bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Comic Agora
Authors: Wilkins John
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter set out how the comic countryside, with the support of Demeter and Dionysus and minor gods associated with them such as the Horae, provided agricultural wealth and other good things for the city-state. In both Acharnians and Peace it was envisaged that these agricultural goods would be traded in markets. One comic passage imagines Dionysus him self bringing similar good things from outside Athens, by sea: Hermippus describes, in fr. 63 of his Basket-Bearers,1 Dionysus as a merchant who brings cargoes of foreign products to Athens:2
The Culinary Literature of Sicily
Authors: Wilkins John
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines representations of food in Sicily and l\!Iagna Graecia, both in literature and on the painted pottery of the region. The most important texts for this purpose are the comedies of Epicharmus, the parodic literature of Archestratus of Gela and others, and the cookery book of Mithaecus. These texts and painted pots were clearly influenced by their Athenian equivalents; there is some evidence that such influence was not a one-way process.
Introduction
Authors: Stewart Peter
Published: November 2023

At the fifth mile from Rome the elevated course of the Via Appia widens into a small plateau and unusual place-names start to appear on the map. There is the modern suburb of Statuario; Lanciani mentions a farm of the same name. The Fosso dello Statuario marks the eastern extent of this area, while some plans mark ‘Riva Statuario’ just to the north. Older records refer to ‘sex columnas’ and above all, ‘Roma Vecchia’. These epithets testify to eighteenth-century excavations, and to the extraordinary wealth of sculpture that they uncovered. In the middle of the second century the brothers Quintilius Condianus and Quintilius Maximus chose this place as the site of their palatial villa which rivalled Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli and was perhaps intended to imitate it.
Statues in the Empire
Authors: Stewart Peter
Published: November 2023

There is hardly any need to justify this study’s focus on the city of Rome, for the capital of the Empire was in so many respects a social and cultural reference point, the centre of power (in Bianchi Bandinelli’s phrase) and the place with which many of our literary sources at least are frequently preoccupied, whether explicitly or not. Yet in certain respects these terms are problematic. To call Rome the ‘focus’ is to suggest that it was surrounded by an expansive Imperial society that was essentially similar even if it receives less detailed scrutiny both here and in extant ancient writings. At the same time, to call the city a centre of power or influence is perhaps to imply that Roman society was not homogeneous and that the veneer of Roman Imperial culture concealed fissures—that there was something other than metropolitan culture upon which the capital’s ‘inXuence’ might be detected.
The Private Sphere
Authors: Stewart Peter
Published: November 2023

We began our introductory journey into the world of Roman statuary with a glance at the opulence of a luxurious villa on the Via Appia. The Hellenized sculptural decoration of the Villa of the Quintilii was physically not far removed from the commemorative portraits on the street of tombs or even the monuments of the capital itself. Yet these were the cultured furnishings of the private sphere—the trappings of otium—of ideal retreat from the negotium or business of the city. We have mainly been concerned with the public sphere or the semi-public funerary displays of those who were effectively excluded from participation in the urban economy of statuary honours. Yet we have also repeatedly found that it is never easy consistently to separate the public and private worlds of Roman art. We have seen that the language used to describe domestic statues draws upon a more general vocabulary, and in particular the word signum is periodically employed to refer to works of art with perhaps a recognized decorative or aesthetic value, and not only specifically to images of gods. We have seen how Verres notoriously changed public works into private property; how public and private cult may have related to and differed from each other; and how patrons might receive statuary honours or display their own portraits in private property—a subject to which we shall shortly return. In looking at public statues we have also touched on subjects such as copying, statuary typology, and especially the relationship between Roman usage of art and the Greek tradition: topics that are profoundly significant for understanding private, domestic sculpture.
Touching Statues
Authors: Stewart Peter
Published: November 2023

The painter Giorgio de Chirico was fascinated by the remnants of classical sculpture. Famous fragments, statues and statuesque objects frequently appear in his ‘metaphysical’ scenes which prefigure the work of the surrealists. In his paintings and in his writings de Chirico imagined a world in which statues left their pedestals and joined the human race. The surprise of seeing statuary in unaccustomed places reveals the invisible barriers that usually keep it apart. We are most familiar with these barriers in the highly regulated environment of the museum and de Chirico reacts against its conventions when he imagines the ‘mysterious aspect’ of a statue in a real armchair, or looking out of a window, or in the unfamiliar context of a bedroom. Like Wilenski he invokes the ubiquity of statues in the ancient world, in this case to underpin his fantasy of nonmuseological settings: ‘Among the ancients one saw [the statue] everywhere: on the outside and inside of palaces and temples, in gardens and towns, in sea-ports and in the courtyards of houses.’
Conclusions
Authors: Stewart Peter
Published: November 2023

Statues were ubiquitous in the Roman world. Whether they were displayed as public honours or memorials, collected as works of art, dedicated to deities, venerated as gods or violated as symbols of a defeated regime, they were recognized, individually and collectively, as highly significant objects. In contrast with statues in the modern West, they were implicated in every area of Roman life. This book has explored the ways in which statues and images of statues functioned in such a society.
L’ Acteur-Roi: Piper Prince Breaks a Leg and Gets a Good Hand (5. 7)
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

Vbi uanus animus aura captus friuola arripuit insolentem sibi fiduciam facile ad derisum stulta leuitas ducitur:Princeps tibicen notior paulo fuit operam Bathyllo solitus in scaena dare. is forte ludis, non satis memini quibus, dum pegma rapitur concidit casu graui nec opinans et sinistram fregit tibiam, duas cum dextras maluisset perdere. inter manus sublatus et multum gemens domum refertur.
Talent-Spotting: King Demetrius meets the Poet Menander (5. 1)
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

Demetrius qui dictus est Phalereus Athenas occupauit imperio improbo. ut mosest uulgi, passim et certatim ruit, ‘Feliciter!’, succlamant; ipsi principes illam osculantur qua sunt oppressi manumtacite gementes tristem fortunae uicem;
Citizenship through Direct Democracy? The ‘Broken Promises’ of Empowerment
Authors: Papadopoulos Yannis
Published: November 2023

It is a well-established tradition in political thought to consider that civic life hardly makes any sense if it does not have a pronounced participatory character. This goes back to Pericles’ discourses in the Athenian democracy (or at least as they were reported by Thucydides in The Peloponnesian Wars), and later in European history to people like Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Jefferson, or Victor Considerant. Recent epigones are the members of the participatory school, among whom one can count prominent political thinkers, like Carole Pateman, Crawford Macpherson, Benjamin Barber, Nicos Poulantzas from the French Marxist school, or even Robert Dahl in his later works.
Conclusions: The Future of Citizenship
Authors: Crouch Colin , Eder Klaus , Tambini Damian
Published: November 2023

Citizenship develops through the tension between the ideals of citizenship—symbolized in the granting of rights—and the ability and will of institutions to deliver on those ideals. Nation-state membership has consisted, as T. H. Marshall pointed out, in the centrality of the state as guarantor not only of civil rights but of political and social rights (Marshall 1963; Marshall and Bottomore 1992). In the 1980s, historical circumstances once again focused public debate on the degree to which social-democratic welfare states could deliver citizenship in terms both of participation and of equality of status. This opened the way for a series of policy innovations which claimed to rescue the citizenship ideal whilst rejecting the welfare model of state-sponsored citizenship. In this book we have reviewed the two main solutions: those that relocate participation in the market, and those that attempt to encourage participation in representative and deliberative institutions.
Intellectual Embarrassment without Vagueness
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

Other epistem1c1sts contend that relative borderline cases provide sufficient explanatory resources for vagueness. Consequently, there is no need for research into absolute borderline cases. I concede that relative borderline cases explain some of the intellectual embarrassment that is widely assumed to be a defining feature of vagueness. But I shall argue that such phenomena have nothing to do with vagueness The embarrassment is actually due to limited discriminability rather than vagueness itself. Many of the stereotypical properties of the sorites paradox are actually more generic properties that can be possessed by slippery-slope arguments employing precise predicates.
The Viral Theory of Inconsistency
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

In 1964, J. R. Lucas published a Godelian argument to prove that he is not a thinking machine: computers physically instantiate formal systems. A consistent formal system that is powerful enough to prove the theorems of arithmetic is also powerful enough to construct a sentence to the same effect as ‘This sentence is not a theorem of the system’. The sentence could only be a theorem if its negation was also a theorem. So given that the system is consistent, the sentence is a truth that is missed by the system. Therefore, the system is incomplete. Lucas contends that he is not limited by this incompleteness result. We have adequate, more than adequate, reason for affirming our own consistency and the truth, and hence also the consistency, of informal arithmetic, and so can properly say that we know, and that any machine representation of the mind must manifest an output expressed by a formal (since it is a machine) system which is consistent and includes Elementary Number Theory (since it is supposed to represent the mind). (Lucas 1996:
Attributing Significance to Unobvious Musical Relationships1
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

Musical analysts, quite rightly, do not confine themselves to descriptions of the surface structure of musical works or to noting the obvious relationships within works. They maintain that the emergent features of musical works—their expressiveness, unity, and so forth—are generated from the notes constituting the work. In so far as such emergent features are uniquely achieved in individual works, they cannot usually be explained in terms of surface structures and obvious relationships that may be common to a large number of works. Inevitably, then, such features are explained as arising from unobvious structures and relationships. Accordingly, analysts have searched the musical ‘background’ of works in the quest for expressiveness-conferring relationships.
The Multiple Interpretability of Musical Works1
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I discuss the role of interpretation in the performance and reception of musical works specified by scores.2 Five types of interpretation (notational, editorial, performative, work-descriptive, and performance descriptive) are likely to be involved, and in none of these is it customary to assume there is one correct interpretation.
Introduction
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

Some 28 kilometres east of the city of Izmir on Turkey’s western coast, there is a mountain pass called Karabel. Overlooking the pass is a relief cut in the face of the rock. It depicts a male human figure armed with bow and spear, and sword with crescent-shaped pommel. On his head is a tall peaked cap. A weathered inscription provides information about him-for those able to read it. If orodotos visited the monument in the fifth century BC.
King, Court, and Royal Officials
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

The king is close to death. His chief warriors and dignitaries have been summoned to his bedside in Kussara, ancestral home of the Hittite royal dynasty. A scribe is standing by, to record what the dying man has to say to those gathered around him. This will be no carefully composed document, the product of numerous drafts and revisions.1hereis no time for that. But the fate of the kingdom may well depend on its monarch’s final words.
The Changing Balance of Rural Power ad 200–400
Authors: Banaji Jairus
Published: November 2023

The major conclusion of the analysis presented in this and the following chapter will be that in the eastern provinces the advent of the late empire revolutionized provincial landholding, signalling the rapid decline of the élites which had dominated urban and agrarian life for most of the earlier period, and the gradual emergence, especially in the course of the fith century, of a new group of landowners whose social and professional roots were quite different from those of the municipal geouchoi.
Privy Politics
Authors: Scott-Warren Jason
Published: November 2023

At some point in the early I59os, a notable company was gathered together at Wardour Castle in Wiltshire, home of the gouty local worthy and fanatical horse-lover Sir Matthew Arundell. Its most renowned member was Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton.
Producing Prophecy
Authors: Scott-Warren Jason
Published: November 2023

Discussion of the question of who would succeed Elizabeth on the throne of England was prohibited by royal fiat and parliamentary statute.I Predictably, however, such prohibitions only served to drive speculation on that burning issue underground.
The Late Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Shaw Jane
Published: November 2023

In his r984 BBC series and accompanying book, The Sea of Faith, the Cambridge theologian Don Cupitt aimed to show the effects on Christian doctrine of ‘the slow process of secularisation, the impact of science and then of biblical and historical criticism, the shift to an ever more man-centred outlook, the encounter with other faiths, and then finally the awesome and still incomplete transition into modernity ‘. He located the origins of these intellectual and social movements in the eighteenth century, in the age of Enlightenment. Cupitt judged the impact of Enlightenment critical thinking on ‘the supernatural dogmatic beliefs of Christianity ‘ to be ‘very severe ‘ and stated that ‘theologians have been attempting ever since to pick up the pieces with—on their own admission—only
Spouses’ Employment Careers in Spain
Authors: Gonzalez-Lopez Maria Jose
Published: November 2023

Spain has often been portrayed as a traditional society as far as gender roles are concerned. The legacy of the Catholic Church, the long-lasting authoritarian regime (1939-75), the persistence of cohesive family structures, and the tangibly low presence of women in the labour force, lie at the core of this notion. Legacies of the recent past have unquestionably exerted an immense influence in the professional life chances of many women who were born between the mid-l940s and 1950s, at the height of the dictatorial regime. They suffered the fate of growing up under a state’s male-breadwinner ideology which legitimated a rigid sexual division of labour.
Employment Patterns of Married Women in Poland
Authors: Drobnič Sonja , Fratczak Ewa
Published: November 2023

New household economics (Becker 1993; Cigno 1991) draws attention to the fact that an individual's allocation of time to the market and unpaid work in the home can be best understood within the context of the family, taking the interdependence of family members into account. A core feature of this model is that spouses tend to specialize within the marriage because specialization is the most efficient productive strategy and maximizes the utility for the household as a whole. The economic theory of the family predicts that specialization of a husband and a wife towards either market or unpaid household work will follow the principle of comparative or relative efficiency.
Approaching the history of ancient Umbria
Authors: Bradley Guy
Published: November 2023

During the Roman imperial period, Umbria, the sixth of the eleven regions of ancient Italy, was made up of almost forty different communities, most of which can be identified with the hill towns characterizing the area today. In some cases, people had already lived on these sites for a thousand years; almost all had been occupied for at least half a millennium. These towns had their own distinct local identities and, we can suspect, local histories. There were, however, wider ethnic feelings that tied the inhabitants of this region together, and which gave Umbria more than simply an administrative significance.
Umbria before the Roman conquest
Authors: Bradley Guy
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to examine the processes affecting Umbrian communities in the Iron Age (c.900-300 BC), a period conventionally ended by the Roman conquest. A variety of geographical areas need to be assessed, in which increasing social complexity leads to a wide range of different social and political ‘trajectories’. The most important shift in terms of the long-term history of the region is that many settlements in the lowlands begin to undergo urbanization towards the end of this period, which marks the first signs of the system of city-states that characterized this region until the end of the Roman Empire. It is evident, however, that assessing contemporary upland communities simply in terms of their failure to develop urbanistic structures does not do justice to their sophistication in this period, which matched that of the future city sites. Thus, one of the central aims of this chapter is to draw attention to the unsatisfactory nature of urbanism as the predominant diagnostic index of early Italian societies.
Urbanism and society in Umbria between the conquest and the Social War
Authors: Bradley Guy
Published: November 2023

This chapter is, as far as I know, the first attempt to collate and analyse systematically the published evidence for urban centres and rural sanctuaries in Umbria in the period between the conquest and the Social War, and to investigate the relationship between these two types of site. The extent of the evidence has not been fully appreciated, and is usually referred to only in vague general terms.
Theatre in London
Authors: Egan Gabriel
Published: November 2023

For a thousand years after the departure of the Romans in the fifth-century AD no theatres were built in Britain, and Shakespeare’s works are key texts in the rebirth of professional playing in the late sixteenth century. There were travelling troupes of players in the late medieval period, comprising on average four to six men, and some received royal patronage, but they lacked the element that characterizes professionalism: accumulated capital.
The society of Shakespeare’s England
Authors: Levin Carole
Published: November 2023

Medieval laws, which dictated how people of different social groups should dress by regulating fabrics, colours, and styles, were still in existence in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England. These ‘sumptuary’ laws were part of an attempt to keep people in their places and to mark those who tried to move out of them, for England was still a hierarchical, highly structured society with careful delineations of status.
Daily life in town and country
Authors: Thirsk Joan
Published: November 2023

This chapter aims to give a picture of everyday life in Shakespeare’s England. Any one of us going back in time would at first be struck by the familiarity of the scene, showing people doing the same things as us, getting up, snatching food before going about their daily tasks, talking with others along the road, muttering all the stock phrases and cliches in hurried conversations, switching from one mood to another, complaining, arguing, laughing and joking, pondering thoughtfully on life in general, and sharing deep sorrows in death. But we would also soon notice behind the many basic similarities in these doings a host of different assumptions.
Love, sex, and marriage
Authors: Ingram Martin
Published: November 2023

Love, sex, and marriage have been among the mainsprings of drama and literature in many cultures, but there were particular reasons why these themes should feature so strongly in the works of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. In Elizabethan and Jacobean England, the ‘family’-a term most commonly used at this time to denote a household, including servants as well as those united by ties of blood and marriage was an institution of exceptional social importance.
Ideas of order
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen
Published: November 2023

Certain ideas about the design of the cosmos, the nature of mankind, the necessity of government, the organization of society, and the inferiority of women were widely promulgated in Shakespeare’s time. These basic elements of early modern English political thought emphasized divine order, human fallibility, monarchic rule, hierarchical relationships, and patriarchal doctrine. Political thought created a common language for the conduct of everyday life in Shakespeare’s time. It was a language that the playwright understood and that he could expect his audiences to understand.
Roman plays
Authors: Leggatt Alexander
Published: November 2023

Rome was for Shakespeare and his contemporaries a collection of legends, a body of history, a set of values, and a still-living culture. Shakespeare tapped into the story of Rome throughout his career, in the narrative poem The Rape o(Lucrece (1593-4); in the tragedies Titus Andronicus (c.1589-92), Julius Caesar (1599), Antony and Cleopatra (1606-7), and Coriolanus (c.1608); and in the late romance Cymbeline (c.1608-10). Throughout these works he examines Roman values, institutions, and political conflicts; the place of women in Rome; and the relationship between Rome and the world outside.
Comical and tragical
Authors: Edmondson Paul
Published: November 2023

In Michael Almereyda’s 2000 film of Hamlet, the ‘To be or not to be’ soliloquy takes place as Ethan Hawke’s Hamlet is walking through a video store. He is surrounded by generically ordered shelves labelled ‘action’, a stingingly ironic contrast to the state of his mind.
Character criticism
Authors: Desmet Christy
Published: November 2023

Character criticism of Shakespeare, the analysis of his characters as individuals worthy of close scrutiny and strong feelings of identification, is both a manifestation of bardolatry and a mode of reading. Character criticism rose with the reputation of Shakespeare as an author in the Restoration and eighteenth century; reached its high point as a critical genre during the Romantic and Victorian periods, as Shake speare appreciation intensified into Shakespeare worship or bardolatry; and declined after the 1930s, when formalism and the New Criticism took hold in universities on both sides of the Atlantic.
Introduction
Authors: Hawkes Terence
Published: November 2023

There has never been an ‘afterlife’ to match it. Like some time-warping, infinitive splitting astronaut, Shakespeare rockets beyond the grave to boldly go where no poet or playwright has ever previously ventured. No one can study his work fully without taking this phenomenon into account, and its impact on our perception of the plays is crucial.
Shakespeare published
Authors: Maguire Laurie
Published: November 2023

When we read Shakespeare’s plays, we are reading something that was never meant to be read: the primary destination of drama is performance, not print. The publication of drama is inevitably a secondary concern.
Introduction
Authors: Buxton Richard
Published: November 2023

In the year 1846, in a collection with the deceptively anodyne title Mosses from an Old Manse, Nathaniel Hawthorne published a short story entitled ‘Drofine’s Wooden Image’. Drofine is a Boston wood-carver, who has Fine technical skills but lacks fair. ‘One sunshiny morning’ he receives an unusual commission. He is to produce a flugurehead for a ship, the work to be carried out according to the mysterious instructions (which the story never makes explicit) of a certain Captain Hunnewell, a seafarer recently returned from the Azores.

The carving which gradually emerges beneath Drofine’s hands is that of a spellbindingly attractive woman of foreign aspect and dress:
Law and monarchy in the south
Authors: Takayama Hiroshi
Published: November 2023

In modern scholarship, medieval southern Italy (understood here to mean Sicily and mainland southern Italy) has been discussed, first and foremost, in relation to the formation of Western Europe. To some scholars, it was a gateway through which western Europe received Byzantine and Islamic cultures. Translations into Latin of a number of important Greek and Arabic texts, ranging from philosophy to natural science, were undertaken here. Knowledge of Byzantine art and architecture was also transmitted to Europe through medieval southern Italy. To other scholars it was the nurturing place of the first modern state in western Europe to have a highly developed royal administration and bureaucracy.
The family
Authors: Epstein Steven
Published: November 2023

During the period ‘Italy’ remained largely a geographical expression, but the peninsula and the islands of Sicily and Sardinia form a cohesive yet also diverse unit of study. ‘The family’ did not exist; instead, there were millions of individual families for which the sources are few and diﬃcult to interpret. Some historians have preferred to discuss households, those living under one roof and not necessarily kin. Households are easier to define (and tax) than families, but both social categories can serve to illuminate the changes in Italian domestic history during the central Middle Ages. There is no particular logic to this period from the vantage point of social history.
Introduction
Authors: Harrison Stephen
Published: November 2023

As already noted in my General Introduction to this volume, the issue of literary language has been a central topic in both literary theory and classical scholarship in the twentieth century. Auer bach’s Literary Language and its Public, translated in 1965, states that ‘a literary language is distinguished from the general language of daily life by its selectivity, homogeneity and conservatism’, and classical scholars have often followed this traditional emphasis on linguistic register and lexicon as the key features of literary and (especially) poetic language. However, a larger perspective can also be applied, by which the developing concerns of twentieth century classical scholars can be seen as consonant with developments in linguistic and literary theory more generally. The turn in Saussure and structuralist thought towards language as system, the deep preoccupation with language in linguistic philosophy generally, the close analysis of literary language which is a common concern of both Formalism and New Criticism, and the radical destabilization of language and its capacity to signify in post structuralist theory, have all to some extent been reflected in the work of literary classicists, even when there is no apparent formal connection.
Polybius/Walbank*
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

Fortune cast the life of Frank W. Walbank in stirring times. He was hard at work on Polybius’ Histories for well over half of the twentieth century. His great commentary itself took up the thirty four years between the engagement in 1944 and completion ready for publication of the third and final volume in 1979; and supplementary extensions and revisions of his thinking continued to appear through the next two decades, fortified by retirement, by relocation, and by the changing conceptualizations of ancient history and Ancient History brought about by successive realignments of Scholarship with Theory. In Hypomnemata (1992) FWW also wrote up the first instalment of his memoirs, from his earliest recollections (‘from about 1914 onwards’: born 1909) up to appointment to the Chair of Latin in the University of Liverpool (i.e. ‘around 1946’).
Epilogue: the limits of oratory?
Authors: Steel C E W
Published: November 2023

CICERO’s imperial oratory provides just one of a number of competing approaches to empire that were being proposed or acted out in the late Republic: Caesar, Pompeius, Cato, and even Cicero himself in his more esoteric writing provided different assessments and solutions. The essential points about Cicero‘s rhetorical view of empire are its avoidance of problems and its ‘great man’ presentation of events. Morally upright Romans are the answer, and the whole answer.
Rules and Reasoning in Stoic Ethics
Authors: Inwood Brad
Published: November 2023

Stoic ethics is often criticized for its impractical rigidity and pointless idealism. Its most prominent feature seems to be its proneness to paradoxical theses, such as claims that all moral errors are equal, that only the wise man is free, and that all human passions should be eliminated rather than moderated. Stoic ethics demands that human beings achieve perfect virtue and act accordingly; the alternative is the complete unhappiness from which all of us suffer. And yet at first sight it appears to offer very little in the way of realistic hope or guidance for people who wish to be happy. It seems to be an abstract and Procrustean dogmatism, which deduces from general principles conclusions which have little bearing on the kind of striving and thinking which normally characterizes ethics. It seems to leave little room for progress in an ethics which (like most others in the ancient world) is centred on the improvement of human character.

Since the mid-1960s more sympathetic and sophisticated accounts of Stoic ethics have, of course, begun to tell a different story. But there is still a gap which remains to be filled. One of the issues on which the Stoics have seemed to be most inflexible and unrealistic has been the role of rules, or laws, in Stoic ethics. In this discussion I want to argue that, when we look more closely at how those notions are used in Stoic ethics, we see that, far from being a source of rigidity, rules and laws are more closely connected to a theory of moral reasoning which emphasizes flexibility and situational variability.
Animating the Inanimate
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances
Published: November 2023

We have frequently observed that animation of dead objects or ones which have no independent existence is a significant part of the jokes which show evidence of being invented or at least heavily adapted by Plautus (see p. 41 f., 49, 86 f.). Although it would serve little purpose to provide a list of all the examples,1 we must highlight a few characteristic features, as we are dealing here with one of the favourite forms of Plautine humour, a form which is admittedly not his alone. Giving life and a separate identity to parts of the body, to household objects, indeed to everything humans make daily use of is a tendency found in all popular phraseology and all comedy which arises from it and aims to amuse the naive audience. Anyone aspiring to graphic forms of expression finds rich opportunities here. For this reason Greek comedy also used this device, but a general examination is enough to show that Plautus went well beyond his originals in this respect. Even in those places where they may be most expected, in the α ρ χ α íα (Old Comedy), these personifications, though by no means absent, are not as frequent or as lovingly shaped as in Plautus.
Expansion of the Dialogue
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances
Published: November 2023

The very characteristic passage Capt. 152–66 has already been accurately assessed by Leo in his note on 152; his cautious supposition ‘quae intercedunt Plautus addidisse videtur’ (‘Plautus seems to have added what comes in between’) will, I hope, be shown to be a certainty by the material assembled below from other plays. Admittedly the passage itself reveals its own origin. Nothing could be more Roman, more Plautine, than this content: the edendi exercitus (‘army of eating’); the provincia (‘province’); the squadrons of food devourers, with their typical personification and the geographical names belonging partly to the Italic, partly to the Roman, western sphere; the contrast between the imperator (‘general’) and the privatus (‘private’). It has also been noted that these farcical elements fit extremely badly into their context;1 such jokes are very discordant with Hegio’s mood.2 In a particularly useful observation, Leo has pointed out that before and after the insertion, the same phrase is repeated word for word: 152: nunc habe bonum animum and 167: habe modo bonum animum (‘now be of good cheer’). Meanwhile the dialogue has not progressed; it is taken up exactly at the spot where it left of to allow the jokes to be inserted. The same external indication of a Plautine expansion is found in Stich. 418 ∼435. In this passage, in order to prepare for the later part of the comedy, Plautus inserts a dialogue between Stichus and Epignomus followed by a monologue by Stichus. Both at the beginning of the insertion and at the end of the dialogue, the master says to the slave, repeating the instruction word for word: age abduce [112] hasce intro (‘come along, take these women inside’).
A Feminine Genre: Romance and Women
Authors: Holmes Diana
Published: November 2023

Although, as Colette ironically observes, romantic love is one of life’s most compelling experiences for both sexes, writing and reading about love are strongly associated, at least in contemporary western cultures, with women. It has not always been so, for the love story is an archetypal narrative of western literature, the majority of which has been authored by men, and romance pervades oral and written story-telling as far back as can be traced. Fairy tales, their origins lost in time, mutate as they travel through centuries and shifting cultures, but continue to make the discovery of mutual, passionate love the condition of living happily ever after. When, in twelfth-century France, literature first began to be written in the vernacular or ‘romanz’ language rather than in Latin, the narrative of love and courtship soon became the dominant literary mode, so that the word ‘romance’ took on the meaning it has retained to this day.
Shakespeare, Marx, Production, and the World of Ideas
Authors: Egan Gabriel
Published: November 2023

In Act 2, Scene 2 of David Edgar’s play The Prisoner’s Dilemma (first performed 2001) Tom Rothman, an American academic, likens recent inter-ethnic conflict in eastern Europe to ‘those scenes in Shakespeare plays where guys called towns turn out to be first cousins married to each other’s sisters’ (Edgar 2001, 103). The parallel is not frivolous: the disintegration of one pole of the binarily opposed armed camps of the Cold War released latent tensions about ethnicity and nationhood that are like the murderous energies released by the epochal shifts drama tized in Shakespeare’s history plays. But as a joke, Rothman’s comment is illuminating.
Marx’s Influence on Shakespeare Studies to 196
Authors: Egan Gabriel
Published: November 2023

A central theme of my argument is that Marx’s ideas have pervaded all aspects of Shakespeare criticism, theory, and performance, in ways not fully appreciated. This chapter and the next one survey this process in the afterlife of Marx’s ideas, first via two influential Marxist theatre practitioners and then in the wider realm of Shakespeare criticism. We have surveyed enough of Marx’s central body of ideas for the story of their impact to be told roughly chronologically, with one exception: Marxist dialectics. This aspect of his thinking was largely implicit in Marx’s writing, addressed directly only in The Poverty of Philosophy (in French, 1847), and receiving little attention before Stalin’s use of it in the 1930s.
The economy and society of France in the later Middle Ages: on the eve of crisis
Authors: Charbonnier Pierre
Published: November 2023

The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are dominated by the caesura of a great economic crisis, but, since the period is so long and complex, it is useful to examine it in two parts: first, the state of France and the prevailing economic structures on the eve of the crisis, some of which remained constant over the two centuries. The crisis itself and its impact on French society will be examined in Chapter 5.
Joking Apart
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: November 2023

WHEN asked in his 1997 Paris Review interview if the poet’s acts can affect politics, Seamus Heaney took the question back to ‘In Memory ofW. B. Yeats’ and felt the cultural need to give a firm answer:

Yes, I do think they can be affected. I think there’s far too much mealy mouthedness about that. Auden’s remark that poetry makes nothing happen is used too often to foreclose the question. I do believe, for example, that Robert Lowell had a political effect. I’m not saying that because of the thematic content of his work, but because he had established a profile and an authority as a poet.
Republic, state, and nation confront the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost: 1877–1914
Authors: Parry D L L , Girard Pierre
Published: November 2023

Of all the many images that France can project, from the Lascaux caves to the Stade de France, perhaps the richest collection comes from the decades before the Great War: the Eiﬀel Tower, the Tour de France, the art nouveau signs of the Paris Metro, the can-can at the Moulin Rouge, Impressionist and post-Impressionist art. Across the country, towns and villages were remodelled by a new civic architecture of schools, army barracks, post oﬃces, railway stations, town halls, and grand boulevards. Beyond these visual images lie two polit-ical ones: France was one of the two great imperial powers, alongside the United Kingdom, and one of the two great republics, alongside the United States of America. A sense that French history had ﬁnally ‘come right ‘ was promoted during the Third Republic by scholars led by Ernest Lavisse. Lavisse argued that French history naturally culminated in the unity of state, nation, and republic achieved after 1871, and his interpretation was fed to schoolchildren in a textbook known as the petit Lavisse because it condensed his lengthy studies into one primer. Modern historians have pursued these themes too: as mentioned in Chapter 2, François Furet wrote that the French Revolution ‘came into harbour ‘ with the Third Republic, while Eugen Weber argued this was the time when local loyalties were translated into ‘Frenchness ‘. Achievements in science, art, music, and literature
Introduction Sex Talks
Authors: Turner James Grantham
Published: November 2023

Two scenes of reading define the scope and material of this book. Discovered in the most famous memoirs of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they frame my enquiry into the educational and philosophical implications of libertine literature, and identify the texts that I will read most closely in the following chapters: L’Escole des filles, ou La Philosophie des dames (1655) and Aloisiae Sigeae Satyra Sotadica de Arcanis Amoris et Veneris (c .1660). Though the publicationhistory of these erotic dialogues was established decades ago by the great bibliographer David Foxon, his call for a deeper study of the ‘intellectualization’ of sexuality in the mid-seventeenth century1 has gone largely unanswered, despite the vast surge of interest in the ‘discourse of sexuality’ provoked by Michel Foucault’s Volonte de savoir and by feminist critiques of pornography.
The Form of Shakespeare’s Sonnets
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall discuss the overall form as it relates to the arrangement of the collection and its subsections. We consider formal characteristics of individual poems in Chapter 5. We have said that the poems are more properly regarded as a collection than as a sequence. They do not hang together on the thread of a single narrative or by virtue of a single addressee. Almost all of them are love poems in the sense that they address a loved person or spring out of the poet’s shifting relationship with such a person, and changes in the relationships hint at an underlying narrative, but it can scarcely be called a story.
The Sonnets and Later Writers
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley
Published: November 2023

In his twenty-one-lined ‘American Sonnet’ (1991), Billy Collins describes the event of a sonnet as a few square inches of where we have strayed And a compression of what we feel.1 Writers of poetry, prose, and drama have long drawn inspiration from Shakespeare’s sonnets, reappropriating their ideas and language to create new meanings, to compress, explore, and evolve other thoughts and emotions. What follows is a selective survey of the many writings which represent an on-going event of cultural and literary in xuence and transformation, a survey of how far later writers have strayed from Shakespeare’s originals.
Unity: Within the Canon or After the Canon
Authors: Barr James
Published: November 2023

One of the classic themes of biblical theology has been the ‘unity of the Bible’. It has been expected that biblical theology will succeed not only in affirming,, but in giving content to, the conviction that the biblical books somehow belong properly together, as symbolized by their being bound together as a single volume; or at least, if it does not go so far as to affirm this conviction, it should at any rate discuss it and probe its possibilities. The obvious questions involved appear to arise on four levels.
Interpretative Unity of the New Testament
Authors: Landmesser Christof
Published: November 2023

The question regarding what makes the New Testament texts into a canon—or at least a part of the canon—can be answered in many different ways. The many dimensions to the problem and the differing perspectives on the question do not mutually exclude each other. Rather, the plurality makes it obvious that there is not just one answer to this question. It was issues surrounding the history of the canon that shaped the early parameters of the canon question. Its high point was the influential two-volume work written at the end of the nineteenth century by Theodor Zahn. At this early stage, the controversy focused on the problem of dating the four canonical gospels, as the debate between Theodor Zahn and Adolf von Harnack documents.
Textual Identities: Part
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn
Published: November 2023

The emphasis in criticism, almost regardless of fashion or theoretic inflection, is by convention on the private status of the literary work, on its symbolic representation of or substitution for inwardness, and its equivalence to human isolation, subjectivity, intimacy, and individualism. Seen from this perspective, literature’s impact on mentalities is a private affair: writer, work, reader inhabit unique space. Consider Maurice Blanchot’s linked statements in The Space of Literature:In the solitude of the work—the work of art, the literary work—we discover a more essential solitude . . . The work is solitary: this does not mean that it remains un communicable, that it has no reader.
The Strategies of Encyclopaedism
Authors: Carey Sorcha
Published: November 2023

For the modem reader, Pliny’s Natural History may seem a far cry from the Encylopaedia Britannica. Written by a single author, and without the alphabetical system of arrangement which has become a defining characteristic of modem ‘objective’ and ‘scientific’ compilations of knowledge, Pliny’s work bears little resemblance to contemporary conceptions of the encyclopaedia. But where Pliny’s Natural History most obviously converges with its twentieth-century descendants, is in its concern for totality, the attempt to amass all knowledge (either of one particular subject, or the whole world) within one work. The desire for totality may, of course, ultimately be futile, but it lies at the heart of the encyclopaedia and, indeed, gives it its name. The word ‘encyclopaedia’ (first used by Rabelais in the sixteenth century) derives from the Greek expression enkyklios paideia meaning universal knowledge, the term which Pliny uses when describing his own work in the preface to the Natural History- ‘I must touch on all the subjects encompassed by what the Greeks call enkyklios paideia (an all-round education)’ (Pref. 14).
Conclusion
Authors: Carey Sorcha
Published: November 2023

The end of the Natural History is as apparently straightforward and objective as the table of contents with which the work begins. Having asserted that his account of the world is complete (‘For now that I have completed my account of all the works of Nature’ (37.201)), Pliny does go on to declare Italy the greatest land in the whole world.
Aeschylus, Race, Class, and War in the 1990s
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: November 2023

During the Gulf-War bombardment of Iraq in early 1991, hardly any images of the enemy appeared in the western media. When a rare photograph of a dead Iraqi soldier, leaning through the wind screen of his burnt-out vehicle, was published in The Observer (28 February), Tony Harrison wrote ‘A Cold Coming’. In this poem the ‘charred Iraqi’ spoke directly to the poet/narrator.
Oedipus in the East End From Freud to Berkoff
Authors: Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

In 1975 the distinguished German playwright and director Heiner Muller suggestively commented: ‘In the century of Orestes and Electra, which is upon us, Oedipus will be a comedy.’1 That Muller should refer to ‘the century of Orestes and Electra’ being ‘upon us ... ‘ is startling. For although the first part of the twentieth century can boast some notable adaptations and revivals of the ancient plays centred upon the House of Atreus, it is not really until the final part of the century (from 1980 onwards to be precise) that Orestes and Electra could be said to have dominated the repertoire.
Persecution
Authors: Pelt Robert Jan van
Published: November 2023

Since the destruction of the Second Temple, the majority of the Jewish people has lived as an ethnic and religious minority, subject to sustained prejudice, debilitating social and economic constraints, spatial confinement, and episodes of more or less intense persecutions, ranging from riots and pogroms to massacres and expulsions. The motivations of the persecutors were varied. For the Romans, the Jews were a political and social challenge to some of the underlying principles of the Pax Romana: they were considered to hate non-Jews and display contempt for the gods. For the Christians, the Jews were the murderers of Christ, and the persistence of Judaism provided a challenge to the legitimacy of the New Covenant embodied in the Church.
Jewish identities
Authors: Kopelowitz Ezra
Published: November 2023

In 2000 there were approximately 13 million Jews living in the world, with the vast majority in Israel (approximately 5 million) and the United States (approximately 5.5 million). My goal in this chapter is to compare the ways that Jews in these two major centres of world Jewry construct their Jewish identities. I begin by describing three distinct models of Jewish identity, based on: (1) the manner in which people maintain inconsistent or consistent patterns of Jewish behaviour as they move between the various social spaces of everyday life; and (2) the answer that people give to the question: Who has authority to determine authentic Jewish behaviour? After presenting the three models, I will then look at how each gains expression in contemporary American and Israeli life.