bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MILAD: Robust Anomaly Detection for Electric Vehicles with Label Noise
Authors: Ye Yu , Feng Bailin , Tao Wujun
Published: December 2021

One of the bottlenecks restricting the development of electric vehicle industry is the safety problem. Although numerous of anomaly detection algorithms for electric vehicles have been proposed, most of them may perform poorly due to the complexity and unpredictability of real scenes. We consider that there may be a certain degree of potential safety hazard in the battery system of electric vehicles before, during and after the process of faults in the real scenes, that is, label noise. In order to solve this problem, we propose a Multi-Instance Learning based Anomaly Detection (MILAD) framework, to perform anomaly detection for electric vehicles with label noise problem. Extensive cross validation experiments fully verify that the framework can effectively detect the existence of abnormal conditions in the presence of label noise in multivariate time series data.
8th International Week of Science, Technology & Innovation (8th IWSTI)
Authors: Medina Delgado B , Pérez Velásquez , Torres-Ramírez J E , Sandoval Amador A , Dueñas L M , Calero C A , V-Niño E D
Published: December 2021

The 8th International Week of Science, Technology, and Innovation (8th IWSTI) took place from 21 to 24 September de 2021, in the city of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia, and was organized by the Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander headquarters in San José de Cúcuta and Ocaña. The 8th IWSTI is aimed at the academic and scientific community and to the productive sectors of the region, and have a purpose are the dissemination of academic, and research works; moreover, promotes the exchange of experiences between researchers as well as the participation of the productive sectors in research, extension, technological development, and innovation activities for contribution to strengthening the relationship School-University-Company-State.

The 8th IWSTI generated spaces for the exchange experiences academic and scientific in different knowledge areas between students, teachers, entrepreneurs, and researchers from the United States of America, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Perú, Venezuela, and Colombia. Additionally, during the 8th IWSTI, was held the V Interinstitutional Conference of Research Seedbeds, which has as the main goal to socialize the research proposals and research results, obtained in different areas of knowledge, by the Research Seedbeds of all Educational Institutions of Norte de Santander, SIES+, Colombia.

The organizing committee of the 8th IWSTI is extremely thankful to all participants for providing their valuable contributions as well as the reviewers for their recommendations and constructive criticism that help to improve the articles presented in this volume of proceedings. The articles refer to one of the following topics addressed in the 8th IWSTI: Modeling, Simulation, and Diagnostics, Physical-Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Characterization of Materials. Likewise, we like to thank the Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander (UFPS), and the Foundation of Researchers in Materials Science and Technology (FORISTOM), for all the support technical and logistical received.

Finally, the editor hopes that those interested in the area of research, technology, and innovation in sciences and engineering will enjoy reading this volume of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS), which reflects a wide variety of current issues, contributing to the generation and transfer of knowledge, as well as to the strengthening of research in science and engineering in Colombia.

“Education and expression freedom for anyone”.

List of Organizing Committee, National Scientific Committee, International Scientific Committee, Logistic, Sponsor, Partners are available in this pdf.
Electronic rain meter for mobile sensor node using law of Torricelli
Authors: Gomez-Rojas J , Camargo L , Martinez E , Gasca M
Published: December 2021

Rain in a city can cause material damage and risk for the population, hence the importance of implementing prevention and mitigation measures. These measures must be taken based on the analysis of the data collected by networks of environmental sensors. The rainfall-meter is one of the instruments used to measure rain, these are designed to operate at a fixed point. Coverage of the entire area of a city requires the installation of several of these elements. This paper shows the development of an electronic rain gauge that can operate in motion applying the principles of fluid dynamics. Two stages are proposed for its elaboration. The first step is the design, construction and testing of the sensor and transducer for the rain gauge. In the second step, the rain gauge communication is implemented. For this, the internet of things technology is incorporated, and the network is designed to provide mobility. The main result is a prototype mobile electronic rain gauge with a measurement error of 8.5%. Besides, mathematical model for the sensor, algorithm for the transducer, and communications architecture are obtained. It can be concluded that, rainfall can be monitoring in a city with few sensitive units in motion.
Effect of layer thickness on anticorrosive performance of 316L steel coated with bismuth-titanium films
Authors: Garzón-Agudelo P A , Bautista-Ruiz J
Published: December 2021

Bismuth and titanium are elements with remarkable properties and applications in technological developments and in the field of biomedical engineering. The sol-gel method was used to form a bismuth-titanium system, which allowed to establish if it was possible to obtain films with anticorrosive properties on 316L stainless steel. The anticorrosive response was evaluated by means of Tafel curves, defining the parameters to obtain thin and functional films with good tribological properties. The coatings were obtained by the spin coating technique, varying the spin speeds from 3000 rpm to 5000 rpm with monolayer and bilayer systems. More positive values of corrosion potential were obtained when the steel is coated by the films, which implies a lower propensity to corrosion in saline medium, lower corrosion rates and higher potentials are reported for films with higher titanium content, likewise, better efficiency of the films with respect to the uncoated substrate is presented, the higher the titanium content and a strong influence between the calculated efficiencies and the centrifugation speeds is not observed.
Exact site-percolation probability on the square lattice
Authors: Mertens Stephan
Published: December 2021

We present an algorithm to compute the exact probability R

n
(p) for a site percolation cluster to span an n × n square lattice at occupancy p. The algorithm has time and space complexity O(λ

n
) with λ ≈ 2.6. It allows us to compute R

n
(p) up to n = 24. We use the data to compute estimates for the percolation threshold p
c that are several orders of magnitude more precise than estimates based on Monte-Carlo simulations.
Hydrophobic interactions in adsorption layers of nonionic and anionic SAS and their influence on technological indicators of drilling fluids
Authors: Lukanina Yu K , Khvatov A V , Sakharov P A , Belenko E V
Published: December 2021

During drilling, an important role is played by the ability of the used inhibiting, lubricating and other additives to drilling fluids to form dense, saturated adsorption layers (adlayers) on the contact surfaces. Of significant importance in the formation of saturated adlayers is the ability of hydrocarbon radicals of adsorbed SAS molecules to hydrophobic interactions, which lead to deeper lyophobization of the surface, providing high technological parameters of the drilling fluid.
Ecological state of alluvial soils of floodplain landscapes under conditions of local pollution by hydrocarbons (Western Siberia)
Authors: Nosova M V , Seredina Valentina P. , Rybin Alexander S.
Published: December 2021

The paper presents an analysis of field and experimental studies of the main physicochemical parameters of oil-contaminated soils of floodplain ecosystems of the middle taiga subzone of Western Siberia. The features and main regularities of their change in different pollution zones (epicenter - impact zone) are revealed. The state of the physicochemical parameters of technogenically contaminated soils is compared with background analogs. The most important groups of chemical compounds and elements that pose an environmental hazard are considered - oil and oil products, technogenic readily soluble salts (including their toxic compounds), the ways of their migration, transformation and accumulation in contaminated soils. General recommendations are given on the use of the discovered regularities in the technical maps of reclamation measures and the system for monitoring contaminated soils.
Side-scan sonar image processing: Seabed classification based on acoustic backscattering
Authors: Subarsyah  , Manik H M , Albab A
Published: December 2021

The smoothness of vessel traffic flow is the most important thing in the shipping industry of port. Traffic problems are commonly solved by development and maintenance programs. Seabed conditions in the port-channel should be known to be considered in port development and maintenance programs related to port efficiency, safety navigation, and berthing. The objective of this paper is to characterize seabed into several classes of geological features. The Seabed condition and characteristics are classified based on image processing of side scan sonar data. The image processing will extract pixel value parameters; intensity, entropy, and standard deviation. Classification use combination of these pixel view parameter to define each class. Seabed classification has been successfully carried out in Teluk Bayur Port and classified into five classes, sandy silt, silty sand, fine sand, coarse sand, and rocks or reefs. Indication of crack or shallow structure was also identified. These results of classification are necessary to verify by sediment sampling and visual inspection, and then it should be reclassified to become a valid classification.
Depositional sequence interpretation using seismic and well data of offshore Central Sumatra Basin
Authors: Nainggolan T B , Nurhasanah U , Setiadi I
Published: December 2021

Offshore Central Sumatra Basin is an integral part of Central Sumatra Basin known for producing hydrocarbon basins. The derivation of stratigraphic study of seismic and well data is intended to improve accuracy of geological interpretation. Sequence stratigraphy studies have a significant role in exploratory studies to determine which depositional sequence can be inferred as hydrocarbon reservoir and its correlation in petroleum system. This study aims to identify biogenic gas sequential interpretation using seismic and well data of offshore Central Sumatra Basin. The procedure to analyze sequence stratigraphy is to identify stratigraphy surface markers using GR log, then map these markers to the seismic section that has been tied with good data to determine the distribution of each stratigraphy sequence. This study area has five depositional sequences, which are predominantly formed in marine depositional environments. Potential source rock in this area is at DS-1 which has a lacustrine depositional environment with euxinic conditions. The euxinic shale at the upper TST-1 deposit could be a source rock with hydrocarbon migration through faults. Biogenic gas reservoir potential is in Petani Formation (DS-5). Shale in MFS-5 and HST-5 could be a hydrocarbon trap, whereas LST-5 and TST-5 sandstone deposits can be a reservoir.
Target strength measurement of Caroun croaker (Johnius sp.) and acoustic fish density estimation in Musi Estuary, South Sumatra
Authors: Supriyadi F , Jaya I , Pujiyati S , Hestirianoto T , Fahmi Z
Published: December 2021

Caroun Croaker (Johniussp.) is one of the dominant estuarine fish that has a reasonably high economic value. The target strength (TS) value measurement is essential in calculating the density of fish stocks using the hydroacoustic method. Target strength measurement of Caroun Croaker (Johniussp.) and an acoustic survey in Musi Estuary Waters of South Sumatra Province was conducted in December 2019. The result of TS measurement will be used to estimate the acoustic density along the survey area. The TS measurement used the standard tethered method, tying placing the fish in a fixed cage, transmitting the acoustic pulse, and analyzing its return using the scientific acoustic instrument Biosonic DT-X 200 KHz. The fisheries acoustic survey was carried out in the area around the Musi estuary with a predetermined survey design. The results of the measurements have obtained the TS-length relationship, as TS= 20 LOG L-78.79 with determinant value of R2= 0.67 for fish length ranges from 18.1-23.3 cm, and an acoustic survey showed that the estimated stock density value was 286 kg/ha for the total surveyed area of 1.612 ha.
Identification of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis), and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) using deep learning
Authors: Ayuningtias I , Jaya I , Iqbal M
Published: December 2021

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis), and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) have important economic values for the capture fisheries in Indonesia. Activities of identifying these fish and other types of tuna have been done manually, which can lead to errors and ultimately affect statistics, stock estimates, or traceability. The aim of this research is to use deep learning methods in identifying three species of tuna, specifically yellowfin tuna, mackerel tuna, and skipjack tuna. YOLO’s newest model, YOLOv5, was used to identify the fish. The number of epochs that produces the optimum accuracy value for use in the YOLOv5 model is 400. The values for training loss, accuracy, precision, recall and F1-Score when the model is learning with a total of 400 epochs are 0.000253, 95%, 98.1%, 93.9%, and 96%. Based on these results, the three species of tuna can be identified with high accuracy.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) reveals endangered narrow sawfish across Indonesian Reefs
Authors: Sani L M I , Husna A K , Subhan B , Madduppa H
Published: December 2021

Environmental DNA or eDNA is a powerful method to uncover marine organisms in the seawaters. Furthermore, many marine species are difficult to determine in the sea waters because of their rare existence based on the visual census. In this study, we implemented environmental DNA to investigate the presence of the endangered species of narrow sawfishAnoxypristis cuspidatain Indonesia. Four liters of seawater samples were collected at six locations near the coral reefs ecosystem of Indonesia and filtered at 0.45 μm filter paper. DNA was extracted from the filter paper then Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification was performed using thecytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI) primer and analyzed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). The findings revealed that narrow sawfish exist in Indonesian waters, and it also simultaneously showed that environmental DNA could detect rare species. The environmental DNA approach to identifying narrow sawfish can provide reliable results and be used as a survey tool to protect endangered threatened and protected (ETP) species.
Sea cucumber species found in Soft-bottom of Wulan Estuary-Demak, Central Java
Authors: Hartati R , Redjeki S , Riniatsih I , Widianingsih W , Nuraini R A T , Endrawati H , Mahendrajaya RT
Published: December 2021

Indonesia has been known to have a high diversity of sea cucumber, but data and information are mostly on high-economic-value species. Sea cucumber living in soft-bottom substrates is less studied and unexploited. Wulan estuary located in the Demak Regency of Central Java was experiencing high sedimentation, which was consisted of fine material, and acted as a habitat for many macrozoobenthos, amongst others sea cucumbers. The objective of the present research was to identify the species of sea cucumber in the soft bottom of the Wulan estuary. The collection of sea cucumber specimens was done using a dredge. A total of 132 specimens were collected, examined, and identified through their morphological characters. The holothuroids found in the soft-bottom of the Wulan estuary represent five genera (Acaudina, Colochirus, Holothuria, Paracaudina, Phyllophorus,) in four families (Caudinidae, Cucumariidae, Holothuriidae, and Phyllophoridae) belonging to three orders (Molpadida, Dendrochirotida, and Aspidochirotida). The species were Acaudina sp., A. molpadioides, Colochirus quadrangularis, Holothuria cf. impatiens, Paracaudina sp., Paracaudina chilensis, P. australis, and Phyllophorus spiculata. A. molpadioides is presented as the most frequently found species. Although sea cucumber found in the Wulan estuary has not been exploited, it still needs to be managed to sustain its population.
Reef fish community on Sabira Island, Kepulauan Seribu Regency, DKI Jakarta
Authors: Taqiyuddin M W , Srimariana E S , Cakasana N
Published: December 2021

Sabira Island is an island close to Jakarta Province but still has good water conditions and a coral reef ecosystem with a high level of diversity. The condition of the coral reef ecosystem affects the community structure of the reef fish there. This study aims to determine the community structure of the reef fish on Sabira Island. The research was conducted in August 2019 on Sabira Island, Kepulauan Seribu Regency, DKI Jakarta Province. Observations of reef fish were carried out using the Underwater Visual Census method at four observation stations. There were 47 species of reef fish found on Sabira Island from 12 families. The total reef fish found were 1315 individuals, consisting of 79 indicator fish, 417 individual target fish, and 819 major fish. The highest diversity index value on Sabira Island was found at the South Station, with a diversity index value of 2.39. Based on the community structure index at the four observation stations, the reef fish community’s condition on Sabira Island is still good ranging from unstable to stable condition with moderate diversity and low dominance index values.
Development of segmentation algorithm for determining planktonic objects from microscopic images
Authors: Prakasa E , Rachman A , Noerdjito D R , Wardoyo R
Published: December 2021

Plankton are free-floating organisms that live, grow, and move along with the ocean currents. This free-floating organism plays important roles as primary producers, they serve as a link to energy transfer, and a factor that regulates the biogeochemical cycles. Indonesia, with almost 60% of its territory covered by the ocean, harbours a wide variety of planktonic species. However, one of the issues within usual planktonic studies is the lack of a fast and accurate method for identifying and classifying the plankton type. Thus, the computer vision methods on microscopic images were proposed to deal with the problem. The classification follows two main steps, detecting plankton location and followed by plankton differentiation. The segmentation algorithm is required to limit the determination area. The present study describes the segmentation methods on fifteen plankton types. The U-Net based architecture was implemented to segment the plankton texture from other objects. The segmentation result was also compared with the manual assessment to compute the performance parameters. The accuracy, 0.970±0.025, gives the highest value whereas the smallest value is found in the precision parameter, 0.761±0.156.
Life form, diversity, and spatial distribution of macroalgae in Komodo National Park waters, East Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Zulpikar F , Handayani T
Published: December 2021

Komodo National Park is one of the favorite destinations for both domestic and international marine tourism. Marine tourism activities have caused environmental changes and impact on fisheries and marine resources. Macroalgae were also affected by the environmental changes, so management of macroalgae was required. Ecological data of macroalgae can be used as baseline data for coastal area management. The study aimed to determine the life form, species composition, spatial distribution, and ecological aspects of macroalgae assemblages in Komodo National Park waters. The study was conducted in September 2013, in eight locations, namely Setuga, Komodo Karang Makasar, Padar Kecil, Padar, Papagarang, Mangaitan, and Muntia island. Macroalgae samples were collected by the quadratic transect method. The data analyzed were Sorensen’s similarities. A total of 42 species of macroalgae were recorded, consisting of three Phylum: Chlorophyta (19 species), Ochrophyta (8 species), and Rhodophyta (15 species). Epilithic was the dominant life form of macroalgae. In general, macroalgae can be stably attached to hard substrates. The highest macroalgae diversity was found on Mangaitan Island (22 species). Halimeda and Amphiroa were macroalgae that can be found in almost all locations. Setuga Island had similar macroalgae with both Mangaitan and Muntia islands. The differences in the number of macroalgae species were influenced by environmental pressure, topography, and substrate profile. Management of macroalgae resources was needed to maintain the sustainability of the macroalgae ecosystem.
Object-based image analysis (OBIA) for mapping mangrove using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) on Tidung Kecil Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta Province
Authors: Pasaribu R A , Aditama F A , Setyabudi P
Published: December 2021

Tidung Kecil Island is a conservation and mangrove cultivation area. Therefore, the potential of mangrove ecosystems on Tidung Kecil Island will have a direct role in coastal ecosystems. Accurate mangrove mapping is necessary for the effective planning and management of ecosystems and resources because mangroves function as protectors of ecological systems. The utilization of remote sensing technology that is near real-time can be used as an alternative in providing spatial data effectively. Mapping earth’s surface objects method is growing especially after the development of design, research, and production of flexible Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms. The use of object-based classification methods is currently an alternative in classifying an object of the Earth’s surface using both satellite and aerial photo imagery data (orthophoto) that has a high accuracy value. This research aim is to map object based mangrove ecosystems using UAV technology on Tidung Kecil Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. The K-NN algorithm result was a good classification with 81.081% overall accuracy (OA) at the optimum value of the MRS segmentation scale 300;0,1;0.7 and divided into two classes which are mangrove and non-mangrove for 0.381 ha and 20.912 ha respectively.
Mapping mangrove distribution using remote sensing technology in Harapan, Kelapa and Pamegaran Seribu Islands National Park
Authors: Haikal B F , Susilo S B , Agus S B , Oktavian R Z
Published: December 2021

The existence of mangrove ecosystems is increasingly threatened due to the rapid development of tourist destinations and the increasing number of residents in Harapan, Kelapa and Pamegaran island, so that monitoring of mangrove ecosystems is necessary. The purpose of the research is to map the distribution of mangroves using remote sensing technology in Harapan, Kelapa and Pamegaran island. The field survey was conducted on April 1-10, 2021, taking 189 sample points using a hemispherical photography method. The maximum likelihood classification method is used to classify mangrove and non-mangrove vegetation. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is an algorithm used to calculate vegetation indexes from satellite imagery. The Sentinel-2A image was classified into 3 classes of mangrove density, namely dense, moderate, and rare density classes, with the dominant class being the dense class. The total mangrove area on Pamegaran Island in 2015 amounted to 1.81 ha and the total mangrove area in 2021 amounted to 2.97 ha. The area of mangrove distribution in Harapan and Kelapa Island in 2015 amounted to 4.1 ha and in 2021 amounted to 6.56 ha. Mangrove density classification accuracy test using confusion matrix showed an accuracy of 82.95%.
Interdisciplinary approach for qualitatively monitoring coastline dynamics in North Java Coast, Case study: Karawang Regency Indonesia
Authors: Novico F , Siddik D A , Lufiandi  , Albab A , Mulia A , Kusnida D , Komarudin R A , Ranawijaya D , Kamariah I , Endyana C , Bachtiar H , Hendarmawan
Published: December 2021

The coast of north Java is the most rapid development area among other parts of Indonesia. Since the North Java Coast is dominated by mild slope, soft-loose quaternary sediment and provoked by the sea thus the vulnerability of it is the most challenging issue to be assessed. Karawang is the representative area to investigate the scientific reason of coastal dynamics. This study aims to reveal the coastline changing based on RBI (1210-211, 1210-212, 1210-221, 1210-542, 1210-543, 1210-544 and 1210-631) and LPI (1210-04 and 1209-01) maps, hydrodynamics simulation and field measurements associated with abrasion and accretion. The equalizing procedure has been applied for a benchmark of zero coastlines that LPI and RBI data were used to observe the back and forth of coastline changing throughout 2000 and 2018. The results show five districts, Tirtajaya, Pakisjaya, Cilebar, Cibuaya and Pedes have the highest abrasion with an average magnitude of 11.3 m/year, 9.1 m/year, 6.9 m/year, 5.1 m/year and 3.7 m/year respectively within a total 489 ha disappear area. By all integrated analysis data so we can conclude that the dominated monsoonal longshore current is east to west and working on the dominantly terrigenous coastal alluvium and intercalated by carbonatic marine sediment.
Water mass characteristics in the Makassar Strait and Flores Sea in August-September 2015
Authors: Silaban L L , Atmadipoera A S , Hartanto M T , Herlisman
Published: December 2021

Makassar Strait is one of the main entrance points for Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), which carries water from the North Pacific through Flores Sea. ITF has a crucial role as a branch of the thermohaline circulation system in controlling the Indonesian marine ecosystem as well as regional climate variability. This research aims to describe the structure and stratification of water mass and the distribution parameters of chemical physics in the area of Makassar Strait up to Flores Sea at the month of August-September 2015 as much as 8 casts of data CTD is obtained from the result of expedition STOKAS BRKP-KKP using research vessel Baruna Jaya VIII. Research results indicate that the origin of the water mass from the North Pacific is still dominant in the thermocline layer (NPSW) also in the intermediate (NPIW). On average the depth of mixed water layers 60m (± 12.59) with temperature variation between 25.62 – 27.65 C, the average depth of thermocline 130m (±43.65) with temperatures between 18.29 °C – 21.88 °C. Temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen distribution tends to be higher in the northern region. Fluorescence distribution in the south is higher than the northern region due to inputs from the Makassar upwelling.
A Century long of coral records of heavy metals in coastal water of Wakatobi Marine National Park, South East Sulawesi
Authors: Lubis A A , Putra A D P , Sugiharto U , Lalang  , Zamani N P
Published: December 2021

Scleractinian corals absorb heavy metals in their skeletons; therefore, corals can be used as environmental recorders due to incorporating certain metals for centuries. The research was conducted in Wakatobi Marine National Park (WMNP) using a core of massive coral Porites Sp. to determine heavy metals’ concentrations and assess the possible impact on the coastal water. The sample was collected by drilling the coral vertically using a pneumatic tool. Annual banding was determined by using x-ray radiography, continued with sub-sampled from each band, and analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) for heavy metals determination. Enrichment Factor (EF) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied for assessing possible impact and differentiating between the heavy metals, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals fluctuated during the period of the year 1917 to 2016, with the average concentration were 0.55 %, 0.07 %, 2.46 ppm, 3.86 ppm, 5.70 ppm, 63.22 ppm, 0.66 ppm, 3.16 ppm, 0.66 ppm, and 42.59 ppm for Sr, Mg, Mn, Ba, Cu, K, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Al, respectively. EF for all heavy metals showed that the coastal area was at the level of very small pollution (EF<2); therefore, it can be used as baseline data.
Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in the beach sediment of Anday Beach, West Papua (Indonesia)
Authors: Marei I C A , Saleh F I E , Manullang C Y , Soamole A , Rehalat I
Published: December 2021

In the last two decades, scientists have extensively studied microplastics (MPs), small plastic pieces less than five millimeters long, which can be harmful to our ocean and aquatic life. The MPs in the environment came from the tiny particles designed for commercial use, such as cosmetics. The other sources come from the breakdown of larger plastic items. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of MPs were investigated in the Anday Beach of West Papua (Indonesia). The sampling was conducted from March to May 2019 on Anday Beach. The abundance of MPs found were 0.28 to 1 n/kg for MPs (1-5 mm) and 1140.6 to 1997.6 n/kg for MPs (< 1 mm). The highest abundance of MPs found on Anday Beach was plastic film. We suggest doing a regular beach clean-up to ensure the continuous assessment of marine litter in the coastal areas and extend the sampling area in Papua to record the plastic pollution status in the Papua.
Melt electro-written scaffolds with box-architecture support orthogonally oriented collagen
Authors: Bosworth Lucy A , Lanaro Matthew , O’Loughlin Danielle A , D’Sa Raechelle A , Woodruff Maria A , Williams Rachel L
Published: December 2021

Melt electro-writing (MEW) is a state-of-the-art technique that supports fabrication of 3D, precisely controlled and reproducible fiber structures. A standard MEW scaffold design is a box-structure, where a repeat layer of 90° boxes is produced from a single fiber. In 3D form (i.e. multiple layers), this structure has the potential to mimic orthogonal arrangements of collagen, as observed in the corneal stroma. In this study, we determined the response of human primary corneal stromal cells and their deposited fibrillar collagen (detected using a CNA35 probe) following six weeks in vitro culture on these box-structures made from poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL). Comparison was also made to glass substrates (topography-free) and electrospun PCL fibers (aligned topography). Cell orientation and collagen deposition were non-uniform on glass substrates. Electrospun scaffolds supported an excellent parallel arrangement of cells and deposited collagen to the underlying architecture of aligned fibers, but there was no evidence of bidirectional collagen. In contrast, MEW scaffolds encouraged the formation of a dense, interconnected cellular network and deposited fibrillar collagen layers with a distinct orthogonal-arrangement. Collagen fibrils were particularly dominant through the middle layers of the MEW scaffolds’ total thickness and closer examination revealed these fibrils to be concentrated within the pores’ central regions. With the demand for donor corneas far exceeding the supply—leaving many with visual impairment—the application of MEW as a potential technique to recreate the corneal stroma with spontaneous, bidirectional collagen organization warrants further study.
Preparation of tin coating on the surface of copper-coated carbon fiber and its effect on the microstructures and properties of the composite coating
Authors: Xu Wendong , Li Guanglong , Qu Yingdong , Zhang Wei , Zhou Qiwen , Zhou Shan , Su Ruiming , Li Rongde
Published: December 2021

In order to prevent the copper coating on the carbon fiber surface from oxidizing and falling off, the tin coating is plated on the surface of copper-coated carbon fiber. In this paper, the copper-tin composite coating with different thicknesses of tin coatings were successfully prepared by electroless plating. The results show that with the increasing of electroless tin plating time, the thickness of the copper-tin composite coating increases. The test results of the bonding force between the composite coating and the carbon fiber show that the coating bonding force is the best when the thickness of composite coating is between 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm. This is due to the formation of copper-tin intermetallic compounds preventes direct contact between the copper coating and oxygen, which can effectively inhibit the oxidation of the copper plating layer, thereby making the plating layer less likely to fall off. However, the excessively thick tin coating would increase the internal stress of the coating, and promote the generation of cracks on the surface of the composite coating, which would cause the composite coating to fall off. This research will provide new ideas for the preparation of high-performance copper plating on the surface of carbon fiber, and provide an important theoretical and practical basis for the application of copper coatings.
Plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor: roles of dielectric constant and thermal conductivity of packing materials
Authors: LIU Jin , ZHU Xinbo , HU Xueli , TU Xin
Published: December 2021

In this article, plasma-assisted NH3 synthesis directly from N2 and H2 over packing materials with different dielectric constants (BaTiO3, TiO2 and SiO2) and thermal conductivities (BeO, AlN and Al2O3) at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is reported. The higher dielectric constant and thermal conductivity of packing material are found to be the key parameters in enhancing the NH3 synthesis performance. The NH3 concentration of 1344 ppm is achieved in the presence of BaTiO3, which is 106% higher than that of SiO2, at the specific input energy (SIE) of 5.4 kJ·l−1. The presence of materials with higher dielectric constant, i.e. BaTiO3 and TiO2 in this work, would contribute to the increase of electron energy and energy injected to plasma, which is conductive to the generation of chemically active species by electron-impact reactions. Therefore, the employment of packing materials with higher dielectric constant has proved to be beneficial for NH3 synthesis. Compared to that of Al2O3, the presence of BeO and AlN yields 31.0% and 16.9% improvement in NH3 concentration, respectively, at the SIE of 5.4 kJ·l−1. The results of IR imaging show that the addition of BeO decreases the surface temperature of the packed region by 20.5% to 70.3°C and results in an extension of entropy increment compared to that of Al2O3, at the SIE of 5.4 kJ·l−1. The results indicate that the presence of materials with higher thermal conductivity is beneficial for NH3 synthesis, which has been confirmed by the lower surface temperature and higher entropy increment of the packed region. In addition, when SIE is higher than the optimal value, further increasing SIE would lead to the decrease of energy efficiency, which would be related to the exacerbation in reverse reaction of NH3 formation reactions.
Qibo: a framework for quantum simulation with hardware acceleration
Authors: Efthymiou Stavros , Ramos-Calderer Sergi , Bravo-Prieto Carlos , Pérez-Salinas Adrián , García-Martín Diego , Garcia-Saez Artur , Latorre José Ignacio , Carrazza Stefano
Published: December 2021

We present Qibo, a new open-source software for fast evaluation of quantum circuits and adiabatic evolution which takes full advantage of hardware accelerators. The growing interest in quantum computing and the recent developments of quantum hardware devices motivates the development of new advanced computational tools focused on performance and usage simplicity. In this work we introduce a new quantum simulation framework that enables developers to delegate all complicated aspects of hardware or platform implementation to the library so they can focus on the problem and quantum algorithms at hand. This software is designed from scratch with simulation performance, code simplicity and user friendly interface as target goals. It takes advantage of hardware acceleration such as multi-threading Central Processing Unit (CPU), single Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) and multi-GPU devices.
Establishing optimal friction stir welding parameters for AA2219-T87 Al-alloy using comprehensive RSM and GA approach
Authors: Rajnaveen Boddu , Rambabu Govada , Prakash Kollabothina , Rao Kotipalli Srinivasa
Published: December 2021

AA2219-T87 aluminium alloy has been used in aerospace applications because of its high strength, low density and resistance to corrosion. The copper in the alloy improves the hardness and lowers melting point, which makes two sections easily joined with a process called friction stir welding of aluminium alloy. In the present work, heat-treated AA2219 alloy was butt welded by solid-state friction stir welding process. This work aims to develop a suitable combination of welding parameters for producing defect-free weld joints of AA2219 alloy to improve tensile and corrosion properties. The most influencing control parameter for optimising the friction stir welding responses was determined using sophisticated design of experiments (DOE) techniques. Ultimate tensile strength and corrosion resistance are observed as responses in this study. To achieve the desired weld responses, a three-factor, three-level Box-behneken design was used. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out to examine the interaction effect and significant welding parameter to set the optimal level of welding conditions. Multi-response regression equations have been developed using response surface methodology (RSM) to estimate the output characteristics of weld. The Genetic algorithm (GA) was used to optimise the predicted mathematical model under given optimization constraints. The results shown that the optimum responses are obtained at input factors rotational speed 300 rpm, welding speed 80 mm min−1, and axial force of 10kN.
Spray deposited TiO2thin films for large-area TiO2/p-Si heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Samantaray Manas R , Gautam Prashant Kumar , Ghosh Dhriti S , Chander Nikhil
Published: December 2021

Carrier selective contacts (CSC) have the potential to lower the cost of photovoltaic (PV) cells. In the present work p-Si/TiO2heterojunction solar cells have been fabricated using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as an electron-selective layer. Thin uniform anatase TiO2films have been deposited using a commercially viable spray deposition technique over large area Si substrates. With a simple architecture of Al (200 nm fingers)/Al (15 nm thin film)/TiO2/c-Si(p)/Ag (200 nm), a highest conversion efficiency of 1.56% has been achieved for the TiO2carrier selective contact based solar cell with an active area of ∼3.84 cm2. The minority carrier lifetime value of the TiO2coated Si wafer was found to be less than that of the uncoated wafer, indicating the inability of the anatase TiO2layer to provide surface passivation. Suns-VOCmeasurements yielded comparable values of the implied open circuit voltage for both the uncoated and the TiO2coated Si wafers. Spray deposition technique can be used for scalable fabrication of carrier selective contact based heterojunction solar cells.
American Poetry: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Caplan David
Published: December 2021

American Poetry: A Very Short Introduction proposes a new theory of American poetry showing that two characteristics mark the vast, contentious literature. On the one hand, several of its major poets and critics claim that America needs a poetry equal to the country’s own distinctiveness. On the other hand, American poetry welcomes techniques, styles, and traditions that originate from outside the country. Its influences range far beyond America’s borders. The force of these two competing characteristics drives both individual accomplishment and the broader field. The story moves through historical periods and honors the poets’ artistry by paying close attention to the verse forms, meters, and styles they employ. Its examples range from Anne Bradstreet, writing a century before America’s establishment, to the poets of the Black Lives Matter movement. Individual chapters consider how other major figures such as T. S. Eliot, Phillis Wheatley, Walt Whitman, and Emily Dickinson emphasize convention or idiosyncrasy and turn to American English as an important artistic resource.
American English as a poetic resource
Authors: Caplan David
Published: December 2021

“American English as a poetic resource” argues that American English is one of the country’s great poetic resources. It is remarkably adaptable, contested, and diverse. When poets explore American English’s poetic usefulness, the diversity of their approaches and interests demonstrates the language’s flexibility. They use American English to critique and celebrate America and its literary traditions and to create a distinctive literature that also draws from traditions outside it. They mark differences as well as affinities. In some cases, the poetry shows an exuberant appreciation of American English’s peculiarities, its quirks and openness to experimentation and cultural cross-fertilization. Discussed poets include Walt Whitman, Harryette Mullen, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ezra Pound, and Robert Frost.
Auden and Eliot
Authors: Caplan David
Published: December 2021

“Auden and Eliot” looks at the poetic careers of T. S. Eliot and W. H. Auden, which both trouble the very idea of a national literature. The British-born Auden immigrated to the United States and the American-born Eliot immigrated to England. Both wrote significant poems before and after their moves. An examination of Auden and Eliot’s poetry allows us to consider how these two major poets understood American poetry and their place in it, the resources it gave them, and the limitations that frustrated them. Generations of readers have puzzled over these questions since they involve two major authors and the intersections of individual lives with complex issues of nationhood, including national identity, anxiety, and pride. In short, their work enriches the story of American poetry by complicating it.
Planetary Systems: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Pierrehumbert Raymond T.
Published: December 2021

Planetary Systems: A Very Short Introduction takes the reader on a journey through time and space, exploring how planetary systems such as ours form and evolve, and the conditions under which life may arise. Not long ago, the Solar System was the only example of a planetary system that we knew. Now, we know of thousands of planetary systems, and have even been able to observe the moment of their birth. This VSI reveals the astonishing variety of planetary systems out there. It explores the insights gained about these other worlds from a new generation of telescopes.
Calculating the carbon footprint of a Geriatric Medicine clinic before and after COVID-19
Authors: Bartlett Sarah , Keir Sarah
Published: December 2021

Background

climate change is a health emergency. Central to addressing this is understanding the carbon footprint of our daily life and work, in order to reduce it effectively. The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought about rapid change to clinical practice, most notably in use of virtual clinics and personal protective equipment (PPE).

Aim

to estimate the carbon footprint of a Geriatric Medicine clinic, including the effect of virtual consultation and PPE, in order to inform design of a service that addresses both the health of our patients and our environment.

Method

data from the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, NHS Carbon Footprint Plus and UK Government were used to estimate the carbon emissions per consultation. Values were calculated for virtual and face-to-face contact and applied to actual clinics both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results

the carbon footprint of a face-to-face clinic consultation is 4.82 kgCO2e, most of which is patient travel, followed by staff travel and use of PPE. The footprint of a virtual consultation is 0.99 kgCO2e, most of which is staff travel, followed by data use.

Using our hybrid model for a single session clinic reduced our annual carbon footprint by an estimated 200 kgCO2e, roughly equivalent to a surgical operation.

Discussion

the COVID-19 pandemic has made us deliver services differently. The environmental benefits seen of moving to a partially virtual clinic highlight the importance of thinking beyond reverting to ‘business as usual’—instead deliberately retaining changes, which benefit the current and future health of our community.
Losing grip on the third realm: against naive realism for intuitions
Authors: Luzon Bar , Werner Preston J
Published: December 2021

Naive realism in philosophy of perception is the view that (factive) perception involves a direct relation between perceiving subjects and the world. The naive realist says that your perception of a cat on the mat is a worldly relation that is partially constituted by the cat and the mat; a spatio-temporal chunk of the world is presenting itself to you. Recently, Elijah Chudnoff and John Bengson have independently developed an extension of this view to intellectual experiences, or intuitions, for traditionally a priori domains. We argue that this view, which we call ‘intuitional naive realism’ (INR), will not have the epistemic advantages that Chudnoff and Bengson claim that it does. In perception, but not intuition, there is a deeper explanation of what makes it the case that one experience is constituted by the world while another is not. Whether or not INR is true, then, it does no interesting epistemological work for traditionally a priori domains.
The functional diversity of marsupial limbs is influenced by both ecology and developmental constraint
Authors: Pevsner Spencer K , Grossnickle David M , Luo Zhe-Xi
Published: December 2021

Extant marsupials are less ecologically diverse than placentals, and this is reflected by placentals exhibiting a greater diversity of locomotor modes, including powered flight and fully aquatic swimming. One proposed explanation for this discrepancy is that the development of more disparate marsupial forelimbs is prevented by the neonate’s crawl to the pouch, which requires precocious forelimb development for climbing adaptations. To test predictions of this Developmental Constraint Hypothesis (DCH), we pursue a comparative morphometric study on osteological traits of mammalian limbs, with an emphasis on functional differentiation of marsupial limbs among locomotor modes. We apply multivariate analyses to a large dataset of limb metrics and a diverse sample of mammals, with the placental sample limited to taxa whose locomotor modes are exhibited in marsupials. Overall, we do not find consistent evidence in support of the DCH. Diprotodontia serves as an exception, with comparisons of their forelimbs to hind limbs supporting the DCH. Our results suggest that developmental constraints on marsupial forelimbs may have limited marsupial diversity to some degree. Despite this, the marsupial locomotor groups show unexpectedly high levels of morphological differentiation relative to placentals of the same locomotor modes, indicating that ecological functions may overcome developmental constraints on a macroevolutionary scale.