bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylation of Aldehydes with Allyltrichlorosilane
Authors: Cheng Ke , Fan Tiantian , Sun Jian
Published: July 2011

Easily accessible chiral phosphoric acid 1b has been applied as efficient organocatalyst for the asymmetric allylation of aldehydes with allyltrichlorosilane. In the presence of 20 mol% of 1b, the allylation of a broad range of aldehydes proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding homoallylic alcohol with up to 87% ee and 97% yield.
A Brief Summary of Carbon Nanotubes Science and Technology: A Health and Safety Perspective
Authors: Wick Peter , Clift Martin J. D. , Rösslein Matthias , Rothen‐Rutishauser Barbara
Published: July 2011

Engineered nanomaterials, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs), hold great promise for a variety of industrial, consumer, and biomedical applications, due to their outstanding and novel properties. Over the last two decades many different types of CNTs have been produced at the industrial scale. Therefore, the exposure risk to humans associated with such a mass scale production has also increased substantially. This has led to increased concerns about the potential adverse health effects that may be associated with human exposure to CNTs, predominantly because of to their size, their shape, and chemistry. CNTs are also intended for use in many biomedical applications, and therefore their biocompatibility, biodistribution, and fate needs to be carefully assessed. This Minireview intends to highlight the current state of the assessment of potential adverse human health effects possibly associated with CNT exposure, as well as the challenges related to and posed by CNT safety research. The importance of reliability and comparison within and between different studies, as regards the test systems employed, is discussed as well as many other essential aspects relative to CNT safety research, for example efficient and comprehensive characterization, are discussed in the view of an improvement in data collection.
Differential requirement of IKK2 for CYLD‐dependent representation of thymic and peripheral T‐cell populations
Authors: Tsagaratou Ageliki , Grammenoudi Sofia , Mosialos George
Published: July 2011

The cylindromatosis tumor suppressor gene (Cyld) encodes an enzyme (CYLD) with deubiquitinating activity that has been implicated in the regulation of thymocyte selection in an NF‐κB‐essential‐modulator (NEMO)‐dependent manner. The main known molecular defects in thymocytes with inactive CYLD (LckCre‐Cyldflx9/flx9) are the aberrant hyperactivation of NF‐κB and JNK pathways. In order to dissect further the molecular mechanism of CYLD‐dependent thymocyte selection and address the role of NF‐κB specifically, we generated double mutant mice (LckCre‐Cyldflx9/flx9‐Ikk2flx/flx) in which CYLD was inactivated concomitantly with IKK2 (IκB‐kinase 2) in thymocytes. Interestingly, thymic development and NF‐κB activity in double mutant mice were fully restored, indicating that an IKK2‐dependent function of CYLD that leads to the hyperactivation of the NF‐κB pathway is primarily responsible for the defective selection of thymocytes. Intriguingly, we observed a greater reduction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the periphery of LckCre‐Cyldflx9/flx9‐Ikk2flx/flx mice compared with LckCre‐Ikk2flx/flx mice. Collectively, our data establish CYLD as a critical regulator of thymocyte selection in a manner that depends on IKK2 and NF‐κB activation. In addition, our data uncover an IKK2‐independent role for CYLD in the establishment of physiological T‐cell populations in the periphery.
TGF‐β signaling via Smad4 drives IL‐10 production in effector Th1 cells and reduces T‐cell trafficking in EAE
Authors: Huss David J. , Winger Ryan C. , Cox Gina Mavrikis , Guerau‐de‐Arellano Mireia , Yang Yuhong , Racke Michael K. , Lovett‐Racke Amy E.
Published: July 2011

Effector Th1 cells perpetuate inflammatory damage in a number of autoimmune diseases, including MS and its animal model EAE. Recently, a self‐regulatory mechanism was described in which effector Th1 cells produce the immunomodulatory cytokine IL‐10 to dampen the inflammatory response in both normal and autoimmune inflammation. While the presence of TGF‐β has been suggested to enhance and stabilize an IFN‐γ+IL‐10+ phenotype, the molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Additionally, in the context of adoptive transfer EAE, it is unclear whether IL‐10 acts on the transferred Th1 cells or on endogenous host cells. In the present study, using myelin‐specific TCR‐Tg mice, we show that repetitive Ag stimulation of effector Th1 cells in the presence of TGF‐β increases the population of IFN‐γ+IL‐10+ cells, which correlates with a decrease in EAE severity. Additionally, TGF‐β signaling causes binding of Smad4 to the IL‐10 promoter, providing molecular evidence for TGF‐β‐mediated IL‐10 production from Th1 effector cells. Finally, this study demonstrates that IL‐10 not only reduces encephalitogenic markers such as IFN‐γ and T‐bet on Th1 effector cells expressing the IL‐10R but also prevents recruitment of both transferred and host‐derived inflammatory T cells. These data establish a regulatory mechanism by which highly activated Th1 effector cells modulate their pathogenicity through the induction of IL‐10.
Trüffelschwein und Textarbeiter
Authors: Hömberg Walter
Published: July 2011

Sie stehen im Schatten der Autoren, und doch könnte kein literarisches Werk ohne sie erscheinen: die Lektoren. Eine Studie zeichnet nun erstmals ein Soziogramm ihres Berufsstandes, analysiert Arbeitsalltag, Selbst‐ und Fremdwahrnehmung – und räumt mit hartnäckigen Klischees auf.
Der Pendler – das unbekannte Wesen
Authors: Holz‐Rau Christian , Guth Dennis , Scheiner Joachim
Published: July 2011

Von der Wohnung zur Arbeit – mal kurz, mal lang: Für immer mehr Menschen in Großstadtregionen ist das Berufspendeln längst notwendige Normalität. Für die Wissenschaft ist es ein hochkomplexes Phänomen, das gerade erst entdeckt wird.
Experimental Investigations and Modeling of Direct Internal Reforming of Biogases in Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Lanzini A. , Leone P. , Pieroni M. , Santarelli M. , Beretta D. , Ginocchio S.
Published: July 2011

Biogas‐fed Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) systems can be considered as interesting integrated systems in the framework of distributed power generation. In particular, bio‐methane and bio‐hydrogen produced from anaerobic digestion of organic wastes represent renewable carbon‐neutral fuels for high efficiency electrochemical generators.

With such non‐conventional mixtures fed to the anode of the SOFC, the interest lies in understanding the multi‐physics phenomena there occurring and optimizing the geometric and operation parameters of the SOFC, while avoiding operating and fuel conditions that can lead to or accelerate degradation processes.

In this study, an anode‐supported (Ni‐YSZ) tubular SOFC was considered; the tubular geometry enables a relatively easy separation of the air and fuel reactants and it allows one to evaluate the temperature field of the fuel gas inside the tube, which is strictly related to the electrochemical and heterogeneous chemical reactions occurring within the anode volume.

The experiments have been designed to analyze the behavior of the cell under different load and fuel utilization (FU) conditions, providing efficiency maps for both fuels.

The experimental results were used to validate a multi‐physics model of the tubular cell. The model showed to be in good agreement with the experimental data, and was used to study the sensitive of some selected geometrical parameters modification over the cell performances.
Changes in hepatitis A and B vaccination rates in adult patients with chronic liver diseases and diabetes in the U.S. population
Authors: Younossi Zobair M. , Stepanova Maria
Published: July 2011

Professional societies recommend hepatitis A and hepatitis B immunization for individuals with chronic liver disease (CLD), but the degree of implementation is unknown. Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) conducted in 1999-2008. For the entire study population and for those with CLD and diabetes, we determined the rates and independent predictors of history of hepatitis A and hepatitis B (HepA and HepB) vaccinations, of their effectiveness, and of seroprevalence of hepatitis A antibody and anti-HB surface antibody. In total, 24,871 participants from NHANES were included: 14,886 (1999-2004) and 9,985 (2005-2008). Of these individuals, 14.0% had CLD and 8.6% had diabetes. During the study period, HepA vaccination in CLD increased from 13.3% ± 1.0% to 20.0% ± 1.5%, HepB vaccination increased from 23.4% ± 1.2% to 32.1% ± 1.5%. Of subtypes of CLD, HepA vaccination rates increased only in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), whereas HepB vaccination increased for patients with hepatitis C and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In the diabetic cohort, HepA vaccination rates increased from 9.3% ± 1.1% to 15.4% ± 1.7% and HepB rates increased from 15.2% ± 1.5% to 22.4% ± 1.7%. All changes were similar to those observed in the general population. The quality measure (QM) for HepA in the general population decreased from 44.4% ± 1.2% in 1999-2004 to 41.7% ± 1.9% in 2005-2008, and similar changes were noted for all subcohorts. On the other hand, QM for HepB increased from 31.7% ± 0.9% to 40.7% ± 1.0% in the population, whereas no changes in QM were noted in any diagnostic cohort except for NAFLD.

Conclusions:

Although vaccination rates in CLD and diabetic cohorts are increasing, they remain low. Given the public health implications of acute hepatitis A and hepatitis B in patients with CLD, better implementation of the vaccination recommendations for these populations is warranted. (HEPATOLOGY 2011)
Development and validation according to European Union Decision 2002/657/EC of an HPLC‐DAD method for milk multi‐residue analysis of penicillins and amphenicols based on dispersive extraction by QuEChERS in MSPD format
Authors: Karageorgou Eftichia G. , Samanidou Victoria F.
Published: July 2011

A precise and reliable method for milk residue analysis regarding five penicillins and three amphenicols by HPLC‐diode array detection has been developed herein. The chromatographic separation was performed using a mobile phase of CH3COONH4 (0.05 M) and ACN delivered by gradient program on a Kinetex™‐C18 core‐shell, 2.6 μm column, starting at a volume ratio of 95:5 and ending at 60:40 after 17 min, remaining stable for 3 more min. A modified matrix solid phase dispersion procedure was applied for the extraction and clean‐up procedure of antibiotics using a mixture of Strata by Phenomenex and QuEChERS as a sorbent. The method was validated at the respective 0.5× MRL, MRL and 1.5 ×MRL level for each compound. Results were quantitated against the internal standard paracetamol (2 ng/μL) according to the matrix‐matched approach. The method was validated in line with the EC guidelines as cited in the Decision 2002/657/EC. The within‐laboratory reproducibility, expressed as a RSD, never exceeded 16%. All decision limit (CCα) values lay in the range between 35.2 and 56.3 μg/kg and the corresponding results for detection capability (CCβ) were 39.9 and 61.9 μg/kg. Ruggedness was estimated according to the Youden approach.
Polysulfone/Pyrene Membranes: A New Microwell Assay Platform for Bioapplications
Authors: Karadag Murat , Yilmaz Gorkem , Toiserkani Hojjat , Demirkol Dilek Odaci , Sakarya Serhan , Torun Lokman , Timur Suna , Yagci Yusuf
Published: July 2011

The use of PSU‐Py prepared by click chemistry as a platform in membrane‐bottom microwell plates for oxidase and hydrolase/oxidase‐based enzyme assays is studied. For the GOx assay, the postulated fluorescence mechanism is based on the consumption of glucose by dissolved oxygen and GOx in the microwell plates covered with the PSU‐Py membrane. For the AG‐GOx assay, maltose is used as AG substrate and hydrolyzed to glucose which is then oxidized by the GOx activity. It is shown that the PSU‐Py membrane acts as a fluorescence indicator of the enzymatic reactions, and both GOx and AG/GOx enzyme assays are successfully applied for glucose, maltose and acorbose analysis in the range 0.125–2.0 × 10−3 M glucose, 0.05–0.5 × 10−3 M maltose, and 0.0125–0.1 mg · mL−1 acorbose, respectively.

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Functionalization of Nanofibrillated Cellulose with Silver Nanoclusters: Fluorescence and Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Díez Isabel , Eronen Paula , Österberg Monika , Linder Markus B. , Ikkala Olli , Ras Robin H. A.
Published: July 2011

Native cellulose nanofibers are functionalized using luminescent metal nanoclusters to form a novel type of functional nanocellulose/nanocluster composite. Previously, various types of cellulose fibers have been functionalized with large, non‐luminescent metal nanoparticles. Here, mechanically strong native cellulose nanofibers, also called nanofibrillatedcellulose (NFC), microfibrillatedcellulose (MFC) ornanocellulose, disintegrated from macroscopic cellulose pulp fibers are used as support for small and fluorescent silver nanoclusters. The functionalization occurs in a supramolecular manner, mediated by poly(methacrylic acid) that protects nanoclusters while it allows hydrogen bonding with cellulose, leading to composites with fluorescence and antibacterial activity.

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In situ Production of Polystyrene Magnetic Nanocomposites through a Batch Suspension Polymerization Process
Authors: Neves Juliete S. , de Souza Fernando G. , Suarez Paulo A. Z. , Umpierre Alexandre P. , Machado Fabricio
Published: July 2011

This work presents the synthesis of micro‐sized polystyrene magnetic beads by in situ incorporation of oleic acid‐modified Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles via a suspension polymerization process. Fe3O4 nanoparticles with superparamagnetic characteristics were obtained through a coprecipitation technique. These particles present an average diameter equal to 7.4 ± 4.6 nm, as determined by AFM. This result is in agreement with the crystallite size of single domains calculated by using Scherrer's equation, which was equal to 7.7 nm, based on XRD measurements. The obtained materials were also studied using TGA. The weight loss behavior was independent of the Fe3O4 content and the stability to the thermal degradation was also not improved by magnetic nanoparticles present in the composite. Polystyrene/Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposites exhibited the same diffraction peaks observed in the pure Fe3O4, which indicates that nanoparticles inside the composites preserved the structure and properties of pure Fe3O4. It was also shown that nanosized polystyrene particles, dispersed in the aqueous phase, are obtained due to the stabilization effect of the oleic acid on the styrene droplets. A cross‐section of polystyrene magnetic particles showed empty spherical regions, attributed to the encapsulation of water microdroplets during the polymerization reaction. The obtained polymeric materials also presented good magnetic behavior, indicating that the modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles were successfully dispersed in the polystyrene particles.

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Auf der Spur der chemischen Sprache der Tiere
Authors: Schulz Stefan
Published: July 2011

Die Pheromonforschung ist ein interdisziplinär geprägtes Gebiet: Es geht darum, Pheromone zu identifizieren und zu synthetisieren, Biosynthesewege aufzuklären und die Pheromonperzeption bis hin zur Signalverarbeitung zu verstehen. Dazu kommt die Frage, wie sich Pheromone im Pflanzenschutz, in der Medizin und der Tiermedizin anwenden lassen.
Gerätehersteller 2010
Authors: Zbikowski Frauke
Published: July 2011

Nach einem Einbruch im Jahr 2009 stiegen die Umsätze der deutschen Hersteller von Analysen‐ und Labortechnik im vergangenen Jahr wieder.
Vielseitige Nanofaserstrukturen durch Elektrospinnen
Authors: Wendorff Joachim H. , Agarwal Seema , Greiner Andreas
Published: July 2011

Biologische Systeme wie die extrazelluläre Matrix enthalten feinste Fasern mit Durchmessern von wenigen Nanometern. Auch künstlich hergestellte Polymere, Metallstrukturen, Metalloxide, Biomaterialien und Composite sollten in Form derartig feiner Fasern deutlich an Komplexizität und damit an Funktionalität gewinnen. Besonders in den letzten zehn Jahren gelang es immer besser, Polymere aus Polymernanofasern unterschiedlicher Dimensionen und Formen durch Elektrospinnen herzustellen.
Gerüche detektieren und bewerten
Authors: Conrad Thorsten , Fricke Thomas
Published: July 2011

Gerüche sind ein Qualitätsmerkmal, gerade bei Pharma‐ oder Lebensmittelverpackungen, bei Kleidung oder bei Neuwagen. Empfindliche künstliche Nasen sind daher Werkzeuge für die Qualitätskontrolle.
Kein langweiliger 9‐to‐5‐Job
Authors: Eckensberger David
Published: July 2011

Viele Chemieabsolventen schauen nur auf Großunternehmen, wenn sie an ihre Karriere denken. Dabei gibt es gute Gründe, sich für ein kleines oder mittelständisches Unternehmen zu entscheiden, auch wenn man sich wie Nachrichten‐Autor David Eckensberger für einen Einstieg in die Unternehmensberatung entscheidet.
Das geheimnisvolle Glashaus der Diatomeen
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: July 2011

Kieselalgen nutzen ungewöhnliche Biomoleküle, um aus Kieselsäure einen Glaspanzer mit Nanostrukturen aufzubauen. Nanotechnik und Materialwissenschaft können viel von ihnen lernen.
Wissenschaftsforum für Berufseinsteiger
Authors: Schmitz Karin
Published: July 2011

Unternehmen und Organisationen präsentieren sich beim GDCh‐Wissenschaftsforum Chemie am 6. September in Bremen, um Nachwuchswissenschaftlern die beruflichen Perspektiven in ihren Unternehmen vorzustellen oder sie über ihre Serviceleistungen zu informieren. Bereits am Tag davor, am 5. September, startet das Begleitprogramm zur Jobbörse mit einer Veranstaltung zu Stipendien und Auslandsaufenthalten.
Fakten und Trends: Chemiestudiengänge 2010
Authors: Schmitz Karin
Published: July 2011

Wie jedes Jahr hat die Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker auch 2010 umfangreiche statistische Daten zu den Chemiestudiengängen erhoben. Danach ist die Zahl der Anfänger ebenso wie die der promovierten Absolventen gegenüber den Vorjahren angestiegen. Fast alle Bachelorabsolventen an Universitäten und etwa die Hälfte an Fachhochschulen schlossen ein Masterstudium an und rund 90 Prozent der Diplom‐ oder Masterabsolventen an Universitäten begannen eine Promotion. Die Auswirkungen der Wirtschaftskrise zeigten sich 2010 wie im Vorjahr dadurch, dass mehr zunächst befristete Arbeitsverhältnisse abgeschlossen wurden als in den Vorjahren. Alle Daten sind unter www.gdch.de/statistik veröffentlicht.
Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesviral IL‐6 and human IL‐6 open reading frames contain miRNA binding sites and are subject to cellular miRNA regulation
Authors: Kang Jeong‐Gu , Majerciak Vladimir , Uldrick Thomas S , Wang Xiaohong , Kruhlak Michael , Yarchoan Robert , Zheng Zhi‐Ming
Published: July 2011

Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes a viral interleukin 6 (vIL‐6) that mimics many activities of human IL‐6 (hIL‐6). Both vIL‐6 and hIL‐6 play important roles in stimulating the proliferation of tumours caused by KSHV. Here, we provide evidence that a miRNA pathway is involved in regulation of vIL‐6 and hIL‐6 expression through binding sites in their open reading frames (ORFs). We show a direct repression of vIL‐6 by hsa‐miR‐1293 and hIL‐6 by hsa‐miR‐608. The repression of vIL‐6 by miR‐1293 was reversed by disruption of the vIL‐6 miR‐1293 seed match through the introduction of point mutations. In addition, expression of vIL‐6 or hIL‐6 in KSHV‐infected cells could be enhanced by transfection of the respective miRNA inhibitors. In situ hybridization of human lymph node sections revealed that miR‐1293 is primarily expressed in the germinal centre but is deficient in the mantle zone of lymph nodes, where the expression of vIL‐6 is often found in patients with KSHV‐associated multicentric Castleman's disease, providing evidence of an anatomical correlation. Taking these factors together, our study indicates that IL‐6 expression can be regulated by miRNA interactions in its ORF and provides evidence for the role of these interactions in the pathogenesis of KSHV‐associated diseases. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photovoltaics literature survey (no. 87)
Authors: Shrestha Santosh
Published: July 2011

In order to help keep readers up‐to‐date in the field each issue of Progress in Photovoltaics will contain a list of recently published journal articles most relevant to its aims and scope. This list is drawn from an extremely wide range of journals, including IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Journal of Applied Physics, Applied Physics Letters, Progress in Photovoltaics and Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. To assist the reader, the list is separated into broad categories, but please note that these classifications are by no means strict. Also note that inclusion in the list is not an endorsement of a paper's quality. If you have any suggestions please email Santosh at s.shrestha@unsw.edu.au
Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 38)
Authors: Green Martin A. , Emery Keith , Hishikawa Yoshihiro , Warta Wilhelm , Dunlop Ewan D.
Published: July 2011

Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since January, 2011 are reviewed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic profiling of two maize inbreds during early gibberella ear rot infection
Authors: Mohammadi Mohsen , Anoop Valar , Gleddie Steve , Harris Linda J.
Published: July 2011

Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of gibberella ear rot in maize ears, resulting in yield losses due to mouldy and mycotoxin‐contaminated grain. This study represents a global proteomic approach to document the early infection by F. graminearum of two maize inbreds, B73 and CO441, which differ in disease susceptibility. Mock‐ and F. graminearum‐treated developing kernels were sampled 48 h post‐inoculation over three field seasons. Infected B73 kernels consistently contained higher concentrations of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol than the kernels of the more tolerant inbred CO441. A total of 2067 maize proteins were identified in the iTRAQ analysis of extracted kernel proteins at a 99% confidence level. A subset of 878 proteins was identified in at least two biological replicates and exhibited statistically significantly altered expression between treatments and/or the two inbred lines of which 96 proteins exhibited changes in abundance >1.5‐fold in at least one of the treatments. Many proteins associated with the defense response were more abundant after infection, including PR‐10 (PR, pathogenesis‐related), chitinases, xylanase inhibitors, proteinase inhibitors, and a class III peroxidase. Kernels of the tolerant inbred CO441 contained higher levels of these defense‐related proteins than B73 kernels even after mock treatment, suggesting that these proteins may provide a basal defense against Fusarium infection in CO441.
Improved device performance in nonpolar a ‐plane GaN LEDs using a Ni/Al/Ni/Au n‐type ohmic contact
Authors: Kim Dong Ho , Kim Su Jin , Kim Seung Hwan , Jeong Tak , Hwang Sung Min , Kim Tae Geun
Published: July 2011

The authors report upon the increased light‐output power (Pout) via a reduction in the forward voltage (Vf) for nonpolar a ‐plane GaN LEDs using Ni/Al/Ni/Au n‐type ohmic contacts. The specific contact resistivity of the Ni/Al/Ni/Au contact is found to be as low as 5.6 × 10–5 whereas that of a typical Ti/Al/Ni/Au contact is 6.8 × 10–4 Ω cm2, after annealing at 700 °C. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show that the upward surface band bending is less pronounced for the Ni/Al contact compared to the Ti/Al contact, leading to a decrease in the effective Schottky barrier height (SBH). The Vf of the nonpolar LEDs decreases by 10% and Pout increases by 15% when the Ni/Al/Ni/Au scheme is used instead of the typical Ti/Al/Ni/Au metal scheme. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The association between health care professional attitudes and beliefs and the attitudes and beliefs, clinical management, and outcomes of patients with low back pain: A systematic review
Authors: Darlow B. , Fullen B.M. , Dean S. , Hurley D.A. , Baxter G.D. , Dowell A.
Published: July 2011

Background

It has been suggested that health care professional (HCP) attitudes and beliefs may negatively influence the beliefs of patients with low back pain (LBP), but this has not been systematically reviewed. This review aimed to investigate the association between HCP attitudes and beliefs and the attitudes and beliefs, clinical management, and outcomes of this patient population.

Methods

Electronic databases were systematically searched for all types of studies. Studies were selected by predefined inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was appraised and strength of evidence was determined.

Results

Seventeen studies from eight countries which investigated the attitudes and beliefs of general practitioners, physiotherapists, chiropractors, rheumatologists, orthopaedic surgeons and other paramedical therapists were included. There is strong evidence that HCP beliefs about back pain are associated with the beliefs of their patients. There is moderate evidence that HCPs with a biomedical orientation or elevated fear avoidance beliefs are more likely to advise patients to limit work and physical activities, and are less likely to adhere to treatment guidelines. There is moderate evidence that HCP attitudes and beliefs are associated with patient education and bed rest recommendations. There is moderate evidence that HCP fear avoidance beliefs are associated with reported sick leave prescription and that a biomedical orientation is not associated with the number of sickness certificates issued for LBP. Conclusion: HCPs need to be aware of the association between their attitudes and beliefs and the attitudes and beliefs and clinical management of their patients with LBP.
UrbanGuajiros: ColonialReconcentración, Rural Displacement and Criminalisation in Western Cuba, 1895–1902
Authors: GARCÍA GUADALUPE
Published: July 2011

This essay examines the Spanishreconcentraciónof Cuban peasants during the final war of independence. It argues that the forced relocation of the rural population produced negative associations between Cubanguajirosand blackness, criminality and disease that furthered the political interests of the Cuban, Spanish and US militaries. The essay also highlights how the US military occupation that followed independence reinforced the criminalisation of the guajiro and organised existing urban and rural divisions in Cuba.
RomanExemplaand Situation Ethics: Valerius Maximus and Cicerode Officiis
Authors: Langlands Rebecca
Published: July 2011

When readingexemplaand applying them to ethical decisions, Romans had to bear in mind the principle of situational variability: whether an action can be judged to be right depends on the circumstances in which it is performed; what is right for one person in a given situation may not be right for another. This principle and its ramifications are articulated by Valerius Maximus,Facta et Dicta Memorabilia. Comparison with Cicero,de Officiissuggests that situation ethics was a key feature of Roman ethics and that, within this framework,exemplamay be understood as moral tools mediating between universal and particular.
SOCIAL MEMORY AND SACRED SITES IN THE WESTERN MAYA HIGHLANDS: EXAMPLES FROM JACALTENANGO, GUATEMALA
Authors: Borgstede Greg
Published: July 2011

This paper utilizes anthropological and sociological approaches to social memory to analyze the position and relevance of sacred sites among the Jakaltek Maya of the western highlands of Guatemala. Based on archaeological investigations and oral history, the connection between the past and present is analyzed in terms of collective memory, underscoring the importance of specific places and landscape in remembering as well as in reinforcing Jakaltek identity and history. Three distinct sacred sites are discussed, including their archaeological evidence; position (or lack of) in histories; disposition/creation as sacred site; and ties to the community's social memory. Sacred sites and social memory are viewed as a key component of indigenous activism and identity politics as well as an integral aspect to understanding the social context of archaeology in the Guatemalan Maya Highlands.
MAYA MEMORY WORK
Authors: Gillespie Susan D.
Published: July 2011

The critical role of social or collective memory in ongoing processes of societal reproduction and transformation is well acknowledged by anthropologists and is being increasingly modeled in archaeological interpretations as well. Investigating how social memory impacted the materialities and historical trajectories of the Maya civilization has great potential for advancing archaeological methodologies as well as enlarging our knowledge of the Maya. In addition to the wealth of epigraphic, ethnographic, and early historical information available for the Maya, archaeologists are examining enduring architecture, representative imagery, and even mundane artifacts that constitute a “technology of memory” for clues to the interplay of recollection and forgetting in the operation and transformation of Maya societies. This commentary reviews issues and problems in archaeological studies of social memory and addresses the specific prospects for investigating social memory among the pre-Hispanic Maya, drawing upon the analyses provided by the papers in this special section.
KA'KAW POTS AND COMMON CONTAINERS: CREATING HISTORIES AND COLLECTIVE MEMORIES AMONG THE CLASSIC MAYA OF XUNANTUNICH, BELIZE
Authors: LeCount Lisa J.
Published: July 2011

Reconstruction of foodways at the Lowland Maya center of Xunantunich, Belize, illustrates how commensality is fundamental to the construction of multilayered identities. Collective memory and linear histories form the foundation of identities because they are the mental frameworks people use to construct shared pasts. At Xunantunich, community identity was expressed though pottery and practices associated with the preparation of foods for domestic consumption and public offerings. In a world of natural cycles centered on family reproduction, horticultural activities, and yearly ceremonies, these symbols and rituals structured the lives of all people and embodied within them a collective memory of community. Linear histories were recorded in images and texts on drinking paraphernalia that were likely used for toasting honored individuals, ancestors, or gods during commemorative rites. These inscriptions and bodily practices marked individuals and their houses as people and places of prominence with separate identities.
THE MURAL PAINTINGS OF EL ZAPOTAL, VERACRUZ, MEXICO
Authors: Wyllie Cherra
Published: July 2011

During the 1970s, excavations at El Zapotal revealed a Late Classic period ossuary with multiple burials, sumptuous funerary offerings, and life-sized terracotta sculpture individually on a par with the Chinese national treasures from Xi'an. Less known are murals adorning a U-shaped banquette centering on the monumental clay sculpture of a skeletal Death God.

Wyllie, through the assistance of Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Veracruz, produced drawings of the now deteriorating paintings. The murals form part of a larger narrative program integrating sculpture, architectural elements, burial offerings, and human osteological remains connected with Mesoamerican underworld stories of creation.
LATE POSTCLASSIC TO COLONIAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LANDSCAPE IN THE IZALCOS REGION OF WESTERN EL SALVADOR
Authors: Sampeck Kathryn E.
Published: July 2011

The Izalcos Pipil were pre-Hispanic residents of the Río Ceniza Valley of western El Salvador and had clear linguistic ties to the Aztecs and other Nahuas of central Mexico. Both archaeological and documentary data are presented that show strong evidence that the Izalcos Pipil also maintained Nahua social and political institutions. The Izalcos Pipil emphasized characteristics of Nahua social practices that depend on dynamic mobility on the landscape to articulate discrete cultural elements, and these characteristics are observable in Izalcos inter- and intrasite settlement organization and the distribution of Nahua settlement in southern Mesoamerica. The degree of mobility on the landscape was shown in the internal organization of sites, architectural arrangements, and the relationships among sites and is indicated in historical documents. Pipil concepts, institutions, and boundaries provided the foundation for the Spanish colonial political economy. This region became a jewel in the Spanish Crown in part because of prodigious cacao production that the Izalcos Pipil established long before Spanish contact. The degree of nucleation before and after conquest did not change dramatically, but the analysis of mobility showed that even though some elements of patterning appeared superficially the same, underlying causes were fundamentally different. The most important conquest-induced change was the transition to capitalism, which created a static, disarticulated landscape of nucleated settlements, enclosures, and private property that discouraged human movement. The tensions between these two contrasting systems of landscape use heightened with the passage of time.
Welcome from the Society Presidents
Authors: Zaluzec Nestor J. , Scott John Henry J. , Saenz Natalio T.
Published: July 2011

Microscopy & Microanalysis 2011, the premier conference of the field, is this year being hosted by the Microscopy Society of America, the Microanalysis Society, and the International Metallographic Society. On behalf of our respective societies, we welcome you to Nashville, Tennessee, the Music City, truly one of the most entertaining cities in America. We are confident that Nashville will serve as a wonderful location for our meeting, and that the conference will prove to be stimulating and worthwhile for all both on a professional and personal level.
Microscopy Society of America
Authors: Zaluzec Nestor J.
Published: July 2011

Fellow Microscopists and Microanalysts, Colleagues and most importantly Students, welcome to Microscopy & Microanalysis 2011 here in Nashville, Tennessee, our seventeenth conference under that appellation.
International Metallographic Society
Authors: Saenz Natalio T.
Published: July 2011

On behalf of the International Metallographic Society I would like to welcome all of you to Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, TN. IMS is pleased to have contributed to the exciting technical program for the tenth year. We thank MSA Program Chair David Giovannucci, MSA Program Vice-Chair Luke Brewer, MAS Co-Chair Masashi Watanabe, and especially IMS Co-Chair Don Susan for developing an excellent roster of presentations.
Dissoziation und Konversion
Authors: Noeker Meinolf , Petermann Franz
Published: July 2011

Terminologie und Konzepte der Dissoziation und Konversion sind seit über einem Jahrhundert in der tiefenpsychologischen Tradition verankert, während die empirisch ausgerichtete Klinische Psychologie und Kinderpsychologie deren Erforschung weitgehend vernachlässigt hat. Aus psychologischer Perspektive zeigen gerade Kinder spontan viele dissoziative Erlebens- und Verhaltensweisen (z. B. Tagträumen). Diese weisen eine wichtige Funktion bei der Emotions- bzw. Affektregulation von alltäglichen Stressoren bis hin zu Extrembelastungen und traumatischen Erfahrungen auf (z. B. Verkehrsunfall, körperliche Misshandlung, sexualisierte Gewalt). Sie schützen zumindest kurzfristig das Bewusstsein vor sensorischer, kognitiver und affektiver Überlastung. Aus kategorialer Perspektive liegt eine Störungswertigkeit bei dissoziativen Störungen vom Bewusstseinstypus in Form von spezifischen Amnesien, Konfusion, Stupor und Identitätsstörungen sowie in Form von Konversionsstörungen (motorische und sensorische Ausfälle, nichtepileptische Anfälle) ohne organmedizinische Grundlage vor. Dissoziative Störungsbilder weisen enge Bezüge zu den somatoformen Störungen, zur akuten Belastungsreaktion und zur posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung sowie zu emotional instabilen und histrionischen Persönlichkeitsstörungen auf. Bis heute fehlt den vorliegenden therapeutischen Ansätzen weitgehend eine evidenzbasierte Fundierung. In der Zukunft verdienen dissoziative Störungsbilder und Bewältigungsmechanismen nicht nur eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit der Forschung aus psychopathologischer Sicht, sondern auch aus therapeutischer Sicht. Die sogenannte dritte Welle der Verhaltenstherapie mit ihren unterschiedlichen Strömungen achtsamkeitsbasierter Therapie (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Metakognitive Therapie, Dialektisch-behaviorale Therapie, Schematherapie) beginnt das psychotherapeutische Potenzial zu entdecken, das in einer gezielten, therapeutisch induzierten Dissoziation liegen kann. Dissoziative Techniken, mit deren Hilfe der Patient aus sicherer Distanz bedrohliche oder traumatische Bewusstseinsinhalte betrachten kann, stellen eine effektive Methode dar, wahrnehmungsbezogenes Vermeidungsverhalten zu überwinden.
Differential functions of phospholipid binding and palmitoylation of tumour suppressor EWI2/PGRL
Authors: He Bo , Zhang Yanhui H. , Richardson Mekel M. , Zhang Julian S. , Rubinstein Eric , Zhang Xin A.
Published: July 2011

The tumour suppressor EWI2 associates with tetraspanins and regulates tumour cell movement and proliferation. The short cytoplasmic domain of EWI2 is positively charged; five out of the ten residues of this domain are basic. In the present study we demonstrated that the EWI2 cytoplasmic tail interacts specifically with negatively charged PIPs (phosphatidylinositol phosphates), but not with other membrane lipids. The PIPs that interact with EWI2 cytoplasmic tail include PtdIns5P, PtdIns4P, PtdIns3P, PtdIns(3,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4)P2. The binding affinity of PIPs to the EWI2 tail, however, is not solely based on charge because PtdIns5P, PtdIns4P and PtdIns3P have a higher affinity to EWI2 than PtdIns(3,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 do. Mutation of either of two basic residue clusters in the EWI2 cytoplasmic tail abolishes PIP binding, and PIP binding is also determined by the position of basic residues in the EWI2 cytoplasmic tail. In addition, EWI2 is constitutively palmitoylated at the cytoplasmic cysteine residues located at the N-terminal of those basic residues. The PIP interaction is not required for, but appears to regulate, the palmitoylation, whereas palmitoylation is neither required for nor regulates the PIP interaction. Functionally, the PIP interaction regulates the stability of EWI2 proteins, whereas palmitoylation is needed for tetraspanin–EWI2 association and EWI2-dependent inhibition of cell migration and lamellipodia formation. For cell–cell adhesion and cell proliferation, the PIP interaction functions in opposition to the palmitoylation. In conclusion, the EWI2 cytoplasmic tail actively engages with the cell membrane via PIP binding and palmitoylation, which play differential roles in EWI2 functions.
Ca2+-induced PARP-1 activation and ANF expression are coupled events in cardiomyocytes
Authors: Geistrikh Ilona , Visochek Leonid , Klein Rodika , Miller Liron , Mittelman Leonid , Shainberg Asher , Cohen-Armon Malka
Published: July 2011

The nuclear protein PARP-1 [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1] is activated in cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia causing DNA breaks. Unlike this stress-induced PARP-1 activation, our results provide evidence for Ca2+-induced PARP-1 activation in contracting newborn cardiomyocytes treated with growth factors and hormones that increased their contraction rate, induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and its rhythmical and transient translocation into the nucleus. Furthermore, activated PARP-1 up-regulated the activity of phosphorylated ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) in the nucleus, promoting expression of the Elk1 target gene c-fos. Up-regulation of the transcription factor c-Fos/GATA-4 promoted ANF (atrial natriuretic factor) expression. Given that expression of ANF is known to be implicated in morphological changes, growth and development of cardiomyocytes, these results outline a PARP-1-dependent signal transduction mechanism that links contraction rate and Ca2+ mobilization with the expression of genes underlying morphological changes in cardiomyocytes.
The DLK gene is a transcriptional target of PPARγ
Authors: Couture Jean-Philippe , Blouin Richard
Published: July 2011

DLK (dual leucine zipper-bearing kinase) is a key regulator of development, cell differentiation and apoptosis. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that DLK expression is up-regulated in 3T3-L1 cells induced to differentiate into adipocytes and that DLK knockdown impairs the expression of PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ), a master regulator of adipogenesis. Because the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone was found to increase DLK expression in 3T3-L1 cells, we hypothesized that PPARγ is required for the transcriptional activation of the DLK gene. To test this hypothesis, we first examined the effects of pharmacological inhibition or shRNA (small-hairpin RNA)-mediated depletion of PPARγ on DLK accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells undergoing differentiation. In addition to blocking adipocyte conversion of 3T3-L1 cells, inhibition of PPARγ suppressed DLK expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, supporting a role for PPARγ in DLK regulation, two potential PPARγ-binding sites identified by bioinformatic tools at positions −611 and −767 upstream of the DLK gene transcriptional start site were shown by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation to bind PPARγ and its essential heterodimer partner retinoid X receptor as differentiation proceeds. Collectively, these results show that DLK is a novel transcriptional target of PPARγ with functional PPARγ-binding sites in its promoter.
Farnesyl pyrophosphate regulates adipocyte functions as an endogenous PPARγ agonist
Authors: Goto Tsuyoshi , Nagai Hiroyuki , Egawa Kahori , Kim Young-Il , Kato Sota , Taimatsu Aki , Sakamoto Tomoya , Ebisu Shogo , Hohsaka Takahiro , Miyagawa Hiroh , Murakami Shigeru , Takahashi Nobuyuki , Kawada Teruo
Published: July 2011

The cholesterol biosynthetic pathway produces not only sterols but also non-sterol mevalonate metabolites involved in isoprenoid synthesis. Mevalonate metabolites affect transcriptional and post-transcriptional events that in turn affect various biological processes including energy metabolism. In the present study, we examine whether mevalonate metabolites activate PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ), a ligand-dependent transcription factor playing a central role in adipocyte differentiation. In the luciferase reporter assay using both GAL4 chimaera and full-length PPARγ systems, a mevalonate metabolite, FPP (farnesyl pyrophosphate), which is the precursor of almost all isoprenoids and is positioned at branch points leading to the synthesis of other longer-chain isoprenoids, activated PPARγ in a dose-dependent manner. FPP induced the in vitro binding of a co-activator, SRC-1 (steroid receptor co-activator-1), to GST (glutathione transferase)–PPARγ. Direct binding of FPP to PPARγ was also indicated by docking simulation studies. Moreover, the addition of FPP up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of PPARγ target genes during adipocyte differentiation induction. In the presence of lovastatin, an HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA) reductase inhibitor, both intracellular FPP levels and PPARγ-target gene expressions were decreased. In contrast, the increase in intracellular FPP level after the addition of zaragozic acid, a squalene synthase inhibitor, induced PPARγ-target gene expression. The addition of FPP and zaragozic acid promotes lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation. These findings indicated that FPP might function as an endogenous PPARγ agonist and regulate gene expression in adipocytes.
Gut bitter taste receptor signalling induces ABCB1 through a mechanism involving CCK
Authors: Jeon Tae-Il , Seo Young-Kyo , Osborne Timothy F.
Published: July 2011

T2Rs (bitter taste-sensing type 2 receptors) are expressed in the oral cavity to prevent ingestion of dietary toxins through taste avoidance. They are also expressed in other cell types, including gut enteroendocrine cells, where their physiological role is enigmatic. Previously, we proposed that T2R-dependent CCK (cholecystokinin) secretion from enteroendocrine cells limits absorption of dietary toxins, but an active mechanism was lacking. In the present study we show that T2R signalling activates ABCB1 (ATP-binding cassette B1) in intestinal cells through a CCK signalling mechanism. PTC (phenylthiocarbamide), an agonist for the T2R38 bitter receptor, increased ABCB1 expression in both intestinal cells and mouse intestine. PTC induction of ABCB1 was decreased by either T2R38 siRNA (small interfering RNA) or treatment with YM022, a gastrin receptor antagonist. Thus gut ABCB1 is regulated through signalling by CCK/gastrin released in response to PTC stimulation of T2R38 on enteroendocrine cells. We also show that PTC increases the efflux activity of ABCB1, suggesting that T2R signalling limits the absorption of bitter tasting/toxic substances through modulation of gut efflux membrane transporters.
Monitoring protein–protein interactions in mammalian cells by trans-SUMOylation
Authors: Srivastav Ratnesh K. , Schwede Susan , Klaus Malte , Schwermann Jessica , Gaestel Matthias , Niedenthal Rainer
Published: July 2011

Protein–protein interactions are essential for almost all cellular processes, hence understanding these processes mainly depends on the identification and characterization of the relevant protein–protein interactions. In the present paper, we introduce the concept of TRS (trans-SUMOylation), a new method developed to identify and verify protein–protein interactions in mammalian cells in vivo. TRS utilizes Ubc9-fusion proteins that trans-SUMOylate co-expressed interacting proteins. Using TRS, we analysed interactions of 65 protein pairs co-expressed in HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells. We identified seven new and confirmed 16 known protein interactions, which were determined via endogenous SUMOylation sites of the binding partners or by using SUMOylation-site tags respectively. Four of the new protein interactions were confirmed by GST (glutathione transferase) pull-down and the p38α–Edr2 interaction was verified by co-localization analysis. Functionally, this p38α–Edr2 interaction could possibly be involved in the recruitment of p38α to the polycomb chromatin-remodelling complex to phosphorylate Bmi1. We also used TRS to characterize protein-interaction domains of the protein kinase pairs p38α–MK2 [MK is MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)-activated protein kinase] and ERK3 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 3)–MK5 and of the p38α–p53 complex. The ability of TRS to monitor protein interactions in mammalian cells in vivo at levels similar to endogenous expression makes it an excellent new tool that can help in defining the protein interactome of mammalian cells.