bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
History, citizenship and co-operative education, c. 1895–1930
Authors: Vernon Keith
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyses a series of issues around the nature and place of history and citizenship within formal co-operative education in the early twentieth century. It begins with a consideration of an educational campaign at the end of the nineteenth century, which put the teaching of the history and principles of co-operation at the core of the movement’s educational endeavour. Next, the chapter examines the kind of history being expounded in the movement, and compares co-operative history instruction with the curricula taught in schools. The chapter carries the story into the interwar years, by which time the movement’s educational programme had expanded considerably. It argues that, at least until the 1930s, the educational programme represented a national initiative to ensure co-operation had a place in the educational and cultural mainstream.
Co-operatives in health care: global prospects for the development of co-operatives as instruments of consumer-centred health care
Authors: Hughes Vern
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that consumer co-operatives offer great potential for health care reform that integrates care around the needs of consumers and contains health costs. Two case studies – of the Group Health Cooperative in Seattle and the Yallourn Hospital and Medical Society near Melbourne – provide examples of co-operative provision in the USA and Australia. The author draws on his own experience in co-operative provision of health care, and provides an outline strategy for transitioning to co-operative health care models.
Dreams in the forest: romantic comedy
Authors: White R. S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows how Shakespeare innovated his unique brand of romantic comedy under the influence of prose romance and Lyly’s dramatized romance. The resulting hybrid form was so successful that it is an underpinning structural formula for romantic comedy in many modern movies, even ones where Shakespeare is not a direct source. His most successful examples became conflated through the Western educational system into a recognisable and very flexible genre, tracing how ‘the course of true love never did run smooth’ through successive stages involving centrally an exotic, transforming location such as a forest. Even twentieth century critics such as Northrop Frye played their part in popularising the genre and paving the way into movies, because of their strong influence on students in the twentieth century.
Of errors and Eros: a brief digression on twins
Authors: White R. S.
Published: May 2017

The Comedy of Errors led to specific movie adaptations such as the musical The Boys from Syracuse and more generally it inspired films based on mistaken identity through identical twins. This has been especially fertile in Indian movies, where such stories abound in filmed versions.
Comedy of disguise and mistaken identity
Authors: White R. S.
Published: May 2017

Conscious disguise and mistaken identity run through most of Shakespeare’s comedies as a theme, and they are central defining aspects of his romantic comedy. Underlying the pattern is a version of love which sees through superficialities to an inner compatibility between characters. It also raises questions of role-playing and its significance in love relationships. All these elements, in some shape or another, also occur regularly in Hollywood romantic comedy, and the disguises may involve not so much gender as in Shakespeare, but social and professional status. The rich impersonate poverty to test love, the poor play roles of higher social status to attract love, but the basic metaphor is as in Shakespeare’s disguised women in As You Like It and Twelfth Night.
‘Making a contribution to the war effort’: reactions to reserved status, masculinity and the military
Authors: Pattinson Juliette , Mcivor Arthur , Robb Linsey
Published: May 2017

Chapter three examines reactions to reserved status. For many (particularly) young men who remained in civilian occupations the slight to their masculinities was keenly felt, even after the passage of several decades. Indeed, half of our interviewees sought to evade their reserved status and tried, sometimes in increasingly desperate ways, to enlist in the military and be in uniform. When this was denied many poignantly expressed their understandings of their wartime lives as ‘ordinary’ and ‘dead’, with one interviewee even describing himself as a ‘nobody’, thereby seemingly confirming the emasculation theory. However, half of our interviewees made no attempt to enlist, suggesting they were comfortable with their reserved status and contesting the perception that civilian masculinities were challenged.
Bodies on the line: risk, health and manliness
Authors: Pattinson Juliette , Mcivor Arthur , Robb Linsey
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates how reserved workers bodies were affected by the pressures of war and prevailing work-health cultures in wartime. Occupational medicine, welfare and rehabilitation expanded during hostilities. Concurrently, the pressures of war production led directly to a rise in occupational injuries, disabilities and disease. In this context, there were threats to embodied masculinity as well as opportunities to rebuild it. Reserved men’s bodies were subject to an unprecedented level of control in the workplace as well as medical surveillance which posed a threat to male identities constructed around notions of independence, discretion, skill and autonomy in the labour process. At the same time, however, full employment and the pace of work enabled labouring bodies to be reconstructed after the ravages of the Depression. Moreover, an alternative site of masculinity could be drawn upon in narratives about the heightened hazards and exhausting nature of wartime work regimes and air raids. The exposure of bodies to increased risks in wartime enabled reserved men to rebuild their sense of manliness and enact patriotic masculinity.
Outside the factory gates: reserved life on the home front
Authors: Pattinson Juliette , Mcivor Arthur , Robb Linsey
Published: May 2017

Chapter six explores reserved men’s lives outside of work, examining how war impacted on their social, domestic and romantic lives. While the war was a time of upheaval and uncertainty, for many of our interviewees their lives remained remarkably constant in many ways. Sport, both spectating and playing, as well as cinema featured prominently in interviewees’ accounts. Moreover, the war brought adventure for some in the form of bombing raids and civil defence duties. Interviewees were, however, reluctant to admit to having leisure time in their narratives which instead emphasised hard graft. This appears to confirm the emasculation thesis in that they felt compelled to downplay their leisure activities lest that be seen as an admittance of ‘shirking’, a term that had been in circulation during the First World War and was resurrected in the Second. Yet unbidden revelations showed that, for the majority, they were able to enjoy their wartime youth, engaging in activities, such as sports, pub-going and courting, that underscored their manliness.
Concluding thoughts
Authors: Pattinson Juliette , Mcivor Arthur , Robb Linsey
Published: May 2017

This chapter asserts that the emasculation thesis is flawed, risking flattening out the incongruities and ambiguities of civilian working class male experience in the Second World War. The impact of the war on the identities of male workers was, instead, complex and sometimes contradictory.
US aid and the creation of an Irish scientific research infrastructure
Authors: Murray Peter , Feeney Maria
Published: May 2017

This chapter broadens out the focus from Irish sociology to examine Irish scientific research. Its central theme is the way in which resources provided or jointly controlled by US actors underpinned the development of a modern scientific research infrastructure within the state in the period after the Second World War. The scientific fields principally affected by these financial injections were applied research related to agriculture, industry and economics. Money flowed into these fields from two major sources: the Grant Counterpart Fund, which was a legacy of Ireland’s participation in the Marshall Plan, and private US foundations. In other fields, such as management and `human sciences’, significant resource transfers took place in kind as much as in cash through productivity and technical assistance programmes. The infrastructure developments that clustered in the late 1950s and the early 1960s interacted with older scientific institutional configurations laid down under the Union with Britain and subjected to emaciating neglect after the advent of political independence.
Social research and state planning
Authors: Murray Peter , Feeney Maria
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6 examines the relationship between the programming state and social research. Initial crisis conditions had enabled increased social spending to be left off the government programmers’ agenda. The changed politics of increasing prosperity, as well as their own expanding ambitions, meant that this could no longer be sustained during the 1960s. Ireland’s social security provision became an object of both political debate and social scientific analysis in this period. The official response to this ferment was a Social Development Programme to which the ESRI was initially seen as a vital provider of inputs. During the 1960s a Save the West movement challenged both programmers and governing politicians. The official response to this challenge involved new structures for rural development with which the social sciences interacted as well as expanded social welfare provision to a class of smallholders whose resilience would later become an object of significant sociological study. As the 1960s proceeded, however, Irish state plans and programmes had to contend with an increasingly difficult external environment with which they ultimately failed to cope.
Charity and mutual aid: the pillars of English associations
Authors: Bueltmann Tanja , MacRaild Donald M.
Published: May 2017

Having established the structures and social and cultural activities of English ethnic associations, Chapter 5 examines in detail the two critical pillars of English ethnic associationalism: charity and mutual aid. It does this through the charity dispensed by St George’s societies, and the collective self-help facilitated in particular by the Sons of England (there are no detailed archives for the OSStG, hence the focus on the SoE). The chapter explores both levels of support and the regulatory framework adopted by the associations to disburse funds. By exploring the aid distributed by St George’s societies, this chapter enables us to examine the level of associational networking between organisations in dispensing charity to all immigrant groups, and the extent to which this gave those organisations a wider civic role. We have located particularly good records for the SoE in Canada and thus explore the workings of this friendly society. Quite unlike the St George’s societies, the SoE built up reserves of members’ funds, which were expended on sickness, unemployment and burial benefits. Ranging across Canada from the Maritimes to British Columbia, and entailing thousands of members in hundreds of lodges, and engaging in the good management of funds and the promulgation of a shared English culture, the Sons add very significantly to our understanding of what it meant to be English in North America.
Introduction
Authors: Smyth Jonathan
Published: May 2017

The author challenges the classic view that the Festival was a dull and sterile political event, and shows how the estimate of the importance of the Festival changed from that of early historians, who saw the Festival as an event remarkable for its level of public participation, to the later view of it as a purely political oddity unworthy of detailed evaluation He discusses the public controversies as to the importance of the Festival during the celebrations of the Bicentenary of the Revolution and how the new use of previously disregarded or rejected local regional and national archival material has led him to the view that the Festival was, on the contrary a vibrant and important event within the context of the Revolution, and one worthy of more careful and detailed study.
Towards a new republican morality
Authors: Smyth Jonathan
Published: May 2017

This chapter attempts to evaluate and examine the development of Robespierre’s thinking on the subject of public morality from his first writing on the subject in his Essay in 1789 from his early speeches to the Assembly and the Jacobin Club through his five great speeches of 1973-4. It traces the development of Robespierre’s language though his references to public virtue and probity and his insistence on the interdependence of freedom and public morality from his speech in defence of religious liberty on 1 Frimaire Year 2 (21 November 1793) though his speech on 17 Pluviôse (5 February 1794) on the moral principles which must guide the nation, the speech which introduced the Great Terror and leading finally to his speech of 18 Floréal (7 May 1794) inviting France to accept the twin principles of a Supreme Being and of the immortality of the soul and establishing not only the Festival to be held on 20 Prairial (8th June 1794) but also a further thirty-five minor festivals to be held during the year.
Financing a national festival
Authors: Smyth Jonathan
Published: May 2017

This is probably the most original chapter of the book. No-one has previously attempted to analyse the actual costs of such an event as a Republican Festival. New detailed research in national and local archives by the author has unearthed a series of financial documents, illustrating the costs of the Festival. The costs in Paris are shown in detail and are compared closely with those of previous festivals. The details of the costs in the various provincial towns are sometimes clearly defined, as is the case with Amiens. More often they are either partially detailed while the major expenses are concealed in general expenditure budgets or even completely unavailable. The available evidence, particularly the details in Paris and Amiens, allows the author to propose detailed costs estimates for the major cities and more general estimates of the costs in smaller areas. To establish a true estimate of cost, the details from Paris are compared with the costs of labour and of basic foodstuffs in other areas of France and the equivalent values in England. This permits a final carefully researched evaluation of the average costs throughout France in both large and small communities.
Conclusion
Authors: Smyth Jonathan
Published: May 2017

Why did the whole idea and ethos of the Supreme Being disappear so quickly and completely? Was the reason that Robespierre took no steps to establish firmly his new moral system because he fatally mis-evaluated the level of public support? What should the final evaluation of the effect of the Festival be both on the problem of and acceptable republican national morality and on the progress of the Revolution? The final analysis of the Festival must be that it was a great day of national solidarity during which the entire nation celebrated joyfully.
The Soviet Union and Israel: from the Gromyko declaration to the death of Stalin (1947–53)
Authors: Heller Joseph
Published: May 2017

Communist ideology negated Zionism’s legitimacy, which did not bode well for lomg-term Soviet-Israeli relations. Even in short-term policies the relations were bound to explode because of Israel’s pressure for Jewish emigration. Under Stalin’s order the the Soviet-Jewish writer Ilya Ehrenburg repudiated the existence of Jewish nation. Soviet realpolitik granted greater credence to the strategic assets of the Arab world. Israel’s ‘non-identification’ policy of neutrality counted very little with Soviet Middle Eastern policy. The turning-point was the Korean war, in which Israel identified itself with the US policy of military intervention. Relations exploded in 1953 after Israeli extremists blew up the Soviet embassy and the Kremlin severed relations. Moreover, American economic aid to Israel in 1949 was interpreted by Moscow as evidence of Israel’s western orientation. Stalin’s anti-Semitism reached its peak in the Prague and Doctors trials.
Israel and the United States on the road to war (November 1955–November 1956)
Authors: Heller Joseph
Published: May 2017

This chapter is dominated by John Foster Dulles, who navigated America’s foreign relations. His main idea was to prevent the Middle East from becoming a third cold war front, in addition to the Far East and western Europe. Israel, however, rejecting Dulles demand for border concessions, continued to press the US for a security guarantee, although its chances for implementation were nil. Israel’s retaliatory acts against Jordan reduced US confidence in Israel’s strategic requirements. Anderson’s mission to Israel ended in failure, since Israel could not concede its basic interests.
Israel’s attack on Egypt in cooperation with France and Britain rook the US bu surprise, but America acted immediately punish Israel by imposing financial sanctions. The failure of the Suez campaign left Israel with more isolated, and in danger that the Soviet-Arab combination, along with American apathy, might threaten its very existence.
Kennedy, Israel and the Cold War before the Cuban Missile Crisis (1961–62)
Authors: Heller Joseph
Published: May 2017

Kennedys presidency marked a new era, but not to the extent of fulfilling Israel’s goals. It stopped treating Jewish emigration to Israel as escalating the conflict with the Arabs, and took Israel’s security issues more seriously. That led to the American decision to supply Israel with the Hawk missiles, although Israel was disappointed because they were defensive missiles, while Egypt had already offensive weapons, such as bombers and missiles. However, US was trying hard to convince Egypt side with the west by launching a new initiative to solve the Arab refugee question. Israel knew the return of the refugees would be the equivalent of the annihilation of the state of Israel. Ben-Gurion met Kennedy but could not convince him that Israel should be treated as an ally. Kennedy did not promise the immediate supply of Hawk missiles, and warned Israel against developing nuclear weapons, which would damage American-Israeli relations, In view of Soviet–Arab alliance Israel was left with no choice but to build the Dimona nuclear facility, thus gaining a powerful bargaining card.
Johnson, Israel and the Cold War: testing the Memorandum of Understanding (1965–67)
Authors: Heller Joseph
Published: May 2017

The Memorandum of Understanding was not as clear-cut commitment. America was still trying to limit its political and military implications by conditioning the supply of tanks and jetfighters on an Israeli promise not to be the first to be the aggressor or introduce nuclear weapons into the region. Israel had no difficulty in agreeing to jses demands, but the dynamics of the Arab-Israel conflict could not allow it to become subservient to American patronage without a security guarantee. The PLO terrorist acts, the rise of the neo-Ba’ath in Syria, and Nasser’s growing offensive in the Arab states and Africa signified a new era which required strengthening Israel’s deterrence. That could not be ignored by the US, and the supply of Skyhawk jets and Patton tanks was ensured.
The Vietnam war created a dilemma for the US in its relations with Israel, since American Jews did not support Johnson on the Vietnam issue, but did support Israel. Israel however had to be careful and not side with America in view of Israel’s delicate relations with the Third World, and the need not to irritate the USSR while hoping for a change in the fate of Soviet Jews.
The Soviet Union, Israel and Soviet Jewry (1964–67)
Authors: Heller Joseph
Published: May 2017

The new regime in the Kremlin did not bode well for Israel, as Brezhnev and Kosygin continued to condemn Israel as agent of American imperialism. They gave official backing to the new radical regime in Damascus, and supported the PLO’s terrorist activities. In response Israel increased its activities for Soviet Jewry. The establishment of diplomatic relations between West Germany and Israel was another cause for condemning Israel as participating in the anti-soviet campaign, and the Soviet press equated Zionism and Nazism. Israel admitted it was trapped between its demographic need for the emigration of Soviet Jews and its dependence on the west. The visit to the Soviet Union of both Egyptian and Syrian heads of states, and the public Soviet support for their regimes, was ominous. A year before the Six Day War the Kremlin accused Israel of concentrating troops on the border to topple the Syrian regime.
Introduction
Authors: Curelly Laurent , Smith Nigel
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter describes the topic of the book as well as its conceptual framework. It is a theoretical and methodological reflection on the study of radicalism in early modern Britain. It states the terms of the scholarly debate about the appropriateness of using the “radical” label in an early modern context. It thus identifies and describes the various scholarly approaches to radicalism as well as the historiographical framework they relate to. The authors present two case studies to illustrate their theoretical assumptions. The first concerns the seventeenth-century “radical” newsbook The Moderate. The second case study is a presentation of the role that the “radical” New Model Army soldier Edward Sexy played as a conveyor of ideas in France during the Fronde in the early 1650s. By focusing on this actor of cultural transfer the authors wish to prove that the study of radicalism in Britain is best apprehended in a transnational context.
Community of goods: an unacceptable radical theme at the time of the English revolution
Authors: Cavaillé Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2017

Jean-Pierre Cavaillé discusses the ‛community of goods’ motif permeating Digger and Ranter writings, a theme he studies from an axiological perspective which draws upon the notions of acceptability and unacceptability. His contention is that this theme had been circulating in England and throughout Europe for a long time before the mid-seventeenth century. While borrowing from Christopher Hill’s analysis of seventeenth-century radical plebeians the idea that the ‛community of goods’ theme is rooted in English history, he acknowledges that this motif owes as much to literary culture as to popular culture and argues that the context in which it developed should not be overlooked. According to Cavaillé, the fact that community of goods as a political motif was publicised through print in the late 1640s and early 1650s reflected the attempt of hitherto marginal radical voices to enter the public sphere.
English radicalism in the 1650s: the Quaker search for the true knowledge
Authors: Gill Catie
Published: May 2017

This chapter is a survey of first generation Quaker attitudes towards unlearnedness. Quakers regarded learning as a demarcation between the godly who relied on inward learning and the ungodly who adopted a rational approach to knowledge. Their antihumanism even led them to consider spirituality a preferable attitude to scripturalism. The Quakers’ sufficiency of inward learning has been extensively researched by students of mid seventeenth-century sectarian radicalism. However, Catherine Gill’s contention in this essay is that the Quakers’ position on learning is not as clear and monolithic as appears first. The way Quakers described inward-learning changed from writer to writer and required justification which they expressed in a variety of writings. Catherine Gill draws upon conversion narratives, poetry and polemical tracts penned by Quakers to explain how nuanced their position was, a far cry from a monochrome episteme. Gill insists that the Quakers’ responses to criticism contribute to a better understanding of these radical voices.
The parliamentary context of political radicalism in the English revolution
Authors: Peacey Jason
Published: May 2017

This chapter is a study of the relationships between Parliament, print and petitioning in revolutionary England. Jason Peacey explores the tension between the potential for political participation at Westminster and the problems related to this practice, and argues that this tension allows for a better understanding of political radicalism in the English Revolution. His essay rests on two foundations: first, the idea that an information revolution relating to Parliament developed in the seventeenth century, which made political information affordable; second, a sense that Parliament was extremely useful, hence citizens’ increased participation in its proceedings, not least through petitioning. Peacey highlights the radicalisation of petitioners’ rhetoric from case studies and argues that that radicalism was forged by forces that brought together disparate individuals whose ideas were shaped by their involvement in participatory politics.
Contesting the press-oppressors of the age: the captivity narrative of William Okeley (1675)
Authors: Vigier Catherine
Published: May 2017

Catherine Vigier discusses the diffusion of radical ideas from the perspective of a captivity narrative, William Okeley’s Ebenezer, published by the radical printer Nathaniel Ponder. Her premise is that this captivity narrative is best apprehended as a literary text constructed in the light of political and ideological debates of its age since if offers a veiled criticism of events nearer home under the guise of a remote setting and plot. The publication of Okeley’s narrative is to be interpreted as an act of militant Protestantism in a culture of dissent at a time which witnessed increased repression against dissenters. She analyses biblical and mythological references in both Okeley’s narrative and Andrew Marvell’s pamphlets to support her claim that the Okeley text carried the polemic around Marvell’s The Rehearsal Transpros’d to a wider public and that publishing this captivity narrative, a popular literary genre, allowed Ponder and his collaborators to make a further case for freedom of speech.
‘A civic tool of modern times’: politics, mass society and the stadium
Authors: Lewis Robert W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how the stadium became central to a mode of political spectacle in France, from the mid-1920s up through the end of the Second World War, at a moment when it was also critical to politics elsewhere in Europe. A range of political luminaries and groups, from the anti-fascist Popular Front coalition to the Vichy regime, promoted stadium-based spectacles as a visible manifestation of political vitality, mass support and masculine citizenship. The stadium gave politicians a vast spectator space that proved ideal for staging political rallies, political plays or religious ceremonies that both aspired to transform spectators into active participants and that entailed efforts to discipline the public. But while the crowd may have been disciplined and mobilized inside the stadium, it also eluded those constraints and often disappointed those politicians seeking to create a unified public. In the years after the Second World War, the French stadium gradually disappeared as a pre-eminent staging-ground for mass politics, as the stadium crowd itself became progressively depoliticized.
Worldmaking frame by frame
Authors: Gürsel Zeynep Devrim
Published: May 2017

This chapter addresses the relationship between imagemaking and worldmaking, or how assumed conflict shapes the production and circulation of news images which then in turn contribute to what political possibilities seem plausible. Specifically the chapter looks at worldmaking at two sites: the newsroom of a major US news publication and a World Press Photo seminar intended to develop democracy by way of photojournalism. At both sites presumed binaries shape processes of worldmaking frame by frame. Balancing such aesthetic conflict comes to stand in for journalistic objectivity. The professional brokering of news images involves simultaneous processes of producing representations and reproducing worldviews. Understanding these processes is key to understanding global infrastructures of worldmaking with its production of certain categories of people and possibilities for certain kinds of visibility and not others. In the end, better scholarship on how images both represent and produce political conflict may require that we look beyond images of conflict itself.
Affective image operations
Authors: Eder Jens
Published: May 2017

Affective image operations are attempts to influence behaviour and stimulate action by evoking affects through images. The paper explores their forms and uses in political conflict, from video activism to war propaganda. Drawing together interdisciplinary research, the chapter develops a theoretical framework for analysing the affective and political force of still and moving images, arguing that the affective structure of images has four layers: Political affects and emotions are triggered by the specific interplay of visual forms, worlds, messages, and reflections. On the basis of this framework, several frequent types of affective image operations can be distinguished, illustrated by brief case studies of political web videos.
Method, madness and montage: assemblages of images and the production of knowledge
Authors: Mitchell W. J. T.
Published: May 2017

This chapter surveys assemblages of images in the context of art history, anthropology, cinematic production, surveillance, and forensic science. The aim is to uncover both the logic and the flirtation with the a-logical and symptomatic in metapictures of pictorial totalities.
Images of terror
Authors: Klonk Charlotte
Published: May 2017

In the first part of this chapter pictorial norms that govern the reporting of terror attacks will be analysed. They constitute a frame that shapes expectations and has been in place since the emergence of the phenomenon of modern terror at the end of the nineteenth century. In the second part the question of ethics is raised. Agreeing with many writers that acts of torture and violence need full documentation, but in a form that avoids intensifying the ‘exposure’ of the victim, the author argues that there are instances where we need to actively resist image operations by not participating in their production, circulation and consumption. The chapter concludes by suggesting that in the context of terror it is important to distinguish between affective images that have the power to remind us of the pain of others and those that numb us and should be resisted.
The making and gendering of a martyr: images of female suicide bombers in the Middle East
Authors: Straub Verena
Published: May 2017

‘I am the living martyr.’ As part of most video testimonies of suicide bombers, this locution confronts audiences with an unsettling situation: a ‘living dead’ is talking to us on TV after his/her suicide attack. Initiated by secular Lebanese militants in 1985, videotaped testimonies of suicide bombers to-be have proliferated in the Middle East and established a new genre of images with recognizable iconography and aesthetics. By visually anticipating their status as martyrs, the assassins not only manufacture their own death sentences, but fabricate their new identity as immortal martyr in front of the camera. Interpreting the act of suicide bombing as a contract between individual and organisation to trade ‘life for identity’ (Harrison 2006), ‘living martyr’ images become the stage where this transformation of identity takes place. This chapter is both concerned with the active stake suicide bombers’ videos have in the ‘making’ of a martyr (building on Horst Bredekamp’s concept of the ‘image act’) as well as with their iconography, particularly in relation to gender differences, with the aim to expose prejudices and preconceptions that underpin general western discussions of female suicide bombers.
Human rights in an age of distant witnesses: remixed lives, reincarnated images and live-streamed co-presence
Authors: Gregory Sam
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the practical challenges and opportunities of the current moment in visual activism. Via a series of situated observations from Syria, Burma, the US and elsewhere, it focuses particularly on the ways in which videos, testimonies and imagery of human rights violations are shared from sites of crisis, remixed, and re-purposed by both ‘distant witnesses’ and NGOs. The chapter considers how these image operations reflect the increasingly porous, expanding boundaries of participation in the field of human rights and their impact on issues of representation, unexpected circulation, and other ethical considerations in human rights practice. It also explores how the concept of the live news broadcast is being up-ended and up-dated through the practice of livestreaming from situations in Egypt, Burma, Africa, and Brazil. Within this context the author discusses the possibilities of live and immersive witnessing for human rights, and the conceptual, ethical and practical possibilities of image and experience-based activism at the intersection of trends in live and immersive video, ‘co-presence’ technologies for shared experience at a distance, task-routing technologies and distributed movement technologies.
The hunger striker: a case for embodied visuality
Authors: Ghosh Bishnupriya
Published: May 2017

‘Image operations’ immediately evokes the rich scholarship on new media technologies, be they satellite or drone images. Their shadow occludes another mode of image mobilisation: the formation of popular movements against state and corporate hegemonies. At the centre of such mobilisation lies an ‘embodied visuality’, harnessing spectatorial senses to the image and forging collectivity among those held in its thrall. A theory of embodied visuality indexes the social power of the image, a power perhaps most potent in the icon. Focusing on one kind of iconic image, visceral and sensuous, this chapter considers the image operations of the hunger striker in forging the popular. It looks at the anti-governmental campaign launched in the name of Irom Sharmila, the iron lady of Manipur, and asks: What is the nature of Sharmila’s appeal? Can we argue it has something to do with the formal operations of the image or its specific historical materiality? Can its operation be generalized beyond the historical context of Manipur?
Power, capability and ableness: the fallacy of the vehicle fallacy
Authors: Dowding Keith
Published: May 2017

Sen’s capabilities are reducible to individual power. Morriss’s important distinction between ability and ableness is pertinent to the correct analysis of measuring capabilities. Morriss argues that reducing power to resources constitutes the vehicle fallacy. The vehicle fallacy is not a fallacy if resources are measured relationally – for example, the power of money is relative to its distribution. It follows that strategic considerations must enter into the very essence of the concept of power. While the term ‘resources’ in this essay is broader than in Dworkin’s account, the argument suggests that Sen’s capabilities account of egalitarian justice is not, after all, so different from Dworkin’s resource account.
Luck, equality and responsibility
Authors: Dowding Keith
Published: May 2017

Egalitarians claim that inequality in society is only justified to the extent that it results from choices freely and responsibly made. Inequality resulting from brute bad luck is not justified. I argue that luck, and therefore responsibility, are defined in terms of the reward structure. Luck and responsibility are epiphenomena of the incentives that people have to choose from the opportunity sets available. Egalitarians should therefore look more directly at the degree of inequality that is acceptable and examine more closely the classes of actions they want to leave to individual responsibility even where these will lead to greater inequality. State action should concentrate upon reducing inequality between classes of people; it cannot be expected to reduce all inequalities between people, even though many will have only peripheral relationships to responsibility.
Choice: its increase and its value
Authors: Dowding Keith
Published: May 2017

Much has been made in recent years of increasing the choice of the citizen-consumer.This article argues that the concept of ‘increasing choice’ is far more problematic than at first appears and has little intrinsic value in itself.Choice is only to be valued in itself in the sense that the process of choices or decision-making plays a part in our own preferences.To justify the introduction of the market process on the grounds of increasing choices is doubly wrong; first, increasing choices is not in itself valuable and, secondly, what is valuable about tha market has little to do with choice.
The value of choice in public policy
Authors: Dowding Keith , John Peter
Published: May 2017

Conceptualizing and measuring choice is problematic both in theory and in practice. Measuring by counting the alternatives seems counterintuitive, as a smaller set of better or more diverse alternatives seems to provide more choice than one that is simply larger. However, concentrating upon better alternatives leads to choice being defined by welfare or utility, which is also counterintuitive. The chapter considers the implications of this paradox in relation to examples drawn from the choice agenda in British social policy. It examines the empirical difficulties in measuring welfare gains through implementing greater choice at a time of other central-led policy initiatives such as targets, and discusses the extant evidence. It suggests criteria for judging whether or not choice has been welfare-enhancing. It argues that ‘soft choice’, where service providers supply information and explain different options, is preferable to ‘hard’ choice involving simplistic targets to increase choice by box-ticking.
Chained corpses: warfare, politics and religion after the Habsburg Empire in the Julian March, 1930s–1970s
Authors: Dato Gaetano
Published: May 2017

The chapter deals with the role of corpses in public memory during the Age of the World Wars in the North Adriatic borderland, where human remains had a momentous role in the clash among the area’s main collective identities: Italian, Slovenian and Croatian nationals, Habsburg authorities, Communists, Nazis, Fascists and new Fascists, and the Jewish community. In particular, corpses were actors in political-religious representations and a driving force in the period’s war propaganda. After 1945, human remains were contentious among conflicting factions and later became involved in trials against Nazi war criminals – regular public opinion has since underlined their fate. The analysis begins by recalling the public display and long spanning funeral of the mummified corpse of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his spouse, on the brink of the Great War in July 1914. The paper then explores other examples in use of corpses in the public discourse and pays careful attention to three case studies: the Redipuglia WW1 shrine, the pictures shot in winter 1943–44 of exhumed partisans’ enemies, and the victims’ ashes of the San Sabba Rice Mill lager.
‘Earth conceal not my blood’: forensic and archaeological approaches to locating the remains of Holocaust victims
Authors: Colls Caroline Sturdy
Published: May 2017

It is estimated that around 11 million people were killed during the Holocaust. However, compared to the overall number of missing persons, very few searches for the corpses of victims have been carried out. In fact, thousands of burials and deposition sites remain unlocated and unmarked and few of the burials found have been examined by specialists. Certainly, very few have been examined using techniques now commonly used in forensic investigation and archaeology in relation to other periods of history.
This paper will address this paradox between the ever-present and physically illusive corpse in relation to the Holocaust. It will consider the circumstances and sensitivities that have impacted upon searches for the remains of Holocaust victims in the past, given the sites’ symbolic and scientific resources for victims and their descendants as well as archaeologists, and as such create sites of conflict between different religious and political authorities within a necro-economy. Ultimately it will argue that, providing the sensitivities surrounding the investigation of this period are accounted for, forensic and archaeological techniques can be utilised in the future to locate previously unmarked sites, characterise burial environments, analyse corpses and shed new light on practices of killing and body disposal.
The return of Herero and Nama bones from Germany: the victims’ struggle for recognition and recurring genocide memories in Namibia
Authors: Shigwedha Vilho Amukwaya
Published: May 2017

The colonial troops of imperial Germany, the Schutztruppe, carried out a systematic war of extermination (1904 – 1908) against the Herero and Nama people in what is now modern day Namibia. An undisclosed number of bones of the victims were traded to Germany in their pursuit of scientific racial studies. As part of the post-genocide growing trend calling for the repatriation of the bones, ongoing negotiations between the Namibian and German governments have resulted in the return of fifty-five skulls, including a few skeletons since October 2011. The return of these bones to Namibia has divided Namibian society on religious, cultural, political and ethnic issues regarding what to do with the genocide victims’ remains.
In view of the general public perception that the genocide bones have been treated with a considerable degree of indignity, this study attempts to associate the evolving disrespectfulness for the genocide’s bones with the re-emergence of genocide trauma and suffering of the affected communities in general. It perceives political obstruction, involving German and Namibian governments, as a central factor that impedes humanitarian efforts to seek justice and dignity for the bones or descendants of the genocide’s victims.
A Beothuk skeleton (not) in a glass case: rumours of bones and the remembrance of an exterminated people in Newfoundland – the emotive immateriality of human remains
Authors: Harries John
Published: May 2017

This chapter tells the story of the Beothuk people in Newfoundland, hunter-gatherers indigenous to this northern island. The Europeans, mostly English and Irish, came in the 18th and 19th centuries. With the coming of the settlers the Beothuk dwindled and finally, in 1829 they were declared extinct. The exact cause of this extinction is still debated, but there is no doubt that the ancestors of many of those still living in Newfoundland were the agents of extermination of a people, whether by disease or genocidal violence.
Since their extermination Beothuk bones emerged from the earth and were sometimes taken away and stored and displayed in museums in Newfoundland, Edinburgh and elsewhere. These bones still exist, now withdrawn from display, but intermittently receiving the attention of oesteoarchaeologists and physical anthropologists, as well as a handful of activists petitioning for their return. This chapter addresses the capacity of bones to speak, to give testimony and, in giving testimony, to make “old acts indelible”. How do these bones trouble and haunt contemporary articulations of settler identity and our ethical engagement with the absent presence of those who have been violently dispossessed?
Depicting passion
Authors: Reid Robert Lanier
Published: May 2017

The poets also differ in portraying the four humors and their passional offshoots. The diverse humoralism of Spenser, Shakespeare, and Jonson is missed if weassume humoral consistency and ignore the role of intellect and providence in managing it. Spenser controls the humors partly by figurative houses: passion is spiritualised in the House of Holiness, it issimply moderated in Alma’s Castle. Spenser views humoral passions (and the body) negatively, needing moral guidance and Christlike rescue. In contrast tohis restrictive allegory of humor figures (fiery Pyrochles, watery Cymochles, airy Phaedria, earthy Mammon and Maleger), the humor-types in Shakespeare’s Henriad (melancholic Henry IV, choleric Hotspur, phlegmatic Falstaff, sanguine Hal) are spacious and flexible, gifted with self-conscious speech and witty mimicry of the others. Shakespeare’s view of humoral passions evolves intodazzlingly complex nuances and paradoxes in the tragedies and romances.
Hierarchic architecture in The Faerie Queene
Authors: Reid Robert Lanier
Published: May 2017

Christian Platonic hierarchy shapes Spenser’s epic: a hierarchic family triad, three stages of fall and of recovery. Spenser radically revises this allegory, blamingman, whomwoman lovingly seeks to cure. Books 3-5 show Britomart’s chaste power defeating all males, freeing woman from mastery and self-induced suffering. Theintellective allegory of books 1 and 2reform higher reason, then lower reason, each intripartite form:a triadic family, triple temptings, three-phasetraining of the spiritual and then natural bodies, ending withatriadic Eden.The passional allegory of books 3 and 4 is again transcendent, then immanent. Britomart brings female ascendancy by chaste skill with arms and providential goals. Sheunfolds in three heroic Graces (Florimell, Belphoebe, Amoret). In these passional books the male counterparts (Artegall, Marinell, Timias, Scudamour) are paralyzed;virtuous reunion comes by female prowess and endurance, aided by mothers and female deities. A female theologyrests on virginity and marriage, immaculate conception, Trinitarian identity, epiphanic unveilings, female endurance of a Passion. The sensate allegory of books 5 and 6 subject even Gloriana/Mercilla and Arthur toconfusing materialism. Does the ontological ‘dilation’ of books 1-6 (narrowing images of Duessa, Timias, and satyrs-salvages)show despondency about Irish terrors, or prepare for reversal in books 7-12?
Introduction
Authors: Earle Joe , Moran Cahal , Ward-Perkins Zach
Published: May 2017

Each generation doubtless feels called upon to reform the world. Mine knows that it will not reform it, but its task is perhaps even greater. It consists in preventing the world from destroying itself.

Albert Camus1

The authors of this book are of the generation that came of age in the maelstrom of the 2008 global financial crisis. It was a crisis that came as if from nowhere, interrupting our teenage years and sending shockwaves reverberating around the world. On the news we saw worry and confusion about debt overhangs, credit default swaps and sub-prime mortgages. It was a first glimpse for us into a whole new world and a strange rite of passage....
Economics is for everyone
Authors: Earle Joe , Moran Cahal , Ward-Perkins Zach
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that we need new political and economic institutions which are participatory, inclusive and accessible and sets out some ideas about how this can be achieved. These can be the catalyst for the development of a popular democratic culture of public participation in economic discussion and decision making.
Boom and bust: 1919–1933
Authors: Williamson John , Cloonan Martin
Published: May 2017

This chapter outlines the AMU’s history immediately post 1918 and its moves towards merger with the National Orchestral Union of Professional Musicians (NOUPM) to form the Musician’s Union (MU) in 1921. It examines the resignation of Joe Williams and the problems faced by his successor as General Secretary, E.S.Teale and his successor, Fred Dambman. Changes within the music profession as musical tastes change are outlined. The advent of broadcasting is discussed and the BBC’s developing role as a key employer of musicians is highlighted. The development of the recording industry is discussed and the crisis in musical employment caused by the advent of the “talkies” in the cinema outlined. Problems caused for the Union by “alien” musicians working in the UK are noted.