bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spore Dispersal Patterns of Fusarium Circinatum on an Infected Monterey Pine Forest in North-Western Spain
Authors: Dvořák Miloň , Janoš Patrik , Botella Leticia , Rotková Gabriela , Zas Rafael
Published: November 2017

The airborne inoculum of Fusarium circinatum, the fungal pathogen causing Pine Pitch Canker (PPC), is one of the main means of spread of the disease in forest stands and forest nurseries. Since this world-wide known pathogen was introduced in Europe, its biology in this newly infected area still remains scarcely known. To shed more light on this topic, we set an experiment on a naturally PPC infected forest of Monterey pine in Galicia (NW Spain) with the following two goals: (i) to describe the seasonal spore dispersal pattern during one year of regular sampling and (ii) to assess the spatial spore dispersal pattern around the infested plot. Portable rotating arm spore traps were used and complemented with meteorological measurements. The abundance of F. circinatum spores in the samples was evaluated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) with hydrolysis probe. The results showed almost permanent occurrence of the air inoculum throughout the whole year, being detected in 27 of the 30 samplings. No clear temporal trends were observed, but higher air inoculum was favoured by previous lower air temperatures and lower leaf wetness. Conversely, neither rainfall nor air humidity seemed to have any significant importance. The spatial spread of the inoculum was noted to be successful up to a distance of 1000 m in the wind direction, even with winds of just 5 m s-1. Our study shows that rotating arm spore traps combined with qPCR may be an efficient tool for F. circinatum detection.
Impact of a Warming Climate on Hydropower in the Northeast United States: The Untapped Potential of Non-Powered Dams
Authors: Ehsani Nima , Vörösmarty Charles J. , Fekete Balázs M. , Stakhiv Eugene Z.
Published: November 2017

A large-scale, high-resolution, fully coupled hydrological/reservoir/hydroelectricity model is used to investigate the impacts of climate change on hydroelectricity generation and hydropower potential of non-powered dams across the Northeast United States megaregion with 11,037 dams and 375 hydroelectric power plants. The model is calibrated and validated using the U.S. Department of Energy records. Annual hydroelectricity generation in the region is 41 Terawatt-hours (Twh). Our estimate of the hydropower potential of non-powered dams adds up to 350 Twh. West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York have significant potential for generating more hydroelectricity from already existing dams. On the other hand, this potential virtually does not exist for Rhode Island and Delaware and is small for New Jersey and Vermont. Climate change may reduce annual hydropower potential from non-powered dams by up to 13% and reduce current annual hydroelectricity generation by up to 8% annually. Increased rainfall in winters and earlier snowmelt in springs result in an increase in regional water availability in December through March. In other months, reduced precipitation and increased potential evapotranspiration rates combined with reduced recharge from the shift in spring snowmelt and smaller snowpack result in a decrease in availability of water and thus hydroelectricity generation. This changes call for the recalibration of dam operations and may raise conflict of interests in multipurpose dams.
Beyond Nazi War Crimes Experiments: The Voluntary Consent Requirement of the Nuremberg Code at 70
Authors: Annas George J.
Published: November 2017

The year 2017 marks both the 70th anniversary of the Nuremberg Code and the first major revisions of federal research regulations in almost 3 decades.

I suggest that the informed consent provisions of the federal research regulations continue to follow the requirements of the Nuremberg Code. However, modifications are needed to the informed consent (and institutional review board) provisions to make the revised federal regulations more effective in promoting a genuine conversation between the researcher and the research subject.

This conversation must take seriously both the therapeutic illusion and the desire of both the researcher and the research subject not to engage in sharing uncertainty.
Exposure to Marijuana Marketing After Legalization of Retail Sales: Oregonians’ Experiences, 2015–2016
Authors: Fiala Steven C. , Dilley Julia A. , Firth Caislin L. , Maher Julie E.
Published: November 2017

Objectives. To assess exposure to marijuana advertising in Oregon after the start of retail marijuana sales in October 2015.

Methods. We conducted a repeated cross-sectional online survey of 4001 Oregon adults aged 18 years and older in November 2015 and April–May 2016. We assessed subgroup differences by using the Pearson χ2 test.

Results. More than half of adults (54.8%) statewide reported seeing marijuana advertising in the past month. These adults reported that they most frequently saw storefront (74.5%), streetside (66.5%), and billboard (55.8%) advertising. Exposure did not significantly differ by participant’s age or marijuana use but was higher among those living in counties with retail sales (56.5%) than in counties without (32.5%).

Conclusions. Most adults reported exposure to marijuana advertising following the start of retail marijuana sales in Oregon. People who do not use marijuana and those aged 18 to 24 years were as exposed to advertising as other groups.

Public Health Implications. Advertising restrictions may be needed to protect youths and young adults from pro-use messages. Commercial free speech afforded by the First Amendment makes advertising restrictions challenging, but public policy experts note that restrictions aimed at protecting youths may be allowed.
A Combined Distal Tibial Turn-up Plasty and Intercalary Calcaneal Osteocutaneous Fillet Flap for Salvage of a Transtibial Amputation
Authors: Wade Sean M. , Harrington Colin , Fleming Mark , Potter Benjamin K.
Published: November 2017

Case:

This case demonstrates the successful attempt at a combined distal tibial turn-up plasty and intercalary calcaneal osteocutaneous fillet flap to increase functional limb length in order to salvage a transtibial amputation following a high-energy blast injury.

Conclusion:

A transtibial amputation is preferred over more proximal levels of amputation because of the decreased energy expenditure that is required for ambulation. In cases where there is not enough viable tibia to allow for a transtibial level of amputation, combining a calcaneal osteocutaneous fillet flap with a distal tibial turn-up plasty can be utilized to optimize residual limb length for a transtibial amputation.
Biomechanical and Clinical Comparison of Suture Techniques in Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Bishop Meghan E. , MacLeod Robert , Tjoumakaris Fotios P. , Hammoud Sommer , Cohen Steven B. , Dodson Christopher C. , Ciccotti Michael G. , Freedman Kevin B.
Published: November 2017

* Numerous single-row and double-row repair suture techniques are used in performing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. However, to our knowledge, there remains no clear consensus on the optimal suture technique for rotator cuff repair.

* Biomechanical studies have found double-row fixation to be stronger than single-row fixation techniques and massive cuff stitch or modified Mason-Allen techniques to have the strongest fixation of single-row techniques.

* Some clinical studies have shown improved healing rates for double-row repair suture techniques for larger tear size (>3 cm), but the majority of clinical studies have shown no difference in outcome scores among different suture techniques.

* Obtaining healing in rotator cuff repair is multifactorial. Suture technique is one of many elements that may play a role in obtaining rotator cuff healing and successful clinical outcomes.
Long-term streamflow forecasting using SWAT through the integration of the random forests precipitation generator: case study of Danjiangkou Reservoir
Authors: Liang Zhongmin , Tang Tiantian , Li Binquan , Liu Tian , Wang Jun , Hu Yiming
Published: November 2017

Long-term streamflow forecasting is of great significance to the optimal management of water resources. However, the forecast lead time of long-term streamflow forecasting is relatively long and the forecasted precipitation within the forecast lead time has inherent uncertainty, so long-term streamflow forecasting has major challenges. In this paper, a hybrid forecasting model is developed to improve accuracy of long-term streamflow forecasting by combining random forests (RF) and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The RF model is used to forecast monthly precipitation which is further downscaled to a daily dataset according to the hydrological similarity principle for use in the SWAT model of the Danjiangkou Reservoir basin, China. Performance of this hybrid model is compared to that of seasonal autoregressive (SAR (P)) model. Results show the RF precipitation generator yields accurate predictions at the monthly scale and the hybrid model produces acceptable streamflow series in long-term forecasting cases. In addition, the comparison shows that in the Danjiangkou Reservoir basin, the hybrid model performs better than the SAR (P) model, with average Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values of 0.94 and 0.51, which is better when it is closer to 1. This study provides a method of improving accuracy of long-term streamflow forecasting.
Up-scaling sanitation provision using mixed design methodologies and failure risk assessment: a case study of Marikuppam, India
Authors: Gormley M. , Williams L. A. , Ongole B.
Published: November 2017

Simplified sewerage provides an improved alternative to single user on-site options in peri-urban areas in India, and contributes to the aim of reducing the need for human handling of waste (manual scavenging), and the Government's goal of making India open defecation free by 2019. This research develops a mixed methodologies approach to design, optimise and assess failure risk for a proposed installation in a village in India. A steady state simplified sewerage model was used to do the initial design which was further modelled in DRAINET, a numerical model traditionally used for building drainage systems. The input data for DRAINET were obtained from a detailed survey carried out on site, which included usage pattern and focus group data. A total of 106 properties were included in the design and the survey. Test runs were carried out for the whole site over a 12-hour period. All main pipe runs were 100 mm diameter and set to a gradient of 1:100. A risk model was developed and applied to the DRAINET results which confirmed that the design operated effectively; however, there were areas of concern at the extremities of the site, which required additional flow boosting devices or gradient changed.
Biosorption of praseodymium (III) using Terminalia arjuna bark powder in batch systems: isotherm and kinetic studies
Authors: Swain Krishna Kumari , Mishra Pravat Manjari , Devi Aparna Prabha
Published: November 2017

The high demand for rare earth elements (REEs) used in various advanced materials implies demand for increased production of REEs or the recycling of solutions to recover the REEs they contain. In this study, the biosorption of Pr(III) from aqueous solution by bark powder of Terminalia arjuna was examined in a batch system as a function of metal concentration, biosorbent dosage, pH and contact time. Results showed that T. arjuna bark powder has a high affinity for adsorbing Pr(III): more than 90% at pH 6.63. The adsorption of Pr(III) by T. arjuna bark powder was investigated by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The kinetics of the biosorption process was tested with pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, and the results showed that the biosorption process was better fitted to the pseudo-second-order model. From Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, it is confirmed that the biomolecules of T. arjuna bark powder are involved in the biosorption process of Pr(III) metal ions.
mHealth Interventions To Support Self-Management In HIV: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cooper Vanessa , Clatworthy Jane , Whetham Jennifer , Consortium EmERGE
Published: November 2017

Background:

Self-management is an important aspect of long-term HIV treatment. Mobile technologies offer the potential to efficiently deliver interventions to facilitate HIV self-management. The last comprehensive review of such mHealth interventions was conducted in 2011. Given the rapidly evolving field, a need was identified for an updated review of the literature.

Objective:

The study aimed to describe and evaluate current evidence-based mHealth interventions to support self-management in HIV.

Method:

Eight online databases (Medline, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane, Global Health CAB, IEEE explore, Web of Science) were systematically searched for papers describing and evaluating mHealth HIV self-management interventions. Reference lists of relevant papers were also searched. Data on intervention content and evaluation methodology were extracted and appraised by two researchers.

Results:

41 papers were identified evaluating 28 interventions. The majority of these interventions (n=20, 71%) had a single focus of either improving adherence (n=16), increasing engagement in care (n=3) or supporting smoking cessation (n=1), while just 8 (29%) were more complex self-management interventions, targeting a range of health-related behaviours. Interventions were predominantly delivered through SMS messaging. They significantly impacted on a range of outcomes including adherence, viral load, mental health and social support.

Conclusion:

Since the last major review of mHealth interventions in HIV, there has been a shift from exploratory acceptability/feasibility studies to impact evaluations. While overall the interventions impacted on a range of outcomes, they were generally limited in scope, failing to encompass many functions identified as desirable by people living with HIV. Participant incentives may limit the generalizability of findings.
Kemampuan guru fisika dalam menerapkan model-model pembelajaran pada Kurikulum 2013 serta kendala-kendala yang dihadapi
Authors: Putri Rizky Febriyani , Jumadi Jumadi
Published: November 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mendeskripsikan kemampuan guru Fisika SMA Negeri di Kabupaten Sleman dalam merencanakan dan melaksanakan pembelajaran dengan model-model yang ditentukan pada Kurikulum 2013, dan (2) mengidentifikasi kendala-kendala yang dihadapi guru Fisika dalam menerapkan model-model pembelajaran yang ditentukan pada Kurikulum2013.  Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1)  kemampuan guru merencanakan dan melaksanakan pembelajaran masuk kategori baik, dan (2) kendala yang dihadapi guru yaitu pada perubahan format RPP, alokasi waktu untuk melaksanakan model pembelajaran pada Kurikulum 2013, dan pelaksanaan penilaian kompetensi sikap. Senior High School Physics Teacher’s Ability to Apply The Learning Models of 2013 Curriculum and the Obstacles Faced AbstractThis study aimed to: (1) describe the senior high school Physics teacher’s ability in Sleman to plan and implement the learning models of the 2013 Curriculum, and (2) identify the obstacles faced by Physics teachers in applying learning models that have been specified in the 2013 curriculum. This research was a survey using quantitative descriptive approach. The results of this research indicate that: (1) the teacher’s ability to plan and to implement learning models is categorized as good, and (2) the constraints that teachers face are the change in the format of the lesson plan, the allocation of time to implement learning models in the 2013 curriculum, and implementation of the attitude assessment
APPLICATION OF COMPUTER SIMULATION IN THE EVALUATION OF THE STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF LOAD-BEARING STRUCTURES OF BUILDINGS MASONRY
Authors: Bedov Anatoliy I. , Gabitov Azat I. , Gallyamov Azat A. , Salov Aleksandr S.
Published: November 2017

The results of studies on the analysis of the stress-strain state of the structures of bearing walls of high-hollow pottery. The way of modeling masonry finite element method. The experimental study of masonry structures produced in the Republic of Bashkortostan high-hollow pottery, set the nature of their work load, the mechanism of destruction. The results of the comparative evaluation of the calculations in the software package and the traditional “manual” calculation.
CRITERIA OF MINIMUM MATERIALS CONSUMPTION FOR BARS WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION AND RESTRICTIONS ON STABILITY OR LIMITATIONS ON THE VALUE OF THE FIRST NATURAL FREQUENCY
Authors: Lyakhovich Leonid S. , Akimov Pavel A. , Tukhfatullin Boris A.
Published: November 2017

Apparatus of mathematical programming is normally used in the most part of research works, dealing with structural optimization. However, the special properties of optimal systems have been identified in several studies. Besides, corresponding criteria, which have been formulated as well, can be used for assessments of proximity of optimal solutions to minimal material consumption. Particularly relevant criteria for bars with rectangular cross-section and restrictions on the stability or limitations on the value of the first natural frequency have been formulated. However, not all the features of some of the criteria have been observed. In addition it seems appropriate to identify relevant criteria for special cases set variable parameters. The distinctive paper contains additional property proximity criterion of optimal solutions to minimal consumption of materials for the bars with a rectangular cross-section and limitations on the value of the first natural frequency, modification of one of the previously proposed criteria and formulation of appropriate criterion for the case where one of the parameters of variable rectangular cross-section is constant along the length of the bar.
ABOUT HILL-CLIMBING PROBLEMS IN STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
Authors: Lyakhovich Leonid S. , Akimov Pavel A. , Tukhfatullin Boris A.
Published: November 2017

The distinctive paper is devoted to some topical issues related to hill-climbing problems (minimum search, maximum search in structural mechanics. Theoretical foundations for computing of the minimum and maximum of functions and functionals (these problem normally turn up within variational methods) including several simplest samples and the corresponding mixed case of finding the minimum (maximum) of the integral, when both the variables and the functions vary
Corporate Social Responsibility and Goodwill Impairment
Authors: Golden Joanna , Sun Li , Zhang Joseph H.
Published: November 2017

This study examines the relation between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and goodwill impairment. We rely mainly on the stakeholder theory and adopt the Posner (1974) public interest model to develop our predictions. Following prior research, we use CSR strengths (concerns) to measure responsible (irresponsible) CSR activities. We find a negative relation between CSR strengths and the likelihood of goodwill impairment, suggesting that firms with more responsible CSR activities better prevent goodwill impairment. In addition, we find a negative relation between CSR concerns and the magnitude of goodwill impairment losses, suggesting that firms with excessive irresponsible CSR activities seek to lessen the negative consequences of goodwill impairment. Overall, our findings demonstrate the importance of CSR in preventing goodwill impairment and mitigating the manipulation of (underreporting) goodwill impairment losses.

JEL Classifications: G18; M14; M41.

Data Availability: Data are available from the sources identified in the paper.
COPING WITH BIG CLASSES: EFFECT OF BIG BOOK IN FOURTH GRADE STUDENTS READING COMPREHENSION
Authors: Mahayanti N.W.S. , Padmadewi N.N. , Wijayanti L.P.A.
Published: November 2017

Teaching reading comprehension for young learners becomes a challenge for English teachers in Indonesia. Dealing with that problem, this study had a purpose to investigate whether there was any significant effect on students’ reading comprehension taught by using big book and conventional media or not. Post-test only control group was used as the design with forth grade students of SD Laboratorium Undiksha Singaraja as the population. The data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. As the result, it can be concluded that big book gives significant effect on students reading comprehension compared with the control group. It can be proven from the difference of mean score gained by experimental group (83.56) and control group (76.19). The result of the t-test also shows that the t-observed exceeded the t-critical value (4.088 > 2.042).
SELF-REGULATED LEARNING IMPLEMENTED BY THE STUDENTS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN BULELENG SUB-DISTRICT
Authors: Permatasai N.P.I. , Mahayanti N.W.S. , Nitiasih P.K.
Published: November 2017

This study highlights the implementation of each aspect of self-regulated learning in cyclical phase which was proposed by Zimmerman and Moylan (2009). With an aim to identify whether elementary school students in Buleleng Subdistrict implement self-regulated learning or not, this study used descriptive qualitatively research design to describe comprehensively the implementation of self-regulated learning in elementary school students. SDN 3 Banjar Jawa, SDN 4 Banyuasri, SD Laboratorium Undiksha, and SDN 4 Kampung Baru became the setting of this study because those schools have implemented curriculum 2013 which means that those schools have implicitly implemented self-regulated learning. There were 544 students from grade 1 until 6 which were chosen randomly as the subject of this study. The instruments used in this study were observation checklist, questionnaire which was consisted of 20 statements which had been distributed to subject of the study, and also interview guide which was used to interview several students from the subject of the study. The result of the study shows that most of elementary school students in Buleleng sub-district had implemented self-regulated learning.
Editorial
Authors: Saito Fumikazu , Beltran Maria Helena Roxo
Published: November 2017

Editorial
Civil Death
Authors: Dayan Colin
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes what happens to persons in two cases: the free person of property who commits a felony and undergoes civil death and the enslaved person, who, as bearer of “negative personhood,” has undergone social death. In most instances, though the person declared civilly dead has property to lose, the slave who never had property is property in fact, and can never have any independent relation to property. However, both of these characterizations possess juridical significance in so far as they recognize the individual as “a kind of civil ghost.” Rather than focus on the various and sometimes diffuse consequences of social marginalization, the chapter traces instead a developing logic in modern law. By the eighteenth century, Judeo-Christian antecedents and inchoate traditions of punishment were redrawn and fully articulated as a rationale appropriate to the needs of emerging modernity.
Punishing the Residue
Authors: Dayan Colin
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that to the extent that probable cause and due process protections of the Constitution were ignored and abolished in service to the war on terror, the directive achieving such ends is illegal by any post-Magna Carta standard. Yet, today, legal boundaries are equated with the legitimacy of the government's goals. It is not an absence of law but an abundance of it that allows government to engage in seemingly illegal practices. The chapter then explores this hyperlegal negation of civil existence. The negation of civil existence requires that a person be made “superfluous.” To be made superfluous is to be outside the pale of human empathy. It is in the mind-destroying setting of the supermax penitentiary that the state attempts to take away awareness, will, and responsibility and thereby institute the superfluousness sanctioned by law.
Who Gets to Be Wanton?
Authors: Dayan Colin
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains that in the trade-off between dignity and degradation, the rights of humans are pitted against the treatment of animals. Recall earlier discussions of retribution for unnatural deaths in biblical and classical texts—the ox that gores must be stoned—and the medieval trials and executions of animals: the pigs who ate children, the dogs who bit, or the cats who spooked. In the distant past, animals were taken as seriously as humans, given the dignity of trial, even the recognition that comes with sudden agony. Highly unnatural religious fictions gave rise to issues of legality. Punishments ritually communicated to animals the horror of their deed. Treated as if rational beings, they were expected to take responsibility for their crime. However, these legal rituals were granted only to domesticated animals, not to the untamed, such as tigers.
No Man's Land
Authors: Hahamovitch Cindy
Published: November 2017

From South Africa in the nineteenth century to Hong Kong today, nations around the world, including the United States, have turned to guestworker programs to manage migration. These temporary labor recruitment systems represented a state-brokered compromise between employers who wanted foreign workers and those who feared rising numbers of immigrants. Unlike immigrants, guestworkers could not settle, bring their families, or become citizens, and they had few rights. Indeed, instead of creating a manageable form of migration, guestworker programs created an especially vulnerable class of labor. Based on a vast array of sources from U.S., Jamaican, and English archives, as well as interviews, this book tells the history of the American “H2” program, the world's second oldest guestworker program. Since World War II, the H2 program has brought hundreds of thousands of mostly Jamaican men to the United States to do some of the nation's dirtiest and most dangerous farmwork for some of its biggest and most powerful agricultural corporations, companies that had the power to import and deport workers from abroad. Jamaican guestworkers occupied a no man's land between nations, protected neither by their home government nor by the United States. The workers complained, went on strike, and sued their employers in class action lawsuits, but their protests had little impact because they could be repatriated and replaced in a matter of hours. The book puts Jamaican guestworkers' experiences in the context of the global history of this fast-growing and perilous form of labor migration.
The Politics of Precaution
Authors: Vogel David
Published: November 2017

This book examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide range of similar risks differently. It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990 global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal? This book takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. The book traces how concerns over such risks—and pressure on political leaders to do something about them—have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. The book explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.
The Tyranny of Utility
Authors: Saint-Paul Gilles
Published: November 2017

The general assumption that social policy should be utilitarian—that society should be organized to yield the greatest level of welfare—leads inexorably to increased government interventions. Historically, however, the science of economics has advocated limits to these interventions for utilitarian reasons and because of the assumption that people know what is best for themselves. But more recently, behavioral economics has focused on biases and inconsistencies in individual behavior. Based on these developments, governments now prescribe the foods we eat, the apartments we rent, and the composition of our financial portfolios. This book takes on this rise of paternalism and its dangers for individual freedoms, and examines how developments in economics and the social sciences are leading to greater government intrusion in our private lives. The book posits that the utilitarian foundations of individual freedom promoted by traditional economics are fundamentally flawed. When combined with developments in social science that view the individual as incapable of making rational and responsible choices, utilitarianism seems to logically call for greater governmental intervention in our lives. Arguing that this cannot be defended on purely instrumental grounds, the book calls for individual liberty to be restored as a central value in our society. Exploring how behavioral economics is contributing to the excessive rise of paternalistic interventions, this book presents a controversial challenge to the prevailing currents in economic and political discourse.
Pollination and Floral Ecology
Authors: Willmer Pat
Published: November 2017

This book is a comprehensive reference to all aspects of pollination biology—and the first fully up-to-date resource of its kind to appear in decades. The beautifully illustrated book describes how flowers use colors, shapes, and scents to advertise themselves; how they offer pollen and nectar as rewards; and how they share complex interactions with beetles, birds, bats, bees, and other creatures. The ecology of these interactions is covered in depth, including the timing and patterning of flowering, competition among flowering plants to attract certain visitors and deter others, and the many ways that plants and animals can cheat each other. The book pays special attention to the prevalence of specialization and generalization in animal–flower interactions, and examines how a lack of distinction between casual visitors and true pollinators can produce misleading conclusions about flower evolution and animal–flower mutualism. The book also gives insights into the vital pollination services that animals provide to crops and native flora, and sets these issues in the context of today’s global pollination crisis.
The Real Record on Racial Attitudes
Authors: Bobo Lawrence D. , Charles Camille Z. , Krysan Maria , Simmons Alicia D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter depicts “the real record on racial attitudes” using a wide lens. Recounting results of mid-20th-century surveys as well as trends in the General Social Survey, it shows that formal principles of equal treatment (e.g., in schools and employment) came to be widely endorsed. However, it cautions against concluding that U.S. society became “postracial.” For example, in the 2000s white Americans remain more apt to attribute negative traits to blacks than to whites, reluctant to support interventions to redress persistent black–white inequality, and highly resistant to “special favors” for blacks. The chapter documents rising egalitarianism and dramatic change in some basic assumptions governing black–white relationships, together with little or no growth in reformist and interventionist orientations about racial matters. It highlights numerous “enduring frictions and conflicts that continue to make race such a fraught terrain.”
Niches and Geographic Distributions
Authors: Peterson A. Townsend , Soberón Jorge , Pearson Richard G. , Anderson Robert P. , Martínez-Meyer Enrique , Nakamura Miguel , Araújo Miguel Bastos
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers a concept of niche that emphasizes multidimensional spaces of scenopoetic variables and provides a natural connection to the study of geographic distributions of species. It first explains the relations between environmental and geographic spaces before discussing the use of equations to link spatially explicit population growth patterns to variation in the ecological characteristics of species. It then describes the BAM diagram, a Venn diagram that displays the joint fulfillment in geographic space of three sets of conditions that together determine species distribution: biotic conditions, abiotic conditions, and movement of the species. The chapter also explores the spatial resolution of scenopoetic variables, estimation of the fundamental and existing fundamental niches, the biotically reduced niche, and caveats about reducing Grinnellian niches and the Eltonian Noise Hypothesis. Finally, it shows how distributional areas and ecological niches can be estimated.
First Steps in Beginning a Meta-analysis
Authors: Stewart Gavin B. , Côté Isabelle M. , Rothstein Hannah R. , Curtis Peter S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the initiation of the process of systematic research synthesis. Without a systematic approach to defining, obtaining, and collating data, meta-analyses may yield precise but erroneous results, with different types of sampling error (biases) and excess subjectivity in choice of methods and definition of thresholds; these devalue the rigor of any statistical approaches employed. The chapter considers exactly the same issues that face an ecologist designing a field experiment. What's the question? How can I define my sampling universe? How should I collect my data? What analyses should I undertake? How should I interpret my results robustly? These questions are considered in the context of research synthesis.
The Soldier and the Changing State
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: November 2017

This is the first book to systematically explore, on a global scale, civil–military relations in democratizing and changing states. Looking at how armies supportive of democracy are built, the book argues that the military is the most important institution that states maintain, for without military elites who support democratic governance, democracy cannot be consolidated. The book also demonstrates that building democratic armies is the quintessential task of newly democratizing regimes. But how do democratic armies come about? What conditions encourage or impede democratic civil–military relations? And how can the state ensure the allegiance of its soldiers? The book examines the experiences of developing countries and the armed forces in the context of major political change in six specific settings: in the wake of war and civil war, after military and communist regimes, and following colonialism and unification/apartheid. It evaluates the army-building and democratization experiences of twenty-seven countries and explains which predemocratic settings are most conducive to creating a military that will support democracy. Highlighting important factors and suggesting which reforms can be expected to work and fail in different environments, the book offers practical policy recommendations to state-builders and democratizers.
The Substance of Representation
Authors: Lapinski John S.
Published: November 2017

Lawmaking is crucial to American democracy because it completely defines and regulates the public life of the nation. Yet despite its importance, political scientists spend very little time studying the direct impact that the politics surrounding a particular issue has on lawmaking. This book draws on a vast range of historical and empirical data to better understand how lawmaking works across different policy areas. Specifically, the book introduces a theoretically grounded method for parsing policy issues into categories, and shows how policymaking varies in predictable ways based on the specific issue area being addressed. The book examines the ways in which key factors that influence policymaking matter for certain types of policy issues, and it includes an exhaustive look at how elite political polarization shifts across these areas. The book considers how Congress behaves according to the policy issue at hand, and how particular areas—such as war, sovereignty issues, and immigration reform—change legislative performance. Relying on records of all Congressional votes since Reconstruction and analyzing voting patterns across policy areas from the late nineteenth to late twentieth centuries, the book provides a comprehensive historical perspective on lawmaking in order to shed light on current practices. Giving a clear picture of Congressional behavior in the policymaking process over time, this book provides insights into the critical role of American lawmaking.
A Baseline ABM of Party Competition
Authors: Laver Michael , Sergenti Ernest
Published: November 2017

This chapter specifies the “baseline” agent-based model of dynamic multiparty competition, which derives from an article published by (Laver 2005). This assumes that each voter has in mind some personal ideal “package” of policy positions and supports the political party that offers the policy package closest to this. The dynamic system at the heart of the model is as follows: voters support their “closest” party in this sense; party leaders adapt the policy packages they offer in light of the revealed pattern of voter support; voters reconsider which party they support in light of the revealed pattern of party policy packages; and this process continues forever. This recursive model describes policy-based party competition as a complex system, and the baseline model specifies three decision rules that party leaders may deploy when they choose party policy positions in such a setting. These rules are Sticker (always keep the same position), Aggregator (move policy to the centroid of the ideal policy positions of your current supporters), and Hunter (if your last policy move increased your support, make another move in the same direction; or else change heading and move in a different direction).
Using Theoretical Models to Analyze Real Party Systems
Authors: Laver Michael , Sergenti Ernest
Published: November 2017

Having specified theoretical models of multiparty competition in the first ten chapters of the book, this chapter analyzes recent party competition in postwar democracies in order to verify whether the empirical implications of the party competition model can indeed be systematically observed in real party competition. This is easy to say but hard to do in a rigorous way. Fundamental difficulties arise from two distinct sources. The first concerns calibration of key parameters of the model to the real political environments it is used to analyze. The second concerns data, specifically the need for reliable empirical observations of the real world that can be compared with theoretical implications of our model. The chapter discusses these two methodological problems before moving on to compare empirical implications generated by the model, calibrated to real party systems, with empirical observations of these same party systems.
Economic Lives
Authors: Zelizer Viviana A.
Published: November 2017

Over the past three decades, economic sociology has been revealing how culture shapes economic life even while economic facts affect social relationships. This work has transformed the field into a flourishing and increasingly influential discipline. This book shows how shared cultural understandings and interpersonal relations shape everyday economic activities. Far from being simple responses to narrow individual incentives and preferences, economic actions emerge, persist, and are transformed by our relations to others. Distilling three decades of research, the book offers a distinctive vision of economic activity that brings out the hidden meanings and social actions behind the supposedly impersonal worlds of production, consumption, and asset transfer. The book's scope ranges broadly from life insurance marketing, corporate ethics, household budgets, and migrant remittances to caring labor, workplace romance, baby markets, and payments for sex. These examples demonstrate an alternative approach to explaining how we manage economic activity—as well as a different way of understanding why conventional economic theory has proved incapable of predicting or responding to recent economic crises. The book provides an important perspective on the recent past and possible futures of a growing field.
Darwinian Agriculture
Authors: Denison R. Ford
Published: November 2017

As human populations grow and resources are depleted, agriculture will need to use land, water, and other resources more efficiently and without sacrificing long-term sustainability. This book presents an entirely new approach to these challenges, one that draws on the principles of evolution and natural selection. It shows how both biotechnology and traditional plant breeding can use Darwinian insights to identify promising routes for crop genetic improvement and avoid costly dead ends. It explains why plant traits that have been genetically optimized by individual selection—such as photosynthesis and drought tolerance—are bad candidates for genetic improvement. Traits like plant height and leaf angle, which determine the collective performance of plant communities, offer more room for improvement. Agriculturalists can also benefit from more sophisticated comparisons among natural communities and from the study of wild species in the landscapes where they evolved. The book reveals why it is sometimes better to slow or even reverse evolutionary trends when they are inconsistent with our present goals, and how we can glean new ideas from natural selection's marvelous innovations in wild species.
Playing at Acquisitions
Authors: Smit Han , Moraitis Thras
Published: November 2017

It is widely accepted that a large proportion of acquisition strategies fail to deliver the expected value. Globalizing markets characterized by growing uncertainty, together with the advent of new competitors, are further complicating the task of valuing acquisitions. Too often, managers rely on flawed valuation models or their intuition and experience when making risky investment decisions, exposing their companies to potentially costly pitfalls. This book provides managers with a powerful methodology for designing and executing successful acquisition strategies. The book tackles the myriad executive biases that infect decision making at every stage of the acquisition process, and the inadequacy of current valuation approaches to help mitigate these biases and more realistically represent value in uncertain environments. Bringing together the latest advances in behavioral finance, real option valuation, and game theory, this book explains how to express acquisition strategies as sets of real options, explicitly introducing uncertainty and future optionality into acquisition strategy design. It shows how to incorporate the competitive dynamics that exist in different acquisition contexts, acknowledge and even embrace uncertainty, identify the value of the real options embedded in targets, and more. Rooted in economic theory and featuring numerous real-world case studies, the book will enhance the ability of CEOs and their teams to derive value from their acquisition strategies, and is also an ideal resource for researchers and MBAs.
Reluctant Accomplice
Authors: Kohn Richard
Published: November 2017

This book is a collection of the World War II letters of Dr. Konrad Jarausch, a German high-school teacher of religion and history who served in a reserve battalion of Adolf Hitler's army in Poland and Russia, where he died of typhoid in 1942. He wrote most of these letters to his wife, Elisabeth. His son, the author of this book, brings them together here to tell the gripping story of a patriotic soldier of the Third Reich who, through witnessing its atrocities in the East, began to doubt the war's moral legitimacy. The letters grow increasingly critical, and their vivid descriptions of the mass deaths of Russian prisoners of war are chilling. They reveal the inner conflicts of ordinary Germans who became reluctant accomplices in Hitler's merciless war of annihilation, yet sometimes managed to discover a shared humanity with its suffering victims, a bond that could transcend race, nationalism, and the enmity of war. The book is also the powerful story of the son, who for decades refused to come to grips with these letters because he abhorred his father's nationalist politics. Only now, late in his life, is he able to cope with their contents—and he is by no means alone. The book provides rare insight into the so-called children of the war, an entire generation of postwar Germans who grew up resenting their past, but who today must finally face the painful legacy of their parents' complicity in National Socialism.
Slavery and the Culture of Taste
Authors: Gikandi Simon
Published: November 2017

It would be easy to assume that, in the eighteenth century, slavery and the culture of taste—the world of politeness, manners, and aesthetics—existed as separate and unequal domains, unrelated in the spheres of social life. But to the contrary, this book demonstrates that these two areas of modernity were surprisingly entwined. Ranging across Britain, the antebellum South, and the West Indies, the book illustrates how the violence and ugliness of enslavement actually shaped theories of taste, notions of beauty, and practices of high culture, and how slavery's impurity informed and haunted the rarified customs of the time. The book focuses on the ways that the enslavement of Africans and the profits derived from this exploitation enabled the moment of taste in European—mainly British—life, leading to a transformation of bourgeois ideas regarding freedom and selfhood. It explores how these connections played out in the immense fortunes made in the West Indies sugar colonies, supporting the lavish lives of English barons and altering the ideals that defined middle-class subjects. Discussing how the ownership of slaves turned the American planter class into a new aristocracy, the book engages with the slaves' own response to the strange interplay of modern notions of freedom and the realities of bondage, and it emphasizes the aesthetic and cultural processes developed by slaves to create spaces of freedom outside the regimen of enforced labor and truncated leisure. Through a close look at the eighteenth century's many remarkable documents and artworks, the book sets forth the tensions and contradictions entangling a brutal practice and the distinctions of civility.