bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mentally Defective Criminal
Authors: Sturrock J. P.
Published: August 2008

Some forty years ago, Dr. Bruce Thomson, the first resident surgeon to this prison, contributed to the medical journals a series of observations upon over 5,000 prisoners. He dealt chiefly with the more obvious physical defects which, to his thinking, supported the theory of the existence of the instinctive criminal, and though his observations were somewhat generalised, he was rightly regarded as a pioneer in the science of criminal anthropology. He also drew attention to the prevalence of weak-mindedness among juvenile prisoners, and stated that as much as 12 per cent. of all prisoners required special observation soon after admission because of mental defect. There is little doubt that in his time the old method that consigned all forms of disordered conduct to prison still persisted, and many changes have since taken place that would tend to diminish his percentage. Prison discipline is still, in spite of its mildness, largely credited with bringing into prominence many symptoms that are put down to mental defect. It would be reasonable to look for a considerable reduction in the numbers of weak-minded persons in prisons during a period when prison administration can conscientiously take to its credit the fruits of a progressive spirit that is not, however, readily granted to it by many whose reforming enthusiasm takes no thought of the spade-work that has preceded their own awakening. The psychological point of view is prominent in the most recent methods of dealing with the criminal. Preventive detention for the habitual, probation for the first offender, Borstal training for the juvenile delinquent, etc., all recognise the mental aspect of the offender as fully as any system that can be evolved by the mental pathologist. That the mental abnormality of the habitual major offender is a more complex affair in its origin and treatment than is insanity will, I am sure, be amply verified by the future experience of the preventive detention institutions, where grave disorder can only result if the treatment views too much in this light of irresponsibility the vicious tendencies of the inmates. From whatever point of view we look upon the habitual and professional criminal, it is certain that many of this type may be safely left to the law which is rightly concerned with the protection of the public, and continually progresses in an endeavour to fit the punishment to the individual.
Suicide among Indian Convicts under Transportation
Authors: Woolley J. M.
Published: August 2008

The question of suicide is one that has exercised the minds of most persons at one time or another, as cases are of such common occurrence, and present such a variety of features, that anyone interested in present-day social conditions cannot fail to give the matter some amount of consideration.
Dysentery, Past and Present
Authors: Gettings H. S.
Published: August 2008

Except in asylums, dysentery in this country is a rare disease to-day. Yet it was once far otherwise, and to our ancestors the “bloody flux” was a household word. It was endemic here from the earliest times, and as we follow it down we find that it always presents the same characteristics of bursting out in an epidemic form at fairly regular intervals, then dying down to isolated cases for a longer period until the cycle was complete for the next outbreak. It was only in the latter half of the nineteenth century that it vanished from our midst, and so complete has been its departure that it has also disappeared from our memories, and to-day we have forgotten what a virulent pestilence it once was.
The Rôle of Syphilis in Mental Deficiency and Epilepsy: A Review of 205 Cases
Authors: Fraser Kate , Watson H. Ferguson , Prison H.M.
Published: August 2008

Few authorities on mental disease are agreed as to the part played by syphilis in causing mental deficiency. Similarly, the cause of epilepsy, although it is one of the oldest known diseases, has remained undetermined by the methods of investigation hitherto employed.
The Correlation of Mental and Physical Force; or, Man a Part of Nature
Authors: Maudsley Henry
Published: August 2008

1

“Man and his Dwelling Place.” London: J. W. Parker & Sons, West Strand.

2

“Essay on the Unity of Science,” by Rev. B. Powell, F.K.S., &c.

3

“Order of Nature,” by the Rev. B. Powell.

4

Grove, on “The Correlation of the Physical Forces.”

5

On “The Mutual Relations of the Vital and Physical Forces.” Dr. Carpenter, Philosoph. Transac., 1850.

6

Oersted's “Soul in Nature.”
On General Paralysis
Authors: Tuke Harrington
Published: August 2008

It is with reluctance that I attempt any definition of the disease that we have agreed to call the “general paralysis of the insane;” definitions are always difficult, and moreover they very frequently involve a petitio principii, that renders them practically useless. I have ventured, however, to group together some symptoms that may be taken as signalizing this dread disease, premising that some of my postulates may be questioned, and that I only pretend to offer my views upon the subject, as those of an individual observer, who, holding strong opinions, is willing to submit them to the objections or criticisms of his professional brethren. My object is to draw truly, but in strong relief, the various shapes assumed by the malady, and to sketch vividly its diverse symptoms, even if wrong, in some of my conclusions, or apparently too dogmatical in my propositions. I am satisfied if I can at all assist in fixing the attention of the medical profession outside the pale of my own special department to a form of disease that is so familiar to us, and that they, in the interests of suffering humanity, will do well to study.
Consciousness as a Truth-organ considered, or, Contributions to Logical Psychology
Authors: Davies W. G.
Published: August 2008

Nature of these contributions. What characterizes these contributions is that they are mainly of a logical nature. Placing ourselves on logic as a stand-point, we have endeavoured to take a comprehensive view of the domain around; and have not rested satisfied with merely examining mental processes in their results, but from logic have penetrated wherever we could into the psychology of logic. The consequence has been that the logic and the psychology have not always harmonized. We have had occasion indeed in several cases to reject the ordinary doctrines of logical science, and modify them in such a manner as our psychological researches seemed to us to direct; and we cannot conceive, though the contrary opinion is held by high authorities, that the laws of thought can be fully determined otherwise than by following the method we have here observed, that is, tracing every mental process to its source by a searching and exhaustive analysis. How far we have succeeded in carrying out this undertaking it is not for us to decide. All we dare hope is that we have done enough to justify our plan of inquiry; and that we have contributed in however trifling a degree towards the advancement of that noblest of sciences—the science of mind, and especially that noblest portion of it which affords an answer to the long asked question:—What is Truth?
On General Paralysis
Authors: Tuke Harrington
Published: August 2008

In attempting to describe the rise and progress of the paralysis, that forms one of the most remarkable symptoms of ‘paralytic insanity,’ I propose to notice first the affection of the muscles of the tongue, which is generally that which most strongly arrests the attention of the physician, who sees a patient in the second or fully-developed stage of the malady. In the last stage, the power of articulation is entirely gone; in both of these the paralysis is so marked, and the evidence of mental disease so clear, that the nature of the case can hardly be mistaken. It is in the very onset of the malady, that the peculiar lisp or failure of utterance, indicating disorder of the nervous centres, at or near the orifice of the nerves supply in the tongue muscles, is of paramount importance in the diagnosis, because if this symptom be superadded to eccentricity of conduct, or distinct delusion, there can remain but little doubt as to the existence of this special and almost invariably fatal form of disease. The alienist physician accustomed to watch the progress of general paralysis, and to recognize its slightest indication, cannot mistake the faulty pronounciation in question, for that of any other form of malady; but inasmuch as there are several affections of the speech that might mislead an unskilled practitioner, it may be useful to describe some of these derangements of the apparatus of articulation, and specify their points of difference. In the first place, an affection of the speech, very much resembling the embarassed articulation of incipient paralytic insanity, may be the result of temporary local congestion at the base of the brain, or may be produced by sudden fright, or by the action of poisons, particularly aconite; the indistinct utterance attending intoxication, is a familiar instance of poisoning of this kind: and all these are easily distinguished by the suddenness of their occurrence, and by their history, from the stutter of general paralysis. The articulation of the habitual stammerer is sometimes not unlike that which is the result of serious organic mischief; and still more striking in its resemblance, is the hesitation of speech, that may be observed in some cases of poisoning by lead. The ordinary signs of saturnine poisoning, the blue gum-line, the dropping of the wrist, &c., will mark this latter malady—the history of the case will prevent any mistake in the former. I may mention here, that I believe it to be an exceptional occurrence to find a person of unsound mind who stammers; such a case at least must be very uncommon, a fact which I can only account for on the supposition that the greater disease prevents any manifestation of the minor nervous derangement.
The Diagnosis of Acute Mania and Melancholia
Authors: Atkinson J. G.
Published: August 2008

My object in this paper, is to endeavour to draw a strict line of demarcation between those forms of insanity which may be comprehended under the terms of mania and melancholia, and the delirium, which we witness in the various inflammatory affections of the brain fever, or delirium-tremens. If we were aware of the absolute pathological changes which exist in insanity, the correctness of a theory would be easily proved or disproved. In the absence, however, of evidence of this nature, which may be regarded as of a positive kind, I am compelled to draw my inferences from symptoms of disease during life, which may be regarded as evidence of a circumstantial nature. It is now some years since Dr. Wigan published a work on the duality of the mind, or, in other words, that as the brain consists of two sides or hemispheres, so these may have a distinct individuality of their own, just as occurs in the various senses, the eye, the ear, &c.
On the Want of Better Provision for the Labouring and Middle Classes when attacked or threatened with Insanity
Authors: Gaskell S.
Published: August 2008

Before entering on the special subject, it may be well to state briefly the existing arrangements made for the poorest portion of the community throughout England and Wales.
The Clinical Value and Significance of Leucocytosis in Mental Disease
Authors: Jackson D. J.
Published: August 2008

The problem of leucocytosis has been the subject of much discussion in recent years. Amongst the earlier workers on the subject Virchow stands prominent, and he first gave the name of leucocytosis to a temporary increase in the number of leucocytes in the blood, this occurring both in physiological and pathological conditions. During the past twenty years special attention has been paid to this phenomenon, bringing to light some very important information. Amongst later workers Metchnikoff has done more to enlighten us as to the problem than any other worker. To briefly recapitulate his doctrine. The leucocytes protect the organism against harmful germs by catching them up in their pseudopods, by investing them, and thus robbing them of the possibility of exerting their deleterious action externally. The termination of an infective process would therefore depend alone on whether leucocytes possessing this function are present in the blood in sufficient numbers to overcome the invasion of the germs. The doctrine of Metchnikoff has been modified and also extended by other workers, notably Denys, Löwy, and Richter, who have proved that the value of the leucocytes does not depend on their pseudopods, but that their chemical products yield the strongest protection to the organism. The leucocytes are able by means of the bactericidal or antitoxic substances which they give off to paralyse the toxins produced by the bacteria, and in this way render the microbes harmless by depriving them of the weapons of attack, even if they cannot destroy them.
The Pupil and its Reflexes in Insanity
Authors: Firth A. H.
Published: August 2008

In the year 1850, Baillarger published an account of a new symptom which he had frequently observed in general paralysis, namely, inequality of the pupils.
The Complement-Deviation in Cases of Manic-Depressive Insanity
Authors: Bruce Lewis C.
Published: August 2008

Being personally satisfied by clinical observations that certain of the acute insanities are toxic in their ætiology, it occurred to me that it might be possible to demonstrate the presence of the toxæmia by means of the delicate test of complement-deviation. I argued that if a toxin existed in the blood, it would probably be excreted in the urine, and that at certain stages of the disease process a corresponding immune body would be found in the serum. In a series of observations carried out on these lines, I used urines as the antigen, and serum as the immune body.
Epilepsy; a Theory as Epilepsy: A Theory
Authors: Shaw J. J. M.
Published: August 2008

In striking contrast to the elucidation of the cause and progress of various diseases by modern methods of examination, the phenomena of epilepsy, although long and widely studied, remain, to a very large extent, obscure. In recent years, however, some definite although dissociated facts have become known, and abiding views formed, from therapeutic and pathological data, and, within the last few years, from the investigation of the heredity of those afflicted. Although these facts may be comparatively few in number, it is surprising that no attempt is made even in the most recent text-book, to correlate such facts as are known and accepted, and to formulate a comprehensive theory which could be tested by experiment and further and independent observation.
Intrathecal Treatment of General Paralysis
Authors: Mapother Edward , Beaton Thomas
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this article is rather to present a general review of the methods of intrathecal treatment of general paralysis, and the results obtained thereby, than to record our own limited and necessarily inconclusive experience.
The Use of Scopolamine Hydrobromide or Hyoscine in the Treatment of Mental Disorders
Authors: Daniel A. W.
Published: August 2008

For the sake of brevity, I use the term hyoscinism to designate the symptom group which may arise from the administration of scopolamine hydrobromide in repeated doses.
Remarks on the Intracranial Injection of Salvarsanised Serum
Authors: Monrad-Krohn G. H.
Published: August 2008

In the Lancet, July 4th, 1914, I have briefly described the method of what I called “subdural injection.”
Report of Lunacy in Egypt, 1914
Authors: G. S.
Published: August 2008

This is the nineteenth annual report of the parent asylum at Abbassia, and the second of the new asylum at Khanka.
Anger
Authors: Hyslop Theo. B.
Published: August 2008

(1)

Brief reference is made to some of the earliest writings on the subject of anger, and comparison is made with more recent views.

(2)

Anger, as traced throughout the scale of evolution of the animal kingdom, has served as a stimulus to aggression for the procuring of food, as an aid to survival, and as a necessity for the acquirement and maintenance of supremacy.

(3)

Anger, occurring in mankind is (phylogenetically) an expression of an atavistic reversion or retrogression, and (ontogenetically) also an indication of familial or individual devolution.

(4)

Anger, clinically considered, ranges in varying degrees of severity, from mere temporary defective inhibition to conditions of suicidal and homicidal impulse of medico-legal and even national importance, as individuals, families or communities, become affected.

(5)

Reference is made to some of the causes, symptoms, and methods of treatment of anger as coming within the experience of the medico-psychologist.
Pachymeningitis Interna Hæmorrhagica as a Cause of Death
Authors: MacPhail H. D.
Published: August 2008

There are some pathological conditions which, though of considerable interest to the student of morbid anatomy, appear to have very little importance from the point of view of clinical study. The reason for this, sometimes at least, lies in the fact that it is difficult, if not impossible, to diagnose the onset and follow the progress of the morbid process during the life of the patient. Pachymeningitis interna hemorrhagica is essentially a condition of this kind. It is a morbid state which has been named and described for years, and yet it is a condition the diagnosis of which during life is extremely difficult. As a rule, when it is demonstrated at the post mortem, the clinical records of the case furnish us with no definite information suggestive of its presence. Often when symptoms point to the likelihood of its presence no lesion is found, while it occurs in cases which during life showed nothing special to indicate the possibility of such a condition.
Progress of Psychiatry during 1914
Authors: Zuccari Giuseppe
Published: August 2008

1914 has also passed without any possibility of organising the XVth Congress of the Italian “Società Freniatrica.” This congress, which should have taken place at Palermo on October 10th last, has been postponed by the Council of Management to an indefinite date, owing to the results of the European conflagration. The general topics which await development remain the same as those we reported on in the epitome of last year.
The Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena. Sketch of a Psycho-Physiological Theory of Hysteria
Authors: Salmon Albert
Published: August 2008

The problem of hysteria, although for some years past it has engaged the special attention of the best neurologists and psychologists, is yet very far from being solved. The chief object which authors have had in view at recent congresses has been to obtain a satisfactory definition of this affection. A definition, however, as Claparéde justly observes, being only a citation of the characters which constitute the nature of a thing, should be the crown and not the foundation of the study of any malady. Hysteria cannot, then, be defined without first establishing the nature of this affection, without studying the mechanism of its morbid phenomena. Now, an essentially pathogenic study of this disorder has not yet been made. It has been supposed to be the consequence of a narrowing of the field of consciousness (Janet), the suppression in consciousness of painful impressions of sexual origin (Freud), of suggestibility (Babinski), of an exaggeration of the plastic power of the imagination (Hartemberg), of torpor of the organic cerebral mechanisms (Sollier), of a tendency to reversion, to atavism (Claparéde), of disorder of the cortical or sub-cortical reflexes (Raymond), of an exaggerated emotional reflex (Bernheim), of perversion of the highest cerebral functions (Bastian); but it has not been explained by what mechanism all these conditions are produced, and provoke the morbid phenomena. It is just here that the chief difficulty of all these theories lies; it is the point by which we may judge of their respective value. Even if we assume, for instance, that hysteria is due to a limitation of the field of consciousness, what, we may ask, is the primary cause which determines this modification of the personality? By what mechanism does a suggested idea or a painful representation translate itself, or become converted, into somatic phenomena, or into an exaggerated emotional reflex? It does not suffice to tell us that this affection is characterised by a flexile suggestibility or by an exaggeration of a plastic imagination; we require also an explanation as to what determines the plastic properties in the case of these patients. What is the cause which induces the torpor of the organic functions of the brain as in Sollier's theory, the disorder of cortical or sub-cortical reflexes as in that of Raymond?
General Paralysis of the Insane in Federated Malay States
Authors: Samuels William F.
Published: August 2008

On first coming to the Federated Malay States I was led to believe that general paralysis of the insane was unknown. Seeing that syphilis is very common, it seemed strange that general paralysis of the insane should not occur. Very shortly, however, after the Central Asylum was opened I noticed some cases which were extremely like general paralysis of the insane. These I watched and studied very carefully, and in a short time became convinced of the existence of the disease. I have mentioned the presence of general paralysis of the insane in each of my annual reports, but think it is now time to go further, and demonstrate, as far as reports of actual cases can, the existence of general paralysis. Probably the best way to give proof of its existence is to quote three cases which can hardly be mistaken for anything else.
Zola's Study of Heredity
Authors: Adams J. Barfield
Published: August 2008

In studying a case of insanity, the family history of the patient is a matter of considerable interest. But it is often difficult to obtain reliable information on the subject. In such researches one has to contend with ignorance and prejudice. Many people know very little about their ancestors or collateral relations. And further, the idea that insanity is a disgrace so pervades all classes of society, that a man is shy of speaking about the mental condition of his relatives, if it should chance to be, or have been, diseased.
The Results of a Questionary on Antipathy [I Resultati del Questionario sull Antipatia] (Psiche, October–December, 1915.) De Sarlo and Fanciulli
Authors: Ellis Havelock
Published: August 2008

Questions were circulated by an Italian psychological society among psychologists, professors, and others concerning antipathy, its relation to other antagonistic states, its description and analysis, its various forms, its course and transformations. Something over a hundred replies were received, and many are here reproduced. They are often interesting and suggestive, but, as might be expected, sometimes contradictory. Gambara and others consider antipathy fundamental and instinctive. Stepanoff, on the other hand, who regards antipathy as chronic opposition, argues that acute opposition arises earlier than the chronic form, which is not known in young children, and presupposes so considerable a social education that it is not one of the first even of chronic psychic states. Assagioli regards it as a reaction of defence, derived from the instinct of conservation, and not easily distinguished from other states of opposition. Foà, however, believes that the oppositional states are easily determined, and are aversion, hate, repugnance, and antipathy; he regards antipathy as fundamental and primitive. Boncinelli and others believe that antipathy is simply a complex result of many mental states, and that it has no special function, while Vacca regards it as a purely artificial conception, and mainly negative.
On the Differential Diagnosis of Manie - Depressive Insanity and Dementia Præcox. (Glasg. Med. Journ., vol. lxxx., Sept. 1913, pp. 185–192)
Authors: Norman Hubert J.
Published: August 2008

“The terms manic-depressive insanity and dementia præcox were used by Kraepelin to designate two disease entities, which he considered were between them responsible for most of the states of mental disorder usually gathered together under the title, the psychoses.” The psychoses are something more than states of mental disorder, and something less than disease entities; they lie between them. Excitement, depression, delirium, and stupor are states of mental disorder which may arise during the course of many diseases, general paralysis, hysteria, epilepsy, the cerebropathies, constitutional and infectious diseases; but acute mania, acute melancholia, anergic stupor, delirious mania, are psychoses. They differ from a state of mental disorder in so far as they are self-sufficient, and are not the expression of an underlying disease; moreover, they run a fairly definite course, ending either in recovery or in dementia. The classifications of the psychoses have been unsatisfactory, and none of them has met with general acceptance. The most satisfactory method is that formulated by Kraepelin: and, in the opinion of Dr. Marshall, he “has done for the psychoses what Erb did for the amyotrophies.” He emphasised the importance of dementia as a termination of the psychoses, and gathered those which ended in dementia into one disease category, dementia præcox, and those which did not so end into another category, manic-depressive insanity. The fact that dementia occurred predicated an organic change in the brain, so that dementia præcox was an organic and manic-depressive a functional disease of the brain. Certain states of mental disorder are common to both conditions: yet there are symptoms which render it possible to distinguish between them. In dementia præcox there is “inco-ordination of the individual psychical processes”: manic-depressive insanity depends on “a change in the mutability of the individual psychical processes.” Normal mentality results from the co-ordinated action of the emotional, intellectual, and volitional processes, and is characterised by a certain congruity of thought and conduct. If there is inco-ordination of these fundamental processes, incongruity of thought and conduct results. The nature of the incongruity depends on the mental process mainly responsible for the incoordination. The symptoms may be for a time emotional, intellectual, or volitional.
The Cerebral Associations of Raynaud's Disease
Authors: Norman Hubert J.
Published: August 2008

It was in 1862 that Maurice Raynaud first made public his description of the condition with which his name has since been associated, and his Thesis for the Doctorate in Medicine has now become a classic in medical literature (1). Although there may be meticulous critics who will dispute his claim to priority in the delineation of the disease-complex known as Raynaud's disease, there can be no doubt that it was he who first succinctly and clearly described the condition. To use a phrase which is apposite in dealing with such a subject—it was Raynaud who first drew a “line of demarcation” between the symptoms characteristic of his syndrome and those typical of gangrenes in general. In his own words, he was dealing with “a very limited corner of the general history of gangrenes.” In the present paper it is proposed to remain within still stricter limitations, yet even there the amount of clinical material is not inconsiderable. There is an additional interest, too, from the fact that Raynaud, especially in his later researches (2), became more and more convinced that the explanation of the peripheral symptoms should be sought in some change in the central nervous system.
The Relative Amounts of Grey and White Matter in some Normal and Pathological Brains.
Authors: Cruickshank John
Published: August 2008

The marked complexity of the convolutions of the brain of man, as compared with the lower animals, has suggested to numerous writers that the higher intellectual and other mental faculties characteristic of the human subject are in more or less direct relationship to the amount of grey matter in the brain. Attempts have therefore been made to measure the amount of grey matter in the brains of persons of very different degrees of intelligence and mental development. Owing to the highly complicated nature of the convolutions of the human brain, the method of estimation by direct dissection of the grey matter from the underlying white matter has not been adopted except in the case of a very few brains, most workers having approached the subject by indirect methods. Some observers have directed their attention to the measurement of the surface area of the grey matter, others to the determination of the absolute amount of cortex. Danilewsky, as a result of observations upon the specific gravity of the brain and of the grey and white matter, has calculated that the cortex forms 30 per cent. of the total brain weight. Donaldson, on the other hand, has estimated the grey matter of the hemisphere as forming 50 per cent. of the whole.
On Psychosensory and Psychomotor Disturbances
Authors: Monrad-Krohn G. H.
Published: August 2008

The large chapter of aphasia and allied conditions of psychomotor and psychosensory disturbances is still a chapter where there are great differences of opinion, and a great heterogeneity in nomenclature.
The Psycho-Physiological Theory of Right-handedness [Théorie Psycho-Physiologique de la Droiterie]. (Revue Philosophique, June and July, 1916.) Mlle. Ioteyko
Authors: Adams J. Barfield
Published: August 2008

The writer commences her article by enunciating the doctrine that the normal human being is asymmetrical. “In 1903,” she says, “I expressed the opinion that the normal man is asymmetrical. The principle of the bilateral symmetry of the organism, established until recently in biological sciences, is replaced to-day by the idea of asymmetry, which, far from being an abnormal or pathological phenomenon, is, on the contrary, the expression of the natural state. One of the halves of the body is more developed than the other from an anatomical and physiological point of view. In the case of the right-handed man, it is the right side which is favoured; in the case of the left-handed man, it is the left. Now, each half of the body being dependent on the hemisphere of the opposite side, one sees that in the case of the right-handed man it is the left brain which is most developed, whilst in the case of the left-handed man a greater development of the right brain is assumed.” This thesis is supported by references to the works of many observers.
On the Mentality of those who Commit Suicide [Sulla Mentalità dei Suicidi]. (Il Manicomio, April, 1916.) Prof. Francesco Del Greco.
Authors: Adams J. Barfield
Published: August 2008

Sadness, or rather melancholy in the common acceptation of the word (I hardly think the word depression quite conveys the writer's idea), tedium vitó, and impulse, appear to Prof. Del Greco to be the most important elements in the mentality of an individual about to commit suicide.
Hystero-traumatism with so-called “Physiopathic” Syndrome Cured by Re-education [Hystero-traumatisme avec syndrome dit “physio-pathique” guéri par la rééducation]. (Le Progrès Médical, March 10th, 1917.) Ferrand, Dr. Jean, Physician to St. Joseph's Hospital, Paris.
Authors: Drapes T.
Published: August 2008

Attempts have been made to classify the numerous forms of paralysis resulting from wounds in battle. Some are due to direct lesions of peripheral nerves and their roots: others are hystero-traumatic in nature. Between these two extreme varieties there is a particular clinical type which must be isolated from others—paralysis of reflex origin.
Alexander Reid Urquhart, LL.D., M.D.Aberd., F.R.C.P.Edin.
Authors: Robertson George M.
Published: August 2008

During the last two years the Scottish Division of the Association has suffered the loss of two of its honoured members in Sir Thomas Clouston and Dr. Turnbull. We have now to deplore the passing of Dr. Urquhart, of the Murray Royal Asylum, Perth. This occurred at Eastbourne on July 31st—the same date as that on which there also died his life-long friend, Dr. Hayes Newington, of Ticehurst. It is not too much to say that the Medico-Psychological Association was deprived on that day of two of its most representative and esteemed surviving members in England and in Scotland.
Epilepsy and the Ductless Glands
Authors: Prior Guy P. U. , Jones S. Evan
Published: August 2008

The actions of the ductless glands are very complex, and become greatly complicated when one of them is either under or over acting, because of its stimulating or inhibitory effect upon some other endocrine organ. To help in the difficulty of understanding their action, as an aid in diagnosing abnormalities in their secretion and in administering extracts of these glands, we drew up the following tables. So as to do no injustice to the authors upon whose works we have taken the liberty to base these tables, we should like to repeat that in many cases, the author to whom we attribute a statement, is himself frequently quoting someone else, and often does not support the view we have credited to him. It is only by reference to the original work that the author's meaning can be appreciated. Accepting as probably correct Gower's theory, that epilepsy is due to some chemical affecting the nerve-cells (1), and considering the great influence the endocrine glands have on chemical changes of the body, we have endeavoured to study these glands in their relation to epilepsy, and to discover if there is any evidence of their abnormal action in this disease.
The Relation of Alcohol to Mental States, particularly in regard to the War
Authors: Armstrong-Jones Sir Robert
Published: August 2008

I propose to deal with this subject in the light of present-day experience and knowledge, reflecting, to begin with, the medical opinion of to-day and afterwards that of the general public, and I propose to divide my theme into two sections: Firstly, the evident meaning attached to my title, viz., the different forms of mental abnormality resulting from excessive drinking in the individual, and secondly, the different mental states exhibited, or the different points of view adopted by the community responsible for the methods of its sale and use, and, as a consequence, for the maintenance of public order. In dealing with the latter section I shall pass in review the different legal measures that have been adopted to control its sale and the various steps that have been taken to safeguard the health of the people in connection with it.
The Present Position in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Major William McDougall
Published: August 2008

In choosing a subject for this address, I have felt at liberty to go outside the boundary of psychiatry, and I propose to put before you a slight sketch of the present position in clinical psychology. First, it is necessary to explain what I intend to denote by this term. It may be said that there is not and cannot be any branch or section of psychology that can properly be so called; for the clinician necessarily deals with his patient as an entire organism, and cannot, in considering his mental life, abstract from any one part or function of the mind to concentrate his attention upon another; his psychology therefore must be concrete and must deal with the mind as a whole. This is true, and it follows from this truth that, when our knowledge of the human mind shall have become an adequate and well-established science, that science must be the theoretic basis for all who are practically concerned with the working of the mind, whether they are chiefly and immediately concerned with the normal mind or with minds in disorder.
Mental Wards with the British Expeditionary Force: A Review of Ten Months' Experience
Authors: Chambers W. D.
Published: August 2008

During the period from March 1st, 1918, to January 11th, 1919, the writer held the appointment of Mental Specialist to Boulogne Base, and was in charge of the mental wards for that area. These were located at No. 8 Stationary Hospital at Wimereux, and received all the mental cases developing in or brought to the Boulogne and Calais areas. In addition a number of cases were sent for report from the local standing medical board, and many cases were seen at other hospitals.
Some Present-day Problems Connected with the Administration of Asylums
Authors: Pierce Bedford
Published: August 2008

In many respects the difficulties of administration are greater in hospitals and private institutions than in public asylums maintained out of the rates. The financial problems raised by the reduction of hours and the increase in salaries, as well as the greater cost of all commodities, are very serious when there is little prospect of increasing the income to meet the increasing expenditure. What will happen if the present tendency continues no one can foresee, but it seems quite clear that the middle classes will soon be unable to bear additional burdens. Already many patients with limited income cannot possibly pay increased charges, and it would be cruel to discharge, for financial reasons, aged patients who have been under care for years, and have no other home than the asylum in which they live.
Psychiatry a Hundred Years Ago: With Comments on the Problems of To-day. The Presidential Address at the Annual Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association of Great Britain and Ireland, held at York, July 22nd, 1919
Authors: Pierce Bedford
Published: August 2008

The theme of the address I am about to give—if anything so discursive can be said to have a theme—is the medical treatment of the insane during the period of transition and reform at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries.
Homosexuality
Authors: Read C. Stanford
Published: August 2008

By the majority of individuals, and even of medical men, homo sexuality has simply been regarded as a disgusting perversion which merits no further interest or investigation. This disgust and revolt of the moral sense is explained by Freud as due in great part to the existence in the ordinary mind of a homosexual component of the sex instinct, which finds indirect expression in condemnation of homosexuality in others, in the same way as the repression of the sexual instinct in the prude expresses itself in the condemnation of normal sexual activity. This idea seems to be confirmed by the great tolerance of homosexuality we see in some countries where sex repression is also much lessened. We must bear in mind that man is not the purely reasoning individual he deludes himself he his, and it is certain that he is largely swayed by unconscious emotional forces which warp his thought and action. The student of science is by no means an exception, and we should do well when new theories come before us, and controversy is apt to be rife, to dip thoughtfully into the chapters on the psychology of belief.
The Essentials of an Education. (Ment. Hyg., April, 1920.) Paton, S.
Authors: Gifford John
Published: August 2008

The essentials of an education are: (1) a knowledge of actual life; (2) a definite impelling interest in some phase of life; (3) the recognition from actual experience of one's own capacity and limitations of adjustment; (4) the acquirement of the emotional attitudes and habits necessary for perceiving and adapting to reality. These ensure against nervous breakdown, but are not synonymous with modern education, which views the problems of man as he was or may become, not his reactions as he is. Life is a process of slow adjustment, and must be accepted as it is. If elemental biological facts are not faced squarely serious personal difficulty arises. Conflict to the point of mental depression can be so met as to preserve sound personal judgment on public questions. Individual conscious processes are not so essential to adjustment as is believed: decision is made from well grounded feeling, often not from reason which can be logically detailed. An outstanding example is Abraham Lincoln, whom science cannot explain by his heredity or early experiences. Successful life implies consciousness of the reality of environment, and avoids the visions of intemperate idealism. The student is not taught to know himself, to estimate the present, and to intelligently adjust to immediate circumstances. Hence the many graduates of highest distinction who are subsequently failures, being finally seen in hospitals, reformatories, prisons or asylums. The numbers in insane institutions are more than those in colleges or universities.

Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation. (Summary of Adler's Monographic Study.) (The State Hosp. Quart., November, 1920.) Haviland, H. C.
Pupillary and Reflex Disturbances in 275 Cases of Neurosyphilis. (Journ. of Nerv. and Ment. Dis., August, 1920.) Lowrey, L. G., and Benedict, Mary K.
Authors: Forsyth C. W.
Published: August 2008

Pupillary and Reflex Disturbances in 275 Cases of Neurosyphilis. (Journ. of Nerv. and Ment. Dis., August, 1920.) Lowrey, L. G., and Benedict, Mary K.

The Static and Kinetic Systems of Motility. (Arch. of Neurol. and Psychiat., October, 1920.) Hunt, J. Ramsay.

On Deep Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex. (Journ. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., April, 1920.) Van't Hoog, E. G.
Two Cases of Familial Dementia Præcox [Deux cas de Démence Précoce Familiale]. (L'Encephale, April, 1920.) Laignel-Lavastine
Authors: Norman Hubert J.
Published: August 2008

Cases of dementia præcox occurring in different members of the same family are by no means uncommon. The first example given is of brother and sister both admitted to the asylum during the same year. The family history is bad. The father died æt. 63; he was an alcoholic, was irritable and prone to anger, suspicious, and seclusive. He was also influenced by ideas of persecution; stated to have had syphilis. All the family on the paternal side nervous and unstable. A nephew. was an idiot. Mother healthy. There were five children, of whom the first two died in infancy of meningeal trouble. The eldest of the three surviving children is normal. The other two are the patients noted. The brother was nervous and fretful as a child. The symptoms of dementia præcox appeared when he was 17½ years old, a month after a fall from a bicycle, when he was unconscious for several hours. He was suspicious, restless, destructive, and deluded, believing that people interfered with him and prevented him from working. Then for several months he was mute. He became increasingly apathetic.
The Goldsol Test in Mental Disease
Authors: Bedford P. W.
Published: August 2008

General paralysis is often very difficult to diagnose, and the responsibility of coming to a decision is not lessened by the fatal character of the disease. Amongst the protean manifestations of neuro-syphilis, the early and definite recognition of this, its most deadly and intractable form, offers a problem in nice discrimination—a problem which is in the present tense and imperative mood. According to Southard, of 119 cases diagnosed as general paralysis, post-mortem examination revealed a diagnostic error of 26 per cent. If anyone had been able to devise a less intricate test for syphilis, the Wassermann reaction would never have survived to the present day. It is one of the most complicated methods that have been applied to diagnosis in medicine. Any simple test, therefore, which promises increased precision in diagnosis, is worthy of that careful investigation which is the half-way house to knowledge.
Ends and Means of Psychiatric Research
Authors: Kraepelin Emil
Published: August 2008

The story of the founding of the German Institute of Psychiatric Research reveals the astonishing fact that a great enterprise, requiring millions of marks, and serving in the first instance purposes of pure science, has been carried into execution, even amid the tumult of the war, in little over a twelvemonth. The preparatory work dates back, of course, to the pre-war period, but the scheme had to give place to the great task of the day, until, on January 6th, 1916, with the subscription of the first half-million marks, the possibility of its materialising came suddenly within reach. Six months later the future of the new Institute was firmly assured, and on February 13th, 1917, His Majesty King Ludwig was able to grant the charter that gave it being. On June 10th, 1917, was held the first public meeting at which the position of the Institute with regard to the development of our science could be made plain, and in April of this year (2) five of the seven departments originally projected had taken up their work under the leadership of eminent savants. The others will follow as soon as the circumstances of the time permit a satisfactory solution of the problem of personnel.
A Plea for more Accurate Diagnosis and Intensive Treatment of Syphilis in State Institutions. (State Hosp. Quart., August, 1921.) Ross, J. R.
Authors: Franklin Marjorie E.
Published: August 2008

This plea for greater use of the opportunities which hospital control affords for the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis is based on replies to a questionnaire sent to institutions for the insane and mental defectives in U.S.A. and Canada, and on personal experience as superintendent of Dannemora State Hospital. At Dannemora, of syphilitic cases which received adequate treatment (limited by expense to 25 per cent.), with the exception of paretics, all responded by changes in the Wassermann reaction of blood and spinal fluid and by physical improvement, and nearly all by mental improvement, usually preceded by temporary loss of weight and occasionally by transitory mental exacerbations. Reports of four cases are given as examples. Treatment, the details of which are described, consisted in four courses of neo-arsphenamide given intravenously combined with mercury salicylate intramuscularly and sodium iodide by mouth, and with attention to diet and hygiene. Some paretics showed reductions in Wassermann, blood-count and globulin, but not in gold curve, nor has there, as yet, been a cure. General paralysis, however, is simulated by curable forms of neuro-syphilis. Syphilis may be a factor leading to loss of mental balance even without actual cerebral infection. A routine Wassermann test should be made on all inmates, and all serologically or clinically syphilitic should receive intensive treatment.
The Philosophy of Occupational Therapy. (Arch. of Occupat. Ther., February, 1922.) Meyer, Adolf.
Authors: Franklin Marjorie E.
Published: August 2008

For thirty years—first at State Hospitals for the Insane, and later as Medical Director of Phipps Psychiatric Clinic—Dr. Meyer has assisted at the progress of occupational treatment for mental illness. He has seen it develop from a purely industrial type of employment with mainly utilitarian aims to the educational methods of occupation and recreation under the direction of specially trained organisers, in establishing which Mrs. Meyer was one of the pioneers.
The Inter-reaction of the Endocrine, Sympathetic and Central Nervous Systems in Organismal Toxæmia, with Special Reference to Emotional Disturbance
Authors: Orr David
Published: August 2008

When approached by the President of the Medico-Psychological Association to give a short address at the Annual Meeting I chose the above title. On reflection, however, I find it is somewhat over- ambitious and cannot be dealt with in the time at our disposal. It would be better, perhaps, if I endeavoured to place before you some broad principles relative to the close association between neuropathology and psychiatry, and indicate the data in support of the view that anatomically, physiologically, and pathologically the entire nervous system must be regarded, along with its endocrinic appendages, as a unit, each of whose component parts reacts upon the others.
Some Aspects of Sociology and their Psychiatrical Application
Authors: Suttie Ian D.
Published: August 2008

We attribute great psychopathic significance to the stresses incident to the adjustment of the individual to his culture. Everyone is supposed to bear the marks of this conflict. In fact, this disharmony is blamed for all human unhappiness and inefficiency not due to famine and disease. If this opinion is justified how is it that culture, the product of the mind, is not better adapted to the needs and natural capacities of its creator?