bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrophoretic Deposition of Hydroxyapatite and 58S Bioactive Glass Coatings on the Ti6Al4V Alloy Subjected to Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment
Authors: Faure Joël , Drevet Richard , Ben Jaber Nader , Potiron Sylvain , Demangel Clémence , Retraint Delphine , Benhayoune Hicham
Published: July 2015

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) and 58S Bioactive Glasses (BG) coatings are successfully synthesized by Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) on Ti6Al4V alloy subjected to Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT). This process uses steel balls impacts on the Ti6Al4V surface to improve its mechanical properties. However when the Ti6Al4V substrate is treated by SMAT the industrial plasma spray technique is not efficient to obtain adherent HAP coatings. This problem is mainly related to the modifications of the Ti6Al4V surface topography due to the SMAT process. Therefore, in this work we demonstrate that EPD offers an efficient solution to solve this technical problem. Indeed we obtain a homogeneous and adherent HAP coating on the SMATed Ti6Al4V surface from a suspension of nanoparticles in ethanol. Moreover EPD is successfully employed to produce a 58S BG coating on the SMATed Ti6Al4V surface. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) associated to Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) reveals that the coatings obtained by EPD are adherent and compact without alteration of their chemical composition.
Electrophoretic Deposition of Nanostructured Titania-Bioactive Glass/Alginate Coatings on Stainless Steel
Authors: Cordero-Arias Luis , Cabanas-Polo Sandra , Virtanen Sannakaisa , Boccaccini Aldo Roberto
Published: July 2015

An alginate (Alg) based coating containing nanoparticles of titania (nTiO2) and bioactive glass 45S5 (nBG) was deposited on stainless steel substrates by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The composite nTiO2-nBG/Alg coating developed for potential biomedical applications, was produced from a stable ethanol/water suspension (ζ–potential of-53±13mV) using 7V of deposition potential and 1min of deposition time as optimal conditions. Morphology and composition of the coatings were studied by FTIR, EDX, SEM and XRD, showing that all components were successfully deposited on the final coating. According to TG analysis the coatings presents a 62.4wt% of ceramic phase and 37.6wt% polymer. The coating shows corrosion protection properties compared with the bare uncoated material when analyzed via polarization curves in Dulbecco ́s MEM.
Bioactive Glass-Biopolymer Multilayer Coatings Fabricated by Electrophoretic Deposition Combined with Layer-by-Layer Assembly
Authors: Chen Qiang , Cabanas-Polo Sandra , Ding Ya Ping , Boccaccini Aldo Roberto
Published: July 2015

45S5 bioactive glass (BG) based multilayer coatings on stainless steel were produced by a combination of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition. The properties of the multilayer coating were tested with different characterization methods including SEM, FTIR, XRD, laser profilometer and water contact angle measurements. Degradation and in-vitro bioactivity behaviors were tested in simulated body fluid (SBF) over different time periods. The decomposition of the coating was inhibited and the hydroxyapatite (HA) formation after short immersion period (0.5d) was confirmed. At the same time, levofloxacin, used as a model antibiotic, was incorporated into the multilayer structure for antibacterial purpose.
Advances in Microscale and Nanoscale Mechanisms of Electrophoretic Deposition in Aqueous Media
Authors: Falk Guido , Nold Alexander , Wiegand Birgit
Published: July 2015

The processing of ceramic thick and thin films, nano- and micro-scaled ceramic structures as well as bulk ceramics of high quality and precise dimensions under electrophoretic boundary conditions requires a full understanding of the dynamics of relevant interfacial mechanisms and interactions of colloidal phases at the nano- and micro-scale. Recent findings and latest insights on the importance of electrokinetic and electrohydrodynamic interfacial processes for membrane electrophoretic depositon in aqueous media are summarised. In this context, the paper addresses the fundamental importance of surficial charge heterogeneities, electric double layer instabilities, electrokinetically induced micro-vortex dynamics, as well as lateral and medial effective electrical field gradients. These phenomena are evaluated in terms of reasonable correlations and mechanistic coincidences of general EPD deposition principles. The experimental results are based on potentiometry, in-situ videomicroscopy, high-resolution as well as secondary electron microscopy. A numerical method for the simulation of the electrophoretic deposition process is suggested based on a multiphysical Finite Element approach given by Nernst-Planck, Poisson- and Navier-Stokes equations. The results of the simulations provide adequate agreement with experimental findings.
Study of the Electrophoretic Deposition of Chitosan/Halloysite Nanotubes/Titanium Dioxide Composite Coatings Using Taguchi Experimental Design Approach
Authors: Jackoub Raddaha Namir S. , Seuss Sigrid , Boccaccini Aldo R.
Published: July 2015

This study presents experimental results on the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of chitosan/halloysite nanotube/titanium dioxide composite coatings based on the Taguchi design of experiments (DOE) approach. Taguchi array of L18type with mixed levels of the control factor was used to study the influence of EPD parameters, including halloysite nanotubes concentration, electric voltage and deposition time, on deposition yield. For identifying the significant factors that affected the deposition yield, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and regression analysis based on partial least-square method were used. The coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses, respectively. It was found that the deposition time has significantly influenced the deposition rate but the halloysite nanotube concentration and the applied voltage have the smallest effect on the deposition. The optimum condition for high yield of deposition with low standard deviation is achieved when the concentration of halloysite nanotubes is 0.3 g/L and the applied voltage is 40 volt with 300 sec. as a deposition time. The predicted EPD conditions were verified by experiments and qualitative agreement was obtained.
Separating Nanoclay Minerals via Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Bernardo-Arugay Ivyleen C. , Diaz Leslie Joy L.
Published: July 2015

This paper presents the possibility of separating nanoclays from aqueous synthetic slurry of two clays by EPD. Na-Montmorillonite (NM) from Southern Clay Products and kaolinite (K) from Source Clays Repository were used at 2:1 weight ratio at 3.5% solid loading for making the synthetic slurry. Effect of applied potential [2 and 4V] and electrode gaps [1 and 2centimeters] was investigated on the yield and on the NM/K ratio of the deposit. Stainless steel was used for working and counter electrodes. AUTOLAB (pgstat302N) was used in the conduct of EPD. Open circuit potential of the slurries was used as reference potential for EPD. Slurries were stirred at constant rate of 300 rpm during EPD for twenty minutes. Shimadzu XRD-7000 was used to determine NM/K ratio of the dried deposit. ANOVA of two-factor fixed effect Model was employed with F-test at 5% significance level.NM slurries have negative bulk potential [163-170 mV], while positive bulk potential to kaolinite slurries. NM slurries had higher bulk conductivities [1.616 mS/cm] and pH [~10.2] than kaolinite slurries. These distinct slurry properties could lead to their differential electrophoresis during EPD. Effect of the interaction of applied potential and electrode gap for the yield and the NM/K ratio was significant. High potential [4V] - low electrode [1cm] gap had the highest yield of deposit. NM/K ratios of the deposits were compared to the clay ratio of the synthetic slurry. High potential [4V]–high electrode [2cm] gap showed highest NM/K ratio at an average of 5.2 :1 from 2:1. This means Na-MMT has been successfully separated from kaolinite from aqueous synthetic clay slurry by EPD at specific potential – electrode gap combination.
Fabrication of c-Axis-Oriented Zeolite L Seed Layer on Porous Zirconia Substrate by Electrophoretic Deposition in Strong Magnetic Field
Authors: Matsunaga Chika , Uchikoshi Tetsuo , Suzuki Tohru S. , Sakka Yoshio , Matsuda Motohide
Published: July 2015

Orientation technique based on the magneto-scientific crystal alignment phenomenon combined with electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique was applied for the seeding process of zeolite L particles. Well-dispersed, ethanol-based zeolite L suspension was prepared and then consolidated on porous zirconia substrates by EPD. Conducting polypyrrole film synthesized on the zirconia substrate was used as an anodic substrate for the EPD process. The EPD was performed in a superconducting magnet with applying 12 T strong magnetic field to the suspension. The degree of orientation was characterized by XRD and compared with that of the zeolite L layer prepared by slip casting in a 12 T strong magnetic field using the same suspension.
Effect of Electrode Reactions during Aqueous Electrophoretic Deposition on Bulk Suspension Properties and Deposition Quality
Authors: Dey Sanjukta , Bhattacharjee Sarama , Rout Tapan K. , Sengupta Dilip K. , Uchikoshi Tetsuo , Besra Laxmidhar
Published: July 2015

Non-aqueous solvents have been popularly used as suspending medium in Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) for several applications. The drawbacks of these solvents are that they cause environmental concerns and are expensive. Therefore, there is a great interest for the development aqueous EPD, which is low-cost and environmental friendly. There are several problems when using water as the suspending medium in EPD. First, there is gas evolution at the electrodes on application of the electric field. Hydrogen is generated at cathode and oxygen at anode. This results in incorporation of bubbles in deposits and the quality of deposit suffers. Several approaches, such as the use of pulse DC, asymmetric AC, and palladium electrode have been reported in the literature to overcome this problem.However, the biggest problem concerning aqueous EPD is reproducibility of deposition. As an example, in batch EPD of Al2O3 from aqueous suspension, we observed the best quality of deposition from the first deposit. Invariably, the amount and quality of deposit decreased progressively with increased number of deposition from the same suspension. For prolonged first deposition, the deterioration became severe and no deposition occurred from the second deposition onwards. This occurred even for cases when only a small fraction of the powder suspension is depleted in the first deposit. A closer look showed destabilized suspension and significant change in bulk pH of the suspension. Here, we measured the change in bulk pH as a function of time, and starting pH during water electrolysis as well as during aqueous EPD of Al2O3. The bulk pH of suspension increased with increasing time of deposition and with increasing applied voltages, resulting in progressive destabilization of suspension and decrease in deposit yield and quality. Use of suitable dosages of cationic dispersant polyethyleneimine (PEI) in the suspension decreased the extent of bulk pH variation during aqueous EPD.
Piezoelectric Elements for Multi-Element Linear-Array Transducers Prepared by Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Bernardo Mara S. , Malič Barbara , Kuscer Danjela
Published: July 2015

Processing of piezoelectric linear-array elements for high-frequency linear-array transducers by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was investigated. Powders with the nominal composition Pb (Zr0.53Ti0.47)0.98Nb0.02O3(PZT Nb) and PbO were stabilised in ethanol by the addition of a polyelectrolyte and mixed together in a molar ratio 98:2. The suspensions of both powders consisted of particles with a median size of 0.2 μm and with a zeta potential of about-50 mV. They were deposited on alumina substrates with patterned gold electrodes at a constant current density. The deposits were sintered at 950°C in a PbO-rich atmosphere. The influence of the inter-electrode distance and the geometry of the counter electrode on the shape and dimensions of the thick films were studied. With the increasing inter-electrode distance the width of the elements decreased and the space between them (kerf) increased. A higher lateral resolution of the elements was obtained when using square-shaped counter-electrode compared to lined-shaped one. When depositing on a substrate with the electrode width of 1 mm and the kerf of 0.5 mm using an inter-electrode distance of 25 mm and a square counter electrode, 20 μm thick PZT Nb elements with a kerf of 360 μm and sharp edge were obtained. When the substrates with the electrode width and kerf of 150 μm were used, the 160 μm wide elements with a kerf of 144 μm were obtained at the same deposition conditions. The results demonstrated that EPD is a suitable technique to process aligned linear-array structures with an element width and a kerf in the order of a few tens of micrometres at optimised deposition conditions.
Preparation of ZSM-5 Zeolite Membranes by Combined Hydrothermal Synthesis and Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Negishi Hideyuki , Reuß Stephanie , Schwieger Wilhelm , Boccaccini Aldo Roberto
Published: July 2015

The preparation of a ZSM-5 zeolite membrane on porous stainless steel disk by hydrothermal synthesis with electrophoretic deposition (EPD) as a seeding method was investigated. Micron size ZSM-5 crystal powder was seeded by EPD on the support disk by using ZSM-5 powder dispersed in ethanol. The seeded amounts were easily controlled by the deposition time during EPD. The membrane after secondary growth had a low amount of zeolite in comparison with the in situ seeding method and the permeance of single gas such as He, N2 and CO2 was also low in comparison with that of the in situ seeding method.
The Impact of Microenvironmental Heterogeneity on the Evolution of Drug Resistance in Cancer Cells
Authors: Mumenthaler Shannon M. , Foo Jasmine , Choi Nathan C. , Heise Nicholas , Leder Kevin , Agus David B. , Pao William , Michor Franziska , Mallick Parag
Published: July 2015

Therapeutic resistance arises as a result of evolutionary processes driven by dynamic feedback between a heterogeneous cell population and environmental selective pressures. Previous studies have suggested that mutations conferring resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells lower the fitness of resistant cells relative to drug-sensitive cells in a drug-free environment. Here, we hypothesize that the local tumor microenvironment could influence the magnitude and directionality of the selective effect, both in the presence and absence of a drug. Using a combined experimental and computational approach, we developed a mathematical model of preexisting drug resistance describing multiple cellular compartments, each representing a specific tumor environmental niche. This model was parameterized using a novel experimental dataset derived from the HCC827 erlotinib-sensitive and -resistant NSCLC cell lines. We found that, in contrast to in the drug-free environment, resistant cells may hold a fitness advantage compared to parental cells in microenvironments deficient in oxygen and nutrients. We then utilized the model to predict the impact of drug and nutrient gradients on tumor composition and recurrence times, demonstrating that these endpoints are strongly dependent on the microenvironment. Our interdisciplinary approach provides a model system to quantitatively investigate the impact of microenvironmental effects on the evolutionary dynamics of tumor cells.
Equivariant Map Queer Lie Superalgebras
Authors: Calixto Lucas , Moura Adriano , Savage Alistair
Published: July 2015

An equivariant map queer Lie superalgebra is the Lie superalgebra of regular maps from an algebraic variety (or scheme) X to a queer Lie superalgebra q that are equivariant with respect to the action of a finite group Γ acting on X and q. In this paper, we classify all irreducible finite-dimensional representations of the equivariant map queer Lie superalgebras under the assumption that Γ is abelian and acts freely on X. We show that such representations are parameterized by a certain set of Γ-equivariant finitely supported maps from X to the set of isomorphism classes of irreducible finite-dimensional representations of q. In the special case where X is the torus, we obtain a classification of the irreducible finite-dimensional representations of the twisted loop queer superalgebra.
Rezensionen
Authors: Jolissaint Paul , Gassner E.-M. , Thäle Christoph
Published: July 2015

Rezensionen zu:
R.E. Greene and S.G. Krantz:
Function Theory of One Complex Variable
. xix+504 pages, US$ 81. Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol 40, 3rd edition, 2006, American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-3962-1,
von Paul Jolissaint;
und zu:
K. Schüffler:
Pythagoras, der Quintenwolf und das Komma. Mathematische Temperierungstheorie in der Musik
. 242 Seiten, SFr 35.30. Vieweg Verlag, 2011; ISBN 978-3-834-81920-8,
von E.-M. Gassner und Chr. Thäle.
Blow up for the critical gKdV equation. II: Minimal mass dynamics
Authors: Martel Yvan , Merle Frank , Raphaël Pierre
Published: July 2015

We consider the mass critical (gKdV) equation

u_t + (u_{xx} + u^5)_x =0

for initial data in

H^1

. We first prove the existence and uniqueness in the energy space of a minimal mass blow up solution and give a sharp description of the corresponding blow up soliton-like bubble. We then show that this solution is the universal attractor of all solutions near the ground state which have a defocusing behavior. This allows us to sharpen the description of near soliton dynamics obtained in [29].
Gap universality of generalized Wigner and $\beta$-ensembles
Authors: Erdős László , Yau Horng-Tzer
Published: July 2015

We consider generalized Wigner ensembles and general

\beta

-ensembles with analytic potentials for any

\beta \ge 1

. The recent universality results in particular assert that the local averages of consecutive eigenvalue gaps in the bulk of the spectrum are universal in the sense that they coincide with those of the corresponding Gaussian

\beta

-ensembles. In this article, we show that local averaging is not necessary for this result, i.e. we prove that the single gap distributions in the bulk are universal. In fact, with an additional step, our result can be extended to any potential

C^4(\mathbb R)

.
Planning, Modeling, and Evaluating Transportation Systems for Emergency Evacuations
Authors: Wolshon, PhD, PE Brian , Renne, PhD, AICP John , Mitchell Brant
Published: July 2015

A Special National Evacuation Conference IssueSpecial Issue Guest Editors:Brian Wolshon, PhD, PEJohn Renne, PhD, AICPLTC Brant Mitchell
Considering culture in evacuation planning and consequence management
Authors: Bergeron, MS, DSc Wayne P.
Published: July 2015

Because culture profoundly affects human behavior, it is important that emergency management decision makers from both government and the private sector who will be involved in the management of evacuation operations build cultural considerations into their planning, preparations, education, and training from the very beginning. Preparation in this regard ensures that when the crisis hits, the response efforts undertaken will at a minimum not disregard culture or make situations worse because of a lack of cultural understanding and optimally will use the consideration of culture to frame the most effective response possible to ultimately save lives and relieve suffering. Whether it is recognizing that in some cultures the decision to comply with evacuation advice and orders will be made by a matriarch or patriarch of the family, or that the ability of an entire extended family unit to remain together in the evacuation process will be the key to compliance, culture may be the pivotal factor in a successful outcome. It is these (and many more) small cultural considerations and an overall understanding of the effect that culture has on behavior that can enhance the overall effectiveness of a culturally aware organization involved in the management of evacuation operations and emergency response. Hopefully, this initial work begins a deeper discussion and evaluation of cultural aspects both concerning the populations and cultures impacted by events, but just as importantly, the cultures and cultural understanding of the responding organizations.
The impact of a major earthquake on the evacuation of the emergency planning zone of a nuclear power plant
Authors: Cohen, EIT Rebecca , Weinisch, PE Kevin
Published: July 2015

United States regulations require nuclear power plants (NPPs) to estimate the time needed to evacuate the emergency planning zone (EPZ, a circle with an approximate 10-mile radius centered at the NPP). These evacuation time estimate (ETE) studies are to be used by emergency personnel in the event of a radiological emergency. ETE studies are typically done using traffic simulation and evacuation models, based on traffic engineering algorithms that reflect congestion and delay. ETE studies are typically conducted assuming all evacuation routes are traversable. As witnessed in the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, an earthquake and the ensuing tsunami can cause an incident at a NPP that requires an evacuation of the public. The earthquake and tsunami can also damage many of the available bridges and roadways and, therefore, impede evacuation and put people at risk of radiation exposure. This article presents a procedure, using traffic simulation and evacuation models, to estimate the impact on ETE due to bridge and roadway damage caused by a major earthquake, or similar hazardous event. The results of this analysis are used by emergency personnel to make protective action decisions that will minimize the exposure of radiation to the public. Additionally, the results allow emergency planners to ensure proper equipment and personnel are available for these types of events. Emergency plans are revised to ensure prompt response and recovery action during critical times.
The impact of shadow evacuation on evacuation time estimates for nuclear power plants
Authors: Weinisch, PE Kevin , Brueckner, BA Paul
Published: July 2015

A shadow evacuation is the voluntary evacuation of people from areas outside a declared evacuation area. Shadow evacuees can congest roadways and inhibit the egress of those evacuating from an area at risk. Federal regulations stipulate that nuclear power plant (NPP) licensees in the United States must conduct an Evacuation Time Estimate (ETE) study after each decennial census. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) published federal guidance for conducting ETE studies in November 2011. This guidance document recommends the consideration of a Shadow Region which extends 5 miles radially beyond the existing 10-mile Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ) for NPPs. The federal guidance also suggests the consideration of the evacuation of 20 percent of the permanent resident population in the Shadow Region in addition to 100 percent of the declared evacuation region within the EPZ when conducting ETE studies. The 20 percent recommendation was questioned in a March 2013 report prepared by the US Government Accountability Office. This article discusses the effects on ETE of increasing the shadow evacuation from 20 to 60 percent for 48 NPPs in the United States. Only five (10 percent) of the 48 sites show a significant increase (30 minutes or greater) in 90th percentile ETE (time to evacuate 90 percent of the population in the EPZ), while seven (15 percent) of the 48 sites show a significant increase in 100th percentile ETE (time to evacuate all population in the EPZ). Study areas that are prone to a significant increase in ETE due to shadow evacuation are classified as one of four types; case studies are presented for one plant of each type to explain why the shadow evacuation significantly affects ETE. A matrix of the four case types can be used by emergency management personnel to predict during planning stages whether the evacuated area is prone to a significant increase in ETE due to shadow evacuation. Potential mitigation tactics that reduce demand (public information) or increase capacity (contraflow, traffic control points, specialized intersection treatments) to offset the impact of shadow evacuation are discussed.
Experimental modeling of the effect of hurricane wind forces on driving behavior and vehicle performance
Authors: Rodriguez, MS Jose M. , Codjoe Julius , Osman Osama , Ishak, PhD Sherif , Wolshon, PhD Brian
Published: July 2015

While traffic planning is important for developing a hurricane evacuation plan, vehicle performance on the roads during extreme weather conditions is critical to the success of the planning process. This novel study investigates the effect of gusty hurricane wind forces on the driving behavior and vehicle performance. The study explores how the parameters of a driving simulator could be modified to reproduce wind loadings experienced by three vehicle types (passenger car, ambulance, and bus) during gusty hurricane winds, through manipulation of appropriate software. Thirty participants were then tested on the modified driving simulator under five wind conditions (ranging from normal to hurricane category 4). The driving performance measures used were heading error and lateral displacement. The results showed that higher wind forces resulted in more varied and greater heading error and lateral displacement. The ambulance had the greatest heading errors and lateral displacements, which were attributed to its large lateral surface area and light weight. Two mathematical models were developed to estimate the heading error and lateral displacements for each of the vehicle types for a given change in lateral wind force. Through a questionnaire, participants felt the different characteristics while driving each vehicle type. The findings of this study demonstrate the valuable use of a driving simulator to model the behavior of different vehicle types and to develop mathematical models to estimate and quantify driving behavior and vehicle performance under hurricane wind conditions.
Strengthening community resilience efforts in disasters: Exploring the roles of public libraries
Authors: Hagar, PhD Christine
Published: July 2015

Public libraries “now respond to a wide range ofongoing and emerging needs,”1 which include helpingcommunities cope with the unexpected—such asdisruptive events, disasters, and emergencies. In theirevolving and multiple roles, public libraries can play acritical part in building the resilience that could helpindividuals, families, and the whole community recoverfrom disasters more rapidly. As disasters are often localevents, local organizations such as public libraries arecritical in responding to them. In this editorial, I arguethat as community and information hubs,2 the nation'spublic libraries, of which there are more than 16,000,are well situated to engage in strengthening communityresilience efforts in disasters.In Spring 2015, a national survey
Disaster response and people experiencing homelessness: Addressing challenges of a population with limited resources
Authors: Wexler, MD, MPH Bryan , Smith, MD, MA Mary-Elise
Published: July 2015

In this article the authors provide an overview of some issues that inhibit disaster planning and response for people experiencing homelessness and discuss the planning process conducted for this population in Worcester, MA. People experiencing homelessness face numerous challenges in preparing for disasters both natural and human caused. Similarly, providers attempting to aid these individuals must recognize and overcome various factors that hamper efforts to provide assistance. People experiencing homelessness lack the general resources many in the United States take for granted, including food, shelter, communication methods, and transportation. The population also has an increased prevalence of medical and psychiatric conditions. These factors amplify the typical difficulties in preparedness, communication, sheltering, and training for disasters. With these principles in mind, the authors reviewed the literature for best practices, identified potential stakeholders, and developed an annex to help address organization and delivery of care to those experiencing homelessness during a disaster.
Meaning reconstruction in the face of terror: An examination of recovery and posttraumatic growth among victims of the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks
Authors: Richardson, PhD Katherine M.
Published: July 2015

This study examines the relationship between meaning reconstruction with posttraumatic growth and depreciation in the aftermath of terrorist trauma and loss. A group of individuals (n = 118) who were personally affected by the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks were surveyed about their experiences and administered the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and Impact of Event scales. Subjects were volunteer docents at the Tribute World Trade Center Visitor Center. Results revealed that ability to make sense of one's 9/11 experience was related to recovery but not to posttraumatic growth, whereas ability to find some benefit in the experience was related to growth. In addition, location in downtown Manhattan on September 11, 2001 was related to higher levels of posttraumatic depreciation. Findings suggest that two aspects of meaning reconstruction are differentially related to recovery and posttraumatic growth.
Influence of tropical cyclones on tropospheric ozone: possible implication
Authors: Das S. S. , Ratnam M. V. , Uma K. N. , Subrahmanyam K. V. , Girach I. A. , Patra A. K. , Aneesh S. , Suneeth K. V. , Kumar K. K. , Kesarkar A. P. , Sijikumar S. , Ramkumar G.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The present study examines the role of tropical cyclones in the enhancement of tropospheric ozone. The most significant and new observation is the increase in the upper tropospheric (10–16 km) ozone by 20–50 ppbv, which has extended down to the middle (6–10 km) and lower troposphere (< 6 km). The descending rate of enhanced ozone layer is found to be 0.87–1 km day−1. Numerical simulation of potential vorticity, vertical velocity and potential temperature indicate the intrusion of ozone from the upper troposphere to the surface. Space borne observations of relative humidity indicate the presence of sporadic dry air in the upper and middle troposphere over the cyclonic region. These observations constitute quantitatively an experimental evidence of enhanced tropospheric ozone during cyclonic storms.
Characterization of long-range transported Saharan dust at the Caribbean by dual-wavelength depolarization Raman lidar measurements
Authors: Groß S. , Freudenthaler V. , Schepanski K. , Toledano C. , Schäfler A. , Ansmann A. , Weinzierl B.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Dual-wavelength Raman and depolarization lidar observations were performed during the SALTRACE campaign at Barbados in June and July 2013 to characterize the optical properties and vertical distribution of long-range transported Saharan dust at the end of its way across the Atlantic Ocean. Four major dust events were studied during the measurements from 15 June to 13 July 2013 with aerosol optical depths of up to 0.6. The vertical aerosol distribution was characterized by a three-layer structure consisting of the boundary layer, the entrainment or mixing layer, and the pure Saharan dust layer. The upper boundary of the pure dust layer reached up to 4.5 km height. The contribution of the pure dust layer was about half of the total AOD. The total dust contribution was about 50–70 % of the total AOD. The lidar ratio within the pure dust layer was found to be wavelength independent with mean values of 53 ± 5 sr at 355 nm and 56 ± 7 sr at 532 nm. For the particle linear depolarization ratio wavelength independent mean values of 0.26 ± 0.03 at 355 nm and 0.27 ± 0.01 at 532 nm have been found.
Lidar multiple scattering factors inferred from CALIPSO lidar and IIR retrievals of semi-transparent cirrus cloud optical depths over oceans
Authors: Garnier A. , Pelon J. , Vaughan M. A. , Winker D. M. , Trepte C. R. , Dubuisson P.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Cirrus cloud absorption optical depths retrieved at 12.05 μm are compared to extinction optical depths retrieved at 0.532 μm from perfectly co-located observations of single-layered semi-transparent cirrus over ocean made by the Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR) and the Cloud and Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) flying on board the CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) satellite. IIR infrared absorption optical depths are compared to CALIOP visible extinction optical depths when the latter can be directly derived from the measured apparent two-way transmittance through the cloud. An evaluation of the CALIOP multiple scattering factor is inferred from these comparisons after assessing and correcting biases in IIR and CALIOP optical depths reported in version 3 data products. In particular, the blackbody radiance taken in the IIR version 3 algorithm is evaluated, and IIR retrievals are corrected accordingly. Numerical simulations and IIR retrievals of ice crystal sizes suggest that the ratios of CALIOP extinction and IIR absorption optical depths should remain roughly constant with respect to temperature. Instead, these ratios are found to increase quasi-linearly by about 40 % as the temperature at the layer centroid altitude decreases from 240 to 200 K. It is discussed that this behavior can be explained by variations of the multiple scattering factor ηT applied to correct the measured apparent two-way transmittance for contribution of forward-scattering. While the CALIOP version 3 retrievals hold ηT fixed at 0.6, this study shows that ηT varies with temperature (and hence cloud particle size) from ηT = 0.8 at 200 K to ηT = 0.5 at 240 K for single-layered semi-transparent cirrus clouds with optical depth larger than 0.3. The revised parameterization of ηT introduces a concomitant temperature dependence in the simultaneously derived CALIOP lidar ratios that is consistent with observed changes in CALIOP depolarization ratios and particle habits derived from IIR measurements.
Response of key stress-related genes of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in the vicinity of submarine volcanic vents
Authors: Lauritano C. , Ruocco M. , Dattolo E. , Buia M. C. , Silva J. , Santos R. , Olivé I. , Costa M. M. , Procaccini G.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Submarine volcanic vents are being used as natural laboratories to assess the effects of increased ocean acidity and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration on marine organisms and communities. However, in the vicinity of volcanic vents other factors in addition to CO2, which is the main gaseous component of the emissions, may directly or indirectly confound the biota responses to high CO2. Here we used for the first time the expression of antioxidant and stress-related genes of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica to assess the stress levels of the species. Our hypothesis is that unknown factors are causing metabolic stress that may confound the putative effects attributed to CO2 enrichment only. We analyzed the expression of 35 antioxidant and stress-related genes of P. oceanica in the vicinity of submerged volcanic vents located in the islands of Ischia and Panarea, Italy, and compared them with those from control sites away from the influence of vents. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to characterize gene expression patterns. Fifty-one percent of genes analyzed showed significant expression changes. Metal detoxification genes were mostly down-regulated in relation to controls at both Ischia and Panarea, indicating that P. oceanica does not increase the synthesis of heavy metal detoxification proteins in response to the environmental conditions present at the two vents. The up-regulation of genes involved in the free radical detoxification response (e.g., CAPX, SODCP and GR) indicates that, in contrast with Ischia, P. oceanica at the Panarea site faces stressors that result in the production of reactive oxygen species, triggering antioxidant responses. In addition, heat shock proteins were also activated at Panarea and not at Ischia. These proteins are activated to adjust stress-accumulated misfolded proteins and prevent their aggregation as a response to some stressors, not necessarily high temperature. This is the first study analyzing the expression of target genes in marine plants living near natural CO2 vents. Our results call for contention to the general claim of seagrasses as "winners" in a high-CO2 world, based on observations near volcanic vents. Careful consideration of factors that are at play in natural vents sites other than CO2 and acidification is required. This study also constitutes a first step for using stress-related genes as indicators of environmental pressures in a changing ocean.
Biogeography of jellyfish in the North Atlantic, by traditional and genomic methods
Authors: Licandro P. , Blackett M. , Fischer A. , Hosia A. , Kennedy J. , Kirby R. R. , Raab K. , Stern R. , Tranter P.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Scientific debate on whether or not the recent increase in reports of jellyfish outbreaks represents a true rise in their abundance has outlined a lack of reliable records of Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Here we describe different jellyfish data sets produced within the EU programme EURO-BASIN. These data were assembled with the aim of creating an improved baseline and providing new data that can be used to evaluate the current diversity and standing stocks of jellyfish in the North Atlantic region. Using a net adapted to sample gelatinous zooplankton quantitatively, cnidarians and ctenophores were collected from the epipelagic layer during spring–summer 2010–2013, in inshore and offshore waters between lat 59 and 68° N and long 62° W and 5° E. Jellyfish were also identified and counted in samples opportunistically collected by other sampling equipment in the same region and at two coastal stations in the Bay of Biscay and in the Gulf of Cádiz. Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) samples collected in 2009–2012 were re-analysed with the aim of identifying the time and location of cnidarian blooms across the North Atlantic Basin. Overall the data show high variability in jellyfish abundance and diversity, mainly in relation to different water masses and bathymetry. Higher densities were generally recorded on the shelves, where the communities tend to be more diverse due to the presence of meropelagic medusae. Comparison of net records from the G.O. Sars transatlantic cruise shows that information on jellyfish diversity differs significantly depending on the sampling gear utilised. Indeed, the big trawls mostly collect relatively large scyphozoan and hydrozoan species, while small hydrozoans and early stages of Ctenophora are only caught by smaller nets. Based on CPR data from 2009 to 2012, blooms of cnidarians occurred in all seasons across the whole North Atlantic Basin. Molecular analysis revealed that, contrary to previous hypotheses, the CPR is able to detect blooms of meroplanktonic and holoplanktonic hydrozoans and scyphozoans. Through combination of different types of data, key jellyfish taxa for the spring–summer period were identified in the northern North Atlantic regions. Key species for the central and southern North Atlantic could be inferred based on the blooms identified by the CPR survey, although this should be confirmed further by comparison with quantitative data. The identification by DNA barcoding of 23 jellyfish specimens collected during the EURO-BASIN cruises contributes to increasing the still very limited number of jellyfish sequences available on GenBank. All observations presented here can be downloaded from PANGAEA (http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.835732).
Sensitivity of the WRF model to PBL parametrizations and nesting techniques: evaluation of surface wind over complex terrain
Authors: Gómez-Navarro J. J. , Raible C. C. , Dierer S.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Simulating surface wind over complex terrain is a challenge in regional climate modelling. Therefore, this study aims at identifying a setup of the WRF model that minimizes systematic errors of surface winds in hindcast simulations. Major factors of the model configuration are tested to find a suitable setup: the horizontal resolution, the PBL parameterization scheme and the way WRF is nested to the driving dataset. Hence, a number of sensitivity simulations at a spatial resolution of 2 km are carried out and compared to observations. Given the importance of wind storms, the analysis is based on case studies of 24 historical wind storms that caused great economic damage in Switzerland. Each of these events is downscaled using eight different model setups, but sharing the same driving dataset. The results show that the unresolved topography leads to a general overestimation of wind speed in WRF. However, this bias can be substantially reduced by using a PBL scheme that explicitly considers the effects of non-resolved topography, which also improves the spatial structure of wind speed over Switzerland. The wind direction, although generally well reproduced, is not very sensitive to the PBL scheme. Further sensitivity tests include four types of nesting methods: nesting only at the boundaries of the outermost domain, analysis and spectral nudging, and the so-called re-forecast method, where the simulation is frequently restarted. These simulations show that restricting the freedom of the model to develop large-scale disturbances slightly increases the temporal agreement with the observations, at the same time that it further reduces the overestimation of wind speed, especially for maximum wind peaks. The model skill is also evaluated in the outermost domains, where the resolution is coarser. The results demonstrate the important role of horizontal resolution, where the step from 6 to 2 km significantly improves model performance. In summary, the combination of a grid size of 2 km, the non-local PBL scheme modified to explicitly account for non-resolved orography, as well as analysis or spectral nudging, is a superior combination when dynamical downscaling is aimed at reproducing real wind fields.
The Extent to which Jordan Opportunities 3 Meets the General Guidelines for English Language Teaching in Jordan
Authors: AL-Jarrah Jarrah Mohammad , AL-Jarrah Tamer Mohammad , Talafhah Rania Hassan
Published: July 2015

English has become the dominant foreign language in the non-English speaking world. Jordanian students learn English as a foreign language starting in the first grade and continue to do so until the twelfth grade.  Agrawal (2004) stated that evaluation plays a pivotal role in deciding what the learners learn and what the teachers teach in schools. The final objective of this evaluation is to detect the strengths and weaknesses of the textbooks with the purpose of improving them and to develop and improve the quality of the educational programs.
Preparation and Characterization of CuO/r-Al2O3 for Adsorption of SO2 in Flue Gas
Authors: Yuono Yuono , Bahrin David , Susanto Herri
Published: July 2015

Adsorbent CuO/r-Al2O3 was successfully prepared by the dry impregnation using Cu(NO3)2.3H2O solution oncommercial r-Al2O3. Impregnation and calcination process was be done repeatedly to get a desired CuO contenton the support. The impregnations were done at 50oC for 8 hours or 120°C for 5 hours. Calcinations were carriedout at a temperature of 400oC for 8 hours. Adsorbent obtained from this preparation contained Cu: 7.93% (named8Cu), 14.76% (15Cu) and 28.98% (30Cu). Pore characteristic indicated that the surface area decreased with theincrease in Cu content in the adsorbent (from 207 in original support to 124 m2/g in 8Cu). Similar tendency wasfound for the pore volume (from 0.47 to 0.28 mL/g).In batch adsorption test, the amount of adsorbed SO2 was calculated from the increase in mass of adsorbent.Adsorbent 8Cu had the best adsorption capacity in term of mol ratio, ie. 0.78 SO2/CuO (close to stoichiometry).Original support of r-Al2O3 was found to be inert to SO2. In semi-continue test, the adsorption was carried undera flow of gas containing 2.5% SO2. The amount of adsorbed SO2 was calculated from the different of SO2content between influent to effluent. It was found again that the best adsorbent was 8Cu with the adsorptioncapacity of 0.97 mol/mol CuO.
The Effect of Calcination Temperature Variation on the Sensitivity of CO Gas Sensor from Zinc Oxide Material by Hydrothermal Process
Authors: Susanti Diah , Haliq Ridhwan , Purwaningsih Hariyati , Noerochiem Lukman , Endri Kusuma George
Published: July 2015

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a poisonous gas and could be lethal towards human. A sensitive CO gas sensor isnecessary to prevent accidents caused by CO gas. ZnO is a semiconductor material having many applicationsincluding gas sensors. However ZnO is rarely reported to be used as CO gas sensor material. Therefore, in thisresearch, CO gas sensor has been prepared from ZnO material synthesized via hydrothermal process at 100°C for24 hours using ZnCl2 powder and NH4OH solution. The resulted ZnO gel was subsequently dried andspin-coated on a glass substrate. The ZnO-coated glasses were then calcined at various temperatures of 500°C,550°C, and 600°C for 30 minutes. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD),Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis were used to characterized the morphology, structure and active surfacearea of ZnO. The sensitivity of the ZnO material towards CO gas was measured using a potentiostat in achamber with operating temperatures 30°C, 50°C, and 100°C with each of gas concentration 10 ppm, 100 ppm,250 ppm, and 500 ppm. It was found that the sample calcined at 550oC showed the highest sensitivity towardsCO gas (0.82) due to the highest active surface area (47.2 m2g-1). It was also observed that the sensitivityincreased with the increasing of operating temperature and CO gas concentration.
Preparation of CO Gas Sensor from ZnO Material Synthesized via Thermo-Oxidation Process
Authors: Susanti Diah , Lutfiana Endah , Nurdiansah Haniffudin , Purwaningsih Hariyati , Noerochiem Lukman , Endri Kusuma George
Published: July 2015

Carbon monoxide (CO) is poisonous to human because of its nature which is capable to bind to the haemoglobinin blood stronger than oxygen, so that causing toxication and even death. Therefore a sensor to early detect thepresence of CO gas is necessary. ZnO is one of semiconductor materials which widely applied as a sensormaterial. However, ZnO is rarely reported as a CO gas sensor material. In this study, ZnO as a sensor materialhas been synthesized by thermo-oxidation of Zn powder at oxidation temperature variations of 800, 850 and 900ºC. The synthesized ZnO was crushed and compacted to form pellet for sensor chip. The ZnO pellets were thensintered at 500 ºC. The material structures were examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-RayDiffractometer (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis. The sensitivity test towards CO gas wasconducted with the variations in sensing operating temperatures of 30, 50, 100 ºC and variation of CO gas inputconcentration of 10 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 250 ppm, and 500 ppm. The sensitivity test results showed that thesensitivity towards CO gas decreased as the oxidation temperature increased. In addition the sensitivity increasedalong with the increasing of the sensing operating temperature and CO gas input concentration. Hence, thehighest sensitivity value was obtained from ZnO material synthesized at 800 ºC due to the highest active surfacearea of 69.4 m2g-1 with CO concentration of 500 ppm and sensor operating temperature of 100 ºC.Keywords: ZnO, thermo-oxidation, CO gas, sensitivity