to clinical trials for evaluation of trafficking of cells by MRI. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fezf2 expression in layer 5 projection neurons of mature mouse motor cortex
Authors: Tantirigama Malinda L.S. , Oswald Manfred J. , Clare Alison J. , Wicky Hollie E. , Day Robert C. , Hughes Stephanie M. , Empson Ruth M.
Published: August 2015

The mature cerebral cortex contains a wide diversity of neuron phenotypes. This diversity is specified during development by neuron‐specific expression of key transcription factors, some of which are retained for the life of the animal. One of these key developmental transcription factors that is also retained in the adult is Fezf2, but the neuron types expressing it in the mature cortex are unknown. With a validated Fezf2‐Gfp reporter mouse, whole‐cell electrophysiology with morphology reconstruction, cluster analysis, in vivo retrograde labeling, and immunohistochemistry, we identify a heterogeneous population of Fezf2+ neurons in both layer 5A and layer 5B of the mature motor cortex. Functional electrophysiology identified two distinct subtypes of Fezf2+ neurons that resembled pyramidal tract projection neurons (PT‐PNs) and intratelencephalic projection neurons (IT‐PNs). Retrograde labeling confirmed the former type to include corticospinal projection neurons (CSpPNs) and corticothalamic projection neurons (CThPNs), whereas the latter type included crossed corticostriatal projection neurons (cCStrPNs) and crossed‐corticocortical projection neurons (cCCPNs). The two Fezf2+ subtypes expressed either CTIP2 or SATB2 to distinguish their physiological identity and confirmed that specific expression combinations of key transcription factors persist in the mature motor cortex. Our findings indicate a wider role for Fezf2 within gene expression networks that underpin the diversity of layer 5 cortical projection neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:829–845, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Drug–Polymer Interactions in Hydrogel‐based Drug‐Delivery Systems: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Rossi Filippo , Castiglione Franca , Ferro Monica , Marchini Paolo , Mauri Emanuele , Moioli Marta , Mele Andrea , Masi Maurizio
Published: August 2015

In drug‐delivery systems, drug transport is a key step, but the interpretation of the transport mechanism is still controversial. Here, we investigated a promising hydrogel library loaded with the anticonvulsant drug ethosuximide (ESM). The self‐diffusion coefficient of ESM was measured using two methods: a direct and advanced measurement with a pulsed field gradient spin‐echo (PFGSE) method, using an NMR spectrometer equipped with high‐resolution magic angle spinning (HR‐MAS) probe, and an indirect one based on fitting in vitro drug‐delivery data. Starting from the experimental data a mathematical model without fitted parameters was developed and all the phenomena involved, that is, adsorption and diffusion, were considered. At low drug concentrations, adsorption prevails and consequently the diffusivity in the gels is lower than that in water. At high drug concentrations, where all adsorption sites are saturated, the diffusion in the gels is similar to that in a water solution. This study may pave the way for better device design.
Closing the drug lag for new drug submission and review in Japan: An industry perspective
Authors: Poirier AF
Published: August 2015

Previous publications have focused on drug lag in Japan and the government's initiatives to address the situation.1 Japan is the third largest pharmaceutical market, and yet has experienced significant drug lag for many years. This article reviews the progress resulting from industry adaptation of new regulatory paradigms that include Japan in global drug development programs.
Should recent experiences with CVOTs for oral hypoglycemic drugs allow us to rethink the regulatory paradigm?
Authors: Meyer RJ
Published: August 2015

In response to a meta‐analysis raising significant concerns over the cardiovascular safety of rosiglitazone, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a draft guidance directing sponsors of novel diabetes drugs to address cardiovascular risk, including large outcomes trials. Regulatory experience supports that outcomes trials, absent a clear signal of risk, may add reassurance, but also have significant consequences. The FDA should finalize this guidance, taking into account the regulatory experience since 2008.
In situ atomic force microscopy studies of growth mechanisms and surface morphology of zinc thiourea sulfate crystals
Authors: Song Jie , Li Mingwei , Cao Yachao , Yin Huawei
Published: August 2015

In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been utilized in studies of the growth mechanism on the (100) face of zinc tris (thiourea) sulphate (ZTS) crystals growing from solution. The growth on the (100) face of pure ZTS crystal is mainly controlled by two dimensional (2D) nucleation mechanisms, under which the hillock is formed through layer‐by‐layer growth. It is easier to form 2D nuclei at edge dislocation and the apex of steps. The growth of 2D nucleus is in accord with nucleation‐spreading mode. The growth rate along the 〈010〉 direction is faster than that along 〈001〉 direction, both of which increase firstly and then decrease with the spread of nucleus. The kinetic coefficients of one nucleus have been roughly estimated to be 3.6 × 10−4 cm/s and 1.8 × 10−4 cm/s in two directions, while the activation energy E was calculated to be 53.7 kJ/mol and 55.4 kJ/mol, respectively. The 2D nuclei can be generated under lower supersaturation with the addition of EDTA. If there are several hillocks growing together, step bunches will form when the steps moving in the same direction meet each other, while the meeting of steps that move in the inverse direction will result in the separation of steps. The ability of nucleation of edge dislocation outcrops are different even they are close to each other on the same surface. When the nucleus was generated at the edge dislocation sites, it cannot spread speedily until finishes an “incubation period”. Moreover, the detour of microsteps was observed due to the existence of pits. If the microcrystals attached on the surface block the step advancement, or leave the surface or are covered by the macrosteps, the pits are formed. If the macrosteps advanced across the pits, the pits will be covered and the liquid inclusions may form. However, if the microcrystal forming in the pit grow up and expose on the surface, the pit will not be covered by macrosteps. The formation of solid inclusions may be caused by the microcrystals being embedded into the single steps which move layer‐by‐layer.
Characterization of annealed zinc oxide nanotip array prepared by chemical bath deposition
Authors: Lee Ming‐Kwei , Jhang Jyun‐Jie
Published: August 2015

We investigate the characteristics of thermally annealed ZnO nanotip in various ambient. AZO seed layer was first prepared on glass substrate by RF sputtering. A vertically oriented ZnO nanotip array was grown on AZO seed layer/glass by chemical bath deposition with precursors of zinc nitrate and ammonia at 70 °C. By thermal annealing in N2O ambient at 300 °C for 1 hour, the characteristics of ZnO nanotip array were improved and the ultraviolet sensor shows the best rise time of 50 s, decay time of 70 s and on/off current ratio of 26.04.
Optical and Photocatalytic properties of Mn‐doped CuO nanosheets prepared by hydrothermal method
Authors: Jiang Tingting , Kong Junhan , Wang Yongqian , Meng Dawei , Wang Dagui , Yu Meihua
Published: August 2015

Mn‐doped CuO nanosheets were prepared through a hydrothermal method to enhance their photocatalytic property. The structural and morphological features were monitored by using X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). UV‐vis absorption spectra showed the enhance absorption performance both in UV and visible light region. The band gaps were also calculate and the minimum value was 1.25 eV. The photocatalytic activity was investigated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB), which indicated that the photoactivity of samples depended on the amount of Mn2+ incorporated into the CuO lattice. The improved performance of photocatalysts can be attributed to enhanced light absorption and lower electron‐hole recombination.
Carbazole Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Studied from Femtoseconds to Seconds—Effect of Additives in Cobalt‐ and Iodide‐Based Electrolytes
Authors: Sobuś Jan , Kubicki Jacek , Burdziński Gotard , Ziółek Marcin
Published: August 2015

Comprehensive studies of all charge‐separation processes in efficient carbazole dye‐sensitized solar cells are correlated with their photovoltaic parameters. An important role of partial, fast electron recombination from the semiconductor nanoparticles to the oxidized dye is revealed; this takes place on the picosecond and sub‐nanosecond timescales. The charge‐transfer dynamics in cobalt tris(bipyridyl) based electrolytes and iodide‐based electrolyte is observed to depend on potential‐determining additives in a similar way. Upon addition of 0.5 M 4‐tert‐butylpiridine to both types of electrolytes, the stability of the cells is greatly improved; the cell photovoltage increases by 150–200 mV, the electron injection rate decreases about five times (from 5 to 1 ps−1), and fast recombination slows down about two to three times. Dye regeneration proceeds at a rate of about 1 μs−1 in all electrolytes. Electron recombination from titania to cobalt electrolytes is much faster than that to iodide ones.
The design and implementation of a multi‐wing chaotic attractor based on a five‐term three‐dimension system
Authors: Wang Zhonglin , Tang Hang , Chen Zengqiang
Published: August 2015

The last two decades have seen great progress about the generation and circuit realization of multi‐wing chaotic attractor. In this paper, several multi‐scroll chaotic attractors are generated from a five‐term system by adding a piecewise linear function. Moreover, some basic properties in terms of symmetry and dissipation, equilibrium points, eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrices, Lyapunov exponent spectrum, bifurcation diagram, and Poincaré map are studied. In particular, an analog circuit is designed to implement the proposed multi‐scroll attractors, which are different from the traditional attractors. Furthermore, an integrated circuit diagram is designed to realize the fractional‐order multi‐scroll attractors. Finally, the performed experimental results confirm the theoretical analysis, and our work lends itself to many potential applications in engineering. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metastatic metaplastic breast carcinoma mimicking pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma on fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Nguyen Doreen N. , Kawamoto Satomi , Cimino‐Mathews Ashley , Illei Peter B. , Rosenthal Dorothy L. , VandenBussche Christopher J.
Published: August 2015

Metaplastic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the breast is a rare type of breast cancer. Metastases to the lung, which can be a major site of second primary tumor development among breast cancer patients, are difficult to distinguish from primary SCC of the lung and present a unique challenge for pathologists. There are few available discriminating immunohistochemical markers as squamous differentiation typically leads to loss of expression of characteristic primary epithelial cell markers of both breast and lung origin. GATA protein binding 3 (GATA‐3) is a useful marker of breast origin in metastatic ductal and lobular carcinomas including poorly differentiated triple‐negative carcinomas and some metaplastic carcinomas. Here, we present a case of metastatic SCC presenting as a solitary lung mass with regional lymph node metastases and a single satellite lesion in a patient with a history of metaplastic SCC of the breast. In addition to the routine markers of squamous differentiation, the metastases were also positive for estrogen receptor (ER) and GATA‐3 on cytologic material obtained by transbronchial FNA. This suggests that immunoreactivity for ER and GATA‐3 may support a diagnosis of metastatic SCC in the context of a prior metaplastic SCC of the breast. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:844–849. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor deletion in cerebellar granule neuron precursors impairs neurogenesis
Authors: Dever Daniel P. , Adham Zachariah O. , Thompson Bryan , Genestine Matthieu , Cherry Jonathan , Olschowka John A. , DiCicco‐Bloom Emanuel , Opanashuk Lisa A.
Published: August 2015

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand‐activated member of the basic‐helix‐loop‐helix/PER‐ARNT‐SIM(PAS) transcription factor superfamily that also mediates the toxicity of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD). Increasing evidence suggests that AhR influences the development of many tissues, including the central nervous system. Our previous studies suggest that sustained AhR activation by TCDD and/or AhR deletion disrupts cerebellar granule neuron precursor (GNP) development. In the current study, to determine whether endogenous AhR controls GNP development in a cell‐autonomous manner, we created a GNP‐specific AhR deletion mouse, AhRfx/fx/Math1CRE/+ (AhR CKO). Selective AhR deletion in GNPs produced abnormalities in proliferation and differentiation. Specifically, fewer GNPs were engaged in S‐phase, as demonstrated by ∼25% reductions in thymidine (in vitro) and Bromodeoxyuridine (in vivo) incorporation. Furthermore, total granule neuron numbers in the internal granule layer at PND21 and PND60 were diminished in AhR conditional knockout (CKO) mice compared with controls. Conversely, differentiation was enhanced, including ∼40% increase in neurite outgrowth and 50% increase in GABARα6 receptor expression in deletion mutants. Our results suggest that AhR activity plays a role in regulating granule neuron number and differentiation, possibly by coordinating this GNP developmental transition. These studies provide novel insights for understanding the normal roles of AhR signaling during cerebellar granule cell neurogenesis and may have important implications for the effects of environmental factors in cerebellar dysgenesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 533–550, 2016
Metacognition and Reading: Comparing Three Forms of Metacognition in Normally Developing Readers and Readers with Dyslexia
Authors: Furnes Bjarte , Norman Elisabeth
Published: August 2015

Metacognition refers to ‘cognition about cognition’ and includes metacognitive knowledge, strategies and experiences (Efklides,; Flavell,). Research on reading has shown that better readers demonstrate more metacognitive knowledge than poor readers (Baker & Beall,), and that reading ability improves through strategy instruction (Gersten, Fuchs, Williams, & Baker,). The current study is the first to specifically compare the three forms of metacognition in dyslexic (N = 22) versus normally developing readers (N = 22). Participants read two factual texts, with learning outcome measured by a memory task. Metacognitive knowledge and skills were assessed by self‐report. Metacognitive experiences were measured by predictions of performance and judgments of learning. Individuals with dyslexia showed insight into their reading problems, but less general knowledge of how to approach text reading. They more often reported lack of available reading strategies, but groups did not differ in the use of deep and surface strategies. Learning outcome and mean ratings of predictions of performance and judgments of learning were lower in dyslexic readers, but not the accuracy with which metacognitive experiences predicted learning. Overall, the results indicate that dyslexic reading and spelling problems are not generally associated with lower levels of metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive strategies or sensitivity to metacognitive experiences in reading situations. @ 2015 The Authors.Dyslexiapublished by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
In‐hospital worsening heart failure
Authors: Butler Javed , Gheorghiade Mihai , Kelkar Anita , Fonarow Gregg C. , Anker Stefan , Greene Stephen J. , Papadimitriou Lampros , Collins Sean , Ruschitzka Frank , Yancy Clyde W. , Teerlink John R. , Adams Kirkwood , Cotter Gadi , Ponikowski Piotr , Felker G. Michael , Metra Marco , Filippatos Gerasimos
Published: August 2015

Acute worsening heart failure (WHF) is seen in a sizable portion of patients hospitalized for heart failure, and is increasingly being recognized as an entity that is associated with an adverse in‐hospital course. WHF is generally defined as worsening heart failure symptoms and signs requiring an intensification of therapy, and is reported to be seen in anywhere from 5% to 42% of heart failure admissions. It is difficult to ascertain the exact epidemiology of WHF due to varying definitions used in the literature. Studies indicate that WHF cannot be precisely predicted on the basis of baseline variables assessed at the time of admission. Recent data suggest that some experimental therapies may reduce the risk of development of WHF among hospitalized heart failure patients, and this is associated with a reduction in risk of subsequent post‐discharge cardiovascular mortality. In this respect, WHF holds promise as a endpoint for acute heart failure clinical trials to better elucidate the benefit of targeted novel therapies. Better understanding of the pathophysiology and a consensus on the definition of WHF will further improve our epidemiological and clinical understanding of this entity.
Photoluminescence Modulation in Lan­thanide(III)/Pyrazine‐2,5‐dicarboxylato/Nitrato Frameworks
Authors: Cepeda Javier , Pérez‐Yáñez Sonia , Beobide Garikoitz , Castillo Oscar , García Jose Ángel , Luque Antonio
Published: August 2015

The solvent‐free melt reactions between lanthanide(III) nitrates and pyrazine‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid (H2pzdc) gave rise to four families of 3D compounds that differ from those accessible from conventional solvothermal synthesis, namely, {[Ln(μ4‐pzdc)(NO3)(H2O)2]·2.33H2O}n (1‐Ln; Ln = La, Ce), {[Ln9(μ4‐pzdc)9(NO3)2(H2O)25](NO3)7·8H2O}n (2‐Ln; Ln = Pr, Nd), {[Ln6(μ4‐pzdc)5(μ3‐pzdc)2(μ‐pzdc)(H2O)10](NO3)2·2H2O}n (3‐Ln; Ln = Nd, Sm), and [Ln(μ4‐pzdc)(NO3)(H2O)]n (4‐Ln; Ln = Eu, Gd, Tb). This synthetic approach promotes the incorporation of nitrate anions into the final crystal structure as terminal ligands or counterions, which replace water molecules in the coordination sphere and enhance the photoluminescence properties of these compounds. The neodymium, samarium, europium, and terbium compounds exhibit their characteristic emissions in the infrared and visible regions. The pzdc ligand shows the highest sensitization towards TbIII ions, and the photoluminescence intensity can be modulated by immersing the sample into different solvents and also by dehydrating it. Compounds 3‐Ln have a topology named as jcr5, which has not been reported previously.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation Reactions of Glycolates as a Tool for the Synthesis of Functionalized α‐Hydroxy Esters
Authors: Kiefer Alexander , Gawas Dnyaneshwar , Kazmaier Uli
Published: August 2015

Deprotonated tert‐butyl glycolates were found to be suitable nucleophiles for Pd‐catalyzed allylic alkylation reactions to generate γ,δ‐unsaturated α‐hydroxy acid derivatives. This protocol is suitable for the introduction of different side chains and includes stannylated ones. These can be subjected to further cross‐coupling reactions, which gives access to a wide range of structural motifs.
Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl‐Protected O‐Glycosyl‐N‐methyl Amino Acids: Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Conformationally Tuned Glycopeptide Antigens
Authors: Buba Annette E. , Löwe Holger , Kunz Horst
Published: August 2015

Peptide antibiotics often contain N‐methylated amino acids. These N‐methylamino components enhance the metabolic stability and strongly influence the conformational behavior of these peptide drugs. N‐Methyl‐O‐glycosyl amino acids, in particular, threonine and serine derivatives, are unknown so far. Fmoc‐protected N‐methyl‐O‐glycosyl‐threonine and ‐serine building blocks, including sialyl TN antigens, have been synthesized for the first time by converting the Fmoc‐protected O‐glycosyl amino acids or their tert‐butyl esters into the corresponding oxazolidinones followed by reductive ring‐opening. These new components are considered interesting for the construction of modified mucin glycopeptide anti‐tumor vaccines with extended biological half‐life.
Synthesis of Indoles by Palladium‐Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of β‐Nitrostyrenes with Carbon Monoxide as the Reductant
Authors: Ferretti Francesco , EL‐Atawy Mohamed A. , Muto Stefania , Hagar Mohamed , Gallo Emma , Ragaini Fabio
Published: August 2015

An efficient catalytic cyclization of β‐nitrostyrenes to indoles was developed. The reaction was applied to the synthesis of 3‐arylindoles and 2‐alkylindoles. Given that in the latter case the starting β‐nitrostyrenes can be easily obtained by a Henry reaction, the present method allows indoles to be obtained in a two‐step sequence starting from cheap reactants.
Aging Behavior of Reactive Air Brazed Seals for SOFC
Authors: Pönicke A. , Schilm J. , Kusnezoff M. , Michaelis A.
Published: August 2015

In this study the gas‐tightness of reactive air brazed YSZ‐steel joints and their long‐term stability at high temperatures in air and dual atmospheres are investigated. Silver‐based braze compositions like Ag‐4CuO are used for reactive air brazing of gas‐tightness samples. During aging in air at 850 °C for 800 h all tested samples remained hermetic. However, microstructural analysis reveals the formation of voids within the brazing zones and severe changes of the interfacial oxide layers. It is shown, that due to the diffusion of chromium and manganese from the steel substrate the thickness of the reaction layers increases and the phase composition changes. Furthermore, in previous work a decrease of the bending strength of reactive air brazed YSZ‐steel joints due to the microstructural changes is observed. In contrast, the aging in dual atmospheres at 850 °C causes strong degradation and the total loss of gas‐tightness. Reducing atmospheric conditions lead to different reactions profiles of the silver based brazes in contact with the YSZ electrolyte. Complex reaction products are identified and reported.
Anion‐Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells: Synthesis Strategies, Properties and Perspectives
Authors: Zhang H.‐W. , Chen D.‐Z. , Xianze Y. , Yin S.‐B.
Published: August 2015

This review focuses on various synthesis strategies of anion‐exchange membranes (AEMs) for fuel cells, diverse methodologies of AEM‐forming, together with relationship between structures and properties. AEMs are discussed from seven categories, including (1) AEMs derived from Nafion precursors with sulfonyl fluoride groups, which display excellent stability and well‐developed morphologies that similar to Nafion, but has potentially high costs. (2) AEMs prepared by grafting technologies, such as chemical grafting technique, ATRP technique, plasma grafting technique and radiation grafting technique. (3) AEMs based on functionalized commercial polymers, including PVA, SEBS, CPP, PEEK, PES, PEI, PPO, and so on. (4) AEMs prepared by newly‐synthesized polymers, in which the most interesting approach is to synthesize alkaline multi‐block copolymers with enough long hydrophilic/hydrophobic blocks. (5) AEMs containing heterogeneous composition, which mainly prepared by blending and sol‐gel methods, reinforced or pore‐filling AEMs and IPN or s‐IPN. (6) AEMs with functional groups different from quaternary ammonium, which includes the studies of new type of AEMs with highly chemical stability in alkaline solution. (7) Hybrid membranes combining AEM with PEM, in which new configuration results in different performances. At last, conclusions and perspectives for the future researches of AEMs are presented.
MineralBay – the portal for raw materials and projects from subsurface construction / MineralBay – das Portal für mineralische Rohstoffe und Projekte aus dem Untertagebau
Authors: Erben Hartmut , Galler Robert , Grechenig Thomas
Published: August 2015

In order to achieve higher utilisation rates for the material excavated from underground construction sites, one of the main objectives is efficient, digital processing of available data on material, mass and time parameters for the mined rock. Selected information needs to be made available to a wide audience at the same time. This initiates a value chain, which goes far beyond the construction industry and enables successful upcycling. The evolving software MineralBay is committed to this goal by using the internet to bring together owners or suppliers of mineral resources with customers easily, quickly and at any time to facilitate the exchange and trading of raw materials. MineralBay is a management and merchandising system for excavated material, whose speciality is access to and processing of real‐time data, e.g. in the form of online material analysis results from tunnel boring machines. The information obtained is used for quality management of already placed excavation material and for gapless documentation of the material flow from the beginning to the end of the construction project.

Eines der Kernziele zum Erreichen höherer Verwertungsquoten von Ausbruchmaterial bei untertägigen Bauprozessen ist die effiziente digitale Aufbereitung vorhandener Daten zu Material‐, Massen‐ und Zeitparametern des Tunnelausbruchs, wobei zugleich ausgewählte Informationen einem breiten Interessentenkreis zugänglich sein sollen. Dadurch wird eine Wertschöpfungskette initialisiert, die weit über die Baubranche hinausgeht und so ein erfolgreiches Upcycling ermöglicht. Diesem Ziel soll die in Entwicklung befindliche Software MineralBay dienen, die Besitzer, Lieferanten und Bedarfsträger mineralischer Rohstoffe einfach, schnell und zu jeder Zeit über das Internet zusammenführen kann, um so den Austausch und Handel von Rohmaterialien zu vereinfachen. MineralBay ist ein Ausbruchmaterialverwaltungs‐ und ‐vermarktungssystem, dessen Besonderheit die Anbindung an Echtzeit‐Datenanalysen ist, z.B. in Form einer Online‐Materialanalyse auf der Tunnelbohrmaschine. Die dadurch gewonnenen Informationen dienen dem Qualitätsmanagement des vermittelten Ausbruchmaterials und der lückenlosen Dokumentation des Materialstroms vom Beginn bis zum Ende des Bauprojekts.
Direct use of excavated material in mechanised tunnelling – development of the prototype
Authors: Edelmann Thomas , Himmelsbach Christian , Barwart Stefan
Published: August 2015

The DRAGON project (Development of Resource‐efficient and Advanced Underground Technologies) is intended to improve resource efficiency in tunnelling processes by providing the excavated material as a raw material. The project deals with the systematic reuse of excavated material from tunnel boring machines (TBMs) and is mainly focussed on the development of specific automated analysis and separation technologies. This enables resource‐efficient reuse of excavated material through the installation of innovative technology directly on the TBM. The physical characteristics of excavated material can be concluded by measuring the disc cutter load. The mineralogical and/or elementary parameters will be detected by a fully automated side pass analysis system. For this purpose, Herrenknecht AG and the Montanuniversität Leoben are working with other internationally renowned partners in the framework of the DRAGON project on various methods of characterising excavated material.
Recycling of tunnel excavation using the example of the Koralm Tunnel, contract KAT2 – Status April 2015 / Verwertung von Tunnelausbruch am Beispiel des Koralmtunnels, Baulos KAT2 – Stand April 2015
Authors: Posch Helmut , Otto Richard , Huber Helmut , Murr Roland , Kager Matthias , Wagner Hanns
Published: August 2015

Contract KAT2 will produce about 8.6 m. t of material excavated from the tunnel. In the course of the design work, maximum reuse of this material was intended, always considering economics and while reducing the environmental impact by minimizing transport and saving resources. More than half of the suitable tunnel spoil will be preliminarily screened and then processed for the production of aggregates for concrete production. After the first year of production, the high losses associated with the preliminary screening and processing demanded measures to improve the processing, which led to an improvement of the recycling quota. The aggregates produced on site so far fulfil the technical requirements for concrete production, even for high strength concrete grades.

Am Baulos KAT2 fallen insgesamt rund 8,6 Mio. t Tunnelausbruchmaterial an. In der Projektplanung wurde eine maximale Wiederverwertbarkeit des Ausbruchmaterials unter Berücksichtigung der Wirtschaftlichkeit bei einer geringen Umweltbelastung durch Minimierung der Transportvorgänge und eine weitgehende Ressourcenschonung angestrebt. Mehr als die Hälfte des geeigneten Tunnelausbruchmaterials wird für die Produktion von Gesteinskörnungen zur Betonherstellung vorabgesiebt und anschließend weiter aufbereitet. Die hohen Vorabsiebungs‐ und Aufbereitungsverluste erforderten nach dem ersten Produktionsjahr Verbesserungsmaßnahmen im Aufbereitungsprozess, die zu einer Erhöhung der Aufbereitungsquote führten. Die bisher vor Ort hergestellten Gesteinskörnungen erfüllen die technischen Anforderungen für die Betonerzeugung und darüber hinaus auch für Betonsorten mit hohen Druckfestigkeiten.
A methodology for assessing the environmental benefits of DRAGON technology
Authors: Shonfield Peter , Anderson Jane , Boyd Sarah
Published: August 2015

Most excavated material generated from tunnelling projects ends up being deposited on land. The EU funded project “DRAGON” aims to develop technologies to analyse and characterise this material so that the potentially usable fraction can be easily separated from non‐usable material. Increasing use of this material by external industries will improve resource efficiency while reducing landfill quantities and disposal costs. One of the project goals is to assess the potential environmental benefits/costs of applying DRAGON technology to planned future EU tunnelling projects. A three stage approach has been adopted to meet this goal. Firstly, the potential for diverting material from landfill must be assessed. To account for the diversity of tunnelling projects, this will be based on an average of 54 recent tunnelling projects. Secondly, a life cycle assessment (LCA) model will be created to allow each of these tunnelling projects to be analysed and the potential benefits of using DRAGON technology will be compared against the ‘business as usual’ case. These results will then be averaged to give the expected environmental costs/benefits per t excavated material. Finally, these costs/benefits will be scaled up to account for the expected amount of material from future European tunnelling projects ‐ expected to be around 800 m. t.
Development of resource‐efficient tunnelling technologies – Results of the European research project DRAGON
Authors: Galler Robert
Published: August 2015

A wide range of different minerals is found in materials excavated in tunnels. The DRAGON project therefore has the aim of investigating the requirements of the industries producing products from mineral raw materials and who thus could be interested in raw materials derived from underground construction sites. In parallel to the development of advanced online technologies for the analysis of excavated materials, DRAGON is researching the significant requirements for raw materials used in industrial processes; these include grain size distribution, mineralogical composition, geochemistry as well as water content and water absorption properties.

Tunnel construction – not only with TBMs – is already a highly industrialized and technologically demanding process, with high advance rates. One important condition for both machine manufacturers and construction companies has been that advance rate should not be adversely affected by the new developments from DRAGON. Another objective of the DRAGON project was to consider the wider strategic objectives of EU policy and to highlight any areas where barriers may exist to the benefits of applying the DRAGON technology.

In Tunnelausbruchmaterial können unterschiedlichste mineralische Rohstoffe enthalten sein. Das Forschungsprojekt DRAGON hat sich daher zum Ziel gesetzt, die Anforderungen jener Industriezweige zu studieren, die ihre Produkte auf Basis von mineralischen Rohstoffen herstellen und daher an Tunnelausbruchmaterial interessiert sein könnten. Parallel zur Entwicklung von Online Analyseverfahren für Tunnelausbruchmaterialien wurden die wesentlichen Anforderungen der mineralischen Rohstoffe für die verschiedenen Industriezweige erhoben; dazu gehören Korngrößenverteilungen, mineralogische Zusammensetzung, geochemische Parameter aber auch der Wassergehalt und das Wasserabsorptionsvermögen.

Tunnelvortriebe – nicht nur solche mit Tunnelvortriebsmaschinen – sind heute hochindustrialisiert und erreichen daher hohe Vortriebsraten. Eine wesentliche Bedingung sowohl der Maschinenhersteller als auch der Bauindustrie war daher, dass die Vortriebsgeschwindigkeiten durch die neuen Entwicklungen im Projekt DRAGON nicht negativ beeinflusst werden dürfen. Weitere Aufgabenstellung des Projektes war, dass die diesbezüglichen strategischen Ziele der europäischen Politik verfolgt und eventuell vorhandene Unwegbarkeiten, die eine Umsetzung der neuen Technologien im Tunnelbau behindern, aufgezeigt werden.
Present and future therapies of hepatitis B: From discovery to cure
Authors: Liang T. Jake , Block Timothy M. , McMahon Brian J. , Ghany Marc G. , Urban Stephan , Guo Ju‐Tao , Locarnini Stephen , Zoulim Fabien , Chang Kyong‐Mi , Lok Anna S.
Published: August 2015

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a significant global pathogen, infecting more than 240 million people worldwide. While treatment for HBV has improved, HBV patients often require lifelong therapies and cure is still a challenging goal. Recent advances in technologies and pharmaceutical sciences have heralded a new horizon of innovative therapeutic approaches that are bringing us closer to the possibility of a functional cure of chronic HBV infection. In this article, we review the current state of science in HBV therapy and highlight new and exciting therapeutic strategies spurred by recent scientific advances. Some of these therapies have already entered into clinical phase, and we will likely see more of them moving along the development pipeline. Conclusion: With growing interest in developing and efforts to develop more effective therapies for HBV, the challenging goal of a cure may be well within reach in the near future.(Hepatology 2015;62:1893–1908)
Lysine‐specific demethylase‐1 contributes to malignant behavior by regulation of invasive activity and metabolic shift in esophageal cancer
Authors: Kosumi Keisuke , Baba Yoshifumi , Sakamoto Akihisa , Ishimoto Takatsugu , Harada Kazuto , Nakamura Kenichi , Kurashige Junji , Hiyoshi Yukiharu , Iwatsuki Masaaki , Iwagami Shiro , Sakamoto Yasuo , Miyamoto Yuji , Yoshida Naoya , Oki Eiji , Watanabe Masayuki , Hino Shinjiro , Nakao Mitsuyoshi , Baba Hideo
Published: August 2015

Lysine‐specific demethylase‐1 (LSD1) removes the methyl groups from mono‐ and di‐methylated lysine 4 of histone H3. Previous studies have linked LSD1 to malignancy in several human tumors, and LSD1 is considered to epigenetically regulate the energy metabolism genes in adipocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study investigates the function of LSD1 in the invasive activity and the metabolism of esophageal cancer cells. We investigated whether LSD1 immunohistochemical expression levels are related to clinical and pathological features, including the maximum standard uptake value in fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography assay. The influence of LSD1 on cell proliferation, invasion and glucose uptake was evaluated in vitro by using specific small interfering RNA for LSD1, and an LSD1 inhibitor. We also evaluated two major energy pathways (glycolytic pathway and mitochondrial respiration) by measuring the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) with an extracellular flux analyzer. High LSD1 immunohistochemical expression was significantly associated with high tumor stage, lymphovascular invasion, poor prognosis, and high maximum standard uptake value in esophageal cancer patients. In the in vitro analysis, LSD1 knockdown significantly suppressed the invasive activity and glucose uptake of cancerous cells, reduced their ECAR and increased their OCR and OCR/ECAR. LSD1 may contribute to malignant behavior by regulating the invasive activity and metabolism, activating the glycolytic pathway and inhibiting the mitochondrial respiration of esophageal cancer cells. The results support LSD1 as a potential therapeutic target.