bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in sub‐water table fluid flow at the end of the Proterozoic and its implications for gas pulsars and MVT lead–zinc deposits
Authors: CATHLES L. M.
Published: April 2007

A fundamental change in the nature of sub‐water table fluid flow occurred at roughly the Proterozoic–Phanerozoic boundary when organic matter began to be buried in sufficient quantities that nonaqueous fluids could occupy a significant fraction of the pore space. This allowed the formation of remarkably durable capillary seals that could trap gas in large portions (hundreds of kilometers) of a basin for hundreds of millions of years. Gas loss from these gas zones can be highly dynamic, especially during gas generation. Under the right circumstances, hundreds of cubic kilometers of gas can be rapidly discharged into adjacent permeable aquifers. In Pennsylvanian/Permian time, the Arkoma Basin may have repeatedly discharged such volumes of gas into the very permeable Cambrian sandstone and karstic carbonate aquifers of the mid‐continent of the United States. This could have displaced brines rapidly enough to form the Mississippi Valley‐type (MVT) lead–zinc deposits of this age that are associated with the Arkoma Basin, heating them only briefly as required by maturity indicators. Sea level rise accompanying the melting of Permian continental glaciers may have triggered the gas expulsion events. This radically new mechanism for the formation of MVT deposits is just one example of the nonlinear dynamics of gas accumulations that are possible since Late Proterozoic time.
Fluids, basin analysis, and mineral deposits
Authors: KYSER T. K.
Published: April 2007

Sedimentary basins are the largest structures on the surface of our planet and the most significant sources of energy‐related commodities. With time, sedimentary successions in basins normally are subjected to increasingly intense diagenesis that results in differential evolution of basin hydrology. This hydrologic structure is in turn vitally important in determining how and where deposition of metals may occur. Fluids in all basins originate and flow as a result of sedimentological and tectonic events, so that fluid histories should reflect the control of both lithology and tectonism on ore deposition. Sandstone lithologies, in particular, reflect fluid‐flow events because they are normally the major aquifers in basins. However, early cementation results in occlusion of primary permeability in some facies (diagenetic aquitards) whereas in others, permeability develops due to the dissolution of unstable grains (diagenetic aquifers). Particularly for ore deposits in Precambrian basins, identification of paleohydrologic systems during basin evolution requires the integration of data derived from tectonics, sedimentology, stratigraphy, diagenesis, geochemistry and geology. Assessment of all these data is a prerequisite for the ‘holistic basin analysis’ needed to guide the search for basin‐hosted ores.

Recent results from the Paleoproterozoic Mt Isa and McArthur basins in northern Australia serve as a template for exploring for mineral deposits in basins. Basinal fluids were saline, 200–300°C and evolved primarily from meteoric water in the Mt Isa Basin and from seawater in the McArthur Basin during burial to depths of 4–12 km. The δDfluid and δ18Ofluid values in these brines were isotopically identical to those in the Zn‐Pb, Cu and U deposits. Geochemical changes of various lithologies during alteration support detrital minerals as the major source of the U, and volcanic units proximal to diagenetic aquifers as a source for the transition metals. Ages of diagenetic phases extracted from aquifer lithologies reveal that fluid migration from the diagenetic aquifers effectively covers the period of formation for U, Zn‐Pb and Cu mineralization, and that the deposits formed in response to tectonic events reflected in the apparent polar wandering path for the area. Sequence stratigraphic analysis and models of fluid flow also indicate that basinal reservoirs were likely sources for the mineralizing fluids. Thus, diagenetic aquifer lithologies were being drained of fluids at the same time as the deposits were forming from fluids that were chemically and isotopically similar, linking diagenesis and fluid events within the basin to the formation of the deposits.
Evidence of calcium‐ and SNARE‐dependent release of CuZn superoxide dismutase from rat pituitary GH3 cells and synaptosomes in response to depolarization
Authors: Santillo Mariarosaria , Secondo Agnese , Serù Rosalba , Damiano Simona , Garbi Corrado , Taverna Elena , Rosa Patrizia , Giovedì Silvia , Benfenati Fabio , Mondola Paolo
Published: April 2007

The antioxidant enzyme CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is secreted by many cell lines. However, it is not clear whether SOD1 secretion is only constitutive or can be regulated in an activity‐dependent fashion. Using rat pituitary GH3 cells that express voltage‐dependent calcium channels and are subjected to Ca2+ oscillations, we found that treatment with high K+‐induced SOD1 release that was significantly higher than the constitutive secretion. Evoked SOD1 release was correlated with depolarization‐dependent calcium influx and was virtually abolished by removal of extracellular calcium with EGTA or by pre‐incubation of GH3 cells with Botulinum toxin A that cleaves the SNARE protein SNAP‐25. Immunofluorescence experiments performed in GH3 cells and rat brain synaptosomes showed that K+‐depolarization induced a marked depletion of intracellular SOD1 immunoreactivity, an effect that was again abolished in the absence of extracellular calcium or after treatment with Botulinum toxin A. Subcellular fractionation analysis showed that SOD1 was present in large dense core vesicles. These data clearly show that, in addition to the constitutive SOD1 secretion, depolarization induces an additional rapid calcium‐dependent SOD1 release in GH3 cells and in rat brain synaptosomes. This likely occurs through exocytosis from SOD1‐containing vesicles operated by the SNARE complex.
Arachidonic acid metabolism in brain physiology and pathology: lessons from genetically altered mouse models
Authors: Bosetti Francesca
Published: April 2007

The arachidonic acid (AA) cascade involves the release of AA from the membrane phospholipids by a phospholipase A2, followed by its subsequent metabolism to bioactive prostanoids by cyclooxygenases coupled with terminal synthases. Altered brain AA metabolism has been implicated in neurological, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. The development of genetically altered mice lacking specific enzymes of the AA cascade has helped to elucidate the individual roles of these enzymes in brain physiology and pathology. The roles of AA and its metabolites in brain physiology, with a particular emphasis on the phospholipase A2/cyclooxygenases pathway, are summarized, and the specific phenotypes of genetically altered mice relevant to brain physiology and neurotoxic models are discussed.
Drugs and the Fetus: A Consumer's Guide by Generic and Brand Name
Authors: O'Brien Thomas E. , McManus Carol E.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT:The principles of various mechanisms of drug transport across the placenta are described and difficulties in testing for adverse fetal effects of drugs are discussed. Drugs are listed as to purpose, brand name and generic name, and the results of any human testing and adverse effects are reported.
“Physiologic” Jaundice of the Newborn
Authors: Simkin Penny , Simkin Peter A. , Edwards Margot
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Bilirubin metabolism is reviewed and neonatal jaundice of various types is described. The need for quick, accurate tests for unbound, unconjugated bilirubin is discussed in relation to new suggestions that lower levels of this specific portion of bilirubin may cause damage in the newborn The benefits and risks of present treatments are evaluated.
Sex Concerns of Young Adolescents
Authors: Parcel Guy S. , Finkelstein Jordan , Luttman David , Nader Philip R.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: A 10‐week sex education program was designed for 55 students who were 14 to 15 years old. A 25‐item check list of sexual concerns was given at the beginning and end of the course. The course had little effect in reducing the number of students expressing concern on listed topics, and several topics were of more concern after the course than before. The use of list to measure the impact of such programs is discussed.
The Adjustment of Fathers to their First Baby: The Roles of Parenting Groups and Marital Relationship
Authors: Wandersman Lois Pall
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Forty‐seven first‐time fathers from Lamaze classes were studied by means of self‐reports of their feelings of well‐being, sense of competence as parents, views of their babies’temperaments, marital relationships and social support systems. These self‐reports were recorded at 2–3 months, 5–6 months and 9–10 months after childbirth. Twenty of the fathers were attending parenting groups during this period, while 27 fathers expressed interest but did not attend. Fathers participated more in baby care and felt more comfortable as parents as their babies become older, but they reported a slight decrease in marital satisfaction. Although fathers who attended parenting groups showed the same pattern of adjustment as did fathers who did not participate in the groups, they reported significantly lower feelings of relaxation and health for themselves, and more fussy moods in their babies at each of the three points during the first year. The quality of the marital relationship and attendance at parenting groups were associated with positive over‐all adjustment to the baby at 9–10 months.
Childbirth Education: An Assessment of its Role in the Education of Residents in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors: Lee Wesley , Darney Philip D.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: In mid‐1979 a two‐part survey was distributed to 308 U.S. obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) residency directors and to the prepared childbirth patient education programs at affiliated hospitals. The study was designed to examine the emphasis placed on teaching obstetrical psychoprophylaxis to pregnant patients and to the resident physicians who care for them during labor. After two separate mailings, approximately one‐half of the programs responded. Fifty‐five percent of the responding residency program directors felt that more emphasis was needed in teaching prepared childbirth methods to residents, while approximately two‐thirds stated that relaxation and breathing principles were included in their curriculum, but education about such subjects is generally acquired informally while patients are already in labor.

Our results indicate that there are some important differences in subject matter between what prepared childbirth educators impart to patients and what OB/GYN program directors state that residents are taught. It is not known to what extent these differences hinder patients from applying what they have learned or whether the systematic exposure of residents to prepared childbirth education would actually prove to be beneficial. Other unresolved issues include the evaluation of current methods used by residents to learn prepared childbirth education informally on the ward and whether more orientation to these topics for residents is a reasonable expectation.
Mastery: The Key to Childbirth Satisfaction? A Study
Authors: Humenick Sharron S. , Bugen Larry A.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: The authors present research findings which show that prenatal expectations towards childbirth participation are somewhat predictive of three‐week postpartum descriptions of childbirth experiences. In a comparison of prenatal to postnatal scores on the scale of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire measuring instrumentality, group mean was shown to increase significantly in the postnatal measure. These gain scores were found to correlate significantly with women's perceived mastery behavior during childbirth, thus indicating support of a model in which mastery is described as the. key to childbirth satisfaction.
Childbirth Educator Burn‐out
Authors: Adrian Betsy K.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: The process of changing from an enthusiastic childbirth educator through stages of unease, discontent, and disillusionment is described. The source of burn‐out was a growing realization of the disparity between the humane childbirth practices described in classes and the routines of the hospital. Childbirth educators can feel free of this conflict of interest only when they receive referrals from community sources, and establish themselves as representatives of the parents rather than the hospital and doctors.
Satisfaction with Postpartum Care: Opportunities for Bonding, Reconstructing the Birth and Instruction
Authors: Sullivan Deborah A. , Beeman Ruth
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: The declining length of postpartum stay in hospitals has made it more difficult for staff to provide the kind of care recommended in the nursing literature. This study examines the association between satisfaction with care and three clinical procedures—parent‐infant bonding, reconstructing birth events and instruction in care of self and baby.

Data taken from an Arizona statewide survey of women who recently gave birth indicated little dissatisfaction with care. However, contingency table analysis revealed that level of satisfaction is associated with the provision of opportunities for parent‐infant bonding, review of birthing experience and instruction in care of mother and newborn. Strategies for increasing level of satisfaction are discussed.
The Management of Breastfeeding
Authors: Cerutti Edward R.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: The physiology of engorgement, its etiology and methods to avoid it are discussed. The mechanics of milk ejection and nursing are described. Treatment for sore nipples includes frequent nursing, changing the position of the baby's mouth on the nipple, increased sun and air exposure, and pain medication as necessary. The management of other related nursing problems is covered.
New Motherhood: A Time of Crisis?
Authors: Celotta Beverly
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Twenty‐three women who sought out prenatal (22) and parenting (23) classes scored in the normal range for physical complaints, ego strength, depression, anxiety, and the lie scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) at an average of 3.5 months postpartum, and had improved scores overall when tested again six weeks later. It is suggested that for this group of women new parenthood may not be as great a crisis as some studies have indicated.
Education for Vaginal Birth After Cesarean
Authors: Shearer Elizabeth Conner
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Childbirth education for parents who elect to attempt a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) has many of the same elements of traditional childbirth education, including the imparting of knowledge and confidence, training in breathing and relaxation techniques, and helping parents to arrange for the most supportive environment and caregivers. Special differences in VBAC parents include the need to mourn the previous loss of an ideal birth, to analyze why they want a VBAC, and to understand the reason for the previous cesarean and realistically assess the chance of recurrence. The fear of uterine rupture or scar separation afflicts both parents and physicians, but has been shown to occur no more frequently than in repeat cesarean. By one analysis the elective repeat cesarean is a higher risk procedure than is a trial of labor.
Infant Feeding Practices of Middle‐Class Breastfeeding and Formula‐Feeding Mothers
Authors: Peters Deborah C. , Worthington‐Roberts Bonnie
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Of 100 new mothers self‐selected for study, 87 percent breastfed for at least 2 weeks, and a mean of 6.8 months. Upon weaning, 29 percent of infants were given cow's milk and the remainder were fed formula. Breastfeeding mothers introduced solid foods later, used more homemade baby foods, were more likely to have attended prenatal classes, and were more receptive to infant feeding advice from friends and classes, while formula‐feeding mothers preferred the advice of their pediatricians.
Exposure to Drugs With Possible Adverse Effects During Pregnancy and Birth
Authors: Woodward Lynn , Brackbill Yvonne , McManus Karen , Doering Paul , Robinson David
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: This study investigated drug exposure during pregnancy and childbirth, the status of those drugs with respect to adverse effects, and the amount of information mothers have about the drugs to which they are exposed. Data on drug exposure and information were obtained by interview and from medical records. Subjects were 304 randomly selected postpartum inpatients who had delivered clinically normal babies. Results indicate that during pregnancy many mothers consume drugs with teratogenic or toxic potential. They have very little information about these drugs. During labor and delivery, most mothers are administered drugs with even more teratogenic or toxic potential and have even less information about these drugs.
Motivation to Take Childbirth Education: Implications for Studies of Effectiveness
Authors: McCraw Ronald K. , Abplanalp Judith M.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Studies on the effectiveness of childbirth preparation classes which use outcome measures such as the duration of labor and the amount of analgesic and anesthetic have often produced negative results. This may be due to failure to take into account different motives women have for participating in classes. These motives may influence the frequency of practice of the childbirth exercises, and willingness of women to accept obstetrical medication.

In this study 77 primiparas were asked why they planned to attend Lamaze classes. Results suggest that a majority of women take Lamaze classes for reasons other than reducing medication during childbirth, and that physicians and nurses have little influence over women's decision to take the classes.
Maternity Care for Vietnamese in America
Authors: Thomas Ruth Gordon , Tumminia Patricia A.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Among Vietnamese families receiving maternity care in the United States are people with at least five different social backgrounds and religious beliefs. Maternity care is affected by these, and many traditional cultural beliefs and customs regarding pregnancy and birth.
Preschool Siblings at Birth: Short‐term Effects
Authors: Lumley Judith
Published: April 2007

Questionnaires mailed to the first 100 families that gave birth at the Queen Victoria Hospital Birth Centre showed that 22 brought a preschool sibling to the birth, of whom 15 were girls. Many parents who had planned to bring a sibling did not, and of those who did many failed to provide a caregiver for the child as agreed.

Comparisons between children who were and were not present at birth showed no difference in preparation for the birth, apart from more frequent questions about the baby from siblings who were present. Two months after the birth there were no differences between children present and not present in hostile, affectionate, or regressive behaviors. However, when these were grouped, hostile behaviors were commoner among siblings present, and they were more likely to want to drink from a bottle or the breast than were siblings not present at birth. From this observational study there were no significant short‐term ill effects in children in this age group of being present at birth. (BIRTH 10:1, Spring 1983)
V. Diet Therapy and the Improvement of Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Jacobson Howard N.
Published: April 2007

There is an emerging agreement on the benefits of supplemental foods in the improvement of pregnancy outcome for women identified as being at risk of delivering a low birthweight infant because of nutritional factors. There is also an emerging recognition of the major points of the process by which such benefits might be accomplished. But in addition, experience in analyzing the results of the Montreal Diet Dispensary calls attention to several other issues that are also essential. (BIRTH 10:1, Spring 1983)
A Prospective Study of Mothers’ Attitudes and Feelings Following Cesarean and Vaginal Births
Authors: Bradley Christine F. , Ross Susan E. , Warnyca Jennifer
Published: April 2007

Anxiety, depression, attitudes to baby, and to pregnancy were studied in 125 primiparous women by means of a series of standardized psychological tests in pregnancy, while in the hospital, and at one month postpartum. Statistical analyses showed no significant difference in reported levels of anxiety, depressive affect, or attitudes to the baby between women delivered vaginally and those who had a cesarean birth. Although women who had cesarean births were more dissatisfied with the method of delivery, they were more satisfied with the help of the nurses than were women who had had vaginal births. These findings support the argument that having a cesarean section does not necessarily affect mothers’ reports of their development of maternal feelings toward the infant. (BIRTH 10:2, Summer 1983)
Scientific Inquiry and Authoritarianism in Perinatal Care and Education
Authors: Chalmers Lain
Published: April 2007

One of the features of scientific inquiry is its anti‐authoritarian nature. Because of this, authorities use a variety of strategies to obstruct scientific inquiry. This tension needs greater public exposure and discussion than it has received. This is necessary because the scientific method offers an efficient framework within which to protect families from the unintended adverse consequences of authoritarian prescriptions and proscriptions in perinatal care and education. (BIRTH 10:3, Fall 1983)
Employed Breastfeeding Mothers: Problems They Encounter
Authors: Auerbach Kathleen G.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: A survey of 567 self‐selected respondents who breastfed while employed outside the home was conducted to assess the legitimacy of the assumption that breastfeeding and maternal employment combine poorly.

Eighty‐six per cent of the respondents identified one or more difficulties, most of which were common to all parents. Breastfeeding problems were, with few exceptions, unrelated to employment. The respondents' most significant difficulty was role overload, a result of multiple demands to which they were responding.

The results suggest that specific information about breastfeeding, encouragement in setting priorities, and involving the mother's partner and others in household and child care duties may reduce the level of stress of working mothers who breastfeed.
Does the Duration and Frequency of Early Breastfeeding Affect Nipple Pain?
Authors: de Carvalho Manoel , Robertson Steven , Klaus Marshall H.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: To investigate the effects of the frequency and duration of breastfeedings on nipple soreness we studied two groups of mother‐infant pairs during the first 10 postpartum days. Mothers in the control group fed on a 3‐ to 4‐hour schedule and those in the experimental group were encouraged to breastfeed as frequently as the infants desired. All mothers recorded the time and duration of each breastfeeding for the first 10 days after delivery and gave their own daily assessments of nipple discomfort. Although mothers in the experimental group nursed significantly more frequently (10 vs. 7.4 feedings/24 hours, p >.0001), they did not experience more nipple soreness. There was no significant correlation between the frequency or duration of feedings and the degree of nipple soreness. In both groups there was a significant decrease in nipple soreness from days 1–5 to days 6–10 in spite of a significant increase in the frequency and duration of feedings over the same period. Our results suggest that frequent feedings in early lactation do not increase the incidence of nipple discomfort.
The Lactation Consultant: A New Profession
Authors: Edwards Margot
Published: April 2007

In the wake of the Surgeon General's Report, Breastfeeding & Human Lactation, interest in lactation counseling has grown. University‐based clinical and training programs have expanded, as has the private practice of lactation counseling. Lactation counselors counsel women with breastfeeding problems, give in‐service training programs, provide liaison services with employers and community agencies, and carry on training programs for lactation counselors.
Home Phototherapy for Newborn Jaundice
Authors: Ellis Judith
Published: April 2007

Home phototherapy programs for otherwise healthy term newborns are becoming popular because they do not necessitate the separation of the newborn from the family and are less costly than the same care delivered in hospital. Home phototherapy may operate under the auspices of a hospital or affiliated home health care agency, a private pediatric practice, or an independent nurse practice. Important elements of all programs include mechanisms for referral, criteria for selection of families, and monitoring the use of the bililights and the baby's progress during home visits by nurses. Programs we surveyed have been well received by parents. Caregivers report few problems or complications.
Infant Car Safety: The Role of Perinatal Caregivers
Authors: Davis Deborah J.
Published: April 2007

Motor vehicle accidents are the number one cause of morbidity and mortality of children. Yet parental compliance with restraint systems is 40.5 per cent. The lowest rates of compliance are with babies one to two months of age. The ideal time and place for infant car safety promotion is in expectant parent education programs and prenatal office consultations. Hospital maternity discharge nurses have an important role in motivating parents to install and properly use infant car seats.
Antenatal Preparation and Labor Support in Relation to Birth Outcomes
Authors: Bennett Adrienne , Hewson Daphne , Booker Erica , Holliday Susan
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the relationship between antenatal preparation, women's perception of the support they received, and the physical and psychological outcome of birth. Data on preparation, support and women's experience of birth were obtained by questionnaire‐based interviews of a random sample of 398 low‐risk primiparous women at five Sydney teaching hospitals three weeks after the birth. Medical data concerning labor and delivery were taken from women's hospital records. Most women (81%) attended some form of preparation classes. Number of hours attendance at classes was not related to physical labor variables but women who spent more hours at classes were less likely to use medication during labor and more likely to breastfeed their baby. Similarly, women's perceptions of support from doctor, midwives and partner were not related to physical labor variables but were related to pain relief methods used and to satisfaction ratings.
Chlamydia, Group B Streptococcus, and Herpes in Pregnancy
Authors: Sweet Richard L.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: This is a review of three sexually transmitted diseases which can affect pregnancy and the newborn. Maternal chlamydia may cause neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia. More severe is group B streptococcus, which can cause fatal infection in the newborn and severe perinatal infections in the mother. Primary herpes infections may result in fetal malformations, abortions, and premature labor, while neonatal herpes may cause death or severe neurologic and ocular sequelae.
Adapting Hospital Obstetrics to Birth in the Squatting Position
Authors: Kurokawa Jude , Zilkoski Mark W.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: This is a review of why and how the obstetric staff at Trinity Hospital, a traditional hospital in Montana, incorporated the squatting position for birth. During the 16‐month period of this study, 45 of the 152 vaginal deliveries were in the squatting position. Benefits of the squatting position discussed here include ability to push more effectively, encouragement of the rotation of the fetal head to an anterior position, better access to the woman's back, abdomen or sides for massage, and women feeling more in control of themselves.
Beyond Risks and Rates in Obstetric Care
Authors: Rothman Barbara Katz
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Is there a pattern to past errors in perinatal care? Who is invested with the right to err? The errors most often made‐the failure of regional perinatal care to accelerate the decline in infant mortality, and burgeoning technology to have much impact on mortality and morbidity‐come from taking an overly narrow, technological view of pregnancy and childbirth. Yet the people we invest with the right to err are those whose focus is most narrow, technical, and medical.

This focus has promoted viewing the fetus as separate from the mother and increasingly as her adversary. Past errors in perinatal care, such as the DES tragedy and reliance on x‐rays, diuretics, and other short‐lived fashions, might have been avoided if pregnancy and birth had been seen in a broader social context.
A Critical Review of the Recent Literature on Postterm Pregnancy and a Look at Women's Experiences
Authors: Shearer Madeleine H. , Estes Milton
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: The incidence of postterm pregnancy varies from 2.9 to 25 per cent in recent studies. Likewise, the incidence of macrosomia, oligohydramnios, and meconium vary widely, probably because of unavoidable inclusion of term pregnancies among postterm study samples. The debate over the extent and importance of uteroplacental insufficiency is reflected in contradictory findings regarding the “postmature” infant.

Since 1978 reports on the management of postterm pregnancy agree that no improvement is made by routine termination of pregnancy at 42 weeks of gestation. Studies of cervical ripening are described. Fetal surveillance is discussed with emphasis on the recent work on fetal movement counting, the fetal biophysical profile, and antepartum cardiotocography.

We interviewed 32 women who went a mean of 18.69 days past term. Twenty‐three women's own calculations agreed with their physicians'; these women delivered a mean of 15 days postterm. Eight had no fetal surveillance tests and there was one cesarean, one induction, one vacuum extraction, and one forceps delivery. Eight women reported their own dates to have been from 9–25 days closer to their actual deliveries than the dates calculated by their doctors. Six of these women had their dates changed during pregnancy based on sonograms. There were three each inductions, cesarean sections, and augmentations, as well as two epidurals and forceps deliveries, and three vaginal deliveries.
Assessing Satisfaction With Childbirth
Authors: Lumley Judith
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Some of the hard problems with soft outcomes are methodological, and this paper describes a number of common pitfalls in the assessment of satisfaction with obstetric care. It concludes, however, with another hard problem: is there such a thing as satisfaction?
Epidural and No Epidural Anesthesia: Differences Between Mothers and Their Experience of Birth
Authors: Poore Marta , Foster Joyce Cameron
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Forty‐five women who had epidural anesthesia and 44 women who had pudendal, local infiltration, or no medication for birth were interviewed and given questionnaires within 36 hours of birth. The epidural group were significantly younger. They scored significantly higher on scales measuring “Belief in Powerful Others,”“External Locus of Control,” and “Passive Compliance Versus Active Participation in Childbirth Care Decisions.” Women selecting no epidural mentioned safety as a concern significantly more often, and quotes from their interviews revealed more interest in reaching out to others for help during labor, and in making birth a special event. Epidurals were associated with significantly longer labors, more use of oxytocin augmentation, forceps deliveries, and markedly more postpartum bladder catheterizations.
The History of Ultrasonography in Obstetrics
Authors: Oakley Ann
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Ultrasound was initially developed as a submarine detection method in World War I. In the mid‐1950s Ian Donald adapted the sonar device to scan for abdominal tumors, many of which turned out to be pregnancies. By 1965 fetal biparietal diameter and blighted ova were being detected by the technique, which had become a routine method for estimating fetal growth and maturity in many hospitals by 1968, although randomized controlled trials of safety and efficacy were still lacking. Although such trials are now being conducted and we await the results, a danger of technologies like ultrasound is that they substitute objective, partial knowledge of the patient's condition for patient‐generated data. In addition, the process of obtaining technology‐generated data diminishes the social relationships of patients and caregivers in several ways.
Women's Views of Ultrasonography in Obstetrics
Authors: Stewart Nancy
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Although few studies have suggested that ultrasound scans can improve the bonding between mother and fetus, many women described themselves as more concerned or worried after a scan than they were before. It is possible that some women who feel relieved after a scan are relieved of the fears the procedure itself generated, since no significant differences were found in anxiety levels between a post scan and a no‐scan group. Excessive reliance on the technology could reduce the clinical skills of care givers.
Differences Among Oregon WIC Recipients Planning Home Births
Authors: Curry Mary Ann , Brandon Patricia
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: This study sought to discern differences among women planning home births in Oregon. Data were collected from pregnant recipients of WIC aid using a research questionnaire distributed four times over 22 months to all pregnant WIC recipients in the state. Women in these four samples planning home births were compared as to whether they were doing so primarily for financial reasons. Women planning home births for financial reasons were much less likely to report having health insurance or welfare benefits or to be receiving prenatal care than those planning home births for nonfinancial reasons. Women planning home births for financial reasons were more likely to be receiving prenatal care from a county clinic or private physician and planned to have a private physician or one‐time‐only birth attendant for delivery. By contrast, the nonfinancially motivated group was more likely to be receiving prenatal and intrapartum care from a lay midwife, naturopath. or chiropractor. Study results suggest the need to challenge the assumption that women planning home births are a homogeneous population.
A Study of Mothers’Breastfeeding Concerns
Authors: Mogan Judith
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: The problems and concerns of breastfeeding mothers during the first six months after the baby's birth were studied to analyze factors that influence the duration of breastfeeding. Two observers visited 78 primiparae at 55 to 70 hours, two weeks, one month, two months, four months, and six months postpartum. After a structured observation during feeding, mothers were encouraged to ask questions and express their breastfeeding concerns. Results showed that most problems arose at two weeks and at one month, then slowly decreased over the next three visits. Common problems during early visits dealt with the establishment of a satisfactory breastfeeding routine; later questions centered on introduction of solid foods and management of work and breastfeeding. Another interesting finding was the large percentage of mothers still breastfeeding at six months (65%) and the relatively late introduction of solid foods to the infants. These results suggest that adequate professional support might increase the success and duration of breastfeeding.
SUMMARY OF THE DUBLIN TRIAL
Authors: Shearer Madeleine H.
Published: April 2007

The Dublin Randomized Controlled Trial of Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring. Conducted by Dermot MacDonald, Adrian Grant, Margaret Sheridan‐Pereira, Peter Boylan, and Iain Chalmers. Published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Minimizing Harm and Maximizing Benefit During Innovation in Health Care: Controlled or Uncontrolled Experimentation?
Authors: Chalmers Iain
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: However one chooses to define progress in health care, it can only be achieved by changing the status quo: that is, by innovation. Because innovations have frequently proved either useless or positively harmful to health service users, it is important to consider how harm can be minimized and benefit maximized. In general, these objectives are pursued using controlled experimentation when the innovations involve drugs. For innovations involving almost every other form of health care, relatively uncontrolled experimentation is the rule, and this situation is actively promoted by those who support free trade in the health care marketplace. An informed public discussion is required to help assess which of these two approaches to innovation in health care is most likely to protect the interests of current and future health service users. For a variety of reasons, critics of perinatal care are in a potentially strong position to play a leading role in the debate that is required, but new alliances between health service users, health professionals, and researchers are required if this potential is to be realized successfully
Neonatal Intensive Care: Parents’Role in Ethical Decision Making
Authors: Harrison Helen
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Who should decide on treatments and life‐sustaining procedures for seriously malformed and extremely premature newborns? The Baby Doe legislation takes most life‐and‐death decisions out of the hands of both parents and physicians, and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) staff may not present day‐to‐day treatment decisions to parents as ethical ones. Informed consent doctrines and physician expertise and objectivity cannot be relied upon as guides to ethical decision making. This is illustrated by several well‐publicized NICU cases, and by the sometimes disastrous use of unproved medications and procedures in what amounts to uncontrolled experimentation on NICU populations. Parents can take steps to enter the decision‐making process in newborn intensive care.
Does Routine Newborn Bathing Reduce Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Rates? A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Rush Janet
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Ninety‐five newborns were randomly allocated to be washed daily with soap and water and 86 to be sponged off when soiled. Umbilical and nose colonization rates with Staphylococcus aureus were compared. There was no difference in colonization rates between the routine bath and no‐bath groups (P = 0.69). Colonization rates for the bath group of 38 percent and for the no‐bath group of 41 percent were not different from the prestudy rate of 40 percent. Correlation of the colonization rate with all tested variables for the total population revealed that those newborns who roomed in with their mothers for more than half of their hospital stay had a colonization rate of 25 percent versus those spending a greater proportion of their time in the nursery (P = 0.02). Babies delivered by cesarean section had a much higher colonization rate than did vaginally delivered babies (59% vs 9%), which was significant at the P = 0.003 level.
The Relationship Between Sibling Jealousy and Presence at a Sibling's Birth
Authors: DelGiudice Georgeanne T.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Parents’requests to include their children at birth have raised concern about the effects of birth on the child. Most studies have shown that children respond positively to birth and some suggest that a sensitive bonding period may occur immediately after birth for the sibling and newborn. This study investigates the relationship between sibling jealousy and a child's presence at birth. Two groups of children, those present and absent from birth, were assessed using parents’responses to a questionnaire on changes in behaviors indicative of jealousy, such as regression, temper tantrums, harsh physical interaction, and sleeping problems. No significant difference was found between the scores for the two groups. Parents’responded that children showed mothering and caretaking behaviors, with a greater number of these behaviors occurring in the group of children who were present for the birth.
The Hut and the Hospital: Information, Power, and Symbolism in the Artifacts of Birth
Authors: Jordan Brigitte
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: As the tools of birth change from familiar household objects, such as hammocks and beds, to high‐technology objects, such as delivery tables and fetal monitors, significant changes occur in the ability to give physical support to women during labor and in who owns the tools and the information they provide. Data derived from the laboring woman herself are less sought after and less valued.

Ironically, high‐technology procedures and artifacts are more easily transported than are the household artifacts of birth, which are embedded in the matrix of daily life. When different levels of technology are available, the solution to a problem during childbirth is usually sought on the next higher level of technology–i.e., medication or surgery, even when a simpler approach, such as human comforting or ambulation, might work more quickly and effectively.
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Methods of Nipple Care
Authors: Hewat Roberta J. , Ellis Donelda J.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: This study compared the effectiveness of the application of expressed breastmilk or colostrum with that of hydrous lanolin to women's nipples after breastfeeding for prevention or reduction of nipple pain and trauma during the first 10 post‐partum days. Each of the 23 subjects was her own control, applying lanolin to one nipple and expressed breastmilk or colostrum to the other. After every feeding mothers rated nipple pain for each breast on a 4‐point scale. On postpartum days 0 to 5, 7, and 10, nipple condition was assessed by investigators who were “blind” to the intervention used on each nipple. Nipple pain and trauma experienced by the women were similar for the two interventions. Of the 95 percent reporting nipple pain during feeding, 26 percent had “extreme pain.” All women experienced nipple trauma. Engorgement, the most common breast problem, correlated positively and significantly with nipple trauma. No significant correlations were found between the following variables: perceived nipple pain and observed nipple trauma, nipple pain and number of feedings perday, nipple pain or trauma and hair or skin color, and nipple pain and prenatal preparation for breastfeeding.
Vaginal Infections and Prematurity
Authors: Carey J. Chris
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: This is a review of four vaginal and cervical infections that may be associated with prematurity, premature rupture of the membranes, or low birthweight. Urea‐plasma urealyticum, group B streptococcus, Chlamydia trachomatis, and anaerobic vaginosis are discussed, along with other data regarding intrauterine infection as a cause of prematurity.
The Labor and Delivery Satisfaction Index: The Development and Evaluation of a Soft Outcome Measure
Authors: Lomas Jonathan , Dore Sharon , Enkin Murray , Mitchell Alba
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Recognizing the need to assess the caring aspects of childbirth care, we developed a Labor and Delivery Satisfaction Index (LADSI) for use in clinical trials of options for delivery. Thirty‐eight items were constructed after extensive consultation with recent mothers and clinicians, and each was worded as a statement for ratings of agreement or disagreement on a six‐point scale. Fifty‐nine unselected women completed the index two days postpartum, and 35 of them completed it again at four to six weeks postpartum. Analysis of these data showed the LADSI to have stability over time with a correlation of 0.67 between test and retest, face validity to mothers and clinicians, construct validity by showing significantly different satisfaction scores among groups expected a priori to differ significantly, and enough internal consistency to use total scores (average item‐total correlations of 0.5), but not enough to use subcomponent scores (Cronbach's alpha = 0.35). On the basis of this study, differences of as little as 10 percent in the scores of different groups of women on the LADSI represent clinically important differences in levels of satisfaction with labor and delivery.
Outcomes of Postpartum Early Discharge, 1960–1986 A Comparative Review
Authors: Norr Kathleen F. , Nacion Karla
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: A review of all postpartum early discharge program outcomes in the United States published between 1960 and 1985 indicates that discharge under 48 hours after delivery has generally been safe for mothers and infants. The levels and types of morbidities did not appear to differ from those experienced with longer hospital stays. Infant readmissions and overall morbidity rates were consistently higher than the number of maternal readmissions and morbidity. The major infant morbidity was hyperbilirubinemia. Differences in identification and treatment of this single problem accounted for much of the variation in infant readmission rates among programs.

Expansion of postpartum early discharge based on these favorable results must proceed with caution. Nearly all reported outcomes were for programs with extensive prenatal preparation and postpartum follow‐up, serving relatively advantaged middle‐class populations. It is not clear that equally good outcomes would result from less intensive programs or those serving disadvantaged populations. More research is needed on the effectiveness of early discharge procedures, cost savings, and patient satisfaction.
Lactation Insufficiency: A Rational Approach
Authors: Neifert Marianne R. , Seacat Joy M.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Numerous maternal factors may be associated with impaired lactation, including breast surgery that damages lactiferous ducts and nipple innervation, inadequate mammary glandular tissue, superimposed pregnancy, and severe maternal illness. Infants with inadequate suckling, such as prematures, small multiples, “happy to starve” nondemanding babies, or infants with oral defects may adversely affect breastmilk supply as a result of ineffective suckling. The overenthusiastic promotion of unsupplemented breastfeeding in the presence of these conditions can lead to critical failure to thrive in the infant. Case examples are cited to guide the clinician in distinguishing primary or nonremediable etiologies of insufficient lactation from common errors in the management of breastfeeding. When full lactation is not possible, the nursing relationship can still be preserved despite the need for supplement with infant formula.
Support and Breastfeeding: A Review
Authors: Cronenwett Linda R. , Reinhardt Robert
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Support from professionals and members of a social network has been found to be associated with the initial decision to breastfeed and with breastfeeding duration. In this paper, descriptive, correlational, and quasi‐experimental research on support and breastfeeding is reviewed to identify what knowledge has been gained over the past decade. New ideas for more effective professional support are suggested.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Humenick Sharron S. , Wolff Teresa L. , Bigbee Jeri , Jansa Nancy , McCraw Ronald K. , Humenick Sharron S.
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in this Article:

Human Milk in Infant Nutrition and Health Edited by Rodney Howell, Frank H. Morriss, Jr., and Larry K. Pickering Charles C Thomas

Who's In Control? By Susan Isaacs Putnam

Ambulatory Prenatal Nursing Care: Practice Standards for Positive Pregnancy Outcomes By Marjorie R. Berg, LaVahn E. Josten, Karen Knoll, Barbara A. Taylor, and Marilyn K. Wilfong

Breastfeeding and the Working Mother By Diane Mason and Diane Ingersoll

Should I Call the Doctor? A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Your Child's Illness and Injuries By Christine A. Nelson, M.D., and Susan C. Pescar

Childbirth: An Annotated Bibliography and Guide By Rosemary Cline Diulio