bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outline of the Pharmacological and Phytochemical Profile of the Jungle Jalebi (Pithecellobium dulce)
Authors: Hameed Abdul , Srivastav Yash , Afaq Hina , Hashmi Afreen , Ahmad Mohd. Imtiyaz
Published: March 2024

Pithecellobium dulce has numerous utilizations which has flexible jobs in the conventional arrangement of medication. A few investigations are being directed concerning the viability of the entire plant or its parts for the treatment of various sicknesses and ailments. Triterpenoids, sterols, flavonoids, tannins, and phytocompounds like quercetin, kaempferol, and dulcitol were recognized from the different pieces of the plant. In this article, the different remedial properties of P. dulce have been shown. P. dulce is an evergreen sharp tree; each piece of the plant has huge healthful values. The different parts of plant have been shown to display different pharmacological activities like anti-diabetic, locomotor, immunizing agent venom, free radical searching, protease inhibitor, mitigating, anti-bacterial, anti-mycobacterial, abortifacient, spermicidal, anti-convulsant, anti-ulcer, anti-diarrheal, anti-contagious, anti-tubercular, anti-tumor and as well as anti-oxidative properties and safety study like acute and sub-acute toxicity study. Therefore, the current review is cognizant on behalf of pharmacological studies, as well as phytochemicals.
Integrated Inventory Model with Inflation for Deteriorating Items
Authors: Padiyar S. V. Singh , Jain Krati , Makholia Deepa , Mishra Raghawendra
Published: March 2024

The integrated inventory model works like a multi-tier supply chain involving a manufacturer, buyer, supplier, and customer. In the proposed article, integrated inventory management for perishable items has been developed. It is an essential responsibility of every supply chain member to ensure that any inventory can be delivered to the customer smoothly and on time. The model of inflation fluctuations takes into account inflation as one of its factors. This model considers the movement of inventory from production to supply in real data; Numerical examples have been explored to facilitate a practical understanding of this model in real-life situations, and the aggregate cost from the entire supply chain has been calculated. The model concludes with a sensitivity analysis, revealing the effects on the overall model stemming from alterations in key parameters that exert significant influence.
Exploration on the Mildew Conditions of Cladosporium asperulatum CY-H1, a Pathogenic Fungus on Tobacco Leaves
Authors: Feng Jiahui , Zhou Zuanzuan , Xiong Qingyu , Xiang Boka , Chen Chun
Published: March 2024

Aims: Mildew poses a significant threat to tobacco industry. This study focuses on a strain of Cladosporium asperulatum isolated from moldy tobacco leaves to investigate its growth under different temperature and humidity conditions, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for local prevention and control strategies against this fungus.

Methodology: Potential fungal strains were obtained from moldy tobacco leaves utilizing isolation techniques and individual colonies were cultured on PDA medium subsequently. Microscopic examination and molecular identification were employed to determine the species of the isolated strains. Isolated strain was initially inoculated with varying spore powder concentrations at water activities of 0.99, 0.95, 0.90, 0.87, 0.83, and 0.77, combined with diverse culture temperatures of 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, and 35°C on PDA. The growth of colony area was daily measured by ImageJ software, and spore powder yield was observed after a 7-day incubation period under these specified culture conditions.

Results: (1) colony area of isolated C. asperulatum CY-H1 has a rising trend with increasing culture time at consistent temperatures. Sporulation exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease, yet overall demonstrated an upward trajectory. The maximum value was attained at a water activity of 0.95. Under identical water activity, escalating temperatures initially augmented colony area until reaching a maximum at 25°C. Similarly, spore production displayed an initial increase followed by a decrease, with the highest production occurring at 25°C. (2) Varied concentrations of initial spore suspension influenced colony growth differently. A high concentration (initially 106 spores/mL) exhibited an earlier growth trend compared to medium (105 spores/mL) and low concentrations (104 spores/mL). (3) C. asperulatum CY-H1 did not thrive under the culture conditions of 35°C, irrespective of the initial inoculation concentration and water activity.

Conclusion: C. asperulatum assumes a crucial role as a predominant mold in tobacco storage environments. Effective prevention of fungal mildew in stored tobacco leaves is achieved by maintaining temperatures exceeding 35°C and sustaining water activity below 0.77. These findings highlight the significance of environmental conditions in controlling mold growth during tobacco storage.
Pulmonary Embolism Revealing Meadows Syndrome: Case Study
Authors: A-Hamad  , Y-Eshak  , E-Cheikh  , O-Diawara  , A-Aityahya  , M-El Jamili  , S-Elkarimi  , M-Elhataoui
Published: March 2024

Meadows syndrome is a rare entity, defined as systolic heart failure occurring peripartum in the absence of underlying heart disease. Thromboembolic manifestations can complicate this syndrome but are rarely revealing. We report the case of a 30-year-old patient, without a history of cardiac, multiparous, who presented 3 months after delivery, acute dyspnea. Distal pulmonary embolism was objectified by pulmonary angiography. But the final diagnosis after an analysis of clinical, ultrasound and etiological data was peripartum cardiomyopathy complicated by embolism pulmonary. The evolution under medical treatment was hardly favorable with a worsening of systolic function complicated by a new episode of bilateral proximal pulmonary embolism after 1 month in a context of covid 19 infection.
An Adaptive Dung Beetle Optimization Algorithm with Golden Sine for Optimizing Numerical Unconstrained Problems
Authors: Lu Zhenhui
Published: March 2024

The dung beetle optimization (DBO) algorithm is a newly swarm intelligence optimization algorithm inspired by the biological behaviors of dung beetles while it still has disadvantages of easy convergence to the local optimal, slow convergence speed, and poor global search capability. This paper proposes an adaptive dung beetle optimization algorithm with a golden sine algorithm (Gold-SA), denoted as the Gold-SA-based adaptive DBO (GSDBO) algorithm. Firstly, the PWLCM chaotic mapping is introduced to generate population individuals to increase diversity of population and explore more search space. Secondly, the position update formula for the mathematical model of dung beetle ball-rolling behavior without obstacle is replaced by that of Gold-SA, which can accelerate the convergence speed and improve the convergence accuracy. Finally, the adaptive weight coefficients are used to improve the update stage of thief beetles. The strategy can boost and balance the exploration vs exploitation, simultaneously. Furthermore, the GSDBO is proved to be effective by comparing some intelligence optimization algorithms on benchmark functions of different characteristics. The results demonstrate that the GSDBO can improve optimization accuracy and stability.
Effect of Vermicompost and Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Growth and Production of Aloe Vera
Authors: Nejatzadeh Fatemeh
Published: March 2024

Purpose: The effect of vermicompost and nitrogen fertilizers on the growth and production of Aloe vera were conducted using factorial based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD).

Background: Vermicompost can be used in sustainable agriculture to support growing populations by increasing water holding capacity, nutrient supply, high porosity, adequate ventilation and drainage, and production of plant hormones that have beneficial effects on seed germination.

Methods: According to the RCBD method, treatments were included: four levels of vermicompost (V0: Control, V1: 75, V2: 150 and V3: 200 g per pot) and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (N0: control, N1: 500, N2: 1000, and N3: 1500 mg per pot) using urea.

Results: The results showed that application of 150 g of vermicompost and 1000 mg of nitrogen had the highest effect on growth traits, and application of 200 g of vermicompost and 1500 mg of nitrogen had the greatest effect on sucker characteristics, so that the highest number of suckers was obtained by using 200 g of vermicompost and 1000 and 1500 mg of nitrogen. However, simultaneous application of 150 g of vermicompost and 1000 mg of nitrogen had the greatest effect on plant height, number of leaves, and leaf diameter, and treatment with 200 g of vermicompost and 1500 mg of nitrogen had the greatest effect on the number of suckers, stem weight, number of leaves, sucker height, total biomass and Aloin content.

Conclusions: Therefore, simultaneous use of vermicompost and nitrogen fertilizer in Aloe vera cultivation plays an important role in the production and enhancement of sucker and plant yield.
Epidemiological Analysis of Patients with Vitreoretinal Diseases Undergoing Intravitreal Therapy at a Referral Hospital in the State of Pará
Authors: Moraes Evelly Christinne da Silva , Sobrinho Edmundo Frota de Almeida , Gonçalves Breno Yanaguibashi , Amorim Ryan Jorge , Guimarães Glenda Figueira , Nascimento Kelly Cristina Costa Guedes , Silva Paulo Armando Rosa Miranda da , Maia Camilla Castilho , Neto Francisco Dias Lucena , Coutinho Igor Jordan Barbosa , Oliveira Bruno Eduardo da Silva , Lima Vitor Hugo Auzier
Published: March 2024

Introduction: The intravitreal injection has become one of the most frequently performed invasive procedures in ophthalmology in the last few years. The intravitreal therapy with antiangiogenics is considered the first line of treatment for several retinal diseases through the inhibition of messenger RNA synthesis, transcription or direct blockade of action of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The most commonly used antiangiogenic agents today are: ranibizumab, bevacizumab, aflibercept and faricimab. Triamcinolone, a potent steroid, is also used in refractory cases. According to the Brazilian Retina and Vitreous Society, the pathologies most treated with anti-VEGF were Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), followed by Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) and RVO.
Objective: To analyze the epidemiological impact of intravitreal therapy on patients with vitreoretinal diseases treated at the Hospital Universitário Bettina Ferro de Souza in Belém, Pará.
Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study with a quantitative approach was carried out. The medical records of 419 patients with vitreoretinal disease and indication of intravitreal therapy were analyzed between January 2018 and August 2023 in an Ophthalmological Reference Centre, evaluating visual acuity, sex, origin, age, injected eye, number of injections, substance injected and underlying disease, using the Chi-Square test of independence with the help of Excel (Microsoft Office) and Epi Info programs.
Results: Among the 419 patients evaluated and 540 eyes injected, the average age observed was 66.6 years, there was no predominance of sex and the majority of patients came from the State of Pará. Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) was the most prevalent disease, followed by AMD and retinal occlusion. 68.3% at least started treatment and received one or more substances. AMD and DR correspond to 81.6% of injections administered and Ranibizumab is the most used drug, corresponding to 93% of injections. Considering visual acuity, an improvement was evident after therapy.
Conclusion: This work reinforced the difficulty in accessing ocular health and availability of intravitreal treatment with antiangiogenic drugs faced by these patients, worsening their visual prognosis.  These medications have a high financial cost and a major impact on vitreoretinal diseases, therefore it is necessary to manage these patients, as well as the early diagnosis of different vitreoretinal disorders that can be treated with these medications, allowing the identification of the main etiologies prevalent in the Amazon region and helping to prevent these diseases.
Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Injectable Platelet Rich Fibrin (i-PRF) and Albumin Gel (ALB-Gel) in Facial Rejuvenation: A Clinical Ultrasonographic Evaluation
Authors: Garcia Roberto Puertas , Brodt Fernanda Pirossi , Marchi Carolyne Martins De , Barja Paulo Roxo , Doria Anelise Cristina Osorio Cesar , Furtado Gisele Rosada Donola , Costa Michelle Fechine , Paterno Josne Carla
Published: March 2024

Cutaneous ageing is a natural process associated with advancing age, potentially resulting in negative consequences on individuals' self-esteem. The primary manifestations of this process are the emergence of wrinkles, spots, dehydration, sagging, and loss of tissue vitality. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the pursuit of more natural treatments for facial rejuvenation. In this context, using ALB-Gel and i-PRF stands out as a biological and autologous material.
Materials and Methods: The measurement of the dermis using a 16 MHz ultrasound device and photographic documentation allowed for evaluating the technique's efficacy in reducing signs of ageing and nasolabial fold depth. The clinical study was conducted with 13 female participants aged 35 to 55 who underwent a session of ALB-Gel and i-PRF application in the right hemiface nasolabial fold region and i-PRF in the left hemiface. A paired t-test with a significance level of 5% was used in the statistical analysis. The scores on the Self-Perception Index were also statistically assessed using the Wilcoxon test at 5% to verify significant improvement. Additionally, new frontal and profile D and E photos were taken and compared with the initial images.
Results: For the right hemiface nasolabial fold, a P < 0.0074 was observed to compare initial and final signs; for the left hemiface, a P < 0.1259 was obtained. These statistical results evidence a significant increase in dermal thickness in the right hemiface nasolabial fold (D) region after intradermal application of ALB-Gel and i-PRF; in the left hemiface nasolabial fold (E) region, treated only with i-PRF, no significant change in dermal thickness was observed. The statistical analysis conducted for the Self-Perception Index revealed a P < 0.0001, indicating a highly significant improvement in participant perception post-treatment.
Conclusion: The intradermal application of ALB-Gel and i-PRF in a single session significantly increased dermal thickness, indicating this is a simple and low-cost alternative for dermal restructuring.
Design, Simulation, Building, and Testing of a Microcontroller-Based Automatic Drowsiness Detection, Vehicle Braking, and Alert System
Authors: Tushar Bezon Dey , Riyad Tarifuzzaman , Yazdi Quazi Reshoan , Islam Jariatun , Bhuyan Muhibul Haque
Published: March 2024

Aims: The premier practical aspect of this research drive is to propose, build, simulate, and evaluate an Arduino-built automatic vehicle driver drowsiness detection and alert system.

Study Design: The pivotal role of a reliable braking system in vehicular safety cannot be overstated, particularly considering the escalating frequency of traffic accidents, notably prevalent in Indonesia where human factors take center stage as the primary accident catalyst. An insightful poll underscores physical fatigue or drowsiness while driving as the foremost concern. Acknowledging the nuanced disparities between conventional air systems and electric systems, this research strategically directs its attention toward crafting a new system characteristic that mirrors the efficiency of the existing systems.

Place and Period of Study: The research action engaged by the authors in a bunch of two students under the command of a professor as a part of one of his course capstone projects for the Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering degree at the American International University Bangladesh (AIUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The authors performed their investigative tasks at AIUB from June 2023 to January 2024.

Methodology: Recognizing the imperative to fortify vehicular safety, the integration of artificial intelligence emerges as a vital solution to assist drivers in ensuring the safety of individuals both within and outside the vehicle. This focused study, tailored specifically for Electric Vehicles (EVs), centers on the innovative application of object and distance identification methodologies to provide a comprehensive braking action indicator. Leveraging a minicomputer and a sophisticated neural network approach, images captured by a stereo camera undergo meticulous machine learning processes. This facilitates the precise categorization and measurement of distances between objects, with subsequent priority decisions determining the optimal degree of braking action. Employing an intelligent methodology, specifically fuzzy logic, the study demonstrates a successful outcome by constructing a curve while concurrently enhancing the dynamics of the pre-existing system. Moreover, a finely tuned Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal for braking, lasting 10 milliseconds, is intricately devised based on the study's discerning results.

Results: The system is simulated in Proteus and tested in real time to check its functionality. The outcomes of the test showed that the system can produce the appropriate signals based on the detection of any kind of driver’s drowsiness and can stop the car.

Conclusion: This comprehensive approach ensures the seamless replacement of components while concurrently elevating the overall performance of the braking system
Clinical Investigation of Valsartan Sustained-Release Matrix Tablets: Formulation Design and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Medarametla Ramya Teja , Gopaiah K. Venkata , Kumar J. N. Suresh , Sai A. Kumar , Chari G. Mohana , Kiran A. Kranti , Naik B. Koteswarao , Rani K. Sandya
Published: March 2024

The primary objective of this main study is to develop and assess the sustained-release matrix tablets containing Valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist. The powder mixtures underwent a thorough examination of pre-compression parameters and observed angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, and Carr’s index, all of which exhibited satisfactory results. Following compression, the tablets were subjected to post-compression evaluations, including weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, drug content, in-vitro dissolution, and stability studies. In-vitro dissolution investigations are conducted over 24 hours, employing 0.1 N HCL for the initial 2 hours and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer for the subsequent 24 hours. Notably, formulations F4 and F7 demonstrated promising dissolution profiles, effectively controlling the release of the drug. These formulations, enriched with higher concentrations of chitosan and sodium alginate in addition to other polymers, successfully sustained the drug release for the entire 24-hour duration. The compatibility of the drug, polymers, and other excipients was meticulously assessed using FT-IR Spectroscopy, affirming the harmonious interaction among these components. Further analysis involved fitting the release data to various mathematical models, including Zero-order, First-order, Higuchi equation, and Korsmeyer-Peppas model, to ascertain the kinetics and mechanisms governing drug release. Results indicated that the drug release adhered to first-order kinetics, with a non-Fickian mechanism prevailing. Stability studies conducted for 3 months provided reassurance regarding the stability of the selected formulations (F4 and F7), bolstering confidence in their potential for sustained release of Valsartan.
Identification of Plant Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Citrus in Dibrugarh District
Authors: Borthakur Polash L. , Mahanta Bornali , Borah Aparajita , Dutta Pranab
Published: March 2024

The present investigation was carried out to determine the occurrence and distribution of plant parasitic nematodes associated with citrus plants of different citrus orchards in Dibrugarh district. A total of 149 soil and root samples were collected randomly from the rhizosphere of citrus plants from the twenty four   different citrus orchards of seven blocks from Dibrugarh district. Eight genera of plant parasitic nematodes were found to be associated with citrus plants of Dibrugarh district. Genera of plant parasitic nematodes recorded were namely Tylenchulus, Hoplolaimus, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Meloidogyne, Xiphinema, Paratylenchus and also nematodes genera found under criconematids. Among them Hoplolaimus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Tylenchorhynchus sp. and T. semipenetrans were found to be present in most of the samples. Community analysis of plant parasitic nematodes revealed that the genus Hoplolaimus ranked first in relative frequency, absolute frequency, absolute density, relative density and prominence value. Genus Helicotylenchus ranked second in absolute density, relative density and prominence value and genus Tylenchorhynchus ranked third in case of absolute density absolute frequency and prominence value. Results shown that Tylenchulus semipenetrans ranked second in absolute frequency and relative frequency and fourth in prominence value.
Management of Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita on Carrot
Authors: Aparajita Borah , Keshab Hazarika , Bornali Mahanta , Debajani Gogoi
Published: March 2024

A pot experiment was conducted in the net house, Department of Nematology, during the rabi season to know the efficacy of  certain botanicals, Azadiracta indica, Azeratum conizoides, Tagetes erecta, Ricinus Communis, Lantana camara and Parthenium hysterophorus each @  1.0 and 1.5%(w/w) against Meloidogyne incognita on carrot. The result revealed that all the treatments were effective in increasing plant growth parameters with corresponding decreased in number of galls, eggmasses per root system and final nematode population in soil over control. The treatment with Azadiracta indica @1.5%(w/w) was most effective in increasing plant growth characters, reducing number of galls, eggmasses per root system and final nematode population in soil. A microplot experiment was conducted during rabi season to study the efficacy of Glomus fasciculatum, consortia (T. harzianum, T. viride and Pseudomonas fluorescenes) and vermicompost for the management of M.incognita on carrot. All the treatments were effective in increasing plant growth parameters and  yield with corresponding decreased in number of galls, eggmasses per root system and final nematode population in soil over control. The treatment with G. fasciculatum @ 300 spores/m2 + consortia @ 5ml/lt + vermicompost @ 1.25t/ha was found most effective in increasing plant growth parameters, yield of carrot and reducing number of galls and egg masses and final nematode population in soil.
Collective Study on Housing Management Practices of Kenguri Sheep Farmers under Intensive and Extensive Rearing Systems in Yadgir District of Karnataka, India
Authors: Kanakaraja M. G.  , Sagar M.  , Juniwal Chitra , Afnan Syeda Nelofer , Reddy E. N. , Kartik
Published: March 2024

The main domains of housing management practices followed by Kenguri sheep farmers were analyzed during the research. Twenty sheep farms in intensive and extensive were pointed out based on the accessibility in the respective study location Yadgir (Northern Eastern dry agro-climatic zone) district of Karnataka, India. The examination was carried out during the months of January to February in the year 2022. The objectives of housing practices were assessed by computing frequency percentage values and average descriptive values. The majority of intensive sheep farmers had wooden type of flooring (60.00%) and whereas, mud flooring (100.00%) is the only option for extensive sheep farmers. All intensive sheep farms had galvanized roofing (100.00%), in contrast all extensive sheep farms were with no roofing. Sheep in intensive rearing had trough water sources (45.00%) majorly and in extensive rearing they had natural water source (70.00%) accessibility. Most of the intensive sheep farmers maintained proper commercial feed (60.00%) access for the sheep, but fodder (65.00%) was the key food type for sheep reared under an extensive system. The advantage of fans for better ventilation (40.00%) was seen in intensive rearing systems, whereas, only natural ventilation (100.00%) was observed in extensive rearing system. The good space availability and pen dimensions are the only concerns with an intensive rearing system. The outcomes of this work will help the sheep farmers become accustomed to the better housing management practices in the near times.
Retinitis Pigmentosa in Awka, Nigeria: A Survey Study
Authors: Ochiogu Bernard Chukwunonyerem , Apakama Akunne Ijeoma , Udeaja Anthonia Chinyelu , Otuka Olufunmi Adebimpe Ijeoma , Onwuegbuna Arinze Anthony
Published: March 2024

Background: Retinitis pigmentosa which causes irreversible blindness and affects all gender is usually inherited.

Objectives: To describe the incidence and pattern of retinitis pigmentosa at the Eye Unit of Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital Awka, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: The case files of all the new patients seen at the Eye Unit of the Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital Awka between January 2014 to December 2021 were reviewed. Those with clinical diagnosis of Retinitis Pigmentosa were selected and information bordering on age, sex, occupation, disease duration. associated morbidity and fundus findings were extracted and analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results: Out of the 5461 new patients seen at the Eye Clinic within the study period, 29(0.5%) were diagnosed of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Of the 29 patients 18 (62.1%) were males and 11(37.9%) females, with male to female ratio of 1.6:1. The age range was 7 years to 69 years. Thirteen patients (44.8%) were between 16 years and 44 years. Median age was 33 years while the mean age was 34. 8+15. 2 years. Nine (31.0%) patients were students. The most common complaints of the patients were poor vision, 27(93.1%) and refractive error 8(27.68). Seven patients (24.18) were blind at presentation while retinal pigmentation was the most frequent fundus finding 29 (100%).

Conclusion: Retinitis Pigmentosa is a cause of visual impairment and blindness which reduces the quality of life of affected persons. Early diagnosis and visual rehabilitation should be encouraged.
Evaluation of polyoxyethylene glycol esters of castor, high‐erucic acid rapeseed, and soybean oils
Authors: O'Lenick Anthony J.
Published: November 2006

The properties of polyoxyethylene glycol esters having different molecular weights and based upon different oils were studied for solubility, emulsification, and other surfactant properties. Three different oils as starting materials for the preparation of surfactant esters were evaluated. Solubility in water, isopropanol, mineral oil, and propylene glycol were evaluated as well as emulsification properties. The hydrophile‐lipophile balance system proved to be a good tool to predict emulsification properties. Surprisingly, high‐erucic rapeseed oil and castor surfactants were similar in solubility, and soy‐based surfactants were found to be less water soluble.
Novel sucrose lipid produced by Serratia marcescens and its application in enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Pruthi Vikas , Cameotra Swaranjit S.
Published: November 2006

Serratia marcescens MTCC 86 when grown on sucrose produced a novel sucrose lipid that was different from the amino lipid produced from n‐alkane by other strains of S. marcescens. The sucrose lipid isolated by acetone precipitation technique was found to be predominantly a mixture of 3‐(3′‐hydroxytetradecanoyloxy) decanoate and 3‐(3′‐hydroxyhexadecenoyloxy) decanoate. This sucrose lipid exhibited excellent emulsification activity with a wide variety of hydrocarbons. It was effective in recovering up to 90% residual oil from the oilsaturated sandpack column suggesting its use in enhanced oil recovery. It also showed a strong ability to remove oil from the walls of the containers, indicating its potential use in cleaning operations.
Kinetic aspects of dye‐transfer inhibition by catalytic oxidation
Authors: Hazenkamp M. F. , Bachmann F. , Dannacher J. J. , Schlingloff G.
Published: November 2006

Dye‐transfer inhibition (DTI) during laundering can be achieved by catalytic bleaching of the migrating dyes in the wash‐liquor. The rate of the bleaching reaction should be significantly higher than the rate of dye adsorption onto the acceptor fabric. Further, the stability of the catalyst should be high enough in order to bleach dye which is slowly released from colored fabrics during the entire wash‐cycle. The performance of three managnese‐salen (Mn‐salen) complexes as DTI catalysts is discussed in terms of their activity and their stability. It is shown that a very high activity is compatible with a high stability, leading to excellent DTI effects. For less stable catalysts, the performance can be markedly improved by optimizing the catalyst and peroxide concentrations or by formulation in a polymer matrix.
Lipid distribution on textiles in relation to washing with lipases
Authors: Varanasi Arindam , Obendorf S. Kay , Pedersen Lars Saaby , Mejldal Rie
Published: November 2006

Effectiveness of lipase in detergency was studied using three test soils (lard, artificial sebum, and olive oil) on a woven cotton fabric. Distribution of oily soil on fabrics was determined for three different treatments (unwashed, washed with detergent without lipase, and washed with detergent plus lipase). Osmium tetroxide was used to label lipid soil for analysis in the scanning electron microscope. Both longitudinal and cross‐sectional backscattered electron images for unwashed samples showed that soil was present on surfaces of the cotton fibers and in interfiber spaces of the yarn bundle. Lard soiled samples had large deposits on the fabric surfaces, while artificial sebum and olive oil appeared more uniformly distributed throughout the textile. Oil was deposited in the interfiber capillaries of the yarn bundle and in the crenulation, secondary walls, and lumen of the fibers. Energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis was used to determine relative concentrations of oil at selected morphological locations within the fiber structure and at the fiber surface. Soil distributions within the fibrous structures differed with type of soil and laundry treatment. Backscattered electron images dramatically demonstrated the effect of lipase on cleaning. After washing with detergent plus lipase, yarn surfaces had much less residual soil; residual soil that remained was in the irregularities of the cotton fiber surfaces. Concentrations of oil in the secondary walls, crenulations, lumen, and the fiber surfaces were lower after lipase treatment for all three soils. While washing with detergent removed soil from the yarn and fiber surfaces and the crenulation of the cotton fiber, only the samples washed with detergent plus lipase had lower concentrations of soils within the secondary wall and lumen of the cotton fibers. Fabrics soiled with olive oil and washed with detergent plus lipase had the lowest concentrations of residual soil across the textile structure; the residual soil observed was mainly in the irregularities on the fiber surfaces.
Syntheses and applications of sucrose‐based esters
Authors: Plat Tülay , Linhardt Robert J.
Published: November 2006

This review describes chemical and enzymatic syntheses of nonionic, anionic, and amphoteric sugar‐based surfactants with special focus on methods for the regioselective synthesisof these surfactants.
Chemical modification of cellulase by maleic anhydride and N‐bromosuccinimide for improved detergent stability
Authors: Bund Rajesh K. , Singhal Rekha S.
Published: November 2006

The use of cellulases in detergents is gaining ground rapidly due to their ability to maintain clear colors, a smooth surface, and softness in cotton fabrics. This is due to the hydrolytic action on the fuzz and pill, which scatters light thereby giving a worn and faded look to the garments. Detergent cellulases must be stable to conditions of alkaline pH and to other components present in the formulation. Most literature in this area is patented. Our previous work demonstrated an excellent alkali stability of commercially available acid cellulases modified by maleic anhydride and N‐bromosuccinimide. The present work reports on screening for cellulases in commercially active detergents and the stability of these chemically modified cellulases vis‐à‐vis native cellulase in biodetergents and in detergents without enzymes at 30, 50, and 85°C for up to 120 min. The results obtained showed that modified cellulases have distinctly better stability than the native cellulase in the chosen detergents.
New anionic alkylaryl surfactants based on olefin sulfonic acids
Authors: Berger Paul D. , Lee Christie H.
Published: November 2006

A new family of anionic surfactants has been produced by the simultaneous sulfonation and alkylation of aromatic compounds using olefin sulfonic acid(s). This new process does not require the conventional alkylation unit and the strong acid catalysts, such as AlCl3or HF, normally used for alkylation. The resulting alkylaryl sulfonic acids differ from existing prodeucts by having the sulfonate group attached to the alkyl chain rather than the aromatic ring. This allows for further derivatization of the aromatic compounds by leaving more positions open on the ring. Aromatic compounds that lend themselves to the new process include benzene, toluene, xylene, alkylbenzenes, phenol, alkylphenols, alkoxylated phenols, alkoxylated alkylphenols, alkoxylated alkylphenol/formaldehyde resins, naphthalene, and alkylnaphthalenes. Any type of olefin that can be sulfonated can be used as the starting material. These include internal and α‐olefins, linear and branched olefins, polyolefins, and vinylidenes. Mono‐ and disulfonated compounds, as well as geminitype surfactants, are easily prepared.
Surface properties of surfactants derived from natural products. Part 2: Structure/property relationships—Foaming, dispersion, and wetting
Authors: Piispanen Peter S. , Persson Marcus , Claesson Per , Norin Torbjörn
Published: November 2006

Several novel and some previously known, mostly sugar‐based, surfactants have been synthesized, and their surface properties have been characterized and compared with commercial nonylphenol ethoxylates. The dispersion properties of the surfactants were studied by mixing carbon black into an aqueous surfactant solution. It was found that open sugars, as the headgroup, give rise to higher conformational repulsion and hence more effective dispersion properties than ringclosed sugar headgroups (e.g., furanoside or pyranoside forms). No conclusions could be made about the differences in dispersion properties between surfactants with aliphatic or aromatic tail groups. Increasing the area of the tail group, however, by using twin‐chain tail groups increased the dispersion properties of the surfactants further. The surfactants’ ability for wetting a hydrophobic parafilm surface was studied. The sugar‐based surfactants were found generally to possess poor wetting properties.
Surfactant properties and biodegradation of polyethoxylates from phenolic lipids
Authors: Tyman John H. P. , Bruce Ian E.
Published: November 2006

The surface tension of aqueous solutions of cardanol and cardol polyethoxylates derived from technical cashew nut‐shell liquid were examined to determine their relative surfactancy. The compositions with the greatest surface tension reduction, or optimal surfactancy, were selected for biodegradation testing, in terms of total organic carbon, using a soil inoculum. The experimental surfactants in this study were compared with commercial t‐nonyl polyethoxylate and glucose as reference materials. Over a period of 28 d, cardanol polyethoxylate and its saturated analog were degraded to 17 and 25%, respectively, and cardol polyethoxylate and its saturated analog were degraded approximately half that extent (37 and 46%). t‐Nonylphenyl polyethoxylate remained substantially undegraded (77%), whereas glucose was almost completely degraded (5%).
The role of liquid penetration in detergency of long‐chain fatty acid
Authors: Gotoh Keiko
Published: November 2006

The detergency phenomena of a solid oily contaminant assessed with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique was discussed on the basis of surface energetics. Polyethylene, nylon 6, and cellulose acetate films were prepared on gold electrodes of the QCM by a spin‐coating method. Arachidic acid was deposited onto the QCM with and without polymer films by the Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) technique. The QCM was then ultrasonically cleaned in aqueous solutions containing surfactant, ethanol, and alkali. The removal efficiency of the LB films of arachidic acid from the gold and polymer substrates was determined from the frequency change of the QCM due to cleaning. The efficiency was greatest for cellulose acetate, followed by nylon 6, gold, and polyethylene. For every substrate, the removal efficiency was found to increase with increasing surfactant or ethanol concentration. In the presence of sodium hydroxide, the removal efficiency further increased. The experimentally determined contact angles and surface free energies were influenced by surfactant and ethanol concentrations; however, they were not influenced by the addition of sodium hydroxide. This suggested the saponification of arachidic acid under alkali conditions was a major mechanism of fatty acid removal. The dependences of the kind of substrate and surfactant and ethanol concentrations on the removal efficiency were explained in terms of the free energy change resulting from penetration of the detergent solution between the arachidic acid film and the substrate in the zone of contact. Liquid penetration as well as saponification was found to be an oil removal mechanism in the present system.
Adsorption of aroma chemicals on cotton fabric from aqueous systems
Authors: Liu Haiqing , Obendorf S. Kay , Leonard Michael J. , Young Timothy J. , Incorvia Michael J.
Published: November 2006

The adsorption of aroma chemicals on cotton fabric was studied relative to the surfactant concentration, surfactant type, water solubility, and fiber morphology. The adsorption increased with increasing surfactant concentration to a maximum near the critical micelle concentration, then decreased with further increases in surfactant concentration. The adsorption also was found to be highly dependent on the fiber surface area and pore structure; dramatic differences were observed between untreated and mercerized cotton fabric and are believed to be due to morphological differences. Cationic and anionic surfactants increased the aroma chemical adsorption, which varied with surfactant type, with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC)>sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)>H2O. Water solubility also influenced adsorption; in most cases, adsorption increased with water solubility. In addition, adsorption was also influenced by chemical structure and hydrophobic interactions. The adsorption of aroma chemicals on cotton fabric can be attributed to the aqueous solution being physically held in capillaries and pore structures within the fibular structure of cotton fiber and also to molecular interactions among the aroma chemical molecules, surfactants, and cotton substrate.
Metallosurfactants of Cu(II) and Fe(III) complexes as catalysts for the destruction of paraoxon
Authors: Hafiz A. A.
Published: November 2006

Two micellized Cu(II) and Fe(III) ion complexes of octadecyl diethylene tri‐1‐amide are used as nucleophilic reagents in the cleavage of the phosphate ester paraoxon. These complexes form metallomicelles, which coordinate with the paraoxon phosphorous (chemically similar to the nerve agent sarin). Association colloids (e.g., micelles, microemulsions, or vesicles) increase the rate of the nucleophilic reaction. Hence, it is reasonable to examine the hydrolysis process of paraoxon in aqueous metallomicelles. As micelles form and incorporate reactants, the rate constant should change; therefore, the rate constant should be affected by the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of Cu(II) and Fe(III) complexes. The concentrations tested were the CMC value, two values lower, and two values higher. The CMC was found to be the most reactive concentration. The kinetic data (half‐life times) for paraoxon degradation were 6.1 and 28.8 min in the presence of the Cu(II) and the Fe(III) metallomicelle complex, respectively. The stability constants of the metal complexes showed large values that denoted significant stability for both complexes.
Microemulsion formation and detergency with oily soils: III. Performance and mechanisms
Authors: Tongcumpou C. , Acosta E. J. , Quencer L. B. , Joseph A. F. , Scamehorn J. F. , Sabatini D. A. , Yanumet N. , Chavadej S.
Published: November 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between oily soil removal efficiency and low oil‐water interfacial tension (IFT) generated by microemulsion formation. A mixture of sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, alkyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate, and sorbitan monooleate was selected as a detergent formulation to evaluate detergency performance for two highly hydrophobic oils: hexadecane and motor oil. The maximum detergency corresponds to formation of a Winsor Type III microemulsion as well as to the supersolubilization region, which is a Winsor Type I microemulsion close to the Winsor Type III region. In addition, the oil removal in the rinse step is almost as high as that in the wash step for both regions. We propose the following mechanism to explain these results: During the wash step, the contact angle of the oil on the fabric surface is progressively increased, resulting in the detachment of the oil droplets. However, owing to the very low IFT, the spreading effect is dominant, thereby causing incomplete oil removal. During the subsequent rinse step, the IFT increases, passing through a composition at which the rollup mechanism causes additional oil removal. These results demonstrate that microemulsion formation and the resulting IFT reduction are important mechanisms in oily soil detergency.
Effect of urea and salt on micelle formation of zwitterionic surfactants
Authors: El‐Aila H. J. Y.
Published: November 2006

The effect of urea on micelle formation of zwitterionic surfactants was investigated by measuring conductivity, critical micelle concentration (CMC), relative viscosity, and the spectrophotometric shift in wavelength. We examined two zwitterionic surfactants,N,N‐dimethyl dodecylamineN‐oxide andN,N‐dimethyl tetradecylamineN‐oxide (DMTAO). The CMC values of the surfactants increased with the addition of urea. Also, the relative viscosity of the surfactant solutions decreased at higher concentrations of urea and increased with increasing KCl concentration. The absorbance maxima of the surfactants decreased with increasing urea concentration.
Rosin/acid oil‐based liquid soap
Authors: Moulay Saâd , Zenimi Ali , Dib Mohand
Published: November 2006

Soapstock was converted into a liquid soap from its acid oil and formulated with varying amounts of rosin. The characteristics of the acid oil and rosin were experimentally estimated. Liquid soaps were characterized by density, pH, total fatty matter, free caustic alkali, critical micelle concentration, foaming capacity, wetting power, and washing performance. The foaming results indicated that the liquid soap is best used as an ingredient in a washing‐machine detergent. The dark aspect of a formulation with 10% rosin precluded higher substitution.
The effect of branching and unsaturation upon some properties of polyoxyethylene glycol diesters
Authors: O'Lenick Anthony J. , Parkinson Jeffrey K.
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid diesters based upon polyoxyethylene glycol (PEG diesters) find applications in many diverse segments of thechemical industry. PEG diesters contain both a water‐soluble and an oil‐soluble portion, resulting in a surface‐active product. These surfactants exhibit emulsification properties. A study of PEG diesters was undertaken to determine the effect of the following variables in the fatty portion of the molecule: (i) number of carbon atoms present, (ii) branching or lack of branching, and (iii) presence of unsaturation. The objective was to compare titer point, solubilities and emulsification properties of various PEG‐600 based diesters that were synthesized using high‐purity linear saturated, Guerbet‐branched, and unsaturated acids. Included in the test was a series of esters based upon meadowfoam oil, a high‐molecular‐weight unsaturated oil.
Interactions between anionically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose and cationic surfactants
Authors: Lauer H. , Stark A. , Hoffmann H. , Dönges R.
Published: November 2006

Macroscopic properties of aqueous solutions of several modified hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) samples and their interactions with cationic surfactants are studied by solubility, light scattering, electric birefringence, rheology, and surface tension measurements. Modified HEC samples carry anionic groups (an‐HEC D0) and anionic and hydrophobic groups in random distribution (HM‐an‐HEC D1–D4). The molar substitution of anionic (an) groups is about 0.07 in all samples while that of the hydrophobic (HM) groups ranges from 0 in an‐HEC D0 to 0.012 in HM‐an‐HEC D4. In a 1 wt% solution this corresponds to 2.7 mM anionic and 0 to 0.46 mM hydrophobic groups. In the dilute concentration range the polymers behave like typical polyelectrolytes whereas in the semi‐dilute range they resemble uncharged polymers. On addition of oppositely charged surfactants the phase behavior of all polyelectrolytes is similar. With increasing surfactant concentrations the transparent solutions become turbid and the phases separate. Finally, resolubilization takes place with excess surfactant concentrations. With the HM‐an‐HEC compounds viscoelastic solutions are formed with cationic surfactants. The intermolecular interaction between hydrophobic parts of the polymers and the surfactants and interactions of oppositely charged ionic groups of the two components lead to formation of a temporary network with gel‐like properties. With an‐HEC the interaction can only take place via charges. Viscosity enhancement with increasing surfactant concentration is therefore lower with an‐HEC than with HM‐an‐HEC compounds.
Study on the substrate specificity of α‐amylases that contribute to soil removal in detergents
Authors: Tanaka Atsushi , Hoshino Eiichi
Published: November 2006

The actions of α‐amylases in the degradation of amylose and amylopectin were investigated, and the contribution of the enzymatic hydrolysis of high‐viscosity gelatinized starch to the removal of food stains that contain starch was characterized. α‐Amylases from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, Aspergillus oryzae, and porcine pancreas were used to test the removal of curry stains, which are hard to remove under low‐temperature washing conditions and include large amounts of starch. In a detergent, the enzyme from B. amyloliquefaciens was the most effective in removing stains and hydrolyzed amylopectin more efficiently than amylose as a result of the more efficient formation of an enzyme‐substrate complex in the former case. It is suggested that the cleaning power of α‐amylases is due to their hydrolytic action, with endo‐degradation of amylopectin, which results in an efficient reduction in the degree of polymerization. The liquefaction of amylopectin then accelerates the removal of food stains.