bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Preparation Technology of SnO2 Nanowires Based on the System of Al-SnO-Cu2O
Authors: Li Jun Shou , Wu Xiao Juan , Wang Ming Yuan , Zhao Fang
Published: November 2014

Aluminum powder, stannous oxide powder and cuprous oxide powder are used for the preparation of tin oxide nanostructure in combustion synthesis-injection method with the formula designed using combinatorial chemistry method. The composition range of tin oxide nanostructure synthesis has been studied and the best formula of tin oxide nanowires synthesis has been screened. The research shows that the effective ingredient scope of tin oxide nanostructure is Al=30%~60%, CuO2=10%~50%, SnO=20% ~50% (mol), the main form of tin oxide nanostructure is nanowire and there are also forms such as nanorod, nanoparticle and nanobelt. The formula of tin oxide nanowire which leads to high yield, high purity and high conversion is Al:SnO:Cu2O=4:2:4(mol), the diameter of the tin oxide nanowires is within the range of 10~100 nm and most of them is from 40 to 60 nm, the highest conversion rate of SnO powder to SnO2 nanowire is 25.6%(mass), the tin oxide nanostructure synthesized by combustion synthesis-injection method has high purity, good dispensability, low preparation cost and it is also suitable for mass production.
Impact of the Mineral Composition and Sintering Temperature on the Synthesis of Anorthite Ceramics
Authors: Zhang Xiao Guang , Li Lei , Huang Zhao Hui , Fang Ming Hao , Wu Xiao Wen , Liu Yan Gai
Published: November 2014

Anorthite good sintering properties and strength, there promotion prospects in oil and gas fields in the ceramic proppant fracturing. In this experiment, fly ash, coal and limestone as raw materials by high-temperature reaction sintering ceramics, Explore mineral composition, the sintering temperature of the final preparation phase of the resulting composition and physical properties of the impact, better product performance obtained at 1250 °C.
The Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Concentration on the Synthesis of Tris-acetylacetonate-iridium(III)
Authors: Xu Guang , Hu Jin , Wang Yu Tian
Published: November 2014

Iridium trichloride hydrate and acetyl acetone were used as raw materials, Tris – acetylacetonate - iridium (III) was synthesis by the method of solutions - precipitating method. Composition and structure of obtained organic complex were investigated by means of Elemental Analysis, IR, 1HNMR and UV-vis. Effect of sodium bicarbonate solution concertation on the synthesis yield also been studied. The results demonstrated that two oxygen atoms in acetyl acetone form chelated hexatomic ring with iridium ions. The highest yield was 19.9% when the concentration of sodium bicarbonate was 0.56mol/l.
Preparation and Properties of YAG Powder and Porous Ceramics
Authors: Zhao Wen Bo , Liang Xin , Hu Fa Mei , You Liang Liang , Ma Bo Feng , Wang Ruo Lan , Liu Hong Ying , Yang Guo Sheng , Tan Bin , Song Jie Guang , Wang Fang , Chen Fei
Published: November 2014

Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) with a chemical composition of Y3Al5O12 is an important advanced structural and functional material.The preparation conditions were a pH of 9, a titration rate of 10ml/minute and a reaction time of 60 minutes. The analysis shows that the YAG precursor does not have an obvious characteristic crystalline diffraction peak, the characteristic diffraction peak of YAG was found after the calcination of the YAG precursor at 1100¡æ for 1 hour, the characteristic diffraction peak of YAG is strong, which indicates that the YAG crystalline phase is integrated and pure. The pore microstructure of porous YAG ceramics marked differed with an increase in the sintering temperature, the compressure strength of porous YAG ceramics is increased with an increase in the sintering temperature, the compressure strength shows the opposite rule with the prosity, which indicaties the mechanical properties of materials are effacted with the densification effect of materials.
Influence of Li, Al Substitution for Mn on Crystal Structure and Electrochemical Performance of Li1+xMn2-x-yAlyO4 Cathode Materials
Authors: Luo Fei , Zhang Lin , Li Zhi Dan , Wang Jian Hua , Guo Yu Zhong
Published: November 2014

Li1+xMn2-x-yAlyO4cathode materials were prepared via co-precipitation route; and the crystalline structures, morphologies and electrochemical performance of the prepared powder samples are characterized by XRD, SEM, Galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling. Experimental results show that Li, Al co-substitution significantly enforces the crystalline structures and improves the cycle stability of LiMn2O4materials, and Li1.1Mn1.805Al0.095O4exhibits promising electrochemical performance.
The Particle Size Control of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Silica by Surfactant-Mediated Assembly of Silsesquioxane
Authors: Chen Wei Ying , Wei Qi , Liu Ya Jun , Li Qun Yan
Published: November 2014

Organic-inorganic hybrid silica were prepared via surfactant-mediated assembly of 1,2-bis (triethoxysilyl) ethane in a modified stöber process. Factors that affect the size of silica particles were investigated in detail. It is found that larger silica spheres are obtained under lower surfactant concentration, higher ammonia concentration and lower synthesis temperature; The size and dispersibility of silica particles also depend strongly on the amount of water in the mixture.
The Effect of Norcantharidin on Proliferation and Invasiveness of SW579 Cell
Authors: Xu Song Tao , Cheng Qi , Rao Shu Mei
Published: November 2014

To explore the effect of Norcantharidin on the biological behavior of SW579 cells. The method of MTT is used to detect the inhibition of Norcantharidin with different concentration on the proliferation of SW579 cells. Transwll assay detects the inhibition of cantharidin on the invasiveness of SW579 cells. And ELISA assay detects the related invasion protein MMP2. ELISA method is used to detect VEGF expression level, and to study the inhibition of cantharidin on the angiogenesis. MTT results indicate that cantharidin has inhibition effects on the proliferation of SW579 cell, and with the increase of concentration, the inhibition effects are enhanced. Transwll assay and ELISA assay indicates that cantharidin has inhibition effects on the invasiveness of SW579 cell. The results of VEGF suggest that cantharidin has inhibition effects on angiogenesis.
Evolution Profile for Assessing Drug-Induced Arrhythmia Using Multifunctional Cardiomyocyte-Based Biosensor
Authors: Wang Tian Xing , Su Kai Qi , Hu Ning , Wang Ping
Published: November 2014

In vitro rapid cell-based bioassay is one of the effective methods to evaluate cardio-myocyte function by characteristics of beating rate, contractility, and toxicity. In this study, rapid profile assessing drug-induced arrhythmia was studied by treating cardiomyocyte-based biosensor with some drugs, which resulted in compound-specific changes in the cardiomyocyte beating evolution profiles and growth evolution profiles. Also, rapid profile assessment of cardiomyocyte-based biosensor was also determined by several types of compoundsFrom the compound experiment results, cardiomyocyte-based biosensor with real-time cell analysis technology can monitor the cardiomyocyte beating status in a non-invasive way and indicate the potential of drug-induced arrhythmia.
Preparation of Aluminum Nitride Whiskers
Authors: Sui Xue Ye , Xu Jie , Li Han , Xu Hong Zhao , Wang Chong Hai , Zhou Chang Ling , Liu Rui Xiang
Published: November 2014

Aluminum nitride whiskers have excellent characteristics, not only can be used in the high heat conductivity for the preparation of a new composite, but also can be used as a reinforcing agent for the preparation of a new composite toughened. Using wet, melamine, and aluminum nitrate as raw material, aluminum nitride whiskers precursor are prepared and pure aluminum nitride whiskers can be obtained by nitrogen and carbon removal processes. This kind of aluminum nitride whiskers possess smooth surface, uniform length, straight whisker, and a long cylindrical structure with a diameter of 4-6 μm and a length diameter ratio of 40-100.
A Noise Removal Method in Measurement of Particle Size Distribution by the Shifrin-Transform
Authors: Han Yue , Yang Zong Ling , Yuan Yin Nan , Dai Bing
Published: November 2014

In actual measurement of particle size distribution by the Shifrin-transform, many noises are easily misread as distribution peaks, and bring serious difficulties to the measurement. The purpose of this paper is to find a method of removing these noises to improve existing technology. By analyzing the source of these noises, we found these noises are mainly caused by the serious large angle data loss, and then propose a compensation function in the Shifrin-transform to remove these noises. Simulations explain that the method has a good effect. The method is actually tested for the sample particles of the unimodal and bimodal distribution by experiments. The result shows that the noises disappear but the number and location of original distribution peaks aren’t affected after using the compensate function. So this method can remove effectively noises and restore accurately original distribution in the measurement.
Straw Bale: An Innovative Sustainable Material in Construction
Authors: Chaussinand Adrien
Published: November 2014

It is around 10 years that the straw buildings have reappeared on the Europe construction market. Often self-built, these buildings sometimes made only with straw bales and soil aroused interest for their energy and sustainability performance. As there is no feedback existing on this kind of “alternative” construction, it is necessary to verify if straw bale buildings performances can meet today's energy requirements. The purpose of this study is to analyze different aspects of the thermal and energy performance of these buildings using the example of ECO46, an administrative load bearing straw bale building in Lausanne (Switzerland). The conductivity and heat capacity of the straw material were investigated through literature review to find a range of possibilities. Subsequently a dynamic thermal model was created, using the extracted thermal properties, by means of Pleiades+Comfie software. The model was calibrated against two sets of measurements in summer and winter. The results permit to compare the consumption of this building with some standard administrative Swiss buildings. Finally, life cycle assessment (LCA) of ECO46 using SimaPro software was carried out to show the evolution of energy consumption from a building constructed in 1975 to the current construction and to evaluate the main environmental impacts of straw bale building. The result shows that straw bale buildings could be a sustainable solution in the future of construction for its low embodied energy level and its excellent thermal performance if it is well built.
Fundamental Parameters of Heat and Moisture Transfer for Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Authors: Liuzzi Stefania , Stefanizzi P.
Published: November 2014

Heat and moisture transfer in a room is critical for the indoor comfort.This first chapter introduces the basic concepts of heat and moisture transfer in buildings, dealing with the main theoretic fundamentals.It focuses on the most common parameters, used to analyze heat and moisture transfer in buildings.Furthermore this section takes into account a numerical model to calculate the simultaneous heat and moisture transfer in building materials.It is demonstrated that both the microstructure and physical parameters, e.g. density and porosity, may influence greatly the hygrothermal behaviour of the building materials. This is the reason why this chapter also gives prominence to the porous materials.
Energy Efficient Techniques for Construction: Planning of a Sustainable Community
Authors: Rakesh K.S. , Devaki M.P.
Published: November 2014

Energy conservation is one of the critical issues facing society today. Our civilization depends on energy for its sustenance. However, energy resources are finite and the ever increasing demands being made for diminishing supplies increases the cost of energy putting it beyond the reach of a large part of society. Renewable energy concepts for new communities offer exciting possibilities for new forms of living. Since India is blessed with abundant sunshine, we can plan and organize our settlements for utilizing renewable energy resources and implementing innovative concepts for shelter, transportation, etc.
Synthesis and Photo-Catalytic Performance of ZnO/Graphene Composites
Authors: Li Cai Xia , Zhang Xiao Dong , Jiang Dan Yu , Li Qiang
Published: November 2014

Zinc acetate dehydrate and Graphene oxide (GO) were employed as raw materials, the ZnO/Graphene composites were simply and quickly synthesized by solvothermal reaction at 180°C for 12 h. The phase structure and morphologies of the as-obtained composites were characterized and observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Using RhB solution simulated dye wastewater, the composites’ photo-catalytic performance were preliminary tested and observed with the visible light irradiation. The results indicated that the concentrations of zinc acetate and the mass ratio of zinc acetate dihydratio and graphene oxide all had an impact on the photo-degradation rate. The photo-degradation rate of the composites prepared with the concentrations of zinc acetate of 0.01 mol/L was higher than that of zinc acetate of 0.001 mol/L. The mass ratio of zinc acetate dehydratio and graphene oxide of 4:1 was higher than that of 8:1.
Characterization of Co-Modified γ-Fe2O3 Based Composite Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Jun Ming , Li Jian , Chen Long Long , Gong Xiao Min , Mao Hong
Published: November 2014

During the synthesis of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles using a chemically-induced transition in a FeCl2 solution, Co-surface modification was attempted by adding Co (NO3)2 and NaOH to the solution. The magnetization behaviors, morphologies, crystal structure, and chemical compositions of the as-prepared samples were characterized using vibrating sample magnetometry, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-prepared particles consisted of γ-Fe2O3/CoFe2O4 composite crystallite and a CoCl2·6H2O coating. The molar, mass and volume ratios of the phases were estimated from the characterization results for each sample. The Co-modified γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles’ anisotropic constant is approximately 1.48×10-1 J/cm3. Their coercivity depends on the size of composite crystallites, which is based on the γ-Fe2O3/CoFe2O4 content rather than the Co content.
Performance and Phase Behavior of Quartz-Aluminum Matrix Composites
Authors: Liang Jing , Huang Zhao Hui , Chen Kai , Li Xiao Chao , Fang Ming Hao , Liu Yan Gai , Wu Xiao Wen
Published: November 2014

The performance and phase behavior of Quartz - Aluminum Matrix Composites at different temperatures were studied. Quartz aluminum matrix composites were prepared by powder metallurgy method. At the temperature that was less than 660.4°C(the melting point of aluminum), a portion of quartz was happened decomposition and revivification to silicon, most aluminum still existed in the form of metal aluminum. All quartz were happened at the temperature that was higher than 660.4°C. When the temperature is 700°C, the compressive strength of S5(added 40% quartz) is up to 46.02MP. The higher the value of compressive strength was, the less the amount of quartz were happened decomposition. At the temperature more than the melting point of aluminum, Quartz was revivification to silicon, aluminum is oxidized to Al2O3. When the amount of silica exceeded 10%, the mechanical properties of composites declined consequently.
Preparation and Property of the Steel Fiber Concrete Modified by Acrylic Acid Emulsion
Authors: Xia Huan Huan , Chen Zhi Gang , Zhou Jing
Published: November 2014

Grounding net is necessary to ensure the security of electrical equipment and personal safety for the high voltage transmission tower. The grounding resistance under power frequency of the grounding net must meet the national standard. The normal resistance-reducing agents show conductivity instability, short service life and poor water-retaining property. The conductive concrete is capable of good permeability, water-retaining property and conductivity. While there is an contradiction between the high mechanical strength and good conductivity. In this paper, the acrylic acid emulsion is used to increase the adhesion stress between the steel fibers and the concrete.
Structural and Mineralogical Characterization of Green Nephrite in Hetian, Xinjiang, China
Authors: Shi Miao , Yu Bing Song , Guo Ying , Yuan Ye , Ng Yi Nok
Published: November 2014

The green Hetian nephrite, which has delicate textures, spinach-like green and less cracks, contains three types of aggregates: primary nephrite, placer nephrite and Gobi nephrite. The deposits were located in the south part of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China. In the orebodies of the deposits, primary nephrites occurr as veins or lenses along faults or fissures of adjacent ultramafic rocks. Samples with fine-grained and felted cohesive textures were collected from Hetian-Yutian County, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, its mineralogical characteristics, H-O isotopic characteristics and forming mechanism have been discussed by means of SEM, EPMA, XRD, IR spectrum, Raman spectrum, DTA and TG study, and H-O isotope study. Microscopic observation and SEM show that green nephrite has interlocking-felted cryptocrystalline blastic texture with fine topography and high compactness. Tremolite, as a main mineral composition of the green nephrite, has high amounts of Si, Ca, and Mg; it turns into actinolite with the help of increasingly large amount of Fe. XRD, IR spectrum and Raman spectrum identified the occurrence of accessory minerals of chromite, chlorite, serpentine, clinopyroxene and apatite. DTA study demonstrates that the structure of tremolite was destroyed at 900 – 1100°C, while TG study demonstrates the tremolite has such little water that it lost only 0.89 – 1.33% of its weight when heated to 900 – 1100°C. The petrogenesis of green Hetian nephrite deposits are implied to be a result of metasomatic alteration of ultramafic-mafic rocks, and the black, spot-like chromite implies ultramafic-mafic rocks. The analysis of H-O isotope study indicates that the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids of Gobi nephrites are primary magmatic water, but details of hydrothermal fluids of primary and placer nephrites are still remained unknown and needed to be investigated furthermore.
Synthesis of Spherical Nano-Hydroxyapatite by Hydrothermal Method with L-Lysine Template
Authors: Chen Yu Qiong , Xing Xiao Feng , Gao Wei Min
Published: November 2014

In this paper, spherical nanohydroxyapatite was synthesized by hydrothermal method. During the synthesizing process, different amount of L-lysine template was added with the hydrothermal temperature 185 °C and the time 25 h. The products were characterized by using FTIR, XRD and TEM. Results showed that the rod-like nanohydroxyapatite changed its granule morphology into spherical obviously after adding L-lysine. Spherical nanohydroxyapatite was synthesized with mean particle size about 25 nm.
The Microstructure Evolution of AA7050 in the Process of Homogenization
Authors: Geng Zhen Hua , Li Kai , Wu Ping
Published: November 2014

This paper used the metallographic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), differential scanning thermal analysis (DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron probe analysis (EPMA) system to research the evolution law of the microstructure and properties of AA7050 under different homogenization system. And analyzes the cause of this evolution combined with the test results put forward. The research shows that high melting point eutectic phase S (Al2CuMg) can be fully re-dissolution through two-stage homogenization, at the same time avoid the overburning of low melting eutectic phase. We optimized the AA7050 homogenization heat treatment system and the optimal homogenization scheme is 430°C/18h+467°C/12h.
Study of Evolution Rule of Aggregates in Ceramic Suspension
Authors: Ding Yu , Liu Kai Qi , Xie Xiao Hu , Liu Yong Feng
Published: November 2014

Using the micron alumina powder for the study, through the analysis of the ceramic suspension rheological, the generation and evolution and its mechanism of aggregates in the ceramic suspension were studied. The results showed that the number, size and intensity of aggregates will be effected by the gravitational potential or the barrier height between the particles in suspension as varying the process conditions. Generally, the formation of aggregates was corresponded to the interaction potential between particles, that is, the second potential well. Thus, their internal bonding strength is weak. In the flowing suspension, aggregates were meta-stability under shear forces, electrostatic repulsion and van der Waals potential. The variation of the aggregates was a reversible process as decomposition then reunion again.
Synthesis and Performance Characterization of Highly Active Samarium Doped TiO2 Nanopowder
Authors: Xu Jing
Published: November 2014

In the experiment, the tetrabutyl titanate and samarium trinitrate were used as raw material, samarium doped TiO2 powder was prepared by sol-gel method. Main factors that affect the TiO2 nanoparticles, such as catalyst, ratio of raw materials, and calcination temperature of the preparation process were studied. TiO2 powder was characterized by using XRD, UV-vis, IR to determine the crystal structure, grain size and spectral properties. The results show that, the amount of catalyst is 50mg, the calcination temperature is 500 °C, samarium doping ratio is 0.4%, and the visible light photocatalytic degradation time at 60min, the degradation of methyl orange solution rate of 20mg/L can reach 42.8%. Samples with anatase as the main, in the catalyst preparation process, due to the synergistic effects of samarium doping, the modified TiO2 absorption band of different redshift, enhanced the catalytic activity of TiO2 visible light.
Effect of Boric Acid on the Properties of Magnesium Slag Powder
Authors: Han Feng Lan , Wu Lan Er
Published: November 2014

This paper studies about the boric acid affect on magnesium slag powder properties. The certain content of 0.05% to 3.0%(weight ratio) boric acid and magnesium slag was sufficiently mixed, the mixed powder is putted into a 20 × 20 × 20mm mold, and using 13 tf pressure to press the powder. The molded sample was placed in a muffle furnace, sintering at different temperatures (1000 °C ~ 1200 °C) and different holding times (1h ~ 6h), when holding time is reached, the sample was cooled naturally. Samples were analyzed. The sintered samples using XRD to study phase analysis and using EDS to research elemental composition and doing SEM for microstructure analysis. The results showed that: the main components of magnesium slag CaO, MgO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, β-C2S, γ-C2S and so on. Magnesium slag with certain content of boric acid, with the sintering temperature, the acid content and the holding time increases, the conversion rate of the β-dicalcium silicate change into γ-dicalcium silicate in magnesium slag is decreases. Without adding boric acid the suppress square material magnesium slags are mess into powder, magnesium slag joined with certain content of boric acid still be a square material, and suppression of the sample becomes more dense.
Influence of Laser Ablation on the Oxygen Permeability of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ Membranes
Authors: Shen Zi Gang , Li Dong
Published: November 2014

After laser ablation treatment, there are grooves on the surfaces of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3δ(BSCFO) membranes. These grooves with width about 150μm and depth about 25μm increase the specific surface of these membranes. The oxygen permeation fluxes through these membranes, which sides were treatment by laser ablation, were measured. Comparing with the membrane without laser ablation treatment, the oxygen permeation fluxes through the membranes with cross grooves pattern decorated on both sides after laser ablation treatment can increase by 34.7%.
Influence of SiO2/Al2O3 Content on Structure and Hydration Activity of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
Authors: Cui Su Ping , Liu Ling Ling , Chen Jing , Wang Ya Li , Wang Jian Feng , Wang Hui , Dong Shi Jie
Published: November 2014

Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) is a by-product of manufacturing iron. Samples of GBFS with different ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 were prepared by simulating the actual process of GBFS in laboratory. This study investigated the influence of SiO2/Al2O3 content on structure and hydration activity of GBFS which were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared radiation (IR) and mechanical testing. It is found that the vitreous content of each sample is above 97% and the hydration activity indexes of 7d and 28d of samples significantly decrease with the increase of SiO2/Al2O3 ratio. The IR characteristic absorption spectrum shows that the silicates mainly exist in [SiO4]-tetrahedra and the aluminum atoms are in different coordination states and the bonding strengths rise with the increase of SiO2/Al2O3 ratio.
Effect of Mullite Homogenized Grogs on the Properties of Mullite-SiC Bricks
Authors: Ma Shu Long , Huang Zhao Hui , Wang Lin Jun , Ma Fei , Wang Zhi Feng , Xia Wen Bin , Zhang Jun Jie
Published: November 2014

The new mullite-SiC bricks were prepared by mullite homogenized grogs to substituted the bauxite clinkers (Al2O3content is 85% or 88%) as raw materials. In this paper, the physico-chemical properties and wear resistance of the new mullite-SiC bricks were studied by comparing with the ordinary mullite-SiC bricks produced by using bauxite clinkers as raw materials. The result shows that the new mullite-SiC bricks have low apparent porosity and bulk density, high compressive strength and refractoriness under load, excellent wear resistance. The mullite homogenized grogs can substitute the bauxite clinkers as materials to produce mullite-SiC bricks and improve the properties of the bricks.
Effect of Gd Substitution on Electrical Characteristics and Microstructures of Bi4Ti3O12 Ceramics
Authors: Mei X.A. , Chen M. , Liu J. , Liu R.F.
Published: November 2014

The electrical properties of Gd-doped bismuth titanate Bi4-xGdxTi3O12 (BGT) ceramics prepared by a conventional electroceramic technique were investigated. XRD analyses revealed Bi-layered perovskite structure in all samples. SEM micrographs showed randomly oriented and plate-like morphology. For the ceramics with x=0.25 and 1.0 the current-voltage characteristics exhibited negative differential resistance behaviors and their P-E hysteresis loops were characterized by large leakage current, whereas for the ceramics with x=0.5 and 0.75 the current-voltage characteristics showed simple ohmic behaviors and their P-E hysteresis loops were the saturated and undistorted hysteresis loops. The remanent polarization ( Pr ) and coercive field (Ec) of the BGT ceramic with x=0.8 were above 16μC/cm2 and 70KV/cm , respectively.
Ice-Formation Expansion of Salt Solution and its Effect on Frost Damage of Concrete
Authors: Jin Zu Quan , Zhao Tie Jun , Gao Song , Zhang Su Yuan
Published: November 2014

In order to explain the deterioration mechanism of air entrained concrete subjected to freeze-thaw cycles in water, NaCl, Na2SO4 and composite solution, The damage of concrete and ice-formation expansion of salt corrosion solution are tested. The experimental results show that the damage degree of concrete under salt frost is NaCl solution>composite solution>water>Na2SO4 solution. Considering the chloride penetrated into concrete and following 2nd Fick’s Law, the ice-formation expansion resulted by NaCl solution in surface layer of concrete is higher than that in inner, and the expansion stress at outer layer is 1.73 times of that at inner layer according to the proposed function. The expansion stress difference between the internal and external layer causes spalling damage of concrete in chloride salt frost. The ice-formation expansion of Na2SO4 solution increases with its raising concentration and it is higher than that of NaCl solution at the same temperature. However, the corrosion products are ettringite and gypsum after sulfate salt frost, and the volume of solid corrosion products is barely change, or even reducible.
Influence of Different Diameters and Materials of Posts on the Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth
Authors: Zhang Li Xian , Liu Yu Xiao , Liu Ya Li , Rong Qiong
Published: November 2014

Objective: To evaluate the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth reinforced with cast titanium posts and prefabricated glass-fiber posts with different diameters. Materials and Methods: 50 recently extracted human maxillary central incisors were endodontically treated and randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 specimens each: Group A: 1.35mm diameter of cast titanium post; Group B: 1.5mm diameter of cast titanium post; Group C: 1.375mm diameter of prefabricated fiber post; Group D: 1.5mm diameter of prefabricated fiber post; Group E: resin restoration. All specimens were subjected to fracture resistance testing in a universal testing machine, statistical analysis was performed and the fracture modes were analyzed. Results: The mean fracture resistance of five groups as follows: 404.22±73.92N for group A, 488.17±78.68N for group B, 280.32±45.23N for group C, 317.53±50.87N for group D, 222.76±38.67N for group E. The fracture resistance of restored teeth between group C and group D had no significant difference (P>0.05). The fracture resistance of the rest pairwise group comparisons had significant difference (P<0.05). Most of cast post samples fractured at the root middle or apical portion, while most of the fiber post samples fractured at the root cervical or post fracture, which could be retreated. Conclusion: Human maxillary central incisors restored with cast posts could bear higher fracture load and fiber post could protect the root from fracture preferably.
Effect of Maitenance Technology on the Properties of Quartz Sand Unfired Porous Materials
Authors: Song Jie Guang , Wang Fang , Wang Xiu Qin , Xu Ming Han , Du Da Ming , Li Shi Bin , Ji Gang Chang , Liu Rong Jin
Published: November 2014

The low grade quartz sands is the main raw material to prepare the unfired porous brick through adjusting the maitenance technology. The compressive strength of brick is higher with the maitenance temperature for 40¡æ. The compressive strength of brick is higher with the longer maitenance time. The high performance brick is prepared via the third technology, the pore of brick is more and uniform, it is bowl shape, that is close pore, which provide the reference for preparing the heat insulating materials. The compressive strength of brick is 1.9MPa, the density is 0.628 g/cm3.
Influence of Mixing Environmental Conditions on Flowability of Lactose Blends
Authors: Lu Xiang Yun , Chen Lan , Heng Rui Lin , Cheng Yun Zhang , Opara Umezuruike Linus
Published: November 2014

Powder flowability is one of the most important properties affecting the filling and delivering processes of dry powder inhalations. When the powder is exposed to different environmental (temperature, relative humidity (RH)) conditions, the interaction between particulates would influence the flowability of powders. Blends of 83% coarse lactose (D50=126μm) and 17% fine lactose (D50= 7μm) were prepared at three different mixing environments and the effects of temperature and humidity on powder flowability were investigated. Results indicated that mixing under relatively higher temperature and lower RH environmental conditions improved the flowability of lactose blends.
Effect of Pr6O11 Doping on the Microstructural and Electrical Properties of ZnO-Pr6O11-Co3O4-Cr2O3-SnO2 Varistors
Authors: Fu Xiu Li , Feng Hai , Peng Zhi Jian
Published: November 2014

ZnO-Pr6O11-Co3O4-Cr2O3-SnO2 varistors with different doping levels of Pr6O11 (0.25-2 mol%) were prepared at 1300 °C with conventional ceramic processing, and the effect of Pr6O11 doping on the microstructure and electrical properties of the varistor materials were investigated. The results indicated that the doped Pr6O11 basically existed at the boundary of ZnO grains in the varistor ceramics, and SnO2 might enter into the lattice of ZnO grains or precipitate in reaction with Pr6O11 into Pr2Sn2O7 at the gain boundaries particularly where there were three or more ZnO grains. The analysis of scanning electron microscopy further revealed that Pr6O11 doping would inhibit the growth of ZnO grains, resulting in decreasing ZnO grain size with increasing doping level of Pr6O11. The measured electric-field/current-density characteristics of the samples showed that the varistor voltage increased with increasing doping level of Pr6O11 when the doping level was no more than 1.5 mol%, and the nonlinear coefficient of the varistors increased with increasing doping level of Pr6O11 up to no more than 1.0 mol% in the varistors, respectively.
The Synergistic Effects of Freeze-Thaw, Salt Attack and Bending Stress on Behavior of Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Huang Peng Fei , Bao Yi Wang
Published: November 2014

The damage experiments of reinforced concrete (RC) samples under synergistic effects of cyclic freeze-thaw, deicing-salt attack, rebar corrosion and bending stress were investigated using a comprehensive experimental method. Synergistic effects of these factors on the damage evolvement of RC were studied by measuring the change of dynamic modulus of concrete, rebar strain and concrete strain. Experimental results showed similar rule in damage evolvement but different damage rate between the normal-strength concrete (C45, the 28-day compressive strength of 52 MPa) and the high-strength concrete (C70, the 28-day compressive strength of 77 MPa). The dynamic modulus of the reinforced concrete degraded with increasing effecting factors.
Characterization of Swept Synthetic High Quality Quartz Crystal
Authors: Zhang Shao Feng , Shang Ji Wu
Published: November 2014

The synthetic quartz crystal is widely utilized in electronic and optical components due to its high frequency and temperature stability, good dielectric properties, low thermal coefficient of linear expansion, and wide range of optical transparency. However, radiation effects due to cosmic rays are responsible for a frequency shift for quartz oscillators in space systems, which impair their performance. Sweeping quartz at high electric field is a well-established method for improving device performance in a radiation environment. The present paper focuses on the voltage current characteristic of swept quartz. First, the sweeping conduction mechanism is ionic conduction. Second, as the voltage increases, the current increases first, then decreases, and then increases. ICP-AES results indicated that the sweeping process make Na+ a oriented locomotion. Third, the etch channel tensity is obviously reduced to less than 3/cm3, which is a very promising result for space applications. Moreover, the radiation resistance properties are improved after electrical sweeping.
Electrical Characterization and Microstructures of Bi4-xDyxTi3O12 Ceramics
Authors: Huang Chong Qing , Mei X.A. , Chen M. , Li B.
Published: November 2014

The electrical properties of Dy-doped bismuth titanate,Bi4-xDyxTi3O12(BDT) ceramics prepared by a conventional electroceramic technique were investigated. XRD analyses revealed Bi-layered perovskite structure in all samples. SEM micrographs showed randomly oriented and plate-like morphology. For the samples with x=0.25 and 1.0 the current-voltage characteristics exhibited negative differential resistance behaviors and their P-V hysteresis loops were characterized by large leakage current, whereas for the samples with x=0.5 and 0.75 the current-voltage characteristics showed simple ohmic behaviors and their P-E hysteresis loops were the saturated and undistorted hysteresis loops. The remanent polarization ( Pr) and coercive field (Ec) of the BDT ceramic with x=0.75 were above 16μC/cm2and 75KV/cm , respectively.
Ferroelectric Characteristics of Bi4-xPrxTi3O12 Ceramics
Authors: Liu Rui Fang , Mei X.A. , Chen M. , Huang C.Q. , Liu J.
Published: November 2014

The electrical properties of Pr2O3-doped bismuth titanate,Bi4-xPrxTi3O12 (BPT) ceramics prepared by a conventional electroceramic technique were investigated. XRD analyses revealed Bi-layered perovskite structure in all ceramics. SEM micrographs showed randomly oriented and plate-like morphology. For the ceramics with x=0.25 and 1.0 P-E hysteresis loops were characterized by large leakage current, whereas for the ceramics with x=0.5 and 0.75 P-E hysteresis loops were the saturated and undistorted hysteresis loops. The remanent polarization ( Pr ) and coercive field (Ec) of the BPT ceramic with x=0.75 were above 18μC/cm2 and 65KV/cm , respectively.
Improved Efficiency of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays with TiCl4 Treatment in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Li Quan Tong , Zhang J. , Li S.Q. , Xie J. , Wang Hao
Published: November 2014

In this work, highly-ordered TiO2 nanotubes arrays were fabricated by two-step anodic oxidation method to serve as photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. We investigated the effect of TiCl4 treatment on the microstructure and morphologies of TiO2 nanotubes arrays. It is found that the TiCl4 treatment can generally introduce 10-15 nm TiO2 nanoparticles into the TiO2 nanotube arrays. The photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells is related to the concentration and treated-time of TiCl4 treatment. A power conversion efficiency of 7.63% was achieved for dye-sensitized solar cell with photoanode treated by 0.04 M TiCl4 for 60min. The improved power conversion efficiency can be attributed to the increased available surface for dye adsorption in photoanodes.
The Effect of La Substitution on the Ferroelectric Properties of Bi4Ti3O12 Ceramics
Authors: Liu X.B. , Mei X.A. , Chen M. , Li B.
Published: November 2014

The effect of La substitution on the ferroelectric properties Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics prepared by a conventional electroceramic technique has been investigated. XRD analyses revealed Bi-layered perovskite structure in all Bi4-xLaxTi3O12 (BLT) ceramics samples, and indicted that Bi ions were only substituted near the Ti-O octahedron layers by La ions. SEM micrographs show randomly oriented and plate-like morphology. The remanent polarization ( Pr ) and coercive field ( Ec ) of the BLT ceramic with x=0.8 were above 15μC/cm2 and 85KV/cm, respectively. The large value of remanent polarization and low coercive field of La-doped bismuth titanate ceramics promote these materials to potential applications.
Creep Behavior of Building Silicone Sealant under Long-Term External Loading and its Time-Stress Equivalence
Authors: Liu Xiao Gen , Bao Yi Wang , Wang Xiu Fang
Published: November 2014

The main mechanics behavior character of building silicone sealant is its time dependence£¬which lies in the existence of the interior timepiece or the characteristic time. The creep behaviors were fundamental to evaluating the long-term performance of the building silicone sealant under long-term external loading. A series of creep tests of building silicone sealant were conducted in the laboratory under different combinations of external loads, the characteristics of the creep curve were obtained. In this work, the creep behaviors of building silicone sealant were also investigated under various temperatures at invariable stress. The test measurements show that the creep behavior of building silicone sealant are nonlinear, Nonlinear creep behavior is analyzed by means of the equivalence principle of time-stress, the main creep curve under reference stress was obtained by fitting with the viscoelastic rheological model. So the long-term creep behavior of the building silicone sealant under lower stress can be predicted by short-term creep behavior under higher stress.
Measurement of Residual Stress in Diesel Engine Castings
Authors: Liu Ke , Zhang Cheng , Pu Yong Kang , Hu Hua Lin , Wu Zheng An
Published: November 2014

The mechanical properties of materials and structural components, notably fatigue life, brittle fracture, dimensional stability, deformation and crack propagation can be considerably influenced by residual stresses inside bodies. Accordingly, residual stresses analysis is a compulsory stage in the design of parts and structural elements and in the estimation of their reliability under real service conditions. In this paper, x-ray diffraction and hole-drilling method were used to measure residual stresses in diesel iron castings. The purpose is to determine the residual stresses distribution and analyze the annealing process on the influence of residual stress.
Sensing Properties of Sub-ppm Level NO2 Gas Sensor Based on YSZ and WO3 Sensing Electrode
Authors: Sun Xia , Zhou Guo Liang , Pan Chuan Long , Zhang Cheng , Feng Tao
Published: November 2014

In this paper, the gas sensors using WO3 as sensitive electrode, Pt mixed potential as the reference electrode was researched. The structures and preparation methods of the sensors were introduced. Besides, the sensitive materials, the electrode surface and the section morphologies were characterized by means of SEM and EDS. Furthermore, the sensing properties of the as-fabricated sensors were examined under different NOX concentrations and temperatures (500°C, 550°C and 600°C). The results revealed that the response signal become smaller with the temperature increasing, and stronger with the increasing of the NO2 concentration.
The Influences of Lightness Variation of the Non-Color Background on the Color of the Blood Amber
Authors: Xiao Ya , Guo Ying , Chen Da Peng
Published: November 2014

In this study, based on CIE L*a*b* uniform color space, the Color i5 measurement instrument was used to measure the color parameters of seven blood amber samples under the D65 illuminant. In addition, the influences of lightness variation of the non-color background on the lightness, the color saturation and the hue of the blood amber were also investigated and discussed. The results show that the lightness of the blood amber is significantly enhanced with the increased lightness of the non-color background and the blood amber with higher transparency is more sensitive to the change of the non-color background; the color saturation of the blood amber increases gradually with the raise of the lightness of the non-color background, which means that the blood amber on the high-lightness background looks more bright-colored than the one on the low-lightness background; the red color hue angle range of blood amber turns out to be diffusing with the increase of the lightness of the non-color background, which means that a slight difference of the hue can be more easily discriminated on the high-brightness background. Thus, it can be concluded that the blood amber with higher transparency is much easier to be influenced by the non-color background; and the increase of the lightness of the non-color background can lead to higher lightness, more bright-colored saturation and diffused hue angle range of the blood amber; and the blood amber is more bright-colored and the color difference can be more easily discriminated on the background with higher lightness.
The Effects of Mineral Composition and Sintering Temperature on Synthetic Mullite
Authors: Li Lei , Zhang Xiao Guang , Wen Rui Long , Wang Cheng Biao , Fang Ming Hao , Liu Yan Gai , Wu Xiao Wen , Huang Zhao Hui
Published: November 2014

Mullite material was prepared from quartz (SiO2) and industrial alumina (γ-Al2O3). The effects of mineral composition and sintering temperature on the final phase composition and physical properties of mullite were investigated. The results shown that a large number of mullite phase was emerged in samples when the ratio of alumina to silica (A/S) was 2.55. At 1500 oC and 1600 oC, the flexural strength of the samples reached to 87.13 MPa and 89.50 MPa, respectively. Consider the environmental protection and energy saving, the optimal sintering temperature was 1500 °C.
Oxide Nanomaterials and their Applications as a Memristor
Authors: Tripathi S.K. , Kaur Ramneek , Rani Mamta
Published: November 2014

Nowadays, oxide nanomaterials have received great attention due to their unique semiconducting, optical and electrical properties. Oxide nanomaterials exhibit these properties due to their small size, high surface area to volume ratio and great biocompatibility. The chemical activity of the oxide nanomaterials is highly enhanced by the presence of oxygen vacancies in these materials. This review article outlined the unique properties, synthesis techniques and applications of oxide nanomaterials.The important and unique properties of TiO2and ZnO nanomaterials with their possible crystal structures have been discussed. In application part, the oxide nanomaterials especially ZnO has been discussed for memory device applications. To control the performance of oxide nanomaterials for memristor device application, a better understanding of their properties is required.Table of Contents
Intestinal Expression of Fas and Fas Ligand Is Upregulated by Bacterial Signaling through TLR4 and TLR5, with Activation of Fas Modulating Intestinal TLR-Mediated Inflammation
Authors: Fernandes Philana , O’Donnell Charlotte , Lyons Caitriona , Keane Jonathan , Regan Tim , O’Brien Stephen , Fallon Padraic , Brint Elizabeth , Houston Aileen
Published: November 2014

TLRs play an important role in mediating intestinal inflammation and homeostasis. Fas is best studied in terms of its function in apoptosis, but recent studies demonstrate that Fas signaling may mediate additional functions such as inflammation. The role of Fas, and the Fas ligand (FasL), in the intestine is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential cross-talk between TLRs and Fas/FasL system in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). IECs were stimulated with TLR ligands, and expression of Fas and FasL was investigated. Treatment with TLR4 and TLR5 ligands, but not TLR2 and 9 ligands, increased expression of Fas and FasL in IECs in vitro. Consistent with this finding, expression of intestinal Fas and FasL was reduced in vivo in the epithelium of TLR4 knockout (KO), 5KO, and germ-free mice, but not in TLR2KO mice. Modulating Fas signaling using agonistic anti-Fas augmented TLR4- and TLR5-mediated TNF-α and IL-8 production by IECs. In addition, suppression of Fas in IECs reduced the ability of TLR4 and TLR5 ligands and the intestinal pathogens Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes to induce the expression of IL-8. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that extensive cross-talk in IECs occurs between the Fas and TLR signaling pathways, with the FasL/Fas system playing a role in TLR-mediated inflammatory responses in the intestine.
General Parity between Trio and Pairwise Breeding of Laboratory Mice in Static Caging
Authors: Kedl Ross M. , Wysocki Lawrence J. , Janssen William J. , Born Willi K. , Rosenbaum Matthew D. , Granowski Julia , Kench Jennifer A. , Fong Derek L. , Switzer Lisa A. , Cruse Margaret , Huang Hua , Jakubzick Claudia V. , Kosmider Beata , Takeda Katsuyuki , Stranova Thomas J. , Klumm Randal C. , Delgado Christine , Tummala Saigiridhar , De Langhe Stijn , Cambier John , Haskins Katherine , Lenz Laurel L. , Curran-Everett Douglas
Published: November 2014

Changes made in the 8th edition of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals included new recommendations for the amount of space for breeding female mice. Adopting the new recommendations required, in essence, the elimination of trio breeding practices for all institutions. Both public opinion and published data did not readily support the new recommendations. In response, the National Jewish Health Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee established a program to directly compare the effects of breeding format on mouse pup survival and growth. Our study showed an overall parity between trio and pairwise breeding formats on the survival and growth of the litters, suggesting that the housing recommendations for breeding female mice as stated in the current Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals should be reconsidered.