bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progressive perturbations in cerebral energy metabolism after experimental whole-brain radiation in the therapeutic range
Authors: D'Avella Domenico , Cicciarello Rocco , Gagliardi Maria E. , Albiero Francesca , Mesiti Mario , Russi Elvio , D'Aquino Antonio , Tomasello Francesco
Published: May 2009

✓ Basic mechanisms underlying the tolerance and reaction of the central nervous system to ionizing radiation have not been fully elucidated in the literature. The authors employed the [14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose autoradiography method to investigate the effect of whole-brain x-irradiation on local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat brain. The animals were exposed to conventional fractionation (200 ± 4 cGy/day, 5 days/week for a total dose of 4000 cGy), and the effects of this regimen were assessed at 2 weeks and 3 months postirradiation. In rats evaluated 2 weeks after treatment, statistically significant decreases in cerebral metabolic activity were found in 13 of the 27 regions studied, compared to control animals. In rats studied 3 months after treatment, additional metabolic suppression and statistically significant decreases in cerebral metabolic activity were found in 11 of the 27 regions, compared to rats studied 2 weeks after treatment. A weighted-average rate for the brain as a whole was approximately 15% and approximately 25% below that of control animals 2 weeks and 3 months after exposure, respectively.

Although the difference in species is significant enough so that direct extrapolation to humans may not be appropriate, the data reported here may have potential clinical implications for the evaluation of the risk-benefit ratio for radiotherapy. This model can be used reproducibly for further investigations, including evaluation of therapies that may reduce irradiation-induced brain injury.
Bilateral trigeminal amyloidoma: an unusual case of trigeminal neuropathy with a review of the literature
Authors: O'Brien Terence J. , McKelvie Penelope A. , Vrodos Nikitas
Published: May 2009

✓ Isolated amyloidomas may, albeit rarely, involve the central nervous system. There are three previous reports of amyloidomas that involved the gasserian ganglion and caused unilateral trigeminal neuropathies. The authors report the case of a 49-year-old woman with apparently isolated amyloidomas that caused slowly progressive bilateral trigeminal neuropathies. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed mild swelling of the left trigeminal nerve within the cavernous sinus and uniform enhancement with gadolinium throughout the length of the nerve. At craniotomy, the trigeminal nerve and ganglion were observed to be infiltrated by a tumor-like mass. Biopsy showed extensive infiltration of the nerve and ganglion by amyloid. Immunocytochemical studies of the amyloid were negative for immunoglobulins, κ and λ light chains, β-amyloid A4 protein, transthyretin, β2-microglobulin, cystatin C, and gelsolin, but weak focal immunoreactivity with antiamyloid AA antibody was seen in the amyloid in vessels and in some intraneural deposits. Extensive investigations failed to reveal evidence of either systemic amyloidoses or an underlying inflammatory disorder or malignancy.
Primary eosinophilic granuloma of the oculomotor nerve
Authors: Hardenack Markus , Völker Anje , Schröder J. Michael , Gilsbach Joachim M. , Harders Albrecht G.
Published: May 2009

The authors report the occurrence of primary eosinophilic granuloma of the oculomotor nerve without osseous involvement in a 68-year-old man. Histopathological and neuroradiological findings are discussed. This case demonstrates that eosinophilic granuloma should be included in the differential diagnosis of tumor in which cranial nerves are involved.
Cranial granular-cell tumor of the trigeminal nerve
Authors: Carvalho Gustavo A. , Lindeke Anette , Tatagiba Marcos , Ostertag Helmut , Samii Madjid
Published: May 2009

✓ Granular-cell tumors are exceedingly rare neoplasms in the central nervous system. Their histogenesis has been a subject of longstanding controversy but substantial findings support the current theory of a Schwann cell origin. Other recent histopathological studies point to an astrocytic origin in those tumors which arise from the cerebral hemispheres. A case of a granular-cell tumor arising from the trigeminal nerve is described. The origin, clinical course, radiological features, and treatment of such unusual intracerebral tumors are discussed.
Cerebral circulation and oxygen metabolism in childhood moyamoya disease: a perioperative positron emission tomography study
Authors: Ikezaki Kiyonobu , Matsushima Toshio , Kuwabara Yasuo , Suzuki Satoshi O. , Nomura Tomojiro , Fukui Masashi
Published: May 2009

✓ Thirteen children with moyamoya disease who had no apparent cerebral infarction or hemorrhage were examined pre- and postoperatively by means of positron emission tomography (PET) to investigate the underlying cerebral circulation and metabolism and the effect of bypass surgery. The preoperative regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and mean transit time were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, in the cerebral cortex of these patients compared to control values. The regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and the regional oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF) had significantly increased to compensate for the reduced rCBF and perfusion pressure and also to maintain the regional cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (rCMRO2). In the basal ganglia, rCBV elevation was more prominent than that in the cerebral cortex, although changes in rCBF, rOEF, and rCMRO2 were relatively minor.

Postoperative improvements were observed predominantly near the cortex where bypass surgery had been performed and in the basal ganglia. Direct and combined indirect bypass procedures improved cerebral circulation more effectively than single indirect bypass surgery. Although the angiographic findings were not always compatible with the clinical results, the postoperative improvements on PET scans correlated with the disappearance of transient ischemic attacks. In addition to the clinical courses and angiographic findings, PET analysis was indispensable in evaluating the cerebral circulation and metabolism in childhood moyamoya disease.
Reversal of hemiparkinsonian syndrome in nonhuman primates by amnion implantation into caudate nucleus
Authors: Bankiewicz Krzysztof S. , Palmatier Meg , Plunkett Robert J. , Cummins Alex , Oldfield Edward H.
Published: May 2009

✓ Although recent animal and human experiments suggest that tissue implantation can ameliorate parkinsonism, there is controversy about what mechanism underlies recovery. Secretion of dopamine from the graft seems unlikely to be the sole restorative factor. Regenerative sprouting by the host brain may also underlie behavioral recovery. Fetal amnion and term amnion, which were shown to produce and secrete a factor that supports the outgrowth of neurite processes in vitro, were implanted in hemiparkinsonian monkeys. Fetal amnion implants induced sprouting of dopaminergic fibers from the host brain and behavioral improvement, despite failure of the grafts to survive. Animals implanted with term amnion also had some sprouted dopaminergic fibers and behavioral improvement, but these were limited and were similar to the recovery, in prior experiments using the same primate model of parkinsonism, of animals that received surgical cavitation only.

Recovery after central nervous system grafting with fetal amnion, a fetal accessory tissue, does not require secretion of a deficient neurotransmitter(s) from the graft and occurs despite the failure of graft survival. Recovery after cerebral implantation of fetal tissues appears to depend more on the regenerative and recuperative processes of the host brain than on graft replacement of deficient neurotransmitters or development of functional synaptic connections between the graft and the host brain.
Effect of hypoglycemia on postischemic cortical blood flow, hypercapnic reactivity, and interstitial adenosine concentration
Authors: Kim Young-Baeg , Gidday Jeffrey M. , Gonzales Ernesto R. , Shah Aarti R. , Park T. S.
Published: May 2009

✓ Hypoglycemia increases the vulnerability of the perinatal brain to asphyxia, but it is not known if hypoglycemia-induced changes in cerebral hemodynamics and vascular reactivity underlie this vulnerability. This study tested the hypothesis that hypoglycemia exacerbates postischemic hypoperfusion, and impairs postischemic CO2reactivity. The authors also examined the hypothesis that postischemic hypoperfusion is associated with a reduction in the interstitial concentration of the vasodilator metabolite adenosine. Global cerebral ischemia of 10 minutes duration was induced in newborn pigs anesthetized with isoflurane by occlusion of subclavian and brachiocephalic arteries; cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF) and interstitial adenosine concentration were evaluated simultaneously using the combined hydrogen clearance/microdialysis technique. Hypoglycemia (blood glucose < 25 mg/dl) was induced by regular insulin (25 IU/kg) administered intravenously 2 hours prior to induction of ischemia. In the eight normoglycemic animals, baseline CBF was 38 ± 4 ml/min/100 gm and baseline adenosine concentration was 1.2 ± 0.1 µM; in the eight hypoglycemic animals, these values were 39% (p < 0.05) and 62% (p < 0.05) greater, respectively, under baseline conditions. At 1 hour of postischemic reperfusion in normoglycemic animals, CBF was reduced 39% relative to the preischemic baseline (p < 0.01), concomitant with a 27% reduction (p < 0.05) in adenosine concentration, suggesting that this lowered concentration may underlie delayed hypoperfusion.

These postischemic reductions in CBF and interstitial adenosine concentration were significantly greater in hypoglycemic animals, with CBF and adenosine concentration reduced 70% (p < 0.001) and 71% (p < 0.01), respectively, relative to baseline. In nine animals preischemic reactivity to hypercapnia was unaffected by hypoglycemia. Postischemic hypercapnic reactivity was retained in the eight normoglycemic animals, but was attenuated 73% (p < 0.05) in hypoglycemic animals. Thus, in the newborn pig, hypoglycemia exacerbates postischemic cortical hypoperfusion and impairs postischemic cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia.
Hemoglobin augmentation of interleukin-1β-induced production of nitric oxide in smooth-muscle cells
Authors: Suzuki Satoshi , Takenaka Katsunobu , Kassell Neal F. , Lee Kevin S.
Published: May 2009

✓ The roles of hemoglobin (Hb) in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm remain a matter of discussion. Hemoglobin is known to be released from extravasated red blood cells in a variety of pathological conditions, including subarachnoid hemorrhage. These conditions are often accompanied by infiltration of inflammatory cells and an associated release of multiple cytokines. Certain of these cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), are capable of increasing nitric oxide (NO) production via the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and excessive NO production under these conditions may contribute to cellular dysfunction. This study further examines these questions by investigating the effects of Hb on the induction of NOS by IL-1β.

The effects of Hb on IL-1β-induced NO production were examined in cultured smooth-muscle cells of rat aorta (RA-SMC's). Production of NO was estimated from the accumulation of nitrite, an oxidative product of NO, in the culture medium. The synthesis of NO was induced by IL-1β in a concentration-dependent manner. This activation of NO production was inhibited by: 1) a general inhibitor of NOS (Nω-nitro-L-arginine); 2) a protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide); and 3) two selective inhibitors of the inducible form of NOS (hydrocortisone and aminoguanidine). These results suggest that IL-1β promotes the expression of the inducible form of NOS in RA-SMC's. The effects of Hb on NO production were tested by adding purified human Hb to the culture medium of the cells in both the presence and absence of IL-1β. Nitrite accumulation was slightly but significantly increased by Hb in the absence of IL-1β. In contrast, Hb markedly augmented nitrite accumulation induced by IL-1β. This augmentation persisted even after the removal of Hb from the culture medium. The number of cells was not affected by Hb or IL-1β.

The findings demonstrate that Hb can modify cytokine-induced production of NO in RA-SMC's by increasing the inducible form of NOS. These observations suggest that Hb can also modify the action of inflammatory cells by facilitating NO production in target cells.
Quantitative immunohistological analysis of the microvasculature in untreated human glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Wesseling Pieter , van der Laak Jeroen A. W. M. , de Leeuw Henk , Ruiter Dirk J. , Burger Peter C.
Published: May 2009

✓ Because histologically prominent microvascular proliferation is frequently present in glioblastoma multiforme, it has been hypothesized that this neoplasm is particularly dependent on neovascularization for its continued growth and that antiangiogenic therapy might be especially useful. To quantify the histological aspects of microvascular proliferation in glioma, a feasible and reproducible method was developed for computer-assisted image analysis of the visualized microvasculature in glial tissue. This method was used to compare several vascular parameters in histological whole-tumor sections of untreated human glioblastoma multiforme with those in histologically normal cerebral cortex and white matter. There was a significant increase in mean number, area, and perimeter of blood vessels per microscopic field in glioblastoma multiforme compared to normal cerebral white matter. In a substantial number of tumor fields, however, the vascular density was in the same range as that of normal cerebral white matter. The striking heterogeneity of the microvasculature within glioblastoma multiforme was illustrated by the significantly higher standard deviation for the vascular parameters in tumor tissue. The results of this study suggest that many regions of glioblastomas multiforme are not overtly angiogenesis dependent and may be difficult to treat by antiangiogenic therapy alone.
Characterization of local hyperfibrinolysis in chronic subdural hematomas by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot
Authors: Nomura Sadahiro , Kashiwagi Shiro , Fujisawa Hirosuke , Ito Haruhide , Nakamura Kazuyuki
Published: May 2009

✓ Fibrinogen, fibrin monomer, and D dimer were analyzed in 41 cases of chronic subdural hematoma (SDH) to characterize local rebleeding, coagulation, and fibrinolysis using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. Chronic SDH's were divided into five groups according to their appearance on computerized tomography: high-density, isodensity, low-density, mixed-density, and layering types. The concentration of fibrinogen, which indicates rebleeding, was higher in the mixed-density (15.7 ± 3.4 mg/dl (mean ± standard error of the mean)) and layering (15.7 ± 2.6 mg/dl) types of hematoma, and lower in the low-density hematomas (1.4 ± 0.6 mg/dl) compared with the isodense hematomas (6.9 ± 1.1 mg/dl). Fibrin monomer, which indicates coagulative activity, had a distribution similar to that of fibrinogen: 87 ± 22, 18 ± 8, 175 ± 40, and 177 ± 23 µg/ml in isodense, low and mixed-density, and layering types of hematomas, respectively. The D dimer, which indicates fibrinolytic activity, was higher in the layering hematoma type (2032 ± 384 µg/ml), and lower in low-density hematomas (301 ± 164 µg/ml) compared to isodense (1310 ± 256 µg/ml) and mixed-density (1039 ± 207 µg/ml) types of hematomas.

These observations suggest the following characterization of each type of chronic SDH. The layering type is active, with a high tendency to rebleed and for hyperfibrinolytic activity. The mixed-density type has a high tendency to rebleed with lower hyperfibrinolytic activity than the layering type. The low-density hematoma is stable with a low tendency to rebleed and to fibrinolytic activity.
The superior wall of the cavernous sinus: a microanatomical study
Authors: Umansky Felix , Valarezo Alberto , Elidan Josef
Published: May 2009

✓ The superior wall of the cavernous sinus was studied in 30 specimens obtained from 15 cadaver heads fixed in formalin. Trapezoidal in shape, the superior wall of cavernous sinus is limited laterally by the anterior petroclinoid ligament, medially by the dura of the diaphragma sellae, anteriorly by the endosteal dura of the carotid canal, and posteriorly by the posterior petroclinoid ligament. An interclinoid ligament bisects the wall, dividing it into two triangles: the carotid trigone anteromedially and the oculomotor trigone posterolaterally. Similar to the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, the superior wall is formed by two layers: a smooth superficial dural layer and a thin, less defined deep layer. In the area of the carotid trigone, both layers separate to wrap the anterior clinoid process. The removal of this process will reveal a “clinoid space” medial to which the internal carotid artery can be identified. This clinoid segment of the artery, still extracavernous, is surrounded by two fibrous rings: a distal ring formed by fibers of the superficial dural layer and a proximal ring related to the deep dural layer. Below the proximal ring, the internal carotid artery becomes intracavernous; above the distal ring, the artery is continuous with its supraclinoid segment. The complex dural anatomy of the superior wall, its fibrous rings, and the clinoid space in relation to a superior surgical approach to the cavernous sinus are discussed.
Frontal sagittal meningioma: tumor parasitization of cortical vasculature as the etiology of peritumoral edema
Authors: Atkinson John L. D. , Lane John I.
Published: May 2009

✓ Peritumoral edema surrounding meningiomas is poorly understood; however, several theories have been proposed in the literature. A case is presented here of a frontal sagittal meningioma symmetrically effacing both frontal lobes that subsequently evokes peritumoral edema on only one side. The tumor is histologically identical on the left and right sides. Angiograms were obtained that support previous work, which suggests that the degree of cortical parasitization of blood supply correlates with peritumoral edema whether or not tumor secretory factors are involved.
Cerebral tuberculosis with expansion into brainstem tuberculoma
Authors: Gropper Mitchell R. , Schulder Michael , Duran Harry L. , Wolansky Leo
Published: May 2009

✓ There are only scattered case reports of intracranial tuberculosis in industrialized nations; brainstem tuberculoma is even more unusual, accounting for 2.5% to 8% of all intracranial tuberculoma. In developing nations, however, central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB) is not rare and intracranial tuberculoma may account for 5% to 30% of all intracranial masses. The authors present two cases of CNS-TB with expansion to brainstem tuberculoma in patients who were undergoing treatment and had no known prior exposure toMycobacterium tuberculosis.
Fracture of a sublaminar stainless steel cable in the upper cervical spine with neurological injury
Authors: Blacklock J. Bob
Published: May 2009

✓ Sublaminar cables have been used to stabilize bone grafts for arthrodesis in the cervical spine in recent years. Previous accounts of their use have indicated no instances of breakage or neurological injury. This report is of a delayed cable fracture that resulted in penetration of the dura with neurological injury in a patient who had undergone atlantoaxial fusion for rheumatoid subluxation. The cable fracture occurred in the epidural space beneath the attempted arthrodesis and resulted in uncoiling of the cable, which penetrated the spinal canal and caused a one-sided sensory deficit.
Titanium dural clip testing
Authors: Levy David I. , Sonntag Volker K. H.
Published: May 2009

✓ Spinal dural lacerations can be a difficult part of spinal surgery. A dural tear can result in complications that include meningitis and pseudocyst formation. Appropriate treatment for these tears is generally suturing, using 4.0, 5.0, or 6.0 suture. For successful closure of dural lacerations, the authors have collaborated in the design of a titanium clip, which resembles an aneurysm clip in appearance and is applied with standard aneurysm clip appliers. The titanium clip was tested against suture and Weck hemostatic vascular clips and found to have excellent tissue-approximating capacity and a rapid application time. It is believed that this is an appropriate device for the repair of spinal dural lacerations.
Important systemic and miscellaneous diseases associated with morbidity and mortality in commercial poultry in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman MA , Samad MA
Published: May 2009

History and necropsy methods were used to study the systemic and miscellaneous diseases among 1751 moribund and dead commercial chickens submitted for diagnosis at the BRAC Poultry Disease Diagnostic Centre, Gazipur, during one year period from January to December 2002. Of the 1751 chickens examined, 554 (31.64%) birds were affected with 15 different types of systemic and miscellaneous disorders. These included omphalitis (5.25%), enteritis (9.08%), pneumonia (0.80%), egg peritonitis (2.74%), egg bound (8.28%), salpingitis (0.40%), malabsorption syndrome (0.17%), ascites (0.74%), visceral gout (0.86%), neoplastic disease (1.54%), hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (0.23%), big liver and spleen disease (0.06%), fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome (0.80%) and cannibalism (0.17%). The possible etiology, single and concurrent occurrences influence of age and seasons on the occurrence of these disorders are described and discussed. It may be concluded from this study that the systemic and miscellaneous disorders are associated in the high rate of morbidity and mortality in commercial poultry with possible complex etiology. Thus further detailed studies are needed to understand the role of etiology in these disease process which would help in designing logical control strategies.Key words: morbidity; mortality; poultry; systemic; diseasesdoi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i2.2536Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (2): 91-98
In vitro antibiotic sensitivity and therapeutic efficacy of experimental salmonellosis, colibacillosis and pasteurellosis in broiler chickens
Authors: Rahman MA , Samad MA , Rahman MB , Kabir SML
Published: May 2009

Avian salmonellosis (AS), avian colibacillosis (AC) and avian pasteurellosis (AP) have been recognized as important bacterial diseases in poultry associated with morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. The causative agents of these three diseases were isolated (5 isolates / disease) from dead chickens submitted for diagnosis at the BRAC Poultry Disease Diagnostic Centre, Gazipur during the period from January to December 2002. Five isolates of each of the Salmonella pullorum, Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida were evaluated against eight antibiotic containing disc which included ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, cephradine and penicillin G. Erythromycin in S. pullorum and Ciprofloxacin both in the E. coli and P. multocida were found highest sensitive, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, cephradine were found moderately sensitive to S. pullorum, gentamicin, tetracycline, erythromycin and ampicillin were found moderately sensitive to E. coli, and gentamicin ampicillin, cephradine and penicillin G were moderately sensitive to P. multocida. Therapeutic trials against experimentally produced S. pullorum, E. coli and P. multocida infection in three groups of broiler chickens showed that cephradine against S. pullorum and ciprofloxacin against both in E. coli and P. multocida were found highly effective both in vitro and in vivo studies, therefore, cephradine against salmonellosis and ciprofloxacin against colibacillosis and pasteurellosis are effective drugs of choice which could be used to control morbidity and mortality in poultry caused by these diseases.Key words: antibiotic sensitivity; salmonellosis; colibacillosis; pasteurellosis, broiler chickensdoi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i2.2538Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (2): 99-102
Characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates from caged birds in Bangladesh
Authors: Amin MA , Amin MM , Khan MSR , Choudhury KA , Siddiky MNA , Sarker AJ
Published: May 2009

Two isolates of Newcastle disease virus from two different caged birds, one from a parrot and another from a kakatoa were characterized during the period from July 2001 to October 2002. In HA tests both the isolates haemagglutinated chicken and guineapig erythrocytes but the parrot isolate was found refractory to bovine and equine erythrocytes and the kakatoa isolate to bovine erythrocytes. In elution tests, the parrot isolate was found to be a rapid eluter and the kakatoa isolate as slow eluter. Both the isolates were found to be heat-unstable in relation to haemagglutinating activity and embryo-infectivity. The mean death time (MDT) of the parrot and kakatoa isolates were 57.6 hours and 117.6 hours and the intracerebral pathogenicity indices (ICPl) were 1.58 and 0.45 respectively. So, the parrot isolate was found as the velogenic strain and the kakatoa isolate as the lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus.Key words: Caged bird; NDV; mean death time; ICPI; haemagglutination test. elution testdoi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i2.2541Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (2): 113-116
Effect of dose and time of vaccination on immune response of duck plague vaccine in ducks
Authors: Hossain MT , Islam MA , Akter S , Sadekuzzaman M , Islam MA , Amin MM
Published: May 2009

Effect of dose and time of vaccination on immune response of duck plague vaccine in 90 (45 of 18-day-old and 45 of 35-day-old) Jinding ducklings was studied during the period from October 2002 to March 2003. Each of both age group (18-day-old and 35-day-old) was divided into three groups as A, B, C and D, E, F respectively, consisting of 15 ducklings in each. Each duckling of groups A and B was primarily vaccinated with 0.25 ml and 0.5 ml of duck plague vaccine (LRI, Mohakhali) intramuscularly at 18 days old respectively and could not be boosted due to the death of all the ducklings of both groups within 20 days of primary vaccination. Each duckling of group D and E received 0.5 ml and 1.0 ml of duck plague vaccine (LRI, Mohakhali) intramuscularly at 35 days old respectively and ducks of both the groups boosted with 1.0 ml of vaccine 5 months after primary vaccination. Groups C and F served as unvaccinated control. 14 days after booster vaccination ducks of group D, E and F were challenged with the virulent field isolate of duck plague virus @ 1.0 ml / duck IM (104 EID50 / dose). The ducklings of group D that were vaccinated primarily at 35 days old with 0.5 ml and boosted after 5 months with 1.0 ml of duck plague vaccine had significantly (p< 0.01) higher PHA titres after 2 weeks of primary vaccination (38.4 Â± 6.4), booster vaccination (153.6 Â± 25.6) and challenge infection (281.6 Â± 62.71) in comparison to control group (â¤4, â¤4 and 20.0 Â± 2.3 respectively) and all the ducks survived (100%) after challenge. The ducklings of group E that were vaccinated primarily at 35 days old and boosted after 5 months of primary vaccination with 1.0 ml of duck plague vaccine had also significantly (p< 0.01) higher PHA titres after two weeks of booster vaccination (76.8 Â± 12.8) and challenge infection (153.6 Â± 25.6) in comparison to control group, but only 8 (53.3%) ducks could protect the challenge infection with virulent duck plague virus. It may be concluded that ducklings below 30 days of age should not be vaccinated with duck plague vaccine. It also may be proposed that primary vaccination at 35 days old with duck plague vaccine (LRI, Mohakhali) @ 0.5 ml / duckling and booster vaccination after 5 months of primary vaccination @ 1.0 ml could be practiced for better immune response against duck plague.Key words: effect; dose; age; immune response; duck plague vaccine; ducksdoi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i2.2542Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (2): 117-119
Macroscopic and microscopic study of the mandibular salivary gland of Black Bengal goats
Authors: Rauf SMA , Islam MR , Anam MK
Published: May 2009

The gross anatomy and microscopic structures of the mandibular salivary gland of 15 Black Bengal goats of either sex and different ages were carried out during the period from January 1999 to December 2000. The mandibular salivary gland was irregularly triangular in shape and was situated ventral and caudal part of the angle of the mandible and partly covered by the ventral part of the parotid gland. The gland was cream colored in fresh condition and the lobules were coarser and less compact in texture. The Â Â mandibular duct left the gland near the middle of the cranio-dorsal border and opened into the caruncula sublingualis with the sublingual duct in common. The average length of the duct was 11 cm. The branches of external carotid, lingual and occipital arteries supplied the mandibular salivary gland. The mandibular gland was drained by the lingofacial and lingiual veins and occasionally by the laryngeal vein. It was mixed tubulo-alveolar gland and consisted to numerous lobes and lobules; supported by connective tissue capsule. The mixed alveoli were more than the isolated serous and mucous alveoli.Key words: Mandibular salivary gland; macroscopic, microscopic; Black Bengal goatsdoi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i2.2556Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (2): 137-142
Effects of alfaprostol and luprostiol on the embryo production within MOET technique in Black Bengal goats
Authors: Faruk MI , Fatema BZ , Bari FY , Alam MGS
Published: May 2009

The effects of Alfaprostol and Luprostiol on embryo production within multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) technique were studied on 16 Black Bengal goats during the period from January 2002 to June 2003. These 16 goats were randomly divided into two equal groups (A & B), each consisting of 8 goats. Each of the 16 goats was flushed in different times within MOET technique to determine the effects of alfaprostol and luprostiol on embryo production. Each group consisting of 8 donors was synchronized with alfaprostol (GabbrostimÂ®, VETEM, Italy) or luprostiol (ProsolvinÂ®, Intervet International, Netherlands) @ 2 mg and 7.5 mg, equivalent to 1 ml / donor respectively. The donor goats were hand mated following the onset of oestrus, 1-2 times at 6 h interval depending on the duration of oestrus. The embryos were collected at Day 7 of mating using surgical recovery method. The mean number of ovulation in alfaprostol and luprostiol group was 8.50 Â± 0.90 and 8.1 Â± 0.76, respectively, where in both cases 900 iu PMSG was used for induction. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference between this two groups on superovulation rate. The mean numbers of recovered, fertilized and transferable embryos were 5.4 Â± 0.80 and 5.1 Â± 0.61; 3.9 Â± 0.52 and 2.6 Â± 0.37 and 3.6 Â± 1.6 and 2.4 Â± 1.0, respectively, in alfaprostol and luprostiol treatment group. Like superovulation, there was no difference between the two treatment groups on recovered, fertilized and transferable embryos. The percentage of recovered, fertilized and transferable embryos were 63 Â± 7.7 and 63 Â± 3.74, 72 Â± 4.55 and 51 Â± 7.0 and 93.6 Â± 1.6 and 90.48 Â± 1.0 in alfaprostol and luprostiol treated groups, respectively. The significant difference was only existed in the percentages of fertilized embryos between the two treatment groups, where alfaprostol treated group had the significantly (p < 0.01) higher percentage of fertilized embryos.Key words: Alfaprostol; luprostiol; effect; embryo transfer; ovulation; Black Bengal goatsdoi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i2.2558Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (2): 147-150
Effects of haematinics on body weight and certain haematological values in sheep
Authors: Sharmin ML , Myenuddin M , Amin MR
Published: May 2009

Effects of haematinics on body weight gain and certain haematological values were studied on nine sheep of 1 to 2 years old, divided into three groups (A, B & C), each consisting of 3 sheep during the period from 15 January to 28 February 2002. Sheep of group B were treated with copper sulphate and cobalt sulphate @ 50 mg and 1 mg / head / day respectively and the sheep of group C, in addition to copper and cobalt sulphate, were treated orally with ferrous sulphate @ 200 mg / head / day along with IM injection of Vit-B12 (B50 ForteÂ®, Square) @ 5 ml / sheep every 15 days interval for a period of 45 days whereas group A served as untreated control. Results showed that the body weight gain were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the haematinics treated groups B and C (12.67 Â± 2.33 g and 13.57 Â± 2.24 g respectively) in comparison to control (9.37 Â± 0.58 g) at 45 days of treatment. Haematological examination showed significantly (p < 0.01) increased haemoglobin (9.33 Â± 0.42 g% and 10.0 Â± 0.06 g%), packed cell volume (29.0 Â± 0.58 % and 30.0 Â± 0.58 %), total erythrocyte count (9.67 Â± 0.22 and 10.27 Â± 0.25 106 / mm3), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (32.26 Â± 0.83 and 32.28 Â± 0.53%) in the treated groups B and C at 45 days of treatment respectively. The present findings indicate that the supplementation of haematinics could be used in improving the general health condition in sheep and the haematological values.Key words: Haematinics; body weight; haematological values; Black Bengal goatsdoi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i2.2559Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (2): 151-153
Clinico-pathological and therapeutic studies on natural psoroptic acariosis in rabbits
Authors: Jana PS , Guha C , Saha SB , Biswas U , Datta S , Baksi S
Published: May 2009

The clinico-pathological and therapeutic studies on a natural outbreak of psoroptic acariosis in 10 New Zealand White rabbits of either sex and aged between 1 to 2 years were carried out during the period from July to December 2003. The diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical signs and examination of skin scrapings. Clinical signs recorded were severe itching and crust formation on ears, forehead, face, eyelids, forelimbs and back. Level of Hb, TEC, lymphocyte count, total protein and albumin were significantly (p < 0.05) low while TLC, neutrophil and eosinophil counts were significantly (p < 0.05) high in affected rabbits. The disease was effectively controlled by ivermectin (Inj. MectinÂ®, Alembic) @ 200 Âµg per kg bwt given SC once in a week for 2 injections and lincomycin (Inj. AlincomycinÂ® Vet., Alved) @ 20 mg per kg bwt given IM daily for 7 days for combating secondary bacterial infection. The complete clinical recovery and absence of mite in the skin scrapings on day 10 onwards of starting of therapy was recorded.Key words: Rabbit; Psoroptes cuniculi; haematological changes; ivermectindoi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i2.2561Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (2): 155-158
Comment l'instabilité macroéconomique diminue la survie des enfants
Authors: Guillaumont Patrick , Korachais Catherine , Subervie Julie
Published: May 2009

Résumé La réduction de la mortalité infanto-juvénile est un des Objectifs du Millénaire les plus universellement acceptés. Toutefois, un important débat est apparu sur les moyens de l’atteindre et sur son réalisme en ce qui concerne une grande partie des pays les moins avancés. Les mesures recommandées pour la réalisation de cet objectif sont principalement des mesures d’ordre sanitaire. Or, sans sous-estimer l’importance de ces mesures, notamment les vaccinations, il semble de plus en plus évident que le rythme de réduction de la mortalité des enfants est en grande partie déterminé par l’évolution de l’environnement macroéconomique. L’influence du niveau du revenu par tête sur la mortalité est fréquemment soulignée à cet égard. Mais une même croissance du revenu n’exerce pas le même effet sur la survie des enfants selon qu’elle est stable ou instable. En effet, les hausses et les baisses du revenu ont vraisemblablement des effets asymétriques sur la mortalité. L’objectif de cette analyse est précisément de montrer comment l’instabilité macroéconomique influence l’évolution de la mortalité infanto-juvénile. L’étude est réalisée en panel à partir d’un échantillon de 97 pays en développement sur la période 1980-1999. L’effet des chocs exogènes est examiné d’abord à travers une variable d’instabilité du revenu. L’étude de la relation est ensuite approfondie à partir des sources primaires d’instabilité : instabilité des prix agricoles mondiaux, instabilité des exportations de biens et services et instabilité de la production agricole. Classification JEL : I10, O11
Dépenses de santé et équité dans l'accès aux services de santé dans les pays en développement
Authors: Berthélemy Jean-Claude , Seban Juliette
Published: May 2009

Résumé Au cours des années 2000, la question de la santé a gagné en priorité dans les politiques de développement, ce qui s’est traduit par une forte augmentation des dépenses dans le secteur de la santé. Pour que ces politiques contribuent efficacement à la réduction de la pauvreté il faut non seulement que les dépenses de santé soient efficaces mais aussi que l’équité dans l’accès aux services de santé s’améliore. Cet article vise à apporter une contribution à cette problématique de l’équité en santé dans les pays en développement en considérant le cas de l’accès aux services de santé infantile et maternelle. Nous montrons dans ce cadre que des dépenses publiques de santé plus importantes profitent un peu plus aux pauvres qu’aux riches mais qu’une progression de ces dépenses se traduit au mieux par une amélioration marginale de l’équité de l’accès aux services de santé. Nous montrons également que l’accès aux services de santé est fortement influencé par les caractéristiques socioéconomiques des ménages, et notamment par l’éducation des mères de famille. Une politique de généralisation de l’éducation des filles pourrait ainsi contribuer à améliorer significativement l’accès à la santé pour les pauvres. Nous trouvons enfin que des améliorations de la gouvernance dans plusieurs de ses dimensions pourraient également contribuer de manière très sensible à une distribution de l’accès aux services de santé plus équitable. Classification JEL : I1, I3
Échec de la prévention : le poids croissant des droits engendrés par l'aide américaine au financement du traitement mondial contre le VIH/SIDA et la voie à suivre
Authors: Over Mead
Published: May 2009

Résumé Les dépenses américaines pour la lutte contre le VIH/SIDA dans le monde contribuent à rallonger la vie de plus d’un million de personnes et sont largement perçues comme un double succès humanitaire et de politique étrangère. Pourtant, ce succès contient les germes d’une crise future. En effet, les coûts de ces traitements à vie ne cessent d’augmenter du fait d’une part de l’espérance de vie accrue des personnes sous traitement, et d’autre part du nombre de nouvelles infections qui dépasse largement celui des personnes mises sous traitement. Les coûts de traitement cumulés associés à une négligence de la prévention menacent d’évincer les dépenses américaines du financement des autres problèmes de santé dans le monde, dans la mesure où ils pourraient consommer plus de la moitié du budget de l’aide extérieure d’ici à 2016. Cet article analyse le problème évoqué plus haut et soutient que les États-Unis ont involontairement créé un nouveau « droit » mondial au traitement antiSIDA dont le coût est actuellement d’environ 2 milliards de dollars par an et pourrait s’élever à 12 milliards par an d’ici à 2016, ce qui représente plus de la moitié de ce que les États-Unis ont dépensé pour l’aide au développement en 2006. En outre, le coût de ce « droit » au traitement devrait continuer à augmenter, réduisant ainsi la part des dépenses consacrées aux activités de prévention et à d’autres besoins importants de développement, lesquelles deviendraient par là-même « discrétionnaires » par rapport au traitement du VIH/SIDA. L’auteur propose des pistes qui permettraient de restructurer substantiellement le Plan d’Urgence du Président pour l’Aide dans la lutte contre le VIH/SIDA (PEPFAR) de manière à éviter le dilemme qui serait offert aux Américains : le choix entre allouer l’aide extérieure aux dépenses croissantes pour le « droit » au traitement pour une durée indéterminée (ce qui éliminerait la moitié des autres programmes d’aide étrangère) ou retirer à des millions de personnes un traitement dont elles dépendent pour rester en vie. Plus spécifiquement, l’auteur propose d’adopter les mesures suivantes : renforcer le succès du traitement et créer une synergie entre le traitement et la prévention en rendant le financement de traitements futurs conditionnel au succès en matière d’adhérence et à la capacité à atteindre le plus grand nombre en matière de prévention, se recentrer sur la prévention en souscrivant aux efforts en matière de circoncision masculine et en étendant le dépistage et le conseil aux couples, et plus seulement aux individus, intensifier les effets de la prévention en faisant une carte des lieux à haut risque en les ciblant avec des programmes de prévention conçus sur mesure. Classification JEL : I12, I18, O15
Évaluation de l'implication des médecins généralistes libéraux dans le bon usage des médicaments
Authors: Ventelou Bruno , Rolland Sophie
Published: May 2009

Résumé La loi de la réforme de l’assurance maladie d’août 2004 (« médecin traitant ») cherche à améliorer l’usage des médicaments, notamment en luttant contre le risque iatrogène. Cette étude porte sur la manière dont les médecins généralistes relayent dans leur pratique cette politique publique. Cinq cent vingt-huit médecins généralistes de la région PACA ont participé à une enquête téléphonique. Le questionnaire évaluait leur implication dans l’information des patients sur les risques liés à l’automédication et sur la prévention des iatrogénies médicamenteuses. On constate que le repérage des effets iatrogènes est bien intégré dans les pratiques (87,3 % des médecins généralistes la font fréquemment), mais que l’information sur les risques de l’automédication est moins suivie (46,1 %). Les généralistes exerçant en commune rurale sont plus réguliers dans le repérage du risque iatrogénique que leurs confrères urbains. Le manque de temps et la surcharge de travail semblent entraver fortement l’engagement des médecins dans ce type d’actions de prévention, ainsi que le problème de la coordination entre prescripteurs.
Estimation des hospitalisations en urgence pour mesurer les effets à court terme de la pollution atmosphérique : qualité des données issues du PMSI
Authors: Bois de Fer Béatrice , Host Sabine , Chardon Benoît , Chatignoux Édouard , Beaujouan Laure , Brun-Ney Dominique , Grémy Isabelle
Published: May 2009

Résumé Pour l’étude des effets à court terme de la pollution atmosphérique, le programme Erpurs utilise les données d’hospitalisations issues du PMSI. Or cette source de données ne permet pas de faire la distinction entre les hospitalisations en urgence et les admissions programmées, qui a priori n’ont pas de lien immédiat avec la pollution atmosphérique. Cette étude vise à déterminer en quelle mesure les admissions programmées affectent la qualité de l’indicateur sanitaire utilisé pour estimer les effets de la pollution atmosphérique. Pour cela, cet indicateur est comparé à trois nouveaux indicateurs d’hospitalisations en urgence reconstruits à partir des données de l’Assistance publique – hôpitaux de Paris, d’une part issues du PMSI, et d’autre part du réseau cyber urgences regroupant les services d’urgences informatisés. Selon la pathologie, les admissions programmées introduiraient un bruit rendant difficile la mise en évidence des risques les plus faibles.
La santé des nouveau-nés au Rwanda. Évolution des facteurs associés aux tendances de la mortalité néonatale
Authors: Beck Lise
Published: May 2009

Résumé La mortalité néonatale (avant l’âge d’un mois) représente une part importante de la mortalité des enfants en Afrique sub-saharienne, malgré l’attention croissante dont fait l’objet la santé des mères et des enfants. Au Rwanda, plusieurs enquêtes démographiques et de santé ont permis de constater l’absence d’amélioration majeure depuis les années 1980, les progrès étant compensés par des recrudescences périodiques. Cependant un déclin significatif semble amorcé depuis les années 2000. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier l’évolution des déterminants de la mortalité néonatale entre 1980 et les années 2000, et les obstacles empêchant son déclin durable. Des analyses de régression logistique sur différentes générations de nouveau-nés ont montré la persistance de conditions défavorables, comme la brièveté de l’espace intergénésique et la prématurité. Néanmoins, en dépit de conditions de grossesse et/ou d’accouchement toujours insuffisantes, la qualité des consultations prénatales et des soins aux nouveau-nés semble s’améliorer.
Handicap social et hôpitaux publics : pour un modèle d'allocation de ressources dans le cadre d'une politique de santé publique
Authors: Castiel Didier , Bréchat Pierre-Henri , Mathieu-Grenouilleau Marie-Christine , Rymer Roland
Published: May 2009

Résumé L’administration d’un questionnaire de handicap social auprès de 696 usagers du 14 mars au 4 avril 2007 a permis de mesurer, avec les données PMSI, que les trois quarts de la population étudiée présentent un handicap social. Pour 19,2 %, il s’agit d’un handicap social fort. Les trois indicateurs « revenu », « capital mobilier » et « confort intérieur » sont des déterminants majeurs du handicap social. L’état de santé plus dégradé n’est pas la particularité des patients les plus handicapés sociaux et il n’entraîne pas de réelle surconsommation médicale. Les personnes ayant un handicap social restent hospitalisées plus d’un jour et demi de plus en moyenne. Cela permet d’en déduire un surcoût hospitalier de 10,3 millions d’euros. Un modèle de mesure du handicap social est proposé et peut être utilisé dès l’admission et en routine pour repérer les personnes ayant un handicap social, afin de leur proposer des aides spécifiques et diminuer la durée moyenne de séjour (DMS). Il peut permettre le suivi d’une politique de santé publique.
Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy for Treatment of End-Stage Heart Failure
Authors: Seelandt Katherine K. , Farnsworth Monica M.
Published: May 2009

Heart failure is a growing concern in health care today. Treatment options for end-stage heart failure include providing for optimal medical management or heart transplant. A left ventricular assist device may augment medical management and act as a bridge to transplant or lifetime therapy to promote quality of life.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2009;40(4):150–151.
Paradox of a Graduate Human Science Curriculum Experienced Online: A Faculty Perspective
Authors: Lindsay Gail M. , Jeffrey Janet , Singh Mina
Published: May 2009

Background:

Program evaluation contributes to evidence-based nursing education. Exploring graduate faculty experience with developing and teaching an online master's of science in nursing program contributes to building a science of nursing education.

Methods:

A multimodal methodology for conducting a program evaluation is participatory and demonstrates both formative (improve the quality of the program) and summative (determine the worth of the program) components. Faculty participated through questionnaires, journals, and focus groups.

Results:

In the context of a philosophy that values understanding lived experience as foundational for nursing, faculty are teaching in an environment that is disembodied, technology based, and at a distance. Faculty relationships with students reveal emerging curricular issues.

Conclusions:

Research into the intersection of pedagogy and technology reveals similarities with contemporary literature and many lived paradoxes to be accounted for in evaluation of graduate nursing education.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2009;40(4):181–186.