bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Red Wave Collective: The Process of Creating Art at the Oceania Centre for Arts and Culture
Authors: Higgins Katherine
Published: July 2012

The Oceania Centre for Arts and Culture at the University of the South Pacific in Suva, Fiji, is a space where Oceanic identity is expressed through painting, sculpture, music, and dance. For a decade, artists have been expressing a burgeoning Oceanic identity infused with traditions and histories expressed in the contemporary period through art. The founder and director, Epeli Hau'ofa, has nurtured a space for Oceanic arts that encourages a participative process of learning that speaks to the potential of each individual while simultaneously forming a dedicated community of artists learning from one another. What is unique about the Oceania Centre is the process of creation in which artists are forming and asserting their identity. This identity is respectful of and concerned with traditions, histories, current conditions (cultural, social, and political), and overall experience of Oceania. The process of participative creative exchange at the Oceania Centre is integrated throughout its painting, sculpture, dance, and music programs to produce expressions that move like waves with the fortitude and force of the ocean. As with any process, the creativity at the center is dynamic and not limited to the contemporary or traditional. The art evolves. It invites the ancestors into conversations in the present to dream of the future. Beginning with a brief history and introduction to Hau'ofa's vision, this article focuses on the Red Wave Collective, the group of painters and sculptors practicing at the Oceania Centre. These artists arrive at the Oceania Centre from different walks of life. Their qualification to join: experience of life as an Oceanian. Excerpts from interviews with some of the Red Wave painters and sculptors offer a glimpse into the value of participative learning space and the dynamic process of creativity at the Oceania Centre.
Building Community Participatory Research Coalitions from the Ground Up: The Philadelphia Area Research Community Coalition
Authors: Johnson Jerry C. , Hayden U. Tara , Thomas Nicole , Groce-Martin Jennine , Henry Thomas , Guerra Terry , Walker Alia , West William , Barnett Marina , Kumanyika Shiriki
Published: July 2012

Background: A coalition of formal, large organizations and informal, grassroots organizations, recruited through an open process, contrasts with the usual practice of developing a community-based participatory research (CBPR) coalition with a small number of well-developed organizations.
Objectives: This paper describes the process, developmental challenges, and accomplishments of the Philadelphia Area Research Community Coalition (PARCC).
Methods: The University of Pennsylvania–Cheyney University of Pennsylvania EXPORT Center established the PARCC, an academic–community research partnership of twenty-two diverse organizations of variable size and with variable experience in health research. The EXPORT Center provided the infrastructure and staff support needed to engage in sustained, face-to-face community outreach and to nurture, coordinate, and facilitate the 2.5-year developmental process. The start-up process, governing principles, activities, challenges, and lessons learned are described.
Lessons Learned: Since its inception, PARCC established core work groups, a governance structure, operating principles, research training activities, community health education projects, and several PARCC-affiliated research projects. Organizations across the spectrum of developmental capacity were major contributors to PARCC. The success of PARCC was based on committed and trusted leadership, preexisting relationships, trust among members from the community and academia, research training, extensive time commitment of members to the coalition’s work, and rapid development of work group activities.
Conclusions: Building a CBPR coalition from the ground up involving organizations of diverse size and at various stages of development presents unique challenges that can be overcome with committed leadership, clear governance principles, and appropriate infrastructure. Engagement in community-based research during the early stages, while still developing trust, structure, and governance procedures can be accomplished as long as training of all partners is conducted and the trust building is not ignored.
American Indian College Students’ Ethnic Identity and Beliefs about Education
Authors: Okagaki Lynn , Helling Mary Kay , Bingham Gary E.
Published: July 2012

Sixty-seven American Indian and 96 European-American undergraduate students responded to questions about their educational and ethnic beliefs and their perceptions of their mother’s and father’s support for education. The American Indian participants completed some additional items regarding their ethnic beliefs and their perceptions of their parents’ cultural beliefs and practices. American Indian students placed greater value on the instrumental importance of education, more strongly affirmed their ethnic identity, and felt closer to their ethnic group than did European American students. For American Indian students, perceptions of mother’s socialization of cultural beliefs and practices were strongly related to students’ ratings of ethnic identity achievement, ethnic practices and belonging, and importance of ethnic identity. Belief in one’s bicultural efficacy was positively correlated with American Indian students’ ratings of academic identity and belief in the instrumental importance of school.
Conceptualization and Initial Validation of the College Student Mentoring Scale (CSMS)
Authors: Crisp Gloria
Published: July 2012

The prevalence of conceptually valid mentoring relationships in higher education is currently unknown due to a lack of a valid conceptualization within the literature. This article examines the construct validity of College Student Mentoring Scale (CSMS) with an eye toward identifying developmental support functions that should be provided to students. Participants were selected from a stratified random sample of courses offered in the fall of 2006 at a community college in the south-central area of the United States (n = 351). Results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated the constructs were valid and a higher-order factor analysis revealed the existence of a second-order construct, Mentoring. Goodness of fit statistics suggested that the best fitting model did not hold well across ethnic groups however, the hypothesized factor structure was invariant for men and women. Implications for student affairs practice and future research are discussed.
Rape Myth Acceptance, Hypermasculinity, and SAT Scores as Correlates of Moral Development: Understanding Sexually Aggressive Attitudes in First-Year College Men
Authors: Tatum Jerry L. , Foubert John D.
Published: July 2012

Male perpetrated sexual aggression has long been recognized as a serious problem on college campuses. The purpose of this multiple regression correlation study was to assess the relationship between levels of moral development (measured by the Defining Issues Test) and the degree to which first-year college men ( N = 161) ascribed to rape supportive attitudes, as measured by the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale and the Hypermasculinity Inventory. Respondents completed these instruments and a demographic questionnaire prior to the beginning of the fall semester. Pearson correlations indicated that there was a significant ( p < .01) relationship between rape myth acceptance and moral development. There was not a significant relationship between hypermasculinity and moral development. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that rape myths and SAT verbal scores accounted for 9% of moral development variance. Additional stepwise analysis suggested that the rape myth subscale, It Wasn’t Really Rape, in combination with SAT verbal scores, accounted for approximately 10% of moral development variance. Implications for practitioners and researchers are provided.
Power, Privilege, and Learning: Facilitating Encountered Situations to Promote Social Justice
Authors: Lechuga Vicente M. , Clerc Laura Norman , Howell Abigail K.
Published: July 2012

As student affairs professionals increasingly move toward developing their students into active citizens that are committed to both social justice and systemic change, it is important for these students to have a keen awareness of the basic concepts that underlie social justice. The authors argue that fundamental knowledge about the concepts of power and privilege plays an important role in the learning process for students and that this knowledge can be gained through experiential learning activities (Kolb, 1984). The authors call attention to important characteristics that are essential for the design and implementation of encountered situations intended to promote social justice awareness and action and offer a clear methodology student affairs professionals can utilize to develop encountered situations that meet the needs of specific student populations.
The Interrelationship of Self-Determination, Mental Illness, and Grades Among University Students
Authors: Brockelman Karin F.
Published: July 2012

The goal of this study was to examine the relationships among self-determination, mental illness, and GPAs of university students. Participants were 375 undergraduate students at a large state university. Two instruments based on Self-determination theory were used in this study: the Basic Needs Scale (see Baard, Deci, & Ryan, 2004) and the Learning Self-Regulation Questionnaire (Black & Deci, 2000). Data were collected via a web-based survey. Several of the self-determination indicators were significant predictors of GPA at α = .01. The GPAs of students who reported having a mental illness did not differ from their peers without mental illness. For students with similar levels of self-determination, having a mental illness was not predictive of GPA.
Biopolitics and Duopolies
Authors: Levinson Brett
Published: July 2012

Foucault's notion of the biopolitical traces the evolution from the sovereign state to alternative forms of control, different techniques of domination—not reducible to state domination—and resistance. Of great interest in this development, particularly within the context of so-called "globalization," are Foucault's comments on race: Foucault suggests that the race struggle precedes even the class struggle, and that racism is but a by-product of the former. This article, via Society Must Be Defended, examines these matters in the light of other Foucauldian concepts such as control society, governmentality, and the population.
Jackson Lears
Authors: Lears Jackson
Published: July 2012

Coming of age during the Vietnam War, I cut my cultural teeth on an exalted idea of intellectuals. They were the
people who challenged the official pieties, especially the easy equation of power and virtue, the American civil religion
that justified imperial misadventure. Sometimes, even at my conservative southern university, they were my
professors—especially the historians Paul Gaston and Bill Harbaugh. By exposing the mendacity of American policy,
they fostered a critical spirit in their students. By challenging the equation of anticolonial nationalism with Soviet
communism and exploring the futility of foreign attempts to crush a popular insurgency, they gave us an alternative
way of seeing the U.S. role in the world.
A New Look at the Career of John Philoponus
Authors: Maccoull L. S. B.
Published: July 2012

While John Philoponus' (ca. 490-575) life and thought have been studied almost entirely in the context of the history of classical philosophy, this paper attempts to view his work as more closely connected to the social and cultural history of Byzantine Egypt as known from papyrological sources. Philoponus, a committed Egyptian Monophysite, chose particular philosophical texts and problems as objects of his work because they were the material of current Monophysite debate. His intention was to provide the nascent Coptic church with a powerful set of tools for argument, with which Egyptian Monophysites could defeat their Chalcedonian opponents.
Braga and Tours: Some Observations on Gregory's De virtutibus sancti Martini (1.11)
Authors: Ferreiro Alberto
Published: July 2012

Gregory's narrative in his De virtutibus sancti Martini (1.11) has been the source of much discussion by modern scholars. The text bears directly on the process of the conversion of the Sueves out of Arianism to Catholic Christianity in sixth-century Gallaecia during the reign of the Suevic King Chararic (550?-558?), a personage unidentified by any other source, Gallic or Iberian. Most scholars have cited the text as wholly reliable without any sufficient critical analysis. E. A. Thompson, in a recent study dismissed the entire account as fictitious hagiography devoid of any historical value. This article is a first attempt to deal with the discrepancies between Gregory's text and those by Isidore of Seville and John of Biclar. The valuable works of Martin of Braga and Venantius Fortunatus are likewise given due consideration. The historical worth of Gregory's account is vindicated, as well as its rightful place as a critical source for events in sixth-century Gallaecia .
On Rebaptism: Social Organization in the Third Century Church
Authors: Burns J. Patout
Published: July 2012

The dispute between Cyprian in Carthage and Stephen in Rome over the rebaptism of converts from schismatic communities should be understood as a consequence of the particular and different problems which each church faced after Decius' edict requiring participation in the Roman cult. A social analysis shows that in each case, the ritual of reconciliation of the lapsed was central to defining and controlling the church's boundary. Cyprian focused on the unity of the church in one communion while Stephen upheld the authority of a single bishop over the baptized. In defending the prerogative of his church, the African refused to acknowledge the efficacy of baptism performed in schism and the Roman insisted upon its validity.
Hilary of Poitiers' Road to Béziers: Politics or Religion?
Authors: Burns Paul C.
Published: July 2012

In 356 Hilary was condemned at a synod in Béziers and exiled to Phrygia. In recent years there has been some interesting speculation about the motives and issues at this synod. Some have renewed a thesis that the issues were primarily political and that the judgment against Hilary was a rsustupposed complevolt of Silvanus in August 355. In an article in 1992, T. D. Barnes reviewed evidence in Hilary's writings from 358 and 360. That evidence consistently points to Hilary's concerns with the theological implications of Arianism. There are no references to the revolt in Gaul. In this article I extend the conclusions of Barnes by appealing to issues in Hilary's writing in the years prior to the trial in Béziers. Hilary is concerned with heretics and I argue that the religious issues of those heretics are not to be found in his sources. Hilary is actually criticizing heretics who espouse positions identical with Arians of his period. Thus it is his religious positions not his supposed political involvements that get him into trouble in 356.
Eating People: Accusations of Cannibalism Against Christians in the Second Century
Authors: McGowan Andrew
Published: July 2012

Christians were accused of a variety of crimes, including cannibalism, during the second century. Since recent anthropological discussions encourage a degree of skepticism when dealing with accusations of cannibalism, this paper considers the charges as instances of "labelling," whereby social relations are expressed using a symbolic stereotype, rather than relying on the traditional explanation of a misunderstanding of eucharistic "body and blood" imagery, or of a mistake in the identification of real cannibals. Examination of Greek and Roman sources reveals that there were many ancient "cannibals," who for the purposes of analysis can be conveniently classified as "philosophical," "exotic," "mythical" and "political." The various attributes of these "cannibals" are also found in the charges against Christians, which represent a perceived threat to society as a whole, expresssed in terms of the human body as depicted in the fantastic stories of ritual murder.
Thomas Gresham's Law, Jane Shore's Mercy: Value and Class in the Plays of Thomas Heywood
Authors: Hawkes David
Published: July 2012

Thomas Heywood's plays use historical figures like Thomas Gresham and Jane Shore to reconcile the growing economic power of the bourgeoisie with traditional, aristocratic modes of evaluation. Drawing on the economic theories and demonology of contemporary thinkers like Jean Bodin, Heywood suggests that, when it is regarded as an autonomous power, financial value becomes a dangerous, metaphysical force, which is comparable in ethical status and psychological effects to magic. His work undertakes to show that mercantile social status does not necessarily involve allegiance to this demonic power, and to reconcile the mode of evaluation inculcated by market activity with the values and mores of the established social structure.
Epic for an Information Age: Pope's 1743 Dunciad in Four Books and the Theater Licensing Act
Authors: Snead Jennifer
Published: July 2012

This essay reads Pope's 1743 Dunciad in Four Books within the context of eighteenth-century concerns with the representation of character in satire following the passing of the Theater Licensing Act of 1737. Pope's choice of Colley Cibber for the Dunciad _'s new hero demonstrates the importance he placed on his audience's participation in constructing the Dunciad '_s meaning through its references to people and events in the world outside of the poem, which he feared would be nullified by the literary censorship dictated by the Act.
Giving Promises in Elizabeth Inchbald's A Simple Story
Authors: Min Eun Kyung
Published: July 2012

Drawing on Thomas Hobbes's distinction between contract and gift, as well as Hannah Arendt's discussion of promise and forgiveness, this essay argues that Elizabeth Inchbald's A Simple Story should be read as a complex moral fable about making contracts and giving promises in spheres neglected by social contract theory: the spheres of sexual love and difference, marriage, parenthood, and inter-generation bonds. The novel shifts our moral attention away from the contract to the promise and its alternative ethics of the gift, while emphasizing forgiveness as its necessary, and corollary, structural pair.
Romantic Amplification: The Way of Plagiarism
Authors: Wiley Michael
Published: July 2012

This article argues that for the British romantic poets, including William Wordsworth, Robert Southey, Mary Robinson, and Peter Bayley, appropriative behaviors that constitute plagiarism according to most agreed-upon definitions might pass unremarked if the plagiarist either was allied with or had power over the plagiarized poet. On the other hand, if the plagiarist opposed the plagiarized or had less power, accusations of plagiarism followed. Further, plagiarisms by allies and opponents alike led the poets to re-appropriate and amplify their textual materials in games of literary—and sometimes social and political—one-upmanship. In this limited sense, plagiarism helped make romantic literature.
The Queer Transformations of Flaubert's Légende de saint Julien l'Hospitalier
Authors: Campbell Emma
Published: July 2012

This article examines the changes Flaubert introduces in retelling the medieval legend of St Julian the Hospitaller, particularly regarding the sexual body. It is argued that the queer effects of Flaubert's modifications are felt throughout his version of the legend and touch the process of rewriting itself.
Au risque d'un saint inflexible: sainteté et imitation dans les versions françaises de Barlaam et Josaphat
Authors: Vuagnoux-Uhlig Marion
Published: July 2012

Les versions françaises de Barlaam et Josaphat offrent un terrain d'investigation idéal à qui s'intéresse à la réception de l'hagiographie vernaculaire médiévale. La présente contribution envisage cette question par le biais de l'identification entre saints et destinataires dans des textes composés entre le XIII e et le XV e siècle.
Milieux d'affaires de l'Outre-Mer français et Grande Dépression des années 1930
Authors: Saul Samir
Published: July 2012

Faced with the collapse of international trade and the price of commodities as a result of the Depression, the chambers of commerce of French overseas territories met on four occasions during the 1930s to air their concerns and address requests to authorities. Their congresses provide an ideal and little-known vantage point to observe the stresses and strains of the imperial economy in troubled times. Colonial interests did not necessarily coincide with those of the mother country. The tightening of protectionism in response to the economic crisis was primarily a way of relieving metropolitan interests, sometimes at the expense of overseas French producers and merchants. Two categories of demands emerge from the congresses. The first aimed to reinforce the imperial relationship in order to assist colonial exporters, while the second implicitly questioned the very foundations of an imperial economy, a surprising anticipation of post-1945 developments.
Iconographic (Jesuit) Rings in European/Native Exchange
Authors: Mason Carol I. , Ehrhardt Kathleen L.
Published: July 2012

On a trouvé des bagues iconographiques (bagues jésuites) au cours de fouilles archéologiques dans le territoire que les Français dénommèrent la Novelle France. On a fait la supposition que ces bagues datent les sites, d'abord en utilisant leurs motifs dans un modèle "drift." Ce modèle n'a pas reussi, et il faut faire attention à d'autres attributs metallurgiques en même que les motifs.
L'indemnité de Saint-Domingue: « Dette d'indépendance » ou « rançon de l'esclavage »?
Authors: Beauvois Frédérique
Published: July 2012

In August 1791, a slave revolt erupted in Saint-Domingue, richest colony of the Americas. France sent two commissioners to restore peace in this insurgent area. Under the threat of revolution, they declared the abolition of slavery in 1793. This decision was ratified by the French Convention on 4 February 1794. Revocation of this abolition act in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte had no effect on the situation of slaves in Saint-Domingue, which proclaimed its independence 1 January 1804. This episode gave birth to the first black state of the Americas, baptised under its old Amerindian name "Haïti." The new republic was recognized as an independent state more than 20 years later. The French law of 17 April 1825 conceded Haitian independence in exchange for a ransom of 150 million francs. The great majority of abolitionist governments of the nineteenth century judged it legitimate to compensate slave owners for the loss of capital invested in their slave property. What was exceptional about the indemnity of Saint-Domingue was the fact that it was not an internal governmental decision, but the fruit of transactions from one state to another. The indemnity favored the planters, but was also the price exacted for becoming an autonomous state. This work will focus on the criteria taken into account by France in the fixation of the compensation amount. Slave ownership did not exist after the revolution. How did fixing a number compensate for property lost more than 30 years earlier? What were the data considered by France? Finally, what was the compensation value for the various protagonists? These questions will clarify the objectives followed by France in establishing this compensation. Was the purpose of « ransom of slavery », to indemnify slave owners for the loss of their property, or was its ultimate target to economically subdue a rebel colony by creating an « independence debt »?
Troublesome Chiefs and Disorderly Subjects: The Indigénat and the Internment of Kanak in New Caledonia (1887–1928)
Authors: Muckle Adrian
Published: July 2012

L'internement politique a joué un rôle important dans le processus par lequel l'administration coloniale française a essayé d'amener les Kanak, le peuple indigène de Nouvelle-Calédonie, sous domination française. Dans le cadre d'une étude examinant la fonction et l'héritage de l'indigénat dans la régularisation des relations entre Kanak et colons, cet article développe une étude de cas de l'internement des Kanak jusqu'en 1928. Contrairement à penser les représentations coloniales et populaires, la majorité des internés kanak n'étaient ni des « chefs » ni des « rebelles ». Les autorités avaient recours à l'internement pour réprimer les actes de la résistance quotidienne, imposer la discipline dans les réserves et renforcer l'autorité des chefs administratifs. En examinant la façon dont les mesures d'internement se sont traduites localement, négociées et mises en place, nous contribuons à la compréhension de l'évolution locale de l'indigénat et de sa place au sein du système colonial.
The Noble Savage and the Savage Noble: Philosophy and Ethnography in the Voyages of the Baron de Lahontan
Authors: Harvey David Allen
Published: July 2012

Les écrits du baron de Lahontan furent l' une des sources les plus importantes du mythe du 'bon sauvage' au siècle des Lumières. Cet article cherche à situer l'oeuvre de Lahontan dans le contexte de la France de Louis XIV, et soutient que son évocation des vertus des Hurons représente une critique de l'orthodoxie catholique, de l'inégalité sociale, et des valeurs de la société capitaliste naissante. Lahontan, comme d'autres hobereaux provinciaux (et notamment le baron de Saint-Castin), a cherché dans le Nouveau Monde une liberté aristocratique qui n'était plus possible sous l'absolutisme des Bourbons. En même temps, l'article insiste sur le fait que la pensée de Lahontan est trop complexe et ambiguë pour être qualifiée du « primitivisme » sans réserve. Tandis que les Dialogues de Lahontan célèbrent la simplicité de la vie sauvage, ses autres écrits, surtout ses Mémoires, présentent un tableau souvent négatif de la société amérindienne. Lahontan était une figure souvent contradictoire, entravé par le mirage de l'état de nature en train de disparaître et l'avancée du colonialisme qu'il dénonçait, mais dont il était l'agent.
Beyond Diversity: Women, Scarification, and Yoruba Identity
Authors: Ojo Olatunji
Published: July 2012

On 18 March 1898 Okolu, an Ijesa man, accused Otunba of Italemo ward, Ondo of seizing and enslaving his sister Osun and his niece. Both mother and daughter, enslaved by the Ikale in 1894, had fled from their master in 1895, but as they headed toward Ilesa, the accused seized them. Osun claimed the accused forced her to become his wife, “hoe a farm,” and marked her daughter's face with one deep, bold line on each cheek. Otunba denied the slavery charge, claiming he only “rescued [Osun] from Soba who was taking her away [and] took her for wife.” Itoyimaki, a defense witness, supported the claim that Osun was not Otunba's slave. In his decision, Albert Erharhdt, the presiding British Commissioner, freed the captives and ordered the accused to pay a fine of two pounds. In addition to integrating Osun through marriage, the mark conferred on her daughter a standard feature of Ondo identity. Although this case came up late in the nineteenth century, it represents a trend in precolonial Yorubaland whereby marriages and esthetics served the purpose of ethnic incorporation.

Studies on the roots of African ethnic identity consciousness have concentrated mostly on the activities of outsiders, usually Euro-American Christian missions, repatriated ex-slaves, and Muslims, whose ideas of nations as geocultural entities were applied to various African groups during the era of the slave trade and, more intensely, under colonialism. For instance, prior to the late nineteenth century, the people now called Yoruba were divided into multiple opposing ethnicities. Ethnic wars displaced millions of people, including about a million Yoruba-speakers deported as slaves to the Americas, Sierra Leone, and the central Sudan, mostly between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries.
The Role of N.C. Ejituwu in the Development of Niger Delta Historiography
Authors: Enemugwem John H. , Okere Darlington K.
Published: July 2012

The history of history-writing in the Niger Delta was first developed by E.J. Alagoa. However, his work, which covers the periods from 1508 to 1988, does not go into the twenty-first century. This is the case as well for N.C. Ejituwu, who extended the Delta historiography to 1999 but without including his own innovations. For this reason, this paper discusses the innovations brought by Ejituwu's role in the development of Niger Delta historiography. These are his contributions to the training of historians, the introduction of feminist history, biographical writing, and history concourse. Others include his reconstruction of the settlement histories of many Eastern and Central Niger Delta groups. Its impact on the development of the Delta historiography, analyzed here, furthered historical research in the region. Although largely a study of the work of N.C.Ejituwu, this paper is also intended as an overview of Niger Delta regional history of history writing.

According to Ake, development concerns human creativity, socially or economically. N.C. Ejituwu has demonstrated his creativity in historical writing on aspects of the Niger Delta, a region of some 75,000 square kilometers stretching from the Mahin estuary in the west to the Cross River estuary in the east. This most southerly region of Nigeria has about fifty linguistic groups located on its islands and peninsulas. Historical writing in the Delta concerns these fifty clans of the Ijo ethnic nationality. Their settlement histories have been documented by Alagoa, Cookey, and Ejituwu.
Plato's Undividable Line: Contradiction and Method in Republic VI
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: July 2012

Plato's instructions entail that the line of Republic VI is divided so that the middle two segments are of equal length. Yet I argue that Plato's elaboration of the significance of this analogy shows he believes that these segments are of unequal length because the domains they represent are not of equally clear mental states, nor perhaps of objects of equal reality. I label this inconsistency between Plato's instructions and his explanation the "overdetermination problem." The overdetermination problem has been a perennial concern, and a substantial amount of work has been produced which attempts to deal with it. I offer a classification of approaches to the overdetermination problem as a way of documenting the problem's significance, and show why these approaches are all inadequate as solutions. My novel resolution of the overdetermination problem rests upon a demonstration that the contradiction is intentional. The later recapitulation of the ratio at 534a reveals that Plato was himself aware that the middle two segments are equal. I argue that this contradiction is a sophisticated device designed to lead the reader of the Republic through the four epistemic stages represented by the line itself. Most significantly, recognition of this mathematical contradiction acts as a goad, spurring independent philosophical reflection just in the way that Plato advocates in the Republic more generally.
Unraveling health disparities: Examining the dimensions of hypertension and diabetes through community engagement
Authors: Anderson Julia B
Published: July 2012

The contexts of people's lives can perpetuate racial and ethnic health disparities. In this work, community members from four racial/ethnic groups (Hispanic, Native American, African American, Asian) engaged in an investigative process to analyze their own life conditions, and to explore dimensions of their health behaviors and lifestyles when managing diabetes and/or hypertension. Principal conclusions of the researchers: (1) Respondents were knowledgeable about their health conditions, but had no knowledge of health disparities. (2) Respondents felt the media portrays members of racial/ethnic minorities as hopeless and helpless; this discourages them from believing they can live healthier or better lives. (3) The over-abundance of fast food and unhealthy food eateries in minority communities contradicts the advice of the public health industry. (4) The majority of all respondents were in one of two stages relative to their willingness to change unhealthy behaviors: not interested or already doing it.
Rural-Urban Differences in Breast Cancer Screening among African American Women
Authors: Husaini Baqar A , Emerson Janice S , Hull Pamela C , Sherkat Darren E , Levine Robert S , Cain Van A
Published: July 2012

This study reports on rural-urban differences in the effectiveness of a church-based educational program aimed at increasing breast cancer screening among African American women ages 40 and over. The data were drawn from an intervention study in urban Nashville, and a pilot extension of the study in five rural counties of West Tennessee. The partial program was equally effective in rural Tennessee (17.6% increase in mammography attainment from baseline to Time 3) and in urban Nashville (22.3% increase). The rural women reported more barriers to mammography screening than the urban women. The rural women were more likely not to get a mammogram because they did not perceive a need, because they thought mammography was embarrassing, and because of their religious beliefs. The results of this study demonstrate that an inexpensive church-based educational program was equally effective in both rural and urban Tennessee for increasing mammography rates among African American women.
Short-term Impact of an HIV Risk Reduction Intervention for Soon-to-be Released Inmates in Georgia
Authors: Braithwaite Ronald L. , Stephens Torrance T , Treadwell Henrie M , Braithwaite Kisha , Conerly Rhonda
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of an intervention seeking to reduce risk for HIV/AIDS infection among a sample of soon-to-be-released adult male inmates. This analysis is based on a random sample of 116 adult male prisoners recruited and interviewed prior to their participation in an HIV/AIDS and recidivism risk reduction intervention and again three months after they were reintegrated into the community. The intervention program was designed to reduce risky sexual behaviors and alcohol, tobacco, and other drug-related behaviors. It had a randomized, Latin-square design to evaluate adult male offenders across four conditions. Findings indicate that the intervention for the inmate population was effective in reducing sexual self-expectation and substance use and increasing condom use self-efficacy over a three-month period.
Background\-\-The Origins of the Care System Assessment Demonstration Project
Authors: Conviser Richard , Pounds Moses Belt
Published: July 2012

The Care System Assessment Demonstration Project was designed to assist community planning bodies in determining barriers to care for people living with HIV (PLWH) in selected underserved minority populations and generating recommendations for care system enhancement that would lower those barriers. This paper describes the selection of three sites to participate in the project and sketches the two primary tools used in implementing the project: Rapid Assessment, Response and Evaluation (RARE) techniques initially developed to assess community HIV prevention needs, and a system assessment model created to help communities conduct systematic evaluations of their HIV care systems. The paper also provides an overview of the remaining chapters of the supplement, detailing how the project was implemented at the national level and the three participating sites and evaluating both the project's process and its local impact.
The Care System Assessment Model and its Operationalization
Authors: Conviser Richard , Pounds Moses Belt
Published: July 2012

The care system assessment model is intended to help community planning bodies for HIV services conduct systematic evaluations of existing care systems, with an eye toward changing them to make services more accessible to people living with HIV (PLWH) from underserved minority communities. The model has four structural and three cultural/behavioral dimensions. The structural dimensions are system comprehensiveness, capacity, integration, and accessibility; the cultural/behavioral dimensions are service acceptability, technical competencies (of both providers and potential system users), and client health-seeking behaviors. This chapter describes the model's dimensions and ways to operationalize them through document reviews and other methods.
The Cultural and Social Context of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Risk and Control among Hispanics in New York
Authors: Cruz Gustavo D , Shulman Lawrence C , Kumar Jayanth V , Salazar Christian R
Published: July 2012

New York City (NYC) has one of the highest incidence and mortality rates of oral and pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for Hispanics of any major U.S. city. This qualitative assessment explores OPC awareness, attitudes, and screening practices among at-risk Hispanics, health care providers, and community leaders in a Hispanic neighborhood of NYC. Four focus groups (N=39) were conducted with at-risk Hispanics. Structured interviews were conducted with ten health care providers (four physicians, four dentists, two dental hygienists) and three key community leaders. Results showed major gaps in OPC awareness across all key stakeholders. Focus group participants expressed difficulty in accessing appropriate health care. Health care providers were not familiar with OPC prevention and early detection practices. Community leaders lacked the knowledge and resources necessary for advocating prevention and early detection for their constituencies. All participants reported cultural, social, and structural barriers to prevention. There is a need for developing a comprehensive, culturally competent health communication program that targets all key stakeholders in the at-risk Hispanic community of NYC.
Differences in Quality between Dental Practices Associated with Race and Income Mix of Patients
Authors: Gilbert Gregg H , Litaker Mark S , Makhija Sonia K
Published: July 2012

We recently demonstrated with the Florida Dental Care Study (FDCS) that the racial mix of the dental practice attended was significantly associated with patient-specific service receipt and health outcome. Therefore, our objective here was to determine if African Americans and lower-income people attended dental practices with characteristics systematically different from the practices attended by their counterparts. The FDCS was a prospective cohort study of 873 people at baseline who were followed for 48 months. Participants' dentists were asked to complete questionnaires about their practices. Significant racial and income differences were evident in dentists' reports of payment mix, characteristics of typical patients, types of procedures typically done, typical fees, practice busyness, waiting room times, and delays to get an appointment. Systematic differences in the dental practices attended were evident, as a function of the person's race and income, differences that are associated with social disparities in oral health.
Medical Homes for Children with Special Health Care Needs: A Program Evaluation
Authors: Martin Amy Brock , Crawford Sarah , Probst Janice C , Smith Gratin , Saunders Ruth P , Watkins Ken W , Luchok Kathryn
Published: July 2012

Purpose. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a pilot project providing a medical home to children with special health care needs (CSHCN). This study differs from previous work in that it monitors a cohort of CSHCN one year prior to and two years after participation in a medical home intervention utilizing a quasi-experimental design. Results. The groups being compared demonstrated descriptive differences in emergency room (ER) and preventive visits. Statistically significant differences in ER visits were achieved by the second intervention year. Conclusions. The current research demonstrates that a medical home can have demonstrable effect on utilization of preventive and emergency care by CSHCN. Limitations of the current research include small sample size and lack of information on acuity and quality of life.
Planning Services for the Homeless in the San Francisco Peninsula
Authors: Osterberg Lars G , Barr Donald A
Published: July 2012

A survey of clients seeking homeless services at agencies in the SF Peninsula, indicates that a disproportionate percentage are minority group members (African American and Hispanic) and veterans, and points to the need for integrated housing, social services, and health care for this vulnerable population.
Coping with the Cost of Prescription Drugs
Authors: Strickland W. Jay , Hanson Charlene M.
Published: July 2012

African Americans have higher rates of nonprescription drug utilization than white Americans, but lower rates of prescription drug use. In light of this discrepancy, this study examines 281 lower income African American households in the rural South for access to prescription drugs and coping strategies when households cannot afford prescription drugs. About half of the households could not always afford needed prescriptions, and ability to pay was related positively to Medicaid coverage. Households that could not afford prescriptions employed five strategies: (1) prioritizing, (2) financing, (3) rationing, (4) substituting, and (5) postponing. Financing, postponing, and rationing were cited most frequently. The impact of culture and areas for future research are discussed.
Follow-up After Hospital Discharge: Does Insurance Make a Difference?
Authors: Kerr Eve A. , Siu Albert L.
Published: July 2012

As the length of hospital stays decreases, important medical problems are often deferred for follow-up after discharge. We investigated whether patients without regular physicians actually receive post-discharge care. Patients without regular physicians at the time of admission to a private nonprofit teaching hospital were surveyed by telephone one month after discharge. Forty-six percent were non-Caucasian and 53 percent had Medicaid or no insurance. Although discharge planning was documented for 97 percent of patients, only 54 percent of study participants had completed follow-up one month later and only 46 percent could identify a regular physician. Among all patients with a particular need for-follow-up, Medicaid and uninsured patients were less likely to receive follow-up (p=0.042), to identify a regular physician (p=0.007), or to complete discharge instructions (p=0.018). Cost of medical care was found to be a significant deterrent to obtaining follow-up for patients with Medicaid or with no insurance (p=0.001). Expanded access to care, along with focused discharge planning, may improve completion of follow-up for Medicaid and uninsured patients.
Inpatient Utilization by Undocumented Immigrants Without Insurance
Authors: Siddharthan Kris , Ahern Melissa
Published: July 2012

Data collected from a large county hospital in Miami, Florida were used to study the severity of illness (using the Case Mix Severity Index) and resource use (measured by average length of stay, procedures, and/or diagnostic tests performed) of undocumented persons from Dade County, Florida in an inpatient setting. Compared with native-born populations and those with permanent residency status (insured by Medicaid or of uninsured status) admitted to the same hospital, undocumented immigrants had a higher Case Mix Severity Index but a lower adjusted average length of stay. Undocumented immigrants and uninsured residents of the United States had a similar number of adjusted procedures/tests performed, but less than Medicaid beneficiaries. Policy issues are discussed.
Nurse-Midwifery Services in One Multi-Ethnic, Underserved Community
Authors: Fullerton Judith T. , Palinkas Lawrence , Cavero Carmela
Published: July 2012

Through a nurse-midwifery service in a mixed urban and rural agricultural community, we compared maternal risk factors, prenatal care, labor and delivery, and adverse birth outcomes in low-income Mexican-American Hispanic, white (Caucasian), and Southeast Asian women—a three-way analysis rarely reported in the literature. Southeast Asian women were older and had more children. Hispanic women bore children at a younger age. Both Southeast Asians and Hispanics made fewer prenatal visits than did Caucasian women, and used less analgesia and anesthesia during delivery. The incidence of Cesarean section (7.7 percent) and low birthweight (5.9 percent) was compared to local, state, and national reference statistics. Prospective case-controlled studies and cost/benefit analyses of nurse-midwifery services could yield more definitive information. But until more precise data are collected for birth certificates, these studies will be difficult.
Hawaii's Near-Universal Health Insurance—Lessons Learned
Authors: Baumgartner Eric T. , Grossmann Bob , Fuddy Loretta
Published: July 2012

To date, Hawaii is the only state to have implemented near-universal health insurance. The cornerstone of this program is the country's only requirement that employers provide health insurance for all employees who work at least 20 hours per week. Combined with low unemployment, voluntary modified community rating by health insurers, and expanded Medicaid and Medicare, this employer mandate has been part of a patchwork mechanism that insures upwards to 95 percent of the state's population. Indeed, by adding a state-sponsored gap group-insurance program, Hawaii may now insure in excess of 95 percent of its population. The program has generated good health outcomes, good consumer satisfaction, and relatively modest overall health care expenditures. But for all that near-universal insurance provides, there is still a great need for community-based preventive and primary care programs with outreach and family support services. In addition, traditionally underserved populations continue to be at increased risk. Both funding reform and continued infrastructure development must occur to achieve universal access to care.
Public Hospitals and Managed Care
Authors: Curry Robert H. , Rafferty Michael P. , Huckaby Sandra K. , Johnson Robert B. , Robitscher John W.
Published: July 2012

Managed health care is used increasingly in the public and private sectors to control rising health-care costs and to assure quality of care. While current proposals for health-care reform promote even wider application of managed care as a component in cost control, the formal use of managed care by public hospitals has not been fully explored. This article identifies possible reasons for providing managed care within a public-hospital system, explores the implications of managed care for public hospitals and their patients, and addresses some of the barriers to implementing managed care in a traditional public-hospital setting.
Impact of Employment-Based Health Insurance on Home Attendants
Authors: Weitzman Beth C. , Berry Carolyn A.
Published: July 2012

This study examines 253 newly hired home attendants to measure the degree to which employment-based health insurance can affect health status and utilization of health care services among a working poor population that has little experience with health insurance and may face other significant barriers to care. Physician contacts increased after benefits were received; attendants who had no coverage during the prior year experienced the greatest average increase. More attendants also reported using emergency rooms. Neither hospitalizations nor health status were affected. These findings indicate that insurance benefits may substantially improve access to care for many working poor persons, regardless of other barriers they may face.