bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur Prognose des Behandlungsverlaufs bei strafrechtlicher Unterbringung in der Entziehungsanstalt
Authors: Schalast Norbert , Kösters Cornelia , Mushoff Sylvia , Demmerling Rita
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Wenn in einem Strafverfahren die Unterbringung in einer Entziehungsanstalt zur Diskussion steht, muss sich ein Sachverständiger zu den Aussichten dieser Maßnahme (§ 64 Satz 2 StGB) äußern. Die dargestellte Untersuchung liefert Anhaltspunkte für die Einschätzung der Therapieaussichten bei Tätern mit Alkoholproblemen.

 Methode: Bei 150 Patienten des § 64-Maßregelvollzugs erfolgte prospektiv eine psychologische Untersuchung mit Erhebung zahlreicher prognoserelevanter Merkmale.

 Ergebnis: Als relevante Prädiktoren des Behandlungsverlaufs werden bestätigt: Hinweise auf desolate Verhältnisse in der Ursprungsfamilie, auf Auffälligkeiten im Sinne einer Hyperaktivitätsstörung im Schulalter, längere Haftzeiten vor dem Verfahren, welches zur Unterbringung führte, eine fehlende Integration ins Arbeitsleben und ausgeprägte Reizbarkeit und Aggressivität im Stationsalltag.

 Schlussfolgerung: Es können etliche signifikante Prädiktoren des Behandlungsoutcomes aufgezeigt werden, doch bleibt die sachverständige Beurteilung der Behandlungsaussichten eine schwierige Aufgabe. Faktoren, die nach allgemeinen kriminologischen Erkenntnissen die Wahrscheinlichkeit persistierender Anpassungsprobleme und sozialer Schwierigkeiten erhöhen, stellen auch Risikofaktoren im Hinblick auf eine Unterbringung in der Entziehungsanstalt dar. Aspekte des Suchtverhaltens haben geringeres und Selbstbeschreibungen der Patienten praktisch kein prognostisches Gewicht.
Riskanter Alkoholkonsum im höheren Alter: Häufigkeit und Folgen – ein Überblick
Authors: Schäufele Martina
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Aufgrund der demographischen Entwicklung in Verbindung mit den veränderten Konsummustern der kommenden Altengenerationen, wird sich die Alkoholproblematik im Alter erheblich verschärfen. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der epidemiologischen Forschung zu Prävalenz, Charakteristika und Folgen riskanten Alkoholkonsums im höheren Alter.

 Methodik: Recherche bei den Datenbanken Psyc-INFO und PubMed sowie im Literaturverzeichnis der Deutschen Hauptstelle für Suchtfragen.

 Ergebnisse: Die Studien sind durch erhebliche methodische Heterogenität gekennzeichnet, was ihre Vergleichbarkeit deutlich einschränkt. Die Grenzen zwischen potenziell förderlichem, risikoarmem und riskantem Konsum sind unklar und bedürfen der besseren empirischen Fundierung. Nichtsdestotrotz stimmen die Forschungsbefunde in zwei Punkten konsistent überein: Alkoholkonsum und riskante Gebrauchsmuster sind unter den älteren Frauen wesentlich seltener verbreitet als unter den älteren Männern und nehmen bei beiden Geschlechtern mit steigendem Alter ab. Dennoch sind einige der ermittelten Raten substantiell, insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund, dass riskanter Alkoholkonsum im Alter häufig mit anderen gesundheitsgefährdenden Verhaltensweisen verknüpft ist (z. B. Rauchen) und die Wahrscheinlichkeit schwerer Gesundheitsschäden und vorzeitiger Mortalität erhöht ist.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Es besteht ein dringender Bedarf, solche Konsummuster zu identifizieren, um möglichst frühzeitig effektive und kostengünstige Interventionen zu initiieren. Das primäre Gesundheitsversorgungssystem hat sich dafür als günstiger Rahmen erwiesen.
A series of plasma flow vortices in the tail plasma sheet associated with solar wind pressure enhancement
Authors: Tian A. M. , Zong Q. G. , Wang Y. F. , Shi Q. Q. , Fu S. Y. , Pu Z. Y.
Published: September 2010

A series of earthward‐moving (∼140 km/s) plasma flow vortices with anticlockwise (when viewed from above the ecliptic plane) rotation was detected in the dawnside tail plasma sheet between 1255 and 1400 UT on 6 July 2003. These flow vortices were observed under the condition of northward interplanetary magnetic field with an enhanced solar wind dynamic pressure. Analysing the plasma and magnetic field data from the Cluster spacecraft and using the Grad‐Shafranov streamline reconstruction technique, we show that the vortex‐like plasma structures have a very similar shape: a Vx component dominant in the dawnside, while a distinct Vy component appears in the duskside, and each structure has a size of about 1.8 × 0.68 RE, approximately in the xy plane of GSM coordinates. It is found that the vortices contain both magnetosphere‐originated hot (N ∼ 0.1 cm−3, E > 3 keV) and magnetosheath‐originated denser and colder (N > 0.2 cm−3, E < 1 keV) populations on the closed field lines. The vortices involve fast earthward flows (Vx > 200 km/s) of mainly sheath‐originated plasmas. We suggest that these observed plasma flow vortices are generated inside the magnetotail during the prolonged and intensified compression of the magnetosphere by the enhanced solar wind dynamic pressure.
Biological response to intensified upwelling and to a river plume in the northeastern South China Sea: A modeling study
Authors: Gan Jianping , Lu Zhongming , Dai Minhan , Cheung Anson Y. Y. , Liu Hongbin , Harrison Paul
Published: September 2010

A coupled three‐dimensional physical model and a nitrogen‐based dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus (NPZD) ecosystem model was used to study the ecosystem responses to the wind‐driven summer upwelling and to the Pearl River plume over a distinctly widened shelf in the northeastern South China Sea (NSCS). Forced with an idealized, but representative, upwelling‐favorable wind and the river discharge for the purpose of process‐oriented study, we identified two high chlorophyll centers that are typically observed over the NSCS shelf and stimulated by nutrient enrichment from intensified upwelling over the widened shelf and from the river plume. The nutrient enrichment has strong along‐shore variability involving the variable cross‐isobath nutrient transport between the middle and the inner widened shelf during the upwelling and an eastward expansion of the nutrient‐rich plume. About 20% of the upwelled nutrient‐rich deep water from the outer shelf reaches the inner shelf where algal blooms occur. Nutrient enrichment in the plume stretches over a broad extent of the shelf and produces significant biomass on the NSCS shelf. The plume is physically governed by intensified surface Ekman dynamics that leads to a strong offshore nutrient transport and eventually offsets the shoreward transport caused by the upwelling in the NSCS. Biological forcing and circulation dynamics of the surface Ekman layer jointly form the spatial dislocation and temporal variation of NO3, phytoplankton, and zooplankton biomasses in the upwelled and plume waters. The simulated results qualitatively resemble field and satellite measurements and demonstrate the physically modulated biological responses to the intensified upwelling and plume‐influenced NSCS shelf.
Shiga toxin 1 and ricin A chain bind to human polymorphonuclear leucocytes through a common receptor
Authors: Arfilli Valentina , Carnicelli Domenica , Rocchi Laura , Ricci Francesca , Pagliaro Pasqualepaolo , Tazzari Pier Luigi , Brigotti Maurizio
Published: September 2010

The main cause of acute renal failure in children is HUS (haemolytic uraemic syndrome), a consequence of intestinal infections with Escherichia coli strains producing Stx (Shiga toxins). Stx released in the gut by the non-invasive bacteria reach the bloodstream and are targeted to cerebral and renal endothelium triggering HUS. PMN (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) seem to be involved in Stx delivery through an unidentified membrane receptor (Kd=10−8 M; 2×105 binding sites) which does not allow internalization. Some experts in the field have defined the Stx–PMN interaction as non-specific and of little biological significance. In the present study, we show that the A chain of ricin, the well-known plant RIP (ribosome-inactivating protein), interacts with PMN (Kd=10−9 M; 2×105 binding sites) competing for the same receptor that recognizes Stx, whereas diphtheria toxin and several agonists of TLRs (Toll-like receptors) or the mannose receptor were ineffective. No toxic effects of ricin A chain on PMN were observed, as assessed by measuring protein synthesis and the rate of spontaneous apoptosis of leucocytes. Moreover, two single-chain RIPs (gelonin and saporin S6) had the same competing effect. Thus RIPs and Stx1 share structural similarities, the same enzymatic activity and a common receptor on PMN. These observations reveal that the Stx–PMN interaction is specific, confirming that PMN recognize molecular patterns common to different foreign molecules.
Fermionic covariant prolongation structure theory for supernonlinear evolution equation
Authors: Cheng Ji-Peng , Wang Shi-Kun , Wu Ke , Zhao Wei-Zhong
Published: September 2010

We investigate the superprincipal bundle and its associated superbundle. The super(nonlinear)connection on the superfiber bundle is constructed. Then by means of the connection theory, we establish the fermionic covariant prolongation structure theory of the supernonlinear evolution equation. In this geometry theory, the fermionic covariant fundamental equations determining the prolongation structure are presented. As an example, the supernonlinear Schrödinger equation is analyzed in the framework of this fermionic covariant prolongation structure theory. We obtain its Lax pairs and Bäcklund transformation.
Doping Incorporation in InAs nanowires characterized by capacitance measurements
Authors: Astromskas Gvidas , Storm Kristian , Karlström Olov , Caroff Philippe , Borgström Magnus , Wernersson Lars-Erik
Published: September 2010

Sn and Se doped InAs nanowires are characterized using a capacitance-voltage technique where the threshold voltages of nanowire capacitors with different diameter are determined and analyzed using an improved radial metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistor model. This allows for a separation of doping in the core of the nanowire from the surface charge at the side facets of the nanowire. The data show that the doping level in the InAs nanowire can be controlled on the level between 2×1018 to 1×1019 cm−3, while the surface charge density exceeds 5×1012 cm−2 and is shown to increase with higher dopant precursor molar fraction.
Bulk α-Fe/Nd2Fe14B nanocomposite magnets produced by severe plastic deformation combined with thermal annealing
Authors: Li Wei , Guo Defeng , Li Xiaohong , Chen Yan , Gunderov Dmitry V. , Stolyarov Vladimir V. , Zhang Xiangyi
Published: September 2010

Bulk α-Fe/Nd2Fe14B nanocomposite magnets with a maximum energy product up to 17.5 MG Oe have been successfully produced, using Nd9Fe85B6 with a few α-Fe crystallites in an amorphous matrix as precursors, by a combination of severe plastic deformation at room temperature and thermal annealing. The α-Fe and Nd2Fe14B composite nanocrystals are induced in the amorphous matrix during the room-temperature deformation, which have a significant effect on the microstructure development of a small and uniform grain size in the bulk α-Fe/Nd2Fe14B nanocomposite magnets produced from the deformed alloy by thermal annealing. Moreover, a high volume faction up to 36% for soft-magnetic phase is achieved in the deformation-processed bulk magnets. These lead to enhanced magnetic properties in the magnets as compared with those fabricated from nondeformed ribbons.
Dielectric constant model for environmental effects on the exciton energies of single wall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Nugraha A. R. T. , Saito R. , Sato K. , Araujo P. T. , Jorio A. , Dresselhaus M. S.
Published: September 2010

The excitonic optical transition energies Eii of single wall carbon nanotubes, that are modified by surrounding materials around the tubes (known as the environmental effect), can be reproduced by defining a dielectric constant κ which depends on the subband index, nanotube diameter, and exciton size. The environmental effects on excitons can be recognized on a plot of the functional form of κ simply by the different linear slopes obtained for different samples. This treatment should be very useful for calculating Eii for any type of nanotube environment, hence providing an accurate assignment of many nanotube (n,m) chiralities.
Abrupt resistivity decrease and other unexpected phenomena in a doped amorphous ternary metal oxide
Authors: Sun Jian , Gong Hao
Published: September 2010

The phenomenon of insulator-metal transition introduced in amorphous binary gallium oxide as discussed by Nagarajan et al. [Nature Mater. 7, 391 (2008)] is demonstrated to be also achievable in an amorphous ternary metal oxide system. The annealing method used in amorphous binary gallium oxide is not applicable to the ternary system. A different approach, aluminum incorporation in amorphous indium zinc oxide (IZO), is adopted in achieving insulator-metal transition or sharp resistance decrease in the amorphous ternary oxide. In addition to sharp resistance decrease, some other unexpected phenomena, such as different partial crystallization, are also reported.
Transition in electron transport in a cylindrical Hall thruster
Authors: Parker J. B. , Raitses Y. , Fisch N. J.
Published: September 2010

Through the use of high-speed camera and Langmuir probe measurements in a cylindrical Hall thruster, we report the discovery of a rotating spoke of increased plasma density and light emission which correlates with increased electron transport across the magnetic field. As cathode electron emission is increased, a sharp transition occurs where the spoke disappears and electron transport decreases. This suggests that a significant fraction of the electron current might be directed through the spoke.
‘Copilot in chief’ Augustine takes on space, energy, and education
Authors: Matthews Jermey N. A.
Published: September 2010

Prior to his retirement in 1997, the aerospace industry executive advised five US presidents on science and technology policy. He’s still at it 13 years later.
Vortices and tall buildings: A recipe for resonance
Authors: Irwin Peter A.
Published: September 2010

Structures buffeted by steady winds experience pushes and pulls in the direction perpendicular to the wind flow. If those forces were to organize coherently, the results could be disastrous.
Hydrogen Atmospheres in the Absence of Thermodynamic Equilibrium. IV. The Solar Chromosphere
Authors: Giovanelli RG
Published: September 2010

A discussion of the observational data shows that in the range 0<z<2.5 x 108 cm.
the electron concentration in the lower chromosphere may be expressed as

Ne=5x 1011 exp(-6 x 10-9z) per cc.,

where z cm. is the height measured from a level 500 km. above the base of the
chromosphere. It is shown that above the 500-km. level hydrogen atoms are
almost completely ionized, and that with hydrostatic equilibrium the observed
density gradient corresponds to a temperature of 2.7 X 104 �K .
This is in good agreement with the temperature derived by Redman from line profile
measurement, so that the lower chromosphere appears to be effectively in thermal
and hydrostatic equilibrium.

Estimates of lower accuracy are given for the electron concentrations at some higher
levels in the chromosphere. A discussion is given of the mechanism of
absorption of Hα radiation by a chromosphere whose temperature is well above
that of the photosphere.
Radio Superrefraction in the Coastal Regions of Australia
Authors: Kerr FJ
Published: September 2010

A survey has been made of the incidence of radio superrefraction round the coast of
Australia and nearby islands. It is based on the systematic reporting of the strengths of
echoes from ground objects observed by Royal Australian Air Force 200 Mc/s.
Radar stations. Observations taken hourly over periods of up to eighteen months
have been analysed in terms of geographical position, season of year, time of
day, and synoptic weather situations. The main points arising from the analysis
are : (i) The frequency of occurrence of superrefraction at different times and
places has been determined ; (ii) superrefraction is strongest and most regular
in north-west Australia (occasional very long-range echoes occur in this
region) ; (iii) superrefraction in coastal Australia is associated with one
general condition, the offshore movement of a relatively warm and dry air mass
; and (iv) superrefraction on inland echoes is due almost exclusively to
nighttime radiation inversions.
The Artificial Stimulation of Precipitation by Means of Dry Ice
Authors: Squires P , Smith EJ
Published: September 2010

In experiments carried out near Sydney, supercooled water
clouds were " seeded " with ice crystals by dropping pellets of solid
carbon dioxide into them. Up to August
25, 1948, 20 experiments were made under conditions sufficiently
well defined for the experiments to be significant. In 15 of them precipitation
is believed to have been released artificially. Of 11 clouds with tops colder
than -7�C., 10
precipitated. The depth of the treated clouds ranged from 1000 to 15,000 ft.

In none of these did natural precipitation
occur within 20 miles. Further evidence that the effect is genuine is given by
the fact that both the likelihood of success in inducing precipitation and the
time between treatment of the cloud and the appearance of precipitation at its
base, varied consistently with the cloud characteristics.

The observations are consistent with the
view, as postulated by Bergeron, that the precipitation grew from ice crystals
(formed by the dry ice pellets).
Alkaloids of the Australian Rutaceae: Melicope fareana. I. Isolation of the Constituent Alkaloids
Authors: Price JR
Published: September 2010

The bark of the rain-forest tree Melicope
fareana F. Muell. belonging to the family Rutaceae contains the four alkaloids
melicopine (C17H15O5N), melicopidine (C17H15O5N),
melicopicine (C18H19O5N), and acronycidine (C15H15O5N).
The first three are each present to the extent of about 1 per cent. while the
acronycidine content is about 0.1 per cent. About 1 per cent. of lupeol is also
present in the bark. The leaves contain melicopine, melicopidine, melicopicine,
and the known furanoquinoline alkaloid skimmianine. Melicopine and melicopidine
contain two methoxyl groups, a methylimino and a methylenedioxy group.
Melicopicine contains four methoxyl groups and a methylimino group.
The Fully Developed Wake of a Circular Cylinder
Authors: Townsend AA
Published: September 2010

Extending previous work on turbulent
diffusion in the wake of a circular-cylinder, a series of measurements have
been made of the turbulent transport of mean stream momentum, turbulent energy,
and heat in the wake of a cylinder of 0.169 cm. diameter, placed in an
air-stream of velocity 1280 cm. sec.-1. It has been possible to
extend the measurements to 960 diameters down-stream from the cylinder, and it
1s found that, at distances in excess of 600 diameters, the requirements of
dynamical similarity are very nearly satisfied. To account for the observed
rates of transport of turbulent energy and heat, it is necessary that only part
of this transport be due to bulk convection by the slow large-scale motion of
the jets of turbulent fluid emitted by the central, fully turbulent core of the
wake, which had been supposed previously to perform most of the transport. The
remainder of the transport is carried out by the small-scale diffusive motion
of the turbulent eddies within the jets, and may be described by assigning
diffusion coefficients to the turbulent fluid. It is found that the diffusion
coefficients for momentum and heat are approximately equal, but that for
turbulent energy is considerably smaller. On the basis of these hypotheses, it
is possible to calculate $he form of the mean velocity distribution in good
agreement with experiment, and to give a qualitative explanation of the
apparently more rapid diffusion of heat.
Observation of Precipitation with an Airborne Radar
Authors: Smith EJ
Published: September 2010

A radar set with its beam directed
downwards has been mounted in an aircraft and used for observation of natural
and artificially induced precipitation. It provides information on where the
precipitation originates within a cloud and the way in which it grows. A
measure is obtained of the area and duration of precipitation reaching the
ground, and an estimate of the precipitation rate.

As an example of the use of this
equipment, an account is given of a typical experiment in which precipitation was
artificially induced by seeding a cloud with dry ice.
The Reaction between Acetone and Ammonia. II. Isomeric Oximinoketones related to Diacetoamine
Authors: Hancox NC
Published: September 2010

The compound 2,2,4,4,6-pentamethyltetrahydropyrimidine
hydrate, formed in the reaction between acetone and ammonia at room
temperature: is converted by nitrous acid to the 5-oximino derivative in 30 per
cent. yield. This oxime is decomposed by acid under mild conditions to give
acetone, ammonia, and the salt of 4-amino-4-methyl- 2,3-pentanedione 3-oxime.
More vigorous acid treatment of the cyclic oxime, or reaction of the open-chain
3-oxime with boiling dilute acid, causes a migration of the oximino group to
the 2 position. Evidence is adduced to show that the 2-oxinze has the α-
(anti) configuration, whereas the 3-oxime has the β- (syn) configuration.
Polarography with Alternating Currents. V. A.C. Polarography of Some Common Anions
Authors: Breyer B , Hacobian S
Published: September 2010

The A.C. polarography of Cl-, Br-, CNS-, OH-, SO3-, CN-, and S- is discussed.
Chloride, bromide, hydroxide, and sulphide ions were estimated quantitatively by
A.C. polarography in suitable supporting electrolytes.
The anodic A.C. waves present the following characteristic features:
(i) They are asymmetric and much sharper than the usual cathodic A.C. waves
(ii) The summit potentials do not correspond to the relative half-step potentials
but occur at voltages correspondmg to the commencement of the anodic
discharge.
(iii) In contrast to cathodic A.C. polarography the anodic A.C. electrode processes
strongly interfere with one another, the wave helght of a given anion species
is greatly reduced in the presence of anions dischargeable at more negative
potentials.
A Simplified Form of the Relativistic Electromagnetic Equations
Authors: Taylor NW
Published: September 2010

It is shown how Maxwell's electromagnetic
equations in General Relativity may be expressed in the form of a single
four-vector density equation, in which the field tensor has only three distinct
complex components. The number of equations is reduced, but all the usual
classical formulae may be obtained by separating the real and imaginary parts.
Tensammetry: A Method of Investigating Surface Phenomena by A.C. Current Measurements
Authors: Breyer B , Hacobian S
Published: September 2010

A new type of investigation into surface
phenomena, "tensammetry", has been developed by superimposing a small
sinusoidal A.C. voltage upon the direct potential applied to a dropping mercury
electrode in the presence of surface active substances and measuring the
resultant A.C. currents. Wave shaped current-voltage curves are thus obtained
which have their origin in adsorption processes occurring at the electrode.
These waves are attributed to the movement of surface active molecules in the
region of "active space" near the electrode without actual electron
transfer across the electrode boundary; that is, the electrode remains
polarized with respect to U.C., but is depolarized with respect to A.C. The
general properties of tensammetric waves of a number of organic compounds
together with their effects on one another and on D.C. and A.C. polarographic
waves have been investigated. The theoretical basis and the fundamental
equations governing the tensammetric, process are derived and discussed.
The Viscosity of Urea Solutions of Keratin
Authors: Woods EF
Published: September 2010

The viscosity-concentration relationships
for wool dispersed in concentrated urea solutions are comparable with those
reported for globular proteins in urea.

The axial ratios calculated from the viscosity
increments by means of the Simha equation, using the assumption of unhydrated
prolate ellipsoids as molecular models, vary from 9.9 to 16.3, these values
depending on the buffer ion present, the conditions of equilibration, and the
concentration of urea. There appears to be a slight change in configuration to
a more spherical molecule on removal of salts from the urea solutions and on
reduction of the urea concentration.
Studies on the Lignin of Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell. VIII. The Isolation of an Ether-Soluble Ethanol Lignin
Authors: Merewether JWT
Published: September 2010

A second fraction, soluble in ether, has
been isolated from the products of ethanolysis of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.
wood meal. This fraction, designated ethanol lignin-B, has been characterized
by methylation with diazomethane, acetylation and benzoylation both of the
ethanol lignin-B and its methyl derivative, and the formation of a
phenylhydrazone. The analysis of these derivatives indicates that, while
ethanol lignin-B is very similar to the previously described ether-insoluble
ethanol lignin-A, it differs in its reaction with benzoyl chloride and with
phenylhydrazone.
New flavones from Pongamia pinnata (L)Merr. II. The synthesis of compounds 'C' and 'D'
Authors: Pavanaram SK , Ramachandra Row.
Published: September 2010

The furanoflavones, " C " and
" D " of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merr., now
named gamatin and pinnatin, were identified by synthesis as
5-methoxy-3",4"-methylenedioxy-furano-(3',2',6,7)-flavone and
5-methoxyfurano-(3',2',6,7)-flavone respectively. In the course of the work
5-methoxy-3",4"-methylenedioxyfurano-(2',3',7,8).flavone and
5-methoxyfurano-(2',3',7,8)-flavone were also synthesized.
Preparation of aryl aldehydes from arly methyl ketones
Authors: Cymerman-Craig J , Loder JW , Moore B
Published: September 2010

Arylglyoxylic acids can be readily
obtained from solid my1 methyl ketones by permanganate oxidation of the latter
in pyridine solution at 15 �C.

Decarboxylation of the glyoxylic acids in
NN-dimethyl-p-toluidine affords good yields of the aryl aldehydes containing 1,
2, 3, and 4 aromatic rings.
Triterpenoid compounds. II. Some dehydrations of 3β-hydroxytriterpenoids
Authors: Burns AB , Cole ARH , Parkes BJ , White DE
Published: September 2010

Dehydrations of methyl 3β-hydroxylupan-28-oate
(methyl dihydrobetulate) and methyl 3β-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oate (methyl
ursolate) have been carried out by several different procedures and the
constitutions of the crystalline products established. The reactions of β-amyrin
methanesulphonate have been re-examined but no product corresponding to α-amyradiene-IV
(Noller and Hearst 1950) was obtained crystalline.

Reduction of methyl ursolate
methanesulphonate with lithium aluminium hydride afforded uvaol.
Direct current measurements of the conductance of solutions of sodium and potassium chloride at 25°C
Authors: Lime HH
Published: September 2010

Measurements of the conductance of
concentrated solutions of sodium chloride and potassium chloride at 25 �C have
been made by the D.C. method. They have been interpreted in the light of recent
theories with special reference to the effect of viscosity.
The cardiac glycosides of Gomphocarpusf ruticosus R.Br. I. Afroside
Authors: Watson TR , Wright SE
Published: September 2010

Afroside, C29H42O9,
is a new cardiac glycoside which has been obtained from Gomphocarpus fruticosus
R.Br. It contains a carbonyl (aldehyde) group at C10, and a
secondary hydroxyl group in the nucleus, which has been placed provisionally at
position C11. On the basis of the available evidence, afroside
appears to consist of a mixture of the isomeric free aldehyde and the 19-11
cyclic hemiacetal forms. Of these substances, the cyclic hemiacetal form is the
only one which has been isolated in pure condition (afroside B). Acetylation of
afroside produced a triacetate, C35H46O12.H2O,
which is identical with that obtained by the acetylation of afroside B.
Reduction of afroside with sodium borohydride produces afrosidol, C29H44O9,
which shows no evidence for a carbonyl group at C10. Hydrolysis of
afroside produces α-anhydroafrogenin, C23H28-30O5.H2O,
which forms a monoacetate, C25H32O7.H2O.
The infra-red spectra of these compounds show the presence of a saturated γ-lactone
ring in the structure of the nucleus, besides the normal Δα-β-γ-lactone
ring at C17 (1786, 1755, 1633 cm-1). Acetyl-α-anhydroafrogenin
also shows an intense absorption band of simple structure at 1238 cm-1,
which indicates an equatorially orientated acetyl group at C3. As
all the naturally occurring cardiac aglycones of known structure have a β-orientated
hydroxyl group at C3, for the substituent in this position to be
equatorial, the A/B ring junction is probably trans.

Hydrolysis of afrosidol produces α-anhydroafrogenol,
C23H32O5.H2O, which forms a
diacetate, C27H36O7.H2O. The
infra-red spectrum of α-anhydroafrogenol shows no evidence of the
saturated y-lactone ring which is present in the structure of α-anhydroafrogenin.
The range-energy relation for α-recoil atoms
Authors: Baulch DL , Duncan JF
Published: September 2010

The ranges of ThC" α-recoil
atoms have been redetermined at pressures of hydrogen, argon, and air from 10-3
to 30 mm, by collection on a silver plate mounted 3 mm from a platinum source
plate. The collector was maintained at a positive potential of 300 V to prevent
collection of ions which migrate by diffusion. A similar method is used for
RaA, with a (gaseous) radon source.

Previous work is critically discussed in
terms of the corrections necessary to allow for (i) geometrical features, and
(ii) range straggling. Values of the mean range calculated both from previous
work and from the present work are plotted against the recoil energy. Both the
Fl�gge-Zimens recoil-range equation and the stopping power equation are shown
to be unsatisfactory, and to rest on arguments which are subject to serious
objection on both experimental and theoretical grounds. The recent Bohr
treatment of collisions between recoil atoms and gaseous atoms is In much
better agreement with the unobjectionable experimental data available.
The Alkaloids of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth
Authors: Culvenor CCJ , Smith LW
Published: September 2010

Monocrotaline and a new alkaloid,
spectabiline, are isolated from Crotalaria spectabilis Roth. in nearly equal
amounts. Spectabiline is shown to be an O-acetylmonocrotaline and has been
prepared by acetylation of monocrotaline.
Direct current polarography of the ferrous-ferric oxolate system in the presence of alternating voltages
Authors: Beckmann P , Buchanan GS
Published: September 2010

The effect of the superposition of a small
alternating voltage on the normal direct voltage applied to the dropping
mercury electrode (D.M.E.) was investigated in the case of the ferrous-ferric
oxalate system. The wave obtained was of the type found previously for ions
which are reversibly reduced at the D.M.E. (e.g. Cd++ etc.). That
is, the rectification of the A.C. produced a D.C. wave (the Z wave) which
crossed the normal D.C. wave (the Y wave) at the half-wave potential (E�),
When surface active materials were added (e.g. cyclohexanol) the reduction
became " irreversible " and at certain concentrations of the surface
active substance a maximum appeared on the Y wave of a somewhat unusual nature.
The effect of a superposed alternating voltage was studied in these cases and
it was found that the adsorption of the cyclohexanol was influenced by the
presence of the alternating voltage.
The synthesis of Furoquinoline Alkaloids: Dictamnine and Evolitrine
Authors: Cooke RG , Haynes HF
Published: September 2010

The previously outlined synthesis of
dictamnine is now described completely. The analogous synthesis of evolitrine
proves that it is 7-methoxydictamnine.
Colouring Matters of Australian plants. VI. Haemocorin: The structure of the Aglycone
Authors: Cooke RG , Johnson BL , Segal W
Published: September 2010

Some model mono- and
dihydroxyperinaphthenones have been prepared for comparison with the natural
colouring matter. Their properties indicate that haemocorin is most probably a
derivative of 2,5,6-trihydroxyperinaphthenone. In particular 6-hydroxy-7(or
9)-phenylperinaphthenone evidently includes the main features of the
chromophore, but the extra oxygen substituents in the aglycone must have a
strong auxochromic effect. The complete structure has been finally established
by decarboxylation of the two dimethoxyphenylnaphthalic anhydrides previously
obtained by oxidation of the isomeric dimethyl ethers. The products have been
identified by synthesis as 1,2-dimethoxy-6-phenylnaphthalene and
1,2-dimethoxy-8-phenylnaphthalene. The aglycone is therefore formulated as
2,6-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-9-phenylperinaphthenone-l although this structure is
potentially tautomeric.
The pressure effect on the rate of Menshutkin Reactions
Authors: Gonikberg MG , Zhulin VM
Published: September 2010

The rate constants of the reaction between
pyridine and ethyl iodide have been measured in acetone at 40 �C and 1, 250,
500, 750, 1000, and 3000 atm. The value ΔVs
of the volume contraction during reaction in acetone solution was also
determined. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that the solvation of
the transition state in this Menshutkin reaction is considerably less than that
of the reaction product.
Amino Acids and Peptides. V. The Alkaline saponification of N-Benzyloxycarbonyl peptide esters
Authors: Maclaren JA
Published: September 2010

In the alkaline saponification at room
temperature of six N-benzyloxycarbonyl peptide esters (I) different products
were obtained depending on the amount of alkali employed. When 1 mole of alkali
was used, all the esters gave the corresponding acids, although with
benzyloxycarbonylglycyl-S-benzyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester some racemization
occurred. With 2 moles of alkali, benzyl alcohol was eliminated from the
benzyloxycarbonyl group in all esters where a glycine residue was next to the
N-terminal residue, thereby forming either the corresponding urea derivative (III)
or the hydantoin-3-acetic acid derivative (II). Excess alkali caused no similar
rearrangement in other sequences under these conditions.

The need for special care in saponifying
certain N-benzyloxycarbonyl peptide sequences is indicated. An improvement in
the tetraethyl pyrophosphite procedure for the synthesis of peptides is
described.
Some studies in inorganic complexes. II. Bismuth(III)
Authors: Sutton GJ
Published: September 2010

Complexes of bismuth halides and the
ligand o-phenylenebisdimethylarsine have been prepared and studied.
Conductivity and molecular weight determinations show that they are 5-covalent
monomers of the type BiX3.diarsine in which X is halogen. A study was
also made of the &covalent complex Bi diarsine3(ClO4)3.
No coordination complex of phenanthroline was obtained, but some
phenanthrolinium and dipyridylium salts of the type [phenan H.H2O]+[BiX4]-
and [dipy H.H2O]+[BiCl4]- were investigated.
Oxidations with iodosobenzene diacetate. X. The Oxidation of 3 (or 6)-Substituted-2-nitroanilines
Authors: Dyall LK , Pausacker KH
Published: September 2010

The oxidation of eight 3(or
6)-substituted-2-nitroanilines with iodosobenzene diacetate, in both benzene
and acetic acid solution, has been investigated. Benzo-furazan oxides and azo
compounds were produced in varying yields. Certain of these amines have also
been oxidized with iodosobenzene diacetate in other solvents, and with sodium
hypochlorite in ethanolic potassium hydroxide. Six of these 3(or 6)-
substituted-2-nitroanilines have been oxidized with lead tetra-acetate, in both
benzene and acetic acid solution, and varying yields of azo compounds were
obtained. Benzaldehyde was isolated from the oxidation of benzylamine with
iodosobenzene diacetate, in either benzene or acetic acid solution. The
mechanisms of these reactions are discussed. New methods of synthesizing
6-methoxy-2-nitroaniline and 3-methoxy-2-nitroaniline are described.
Oxygen uptake and evolution by iron porphyrin enzymes
Authors: King NK , Winfield ME
Published: September 2010

Three detailed mechanisms are considered
for the catalatic decomposition of H2O2. It is shown that
the first of these, akin to the earlier hypotheses for catalase action, cannot
satisfy the magnetic, titrimetric, and kinetic evidence. The second mechanism
involves oxidation of the FeIII porphyrin to the equivalent of FeV.
The electron deficiency is distributed over the ligands so that even in the
most oxidized complex the iron is in the FeIV or possibly even the
FeIII state. In the third scheme it is suggested that the reduction
step (in which O2 is liberated) takes place at a carbon atom, while
the site of the oxidation is the metal atom as commonly supposed.

The liberation of O2 from H2O2
can be catalysed by 6-coordinate ruthenium II complexes. In the catalytic
cycle, the metal appears to be oxidized to Rdv, then reduced to RuII.
Ethanol or ascorbic acid can substitute for H2O2 in the
reduction. Evidence for H2O2 attack on the ligands is
suggestive but not conclusive.

A brief comment is made on the bonding of
oxygen to haemoglobin and myoglobin.

The accumulated evidence for the
structures of catalase, peroxidase, and myoglobin complexes is utilized in a
scheme for the uptake of oxygen by cytochrome oxidase.
The constituents of Cryptocarya pleurosperma White & Francis. I. Pleurospermine: A new alkaloid of the leaves
Authors: Gellert E
Published: September 2010

A new alkaloid pleurospermine, C14Hl9O3N,
has been isolated from the leaves of Cryptocarya pleurosperma. Pleurospermine
contains a methoxyl group, a phenolic hydroxyl group, and a tertiary nitrogen
atom. The third oxygen atom is possibly present as an alcoholic hydroxyl group.
On heating with palladium-charcoal the alkaloid yields
4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone (I), while methylation followed by oxidation
gives veratric acid.
Chemistry of non-enzymic browning. V. The preparation of Aldose-Potassium bisulphite addition compounds and some amine derivatives
Authors: Ingles DL
Published: September 2010

From the reaction of potassium bisulphite
with D-glucose the glucose-potassium bisulphite addition compound, D-glycero-D-ido-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroxyhexyl potassium sulphonate was prepared
pure and crystalline. Similar new compounds were prepared from the reaction of
potassium bisulphite with D-galactose, L-rhamnose, D-mannose, and L-arabinose.

The reaction of the glucose-potassium
bisulphite addition compound with aniline, gave pure crystalline D-glycero-D-ido-1-anilino-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl
potassium sulphonate. Similar derivatives were prepared from p-toluidine,
p-anisidine, and o-phenylenediamine. The aniline and p-toluidine derivatives
were also prepared from the glucose-sodium bisulphite addition compound.
The potential between pairs of Quasi-spherical molcules
Authors: Lambert JA
Published: September 2010

An attempt has been made to calculate the
spherically smoothed intermolecular potential energy between the pairs UF6-UF6 and SF6-SF6 near their minimum
potential separations. Very little difference was found in the radial forms of
the potentials, apart from the scale factors of energy and length.
A theoretical study of the chemisty of Furan, Phrrole, Benzofuran, Indole, Dibenzofuran, and Carbazole
Authors: Brown RD , Coller AW
Published: September 2010

It is shown that it is possible, within
the framework of the simple H�ckel molecular- orbital method, to account fully
for all observations on electrophilic substitution in furan, pyrrole,
benzofuran, indole, dibenzofuran, and carbazole, in terms of the π-electron
distributions in these compounds. The values of coulomb parameters required to
obtain this correlation are physically reasonable and in particular are in
agreement with values found independently by a variable electronegativity
self-consistent field calculation on pyrrole.

The previously puzzling difference in
orientation of substitution in benzofuran and indole is accounted for in the
present study in terms of a difference in the auxiliary inductive effects of
the two hetero-atoms. It seems possible to attribute this difference ultimately
to differences in the CO and CN bond lengths and to differences in the
effective nuclear charges for 2pπ atomic orbitals on the two hetero-atoms.

Attention is drawn to an "
isoprotonic principle " for estimating the value of the primary coulomb
parameter of a hetero-atom. (It is probably a special case of a more general
principle-that the primary coulomb parameter is predominantly determined by the
charge on the core and scarcely depends upon the nature of the nucleus at the
centre of the core.)

A spurious H�ckel molecular-orbital model
for the oxygen heterocycles is noted. It accounts for the chemistry of the
heterocycles but represents a physically unsatisfactory view of the electronic
properties of oxygen in these compounds.
Studies in the chemistry of Phenothiazine. IV. The preparation of 2,2'-Dinitrodiphenylsulphides and their conversion to phenothiazines
Authors: Farrington KJ
Published: September 2010

The preparation of phenothiazine, and of
some substituted phenothiazines from the 2,2'-dinitrodiphenylsulphides, is
described.
The influence of ionization on the ultraviolet spectra of chlorinated phenoxyacetic acids and related phosphorus analogues
Authors: Phillips JN
Published: September 2010

Ionization has been shown to influence the
ultraviolet spectra of compounds of the general type Ph-O-CH2-X,
where X is an ionizable group. It is suggested that this influence arises from
an inductive effect of the charge on the electronic interaction between the
aromatic ring and the phenolic oxygen atom. The ionization effect can be used
to determine the dissociation constants of such compounds spectroscopically.
Studies of a Quinyl-p-coumarate in the Pineapple Plant (Ananas comosus var. cayenne)
Authors: Sutherland GK , Gortner WA
Published: September 2010

An ester is found in small concentrations
in vegetative pineapple plants, with spectral characteristics in the
ultraviolet of an ester of p-coumaric acid. p-Coumaric acid is obtained after
hydrolysis, and the remaining aqueous hydrolysate indicates the presence of
quinic acid lactone on chromatograms. On the basis of neutral equivalent
determinations, boric acid conductivity and periodate oxidation experiments,
and analyses following mild hydrolysis, the structure of the ester is suggested
to be a quinyl-di-p-coumarate. It serves in the plant as a cofactor for
pineapple indoleacetic acid oxidase.
Simplified Analogues of Lysergic Acid. I. Derivatives of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-naphthylamine
Authors: Craig JC , Moore B , Ritchie E
Published: September 2010

The preparation of certain N-alkylated
derivatives of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthylamine is described and their
pharmacological activity is summarized.
The Thermal Decomposition of Silver(I) Oxide
Authors: Allen JA
Published: September 2010

The thermal decomposition of precipitated
silver(I) oxide in a vacuum has been studied over the range 100-350 �C. Three
regions are identified : in the fist, 100-200 �C, the activation energy is 30
kcal, 5 per cent. of the total oxygen is evolved, and the lattice parameter
increases to a limiting value ; in the second, 200-300 �C, the activation
energy is 50 kcal, and a further 1-2 per cent. oxygen is evolved; in the third,
above 300 �C, metallic silver crystallizes, the oxide lattice contracts to a constant
value, and the activation energy becomes 36 kcal. The activation energies in
the three regions are interpreted as being associated, respectively, with (i)
the diffusion of silver into the oxide lattice, (ii) the formation of
aggregates of silver " atoms " not conforming to the normal silver
lattice in an oxide lattice saturated with silver, and (iii) the reaction at
the interface between metallic silver and the oxide.
A Polarographic Investigation of Perinaphthenone
Authors: Beckmann P
Published: September 2010

The polarographic reduction of
perinaphthenone and of some of its derivatives has been investigated. It was
found that these compounds are reduced in two one-electron steps. The
adsorptive behaviour of the intermediate reduction product, the free radical,
is compared with that of the fully reduced form and the decomposition rate of
the free radical estimated.
Acid-Base Relationships and Tautomeric Equilibria in m-Aminobenzoic Acid, 3-Amino-1-naphthoic Acid, and 4-Amino-2-naphthoic Acid
Authors: Bryson A , Matthews RW
Published: September 2010

The first and second ionization constants
have been determined in aqueous solution of m-aminobenzoic acid, 3-amino-1-naphthoic
acid, and 4-amino-2-naphthoic acid. From published values of the ionization
constants for the methyl esters, the ionization constants have been evaluated
for the four equilibria involved in each case and estimates have been made of
the effects of the substituents NH3+ and NH2
on the ionization of the COOH, and of the substituents COOH and COO-
on the ionization of the NH3+ group. These values and the
tautomeric constants are interpreted in terms of structure and are discussed in
relation to previous studies on substitution in the naphthalene ring.
Mono Complexes of 2,2'-Bipyridine and 1,10-Phenanthroline with Metal Halides
Authors: Broomhead JA , Dwyer FP
Published: September 2010

The mono complexes of 2,2'-bipyridine and
1,10-phenanthroline with the halides of Cr(III), Mn(II), and Ni(II) have been
prepared in good yield by reaction of the base with excess of the anhydrous
metal halide in boiling dimethylformamide solution. The Fe(II) complexes, which
could not be prepared satisfactorily in this manner, were made in boiling
normal hydrochloric acid, and salted out with solid calcium chloride. The
magnetic moments showed that all were of the high-spin type. The high moments
of FebipyCl2 and FephenCl2
(5.72 and 5.79 B.M.) suggest that the previous value for FephenCl2
(1.8 B.M.) is in error, and that the change from high- to low-spin does not
occur until the third molecule of the ligand has been attached.
The Alkaloids of Crotalaria goreensis Guill. et Perr.: 7β-Hydroxy-1-methylene-8β- and 7β-Hydroxy-1-methylene-8α-pyrrolizidine
Authors: Culvenor CCJ , Smith LW
Published: September 2010

The principal alkaloid of Crotalaria
goreensis Guill. et Perr. is 7β-hydroxy-1-methylene-8β-pyrrolizidine
(II),* a (+)-heliotridane derivative with the relative configuration of
heliotridine at C7 (absolute configuration 7R, 88). Of two minor alkaloids
isolated, one is the 7β-hydroxy-8α diastereoisomer (V) (absolute
configuration 7R, 8R). The other minor alkaloid is isomeric with (II) and (V)
but does not possess a 1-methylene group. The alkaloid (V) and the enantiomer
of the principal alkaloid have been synthesized by reduction of the appropriate
1-chloromethyl-7-hydroxy-1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine with zinc and sulphuric acid.
In this reduction some of the 1-methyl-1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine is formed but
the 1-methylenepyrrolizidine is the main product.
Surface Properties of Molten Bismuth-Bismuth Chloride in Contact with Uranium Dioxide
Authors: Bradhurst DH , Buchanan AS
Published: September 2010

The wetting of uranium dioxide by liquid
bismuth has been investigated by means of measurements of surface tension of
the liquid and contact angle of the liquid on the solid. Bismuth chloride in
low concentration was found to be a very effective surface active agent in
improving the wetting of the solid by the metal.
The Heat of Mixing for Binary Mixtures of Triethylamine with Alcohols
Authors: Findlay TJV
Published: September 2010

Calorimetric measurements of the heat of
mixing have been made at 25 �C and 40 �C for binary mixtures of triethylamine
with methanol, and at 25 �C and 45 �C for binary mixtures of triethylamine with
ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol. It is found that the heat of mixing for
these systems becomes slightly less negative as the temperature is increased.
However, apart from methanol, the size of the alcohol molecule has little
effect on the heat of mixing. The results obtained are compared with those calculated
from vapour pressure data in an earlier paper.