bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma membrane rafts and chaperones in cytokine/STAT signaling.
Authors: Sehgal Pravin B
Published: December 2019

We and others have recently obtained data suggesting that cytokine-STAT signaling in many different cell-types is a chaperoned pathway initiated at the level of specialized plasma membrane microdomains called "rafts" (the "raft-STAT signaling hypothesis"). These findings are of broad significance in that all cytokines and growth factors initiate signaling in target cells by interacting with respective cell-surface receptors. The new data suggest that raft microdomains represent the units of function at the cell-surface through which ligand-stimulated STAT signaling is initiated. Moreover, recent evidence shows the involvement of chaperone proteins in regulating the STAT signaling pathway. These chaperones include the human homolog of the tumorous imaginal disc 1 protein (hTid1) which associates with Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) at the level of the plasma membrane, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) which associates with STAT3 and STAT1 proteins in caveolin-1-containing raft and cytoplasmic complexes, and glucose regulated protein 58 (GRP58/ER-60/ERp57), a thiol dependent protein-disulfide isomerase, found in association with STAT3 "statosome" complexes in the cytosol and in the raft fraction. We suggest a function of the HSP90 chaperone system in preserving IL-6/STAT3 signaling in liver cells in the context of fever. The identification and function of protein partners associated with specific STAT species in rafts and in cytosolic complexes, and in the efficient departure of cytokine-activated STATs from the cytosolic face of rafts towards the cell nucleus are now areas of active investigation.
Cancer immunotherapy using cells modified with cytokine genes.
Authors: Kowalczyk Dariusz W , Wysocki Piotr J , Mackiewicz Andrzej
Published: December 2019

The ability of various cytokines to hamper tumor growth or to induce anti-tumor immune response has resulted in their study as antitumor agents in gene therapy approaches. In this review we will concentrate on the costimulation of antitumor immune responses using modification of various cell types by cytokine genes. Several strategies have emerged such as (i). modification of tumor cells with cytokine genes ex vivo (whole tumor cell vaccines), (ii). ex vivo modification of other cell types for cytokine gene delivery, (iii). delivery of cytokine genes into tumor microenvironment in vivo, (iv). modification of dendritic cells with cytokine genes ex vivo. Originally single cytokine genes were used. Subsequently, multiple cytokine genes were applied simultaneously, or in combination with other factors such as chemokines, membrane bound co-stimulatory molecules, or tumor associated antigens. In this review we discuss these strategies and their use in cancer treatment as well as the promises and limitations of cytokine based cancer gene therapy. Clinical trials, including our own experience, employing the above strategies are discussed.
Cytokine action and oxidative stress response in differentiated neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.
Authors: Kania Joanna , Barańska Aleksandra , Guzdek Amalia
Published: December 2019

In the retinoic acid-differentiated neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, IL-1 induced binding activity of NFkappaB and up-regulated the expression and activity of MnSOD. The IL-1-elicited effects were partly reversed by IL-4 and IL-6. It is proposed that IL-4 and IL-6 may participate in the regulation of the imbalanced oxidant status induced by IL-1 in differentiated neuroblastoma cells. In the SH-SY5Y cell line, TNFalpha neither activated NFkappaB nor induced MnSOD expression and activity, but was capable of modulating the IL-1 effects. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an inhibitor of NFkappaB activation, down-regulated the expression and activity of MnSOD, which may suggest that the regulation of MnSOD by IL-1 in retinoic acid-differentiated neuroblastoma cells was mediated by the nuclear factor kappaB.
Prostaglandin-J(2) upregulates expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 independently of activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma.
Authors: Józkowicz Alicja , Huk Ihor , Nigisch Anneliese , Cisowski Jarosław , Weigel Guenter , Dulak Józef
Published: December 2019

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is a ligand-inducible nuclear receptor that functions as a transcription factor involved in lipid metabolism, inflammatory response and angiogenesis. The most potent endogenous PPARgamma activator is 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)prostaglandin-J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), whereas synthetic ligands include the oral antidiabetic drugs thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Activation of PPARgamma was reported to decrease the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages. We aimed to investigate the effect of PPARgamma ligands on expression of MMP-1 and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). We found that treatment of HMEC-1 with 15d-PGJ(2) increased the synthesis of MMP-1 protein up to 168% comparing to untreated cells. TZDs (ciglitazone and troglitazone), more potent activators of PPARgamma in HMEC-1, did not influence MMP-1 production, arguing against the involvement of PPARgamma in this process. Importantly, the stimulatory effect of 15d-PGJ(2) was reversed by the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), suggesting a contribution of oxidative stress. We demonstrated also that 15d-PGJ(2) did not change the activity of MMP-1 promoter, but increased the stability of MMP-1 mRNA. In contrast, 15d-PGJ(2) very potently inhibited the synthesis of uPA. This effect was in part mimicked by ciglitazone and troglitazone implying an involvement of PPARgamma. Accordingly, NAC did not modify the inhibitory effect of 15d-PGJ(2) on uPA expression. In conclusion, we postulate that 15d-PGJ(2) may differently regulate the synthesis of proteases involved in angiogenesis: it upregulates MMP-1 expression in HMEC-1 through induction of oxidative stress, and inhibits uPA synthesis partly by activation of PPARgamma.
The relation of transcription to memory formation.
Authors: Korzus Edward
Published: December 2019

A distinction between short-term memories lasting minutes to hours and long-term memories lasting for many days is that the formation of long-term memories requires new gene expression. In this review, the focus is on the current understanding of the relation of transcription to memory consolidation based on the data collected from behavioral studies performed primarily on genetically altered animals. Studies in Drosophila and Aplysia indicate that the transcription factor cAMP/Ca(2+) response element binding protein (CREB) is critical in mediating the conversion from short- to long-term memory. More recent genetic studies in mice also demonstrated CREB and inducible transcription factor Zif268 involvement in information storage processes. Transcription seems to play essential role in memory formation but the mechanisms for activation of transcription and downstream processes during memory consolidation remain unclear.
X-band and S-band EPR detection of nitric oxide in murine endotoxaemia using spin trapping by ferro-di(N-(dithiocarboxy)sarcosine).
Authors: Plonka Przemyslaw M , Wisniewska Magdalena , Chlopicki Stefan , Elas Martyna , Rosen Gerald M
Published: December 2019

Ammonium salt of N-(dithiocarboxy)sarcosine (DTCS) chelated to ferrous salt was tested as an NO-metric spin trap at room temperature for ex vivo measurement of (.)NO production in murine endotoxaemia. In a chemically defined in vitro model system EPR triplet signals of NO-Fe(DTCS)(2) were observed for as long as 3 hours, only if samples were reduced with sodium dithionite. This procedure was not necessary for the ex vivo detection of (.)NO in endotoxaemic liver homogenates at X-band or in the whole intact organs at S-band, whereas only a weak signal was observed in endotoxaemic lung. These results suggest that in endotoxaemia not only high level of (.)NO, but also the redox properties of liver and lung might determine the formation of complexes of (.)NO with a spin trap. Nevertheless, both S- and X-band EPR spectroscopy is suitable for (.)NO-metry at room temperature using Fe(DTCS)(2) as the spin trapping agent. In particular, S-band EPR spectroscopy enables the detection of (.)NO production in a whole organ, such as murine liver.
Inhibition study of adenosine deaminase by caffeine using spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry.
Authors: Saboury A A , Divsalar A , Ataie G , Amanlou M , Moosavi-Movahedi A A , Hakimelahi G H
Published: December 2019

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies were made on the effect of caffeine on the activity of adenosine deaminase in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, using UV spectrophotometry and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). An uncompetitive inhibition was observed for caffeine. A graphical fitting method was used for determination of binding constant and enthalpy of inhibitor binding by using isothermal titration microcalorimetry data. The dissociation-binding constant is equal to 350 microM by the microcalorimetry method, which agrees well with the value of 342 microM for the inhibition constant that was obtained from the spectroscopy method. Positive dependence of caffeine binding on temperature indicates a hydrophobic interaction.
Hebo: New Year Ritual of Yem People in South West Ethiopia
Authors: Tarekegn Lemma Nigatu , Terefe Mandefro Fenta
Published: December 2019

Hebo, which is the New Year ritual of Yem, plays a crucial role in resolving conflicts and/or crimes of any kind among the community. The ritual incorporates multistage peacemaking processes. This study describes Hebo ritual performances and reveals peacemaking mechanisms through its stages.  To collect data, participant observation, in-depth interview and document analysis were employed in ethnographic fieldwork. Data were described and interpreted based on the sequences of ritual performances. The findings of the study show that the New Year ritual has multi stage peace maintaining mechanisms that strengthens social cohesion, redirects identity and restores solidarity among the clans. Hence, considering the traditional system of uncovering hidden crimes and peacemaking mechanisms plays significant roles to reinforce peace, social stability and development in the study area in particular and in the country in general.
AS RELAÇÕES DE GÊNERO E SUAS INTERFACES COM O PROGRAMA SABERES DA TERRA NA ESCOLA CORRE-MÃO MUNICÍPIO DE IGARAPÉ-MIRI/PA
Authors: CHAVES Paulo Emil Rodrigues , SILVA Lucielma Lobato
Published: December 2019

Este trabalho trata das relações de gênero e suas interfaces com o programa Saberes da terra, fundamentado nos conceitos e princípios da educação do campo, fruto das lutas dos movimentos sociais, que tem como método a pedagogia da alternância. A pesquisa de cunho qualitativo foi desenvolvida na Escola Corre-Mão, município de Igarapé-Miri-Pá. A metodologia utilizada corresponde à pesquisa bibliográfica e à realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com alunas, professores do programa, a fim de termos um recorte de como tais relações se constroem no ambiente escolar e familiar. Tais entrevistas mostraram que, na escola, são reproduzidas as mesmas relações de submissão e preconceito, sobre as quais, ao longo do tempo, as mulheres são submetidas.
La idea misma del positivismo jurídico
Authors: Paulson Stanley
Published: December 2019

Gran parte de las discusiones recientes sobre el positivismo jurídico sostienen que la controversia a propósito de éste se cifra en la distinción entre sus versiones incluyente y excluyente. Podemos obtener una perspectiva todavía más amplia de la discusión saliendo del ámbito del positivismo jurídico incluyente y excluyente trayendo a escena también al no-positivismo. En todo caso, en este ensayo quiero defender que existe una distinción más fundamental en otra parte, aún dentro del propio terreno positivista. La distinción que tengo en mente es la que se da entre el positivismo jurídico naturalizado (J. Austin) y el positivismo jurídico no naturalizado (H. Kelsen). Aún y cuando por razones institucionales el positivismo jurídico ha sido ampliamente discutido en el vacío, a menudo suele darse por hecho que existen vínculos entre el positivismo jurídico y el “positivismo en sentido amplio” como tradición o posición filosófica –o, como se diría en los círculos filosóficos en la actualidad–que existen vínculos entre el positivismo jurídico y el naturalismo. Mi tesis es que debe distinguirse claramente la empresa positivista de Kelsen del positivismo jurídico como naturalismo, donde el principio de separación es simplemente un corolario del naturalismo y en el cual no existe, por supuesto, tesis de normatividad nomológica alguna.
Alcance del deber de investigar, juzgar y sancionar en transiciones de conflicto armado a una paz negociada: convergencias entre el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos y la Corte Penal Internacional
Authors: Acosta L. Juana I. , Idárraga M. Ana María
Published: December 2019

El presente artículo analiza el alcance de la obligación de investigar, juzgar y sancionar en escenarios de transición de conflicto armado a una paz negociada, a la luz de la jurisprudencia del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos (SIDH) y del marco jurídico que rige a la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI). A través de un análisis doctrinal y jurisprudencial, las autoras identifican que existen debates, vacíos y cuestiones problemáticas en la determinación de la obligación de investigar, juzgar y sancionar, y que para darle mayor claridad deben analizarse conjuntamente el SIDH y el marco normativo de la CPI, ya que pueden resultar complementarios teniendo en cuenta el alto contenido penal de la obligación. Así mismo, las autoras evidencian que la existencia de vacíos en la determinación de la obligación, especialmente en relación con las conductas objeto de la obligación y la posibilidad de seleccionar casos y concentrarse en los máximos responsables, tiene graves consecuencias para la seguridad jurídica de los Estados y de los ciudadanos.
Judicialização e ativismo judicial sobre as demandas de saúde pública no Brasil
Authors: Borota de Oliveira Luis Gustavo , Lippi Maria Clara
Published: December 2019

Los ciudadanos están llevando cada vez más sus demandas de salud pública no atendidas a los litigios judiciales para lograr soluciones del deber constitucional del Estado de proporcionar servicios y bienes de salud pública. Los estudios sobre este fenómeno se centran en cómo la Judicatura puede actuar sin infringir la separación de poderes y garantizar la eficacia de los derechos constitucionales. Este artículo presenta un panorama general de la actuación de la magistratura brasileña en la garantía de los derechos fundamentales de la salud. Los conceptos aplicados en la investigación concluyen que el problema debe resolverse desde sí mismo y no por la solución. La judicialización y el activismo judicial son medios alternativos y no obligatorios para resolver las demandas de salud pública, porque el Poder Judicial no es responsable de formular políticas de salud pública. Esta investigación contribuye a mejorar la tesis sobre este tema, ya que vincula varios contenidos de otros investigadores, académicos de renombre y jurisprudencia actual.
Sistema de ejercicios a partir del cuento Francisca y la muerte, de Onelio Jorge Cardoso
Authors: Molina Jiménez Yelenny , Bess Reyes Tania
Published: December 2019

Se concibió un sistema de ejercicios a partir del cuento Francisca y la muerte, de Onelio Jorge Cardoso, regido por el enfoque cognitivo, comunicativo y sociocultural que integra los contenidos gramaticales, léxicos y pragmáticos en función de los culturales. Para ello, se usaron los métodos y técnicas: Histórico-lógico, Hermenéutico, Análisis-síntesis, Sistémico-estructural y la encuesta a especialistas y expertos. Se elaboró la descripción metodológica de los ejercicios para orientar el trabajo del profesor. La propuesta didáctica constituye una guía para la sistematización del enfoque tomado como referencia en la práctica cotidiana de la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera.
Conversion of Crude Glycerol from by-Product Biodiesel into Bio-additive of Fuel through Acetylation Reaction based on Modified Zeolite Catalyst
Authors: Dewajani Heny , Zamrudy Windi , Saroso Hadi , Paramarta Satria , Mulya Wahyudianto
Published: December 2019

Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels produced from the transesterification reaction between triglycerides and alcohols with glycerol by-products. So far, the resulting crude glycerol has not been maximally utilized because of its low purity. So, it is necessary to purify glycerol before turning it into a more useful compound. The purified glycerol can be reacted with acetic acid within esterification reaction (acetylation process) using an acid catalyst to produce glycerol triacetate (triacetin). One of the uses of triacetin as an additive in gasoline and biodiesel. The purpose of this study is to utilize glycerol from by-products from biodiesel production to bio-additive materials that can improve fuel quality and are environmentally friendly. The method used in this study begins with the purification of crude glycerol, modification of zeolite catalyst with impregnated of nickel metal followed by an acetylation reaction which held on temperature of 100°C for 60 min. The experimental results are analyzed using base titration to determine the remaining unreacted acids and are applied as bio-additives by adding them to commercial fuels and measured the increasing octane numbers. The result shows that the reaction conversion increases with increasing mole ratio of reactants and catalysts with the best results in the mole ratio of acetic acid and glycerol is 9:1 and catalyst 5% by weight of acetic acid with a conversion of 66.02%. As bio-additives the reaction product could increase the octane number of commercial fuel by 6.5 up to 8.5%.

 
Keywords: glycerol, acetylation reaction, mofified zeolite, bio-additive
Cartilha pedagógica: potências pedagógicas entre visualidades
Authors: Brum Lucas Pacheco , Magalhães Marcos Vinícius
Published: December 2019

O presente trabalho é uma reflexão e uma apresentação sobre o processo de criação de uma cartilha pedagógica desenvolvida durante o curso de especialização em Processos e Produtos Criativos da Universidade Federal de Goiás (FAV/UFG), no ano de 2018. A cartilha pedagógica é composta por 07 (sete) fichas com imagens de referência dos/as alunos/as de uma escola da rede pública do Distrito Federal, juntamente com imagens reconhecidas e institucionalizadas do campo da Arte - História da Arte. As fichas contam com 02 (duas) propostas pedagógicas, com questões potentes a partir das imagens, e com dicas de referências de outras visualidades do campo da Arte ou não. Desse modo, os apontamentos teóricos deste trabalho são provenientes dos estudos da Cultura Visual e do seu desdobramento no campo da arte/educação contemporânea.
Metode Sayyid Quthb dalam menafsirkan ayat-ayat mengenai kepemilikan dan harta (pembacaan terhadap Tafsir Fî Zhilâl al-Qur'ân)
Authors: Ridawati Mujiatun , Johari Muhamad
Published: December 2019

Revelation in the form of a holy book (al-Qur'an) is often addressed to all humans, regardless of their circumstances or mindsets. Thus, it is entirely conceivable and even necessary for the creation of numerous distinct interpretations. One straightforward and obvious conclusion from these varied readings is that humans have an unequal capacity to comprehend the essence of revelation. It can be argued that Sayyid Quthb's thoughts are difficult to comprehend unless one is willing to read them thoroughly and possesses adequate language skills. Sayyid Quthb employs the tafsr bi ar-ra'yi method, in which he defines property as "everything that can be utilised by humans in carrying out their duties as creatures of Allah." According to Sayyid Quthb, property belongs to Allah swt. entirely, regardless of its form. According to Sayyid Quthb, jihad is an aggressive war waged against Islam's physical adversary through a complete separation of Muslim and non-Muslim ties. According to the preceding definition of jihad, Sayyid Quthb assumes that wealth is merely a tool to be employed in the service of Allah during jihad.
Contribuições de três organizações para a comercialização da agricultura familiar no PNAE, no território sul litorâneo do Espírito Santo
Authors: Cruz Suely Ferreira da , Assis Thiago Rodrigo de Paula
Published: December 2019

Um canal que ganhou destaque para a comercialização da agricultura familiar é o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar. Para acessá-lo as famílias se juntam em diferentes tipos de organização. O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar as contribuições, vantagens e desvantagens de três organizações da agricultura familiar para a execução do PNAE, no território Sul Litorâneo do Espírito Santo (grupo informal, associação e cooperativa). A metodologia foi qualitativa com uso de análise documental, entrevistas e grupos focais com 39 pessoas.
Análisis cualitativo sobre las percepciones de extensionistas públicos salvadoreños en relación al maíz criollo
Authors: Durán Carlos Ayala , Waquil Paulo Dabdab
Published: December 2019

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las percepciones de extensionistas públicos salvadoreños (n=39) en relación a la producción de maíz con semilla criolla. Para tal fin, se utiliza los sistemas agroalimentarios localizados como marco teórico, centrándose en su dimensión institucional. Los resultados muestran una ambivalencia en relación a las valoraciones sobre el maíz criollo, considerándolo como menos productivo que la semilla híbrida pero con características agronómicas deseables.
The Influence of Organisational Culture on Leadership: A Case Study of Baidu Corporation, China
Authors: Xue Yinfei
Published: December 2019

Corporate culture and leadership are central to the performance of the firm in many ways. Culture outlines essential practices and patterns that guide the leaders' control. The connection between cultural influences on corporate leadership has been examined from various perspectives. A productive culture can determine the success of a company, and its interaction with leadership is an exciting area of examination in research.Objectives of the Study: This study’s primary aim was to establish how the corporate culture influences leadership in various ways in the corporate environment using the case study of Baidu Corporation in China. Also, the study intended to examine different leadership styles and influence on organisational performance.Methods: The study was carried out in Baidu, Inc., China, a target of 100 participants using mixed-structured email questionnaire. The study also utilised various research techniques, including the mixed-method method in the study process.Results and Findings: The study found that there is a secure link between corporate culture and the kind of leadership adopted in an organisation. Also, the study established various aspects of employee opinion, with evidence that employees favour certain leadership styles such as transformational leadership style over others.
ÇALIŞAN MUTLULUĞUNUN VE İŞE BAĞLILIĞIN ÖRGÜT PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ
Authors: YEŞİLTAŞ Aysun , ŞAHİN Sibel , SEREZLİ Gözde
Published: December 2019

Bu çalışmanın amacı mutluluğun ve işe bağlılığın örgüt performansı üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada sağlık çalışanların mutluluk düzeylerini ölçmek için Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği; işe bağlılıklarını ölçmek için Utrecht İşe Bağlılık Ölçeği ve örgüt performansını ölçmek için Örgütsel Performans Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı türde olan araştırmanın evrenini Kastamonu il merkezinde bulunan özel bir hastanenin sağlık çalışanları oluşturmuştur. Çalışmaya 93 sağlık personeli gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, lisansüstü eğitime sahip çalışanların lise mezunu çalışanlara, hekimlerin ise hemşirelere göre daha mutlu oldukları görülmüştür. Teknisyenlerin hekim ve hemşirelere göre örgüt performansını düşük olarak değerlendirdikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Katılımcıların işe bağlılık algılarının örgüt performansı tutumları üzerindeki etkisinin pozitif yönlü olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca katılımcıların cinsiyet gruplarına göre mutluluk, örgüt performansı ve işe bağlılık tutumları ve alt boyutları için anlamlı farklılık bulunmamaktadır.
CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI HÜKÜMET SİSTEMİNDE SİYASAL BİLGİ VE SEÇMEN TERCİHİ: 24 HAZİRAN 2018 SEÇİMLERİ ÖNCESİ ELAZIĞ ÖRNEĞİNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: GÖKER Göksel , DOĞAN Adem
Published: December 2019

Türkiye, 24 Haziran 2018 seçimleriyle birlikte fiilen Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet Sistemi’ne
geçmiştir. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet Sistemi ile birlikte hem siyasal sistemde hem de seçim
sisteminde çeşitli değişimler yürürlüğe girmiştir. Bu değişimler, siyasal iletişim açısından seçmen
tercihi ve siyasal bilgi gibi konuların yeniden ele alınması gerekliliğini beraberinde getirmiştir.
Bu çalışmada Elazığ ili örneğinde 24 Haziran seçimleri öncesinde seçmenlerin siyasal tercihlerini
etkileyen faktörler belirlenmeye çalışılmış, yeni siyasal sistem ve seçim sistemine ilişkin
seçmenlerin siyasal bilgi düzeyleri sorgulanmıştır. 24 Haziran seçimleri öncesinde, 20-27 Mayıs
tarihleri arasında 26 sorudan oluşan anket formu, 1105 kişilik bir örneklem grubuna
uygulanmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular çerçevesinde, seçmen tercihinde
Cumhurbaşkanı adayının en önemli etken olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanında seçmenlerin,
parti ittifaklarını olumlu değerlendirdiği görülmüştür. Siyasal bilginin ise özellikle cinsiyet,
eğitim durumu ve siyasete ilgi düzeyi gibi değişkenler etrafında şekillendiği belirlenmiştir.
Protein 0th-Order Structure: The Key for Creating Entirely New Gene/Protein
Authors: Ikehara Kenji
Published: December 2019

Understanding the mechanism, how entirely new (EntNew) gene/protein or the first ancestral gene/protein of a family was created, should be one of the most important issues in the biological sciences. However, the mechanism is totally unknown still now. On the other hand, it is well known that mature protein is generally rigid and one catalytic center exists on the protein. Creation of such a mature EntNew gene/protein should be, of course, carried out through random process, because it cannot be designed in advance. However, the EntNew gene/protein never be created by random polymerization of the respective monomeric units, because of the extraordinary large sequence diversities of ~10180 and ~10130, respectively. Protein 0th-order structure or a specific amino acid composition, in which immature but water-soluble protein can be produced even through random process, holds the key for solving the difficult problem. As it was fragmentally described in the previous papers how and where EntNew gene/protein was created, I describe in detail in this review three processes generating EntNew gene/protein with some flexibility under three genetic codes, the universal genetic code, SNS primitive code and GNC primeval code, and discuss why the mature gene/protein could be created through the processes.
Social Media Collaboration in Software Project Management
Authors: Imran Sania , Mehboob Faiqa , Sirshar Mehreen
Published: December 2019

Social media has become part and parcel of the world of today. These days, it’s still the most talked about thing. It cannot be overlooked because it plays a key role in our business functions such as marketing and advertising. Social Media is all about collaboration on files, ideas and projects that help users and stakeholders to successfully complete the project. It influences how people communicate, develop relationship, build trust, increase transparency and provide cultural context. The fundamental aim of this research is to investigate the capacity for project management in social media. This paper explains how social media is used for project management knowledge areas and process groups. Also this research aims to identify SM tools that can be suitable for project management processes. Two studies Delphi Study of three rounds and structured case study interview are used to investigate the impact on the performance of the project team and process robustness. These studies support social media use by accessing the contribution to relationship building, trusts, coordination and cohesion.
High-throughput Dielectrophoretic Filtration of Sub-micron and Micro Particles in Macroscopic Porous Materials
Authors: Lorenz Malte , Malangré Daniel , Du Fei , Baune Michael , Thöming Jorg , Pesch Georg R.
Published: December 2019

State-of-the-art dielectrophoretic (DEP) separation techniques provide unique properties to separate particles from a liquid or particles with different properties such as material, morphology or size from each other. However, such separators do not operate at throughput that is sufficient for a vast fraction of separation tasks. The reason for this limitation is that, in order to move particles by dielectrophoresis, high electric field gradients to drive the separation are required. Conventionally, those gradients are generated by electrode microstructures that limit the maximum channel size. Here, we investigate DEP filtration, a technique that uses open porous microstructures instead of microfluidic devices to easily increase the filter cross section and therefore also the processable throughput by several orders of magnitude. Previously, we already separated baker’s yeast by DEP filtration in open porous ceramic structures. Now, we give a more elaborate experimental study about DEP filtration in these open porous structures and separate model particles, that are an order of magnitude smaller (500 nm, polystyrene), from aqueous suspensions. Almost 100% separation at flow rates of up to 9 mL min-1 was achieved while the majority of the trapped particles could be recovered. We show how particle separation depends on key parameters (voltage, throughput, filter structure size). Further, we work towards selective particle separation and show that particle separation is very dependent on the particle polarizability: This creates the possibility to adjust selectivity by changing the electrical conductivity of the suspension around that of the particle. This study highlights the unique qualities of dielectrophoretic filtration enabling switchable, selective, and scalable particle separation to solve existing problems such as cell separation or precious metal recovery.
Theory of g-Tg-Interior and g-Tg-Closure Operators: Definitions, Essential Properties, and Commutativity
Authors: KHODABOCUS Mohammad Irshad , SOOKIA Noor-Ul-Hacq
Published: December 2019

In a generalized topological space Tg = (Ω, Tg), ordinary interior and ordinary closure operators intg, clg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω), respectively, are defined in terms of ordinary sets. In order to let these operators be as general and unified a manner as possible, and so to prove as many generalized forms of some of the most important theorems in generalized topological spaces as possible, thereby attaining desirable and interesting results, the present au- thors have defined the notions of generalized interior and generalized closure operators g-Intg, g-Clg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω), respectively, in terms of a new class of generalized sets which they studied earlier and studied their essen- tial properties and commutativity. The outstanding result to which the study has led to is: g-Intg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω) is finer (or, larger, stronger) than intg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω) and g-Clg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω) is coarser (or, smal ler, weaker) than clg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω). The elements supporting this fact are reported therein as a source of inspiration for more generalized operations.
Retraining and Nutritional Strategy of an Elite Master Athlete Following Hip Arthroplasty: A Case Study
Authors: Louis Julien , Tiollier Eve , Lamb Antonia , Bontemps Bastien , Areta Jose , Bernard Thierry
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this case study was to evaluate the benefits that evidence-based nutritional and training recommendations could have on the time course of reconditioning following hip arthroplasty in a competitive master triathlete. Methods: During 38 weeks (from 6 weeks prior to surgery through to the return to competition), the athlete was provided with detailed training and nutritional recommendations based on the latest research evidence. Dietary intake (via the remote food photographic method), body composition (via DXA), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), peak power output (PPO) and cycling efficiency (GE) were assessed 6 weeks pre- and 8, 12, 18, 21 and 25-weeks post-surgery. Training load was quantified (TRIMP score) daily during the retraining. Results: Total body mass increased by 8.2 kg (attributable to a 3.5 and 4.6 kg increase in fat mass and lean mass, respectively) between week -6 and week 8 despite a reduction in carbohydrate (CHO) intake post-surgery (<3.0g/kg/day). This was accompanied with a decrease in VO2peak, PPO, and GE due to a drop in training load. From week 7, the athlete resumed training and was advised to gradually increase CHO intake according to the demands of training. Conclusions: Eventually the athlete was able to return to competition in week 32 with a higher PPO, improved VO2peak and GE. Throughout retraining, energy availability was maintained around 30 kcal/kg LBM/day, protein intake was high while CHO intake was periodised. Such dietary conditions allowed the athlete to maintain and even increase lean mass, which represents a major challenge with ageing.
Application of Statistical Mirroring in ANOVA-Like Tests
Authors: Abdullahi Kabir Bindawa
Published: December 2019

Statistical inferences is regarded as the general criteria for statistical conclusion and drawing generalizations. However, most of the inferential statistical tools are based on strong assumptions which create a strict limitations on their use and application. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is one of such statistics. In this article, eight (8) new ANOVA-like methodologies were proposed, in alternative to one-way ANOVA, based on the assumptions of statistical mirroring. Methods validation in comparison with one-way ANOVA was designed to assess the suitability and statistical power of the new proposals as an alternative methods, using different sets of logically generated multivariate datasets with different problems and statistical complications. The results of comparisons validate that the eight (8) proposed ANOVA-like methodologies were suitable alternatives to ANOVA, in the sense that they require no normality assumption to be meet, used different ways to compare the data with different statistical elements rather than depending on only variance, efficient with negative values, and results interpretation is easier.
Comparative Genomics of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Sanderson Haley , Ortega-Polo Rodrigo , Zaheer Rahat , Goji Noriko , Amoako Kingsley K. , Brown R. Stephen , Majury Anna , Liss Steven N. , Mcallister Tim
Published: December 2019

Background
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered hotspots for the environmental dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) are candidates for gauging the degree of AMR bacteria in wastewater. Enterococcus faecalis and Entercoccus faecium are recognized indicators of fecal contamination in water. Comparative genomics of enterococci isolated from conventional activated sludge (CAS) and biological aerated filter (BAF) WWTPs was conducted.
Results
VRE isolates, including E. faecalis (n=24), E. faecium (n=11), E. casseliflavus (n=2) and E. gallinarum (n=2), were selected for sequencing based on WWTP source, species and AMR phenotype. The pangenomes of E. faecium and E. faecalis were both open. The genomic fraction related to the mobilome was positively correlated with genome size in E. faecium ( p < 0.001) and E. faecalis ( p < 0.001) and with the number of AMR genes in E. faecium ( p = 0.005). Genes conferring vancomycin resistance, including van A and van M ( E. faecium ), van G ( E. faecalis ), and van C ( E. casseliflavus / E. gallinarum ), were detected in 20 genomes. The most prominent functional AMR genes were efflux pumps and transporters. A minimum of 16, 6, 5 and 3 virulence genes were detected in E. faecium , E. faecalis , E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum, respectively. Virulence genes were more common in E. faecalis and E. faecium , than E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum . A number of mobile genetic elements were shared among species. Functional CRISPR/Cas arrays were detected in 13 E. faecalis genomes, with all but one also containing a prophage. The lack of a functional CRISPR/Cas arrays was associated with multi-drug resistance in E. faecium . Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated differential clustering of isolates based on source but not based on WWTP. Genes related to phage and CRISPR/Cas arrays could potentially serve as environmental biomarkers.
Conclusions
There was no discernible difference between enterococcal genomes from the CAS and BAF WWTPs. E. faecalis and E. faecium have smaller genomes and harbor more virulence, AMR, and mobile genetic elements than other Enterococcus spp .
Evaluation of an online, real-time, soft-photon ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometer for mainstream tobacco smoke analysis
Authors: Hawke Jenni , Errington Graham , von Frowein Matthias Bente
Published: December 2019

Mainstream tobacco smoke is a complex and dynamic aerosol, consisting of particulate and vapour phases. Most approaches to determine mainstream smoke toxicant yields are based on offline techniques that limit the opportunity to observe in real time the processes leading to smoke formation. The recent development of online real-time analytical methods offers many advantages over traditional techniques. Here we report the LM2X-TOFMS (Borgwaldt GmbH, Germany), a commercial instrument that couples a linear smoking engine with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer for real-time per-puff measurement of the vapour phase of mainstream cigarette smoke. Total cigarette and puff-by-puff (μg/puff) yields were evaluated, in line with International Council of Harmonisation recommendations, for seven smoke toxicants: acetaldehyde, acetone, 1,3-butadiene, 2-butanone, benzene, isoprene and toluene. Measurements were unaffected by small system changes including replacing the sampling capillary or time of day (all P >0.05), indicating that the LM2X-TOFMS is rugged. Control charts showed that the system has good stability and control. Analysis of certified gas mixtures of six concentrations of each analyte showed a highly linear response for all seven analytes (R 2 =0.9922–0.9999). In terms of repeatability, the lowest variation was observed for isoprene with a coefficient of variation (CV) of <6% for each concentration. Acetaldehyde showed the highest CV, increasing from 8.0% to 26.6% with decreasing gas concentration. Accuracy was analysed in terms of relative error, which was ±16% for six of the analytes; however, the relative error for acetaldehyde was (–36.2%), probably due to its low ionisation efficiency under the instrument’s vacuum ultraviolet lamp. Three cigarette products (reference and commercial) with different ISO tar levels were analysed by the LM2X-TOFMS puff by puff under ISO regulatory smoking conditions. The relative standard deviation based on average yield per cigarette for each analyte in each product (summed puffs per product, n=30) ranged from ≤9.3% to ≤16.2%. Measurements were consistent with published data per cigarette. In conclusion, the LM2X-TOFMS is suitable for determining the vapour-phase yields of seven analytes on a real-time, puff-by-puff basis, and can be utilised for both fast screening (qualitative) and quantitative measurements of mainstream cigarette smoke.
Development of a targeted client communication intervention to women using an electronic maternal and child health registry: a qualitative study
Authors: Bogale Binyam , Mørkrid Kjersti , O'Donnell Brian , Ghanem Buthaina , Ward Itimad Abu , Khader Khadija Abu , Isbeih Mervett , Frost Michael , Baniode Mohammad , Hijaz Taghreed , Awwad Tamara , Rabah Yousef , Frøen Frederik
Published: December 2019

Background: Targeted client communication (TCC) using text messages can inform, motivate and remind pregnant and postpartum women of timely utilization of care. The mixed results of the effectiveness of TCC interventions points to the importance of theory based interventions that are co-design with users. The aim of this paper is to describe the planning, development, and evaluation of a theory led TCC intervention, tailored to pregnant and postpartum women and automated from the Palestinian electronic maternal and child health registry.
Methods: We used the Health Belief Model to develop interview guides to explore women’s perceptions of antenatal care (ANC), with a focus on high-risk pregnancy conditions (anemia, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, and fetal growth restriction), and untimely ANC attendance, issues predefined by a national expert panel as being of high interest. We performed 18 in-depth interviews with women, and eight with healthcare providers in public primary healthcare clinics in the West Bank and Gaza. Grounding on the results of the in-depth interviews, we used concepts from the Model of Actionable Feedback, social nudging and Enhanced Active Choice to compose the TCC content to be sent as text messages. We assessed the acceptability and understandability of the draft text messages through unstructured interviews with local health promotion experts, healthcare providers, and pregnant women.
Results: We found low awareness of the importance of timely attendance to ANC, and the benefits of ANC for pregnancy outcomes. We identified knowledge gaps and beliefs in the domains of low awareness of susceptibility to, and severity of, anemia, hypertension, and diabetes complications in pregnancy. To increase the utilization of ANC and bridge the identified gaps, we iteratively composed actionable text messages with users, using recommended message framing models. We developed algorithms to trigger tailored text messages with higher intensity for women with a higher risk profile documented in the electronic health registry.
Conclusions: We developed an optimized TCC intervention underpinned by behavior change theory and concepts, and co-designed with users following an iterative process. The electronic maternal and child health registry can serve as a unique platform for TCC interventions using text messages.
Early-stage clinical outcomes and rotational stability of TECNIS toric intraocular lens implantation in cataract cases with long axial length
Authors: He Suhong , Chen Xiang , Wu Xingdi , Ma Yajuan , Yu Xuewen , Xu Wen
Published: December 2019

Background: A major focus of toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is the rotational stability, especially in the patients with long axial length (AL). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes after implantation of TECNIS toric IOL in eyes with long AL and identify factors influencing their early-stage stability with preoperative corneal astigmatism.
Methods: The study population consisted of 64 eyes from 52 cataract patients, and these patients had preoperative corneal astigmatism between 1.0 and 3.7 diopters (D) and underwent phacoemulsification and TECNIS toric IOL implantation. Ophthalmic biological measurements were carried out preoperatively, including AL, anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), vitreous length (VL), anterior chamber volume (ACV), sulcus-to-sulcus (STS) and keratometric value (K). Clinical examinations, including visual acuity, manifest refraction, keratometry, digital anterior segment photographs with pupillary dilation, were performed at 1 and 3 months after surgery.

Results: The mean best corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA) was improved from 0.93±0.35 logarithms of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) preoperatively to 0.07±0.10 logMAR postoperatively at 3 months after surgery. The mean residual astigmatism (RAS) was 0.91±0.74D at 3 months, which was significantly decreased compared with the preoperative corneal astigmatism of 1.71±0.55 D. The mean absolute rotation of TECNIS toric IOL at 1 and 3 months was 7.42±11.32 degree (°) (0°-79°) and 7.48±11.19°(0°-79°), respectively. The mean area of capsulorhexis and the overlapped area between capsulorhexis and optic intraoperatively was 21.04±3.30 mm2 and 7.40±2.87 mm2.A positive correlation was found between IOL rotation and the area of capsulorhexis (P=0.017) at 3 months after surgery. No correlation was found between IOL rotation and AL (P=0.876), ACD (P=0.387), LT (P=0.523), VL (P=0.546), ACV (P=0.480), STS (P=0.884), K1 (P=0.429)，K2 (P=0.644), average of K1 and K2 (P=0.520), intraoperative IOL axial direction (P=0.396), preoperative corneal astigmatism (P=0.269) or the overlapped area between capsulorhexis and optic intraoperatively (P=0.131) .
Conclusions: The large CCC was a risk factor for toric IOL rotation. An appropriately smaller sized CCC was conducive to increase the rotational stability of TECNIS toric IOL implantation in cataract cases with long AL.
Effects of the Informed Health Choices primary school intervention on the ability of children in Uganda to assess the reliability of claims about treatment effects, one-year follow-up: a cluster-randomised trial
Authors: Nsangi Allen , Semakula Daniel , Oxman Andrew David , Dalghren Astrid Austvoll- , Oxman Matt , Rosenbaum Sarah , Morelli Angela , Glenton Claire , Lewin Simon , Kaseje Margaret , Chalmers Iain , Freithem Atle , Ding Kristoffer Yunpeng , Sewankambo Nelson Kaulukusi Kaulukusi
Published: December 2019

Introduction
We evaluated an intervention designed to teach 10 to 12-year-old primary school children to assess claims about the effects of treatments (any action intended to maintain or improve health). We report here on outcomes measured one year after the intervention.
Methods
In this cluster-randomised trial, we included primary schools in the central region of Uganda that taught year-five children (aged 10 to 12 years). We randomly allocated a representative sample of eligible schools to either an intervention or control group. Intervention schools received the Informed Health Choices primary school resources (textbooks, exercise books, and a teachers’ guide). The primary outcome, measured at the end of the school term and again after one year, was the mean score on a test with two multiple-choice questions for each of the 12 concepts and the proportion of children with passing scores.
Results
We assessed 2960 schools for eligibility; 2029 were eligible, and a random sample of 170 were invited to recruitment meetings. After recruitment meetings, 120 eligible schools consented and were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n=60, 76 teachers and 6383 children) or control group (n=60, 67 teachers and 4430 children). After one year, the mean score in the multiple-choice test for the intervention schools was 68.7% compared to 53.0% for the control schools (adjusted mean difference 16.7%, 95% CI 13.9 to 19.5; p<0·00001). In the intervention schools, 3160 (80.1%) of 3943 children that completed the test after one year achieved a predetermined passing score (≥13 of 24 correct answers) compared with 1464 (51.5%) of 2844 children in the control schools (adjusted difference 39.5%, 95% CI 29.9 to 47.5).
Conclusion
Use of the learning-resources led to a large improvement in the ability of children to assess claims, which was sustained for at least one year.