bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FUNGUS GNATS, BRADYSIA SPP. (DIPTERA: SCIARIDAE), AND WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS, FRANKLINIELLA OCCIDENTALS (PERGANDE) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE), IN GREENHOUSES USING A SOIL-DWELLING PREDATORY MITE, GEOLAELAPS SP. NR. ACULEIFER (CANESTRINI) (ACARI: LAELAPIDAE)
Authors: Gillespie David R. , Quiring Donald M.J.
Published: November 2009

A soil-dwelling predatory mite, Geolaelaps sp. nr. aculeifer (Canestrini), introduced inundatively at a rate of 6000 mites per plant to the sawdust substrate of hydroponically grown, greenhouse cucumbers significantly reduced numbers of fungus gnat, Bradysia spp., larvae and adults over a 10-week period. Inundative introductions of 1600 mites per plant reduced emergence of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), adults to about 30% of that in the controls over a 40-day trial. An inoculative introduction of 125 mites per plant to cucumber plants in selected rows in a commercial greenhouse reduced peak fungus gnat numbers to about 20% of those in untreated rows. These results suggest that a single inoculative introduction of Geolaelaps sp. nr. aculeifer, early in the crop cycle, would maintain control of fungus gnat populations in greenhouse cucumber crops at an acceptable level. This predator would also contribute to biological control of western flower thrips by reducing emergence of adults.
DEVELOPMENTAL TIMES AND FECUNDITY OF IXODES COOKEI PACKARD (ACARI: IXODIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: Farkas Martha J. , Surgeoner Gordon A.
Published: November 2009

Ixodes cookei Packard required ca. 14 weeks to complete development under laboratory conditions, using groundhogs [Marmota monax (L.)] as the blood meal source and off-host conditions of 25–29°C and 93–100% relative humidity. All three post-embryonic instars engorged in ca. 6–8 days. Larvae and nymphs maintained at 25°C moulted to the next instar ca. 18–20 days after detachment. Moult occurred under conditions of either a 0L:24D or a 16L:8D photoperiod. Adult females increased in weight ca. 49-fold from the unfed to the engorged state, attaining a weight of 194.1 ± 15.0 (mean ± SE) mg and producing 1281.5 ± 139.1 (mean ± SE) eggs at 29°C. The pre-ovipositional and ovipositional periods were 4.7 ± 0.3 and 20.2 ± 1.7(mean ± SE) days, respectively, at 29°C. Fifty percent of eggs were deposited within the 1st week of the ovipositional period at 29°C. First egg hatch at 29°C occurred ca. 31 days after oviposition was started. Eggs maintained at 10°C did not hatch, and the thermal threshold for egg development was calculated to be 11.2°C.
METZNERIA PAUCIPUNCTELLA ZELLER (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE), A MOTH INTRODUCED AGAINST SPOTTED KNAPWEED: ITS FEEDING STRATEGY AND IMPACT ON TWO INTRODUCED UROPHORA SPP. (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Story J.M. , Boggs K.W. , Good W.R. , Harris P. , Nowierski R.M.
Published: November 2009

Metzneria paucipunctella Zeller is a seed head moth introduced for biological control of spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lamarck, in the Pacific Northwest. A cage study was conducted in Montana in 1987 and 1988 to assess the feeding strategy of the M. paucipunctella larva and its impact on two seed head flies, Urophora spp., also introduced on spotted knapweed. Each moth larva destroyed an average of 8.13 knapweed seeds. Most of the seeds were destroyed prior to seed dispersal in early September but the remaining seeds were attacked in the spring of the following year. Each larva tied an average of 7.0 seeds with silk webbing which allowed for feeding long after normal seed dispersal. Seed survival in cages containing both the moth and the two fly species (4.71 seeds per head) was significantly less than in fly-only cages (9.75 seeds per head). The moth larvae caused extensive mortality to the two Urophora species, especially during the spring months. Moth-caused mortality to U. affinis larvae increased from 19% during June through October to 67% in May of the following year. Mortality to U. quadrifasciata also occurred but did not increase significantly in the spring. Data from 10 field sites showed very little association between M. paucipunctella and the two Urophora species which suggests that the unnatural conditions associated with the cages did not increase the incidence of joint moth and fly attack to individual seed heads. The moth is a valuable biocontrol agent as it is contributing significantly to the overall consumer pressure on spotted knapweed seed heads.
PARASITISM IN SUSTAINED AND COLLAPSING POPULATIONS OF THE JACK PINE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA PINUS PINUS FREE. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN ONTARIO, 1985–1987
Authors: Nealis V.G.
Published: November 2009

Sixteen species of parasitoids were found attacking outbreak and collapsing populations of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in several plots in northeastern and northwestern Ontario. The patterns of parasitism were similar among widely separated plots with only a few species consistently dominating the parasitoid fauna. The greatest difference in the pattern of parasitism was between sustained and collapsing infestations. Collapsing populations of jack pine bud-worm were associated with relatively high levels of parasitism by Meteorus trachynotus Vier. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Lypha setifacies (West.) (Diptera: Tachinidae) which attacked the late larval stages of the budworm. The results are discussed in comparison with other jack pine budworm studies and with spruce budworm population studies.
REVISION OFSPILOMICRUSWESTWOOD IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, DIAPRIIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: November 2009

The species of the genusSpilomicrusin America north of Mexico are revised. A generic diagnosis ofSpilomicrus, key to genera of Nearctic Spilomicrini, and key toSpilomicrusspecies in America north of Mexico are given. Four species-groups are defined, viz.distinctus,exul,formosus, andstigmaticalis. Character states, variation, distribution, and relationships of each species are discussed. Twelve of 21 species are recognized as new:S.boweni,S.crassicornis,S.distinctus,S.exul,S.inornatus,S.palustris,S.pumilio,S.robustus,S.sanbornei,S.stepheni,S.superbus, andS.sylvicola. Nine previously known species are redescribed:S.antennatus(Jurine),S.atriclavusAshmead,S.bifoveatusKieffer,S.brevicornis(Ashmead),S.flavicornisAshmead,S.formosusJansson,S.ruficornis(Provancher),S.stigmaticalisWestwood, andS.virginicusFouts. The males ofS.brevicornisandS.virginicus, as well as the females ofS.flavicornisandS.ruficornis, are described for the first time. The following new synonymies are proposed:S.antennatus(=Basalys californicaAshmead),S.atriclavus(=S.foutsiMasner,S.kiefferiFouts), andS.stigmaticalis(=S.armatusAshmead).
COLEOPHORA DEAURATELLA LIENIG AND ZELLER (LEPIDOPTERA, COLEOPHORIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: AN INTRODUCED, NEWLY DETECTED EUROPEAN MOTH INJURIOUS TO RED CLOVER SEEDS
Authors: Landry Jean-François
Published: November 2009

Coleophora deauratella Lienig and Zeller is reported for the first time in North America. This casebearer species was introduced accidentally from Europe almost 30 years ago but remained unrecognized. It currently is known from eastern Canada and northeastern United States. Larvae feed on seeds of red clover, Trifolium pratense L. Diagnostic characters of the larval case and the adult, as well as features separating C. deauratella from two similar casebearer species, are presented.
TOXICITY OF PERMETHRIN, AZINPHOSMETHYL, AND METHOMYL TO PHOLETESOR ORNIGIS (WEED) AND PHOLETESOR PEDIAS NIXON (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), PARASITES OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (FABR.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Fisher P.A. , Laing J.E. , Pree D.J.
Published: November 2009

The toxicity of the insecticides permethrin, azinphosmethyl, and methomyl to adult Pholetesor ornigis (Weed) and P. pedias Nixon was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Older P. pedias (2 and 3 days old) were more susceptible than younger parasites (1 day old) to permethrin. Azinphosmethyl was slightly more toxic to female P. ornigis than to male P. ornigis or to P. pedias. There was no consistent difference in the response of adult P. ornigis compared with P. pedias exposed to permethrin or methomyl on treated paper disks. Methomyl was twice as toxic as either azinphosmethyl or permethrin. Male P. ornigis were less susceptible than female P. ornigis to permethrin, but the difference was significant in only one of four populations tested. Male P. ornigis were less susceptible than females to azinphosmethyl. In 1986, populations of P. ornigis which had been exposed previously to pyrethroid insecticides were less susceptible to permethrin than P. ornigis from orchards where pyrethroids had never been applied. The response of both Pholetesor spp. to permethrin varied significantly from 1986 to 1987.
A TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT MODEL OF EGG DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM, DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA LECONTE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Schaafsma A.W. , Whitfield G.H. , Ellis C.R.
Published: November 2009

Developmental rates of post-diapause eggs of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte were compared in the laboratory at six constant temperatures, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32°C. Linear and nonlinear models were fitted to temperature versus developmental data and were used to predict egg hatch in the field. A four-parameter model fitted to median developmental rates (r2 = 0.99) indicated that development was linear between 16 and 28°C, optimal at 28°C, and decreased at 32°C. The lower development threshold (± SE) (10.5 ± 0.1°C) was determined by linear regression and the x-intercept method. Completion of post-diapause egg development required 258 ± 3 degree-days (± SE) above the base temperature. This compared well with the mean degree-days accumulated to 50% hatch (± SE) of 265 ± 24 which we observed in the field at several locations over 3 years using a degree-day model incorporating an 11°C developmental threshold and soil temperatures at 5- and 10-cm depths. A stochastic simulation model, incorporating a nonlinear developmental function dependant on soil temperatures taken every 2 h also predicted 50% hatch within 2 days. This model was validated in the field with 19 independent records of soil temperatures for several locations at two depths in the soil over 3 years. The simulation model accurately predicted time of 5 and 95% hatch, which indicates that this model has broad application in predicting the pattern of egg hatch for pest management.
IDENTIFICATION OF SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENTS FOR TWO LEPIDOPTERAN DEFOLIATORS, THE OAK OLETHREUTID LEAFROLLER, PSEUDEXENTERA SPOLIANA (CLEMENS), AND THE ASPEN LEAFROLLER, PSEUDEXENTERA OREGONANA (WALSINGHAM)
Authors: Grant G.G. , Pendrel B. , Slessor K.N. , Meng X.Z. , Miller W.E.
Published: November 2009

Moths of the genus Pseudexentera are early-season fliers that include three species of economic importance: P. spoliana (Clemens) on oak (Quercus), P. oregonana (Walsingham) on aspen (Populus), and P. mali Freeman on apple (Malus). GC and GC/MS analysis, EAG and behavioral bioassays, and field tests confirmed that Z10-16:Ac is an attractive sex pheromone component of female P. spoliana. Capillary GC analysis supported by GC/MS also indicated the presence of 16:Ac, Z10-16:OH, and 16:OH in pheromone extracts and there was tentative GC evidence for Z12-16:Ac. However, addition of these compounds to Z10-16:Ac in various blends did not enhance male attraction. The major sex pheromone component of female P. oregonana is Z8-14:Ac. There was also GC and GC/MS evidence for Z8-14:OH and tentative GC evidence for 14:Ac in the pheromone of this species. Their addition to Z8-14:Ac failed to increase moth catches in baited traps. Pseudexentera mali males were attracted by Z,Z-8,10-16:Ac, a previously reported sex pheromone of this species. Pheromone lures targeted for each species were not cross-attractive.
RESOURCE USE AND CLONAL DIFFERENCES IN ATTACK RATE BY THE DOUGLAS-FIR SEED CHALCID,MEGASTIGMUS SPERMOTROPHUSWACHTL (HYMENOPTERA: TORYMIDAE), IN FRANCE
Authors: Rappaport Nancy , Roques Alain
Published: November 2009

The within-cone distribution ofMegastigmus spermotrophusWachtl (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), the Douglas-fir seed chalcid, infesting Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco] cones from north-central France was compared with that in samples from California. Results indicate that the mid-region of cones was more intensively utilized by seed chalcids in France than in California, whereas in the northwestern United States the mid-region is characteristically occupied by dipteran and lepidopteran species. This difference in distribution may explain the large discrepancy in infestation rates on the two continents. The potential impact of this finding on pest management strategies is discussed.

Cones were measured and dissected or X-rayed to determine seed chalcid infestation levels. Analysis of covariance performed on data from cones that were collected in 1986 and dissected showed cone diameter at maturity to be a highly significant factor in attack rate, although slopes were different among clones. Between-tree variation was also significant, but clonal source was not. Cone diameter, clonal source, and between-tree variation constituted 87.1% of the variation in rate of attack by the seed chalcid. Although clone was not a significant factor in data from dissected cones, X-rayed cones showed significant differences in attack rates for some clones.
ENGRAVER BEETLES (SCOLYTIDAE: IPS SPECIES) AS VECTORS OF THE PITCH CANKER FUNGUS, FUSARIUM SUBGLUTINANS
Authors: Fox J.W. , Wood D.L. , Koehler C.S. , O’Keefe S.T.
Published: November 2009

Ips mexicanus (Hopkins) and I. paraconfusus Lanier can transmit a frugal pathogen that causes pitch canker [Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw, and Reink.) Nelson, Toussoun, andMarasas], a disease recently identified in Monterey pines (Pirns radiata D. Don) in California. In Santa Cruz County, F. subglutinans was recovered from Ips spp. that emerged from pitch canker-in fee ted P. radiata and were captured in multiple-funnel traps baited with racemic Ips spp. pheromones. Ips paraconfusus adults experimentally contaminated with propagules of the fungus transmitted it to seedlings and mature pines. Field transmission was demonstrated when cankers were produced following pheromone-induced beetle attacks on pines. Ips spp. inoculated F. subglutinans into pine slash, thus creating reservoirs of this fungus. Larvae, pupae, and young adults acquired the fungus when their parents introduced it into logs. Ips spp. progeny production and development were not significantly altered by the fungus. In proximity to other bark beetle-associated fungi, growth of F. subglutinans was reduced and patchy. A new association may be developing among native Ips spp. and F. subglutinans.
NEW RECORDS OF OTIORHYNCHUS GERMAR SPECIES IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Anderson Robert S.
Published: November 2009

Seventeen species of the genus Otiorhynchus are known to occur in North America (including Greenland) (O'Brien and Wibmer 1982; Wibmer and O'Brien 1989). Warner and Negley (1976) provide a key to 16 species (not including O. monticola Germar, since recorded from Greenland) and provide information on distribution and natural history. All species occurring on mainland North America are known to be introduced. Whereas some of the species have broad distributions in North America, for example O. ovatus (L.), others are known from only a few adjacent localities. Species such as O. singularis (L.) and O. sulcatus (F.) are found in both western and eastern North America but not in intervening areas. Such distributions likely represent separate introductions.
CHANGES IN FEEDING HABITS OF SELECTED NONTARGET AQUATIC INSECTS IN RESPONSE TO LIVE AND BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS DE BARJAC-KILLED BLACK FLY LARVAE (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Merritt Richard W. , Wipfli Mark S. , Wotton R.S.
Published: November 2009

The effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis de Barjac (B.t.i.) on the feeding habits of two black fly predators, Nigronia serricornis (Say) and Acroneuria lycorias (Newman), and a detritivore, Prostoia completa (Walker), were examined. We assessed whether B.t.i.-killed and hot water-killed black fly larvae were less or more desirable to these consumers than live larvae. Nigronia larvae showed no significant differences in predation on larvae within the three categories. Acroneuria nymphs consumed more live than dead prey. Experiments with the detritivore, Prostoia, showed that they preferred dead black fly larvae to live ones. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis treatment may have little direct effect on nontarget organisms, but these studies indicate that there still may be consequences for predators and detritivores when a viable population of larval black flies is transformed into dead organic matter.
LIFE HISTORY OF THE JACK PINE TIP BEETLE, CONOPHTHORUS BANKSIANAE McPHERSON (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): IMPLICATIONS FOR SPECIES STATUS
Authors: de Groot Peter , Borden John H.
Published: November 2009

The jack pine tip beetle, Conophthorus banksianae McPherson (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), has been distinguished from its sibling species, C. resinosae Hopkins, partly because immature stages were present in the field longer and because it may be bivoltine. A life history study of the tip beetle revealed it is univoitine, overwintering as an adult. The developmental period of C. banksianae from eggs to adults is about the same as that for C. resinosae. As in C. resinosae, adult C. banksianae usually mate in the spring, but some mate the previous fall. Mating occurs on or in the host. Female-biased sex ratios are found consistently throughout the life cycle of C. banksianae and in overwintering adults of C. resinosae. In Ontario, oviposition galleries are initiated in the old shoots until mid-June, thereafter in new shoots. Peak oviposition is completed before new shoots have fully elongated. The very similar life history traits of C. banksianae and C. resinosae suggest the species are closely related, if not the same species as recently proposed.
LIFE CYCLE PATHWAYS AND THE ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES IN INSECTS
Authors: Danks H.V.
Published: November 2009

The structure and temporal control of insect life cycles can best be understood by viewing them as pathways along which various options (e.g. develop or enter diapause; grow rapidly or grow slowly) are chosen in response to environmental controls such as photoperiod and temperature. Simple life cycles include small numbers of such options. The combination of several successive simple elements, however, can produce remarkably complex life cycle patterns, which are more prevalent than most entomologists have recognized. The ways in which these simple elements contribute to life cycle pathways are outlined and illustrated schematically. Flow charts showing the successive decision points in the life cycle then are constructed for selected species. This approach confirms the different simple elements, and shows how they are used in combination to control seasonal life cycles in nature.
SENSITIVITY OF BLUEBERRY LEAFTIER MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) (KEARFOTT) TO THEIR OWN SEX PHEROMONE: MATING BIOASSAY, ELECTROANTENNOGRAM, AND TRAP ATTRACTANCY STUDIES
Authors: Ponder B.M. , Seabrook W.D.
Published: November 2009

A mating suppression bioassay, an electroantennogram study, and a lure attractancy study demonstrated the sensitivity of theCroesia curvalana(Kft.) moth to the female sex pheromone. Mating suppression of 98% was achieved with source concentrations of 30 μg of either (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenal (95:5) or the natural pheromone blend of (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenal (90:10) + (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (85:15) (aldehyde:acetate = 9:1), and was 60% with a source concentration of 0.6 μg. Source concentrations of the minor component acetate, ranging from 15 to 0.6 μg, produced mating suppressions of from 78 to 38%. Male antennae responded to source concentrations of 2 × 10−10mg (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenal (90:10) and antennal saturation occurred at 2 × 10−4mg. Little female response was found at any age. Polyvinyl chloride lures releasing 1–2 ng/h captured males at approximately the same rate as did virgin moths. Release rates as low as 8 ng/h reduced trap capture from the 4 ng/h release rate found to be most effective under prevailing environmental conditions using Pherocon 1C traps. Results from these studies suggestC.curvalanacould be a candidate for pheromone-based field mating suppression.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA (HARRIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO THE MICROSPORIDIUM NOSEMA FUMIFERANAE (THOMSON) (MICROSPORIDA: NOSEMATIDAE)
Authors: Cossentine J.E. , Gardiner M.
Published: November 2009

Pathogenicity of the microsporidium Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson) in the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), was evaluated in laboratory bio-assays. When consumed by first-, fourth-, or fifth-instar obliquebanded leafroller larvae, Nosema spores primarily infected the gut and Malpighian tubules. When 2000 spores per square millimetre diet surface were consumed by neonate, fourth-, or fifth-instar larvae, the N. fumiferanae caused 91, 24, and 5% mortality, respectively. Infection by N. fumiferanae had a delayed impact on the older larvae. Large numbers of spores were retained to the adult stage by obliquebanded leafrollers treated as fourth- or fifth-instar larvae.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PHEROMONE TRAP CATCHES OF MALE CORN EARWORM MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), EGG NUMBERS, AND PHENOLOGY IN CORN
Authors: Latheef M.A. , Witz J.A. , Lopez J.D.
Published: November 2009

Relationships among catches of corn earworm moths, Helicoverpa (= Heliothis) zea (Boddie), in pheromone traps, numbers of corn earworm eggs, and corn ears with fresh silks were investigated in eight corn fields during a 2-year period in Brazos River Valley, Texas. Cross-correlation analysis indicated that the catches of corn earworm moths in pheromone traps were closely associated with egg numbers in seven of eight fields with a time differential varying between −1 to +2 days. Cross-correlation peaks for new silks versus eggs occurred with time differentials being mostly positive, indicating that corn earworm egg numbers reached a maximum after corn produced large numbers of fresh silks on ears.

There was a weak but significant linear relationship between egg numbers and corn earworm catches in pheromone traps when corn was in the whorl stage of growth. A stepwise regression model of the form: log (eggs/ha + 1) = 3.71 + 0.22*log(S + 1)*log(T + 1) − 0.3*log(S + 1), where S = numbers of corn ears with new silks per hectare, and T = mean corn earworm moths per trap, explained 52.5% of the variance. These results emphasize the mediating effects of fresh silks on corn earworm oviposition on corn.
THE NATURAL NEST AND NEST DENSITY OF THE AFRICANIZED HONEY BEE (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) NEAR TAPACHULA, CHIAPAS, MEXICO
Authors: Ratnieks Francis L.W. , Piery Miguel A. , Cuadriello Ignacio
Published: November 2009

Natural nests of the Africanized honey bee near Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico, were examined during March and April 1988, approximately 18 months after initial colonization. Most were in hollow trees, but open nests and nests in arboreal termite nests occurred. All nests were less than 6 months old and most less than 2 months. The modal cavity volume was 10–20 L. No brood diseases were seen. Colony density was estimated to be about six per square kilometre, higher than the density of man-kept hives.
THE STILT BUGS (HETEROPTERA: BERYTIDAE) OF CANADA
Authors: Scudder G.G.E.
Published: November 2009

Five species of Berytidae are reported to occur in Canada, Acanthophysa echinata Uhler being recorded for the first time. A key for identification, descriptions, a summary of the distribution, and notes on the biology are given.
TAXONOMY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF PROTEREMAEUS (ACARI: ORIBATIDA: EREMAEIDAE)
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M. , Ryabinin Nickolai A.
Published: November 2009

A new species of Proteremaeus, P. nebaikini, is described from Khabarovsk District, Soviet Far East, on the basis of adults. Evidence is presented for considering Sibiremaetts Ryabinin and Krivolutsky. 1975 as a junior synonym of Proteremaeus Piffl, 1965 A key is given to adults of the eight known species of Proteremaeus. Extant members of this genus are known only from the Palaearctic. Thus, a recently discovered fossil specimen of this genus from the late Tertiary, from Ellesmere Island, Canada, has important biogeographic implications which are discussed.
A NEW GENUS AND THREE NEW SPECIES OF APHIDS FROM QUERCUS CALLIPRINOS WEBB IN THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F.W. , Barbagallo S.
Published: November 2009

Siculaphis vittoriensis gen.nov., sp.nov., Myzocallis (Hoplocallis) microsiphon sp.nov., and M. (Agrioaphis) cocciferina sp.nov. are described. The new taxa have a Mediterranean distribution, and Quercus calliprinos Webb is their main host. Accounts are given of their morphology, taxonomic position, and ecology. A key is presented for the four species in the subgenus Hoplocallis.
RECENT OUTBREAK OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HARTIG), IN SUBARCTIC QUÉBEC
Authors: Cloutier Conrad , Filion Louise
Published: November 2009

Larch sawfly oviposition activity as revealed by scarring of long shoots of eastern larch, Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch, was measured at various locations in the high boreal forest and forest tundra in Québec in 1988 and 1989. The data show that larch sawfly is established up to the tree line, even on isolated larch growing under climatic conditions that are extreme for this tree. Frequency distributions of scarred shoots as a function of time suggest thai larch sawfly populations reached outbreak levels in the 1980s, with peak numbers in 1981 for the high boreal, and in 1985 for the subarctic regions sampled. Trends in long shoot production by larch trees started to fluctuate simultaneously with the sudden increase in larch sawfly populations along the Grande Rivière de la Baleine in 1984. In this region in 1985, the proportion of long shoots used by Pristiphora erichsonii averaged 20–35%, which may have limited further population increase. Although foliage reduction and branch mortality were observed, mortality of whole trees was not a general characteristic of this outbreak.
DESCRIPTION OF LARVAE OF 17 NEARCTIC SPECIES OFHYDROPORUSCLAIRVILLE (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE: HYDROPORINAE) WITH AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Alarie Y.
Published: November 2009

The larvae of 17 species ofHydroporusClairville were described and characterized; a key for their discrimination and illustrations of structural features of first- and third-instar larvae are provided. Many structural features, especially those of chaetotaxy and porotaxy of head capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment, and urogomphi, were found to be useful for taxonomic and phylogenetic comparisons. Based on 21 larval characters, the phylogenetic relationships among the five main lineages ofHydroporus(s. lat.) occurring in North America were studied. Structurally, the species of the subgenusHydroporus(s. str.) and of thevilisspecies-group (H.planiusculusFall) were found to be the most generalized taxa whereas the subgeneraNeoporusGuignot andHeterosternutaStrand encompassed the species with the most derived condition. The subgenusHeterosternutawas closely related to the subgenusNeoporusand both subgenera were hypothesized to form a distinct monophyletic unit on the basis of five synapomorphies. The only representative of theoblitusspecies-group studied,H.paugusFall, was related toHydroporus(s. str.) and thevilisspecies-group by the shape of the siphon. This species was a very peculiar clement withinHydroporus(s. lat.) because it was the only known species of the genus without stemmaia in the first- and second-instar larvae, with stemmata greatly reduced in size in the third-instar larvae, and with a secondary dorsomedian seta on antennomere 2. The larval features ofHydroporus(s. lat.) were compared with those ofHygrotusStephens. The comparison suggested that both genera form a monophyletic unit, that each of them is a distinct monophyletic unit, and thatHydroporus(s. lat.) is the sister-group ofHygrotusStephens.
SIMULATION MODEL FOR THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE CARROT WEEVIL, LISTRONOTUS OREGONENSIS (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Zhao D.X. , Boivin G. , Stewart R.K.
Published: November 2009

A simulation model was developed for the population dynamics of a carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte), population on muck-grown carrots. The model includes mortality rates of eggs, larvae, and pupae for different sowing dates of carrots. It also incorporates the overwintered adult density, the temperature-dependent growth rates of the above-mentioned life stages, the age-, temperature-, and phenology-dependent oviposition rates, and the impact of an egg parasitoid, Anaphes sordidatus (Girault), on egg mortality rates. Model output was evaluated by comparing simulated results with observed results on the seasonal totals and time of population peaks of the egg and larval populations. The mean percentage differences between the simulated and observed seasonal egg totals were 3.1 ± 0.66 (SE) in 1987 and 1988, and 4.2 ± 0.05 in 1989. They were not statistically different. The mean percentage differences between the simulated and observed seasonal larval totals were 10 ± 3.33 in 1987 and 1988 and 29.8 ± 0.66 in 1989. Independent data sets (i.e. field data in 1989) showed a significant increase in the simulation error of the larval population. Sensitivity analysis indicated that A. sordidatus had a large influence on the population dynamics of L. oregonensis.
NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF, AND RANGE EXTENSION FOR, ACUPALPUS MERIDIANUS (LINNÉ) (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Pollock Darren A.
Published: November 2009

In May 1990, the carabid beetle fauna of an urban Edmonton, Alta., garden was sampled by hand, and specimens were identified using Lindroth (1968). The most common carabid in the garden was Acupalpus meridianus (L.). Other carabid species found in the same small area included: Carabus nemoralis Müller, Clivina fossor (L.), Amara familiaris (Duftschmid), A. apricaria (Paykull), Agonum placidum (Say), and Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger). All of these except A. placidum are introductions from Europe (Spence and Spence 1988).
UDEA AENIGMATICA (HEINRICH), NEW COMBINATION (LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE; PYRAUSTINAE)
Authors: Landry Bernard
Published: November 2009

While studying the types of the Crambinae in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, I came across an odd-looking specimen with a crambine facies but with a very faint wing pattern unlike any crambine I had ever seen. A note that it was probably a member of the Pyraustinae (Pyralidae) had been written by A.B. Klots on the label of the female genitalia slide (prepared by Carl Heinrich on 30 August 1930). Closer examination showed that the tympana1 organs were of the pyraustine type, with the praecinctorium bilobed. Upon my request, E.G. Munroe examined the specimen and discovered that it belonged to the genus Udea Guenée in the Pyraustinae. The specimen is the type of Platytes aenigmatica Heinrich (1931), a species described in the Crambinae (Pyralidae). It is here transferred to the genus Udea as Udea aenigmatica (Heinrich), new combination. Because this name was classified incorrectly, the species was not treated by Munroe (1966) or included in Munroe (1983).
THE FIRST NEARCTIC RECORDS OF TWO HOLARCTIC SPECIES OF POLYMERUS HAHN, WITH REMARKS ON A MONOPHYLETIC SPECIES-GROUP (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE: MIRINAE)
Authors: Schwartz Michael D. , Scudder Geoffrey G.E. , Henry Thomas J.
Published: November 2009

These first North American records for Polymerus cognatus (Fieber) from across Canada and the northeast United States, and P. vulneratus (Wolff) from northwest North America, indicate that the two species are naturally Holarctic. Diagnoses and dorsal habitus illustrations are provided to distinguish the taxa from other North American Polymerus species. An argument for considering P. balli Knight, P. cognatus, P. elegans (Reuter), P. flaviloris Knight, P. froeschneri Knight, and P. vulneratus a monophyletic species-group is presented.
THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OFDUTANIXON (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE), EGG PARASITOIDS OF GROUND CRICKETS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: November 2009

The Nearctic species of the genusDutaare revised. Two new species are described:D.foveolata(Canada, USA) andD.policeps(Canada, USA).Duta virginiensis(Ashmead),new combination, is shown to be widely distributed in the Western Hemisphere, extending to the New World tropics. A diagnosis ofDutaand a key to the Nearctic species are given. The impact of environmental degradation on the frequency ofDutaspecies in North America is discussed.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES REPRESENTING NEW OR UNREPORTED GENERA OF LEBERTIOIDEA (ACARI: HYDRACHNIDA) FROM NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: November 2009

Adult females of Rutripalpus canadensis sp.nov. (family Rutripalpidae) from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, adults of both sexes of Scutolebertia trinitensis gen.nov., sp.nov. (family Lebertiidae) from the Coast Range in northern California, USA, and adults of both sexes of Pseudotorrenticola chiricahua sp.nov. (family Torrenticolidae) from Arizona, USA, are described. The three new species represent the first members of their respective genera to be reported from North America, and their discovery provides new perspectives on the phylogeny and biogeography of mites in these genera.
EFFECTS OF ROOT DAMAGE BY CABBAGE MAGGOT, DELIA RADICUM (L.) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), ON YIELD OF CANOLA, BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS L., UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: McDonald R.S. , Sears M.K.
Published: November 2009

The effects of root damage by larval cabbage maggots, Delia radicum (L.), on yield of canola, Brassica campestris L., were examined in laboratory experiments. Inoculations of eggs or first-instar larvae resulted in significant root damage. Damage that exceeded 50% of taproot surface area resulted in fewer racemes, fewer productive seed pods on axillary racemes, lower total biomass, and reduced yield of seed. Despite the latter effect, damage that restricts the number of flowering racemes and induces abortion of seed on axillary racemes may increase the efficiency of yield in canola, which flowers indeterminately over a short growing season.
HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS AND GRASSHOPPER COMMUNITY DYNAMICS ON MIXED-GRASS RANGELAND
Authors: Quinn Mark A. , Kepner R.L. , Walgenbach D.D. , Bohls R.A. , Pooler P.D. , Foster R. Nelson , Reuter K.C. , Swain J.L.
Published: November 2009

A study was conducted in Butte County of western South Dakota to determine the relationships between habitat characteristics and spatial and temporal changes in community structure of grasshoppers on mixed-grass rangeland. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of 29 undisturbed grasshopper communities and correlation analysis of DCA axis values and habitat variables denned specific spatial gradients underlying the community structure of grasshoppers. Results indicated that grasshopper communities changed along a primary gradient of percentage of coverage of grasses, particularlyBuchloe dactyloides(Nutt.) Engelm., and a secondary gradient of percentage composition of clay and sand in the soil.

DCA of 24 grasshopper communities sampled in 1986 and 1987, multiple regression analysis, and factor analysis were used to determine the relationships between specific habitat characteristics and changes in communities of grasshoppers treated with either a nonselective insecticidal spray (malathion) or a selective insecticidal bait (bran bait with carbaryl). Results indicated that between-year change in community composition, or the difference between post-treatment communities in 1986 and 1987, was positively correlated with percentage of coverage of total grasses and forbs. Community malleability, defined as the tendency of a community to return to its predisturbed state, was greater in habitats with high coverages ofAgropyron smithiiRydb. andCarexspp., low coverage ofBouteloua gracilis(H.B.K.) Lag. ex Steud., and low species richness of grasses. Our results emphasize the importance of habitat characteristics in structuring undisturbed grasshopper communities and in community change after perturbation with insecticides.
EGG LAYING IN A NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICAN (MONTRÉAL, QUÉBEC) POPULATION OF FORFICULA AURICULARIA L. (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE)
Authors: Tourneur Jean-Claude , Gingras Jean
Published: November 2009

The egg laying regime of Forficula auricularia L., defined by different parameters (number of broods, proportion of females that produce two broods, number of eggs produced at each batch, and the proportion of the total number of eggs represented by the first batch), was studied in the laboratory and under seminatural conditions for a population from Montréal. Approximately half of the females produced two batches of eggs in the laboratory; however the number of eggs produced in the first batch was substantially higher than that of the second batch. In the field a single batch of eggs was produced. Comparison of our data with the literature showed that the Montréal population appears to have a greater resemblance to one of a cold temperate climate (Font-Romeu, Eastern Pyrénées) than one of a warmer climate (Rennes, Bretagne) for all parameters studied.
CONSERVATION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM PARASITOIDS FOLLOWING APPLICATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. KURSTAKI BERLINER
Authors: Nealis V.G. , van Frankenhuyzen K. , Cadogan B.L.
Published: November 2009

Field trials in northern Ontario in 1990 and 1991 confirmed that survival of spruce budworm larvae [Choristoneurafumiferana (Clemens)] (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitized by Apanteles fumiferanae Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was greater than survival of nonparasitized budworm larvae following application of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner (Bt). Apparent parasitism by A. fumiferanae increased slightly when application of Bt was early (instar III or IV) but increased significantly when applications were later in the season (instars IV–VI). Delaying the timing of the spray conserved parasitoids while providing significant reductions in budworm densities and not compromising the primary objective of Bt application, i.e. the protection of current year foliage. The potential for long-term management of spruce budworm through the strategic integration of natural and imposed mortalities is discussed.
FECUNDITY, LONGEVITY, AND INTRINSIC NATURAL RATE OF INCREASE OF EPIDINOCARSIS LOPEZ1 (DE SANTIS) (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE)
Authors: Iziquel Y. , Rü B. Le
Published: November 2009

A laboratory study of the fecundity, longevity, and intrinsic natural rate of increase of Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was performed at 26 °C, the average temperature observed in the Congo during pullulation of its host Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). With 30 mealybugs per female per day, the parasitoid lives for an average of 41.4 days and lays 558.5 eggs. The net reproduction rate (R0) was calculated to be 269.9 females per female per generation, the average duration of a generation (T) was 33.9 days, and the intrinsic natural rate of increase of the parasitoid (rm) was 0.213. The fecundity observed in E. lopezi in this study was much higher than the figures previously reported. The rm of the parasitoid appeared to be higher than that determined by other authors for the mealybug. The limits of such a comparison are discussed.
LARVA TO PHARATE ADULT TRANSFORMATION IN THE MEDFLY CERATITIS CAPITATA (WIEDEMANN) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Rabossi A. , Wappner P. , Quesada- Allué L.A.
Published: November 2009

Gross morphological changes in Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) during metamorphosis within the puparium are described and temporally correlated with the appearance of main differentiation markers. A table that allows determination of physiological age of pupal and pharate adult stages is presented.
MATING BEHAVIOR OF SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C.J. , Lucuik G.S.M.
Published: November 2009

The mating behavior of spruce budworm [Choristoneura fumiferana(Clem.)] moths was studied in a wind tunnel. Of 88 contacts between male and female moths, 64 (73%) resulted in successful copulation. Failures were a result of males losing contact during courtship (11%), and females walking or flying, either when first contacted (7%) or when males attempted copulation (9%). Females showed no overt behavior other than moving away. Removal of the male labial palps had no effect on responses, which indicates that these structures have no role in courtship. Males with antennae completely removed did not respond to airborne pheromone and, therefore, none copulated. Removal of one antenna or half of both antennae of the males did not reduce the numbers of males that located females, but did result in slower responses and fewer matings. It also resulted in changes in male courtship behavior, which suggest that males depend upon their antennae to position themselves appropriately alongside the female when attempting to copulate. Analyses of male response to models of female moths constructed from glass rods with wings of male spruce budworm or male white-marked tussock moth [Orgyia leucostigma(J.E. Smith)] attached showed that males position themselves approximately halfway along me wing length of the model, with no dependance on its wing size or the length of the male’s antennae. Responses were equally high to both spruce budworm and to tussock moth wings, but no males responded to glass rods in the absence of wings.
COMPARISON OF ARTIFICIAL PUPATION SHELTERS AND OTHER MONITORING METHODS FOR ENDEMIC POPULATIONS OF DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (MCDUNNOUGH) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Dahlsten D.L. , Rowney D.L. , Copper W.A. , Wenz J.M.
Published: November 2009

Two artificial pupation shelter types were compared as Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), monitoring methods in El Dorado County, CA. No difference in attraction was found; wood shelters are recommended as they are both inexpensive and durable. Shelters were compared with three-crown-level larval sampling and with pheromone trapping. Cocoon counts from shelters were significantly correlated with same-year larval density, reflecting larval sample differences between ridges and the general trend in plots along ridges. Egg masses from shelters in 1978 were significantly correlated with the next year’s larval counts, and are of potential value as an early predictor of larval population. The shelter method also provides information on adult sex ratio and pupal and egg emergence, parasitism, and predation.
METALTELLA SIMONI (KEYSERLING, 1878) (AMAUROBIIDAE) NEW TO CANADA, AND RECORDS FOR TEGENARIA GIGANTEA CHAMBERLIN AND IVIE, 1935, (AGELENIDAE) IN ALBERTA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA (ARACHNIDA: ARANEIDA)
Authors: Leech Robin , Steiner Marilyn
Published: November 2009

Metaltella simoni (Keyserling, 1878), an amaurobiid spider species precinctive to Argentina and Uruguay, and probably southern Brazil, is well established in the southeastern coastal regions of the United States (Leech 1972: 107). It was brought to North America by commercial and trade activities, hence the apparent distribution disjunction. The first Nearctic record is 23–30 July 1944, from Harahan, Louisiana (Leech 1972: 107).
FIRST RECORD OF LARVAL WATER MITES (ACARI: LEBERTIOIDEA: SPERCHONTIDAE) PARASITIC ON MOUNTAIN MIDGES (DIPTERA: DEUTEROPHLEBIIDAE)
Authors: Courtney Gregory W. , Smith Ian M.
Published: November 2009

Members of the Holarctic genus Sperchon Kramer are among the most common and widespread water mites in lotic habitats. Approximately 225 species and subspecies of Sperchon have been described worldwide (Viets 1987), and about 25 of them have been reported from North America (Habeeb 1967). Smith and Cook (1991) estimate that over 100 species, mostly undescribed, occur in the Nearctic region. Adults and deutonymphs of this genus are free-living predators (Smith and Oliver 1986; Proctor and Pritchard 1989). Larval Sperchon are typically parasites of adult nematocerous Diptera, especially Chironomidae (Smith 1982; Smith and Oliver 1976, 1986) and Simuliidae (Davies 1959; Smith and Oliver 1986), but have also been reported to use certain Trichoptera as hosts (Smith and Oliver 1986). Larvae of Sperchon are initially aquatic, and actively crawl or swim to locate the prepupae or pupae of appropriate hosts. They transfer to host adults during ecdysis, embed their chelicerae in host tissue, and engorge rapidly, often within a few hours, on fluids before dropping off the host and into the water where the life cycle continues. Larvae preferentially select attachment sites on the thorax of hosts, but can utilize sites on the anterior segments of the abdomen when thoracic sites are already occupied. Most larval Sperchon are evidently specialized to parasitize hosts whose immature stages inhabit stenothermal, lotic habitats. We report here on the first records of larval Sperchon parasitic on mountain midges.
SUPERPARASITISM OF GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), LARVAE BY PARASETIGENA SILVESTRIS (ROBINEAU-DESVOIDY) (DBPTERA: TACHINIAE)
Authors: Gould Juli R. , Elkinton Joseph S. , ODell Thomas M.
Published: November 2009

In the field, superparasitism of Lymantria dispar (L.) by Parasetigena silvestris (Robineau-Desvoidy) was not the result of random oviposition, but, because parasitoid eggs were aggregated, certain hosts were more likely to be parasitized than average. Parasitoid eggs were more aggregated when gypsy moth larvae were collected from under burlap bands than when larvae were collected elsewhere in the same 9-ha plot, resulting in lowered mortality due to parasitism. This finding suggests that collecting larvae from burlap bands may not provide accurate estimates of the impact of P. silvestris on populations of L. dispar. In laboratory studies, deposition of more than one egg on a single host significantly increased parasitoid emergence and host mortality. However, increasing superparasitism had a negative effect on both the probability that an individual parasitoid would survive to emerge from a host and the size of the puparium produced by the parasitoid. The probability of parasitoid survival was higher when fifth- rather than fourth-instar gypsy moth larvae were attacked, but puparia produced by parasitoids emerging from fifth-instar larvae were smaller.