bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PBPK Modeling of Coproporphyrin I as an Endogenous Biomarker for Drug Interactions Involving Inhibition of Hepatic OATP1B1 and OATP1B3
Authors: Yoshikado Takashi , Toshimoto Kota , Maeda Kazuya , Kusuhara Hiroyuki , Kimoto Emi , Rodrigues A. David , Chiba Koji , Sugiyama Yuichi
Published: September 2018

The aim of the present study was to establish a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for coproporphyrin I (CP‐I), a biomarker supporting the prediction of drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) involving hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B (OATP1B), using clinical DDI data with an OATP1B inhibitor rifampicin (300 and 600 mg, orally). The in vivo inhibition constants of rifampicin used as initial input parameters for OATP1Bs (Ki,u,OATP1Bs) and multidrug resistance‐associated protein two‐mediated biliary excretion were estimated as 0.23 and 0.87 μM, respectively, from previous reports. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the Ki,u,OATP1Bs and biosynthesis rate of CP‐I affected the magnitude of the interaction. Ki,u,OATP1Bs values optimized by nonlinear least‐squares fitting were ~0.5‐fold of the initial value. It was determined that the blood concentration‐time profiles of four statins were well‐predicted using corrected individual Ki,u,OATP1B values (ratio of in vitro Ki,u(statin)/in vitro Ki,u(CP‐I)). In conclusion, PBPK modeling of CP‐I supports dynamic prediction of OATP1B‐mediated DDIs.
Thermal Stability of Perfectly Aligned Nitrogen‐Vacancy Centers for High Sensitive Magnetometers
Authors: Ozawa Hayato , Ishiwata Hitoshi , Hatano Mutsuko , Iwasaki Takayuki
Published: September 2018

A large sensor volume based on a chemical‐vapor‐deposited diamond film containing perfectly aligned ensemble nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) centers is a promising route to achieve high sensitive quantum magnetometers. To synthesize a thick NV film by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), the thermal stability of the N‐V axis becomes an important issue. In this study, the thermal stability of the N‐V orientation has been investigated and its activation energy is estimated as 4.7 eV. It is found that the perfect alignment of the NV centers to the [111] direction can be maintained during a long‐time CVD growth at temperature 900 °C and lower. In contrast, the alignment ratio gradually decreases with increasing the growth time at 1050 °C. The mechanism of the reorientation of the N‐V axis has been discussed. The observations presented here provide important insight to achieve highly sensitive macro‐scale sensors.
Below‐cloud scavenging of fine and coarse aerosol particles by rain: The role of raindrop size
Authors: Blanco‐Alegre Carlos , Castro Amaya , Calvo Ana I. , Oduber Fernanda , Alonso‐Blanco Elisabeth , Fernández‐González Delia , Valencia‐Barrera Rosa M. , Vega‐Maray Ana M. , Fraile Roberto
Published: September 2018

Below‐cloud aerosol scavenging is an important process to remove particles from the atmosphere. In this study, both precipitation (measured with a laser disdrometer registering drops between 0.125 and 8 mm) and atmospheric aerosol particles (measured with a Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe registering aerosol sizes between 0.1 and 24 µm) have been sampled on a 1 min basis. Based on 6 months of outdoor measurements in León (northwest Iberian Peninsula), the scavenging coefficients were calculated for the aerosol particles measured, with a mean value of 2.6 × 10−5 ± 6.0 × 10−5 s−1 for the fine mode and 5.8 × 10−5 ± 9.6 × 10−5 s−1 for the coarse mode in 54 rain events. Likewise, the particle concentration decreased during rain by 10%, and by 18% between the time before and after the rain. In the Greenfield Gap (sizes between 0.3 and 1 µm) the scavenging is less effective, mainly between 0.6 and 1 µm, than with smaller particles. The number of drops between 0.75 and 3 mm shows statistically significant (p < 0.05) negative correlations with the number of particles between 0.16 and 1.76 µm, thus illustrating the potential of those raindrops to favour the scavenging of particles of that size. In addition, there were statistically significant negative correlations between the total volume removed by falling drops (mm3/m3) and the variation of the number of particles in channels with diameters between 0.12 and 0.19 µm.
Why the lowest electronic excitations of rhodamines are overestimated by time‐dependent density functional theory
Authors: Zhou Panwang
Published: September 2018

Rhodamines are widely used as laser dyes and fluorescent probes due to their excellent photophysical and photochemical properties. Previous theoretical studies have shown that the lowest excitation energies of rhodamines are overestimated systematically by time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). In this study, we first perform a TDDFT benchmark study with 21 exchange‐correlation functionals (XCFs) on a series of rhodamines and assess the performance of different types of functional in predicting the lowest excitation energies of rhodamines. Statistical results reveal that the fraction of Hartree–Fock exchange (HFX) included in the XCF is a key parameter. Pure functionals without HFX offer the best performance, with the mean absolute error (MAE) of approximately 0.1 eV. However, they provide a wrong order of the lowest nπ* and ππ* states and suffer from charge‐transfer contamination problem for rhodamine dyes (RDs) in zwitterionic form. Among the other tested functionals, popular global hybrid functional B3LYP delivers the smallest MAE of 0.36 eV. We then perform calculations with second‐order algebraic diagrammatic construction and extended multiconfiguration quasi‐degenerate perturbation theory at second‐order of PT expansion methods. Remarkably accurate results are obtained. We confirm that the reason for the overestimation of the lowest excitation energies of RDs by TDDFT method should be similar to that of cyanine dyes, and that double excitations contribute to this systematic deviation.
Immune function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and their crosstalk in HBV infection
Authors: Golsaz‐Shirazi Forough , Amiri Mohammad Mehdi , Shokri Fazel
Published: September 2018

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a major health problem, with over 245 million chronic carriers worldwide. This persistent infection is thought to be associated with inefficient innate and adaptive immune responses. Natural killer cells (NK cells) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the major innate immune cells which respond to viral infection at the early phase and are considered major components of the antiviral immune response. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding the role of NK cells, pDCs, and their cross‐talk in HBV infection and its chronicity. Although the data regarding the biological function of pDCs and NK cells in HBV infection is still controversial, many studies show that in chronic HBV infection, the cytotoxicity of NK cells is retained, while their capacity to secrete cytokines is strongly impaired. In addition, interferon‐α production by pDCs is impaired during chronic HBV infection, and the virus interferes with pDC‐NK cell interaction.
The role of environmental justice in sustainable development in China
Authors: Li Dong‐Xin , Sinha Paresha N. , Kim Sally , Lee Yong‐Ki
Published: September 2018

This study drawing concepts from the fields of sociology, organizational behavior, and marketing examines residents' perceptions of justice in relation to environmental development. Although prior research raised issues related to environmental development from the justice perspective, very little is known about how residents perceive justice related to environmental development. Therefore, our study examines residents' perceptions of justice and how those perceptions influence the relationship with the government. More specifically, the study proposes that four types of justice (distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational) are related with the residents' trust in the government, which predicts their intentions to support for future projects and the government. To test the proposed model, we collected data from residents of four cities in China that were going through environmental development projects. The results of the study show perceptions of distributive justice and interpersonal justice have a significant positive effect on the residents' trust in the government and the environmental development. The study also finds that trust in the government and trust in the environmental development are positively related with residents' intentions to support the government and additional environmental developments. Our finding, however, does not support that either perceptions of procedural justice or perceptions of informational justice are important in the Chinese context. Implications of the study are presented.
Novel 2,4‐Dimethyl‐5‐((E)‐3‐phenyl‐3‐oxoprop‐1‐enyl)‐1H‐pyrrole‐3‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives: New Leads in Cancer and Bacterial Chemotherapy
Authors: Rasal Nishant K. , Sonawane Rahul B. , Choudhari Amit S. , Chakraborty Shakti S. , Sarkar Dhiman D. , Jagtap Sangeeta V.
Published: September 2018

The efficiently designed and synthesized novel 2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐((E)‐3‐phenyl‐3‐oxoprop‐1‐enyl)‐1H‐pyrrole‐3‐carboxylic acid derivatives has been described here which is encouraged by the anticancer activities associated with sunitinib and semaxanib. Synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). They are evaluated for in vitro antiproliferative properties on cancer cell lines as well as antibacterial activity against gram‐positive and gram‐negative species. The bioassay results revealed that several compounds exhibit potential antiproliferation activity. Among them, the lead compound 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl 5‐((E)‐3‐(3‐fluoro‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐3‐oxoprop‐1‐enyl)‐2,4‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrrole‐3‐carboxylate (9 g) showed the most potent anticancer activity against MDA‐MB‐231 and PC‐3 cancer cell line with GI50 values of 5.51 and 5.15 μg/mL and subsequently more active than sunitinib (GI50: 6.50 μg/mL) against PC‐3. Same compound 9 g also exhibits the most potent antibacterial activity against gram‐positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus with IC50 of 1.44 and 1.54 μg/mL. In silico prediction, shows that all seven potent compounds obeyed Lipinski rule for druglikeness. Structure‐activity relationship (SAR) study reflect the activity enhance with electron withdrawing group on aryl ring and replacement of acid by its bioisosteres i. e. amide and ester group. These studies have successfully identified many newly synthesized compounds as potential anticancer as well as antibacterial agent for further development.
Alkylation of Benzene with Cyclopropane‐Containing Polycyclic Hydrocarbons under the Action of the [Et3NH]+[Al2Cl7]– Ionic Liquid
Authors: Khusnutdinov Ravil I. , Aminov Rishat I. , Egorova Tatyana M. , Mescheryakova Ekaterina S. , Khalilov Leonard M. , Dzhemilev Usein M.
Published: September 2018

Benzene alkylation with cyclopropane‐containing polycyclic hydrocarbons (tetracyclo[4.3.0.02,4.03,7]nonane, exo‐exo‐hexacyclo[9.2.1.02,1003,804,605,9]‐tetradecane, exo‐endo‐hexacyclo[9.2.1.02,1003,804,605,9]tetradecane, endo‐exo‐hexacyclo[9.2.1.02,1003,804,605,9]tetradecane, and endo‐endo‐hexacyclo[9.2.1.02,1003,804,605,9]tetradecane) was accomplished under the action of the [Et3NH]+[Al2Cl7]‐ ionic liquid.
Triluminescent Functional Composite Pigment for Non‐Replicable Security Codes to Combat Counterfeiting
Authors: Gangwar Amit K. , Nagpal Kanika , Gupta Bipin K.
Published: September 2018

Herein, a novel strategy to design of unclonable triluminescent pigment derived security ink is formulated to protect valuable merchandise, bank notes, pharmaceuticals, confidential documents etc. against counterfeiting, by embedding luminescent security codes/images. This triluminescent security ink is designed with combinatory chemistry that involves the strategically admixing of the triluminescent functional composite pigments in commercially available polyvinyl chloride gold medium. The triluminescent functional composite pigment is composed of NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+(Sodium Yttrium Fluoride doped with Ytterbium and Erbium ions), NaYF4: Eu3+ (Sodium Yttrium Fluoride doped with Europium ion) and ZnO (Zinc Oxide) materials which have multifunctional features as it looks white in ambient light and shows strong green (NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+), red (NaYF4: Eu3+) and green (ZnO) colors at three different excitations of 980 nm, 254 nm and 379 nm wavelengths, respectively. The structural/microstructural and photoluminescence properties of triluminescent functional composite are confirmed by XRD (X‐ray diffraction), SEM (Scanning electron microscope), TEM (Transmission electron microscope) and photoluminescence spectroscopic techniques, respectively. The quality and spatially distributed PL intensity of printed images/code from triluminescent ink was investigated by photoluminescence confocal mapping microscopy technique. Hence, the obtained results suggest that the security code/images printed by using ink formulated from triluminescent functional composite pigment provides one step ahead novel security features which could be easy to detect but extremely difficult to replicate.
An Attempt to Improve Electrochemical Performances of Lignin‐Based Hard Carbon Microspheres Anodes in Sodium‐Ion Batteries by Using Hexamethylenetetramine
Authors: Yu Xiaochen , Yu Baojun , Zhang Jie , Zhang Yang , Zeng Jingxuan , Chen Mingming , Wang Chengyang
Published: September 2018

Lignin‐based hard carbon microspheres anodes were prepared and applied in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), which delivered a high initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and good capacity. The precursors of lignin hard carbon microspheres are thermoset lignin microspheres. By reversed‐phase polymerization, different physicochemical properties of lignin microspheres were prepared by adjusting the amount of hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA). The influence of HMTA on microstructure, thermal stability and electro‐chemical properties were studied in detail. Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric, Brunner−Emmet−Teller (BET) measurements, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman analysis showed that more functional groups are introduced and HMTA improved the thermal stability and the carbon disorder. It is found that the most appropriate addition amount of HMTA is 5 wt % after comparison. The optimal sample exhibits the best electrochemical performance. The initial discharge/charge capacity of 494.4/393 mAg−1(ICE of 79.6%) is achieved at a current density of 0.1 C (1 C=250 mAg−1), and after 250 cycles at 0.4 C, the capacity retention ratio is 90.3%. This high reversible capacity proves that adding an appropriate amount of HMTA is an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of SIBs.
DABCO‐Catalysed Amidation under Assistance of Aerial Oxidation: Access to α‐ketoamides
Authors: Monga Aparna , Bagchi Sourav , Sharma Anuj
Published: September 2018

Herein, we describe a facile and convenient approach leading to the synthesis of α‐ketoamides by dehydrogenative coupling between sp2 terminal carbonyl carbon of aryl glyoxals and N−H of amines using catalytic amount of DABCO under the assistance of aerial oxygen. The advantages of the given protocol involve metal‐free conditions and non‐tedious work up. Moreover, this method does not require additional oxidant(s), co‐oxidant(s) or any harsh reagents.
Facile Preparation of Hydrophilic‐Bifunctional‐Groups Modified Magnetic Microspheres as a Novel Matrix for Detection of Phthalate Esters from Human Plasma Samples
Authors: Yan Yinghua , Lu Yujie , Gao Yiqian , Wang Baichun , Zhao Lingling , Liang Hongze
Published: September 2018

A novel hydrophilic magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) sorbent with imidazole‐based ionic liquid and adenosine tri‐phosphate (ATP) as bifunctional groups, polydopamine (PDA) as an intermediate layer, Fe3O4 as a magnetic core (Fe3O4@PDA‐ATP@IL) was prepared and applied for selective extraction of phthalic acid esters (PAEs). The resultant Fe3O4@PDA‐ATP@IL performed strong paramagnetic response, excellent water dispersibility, high capacity and selectivity toward PAEs. This strategy exhibited wide linearity (50‐8000 ng/mL), low limit of detection (0.02‐0.80 ng/mL), good recovery (92.3‐105.3%) and good precision (intra‐day RSDs less than 4.8%, inter‐day RSDs less than 6.7%). More encouragingly, under the optimized conditions, the prepared microspheres were applied to analyze nine PAEs in human plasma samples and achieved satisfactory results. The proposed method may open new avenues for analysis of aromatic chemicals in real samples.
Nano‐Graphene as Groundbreaking Miracle Material: Catalytic and Commercial Perspectives
Authors: Singh Santosh Bahadur , Hussain Chaudhery Mustansar
Published: September 2018

Over the past decade, nano‐graphene has emerged as one of the miraculous materials to mankind because of its outstanding electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Unique characteristics of nano‐graphene make it more attractive for development of new metal‐free green heterogeneous catalysts especially for advance catalysis like photo catalysts, electrocatalysts, and organocatalysts. This review critically discusses the characterization techniques, catalysis, energy, and environmental applications of nano‐graphene. A systematic design of economic challenges, health and safety concerns, and industrial life cycle assessment (LCA) to realize the commercial scale exploitation of nano‐graphene is also reviewed. At the end, the challenges and opportunities for the future development of nano‐graphene in regards to its sustainability and affordability are described.
Recent Advances in Targeted Tumor Chemotherapy Based on Smart Nanomedicines
Authors: Qin Si‐Yong , Zhang Ai‐Qing , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: September 2018

Efficacy and safety of chemotherapeutic drugs constitute two major criteria in tumor chemotherapy. Nanomedicines with tumor‐targeted properties hold great promise for improving the efficacy and safety. To design targeted nanomedicines, the pathological characteristics of tumors are extensively and deeply excavated. Here, the rationale, principles, and advantages of exploiting these pathological characteristics to develop targeted nanoplatforms for tumor chemotherapy are discussed. Homotypic targeting with the ability of self‐recognition to source tumors is reviewed individually. In the meanwhile, the limitations and perspective of these targeted nanomedicines are also discussed.
Public budgetary rules and GDP growth: An empirical study on OECD and twelve european countries
Authors: Beqiraj Elton , Fedeli Silvia , Forte Francesco
Published: September 2018

We study the long‐term effects of budgetary rules on GDP growth rate and analyse the determinants of the short‐term GDP growth dynamics. For both a sample of 19 OECD and a subsample of 12 European countries, we show that, in the long run, improvements in the cyclically adjusted budget balance, as well as increases in the tax burden, have negative effects on GDP growth. The highest effect of fiscal policy on GDP growth would be obtained if the structural deficits were used to increase the market size by reducing the tax burden. In line with Barro (1990), a deficit‐financed reduction of tax burden has a stronger effect for European than for OECD countries, because in Europe the government size with respect to market size is too large. Therefore, if GDP growth is a dominant policy objective, in Europe specific actions should redress the 2012 Treaty toward a reduction of the tax burden.
Unemployment and Health Behaviors over the Business Cycle: A Longitudinal View
Authors: Colman Gregory , Dave Dhaval
Published: September 2018

We examine the first‐order internal effects of unemployment and nonemployment on a range of health behaviors during the most recent recession using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth‐1979. Ours is the first study to analyze the effect of own‐unemployment on energy intake, energy expenditure, and the net effect (body mass index) using longitudinal records. Exploiting information enveloping the recent steep recession and prolonged recovery is valuable since recent job losers will modify their behavior little if they expect soon to be re‐employed, whereas if they expect joblessness to last, they will adjust to a possibly prolonged decline in income and increase in nonwork time. We find that becoming unemployed is associated with a small increase in leisure‐time exercise, a moderate decrease in smoking, and a substantial decline in total physical activity. We also find that unemployment and nonemployment are associated with a decline in purchases of fast food. Together, these results imply that both energy consumption and expenditure may decline in the United States during recessions, the net result being essentially no change in body weight. There is considerable heterogeneity in these effects across specific health behaviors, across the intensive and extensive margins, across the outcome distribution, and across gender.
Cooperative Monetary and Fiscal Policies in the Euro Area
Authors: Semmler Willi , Haider Alexander
Published: September 2018

This article discusses the interaction of fiscal and monetary policy in the euro area. Though many observers suggest a fiscal union as the next step of euro‐area constitutional reform, a federal fiscal union does not appear politically feasible in the short run. We suggest moving forward with cooperative monetary and fiscal institutions and policies that allow for decentralized fiscal decisions, while taking federal stabilization policies into account. This approach will increase the probability of survival of the euro area compared with the current fiscal arrangements. Using a dynamic macro model, counterfactual simulation paths of our cooperative solution are contrasted with time‐series data for the euro area.
Business Innovation Through Holistic Leadership‐Developing Organizational Adaptability
Authors: Kodama Mitsuru
Published: September 2018

This paper offers new theoretical contributions and practical knowledge to existing leadership theories. Through a detailed study of the major corporation SoftBank, a Japanese company achieving business innovation at a global level in recent years, and insights gained on the leadership for organizational adaptability of practitioners driving strategic innovation, this paper presents a framework for ‘holistic leadership’ with a fractal nature as a complex adaptive system. In the three ‘practice layers’ of the ‘formal organizational layer’, ‘psychological boundary layer (adaptive space)’ and the ‘informal organizational layer’, practitioners (in the three management layers of top management, middle management and staff) dynamically use ‘centralized leadership’, ‘dialectical leadership’ and ‘distributed leadership’ and combine them depending on the situation, to achieve a balance between various contradictory elements such as the ‘tug‐of‐war between efficiency and creativity’, and demonstrate organizational adaptability. Through an in‐depth case study, this paper illustrates that holistic leadership in modern companies is a source of business innovation. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Conceptual Framework for Integrating Methodologies in Management: Partial Results of a Systemic Intervention in a Textile SME in Argentina
Authors: Castellini María Alejandra , Paucar‐Caceres Alberto
Published: September 2018

We report on the partial results of a systemic intervention in which a combined range of methods from classical operational research (OR), problem structuring methods and quality management tools was deployed in a small and medium‐sized enterprise in Argentina. Involving a full stakeholders' participation, the intervention allowed the team to appreciate and better understand the features of the problematic situation and its underlying causes and helped the management to define action plans to bring improvements to the organization. Using the multi‐methodological framework proposed by Mingers and Brockelsby for integrating methodologies as a starting point, we advance and test a modified framework that distinguish methodologies/methods by its location in the real world or in the thinking/conceptual world. The article contributes to the current debate on OR multiple paradigmatic practice and follows the trend to combine hard methods, well‐known soft OR tools with some less‐known methodologies from the ever increasing portfolio of methodologies. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative proteomics of forebrain subcellular fractions in fragile X mental retardation 1 knockout mice following acute treatment with 2‐Methyl‐6‐(phenylethynyl)pyridine: Relevance to developmental study of schizophrenia
Authors: Folsom Timothy D. , Higgins LeeAnn , Markowski Todd W. , Griffin Timothy J. , Fatemi S. Hossein
Published: September 2018

The fragile X mental retardation 1 knockout (Fmr1 KO) mouse replicates behavioral deficits associated with autism, fragile X syndrome, and schizophrenia. Less is known whether protein expression changes are consistent with findings in subjects with schizophrenia. In the current study, we used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) proteomics to determine the protein expression of four subcellular fractions in the forebrains of Fmr1 KO mice vs. C57BL/6 J mice and the effect of a negative allosteric modulator of mGluR5—2‐Methyl‐6‐(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP)—on protein expression. Strain‐ and treatment‐specific differential expression of proteins was observed, many of which have previously been observed in the brains of subjects with schizophrenia. Western blotting verified the direction and magnitude of change for several proteins in different subcellular fractions as follows: neurofilament light protein (NEFL) and 2′,3′‐cyclic‐nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase (CNP) in the total homogenate; heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins C1/C2 (HNRNPC) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0 (HNRNPD) in the nuclear fraction; excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and ras‐related protein rab 3a (RAB3A) in the synaptic fraction; and ras‐related protein rab 35 (RAB35) and neuromodulin (GAP43) in the rough endoplasmic reticulum fraction. Individuals with FXS do not display symptoms of schizophrenia. However, the biomarkers that have been identified suggest that the Fmr1 KO model could potentially be useful in the study of schizophrenia.
Numerical simulation of the von Kármán sodium dynamo experiment
Authors: Nore C. , Castanon Quiroz D. , Cappanera L. , Guermond J.-L.
Published: September 2018

We present hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of liquid sodium flows in the von Kármán sodium (VKS) set-up. The counter-rotating impellers made of soft iron that were used in the successful 2006 experiment are represented by means of a pseudo-penalty method. Hydrodynamic simulations are performed at high kinetic Reynolds numbers using a large eddy simulation technique. The results compare well with the experimental data: the flow is laminar and steady or slightly fluctuating at small angular frequencies; small scales fill the bulk and a Kolmogorov-like spectrum is obtained at large angular frequencies. Near the tips of the blades the flow is expelled and takes the form of intense helical vortices. The equatorial shear layer acquires a wavy shape due to three coherent co-rotating radial vortices as observed in hydrodynamic experiments. MHD computations are performed: at fixed kinetic Reynolds number, increasing the magnetic permeability of the impellers reduces the critical magnetic Reynolds number for dynamo action; at fixed magnetic permeability, increasing the kinetic Reynolds number also decreases the dynamo threshold. Our results support the conjecture that the critical magnetic Reynolds number tends to a constant as the kinetic Reynolds number tends to infinity. The resulting dynamo is a mostly axisymmetric axial dipole with an azimuthal component concentrated near the impellers as observed in the VKS experiment. A speculative mechanism for dynamo action in the VKS experiment is proposed.
A nonlinear Schrödinger equation for gravity–capillary water waves on arbitrary depth with constant vorticity. Part 1
Authors: Hsu H. C. , Kharif C. , Abid M. , Chen Y. Y.
Published: September 2018

A nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the envelope of two-dimensional gravity–capillary waves propagating at the free surface of a vertically sheared current of constant vorticity is derived. In this paper we extend to gravity–capillary wave trains the results of Thomas et al. (Phys. Fluids, 2012, 127102) and complete the stability analysis and stability diagram of Djordjevic & Redekopp (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 79, 1977, pp. 703–714) in the presence of vorticity. The vorticity effect on the modulational instability of weakly nonlinear gravity–capillary wave packets is investigated. It is shown that the vorticity modifies significantly the modulational instability of gravity–capillary wave trains, namely the growth rate and instability bandwidth. It is found that the rate of growth of modulational instability of short gravity waves influenced by surface tension behaves like pure gravity waves: (i) in infinite depth, the growth rate is reduced in the presence of positive vorticity and amplified in the presence of negative vorticity; (ii) in finite depth, it is reduced when the vorticity is positive and amplified and finally reduced when the vorticity is negative. The combined effect of vorticity and surface tension is to increase the rate of growth of modulational instability of short gravity waves influenced by surface tension, namely when the vorticity is negative. The rate of growth of modulational instability of capillary waves is amplified by negative vorticity and attenuated by positive vorticity. Stability diagrams are plotted and it is shown that they are significantly modified by the introduction of the vorticity.
The Meaning of ἔχοντες χάριν πρός in Acts 2.47: Resolving Some Recent Confusion
Authors: Noble Joshua
Published: September 2018

This article addresses a debate over the proper interpretation of the phrase ἔχοντες χάριν πρὸς ὅλον τὸν λαόν in Acts 2.47. Several authors have been persuaded by T. David Andersen's argument that this expression means that the Jerusalem community was ‘showing favour towards all the people’ rather than ‘having favour with all the people’, as it has usually been translated. Andersen's evidence is much more ambiguous than he suggests, however, and I present three more precise parallels to the phrase in Acts 2.47 that strongly support the standard translation.
The Contribution of Non-Canonical Gospels to the Memory of Jesus: The Gospel of Thomas and the Gospel of Peter as Test Cases
Authors: Schröter Jens
Published: September 2018

This article argues that the social memory approach makes a significant contribution to the interpretation of the early gospel tradition. This approach helps to overcome an anachronistic distinction between ‘canonical’ and ‘non-canonical’ (or ‘apocryphal’) Gospels by highlighting the way Jesus was portrayed in various Gospels of the first and second century. Early Christian Gospels in general presuppose the post-Easter perspective on Jesus as a divine figure, but depict his activity and teaching in different ways. A closer look at the Gospel of Thomas and the Gospel of Peter demonstrates how these Gospels take up and continue perspectives which can be observed already in the earlier Gospels in their own ways. Thereby they provide glimpses of different social and theological contexts of second-century Christianity.
Biological Applications at the Cutting Edge of Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Authors: Dillard Rebecca S. , Hampton Cheri M. , Strauss Joshua D. , Ke Zunlong , Altomara Deanna , Guerrero-Ferreira Ricardo C. , Kiss Gabriella , Wright Elizabeth R.
Published: September 2018

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a powerful tool for macromolecular to near-atomic resolution structure determination in the biological sciences. The specimen is maintained in a near-native environment within a thin film of vitreous ice and imaged in a transmission electron microscope. The images can then be processed by a number of computational methods to produce three-dimensional information. Recent advances in sample preparation, imaging, and data processing have led to tremendous growth in the field of cryo-EM by providing higher resolution structures and the ability to investigate macromolecules within the context of the cell. Here, we review developments in sample preparation methods and substrates, detectors, phase plates, and cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy that have contributed to this expansion. We also have included specific biological applications.
Ultrastructure of Female Antennal Sensilla of an Endoparasitoid Wasp,Quadrastichus mendeliKim & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae)
Authors: Huang Zong-You , Zhang Yu-Jing , Liu Jun-Yan , Yang Zhen-De , Lu Wen , Zheng Xia-Lin
Published: September 2018

The antennal sensilla of femaleQuadrastichus mendeliKim & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) were observed with scanning and transmission electron microscopy in this study. The antenna ofQ. mendeliwas geniculate, and the flagellum was composed of seven subsegments. Six distinct types of sensory receptors were observed, including sensilla basiconic capitate peg, sensilla böhm, sensilla chaetica, sensilla campaniformia, sensilla placodea and sensilla trichodea. Sensilla basiconic capitate pegs were found on the flagellomeres, and Böhm sensilla were found on the basal part of scape and the pedicel. Two morphological subtypes of sensilla chaetica were found on the antennae, and sensilla campaniformia were only found on the pedicel. Sensilla placodea were divided into two morphological subtypes that were found on the flagellomeres. Sensilla trichodea were found on the 2nd–6th flagellomere. By comparison to existing antennal sensilla, it was found that sensilla basiconic capitate peg, sensilla chaetica, sensilla placodea and sensilla trichodea were the most common sensilla of the parasitoids of Eulophidae. The external and internal morphology, types, number, distribution, length, and width of these sensilla were described, and their possible functions are discussed in conjunction with the host-detection behavior. Future studies on the host location mechanisms inQ. mendeliwill be facilitated by these observations.
Applying WTO and FTA Disciplines to Data Localization Measures
Authors: HODSON SUSANNAH
Published: September 2018

The last decade has seen a proliferation of measures requiring data to be stored within national borders. Such restrictions, known as ‘data localization measures’, disrupt digital trade and run counter to the borderless reality of the internet. But the effectiveness of existing WTO rules to adequately discipline data localization measures remains inconclusive. In the absence of meaningful progress at the multilateral level, FTA negotiations are developing new models to address such barriers. This article compares how data localization measures would be disciplined under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and theComprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership(CPTPP) framework. It argues that the CPTPP represents a significant advance on the GATS and strikes an appropriate balance between facilitating businesses’ growing need to transfer and store data across national borders while preserving governments’ right to regulate in the public interest.
Agri-food firms, universities, and corporate social responsibility: what's in the public interest?
Authors: Chiles Robert M. , Glenna Leland , Sharma Amit , Catchmark Jeffrey , Azzara C. Daniel , Maretzki Audrey
Published: September 2018

The complexities of the global agri-food system and the singular importance of food as a primary good elevate the need to explore what corporate social responsibility (CSR) might mean for agri-food firms. Although CSR refers to voluntary actions on the part of capitalist firms to exceed legal and regulatory requirements, those requirements are important because they set the institutional foundation for what a firm must do to earn the CSR label. In the case of CSR for agri-food firms, the institutional context includes the regulatory state as well as the publicly supported agricultural and food research and development that tends to be done at universities. The purpose of this paper is to provide greater conceptual clarity to the blur between the state, agri-food firms, and universities and their respective responsibilities to the public. Since the globalization of the agri-food system and the emergence of private forms of governance signal the decline of the state's legal and regulatory influence on corporate firms, we pay particularly close attention to the ethical challenges that have surrounded university–agribusiness collaborations—initiatives, which conjoin the moral concerns associated with each respective institution while also raising new questions in their own right. Although the university would ideally play a critical participatory role in this process by virtue of its public commitments, as we explain, the historical relationship between the university and agri-food firms has complicated the university's potential standing as an independent arbiter. Upon examining each of these issues in greater detail, we conclude the paper with a blueprint for how universities can enhance their ethical leadership when engaging with agri-food firms.
The Relationship Between Immorality and Cleansing
Authors: Siev Jedidiah , Zuckerman Shelby E. , Siev Joseph J.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. In a widely publicized set of studies, participants who were primed to consider unethical events preferred cleansing products more than did those primed with ethical events ( Zhong & Liljenquist, 2006 ). This tendency to respond to moral threat with physical cleansing is known as the Macbeth Effect. Several subsequent efforts, however, did not replicate this relationship. The present manuscript reports the results of a meta-analysis of 15 studies testing this relationship. The weighted mean effect size was small across all studies (g = 0.17, 95% CI [0.04, 0.31]), and nonsignificant across studies conducted in independent laboratories (g = 0.07, 95% CI [−0.04, 0.19]). We conclude that there is little evidence for an overall Macbeth Effect; however, there may be a Macbeth Effect under certain conditions.
Permeability Structure of the Lava‐Dike Transition of 15‐Myr‐Old Oceanic Crust Formed at the East Pacific Rise
Authors: Gilbert L. A. , Crispini L. , Tartarotti P. , Bona M. L.
Published: September 2018

The permeability structure of oceanic crust controls both the spatial and temporal extent of hydrothermal circulation, but the detailed geometry of fractures in seafloor rocks is not well known. We apply an equivalent channel model to veins, joints, faults, and breccias preserved in recovered cores from ODP‐IODP Hole 1256D to calculate paleo‐permeability. In the ~250‐m transition between dikes and lavas, paleo‐permeability is 10−13~10−14 m2 with narrow zones of >10−9 m2 that presumably act as conduits for the largest volume of fluids. Most of these high‐permeability zones are oriented vertically as a result of diking events into a significant thickness of lavas outside of the neovolcanic zone. After an increase in permeability due to off‐axis diking events, fluid temperatures drop, pathways are sealed, and the permeability of the upper oceanic crust drops significantly.
Parameterized Vertical Concentration Profiles for Aerosols in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Nissanka Indrajith D. , Park Hyungwon John , Freire Livia S. , Chamecki Marcelo , Reid Jeffrey S. , Richter David H.
Published: September 2018

Information about sea spray aerosol particle transport and their vertical distribution in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) is important in marine meteorological forecasting and geobiochemical models. However, due to difficulties in field observations, values of aerosol concentration are often limited to point measurements, and obtaining the size‐resolved concentration profiles is quite challenging. Hence, numerical and analytical studies are vital in modeling the transport of aerosols in the atmospheric boundary layer and beyond. Due to their coarse resolution, most mesoscale and global aerosol models do not accurately resolve the sea spray and aerosol concentrations in the MABL, especially in the surface layer. The objective of the present study is to develop a relatively simple, one‐dimensional analytical model to calculate concentration profiles of aerosols in the MABL. In this study, a new analytical model relating surface flux to vertical concentration profile in the MABL is proposed. The model accounts for the different atmospheric stability and particle settling velocity, thus providing size‐resolved vertical profiles of aerosol concentration. The equations developed here extend the surface layer similarity models to the mixed layer. Model results are compared to aerosol concentration profiles emitted from a surface source obtained from large eddy simulations, for both neutral and unstable atmospheric stability and for particle sizes ranging from 1 to 30 μm. Though the model is developed for sea spray aerosols, it can be used to calculate vertical concentration profiles for other types of settling particles, including dust and sand particles in the atmospheric boundary layer.
Antiapoptotic effects of cannabidiol in an experimental model of cognitive decline induced by brain iron overload
Authors: da Silva Vanessa Kappel , de Freitas Betânia Souza , Garcia Rebeca Carvalho Lacerda , Monteiro Ricardo Tavares , Hallak Jaime Eduardo , Zuardi Antônio Waldo , Crippa José Alexandre S. , Schröder Nadja
Published: September 2018

Iron accumulation in the brain has been recognized as a common feature of both normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Cognitive dysfunction has been associated to iron excess in brain regions in humans. We have previously described that iron overload leads to severe memory deficits, including spatial, recognition, and emotional memory impairments in adult rats. In the present study we investigated the effects of neonatal iron overload on proteins involved in apoptotic pathways, such as Caspase 8, Caspase 9, Caspase 3, Cytochrome c, APAF1, and PARP in the hippocampus of adult rats, in an attempt to establish a causative role of iron excess on cell death in the nervous system, leading to memory dysfunction. Cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychotropic component of Cannabis sativa, was examined as a potential drug to reverse iron-induced effects on the parameters analyzed. Male rats received vehicle or iron carbonyl (30 mg/kg) from the 12th to the 14th postnatal days and were treated with vehicle or CBD (10 mg/kg) for 14 days in adulthood. Iron increased Caspase 9, Cytochrome c, APAF1, Caspase 3 and cleaved PARP, without affecting cleaved Caspase 8 levels. CBD reversed iron-induced effects, recovering apoptotic proteins Caspase 9, APAF1, Caspase 3 and cleaved PARP to the levels found in controls. These results suggest that iron can trigger cell death pathways by inducing intrinsic apoptotic proteins. The reversal of iron-induced effects by CBD indicates that it has neuroprotective potential through its anti-apoptotic action.
Variants associating with uterine leiomyoma highlight genetic background shared by various cancers and hormone-related traits
Authors: Rafnar Thorunn , Gunnarsson Bjarni , Stefansson Olafur A. , Sulem Patrick , Ingason Andres , Frigge Michael L. , Stefansdottir Lilja , Sigurdsson Jon K. , Tragante Vinicius , Steinthorsdottir Valgerdur , Styrkarsdottir Unnur , Stacey Simon N. , Gudmundsson Julius , Arnadottir Gudny A. , Oddsson Asmundur , Zink Florian , Halldorsson Gisli , Sveinbjornsson Gardar , Kristjansson Ragnar P. , Davidsson Olafur B. , Salvarsdottir Anna , Thoroddsen Asgeir , Helgadottir Elisabet A. , Kristjansdottir Katrin , Ingthorsson Orri , Gudmundsson Valur , Geirsson Reynir T. , Arnadottir Ragnheidur , Gudbjartsson Daniel F. , Masson Gisli , Asselbergs Folkert W. , Jonasson Jon G. , Olafsson Karl , Thorsteinsdottir Unnur , Halldorsson Bjarni V. , Thorleifsson Gudmar , Stefansson Kari
Published: September 2018

Uterine leiomyomas are common benign tumors of the myometrium. We performed a meta-analysis of two genome-wide association studies of leiomyoma in European women (16,595 cases and 523,330 controls), uncovering 21 variants at 16 loci that associate with the disease. Five variants were previously reported to confer risk of various malignant or benign tumors (rs78378222 in TP53, rs10069690 in TERT, rs1800057 and rs1801516 in ATM, and rs7907606 at OBFC1) and four signals are located at established risk loci for hormone-related traits (endometriosis and breast cancer) at 1q36.12 (CDC42/WNT4), 2p25.1 (GREB1), 20p12.3 (MCM8), and 6q26.2 (SYNE1/ESR1). Polygenic score for leiomyoma, computed using UKB data, is significantly correlated with risk of cancer in the Icelandic population. Functional annotation suggests that the non-coding risk variants affect multiple genes, including ESR1. Our results provide insights into the genetic background of leiomyoma that are shared by other benign and malignant tumors and highlight the role of hormones in leiomyoma growth.
Manipulating and visualizing the dynamic aggregation-induced emission within a confined quartz nanopore
Authors: Ying Yi-Lun , Li Yuan-Jie , Mei Ju , Gao Rui , Hu Yong-Xu , Long Yi-Tao , Tian He
Published: September 2018

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) as a unique photophysical process has been intensively explored for their features in fields from optical sensing, bioimaging to optoelectronic devices. However, all AIE luminogens (AIEgens) hardly recover into the initial dispersed state after illuminating at the ultimate aggregated state, which limits AIEgens to achieve reversible sensing and reproducible devices. To real-time manipulate the emission of AIEgen, here we take the advantage of confined space in the quartz nanopore to achieve a nanopore-size-dependent restriction of AIEgens for reversible conversions of “on-to-off” and “off-to-on” emission. By electrochemically manipulating 26 fL AIEgen solution inside nanopore confinement, AIE illuminates while moves along nanopore from the constricted tip to inside cavity at a velocity of 1.4–2.2 μm s−1, and vice versa. We further apply this dynamic manipulation for a target delivery of AIEgen into single cells, which opens up new possibility to design powerful and practical AIE applications.
Ventral hippocampal OLM cells control type 2 theta oscillations and response to predator odor
Authors: Mikulovic Sanja , Restrepo Carlos Ernesto , Siwani Samer , Bauer Pavol , Pupe Stefano , Tort Adriano B. L. , Kullander Klas , Leão Richardson N.
Published: September 2018

Dorsal and ventral hippocampus regions exert cognition and emotion-related functions, respectively. Since both regions display rhythmic activity, specific neural oscillatory pacemakers may underlie their functional dichotomy. Type 1 theta oscillations are independent of cholinergic transmission and are observed in the dorsal hippocampus during movement and exploration. In contrast, type 2 theta depends on acetylcholine and appears when animals are exposed to emotionally laden contexts such as a predator presence. Despite its involvement in emotions, type 2 theta has not been associated with the ventral hippocampus. Here, we show that optogenetic activation of oriens-lacunosum moleculare (OLM) interneurons in the ventral hippocampus drives type 2 theta. Moreover, we found that type 2 theta generation is associated with increased risk-taking behavior in response to predator odor. These results demonstrate that two theta oscillations subtypes originate in the two hippocampal regions that predominantly underlie either cognitive or emotion-related functions.