bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SMAF Modeline Göre Çeltik Tarımı Yapılan Bafra Ovası Arazilerinin Toprak Kalite Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: PACCİ Sena , DENGİZ Orhan , SAYGIN Fikret , ALABOZ Pelin
Published: August 2022

Bu çalışmada, Bafra Ovası arazilerinde çeltik yetiştirilen alanların toprak kalite durumunun SMAF (Soil Management Assessment Framework) modeli ile değerlendirilmesi ve farklı enterpolasyon yöntemleri (ters mesafe komşuluk benzerliği-IDW, radyal tabanlı fonksiyonlar-RBF ve kriging) ile konumsal dağılım durumlarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çeltik yetiştirilen alanların fiziksel kalite indikatörleri düşük (% 50.38) ve yüksek (% 82.12), kimyasal kalite indikatörleri ise çok düşük (% 36.50) ve orta (% 66.69) sınıflarında belirlenmiştir. Tüm özelliklerin birlikte değerlendirilmesi ile elde edilen toprak kalite indeksi üzerinde en etkili olan özellikler kil, yarayışlı su içeriği, yarayışlı potasyum ve organik madde olarak belirlenmiş ve topraklar düşük (% 49.01) ile orta (% 68.63) kalite sınıfları arasında değişkenlik sergilemiştir. Kalite indikatörleri için en başarılı dağılım sergileyen enterpolasyon yöntemi kriging olarak belirlenmiş olup, toprak kalite indeksi için “simple kriging gaussian” modeliyle en düşük hata kareler ortalaması karekökü (RMSE, Root Means Square Error) değeri (% 3.0284) elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda; fiziksel kalite indeksi yüksek olan toprakların pH, organik madde, yarayışlı potasyum gibi kimyasal kalite indikatörlerinin de optimum seviyelerde tutulması ile toprak kalitesini etkili bir şekilde arttırılabileceği belirlenmiştir.
Production of The Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana using Starch Rich Substrate and Its Infectivity against Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Afifah Lutfi , Afifah Dhiya Mutsla , Surjana Tatang , Kurniati Anik , Maryana Rosalia
Published: August 2022

The entomopathogenic fungi of Beauveria bassiana is known to infect the Tribolium castaneum pest. Mass production of B. bassiana is currently carried out using alternative media, the amount of conidia produced on alternative media is quite large and can tolerate temperature. This research aims to select alternative media for the propagation of B. bassiana to gain germination, conidia density, and virulence of the best alternative media concentration against the pest of T. castaneum. The method used was a compiled in the Completely Randomized Design (RAL) at all stages of research. In the first stage of alternative media selection consisting of 4 treatments in 6 replications: A (PDA); B (peanuts); C (soybean); D (old coconut meat). The second stage of alternative media infectivity consisting of 5 treatments in 5 replications: positive control (synthesis insecticide); negative control (aquades); 107; 108; 109 spores/ml. The results achieved that alternative media selection given a highest colony diameter is 4.39 cm on soybean, the highest conidia density is 5,61 x 108 spores/ml on peanuts, the highest germinating power is 31.76% on peanuts. Furthermore, the infectivity of alternative media obtained on peanut media had a significant effect on the mortality of T. castaneum (36.00%) at a concentration of 109 spores/ml, LC50 was obtained at 5.6 x 105 spores/ml, and LT50 within 5.42 days. The results indicated that the peanut media was a good propagation medium of B. bassiana and it was necessary to find other alternatives to increase the infectivity of B. bassiana against T. castaneum.
Metacognition in Teaching: Using A “Rapid Responses to Learning” Process to Reflect on and Improve Pedagogy
Authors: Cox Susan , Jongbloed Kate , Black Charlyn
Published: August 2022

In this paper, we critically evaluate the use of a weekly “rapid responses (RR) to learning” process in the context of teaching a graduate course on research methods over a three-year period. The RR process involves use of a short set of open-ended questions about key moments in learning that students complete, in writing, during the last five minutes of each class. The questions ask students to identify salient take-away messages, note when they felt the most and least engaged, name actions taken by anyone that were affirming or confusing, and consider specific “aha” moments. Our specific aim was to assess the following questions: What was the pedagogic value of the RR process? How did it inform our teaching and to what extent were there direct benefits of the process for students as well as for us as teachers? We found that the systematic feedback we obtained in this way supports weekly monitoring of student learning, facilitates response to trouble spots, and assists in assessment of student engagement and classroom climate. It also provides insight into the efficacy of pedagogic strategies, invites students to engage in metacognitive learning about their own learning, and models a process of instructors receiving feedback and being flexible to change. For instructors, the process enhances motivation and professional development and can be used to document instructor leadership and development. Finally, it facilitates deeper appreciation of the need to better integrate student self-assessment and the development of metacognitive skills as core components of the course.
Os classificadores nominais da língua mamaindê
Authors: Eberhard David
Published: August 2022

Neste artigo descreve-se o sistema de classificadores nominais na língua mamaindê, no Centro-Oeste brasileiro. Esta língua pertence ao subgrupo Guaporé dentro do conjunto Nambikwara do Norte, na família linguística Nambikwara. Esta família se espalha pelo norte e oeste do estado de Mato Grosso, na divisa com a Rondônia. Esta língua utiliza uma morfologia altamente polissintética, como o sistema de classificadores nominais sendo um excelente exemplo dessa riqueza. Após uma breve descrição da comunidade e da família linguística, identifica-se três funções para os classificadores nominais na língua mamaindê, são elas: 1) modificadores nominais; 2) substitutos anafóricos; e 3) nominalizadores verbais. Os exemplos dados de cada função mostram a natureza ampla e produtiva desta classe morfológica. Na última seção, a natureza metafórica dos classificadores nominais nos fornece uma ótica para melhor entender as categorias semânticas e a cosmovisão desta comunidade linguística.
Microcontroller-based High-way Tunnel Electrical Controlling System
Authors: Alhammady Asem , Alsamawi Motea , Aljamali Mokarram , Alquradhi Abdullatif , Elkustaban Amin
Published: August 2022

High-way tunnels play an important role in our life. It’s used to solve a lot of problems such as reducing the crowds in the traffic and shortening the way from place to another. High-way tunnels have many forms like long tunnels, short tunnels and mountain tunnels. In Yemen, there are several high-way tunnels. These high-way tunnels have many problems such as repeated electricity cut off and collected water from the tunnels which result to stop vehicles to enter this tunnel. This paper suggests and implements a solution using Arduino Microcontroller to control all the electrical equipment of a highway tunnel to overcome all previous problems.
The Inner and Backside Solar Flares
Authors: Mawad Ramy
Published: August 2022

The Sun is a huge gaseous body. However, we cannot observe events in the inner Sun due to the convection zone opacity according to previous models. Therefore, the flares originate from the front surface of the Sun. But the current study relied on the distance distribution of X-Ray solar flares, which concluded that the inner layers have much lower opacity than expected. It is even less than what was expected by the latest models based on helioseismology. This means that the flares may originate from the solar interior or solar core, and perhaps from the backside surface, and even appear to us from the frontside surface. Which the re-estimate and correct the currently listed solar flare’s location is needed. Additionally, the flare’s distance illustrations the solar interior layers and appears their boundaries from the core to the photosphere. This method allows us to monitor the variation of the core’s radius with time. The model of the flare’s distance has been developed in current study. But this needs to redevelopment after re-estimating the solar flares locations.
Formation of Three-Dimensional Spheres Enhances the Neurogenic Potential of Stem Cells from Apical Papilla
Authors: Basabrain Mohammed , Zhong Jialin , Luo Haiyun , Liu Junqing , Yi Baicheng , Zaeneldin Ahmed , Koh Junhao , Zou Ting , Zhang Chengfei
Published: August 2022

Abstract: Cell-based neural regeneration is challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient neural stem cells with clinical applicability. SCAPs originating from embryonic neural crest with high neurogenic potential could be a promising cell source for neural regeneration. This study aimed to investigate whether the formation of 3D spheres can promote SCAPs neurogenic potential. Material and methods: 3D SCAPs spheres were first generated in 256-well agarose microtissue mold. The spheres and single cells were individually cultured on collagen I coated μ-Slide for 4 and 7 days. Cell morphological changes, neural marker expression, and neurite outgrowth were evaluated under a confocal microscope. Secretion of BDNF and NGF-β was measured by ELISA kits. Results: Pronounced morphological changes were noticed in a time-dependent manner. The migrating cells’ morphology changed from fibroblast-like cells to neuron-like cells. Compared to the 2D culture, neurite length, number, and the expression of neural markers, including Nestin, β-tubulin III, NeuN, and MAP-2 were significantly increased in the 3D spheres, while the secretion of BDNF and NGF-β was markedly downregulated at day 7. Conclusion: The formation of 3D spheres enhanced the neurogenic potential of SCAPs, suggesting the advantage of using the 3D spheres of SCAPs for the treatment of neural diseases.
How Should I Teach From This Month Onwards? A State-Space Model That Helps Drive Whole Classes to Achieve End-Of-Year National Standardized Test Learning Targets
Authors: Ulloa Obed , Araya Roberto
Published: August 2022

Every month teachers face the dilemma of what exercises should their students practice, and what their consequences are on long-term learning. Since teachers prefer to pose their own exercises, this generates a large number of questions, each one attempted by a small number of students. Thus, we couldn’t use models based on big data such as deep learning. Instead, we developed a simple to understand state-space model that predicts end-of-year national test scores. We used 2,386 online fourth-grade mathematic questions designed by teachers and each attempted by some of the 500 students in 24 low socioeconomic schools. We found that the state-space model predictions improved month-by-month and that in most months it outperformed linear regression models. Moreover, the state-space estimator provides for each month a direct mechanism to simulate different practice strategies and compute their impact on the end-of-year standardized national test. We built iso-impact curves based on two critical variables: the number of questions solved correctly in the first attempt and the total number of exercises attempted. This allows the teacher to visualize the trade-off between asking students to do exercises more carefully or doing more exercises. To the best of our knowledge, this model is the first of its kind in education. It is a novel tool that supports teachers drive whole classes to achieve long-term learning targets.
Atypical and unique transmission of monkeypox virus during the 2022 outbreak: an overview of the current state of knowledge
Authors: Riopelle Jade C , Munster Vincent J , Port Julia R
Published: August 2022

An ongoing monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries has resulted in the declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). Though monkeypox has long been endemic in regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, relatively little is known about its ecology, epidemiology, and transmission. Here, we consider the relevant research on both monkeypox and smallpox, a close relative, to make inferences about the current outbreak. Undetected circulation, combined with atypical transmission and case presentation, including mild and asymptomatic disease, have led to the spread of monkeypox in non-endemic regions. Broader availability of diagnostics, enhanced surveillance, and targeted education, combined with a better understanding of the routes of transmission, are critical to identify at-risk populations and design science-based countermeasures to control the current outbreak.
Study on Calculation Method of VHMT Composite Bearing Capacity of Bucket Foundation for On-bottom Pipelines in Clay
Authors: Zhang Yan , Meng Qingsheng , Liu Tao , Yan Dong
Published: August 2022

Bucket foundation normally used as the basis of the pipeline terminal in oilfield or wellhead manifold system, and the length-to-diameter ratio is usually between 1 and 2. In the stage of installation and operation of the pipeline, bucket foundation will sustain vertical and horizontal force, moment and torsional load from the upper structure. However, most existing equations of capacity envelopes for bucket foundations are in terms of length-to-diameter ratios less than 1, and the influence of torsional load on composite bearing capacity of bucket foundation is not considered. In this study, finite element simulations are conducted to study the interaction between soil and bucket foundation (with a length-to-diameter ratio between 1 and 2) subjected to combined loadings. The influence of torsion on uniaxial bearing capacity and VHM composite bearing capacity is discussed respectively. The results showed that the torsion can cause bucket foundation VHM of bearing capacity of composite envelope surface decrease. With regression analysis of the calculation results, calculation formula of composite bearing capacity considering the effects of torsion is summarized.
Mechanism-based Approach to New Antibiotic Producers Screening among Actinomycetes in the Course of Civil Science
Authors: Volynkina Inna A. , Zakalyukina Yuliya V. , Alferova Vera A. , Belik Albina R. , Yagoda Daria K. , Nikandrova Arina A. , Buyuklyan Yuliya A. , Udalov Andrei V. , Golovin Evgenii V. , Kryakvin Maxim A. , Lukianov Dmitrii A. , Biryukov Mikhail V. , Sergiev Petr V. , Dontsova Olga A. , Osterman Ilya A.
Published: August 2022

Since streptomycin discovery, actinomycetes were the main source for new antibiotics, but after the Golden age (1950-1960th) the discovery rate significantly decreased. The high probability to rediscover well-known antibiotics led to a reduction in interest in soil bacteria as a source for new antibiotics. At the same time, actinomycetes remain a very promising reservoir for searching for new active molecules. In this work, we present several reporters containing eye-visible fluorescent protein genes, which can be used to increase the efficiency of determining the mechanism of antibiotics at the very initial stage of screening. Presented reporters and the following pipeline were optimized given the involvement of citizen scientists without specialized skills and equipment in order to utilize the reservoir of soil bacteria in the search for new antibiotic producers. The combination of mechanism-based approaches and civil science has proved its effectiveness in practice revealing a significant increase in the screening rate. Two new strains Streptomyces sp. KB-1 and BV113 were found to produce antibiotics pikromycin and chartreusin, respectively, demonstrating the efficiency of the pipeline.
Renewable Energy Microgrids to Improve Electrification Rate in Democratic Republic of Congo: Case of Hydro, Municipal Waste and Solar
Authors: Josue Ngondo Otshwe , Mushi Aviti Thadei
Published: August 2022

Worldwide, it is imperative for citizens to have access to electricity. This applies to Congolese--rural and urban dwellers, and if possible, it should be guaranteed by government’s laws and policies. However, the rural and urban areas of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) suffer majorly from lack of access to electricity. The major reasons are the high costs associated with connection to the national central grid and production insufficiency. Therefore, one feasible approach to electrify these areas is to use microgrids. This technology is decent and viable option for energy revolution since it incorporates energy storage systems, distributed generators, and localized loads. This paper has taken to implement this solution by firstly analysing some cities located at the borders of large rivers or watercourses (with known depth and width), such as the Congo River considered for hydrokinetic power (HKP). However, where the Congo River does not pass through, the paper will consider largest rivers passing in the area. For the case of photovoltaic electricity production, large cities are considered those with good sunshine and large population who have purchasing power for the photovoltaic electricity. The waste to energy power plans will consider the top ten densely populated cities in DRC. The proposed microgrids will operate in isolation (islanded) mode. This paper proposed 44 projects to generate 795 690 kW total energy from the microgrids. These energies are divided as 661 000 kW from solar photovoltaic, 83 790 kW from waste to energy, and 50 900 kW from hydrokinetic generation. The urban share will be 94.9% and rural area share will be 5.1% of this generation. Further work needs to include biomass as a possible renewable energy to add in the mix.
Nonsingular phantom cosmology in Five Dimensional f(R,T) Gravity
Authors: Sahoo Rakesh Ranjan , Mahanta Kamal Lochan , Ray Saibal
Published: August 2022

We obtain exact solutions to the field equations for 5 dimensional LRS Bianchi type-I spacetime in $f(R,T)$ theory of gravity where specifically the following three cases are considered: (i) $f(R,T)=\mu(R+T)$, (ii) $f(R,T)=R \mu + R T \mu^2$ and (iii) $f(R,T)=R+\mu R^2+\mu T$ where $R$ and $T$ respectively the Ricci scalar and trace of the energy-momentum tensor. It is found that the equation of state (EOS) parameter $w$ is governed by the parameter $\mu$ involved in the $f(R,T)$ expressions. We fine-tune the parameter $\mu$ to obtain effect of phantom energy in the model, however we also restrict this parameter to obtain a stable model of the universe. It is noted that the model isotropizes at finite cosmic time.
A Tool to Measure Sustainability in Biosphere Reserves Located in Prosperous Countries
Authors: Sinay Laura
Published: August 2022

Since last century, humanity has been using and disposing of resources at a greater rate than the Earth’s biocapacity to regenerate. Consequently, habitats are being destroyed, climate is changing and, for most, life conditions are deteriorating. To avoid collapse, humanity has been, at least in theory, trying to change the foundations of development so that it becomes ‘sustainable’ and, while meeting the social, economic and environmental needs of the present, does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. To help on this task, in the 1960s, UNESCO proposed the establishment of laboratories for developing and testing sustainable approaches. These became known as Biosphere Reserves or, simply, biospheres. Today, Biosphere Reserves are considered to be the main instrument for testing and monitoring sustainable development approaches. By 2020, there were more than 700 biospheres in over 120 countries around the world - one third of which are located in prosperous countries with very-high human development levels. As of today, there is no mechanism to objectively measure the effectiveness of these reserves that also allows comparison between biospheres, their development approaches and outcomes, or over time. The objective of this work is to present a tool that fulfills these gaps and that, additionally, helps with establishing aspirational targets and identifying key areas that need improvement. The tool focuses on Biosphere Reserves located in countries with very-high levels of human development (but can be easily adapted to other countries); it addresses the 17 sustainable development goals and considers relevant international agreements. It is based on the rational that, to become widely used, it needs to be simple. Therefore, it uses data collected for other ends, hence available, and commonly used technology, such as excel. The tool consists of a spreadsheet that links a punctuating and a colouring system to topics, criteria, indicators and measures. The case study was on the Sunshine Coast region (Australia), which is in the process of being nominated a biosphere reserve.
Update on Current Concepts in Management of Severe Hemorrhagic Shock and Optimal Individualized Fluid Therapy in Critically Ill Polytrauma Patients
Authors: Rogobete Alexandru Florin , Ritiu Stelian Adrian , Bedreag Ovidiu Horea , Papurica Marius , Popovici Sonia Elena , Toma Daiana , Lupu Maria Alina , Paun Diana Loreta , Garofil Dragos Nicolae , Corneci Dan , Pistol Adriana , Pahontu Elena Mihaela , Valeanu Liana , Sandesc Dorel
Published: August 2022

Worldwide, one of the main causes of death among young adults is multiple trauma. In these pa-tients hemorrhagic shock represents the leading cause for worsening of the clinical status and for increased morbidity and mortality. This is due to a multifactorial complex involving cellular, bi-ological, and biophysical mechanisms. The most important mechanisms affecting clinical out-come are oxidative stress, the augmentation of pro-inflammatory status, immune deficiency, dis-ruptions in the coagulation cascade, imbalances in electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis. Poly-trauma patients in hemorrhagic shock need adequate fluid management to ensure hemodynamic stability that must consider not only the maintenance of adequate blood pressure, but also the ad-equate oxygenation of tissues for optimal cellular function. In the current clinical practice, fluid resuscitation in polytrauma patients uses a variety of widely studied pharmacological products, such as crystalloids, colloids, blood transfusions, and the infusion of other blood products. Alt-hough these products exist, an agreement was not reached on a standard administration protocol that could be generally applied for all patients. Moreover, numerous studies have reported a se-ries of adverse events related to fluid resuscitation and to the inadequate use of these products. This review aims at describing the impact the administration of all the solutions used in fluid re-suscitation might have on the cellular and pathophysiological mechanisms in the case of poly-trauma patients suffering from hemorrhagic shock.
IMPACT OF THE NEW NORMALITY ON STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND PROJECT & PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
Authors: Tanaka Hiroshi
Published: August 2022

According to representative theories on strategy by Henry Mintzberg, Lawrence Freedman, et al. strategy is a general plan to achieve one or more long-term or overall goals under conditions of uncertainty; strategy involves setting goals and priorities, determining actions to achieve the goals, and mobilizing resources to execute the actions. Strategy can be classified into 1) planned strategy, e. g. strategy derived from a corporation’s mission statement; 2) differentiation strategy to compete in the competitive marketplace; and 3) contingent strategy to empower a corporation to get adapted to ecosystem changes. Being a part of project management studies, this article focuses on type 3) strategy and analyzes how the strategic management in this category, usually conducted by using project, program and portfolio management (PPPM) as its vehicle of implementation, is being affected or will be affected by the new normality. The new normality includes factors such as the VUCA characters of the world; disruption in technology, economy and society; climate change; green economy; a chain of epidemics or pandemics; and digital transformation. These factors mandate agile perspectives, positioning and planning of contingent strategy and updated ways strategies are delivered by way of strategic management and PPPM along the Mintzberg theory. This paper, after examining the impact of the new normality factors on contingent strategy, proposes a conceptual framework of and concise discussions on agility elements of corporate enterprises under the new normality which are realized by applied project management, and the author’s methodologies and learning attitude to cope with disruption. The agility elements are grouped into agility in mid-term corporate planning, corporate agility enablers, agile business development by projects, and project management adaptive to agility. In the conclusion, the author’s outlook on project and project management models in the new normality is offered.
SYSTEM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION PARTICIPANTS 'COMMUNICATION PROCESSES
Authors: Malyeyeva Olga , Lytvynenko Dmytro
Published: August 2022

The subject matter of the article is the stakeholder’s communication processes of infrastructure development projects. The goal is to develop a formalized systemic model of the communication processes interaction between project stakeholders and project team in a virtual office environment. The following methods are applied: systemic analysis, set-theoretic models. The article solves the following problem: the basic communication management terms defined, the communication types defined, existing communication models analyzed, stakeholders communication processes set-theoretic systematic model developed. The following results are obtained: project management communication processes were analyzed; the project communication processes between stakeholder’s importance was demonstrated; communication process content and term were defined; fundamental project communication processes, that are necessary for the timely and correct project data generation, collecting, distribution and saving, were defined; project communication processes were classified, by assessing existing project management systems; project communication management stages and centralized/decentralized communication structure types were defined; fundamental linear/non-linear project communication processes were examined; communication processes modeling and formal application were analyzed; 3-component communication system model was proposed; proposed communication model characterized the communication act sequence and consist of a set of vertices - communication acts and connecting edge set, what shows the ability to move from current act to the next one. Conclusions: Formalized communication model as a system model gives the ability to solve the time optimization and security problems of the project virtual offices. Particular activities and communications of the general project tasks set, where the project team and other stakeholders simultaneous cooperation is required, should be taken into account.
СONFLICTS IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Authors: Grinchenko Marina , Ponomaryov Olexandr , Lobach Olena , Kharchenko Alla
Published: August 2022

It is shown that in the case of people carrying out joint activities, including in the practice of using project management technology, conflicts may arise between performers and different groups of performers. They, as a rule, are due to differences in goals and motives, aspirations and interests of people, their psychological characteristics. Conflicts are undesirable, since they significantly complicate the interaction and relationships between the performers and, accordingly, prevent the achievement of the desired or expected results of joint activities in the implementation of project tasks. The nature and possible causes of the conflict and its types are analyzed. In particular, it has been found that not every difference causes conflicts. Their sources are basically only those situations in which the material interests of at least one of the parties, their dignity or social status are affected. This indicates the importance of taking into account in the practice of project management not only technological, but also psychological aspects of activity. The nature of the interaction between the level of cohesion, psychological compatibility and corporate culture of the project team and the impact of possible conflicts on it and on the relationship between members of the project team. It is shown that the likelihood of conflict increases significantly when the project team includes so-called conflicting personalities. The meaning and nature of the project manager's activity, aimed at preventing conflicts, as a manifestation of one of his important behavioral competencies, is revealed. Examples of the content and nature of the model of adequate behavior of a leader in a conflict, as well as behavior requiring correction, are given. The article considers the essence of the conflictological competence of the project manager, which includes the manager's knowledge and understanding of his possible violations that can lead to conflict situations and conflicts. Effective ways of preventing and managing conflicts in case of their occurrence are considered.
Explore Beyond Boundary – New Record to Reduce Emission and Drilling Cycle Enabled Through Innovative Technologies and Project Management
Authors: Liu Feng , Han Dongdong , Xiang Liangwei , Li Dawei , Hu Guojin , Zhao Haijian , Gong Jiejing , Zhou Xin , Wang Shuai , Huang Nan , Abbasgholipour Ali , Yosakrai Chulakorn
Published: August 2022

Under the background of optimizing project costs and decreasing carbon footprint, CNOOC launched a campaign strategically to explore new offshore records. This paper records how the pilot project of this campaign achieved remarkable success to dramatically decrease operation cycle time and reduce drilling waste discharge with the help of technological innovation and advanced project management.

The innovation to improve drilling efficiency starts from well designing phase. Wellbore geometry is optimized and downsized to smaller hole size to improve drilling rate and reduce drilling waste. A series of innovative modifications are made on both the rig operating equipment and the work process to reduce the operation time. Novel technologies are utilized to reduce drilling cycle time including industry's first definitive dynamic survey-while-drilling service, realtime drilling intelligence service, pulse neutron generator (PNG) enabled multi-function logging while drilling (LWD) platform, and so on. Bit and motor are both optimized to increase drilling speed. To reduce the waste discharge during drilling and completion, a fully closed zero discharge system is employed. Flawless project management also played vital role in the project success.

Totally 23 wells are drilled for this pioneer project. 269.80 days are saved compared with plan and drilling efficiency is improved by more than 58%. Wellbore geometry optimization saves 111.63 days drilling cycle time and reduces 3189 tons waste. 25.94 days are saved by utilizing advanced measurement while drilling (MWD) tool and LWD technologies. More than 14 days are saved by innovative modification on the rig equipment. At least 7 days are saved through optimizing the work process. With the fully closed zero discharge system, 2414 cubic meters drilling fluid is reused and 7040 tons cutting are processed. This project breaks several drilling records in CNOOC.

The novelty of this paper is to provide experiences of utilizing most up-to-date technologies and innovative systematic approach to reduce the drilling cycle and carbon and waste discharge.
Integrating the Fully Coupled 3D Geomechanical Modeling for Hydraulic Fracturing Optimization of Unconventional Resources
Authors: Cheng Leiming , Wang Yingwei , Zhao Haiyan , Li Jiacheng , Liu Xiao , Liu Qiyao , Huang Xingning , Singjaroen Thanapol , Kieduppatum Piyanuch
Published: August 2022

The unconventional oil and gas resources continuously discovered in China are mainly concentrated in the Junggar Basin, Ordos Basin, Sichuan Basin and Songliao Basin. However, the porosity and permeability of its shale reservoirs are extremely low, which brings relatively great difficulties and challenges to the economic development of shale oil reservoir. Long horizontal well section drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing are the key technologies of unconventional resources development. The operations can increase the stimulated volume and ultimately achieve the goal of improving production. In addition, shale reservoirs natural fractures and horizontal bedding are developed, leading to shear slip and tensile failure during the fracturing propagation process. Moreover, the hydraulic fracture is no longer a single symmetrical two-wing fracture, and it is very likely to form a relatively very complex fracture network. This will bring many inconveniences to shale hydraulic fracturing design, fracture monitoring and interpretation, and post-fracturing productivity prediction. Geomechanics is the important influencing parameter that affects the design of hydraulic fracturing. This research is mainly based on the research results of 3D geomechanics to continuously optimize hydraulic fracturing design for horizontal wells. In addition, the implementation of hydraulic fracturing can significantly reduce the seepage resistance of fluids in the formation near the bottom of the well. This will be a very effective mean to increase well production for unconventional resources. Hydraulic fracturing optimization technique fully-coupling 3D geomechanical modeling was applied in the unconventional reservoir in the northeast of Junggar Basin. The shale oil reservoir of Permian Lucaogou formation is one of the main unconventional resources in China. This case study discusses the multi-stages fracturing optimization of horizontal well-A based on the fully coupled 3D Geomechanical modeling. The research result clearly characterizes the stress model variation and reduces the uncertainties in horizontal well-A1 for hydraulic fracturing operation. The uncertainty of the fracture modeling geometry was greatly reduced, and fracture geometry was verified by micro-seismic patterns. The geomechanical modeling helps to optimize the pressure pumping rate, the volume of proppant and fracturing fluids, eventually maximizes the increase of fracture flow conductivity and post-stimulation production.
First Slim Open Hole Standalone Screen Completion Offshore Malaysia – Performances, Lessons Learned and Way Forward
Authors: Kumar Suman , Hassan W M Faris W , Latif Nurlizawati , Roh Cheol Hwan , Madon Bahrom B , Sakdilah M Zaki B , Karim Aminuddin B
Published: August 2022

T field has very unconsolidated sand with high nonuniformity and high fines contents in H and I sands and require robust sand control, typically Internal gravel pack (IGP). Historically, around 90% wells have been completed with IGP completion and are producing sand free for the last 20-30 years. This paper describes on the first slim (3") open hole standalone screen (OHSAS) completion application and performance which can be utilized for replication in future infill wells.

Around 10% remaining wells have been completed with OHSAS completion across highly deviated wells in H and I sands in T field. The screens have been designed based on d10 sand particle size and sand retention test (SRT) and typically installed in 8 ½" open hole. The drill-in fluid (DIF) has been properly designed to create temporary filter cake across the wellbore and then it is designed to break by either lift-off pressure or by usage of mud cake breaker depending upon the type of DIF system.

The OHSAS wells are producing good with sand free production since last seven to fourteen years. The OHSAS performances for all wells in T field have been investigated. The investigation has provided suggestions for further improvement in future projects. Based on the investigation, OHSAS completions in T field has good OHSAS design and production performance, though further improvement can be done in its execution for future projects like monitoring total soluble clays using Methylene Blue Test (MBT) during drilling reservoir sections, maintaining its solubility more than 70% all throughout, use of proper mud cake breaker, etc. This paper explains details on the outcome of the investigation and recommendations, and data requirement to assess successful OHSAS completions with the help of tables and charts. The applicability of OHSAS has been re-studied in future infill wells and have been included in the next field development plans.

This paper presents on the OHSAS design, execution and performance, best practices, reviews and suggestions for further improvement in future infill wells, then its applicability and replication in future projects.
Development and Application of Digital Solutions for Automatic Hazard Identification During Well Planning Stage
Authors: Ruzhnikov Alexey , Saraiya Rasesh
Published: August 2022

Having a good understanding of the offset wells is the key for successful planning and execution of any well, both from the risk management point of view as well as from equipment and operations planning. In both cases of congested or simple fields the amount of the manual work is significant, which further affected by potential human mistakes. The manuscript aims to provide the detailed explanation of the digitalization of the offset well risk analysis (ORA) implemented in several drilling projected, what lead to almost complete elimination of the manual work and allowed to improve the quality and the quantity of the offset data.

At the project kick-off the manual work performed by different parties (drilling engineer as well as drilling fluid, directional, bits engineers etc.) was mapped in the different detailed workflows. This allowed to understand the final result of every tasks. As next step the massive database of the end of well reports, post-job reports, daily drilling reports, etc was created with few tens of millions entry points. Further the artificial intelligence in combination with data analytics was used to replicate the previously mapped workflows.

As the result entire manual work was replaced by the digital, leading to receive higher number of outputs with superior quality. The direct benefit was a reduction of the time required to get the final result, when previously a detailed analysis was completed in 3 to 4 days, and now it is done within minutes, allowing to dedicate the man-hours to more other valuable tasks.

The manuscript provides the novel information on ability to use digital technologies to eliminate manual work and avoid costly human mistakes. The proposed solution can be implemented in any other drilling project worldwide, as well as in any other activity requiring performance of the repetitive tasks.
Drilling and Well Digitalization, A Journey of Transformation
Authors: Benjaboonyazit Veerawit , Durongwattana Nithipoom , Buapha Sompop , Wejwittayaklung Kittipat , Rangsriwong Phattarakorn
Published: August 2022

The Company's digital transformation project was started in 2018 to overcome the challenge from digital disruption, energy transition and hydrocarbon reserves declination. Drilling and well engineering cluster is a key player in operating cost optimization which requires digestion and analysis of tons of data generated through daily operational reports. Thus, several digitalization projects have been initiated to optimize drilling and well process to be better, faster, and safer. In this paper, we intend to share a successful journey of digitalization under drilling and well cluster.

The transformation journey started with identifying engineer's pain points in each process, among which the most common were redundant processes, manual data inputs/calculations, and time spent on collecting and analyzing unstructured data sources. Moreover, diversified practices on engineering programs and data analysis adversely affect well design standardization and optimizations. To counter those pain points, digital transformation projects were ideated by using digital solutions and technology which are grouped in 5 focus areas: centralized data platform, business intelligence, robotic process automation, digital assistant, and data analytics from fundamental to advance level respectively. Besides out-of-the-box solutions, many internally developed systems have been utilized throughout the journey which helps engineers to build their digital capability and awareness.

There are over twenty (20) drilling and well digital projects implemented since the transformation project has been started. And as a result, engineers’ workload has been reduced significantly using digital solutions such as data extraction, visualization, and in-depth analysis. For example, the first successful project under robotic process automation utilizes text analytic and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to analyze well conditions and integrity status from unstructured data and to generate reports within a limited timeframe. Another successful case is well design automated workflow which saved around 40% planning cycle time and provides a better design quality which will lead to a lower well cost.

Total cost saving of over 40 mmusd has been recorded so far under the digital transformation project. Furthermore, there is an outlook for additional cost-saving through future new projects, integration, and scaling up plans across the company's international assets. The results and outcomes are very promising to this point. We believe that these initiatives will help the company to improve productivity, benefits, agility, and move beyond business disruptions.

Combination of drilling and well expertise with digital transformation solutions will significantly improve well design process, quality and operational efficiency which make industry stay competitive and resilient in the future.
Automated Workflows and Drilling Advisory Systems – The Cinderellas of Drilling Automation
Authors: Francis Paul
Published: August 2022

In the field of drilling automation, most attention is usually focussed on the automating the mechanical side of the business and yet vast amounts of time and energy are spent by well engineers on designing and executing wells that may involve redesigns during the execution of the well due to subsurface uncertainty. This effort involves many people in the organisation, creates large amounts of documents and data that usually reside in different silos. The effort involved in pulling the right data together from different sources and checking that it's correct involves a lot of drudgery, hence it called be a ‘Cinderella’ task. There is a maxim that says that "If you can't measure you can't manage", but it's equally true that "if you can't analyse your measurements effectively and efficiently then you can't optimize", either for ROP or energy efficiency. This paper discusses the essential requirements for workflow optimization and drilling advisory systems, both as a business case in itself, but also as a reassuring steppingstone to full drilling automation.

Significant advances in AI and Cloud Computing in the last decade have led to the ability to better automate the workflow process and allow real-time drilling advisory systems that allow a human-in-the-loop to react to and modify the drilling process. The essential parts of such are a workflow/optimisation system, no matter how good the AI, is that it should be intuitive, easy to use, vendor neutral, have robust data cleansing, be backed by 24/7 support, be customisable to the particular needs of the operation and flexible enough to work on different platforms yet allow expansion as new requirements are added. Operators are consistently wanting to centralise, then standardise, data flows for greater automated analysis and management.

Using such a system, ROP improvements of over 18% have been seen in land operations, flat time reductions of 20% have been seen on offshore wells, weight to weight connection times have been reduced by over 35%, costly trips out of hole have been avoided due to MWD failure by directly comparing hole depth with offset well data in real time.

With cloud-enabled, real-time AI, there is currently no limit on how ‘joined-up’ the drilling process can be, from rig scheduling through to production. Once confidence is gained by operators with drilling advisory systems and data quality then the next steps would be to hook these systems directly to drive rigs and tools with the human now as the monitor.
Complete MPD Rig: Time for Jack-Ups Now
Authors: Gedge Benjamin , Binh Cao , Vuong Trinh , Hai Nguyen , Yaw Norman , Mardon Jeff , Frohlich Herbert , Gooding Neil , Santos Helio
Published: August 2022

Four years ago (IADC/SPE-191099) the move was clear on floating rigsâ€‹; to have them fully equipped with a Complete MPD package, the economic justification was very strong. Currently, there are around 20 floating rigs with a Complete MPD package, permanently installed. For Jack-Ups, however, the same move started only recently, with a few rigs now equipped with a Complete MPD package, using the same philosophy applied to a floating rig. The paper initially describes the success obtained by the Complete MPDâ€‹ floating rigs, not only from an economic, but also from a technical point of view, with operations in Australia, Brazil and the Gulf of Mexico. Having the MPD package permanently installed and ready to use, operators are now deploying MPD for the total well construction process, with a rig crew competent in running the MPD system, from spud to the T.D. of the well. This includes running casing/liner, cementing and, also, completions. The paper outlines the benefits and advantages for both the operators and drilling contractors, showing they are significant. Companies are taking advantage of having the MPD system on the rig and being able to maximise the full benefits.

With all the success seen on floating rigsâ€‹, operators startâ€‹ed to realize the benefits of using the same approach for Jack-Ups, building on previous experience with temporary MPD installations on Jack-Ups, â€‹learning from what worked and what did not work. The paper deâ€‹scribes the recent Complete MPD Jack-Up installation in Norway â€‹(implemented under the new MPD NORSOK requirements, which made it even more challengingâ€‹), the success achieved with the first wells drilled, and how the economics will work for the Jack-Up market, in the same way it works for the floater market. The technical benefits are the same, as the system used on the Jack-Up is equivalent and has the same features of the systems used on the floating rigs.

The paper finally addresses the Asia Pacific market, which is dominated by Jack-Up rigs over floaters. The economic, technical, HSE and logistical benefits make it an appealing proposition to have a Complete MPD Jack-Up rig, and they are all discussed in detail. An example is used with a Jack-Up operating in the region, clearly demonstrating its similarity to a floating rig when adopting the same Complete MPD Rig approach.