bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Força e consenso como fundamentos do Estado: Pareto e Gramsci
Authors: Bianchi Alvaro , Aliaga Luciana
Published: September 2012

A definição da política por meio do atributo ferino e humano do Centauro maquiaveliano - a força e o consenso como fundamentos do Estado - aparecerá tanto no pensamento político de Gramsci para caracterizar o Estado moderno, quanto na sociologia de Pareto, para distinguir as elites governantes. Os autores, contudo, aproximam-se de Maquiavel de formas bastante diversas. Enquanto Gramsci "atualiza" o realismo maquiaveliano, associando-o ao marxismo e aplicando-o a problemas contemporâneos, em Pareto evidencia-se uma adesão muito próxima à letra do texto de Maquiavel. As diferentes leituras dos autores a respeito das relações entre força e consenso, não obstante a coincidência da fonte maquiaveliana, desembocarão em perspectivas antagônicas acerca da política e da estabilidade social.
Exploração normal, resistência normal
Authors: Scott James C.
Published: September 2012

A partir de sua pesquisa entre camponeses da Malásia, James C. Scott desenvolve o conceito de "resistência cotidiana", expressão da luta prosaica e constante entre os integrantes das classes dominadas e aqueles que deles buscam extrair trabalho, comida, impostos, rendas e juros. Ela se expressa na forma de corpo mole, dissimulação, falsa aquiescência, furto, ignorância fingida, calúnia, incêndio ou sabotagem. Assim, a ausência de formas mais visíveis de oposição política, como rebeliões ou greves, não reflete uma "hegemonia" ideológica e a aceitação passiva da ordem estabelecida pelos dominados, e sim circunstâncias - que são mais a regra do que a exceção - em que uma ação aberta e organizada seria demasiado perigosa.
Topologias de poder: a análise de Foucault sobre o governo político para além da "governamentalidade"
Authors: Collier Stephen J.
Published: September 2012

A publicação das conferências de Michel Foucault no Collége de France, no final da década de 1970, proporcionou uma nova compreensão sobre desenvolvimentos cruciais em sua obra tardia, inclusive o retorno a uma análise do Estado e a introdução da biopolítica como um tema central. Segundo uma interpretação dominante, essas mudanças não acarretaram uma ruptura metodológica fundamental; o enfoque desenvolvido por Foucault em seu trabalho sobre conhecimento/poder foi simplesmente aplicado a novos objetos. O presente artigo argumenta que essa leitura - marcada pelo privilégio esmagador concedido a Vigiar e punir na literatura secundária - obscurece uma modificação importante no método e no estilo de diagnóstico de Foucault, ocorrida entre a introdução da biopolítica em 1976 (Em defesa da sociedade) e as conferências de 1978 (Segurança, território e população) e 1979 (Nascimento da biopolítica). A análise inicial de Foucault sobre a biopolítica foi formulada em afirmações supreendentemente baseadas nas épocas e totalizantes sobre as formas características de poder na modernidade. Em contraste, as últimas conferências sugerem o que proponho chamar de uma análise "topológica" que examina os "padrões de correlação" em que elementos heterogêneos - técnicas, formas materiais, estruturas institucionais e tecnologias de poder - são configurados, bem como os rearranjos através dos quais esses padrões são transformados. Também indico como a atenção à dimensão topológica da análise de Foucault poderia mudar nossa compreensão de temas-chave em seus últimos trabalhos: a biopolítica, a análise do pensamento, e o conceito de governamentalidade.
Partido de Representação Popular: estrutura interna e inserção eleitoral (1945-1965)
Authors: Calil Gilberto
Published: September 2012

A proposta deste artigo é discutir a estruturação do Partido de Representação Popular entre 1945 e 1965, com destaque para sua organização interna e sua inserção eleitoral. A hipótese principal é que esse partido efetivamente configurou-se como partido de âmbito nacional de caráter anticomunista, antidemocrático e fascistizante. São analisados dados relativos à estruturação dos diretórios partidários, em âmbito municipal e estadual, à expansão de sua estrutura organizacional ao longo do período e aos resultados eleitorais obtidos. Com base nestes dados, é possível concluir que esse partido efetivamente atingiu uma estruturação nacional, tanto em termos organizativos como no que se refere aos resultados eleitorais obtidos, embora parte expressiva de sua votação tenha se mantido concentrada nos estados mais desenvolvidos e populosos.
Crescimento e produtividade do pinhão-manso em função do espaçamento e irrigação
Authors: Horschutz Ana C. O. , Teixeira Marconi B. , Alves José M. , Silva Fabiano G. , Silva Nelmício F. da
Published: September 2012

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito do espaçamento e da complementação hídrica no crescimento e produtividade do pinhão-manso. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Instituto Federal Goiano, campus Rio Verde,GO, no período de 12/09/2009 a 30/04/2011, no delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições, os fatores foram sete espaçamentos e duas condições hídricas, cada parcela constituída de 16 plantas, sendo as quatro plantas centrais a área útil. Aos 60 dias após o transplantio das mudas foram feitas, bimensalmente, as avaliações dos parâmetros altura de planta, número de ramificações, área foliar e produtividade. O fator espaçamento não apresentou diferença significativa para os parâmetros altura, ramificação e produtividade e a complementação hídrica teve efeito significativo para altura aos 240 dias após transplantio. A produção de sementes em sequeiro foi maior no espaçamento 3 x 3 e com complementação hídrica no espaçamento 4 x 4.
Determinação do saldo radiativo na Ilha do Bananal, TO, com imagens orbitais
Authors: Gusmão Ana C. V. L. , Silva Bernardo B. da , Montenegro Suzana M. G. L. , Galvíncio Josiclêda D.
Published: September 2012

O sensoriamento remoto possibilita identificar alterações que ocorrem na superfície terrestre, resultantes de fenômenos naturais e/ou antrópicos, muitas das quais podem ser diagnosticadas a partir do monitoramento das trocas radiativas à superfície. Neste sentido, o presente estudo objetiva determinar o saldo da radiação à superfície apenas com o emprego de imagens TM-Landsat 5, na Ilha do Bananal, TO. Foram selecionadas imagens de 2005 sem presença de nuvens e gerados mapas do saldo de radiação instantâneo e diário utilizando-se o algoritmo SEBAL. Os dados obtidos foram validados com medições realizadas no interior da área estudada. O saldo de radiação instantâneo médio situou-se entre 488 e 535 W m-2; enquanto a variação espacial do saldo de radiação diário - Rn24h médio, foi de 132,7 a 145,3 W m-2. As áreas antropizadas apresentaram redução no saldo radiativo. O Erro Médio Relativo, Médio Absoluto e a Raiz do Erro Quadrático Médio, associados ao Rn24h apresentaram valores de 1,95%, 2,78 W m-2 e 3,36 W m-2; respectivamente, evidenciando a importância da técnica empregada.
Modelos matemáticos para a secagem intermitente de arroz em casca
Authors: Meneghetti Volnei L. , Aosani Elvio , Rocha Jeferson C. da , Oliveira Maurício de , Elias Moacir C. , Pohndorf Ricardo S.
Published: September 2012

Propôs-se, com este trabalho, ajustar modelos matemáticos aos valores experimentais em função do teor de água e estudar os efeitos das relações de intermitência na secagem de grãos de arroz na eficiência da operação. Utilizaram-se grãos de arroz com casca produzidos na Região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. As amostras com teor de água próximo a 20% b.u. foram secadas sob três condições de relação de intermitência: 1:1, 1:2 e 1:4; em todas as condições foram utilizados os mesmos manejos térmicos em temperaturas graduais crescentes do ar: 70, 90, 110 Â± 5 °C, respectivamente, na 1Âª e na 2Âª e a partir da 3Âª hora. Para os ajustes dos modelos matemáticos foi realizada análise de regressão não-linear pelo método Simplex e Quasi-Newton, cujos valores são os parâmetros dos modelos estimados em função da temperatura do ar de secagem. Comparando-se os coeficientes de determinação ajustados (R2ajustado), o erro médio relativo (P) e estimado (SE) e a distribuição de resíduos, os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que: a relação de intermitência altera o tempo de operação e a taxa horária de secagem dos grãos de arroz e, ainda, o modelo de Midilli foi o que melhor representou a secagem intermitente do arroz em casca.
O uso de softwares na prática profissional do professor de matemática
Authors: Sant'Ana Claudinei de Camargo , Amaral Rúbia Barcelos , Borba Marcelo de Carvalho
Published: September 2012

Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa que é resultado de cursos online de formação continuada de professores, concebidos a partir de uma parceria entre a UNESP e uma rede nacional de escolas de Ensino Básico. Os cursos buscavam familiarizar os professores de Matemática com os recursos da tecnologia informática, especificamente dois softwares, o Geometricks e o Winplot, no que diz respeito à utilização destes na sala de aula. Após alguns anos da realização dos mesmos, na pesquisa aqui descrita, objetivamos identificar "se e como" os softwares foram incorporados à prática profissional, em um cenário em que os professores podem contar com laboratórios, formação continuada e suporte técnico. A partir de entrevistas online, pudemos mapear as diferentes escolhas dos professores: não-uso; uso de forma semelhante (ou não) à vivenciada no curso online, e o uso interdisciplinar, mostrando variadas formas pelas quais os professores "retraduziram" o curso para sua prática.
O papel das interações sociais e de atividades propostas para o ensino-aprendizagem de conceitos químicos
Authors: Nascimento Juciene Moura de , Amaral Edenia Maria Ribeiro do
Published: September 2012

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o papel das interações sociais e de atividades didáticas propostas em aulas de Química. Apresenta discussões com base nas teorias sociointeracionistas de Vygotsky e Leontiev, suas implicações e abordagens nos diversos processos de construção de conceitos. O trabalho foi realizado em uma Escola Pública de Pernambuco, onde foram observados doze alunos, os quais participaram de diferentes tipos de atividade em sala de aula. Essas atividades, realizadas em pequenos grupos, sob a supervisão da professora, foram analisadas considerando-se como relevantes as oportunidades de interação e discussão que as mesmas possam ter possibilitado entre os alunos durante as aulas. Os resultados apontaram para a importância do planejamento de atividades que promovam um processo coletivo, cooperativo e interacionista de ensino e aprendizagem, reforçando o papel do outro na formação mais ampla dos alunos e contribuindo para uma melhor significação dos conceitos científicos.
Semiótica e as ações cognitivas dos alunos em atividades de modelagem matemática: um olhar sobre os modos de inferência
Authors: Almeida Lourdes Maria Werle de , Silva Karina Alessandra Pessoa da
Published: September 2012

Neste trabalho apresentamos algumas reflexões, à luz da semiótica peirceana, sobre a possibilidade de se introduzirem, na sala de aula, atividades que sinalizem potencial para se desenvolverem diferentes tipos de raciocínio e diferentes ações cognitivas nos estudantes. Iniciamos o trabalho com pressupostos teóricos da semiótica no que diz respeito aos modos de inferência abdução, dedução e indução e à Modelagem Matemática como alternativa pedagógica. Com o objetivo de investigar as relações entre as ações cognitivas evidenciadas em atividades de modelagem e os modos de inferência, analisamos uma atividade de modelagem desenvolvida por alunos de um curso de licenciatura em matemática. A partir dessa análise, concluímos que os modos de inferência ativados nessa atividade estão associados às ações cognitivas dos alunos durante as transições entre as diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento da atividade.
Formação de futuros professores de Matemática: uma experiência com ações pedagógicas não formais
Authors: Lopes Anemari Roesler Luersen Vieira , Trevisol Maria Teresa Ceron , Corcetti Maria Lucinda
Published: September 2012

Este artigo apresenta parte de uma pesquisa desenvolvida com alunos de um curso de licenciatura em matemática que participam de um programa de filantropia. O principal objetivo deste texto é investigar as possíveis contribuições que o envolvimento de futuros professores em ações pedagógicas não formais pode trazer para a sua formação. Pretende, ainda, verificar quais as percepções que os licenciandos, que participam desse programa, têm sobre a carreira docente, sua inserção no curso de licenciatura em matemática e no programa, e as relações dessa participação com possíveis aprendizagens da docência. De abordagem qualitativa, trata-se de um estudo de caso, cujos dados foram obtidos a partir de um questionário composto por perguntas abertas. As referências diretas aos aspectos considerados positivos em relação a ações desenvolvidas no programa, quando de suas respostas ao questionário, trazem fortes indícios de que o envolvimento dos futuros professores nestas ações contribuiu para a sua formação docente.
Diferenças na habilidade de integração auditiva inter-hemisférica entre os gêneros feminino e masculino: estudo preliminar
Authors: Silva Tatiana Rocha , Dias Fernanda Abalen Martins
Published: September 2012

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a habilidade de integrar informações auditivas inter-hemisféricas em indivíduos do gênero feminino e do gênero masculino. MÉTODOS:Participaram da pesquisa 30 indivíduos, 15 do gênero feminino e 15 do gênero masculino, na faixa etária de 18 a 25 anos, todos sem queixa auditiva e com audição dentro dos padrões de normalidade. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio dos testes dicótico não verbal e dicótico de dígitos e pela pesquisa do efeito supressor das emissões otoacústicas transientes. RESULTADOS: No teste dicótico não verbal, na etapa de atenção, houve diferença entre os gêneros estudados no número de acertos da orelha direita. No teste dicótico de dígitos, na etapa de integração binaural, houve diferença entre os gêneros na porcentagem de acertos da orelha direita. Na etapa de atenção direcionada, houve tendência à diferença na porcentagem de acertos da orelha esquerda entre os gêneros estudados. No gênero feminino houve tendência à diferença entre as orelhas direita e esquerda no teste dicótico não verbal, na etapa de atenção livre, e houve diferença entre as orelhas na etapa de atenção seletiva. No teste dicótico de dígitos, na etapa de integração binaural, houve tendência à diferença entre as orelhas. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se diferenças entre os gêneros feminino e masculino em algumas habilidades e, em outras, houve similaridade de respostas.
Perfil linguístico de crianças com alteração específica de linguagem
Authors: Befi-Lopes Debora Maria , Cáceres Ana Manhani , Esteves Lucila
Published: September 2012

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o perfil linguístico de crianças com alteração específica de linguagem (AEL) utilizando a versão brasileira do Test of Early Language Development - 3rd edition (TELD-3); comparar as idades cronológica e linguística, e classificar a severidade do quadro. MÉTODOS: O teste foi aplicado individualmente a 46 crianças com idades entre 2 anos e 10 meses e 7 anos e 11 meses, diagnosticadas com AEL, que estavam em atendimento fonoaudiológico semanal. A partir dos dados obtidos, foi realizada a comparação entre a média da idade cronológica e a média da idade linguística equivalente. O tipo de comprometimento foi classificado em misto ou puramente expressivo e o grau de severidade foi estabelecido. RESULTADOS: O comprometimento misto foi o mais frequente nas crianças com AEL, porém a classificação da severidade indicou que a categoria leve foi a mais frequente, tanto na recepção quanto na expressão. A idade linguística esteve abaixo da idade cronológica na maioria dos sujeitos, em ambos os subtestes. A linguagem expressiva foi a mais prejudicada, visto que os sujeitos apresentaram menor média de idade linguística equivalente, além de ter havido maior concentração de sujeitos classificados com alteração abaixo da média e com gravidade mais acentuada. CONCLUSÃO: Nesta população predominam os quadros mistos, com maior prejuízo da expressão e cuja severidade é considerada leve. Além disso, o TELD-3 mostrou ser um instrumento útil no processo diagnóstico destas alterações de linguagem.
Aquisição da coda vibrante: o estabelecimento de pistas fonético-acústicas
Authors: Berti Larissa Cristina , Campos Larriane Karen de
Published: September 2012

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar acusticamente as produções da coda vibrante julgadas auditivamente como alvo; identificar a existência ou não de contrastes encobertos, nas produções julgadas auditivamente como tendo omissão da coda vibrante; e, quando existentes, caracterizar de que modo são marcados acusticamente na fala. MÉTODOS: Foram extraídas de um banco de dados, com o uso do software PRAAT, palavras produzidas por 30 crianças (3-4 anos) em desenvolvimento normal, que continham a coda vibrante medial na sílaba tônica, no contexto das vogais /i/, /a/ e /u/. Após a caracterização perceptivo-auditiva das produções, realizou-se uma análise acústica a partir das trajetórias formânticas (F1, F2 e F3) e duração relativa da sílaba que envolvia a coda vibrante. Os dados foram estatisticamente analisados. RESULTADOS: Na análise perceptivo-auditiva, 77,8% de produções foram julgadas como alvo, 12,2% como omitidas, e 10% como substituídas, variando em função do contexto vocálico. Na análise acústica das produções alvo, verificou-se que as crianças utilizam preferencialmente os parâmetros relativos à trajetória formântica de F2 e F3 para marcarem a aquisição dessa estrutura. Analogamente, na análise acústica das produções julgadas como omitidas, contatou-se a presença de contrastes encobertos, marcados pela intercepção dos parâmetros adotados. CONCLUSÃO: A análise acústica mostra‑se um recurso necessário e imprescindível para a descrição e caracterização do modo pelo qual as crianças iniciam o domínio das pistas fonético-acústicas até atingirem o contraste efetivo da coda vibrante.
Contribution of components of production on snap bean yield
Authors: Araújo Lanusse Cordeiro de , Gravina Geraldo de Amaral , Marinho Caillet Dornelles , Almeida Sebastião Ney Costa de , Daher Rogério Figueiredo , Amaral Júnior Antônio Teixeira do
Published: September 2012

Aiming to estimate the path coefficients among morphological traits and effects of production components on the yield of grains and pods, thirty snap bean genotypes (27 lines and three commercial controls) were evaluated in Bom Jesus of Itabapoana-RJ. The experiments were carried out in a randomized block design, with four replications, from May to June, in 2009 and 2010. Eight traits were evaluated and the number of pods per plant, associated with high genetic correlation, is the character with the most significant direct effect on productivity. There is a high rate of genotypic association between the yields of pods and grains, as well as direct effects of high magnitude and positive signal between them, indicating that the selection for increased pod yield allows increased grain yield.
Heritability and correlation among potato tuber traits
Authors: Bisognin Dilson Antonio , Rigão Maria Helena , Lopes Sidinei José , Storck Lindolfo
Published: September 2012

The objectives were to estimate variance, co-variance and heritability components of potato tuber shape and fresh weight and the correlation among these traits in the early generations of selection. Seed and harvested tubers of nine progeny were evaluated for length, larger and smaller diameter and fresh weight. In average, the tubers were lengthy, because the relationship between lenght with larger diameter was 1.30 and with smaller diameter was 1.51. High heritability estimations were gotten for progeny selection, and low heritability for clone selection in the progeny. Heritability estimations got from correlation between generations were high and similar to progeny mean estimations. The tuber shape and fresh weight traits were highly correlated. The breeding gain can be maximized combining the selection among and within progeny to early discard undesirable clones.
Briefing: First conviction for corporate manslaughter
Authors: Bastable Guy
Published: September 2012

On 15 February 2011, Cotswold Geotechnical (Holdings) Limited became the first company to be convicted of corporate manslaughter under the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007. The conviction came two and a half years after Alexander Wright, a junior geologist and employee of the company, was killed when taking soil samples from the inside of an excavated pit. Cotswold Geotechnical was fined £385 000, which amounted to 115% of its turnover for the year of the accident, to be payable over 10 years. This was notwithstanding the fact that the sentencing judge considered that the fine and payment plan might well cause the company’s liquidation. Mr Justice Field said that this was an unfortunate, but unavoidable, consequence of the serious breach. The Court of Appeal agreed and refused the company’s application for permission to appeal against conviction and sentence. The Lord Chief Justice stated that a fine that the company could pay would have resulted in a ‘ludicrous’ penalty and confirmed that, ‘in some cases, putting the company out of business may be inevitable; the £385 000 fine, despite the company’s dire financial position, was appropriate’. The case sheds light on a number of aspects of the new law, not least in relation to the approach of the court to sentencing. However, it remains to be seen whether the Act will lead to the successful prosecution of larger organisations.
Initial Periodontal Treatment for Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations
Authors: Kucukcoskun Meric , Baser Ulku , Oztekin Gorkem , Kiyan Esen , Yalcin Funda
Published: September 2012

Background: Infective exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with increased mortality. Therefore, effective management of COPD should include prevention and reduction of exacerbations. The oral cavity is an important reservoir for the respiratory pathogens and these pathogens can be aspirated into the lower respiratory tract, increasing the risk of respiratory infection. Periodontal therapy may reduce these pathogens colonized on the surfaces of teeth and thus may reduce the frequency of COPD exacerbations. The authors aim to assess the effect of initial periodontal therapy on exacerbation frequency in COPD patients.

Methods: The authors conducted a prospective, controlled group trial of initial periodontal treatment in 40 patients with COPD with chronic periodontitis (CP) and a history of ≥1 infective exacerbation in the previous year. Number of exacerbations in the previous year was recorded. Patients were divided into two groups; the test group (n = 20) included patients who had initial periodontal treatment, and the control group (n = 20) included patients who did not have periodontal therapy. Number of exacerbations during the following 12 months was noted. Periodontal parameters were measured at baseline and 6 and 12 months.

Results: The test group showed a significant reduction in the exacerbation frequency during the follow‐up period (P = 0.01). Although median exacerbations declined from 3 to 2 in the test group, they increased from 2 to 3 in the control group.

Conclusion: Initial periodontal therapy in patients with COPD with CP may decrease the exacerbation frequency.
Evaluating the adequateness of kinematic-wave routing for flood forecasting in midstream channel reaches of Taiwan
Authors: Lee Kwan Tun , Huang Pin-Chun
Published: September 2012

An efficient flood forecasting system can provide useful advance information for evacuating people in order to mitigate potential disaster. In Taiwan, a kinematic-wave approximation of the full dynamic-wave equations is usually adopted in upstream and midstream steep channel reaches to avoid numerical instability when performing a flood forecast. Although the kinematic-wave approximation does provide a convenient simulation, questions arise with respect to its applicability and accuracy. In this study, numerical algorithms were developed to investigate the deviations of the hydrograph peak discharge and the time to peak discharge using the dynamic- and kinematic-wave methods. A series of numerical experiments were performed to investigate the hydrograph deviations using these two methods. Numerical results show that the flood-peak attenuation generated using the dynamic-wave method is more significant than that using the kinematic-wave approximation, and also that flow hydrographs generated using the dynamic-wave method always precede those using the kinematic-wave approximation. Regression results demonstrate that channel slope and roughness dominate the flood hydrograph attenuation and translation. Nevertheless, hydrograph deviations between these two methods were found to be small for a channel slope larger than 0.001, which can therefore be recognized as a criterion for ensuring the precision of the kinematic-wave approximation.
Game Theory and Technical Communication: Interpreting the Texas Two-Step through Harsanyi Transformation
Authors: Williams Miriam F.
Published: September 2012

The author uses game theoretical models to identify technical communication breakdowns encountered during the notoriously confusing Texas Two-Step voting and caucusing process. Specifically, the author uses narrative theory and game theory to highlight areas where caucus participants needed instructions to better understand the rules of the game and user analysis to better anticipate participants' motives and strategies. As a central tool of analysis, the author uses Nobel Laureate John C. Harsanyi's work on “incomplete game” or Bayesian games. The article demonstrates opportunities for technical communication scholars and teachers to use interdisciplinary approaches to discover layers of technical communication in small group negotiations and to evaluate the layers of instructions and technologies needed to facilitate effective and ethical decision making in political caucusing.
The Accreditation of Hildegard von Bingen as Medieval Female Technical Writer
Authors: Rauch Susan
Published: September 2012

Although scholars have acknowledged technical texts written during the Middle-Ages, there is no mention of “technical writer” as a profession except for Geoffrey Chaucer, and historically absent is the accreditation of medieval female writers who pioneered the field of medical-technical communication. In an era dominated by identifiable medieval male technical writers, this article analyzes the medical texts of Hildegard von Bingen, which should be recognized as significant scientific and medical contributions to the field of medical-technical writing. Because the term “technical writing” or “technical writer” did not exist during the Middle Ages, accrediting female medieval scientific and medical writers as technical writers requires the application of modern thought and definition. Primarily known as a mystic and writer of poetry and music, Hildegard's technological and medical texts have slowly gained interest within the medical community. Her texts Physica and Causae Curae, written in the style of modern-day patient history and physicals, outline patient symptoms, causes and effects, preceded by a treatment plan. This article examines Hildegard von Bingen's medical works, identifying her as a scientific or medical technical writer within the same context from which scholars assign Chaucer the same title, and from which all medical and scientific writers of medical texts can be professionally accredited as technical communicator or writer.
Immutable Mobiles Revisited: A Framework for Evaluating the Function of Ephemeral Texts in Design Arguments
Authors: Whittemore Stewart
Published: September 2012

This article makes the argument that material evidence for many of the most valuable contributions that contemporary technical communicators make to their organizations is often found not in the traditional documentation that they produce but, rather, in the more fragmentary and provisional documents they create as daily participants in their work teams. To make this argument, the article presents data from a case study of a technical communicator at a software firm, showing how a reminder note he carried to a meeting helped him achieve an important design change. The article unpacks the concept of immutable mobiles from actor network theory to derive a framework that helps us interpret the multiple functions of this note in helping the technical communicator warrant and win a design argument with software developers.
Dynamics of convective hot air drying of filiform Lagenaria siceraria
Authors: Zhu Aishi , Xia Kai
Published: September 2012

In this study, a laboratory convective hot air dryer was used for the
thin-layer drying of filiform Lagenaria siceraria and the influences of the
drying temperature and air velocity on the drying process were investigated.
The drying temperature and the air velocity were varied in the range of
60-80?C and 0.6-1.04 m?s-1, respectively. The experimental data of moisture
ratio of filiform Lagenaria siceraria were used to fit the mathematical
models, and the dynamics parameters such as convective heat transfer
coefficient ? and mass transfer coefficient kH were calculated. The results
showed that the drying temperature and air velocity influenced the drying
process significantly. The Logarithmic model showed the best fit to
experimental drying data. It was also found that, the air velocity and the
drying temperature influence notable on both of the convective heat transfer
coefficient ? and the mass transfer coefficient kH. With the increase of hot
air velocity from 0.423 to 1.120 ms-1, the values of ? varied from 111.3 to
157.7 W?m-2?K-1, the values of kH varied from 13.12 to 18.58 g?m-2? s-1??H-1.
With the increase of air temperature from 60 to 80?C, the values of ? varied
between 150.2 and 156.9 W?m-2?K-1, the values of kH varied between 18.26 and
18.75 g?m-2?s-1??H-1.
Should the Consumer Price Index Determine Wages?
Authors: Mitchell Daniel J. B.
Published: September 2012

Critics claim that the CPI exaggerates the rate of inflation and question whether price increases should be the major element in wage decisions. Increased emphasis on gain sharing and tax incentives for gain-sharing plans may be the answer to their criticism.
Marketing Information Systems: Uses in the Fortune 500
Authors: McLeod Raymond , Rogers John
Published: September 2012

How are the marketing executives of the Fortune 500 using their information systems? A new study reports on the relative importance of marketing research and intelligence, as well as system use by management level, function, and marketing-mix ingredient.
Spin-offs and the New Firm Formation Process
Authors: Garvin David A.
Published: September 2012

Spin-offs—new firms created by individuals breaking off from existing ones to create competing companies of their own—are common in many high-technology industries and others as well. This articles examines the structural conditions conducive to spin-offs and the environments from which they are most likely to arise.
The Theory Z Organization from a Power-Control Perspective
Authors: Robbins Stephen P.
Published: September 2012

The attractiveness of the Theory Z organization is not due to any inherent improvement it offers in organizational effectiveness. Top management will be attracted to the Theory Z concept because it increases their control while giving the impression of lessening it.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Hong Kong
Authors: Gill Roger W. T. , Leinbach Lisa J.
Published: September 2012

The reputation of business in Hong Kong includes alleged exploitation of labor and a lack of social responsiveness, which may be due to the nature of its trade unions, its laissez-faire government, and traditional management practices. A recent study identifies attitudes concerning social responsibility that prevail in Hong Kong corporations.
American Industry in International Competition: Government Policies and Corporate Strategies
Authors: Tyson Laura , Zysman John
Published: September 2012

A shortened version of the introductory and concluding chapters of a volume of case studies of American industry in international competition, this article examines the contemporary debate on industrial policy, building on lessons drawn from the case studies. The authors identify several possible economic and political rationales for an industrial policy, as it is one of the instruments with which the government can respond to the competitive difficulties of individual sectors in international trade. They conclude that, in the absence of such a policy, the government will continue to respond to such difficulties with protectionist measures that thwart necessary economic adjustment and reduce our national economic well-being.
Shareholder Democracy: A Reality or Chimera?
Authors: Schwartz Donald E.
Published: September 2012

While shareholders own the corporation, they cannot be said to run it. Champions of shareholder participatory rights cling to the idea that shareholder democracy limits the power of managers. Managers, for their part, uphold the democratic process as the basis of their power, dismissing claims that power has become unhinged from ownership. Public confidence that a democratic system functions in corporations—that managers, who exercise substantial power over our lives, are responsive to a governance process—may be misplaced, and this misplaced confidence becomes significant as the political activities and rights of a corporation grow. What, then, is the meaning of “shareholder democracy”?
Business and Society Exchanges: A Framework for Analysis
Authors: Fahey Liam , Wokutch Richard E.
Published: September 2012

The authors propose a conceptual framework for the analysis of business-society linkages, using the concept of exchange to differentiate types of business-society interactions. The notion of exchange allows for the delineation of the wide range of business-society relationships and the ordering of much of the voluminous literature in the business and society field, which has been developed from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, including economics, law, sociology, and political science. While this multiplicity of perspectives has been useful to the development of the field, each discipline is, individually, insufficient to serve as a broad conceptual framework for understanding the business-society relationship.
The New Management Thinkers
Authors: Maidique Modesto A.
Published: September 2012

The new management thinkers bring both fresh insights and a revival message to American managers, which together herald a timely challenge to American academia.
Corporate Community Involvement in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Burke Lee , Logsdon Jeanne M. , Mitchell Will , Reiner Martha , Vogel David
Published: September 2012

In 1982, Steve Jobs, a founder and then chairman of Apple Computer, departed from Apple's tradition of avoiding political action to lobby successfully for the passage of California Assembly Bill 3194. This legislation, nicknamed the “Apple Bill,” gave manufacturers special tax credits for donations of scientific equipment to California schools. Through its “Kids Can't Wait” program, Apple has donated computer systems to more than 9,000 elementary and secondary schools. Apple also encourages companies that make products for Apple systems to add these products to Apple's systems donations.

Del Monte Corporation began making product donations of occasional excess production on a decentralized basis many years ago. Products were given to local communities, food banks, and even company employees. However, these recipients were frequently unable to absorb large quantities of often single-product contributions. Concerned with the waste and inefficiency of this decentralized distribution method, Del Monte searched for a better way to contribute excess products to needy recipients. In 1985, it arranged with a national food-bank clearinghouse to distribute excess products through a network of local food banks.
Recession or Expansion in 1961?
Authors: Williams Robert M.
Published: September 2012

Prediction for ′61: The recession is on its way out. Recovery should occur before midyear, and from then on the track is clear and business has the green light for expansion. By the end of 1961 the American economy should reach a new high with a GNP of 514 billion dollars for the year. This is the collective opinion of twenty-three economists and authorities on business whose forecast of the shape of things to come in the business world is printed here with substantiating data and figures.
How Management Can Use the Improvement Phenomenon
Authors: Carlson John G.
Published: September 2012

This powerful and popular mathematical business tool can often be built into existing cost accounting and control programs and serve management in many ways. However, it requires statistical analysis to achieve maximum effectiveness.
The Concept of the Firm
Authors: McGuire Joseph W.
Published: September 2012

Sociologists, psychologists, economists, mathematicians, all view the firm in different lights. Some think of it as a blind organism, bent on survival at all costs. Others treat it as a rational being impelled solely by the desire to make a profit. Mathematicians chart its vagaries in terms of gaming theory and automationists look on it as a decision making machine. Sociologists analyze its group relationships and dynamics. All of which may prove, as this survey article indicates, that there is no universal definition for so complex a thing, and today's businessmen, seeking one, had best examine all such concepts with open eyes and an open mind.
Capital Requirements for Economic Growth
Authors: Tobin James
Published: September 2012

The road to complete business recovery and faster economic growth for the United States is not the path of tax cuts and heavy stimulus to consumption. It is built instead upon a combination of expanded public and private investment resulting in a deepening of capital investment in new plants, technologies, and productive facilities that will increase this nation's future capacity to produce. That is the new economic frontier, this authority, one of the President's advisers, states. Will we be able to cross it successfully? Probably, he thinks, but outlines some of the challenges which must be met soon, if we are to hold our own against other countries whose economies surpass us in rates of growth.
Organizing the Marketing Function in a Growth Industry
Authors: Bucklin Louis P.
Published: September 2012

Even a production-oriented new industry must soon become market-minded and organize its distributive staff accordingly if it is to survive in today's sales jungle, this article declares, using as its case in point a study of what is happening right now in the semiconductor industry.
A More Effective Use of Time
Authors: Trickett Joseph M.
Published: September 2012

Here is first aid for that paramount problem of the average executive, how to manage time so that he is no longer clobbered by too-imminent deadlines, senseless interruptions, and homework. It presents a way to analyze job activities, delegate secondary tasks, and get first things done first so that there can actually be time left over in which to think and plan. Included also are hints on how to lock the door against the biggest business time thieves of all, an overactive telephone and that unscheduled caller who drops in just to “renew contacts.”
Function projective synchronization of two four-scroll hyperchaotic systems with unknown parameters
Authors: Sun Zhenwu
Published: September 2012

Function projective synchronization (FPS) of two novel hyperchaotic systems with four-scroll attractors which have been found up to the present is investigated. Adaptive control is employed in the situation that system parameters are unknown. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, an adaptive controller and a parameter update law are designed so that the two systems can be synchronized asymptotically by FPS. Numerical simulation is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive controller and the parameter update law.
Dark solitons in ferromagnetic chains with first- and second-neighbor interactions
Authors: Primatarowa Marina , Kamburova Radostina
Published: September 2012

We present a study of the ferromagnetic spin chain with both first- and second-neighbor interactions. We obtain the condition for the appearance and stability of bright and dark solitons for arbitrary wave number in the Brillouin zone. The influence of the second-neighbor interaction and the anisotropy on the soliton properties is considered. The scattering of dark solitons from point defects in the discrete spin chain is investigated numerically.
Adaptive local complexity controlled data hiding method considering the human visual sensitivity
Authors: Ho L. , Lai S. , Chung Y.
Published: September 2012

This paper proposes a human visual system based data hiding method with the consideration of the local complexity in images. It is known that human vision is more sensitive to the changes in smooth area than that of complex area, we embed less data into blocks with low complexity and embed more data into blocks with rich texture. We use the modified diamond encoding (MDE) as the embedding technique, and employ a sophisticated pixel pair adjustment process to maintain the complexity consistency of blocks before and after embedding data bits. Since the proposed method is robust to LSB-based steganalysis, it is more secure than other existing methods using the LSB replacement as their embedding technique. The experimental results revealed that the proposed method not only offers a better embedding performance, but is also secure under the attack of the LSB based steganalysis tools.
Snow-cover contamination in urban territories (Lefortovo district, Moscow)
Authors: Galitskaya I.V. , Rumyantseva N.A.
Published: September 2012

The results of snow-cover chemical composition research in Lefortovo District, Moscow, Russia, are considered. The technogenic impact on snow-cover contamination was evaluated using snow sampling, chemical analysis of liquid and solid phases of snow and data processing. Snow meltwaters were slightly acidic, low-mineralized and contaminated with oil products. Contrasting anomalies of chloride, sodium, nitrites, nitrates, oil products and 3,4-benzopyrene are revealed and the main causes of their formation analyzed. The technogenic load on the air and snow cover was mainly due to an extensive road network and the impact of industrial enterprise. Ecogeochemical associations of elements, polluting snow cover by means of the dust component of air, formed the specific types of geochemical zones due to industrial and road-transport emissions. The common type of man-made contamination in snow cover is characterized by the following general association of contaminants: Hg W Mo Cr Ni Co Pb Cu Zn Cd Ag Bi Sn Ba Nb.
Calibration and evaluation of a high-resolution surface mass-balance model for Paakitsoq, West Greenland
Authors: Banwell Alison F. , Willis Ian C. , Arnold Neil S. , Messerli Alexandra , Rye Cameron J. , Tedesco Marco , Ahlstrøm Andreas P.
Published: September 2012

Modelling the hydrology of the Greenland ice sheet, including the filling and drainage of supraglacial lakes, requires melt inputs generated at high spatial and temporal resolution. Here we apply a high spatial (100 m) and temporal (1 hour) mass-balance model to a 450 km2 subset of the Paakitsoq region, West Greenland. The model is calibrated by adjusting the values for parameters of fresh snow density, threshold temperature for solid/liquid precipitation and elevation-dependent precipitation gradient to minimize the error between modelled output and surface height and albedo measurements from three Greenland Climate Network stations for the mass-balance years 2000/01 and 2004/05. Bestfit parameter values are consistent between the two years at 400 kg m-3, 2°C and +14% (100 m)-1, respectively. Model performance is evaluated, first, by comparing modelled snow and ice distribution with that derived from Landsat-7 ETM+ satellite imagery using normalized-difference snow index classification and supervised image thresholding; and second, by comparing modelled albedo with that retrieved from the MODIS sensor M0D10A1 product. Calculation of mass-balance components indicates that 6% of surface meltwater and rainwater refreezes in the snowpack and does not become runoff, such that refreezing accounts for 31% of the net accumulation.
Bystanding and Climate Change
Authors: Booth Carol
Published: September 2012

Most normative advice to individuals about what they should do to help prevent climate change focuses on reductions in personal emissions. This is consistent with an accountancy model of morality, with perpetrators held responsible for the harms they individually cause. An alternative focus receiving less popular and philosophical attention, but with greater potential to achieve substantial mitigation outcomes, is citizen activism for systemic reforms. Rather than perpetration (consisting of negligible contributions to climate change) priority moral concern can be directed to bystanding (as political passivity facilitating preventable and potentially catastrophic harms). To more effectively guide action, reformist ethics need to be informed by psychosociological research on motivation and societal transformation.
Bearing the Weight of the World: On the Extent of an Individual's Environmental Responsibility
Authors: Raterman Ty
Published: September 2012

To what extent is any individual morally obligated to live environmentally sustainably? In answering this, I reject views I see as constituting two extremes. On one, it depends entirely on whether there exists a collective agreement; and if no such agreement exists, no one is obligated to reduce her/his consumption or pollution unilaterally. On the other, the lack of a collective agreement is morally irrelevant, and regardless of what others are doing, each person is obligated to limit her/his pollution and consumption to a level that would be sustainable if everyone were to act in this way. I argue that the truth is somewhere between these, but that a very precise specification of the extent of one's responsibility is impossible. Roughly, what can be said is that each individual ought constantly to strive to do more than she/he does currently and to push her/himself into new, uncomfortable territory, though no one is obligated to martyr her/himself for an environmental cause.
UK Television Policy and Regulation, 2000–10
Authors: Hardy Jonathan
Published: September 2012

Between 2000 and 2010, new institutional arrangements were created for UK broadcasting regulation, built upon a radical rethinking of communications policy. This article examines key changes arising from Labour's media policy, the Communications Act 2003 and the work of Ofcom. It argues that changes within broadcasting were less radical than the accompanying rhetoric, and that contradictory tendencies set limits to dominant trends of marketisation and liberalisation. The article explores these tendencies by reviewing the key broadcasting policy issues of the decade including policies on the BBC, commercial public service and commercial broadcasting, spectrum and digital switchover, and new digital services. It assesses changes in the structural regulation of media ownership, the shift towards behavioural competition regulation, and the regulation of media content and commercial communications. In doing so, it explores policy rationales and arguments, and examines tensions and contradictions in the promotion of marketisation, the discourses of market failure, political interventions, and the professionalisation of policy-making.