bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Difference in the Formation of Attitude Toward Nuclear Power
Authors: Katsuya Tsunoda
Published: March 2003

Determinants of attitudes toward nuclear power in Japan were assessed in a March 1999 survey. The results suggested that persons with interest in and knowledge about nuclear power judged its acceptability on the basis of their perceptions of the sufficiency of electric power and the risks of nuclear power, whereas persons with no interest in and knowledge of nuclear power did not respond on this basis. Although both types of respondents based acceptability on their trust in nuclear power operation and their perception of efficiency, the influence of perception of efficiency on acceptability was stronger for the interested and knowledgeable respondents than for the others. These results partially support the elaboration likelihood model or dual process theory.
An Overview of the Salmonella Enteritidis Risk Assessment for Shell Eggs and Egg Products
Authors: Hope B. K. , Baker A. R. , Edel E. D. , Hogue A. T. , Schlosser W. D. , Whiting R. , McDowell R. M. , Morales R. A.
Published: March 2003

This article summarizes a quantitative microbial risk assessment designed to characterize the public health impact of consumption of shell eggs and egg products contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). This risk assessment's objectives were to: (1) establish the baseline risk of foodborne illness from SE, (2) identify and evaluate potential risk mitigation strategies, and (3) identify data gaps related to future research efforts. The risk assessment model has five modules. The Egg Production module estimates the number of eggs produced that are SE‐contaminated. Shell Egg Processing, Egg Products Processing, and Preparation & Consumption modules estimate the increase or decrease in the numbers of SE organisms in eggs or egg products as they pass through storage, transportation, processing, and preparation. A Public Health Outcomes module then calculates the incidence of illnesses and four clinical outcomes, as well as the cases of reactive arthritis associated with SE infection following consumption. The baseline model estimates an average production of 2.3 million SE‐contaminated shell eggs/year of the estimated 69 billion produced annually and predicts an average of 661,633, human illnesses per year from consumption of these eggs. The model estimates ≈ 94% of these cases recover without medical care, 5% visit a physician, an additional 0.5% are hospitalized, and 0.05% result in death. The contribution of SE from commercially pasteurized egg products was estimated to be negligible. Five mitigation scenarios were selected for comparison of their individual and combined effects on the number of human illnesses. Results suggest that mitigation in only one segment of the farm‐to‐table continuum will be less effective than several applied in different segments. Key data gaps and areas for future research include the epidemiology of SE on farms, the bacteriology of SE in eggs, human behavior in food handling and preparation, and human responses to SE exposure.
Societal Response to Hurricane Mitch and Intra‐ versus Intergenerational Equity Issues: Whose Norms Should Apply?
Authors: Glantz Michael , Jamieson Dale
Published: March 2003

Late in the 1998 hurricane season, Central America was slammed by a devastating hurricane. Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Belize were greatly impacted by Hurricane Mitch, one of the deadliest storms to affect the region in the past 200 years. The economies of each of these countries were badly affected. In the case of Honduras — at the time the fourth‐poorest country in Latin America — its president suggested that 50 years of progress had been wiped out by the floods and mudslides associated with this relatively short‐lived storm system. Humanitarian assistance poured into the region in the first months following the disaster. As of mid‐2000, various national, bilateral, international, and nongovernmental programs were in progress or on the drawing board for recovery, reconstruction, and renewed development of the worst affected countries. Using Honduras as a case study, some of the ethical issues that abound in the decisions of whom to help, when, and how to help them in the wake of such an extreme climate‐related human tragedy are examined. Should development assistance be focused on those who have been directly and adversely affected by this storm, or should the emphasis be on reducing the risk of exposure by future generations to such disasters? Is there yet another approach that seeks to protect future generations from similar harm while at the same time assisting present‐day victims to get through their hardships?
Reproductive and Developmental Risks from Ethylene Oxide: A Probabilistic Characterization of Possible Regulatory Thresholds
Authors: Evans J. S. , Rhomberg L. R. , Williams P. L. , Wilson A. M. , Baird S. J. S.
Published: March 2003

Ethylene oxide is a gas produced in large quantities in the United States that is used primarily as a chemical intermediate in the production of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, nonionic surfactants, ethanolamines, glycol ethers, and other chemicals. It has been well established that ethylene oxide can induce cancer, genetic, reproductive and developmental, and acute health effects in animals. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is currently developing both a cancer potency factor and a reference concentration (RfC) for ethylene oxide. This study used the rich database on the reproductive and developmental effects of ethylene oxide to develop a probabilistic characterization of possible regulatory thresholds for ethylene oxide. This analysis was based on the standard regulatory approach for noncancer risk assessment, but involved several innovative elements, such as: (1) the use of advanced statistical methods to account for correlations in developmental outcomes among littermates and allow for simultaneous control of covariates (such as litter size); (2) the application of a probabilistic approach for characterizing the uncertainty in extrapolating the animal results to humans; and (3) the use of a quantitative approach to account for the variation in heterogeneity among the human population. This article presents several classes of results, including: (1) probabilistic characterizations of ED10s for two quantal reproductive outcomes—resorption and fetal death, (2) probabilistic characterizations of one developmental outcome—the dose expected to yield a 5% reduction in fetal (or pup) weight, (3) estimates of the RfCs that would result from using these values in the standard regulatory approach for noncancer risk assessment, and (4) a probabilistic characterization of the level of ethylene oxide exposure that would be expected to yield a 1/1000 increase in the risk of reproductive or developmental outcomes in exposed human populations.
Air Pollution and Mortality: Quantification and Valuation of Years of Life Lost
Authors: Leksell Ingemar , Rabl Ari
Published: March 2003

To analyze the loss of life expectancy (LLE) due to air pollution and the associated social cost, a dynamic model was developed that took into account the decrease of risk after the termination of an exposure to pollution. A key parameter was the time constant for the decrease of risk, for which estimates from studies of smoking were used. A sensitivity analysis showed that the precise value of the time constant(s) was not critical for the resulting LLE. An interesting aspect of the model was that the relation between population total LLE and PM2.5 concentration was numerically almost indistinguishable from a straight line, even though the functional dependence was nonlinear. This essentially linear behavior implies that the detailed history of a change in concentration does not matter, except for the effects of discounting. This model was used to correct the data of the largest study of chronic mortality for variations in past exposure, performed by Pope et al. in 1995; the correction factor was shown to depend on assumptions about the relative toxicity of the components of PM2.5. In the European Union, an increment of 1 μg/m3 of PM2.5 for 1 year implies an average LLE of 0.22 days per person. With regard to the social cost of an air pollution pulse, it was found that for typical discount rates (3% to 8% real) the cost was reduced by a factor of about 0.4 to 0.6 relative to the case with zero discount rate, if the value of a life year was taken as given; if the value of a life year was calculated from the “value of statistical life” by assuming the latter as a series of discounted annual values, the cost varied by at most ±20% relative to the case with zero discount rate. To assess the uncertainties, this study also examined how the LLE depended on the demographics (mortality and age pyramid) of a population, and how it would change if the relative risk varied with age, in the manner suggested by smoking studies. These points were found to have a relatively small effect (compared to the epidemiological uncertainties) on the calculated LLE.
Which Paradigm for Managing the Risk of Ionizing Radiation?
Authors: Romerio Franco
Published: March 2003

This article tackles the problem of controversies expressed by experts in the field of estimating and managing ionizing radiation risks. We analyze the paradigms that were conceived on this subject, in particular the studies carried out by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), as well as the papers stating either that the effect of low doses is relatively weak or, on the contrary, relatively serious. Uncertainties, which taint the risk estimations, assume a particular importance because they are at the origin of the request for expert and value judgments and represent the critical point of the discussions on the ionizing radiation risks. Our study allows us to look further into the problem of the paradigm's formation, uncertainties, and expert and value judgments, and provides areas for consideration that may contribute to a better understanding of certain gridlocks in the decision‐making process, as regards to environmental, health, and energy policies.
Chronic Health Risks from Aggregate Exposures to Ionizing Radiation and Chemicals: Scientific Basis for an Assessment Framework
Authors: Chen Wan‐ching G. , McKone Thomas E.
Published: March 2003

Very little quantitative analysis is currently available on the cumulative effects of exposure to multiple hazardous agents that have either similar or different mechanisms of action. Over the past several years, efforts have been made to develop the methodologies for risk assessment of chemical mixtures, but mixed exposures to two or more dissimilar agents such as radiation and one or more chemical agents have not yet been addressed in any substantive way. This article reviews the current understanding of the health risks arising from mixed exposures to ionizing radiation and specific chemicals. Specifically discussed is how mixed radiation/chemical exposures, when evaluated in aggregation, were linked to chronic health endpoints such as cancer and intermediate health outcomes such as chromosomal aberrations. Also considered is the extent to which the current practices are consistent with the scientific understanding of the health risks associated with mixed‐agent exposures. From this the discussion moves to the research needs for assessing the cumulative health risks from aggregate exposures to ionizing radiation and chemicals. The evaluation indicates that essentially no guidance has been provided for conducting risk assessment for two agents with different mechanisms of action (i.e., energy deposition from ionizing radiation versus DNA interactions with chemicals) but similar biological endpoints (i.e., chromosomal aberrations, mutations, and cancer). The literature review also reveals the problems caused by the absence of both the basic science and an appropriate evaluation framework for the combined effects of mixed‐agent exposures. This makes it difficult to determine whether there is truly no interaction or somehow the interaction is masked by the scale of effect observation or inappropriate dose‐response assumptions.
Implications of GASB's New Reporting Model for Municipal Bond Analysts and Managers
Authors: Wilson Earl R. , Kattelus Susan C.
Published: March 2003

This article explores the implications of the new Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) Statement No. 34 reporting model for municipal bond analysts and managers. Bond analysts and state and local government managers have overlapping objectives for the use of governmental financial information, but managers also face the costly task of implementing the new model. The new and improved financial information provided by the new reporting model will permit users of the information to better understand a government's long‐term and short‐term financial position and changes in financial position. The new model also has important ramifications for evaluating performance, particularly regarding the reporting of net costs for each program or function.
The Uniqueness of Persons
Authors: Zagzebski Linda
Published: March 2003

Persons are thought to have a special kind of value, often called “dignity,” which, according to Kant, makes them both infinitely valuable and irreplaceably valuable. The author aims to identify what makes a person a person in a way that can explain both aspects of dignity. She considers five definitions of “person”: (1) an individual substance of a rational nature (Boethius), (2) a self‐conscious being (Locke), (3) a being with the capacity to act for ends (Kant), (4) a being with the capacity to act for another (Kant), and (5) an incommunicably unique subject (Wojtyla). She argues that none is capable of grounding both aspects of dignity since they are incompatible kinds of value; it is impossible for the same thing to ground both. Human persons are infinitely valuable in virtue of shareable qualities of their nature, whereas they are irreplaceably valuable because of a nonqualitative feature of their personhood.
Neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence, and Human Nature: Theological and Philosophical Reflections
Authors: Barbour Ian G.
Published: March 2003

I develop a multilevel, holistic view of persons, emphasizing embodiment, emotions, consciousness, and the social self. In successive sections I draw from six sources: 1. Theology. The biblical understanding of the unitary, embodied, social self gave way in classical Christianity to a body‐soul dualism, but it has been recovered by many recent theologians. 2. Neuroscience. Research has shown the localization of mental functions in regions of the brain, the interaction of cognition and emotion, and the importance of social interaction in evolutionary history and child development. 3. Artificial intelligence. Some forms of robotics use embodied systems that learn by interacting with their environment, but the possibilities for emotion, socialization, and consciousness in robots remain problematic. 4. Relations between levels. Concepts that can help us relate studies of neurons and persons include the hierarchy of levels, the communication of information, thebehavior of dynamic systems, and epistemological and ontological emergence. 5. Philosophy of mind. Two‐aspect theories of the mind‐brain relation offer an alternative between the extremes of eliminative materialism and the thesis that consciousness is irreducible. 6. Process philosophy. I suggest that process thought provides a coherent philosophical framework in which these themes can be brought together. It combines dipolar monism with organizational pluralism, and it emphasizes embodiment, emotions, a hierarchy oflevels, and the social character of selfhood.
Cog, a Humanoid Robot, and the Question of the Image of God
Authors: Foerst Anne
Published: March 2003

The general typology for the dialogue between religion and science is built on the assumption that there is an objective world, one reality that can be described. In this paper, I present an alternative epistemological framework for the dialogue that understands all descriptions of reality as symbolic. Therefore, this understanding creates a new possibility for mutual enrichment between the two dialogue partners. I demonstrate the usefulness of this framework by applying it to the dialogue between artificial intelligence (AI) and theology. I discuss an advanced AI project: Cog, a humanoid robot. After briefly describing this project, its assumptions, and the emotions it creates (mainly hope and fear), I show how the project can be enriched by theological insight. The concept ofimago Dei—the understanding of humans created in the image of God—can be applied to the Cog project especially when it is presented in a way that takes the metaphorical character of both theological and scientific theories seriously.
The Rise of the West—or Not? A Revision to Socio-economic History
Authors: Goldstone Jack A.
Published: March 2003

The debate over the “Rise of the West” has generally been over which factor or factors—cultural, geoographic, or material—in European history led Europe to diverge from the World's pre-industrial civilizations. This article aims to shift the terms of the debate by arguing that there were no causal factors that made Europe's industrialization inevitable or even likely. Rather, most of Europe would not and could not move toward industrialization any more than China or India or Japan. Rather, a very accidental combination of events in the late seventeenth century placed England on a peculiar path, leading to industrialization and constitutional democracy. These accidents included the compromise between the Anglican Church and Dissenters, and between Crown and Parliament, in the settlements of 1689; the adoption of Newtonian science as part of the cosmology of the Anglican Church and its spread to craftsmen and entrepreneurs throughout Britain; and the opportunity to apply the idea of the vacuum and mechanics to solve a particular technical problem: pumping water out of deep mine shafts in or near coal mines. Without these particular accidents of history, there is no reason to believe that Europe would have ever been more advanced than the leading Asian civilizations of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Learning and Adaptation in Wastewater Treatment Plants Through Case–Based Reasoning
Authors: Sànchez–Marrè Miquel , Cortés Ulises , R.–Roda Ignasi , Poch Manel , Lafuente Javier
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses a case–based reasoning approach to modeling the specific or experiential knowledge coming directly from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operation within the overall supervisory task of a plant. A concrete implementation is detailed: case structure, case library organization, retrieving algorithm, matching function, and learning techniques. Starting from some initial cases (learning by observation), the system evolves, adapting its experiential knowledge (learning by own experience) from the actual operation of the WWTP under control. The result is a more accurate supervisory system. Recording previous experiences—cases—in the system helps to solve new similar or related situations in the plant with less effort than other methods that start from scratch to build up new solutions. Moreover, the continuous execution of the system enhances its adaptation to new situations that could appear.
Representing Design Knowledge with Neural Networks
Authors: Biedermann Julia D.
Published: March 2003

Neural networks have been used in a number of civil engineering applications because of their ability to implicitly learn an input–output relationship. Typically, the applications involve deriving an input–output relationship for problems that may be too complex to model mathematically, computationally expensive, or difficult to solve using the traditional procedural computing approach. Heuristic design knowledge used by structural engineers when performing structural design often falls in the latter category of being difficult to represent procedurally. Neural networks have been investigated for the representation of heuristic design knowledge, and the results of this investigation and the lessons learned regarding neural network training are presented.
Case‐Based Reasoning in Construction Management
Authors: Yau Nie‐Jia , Yang Jyh‐Bin
Published: March 2003

Case‐based reasoning (CBR) is a highly effective technique in the artificial intelligence (AI) domain capable of solving or providing suggestions for the current problem by storing and retrieving results of previous cases. In the experience‐oriented construction industry, knowledge and assessments of previous experience are critical to resolving problems that may reoccur. Applying CBR to construction management overcomes some drawbacks of other AI technologies and adheres to computer application needs in industry. CBR provides an alternative in solving experience‐oriented problems. This article not only presents a typical CBR approach but also investigates its potential applications in construction management. An example shows how CBR can be used to estimate construction duration and costs of building construction projects at the preliminary design stage.
Machine Learning in Engineering Analysis and Design: An Integrated Fuzzy Neural Network Learning Model
Authors: Hung Shih‐Lin , Jan J. C.
Published: March 2003

Applying neural network computing to structural engineering problems has received increasing interest, with particular emphasis placed on a supervised neural network with the backpropagation (BP) learning algorithm. In this article, we present an integrated fuzzy neural network (IFN) learning model by integrating a newly developed unsupervised fuzzy neural network (UFN) reasoning model with a supervised learning model in structural engineering. The UFN reasoning model is developed on the basis of a single‐layer laterally connected neural network with an unsupervised competing algorithm. The IFN learning model is compared with the BP learning algorithm as well as with a counterpropagation learning algorithm (CPN) using two engineering analysis and design examples from the recent literature. This comparison indicates not only a superior learning performance in solved instances but also a substantial decrease in computational time for the IFN learning model. In addition, the IFN learning model is applied to a complicated engineering design problem involving steel structures. The IFN learning model also demonstrates superior learning performance in a complicated structural design problem with a reasonable computational time.
Using GPS to Measure Traffic System Performance
Authors: D'Este Glen M. , Zito Rocco , Taylor Michael A. P.
Published: March 2003

Traffic system performance can be measured in various ways, but from the user perspective, congestion is the major criterion. This article examines some novel uses of GPS in the measurement of vehicle speeds and travel times and their synthesis into measures of congestion and ultimately of the performance of the urban road system. The article also will discuss the integration of GPS‐based congestion measures into an ITS framework, techniques for implementing a congestion‐monitoring system, and implications for urban road system planners, managers, and users.
On‐Line and Off‐Line Routing and Scheduling of Dial‐a‐Ride Paratransit Vehicles
Authors: Fu Liping , Teply Stan
Published: March 2003

This article presents the general concepts, models, and computational techniques applied in a new dial‐a‐ride vehicle routing and scheduling system. The objective of this system is to improve the responsiveness, reliability, and productivity of dial‐a‐ride paratransit services. The developed software integrates dial‐a‐ride routing and scheduling principles and practical experience and explicitly considers travel time variability in urban roadway networks. Such extensive and complex integration has been made possible by improved data acquisition and processing capabilities of computer, telecommunications, and vehicle location technologies. Advanced computational methods applied in the system, such as the artificial neural network technique, which allows heuristic estimation of origin‐destination travel times in a dynamic and stochastic fashion, contribute to the processing speed required to respond expeditiously and efficiently to paratransit user requests. A real scheduling problem from the city of Edmonton, Alberta, where the system was tested, is used to illustrate the positive computational experience and the capability of the developed software to handle both off‐line and on‐line operations.
Case‐Based Reasoning for Real‐Time Traffic Flow Management
Authors: Sadek Adel W. , Demetsky Michael J. , Smith Brian L.
Published: March 2003

Real‐time traffic management is a promising approach for alleviating congestion. This approach uses real‐time and predicted traffic information to develop routing strategies that optimize the performance of highway networks. This article explores the potential for using case‐based reasoning (CBR), an emerging artificial intelligence (AI) paradigm, to overcome the limitations of existing traffic‐management decision support systems. To illustrate the feasibility of the approach, the article develops and evaluates a prototype CBR routing system for a real‐world network in Hampton Roads, Virginia. Cases for building the system's case base are generated using a heuristic dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model specifically designed for the region. Using a set of 25 new independent cases, the performance of the prototype system is evaluated by comparing its solutions with those of the DTA model. The evaluation results demonstrate the feasibility of the CBR approach. The prototype system was capable of running in real time and produced high‐quality solutions using case bases of reasonable size.
Life‐Cycle Performance of RC Bridges: Probabilistic Approach
Authors: Val Dimitri V. , Stewart Mark G. , Melchers Robert E.
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the problem of reliability assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) bridges during their service life. First, a probabilistic model for assessment of time‐dependent reliability of RC bridges is presented, with particular emphasis placed on deterioration of bridges due to corrosion of reinforcing steel. The model takes into account uncertainties associated with materials properties, bridge dimensions, loads, and corrosion initiation and propagation. Time‐dependent reliabilities are considered for ultimate and serviceability limit states. Examples illustrate the application of the model. Second, updating of predictive probabilistic models using site‐specific data is considered. Bayesian statistical theory that provides a mathematical basis for such updating is outlined briefly, and its implementation for the updating of information about bridge properties using inspection data is described in more detail. An example illustrates the effect of this updating on bridge reliability.
Three‐Dimensional Optimization of Urban Drainage Systems
Authors: Diogo A. Freire , Walters Godfrey A. , Ribeiro de Sousa E. , Graveto Victor M.
Published: March 2003

A global mathematical model for simultaneously obtaining the optimal layout and design of urban drainage systems for foul sewage and stormwater is presented. The model can handle every kind of network, including parallel storm and foul sewers. It selects the optimal location for pumping systems and outfalls or wastewater treatment plants (defining the natural and artificial drainage basins), and it allows the presence of special structures and existing subsystems for optimal remodeling or expansion. It is possible to identify two basic optimization levels: in the first level, the generation and transformation of general layouts (consisting of forests of trees) until a convergence criterion is reached, and in the second level, the design and evaluation of each forest. The global strategy adopted combines and develops a sequence of optimal design and plan layout subproblems. Dynamic programming is used as a very powerful technique, alongside simulated annealing and genetic algorithms, in this discrete combinatorial optimization problem of huge dimension.
Welding Automation in Space‐Frame Bridge Construction
Authors: Greig Alistair , Rivas Susana , Blackman Stephen , Tizani Walid
Published: March 2003

The SPACES system has been proposed as an alternative for long‐span bridge construction. Tubular space frames offer a structurally more efficient solution for bridges, but they have been considered too expensive because the joints at the nodal intersections of the tubular members are difficult and expensive to weld. The benefits of the SPACES system can only be realized by using a computer‐integrated construction system to drive down the fabrication costs. A key component of the computer‐integrated construction is the robotic welding system. This article describes the development of a lightweight automated welding system for the joining of tubular members. It addresses the geometry of intersecting cylinders and the kinematics and design of a 5‐degree‐of‐freedom manipulator. Summary solutions are given for both. The control software is described briefly, and mention of the welding tests and overall business process is also made. A consortium of U.K. industry and universities is conducting the work.
Using GIS, Genetic Algorithms, and Visualization in Highway Development
Authors: Jha Manoj K. , McCall Cyrus , Schonfeld Paul
Published: March 2003

A model for highway development is presented, which uses geographic information systems (GIS), genetic algorithms (GA), and computer visualization (CV). GIS serves as a repository of geographic information and enables spatial manipulations and database management. GAs are used to optimize highway alignments in a complex search space. CV is a technique used to convey the characteristics of alternative solutions, which can be the basis of decisions. The proposed model implements GIS and GA to find an optimized alignment based on the minimization of highway costs. CV is implemented to investigate the effects of intangible parameters, such as unusual land and environmental characteristics not considered in optimization. Constrained optimization using GAs may be performed at subsequent stages if necessary using feedback received from CVs. Implementation of the model in a real highway project from Maryland indicates that integration of GIS, GAs, and CV greatly enhances the highway development process.
Long‐Term Ground Leases, the Redevelopment Option and Contract Incentives
Authors: Dale‐Johnson David
Published: March 2003

Ground leased property trades at a discount relative to the fee interest. We explore contractual alternatives that would be Pareto preferred by owners of the leased fee estate and the leasehold interest. The sharing of the value of the residual claim between the owner of the leased fee and the leasehold and a lease extension clause triggered by redevelopment can enhance the value of the asset to both parties. The results suggest that employing such contractual terms in ground leases in the United States would lead to outcomes more consistent with the fee simple case. Escalation clauses also have a potential impact on the timing and intensity of redevelopment.
Insurance Taxation and Insurance Fraud
Authors: Boyer M. Martin
Published: March 2003

It is common practice in the United States to impose a sales tax on insurance premiums. Insurance benefits are not taxed, and it is typically argued that they should not be taxed because they compensate for a loss. In this paper I present a case where the taxation of insurance benefits is preferable to the taxation of premiums. When insurance fraud is present—in the form of ex post moral hazard—a tax on insurance premiums increases the number of fraudulent claims in the economy, whereas a tax on insurance benefits may reduce fraud. More importantly, however, policyholders are made better off with a benefit tax than with a premium tax.
Optimal Income Taxation With Quasi‐Linear Preferences Revisited
Authors: Boadway Robin , Cuff Katherine , Marchand Maurice
Published: March 2003

Properties of the optimal income tax for quasi‐linear in leisure preferences are studied. With utilitarian or maxi‐min objectives, closed‐form solutions are obtained. Bunching occurs over intervals where the second‐order incentive condition is binding. Whether this occurs depends solely on the skill distribution. The patterns of consumption and tax rates in the nonbunched range are independent of whether the second‐order incentive constraints are binding. Bunching at the bottom can also occur if a non‐negative constraint on incomes is binding for some households. The pattern of marginal tax rates depends on the skill distribution and whether it is truncated.
Jung before Freud, not Freud before Jung: the reception of Jung's work in American psychoanalytic circles between 1904 and 1909
Authors: Taylor Eugene
Published: March 2003

A review is first presented of the new Jung scholarship – that Jung is to be properly understood, not as a disciple of Freud, but as the twentieth century exponent of the symbolic hypothesis in the tradition of the late nineteenth century psychologies of transcendence. This is followed by an outline of the so‐called French‐Swiss‐English and American psychotherapeutic alliance, of which Jung was a part, and the cross‐cultural mediumistic psychology of the subconscious it promoted, chiefly through the works of William James, F. W. H. Myers, and Théodore Flournoy. Focusing on the experimental work of the Swiss‐American pathologist Adolph Meyer and the American neurologist Frederick Peterson, evidence is then produced to show that Jung, before Freud, was more important in American psychotherapeutic circles. His experimental researches into the association method and the psychogalvanic reflex, his study of mediums and connection to Swiss psychiatry had numerous unique alliances with the American scene, particularly because of their similar historical relation between psychology and religion. Therefore, to understand Jung, one must consider the archetypal significance which America held for Jung's own individuation process, as well as the Americanization of Jungian ideas that followed.
The return of the prodigal: the emergence of Jungian themes in post‐Freudian thought
Authors: Stephens Barbara D
Published: March 2003

Stories about reality and the nature of truth constitute the essence of psychological theory. This paper is an overview of the various Jungian‐sounding ‘storylines’ that have slowly been woven into the fabric of Freudian theory, that is, those broad ranges of therapeutic approaches labelled ‘psychoanalytic’. These include: hegemony of subjective experience; centrality of the Subject; the ineffable nature of the Subject and its agency; the role of countertransference as primary data in analysis; autonomous structures in the psyche; the nature and function of symbols; desire and its purposiveness; the nature and transformative aspects of primitive affective states. Speculation on the reasons for this occurrence is not considered as merely a function of enlightened theoretical or fraternal interchange, but of an archetypal dynamic of exclusion and reconciliation inherent in the nature of theory building and illustrated by the biblical myth of the prodigal.
His mother‐tongue: from stuttering to separation, a case history
Authors: Wilkinson Margaret
Published: March 2003

This paper delineates the transference and countertransference experiences in the analysis of a patient whose presenting symptom and main concern was his stutter. I suggest that oral‐sadistic rather than anal‐sadistic hostile elements may be identified in this patient's particular stutter. I focus on its significance in terms of object relationship: my patient's struggle to ‘get born’, to emerge as a separate other. I argue that early symbiotic fusion needs in conflict with the need to separate produce his stutter. Speech and language are seen as the vehicle for separation and the stutter as a flight from separateness back to an illusion of fusion with mother.
Enactments and amplification
Authors: Cambray Joseph
Published: March 2003

Advances in the understanding and articulation of enactments allow a reassessment of analytical psychology's method of amplification. Subjective and objective aspects of the amplificatory process, evolving notions of its role in analysis together with the use of countertransference phenomena provide the frame for reexamination of this method. Using a single analytic day, this paper explores the inevitable play of enactments with a focus on countertransferential components contained in the act of amplification. An internal examination of such an act is used to attempt to identify and differentiate the operative personal, interpersonal and collective aspects. The impact and traces of this act are followed through the workings of the day and demonstrate that the impulse to amplify is a suitable object for analytic scrutiny. This leads to a more general question of the mythic nature of enactments.
Temenos regained: reflections on the absence of the analyst
Authors: Abramovitch Henry
Published: March 2003

The importance of the temenos as a metaphor to conceptualize therapeutic containment is discussed. Jung drew the analogy between the consulting room and the temenos, at the centre of the Greek Temple as a sacred and inviolate place where the analysand might encounter the Self. Although Jung believed that whether called or not, the gods would appear, under certain conditions, patients may experience ‘temenos lost’, the loss of the holding function of the analytic space. Two cases are presented in which temenos issues played a central role. In one case, an unorthodox method was used to preserve the analytic container during the absence of the analyst and in the other, the impact of an extra–analytical encounter had a dramatic effect on the holding function of the temenos. A discussion is presented of the appropriate circumstances in which analysts may deviate from traditional analytic practice in order to preserve the temenos and transform a ‘temenos lost’ into a ‘temenos regained’.
Cointegration Analysis of Seasonal Time Series
Authors: Franses Philip Hans , McAleer Michael
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews various recent approaches to cointegration analysis of seasonal time series. In addition to the usual decisions concerning data transformations and univariate time series properties, it is necessary to decide how seasonal variation is included in the multivariate model and how standard cointegration methods should accordingly be modified. Seasonal cointegration and periodic cointegration methods are discussed, as are some of their recent refinements. An overview of further research topics is also provided.
The Desirability of In‐kind Transfers in the Presence of Distortionary Taxes
Authors: Balestrino Alessandro
Published: March 2003

A standard argument in welfare economics maintains that private goods should not be publicly provided, because cash transfers are always superior to in‐kind transfers. However, this conclusion does not hold in second best economies. A strong case for the desirability of in‐kind transfer in the presence of distortionary taxes has been made in various recent contributions. Here, we survey the arguments provided in these papers, using a common theoretical framework which enables us to present more clearly the similarities and the differences among the various papers. The use of a common formal model helps us to show how the rationale for public provision of private goods is sensitive to the form of the tax system. It also helps us to provide an explanation why mandatory and non‐mandatory in‐kind transfer schemes have the same effects on social welfare. Finally, we offer some considerations on the relevance of the theory of in‐kind transfers for policy action. JEL Classification Number: H42
An Economist’s Perspective on Probability Matching
Authors: Vulkan Nir
Published: March 2003

The experimental phenomenon known as ‘probability matching’ is often offered as evidence in support of adaptive learning models and against the idea that people maximise their expected utility. Recent interest in dynamic‐based equilibrium theories means the term re‐appears in Economics. However, there seems to be conflicting views on what is actually meant by the term and about the validity of the data.

The purpose of this paper is therefore threefold: First, to introduce today’s readers to what is meant by probability matching, and in particular to clarify which aspects of this phenomenon challenge the utility‐maximisation hypothesis. Second, to familiarise the reader with the different theoretical approaches to behaviour in such circumstances, and to focus on the differences in predictions between these theories in light of recent advances. Third, to provide a comprehensive survey of repeated, binary choice experiments.
Some Recent Developments in Futures Hedging
Authors: Lien Donald , Tse Y. K.
Published: March 2003

The use of futures contracts as a hedging instrument has been the focus of much research. At the theoretical level, an optimal hedge strategy is traditionally based on the expected–utility maximization paradigm. A simplification of this paradigm leads to the minimum–variance criterion. Although this paradigm is quite well accepted, alternative approaches have been sought. At the empirical level, research on futures hedging has benefited from the recent developments in the econometrics literature. Much research has been done on improving the estimation of the optimal hedge ratio. As more is known about the statistical properties of financial time series, more sophisticated estimation methods are proposed. In this survey we review some recent developments in futures hedging. We delineate the theoretical underpinning of various methods and discuss the econometric implementation of the methods.
Abandoning our parents and grandparents: does social construction mean the end of systemic family therapy?
Authors: Dallos Rudi , Urry Amy
Published: March 2003

This paper explores how ideas from first‐ and second‐order cybernetics may be incorporated into the contemporary interest in social constructionist perspectives. We argue that it is possible to contemplate a third‐order cybernetics which incorporates ideas from systems theory and social constructionism and that this may capture the reality of the ‘hands‐on’ integration of ideas that many practitioners are currently exploring. A framework consisting of eight connecting threads is proposed as a way of helping us to clarify the continuities and discontinuities between the original and contemporary ideas. It is argued that this is an important and potentially useful endeavour, since many practitioners use a mixture of ideas and techniques in an eclectic way but are wary of potential criticisms of being ‘linear’, ‘expert’, ‘manipulative’ and ‘non‐collaborative’. A case study is offered to illustrate a ‘hands‐on’ integration of contemporary and pioneering ideas and to invite discussion of how concepts and techniques from first‐ , second‐ and the new ‘third‐order’ cybernetics influenced by social constructionism might be further integrated.
Threads from the labyrinth: therapy with survivors of war and political oppression
Authors: Woodcock Jeremy
Published: March 2003

War and political atrocity are endemic, and the denial of what has befallen survivors who become refugees has both therapeutic and human rights dimensions. The work described in this article considers the psychological and political aspects of the suppression of memory and culture and how psychotherapy engages with these processes. Narrative, in its customary form as the creation of stories, is discussed as one of the ways of enabling survivors to be given a voice that allows them to process events of atrocity, displacement and exile. The usefulness of psychoanalytic ideas and their integration with systemic practice is demonstrated. The interplay between difficult psychotherapeutic material, the patient or family and the therapist is shown and the use of supervision noted. The discussion is exemplified with descriptions of therapeutic work with individuals, families and small groups. The thinking that emerges is applicable not only to work with survivors but has general implications for systemic work in general as it struggles with its contemporary identity.
Fiction as an aid to therapy: a narrative and family rationale for practice
Authors: Androutsopoulou Athena
Published: March 2003

Stories of literary merit written by others (novels, plays, etc.) can be used in therapy to help people tell their personal stories. Existing approaches to the use of fiction draw mainly from psychoanalytic assumptions. From a narrative and family perspective, the claim is that when persons of all ages spontaneously report on the content of a favourite story, this story functions as a ‘safe’ vehicle for them to talk about their own lives, experiences and emotions that have been marginalized or shaped to fit transgenerational themes. In addition, the form of a favourite story can help in the transformation of a non‐intelligible and/or pessimistic self‐narrative. A case example is used to illustrate the suggested steps for working with clients on a favourite novel. The therapist encourages family member(s) to claim ownership of the assumed experiences, wishes and positive life developments of their favourite characters, and to help them see the narrative structures and linguistic features they have used for the various retellings of the story as properties of their own self‐narratives.
Adoption with contact: a study of adoptive parents and the impact of continuing contact with families of origin
Authors: Sykes Margaret R.
Published: March 2003

Adoption practice has seen an increase in adoptive families where contact continues with families of origin. This study, based on responses from adoptive parents at least two years after placement, aims to enhance understanding of the meaning of these experiences for adoptive parents. Data from thirty questionnaire responses indicate that attitudes change, while there are gender differences in the degree of comfort with contact. Fifteen adopters participated in follow‐up interviews. The analysis has considered (1) the impact on parenthood, exploring themes of control, entitlement to parent, communication, bonding and ownership, and (2) relationships between adoptive and birth parents, exploring themes of fear, anger and blame, competition and empathy. The findings suggest that passage of time and a greater sense of control assist in establishing confidence, while a more empathic view towards birth mothers develops. This has emotional costs to the adoptive mother. The implications for practice are discussed.
Comment — Carl Rogers and postmodernism: continuing the conversation
Authors: Bott David
Published: March 2003

This paper continues the conversation about the relationship between Carl Rogers and postmodernism initiated by Harlene Anderson and taken up by Maryhelen Snyder. The view adopted here is that postmodernism is undertheorized and there is a need to unravel definitions and concepts which arise from a conflation of social constructionism, post–structuralism and Rogers’ existential humanism. It is argued that person–centred principles lie at he heart of therapy and should neither be neglected nor taken for granted.
Race, ‘Culture,’ and Mestizaje: The Statistical Construction of the Ecuadorian Nation, 1930–1950
Authors: Clark A.
Published: March 2003

This article analyzes two statistical projects carried out in Ecuador: social reformer Dr. Pablo Arturo Suarez’ 1934 study of peasant and worker living conditions, and the first national census of 1950. These projects are analyzed to reveal the cultural and political conceptions of those who produced them, anxieties about the prospects for national development, and new categories of social identity under construction. They were instrumental in constituting specific notions of the nature of the national population, in which problems of race were simultaneously accentuated and denied. As such, they were part of the process of constructing a national ideology of mestizaje in Ecuador.