bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unmanned mobile power unit for agricultural purposes
Authors: Godzhaev Z. A , Grishin A. P , Grishin A. A , Grishin V. A
Published: April 2022

It is shown that the basis of robotic technologies in plant cultivation is an unmanned mobile power unit for agricultural purposes on wheeled or tracked platform with hybrid power plant, motion control and machine vision equipment. Description of software algorithm and schematic circuit diagram of motion control are given. It is noted that machine vision is an integral part of working organs, because much of the information about the state of plants (growth rate, maturity degree, disease) is received through visual contact, as well as through systems of motion control and precise positioning. This information allows the robotic working organs to find the technological solutions and implement the required operations, and the unmanned mobile power unit to move on process route. Another fundamental function of unmanned mobile power unit is positioning and motion control on required trajectory. A brief analysis of implementation of this function by means of satellite navigation or ground facilities of positioning including machine vision and target indication is given. Satellite navigation systems provide positioning and identification on large areas, but do not work indoors. Network wireless system of local positioning allows to control the location and motion of objects and reliably identify them both outside and inside the premises. Combined application of such systems allows to extend the motion control of vehicles and agricultural machines to areas not directly visible for satellites: covered yards, buildings. That creates additional opportunities for control of local movements of products and personnel in industrial and non-industrial premises of closed and open type.
Increasing the calorific value of motor fuels
Authors: Vorob'ev Yu. V , Dunaev A. V
Published: April 2022

The results of the studies of mechanochemical activation of motor fuels aimed to increase their calorific value and reduce their consumption in automotive internal combustion engines are summarized. Traditionally, the improvement in fuel efficiency and environmental friendliness of such engines is achieved by high-tech modernization of fuel systems. But it can also be achieved by modification of fuels that changes their properties and increases the calorific value. By means of methods of mechanochemistry, using the equipment with low power consumption and a simple process, the mixtures and separate oil fractions are destroyed with the formation of low molecular homologs, as well as hydrogen and carbon. The degradation of saturated hydrocarbons is the breaking of chains, and unsaturated ones are destroyed through the formation of saturated products. The hydrogenation by degradation products of the starting material is possible. The mechanochemistry of fuels is investigated on the example of a combined static mixer-activator. The activator in the form of cylinder of 150 mm length and 30-50 mm diameter is used for modifying motor fuels; it has three serial camera, embeds in any of the fuel systems of internal combustion engine, does not require the drive, is free of chemical substances, does not affect the performance of gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation kerosene, fuel oil, does not reduce the engine lifetime. The tests were performed on a test bench with YaMZ-236 diesel engine using three different diesel fuels, at first with installation of activator in the fuel supply line of fuel high pressure pump, and then in its main drain line. When idling of diesel engine with engine speed of 900-1300 rpm, the reduction of activated fuel consumption on average by 26.3% is revealed in eleven tests. The methods for improving the calorific value of fuels by different impacts are reviewed.
THE STUDY OF POSSIBILITIES FOR REDUCING FUEL CONSUMPTION FOR NATURAL GAS ENGINE BASED ON DIESEL AT IDLE SPEED
Authors: Apelinskiy D. V , Gusarov V. V , Fomin V. M
Published: April 2022

Diesel-to-natural gas engine conversion is an important economic task. In this modification the gas engine has some fundamental differences from the diesel: forced ignition is replaced by Compression ignition; as a rule, external mixture formation instead internal mixture formation; the quantitative load control using throttle - instead quality load control. The latter is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of the fuel economy of the gas engine especially at low loads, because of the significant increase in pumping losses when reducing the load by throttling. The greatest value of such losses is on the idle speed. The authors considered the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the gas modification due to the implementation of the Miller cycle, where the load reduction is achieved by variable valve timing - mainly the valve Duration and intake valve closing angle. In this case, the load reduction is achieved without the use of throttling the fuel / air mixture. The analysis is performed using a calculation method, which was developed a special program takes into account the main physical processes of the gas engine at low operating conditions. The authors considered several options for improving fuel economy at engine low load operation for the engine KAMAZ-820.74-300, including the possibility of using lean air fuel mixture, increasing the compression ratio, load management using changing valve timing. The authors defined the values of temperature and pressure at characteristic points of the pressure volume diagram, and the values of indicated thermal efficiency of an engine, fuel consumption and other parameters for the five variants of idling. The authors presented the calculated pressure volume diagrams of a Miller cycle at idle. The authors have shown the best option, where possible fuel economy improvement at idle is 25 % compared to the base engine.
Determination of traction coefficient of driving wheels of the MTZ-82 tractor
Authors: Gorodetskiy K. I , Serebryakov V. V , Lavlinskiy A. M
Published: April 2022

There are various ways to control the value of normal responses of surface under tractor movers. One of them is to regulate the height of hitch point and the angle of drawbar power. The advantage of this method is that the necessary conditions are created for the automatic control of position of the center of pressure, which ensures the optimization of technical and economic indices of machine-tractor unit operation. To verify this method, it is necessary to carry out the tests determining the parameters of tractor operation, including the traction coefficient of driving wheels. Two variants of its determination are proposed: the towing of tractor with locked driving wheels and the drawbar tests. In both cases, the tractive effort at drawbar is applied at an angle. As a result of drawbar tests, an experimental tractive characteristic of tractor will also be obtained. In preliminary calculations, the weight distribution along the axes is determined depending on the value and the angle of drawbar power. The weight change on the rear axle is more intense than on the front one. It is necessary to use ballast weights on the tractor rear to compensate its unloading. As for tractors and agricultural implements under design, it is necessary to choose the rational component layout and design taking into account the weight redistribution during aggregation. The pre-calculated verification confirms the possibility of use of tractor towing in reverse gear with locked wheels to determine the traction coefficient of driving wheels. The applying of drawbar power at an angle allows to increase or decrease the responses of bearing surface on tractor movers during a particular operation and therefore has an advantage over conventional ballasting at the front of tractor. In combination with the ability to change the back tipping moment, this allows to optimize the traction characteristics of tractors.
THE CURRENT STATE OF THE PRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS FOREIGN BRANDS IN RUSSIA
Authors: PODOLKO P. M , PANKIN K. E
Published: April 2022

The article provides an analysis of the park and the market structure of agricultural tractors of foreign brands, involved in the production of agricultural goods in Russian Federation and provision of agricultural organizations with tractors and combines to compare the currently existing rates with the regulations, listed by Ministry of Agriculture of Russian Federation to determine the proportion of foreign tractors as well as to determine the overall state of the market of agricultural tractors in Russia. To achieve this goal, the article presents the studies comparing the economic efficiency of the use in the production of agricultural tractors products of domestic and foreign brands on the example of tractors K-744 and Buhler-Versatile. The statistical data on volumes of production of agricultural tractors in the Russian Federation in general and divided by most common in rural areas brands of foreign and domestic tractors is shown. The data on the nomenclature of produced equipment from leading manufacturers of agricultural machinery of foreign brands, working in Russia, such as John Deere, New Holland, Claas, Agco and others is given. On the basis of the study it can be concluded that nowadays the majority of Russian agricultural producers prefer to buy foreign brands equipment. Despite the currency risks and the reduction of volume of the market of tractors in recent years, the demand for foreign brands of tractors from Russian farmers increased in comparison with the volumes of previous years. The increase in demand was observed in the segment of new and previously used tractors, produced outside the Russian Federation.
Simulation of power parameters of track mover of a tractor
Authors: Romanchenko M. I
Published: April 2022

The expediency of use of analogy of wheel and track movers interaction with the supporting surface is established. The research aim is to implement the possibility of simulation of power parameters of a track mover with rubber-covered caterpillars using the positions designed for movers of wheeled vehicles. It is suggested to determine an axial force in plane of contact area of track mover through the sum of products of normal responses and adhesion coefficients on slipping and idling sections of elements of contact area. The normal response in each section should be determined taking into account the variable diagram of specific normal responses. Without slipping of elements, a rectangular diagram is assumed; with full slipping, a triangle one with right angle on the rear part of contact area is assumed. A diagram is a trapezoidal in case of the intermediate slipping. It is recommended to calculate the adhesion coefficient of elements of contact area in the sliding section through the descending elliptical dependence as a function of the relative normal response on slipping section of contact area. The low value is equal to the static friction coefficient of elements without slipping, the high value is equal to the coefficient of sliding friction with full slipping. It is recommended to calculate adhesion coefficient of the idling section through the ascending elliptical dependence as a function of the relative normal response on slipping section of contact area. The low value is equal to zero without slipping, the high value is equal to the static friction coefficient in the transition to full slipping of extreme rear element. The calculated values of the axial force coefficient for track mover of John Deere 8300RT tractor with 1.91 radians of central angle of contact area are well coherent with the actual data of drawbar tests of John Deere 8310RT, 8335RT and 8360RT tractors carried out in the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The proposed simulation algorithm of power parameters of track mover could be useful when choosing the rational traction modes of tractors operation in different operating conditions.
INVESTIGATION OF STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF IMPELLERS MADE OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR DIESEL ENGINES
Authors: Netrusov A. N , Fomin V. M
Published: April 2022

The purpose of the paper is to perform a comparative analysis of the strength properties of impellers made of a composite material with strength properties of impellers made of aluminum alloy. The main method of this study is the finite element method. Pre-and post-processor Femap was used to prepare the model and process the research results. The calculations were performed using a linear solver NX Nastran. Calculations are carried out for two wheel sizes (two diameters) and two calculated cases (for maximum working angular velocity and for destructive velocity). During research stress-deformed states of impellers were obtained. Stress distribution is qualitatively identical in all design options. Redistribution of stresses in impellers due to different materials stiffness is absent. Strength factor as a result of replacement of materials for the 1st and 2nd sizes fell by 7.8 and 5 %, respectively (absolute values - 1.06 and 1.16 respectively). Stress-deformed states obtained during strength calculation can be used for the subsequent manufacture of an impeller made of an anisotropic material. The calculation of frequencies and forms of free oscillations showed a decrease in the frequencies of free vibrations of impellers made of composite material, but it should be noted that even the «lowest» frequencies have approximately twice the maximum frequencies of the working range of the turbocharger. The results of the analysis show the promise of replacing materials in order to improve reliability. Strength calculation showed the need for additional experimental studies of impellers made of composite materials.
THE IMPACT FORCED FLUID COOLING OF FRICTION PAIRS IN AUTOMOTIVE CLUTCHES ON ITS THERMAL LOAD
Authors: GORODETSKIY K. I , SHARIPOV V. M , YEVTUSHIK O. V , BERNATSKIY V. V , DMITRIYEV M. I , SHCHETININ YU. S
Published: April 2022

The article is describe the results of experimental investigations of forced fluid cooling of friction pairs in wet clutches on their thermal load. It is found that forced fluid cooling of the friction clutch can significantly increase the time of engagement and slipping in comparison with the time of operation similar couplings presently used on tractors and automobiles. It is found that at steady clutch disc temperature greatest influence parameters such as the pressure on the friction surface, the amount of cooling oil and its temperature in the inlet area of friction and has a much smaller effect change in the relative sliding speed of the rubbing surfaces. With increasing pressure on the disc friction surfaces with 0,501 to 2,82 MPa at specific consumption of oil 6,810-3 m3/(m2s) and the constant rotation frequency of 1000 min-1 a steady-state temperature is reduced by 15 % (from 143 to 125 °C). Therefore, by increasing the friction power 165 % (from 24,92 to 9,39 kW) temperature of clutch disc increases only by 75 %. With the increasing of specific oil consumption on the friction surface by 20 % (from 5,65 10-3 to 6,8 10-3 m3/(m2s)) at a pressure of 2,06 MPa and a constant speed of 1000 min-1 a steady-state temperature is reduced by 15 % (from 143 to 125 °C). The increasing in the at a speed of 100 % (from 500 to 1000 min-1) and, respectively, and friction power by 52 % (from 16,33 to 24,92 kW) at the pressure of 2,82 MPa and a permanent specific consumption of oil increases steady disk temperature by 19 % (from 122 to 145 °C). Based on the results of experimental studies found that increasing friction power per 1 kW due to the gain of a pressure on the friction surface leads to growing of friction disc temperature at the average of 4 °C, but due to the gain of disk rotation speed - at the average of 2,5 °C.
Efficiency checking of use of stiffening ribs for piston skirt of a low-sized diesel engine
Authors: Putintsev S. V , Ageev A. G
Published: April 2022

The study actuality is connected with a problem of high mechanical losses due to friction in naturally aspirated high-speed low-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines. The research aims to check the efficiency of application of an experimental piston with rigid skirt that according to preliminary data provides the decrease of mechanical losses in the cylinder-piston group. The check method consists in comparison of benchmarks of a serial piston and an experimental one. Following indices are accepted as benchmarks: the piston friction force and mechanical losses formed by its work; the temperatures in characteristic zones of the piston; the temperatures of cylinder wall and motor oil caused by the piston friction; the moment of resistance to turning of crankshaft of installation with piston in the cylinder. The comparison is made by means of both modeling and experiments on a model installation designed on the base of 1Ch 85/80 (TMZ-450D) low-sized diesel engine. The comparison objects are a serial piston of diesel engine and an experimental piston with improved rigidity of skirt provided by special stiffening ribs joining the skirt wall with piston bosses. The results of modeling show the advantage of the experimental piston over serial one by signs of decrease of mechanical losses by 4%, of skirt wear by 33%, of temperatures of combustion chamber center and piston top edge accordingly by 5 and 10%. The experimental check allows to establish that the experimental piston with other equal conditions of turning without compression, combustion and cooling provides the decrease in the moment of resistance to turning by 3%, in temperatures of cylinder wall by 9% and motor oil by 6%. The results of comparative modeling and experiment highlight the certain prospect of substitution of serial piston for the experimental one, which is caused by possibility of significant decrease of temperature of the piston top and mechanical losses.
THE ESTIMATION OF CONSTRUCTION AND PARAMETERS FOR CAREFUL LOADING OF CABBAGE HEADS BY MACHINE-HARVESTING
Authors: Alatyrev S. S , Cruchinkina I. S , Yurkin A. P , Alatyrev A. S
Published: April 2022

When cabbage is traditionally machine-cleaned, its heads are mechanically damaged to a considerable extent, which reduces their shelf life during storage. The bulk of the damage is attributed to the processes of shipment of the heads to the body of the vehicle in bulk and unloading it when laying cabbage for storage in the coats. In existing designs and well-known works, no practical solutions were found, which could be realized with maximum efficiency in harvesting cabbage. In this regard, the aim of the study is to substantiate the design and basic parameters of the device for the careful shipment of cabbage heads during machine harvesting. For this purpose, a new method for machine harvesting cabbage is proposed (patent RF 2554403), where, unlike the traditional method, the head is first shipped in a sparing mode on a flexible trough-shaped flooring installed on a special rack above the detachable containers in the body of the accompanying vehicle. Then the heads from the flooring are gently transferred to containers for subsequent storage in them. The efficiency of the use of the proposed device and the degree of reduction of head damage in the process of shipment depends on its design and correct justification of the parameters. The nature of the flow of the process of shipment of heads is essentially dependent on the type of sagging curve of the trough-like form of the flooring. For the purpose of substantiating the design and parameters of the device for careful shipment of cabbage heads during machine cleaning, a mathematical model of the construction is proposed, using which the necessary parameters of the proposed device are determined.
METHOD OF IMPROVING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A GAS ENGINE, DEVELOPED ON THE BASE OF A DIESEL ENGINE
Authors: FOMIN V. M , GUSAROV V. V , LATYSHEV A. P
Published: April 2022

Methane, as an alternative to traditional motor fuels, is the most perspective for the incoming decades of the current century. The most widely spread method of the modification of diesel engines for operating with methane is a conversion of a basic model by changing both the way of ignition - compulsory spark ignition instead of self-ignition by compression, and the method of power control - quantitative, with the help of a throttle in case of a gas version, instead of qualitative in a diesel version. The main task of such conversion is to achieve the best possible energy and economic performance of the engine. Moreover, the peculiarity of the operation procedure of the gas engine, the necessity to avoid detonation combustion, should be taken into account. Consequently, in the process of converting a diesel engine into a gas one manufacturers have to decrease both the compression ratio and boost pressure, which leads to decline in engine efficiency. The authors found out, that there is a potential possibility to achieve much better eco-nomic and power characteristics of gas engines by applying Miller cycle to the operation procedure. In this case it becomes possible having very high geometric compression ratio and corresponding high val-ues of gas expansion to obtain relatively low values of actual compression ratio. This is the value that can lead to detonation combustion. The program of calculating the characteristics of operation procedure of Miller-cycle gas engines was worked out. The authors suggested a system of calculation, according to which detonation behavior is estimated on the basis of actual data of a particular model of the engine. Due to such analyses of the particular model of the engine we found out actual maximum values of compression pressure and compression temperature, which do not lead to the onset of detonation. So it may be stated that the parameter value that significantly increases the overall efficiency of the Miller-cycle gas engine, created on the base of Kamaz engines, is found.
Effectiveness of protection of mobile power unit cab from direct solar radiation
Authors: Polivaev O. I , Zhuravets I. B , Manoylina S. Z , Teslenko I. S
Published: April 2022

For normalization of microclimate in the cabs of mobile power units, it is necessary to introduce a particular technology of solar protection. The modern cabs have a high degree of light transmission, which enables intensive irradiation of operator on all sides. It results in a hyperthermia leading to the adverse health consequences for operator. The insolation flow also has impact on the electronic equipment, plastic parts and various elements of the cab. The applied means of protection, such as tinted glasses, films, covers and curtains, could not completely solve the problem. The study aim is the analysis of intensity of insolation, assessment of its value in form of quantitative characteristics, and search of the ways of its neutralization by acceptable technical means. One of the rational means limiting the impact of insolation flow is the use of blinds. The blinds designed according to the proposed scheme are able to limit significantly the direct solar flux, providing simultaneously an acceptable visibility during the movement of mobile power unit. This is achieved by the positioning of slats of blinds in the direction of sighting lines at different angles. The major efficiency characteristic of blinds is the transmission bandwidth of direct beams. It shows the design efficiency and allows to quantify the value of transmitted solar flux. For assessment, the geometric approach is proposed. The quantitative relationships received in the course of calculations are compared with experimental geometrical measurements, having a very close convergence of numerical results. The evaluation of blinds effectiveness is presented in form of the protection factor indicating the value of reduction of direct insolation. The proposed protection has a high efficiency and reduces the direct insolation by 1,75-170 times.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE REGULARITIES CHARACTERIZING THE PROCESS OF DIRECT HARVESTING OF CEREALS WITH THE FORMATION OF A HIGH-STEEP WEDGE IN THE HARVESTER TRACK
Authors: Lovchikov A. P , Lovchikov V. P , Pozdeev E. A
Published: April 2022

The article deals with the process of direct combining of grain crops with the formation of a high-steep wedge in the track of the combine. The scheme of differentiation of the stubble height along the width of harvester of combine threshing during harvesting of grain crops by direct combining is given. Regularities characterizing the change in the threshing capacity and working speed of the combine harvester, depending on the technological properties of grain crops, are presented. A relationship is revealed between the height of the stubble, the loss of grain behind the combine and the straw content of the bread mass. Graphical interpretation of these dependencies shows that the loss of grain behind the combine can be reduced by changing the straw content of the bread mass by increasing the cutting height of productive plants during the harvesting of cereals. The maximum allowable height of stubble in the track of the combine is substantiated, the limiting value of which is determined by the height of the stalk of cereals during harvesting by direct combining. In addition, the relationship between the maximum permissible height of stubble in the harvester track and the parameters characterizing the kinematic regime of the header, the height of the knife setting and the stalk of grain crops was revealed. With direct combining, the working speed of the combine is determined not only by the rational loading of the thresher, but also by ensuring the required quality of grain mowing, on which the loss of grain due to the header is dependent. Proceeding from this situation in the course of theoretical research, regularities that characterize changes in the maximum permissible stubble height during harvesting of grain crops by direct combining with the formation of a high-steep wedge in the track of the combine are obtained. The correlation between the straw capacity of grain, the technical and operational parameters, the operating conditions of the combine and header, and the technological properties of cereals is determined. On the basis of the analytical dependencies characterizing the change in grain losses behind the combine from the parameters of the straw content of the bread mass and the height of the stubble of cereal crops, a system of equations was obtained by means of which the relationship between the height of the stubble of cereals and the straw capacity of the bread mass was determined. Theoretical studies substantiate the relationship between the technological parameters of stubble crops and the operational parameters of the combine and header. The obtained regularities testify to the complex character of the course of the harvesting process of grain crops with the formation of a high-steep wedge in the track of the combine.
The method of constructing the diagrams of tangential stresses in the contact zone of an axle wheel with soil
Authors: Godzhaev Z. A , Rusanov A. V , Revenko V. Yu
Published: April 2022

The process of interaction of the driving wheels of mobile energy resources with soil is considered. A computational and experimental method is proposed for plotting the shear stresses in the contact zone of the skid wheel with a supporting surface, based on the use of normal stresses obtained for specific ground conditions. The character of the interaction of the driving wheel of the tractor with various types of supporting base has been studied in detail: a dirt road, stubble, a field prepared for sowing. It is revealed that, contrary to the generally accepted ideas, the slipping wheel has practically no adhesion zone in the contact spot. After touching the tiller of the supporting surface, it immediately begins to shift backward. Therefore, when calculating the shear stresses in the contact spot of the skid wheel with the support, it is more correct to assume that the shift of the elementary points increases as they move away from the entrance to the contact zone and depends on the amount of slippage. When rolling the drive wheel, even with a slight slippage on the deformable surface, there is practically no bonding zone at the point of contact between the two contacting bodies (the tire and the ground). On the surface of the soil, normal stresses reach their maximum, gradually decreasing with increasing depths of its layers. With a slight slipping (up to 10 %), the maximum tangential stresses occur at the back of the contact spot - in the zone of the largest shear deformations of the soil. As the traction load increases, the tangential contact stresses are shifted to the center of the contact patch - to the zone where the deformations of the soil did not exceed the optimum level characteristic for each specific soil type. Thus, the elongation of the tire contact patch is effectively up to a certain level limited by the limiting values of shear deformation of the soil above which the tangential stresses cease to grow and even begin to decline for most types of cohesive soils. It was found that an excessive increase in shear deformation of the soil at slippage leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the wheeled propulsor.
How to effectively influence the soil during surface treatment
Authors: Rudenko N. E
Published: April 2022

Surface treatment includes soil presowing, steam, inter-row cultivation and is performed by cultivators or combined u machines. The applied working organs carry out one-way free action on the soil. This leads to a displacement, discarding of soil sections in one or different directions, depending on the shape of the flat surface of the working organ. The resistance associated with discarding the soil, giving kinetic energy is in a quadratic dependence on the speed S of the working movement. Therefore, most often there is a restriction not exceeding 12 km/h, thereby restraining ^ productivity growth. The absence of counteraction does not allow providing a high degree of crumbling and leveling of the soil surface. That is why when surface processing of soil in combination with soil cultivating paws discs, harrows, equalizers, rollers of different modifications on cultivators are installed. They carry out soil re-grinding and О leveling the surface. However, this significantly increases the specific material consumption of soil cultivating units. ^ It for some of them reaches 300-400 kg/m. This is an additional material and financial costs, in addition, there is a О reconsolidation of the soil, deterioration of conditions for the growth and development of plants. It is necessary to 1 analyze and test different ways of affecting the soil: multidirectional, constrained and concentrated. It has been established that in order to improve the quality of the surface treatment of soil, it is necessary to use a multidirectional, constrained or concentrated effect, using innovative technical solutions of soil cultivating working organs. As a result, stabilization of the depth of processing is ensured, removal of moist soil on the day surface is excluded, productivity is increased and energy costs are reduced.
The device for automatic locking of inter-wheel differential of wheeled tractor
Authors: Laubach V. P , Gerashchenko V. V , Kovalenko N. A
Published: April 2022

The efficient operation of the wheeled tractor is largely determined by such operating property as permeability. To increase it, the automatic interlock differential locking systems are used, which block it only when the wheeled tractor turns, and in case of rectilinear motion the differential is in the unlocked state. This reduces the permeability of the wheeled tractor in severe road conditions with its rectilinear movement. The authors propose an automatic device for locking and unlocking an inter-wheel differential operating on the basis of a generalized information parameter-the difference in the frequencies of rotation of the driving wheels of one axis when the tractor moves both in straight run and during turning. It consists of a device switch, a clutch with friction discs to lock the differential; Hydraulic actuation of its operation, consisting of a tank, a pump, a reducing valve, an electromagnetic two-position spool with a winding; two speed sensors of the first and second driving wheels; adder with two inputs and an output, inputs connected to the first and second speed sensors; amplifier output connected to the coil of the spool. When it reaches the set difference of speeds of the wheels of the drive axle is generated a control voltage which is amplified and fed to the winding spool. Moving, it ensures the inclusion of the differential lock. When the difference in the rotational speeds of the driving wheels is reduced to zero, the inter-wheel differential is automatically unlocked. The use of the developed device for automatic control of interlocking and unlocking of the inter-wheel differential, in comparison with the known, provides increased permeability of the wheeled tractor.
Effective use of biohydrocarbon fuel compositions in the energy complex of the agroindustrial complex
Authors: Fomin V. M , Abu-Nidzhim R. KH
Published: April 2022

The problem of searching for alternative ways of power supply for the transport and technological complex of the agroindustrial complex is discussed. The ecological and economic expediency of the transfer of agricultural machinery (mainly diesel) to supply by fuel produced from biomass is substantiated. It is noted that the large-scale use of biological energy as the main motor fuel for diesel engines is hampered by a significant difference in their physicochemical properties from the properties of traditional hydrocarbon fuels. One of the alternative solutions to the problem is the use of energy biological products as an additive to the base hydrocarbon fuel. At the same time, the most acceptable physicochemical properties of a two-component fuel, meeting the requirements of efficient organization of the working process of a diesel engine are provided by appropriate choice of the value of this additive. The paper suggests a technique for optimizing the component composition of binary fuel, which provides the utmost possible improvement of the economic and environmental performance of an engine running on this fuel. A method for improving the combustion performance of biohydrocarbon fuels based on the use of chemical activation agents is methodologically substantiated. Results of experimental approbation of a set of proposed measures for improving binary fuel parameters in conditions of full-scale tests on the engine are presented. Based on the results of the conducted study, it is concluded that the proposed concept of the method aimed at improving the indicators of binary biohydrocarbon fuels can be attributed to one of the promising directions in the field of actively developing bioener-gy. The use of such fuels makes it possible to convert almost any serial engine into a competitive power plant with higher environmental and economic performance compared to engines running on traditional petroleum fuels. In its key basis, the method is aimed at an efficient and cost-effective solution of urgent problems of energy conservation and raising the level of environmental and fuel and energy security in the environment of agricultural production.
Adjustment characteristics of the diesel engine operating on natural gas
Authors: Likhanov V. A , Grebnev A. V , Skryabin M. L , Toropov A. E
Published: April 2022

The article presents adjustment characteristics of the diesel engine in terms of the fuel injection advance angle during gas-diesel process operation. Currently the problem of reducing production costs is relevant for many producers. In the agricultural industry a considerable cost item consist of fuel costs for mobile energy vehicle. One way to reduce these costs is using of alternative cheaper fuel types. The natural gas is one of such fuels. The most common type of engine in agriculture is a diesel. In spite of the large number of conducted works to convert diesel engines to natural gas, the question of conversion high-powered low-dimension diesel engines has not been sufficiently investigated. As an object of research D-245.7 (4CHN11/12,5) was chosen. The conversion of diesel engine to gas-diesel process is the purpose of an investigation. One of the stages of the research was conducting bench tests with taking adjustment characteristics of the fuel injection advance angle. As a result of bench tests the parameters of combustion process, characteristics of heat emission, effective indicators of the diesel engine at various values of the fuel injection advance angle during work on diesel and gas-diesel processes are determined. The main following conclusions are: 1) during the diesel engine’s operation on the gas-diesel process an increase of temperature, pressure, the rate of pressure rise in cylinder are observed; 2) the power parameters of diesel engine during the work on gas-diesel process are completely preserved; 3) under such conversion the diesel engine to natural gas one of recommendations is a reduction of the fuel injection advance angle.
Prerequisites for the creation of an integrated system for leveling and cushioning framework of combine harvesters
Authors: Sirotin P. V , Zhileykin M. M , Sapegin A. G , Zlenko S. V
Published: April 2022

This review-analytical article is devoted to the definition and justification of promising areas of modern combine-building. The paper presents an analysis of studies conducted in Russia and abroad, on the effect of the bias of soil preparation on one of the most important indicators of the efficiency of the operation of combine harvesters-total grain losses. To ensure a given efficiency of work on the slopes, the need to use special combines or to make changes to the existing ones is shown. The classification of combine harvesters is given depending on the suitability for work in fields with a slope. For each of the selected groups, a detailed analysis of their structures is carried out, distinctive features are identified, and mechanisms and systems are determined that ensure a reduction in grain losses of the combine harvester on soil preparation with complex terrain. The main reasons for the widespread use of such systems are identified. Based on the experimental data obtained during field testing of combine harvesters, the level of dynamic loads acting on their frameworks is shown. Spectral analysis of the acting accelerations on the adapter, arms of front and rear double-reduction axles are carried out. Based on the analysis the main frequencies at which the loads are formed are identified. The need for the introduction of suspension systems, which could also perform the function of leveling framework and facilitate the process of copying the topography of the soil preparation with a header is explained. A dynamic model of a combine harvester with a system of leveling and cushioning is presented, arguments are given for the creation and implementation of such systems. Conclusions are drawn and directions for further research on the development of multifunctional systems for individual implementations of combine harvesters working on soil preparation with complex terrain and having a competitive level of operational properties are determined.
Simulation of the process of shipping and stowing cabbage in containers with gentle machine-harvesting regime of cabbage
Authors: Alatyrev S. S , Kruchinkina I. S , Alatyrev A. S , Yurkin A. P
Published: April 2022

During traditional machine cleaning cabbages are mechanically damaged to a considerable extent. In this regard, a new method of machine cleaning is proposed, which allows to significantly reduce their damageability. In it, unlike the traditional method, the heads are first shipped in a gentle manner to a flexible trough floor, mounted on a special S rack on the vehicle platform, and then manually transferred into containers. The intensity of the process of shifting cabbage heads from the decking to the containers increases with the increase in the number of attendants on the back __ of the accompanying vehicle. However, the number of them should be as small as possible in order to reduce the labor _j costs for this operation. In addition, the number of jobs on the body of the accompanying vehicle is limited by its size. < For these reasons, the purpose of the study is to justify the required number of personnel involved in rearranging the С cabbage heads from the flooring into containers. In support of the number of personnel, this process is considered as s a multi-channel queuing system with failures. As a result, the essence of the occurring phenomena is described and ^ it is established with a quantitative enough connection for the practical accuracy between the characteristics of the i_ cabbage flow coming from the elevator to the flooring and the number of maintenance personnel shifting them into □_ containers. Modeling of the process of shipment and packing of cabbage in containers with sparing mode of machine О harvesting of cabbage based on the theory of mass service is carried out. The presented methodology and results of , calculations can be taken as a basis for justifying the number of personnel in the proposed method of machine har- < vesting of cabbage.
Rational compositions of the machine and tractor fleet on the basis of a universal power facility
Authors: Goryachev Yu. O , Bur'yanov A. I , Dmitrenko A. I
Published: April 2022

Agriculture in Russia is characterized by a wide range of soil-climatic and production conditions. This causes a huge variety of crop rotations, farm sizes, technologies used, types and amounts of work, which in turn determines the structure and composition of the machine and tractor fleet. Scientific and technological progress makes it possible to achieve ever greater universalization and multifunctionality, not only in the construction of agricultural machinery and implements, but also recently in the designs of energy facilities. Promising is the creation of a universal energy means able to perform the full complex of works on tillage, planting, cultivation and harvesting of crops that will improve their annual load and efficiency. However, for the introduction of advanced technology into production operation, it is neces-sary to conduct its comprehensive technological and technical and economic assessment at all stages of design. For this purpose, the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Agrarian Science Center «Don-skoy» carried out calculations to determine fleet sizes of three standard model farms representing the regions of the south of Russia (the Rostov Region, Krasnodar and Stavropol Regions) with different ver-sions of their configuration. The sets of aggregates of machine-tractor fleets were considered: on the basis of only a universal power facility that performs the entire range of works in field cultivation; on the basis of serial production only; with a combination on the basis of a universal power facility and serial equip-ment of various types and brands. It is established that the use of aggregates on the basis of a universal energy source combined with aggregates based on traditional mobile power engineering will reduce the direct operating costs for mechanized works by 8...27 %, increase net discounted income by 11...13 %. The subject of the study are the compositions of the machine and tractor fleet for various production con-ditions and options for completing.
Creating a domestic caterpillar tractor for modern agricultural production
Authors: Sharipov V. M , Izmaylov A. Yu , Dorokhov A. S , Fedotkin R. S , Kryuchkov V. A , Esenovskiy-Lashkov M. Yu , Ovchinnikov E. V
Published: April 2022

The generated deficit in the last decades of universal tractors and tractors for the arable farming which belongs to the class 2…3, produced during the times of the USSR in the countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, as well as the problems of agricultural production created conditions for intensive expansion by foreign companies which are actively conquering the domestic market. However, the foreign samples have a high cost with a low adaptation to the conditions of the regions of the Russian Federation and the lack of proper service maintenance. The question of the necessity to create the domestic universal caterpillar tractor was raised in the article, and the prerequisites for its creation are propounded. The necessity to expand the scope of application the tractor was discussed. The tractor’s potential competitive advantages in comparison with foreign analogues are pointed out, including the aggregation with a wide range of machines and implements, adjustable track, the ability to move along the different types of roads, improved maneuverability, economy and environmental friendliness, the possibility of stepless speed regulation and etc. The assumed technical solutions for the main units and systems of the tractor are described, including a power unit with an adaptation system for operation on liquefied hydrocarbon gas; transmission, containing a full-flow hydrostatic transmission or a double-flow hydrovolume-mechanical transmission with the drive to each side, as well as the drive of power takeoff shafts (front, rear and side); frame; all-season ecologically safe caterpillar chassis with rubber-reinforced tracks and elements of the caterpillar track on the basis of polymer-composite materials; a modern and comfortable cabin with a steering column. The prospective indicators of economic efficiency from the application of the tractor, as well as the prospects of further equipping the tractor with remote and autonomous control systems are pointed out.
The method for calculating the traction resistance of a flat disk
Authors: Akimov A. P , Konstantinov Yu. V
Published: April 2022

Scuffler with flat discs are widely used in areas, which are subject to wind erosion of soils, to cover moisture on the stubble fields. Flat discs do not wrap the layers they remove, but only loosen them, shifting them aside. It is preferable to use such scrapers during presowing tillage and on steam, since in this case there is less sputtering of the soil, and its lower (moist) layers are not carried to the surface. Therefore, many industrially manufactured scufflers are equipped with flat discs, and the task of constructing a mathematical model for the interaction of such discs with soil is topical. Many mathematical models of the disc-soil interaction, taking into account the distribution of soil reaction forces on the disk, have been proposed, but all these models were constructed assuming that the disk is moving in its plane. Therefore, they are not applicable to the disk of a lakeshield moving with a non-zero angle of attack in the soil. The purpose of this work is to construct a mathematical model that allows calculating the traction resistance of a disk moving with a given angle of attack. The basic assumptions made in the construction of this model: the speed of the translational movement of the disk and its depth are constant; friction in the disk bearing can be neglected; the soil pressure on the lateral surface of the disc and the force of the soil reactions per unit length of its blade can be replaced by their mean values. An explicit expression is obtained for the traction resistance of a disk of a scuffler moving with an angle of attack, depending on its relative depth, the angle of attack, and the empirical coefficients. The adequacy of the constructed mathematical model is confirmed by comparison with known experimental data. It makes it possible to significantly reduce the number of full-scale experiments on the study of the interaction of flat discs of a scuffler with the soil, replacing them with computational ones, and reasonably carry out power and strength calculations of such discs. In addition, it can be used to optimize the parameters of the flat discs of the scuffler.