bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topographic anatomy of the masseter muscle focusing on the tendinous digitation
Authors: Lee Ju‐Young , Kim Jeong‐Nam , Yoo Ja‐Young , Hu Kyung‐Seok , Kim Hee‐Jin , Song Wu‐Chul , Koh Ki‐Seok
Published: March 2012

The masseter muscle has superficial tendons that interdigitate like a saw (tendinous digitations), but a detailed description of these tendons is lacking in anatomic textbooks and atlases. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the topographic anatomy of the masseter muscle, focusing on its tendinous digitation. Sixty‐five adult faces (113 sides) were dissected. Five parameters, including the lengths, widths, and thickness of the muscle, were measured. The number and morphology of tendinous digitations were also investigated. The length and width of the masseter muscle were longer and wider in male specimens than in female specimens. The number of masseter muscle tendinous digitations was predominantly two in males and three in females. The length of the tendinous digitations tended to be about three‐quarters of that of the muscle. The second tendinous digitation was the longest in male specimens, while the first tendinous digitation was the longest in females. Based on our results, the external morphology of the masseter muscle does not match that described in anatomical atlases and textbooks. These findings may be helpful as a basic reference and in the treatment of masseter muscle hypertrophy and masseter tenomyositis. Clin. Anat. 25:889–892, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unilateral absence of latissimus dorsi muscle
Authors: Izadpanah Ali , Babaei Sepideh , Luc Mario , Zadeh Teanoosh
Published: March 2012

Latissimus dorsi (LD) is the broadest muscle of the back responsible for extension and adduction of shoulder. The authors report a case of isolated unilateral absence of the latissimus dorsi muscle observed during an ablative surgical procedure and flap reconstruction. The left LD muscle was completely absent in our patient and no tendon fibers belonging to this muscle could be observable on further dissection. The surrounding muscle anatomy was normal and in place suggesting a developmental etiology for its absence. Awareness of this possible variation is of importance in considering reconstructive options. Clin. Anat. 25:966–968, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semiquantifying of fascicles of the C7 spinal nerve in the upper and lower subscapular nerves innervating the subscapularis and its clinical inference in Erb's palsy
Authors: Chen Le‐Zi , Chen Liang , Zhu Yue , Gu Yu‐Dong
Published: March 2012

To elucidate anatomic basis of susceptibility for contracture of the subscapularis muscle in Erb's palsy of the brachial plexus, we semiquantitatively studied the spinal nerve origins of the subscapular nerves innervating the subscapularis, with special reference to the contribution of C7 innervation to the subscapularis. Thirty‐three sides of formalin‐fixed upper extremities were dissected to obtain the intact brachial plexus. After immersed in 10% acetic acid for 2 weeks, the upper and lower subscapular nerves innervating the whole subscapularis, were dissected retrogradely to verify their spinal nerve origins. The cross‐sectional area by C7 innervation and that by the upper trunk innervation was calculated respectively to obtain the constituent percentage of different components in the upper and lower subscapular nerves. In the upper subscapular nerve, fascicles of C7 accounted for 0% (interquartile range, 0–1.1%) of cross‐sectional area and those of the upper trunk, 100% (98.9–100%). In the lower subscapular nerve, fascicles of C7 accounted for 40.5% (23.5–47.5%) and those of the upper trunk, 59.5% (52.5–76.5%). In total, 18.6% (13.3–27.3%) of fascicles in the subscapular nerves innervating the subscapularis originated from C7, while 81.4% (72.7–86.7%) of those came from the upper trunk. It is confirmed that innervation of the subscapularis originates from more spinal cord segments than that of infraspinatus and teres minor, and this may be the main reason for which in Erb's palsy, functional recovery of the subscapularis is often faster than that of lateral rotators of the shoulder, resulting in medial rotation contracture of the shoulder. Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Francesco Parona (1842–1908) and his contributions to our understanding of surgery through anatomy
Authors: Malenfant Jason , Walters Andrew , Kralovic Sarah , Robitaille Martin , Schaefer Jamie , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios
Published: March 2012

Much of the life of Francesco Parona and many of his contributions to medicine are unknown outside of Europe. Parona made novel contributions to many surgical techniques and medical treatments and was an active member of society and the Italian political regime. Parona's name lives on eponymously by his “space” in the forearm. This paper will discuss the personal life and medical contributions of Francesco Parona. Clin. Anat. 26:547–550, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of percutaneous coronary intervention on quality of life: A consensus statement from the society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions
Authors: Blankenship James C. , Marshall J. Jeffrey , Pinto Duane S. , Lange Richard A. , Bates Eric R. , Holper Elizabeth M. , Grines Cindy L. , Chambers Charles E.
Published: March 2012

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) decreases ischemic complications of acute coronary syndromes. The benefits of PCI in stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD) depend on its effect on quality of life (QoL), including angina, physical activity, and emotional well‐being. PCI decreases angina and the need for anti‐anginal medications, and increases exercise capacity and QoL, compared with baseline status and compared with medical therapy without PCI. These benefits are greater when QOL is markedly impaired by severe angina before the procedure. When considering treatment options for symptomatic SIHD, physicians should consider and provide objective data regarding QoL effects for each treatment strategy. QoL outcomes should be considered in clinical trials, appropriate use criteria, practice guidelines, and reimbursement policies for PCI. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acute coronary syndrome due to early multiple and complete fractures in sirolimus‐eluting stent: A case report and brief literature review
Authors: Amico Francesco , Geraci Salvatore , Tamburino Corrado
Published: March 2012

Despite drug eluting stents (DES), as compared to bare metal stents, have reduced in‐stent restenosis, complex and long lesions remains a challenge for interventional cardiologist. Their treatment is often associated with an unfavorable outcome, related to in‐stent restenosis, stent thrombosis, and target lesion revascularization. These complications may derive from the contact between metallic structures and coronary artery endothelium, and consequent overexpression of platelet activating factors, growth factors, and inflammatory cytokines. Recently, an additional mechanism has emerged as new cause of these complications: “stent fracture.” Several factors are involved in this phenomenon including material and stent platform, target vessel features, stent implantation technique, and implant duration. We reported a case of 69 years old man with rare early and complex DES fractures on right coronary that caused acute coronary syndrome 36 hr after a previous percutaneous coronary intervention.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A guide to fluoroscopic identification and design of bioprosthetic valves: A reference for valve‐in‐valve procedure
Authors: Bapat Vinayak , Mydin Izanne , Chadalavada Sucharitha , Tehrani Hassan , Attia Rizwan , Thomas Martyn
Published: March 2012

Surgical aortic valve replacement remains the therapy of choice in majority of patients with aortic stenosis. Bioprosthetic heart valves are often preferred over mechanical valves as they preclude the need for anticoagulation with its associated risks of bleeding and thromboembolism. However, bioprosthetic heart valves undergo structural deterioration and eventually fail. Reoperation is the standard treatment for structural failure of the bioprosthetic valve, stenosis or regurgitation but can carry a significant risk, especially in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation has recently been established as a feasible alternative to conventional valve surgery for the management of high‐risk elderly patients with aortic stenosis. This treatment modality has also been shown to be of benefit in the management of degenerated aortic bioprosthesis as a valve‐in‐valve procedure. The success of this procedure depends on a good understanding of the failing bioprostheses. This not only includes the device design but its radiological/fluoroscopic appearance and how it correlates with the implanted valve, as transcatheter aortic valve implantation is performed under fluoroscopic guidance. Here we illustrate the fluoroscopic appearance of 11 commercially available surgical bioprostheses and two commercially available transcatheter heart valves and discuss important aspects in their design which can influence outcome of a valve‐in‐valve procedure. We have also collated relevant information on the aspects of the design of a bioprosthetic valve, which are relevant to the valve‐in‐valve procedure. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Monodisperse Mesocrystals of YF3 and Ce3+/Ln3+ (Ln=Tb, Eu) Co‐Activated YF3: Shape Control Synthesis, Luminescent Properties, and Biocompatibility
Authors: Zhong Sheng‐Liang , Lu Yang , Gao Min‐Rui , Liu Shu‐Juan , Peng Jun , Zhang Le‐Cheng , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: March 2012

A family of monodisperse YF3, YF3:Ce3+ and YF3:Ce3+/Ln3+ (Ln=Tb, Eu) mesocrystals with a morphology of a hollow spindle can be synthesized by a solvothermal process using yttrium nitrate and NH4F as precursors. The effects of reaction time, fluorine source, solvents, and reaction temperature on the synthesis of these mesocrystals have been studied in detail. The results demonstrate that the formation of a hollow spindle‐like YF3 can be ascribed to a nonclassical crystallization process by means of a particle‐based reaction route in ethanol. It has been shown that the fluorine sources selected have a remarkable effect on the morphologies and crystalline phases of the final products. Moreover, the luminescent properties of Ln3+‐doped and Ce3+/Ln3+‐co‐doped spindle‐like YF3 mesocrystals were also investigated. It turns out that Ce3+ is an efficient sensitizer for Ln3+ in the spindle‐like YF3 mesocrystals. Remarkable fluorescence enhancement was observed in Ce3+/Ln3+‐co‐doped YF3 mesocrystals. The mechanism of the energy transfer and electronic transition between Ce3+ and Ln3+ in the host material of YF3 mesocrystals was also explored. The cytotoxicity study revealed that these YF3‐based nanocrystals are biocompatible for applications, such as cellular imaging.
Towards a New Family of Photoluminescent Organozinc 8‐Hydroxyquinolinates with a High Propensity to Form Noncovalent Porous Materials
Authors: Sokołowski Kamil , Justyniak Iwona , Śliwiński Witold , Sołtys Katarzyna , Tulewicz Adam , Kornowicz Arkadiusz , Moszyński Robert , Lipkowski Janusz , Lewiński Janusz
Published: March 2012

We report on investigations of reactions of tBu2Zn with 8‐hydroxyquinoline (q‐H) and the influence of water on the composition and structure of the final product. A new synthetic approach to photoluminescent zinc complexes with quinolinate ligands was developed that allowed the isolation of a series of structurally diverse and novel alkylzinc 8‐hydroxyquinolate complexes: the trinuclear alkylzinc aggregate [tBuZn(q)]3 (13), the pentanuclear oxo cluster [(tBu)3Zn5(μ4‐O)(q)5] (2), and the tetranuclear hydroxo cluster [Zn(q)2]2[tBuZn(OH)]2 (3). All compounds were characterized in solution by 1H NMR, IR, UV/Vis, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and in the solid state by X‐ray diffraction, TGA, and PL studies. Density functional theory calculations were also carried out for these new ZnII complexes to rationalize their luminescence behavior. A detailed analysis of the supramolecular structures of 2 and 3 shows that the unique shape of the corresponding single molecules leads to the formation of extended 3D networks with 1D open channels. Varying the stoichiometry, shape, and supramolecular structure of the resulting complexes leads to changes in their spectroscopic properties. The close‐packed crystal structure of 13 shows a redshifted emission maximum in comparison to the porous crystal structure of 2 and the THF‐solvated structure of 3.
Activity‐Based Probes for the Study of Proteases: Recent Advances and Developments
Authors: Serim Sevnur , Haedke Ute , Verhelst Steven H. L.
Published: March 2012

Proteases are important targets for the treatment of human disease. Several protease inhibitors have failed in clinical trials due to a lack of in vivo specificity, indicating the need for studies of protease function and inhibition in complex, disease‐related models. The tight post‐translational regulation of protease activity complicates protease analysis by traditional proteomics methods. Activity‐based protein profiling is a powerful technique that can resolve this issue. It uses small‐molecule tools—activity‐based probes—to label and analyze active enzymes in lysates, cells, and whole animals. Over the last twelve years, a wide variety of protease activity‐based probes have been developed. These synthetic efforts have enabled techniques ranging from real‐time in vivo imaging of protease activity to high‐throughput screening of uncharacterized proteases. This Review introduces the general principles of activity‐based protein profiling and describes the recent advancements in probe design and analysis techniques, which have increased the knowledge of protease biology and will aid future protease drug discovery.
Radicals in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Strehmel Veronika
Published: March 2012

Stable radicals and recombination of photogenerated lophyl radicals are investigated in ionic liquids. The 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐yloxyl derivatives contain various substituents at the 4‐position to the nitroxyl group, including hydrogen‐bond‐forming or ionic substituents that undergo additional interactions with the individual ions of the ionic liquids. Some of these spin probes contain similar ions to ionic liquids to avoid counter‐ion exchange with the ionic liquid. Depending on the ionic liquid anion, the Stokes–Einstein theory or the Spernol–Gierer–Wirtz theory can be applied to describe the temperature dependence of the average rotational correlation time of the spin probe in the ionic liquids. Furthermore, the spin probes give information about the micropolarity of the ionic liquids. In this context the substituent at the 4‐position to the nitroxyl group plays a significant role. Covalent bonding of a spin probe to the imidazolium ion results in bulky spin probes that are strongly immobilized in the ionic liquid. Furthermore, lophyl radical recombination in the dark, which is chosen to understand the dynamics of bimolecular reactions in ionic liquids, shows a slow process at longer timescale and a rise time at a shorter timescale. Although various reactions may contribute to the slower process during lophyl radical recombination, it follows a second‐order kinetics that does not clearly show solvent viscosity dependence. However, the rise time, which may be attributed to radical pair formation, increases with increasing solvent viscosity.
Historical Perspectives on the Control of Breathing
Authors: Fitzgerald Robert S. , Cherniack Neil S.
Published: March 2012

Among the several topics included in respiratory studies investigators have focused on the control of breathing for a relatively few number of years, perhaps only the last 75 to 80. For a very long time, the phenomenon of respiration presented a great mystery. The Chinese had suggestions for proper breathing, and later the Egyptians sought to understand its purpose. But in the western world, the early Greeks made the more significant observations. Centuries passed before the anatomical structures pertinent to respiration were properly visualized and located. There followed efforts to understand if lung movement was necessary for life and what happened in the lung. The rise of chemistry in the 18th century eventually clarified the roles of the gases significant in respiratory behavior. More time was needed to understand what gases provoked increases in breathing and where those gases worked. At this point, control of breathing became a significant focus of respiratory investigators. Studies included identifying the structures and functions of central and peripheral chemoreceptors, and airway receptors, sources of respiratory rhythm and pattern generation, the impact of the organism's status on its breathing including environment and disease/trauma. At this same time, mid‐ to late‐20th century, efforts to mathematicize the variables in the control of breathing appeared. So though wonderment about the mysterious phenomenon of respiration began over two millennia ago, serious physiological investigation into its control is by comparison very young. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:915‐932, 2012.
Phenotypic Plasticity: Molecular Mechanisms and Adaptive Significance
Authors: Kelly Scott A. , Panhuis Tami M. , Stoehr Andrew M.
Published: March 2012

Phenotypic plasticity can be broadly defined as the ability of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype when exposed to different environments, as the modification of developmental events by the environment, or as the ability of an individual organism to alter its phenotype in response to changes in environmental conditions. Not surprisingly, the study of phenotypic plasticity is innately interdisciplinary and encompasses aspects of behavior, development, ecology, evolution, genetics, genomics, and multiple physiological systems at various levels of biological organization. From an ecological and evolutionary perspective, phenotypic plasticity may be a powerful means of adaptation and dramatic examples of phenotypic plasticity include predator avoidance, insect wing polymorphisms, the timing of metamorphosis in amphibians, osmoregulation in fishes, and alternative reproductive tactics in male vertebrates. From a human health perspective, documented examples of plasticity most commonly include the results of exercise, training, and/or dieting on human morphology and physiology. Regardless of the discipline, phenotypic plasticity has increasingly become the target of a plethora of investigations with the methodological approaches utilized ranging from the molecular to whole organsimal. In this article, we provide a brief historical outlook on phenotypic plasticity; examine its potential adaptive significance; emphasize recent molecular approaches that provide novel insight into underlying mechanisms, and highlight examples in fishes and insects. Finally, we highlight examples of phenotypic plasticity from a human health perspective and underscore the use of mouse models as a powerful tool in understanding the genetic architecture of phenotypic plasticity. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:1417‐1439, 2012.
Towards Artificial Leaves for Solar Hydrogen and Fuels from Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Bensaid Samir , Centi Gabriele , Garrone Edoardo , Perathoner Siglinda , Saracco Guido
Published: March 2012

The development of an “artificial leaf” that collects energy in the same way as a natural one is one of the great challenges for the use of renewable energy and a sustainable development. To avoid the problem of intermittency in solar energy, it is necessary to design systems that directly capture CO2 and convert it into liquid solar fuels that can be easily stored. However, to be advantageous over natural leaves, it is necessary that artificial leaves have a higher solar energy‐to‐chemical fuel conversion efficiency, directly provide fuels that can be used in power‐generating devices, and finally be robust and of easy construction, for example, smart, cheap and robust. This review discusses the recent progress in this field, with particular attention to the design and development of ‘artificial leaf’ devices and some of their critical components. This is a very active research area with different concepts and ideas under investigation, although often the validity of the considered solutions it is still not proven or the many constrains are not fully taken into account, particularly from the perspective of system engineering, which considerably limits some of the investigated solutions. It is also shown how system design should be included, at least at a conceptual level, in the definition of the artificial leaf elements to be investigated (catalysts, electrodes, membranes, sensitizers) and that the main relevant aspects of the cell engineering (mass/charge transport, fluid dynamics, sealing, etc.) should be also considered already at the initial stage because they determine the design and the choice between different options. For this reason, attention has been given to the system‐design ideas under development instead of the molecular aspects of the O2‐ or H2‐evolution catalysts. However, some of the recent advances in these catalysts, and their use in advanced electrodes, are also reported to provide a more complete picture of the field.
Carrot man: A case of excessive beta‐carotene ingestion
Authors: Sansone Randy A. , Sansone Lori A.
Published: March 2012

In this case report, the authors describe a 48‐year‐old male who complained to his primary care physician of abdominal discomfort and yellow/orange skin discoloration. Physical examination was normal except for some mild mid‐abdominal discomfort (no observed skin color changes). An abdominal CT scan indicated a colon that was full of stool. Laboratory studies indicated elevated liver enzymes. Upon further questioning, the patient reported ingesting 6–7 pounds of carrots per week to facilitate his dieting effort. The patient was diagnosed with constipation, hypercarotinemia, and possible vitamin A toxicity. Following the cessation of excessive carrot ingestion, his liver enzymes normalized within 1 month. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:816–818)
Navigating the transition from pediatric to adult eating disorder programs: Perspectives of service providers
Authors: Dimitropoulos Gina , Tran Angela Faith , Agarwal Payal , Sheffield Brandon , Woodside Blake
Published: March 2012

Objective:

This study aims to conduct qualitative research on the perspectives of service providers regarding the transition process from pediatric to adult specialized eating disorder tertiary care programs.

Method:

Two focus groups with a diverse group of clinicians in pediatric and adult eating disorder programs and five qualitative interviews with clinicians in the community were conducted.

Results:

Three themes were identified as challenges during the transition process: (1) illness related factors (ambivalence and denial); (2) the interruption of normative adolescent developmental processes by the illness; and, (3) the impact of decreased parental involvement in the adult compared to pediatric eating disorder programs.

Discussion:

These themes were compared with empirical evidence on other chronic mental or physical health concerns for the purpose of identifying ways to facilitate a more successful service transition for young adults with anorexia nervosa. Future research and clinical implications are delineated. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:759–767)
One‐Pot Oxidation–Hydrocyanation Sequence Coupled to Lipase‐Catalyzed Diastereoresolution in the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Sugar Cyanohydrin Esters
Authors: Hietanen Ari , Kanerva Liisa T.
Published: March 2012

A three‐step, one‐pot synthesis and diastereoresolution sequence is described in anhydrous toluene starting from methyl α‐D‐2,3,4‐tri‐O‐acetylgalacto‐ (1a), ‐manno‐ (1b) and ‐glucopyranosides (1c). The reaction sequence, including consecutive transformations through the aldehyde [PhI(OAc)2, 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO)] and cyanohydrin [basic resin or (R)‐oxynitrilase] into the (6R)‐cyanohydrin ester (lipase) is shown to proceed in a one‐pot cascade, except that the basic resin (when used) should be removed before the addition of the enzymatic acylation reagents. We have shown that the effective transformation of 1a (75 % reaction yield) through labile intermediates gives the stable (6R)‐cyanohydrin butanoate (85 % de). Further diastereomeric purification by chromatography is possible, although the product is already of high diastereopurity. (6R)‐Cyanohydrin esters are obtained through acylation with Burkholderia cepacia lipase. The (6S)‐ester (de 99 %) is produced by Candida rugosa lipase when the sequence is started from 1c whereas the other sugar derivatives are less suited to the reaction with lipase.
Genotoxic effects in the Eastern mudminnow (Umbra pygmaea) after prolonged exposure to River Rhine water, as assessed by use of the in vivo SCE and Comet assays
Authors: Penders E.J.M. , Spenkelink A. , Hoogenboezem W. , Rotteveel S.G.P. , Maas J.L. , Alink G.M.
Published: March 2012

The production of drinking water from river water requires a certain minimal river water quality. The Association of River Rhine Water Works (RIWA), therefore, operates a monitoring network. In vitro mutagenicity studies have shown that the genotoxicity of the River Rhine water steadily decreased from 1981 until 2001. Compared to a study in 1978, a decrease in genotoxicity was also observed in an in vivo genotoxicity study in 2005, in which Eastern mudminnows (Umbra pygmaea) were exposed to River Rhine water, and gill cells were used for the Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) test and the Comet assay. In this 2005 study, the in vivo genotoxicity increased upon extending exposure of the fish from 3 to 11 days. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate (i) whether new data corroborate that in vivo genotoxicity of River Rhine water is at present lower than in 1978, (ii) whether the Comet assay is a suitable alternative to the SCE assay, and (iii) whether further prolonged exposure results in a further increase in in vivo genotoxicity. The new data corroborate that in vivo genotoxicity of River Rhine water is at present lower than in 1978. The Comet assay is a useful addition but does not provide a substitute for the SCE endpoint in these in vivo genotoxicity studies. Prolonging the exposure time of Eastern mudminnows to River Rhine water from 11 to 42 days did not give a significant increase in SCEs and DNA damage (Comet assay) in gill cells. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Miniaturized flow cytometry‐based in vitro primary human lymphocyte micronucleus assay—validation study
Authors: Lukamowicz‐Rajska Magdalena , Kirsch‐Volders Micheline , Suter Willi , Martus Hansjoerg , Elhajouji Azeddine
Published: March 2012

Most in vitro mammalian genotoxicity assays show a low specificity (high rate of irrelevant positive results), and therefore, lead to an increase in follow‐up in vivo genotoxicity testing. One of the sources of the high rate of in vitro irrelevant positive results that find no confirmation in in vivo studies may be the characteristics of the test system used. It has been shown that cells that are p53 deficient or carry an alteration in DNA repair genes may be more prone to produce high rate of false/irrelevant positive results. Primary human lymphocytes (HuLy) are considered to show a higher specificity in predicting the in vivo genotoxic potential of a tested compound. We recently developed a flow cytometry‐based primary human T‐lymphocyte micronucleus test (MNT) and showed that the technology is promising and reliable in detecting genotoxic compounds. The purpose of the present work was to develop and validate a miniaturized format of the assay. For validation purposes of the flow cytometry HuLy MNT a wide selection of compounds with different mechanisms of genotoxicity was used. The evaluation covered 30 compounds: 19 commercially available genotoxicants and nongenotoxicants and 11 early pharmaceutical development compounds. Being faster and less tedious than the microscopic analysis, the miniaturized flow cytometry‐based methodology showed very promising results. Conveniently, cell division is verified within the same sample as the MN frequency. Moreover analysis of hypodiploid events may provide an indication for a mode of action, i.e. clastogenic versus aneugenic mechanism, for further follow‐up testing. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of vegf on astrocytes: Analysis of gap junctional intercellular communication, proliferation, and motility
Authors: Wuestefeld Ricarda , Chen Jingchen , Meller Karl , Brand‐Saberi Beate , Theiss Carsten
Published: March 2012

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), cell proliferation, and cell dynamics in primary astrocytes. VEGF is known as a dimeric polypeptide that potentially binds to two receptors, VEGFR‐1 and VEGFR‐2, however many effects are mediated by VEGFR‐2, for example, actin polymerization, forced cell migration, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. Recently it has been shown that in case of hypoxia, ischemia or injury VEGF is upregulated to stimulate angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Besides this, VEGF reveals a potent therapeutical target for averting tumor vascularization, emerging in bevacizumab, the first humanized anti‐VEGF‐A antibody for treating recurrent Glioblastoma multiforme. To expand our knowledge about VEGF effects in glial cells, we cultivated rat astrocytes in medium containing VEGF for 1 and 2 days. To investigate the effects of VEGF on GJIC, we microinjected neurobiotin into a single cell and monitored dye‐spreading into adjacent cells. These experiments showed that VEGF significantly enhances astrocytic GJIC compared with controls. Cell proliferation measured by BrdU‐labeling also revealed a significant increase of astrocytic mitose rates subsequent to 1 day of VEGF exposure, whereas longer VEGF treatment for 2 days did not have additive effects. To study cell‐dynamics of astrocytes subsequent to VEGF treatment, we additionally transfected astrocytes with LifeAct‐RFP. Live‐cell imaging and quantitative analysis of these cells with aid of confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed higher process movement of VEGF‐treated astrocytes. In conclusion, VEGF strongly affects cell proliferation, GJIC, and motility in astrocytes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intrinsic limbic and paralimbic networks are associated with criminal psychopathy
Authors: Juárez Michelle , Kiehl Kent A. , Calhoun Vince D.
Published: March 2012

Background:Psychopathy is a personality disorder associated with impairments in decision‐making, empathy, and impulsivity. Recent brain imaging studies suggest that psychopathy is associated with abnormalities in limbic/paralimbic brain regions. To date, no studies have examined functional brain connectivity measures using independent component analyses (ICA) in adults with psychopathy. Here, we test hypotheses regarding paralimbic connectivity in adult incarcerated individuals stratified by psychopathy scores.Methods:One hundred and two prison inmates were rated using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist‐Revised (PCL‐R). FMRI data were collected while subjects performed an auditory target detection “oddball” task. FMRI data were analyzed using group ICA to identify functional networks responding to the oddball task correlating with psychopathy scores.Results:Components demonstrating significant correlations with psychopathy included a default mode network, a frontoparietal component, and a visual/posterior cingulate component. Modulation trends correlated strongly with factor 2 (impulsivity) and total PCL‐R scores in the frontoparietal and visual/posterior cingulate networks, and with factor 1 (affective) scores within the default mode network. The posterior cingulate region factored significantly in the modulation trends observed.Conclusion:Consistent with the hypothesis of limbic/paralimbic abnormalities associated with psychopathy, modulation trends correlated strongly with PCL‐R scores. There is strong evidence to implicate the posterior cingulate in aberrant functional connectivity associated with the manifestation of psychopathic symptoms. Future investigations comparing functional trends associated with the posterior cingulate in psychopathic subjects may provide further insight into the manifestation of this disorder. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Where it all began: Peer education and leadership in student services
Authors: Ganser Stephanie R. , Kennedy Tricia L.
Published: March 2012

The role of peer leaders in student services has evolved over time; today, student leaders play a critical role in this aspect of the college experience, particularly in orientation and residence life.
Providing academic support through peer education
Authors: Latino Jennifer A. , Unite Catherine M.
Published: March 2012

Peer educators play a variety of roles in the academic support of other students and have significant positive effects on student learners.
Peer leadership in the cocurriculum: Turning campus activities into an educationally purposeful enterprise
Authors: Wooten Brian M. , Hunt Joshua S. , LeDuc Brian F. , Poskus Phillip
Published: March 2012

Over the past several decades, campus activities have been transformed into intentional learning opportunities with peer leaders playing a significant role in enhancing the student experience in these settings.
Peers in doctoral education: Unrecognized learning partners
Authors: Flores‐Scott Emma M. , Nerad Maresi
Published: March 2012

This chapter explores the unique, often horizontal, peer education dynamics found in doctoral education, which are far less understood than the role of undergraduate peer educators.
The architecture of a high‐impact and sustainable peer leader program: A blueprint for success
Authors: Esplin Pat , Seabold Jenna , Pinnegar Fred
Published: March 2012

Building and sustaining a high‐impact peer leader program requires intentional and deliberate design from the ground up, as well as attention to the details of training and supervision.
The effects of perinatal choline supplementation on hippocampal cholinergic development in rats exposed to alcohol during the brain growth spurt
Authors: Monk Bradley R. , Leslie Frances M. , Thomas Jennifer D.
Published: March 2012

Prenatal alcohol exposure leads to long‐lasting cognitive and attention deficits, as well as hyperactivity. Using a rat model, we have previously shown that perinatal supplementation with the essential nutrient, choline, can reduce the severity of some fetal alcohol effects, including hyperactivity and deficits in learning and memory. In fact, choline can mitigate alcohol‐related learning deficits even when administered after developmental alcohol exposure, during the postnatal period. However, it is not yet known how choline is able to mitigate alcohol‐related behavioral alterations. Choline may act by altering cholinergic signaling in the hippocampus. This study examined the effects of developmental alcohol exposure and perinatal choline supplementation on hippocampal M1 and M2/4 muscarinic receptors. Sprague‐Dawley rat pups were orally intubated with ethanol (5.25 mg/kg/day) from postnatal days (PD) 4–9, a period of brain development equivalent to the human third trimester; control subjects received sham intubations. From PD 4–30, subjects were injected s.c. with choline chloride (100 mg/kg/day) or saline vehicle. Open field activity was assessed from PD 30 through 33, and brain tissue was collected on PD 35 for autoradiographic analysis. Ethanol‐exposed subjects were more active compared to controls during the first 2 days of testing, an effect attenuated with choline supplementation. Developmental alcohol exposure significantly decreased the density of muscarinic M1 receptors in the dorsal hippocampus, an effect that was not altered by choline supplementation. In contrast, developmental alcohol exposure significantly increased M2/4 receptor density, an effect mitigated by choline supplementation. In fact, M2/4 receptor density of subjects exposed to alcohol and treated with choline did not differ significantly from that of controls. These data suggest that developmental alcohol exposure can cause long‐lasting changes in the hippocampal cholinergic system and that perinatal choline supplementation may attenuate alcohol‐related behavioral changes by influencing cholinergic systems. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SP–SR interneurones: A novel class of neurones of the CA2 region of the hippocampus
Authors: Mercer Audrey , Botcher Nicola A. , Eastlake Karen , Thomson Alex M.
Published: March 2012

The CA2 region of the hippocampus has distinctive properties and inputs and may be linked with the pathology of specific psychiatric and neurological disorders. It is, therefore, important to understand CA2 circuitry and its involvement in the circuitry of the hippocampus. Properties of CA2 basket cells have been reported. However, other classes of CA2 interneurones with cell bodies located in stratum pyramidale remained to be described. In this study, the unusual axonal arbors of a novel subclass of dendrite‐preferring CA2 interneurones whose somata are located in the pyramidal cell layer was revealed following intracellular recordings and biocytin labeling. One to four apical dendrites emerged from the soma, branched in stratum radiatum (SR) forming a tuft, but rarely penetrated stratum lacunosum‐moleculare (SLM). One or two basal dendrites branched close to the soma, the branches extended through stratum oriens (SO) and often reached the alveus. Unlike CA2 bistratified cells, the axons of these cells arborized almost exclusively in SR with few, if any, branches extending to stratum pyramidale (SP), SO, or SLM. These interneurones again, unlike bistratified cells, were immunonegative for parvalbumin and cholecystokinin. Electrophysiologically, they were similar to some CA2 basket and bistratified cells in that they presented a “sag” in response to hyperpolarizing current injections and displayed spike frequency adaptation. They targeted the apical dendrites of neighboring CA2 pyramidal cells and received inputs from them. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ageing effects on path integration and landmark navigation
Authors: Harris Mathew A. , Wolbers Thomas
Published: March 2012

Navigation abilities show marked decline in both normal ageing and dementia. Path integration may be particularly affected, as it is supported by the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, both of which show severe degeneration with ageing. Age differences in path integration based on kinaesthetic and vestibular cues have been clearly demonstrated, but very little research has focused on visual path integration, based only on optic flow. Path integration is complemented by landmark navigation, which may also show age differences, but has not been well studied either. Here we present a study using several simple virtual navigation tasks to explore age differences in path integration both with and without landmark information. We report that, within a virtual environment that provided only optic flow information, older participants exhibited deficits in path integration in terms of distance reproduction, rotation reproduction, and triangle completion. We also report age differences in triangle completion within an environment that provided landmark information. In all tasks, we observed a more restricted range of responses in the older participants, which we discuss in terms of a leaky integrator model, as older participants showed greater leak than younger participants. Our findings begin to explain the mechanisms underlying age differences in path integration, and thus contribute to an understanding of the substantial decline in navigation abilities observed in ageing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring the corporate university phenomenon: Development and implementation of a comprehensive survey
Authors: Lui Abel Amy , Li Jessica
Published: March 2012

This study explores and advances the understanding of the corporate university phenomenon. In order to do that, a three‐step approach was taken. First, a comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken to develop an aggregated view of corporate university literature. Second, a survey was developed based on the result of literature review. Third, a survey was implemented about corporate universities to gain a perspective on prominent processes of corporate universities. A total of 210 corporate universities participated in the study in the North America region. The findings revealed five prominent processes of corporate universities based on a factor analysis. The five processes are: alignment and execution, developing skills that support business needs, using technology to support the learning function, learning and performance evaluation, and partnership with academia.
Molecular insights into the progression of crystalline silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity in rats
Authors: Sellamuthu Rajendran , Umbright Christina , Roberts Jenny R. , Cumpston Amy , McKinney Walter , Chen Bean T. , Frazer David , Li Shengqiao , Kashon Michael , Joseph Pius
Published: March 2012

Identification of molecular target(s) and mechanism(s) of silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity is important for the intervention and/or prevention of diseases associated with exposure to silica. Rats were exposed to crystalline silica by inhalation (15 mg m−3, 6 h per day, 5 days) and global gene expression profile was determined in the lungs by microarray analysis at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks following termination of silica exposure. The number of significantly differentially expressed genes (>1.5‐fold change and <0.01 false discovery rateP‐value) detected in the lungs during the post‐exposure time intervals analyzed exhibited a steady increase in parallel with the progression of silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity noticed in the rats. Quantitative real‐time PCR analysis of a representative set of 10 genes confirmed the microarray findings. The number of biological functions, canonical pathways and molecular networks significantly affected by silica exposure, as identified by the bioinformatics analysis of the significantly differentially expressed genes detected during the post‐exposure time intervals, also exhibited a steady increase similar to the silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity. Genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, respiratory diseases, cancer, and tissue remodeling and fibrosis were significantly differentially expressed in the rat lungs; however, unresolved inflammation was the single most significant biological response to pulmonary exposure to silica. Excessive mucus production, as implicated by significant overexpression of the pendrin coding gene,SLC26A4, was identified as a potential novel mechanism for silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity. Collectively, the findings of our study provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of crystalline silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity in the rat. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Comparison of the aneugenic properties of nocodazole, paclitaxel and griseofulvin in vitro. Centrosome defects and alterations in protein expression profiles
Authors: Zacharaki Polyxeni , Stephanou Georgia , Demopoulos Nikos A.
Published: March 2012

We have comparatively investigated the aneugenic activity of two anticancer drugs, nocodazole (NOC) and paclitaxel (PTX), and the antifungal griseofulvin with promising role in cancer treatment (GF), which affect microtubule dynamics in different ways. The comparison was achieved in HFFF2 human fibroblasts, MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells and C2C12 mouse myoblasts, and focused on three issues: (i) induction of chromosome delay by estimation of MN frequency using CREST analysis; (ii) disturbance of spindle organization with Aurora‐A/β‐tubulin immunofluorescence; and (iii) alterations in the expression of Aurora‐A, β‐ and γ‐tubulin by western blotting. They induced chromosome delay, provoked metaphase arrest and promoted microtubule disorganization, reflecting their common characteristic of generating aneuploidy. In particular, NOC induced mainly monopolar metaphases, although PTX induced only multipolar metaphases. GF generated different types of abnormal metaphases, exhibiting cell specificity. Additionally, NOC decreased the expression of Aurora‐A and β‐tubulin, while the opposite held true for PTX and GF. γ‐Tubulin expression was not modulated owing to NOC treatment, whereas PTX and GF increased γ‐tubulin expression. Our findings throw a light on the manifestation of the aneugenicity of the studied compounds through centrosome proliferation/separation and protein expression, reflecting their different effects on microtubule dynamics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bones' adaptive response to mechanical loading is essentially linear between the low strains associated with disuse and the high strains associated with the lamellar/woven bone transition
Authors: Sugiyama Toshihiro , Meakin Lee B , Browne William J , Galea Gabriel L , Price Joanna S , Lanyon Lance E
Published: March 2012

There is a widely held view that the relationship between mechanical loading history and adult bone mass/strength includes an adapted state or “lazy zone” where the bone mass/strength remains constant over a wide range of strain magnitudes. Evidence to support this theory is circumstantial. We investigated the possibility that the “lazy zone” is an artifact and that, across the range of normal strain experience, features of bone architecture associated with strength are linearly related in size to their strain experience. Skeletally mature female C57BL/6 mice were right sciatic neurectomized to minimize natural loading in their right tibiae. From the fifth day, these tibiae were subjected to a single period of external axial loading (40, 10-second rest interrupted cycles) on alternate days for 2 weeks, with a peak dynamic load magnitude ranging from 0 to 14 N (peak strain magnitude: 0–5000 µε) and a constant loading rate of 500 N/s (maximum strain rate: 75,000 µε/s). The left tibiae were used as internal controls. Multilevel regression analyses suggest no evidence of any discontinuity in the progression of the relationships between peak dynamic load and three-dimensional measures of bone mass/strength in both cortical and cancellous regions. These are essentially linear between the low-peak locomotor strains associated with disuse (∼300 µε) and the high-peak strains derived from artificial loading and associated with the lamellar/woven bone transition (∼5000 µε). The strain:response relationship and minimum effective strain are site-specific, probably related to differences in the mismatch in strain distribution between normal and artificial loading at the locations investigated. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.