bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creole Neighborhood or Miskito Community?; A Case Study of Identity Politics in a Mosquito Coast Land Dispute
Authors: Pineda Baron L.
Published: September 2010

This article represents a case study that illustrates the ways in which the oral traditions of the Mosquito Coast region of Nicaragua, particularly those related to the foundation of the city of Bilwi/Puerto Cabezas, enter into a land dispute that occurred shortly after the electoral defeat of the Sandinista government. An understanding of the details of this dispute that takes place in a period in In which the controversy surrounding ethnic and indigenous identification had receded from its high point in the 1980s, provides insight into the nature of identity politics in the region. Although the case ostensibly concerns a modem land dispute with relatively low stakes, it clearly exposes a broad range of crosscutting contradictions and cleavages within Mosquito Coast and Nicaraguan society. The argument developed here focuses on the importance of incorporating regional and other non‐ethnic units of analysis in the undeistanding of ethnic conflict.
"Where Have All the Spaniards Gone" Independent Identities: Ethnicities, Class and the Emergent National State
Authors: Little‐Siebold Todd
Published: September 2010

This article documents the constaiction and contestation of ethnic identity in Guatemala during the transition from Spanish colonial aile to control by new national elites. It makes the case that locally‐based systems of identification survived w ell into the late nineteenth century The tension between official categories and the continued diversity at the local level points to the need for a clearer understanding of the nature of state power at that time. The suite lacked infrastructure and power to earn out a transformation of the ways in which the nation s inhabitants understood their identities. The author concludes by calling for explanations of the true complexity of identity politics in contemporary Guatemala that go beyond a simple dichotomy between Indians and Ladinos.
La antropología aplicada al servicio del estado‐nación: aculturación e indigenismo en la frontera sur de México
Authors: Castillo Rosalva Aída Hernández
Published: September 2010

This article is a critical analysis of the role of applied anthropology used in the elaboration of state policies towards indigenous peoples on the Southern Mexican border. Based on extensive field and archival research in a Maya region of the state of Chiapas, the author analyzes the role of anthropologists in the formulation of official indigenismo and its impact on the cultural, social and economic life of the indigenous peoples of this area. The case study about the Mam people that is analyzed in this article is an example of the negative impact that applied anthropology can have when it is used in service of the nation‐state.
Applied Anthropology/antropología de la gestión: Debating the Uses of Anthropology in the United States and Latin America: From Policy Ethnography to Theory of Practice: Introductory Considerations
Authors: Freidenberg Judith
Published: September 2010

In this set of articles, three anthropologists based in Latin America discuss the politics and practicalities of doing applied anthropology in Mexico and Puerto Rico —a discussion based in their own working lives as researchers —while two anthropologists based in the United States (Sidney Mintz and myself) provide some commentary. Our goal is to contribute to the "decolonizing of anthropology" (Harrison 1997): by expanding current questions posed in the U.S. to other countries, our intent is to transform what has largely been a discourse on a "native" anthropology (NAPA1995) into a "transnational" anthropology (Hannerz 1998). Thus, rather than a survey of current practice in applied anthropology in the Americas, this special section is offered as an invitation to dialogue, and a call for greater discussion among anthropologists concerned with the application of knowledge in different nations and/or regions of the Americas.
Dialogía y ruptura: la tradición etnogr´fica en la antropología aplicada en Puerto Rico, a partir de The People of Puerto Rico
Authors: Pizzini Manuel Valdés
Published: September 2010

The People of Puerto Rico (1956) had an unquestionable academic and intellectual impact on the island. A review of the literature shows that anthropologists and their texts have established a special dialogic with The People, in which we es tablish a distance, for political reasons, but it is also a work that we keep citing and using as an essential source. The relationship between this text and the Puerto Rican anthropologists is a contra dictory one, characterized by the dialectics between ruptures and linkages. There are strong thematic linkages with Steward's text, but the Puerto Rican anthropology also manifests a aipture with those topics, and an engagement of a different set of topics represented in the recent anthropological works (for example, political ecology, urban society, national culture, gender, and racism and ethnicity). This article also presents potential new directions for Puerto Rican anthropology.
Blood and Traits: Preliminary Observations on the Analysis of Mestizo and Indigenous Identities in Latin America vs. the U.S.
Authors: Field Les
Published: September 2010

In the past decade, anthropologists have reevaluated what they have taken for granted about the process of mestizaje and the meaning of mestizo identities in diverse Latin American countries Comparisons between such processes and identities in Latin versus North America have been lacking, which has tended to obscure the ways that nationalist ideologies have produced and naturalized such identities, and, moreover, how anthropology itself has proven useful to nationalist projects in this endeavor. The identity‐making systems that create knowledge about and legitimate the existence of indigenous peoples in this hemisphere persistently recapitulate anthropological obsessions with cultural traits and genealogy. This article offers preliminary comparative observations from the United States and from Iatin American examples based upon recent ethnographic work, stressing that advances in such studies should be oriented around the politics of alliance with indigenous communities and movements.
¿Por qué erradicamos? Entre bastiones de poder, cultura, y narcotráfico
Authors: Izquierdo Santiago Villaveces
Published: September 2010

In 1997, a quite unique process of voluntary eradication of poppy and coca was sparked within the Guambiano resguardo of Silvia (Cauca). This paper explores the ways in which local strategies of cultural and political survival have been activated as responses to the de‐structuring effects of drug‐ridden economies and ethos. While making a case on the need to defend the triad land‐territorial autonomy‐local authority, the resguardo government unleashed a process that successfully articulated cultural identity with a socially sanctioned mobilization against all practices and forces that would disrupt this triad. The paper suggests that the emergence of civic guards, the moral and social pressure to eradicate illicit crops, and later the consolidation of processes of civil peaceful resistance to armed conflict within the resguardo are examples of a broader process of creative local responses to an increasingly virulent conflict.
Remembering Place: Memory and Violence in Medellin, Colombia
Authors: Riaño‐Alcalá Pilar
Published: September 2010

This article examines the connections between people, memories and violence through an ethnographic account of the ways places are rendered meaningful in Medellin, Colombia. In this city, daily life has been profoundly affected by a multilayered violent conflict where multiple armed actors, scenarios and forms of violence interplay. The article describes practices of place‐making such as landmarking, place‐naming, soundscaping, and imagining that invest places with significance and maintain a local implicit knowledge that allows circulation and survival in the city. Through these practices of place‐making, memory has become a bridging practice that restores a sense of place to the experience of displacement that violence inflicts in peoples lives. These processes, however, are at risk of becoming emptied of meaning by the power of widespread violences to suppress and fragment and by the ways terror and fear are remaking, the social landscape.
Ongoing Struggles: Mayas and Immigrants in Tourist Era Tulum
Authors: Juárez Ana M.
Published: September 2010

In Quintana Roo, Mexico, an area once controlled by Maya descendants of the mid–19th‐century Caste Wars of the Yucatan, the global tourist economy has led to radical changes. This study analyzes relations between local Mayas and Yucatec and Mexican immigrants in Tulum Pueblo, located south of Cancun and just outside a popular archeological site. Struggles between Mayas and immigrants have centered on cultural, marital and religious practices and physical control of the town's central church and plaza, eventually resulting in the establishment of dual, competing town centers. Questions of cultural politics and the control of space continue to be central to contemporary political movements around the world. This research shows that the fashioning, of cultural places and practices is inherently tied to materially based differences in power and inequality differences are minimized when few disparities in power exist, but conflicts over places and identities are maximized when power differentials increase.
The Representation of Guayaquil's Sexual Past: Historicizing the Enchaquirados
Authors: Benavides O. Hugo
Published: September 2010

The article assesses the role played by the enchaquirados in the historical reconstruction of Guayaquil's sexual past. In this regard, the alternative reading of this pre‐Hispanic homosexual harem of boys questions the city's traditionally heterosexist history; however, rather than simply blaming official historiography and pretending to offer some new historical truth, the present contribution looks to interrogate the inherent problematics of historical hermeneutics. Through this critical evaluation of the enchaquirados legacy, I offer some needed insight into the nature of historical production in Ecuador and into the pervasive limitations of all historical production in post‐colonial contexts, particularly Latin American ones. In this manner, the article looks to place the production of Guayaquil's past and its reigning masculinity discourse) in an ever changing discourse in which elements of colonial relationships, race, and regional geography play a vitally determining factor, and are constantly re‐determined themselves in the process.
Collective Memory and Ethnic Identities in the Colombian Pacific
Authors: Hoffmann Odile
Published: September 2010

Las nuevas condiciones de acceso y control de tierras y territorios en el Pacihco colombiano suscitan procesos de redefinición identitaria en los que grupos— individuos —negros, blancos, indios y mestizos tienen que situarse, frente al otro y frente a sí mismo, en una gama identitaria impuesta y unívoca. El llamado a una memoria colectiva, muchas veces referida en el territorio, es herramienta privilegiada para reconstruir la tradición y legitimar adhesiones o exclusiones, en un proceso en el que estrategias e intereses de la población rural y de los líderes se cruzan para dar paso a situaciones originales y portadoras, a veces de innovaciones, a veces de cerrazón conceptual.
Etnicidad negra y elecciones en Colombia
Authors: Agudelo Carlos Efrén
Published: September 2010

In Colombia, despite the permanent increase of the population's disenchantment with politics—a phenomenon similar to that of many of the world s nations— the political identities of Colombians still correspond for the most part to formal registration in traditional political parties and to clientelistic practices of electoral participation. With a few particularities, the black populations do not escape this logic. In the nineties, black ethnic movements arose that attempted to constitute new political alternatives and wrest control of the black electorate away from traditional political forces, without positive results as of the present. This essay presents some elements of the electoral political participation of black populations throughout the history of the Colombian state up to the present, with the rise of new black movements; their results; and a few hypotheses that explain them.
Territorio, identidad, memoria colectiva y movimiento étnico de los grupos negros del Pacífico sur colombiano: Microhistoria y etnografía sobre el río Tapaje
Authors: Almario G. Oscar
Published: September 2010

Based on a case study in the south Colombian Pacific region, this article connects the historical antecedents of black peoples territorial formation and identity construction to the elaboration of new senses of collectivity now taking place in the ethnic movement of black groups. In this regard, their system of traditional memory, characterized as "dispersed and discontinuous," is undergoing a transition process insofar as the ethnic movement portrays a new representation of its collectivity or Afro‐Colombianness with a sequential narrative format that imitates that of erudite and dominant history by establishing a historical continuity from African origins until the present time. On the other hand, the micro‐historical scale shows that, as part of this ethnogenesis, these black groups have been involved in recurrent interactions between their collective representations and dominant modernist discourse, without losing the narrative center of gravity of their collective memory.
Políticas de la alteridad: Etnización de "comunidad negra" en el Pacífico sur colombiano
Authors: Restrepo Eduardo
Published: September 2010

The ethnicization of the "black community" in the southern Colombian Pacific region is a process that originated at the beginning of the 1990s. Associated with the ruling of the article in the Political Constitution of 1991, which recognizes cultural rights and specific territories for the "black community," an innovative dynamic of organization was consolidated, articulated to politics of alterity in which multiple mediations and actors intervened. The present article is a contribution to the ethnography of the production of alterity, focusing on the black community as a political and legal subject in the region of the southern Colombian Pacific.
Entre la autonomía y la institucionalización: Dilemas del movimiento negro colombiano
Authors: Pardo Mauricio
Published: September 2010

Among the various trends of the black movement in Colombia, with diverse claims, it is the peasant movement of the Pacific—whose territorial struggle has been presented as ethnic vindication—with the most initiative and the greatest accomplishments. The so‐called "black communities" Law 70 of 1993, the result of the mobilization of heterogeneous black organizations, centers on the creation of collective territories in the Pacific, but has marginalized other aspects of the black movement and has caused it a decrease in political initiative, as well as considerable institutionalization. This, along with particular identitary proposals and organizing styles, has favored local organizations tied or aspiring to collective territories, but has also generated increasing fragmentation of other black organizations. Recently, armed conflict has burst violently into areas of rural black organizations. This article analizes this situation in the last decade, in light of theoretical reflections on identity, ethnicity, race, and social movements.
"The Logic of the River": A Spatial Approach to Ethnic‐Territorial Mobilization in the Colombian Pacific Region
Authors: Oslender Ulrich
Published: September 2010

Este artículo sostiene que planteamientos espaciales no han recibido suficiente atención en las teorías establecidas sobre movimientos sociales y la constructión de identidades. A partir de la Constitución de 1991, la movilización entre comunidades negras en la región de la costa Pacífica colombiana ha tendido hacia formas de organizaciones étnico‐territoriales que defienden sus derechos a una diferencia cultural como intrínsicamente vinculados a un control territorial en esta región. Un aspecto importante en este desarrollo es el "espacio acu´tico" en las tierras bajas del Pacífico como un conjunto particular de relaciones sociales espacializadas a lo largo de las cuencas ribereñas que ha sido importante en las estructuras organizativas de las comunidades negras rurales. Este estudio de la región de la costa Pacffica ejemplifica estos procesos y examina cómo los intereses capitalistas y del Estado los median, cre´ndose así interacciones complejas entre movimientos étnicos, el Estado, y el capital.
A Color for the Modern Nation: The Discourse on Class, Race, and Education in the Porteño Middle Class
Authors: Guano Emanuela
Published: September 2010

En los años 1997 y 1998, varios movimientos sociales porteños de dase media se oponian a la reforma de la educación impulsada por el FMI y el gobierno neoliberal de Carlos Menem. En este artículo se analiza como el discurso politíco y social generado pos esos movimientos y parte de la clase media porteńa segufa proponiendo la dicotomia sarmientina de una "civilizatión" blanca y europea como único antidoto a la "barbarie" latinoamericana propulsada por el gobierno neoliberal/peronista, y aparentemente respaldada por los sectores populares mestizos.
Symbolic Inversion, the Topology of El Mestizaje, and the Spaces of Las Razasin Ecuador
Authors: Whitten Norman E.
Published: September 2010

La met´fora de la topología étnica se presta para una discusión de las inversiones simbólicas que cuestionan las dimensiones dominantes de la ideología hegemónica del mestizaje, la mezcla de un cuerpo social nacional de ecuatorianos. El enfoque está sobre espacios sociopoliticos selectos donde los conceptos de la raza sobresalen en ciertos contextos y escenarios. El mestizaje ideológico y sus multiples inversiones estín vinculados con los cambios en el poder estructural que nacen de la acción social motivada por el simbolismo. La din´mica de las inversiones simbólicas es fundamental para la política y la poe'tica de la identidad local que contribuyen a la tranformación de las representaciones colectivas. Estas representaciones, a la vez, pueden motivar a los movimientos sociales. Este artículo explica los contrastes entre los metatropos del mestizaje y del multiculturalismo.
Embracing Race: Deconstructing Mestiçagem in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Sheriff Robin E.
Published: September 2010

Baseado num trabalho de campo realizado numa favela do Rio de Janeiro, este artigo propoe a necessidade de uma reavaliaç´o do entendimento convencional das categorias de raça no Brasil. Pesquisadores anteriores haviam assumido que afrobrasileiros se identificam usando múltiplas categorias racias. Através de uma an´lise do uso di´rio de varios termos e das conceptualizaçóes locais de significaçáo argumento é feito que os residentes da favela usam termos de rac,a‐cor numa variedade de contextos discursivos que expressam funçöes lingüísticas distintas. Termos intermedi´ries como moreno podem ser usados para descrever um grupo espeefficx) de características (em vez de uma "categoria racial") ou, alternamente, podem ser usados como termos de cortesia ou como eufemismos. É significante notar que os residentes da favela conceptualizam raca como uma noç´ bipolar. Assim, apesar de usarem termos de raça—cor, os residentes da favela insistem que todos afro‐brasileiros sao membros da "raça negra". Este fato influencia significativamente os debates sobre as caracten'sticas de consciência racial e democracia racial no Brasil contemporâneo.
Boundaries, Language, and the Self: Issues Faced by Puerto Ricans and Other Latina/o College Students
Authors: Urciuoli Bonnie
Published: September 2010

La mayor preocupación de los Latinos neoyorkinos de clase trabajadora no es "si hablan inglés" sino cómo los no‐Latinos, particularmente de quienes están respaldados por prestigio institucional, evalúan su inglés. Las percepciones de desorden lingUuuml;ístico indican una transposición del juicio racial basado en la biología a otro basado en las pr´cticas lingüísticas. De aquí que los bilingües con movilidad social se cuiden de cómo representan sus identidades. Para muchos estudiantes en una universidad de artes liberales, los Latinos/as, particularmente los puertorriqueños, este cuidado en la representación de la identidad es un elemento en un conjunto de pr´cticas para aprender a vivir como gente de clase media. El dilema en el que se encuentran entonces es que el español es parte de su persona multicultural pero esto solamente funciona semióticamente, si el español y el inglés permanecen separados. De otra manera, la actuación se puede percibir como algo desordenado, puede ser racializada. No obstante, es exactamente este "desorden" el que les da a los estudiantes latinos neoyorkinos un sentido de pertenencia, los hace sentir en casa lejos de la casa.
Shamanic Forms of Resistance in the Argentinean Chaco A Political Economy
Authors: Gordillo Gastón
Published: September 2010

El objetivo de este artículo es realizar un análisis comparative) de la inscriptión de prácticas shamánicas en los campos de lucha y en la economía política del Chaco argentino. Basándome en fuentes históricas y etnográficas y en mi propio trabajo de campo entre los tobas occidentals, analizo cómo los shamanes han sido actores políticos involucrados en cambiantes formas de confrontación asociadas a diferentes momentos históricos. Sostengo que los shamanes son actores contradictorios que pueden resistir formas de dominación y explotación y al mismo tiempo crear formas de desigualdad y control social. Un punto central en este artículo es que experiencias históricas de confrontación moldean la configuración cultural del shamanismo y que, al mismo tiempo, éste es una fuerza política constitutiva de campos locales de poder.
Claiming a Place Land and Identity in Two Communities in Northwestern Argentina
Authors: Occhipinti Laurie
Published: September 2010

A pesar del reciente progreso que se ha logrado en Argentina en reconocer redamos indígenas sobre la tierra, las comunidades han experimentado resultados muy diversos no sólo en cuanto a la efectivización de esos reclamos sino también en el significado que adquieren para ellas los reclamos que son exitosos. La relación entre la tierra y la cultura es compleja y presenta varias facetas; el paisaje natural está cargado tanto de significados culturales como de una importancia económica. Y así como la tierra se convierte en el centro de reclamos políticos, la identidad cultural también se ve transformada. Este artículo analiza las principales diferencias entre dos comunidades indígenas en la provincia de Salta, los Wichí de Los Blancos y los Kolla de Rodeo Colanzulí, en cuanto a sus relaciones con la tierra. Se examina cómo el proceso de reclamo de tierras en estos dos pueblos afecta la relación entre la tierra y su identidad cultural.
Bilingualism, Pan‐Indianism and Politics in Northern Argentina The Guaraní's Struggle for Identity and Recognition
Authors: Hirsch Silvia María
Published: September 2010

En las últimas tres décadas surgieron organizaciones pan‐indígenas en las tierras bajas de América del Sur, una región que tuvo un proceso tardío de organizatión política entre los indígenas. Estas organizaciones han movilizado a los indígenas en tomo a objetivos comunes, como ser la obtención de títulos de tierra, reconocimiento legal de sus derechos cívicos y culturales y el desarrollo socio económico. En el noroeste argentino, los guaraní están atravesando un proceso de revitalización étnica. Más aún, están consolidando sus organizaciones políticas y redefiniendo su identidad indígena. Los guaraní han mantenido contactos transnational con sus pares bolivianos, con quienes están emparentados; estos contactos han servido para forjar nuevas nociones de pertenencia e identidad Tanto los procesos transnational como los cambios socio‐políticos a nivel local les han permitido desarrollar un nuevo discurso y prácticas etnopoliticos. Este artículo examina el surgimiento del pan‐indigenismo entre los guaraní del noroeste argentino y analiza el papel que jugó el programa de educatión bilingue intercultural y la organización indígena en crear nuevas nociones de identidad colectiva.
Deconstructing Indians, Reconstructing Patria: Indigenous Education in Yucatan from the Porfiriato to the Mexican Revolution
Authors: Eiss Paul K.
Published: September 2010

Durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX, las atenciones de varios grupos reformistas yucatecos y mexicanos se fijaron en la educación indígena en Yucatán, situando a ese estado en la vanguardia de la educación indígena en México. Las propuestas de los hacendados yucatecos reformistas, y de los gobiernos constitucionalistas y socialistas del período revolucionario, evidenciaban marcadas diferencias teóricas y prácticas en questiones educativas, conforme a sus distintas políticas e ideologías. Pero a pesar de las diferencias, muchas de las propuestas para la educación de las poblaciones mayas de Yucatán se basaban en un racismo utópico, según el cual las poblaciones indígenas se consideraban como poblaciones degeneradas, primitivas, y atrasadas, o sea por herencia biológica, o por formación cultural o linguística. Sólo a través de un proceso educativo que “liberara” a los “indios” de su idioma, costumbres, y cultura, se podrían asimilar a la patria mexicana como ciudadanos leales y productivos. Los diversos reformistas, en proyectos llevados a la práctica, se proponían eradicar toda manifestación de diferencia étnica, para inculcar en su lugar una conciencia de mexicanidad y de modernidad. Este proceso fue concebido—tanto por hacendados, reformistas, revolucionarios, y socialistas—en términos espirituales, como un proceso de redención.
Rethinking Mayan Resistance: Changing Relations between Federal Teachers and Mayan Communities in Eastern Yucatan, 1929–1935
Authors: Fallaw Ben
Published: September 2010

En las escuelas federales abiertas en el oriente de Valladolid ent e 1928 y 1935, se suponía que las comunidades Mayas rechazaron a los maest os en defensa de su cultura e identitad. De hecho, la esistencia cont a las escuelas fue por ot as causas: el apoyo económico exigido por las escuelas a las comunidades, el echazo de la coeducación, y la envidia de los políticos. Vista desde esta perspectiva, es necesario modificar substancialmente la idea de resistencia étnica de los Maya.
“You Can Buy a Player's Legs, But Not His Heart”: A Critique of Clientelism and Modernity among Soccer Fans in Mexico City
Authors: Magazine Roger
Published: September 2010

Este artículo presenta una crítica local del clientelismo en México, expresada en el lenguaje de jugar al fútbol y la forma de animar. Los miembros jóvenes y varones de un club de aficionados al fútbol, que apoyan a un equipo conocido por la juventud de sus jugadores, conceptualizan la durabilidad, la rigidez y la extensión del clientelismo a través de una analogía con la manera aburrida y cautelosa de jugar y animar que tienen los jugadores y aficionados de los equipos rivales. Los miembros del club aseguran que ellos y los jugadores de su equipo, a diferencia de la mayoría de los miembros de la sociedad mexicana, viven fuera de la influencia del clientelismo, puesto que aún no se han transformado en clientes gracias a su juventud. Su alternativa al clientelismo no es la democracia moderna o la racionalidad burocrática, sino más bien, un juego de fútbol, la animación u otra actividad inspirada en el ferviente amor y caracterizado por la espontaneidad, pasión y creatividad. Esta crítica local sirve como un recordatorio de un comentario social serio que no sigue la forma de una ideología política y que es encontrado en otros contextos, como por ejemplo, en el estadio de fútbol, frecuentemente no tenido en cuenta por los científicos sociales.
Imagining Home: Race and the West Indian Diaspora in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Hintzen Percy C.
Published: September 2010

Existe un entendimiento ordinario que concibe la identidad diaspórica como el producto de un fenómeno colectivo de desplazamiento y de dispersión a partír de una tierra de orígen real o imaginada. Esta concepción ignora la manera integral por la cual las identidades son incrustadas en geografías nacionales, locales, sociales, culturales y políticas. Especiicamente, la identidad diaspórica emerge dentro de coyunturas históricas, sociales y culturales cuando discursos que construyen la pertenencia nacional niegan airmaciones de ciudadanía evocando razones raciales, culturales, religiosas, linguísticas o otras. La identidad diaspórica es una respuesta a nociones de populación nacional de las cuales los sujetos diaspóricos son excluídos. Alguién es “caribeño”, “negro”, o “jamaiquino”, o negro norteamericano, por ejemplo, no en relación con mitos originarios ijados en África, sino en relación a una geografía social, política y cultural de locación; en relación a su posicionalidad social y económica, y a contextos sociales e institucionales. Esto es lo que argumento en este ensayo, con un análisis de la presencia de inmigrantes caribeños (West Indians) en la región de la bahía de San Francisco, en California focolizando sobre la construcción/imaginación de una tierra de orígen caribeña (West Indian) que surge en respuesta a, o en contra de, discursos y prácticas de exclusión la gente negra quien parece como no ciudadana. Ellos utilizan representaciones de si mismo en términos de una subjetividad moderna para hacer airmaciones de su pertenencia legítima al espacio de los Estados Unidos. Con este afán, aprovechan de imágenes de “minoría modela” (model minority) de las cuales gozan en los Estados Unidos. Estas, combinadas con su estatuto de inmigrantes, les sirven para distinguirse de los negros norte‐americanos, un grupo al cual están ligados “racialmente”.
“We Are Against the Government, Although We Are the Government”: State Institutions and Indigenous Migrants in Baja California in the 1990s
Authors: Novo Carmen Martínez
Published: September 2010

Este artículo analiza el trabajo de dos agencias gubernamentales mexicanas con migrantes oaxaqueños y de otros estados del sur de México a la península de Baja Cal ifornia, localizada en la frontera entre México y Estados Unidos, durante la segunda mitad de los 1990s. Sostengo que las agencias gubernamentales promovieron que los migrantes se identiiquen como indígenas y que refuercen lo que oicialmente se entiende por su organización social tradicional. El Instituto Nacional Indigenista y la Dirección General de Educación Indígena llegaron a redeinir y expandir la categoría de indígena para mantener la frontera étnica en una situación de migración y cambio cul tural. El trabajo que los funcionarios indigenistas realizaron en los años noventa tuvo efectos complejos en Baja California: Por un lado, los migrantes reconocieron estar al tanto de sus derechos y sentirse orgullosos de su identidad étnica gracias al trabajo insti tucional. Por otro lado, el tipo de identidad promovido por las agencias estatales mexi canas no reconoció necesariamente su historia y sus experiencias, sino que les impuso una identidad indígena genérica. Esto tuvo lugar en un contexto en el que gran parte de los migrantes desean asimilarse a la sociedad nacional para mejorar económica y social‐ mente ya que trabajan en la agricultura de exportación por sueldos más bajos y en peo res condiciones que los mestizos.
To Throw the Blessing: Poetics, Prayer, and Performance in the Andes
Authors: Corr Rachel
Published: September 2010

La bendición es una recontextualización indígena de oraciones Católicas dentro de un oratório Quichua que obedece a normas estéticas de ejecución deinidas culturalmente. Constituye un género de discurso que surgió a través de procesos históricos de conver sión y catecismo, y la reformulación autóctona de los rituales y textos Católicos. Con el surgimiento histórico del género también surgió una preferéncia por los “mayores” (ancianos del pueblo), vínculados al sistema de auspición de iestas, como los agentes de ejecución. La institución de este sistema sirve para mantener la sobrevivencia de los textos, ya que los patrocinadores (“alcaldes”) memorizan los textos y pasan el conoci miento a los novicios. La bendición, y otras oraciones, constituyen una clase de discurso ceremonial que es necesario para la celebración apropriada de los rituales. Analizo la oración y a los agentes como una instancia de la reformulación de los textos religiosos dentro de contextos locales, y propongo que la ejecución de la bendición merece aten ción como un acto de memoria y expresión de socialidad Andina.
Blackness without Ethnicity: Constructing Race in Brazil
Authors: Sheriff Robin E.
Published: September 2010

Blackness without Ethnicity: Constructing Race in Brazil. Livio Sansone, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003. 248 pp.
Culture of Empire: American Writers, Mexico, and Mexican Immigrants, 1880–1930
Authors: De Genova Nicholas
Published: September 2010

Culture of Empire: American Writers, Mexico, and Mexican Immigrants, 1880–1930. Gilbert G. González, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004. 24 pp.
Cinema and the Sandinistas: Filmmaking in Revolutionary Nicaragua
Authors: Price Patricia L.
Published: September 2010

Cinema and the Sandinistas: Filmmaking in Revolutionary Nicaragua. Jonathan Buchsbaum, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003. 323 pp.
Beware the Great Horned Serpent! Chiapas Under the Threat of Napoleon
Authors: Rugeley Terry
Published: September 2010

Beware the Great Horned Serpent! Chiapas Under the Threat of Napoleon. Robert M. Laughlin, Albany: Institute for Mesoamerican Studies (distributed by Austin: University of Texas Press), 2003, 26 pp.
From Fanatics to Folk: Brazilian Millenarianism and Popular Culture
Authors: Sheriff Robin E.
Published: September 2010

From Fanatics to Folk: Brazilian Millenarianism and Popular Culture. Patricia Pessar, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004. 273 pp.
Revolution in Mexico's Heartland. Politics, War and State Building in Puebla 1913–1920
Authors: Uribe‐Uran Victor M.
Published: September 2010

Revolution in Mexico's Heartland. Politics, War and State Building in Puebla 1913–1920. David G. LaFrance. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc., 2003. 305 pp.
National Rhythms, African Roots: The Deep History of Latin American Popular Dance
Authors: Mantell‐Seidel Andrea
Published: September 2010

National Rhythms, African Roots: The Deep History of Latin American Popular Dance. John Charles Chasteen, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004. 257 pp.
The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse Transition and Transformation
Authors: Elson Christina M.
Published: September 2010

The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse Transition and Transformation. Edited by Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice, and Don S. Rice. University Press of Colorado 2004, 676 pp.
El Paso: Local Frontiers at a Global Crossroads
Authors: Heyman Josiah McC.
Published: September 2010

El Paso: Local Frontiers at. Global Crossroads. Victor M. Ortíz‐González, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. xl. 172 pp.
Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God: Tezcatlipoca, “Lord of the Smoking Mirror”
Authors: Hicks Frederic
Published: September 2010

Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God: Tezcatlipoca, “Lord of the Smoking Mirror.” Guilhem Olivier, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2003, 403 pp.
I Am Tsunki: Gender and Shamanism among the Shuar of Western Amazonia
Authors: Surrallés Alexandre
Published: September 2010

I Am Tsunki: Gender and Shamanism among the Shuar of Western Amazonia. Marie Perruchon, Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology 33, 2003. 402 pp.
The Gran Poder and the Reconquest of La Paz
Authors: Guss David M.
Published: September 2010

En este artículo se analizan las enormes transformaciones en el uso del espacio público occuridas en La Paz, Bolivia, en los últimos años y los variados significados atribuídos a las mismas En primer lugar, una revisión de la historia colonial de la ciudad revela una geografía de tipo racial impuesta por los españoles, afectando sobre todo a la comunidad aymara de Chuquiago. Seguidamente, se analiza el impacto de la masiva migración indígena desde el campo a la capital a principios del siglo XX, tomando como foco la festividad del Gran Poder y su ambivalente relación a las fuerzas dominantes de la sociedad boliviana de la época. Esta fiesta se convirtió en vehículo poderoso de movilización de la nueva población urbana; en complejo aparato discursivo que reflejaba las identidades raciales y étnicas en formación. En consecuencia, el Gran Poder no fue simplemente un barómetro de cambio de la sociedad boliviana, sino también un evento constitutivo de la misma. Finalmente, este artículo demuestra que la "indianización" de La Paz que ha acompañado la aceptación gradual de la susdicha fiesta ha crecido paralelamente al indigenismo resurgente, el cual ha culiminado en la elección de Evo Morales a la presidencia del país en el 2005.
Daily activities of nursing auxiliaries and technicians in relation to ethical events
Authors: Freitas Genival Fernandes de
Published: September 2010

This study aimed to know and understand the actions of nursing auxiliaries and technicians who work in the intensive care unit of the school hospital at the University of São Paulo in relation to ethical events. Data were collected through interviews with eight nursing auxiliaries and technicians (NAs and NTs), with experience with ethical events, and were analyzed according to sociological phenomenology. Participants' experiences permitted to uncover the following concrete categories of meaning: minimization of the risk in these events for patients, openness/dialog within the nursing team, nurses' guidance and supervision of activities performed by NAs and NTs, valuing justice in interpersonal relationships, and respecting the right of patients to be informed about such events. The actions of NAs and NTs in ethical events revealed their intention to ensure delivery of safe care to patients.
Suffering eases over time: the experience of families in the care of children with congenital anomalies
Authors: Guiller Cristiana Araújo , Dupas Giselle , Pettengill Myriam Aparecida Mandetta
Published: September 2010

This study aimed to understand the experience of caring for a child with a congenital anomaly from the family's perspective. Symbolic Interactionism and Grounded Theory were the theoretical and methodological references, respectively. Data collection was carried out with eight families with children having congenital anomalies through semi-structured interviews and participating observation. Data analysis reached axial coding. Results revealed two phenomena in the experience of families in delivering care to children with congenital anomalies - Facing an initially difficult experience and suffering eases over time. We concluded that the understanding of this experience supports the need to reconsider the nursing care provided to families in the care of children with congenital anomalies.
Knowledge about aids and drugs among undergraduate students in a higher education institution in the state of Paraná
Authors: Santos Sônia Maria Soares dos , Oliveira Magda Lúcia Félix de
Published: September 2010

The main objective of this study was to measure the knowledge of undergraduate nursing students about Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and drugs. The study was carried out in 2007 with a random sample of 289 undergraduate students at a State University in the Northwest of Paraná, Brazil. The students self-applied a questionnaire validated by experts. Questions were divided into three levels of complexity: low, average and high. The level of correct answers was higher in the questions of low complexity, diminishing as the questions' complexity increased. Thirteen percent of questions concerning risk factors and vulnerability to HIV infection among injection drug users (IDU) and biological material for diagnosis of AIDS was correctly answered by 90% of students. Students possessed knowledge concerning AIDS and drugs, however such knowledge was considered insufficient, showing lack of information and gaps in education with a dissociation of interdisciplinary and inter-curricular content.
Association between operational indexes and the utilization rate of a general surgery center
Authors: Nepote Maria Helena Aoki , Monteiro Ilza Urbano , Hardy Ellen
Published: September 2010

This is a prospective study that focused on the dynamics of operating rooms using operational indexes that measure optimization, resistance, overload and utilization of the surgical unit, and also identified the factors most associated with these indexes. A total of 1,908 surgeries were analyzed over a period of two months in 2007. The average rates of utilization, optimization and resistance indexes were 80.41%, 65.35% and 34.65% respectively. The difference between the positive and negative overload index was low (5.42%). Operating room rescheduling and delays were the variables that contributed the most to the increase in these indexes. In the linear regression statistical model, the utilization rate was found to be the first common variable selected in the overload, resistance and optimization indexes. It is essential to work on these operational indexes with a view to obtain satisfactory results in the management of the surgical center, with well-defined work processes and teamwork.
Characteristics of fatigue in heart failure patients: a literature review
Authors: Fini Andrea , Cruz Diná de Almeida Lopes Monteiro da
Published: September 2010

This is a literature review report to describe characteristics (frequency, intensity and correlates) of fatigue in cases of heart failure. MedLine and LILACS were the examined databases. Out of 89 articles identified, 27 were selected for data extraction. Fatigue frequency ranged from 69% to 88% and fatigue intensities are incomparable due to differences in measurement scales. Quality of life, illness progression, physical activity, social and demographic variables, comorbidity, treatment and who assessed the fatigue were variables studied in relation to fatigue. The diversity of fatigue assessment methods causes difficulties to integrate results on fatigue frequency, characteristics and related factors. No study was found on fatigue characteristics in samples of Brazilian heart failure patients.
Grounded theory - conceptual and operational aspects: a method possible to be applied in nursing research
Authors: Dantas Claudia de Carvalho , Leite Joséte Luzia , Lima Suzinara Beatriz Soares de , Stipp Marluci Andrade Conceição
Published: September 2010

This is a descriptive-reflective study based on literature and qualitative design. It aimed to discuss conceptual aspects of Grounded Theory (GT) and to present the applicability of this methodology within the nursing field. GT consists of an interpretative and systematic framework that extracts significant aspects from experiences of social actors and which enables researchers to construct theoretical frameworks and intensify expansion of knowledge. It has been shown to be an important and consistent framework for objects of study that involve human interactions and which include phenomena concerning professional practice and which have not yet been properly examined and understood according to the rigor required for the construction of knowledge in qualitative designs.
Alternanthera philoxeroides in New South Wales, Australia: Are We Closer to Control of Alligator Weed?
Authors: Burgin Shelley , Norris Andrew , Karlson David
Published: September 2010

Alligator weed is a serious weed in many countries. In Australia, it is a “weed of national significance” because of its actual and potential impact. We surveyed all local governments in New South Wales in 2001 and 2007 to determine whether the weed is being contained. We found an increased number and extent of infestations, despite more resources and a better knowledge base. Most considered that further research is needed in tactics for control of the weed. On the basis of current containment in urban gardens, we recommend that governments better mobilize the community (e.g., bush restoration consultants, Landcare groups) to deal with alligator weed infestations.
Sensitivity of Leguminous Crops to Saflufenacil
Authors: Soltani Nader , Shropshire Christy , Sikkema Peter H.
Published: September 2010

There is little information on the tolerance of leguminous crops to saflufenacil. A field study was conducted three times over a 2-yr period (2006, 2007) in Ontario, Canada, to determine the tolerance of adzuki bean, cranberry bean, lima bean, processing pea, snap bean, soybean, and white (navy) bean to saflufenacil applied PRE at 100 and 200 g ai/ha. Saflufenacil caused 51 to 99% injury, reduced height 25 to 93%, reduced shoot dry weight 92 to 99%, and reduced seed yield 56 to 99% in adzuki bean, cranberry bean, lima bean, snap bean, and white bean. Injury was lower in soybean and processing pea. Saflufenacil caused 1 to 25% injury, reduced height 3 to 13%, reduced shoot dry weight 5 to 30%, and reduced seed yield 0 to 4% in soybean and processing pea. Cranberry bean, snap bean, white bean, and lima bean were the most sensitive crops to saflufenacil followed by adzuki bean. Soybean and processing pea were the most tolerant to saflufenacil. Based on these results, saflufenacil applied PRE can be safely used in specific cultivars of pea and soybean at the proposed rate of 100 g/ha. However, there is not an acceptable margin of crop safety for saflufenacil PRE at 100 or 200 g/ha in adzuki, cranberry, lima, snap, and white bean.
Response of Diploid Watermelon to Imazosulfuron POST
Authors: Dittmar Peter J. , Jennings Katherine M. , Monks David W.
Published: September 2010

Field trials were conducted to evaluate imazosulfuron applied POST at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 kg/ha to watermelon at the two- to four-leaf stage or to vines 30.5 cm long. At 7 d after treatment (DAT), crop injury to watermelon increased linearly for both growth stages as rate increased. The least injury to watermelon observed 7 DAT was 19 and 15%, respectively, for the two- to four-leaf and 30.5-cm growth stages treated with 0.01 kg/ha imazosulfuron. The 0.4 kg/ha imazosulfuron treatment caused the greatest watermelon injury (approximately 30%) at both application timings. Yield of watermelon treated with 0.1 and 0.2 kg/ha imazosulfuron applied at the two- to four-leaf and 30.5-cm stages were similar to the nontreated check (all plots were maintained weed-free). For both application timings, yield decreased linearly as imazosulfuron rate increased. The application of imazosulfuron to watermelon at the 30.5-cm stage averaged across rates resulted in less injury at 15 DAT (16%) and greater yield (92,869 kg/ha) than watermelon treated at two- to four-leaf stage averaged across rates (29%, 83,560 kg/ha). Internal fruit quality was not affected by imazosulfuron.