bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NEPE Propellant Ignition and Combustion under Laser Irradiation
Authors: Wang Hong Mei , Chen Xiong , Zhao Chao
Published: October 2014

An experimental study was conducted to get the ignitibility of NEPE propellant under different CO2 laser heat fluxes. The combustion flame temperature distribution of NEPE propellant was measured using an infrared thermometer. Results show that the ignition delay time tends to decrease with the increase of laser heat flux, and there exists a significant value. The ignition delay time decreases fast when the heat flux is less than this value, but varies little when the heat flux is greater than this value. Laser irradiation had a significant effect on the combustion of NEPE propellant and after the laser unloading, the flame temperature of the propellant dose not decline immediately, but fall rapidly after a short delay.
Development of Driver Model for Lane Keeping Manoeuvre
Authors: Em Poh Ping , Sim Kok Swee , Wong Eng Kiong
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a 9-degree of freedom (9-DOF) vehicle model combined with a closed-loop driver model for the purpose of developing vehicle lateral control. The driver model was developed to control the steering angle and uses a lookup table path as a reference for the control input. The proposed driver model for the outer-loop controllers are combination of proportional-integral (PI) control with a yaw effect adaptive fuzzy logic control. The outer-loop controllers were evaluated by simulation using predefined path for lane keeping manoeuvre at 80 km/h constant speeds. The simulation results show that the proposed driver model is capable of improving Y-axis trajectory error and Y-axis trajectory manoeuvres significantly.
The Study of the Framework of an Intelligent Decision Supporting System for Haze Condition
Authors: Wang Dan Dan , Yang Xiao Hui , Kan Qi
Published: October 2014

Haze intelligent decision support system is supposed to provide an intelligent decision support platform for haze situation analysis and formulation of government decisions. The system adopts four-library system structure of IDSS. The application requirements, the function and the configuration are mainly studied, and analyze their application. By interviewing the system, the haze situation analysis related personnel can obtain haze condition information, haze variation trends and countermeasures recommended, which is really of great significance for rational decision-making of the government.
The Application of Lean Management in Power Engineering Projects
Authors: Li Wei , Ma Ming Yuan
Published: October 2014

In today's world, lean management thinking has been applied in many different industries, especially in manufacturing, setting off a wave of lean thinking transformation and achieving a significant effect, but it seldom used in the service sector. The power industry is the basic industry of the people's livelihood, with the expansion of the electricity market and the deepening of the power system revolution, the monopoly of the power industry is gradually being broken, the competition between power companies becomes more and more intense, so the original management model has been unable to adapt to market’s changes and demands, hence it is the urgent affair to adopt a new scientific management model. This paper will apply lean management thinking into the power projects, and study the actual benefits which lean management model brings to the enterprise.
Numerical Simulation of Foam Structure Formation and Destruction Process Using Phase-Field Model
Authors: Uehara Takuya
Published: October 2014

Numerical simulations of foam structure formation and destruction process were demonstrated using a phase field model. Two types of additional terms to control the cell size were introduced to the conventional multi-phase field model; one is to maintain the initial cell size, and the other is to adjust the size of neighboring cells to be equalized to each other. As a result, different types of foam structures were obtained according to the introduced effect of the extra terms. Destruction process was also simulated under simple assumptions; instantaneous bursts of cell wall occur intermittently at random sites, and the cell coarsening is accelerated when a certain time has passed. The intended variation was successfully observed, and the effectiveness of the model was confirmed.
Automatic Badminton Action Recognition Using RGB-D Sensor
Authors: Ting H.Y. , Sim K.S. , Abas F.S.
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a method to recognize badminton action from depth map sequences acquired by Microsoft Kinect sensor. Badminton is one of Malaysia’s most popular, but there is still lack of research on action recognition focusing on this sport. In this research, bone orientation details of badminton players are computed and extracted in order to form a bag of quaternions feature vectors. After conversion to log-covariance matrix, the system is trained and the badminton actions are classified by a support vector machine classifier. Our experimental dataset of depth map sequences composed of 300 badminton action samples of 10 badminton actions performed by six badminton players. The dataset varies in terms of human body size, clothes, speed, and gender. Experimental result has shown that nearly 92% of average recognition accuracy (ARA) was achieved in inter-class leave one sample out cross validation test. At the same time, 86% of ARA was achieved in inter-class cross subject validation test.
Research on Tussah Dye-Free Printed Fabric Added Tryptophan
Authors: Shi Hui Bei , Cui Yong Zhu , Wei Chun Yan , Wang Xiao
Published: October 2014

In this experiment, tussah fabric was dye-free printed by using tryptophan-added method. The physical and chemical properties of printed fabrics were tested and measured. The optimal process for tussah fabric dye-free printing tryptophan added has got, which was tryptophan mass fraction of 7.5 %, PHBA of 8 %, HCl of 15 %, HEC of 2.5 %, and H2O2 of 2 %. The tussah silk fabric squeegee performed twice and then dried at 80°C for 30 min showed best printing result. Its printing pattern and outline were clear, and it had deep and uniform color. Meanwhile, the breaking strength of the fabric, color fastness and breathability, softness performs were well. What’s more, a short process was used, which it’s more environment-friendly and more economical.
Application of K/S Value in Determination of Fixation Rate
Authors: Zhang Hai Yan
Published: October 2014

K/S value is an important parameter of modern colorimetry, which can indicate the depth of the color of dyed fabric surface. Measurement of K/S value is easily and simple operation in the applied engineering. Take Reactive Blue B-2GLN as examples in this paper, the relationship between K/S value and the fixing rate with the reactive dyes on cotton fabric was studied. And the feasibility of K/S value instead of the traditional washing method for the determination of reactive dyes fixation rate was also studied. The results show that: the K/S value of the fabric has good linear relationship to the reactive dyes fixation rate by the washing method and the reactive dyes fixation rate can be get from the K/S correction value.
The Antique Chinese Embroidery in America and J.C. Morgenthau Co. in the early Twentieth Century
Authors: Bian Xiang Yang , Zhang Qi
Published: October 2014

Accompany with the attentions in the international antique collection and auction market on Chinese embroidery, the knowledge of judgment, estimation, and evaluation is urgently needed to restore the historical imagination and the pursuit of aesthetic modernity. Researches of Chinese embroideries are mainly focused on the description of the history, pattern, stitches, styles and genres. Very few researches are about the market requirement and characteristic of collection and auction in the earlier stage. This article studied the auction catalogues and some historical documents of J.C. Morgenthau Co. in the early twentieth century. The situation of the antique market was outlined through classification and the dating records of the Chinese embroideries. We also found that the embroidered paintings had long been given more attention than the other embroidered art the similar as today. Further and more research works are needed for the potential market of the other historical Chinese embroidered art.
Research on Orientation of Silk Clothing Design Based on Consumer Segmentation
Authors: Chen Wei
Published: October 2014

This paper focus on silk clothing design through questionnaires, analysis consumer consumption demand and propensity. Then proposed related strategy: silk costume design should highlight its advantages, on the basis of cultural heritage, shaping the image of the classic silk clothing; optimize the performance of silk fabrics, silk clothing design need to enhance it wearing performance; some modern design elements and skill should used in silk clothing design in order to improve their fashion degree.
A Design for Jacquard Wall Cloth Woven Based on National Style
Authors: Jin Xiao Lan , Zhu Jin Hua , Wu Hua , He Rong , He Qiong Duo , Zhang Hong Xia
Published: October 2014

Jacquard wall cloth based on national flavor should associate with the interior designer. Jacquard wall cloth developes floral pattern as a starting point and combines traditional Chinese elements with modern fashion elements. Choosing a modern Chinese-style room as the main carrier and combining patterns, color and construction to create a jacquard wall cloth.The patten focus on traditional culture and modern geometric perfection,which should associate with each other.The color is taken from Chinese traditional color series,which is suitable for the amenity room environment.Meanwhile the weft and warp yarns are low elastic polyester yarn, which has a sense of lightless,strong and durable.The fabric is constructed with satin weave .This designs achieve an optimal combination of traditional and fashionable benefits.
The Garment Dyeing Technology and Folk Culture of Wuling Miao-Yao Branch
Authors: Xiao Jin Rong
Published: October 2014

This paper studies the clothing color and dyeing technology of Wu Ling Miao-Yao, and discussing its relevant folk culture. From the perspective of geographical and climatic conditions, analysis the dyeing of raw material on the Miao Yao languages colored clothing. From the view of folk custom and technology, analysis the characteristics of garment dyeing technology and the process flow, especially the process of blue dress color which represents the main color of clothing, through the one by one explaining of the preparation of dyes, dye, indigo dyeing, after preparation consolidation of color, summing up the folk culture connotation of clothing color, aiming at exploring the plant dye resources, protecting the traditional folk culture, maintain the sustainable development of ecological environment.
Graphic Reconstructing and Application Research of Traditional Auspicious Pattern in the Customization for Haute Couture
Authors: Chen Xiao Mei , Dong Qing , Liu Xiao Yang
Published: October 2014

Costume pattern carries massive traditional culture and national spirit. It has important significance on people’s life and records the historical process of a nation. The topic of the paper starts from Chinese traditional auspicious pattern, summarizes the combination, layout and implied meaning of pattern through the analysis on the special shape and formal beauty; analyzes and research the cultural spirit and plastic art of traditional auspicious pattern. It makes analysis on the graphic language of traditional pattern and formal language under modern design thinking, finds new graphic language in reconstruction and innovation, this new form may have no direct relation with traditional pattern, but it could invisibly convey traditional spirit, which could better reflect the aesthetic taste of modern design to make Chinese traditional essence possess times spirit and reach the internal spirit unity between people and costume.
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Melt Spinning Spandex
Authors: Chen Wei Lai , Wan Lin Yan , Qin Hong
Published: October 2014

Microstructures and mechanical properties of melt spinning spandex were studied in this article.Cross section and longitudinal surface were observed and analyzed by JSM-5610LV scanning electron microscopy. Q2000 DSC differential scanning calorimeter was used to test the glass transition temperature and melting temperature which indicated glass transition temperature is about 44°C and melting temperature is about 200°C. We employed JSM-5610LV scanning electron microscopy to observe adhesion of melt spinning spandex with nylon filament after different time and temperature processing. It concluded that after 150°C90s、160°C60s、160°C90s、170°C30s heat treatment, the adhesive of melt spinning spandex with nylon is good. At the same time,tensile strength and elastic properties of melt spinning spandex which was processed under different time and temperature were tested, tensile strength and elastic recovery of melt spinning spandex after160°C 90s heat treatment is the best.
Morphological Structure and Thermal Property of PLA/PCL Nanofiber by Electrospinning
Authors: Zhu Rui Tian , Tan Ming Hao , Zhang Peng , Zhang Liang , Chen Xiao Ming , Yang Fan Wen
Published: October 2014

Poly (lactic) acid (PLA)/poly (caprolactone) (PCL) blends nanofibers, with mean diameter about 600nm, were prepared by electrospinning. This research focused on the morphological and thermal properties of nanofibers made from PLA/PCL bends with different PCL content. The results showed that the addition of PCL could improve the morphology of the nanofibers. The film with blend fiber at PLA/PCL ratio of 80:20 is characterized with the smoothest surface and the highest orientation. The diameter distribution of blend fibers is wider than that of pure PLA. The glass-transition temperature of PLA for blend fiber is higher than that of pure PLA, and their melting temperature is lower than that of pure PLA. It can be used in biomedical field for degradable membrane, anti-adhesive film and medical equipment.
Data Loss for Power Line Communication of Nonlinear Systems Iterative Learning Control
Authors: Zhang Yin Jun
Published: October 2014

When we use power line as data carrier, due to the complexity of the PLC network environment, data packet loss frequently, so the paper deal with the iterative learning control for a class of nonlinear systems with measurement dropouts in the PLC, and studies the P-type iterative learning control algorithm convergence issues, the data packet loss is described as a stochastic Bernoulli process, on this basis we given convergence conditions for the P-type iterative learning control algorithm. The theoretically analysis is supported by the simulation of a numerical example; the convergence of ILC can be guaranteed when some output measurements are missing.
Product Exploitation of U-Shaped Canal of Channels Anti-Seepage
Authors: Sun Jing Lu , Liu Li Jia , Zhang Bing
Published: October 2014

In order to solve the problem of the traditional u-shaped canal, including of size small, joint bad problems, water penetration, and bad ability of frost resistance, this paper launched preliminary research of a new u-shaped product development. Length of new canal products is twice; steel fiber of coated copper can increase resistance of rust and crack than traditional U-shaped canal. Hydro-expansive rubber of Putty type was applied to improve the compatibility of deformation joint and improve the permeability resistance. The best filling cross-section rectangle is truly adopted, not only having all advantages of traditional U-shaped canal and ladder type, but also having high mechanical properties, excellent durability, good environmental performance, good quality assembly components, high ratio of cost and performance. It is upgrading products of control the structure of traditional u-shaped slot and ladder type slot and can solve the "last kilometer" problem in the field.
Taxonomic status of Pelargonium reniforme Curt.
Authors: Victor Janine E. , Aphane Mmamphe
Published: October 2014

Background: Pelargonium reniforme Curt. is a morphologically variable species that many authors have attempted to split or combine. Confusion relating to the differences between the two subspecies currently included under P. reniforme has impeded attempts to assess their conservation status.  Pelargonium reniforme is closely related to  Pelargonium sidoides;  the two species are indistinguishable when not flowering and their distributions overlap in some areas.Objectives: With this study, we aimed to clarify the taxonomic status of the two subspecies of P. reniforme, which has relevance in terms of their conservation status.Method: Leaf shape, petiole length, internode length and flower colour were assessed by studying herbarium specimens of the two subspecies of  P. reniforme and specimens of P. sidoides. Living specimens of the two subspecies were also examined in their natural habitat.Results: The current investigation showed that the morphological characters used to distinguish the two subspecies of P. reniforme are too variable to separate them. Variation in some morphological characters may be related to environmental conditions.Conclusion: The recognition of the two subspecies of P. reniforme as distinct taxa is no longer justified.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Hospitalizations in Pre-Mature Infants in Lima, Peru
Authors: Ochoa Theresa J. , Bautista Rossana , Dávila Carmen , Salazar José Antonio , Bazán Carlos , Guerra Oscar , Llanos Jean Pierre , López Luis , Zea-Vera Alonso , Ecker Lucie
Published: October 2014

We conducted a prospective cohort study in four hospitals in Lima, Peru in infants with a birth weight ≤ 1,500 g followed from birth hospital discharge up to 1 year of age to determine the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalizations. We enrolled 222 infants from March of 2009 to March of 2010: 48 infants with a birth weight < 1,000 g and 174 infants with a birth weight of 1,000–1,500 g (birth weight = 1,197 ± 224 g; gestational age = 30.1 ± 2.6 weeks). There were 936 episodes of respiratory infections; the incidence of respiratory infections during the first 1 year of life was 5.7 episodes/child-years. The incidence of RSV respiratory infections that required emergency room management was 103.9 per 1,000 child-years, and the incidence of RSV hospitalizations was 116.2 per 1,000 child-years (244.9 in infants with a birth weight < 1,000 g and 88.9 in infants 1,000–1,500 g; P < 0.05). The incidence of RSV respiratory infections that required emergency management or hospitalization is high among pre-mature infants in Lima.
Pediatric Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Region in India
Authors: Agrawal Saurabh , Khandelwal Kanika , Bumb Ram A. , Oghumu Steve , Salotra Poonam , Satoskar Abhay R.
Published: October 2014

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in the Bikaner region situated in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, India. This study describes clinicoepidemiological data of pediatric CL in pre-school children (0–5 years of age) from this region during 2001–2012. In total, 151 patients with 217 lesions were reported during the study period. The mean age of the study group was 3.29 ± 1.43 years (0.25–5 years), with many (41.7%) cases being in the age group of 2–4 years. Face was the most common site involved, and morphologically, the lesions were either plaque type or papulonodular. Smear for parasitologic examination was positive in 84 (70%) of 120 cases, and histopathologic examination confirmed CL in 10 (55.55%) of 18 cases. Parasite species identification conducted for 13 randomly selected patients by polymerase chain reaction identified Leishmania tropica as the causative species. Intralesional sodium stibogluconate was the most commonly used treatment and found to be well-tolerated. Other therapies that were effective included oral rifampicin, oral dapsone, radiofrequency heat therapy (RFHT), and combinations of the three therapies.
First Case of Zika Virus Infection in a Returning Canadian Traveler
Authors: Fonseca Kevin , Meatherall Bonnie , Zarra Danielle , Drebot Michael , MacDonald Judy , Pabbaraju Kanti , Wong Sallene , Webster Patricia , Lindsay Robbin , Tellier Raymond
Published: October 2014

A woman who recently traveled to Thailand came to a local emergency department with a fever and papular rash. She was tested for measles, malaria, and dengue. Positive finding for IgM antibody against dengue and a failure to seroconvert for IgG against dengue for multiple blood samples suggested an alternate flavivirus etiology. Amplification of a conserved region of the non-structural protein 5 gene of the genus Flavivirus yielded a polymerase chain reaction product with a matching sequence of 99% identity with Zika virus. A urine sample and a nasopharygeal swab specimen obtained for the measles investigation were also positive for this virus by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, the urine sample yielded a Zika virus isolate in cell culture. This case report describes a number of novel clinical and laboratory findings, the first documentation of this virus in Canada, and the second documentation from this region in Thailand.
Size-dependent particle activation properties in fog during the ParisFog 2012/13 field campaign
Authors: Hammer E. , Gysel M. , Roberts G. C. , Elias T. , Hofer J. , Hoyle C. R. , Bukowiecki N. , Dupont J.-C. , Burnet F. , Baltensperger U. , Weingartner E.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Fog-induced visibility reduction is responsible for a variety of hazards in the transport sector. Therefore there is a large demand for an improved understanding of fog formation and thus improved forecasts. Improved fog forecasts require a better understanding of the numerous complex mechanisms during the fog life cycle. During winter 2012/13 a field campaign called ParisFog aiming at fog research took place at SIRTA (Instrumented Site for Atmospheric Remote Sensing Research). SIRTA is located about 20 km southwest of the Paris city center, France, in a semi-urban environment. In situ activation properties of the prevailing fog were investigated by measuring (1) total and interstitial (non-activated) dry particle number size distributions behind two different inlet systems; (2) interstitial hydrated aerosol and fog droplet size distributions at ambient conditions; and (3) cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration at different supersaturations (SS) with a CCN counter. The aerosol particles were characterized regarding their hygroscopic properties, fog droplet activation behavior and contribution to light scattering for 17 developed fog events. Low particle hygroscopicity with an overall median of the hygroscopicity parameter, κ, of 0.14 was found, likely caused by substantial influence from local traffic and wood burning emissions. Measurements of the aerosol size distribution at ambient RH revealed that the critical wet diameter, above which the hydrated aerosols activate to fog droplets, is rather large (with a median value of 2.6μm) and is highly variable (ranging from 1 to 5μm) between the different fog events. Thus, the number of activated fog droplets was very small and the non-activated hydrated particles were found to contribute significantly to the observed light scattering and thus to the reduction in visibility. Combining all experimental data, the effective peak supersaturation, SSpeak, a measure of the peak supersaturation during the fog formation, was determined. The median SSpeak value was estimated to be in the range from 0.031 to 0.046% (upper and lower limit estimations), which is in good agreement with previous experimental and modeling studies of fog.
Production and transformation of dissolved neutral sugars and amino acids by bacteria in seawater
Authors: Jørgensen L. , Lechtenfeld O. J. , Benner R. , Middelboe M. , Stedmon C. A.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the ocean consists of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules, most of which are of unknown origin. Neutral sugars and amino acids are among the few recognizable biomolecules in DOM, and the molecular composition of these biomolecules is shaped primarily by biological production and degradation processes. This study provides insight into the bioavailability of biomolecules as well as the chemical composition of DOM produced by bacteria. The molecular compositions of combined neutral sugars and amino acids were investigated in DOM produced by bacteria and in DOM remaining after 32 days of bacterial degradation. Results from bioassay incubations with natural seawater (sampled from water masses originating from the surface waters of the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean) and artificial seawater indicate that the molecular compositions following bacterial degradation are not strongly influenced by the initial substrate or bacterial community. The molecular composition of neutral sugars released by bacteria was characterized by a high glucose content (47 mol %) and heterogeneous contributions from other neutral sugars (3–14 mol %). DOM remaining after bacterial degradation was characterized by a high galactose content (33 mol %), followed by glucose (22 mol %) and the remaining neutral sugars (7–11 mol %). The ratio of D-amino acids to L-amino acids increased during the experiments as a response to bacterial degradation, and after 32 days, the D/L ratios of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and alanine reached around 0.79, 0.32, 0.30 and 0.51 in all treatments, respectively. The striking similarity in neutral sugar and amino acid compositions between natural (representing marine semi-labile and refractory DOM) and artificial (representing bacterially produced DOM) seawater samples, suggests that microbes transform bioavailable neutral sugars and amino acids into a common, more persistent form.
A mechanistic particle flux model applied to the oceanic phosphorus cycle
Authors: DeVries T. , Liang J.-H. , Deutsch C.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The sinking and decomposition of particulate organic matter are critical processes in the ocean's biological pump, but are poorly understood and crudely represented in biogeochemical models. Here we present a mechanistic particle remineralization and sinking model (PRiSM) that solves the evolution of the particle size distribution with depth. The model can represent a wide range of particle flux profiles, depending on the surface particle size distribution, the relationships between particle size, mass and sinking velocity, and the rate of particle mass loss during decomposition. The particle flux model is embedded in a data-constrained ocean circulation and biogeochemical model with a simple P cycle. Surface particle size distributions are derived from satellite remote sensing, and the remaining uncertain parameters governing particle dynamics are tuned to achieve an optimal fit to the global distribution of phosphate. The resolution of spatially variable particle sizes has a significant effect on modeled organic matter production rates, increasing production in oligotrophic regions and decreasing production in eutrophic regions compared to a model that assumes spatially uniform particle sizes and sinking speeds. The mechanistic particle model can reproduce global nutrient distributions better than, and sediment trap fluxes as well as, other commonly used empirical formulas. However, these two independent data constraints cannot be simultaneously matched in a closed P budget commonly assumed in ocean models. Through a systematic addition of model processes, we show that the apparent discrepancy between particle flux and nutrient data can be resolved through P burial, but only if that burial is associated with a slowly decaying component of organic matter such as might be achieved through protection by ballast minerals. Moreover, the model solution that best matches both data sets requires a larger rate of P burial (and compensating inputs) than have been previously estimated. Our results imply a marine P inventory with a residence time of a few thousand years, similar to that of the dynamic N cycle.
A preliminary study of iron isotope fractionation in marine invertebrates (chitons, Mollusca) in near-shore environments
Authors: Emmanuel S. , Schuessler J. A. , Vinther J. , Matthews A. , von Blanckenburg F.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Chitons (Mollusca) are marine invertebrates that produce radulae (teeth or rasping tongues) containing high concentrations of biomineralized magnetite and other iron-bearing minerals. As Fe isotope signatures are influenced by redox processes and biological fractionation, Fe isotopes in chiton radulae might be expected to provide an effective tracer of ambient oceanic conditions and biogeochemical cycling. Here, in a pilot study to measure Fe isotopes in marine invertebrates, we examine Fe isotopes in modern marine chiton radulae collected from different locations in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans to assess the range of isotopic values, and to test whether or not the isotopic signatures reflect seawater values. Values of δ56Fe (relative to IRMM-014) in chiton teeth range from −1.90 to 0.00 ‰ (±0.05‰ (2σ) uncertainty in δ56Fe), probably reflecting a combination of geographical control and biological fractionation processes. Comparison with published local surface seawater Fe isotope data shows a consistent negative offset of chiton teeth Fe isotope compositions relative to seawater. Strikingly, two different species from the same locality in the North Pacific (Puget Sound, Washington, USA) have distinct isotopic signatures. Tonicella lineata, which feeds on red algae in the sublittoral zone, has a mean δ56Fe of −0.65 ± 0.26‰ (2σ, 3 specimens), while Mopalia muscosa, which feeds on both green and red algae in the eulittoral zone, shows lighter isotopic values with a mean δ56Fe of −1.47 ± 0.98‰ (2σ, 5 specimens). Three possible pathways are proposed to account for the different isotopic signatures: (i) physiologically controlled processes within the chitons that lead to species-dependent fractionation; (ii) diet-controlled variability due to different Fe isotope fractionation in the red and green algal food sources; and (iii) environmentally controlled fractionation that causes variation in the isotopic signatures of bioavailable Fe in the different tidal regions. Our preliminary results suggest that while chitons are not simple recorders of the ambient seawater Fe isotopic signature, Fe isotopes provide valuable information concerning Fe biogeochemical cycling in near-shore environments, and may potentially be used to probe sources of Fe recorded in different organisms.
Characterization of particulate organic matter in the Lena River Delta and adjacent nearshore zone, NE Siberia – Part 1: Lignin-derived phenol compositions
Authors: Winterfeld M. , Goñi M. A. , Just J. , Hefter J. , Mollenhauer G.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The Lena River in central Siberia is one of the major pathways translocating terrestrial organic matter (OM) from its vast catchment area to the coastal zone of the Laptev Sea and the Arctic Ocean. The permafrost soils of its far south stretching catchment, which store huge amounts of OM, will most likely respond differently to climate warming and remobilize previously frozen OM with distinct properties specific for the source vegetation and soil. To characterize the material discharged by the Lena River, we analyzed the lignin phenol composition in total suspended matter (TSM) from surface water collected in spring and summer, surface sediments from the Buor Khaya Bay along with soils from the Lena Delta's first (Holocene) and third terraces (Pleistocene ice complex), and plant samples. Our results show that lignin-derived cinnamyl:vanillyl (C/V) and syringyl:vanillyl (S/V) ratios are >0.14 and 0.25, respectively, in TSM and surface sediments, whereas in delta soils they are >0.16 and >0.51, respectively. These lignin compositions are consistent with significant inputs of organic matter from non-woody angiosperm sources mixed with organic matter derived from woody gymnosperm sources. We applied a simple linear mixing model based on the C/V and S/V ratios and the results indicate the organic matter in delta TSM samples and Buor Khaya Bay surface sediments contain comparable contributions from gymnosperm material, which is primarily derived from the taiga forests south of the delta, and angiosperm material typical for tundra vegetation. Considering the small catchment area covered by tundra (∼12%), the input is substantial and tundra-derived OM input is likely to increase in a warming Arctic. The similar and high acid to aldehyde ratios of vanillyl and syringyl (Ad/AlV, S) in Lena Delta summer TSM (>0.7 and >0.5, respectively) and Buor Khaya Bay surface sediments (>1.0 and >0.9, respectively) suggest that the OM is highly degraded and Lena River summer TSM could be a possible source for the surface sediments. The Ad/AlV, S ratios of the first and third delta terraces were generally lower (mean ratios >0.4 and >0.4, respectively) than summer TSM and surface sediments. This implies that TSM contains additional contributions from a more degraded OM source (southern catchment and/or finer more degraded particle size). Alternatively, OM degradation on land after permafrost thawing and subaqueously during transport and sedimentation could be considerable. Despite the high natural heterogeneity of OM stored in delta soils and exported by the Lena River, the catchment characteristic vegetation is reflected by the lignin biomarker composition. Climate warming related changes in the Lena River catchment may be detectable in changing lignin biomarker composition and diagenetic alteration.
Von Interaktion zu Transaktion – Konsequenzen eines pragmatischen Mensch-Umwelt-Verständnisses für eine Geographie der Mitwelt
Authors: Steiner C.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Questions about how human-environment-relations can be conceptualized in a non-dualistic way have been intensively discussed throughout the last decades. The majority of the established realist and constructivist perspectives aim at explaining a given situation by analytically dissecting it. Unfortunately, such an interactionist perspective systematically reproduces the dualistic division between humans, environment and nature. In contrast, this paper offers a transactive perspective origin in classical pragmatism and discusses its meta-theoretical consequences for human-environment-research. A transactionist perspective interprets the world as a flow of unique and entangled events. Instead of ontologically separating humans and environment, it advocates to look at their relations as being part of a "connatural world". Such a point of view raises new ethical and political questions for geographical human-environment research, argues for a renaissance of ideographic methodologies and hints to a fruitful unity of geographical inquiry.
Black carbon in snow in the upper Himalayan Khumbu Valley, Nepal: observations and modeling of the impact on snow albedo, melting, and radiative forcing
Authors: Jacobi H.-W. , Lim S. , Ménégoz M. , Ginot P. , Laj P. , Bonasoni P. , Stocchi P. , Marinoni A. , Arnaud Y.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) in the snow in the Himalayas has recently attracted considerable interest due to its impact on snow albedo, snow and glacier melting, regional climate and water resources. A single particle soot photometer (SP2) instrument was used to measure refractory BC (rBC) in a series of surface snow samples collected in the upper Khumbu Valley in Nepal between November 2009 and February 2012. The obtained time series indicates annual cycles with maximum concentration before the onset of the monsoon season and fast decreases in rBC during the monsoon period. Measured concentrations ranged from a few ppb up to 70 ppb rBC. However, due to the handling of the samples the measured concentrations possess rather large uncertainties. Detailed modeling of the snowpack including the measured range and an estimated upper limit of rBC concentrations was performed to study the role of BC in the seasonal snowpack. Simulations were performed for three winter seasons with the snowpack model Crocus including a detailed description of the radiative transfer inside the snowpack. While the standard Crocus model strongly overestimates the height and the duration of the seasonal snowpack, a better calculation of the snow albedo with the new radiative transfer scheme enhanced the representation of the snow. However, the period with snow on the ground neglecting BC in the snow was still over-estimated between 37 and 66 days, which was further diminished by 8 to 15% and more than 40% in the presence of 100 or 300 ppb of BC. Compared to snow without BC the albedo is on average reduced by 0.027 and 0.060 in the presence of 100 and 300 ppb BC. While the impact of increasing BC in the snow on the albedo was largest for clean snow, the impact on the local radiative forcing is the opposite. Here, increasing BC caused an even larger impact at higher BC concentrations. This effect is related to an accelerated melting of the snowpack caused by a more efficient metamorphism of the snow due to an increasing size of the snow grains with increasing BC concentrations. The melting of the winter snowpack was shifted by 3 to 10 days and 17 to 27 days during the three winter seasons in the presence of 100 and 300 ppb BC compared to clean snow, while the simulated annual local radiative forcing corresponds to 3 to 4.5 and 10.5 to 13.0 W m−2. An increased sublimation or evaporation of the snow reduces the simulated radiative forcing leading to a net forcing that is lower by 0.5 to 1.5 W m−2, while the addition of 10 ppm dust causes an increase of the radiative forcing between 2.5 and 3 W m−2. According to the simulations 7.5 ppm of dust has an effect equivalent to 100 ppb of BC concerning the impact on the melting of the snowpack and the local radiative forcing.
Partitioning of diversity: the "within communities" component
Authors: Gregorius H.-R.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. It is routinely understood that the total diversity within a metacommunity (γ-diversity) can be partitioned into one component summarizing the diversity within communities (α-diversity) and a second component representing the contribution of diversity (or differences) between communities (β-diversity). The underlying thought is that merging differentiated communities should raise the total diversity above the average level of diversity within the communities. The crucial point in this partitioning criterion is set by the notion of "diversity within communities" (DWC) and its relation to the total diversity. The common approach to summarizing DWC is in terms of averages. Yet there are many different ways to average diversity, and not all of these averages stay below the total diversity for every measure of diversity, corrupting the partitioning criterion. This raises the question of whether conceptual properties of diversity measures exist, the fulfillment of which implies that all measures of DWC obey the partitioning criterion. It is shown that the straightforward generalization of the plain counting of types (richness) leads to a generic diversity measure that has the desired properties and, together with its effective numbers, fulfills the partitioning criterion for virtually all of the relevant diversity measures in use. It turns out that the classical focus on DWC (α) and its complement (β as derived from α and γ) in the partitioning of total diversity captures only the apportionment perspective of the distribution of trait diversity over communities (which implies monomorphism within communities at the extreme). The other perspective, differentiation, cannot be assessed appropriately unless an additional level of diversity is introduced that accounts for differences between communities (such as the joint "type-community diversity"). Indices of apportionment IA (among which is GST and specially normalized versions of β) and differentiation ID are inferred, and it is demonstrated that conclusions derived from IA depend considerably on the measure of diversity to which it is applied, and that in most cases an assessment of the distribution of diversity over communities requires additional computation of ID.
All Roads Lead To… Options and Variations in Acquiring Native Proficiency in Hungarian
Authors: Ward Judit H. , Clark Sylvia D.
Published: October 2014

This paper describes a case study conducted with a first generation American heritage learner of Hungarian in a college setting. We have found our study important for several reasons. The latest developments in technology made a variety of new learning environments available, which are used mostly by the new generation of language learners. As a result, instructors are expected to accommodate a variety of learning styles. Are there appropriate resources for the learners of Hungarian, including courses, instructors, textbooks and other learning material? Can they meet the needs of the different generations of language learners with evolving new learning styles?
Imaging the Sport of Golf – Envisioning Communities
Authors: Ivan Emese
Published: October 2014

Hungary also has seen a tremendous increase in quality golf facilities in the last decade. The sport of golf – including golf tourism – in Hungary also makes it first moves to be officially (re)unified with its historical partners in Western Europe and in the USA. This paper looks at developments in Hungarian Golf community in the last decades. While focusing on the ongoing economic, financial, and political changes surrounding the Hungarian National Golf Federation, this study also poses some questions. To what extent mushrooming of golf communities could be seen as a result of Europeanization of the country? Is it just a new achievement in PGA America’s global explosion? Can we see it as the benefit of the European Team’s astronomical success at the Ryder Cup tournaments?
Impact of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution in Argentina
Authors: Némethy Judith Kesserű
Published: October 2014

The outbreak of the Hungarian revolution in 1956 brought forth solidarity movements fromHungarian émigrés all over the world. In Argentina, the response was overwhelming. Hungarianémigré organizations formed a "Comité de Ayuda pro Hungría Libre" (Aid Committee for a FreeHungary), coordinating the strategies and actions aimed at providing moral and material supportfor the revolution. Supplementing and aiding these actions were those of the Argentinegovernment and population at large. The government named a special commission for refugees;and there was a tremendous outpour of sympathy and material support for Hungarians amongArgentines, with major press coverage for months to come. Of special importance is the literaryand press output following the revolution. These actions provoked fear and rejection from theEmbassy of the People's Republic of Hungary, and it accused the Argentine government of openlysiding with the émigrés. Upon the Hungarian Foreign Ministry's instructions, the Embassystrongly intensified the espionage on the émigré institutions and its prominent members for years.Relations between émigré organizations and the Hungarian Government remained nonexistent orstrained until the lifting of the Iron Curtain in 1990.
Voting Patterns on Hungarian Parliamentary Elections in 2002–2006
Authors: Rácz Barnabás
Published: October 2014

In the post–communist transitional era, Hungarian elections show diverse results among various areas, raising the question if there are firmly embedded differences between some parts of the country. In the light of the election returns between 1985–2006, it appears that there is a more or less definite pattern. This study will examine the 2006 legislative returns and compare the results with the previous trends and especially the 2002 data, testing the validity of the findings indicating the presence of some fairly constant regional standards of voting. As a main indicator of past trends we use mostly the territorial (party) lists which provide more accurate picture of voting preferences that individual districts which in runoffs carry an indirect distortion of voters’ primary preferences by other considerations.2 For a deeper analysis of the recent 2002 and 2006 elections, we will compare the first run individual district voting outcomes, as they give the more accurate picture of the voters’ real preferences.
"A megcsalt férj", or Cunningly Lingual Wives in Hungarian Ballad Tradition
Authors: Vasvári Louise O.
Published: October 2014

The European ballad, an orally-performed narrative song, developed in the medieval period with many cross-fertilizations among ballad types in various language areas. Nevertheless, to date there have appeared only a handful of comparative studies of these pan-european themes, with investigations dominated by the Finnish geographical school, whose primary interest is in finding genetic archetypes. In this study, my aim is, rather, to do a typological and stylistic analysis of one wide-circulating song-type, known in many variants throughout the continent, some in comic and others in tragic versions. The ballad I shall analyze appears in Hungarian in several variants as "A megcsalt ferj," in Anglo-American tradition - recorded in over 400 variants – the ballad is known as "Our Goodman," or "The Cuckold's Song," or, in more blatantly obscene versions as "The Old Man Came Home" and "Home Drunk Cam' I". There also exist Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian, and even Yiddish versions, all of which I shall be taking into consideration.
"A Szigeti Veszedelem" and the Turkish Wars
Authors: Basa Enikő Molnár
Published: October 2014

Miklós Zrínyi’s epic poem recounts history with a particular slant, presenting the events of the Turkish defeat at Szigetvár in 1566 as a fight between the forces of good and evil. He uses epic conventions to present a tale of a clash between the Turks and the Hungarians. While on the surface the Hungarians seem to be defeated, the real victory lies with them: militarily, the Turks withdraw; the resistance of the fort has stopped their advance to Vienna and the West; politically, the resistance of the Hungarian nobility is a noble goal which ensures the continued existence of the nation; morally, the Christians triumph over the forces of evil represented by the Turks.