bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new species of sponge-dwelling amphipod, Polycheria spongoteras sp. nov., from Spirits Bay, Northland, New Zealand
Authors: PEART RACHAEL A. , SPONG KEREN , SUTHERLAND JUDY , KELLY MICHELLE
Published: September 2019

A new species of the often-cryptic genus Polycheria (Crustacea; Amphipoda) was discovered living in a small specimen of the sponge, Homaxinella erecta (Brøndsted, 1924) (Demospongiae, Suberitida, Suberitidae), in Spirits Bay, on the northern tip of the North Island of New Zealand. Polycheria spongoteras sp. nov. is described using integrative techniques (morphologically, molecularly and ecologically), with discussions on the New Zealand records of the genus and related taxa. The host sponge is redescribed and placed in the Spirits Bay context. [Zooban URL: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FB60B77B-6B98-4102-A41F-D980B03204EB]
New Insights on Subseasonal Arctic–Midlatitude Causal Connections from a Regularized Regression Model
Authors: McGraw Marie C. , Barnes Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2019

Arctic–midlatitude teleconnections are complex and multifaceted. By design, targeted modeling studies typically focus only on one direction of influence—usually, the midlatitude atmospheric response to a changing Arctic. The two-way, coupled feedbacks between the Arctic and the midlatitude circulation on submonthly time scales are explored using a regularized regression model formulated around Granger causality. The regularized regression model indicates that there are regions in which Arctic temperature drives a midlatitude circulation response, and regions in which the midlatitude circulation drives a response in the Arctic; however, these regions rarely overlap. In many regions, on submonthly time scales, the midlatitude circulation drives Arctic temperature variability, highlighting the important role the midlatitude circulation can play in impacting the Arctic. In particular, the regularized regression model results support recent work that indicates that the observed high pressure anomalies over Eurasia drive a significant response in the Arctic on submonthly time scales, rather than being driven by the Arctic.
“A Cult of Cookie Bakers”: The Spiritual Qualities of Youth Social Justice Organization Free the Children
Authors: Funnell-Kononuk Emma , Mosurinjohn Sharday
Published: September 2019

This article analyzes the growing youth social justice initiative Free the Children/ME to WE as a kind of “spiritual movement” by demonstrating how the discourses utilized by participants and authorities resemble both the discourse of self-spirituality, as found among actual millennials, and the discourse of youth spirituality found in the developmental sciences literature. Building on previous research in which we characterized this family of organizations as a “new secular spiritual movement,” (Mosurinjohn and Funnell-Kononuk, 2017). we situate the phenomenological experience of its distinctive “WE spirituality” in the landscape of contemporary Western spirituality. Following on arguments that the politics of self-spirituality are more social change-oriented than previously acknowledged, we illuminate the logics of a spiritual movement that develops the “me” of the individual self into a part of the “we” of an imagined global community, by making spirituality coextensive with social civic engagement.
Prayer as Divine Experience and Empathetic Identification in 2 Baruch: 2 Baruch 48:1–25 as a Test case
Authors: Seal David
Published: September 2019

First, in this essay I will summarize research in the field of neuroscience, which describe the cognitive processes that allow a person to empathize with another person’s emotional experience. Second, I will provide evidence that implies the author of the late first-century Jewish Apocalypse, 2 Baruch, wished to portray that the seer, Baruch, was in God’s presence as he prayed. Finally, I will discuss the emotions potentially aroused by the language of one the seer’s prayers (2 Baruch 48:2–24). Reverence for God, hope, confidence, and humility all are expressed by the words of his prayer. I will propose that reading or hearing these emotions could have allowed an ancient reader or listener to share and understand Baruch’s emotional states that are reflected in his prayer. Consequently, this process may have provided the reader or listener with a sense of the tangible presence of God that is consistent with the experience described as occurring to Baruch while offering his prayer in the divine presence.
Structure and mechanical properties of Ni/Ti multilayered composites produced by accumulative roll-bonding process
Authors: Mokhles Mohammad , Hosseini Morteza , Danesh-Manesh Habib , Zebarjad Seyed Mojtaba
Published: September 2019

This research studies the structure and mechanical properties of Ni/Ti multilayered composites produced from commercial pure Ni and Ti foils by accumulative roll-bonding technique. To investigate these properties, scanning electron microscopy, Vickers microhardness, and uniaxial tensile tests were conducted at different processing cycles. Studies showed that in terms of structure, Ni and Ti layers maintain their continuity even up to 10 cycles of accumulative roll-bonding. Moreover, the energy-dispersive spectroscopy in scanning electron microscopy detected no deformation induced diffusion or reactive interfacial zones. It was found that by increasing the accumulative roll-bonding cycles, tensile and yield strengths as well as the hardness of the composite enhance and the total elongation reduces continuously.
The Safety of Convictions in the Court of Appeal: Fresh Evidence in the Criminal Division Through an Empirical Lens
Authors: Dargue Paul
Published: September 2019

An academic consensus exists that the England and Wales Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) determines appeals against conviction in a narrow or an unduly restrictive manner. This consensus has developed through observation and empirical study of the Court over several decades. It is said in particular that the Court adopts a narrow approach when considering appeals which raise primarily factual issues, especially fresh evidence or ‘lurking doubt’ appeals. This article discusses two new empirical studies of the Court, one of which is a replication of Roberts’s recent study which featured in the Journal of Criminal Law in 2017. The empirical evidence in support of the allegation of a restrictive approach is explored in this article from a theoretical and methodological perspective. It is argued that the question of the Court’s approach is difficult to study empirically, and so suggestions of empirical support for a restrictive approach overreach the limits of the methods employed. This is not to suggest that the Court of Appeal does not make mistakes, nor even is it to suggest that the Court is not narrow or unduly restrictive. Rather, it is suggested that the empirical findings offered as evidence of the restrictive approach, which gives rise to the consensus position, are weak and should be treated with caution, especially in the light of the author’s two new empirical studies of the Court.
Gauging Pre-Service Teachers’ Awareness of Dialectical Code Switching in Classroom Settings
Authors: Thibodeaux Tilisa , Curette Drake , Bumstead Stacey , Karlin Andrea , Butaud Gayle
Published: September 2019

This study explored pre-service teachers’ knowledge and awareness of dialectical code switching in classroom settings. A Likert-type scale survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted as part of an embedded, mixed-methods research design. Twenty-two undergraduate students responded to the online survey and 28 volunteered to be interviewed by the researchers. Results indicated that pre-service teachers have limited knowledge of code switching but felt that nurturing a relationship with students, understanding their cultural backgrounds, and paying careful attention to linguistic differences can help students feel empowered and ultimately lead to successful learning experiences in the classroom.
The Impact of Increasing Search Frictions on Online Shopping Behavior: Evidence from a Field Experiment
Authors: Ngwe Donald , Ferreira Kris Johnson , Teixeira Thales
Published: September 2019

Many online stores are designed such that shoppers can easily access any available discounted products. The authors propose that deliberately increasing search frictions by placing obstacles to locating discounted items can improve online retailers’ margins and even increase conversion. The authors demonstrate this using a simple theoretical framework that suggests inducing consumers to inspect higher-priced items first may simultaneously increase the average price of items sold and the overall expected purchase probability by inducing consumers to search more products. The authors test and confirm these predictions in a series of field experiments conducted with a dominant online fashion and apparel retailer. Furthermore, using information in historical transaction data about each consumer, the authors demonstrate that price-sensitive shoppers are more likely to willingly incur search costs when locating discounted items. Our results show that increasing search frictions can be used as a self-selecting price discrimination tool to match high discounts with price-sensitive consumers and full-priced offerings with price-insensitive consumers.
Developing China's “international” railway: The Canton–Hankow line, 1898–1937
Authors: Spain Thomas , Betts Oliver
Published: September 2019

Using contemporary journalism and archival material, this article is concerned with the construction of the Canton–Hankow (Hankou) Railway, a strategically important route and a product of international competition and influence. It argues that the line's construction between 1898 and 1937 witnessed a transition from speculative to bilateral investment, the latter comprising Britain's share of the Boxer Indemnity fund. It details China's keenness for the fund to be directed towards completing the railway and proposes that the opportunity to reduce the overcapacity of British manufacturing industries in a depressed market through exports has parallels in contemporary China's international railway construction projects.
Death by Neurological Criteria: Caring for Families amid Tragedy
Authors: Stahl Devan , Tomlinson Tom
Published: September 2019

When a patient is declared dead using neurological criteria, intense emotional and ethical challenges can follow. In our experience as clinical ethicists, consults surrounding the declaration of “brain death” can be some of the most difficult. In what follows, we describe some best practices related to death by neurological criteria (DNC). We begin with important policies hospitals need to have in place to ensure that death is properly understood by all members of the clinical team and place some limits on the authority of families to demand continued “treatment” for deceased patients. Next, we explain how best to prepare families for the diagnosis. We then discuss how to talk to families when breaking the news concerning DNC. Finally, we describe how to approach a family that is resisting the determination of death.

This article advises clinicians on how to talk to families about brain death.
The Editor’s Note: From what it’s not to what it is
Authors: Heller Rafael
Published: September 2019

Since the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) was passed in December 2015, policy debates about the law have focused not so much on what it does, but on the ways in which it undoes No Child Left Behind. All the same, ESSA has begun to result in real changes on the ground, in many parts of the country. And now that states have completed the writing of their ESSA plans and have moved on to implementing them, attention has begun to shift from what ESSA is not to what is, in fact, going on under the new law.
Assessing state ESSA plans: Innovation or retreat?
Authors: McGuinn Patrick
Published: September 2019

Three years after the passage of the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), Patrick McGuinn reviews how the U.S. Department of Education has managed the approval process for state accountability plans, how state plans are shaping up as a result of their newfound flexibility, and what implementation challenges have emerged. States have required multiple iterations to submit plans that the Department of Education would approve, and state plans have met with criticism from multiple quarters and across the political spectrum. Some states have adopted new practices related to testing and which measures to use to assess schools. However, it is not yet clear what the long-term effects that the giving of greater flexibility to the states will have.
Why ESSA has been reform without repair
Authors: Saultz Andrew , Schneider Jack , McGovern Karalyn
Published: September 2019

The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) was designed to remedy the wrongs of No Child Left Behind (NCLB). Yet Andrew Saultz, Jack Schneider, and Karalyn McGovern explain that, so far, it has failed to fundamentally alter how the federal government interacts with schools. They discuss the need for federal authority over issues of equity in education and how federal authority has expanded over time, leading to the accountability movement, which, under NCLB, required schools to provide quantifiable measures of student achievement. Although ESSA was touted as a return of control to the states, states are still held accountable for testing requirements, reporting data, and sanctioning underperformance. The authors recommend instead a model of rigid flexibility, in which centralized offices might require certain activities but allow schools some choice in determining specific goals.
Mapping America’s teacher evaluation plans under ESSA
Authors: Close Kevin , Amrein-Beardsley Audrey , Collins Clarin
Published: September 2019

In 2016, the federal government proposed and adopted the Every Student Succeeds Act, which retracted the federal government’s prior control over states’ teacher evaluation systems, permitting more local control. Kevin Close, Audrey Amrein-Beardsley, and Clarin Collins collected information from states to determine the degree to which states were shifting away from the value-added models (VAMs) that were ascendant under No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top and to understand what kinds of evaluation methods they are employing instead. States do appear to be moving slowly away from VAMs, continuing to use teacher observations, and incorporating student learning objectives as growth measures. Local control and more formative use of teacher evaluations also appear to be on the rise.
Making sense of education policy at the state level: A conversation with Sara Dahill-Brown
Authors: Heller Rafael
Published: September 2019

Kappan’s editor talks with political scientist Sara Dahill-Brown about the new realities of educational decision making under the Every Student Succeeds Act, which follows nearly two decades of strong federal influence over K-12 policies at the state and district levels. Rather than promoting one-size-fits-all approaches to school improvement, argues Dahill-Brown, advocates for education change must now pay close attention to local contexts, needs, and governance models.
“It’s not like family, it is family”: Reflections on a mentoring program for boys of color
Authors: Durand Tina M.
Published: September 2019

Early adolescence is a time of great potential and vulnerability, especially for boys of color. Research is replete with examples of how mentoring can help young people through this challenging period, but less is known about what students themselves want from such relationships. Tina Durand interviewed and conducted focus groups with boys of color participating in an after-school mentoring program to learn what they valued in a mentor. Common themes included mentors’ ability to relate to students; their unconditional support; their affirmation of students’ best traits, especially in the face of racial stereotypes; and their ability to inspire students.
On Leadership: Unlearning NCLB
Authors: Starr Joshua P.
Published: September 2019

The era of ESSA will require district leaders to replace their old ways of leading with new approaches. Many current leaders have spent their entire careers focusing on compliance under No Child Left Behind. Joshua Starr explains that they will need to unlearn their focus on compliance and learn new ways to think about collaboration, professional development, community engagement, and equity.
Washington View: The opportunities and challenges of ESSA’s evidence-based requirements
Authors: Ferguson Maria
Published: September 2019

Instead of having to comply with rigid requirements of the No Child Left Behind era, states and districts now have greater latitude to decide for themselves which evidence-based programs are best suited to address their students’ needs. However, as Maria Ferguson explains, evidence-based school improvement is not as easy as it sounds. Not all states have the capacity or expertise to assist districts in determining which programs are most suitable. When the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is up for reauthorization in two years, policy makers will need to consider whether states and districts have what they need to follow its mandates.
Backtalk: Why no safety drills for students with disabilities?
Authors: Perrodin David P.
Published: September 2019

When students with disabilities are excluded from school safety drills, they are left woefully unprepared for any and all kinds of emergencies, says David Perrodin, a former special education teacher and school administrator. Perrodin considers the arguments against including these students in safety drills and enjoins school leaders to ensure that all students are given the opportunity to learn safety procedures.
Synthesis, characterization, and application of polyanisidines as efficient photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride) films
Authors: Sabaa Magdy W. , Sanad Mohamed A , Abd El-Ghaffar Mahmoud A , Abdelwahab Nourelhoda A , Sayed Soha MA , Soliman Soliman MA
Published: September 2019

Conducting polymers have great attention due to their electrical activity in π-electrons conjugation over backbone of the polymeric chain. These properties make them attractive for enormous applications. On that account, we prepared polyanisidines (PAs) derivatives ( ortho, meta, and para) by chemical oxidation process using ammonium peroxydisulfate as an initiator. The prepared PAs were characterized using various techniques. Moreover, conductivity measurements of PA derivatives showed that the ortho-derivative gave the highest value. The prepared PAs were investigated as photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films. Different PVC films were prepared in the absence and the presence of PA derivatives and they were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for 30 days. The gel weight % for irradiated PVC films was followed as a function of irradiation time. The results revealed that the blank PVC film (free PA derivatives) was completely degraded reaching 100% gel content. PVC films contain PA derivatives showed higher photostability than PVC blank film. A comparison between the investigated PA derivatives as UV stabilizers and Chimassorb commercial UV absorber was also investigated. PA derivatives showed better efficiency as UV stabilizers than the commercial one till 288 h of UV irradiation.
Migration and absent fathers: Impacts on the mental health of left-behind family members in Thailand
Authors: Penboon Benjamas , Jampaklay Aree , Vapattanawong Patama , Zimmer Zachary
Published: September 2019

This paper examines whether children and main caregivers of overseas migrant fathers have fewer or more mental health symptoms compared to those of non-migrant fathers. The sample includes 997 households from the 2008 Child Health and Migrant Parents in South-East Asia project. The mental health measurements are the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire. Compared to children of non-migrant fathers, those of migrant fathers are more likely to demonstrate conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention. Factors which appear to impact a caregiver's mental health include the physical health status of children, caregiver's education level and household economic status. To reduce the risk of mental health problems on left-behind children, our findings imply the importance of encouraging and educating left-behind families to monitor the children's psychological well-being, especially those in father-migrant families.
Gendering Pacification: Policing Women at Anti-fracking Protests
Authors: Monk Helen , Gilmore Joanna , Jackson William
Published: September 2019

This article seeks to consider the policing of anti-fracking protests at Barton Moss, Salford, from November 2013 to April 2014. We argue that women at Barton Moss were considered by the police to be transgressing the socio-geographical boundaries that establish the dominant cultural and social order, and were thus responded to as disruptive and disorderly subjects. The article draws upon recent work on pacification, which views police power as having both destructive and productive dimensions, to consider the impact of police violence on women involved in protest. We seek to explore the ways in which this violence impacts not only on those involved in protest but also those on the peripheries. The article suggests that the threat and use of sexual violence by police towards women aims to enforce compliance within the protest movement and to send a message, specifically to those on the fringes of the movement, that protest is illegitimate and inherently dangerous. As such, sexual violence forms part of the social production and construction of gender and is instrumental in the making and remaking of subjectivities. The case study suggests that police brutality towards women at Barton Moss, therefore, operated as a disciplinary function to regulate acceptable forms of protest and acceptable forms of femininity.
Mindful Masculinity: Positive Psychology, McMindfulness and Gender
Authors: Smallen Dave
Published: September 2019

In recent years, positive psychology and mindfulness practices have increasingly been integrated in neo-liberal organisations to promote individuals’ well-being. Critics have argued that these practices actually function as management techniques, encouraging individuals’ self-governance and acceptance of the status quo despite adverse contexts. This article extends this argument by unpacking ways in which such ‘well-being’ programmes are also gendered, having been formulated around neo-liberal hegemonic masculine values of rationality, individualism and competition, and further masculinised through integration into gendered organisations. The argument is presented that this process produces a neo-liberal version of hegemonic masculinity that the author calls ‘mindful masculinity’. This theoretical argument is illustrated through examples of specific ways in which ‘well-being’ practices have been reworked in strongly masculine settings to promote neo-liberal hegemonic masculine goals under a symbolic veneer of spirituality and mental health.
The Role of Gender Regimes in Defining the Dimension, the Functioning and the Workforce Composition of Paid Domestic Work
Authors: Giordano Chiara
Published: September 2019

In light of recent developments that have occurred in the domestic sector in Europe and the debate on the externalisation of domestic and care activities, this article explores the impact of the gender regime on paid domestic work. The gender regime is defined here as the combination of two dimensions: gender equality outcomes and the ‘gender contract’. The aim is to investigate whether the gender regime can contribute to explaining cross-national similarities and differences, in terms of the size of the domestic sector, its workforce composition—with a focus on the proportion of women and migrants—and its working conditions. The article shows the results of quantitative analyses conducted at the European level, which include the construction of a typology of gender regimes, based on selected indicators, and a descriptive comparative analysis of the domestic sector at national level, based on data from the 2015 European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS). The findings suggest that the use of this typology of gender regimes can be a useful tool to explain cross-European differences in the domestic sector, but only regarding the size of the sector and the feminisation of the workforce. Concerning the proportion of migrants and working conditions in the domestic sector, no clear pattern emerges that can explain cross-national differences based on this typology.
Dual language learners' grit, engagement, and literacy achievement in elementary school
Authors: O'Neal Colleen R. , Boyars Michal Y. , Riley Lynsey Weston
Published: September 2019

The goal of this short-term longitudinal study was to examine the functioning of the grit measure; grit's relation to emotional engagement; and grit's prediction of later literacy achievement, above and beyond emotional engagement, among dual language learners. Data were collected at two time points four months apart with dual language learner, third- through fifth-grade students ( n = 142; 75% Latina/o; mean age 9.47 years old; 54% female). Results suggested that student- and teacher-reported grit scores were reliable and fit the two-factor construct, and grit overlapped with engagement. We found that teacher-reported engagement and student- and teacher-reported grit perseverance of effort (grit-pe) were significant sole predictors of Time 2 literacy achievement; teacher-reported engagement, not grit, remained a significant sole predictor even when controlling for Time 1 literacy achievement. When including grit-pe, grit consistency of interests, and engagement in the same model, student-reported grit-pe was the only significant predictor of Time 2 literacy achievement, without Time 1 literacy as a control. Discussion centers on grit-pe's utility for prediction of literacy achievement, above and beyond similar socioemotional constructs, among young dual language learners.
Investigation of the pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of oil-palm solid waste by using Coats–Redfern method
Authors: Surahmanto Fredy , Saptoadi Harwin , Sulistyo Hary , Rohmat Tri A
Published: September 2019

The pyrolysis kinetics of oil-palm solid waste was investigated by performing experiments on its individual components, including empty fruit bunch, fibre, shell, as well as the blends by using a simultaneous thermogravimetric analyser at a heating rate of 10°C/min under nitrogen atmosphere and setting up from initial temperature of 30°C to a final temperature of 550°C. The results revealed that the activation energy and frequency factor values of empty fruit bunch, fibre, and shell are 7.58–63.25 kJ/mol and 8.045E-02–4.054E + 04 s−1, 10.45–50.76 kJ/mol and 3.639E-01–5.129E + 03 s−1, 9.46–55.64 kJ/mol and 2.753E-01–9.268E + 03, respectively. Whereas, the corresponding values for empty fruit bunch–fibre, empty fruit bunch–shell, fibre–shell, empty fruit bunch–fibre–shell are 2.97–38.35 kJ/mol and 1.123E-02–1.326E + 02 s−1, 7.95–40.12 kJ/mol and 9.26E-02–2.101E + 02 s−1, 9.14–50.17 kJ/mol and 1.249E-01–2.25E + 03 s−1, 8.35–45.69 kJ/mol and 1.344E + 01–4.23E + 05 s−1, respectively. It was found that the activation energy and frequency factor values of the blends were dominantly due to the role of the components with a synergistic effect occurred during pyrolysis.
CLUBS: An RGB-D dataset with cluttered box scenes containing household objects
Authors: Novkovic Tonci , Furrer Fadri , Panjek Marko , Grinvald Margarita , Siegwart Roland , Nieto Juan
Published: September 2019

With the progress of machine learning, the demand for realistic data with high-quality annotations has been thriving. In order to generalize well, considerable amounts of data are required, especially realistic ground-truth data, for tasks such as object detection and scene segmentation. Such data can be difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to collect. This article presents a dataset of household objects and box scenes commonly found in warehouse environments. The dataset was obtained using a robotic setup with four different cameras. It contains reconstructed objects and scenes, as well as raw RGB and depth images, camera poses, pixel-wise labels of objects directly in the RGB images, and 3D bounding boxes with poses in the world frame. Furthermore, raw calibration data are provided, together with the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters for all the sensors. By providing object labels as pixel-wise masks, 3D, and 2D object bounding boxes, this dataset is useful for both object recognition and instance segmentation. The realistic scenes provided will serve for learning-based algorithms applied to scenarios where boxes of objects are often found, such as in the logistics sector. Both the dataset and the tools for data processing are published and available online.
Characterization of parotid gland tumors using T2 mapping imaging: initial findings
Authors: Wu Qian , Zhu Liu-Ning , Jiang Jia-Suo , Bu Shou-Shan , Xu Xiao-Quan , Wu Fei-Yun
Published: September 2019

Background

Preoperative accurate characterization of parotid gland tumors in different histologic types is crucial. T2 mapping has been proven to be useful for improving the accuracy of tumor characterization.

Purpose

To evaluate the ability of T2 mapping imaging in the characterization of parotid gland tumors.

Material and Methods

T2 mapping imaging was scanned in 74 patients (56 benign, 18 malignant) with pathologically confirmed parotid gland tumors. Mean T2 relaxation time was calculated and compared between benign and malignant group, and among malignant tumors, Warthin’s tumors, and pleomorphic adenomas. Independent-samples t test, one-way analysis of variance test, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used for statistical analyses.

Results

The malignant group showed significantly lower T2 relaxation times than the benign group ( P = 0.001). Using a relaxation time of 91.5 ms as the cut-off value, optimal diagnostic performance could be achieved (area under the curve [AUC] 0.679, sensitivity 46.4%, specificity 94.4%). Pleomorphic adenomas showed significantly higher T2 relaxation times than malignant tumors ( P = 0.003) and Warthin’s tumors ( P = 0.001). However, no significant difference was found on the T2 relaxation times between Warthin’s tumors and malignant tumors ( P = 0.435). Optimal diagnostic performance could be achieved (AUC 0.783, sensitivity 58.1%, specificity 94.4%), when setting a T2 value of 92.0 ms as the threshold value for differentiating pleomorphic adenomas from malignant tumors. Meanwhile, optimal AUC, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.892, 87.1%, and 83.3%, respectively, when setting a T2 value of 80.5 ms as the threshold value for differentiating pleomorphic adenomas from Warthin’s tumors.

Conclusion

T2 mapping imaging could serve as an incremental imaging biomarker for characterizing parotid gland tumors.
Answers to questions on uncertainty in geography: Old lessons and new scenario tools
Authors: Derbyshire James
Published: September 2019

In many domains, including geography, there can be the implicit assumption that improved data analysis and statistical modelling must lead to improved policymaking, and its perceived failure to do so can be disconcerting. Yet, this assumption overlooks the fundamental distinction between epistemological and ontological uncertainty, as discussed herein. Epistemological uncertainty describes the known and bounded inaccuracy of our knowledge about the world as now. Whereas ontological uncertainty describes the rendering completely obsolete of this present knowledge by surprises in the form of currently unknown future events, and by cascading changes to beliefs, attitudes and behaviours made by diverse actors in response to – and in anticipation of others’ responses to – new developments. This paper does the following: (a) shows that because of ontological uncertainty, improved data analysis and statistical modelling can never lead straightforwardly to improved policymaking, no matter how well implemented; (b) outlines how probability-based tools offer little assistance with ontological uncertainty because they are based on present perceptions of future possibilities; (c) urges geographers to reconcile with ontological uncertainty as a source of potentially transformational change, rather than viewing it as a problem to be overcome or something to be defended against; and (d) reviews a range of new, non-probabilistic scenario tools that, when used in combination, can assist in harnessing ontological uncertainty for transformational purposes by surfacing what is to be gained and by whom from enabling, blocking or altering intended policy outcomes, and by searching for future possibilities unconstrained by the present.
An introduction to bone tissue engineering
Authors: Perić Kačarević Željka , Rider Patrick , Alkildani Said , Retnasingh Sujith , Pejakić Marija , Schnettler Reinhard , Gosau Martin , Smeets Ralf , Jung Ole , Barbeck Mike
Published: September 2019

Bone tissue has the capability to regenerate itself; however, defects of a critical size prevent the bone from regenerating and require additional support. To aid regeneration, bone scaffolds created out of autologous or allograft bone can be used, yet these produce problems such as fast degradation rates, reduced bioactivity, donor site morbidity or the risk of pathogen transmission. The development of bone tissue engineering has been used to create functional alternatives to regenerate bone. This can be achieved by producing bone tissue scaffolds that induce osteoconduction and integration, provide mechanical stability, and either integrate into the bone structure or degrade and are excreted by the body. A range of different biomaterials have been used to this end, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. This review will introduce the requirements of bone tissue engineering, beginning with the regeneration process of bone before exploring the requirements of bone tissue scaffolds. Aspects covered include the manufacturing process as well as the different materials used and the incorporation of bioactive molecules, growth factors and cells.
Renal function in children assisted with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: López-Herce Jesús , Casado Elisa , Díez Marta , Sánchez Amelia , Fernández Sarah Nicole , Bellón Jose María , Santiago Maria José
Published: September 2019

Acute kidney injury is a frequent complication in patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. A single-center retrospective analysis from a prospective observational database assessing the incidence of acute kidney injury in children undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, the use of continuous renal replacement therapy and its association with outcomes was performed. One hundred children were studied. Creatinine was normal in 33.3% of children at the beginning of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, between 1.5 and 2 times its baseline levels in 18.4% of children (stage I acute kidney injury), between 2 and 3 times baseline levels (stage II) in 20.7%, and over 3 times baseline levels or requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (stage III) in 27.6% of the patients. Eighteen patients were on continuous renal replacement therapy before the beginning of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 81 required continuous renal replacement therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and 38 after weaning from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, but none of them did at discharge from the pediatric intensive care unit. Fifty-one children survived to pediatric intensive care unit discharge. Mortality was lower in children with normal kidney function or with stage I acute kidney injury at the beginning of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation than in those with stage II or III acute kidney injury (33.3% vs 58.3%, p = 0.021). Mortality in children requiring continuous renal replacement therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was 54.3% and 21.1% in the rest of patients (p < 0.01). We conclude that kidney function is significantly impaired in a high percentage of children undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and many of them are treated with continuous renal replacement therapy. Patients treated with continuous renal replacement therapy have a higher mortality than those with normal kidney function or stage I acute kidney injury at the beginning of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Most patients surviving to pediatric intensive care unit discharge recover normal renal function after weaning from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation and low flow state are not contraindications for extracorporeal support
Authors: Deshpande Shriprasad R , Vaiyani Danish , Cuadrado Angel R , McKenzie E Dean , Maher Kevin O
Published: September 2019

Outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are poor irrespective of the patient age group and circumstances. Survival to discharge after out-of-hospital arrest in children is less than 10%. Use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation is increasing and has been shown to improve outcomes in some situations. However, the candidacy for such augmentation is based on patient selection, institutional practices, and availability of an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center. Often, duration of resuscitation, low flow state, presenting pH, and circumstances of arrest dictate candidacy for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. We present a case of extremely prolonged resuscitation for out-of-hospital arrest in a pediatric patient, and we describe the use of mechanical compression device and transition to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. We present the case outcome as well as brief discussion about controversies in extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We hope the case provides an opportunity for further discussion regarding opportunities to improve selection, use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and impact outcomes.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus flexible ureteroscopy in terms of cost-effectiveness in patients with 10–30 mm renal stones
Authors: Erdoğan Abdullah , Keskin Ercüment , Altun Abdulsemet
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

Kidney stones are one of the most common urological problems. When deciding on the method of treatment for this common disease, the cost of the procedure should also be taken into consideration.

Materials and methods:

We performed a retrospective analysis of 55 patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy and 75 patients who underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery between January 2016 and November 2018. Until operative success was achieved, all additional surgical procedures, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy procedures, and interventional procedures required to resolve complications were recorded. Total cost was compared between the percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde intrarenal surgery groups.

Results:

No significant difference was found between the percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde intrarenal surgery groups in terms of gender, mean age, stone side, stone localization and stone surface area. The total cost of 55 patients that underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy was calculated as US$14.766 after the first operation, and the total cost of 75 patients that underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery was determined to be US$46.627. The mean cost per patient was calculated US$320 ± US$186 for percutaneous nephrolithotomy and US$749 ± US$242 for retrograde intrarenal surgery (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a lower-cost and successful method in the surgical treatment of 1–3 cm stones, but the serious complications involved in this operation should be kept in mind.
‘Yet this comes in useful for building ships’: Shipbuilding and repairs in New Netherland
Authors: Heijink Martijn
Published: September 2019

Contemporaries cited the great wood reserves of the colony of New Netherland on the Hudson River as an excellent resource for shipbuilding. However, this remained a small industry during the colony’s Dutch period between 1624 and 1664. Ship repairs in New Netherland took off on a small scale: vessels calling at the colony were repaired with limited means or entirely new vessels were constructed if a ship was found to be irreparable. Skilled workers who could construct small boats were at least present in New Netherland around 1630. There is evidence for structural shipbuilding in the 1630s. In this decade, the West India Company had a small shipyard on Manhattan and employed a shipwright who was mainly concerned with building small vessels for local and regional use, as well as repairs to Company ships calling at the colony. This pattern seems to have continued in later years.

The scale of shipbuilding and repairs in New Netherland was much smaller than in New England. The latter colony had a geography comparable to the former and developed a significant export trade of newly built ships. New England developed this shipbuilding industry because it lacked other export goods, such as cash crops. New Netherland did not need to do this, because it could focus on its lucrative export of beaver skins. New Netherland also faced much heavier competition from shipyards in the Netherlands than New England did from British shipyards.
Construction at Cochin: Building ships at the VOC-yard in Cochin
Authors: Odegard Erik
Published: September 2019

The port of Cochin on the Malabar Coast of India had always been a centre of shipbuilding. After the Dutch conquest in the port in 1663, the Dutch East India Company (VOC), too, established a shipyard there. At this yard, the VOC experimented with building ocean-going ships until the management of the company decreed that these were to be built solely in the Dutch Republic itself. During the first half of the eighteenth century, the yard focused on the repair of passing Indiamen and the construction of smaller vessels for use in and between the VOC commands in Malabar, Coromandel, Bengal and Sri Lanka. For most of the vessels built during the 1720s and 1730s, detailed accounts exist, allowing for a reconstruction of the costs of the various shipbuilding materials in Malabar, as well as the relative cost of labour. From the 1750s onwards, operations at the yard again become more difficult to discern. Likely, the relative decline of the VOC’s presence in Malabar caused a reduction in operations at the yard, but the shipyard was still in existence when Cochin was captured by British forces in 1795. However, this did not mean the end of Cochin as a shipbuilding centre, as a number or Royal Navy frigates were built at Cochin during the early nineteenth century.
Building maritime empire: Shipbuilding and networks of coercion under the Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) in South and Southeast Asia
Authors: van Rossum Matthias
Published: September 2019

This article maps the overseas infrastructure of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) for ship maintenance and shipbuilding. Reversing the perspective on the VOC, emphasizing the centrality of the ‘overseas’ or Asian activities, it studies how the VOC set up an infrastructure for shipbuilding, ship maintenance, and the necessary supporting industries in Asia. Historians have primarily examined the Company as a ‘merchant’, but the organization of the workplaces and underlying infrastructure for building and repairing ships reveals how important it activities and role as ‘potentate’ and ‘producer’ were. Mobilizing the resources and labour needed for the maintenance of its maritime infrastructure, especially in shipbuilding and repairs, the Company alternated monopolistic and outsourcing strategies, and regularly resorted to coercion.
The maintenance, repair and construction of ships in the French Empire during the eighteenth century
Authors: Plouviez David
Published: September 2019

The history of maritime trade has been the subject of considerable research since the 1950s, but the technical artefacts of this trade have not received the attention they deserve. While historians have paid plenty attention to ships – their features, tonnage, etc. – and port infrastructure overseas, the issues relating to naval repair and construction in the Empires have rarely attracted interest. However, this is a key factor in understanding the dynamics of trade, which encompasses the interplay between economic history, social history and the history of technology. Drawing on the example of the French Empire, this article aims to provide a first approach to this economy of maintenance, repair and shipbuilding overseas. The first step is to identify the places where these complex tasks were carried out and to establish the temporality of equipment in overseas ports. Did the French Empire offer a network of ports equipped to maintain, repair and build ships? What equipment does this include? But while the question of infrastructure is crucial, insofar as it raises other issues related to the role of the State and its relationship with economic stakeholders, it is also essential to consider that a significant share of maintenance, repair and construction tasks were not associated with any specific infrastructure. The question of knowledge, know-how and their exchange within the Empires is also important and is the subject of the second part of this article. The aim is to demonstrate that the identification and breakdown of shipbuilding workers, the establishment of their occupational mobility and the technical discussions they engaged in with other Europeans, settlers or natives, provide challenging research opportunities that may help us to understand the maintenance, repair and construction of ships in the Empires.
Dutch, English and African shipbuilding craftsmanship in precolonial West Africa: An entangled history of construction, maintenance and repair
Authors: Ribeiro da Silva Filipa
Published: September 2019

In comparative perspective, this article examines the shipping, construction, maintenance and repair of Dutch and English ships, boats and canoes operating in West Africa during the precolonial period. In addition, I discuss the strategies adopted by Dutch, English, and other ‘nations’ of merchants present in the various coastal regions of the African continent, to cope with the challenges posed by port-to-port navigation and transportation in shallow river estuaries along the western coast of Africa. Among these strategies were the transport of pre-fabricated boats of small dimension to the coast on board of heavier ships and recruitment of personnel specialised in ship repair and shipbuilding, to the acquisition, either temporary or permanent, of African boats and recruitment of African boatmen. In this way, merchants’ success on the coast was dependent on both European and African shipbuilding craftsmanship and navigational skills. Our analysis is based on information gathered from travelogues, journals of voyages and collections of correspondence exchanged between European merchants and their commercial agents based in Africa, and between officials of the private European commercial companies on the African coast.
British steamer involvement in the Portuguese Civil War, 1828-1834
Authors: Bent Mike
Published: September 2019

In the Portuguese Civil War (1828–1834), up to 16 British packet steamers were chartered, not only for the transport of mercenaries, troops and supplies, but also for two rather more unusual missions. The decisive battle, which took place off Cabo São Vicente on 5 July 1833, involved the somewhat reluctant participation of the crews of four British steamers, the encounter nevertheless indicating the potential effectiveness and reliability of steam power in military engagements. Cabo São Vicente is regarded as the last naval conflict in which sail enjoyed supremacy over steam.