bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demographic Consequences of Economic Adjustment in Chile
Authors: BRAVO JORGE
Published: November 2023

Chile’s relatively small population, of some 13 million at around 1990, has somewhat slightly better aggregate economic and social indicators than the average of the Latin American countries. Its per capita GDP in 1990, nearly US$ 2,600, was the fourth largest in the region, and similar to that of Argentina and Mexico. The service sector currently accounts for approximately 60 per cent of the total economic activity. and agriculture for less than l 0 per cent Copper is still a major component of total exports, but the very rapid growth of nontraditional exports since 1984 has reduced to some extent the reliance on mining production as a source of foreign exchange. Well below 10 per cent of the adult population is illiterate, and the country is. together with Argentina, Uruguay, and Venezuela, among the four most highly urbanized in the region. Inequality, however, is no less severe than in Latin America generally: the proportion of the population living in conditions of poverty in 1990 was about 35 per cent (higher than in Argentina, Uruguay and Venezuela), and income distribution became more regressive over the 1970s and 1980s. Demographic indicators display some of the same ‘dual’ behaviour: moderately low aggregate rates (annual population growth of 1.6 per cent; a TFR of 2.7 children per woman, an infant mortality rate of 17 per one thousand births, life expectancy of 72 years), but significant socio-economic differentials in all of these.
Introduction: an Overview of the Exercise
Authors: Sengupta Arjun
Published: November 2023

The United Nations High Level Group on Development Strategy and Management of the Market Economy was set up to review the role of government in designing and implementing development strategies and managing a market economy in the current (and future) economic environment. The Group members met several times in New York, Vienna, Helsinki and London, holding extensive discussions among themselves and with other experts. Several back ground papers were prepared to further these discussions, some of which are being published as Volume ll. Volume I is the core of the exercise. It consists of eight chapters, including this introduction, which reflect mainly the views of the individual authors. The themes of the chapters and their broad contents were discussed extensively by the Group as a whole, but no attempt was made to develop a uniformity of views. However, the discussions did evolve towards a rather broad consensus This introductory chapter tries to capture that thematic continuity.
The Future of Planning in Market Economies
Authors: Malinvaud Edmond , Nabli Mustapha K
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we wi11 look closely at planning institutions intended to promote the long-nm performance of the economy. Planning institutions inform public opinion about long-term prospects. They provide the country with frameworks for designing and announcing policies or reforms. They offer guidelines for government intervention and references for private decision-making. Also, they often play a monitoring role within the public sector, focusing on the overall efficiency of economic decisions made by public agents.The institutional nature of planning that we discuss traditionally meant in the context of market economies. The chapter will thus concern not where long-term decisions are made, but rather where the economic rationale for alternative options is scrutinized before decisions are made, where long-term views and projections are prepared and where resulting programmes are explained.
Regulation, Competition, and the Structure of Prices
Authors: Vickers John
Published: November 2023

Competition policy in regulated industries has three broad aspects structure, liberalization, and conduct regulation. Structural policies include break-up decisions such as those taken (or not taken) at the time of privatization, merger controls, and scope-of-business restrictions. Liberalization policy is about the removal of legal barriers to entry. Conduct regulation, which may take the form of explicit monopoly controls and/ or competition policy measures, constrains the pricing and other behaviour of dominant firms. Most obvious is the question of how to regulate the level of prices charged by firms with monopoly power - by RPI-X price caps or otherwise.
Telecommunications
Authors: Armstrong Mark
Published: November 2023

In the United Kingdom, telecommunications was the first of the utility industries to be privatized and liberalized, and it perhaps provides the richest case study of the benefits, and the difficulties, of introducing competition into such industries. In this chapter the theory and practice of competition in telecommunications is discussed with an eye to recent public policy towards the industry in the UK.
The Water Industry
Authors: Cowan Simon
Published: November 2023

The water industry is the most monopolistic of the utilities that have been privatized in the United Kingdom. Duplication of the networks of water mains and sewerage is generally undesirable and there is, at present, no competition in supply using common networks. Nevertheless, the UK government and the industry regulator are keen to expand the role of competition. Many issues that have been prominent when competition was first introduced into telecommunications and energy markets are also present in the water industry. A major theme of this chapter is that direct product-market competition is unlikely to be as prevalent and as successful in water as it has been in other regulated markets. In the remainder of the introduction I describe the characteristics of the indus try and its regulation. For further details see Armstrong et al. (1994, ch. 10).
Competition in the Rail lndushy
Authors: Swift John
Published: November 2023

Railways were subject to radical restructuring before the transfer of operations to the private sector. The new structure involved: vertical separation between the owner and operator of the net work (Railtrack) and train operators, designed to avoid the distor tion of competition that can arise where a dominant network operator also competes in downstream markets; 25 separate passenger train operating companies, providing over lapping services over some parts of the network, and six separate freight operating companies, together with the possibility of entry from ‘open-access’ operators; rolling-stock owned by three competing rolling-stock leasing companies (ROSCOs), again with the possibility of entry to the market by new players, such as rolling-stock manufacturers;
Training Tomorrow’s PLA: A Mixed Bag of Tricks*
Authors: Blasko Dennis J , Klapakis Philip T , Corbett John F
Published: November 2023

Since the summer of 1995, Chinese military training opposite Taiwan has received unusual prominence in both the Chinese and foreign media. The senior leadership in Beijing was able to flex its military muscle because of a training programme begun years ago. This limited use of force has sent unmistakable political signals to Taiwan and the world. But, should the Chinese leadership decide to employ the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in pursuit of its political objectives, is it well trained enough to conduct successful modem military operations? This article assesses the current state of PLA training for modem joint and combined arms warfare. Based primarily on reports from the Chinese media, it examines the means the PLA is using to upgrade its training; the constraints imposed upon the PLA by the political, social and military systems; the manner in which the PLA is confronting its acknowledged weaknesses; and patterns apparent in the training programme. The report concludes that training reform will continue as part of an overall military modernization programme, but the series of recent, high-profile training exercises do not point to an impending operation against Taiwan or any other contingency. While the PLA has the capability to inflict damage on neighbouring armed forces, it has not yet proven the capability to conduct and sustain medium or large-scale joint operations in even limited action beyond the mainland’s continental land mass.
Distinguishing Trust and Power in Interorganizational Relations: Forms and Façades of Trust*
Authors: Hardy Cynthia , Phillips, Nelson , Lawrence Tom
Published: November 2023

During recent years, the role of trust in interorganizational relationships has become an increasingly popular topic in organizational studies. Furthermore, as Sydow discusses in Chapter 1 of this volume, much of the literature has heralded the virtues of trust. Trust is supposed to make interorganizational relations function more effectively by curtailing opportunistic behaviour, by reducing complexity, and by fostering co-ordination and co-operation in ways that more formal contracts cannot (e.g. Ouchi 1980; Zucker 1986; Lewis and Weigert 1985a,b; Bowen and Jones 1986; Dasgupta 1988; Gambetta 1988; Donaldson 1990; Hill 1990; Ring and van de Ven 1992; Morgan and Hunt 1994). In this way, trust has been suggested as an alternative or supplement to hierarchies and markets (e.g. Barney and Hansen 1994) and to rational prediction (Lewis and Weigert 1985a). Trust has also been considered, implicitly or explicitly, as an important component in interorganizational co-operation (e.g. Alter 1990; Knoke 1990; Alter and Hage 1993), collaboration (e.g. Gray 1989; Nathan and Mi troff 1991), joint ventures (Harrigan 1985) and strategic alliances (Kanter 1990). For such ‘collective’ strategies (Astley 1984; Bresser and Harl 1986) to be successful, trust is needed to reduce uncertainty, produce co-operation, solve problems, and uncover innovative solutions (Dodgson 1993; Sabel 1993).
Trust, Morality, and International Business*
Authors: Brenkert George G
Published: November 2023

The expanding globalization of business brings with it the increased importance of answers to a host of crucial moral issues. We need solutions to questions concerning when workers in developing nations are being exploited, which dangerous products should not be shipped across national borders to be sold, and when the offer of cash or gifts amounts to bribes by members of another society. Ethical guidance is needed for the managers of multinationals concerning transfer pricing, the use of child labour, and attempts to develop economically people living in tribal conditions. And moral direction is required for those considering the development of large industrial plants, electrical plants, dams, etc. in developing nations.
Introduction
Authors: Miyajima Hideaki , Kikkawa Takeo , Hiking Takashi
Published: November 2023

All over the world public-policy activism is now under siege. Economists and policy-makers claim that the era of Big Government is over. The historic controversy over government’s role in industrial competitiveness and economic welfare, they insist, has finally been settled. Government initiative, it is argued, tends to discourage private-sector viability. Government actions tend to be distorted by narrow-interest groups. Government involvement tends to result in the so-called crony capitalism. Government planning tends to be rigid and inflexible. Government controls tend to distort resource allocation. Goodbye state intervention, hello free market forces. So long Keynes and Japan’s ‘Notorious MITI,’ welcome back Adam Smith.
Postwar US Antitrust Policy, Corporate Strategy, and International Competitiveness
Authors: Becker William H
Published: November 2023

The United States did not adopt explicit industrial policies in the postwar period. This is not to say that the American government failed to affect the behaviour of business. Indeed, the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Second World War had markedly increased the power of the government in Washington over economic activity, with important consequences for corporate enterprise.
Strategically Stable Cost Sharing in an Economic-Ecological Negotiation Process
Authors: Chander Parkash , Tulkens Henry
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, a mathematical model is used that describes negotiations taking place between agents who use a common resource and at the same time are concerned with the quality of this resource, although to different degrees. The aim is to make explicit some logically compelling arguments for cooperation among the agents. The negotiations are described, as in an earlier model of this kind presented in Tulkens (1979), by a dynamic process bearing on a multilateral externality with public-goods characteristics. The process determines a path of feasible allocations that converges to a Pareto optimum, individually rational with respect to the Nash non-cooperative equilibrium taken as its starting point.
Efficient Incomplete International Climate Agreements
Authors: Golombek Rolf , Hagem, Cathrine , Hoel Michael
Published: November 2023

In discussions of the greenhouse problem, some kind of carbon tax is often proposed as part of an international climate policy (see e.g. Pearce, 1991; Poterba, 1991; and Hoel, l 992e). Global cost effectiveness suggests that a carbon tax should be equalized across types of fossil fuel, across sectors within each country, and across countries. However, it seems unlikely that an international climate agreement in the next couple of decades will imply harmonization of domestic carbon taxes across all countries in the world. One reason is that with such an agreement the costs will be very inequitable, with LDCs bearing the main burden. (See e.g. Kverndokk, 1993; and Burniaux et al., 1992, for a more general discussion on distribution of costs.) Moreover, even if this distributional issue could be ‘solved’ through appropriate side-payments, universal participation in an international climate agreement is unlikely because of the free-rider problem: if many countries are cooperating to reduce emissions, any individual country will be better off if all the other countries cooperate while that country does not take part in the agreement and pursues its self-interest. For a further discussion of the free-rider problem in the context of international environment problems (see e.g. Barrett, 1990, 1994a; Carrara and Siniscalco, 1993; and Maler, 1990).
Plant Location and Strategic Environmental Policy with Intersectoral Linkages
Authors: Ulph Alistair , Valentini Laura
Published: November 2023

In popular discussions of environmental policy and trade one frequently encounters the view that, even if pollution is a purely national concern, environmental policy should not be left to individual nations to determine. The fear is that national governments will be concerned that, if they impose tougher environmental policies than their rivals, this will put their domestic producers at a competitive disadvantage; in the extreme case that it will encourage a ‘flight of capital’ to ‘pollution havens’ with consequent loss of jobs, profits, and tax revenues. Such a concern by national governments, it is argued, will lead to competition between governments to relax their environmental policies, referred to as ‘ecological dumping’.2 The implication is that governments need to coordinate their environmental policies, which is frequently interpreted to mean that they should harmonize their environmental policies.
Racing to Introduce an Environmentally Friendly Product
Authors: Ulph David
Published: November 2023

There has recently been some interest in the question of the interaction between trade and environmental policy when firms have strategic incentives to innovate. In the conventional case where this incentive is absent then (as Barrett, 1990, has shown), governments acting alone implement too low a level of environmental tax because of their concern about the trade consequences of the tax. It is sometimes thought that when this incentive is present governments would set taxes too high because they would want to give firms in their country an incentive to gain a strategic advantage by innovating early. Recent analysis of this issue by Carrara and Siniscalco (1993), D. Ulph (1994, 1997), and A. Ulph and D. Ulph (Chapter 15 below) have shown that this argument is incomplete and that, even when firms are in a race to innovate first, governments may still set taxes too low.
Grouping
Authors: Palmer Barry
Published: November 2023

My intention in this chapter is to lay a foundation for a reflexive theory of group behaviour. I shall suggest that such a theory requires three levels of articulation: a descriptive account of the behaviour of groups; an interpretative account of the grouping process; and a deconstructive account of the language and context in which these theories are formulated, and the interests they serve.
On. Being Frozen in Time
Authors: Bain Alastair
Published: November 2023

Everything else is a defence against the experience of the present moment. The failure to realize the experience of the present moment results in the creation of time. When a group comes together to study the experience of the present moment, anxiety about catastrophic change is aroused. The catastrophic change that is feared is being one with creation (that is, without time). The anxiety concerning catastrophic change causes a dispersal of group members into the past, the future, and what is ‘known’. In an editorial in the New York Times at the end of the First World War it is argued that a fit punishment for the Kaiser is ‘Time without limit, unending time spent in torment without any respite’. The editorial is entitled ‘The punishment of Wilhelm’, and it reads in part:
From Envy to Desire: Witnessing the transformation
Authors: Gutmann David , Ternier-David Jacqueline , Verrier Christophe
Published: November 2023

This chapter sets out, on the basis of a case example, to discuss the workings of two major affects—desire and envy—as an integral part of the constructive and destructive processes underlying institutional life. We begin by proposing a definition of desire and envy as both individual and collective feelings, outlining the nature of their impact in organizations. This is followed by an account of a workshop which revealed envy and desire as key elements of the client organization’s dominant dynamic. Finally, we offer some concluding remarks on the significance and impact on organizational processes of the transformation from envy to desire.
The Nature and Purpose of the Firm
Authors: Roberts John
Published: November 2023

Why are there firms? What is their fundamental nature and purpose? The answers to these seemingly very aca-demic questions are actually of practical significance. Our objective is to understand the problem of designing the business enterprise and to gain some insights into some of the changes we see in the way firms are being organized and managed. Having a clear understanding of the nature and purpose of the firm as an institution is fundamental to reaching the desired objective.
Organizing for Performance
Authors: Roberts John
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we seek to apply the concepts and theories developed in earlier chapters to examine how firms can organize themselves to increase their performance against their current strategies. The key idea is to design the organization to provide as focused, intense incentives as possible within the constraints implied by the corporate form and the interdependencies that it both creates and is meant to control. Doing so necessitates a variety of choices of architecture and routines, supported by cul-tural changes, that together can be called disaggregation. The key architectural elements involve redrawing the horizontal and vertical boundaries of the firm to increase strategic focus; creating relatively small subunits within the organization in which significant decision rights are lodged; and decreasing the number of layers of manage-ment and the extent of central staff.
Moving Outside Manufacturing: Research Perspectives on Small Business in Twentieth-Century America
Authors: Scranton Philip
Published: November 2023

The reigning orthodoxy in business history, sometimes termed the ‘organizational synthesis’, is articulated around a dichotomy between ‘big’ and ‘small’ enterprises, which legitimizes a research concentration on large, ‘centre’ firms in national and international economies. In this formulation, small business becomes marginalized as the ‘periphery’, as a residual if sizeable class of firms that failed to thrive (i.e. become big), that occupy ‘sec ondary labour markets’ and economic ‘niches’, and that frequently depend upon leading enterprises for contracted orders. Their misfortune may derive from weak entrepreneurship, sectoral obstacles to scale economies, or other sources; but in essence, they are positioned as a deficient ‘other’ whose insignificance helps validate the significance of the ‘core’ and the historical project of delineating its rise to dominance.
Values and Fertility Change in Japan
Authors: Retherford Robert D , Ogawa Naohiro , sakamoto satomi
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers how value change and underlying economic and social change have jointly affected fertility in Japan since 1950, when survey data on fertility-related values started to become available. It is convenient to classify Japan’s fertility decline since 1950 into three periods: (1) 1950-7, a period of rapid decline at the end of which total fertility reached the replacement level of about two children per woman; (2) 1957-73, during which fertility did not change much; and (3) 1973-95, a period of resumed fertility decline when total fertility fell to 1.43. Our analysis relates mainly to the third period.
Religious Values and Fertility Decline: Catholics and Lutherans in Alsace, 1750-1870
Authors: Mcquillan Kevin
Published: November 2023

Recent efforts to come to an understanding of the sources of fertility change have often counterposed the roles played by economic and social factors (Cleland and Wilson 1987; McNicoll 1992). Writers from the various micro-economic schools of analysis (Easterlin 1978), as well as some historians inspired by Marxist views of change (Levine 1977; Medick 1981), have supported the case for an essentially economic explanation of fertility change. The Princeton studies of the decline of fertility in Europe (Coale and Watkins 1986) have given a boost to cultural accounts of demographic change, a view long supported by several anthropologists and historians. Yet, any careful reading of the historical evidence must lead to the conclusion that both sets of factors have played an important role in fertility change.
Conclusions
Authors: Casterline John B
Published: November 2023

How values are constructed and maintained, and how they influence behaviour, has long been a central concern of social scientists. Demography is commonly viewed as among the least reflective and most coldly numerical of the social science disciplines, and therefore most social scientists assume that values figure in theory and discourse in demography in only a minor way. In fact assertions about values and the larger cultural systems in which they are embedded appear in most of the influential treatises on fertility change, from the early statements by Notestein and his contemporaries (Notestein 1953; Davis 1955) to the present (Caldwell 1982; Lesthaeghe 1983; Preston 1986; Cleland and Wilson 1987). Hence it would be inaccurate to accuse demographers of ignoring values altogether. Most demographic theory, however, assigns a much weaker causal contribution to cultural systems than other major societal structures (especially social and economic structures).
External Trade Policy
Authors: Hine Robert C , Padoan Pier Carlo
Published: November 2023

Extema1 trade has a large and expanding influence on European economic activity. Foreign markets absorb almost a tenth of EC goods output. ‘They are major sources of competitive stimulus and technical innovation, and provide crucial supplies of energy and raw materials. Within the European economy, however, the influence of external trade is uneven. For institutional and other reasons, there are marked differences in the extent to which the various sectors of the economy are exposed to import and export competition.
Welfare Theory
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

I think A Critique advanced four ideas of some importance. First, it grounded welfare economics on individual choice. Using Occam’s razor, it showed that the theory was based on the value judgement that a person was better off in one situation than in another if the former could be said to have been chosen rather than the latter. This was not, perhaps, a very important contribution. But it was a shade more austere than Paul Samuelson’s concept of ‘revealed preference’. One did not have to suppose that choice revealed preference. A person might choose B rather than A although he or she preferred A. One could jump straight to the value judgement that welfare was increased if someone should reach a chosen position, and be better off in this sense. One did not need to claim that he or she was more satisfied. One did not have to be a utilitarian.
The Foundations of Welfare Economics (1949)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

The formulation of the theory of economic welfare, which appears to be accepted by many economists today, consists of a number of elegant deductions from unacceptable premisses. This paradoxical state of affairs is the result of some logical and philosophical confusions. It is proposed, in this article, to discuss the criteria for an increase in the economic welfare of individuals and of society, and other related questions.
Social Choice and Individual Values (1952)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this article is to discuss the implications of Professor Arrow’s conclusion that, ‘if we exclude the possibility of interpersonal comparisons of utility, then the only methods of passing from individual tastes to social preferences which will be satisfactory and which will be defined for a wide range of sets of individual orderings are either imposed or dictatorial.’
Trade and Industrialization Revisited (1994)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

In 1970, the book Industry and Trade in Some Developing Countries by myself, Tibor Scitovsky, and Maurice Scott was published (referred to henceforth as LSS). It exposed the bad effects of the import substitution policies which had been the prevailing mode of industrialization in developing countries for a long time. It advocated the elimination of quotas and a uniform tariff of rn-15 per cent. The exchange rate should be adjusted to ensure that exports were compet¬itive. If any industry was, exceptionally, to receive more promotion than that implied by the low tariff, this should be by some form of subsidization which should not exceed another rn-15 per cent of domestic value added. LSS is, I believe, still the most quoted work on the subject.1 It was quite closely related in theory to the methods of cost-benefit analysis proposed by Little and Mirrlees (1974) (referred to henceforth as LM).
The Experience and Causes of Rapid Labour¬ Intensive Development in Korea, Taiwan Province, Hong Kong, and Singapore, and the Possibilities of Emulation (1981)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

There is good reason to ask what can be learned from South Korea (hereafter, ‘Korea’), Taiwan Province (hereafter, ‘Taiwan’), Hong Kong, and Singapore-the ‘four’, as I shall call them for convenience. Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore had all achieved in 1973 a growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) of over IO per cent per annum for the previous decade. Hong Kong only just missed this magic figure; but the latter’s growth over the longer twenty-year period, 1953,3, was better than that of the other three. Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Korea were also by 1975 the largest exporters of domestically produced manufactures in the developing world: each exported over US$4 billion worth, the next in order being Yugoslavia, Brazil, India, and Mexico, all of which were in the US$2 billion league.
Ethics and International Economic Relations (1992)
Authors: Little I M D
Published: November 2023

It may be useful to start by underlining an important difference between the viewpoint I am going to take and that of many moral philosophers. I do not believe in natural rights, laws, or liberties; by which I mean rights, laws, or liberties that are independent of any community or society. I accept that people may have rights, but these rights are created by, and are nugatory without, a moral community.
The Exposure of International Corporate Bond Returns to Exchange Rate Risk
Authors: Delianedis Gordon , Santa-Clara Pedro
Published: November 2023

This chapter looks at the effects of exchange rate variability on corporate bond returns, trying to ascertain the extent to which currency risk impacts the borrowing costs of companies. The relevance of this study becomes apparent in the context of European Monetary Union. In fact, one of the benefits of currency unification that has been touted is the reduction of financing costs to European companies, from decreasing exchange rate risk. This chapter examines the likelihood and extent of these potential gains.
The Asset Management Industry in Europe: Competitive Structure and Performance under EMU
Authors: Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

The institutional asset management industry is likely to be one of the largest and most dynamic parts of the global financial services sector in the years ahead. As of 1996, the global total of assets under management was estimated at close to US$30 trillion, comprising some US$8.2 trillion in pension fund assets, about US$5.3 trillion in mutual fund assets, US$6.4 trillion in fiduciary assets controlled by insurance companies, and perhaps US$7.5 trillion in offshore private client assets. I Not only will this already massive industry experience an extraordinary rate of growth in comparison with other segments of the financial services sector, but cross-border volume-both regional and global-is likely to take an increasing share of that activity. Much of the action will be centred in Europe, which remains well behind the United States in institutional asset management and where many of the global pension problems reside, even as the rapid growth of performance- oriented managed funds alters the European financial land¬ scape under EMU-including traditional approaches to corporate control.
Triggers of Organizational Learning during the Transformation Process in Central European Countries
Authors: Merkens Hans , Geppert Mike , Antal David
Published: November 2023

Organizational learning during the transformation process experienced in Europe’s former socialist countries has taken place under particularly difficult circumstances. The businesses in those regions have had to adjust to an environment that has been changing dramatically since the early 1990s. Their challenge has been to internalize a new type of organizational behavior in order to operate successfully under unfamiliar, market-based conditions. The purpose of this chapter is to explain what triggers the process of developing radically new behavior or of seeking evolutionary behavioral change when an organization’s environment is in rapid flux. In the following sections both types of change are regarded as organizational learning.
Organizational Learning as Guided Responses to Market Signals
Authors: Stopford John M
Published: November 2023

The recent growth of scholarly interest in the relationship between knowledge flows and strategic management has created a variety of perspectives on how organizations respond to market signals. One perspective is based on the largely implicit assumption that organizations are inert and that organizational learning is not a strongly managed process (see, for example, Hannan and Freeman 1977; Nelson and Winter 1982). In similar vein, scholars such as Lave and Wenger (1991) and Strauss (1978) have explained the flows of knowledge across organizational boundaries in terms of the configuration of ‘communities of practice’-relatively small groups of people who together develop shared values and perspectives that give meaning and purpose to their communal work-within any one organization. Organizations are assumed to respond to market signals in ways that are predetermined by their social construction.
How Organizations Learn from Success and Failure
Authors: Starbuck William H , Hedberg Bo
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyzes the effects of successes and failures on organizational learning. The analysis contrasts behavioral and cognitive approaches, illustrating these with an example of technological development by an interorganizational coalition and an example of industry-wide development during a business cycle. Behavioral approaches explain as much behavior as possible without allowing for conscious thought, so learning arises from automatic reactions to performance feedback. Because it is learners’ environments that generate this feedback, environments strongly influence what is learned. One advantage of behavioral approaches is that they can explain how effective learning can occur in spite of learners’ perceptual errors.
Power and Politics in Organizations: Public and Private Sector Comparisons
Authors: LaPalombara Joseph
Published: November 2023

Organizational learning derives most of its knowledge from research on organizations in the private sector, particularly from the study of the firm. Its rich interdisciplinary quality is reflected in the range of social sciences that have contributed to the field’s robust development. The contribution from political science, however, has been minimal (reasons are suggested by LaPalombara, Ch. 6 in this volume).
Organizational Learning in International Joint Ventures: The Case of Hungary
Authors: Lyles Marjorie A
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses the downward flow of knowledge and organizational learning from foreign parents to international joint ventures (IJVs) in the context of transitional economies, in particular Hungary. It draws heavily on the research work on Hungarian joint ventures done by Lyles, which includes three data collection periods during the 1990s. Organizational learning is the embodied know-how resulting from absorptive capacity, receptivity of the firm to new knowledge, and the firm’s ability to develop knowledge utilization skills (Cohen and Levinthal 1990; von Krogh, Lyles, Mahnke, and Rogulic 1999). Thus, organizational learning is not only the capabilities of the firm to learn and to acquire knowledge but also the firm’s capabilities to transfer this knowledge into useful skills and end products overtime.
The Nature of Public Management Reform
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert
Published: November 2023

Public management reform is usually thought of as a means to an end, not an end in itself. To be more precise we should perhaps say that it is potentially a means to multiple ends. These include making savings (economies) in public expenditure, improving the quality of public services, making the operations of government more efficient and increasing the chances that the policies which are chosen and implemented will be effective.
Global Account Management: Linking External Demands with Internal Abilities
Authors: Birkinshaw Julian , Toulan Omar , Arnold David
Published: November 2023

As was highlighted in Chapter 2, the external linkages of a firm are not simple one-to-one interactions. Rather, each link is composed of multiple individual relationships. While the previous chapter addressed this issue from the point of view of managing supplier relations, the same is true of managing customers. Each customer relationship is composed of multiple con¬ tact points with the vendor, be it with different country or product divisions. This network or web of relationships becomes particularly extensive in the case of multinational firms serving other multinationals. The result is a dispersion of knowledge about the customer amongst a number of individuals in the firm.
in the Medium and Long Run: An 1(2) Analysis of Six Price Indices
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: November 2023

There has recently been an increased interest in the econometric relationship between so called commodity price indices and general price indices, like the CPI and the WPI (see Baillie, 1989; Kugler, 1991; Trivedi, 199.5; Granger and Jeon, 1996; Gallo, Marcellino, and Trivedi, 1997). The economic background for this interest is the assumption that commodity prices should react faster to inflationary signals, for instance originating from changes in money stock, and hence could act as forward indicators of general price inflation.
Partial Pooling: A Possible Answer to “To Pool or Not To Pool”
Authors: Vahid Farshid
Published: November 2023

In a panel discussion on future directions in econometrics Clive Granger expressed the opinion that statisticians and econometricians should pay more attention to methods of extracting information from large panels, given that such panels are becoming increasingly available. In this spirit, the present paper suggests a procedure for classifying linear conditional expectation functions in “medium-sized’’ panels, i.e. panels with a moderately large time dimension, and not too large a cross sectional dimension. We are motivated by regional and sectoral panel studies (such as the 50 states of the United States1 the 18 OECD countries, 20 two digit manufacturing industries, etc.) where. for each region or sector, the parameters of the conditional expectation function of one (dependent) variable given some other (independent) variables are of interest, and regions or sectors are independent enough so that there are no feedbacks from one region or sector to the other, and hence a VAR analysis on the entire panel would not be appropriate.
Introduction: Against the Neutralist ‘Politics’of Political Theory
Authors: Blattberg Charles
Published: November 2023

What does it mean to make a good distinction? By this I want to ask not just that all too familiar ‘Where should we draw the line?’ but also ‘What kind of line should we draw?’. That is, should it be straight or indented, rigid or flexible, solid or dotted? These questions are significant because, as I shall argue in this work, how we answer them connects directly to the matter of how, or whether, we think we can combine those things that we have come to consider as distinct. And this is important since, when what we have distinguished is our values or goods-the things that matter to us—and these have come into conflict, then how we deal with such conflicts is a fundamental part of our moral and political lives.
A Critical Review of the Literature on the Management of Corporate Information Infrastructure
Authors: Ciborra Claudio u.
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to look at the basic ideas, models, and recipes that the current management literature recommends for the building, implementation, and management of information infrastructures within corporations. The literature stretches from the emerging area of’global information systems’ —the analysis and design of IT systems that support a global enterprise (Ives and Jarvenpaa 1991; Roche 1996; Peppard 1999) —up to the technical and consulting manuals dedicated to the management of corporate computer platforms. Despite such a large spectrum, the fields of global information systems and IT infrastructures are still in their infancy, and therefore offer a rather limited body of models, prescriptions, and case material that may be used as a reference to identify key concepts and approaches. On the whole, as we shall try to show, the literature lacks originality.
Central Control and Local Discretion in China
Authors: Chung Jae Ho
Published: November 2023

This book analyses the decollectivization reform in China during the early 1980s in order to gauge the impact of post-Mao decentralization on central control and provincial discretion. The volume challenges the notion that the decision to decentralize administrative authority ipso facto produces local discretion properly keyed to local conditions. In fact, outcomes often differ from the intended goals. While, generally, local interests and central-local clientilistic networks determine the policy responses of the provinces, bureaucratic careerism also plays a crucial role. In the case of post-Mao decollectivization, national-level analyses suggest that a majority of provinces adopted household farming neither too quickly nor too slowly, since both 'pioneering' and 'resisting' entailed potentially enormous political risks. Once Beijing's preference appeared firmly fixed, however, they all quickly bandwagoned by popularizing the policy as swiftly as possible. Three detailed case studies of Anhui as a pioneer, Shandong as a bandwagoner, and Heilongjiang as a resister further highlight the evolutionary process in which provincial variations came to be replaced by uniform compliance imposed by Beijing. Theoretically, this study contends that the overall scope of local discretion is circumscribed by the dominant norms and incentive relations embedded in the implementation dynamics. Methodologically, the book employs a combination of aggregate analyses and comparative case studies. Empirically, on the basis of newly available materials (including classified documents) and interviews, it challenges the 'peasant-power' school which has somehow allowed local governments to evaporate in its descriptions of post-Mao decollectivization.
Central-Provincial Policy Relations in China: Decentralization Experiences, Bureaucratic Norms, and Post-Mao Changes
Authors: Chung Jae Ho
Published: November 2023

This chapter, providing an overview of central-provincial policy relations in the People’s Republic of China, consists of four sections. The first critically assesses the decentralization experiences of the Maoist period and argues that neither the devolution of fiscal authority nor the organizational breakdown during the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution expanded the scope of provincial policy discretion due mainly to the selfpolicing power of ideological norms.
The Politics of ‘Bandwagoning’ in Shandong: Uncertainties, Opportunism, and Compliance
Authors: Chung Jae Ho
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the ‘bandwagoning’ pattern adopted by a majority of the provinces during the period of decollectivization. These bandwagoners, being uncertain of the centre’s intentions and preferences, had initially opted for a highly ‘cautious stance of wait and see’. Once Beijing’s preference for the household-based systems became crystal clear in late 1982, however, they all quickly bandwagoned to popularize them. on. a province-wide scale, lire pervasiveness of bandwagoning during decollectivization highlights the lingering effects of the Maoist norms and underscores the limited success of the measures of post-Mao administrative decentralization. Such opportunistic behaviour by a majority of the provinces also explains why the level of interprovincial variation in the pace of decollectivization dropped sharply in. 1982 compared to that in 1981. (see Table 3.3).
The Politics of Resistance in Heilongjiang: Issue Linkages, Attentive Leadership, and Tactics of Delayed Implementation
Authors: Chung Jae Ho
Published: November 2023

The most salient characteristic of the decollectivization reform is that a few provinces dared to resist the centre’s preferences in order to protect their endogenous interests. As far as our current understanding of China’s policy processes is concerned, such recalcitrance was very rare in the pre-reform era (the post-1957 period in particular) during which provincial compliance with central policy was generally swift, total, standardized, and largely taken for granted.1 In the context of decollectivization, three north-eastern provinces—Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning—stood out for their slow, deviant, and resistant pattern of implementation. These ‘resister’ provinces provide supporting evidence for the effects of administrative decentralization on expanding the scope of policy discretion at least in a few provinces.
Introduction: Why the Expressive Organization?
Authors: Schultz Majken , Hatch Mary Jo , Larsen Mogens Holten
Published: November 2023

Ideas such as organizational identity, reputation, and corporate branding have been around for a long time. But never before have the interests that promote these ideas within business-the functions of HRM, communication, marketing, strategy, and accounting-been in greater need of one another’s support. For example, if corporate identity is to attract top-level employees to the firm, then potential employees must hear good things about the company from trusted sources. Recruiting brochures are no longer sufficient. Web sites and corporate advertising are equally important, leaving HRM departments increasingly dependent on marketing for their recruiting success. Good corporate advertising does not hurt motivation once employees are inside the firm either.
Scaling the Tower of Babel: Relational Differences between Identity, Image, and Culture in Organizations
Authors: Hatch Mary Jo , Schultz Majken
Published: November 2023

Corporate and organizational identity have attracted considerable attention from both academics and practitioners whose efforts to explain, control, and/or exploit them offer us a multiplicity of issues, concepts, and theoretical perspectives. This multiplicity is broadly based, because of the multidisciplinary appeal of the identity concept as it applies to organizations. In this chapter we examine different approaches to the study of the identity of organizations within the fields of marketing, organization studies, organizational communication, and strategy. On the one hand, the multidisciplinarity of these approaches creates considerable conceptual confusion, leading to what we describe as the Tower of Babel in identity research. On the other hand, the variety and richness that come from such diversity provide valuable input to our theorizing.
Building and Managing Corporate Brand Equity
Authors: Keller Kevin Lane
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines issues in building and managing corporate brand equity. Its purpose is to provide language, concepts, and guidelines that will improve the understanding of corporate brand equity management. Essentially, all firms have the opportunity to build corporate brand equity if they so choose. An increasing number of firms are employing their corporate brand as a strategic marketing weapon in the marketplace to improve their financial performance (Roberts and Dowling 1998). The discussion in this chapter will highlight some academic progress in this area, as well as suggest industry best practice.
Intercity Competition and the Question of Economic Resilience: Globalization and Crisis in Asia
Authors: Douglass Michael
Published: November 2023

Globalization-here concerned with the integration of circuits of finance, commerce, and production on a world scale-is recent, incomplete, and under going dynamic transformations in organizational structures and local impacts. Although industrial production began to globalize in the 1970s, very few coun tries in the world actually achieved “newly industrialized economy” status. The most well-known economic miracles in the developing world emerged in east and southeast Asia (Pacific Asia). Erstwhile successes in Latin America faltered in the late 1970s with only sporadic recovery since. Other would-be success stories in the Third World generally failed to get beyond the textile, garment, and shoe fabrication stage of industrialization (Athukorala 1989). By the early 1990s, the record showed that with only a few Pacific Asia countries becoming the principal sources of higher value-added manufacturing outside of the OECD, economic disparities among nations were continuing to widen (Pritchett 1996, Rao 1998).