bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase II Trial of Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab in Patients With Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer That Progressed During Prior Trastuzumab Therapy
Authors: Baselga José , Gelmon Karen A. , Verma Shailendra , Wardley Andrew , Conte PierFranco , Miles David , Bianchi Giulia , Cortes Javier , McNally Virginia A. , Ross Graham A. , Fumoleau Pierre , Gianni Luca
Published: February 2010

Purpose

Pertuzumab, a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) –targeted monoclonal antibody, potently inhibits HER2 dimerization and HER-mediated signaling pathways. Pertuzumab and the approved HER2-targeted monoclonal antibody trastuzumab have complementary mechanisms of action and result in enhanced antitumor activity when combined. This phase II trial assessed the efficacy and safety profile of the combination in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer whose disease had progressed during prior trastuzumab-based therapy.

Patients and Methods

This was a multicenter, open-label, single-arm, Simon two-stage study. Patients with advanced HER2-positive breast cancer in whom disease progression had occurred during prior trastuzumab-based therapy received trastuzumab weekly (4 mg/kg loading dose, then 2 mg/kg every week) or every 3 weeks (8 mg/kg loading dose, then 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks) and pertuzumab every 3 weeks (840 mg loading dose, then 420 mg every 3 weeks). Treatment continued until disease progression or excessive toxicity.

Results

All 66 patients were assessable for efficacy and safety. The objective response rate was 24.2%, and the clinical benefit rate was 50%. Five patients (7.6%) experienced a complete response, 11 patients (16.7%) experienced a partial response, and 17 patients (25.8%) experienced stable disease of ≥ 6 months. Median progression-free survival was 5.5 months. Overall, the combination of pertuzumab and trastuzumab was well tolerated, and adverse events were mild to moderate. Cardiac dysfunction was minimal, and no patients withdrew as a result of cardiac-related adverse events.

Conclusion

The combination of pertuzumab and trastuzumab is active and well tolerated in patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer who had experienced progression during prior trastuzumab therapy.
Second Malignant Neoplasms in Survivors of Pediatric Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treated With Low-Dose Radiation and Chemotherapy
Authors: O'Brien Maureen M. , Donaldson Sarah S. , Balise Raymond R. , Whittemore Alice S. , Link Michael P.
Published: February 2010

Purpose

Survivors of childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) are at risk for second malignant neoplasms (SMNs). It is theorized that this risk may be attenuated in patients treated with lower doses of radiation. We report the first long-term outcomes of a cohort of pediatric survivors of HL treated with chemotherapy and low-dose radiation.

Patients and Methods

Pediatric patients with HL (n = 112) treated at Stanford from 1970 to 1990 on two combined modality treatment protocols were identified. Treatment included six cycles of chemotherapy with 15 to 25.5 Gy involved-field radiation with optional 10 Gy boosts to bulky sites. Follow-up through September 1, 2007, was obtained from retrospective chart review and patient questionnaires.

Results

One hundred ten children completed HL therapy; median follow-up was 20.6 years. Eighteen patients developed one or more SMNs, including four leukemias, five thyroid carcinomas, six breast carcinomas, and four sarcomas. Cumulative incidence of first SMN was 17% (95% CI, 10.5 to 26.7) at 20 years after HL diagnosis. The standard incidence ratio for any SMN was 22.9 (95% CI, 14.2 to 35) with an absolute excess risk of 93.7 cases per 10,000 person-years. All four secondary leukemias were fatal. For those with second solid tumors, the mean (± SE) 5-year disease-free and overall survival were 76% ± 12% and 85% ± 10% with median follow-up 5 years from SMN diagnosis.

Conclusion

Despite treatment with low-dose radiation, children treated for HL remain at significant risk for SMN. Sarcomas, breast and thyroid carcinomas occurred with similar frequency and latency as found in studies of children with HL who received high-dose radiation.
Introduction: The Challenge of Constraint
Authors: Baetens Jan , Poucel Jean-Jacques
Published: February 2010

This introductory essay defines the background terms and context of constraint-based writing and then situates each essay included in this double issue of Poetics Today. Taking the example of the Oulipo (Workshop of Potential Literature) as the foundational reference of contemporary intentional experiments with formal literary creation, we delineate the shifting boundaries of constrained literature, both in terms of its various practitioners (the genres, techniques, intentions they inscribe into their work) and the increasingly wider audiences to which it appeals. Recapping a brief history of constrained contemporary writing, this introduction argues for a conception of constrained writing that emphasizes intelligent freedom, the potentials opened by new forms of media, and the effects of an extended community based on formal approaches to both the composition and the appreciation of literature.
Constraint, Concrete, Citation: Refiguring History in Charles Bernstein'sShadowtime
Authors: Perloff Marjorie
Published: February 2010

This essay argues that “language poetry,” usually taken to be a North American invention, with debts to the objectivists, the Black Mountain school, and New York poetry, also carries on the tradition of two seemingly unrelated non-U.S. movements: concretism and Oulipo. In Charles Bernstein's 2005 libretto for Brian Ferneyhough's opera “about” Walter Benjamin, Shadowtime, visual poetics, Oulipo constraint, and citation from Benjamin's own writings come together to produce a playful but also profound “poem including history” (Pound 1954: 86) for our current moment. At once homage and critique, documentary and fantasy, Shadowtime points the way for a digital poetics—a poetics that takes into account the information glut and déjà dit of the twenty-first century and demonstrates what appropriation, framing, and recycling can accomplish.
Operations Research Improves Sales Force Productivity at IBM
Authors: Lawrence Rick , Perlich Claudia , Rosset Saharon , Khabibrakhmanov Ildar , Mahatma Shilpa , Weiss Sholom , Callahan Matt , Collins Matt , Ershov Alexey , Kumar Shiva
Published: February 2010

In 2004, IBM introduced a set of broad operations research-based initiatives designed to improve the efficiency and productivity of its global sales force. The first solution, OnTARGET, provides a set of analytical models designed to identify new sales opportunities at existing IBM accounts and at noncustomer companies. The second solution, the Market Alignment Program (MAP), optimally allocates sales resources based on field-validated analytical estimates of future revenue opportunities in operational market segments. IBM Research developed the operations research models and initial internal websites for both solutions. The IBM Software Group initially implemented OnTARGET, which was subsequently made available to over 13,000 sales representatives across IBM sales organizations worldwide. The IBM Sales and Distribution organization deployed MAP as an integral part of its sales model to better align sales resources with the best market opportunities. We describe the development of both analytical models, and the underlying data models and websites used to deliver the solutions. We conclude with a discussion of the business impact, which we estimate as hundreds of millions of dollars annually for the combined initiatives.
Gesture production and comprehension in children with specific language impairment
Authors: Botting Nicola , Riches Nicholas , Gaynor Marguerite , Morgan Gary
Published: February 2010

Children with specific language impairment (SLI) have difficulties with spoken language. However, some recent research suggests that these impairments reflect underlying cognitive limitations. Studying gesture may inform us clinically and theoretically about the nature of the association between language and cognition. A total of 20 children with SLI and 19 typically developing (TD) peers were assessed on a novel measure of gesture production. Children were also assessed for sentence comprehension errors in a speech‐gesture integration task. Children with SLI performed equally to peers on gesture production but performed less well when comprehending integrated speech and gesture. Error patterns revealed a significant group interaction: children with SLI made more gesture‐based errors, whilst TD children made semantically based ones. Children with SLI accessed and produced lexically encoded gestures despite having impaired spoken vocabulary and this group also showed stronger associations between gesture and language than TD children. When SLI comprehension breaks down, gesture may be relied on over speech, whilst TD children have a preference for spoken cues. The findings suggest that for children with SLI, gesture scaffolds are still more related to language development than for TD peers who have out‐grown earlier reliance on gestures. Future clinical implications may include standardized assessment of symbolic gesture and classroom based gesture support for clinical groups.
Localizations and completions of skew power series rings
Authors: Schneider Peter , Venjakob Otmar
Published: January 2010

This paper is a natural continuation of the study of skew power series
rings $A=R[[t;\sigma,\delta]]$ initiated in an earlier work. We construct
skew Laurent series rings $B$ and show the existence of some canonical Ore
sets $S$ for the skew power series rings $A$ such that a certain
completion of the localization $A_S$ is isomorphic to $B.$ This is
applied to certain Iwasawa algebras. Finally we introduce subrings of
overconvergent skew Laurent series rings.
On the period-index problem in light of the section conjecture
Authors: Stix Jakob
Published: January 2010

Period and index of a curve $X/K$ over a $p$-adic local field $K$ such
that the fundamental group $\pi_1(X/K)$ admits a splitting are shown to be
powers of $p$. As a consequence, examples of curves over number fields are
constructed where having sections is obstructed locally at a $p$-adic
place. Hence the section conjecture holds for these curves as there are
neither sections nor rational points.
Weighted norm inequalities for de Branges-Rovnyak spaces and their applications
Authors: Baranov Anton , Fricain Emmanuel , Mashreghi Javad
Published: January 2010

Let ${\cal H}(b)$ denote the de Branges--Rovnyak space associated with a
function $b$ in the unit ball of $H^\infty({\Bbb C}_+)$. We study the
boundary behavior of the derivatives of functions in ${\cal H}(b)$ and
obtain weighted norm estimates of the form $\|f^{(n)}\|_{L^2(\mu)} \le
C\|f\|_{{\cal H}(b)}$, where $f \in {\cal H}(b)$ and $\mu$ is a
Carleson-type measure on ${\Bbb C}_+\cup{\Bbb R}$. We provide several
applications of these inequalities. We apply them to obtain embedding
theorems for ${\cal H}(b)$ spaces. These results extend Cohn and
Volberg--Treil embedding theorems for the model (star-invariant) subspaces
which are special classes of de Branges--Rovnyak spaces. We also exploit
the inequalities for the derivatives to study stability of Riesz bases of
reproducing kernels $\{k^b_{\lambda_n}\}$ in ${\cal H}(b)$ under small
perturbations of the points $\lambda_n$.
Instability of the Cauchy-Kovalevskaya solution for a class of nonlinear systems
Authors: Lerner N. , Morimoto Y. , Xu C.-J.
Published: January 2010

We prove that in any $C^{\infty}$-neighborhood of an analytic Cauchy datum,
there exists a smooth function such that the corresponding initial value
problem does not have any classical solution for a class of first-order
nonlinear systems. We use a method initiated by G.~M\'etivier for
elliptic systems based on the representation of solutions and on the FBI
transform; in our case the system can be hyperbolic at initial time, but
the characteristic roots leave the real line at positive times.
Increasing the number of fibered faces of arithmetic hyperbolic 3-manifolds
Authors: Dunfield Nathan M. , Ramakrishnan Dinakar
Published: January 2010

We exhibit a closed hyperbolic 3-manifold which satisfies a very strong
form of Thurston's Virtual Fibration Conjecture. In particular, this
manifold has finite covers which fiber over the circle in arbitrarily many
ways. More precisely, it has a tower of finite covers where the number
of fibered faces of the Thurston norm ball goes to infinity, in fact
faster than any power of the logarithm of the degree of the cover, and we
give a more precise quantitative lower bound. The example manifold $M$ is
arithmetic, and the proof uses detailed number-theoretic information, at
the level of the Hecke eigenvalues, to drive a geometric argument based on
Fried's dynamical characterization of the fibered faces. The origin of the
basic fibration $M\to S^1$ is the modular elliptic curve $E=X_0(49)$,
which admits multiplication by the ring of integers of ${\Bbb Q}[\sqrt{-7}]$. We
first base change the holomorphic differential on $E$ to a cusp form on
${{\rm GL}(2)}$ over $K={\Bbb Q}[\sqrt{-3}]$, and then transfer over to a quaternion
algebra $D/K$ ramified only at the primes above $7$; the fundamental group
of $M$ is a quotient of the principal congruence subgroup of ${\cal O}_D^\ast$
of level $7$. To analyze the topological properties of $M$, we use a new
practical method for computing the Thurston norm, which is of independent
interest. We also give a noncompact finite-volume hyperbolic 3-manifold
with the same properties by using a direct topological argument.
The large genus limit of the infimum of the Willmore energy
Authors: Kuwert Ernst , Li Yuxiang , Schätzle Reiner
Published: January 2010

The Willmore energy of a surface immersed into ${\Bbb R}^n$ is the integral
of its squared mean curvature. It is known that the infimum $\beta^n_p$
of the Willmore energy among all closed oriented surfaces of genus $p$ in
${\Bbb R}^n$ is attained by a smooth embedded surface, and that $4\pi <
\beta^n_p < 8\pi$ for $p \geq 1$. We show that $\beta^n_p$ converges to
$8\pi$ as $p$ goes to infinity.
On the two-dimensional bilinear Hilbert transform
Authors: Demeter Ciprian , Thiele Christoph
Published: January 2010

We investigate the Bilinear Hilbert Transform in the plane and the
pointwise convergence of bilinear averages in Ergodic theory, arising from
${\bf Z}^2$ actions. Our techniques combine novel one and a half-dimensional
phase-space analysis with more standard one-dimensional theory.
Forty days of mourning
Authors: Barakat Ibtisam
Published: January 2010

The author writes about the death of her father, her period of mourning for him during the Arab tradition of 40 days, and the surprising results that followed.
The Arab world in children's books: Finding Palestine
Authors: Marston Elsa
Published: January 2010

In this article based on a talk given at an international conference on children's literature sponsored by the Lebanese Association of Women Researchers, Marston writes about the depiction of Arabs and Palestinians, in particular, in books for young people, including her own attempts at writing their stories as an outsider author.
Profile of Ted van Lieshout
Authors: Duijx Toin
Published: January 2010

Duijx offers this profile of poet, author, and artist Ted van Lieshout on the occasion of his winning the Dutch Theo Thijssenprize.
A chat with Ibtisam Barakat
Authors: Marston Elsa
Published: January 2010

Elsa Marston brings her experiences as a writer and frequent speaker to this interview with author Ibtisam Barakat about writing, childhood, culture, trauma, memoir, and more.
Children of Palestine tell their stories
Authors: Helou Jehan
Published: January 2010

The author shares excerpts of stories written by children as part of writing programs in Palestine that provide outlets for coping with war and conflict so children can "grow totally like the flower between the rocks."
Focus IBBY
Authors: Page Elizabeth
Published: January 2010

In this issue, see the 2010 International Children's Book Day poster and message and read about the projects selected for support by the IBBY-Yamada Fund in 2010. Find out more about the 22nd Biennale of Bratislava and join us in remembering Sergei Mikhalkov, founder of IBBY Russia. Finally, read about the 2010 IBBY World Congress and make plans to attend now.
Face to Face: Self and other in Israeli children's literature
Authors: Maschiach Celina
Published: January 2010

The author reflects on key works of Israeli literature for children and how new bilingual collaborations help promote dialogue through the recognition of "self" and "other," mirrored in each other's languages.
Women’s Ways of Drinking: College Women, High-Risk Alcohol Use, and Negative Consequences
Authors: Smith Margaret A. , Berger Joseph B.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this study was to explore college women’s high-risk alcohol use and related consequences. This study employed a qualitative approach to understand and provide visibility for a gender-related perspective on college women’s alcohol experiences and related outcomes. Data were collected from interviews with 10 undergraduate females at a large research university in the northeastern United States. The results of the data analysis generated four major themes, which include a conceptual model, the relational ritual reinforcement (R 3 ), for understanding the recurring high-risk alcohol use and related negative consequences among some university women.
The Development, Evaluation, and Validation of a Financial Stress Scale for Undergraduate Students
Authors: Northern Jebediah J. , O’Brien William H. , Goetz Paul W.
Published: January 2010

Financial stress is commonly experienced among college students and is associated with adverse academic, mental health, and physical health outcomes. Surprisingly, no validated measures of financial stress have been developed for undergraduate populations. The present study was conducted to generate and evaluate a measure of financial stress for undergraduate students. The newly developed scale and measures of demographics, general stress, and health were completed by 177 undergraduates. The reliability, validity, and factor structure of the new scale were evaluated. Results indicate good reliability and validity, suggesting that the measure can be used in research and in applied settings to assess financial stress. Possible implications are discussed.
The Effects of Self-Efficacy on Academic Success of First-Generation College Sophomore Students
Authors: Vuong Mui , Brown-Welty Sharon , Tracz Susan
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of self-efficacy on academic success of first-generation college sophomore students. The participants in the study consisted of college sophomores from 5 of the 23 California State University campuses. An online College Self-Efficacy Inventory was employed to measure participants’ self-efficacy levels. The study explored four areas: the relationship between self-efficacy scores and academic success as defined by GPA and persistence rates, the academic success and persistence rates between first-generation and second-and-beyond-generation college sophomore students, the effects of the demographic factors of gender and ethnicity on self-efficacy, and the relationship between institution size and self-efficacy. Findings show that self-efficacy beliefs affect GPA and persistence rates of sophomore students and second-generation college sophomores outperform their first-generation peers.
Perspectives of Fitness and Health in College Men and Women
Authors: Waldron Jennifer J. , Dieser Rodney B.
Published: January 2010

Because many college students engage in low levels of physical activity, the current study used a qualitative framework to interview 11 college students to examine the meaning physically active college students assign to the practice of fitness and health. Students discussed the importance of healthy eating, but that it was difficult to accomplish at college. Additionally, students intertwined health and fitness with physical appearance and attractiveness. In particular, the media shaped many of their perceptions of health and fitness. Implications of these findings to policy making in higher education, in particular wellness programming, are highlighted.
African American College Students’ Experience of Racial Discrimination and the Role of College Hassles
Authors: Banks Kira Hudson
Published: January 2010

The current study examines the relationship between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms. In particular, it investigated whether college hassles moderated or mediated the relationship. Participants included 194 African American students from a large, Midwestern, state university. Participants provided self-report of their experience of daily hassles related to racial discrimination and college life in addition to depressive symptoms and demographic information. Results indicated that the relationship between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms was mediated by college hassles. The results suggest that by decreasing the experience of generic college hassles, the indirect relationship between discrimination and depressive symptoms might be minimized.
A Social Support Intervention to Ease the College Transition: Exploring Main Effects and Moderators
Authors: Mattanah Jonathan F. , Ayers Jean F. , Brand Bethany L. , Brooks Leonie J. , Quimby Julie L. , McNary Scot W.
Published: January 2010

This study examined effects of a peer-led social support group intervention on college adjustment. Ninety first-year students, randomly assigned to participate in the intervention, reported higher levels of perceived social support and reduced loneliness when compared to controls (n = 94), after accounting for preintervention levels on these variables. Effects were not moderated by precollege adjustment concerns or gender. Results of this study suggest that a cost-effective peer-led intervention program can positively affect students’ social adjustment to university at a large, 4-year institution.
La Inquisición portuguesa en sesión: arte, poder y resistencia en O Judeu , de Jom Tob Azulay
Authors: Malosetti Gonzalo Aguiar , Schraibman Joseph
Published: January 2010

Este artículo analiza el modo en que O Judeu , de Jom Tob Azulay (1996), refleja las transacciones políticas e ideológicas entre la monarquía y la Inquisición portuguesas del siglo XVIII vinculadas al proceso judicial seguido al comediógrafo de origen brasileño António José da Silva (1705-1739), acusado por el Santo Oficio de judaísmo. La película narra su desenlace trágico siguiendo los lineamientos estéticos del "cine de calidad". La doble faceta del dramaturgo como sujeto de la historia y sujeto de la ficción está en el centro de la discusión que proponemos en este trabajo. Por un lado, António José es el punto focal de un conjunto de arbitrariedades institucionales con el objeto de legitimar a la Inquisición como aparato político y represivo. Por otro, el trasfondo ideológico de su representación fílmica vuelve a poner en debate las complejas relaciones entre arte y poder en una sociedad autoritaria.
Governor Sancho and the Politics of Insularity
Authors: Nemser Daniel
Published: January 2010

Governor Sancho's rule on the ínsula Barataria in Part II of Don Quijote has been read as evidence of Cervantes's endorsement of a more or less concrete political vision in response to the perception of Spanish decline. By focusing on Sancho's actions on the ínsula , however, scholars have overlooked the politics of the ínsula itself. This essay takes the Barataria episode as a point of departure for an analysis of the transatlantic politics of insularity in early modern Spain. In this context, insularity is necessarily a colonial matter. Filled with references to the practices of colonialism and specifically to the Americas, Barataria speaks to the legitimacy of possession and the spatial dimensions of governance. By reading Cervantes next to political theorists like Francisco de Vitoria, this essay suggests that the modernity of Barataria's politics lies in its insular ambiguity, a reimagining of the spatiality of colonial relations.
Graffiti and the Poetics of Politics in Rosas's Argentina (1829-1852)
Authors: Lanctot Brendan
Published: January 2010

This article considers the function of writing in Argentina during the mid-nineteenth century by examining graffiti, a scriptural practice that occupies the margins of what Ángel Rama termed the "lettered city." Against the grain of the durable myth that dissident letrados of the Rosas regime wrote in a cultural void, an interrogation of this corpus demonstrates how an array of social actors struggled to establish and define the operative terms of shared political and aesthetic discourses. The inscriptions of political adversaries, despite claims to the contrary, similarly appealed to the emotions of their audiences in order to imagine the nation as an organic, preexisting social field sharply divided between a "we" and an internal other: civilization versus barbarism, or federalists versus unitarians. In other words, graffiti demonstrates how competing models for hegemony were debated through a common aesthetics and a mutually intelligible, modern political language.
Maravillosas supercherías: género sexual y nacionalismo en los "Apuntes autobiográficos" de Pardo Bazán y Trafalgar de Galdós
Authors: Pereira-Muro Carmen
Published: January 2010

Este artículo contrasta la construcción y sexualización de sujetos nacionales en dos textos del siglo XIX peninsular aparentemente inconexos, la novela histórica Trafalgar (1873) de Benito Pérez Galdós y los "Apuntes autobiográficos" (1886) de Emilia Pardo Bazán. Se afirma que los Episodios Nacionales (específicamente Trafalgar ) pueden ser rastreados como una narrativa maestra adoptada y subvertida por Pardo en sus esfuerzos por encontrar un lugar para la mujer escritora en una cultura nacional concebida como exclusivamente masculina por el realismo, proyecto literario al cual ella misma se afilia. En sus "Apuntes", el carácter ilusorio del género sexual y la nación le permiten crearse un espacio como sujeto y miembro activo de la cultura nacional. Estas renegociaciones de las estructuras de género de la nación, tal como habían sido formuladas en Trafalgar , llevaron a Pardo Bazán a una lucha continua e incluso a ser alienada en su tiempo, pero en último término le permitieron alcanzar el lugar prominente que hoy ocupa en lo que es conocido como "literatura española".
Riding the Melt
Authors: Pyne Stephen J.
Published: January 2010

GRADUATE STUDENTS KNOW THE RITUAL WELL. BULKING up on historiography for qualification exams is a time-honored tradition. Who argued what, when, where, and why? What are the contours of the field or subfield? What did the transition from the orthodox position to the revisionist and then post-revisionist schools look like? Graduate students pore over books in dusty libraries and stare, red-eyed, at digitized articles.

Those who train historians pay a great deal of attention to arguments and counterarguments, theses and antitheses. In graduate and undergraduate research seminars professors also stress the importance of analyzing evidence, applying theoretical models, and making a plausible case. But is the same amount of energy and study devoted to the writing of history? “Without the imaginative insight which goes with creative literature,” wrote English historian C.V. Wedgwood, “history cannot be intelligibly written.”

In the roundtable that follows, Stephen Pyne discusses the importance of teaching historians how to write and offers useful examples of pedagogy. His remarks are followed by reflections from Michael Kammen, Jill Lepore, and John Demos.
Beyond the Frontier: An Interview with David Brown
Authors: Yerxa Donald A.
Published: January 2010

IN HIS LATEST BOOK, BEYOND THE FRONTIER: THE Midwestern Voice in American Historical Writing (University of Chicago Press, 2009), David S. Brown makes the case for a distinctive midwestern historiographical voice, one that challenged both the historical narrative that privileged New England patricians and southern planters as well as the East Coast orientation of the history profession. Brown’s collective biography of such midwestern historical luminaries as Frederick Jackson Turner, Charles Beard, William Appleman Williams, and Christopher Lasch complements his acclaimed 2006 intellectual biography of Richard Hofstadter.

Senior editor Donald A. Yerxa interviewed Brown, a professor of history at Elizabethtown College, in early October 2009. We supplement the interview with Ian Tyrrell’s review of Beyond the Frontier and Paul Gottfried’s personal commentary on his colleague’s work.
Pufendorf on Natural Equality, Human Dignity, and Self-Esteem
Authors: Saastamoinen Kari
Published: January 2010

It is often maintained that Samuel Pufendorf founded natural equality on human dignity. This article partly questions this interpretation, maintaining that the dignity Pufendorf attributed to human nature did not indicate the Kantian idea of absolute and incomparable worth but only superiority in relation to other animals. This comparative dignity of humanity implied that all humans are equally obliged to obey natural law, but it did not offer a foundation for the similarity of their innate duties. The latter followed from the fundamental principle of natural law, the duty to maintain sociality, and from observations concerning human self-esteem.
The Lovejovian Roots of Adler's Philosophy of History: Authority, Democracy, Irony, and Paradox in Britannica's Great Books of the Western World
Authors: Lacy Tim
Published: January 2010

This article explores how Mortimer J. Adler's philosophy of history, as it developed from the 1930s through the 1950s, affected the construction of Encyclopedia Britannica's Great Books of the Western World and the same set's Syntopicon . A thorough examination of Adler's influences (e.g. Arthur O. Lovejoy, Jacques Maritain, and Columbia University faculty) demonstrates that his philosophy of history derived from a coincidental confluence of developments in the fields of literature, history, and philosophy. Adler's processing of these trends reveals both irony and paradox, and also explains some philosophical objections articulated by later foes of the great books idea.
"Refer to folio and number": Encyclopedias, the Exchange of Curiosities, and Practices of Identification before Linnaeus
Authors: Margócsy Dániel
Published: January 2010

The Swiss natural historian Johann Amman came to Russia in 1733 to take a position as professor of botany and natural history at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. As part of the job, he corresponded, and exchanged plant specimens, with the English merchant collector Peter Collinson in London, and the Swedish scholar Carolus Linnaeus, among others. After briefly reviewing Amman's correspondence with these scholars and the growing commerce in exotic specimens of natural history, I explore how encyclopedias came to facilitate the exchange of zoological specimens in particular. I argue that, during the seventeenth century, a new genre of zoological encyclopedias appeared on the scene whose design was particularly well-suited for the purposes of identification, a key practice in long-distance exchanges.
Beethoven the Romantic: How E. T. A. Hoffmann Got It Right
Authors: Cassedy Steven
Published: January 2010

In July 1809, E. T. A. Hoffmann received a copy of the score to Beethoven's Fifth Symphony and in July 1810, he published a review of the Fifth Symphony in the German journal for music criticism Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung . Hoffmann need not have actually heard a performance; in his review, the purely musical analysis could easily have been based entirely on his reading of the score. In its basic structure, the review follows the pattern of reviews published in the AMZ . What is groundbreaking, however, is what Hoffmann has done with the introductory portion: Hoffmann serves up a full-blown theory of musical romanticism. His idea is to put Beethoven forward as the ultimate musical romantic.
"Another" Patriotism in Early Shōwa Japan (1930–1945)
Authors: Shogimen Takashi
Published: January 2010

In current debates on "constitutional" and "republican" patriotisms, the relationship between religion and patriotism is underappreciated while alternative forms of patriotism in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy have escaped scholarly attention. The present essay explores "another" patriotism in wartime Japan by comparing and contrasting the patriotism of two Protestant thinkers: Tsukamoto Toraji and Yanaihara Tadao. A close analysis of Yanaihara's patriotism in particular shows that there was an alternative form of patriotism which, from a Christian perspective, combated militaristic nationalism which was anchored in State Shinto, thereby suggesting a significant link between religion and patriotism.
Re-Examining Respect for Human Research Participants
Authors: Dickert Neal W.
Published: January 2010

The demands of respect for persons when conducting clinical research are often reduced to respect for autonomy. In this paper, I re-examine the concept of respect for persons in light of important intuitions from our ordinary language usage of respect. I propose that there are many ways to respect persons as persons and that the core elements of respect for persons are: appreciating what is valuable or important about a person, recognizing the constraints or demands that such a valuation places on one's own conduct, and acting in a way that expresses that recognition. On this account, in addition to autonomous agency, respect demands attention to important subjective experiences, persons' existence as part of communities, and considerations of comportment. This account has important implications for the conduct of clinical research with persons who are autonomous as well as with those who are not. Its implications, however, are different for these two populations, particularly with regard to concerns about well-being.
The Incoherence of Determining Death by Neurological Criteria: Reply to John Lizza
Authors: Miller Franklin G. , Truog Robert D.
Published: January 2010

Human life and death should be defined biologically. It is important not to conflate the definition of death with the criteria for when it has occurred. What is distinctively "human" from a scientific or normative perspective has nothing to do with what makes humans alive or dead. We are biological organisms, despite the fact that what is meaningful about human life is not defined in biological terms. Consequently, as in the rest of the realm of living beings, human beings die when they no longer function biologically as organisms. In contrast, a determination of exactly when death has occurred, required to serve various social purposes, combines social and normative considerations with biological facts.
Commentary on "The Incoherence of Determining Death by Neurological Criteria"
Authors: Lizza John P.
Published: January 2010

This commentary challenges the conclusions reached by Franklin Miller and Robert Truog in their criticism of the President's Council's White Paper, "Controversies in the Determination of Death." I agree with much of Miller and Truog's criticism of the rationale offered by the President's Council for accepting neurological criteria for determining death but argue that they too quickly dismiss the alternative rationale of determining death by neurological criteria-i.e., the destruction of the psychophysical integrity of the human being that occurs when the potential for consciousness and every other mental function is lost due to catastrophic injury to the brain. By focusing on the death of bodies instead of human beings, their view absurdly implies that decapitation would not necessarily result in one's death. Since total brain failure is a form of physiological decapitation, the neurological criterion coheres perfectly well with the ordinary understanding of decapitation as death.
Mandatory Autopsies and Organ Conscription
Authors: Hershenov David B. , Delaney James J.
Published: January 2010

Laws requiring autopsies have generated little controversy. Yet it is considered unconscionable to take organs without consent for transplantation. We think an organ draft is justified if mandatory autopsies are. We reject the following five attempts to show why a mandatory autopsy policy is legitimate, but organ conscription is not: (1) The social contract gives the state a greater duty to protect its citizens from each other than from disease. (2) There is a greater moral obligation to prevent murders than disease-caused deaths because killing people is morally worse than allowing people to die. (3) Autopsies do not confiscate body parts, but organ transplants do. (4) The citizenry's knowledge that their organs are very likely to be taken will generate more anxiety than the remote possibility of a mandatory autopsy. (5) A religious conviction that one's organs will be needed in order to be resurrected is threatened by organ transplantation but not by autopsies that "return" body parts.
Respect for Rational Autonomy
Authors: Walker Rebecca L.
Published: January 2010

The standard notion of autonomy in medical ethics does not require that autonomous choices not be irrational. The paper gives three examples of seemingly irrational patient choices and discusses how a rational autonomy analysis differs from the standard view. It then considers whether a switch to the rational autonomy view would lead to overriding more patient decisions but concludes that this should not be the case. Rather, a determination of whether individual patient decisions are autonomous is much less relevant than usually considered in determining whether health care providers must abide by these decisions. Furthermore, respect for rational autonomy entails strong positive requirements of respect for the autonomy of the person as a rational decision maker. The rationality view of autonomy is conceptually stronger than the standard view, allows for a more nuanced understanding of the practical moral calculus involved in respecting patient autonomy, and promotes positive respect for patient autonomy.
Maranao Revisited: An Overlooked Consonant Contrast and its Implications for Lexicography and Grammar
Authors: Lobel Jason William , Sarip Riwarung Labi Hadji
Published: January 2010

This paper revisits Maranao, a Philippine language spoken on the island of Mindanao. In spite of its being the object of foreign inquiry for nearly a century, major errors have persisted in the analysis of its phonology and verb system. However, several now-deceased Muslim Maranao scholars unknowingly deciphered their language's phoneme system in the early 1970s in the process of trying to develop a more ideal orthography than had previously been in use. This breakthrough, unnoticed by linguists until now, allows for revision of the phonological analysis and for a better understanding of its historical development. In turn, such a revision is a prerequisite to the analysis of the morphophonemically complex verbal system, which by its nature cannot be properly analyzed unless based on a clear understanding of the language's phonological system. Finally, by examining the shortcomings of the nearly one hundred years of studies of the Maranao language, linguists can learn many lessons that, hopefully, will help them avoid making similar mistakes in the future.
Adverbial Verbs and Adverbial Compounds in Tsou: A Syntactic Analysis
Authors: Chang Henry Y.
Published: January 2010

The aim of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, it gives a systematic description of adverbials in Tsou. On the other, it illustrates how adverbials are syntactically represented and derived in Tsou. Two types of adverbial constructions can be identified. In one type, adverbials are realized as adverbial verbs and situated between a temporal/modal auxiliary and a lexical verb, and they take the prefixes a-/i' -. In the other type, adverbials occur as bound roots and combine with an event-denoting lexical prefix, yielding an adverbial compound. It is argued that adverbial verbs are generated as functional heads above Voice/ v P, whereas adverbial compounds are generated as lexical heads under Voice/ v P. This analysis accounts for a number of otherwise puzzling asymmetries, including the following: (i) an adverbial compound can stand alone and take nominal arguments but an adverbial verb cannot; (ii) an adverbial compound can be marked for Locative Voice and Referential Voice but an adverbial verb cannot; (iii) the root of an adverbial compound is restricted to event adverbials, but the root of an adverbial verb is free from this restriction; (iv) the prefix of an adverbial compound can be voice-marked, but the prefix of an adverbial verb is invariant; and (v) adverbial verbs must precede adverbial compounds, not the other way around.
Palauan Historical Phonology: Whence the Intrusive Velar Nasal?
Authors: Blust Robert
Published: January 2010

One of the more striking features in the historical phonology of Palauan is the addition of a velar nasal before word-initial vowels. Because final vowels were unstressed, and almost always disappeared, it is difficult to determine whether a velar nasal would also have been added after final vowels had they been retained. However, a number of loanwords, mostly from Spanish and English, show the addition of a velar nasal after word-final vowels. The change in native vocabulary is exceptionless, while that in loanwords is irregular. Moreover, the two changes appear to be historically disconnected, yet they suggest a common canonical target that persisted over many generations of speakers.
Low Vowel Dissimilation Outside of Oceanic: The Case of Alamblak
Authors: Blevins Juliette
Published: January 2010

Alamblak is the easternmost of the Sepik Hill languages spoken in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Alamblak phonology (Bruce 1984) includes an alternation involving low vowel dissimilation, a process that, until recently, appeared to be limited to Oceanic languages (Blust 1996a, 1996b, Lynch 2003). Finding a parallel sound pattern in a non-Austronesian language of New Guinea allows several questions raised by Blust (1996b) to be answered. However, phonetic motivation for this recurrent sound change remains unclear.
A Peircian Approach to Hiligaynon Causatives
Authors: Corradini Ryan
Published: January 2010

The morphological function of causation in Austronesian languages is deceptively complex. From both a semantic as well as a syntactic point of view, pa affixation affects verbal roots differently from nonverbal roots. Moreover, the semantic, syntactic, and morphological restrictions evident in the formation of causative verbs employed in languages of the region seem arbitrary at first examination—indeed, linguists have historically deferred to pragmatics to sort out the distinctions of meaning for various constructions. However, a novel application of the early twentieth-century philosophy of C. S. Peirce (1839–1914) can be shown to successfully account for these variations. This paper outlines the basics of this Peircian grammar, and uses it as the basis for a discussion of the various functions of the morphological causative pa - in the central Philippine language of Hiligaynon. While brief, this treatment could easily extend to other derivational processes in the language, as well as other languages in the larger Austronesian family.
Labiodental ɱ in Drubea
Authors: Hajek John
Published: January 2010

While labiodental [ɱ] occurs frequently across the world's languages as a predictable nasal allophone before labiodental fricatives [f] and [v], a new source for the same segment not previously reported elsewhere is described here. In Drubea, it arises through nasal spreading from a nasal vowel to a preceding oral fricative. While partly assimilatory in nature, we see that it is also partially dissimilatory in effect with greater segmental consequences than usually associated with the appearance of [ɱ] in the world's languages.
Existential Constructions in Isbukun Bunun
Authors: Wu Hsiao-hung Iris
Published: January 2010

This paper has two main goals. First, I demonstrate how the peculiar morpho-syntactic properties of the theme NPs in Isbukun Bunun existential sentences can be derived under an expletive account. The properties under investigation include structural Case marking, the emergence of definiteness restrictions, and the resistance of theme NPs to Ā-extraction. Second, I argue for a small clause analysis of existential sentences in Isbukun Bunun. In particular, based on word orders, island effects, the comparison with possessive constructions, and the coordination facts, I argue that the existential predicate in Isbukun Bunun selects a small clause as its sole internal argument. I also discuss how the proposal developed for Isbukun Bunun might generalize to, and shed light on, the impersonal constructions in natural languages.
Oceanic Possessive Classifiers
Authors: Lichtenberk Frantisek
Published: January 2010

In their article "Heads in Oceanic Indirect Possession," published in this journal in 2007, Palmer and Brown make two main claims. First, they argue that the elements that have been analyzed in the recent literature as possessive classifiers are, in at least some Oceanic languages, directly possessed nouns. And second, they argue that these nouns are the heads of indirect possessive constructions. The present study critically reviews their evidence and concludes that (i) there is evidence against analyzing those elements as nouns; and (ii) there is no convincing evidence that those elements are heads. The elements in question form a category of their own, for which the designation "possessive classifiers" is appropriate.
What Kind of Free Will Did the Buddha Teach?
Authors: Federman Asaf
Published: January 2010

Recently, some contradictory statements have been made concerning whether or not the Buddha taught free will. Here, a comparative method is used to examine what exactly is meant by free will, and to determine to what extent this meaning is applicable to early Buddhist thought. The comparative method reveals parallels between contemporary criticisms of Cartesian philosophy and Buddhist criticisms of Brahmanical doctrine. Although in Cartesian terms Buddhism promotes no recognizable theory of free will, it does promote a primitive theory of compatibilism, which shares some key features with Daniel Dennett’s position on this issue. It is argued that the implicit Buddhist stance on freedom of the will allows the existence of choice and responsibility without calling upon an ultimate controlling agency that transcends causality.
Ideal Interpretation: The Theories of Zhu Xi and Ronald Dworkin
Authors: Martinich A. P. , Xiao Yang
Published: January 2010

Ideal interpretation is understanding a text in the best possible way. It is usually used when the text has a canonical status, such as the Bible or the U.S. Constitution. We argue that Zhu Xi’s view about interpreting the Four Books and Ronald Dworkin’s view about constitutional interpretation are examples of ideal interpretation and that their basic principles are similar. Each holds, roughly, that their target text contains moral truth; that the author’s mind requires the mediation of learning; that the purpose of interpretation is not only to lead the reader to the moral truth but to become a better person; that all propositions are about the same moral truth or about political justice; that the interpretation ultimately must come from oneself, purged of prejudices; and that the only correct interpretation is one that captures the original meaning.