bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research use of electronic health records: patients’ perspectives on contact by researchers
Authors: Brelsford Kathleen M , Spratt Susan E , Beskow Laura M
Published: June 2018

Objective

The use of electronic health records (EHRs) for research has the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of disease, yet contact with patients based on results of EHR phenotyping has received little attention. Researchers will almost certainly discover discrepancies in EHRs that call for resolution and, in some cases, raise the ethical dilemma of whether to contact patients about a potentially undiagnosed or untreated health concern. The objective of this study was to explore patients’ attitudes and opinions about potential contact by researchers who have had access to their EHRs.

Materials and methods

We conducted 15 focus groups in four diverse counties in the southeastern United States. We designed vignettes to describe different situations in which researchers conducting a hypothetical study might have reason to consider contact with patients.

Results

Many patients believed it was important for researchers to take action if they discovered information suggesting a current serious health concern. Relaying the information through patients’ physicians was considered the most appropriate course of action. Across vignettes, there were significant differences between urban and rural sites.

Discussion and conclusions

Researchers may increasingly encounter situations involving contact with patients following EHR phenotyping. They should carefully consider the possibility of such contact when planning their studies, including the time and expertise needed to adjudicate potentially serious discrepancies. Our focus group results are one source of input for the development of ethical approaches to the research use of EHRs.
Left Transsylvian Transcisternal and Transinferior Insular Sulcus Approach for Resection of Uncohippocampal Tumor: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Fernandez-Miranda Juan C
Published: June 2018

The medial temporal lobe can be divided in anterior, middle, and posterior segments. The anterior segment is formed by the uncus and hippocampal head, and it has extra and intraventricular structures. There are 2 main approaches to the uncohippocampal region, the anteromedial temporal lobectomy (Spencer's technique) and the transsylvian selective amygdalohippocampectomy (Yasargil's technique).

In this video, we present the case of a 29-yr-old man with new onset of generalized seizures and a contrast-enhancing lesion in the left anterior segment of the medial temporal lobe compatible with high-grade glioma. He had a medical history of cervical astrocytoma at age 8 requiring craniospinal radiation therapy and ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement.

The tumor was approached using a combined transsylvian transcisternal and transinferior insular sulcus approach to the extra and intraventricular aspects of the uncohippocampal region. It was resected completely, and the patient was neurologically intact after resection with no further seizures at 6-mo follow-up. The diagnosis was glioblastoma IDH-wild type, for which he underwent adjuvant therapy.

Surgical anatomy and technical nuances of this approach are illustrated using a 3-dimensional video and anatomic dissections. The selective approach, when compared to an anteromedial temporal lobectomy, has the advantage of preserving the anterolateral temporal cortex, which is particularly relevant in dominant-hemisphere lesions, and the related fiber tracts, including the inferior fronto-occipital and inferior longitudinal fascicles, and most of the optic radiation fibers. The transsylvian approach, however, is technically and anatomically more challenging and potentially carries a higher risk of vascular injury and vasospasm.

Page 1 and figures from Fernández-Miranda JC et al, Microvascular Anatomy of the Medial Temporal Region: Part 1: Its Application to Arteriovenous Malformation Surgery, Operative Neurosurgery, 2010, Volume 67, issue 3, ons237-ons276, by permission of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (1:26-1:37 in video).

Page 1 from Fernández-Miranda JC et al, Three-Dimensio-nal Microsurgical and Tractographic Anatomy of the White Matter of the Human Brain, Neurosurgery, 2008, Volume 62, issue suppl_3, SHC989-SHC1028, by permission of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (1:54-1:56 in video).
Images, Visualization, and Representation
Authors: Hanninen Dora A.
Published: June 2018

Visual images abound in music theory and analysis. From scores to voice-leading sketches, spectrographs to transformational networks, and through all kinds of other graphics, theorists use images to present and persuade. As music-theoretic discourse becomes increasingly multimodal, the differences between words and images as modes of expression, as well as the nature of the conceptual work that each does in a particular case, become critical concerns. Informed by work in science and technology studies, cartography, information visualization, and visual studies, this chapter establishes a concept of mode and considers some of the various affordances and exigencies of visual images and verbal text. It then draws a conceptual distinction between two functions of visual images in music theoretic-discourse: visualization (to render information that is invisible in visual form; “to show”) and representation (to convey a specific analytic interpretation of what is shown; “to tell”), each illustrated by a series of examples.
Timbre
Authors: Blake David
Published: June 2018

Timbre, the distinctive quality of a particular sound, has become an increasingly critical analytical focus in recent music theory. Yet the sublinguistic nature of timbral cognition and the parameter’s inherent multidimensionality pose significant challenges to description and representation. This chapter examines four main approaches by which theorists have sought to understand timbre and employ it analytically: its ontology as a sonic object; its perception from cognitive, ecological, and social perspectives; its contribution as a salient parameter in musical works; and its spectrographic and discursive representation. Using examples including the Passacaglia from Caroline Shaw’s Partita for 8 Voices and the song “100,000 Fireflies” by the Magnetic Fields, the discussion suggests two precepts for timbral analysis: greater holistic and interdisciplinary attention to timbre’s dual nature as a sonic object and a site of identity politics, and an embrace of the contextual nature of timbral perception and description in proposing analytic schemata.
What Is Music, Anyway?
Authors: Bowie Andrew
Published: June 2018

Definitions of music are contested, not least because the notion of definition itself is contested. Rather than define music, it can be more productive to trace how the use of the term has shifted historically. However, this approach may fail to explain why it matters whether something is music or not. Music itself can question the exclusive concentration on discursive understanding of the world. The reasons for this relate to differences between seeing music as an object of study and participating in music. Such differences are also apparent in differences between formalist and other approaches, which are reflected in political stances with respect to music. Historical discriminations between music and non-music (for instance, in relation to language) can also illuminate what we think music is. Rather than just being a philosophical mystery, music can bring its own kind of sense to the world.
The Divergent Evolution of Arthropod Brains
Authors: Strausfeld Nicholas J.
Published: June 2018

Occasionally, fossils recovered from lower and middle Cambrian sedimentary rocks contain the remains of nervous system. These residues reveal the symmetric arrangements of brain and ganglia that correspond to the ground patterns of brain and ventral ganglia of four major panarthropod clades existing today: Onychophora, Chelicerata, Myriapoda, and Pancrustacea. Comparative neuroanatomy of living species and studies of fossils suggest that highly conserved neuronal arrangements have been retained in these four lineages for more than a half billion years, despite some major transitions of neuronal architectures. This chapter will review recent explorations into the evolutionary history of the arthropod brain, concentrating on the subphylum Pancrustacea, which comprises hexapods and crustaceans, and on the subphylum Chelicerata, which includes horseshoe crabs, scorpions, and spiders. Studies of Pancrustacea illustrate some of the challenges in ascribing homology to centers that appear to have corresponding organization, whereas Chelicerata offers clear examples of both divergent cerebral evolution and convergence.
Critical Security Studies and Global Health
Authors: Nunes João
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues that Critical Security Studies (CSS), a diverse range of approaches that have questioned traditional ways of conceiving security, can provide a useful set of tools for understanding global health. CSS enables rich analyses of how health problems emerge as matters of security and allows one to discern the underlying conditions that make this possible, as well as the effects of framing diseases as threats. It also shows how health security can be conceived as a layered phenomenon, encompassing not just state and regional stability but also the everyday lives of individuals and groups. The chapter contextualizes and lays out the core tenets of CSS, then shows how some of the core concepts in the CSS literature can be applied to analysis of health issues. Finally, the chapter demonstrates how CSS can function as a privileged entry point into the political dimensions of the current global health regime.
The Politics of Global Bioethical Frameworks
Authors: Silva Diego S. , Snyder Jeremy
Published: June 2018

Globalization in the health sector has led to increased interest in identifying and articulating global bioethical frameworks to guide health practices. The ‘Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights’ (UDBHR) attempts to balance cultural diversity while promoting universal principles. This chapter discusses two key political issues: the legitimacy of this declaration and the universality of its application. It defines key terms to assess the legitimacy and coherence of the UDBHR, providing a brief history and describing how it fits with other international efforts to outline ethical principles and procedures for clinical research and healthcare, then discusses in depth the political questions of the UDBHR’s universality in the context of cultural diversity and UNESCO’s legitimacy in advancing it. Finally, the chapter notes that the UDBHR’s legitimacy would be further enhanced through local iterations that appeal to diverse regional, cultural, and ethnic traditions.
Global Health Diplomacy
Authors: Khazatzadeh-Mahani Akram , Ruckert Arne , Labonté Ronald
Published: June 2018

Health issues have received unprecedented attention in global policy negotiations in recent decades. Ongoing global health challenges, the pressing need to address global health disparities, and recent calls for collaboration as part of the sustainable development goals process have contributed to increasing consideration of the intersection among global health, foreign policy, and diplomacy. These developments have resulted in ‘global health diplomacy’. This chapter examines the links between health and foreign policy and how global health diplomacy is employed to influence global politics. It further investigates some of the instruments used in global health diplomacy, including recommendations/resolutions, international agreements, and regulations. How and why health issues reach the political agendas of foreign ministries are also examined. The chapter then discusses how to evaluate and improve global health diplomacy processes and raises research questions for advancing the academic study of global health diplomacy and why it remains important.
Cognitive Disability and Moral Status
Authors: Crary Alice
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides a roadmap of ongoing conversations about cognitive disability and moral status. Its aim is to highlight the political stakes of these conversations for advocates for the cognitively disabled while at the same time bringing out how a fundamental point of divergence within the conversations has to do with what count as appropriate methods of ethics. The main divide is between thinkers who take ethical neutrality to be a regulative ideal for doing empirical justice to the lives of people with cognitive disabilities and those who reject this methodological precept as unduly restrictive. What results is a debate between, on the one hand, fans of various familiar forms of moral individualism and Kantian approaches in ethics and, on the other, a range of disability scholars and activists who implicitly or explicitly make use of philosophically more radical methods.
Household Appliances and Electronics
Authors: Christensen Toke Haunstrup , Gram-Hanssen Kirsten , Jacobsen Mette Hove
Published: June 2018

Household appliances and electronics have massive environmental implications caused by the consumption of energy and scarce materials and the release of hazardous chemicals related to production, use, and disposal as well as social issues related to working conditions and the north-south division in production and waste handling. Still, political consumerism is quite absent from this field. Public policy measures within this area include energy labels and product policies as well as some consumer campaigns. This chapter argues that the main reasons behind the environmental problems related to these products are the growing number and frequent replacement of products. However, this is practically missing in public policymaking and only marginally dealt with through initiatives of political consumerism. This chapter documents the relative absence of political consumerism in the field of electronics and household appliances and discusses how to understand this in relation to different types of social drivers behind consumption.
Perceptual Processes in Orchestration
Authors: Goodchild Meghan , McAdams Stephen
Published: June 2018

The study of timbre and orchestration in music research is underdeveloped, with few theories to explain instrumental combinations and orchestral shaping. This chapter will outline connections between the orchestration practices of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and perceptual principles based on recent research in auditory scene analysis and timbre perception. Analyses of orchestration treatises and musical scores reveal an implicit understanding of auditory grouping principles by which many orchestral effects and techniques function. We will explore how concurrent grouping cues result in blended combinations of instruments, how sequential grouping into segregated melodies or stratified (foreground and background) layers is influenced by timbral similarities and dissimilarities, and how segmental grouping cues create formal boundaries and expressive gestural shaping through changes in instrumental textures. This exploration will be framed within an examination of historical and contemporary discussion of orchestral effects and techniques.
Don’t Choose the Nightingale
Authors: Schwartz Arman
Published: June 2018

“I Pini del Gianicolo,” the third movement of Ottorino Respighi’s Pini di Roma (1924), is the first symphonic composition to feature a phonograph record alongside more conventional orchestral instruments, a peculiar innovation debated by both early listeners and more recent scholars. This chapter seeks to capture Respighi’s use of a pre-recorded nightingale within a wide interpretive net, considering the status of orchestration and signification in early twentieth-century instrumental and dramatic music; the medial history of Respighi’s nightingale; as well as other attempts to combine the animal, mechanical, and musical in the months around the work’s premiere. Birdsong—real, represented, and recorded—might prompt further reflection on the peculiar materiality of timbre, whose mysteries, this chapter suggests, could also be considered the subject of Respighi’s work.
Timbre and Polyphony in Balinese Gamelan
Authors: Tenzer Michael
Published: June 2018

Musical instrument design and aesthetic desiderata for a shimmering bronze sound determine the tuning, timbre, and range of orchestral possibilities in the Balinese gamelan gong kebyar. This chapter considers the gamelan, paradoxically, as both a timbrally unified “single” instrument modularly constructed for performance by two dozen players, and as a collection of separate instruments with varied musical roles. The gamelan is timbrally unified because the sound spectrum of the full ensemble is an amplification of individual instruments’ spectra, and simultaneously it is timbrally diverse due to differing instrument ranges, mallet hardnesses, and varying thickness or shape of bronze keys and gongs. Starting from a general description of the instruments, the chapter explains the design features and musical practices step-by-step, pairing this with transcriptions and pedagogical recordings making the polyphony comprehensible and audible.
Musical Repatriation as Method
Authors: Iyanaga Michael
Published: June 2018

In ethnomusicology, discussions about repatriation have tended to revolve around “applied” issues. Often left out of the conversation, however, is that when treated as a methodological tool, repatriation can also contribute in profound ways to more theoretical concerns in ethnomusicology. As such, this chapter argues that employing musical repatriation in our fieldwork can help ethnomusicologists write better ethnographies—and thus subsequently to theorize about music and musical people more effectively—as it gives us a privileged avenue to understand the musical communities with which we work. Supported by a case study from Bahia, Brazil, in which a series of repatriation experiences reveal different facets of Catholic saint devotion, this chapter focuses on some of the distinct ethnographic lessons gleaned from the return of several historical recordings to a devotee of Saint Roch more than three decades after the recordings were originally made.
The Politics of Repatriating Civil War Brass Music
Authors: Whittenburg Ozment Elizabeth
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores how the repatriation of Civil War brass band music participates in contemporary disputes about the deeply contested meaning and ownership of a particularly turbulent moment in American history. Specifically, it questions how the framing of Civil War brass music as a retrievable sonic agent of authenticity facilitates a simplification of the past that negates issues of power and racism that were the root of this war. Such a simplified interpretation of history, heritage, and citizenship ultimately privileges Anglo American men. If repatriation enables communities to control representations of past and present identities, then the literal and metaphorical “return” of Civil War brass music to its “rightful” white male owners becomes a discursive strategy used to both privatize and police national memory.
The Banning of Samoa’s Repatriated Mau Songs
Authors: Moyle Richard
Published: June 2018

The Samoan Mau nationalistic movement of the 1920s, which led eventually to Independence in 1962, was characterized by group songs many of which were fervent in their support for traditional leadership and scathing in their condemnation of the then New Zealand administration. In the year 2000 copies of Mau songs recorded some fifty years earlier were among musical items repatriated to Samoa to public acclaim and national radio playback, but within a few weeks they were banned from further broadcast. The ban acknowledged singing as a socially powerful tool for local politics, since the broadcasts transformed songs as cultural artifacts to singing as social assertion, returning into the public arena a range of political views that many Samoans had preferred to keep private.
Traditional Re-Appropriation
Authors: Woods Bret
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores how Irish traditional music provides a case study for analyzing how archives function actively in various interdependent public spheres. As archives are decontextualized snapshots of cultural expressions by which traditional form and continuity are measured and defined, they are at once authoritatively representative and dynamically unbound to a singular authoritative representation. The repatriation of collections and archives, as a complex and multifaceted act, is often seen categorically as a culturally restorative measure—a way to recontextualize a static collection. Repatriation ethics subsequently defer to establishing contextually relevant rights and privileges over the heritage contained within archives. Through the exploration of approaches in developing and re-appropriating archives of Irish traditional music, this chapter reveals that the repatriation of archives is an intersection of subjects much more complex and conceptually varied than that which can be articulated through the simple transfer or relocation of archival materials.
Pathways toward Open Dialogues about Sonic Heritage
Authors: Gunderson Frank , Woods Bret
Published: June 2018

This introduction to the Oxford Handbook of Musical Repatriation serves both as a general representation of the editors’ approach to the Handbook and as a critical analysis in its own right, posing questions and providing nuance to the concepts of heritage, preservation, and archives that emerge within this collection and in the field at large. As access to technologies shifts the preservation, control, and consumption of sonic heritage, the broad fascination with audiovisual archives has increased, as has the need to negotiate their role in various communities. This has been the general impetus for negotiating where archives “belong,” and doing the work of returning them there. That sonic heritage possesses such widespread use, appeal, and subjective potential reveals a far more complicated task for repatriation than simply returning audiovisual collections to their sites of excavation. The authors explore this complexity as a starting point for opening a dialogue about repatriation that resonates throughout the Handbook.
The Variable Rate Irrigation Management Challenge
Authors: Lowenberg-DeBoer James
Published: June 2018

The potential for variable rate irrigation (VRI) is an approach to making better use of scarce water. Intuitively it makes sense to apply irrigation water when and where it will provide the most benefit, but implementing that simple insight is complicated because water control is costly. Experience with mechanically movable sprinklers suggests that current VRI technology can allocate water accurately in time and space, but knowledge of how to profitably manage such systems is lacking. The variable rate fertilizer experience suggests that farmers, public sector researchers, and the irrigation equipment industry should collaborate in on-farm trials that would determine profitable management with current technology and the improvements needed to make VRI standard practice for irrigators. Simultaneous with the on-farm analysis of VRI profitability on sprinkler irrigation in the industrialized countries, research should start on adapting VRI technology to smallholder farmers in the developing world.
Parties and the Party System of Israel
Authors: Hazan Reuven Y.
Published: June 2018

Both the parties and the party system of Israel have undergone significant changes during the last seventy years. This chapter begins by delineating the transformation of the political parties in Israel, from classic mass parties to a plethora of types that coexist somewhat uneasily, and from parties focused on domestic socioeconomic issues to ones dominated by foreign policy and security concerns. It then shifts to its main focus, assessing the changes in the party system. The chapter argues two points: first, that while the Israeli parties were extremely volatile, the party blocs were surprisingly stable; and second, that while the Israeli party system exhibited two very stable periods during the first fifty years—albeit with a short, transformative interim phase—during the last twenty years it has exhibited accelerated change and instability.
Stress in Eating Disorders and Obesity
Authors: Corning Alexandra F. , Viducich Isabella M.
Published: June 2018

Stress has long been implicated in the development and maintenance of both eating disorders and obesity. In this chapter, evidence for the most commonly implicated putative stressors, as culled from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, is reviewed within the framework of the diathesis-stress model. These stressors include childhood maltreatment and sexual violation; military combat and military sexual violation; traumatic stress, injury, and illness; occupational stress; sociocultural pressure to be thin; and negative appearance-related feedback. Constructs that may mediate or moderate pathways from stressors to problematic eating are identified within the framework of the maladaptive coping model, wherein stress initiates a cascade of events potentially leading to disordered eating. Methodological challenges are identified and new directions based on recent analytic advances are proposed.
Dendritic Targeting and Regulatory RNA Control of Local Neuronal Translation
Authors: Eom Taesun , Muslimov Ilham A. , Iacoangeli Anna , Tiedge Henri
Published: June 2018

This chapter reviews current developments in the area of translational control in neurons. It focuses on the activity-dependent translational modulation by neuronal regulatory RNAs, including underlying interactions with eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs), and on the role of such modulation in locally controlled protein synthesis in synapto-dendritic domains. It highlights the role of dendritic RNA targeting as a key prerequisite of local translation at the synapse and discusses the significance of these mechanisms in the expression of higher brain functions, including learning, memory, and cognition. The chapter concludes with discussion of anticipated future work to continue to elucidate these mechanisms and provide advances in the area of translational regulation in neurons and our understanding of how translational dysregulation contributes to neurological and cognitive disorders.
Behavioral and Molecular Genetics of Emotion Dysregulation
Authors: Rappaport Lance M. , Hawn Sage E. , Overstreet Cassie , Amstadter Ananda B.
Published: June 2018

Given the critical role that emotion dysregulation plays in many psychiatric disorders, there is a need to understand the biological underpinnings of emotion regulation deficits. This chapter opens with a brief overview of emotion regulation and constructs that fall under its broad umbrella. Next, it provides a brief primer of behavioral genetic research methods, summarizes existing literature regarding the heritability of emotional dysregulation, provides an overview of molecular genetic research methods, and reviews extant molecular genetic literature on emotion regulation. Finally, the chapter reviews the limitations of existing research and identifies promising areas of future inquiry that may clarify the underlying structure of emotion dysregulation and identify the role of common genetic loci in associations between emotion dysregulation and psychopathology.
Cognition and Emotion in Emotion Dysregulation
Authors: McRae Kateri , Zarolia Paree
Published: June 2018

Emotion dysregulation often implies that high levels of (frequently negative) emotion are simply not regulated by cognition. However, emotion dysregulation can refer to positive feedback loops that are created and maintained both by a lack of effective cognitive processes that regulate emotion, and by strong effects of emotion on cognition. This chapter first discusses the effect of cognition on emotion, with an emphasis on the effects of attention and cognitive control (e.g., emotion regulation) processes upon emotions. Then, it discusses the effect of emotion on cognition, with an emphasis on attention, memory, decision making, and cognitive control. Finally, it examines the implications of both types of emotion–cognition interactions by discussing the positive-feedback cycles that can produce dysregulated emotion.
American Festival and Folk Drama
Authors: Gabbert Lisa
Published: June 2018

Folk dramas and festivals are encapsulated units of culture that distill, concretize, and make manifest through enactment important cultural values and ideas. Bounded in time and space, they offer scholars an isolatable prism through which to examine culture, making them appealing objects of study. They are marked off in time and space and amalgamate other genres such as song, dance, art, costume, food, and narrative to produce synergistic events that are greater than the sum of their parts. They also happen in public arenas, rely on active audience participation, and invoke frameworks of play. Both festivals and folk dramas create alternative worlds in order to transform reality. Festivals in particular are characterized by license, inversion, and a high degree of ambiguity. Which ideas, values, or social arrangements are proposed, whose values they represent, and how these ideas are contested or contradicted in festival and folk drama arenas remain important fields of investigation.
African American Folklore, Folklife, and Race
Authors: Prahlad Anand
Published: June 2018

The study of African American folklore has been grounded from its beginnings in the colonial period in discourses and power dynamics of race. This chapter posits that these beginnings have given rise to two folkloristic traditions, with differing agendas, methodologies, aesthetics, relationships to black communities, and investments in race. The mainstream tradition has been aligned with scholarly trends within academe and has seldom focused explicitly on the most pressing concerns of black people, or on the most obvious influence on the creation and expression of black folklore, namely race. The other tradition has been more aligned with the political interests, racial histories, and day-to-day needs of African American communities. This chapter critically examines these two tributaries, relative to issues of race, arguing for an African American folklore and folklife studies that embraces an African American–centered political focus while encompassing the unique intellectual contributions of both.
Folklore and Folklife of Women, Men, and Other Gendered Identities
Authors: Gilman Lisa
Published: June 2018

People’s interaction with folklore is integral to the construction of, performance of, and resistance to multiple conceptualizations of gender in the United States. Folklore contributes to conservative processes of creating and sustaining inequitable social hierarchies in which gender is intertwined with other axes of identity, such as race, ethnicity, class, ability, and sexuality. And people of all genders use folklore to resist inequitable gender systems and to create alternate spaces and ways of being. Folklorists invested in gender issues within academic and public spheres recognize the importance and creativity of all people, including those who are subjugated and undervalued in different social environments, which has been significant for highlighting the creativity and cultural contributions of women and others in marginalized positions. They also interrogate the processes through which gender systems are constructed and perpetuated as well as the potential for folkloric forms to be used in effecting positive social change.
Corporate Governance and Its Political Economy
Authors: Roe Mark J. , Vatiero Massimiliano
Published: June 2018

In this chapter, we analyze three instances that illustrate the political economy of corporate governance. First, we examine how the politics of organizing financial institutions affects, and often determines, the flow of capital into the large firm, thereby affecting, and often determining, the power and authority of shareholder-owners. Second, we show how continental European nations have been slow in developing diffusely owned public firms in the years after World War II. The third political economy example deals with management in diffusely owned firms. The chapter also looks at the historical organization of capital ownership in the United States, noting how the country’s fragmented financial system limited the institutional blockholders and increased managerial autonomy over the years. Finally, it discusses the power of labor in postwar Europe, political explanations for the continuing power of the American executive and the board in recent decades, other political economy channels for corporate governance, and the limits of a political economy analysis.
Gaming Classifications and Player Demographics
Authors: Kaye Linda K.
Published: June 2018

This chapter outlines player demographics associated with digital games through the lens that gaming can comprise four key facets: function, content, platform, and context. This defining of demographics is important, because if gaming is considered a generic entity, it is difficult to establish specific nuances to determine a valid account of player demographics. As such, this chapter provides an account of player demographics and how these may vary as a product of these different facets. It also highlights the issues and challenges associated with this endeavor. Finally, it presents a conceptual model that underpins these issues, whereby these facets of gaming may be determined by gaming domains and play formats.
Classifying and Measuring Strengths of Character
Authors: Park Nansook
Published: June 2018

What is the good of a person? Answers to this question lie at the heart of moral philosophy and positive psychology. Our Values in Action (VIA) project describes important strengths of character and ways to measure them. The VIA classification includes 24 strengths of character. VIA measures are assessment devices that measure individual differences in the strengths in the classification. This article describes how the VIA classification was created, the ways character strengths are measured, and major empirical findings: distribution and demographics, correlates and consequences, origins and development, deliberate cultivation, interventions, and structure and trade-offs. Future research should include the relationship of character strengths to hard outcome measures, cultural differences and similarities, development, interventions, and the processes by which strengths of character give rise to actual behavior. This project supports the premise of positive psychology that attention to good character sheds light on what makes life worth living.
Equality Versus Priority
Authors: Otsuka Michael , Voorhoeve Alex
Published: June 2018

We discuss two leading theories of distributive justice: egalitarianism and prioritarianism. The former holds that unchosen inequality is in itself bad because it is unfair; the latter denies that inequality is in itself bad, but holds that a given increment in well-being has greater moral value, the lower the level of well-being from which it takes place. We argue that the most plausible versions of these views are “hybrids”: they are concerned with both people’s expected well-being and their final well-being. We also argue that such hybrid egalitarianism is superior to a hybrid prioritarianism because it more fully satisfies a key requirement of distributive justice: respect for both the unity of the individual and the separateness of persons.
Health
Authors: Segall Shlomi
Published: June 2018

The chapter discusses the evolution of theories of justice in health and healthcare. It traces Norman Daniels’s Rawlsian account, as well as the criticism it received. It then goes on to discuss two rival theories that sprang in opposition to Daniels’s, namely a sufficientarian family of theories and luck egalitarian justice in health. Special attention is devoted to three focal questions: the pattern of justice in health, its currency, and its scope, that is, the what, how, and who. Under the latter, the chapter discusses the requirements of global justice in health, and investigates what temporal unit is appropriate in thinking of just healthcare.
Libertarianism, Left and Right
Authors: Mazor Joseph , Vallentyne Peter
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the libertarian account of distributive justice. It explains the self-ownership thesis and then considers criticisms relating to indeterminacy, small incursions, and enforceable duties of assistance. It then turns to questions relating to natural resources, including whether they are initially owned, the conditions under which they may be appropriated, and the right vs left libertarian debate over whether or not they should ultimately be owned in an egalitarian manner. The chapter then lays out the libertarian account of just economic activity and considers criticisms based on the role of luck, the moral limits of markets, discrimination, paternalism, unjust prices, alternative notions of freedom, the plight of the desperately poor, and market failures. The chapter then concludes by raising important topics for future research, including the moral status of minors, future people, global justice, property rights in non-divisible natural resources, and rectificatory justice.
Ideal Theory
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: June 2018

There is a particular kind of ideal theory that does not work: namely, theorizing about ideally just worlds. Such theorizing fails to bear on what we have reason to regard as an ideal response here and now, and instead bears only on what would be ideal if we were to depart far enough from the human condition as it really is. An alternative kind of ideal theory, realistic idealism, is more useful: namely, theorizing about ideal responses to a sober assessment of circumstances that demand a response here and now. Where there are facts, where facts are subject to change in ways that matter, and where there is something we can do, we have a problem. Where there are problems, there can be objectives. Where there are objectives, there can be theorizing with a point.
Working-class Childhood in Nineteenth-century New York City
Authors: Yamin Rebecca
Published: June 2018

The children in New York City’s nineteenth-century working-class immigrant families were explorers. It was they, more than their parents, who had the time and the nerve to go beyond their immediate neighbourhoods. Neither constrained by regular work nor school (at least until 1874 when school became mandatory), they were free to wander the streets—to work at odd jobs, to challenge the law with minor (and probably some major) illegal acts. Working-class children made their own world outside the tenements where there was no room to play inside. Their lives were relatively unsupervised and they thrived on the freedom. The challenge for urban archaeologists is to find material evidence of working-class children’s activities. This chapter explores the archaeological evidence for working-class children’s lives through a number of excavated sites and brings a new understanding to the life of children in New York city.
Infant Head Shaping in Eurasia in the First Millennium ad
Authors: Hakenbeck Susanne
Published: June 2018

Head shaping was a common practice in the areas around the Black Sea in the first centuries ad. From there it spread into central and western Europe. By the fifth and sixth centuries ad it was widespread in Hungary and Austria, and occurred in rare cases as far west as France. Cranial modification is achieved by binding the head during early childhood when the bones of the skull are still incompletely mineralized and unfused. Ethnographic parallels show that head shaping was an aspect of childcare that required high levels of knowledge and involvement by those caring for children. It was frequently thought to provide benefits for the health, beauty, or intellect of the child. Skull modification suggests that concepts of the body varied among different early medieval populations, some of which considered the body as imperfect at birth and in need of improvement through social intervention.
A World Without Play?
Authors: Harrington Nicola
Published: June 2018

Social status, religious affiliations and beliefs, wealth, power, aspirations, and desires were all expressed through ancient Egyptian iconography, but children and the process of growing up are rarely the main focus of artistic compositions. While the selectiveness of ancient sources may mean that we cannot reconstruct an accurate or comprehensive picture of the experience of childhood in ancient Egypt, figured ostraca and other imagery at least provide insights into the contribution children made to the economy and to family life in antiquity. This chapter explores the contexts in which children were depicted, to show that the lived reality of youth is accessible at least insofar as it was relevant to the medium, intended audience, or the context in which images were displayed.
Hisba and Muhtasib
Authors: Stilt Kristen , Saraçoğlu M. Safa
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the scholarship that has dealt with the concept of hisba and the related position of muhtasib. The discussion includes a substantial section on the historical development of the concept of hisba and the position of muhtasib and a shorter section on their contemporary uses and practices. The historical section includes attention to the definitions and origins of the terms and to the position of the muhtasib, including the official’s jurisdiction, sources of law, biographies, and practice in particular historical contexts. The contemporary section focuses on the countries that have received the most scholarly attention regarding the practice of hisba and muhtasib today, notably Saudi Arabia and Egypt.
The Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Armada Xosé-Lois , Grau Mira Ignacio
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the Iron Age across the Iberian Peninsula, transcending the division between ‘Celtic/Indo-European’ and ‘Iberian/non-Indo-European’ areas which has characterized previous research. This division arose largely from diffusionist thinking that considered cultural development to be dependent on western European or Mediterranean influences respectively, and linked to historical processes led by the great Mediterranean civilizations (Orientalization, Phoenician, and Greek colonization). The chapter begins with an outline of the history of research, the geographical context, and the main types of periodization in use. It then offers a summary of the archaeological record employing a framework of ten regions, beginning with the north-west and ending with the north-east. The final section considers the main subjects of current research into the Iron Age on the Iberian Peninsula (ways of life, the economy, complexity, identity, ritual, and cultural expression).
Scandinavia and Northern Germany
Authors: Herschend Frands
Published: June 2018

The long Iron Age in northern Europe (c.500 BC–750 AD) was characterized by centuries of gradual development, punctuated by major episodes of transformation in the first century BC and the mid-first millennium AD. This chapter adopts a thematic approach, starting with the economy, envisaged as the intertwining of subsistence, exploitation of natural resources, and external acquisition. These lead to wider issues such as land ownership, social stratification, and over-exploitation. A second theme is warfare, ranging from small-scale fighting in earlier centuries to the battlefields of the Roman Iron Age. Next, the implications of key changes in material culture are examined, from domestic artefacts, to grave goods, and architecture. The final theme covers narrative, belief, and ritual, as manifested in lakes with votive and war offerings, founder graves, magical use of runic inscriptions, and the ideologically tinted myths relating to Iron Age societies preserved in poems written down in later centuries.
Eastern Central Europe
Authors: Nowakowski Wojciech
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines Iron Age cultural developments and population movements in the zone centred on the Oder and Vistula basins. Throughout the period, demand for Baltic amber promoted contacts with other parts of Europe, first seen in Italian imports and Hallstatt influences in the Lusatian culture. Much archaeological evidence for the various regional cultures is funerary (predominantly cremation cemeteries), allowing changes in social system to be discerned. After c.500 BC, increasing La Tène influence is apparent, with some areas experiencing Celtic settlement. In the Roman Iron Age, high-status burials along the ‘amber road’and prestige Roman goods indicate the emergence of a more hierarchical society, and ironworking reached near-industrial levels in the Holy Cross mountains. The chapter concludes by examining links between the archaeological record and documented population movements of the Migration period; the Wielbark culture of the lower Vistula region can be equated with the Goths.
Fashioning Parliament: The Politics of Dress in Myanmar’s Postcolonial Legislatures
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the significance of dress codes and clothing in postcolonial Myanmar’s successive legislatures. Burmese representatives have since the 1950s been strongly encouraged to wear dignified garb and non-Western dress when carrying out their duties in parliament. What does it tell us? The contribution of this study based on field interviews and the analysis of newspaper reports and parliamentary procedures, is threefold. It first sheds light on Myanmar’s understudied parliamentary history and some of its startling institutional continuities despite decades of military rule. It then shows how the fashioning and reinvention of traditional attires by Burmese parliamentarians has accelerated the pace of decolonisation, while serving as an effective tool of representation. Lastly, it argues that the ritual of dress in parliament has contributed to a persistent reification of identities, thereby reinforcing the politicisation of ethnicity in an already fragmented Myanmar society.
Genetic and nongenetic factors that may predispose individuals to allergic drug reactions
Authors: Gibson Andrew , Ogese Monday , Pirmohamed Munir
Published: June 2018

Purpose of review

Defining predisposition to allergic drug reactions has largely focussed on HLA associations, but other genetic and nongenetic factors are also likely to be involved.

Recent findings

Polymorphic genetic variants in cytokine genes, including IL-10, and co-signalling pathways, including CTLA4, have been associated with allergic drug reactions, but the effect size is lower than with HLA alleles and most associations have not been replicated. Although TCR specificity seems to be important for CBZ-induced SJS/TEN in South East Asian patients, a distinct repertoire may not play a role in reactions to other drugs. New mass spectrometric techniques allowing for the identification of naturally eluted peptides from drug-exposed HLA alleles will allow for the antigenic source of T-cell activation to be defined and may shed light on the influence of disease. Indeed, preliminary data highlight the propensity of drug-responsive T cells to cross-react with T cells primed to viral antigens. Furthermore, the environment can epigenetically influence regulatory gene expression, suggesting that an individual's family exposure history may alter immune thresholds and tip the balance toward activation.

It is likely that predisposition to allergic drug reactions is multifaceted in most cases. This will require the study of large numbers of patients to detect genetic factors that have a lower effect size than HLA alleles. This should be accompanied by detailed clinical phenotyping of patients and the assessment of the immunological phenotype with respect to the presence and type of drug antigen-responsive T cells.