bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct Air Capture
Authors: Herzog Howard
Published: August 2022

Direct air capture (DAC) is technically feasible today, with commercial units already in operation. However, understanding DAC's economic feasibility is required to understand whether DAC will be a significant negative emissions technology. Several start-up companies are trying to commercialise DAC using processes based on chemical absorption or adsorption. Today, there is only one DAC installation generating negative emissions, with a selling price of $1200 per metric ton of CO2 (t CO2). This chapter explores the process fundamentals that apply to all types of DAC processes, looks at the process design for the two major types of DAC processes being developed today, and assesses estimates for DAC costs going forward. The assessment suggests that the low range of cost estimates in the literature, $100–300 per t CO2, will not be reached anytime soon, if at all. Reasonable expectations for DAC costs in 2030 are in the range of $600–1000 per net t CO2 removed.
Soil Carbon Sequestration and Biochar
Authors: Vetter Sylvia H. , Abdalla Mohamed , Kuhnert Matthias , Smith Pete
Published: August 2022

The greenhouse gas removal (GGR) potential of soil carbon sequestration (SCS) and biochar is achieved via a deliberate increase in the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. This can be realised by improving management practices in agriculture and grassland systems by increasing the organic carbon (C) input or reducing soil disturbances. Soil C sequestration potential differs depending on climate, soil properties and management, with the highest potential for poor soils (SOC stock farthest from saturation). The main downside of using SCS for CO2 removal is the limited time C can be sequestrated until a new C equilibrium is reached. SCS management needs to continue even after C saturation in the soil occurs, otherwise, the newly gained SOC stock might lose the C again, reversing the SCS impact. However, agricultural and grassland soils have the feasible technical potential of 2–5 Gt CO2eq per year globally and an economic potential of 1.5–2.6 Gt CO2eq per year (at prices up to 100 $ per t CO2eq). They can act as a C sink over the next 20 to 30 years following SCS management implementation. Biochar is more recalcitrant, and a new C equilibrium is expected to take much longer, so, biochar will probably be a long-term option for CO2 removal. Biochar's feasible technical potential is 2.6 Gt CO2eq per year. Both SCS and biochar can be implemented on existing land and bring additional benefits for soil quality and health, which provides further advantages like an increase in productivity. Thus, SCS and biochar can contribute greatly to sustainable productivity and food security.
Afforestation/Reforestation (AR)
Authors: Chiquier Solene , Mac Dowell Niall
Published: August 2022

This chapter defines afforestation/reforestation (AR) and provides insights into its role and value for achieving negative emissions. It contains a synthesis of the current research knowledge and gaps in the most up-to-date literature on AR, and a complete analysis of AR including forest growth, biogenic carbon sequestration, risk-adjusted carbon sequestration and forestry operations. More specifically, GHG balance, cost and water footprint analyses are carried out at the sub-regional level in five archetypal regions (Brazil, China, European Union, India and United States) over a 200-year time-period.
Feasibility of Using Biologically-based Processes in the Open Ocean and Coastal Seas for Atmospheric CO2 Removal
Authors: Williamson Phillip , Boyd Philip W. , Harrison Daniel P. , Reynard Nick , Mashayek Ali
Published: August 2022

This chapter assesses the feasibility of six ways to achieve greenhouse gas removal by using marine biological processes to increase CO2 drawdown from the atmosphere. Four approaches involve increasing the supply of nutrients to the open ocean: adding iron directly; adding iron indirectly via the atmosphere; adding macronutrients; and by enhancing upwelling to increase natural nutrient recycling. The intention is to stimulate primary production and CO2 uptake by marine phytoplankton, and hence deep-water carbon storage via the ocean biological carbon pump. Two coastal methods are also considered to increase CO2 drawdown: restoring blue carbon ecosystems (mangroves, salt marsh and seagrass habitats) as a ‘nature-based solution’, and large-scale cultivation of seaweeds (macroalgae) and subsequent carbon storage, primarily by the marine equivalent of BECCS (bioenergy with carbon capture and storage). For each approach, information is given on scientific understanding of key processes, environmental consequences, cost-effectiveness, carbon accounting, governance and public acceptability. Major uncertainties are identified regarding the quantification of carbon removal, the permanence of storage, and the possible emissions of other greenhouse gases. Governance-related constraints are particularly important for the open ocean approaches. Marine BECCS using seaweed theoretically offers high potential, but its large-scale deployment has not been well investigated. Coastal ecosystem restoration is already being used for small-scale carbon offsetting, and can be considered a no-regrets mitigation option, on the basis of its non-climatic benefits. The scalability and effectiveness of this approach for increasing CO2 removal are, however, uncertain, with many associated risks.
Global Distribution of Negative Emissions
Authors: Pozo Carlos , Galán-Martín Ángel , Reiner David M. , Guillén-Gosálbez Gonzalo , Bui Mai , Mac Dowell Niall
Published: August 2022

Meeting our climate goals will require large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options to compensate for both ongoing emissions and residual emissions from hard-to-abate sectors. Acknowledging that different regions are unequally endowed with natural capacities to deliver CDR, ensuring an equitable distribution of burdens and efforts, and promoting collaborative actions emerge as critical issues to guarantee fair contributions and effective actions to meet the CDR goals. This chapter departs from country-by-country CDR quotas based on equity principles and investigates the broader implications of adopting two different political approaches – isolationist vs. cooperative – for meeting such quotas. Cooperation is the preferred approach as it allows the most economically appealing biogeophysical resources to be exploited. However, incentivising such cooperation between actors and regions showing different interests will require designing new policy instruments and incentives to engage with the large-scale deployment of CDR options. Major barriers need to be overcome for governing CDR at global scales, such as the difficulty of simultaneously considering all the facets of the CDR problem, the necessity to integrate removal actions in frameworks for conventional mitigation, the need to deal with the transboundary aspects of international policies and the present inability to elucidate a coherent roadmap for CDR options deployment resulting from the lack of harmony in scientific contributions.
Priorities for Policy Design
Authors: Daggash Habiba Ahut , Bui Mai , Mac Dowell Niall
Published: August 2022

Results from integrated assessment models (IAMs) have made it increasingly evident that atmospheric greenhouse gas removal (GGR), namely carbon dioxide removal (CDR), otherwise known as negative emissions, is critical to delivering the Paris Agreement. The high levels of deployment of negative emissions technologies (NETs) anticipated in IAMs are in stark contrast with their early stage of development and deployment globally. Some CDR methods are yet to be proven as technically feasible at scale owing to insufficient research, development and demonstration (RD&D). Others, such as BECCS and DACCS, have failed to achieve commercialisation because of high costs and the significant uncertainties surrounding the wider environmental, social and political implications of their large-scale deployment. Furthermore, the necessary policy and regulatory frameworks that encourage technological innovation in NETs have not been implemented. Failure to design appropriate policies to encourage the commercialisation of NETs risks foregoing a portfolio of technologies that appear critical to the climate change mitigation challenge. This chapter discusses the innovation ecosystem of GGR and NETs and proposes policy measures that facilitate different aspects of innovation including RD&D, financing, niche markets, regulation and governance, and public acceptability.
Rapid synthesis of drug-encapsulated films by evaporation-induced self-assembly for highly-controlled drug release from biomaterial surfaces
Authors: Stewart C. , Siu A. , Tsui C. , Finer Y. , Hatton B.
Published: August 2022

Infection at the dental implant surgical site results in failed procedures, patient pain, increased cost, and the over-prescription of prophylactic antibiotics. Direct delivery of antimicrobials may prevent infection without antibiotic use.
Bismuth-coated screen-printed electrodes for the simple voltammetric determination of formaldehyde
Authors: Malakhova Nataliya , Mozharovskaia Polina , Kifle Alexander Berhane , Kozitsina Alisa
Published: August 2022

For the first time, bismuth modified electrodes have been used for the voltammetric detection of formaldehyde.
Development of a standardized adsorbable organofluorine screening method for wastewaters with detection by combustion ion chromatography
Authors: Jones Jenifer L. , Burket S. Rebekah , Hanley Adrian , Shoemaker Jody A.
Published: August 2022

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made organofluorine chemicals that can contaminate environmental waters and have gained worldwide attention over the past two decades.
Enhanced anticancer efficacy of primed natural killer cellsviacoacervate-mediated exogenous interleukin-15 delivery
Authors: Jeong Sehwan , Kim Young Guk , Kim Sungjun , Kim Kyobum
Published: August 2022

Effective exogenous delivery of interleukin (IL)-15 to natural killer (NK) cells with subsequent anticancer efficacy could be a promising immune cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
Arsenic trioxide-loaded nanoparticles enhance the chemosensitivity of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer via the reversal of pancreatic stellate cell desmoplasia by targeting the AP4/galectin-1 pathway
Authors: Zhao Yue , Yao Hanming , Yang Kege , Han Shiji , Chen Shangxiang , Li Yaqing , Chen Shaojie , Huang Kaihong , Lian Guoda , Li Jiajia
Published: August 2022

ScAb-ATO-NPs targets PSCs to increase the delivery efficiency of ATO to PSCs. ATO inhibits the activation of PSCs via PI3K/AKT/AP4/galectin-1 pathway and decreases the synthesis of ECM in PDAC, which enhances the chemotherapy in PDAC.
Metal–organic framework-derived 2D layered double hydroxide ultrathin nanosheets for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Song Jie , Chen Jeng-Lung , Xu Zichen , Lin Ryan Yeh-Yung
Published: August 2022

Pt@CuFe-LDHm possesses an ultrathin 2D nanosheet structure with a large specific surface area. It shows outstanding HER performance with overpotentials of 33 (1.0 M KOH), 47 (0.1 M KOH) and 120 mV (1.0 M PBS) at 10 mA cm−2.
The role of conformational dynamics in the activity of polymer-conjugated CalB in organic solvents
Authors: Jian Yupei , Han Yilei , Fu Zhongwang , Xia Meng , Jiang Guoqiang , Lu Diannan , Wu Jianzhong , Liu Zheng
Published: August 2022

Polymer motion enhances multiscale conformational dynamics, leading to boosted activity of polymer–enzyme conjugates.
High-throughput parallelized testing of membrane electrode assemblies for CO2 reduction
Authors: Kose Talha , O'Brien Colin P. , Wicks Joshua , Abed Jehad , Xiao Yurou Celine , Sutherland Brandon , Sarkar Amitava , Jaffer Shaffiq A. , Sargent Edward H. , Sinton David
Published: August 2022

This cost-effective high-throughput testing platform enables running ten CO2RR experiments in parallel simultaneously. The unique MEA cells were designed to empower rapid and reliable cell assembly while preventing over-compression of electrodes.
The insensitive cation effect on a single atom Ni catalyst allows selective electrochemical conversion of captured CO2 in universal media
Authors: Kim Jae Hyung , Jang Hyunsung , Bak Gwangsu , Choi Woong , Yun Hyewon , Lee Eunchong , Kim Dongjin , Kim Jiwon , Lee Si Young , Hwang Yun Jeong
Published: August 2022

We demonstrate Ni–N/C is an effective electrocatalyst for the direct conversion of captured CO2 in monoethanol amine-based aqueous absorbents showing high CO faradaic efficiency (78%) and its high selectivity is maintained in various amine solvents.
Nanoconfinement matters in humidified CO2 interaction with metal silicates
Authors: Zare Siavash , Uddin K. M. Salah , Funk Andreas , Miller Quin R. S. , Abdolhosseini Qomi Mohammad Javad
Published: August 2022

Depending on the CO2 pressure, the phase behavior of water-CO2 mixture changes in the slit pores of C–S–H. C–S–H surface catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and surface hydroxide.
QSDsan: an integrated platform for quantitative sustainable design of sanitation and resource recovery systems
Authors: Li Yalin , Zhang Xinyi , Morgan Victoria L. , Lohman Hannah A. C. , Rowles Lewis S. , Mittal Smiti , Kogler Anna , Cusick Roland D. , Tarpeh William A. , Guest Jeremy S.
Published: August 2022

QSDsan is an open-source platform that integrates the design, simulation, and sustainability characterization of sanitation and resource recovery systems.
Improving isoprenol productionviasystematic CRISPRi screening in engineeredEscherichia coli
Authors: Wang Jian , Jiang Tian , Milligan Sierra , Zhang Jianli , Li Chenyi , Yan Yajun
Published: August 2022

To improve the isoprenol pathway performance and the isoprenol yield, we exploited CRISPRi screening to identify endogenous gene targets involving phosphate intermediate hydrolysis and acetyl–CoA consumption pathways and isoprenol toxicity inE. coli.
Advancements in automation for plasma proteomics sample preparation
Authors: King Christina D. , Kapp Kathryn L. , Arul Albert B. , Choi Min Ji , Robinson Renã A.S.
Published: August 2022

Automation increases sample processing throughput for large-scale clinical analyses.
Computer vision-assisted investigation of boiling heat transfer on segmented nanowires with vertical wettability
Authors: Lee Jonggyu , Suh Youngjoon , Kuciej Max , Simadiris Peter , Barako Michael T. , Won Yoonjin
Published: August 2022

Hierarchical nanowires possessing dual wettabilities are developed to exploit the advantages of hydrophobic and hydrophilic boiling surfaces, thereby enabling an earlier transition to efficient nucleate boiling regimes and prolonged surface dry-out.
Tunneling transport of 2D anisotropic XC (X = P, As, Sb, Bi) with a direct band gap and high mobility: a DFT coupled with NEGF study
Authors: Hu Xuemin , Liu Wenqiang , Yang Jialin , Wang Wei , Sun Luanhong , Shi Xiaoqin , Hao Yufeng , Zhang Shengli , Zhou Wenhan
Published: August 2022

α-XC (X = P, As, Sb, Bi) monolayers hold a direct band gap of 0.73 to 1.40 eV and exhibit a high electron mobility of up to 8 × 103 cm2 V−1 s−1. 2D α-XC TFETs present good device performance and excellent device switching characteristics.
d-Mannose-appended 5,15-diazaporphyrin for photodynamic therapy
Authors: Ali Lamiaa M. A. , Miyagawa Kazuya , Fukui Norihito , Onofre Mélanie , El Cheikh Khaled , Morère Alain , Clément Sébastien , Gary-Bobo Magali , Richeter Sébastien , Shinokubo Hiroshi
Published: August 2022

5,15-Diazaporphyrin appended with d-mannose moieties was prepared through Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction and SN2 alkylation.
Enhancing photoluminescence efficiency of atomically precise copper(i) nanoclusters through a solvent-induced structural transformation
Authors: Peng Su-Kao , Yang Hu , Luo Dong , Xie Mo , Tang Wen-Jing , Ning Guo-Hong , Li Dan
Published: August 2022

Atomically precise alkynyl-protected copper(i) nanoclusters (CuNCs) have been prepared, and they exhibit high phosphorescence quantum yield, short lifetime, and fast radiative decay rate, which are rarely observed in atomically precise CuNCs.
The influence of single and binary mixtures of collagen amino acids on the structure of synthetic calcium hydroxyapatite as a nanobiomaterial
Authors: Krukowski Sylwester , Sztelmach Konrad
Published: August 2022

The influence of mixtures of collagen amino acids on hydroxyapatite has been determined. Glycine has the strongest effect on hydroxyapatite, and proline the weakest. Proline abolishes the effect of other amino acids on hydroxyapatite.
Synthesis of manganese-oxide and palladium nanoparticles co-decorated polypyrrole/graphene oxide (MnO2@Pd@PPy/GO) nanocomposites for anti-cancer treatment
Authors: Wu Jiarui , Wang Meng , Pan Yuanjie , Pang Yipeng , Tang Yanyan , Song Chang , Zhu Jiahui , Zhang Xian , Huang Qingli
Published: August 2022

Manganese-oxide and palladium nanoparticle-co-decorated polypyrrole/graphene oxide (MnO2@Pd@PPy/GO) nanoenzyme composites were synthesized, and could be as a novel “theranostic nanoagent” for cancer treatment due to excellent performance.
Nucleus-selective codelivery of proteins and drugs for synergistic antitumor therapy
Authors: Yang Lan , Ma Huijie , Lin Shan , Zhu Yupeng , Chen Hui , Zhang Ning , Feng Xuli
Published: August 2022

An efficient nucleus-targeted co-delivery nanoplatform with high endosomal escape ability to transport proteins and drugs into nucleus was prepared for synergistically enhanced cancer therapy.
Correction: Visible-light-mediated Minisci C–H alkylation of heteroarenes with unactivated alkyl halides using O2 as an oxidant
Authors: Dong Jianyang , Lyu Xueli , Wang Zhen , Wang Xiaochen , Song Hongjian , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Qingmin
Published: August 2022

Correction for ‘Visible-light-mediated Minisci C–H alkylation of heteroarenes with unactivated alkyl halides using O2 as an oxidant’ by Jianyang Dong et al., Chem. Sci., 2019, 10, 976–982, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SC04892D.
A descriptor for the design of 2D MXene hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalysts
Authors: Wang Changxin , Wang Xiaoxu , Zhang Tianyao , Qian Ping , Lookman Turab , Su Yanjing
Published: August 2022

MXene-STM design flow: A physical descriptor ϕ is built to uncover the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) trends in Ti2CO2-STM (single transition metal doping) catalysis.
Thermally enhanced piezoelectricityviathe superstructure in Ca2Nb2O7single-crystals with ultra-high Curie temperature
Authors: Wang Xiaohan , Zhou Qiang , Li Fangfei , Wu Chen , Gong Meiqi , He Songying , Li Xinyang , Sun Enwei , Ge Wenwei , Li Peng , Li Liang , Cui Tian
Published: August 2022

Based on the microstructure and molecular vibrations, the mechanism of thermally enhanced piezoelectricity is clarified for Ca2Nb2O7with ultra-highTc.
Surface engineering of a triboelectric nanogenerator for room temperature high-performance self-powered formaldehyde sensors
Authors: Chang Chih-Yu , Cheng Yu-Hsuan , Ho Chun-Yi
Published: August 2022

Surface engineering of triboelectric nanogenerator for room temperature self-powered formaldehyde (FA) sensor is demonstrated. Such device delivers not only high power density but also remarkable selectivity and ultra-fast response time to FA gas.
Lattice distortion derived catalytic degradation in multi-oxide cathode catalyst for Li–oxygen batteries
Authors: Liu Ruowei , Fu Yiming , Zhang Guoliang , Guo Liang , Yang Ruonan , Zhang Xiuqi , Zhu Qing , Dang Feng
Published: August 2022

The distorted [WO6] octahedron degrades the catalytic capability of CoWO4 as the cathode catalyst of LOBs due to the low electron transfer efficiency and ultrahigh adsorption energy of adsorbates.
Nanotechnology-integrated ferroptosis inducers: a sharp sword against tumor drug resistance
Authors: Li Chaoqun , Wu Xiaodong , Zheng Caihong , Xu Shanshan , Liu Yunxi , Qin Jiale , Fan Xiaoyu , Ye Yiqing , Fei Weidong
Published: August 2022

This review introduces the roles of key ferroptosis-regulating molecules in the progression of drug resistance and reviews the design of ferroptosis-inducing strategies based on nanotechnology for overcoming drug resistance.
A self-activated cascade nanoreactor based on Pd–Ru/GOx for bacterial infection treatment
Authors: Zhu Tianbao , Hu Xinyan , Ye Zichen , Li Jingchao , Ming Jiang , Guo Zhide , Wang Jingjuan , Chen Xialolan
Published: August 2022

The design of a Pd–Ru/GOx self-activated cascade nanoreactor and its application in bacterial infection treatment by converting endogenous glucose into toxic ROS.
Role of blend ratio in bulk heterojunction organic retinomorphic sensors
Authors: Zhang Xueqiao , Labram John G.
Published: August 2022

A mixture of P3HT and PCBM was found to yield a larger signal than pure P3HT or pure PCBM in retinomorphic sensors.
Reversible thermochromism, temperature-dependent conductivity and high stability for a laminated bismuth(iii)–silver(i) hybrid double perovskite
Authors: Lassoued Mohamed Saber , Wang Tengbo , Faizan Ahmad , Li Qian-Wen , Chen Wei-Peng , Zheng Yan-Zhen
Published: August 2022

We report here a new two-dimensional bimetallic double perovskite with reversible thermochromism, enhanced electrical conductivity and outstanding stability.
Significance of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in mitigating methane emission from major natural and anthropogenic sources: a review of AOM rates in recent publications
Authors: Gao Yaohuan , Wang Yong , Lee Hyung-Sool , Jin Pengkang
Published: August 2022

AOM rates in literature were analyzed and anaerobic methanotrophs significantly cut methane emissions in oceans but not in wetlands, rice paddy, and fresh water. The trophic and metabolic patterns of microorganisms may be limiting the AOM rates.
Floral symmetry: the geometry of plant reproduction
Authors: Jiang Yuxiang , Moubayidin Laila
Published: August 2022

The flower is an astonishing innovation that arose during plant evolution allowing flowering plants — also known as angiosperms — to dominate life on earth in a relatively short period of geological time. Flowers are formed from secondary meristems by co-ordinated differentiation of flower organs, such as sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. The position, number and morphology of these flower organs impose a geometrical pattern — or symmetry type — within the flower which is a trait tightly connected to successful reproduction.

During evolution, flower symmetry switched from the ancestral poly-symmetric (radial symmetry) to the mono-symmetric (bilateral symmetry) type multiple times, including numerous reversals, with these events linked to co-evolution with pollinators and reproductive strategies.

In this review, we introduce the diversity of flower symmetry, trace its evolution in angiosperms, and highlight the conserved genetic basis underpinning symmetry control in flowers. Finally, we discuss the importance of building upon the concept of flower symmetry by looking at the mechanisms orchestrating symmetry within individual flower organs and summarise the current scenario on symmetry patterning of the female reproductive organ, the gynoecium, the ultimate flower structure presiding over fertilisation and seed production.
Day‐ahead optimal dispatching of hybrid power system based on deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Shi Yakun , Mu Chaoxu , Hao Yi , Ma Shiqian , Xu Na , Chong Zhiqiang
Published: August 2022

The problem of optimal dispatching of a power system containing a high proportion of renewable energy is of great significance for the realisation of new energy consumption and the economic and reliable operation of the power system. For the solution of non‐linear, non‐convex, multi‐objective problems for the optimal operation design of a power system with wind and photovoltaic access, traditional methods have difficulties in terms of computational real‐time and iterative convergence. To address this issue, a deep reinforcement learning‐based optimal scheduling method for the hybrid power system is proposed, which enables continuous action control to obtain an optimal scheduling strategy through the interaction between the agent and the hybrid power system. Firstly, a mathematical description of the optimal scheduling problem containing wind power and photovoltaic power system is presented, and the state space, action space, and reward function of the agent are designed. Secondly, the basic framework of the deep reinforcement learning optimal scheduling model is constructed, and the basic principles of the twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm are introduced. Finally, the effectiveness of the deep reinforcement learning model for day‐ahead optimal scheduling of the hybrid power system is verified by means of an arithmetic analysis of the modified New England 39‐bus system.
Cognitive excursion analysis of uncertainty concepts based on cloud model
Authors: Lin Xu C.
Published: August 2022

Based on the characteristics of human cognition and the cloud model, the excursion of uncertain concepts by the similarity between uncertain concepts from the perspective of conceptual cognition is studied. Firstly, considering the different meanings of the numerical characters in cloud concept, the properties of cloud concepts similarity are given. Furthermore, in order to reflect the various similarities that may exist in uncertain concept, five similarities between cloud concepts are constructed, specifically include the similarity between concept expectations, the similarity between concept entropy, the similarity between concept hyper entropy, the shape similarity and the overall similarity. Secondly, the rationality of these proposed similarity measurements is illustrated by comparing with the existing methods through the specific data analysis. Finally, two cognitive experiments, including concept cognitive processes without prior knowledge and concept cognitive processes with prior knowledge (including positive prior knowledge and negative prior knowledge), are designed. These experiments are all used to study the excursion in the process of concept cognition by the similarity of cloud concepts. The experiment results show that the proposed similarities are reasonable by comparing the proposed method with the existing ones, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is also verified by the excursion of concept cognition.
Optimal design of q‐axis field winding structure of dual‐excited synchronous condenser
Authors: Xu Guorui , Li Ruizhi , Luo Chaolong , Zhao Haisen
Published: August 2022

The dual‐excited synchronous condenser (DESC) has two field windings whose axes are located at direct and quadrature axes respectively. The DESC has more capacity of absorbing reactive power than that of the traditional synchronous condenser (TSC). However, the q‐axis field winding distributed on the d‐axis magnetic pole surface can decrease the magnetic circuit area of the rotor core of DESC, thus it may result in the increase of the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the magnetic field and the oversaturation of the rotor magnetic circuit. In order to obtain better electromagnetic characteristics of DESC, a q‐axis field winding structure is proposed by optimising the number of slots, slot pitch and slot dimensions. The influences of the number and pitch of slot in q‐axis on the air‐gap radial flux density and THD of DESC are studied under the d‐, q‐ and dual‐axis excitation modes. The dimensions of the q‐axis slots are optimised by combining the time‐stepping finite element method and Taguchi method, and the optimal structure of q‐axis field winding is obtained. A 10‐kVar DESC is developed to verify the simulation results. This study provides theoretical basis for the design and manufacture of the DESC.
Simultaneous generation and network expansion planning in large‐scale power systems under exact AC power flow equations
Authors: Mahmoudi Sanaz , Alizadeh Behnam
Published: August 2022

This article presents a novel three‐step structure for simultaneous generation and network expansion planning under the exact AC power flow equations. This tractable structure allows for detailed investment decisions on new generation and network facilities. In the first step of the proposed coordinated planning framework, a power system is partitioned into regions based on electrical and geographical distances. Network aggregation in the first step is achieved by a new linear clustering model ameliorating both computational efficiency and accuracy. In the second step, the aggregated power system with a specific number of regions is cost‐effectively expanded on a regional basis considering inter‐regional power flows. In the third step, new generation and network facilities imposed by the second step of the proposed coordinated planning framework are allocated in each region. Moreover, intra‐regional systems are cost‐effectively expanded by new transmission lines and transformers. The proposed approach is implemented on IEEE 30‐bus, 39‐bus, 300‐bus, and 1,354‐bus test systems. The simulation results illustrate its high advantages from accuracy, practicality, and tractability points of view.
Voltage division investigation of series short‐circuit fault on SiC MOSFETs and Si IGBTs
Authors: Jingwei Zhang , Qiang Wang , Weifeng Zhang , Guojun Tan
Published: August 2022

In power electronic systems, when a power device turns on by mistake, there would be at least two devices in the short‐circuit (SC) current loop, forming series short‐circuit (SSC) fault. In this paper, the dynamic characteristics of SiC MOSFETs, Si IGBTs in SSC are investigated based on the half‐bridge circuit. The effect laws of load current and junction temperature to voltage division in SSC are discussed. Taking a three‐level (3‐L) active neutral point clamped (ANPC) topology based on hybrid utilization of Si IGBT and SiC MOSFET as the research object, the SSC performance is investigated. The theoretical and experimental results show that, in the process of SSC, the voltage division features of SiC MOSFETs and Si IGBTs are different and highly sensitive to circuit parameters. When both SiC MOSFET and Si IGBT are in the SC current loop, the device with a lower saturation current level limits the short circuit current and bears most of the dc‐bus voltage. Moreover, in the Si/SiC hybrid 3‐L ANPC topology, if the saturation current of selected SiC MOSFETs is higher than that of Si IGBTs, the SC withstanding level of SiC MOSFETs could be improved, thereby reducing the SC protection circuit requirements.
Surveying the inner structure of massive young stellar objects using L-band spectroscopy
Authors: Barr Andrew G. , Li Jialu , Boogert Adwin , Lee Amanda , DeWitt Curtis N. , Tielens Alexander G. G. M.
Published: August 2022

We present results from a high spectral resolution (6 km s-1) survey of five massive protostars in the wavelength range of 2.95 and 3.25 µm, conducted with iSHELL at the InfraRed Telescope Facility (IRTF). Our targets are Mon R2 IRS 2, Mon R2 IRS 3, AFGL 2136, Orion BN and S140 IRS 1. Two of our five targets (Mon R2 IRS 3 and AFGL 2136) show transitions from organic species, with MonR2 IRS 3 showing HCN lines in emission, and AFGL 2136 showing HCN and C2H2 lines in absorption. The velocity of the emission lines of HCN of MonR2 IRS 3A are consistent with CO emission features in lines up to J = 26, as both are red-shifted with respect to the systemic velocity. Carbon monoxide lines also show blue-shifted absorption. This P-Cygni line profile, commonly observed towards massive young stellar objects, is likely due to an expanding shell, which is supported by sub-millimetre velocity maps of HCN. Alternatively HCN emission may arise from the upper layers of a disk photosphere, as has been suggested for the massive protostar AFGL 2591. Absorption lines in AFGL 2136 may either originate in foreground cloud or in the disk photosphere. For a foreground cloud, the data require that the foreground gas only covers the source partially (0.3) at 13 µm. In contrast, absorption lines at 3 and 7 µm require a covering factor of >0.9. Analysing the 13 µm HCN absorption lines in terms of absorption by gas in the photosphere of a disk, results in physical conditions that are consistent over all three vibrational modes. C2H2 absorption lines reveal an increasing temperature and abundance with decreasing wavelength, indicative of a radial abundance gradient. We conclude that the disk model is the best interpretation of the absorption lines of AFGL 2136.
Time-dependent, long-term hydrodynamic simulations of the inner protoplanetary disk
Authors: Gehrig L. , Steiner D. , Vorobyov E. I. , Güdel M.
Published: August 2022

Context. The spin evolution of young protostars, surrounded by an accretion disk, still poses problems for observations and theoretical models. In recent studies, the importance of the magnetic star-disk interaction for stellar spin evolution has been elaborated. The accretion disk in these studies, however, is only represented by a simplified model and important features are not considered.

Aims. A more realistic representation of the accretion disk is indispensable for a better understanding of the star-disk interaction and the stellar spin evolution. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of a hydrodynamic disk evolution on the stellar rotational period and vice versa during the accretion phase.

Methods. We combined the implicit hydrodynamic TAPIR disk code with a stellar spin evolution model. The influence of stellar magnetic fields on the disk dynamics, the radial position of the inner disk radius, as well as the influence of stellar rotation on the disk were calculated self-consistently.

Results. Within a defined parameter space, we can reproduce the majority of fast and slow rotating stars observed in young stellar clusters. Additionally, the back reaction of different stellar spin evolutionary tracks on the disk can be analyzed. Disks around fast rotating stars are located closer to the star. Consequently, the disk midplane temperature in the innermost disk region increases significantly compared to slow rotating stars. We can show the effects of stellar rotation on episodic accretion outbursts. The higher temperatures of disks around fast rotating stars result in more outbursts and a longer outbursting period over the disk lifetime.

Conclusions. The combination of a long-term hydrodynamic disk and a stellar spin evolution model allows the inclusion of previously unconsidered effects such as the back-reaction of stellar rotation on the long-term disk evolution and the occurrence of accretion outbursts. However, a wider parameter range has to be studied to further investigate these effects. Additionally, a possible interaction between our model and a more realistic stellar evolution code (e.g., the MESA code) can improve our understanding of the stellar spin evolution and its effects on the pre-main sequence star.
Soziale Gesundheit neu denken: Herausforderungen für
Sozialmedizin und medizinische Soziologie in der digitalen
Spätmoderne
Authors: Apfelbacher Christian , Dragano Nico , Seidler Andreas
Published: August 2022

Die COVID-19 Pandemie traf auf Bedingungen einer digitalen, spätmodernen
Gesellschaft. In einem vielbeachteten Beitrag zur Gesellschaftstheorie beschreibt
der Kultursoziologe und Gesellschaftstheoretiker Andreas Reckwitz die
Spätmoderne als eine „Gesellschaft der
Singularitäten“. Während in der von der Aufklärung
ausgehenden Moderne der Fokus auf dem Politischen und der Förderung
allgemeinverbindlicher Normen und damit des gesellschaftlichen Fortschritts lag,
zeichnet sich die Spätmoderne zumindest in den reichen Ländern durch
das Streben nach Selbstverwirklichung, im Rahmen von Projekten entstehende
Neogemeinschaften und politisch teilweise unverbundene Teilöffentlichkeiten
aus.
Medizinisch-berufliche Orientierung (MBOR) in der Psychosomatischen
Rehabilitation im Vergleich zu somatischen Indikationen
Authors: Bürger Wolfgang , Nübling Rüdiger , Streibelt Marco
Published: August 2022

Hintergrund Bislang liegen nur wenige Daten über die
Qualität der MBOR-Versorgung in der Routine, auch aus Nutzerperspektive
vor. Am besten ist die Datenlage für die Orthopädische
Rehabilitation. Für die Psychosomatische Rehabilitation ist aufgrund
langer Arbeitsunfähigkeitszeiten und häufiger
Frühberentungen ein besonderer Bedarf an MBOR bekannt. Unklar ist, wie
zielgenau und in welchem Umfang Leistungen einer MBOR in der Routineversorgung
erbracht werden.

Methodik Über die DRV Bund wurde 2019 eine repräsentative,
nach Indikationsbereichen geschichtete Stichprobe (N=34887)
berufstätiger Versicherter bis 65 Jahren ein halbes Jahr nach ihrer
Rehabilitation mit dem Selbstbeurteilungsinstrument MBOR-R befragt.
Ergänzend wurden Standarddaten des Rehabilitationsträgers (RSD)
miterhoben. Versicherte wurden im Rahmen der Katamnese zu ihrer Rückkehr
an den Arbeitsplatz befragt.

Ergebnisse Die Teilnahmequote an der Befragung liegt bei 29%,
vollständige Befragungs- und RSD-Daten liegen nach Ausschluss von
Suchtrehabilitationen und AHB-Verfahren von insgesamt 6128 Versicherten, davon
N=1460 nach Psychosomatischer Rehabilitation vor. Für diese
zeigen sich im Indikationsvergleich mit 37% der Rehabilitanden die mit
Abstand höchsten Bedarfsquoten für MBOR. Die MBOR-Versorgung ist
in der Psychosomatischen Rehabilitation noch am besten ausgebaut und am ehesten
zielgenau, aber noch deutlich entfernt von den von der Rentenversicherung
geforderten Standards. Mehr als 50% der Rehabilitanden bewerten ihr
erwerbsbezogenes Behandlungsangebot als zu gering, selbst nach einer MBOR. Diese
subjektiven Rehabilitandenbewertungen erweisen sich neben den Bedarfsindikatoren
und der Durchführung einer MBOR für die Prognose der
Rückkehr ins Erwerbsleben als relevanter Faktor im Unterschied zu den
dokumentierten KTL-Leistungen.

Diskussion Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, auch im Bereich der Psychosomatischen
Rehabilitation zukünftig verstärkte Anstrengungen zu entwickeln,
um in der Routineversorgung MBOR-Basisangebote für alle Rehabilitanden
und Kern- und Spezialangebote zielgenau für Rehabilitanden mit
besonderen beruflichen Problemlagen (BBPL) anzubieten und auszubauen. Umfang und
Angebotsgestaltung von MBOR-Maßnahmen sollten dabei auch in Hinblick auf
die Nutzerperspektive qualitätsoptimiert werden, um möglichst
große Effekte erzielen zu können.

Limitationen der Ergebnisse ergeben sich aus der Beschränkung auf
Versicherte der Rentenversicherung Bund, aus eingeschränkten
Teilnahmequoten, Einschränkungen der Interpretierbarkeit der
Therapiedokumentationen und aufgrund des Studiendesigns mit einer
Ein-Punkt-Messung und erinnerten Prä-Werten.
IU Symposium Gesundheit 2022
Authors: Schwendemann Hanna , Thieme Holm , Thiede Michael , Kreuzenbeck Cordula
Published: August 2022

Am 12. Mai 2022 fand das 1. IU Symposium Gesundheit statt. Das Programmkomitee
des Fachgebiets Gesundheit der IU Internationalen Hochschule
begrüßte die rund 200 Teilnehmenden des interaktiven
Onlineformats.
Significance of Fluorescent Spectroscopy in Screening Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer by Characterization of Salivary DNA Using Ethidium Bromide—A Comparative Study
Authors: Jayachnadran Sadaksharam , Prakasarao Aruna , Ramamoorthy Sangeetha , Manoharan Yuvaraj
Published: August 2022

Background Optical diagnosis is one of the upcoming methods in screening and diagnosing oral cancer at the earlier stage. Currently, DNA-based diagnosis is used along with light-based imaging methods to diagnose oral cancer rapidly.

Aim The aim of this study was to discriminate oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders from normal patient with fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of salivary DNA using ethidium bromide dye.

Materials and Methods A total of 40 patients with average age of 20 to 60 years in both the genders were selected and divided into three groups. Group A included clinically proven cases of oral cancer, group B1 included clinically diagnosed cases of leukoplakia, group B2 included clinically diagnosed cases of oral submucous fibrosis, and group C included controls. Salivary DNA fluorescence spectrum obtained after adding ethidium bromide was analyzed using FluoroLog spectrophotometer at 480 nm wavelength.

Results The discriminant analysis of fluorescent emission of salivary DNA shows predictive accuracy of 90% between group C and group A, 95% between group C and group B1, and 65% observed between group C and group B2.

Conclusion From this study, screening of oral cancer can be done at the earliest with the help of fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of salivary DNA. This method can be done rapidly and noninvasively.
Research Progress on Classical Prescriptions in Treating Mammary Glands Hyperplasia
Authors: Jiang Xin , Wang Zhenliang
Published: August 2022

According to Zhongjing Zhang's academic thought, gynecological diseases mostly result from deficiency, accumulated cold, and qi stagnation, so the treatment of gynecological miscellaneous diseases should take qi and blood as the general principle, and focus on the liver. The pathogenesis of mammary glands hyperplasia (MGH) is liver and kidney deficiency, disharmony of the thoroughfare vessel and the conception vessel, the causes of which are emotional imbalance, liver qi depression, and failure of transportation due to spleen deficiency. The superficial causes include qi stagnation, phlegm coagulation, and blood stasis, which are mainly related to the liver, spleen, kidney, the thoroughfare vessel, and the conception vessel. In clinical treatment of MGH, Xiaochaihu Decoction or Sini Powder can be used for qi stagnation syndrome, Xiao Xianxiong Decoction for phlegm coagulation syndrome, Guizhi Fuling Pill or Dahuang Zhechong Pill for spleen deficiency syndrome, and Wenjing Decoction for the deficiency-cold syndrome.
Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and Its Correlation with Induction Outcomes
Authors: Loganathan Ajeitha , Bharadwaj Rishab , Srinivasan Arathi , Scott Julius Xavier
Published: August 2022

Aims The aim was to study cytogenetics and molecular genetic profile in pediatric B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and correlate it with induction outcomes.

Subjects and Methods A retrospective study of cytogenetics and molecular genetics of 98 children with B-cell ALL from January 2013 to May 2018 was done. Cytogenetics and molecular genetics were done in the bone marrow using multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and G-banded karyotyping, respectively. Minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment was done at the end of induction by flowcytometry.

Results Of the 98 children, 83 (84.6%) had evaluable cytogenetics, with 11 (13.25%) being abnormal karyotypes. Of the 11 abnormal karyotypes, seven children (8.4%) had hyperdiploidy, one had hypodiploidy, and three had miscellaneous findings. In molecular genetics, TEL–AML1 (ETV6/RUNX1)[t(12;21)] was the most common fusion gene abnormality (12.2% [12/98]), followed by E2A–PBX1 [t(1;19)] (5%), BCR/ABL1 [t(9;22)] (3%), and MLL–AF4 [t(4;11)] (1%). All the 98 children attained morphologic remission at the end of induction. All children with hyperdiploidy (7/7) attained remission and MRD negativity, but one expired during maintenance chemotherapy of disseminated tuberculosis. The child with hypodiploidy was MRD-positive. Three (25%) children with t (12;21) were MRD-positive. All children with Ph + ALL, t(1:19), and t(4;11) were MRD-negative. Fifty-two children had no detected abnormalities, six of whom had MRD positivity (11.5%).

Conclusion Cytogenetic and molecular genetic subgrouping prognosticates ALL outcomes. Although 25% of TEL–AML + children had MRD positivity, larger studies are required to validate the same. End-of-induction MRD outcomes did not correlate with chromosomal aberrations.
MRI Features of Synchronous Masses in Known Breast Cancer Patients in Predicting Benign Versus Malignant Lesions: A Case Based Review at Tertiary Care Cancer Hospital
Authors: Rehman Sara , Rehman Bushra , Rehman Anis ur , Din Islah Ud , Iftikhar Aamer , Javaid Ainy , Parvaiz Muhammad Asad
Published: August 2022

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in classifying incidental satellite masses in biopsy-proven breast cancer patients as benign or malignant masses and assessing its impact on surgical management of these patients. We also analyzed the incidence of MRI-detected lesions, which were thereafter assessed with second look ultrasound (US).

Materials and Methods A retrospective study was performed on breast cancer patients presenting from August 01, 2016 to July 31, 2019, with satellite masses seen on base line MRI. Satellite masses were classified as benign and malignant based on MRI features of shape, margin, T2-weighted imaging signals, internal enhancement pattern, enhancement kinetic curves, and diffusion restriction. This was compared with results of histopathological examination. The number of MRI-detected lesions, location of the satellite mass, and type of surgery were also documented.

Results Out of 400 breast cancer patients undergoing MRI breast, 115 patients had multiple masses. Histopathological diagnosis was available for 73 patients; and a total of 93 satellite masses were evaluated. There was evidence of additional masses on second look ultrasound in 21 patients. Of 72 masses classified as malignant on MRI, 58 showed malignant pathological outcome; while out of 21 masses characterized as benign on MRI, 18 turned out to be benign on histopathology. A statistically significant association was found between MRI features and pathological outcome of satellite masses (p = 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy were 95%, 56%, 80.56%, 85.7% and 81.7%, respectively. Based on these findings, modified radical mastectomy (MRM)/mastectomy was done for 42 patients, 5 patients underwent lumpectomy limited to a single tumor, extended resection done for 14 patients, 5 underwent bilateral breast conservation surgery (BCS), BCS for contralateral breast done for 4 patients undergoing ipsilateral MRM/mastectomy, and bilateral MRM/mastectomies were performed for 2 patients. One patient was lost to follow up.

Conclusion Breast MRI is the most sensitive modality for the assessment of breast cancer and plays an essential role in the detection of additional tumor foci. These findings can modify the surgical approach in these patients. However, considering the low specificity, biopsy of satellite masses is imperative to determine the most appropriate surgical plan.