bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
25th Anniversary Article: Reversible and Adaptive Functional Supramolecular Materials: “Noncovalent Interaction” Matters
Authors: Liu Kai , Kang Yuetong , Wang Zhiqiang , Zhang Xi
Published: September 2013

Supramolecular materials held together by noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, host–guest interactions, and electrostatic interactions, have great potential in material science. The unique reversibility and adaptivity of noncovalent intreractions have brought about fascinating new functions that are not available by their covalent counterparts and have greatly enriched the realm of functional materials. This review article aims to highlight the very recent and important progresses in the area of functional supramoleuclar materials, focusing on adaptive mechanical materials, smart sensors with enhanced selectivity, soft luminescent and electronic nanomaterials, and biomimetic and biomedical materials with tailored structures and functions. We cannot write a complete account of all the interesting work in this area in one article, but we hope that it can in a way reflect the current situation and future trends in this prosperously developing area of functional supramolecular materials.
Hierarchical Carbide‐Derived Carbon Foams with Advanced Mesostructure as a Versatile Electrochemical Energy‐Storage Material
Authors: Oschatz Martin , Borchardt Lars , Pinkert Katja , Thieme Sören , Lohe Martin R. , Hoffmann Claudia , Benusch Matthias , Wisser Florian M. , Ziegler Christoph , Giebeler Lars , Rümmeli Mark H. , Eckert Jürgen , Eychmüller Alexander , Kaskel Stefan
Published: September 2013

Highly porous carbide‐derived carbon (CDC) mesofoams (DUT‐70) are prepared by nanocasting of mesocellular silica foams with a polycarbosilane precursor. Ceramic conversion followed by silica removal and high‐temperature chlorine treatment yields CDCs with a hierarchical micro‐mesopore arrangement. This new type of polymer‐based CDC is characterized by specific surface areas as high as 2700 m2 g−1, coupled with ultrahigh micro‐ and mesopore volumes up to 2.6 cm3 g−1. The relationship between synthesis conditions and the properties of the resulting carbon materials is described in detail, allowing precise control of the properties of DUT‐70. Since the hierarchical pore system ensures both efficient mass transfer and high capacities, the novel CDC shows outstanding performance as an electrode material in electrochemical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) with specific capacities above 240 F g−1 when measured in a symmetrical two‐electrode configuration. Remarkable capacities of 175 F g−1 can be retained even at high current densities of 20 A g−1 as a result of the enhanced ion‐transport pathways provided by the cellular mesostructure. Moreover, DUT‐70 can be infiltrated with sulfur and host the active material in lithium–sulfur battery cathodes. Reversible capacities of 790 mAh g−1 are achieved at a current rate of C/10 after 100 cycles, which renders DUT‐70 an ideal support material for electrochemical energy‐storage applications.
Development of a program logic model and evaluation plan for a participatory ergonomics intervention in construction
Authors: Jaegers Lisa , Dale Ann Marie , Weaver Nancy , Buchholz Bryan , Welch Laura , Evanoff Bradley
Published: September 2013

Background

Intervention studies in participatory ergonomics (PE) are often difficult to interpret due to limited descriptions of program planning and evaluation.

Methods

In an ongoing PE program with floor layers, we developed a logic model to describe our program plan, and process and summative evaluations designed to describe the efficacy of the program.

Results

The logic model was a useful tool for describing the program elements and subsequent modifications. The process evaluation measured how well the program was delivered as intended, and revealed the need for program modifications. The summative evaluation provided early measures of the efficacy of the program as delivered.

Conclusions

Inadequate information on program delivery may lead to erroneous conclusions about intervention efficacy due to Type III error. A logic model guided the delivery and evaluation of our intervention and provides useful information to aid interpretation of results. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:351–361, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mood disorders in individuals with distal 18q deletions
Authors: Daviss William B. , O'Donnell Louise , Soileau Bridgette T. , Heard Patricia , Carter Erika , Pliszka Steven R. , Gelfond Jonathan A. L. , Hale Daniel E. , Cody Jannine D.
Published: September 2013

We examined 36 participants at least 4 years old with hemizygous distal deletions of the long arm of Chromosome 18 (18q‐) for histories of mood disorders and to characterize these disorders clinically. Since each participant had a different region of 18q hemizygosity, our goal was also to identify their common region of hemizygosity associated with mood disorders; thereby identifying candidate causal genes in that region. Lifetime mood and other psychiatric disorders were determined by semi‐structured interviews of patients and parents, supplemented by reviews of medical and psychiatric records, and norm‐referenced psychological assessment instruments, for psychiatric symptoms, cognitive problems, and adaptive functioning. Sixteen participants were identified with lifetime mood disorders (ages 12–42 years, 71% female, 14 having had unipolar depression and 2 with bipolar disorders). From the group of 20 who did not meet criteria for a mood disorder; a comparison group of 6 participants were identified who were matched for age range and deletion size. Mood‐disordered patients had high rates of anxiety (75%) and externalizing behavior disorders (44%), and significant mean differences from comparison patients (P < 0.05), including higher overall and verbal IQs and lower autistic symptoms. A critical region was defined in the mood‐disordered group that included a hypothetical gene, C18orf62, and two known genes, ZADH2 and TSHZ1. We conclude that patients having terminal deletions of this critical region of the long arm of Chromosome 18 are highly likely to have mood disorders, which are often comorbid with anxiety and to a lesser extent with externalizing disorders. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alterations of brain anatomy in mouse model of MDD created by replacement of homologous mouse DNA sequence with an illness‐associated 6‐base humanCREB1promoter sequence
Authors: Zubenko George S. , Hughes Hugh B. , Hitchens T. Kevin , Cohen Bruce M.
Published: September 2013

We have recently reported the creation and initial characterization of an etiology‐based recombinant mouse model of a severe and inherited form of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). This was achieved by replacing the corresponding mouse DNA sequence with a 6‐base DNA sequence from the humanCREB1promoter that is associated with the development of MDD in men and women from families identified by probands with recurrent, early‐onset MDD (RE‐MDD). Individuals in these families are also at increased risk for childhood developmental disorders and late life neurodegenerative disorders. The current study used three‐dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy (3D‐MRM) to determine the effect of the resulting humanized mutation of the mouseCreb1gene on the anatomy of the mouse brain. Homozygous mutant mice manifested prominent increases in the volume and surface area of the lateral ventricles, as well as reduced volume of the anterior corpus callosum, compared to age/sex‐matched wild‐type mice. No significant genotype effects were observed on the volume or surface area of total brain, or several brain regions sometimes observed to be abnormal in human depression, including hippocampus, amygdala, or striatum. These findings suggest that at least some forms of MDD result from abnormal brain development produced by inherited genetic variants. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cyclotrimerization of Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by a Phosphine‐Free Chloro(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)iridium(I) Dimer and Induced by Tin(II) Chloride
Authors: Masuyama Yoshiro , Miyazaki Kana , Suzuki Noriyuki
Published: September 2013

The cyclotrimerization of terminal alkynes, such as ethyl propynoate, arylacetylenes, and alkylacetylenes, catalyzed by a phosphine‐free chloro(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)iridium(I) dimer ([IrCl(cod)]2) between 40 °C and 100 °C in 1,4‐dioxane is induced by a catalytic amount of tin(II) chloride to afford the corresponding 1,2,4‐trisubstituted and/or 1,3,5‐trisubstituted benzenes. Terminal α,ω‐diynes, such as 1,6‐heptadiynes, N,N‐bis(2‐propynyl)‐p‐toluenesulfonamide, and bis(1‐phenyl‐2‐propynyl) ether, also undergo the cyclotrimerization with monoynes, such as ethyl propynoate, phenylacetylene, 1‐decyne, and 1,2‐diphenylacetylene, in a similar manner to produce the corresponding bicyclic benzene derivatives.
The combined production of ethanol and biogas from microalgal residuals to sustain microalgal biodiesel: A theoretical evaluation
Authors: Zhu Liandong
Published: September 2013

To date, researchers have expressed increasing interest in the potential of using microalgae as a biofuel feedstock and technological solution for CO2 sequestration. Microalgae‐derived biodiesel production is one of the best choices for biofuels production, since microalgae have substantial amounts of lipids which can be used for biodiesel conversion. Nonetheless, after the production of algal biodiesel, large quantities of residuals or post‐extracts are left over, threatening environmental hygiene if not disposed of appropriately. In this respect, it is critical that the utilization of these remnants is taken into account in an effort to make microalgal biodiesel sustainable. This paper evaluates the theoretical biodiesel, ethanol, and methane yields and the relative calorific values in the production chain of algal biofuels. It is found that fermentation and anaerobic digestion of microalgae residuals are two steps which could assist in dealing with the problem of algal waste, as well as the economic and energetic balance of such a promising technology. It also discusses in detail the potential of the continuous conversion of algal residuals into ethanol and methane, with particular focus on the energetic interest, and nitrogen and phosphorus recycling. Key technical issues related to fermentation and anaerobic digestion are indentified, the strategies to improve their production highlighted, and the necessity of producing algal biodiesel and/or ethanol discussed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of neuromodulation in the treatment of faecal incontinence
Authors: Thin N N , Horrocks E J , Hotouras A , Palit S , Thaha M A , Chan C L H , Matzel K E , Knowles C H
Published: September 2013

Background

Over the past 18 years neuromodulation therapies have gained support as treatments for faecal incontinence (FI); sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is the most established of these. A systematic review was performed of current evidence regarding the clinical effectiveness of neuromodulation treatments for FI.

Methods

The review adhered to the PRISMA framework. A comprehensive search of the literature included PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews. Methodological quality assessment and data extraction were completed in a systematic fashion.

Results

For SNS, 321 citations were identified initially, of which 61 studies were eligible for inclusion. Of studies on other neuromodulation techniques, 11 were eligible for review: seven on percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) and four on transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS). On intention-to-treat, the median (range) success rates for SNS were 63 (33–66), 58 (52–81) and 54 (50–58) per cent in the short, medium and long terms respectively. The success rate for PTNS was 59 per cent at the longest reported follow-up of 12 months. SNS, PTNS and TTNS techniques also resulted in improvements in Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score and quality-of-life measures. Despite significant use of neuromodulation in treatment of FI, there is still no consensus on outcome reporting in terms of measures used, aetiologies assessed, length of follow-up or assessment standards.

Conclusion

Emerging data for SNS suggest maintenance of its initial therapeutic effect into the long term. The clinical effectiveness of PTNS is comparable to that of SNS at 12 months, although there is no evidence to support its continued effectiveness after this period. PTNS may be a useful treatment before SNS. The clinical effectiveness of TTNS is still uncertain owing to the paucity of available evidence. A consensus to standardize the use of outcome measures is recommended in order that further reports can be compared meaningfully.
Randomized trial of the effect of video feedback on the acquisition of surgical skills
Authors: Farquharson A L , Cresswell A C , Beard J D , Chan P
Published: September 2013

Background

Constructive feedback provides a mechanism for reinforcing learning during the acquisition of surgical skills. Feedback is usually given verbally, and sometimes documented, after direct observation by a trained assessor. The aim was to evaluate video recording as an effective modality for enhancing feedback, in comparison with standard verbal feedback alone.

Methods

This was a prospective, blinded, randomized clinical trial comparing standard verbal feedback plus video with standard verbal feedback alone. Validated pro formas for assessment were used and quality control was performed by independent expert assessors. Trial participants were recorded on video performing the surgical skill, and returned the next day to perform the skill again following video and standard verbal feedback (group 1) or standard verbal feedback alone (group 2).

Results

Forty-eight participants were divided equally between the two groups. There was a significant improvement in the mean overall procedure score for group 1 of 2·875 from a maximum achievable score of 20 (P = 0·003), but not for group 2. There were significant improvements in the specific domains of instrument familiarity, needle handling, skin handling and accurate apposition, again all in group 1. The only significant improvement in group 2 was in an organized approach to the task, also observed in group 1. Knot-tying security deteriorated after feedback in group 2 but not in group 1.

Conclusion

The addition of video feedback can improve the acquisition of surgical skills, and could be incorporated into formal surgical curricula.
In vitro effects of proteases in human pancreatic juice on stability of liquid and carrier-bound fibrin sealants
Authors: Adelmeijer J , Porte R J , Lisman T
Published: September 2013

Background

Fibrin sealants are used in pancreatic surgery to prevent leakage of pancreatic fluid and reduce associated complications. The efficacy of this approach is unclear.

Methods

Fibrin clots were generated in vitro from two commercially available liquid fibrin sealants (Tissucol Duo® and Evicel®) and the carrier-bound fibrin sealant Tachosil®, and exposed to normal saline or human pancreatic fluid. Stability of the sealants was assessed by release of the fibrin and collagen degradation products, D-dimer and hydroxyproline. The effect of protease inhibitors on sealant breakdown was assessed.

Results

Clots generated from liquid fibrin sealants degraded rapidly in pancreatic fluid, but not in normal saline. D-dimer release from fibrin clots by pancreatic fluid was approximately 1700 µg/ml after 24 h and less than 20 µg/ml by saline. Pancreatic fluid, but not normal saline, degraded both the fibrin and collagen component of Tachosil®. After 6 h, mean(s.e.m.) D-dimer levels in pancreatic fluid exposed to Tachosil® were 850(183) ng/ml, compared with 60(6) ng/ml in normal saline. The mean(s.e.m.) hydroxyproline concentration in pancreatic fluid was 497(17) µg/ml after a 24-h exposure to Tachosil®, compared with 26(12) µg/ml in normal saline. Protease inhibitors significantly inhibited breakdown of liquid sealants (D-dimer levels less than 50 µg/ml after 24 h) and Tachosil® (D-dimer release 179(12) ng/ml at 6 h; hydroxyproline release 181(29) µg/ml at 24 h).

Conclusion

Proteases in pancreatic juice effectively degrade both liquid and carrier-bound fibrin sealants in vitro. The use of these products in pancreatic surgery with the aim of preventing leakage of pancreatic fluid is not supported by this experimental study.
Hierarchical multilevel analysis of increased caseload volume and postoperative outcome after elective colorectal surgery
Authors: Burns E M , Bottle A , Almoudaris A M , Mamidanna R , Aylin P , Darzi A , Nicholls R J , Faiz O D
Published: September 2013

Background

The study aimed to explore the impact of surgeon and institution volume on outcome following colorectal surgery in England using multilevel hierarchical analysis.

Methods

An observational study design was used. All patients undergoing primary elective colorectal resection between 2000 and 2008 were included from the Hospital Episode Statistics database. Consultant surgeons and hospitals were divided into tertiles (low, medium and high volume) according to their mean annual colorectal cancer resection caseload. Outcome measures examined were postoperative 30-day mortality, 28-day readmission and reoperation, and length of stay. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, co-morbidity, social deprivation, year of surgery, operation type and surgical approach.

Results

A total of 109 261 elective cancer colorectal resections were included. High-volume consultant surgeons and hospitals were defined as performing more than 20·7 and 103·5 elective colorectal cancer procedures per year respectively. Consultant and hospital operative volumes increased throughout the study period. In hierarchical regression models, greater surgeon and institutional volume independently predicted only shorter length of hospital stay. No statistical association was observed between higher provider volume and postoperative mortality, 28-day reoperation or readmission rates.

Conclusion

Increasing elective colorectal cancer caseload alone may have marginal postoperative benefit.
A validated HPLC‐MS/MS method for determination of genipin‐1‐o‐glucuronic acid in rat plasma after administration of genipin and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Ding Yue , Zhang Yong , Zhang Tong , Peng Ming , Tao Jian‐Sheng , Ji Guang
Published: September 2013

A sensitive and specific method was developed and validated for the quantitation of one major metabolite of genipin in rats plasma. The major metabolite was isolated from rat bile via semi‐preparative HPLC technology and its chemical structure was identified as genipin‐1‐o‐glucuronic acid (GNP‐GLU), which was for the first time used as a standard compound for quantitative analysis in rat plasma after administration of genipin. The application of high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in negative mode in multiple reaction monitoring mode was investigated. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Eclipse XDB‐C18 column using a mobile phase consisting of water with 0.1% formic acid (A)–acetonitrile (B). The limit of detecation was 0.214 ng/mL and the lower limit of quantification was 0.706 ng/mL. The calibration curve was linear from 1.27 to 3810 ng/mL for plasma samples, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9924. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions and accuracy were all within 15%. The recoveries of GNP‐GLU and puerarin were above 90.0 and 76.2%, respectively. The highly sensitive method was successfully applied to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters of GNP‐GLU following oral and intravenous administration of genipin to rats. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolutionary Origins of the Photosynthetic Water Oxidation Cluster: Bicarbonate Permits Mn2+ Photo‐oxidation by Anoxygenic Bacterial Reaction Centers
Authors: Khorobrykh Andrei , Dasgupta Jyotishman , Kolling Derrick R. J. , Terentyev Vasily , Klimov Vyacheslav V. , Dismukes G. Charles
Published: September 2013

The enzyme that catalyzes water oxidation in oxygenic photosynthesis contains an inorganic cluster (Mn4CaO5) that is universally conserved in all photosystem II (PSII) protein complexes. Its hypothesized precursor is an anoxygenic photobacterium containing a type 2 reaction center as photo‐oxidant (bRC2, iron–quinone type). Here we provide the first experimental evidence that a native bRC2 complex can catalyze the photo‐oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+, but only in the presence of bicarbonate concentrations that allows the formation of (bRC2)Mn2+(bicarbonate)1–2 complexes. Parallel‐mode EPR spectroscopy was used to characterize the photoproduct, (bRC2)Mn3+(CO32−), based on the g tensor and 55Mn hyperfine splitting. (Bi)carbonate coordination extends the lifetime of the Mn3+ photoproduct by slowing charge recombination. Prior electrochemical measurements show that carbonate complexation thermodynamically stabilizes the Mn3+ product by 0.9–1 V relative to water ligands. A model for the origin of the water oxidation catalyst is presented that proposes chemically feasible steps in the evolution of oxygenic PSIIs, and is supported by literature results on the photoassembly of contemporary PSIIs.
Development and multi‐institutional validation of an upgrading risk tool for Gleason 6 prostate cancer
Authors: Truong Matthew , Slezak Jon A. , Lin Chee Paul , Iremashvili Viacheslav , Sado Martins , Razmaria Aria A. , Leverson Glen , Soloway Mark S. , Eggener Scott E. , Abel E. Jason , Downs Tracy M. , Jarrard David F.
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

Many patients with low‐risk prostate cancer (PC) who are diagnosed with Gleason score 6 at biopsy are ultimately found to harbor higher grade PC (Gleason ≥ 7) at radical prostatectomy. This finding increases risk of recurrence and cancer‐specific mortality. Validated clinical tools that are available preoperatively are needed to improve the ability to recognize likelihood of upgrading in patients with low‐risk PC.

METHODS

More than 30 clinicopathologic parameters were assessed in consecutive patients with Gleason 6 PC upon biopsy who underwent radical prostatectomy. A nomogram for predicting upgrading (Gleason ≥ 7) on final pathology was generated using multivariable logistic regression in a development cohort of 431 patients. External validation was performed in 2 separate cohorts consisting of 1151 patients and 392 patients. Nomogram performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves, calibration, and decision analysis.

RESULTS

On multivariable analysis, variables predicting upgrading were prostate‐specific antigen density using ultrasound (odds ratio [OR] = 229, P = .003), obesity (OR = 1.90, P = .05), number of positive cores (OR = 1.23, P = .01), and maximum core involvement (OR = 0.02, P = .01). On internal validation, the bootstrap‐corrected predictive accuracy was 0.753. External validation revealed a predictive accuracy of 0.677 and 0.672. The nomogram demonstrated excellent calibration in all 3 cohorts and decision curves demonstrated high net benefit across a wide range of threshold probabilities. The nomogram demonstrated areas under the curve of 0.597 to 0.672 for predicting upgrading in subsets of men with very low‐risk PC who meet active surveillance criteria (all P < .001), allowing further risk stratification of these individuals.

CONCLUSIONS

A nomogram was developed and externally validated that uses preoperative clinical parameters and biopsy findings to predict the risk of pathological upgrading in Gleason 6 patients. This can be used to further inform patients with lower risk PC who are considering treatment or active surveillance. Cancer 2013;119:3992–4002. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin can reduce minimal residual disease in patients with childhood acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: O'Hear Carol , Inaba Hiroto , Pounds Stanley , Shi Lei , Dahl Gary , Bowman W. Paul , Taub Jeffrey W. , Pui Ching‐Hon , Ribeiro Raul C. , Coustan‐Smith Elaine , Campana Dario , Rubnitz Jeffrey E.
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) is an active agent for the treatment of CD33‐postive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and may improve the outcome of specific patient subgroups when combined with conventional chemotherapy. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the effects of GO on levels of minimal residual disease (MRD) are unknown.

METHODS

Pediatric patients with AML who received GO, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy on the AML02 multicenter trial, were analyzed to determine the effects of GO on MRD and outcome.

RESULTS

Among 17 patients who received GO alone because of persistent leukemia, 14 had a reduction in their MRD level and 13 became MRD negative. Of the 29 who received chemotherapy in combination with GO after responding poorly to chemotherapy, 28 demonstrated reduced MRD and 13 became MRD negative. Treatment with GO effectively reduced MRD before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and was not found to be associated with increased treatment‐related mortality after transplantation.

CONCLUSIONS

GO is effective in reducing MRD levels in pediatric patients with AML and may improve the outcome of those patients at high risk of disease recurrence. Cancer 2013;119:4036–4043. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Changing the cytology laboratory information system to improve cytology performance
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A. , Birdsong George G.
Published: September 2013

A central tenet in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is the increased use of information technology to improve patient care. However, areas for improvement in cytology are not well defined. Improvements in information technology could improve quality assessment in gynecologic cytology, but the cytology community must identify and ask for changes in information technology that can improve the care of patients. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:87–91. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Length of Stay of Inpatients with Eating Disorders
Authors: Morris Jane , Simpson Ashley V. , Voy Steven James
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Inpatient treatment for eating disorders is a scarce, expensive resource. We aimed to examine length of stay (LOS) in specialist Scottish inpatient units and to identify relationships between LOS, outcome measures and other factors.

Method

Audit of 206 admissions (89 adolescents and 117 adults) between 2009 and 2011 to all seven inpatient units in Scotland that specialize in the treatment of eating disorders. Data was collected retrospectively from electronic database and patient case files.

Results

Physical and psychological eating disorder symptoms improved significantly during specialist inpatient admissions. Mean LOS for adolescents was 141.4 days and for adults 113.0 days. Patients gained weight during admission and increased LOS correlated with increased weight gain. Treatment under the Mental Health Act or with nasogastric feeding increased LOS in adolescents.

Conclusion

Future efforts should be invested in prospective studies, including several years' post‐discharge follow‐up, to explore correlations with LOS and guide treatment decisions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Inpatient treatment in specialist eating disorder units is associated with nutritional and psychological benefits in adults and adolescents.

Treatment requiring legal detention or nasogastric feeding involves longer admission.

Further research is needed to see whether benefits are lasting.
A dynamic‐biasing 4× charge pump based on exponential topology
Authors: Wong Oi‐Ying , Wong Hei , Tam Wing‐Shan , Kok Chi‐Wah
Published: September 2013

A 4× charge pump using exponential topology is proposed and implemented. Comparing to the conventional implementations, the proposed circuit suppresses the reverse current effectively without using different threshold‐voltage transistors and additional capacitors. Also, the body effect found in the charge transfer switches is eliminated. The proposed charge pump is analyzed with the state‐space method and fabricated using 0.35 µm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process. Results show that the output voltages close to the ideal one, and a maximum power efficiency of 95% was recorded. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Redox Reaction between Main‐Group Elements (Te, Sn, Bi) and N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene‐Derived Selenium Halides: A Facile Method for the Preparation of Monomeric Halides
Authors: Manjare Sudesh T. , Yadav Sangeeta , Singh Harkesh B. , Butcher Ray J.
Published: September 2013

The synthesis and characterization of substituted benzimidazolin‐2‐selones (4c–4d) and ‐tellone (4i) are reported. Upon reaction with halogens (I2, Br2, and Cl2), these selones and tellone yield dihaloselones/tellone (5c–5i). The reaction of dihaloselones with elemental tellurium/tin/bismuth leads to the formation of selone‐coordinated monomeric tellurium tetrahalides, tellurium dibromide (8), tin tetrahalides, and bismuth triiodide adducts (7a–7g), respectively. The structures of the tellurium tetrahalide (7a, 7d, and 7g), tellurium dibromide (8), tin tetrahalide, and bismuth triiodide adducts have been established by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The bismuth triiodide adduct is the first neutral tetrameric structure with selones. The bismuth adduct has been used as a single‐source precursor for the synthesis of bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) nanoparticles, which were characterized by powder XRD patterns. The TEM images show the hexagonal shape of the nanoparticles.
A Method for the Rapid and Simple Measurement of the Magnitude and Relative Sign of 1H–19F Coupling Constants
Authors: Espinosa Juan F. , Broughton Howard
Published: September 2013

A novel methodology based on a carbon‐selective 1D HSQC experiment is proposed for the determination of 1H–19F coupling constants. The method offers rapid access to 1H–19F coupling constants that cannot be directly measured from the 1H NMR spectrum due to the complexity and/or broadening of the proton signals or because the values are very small. As an additional benefit, the method also provides the relative sign of the 1H–19F coupling constant.
Estimation of base motion in instrumented steel buildings using output‐only system identification
Authors: Lignos Dimitrios G. , Miranda Eduardo
Published: September 2013

A procedure to estimate the seismic motion at the base of a building from measured acceleration response at two or more floors is presented. The proposed method is comprised of two steps. In the first step, the dynamic characteristics of the building are inferred by using an output‐only system identification procedure. In the second step, the motion of the base of the building is estimated by using the transfer function of a simplified building model consisting of a shear and flexural continuous beam together with dynamic properties obtained in the first step. The proposed method is validated first with an analytical model subjected to the 1940 El Centro ground motion and then with an instrumented building in California that experienced the 1994 Northridge earthquake, and the ground motions at the base of the building are available. It is shown that the proposed method is capable of providing very good estimates of the motion at the base. The use of the proposed method is finally illustrated on an instrumented building, where the sensor at the base of the building did not function during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gain of 1q is a marker of poor prognosis in Wilms' tumors
Authors: Segers H. , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink M. M. , Williams R. D. , van Tinteren H. , Vujanic G. , Pieters R. , Pritchard‐Jones K. , Bown N. ,   on behalf of the Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group and the UK Cancer Cytogenetics Group
Published: September 2013

Wilms' tumor (WT) trials aim to better tailor treatment intensity to the risk of relapse and death. Currently, stage, histology, age (< or > 24 months), and combined loss of heterozygosity at 1p and 16q in chemotherapy‐naïve WTs are the only risk factors used for treatment stratification. However, they predict only less than one‐third of all relapsing patients, implying that other factors are involved in treatment failure. Previous studies have associated 1q gain with adverse outcome. Therefore, in this study, the role of 1q gain and other common cytogenetic aberrations (CAs) in WTs was investigated and related to follow‐up data from patients with WT treated in the United Kingdom; 19% (64/331) had 1q gain. Gain of 1q was significantly associated with 16q loss (P < 0.001) and 1p loss (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis taking account of age, tumor stage, anaplasia, and common CA (e.g., 1p loss and 16q loss), 1q gain was independently associated with adverse event‐free survival [EFS; hazard ratio (HR) = 2.45, P = 0.02] and overall survival (HR = 4.28, P = 0.004). Loss of 14q was independently associated with an adverse EFS (HR = 4.0, P = 0.04). Gain of 1q is a marker of poor prognosis in WTs, independent of high tumor stage and anaplasia which remain the overarching adverse prognostic factors. Confirmation in other studies is necessary before future therapeutic studies can incorporate 1q gain into new risk stratification schema. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A National Survey of Assessment Instruments Taught by Counselor Educators
Authors: Neukrug Edward , Peterson Christina Hamme , Bonner Matthew , Lomas Gabriel I.
Published: September 2013

This study reports results of a questionnaire of 210 counselor educators regarding assessment instruments covered in their assessment courses. Instruments are ranked on how extensively they are covered, and comparisons of coverage are made by assessment category (e.g., educational, clinical) and by instructor and program characteristic (e.g., Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs [CACREP] vs. non‐CACREP). Suggestions regarding which assessment techniques to cover in a basic counselor education testing and assessment course are made.
Testing the Intercultural Model of Ethical Decision Making With Counselor Trainees
Authors: Luke Melissa , Goodrich Kristopher M. , Gilbride Dennis D.
Published: September 2013

A training intervention using the Intercultural Model of Ethical Decision Making was tested with a sample of 48 counselor trainees enrolled in 3 counseling courses across 2 universities. Postintervention data indicated students' scores increased significantly on 5 of 6 evaluation criteria as well as on the overall total score. Although pretest scores were significantly different between students who had taken a multicultural course and those who had not, there was no posttest difference. Implications and suggestions for future training and research are discussed.
Factorial Invariance of the Indecision Scale of the Career Decision Scale: A Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Authors: Feldt Ronald C.
Published: September 2013

Results of a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (N= 686) indicated factorial invariance of a 3‐factor model of the Indecision scale of the Career Decision Scale (CDS; Osipow, Carney, Winer, Yanico, & Koschier, 1976). Differential item function was not observed when ΔCFI (comparative fit index) was used for comparison of models, thus indicating strong measurement invariance across gender. Men had significantly greater latent means for all 3 dimensions of career indecision. Given the multidimensional structure, use of the CDS may provide an initial step to help practitioners identify possible factors that are responsible for a client's career indecision. Clients may need assistance for initiating a career search, information to help them identify career possibilities for a chosen major, or detailed information concerning several possible careers that are under consideration.
Career‐Ready Students: A Goal of Comprehensive School Counseling Programs
Authors: Gysbers Norman C.
Published: September 2013

This article opens with a rationale for and a definition of student career readiness. Next is a presentation of the qualities and attributes of career‐ready students. Then discussion follows about what students need to become career ready. Following this is a presentation of how comprehensive school counseling programs help students become career ready, including discussion of the delivery system for school counseling programs that provide the activities and services that contribute to student career readiness. The article closes with the critical point that helping all students become career ready requires a whole school–community approach.
Biomethanization from sulfate‐containing municipal solid waste: effect of molybdate on microbial consortium
Authors: Zahedi Soraya , Sales Diego , Romero Luis‐Isidoro , Solera Rosario
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

The effect of molybdate on a microbial consortium of dry thermophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) from sulfate‐containing municipal solid waste was studied.

RESULTS

The study showed molybdate inhibition affecting hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis, but the main microbial populations in AD can sustain the molybdate load over a short period of time. Molybdate was not a bactericide for all members of the principal groups, only a few of them are affected. Although all the microbial populations decreased, the weakest groups were sulfate reducing bacteria (SRBs) and butyrate‐utilising acetogens (BUAs) and the most resistant group was propionate‐utilising acetogens (PUAs). Prior to using molybdate, the relative percentages were: Eubacteria:Archaea 80:20; acetogens 25% (BUAs 11% and PUAs 14%) and SRBs 17%. After molybdate addition the relative percentages were: Eubacteria:Archaea were 83:17, acetogens remained over 28% (BUAs 8% and PUAs 20%) and SRBs around 11%. The relation between acetate‐utilising methanogens (AUMs) and hydrogen‐utilising methanogens (HUMs) changed slightly from 55:45 to 53:47.

CONCLUSION

All biochemical reactions in AD were inhibited and an increase in food:microorganism(F:M) ratio was observed. The microorganism's removal rates and growth inhibition rates are indicators of inhibitory effect in all analysed populations by inhibitor addition. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Waveform inversion of shallow repetitive long period events at Villarrica Volcano, Chile
Authors: Richardson Joshua P. , Waite Gregory P.
Published: September 2013

Villarrica volcano is presently characterized by an active lava lake in the summit crater, with mild strombolian style eruptions of basaltic‐andesitic products. The lava lake acts as a permeable barrier where gas‐rich magma releases volatiles and then descends through the process of conduit convection to a deep storage reservoir. We identified thousands of repetitive long‐period (LP) seismic events within a three‐year time period using a matched filter; each was discovered to be associated with an infrasonic emission, and hence outgassing from the lava lake. Using this catalog of events for timing, we stacked signals over the three‐year deployment from 2010‐2012 to produce representative seismic and infrasonic signatures, and performed a full‐waveform seismic inversion using nine stations from the network. The data are well represented by a single horizontal force source‐time function, oriented N75°E and dipping 7°W from horizontal, with a maximum amplitude of 34.4 MN. The source is stable in time, and can be explained by a force couple system produced by a bursting bubble in the lava lake and the responsive drag force of the lava sloshing to fill in the void produced by the gas emission in an asymmetrical crater. Path effects lengthen the coda of the events with increasing distance from the source, resulting in emergent tremor‐like signals at distant seismometers. Since the occurrence of LP events correlates with tremor intensity, we suggest much of the tremor results from the superposition of discrete LPs.
Initial experience of MR/PET in a clinical cancer center
Authors: Partovi Sasan , Robbin Mark R. , Steinbach Oliver C. , Kohan Andres , Rubbert Christian , Vercher‐Conejero Jose L. , Kolthammer Jeffrey A. , Faulhaber Peter , Paspulati Raj Mohan , Ros Pablo R.
Published: September 2013

Magentic Resonance/positron emission tomography (PET) has been introduced recently for imaging of clinical patients. This hybrid imaging technology combines the inherent strengths of MRI with its high soft‐tissue contrast and biological sequences with the inherent strengths of PET, enabling imaging of metabolism with a high sensitivity. In this article, we describe the initial experience of MR/PET in a clinical cancer center along with a review of the literature. For establishing MR/PET in a clinical setting, technical challenges, such as attenuation correction and organizational challenges, such as workflow and reimbursement, have to be overcome. The most promising initial results of MR/PET have been achieved in anatomical areas where high soft‐tissue and contrast resolution is of benefit. Head and neck cancer and pelvic imaging are potential applications of this hybrid imaging technology. In the pediatric population, MR/PET can decrease the lifetime radiation dose. MR/PET protocols tailored to different types of malignancies need to be developed. After the initial exploration phase, large multicenter trials are warranted to determine clinical indications for this exciting hybrid imaging technology and thereby opening new horizons in molecular imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:768–780. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Large‐scale circulation anomalies associated with ‘tropical night’ weather in Beijing, China
Authors: Chen Ruidan , Lu Riyu
Published: September 2013

On the basis of the homogenized daily temperature data of China and daily mean National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data during July and August 1979–2008, we analysed the large‐scale circulation anomalies associated with tropical night (TN; minimum temperature ≥25 °C) in Beijing, and compared these anomalies with those associated with extreme heat (EH; maximum temperature ≥35 °C). Composite analyses revealed that, for TN days, there is an upper‐tropospheric anticyclonic anomaly to the northwest of Beijing and a lower‐tropospheric anticyclonic anomaly to the southeast of Beijing. Associated with the lower‐tropospheric anticyclonic anomaly, a significant southerly anomaly occurs to the south of Beijing and leads to stronger northward water vapour flux, overlapping the climatological southerlies. Correspondingly, there is a belt of higher humidity over North China, Northeast Asia and northern Japan, which reduces longwave radiation cooling around Beijing and favours the occurrence of TN. The EH‐related anomalies, however, are distinct from the TN‐related ones. There is a significant cyclonic anomaly located to the northeast of North China in both the upper and lower troposphere. Associated with this cyclonic anomaly, an obvious northerly anomaly occurs over Beijing and reduces the northward water vapour flux. Hence, there is significant lower humidity over Beijing, which is also due to the significant descending anomaly over Beijing, favouring the occurrence of EH through enhancing solar radiation at the surface.
Assessing the Constraints to Adopt Water and Soil Conservation Techniques in Tillaberi, Niger
Authors: Wildemeersch Jasmien C. J. , Timmerman Emma , Mazijn Bernard , Sabiou Mahamane , Ibro Germaine , Garba Maman , Cornelis Wim
Published: September 2013

Nigerien subsistence farmers increasingly rely on marginal lands for food production as a result of ongoing soil degradation, limited fertile land availability and growing population pressure. These degraded lands, however, generally provide poor yields, which is largely assigned to an increased vulnerability to drought, as a major part of the rainfall is lost through inefficient rain water distribution. More efficient use of rainwater can be achieved with the aid of water and soil conservation (WSC) techniques, which positively alter the soil water balance in favour of productive water. In Niger, zaï and demi‐lunes WSC techniques improve yields, but their adoption has not been widespread, and the dissemination generally encounters difficulties. To identify and quantify the importance and presence of several adoption constraints in the Tillabéri region, we conducted 100 households surveys exploring farmers' erosion perception, WSC technique knowledge and resource availability. Although important adoption triggers such as food insecurity and limited fertile land availability are present, the region's WSC adoption rate is low. The application is limited by manure shortage and a lack of specific erosion knowledge, indicating the need of an efficient and specialized policy focusing on more than yield increase alone. Most farmers have little awareness of erosion causes and effects and therefore do not relate WSC techniques to the indirect benefits, which are to be taken into account to secure sustainable solutions to drought and food insecurity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipids in chronic kidney disease: Alterations and interventions
Authors: Aukema Harold M
Published: September 2013

Pharmacological and dietary approaches to reducing high blood lipids in the general population decrease cardiovascular disease risk. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often display elevated blood lipids, and reducing cholesterol levels with statin drugs reduces cardiovascular disease in patients with moderate CKD, similar to the effects in the general population. Benefits to kidney disease itself appear to be marginal, if present. Studies with omega‐3 fatty acids indicate that both cardiovascular and kidney disease progression may be slowed by dietary omega‐3 fatty acids in CKD patients, but long‐term studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched eggs by microalgal supplementation
Authors: Lemahieu Charlotte , Bruneel Charlotte , Termote‐Verhalle Romina , Muylaert Koenraad , Buyse Johan , Foubert Imogen
Published: September 2013

The health promoting effects of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) are mainly ascribed to the n‐3 long chain (LC)‐PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, their intake is mostly below the recommended daily intake. A possible way to raise their average intake is to enrich food products with n‐3 LC‐PUFA. Addition of autotrophic microalgae to the diet of the laying hens can increase the level of these fatty acids in the egg yolk. Moreover, depending on the microalgal species, other nutritionally interesting algal carotenoids can also be transferred to the egg yolk. As a consequence egg yolk colour changes may occur. A survey conducted among 511 people showed that they will buy n‐3 PUFA enriched products, such as enriched eggs, and are even prepared to pay more for these products. However, the change of the yolk colour must be taken into account, since consumer' acceptability decreases when a deeply red yolk colour is obtained.
Co‐Injection Molded New Green Composites from Biodegradable Polyesters and Miscanthus Fibers
Authors: Zhang Kunyu , Nagarajan Vidhya , Zarrinbakhsh Nima , Mohanty Amar K. , Misra Manjusri
Published: September 2013

A novel concept of developing green composites with improved performance using co‐injection molding technique has been established. Poly (butylene succinate) (PBS), poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephtalate) (PBAT), and their blends were investigated as skin material. Composite core material was made from poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and miscanthus. Co‐injected samples with good surface finish were achieved at a skin/core volume ratio of 40/60 and mold temperature of 45 °C. Notched impact strength of 140 J/m, four times higher than that of neat core material and unnotched impact strength of almost 400 J/m with modulus of more than 1 GPa was achieved for the co‐injection molded green composites. Good adhesion at the skin/core interface was observed under scanning electron microscopy.