bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Las sociedades arrendatarias de los impuestos municipales de Valencia (1410-1450)
Authors: Cruselles Gómez Enrique
Published: December 2017

La ciudad de Valencia había consolidado su sistema fiscal a finales del siglo XIV. El arrendamiento de los impuestos indirectos desempeñó un papel clave en ese sistema, mediante un procedimiento de subasta pública. Durante la primera mitad del siglo XV, se confirmaron dos procesos relacionados: la monopolización de los arrendamientos por parte de una élite financiera, que a la vez retenía los cargos contables municipales; y la tendencia a la baja de los precios de los arrendamientos, en detrimento del sistema económico municipal. La combinación de documentación pública y privada permite ampliar el conocimiento sobre la organización de aquellas sociedades arrendatarias.
Esclavitud y dependencia personal en el país asturleonés (siglos IX-XIII)
Authors: González González Raúl
Published: December 2017

El artículo propone una indagación reflexiva en torno a la esclavitud y las formas de dependencia personal en Asturias y León durante la Alta y la Plena Edad Media. Tras algunas precisiones de tipo terminológico y conceptual (con especial atención a los indicios que proporciona la lengua romance), se ofrece un análisis de la naturaleza de dichas relaciones de explotación y de su papel dentro de la economía señorial de la época, para finalizar con un repaso a su proceso de declive.
Con el hambre a las puertas. El abastecimiento de Valencia durante la Guerra de los Dos Pedros (1356-1366)
Authors: Sanahuja Ferrer Pablo
Published: December 2017

Este artículo pretende contribuir a la corriente de renovación intelectual que en los últimos años se ha abierto con la llamada nueva historia política. Específicamente, pretende abordar la problemática del hambre en una ciudad durante un conflicto bélico (la Guerra de los Dos Pedros) y, sobre todo, las políticas que sus dirigentes aplicaron y si estas fueron efectivas o no.
Spiritual and Material Rewards on the Christian-Muslim Frontier: Norman Crusaders in the Valley of the Ebro in the First Half of the Twelfth Century
Authors: Villegas-Aristizábal Lucas
Published: December 2017

This article explores the involvement of the Norman nobility in the wars between Christians and Muslims in the Ebro Valley in the first half of the 12th Century. The work recognises how the participation of the this particular ethno-cultural group in the peninsula was renovated to a certain degree by the deeds and religious transformation that took place as result of the preaching and success of the crusade. Furthermore, by exploring the careers of Rotrou of Perche, Robert Burdet and Walter Guidvilla this piece demonstrates how their religiosity as well as the filial relations and traditional desire for wealth that characterise this group of warriors, made the Iberian theatre of conflict so attractive at this particular period. Also, this article, tries to show how their Iberians lay and clerical coreligionists perceived the usefulness of these Norman contingents in their conflict with the Almoravids.
Masculinités et familles en transformation
Authors: Genest Dufault Sacha , Castelain Meunier Christine
Published: December 2017

Cadre de la recherche :La famille est un lieu important de la socialisation genrée, de la manière dont les individus se construisent en tant qu’êtres sexués au sein d’un contexte social et culturel normatif. La famille contribue à la reproduction des masculinités, mais elle peut aussi constituer un lieu d’émancipation et de subversion par rapport aux normes de genre.

Objectifs :Cet article introductif du numéro sur les masculinités et les familles de la revueEnfances Familles Générationsvise à présenter un état de la recherche et des pistes de réflexion sur l’articulation entre les réalités masculines et celles des familles.

Méthodologie :L’article introductif s’appuie sur une recension des écrits ayant porté sur le développement de la recherche sur les masculinités et des pratiques auprès des hommes. Cette analyse est mise en relation avec le champ des études sur les familles, notamment quant aux transformations actuelles qui les traversent.

Résultats :Les études sur la famille et sur les hommes sont des champs de recherche politisés et étroitement liés. Malgré la reconnaissance des transformations en présence, la volonté de savoir si les masculinités au sein des familles se réinventent ou si elles participent au contraire à la reproduction d’un ordre social genré demeure un enjeu complexe à approfondir dans les recherches à venir.

Conclusions :Plusieurs thématiques reliées aux masculinités restent peu explorées dans la recherche. Les contributions de ce numéro permettront de combler en partie ces manques. Ces thématiques touchent aux nouvelles réalités des hommes dans la famille, par exemple les pères au foyer, les pères d’enfants prématurés et l’évolution des discours sociaux sur le masculin.

Contribution :Cet article fait une revue des enjeux des transformations de la masculinité et des pluralités familiales, et identifie des pistes à approfondir pour la recherche sur ces thèmes.
Corps d’hommes sous le regard de femmes : une sociologie de l’apparence au prisme de la conjugalité
Authors: Braizaz Marion
Published: December 2017

Cadre de la recherche : Au XXe siècle, une inflexion majeure s’est produite quant aux représentations sociales associées à la corporéité. La mise en scène de son corps est aujourd’hui pensée dans notre société comme devant être unique et révélatrice d’une prise en main identitaire. Alors qu’ils furent longtemps tenus à distance du monde du « paraître », les hommes sont désormais – tout comme les femmes – marqués dans leur quotidien par l’impératif esthétique. Au cœur de l’intimité conjugale, cette nouvelle donne trouve d’ailleurs une résonnance particulière.

Objectifs : Tel est le sujet de cet article : démontrer combien l’apparence constitue de nos jours un enjeu conjugal décisif, les choix esthétiques de chacun des partenaires étant toujours soumis au regard de l’autre.

Méthodologie : Suite à une enquête qualitative menée en France sur l’expérience esthétique des individus (32 femmes, 28 hommes), nous avons, à ce sujet, identifié une asymétrie genrée fondamentale dans la sphère privée.

Résultats : Au jeu des apparences, dans l’espace conjugal, l’imaginaire social amoureux valorisant le bien-être de chacun se heurte à une souveraineté féminine. Une dépendance esthétique des hommes aux femmes s’observe. Face à celle-ci, les tactiques masculines sont alors radicalement opposées d’une classe sociale à l’autre. Si les hommes des classes aisées parviennent à rétablir un équilibre en instaurant une réciprocité subtile, les hommes issus de milieux populaires s’avèrent quant à eux totalement démunis, ne pouvant opposer à cette emprise féminine que des tactiques de résistances minimes.

Conclusions : Croisant des analyses sur la sociologie du couple à une sociologie des pratiques esthétiques, cet article révèle combien la conjugalité se trouve être le lieu de rapports de pouvoir indéniables, doublement marqués, par le genre mais aussi par le niveau social. 

Contribution : Cet article permet d’observer à quel point le couple constitue une modalité centrale de l’expérience esthétique des hommes, ce qui est loin d’être autant le cas du côté des femmes.
Du côté des garçons :
loisirs et construction de l’identité genrée à travers les sociabilités
familiales et amicales masculines en milieux populaires
Authors: Perronnet Clémence
Published: December 2017

Cadre de la recherche : Les loisirs,
pratiques et préférences culturelles sont une façon de dire qui l’on est et de
se situer dans le monde social, tant par sa classe que par son âge, son genre ou
son lieu de résidence. Autrement dit : « si tu joues au foot, que tu aimes les
jeux vidéo et que tu écoutes de la musique rap… alors tu es un garçon de milieux
populaires ».

Objectifs : Le présent article
cherche à interroger cette apparente évidence, se demandant comment les jeunes
garçons de milieux populaires construisent leur genre à travers leurs loisirs et
quel rôle jouent alors les sociabilités masculines familiales et
amicales.

Méthodologie : Le matériau utilisé a
été recueilli à l’occasion d’une enquête qualitative menée par observations et
entretiens individuels auprès de 20 garçons et 11 filles scolarisés dans deux
classes de CM2 (10-11 ans) d’une école d’un quartier populaire de Lyon.

Résultats : Les jeunes garçons évoluent dans un réseau
de sociabilités et de loisirs très masculin, un entre-soi construit contre le
féminin. Pour ce qui est des parents, leurs rôles genrés sont bien distincts,
pères et mères n’interagissant pas de la même façon avec les garçons. Les
sociabilités horizontales entres pairs (frères, amis, cousins) jouent aussi un
grand rôle dans la formation des goûts et l’identification masculine. À
l’échelle individuelle, le modèle de l’entre-soi masculin est moins unifié qu’il
n’y paraît, et les façons d’être garçon s’avèrent à la fois variées et
hiérarchisées. Des stratégies de distinction sociale prennent forme au sein de
l’ordre de genre.

Conclusions : Ce travail
questionne ainsi la pertinence du modèle de la distinction sociale, en montrant
qu’en dépit du caractère commun et partagé des loisirs « de garçons », des
variations fines des pratiques sont l’occasion d’une hiérarchisation
intra-masculine.

Contribution : Il invite aussi à
penser l’hétérogénéité des groupes sociaux par la description combinée de ce qui
façonne le commun et de ce qui crée, en son sein, la différence.
L’orphelin et ses constructions en Afrique : une catégorie sociale hétérogène
Authors: Danhoundo Georges
Published: December 2017

Cadre de la recherche : Les enfants orphelins mobilisent les organismes d’aide à l’enfance, tant à l’échelle nationale qu’internationale. Dans les pays africains où la pandémie du SIDA est largement répandue, la prise en charge des « orphelins du SIDA » mobilise particulièrement les organismes gouvernementaux et non gouvernementaux, de même que les familles, démontrant ainsi une solidarité autour d’une action qui semble recueillir l’approbation générale.

Objectifs : Cet article analyse les usages de la catégorie « orphelin » et leurs effets en termes d’appréhension des questions publiques, sociales et internationales.

Méthodologie : Il s’appuie sur du matériel récolté dans le cadre des recherches en sociologie, en démographie et en anthropologie sur les logiques d’acteurs autour du soutien aux enfants orphelins en Afrique.

Résultats : Du point de vue de ces organisations humanitaires et de développement, la prise en charge des enfants orphelins requiert un ciblage, comme en témoigne la catégorie « orphelins et enfants vulnérables du SIDA ». L’utilisation de la catégorie « orphelin » s’est en particulier généralisée et diffusée dans le domaine de l’éducation et des risques. Pourtant, ce mot recouvre plusieurs réalités, il reste flou. Conjuguant sentimentalisme et compassion, il évoque une catégorie structurée autour de l’innocence, des enjeux, de la fragilité, de l’insécurité et de la vulnérabilité de l’enfance ; il constitue l’une des figures majeures de la mise en scène de l’enfance contemporaine.

Conclusions : La catégorie « enfants orphelins » recouvre des réalités diverses. Les solutions exclusives de transfert d’enfants orphelins dans la lignée paternelle proposée par certaines ONG, en référence aux pratiques ancestrales des sociétés africaines patrilinéaires (où l’enfant est censé « appartenir » au lignage du père), méritent d’être questionnées. De plus, il n’est pas souhaitable de continuer à penser la famille élargie comme étant l’unique solution à la prise en charge des enfants orphelins.

Contribution : Cet article souligne la nécessité d’étendre la notion de la famille élargie dans le cas des transferts d’orphelin, voire mieux définir l’appartenance à la famille élargie. Au-delà des normes de filiation, les modalités de transfert d’orphelin ou le contexte économique et social jouent un rôle important.
Particularités de l’influence des parents sur la perception de la valeur des études chez des jeunes de niveau postsecondaire : une analyse qualitative longitudinale
Authors: Noël Marie-France , Bourdon Sylvain , Brault-Labbé Anne
Published: December 2017

Cadre de la recherche : Cette recherche s’intéresse à la dynamique motivationnelle de jeunes québécois de niveau postsecondaire en faisant appel au concept de perception de la valeur des études, à savoir des cours, des programmes et du fait d’étudier en général. La perception de la valeur des études est un jugement porté au regard de quatre caractéristiques (Eccles, 2005 ; Noël, 2014) : l’intérêt, l’utilité, la valeur de réalisation et les différents types de coût.

Objectifs : Cet article vise à examiner l’influence des parents sur la perception de la valeur des études, en mettant en contraste l’influence parentale avec celle des pairs et des enseignants.

Méthodologie : Une analyse qualitative interprétative a porté sur 186 entretiens semi-directifs réalisés sur une période de plus de 5 ans auprès de 36 jeunes de niveau postsecondaire. Ces entretiens ont été réalisés dans le cadre de l’enquête Famille, réseaux et persévérance au collégial (Bourdon et Charbonneau) et une analyse secondaire en a été faite dans une recherche doctorale.

Résultats : Les résultats indiquent que les parents sont susceptibles d’agir sur les quatre composantes de la valeur, même s’il est question surtout de l’utilité des études en lien avec l’insertion sur le marché du travail. L’influence parentale agit par divers mécanismes, principalement 1) la discussion et le conseil ; 2) l’effet de modèle par leur propre parcours ; 3) le soutien, notamment financier.

Conclusions : L’influence des parents comporte des particularités relativement à celle des pairs et des enseignants. La recherche démontre également en quoi le concept de perception de la valeur des études constitue un angle d’entrée intéressant pour nuancer ces diverses influences.

Contribution : Cette recherche jette un regard original sur le concept de perception de la valeur des études, notamment en l’abordant dans une approche qualitative, mais également en prenant en compte une diversité de sources d’influences potentielles sur cette perception qu’ont des jeunes de la valeur de leurs études.
El Ingreso de las Músicas Colombianas a la Educación Superior del Conservatorio del Tolima
Authors: Salinas Arias Boris Alfonso
Published: December 2017

La Educación musical en el Conservatorio del Tolima se ha enfocado en la Música Clásica o Culta Europea, fenómeno que no es aislado sino común en un país que tradicionalmente ha dejado por fuera de la academia a las Músicas Colombianas. No obstante, en el año 2011 estas músicas ingresaron de forma decidida al Currículo del programa Licenciatura en Música. El presente trabajo es un análisis curricular que parte de la Investigación Documental y establece las razones por las cuales las Músicas Colombianas ingresan a la Formación profesional de esta institución, entre las que se destaca la visión del Estado Colombiano sobre la Música como herramienta de pacificación en medio del Conflicto Armado, la creación de un Plan Nacional de Música guiado hacia la Convivencia y apoyado en sus orígenes por la política de intervención militar de Estados Unidos llamada Plan Colombia. Así mismo se discute la adaptación casi a ciegas que hizo la Institución a su programa académico de la política Nacional de Guerra.
ИСТОРИЈСКИ РАЗВОЈ ФЛОРЕ И ВЕГЕТАЦИЈЕ ПЛАНИНЕ ЈАДОВНИК У ЗАПАДНОЈ БОСНИ
Authors: Буцало Војин
Published: December 2017

На основу извора о прошлости флоре и вегетације Балканског полуострва и Европе, ауторреконструише историјат развоја биљног свијета на подручју истраживања од палеогена дорецентног периода. Посебнo се осврће на резултате анализе пoлeнског диjaгрaма сa лoкaлитeтaМaлe мртвицe у Ливањском пољу, који је индикативан зa истoриjу флoрe и вeгeтaциje Jaдoвникa.
PROJEKAT „PODRŠKA PROVOĐENJU DIREKTIVE O STANIŠTIMA I DIREKTIVE O PTICAMA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI“
Authors: Milanović Đorđije , Golob Aleksander
Published: December 2017

Rad daje pregled osnovnih rezultata projekta “Podrška provođenju Direktive o staništima i Direktiveo pticama u Bosni i Hercegovini”, završenog početkom 2015. godine. Pored osnovnih ciljeva projekta imetodologije, detaljno se prikazuje preliminarni prijedlog mreže potencijalnih Natura 2000 područja uBosni i Hercegovini sa površinama te prisutnim tipovima staništa i vrstama od značaja za Evropsku Unijuunutar svakog područja pojedinačno. Rad nudi pregled vrsta i stanišnih tipova sa Aneksa I i II Direktive ostaništima te referentnu listu vrsta ptica sa Aneksa I Direktive o pticama, kao i prijedlog strogo zaštićenihvrsta na teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine.
KARAKTERISTIKE I EKOLOŠKO – PROIZVODNI POTENCIJAL ZEMLJIŠTA NA SERPENTINITIMA U PJ ,,DONJA VELIKA USORA“
Authors: Kapović Solomun Marijana , Eremija Saša , Gavrić Zoran
Published: December 2017

Ultrabazične stijene (serpentiniti i peridotiti) zauzimaju značajnu površinu u dijelu unutrašnjih Dinaridai imaju svoje specifičnosti koje se reflektuju na karakter zemljišnog pokrivača. Istraživanja su vršena uprivrednoj jedinici (PJ) “Donja Velika Usora“, “Teslićko” šumskoprivredno područje. Teren je izraženog nagibakarakterističan za ultramafite i sastoji se od oštrih grebena i strmih padina sa velikim brojem slivova.Područje ima tipičnu umjereno kontinentalnu klimu, uz manjak vode tokom ljetnih mjeseci. Rasprostranjenesu šume kitnjaka i običnog graba, bazifilne šume borova, te šume bukve i jele. Otvoreno je ukupnošest pedoloških profila, na različitim ekspozicijama pri čemu je izvršeno proučavanje spoljašnje iunutrašnje morfologije, uz izdvajanje osnovnih genetičkih horizonata. Prema Škorić et al. (1985), izdvojenasu tri tipa: ranker, eutrično smeđe i ilimerizovano zemljište. Ekološko proizvodna vrijednost izdvojenihtipova je uglavnom uslovljena karakterom matičnog supstrata, ali se ne smije zanemariti uticaj klime ireljefa. Ranker pruža kserotermofilne uslove za razvoj vegetacije usljed male dubine, visoke skeletnostii vodopropustljivosti. Eutrično smeđe zemljište je inače visoko produktivno, ali je taj potencijal znatnoumanjen na serpentinitima usljed visoke skeletnosti i lakše teksture. Luvisol pruža najpovoljnije uslove zarazvoj šumskih zajednica. Ovo je veoma duboko, strukturirano i teksturno diferencirano zemljište. Sadržajskeleta se povećava sa dubinom što povoljno utiče na vodno-vazdušni režim jer nema zastoja vode u glinovitijimpartijama profila i omogućava prodiranje korijena biljaka u najdublje slojeve. Cilj rada je analizaosobina zemljišta na serpentinitima i definisanje njihovog ekološko-proizvodnog potencijala kao osnove zaodrživo upravljanje šumskim ekosistemima “Teslićkog” šumskoprivrednog područja.
NATURA 2000 U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI I ŠUMARSTVO
Authors: Golob Aleksander , Milanović Đorđije
Published: December 2017

U ovome radu predloženi su indikatori za procjenu stanja očuvanosti stanišnih tipova šuma koji suuključeni u prijedlog mreže Natura 2000 za Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Takođe su na osnovu ekoloških karakteristikapredloženi indikatori prema kojim bi se moglo procjenjivati stanje očuvanosti vrsta Natura2000 vezanih za šume. Predloženi indikatori obuhvaćaju vrstu drveća i ostalih biljnih vrsta, način obnovešumskih sastojina, prisutnost mrtvog drveta i starog drveća, a u slučaju Natura 2000 šumskih vrsta iprisutnost nezagađenih vodenih tijela i prilagođeni način šumskih radova. Prema vrijednostima indikatoraNatura 2000 šumski stanišni tipovi i vrste svrstani su u grupe u kojima bi se trebala dugoročnoosiguravati slična struktura šuma, odnosno u kojima bi se trebao provoditi sličan način gazdovanja.
DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION GROWTH OF EURASIAN BEAVER (Castor fiber LINNAEUS, 1758) IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 10 YEARS AFTER REINTRODUCTION
Authors: Trbojević Igor , Trbojević Tijana
Published: December 2017

Beaver is a semiaquatic mammal which inhabits suitable watercourses and water surfaces coveredby rich vegetation of woody and herbaceous species. In the past, it inhabited large areas fromsouth to the north European mainland, but in the early XX century, there were only six isolatedautochthonous populations left. The reason that led to the complete extinction of Eurasian beaverin Bosnia and Herzegovina is the same as in Europe - excessive hunting.Thanks to the actions of the beaver reintroduction to former habitats across Europe at the beginningof the XXI century, the beaver is again spread over a wider area. In Bosnia and Herzegovinabeavers were reintroduced in 2005 and 2006, thus making it the 26th country that has helped toincrease the number of beavers. With the reintroduction of the beaver on the territory of Bosniaand Herzegovina, it became protected species.In the period from 2009 to 2016 a total of 964 records about the presence of beavers was collected.Currently on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina there are at least 43 registered families and eightindividuals (singles). Having in mind that on average three individuals per family were registered, thereal abundance of beaver in Bosnia and Herzegovina could be approximately 140 individuals.
ANALIZA TRŽIŠTA I PRODAJNIH CIJENA KARBON KREDITA SA FOKUSOM NA SEKTOR ŠUMARSTVA
Authors: Čomić Dragan , Glavonjić Branko , Delić Sabina
Published: December 2017

U radu je izvršena analiza tržišnih kretanja i prodajnih cijena karbon kredita generisanih u okvirurazličitih projektnih aktivnosti. Na osnovu dostupnih podataka, nastojalo se jasno i cjelovito prikazatii uporedno analizirati postojeće vrste tržišta i prodajne cijene karbon kredita, sa fokusiranjemna ona koja su u vezi sa sektorom šumarstva. Radom su obrađeni i analizirani vrste tržišta karbonkredita, tržišne jedinice, promet i cijene na regulisanim i dobrovoljnim karbon tržištima. Posebnosu analizirani promet i prodajne cijene za sektor šumarstva, kao i količine i prodajne cijene karbonkredita po pojedinim tipovima projektnih aktivnosti u šumarstvu. Navedena su i predviđanjabudućeg razvoja karbon tržišta i kretanja prodajnih cijena karbon kredita, sa kratkim osvrtom nabudućnost karbon tržišta u svjetlu Pariskog sporazuma.
POREĐENJE UTVRĐENE I NORMALNE DRVNE ZALIHE UŽE KATEGORIJE ŠUMA 1200 U REPUBLICI SRPSKOJ
Authors: Nedimović Dalibor
Published: December 2017

Analizom podataka za Užu kategoriju šuma 1200 iz 14 novijih šumskoprivrednih osnova cilj je bio dase prikaže stanje zalihe ove kategorije šuma u vidu poređenja njenog utvrđenog stanja sa normalnimstanjem koje je dobijeno po Matićevom uproštenom metodu, što je jedan od pokazatelja kontinuitetaprodukcije šuma u budućnosti. Rezultati su pokazali da u određenim slučajevima postojiveliko odstupanje utvrđene u odnosu na normalnu zalihu, što je vjerovatno posljedica nepotpunogizvršenja etata u prošlosti odnosno prevelikih sječa ukoliko postoji deficit zalihe. Međutim, mogućeje da je donekle na ovakve rezultate uticao i eventualni neprecizan proračun normalnog stanja, atakođe i tačnost samih podataka sa terena. Struktura zalihe je uglavnom narušena, i to tako da jezapremina slabijih debljinskih klasa preniska, odnosno kod jačih debljinskih klasa prevelika. Kaojedno od potencijalnih rješenja za popravljanje stanja u budućnosti nameće se otvaranje neotvorenihodnosno slabo otvorenih šumskih kompleksa, čime bi se smanjio pritisak na bolje otvorenešumske ekosisteme.
An evolutionarily young defense metabolite influences the root growth of plants via the ancient TOR signaling pathway
Authors: Malinovsky Frederikke Gro , Thomsen Marie-Louise F , Nintemann Sebastian J , Jagd Lea Møller , Bourgine Baptiste , Burow Meike , Kliebenstein Daniel J
Published: December 2017

To optimize fitness a plant should monitor its metabolism to appropriately control growth and defense. Primary metabolism can be measured by the universally conserved TOR (Target of Rapamycin) pathway to balance growth and development with the available energy and nutrients. Recent work suggests that plants may measure defense metabolites to potentially provide a strategy ensuring fast reallocation of resources to coordinate plant growth and defense. There is little understanding of mechanisms enabling defense metabolite signaling. To identify mechanisms of defense metabolite signaling, we used glucosinolates, an important class of plant defense metabolites. We report novel signaling properties specific to one distinct glucosinolate, 3-hydroxypropylglucosinolate across plants and fungi. This defense metabolite, or derived compounds, reversibly inhibits root growth and development. 3-hydroxypropylglucosinolate signaling functions via genes in the ancient TOR pathway. If this event is not unique, this raises the possibility that other evolutionarily new plant metabolites may link to ancient signaling pathways.
Genome-wide mapping of sister chromatid exchange events in single yeast cells using Strand-seq
Authors: Claussin Clémence , Porubský David , Spierings Diana CJ , Halsema Nancy , Rentas Stefan , Guryev Victor , Lansdorp Peter M , Chang Michael
Published: December 2017

Homologous recombination involving sister chromatids is the most accurate, and thus most frequently used, form of recombination-mediated DNA repair. Despite its importance, sister chromatid recombination is not easily studied because it does not result in a change in DNA sequence, making recombination between sister chromatids difficult to detect. We have previously developed a novel DNA template strand sequencing technique, called Strand-seq, that can be used to map sister chromatid exchange (SCE) events genome-wide in single cells. An increase in the rate of SCE is an indicator of elevated recombination activity and of genome instability, which is a hallmark of cancer. In this study, we have adapted Strand-seq to detect SCE in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We provide the first quantifiable evidence that most spontaneous SCE events in wild-type cells are not due to the repair of DNA double-strand breaks.
Endothelial cells express NKG2D ligands and desensitize antitumor NK responses
Authors: Thompson Thornton W , Kim Alexander Byungsuk , Li P Jonathan , Wang Jiaxi , Jackson Benjamin T , Huang Kristen Ting Hui , Zhang Lily , Raulet David H
Published: December 2017

Natural Killer (NK) cells confer protection from tumors and infections by releasing cytotoxic granules and pro-inflammatory cytokines upon recognition of diseased cells. The responsiveness of NK cells to acute stimulation is dynamically tuned by steady-state receptor-ligand interactions of an NK cell with its cellular environment. Here, we demonstrate that in healthy WT mice the NK activating receptor NKG2D is engaged in vivo by one of its ligands, RAE-1ε, which is expressed constitutively by lymph node endothelial cells and highly induced on tumor-associated endothelium. This interaction causes internalization of NKG2D from the NK cell surface and transmits an NK-intrinsic signal that desensitizes NK cell responses globally to acute stimulation, resulting in impaired NK antitumor responses in vivo.
Oxytocin signaling in the medial amygdala is required for sex discrimination of social cues
Authors: Yao Shenqin , Bergan Joseph , Lanjuin Anne , Dulac Catherine
Published: December 2017

The neural control of social behaviors in rodents requires the encoding of pheromonal cues by the vomeronasal system. Here we show that the typical preference of male mice for females is eliminated in mutants lacking oxytocin, a neuropeptide modulating social behaviors in many species. Ablation of the oxytocin receptor in aromatase-expressing neurons of the medial amygdala (MeA) fully recapitulates the elimination of female preference in males. Further, single-unit recording in the MeA uncovered significant changes in the sensory representation of conspecific cues in the absence of oxytocin signaling. Finally, acute manipulation of oxytocin signaling in adults is sufficient to alter social interaction preferences in males as well as responses of MeA neurons to chemosensory cues. These results uncover the critical role of oxytocin signaling in a molecularly defined neuronal population in order to modulate the behavioral and physiological responses of male mice to females on a moment-to-moment basis.
Plasmid-powered evolutionary transitions
Authors: Melnyk Ryan A , Haney Cara H
Published: December 2017

The acquisition of a virulence plasmid is sufficient to turn a beneficial strain of Rhodococcus bacteria into a pathogen.
Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model for Simulating Winter Ozone Formation in the Uinta Basin
Authors: Matichuk Rebecca , Tonnesen Gail , Luecken Deborah , Gilliam Rob , Napelenok Sergey L. , Baker Kirk R. , Schwede Donna , Murphy Ben , Helmig Detlev , Lyman Seth N. , Roselle Shawn
Published: December 2017

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models were used to simulate a 10 day high‐ozone episode observed during the 2013 Uinta Basin Winter Ozone Study (UBWOS). The baseline model had a large negative bias when compared to ozone (O3) and volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements across the basin. Contrary to other wintertime Uinta Basin studies, predicted nitrogen oxides (NOx) were typically low compared to measurements. Increases to oil and gas VOC emissions resulted in O3 predictions closer to observations, and nighttime O3 improved when reducing the deposition velocity for all chemical species. Vertical structures of these pollutants were similar to observations on multiple days. However, the predicted surface layer VOC mixing ratios were generally found to be underestimated during the day and overestimated at night. While temperature profiles compared well to observations, WRF was found to have a warm temperature bias and too low nighttime mixing heights. Analyses of more realistic snow heat capacity in WRF to account for the warm bias and vertical mixing resulted in improved temperature profiles, although the improved temperature profiles seldom resulted in improved O3 profiles. While additional work is needed to investigate meteorological impacts, results suggest that the uncertainty in the oil and gas emissions contributes more to the underestimation of O3. Further, model adjustments based on a single site may not be suitable across all sites within the basin.
Modeling the Origin of Anthropogenic Black Carbon and Its Climatic Effect Over the Tibetan Plateau and Surrounding Regions
Authors: Yang Junhua , Kang Shichang , Ji Zhenming , Chen Deliang
Published: December 2017

Black carbon (BC) in snow/ice induces enhanced snow and glacier melting. As over 60% of atmospheric BC is emitted from anthropogenic sources, which directly impacts the distribution and concentration of BC in snow/ice, it is essential to assess the origin of anthropogenic BC transported to the Tibetan Plateau (TP) where there are few direct emissions attributable to local human activities. In this study, we used a regional climate‐atmospheric chemistry model and a set of BC scenarios for quantitative evaluation of the impact of anthropogenic BC from various sources and its climate effects over the TP in 2013. The results showed that the model performed well in terms of climatology, aerosol optical properties, and near‐surface concentrations, which indicates that this modeling framework is appropriate to characterize anthropogenic BC source‐receptor relationships over the TP. The simulated surface concentration associated with the anthropogenic sources showed seasonal differences. In the monsoon season, the contribution of anthropogenic BC was less than in the nonmonsoon season. In the nonmonsoon season, westerly winds prevailed and transported BC from central Asia and north India to the western TP. In the monsoon season, BC aerosol was transported to the middle‐upper troposphere over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain and crossed the Himalayas via southwesterly winds. The majority of anthropogenic BC over the TP was transported from South Asia, which contributed to 40%–80% (mean of 61.3%) of surface BC in the nonmonsoon season, and 10%–50% (mean of 19.4%) in the monsoon season. For the northeastern TP, anthropogenic BC from eastern China accounted for less than 10% of the total in the nonmonsoon season but can be up to 50% in the monsoon season. Averaged over the TP, the eastern China anthropogenic sources accounted for 6.2% and 8.4% of surface BC in the nonmonsoon and monsoon seasons, respectively. The anthropogenic BC induced negative radiative forcing and cooling effects at the near surface over the TP.
Asymmetric Responses of the End of Growing Season to Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yang Zhiyong , Shen Miaogen , Jia Shugang , Guo Li , Yang Wei , Wang Cong , Chen Xuehong , Chen Jin
Published: December 2017

Climate warming has delayed the end of the growing season (EOS) in temperate and cold ecosystems. However, it is unclear whether asymmetric warming (higher warming at night than during the day) has triggered different responses in the timing of EOS. Here we used satellite‐observed EOS of alpine vegetation to reveal its asymmetric responses to nighttime and daytime warming on the Tibetan Plateau. Increased preseason minimum temperature could postpone EOS by 7.92 day K−1 (P < 0.01), probably by slowing low‐temperature induced leaf senescence, whereas increased preseason maximum temperature could advance EOS by 3.57 day K−1 (P < 0.05), likely due to the confounding effects of water limitations. The delaying effect of nighttime warming was stronger in more arid areas of the plateau, where daytime warming has a stronger advancing effect on EOS. Our results provide new insights into understanding and modeling autumn vegetation phenology on the Tibetan Plateau and grassland ecosystems in other temperate and cold regions.
Carbon Dynamics Along a Temperate Fjord‐Head Delta: Linkages With Carbon Burial in Fjords
Authors: Cui Xingqian , Bianchi Thomas S. , Kenney William F. , Wang Jiaze , Curtis Jason H. , Xu Kehui , Savage Candida
Published: December 2017

We used seven 210Pb‐dated sediment cores from the Gaer Arm in the Doubtful Sound fjord complex, Fiordland, New Zealand to evaluate organic carbon (OC) dynamics in a temperate fjord‐head delta. The highly dynamic spatial features of this delta were clearly evident in the observed sediment properties such as mass accumulation rates that varied by a factor of 14, sediment grain size by a factor 5, and sedimentary OC content by a factor 6. Low lignin concentrations (e.g., 2.95 mg (100 mg OC)−1) and syringic/vanillic ratios of lignin phenols (S/V; e.g., 0.44) at the upper deltaic stations were representative of substantial autochthonous OC contributions to delta sediments. Significantly higher acid/aldehyde ratios of vanillic phenols [(Ad/Al)v] at the deltaic stations (0.45–0.82) than the surface grabs (0.26–0.30) indicated rapid degradation of OC within the delta. Despite being a “hot spot” for OC oxidation, the delta likely improves OC preservation in the adjacent fjord by filtering out coarse‐grained particles and exporting fine‐grained particles to fjord sediments. Our results showed that fjord‐head deltas can influence sedimentation and OC dynamics in select regions of fjords and thus warrant more examination of fjord‐head processes, particularly in areas where they are expanding. In particular, as Earth warms and glaciers retreat, the newly exposed fjord‐head platforms in high‐latitude environments may evolve into similar “hot spots” of OC oxidation, thereby altering the dynamics of OC burial in these systems.
Acclimation of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emission From Subarctic Heath Under Long‐Term Moderate Warming
Authors: Tang J. , Valolahti H. , Kivimäenpää M. , Michelsen A. , Rinnan R.
Published: December 2017

Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from subarctic ecosystems have shown to increase drastically in response to a long‐term temperature increase of only 2°C. We assessed whether this increase takes place already after 3 years of warming and how the increase changes over time. To test this, we measured BVOC emissions and CO2 fluxes in a field experiment on a subarctic wet heath, where ecosystem plots were subjected to passive warming by open top chambers for 3 (OTC3) or 13 years (OTC13) or were kept as unmanipulated controls. Already after 3 years of moderate temperature increase of 1–2°C, warming increased the emissions of isoprene (five‐ to sixfold) and monoterpenes (three‐ to fourfold) from the subarctic heath. The several‐fold higher BVOC emissions in the warmed plots are likely a result of increased vegetation biomass and altered vegetation composition as a shift in the species coverage was observed already after 3 years of warming. Warming also increased gross ecosystem production and ecosystem respiration, but the increases were much lower than those for BVOCs. Our results demonstrate that the strong BVOC responses to warming already appeared after 3 years, and the BVOC and CO2 fluxes had acclimated to this warming after 3 years, showing no differences with another 10 years of warming. This finding has important implications for predicting CO2 and BVOC fluxes in subarctic ecosystems.
Super‐High Strength Mg–7.5Al–0.8Zn Alloy Prepared by Rapidly Solidified Powder Metallurgy and Low Temperature Extrusion
Authors: Zhu Jian , Liu Junxiu , Wang Yi , Lu Kuang , Chen Jinbin , Liu Zikui , Hui Xidong
Published: December 2017

In this work, Mg–7.5Al–0.8Zn alloy with super‐high tensile strength are fabricated by rapidly solidified powder metallurgy (RS/PM) and low temperature extrusion technology. By reducing extrusion temperature from 340 to 170 °C, the α‐Mg grains are significantly refined and numerous nanoscale β‐Mg17Al12 particles are obtained. The RS/PM alloy extruded at 170 °C possesses the lowest grain size of ≈550 nm. The nanoscale β‐phase particles stimulate the nucleation of dynamically recrystallized (DRXed) grains and restrain the growth of DRXed grains. The RS/PM alloy extruded at 170 °C exhibits mechanical properties with a tensile yield strength of 448 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 480 Mpa, and a microhardness of 137 HV. These excellent mechanical properties result from low temperature extrusion are mainly attributed to the ultra‐fine DRXed grains and the high‐density dislocations and subgrains.
Enhanced thermal stability and flame resistance of polyurethane‐imide foams by adding silicon carbide
Authors: Tian Huafeng , Yao Yuanyuan , Ma Songbai , Wu Jiali , Xiang Aimin
Published: December 2017

Polyurethane‐imide (PUI) foams containing both polyimide and polyurethane segments combined the advantage of fine mechanical properties as well as high thermal stability of the two polymers. To further improve the thermal stability and flame resistance ofPUIfoams, a series ofPUIcomposite foams with different content of SiC (silicon carbide) as fillers were prepared. The cell structure, mechanical properties, flame resistance, and thermal properties of resultingPUI/SiC composite foams were characterized in detail. The experimental results showed that the cell size distribution became uneven, the apparent density was increased, and the compressive strength decreased with the increase in silicon carbide content. Meanwhile, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) showed an increase from 24.7% to 28.1% with increasing of SiC content from 0% to 9.6%. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of SiC could significantly enhance the thermal stability and flame retardancy ofPUIfoams.
Softening dynamics of polymer blends and composites investigated by differentia spectra of dynamic mechanical analysis
Authors: Zhang Rui , He Xianru , Rodrigues Alisson M. , Guo Qipeng
Published: December 2017

The confinement effect on molecular motions has been widely observed in polymeric blends and composites. For polymers that have softening dynamics in glass–rubber transition region, the confinement effect can influence the molecular motions to different degrees. In this work, the differentia spectra of dynamic mechanical analysis were applied to analyze the confinement effect in butyl rubber (IIR)/ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) blends,IIR/high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) blends, chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR)/polystyrene (PS) blends,IIR/silica composites, andCIIR/organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) composites. In the differentia spectra, the confinement effect from additional components on local segment motions (LSM), sub‐Rouse modes, and Rouse modes was investigated, indicating that the effect on sub‐Rouse modes is smaller than that on Rouse modes but larger than that onLSM. Moreover, the coupling effects slightly change with introduction of the secondary components, which enables us to assume that the confinement effect has a linear relationship with the content of secondary components. Finally, it has been found that the decrease in tan δ exhibited a linear relationship with the content of secondary components.
A Kinetic Dearomatization Strategy for an Expedient Biomimetic Route to the Bielschowskysin Skeleton
Authors: Scesa Paul , Wangpaichitr Medhi , Savaraj Niramol , West Lyndon , Roche Stéphane P.
Published: December 2017

Bielschowskysin (1), the flagship of the furanocembranoid diterpene family, has attracted attention from chemists owing to its intriguing and daunting polycyclic architecture and medicinal potential against lung cancer. The high level of functionalization of 1 poses a considerable challenge to synthesis. Herein, a stereoselective furan dearomatization strategy of furanocembranoids was achieved via the intermediacy of chlorohydrins. The stereochemical course of the kinetic dearomatization was established, and the C3 configuration of the resulting exo‐enol ether intermediates proved to be essential to complete the late‐stage transannular [2+2] photocycloaddition. Overall, this biomimetic strategy starting from the natural product acerosolide (9) featured an unprecedented regio‐ and highly stereoselective furan dearomatization, which provided rapid access to the pivotal exo‐enol ethers en route to the intricate bielschowskyane skeleton.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated γ‐Amino Acids through the Umpolung Addition of Trifluoromethyl Imines to Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Hu Bin , Deng Li
Published: December 2017

Novel cinchona alkaloid derived chiral phase‐transfer catalysts enabled the highly chemo‐, regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselective umpolung addition of trifluoromethyl imines to α,β‐unsaturated N‐acyl pyrroles. With a catalyst loading ranging from 0.2 to 5.0 mol %, this new catalytic asymmetric transformation provides facile and high‐yielding access to highly enantiomerically enriched chiral trifluoromethylated γ‐amino acids and γ‐lactams.
Laser confocal microscopical characterization of toughened epoxy resins: Correlations between structural features and mechanical properties
Authors: Hader‐Kregl Laura , Wallner Gernot M. , Lang Reinhold W. , Strauß Bernhard
Published: December 2017

Laser confocal microscopy is used to analyze the morphology of an epoxy resin (DGEBA) modified with different amounts of toughening agent carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN). The size and phase volume of the distributed spherical toughening particles is ranging from 0.7 to 1.6 µm and 5 to 40 vol %, respectively. These morphological parameters and particles/µm2 reveal a nonlinear relationship with the amount of toughening agent. With increasing particle size and number the glass transition temperature and the tensile modulus are decreasing, whereas the fracture toughness increases. Particles larger than 1.3 µm and a value of particles/µm2 higher than 0.15 exhibit a more significant impact on the resin properties. Linear correlations between the rubber phase volume and the glass transition temperatures as well as the mechanical properties, i.e., tensile modulus and fracture toughness are ascertained. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46094.
Developmental Osteology of the Parafrontal Bones of the Sphaerodactylidae
Authors: Griffing Aaron H. , Daza Juan D. , DeBoer Jonathan C. , Bauer Aaron M.
Published: December 2017

Well‐resolved phylogenetic hypotheses and ontogenetic data are often necessary for investigating the evolution of structural novelty. The Sphaerodactylidae comprises 12 genera of predominantly miniaturized geckos. The genera Aristelliger and Teratoscincus are exceptions, with taxa reaching snout‐to‐vent lengths far exceeding those of other sphaerodactylids. These two genera possess enigmatic, supraorbital ossifications—parafrontal bones—which are encountered nowhere else among squamates. At the time of their discovery, these structures were believed to be the result of evolutionary convergence. Although relationships between other sphaerodactylids remain unresolved, recent molecular and morphological data have supported a close relationship between Aristelliger and Teratoscincus. We investigated the ontogeny of parafrontal bones to better understand relationships between sphaerodactylid body size and the presence of parafrontals, and to evaluate whether ontogenetic data support the homology of parafrontals between Aristelliger and Teratoscincus. We hypothesize that the parafrontals of Aristelliger and Teratoscincus are homologous and that there is a threshold body size in sphaerodactylids below which parafrontals do not develop, thus explaining their absence from the miniaturized taxa. The presence of parafrontals was investigated in all sphaerodactylid genera using cleared‐and‐stained, radiographed, and skeletonized specimens. Total surface area of parafrontals was measured for seven species of Aristelliger and six species of Teratoscincus throughout their ontogeny. Histology was used to investigate the cellular composition of the parafrontals throughout their ontogeny. Our data suggest that parafrontals have evolved in parallel from a homologous, parafrontal precursor and that the onset of parafrontal development is not strictly dependent on a threshold body size. Anat Rec, 301:581–606, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exchange‐based communication training may not consistently facilitate communication in the absence of the requested item
Authors: Pizarro Eliana , Borrero John C.
Published: December 2017

The role of stimulus presence on spontaneous communication was assessed with 3 participants in a nonconcurrent multiple baseline with embedded reversals design. Participants were taught to request 2 highly preferred items. Once mastery criterion was met, test sessions were conducted with stimuli either visible or absent from the room, and request rate was measured. For 2 participants, training produced requests in both the presence and absence of the stimulus. For one participant, however, the presence of the stimulus was necessary to evoke the response. Results suggest that teaching individuals to request items when they are present may not consistently lead to requests when those items are absent.
Photophysical Study of 2‐Fluorenyl‐1,2,3‐Triazole‐labeled 2′‐Deoxyuridine and Its Oligonucleotide
Authors: Hong Seung Woo , Hwang Gil Tae
Published: December 2017

In this study, we prepared 2‐fluorenyl‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (U
FT) and inserted it at the central position of an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) to investigate whether the triazole group is an efficient linker between fluorene and uracil. U
FT displays different fluorescence intensities and emission maxima in different solvents, indicating its potential for application as an environmentally sensitive probe. Moreover, excimer emission from U
FT was observed in water. However, U
FT containing ODN did not exhibit selective thermal stability and fluorescence changes upon duplex formation with matched and single‐base mismatched targets. This highlighted the importance of selecting the appropriate linker to connect the fluorophore to the nucleobase when developing such DNA probes.