bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A longitudinal household study of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage in a UK setting
Authors: HUSSAIN M. , MELEGARO A. , PEBODY R. G. , GEORGE R. , EDMUNDS W. J. , TALUKDAR R. , MARTIN S. A. , EFSTRATIOU A. , MILLER E.
Published: September 2005

A 10-month longitudinal household study of pre-school children and their families was undertaken with monthly visits collecting epidemiological data and nasopharyngeal swabs in Hertfordshire, England from 2001 to 2002. Pneumococcal culture was with standard methods. In total, 121 families (489 individuals) took part. Mean prevalence of carriage ranged from 52% for age groups 0–2 years, 45% for 3–4 years, 21% for 5–17 years and 8% for [ges ]18 years. Carriage occurred more than once in 86% of children aged 0–2 years compared to 36% of those aged [ges ]18 years. The most prevalent serotypes in the 0–2 years age group were 6B followed by 19F, 23F, 6A and 14. Young children were responsible for the majority of introductions of new serotypes into a household. Erythromycin resistance (alone or in combination) occurred in 10% of samples and penicillin non-susceptibility in 3·7%. Overall the recently licensed 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV) would protect against 64% of serotypes with no intra-serogroup cross protection and 82% with such protection. Nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae is common in a UK setting in the pre-conjugate vaccine era. PCV would protect against a large proportion of carriage isolates. However, the impact of vaccination on non-vaccine serotypes will need to be monitored.
A decade of community MRSA in New Zealand
Authors: SMITH J. M. B. , COOK G. M.
Published: September 2005

In 1992, isolates with a distinctive phage pattern were identified amongst the 186 MRSA recovered in New Zealand. These unusual isolates were recovered in the Auckland region from individuals who came from or had visited Western Samoa, and were called Western Samoan phage pattern (WSPP) MRSA. They were almost exclusively community based and were mainly responsible for the alarming 15-fold increase in MRSA seen in New Zealand over the next 6 years. Since 2000, the number of infections attributable to WSPP MRSA appears to be declining. WSPP isolates are clonal, possess a unique type IV SCCmec element, and a distinctive multilocus sequence allelic profile (ST30). WSPP isolates are invariably not multiresistant with methicillin MICs generally [les ]32 μg/ml. Virulence of the WSPP clone appears to be related to its adhesive and consistent toxin- (e.g. Panton–Valentine leukocidin, α- and γ-haemolysins) producing capabilities. Isolates are most frequently associated with cutaneous lesions in younger age groups. Since 1998, MRSA isolates belonging to the UK-derived EMRSA-15 strain (also type IV SCCmec) have continued to increase in New Zealand, and together with WSPP, these strains now dominate MRSA isolations in New Zealand.
Detection of multiple strains of rabies virus RNA using primers designed to target Mexican vampire bat variants
Authors: LOZA-RUBIO E. , ROJAS-ANAYA E. , BANDA-RUÍZ V. M. , NADIN-DAVIS S. A. , CORTEZ-GARCÍA B.
Published: September 2005

A reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), that uses primers specifically designed to amplify a portion of the N gene of vampire bat strains of rabies that circulate in Mexico, but also recognizing most of the rabies variants circulating in endemic areas, was established. This standardized PCR assay was able to detect viral RNA in tenfold serial dilutions up to a 107 dilution using stock virus at an original titre of 107·5 LD50. The assay was highly specific for rabies virus. Forty different rabies isolates recovered from different species and geographical regions in the country were diagnosed as positive and negative by the fluorescent antibody test (FAT). These same samples were re-examined by both PCR and the mouse inoculation test (MIT). Compared with MIT the PCR exhibited an epidemiological sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 91% while its positive predictive value was 96%.
Tick species and tick-borne infections identified in population from a rural area of Spain
Authors: MERINO FRANCISCO JESÚS , NEBREDA TERESA , LUIS SERRANO JOSE , FERNÁNDEZ-SOTO PEDRO , ENCINAS ANTONIO , PÉREZ-SÁNCHEZ RICARDO
Published: September 2005

To determine the tick species that bite humans in the province of Soria (Spain) and ascertain the tick-borne pathogens that threaten people's health in that province, 185 tick specimens were collected from 179 patients who sought medical advice at health-care centres. The ticks were identified, and their DNA examined by PCR for pathogens. Most ticks were collected in autumn and spring (59 and 57 respectively). Nine species of ticks were identified, the most frequent being Dermacentor marginatus (55·7%), Ixodes ricinus (12·4%) and Rhipicephalus bursa (11·9%). Ninety-seven females, 66 males, 21 nymphs and one larva were identified. Twenty-six ticks carried DNA from Rickettsia spp. (11 Rickettsia slovaca, 6 Rickettsia spp. RpA4/DnS14, 1 Rickettsia massiliae/Bar29, and 8 unidentified); two ticks carried DNA from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and seven ticks harboured DNA from Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
Re-assessing the likelihood of airborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease at the start of the 1967–1968 UK foot-and-mouth disease epidemic
Authors: GLOSTER J. , FRESHWATER A. , SELLERS R. F. , ALEXANDERSEN S.
Published: September 2005

The likelihood of airborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease at the start of the 1967–1968 epidemic is re-assessed in the light of current understanding of airborne disease spread. The findings strongly confirm those made at the time that airborne virus was the most likely cause of the rapid early development of the disease out to 60 km from the source. This conclusion is reached following a detailed epidemiological, meteorological and modelling study using original records and current modelling techniques. The role played by ‘lee waves’ as the mechanism for the spread is investigated. It is thought that they played little part in influencing the development of the epidemic. A number of lessons learned from the work are drawn, identifying the need for further research on the quantity and characteristics of airborne virus. The results are also used to illustrate what advice would have been available to disease controllers if the outbreak had occurred in 2004.
Changing epidemiology of melioidosis? A case of acute pulmonary melioidosis with fatal outcome imported from Brazil
Authors: AARDEMA H. , LUIJNENBURG E. M. , SALM E. F. , BIJLMER H. A. , VISSER C. E. , VAN'T WOUT J. W.
Published: September 2005

Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is endemic in South East Asia and tropical regions of Northern Australia. Sporadic cases have been described elsewhere. In this article we present a case of acute pulmonary melioidosis with fatal outcome imported from Brazil. The most common pathogen causing severe community-acquired pneumonia in Brazil is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other possible pathogens include Legionella spp., Mycoplasma pneumonia, Gram-negative rods and viruses. There are few reports of melioidosis in the Americas. This article represents the second known human case of melioidosis from Brazil. Recognition of melioidosis as a possible cause of severe pneumonia, even if a patient has not been travelling in a highly endemic area, is important because of the therapeutic consequences. The epidemiology of melioidosis will be reviewed.
Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Rome, Italy
Authors: ROTA M. C. , PONTRELLI G. , SCATURRO M. , BELLA A. , BELLOMO A. R. , TRINITO M. O. , SALMASO S. , RICCI M. L.
Published: September 2005

Between August and October 2003, 15 cases of Legionnaires' disease were detected in the 9th district of Rome. To identify possible sources of Legionella exposure, a matched case-control study was conducted and environmental samples were collected. Hospital discharge records were also retrospectively analysed for the period July–November 2003, and results were compared with the same period during the previous 3 years. The case-control study revealed a significantly increased risk of disease among those frequenting a specific department store in the district (OR 9·8, 95% CI 2·1–46·0), and Legionella pneumophila was isolated from the store's cooling tower. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of human and environmental isolates demonstrated that the cluster was caused by a single strain of L. pneumophila serogroup 1, and that the cooling tower of the store was the source of infection. The increased number of hospital admissions for microbiologically undiagnosed pneumonia during the study period may indicate that some legionellosis cases were not identified.
A multi-state outbreak of Salmonella serotype Thompson infection from commercially distributed bread contaminated by an ill food handler
Authors: KIMURA A. C. , PALUMBO M. S. , MEYERS H. , ABBOTT S. , RODRIGUEZ R. , WERNER S. B.
Published: September 2005

Foodborne transmission is estimated to account for 95% of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections reported in the United States; however, outbreaks of salmonellosis are rarely traced to food handlers. In August 2000, an increase in Salmonella serotype Thompson infection was noted in Southern California; most of the cases reported eating at a restaurant chain (Chain A) before illness onset. A case-control study implicated the consumption of burgers at Chain A restaurants. The earliest onset of illness was in a burger bun packer at Bakery B who had not eaten at Chain A but had worked while ill. Bakery B supplied burger buns to some Chain A restaurants in Southern California and Arizona. This outbreak is notable for implicating a food handler as the source of food contamination and for involving bread, a very unusual outbreak vehicle for Salmonella. Inadequate food-handler training as well as delayed reporting to the health department contributed to this outbreak.
Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Agona: characterization of a diffuse outbreak caused by aniseed-fennel-caraway infusion
Authors: RABSCH W. , PRAGER R. , KOCH J. , STARK K. , ROGGENTIN P. , BOCKEMÜHL J. , BECKMANN G. , STARK R. , SIEGL W. , AMMON A. , TSCHÄPE H.
Published: September 2005

During 2002–2003 increased numbers of notified salmonellosis due to S. enterica serovar Agona were observed in Germany. In order to understand the recent spread of this serovar and to trace the route of infection to its source, a new phage-typing scheme and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used to analyse these isolates. By using 14 bacteriophages, 52 phage types were distinguished among the S. Agona strains. PFGE also differentiated 52 different patterns. A combination of both methods generated 94 clonal types among 165 S. Agona strains originating from Germany and other countries including the United States, United Arab Emirates, Turkey, India, Austria and Finland, indicating a great biological diversity within this serovar. However, 36 recent S. Agona isolates from infantile gastroenteritis in Germany, from an untreated batch of aniseed imported from Turkey and from fennel-aniseed-caraway infusion (packed in tea bags) revealed clonal identity indicating their epidemiological relatedness as a new source of infection. It is suggested that strains of S. Agona will continue to be of public health concern, and that phage typing together with PFGE typing should be applied as reliable and rapid tools for epidemiological subtyping and future monitoring.
Lyme disease in France: a primary care-based prospective study
Authors: LETRILLIART L. , RAGON B. , HANSLIK T. , FLAHAULT A.
Published: September 2005

To estimate the incidence of Lyme borreliosis in France, describe its clinical presentations, and assess its potential risk factors, we conducted a nationwide prospective study in the French Sentinelles Network, consisting of 1178 general practitioners (GPs). Of these, 875 (74%), i.e. 1·6% of all French GPs, participated in the study from May 1999 to April 2000. Eighty-six cases of Lyme disease were reported and validated, of which 77 (90%) consisted of erythema migrans. At national level, the incidence was estimated at 9·4/100000 inhabitants. Compared to the French general population, Lyme disease patients were older (P<10−4), more were living in rural areas (P<10−3), and amongst the working population, more were farmers (P<10−3) and fewer, salaried workers (P<0·005). Cervidae density correlated strongly with the estimated regional incidence of Lyme disease (r=0·82). Both incidence data and identified risk factors can help to target measures for its prevention and treatment.
Rubella and measles seroprevalence among women of childbearing age, Argentina, 2002
Authors: DAYAN G. H. , PANERO M. S. , URQUIZA A. , MOLINA M. , PRIETO S. , CARMEN PEREGO M. DEL , SCAGLIOTTI G. , GALIMBERTI D. , CARROLI G. , WOLFF C. , BI D. , BELLINI W. , ICENOGLE J. , REEF S.
Published: September 2005

To assess rubella and measles susceptibility among women of childbearing age we conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence study in four cities and one rural area in Argentina. A convenience sample of women aged 15–49 years seeking care in public health-care institutions was selected (n=2804). Serum specimens were tested for rubella and measles IgG antibody titres. The overall susceptibility to rubella and measles was 8·8 and 12·5% respectively. Seroprevalence differences were found for both rubella (P<0·001) and measles (P=0·002) across sites. Rubella seroprevalence was higher in women aged [ges ]40 years than in younger women (P=0·04). Measles seroprevalence tended to increase with age (P<0·001). Approximately 15% of women aged 15–29 years were not immune to measles. No risk factors were associated with rubella seronegativity; however, age (P<0·001) and having less than four pregnancies (P<0·001) were factors associated with measles seronegativity. Our findings support the introduction of supplemental immunization activities targeting adolescents and young adults to prevent congenital rubella syndrome and measles outbreaks over time.
Foodborne general outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 infection, England and Wales, 1992–2002: where are the risks?
Authors: GILLESPIE I. A. , O'BRIEN S. J. , ADAK G. K. , WARD L. R. , SMITH H. R.
Published: September 2005

Foodborne outbreaks of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) infection (n=497), reported to the Health Protection Agency Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre between 1992 and 2002, were compared with other pathogens (n=1148) to determine factors (season, setting, food vehicles, food safety faults) associated with this pathogen. Logistic regression was applied to control for potential confounding. Foodborne general outbreaks of S. Enteritidis PT4 infection were more likely to occur in the spring and summer, and were more often linked to schools, private residences and residential institutions. Eggs, egg products and the use of raw shell egg were strongly associated with this pathogen. Most outbreaks were linked to cross-contamination and inadequate heat treatment. This paper describes the decline in the S. Enteritidis PT4 epidemic, providing evidence that control measures introduced, e.g. improved biosecurity and vaccination, have worked. Continued surveillance of human and veterinary salmonellosis is essential to detect future problems.
Foodborne general outbreaks of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in England and Wales 1992–2002: where are the risks?
Authors: GILLESPIE I. A. , O'BRIEN S. J. , ADAK G. K. , CHEASTY T. , WILLSHAW G.
Published: September 2005

Between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 2002, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157) accounted for 44 of the 1645 foodborne general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease reported to the Health Protection Agency Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. These outbreaks, although rare, were characterized by severe infection, with 169 hospital admissions and five deaths reported. STEC O157 outbreaks were compared with other pathogens to identify factors associated with this pathogen. Single risk variable analysis and logistic regression were employed. Two distinct aetiologies were identified. Foodborne outbreaks of STEC O157 infection in England and Wales were independently associated with farms, which related to milk and milk products, and with red meats/meat products, which highlighted butchers' shops as a cause for concern. The introduction and adherence to effective control measures, based on the principles of hazard analysis, provide the best means of minimizing the risk of foodborne infection with this pathogen.
A foodborne outbreak of Salmonella infection due to overproduction of egg-containing foods for a festival
Authors: CAMPS N. , DOMÍNGUEZ A. , COMPANY M. , PÉREZ M. , PARDOS J. , LLOBET T. , USERA M. A. , SALLERAS L.
Published: September 2005

A large outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in Catalonia in June 2002 with 1435 cases and 117 hospitalizations. Consumption of a hard pastry with vanilla cream was strongly associated with illness. Stool samples from cases and food-handlers were analysed. The premises of the food manufacturer were inspected and food samples were taken for microbiological analysis. Salmonella serotype Enteriditis was isolated from 154 cases, three food-handlers and nine food samples. Outbreak-associated strains showed a coincident phage type, antibiotype and pulse-field gel electrophoresis pattern. Inadequate handling of foods containing eggs occurred because the establishment exceeded its safe food production capacity to meet demand for the pastry, which was consumed on the day of a traditional festival. Excessive production of foods for holidays or special events represents a potential public health threat.
The changing epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in North West England
Authors: SOPWITH W. , OSBORN K. , CHALMERS R. , REGAN M.
Published: September 2005

Between 1996 and 2000, rates of cryptosporidiosis in North West England were significantly higher than overall in England and Wales, particularly during the first half of each year. In addition, during the second quarter of each year in this period, up to 40% of all cases recorded in England and Wales were from the North West Region. In 2001, cryptosporidiosis dramatically decreased throughout the United Kingdom and the springtime excess of cases formerly seen in the North West was no longer apparent. This changed epidemiology was due to a decline in cases of Cryptosporidium parvum (formerly genotype 2), associated with zoonotic transmission. Although the initial loss of a spring peak of infection corresponded with the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease throughout the United Kingdom, its continued absence relates to major structural changes in the North West public water supply. This study highlights the far-reaching public health benefit of local working relationships in addressing re-occurring disease issues.
Determination of shock parameters for the very fast interplanetary shock on 29 October 2003
Authors: Terasawa T. , Nakata K. , Oka M. , Saito Y. , Mukai T. , Hayakawa H. , Matsuoka A. , Tsuruda K. , Ishisaka K. , Kasaba K. , Kojima H. , Matsumoto H.
Published: September 2005

We study a very fast interplanetary shock (IP shock) event observed on 29 October 2003 based on the Geotail particle and field measurements in the solar wind. During this event the intensity of high‐energy solar energetic particles (greater than several to several tens of MeV) was quite high, causing a serious background problem for plasma particle measurements on Geotail as well as on the other spacecraft. The magnetic/electric field measurements and the plasma wave measurement aboard Geotail, on the other hand, were free from such a background problem and provided a reliable estimate for the local plasma parameters including the plasma density. From these measurements, our best estimation for the local shock velocity is ∼2000 km/s in the observer's rest frame or ∼1400 km/s in the upstream plasma rest frame. The corresponding Alfvén Mach number is ∼12. It is found that the timing analysis of the shock arrivals at ACE and Geotail gives a shock velocity significantly lower than the above value. We argue that this difference is due to the shock surface rippling by 15–20 deg. We also comment that this IP shock had a property of “cosmic‐ray‐mediated” shock, namely a shock having a spatial structure affected by pressures exerted by nonthermal particles accelerated by the shock itself.
Modeling near‐field dispersion from direct injection of carbon dioxide into the ocean
Authors: Chen Baixin , Song Yongchen , Nishio Masahiro , Someya Satoshi , Akai Makoto
Published: September 2005

In this paper we have predicted the dynamics of double plume formation and dispersion from direct injection of liquid CO2 into middle‐depth ocean water. To do so, we used a three‐dimensional, two‐fluid numerical model. The model consists of a CO2 droplet submodel and a small‐scale turbulent ocean submodel, both of which were calibrated against field observation data. With an injection rate of 100 kg s−1 CO2, numerical simulations indicated that the injection of 8‐mm‐diameter CO2 droplets from fixed ports at 858 m (20 m above the seafloor) into a current flowing at 2.5 cm s−1 could create a plume that reaches the bottom and has at most a 2.6‐unit decrease in pH. The strong interaction between the buoyant rise of the liquid CO2 and the fall of the CO2‐enriched water produced a vertically wavy plume tip at about 190 m above the seafloor. The maximum pH decrease, however, was kept to 1.7 units when the liquid CO2 had an initial droplet diameter of 20 mm and it was injected at 1500 m from a towed pipe with a ship speed of 3.0 m s−1. After 70 min the double plume developed into a single‐phase passive plume with a vertical scale of 450 m and a horizontal scale larger than 150 m. This development was attributable to the droplets' buoyant rise and dissolution, along with ocean turbulence, which together diluted the plume and reduced the decrease in pH to less than 0.5 units.
On the dense bubble clouds and near bottom turbulence in the surf zone
Authors: Vagle Svein , Chandler Peter , Farmer David M.
Published: September 2005

Measurements of high‐frequency (100 kHz) acoustical backscatter in the surf zone have identified the presence of a wall formed by dense assemblages of bubbles generated by breaking gravity waves and persisting for periods up to 30 min. These bubbles are advected by alongshore and cross‐shore rip currents and are controlled by the local wave field, turbulence, dissolution, and buoyancy. During the summer of 2000 the location of the bubble wall south of Scripps Pier, California, was tracked for a 6‐week period. Distinct categories of bubble wall defined by the backscatter intensity data are observed, distinguished by the presence or absence of rip current activity. The results suggest that presence or absence of long‐period waves (10–20 s) may play a role in controlling the bubble wall type. During periods without rip currents the location of the bubble wall is controlled by the incoming wave field. Simultaneous turbulence dissipation measurements 0.4 m above the seafloor show clear dependence on the local water depth beneath incoming waves. The acoustical backscatter data are interpreted using in situ bubble and turbulence measurements in conjunction with a simple model based on bubble sorting by buoyancy, dissolution, and turbulence.
Penetration of solar radiation in the upper ocean: A numerical model for oceanic and coastal waters
Authors: Lee ZhongPing , Du KePing , Arnone Robert , Liew SooChin , Penta Bradley
Published: September 2005

For studies of heat transfer in the upper ocean, the vertical distribution of solar radiation (ESR) in the shortwave domain plays an important role. In earlier studies, a sum of multiple exponentials was used to describe the vertical transmittance of ESR. For those exponential terms, an attenuation coefficient for each term is assigned, and those attenuation coefficients are assumed to be vertically constant. Furthermore, those attenuation coefficients are empirically modeled as functions of chlorophyll concentration (Chl) to cope with varying water properties of the oceans. Since attenuation coefficients of ocean waters are generally determined by components more than Chl alone, we developed a generalized model bypassing the use of Chl on the basis of extensive numerical simulations. In this new model, vertical transmittance of ESR is separated into two exponential terms, with one for the contributions of wavelengths below 700 nm (the visible domain, EVIS) and one for wavelengths above 700 nm (the infrared domain, EIR). An attenuation coefficient is assigned for each of the two exponential terms. Unlike earlier models, these attenuation coefficients vary with depth as expected. Furthermore, the attenuation coefficient for the visible domain is modeled as a function of water's absorption and backscattering coefficients. Since absorption and backscattering coefficients of the world oceans can be adequately derived from observations of ocean color, the model we developed provides an effective and adequate means to describe the three‐dimensional variation of both EVIS and ESR in the upper layer of the world oceans.
River networks of southern Africa: Scaling laws governing their geometry and deviations from scaling
Authors: Stankiewicz Jacek , de Wit Maarten J.
Published: September 2005

Africa is tectonically and hypsometrically different to all other continents and therefore provides a unique natural laboratory for the study of river network geometry. Southern Africa is one of the more unusual geomorphological regions of this continent, hence our interest in the geometry of the rivers draining this region. The 14 river basins analyzed here come from the larger networks of the Orange and Limpopo rivers, as well as from the southernmost section of the continent where rivers meander through an exhumed belt of folded Paleozoic mountains. Basic scaling laws, such as Horton's laws and Hack's law, hold for the rivers studied here, but the parameters governing these relationships vary between networks. A strong inverse correlation between Horton's ratio of stream numbers and mean source stream slope is observed. We believe this is the first time such a relation has been reported. Horton's ratio of basin areas is proportional to that of stream numbers but always greater than it; this contradicts existing models that equate the two parameters. An expression for the ratio of stream lengths in terms of the ratio of stream numbers is derived theoretically and verified for the available data. The parameter governing Hack's law, h, varies not only between networks but also with scale inside each network. Existing models provide up to four scaling regimes. Given the spatial resolution of this study, the two regimes at the middle scales are visible here. These are termed the short‐range and randomness regimes, with a crossover occurring at a drainage area of approximately 800 km2. The values for h in the smaller short‐range regime have an inverse correlation with the roughness of the topography. Observed values for h imply basins appear more elongated with increasing area; this would be more pronounced in rivers draining a smooth topography. In the randomness regime the values of h are lower, mostly between 0.5 and 0.6, with a weak positive correlation to topography roughness. This range of h corresponds to self‐similar basins, but a more detailed analysis of individual stream fractality is necessary before such a conclusion can be made.
Identification and removal of Mn‐Mg‐rich contaminant phases on foraminiferal tests: Implications for Mg/Ca past temperature reconstructions
Authors: Pena L. D. , Calvo E. , Cacho I. , Eggins S. , Pelejero C.
Published: September 2005

The geochemical composition of foraminifera shells from an Ocean Drilling Program site in the Panama Basin has been analyzed by several analytical techniques (LA‐ICP‐MS, ICP‐MS, XRD, SEM, EDX) in order to identify and evaluate the occurrence of contaminant phases which may bias paleoenvironmental reconstructions. LA‐ICP‐MS results on uncleaned tests indicate the presence of Mn‐Mg‐rich contaminant phases at the inner surfaces of the foraminiferal shells (which have Mn/Ca ratios up to 400 mmol mol−1 and Mg/Ca ratios up to 50 mmol mol−1). We have rigorously assessed the ability of different cleaning protocols to remove these contaminant phases and have obtained satisfactory results only when a reductive step is included. The analysis of cleaning residuals collected after each of the different cleaning steps applied reveals that high Mn values are associated with at least two different contaminant phases, of which only one is linked to high Mg values. XRD analysis further reveals that the Mn‐Mg‐rich phase is the Ca‐Mn‐Mg carbonate kutnahorite (Ca(Mn, Mg)(CO3)2). Our results demonstrate that the presence of kutnahorite‐like minerals can bias Mg/Ca ratios toward higher values (by 7–36%) and lead to significant overestimation of past seawater temperatures (by 0.9 up to 6.2°C, in the case of these Panama Basin samples).
Tectonic interpretation of the Andrew Bain transform fault: Southwest Indian Ocean
Authors: Sclater John G. , Grindlay Nancy R. , Madsen John A. , Rommevaux‐Jestin Celine
Published: September 2005

Between 25°E and 35°E, a suite of four transform faults, Du Toit, Andrew Bain, Marion, and Prince Edward, offsets the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) left laterally 1230 km. The Andrew Bain, the largest, has a length of 750 km and a maximum transform domain width of 120 km. We show that, currently, the Nubia/Somalia plate boundary intersects the SWIR east of the Prince Edward, placing the Andrew Bain on the Nubia/Antarctica plate boundary. However, the overall trend of its transform domain lies 10° clockwise of the predicted direction of motion for this boundary. We use four transform‐parallel multibeam and magnetic anomaly profiles, together with relocated earthquakes and focal mechanism solutions, to characterize the morphology and tectonics of the Andrew Bain. Starting at the southwestern ridge‐transform intersection, the relocated epicenters follow a 450‐km‐long, 20‐km‐wide, 6‐km‐deep western valley. They cross the transform domain within a series of deep overlapping basins bounded by steep inward dipping arcuate scarps. Eight strike‐slip and three dip‐slip focal mechanism solutions lie within these basins. The earthquakes can be traced to the northeastern ridge‐transform intersection via a straight, 100‐km‐long, 10‐km‐wide, 4.5‐km‐deep eastern valley. A striking set of seismically inactive NE‐SW trending en echelon ridges and valleys, lying to the south of the overlapping basins, dominates the eastern central section of the transform domain. We interpret the deep overlapping basins as two pull‐apart features connected by a strike‐slip basin that have created a relay zone similar to those observed on continental transforms. This transform relay zone connects three closely spaced overlapping transform faults in the southwest to a single transform fault in the northeast. The existence of the transform relay zone accounts for the difference between the observed and predicted trend of the Andrew Bain transform domain. We speculate that between 20 and 3.2 Ma, an oblique accretionary zone jumping successively northward created the en echelon ridges and valleys in the eastern central portion of the domain. The style of accretion changed to that of a transform relay zone, during a final northward jump, at 3.2 Ma.
Pulsed subduction accretion and tectonic erosion reconstructed since 2.5 Ma from the tephra record offshore Costa Rica
Authors: Clift Peter D. , Chan Lui‐Heung , Blusztajn Jerzy , Layne Graham D. , Kastner Miriam , Kelly Robyn K.
Published: September 2005

Tephra layers recovered by Ocean Drilling Program from the forearc and trench regions offshore the Nicoya Peninsula of Costa Rica allow the temporal evolution of the volcanic arc to be reconstructed since 2.5 Ma. Major and trace element analyses by microprobe methods reveal a dominant tholeiitic character and a provenance in the Costa Rican area. The tephra show long‐term coherent variability in geochemistry. One tephra dated at 1.45 Ma shows minimum values in ɛNd and maximum Li/Y consistent with very high degrees of sediment recycling at this time. However, overall Li/Y and δ7Li increase with SiO2 content, suggesting addition of heavy Li through forearc tectonic erosion and crustal assimilation. Peak values in δ7Li starting at 1.45 Ma and lasting ∼0.5 m.y. indicate enhanced tectonic erosion of the forearc possibly caused by subduction of a seamount at 1.45 Ma. The tephra record indicates significant temporal variability in terms of sediment subduction, reconciling the geologic evidence for long‐term tectonic erosion and geochemical evidence for recent sediment accretion in the modern Central American arc.
Climatic features of the water vapor transport around east Asia and rainfall over Japan in June and September
Authors: Yoshikane Takao , Kimura Fujio
Published: September 2005

The climatic features of the water vapor transport (WVT), which is closely related to rainfall in the middle latitudes around east Asia, are investigated using reanalysis data in June and September. A large amount of water vapor is intermittently transported in September in association with the movement of typhoons, but continuously transported in June. We defined a typhoon term as that when a typhoon or tropical storm is in Region A (20N–40N, 120E–150E) to estimate the effect on the poleward WVT. In September, the poleward WVT through Segment B (25N, 130E–150E) in the typhoon term (38.5% of the total term) was about 84% of that in the 20‐year‐accumulated total term, indicating that the climatic poleward WVT is greatly affected by typhoons and tropical storms. It is concluded that the contribution of typhoons and tropical storms is indispensable for the formation of a climatic atmospheric field around east Asia in September.
Comparisons of EOS MLS cloud ice measurements with ECMWF analyses and GCM simulations: Initial results
Authors: Li J.‐L. , Waliser D. E. , Jiang J. H. , Wu D. L. , Read W. , Waters J. W. , Tompkins A. M. , Donner L. J. , Chern J.‐D. , Tao W.‐K. , Atlas R. , Gu Y. , Liou K. N. , Del Genio A. , Khairoutdinov M. , Gettelman A.
Published: September 2005

To assess the status of global climate models (GCMs) in simulating upper‐tropospheric ice water content (IWC), a new set of IWC measurements from the Earth Observing System's Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) are used. Comparisons are made with ECMWF analyses and simulations from several GCMs, including two with multi‐scale‐modeling framework. For January 2005 monthly and daily mean values, the spatial agreement between MLS and ECMWF is quite good, although MLS estimates are higher by a factor of 2–3 over the Western Pacific, tropical Africa and South America. For the GCMs, the model‐data agreement is within a factor of 2–4 with larger values of disagreement occurring over Eastern Pacific and Atlantic ITCZs, tropical Africa and South America. The implications arising from sampling and uncertainties in the observations, the modeled values and their comparison are discussed. These initial results demonstrate the potential usefulness of this data set for evaluating GCM performance and guiding development efforts.
Post‐seismic permeability change in a shallow fractured aquifer following a ML 5.1 earthquake (Fourbanne karst aquifer, Jura outermost thrust unit, eastern France)
Authors: Charmoille A. , Fabbri O. , Mudry J. , Guglielmi Y. , Bertrand C.
Published: September 2005

Following a ML 5.1 earthquake in eastern France, a post‐seismic 12‐day long electrical conductivity increase was recorded in the water discharging from a karst aquifer located 3 km from the epicentre. We attribute this to a permeability enhancement which allowed long‐residence time water from low‐permeability fractures located in the saturated zone to be expelled. The permeability enhancement shows that shallow aquifers can be significantly deformed for several days by moderate magnitude earthquakes.
Energetic particle observations from the Ulysses COSPIN instruments obtained during the October–November 2003 events
Authors: McKibben R. B. , Anglin J. D. , Connell J. J. , Dalla S. , Heber B. , Kunow H. , Lopate C. , Marsden R. G. , Sanderson T. R. , Zhang M.
Published: September 2005

We report comprehensive observations of solar energetic particle intensities at energies from 0.3 to >100 MeV made by the suite of six Ulysses COSPIN energetic charged particle instruments on the Ulysses spacecraft during the period of intense solar activity in October/November 2003. We also discuss observations of particle anisotropies in selected energy ranges made by these instruments. Located near the orbit of Jupiter and only about 6° north of the heliographic equatorial plane, Ulysses provided important measurements for comparison with 1 AU observations and for assessing the nature of particle propagation in this period of isolated but intense solar activity in the declining phase of the solar activity cycle. The most significant conclusion is that the particle populations in the inner heliosphere were highly nonuniform throughout the events, strongly guided and confined by magnetic structures such as stream interfaces in the solar wind. This provides strong contrast to the nearly uniform intensities that were quickly established after large events near the peak of the solar cycle. Points of particular interest are (1) possible observation at 5.2 AU during onset of differential filling of flux tubes and confinement of high‐energy (>∼20 MeV) particles to flux tubes in the course of propagation from the source; (2) apparent exclusion of energetic particles from the interior of a large coronal mass ejection (CME); (3) possible triggered release of electrons from Jupiter by interaction with the same CME, and propagation of the electrons within the closed fields of the CME.
Limitations on regression analysis due to serially correlated residuals: Application to climate reconstruction from proxies
Authors: Thejll Peter , Schmith Torben
Published: September 2005

The effects of serially correlated residuals on the accuracy of linear regression are considered, and remedies are suggested. The Cochrane‐Orcutt method specifically remedies the effects of serially correlated residuals and yields more accurate regression coefficients than does ordinary least squares. We illustrate the effects of serially correlated residuals, explain the application of the CO method, and evaluate the gains to be achieved in its use. We apply the method to an example from climate reconstruction, and we show that the effects of serial correlation in residuals are present and show the significantly improved result.
Global impacts of gas‐phase chemistry‐aerosol interactions on direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols and ozone
Authors: Liao Hong , Seinfeld John H.
Published: September 2005

We present here a first global modeling study on the influence of gas‐phase chemistry/aerosol interactions on estimates of anthropogenic forcing by tropospheric O3 and aerosols. Concentrations of gas‐phase species and sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, primary organic carbon, secondary organic carbon, sea salt, and mineral dust aerosols in the preindustrial, present‐day, and year 2100 (IPCC SRES A2) atmospheres are simulated online in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model II' (GISS GCM II'). With fully coupled chemistry and aerosols, the preindustrial, present‐day, and year 2100 global burdens of tropospheric ozone are predicted to be 190, 319, and 519 Tg, respectively. The burdens of sulfate, nitrate, black carbon, and organic carbon are predicted respectively to be 0.32. 0.18, 0.01, 0.33 Tg in preindustrial time, 1.40, 0.48, 0.23, 1.60 Tg in present‐day, and 1.37, 1.97, 0.54, 3.31 Tg in year 2100. Anthropogenic O3 is predicted to have a globally and annually averaged present‐day forcing of +0.22 W m−2 and year 2100 forcing of +0.57 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). Net anthropogenic TOA forcing by internally mixed sulfate, nitrate, organic carbon, and black carbon aerosols is estimated to be virtually zero in the present‐day and +0.34 W m−2 in year 2100, whereas it is predicted to be −0.39 W m−2 in present‐day and −0.61 W m−2 in year 2100 if the aerosols are externally mixed. Heterogeneous reactions are shown to be important in affecting anthropogenic forcing. When reactions of N2O5, NO3, NO2, and HO2 on aerosols are accounted for, TOA anthropogenic O3 forcing is less by 20–45% in present‐day and by 20–32% in year 2100 at mid to high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, as compared with values predicted in the absence of heterogeneous gas‐aerosol reactions. Mineral dust uptake of HNO3 and O3 is shown to have practically no influence on anthropogenic O3 forcing. Heterogeneous reactions of N2O5, NO3, NO2, and HO2 are predicted to have noticeable impacts on anthropogenic aerosol forcing over industrialized areas, leading to 0–2 W m−2 more anthropogenic aerosol cooling in present‐day and 2–8 W m−2 more cooling in year 2100 in these areas as compared with forcings calculated in the absence of heterogeneous reactions. Sea salt uptake of SO2 reduces the magnitude of TOA aerosol cooling by 0.5–1 W m−2 over the oceans around 60°N in the present‐day and year 2100 scenarios. Near dust sources, mineral dust uptake of SO2 and HNO3 leads to less anthropogenic aerosol cooling by 0.5–1 W m−2 in the present‐day and 1–2 W m−2 in year 2100.
A review of meteorite evidence for the timing of magmatism and of surface or near‐surface liquid water on Mars
Authors: Borg Lars , Drake Michael J.
Published: September 2005

There is widespread photogeological evidence for ubiquitous water flowing on the surface of Mars. However, the age of surface and near‐surface water cannot be deduced with high precision from photogeology. While there is clear evidence for old and young fluvial features in the photogeologic record, the uncertainty in the absolute calibration of the Martian crater flux results in uncertainties of ±1.5 Gyr in the middle period of Martian geologic history. Aqueous alteration of primary igneous minerals produces secondary minerals in Martian meteorites. Here we use the ages of secondary alteration minerals in Martian meteorites to obtain absolute ages when liquid water was at or near the surface of Mars. Aqueous alteration events in Martian meteorites occurred at 3929 ± 37 Ma (carbonates in ALH84001), 633 ± 23 Ma (iddingsite in nakhlites), and 0–170 Ma (salts in shergottites). Furthermore, these events appear to be of short duration, suggesting episodic rather than continuous aqueous alteration of the meteorites. The Martian meteorites appear to be contaminated by Martian surface Pb characterized by a 207Pb/206Pb ratio near 1. Lead of this composition could be produced by water‐based alteration on the Martian surface. The high 129Xe/132Xe ratio in the Martian atmosphere compared to Martian meteorites indicates fractionation of I from Xe within ∼100 Myr after nucleosynthesis of 129I. Such fractionation is difficult to achieve through magmatic processes. However, water very efficiently fractionates I from Xe, raising the intriguing possibility that Mars had a liquid water ocean within its first 100 Myr.1.
Intercalibration of magnetospheric energetic electron data
Authors: Friedel R. H. W. , Bourdarie S. , Cayton T. E.
Published: September 2005

The highly energetic electron environment in the inner magnetosphere (geosynchronous orbit and inward) has received a lot of interest recently, as it becomes increasingly evident that existing statistical models such as AE‐8 do not capture the range of environmental conditions that exist nor their variability over periods of a solar cycle. Understanding this environment has obvious engineering applications to systems designed to fly in geosynchronous and medium Earth orbits. The detailed understanding of the physics governing the dynamics of highly energetic electrons is a further topic of active research that will eventually lead to global physics‐based models capable of now casting or forecasting this environment. For both the development of new statistical models and for the research into the dynamics of highly energetic electrons, the availability of global, well‐intercalibrated data is of fundamental importance. We currently have a wealth of inner magnetospheric energetic electron data. This paper presents the current “state of the art” of intercalibrating data from the CRRES, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) GPS, and LANL geosynchronous and Polar energetic electron instruments, covering the period of 1976 to the present (three full solar cycles).
Estimating sensible heat flux using surface renewal analysis and the flux variance method: A case study over olive trees at Sástago (NE of Spain)
Authors: Castellvi F. , Martínez‐Cob A.
Published: September 2005

The eddy covariance technique for measuring surface fluxes is often not affordable outside experimental research institutes. Therefore knowledge of the performance of alternative methods for determining surface fluxes is valuable. The performance of surface renewal (SR) analysis and the flux variance (FV) method for estimating sensible heat flux has been evaluated in an experiment carried out over a heterogeneous canopy (olive orchard, 50% ground cover) at a semiarid climate in a windy area. Measurements were made at a single level close to the canopy top. SR analysis was accurate under both stable and unstable conditions. The FV method also showed a good performance under unstable conditions, but it was uncertain near neutral conditions and was not applicable under stable conditions.
An environmentally driven time‐integrating water sampler
Authors: Selker John S. , Rupp David E.
Published: September 2005

Quality concerns drive many water studies and practices, but obtaining samples from water bodies over time and space for quality determination is often difficult and expensive. We present a low‐cost approach that allows integration of water samples over timescales of days to months to allow more widely distributed acquisition of time‐integrated samples than possible with previous technology. The device is simply a submerged bottle with a small hole in the lid. In an alternative design the submerged bottle is connected by a tube to a second bottle located outside of the water. In either case, pressure changes inside the sampler arising from natural fluctuations in temperature and atmospheric pressure lead to an accumulation of water in the bottle. For example, when the sampler warms, air escapes the hole, and when it cools, water enters the hole, so with daily variation of 6°C per day the bottle will half fill in 1 month. Laboratory and environmental tests confirm the concept's function. Variants of the design for well sampling and use in deep water are also presented.