bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MORTALITY AND LIFE‐TABLE IN DOWN'S SYNDROME
Authors: ØSTER JAKOB , MARGARETA  , MIKKELSEN  , NIELSEN ARNE
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Øster, J., Mikkelsen, M. and Nielsen, A. (Department of Paediatrics, Randers Centralsygehus, Randers, John F. Kennedy Institute, Glostrup, and the Institute for Human Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark). Mortality and life‐table in Down's syndrome. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:322, 1975.–The causes of death in 130 patients with Down's Syndrome and mortality rates from a material of 524 patients were tabulated; a life‐table for the ages over 5 years was constructed. An overall death rate of 5–7 times the general population rate was found. No sex difference was observed. The excess mortality was especially high for heart disease and respiratory disease. Also infectious diseases, others than pneumonia and tuberculosis, showed high mortality rates.
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND INSULIN SECRETION IN VERY SMALL BABIES
Authors: CSER A. , MILNER R. D. G.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Cser, A. and Milner, R. D. G. (Department of Child Health, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 OJH, England). Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in very small babies. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:457, 1975.–Nineteen exchange transfusions were performed via the umbilical artery using blood preserved with acid‐citrate and dextrose in 8 infants of 34–40 weeks gestation (larger infants) and 9 very small infants of 26–33 weeks gestational age. The plasma glucose rise which was similar in both groups stimulated insulin secretion from the larger infants but not the very small infants. No significant differences occurred between the groups in the fall in mean free fatty acid levels or increase in growth hormone secretion. Following transfusion there was a sharp rise in mean plasma insulin concentration in the larger infants and a smaller rise in the very small infants, but the rate of glucose disappearance was greater in the very small infants. A highly significant positive correlation was found between the maximum posttransfusion plasma insulin and the birth weight of the infants. Plasma glucose levels of less than 30 mg/100 ml occurred in 2 larger and 5 very small infants during the first 3 hours after transfusion. One infant of birth weight 0·98 kg received four transfusions; in 2 where he received ACD blood via the umbilical artery or vein, insulin secretion was not stimulated but in the other 2 in which glucagon or arginine was added to the ACD donor blood, insulin secretion was stimulated. Feeding practice should take account of the fact that although very small infants secrete less insulin than larger infants during exchange transfusion they are more likely to become hypoglycaemic in the immediate posttransfusion period.
POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID LIPIDOSIS
Authors: SVENNERHOLM L. , HAGBERG B. , HALTIA M. , SOURANDER P. , VANIER M.‐T.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Svennerholm, L., Hagberg, B., Haltia, M., Sourander, P. and Vanier, M.‐T. (Departments of Neurochemistry, Paediatrics and Pathology I, University of Gothenburg, Sweden and Pathology II, University of Helsinki, Finland). Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipidosis (PFAL). Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:489, 1975.–Lipid analyses were performed on cerebral tissue from three children who had died of a progressive encephalopathy and from one living child in an early stage of the disease. In the terminal stage of the disease, the cortex and white matter content of all lipid classes, particularly the sphingolipids, were very low. The concentration of gangliosides of the cerebral cortex was 10%, and of cerebrosides in white matter, 2–3 % of the normal values for the age. The porportion of the minor gangliosides with short carbohydrate chains was increased because the reduction affected mainly the four major brain gangliosides GM1, GD1a. GD1b and GT1. In the child from whom the biopsy specimen was obtained in an early phase of the disease the cerebral lipid pattern appeared to be normal. A patient who had died of neuronal ceroid‐lipofuscinosis (Janský‐Bielschowsky) did not show any major lipid changes. The fatty acid patterns of the phosphoglycerides showed such changes as have never been observed in any other disease. In the three advanced cases the fatty acid compositions in cerebral cortex and white matter were identical. In ethanolamine phosphoglycerides the proportions of 18:1 and 20:4 (n‐6) were increased, while those of 22:4 (n‐6) and 22:6 (n‐3) were markedly diminished. Similar changes in the fatty acid pat‐. terns were found in the other phosphoglycerides. In the early phase of the disease 22:4 (n‐6) was decreased and 18:1 increased. We propose that this new disease be termed polyunsaturated fatty acid lipidosis (PFAL).
POST‐MORTEM DISTRIBUTION AND TISSUE CONCENTRATIONS OF DIGOXIN IN INFANTS AND ADULTS
Authors: ANDERSSON K.‐E. , BERTLER å. , WETTRELL G.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Andersson, K.‐E., Bertler, å. and Wettrell, G. (Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Paediatrics, University Hospital, Lund, and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Medical School, Linkoping, Sweden). Post‐mortem distribution and tissue concentrations of digoxin in infants and adults. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:497, 1975.–By means of 86Rb uptake inhibition assay, the distribution and tissue concentrations of digoxin in various tissues during maintenance therapy were studied post mortem in 12 infants (aged 5 days to 8 months) and 17 adults (aged 49–91 years). The mean maintenance dose for infants was 0.014 mg/kg bw/24 h and for adults, 0·005 mg/kg bw/24 h. The same relative distribution of the glycoside found in infants and in adults was: choroid plexus>ventricular myocardium> kidney liver >skcletal muscle. Between infants and adults, the mean digoxin concentrations in choroid plexus, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle did not differ significantly; however, significant differences were found in the glycoside concentrations in ventricular and in atrial myocardium. Both infants and adults showed a difference in the content of the glycoside within the heart, the concentration in ventricular muscle being significantly higher than in atrial. There seemed to be no direct relation between the tissue concentrations of the glycoside (myocardium, skeletal muscle) and the daily maintenance dose (mg/kg bw/24 h). The results suggest that the myocardial binding of digoxin is higher in infants than in adults.
A 21‐YEAR PSYCHO‐SOCIAL FOLLOW‐UP OF 524 UNSELECTED CASES OF DOWN'S SYNDROME AND THEIR FAMILIES
Authors: φSTER J. , TEMPEL A. VAN DEN
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: φster, J. and van den Tempel, A. (Department of Paediatrics, Centralsygehuset, Randers, Denmark). A 21‐year psycho‐social follow‐up of 524 unselected cases of Down's syndrome and their families. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:505, 1975.–The death rate was followed, and a life table has been constructed. Three crucial events were examined: 1. the period of diagnosis, 2. the problem of institutionalization versus homecare, 3. the ageing and death of the parents and its consequences for the person with D.S. Several other medical problems, psychological implications and social consequences for the person with D.S., for his parents and siblings are highlighted. The worst problem for parents with the child at home was social isolation; for the parents with the child at an institution it was the very existence of the child. To both groups the most encouraging fact was that their child was happy, friendly and in good spirits. Finally, emphasis is laid upon the medical and paramedical problems which must be discussed and solved to make a harmonious and social life for the person with D.S., for his normal siblings, and for the parents.
GASTRIC EMPTYING IN NEWBORNS AND YOUNG INFANTS
Authors: SIGNER E. , FRIDRICH R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Signer, E. and Fridrich, R. (University Children's Hospital and the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kantonsspital, Basel, Switzerland). Gastric emptying in newborns and houng infants. Acta Paediatr Stand, 64:525, 1975.–The rate of gastric emptying was measured in newborns and young infants by a new radio‐isotopic method. 28 control babies and 6 infants with projectile vomiting were given a 50 ml standard milk feeding containing 15µCi of Indium‐113m‐microcolloid. The radioactivity in the stomach was counted at regular intervals with a gamma‐camera. The gastric emptying followed an exponential pattern with a “half‐life” of 87±29 minutes in 24 out of 28 control babies. In 6 patients with projectile vomiting gastric emptying was impaired severely. Three of them with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis showed complete stasis of gastric contents. Gastric emptying returned to normal 8–16 days after pyloromyotomy. It is suggested that the radioisotopic technique is helpful in evaluating the severity of pyloric stenosis and that it is of value in studies of the action of pharmacological substances on gastric emptying.
PLASMA ADRENALIN IN A CHILD WITH KETOTIC HYPOGLYCEMIA AND CALCIFICATIONS OF THE SUPRARENAL GLANDS
Authors: JACOBSEN B. BROCK , KASTRUP K. W. , CHRISTENSEN N. JUEL
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Jacobsen, B. B., Kastrup, K. W. and Christensen, N. J. (Childrens Hospital Fuglebakken, Copenhagen, and 2nd Clinic of Internal Medicine, Kommunehospitalet, Aarhus, Denmark). Plasma adrenalin in a child with ketotic hypoglycemia and calcifications of the suprarenal glands. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:559, 1975.–Urinary excretion of adrenalin has been reported to be reduced during insulin‐induced hypoglycemia in a significant proportion of children having ketotic hypoglycemia. By employing a sensitive double‐isotope derivative technique, plasma adrenalin and plasma noradrenalin were determined in a boy 6 years 9 months old who had had ketotic hypoglycemia with intermittent hypoglycemic symptoms from the age of 10 months. Bilateral calcifications of the suprarenal glands were present. The adrenocortical function was normal. The plasma adrenalin response to hypoglycemia were practically absent, being only 4 % of the value obtained in healthy children. The results were related to previous findings of a low plasma adrenalin response in patients with ketotic hypoglycemia without adrenal calcifications and support the assumption that ketotic hypoglycemia is associated with hypoadrenalinemia.
BREAST FEEDING AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF FAECAL E. COLI STRAINS
Authors: GOTHEFORS L. , OLLING S. , WINBERG J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT: Gothefors, L., Oiling, S. and Winberg, J. (Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Bacteriology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden and Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden). Breast feeding and biological properties of faecal E. coli strains. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64: 807, 1975. —Human milk may contribute to protection against gram‐negative infection by promoting intraluminal agglutination or killing of bacteria or by preventing bacterial attachment to epithelial surfaces. This paper explores the effect of human milk on the sensitivity of faecal E. coli to serum bactericidal activity and agglutination specificity, factors which have been regarded as related to virulence. Faecal E. coli isolated from breast‐fed infants differed from those from formula‐fed infants in two respects: They were more sensitive to the bactericidal effect of human serum and more often spontaneously agglutinating. E. coli strains isolated from sources outside the gastro‐intestinal tract, that is the prepuce and female peri‐urethral region, were in breast‐fed babies less sensitive than faecal strains. The findings are compatible with the hypothesis that a breast‐milk factor favours the proliferation of mutant strains. The observed effects of breast‐milk might be associated with decreased bacterial virulence, and be one of the ways in which breast‐feeding protects against infection.
V. EXERCISE STUDIES IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE. AN EARPIECE DENSITOMETRIC INVESTIGATION
Authors: WALLGREN C. GÖRAN , KRETZSCHMAR GÜNTER , ZETTERQVIST PER
Published: January 2008

Abstract: Twenty‐three patients have been studied by exercise testing during right heart catheterization. Cardiac output was measured by the earpiece densitometric technique before, during and after the exercise period. It is concluded that the earpiece densitometric technique in conjunction with exercise testing offers an attractive alternative for the study of pressure and flow characteristics in children with congenital heart disease.
1. PERSPECTIVES ON ADOLESCENT MEDICINE: CONCEPTS AND PROGRAM DESIGN
Authors: COHEN MICHAEL I. , LITT IRIS F. , SCHONBEKG S. KENNETH , SHEEHY AUDREY J. , DAUM FREDRIC , HEIN KAREN
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

The concepts and goals of a program in adolescent medicine should include development of a capability to focus on current health needs of youth in a variety of settings; to plan clinical services to meet those needs with the flexibility necessary to respond to changing future requirements; and to deliver service within such a context while simultaneously creating a milieu conducive to education and investigation into the very process and definition of adolescence.

The Division of Adolescent Medicine at Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center was designed 7 years ago to fulfill these goals and consequently may serve others as a functional model for health care delivery to teenagers. The Division is comprised of: (1) a 37 bed in‐patient unit; (2) a hospital‐based ambulatory program including general diagnostic and follow‐up services, as well as a specialty service capability in the areas of gynecology and family planning, cardiology, gastroenterology and nutrition; (3) primary care health services within teenage detention and prison facilities; (4) addictive disease diagnostic and treatment programs; (5) school health programs from intermediate school through college levels, and (6) the division also performs supportive and consultative functions for a variety of community‐based agencies. Within the programatic design approximately 70,000 adolescents have been served.

The cornerstone of the educational and investigative efforts has been the concept that all of the above six functional units are clinical laboratories and classrooms so that training and research activities are integral parts of each of the service areas.

This program design is continually undergoing revision and refinement so as to remain ever‐responsive to new and emerging problems to meet additional training demands and, most importantly, to permit and encourage creativity, and growth among patients and staff.
HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE IN CULTURE VI. Effect of Age on Cell Size and Lipolysis
Authors: NYBERG GUDRUN , MELLGREN GOSTA , SMITH ULF
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Biopsies of subcutaneous adipose tissue were taken from children varying in age from a few hours to 15 years. In 63 children the cell diameter was determined. Weight in relation to height was normal. At an average the fat cell weight was 0.05 μg in the new‐born, but adolescent values were reached within the first year of life. Biopsies from 23 children were incubated for one week in vitro. Cell size was not changed significantly during this period. Glycerol release was strongly correlated to cell size and the long‐term effect of insulin on the lipolysis was found to be stimulating as previously shown for adults. At the same cell size basal lipolysis was higher in children below one year of age than later in life. It is concluded that the tissue culture method may be used for studies of adipose tissue from children. Furthermore, the data indicate that there is a difference in adipose tissue metabolism and cell size of children below one year as compared to older children and adults.
SEQUENTIAL DETERMINATION OF C‐REACTIVE PROTEIN IN ACUTE CHILDHOOD PYELONEPHRITIS
Authors: JODAL ULF , HANSON LARS ÅKE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Serum CRP levels ranging between 10 and 200 μg/ml were found in 19 patients with acute pyelonephritis. Treatment with antibacterial drugs, to which the bacteria were fully sensitive, resulted in a rapid decrease of the CRP values and very low or trace amounts were attained within a week. In contrast, cases ineffectively treated and/or reinfected showed increasing or slowly decreasing CRP levels. It is suggested that repeated CRP determinations can be used as a diagnostic tool for the rapid detection of cases of acute pyelonephritis in which treatment is ineffective.
CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN, GLUCOSE, KETONE BODIES, LACTATE, PYRUVATE AND AMINO ACIDS IN INFANTS
Authors: SETTERGREN G. , LINDBLAD B. S. , PERSSON B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral av‐differences of oxygen and circulating substrates were measured in normocapnic infants during general anaesthesia before elective surgery in order to study possible age‐dependent variations. CBF was determined by a minor modification of the Kety‐Schmidt technique from desaturation curves of nitrous oxide (N2O) in arterial and cerebral venous blood (N2O analysed by gas chromatography on 15 μl blood samples) after reduction of inhaled N2O from 75 to 50%. The reproducibility was ±4.6%. Lactate, pyruvate and oxygen were determined in whole blood and amino acids in plasma by ion‐exchange chromatography. Reliable av‐differences of glucose, acetoacetate and d‐β‐hydroxybutyrate could be calculated from plasma values and hematocrits. Mean values from 12 infants (age II days‐12 months) were: CBF 69 ml/100 g · min‐1; cerebral uptake (in μmoles/100 g · min‐1): oxygen 104, glucose 27, acetoacetate 0.9, d‐β‐hydroxybutyrate 2.3; cerebral release: lactate 2.4 and pyruvate 0.8. Significant uptake of amino acids was found only for histidine 0.95 and arginine 0.7. Significant correlations between arterial concentration and cerebral exchange were found for: ornithine, arginine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, serine, glutamine and acetoacetate. CBF and substrate exchange were unrelated to age within the group. Infants had higher mean CBF and greater uptake of ketone bodies than has been reported in adults.
THE ROLE OF CATHEPSIN D IN PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE POSTSTREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Authors: KARAN A. , SAATÇI Ü. , BAKKALOL̈ A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Cathepsin D activity has been studied by a fluoremetric assay in the urine of acute post‐streptococcal glomerulonephritic (APSGN) patients aged from 3 to 14 years and has been found elevated when compared with four groups of controls. This activity cannot be accounted for by erythrocytes and/or leukocytes in the urine of these patients since haematuric and pyuric controls did not exhibit an amount of enzyme activity greater than the normal control group. Cathepsin D activity can be attributed to lysosomal enzymes released from polymorphonuclear leukocytes which are in close contact with glomerular basement membrane. Complement C3 levels in serum and cathepsin D activity in urine of these patients showed no correlation.
TREATMENT OF IDIOPATHIC AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA IN CHILDREN Review and Report of Two Fatal Cases in Infancy
Authors: JOHNSON CHRISTINE A. , ABILDGAARD CHARLES F.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Report of two cases of severe idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) in infants who underwent splenectomy and received corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide without benefit. One infant, additionally, was treated with thymectomy and azathioprine without influencing his disease. Experience of therapy for childhood AIHA is reviewed. Four children with AIHA have been thymectomized. Two of these failed to benefit from surgery. There have been fifteen previous trials with immunosuppressive agents in childhood AIHA. About 60% of the children so treated (9 of 15) have shown improvement. Additional clinical trials with this agent are warranted.
THE CHANGING PANORAMA OF CEREBRAL PALSY IN SWEDEN 1954—1970 III.
Authors: HAGBERG G. , HAGBERG B. , OLOW I.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. From record data derived from an unselected series of 560 Swedish cases of cerebral palsy, born in 1954‐70, the significance of prenatal factors associated with materno‐foetal vascular insufficiency causing foetal deprivation of supply (FDS) was investigated. Cerebral palsied children were found to have, on an average, retarded intrauterine growth when compared with a normal population. The incidence of bleeding during pregnancy, maternal toxaemia and multiple pregnancies were significantly increased (p<0.0001). The incidence of the prenatal factors in question had remained unchanged through the years 1954‐70. An additive interplay between factors of FDS and asphyxia/cerebral haemorrhage was revealed. As a whole the findings support the conclusion that FDS plays a major role in the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy today, particularly among the multihandkapped.
ENDOCRINOLOGICAL STUDIES IN UNDESCENDED TESTES
Authors: WAALER P. E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A cross‐sectional study was carried out on 168 boys aged 2.5–16.8 years with unilateral or bilateral testicular maldescent. Urinary excretion of testosterone, Δ4‐androstenedione, LH and FSH was investigated. The results were related to chronological age, bone age and sexual maturation stage. Urinary testosterone excretion was elevated in unilateral and bilateral cases of undescended testis under 9 years of age. The pubertal increase of testosterone excretion seemed to be moderately delayed in the patients. In pubertal stage V the testosterone excretion was normal. The mean testosterone/androstenedione relationship was normal in all age groups up to 14.9 years and increased in patients above this age. After HCG stimulation, the testosterone excretion increased at all ages studied whereas the androstenedione excretion increased only in bilateral cases under 11 years of age. Urinary LH excretion was diminished in bilateral cases aged 6.0–7.9 years and elevated in unilateral cases in pubertal stage V. Urinary FSH excretion was normal below 8 years of age, moderately elevated in bilateral cases aged 8.0–11.9 years and increased in unilateral cases in pubertal stage V. Patients with bilateral anorchia in pubertal stage I, had normal basal testosterone and androstenedione excretion while the LH and FSH levels were increased. The findings in this study indicated that disturbances in the pituitary‐gonadal function of cryptorchids might be operative from early childhood and throughout pubertal years.
RESULTS OF TREATMENT IN MYELOMENINGOCELE
Authors: NAGLO A. S. , HELLSTRÖM B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A follow‐up study was made in 48 surviving children with myelomeningocele, the material being derived from a time when all infants were operated upon in the newborn period without primary selection. The follow‐up revealed several children with severe physical handicap, whereas relatively few were both physically and intellectually handicapped. The results were compared with two earlier published studies of which one from Sheffield comprised cases where selection had not been applied and the other from Edinburgh in which certain criteria had been set up as contra‐indications to early closure of the lesion. The effect of a hypothetical selection applied to the Swedish material is discussed. It is recommended that a uniform system of assessment in grading of handicap is applied to facilitate a comparison between different follow‐up investigations.
CHRONIC PULMONARY DISEASE IN A CHILD WITH THE EHLERS‐DANLOS SYNDROME
Authors: CAVANAUGH M. J. , COOPER D. M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The presence of chronic pulmonary disease is an uncommon finding in the Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome. The patient discussed herein presented with severe irreversible obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by marked hyperinflation, an increase in static lung compliance, and tracheal dilatation. A largely normal lung biopsy ruled out chronic pulmonary emphysema. Despite the similarity of this patient to those with the Mounier‐Kuhn syndrome, the degree of tracheobronchial enlargement was not as great as is usually seen in this disorder although these anatomic changes may develop with time. The findings in this case demonstrate that any site within the tracheobronchial tree may be involved in the Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome and further emphasize the need to determine the degree of reversibility of obstructive lung disease in children.
SERUM ISOAMYLASES IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: SKUDE G. , KOLLBERG H.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Salivary and pancreatic isoamylases were determined in the sera of 33 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and in 34 CF‐parents. Pancreatic serum isoamylase activities were greatly decreased in patients with CF, and only two values from this group fell within the normal range. Salivary isoamylases, however, were markedly increased so that the total serum amylase activities were normal. We interpret the low pancreatic isoamylase levels in serum to reflect reduced exocrine masses in the pancreas of CF‐children. In heterozygotes, the mean activity of the pancreatic isoamylase was significantly higher than in the reference group, while salivary isoamylases were within the normal range. Due to a genetic polymorphism pancreatic isoamylase may occur in two main fractions. This variant type of pancreatic isoamylase appeared more frequently in CF‐heterozygotes than was expected from a reference group of blood donors.
EVALUATION OF SINGLE ORAL DOSE METYRAPONE TESTS IN CHILDREN WITH HYPOPITUITARISM Comparison with the Prolonged Metyrapone and Insulin Induced Hypoglycaemia Tests and Their Relationship with the Etiology of Hypopituitarism
Authors: LIMAL J. M. , BASMACIOGULLARI A. , RAPPAPORT R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Pituitary‐adrenal reserve was evaluated in control and hypopituitary subjects by comparing the 8 a.m. plasma 11‐deoxycorticoid response (11‐DOCS) to a single midnight oral dose of metyrapone (short test) with 1) the 8 a.m. 11‐DOCS increase under repeated oral doses of metyrapone (prolonged test) and 2) with the plasma corticoid response during arginine‐insulin test. In the short and the prolonged metyrapone tests, the same response was obtained in 25 out of 27 patients. The short test was repeated in 22 patients and the 11‐DOCS response did not show a significant difference. In 34 of 40 patients, the response to the short test was comparable to the response during the arginine‐insulin test; only 3 patients with a normal 11‐DOCS rise to the short test had a low response to insulin and vice versa. Among the low responders to the short test, the mean 11‐DOCS value was significantly lower in subjects with operated craniopharyngiomas than in idiopathic hypopituitary patients (p<0.001). In the short test, the 8 a.m. baseline cortisol value was positively correlated with the 8 a.m. 11‐DOCS response (p<0.001), the cortisol level allowing to predict the 11‐DOCS response in 28 out of 53 patients. Thus, the short oral metyrapone stimulation was found to be a reliable test in hypopituitary children.
STUDIES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O ANTIGEN SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES IN HUMAN MILK, MATERNAL SERUM AND CORD BLOOD
Authors: CARLSSON B. , GOTHEFORS L. , AHLSTEDT S. , HANSON L. A. , WINBERG J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The quantity and class specificity of E. coli O antibodies in human milk, maternal serum and cord blood was determined by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The predominant Ig‐class of these antibodies in milk was IgA. The initially high levels of antibodies decreased 10‐fold during the first days, but there seemed to be a fairly constant daily production of IgA antibodies during the first two months of the nursing period. There was no obvious decline in antibody content from morning to night or during a meal. The ratio milk antibody/serum antibody was very high for IgA, suggesting a local production. The ratios for the IgG were all <1, suggesting a restricted transfer from the serum. Ratios around 1 for IgM did not exclude some local production. In umbilical cord serum the amount of IgG E. coli O antibodies was higher than that in maternal serum. Small amounts of IgM and IgA antibodies was also demonstrated in some cases. In milk as well as in serum there were antibodies against a wide variety of E. coli O groups, not only to the actual E. coli strain dominating the mother's gut flora.
CONTROL OF RESPIRATION IN NEWBORN BABIES
Authors: BODEGÅRD GÖRAN
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The recordings from an earlier study regarding the respiratory depth and rate changes induced by exposure to 4 % CO2 in air in 13 babies with PM age varying between 32 and 43 weeks were reexamined with regard to the pattern of thoracic/abdominal breathing excursion in breathing immediately prior to the CO2 exposure and the type of response induced. The pattern was called “stable” when the thoracic breathing excursions were in phase and congruent with the abdominal ones. When the thoracic excursions in comparison with the abdominal excursions were totally inverted, or incongruous but in phase, or rapidly varying between those two, the pattern was called “unstable”. “Unstable” pattern of the breathing prior to the CO2 exposures was followed in an incidence of 60 % by the type of response to CO2 which is characterized by a prompt rate increase (the “Type B” response) and only in 16% by the type characterized by an increased breathing amplitude (the “Type A” response). When the excursion pattern of the breathing prior to the CO2 exposures was “stable”“Type A” responses were induced in 59% and “Type B” responses in only 14%. The excursion pattern present when a baby is exposed to 4 % CO2 thus seems to affect the type of respiratory depth and rate changes achieved. With increasing post menstrual age the excursion pattern of the spontaneous breathing is more often “stable” and respiratory depth and rate changes of the “Type B” induced by CO2 less common. The variabilities of the breathing seen preferably in the preterm baby regarding regularity, rate and tidal volumes (as they could be approximated by the registration methods used) were noted most when the excursion pattern was “unstable”. The results can be hypothetically interpreted to indicate a dynamic interaction between the thoracic wall and pulmonary mechanoreceptor systems of respiratory regulation. The decreasing variability of the breathing seen with increasing maturation in the baby could be explained by an increasing maturation of the neuromuscular ability to provide stability to the rib cage which would act stabilizing on the pulmonary vagal afferent input to the respiratory center.
A CASE OF MULTIPLE NEONATAL HAEMANGIOMATOSIS WITH FAVOURABLE OUTCOME FOLLOWING STEROID THERAPY
Authors: SCHILIRÒ G. , GUARNERI B. , RUSSO A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A case of multiple neonatal haemangiomatosis is described. A short course of steroid therapy produced rapid and marked improvement of cutaneous lesions, without any effect on testicular involvement. The authors emphasize the value of an early treatment with steroids.
SKIM MILK IN INFANT FEEDING
Authors: FOMON S. J. , FILER L. J. , ZIEGLER E. E. , BERGMANN K. E. , BERGMANN R. L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Ninety‐four infants were enrolled at 112 days of age in a study of food intake and growth and 88 were considered to have completed satisfactorily the planned 56 days of observation. The infants lived at home. Feedings consisted of a commercially available formula (Similac, 67 kcal/100 ml) or a slightly modified skim milk (Formula 305, 36 kcal/100 ml) and commercially prepared strained foods. Energy intake and gain in weight were significantly greater by infants fed Similac than by those fed Formula 305. Gain in length was nearly identical in the two feeding groups. During the 56 days of observation, triceps and subscapular skin‐fold thicknesses changed little in infants fed Similac but decreased approximately 25% in infants fed Formula 305. It is suggested that body fat stores of infants fed Formula 305 were mobilized to permit growth of fat‐free tissue.
LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT ORGANIC ACIDS IN THE URINE OF THE NEWBORN
Authors: GREGERSEN N. , INGERSLEV J. , RASMUSSEN K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The urinary excretion of seven selected low molecular weight organic acids in normal neonates was measured by gas chromatography. First and third to fourth day of life excretion of the following compounds was significantly unchanged: 3‐OH‐butyric acid (<13 μmol/mmol creatinine), succinic acid (approx. 43 μmol/mmol creatinine), adipic acid (approx. 12 μmol/mmol creatinine), 2‐OH‐glutaric acid (approx. 23 μmol/mmol creatinine), 3‐OH‐3‐Me‐glutaric acid (approx. 25 μmol/mmol creatinine) and citric acid (approx. 115 μmol/mmol creatinine). The excretion of 4‐OH‐phenyl‐acetic acid increased during the first four days of life (from <8 μmol/mmol creatinine to approx. 20 μmol/mmol creatinine). It is postulated that urinary organic acid excretion in the neonate, which is clearly different from the adult urinary pattern, is a reflection of the specific neonatal metabolic situation, including a high fatty acid utilisation and a low protein catabolism.
ESTROGEN TREATMENT IN TALL GIRLS
Authors: KUHN N. , BLUNCK W. , STAHNKE N. , WIEBEL J. , WILLIG R. P.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Kuhn, N., Blunck, W., Stahnke, N., Wiebel, J. and Willig, R. P. (University Children's Hospital, Hamburg, West Germany). Estrogen treatment in tall girls. Acta Paediatr Scand, 66:161, 1977.—36 tall girls aged 10.3 to 15.5 years were treated with ethinylestradiol (0.5 mg/day) and norethisterone (15 mg/day). To date treatment for seventeen girls has been completed. Before treatment their bone age ranged from 11.0 to 13.5 years and mean height prediction was 185.19 cm (181.40–193.00 cm). After about two years of treatment their final height averaged 178.96 cm (171.60–183.50 cm). Predicted height was reduced by an average of 6.23 cm. The reduction in final height was significantly greater when therapy was started before a bone age of 12 years. Thirteen girls, re‐examined after discontinuation of therapy, all had regular menstrual bleeding within six months. There were no serious or irreversible side effects during the period of observation.
SINUS HISTIOCYTOSIS WITH MASSIVE LYMPHADENOPATHY
Authors: BROSTRØM K. , BAANDRUP U.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Brostrøm, K. and Baandrup, U. (University Department of Paediatrics and University Institute of Pathology, Kommunehospitalet, Aarhus, Denmark). Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. Acta Paediatr Scand, 66:257, 1977.—The present case report brings to attention an unusual form of massive benign lymphadenopathy which can simulate malignant lymphoma. The disease occurs mainly in children and is characterized by a protracted course with painless enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes, fever, leuco‐cytosis, mild anaemia, raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate and hypergammaglobulinaemia. The diagnosis is confirmed by a quite distinct microscopic picture of the involved lymph nodes. SHML is considered to be an unusual response to an infection in an individual with abnormal host defence, though this is not confirmed by the investigations undertaken in the presented case.
INSULIN AND GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION IN A LEUKAEMIC GIRL WITH HYPOTHALAMIC SYNDROME
Authors: SCHILIRÒ G. , RUSSO A. , SCIOTTO A. , VIGO R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Schilirò, G., Russo, A., Sciotto, A. and Vigo, R. (Paediatric Clinics I and II, University of Catania, Catania, Italy). Insulin and growth hormone secretion in a leukaemic girl with hypothalamic syndrome. Acta Paediatr Scand, 66:261, 1977.—The authors report a girl with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia presenting hypothalamic syndrome characterized by meningeal leukaemia, hyperphagia and obesity. Insulin and growth hormone secretion, studied with arginine and insulin stimulation tests, showed a high peak of serum insulin and no response of growth hormone. Insulin and growth hormone responses to these tests reverted to normal after intrathecal methotrexate.
TRISOMY 8 SYNDROME
Authors: BERNSEN A. H. , RASMUSSEN K. , NIELSEN J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A case report of trisomy 8 in a 17‐year‐old mentally retarded female is presented and the previously reported cases of trisomy 8 are reviewed in an attempt to establish the clinical characteristics of the trisomy 8 syndrome.
SOCIO‐PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND METABOLIC CONTROL IN JUVENILE DIABETES
Authors: LUDVIGSSON J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The influence of exogenous and environmental factors on metabolic control was studied in 58 insulin treated juvenile diabetics, 6–17 years of age. Duration of diabetes varied between 3–14 years and age at onset of diabetes between 1–13 years. The social situation as well as knowledge about and attitudes towards diabetes among the patients and their parents were estimated by interviews, questionnaires and special tests. The quality of the diet, exercise and insulin treatment was assessed. An index of diabetic control was calculated on the basis of the patients daily urinalysis made at home. Multiple regression analysis and a special statistical “instrumental” variable technique were used in an effort to analyse the correlations between all variables. The social situation of the diabetic children was comparable with that of other Swedish children, but many parents felt the economic burden of the diabetic treatment as a problem. Knowledge tests showed that 25% of the parents and 62% of the patients above 12 years had unsatisfactory knowledge about diabetes. However, 93% of the patients seemed to have predominantly positive attitudes towards the treatment. Severe psychological problems had occurred in 7 cases. Food habits were appropriate among 21% of the patients and 26% had very regular exercise customs. Physical exercise seemed to be the most important of the exogenous factors for the diabetic control (p<0.001). Among teenagers knowledge was positively correlated to positive attitudes which in turn were positively correlated to physical exercise. Instrumental variable technique gave further indications of a positive influence of knowledge on control, and the correlation between diabetic control on one hand and knowledge combined with positive attitudes on the other was significantly positive. The results emphasize the importance of assisting young diabetic patients and their families in their socio‐psychological adaptation to the strains of diabetic therapy.
ROLE OF FEEDING ON LIPASE ACTIVITY IN GASTRIC CONTENTS
Authors: FREDRIKZON B. , HERNELL O.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Lipase activity was recorded in gastric contents collected from healthy term and preterm neonates. In contrast to pancreatic lipase activity this lipase activity was higher at pH 5.5 than at pH 8.0 and it was more resistent to acid inactivation. Lipase activity was found in gastric contents from all infants who were regularly fed, but was not present in gastric contents from some infants when collected before regular feeding was established. During test meals lipase activity in gastric contents increased considerably in all infants studied. During such a test meal there was a progressive relative decrease in triglycerides whilst diglycerides showed a relative increase suggesting an active lipolytic process in the stomach. An assay procedure for determination of lipase activity in gastric contents is also described.
THE FOAM STABILITY TEST ON GASTRIC ASPIRATE IN THE PREDICTION OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Authors: SPEER M. E. , CORBET A. J. S. , FLAX P. , RUDOLPH A. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. To evaluate the usefulness of the foam stability test (FST) on gastric aspirate for predicting respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants, samples were collected at delivery or within 30 min from 194 infants ≤36 weeks gestation. Of 123 samples adequate for complete testing, 44 were positive at 1:2 dilution, 43 were positive only at dilutions <1:2 and 36 were negative at all dilutions. RDS was found in 2%, 21% and 25% of each group respectively. The FST on gastric aspirate at birth gives useful information only if positive at 1:2 when a very low incidence of RDS may be expected. However, a large proportion of infants with FST negative at 1:1 do not develop RDS, and hence the test is of limited value in screening for those with highest risk.
EFFECT OF EARLY AND LATE CORD CLAMPING ON THE SYSTOLIC TIME INTERVALS OF THE NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: YAO ALICE C. , LIND JOHN
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The effect of early and late cord clamping on the left ventricular performance of the newborn infant was assessed by measuring the systolic time intervals from the indirect carotid pulse tracings and simultaneous phonocardiogram and electrocardiogram. The study was performed in 13 normal, full‐term infants sequentially at 20–105 min, 6‐6½ hrs, and 24–27 hrs of age. The umbilical cords were clamped early in 7 (E.C.) and clamped late in 6 infants (L.C.). The ratio of the pre‐ejection period (PEP) to the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was found to be significantly higher in the L.C. infants (mean±S.E., 0.400±0.18, 0.433±0.018, 0.410±0.021) compared with those of the E.C. (0.334±0.010, 0.347±0.009, 0.361±0.007) with p values of <0.01, <0.005 and <0.05, respectively in the three examination periods. This higher PEP/LVET ratios in the L.C. infants were mainly attributable to a prolongation of the PEP. It is suggested that late cord clamping, by allowing a sizable placental transfusion, appeared to affect adversely the left ventricular performance of the neonate. Furthermore, it is suggested that in evaluating systolic time intervals of the neonate during the first days of life, the volumic state or status of placental transfusion should be taken into consideration as a determinant.
PITUITARY‐THYROID RESPONSIVENESS TO THYROTROPIN‐RELEASING HORMONE IN PRETERM AND SMALL‐FOR‐GESTATIONAL AGE NEWBORNS
Authors: JACOBSEN B. BROCK , ANDERSEN H. , DIGE‐PETERSEN H. , HUMMER L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A dose of 40 μg TRH was injected intravenously in 12 preterm (PT) and 15 small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) babies (with advanced gestational ages) between 5 and 167 hours after birth. Serum‐thyrotropin (TSH) was measured prior to and 30 and 180 min after TRH; serum‐thyroxine (T4) and serum‐triiodothyronine (T3) were measured prior to and 180 min after TRH. The percentage increase in serum‐TSH in PT and SGA babies was comparable to that of fullterm newborns. The serum‐TSH 30 min after TRH in SGA newborns was significantly correlated to basal TSH values, such a correlation could not be shown in the preterms. One SGA and four PT babies had a repeat TRH‐test performed later in infancy: In all but one PT with a gestational age of 27 weeks the TSH rise was lower than in the neonatal period. The thyroid hormone responses after TRH were similar in the two groups of babies. The percentage increase above basal levels were: Median serum‐T3 increase about 46% and median serum‐T4 increase about 14%. It is concluded that in low‐birth‐weight newborn babies the pituitary TSH response to exogenous TRH was like that detected in fullterm newborns and more pronounced than later in infancy. The effect of endogenous TSH as measured by thyroid hormone increases was of the same magnitude as observed in fullterms and in adults.
PAIN CRY IN FULL‐TERM ASPHYXIATED NEWBORN INFANTS CORRELATED WITH LATE FINDINGS
Authors: MICHELSSON KATARINA , SIRVIÖ PERTTI , WASZ‐HÖCKERT OLE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. 115 pain‐induced cries from 45 full‐term newborn infants with pre‐ and perinatal asphyxia were analyzed by sound spectrographic methods. All the infants had signs of intrauterine asphyxia and Apgar score of 6 or less at 5 min. The mean birth weight was 3170 g. The pain cries were recorded before the age of 8 days, 83 % of the cries before 3 days of age. The cry analysis was compared with the pain cries of 75 full‐term, healthy newborn infants of corresponding birth weight and gestational age. The results showed significant differences between the cries of the asphyxiated newborn and the healthy infants. The duration of the phonation was shorter, the maximum and minimum pitch of the fundamental frequency was significantly higher. Bi‐phonation and vibrato occurred more often, double harmonic break and glottal roll less often. An increase in rising, falling‐rising and flat types of melody was observed. Retrospectively, the cries were more abnormal if the infant was found to be neurologically damaged at the check‐up at 2–8 years.
OCULODENTODIGITAL DYSPLASIA SYNDROME Report of Four Cases
Authors: THODÉN C.‐J. , RYÖPPY S. , KUITUNEN P.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Four cases of oculodentodigital dysplasia are reported. Three cases are from the same family, father and two daughters. These three cases have the characteristics typical of this disorder: narrow nose, hypoplastic alae nasi, microphthalmia, defects of the teeth, syndactyly of the IV and V fingers, and skeletal anomalies. The fourth case differs from the earlier reported cases; he has all the typical findings of oculodentodigital dysplasia but in addition he shows features not previously reported, namely exceptionally poor vision, mental retardation, monilethrix and pili annuli changes of the hair.
LINEAR GROWTH OF CHILDREN WITH LIMB DEFORMITIES FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO THALIDOMIDE IN UTERO
Authors: BROOK C. G. D. , JARVIS S. N. , NEWMAN C. G. H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The growth of 202 children exposed to thalidomide in utero and having upper (139 children) or lower (63 children) limb deformities has been assessed towards the end of pre‐pubertal growth. The analyses show that children exposed to thalidomide are shorter than normal children but grow at a normal velocity later. These findings may help in consideration of the mechanism by which thalidomide exerted its teratogenic effect. Analyses of growth may find a wider use in the retrospective assessment of drugs which are potentially harmful in pregnancy.
SERUM LEVELS OF THYROTROPIN, THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN FULLTERM, SMALL‐FOR‐GESTATIONAL AGE AND PRETERM NEWBORN BABIES
Authors: JACOBSEN B. BROCK , ANDERSEN H. J. , PEITERSEN B. , DIGE‐PETERSEN H. , HUMMER L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Simultaneous serum concentrations of TSH, total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were determined in 93 fullterm (FT), 37 small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) and 38 preterm (PT) babies with a postnatal age from 2 to 144 hours. In addition, TSH, T4 and T3 concentrations were measured in cord sera from 27 FT, 4 SGA and 5 PT babies and in venous blood from 20 mothers at delivery. Cord blood concentrations of TSH were higher and T4 and T3 concentrations were lower than seen in the mothers. Serum concentrations of TSH were high during the first day of life followed by a decline. There was no statistically significant difference between serum TSH concentrations of the three groups of newborns. On the 5th day of life no elevated serum TSH values were found in any of the groups (TSH<5mU/l). Serum concentrations of thyroid hormones increased after birth and reached maximum levels within 24 hours in all groups. The relative increases above cord level were of the same magnitude in the newborns: Two times for serum T4 and six times for serum T3. The thyroid hormone concentrations in blood samples from FT babies decreased from the second day of life, whereas in low birth weight newborns the decreases were more variable. The serum levels of T4 and T3 were significantly different in the three groups of newborns, the highest values were seen in FT and the lowest values in PT babies. In contrast, the ratios between molar serum concentrations of T4 and T3 were found to be highest in PT, lower in SGA and lowest in FT babies, approaching maternal values during the first week of life. The data are discussed with regard to hormone secretion, thyroxine‐binding capacity and peripheral T4 to T3 conversion in the three groups of newborns. It is concluded that from day 5 after birth serum TSH determinations, alone or in combination with serum T4, seem to be the method of choice in screening for congenital hypothyroidism.