bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study in Magnetic Properties of Ni/Co/Pt(111) and Co/Ni/Pt(111)
Authors: Chen Yao-Jung , Ho H. Y. , Shern C. S.
Published: April 2011

Magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) were used to study the magnetic properties and the growth modes of thin Ni films on 1ML Co/Pt(111) and Co /1 ML Ni/Pt(111) at room temperature (RT). Because the lattice constants of Co and Ni are only slightly different, both growth modes have similar behavior. They grow 2 ML in layer-by-layer mode then turn to 3-D island growth. On the contrary, the magnetic properties have great difference. For Ni/1 ML Co/Pt(111), the easy axis of magnetization changed from the canted state to the out-of-plane direction when the Co buffer layer was inserted into Ni/Pt(111). The perpendicular magnetization persisted to 24 ML of Co thin films. This spin reorientation transition can be understood by the change of effective interface magnetic anisotropy. For Co/1 ML Ni/Pt(111), Kerr signal was not observed when the thickness of Co film was below 3 ML, and the easy axis of the magnetization was in-plane when the thickness of Co was greater than 3 ML at RT. The polar Kerr signal appeared after the sample was annealed at 450 K for 1 ML of Co. Further studies in the magnetic properties and surface composition of 3 ML Co/1 ML Ni/Pt(111) during an annealing process showed that the out-of-plane magnetization enhanced significantly when Co and Ni atoms diffused into the Pt substrate.

The Curie temperature (TC) of both systems can be adjusted by changing the annealing temperature. Measuring at RT, TC decreased when the annealing temperature rose. However, the change rates were different in these two mirror systems. The possible mechanism of the evolution in the magnetic property with the interface structure was comparatively discussed.
Focused ion beam structured Co/Pt multilayers for field-coupled magnetic computing
Authors: Becherer Markus , Csaba Gyorgy , Emling Rainer , Ji Lili , Porod Wolfgang , Lugli Paolo , Schmitt-Landsiedel Doris
Published: April 2011

We fabricated and patterned magnetic dots from Co/Pt multilayers and optimized the structure for strong inter-dot magnetic coupling. SQUID measurements show strong perpendicular anisotropy with characteristic sheared hysteresis loops. The films are fabricated by RF-magnetron sputtering and then patterned with a 50 keV Ga+ focused ion beam (FIB) tool. This keeps surface roughness low and feature sizes in the hundred-nanometer-regime are achievable by a single processing step. Simulations with the well established SRIM (Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter) code give an estimation of the beam diameter and help to estimate the FIB patterning potential. In order to show antiferromagnetic ordering large 48×48 dot arrays of (200×200) nm2 single domain dots were fabricated. The samples were demagnetized and scanned by magnetic force microscopy (MFM) in the remanent state. The demagnetized checkerboard patterns show no frustration over hundreds of dots. The fabricated single domain magnets are prospective building blocks for field-coupled magnetic logic devices.
Preparation and Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse Nanocomposite Hollow Spheres
Authors: Lin Chun-Rong , Wang Cheng-Chien , Chen I-Han
Published: April 2011

We present a simple process to prepare the hollow ceramic (CoFe2O4/SiO2) composite nanospheres and hollow alloy (Co33Fe67/SiO2) composite nanospheres. The hollow CoFe2O4/SiO2 composite nanospheres were prepared by calcining polymer/CoFe2O4/SiO2 core/shell composite spheres which were synthesized by the sol-gel method following the chemical co-precipitation. In a typical process, the monodisperse polymer poly(MMA-co-MAA) latex (450 nm) was used as a core template. To create hollow CoFe2O4/SiO2 spherical structures with various sizes of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, the hybrid PMMA/CoFe2O4/SiO2
core-shell spheres were subsequently calcined in the temperature range from 450 to 900°C for 4h. On the other hand, the hollow Co33Fe67/SiO2 composite nanospheres were formed by reduction of hollow CoFe2O4/SiO2 nanospheres in a stream of H2/Ar mixed gas at 900°C for 8 hrs. X-ray diffraction pattern shows that the coated phase of the hollow CoFe2O4/SiO2 composite nanospheres has a cubic spinel ferrite structure. Based on the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), we found that the content of CoFe2O4 is 73 wt% in the hollow CoFe2O4/SiO2 composite shell. The scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope photographs show that the hollow spheres are uniform. According to the line scanning EDX analysis of the cross section of hollow spheres, the SiO2 is not only coated on the surface of sphere but also distributed over the shell of hollow sphere. The thickness of shell of hollow spheres is about 40 nm. Magnetic measurements show that the saturation magnetization is clearly decreases as the magnetic particle size decreased. This phenomenon can be interpreted as the effect of surface spin canting when the particle size is reduced. As for the hollow alloy (Co33Fe67/SiO2) composite nanospheres, the magnetic phase has a body-centered cubic structure and an average crystallite size of 28.7 nm. This alloy nanospheres exhibit a ferromagnetic behavior with saturation magnetization of 170 emu/g, coercivity of 250 Oe, and Curie temperature of 968 °C. Due to metallic and ferromagnetic behavior of Co33Fe67 nanoparticles, these hollow spheres can be used as a lightweight electromagnetic wave absorber.
Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae): Toxicology, Ecology, Control, and Management
Authors: Ralphs Michael H. , McDaniel Kirk C.
Published: April 2011

Broom snakeweed is a native weed widely distributed on rangelands of western North America. It often increases to near monocultures following disturbance from overgrazing, fire, or drought. This paper presents an up-to-date review of broom snakeweed toxicology, seed ecology, population cycles, succession, and management. The greatest ecological concern is that broom snakeweed displaces desirable forage for livestock or wildlife and greatly reduces biodiversity. It also is toxic and can cause abortions in all species of livestock. Propagation usually is pulse-driven in wet years, allowing large expanses of even-aged stands to establish and dominate plant communities. Snakeweed can be controlled by prescribed burning or spraying with herbicides. A weed-resistant plant community dominated by competitive grasses can prevent or minimize its reinvasion.
Cutleaf Teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus): Seed Development and Persistence
Authors: Bentivegna Diego J. , Smeda Reid J.
Published: April 2011

Cutleaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) is an exotic, invasive plant that infests roadsides and other minimally disturbed areas. Plants in established stands appear to be a mixture of rapidly growing rosettes and rosettes with developing reproductive structures. Research that is focused on seed characteristics and their contribution to the spread of plants may be a key to precluding spread of cutleaf teasel in the field. Field studies were conducted to determine the viability and germinability of seeds after flowering, seedling emergence patterns, and seed persistence. Flowering (60% of anthesis) was observed under natural conditions on July 24, 2004, and July 16, 2005. Seeds harvested 12 d after flowering exhibited 43% viability and 2.5% germination. Seed weight and viability were greatest 30 d after flowering, but germination was < 32%. Seedling emergence was monitored over a 12-mo period with the greatest emergence in April and October with 33% of seeds germinating. Seed persistence was evaluated over a 3-yr period under field conditions. Up to 84% of the germinated seeds had germinated during the first year, with 6% of seeds remaining viable after 3 yr. Although seed persistence was relatively short, the rapid development of seeds following flowering as well as seedling emergence in both fall and spring suggests management practices are needed throughout the year to restrict reestablishment spread of cutleaf teasel.
Browsing The Store Of Poststructural Theory: Rethinking The Subjects And Practices Of Art Therapy And Narrative Therapy Through Derrida, Deleuze And Guattari, And Especially Foucault
Authors: Linnell Sheridan
Published: April 2011

Following from the broad introduction to my fields of research and modes of enquiry in chapter 1, chapter 2 is the first part of an expanded and more specific account of the theories that inform this book. In this chapter, I introduce some of the poststructural theorists, particularly male French philosophers from the second half of the 20th century, whose work is to be put into play in relation to my exploration of art therapy and narrative therapy. I do this in a playful and writerly way through an extended metaphor of browsing through the men's clothing section of a large department store, trying on various garments/ theories to see if they fit. While I engage a range of poststructural ideas and theorists in this book, I do not take all up in an equal fashion. My bias is reflected in this chapter, which concludes with an extended consideration of Foucault's philosophy and an exploration of how his late work on ethical subjectivities, ethical substances and arts of self can inform my enquiry into the subjects and practices of art therapy and narrative therapy.
Another stor(e)y: imagining narrative therapy and art Psychotherapy together through the works of kristeva, Clement, cixous, spivak, venn and butler
Authors: Linnell Sheridan
Published: April 2011

This chapter raises a set of philosophical puzzles that calls into question what therapy is and does. The theoretical and fictocritical explorations of the previous chapter are taken, metaphorically and philosophically, to another level. I explore the possibilities of the Women's and Other departments of the Store of Poststructural Theory, extending the notion of the fabrication of subjectivity and playfully critiquing the practice of ‘shopping around’ for ideas. I introduce theorists working at the intersection of poststructuralism with feminist and postcolonial theory, and consider what their work might offer to an exploration of art psychotherapy and narrative therapy. As suggested by the leading quotation from Cixous, an acceptance of the Otherness within others and oneself becomes crucial, in this chapter, for thinking beyond the binary of the psyche and the social, particularly as it is staged in the apparent opposition of art psychotherapy and narrative therapy. Butler's work in particular becomes central to my project of thinking art psychotherapy and narrative therapy together. I note how something akin to Butlerss insight that the reiteration of the subject and of language is both citational and productive of difference informs both narrative therapy and (art) psychotherapy, but informs them very differently.
A Madness In Her Methodologies: An ‘Ethically Reflexive’ Enquiry Through Writing And Art
Authors: Linnell Sheridan
Published: April 2011

Chapter 4 orients the reader to this book's unusual approach to practitioner research through engaging with questions of poststructural research methodology, especially with the writing methodologies that have emerged from the work of a number of contemporary poststructural feminists. In this chapter I also engage with the discursive character of the visual and the contemporary ‘aesthetic turn’ in art therapy, in relation to the project of shaping a narrative and poststructural approach to art therapy.
Close To Home: The ‘Poethics’ Of Therapy With A Young Girl And Her Family
Authors: Linnell Sheridan
Published: April 2011

Both this chapter and the following chapter ground the theoretical and creative explorations of the first part of the book in the specifics of clinical practice. This chapter gives an extended account, through poetry, story, memoir, visual images and discursive analysis, of arts-based and narrative therapeutic work with a particular child and her family whose lives were affected by domestic violence and the abuse of alcohol and other drugs. The chapter describes in detail how I became an apprentice to the ways this family responded to their difficulties, and involves ethical reflection on my therapeutic engagement and process with a family whose stories resonated closely at times with aspects of the biographies of myself and my family. I begin with a poem that tells how I first met the young girl whose story is at the heart of this chapter.
Preceptored Students in Rural Settings Want Feedback
Authors: Yonge Olive , Myrick Florence , Ferguson Linda M
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this article is to report the perceptions of students regarding evaluation when placed in a rural setting for their final preceptorship course. The research question was: “What are students’ perceptions of preceptor evaluation?” Thus, a grounded theory method was employed. Twenty-three nursing students placed in rural settings for their precepted practicum experiences were interviewed regarding the evaluation process during their preceptorship experience. The core variable was that feedback is critical for students, much more so than the formal evaluation; and, that students viewed informal evaluation as meaningful and formal evaluation as superficial. The implications are that strategies are required to make students truly authentic partners in evaluation and to make evaluation a useful process in their eyes. The role of the faculty in this process must be reviewed. Feedback is key for students, thus preceptors need educational development in this area.
Evaluation of possibilities of Venturia inaequlis control by ecologically acceptable products
Authors: Balaz Jelica , Acimovic Srdjan , Aleksic Goran , Bodroza Marija , Cvetkovic Biljana
Published: April 2011

Possibility of V. inaequalis control on apple variety Idared was evaluated by
ecologically acceptable products such as inorganic fungicides and acidified
clays. The obtained results were compared with common, chemical protection.
Year 2009 was one of the unfavorable for V. inaequalis, and 2010 was
extremely favorable for apple scab development. Accordingly, in 2009
intensity of infection on apple leaves and fruits in control variant was low
(leaves 15,4-34,9%; fruits 0-23,8%). In 2010 infection intensity on leaves
and fruits was high (leaves 81,2%; fruits 100%). During period 2009-2010, in
these different environmental conditions, common chemical protection showed
high efficacy (leaves 96,2-100%; fruits 97,5-100%). High efficacy level in
control of V. inaequalis on leaves of 87,4-99,7% was achieved also in
variants in which copper products were applied in low concentration of 0,05%.
It should be noted that in the most critical period, in April and May of
2010, the treatments were carried out in 5-6 days interval. Copper products
showed differing efficacy on fruits (48,5-90,2%). In 2009 which is considered
as one of the unfavorable for V. inaequalis development, product Ulmasud B
applied alone on leaves was less efficiacy (51,8-58,6%), than on fruits
(87,8%). In the same year, efficacy of this product in combination with
sulfur, was better (leaves 71,4-76,6%; fruits 86,6). In 2010, which was
especially rainy and favourable for spreading the disease, efficiacy of
mention combination of products didn,t satisfy (leaves 44,8%; fruits 41,0%).
In the system of organic production, during vegetation period, program of
apple protection in control of V. inaequalis should be supplemented by use of
low concentrations of copper products (0,05%) and by various alternative
products of different action mechanisms, such as mineral clays, sulfur
products and etc. These researches should be continued.
Protection of stored plant products using chlorophacinone against rodent pests
Authors: Vuksa Marina , Djedovic Suzana , Jokic Goran , Elezovic Ibrahim , Stojnic Bojan
Published: April 2011

Apart from some preventive measures advisably taken during construction of
storage facilities or at the time of product storage, treatments with
chemical rodenticides are the most widely practiced method of controlling
commensal rodents. Their control in storage facilities is normally carried
out after animal presence has been observed, and treatments from early autumn
onwards throughout the season provide the best effect. The aim of this paper
is to present the effects of rodent control using baits with less content am
chlorofacinon than recommended, to the protection of stored plant products.
The experiments were set up using the relevant OEPP/EPPO method. A ready for
use (RB) paste bait formulation was used with different contents (0.005% and
0.0075%) of the active ingredient chlorophacinone. Baits were laid in boxes
along rodent routes, underneath pallets with sacs and in places where major
damage had been observed. Baits for house mouse were placed at a rate of
10-20 g per 1-3 m, while 30-50 g of bait for brown rats were laid at specific
points. Daily bait intake was monitored over a period of ten days and the
portions were replaced with new ones as needed. Placebo baits were laid in
identical boxes for four days before the experiment began. The abundance of
house mouse was estimated based on the highest and lowest daily intake of
bait divided by the species? daily requirement. Mice presence was monitored
over the next 20 days. Rodenticide efficacy was calculated using Abbott?s
formula. The data in this experiment show that chorophacinone contents of
0.005% and 0.0075% in RB baits had no effect on the palatability and bait
efficacy in controlling house mouse and brown rat indoors. The average
efficacy of chorophacinone was 87-93% against house mouse and 90-100% against
brown rat.
Hypoglycemic effect of herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
Authors: Mikov Ivan , Vasovic Velibor , Mikov Aleksandra , Golocorbin-Kon Svetlana , Stankov Karmen , Mikov Momir
Published: April 2011

Herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a synthetic auxin which
promotes uncontrolled plant growth is widely used. The aim of our study was
to investigate, using an experimental model, the effect of herbicide 2,4-D on
liver function tests, enzyme a amylase and glucose blood level. BALB/C mice
were treated i.p. with the herbicide (30 mg/ kg 2,4-D) for four consecutive
days. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, the treated and the control
animals were weighed and sacrificed for biochemical analysis: haematocrit,
glucose blood level, serum activities of enzymes alanine aminotransferase,
aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, and a amylase, as
well as liver reduced glutathione. Herbicide 2,4-D significantly decreased
glucose blood level in mice. There were no changes in liver function tests or
activity of enzyme a amylase. In this study on mice we confirmed the results
obtained in the previous study, which showed a hypoglycemic effect of
herbicide 2,4-D on agricultural workers. To elucidate the mechanism of this
effect, a further research is needed.
Leptin Therapy Reverses Hyperglycemia in Mice With Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes, Independent of Hepatic Leptin Signaling
Authors: Denroche Heather C. , Levi Jasna , Wideman Rhonda D. , Sequeira Roveena M. , Huynh Frank K. , Covey Scott D. , Kieffer Timothy J.
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

Leptin therapy has been found to reverse hyperglycemia and prevent mortality in several rodent models of type 1 diabetes. Yet the mechanism of leptin-mediated reversal of hyperglycemia has not been fully defined. The liver is a key organ regulating glucose metabolism and is also a target of leptin action. Thus we hypothesized that exogenous leptin administered to mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes reverses hyperglycemia through direct action on hepatocytes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

After the induction of diabetes in mice with a high dose of STZ, recombinant mouse leptin was delivered at a supraphysiological dose for 14 days by an osmotic pump implant. We characterized the effect of leptin administration in C57Bl/6J mice with STZ-induced diabetes and then examined whether leptin therapy could reverse STZ-induced hyperglycemia in mice in which hepatic leptin signaling was specifically disrupted.

RESULTS

Hyperleptinemia reversed hyperglycemia and hyperketonemia in diabetic C57Bl/6J mice and dramatically improved glucose tolerance. These effects were associated with reduced plasma glucagon and growth hormone levels and dramatically enhanced insulin sensitivity, without changes in glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. Leptin therapy also ameliorated STZ-induced hyperglycemia and hyperketonemia in mice with disrupted hepatic leptin signaling to a similar extent as observed in wild-type littermates with STZ-induced diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

These observations reveal that hyperleptinemia reverses the symptoms of STZ-induced diabetes in mice and that this action does not require direct leptin signaling in the liver.
A Synthesis of Best Evidence for the Restoration of Upper-Extremity Function in People with Tetraplegia
Authors: Kalsi-Ryan Sukhvinder , Verrier Mary C.
Published: April 2011

Purpose: Because upper-limb function represents overall function for individuals with tetraplegia, the restoration of upper-extremity function is exceedingly important for this population. The purpose of this review was to identify interventions that optimize upper-limb function after tetraplegia based on best available evidence.

Methods: A search of MEDLINE, AMED, and PubMed with the search terms “hand function AND tetraplegia” and “upper limb function AND tetraplegia” found 384 articles. After elimination of duplicates and review of titles and abstracts, 43 studies were found to be applicable. Study quality of all applicable studies was assessed with a modified version of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network for Cohort Studies methodology.

Results: The applicable studies were organized into three categories: conventional therapies (CT), electrical stimulation therapies (ES), and surgical interventions (SI). The proportion of papers in each category that presented with sufficient methodological quality to contribute to best evidence was as follows: CT: 0/2; ES: 10/21; SI: 6/20.

Conclusions: ES therapies are beneficial as assistive technologies and as therapeutic intervention in the subacute phase of recovery. SIs are suitable for individuals who meet very specific criteria for tendon-transfer surgery. Further clinical trials are warranted for ES and SI therapies to substantiate prescription of therapeutics.
The position of the genitive in present-day Dutch
Authors: Scott Alan K.
Published: April 2011

This paper analyses a fragment of the adnominal genitive that remains in productive use in present-day Dutch, appearing in novel formations like de generatie der babyboomers ‘the generation the.gen babyboomers’ and het trillende filmbeeld des levens ‘the vibrating film picture the.gen life.gen’. On the basis of written and spoken corpus data, this paper accounts for the structural regularities found in the novel genitives, their relationship to the preposition van ‘of’, which succeeded the adnominal genitive, and the place of the genitive in modern Dutch morphosyntax. It is proposed that a constructional approach can account for the genitive's productivity.
Les pêches en mer Caspienne
Authors: Carré François
Published: April 2011

La quasi totalité des 550 000 tonnes de poissons capturées en Caspienne, en 1971, le furent par l'U.R.S.S. Après des difficultés sérieuses rencontrées de 1940 à 1960, la production a retrouvé un niveau élevé, mais avec un changement profond dans la nature des arrivages : les poissons de qualité ont décliné fortement (alose, gardon), sauf lorsqu'ils sont l'objet d'une pisciculture intensive (esturgeon), et l'essentiel des prises est maintenant constitué de petits pélagiques, les clupéonelles ou kil'ka. Ces transformations proviennent vraisemblablement de la baisse du niveau de la mer, des grands barrages réalisés sur les fleuves tributaires et de la pollution croissante.

La pêche se présente sous deux formes : activité côtière et fluviale avec des sennes et des filets fixes qui capturent la totalité des espèces de qualité, elle est alors l'œuvre des kolkhozes en U.R.S.S. et d'une société nationale en Iran ; pêche industrielle qui porte sur le kil'ka, elle est pratiquée par l'U.R.S.S. seule, à l'aide de gros navires congélateurs, parfois d'usines flottantes à farine de poisson, qui sont armés dans les six principaux ports de pêche : Astrahan', Gur'ev, Bautino, Krasnovodsk, Baku-Gousany et Mahadkala.

Sur les côtes, la grande région pour les débarquements et le traitement du poisson demeure le delta de la Volga, avec des productions spécialisées et réputées (caviar) et les industries annexes de la pêche. Pourtant, sous l'effet du développement de la capture du kil'ka dans le centre et le sud de la mer, les rives méridionales, sauf en Iran, connaissent une activité croissante, comme en témoigne l'ouverture du nouveau port de pêche de Gousany près de Baku.
Development and characterization of 18 EST–SSR markers in Sonneratia caseolaris
Authors: Ouyang Jianhua , Yang Guili , Zhou Renchao , Chen Sufang , Guo Miaomiao , Wu Wei , Huang Yelin , Shi Suhua
Published: April 2011

• Premise of the study: Sonneratia caseolaris, a typical mangrove species, is widely distributed in the Indo‐West Pacific region. EST–SSR markers were developed for this species to examine its genetic diversity.

• Methods and Results: A total of 18 EST–SSR primer pairs were designed based on the transcriptome sequences of S. caseolaris. Thirteen primer pairs showed polymorphism with one to three alleles per locus when assessed in two populations from China and Australia. The observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.5000, and 0 to 0.5217 in the Hainan population, and from 0 to 0.2500, and 0 to 0.4891 in the Queensland population, respectively. Thirteen of the 18 primer sets identified in S. caseolaris can be successfully applied to its congener S. alba, and a much lower level of polymorphisms was observed in this widespread species.

• Conclusions: These polymorphic EST–SSR markers for S. caseolaris are likely to be useful for future genetic diversity studies.
Cross‐species amplification and development of new microsatellite loci for Taxus wallichiana (Taxaceae)
Authors: Liu Jie , Gao Lian‐Ming , Li De‐Zhu , Zhang De‐Quan , Möller Michael
Published: April 2011

• Premise of the study: Previously published and newly developed microsatellite primers for Taxus species were screened for their potential transfer to Taxus wallichiana and to characterize the genetic diversity and population structure of this species.

• Methods and Results: Twenty microsatellite markers that successfully PCR amplified showed polymorphisms when tested on T. wallichiana. Ten of these were obtained by cross‐species amplification. The remaining 10 markers were developed in the current study. These markers were characterized on 58 individuals from two T. wallichiana populations from China. Overall, the number of alleles per locus ranged from two to twelve. No significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) was detected between the comparisons of these loci.

• Conclusions: The polymorphic microsatellite markers screened in this study will be useful for further investigations of the conservation genetics of the endangered species T. wallichiana.
Entre deux mots
Authors: Mouchard Claude
Published: April 2011

Résumé Action et Réaction, vie et aventures d’un couple (édition revue et corrigée, Librairie du xxi e siècle, Seuil 1999), constitué d’un ensemble d’études écrites durant un quart de siècle (1975-1999), relève, dit Starobinski (qui, après avoir cité Auerbach, mentionne Bréal et Benveniste), d’une « histoire sémantique élargie ». S’avançant du côté de l’histoire des sciences (de Newton à Freud) ou de l’histoire des idées (politiques par exemple), mettant à l’épreuve les distinctions entre les divers domaines de la culture, le livre de Starobinski n’en reste pas moins un grand ouvrage de critique littéraire lorsqu’il s’agit de relire, entre bien d’autres, Balzac ou Diderot.
Risk Factors and Options to Improve Engraftment in Unrelated Cord Blood Transplantation
Authors: Petropoulou Anna D. , Rocha Vanderson
Published: April 2011

Use of umbilical unrelated cord-blood (UCB) cells as an alternative source of hematopoietic cell transplantation has been widely used mainly for patients lacking an HLA-matched donor. UCB present many advantages over bone marrow or mobilized peripheral blood from volunteer donors, such as rapid availability, absence of risk for the donor, and decreased incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease. However, a significant clinical problem is delayed engraftment that is directly correlated with the number of hematopoietic stem cells in a cord-blood unit. The identification of prognostic factors associated with engraftment that can be easily modified (e.g., strategies for donor choice) and the development of new approaches including use of multiple donors, intrabone injection of UCB, ex vivo expansion, and cotransplantation with accessory cells are of crucial importance in order to circumvent the problem of delayed engraftment after UCB transplantation. Those approaches may increase the quality and availability of UCB for transplantation.
Serological Detection of Viral Infections in Captive Wild Cats from Costa Rica
Authors: Blanco Kinndle , Peña Roberto , Hernández Carmen , Jiménez Mauricio , Araya Luis Nazario , Romero Juan José , Dolz Gaby
Published: April 2011

Serum samples from a total of 44 wildcats, 28 margays (Leopardus wiedii), 10 ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), four jaguaroundis (Herpailurus yaguaroundi), one oncilla (Leopardus tigrina), and one jaguar (Panthera onca) were obtained between January 2001 and August 2002 from the Profelis Centre for rehabilitation of wild felids, located in the northwestern region of Costa Rica. Forty three samples were tested for antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and p27 antigen of feline leukemia virus (FeLV), 42 samples for antibodies against feline parvovirus (FPV), and 30 for antibodies against feline calicivirus (FCV). None of the samples contained detectable antibodies against FIV or p27 antigen of FeLV, all samples contained antibodies against FPV, and one sample contained antibodies against FCV.
Notes and Communications
Authors: V.V. A.A.
Published: April 2011

-
Resistant Thrombocytopenia in an HIV and Hepatitis C Patient: Treatment Response with Novel Agent Eltrombopag
Authors: Vijayakrishnan Rajakrishnan , Dani Sourbha , Ramasubramanian Aparna , Nair Rekha , Samaha Tony M.
Published: April 2011

HIV-associated thrombocytopenia is a dis- ease which can be recurrent to standard therapy which includes highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) therapy, steroids and immunoglobulin. We report a patient with HIV and hepatitis C who presented with resistant thrombocytopenia. Treatment with Eltrombopag – a thrombopoeitin receptor agonist showed initial good response with recurrence of thrombocytopenia. This novel agent could be considered as a treatment option prior to splenectomy and may be useful as a tempo- rizing measure.
Sister Mary Joseph’s Nodule: A Rare Cytologic Presentation
Authors: Akhtar Kafil , Zaheer Sufian , Ahmad Shamshad , Sherwani Rana K.
Published: April 2011

Umbilical metastasis is one of the main characteristic signs of extensive neoplastic disease and is universally referred to as Sister Mary Joseph’s nodule. It indicates neoplasm of inner organs mostly located in the gastrointestinal tract or the pelvis. However, in approximately 15–30% the primary tumor remains occult. In most cases, Sister Mary Joseph’s nodule appears as an early and sometimes the only symptom of the malignancy. Here we report a rare fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic diagnosis of umbilical metastasis of an ovarian carcinoma.
A double-blind, double-dummy, randomized controlled study of memantine versus buprenorphine in naloxone-precipitated acute withdrawal in heroin addicts
Authors: Jain, MD Kushal , Jain, PhD, FRSC Chem Raka , Dhawan, MD Anju
Published: April 2011

Objectives: To compare the efficacy of memantine with buprenorphine in the suppression of naloxone-precipitated acute withdrawal in heroin-dependent male subjects in an inpatient setting.Setting: Inpatient unit of tertiary level deaddiction facility.Participants: Forty-five treatment-seeking heroin-dependent males.Interventions: Subjects stabilized on 650 mg of dextropropoxyphene for 5 days were randomly divided into two groups on the sixth day: group A (n = 25) received 20 mg of memantine with buprenorphine placebo, and group B (n = 20) received 2 mg of buprenorphine with memantine placebo. Acute withdrawals were precipitated with naloxone (0.4 mg, intravenously) and were assessed using subjective and objective opioid withdrawal scales (SOWS and OOWS) and two separate visual analogue scales (VASs) for pain and dysphoria at baseline prior to test drug administration and again after the precipitation of acute withdrawal.Main outcome measures: Severity of precipitated opioid withdrawals.Results: Baseline opioid withdrawal symptoms in both groups did not differ significantly. After the precipitation of acute withdrawal, there were no significant differences between subjects in both groups on OOWS and both VASs but showed significant difference on SOWS. When changes in ratings from baseline (and after naloxone-precipitated acute withdrawal) were compared between the two groups, a significant difference in the change in SOWS scores was observed with greater decrease in withdrawal scores in the buprenorphine group.Conclusions: Memantine has comparable efficacy to buprenorphine in the suppression of objective signs of naloxone-precipitated acute opioid withdrawal; however, its role in the suppression of subjective symptoms is debatable.
Opioid delivery in the treatment of cancer breakthrough pain: A review of routes of administration
Authors: Nicholson, MD Bruce , Agarwala, MD Sanjiv S.
Published: April 2011

Analgesics delivered via the oral route of administration (capsules, tablets, or solutions) are most commonly used to treat cancer breakthrough pain (BTP); however, the effectiveness of oral opioids may be limited by slow gastrointestinal absorption and first-pass metabolic effects. Although the limitations presented by oral opioid delivery are acknowledged and formulations and delivery systems that mirror the temporal characteristics of the majority of cancer BTP episodes are available, short-acting oral opioids are the accepted standard of care. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the different routes of opioid administration used in the treatment of cancer BTP and briefly discuss the characteristics of different delivery systems.
Initiation of coalescence in a cumulus cloud: a beneficial influence of entrainment and mixing
Authors: Cooper W. A. , Lasher-Trapp S. G. , Blyth A. M.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. Although rain has been observed to form in warm cumulus clouds within about twenty minutes, calculations that represent condensation and coalescence accurately in such clouds have had difficulty producing rainfall in such a short time except via processes involving giant cloud condensation nuclei (with diameters larger than 2 μm). This model-based study explores a different possible mechanism for accelerating the production of warm rain, one that depends on the variability in droplet trajectories arriving at a given location and time in a cumulus cloud. In the presence of entrainment such droplets experience different growth histories, and the result is broadening of the droplet size distribution. That broadening favours coalescence, leading to embryos that grow to raindrops. These calculations do lead to production of rain that is within the lower range of observations for clouds of Florida, USA, the location on which the input conditions were based. The process emphasized in this study, the formation of drizzle via collisions among droplets in the main peak of the droplet size distribution, complements the growth of precipitation on giant nuclei, which is also an important source of the first rain in the case studied. The results indicate that the mechanism developed here should be considered an important influence on the formation of rain in warm clouds.
Design Rules for Phase‐Change Materials in Data Storage Applications
Authors: Lencer Dominic , Salinga Martin , Wuttig Matthias
Published: April 2011

Phase‐change materials can rapidly and reversibly be switched between an amorphous and a crystalline phase. Since both phases are characterized by very different optical and electrical properties, these materials can be employed for rewritable optical and electrical data storage. Hence, there are considerable efforts to identify suitable materials, and to optimize them with respect to specific applications. Design rules that can explain why the materials identified so far enable phase‐change based devices would hence be very beneficial. This article describes materials that have been successfully employed and dicusses common features regarding both typical structures and bonding mechanisms. It is shown that typical structural motifs and electronic properties can be found in the crystalline state that are indicative for resonant bonding, from which the employed contrast originates. The occurence of resonance is linked to the composition, thus providing a design rule for phase‐change materials. This understanding helps to unravel characteristic properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity which are discussed in the subsequent section. Then, turning to the transition kinetics between the phases, the current understanding and modeling of the processes of amorphization and crystallization are discussed. Finally, present approaches for improved high‐capacity optical discs and fast non‐volatile electrical memories, that hold the potential to succeed present‐day’s Flash memory, are presented.
mtDNA and Y‐chromosome diversity in Aymaras and Quechuas from Bolivia: Different stories and special genetic traits of the Andean Altiplano populations
Authors: Gayà‐Vidal Magdalena , Moral Pedro , Saenz‐Ruales Nancy , Gerbault Pascale , Tonasso Laure , Villena Mercedes , Vasquez René , Bravi Claudio M. , Dugoujon Jean‐Michel
Published: April 2011

Two Bolivian samples belonging to the two main Andean linguistic groups (Aymaras and Quechuas) were studied for mtDNA and Y‐chromosome uniparental markers to evaluate sex‐specific differences and give new insights into the demographic processes of the Andean region. mtDNA‐coding polymorphisms, HVI‐HVII control regions, 17 Y‐STRs, and three SNPs were typed in two well‐defined populations with adequate size samples. The two Bolivian samples showed more genetic differences for the mtDNA than for the Y‐chromosome. For the mtDNA, 81% of Aymaras and 61% of Quechuas presented haplogroup B2. Native American Y‐chromosomes were found in 97% of Aymaras (89% hg Q1a3a and 11% hg Q1a3*) and 78% of Quechuas (100% hg Q1a3a). Our data revealed high diversity values in the two populations, in agreement with other Andean studies. The comparisons with the available literature for both sets of markers indicated that the central Andean area is relatively homogeneous. For mtDNA, the Aymaras seemed to have been more isolated throughout time, maintaining their genetic characteristics, while the Quechuas have been more permeable to the incorporation of female foreigners and Peruvian influences. On the other hand, male mobility would have been widespread across the Andean region according to the homogeneity found in the area. Particular genetic characteristics presented by both samples support a past common origin of the Altiplano populations in the ancient Aymara territory, with independent, although related histories, with Peruvian (Quechuas) populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Locomotor behavior of wild orangutans (pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in disturbed peat swamp forest, Sabangau, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Manduell Kirsten L. , Morrogh‐Bernard Helen C. , Thorpe Susannah K.S.
Published: April 2011

This study examined the locomotor behavior of wild Bornean orangutans (P. p. wurmbii) in an area of disturbed peat swamp forest (Sabangau Catchment, Indonesia) in relation to the height in the canopy, age‐sex class, behavior (feeding or traveling), and the number of supports used to bear body mass. Backward elimination log‐linear modeling was employed to expose the main influences on orangutan locomotion. Our results showed that the most important distinctions with regard to locomotion were between suspensory and compressive, or, orthograde (vertical trunk) and pronograde (horizontal trunk) behavior. Whether orangutans were traveling or feeding had the most important influence on locomotion whereby compressive locomotion had a strong association with feeding, suspensory locomotion had a strong association with travel in the peripheral strata using multiple supports, whereas vertical climb/descent and oscillation showed a strong association with travel on single supports in the core stratum. In contrast to theoretical predictions on positional behavior and body size, age‐sex category had a limited influence on locomotion. The study revealed that torso orthograde suspension dominates orangutan locomotion, concurring with previous studies in dipterocarp forest. But, orangutans in the Sabangau exhibited substantially higher frequencies of oscillatory locomotion than observed at other sites, suggesting this behavior confers particular benefits for traversing the highly compliant arboreal environment typical of disturbed peat swamp forest. In addition, torso pronograde suspensory locomotion was observed at much lower levels than in the Sumatran species. Together these results highlight the necessity for further examination of differences between species, which control for habitat. Am J Phys Anthropol 145:348–359, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Timely estrus in wild brown mouse lemur females at Ranomafana national park, southeastern Madagascar
Authors: Blanco Marina B.
Published: April 2011

The small‐bodied nocturnal mouse lemurs (genus Microcebus) occupy a variety of habitats in Madagascar. Gray (M. murinus) and brown (M. rufus) mouse lemurs have been widely studied both in the wild and captivity. Whereas captive studies revealed an endogenous regulation of reproduction entrained by photoperiod, field studies have suggested that reproductive activation could be affected by additional climatic, physical, or social conditions. I collected data on wild brown mouse lemur females at Ranomafana between 2004 and 2008 to determine: 1) the timing of estrus and estrous periodicities across multiple seasons, and 2) whether additional factors such as body mass, age, or rainfall are correlated with onset of reproduction. In mouse lemur females at Ranomafana, the first seasonal estrus occurs 3–4 weeks after the vernal equinox. I report ∼1 month's intra‐population variation in the timing of estrus and inter‐annual estrous intervals with periodicities of ∼365 days. There were significant differences between the onset of reproduction across years. Estrous onset was uncorrelated with body mass, but there was an apparent age effect. There was a significant negative correlation between August rainfall and onset of reproduction when 2004 data were removed from the analysis. Results from this study are consistent with the notion that timing of estrus is photoperiod‐dependent. As in captivity, intra‐population variation in estrous onset is ∼4 weeks in length. In the wild, variation in estrous onset and polyestry (multiple reproductive opportunities per year) appear to be favored under the highly unpredictable conditions of Madagascar's environments. In the wild, variation in estrous onset and polyestry (multiple reproductive opportunities per year) appear to be favored under the highly unpredictable conditions of Madagascar's environments. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infant and juvenile growth in ancestral Pueblo Indians
Authors: Schillaci Michael A. , Nikitovic Dejana , Akins Nancy J. , Tripp Lianne , Palkovich Ann M.
Published: April 2011

The present study examines patterns of infant and juvenile growth in a diachronic sample of ancestral Pueblo Indians (AD 1300–1680) from the American Southwest. An assessment of growth patterns is accompanied by an evaluation of pathological conditions often considered to be indicators of nutritional deficiencies and/or gastrointestinal infections. Growth patterns and the distribution of pathological conditions are interpreted relative to culturally relevant age categories defined by Puebloan rites of passage described in the ethnographic literature. A visual comparison of growth distance curves revealed that relative to a modern comparative group our sample of ancestral Pueblo infant and juveniles exhibited faltering growth beginning soon after birth to about 5 years of age. A comparison of curves describing growth relative to adult femoral length, however, indicated reduced growth occurring later, by around 2 years of age. Similar to previous studies, we observed a high proportion of nonsurvivors exhibiting porotic cranial lesions during the first 2 years of life. Contrary to expectations, infants and juveniles without evidence of porotic cranial lesions exhibited a higher degree of stunting. Our study is generally consistent with previous research reporting poor health and high mortality for ancestral Pueblo Indian infants and juveniles. Through use of a culturally relevant context defining childhood, we argue that the observed poor health and high mortality in our sample occur before the important transition from young to older child and the concomitant initial incorporation into tribal ritual organization. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for long‐term spatial displacement of breeding and pupping harbour seals by shellfish aquaculture over three decades
Authors: Becker Benjamin H. , Press David T. , Allen Sarah G.
Published: April 2011

Shellfish mariculture is increasing worldwide and often occurs adjacent to marine mammal breeding and feeding habitat. To better understand breeding pinniped vulnerability to potential shellfish mariculture disturbance and displacement effects in a US National Park, potential mechanisms were explored that may affect the proportion of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) selecting high quality haul‐out sites near shellfish aquaculture within a large colony, and overall seal utilization of that colony in relation to other regional colonies.

Seal haul‐out sites isolated from the mainland (no predator access) had higher pup:adult ratios, indicating they are generally more important for pupping. Short‐term human disturbance did not have a significant effect on spatial use, but rather spatial use was pre‐determined by general sandbar isolation. Using multiple competing hypothesis and an information‐theoretic approach, it was found that within the estuary, after removing effects of El Niño, the proportion of seals (total seals and pups only) hauled out near mariculture sites was 8 ± 2% lower during years of higher oyster harvest. Annual oyster harvest was used as a measure of aquaculture activity that could result in direct disturbance or indirect displacement of harbour seals.

At the regional scale, oyster harvest, seal counts at a nearby colony, and loss of a major haul‐out site within the estuary, best explained pup and total seal use compared with the region. Regional population size, short‐term human disturbance rate, and other factors were not important. Concurrent with higher oyster harvest, the proportion of regional seals using the estuary declined by 7 ± 2% for seal pups (–65 ± 18 total pups), and 5 ± 2% for total counts ( − 192 ± 58 total seals). These findings (both within the estuary and at the regional scale) were essentially identical whether modelling oyster harvest as either a continuous or categorical (low/high) variable and when using either frequentist or Bayesian statistical analyses.

Marine reserves set aside for wildlife may be less effective when the highest quality breeding and pupping sites are adjacent to regular aquaculture activities. These effects may not be detectable until additional natural variation lowers the quality of nearby habitats. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.