bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytologic appearance of myospherulosis of the breast diagnosed by fine‐needle aspirates: A clinical, cytological and immunocytochemical study of 23 cases
Authors: Hata Sakae , Kanomata Naoki , Kozuka Yuji , Fukuya Minako , Kobayashi Tadao K. , Ohno Eiji , Moriya, Takuya
Published: May 2010

The objective of this study was to introduce the clinical and cytological aspects of myospherulosis. A total of 5,174 consecutive breast fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology cases were reviewed, among which 23 cases of myospherulosis of the breast were found, all in female patients. The main findings of myospherulosis, best seen with the Papanicolaou stain, consisted in the observation of spherules that were homogeneously smooth or contained one or more internal dense bodies. Routine Papanicolaou‐stained slides with or without Romanowsky staining were analyzed. Immunocytochemistry was conducted for carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1), glycophorin C, KP1, and PGM1. The patients' ages ranged from 41 to 79 years (mean age: 56 years). Of the 23 patients, 21 had a previous history of breast surgery. Cytologically malignant or suspicious diagnoses were made in four of the 23 cases. The size of parent bodies varied from 18.2 to 151 μm (mean, 52 μm). The size of spherules ranged from 2.1 to 16.4 μm (mean, 6.6 μm). Immunocytochemistry showed that the myospherules reacted with anti‐CA1 and anti‐glycophorin C antibodies. Most breast myospheruloses occur in patients with a history of breast surgery. Immunocytochemistry for CA1 and glycophorin C can enhance the diagnosis of myospherulosis. Diagn. Cytopathol.2011;39:177–180. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Muscle dysmorphia and the DSM‐V conundrum: Where does it belong? A review paper
Authors: Murray Stuart B. , Rieger Elizabeth , Touyz Stephen W. , De la Garza García, Lic Yolanda
Published: May 2010

Objective

Muscle dysmorphia is a relatively recently identified psychological condition that, since its inception, has been variously conceptualized as an eating disorder and subsequently as a type of body dysmorphic disorder within the somatoform disorders. This review aims to inform and encourage ongoing debate surrounding the diagnostic placement of this disorder.

Method

We present a review and synthesis of the extant literature with a view to informing future decisions regarding the conceptualization of muscle dysmorphia.

Results

The validity of muscle dysmorphia as a clinical entity has been empirically demonstrated. While the condition bears little semblance to somatization as currently conceptualized, the research suggests a strong conceptual similarity with anorexia nervosa. However, future research needs to utilize more appropriate measures of male eating disorder pathology. Muscle dysmorphia is also inclusive of obsessive compulsive features that are typical to those seen in eating disorder presentations.

Discussion

We suggest that muscle dysmorphia be reanalyzed through the lens of an eating disorder spectrum. Recognition of muscle dysmorphia as an eating disorder may offer more clinical utility in recognizing the male experience of eating disorder pathology and also help reduce the number of current male cases falling into the EDNOS category. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43:483–491
EuIII‐Doping of Lamellar Bilayer and Amorphous Mono‐Amide Cross‐Linked Alkyl/Siloxane Hybrids
Authors: Nunes Silvia C. , Planelles‐Aragó José , Ferreira Rute A. S. , Carlos Luis D. , de Zea Bermudez Verónica
Published: May 2010

Two structurally different but chemically similar families of alkyl/siloxane mono‐amidosil hosts, represented by m‐A(x) [where x = 14 or 8 represents the number of CH2 groups of the pendant alkyl chains directly bonded to the carbonyl group of the amide cross‐link] have been doped with a wide range of concentrations of Eu(CF3SO3)3. Mono‐amidosils m‐A(x)nEu(CF3SO3)3 with n ≥ 10 (where n is the molar ratio of carbonyl groups per Eu3+ ion) have been analyzed. The m‐A(8)nEu(CF3SO3)3 mono‐amidosils are transparent and amorphous films, in which the alkyl chains adopt gauche conformations. In contrast, the m‐A(14)nEu(CF3SO3)3 mono‐amidosils are solid powders; here the lamellar bilayer hierarchical structure of m‐A(14) coexists with a new lamellar phase in which the Eu3+ ions are bonded to carbonyl oxygen atoms of the amide groups. At n = 10 the hydrogen‐bonded associations formed are highly ordered and considerably stronger than those found in the less concentrated hybrids and in the nondoped matrices. “Free” and weakly coordinated triflate ions occur in all the mono‐amidosil samples. The hybrids are white light emitters (maximum quantum yield: 0.08 ± 0.01), presenting a broad emission band in the blue/purplish‐blue spectral region (ascribed to the hybrid host) superimposed on the 5D0→7F0–4 Eu3+ intra‐4f6 transitions. Two Eu3+ local coordination sites (named A and B) have been discerned in both systems. Site A is attributed to weakly coordinated Eu3+/CF3SO3– ion pairs, whereas site B involves Eu3+ coordination to the oxygen atoms of the C=O groups, of the CF3SO3– ions and of the water molecules. For site B, the long‐range order of the hybrid host induces distinct features in the energy of the 5D0→7F0–4 transitions, the 5D0 lifetime and the degree of covalency of the Eu3+–first‐ligand bonds.
Decolorization of simulated textile dye baths by crude laccases from Trametes hirsuta and Cerrena unicolor
Authors: Moilanen Ulla , Osma Johann F. , Winquist Erika , Leisola Matti , Couto Susana Rodríguez
Published: May 2010

In this study crude laccases from the white‐rot fungi Cerrena unicolor and Trametes hirsuta were tested for their ability to decolorize simulated textile dye baths. The dyes used were Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) (100 mg/L), Congo Red (12.5 mg/L), Lanaset Grey (75 mg/L) and Poly R‐478 (50 mg/L). The effect of redox mediators on dye decolorization by laccases was also assessed. C. unicolor laccase was able to decolorize all the dyes tested. It was especially effective towards Congo Red and RBBR with 91 and 80% of color removal in 19.5 h despite the fact that simulated textile dye baths were used. Also Poly R‐478 and Lanaset Grey were partially decolorized (69 and 48%, respectively). C. unicolor laccase did not need any mediators for removing the dyes. However, T. hirsuta laccase was only able to decolorize simulated Congo Red and RBBR dye baths (91 and 45%, respectively) in 19.5 h without mediators. When using mediators the decolorization capability was enhanced substantially, e.g. Poly R‐478 was decolorized by 78% in 25.5 h. On the whole, both laccases showed potential to be used in industrial applications.
Development of level set method with good area preservation to predict interface in two‐phase flows
Authors: Sheu Tony W. H. , Yu C. H. , Chiu P. H.
Published: May 2010

A two‐step conservative level set method is proposed in this study to simulate the gas/water two‐phase flow. For the sake of accuracy, the spatial derivative terms in the equations of motion for an incompressible fluid flow are approximated by the coupled compact scheme. For accurately predicting the modified level set function, the dispersion‐relation‐preserving advection scheme is developed to preserve the theoretical dispersion relation for the first‐order derivative terms shown in the pure advection equation cast in conservative form. For the purpose of retaining its long‐time accurate Casimir functionals and Hamiltonian in the transport equation for the level set function, the time derivative term is discretized by the sixth‐order accurate symplectic Runge–Kutta scheme. To resolve contact discontinuity oscillations near interface, nonlinear compression flux term and artificial damping term are properly added to the second‐step equation of the modified level set method. For the verification of the proposed dispersion‐relation‐preserving scheme applied in non‐staggered grids for solving the incompressible flow equations, three benchmark problems have been chosen in this study. The conservative level set method with area‐preserving property proposed for capturing the interface in incompressible fluid flows is also verified by solving the dam‐break, Rayleigh–Taylor instability, bubble rising in water, and droplet falling in water problems. Good agreements with the referenced solutions are demonstrated in all the investigated problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An fMRI study of risk‐taking following wins and losses: Implications for the gambler's fallacy
Authors: Xue Gui , Lu Zhonglin , Levin Irwin P. , Bechara Antoine
Published: May 2010

Human decision‐making involving independent events is often biased and affected by prior outcomes. Using a controlled task that allows us to manipulate prior outcomes, the present study examined the effect of prior outcomes on subsequent decisions in a group of young adults. We found that participants were more risk‐seeking after losing a gamble (riskloss) than after winning a gamble (riskwin), a pattern resembling the gambler's fallacy. Functional MRI data revealed that decisions after riskloss were associated with increased activation in the frontoparietal network, but decreased activation in the caudate and ventral striatum. The increased risk‐seeking behavior after a loss showed a trend of positive correlation with activation in the frontoparietal network and the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex but a trend of negative correlation with activation in the amgydala and caudate. In addition, there was a trend of positive correlation between feedback‐related activation in the left lateral frontal cortex and subsequent increased risk‐seeking behavior. These results suggest that a strong cognitive control mechanism but a weak affective decision‐making and reinforcement learning mechanism that usually contribute to flexible, goal‐directed decisions can lead to decision biases involving random events. This has significant implications for our understanding of the gambler's fallacy and human decision making under risk. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attempt to manage after‐effects of beaver impounding activities in drainage systems: One trial assay
Authors: Lamsodis Romanas
Published: May 2010

When there is a high population density of beavers, they readily occupy open drains. By impounding these drains, the animals also dam up the subsurface drainage systems that empty into them. This paper provides the results from a trial conducted in a beaver‐obstructed stretch of the open drain, Žiedupis, and its environs in the Nevėžis River basin in Lithuania. Studies were carried out on the functioning of pond drains installed in beaver dams, the behaviour of beavers in reacting to the lowered water levels, the condition of the tile drain pipes operating under damming, and the hydrological conditions of the soils drained by these drains. The trial was conducted in soils with a light texture. The weather conditions were generally rather drier than average. It was found that pond drains were able to maintain water in ponds at the desirable levels that benefit the functioning of subsurface drainage systems. However, they did not prevent beavers from building new dams, and did not encourage the animals to abandon the beaver site. Possible reasons for beaver expansion into open drains, as well as ways to avoid or mitigate the harm from their damming of drainage systems, are also discussed in the paper. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Kennedy pathway—De novo synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine
Authors: Gibellini Federica , Smith Terry K.
Published: May 2010

The glycerophospholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) account for greater than 50% of the total phospholipid species in eukaryotic membranes and thus play major roles in the structure and function of those membranes. In most eukaryotic cells, PC and PE are synthesized by an aminoalcoholphosphotransferase reaction, which uses sn‐1,2‐diradylglycerol and either CDP‐choline or CDP‐ethanolamine, respectively. This is the last step in a biosynthetic pathway known as the Kennedy pathway, so named after Eugene Kennedy who elucidated it over 50years ago. This review will cover various aspects of the Kennedy pathway including: each of the biosynthetic steps, the functions androles of the phospholipid products PC and PE, and how the Kennedy pathway has the potential of being a chemotherapeutic target against cancer and various infectious diseases. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(6): 414–428, 2010
Single point vs. mapping approach for spectral cytopathology (SCP)
Authors: Schubert Jennifer M. , Mazur Antonella I. , Bird Benjamin , Miljković Milosˇ , Diem Max
Published: May 2010

In this paper we describe the advantages of collecting infrared microspectral data in imaging mode opposed to point mode. Imaging data are processed using the PapMap algorithm, which co‐adds pixel spectra that have been scrutinized for R‐Mie scattering effects as well as other constraints. The signal‐to‐noise quality of PapMap spectra will be compared to point spectra for oral mucosa cells deposited onto low‐e slides. Also the effects of software atmospheric correction will be discussed. Combined with the PapMap algorithm, data collection in imaging mode proves to be a superior method for spectral cytopathology. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bioconversion of soysterols to androstenedione by Mycobacterium fortuitum subsp. fortuitum NCIM 5239, a mutant derived from total sterol degrader strain
Authors: Gulla Vrushali , Banerjee Tushar , Patil Shridhar
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND: The bioconversion of soysterols to androstenedione (AD) by microbial cleavage of C‐17 side chain is of practical interest since AD serves as the starting compound for the production of the majority of pharmaceutically active steroids. A total soysterols degrader strain was subjected to combined mitomycin C and UV treatments and a mutant designated Mycobacterium fortuitum subsp. fortuitum NCIM 5239 was isolated that accumulated AD as major bioconversion product.

RESULTS: The maximum bioconversion of soysterols to AD (71.3 mol %) was obtained at 30 °C, pH 5, 15% inoculum grown for 48 h, glycerol (12.68 g L−1) and urea (1.06 g L−1) as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, at C:N ratio of 10, the use of 10% polypropylene glycol‐400 (PPG‐400) as soysterols carrier solvent and 3 mg mL−1 concentration of soysterols after 240 h incubation period in shake flask culture. In a laboratory scale fermentor, a maximum of 64.8 mol % bioconversion of soysterols to AD was recorded after 99 h.

CONCLUSION: The mutant Mycobacterium fortuitum subsp. fortuitum NCIM 5239 possesses high potential for industrial production of AD from soysterols. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of pH on the uptake of arsenate and vanadate by hydrotalcites in alkaline solutions: a Raman spectroscopic study
Authors: Palmer Sara J. , Frost Ray L.
Published: May 2010

Hydrotalcites have been synthesised using solutions of three different pH values to assess the effect of pH on the uptake of arsenate and vanadate. The ability of these hydrotalcites to remove vanadate and arsenate from solution has been determined by inductively coupled optical emission spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor changes in the anionic species for hydrotalcites synthesised at different pH values. The results show a reduction in the concentration of arsenate and vanadate anions that are removed in extremely alkaline solutions. Hydrotalcites containing arsenate and vanadate are stable in solutions up to pH 10. Exposure of these hydrotalcites to higher pH values results in the removal of large percentages of arsenate and vanadate from the hydrotalcite interlayer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive factors of carcinoma in 279 patients with Hürthle cell neoplasm of the thyroid gland
Authors: Strazisar Branka , Petric Rok , Sesek Manja , Zgajnar Janez , Hocevar Marko , Besic Nikola
Published: May 2010

Background and Objectives

Estimation of the risk of malignancy in a Hürthle cell (HC) neoplasm is important for optimum extent of thyroid surgical treatment. The aim of this retrospective study was to find predictive factors of carcinoma in patients with HC neoplasm.

Methods

A total of 279 patients (241 females, 38 males; median age 55 years, range 15–86 years) with HC neoplasm in whom carcinoma was only suspected and who were surgically treated at our Institute in the period 1990–2007, were included in this study. Risk factors for malignancy were identified by the chi‐squared test and logistic regression.

Results

The histopatological diagnoses were carcinoma, benign goiter and adenoma in 71 (25%), 68 (25%) and 140 (50%) patients, respectively. Predictive factors for carcinoma, shown by chi‐square test, were: age of patients, tumor diameter, thyroid volume and Tg concentration. The independent predictors of malignancy as shown by multivariate logistic regression were age of patients and pre‐operative Tg concentration. Carcinoma was more common in the patients older than 65 years of age and with Tg concentration over 1,000 ng/ml.

Conclusions

The independent predictors of malignancy in HC neoplasm were age of patients and pre‐operative Tg concentration. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010; 101:582–586. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene expression profiling of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded familial breast tumours using the whole genome‐DASL assay
Authors: Waddell Nic , Cocciardi Sibylle , Johnson Julie , Healey Sue , Marsh Anna , Riley Joan , Silva Leonard da , Vargas Ana Cristina , Reid Lynne , Simpson Peter T , Lakhani Sunil R , Chenevix‐Trench Georgia
Published: May 2010

Tissue sample acquisition is a limiting step in many studies. There are many thousands of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded archival blocks collected around the world, but in contrast relatively few fresh frozen samples in tumour banks. Once samples are fixed in formalin, the RNA is degraded and traditional methods for gene expression profiling are not suitable. In this study, we have evaluated the ability of the whole genome DASL (cDNA‐mediated Annealing, Selection, extension, and Ligation) assay from Illumina to perform transcriptomic analysis of archived breast tumour tissue in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) blocks. We profiled 76 familial breast tumours from cases carrying a BRCA1, BRCA2 or ATM mutation, or from non‐BRCA1/2 families. We found that replicate samples correlated well with each other (r2 = 0.9–0.98). In 12/15 cases, the matched formalin‐fixed and frozen samples predicted the same tumour molecular subtypes with confidence. These results demonstrate that the whole genome DASL assay is a valuable tool to profile degraded RNA from archival FFPE material. This assay will enable transcriptomic analysis of a large number of archival samples that are stored in pathology archives around the globe and consequently will have the potential to improve our understanding and characterization of many diseases. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐dose ultraviolet radiation selectively degrades chromophore‐rich extracellular matrix components
Authors: Sherratt Michael J , Bayley Christopher P , Reilly Siobhan M , Gibbs Neil K , Griffiths Christopher EM , Watson Rachel EB
Published: May 2010

Photoageing of human skin due to chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is characterized histologically by extensive remodelling of the dermal elastic fibre system. Whilst enzymatic pathways are thought to play a major role in mediating extracellular matrix (ECM) degeneration in UV‐exposed skin, the substrate specificity of UVR‐up‐regulated and activated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is low. It is unclear, therefore, how such cell‐mediated mechanisms alone could be responsible for the reported selective degradation of elastic fibre components such as fibrillin‐1 and fibulin‐5 during the early stages of photoageing. Here we use atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to demonstrate that physiologically attainable doses (20–100 mJ/cm2) of direct UV‐B radiation can induce profound, dose‐dependent, changes in the structure of, and mass distribution within, isolated fibrillin microfibrils. Furthermore, using reducing and native PAGE in combination with AFM, we show that, whilst exposure to low‐dose UV‐B radiation significantly alters the macromolecular and quaternary structures of both UV chromophore (Cys, His, Phe, Trp and Tyr)‐rich fibrillin microfibrils (fibrillin‐1, 21.0%) and fibronectin dimers (fibronectin, 12.9%), similar doses have no detectable effect on UV chromophore‐poor type I collagen monomers (2.2%). Analysis of the published primary amino acid sequences of 49 dermal ECM components demonstrates that most elastic fibre‐associated proteins, but crucially neither elastin nor members of the collagen family, are rich in UV chromophores. We suggest, therefore, that the amino acid composition of elastic fibre‐associated proteins [including the fibrillins, fibulins, latent TGFβ binding proteins (LTBPs) and the lysyl oxidase family of enzymes (LOK/LOXLs)] may predispose them to direct degradation by UVR. As a consequence, this selective acellular photochemical pathway may play an important role in initiating and/or exacerbating cell‐mediated ECM remodelling in UVR‐exposed skin. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cystoscopy assisted transvesical biopsy of prostatic rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: England Richard J. , Al‐Adnani Mudher , Cohen Marta C. , Godbole Prasad P. , Marven Sean S.
Published: May 2010

The treatment of prostatic rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) depends on tumour stratification based on site and histology. An increasing range of cytogenetic, molecular, and immunohistochemistry studies are required. This is difficult to achieve using standard cystoscopic biopsies alone. We present a 5‐year‐old male, diagnosed with a prostatic RMS. He underwent cystoscopy to confirm the diagnosis and at the same time tissue was obtained for histology using laparoscopic graspers via a STEP™ Port inserted percutaneously into the apex of his bladder. Histology and cytogenetics confirmed an embryonal botryoid RMS for which he received chemotherapy followed by a radical prostatectomy for residual disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:583–586. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of the thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposites
Authors: Silva Rodrigo , Salles Cléia , Mauler Raquel , Oliveira Ricardo
Published: May 2010

Research into organic–inorganic nanocomposites has recently become popular, particularly the development of new polymer nanocomposites. Compared to pristine polymers or conventional composites, these nanocomposites exhibit improved properties. The storage modulus of a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposite slightly decreased with POSS content, but had a higher modulus from 50 to 100 °C. Some of the material appeared to be aggregated with 1 wt% POSS in the polymeric matrix. Conversely, with a POSS content of 5 wt%, a better dispersion of the nanoparticles was observed. The presence of POSS in the plasticised PVC compound had little influence on the final properties of the nanocomposites, showing weaker interactions between the POSS and the plasticised PVC compound. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Long‐term effects of birth order and age at diagnosis in cystic fibrosis: A sibling cohort study
Authors: Slieker M.G. , van den Berg J.M.W. , Kouwenberg J. , van Berkhout F. Teding , Heijerman H.G.M. , van der Ent C.K.
Published: May 2010

Background

Siblings with cystic fibrosis (CF) share many genetic and environmental factors but may present different phenotypes. Younger sibs are mostly earlier diagnosed with CF than their older sibs, but might be at risk for an earlier colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) than their older counterparts due to cross‐infection within families.

Aims

To analyze the effects of birth order and age at diagnosis on lung function, PA colonization, nutritional status, and survival during the first two decades of life in siblings with CF.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of 52 sibling pairs was performed in two Dutch CF centers. Data were analyzed both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally using Kaplan–Meier curves and modified log‐rank tests.

Results

Median age at diagnosis was significantly higher in the older sib compared with the younger sib (3.0 and 0.2 years, respectively, P < 0.0001). At the age of 5, 10, and 15 years no difference in lung function was found. However, at the age of 20 years, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) in older sibs was 19.4% (95% CI: 5.9–32.9%, P = 0.007) lower than in younger sibs. In the younger sibs group, FEV1 at age 20 years was significantly better in those who had a diagnosis before the age of 6 months (difference 22.9%, 95% CI: 0.1–45.8%, P < 0.05). In the first 10 years of life the younger sibs tended to be earlier colonized with PA than their older counterparts. No differences in nutritional status and survival were observed.

Conclusion

In this sibling cohort study, an early diagnosis of CF was associated with better lung function after two decades of life. Although younger siblings tended to be colonized with PA at an earlier age, they showed better lung function outcomes. This underscores the importance of early diagnosis with newborn screening and early referral to a specialized center in the prevention of long‐term deleterious effects on lung function. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:601–607. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GaN nanorods and LED structures grown on patterned Si and AlN/Si substrates by selective area growth
Authors: Li Shunfeng , Fündling Sönke , Sökmen Ünsal , Neumann Richard , Merzsch Stephan , Hinze Peter , Weimann Thomas , Jahn Uwe , Trampert Achim , Riechert Henning , Peiner Erwin , Wehmann Hergo‐Heinrich , Waag Andreas
Published: May 2010

GaN nanorods (NRs) show promising applications in high‐efficiency light emitting diodes, monolithic white light emission and optical interconnection due to their superior properties. In this work, we performed GaN nanostructures growth by pre‐patterning the Si and AlN/Si substrates. The pattern was transferred to Si and AlN/Si substrates by photolithography and inductively‐coupled plasma etching. GaN NRs were grown on these templates by metal‐organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). GaN grown on Si pillar templates show a truncated pyramidal structure. Transmission electron microscopy measurements demonstrated clearly that the threading dislocations bend to the side facets of the GaN nanostructures and terminate. GaN growth can also be observed on the sidewalls and bottom surface between the Si pillars. A simple phenomenological model is proposed to explain the GaN nanostructure growth on Si pillar templates. Based on this model, we developed another growth method, by which we grow GaN rod structures on pre‐patterned AlN/Si templates. By in‐situ nitridation and decreasing of the V/III ratio, we found that GaN rods only grew on the patterned AlN/Si dots with an aspect ratio of about 1.5 ‐ 2. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Affective personality type, post‐traumatic stress disorder symptom severity and post‐traumatic growth in victims of violence
Authors: Kunst Maarten Jacob J.
Published: May 2010

The current study explored the differential association between affective personality type, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, and post‐traumatic growth (PTG) in victims of violence (N = 113). Relying on previous research, median cut off‐scores on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form were used to classify participants as high affective [i.e. high positive affectivity (PA) and high negative affectivity (NA)], self‐actualizing (i.e. high PA and low NA), self‐destructive (i.e. low PA and high NA) and low affective (i.e. low PA and low NA). Results indicated that the self‐destructive and high affective personality styles were strongly associated with increased PTSD symptoms severity. High affective personality type was found to be the only significant predictor of PTG. Results, study limitations and directions for future research were discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Cardiomyocyte Formation from Embryonic Stem Cells in High Glucose
Authors: Crespo Francisco Luna , Sobrado Veronica R. , Gomez Laura , Cervera Ana M. , McCreath Kenneth J.
Published: May 2010

Accumulating evidence points to reactive oxygen species (ROS) as important signaling molecules for cardiomyocyte differentiation in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Given that ES cells are normally maintained and differentiated in medium containing supraphysiological levels of glucose (25 mM), a condition which is known to result in enhanced cellular ROS formation, we questioned whether this high glucose concentration was necessary for cardiomyocyte lineage potential. We show here that ES cells cultured in physiological glucose (5 mM), maintained their general stemness qualities but displayed an altered mitochondrial metabolism, which resulted in decreased ROS production. Furthermore, ES and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells differentiated in lower glucose concentrations failed to generate cardiomyocyte structures; an effect mimicked with antioxidant treatments using catalase, N-acetyl cysteine and mitoubiquinone, under high glucose conditions in ES cells. Molecular analysis revealed that ES cells differentiated in 5 mM glucose had reduced expression of the pro-cardiac NOX4 gene and diminished phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), together with specific changes in the cardiac transcriptional network. These outcomes could be reversed by supplementation of low glucose cultures with ascorbic acid, paradoxically acting as a pro-oxidant. Furthermore, forced expression of an upstream p38 MAPK kinase (MKK6) could bypass the requirement for ROS during differentiation to cardiomyocytes under low glucose conditions, illustrating a key role for p38 in the cardiac differentiation program. Together these data demonstrate that endogenous ROS control is important for cardiomyocyte formation from ES cells, and furthermore that supraphysiological glucose, by supplying ROS, is absolutely required.
Regulation of mRNA decapping
Authors: Li You , Kiledjian Megerditch
Published: May 2010

Decapping is a critical step in the control of mRNA stability and the regulation of gene expression. Two major decapping enzymes involved in mRNA turnover have been identified, each functioning in one of the two exonucleolytic mRNA decay pathways in eukaryotic cells. The Dcp2 protein cleaves capped mRNA and initiates 5′ to 3′ degradation; the scavenger decapping enzyme, DcpS, hydrolyzes the cap structure generated by the 3′ to 5′ decay pathway. Consistent with the important role of decapping in gene expression, cap hydrolysis is exquisitely controlled by multiple regulators that influence association with the cap and the catalytic step. In this review, we will discuss the functions of the two different decapping enzymes, their regulation by cis‐elements and trans‐factors, and the potential role of the decapping enzymes in human neurological disorders. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
No‐go decay: a quality control mechanism for RNA in translation
Authors: Harigaya Yuriko , Parker Roy
Published: May 2010

Eukaryotic cells have evolved multiple quality control mechanisms that recognize and eliminate defective mRNA during the process of translation. One mechanism, referred to as No‐go decay (NGD), targets mRNAs with elongation stalls for degradation initiated by endonucleolytic cleavage in the vicinity of the stalled ribosome. NGD is promoted by the evolutionarily conserved Dom34 and Hbs1 proteins, which are related to the translation termination factors eRF1 and eRF3, respectively. NGD is likely to occur by Dom34/Hbs1 interacting with the A site in the ribosome leading to release of the peptide or peptidyl‐tRNA. The process of NGD and/or the function of Dom34/Hbs1 appear to be important in several different biological contexts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
The role of KSRP in mRNA decay and microRNA precursor maturation
Authors: Gherzi Roberto , Chen Ching‐Yi , Trabucchi Michele , Ramos Andres , Briata Paola
Published: May 2010

KH‐type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP)/FBP2, a single‐strand nucleic acid binding protein originally identified as both an RNA‐binding protein and a transcription factor, affects RNA fates at multiple levels. In this review we will discuss the ability of KSRP to (1) promote decay of labile mRNAs by interacting with some components of the mRNA decay machinery and (2) favor the maturation of a select group of microRNA precursors. We also discuss how its peculiar modular structure allows KSRP to specifically interact with a wide spectrum of RNA sequences and how post‐translational modifications influence KSRP functions in cell proliferation and differentiation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Evolution and Genomics > Ribonomics

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Comparative Evaluation of Vegetable Oils‐Impregnated Layers as Reversed‐Phases for Thin‐layer Chromatography
Authors: Briciu Rodica Domnica , Sârbu Costel
Published: May 2010

Silica gel plates impregnated with a variety of oils including vegetable oils (olive, sunflower and corn oil) and synthetic oils (trioctylamine and paraffin oil) were evaluated and compared with the commercially available reversed‐phases TLC plates (RP‐18, RP‐18W, and CN). A series of selected lipophilic vitamins was employed to evaluate the suitability of oils as reversed‐phases for TLC and to provide different lipophilicity indices: RM0, scores corresponding to the first principal component of RF and/or RM, the arithmetic mean of RF and RM values obtained with solvent mixture containing various concentrations of methanol in water. The retention results were excellent (r > 0.98) and allowed accurate estimation of lipophilicity of selected vitamins and to ranking the lipophilicity of oils when comparing with chemically bonded phases. Concerning the lipophilicity scale of vegetable oils, it is worth noting that corn oil presents the highest lipophilicity, closely followed by the olive and sunflower oils.
Singular solution to Special Lagrangian Equations
Authors: Nadirashvili Nikolai , Vlăduţ Serge
Published: May 2010

We prove the existence of non-smooth solutions to three-dimensional Special Lagrangian Equations in the non-convex case.

Nous démontrons l'existence de solutions singulières d'équations speciales lagrangiennes en dimension trois, dans le cas non convexe.
Methicillin‐ResistantStaphylococcus aureus: An Update
Authors: Durai Rajaraman , Ng Philip C.H. , Hoque Happy
Published: May 2010

Methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is a serious threat to patients in health care facilities and the community. A MRSA infection can be much more severe than other bacterial infections and can be life‐threatening. Resistance to common antibiotics makes treating MRSA costly and difficult. Prolonged hospitalization requiring specialized IV antibiotics also has cost implications. Treatment of MRSA can include use of antibiotics; topical therapies such as honey, topical silver, and gentian violet; and bacteriophages. Research is being conducted on new antibiotics and a MRSA vaccine.
Welcome to the Pink Side
Authors: Batten Sandra
Published: May 2010

Welcome to the Pink Side Sherry Wheeler 2009, AuthorHouse 68 pages, $23.49 softcover
Clinical Issues—May 2010
Authors: Mitchell Sheila
Published: May 2010

This Month

Keeping blood‐soaked sponges on the sterile field

Key words: blood‐soaked sponges; bloodborne pathogens; counting sponges.

Staff members wearing casts in restricted and semirestricted zones

Key words: casts in perioperative areas; splints in perioperative areas; infection prevention measures; bloodborne pathogens; reassignment to administrative duties.

Washer decontaminator/disinfector cleaning validation

Key words: mechanical disinfectors; washer/disinfectors; mechanical instrument washers; washer decontaminators; mechanical cleaning; instrument processing.
Environment and the serotonergic system
Authors: Oreland L. , Nordquist N. , Hallman J. , Harro J. , Nilsson K.W.
Published: May 2010

In summary, genetics, as well as foetal and early life environmental factors shape the size or capacity of our monoamine systems, of which the serotonergic one might play a leading role. Those constitutional properties then form the biological basis for personality traits, such as impulsiveness and “sensation seeking”, which interact with psychosocial settings and life events to form a pattern of reactivity to a current life event or psychosocial situation, shown as a high or low order of magnitude of gene-environment interaction. In the present paper emphasis is put on the role of genotypes of the serotonin transporter, of monoamine oxidases A and B, and of platelet monoamine oxidase B activity, which all have been shown to be of importance for behaviour and with obvious effects of interactions with environment. Under unfortunate circumstances constitutional properties might be strong enough to result in vulnerability for suicide, even with a modest influence of environment.
Comparative profiling of microRNA expression between neural stem cells and motor neurons in embryonic spinal cord in rat
Authors: Wei Hongen , Wang Chunfang , Zhang Chuansen , Li Pengfei , Wang Fei , Zhang Zhiying
Published: May 2010

Neural stem cells’ transplantation has been proposed as a future therapy for spinal cord injury. The challenge is how to make proportionally more neural stem cells differentiate into spinal motor neurons. Recent reports reveal that microRNAs play an important role in regulating stem cell self‐renewal and differentiation. The aim of this study was to compare the profiling of microRNA expression between neural stem cells and motor neurons and to find candidate targets that direct differentiation of neural stem cells into motor neurons. We performed a parallel isolation and puriﬁcation of motor neurons and neural stem cells from the same rat embryonic spinal cord sample. With the high‐throughput TaqMan low‐density array platform, 44 differentially expressed microRNAs were identified (22 specially expressed microRNAs in motor neurons and neural stem cells, respectively). Using bioinformatic methods, clustering, transcriptional regulation and target genes of differential microRNAs were analyzed. Furthermore, miR‐126 specially expressed in cultured motor neurons identified by TaqMan low‐density array was significantly elevated in choline acetyltransferase‐positive neurons differentiated from the neural stem cells. These findings suggest that specially expressed microRNAs may contribute to the directed differentiation of neural stem cells into motor neurons and are potential targets for therapeutic interventions following spinal cord injury.
Whole-Cell Protein Identification Using the Concept of Unique Peptides
Authors: Zhao Yupeng , Lin Yen-Han
Published: May 2010

A concept of unique peptides (CUP) was proposed and implemented to identify whole-cell proteins from tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) ion spectra. A unique peptide is defined as a peptide, irrespective of its length, that exists only in one protein of a proteome of interest, despite the fact that this peptide may appear more than once in the same protein. Integrating CUP, a two-step whole-cell protein identification strategy was developed to further increase the confidence of identified proteins. A dataset containing 40,243 MS/MS ion spectra of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and protein identification tools including Mascot and SEQUEST were used to illustrate the proposed concept and strategy. Without implementing CUP, the proteins identified by SEQUEST are 2.26 fold of those identified by Mascot. When CUP was applied, the proteins bearing unique peptides identified by SEQUEST are 3.89 fold of those identified by Mascot. By cross-comparing two sets of identified proteins, only 89 common proteins derived from CUP were found. The key discrepancy between identified proteins was resulted from the filtering criteria employed by each protein identification tool. According to the origin of peptides classified by CUP and the commonality of proteins recognized by protein identification tools, all identified proteins were cross-compared, resulting in four groups of proteins possessing different levels of assigned confidence.
Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth in a Small Open Economy
Authors: Turnovsky Stephen J.
Published: May 2010

Economic growth is an issue of primary concern to policy makers in both developed and developing economies. As a consequence, growth theory has long occupied a central role in economics. In this book, renowned growth theorist Stephen J. Turnovsky investigates the process of economic growth in a small open economy, showing that it is sensitive to the productive structure of the economy. The book comprises three parts, beginning with models where the only intertemporally viable equilibrium is one in which the economy is always on its balanced growth path. Empirical evidence suggests relatively slow speeds of convergence so the second part of the book looks at several alternative ways in which transitional dynamics may be introduced. In the third and final part, the author applies the growth model to the issue of foreign aid, focusing specifically on whether aid should be untied or tied to the accumulation of public capital.
Parasite hybridization in AfricanMacrogyrodactylusspp. (Monogenea, Platyhelminthes) signals historical host distribution
Authors: BARSON MAXWELL , PŘIKRYLOVÁ IVA , VANHOVE MAARTEN P. M. , HUYSE TINE
Published: May 2010

Macrogyrodactylusspp. from the gills ofClarias gariepinusin Zimbabwe and Kenya, andC. anguillarisin Senegal were identified using haptoral sclerite morphology and by sequencing the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 2, partial 18S and the complete 5·8S rRNA gene. A molecular phylogeny was constructed using all sequencedMacrogyrodactylusspecies to date. Based on morphology,Macrogyrodactylus congolensis, M. heterobranchii, M. clarii, andM. karibaewere identified, with one specimen from Zimbabwe displaying morphological features that were intermediate betweenM. heterobranchiiandM. clarii. In the intermediate form, the partial 18S and ITS1 sequence was identical to that ofM. clariiwhile the remaining ITS1 and complete ITS2 region was almost identical toM. heterobranchiias was the partialcox1 fragment, thus strongly suggesting a hybrid origin. At present, the catfish host ofM. heterobranchiiandM. clariido not co-occur in southern Zimbabwe; this hybridization event is therefore proof of historical sympatry of both fish species.
Graph methods for the investigation of metabolic networks in parasitology
Authors: COTTRET LUDOVIC , JOURDAN FABIEN
Published: May 2010

Recently, a way was opened with the development of many mathematical methods to model and analyze genome-scale metabolic networks. Among them, methods based on graph models enable to us quickly perform large-scale analyses on large metabolic networks. However, it could be difficult for parasitologists to select the graph model and methods adapted to their biological questions. In this review, after briefly addressing the problem of the metabolic network reconstruction, we propose an overview of the graph-based approaches used in whole metabolic network analyses. Applications highlight the usefulness of this kind of approach in the field of parasitology, especially by suggesting metabolic targets for new drugs. Their development still represents a major challenge to fight against the numerous diseases caused by parasites.
The silicon trypanosome
Authors: BAKKER BARBARA M. , KRAUTH-SIEGEL R. LUISE , CLAYTON CHRISTINE , MATTHEWS KEITH , GIROLAMI MARK , WESTERHOFF HANS V. , MICHELS PAUL A. M. , BREITLING RAINER , BARRETT MICHAEL P.
Published: May 2010

African trypanosomes have emerged as promising unicellular model organisms for the next generation of systems biology. They offer unique advantages, due to their relative simplicity, the availability of all standard genomics techniques and a long history of quantitative research. Reproducible cultivation methods exist for morphologically and physiologically distinct life-cycle stages. The genome has been sequenced, and microarrays, RNA-interference and high-accuracy metabolomics are available. Furthermore, the availability of extensive kinetic data on all glycolytic enzymes has led to the early development of a complete, experiment-based dynamic model of an important biochemical pathway. Here we describe the achievements of trypanosome systems biology so far and outline the necessary steps towards the ambitious aim of creating a ‘Silicon Trypanosome’, a comprehensive, experiment-based, multi-scale mathematical model of trypanosome physiology. We expect that, in the long run, the quantitative modelling enabled by the Silicon Trypanosome will play a key role in selecting the most suitable targets for developing new anti-parasite drugs.
The relationship of social function to depressive and negative symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis
Authors: Corcoran C. M. , Kimhy D. , Parrilla-Escobar M. A. , Cressman V. L. , Stanford A. D. , Thompson J. , David S. Ben , Crumbley A. , Schobel S. , Moore H. , Malaspina D.
Published: May 2010

Background

Social dysfunction is a hallmark symptom of schizophrenia which commonly precedes the onset of psychosis. It is unclear if social symptoms in clinical high-risk patients reflect depressive symptoms or are a manifestation of negative symptoms.

Method

We compared social function scores on the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report between 56 young people (aged 13–27 years) at clinical high risk for psychosis and 22 healthy controls. The cases were also assessed for depressive and ‘prodromal’ symptoms (subthreshold positive, negative, disorganized and general symptoms).

Results

Poor social function was related to both depressive and negative symptoms, as well as to disorganized and general symptoms. The symptoms were highly intercorrelated but linear regression analysis demonstrated that poor social function was primarily explained by negative symptoms within this cohort, particularly in ethnic minority patients.

Conclusions

Although this study demonstrated a relationship between social dysfunction and depressive symptoms in clinical high-risk cases, this association was primarily explained by the relationship of each of these to negative symptoms. In individuals at heightened risk for psychosis, affective changes may be related to a progressive decrease in social interaction and loss of reinforcement of social behaviors. These findings have relevance for potential treatment strategies for social dysfunction in schizophrenia and its risk states and predict that antidepressant drugs, cognitive behavioral therapy and/or social skills training may be effective.