bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Keabsahan Pengalihan Saham Tanpa Melalui Perjanjian Jual Beli
Authors: Mario Dian , Hirsanuddi Hirsanuddin , Muhaimin Muhaimin
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis “pengaturan pengalihan saham Perseroan Terbatas berdasarkan peraturan perUndang-Undangan yang berlaku” dan “keabsahan pengalihan saham Perseroan Terbatas tanpa melalui jual beli  (kajian terhadap putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1229 K/Pdt/2016.” Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif (legal resesrch), dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan perUndang-Undangan (statute approach), Pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach)  dan pendekatan kasus (case approach. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan peralihan saham berdasarkan UU PT hanya dapat dilakukan melalui alas hak jual beli dengan syarat-syarat diantaranya keharusan menawarkan terlebih dahulu kepada pemegang saham dengan klasifikasi tertentu atau pemegang saham lainnya, keharusan mendapatkan persetujuan terlebih dahulu dari Organ Perseroan, keharusan mendapatkan persetujuan terlebih dahulu dari instansi yang berwenang sesuai dengan peraturan.   Bahwa  oleh karena proses peralihan hak atas saham Perseroan Terbatas tidak dilakukan melalui prosedur sebagaimana ditentukan hal mana terbukti adanya dalam perkara a quo yaitu bahwa pengalihan saham oleh Tergugat I atas saham milik Penggugat pada PT Gusung Duta Tamisa kepada Tergugat II melalui RUPS PT Gusung Duta Tamisa yang diadakan tanpa sepengetahuan Penggugat sebagai Pemegang saham, sehingga pengalihan saham dalam perkara a quo adalah terjadi tanpa persetujuan Penggugat dan keharusan mendapatkan persetujuan organ Perseroan Terbatas, maka peralihan tersebut dianggap tidak sah dan dianggap batal demi hukum, dan oleh karenanya hakim menyatakan perbuatan penggugat yang mengalihkan saham milik tergugat adalah dianggap sebagai perbuatan melanggar hukum dan untuk itu diwajibkan untuk memabayar ganti rugi sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1365 KUH Perdata.
Los magistrados también hacen polí­tica. Las disputas por los espacios en el poder judicial de la nación
Authors: Nardi Juan José
Published: July 2020

En este artí­culo se analiza la relación entre jueces y polí­tica en el marco de los concursos realizados por el Consejo de la Magistratura de la Nación y en los diferentes nombramientos y ascensos realizados por los magistrados en los juzgados y vocalí­as a su cargo. Para lograrlo, se reconstruyen las dinámicas cotidianas de interacción que adquiere el tipo de disputas polí­ticas que se pretenden analizar, así­ como también las estrategias y las alianzas construidas para cumplir con sus objetivos. En este aspecto, las redes de pertenencia a tener en cuenta son las que se articulan alrededor de las asociaciones que representan corporativamente a los magistrados. El objetivo es mostrar que la mencionada relación no solo se expresa, en el plano jurisdiccional, como habitualmente se lo plantea, sino también en los espacios en donde los magistrados se desempeñan tanto como jefes administrativos de la oficina judicial, así­ como consejeros o como postulantes a los concursos mencionados. Esto supone poner en discusión algunas de las categorí­as utilizadas en los estudios más importantes sobre el tema para poder hacer un aporte quea partir de la especificidad del caso y, del relevamiento empí­rico realizado, se logre una mayor comprensión del fenómeno.
Respuesta judicial a la demanda de celeridad: la flagrancia en la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Authors: Kostenwein Ezequiel
Published: July 2020

La propuesta de este trabajo es indagar, de forma exploratoria, cómo se ha desarrollado el procedimiento de flagrancia en la Provincia de Buenos Aires tomando como referencias a las retóricas oficiales, la observación de audiencias y los testimonios de los actores judiciales acerca del perí­odo de su surgimiento (2005-2010). Nuestro principal argumento es que la demora judicial, eje central en la fundamentación del mencionado proceso, ha permitido que las controversias y los reclamos respecto al desempeño de la justicia penal estén centradas en el hacer y no en el saber de los operadores jurí­dicos. En concreto, si se pone atención a las narrativas provenientes tanto de los debates legislativos como de los documentos de ONG involucradas en el arribo de este procedimiento, lo que parece imponerse es la postura de que los integrantes de la justicia no ignoran las consecuencias de su trabajo o, dicho de otro modo, que ellos saben muy bien lo que hacen, pero, aun así­, lo hacen. Esto supone que la prioridad para enfrentar la lentitud no estará puesta en concientizar a los actores judiciales, sino en lograr que modifiquen sus prácticas, siendo el mismo procedimiento de flagrancia un ejemplo de esto.
Midiendo la estabilidad ministerial en los inicios del Estado argentino (1862-1898)
Authors: Abal Medina Juan Manuel , Eberhardt Marí­a Laura , Ariza Andrea
Published: July 2020

Este artí­culo forma parte de una investigación más amplia que se propone relevar y analizar la composición y rotación de los gabinetes de ministros de los titulares del ejecutivo nacional argentino en el periodo 1862-1952. En este paper abordaremos especí­ficamente el primer tramo de dicho periodo, entre 1862 y1898, en el cual tanto la cantidad (cinco) como las áreas de los ministerios (del Interior, Relaciones Exteriores, Justicia, Culto e Instrucción Pública, Guerra y Marina, y Hacienda) estaban prefijadas por la Constitución nacional. El objetivo de este trabajo es por un lado descriptivo, y consiste en dar cuenta de: qué ministros fueron designados a nivel nacional en la Argentina, por qué presidentes, al frente de qué carteras y por cuánto tiempo. La fuente principal de información a utilizar serán los Libros de Actas de Juramentos de los Miembros del Gobierno de la Nación Argentina, pertenecientes a la Escribaní­a General del Gobierno de la Nación. Por otro lado, se analizará la estabilidad/inestabilidad de los gabinetes, medidas a partir de una herramienta especí­fica aquí­ propuesta: el índice de Estabilidad de Gabinetes (IEG), que procura convertirse en un instrumento útil para futuros análisis sobre otros periodos y/o regí­menes presidencialistas. Finalmente, formularemos hipótesis que intenten dar cuenta de las principales variaciones observadas bajo una perspectiva politológica que, a su vez, articule la consideración histórica de la época.
Proces zatiranja parlamentarizma u Srbiji i oblici pritisaka na opoziciju uoči izbora 11. novembra 1945.
Authors: Cvetković Srđan
Published: July 2020

Rad donosi detaljnu analizu predizbornog procesa uoči izbora za Ustavotvornu skupštinu održanih 11. novembra 1945. u Srbiji. Prati se dinamika urušavanja parlamentarne demokratije od strane revolucionarne Komunističke partije skrivene iza Narodnog fronta. Analiziraju se metode i tehnike razbijanja opozicionih partija, gušenja slobode medija i pritisaka i progona kojima su bili izloženi opozicioni političari koji su na kraju pribegli bojkotu kao poslednjem sredstvu političke borbe. Ishod tog procesa bio je ukidanje parlamentarnog poretka i demokratije u Srbiji. Rad se zasniva na analizi onovremene štampe, koja je precizno odražavala proces ukidanja parlamentarizma, kao i na podacima iz literature.
Džudo klan: uloga džudoa u karijerama istaknutih policijskih funkcionera Jugoslavije
Authors: Mijatov Nikola
Published: July 2020

Članak razmatra karijere istaknutih policijskih funkcionera na prostoru Jugoslavije 90-ih godina 20. veka za koje je zajednička karakteristična crta bila bavljenje džudoom. Dinamika karijere Radomira Stojičića Badže, Sente Milenkovića, Gorana Radosavljevića Gurija i drugih analizirana je dominantno uz pomoć intervjua istaknutog funkcionera Džudo saveza Jugoslavije i njihovog bliskog prijatelja, Vuka Rašovića.
A New World Post COVID-19
Authors: Billio Monica , Varotto Simone
Published: July 2020

Pandemics are disruptive events that have profound consequences for society and the economy. This volume aims to present an analysis of the economic impact of COVID-19 and its likely consequences for our future. This is achieved by drawing from the expertise of authors who specialise in a wide range of fields including fiscal and monetary policy, banking, financial markets, pensions and insurance, artificial intelligence and big data, climate change, labour market, travel, tourism and politics, among others. We asked contributing authors to write their chapters for a non-technical audience so that their message could reach beyond academia and professional economists to policy makers and the wider society. The material in this volume draws from the latest research and provides a wealth of ideas for further investigations and opportunities for reflection. This also makes it an ideal learning tool for economics and finance students wishing to gain a deeper understanding of how COVID-19 could influence their disciplines.
COVID-19 and Fiscal Policy in the Euro Area
Authors: Busetto F. , Dufour Alfonso , Varotto Simone
Published: July 2020

In this chapter we document fiscal policy developments in the main euro area economies over the last two decades and highlight the dramatic changes triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyse how euro area yield curves respond to COVID-19 related expectations of fiscal expansion. We show how fiscal constraints may affect interest rates. Upward pressure on national yields from higher debt levels could compromise fiscal and financial stability in the long-term.
COVID-19 and the Stock Market
Authors: Ramelli Stefano , Wagner Alexander F.
Published: July 2020

When disaster strikes, the weak suffer mightily, the strong only slightly. That is the lesson from stock market reactions to COVID-19. Strong firms had a robust financial position, advanced environmental and social performance, and were not severely exposed to social distancing and lockdowns. Firms with significant international exposure suffered more, at least at first. The ultimate effects of policy interventions, including those by central banks, have yet to be revealed. The market recovery in the second quarter of 2020 is like a patient recovering from COVID-19: hopeful but still uncertain. Managers and policymakers should project the future with great caution.
Private Equity & Venture Capital
Authors: Arundale Keith , Mason Colin
Published: July 2020

Private equity has successfully weathered economic crises in the past and appears to be well-placed to manage the current coronavirus crisis. Whilst both fundraising and investments will be significantly reduced from pre-pandemic levels for some time these are expected to recover and resume the historic overall growth trend. Private equity firms may find opportunities through taking undervalued public companies private and in restructuring under-performing businesses. However, start-ups may find seed and early stage finance hard to access. Government support measures need to meet the characteristics and needs of high growth enterprises.
COVID-19 and Its Impacts on Talent Mobility in China
Authors: Mouritzen Mikkel Rønnow , Rezaei Shahamak , Liu Yipeng
Published: July 2020

COVID-19 has caused countries around the world to close their doors and put strict measures on the mobility of people across geographical boundaries. What will be the impact on highly skilled talent? We address this important question by exploring the experiences of European researchers in China during COVID-19. We do so by utilising the newest unique data gathered in a survey by EURAXESS, which reports that 47% of the European researchers in China left due to the outbreak. We complement this with archive data, interviews, and COVID-19 regulations to discuss and forecast future scenarios for talent mobility to and from China.
Reshaping the Future
Authors: Chen Hung-Yi
Published: July 2020

Alternative data has steadily become more mainstream in investment decision-making. These non-traditional datasets provide a channel to draw insights from information as diverse as satellite images, news, tweets, mobile and internet traffic and credit card purchases. While alternative data has become an industry buzzword, making meaningful use of it remains a challenge. The ongoing financial crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic poses unprecedented challenges. This chapter explores examples of how alternative data can be used to help economic recovery.
Why Collaboration Needs to Win Over Protectionism
Authors: Laker Benjamin
Published: July 2020

The Covid-19 virus is severely affecting international trade, creating a negative fiscal outlook. Consequently, the global economy is receiving its sharpest reversal since the Great Depression. As such, we are seeing several countries invoke restrictions or taking action to secure medical supplies. A by-product of this is protectionism. One should worry most about developing countries without any domestic suppliers, who also need critical medical supplies, and who will be locked out, and not access essential equipment, medicines, and basic foodstuffs because of export restrictions set by developed nations. Therefore, collaboration is needed more than ever to ensure economic and societal prosperity throughout the world, rather than within a small number of isolated, prosperous regions.
The Political Implications of COVID-19
Authors: Halikiopoulou Daphne
Published: July 2020

This chapter briefly examines the political implications of COVID-19, focusing on the potential constraints and opportunities it poses for populism. Some initial comparative observations suggest the following patterns. First, populists in opposition are likely to be weakened electorally in the short-run, as voters support non-populists on the basis of valence voting. Second, this may not apply to populists in power, who may use emergency measures for democratic backsliding. Third, in the long-run, a potential economic crisis as a result of the pandemic may benefit populist parties, especially those in opposition as discontent voters may punish those in government for the poor managing of the health/economy trade-off. In sum, what will determine the direction of future political developments is the extent to which governments can balance the trade-offs involved in the Covid-19 crisis, including effective health management versus economic growth and individual freedoms versus collective security.
The Use of the Verb Run in English Learner-Narratives
An Analysis of Verb Constructions Influenced by Different L1s
Authors: Irsara Martina , Domahs Ulrike
Published: July 2020

The present paper investigates the use of the verb RUN in texts compiled in English by three groups of multilingual learners in the North of Italy. The participants spoke three different L1s: Ladin, Italian, and German. The main objective was to ascertain whether L1 imprints could be identified in the different groups, and whether the Ladin subjects behaved more similarly to their Italian or German counterparts. Despite considerable homogeneity found across all groups, the findings surprisingly suggested a stronger closeness between the texts of Ladin and German speakers, and not – as the typological relationship between Ladin and Italian would suggest – between Ladin and Italian speakers. The present data implicate that multilingual speakers bring to bear composite cognitive and typological systems when they construct texts in English as a third or further language, and text features are usually not easily attributable to a typologically clearly defined L1.
The Study of Phonetic and Syntactical Variation in Commercial Contemporary Music in Advanced English FL Courses
Authors: Perna Gianmarco
Published: July 2020

The aim of this research is to set up a consistent theorical arrangement concerning the socio-linguistic and socio-phonetic aspects of contemporary commercial music (CCM), which appears to be more and more uneven and manifold, also taking into account the previous research by Trudgill (1983), Simpson (1999) and others. The massive use of phonetic variation and style switching in contemporary Western singing style is here analyzed mainly focussing on its phonetic, cognitive and semantic relevance. Some examples of metric, socio-linguistic and stylistic variation are provided afterwards, so that a global diagram of linguistic habits might be traced. Other collateral aspects are recollected, mostly concerning the effects of CCM experience on L2 users.
Цитотоксичность трусопта и дорзолана соло на первичной культуре эндотелиальных клеток роговицы человека
Authors: Суббот Анастасия Михайловна , Фисенко Наталья Владимировна , Труфанов Сергей Владимирович
Published: July 2020

Изучено влияние антиглаукомных препаратов трусопт и дорзолан соло, содержащих дорзоламид в качестве действующего вещества в одинаковой концентрации, на культуру эндотелиальных клеток роговицы человека. Выявлено, что трусопт обладает более выраженным цитотоксическим эффектом (снижение выживаемости клеток на 8,5 % при концентрации в нем дорзоламида 20 мкг/мл, (p = 0,022) и на 12,8 % при концентрации в нем дорзоламида 200 мкг/мл (p < 0,0001), по сравнению с препаратом дорзолан соло, что, возможно, обусловлено наличием в его составе бензалкония хлорида.
Церебропротекторная активность мальвидина, гиперозида и глицитеина в условиях фокальной ишемии головного мозга
Authors: Воронков А. В. , Нигарян Сирануш Артуровна , Поздняков Д. И.
Published: July 2020

Изучены церебропротекторные свойства флавоноидов мальвидина, гиперозида и глицитеина в условиях экспериментальной фокальной ишемии головного мозга у крыс. Ишемию головного мозга воспроизводили методом необратимой правосторонней термокоагуляции средней мозговой артерии. Исследуемые соединения в дозе 100 мг/кг и препарат сравнения мексидол (100 мг/кг) вводили на протяжении 4 дней с момента воспроизведения церебральной ишемии. Оценивали изменение следующих показателей: поведенческая активность животных в тесте «Условный рефлекс пассивного избегания» и тесте «Экстраполяционное избавление», концентрация молочной, пировиноградной кислот и гомоцистеина, степень гидратации мозговой ткани, величина зоны церебрального некроза. На фоне введения крысам изучаемых соединений отмечено восстановление памятного следа, нормализация биохимических показателей, снижение величины отека головного мозга и размера зоны некроза. Наиболее выраженный эффект отмечен при применении мальвидина.
Новая группа антисекреторных средств — калий-конкурентные ингибиторы протонового насоса
Authors: Тихонов Дмитрий А. , Кудряшов Н. В.
Published: July 2020

Рассмотрены основные аспекты фармакологии антисекреторных средств из групп классических и калий-конкурентных ингибиторов протонового насоса. Особое внимание уделено молекулярному механизму действия, сравнительной характеристике отдельных препаратов, побочным эффектам и перспективам клинического применения новых представителей данной группы.
Priorities of Scientific and Technological Development of the Railway Industry in the Context of Digitalization: International Expertise
Authors: Karasev O. I. , Zheleznov M. M. , Beloshitsky A. V. , Shitov E. A.
Published: July 2020

Digitalization opens new opportunities and ways of doing business in all sectors of the economy. This process does not bypass the railway industry. The criticality of digitalization of the industry is explained by the widespread use of railway transport, and the increasing demand on quality and speed of providing transportation services. The article is devoted to the analysis of the priorities of digital transformation of the railway industry and highlights key trends of digital transformation, as well as priority areas of scientific and technological developments. The objective is to describe a three-level study of prospects for scientific and technological development of the railway industry in the context of digitalization of the economy based on application of the methods of system analysis to international expertise and practices. The first level of the study was devoted to identification of the main directions of development of digital technologies which can be applied to railway transport; the second level was the analysis of strategic railway documents developed in some regions followed by identification of key trends in digital development; the third one made it possible to identify the most effective information technologies to be implemented for railways, particularly in the Russian Federation.
Abstracts of D.Sc. and Ph.D. theses
Authors: Editorial Article
Published: July 2020

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Telemedicine Provides Enhanced Care for Low-Acuity Pediatric Urology Patients
Authors: Khorsandi Nikka , Gros Brendon , Chiu Yu-Wen , Martin Aaron D.
Published: July 2020

Methods: A survey was developed and sent to patients participating in a pediatric teleurology program at an academic medical center. This survey evaluated the patient’s history using this telemedicine platform, satisfaction with various aspects of the application as well as associated details about transportation and costs of traditional in-person visits.

Results: Of the 50 survey respondents, the majority reported that they found the app easy and comfortable to use as well as just as useful as in-person visits. Respondents also indicated that they incurred lower costs, traveled less, and faced less time lost from work.

Conclusions: Telemedicine is a useful tool to enhance low-acuity pediatric urology care while minimizing the financial and opportunity costs of these visits as compared to in-person visits.
State Reforms and Informal Payments in Secondary Education of Kazakhstan
Authors: Sharipova Dina
Published: July 2020

This paper explores the issue of informal payments in the education sector. State underinvestment in education has significantly increased the scope of informal payments in the post-independence period. The authorities of Kazakhstan have legalized informal payments by introducing Councils of Trustees, creating open school budget accounts, and making changes in the distribution of public expenditures. Although these measures have reduced informal payments in schools, the money received from parents is still an important part of school budgets.
Ekklesiologie der sanften Macht. Der 1. Timotheusbrief und die antike Fürstenspiegel-Literatur
Authors: Becker Matthias
Published: July 2020

Did early Christian church leaders and political rulers share common characteristics? By reading the First Epistle to Timothy through the lens of Greek and Roman “mirrors for princes” (specula principum) written in the first and early second centuries AD, this article intends to make a new contribution to this issue. The study’s interpretative focus lies on the idealized depiction of Timothy as a role model for early Christian officeholders as well as on the qualifications for bishops and deacons (1 Tim 3:1–13). The comparison of the features of the ideal ruler with those of ideal church leaders shows that central elements of the ecclesiology of First Timothy tap into the Greco-Roman discourse concerning ideal rulership. Yet not only that, it also helps to understand that the power that is undeniably attributed to officeholders is ultimately meant to be a soft power that serves the cause of “preservation” and “salvation” (σωτηρία).
Another Look at the Speeches of Reuben and Judah in Genesis 37
Authors: Bae Hee-Sook
Published: July 2020

Using a narratological synchronic reading, this article argues that Reuben and Judah are contrastively juxtaposed in their rhetoric and intentions in Genesis 37. Reuben considers the brothers’ plot a criminal act and bans both their internal intentions and their external evildoings against Joseph, whereas Judah repeatedly forbids them from killing Joseph, their own brother, posing a moral argument against fratricide. Problematically, however, he permits another evildoing, the sale of their own brother. The contrastive parallel of the two brothers in Genesis 37 does not support the classic documentary hypothesis, nor the supplementary expansion in favour of Judah. Rather, Judah’s problematic dealings with his own brother harkens to the practice of selling of own “flesh” and “kindred” into slavery in the post-exilic period. Genesis 37 in its present position provides a natural link to Genesis 38, as both chapters are identical in their negative depiction of Judah.
Meningkatkan Kesadaran Masyarakat untuk Memperhatikan Prokes (Protokol Kesehatan) dalam Beraktivitas di Era NeNo (New Normal) dengan Media PEPC (Poster Edukasi Pencegahan Covid-19) Melalui Media Wafagram (WA, Facebook, dan Instagram) di Kampung Padang Laban, Nagari Pasia Pelangai, Kecamatan Ranah Pesisir, Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan
Authors: aulia Kinten nafa
Published: July 2020

Sosialisasi dan Edukasi SarCov-19 merupakan kunci keberhasilan penanganan pandemik Covid-19. Tujuan kegiatan ini memberikan pemahaman tentang Covid-19 kepada para remaja dan masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan adalah dengan share melalui WA, Facebook, dan Instagram. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan bagi remaja dan Masyarakat yang ada di Kampung Padang Laban, Nagari Pasia Palagai, Kecamatan Ranah Pesisir, Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan. Kegiatan ini melibatkan remaja dan masyarakat yang ada di Kampung Padang Laban. Hasil dari implementasi yang dilaksanakan adalah jumlah remaja yang sudah paham New Normal 91%. Remaja yang sudah menerapkan protokol kesehatan sebanyak 71%. Remaja yang sudah mencuci tangan sebelum dan setelah makan selepas berpergian 100%. Remaja yang selalu memakai masker saat berpergian sebanyak 67%. Dan remaja yang menganggap bahwa menerapkan protokol kesehatan didalam kehidupan New Normal ini sangat penting sebanyak 95%. Sehingga terciptanya atau meningkatnya kesadaran akan pentingnya meperhatikan protokol kesehatan selama beraktivitas di era New Normal saat ini.
An Open and Shut Case: Epistemic Closure in the Manifest Image
Authors: Turri John
Published: July 2020

The epistemic closure principle says that knowledge is closed under known entailment. The closure principle is deeply implicated in numerous core debates in contemporary epistemology. Closure’s opponents claim that there are good theoretical reasons to abandon it. Closure’s proponents claim that it is a defining feature of ordinary thought and talk and, thus, abandoning it is radically revisionary. But evidence for these claims about ordinary practice has thus far been anecdotal. In this paper, I report five studies on the status of epistemic closure in ordinary practice. Despite decades of widespread assumptions to the contrary in philosophy, ordinary practice is ambivalent about closure. Ordinary practice does not endorse an unqualified version of the epistemic closure principle, although it might endorse a source-relative version of the principle. In particular, whereas inferential knowledge is not viewed as closed under known entailment, perceptual knowledge might be.
Knowledge Judgments in "Gettier" Cases
Authors: Turri John
Published: July 2020

“Gettier cases” have played a major role in Anglo-American analytic epistemology over the past fifty years. Philosophers have grouped a bewildering array of examples under the heading “Gettier case.” Philosophers claim that these cases are obvious counterexamples to the “traditional” analysis of knowledge as justified true belief, and they treat correctly classifying the cases as a criterion for judging proposed theories of knowledge. Cognitive scientists recently began testing whether philosophers are right about these cases. It turns out that philosophers were partly right and partly wrong. Some “Gettier cases” are obvious examples of ignorance, but others are obvious examples of knowledge. It also turns out that much research in this area of philosophy is marred by experimenter bias, invented historical claims, dysfunctional categorization of examples, and mischaracterization by philosophers of their own intuitive judgments about particular cases. Despite these shortcomings, lessons learned from studying “Gettier cases” are leading to important insights about knowledge and knowledge attributions, which are central components of social cognition.
Descartes’s Schism, Locke’s Reunion: Completing the Pragmatic Turn in Epistemology
Authors: Turri John , Buckwalter Wesley
Published: July 2020

Centuries ago, Descartes and Locke initiated a foundational debate in epistemology over the relationship between knowledge, on the one hand, and practical factors, on the other. Descartes claimed that knowledge and practice are fundamentally separate. Locke claimed that knowledge and practice are fundamentally united. After a period of dormancy, their disagreement has reignited on the contemporary scene. Latter-day Lockeans claim that knowledge itself is essentially connected to, and perhaps even constituted by, practical factors such as how much is at stake, how important the situation is, or how one should act. Latter-day Cartesians claim, by contrast, that knowledge is entirely constituted by truth-related factors such as truth, belief, and evidence. Each side has supported its case with claims about patterns in ordinary behavior and knowledge judgments. Lockeans argue that these patterns are best explained by positing a fundamental and direct link between knowledge and practical factors. Cartesians argue that the patterns can be equally well explained by positing an indirect link, entirely mediated by the traditional factors of truth, belief, and evidence, thereby rendering the Lockean hypothesis unnecessary. We argue that Cartesians are right about some practical factors, in particular stakes and how important a situation is, which have, at best, a modest indirect relationship to knowledge. However, Lockeans are right about actionability: whether a person should pursue a course of action is unquestionably very powerfully and directly connected to knowledge.
Knowledge and Luck
Authors: Turri John , Buckwalter Wesley
Published: July 2020

Nearly all success is due to some mix of ability and luck. But some successes we attribute to the agent’s ability, whereas others we attribute to luck. To better understand the criteria distinguishing credit from luck, we conducted a series of four studies on knowledge attributions. Knowledge is an achievement that involves reaching the truth. But many factors affecting the truth are beyond our control and reaching the truth is often partly due to luck. Which sorts of luck are compatible with knowledge? We find that knowledge attributions are highly sensitive to lucky events that change the explanation for why a belief is true. By contrast, knowledge attributions are surprisingly insensitive to lucky events that threaten but ultimately fail to change the explanation for why a belief is true. These results shed light on our concept of knowledge, help explain apparent inconsistencies in prior work on knowledge attributions, and constitute progress toward a general understanding of the relation between success and luck.
Social norms in adolescent risk engagement and recommendation
Authors: Ciranka Simon Kai , van den Bos Wouter
Published: July 2020

Social influence is an important determinant of adolescent risk-taking, but little is known about how social norms contribute to adolescents’ tendency to recommend and engage in risky behaviours. Using the Adolescent Risk-taking Questionnaire, we assessed subjects’ (n=198, age=10-26) propensity to engage in and recommend risk-taking as well as their perception of risk-norms. Adolescents recommended risk-taking more often compared to children and young adults. Perceived social norms were the most important factor predicting engagement in risky behaviours, and adolescents perceived risk-taking to be more normative than children or adults. Our findings highlight two mechanisms that contribute to adolescent risk-taking; active recommendation and perceived social norms. On this basis, we discuss potential means to attenuate excessive adolescent risk-taking.
Biopsychosocial and Spiritual Implications of Patients with COVID-19 Dying in Isolation
Authors: Galbadage Thushara , Peterson Brent M. , Wang David C. , Wang Jeffrey S. , Gunasekera Richard S.
Published: July 2020

Critically ill patients with the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are dying in isolation without the comfort of their family or other social support in unprecedented numbers. Recently, healthcare teams at COVID-19 epicenters have been inundated with critically ill patients. Patients isolated for COVID-19 have had no contact with their family or loved ones and may have likely experienced death without closure. This situation highlights concerns about the psychological and spiritual well-being of patients with COVID-19 and their families, as they permanently part ways. While palliative care has advanced to address these patients' needs adequately, the COVID-19 pandemic presents several barriers that force healthcare teams to deprioritize these essential aspects of patient care. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 gave us a glimpse of these challenges as these patients were also isolated in hospitals. Here, we discuss the importance of the biopsychosocial spiritual model in end-of-life care and its implications on patients dying with COVID-19. Furthermore, we outline an integrative approach to address the unique and holistic needs of critically ill patients dying with COVID-19. These include intentional and increased coordination with trained palliative care staff, early and frequent goals of care including discussion of end-of-life plans, broader use of technology to improve connectedness and shared decision making with patients’ families.
Animal Preferences: Implications of Sexual Selection Research for Empirical Aesthetics
Authors: Skov Martin
Published: July 2020

The theory of sexual selection posits that sexual species make use of sensory preferences for physical traits and behavior displayed by potential sexual partners to inform mate choices. This suggests that the ability to compute hedonic liking for perceptual stimuli is widespread across biological taxa, have a long evolutionary history, and that the neurobiological processes involved in assigning liking to sensory objects may be conserved over this history. It remains unclear, though, to what degree specialized forms of hedonic evaluations found in humans, including aesthetic appreciation, share common computational principles with appraisals of sexual traits in other animals. Unfortunately, comparative work is very rare, and researchers in the fields of sexual selection and empirical aesthetics appear largely ignorant about each other’s work. In this paper I review recent important findings from sexual selection research in animals that directly have bearing on current discussions in empirical aesthetics about how to understanding the nature and uniqueness of human aesthetic appreciation. I argue that many of the outstanding issues in empirical aesthetics can only be resolved by comparing sensory evaluation in humans with other forms of sensory evaluation in other species.
Evaluations of Self-Focused versus Other-Focused Arguments for Social Distancing: An Extension of Moral Matching Effects
Authors: Luttrell Andy , Petty Richard
Published: July 2020

The coronavirus pandemic has raised pressing questions about effective public health communication. Prior research has shown a persuasive advantage of arguments emphasizing a behavior’s benefits for others’ health, compared to benefits for the recipients. We suggest that other-focused (vs. self-focused) messages function more as moral arguments and should thus be especially persuasive to people who moralize public health. Across three studies, people perceived other-focused (vs. self-focused) appeals for social distancing more as moral arguments. Further, evaluations of these messages’ persuasiveness were moderated by how much the recipient already moralized public health. Other-focused arguments tended to be perceived as more persuasive than self-focused arguments primarily among people who saw public health as a moral issue, which had corresponding effects on social distancing intentions. These findings provide critical insight to health communicators and underscore the importance of understanding that a message’s impact can depend on audience characteristics.
Visualizing Changes to US Federal Environmental Agency Websites, 2016-2020
Authors: Nost Eric , Gehrke Gretchen , Poudrier Grace , Lemelin Aaron , Beck Marcy , Wylie Sara , Initiative Environmental Data and Governance
Published: July 2020

Websites have become the primary means by which the US federal government communicates about its operations and presents information for public consumption. However, the alteration or removal of critical information from these sites is often entirely legal and done without the public’s awareness. Relative to paper records, websites enable governments to shape public understanding in quick, scalable, and permissible ways. During the Trump administration, website changes indicative of climate denial prompted civil society organizations to develop tools for tracking online government information sources. We in the Environmental Data & Governance Initiative (EDGI) illustrate how five data visualization techniques can be used to document and analyze changes to government websites. We examine a large sample of websites of US federal environmental agencies and show that between 2016 and 2020: 1) the use of the term “climate change” decreased by an estimated 38%; 2) access to as much as 20% of the Environmental Protection Agency’s website was removed; 3) changes were made more to Cabinet agencies’ websites and to highly visible pages. In formulating ways to visualize and assess the alteration of websites, our study lays important groundwork for both systematically tracking changes and holding officials more accountable for their web practices. Our techniques enable researchers and watchdog groups alike to operate at the scale necessary to understand the breadth of impact an administration can have on the online face of government.
The COVID-19 Coping Study: A longitudinal mixed-methods study of mental health and well-being among older US adults during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Kobayashi Lindsay C. , O’Shea Brendan Q. , Kler Jasdeep S. , Nishimura Raphael , Palavicino-Maggio Caroline B. , Eastman Marisa R. , Vinson Yamani Rikia , Finlay Jessica
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveTo describe the methodology and baseline cohort characteristics of the COVID-19Coping Study, a longitudinal mixed-methods study of US adults aged ≥55.MethodsParticipants were recruited through online multi-frame non-probability sampling in Apriland May, 2020. The baseline questionnaire focused on the effects of COVID-19 ondaily life and mental health. Monthly follow-ups will be conducted for one year.FindingsIn total, 6,938 adults participated across all 50 US states, the District of Columbia, andPuerto Rico (mean [SD] age: 67.3 [7.9]; 64% female). Two in three adults reportedleaving home only for essential purposes in the past week (population-weightedproportion: 69%; 95% CI: 68%-71%). One-quarter of older adults in work before thepandemic reported reduced work hours or income (25%; 95% CI: 22%-27%). One inthree screened positive for depression (32%; 95% CI: 30%-34%) and anxiety (29%;95% CI: 28%-31%).ConclusionsWe observed substantial self-reported effects of COVID-19 on daily life and prevalentmental health symptoms in this cohort.Policy ImplicationsData may inform policies to support mental health and well-being among older adultsduring the COVID-19 pandemic.
Youth Networks' Advances Toward the Sustainable Development Goals During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Barber Kevin , Mostajo-Radji Mohammed A
Published: July 2020

From countries closing their borders, to ventilator “piracy” and accusations of conspiracy, the COVID-19 pandemic has made significant impacts on traditional international relations. Youth networks have emerged as a powerful tool for improving people-to-people diplomacy among countries, and present a system capable of managing unique difficulties associated with the pandemic. For instance, young bioengineers have developed 3D-printed personal protective equipment and ventilators to serve as inexpensive supplies to combat the malignancies of the disease. In complement, volunteer groups have developed solutions towards patient care of especially vulnerable populations such as those displaced in refugee camps. This work discusses the impact these initiatives have had on public diplomacy and how they are advancing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals amid the pandemic.
Yogmaya: Historical Reality in the Fictional Existence
Authors: Wagle Anupa
Published: July 2020

The aim of this article is to analyze the novel Yogmaya to find out the balance between the fictional world presented in it and the history related to it. Written as a novel on the background of Rana Period in Nepal, my endeavour is to find out whether the novel is successful to portray the contemporary Nepalese society. In order to analyze the novel this study draws insight from new historicism that demands the equal weight for literary foreground and historical background. For this, the study is limited within some aspects of New Historical approach and fictional world related to social phenomena presented in the novel. Finally, this article includes the major finding of this study that the fictional foregrounding of the novel successfully portrays the contemporary social background of the concerned time and place. Free translation is used while citing texts from the novel since it is in Nepali.
Mesodorylaimus dolichurus sp. nov. (Nematoda, Dorylaimida) from freshwater body of Vietnam
Authors: Gagarin V.G. , Gusakov V.A.
Published: July 2020

A new species of Mesodorylaimus Andrássy, 1959 is described and illustrated from Vietnam. Mesodorylaimus dolichurus sp. nov. is similar to M. flagellifer Andrássy, 2002 and M. derni Loof, 1969 and differs from both by longer odontostyle, longer tail in females, longer spicules and larger number of precloacal supplements in males.
Grassflies of the family Chloropidae (Diptera) on Mediterranean islands
Authors: Nartshuk E.P.
Published: July 2020

One hundred sixteen species of Chloropidae (Diptera) are recorded from several Mediterranean islands: 66 on Sardinia, 46 on Sicilia, 45 on the Balearic Islands, 39 on the Maltese Islands, 31 on Corsica, 22 on Cyprus and 6 on Crete. The number of species recorded depends more on the level of knowledge of fauna than on the area of the islands. The recorded species belong to no less than ten chorotypes, most of them, to Euro-Mediterranean, Macaronesian-Mediterranean or Mediterranean chorotypes. Two species, Lasiambia aterrima (Duda) and Oscinimorpha tenuirostris (Duda), are known on islands and in North Africa (Tunisia) but not recorded from mainland Europe. Two species are East Mediterranean, Tricimba meridian Dely-Draskovits and Trachysiphonella pori Harkness et Ismay. Scoliophthalmus trapezoids Becker and Anacamptoneurum obliquum Becker, which are recorded only from Cyprus, are distributed also in Africa, Arabia and the Oriental Region. Five species are up-to now found only on islands. This review includes 22 species (16 valid), which have type localities on the islands.
RUSSIAN CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM DOES NOT RECOGNIZE THE IMPACT OF REPEATED EARTHQUAKES ON CONSTRUCTION SITES
Authors: Maslyaev A.V.
Published: July 2020

Today, many learned builders know that earthquakes in the territory of, for example, a settlement can manifest themselves in the form of the first most powerful earthquake (main underground shock), which is usually followed by a series of weaker repeated earthquakes (repetitive shocks). There are many examples of such a sequence of manifestations of strong earthquakes in a certain territory, when tens of thousands of people die in destroyed buildings during repeated exposure earthquakes. It is thanks to these examples that scientists, builders, understand the main cause of death due to repeated earthquakes, which is the maximum permissible degree of damage formed in buildings under the influence of the first main earthquake. In addition, many builders are aware of many examples today when the intensity of the impact of a repeated earthquake on buildings was, for a number of reasons, stronger than the intensity of the effects of a major earthquake. However, contrary to the examples of the death of thousands of people in buildings during repeated earthquakes, in the construction system of Russia, the calculation of earthquake-resistant objects continues to take into account the impact of only one main earthquake. Therefore, the article substantiates the need to take into account the effects of earthquakes and repeated earthquakes in the calculations of earthquake-resistant buildings.
TECHNOLOGY FOR PROCESSING DRY MIXED SALTS OF LAKE KARAUMBET ON SODIUM SULPHATE
Authors: Tozhiev R.R. , Bobokulova O.S. , Mirzakulov H.Ch.
Published: July 2020

Results on processing of the dry mixed salts of Lake Karaumbet and extraction of myrabelit are resulted and processing it into high quality sodium sulfate and processing of its high-quality sodium sulfate. The basic technological scheme has been developed and the norms of the technological mode of production of sodium sulfate from the dry mixed salts of Lake Karaumbet have been established.
EQUIPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES WITH WHEELED MOBILE POWER TOOLS
AND FEATURES OF THEIR OPERATION
Authors: Starunova Irina , Kozhanov Vladimir , Starunova Valeria
Published: July 2020

The article deals with the issues of equipping agricultural enterprises with wheeled mobile power facilities. Quantitative values of equipment availability and its age structure are given, as well as a number of other indicators. Features of operation of the specified equipment depending on climatic and road conditions, seasonality of the performed works, etc. are considered.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING BISHOFITE FROM RAPE OF LAKES KARAUMBET AND BARSAKELMES
Authors: Tozhiev R.R. , Bobokulova O.S. , Mirzakulov H.Ch.
Published: July 2020

The process of obtaining bischofite from Karaumbet and Barsakelmes brine by its two-stage steaming with an intermediate release of sodium chloride was studied. At the same time, calcium and sulfate ions of brine have been removed by precipitation with soda ash and its waste - distiller liquid. The individuality of magnesium chloride hexahydrate has also been confirmed by X-ray and IR spectroscopic methods of analysis. The composition and quality of 6-aqueous magnesium chloride meets the requirements of State Standard 7759-73 for commercial bischofite.
NOTES ON COMPARATİVE TYPOLOGY OF MYTHOPOETİC PROSE AT THE JUNCTİON OF
THE XX-XXI CENTURİES (BASED ON AZERBAİJANİ AND ENGLİSH PROSE)
Authors: Aliyev Ilqar
Published: July 2020

The article compares the historical-literary, structural, semantic and functional aspects of mythopoetic prose at the junction of the XX-XXI centuries on the basis of Azerbaijani and English literature. The article touches on the common and different features of the mythopoetic style formed in different socio-historical and ethno-cultural environments in Azerbaijani and English national literature at that time, the peculiarities of content, genre, originality of compositional concepts, realist, modernist, and postmodernist literary currents emphasize the appeal of myth. The article substantiates the importance of comparative study of the mythopoetic style, literary-theoretical and literary-historical significance, which became one of the leading directions of development in Azerbaijani, English and world literature at that historical stage.