bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High proportion of rare and compound epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in an Australian population of non‐squamous non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Stone E. , Allen H. A. , Saghaie T. , Abbott A. , Daniel R. , Mead R. S. , Kohonen‐Corish M. , Plit M. , Morgan L.
Published: September 2014

Background

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation positivity in primary non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may confer increased sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy with improved progression‐free survival over EGFR wild‐type tumours. Some mutation subtypes may not confer such TKI sensitivity. The incidence of rare and compound subtypes in the Australian lung cancer population is not fully defined.

Aims

The aim of the study was to audit the incidence of EGFR mutation in serial cases of primary non‐squamous NSCLC presenting to two multidisciplinary team meetings in metropolitan Sydney for incidence, type of mutation and phenotypic association with mutation positivity.

Methods

Serially presenting cases of primary non‐squamous NSCLC were tested for EGFR mutation. The cases presented to either of two multidisciplinary team meetings in metropolitan Sydney and were referred for EGFR mutation testing on the basis of non‐squamous NSCLC histopathology. Samples from the two sites were analysed for EGFR mutation at one of three different laboratories, each using a slightly different assay. Data on phenotypic characteristics, smoking history and clinicopathological features of the tumour were collected.

Results

There is a relatively high incidence of EGFR mutation in non‐squamous NSCLC in a series of patients drawn from two metropolitan multidisciplinary team meetings in Sydney at a rate of 23.8%. A high proportion of rare and compound EGFR mutations were identified (6/32 mutation positive cases, 18.8%).

Conclusions

The incidence of EGFR mutation may be higher in Australian populations than in other populations of predominantly European origin. Rare and compound EGFR mutations may occur and may have implications for treatment that differ from classically activating mutations.
A possible role of serum uric acid as a marker of metabolic syndrome
Authors: Lee Y.‐J. , Cho S. , Kim S. R.
Published: September 2014

Background/Aims

The association between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has recently been reported in several cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies. We investigated SUA as a biomarker to predict future development of MetS in healthy Korean men without diabetes or hypertension and determined the optimal cut‐off levels of SUA.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from healthy men who received a general health check‐up in 2003. A total of 1809 participants free of MetS, diabetes and hypertension was enrolled. Participants were classified into three groups based on SUA levels: group 1 (<5.5 mg/dL), group 2 (5.5–6.9 mg/dL) and group 3 (≥7.0 mg/dL).

Results

During 13 802 person‐years of follow up, 127 participants developed MetS. After adjusting for multiple associated parameters, SUA was significantly associated with incident MetS (hazard ratios comparing groups 2 and 3 vs group 1, 2.45 and 3.47 respectively; P < 0.001). In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the optimal cut‐off level for SUA to predict the development of MetS was 6.5 mg/dL.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that an increased level of SUA, even within the normal range, is associated with future development of MetS in healthy middle‐aged men.
Bending Strength and Stiffness of Canine Cadaver Spines After Fixation of a Lumbar Spinal Fracture‐Luxation Using a Novel Unilateral Stabilization Technique Compared to Traditional Dorsal Stabilization
Authors: Hall David A. , Snelling Samuel R. , Ackland David C. , Wu Wenn , Morton John M.
Published: September 2014

Objective

To 1) assess the bending strength and stiffness of canine cadaver spines after fixation of a lumbar spinal fracture‐luxation using a novel unilateral stabilization technique with pins and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and 2) compare the results to a reference standard dorsal pin and PMMA technique.

Study Design

A randomized non‐inferiority trial.

Sample Population

Cadaveric lumbar spines (L1‐L6) from 20 Greyhounds.

Methods

Specimens were paired to match bodyweight and vertebral size. A standardized fracture/luxation was performed between L3 and L4. One spine within each pair was randomly assigned the unilateral fixation technique and the other received the reference standard dorsal fixation technique. Four‐point bending of each specimen in flexion was performed by applying load to pins placed transversely into vertebrae L1, L2, L5, and L6. During testing, angular bending strength and stiffness were measured as a function of flexion angle. Margins for non‐inferiority were defined a priori. Strength and stiffness of the specimens for each technique were compared statistically.

Results

Lower limits of 95% confidence intervals were above the defined margins for non‐inferiority. Thus, based on these margins, for strength and stiffness, unilateral fixation was not inferior to dorsal fixation.

Conclusions

This novel unilateral approach to lumbar spinal fixation yielded comparable strength and stiffness when tested for bending in flexion to that of reference standard dorsal approach. This approach is therefore a suitable alternative to the dorsal approach in appropriate lumbar spinal fracture configurations.
Use of a Vessel Sealant Device for Cystic Duct Ligation in the Dog
Authors: Marvel Sarah , Monnet Eric
Published: September 2014

Objective

To compare a vessel sealant device to hemostatic clips for cystic duct ligation in a canine cadaveric model.

Study Design

Experimental.

Methods

Hepatobiliary systems were collected from normal dogs. A microtip pressure transducer was inserted into the common bile duct and a 20–24 g intravenous catheter was placed in a hepatic duct. The cystic duct was ligated with 1 of 3 techniques: vessel sealant device (VSD), 10 mm medium Endoclips™, or 10 mm large Endoclips™ with 6 specimens in each group. Methylene blue was infused until failure, which was recorded as seal/clip failure or retrograde movement of methylene blue into the liver.

Results

Mean failure pressure of the medium endoclip group was significantly lower than the large endoclip group (P = .014). There was no difference between the failure pressure of the VSD group and the medium and large endoclip groups (P = .097, P = .34, respectively). Failure by leakage at the cut surface of the cystic duct occurred in 2 specimens in the medium endoclip group while all others failed by retrograde flow of the methylene blue through the hepatic ducts.

Conclusions

The vessel sealant device appears comparable to large endoclips for closure of the cystic duct in an acute cadaveric model, while medium endoclips may not fully compress or span the diameter of a cystic duct in large breed dogs and leak at lower pressures.
Evaluation of Flax Genotypes for Cold Tolerance and Yield in South‐East Texas
Authors: Darapuneni M. K. , Morgan G. D. , Ibrahim A. M. H. , Duncan R. W.
Published: September 2014

Flax is an established crop in many parts of the world due to its positive health effects and numerous industrial uses. Due to increasing interest in biofuels, flax has been evaluated throughout the U.S.A. as a potential biodiesel crop. The main purpose of this research was to evaluate current and historical genotypes of flax in different regions of south‐east Texas. Twenty genotypes of flax were evaluated under dryland conditions for their agronomic and yield potential in College Station and McGregor, TX starting in 2008 thru 2011. The results suggest that all genotypes developed in Texas showed acceptable cold tolerance compared with genotypes developed in other locations. There were significant genotype–environment interactions (P < 0.001). A cross between Caldwell/Dillman (Texas genotype) was highly adapted to the environments of south‐east Texas. Nekoma and York (genotypes developed in North Dakota) yielded well in non‐cold years (>28 °F) at College Station. Utilization of cold tolerance trait identified in Texas genotypes coupled with high yield potential of modern genotypes would have a significant impact on yield improvement of flax in south‐east Texas. Overall, flax is well adapted to growth in the area surrounding College Station, TX and has potential as an oilseed crop for production in south‐east Texas.
Near‐Net‐Shaping Methods for Ceramic Elements of (Body) Armor Systems
Authors: Leo Silvia , Tallon Carolina , Stone Nigel , Franks George V.
Published: September 2014

Shape‐forming techniques which may be useful in producing components for body armor are reviewed. The techniques are classified in three general categories, dry, wet, and plastic. The different shaping techniques are compared based on key parameters including shape limitations, rate of production, cost, and safety. The techniques are evaluated as to their suitability to be used to produce different body armor components such as breast plates, deltoid, shin and knee protection, and helmets. Dry‐pressing is the current standard for producing “relatively flat” components such as breast plates, but performance is limited by the inherent problem associated with dry‐pressing, namely, the difficulty in producing homogeneous green bodies because of agglomerates in the powder. Plastic processing has the potential to be useful to produce more reliable “flat” components with improved performance due to high shear mixing breaking up agglomerates. Wet (colloidal) processing techniques such as gelcasting and freeze casting may be useful to produce components with high curvature and more complex shape such as helmets. Tiles or segments may be combined to produce shaped components with increased flexibility.
Solid Solution Nanocrystals in the CeO2‐Y3NbO7 System: Hydrothermal Formation and Control of Crystallite Growth of Ceria
Authors: Hirano Masanori , Minagawa Kosuke
Published: September 2014

New solid solution nanocrystals with fluorite‐type cubic structure in the ceria (CeO2)‐yttrium niobate (1/4Y3NbO7) system were directly formed at 120°C–240°C from the precursor solution mixtures of (NH4)Ce(NO3)6, YCl3·6H2O, and NbCl5 under mild hydrothermal conditions in the presence of aqueous ammonia. The hydrothermal formation of cubic solid solution nanocrystals in the wide composition range of CeO2 (mol%) = 10–100 in the CeO2–1/4Y3NbO7 system was effectively achieved via the assistance of the presence of CeO2 component more than 10 mol% as a promoter with the same fluorite‐type structure. The optical band gap of the solid solutions gradually decreased with increased CeO2 component. The high phase stability of the solid solutions in the CeO2–1/4Y3NbO7 system was confirmed, i.e., the single cubic phase of the solid solutions was maintained after heat treatment at 600°C–1500°C for 1 h in air. The presence of Y3NbO7 as an inhibitor and the substitutional incorporation of Y3NbO7 into the lattice, CeO2 effectively controlled the crystallite growth of CeO2, and nano‐sized cubic solid solutions with high specific surface areas were maintained after heat treatment up to 800°C–1000°C for 1 h air.
Care Staff Perceptions of Choking Incidents: What Details are Reported?
Authors: Guthrie Susan , Lecko Caroline , Roddam Hazel
Published: September 2014

Background

Following a series of fatal choking incidents in one UK specialist service, this study evaluated the detail included in incident reporting. This study compared the enhanced reporting system in the specialist service with the national reporting and learning system.

Methods

Eligible reports were selected from a national organization and a specialist service using search terms relevant to adults with intellectual disability and/or mental ill health. Qualitative analysis was completed with comparison of themes identified in both sets of reports.

Findings

The numbers of choking incidents identified in national reports suggest underreporting compared with the specialist service and varying levels of severity. Themes included trends in timing, care setting and food textures as perceived by staff.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates paucity of detail in reporting in systems without additional question prompts. Adding these questions requires staff to include greater detail which enables learning and risk mitigation to take place.
A single‐nucleotide polymorphism of miR‐146a and psoriasis: an association and functional study
Authors: Zhang Weigang , Yi Xiuli , Guo Sen , Shi Qiong , Wei Chao , Li Xia , Gao Lin , Wang Gang , Gao Tianwen , Wang Lei , Li Chunying
Published: September 2014

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is overexpressed in psoriatic lesions, has been proven to contribute to the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in psoriasis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in miRNAs that can regulate the expression of EGFR could potentially influence the development of psoriasis. The present study investigated the association between a functional SNP of rs2910164 in miR‐146a and the risk of psoriasis in the Chinese Han population. A total of 521 Han Chinese patients with psoriasis and 582 healthy controls were recruited in this study. The miR‐146a rs2910164 SNP was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism. Overall, a significantly increased risk of psoriasis was associated with the rs2910164 miR‐146a CG and GG genotypes (adjusted OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.06–1.80). Furthermore, the rs2910164G allele in miR‐146a attenuated its inhibitory regulation on the expression of EGFR as well as the proliferation of human keratinocytes, and lowered the level of miR‐146a in the psoriatic lesions. These findings indicate that the rs2910164G allele in miR‐146a weakens its suppression on the proliferation of keratinocytes probably through the decreased inhibition of the target gene, EGFR, which may account for the increased risk of psoriasis in this study population.
Eye‐mediated immune tolerance to Type II collagen in arthritis‐prone strains of mice
Authors: Farooq Shukkur M. , Kumar Ashok , Ashour Hossam M.
Published: September 2014

Type II collagen (CII) is a cartilage structural protein that plays important roles in joint function, arthritis and ageing. In studying the ability of CII to induce eye‐mediated specific immune tolerance, we have recently proven that CII is capable of inducing anterior chamber‐associated immune deviation (ACAID) in Balb/c mice. Here, we study the ability of CII to induce eye‐mediated immune tolerance in strains of mice that are prone to the induction of rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, we hypothesized that CII induces ACAID in DBA/1 mice and in C57BL/6 mice through the AC route (direct injection) or the intravenous route (adoptive transfer of in vitro‐generated CII‐specific ACAID macrophages or of CII‐specific in vitro‐generated T regulatory cells). Specific immune tolerance induction was assessed using both delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) and local adoptive transfer (LAT) assays. Results indicated the ability of CII to generate CII‐specific ACAID‐mediated immune tolerance in vivo and in vitro in both DBA/1 mice and C57BL/6 mice. These findings could be beneficial in studies of immune tolerance induction using CII.
MiR‐451 is decreased in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and regulates autophagy by targeting TSC1
Authors: Song Lei , Su Ming , Wang Shuiyun , Zou Yubao , Wang Xiaojian , Wang Yilu , Cui Hongli , Zhao Peng , Hui Rutai , Wang Jizheng
Published: September 2014

The molecular mechanisms that drive the development of cardiac hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remain elusive. Accumulated evidence suggests that microRNAs are essential regulators of cardiac remodelling. We have been suggested that microRNAs could play a role in the process of HCM. To uncover which microRNAs were changed in their expression, microRNA microarrays were performed on heart tissue from HCM patients (n = 7) and from healthy donors (n = 5). Among the 13 microRNAs that were differentially expressed in HCM, miR‐451 was the most down‐regulated. Ectopic overexpression of miR‐451 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM) decreased the cell size, whereas knockdown of endogenous miR‐451 increased the cell surface area. Luciferase reporter assay analyses demonstrated that tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) was a direct target of miR‐451. Overexpression of miR‐451 in both HeLa cells and NRCM suppressed the expression of TSC1. Furthermore, TSC1 was significantly up‐regulated in HCM myocardia, which correlated with the decreased levels of miR‐451. As TSC1 is a known positive regulator of autophagy, we examined the role of miR‐451 in the regulation of autophagy. Overexpression of miR‐451 in vitro inhibited the formation of the autophagosome. Conversely, miR‐451 knockdown accelerated autophagosome formation. Consistently, an increased number of autophagosomes was observed in HCM myocardia, accompanied by up‐regulated autophagy markers, and the lipidated form of LC3 and Beclin‐1. Taken together, our findings indicate that miR‐451 regulates cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac autophagy by targeting TSC1. The down‐regulation of miR‐451 may contribute to the development of HCM and may be a potential therapeutic target for this disease.
Beclin‐1–p53 interaction is crucial for cell fate determination in embryonal carcinoma cells
Authors: Tripathi Rakshamani , Ash Dipankar , Shaha Chandrima
Published: September 2014

Emerging interest on the interrelationship between the apoptotic and autophagy pathways in the context of cancer chemotherapy is providing exciting discoveries. Complexes formed between molecules from both pathways present potential targets for chemotherapeutics design as disruption of such complexes could alter cell survival. This study demonstrates an important role of Beclin‐1 and p53 interaction in cell fate decision of human embryonal carcinoma cells. The findings provide evidence for p53 interaction with Beclin‐1 through the BH3 domain of the latter. This interaction facilitated Beclin‐1 ubiquitination through lysine 48 linkage, resulting in proteasome‐mediated degradation, consequently maintaining a certain constitutive level of Beclin‐1. Disruption of Beclin‐1–p53 interaction through shRNA‐mediated down‐regulation of p53 reduced Beclin‐1 ubiquitination suggesting requirement of p53 for the process. Reduction of ubiquitination consequently resulted in an increase in Beclin‐1 levels with cells showing high autophagic activity. Enforced overexpression of p53 in the p53 down‐regulated cells restored ubiquitination of Beclin‐1 reducing its level and lowering autophagic activity. The Beclin‐1–p53 interaction was also disrupted by exposure to cisplatin‐induced stress resulting in higher level of Beclin‐1 because of lesser ubiquitination. This higher concentration of Beclin‐1 increased autophagy and offered protection to the cells from cisplatin‐induced death. Inhibition of autophagy by either pharmacological or genetic means during cisplatin exposure increased apoptotic death in vitro as well as in xenograft tumours grown in vivo confirming the protective nature of autophagy. Therefore, Beclin‐1–p53 interaction defines one additional molecular subroutine crucial for cell fate decisions in embryonal carcinoma cells.
Epigenetic regulation of EFEMP1 in prostate cancer: biological relevance and clinical potential
Authors: Almeida Mafalda , Costa Vera L. , Costa Natália R. , Ramalho‐Carvalho João , Baptista Tiago , Ribeiro Franclim R. , Paulo Paula , Teixeira Manuel R. , Oliveira Jorge , Lothe Ragnhild A. , Lind Guro E. , Henrique Rui , Jerónimo Carmen
Published: September 2014

Epigenetic alterations are common in prostate cancer (PCa) and seem to contribute decisively to its initiation and progression. Moreover, aberrant promoter methylation is a promising biomarker for non‐invasive screening. Herein, we sought to characterize EFEMP1 as biomarker for PCa, unveiling its biological relevance in prostate carcinogenesis. Microarray analyses of treated PCa cell lines and primary tissues enabled the selection of differentially methylated genes, among which EFEMP1 was further validated by MSP and bisulfite sequencing. Assessment of biomarker performance was accomplished by qMSP. Expression analysis of EFEMP1 and characterization of histone marks were performed in tissue samples and cancer cell lines to determine the impact of epigenetic mechanisms on EFEMP1 transcriptional regulation. Phenotypic assays, using transfected cell lines, permitted the evaluation of EFEMP1's role in PCa development. EFEMP1 methylation assay discriminated PCa from normal prostate tissue (NPT; P < 0.001, Kruskall–Wallis test) and renal and bladder cancers (96% sensitivity and 98% specificity). EFEMP1 transcription levels inversely correlated with promoter methylation and histone deacetylation, suggesting that both epigenetic mechanisms are involved in gene regulation. Phenotypic assays showed that EFEMP1 de novo expression reduces malignant phenotype of PCa cells. EFEMP1 promoter methylation is prevalent in PCa and accurately discriminates PCa from non‐cancerous prostate tissues and other urological neoplasms. This epigenetic alteration occurs early in prostate carcinogenesis and, in association with histone deacetylation, progressively leads to gene down‐regulation, fostering cell proliferation, invasion and evasion of apoptosis.
Replicated evolutionary divergence in the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of male crickets associated with the loss of song in the Hawaiian archipelago
Authors: Simmons L. W. , Thomas M. L. , Gray B. , Zuk M.
Published: September 2014

Female choice based on male secondary sexual traits is well documented, although the extent to which this selection can drive an evolutionary divergence in male traits among populations is less clear. Male field crickets Teleogryllus oceanicus attract females using a calling song and once contacted switch to courtship song to persuade them to mate. These crickets also secrete onto their cuticle a cocktail of long‐chained fatty acids or cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). Females choose among potential mates based on the structure of male acoustic signals and on the composition of male CHC profiles. Here, we utilize two naturally occurring mutations that have arisen independently on two Hawaiian islands and render the male silent to ask whether the evolutionary loss of acoustic signalling can drive an evolutionary divergence in the alternative signalling modality, male CHC profiles. QST‐FST comparisons revealed strong patterns of CHC divergence among three populations of crickets on the islands of Hawaii, Oahu and Kauai. Contrasts between wild‐type and flatwing males on the islands of Oahu and Kauai indicated that variation in male CHC profiles within populations is associated with the loss of acoustic signalling; flatwing males had a relatively low abundance of long‐chained CHCs relative to the short‐chained CHCs that females find attractive. Given their dual functions in desiccation resistance and sexual signalling, insect CHCs may be particularly important traits for reproductive isolation and ultimately speciation.
A new record for Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) species complex of Turkey
Authors: Karut K. , Kaydan M. B. , Tok B. , Döker İ. , Kazak C.
Published: September 2014

In this study, species complex of Turkish Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) populations was determined by PCR‐based DNA analysis. According to phylogenetic analyses, the B. tabaci samples have been identified within three generic groups. A major part of the samples belonged to two invasive species, either Middle East–Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) or Mediterranean (MED). In addition to these two invasive species, several samples collected from greenhouses and cotton fields have been found to be related to Middle East–Asia Minor 2 (MEAM2), which is the first record of Turkish B. tabaci species complex.
Establishment and characterization of a new cell line (SSP‐9) derived from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar that expresses type I if n
Authors: Rodriguez Saint‐Jean S. , González C. , Monrás M. , Romero A. , Ballesteros N. , Enríquez R. , Perez‐Prieto S.
Published: September 2014

In the present work, the establishment and biological characterization of a new cell line, SSP‐9, derived from the pronephros of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, are reported. These cells grew well in Leibovitz's (L15) medium supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum at temperatures from 15 to 25° C, and they have been sub‐cultured over 100 passages to produce a continuous cell line with an epithelial‐like morphology. The SSP‐9 cells attached and spread efficiently at different plating densities, retaining 80% of cell viability after storage in liquid nitrogen. When karyotyped, the cells had 40–52 chromosomes, with a modal number of 48. Viral susceptibility tests showed that SSP‐9 cells were susceptible to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus and infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus, producing infectious virus and regular cytopathic effects. Moreover, these cells could be stimulated by poly I:C, showing significant up‐regulation in the expression of the genes that regulate immune responses, such as ifn and mx‐1. SSP‐9 cells constitutively express genes characteristic of macrophages, such as major histocompatibility complex (mhc‐II) and interleukin 12b (il‐12b), and flow cytometry assays confirmed that SSP‐9 cells can be permanently transfected with plasmids expressing a reporter gene. Accordingly, this new cell line is apparently suitable for transgenic manipulation, and to study host cell–virus interactions and immune processes.
Seasonal plasticity in telencephalon mass of a benthic fish
Authors: McCallum E. S. , Capelle P. M. , Balshine S.
Published: September 2014

To gain a deeper understanding of how environmental conditions affect brain plasticity, brain size was explored across different seasons using the invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus. The results show that N. melanostomus had heavier telencephalon in the spring compared to the autumn across the two years of study. Furthermore, fish in reproductive condition had heavier telencephala, indicating that tissue investment and brain plasticity may be related to reproductive needs in N. melanostomus.
Comparison of Tartary Buckwheat Flour and Sprouts Steamed Bread in Quality and Antioxidant Property
Authors: Xu Fang‐Yi , Gao Qing‐Han , Ma Yu‐Jie , Guo Xu‐Dan , Wang Min
Published: September 2014

The quality attributes of tartary buckwheat sprouts (TBS) steamed bread including proximate composition, total phenolics, flavonoids and gamma‐aminobutyric acid content, in vitro antioxidant activity, textural and sensory qualities were compared with the treatment substituted with tartary buckwheat flour (TBF) at three formulas. Chemical analyses indicated that increased amounts of TBS in the dough formulation significantly enhanced the functional properties of the final products, obviously higher than TBF‐enriched bread. The data of liquid chromatography revealed that protocatechuic acid and quercetin concentration served as the dominant bioactive components in the additional steamed bread. In comparison, TBF steamed bread exhibited greater protein and fat content, as well as better textural qualities and more satisfying taste. Our study indicates that TBF and TBS are both feasible gluten‐free materials to enhance the nutritive properties in steamed bread making, while the optimal formulation of steamed bread is supplemented with 8% TBS when considering its sensory acceptability and antioxidant properties.

Practical Applications

This paper reports the findings associated with the feasible use of tartary buckwheat sprouts (TBS) as an addition in Chinese steamed bread formulation. The optimal adding proportion is 8% with comprehensive consideration of the functionality of the steamed bread and the acceptability of consumers. The TBS steamed bread with higher bioactive compounds and functional value relative to the whole wheat flour and the tartary buckwheat flour steamed bread possesses a board market prospect and the potential application for the baking industry.
‘I didn't know why you had to wait’: an evaluation of NHS infant‐feeding workshops amongst women living in areas of high deprivation
Authors: Andrews E. J. , Symon A. , Anderson A. S.
Published: September 2014

Background

Inappropriate maternal and infant‐feeding practices are known to have a major impact on morbidity in infancy, childhood and later life. Ring‐fenced funding over 3 years from the Scottish Government to the National Health Service (NHS) in Scotland has allowed the development of a range of nutrition interventions for women of childbearing age and infants living in areas of deprivation to help address these issues. The present study aimed to determine mothers’ knowledge of appropriate infant‐feeding practices, opinions about feeding advice and any changes in practice following attendance at workshops.

Methods

Fifteen semi‐structured interviews with women who participated in NHS infant‐feeding workshops. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using framework analysis.

Results

Participants appreciated the opportunity to enhance their knowledge and there was evidence of a reasonable understanding and awareness of appropriate infant‐feeding behaviours following workshop attendance. However, the findings highlight the challenge of multiple sources of advice and identify persistent uncertainties about feeding practice. Reported feeding behaviour following workshops was encouraging (e.g. delayed weaning, increased use of ‐prepared fruits and vegetables), although there was also evidence of resistance to change. The legacy of the workshop in terms of reported confidence in infant feeding was also apparent.

Conclusions

The workshops appears to aid current knowledge and practice about infant feeding but further work is needed to examine the long term impact of these interventions on maternal and infant dietary behaviours.
The Transformation of the Spanish Livestock System in the Second and Third Food Regimes
Authors: Ríos‐Núñez Sandra M. , Coq‐Huelva Daniel
Published: September 2014

The present paper contains an analysis of the special characteristics of livestock systems in Spain, in the context of the domestic and international food relations that prevailed during the so‐called Second and Third Food Regimes. Spanish livestock is an interesting case because patterns of meat production and consumption have changed dramatically since the 1960s, as Spain has become one of Europe's major meat producers. There were also successive periods of transformation in Spain throughout the historical periods analysed herein, from an extensive to an intensive industrial model as well as from a domestically focused to an internationally oriented sector. In particular, the international context has been crucial in the development of Spanish livestock because of Spain's dependence on imported livestock feed and the increasing relevance of exports, especially to other European countries following Spain's accession to the European Union in 1986.
Synchronous malignant mixed Müllerian tumor of the uterus with transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary
Authors: Sahai Puja , Kakkar Aanchal , Pathy Sushmita , Kumar Lalit , Bhatla Neerja , Chander Subhash
Published: September 2014

A 55‐year‐old woman presented with a complaint of post‐menopausal bleeding per vaginum. Local examination revealed a mass, protruding from the cervical os, which detached spontaneously. An adnexal mass was felt through the pouch of Douglas on per vaginum examination. Histopathological examination of the avulsed specimen revealed a diagnosis of malignant mixed Müllerian tumor. The patient underwent surgical staging with total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy, left pelvic lymphadenectomy, infracolic omentectomy, and peritoneal wash cytology. Pathological examination revealed a second primary tumor, that is, a transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary. Both the uterine malignant mixed Müllerian tumor and the ovarian transitional cell carcinoma were staged as IA. Subsequently, the patient was treated with adjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. The patient is in complete remission at 1 year following the treatment. Synchronous genital tract neoplasms constitute a therapeutic challenge and necessitate an effective multimodality therapeutic approach based on meticulous pathological examination and tumor staging.
What has changed from 2001 to 2012 for sexual minority youth in New Zealand?
Authors: Lucassen Mathijs FG , Clark Terryann C , Denny Simon J , Fleming Theresa M , Rossen Fiona V , Sheridan Janie , Bullen Pat , Robinson Elizabeth M
Published: September 2014

Aim

To provide an overview of the health and well‐being of sexual minority high school students in New Zealand, investigate differences between sexual minority youth (SMY) and exclusively opposite‐sex‐attracted youth (EOSAY), and examine changes across survey waves.

Methods

Nationally representative cross‐sectional surveys were completed in 2001 (n = 9011), 2007 (n = 8002) and 2012 (n = 8167). Logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between selected outcomes and sexual attraction across survey waves.

Results

SMY accounted for 6% of participants in all three waves, with a greater proportion being ‘out’ in 2012 (P < 0.0001). SMY were more likely to work as volunteers (OR = 1.37) than EOSAY, and the majority of SMY reported good general health, liking school and having caring friends. With the exceptions of binge drinking and being driven dangerously by someone, SMY reported comparatively diminished health and well‐being relative to EOSAY. Increasing proportions of SMY had depressive symptoms from 2001 (OR = 2.38) to 2012 (OR = 3.73) compared with EOSAY. There were some differences between the sexes; female SMY were less likely to report positive family relationships (OR = 0.59) and liking school (OR = 0.55), and they were more likely to have been hit (2012 OR = 1.95) than female EOSAY. Male SMY reported especially high rates of suicide attempts (2012 OR = 5.64) compared with male EOSAY.

Conclusions

Health services, schools, communities and families must be more responsive to the needs of SMY to ensure that disparities are addressed.
Ouabain exerts cytoprotection by diminishing the intracellular K+ concentration increase caused by distinct stimuli in human leukemic cells
Authors: Takechi Masayuki , Wada Tetsuyuki , Yagi Hideki , Masuko Takashi , Kawabata Atsufumi
Published: September 2014

Objectives

We tested if modulation of cytosolic K+ levels by ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+/K+-ATPase, exerts cytoprotection against distinct stressful stimuli in human leukemic cells.

Methods

The cytosolic K+, Na+ or Ca2+ levels and the cytotoxicity were evaluated by flow cytometry.

Key findings

Various cytotoxic chemicals and ultraviolet irradiation induced cell death and increased intracellular concentrations of K+, Na+ or Ca2+. Ouabain reduced the cytotoxicity and the elevation of cytosolic levels of K+ but not those of Na+ or Ca2+.

Conclusions

Our data thus suggest that elevated cytosolic K+ levels are associated with the cytotoxicity in response to distinct stressful stimuli and that ouabain exerts cytoprotection most probably by regulating intracellular K+ levels.
Use of silicone tracheal stoma stents for temporary tracheostomy in dogs with upper airway obstruction
Authors: Trinterud T. , Nelissen P. , White R. A. S.
Published: September 2014

OBJECTIVES

To report the use of silicone tracheal stoma stents for temporary tracheostomy in dogs with upper airway obstruction.

METHODS

Retrospective review of medical records for dogs in which silicone tracheal stoma stents were placed.

RESULTS

Eighteen dogs had a silicone tracheal stoma stent placed for maintenance of a tracheostomy stoma for periods ranging from three hours to eight months. No intra‐operative or immediate postoperative complications were recorded. In 11 dogs the stent was removed by simple traction after a period ranging from 36 hours to 6 weeks, and the tracheal stoma was left to heal by second intention. Five of the 18 dogs were determined as being tracheostomy dependent and underwent conversion to permanent tracheostomy after a period ranging from five days to eight months following stent placement. One dog was euthanased after three months, with the stent still in place, because of poor respiratory function, and one dog died of unrelated reasons. In 6 of 10 dogs (60%) where the stent was in place for five days or more, granulation tissue formation caused dislodgement of the stent.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Silicone tracheal stoma stents may be used as an alternative to conventional tracheostomy tubes in selected dogs with upper airway obstruction. Long‐term use of the stent beyond five days is not recommended because of granulation tissue formation. The long‐term consequences of partial tracheal ring resection are unknown.
MULTIVARIATE RISK MEASURES: A CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH BASED ON SELECTIONS
Authors: Molchanov Ilya , Cascos Ignacio
Published: September 2014

Since risky positions in multivariate portfolios can be offset by various choices of capital requirements that depend on the exchange rules and related transaction costs, it is natural to assume that the risk measures of random vectors are set‐valued. Furthermore, it is reasonable to include the exchange rules in the argument of the risk measure and so consider risk measures of set‐valued portfolios. This situation includes the classical Kabanov's transaction costs model, where the set‐valued portfolio is given by the sum of a random vector and an exchange cone, but also a number of further cases of additional liquidity constraints. We suggest a definition of the risk measure based on calling a set‐valued portfolio acceptable if it possesses a selection with all individually acceptable marginals. The obtained selection risk measure is coherent (or convex), law invariant, and has values being upper convex closed sets. We describe the dual representation of the selection risk measure and suggest efficient ways of approximating it from below and from above. In the case of Kabanov's exchange cone model, it is shown how the selection risk measure relates to the set‐valued risk measures considered by Kulikov (2008, Theory Probab. Appl. 52, 614–635), Hamel and Heyde (2010, SIAM J. Financ. Math. 1, 66–95), and Hamel, Heyde, and Rudloff (2013, Math. Financ. Econ. 5, 1–28).
Towards a gene regulatory network perspective on phenotypic plasticity, genetic accommodation and genetic assimilation
Authors: Pfennig David W. , Ehrenreich Ian M.
Published: September 2014

Many organisms can produce alternative phenotypes in direct response to different environmental conditions, a phenomenon known as phenotypic plasticity. The environmentally sensitive gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that mediate such developmental flexibility are largely unknown. Yet, characterizing these GRNs is important not only for elucidating plasticity's molecular basis, but also for shedding light onto whether and how plasticity might impact evolution. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Schneider et al.) describe one of the first efforts to determine the GRN underlying a plastic trait. They focus on diet‐induced plasticity in the cichlid fish, Astatoreochromis alluaudi. Depending on whether soft food (e.g. insects) or hard food (e.g. molluscs) is consumed, this species forms a lower pharyngeal jaw (LPJ) with many fine teeth or with fewer molar‐like teeth, respectively (Fig. 1). The authors previously identified genes that are differentially expressed between LPJ morphs during early development. In the present study, they examine the expression of 19 of these genes across development and diet. By analysing these transcriptional data in combination with information on putative transcription factor binding sites, they construct a GRN that explains observed gene expression patterns and is likely to control LPJ morphology. This work advances our understanding of how plasticity can arise as a consequence of environmentally sensitive GRNs and promises to help illuminate how changes in such GRNs could facilitate evolution.
Molecular genetics to inform spatial management in benthic invertebrate fisheries: a case study using the Australian Greenlip Abalone
Authors: Miller K. J. , Mundy C. N. , Mayfield S.
Published: September 2014

Hierarchical sampling and subsequent microsatellite genotyping of >2300 Haliotis laevigata (greenlip abalone) from 19 locations distributed across five biogeographic regions have substantially advanced our knowledge of population structure and connectivity in this commercially important species. The study has found key differences in stock structure of H. laevigata compared with the sympatric and congeneric Haliotis rubra (blacklip abalone) and yielded valuable insights into the management of fisheries targeting species characterized by spatial structure at small scales (i.e. S‐fisheries). As with H. rubra, H. laevigata comprise a series of metapopulations with strong self‐recruitment. However, the spatial extent of H. laevigata metapopulations (reefal areas around 30 km2; distances of up to 135 km are effective barriers to larval dispersal) was substantially greater than that identified for H. rubra (Miller et al. 2009). Differences in the dynamics and scale of population processes, even between congeneric haliotids as made evident in this study, imply that for S‐fisheries, it is difficult to generalize about the potential consequences of life history commonalities. Consequently, species‐specific management reflective of the population structure of the target species remains particularly important. This will likely require integration of information about stock structure and connectivity with data on life history and population dynamics to determine the necessary input (e.g. number of fishers, fishing effort) and output (e.g. minimum legal size, total allowable catch) controls to underpin their sustainable management.
Social chromosome variants differentially affect queen determination and the survival of workers in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta
Authors: Buechel Séverine D. , Wurm Yannick , Keller Laurent
Published: September 2014

Intraspecific variation in social organization is common, yet the underlying causes are rarely known. An exception is the fire ant Solenopsis invicta in which the existence of two distinct forms of social colony organization is under the control of the two variants of a pair of social chromosomes, SB and Sb. Colonies containing exclusively SB/SB workers accept only one single queen and she must be SB/SB. By contrast, when colonies contain more than 10% of SB/Sb workers, they accept several queens but only SB/Sb queens. The variants of the social chromosome are associated with several additional important phenotypic differences, including the size, fecundity and dispersal strategies of queens, aggressiveness of workers, and sperm count in males. However, little is known about whether social chromosome variants affect fitness in other life stages. Here, we perform experiments to determine whether differential selection occurs during development and in adult workers. We find evidence that the Sb variant of the social chromosome increases the likelihood of female brood to develop into queens and that adult SB/Sb workers, the workers that cull SB/SB queens, are overrepresented in comparison to SB/SB workers. This demonstrates that supergenes such as the social chromosome can have complex effects on phenotypes at various stages of development.
Interspecific interactions influence contrasting spatial genetic structures in two closely related damselfly species
Authors: Kahilainen Aapo , Keränen Inka , Kuitunen Katja , Kotiaho Janne S. , Knott K. Emily
Published: September 2014

Spatial genetic structure (SGS) is largely determined by colonization history, landscape and ecological characteristics of the species. Therefore, sympatric and ecologically similar species are expected to exhibit similar SGSs, potentially enabling prediction of the SGS of one species from that of another. On the other hand, due to interspecific interactions, ecologically similar species could have different SGSs. We explored the SGSs of the closely related Calopteryx splendens and Calopteryx virgo within Finland and related the genetic patterns to characteristics of the sampling localities. We observed different SGSs for the two species. Genetic differentiation even within short distances in C. splendens suggests genetic drift as an important driver. However, we also observed indication of previous gene flow (revealed by a negative relationship between genetic differentiation and increasing potential connectivity of the landscape). Interestingly, genetic diversity of C. splendens was negatively related to density of C. virgo, suggesting that interspecific interactions influence the SGS of C. splendens. In contrast, genetic differentiation between C. virgo subpopulations was low and only exhibited relationships with latitude, pointing to high gene flow, colonization history and range margin effects as the drivers of SGS. The different SGSs of the two ecologically similar species caution indirect inferences of SGS based on ecologically similar surrogate species.
Pathogen burden, co‐infection and major histocompatibility complex variability in the European badger (Meles meles)
Authors: Sin Yung Wa , Annavi Geetha , Dugdale Hannah L. , Newman Chris , Burke Terry , MacDonald David W.
Published: September 2014

Pathogen‐mediated selection is thought to maintain the extreme diversity in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, operating through the heterozygote advantage, rare‐allele advantage and fluctuating selection mechanisms. Heterozygote advantage (i.e. recognizing and binding a wider range of antigens than homozygotes) is expected to be more detectable when multiple pathogens are considered simultaneously. Here, we test whether MHC diversity in a wild population of European badgers (Meles meles) is driven by pathogen‐mediated selection. We examined individual prevalence (infected or not), infection intensity and co‐infection of 13 pathogens from a range of taxa and examined their relationships with MHC class I and class II variability. This population has a variable, but relatively low, number of MHC alleles and is infected by a variety of naturally occurring pathogens, making it very suitable for the investigation of MHC–pathogen relationships. We found associations between pathogen infections and specific MHC haplotypes and alleles. Co‐infection status was not correlated with MHC heterozygosity, but there was evidence of heterozygote advantage against individual pathogen infections. This suggests that rare‐allele advantages and/or fluctuating selection, and heterozygote advantage are probably the selective forces shaping MHC diversity in this species. We show stronger evidence for MHC associations with infection intensity than for prevalence and conclude that examining both pathogen prevalence and infection intensity is important. Moreover, examination of a large number and diversity of pathogens, and both MHC class I and II genes (which have different functions), provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms driving MHC diversity.