bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Synthesis of Neopentyl 2,4,6-Tri-t-butylphenyl Ether and Related Hindered Ethers
Authors: Masada Hiromitsu , Tajima Katsuhiko , Taniguchi Koichi , Yamamoto Tomoya
Published: March 2006

The SN reactions of neopentyl, (1-adamantyl)methyl, and related substrates with potassium 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenoxide gave the corresponding highly hindered ethers in moderate yields. They were neopentyl and (1-adamantyl)methyl 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl ethers, and 1,3-bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpropane. The kinetics for these reactions suggest the SN2 mechanism.
Double-Helix Melting of Octamers of Deoxyriboadenylic and Deoxyribothymidylic Acids in the Presence of Ethidium
Authors: Sugimoto Naoki , Tanaka Atsushi , Shintani Yuki , Sasaki Muneo
Published: March 2006

The effect of ethidium (ED) on the double-helix melting of octamers of deoxyriboadenylic and deoxyribothymidylic acids (dA8 and dT8) in a phosphate buffer containing 1 mol dm−3 NaCl has been studied quantitatively. The results indicate that the enthalpy and entropy changes for the dA8·dT8 melting in the presence of ED are much larger than those in the absence of the drug; that is, ED increases the stability of the duplex.
Monolayers and LB Films of Highly Polarizable Oligo(phenylenevinylene) Derivatives
Authors: Watakabe Atsushi , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: March 2006

Highly polarizable oligo(phenylenevinylene) amphiphiles were synthesized, and their monolayer properties were examined. The corresponding Langmuir–Blodgett films gave optical second harmonic generation.
FT-IR Studies on the Aggregation of Bacteriochlorophyll c from Chlorobium limicola
Authors: Uehara Kaku , Ozaki Yukihiro , Okada Kouichi , Olson John M
Published: March 2006

Aggregates of three homologs of bacteriochlorophyll c from Chlorobium limicola in water-saturated carbon tetrachloride and in solid films were studied by means of FT-IR. Four keto-carbonyl stretching peaks were observed at 1703, 1682-4, 1649-51, and 1641-3 cm−1 corresponding to free C=O (monomer), free C=O (dimer, tetramer), coordinated C=O (dimer, tetramer), and coordinated C=O (polymer), respectively.
Reactions of Metal Ions (M+) with Chromium Hexacarbonyl as Studied by Laser Ablation-Molecular Beam Method. Distinct Difference between the First and Second Series of Transition Metals Revealed in the Distribution of Product Ions [MCr(CO)n]+ (n = 0–6)
Authors: Oka Tadashi , Kasatani Kazuo , Shinohara Hisanori , Sato Hiroyasu
Published: March 2006

The distribution of product ions in the title reactions was studied for 24 metals. The most abundant ions were those with n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 4, 3, and 3 for M = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni. Those in the second series of transition metals were dominated by n = 3 (or 3 and 4). Such a difference among metals was qualitatively interpreted in terms of strengths of M+–Cr bonds.
Formation of Porphyrin Domain Arrays at the Air–Water Interface
Authors: Yoneyama Mitsuru , Fujii Akiteru , Maeda Shuichi , Murayama Tetsuo
Published: March 2006

Mixed monolayers of 5-(4-N-decylpyridinium)-10,15,20-tri-p-tolyl porphyrin (PyP) and arachidic acid were prepared, and their film textures were studied by fluorescence microscopy. PyP forms domain arrays by compression and expansion of the monolayer on pure water at neutral pH and at temperatures > 24 °C
Oxovanadium(IV) Complex Catalyzed Oxygenation of α,β-Unsaturated Carboxamide into 2,3-Epoxycarboxamide with Molecular Oxygen and an Aldehyde
Authors: Inoki Satoshi , Takai Toshihiro , Yamada Tohru , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: March 2006

In the presence of a catalytic amount of bis(1,3-diketonato)oxovanadium(IV) complex, epoxidation of α,β-unsaturated carboxamides with molecular oxygen and an aldehyde proceeds smoothly at room temperature to give the corresponding 2,3-epoxycarboxamides in good yields.
Solid State Effect on the Phosphorescence Spectrum of a Tris(3,3′-biisoquinoline)ruthenium(II) Salt
Authors: Kato Masako , Sasano Kumiko , Kimura Masaru , Yamauchi Seigo
Published: March 2006

A broad and red-shifted emission spectrum was observed in the neat crystal of [Ru(i-biq)3](PF6)2 (i-biq = 3,3′-biisoquinoline) in contrast to a sharp 3ππ*-type emission spectrum in a dilute glassy solution. On the basis of the analyses of the concentration dependence of the emission spectrum and the X-ray crystal structure, the characteristic emission of the crystal was attributed to π-π interactions between the i-biq ligands of the adjacent complexes.
Removal of α-Hydroxy Group of Acyloins and Their Derivatives with Vanadium(II)-THF Complex
Authors: Inokuchi Tsutomu , Kawafuchi Hiroyuki , Torii Sigeru
Published: March 2006

α-Hydroxy ketones (acyloins) and their acetate or mesylate derivatives were reduced to the corresponding ketones in good yields by treatment with [V2Cl3(THF)6]2[Zn2Cl6] complex prepared in situ from VCl3(THF)3 and zinc.
Substitution Effect of Framework Constituents on Electrical Property of Solid Electrolytes with β -Fe2(SO4)3-Type Structure, M1+xZr2P3−xSixO12 (M = Li, 1/2Mg, and 1/2Zn)
Authors: Nomura Katsuhiro , Ikeda Shoichiro , Ito Kaname , Einaga Hisahiko
Published: March 2006

An enhancement of electric conductivity was observed by substitution of Si4+ for P5+ in LiZr2(PO4)3, MgZr4(PO4)6, and ZnZr4(PO4)6 solid electrolytes with a β-Fe2(SO4)3-type structure. An increase in the concentration of interstitial Li+ ion resulted in the conductivity enhancement for the Li compound, whereas an increase in the compactness of sintered specimen for the Mg and Zn compounds.
New Molecular Superconductor, [Me2Et2N][Pd(dmit)2]2
Authors: Kobayashi Hayao , Bun Kozo , Naito Toshio , Kato Reizo , Kobayashi Akiko
Published: March 2006

[Me2Et2N][Pd(dmit)2]2 is a new molecular superconductor with Tc = 4 K at 2.4 kbar. It is of interest that the insulating phase emerges when superconducting state is suppressed at high pressure. The crystal belongs to triclinic system and has the dimeric columns of Pd(dmit)2.
Structure-activity Relationship of Glycinoeclepin A
Authors: Murai Akio , Ohkita Masakazu , Honma Teruki , Hoshi Kazuhiro , Tanimoto Norihiko , Araki Satoko , Fukuzawa Akio
Published: March 2006

In a course of studies on glycinoeclepin A, which is a natural hatching stimulus for the soybean cyst nematode isolated from the roots of kidney bean, the relationship of the structure and activity has been investigated with use of various synthetic compounds.
Direct Voltammetric Behavior of Rs. rubrum Cytochrome c′ at a 2-Mercaptosuccinate-modified Gold Electrode
Authors: Erabi Tatsuo , Ozawa Shinichiro , Hayase Shuichi , Wada Masanori
Published: March 2006

The direct electrochemical redox behavior of cytochrome c′ was first observed at a surface-modified gold electrode by 2-mercaptosuccinate. Cytochrome c′ showed quasi-reversible redox responses at the electrode, and the heterogeneous rate constant for the redox reaction was estimated to be the order of 10−4 cm/s.
Selective Reduction of Nitrogen Monoxide with Propene over Cu-Silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) under Oxidizing Atmosphere
Authors: Ishihara Tatsumi , Kagawa Masaru , Mizuhara Yukako , Takita Yusaku
Published: March 2006

Catalytic activity of Cu-ion exchanged SAPO for NO reduction with C3H6 under oxidizing atmosphere was studied. Cu-SAPO-34 exhibits higher activity for NO reduction than Cu-ZSM-5, and the high catalytic activity of Cu-SAPO-34 was sustained up to 600 °C. Furthermore, heat resistance of Cu-SAPO-34 is superior to Cu-ZSM-5.
Observation of Photopyroelectric Signal in X-Ray Region
Authors: Hinoue Teruo , Nishiyama Masayoshi , Masujima Tsutomu , Kobayashi Hideyuki , Yokoyama Yu
Published: March 2006

Photopyroelectric (PPE) signal induced by X-ray absorption in a copper foil could be observed by using a thin ferroelectric polyvinylidene difluoride film with aluminium electrodes. An EXAFS was found in each PPE signal intensity and phase spectrum.
Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophene Catalyzed by Alumina-Supported Ruthenium Carbonyl-Alkali Metal Hydroxide Systems
Authors: Ishihara Atsushi , Nomura Masatoshi , Kabe Toshiaki
Published: March 2006

Catalyst derived from alumina-supported ruthenium carbonyl-alkali metal hydroxide systems remarkably increased the catalytic activity in hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene compared with an alumina-supported ruthenium carbonyl, ruthenium acetylacetonate or ruthenium chloride system to give biphenyl selectively.
First Isolable tert-Alkyl Phenyl Selones
Authors: Ishii Akihiko , Ding Meng-Xin , Nakayama Juzo , Hoshino Masamatsu
Published: March 2006

The reaction of the dihydrazone of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1,7-diphenyl-1,7-dione with Se2Cl2 in refluxing benzene in the presence of tributylamine gave the corresponding 1-oxo-7-selone and 1,7-diselone derivatives in 14 and 33% yields, respectively, while similar reaction of the dihydrazone of 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1,6-diphenyl-1,6-dione gave bicyclic 1,3-diselenetane (25%), 1,2,4-triselenolane (20%), and cyclohexene (12%) derivatives by intramolecular cyclizations.
Effect of Substrate Morphology on the Crystallization of Leucine on Gold Surface Modified with a Self-assembled Monolayer
Authors: Osaka Tetsuya , Matsunaga Mariko , Nakanishi Takuya , Asahi Toru , Banno Naoki
Published: March 2006

The effect of the surface morphology of gold-deposited quartz substrate on the enantioselective crystallization of leucine was investigated by using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and X-ray diffraction methods. The gold substrate was modified with a self-assembled monolayer with covalently attached d-leucine molecules. For a rough surface with root-mean-square (RMS) roughness of 17 nm, the QCM measurement showed a continuous decrease in frequency, while for a smooth surface with RMS roughness of 2 nm, essentially no change in frequency was observed. Nevertheless, leucine crystals with high crystallinity were clearly formed on the smooth surface.
A Novel Octanuclear Manganese Cluster with [MnII4(μ4-O)] Core
Authors: Shiga Takuya , Han Lingqin , Nihei Masayuki , Hoshino Norihisa , Ito Tasuku , Oshio Hiroki
Published: March 2006

The reaction of MnCl2·4H2O with 2-aminoethanethiol (= Haet) under anaerobic conditions afforded yellow plate crystals of octanuclear manganese complex [Mn4(μ4-O){Mn(aet)3}4]Cl2·MeOH·4H2O. A complex molecule consists of four fac(S)-[Mn(aet)3] units linked to MnII4(μ4-O) core by thiolato bridges. Magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed the presence of antiferromagnetic interactions through μ4-oxo and μ2-thiolato bridges.
Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Consisting of CuI-containing Gels
Authors: Kado Takashi , Soeda Kuniko , Negoro Kenji , Hayase Shuzi
Published: March 2006

CuI-containing gels for dye-sensitized solar cells are reported. CuI-containing gels consist of CuI, methylpropylimidazolium iodide, iodine, and gelators consisting of polyvinylpyridine and tetra(iodomethyl)benzene. The efficiency increases with an increase in the amount of iodine molecules in the presence of methylpropylimidazolium iodide, which is different from the previous reports in the absence of methylpropylimidazolium iodide. Solidification of the sticky CuI layers is carried out by cross-linking reaction of gelators without decreasing the photovoltaic performances.
Enhancement of Activity of Ir Catalysts for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by CO
Authors: Nanba Tetsuya , Shinohara Satoru , Uchisawa Junko , Masukawa Shouichi , Ohi Akihiko , Obuchi Akira
Published: March 2006

The activity of Ir catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen monoxide by carbon monoxide was drastically enhanced by combining iridium and tungsten oxide on a silica support.
Steam Reforming of Acetic Acid to Hydrogen over Fe–Co Catalyst
Authors: Hu Xun , Lu Gongxuan
Published: March 2006

The steam reforming of acetic acid to hydrogen was investigated over Fe–Co catalyst. The influence of temperature, liquid hourly space velocity, and molar ratio of steam-to-carbon were studied in detail. At 400 °C, acetic acid was converted completely. The selectivities of H2 and CO2 reached maximum values 95.3 and 92.9%, respectively.
Importance of Solvent Polarity in the Equilibrium Reaction of Leuco Dye and Developer
Authors: Sekiguchi Yumiko , Takayama Satoshi , Gotanda Takeshi , Sano Kenji
Published: March 2006

The absorbance of the leuco dye and developer solution system showed a maximum by the change of solvent polarity, and a clear correlation between the ratio of coloring species at the maximum and the dielectric constant of polar solvents has been revealed. These results suggest that the polar solvent plays an important role to change the condition of the surroundings, which is an important factor in controlling the equilibrium reaction of a leuco dye and a developer.
A Simple Iodine-promoted Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzothiazoles by Condensation of Aldehydes with 2-Aminothiophenol
Authors: Li Yan , Wang Yu-Lu , Wang Jin-Ye
Published: March 2006

Iodine is used to promote the condensation of 2-aminothiophenol with aldehydes in DMF, which affords corresponding 2-substituted benzothiazoles efficiently. Mild and manipulable procedure, use of available and less toxic oxidant, and shorter reaction times are the advantageous features of this method.
Peri-prosthetic bone density after implantation of a custom-made femoral component
Authors: Leichtle U. G. , Leichtle C. I. , Schmidt B. , Martini F.
Published: March 2006

Peri-prosthetic bone loss caused by stress shielding may be associated with aseptic loosening of femoral components. In order to increase primary stability and to reduce stress shielding, a three-dimensional, cementless individual femoral (Evolution K) component was manufactured using pre-operative CT scans. Using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, peri-prosthetic bone density was measured in 43 patients, three months, six months, 3.6 and 4.6 years after surgery. At final follow-up there was a significant reduction in mean bone density in the proximal Gruen zones of −30.3% (zone 7) and −22.8% (zone 1). The density in the other zones declined by a mean of between −4% and −16%. We conclude that the manufacture of a three-dimensional, custom-made femoral component could not prevent a reduction in peri-prosthetic bone density.
Pathology of the torn rotator cuff tendon
Authors: Matthews T. J. W. , Hand G. C. , Rees J. L. , Athanasou N. A. , Carr A. J.
Published: March 2006

We have studied cellular and vascular changes in different stages of full thickness tears of the rotator cuff. We examined biopsies from the supraspinatus tendon in 40 patients with chronic rotator cuff tears who were undergoing surgery and compared them with biopsies from four uninjured subscapularis tendons. Morphological and immunocytochemical methods using monoclonal antibodies directed against leucocytes, macrophages, mast cells, proliferative and vascular markers were used.

Histological changes indicative of repair and inflammation were most evident in small sized rotator cuff tears with increased fibroblast cellularity and intimal hyperplasia, together with increased expression of leucocyte and vascular markers. These reparative and inflammatory changes diminished as the size of the rotator cuff tear increased. Marked oedema and degeneration was seen in large and massive tears, which more often showed chondroid metaplasia and amyloid deposition. There was no association between the age of the patient and the duration of symptoms. In contrast, large and massive tears showed no increase in the number of inflammatory cells and blood vessels.

Small sized rotator cuff tears retained the greatest potential to heal, showing increased fibroblast cellularity, blood vessel proliferation and the presence of a significant inflammatory component. Tissue from large and massive tears is of such a degenerative nature that it may be a significant cause of re-rupture after surgical repair and could make healing improbable in this group.
The influence of facet tropism on herniation of the lumbar disc in adolescents and adults
Authors: Lee D. Y. , Ahn Y. , Lee S.-H.
Published: March 2006

We carried out a study to determine the effect of facet tropism on the development of adolescent and adult herniation of the lumbar disc. We assessed 149 levels in 140 adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years and 119 levels in 111 adults aged between 40 and 49 years with herniation. The facet tropism of each patient was measured at the level of the herniated disc by CT.

There was no significant difference in facet tropism between the herniated and the normal discs in both the adolescent and adult groups, except at the L4-L5 level in the adults. Facet tropism did not influence the development of herniation of the lumbar disc in either adolescents or adults.
Spinal and pelvic parameters in Marfan’s syndrome and their relevance to surgical planning
Authors: de Loubresse C. Garreau , Mullins M. M. , Moura B. , Marmorat J.-L. , Piriou P. , Judet T.
Published: March 2006

Spinal deformities are a common feature of Marfan’s syndrome and can be a significant cause of morbidity. The morphology of the scoliosis associated with this condition was previously described by Sponseller, but no correlation with the pelvic parameters has been seen. We performed a retrospective radiological study of 58 patients with scoliosis, secondary to Marfan’s syndrome and related the findings in the thoracolumbar spine to the pelvic parameters, including pelvic version (tilt), pelvic incidence and sacral slope. Our results showed marked abnormalities in the pelvic values compared with those found in the unaffected population, with increased retroversion of the pelvis in particular. In addition we found a close correlation between the different patterns of pelvic parameters and scoliosis morphology. We found that pelvic abnormalities may partially dictate the spinal disorders seen in Marfan’s syndrome. Our results supplement the well-established Sponseller classification, as well as stressing the importance of considering the orientation of the pelvis when planning surgery.
Decrease in anterior knee laxity by electrical stimulation of normal and reconstructed anterior cruciate ligaments
Authors: Iwasa J. , Ochi M. , Uchio Y. , Adachi N. , Kawasaki K.
Published: March 2006

We have investigated the changes in anterior laxity of the knee in response to direct electrical stimulation of eight normal and 45 reconstructed anterior cruciate ligaments (ACLs). In the latter, the mean time from reconstruction was 26.7 months (24 to 32). The ACL was stimulated electrically using a bipolar electrode probe during arthroscopy. Anterior laxity was examined with the knee flexed at 20° under a force of 134 N applied anteriorly to the tibia using the KT-2000 knee arthrometer before, during and after electrical stimulation.

Anterior tibial translation in eight normal and 17 ACL-reconstructed knees was significantly decreased during stimulation, compared with that before stimulation. In 28 knees with reconstruction of the ACL, in 22 of which the grafts were found to have detectable somatosensory evoked potentials during stimulation, anterior tibial translation was not decreased. These findings suggest that the ACL-hamstring reflex arc in normal knees may contribute to the functional stability and that this may not be fully restored after some reconstructions of the ACL.
Sympathetic afferent units from lumbar intervertebral discs
Authors: Takebayashi T. , Cavanaugh J. M. , Kallakuri S. , Chen C. , Yamashita T.
Published: March 2006

To clarify the pathomechanisms of discogenic low back pain, the sympathetic afferent discharge originating from the L5-L6 disc via the L2 root were investigated neurophysiologically in 31 Lewis rats. Sympathetic afferent units were recorded from the L2 root connected to the lumbar sympathetic trunk by rami communicantes. The L5-L6 discs were mechanically probed, stimulated electrically to evoke action potentials and, finally, treated with chemicals to produce an inflammatory reaction. We could not obtain a response from any units in the L5-L6 discs using mechanical stimulation, but with electrical stimulation we identified 42 units consisting mostly of A-delta fibres. In some experiments a response to mechanical probing of the L5-L6 disc was recognised after producing an inflammatory reaction. This study suggests that mechanical stimulation of the lumbar discs may not always produce pain, whereas inflammatory changes may cause the disc to become sensitive to mechanical stimuli, resulting in nociceptive information being transmitted as discogenic low back pain to the spinal cord through the lumbar sympathetic trunk. This may partly explain the variation in human symptoms of degenerate discs.
Treatment of anterior fracture-dislocations of the proximal humerus by open reduction and internal fixation
Authors: Robinson C. M. , Khan L. A. K. , Akhtar M. A.
Published: March 2006

Over a seven-year period we treated a consecutive series of 58 patients, 20 men and 38 women with a mean age of 66 years (21 to 87) who had an acute complex anterior fracture-dislocation of the proximal humerus. Two patterns of injury are proposed for study based upon a prospective assessment of the pattern of soft-tissue and bony injury and the degree of devascularisation of the humeral head. In 23 patients, the head had retained capsular attachments and arterial back-bleeding (type-I injury), whereas in 35 patients the head was devoid of significant soft-tissue attachments with no active arterial bleeding (type-II injury).

Following treatment by open reduction and internal fixation, only two of 23 patients with type-I injuries developed radiological evidence of osteonecrosis of the humeral head, compared with four of seven patients with type-II injuries.

A policy of primary treatment by open reduction and internal fixation of type-I injuries is justified, whereas most elderly patients (aged 60 years or over) with type-II injuries are best treated by hemiarthroplasty. The best treatment for younger patients (aged under 60 years) who sustain type-II injuries is controversial and an individualised approach to their management is advocated.
The association between metal ions from hip resurfacing and reduced T-cell counts
Authors: Hart A. J. , Hester T. , Sinclair K. , Powell J. J. , Goodship A. E. , Pele L. , Fersht N. L. , Skinner J.
Published: March 2006

We have studied the relationship between metal ion levels and lymphocyte counts in patients with metal-on-metal hip resurfacings. Peripheral blood samples were analysed for lymphocyte subtypes and whole blood cobalt and chromium ion levels in 68 patients (34 with metal-on-metal hip resurfacings and 34 with standard metal-on-polyethylene total hip replacements). All hip components were radiologically well-fixed and the patients were asymptomatic. Cobalt and chromium levels were significantly elevated in the patients with metal-on-metal hip resurfacings, compared with the patients with standard metal-on-polyethylene designs (p < 0.0001). There was a statistically significant decrease in the level of CD8+ cells (T-cytotoxic/suppressor) (p = 0.005) in the metal-on-metal hip resurfacing group. A threshold level of blood cobalt and chromium ions was associated with reduced CD8+ T-cell counts. We have no evidence that our patients suffered as a result of this reduced level of CD8+ T-cells.
Differences in ion release after ceramic-on-ceramic and metal-on-metal total hip replacement
Authors: Savarino L. , Greco M. , Cenni E. , Cavasinni L. , Rotini R. , Baldini N. , Giunti A.
Published: March 2006

Modern metal-on-metal bearings produce less wear debris and osteolysis, but have the potential adverse effect of release of ions. Improved ceramic-on-ceramic bearings have the lowest wear of all, but the corrosion process has not been analysed.

Our aim was to measure the serum ion release (ng/ml) in 23 patients having stable hip prostheses with a ceramic-on-ceramic coupling (group A) and to compare it with the release in 42 patients with a metal-on-metal bearing (group B) in the medium term. Reference values were obtained from a population of 47 healthy subjects (group C). The concentrations of chromium, cobalt, aluminium and titanium were measured.

There was a significant increase of cobalt, chromium and aluminium levels (p < 0.05) in group B compared with groups A and C. Group A did not differ significantly from the control group. Despite the apparent advantage of a metal-on-metal coupling, especially in younger patients with a long life expectancy, a major concern arises regarding the extent and duration of ion exposure. For this reason, the low corrosion level in a ceramic-on-ceramic coupling could be advantageous.
Treatment of local recurrences of giant cell tumour in long bones after curettage and cementing
Authors: von Steyern F. Vult , Bauer H. C. F. , Trovik C. , Kivioja A. , Bergh P. , Jörgensen P. Holmberg , Foller̊s G. , Rydholm A.
Published: March 2006

We retrospectively studied local recurrence of giant cell tumour in long bones following treatment with curettage and cementing in 137 patients. The median follow-up time was 60 months (3 to 166). A total of 19 patients (14%) had at least one local recurrence, the first was diagnosed at a median of 17 months (3 to 29) after treatment of the primary tumour. There were 13 patients with a total of 15 local recurrences who were successfully treated by further curettage and cementing. Two patients with a second local recurrence were consequently treated twice. At the last follow-up, at a median of 53 months (3 to 128) after the most recent operation, all patients were free from disease and had good function.

We concluded that local recurrence of giant cell tumour after curettage and cementing in long bones can generally be successfully treated with further curettage and cementing, with only a minor risk of increased morbidity. This suggests that more extensive surgery for the primary tumour in an attempt to obtain wide margins is not the method of choice, since it leaves the patient with higher morbidity with no significant gain with respect to cure of the disease.
Delay increases the need for open reduction of type-III supracondylar fractures of the humerus
Authors: Walmsley P. J. , Kelly M. B. , Robb J. E. , Annan I. H. , Porter D. E.
Published: March 2006

Recent reports have suggested that a delay in the management of type-III supracondylar fractures of the humerus does not affect the outcome. In this retrospective study we examined whether the timing of surgery affected peri-operative complications, or the need for open reduction. There were 171 children with a closed type-III supracondylar fracture of the humerus and no vascular compromise in our study. They were divided into two groups: those treated less than eight hours from presentation to the Accident and Emergency Department (126 children), and those treated more than eight hours from presentation (45 children). There were no differences in the rate of complications between the groups, but children waiting more than eight hours for reduction were more likely to undergo an open reduction (33.3% vs 11.2%, p < 0.05) and there was a weak correlation (p = 0.062) between delay in surgery and length of operating time. Consequently, we would still recommend treating these injuries at the earliest opportunity.
I feel like a scrambled egg in my head: An idiographic case study of meaning making and anger using interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Eatough Virginia , Smith Jonathan A.
Published: March 2006

What does it feel like when one's meaning making is impoverished and threatens to break down? The aim of this study is to show how meaning making is achieved in the context of one's life and how this achievement is often a struggle for the individual. The study reports data from semi‐structured interviews with a female participant, which was analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). This paper examines how cultural discourses and conventions are experienced and given meaning by the individual. First, the analysis demonstrates how dominant discourses are used to explain anger and aggression. These include hormones, alcohol, and the influence of past relationships on present action. Second, it examines how the participant's meaning making is often ambiguous and confused, and how she variously accepts and challenges available meanings. Finally, the analysis demonstrates how meaning making can break down and the consequences of this for the individual's sense of self.
The 20‐item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: Validation of factor solutions using confirmatory factor analysis on physiotherapy out‐patients
Authors: Swift Louise , Stephenson Richard , Royce Janet
Published: March 2006

Objective. Whilst the 20‐item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS‐20) was developed to measure three intercorrelated dimensions, there is some debate as to whether the scale is best served by a two‐ or three‐factor construct. In particular, there is some doubt as to whether clinical data exhibit the third factor. This study uses data from a sample of physiotherapy (physical therapy) out‐patients in the UK to validate the factorial structure of a set of models postulated in the literature, including the three‐factor model hypothesized by Bagby et al. (1994).

Method. Data were collected from a sample of physiotherapy out‐patients (N =242). Specialist factor analysis software (LISREL 8.54) was used to perform confirmatory factor analyses on a range of models proposed in the literature.

Results. The analysis supports the three‐factor model assumed by Bagby et al. (1994), as well as most of the two‐factor models suggested in the literature.

Conclusions. This new set of clinical data supports most of the two‐ and three‐factor models postulated in the recent literature, including the three‐factor model advocated by Bagby et al. (1994).
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy Study of Alkyl Hydroxamic Acid and Alkyl Hydroxamate Isomers
Authors: Higgins Franklin S. , Magliocco Lino G. , Colthup Norman B.
Published: March 2006

The isomeric structures of alkyl hydroxamic acid, as well as its potassium salt, sodium salt, and an alcohol complex, have been characterized in the solid, liquid, and gaseous states by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy provides insight into the long-standing debate over the isomeric composition of hydroxamates in the solid state and in an aqueous basic solution. IR and Raman results are not consistent with the enol isomer existing in the solid or liquid states of octyl or decyl hydroxamic acid, potassium hydroxamate, and sodium hydroxamate. The infrared and Raman spectra of these compounds provide clear and convincing evidence regarding their chemical structure, mainly from amide-type carbonyl, NH bending, and OH/NH stretching bands. Vibrational spectroscopy is sensitive to polar (FT-IR) and non-polar (FT-Raman) vibrations and the influence of ionic and hydrogen bonding on these vibrations, and these abilities are particularly useful for characterizing keto versus enol and trans versus cis conformations in alkyl hydroxamic acid and its salts. Evolved gas analysis (EGA) in a nitrogen gas environment of alkyl hydroxamic acid and its salts is also discussed. EGA data reveal that water is not incorporated into the solid-state crystal structure of alkyl hydroxamic acid or the potassium salt; however, the sodium salt form is found to have a stable hydrate conformer that is shown to affect the Z isomer (NH trans to carbonyl, OH cis to carbonyl) IR absorbance bands. EGA data also indicates results that could be of interest to bio-pharmaceutical applications involving nitric oxide donation.
Spectrometric Determination of the Refractive Index of Optical Wave Guiding Materials Used in Lab-on-a-Chip Applications
Authors: Cardenas-Valencia Andres M. , Dlutowski Jay , Fries David , Langebrake Larry
Published: March 2006

The design and optimization of light-based analytical devices often require optical characterization of materials involved in their construction. With the aim of benefiting lab-on-a-chip applications, a transmission spectrometric method for determining refractive indices, n, of transparent solids is presented here. Angular dependence of the reflection coefficient between material–air interfaces constitutes the basis of the procedure. Firstly, the method is studied via simulation, using a theoretical algorithm that describes the light propagation through the sample slide, to assess the potentially attainable accuracy. Simulations also serve to specify the angles at which measurements should be taken. Secondly, a visible light source and an optical fiber spectrometer are used to perform measurements on three commonly used materials in optical lab-on-a-chip devices. A nonlinear regression subroutine fits experimental data to the proposed theoretical model and is used to obtain n. Because the attainable precision using this method of refractive index determination is dictated by the uncertainty in the transmission measurements, the precision (with 95% confidence) for mechanically rigid samples, namely glass and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), is higher than those estimated for the elastomer sample (in-house-molded poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)). At wavelengths with the highest signal-to-noise ratio for the spectrometer setup, the estimated refractive indices were 1.43 ± 0.05 (580 nm) for PDMS, 1.54 ± 0.02 (546 nm) for glass, and 1.485 ± 0.005 (656 nm) for PMMA. Accurate refractive index estimations with an average precision equal to 0.01 refractive index units (RIU) were obtained for PMMA and glass samples, and an average precision of 0.09 RIU for the PDMS molded slide between 550 and 750 nm was obtained.
Optimization of the Rolling-Circle Filter for Raman Background Subtraction
Authors: Brandt N. N. , Brovko O. O. , Chikishev A. Y. , Paraschuk O. D.
Published: March 2006

A procedure is proposed to optimize a high-pass filter enabling one to subtract the broadband background signals inherent in Raman spectra. A spectral approach is used to analyze the characteristics of the filter and the distortions in the processed spectra. Examples of the processing of real spectra are presented.
On the Use of Band-Target Entropy Minimization to Simplify the Interpretation of Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Widjaja Effendi , Tan Boon Hong , Garland Marc
Published: March 2006

Two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy has been extensively applied to analyze various vibrational spectroscopic data, especially infrared and Raman. However, when it is applied to real-world experimental data, which often contains various imperfections (such as noise interference, baseline fluctuations, and band-shifting) and highly overlapping bands, many artifacts and misleading features in synchronous and asynchronous maps will emerge, and this will lead to difficulties with interpretation. Therefore, an approach that counters many artifacts and therefore leads to simplified interpretation of 2D correlation analysis is certainly useful. In the present contribution, band-target entropy minimization (BTEM) is employed as a spectral pretreatment to handle many of the artifact problems before the application of 2D correlation analysis. BTEM is employed to elucidate the pure component spectra of mixtures and their corresponding concentration profiles. Two alternate forms of analysis result. In the first, the normally v × v problem is converted to an equivalent nv × nv problem, where n represents the number of species present. In the second, the pure component spectra are transformed into simple distributions, and an equivalent and less computationally intensive nv′ × nv′ problem results ( v′ < v). In both cases, the separation of spectral contributions greatly simplifies interpretation of the 2D plots. This new approach is successfully applied to a solvent evaporation study where in situ Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is used as the analytical tool.
Real-Time Fourier Transform-Infrared Analysis of Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide in Sidestream Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Thompson Bruce T. , Mizaikoff Boris
Published: March 2006

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was compared directly to independent standard analytical techniques for the routine measurement of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) yields from cigarette sidestream smoke. The FT-IR instrument was configured in-line with a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer for CO analysis and a chemiluminescence (CL) analyzer for NO analysis to monitor the sidestream smoke from a single port of a linear smoking machine. A cold trap was inserted prior to the FT-IR to minimize the levels of vapor phase interferents, such as water. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis were evaluated for the prediction of cigarette yield from time-resolved spectral data at 1, 2, 4 and 8 cm−1 spectral resolution. Regressions were developed using three different spectral ranges including unique rotation-vibration lines, the R-branch, and the entire absorption band. As per standard methods, yields were calculated from the concentration traces generated during the smoke runs for five different cigarettes spanning the expected range of mainstream total particulate matter deliveries. The FT-IR traces for the smoke runs revealed improved temporal resolution yielding analytical information from smoke generated in between puffs. The performance between the validation methods and the FT-IR calibrations was statistically compared. In general, for the determination of CO, the FT-IR calibrations underestimated the yield measured by NDIR by less than 10%. For the NO measurement, the univariate FT-IR calibrations overestimated the NO yield measured by the CL analyzer, whereas the partial least squares (PLS) calibrations showed good agreement. PLS calibrations were developed for both analytes providing no significant difference when compared to the respective standard analytical techniques. Results for sidestream CO and NO yields for Kentucky reference cigarette 1R4F utilizing 8 cm−1 calibrations compared favorably to values reported elsewhere in the literature. Hence, calibration of the FT-IR system at 8 cm−1 spectral resolution clearly revealed the potential of this method, providing enhanced temporal resolution, simultaneous determination of several smoke components, and reduced complexity of the experimental setup in contrast to the standard techniques.
Assessment of Multiphoton Absorption in Inert Gases for the Measurement of Gas Temperatures
Authors: Bednar Natalie J. , Walewski Joachim W. , Sanders Scott T.
Published: March 2006

A spatially resolved optical technique to measure gas temperature was assessed. The technique relies on multiphoton absorption in inert gases. In contrast to laser-induced fluorescence, absorption is insensitive to collisional deactivation, and, in contrast to one-photon absorption, multiphoton absorption only occurs around the focus point of a typical laser beam. Multiphoton absorption features both the merits of being insensitive to quenching and of being a spatially resolved technique. In a case study we assessed two-photon absorption in xenon upon exciting the 5p6 1S0 → 5p56p[5/2]2 transition in xenon at a wavelength of 256 nm. The amount of light absorbed by xenon is related to the number density of the gas, and if the gas pressure is known then the gas temperature can be inferred from the number density. Two-photon absorbance was measured as a function of xenon number density and was used to validate a theoretical model of the absorption process. We discuss the circumnavigation of experimental challenges in applying this technique and analyze its precision in terms of the inferred gas temperature.
Water-Vapor Detection Using Asynchronous THz Sampling
Authors: Brown Michael S. , Fiechtner Gregory J. , Rudd J. V. , Zimdars David A. , Warmuth Matthew , Gord James R.
Published: March 2006

The use of a fiber-coupled terahertz (THz) transmitter/receiver pair for spectroscopic detection of water vapor is investigated. Transmission signals of an alumina cylinder demonstrate that the measurement approach can be applied in a windowless ceramic combustor. First, a conventional commercial transmitter/receiver pair is used to make measurements for frequencies to 1.25 THz. Water-vapor absorption is clearly evident within the alumina transparency window and is readily modeled using existing databases. A variety of data-acquisition schemes is possible using THz instrumentation. To assess signal-collection techniques, a prototype THz transmitter/receiver pair is then used with the asynchronous optical-sampling (ASOPS) technique to obtain asynchronous THz-sampling signals to 1 THz without the need for an optomechanical delay line. Two mode-locked Ti:sapphire lasers operating at slightly different repetition rates are used for pumping the transmitter and receiver independently to permit a complete time-domain THz signal to be recorded. The resulting repetitive phase walkout is demonstrated by collecting power spectra of room air that exhibit water-vapor absorption.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rosen Lawrence
Published: March 2006

The Cultural Defense By Alison Dundes Renteln New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Unusual case of double acute intoxication with tamoxifen complicated by miscarriage
Authors: Sein Anand Jacek , Chodorowski Zygmunt , Korolkiewicz Roman , Klimaszyk Dorota , Łukasik-Głębocka Magdalena
Published: March 2006

Background: A 24-year-old female had attempted suicide twice, at the age of 20 and 24, using tamoxifen.

Case report: Subsequent to the first acute intoxication a development of bilateral ovarian cysts was observed. Cysts regressed spontaneously within 8 weeks. Five weeks after the second suicidal attempt, pregnant patient (15 weeks of gestation) was admitted to the hospital with vaginal bleeding and suspicion of miscarriage. The autopsy of the fetus did not reveal any gross abnormalities, whereas the microscopic examination demonstrated numerous foci of necrosis in the placental decidua. Other fetal membranes as well as the umbilical cord were normal.

Conclusions:1.Acute intoxication with tamoxifen may be connected with the formation of follicular ovarian cysts.2.During pregnancy, intoxication with tamoxifen, may result in delayed miscarriage.
Changes of the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 and its two receptors in the periphery of the developing lung are parallel to ultrastructural capillary changes during perinatal period
Authors: Marszałek Andrzej , Biczysko Wiesława , Daa Tsutomu , Kaczmarek Elżbieta , Wąsowicz Marcin , Yokoyama Shigeo
Published: March 2006

Insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) belongs to the peptide hormones which regulate cell proliferation and differentiation as well as angiogenesis.

The aim of the present study was the quantitative evaluation of immuohistochemical (IH) expression of IGF-1 and its two receptors (IGF-1Rα and IGF-1Rβ) parallel to changes of capillary lumen/whole capillary area (L/W) ratio during the perinatal period.

Tissue samples from lungs from 19-, and 21-day fetuses as well as 1-, 3-, 5-day old newborns were processed for frozen sections that were used for IH staining and then used for quantitative analysis of antigens expression. In parallel, tissue samples were processed for transmission electron microscopy and used for capillaries morphometry. Our results were statistically evaluated.

We found that the expression of IGF-1 in the peripheral part of the developing lung has a peak at the moment of birth when changes of vascular structure were reflected by L/W ratio. This is followed by the peak expression of the IGF-1Rα, but not of the IGF-1Rβ.
Spatial visualisation and quantification of expression of cell specific markers — an application for chronic parathyroiditis cases
Authors: Kaczmarek Elżbieta , Strzelczyk Rafał , Górna Agnieszka , Majewski Przemysław
Published: March 2006

The aim of this work was to develop a simple and fast technique for spatial visualisation of colour cell specific markers in digital microscopy. Colour light microscopy images were transformed into their spatial representation by introducing image brightness as the third dimension. Based on spatial representation, the expression of selected colour specific markers was assessed by their surface, volume, area fraction and colour intensity. This technique was implemented for quantitative analysis of expression of PCNA, Ki67 and bcl-2 in chronic parathyroiditis cases. Comparing to standard, colour sampling techniques, the presented method based on spatial visualisation of the expression of markers in tissue sections, seems an effective and practical application in objective assessment of their distribution in the investigated material.
Whole bowel irrigation (WBI) in acute iron poisoning — case report
Authors: Klimaszyk Dorota , Łukasik-Głębocka Magdalena
Published: March 2006

Objective: In theory, WBI (whole bowel irrigation) is indicated in iron poisoning, but the existing data are still insufficient to support or exclude its efficacy.

Case report: A 46 year-old female admitted to the Toxicology Department due to suicidal ingestion of 5000 miligrams of elemental iron (57 mg/kg) in sustained-release preparation. WBI was instituted at 2 hours after ingestion, because abdominal X-ray showed mass of tablet material inside stomach and past pylorus. After 3-hour WBI subsequent X-ray revealed residual opacities in small intestine. Levels of serum iron were increasing 289 μg/dL on admission, (1,5 h post ingestion) 408 μg/dL (6 h after ingestion), 424 μg/dL (after 12 h). WBI was continued within 7 hours, until there was no radiographic evidence of toxin remaining in the gastrointestinal tract and clear rectal effluent was apparent. Subsequent serial serum iron concentrations were as follows: 389 μg/dL (after 14 h), 239 μg/dL (after 21 h), 119 μg/dL (after 36 h). Since the patient was asymptomatic did not undergo deferoxamine therapy. Patient recovered without sequelae.

Conclusion: WBI seems to be beneficial in early stage of iron intoxication ensuring rapid and effective cleansing of gut, and decreasing toxin absorption. Authors believe that the use of early WBI allows to provide supportive care and avoid deferoxamine treatment.
Polypropylene
Authors: Lieberman Richard B. , Dorini Maurizio , Mei Gabriele , Rinaldi Riccardo , Penzo Giuseppe , Berge Gijs Ten
Published: March 2006

Polypropylene is one of the most widely used thermoplastics, accounting for 26% of total consumption. Many automobiles, textile appliances, and other everyday items contain substantial amounts of these polymers. The ability to manufacture a broad variety of polypropylenes having properties tailored for specific applications is the primary factor in its widespread use. Comonomers, usually ethylene, are often used to provide impact‐modified or lower melting polymers. The types of polymers produced, economics of processes and product, and end use of products are discussed.

Highly stereoselective Ziegler‐Natta catalyst systems are the basis for all propylene polymerization processes. The development of these catalysts, from the early TiCl
3
systems to the modern, high yield MgCl
2
‐supported systems, including polymerization mechanisms, is discussed. These catalysts enabled the evolution of these polymerization processes from the early slurry process, to the current liquid monomer or gas‐phase processes. The Spheripol and Spherizone processes are discussed in detail.
Radioisotopes
Authors: Baglin Coral M.
Published: March 2006

Radioisotopes, also called radionuclides, are atoms that are not stable and decay spontaneously to more stable elements or other atoms by emission of matter or energy. Studies of radioisotopes have led to increased understanding of the forces of Nature, especially the forces vital to nuclear binding and exhibited solely in the microscopic world. Radioisotopes can be used to determine the ages of materials, as radiopharmaceuticals or radiation sources or tracers in medicine, for nondestructive evaluation of materials, for the tracking of groundwater or air flow, for food sterilization, and for scientific analysis. The nuclear physics properties of radioisotopes and the various radiation particles are summarized, including the concepts of half‐life, decay constant, angular momentum, and parity. The modes of nuclear decay and the accompanying radiation are described, as are combined nuclear and atomic processes, and atomic decays and corresponding radiations. Decay data for several useful radioisotopes are given.