bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CRP is a novel ligand for the oxidized LDL receptor LOX-1
Authors: Shih Heather H. , Zhang Songwen , Cao Wei , Hahn Ashleigh , Wang Juan , Paulsen Janet E. , Harnish Douglas C.
Published: February 2009

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a risk factor for cardiovascular events and functions to amplify vascular inflammation through promoting endothelial dysfunction. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1) is the primary endothelial receptor for oxLDL, and both its expression and function are associated with vascular inflammation. As a scavenger receptor, LOX-1 is capable of binding to a variety of structurally unrelated ligands. Evidence is provided that demonstrates that CRP can act as a novel ligand for LOX-1. The direct interaction between these two proteins was demonstrated with purified protein in both ELISA and AlphaScreen assays. This interaction could be disrupted with known LOX-1 ligands, such as oxLDL and carrageenan. Moreover, the CRP interaction with cell surface-expressed LOX-1 was confirmed in cell-based immunofluorescent-binding studies. Mutagenesis studies demonstrated that the arginine residues forming the basic spine structure on the LOX-1 ligand-binding interface were dispensable for CRP binding, suggesting a novel ligand-binding mechanism for LOX-1, distinct from that used for oxLDL binding. The treatment of human endothelial cells with CRP led to the activation of proinflammatory genes including IL-8, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. The inductions of these genes by CRP were LOX-1 dependent, as demonstrated by their attenuation in cells transfected with LOX-1 small-interfering RNA. Our study identifies and characterizes the direct interaction between LOX-1 and CRP and suggests that this interaction may mediate CRP-induced endothelial dysfunction.
Frequency response characteristics of whole body autoregulation of blood flow in rats
Authors: Stauss Harald M. , Rarick Kevin R. , Deklotz Richard J. , Sheriff Don D.
Published: February 2009

Previously, we demonstrated that very low-frequency (VLF) blood pressure variability (BPV) depends on voltage-gated L-type Ca2+-channels, suggesting that autoregulation of blood flow and/or myogenic vascular function significantly contributes to VLF BPV. To further substantiate this possibility, we tested the hypothesis that the frequency response characteristic of whole body autoregulation of blood flow is consistent with the frequency range of VLF BPV (0.02–0.2 Hz) in rats. In anesthetized rats ( n = 11), BPV (0.016–0.5 Hz) was induced by computer-regulated cardiac pacing while blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output (CO) were recorded during control conditions (NaCl, 1 ml/h iv) and during α1-adrenergic receptor stimulation (phenylephrine, 1 mg·ml−1·h−1 iv) that has been reported to facilitate myogenic vascular function. Baroreceptor-heart rate reflex responses were elicited to confirm a functional baroreflex despite anesthesia. During control conditions, transfer function analyses between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and CO, and between MAP and total vascular conductance (CO/MAP) indicated autoregulation of blood flow at 0.016 Hz, passive vascular responses between 0.033 and 0.2 Hz, and vascular responses compatible with baroreflex-mediated mechanisms at 0.333 and 0.5 Hz. Stimulation of α1-adrenergic receptors extended the frequency range of autoregulation of blood flow to frequencies up to 0.033 Hz. In conclusion, depending on sympathetic vascular tone, whole body autoregulation of blood flow operates most effectively at frequencies below 0.05 Hz. This frequency range overlaps with the lower end of the frequency band of VLF BPV in rats. Baroreceptor reflex-like mechanisms contribute to LF (0.2–0.6 Hz) but not VLF BPV-induced vascular responses.
Modulation of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype in hypoxia: role of cGMP-dependent protein kinase and myocardin
Authors: Zhou Weilin , Negash Sewite , Liu Jie , Raj J. Usha
Published: February 2009

We have previously reported that in ovine fetal pulmonary venous smooth muscle cells (FPVSMC), decreased expression of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) by hypoxia could explain hypoxia-induced SMC phenotype modulation. In this study, we investigated the role of myocardin, a possible downstream effector of PKG, in SMC phenotype modulation induced by 1 and 24 h of hypoxia. Hypoxia for 1 h induced the phosphorylation of E-26-like protein 1 (Elk-1), indicating a quick activation of Elk-1 after hypoxia. Either hypoxia (1 h) or treatment with DT-3, a PKG inhibitor, increased associations of Elk-1 with myosin heavy chain ( MHC) gene and serum response factor (SRF), which was paralleled by a decrease in association of myocardin with MHC gene and SRF. Exposure to hypoxia of FPVSMC for 24 h significantly decreased the promoter activity of multiple SMC marker genes, downregulated protein and mRNA expression of myocardin, and upregulated mRNA expression of Elk-1, but had no significant effects on the phosphorylation of Elk-1. Inhibition of myocardin by siRNA transfection downregulated the expression of SMC marker proteins, while overexpression of myocardin prevented the hypoxia-induced decrease in expression of SMC marker proteins. Inhibition of PKG by siRNA transfection downregulated the expression of myocardin, but upregulated that of Elk-1. Overexpression of PKG prevented hypoxia-induced effects on protein expression of myocardin and Elk-1. These data suggest that PKG induces displacement of myocardin from SRF and upregulates myocardin expression, thus activating the SMC genes transcription. The inhibitory effects of hypoxia on PKG may explain hypoxia-induced SMC phenotype modulation by decreasing the effects of PKG on myocardin.
Diabetic myopathy differs betweenIns2Akita+/−and streptozotocin-induced Type 1 diabetic models
Authors: Krause Matthew P. , Riddell Michael C. , Gordon Carly S. , Imam S. Abdullah , Cafarelli Enzo , Hawke Thomas J.
Published: February 2009

Mechanistic studies examining the effects of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on skeletal muscle have largely relied on streptozotocin-induced diabetic (STZ) rodents. Unfortunately, characterization of diabetic myopathy in this model is confounded by the effects of streptozotocin on skeletal muscle independent of the diabetic phenotype. Here we define adolescent diabetic myopathy in a novel, genetic model of T1DM, Ins2Akita+/−mice, and contrast these findings with STZ mice. Eight weeks of diabetes resulted in significantly reduced gastrocnemius-plantaris-soleus mass (control: 0.16 ± 0.005 g; Ins2Akita+/−: 0.12 ± 0.003 g; STZ: 0.12 ± 0.01g) and IIB/D fiber area in Ins2Akita+/−(1,294 ± 94 μm2) and STZ (1,768 ± 163 μm2) compared with control (2,241 ± 144 μm2). Conversely, STZ type I fibers (1,535 ± 165 μm2) were significantly larger than Ins2Akita+/−(915 ± 76 μm2) but not control (1,152 ± 86 μm2). Intramyocellular lipid increased in STZ (122.9 ± 3.6% of control) but not Ins2Akita+/−likely resultant from depressed citrate synthase (control: 6.2 ± 1.2 μmol·s−1·mg−1; Ins2Akita+/−: 5.2 ± 0.8 μmol·s−1·mg−1; STZ: 2.8 ± 0.5 μmol·s−1·mg−1) and 3-β-hydroxyacyl coenzyme-A dehydrogenase (control: 4.2 ± 0.6 nmol·s−1·mg−1; Ins2Akita+/−: 5.0 ± 0.6 nmol·s−1·mg−1; STZ: 2.7 ± 0.6 nmol·s−1·mg−1) enzyme activity in STZ muscle. In situ muscle stimulation revealed lower absolute peak tetanic force in Ins2Akita+/−(70.2 ± 8.2% of control) while STZ exhibited an insignificant decrease (87.6 ± 7.9% of control). Corrected for muscle mass, no force loss was observed in Ins2Akita+/−, while STZ was significantly elevated vs. control and Ins2Akita+/−. These results demonstrate that atrophy and specific fiber-type loss in Ins2Akita+/−muscle did not affect contractile properties (relative to muscle mass). Furthermore, we demonstrate distinctive contractile, metabolic, and phenotypic properties in STZ vs. Ins2Akita+/−diabetic muscle despite similarity in hyperglycemia/hypoinsulinemia, raising concerns of our current state of knowledge regarding the effects of T1DM on skeletal muscle.
Anterior Abdominal Wall Abscess Secondary to Subcutaneous Gallstones
Authors: Murphy John A. , Vimalachandran C.Dale , Howes Nathan , Ghaneh Paula
Published: February 2009

Abdominal wall abscess secondary to spontaneous cholecystocutaneous gallstone fistulation is an uncommon presentation of a rare pathological process. Having been described relatively frequently in the 19th century, it is now much less common in the late 20th and early 21st century, probably due to earlier recognition of symptoms, better imaging and surgical treatment of biliary tract disease. Here we describe a report of a case with an unusual clinical presentation of the already rare pathological disease process of spontaneous cholecystocutaneous fistula.
Clinicopathologic Findings of Colorectal Traditional and Sessile Serrated Adenomas in Korea: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Lee Sang Kil , Chang Hee Jin , Kim Tae Il , Kim Won Ho , Park Cheol Keun , Chang Dong Kyung , Park Dong Il , Sohn Jin Hee , Byeon Jeong-Sik , Yang Suk-Kyun , Kim Jin Oh , Lee Suk-Ho , Jin So Young , Park Cheol Hee , Baek Il Hyun , Eun Chang Soo , Han Dong Soo , Park Seun Ja , Chang Hee Kyung , Jeen Yoon Tae , Kim Hyun Soo , Park Dong Hoon , Shin Sung Jae , Chang Mee Soo
Published: February 2009

Background/Aims: Serrated polyps have emerged as important evidence supporting the serrated polyp-neoplasia pathway in colorectal carcinogenesis, an alternate to the classical adenoma-carcinoma sequence. However, there is confusion over the diagnostic criteria for serrated polyps including traditional serrated adenoma (TSA) and sessile serrated adenoma (SSA). In addition, clinical and pathologic characteristics of each are largely unknown and need further exploration. Methods: The 753 polyps that were previously diagnosed as serrated adenoma (SA) from 14 tertiary care university hospitals in Korea between 2003 and 2005 were evaluated for the clinicopathologic findings of TSA and SSA. Results: Among 753 cases, 420 (55.8%) were reclassified as TSA and 56 (7.4%) as SSA. Among the pathologic parameters, crypt branching, crypt dilatation, and horizontal crypts were more frequent in SSA than in TSA (p < 0.001). SSA was larger than TSA (12.6 ± 7.3 vs. 9.8 ± 6.9 mm, p = 0.005), was more likely to be flat type (p = 0.006), and was more frequently located in the proximal colorectum (p = 0.012). There were no significant differences in age, sex, and body mass index between TSA and SSA. Conclusions: Locationand endoscopic features of the polyps with abnormal crypt morphology in histologic findings could be helpful for the diagnosis and classification of SAs.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Is Crucial for Iloprost-Induced in vivo Angiogenesis and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Upregulation
Authors: Biscetti Federico , Gaetani Eleonora , Flex Andrea , Straface Giuseppe , Pecorini Giovanni , Angelini Flavia , Stigliano Egidio , Aprahamian Tamar , Smith Roy C. , Castellot John J. , Pola Roberto
Published: February 2009

We have previously demonstrated that iloprost, a stable prostacyclin (PGI2) analogue, induces angiogenesis in vivo, through a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent mechanism. In this study, we demonstrate that iloprost-induced angiogenesis and VEGF upregulation are modulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), a ligand-inducible transcription factor that belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and plays multiple biological activities in the vascular system. We show that iloprost is unable to induce angiogenesis in mice lacking the PPARα gene (PPARα–/– mice). Likewise, iloprost-induced VEGF upregulation is absent in PPARα–/– mice. In contrast, iloprost induces a robust angiogenic response in wild-type mice, along with local upregulation of VEGF. Importantly, mice lacking the PPARα gene exhibit a normal angiogenic response to VEGF, indicating that the absence of PPARα does not result in a general impairment of angiogenesis, but specifically affects the ability of iloprost to induce angiogenesis. Our data demonstrate unexpected functional relationships between the PGI2 system and the PPAR signaling pathway and shed new light on the molecular mechanisms involved in iloprost-induced angiogenesis.
Skin Cancers Arising in Tattoos: Coincidental or Not?
Authors: Kluger Nicolas , Phan Alice , Debarbieux Sébastien , Balme Brigitte , Thomas Luc
Published: February 2009

Trauma, scars and/or chronic inflammation have been reported as underlying causes of skin cancers in occasional cases. Tattooing is a traumatizing procedure characterized by the introduction of exogenous pigment in the dermis by puncturing the skin. Even though cases of malignancies such as melanoma, basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas and keratoacanthomas have been reported for the past 40 years, it remains unclear what role tattoos play in their pathogenesis. We report here 2 new cases and wish to discuss the arguments and counter-arguments for such a potential relationship.
Prediction of Institutionalisation in Dementia
Authors: Luppa Melanie , Luck Tobias , Brähler Elmar , König Hans-Helmut , Riedel-Heller Steffi G.
Published: February 2009

Background/Aims: In the past decades, a substantial number of studies considered factors influencing institutionalisation of persons with dementia. This study reviews recent work on predictors of actual institutionalisation in dementia. Method: Relevant articles were identified by a systematic search of the literature. Studies were considered which included persons aged 65 and over, and whose results were based on prospective design and on multivariate statistical analyses. Results: Forty-two studies were identified. The rate of institutionalisation increased from 20% in the first year after diagnosis to 50% after 5 years. Median time to institutionalisation was estimated between 30 and 40 months. Predictors of institutionalisation were classified according to a provided conceptual framework in the categories sociodemographic and relationship characteristics of persons with dementia and caregivers, primary stressors, secondary stressors and resources. Conclusion: The overview of research activities in this area showed a lack of methodological strength in a large part of identified studies. Nevertheless, a lot of well-examined and less highlighted predictors could be identified.
Predictability of Intraocular Lens Calculation Using the Holladay II Formula after in-the-Bag or Optic Captured Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implantation in Paediatric Cataracts
Authors: Lüchtenberg Marc , Kuhli-Hattenbach Claudia , Fronius Maria , Zubcov Alina A. , Kohnen Thomas
Published: February 2009

Purpose: To assess the predictability of postoperative refraction using the Holladay II-formula in paediatric patients randomized to undergo 2 different surgical procedures. Methods: Fourty cataractous eyes of 29 patients (age 2.31–11.75 years) were operated with in-the-bag intraocular lens implantation. Randomly, either an anterior vitrectomy (group A, 19 eyes) or posterior optic capture without vitrectomy (group B, 21 eyes) was performed. Randomization was done in 4 separate age groups, in accordance with 4 target refractions (0, 1, 2 and 3 dpt) to compensate for the anticipated myopic shift. Results: The predicted refraction correlated with the achieved postoperative refraction (total group, p = 0.019), closer in group A (p = 0.033) than in group B (p = 0.265); however, the results of groups A and B were not significantly different (p = 0.324). There was a tendency for postoperative targeted hyperopia being underachieved in the youngest patients. Conclusion: The Holladay II formula provides reliable intraocular lens calculation in paediatric cataracts. The tendency to underachieve the target refraction in younger patients needs further investigation.
Clinical and Experimental Research of Corneal Lymphangiogenesis after Keratoplasty
Authors: Ling Shiqi , Lin Haotian , Xiang Daoman , Feng Guangqiang , Zhang Xuefei
Published: February 2009

The objective of this study is to provide further evidence that corneal lymphangiogenesis occurs after keratoplasty, and to explore the association of corneal hemangiogenesis, corneal inflammation and transplantation history with corneal lymphangiogenesis. Rat corneal lymphangiogenesis was examined by electron microscopy, lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor (LYVE-1) immunohistochemistry, and whole-mount immunofluorescence at 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after corneal transplantation. Blood and lymphatic vessels in human transplanted corneas were identified by LYVE-1 and CD31 immunohistochemistry, then the association between corneal blood vessel counting, inflammatory index and transplantation history with the lymphatic vessel counting was examined.The results showed that corneal lymphangiogenesis was present in all rat corneas and 26% of human transplanted corneas. Lymphatic vessel counting was significantly associated with blood vessel counting, inflammatory index and transplantation history (all p values <0.0001). We conclude that corneal lymphangiogenesis develops after keratoplasty, and is strongly associated with hemangiogenesis, inflammation and the history of transplantation.
Neuroglial relationship in experimental central demyelination in rabbits
Authors: Sensharma G.C. , Singh Shamer
Published: February 2009

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in the rabbit, initially showed inflammatory lesions, followed by demyelination. The EAE lesions also exhibited an ascendency in their appearance, i.e. they involved the spinal cord, brain stem and cerebellum in that order. During the inflammatory stage of EAE, the astrocytes became hypertrophied and the oligodendrocytes were seen to be degenerating. The inflammatory cells included lymphocytes, plasma cells, and gitter cells. When demyelination had set in, there appeared a paucity of oligodendrocytes and a marked astrocytosis in and around the lesions. The relationship of the oligodendrocytes with the maintenance of myelin in the central nervous system is discussed.
Anatomical and neurohistological observations on the tongue of the Indian goat, Capra aegagrus
Authors: Qayyum M.A. , Beg M.A.
Published: February 2009

The anatomy and neurohistology of the tongue of the Indian goat, Capra aegagrus, have been described. The apex linguae is notched in the centre. The foramen caecum is found to be absent. The sublingua could not be traced. The filiform papillae are the most common and divided into three types: the simple, giant, and true filiform papillae. The true filiform papillae are the most developed of the three types. The foliate papillae are absent. There are 13–14 circumvallate papillae arranged in two rows in a V-shaped pattern. The fungiform papillae are large and could easily be seen with the naked eye. They are scattered over the entire dorsum, being in abundance at the tip. The tongue of the goat is richly innervated. On the dorsum, the lamina propria is innervated by thick nerve fibres. In the fungiform papillae quite a large number of nerve fibres could be seen. The circumvallate papillae are also abundantly provided with nerves. A few ganglion cells are found below the circumvallate papillae. Thick nerve fibres are seen across the numerous glands and their ducts. Muscle fibres and connective tissue are also richly innervated.
Evidence for normal cum accessory neurenteric canals in a human fetus
Authors: Chaurasia B.D. , Runwal P.M. , Dharker R.S.
Published: February 2009

Multiple anomalies, including a vertebral cleft in the cervicothoracic region containing the posterior pharyngeal diverticulum, and duplication of the lower lumbar spine with absence of sacrum and coccyx, are described in a stillborn anencephalic female monster. It is postulated that vertebral division at two levels is evidence of two neurenteric canals, a caudal normal canal and a cranial accessory one. This supports the ‘accessory neurenteric canal’ theory for vertebral divisions in the cervicothoracic regions. Other associated defects, such as exomphalos, ectopia vesicae and craniorhachischisis, are correlated with the presence of a single umbilical artery.
The duodenal glands of fourteen primate species
Authors: Krause William J.
Published: February 2009

The duodenal glands of the primates examined begin at the gastrointestinal junction and extend distally along the intestinal tract. The glands are confined primarily to the submucosa and consist of coiled tubules which exhibit frequent distal branching. The ducts pierce the muscularis mucosae to empty into the bases of the overlying intestinal glands. Cells comprising the duodenal glands appear mucous in nature and are thought to elaborate a neutral mucopolysaccharide.
The articular disc of the hand
Authors: Kauer J.M.G.
Published: February 2009

The carpal articular disc has been studied in serial sectioned embryonal and fetal hands. It can be concluded that the articular disc is an extensive fibrous system that comes from the ulnar edge of the distal end of the radius and reaches, bordered by the deep layer of the antebrachial fascia, the base of metacarpal V. In this course, insertions take place into the ulnar aspect of the head of the ulna, into the ulnar styloid process and into the ulnar carpals. Emphasis has been laid upon the fact that the sheath of the m. extensor carpi ulnaris tendon is part of the fibrous system of the disc. The positions of the dorsal tendons seen with respect to the fascial layers implicate a mutual shift during pronation and supination of the hand. The relations between the so-called ligamentum subcruentum and prestyloid recess have been established, the presence of cartilaginous primordia in the developing disc has been discussed. We come to the conclusion that the evidence for drawing a parallel between phylogenetic and human embryological phenomena is still insufficient. In this connection we have stressed the modus of development of the pisotriquetral joint space.
Mast cells in mammalian brain
Authors: Dropp John J.
Published: February 2009

Mast cells, which had until recently been believed to be not present in the mammalian brain, were studied in the brains of 29 mammalian species. Although there was considerable intraspecific and interspecific variation, mast cells were most numerous within the leptomeninges (especially in those overlying the cerebrum and the dorsal thalamus -most rodents, most carnivores, chimpanzees, squirrel monkeys and elephant), the cerebral cortex (most rodents, tiger, fox, chimpanzee, tarsier, and elephant) and in many nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (most rodents, tiger, lion, and fox). In some mammals, mast cells were also numerous in the stroma of the telencephalic choroid plexuses (chimpanzee, squirrel monkey), the putamen and the claustrum (chimpanzee), the subfornical organ (pack rat, tiger, chimpanzee), the olfactory peduncles (hooded rat, albino rat), the stroma of the diencephalic choroid plexus (lion, chimpanzee, squirrel monkey), the pineal organ (chimpanzee, squirrel monkey), some nuclei of the hypothalamus (tiger), the infundibulum (hooded rat, tiger, fox), the area postrema (pack rat, chinchilla, lion, spider monkey, chimpanzee, fox) and some nuclei and tracts of the metencephalon and the myelencephalon (tiger). Neither the sex of the animal nor electrolytic lesions made in the brains of some of the animals at various times prior to sacrifice appeared to effect the number and the distribution of mast cells. Age-related changes in mast cell number and distribution were detected in the albino rat.
Microscopic organization of the ligamenta flava in Cercopithecinae
Authors: Fasana F.
Published: February 2009

The ligamenta flava have been investigated in Cercopithecus pygerythrus (vervet monkey) and C. mitis (blue monkey) at various levels of the vertebral column. It has been shown that in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions the topography of these ligaments differs. The cervical ligamenta flava do not extend over the intervertebral joints, while in the thoracic and lumbar regions they reinforce and fuse with the capsule. The ligamenta flava from T4 to SI replace the interspinous ligaments by extending into the interspinous space. The ligamenta flava consist mostly of interwoven layers of elastic and collagen fibres. The area of attachment has four zones whose histological details are described. These findings are discussed in relation to the function of the vertebral column and to the role of ligamenta flava in providing flexibility of the column and mechanical adaptation to absorb sudden stresses.
Morphologie, topographie et nomenclature des muscles papillaires du cœur de l’homme comparés à ceux des mammifères
Authors: Simić V.
Published: February 2009

On the internal or parietal surface of the left ventricle in man and in mammals are two papillary muscles, which are almost identical and well developed. In man, these muscles are known as the m. papillaris parietalis anterior sinister and the m. papillaris parietalis posterior dexter, in mammals, the m. papillaris parietalis cranialis sinister and caudalis dexter, or, in shorter form, mm. papillaris parietalis sinister et dexter. In the right ventricle in man, there are two papillary parietal muscles: the mm. papillares anteriores et posteriores. On the septum of this ventricle there is, as in mammals, a muscle called the m. papillaris septalis medialis seu subarteriosus. Beside it are one or several smaller muscles, varying from one individual to another: the mm. papillares septales accessorii seu parvi. In the right ventricle of the mammalian heart is found, in addition to the m. parietalis septalis subarteriosus, already mentioned, a m. papillaris caudalis, more or less well developed in some species and, in the majority of mammals, the m. papillaris septalis cranialis, which is always well developed. In certain mammals, there is, in rare cases, a m. papillaris septomarginalis seu parietalis. It may be said, in conclusion, that, in a large number of mammals, there is, on the internal surface of the external wall of the right ventricle, a reasonably well developed m. papillaris parietalis.
Eine kombinierte Kalk-Fett-Färbung mit Darstellung der Gefässwandpermeabilität
Authors: Dadak Ch. , Sinzinger H. , Feigl W.
Published: February 2009

A simple combined method for staining the arteries of fetuses and newborns with following demonstration of the vessel wall permeability for macroscopic and microscopic investigations is described.
Localization of acid phosphatase activity in the medulla oblongata of the small brown dove, Streptopelia senegalensis, and white-throated munia, Uroloncha malabarica
Authors: Singh S.P.
Published: February 2009

In the present study, acid phosphatase activity has been histochemically localized in the medulla oblongata (facialis part) of Streptopelia senegalensis and Uroloncha malabarica. It was noticed that the enzyme is present particularly in the motor nuclei and lysosomes of neuroglial cells of the medulla oblongata. However, enzymatic deposition appears to be somewhat more vigorous in S. senegalensis than in U. malabarica, thereby indicating their respective metabolic turnover and neuronal excitability. Simultaneously, the functional significance has been discussed in the light of differential localization.
Effect of corpora lutea grafted under renal capsule on pregnancy in the rabbit
Authors: Tsutsumi Yoshio , Hafez E.S.E.
Published: February 2009

Implantation of the blastocyst and maintenance of pregnancy were examined by autografting corpora lutea under renal capsule in rabbits. Implantation of the blastocyst did not occur when the corpora lutea were autografted because of small amounts of lutein tissue, low secretory activity of lutein cells, and the period required for functional activity of grafts. Autografts of 4-day-old corpora lutea were capable of maintaining pregnancy after 15 days post coítum, when follicles and interstitial tissue remained intact. Pregnancy was maintained in a limited number of fetuses when 6-day-old corpora lutea were autografted in ovariectomized estradiol-treated does.
Histochemical studies on the adrenal glands of the marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata)
Authors: Miraglia Tulio , Sadigursky Moysés , Roters Francisco Augusto , Pinto Gerson
Published: February 2009

The histrochemistry of the adrenal glands was studied in four adult male marmosets (two Callithrix jacchus and two Callithrix penicillata). It was impossible to demonstrate any reactivity to UDPG-GT, ADH, alanyl aminopeptidase, leucine amino-peptidase, xilitol (NAD-dependent) dehydrogenase, β-glucuronidase and aryl-sulfatase in these glands. Total phosphorylase was found in scattered cells of the glomerulosa and adjacent outer fasciculata of one C. penicillata. The dehydrogenases (LDH, G-6-PDH, 6-PGDH, NADH2-TR, ICDH, SDH, NADH2-TR, α-GPDH, β-OHBDH) as well as the hydrolases (except alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase) showed a stronger reactivity in the cortical part. Some hydrolases (naphthol acetate esterase, acid phosphatase) and cytochrome oxidase were less reactive in the zona glomerulosa, where the dehydrogenases were more abundant. The outer fasciculata and the reticularis also showed a strong dehydrogenase reactivity.
The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus of sheep (Ovis aries) and the effects on food and water intake following its electrolytic destruction
Authors: Tarttelin Michael F.
Published: February 2009

A description is presented of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) of sheep following study of paraffin-embedded material stained with a Nissl and a myelin stain. The VMN is related to most structures in the ventrobasal hypothalamus and is ellipsoidally shaped with its poles tilted both medially and anteriorly. Three kinds of neurons can be distinguished under the high power of the light microscope, and other cellular variants are probably the three basic types seen in different orientations. The commonest neuron had bipolar processes and a basophilic line structure apparently curving over the surface of the nucleus. The food and water intake of four sheep with discrete destruction of the VMN is described and compared with sheep with anterior hypothalamic lesions and controls. Discrete destruction of the VMN was without effect on food and water intake. The conclusion is reached that more lateral and ventrolateral areas of the tuberal hypothalamus might be involved in satiety regulation in the sheep.
Arterial vascularization of the sinuatrial node in the embryonic rat heart
Authors: Mateu Domenech , Llorca Orts
Published: February 2009

We studied the embryological development of the extracoronary cardiac vessels, determining their origins, courses and terminations in embryonic rat hearts. The sinuatrial node is supplied by an extracoronary artery, which can originate from (a) the right internal mammary artery, as a nodal artery, based on its origin; (b) the internal mammary artery, or (c) the right subclavian artery as a collateral artery of the cardiac branch of the cardiomediastinal trunk. The intimate relations of the nodal artery with the sinus node make it possible to study, at the same time, the development of the sinuatrial node in the rat embryo. The sinuatrial node always develops before the nodal artery, which does not appear until 16 or 16.5 days of development.
Biology of the rice rat (Oryzomys palustris natator)in a laboratory environment
Authors: Park Wallace , Nowosielski-Slepowron B.J.A.
Published: February 2009

A survey of skull development of the rice rat (Oryzomys palustris natator) covering a period of 21 days to 16 months involving equal numbers of males and females (108) was undertaken using various skull parameters. Sexual dimorphism in relation to body weight and length emerged before that of the skull which was only clearly marked by 2 months. A number of the skull parameters by virtue of their individual growth potential did not show sexual differences in size for a long time, whereas others were clearly marked. Once the differences between the sexes had been established they were maintained. One parameter – length of cranium – represents those parameters which show changes and it was found that the male rat continued to show a steady linear increase in length up to 16 months, whereas the female cranial length shows a deceleration with termination around 12 months. The skull differences are mirrored in the weight and length findings and it suggested that the earlier sexual maturity of the females is compensated by an earlier cessation of growth compared to the males which mature later and have a correspondingly later cessation.
Besonderheiten der Myelinbildungen in Wurzelfasern des Kaninchens
Authors: Dolaptschieva Sabina , Lierse Werner
Published: February 2009

The axon sheath formation in the ventral and dorsal spinal roots of newborn rabbits is described. The mesaxon grows at a greater rate than the outer plasmalemma of the Schwann cell, thereby giving rise to folds in the mesaxon. The compact myelin spiral is formed by the apposition of 2–3 lamellae.
Hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the spotted owlet, Athene brama Temminck
Authors: Singh Kunwar Bahadur , Dominic C.J.
Published: February 2009

The structure of the hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the spotted owlet as revealed in tissue sections is described. The para ventricular nucleus (PVN) is better developed than the supraoptic nucleus (SON), and is divided into penventricular and lateral divisions. The former is further divided into anteroventral and posterodorsal subdivisions. The neurons of the SON are grouped into preoptic, median and lateral divisions. The preoptic division is again divided into median and lateral subdivisions. The lateral division of the SON is likewise divided into anterolateral and posterolateral subdivisions. Neurons of the lateral division of the SON, which are embedded in the optic tract, form the so-called ‘optic tract division’. Scattered neurons connect the median division of the SON with the anteroventral subdivision of the periventricular division of the PVN, and the lateral division of the SON with the lateral division of the PVN. There is no significant morphological difference between the neurons of the SON and of the PVN. Typically, the neurons are heavily loaded with neurosecretory material (NSM) and the cell nuclei appear poor in chromatin. Sometimes the NSM in the neurons is present in the form of one or more large granules. Occasionally, neurons loaded with NSM are seen in the process of distintegration; these may contribute to the large number of Herring bodies and neurosecretory granules which are found in the hypothalamic nuclei. Because of the paucity of the NSM, the proximal part of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract could not be traced. The tract bifurcates anterior to the median eminence. The dorsal branch proceeds to the neural lobe as the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract; the ventral branch passes to the zona externa of the anterior median eminence. The zona externa of the median eminence possesses an AF-positive anterior division and an AF-negative posterior division. The neural lobe is a thin-walled, sac-like structure with a large lumen. Its wall is heavily loaded with NSM and hence histological details are hardly visible.
Evidence for neurosecretory substance in neurons in the small intestine of dogs
Authors: Chaudhary S.C.
Published: February 2009

Paraffin-embedded sections from the small intestine of the dog were stained for neurosecretory substance by various methods. Neurons in the submucous plexus show distinct violet granules, indicating the presence of neurosecretory substance. Nerve cells positive to Gomori’s stain were not seen in the myenteric plexus.
Anteversion versus torsion of the femoral neck
Authors: Kate B.R.
Published: February 2009

The usual term ‘torsion angle of the femur’ denotes the ‘anteversion’ of the neck of the femur as a whole, caused by the twist in the shaft of the femur rather than the twist in the neck. This has been differentiated from the twist in the neck of the femur around its own axis, termed ‘torsion neck’ and the values of both have been measured. To differentiate these two different phenomena, the term ‘anteversion’ is used to denote the usual angle described, while ‘torsion neck’ is used to denote the twist in the neck around its own axis measured in this work. 1,000 femora from 21 cities in different parts of the country have been measured and the average anteversion angle calculated. The Indian average works out to be 12° with a significantly (double) high value for females. The incidence of negative angle is 7% in the normal femora. All fractured femora invariably show a negative angle. The above information should be of great significance in orthopaedic surgery of the neck of the femur in these bones. The ‘torsion neck’ has been measured by tracing and its average reported as 30°.
Alkaline phosphatase in the thymus
Authors: Rakhawy M.T. , Tarkhan A.A. , Zakaria A.M.
Published: February 2009

(1) Fetal thymuses, organs from patients who died from diseases that are not clinically known to be associated with concomitant lymphoid tissue involvement, as well as thymuses from patients dying from diseases which affect the lymphatic complex of the body, one way or another, have been investigated for their alkaline phosphatase activity, using Gomori technique and applying four different phosphate esters as substrates. (2) Three substrates (/3-glycerophosphate, riboflavin 5-phosphate and adenosine triphosphate) showed essentially the same pattern of activity in which the cortex and Hassall’s corpuscles were reactive, while the medulla was negative. A reversal of this pattern was demonstrated with 5-monophosphoric acid. (3) Before the age of 32–36 weeks of intra-uterine life there is no alkaline phosphatase activity in the thymus; thereafter, the enzyme begins to make its first appearance. (4) There is a definite increase in the intensity of the reaction with advance of intra-uterine life. This increase in phosphatase content is continued postnatally, to reach its maximum at about the age of 10 years; after that, the enzyme activity gradually subsides. (5) There is a tremendous augmentation of phosphatase activity in the case of diseases which are known to affect the lymphoid complex. (6) The phosphatase activity of the thymus has been discussed in relation to the prevailing concepts about the function of the thymus, with special emphasis on a possible association with ‘lymphocyte-stimulating factor’ production and/or secretion.
Effect of testosterone propionate on the ultrastructure of the preputial gland in the rat
Authors: Nickerson Peter A. , Freeman James J. , Brownie Alexander C.
Published: February 2009

Testosterone propionate accelerates the maturation of acinar cells in the preputial gland of female rats. The weight of the preputial gland was increased significantly and the gland contained a large amount of secretory material. Various stages of maturation of acinar cells were observed. In an early stage, cells contained predominantly rough endoplasmic reticulum. In a second stage, lipid accumulated in association with focal areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Membrane-bound dense bodies similar to lysosomes and secondary lysosomes predominated in a late stage. In the final stage, acini fused with a duct, thereby liberating the cells into the ductal lumen. Cell structure then became unrecognizable.
Eye anomalies induced by cyclophosphamide in rat fetuses
Authors: Singh Shamer , Sanyal A.K.
Published: February 2009

Different eye anomalies, e.g. open eye (lid-gap), exophthalmos, cataractous lens, anophthalmia, microphthalmia, corneal opacities and absent lens were induced in rat fetuses by maternal administration of cyclophosphamide on the 12–16th days of gestation. 63–90% of anomalies were found in groups treated between days 13 and 15 of gestation. The 14th day of gestation was found to be the most susceptible, inducing severe eye anomalies in 90% of fetuses treated at this age. Degenerative changes were seen in the lens and retina. The retinal cytoarchitecture was completely disorganised.
Anomalies mitotiques observées dans des fibroblastes d’embryon de poulet cultivés in vitro avec 80% d’oxygène
Authors: Gotzos Vassilis
Published: February 2009

Fibroblasts cultivated in vitro were observed during mitosis. Already after 24 h of culture in 80% oxygen, some anomalies affect mitosis (atypical mitosis): abnormalities of the usual mitosis stages, chromosomal aberrations. Mitosis is interrupted at metaphase during the first and second day of culture in hyperoxia and at prophase (prometaphase) during the third day. A new mode of nuclear division is discussed.
Fluorescence histochemistry of the surface epithelium and stroma in the rhesus monkey ovary
Authors: Skalko Richard G. , Cowden Ronald R. , Curtis Sherill K. , Benitz Karl F.
Published: February 2009

The surface epithelium and stromal elements in the ovary of the rhesus monkey were studied with a variety of fluorescence-histochemical procedures to determine the relative distribution of specific chemical moieties. The surface (germinal) epithelium displayed high levels of cytoplasmic RNA and specifically intense fluorescence with methods that demonstrate basic, SH and SS groups of protein. The underlying basement membrane demonstrated an intense reaction when fluorochromed with hydroxynaphthoic acid hydrazide directed toward side-chain carboxyl groups of protein. The fluorescence pattern displayed by the underlying connective tissue was heterogeneous and related to its anatomical localization. It is suggested that this heterogeneity reflects specific, but as yet undefined, chemical differences in the fibrous elements of the ovary.
Histomorphology of the urethral process of the goat (Capra hircus)
Authors: Ghoshal N.G. , Bal H.S.
Published: February 2009

The urethral process of the goat was an extension of the pars spongiosa of the male urethra. The erectile (cavernous) tissue of the urethral process was a continuation of the corpus spongiosum penis. The epithelium lining the urethra was stratified transitional. Two compact fibrocartilaginous strands were embedded in the erectile tissue, which were absent towards the tip of the urethral process. Smooth muscle was absent in the tunica mucosa-submucosa of the urethral process. The tunica mucosa-submucosa was richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves and it may be assumed that the urethral process is a sensory structure. Large cavernous sinuses, within the erectile tissue, were lined by endothelial cells. There was a circular fibroelastic layer enclosing the entire corpus spongiosum penis to withstand expansion of the erectile tissue during erection and copulation. The surface epithelium lining the urethral process was stratified squamous. A few connective tissue papillae were observed evaginating into the surface epithelium.
Vascular arrangement in the skin of tropical cattle
Authors: Amakiri S.F.
Published: February 2009

The vascular arrangement in the skin of some tropical breeds of cattle and of temperate cattle in a tropical environment is reported. Four vascular plexuses were observed in the skin of all breeds of cattle studied. The first horizontal plexus was observed between the subcutaneous and reticular layers, the second at mid-reticular layer level, and the third and most prominent at the level of the hair papillae and sweat glands. The fourth plexus arose as a branch from the third, extended upwards to the sebaceous gland and upper hair follicle region and gave off twigs to the dermo-epidermal junction. The sweat glands and hair follicles were profusely supplied with blood vessels. The branches of the fourth plexus extended closer to the epidermis in the tropical breeds than in the Friesian.
Development of the secondary palate in man
Authors: Luke D.A.
Published: February 2009

A study of secondary palate formation in man employing histochemical techniques indicates that (1) tongue muscles are sufficiently differentiated at the time of palatal shelf elevation to produce active tongue movements; (2) an embryo with asymmetrically arranged shelves and tongue suggests that the tongue is indeed active at this time; (3) few blood vessels are present beneath the epithelium at fusion sites both before and after fusion has occurred suggesting that this epithelium is not metabolically active; (4) only slight lysosomal enzyme activity is seen in the disintegrating epithelium at the junction of palatal shelves and nasal septum, and (5) macrophages are infrequent near to the disintegrating epithelium and their scarcity is consistent with the prolonged survival of epithelial rests in the midline of the human secondary palate.
Spinal retroflexion in craniorhachischisis: its classification and limitations
Authors: Chaurasia B.D. , Wagh K.V. , Goyal J.
Published: February 2009

Spinal retroflexion has been studied in five stillborn human fetuses having craniorhachischisis. The findings show that retroflexion in this variant of anencephaly can be classified into severe, moderate and mild forms. The three grades can be differentiated from one another by the direction of the face, shape of the mentothoracic junction, extension of hairline on back, radiographic abnormalities of the spine, and the diaphragmatic defects. It is discussed that, though the anencephalies with severe or moderate degree of cervical retroflexion resemble iniencephaly in their features of spinal retroflexion, those having mild retroflexion are contrasted and should not be categorised with iniencephaly. It is suggested that for precision the term ‘spinal retroflexion’ should be used after duly prefixing it by an appropriate word (severe, moderate or mild) indicating the degree of retroflexion observed.
Particular features of the innervation of taste buds of the epiglottis in monkeys
Authors: Khaisman E.B.
Published: February 2009

The work is devoted to the study of the structure of the innervation apparatus of taste buds in the epiglottis of monkeys (Macacus rhesus). The Campos impregnation method was used. It is established that several afferent myelinated fibers participate in the innervation of each taste bud of the epiglottis. The peculiarity of structure of their pre-terminal and terminal parts having the appearance of complex windings and spirals is noted. The polyaxonic principle of the innervation of taste buds of the epiglottis in monkeys is considered as a possible mechanism of generalization of the afferent impulses. It is suggested that the innervation apparatus of the taste buds of the epiglottis constitutes part of unique afferent system of this organ, ensuring its defensive function. The incongruity (from the histophysiological standpoint) of the term ‘taste bud’ in relation to the epiglottis is noted. It is proposed to call these formations special structures of the chemo-receptors.
Histological and ultrastructural observations on the development of the lung of the fetal pig
Authors: Baskerville A.
Published: February 2009

Lungs of fetal pigs having gestational ages ranging from 80 to 115 days were examined histologically and by electron microscopy. At 80 days bronchial epithelium was ciliated but bronchiolar cells were not and bronchial mucosal glands were absent. Peripheral regions consisted predominantly of mesenchymal tissue with glandular alveoli. 92 days marked the transition from the immature to the more mature lung type. Bronchial glands appeared and began to grow from the epithelium into the lamina propria, bronchiolar epithelial cells acquired cilia, and alveoli were becoming irregular in shape and had thinner interalveolar septa. Close contact between capillaries and alveolar epithelium established the blood-air barrier at many points. Differentiation of alveolar epithelium into types I and II pneumonocytes occurred at this stage and lamellated osmiophilic inclusion bodies were present in type II cells for the first time. The number of lamellated bodies increased progressively to term at 115 days.