bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardioprotection Through
S
-Nitros(yl)ation of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor
Authors: Luedike Peter , Hendgen-Cotta Ulrike B. , Sobierajski Julia , Totzeck Matthias , Reeh Marcel , Dewor Manfred , Lue Hongqi , Krisp Christoph , Wolters Dirk , Kelm Malte , Bernhagen Jürgen , Rassaf Tienush
Published: March 2012

Background—

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a structurally unique inflammatory cytokine that controls cellular signaling in human physiology and disease through extra- and intracellular processes. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor has been shown to mediate both disease-exacerbating and beneficial effects, but the underlying mechanism(s) controlling these diverse functions are poorly understood.

Methods and Results—

Here, we have identified an
S
-nitros(yl)ation modification of MIF that regulates the protective functional phenotype of MIF in myocardial reperfusion injury. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor contains 3 cysteine (Cys) residues; using recombinant wtMIF and site-specific MIF mutants, we have identified that Cys-81 is modified by
S
-nitros(yl)ation whereas the CXXC-derived Cys residues of MIF remained unaffected. The selective
S
-nitrosothiol formation at Cys-81 led to a doubling of the oxidoreductase activity of MIF. Importantly,
S
-nitrosothiol-MIF formation was measured both in vitro and in vivo and led to a decrease in cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the reperfused heart. This decrease was paralleled by a
S
-nitrosothiol-MIF– but not Cys81 serine (Ser)–MIF mutant–dependent reduction of infarct size in an in vivo model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Conclusions—

S
-nitros(yl)ation of MIF is a pivotal novel regulatory mechanism, providing enhanced activity resulting in increased cytoprotection in myocardial reperfusion injury.
Obituary
Authors: Hara
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Michael Comans, Extracting the Essence of the Śruti:The Śrutisārasamuddharanam of Totakācārya
Authors: Fort
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Divine Weapons and Tejas in the Two Indian Epics
Authors: Whitaker
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
John Brockington, The Sanskrit Epics
Authors: Hiltebeitel
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Herausgegeben von Gerhard Oberhammer and Marcus Schmücker. Raum-zeitliche Vermittlung der Transzendenz. Zur ``sakramentalen'' Dimension religiöser Tradition
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Christian, Gaudapāda: L'Āgamaśāstra. Un traité vedāntique en quatre chapitres. Texte, traduction et notes
Authors: Hanneder J.
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
The concept of sampad in the arthaśāstra, the vedic prose texts and the gītā
Authors: Bodewitz H.W.
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Leslie, Grey, A Concordance of Buddhist Birth Stories
Authors: Scherer B.
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Undetermined and indeterminate kamma
Authors: McDermott James P.
Published: March 2012

As Theravāda Buddhist thought developed, there was a tendency to elaborate on the original teachings through the proliferation of scholastic categories. Two categories developed to lend analytic precision to the concept ofkamma are those of undetermined (aniyata) and indeterminate (avyākata)kamma. This paper analyzes these two concepts as developed in theTipiaka and clarified in theAtthasālinī.
Zum Ursprung de Götter Mitra und Varuna
Authors: von Simson
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Robert Mayer, A Scripture of the Ancient Tantra Collection: The Phur-pa bcu-gnyis
Authors: Blezer
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Vālins Tod: Das Anargharāghava und Seine Vorlagen I
Authors: Steiner
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Jérôme Ducor, Le Sûtra d'Amida prêché par le Buddha
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Ute Hüsken, Die Vorschriften für die buddhistische Nonnengemeinde im Vinaya-Pitaka der Theravādin
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Four Recensions of the Samādhirāja Sūtra
Authors: Skilton
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Oskar von Hinüber, Entstehung und Aufbau der Jātaka-Sammlng. Studien zur Literatur des Theravāda-Buddhismus I
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Untersuchungen zur buddhistischen Literatur. Zweite Folge. Herausgegeben von Heinz Bechert, Sven Bretfeld und Petra Kieffer-Pülz.
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Mortality Due to Heavy Infestation of Argulus Foliaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Branchiura) in Pond-Reared Carp, Cyprinus Carpio L., 1758 (Pisces)
Authors: Pekmezci G. Z. , Yardimci B. , Bolukbas C. S. , Beyhan Y. E. , Umur S.
Published: March 2012

Abnormal swimming and major mortalities of fish were observed by a fish farmer in his pond in which he was rearing common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Samsun, Turkey. A total of 118 common carps of different size and weight were transferred to the laboratory and examined for ecto- and endoparasites. Thus, a heavy infestation with the fish louse, Argulus foliaceus, was found, with the ectoparasites firmly attached to the skin and fins of all the (118) carps, during this parasitological examination (100% prevalence). Up to 800-1000 lice were counted on a single fish and most of these were detected as microscopic juvenile stages. Major fish mortalities or large numbers of moribund fishes due to this parasite were seen throughout the pond. Furthermore, no endoparasites were found in the carps examined. In the pathological investigation, hyperaemia, especially on the pectoral and pelvic fin bases and in the abdominal area, was macroscopically observed.
Evidence of Precision Engineering in the Excavation of Ocypode Ceratophthalmus Burrows on the West and East Coasts of Thailand
Authors: Yong Adeline Y. P. , Lim Shirley S. L. , Kaenphet Arwut , Tantichodok Pitiwong
Published: March 2012

The morphology of the burrows of the ghost crab Ocypode ceratophthalmus (Pallas, 1772) was studied at Ao Yon and Cape Panwa on the west coast of Thailand and, previously, at Sai Kaew on Thailand’s east coast. Granulometric analysis showed that the sediment grain size and composition differed between sites. Thirty-three of 54 burrows (61%) from the west coast and 50 of 104 (48%) on the east coast were Y-shaped, the most common shape at all sites. Y-shaped burrows had one arm that opened on the surface and one which terminated just below the surface. The angles of descent of the two arms of the Y and the angle of the single descending shaft relative to the vertical, did not differ between: (1) juvenile and young adult crabs at Ao Yon, (2) juvenile crabs from Ao Yon and Cape Panwa, (3) juvenile crabs from both coasts. The precision with which this crab constructs Y-shaped burrows across sites and sediment types, indicates that burrow morphology is functionally important, perhaps for defence against predators.
Egg Case Ultrastructure in the Narrow-Clawed Crayfish Astacus Leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 (Decapoda, Astacidae)
Authors: Pawlos Dorota , Korzelecka-Orkisz Agata , Rościszewska El#x C;bieta , Formicki Krzysztof
Published: March 2012

The egg case is an extracellular structure that surrounds an egg cell and the embryo after fertilization. Its basic function is to protect the embryo from potentially harmful aspects of the external environment. Changes in the structure of the egg case at different stages of embryogenesis in the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus were studied, with observations made at the beginning of egg incubation, during incubation, and at the time of hatching. We studied the changes using images taken with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The egg case is made of three layers that are all close together. The outer layer was 4.59±0.23 µm thick and composed of an electron-dense material; its external structure was rough. The middle layer was the thickest at 8.94±0.29 µm and was slightly folded. It was made of polyhedral grains, interspersed with multiple aeropylar areas and channels. This second (middle) layer consisted of two sublayers of equal thickness but with variable grain size and aeropyle structure. The third and innermost layer was 3.14±0.33 µm thick and made of tightly packed grains, smaller than those in the middle layer. It included a few, small aeropylar channels.
The First Tropical Alien Crayfish Species in European Waters: The Redclaw Cherax Quadricarinatus (Von Martens, 1868) (Decapoda, Parastacidae)
Authors: Jaklič M. , Vrezec A.
Published: March 2012

A population of the tropical redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (Von Martens, 1868) is reported here for the first time in Europe, despite some occasionally found released individuals found previously in some European countries. The redclaw population was first found in 2009 in the natural river oxbow lake Topla, with thermal hot water springs, in eastern Slovenia (Central Europe). The species is known to be invasive in tropical and subtropical regions, but this is the first record from the temperate climate zone. During intensive sampling with traps, 15 individuals were caught that seemed to belong to a sex- and age-structured population. The low abundance indicated that the population was still in the growth phase of colonization, or that habitat conditions for the species in the oxbow lake were suboptimal. The redclaw individuals were found at temperatures of up to 40°C, but the bulk of the population with sexually mature individuals was restricted to regions between 21 and 31°C. According to the modelled limits of annual water temperature fluctuation, further expansion of the redclaw is expected in the thermal oxbow lake, but invasion to adjacent rivers is less probable at least under current climatic conditions. As a rapidly growing large crayfish, the redclaw could pose a threat to local ecosystems in specific thermal water bodies with unique fauna and flora. Future studies are important to define threats of tropical invaders in specific thermal freshwater ecosystems in Europe.
Hobbes, History, and Non-domination
Authors: Cromartie Alan
Published: March 2012

Pettit's and Skinner's stimulating books are open to historically-minded objections. Pettit's reading of Hobbes is Rousseauian, but he rejects the Hobbesian/Rousseauian belief that some modern people are driven by amour-propre/“glory”. If Hobbes is right, there is, in Pettit's sense, no “common good”. Skinner's treatment of the neo-Roman “theorists” over-estimates their self-consciousness and their consistency. Leviathan chapter 21 is not a response to neo-Romanism; it treats civil liberty as non-obligation, not as non-interference.
The Various Fathers of Ptolemy I
Authors:   Collins
Published: March 2012

Reports from antiquity — two factual and another based on myth — claim that Ptolemy I was a son of the Macedonian king Philip II. If so, Ptolemy was a half-brother of Alexander the Great. Scholars suppose that this rumour was promoted by Ptolemy I. But this cannot be confirmed. It seems rather that Arsinoë, the mother of Ptolemy I, was a concubine at the court of Philip II and that a rumour existed that Ptolemy I was illegitimately born. This rumour developed in two separate ways. In Macedon, probably in the late 280's BCE, it was claimed that the father of Ptolemy was Philip II. The story may have been inspired by Ptolemy Keraunos in the course of his quest for the Macedonian throne. In Egypt, however, in spite of an apparent reluctance of Ptolemy I to link Lagos with his name, it was officially proclaimed in the reign of his son (Ptolemy II) that Lagos was the father of Ptolemy I. It is possible thereby that Ptolemy II removed the stigma of bastardy from the first Ptolemaic king.
Glory in the Ministry of Death Gentile Condemnation and Letters Of Recommendation in 2 Cor. 3:6-18
Authors: Duff Paul
Published: March 2012

In this article, I part company with the majority of scholars who read 2 Cor. 3:6-18 as a polemic against Judaism. I suggest, to the contrary, that Paul is unconcerned about Torah observant Judaism here. After all, he writes to a gentile church (1 Cor. 12:2) that was apparently untroubled by such issues. Instead, his remarks about the Law focus on the uncircumcised. The Mosaic covenant, Paul argues, brought condemnation and death to them. Read in this way, Paul's argument fits the larger context. For it ironically turns the tables on those who have interpreted his suffering negatively.
"'ο λογοσ του εου" in Hebrews 4:12-13
Authors: Smillie Gene
Published: March 2012

The well-known reference in these verses to the Word of God as "sharper than a two-edged sword" is often understood by interpreters (and translators) as referring to a fearful instrument of judgment, of punishment, even of execution. This study challenges that assumption, understanding the metaphor differently. The picture the author gives us may more likely be drawn from the medical amphitheater, in which a patient is "stretched out and naked before the eyes" of a benign surgeon who skillfully wields the sharp, scalpel-like blade, carefully dividing sinews from marrow, soul from spirit, thoughts and intentions of the heart. Analysis of the tone of the surrounding context, and the particular language of the pericope itself, leads to the conclusion that this paragraph is positive, rather than negative, in prospect, an encouragement rather than a warning.
Redescription of Xiphinema nigeriense Luc, 1961 and observations on X. dihysterum Lamberti et al., 1995 and X. mampara Heyns, 1979 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)
Authors: Coomans August , Loof Pieter A.A. , Luc Michel
Published: March 2012

X. nigeriense Luc, 1961 is redescribed on the basis of type material and specimens from Ivory Coast; the male of this species is described for the first time. X. nigeriense apud Bos and Loof (1985) and apud Sakwe and Coomans (1993) are both considered to be populations of X. dihysterum Lamberti et al., 1995. A population of X. mampara Heyns, 1979 is described from Lesotho. Some data are given on the juvenile stages of X. dihysterum and X. mampara. Redescription de Xiphinema nigeriense Luc, 1961 et observations sur X. dihysterum Lamberti et al., 1995 et X. mampara Heyns, 1979 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) - Xiphinema nigeriense Luc, 1961 est redecrit a partir du materiel type et de specimens provenant de Cote d'Ivoire; le male de cette espece est decrit pour la premiere fois. X. nigeriense apud Bos et Loof (1985) et Sakwe et Coomans (1993) est considere comme appartenant a X. dihysterum Lamberti et al., 1995. Une population de X. mampara Heyns, 1979 provenant du Lesotho est decrite. Des donnees sont fournies sur les stades juveniles de ces deux dernieres especes.
Beneficial effects of Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas mendocina for biocontrol of Meloidogyne incognita with the endospore-forming bacterium Pasteuria penetrans
Authors: Duponnois Robin , BÂ Amadou M. , Mateille Thierry
Published: March 2012

Two rhizosphere bacteria, Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas mendocina,
were isolated from the rhizosphere of tomato plants growing in a soil
heavily infested with both root-knot nematodes and the parasitoid
endospore-forming bacterium Pasteuria penetrans. Bacteria E. cloacae and P.
mendocina stimulated plant growth, inhibited the reproduction of the root
knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, and increased the attachment of the
endospores of P. penetrans on the nematodes in vitro. E. cloacae
significantly increased the reproduction of P. penetrans in plant roots.
Consequently, the introduction of such bacteria in soils, or cultural
practices aimed to increase the activity of native strains of these
bacteria, could greatly contribute to the efficiency of nematode biocontrol
with P. penetrans. Stimulation de l'activite antagoniste de Pasteuria
penetrans envers Meloidogyne incognita par Enterobacter cloacae et
Pseudomonas mendocina - Deux bacteries rhizospheriques, Enterobacter cloacae
et Pseudomonas mendocina, ont ete isolees a partir de la rhizosphere de
plants de tomate preleves dans un sol tres infeste par des nematodes a
galles et l'actinomycete Pasteuria penetrans. Les deux souches bacteriennes
ont stimule la croissance de la plante, inhibe le developpement du nematode
Meloidogyne incognita et augmente in vitro l'attachement des spores de P.
penetrans sur la cuticule des nematodes. E. cloacae a significativement
stimule la multiplication de P. penetrans dans les racines. En consequence,
l'utilisation de telles bacteries pourrait ameliorer de maniere importante
l'efficacite de P. penetrans contre les nematodes du genre Meloidogyne.
Perry Anderson and the End of History
Authors: Blackledge Paul
Published: March 2012

In light of Perry Anderson's recent re-Iaunch of New Left Review, and the publication of Gregory Elliott's Perry Anderson: The Merciless Laboratory of History, it is perhaps an opportune moment for Marxists to assess Anderson's contribution to socialist strategic thought. At the heart of Anderson's manifesto is the claim that the principal aspect of the past decade ‘can be defined as the virtually uncontested consolidation, and universal diffusion, of neoliberalism'. There is, obviously, something in this claim. However, Anderson also briefly notes, amongst other counter-currents, the labour upsurge in France in 1995, but dismisses the significance of these events with the claim that ‘capital has comprehensively beaten back all threats to its rule'. Anderson compares the context of the launch of the first New Left Review with that of the present day. He writes that, back then, a third of the planet had broken with capitalism, the discrediting of Stalinism in 1956 had unleashed a vital process of the rediscovery of authentic Marxism, while, culturally, there had been a qualitative break with the conformism of the 1950s. Today, by contrast, American capitalism has reasserted its international primacy, European social-democratic governments are implementing policies designed to follow the American model, Japan is suffering from a slump, while the Russian catastrophe has produced no popular backlash. Moreover, the Western powers have recently asserted themselves successfully in the Balkans, and, despite upsurges against capital in the 1990s, ‘no collective agency able to match the power of capital is yet on the horizon’. How are socialists to respond to this diagnosis? In this essay, I want to locate the logic of Anderson's interpretation of the present conjuncture within the context of his previous strategic claims. I will argue that, while socialists will always have much to learn from Anderson, strategically his thought has systematically suffered from a form of political impressionism. This suggests that his interpretation of the present conjuncture may fail the test of history.
Reclaiming Marx’s ‘Capital’: A Refutation of the Myth of Inconsistency, Andrew Kliman, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007
Authors: Moseley Fred
Published: March 2012

This book seeks to defend Marx’s theory in Capital against the long-standing criticism of logical inconsistency, which has provided the main justification for the rejection of Marx’s theory over the last century. This book presents a new interpretation of Marx’s theory that has emerged over the last several decades called the ‘temporal single-system’ interpretation (commonly abbreviated as TSSI). Kliman argues that the TSSI eliminates all of the alleged logical inconsistencies in Marx’s theory, and therefore logical inconsistency is not a valid reason to reject Marx’s theory. I agree in general with much of this book, but I disagree on some points, especially the use of one-commodity models and its interpretation of the transformation-problem.
On Hittite (LÚ) Ānt - "(the) Equal (one) > Rival" Again
Authors: Soysal Oguz
Published: March 2012

This article brings further textual material for the Hittite lemma (LÚ) ānt - "(the) equal (one)" which has recently been clarified and established by P. M. Goedegebuure. This meaning may be semantically shifted also to "rival". The additional occurrences for (LÚ) ānt - are obtained by an alternative analysis of the ghost word ānzassi - "a kind of animal".
A Hittite Magical Ritual to Be Performed In an Emergency
Authors: Torri Giulia
Published: March 2012

The Hittite magical ritual KUB 17.28 ii 33-61 iii 1-17 is part of a Sammeltafel in which rites of different character and content are collected. The aim of this paper is to show how the ritual under discussion was performed directly by the patient, without the guidance of any magician. The person acting out the ritual was a victim of a curse, expressed through the idiom lalan karp -, performed against him with malevolence. The ritual itself is characterized by actions mixed together with three oral rites: a magic analogy expressed through a simple simile, a short personal prayer, and a wish introduced by the verb mald -. In particular, the role of the second recitation in comparison with royal prayers like CTH 381 and CTH 385.10, both preceded by a ceremonial part, will be analysed. In conclusion, an attempt to reconstruct the possible method of composition of the whole Sammeltafel as well as to suggest how the scribe had most probably worked in bringing the rituals together will be undertaken.
Military Power and the Scottish Burghs, 1625-1651
Authors: Stewart Laura A. M.
Published: March 2012

Historians are generally agreed that Scotland’s limited military capability was transformed after 1639, when expatriate mercenaries, with experience of Continental European conflicts, returned home to take part in the wars against Charles I. There has been less interest in how the creation of centrally-coordinated standing forces affected Scottish society. This article focuses on the experiences of Scotland’s burghs, where traditional military practices remained a feature of civic life, at least in the larger urban centers, during the early decades of the seventeenth century. These practices informed the way in which burghs responded to the call to arms from 1639. Despite tensions with landed neighbors, burghs were not wholly subsumed into the shires and they retained a measure of their distinctiveness as military units. Burghal autonomy was severely tested from the mid-sixteen-forties, not only by the demands of central government but also by the physical presence of soldiers in the midst of the urban community. This essay will explore the strategies employed by civic leaders to protect the community from violence and exploitation, while also maintaining their own authority and status. It will be tentatively suggested here that the social and political structures of civic life proved surprisingly resilient under the unprecedented pressures placed upon them during the sixteen-forties.
Recruiting Citizens for Soldiers in Seventeenth-Century English Ballads
Authors: McShane Angela
Published: March 2012

This article revisits the “heroic and glamorous language” of recruitment and retention in seventeenth century England through an exploration of the market, medium and message of many hundreds of “military” ballads that were disseminated from London across the country, especially in times of war. These show that military volunteerism among the lower sorts was less surprising and more sophisticated than historians have previously imagined, which suggests the need to reconsider the question of military professionalism among ordinary rank and file soldiers. Furthermore, the common use of the love song as a vehicle for military messages, reveals how regular soldiering became a new vocation for the “lower sorts” in this transitional period for army development. This new “profession” not only marked a direct break from the older system of “estates” which put fighters at the top and workers at the bottom of society, it was negotiating its place within the social structures of household formation in early modern England.
The Rise of the Evangelical Healing Movement in Nineteenth Century America
Authors: Dayton Donald
Published: March 2012

One of the most powerful and fascinating themes of modern popular Evangelicalism is the doctrine of "divine healing." Through the work such healing evangelists as Kathryn Kuhlman and Oral Roberts - and more recently especially through the 700 and PTL Clubs of Pat Robertson and Jim Bakker - the search for miraculous healing has burst its apparent Pentecostal and Charismatic confines to penetrate a broader Evangelicalism. The apparent novelty of this concern to a modem Evangelicalism nurtured for the last couple of generations on the theology of Old Princeton extruded through B. B. Warfield has obscured the extent to which an earlier 19th century pre-Pentecostal Evangelicalism but reveals the extent to which Pentecostalism was not so unnatural an evolution out of the Fundamentalist experience as is often assumed.
The Marine Environment Protection Committee: The Conjunction of the Law of the Sea and International Environmental Law
Authors: de La Fayette Louise
Published: March 2012

This article outlines the work of the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization in implementing measures to protect the marine environment and to conserve natural resources called for in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and international environmental law, in particular as set forth in Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration, both products of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. In so doing, the paper examines IMO's collaboration with other intergovernmental organisations and UN bodies, such as the FAO, UNEP, the Commission on Sustainable Development and the United Nations, as well as with the secretariats of multilateral environmental agreements, such as the Basel Convention and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Although the work of IMO is frequently overlooked because it is an older organisation, the treaties, codes and guidelines developed by the MEPC have made an essential and valuable contribution to the progressive development of international environmental law, as well as to the law of the sea.
Liability and Compensation in the International Transport of Hazardous Wastes by Sea: The 1999 Protocol to the Basel Convention
Authors: Tsimplis Michael
Published: March 2012

The export of hazardous wastes has been recognised by the international community as a dangerous trade which must be minimised and regulated. The 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal is a widely ratified international agreement for the environmentally safe transport of hazardous wastes. The 1999 Liability and Compensation Protocol significantly improves the 1989 Basel Convention regime by establishing strict liability with minimum financial limits and, unlimited, fault-based liability for damages arising out of the carriage of wastes. The strict liability does not attach to the Carrier but to persons which are subject to the jurisdiction of either the state of export or the state of import and who act as the Notifier, the Exporter, the Importer or the Disposer of the wastes. Strict liability must be covered by compulsory insurance. The Basel Protocol overlaps with other liability and limitation regimes. The potential conflict of the Basel Protocol with the major agreements applicable to the carriage of wastes by sea is discussed and improvements in the drafting of the Protocol and the supporting financial mechanisms are suggested.
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and Provisional Measures: Settled Issues and Pending Problems
Authors: Vicuña Francisco Orrego
Published: March 2012

This presentation describes the system of provisional measures by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea under Article 290 of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. By pointing towards the binding legal nature of provisional measures and the introduction of a duty to report on compliance efforts, he begins his article stressing the system's efficiency. The author then comments on the various prerequisites while drawing comparisons with the prescription of provisional measures by the International Court of Justice. He finally turns towards the problems of the application of Article 290 by focusing on the requirement of a specific demand by a State party for a provisional measure. While admitting the Tribunal's authorization to issue provisional measures with a view to the marine environment and the increasing influence of the precautionary principle in public international law, he also advises against the temptations to exceed the limits of provisional measures in international law. The interplay with other treaties which refer to the Convention's dispute settlement system (especially the Agreement on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks) even adds to this danger in the author's eyes. He closes with an appeal for due process, prudence and impartiality.
The Jurisprudence of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea Relating to Fisheries: Is There Much in the Net?
Authors: Churchill Robin
Published: March 2012

This paper provides a comprehensive survey of all matters related to the jurisprudence of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea relating to fisheries. An overview of the main provisions of the LOSC on the matter serves as an introduction. The author then expounds on the scope of the Tribunal's jurisdiction relating to fisheries in great detail while differentiating between its jurisdiction to deal with the substance of fisheries disputes on the one hand and provisional measures as well as prompt release orders on the other hand. He concludes that while the Tribunal theoretically has jurisdiction to deal with fisheries disputes not only arising from the LOSC and the UN Fish Stocks Agreement but also from over 20 other treaties, it has so far rarely been called on to do so. Nevertheless, the Tribunal has made a not insignificant impact on international fisheries law. This becomes obvious in the course of the following analysis of its jurisprudence on these matters. Before turning towards his final remarks, the author considers the prospects for the development of the Tribunal's fisheries jurisprudence. He concludes that it is difficult to predict the extent to which the Tribunal may be asked to resolve fisheries disputes and thus given an opportunity to develop its jurisprudence, but points out both that States have historically been reluctant to refer fisheries disputes to binding third-party settlement and that there are considerable jurisdictional obstacles to the Tribunal hearing fisheries disputes.
The Environmental Jurisprudence of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Authors: Boyle Alan
Published: March 2012

This presentation starts out with an overview of the environmental jurisprudence of international tribunals and courts in the last decade. The author then examines the jurisprudence of the ITLOS and considers four issues that have arisen: the precautionary principle; environmental impact assessment; environmental co-operation; and jurisdiction over marine environmental disputes. Concluding, he asks what the jurisprudence tells us about the Tribunal's role in the LOSC dispute settlement system. First, the Tribunal's provisional measures cases have established the utility of the Article 290 procedure as a means of protecting the rights of other States but also the marine environment in general. Second, there is evidence in the case law of a desire to settle disputes between the parties in a way that contributes to the development of a consistent jurisprudence and of a willingness to interpret and apply Part XII of the Convention in accordance with the contemporary state of international environmental law. The Tribunal's record on marine environmental disputes is a positive one.
Managing the Underwater Cultural Resources of the China Seas: A Comparison of Public Policies in Mainland China and Taiwan
Authors: Hoagland Porter
Published: March 2012

This paper focuses on managing the underwater cultural resources of the China Seas. It presents a comparative analysis of the public policies in Mainland China and Taiwan in connection with a recent draft convention of UNESCO pertaining to underwater cultural resources. In recognition of the problem of underwater archaeological resources being discovered in ocean areas of arguable jurisdiction, potential areas of conflict between the two regimes are analysed through a comparison of provisions between the draft UNESCO convention and the corresponding laws of China and Taiwan. In addition a trend towards commercialization in this area and the implications of this trend are discussed.
International Conventions and the Regulation of Migration: The Convention on the Rights of the Child and Sweden
Authors: Andersson Hans E.
Published: March 2012

It is a contested issue to what extent international conventions on human rights actually constrain states. While earlier shown that courts may invoke international conventions, this article investigates to what extent legislators, when it comes to migration, are similarly restrained. In a context where the trend is that states limit immigration and curb asylum seekers and undocumented immigrants’ social rights, the answer would seem to be that states are obviously unhampered. However, in Sweden there have been changes to the Swedish Aliens Act and to the entitlement to health care which have rather safeguarded asylum seeking and undocumented children’s situation. This article discusses the role that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) has played in this development and considers whether this has restrained Sweden’s ability to act.
Implementing the Convention on the Rights of the Child for ‘youth’: who and how?
Authors: Desmet Ellen
Published: March 2012

From various perspectives, an ambiguous relationship between the Convention on the Rights of the Child and young persons emerges. Given the overlap between the target groups of children’s rights policies and youth policies, the current and potential connections between these two policies are explored, in order to assess whether (further) linking these policies could increase the realization of the rights of young persons. The inquiry is carried out at the international and European level (United Nations, Council of Europe and European Union), on the one hand, and within Flanders (Belgium), on the other. Contrasting results appear, calling for a middle ground in the degree of interconnection between children’s rights policies and youth policies.
“Acting Like a Rich Bully”?: Madonna, Mercy, Malawi, and international children’s rights law in adoption
Authors: Mezmur Benyam Dawit
Published: March 2012

Although it may seem ironic that a policy affecting so few children should engage so much political and social attention, the symbolic significance of intercountry adoption far outweighs its practical import. A recent reminder of this fact on the African continent is the 2009 Madonna adoption case. This note considers Madonna’s second adoption of a child from Malawi in the light of international children’s rights laws. Although human rights groups have alleged that Madonna was “acting like a rich bully” in the main, Madonna’s adoption can withstand the scrutiny of children’s rights, and in fact, has contributed towards helping the discourse of children’s rights in Malawi “stumble” forward.
Children’s Status, Children’s Rights and ‘dealing with’ Children
Authors: Cassidy Claire
Published: March 2012

Several models of child exist, each maintaining child as something other to adult. Stables asserts: “…how we think about [children] does affect how we deal with them” (2008: 1). Seeing children as becomings is a problem. Here, I would like to consider the recommendations from the most recent United Nations’ report card on the implementation of the UNCRC in the UK and place these against the question of how society ‘deals with’ children and whether a report that is more positive than ‘must do better’ is likely to take us beyond seeing the child as different, as other, as becoming.
Between ‘believers’ and ‘opponents’: Critical discussions on children’s rights
Authors: Reynaert Didier , Bie Maria Bouverne-De , Vandevelde Stijn
Published: March 2012

Practices in the field of children’s rights presuppose an agreement on what children’s rights are. Consequently, the implementation of more children’s rights is logically better for children. But is this really the case? In this paper, we try to answer this question critically. The problem with this question however is that from the outset, it becomes overshadowed by a highly polarised discussion between what Stammers (2009) calls ‘uncritical proponents’ at the one hand and ‘uncritical opponents’ at the other hand. The former have a blind belief in the obvious positive effects of children’s rights. The latter radically deny the value children’s rights can have in the aim to realise a greater respect for children. Neither positions are constitutive in strengthening the framework of children’ rights since they both start from a ‘consensus thinking’ on children’s rights. What current thinking in children’s rights lacks is “critique”, considered as questioning and analyzing assumptions that are embedded in current practices in the field of children’s rights. In this article, we argue for the development of a tradition of “critical proponents” in children’s rights in a plea for a tradition of ‘critical children’s rights studies’.
Black Consciousness as an Expression of Radical Responsibility: Biko an African Bonhoeffer
Authors: du Toit Cornel
Published: March 2012

The article reflects on the ongoing relevance of Biko's thought 30 years after his death. It is not so much a comparison between Biko and Bonhoeffer's thinking as it is a focus on one aspect of Bonhoeffer's thinking, namely the insistence on independence and self-responsibility in your own situation, which is a premise of Biko's thinking. As the father of Black Consciousness in South Africa, Biko laid the foundation for black self-understanding and self-responsibility. The value of his thinking lies in a hermeneutics of consciousness, which he established and which is a presupposition of his ideals of self-responsibility and self-emancipation. Biko's hermeneutics of the self is considered with reference to the forces that kept black people captive. Although Black Consciousness is seen as a historically contingent phenomenon, the challenge of black liberation remains. Biko's legacy is vital for the establishment of a hermeneutics of poverty and freedom, which is presented as a condition for African liberation in the 21st century.
Religious values in the interreligious dialogue
Authors: van der Ven J.A.
Published: March 2012

The perspective of this article is the grassroots contact between people of different world religions caused by the massive migration of people on today's world. This situation gives rise to my question: What kind of interaction between the world religions do we need? The monoreligious, the multireligious and the interreligious models are discussed. Religious values in the interreligious model are discussed with the problem of different beliefs in God as an example.
Faith and the Historical Jesus: Does A Confessional Position and Respect for the Jesus Tradition Preclude Serious Historical Engagement?
Authors: Bock Darrell L.
Published: March 2012

This essay discusses an evangelical approach to historical-Jesus studies. It summarizes the three quests, while noting the strength of third quest approaches being firmly rooted in Second Temple background. It briefly discusses the rules used in such study, and notes the benefits and limits of a method rooted in corroboration. It defends the value of having mediated presentations of Jesus. It also discusses issues such as the claim that evangelicals are maximalists or historical positivists when it comes to such study. The essay concludes by making the case for the core authenticity of the scene of Peter's Confession at Caesarea Philippi, including discussion of the issue of the messianic secret.
When It's Futile to Argue about the Historical Jesus: A Response to Bock, Keener, and Webb
Authors: Miller Robert J.
Published: March 2012

This brief response to the essays by Darrell Bock, Craig Keener, and Robert Webb unfolds in three parts. First, I maintain that arguments about the historical Jesus can be productive only among those who already agree on a number of contested questions about historiographical method and the nature of the Gospels. Therefore, debates about the historical Jesus that occur between the 'evangelical' camp (which sees the canonical Gospels as fully reliable historically) and the 'traditional' camp (which sees the Gospels as blends of fact and fiction) are futile. Second, I propose a thought experiment designed to test our historical assessment of ancient biographies that portray their hero like the Gospels portray Jesus. I argue that the results of this experiment undermine Keener's conclusion that the historical reliability of the Gospels should be regarded as equal to that of ancient biographies of Roman emperors. Third, I pose the question of whether the methodological naturalism proposed by Webb allows us to conclude that events reported in the Gospels are unhistorical. I argue that either answer to that question reduces the appeal of methodological naturalism for historical-Jesus scholars.
A Turn to the Rights: UK Conservative Christian Lobby Groups and the ‘Gay Debate’
Authors: Hunt Stephen
Published: March 2012

The extension of non-heterosexual rights in largely liberal democratic contexts and confirmed in wider international conventions poses a challenge to Christian churches which historically condemned homosexuality and other sexual ‘variations’ on the basis of religious conviction. The stance taken by contemporary churches on these rights issues now diverge considerably. This article, however, considers the entrenched position of conservative Christian factions in the UK that have intensified their levels of political mobilisation at a time when they are drawn into the political arena through the implications of non-heterosexual rights in both the churches and the secular world. The article explores the way in which these cadres are forced to engage with the rhetoric of rights as an integral part of their oppositional stance, while attempting to negate the foundational basis of non-heterosexual rights. It will conclude with a discussion of how such developments connect with human rights theory.
Taking Back Lautsi: Towards a ‘Theory of Neutralisation’?
Authors: Andreescu Gabriel , Andreescu Liviu
Published: March 2012

In this contribution we briefly analyze the argumentation underlying the Grand Chamber’s Lautsi judgment and suggest that it may be coherently construed as being based on a ‘theory of neutralisation’ of the potentially coercive nature of religious displays in public schools.
Religious Symbols in the Public School Classroom: A New Way to Tackle a Knotty Problem
Authors: Zoethout Carla M.
Published: March 2012

The two opposite decisions in Lautsi I and II demonstrate the necessity of developing a new doctrine for the ECtHR.
Geographic spread of Pyramica hexamera
Authors: MacGown Joe A. , Wetterer James K.
Published: March 2012

Pyramica hexamerais a tiny predatory ant that feeds on minute soil arthropods. Originally from East Asia,P. hexamerahas been recently introduced to North America, apparently through human commerce. Here we document the known range ofP. hexamerain Asia and the New World. We compiled and mapped 73 site records ofP. hexamera, all from East Asia and the southeastern US. In Asia,P. hexamerarecords range from 21.9°N to 36.4°N (earliest date and number of sites in parentheses) in Japan (1949; 25), South Korea (1982; 2), and Taiwan (1992; 6). In the US,P. hexamerarecords range from 28.6°N to 34.3°N: in Florida (1987; 2), Louisiana (1987; 5), Mississippi (2003; 32), and Alabama (2007; 1).Pyramica hexamera is reported for the first time from Alabama.
Dealing with transnational terrorism, the concept and practice of Joint Investigation Teams
Authors: Powderly Joseph , Bakker Edwin
Published: March 2012

This article was initially published as a discussion paper of the International Centre for Counter Terrorism — The Hague for an expert meeting on 'Joint Investigation Teams: Added Value, Opportunities and Obstacles in the Struggle against Terrorism'. The article examines the concept and practice of Joint Investigation Teams as vehicles for international cooperation in the fight against terrorism, taking into consideration a number of the recommendations that came out of the meeting that was held in The Hague in February 2011.
Leviathan, King of the Proud
Authors: Shaver Robert
Published: March 2012

Hobbes begins the Elements of Law by claiming that "[t]he true and perspicuous explanation of the elements of laws natural and politic... dependeth upon the knowledge of what is human nature." (E.L. I.1.1)1 He agrees that morality and politics are "not to be discovered but to be made," but they are to be made as solutions to problems discovered through a detailed study of human nature.2 Among other things, this study reveals that humans are obsessed both with contemplating their own power and having others recognize it. The former desire is the desire for glory: the latter is the desire for honour. Hobbes goes on to show the conflict these desires cause. They ensure scarcity, since their objects are intrinsically scarce, and they contribute to irresolution, and so make it hard to keep covenants. In addition, they determine the form of any solution: the market is not a fully satisfactory solution, and the sovereign must redirect desires for honour and glory into harmless channels. I shall first argue against David Gauthier, who takes Hobbesian men to pursue honour and glory as mere instruments to the satisfaction of their asocial desires. I shall then present a revamped version of what Jean Hampton calls the "passions account" of conflict, defending it from her objections. I shall close by sketching how Hobbes responds to the problems caused by the desire for honour and glory.
Figures et fonctions du tiers chez Hobbes
Authors: Marcos Jean Pierre
Published: March 2012

L'examen des conditions représentatives de l'unification politique selon Hobbes, nous a conduit à montrer que la structure formelle du contrat au profit d'un tiers non contractant ou d'une instance ordinale tierce, se fonde sur une déduction préalable dans l'exposé des lois de nature, de la nécessité d'une instance arbitrale pour régler rationnellement en légiférant, les différends interindividuels. La position juridico-politique du Souverain, procède d'une détermination fonctionnelle de la médiation, ressortit à une logique générale de l'arbitrage par un Tiers des différends entre deux parties.
Brazil and R2P: Does Taking Responsibility Mean Using Force?
Authors: Kenkel Kai Michael
Published: March 2012

This article traces the reaction of the Brazilian government to the emergence of the R2P norm. After an initial period of rejection, followed by a period of absence from UN debates, Brazil has recently engaged cautiously with R2P. The article gives a detailed analysis of the origins of the Latin American system of legal protections that resulted in an interpretation in the region that reduces sovereignty almost exclusively to the inviolability of borders. This interpretation is at the heart of Brazil’s rejection of R2P’s tenets regarding the use of force. It does not stand in the way, however, of its contributing decisively to the other two pillars identified in the Secretary General’s Implementation Report. The paper identifies two main factors that motivated the gradual opening of the Brazilian foreign policy establishment to R2P, one external and one internal. Externally, the strong endorsement of R2P in the World Summit Outcome Document did much to facilitate Brazil’s rapprochement with the concept. Concomitantly, Brazil’s rise as an emerging power has increasingly created tensions between regional traditions and still-dominant Northern views of the responsibilities that accompany Brazil’s global aspirations. Brazil is in the process of developing an approach to peace operations and intervention that defines responsibility separately from the use of force, obviating the effects of this perceived tension. As a result, Brazil has become an important peacekeeping troop contributor and is no longer a vocal detractor of R2P. It has begun adapting the non-military elements of the principle to its policy goals and looks set to be an active and important participant in the concept’s further implementation.