bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequencies and patterns of bone marrow involvement in non‐hodgkin lymphomas: Observations on the value of bilateral biopsies
Authors: Coller Barry S. , Chabner Bruce A. , Gralnick Harvey R.
Published: May 2013

Pretreatment bone marrow biopsies and aspirations from 85 consecutive patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma were reviewed. All patients had at least one adequate biopsy. Criteria for involvement with lymphoma were clearly defined. The frequencies and morphologic patterns of involvement correlated with the lymph node diagnoses assigned according to Rappaport's classification. Diffuse, well‐differentiated lymphocytic and diffuse mixed lymphocytic‐histiocytic lymphoma were most frequently involved (100%), followed by diffuse, poorly differentiated lymphocytic (56%), nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic (39%), diffuse undifferentiated (33%), diffuse histiocytic (25%), and nodular mixed lymphocytic‐histiocytic lymphoma (23%). Each of the histologic subtypes tended to have an identifiable pattern of bone marrow involvement. Most striking was a predominance of paratrabecular localization of lymphoma in patients with nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. Biopsies were superior to both clot sections and aspirate smears in making the diagnosis of lymphoma in all subtypes, but discrepancies were more common in the nodular than in the diffuse lymphomas. A total of 52 pretreatment bilateral bone marrow biopsies from patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma were reviewed for concordance of diagnoses. In five patients, one biopsy was positive for lymphoma while the other was negative. Four of the five patients had histiocytic lymphoma, and the other had nodular mixed lymphoma. In two of these patients the bone marrow examination obviated the need for more invasive procedures to establish stage IV disease. We concluded that bone marrow biopsies are necessary for staging non‐Hodgkin lymphomas and that bilateral biopsies are most useful in the histiocytic subclass.
Inappropriate erythropoietin secretion in polycythemia vera
Authors: Chikkappa G. , Burlingtont H. , Chanana A. D. , Chandra P. , Cronkite E. P. , Reincke U. , Zanjani E.
Published: May 2013

A patient with classical polycythemia vera (PV) was found to have an inappropriately elevated serum erythropoietin (Ep) level. Investigations did not reveal any lesion or blood abnormality known to be associated with excessive Ep production and erythrocytosis. Sudden withdrawal of blood to reduce the Hb and Hct from 18.5 gm% and 56% to 13.6 gm% and 41.5%, respectively, resulted in an increment of serum Ep to abnormal level. With iron treatment there was a brisk return of Hb and Hct to prebleeding levels which was associated with reduction in the serum Ep. The inverse relationship between the EP and Hb or Hct is inconsistent with the presence of excessive Ep‐producing lesion. These results suggested that the threshold for Ep secretion from normal Ep‐secreting tissue to Hb and Hct levels is set at an abnormal level.

This patient's marrow cells when cultured in vitro in the absence of Ep, unlike other PV patients' (except one) marrow cells, did not grow erythroid colonies. In the presence of Ep, however, the colonies comparable to those formed from normal marrow cultures were obtained. These results suggested that his marrow erythropoietic cells were neither Ep independent nor Ep‐hyperresponsive, as has been suggested by some investigators for erythropoiesis in PV. This patient presents phenomena that hitherto have not been reported.
Absence of VIII AHF response to adrenalin in hemophilia A
Authors: Eyster M. Elaine , Dranchak Margaret , Haverstick Judy , Rogers John S.
Published: May 2013

Proportionate twofold or greater increases in both Factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII AHF) and Factor VIII‐like antigen (VIII AGN) have been observed to follow the administration of adrenalin in normal individuals.

Levels of factor VIII procoagulant or clot‐promoting activity (VIII AHF) and VIII AGN were measured immediately before and one hour after the subcutaneous injection of adrenalin (0.35 ml) in ten adults with hemophilia A documented by low VIII AHF levels (ranging from 0.01‐0.25 units/ml, normal VIII AGN levels, and normal VIII VWF levels as measured by the washed‐platelet ristocetin assay). Eighteen normal adults served as controls. Results were analyzed by the paired t test.

It was shown that VIII AGN increased significantly, while VIII AHF did not change, in hemophiliacs after adrenalin stimulation, regardless of the base line level. This fixed rate of VIII AHF production, release, or activation may help to explain the constancy of VIII AHF levels in individual hemophiliacs and their affected family members.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Shashaty George G. , Rath Charles E. , Britt E. James
Published: May 2013

Three patients are reported in whom autoimmune hemolytic anemia developed during the course of ulcerative colitis. A review of the literature yielded 11 additional cases, and the clinical, immunologic, and therapeutic characteristics are summarized. The results of steroid therapy and splenectomy are similar to those for idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The cause and effect relationship between these two diseases is not clear, but colectomy appears to produce remission in hemolysis when the latter is refractory to both steroids and splenectomy.
Wet‐spun, photoinitiator‐modified polyacrylonitrile precursor fibers: UV‐assisted stabilization
Authors: Morales Marlon S. , Ogale Amod A.
Published: May 2013

The role of dilute concentrations (∼1 wt %) of a photoinitiator, 4,4′‐bis(diethylamino)benzophenone, on the processability and properties of the resulting wet‐spun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers are reported. Rheology measurements show no adverse effect on the viscosities of solutions by the addition of the photoinitiator. Fibers containing photoinitiator were successfully wet‐spun from PAN–DMSO solution. FTIR results prove that 4,4′‐bis(diethylamino)benzophenone was retained in the fibers after coagulation and post‐stretching. SEM micrographs show no deterioration of the post‐stretched fiber microstructure due to the presence of photoinitiator. Tensile testing results show a small reduction in the strain‐at‐break of post‐stretched fibers containing photoinitiator when compared with pure (control) PAN fibers. After UV treatment, fibers with 4,4′‐bis(diethylamino)benzophenone display a higher tensile modulus compared with the other sets. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction results show no significant decrease in interplanar spacing and size of the crystals within the fibers containing photoinitiator, but such fibers retain a higher extent of molecular orientation after being UV treated. Conversion indices were measured from the WAXD spectra and compared with conventional thermal stabilized fibers. This correlation confirms that the addition of 1 wt % photoinitiator to PAN followed by 5 min of UV treatment leads to a conversion index that is observed in control fibers after more than an hour, which could reduce the conventional thermo‐oxidative stabilization time significantly. These results indicate the potential of the dual stabilization route in generating precursor fibers with higher molecular orientation, and possibly reducing the thermo‐oxidation time during carbon fiber processing. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2494–2503, 2013
Non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics and morphology of mica particles filled biodegradable poly(butylene succinate)
Authors: Zhang Ning , Qu Jinping , Tan Bin , Lu Xiang , Huang Jintao , Zhang Guizhen , Zhao Yongqing , Jin Gang
Published: May 2013

Biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/mica composites were prepared by melt blending. The non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics, spherulitic morphology, and crystalline structure were investigated by DSC, POM, and WAXD, respectively. The concepts of ‘’crystallization rate coefficient'' and ‘’crystallization rate parameter'' were employed. The non‐isothermal crystallization behavior was successfully analyzed by Avrami and Liu methods while the Ozawa method failed to describe it. The WAXD and POM results showed that the addition of mica did not alter the crystalline structure, but increased the number of nuclei and reduced the size of the spherulites. In addition, the activation energy was also obtained from Hoffman–Lauritzen theory. These results showed that the addition of mica into PBS matrix played a dual role: they acted as nucleation agents to promote the process of nucleation, while acted as physical impediments to retard the growth of crystal. The former was dominating as the crystallization rates of mica/PBS composites were accelerated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2544–2556, 2013
Relational thesauri in information retrieval
Authors: Wang Yih‐Chen , Vandendorpe James , Evens Martha
Published: May 2013

This article describes the design and development of a new type of thesaurus based on lexical‐semantic relations. Relational thesauri have been constructed to perform a new type of term classification. These relational thesauri are generally applicable to any document collection and their maintenance is relatively simple. A series of experiments to evaluate thesauri of this new type have been run on an information retrieval system called IRS at Illinois Institute of Technology. The results of experiments with queries enhanced using thesauri based on several different groups of relations have been compared against performance with the original queries. Thesauri from most groups, except antonyms, made improvements in recall as well as in precision. The best results come from a set of ill‐formed queries with few index terms. These results have been analyzed with both precision‐recall graphs and statistical tests. While thesauri that combine a number of relations together have been most effective in a batch environment, there is reason to believe that individual relations will be more useful in an interactive retrieval system that presents index terms to the user and allows him to choose those that best convey his meaning.
Structural equivalence in a journal network
Authors: Doreian Patrick , Fararo Thomas J.
Published: May 2013

Concepts and techniques used in contemporary social network analysis are applied to a network of journals based on citation. By means of procedures drawing on the notion of structural equivalence, a set of blocks or positions, containing journals, are delineated. These blocks have a very close correspondence to a categorization of the journals based on their aims and objectives, supporting the idea of treating the journals of a discipline as a status‐role relational system. By means of the reduced image of the network, a highly centralized and hierarchical structure appears. Some hypotheses concerning the structure and operation of journal networks are advanced.
Critical thresholds in co‐citation graphs
Authors: Shaw W. M.
Published: May 2013

Using the Random Graph Hypothesis, the statistical validity of co‐citation graphs has been investigated as a function of co‐citation strength for a given value of citation frequency. The results show that for both high and low values of co‐citation strength the partition of cited documents produced by the co‐citation relationship may be statistically invalid. Critical thresholds can be identified that define the limits of statistical validity. Within these limits, there is a narrow region of statistical validity where the associated structures are not an artifact of the clustering procedure and can be interpreted. It is concluded that the choice of citation and co‐citation thresholds can be influenced by formal considerations which insure statistically meaningful partitions rather than arbitrary decisions which can produce meaningless interpretations. Experimental and theoretical implications for the co‐citation graph and other bibliometric structures are discussed.
Cosmology and the changing role of libraries: An analogy and reflections
Authors: Lucier Richard E. , Dooley James F.
Published: May 2013

Immense cultural changes are taking place in contemporary society. We are in the initial stage of a new era in which our society will view itself and its relationship with an increasingly technetronic world in radically different ways. Powered by abundant, proliferating technology, the advent of this new global epoch demands reasoned personal and professional responses reflecting unique modes of thought and behavior. This article discusses these changes and the meaning and depth of their relationship to medical libraries. Ideas for creating organizational environments that allow and encourage people to embrace change and initiate innovations are presented. Only by actively debating and creatively experimenting with these and other ideas will we be able to ensure our continued viability as information specialists and managers in the future.
The changing environment of personal information systems
Authors: Burton Hilary D.
Published: May 2013

Recent technological developments are changing the context, and may change the content and form, of personal information systems. Major developments causing such changes are (1) a substantial increase in the commercially available support services, (2) a proliferation of microcomputer systems claiming to support personal systems, (3) the capability to download citations from secondary services into private files, and (4) a developing awareness of, or desire to, incorporate the computer‐based personal system into a broader, integrated information environment which would include other functions such as electronic mail, automated office functions, etc. These developments raise economic questions for the user, will affect efforts to standardize system interfaces, and may bring basic changes in the ways an individual develops and uses his personal information system.
Transferring a national information system from the public sector to the private sector—How the administration on aging did it
Authors: Halpin Peter
Published: May 2013

The Administration on Aging (AoA) sponsored a national information system known as the SCAN system. The SCAN bibliographic database went on‐line in March 1982. Congress, however, had repealed the authority for the clearinghouse, so the Government let all of the services of SCAN expire by September 1982. The Government then tried to keep the SCAN information accessible by offering it to the private sector. The Government solicited applicants through both the Federal Register and the Commerce Business Daily. As a result, the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) and AoA signed an agreement calling for AARP to make much of the SCAN information accessible on‐line and to update it.
A pilot study using residual newborn dried blood spots to assess the potential role of cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma gondii in the etiology of congenital hydrocephalus
Authors: Simeone Regina M. , Rasmussen Sonja A. , Mei Joanne V. , Dollard Sheila C. , Frias Jaime L. , Shaw Gary M. , Canfield Mark A. , Meyer Robert E. , Jones Jeffrey L. , Lorey Fred , Honein Margaret A.
Published: May 2013

Background

Congenital hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. Prenatal infections are risk factors for some birth defects. This pilot study investigated whether residual dried blood spots (DBS) could be used to assess infections as risk factors for birth defects by examining the associations between prenatal infection with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) with congenital hydrocephalus.

Methods

Case‐infants with hydrocephalus (N = 410) were identified among live‐born infants using birth defects surveillance systems in California, North Carolina, and Texas. Control‐infants without birth defects were randomly selected from the same geographic areas and time periods as case‐infants (N = 448). We tested residual DBS from case‐ and control‐infants for T. gondii immunoglobulin M and CMV DNA. When possible, we calculated crude odds ratios (cORs) and confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Evidence for prenatal T. gondii infection was more common among case‐infants (1.2%) than control‐infants (0%; p = 0.11), and evidence for prenatal CMV infection was higher among case‐infants (1.5%) than control‐infants (0.7%; cOR: 2.3; 95% CI: 0.48, 13.99).

Conclusions

Prenatal infections with T. gondii and CMV occurred more often among infants with congenital hydrocephalus than control‐infants, although differences were not statistically significant. This pilot study highlighted some challenges in using DBS to examine associations between certain infections and birth defects, particularly related to reduced sensitivity and specimen storage conditions. Further study with increased numbers of specimens and higher quality specimens should be considered to understand better the contribution of these infections to the occurrence of congenital hydrocephalus. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:431–436, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activin‐A in Diabetes‐Induced Cardiac Malformations in Embryos
Authors: Zhao* Zhiyong
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND

Heart defects are the most common abnormalities in infants of diabetic mothers. Cardiac malformation is associated with altered expression of the genes in the transforming growth factor β system, including inhibin βA, which forms activin‐A as a homodimer and functions through its effectors, Smad2 and Smad3. This study aimed to investigate the role of activin‐A in diabetes‐induced cardiac malformations.

METHODS

Diabetes mellitus in female mice (C57BL/6J) was induced via intravenous injection of streptozotocin. The expression of inhibin βA protein and phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 in the embryonic hearts were examined using immunohistochemical, in situ proximity ligation, and immunoblot assays. Embryos and endocardial cushions of nondiabetic mice were cultured in a high concentration of glucose and treated with activin‐A. Mitosis was examined using BrdU incorporation assay and immunohistochemistry of phosphorylated histone H3. Migration of the endocardial cells was assessed using a collagen‐based cell migration assay.

RESULTS

The levels of inhibin βA expression and Smad2 and Smad3 activation were significantly reduced by maternal diabetes. Treatment with activin‐A significantly increased cell proliferation in the myocardium and migration of endocardial cells, compared with those in vehicle‐treated high glucose group, to the level in the euglycemic control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Maternal diabetes suppresses the expression of inhibin βA protein, as well as the activation of Smad2 and Smad3. Activin‐A rescues cell proliferation in the myocardium and migration of the endocardial cells suppressed by hyperglycemia. The activin‐Smad2/3 signaling system appears to play a role in cardiac malformation in diabetic embryopathy. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 98:260–267, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bactericidal properties of the antimicrobial peptide Ib‐AMP4 from Impatiens balsamina produced as a recombinant fusion‐protein in Escherichia coli
Authors: Fan Xiaobo , Schäfer Holger , Reichling Jürgen , Wink Michael
Published: May 2013

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a novel class of powerful natural antimicrobial agents. As AMPs are bactericidal, production of AMPs in recombinant bacteria is far from trivial. We report the production of Impatiens balsamina antimicrobial peptide 4 (Ib‐AMP4, originally isolated from Impatiens balsamina) in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein and investigate Ib‐AMP4's antimicrobial effects on human pathogens. A plasmid vector pET32a‐Trx‐Ib‐AMP4 was constructed and transferred into E. coli. After induction, a soluble fusion protein was expressed successfully. The Ib‐AMP4 peptide was obtained with a purity of over 90% after nickel affinity chromatography, ultrafiltration, enterokinase cleavage and sephadex size exclusion chromatography. For maximum activity, Ib‐AMP4, which possesses two disulfide bonds, required activation with 5 μg/mL H2O2. Antimicrobial assays showed that Ib‐AMP4 could efficiently target clinical multiresistant isolates including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing E. coli. Time kill experiments revealed that Ib‐AMP4 is bactericidal within 10 min after application. Haemolysis and cytotoxicity assays implied selectivity towards bacteria, an important prerequisite for clinical applications. Ib‐AMP4 might be an interesting candidate for clinical studies involving patients with septicemia or for coating clinical devices, such as catheters. The method described here may be applicable for expression and purification of other AMPs with multiple disulfide bridges.
Asymmetric Addition of Cyanide to β‐Nitroalkenes Catalysed by Chiral Salen Complexes of Titanium(IV) and Vanadium(V)
Authors: North Michael , Watson James M.
Published: May 2013

Structurally well‐defined bimetallic titanium(IV) (salen) and monometallic vanadium(V) (salen) complexes have been used as catalysts for the asymmetric addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to β‐nitroalkenes to produce chiral nitronitriles with ee values in the range of 79–89 % and conversions up to 100 % at 0 °C. The reaction conditions (solvent, temperature, time and vanadium complex counter‐ion) were optimised, and it was shown that the catalyst loading could be significantly reduced (20 to 2 mol %) and the reaction temperature increased (−40 to 0 °C) compared to previous studies that used an in situ prepared catalyst. The results are compared and contrasted with previous results obtained by using the same catalysts for the asymmetric addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to aldehydes, and a transition‐state structure for the asymmetric addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to nitroalkenes is proposed to account for the observed stereochemistry.
Multistep Continuous‐Flow Synthesis in Medicinal Chemistry: Discovery and Preliminary Structure–Activity Relationships of CCR8 Ligands
Authors: Petersen Trine P. , Mirsharghi Sahar , Rummel Pia C. , Thiele Stefanie , Rosenkilde Mette M. , Ritzén Andreas , Ulven Trond
Published: May 2013

A three‐step continuous‐flow synthesis system and its application to the assembly of a new series of chemokine receptor ligands directly from commercial building blocks is reported. No scavenger columns or solvent switches are necessary to recover the desired test compounds, which were obtained in overall yields of 49–94 %. The system is modular and flexible, and the individual steps of the sequence can be interchanged with similar outcome, extending the scope of the chemistry. Biological evaluation confirmed activity on the chemokine CCR8 receptor and provided initial structure–activity‐relationship (SAR) information for this new ligand series, with the most potent member displaying full agonist activity with single‐digit nanomolar potency. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first published example of efficient use of multistep flow synthesis combined with biological testing and SAR studies in medicinal chemistry.
Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF)‐Derived, Hollow‐Core, Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanostructures for Oxygen‐Reduction Reactions in PEFCs
Authors: Palaniselvam Thangavelu , Biswal Bishnu P. , Banerjee Rahul , Kurungot Sreekumar
Published: May 2013

The facile synthesis of a porous carbon material that is doped with iron‐coordinated nitrogen active sites (FeNC‐70) is demonstrated by following an inexpensive synthetic pathway with a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐70) as a template. To emphasize the possibility of tuning the porosity and surface area of the resulting carbon materials based on the structure of the parent ZIF, two other ZIFs, that is, ZIF‐68 and ZIF‐69, are also synthesized. The resulting active carbon material that is derived from ZIF‐70, that is, FeNC‐70, exhibits the highest BET surface area of 262 m2 g−1 compared to the active carbon materials that are derived from ZIF‐68 and ZIF‐69. The HR‐TEM images of FeNC‐70 show that the carbon particles have a bimodal structure that is composed of a spherical macroscopic pore (about 200 nm) and a mesoporous shell. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals the presence of Fe‐N‐C moieties, which are the primary active sites for the oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR). Quantitative estimation by using EDAX analysis reveals a nitrogen content of 14.5 wt. %, along with trace amounts of iron (0.1 wt. %), in the active FeNC‐70 catalyst. This active porous carbon material, which is enriched with Fe‐N‐C moieties, reduces the oxygen molecule with an onset potential at 0.80 V versus NHE through a pathway that involves 3.3–3.8 e− under acidic conditions, which is much closer to the favored 4 e− pathway for the ORR. The onset potential of FeNC‐70 is significantly higher than those of its counterparts (FeNC‐68 and FeNC‐69) and of other reported systems. The FeNC‐based systems also exhibit much‐higher tolerance towards MeOH oxidation and electrochemical stability during an accelerated durability test (ADT). Electrochemical analysis and structural characterizations predict that the active sites for the ORR are most likely to be the in situ generated NFeN2+2/C moieties, which are distributed along the carbon framework.
Aerobic Oxidation of 9H‐Fluorenes to 9‐Fluorenones using Mono‐/Multilayer Graphene‐Supported Alkaline Catalyst
Authors: Zhang Xin , Ji Xuan , Su Ruifei , Weeks Brandon L. , Zhang Zhao , Deng Songlu
Published: May 2013

The synthesis of 9‐fluorenone derivatives has been achieved in high yield and with high purity by aerobic oxidation of 9H‐fluorenes at room temperature in the presence of a graphene‐supported KOH composite that acts as a catalyst in N,N‐dimethylformamide. The new protocol involves very simple work‐up procedures, and the solvent and the catalyst can be recycled and reused. A scaled‐up preparative study employing this method was also conducted and showed its advantages of being both cost‐effective and environmentally friendly, and has potential for application in industrial processes.
Foraging area fidelity for Kemp's ridleys in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Shaver Donna J. , Hart Kristen M. , Fujisaki Ikuko , Rubio Cynthia , Sartain Autumn R. , Peña Jaime , Burchfield Patrick M. , Gamez Daniel Gomez , Ortiz Jaime
Published: May 2013

For many marine species, locations of key foraging areas are not well defined. We used satellite telemetry and switching state‐space modeling (SSM) to identify distinct foraging areas used by Kemp's ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) tagged after nesting during 1998–2011 at Padre Island National Seashore, Texas, USA (PAIS; N = 22), and Rancho Nuevo, Tamaulipas, Mexico (RN; N = 9). Overall, turtles traveled a mean distance of 793.1 km (±347.8 SD) to foraging sites, where 24 of 31 turtles showed foraging area fidelity (FAF) over time (N = 22 in USA, N = 2 in Mexico). Multiple turtles foraged along their migratory route, prior to arrival at their “final” foraging sites. We identified new foraging “hotspots” where adult female Kemp's ridley turtles spent 44% of their time during tracking (i.e., 2641/6009 tracking days in foraging mode). Nearshore Gulf of Mexico waters served as foraging habitat for all turtles tracked in this study; final foraging sites were located in water <68 m deep and a mean distance of 33.2 km (±25.3 SD) from the nearest mainland coast. Distance to release site, distance to mainland shore, annual mean sea surface temperature, bathymetry, and net primary production were significant predictors of sites where turtles spent large numbers of days in foraging mode. Spatial similarity of particular foraging sites selected by different turtles over the 13‐year tracking period indicates that these areas represent critical foraging habitat, particularly in waters off Louisiana. Furthermore, the wide distribution of foraging sites indicates that a foraging corridor exists for Kemp's ridleys in the Gulf. Our results highlight the need for further study of environmental and bathymetric components of foraging sites and prey resources contained therein, as well as international cooperation to protect essential at‐sea foraging habitats for this imperiled species.
Phase behavior of symmetrical monounsaturated triacylglycerols
Authors: Smith Kevin W. , Bhaggan Krish , Talbot Geoff
Published: May 2013

The unique properties of cocoa butter (CB) are due to the fact that it is composed, for the most part, of just three TAGs, 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol (POP), 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol (StOSt), and rac‐1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐3‐stearoylglycerol (POSt). In this study we have examined blends, at 10% intervals, across the ternary of these three TAG by stabilizing them during a lengthy temperature regime designed to induce the most stable polymorph at the point of melting. The liquidus observed is in good agreement with that predicted using the Hildebrand model. A eutectic is seen in each binary system, with a possible ternary eutectic present at about POP:POSt 1:1 and <10% StOSt. CB stabilized following the same regime exhibits solid fat contents much greater than those obtained following the standard IUPAC 2.150(b) stabilization, likely to be due to the presence of the βVI polymorph rather than the βV form.

Practical applications: The processing characteristics and final properties of fat based products depend greatly on the composition, crystallization, and melting properties of the fat or fats involved. In the case of chocolate and confectionery, this fat is CB. The present study confirms many of the relevant published phase diagrams and emphasizes the compositional areas having similar melting behavior to that of CB and, hence, suitable for cocoa butter equivalents.
A New Life for an Old Reagent: Fluoroalkyl Amino Reagents as Efficient Tools for the Synthesis of Diversely Fluorinated Pyrazoles
Authors: Pazenok Sergiy , Giornal Florence , Landelle Grégory , Lui Norbert , Vors Jean‐Pierre , Leroux Frédéric R.
Published: May 2013

Herein we describe the first practical method for the regioselective preparation of 3,5‐bis(fluoroalkyl)pyrazoles. Starting from commercially available fluoroacetoacetates and by using (tetrafluoroethyl)dimethylamine as a convenient CF2H transfer reagent, this straightforward one‐pot sequence affords highly substituted pyrazoles in good yields and excellent regioselectivity. Furthermore, these carboxylate intermediates were converted into the corresponding pyrazolic acids, which are valuable building blocks for the design of novel bioactive ingredients.
Travelling wave ion mobility and negative ion fragmentation for the structural determination of N‐linked glycans
Authors: Harvey David J. , Scarff Charlotte A. , Edgeworth Matthew , Crispin Max , Scanlan Christopher N. , Sobott Frank , Allman Sarah , Baruah Kavitha , Pritchard Laura , Scrivens James H.
Published: May 2013

Travelling wave ion mobility was investigated for its ability to separate N‐glycans from other compounds and for resolution of isomers. Charged glycans, exemplified by sialylated complex N‐glycans released from bovine fetuin and ionised by electrospray, could be separated from residual glycopeptides allowing the minor, more highly sialylated compounds to be detected where their ions were obscured by ions from other compounds in different charge states. This technique was also found to be excellent for extracting the N‐glycan profiles from contaminated samples. Structural identification of the glycans was performed by negative ion CID fragmentation, a method that provides a wealth of structurally diagnostic ions. However, fragment ions can also appear in the glycan profiles where they can be mistaken for glycan molecular ions. Fragments and molecular ions were frequently shown to have different drift time profiles, allowing them to be differentiated. Some separation of isomers was found but only for the smallest compounds. Differentiation from conformers was achieved by plotting drift time profiles of the fragments; these profiles matched those of the precursor ions where conformers were present. The techniques were applied to investigations of N‐glycans released from the fungus Piptoporus betulinus where the technique was used to separate different carbohydrate types present in biological extracts.
Proteomic analysis of human epithelial lining fluid by microfluidics‐based nanoLC‐MS/MS: A feasibility study
Authors: Franciosi Lorenza , Govorukhina Natalia , Fusetti Fabrizia , Poolman Bert , Lodewijk Monique E. , Timens Wim , Postma Dirkje , ten Hacken Nick , Bischoff Rainer
Published: May 2013

Microfluidics‐based nanoLC‐MS/MS (chipLC‐MS/MS) was used to identify and quantify proteins in epithelial lining fluid (ELF), collected during bronchoscopy from the main bronchi of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and healthy controls using microprobes. ELF is a biofluid that is well suited to study pathophysiological processes in the lung, because it contains high concentrations of biologically active molecules. 1D‐PAGE followed by in‐gel tryptic digestion and chipLC‐MS/MS resulted in identification of approximately 300 proteins. A comparative study of ELF from COPD patients and non‐COPD controls using chemical stable isotope labeling (iTRAQ®‐8Plex) showed that the levels of lactotransferrin, high‐mobility group protein B1 (HMGB 1), alpha 1‐antichymotrypsin and cofilin‐1 differed significantly in ELF from COPD patients and non‐COPD controls (p‐values < 0.05). These results were reproduced in another, independent set of ELF samples from COPD patients and non‐COPD controls and further validated by immunohistochemistry. This study shows the feasibility of performing chipLC‐MS/MS and quantitative proteomics in human ELF.
Detection and quantification of 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine in Alzheimer's transgenic mouse urine using capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Nestorova Gergana , Rissman Robert A. , Feng June
Published: May 2013

8‐Hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) is one of the major forms of oxidative DNA damage, and is commonly analyzed as an excellent marker of DNA lesions. The purpose of this study was to develop a sensitive method to accurately and rapidly quantify the 8‐OHdG by using CE‐LIF detection. The method involved the use of specific antibody to detect the DNA lesion (8‐OHdG) and consecutive fluorescence labeling. Next, urinary 8‐OHdG fluorescently labeled along with other constituents were resolved by capillary electrophoretic system and the lesion of interest was detected using a fluorescence detector. The limit of detection was 0.18 fmol, which proved sufficient sensitivity for detection and quantification of 8‐OHdG in untreated urine samples. The relative standard deviation was found to be 11.32% for migration time and 5.52% for peak area. To demonstrate the utility of this method, the urinary concentration of 8‐OHdG in an Alzheimer's transgenic mouse model was determined. Collectively, our results indicate that this methodology offers great advantages, such as high separation efficiency, good selectivity, low limit of detection, simplicity and low cost of analysis.
Differences in protein changes between stress‐induced premature senescence and replicative senescence states
Authors: Aan Goon Jo , Hairi Haryati Ahmad , Makpol Suzana , Rahman Mariati Abdul , Karsani Saiful Anuar
Published: May 2013

Replicative senescence and stress‐induced premature senescence (SIPS) cells are known to share certain traits. However, whether these cells are different at the protein level is unclear. Thus, this study has utilized proteomics to identify differences in the proteomes of replicative senescence and SIPS cells compared to normal cells. Replicative senescence was induced by serial passage of normal cells in culture. SIPS was established by exposure to H2O2 at a subcytotoxic concentration of 20 μM for two weeks. Following 2DE, protein profiles were compared and protein spots that changed in abundance were identified by MALDI‐TOF MS. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR was then performed to evaluate the transcript expression of selected altered proteins. A total of 24 and 10 proteins were found to have changed in abundance in replicative senescence and SIPS cells, respectively, when compared to young cells. Quantitative RT‐PCR revealed that nine genes showed the same direction of change as observed in the proteomics analysis. Very little overlap was observed between proteins that changed in replicative senescence and SIPS cells, suggesting that although both SIPS and replicative senescence cells share hallmarks of cellular senescence, they were different in terms of proteins that changed in abundance.
Weighted averaged equations for modeling velocity profiles of 1D steady open channel flows
Authors: Xia Cenling , Benedicenti Luigi , Field Tom
Published: May 2013

A new mathematical algorithm is proposed to address the essential details of vertical distributions of horizontal velocity for one‐dimensional steady open‐channel flow. This new algorithm comprises a system of weighted averaged equations developed from corresponding Reynolds equations by performing weighted average operations instead of conventional depth average operations. It is the system of weighted averaged equations, instead of the vertical grids, that allows for more hydraulic coefficients identifiable. It can be thought of as an extension of the St. Venant equations to address the vertical distributions of horizontal velocities, as well as the water surface profiles.

To avoid the difficult expansion of governing partial differential equations in high order, an indirect scheme is proposed to solve hydraulic variables through their weighted average values. The governing partial differential equations are generated by using a variety of weight functions, and the weighted averages of relevant hydraulic variables are taken as the unknown independent variables to be solved first. Then, on the basis of the values and polynomial expansions of these weighted averaged velocities, a system of linear algebraic equations is generated and the unknown hydraulic variables or their coefficients are easily solved.

Note that the new model is not proposed to compete with any three‐dimensional models in modeling accuracy or accommodation ability to all conditions. It just provides a valuable option to study the vertical structure of flow in open channels where only essential detail and reasonable accuracy of vertical distributions are required, and the data availability and other conditions limit the application of fully three‐dimensional models. The performance of the model is evaluated with experimental data of flows in two different flumes. It is shown that the model well predicted the velocity profiles of sections along the centerlines of these flumes with reasonable accuracy and essential details of vertical distributions of horizontal velocity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative analysis of nutritional quality of five different cultivars of sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas (L) Lam) in Sri Lanka
Authors: Senanayake Suraji A. , Ranaweera K. K. D. S. , Gunaratne Anil , Bamunuarachchi Arthur
Published: May 2013

Nutritional attributes of flours obtained from five different cultivars of sweet potato roots commonly available in Sri Lanka showed significant differences in the tested parameters. The starch level ranged between 33% and 64% on the dry basis and the extractability from fresh tubers was governed by the quantity of starch. The crude fiber level ranged between 2.1% and 13.6% on dry basis and the highest level was observed in swp7 (CARI 273) and resistant starch ranged from 14.2% to 17.2%. Higher percentage of resistant starch from total starch was found in Wariyapola red (swp1) cultivar resulting in lower digestion level while higher levels of digestion was evident in cultivars with lower levels of resistant starch with high level of total starch. Low levels of calcium and significant levels of iron were found in the five cultivars studied. Crude protein level was in the range of 1.2–3.3% on dry basis and trypsin inhibitor activity level (TIA) was significantly different (P > 0.05) in the cultivars studied while heating resulted in a significantly high reduction in the TIA level than in unheated condition. Polygonal or round shaped starch granules were in the range of 16.8–23.5 μm and low level of starch digestion was shown in cultivars containing larger granules. Total amylose content lies in the range 15.4–19.6% and cultivars having higher percentage of amylose showed higher level of in vitro pancreatic digestion (Pallepola [swp4] and swp7). The starch digestibility of sweet potato flour was in the range of 36–55% and the highest digestion was observed in swp7. Orange fleshed cultivars (swp4 and swp7) were comparatively rich in nutrients and digestibility than the other three studied cultivars.
Copy neutral loss of heterozygosity is more frequent in older ovarian cancer patients
Authors: Pedersen Brent S. , Konstantinopoulos Panagiotis A. , Spillman Monique A. , De Subhajyoti
Published: May 2013

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a common type of genomic alterations in ovarian cancer. Analyzing 74,415 copy neutral LOH events in 513 serous ovarian adenocarcinomas samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas, we report that the frequency of LOH events increases with age. Similar trend is observed for LOH involving chromosome 17, which is frequently implicated in ovarian cancer. The results are consistent when we analyze data from the Boston high‐grade serous cancer cohort. We further show that germ line and somatic mutations in BRCA1 (in chromosome 17) and BRCA2 (in chromosome 13) loci are not necessary to establish the pattern. We also report significant age‐related changes in expression patterns for several genes in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway, such as BRCA1, RAD50, RAD52, XRCC2, XRCC3, and MRE11A in these patient samples. Furthermore, we develop a metric for pathway‐level imbalance, and show that increased imbalance in the HR pathway, i.e., increase in expression of some HR genes and decrease in expression of others, is common and correlates significantly with the frequency of LOH events in the patient samples. Taken together, it is highly likely that aging and deregulation of HR pathway contribute to the increased incidence of copy‐neutral LOH in ovarian cancer patients. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Global statistical evidence for chorus as the embryonic source of plasmaspheric hiss
Authors: Meredith Nigel P. , Horne Richard B. , Bortnik Jacob , Thorne Richard M. , Chen Lunjin , Li Wen , Sicard‐Piet Angélica
Published: May 2013

The origin of plasmaspheric hiss, the electromagnetic emission responsible for the gap between the inner and outer radiation belts, has been debated for over four decades. Recently, a new theory proposed that chorus, which is excited in the equatorial region outside the plasmapause, can propagate to low altitudes on the dayside and evolve into plasmaspheric hiss. Here we combine data from six satellites and show that chorus extends along the Earth's magnetic field to high latitudes in the prenoon sector, and, in the equatorial region, there is a clear gap of the order of 1–2 Earth radii between plasmaspheric hiss at L∗<4 and chorus further out, consistent with ray tracing modeling from a chorus source. Our observations confirm two of the key predictions of the new theory and provide the first statistical evidence for chorus as the embryonic source of plasmaspheric hiss.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, Resistivities and Electronic Structures of Hf5Al3‐xSbx (x = 0.70, 1.44, 2.14)
Authors: Huang Wen‐Heng , Chung Ming‐Yan , Lee Chi‐Shen
Published: May 2013

Three new hafnium aluminum antimonides Hf5Al3‐xSbx (x = 0.70, 1.44, 2.14) were synthesized from pure elements in an arc‐melting reaction; structures were solved from the X‐ray diffraction data of single crystals. Al and Sb mixing produced two homogeneity ranges; the Mn5Si3 structural type was homogeneous for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0, and the W5Si3 structure covered the range 2.0 ≤ x ≤ 2.5. Both structures are condensations of two polyhedrons stacked along the c‐axis. Calculations of the electronic structures revealed substantial contributions from Hf‐Sb interactions; heteroatomic bonding in Hf‐Al and Hf‐Sb contacts affected the stabilities of these two phases. Measurements of the resistivity of polycrystalline samples revealed a dependence on temperature, indicating metallic behavior, consistent with the results of our calculations.
Theoretical Analysis of Fe K‐edge XANES on Mononitrosyl Iron Complex [(NO)Fe(S2C6H4)2][PPN]
Authors: Lee Ya‐Wen , Hsu I‐Jui
Published: May 2013

X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) becomes one of the important techniques to characterize the active metal site of crystalline or non‐crystalline materials. The x‐ray absorption near structure (XANES) of Fe K‐edge is often used to monitor the variation of the oxidation states and the local geometric structures in a series of Fe complexes or in situ reactions such as synthetic catalysts and metalloproteins. We provide a detailed interpretation of Fe K‐edge XANES features on the mononitrosyl iron complex, [(NO)Fe(S2C6H4)2][PPN], based on the theoretical calculation results of FDM (finite difference method) and TDDFT (time‐dependent density functional theory). The pre‐edge peak is mainly the transition of 1s(Fe) → 3dz2(Fe)(mixing with 3pz(S)). The following rising edge to white line region is related to Fe‐S and Fe‐N bonding. To apply the results, we have studied the variation of XANES features with systematically changing of Fe‐N bond lengths. The increasing of Fe‐N bond lengths leads to the XANES feature shifting to lower energy owing to reducing the orbitals overlapped between Fe and N.
Simulated kinetic effects of the corona and solar cycle on high altitude ion transport at Mars
Authors: Curry S. M. , Liemohn M. , Fang X. , Brain D. , Ma Y.
Published: May 2013

We present results from the Mars Test Particle (MTP) simulation as part of a community‒wide model comparison in order to quantify the role of different neutral atmospheric conditions in planetary ion transport and escape. This study examines the effects of individual ion motion by simulating particle trajectories for three cases: solar minimum without the neutral corona, solar minimum with the inclusion of the neutral corona, and solar maximum with the inclusion of the neutral corona. The MTP simulates 1.5 billion test particles through background electric and magnetic fields computed by a global magnetohydrodynamic model. By implementing virtual detectors in the simulation, the MTP has generated velocity space distributions of pickup ions and quantifies the ion acceleration at different spatial locations. The study found that the inclusion of a hot neutral corona greatly affects the total O+ production and subsequent loss, roughly doubling the total escape for solar minimum conditions and directly contributing to high energy sources above 10 keV. The solar cycle influences the amount of O+ flux observed by the virtual detectors, increasing the O+ flux and total escape by an order of magnitude from solar minimum to maximum. Additionally, solar maximum case induces greater mass loading of the magnetic fields, which decreases the gyroradius of the ions and redirects a significant ion population downtail to subsequently escape.