bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Manganese‐Terpyridine‐Based Catalytic System for the Dehydrogenative Coupling of Alcohols and Amines for the Synthesis of Aldimines
Authors: Lim Hyun , Chohan Prianka , Moustafa Dina , Sweet Chelsea , Calalpa Brenda , Kaur Parminder
Published: August 2018

We have developed novel Manganese‐terpyridine (Terpy) and Terpy‐derivative systems for dehydrogenative coupling of amines and alcohols in the presence of air. A variety of manganese salts were first screened and the effects of temperature, extent of catalytic loading, and different terpyridine derivatives on the efficiency of the reaction were thoroughly studied. The resulting aldimines were isolated in moderate to high yields, exhibiting the broad substrate scope of the reaction. The high yields of aldimines were obtained in the presence of both electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups on alcohols and amines. However, with 4‐aminophenol and 2‐aminophenol, a steep decrease in the product yield was observed. The new system exhibits numerous advantages, such as the use of an inexpensive non‐precious metal like manganese, operational simplicity and simpler ligands. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report where Mn‐Terpy catalytic system has been used for the synthesis of aldimines, well‐known substrates for a variety of addition reactions, through the dehydrogenative coupling reaction of alcohols with amines. The Mn‐Terpy complex is anticipated to form a dinuclear complex that controls the oxidation state of manganese to carry out the necessary dehydrogenative coupling.
Microwave Induced Stereoselective Synthesis of O–Vinyl Oximes using Acetylenic Esters as Efficient Michael Acceptors
Authors: Mishra Ankush , Singh Sundaram , Quraishi Mumtaz A. , Srivastava Vandana
Published: August 2018

A new and convenient stereoselective synthesis of O–vinyl oximes involving Michael addition of N–hydroxysuccinimidyl derivatives to dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates under conventional and microwave irradiation methods is described. Michael acceptors diethyl and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylates yielded a mixture of syn‐(E) and anti‐(Z) isomers by conventional method. However, microwave irradiation stereoselectively yielded both isomers at different experimental parameters. The role of lone pairs of oxygen in sp3‐hybridized state in controlling the conformational preferences about N−O bond has also been demonstrated. The structures and stereochemistry of the adducts were established through FT‐IR, 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy and X–ray crystallography.
Influence of Acetylation/Deacetylation on Aggregation‐Induced Emission, Chirality and Self‐Assembly Behavior of β‐d‐Glucopyranoside‐Tethered Naphthalene Diimide Amphiphiles
Authors: Kumar Rajnish , Ugale Sham N. , Kale Amol M. , Bhosale Rajesh S. , Narayan Ramanuj
Published: August 2018

In this work, two naphthalene diimide (NDI) amphiphile, viz., NDI‐P and NDI‐D were synthesized by tethering acetylated and deacetylated β‐d‐glucopyranoside respectively to the NDI via azide‐alkyne click chemistry. Further, the effect of acetylation/deacetylation of the β‐d‐glucopyranoside unit over fluorescence, chirality, self‐assembly and aggregation induced emission (AIE) properties of NDI amphiphiles were investigated. The NDI‐P aggregates exhibited cross‐stacked π‐π interaction, i. e., X‐aggregation whereas NDI‐D showed face‐to‐face π‐π interaction i. e., H‐aggregation in DMSO/H2O solvent mixture at higher volume % of water. Interestingly, NDI‐P exhibited AIE behavior because of X‐aggregation whereas, NDI‐D could not overcome the aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) and lost its fluorescence behavior completely. The chiral β‐d‐glucopyranoside subunits also induced supramolecular chirality to the self‐assembled NDI chromophores in DMSO/H2O solvent mixture at higher volume % of water. The induced circular dichroism (CD) was observed at wavelengths corresponding to their absorptions. Furthermore, the morphology of these amphiphiles was also governed by acetylation/deacetylation of β‐d‐glucopyranoside moiety as the NDI‐P self‐assembled to form nanorod while NDI‐D to the sphere at higher water fraction.
Synthesis of Triethylamine‐Bridged Basic Tricationic Ionic Liquids and Evaluation of Their Catalytic Efficiencies for Preparation of Arylidene or Alkylidenemalononitrile
Authors: Gogoi Pinky , Boruah Kabita , Borah Ruli
Published: August 2018

Two series of basic triethylamine bridged pyridinium/imidazolium tricationic ionic liquids were synthesized as viscous liquids by ion‐pairing with hydroxide, acetate and imidazolide as basic anions. The characterization of tricationic ionic liquids was done using 1H and 13C NMR, FT‐IR, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Hammett basicity EI‐MS and elemental analysis techniques. Thermal stabilities were found within the range of 100–150 °C for these ionic liquids. They acted as efficient recyclable homogeneous catalysts for the representative Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde and malononitrile at room temperature stirring in neat condition for 10–20 min. The catalytic activity of these ILs was found to be slightly different from each other for the model reaction and did not follow the same sequence of their measured Hammett basicity value.
Development of Easily Separable ZnO‐Supported Au Nanocatalyst for the Oxidative Esterification of Alcohols and Reduction of Nitroarenes
Authors: Galani Sunil M. , Giri Arnab K. , Ghosh Subhash C. , Panda Asit B.
Published: August 2018

A simple and practical protocol is described for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds and the oxidative esterification of alcohols by using a recyclable 3D assembled porous rectangular ZnO nanoplates supported gold nanocatalysts (Au/ZnO) under mild conditions. The support 3D assembled ZnO plate was synthesized simple strategy without employing any toxic reductants or capping agents and Au was loaded through simple impregnation method. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron microscopic study (TEM & SEM), diffuse reflectance spectrum (DRS). The developed catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity for both the reaction and ended with good to excellent yield, up to 97% yield for nitro reduction and 90% yield for oxidative esterification. The catalyst is recyclable for a minimum five times without any significant loss in catalytic activity. The catalytic activities are superior or sometime comparable to that of the reported catalyst. The use of a developed catalyst is beneficial for of low cost and availability of good support ZnO and advantageous with respect to that of separation, easily separable by simple filtration due to the bigger size of support ZnO.
Pyridyl Azo‐Based Naphthyl Acetate for Sensing of Hydrazine and Perborate in Sol‐Gel Medium
Authors: Panja Atanu , Ghosh Kumaresh
Published: August 2018

Pyridyl azo‐based naphthyl acetate 1 has been designed and synthesized. Compound 1 acts as progelator in CH3CN‐H2O (1:1, v/v) and exhibits reactivity towards nucleophilic substrate for ester hydrolysis. In the presence of hydrazine and perborate, the solution of 1 in CH3CN‐H2O (1:1, v/v) undergoes gelation due to formation of intermediate compound 2 through removal of acetyl group. Gelation study reveals that while compound 2 in CH3CN‐H2O (1:1, v/v) forms gel, compound 1 remains in solution. Hydrazine brings gelation rapidly than perborate and validates their visual sensing. The deacetylation reaction has been supported by various spectroscopic data. Compound 1 in solution is also responsive to hydrazine with reasonably low detection limit. Other substrates, including perborate, did not generate a measurable response. As a proof‐of‐principle application, a test strip of compound 1 was shown to allow the detection of hydrazine in solution and vapor states. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of stimuli responsive low molecular weight gelator (LMWG) which dosimetrically senses hydrazine and perborate under different conditions.
Post‐Synthesized Method on Amine‐Functionalized MOF Membrane for CO2/CH4 Separation
Authors: Xiao Anshan , Cao Lujie , Li Xiangbo , Li Ying , Lin Yichao
Published: August 2018

The development of membranes for highly efficient CO2 separation from CH4 is important. Herein a CAU‐1 metal‐organic framework membrane with –NH2 functional groups was prepared and post‐synthetically modified with 3‐isocyanatopropyltriethox‐ysilane molecules. The post‐synthesized membrane demonstrates improved energetic interactions for CO2 over CH4 obtaining an ideal selectivity of 21.2 at 10 °C and 14.9 at 30 °C.
Green Synthesis of Acid‐Base Bi‐functional UiO‐66‐Type Metal‐Organic Frameworks Membranes Supported on Polyurethane Foam for Glucose Conversion
Authors: Zhang Yunlei , Zhao Jiaojiao , Wang Kai , Gao Lin , Meng Minjia , Yan Yongsheng
Published: August 2018

We herein report a green (aqueous solutions), mild (90 °C, atmospheric pressure), and scalable modulated hydrothermal (MHT) synthesis of acid‐base bi‐functional UiO‐66‐type metal‐organic frameworks membranes supported on polyurethane. Polyurethane foam was first modified with polydopamine (PDA) to obtain versatile carrier, i. e., PU@PDA. Then the novel acid‐base bi‐functional UiO‐66‐type MOFs membranes have been prepared on PU@PDA for the first time by in situ MHT method. By simply varying the ratio of organic ligands of monosodium 2‐sulfoterephthalate and 2‐aminoterephthalic for preparing MOFs membranes, the acidity and basicity of obtained composites, i. e., UiO‐66‐SO3H‐NH2/PDA@PU can be easily adjusted. The synthesized materials were well characterized and their catalytic performances were evaluated in one‐pot glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) conversion. Results revealed the acid‐base bi‐functional catalyst possessing high activity and excellent stability. This work provides a general and economically viable approach for the large‐scale synthesis of water‐stable MOFs membranes catalysts with repeatable quality remains the key step for their massive production and commercialization.
α‐Csp3‐H Methylenation of Diketones to Synthesize Methylene‐Bridged Bis‐1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and Polysubstituted Pyridines Using the DMSO/Selectfluor System
Authors: Gao Yejun , Zhou Dongheng , Ma Yongmin
Published: August 2018

A direct α‐Csp3‐H methylenation of 1,3‐diketones to afford methylene‐bridged bis‐1,3‐dicarbonyl derivatives using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a one‐carbon source was achieved in moderate to high yields in the presence of Selectfluor. The 1,3‐diketones can also be efficiently converted into Hantzsch‐type pyridines via one‐pot three‐component annulation reaction in the presence of DMSO and ammonium salt. The procedure avoids the use of transition metal catalysts and the reaction is efficient and operationally convenient.
Conjugated Thermolysis of Metal Chelate Monomers Based on Cobalt Acrylate Complexes with Polypyridyl Ligands and Tribological Performance of Nanomaterials Obtained
Authors: Uflyand Igor E. , Zhinzhilo Vladimir A. , Lapshina Lyudmila S. , Novikova Anastasia A. , Burlakova Victoria E. , Dzhardimalieva Gulzhian I.
Published: August 2018

Over the last decades, conjugated thermolysis of metal chelate monomers (MCMs) has been widely used to produce various metal and metal oxide nanostructures. In the present study, a detailed analysis of the conjugate thermolysis of MCM based on cobalt(II) acrylate (Acr) complexes with 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) and 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) was carried out. The main stages and kinetics features of conjugated thermolysis of MCMs are estimated. Metal‐polymer nanocomposites containing metal nanoparticles (NPs) uniformly distributed in a stabilizing nitrogen‐containing polymer matrix and Co3O4 NPs are obtained depending on the conditions of conjugated thermolysis. The composition, structure and properties of the nanomaterials obtained were studied using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), IR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and thermal analysis (TA). Analysis of Co3O4 NPs as lubricant additives was carried out in the perspective of their tribological behavior using a pin‐on‐disc tribometer. At an optimum concentration of NPs, the coefficient of friction is the lowest. When the level of NPs increases above the optimum level, the coefficient of friction increases. With an increase in the load to 196 N, the coefficient of friction decreases with increasing concentration.
Synthesis of Thiophene S,S‐dioxide Based Acenes via Diels‐Alder Reaction of Isobenzofurans with Benzothiophene S,S‐dioxides
Authors: Karunakaran Jayachandran , Manikandan Palani , Sathish Murugan , Mohanakrishnan Arasambattu K.
Published: August 2018

Annulative π‐extension of benzothiophene S,S‐dioxide analogues has been achieved via Diels‐Alder reaction of symmetrical 1,3‐diaryl/heteroarylbenzo[c]furans with benzothiophene S,S‐dioxides in toluene at reflux followed by PTSA‐mediated deoxygenation reaction. Employing this one‐pot π‐extension protocol, synthesis of complex seven and nine member heteroacenes was also achieved.
Hierarchical Interconnected Expanded Graphitic Ribbons Embedded with Amorphous Carbon: An Advanced Carbon Nanostructure for Superior Lithium and Sodium Storage
Authors: Yang Wang , Yang Wu , Zhang Fan , Wang Guoxiu , Shao Guangjie
Published: August 2018

Carbon materials have attracted considerable attention as anodes for lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries due to their low cost and environmental friendliness. This work reports an advanced carbon nanostructure that takes advantage of the chelation effect of glucose and metal ions, which ensures the uniform dispersion of metal in the precursor. Thus, an effective catalytic conversion from sp3 to sp2 carbon occurs, enabling simultaneously formation of pores with catalyzed graphitic structures. Due to the low carbonization temperature and short carbonization time as well as the different catalytic degree of various metals, a series of expanded graphitic layers from 0.34 to 0.44 nm with defects and amorphous carbon structure are obtained. The structure not only offers accessible graphitic spacings for reversible lithium/sodium ion insertion, but also provides abundant active sites for lithium/sodium ion adsorption in the defects and amorphous structure. Moreover, the hierarchical interconnected porous structure combining graphitic ribbons is beneficial for fast electronic/ionic transport and favorable electrolyte permeation. More importantly, such advanced carbon materials prove their feasibility for balancing the pore structure and degree of graphitization. When serving as the electrode material for lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries, excellent electrochemical performance along with fast kinetics and long cycle life is achieved.
Assessing and improving the quality of security methodologies for distributed systems
Authors: Uzunov Anton V. , Fernandez Eduardo B. , Falkner Katrina
Published: August 2018

Security methodologies represent systematic approaches for introducing security attributes into a system throughout the development lifecycle. While isolated attempts have been made to demonstrate the value of particular security methodologies, the “quality” of security methodologies, as such, has never been given due consideration; indeed, it has never been studied as a self‐standing topic. The literature therefore entirely lacks supportive artifacts that can provide a basis for assessing, and hence for improving, a security methodology's quality. In this paper, we fill the aforementioned gap by proposing a comprehensive quality framework and accompanying process, within the context of an existing approach to engineering security methodologies, which can be used for both (bottom‐up) quality assessment and (top‐down) quality improvement. The main framework elements can be extended and customized to allow an essentially arbitrary range of methodology features to be considered, thus forming a basis for flexible, fine‐grained quality control. We demonstrate the bottom‐up application of the latter framework and process on three real‐life security methodologies for distributed systems, taken as case studies. Based on the assessment results, we subsequently show in detail (for one) and briefly discuss (for the remaining set) how the case study methodologies can be re‐engineered to improve their quality.
A Step‐by‐Step Optimization of the c‐Si Bottom Cell in Monolithic Perovskite/c‐Si Tandem Devices
Authors: Wu YiLiang , Fell Andreas , Weber Klaus J.
Published: August 2018

Perovskite/crystalline‐silicon (c‐Si) tandem devices are of great interest as potential candidates for next‐generation photovoltaic devices. Such devices could combine a higher efficiency than c‐Si with an acceptably low‐production cost to enable further reductions in PV system costs. To date, little attention has been paid to the optimization of the c‐Si bottom cell in these devices. However, for the highest possible efficiency, such an optimization is necessary. Here, the authors use numerical modeling to rigorously analyze the impact of doping type, doping concentration, and device architecture on the efficiency of the c‐Si bottom cell. We show that the use of low‐resistivity p‐type wafers can result in higher efficiencies than the currently favored n‐type, moderate resistivity wafers, for both homo‐ and heterojunction bottom c‐Si devices. Two new device structures – localized emitter rear localized (LERL) and reversed tunneling oxide passivating contact (rTOPCon) are proposed in order to further simplify cell fabrication and improve the device efficiency. The authors show that these structures are capable of the same high efficiencies as heterojunction cells while offering substantially greater temperature tolerance for the deposition of the perovskite top cell. The implementation of such optimized c‐Si bottom cells will be crucial to the achievement of over 30% efficient tandem devices.
Epigenetic Enzymes, Age, and Ancestry Regulate the Efficiency of Human iPSC Reprogramming
Authors: Mackey Lantz C. , Annab Lois A. , Yang Jun , Rao Bhargavi , Kissling Grace E , Schurman Shepard H. , Dixon Darlene , Archer Trevor K.
Published: August 2018

Epigenetic enzymes regulate higher-order chromatin architecture and cell-type specific gene expression. The ATPase BRG1 and the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex are epigenetic enzymes that regulate chromatin accessibility during steady and transitional cell states. Experiments in mice show that the loss of BRG1 inhibits cellular reprogramming, while studies using human cells demonstrate that the overexpression of BRG1 enhances reprogramming. We hypothesized that the variation of SWI/SNF subunit expression in the human population would contribute to variability in the efficiency of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) reprogramming. To examine the impact of an individual's sex, ancestry, and age on iPSC reprogramming, we created a novel sex and ancestry balanced cohort of 240 iPSC lines derived from human dermal fibroblasts (DF) from 80 heathy donors. We methodically assessed the reprogramming efficiency of each DF line and then quantified the individual and demographic-specific variations in SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling proteins and mRNA expression. We identified BRG1, BAF155, and BAF60a expression as strongly correlating with iPSC reprogramming efficiency. Additionally, we discovered that high efficiency iPSC reprograming is negatively correlated with donor age, positively correlated with African American descent, and uncorrelated with donor sex. These results show the variations in chromatin remodeling protein expression have a strong impact on iPSC reprogramming. Additionally, our cohort is unique in its large size, diversity, and focus on healthy donors. Consequently, this cohort can be a vital tool for researchers seeking to validate observational results from human population studies and perform detailed mechanistic studies in a controlled cell culture environment.
Producing geopolymer composites using oil shale ash
Authors: Haddad Rami H. , Ashteyat Ahmed M. , Lababneh Zainab K.
Published: August 2018

The potential of producing geopolymer (GP) composites using Jordanian oil shale ash (OSA) was investigated. Twelve GP mortar mixtures were prepared using OSA and different proportions of commercially available alkaline activator, composed of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. Prismatic specimens (40 × 40 × 160 mm), attained satisfactory workability, were left at laboratory air for 24 hr, then demolded and dry cured at different practical temperatures (60–100 °C) for 24 and 48 hr before left in laboratory air and finally tested for strength and capillary porosity. Furthermore, SEM analysis was carried out on matured GP mortar samples to determine the extent of OSA polymerization and status of pore system. The results indicated the potential of producing GP mortar using OSA with strength grades of as high as 20 MPa. Dry curing at 60 °C for 24 hr imparted the best mechanical and durability properties of OSA‐based GP mortar. The internal pore structure showed excellent correlation with mechanical and durability properties of produced GP composites.
Carbon Nanomaterials for Targeted Cancer Therapy Drugs: A Critical Review
Authors: Hosnedlova Bozena , Kepinska Marta , Fernandez Carlos , Peng Qiuming , Ruttkay‐Nedecky Branislav , Milnerowicz Halina , Kizek Rene
Published: August 2018

Cancer represents one of the main causes of human death in developed countries. Most current therapies, unfortunately, carry a number of side effects, such as toxicity and damage to healthy cells, as well as the risk of resistance and recurrence. Therefore, cancer research is trying to develop therapeutic procedures with minimal negative consequences. The use of nanomaterial‐based systems appears to be one of them. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field using nanomaterials with high potential in biomedical applications. Carbon nanomaterials, thanks to their unique physicochemical properties, are gaining more and more popularity in cancer therapy. They are valued especially for their ability to deliver drugs or small therapeutic molecules to these cells. Through surface functionalization, they can specifically target tumor tissues, increasing the therapeutic potential and significantly reducing the adverse effects of therapy. Their potential future use could, therefore, be as vehicles for drug delivery. This review presents the latest findings of research studies using carbon nanomaterials in the treatment of various types of cancer. To carry out this study, different databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar were employed. The findings of research studies chosen from more than 2000 viewed scientific publications from the last 15 years were compared.
Adaptive affinity propagation algorithm based on new strategy of dynamic damping factor and preference
Authors: Hu Jiusong , Liu Hongli , Yan Zhi
Published: August 2018

The affinity propagation algorithm has been extensively applied in various fields. However, it is still faces two severe challenges in actual applications: one is that the algorithm may be nonconvergent; and the other is that the convergence speed is low. Aiming at solving these two problems, an adaptive affinity propagation algorithm based on a new strategy of dynamic damping factor and preference is proposed in this paper. On one hand, the dynamic damping factor changes the factor value according to the check state of oscillation to eliminate and escape from the oscillation. On the other hand, dynamic preference adjusts the value of the preference based on the bisection and memory tuple to reduce the search scope of the target preferences continuously. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can solve the potential nonconvergence problem effectively and reduce the time consumed significantly. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Role of late amniocentesis in the era of modern genomic technologies
Authors: Daum H. , Ben David A. , Nadjari M. , Zenvirt S. , Helman S. , Yanai N. , Meiner V. , Yagel S. , Frumkin A. , Shkedi Rafid S. ,   collaborating authors
Published: August 2018

Objective

Traditionally, amniocentesis is performed between 17 and 23 weeks of gestation. This enables decisions regarding the course of pregnancy to be made before viability. Less frequently, amniocentesis is performed in the third trimester. Advanced genomic technologies such as chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) provide more detailed information about the fetus compared with traditional G‐banded chromosomal analysis. The aim of this study was to assess the indications for and safety of late amniocentesis, genetic‐test results (especially in the context of CMA technology) and outcome of pregnancies that underwent the procedure after 24 weeks.

Methods

Medical records were analyzed retrospectively of all women in whom amniocentesis was performed at a gestational age of 24 + 0 to 38 + 6 weeks, at Hadassah Medical Center, between June 2013 and March 2017. Parameters investigated included indications for late amniocentesis, complications, CMA results and pregnancy outcome.

Results

During the study period, 291 women (303 fetuses, 277 singleton and 14 twin pregnancies; in two twin pairs, one fetus was terminated before amniocentesis) underwent late amniocentesis. CMA was performed in all instances of amniocentesis. The most frequent indication was abnormal sonographic finding(s) (204/303 fetuses, 67%). Preterm delivery occurred in 1.7% and 5.1% of pregnancies within the first week and within 1 month following the procedure, respectively. Aneuploidy was detected in nine (3%) fetuses and nine (3%) others had a pathogenic/likely pathogenic copy number variant, suggesting that CMA doubled the diagnostic yield of traditional karyotyping. Maximal diagnostic yield (17.5%) was achieved for the subgroup of fetuses referred with abnormal sonographic findings in two or more fetal anatomical systems. Variants of uncertain significance or susceptibility loci were found in another nine (3%) fetuses.

Conclusions

In pregnancies undergoing late amniocentesis, CMA increased detection rates of fetal abnormalities and had a shorter turnaround time compared with traditional chromosomal analysis; therefore, late amniocentesis may serve as a helpful tool for detecting fetal abnormalities or reassuring parents following late‐appearing abnormal sonographic findings. However, CMA may expose findings of uncertain significance, about which the couple should be precounseled. The procedure appears to be safe. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Transparente leitfähige Nitride
Authors: Dadgar Armin
Published: August 2018

Transparent conductive nitrides – New perspectives in device design

More than 20 years after the pioneer of the GaN LED Nobel laureate Shuji Nakamura published that germanium is an inferior dopand for GaN when compared to silicon we showed that the opposite is true in regard of achievable n‐type doping concentration. With Ge‐doped GaN now device performance can be improved and new device structures realized. As transparent highly conductive nitride (TCN) new application fields emerge for GaN, in particular the replacement of ITO. Besides many potential applications Ge‐doped GaN layers also show interesting physics as a new quasiparticle, the Collexon.
Zuverlässige Prozesse durch Vakuumkomponenten mit definierten Ausgasraten
Authors: Worsch Christian , Flämmich Michael , Bergner Ute
Published: August 2018

Reliable processes by use of vacuum components with specified outgassing rates

Contamination of vacuum components cannot be avoided in the manufacturing process. In order to significantly reduce particulate and organic impurities, a multi‐stage cleaning process and proof of cleanliness are essential. In order to guarantee a reproducible quality of the cleanliness of vacuum components, uniform standards for defined outgassing rates are necessary. The development of Vacom Purity Classes serves the generally accessible specification of components and characterises their vacuum and cleanroom suitability. Vacom Vacuum Classes guarantee the suitability of vacuum components for use in UHV/XHV. In this article, the importance of cleaning of vacuum chambers and components is examined as well as the need to establish a uniform method for the quantitative measurement of the outgassing rate is highlighted. The systematic division into Vacom Purity and Vacuum Classes provides the basis for a cross‐industry standard for the defined quality of vacuum processes.
Bounded Rational Decision-Making with Adaptive Neural Network Priors
Authors: Hihn Heinke , Gottwald Sebastian , Braun Daniel A.
Published: August 2018

Bounded rationality investigates utility-optimizing decision-makers with limited information-processing power. In particular, information theoretic bounded rationality models formalize resource constraints abstractly in terms of relative Shannon information, namely the Kullback-Leibler Divergence between the agents’ prior and posterior policy. Between prior and posterior lies an anytime deliberation process that can be instantiated by sample-based evaluations of the utility function through Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) optimization. The most simple model assumes a fixed prior and can relate abstract information-theoretic processing costs to the number of sample evaluations. However, more advanced models would also address the question of learning, that is how the prior is adapted over time such that generated prior proposals become more efficient. In this work we investigate generative neural networks as priors that are optimized concurrently with anytime sample-based decision-making processes such as MCMC. We evaluate this approach on toy examples.
Updated constraints on non-standard interactions from global analysis of oscillation data
Authors: Esteban Ivan , Gonzalez-Garcia M. C. , Maltoni Michele , Martinez-Soler Ivan , Salvado Jordi
Published: August 2018

Abstract

We quantify our present knowledge of the size and flavor structure of non-standard neutrino interactions which affect the matter background in the evolution of solar, atmospheric, reactor and long-baseline accelerator neutrinos as determined by a global analysis of oscillation data — both alone and in combination with the results on coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering from the COHERENT experiment. We consider general neutral current neutrino interactions with quarks whose lepton-flavor structure is independent of the quark type. We study the dependence of the allowed ranges of non-standard interaction coefficients, the status of the LMA-D solution, and the determination of the oscillation parameters on the relative strength of the non-standard couplings to up and down quarks. Generically we find that the conclusions are robust for a broad spectrum of up-to-down strengths, and we identify and quantify the exceptional cases related to couplings whose effect in neutrino propagation in the Earth or in the Sun is severely suppressed. As a result of the study we provide explicit constraints on the effective couplings which parametrize the non-standard Earth matter potential relevant for long-baseline experiments.
Long-lived heavy neutrinos from Higgs decays
Authors: Deppisch Frank F. , Liu Wei , Mitra Manimala
Published: August 2018

Abstract

We investigate the pair-production of right-handed neutrinos via the Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson in a gauged B − L model. The right-handed neutrinos with a mass of few tens of GeV generating viable light neutrino masses via the seesaw mechanism naturally exhibit displaced vertices and distinctive signatures at the LHC and proposed lepton colliders. The production rate of the right-handed neutrinos depends on the mixing between the SM Higgs and the exotic Higgs associated with the B − L breaking, whereas their decay length depends on the active-sterile neutrino mixing. We focus on the displaced leptonic final states arising from such a process, and analyze the sensitivity reach of the LHC and proposed lepton colliders in probing the active-sterile neutrino mixing. We show that mixing to muons as small as V

μN
≈ 10−7 can be probed at the LHC with 100 fb−1 and at proposed lepton colliders with 5000 fb−1. The future high luminosity run at LHC and the proposed MATHUSLA detector may further improve this reach by an order of magnitude.
Predicting Survival of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia on the First Day of Life
Authors: Oh Chaeyoun , Youn Joong Kee , Han Ji‐Won , Yang Hee‐Byum , Lee Sanghoon , Seo Jeong‐Meen , Ho In Geol , Kim Soo‐Hong , Cho Yong Hoon , Shin Seung Han , Kim Hyun‐Young , Jung Sung‐Eun
Published: August 2018

Background

This study aimed to determine perinatal risk factors for 30‐day mortality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) patients and develop a prognostic index to predict 30‐day mortality of CDH patients. Identifying risk factors that can prognosticate outcome is critical to obtain the best management practices for patients.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed for patients who were diagnosed with CDH from November 2000 to August 2016. A total of 10 prenatal risk factors and 14 postnatal risk factors were analyzed. All postnatal variables were measured within 24 h after birth.

Results

A total of 95 CDH patients were enrolled in this study, including 61 males and 34 females with mean gestational age of 38.86 ± 1.51 weeks. The overall 30‐day survival rate was 63.2%. Multivariate analysis revealed that five factors (polyhydramnios, gestational age at diagnosis <25 weeks, observed‐to‐expected lung‐to‐head ratio ≤45, best oxygenation index in 24 h  >11, and severity of tricuspid regurgitation ≥ mild) were independent predictors of 30‐day mortality of CDH. Using these five factors, a perinatal prognostic index for 30‐day mortality was developed. Four predictive models (poor, bad, good, and excellent) of the perinatal prognostic index were constructed, and external validation was performed.

Conclusions

Awareness of risk factors is very important for predicting prognosis and managing patients. Five independent perinatal risk factors were identified in this study. A perinatal prognostic index was developed for 30‐day mortality for patients with CDH. This index may be used to help manage CDH patients.
Space Science: the View from European School Students
Authors: DeWitt Jennifer , Bultitude Karen
Published: August 2018

Gender imbalance in the physical sciences and engineering is a longstanding and well-documented concern within science education, industry, and policy. The current study is motivated by this issue and focuses on space science in particular, which has been promoted as a physical science with the capacity to inspire both boys and girls. A survey of over 8000 pupils aged 9–16 from 11 European countries was utilised to provide the first large-scale investigation of school students’ perceptions of space science. Enthusiasm for space science was clear within our sample, and individual differences were more important than background characteristics (gender, age, country) in driving attitudes to space science. However, although these positive attitudes and perceptions were shared by boys and girls, substantially fewer students, particularly females, expressed interest in pursuing a career in space science.
Temporospatial components of brain ERPs as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Chapman Robert M. , Gardner Margaret N. , Klorman Rafael , Mapstone Mark , Porsteinsson Anton P. , Antonsdottir Inga M. , Kamalyan Lily
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Developing biomarkers that distinguish individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) from those with normal cognition remains a crucial goal for improving the health of older adults. We investigated adding brain spatial information to temporal event‐related potentials (ERPs) to increase AD identification accuracy over temporal ERPs alone.

Methods

With two‐step principal components analysis, we applied multivariate analyses that incorporated temporal and spatial ERP information from a cognitive task. Discriminant analysis used temporospatial ERP scores to classify participants as belonging to either the AD or healthy control group.

Results

Temporospatial ERPs produced a cross‐validated area under the curve of 0.84. Adding spatial information through a formal procedure significantly improves classification accuracy.

Discussion

A weighted combination of temporospatial ERP markers performs well in detecting AD. Because ERPs are noninvasive and inexpensive, they may be promising biomarkers for AD that can add functional information to other biomarker systems while providing the individual's probability of correct classification.
Growing outrage
Authors: SUNSTEIN CASS R.
Published: August 2018

Why and when does outrage grow? This essay, based on the 2018 LSE Behavioural Public Policy Lecture delivered in February 2018, explores two potential answers. The first points to a revision or weakening of social norms, which leads people to express outrage that they had previously suppressed. The second points to a revision or weakening of social norms, which leads people to express outrage that they had not previously felt (and may or may not now feel). The intensity of outrage is often a product of what is most salient. It is also a product of ‘normalization’; people compare apparently outrageous behavior to behavior falling into the same category in which it is observed, and do not compare it to other cases, which leads to predictable incoherence in judgments. These points bear on the #MeToo movement of 2017 and 2018 and the rise and fall (and rise again, and fall again) of discrimination on the basis of sex and race (and also religion and ethnicity).
After ‘HLEG’: EU Banks, Climate Change Abatement and the Precautionary Principle
Authors: CULLEN Jay
Published: August 2018

The EU is making progress in reducing its carbon footprint. The creation of a High-Level Group on Sustainable Finance has supplemented recent market-led initiatives and provided some recommendations for future reform. This article argues that more remains to be achieved. In particular, in light of the fundamental structural uncertainties attached to climate change, precautionary approaches to the funding of GHG-intensive industries are worth contemplating. Such measures include raising the capital requirements on assets with ‘brown’ credentials. The high dependence on banks for external financing in the EU makes these reforms particularly appropriate for implementation within the bloc.
A Response to ‘Weighing Up the Evidence and Local Experience of Residential Care’
Authors: Ainsworth Frank , Holden Martha J.
Published: August 2018

We are in agreement with some of the points made in the recent article by Tregeagle, ‘Weighing up the evidence and local experience of residential care’ (Children Australia, 42(4), 240–247). For example, there can be no dispute about the high costs of residential placements or that achieving a stable residential environment is very challenging. Table 1 provides a three state cost comparison of residential placements (Ainsworth, 2017).
Participatory methods to support team science development for predictive analytics in health
Authors: Arevian Armen C. , Bell Doug , Kretzman Mark , Kasari Connie , Narayanan Shrikanth , Kesselman Carl , Wu Shinyi , Di Capua Paul , Hsu William , Keener Mathew , Pevnick Joshua , Wells Kenneth B. , Chung Bowen
Published: August 2018

Predictive analytics in health is a complex, transdisciplinary field requiring collaboration across diverse scientific and stakeholder groups. Pilot implementation of participatory research to foster team science in predictive analytics through a partnered-symposium and funding competition. In total, 85 stakeholders were engaged across diverse translational domains, with a significant increase in perceived importance of early inclusion of patients and communities in research. Participatory research approaches may be an effective model for engaging broad stakeholders in predictive analytics.
Heat Transfer Analysis for Peristalsis of MHD Carreau Fluid in a Curved Channel Through Modified Darcy Law
Authors: Tanveer A. , Hayat T. , Alsaedi A. , Ahmad B.
Published: August 2018

The present analysis has been developed to investigate the heat transfer phenomenon in peristaltic flow of Carreau fluid in a curved channel with rhythmic contraction and expansion of waves along the walls (similar to blood flow in tubes). Magnetic field is imposed in radial direction. The heat transfer aspect is further studied with viscous dissipation effect. The curved channel walls are influenced by flow and thermal partial slip. In addition the flow stream comprised porous medium. The system of relevant non-linear PDEs have been reduced to ODEs by utilizing the long wavelength approximation. The striking features of flow and temperature characteristics under the involved parameters are examined by plotting graphs. The generation of fluid temperature and velocity due to viscous dissipation and gravitational efforts are recorded respectively. Moreover indicated results signify activation of velocity, temperature and heat transfer rate with Darcy number.
Sweetgrass Stories: Listening for Animate Land
Authors: Cariou Warren
Published: August 2018

This article examines Indigenous stories that reveal how the land communicates to humans through medicinal plants. The intention is to address a blind spot in new materialist theory, which Zoe Todd has criticized for its lack of attention to Indigenous forms and practices of relational materialism. The main focus of this essay is Indigenous narratives about the sacred plant sweetgrass (known as (wihkaskwa in Cree; wiingaashk in Anishinaabemowin). Reading Robin Wall Kimmerer’s meditation Braiding Sweetgrass and Drew Hayden Taylor’s novel Motorcycles and Sweetgrass, and watching Jessie Short’s 2016 film Sweet Night, I argue that these artists portray sweetgrass as an intermediary between humans and the land, strengthening Indigenous cultural sovereignty and deepening human relationships by reminding people of their shared embodiment and their shared spiritual-territorial connection. The plant is revealed in these works as a teacher, operating through its scent, texture, and literal rootedness to teach humans about their own connectedness to particular living places.

By working at the level of sensation rather than linguistic signification, the sweetgrass is also shown to have an immediate and embodied effect upon the characters in these works. In particular, it offers itself as a gift, and as a conduit of love. I argue that the repeated image of the sweetgrass braid in these works is not exactly a metaphor, but is instead a profound conjoining of the earth and the human body, both submitted to the care of human hands. To braid the earth’s fragrant hair is to treat it in the most intimate way, as a family member or a beloved. It is this human activity of braiding that clarifies the kinship aspect of sweetgrass, showing us that it is not a thing, but a relation. The reciprocity of this relationship shows an Indigenous ethic of engagement with the living material world.
A Review of the Radiocarbon Dates for the Afanasyevo Culture (Central Asia): Shifting Towards the “Shorter” Chronology
Authors: Poliakov Andrey V , Svyatko Svetlana V , Stepanova Nadezhda F
Published: August 2018

This article provides a summary and in-depth analysis of all existing radiocarbon (14C) dates for the Afanasyevo Culture of the Paleometal period. The previous “long” chronology of the culture was widely criticized and contradicted many archaeological observations. The exceedingly wide ranges of the liquid scintillation counting (LSC) dates from bone samples produced in several laboratories and the systematically older ages for the wood/charcoal samples finally reveal the shortcomings of the conventional “long” chronology. From accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), the Afanasyevo burials of the Altai are dated to the 31st–29th century BC, whereas those of the Middle Yenisei Region to the 29th–25th century BC, which confirms the relatively earlier age of the Altai monuments. The “short” chronology removes the incompatibility of deriving the Afanasyevo Culture from the Yamnaya Culture, which previously appeared “younger” than the Afanasyevo, and also contradictions with the archaeological data. It also explains the small number of sites, the small size of the cemeteries and the lack of the internal periodization. We can now clearly move, from the earlier understanding that the Afanasyevo chronology is too broad, towards a different perception. The new AMS dates only represent a “core” for the Afanasyevo chronology, which cannot be narrowed down, but could be slightly expanded over time.
Mediterranean diet and mortality in the elderly: a prospective cohort study and a meta-analysis
Authors: Bonaccio Marialaura , Di Castelnuovo Augusto , Costanzo Simona , Gialluisi Alessandro , Persichillo Mariarosaria , Cerletti Chiara , Donati Maria Benedetta , de Gaetano Giovanni , Iacoviello Licia
Published: August 2018

The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been associated with prolonged survival in the general population, but no meta-analysis has apparently investigated the potential health benefits in relation to mortality in the elderly. We performed a longitudinal analysis on 5200 individuals aged ≥65 years identified within the general population recruited in the Moli-sani study cohort (2005–2010). Adherence to the MD was appraised by thea prioriMediterranean diet score (MDS; range 0–9). Survival estimates were derived using Cox regression and competing risk models. For the meta-analysis, PubMed and Scopus databases were searched from inception until April 2018 to identify prospective studies on the MD and death risk in the elderly. Over a median follow-up of 8·1 years, a total of 900 deaths were ascertained in the elderly sub-sample of the Moli-sani cohort. A one-point increase in the MDS was associated with lower risk of all-cause, coronary artery disease/cerebrovascular and non-cardiovascular/non-cancer mortality (multi-variable hazard ratio (HR)=0·94; 95 % CI 0·90, 0·98; HR=0·91; 95 % CI 0·83, 0·99 and HR=0·89; 95 % CI 0·81, 0·96, respectively). In a meta-analysis of seven prospective studies, including our results, for a total of 11 738 participants and 3874 deaths, one-point increment in MDS was associated with 5 % (4–7 %) lower risk of all-cause death. An inverse linear dose–response relationship was found from a meta-analysis including three studies. In conclusion, a prospective cohort study and a meta-analysis showed that closer adherence to the MD was associated with prolonged survival in elderly individuals, suggesting the appropriateness for older persons to adopt/preserve the MD to maximise their prospects for survival.