bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silicon Echoes: Non-Invasive Trojan and Tamper Detection using Frequency-Selective Impedance Analysis
Authors: Mosavirik Tahoura , Monfared Saleh Khalaj , Safa Maryam Saadat , Tajik Shahin
Published: August 2023

The threat of chip-level tampering and its detection has been widely researched. Hardware Trojan insertions are prominent examples of such tamper events. Altering the placement and routing of a design or removing a part of a circuit for side-channel leakage/fault sensitivity amplification are other instances of such attacks. While semi- and fully-invasive physical verification methods can confidently detect such stealthy tamper events, they are costly, time-consuming, and destructive. On the other hand, virtually all proposed non-invasive side-channel methods suffer from noise and, therefore, have low confidence. Moreover, they require activating the tampered part of the circuit (e.g., the Trojan trigger) to compare and detect the modifications. In this work, we introduce a non-invasive post-silicon tamper detection technique applicable to different classes of tamper events at the chip level without requiring the activation of the malicious circuit. Our method relies on the fact that physical modifications (regardless of their physical, activation, or action characteristics) alter the impedance of the chip. Hence, characterizing the impedance can lead to the detection of the tamper events. To sense the changes in the impedance, we deploy known RF tools, namely, scattering parameters, in which we inject sine wave signals with high frequencies to the power distribution network (PDN) of the system and measure the “echo” of the signal. The reflected signals in various frequency bands reveal different tamper events based on their impact size on the die. To validate our claims, we performed measurements on several proof-ofconcept tampered hardware implementations realized on FPGAs manufactured with a 28 nm technology. We further show that deploying the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) distance can distinguish between tamper events and noise resulting from manufacturing process variation of different chips/boards. Based on the acquired results, we demonstrate that stealthy hardware Trojans, as well as sophisticated modifications of P&R, can be detected.
Loop Aborts Strike Back: Defeating Fault Countermeasures in Lattice Signatures with ILP
Authors: Ulitzsch Vincent Quentin , Marzougui Soundes , Bagia Alexis , Tibouchi Mehdi , Seifert Jean-Pierre
Published: August 2023

At SAC 2016, Espitau et al. presented a loop-abort fault attack against lattice-based signature schemes following the Fiat–Shamir with aborts paradigm. Their attack recovered the signing key by injecting faults in the sampling of the commitment vector (also called masking vector) y, leaving its coefficients at their initial zero value. As possible countermeasures, they proposed to carry out the sampling of the coefficients of y in shuffled order, or to ensure that the masking polynomials in y are not of low degree. In this paper, we show that both of these countermeasures are insufficient. We demonstrate a new loop-abort fault injection attack against Fiat–Shamir with aborts lattice-based signatures that can recover the secret key from faulty signatures even when the proposed countermeasures are implemented. The key idea of our attack is that faulted signatures give rise to a noisy linear system of equations, which can be solved using integer linear programming. We present an integer linear program that recovers the secret key efficiently in practice, and validate the efficacy of our attack by conducting a practical end-to-end attack against a shuffled version of the Dilithium reference implementation, mounted on an ARM Cortex M4. We achieve a full (equivalent) key recovery in under 3 minutes total execution time (including signature generation), using only 5 faulted signatures. In addition, we conduct extensive theoretical simulations of the attack against Dilithium. We find that our method can achieve key recovery in under 5 minutes given a (sufficiently large) set of signatures where just one of the coefficients of y is zeroed out (or left at its initial value of zero). Furthermore, we find that our attack works against all security levels of Dilithium. Our attack shows that protecting Fiat–Shamir with aborts lattice-based signatures against fault injection attacks cannot be achieved using the simple countermeasures proposed by Espitau et al. and likely requires significantly more expensive countermeasures.
Provable Secure Parallel Gadgets
Authors: Berti Francesco , Faust Sebastian , Orlt Maximilian
Published: August 2023

Side-channel attacks are a fundamental threat to the security of cryptographic implementations. One of the most prominent countermeasures against side-channel attacks is masking, where each intermediate value of the computation is secret shared, thereby concealing the computation’s sensitive information. An important security model to study the security of masking schemes is the random probing model, in which the adversary obtains each intermediate value of the computation with some probability p. To construct secure masking schemes, an important building block is the refreshing gadget, which updates the randomness of the secret shared intermediate values. Recently, Dziembowski, Faust, and Zebrowski (ASIACRYPT’19) analyzed the security of a simple refreshing gadget by using a new technique called the leakage diagram. In this work, we follow the approach of Dziembowski et al. and significantly improve its methodology. Concretely, we refine the notion of a leakage diagram via so-called dependency graphs, and show how to use this technique for arbitrary complex circuits via composition results and approximation techniques. To illustrate the power of our new techniques, as a case study, we designed provably secure parallel gadgets for the random probing model, and adapted the ISW multiplication such that all gadgets can be parallelized. Finally, we evaluate concrete security levels, and show how our new methodology can further improve the concrete security level of masking schemes. This results in a compiler provable secure up to a noise level of O(1) for affine circuits and O(1/√n) in general.
Revisiting the Computation Analysis against Internal Encodings in White-Box Implementations
Authors: Tang Yufeng , Gong Zheng , Li Bin , Zhao Liangju
Published: August 2023

White-box implementations aim to prevent the key extraction of the cryptographic algorithm even if the attacker has full access to the execution environment. To obfuscate the round functions, Chow et al. proposed a pivotal principle of white-box implementations to convert the round functions as look-up tables which are encoded by random internal encodings. These encodings consist of a linear mapping and a non-linear nibble permutation. At CHES 2016, Bos et al. introduced differential computation analysis (DCA) to extract the secret key from the runtime information, such as accessed memory and registers. Following this attack, many computation analysis methods were proposed to break the white-box implementations by leveraging some properties of the linear internal encodings, such as Hamming weight and imbalance. Therefore, it becomes an alternative choice to use a non-linear byte encoding to thwart DCA. At CHES 2021, Carlet et al. proposed a structural attack and revealed the weakness of the non-linear byte encodings which are combined with a non-invertible linear mapping. However, such a structural attack requires the details of the implementation, which relies on extra reverse engineering efforts in practice. To the best of our knowledge, it still lacks a thorough investigation of whether the non-linear byte encodings can resist the computation analyses.In this paper, we revisit the proposed computation analyses by investigating their capabilities against internal encodings with different algebraic degrees. Particularly, the algebraic degree of encodings is leveraged to explain the key leakage on the non-linear encodings. Based on this observation, we propose a new algebraic degree computation analysis (ADCA), which targets the mappings from the inputs to each sample of the computation traces. Different from the previous computation analyses, ADCA is a higher-degree attack that can distinguish the correct key by matching the algebraic degrees of the mappings. The experimental results prove that ADCA can break the internal encodings from degree 1 to 6 with the lowest time complexity. nstead of running different computation analyses separately, ADCA can be used as a generic tool to attack the white-box implementations.
Mallorca und die Universalität der Lumières: Bearn o la sala de les nines von Llorenç Villalonga
Authors: Wagner Birgit
Published: August 2023

Villalonga's best-known novel is seen as an exemplary model of a type of writing that creates its narratives by elaborating the subjective, socio-geographical experiences on which it is based, and taking the region it is from, to serve as a symbol of the world. That is, a writing that seeks the exact opposite of classical regionalism, with its insistence on phenomenologically described particularities. Villalonga, who does not seek his cultural identity in mainland Catalonia and Spain, but in a dialogue between his Majorcan experiences and the skeptical side of French Illustration, uses in this work certain narrative structures that are inherited from the philosophical novel of the 18th century. This "elective affinity" with a specific aspect of French culture, however, is not limited to the narrative method: with the protagonist of his novel, el volterià don Toni, Villalonga achieves a not-at-all naive representation of the Majorcan reality of the 19th century, but as if torn to pieces, oscillating between an elegiac-idyllic attitude in the Schillerian sense and a satirical one; a double perspective that seems characteristic for Villalonga’s narrative in general.
Europa, Okzitanien und Katalonien: Vom Ende der Zentralstaatsideologie im wirtschaftlich vereinten Europa
Authors: Lafont Robert , Stegmann Tilbert Dídac
Published: August 2023

The Single European Act seems to imply a unified Europe. But it retains only a remnant of the political goals that Europe had in 1954. The economic goals were dominant. However, the effects can have a positive side: Now that Europe has been living in peace for 43 years, it has become impossible for states to try to divert attention from their internal problems by sending European citizens to war against other European citizens. State structures are implacably unmasked as remnants from by-gone days. States are still struggling to survive, but the economic reality is stronger. The future is organized into trans-state units. The Barcelona-Toulouse-Montpellier space is one of the most important. This Occitan-Catalan space, if fulfilled by modern intelligence, can be a pawn for a creative renewal of spaces in Europe.
Entre la realitat i la irrealitat: un concepte semàntic
Authors: Tió i Casacuberta Jaume
Published: August 2023

The starting point of this investigation of the Catalan tense system is the observation that the various systematization proposals are based on equating the linguistic tense with real time, which cannot be accepted as an empirical basis. In contrast, Harald Weinrich's system offers a solid statistical basis on which the description of a tense system can be built. So, one arrives at the result that the “real-unreal” distinction is the first and most important feature, and the only one in which all tenses participate. The result is a continuum from the absolute real (véns, has vingut, venies / vingueres, havies vingut, hagueres vingut) through sure realization (vindràs, hauràs vingut, vinguis, hagis vingut) and the dubious realization (vindries, vinguessis) up to absolute unreal (hauries vingut, haguessis vingut).
Zur Geschichte der katalanischen Orthographie
Authors: Meisenburg Trudel
Published: August 2023

The complexity of an (ortho-)graphic system results from internal factors (structural linguistics) and external factors (sociolinguistics). While inside the system there are tendencies towards constant graphic morphemes, on the outside the spelling can express linguistic autonomy or proximity or distance from other languages ​​and represent linguistic uniformity or dialectal multiplicity. Medieval Catalan had an extensive system of correspondences between phonemes and graphemes that, despite its breadth, reflected the unity of the literary language. During the period of decline this graphic tradition was undone: The visual distance from Spanish or French was lost, and dialectal particularities were highlighted. Pompeu Fabra's orthographic reform, which put an end to the graphic chaos, aims to represent the different dialects of Catalan and to express not only distance from the dominant languages ​​but also belonging to the languages ​​of culture within the Romance family. This has been achieved by resorting to medieval etymology and traditions – which often means having to give up constant graphic morphemes.
Urbanisierung und Sprachwandel am Rande Barcelonas: Els antics de Can Porta
Authors: Bierbach Christine
Published: August 2023

The article studies parallels and interrelationships between urban processes and the evolution of language, starting from the idea of ​​the “contemporaneity of the non-contemporary” (Bloch). In a situation such as that of Barcelona, where two languages ​​with different political and social status compete, the processes of urbanization and modernization will be precisely those that favor the entry and diffusion of the dominant language: "more modern", "more urban" than the local language, at least in the perception of "normal" speakers, with little access to the literary language. These processes affect both the linguistic structure, at the lexical level (formation of neologisms) and the semantic level (specialization / extension of meanings), as well as, and above all, the forms of communication, framework and basis of the aforementioned structural changes. The relations between communicative patterns, linguistic forms and urban processes are demonstrated through the detailed study of three "representatives" of a generation with roots and socialization still markedly rural, but experiencing, to varying degrees, the impact of environmental urbanization. The polarization / transition between rural experiences and growing urban impact is studied based on the biographical data of the people observed, at the following levels:
— the forms of reference to the social context (neighborhood) used in the conversation (concepts that express the rural vs. urban world, the “old” vs. “the new”, and their respective social meaning);
— the communication templates and the corresponding degree of “bilingualism”;
— the “interferences” between native language (L1) and dominant language (L2), in relation to aspects of urbanization / modernization;
— and, finally, the internal mechanisms and functions of language, “spontaneous” (internal) processes of linguistic innovation / evolution, confronted with the influence of contact with a related dominant language.
In all three examined cases, with native speakers aged between 56 and 88 years, there is a growing presence of Castilian elements representing aspects of innovation, but integrated within the framework of an essentially Catalan repertoire and showing a clear preference for that language. Generally, the linguistic elements of Spanish origin incorporated into, or adapted to, Catalan turn out to be functional, with pragmatic, semantic or communicative criteria of use, or have the effect of introducing simpler and / or clearer grammatical schemes (i.e. lead to reduction of complexity or ambiguity), coinciding in this with the tendencies of internal “regularization” in the spoken colloquial language.
Chancen der Präsenz katalanischer Sprache, Kultur und Wirklichkeit in Deutschland
Authors: Stegmann Tilbert Dídac
Published: August 2023

The mutual reception of cultures is a very interesting chapter in the history of mankind. Regarding the perception of stateless nations by other nations, this perception depends on the public opinion that can be inclined towards Jacobinists’ uniformitarianism or towards the solidarity defense of cultural and national diversity. In Europe, the language map is still too closely linked to the map of the states. In an analogous way, the words Catalunya (Catalonia) or català (Catalan) remain frequently hidden under the words Spain or Spanish, which makes it difficult for Europeans to fully acknowledge the differential Catalan fact. It is true that in recent years the Catalan presence in Germany has increased considerably; but it is still very far from the level expected in a country that has the Catalan Countries as its first tourist destination. Catalans pose a difficult problem for foreigners to understand; they want to be considered as a people with their own identity, but they have not decided to lead a truly autonomous and independent social and political life.
Bildungsaspiration und Fortschrittsglaube: zur Kooperation bürgerlicher Sozialreform und reformistischer Arbeiterschaft im Barcelona der Jahrhundertwende
Authors: Seitter Wolfgang
Published: August 2023

The article deals with the educational activities of the Catalan reformist labor movement at the turn of the 20th century. The various stages of the formation of a working class that sees a privileged area of action in the field of education are studied. Its relationship with bourgeois reformism gives it considerable economic and political support. Its most important institutional materialization is the Workers' Athenaeum of Barcelona, which plays a key role in the educational offer that has begun and sustained the labor movement.
Die Philologen und die Korkindustrie in der Provinz Girona: von der Methode «Wörter und Sachen» zur modernen Landeskunde
Authors: Wittlin Curt J.
Published: August 2023

In 1914, Rainer Marx published his doctoral dissertation on “The Catalan terminology of the manufacture of corks and cork”. His study, which represents a good example of the philological method "words and things" (Wörter und Sachen), coincided with the Catalan movement of scientific hiking and fieldwork and competitions to collect technical vocabularies encouraged by lexicographers such as Alcover and Griera. In this article, we examine the discrepancies between Marx's description of the cork industry at the turn of the century and that of other publications. We mention the traditional steps ranging from peeling trees to packing finished caps, and we illustrate the history of the ups and downs of the cork guild. A series of historical photographs and engravings, preserved in the new Cork Museum in Palafrugell, illustrate this study.
Les Transformacions del poeta Ovidi segons la versió de Francesc Alegre: el mite de Pigmalió
Authors: Fàbrega i Escatllar Valentí
Published: August 2023

Only in precious incunabula from 1494 has a Catalan version/translation and detailed commentary of Ovid's Metamorphoses ("Transformations") survived, the author of which, Francesc Alegre, is one of the last Catalan humanists. The inaccessibility of the work, which failed to be published in the last century, means that the work and its author remain almost unknown. With reference to this fact, Lola Badia has recently rejected the superficiality of the few, almost exclusively negative judgments about Alegre and his work.
The detailed analysis of a small section from this work, namely the Pygmalion myth, and the comparison with the original text (Met. X 238-297) already reveal high linguistic and literary quality: Ovid's art of storytelling does not lose its vividness in Alegre's wordy prose version, and even if the paraphrase, which was still common in the 15th century, determines the rendering of the Ovidian saga, the clear effort to remain true to the content of the original is noticeable; it is not uncommon for individual accurate formulations to be noticed that correspond exactly to the original. Alegre's seemingly modern considerations of the task of translation show that such an approach is thoroughly reflected: emphasizing the peculiarities of the respective languages, he criticizes a purely mechanical "word-for-word" translation in favour of a reproduction that is as true to the original as possible and grasps the meaning. Thus, the fluent reading of the text is not hampered by Alegre's imitation of the Latin syntax, as is a common criticism, but rather by the punctuation of the incunabula, which often appears arbitrary. Analysis of the commentary shows the close dependence of the Catalan author on Boccaccio's mythographic works, the “Genealogie deorum gentilium”, which he in no way conceals. Therefore, his "Allegories and Moral Representations", the second part of the "Transformations", can be seen as excellent testimony to Boccaccio's reception in the Catalan Renaissance. As Menéndez Pelayo lamented, the contempt with which Alegre's work has been treated cannot be justified.
Für ein «aufgeklärtes Sprachbewußtsein»: Eröffnung einer Debatte
Authors: Schlieben-Lange Brigitte
Published: August 2023

This article is a short reaction to the preceding article by Guillem Calaforra on defining the extension of a given language and the use of the argumentum ex auctoritate in relation to the Valencian linguistic secessionism movement.  It extends the question of unificaction- vs. secessionist-movements to other cases and advocates for an "enlightened language awareness" on behalf of linguists engaging in public debates on these questions. Linguists, it is argued, have the right to participate in these debates and their professional authority must be recognised; they should, however, not use this authority in a way that might endanger the inherently dialogical nature of public debate.
La «Passió» catalana del segle XIV: estudi preliminar d'un poema inèdit
Authors: Cocozzella Peter
Published: August 2023

The Passion of Jesus constitutes a highly productive subject for medieval literature and is developed in different formats, some more narrative in character, others dramatic and still some in the form of dialogues. This article presents a Catalan Passió from the 14th century comprising 666 verses and contained in a manuscript held by the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. After giving an overview of this hitherto neglected poem and its material features, the article presents a detailed analysis of the text and its various thematic sections; at the same time, the text is compared to another Catalan Passiófrom the same period and transmitted through a codex from the Segarra region, which had been transcribed and (fragmentarily) published in the early 20th century. In comparison to this text, the Parisian Passió turns out to be rather short and concise, void of digressions and particularly suited for dramatic performance.
Katalanistische Bewegung und Gesellschaft 1898 bis 1939
Authors: Nagel Klaus-Jürgen
Published: August 2023

Despite the lack of comparative studies, Catalonia may be of special interest in comparative research on national minority movements. Emerging in the most economically developed territory of Spain, the heterogeneous Catalanist movement, in certain historical moments, came to acquire the unity of action necessary to achieve its own Catalan institutions. With a view to possible comparisons, the article focusses on the time between the imposition of Catalanism as an organized mass movement and the loss of national institutions, a result of the Spanish Civil War, in order (1.) to highlight the structural economic and social differences between Catalonia and the other territories of the State; (2.) to analyze briefly the differentiation in political parties, on the one hand, and the national interclass collaboration on the other, both contradictory tendencies, but very characteristic of the Catalan case in that period; (3) to compare persistence and cultural changes in different social classes. Thus, the aim is to bridge the gap between "political" and "cultural" interpretations of Catalan nationalism, with the hope of improving our understanding of the relationship between national and social issues.
El turisme com a motiu de creació literària: la narrativa mallorquina (1968-1980)
Authors: Arnau i Segarra Pilar
Published: August 2023

The article deals with the subject of tourism as a motive for literary creation between the years 1968 and 1980 in Mallorca. In this context, it speaks, on the one hand, of the tourist boom starting from the early 1960s as the key event in the history of contemporary Mallorca and, on the other hand, of the Mallorcan literary boom coming up around 1968. Thus, the aim of the article is to establish the relationships between the tourist phenomenon and the outbreak of the Mallorcan narrative between the years 1968 and 1980, a time when these two events coexisted in parallel in the Mallorcan universe. It turns out that the new generation of writers had several peculiarities common to all its members (born in the first half of the 1940s, self-taughts, of non-urban origin, etc.), making tourism the most interesting literary reference of their narrative production.
Schreiben in schwierigen Zeiten: Poetik, Wahrheit und List in Víctor Moras Roman Els plàtans de Barcelona
Authors: Joan i Tous Pere
Published: August 2023

Víctor Mora's novel, published in French during his exile in Paris in 1966, appears in a censored version in 1972, and again in an "edició integra" four years later. A comparison of both editions raises the question of the mechanisms of censorship in the late Franco state, especially against the background of the poetics of the prevailing "realisme històric" and the regulations which had been changed in 1971. Four criteria of Francoist censorship become clear. Deletion applies to every little anti-Catholic statement, detailed or anecdotally embellished references to Francoist atrocities during the civil war, comments that deviate from the Francoist ideology of the narration and finally any sympathy for the Catalan resistance. The erased passages prove that Mora was too careless about the censorship at such passages. However, it seems that the book's success was promoted precisely by the densification imposed by censorship.
50 anys de publicacions de Joan Brossa - Bibliografia 1948-1997
Authors: Bordons Glòria
Published: August 2023

This article is a complete bibliography of the life's work of Catalan poet, playwright, graphic designer and visual artist Joan Brossa from 1948 to 1997, completed by a bibliography of translations of his works, catalogues of his expositions and unpublished work.
Animalogia i ironia en el Realisme Màgic: a propòsit de Pere Calders
Authors: Piquer Adolf , Salvador Vicent
Published: August 2023

The term "magical realism", raised above all to a conceptual category in connection with the new Latin American art of storytelling, can be seen as a contribution made by art reflection to European literature of the twenties and thirties. Bontempelli, exponent of Italian novecentismo, is one of the authors who, together with Pirandello, laid the foundations for a narrative style related to this question that was admired and imitated in the Catalan language and culture. Pere Calders, faithful to very similar aesthetic parameters throughout his narrative career, often introduces animals into his story using the irony that is created by the paradoxical relationships between real world experience and the magical, literarily constructed cosmos.
Anmerkungen zu einigen Vogelnamen in katalanischen Wörterbüchern
Authors: Gierth Ulrich
Published: August 2023

It is uncommon for an ornithologist to be also a linguist, which is why he must rely on his informants when collecting the names of birds. If he has to work with inaccurate sheets or misunderstood informants, mistakes will be inevitable. This article points out inconsistencies in the names of birds found in different dictionaries, many of which have already been corrected, for example, in the most recent edition of the Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana edited by Enciclopèdia Catalana, but not, on the other hand, in the German-Catalan or Catalan-German bilingual dictionaries. I will especially treat the question of whether bitó can have different ornithological meanings.
Das Internet - Gefahr oder Chance für regionale Sprachgruppen wie die Katalanen?
Authors: Weber Peter J.
Published: August 2023

This text presents the question of the role of languages in the use of internet and analyzes whether, mainly due to the dominance of English, this fact entails disadvantages for the emancipation of regional language groups, or on the contrary represents an opportunity for such an emancipation.
El cercle lul·lià de València: Alonso de Proaza i Joan Bonllavi
Authors: Pardo Pastor Jordi
Published: August 2023

Alonso de Proaza (1445-1519), professor of rhetoric at the University of València, and the Lullist circle around him mark the beginning of Lullism in València. Proaza is responsible for the early modern editions of Ramon Llull in València, which are reviewed in this article. He was replaced as editor by Joan Bonllavi after the end of his university teaching. The editorial techniques of the two early humanists can be linked to aspects of Llull's philosophy.
La terminologia lingüística en les gramàtiques catalanes del 1891 al 1933: el temps i l'aspecte
Authors: Alturo Núria
Published: August 2023

This paper compares the treatment of tense and aspect in 26 prescriptive, descriptive and pedagogical Catalan grammars published between 1891 and 1933. The research primarily shows that the very different objectives of descriptive and pedagogical grammars mean that the former define detailed and more specialized concepts than the latter. At the same time, the authors of the prescriptively oriented grammars sometimes take contradicting positions, which can be explained by the lack of a systematic distinction between the spread of prescriptive models on the one hand and the description of the formal diversity of language on the other.

In addition, it is shown that the concept of aspect, which from the 1920s onwards is mostly regarded as a variable independent of tense (a fact which is also known to some Catalan authors) is mostly neglected and what dominates is a generally purely tense-based description of the verbal system, which also includes categories that we now clearly see as being aspectual. A temporal situation in relation to the moment of speech is usually assumed (past, present, future). The use of the concept (but not the expression) of "hodiernality", however, which appears for the first time in Par (1923), can be described as innovative.
La metodologia de l'enquesta dialectal d'A. M. Alcover i de F. de B. Moll aplicada a La flexió verbal en els dialectes catalans
Authors: Perea Maria Pilar
Published: August 2023

On the basis of various works published in the Bolletí del Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana and using the original records of the field work from the years 1906 to 1928, the criteria with which Alcover and Moll collected the data for La flexió verbal en els dialectes catalans are shown. This approach shows, on the one hand, the influence of the methodological considerations of Bernhard Schädel while, on the other hand, Alcover develops an independent criterion for the selection of informants when he asks young people between the ages of 10 and 14, since the top criterion is the lack of Castilian presence, which in the case under examination is only guaranteed up to this very age.
Die katalanische Computersprache
Authors: Ebner Klaus
Published: August 2023

This paper provides an insight into the emergence of computer vocabulary in the Catalan language and reports on current activities in this field, highlighting the role of the standardisation institute TERMCAT and the internet platform Softcatalà. It also describes the formation of Catalan neologisms in the context of information technology and how the lexemes are used. It is noticeable that most Catalan lexemes are identical to those of Spanish, while the way of creating computer-technical neologisms is more reminiscent of the activities and proposals of the Académie française in France. However, there also exists a multitude of terms that draw from the same Latin root in all three languages. On closer examination, these terms make up the bulk of the Catalan corpus. English terms, on the other hand, are used comparatively rarely in Catalan computer language.
Mehrsprachigkeit und Sprachgebrauch auf Mallorca - ein soziolinguistischer Überblick
Authors: Herling Sandra
Published: August 2023

This article describes the presence of the Castilian and the Catalan languages in various areas of Majorcan society. The selected areas include: education (school and university), local administration, the media (radio, television and internet) and the economy (tourism and trade). The data presented have been taken from surveys carried out in the year 2000 and the overall view that is obtained clearly shows how Spanish is the predominant language in all areas of society but especially in the economic domain, since it is in this sector where the Spanish language has achieved major prestige.
El baleàric dins els estudis dialectals inèdits de Milà i Fontanals
Authors: Bernat Francesc
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this article is a presentation of the characteristics and content of the notes dedicated to the Balearic Islands by Manuel Milà i Fontanals in the second half of the 19th century, documents that represent an important part of the personal papers of this author and that are located in Santander's Menéndez y Pelayo Library. Although Milà is well known for being one of the first Catalan scholars to dedicate himself to the scientific study of the Catalan dialects, a significant part of his linguistic work has remained unpublished to this day. We refer to the personal papers where Milà has collected a great deal of information about the characteristics of the Catalan dialects, in preparation for a planned general description of spoken Catalan. Only the first part of this project, the notes on the Barceloní, was published (cf. Estudios de lengua catalana [1875]), while Milà never managed to reveal the rest of the dialectological data and information he had collected to the public.
L'Spill de Jaume Roig, de Mestre Grau a 'Sir' Joan Fuster i Lopus-Rodó?
Authors: Peirats Anna I.
Published: August 2023

The aim of this article is to examine the literary after-effects of the style of Jaume Roig's Spill, starting from a critical reading of three texts that are chronologically far removed from the Spill: the Breu descripció dels mestres que anaren a besar les mans a sa magestat del Rey don Phelip al Real de la ciutat de València, a 8 de febrer, 1586, by Gaspar Guerau de Montmajor, the Visita de Carles Riba a València (1957) by Joan Fuster and the verses of the Regiment de la cosa pública by Francesc Vallverdu. Based on this selection of texts, we will investigate the reasons for the tonal adaptability of Jaume Roig's verses as well as their sarcastic effect and the grotesque distortion that these effects allow.
Rhetorik im Dienste nationaler Mythenbildung. Zu Vertextungsstrategien und Funktionen des Pyrenäenmotivs in Jacint Verdaguers Canigó
Authors: Bösch Sarah
Published: August 2023

The research literature on one of the most famous literary texts of the Catalan Renaixença, the verse epic Canigó, repeatedly alludes to the symbolic and identity establishing function of the Pyrenees in the context of the development of the Catalan national consciousness in the 19th century. Unlike the interpretations of the Pyrenees motive, that are based on both the dramatic art of the plot and the context when the work was created, the contribution concentrates on analysing the linguistic-stylistic strategies of textualisation of this motive-complex. Taking into account the semantic implications of the Pyrenees-metaphoric in other works by this author, his aim is to develop superordinated categories for the rhetoric varieties of the motive and to highlight their text inherent functions.
Normalització de termes en recerca clínica amb medicaments: en exemple de col·laboració multidisciplinària i entre institucions
Authors: Baños Josep-E. , Bosch Fèlix , Guardiola Elena
Published: August 2023

The lack of a Catalan glossary or a technical dictionary in the field of medical literature and furthermore in the research of medicines and clinical morpharmacology frequently leads to problems in the use of Catalan in these areas. The essay describes the process in which a list containing some of these words, mostly of English origin, was normalised and published in Catalan. Beginning with a list of 376 Catalan words and expressions that were difficult to translate, we observed that some already had a widely known translation due to their common use, others had recently been normalised and the rest were still awaiting their examination and normalisation. In a second phase 42 of these words and expressions, which are also explained in this article, were discussed and normalised. To spread the procedure and its results and to offer them to those professionals who are likely to use these words, two medical essays and a leaflet were published. During the five fundamental project phases biomedical research specialistsand linguists as well as various institutions collaborated without which it would have been difficult to establish the objective of the project. We believe that similar works can contribute to a better use of technical Catalan in professional health care.
La dinàmica dramàtica de La filla del mar d'Àngel Guimerà i de Liebesketten de Rudolph Lothar i Eugen d'Albert: Una comparació
Authors: Soler Maridès
Published: August 2023

After the enthusiastic reception of Lowlands (Tiefland) the composer d’Albert sought again a topic from Guimerà’s works for his new opera as to continue this success. He decided on Daughter of the sea (La filla del mar), that he and the librettist Rudolph Lothar titled Love chains (Liebesketten). Not only does the scenery change from a mountain to a sea drama here, but also the librettist and the composer intervened more in the dramatic dynamics than in Lowlands. They made crucial alterations in Love chains: The Catalan seaside is transformed into Brittany’s, the number of protagonists is reduced to a half and the plot is shortened and altered to the same extent. Especially a new solution was sought in the German version for the end, that called for the spectators’ attention and the actors’ criticism in the Catalan and Spanish representations. However, this too, did not lead to the desired Happy End, that would have satisfied the spectators’ expectations.
Metapoetizität und Textgenese - Ebenen diachronischen Bedeutungswandels bei Joan Maragall: El comte Arnau (1900-1911)
Authors: Friedlein Roger
Published: August 2023

The first part of Joan Maragall’s poetical triptych El comte Arnau (1900) has achieved its status of literary myth due to its polysemy, which added a new quality to Catalan poetry at the last turn of the century. In the continuation of the poem (1906), a metapoetical dimension is introduced into Maragall’s version of the traditional story of the Count Arnau. Most importantly, it exhibits the fact that the meaning of poetical texts is subject to historical variability. This is exemplified by a ‘poem within a poem’, the Cançó del comte l’Arnau. The end of the Escòlium, together with the last part of the triptych (1911), brings about a performative effect, thus making it evident for the reader how the meaning of the poem depends on the real time of its genesis. In this way, the diachronic change of signification becomes visible in El comte Arnau on three levels: biographical, metapoetical and performative.

Keywords: Catalan literature, poetry, Catalan Modernism, Joan Maragall, Comte Arnau, metapoeticity, self-reference, biographism, performativity.
Les novel·les morisques de Rafael Escobar
Authors: Quintana Artur
Published: August 2023

Though the Moriscs lived together with the Christians for more than fivehundred years, they are seldom taken into consideration by the modern Catalan literature. Only with the appearance of the so-called Valencian boom of the novel in the seventies comes a repeated treatment of Morisc matters in Catalan literature, especially in the territories where they had once settled – València and the valley of the Ebre. In the tragic destiny of the Moriscs, which ends in exile and in the destruction of their culture and language by the Christians, one sees the situation of the Catalan nation as reflected in a mirror, especially in the Valencian Country. This is shown in all detail in two novels by Rafael Escobar. Keywords: Catalan literature, novel, Land of València, Morisc history, Moors and Christians , exile, Rafael Escobar.
Joan Maragall, el Pla Jaussely i la Reforma de 1908 a la ciutat de Barcelona
Authors: Quintana i Trias Lluís
Published: August 2023

The Jaussely Plan (1907) and the “Reforma”, later to be called Via Laietana (1908), are two important urban projects that significantly transformed the city of Barcelona at the beginning of the 20th century. In this contribution, we summarize and comment on what Joan Maragall said on these projects through his articles and poems. He reveals himself to be a strong supporter of these developments and of the expansion that the town experienced in those days, which is in clear contrast to the opinions expressed by some of his contemporaries, which were rather skeptical, if not totally opposed. Maragall, however, does not ignore the social conflicts that these urban developments are about to create and already anticipates some of the subjects that he will further develop later on, after the events of the Setmana Tràgica in 1909.Keywords: Joan Maragall, Josep Pijoan, Eugeni d’Ors, Barcelona, Eixample, Pla Cerdà, Pla Jaussely, urbanism.
"No as volgude anar en loch del món": la formació de mots negatius en català antic
Authors: Pérez Saldanya Manuel , Torrent-Lenzen Aina
Published: August 2023

The article focuses on the origin of negative polarity items in Old Catalan – i.e. words only able to occur in negative environments – on the basis of nominal lexical elements which were originally affirmative items, specifically nominal elements of minimal value (pas, gens etc.). This development in the origin of negative polarity items has a cyclical character, which means that the same tendency can be observed in Latin and later in Catalan, as well as many other – not only Romance – languages and language levels. The article deals with words such as persona and cosa, which were in the midst of a grammaticalization process in Old Catalan, which was not continued later on, and others such as the local adverb enlloc, which can only be read as a negative polarity item today. The conditions for such processes are also examined, including the absence of determiners in nominal phrases which contained these elements of minimal value in Old Catalan.Keywords: Old Catalan, negation, negative polarity items, postverbal negators, negative emphasizers, nominal elements of minimal value, grammaticalization.
Alcover, Moll i la llengua alemanya
Authors: Casadesús Bordoy Alejandro
Published: August 2023

This article presents two key figures of Catalan philology in a multiple perspective: Father Alcover and Francesc de B. Moll are tightly associated with the Catalan language, but one should bear in mind that they were also interested in the German language. Alcover learned German in order to communicate more fluently with the German-speaking Romanists of his time. He not only made Moll understand that he would need a knowledge of German for his philological career but also taught him German himself. Moll thus attained a good level of German, which allowed him to teach this language in high-school and to publish a learners’ grammar of German. The present paper focuses on the relation of these two eminent scholars with the German tongue. Their language-acquisition process and a closer look at the German grammars authored by Moll are object of the study, which intends to add some detail on a not too well known facet of these two Majorcan philologists.

Keywords: Mossèn Alcover, Francesc de B. Moll, German language, German grammar, teaching of German.
"Una gota de terra": El paisatge mallorquí a la prosa pictòrica de Santiago Rusiñol
Authors: Soler Marcet Maridès
Published: August 2023

Summary: It is generally assumed that all the arts are symbiotic. For this reason, many artists will dedicated themselves to more than one, for example Santiago Rusiñol, whose legacy consists in a copious literary as well as pictorial work. Literature and painting suit very well to be complemented, to influence reciprocally and sometimes also to conjugate together. A literary genre that brings together both arts is the ecphrasis, namely the minutely description of persons, objects, topographies and situations from the perspective of the observer. It is supposed that Homer is the founder of the ecphrasis, especially through his famous description of Achilles’ shield. This article studies different cases of ecphrasis about some Majorca landscapes from the travel book L’Illa de la Calma, where some good examples of pictorial prose / verbal painting appeared. In these examples, one can appreciate the painter’s vision and perspective, where instead of the brush he uses the poet’s feather. These descriptions allow to be segmented into paragraphs, which could be transformed very easily into landscape pictures and be interpreted and «contemplated» as such. Here Rusiñol exhausts all possible stylistic literary recourses in order to pull out to the maximum the visual advantage of the ecphrasis and he even quotes absent persons and objects – something not possible in a painting –, or sometimes he also invokes painters whose influence is notorious on some of these verbal paintings. [Keywords: Santiago Rusiñol, L’Illa de la Calma, Modernisme, prose, Majorcan landscape, ecphrasis / verbal painting]
Kratylische Träumereien in Perejaumes Oïsme
Authors: Frenz Dietmar
Published: August 2023

Summary: In his volume Oïsme. Una escriptura natural a partir dels croquis pirinencs de Jacint Verdaguer the Catalan artist Perejaume focuses once more on the relation between the world and its representation in art and language. This time, strolling through the Pyrenean landscape, he proffers a dense and sometimes erratic discourse which relates surrounding nature and toponyms, mixing set pieces from Cratylic tradition with own surrealist ideas. [Keywords: Perejaume, Verdaguer, mimology]
"Creixent saber, l·ignorança·s desperta" - Ausiàs Marchs Cant CXIII und die Grenzen des menschlichen Wissens
Authors: Müller Isabel
Published: August 2023

Summary: The social and cultural transformations that occur in occidental Europe in the later Middle Ages have an impact on the diversification and diffusion of knowledge. Through the increasing number of scientific texts in vernacular language, knowledge formerly reserved for the clergy becomes accessible for literate laymen. The importance of this phenomenon becomes evident with authors such as Ausiàs March, who incorporate into their literary language philosophical, theological, medical or technical notions and concepts. The present paper proposes an interpretation of March’s Cant CXIII which focuses on his use of what we call the ‘discourses of knowledge’ (Wissensdiskurse). With regard to the main argument of the text – the capacity of man to understand the truth is limited, human knowledge is vain – the poet follows the ideas propagated by the church. However, at the same time, he uses these scientific discourses (above all notions and concepts of Aristotelian psychology and ethics) for his description and analysis of human behaviour. What at first glance seems to be a paradox, is, in fact, characteristic of the contemporary attempts to reconcile the new knowledge about man and cosmos with the Christian world vision. Yet, the tension between ‘human science’ and ‘divine science’ (which intensified in the following centuries) is perceptible in March’s poem. [Keywords: Catalan literature, Ausiàs March, human knowledge, psychology, moral philosophy].