bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ru Nanoparticles Immobilized on Chitosan as Effective Catalysts for Boosting NH3BH3 Hydrolysis
Authors: Liu Jiaxin , Li Peiyun , Jiang Renfeng , Zheng Xiucheng , Liu Pu
Published: July 2021

Developing an advanced heterogeneous catalyst is essential for realizing high‐performance ammonia borane (AB) hydrolysis, which is a safe and efficient way to generate hydrogen. In this work, a series of ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles (NPs) immobilized on chitosan (CS) natural polymers are synthesized via an adsorption‐in situ reduction method. Various analytical techniques, including XRD, XPS, FT‐IR, SEM and TEM, are adopted to explore the structure‐catalytic performance relationships of the obtained catalysts for hydrolysis of AB. Benefitting from the possible interaction between Ru NPs and the amino and hydroxyl groups in CS, the as‐prepared catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic behavior for hydrogen generation from AB hydrolysis. Catalyzed by the optimal Ru/CS, the turnover frequency reaches up to 331.8 min−1 in NaOH solution at 303 K, and the corresponding apparent activation energy is 41.3 kJ mol−1, which are superior to many results previously reported. This work demonstrates that the obtained Ru/CS is a promising and efficient catalyst for the hydrolysis of solid hydrogen storage materials.
Ultrasound as an Advanced Oxidative Process: A Review on Treating Pharmaceutical Compounds
Authors: Reggiane de Carvalho Costa Letícia , Guerra Pacheco Nunes Keila , Amaral Féris Liliana
Published: July 2021

Ultrasound treatment, among the various existing water and effluent treatment techniques, is considered an emerging method in recent years due to the degradation of complex organic and inorganic contaminants. It offers substantial advantages, such as cleanliness, safety, and minor or non‐existent secondary pollution products, when compared to other advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). A systematic review of the published peer‐reviewed literature relating the use of ultrasound as an AOP is provided based on theoretical concepts and factors that influence sonochemical reactions. The synergistic effects of ultrasound with other degradation technologies for the oxidation of medications are investigated and the importance of assessing toxicity and biodegradability for the treatment of water and effluents with emerging pollutants is evaluated. The mechanistic understanding of the sonochemical effects in drugs, classification of intermediates, and the development of new treatment technologies are still the subject of future research, however, the synergy of treatments and cavitation studies must be considered.
Enhancing the Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Red Mud
Authors: Salman Ali Dawood , Juzsakova Tatjána , Rédey Ákos , Le Phuoc-Cuong , Nguyen X. Cuong , Domokos Endre , Abdullah Thamer A. , Vagvolgyi Veronika , Chang S. Woong , Nguyen D. Duc
Published: July 2021

An overview of methods used to enhance the recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from bauxite residue or red mud (RM) is given. RM is a byproduct of the Bayer alumina production process. The composition of RM depends on the bauxite source and digestion protocol. This study aimed at developing and improving technological steps to recover REEs such as Sc, La, and Y from RM. Parameters such as leaching agent, contact time, temperature, and solid‐to‐liquid ratio were investigated to achieve optimum REE recovery from RM by combining hydrometallurgical steps such as acid digestion, ion exchange, and solvent extraction. The process was selected by considering its efficiency for selective recovery of Sc, La, and Y and suitability for subsequent solvent extraction and ion exchange of the leaching solution to separate the individual REEs.
Agronomic management of early maturing soybeans in North Carolina
Authors: Gross MaKayla Raquel , Vann Rachel , Brown Austin , Formella Adam , Gibbs Andrea , Gurganus Rod , Heiniger Ryan , Hurry Jarette , Jordan David , Leary Matthew , Lilley Dylan , Malloy Mac , Smith Leslie P. , Stowe Katherine , Tilley Matthew Scott , Waters Jalynne , Williams Anna‐Beth , Wood Alton , Woodley Alex
Published: July 2021

Interest in producing indeterminate, early maturing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] varieties [maturity group (MG) ≤IV] has increased in the southeastern United States as producers seek ways to increase soybean yields. The objective of this experiment was to generate agronomic management recommendations for early maturing soybean varieties across the southeastern United States and compare these management recommendations to historical recommendations for later‐maturing varieties through identification of the optimal seeding rates, row spacing, planting dates, and fertility management. Experiments were conducted across North Carolina at seven environments in 2018 and at four environments in 2019. Two MGs were used in this study: MG III and MG IV. Data on soybean yield and soybean seed quality were collected. Row spacing recommendations were similar to recommendations for later‐maturing varieties with narrow rows providing a 7.3 bu acre–1 yield advantage across environments on average, with more pronounced yield advantages in high‐yield environments. Seeding rate impacted soybean yield but not seed quality. An economic analysis was conducted for seeding rate, suggesting that 80,000 to 120,000 seeds per acre will optimize both profit and yield across environments with May planting. Planting date sometimes impacted yield and seed quality, suggesting that earlier planting with these varieties could be critical to optimizing soybean yield and seed quality. Fertility applications at R1 (beginning of flowering) did not have an impact on soybean yield or seed quality.
C−C Cross‐Couplings from a Cyclometalated Au(III) CN Complex: Mechanistic Insights and Synthetic Developments
Authors: Bonsignore Riccardo , Thomas Sophie R. , Rigoulet Mathilde , Jandl Christian , Pöthig Alexander , Bourissou Didier , Barone Giampaolo , Casini Angela
Published: July 2021

In recent years, the reactivity of gold complexes was shown to extend well beyond π‐activation and to hold promises to achieve selective cross‐couplings in several C−C and C−E (E=heteroatom) bond forming reactions. Here, with the aim of exploiting new organometallic species for cross‐coupling reactions, we report on the Au(III)‐mediated C(sp2)−C(sp) occurring upon reaction of the cyclometalated complex [Au(CCH2N)Cl2] (1, CCH2N=2‐benzylpyridine) with AgPhCC. The reaction progress has been monitored by NMR spectroscopy, demonstrating the involvement of a number of key intermediates, whose structures have been unambiguously ascertained through 1D and 2D NMR analyses (1H, 13C, 1H‐1H COSY, 1H‐13C HSQC and 1H‐13C HMBC) as well as by HR‐ESI‐MS and X‐ray diffraction studies. Furthermore, crystallographic studies have serendipitously resulted in the authentication of zwitterionic Au(I) complexes as side‐products arising from cyclization of the coupling product in the coordination sphere of gold. The experimental work has been paralleled and complemented by DFT calculations of the reaction profiles, providing valuable insight into the structure and energetics of the key intermediates and transition states, as well as on the coordination sphere of gold along the whole process. Of note, the broader scope of the cross‐coupling at the Au(III) CCH2N centre has also been demonstrated studying the reaction of 1 with C(sp2)‐based nucleophiles, namely vinyl and heteroaryl tin and zinc reagents. These reactions stand as rare examples of C(sp2)−C(sp2) cross‐couplings at Au(III).
Körpereigenes Virostatikum mit archaischen Wurzeln
Authors: Hille‐Rehfeld Annette
Published: July 2021

Die virostatische Aktivität synthetischer Nukleotid‐Analoga wird pharmakologisch genutzt. Doch auch unser Körper ist in der Lage, selbst eine derartige Substanz herzustellen. Das für die Synthese verantwortliche Enzym, ein Mitglied der bei aeroben Organismen wenig vertretenen Radikal‐SAM‐Familie, zeigt bemerkenswerte Verwandtschaft zu prokaryontischen Enzymen, deren Produkte Bakterien vor Infektion mit Phagen schützen.
Osteonecrosis of the jaw among patients with cancer treated with denosumab or zoledronic acid: Results of a regulator‐mandated cohort postauthorization safety study in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
Authors: Ehrenstein Vera , Heide‐Jørgensen Uffe , Schiødt Morten , Akre Olof , Herlofson Bente Brokstad , Hansen Svein , Larsson Wexell Cecilia , Nørholt Sven Erik , Tretli Steinar , Kjellman Anders , Glennane Anthony , Lowe Kimberly A. , Sørensen Henrik T.
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is an adverse effect of antiresorptive treatment. This study estimated incidence proportions and incidence rates of ONJ in cancer patients with bone metastases from solid tumors treated for the prevention of skeletal‐related events in routine clinical practice.

METHODS

This cohort study in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden in 2011‐2018 included 3 treatment cohorts: a denosumab inception cohort (DEIC), a zoledronic acid inception cohort (ZAIC), and a denosumab‐switch cohort (DESC). The authors estimated 1‐ to 5‐year incidence proportions and incidence rates of ONJ overall, by cancer site (breast, prostate, or other solid tumor), and by country. ONJ diagnoses were confirmed by adjudication.

RESULTS

There were 1340 patients in the DEIC, 1352 in the ZAIC, and 408 in the DESC. The median ages of the 3 cohorts were 70, 69, and 70 years, respectively; the proportions of men were 72.6%, 53.8%, and 48.3%, respectively; and the median follow‐up was 19.8, 12.9, and 13.3 months, respectively. The 5‐year incidence proportions of ONJ were 5.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4%‐7.3%) in the DEIC, 1.4% (95% CI, 0.8%‐2.3%) in the ZAIC, and 6.6% (95% CI, 4.2%‐10.0%) in the DESC. The corresponding ONJ incidence rates per 100 person‐years were 3.0 (95% CI, 2.3‐3.7), 1.0 (95% CI, 0.6‐1.5), and 4.3 (95% CI, 2.8‐6.3). Incidence proportions and incidence rates were highest in patients with prostate cancer and in Denmark.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides estimates of the risk of medically confirmed ONJ among patients initiating denosumab or zoledronic acid in routine clinical practice in 3 Scandinavian countries. The results varied by cancer site and by country.

LAY SUMMARY

Denosumab and zoledronic acid reduce the risk of bone fractures, pain, and surgery in patients with advanced cancers involving bone.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ)—death of a jawbone—is a known side effect of treatment with denosumab or zoledronic acid.

The authors examined almost 2900 denosumab‐ or zoledronic acid–treated patients with cancer in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

Over the course of 5 years, ONJ developed in 5.7% of the patients whose initial treatment was denosumab, in 1.4% of the patients whose initial treatment was zoledronic acid, and in 6.6% of the patients who switched from zoledronic acid to denosumab.
Holistic rehabilitation for children with cancer: The Chilean model
Authors: Celedón Vera , Rossell Nuria , Zubieta Marcela
Published: July 2021

The increasingly positive outcomes of childhood cancer treatments are among the most inspiring stories in modern medicine. Many of the children and adolescents surviving cancer will have a healthy life; however, many others will suffer from physical, cognitive, psychological, and social sequelae. During treatment, many children experience multiple temporary and permanent side effects which negatively impact their quality of life. Low‐ and middle‐income countries where childhood cancer treatment outcomes are improving are facing the reality of a growing population of teenagers and young adults suffering from long‐term disease‐ and treatment‐related consequences. In Chile, 500 children are diagnosed with cancer each year. Treatment is granted for all through public health policies and NGO collaboration. In order to address the complex problems from acute and long‐term consequences of disease and treatment, the Oncological Rehabilitation Center Fundación Nuestros Hijos (CROFNH) provides multidisciplinary attention to an extensive variety of rehabilitation needs for children and adolescents with cancer. With its integrated services in the medical treatment of children and adolescents with cancer, the CROFNH helps reduce the impact of treatment‐related side effects in children's daily lives, improves quality of life, and aims at contributing to these children becoming independent and functional adults to the maximum of their capacities. The aim of this article is to show the experience of the Chilean Oncological Rehabilitation Centre and its unique multidisciplinary approach. In addition, we discuss the successful telerehabilitation strategy implemented in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic in order to secure continuity of treatment.
Generation of chaotic random binary sequences for cryptographic applications
Authors: S. Sheela , S. V. Sathyanarayana
Published: July 2021

In stream cipher systems, random key sequence generation is the primary task. The concept of chaotic systems can be considered in generating a random key sequence due to its inherent randomness property. Though the chaotic real sequences are random, the randomness will be lost after converting them to binary sequences. In this context, the authors propose a technique which uses a non‐linear feedback system to enhance the randomness of the binary sequences. In this work, three binary chaotic sequences using a logistic map are generated with three different initial conditions and each real value of the chaotic sequence is converted to ‘k’ bit binary value using a thresholding function. Some of the resulting sequences are not random. Hence, in this article a non‐linear structure is used to make the resulting sequence random. Here, a non‐linear function similar to the structure of the Simplified Data Encryption Standard is used to generate a sequence using two non‐random chaotic binary sequences. The resulting sequence is XORed with another non‐random chaotic binary sequence to get a random sequence. Sequences obtained from this nonlinear system are subjected to randomness tests and the results indicate that the sequences pass all the randomness tests. Hence, the sequences qualify as random key sequences, which can be used in a stream cipher based system to encrypt the data samples like audio, image, video, and so forth.
Accuracy of genomic prediction for seed oil concentration in high‐oleic soybean populations using a low‐density marker panel
Authors: Hemingway Joel , Schnebly Steve R. , Rajcan Istvan
Published: July 2021

Insoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], seed oil concentration is a complex quantitative trait, and genomic selection (GS) has been shown to be a valuable tool for performing selection on such traits. The objectives of this study were to evaluate multiple GS models for seed oil concentration using a low‐density marker panel in four biparental soybean populations and to assess predictive ability of the models using six unique training populations (TPs). Individuals were grown as BC1F4:F5 progeny rows in 2014. Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) were calculated for each genotype within a population using genomic best linear unbiased predictor (GBLUP), BayesA, and BayesB models in a biparental specific context. In 2015, 60 individuals from each population were randomly selected and grown at six locations with two replications each to generate a “true” phenotypic value for each genotype. Prediction accuracies for each estimation set were generated by correlating the GEBVs with the “true” phenotypic value. Across all populations, the GS prediction accuracy was greatest using GBLUP; however, no GS prediction model showed a significant advantage in accuracy over the phenotypic values. Generally, TPs consisting of more individuals had higher prediction accuracies; however, variations were observed across populations and models. The results show that GS in a biparental context and with low marker densities can be a valuable tool for breeders focused on making gains for oil concentration; however, consideration must be given as to how to apply these methods to each situation.
Performance evaluation of GNRFET and TMDFET devices in static random access memory cells design
Authors: Abbasian Erfan , Gholipour Morteza , Izadinasab Farzaneh
Published: July 2021

Graphene nanoribbon and transition metal dichalcogenide field‐effect transistors (GNRFETs and TMDFETs) have emerged as favorable candidates to replace conventional metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (MOS) transistor in future technologies. Their competence must be proven through the study and evaluation of various circuits, including static random access memories (SRAMs). Therefore, this paper presents a single‐ended 12T (SE12T) SRAM cell designed using GNRFETs and TMDFETs to evaluate their performance. The proposed SE12T cell designed with GNRFETs/TMDFET device improves read static noise margin by 1.95×/3.20× and incurs a penalty of 1.16×/1.14× in read delay compared to the GNRFETs/TMDFET‐based fully differential 8T cell through a read buffer, decoupling the bitline from the storing nodes during the read operation. Furthermore, two transmission gates (TGs) placed inside the cell core cut off the feedback of cross‐coupled inverters pair during the write operation, enhancing write static noise margin by 1.65×/1.71×. These two TGs along with high logic level of virtual ground (VGND) control signal during hold mode reduce leakage power. Existence of a higher number of p‐type MOS (PMOS) devices, the presence of stacked transistors, and being single‐ended bitcell further reduce this metric, nearly 1.48×/1.17× designed with GNRFETs/TMDFET device as compared to FD8T. Furthermore, it is observed from the results that GNRFET‐based designs have better performance than those of their TMDFET counterparts. The proposed cell eliminates write half‐select disturb, and therefore, bit‐interleaving architecture can be applied to reduce multi‐bit errors.
The PD‐1/PD‐L1 binding inhibitor BMS‐202 suppresses the synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins and enhances apoptosis via p38 MAPK signaling pathway
Authors: Jiang Ying , Zhang Jinglin , Qiu Jingtao , Cui Sheng
Published: July 2021

To determine whether BMS‐202 can disrupt the pituitary gland and reproductive system. BMS‐202 (2.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into adult female mice every 96 h for four times. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, double immunofluorescence staining and radioimmunoassays (RIA) were used to study the expressions of programmed death receptor 1 (PD‐1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1), and detect changes after BMS‐202 treatment in the mouse pituitary gland. PD‐1 and PD‐L1 were expressed in the mouse pituitary gland. Further functional studies demonstrated that BMS‐202 inhibited the synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins and prolonged the estrous cycle in mice. Moreover, the increases of cleaved caspase3 (c‐caspase3) protein level both in vivo and in vitro indicated that BMS‐202 induced apoptosis. Additionally, the effects of BMS‐202 on follicle‐stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone mRNA levels were blocked by a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Of note, the inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway decreased the apoptosis induced by BMS‐202. BMS‐202, as a drug which inhibits the formation of the PD‐1/PD‐L1 complex, disrupts the normal function of the pituitary gland. Importantly, the results confirmed the potential insecurity of BMS‐202 in the pituitary gland and provided data to support the evaluation of its clinical application.
Blood‐to‐muscle distribution and urinary excretion of higenamine in rats
Authors: Chang William Chih‐Wei , Yen Ching‐Chi , Liu Wan‐Yi , Hsieh Yun‐Shan , Hsu Mei‐Chich , Wu Yu‐Tse
Published: July 2021

Higenamine is a β2‐agonist that has been prohibited in sports by the World Anti‐Doping Agency. Higenamine could potentially promote anabolism and lipolysis; however, its crucial pharmacokinetics data, particularly muscle distribution, remain unavailable. The present study aims to investigate the blood‐to‐muscle distribution as well as the urinary excretion of higenamine in laboratory rats. In the first experiment, the microdialysis technique was employed to continuously measure free, protein‐unbound concentrations in blood and muscle for 90 min (sampling at a 5‐min interval) after rats received IV infusion of higenamine. The mean half‐lives of higenamine in blood and muscle were 17.9 and 19.0 min, respectively. The blood‐to‐muscle distribution ratio (AUCmuscle/AUCblood) of higenamine was estimated to be 22%. In the second experiment, rats were orally administered with a single‐dose higenamine, and their urine samples were profiled at a 12‐h interval for up to 48 h. Results showed only a small portion of total consumption (1.44%, ranging 0.71%–2.50%) was excreted in the urine. Among these time points, about 43% cumulative amount of higenamine was eliminated within the first 12 h. Our data suggested that one‐quarter of the unbound higenamine rapidly penetrates from the vessels into muscle, distributes to the interstitial fluid, then eliminates from the rat in a short span of time. The muscle tissue is likely to have a low binding affinity for higenamine, and renal excretion plays a minor role in its elimination. Together, our findings provide valuable pharmacokinetics data that may gain deeper insights into higenamine's role in skeletal muscle functions.
Reevaluating claims of ecological speciation in Halichoeres bivittatus
Authors: Warren Dan L. , Eytan Ron I. , Dornburg Alex , Iglesias Teresa L. , Brandley Matthew C. , Wainwright Peter C.
Published: July 2021

Allopatry has traditionally been viewed as the primary driver of speciation in marine taxa, but the geography of the marine environment and the larval dispersal capabilities of many marine organisms render this view somewhat questionable. In marine fishes, one of the earliest and most highly cited empirical examples of ecological speciation with gene flow is the slippery dick wrasse, Halichoeres bivittatus. Evidence for this cryptic or incipient speciation event was primarily in the form of a deep divergence in a single mitochondrial locus between the northern and southern Gulf of Mexico, combined with a finding that these two haplotypes were associated with different habitat types (“tropical” vs. “subtropical”) in the Florida Keys and Bermuda, where they overlap. Here, we examine habitat assortment in the Florida Keys using a broader sampling of populations and habitat types than were available for the original study. We find no evidence to support the claim that haplotype frequencies differ between habitat types, and little evidence to support any differences between populations in the Keys. These results undermine claims of ecological speciation with gene flow in Halichoeres bivittatus. Future claims of this type should be supported by multiple lines of evidence that illuminate potential mechanisms and allow researchers to rule out alternative explanations for spatial patterns of genetic differences.
A beneficial relationship: associated trees facilitate termite colonies (Macrotermes michaelseni) in Namibia
Authors: Wildermuth B. , Oldeland J. , Juergens N.
Published: July 2021

In many tropical ecosystems, termites are important ecosystem engineers. Mound‐building termite species often contribute to topographical landscape heterogeneity, and the associated accumulation of soil moisture and nutrients affects the spatial distribution of plant communities. Plants that grow next to the termite mound are known to benefit from the provided nutrients and water storage. The other way around, protection against erosion and cooling effects on the microclimate of the mounds imposed by associated trees have been described. However, little is known regarding the influence of tree parameters and the long‐term effects on colony development. In an interval of 12 yr, we studied allMacrotermes michaelsenimounds occurring within one square kilometer of Namibian thornbush savanna in terms of morphology, life history, and associated plants, with a focus on the role of associated trees which grow directly adjacent to the termite mounds. Here, we present the results of a combined analysis of the character states recorded at the termite mound and the associated trees. More than 50% of all 345 recorded termite mounds were associated with a tree. Mounds with associated trees showed increased activity, growth, and height. Mound growth within the study period was correlated positively with the canopy coverage by the associated tree, while total mound heights were correlated non‐linear with medium canopy coverage of about 40%. Mounds with a tree covering the sun's average zenith (north) were taller, grew most within 12 yr, and were more likely to be active than those with no northern canopy coverage. Mounds associated with the evergreenBoscia albitruncaattained highest average height (195.06 ± 11.76 cm). We conclude that vital parameters like growth, size, and activity of the termite colonies are facilitated by shading associated trees. These benefits were shown to take significant effect within the span of 12 yr. This indicates a proper long‐term mutualism, not a loose alliance and not an obligative eu‐symbiosis. Therefore, we propose to use the term “partner tree” for trees associated withM. michaelsenimounds.
Marginal support for a trophic cascade among sympatric canids in peripheral wolf range
Authors: Fowler Nicholas L. , Kautz Todd M. , Petroelje Tyler R. , Wilton Clay M. , Kellner Kenneth F. , O’Brien Daniel J. , Parsons Bill , Beyer Dean E. , Belant Jerrold L.
Published: July 2021

Trophic cascades reportedly structure ecological communities through indirect species interactions. Though the predator–herbivore–autotroph relationship has received much attention, mechanistic evidence supporting intraguild trophic cascades is rare. We established 348 remote camera sites (1 August–5 September 2019) across seven study areas of varying wolf (Canis lupus) density including one study area where wolves were absent in northern Michigan, USA. Using multi‐species occupancy modeling at species‐relevant spatial scales, we evaluated the hypothesis that increased wolf occurrence suppresses coyote (C. latrans) occurrence with corresponding increased red fox (Vulpes vulpes) occurrence mediated by land cover edge density, human presence, and temporal partitioning. Remote cameras recorded >600,000 images and included 6,370, 10,137, and 4,876 detections of wolves, coyotes, and foxes, respectively. Fox occupancy probability was more than three times as high (0.29) at camera sites where wolves were present, relative to sites wolves were absent (0.09). Pairwise species interactions supported expected size‐based dominance patterns among canids and insignificant effects were directionally consistent with reported reduced strength of top‐down effects in peripheral wolf range. Increased edge density also increased co‐occurrence of coyote and wolves, likely a function of increased prey availability and refugia for coyotes. Though foxes occurred in spatial proximity to wolves, competition was limited by greater temporal partitioning than observed between coyotes and foxes that were spatially segregated. Collectively, our results provide marginal support for the reported trophic cascade among wolves, coyotes, and foxes wherein top‐down effects may be reduced near the edge of current wolf distributions. As predators continue to recolonize portions of their historic range, knowledge of the effects on intraguild predators has implications for species management and predicting prey population responses.
Glioblastoma cells express crucial enzymes involved in androgen synthesis: 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17‐20α‐hydroxylase, 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 5α‐reductase
Authors: Mondragón Jose Antonio , Serrano Yesenia , Torres Andrea , Orozco Martin , Segovia Jose , Manjarrez Gabriel , Romano Marta Catalina
Published: July 2021

Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumour in adult humans. Therapeutic resistance and tumour recurrence after surgical removal contribute to poor prognosis for glioblastoma patients. Men are known to be more likely than women to develop an aggressive form of GB, and differences in sex steroids have emerged as a leading explanation for this finding. Studies indicate that the metabolism and proliferation of GB‐derived cells are increased by sex steroids, the expression of androgen receptors (ARs) and the synthesis of androgens and oestrogens, suggesting that these hormones have a role in the tumour pathogenesis. The expression of aromatase, the enzyme that converts androgens to oestrogens, has been reported in glial cells and GB cell lines. Thus, it was necessary to test whether the steroidogenic enzymes involved in androgen synthesis are expressed in GB cells. Therefore, here, we investigated the expression of four key enzymes involved in androgen synthesis in human‐derived GB cells. U87 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium plus foetal bovine serum and antibiotics on slides for immunocytochemistry or immunofluorescence. U87, LN229 and C6 cells were also cultured in multi‐well chambers to obtain proteins for Western blotting. We used primary antibodies against 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD), 17α‐hydroxilase/17,20‐lyase (P450c17), 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β‐HSD) and 5α‐reductase. Immunocytochemistry, and immunofluorescence results revealed that glioblastoma cells express 3β‐HSD, P450c17, 17β‐HSD and 5α‐reductase proteins in their cytoplasm. Moreover, Western blot analyses revealed bands corresponding to the molecular weight of these four enzymes in the three GB cell lines. Thus, glioblastoma cells have the key enzymatic machinery necessary to synthesize androgens, and these enzymes might be useful targets for new therapeutic approaches.
Experimental verification of electromagnetic multiple tuned mass dampers for energy harvesting and structural control
Authors: Lin Ging‐Long , Lin Chi‐Chang , Chen Yu‐Jing , Hung Ta‐Chih
Published: July 2021

This paper proposes electromagnetic (EM) multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMDs), hereafter referred to as EM‐MTMD system, for decreasing the vibration responses of high‐rise buildings under earthquake excitations. The EM damper substitutes the traditional fluid damper, enabling the proposed system to convert each TMD unit's vibration energy into electrical energy that can be harvested. Moreover, the system applies a rotary EM damper to ensure the energy dissipation device achieves a long stroke. Each TMD's damping coefficient can be easily adjusted without changing the EM damper configuration. We established a mathematical model of the EM‐MTMD system and derived its theoretical formula. Subsequently, we developed an optimal design method that considers inertance of EM damper for the EM‐MTMD system. For verifying the vibration control performance of the EM‐MTMD system, a model structure with long vibration period (3.53 s) and weight of 6 tons was manufactured to simulate the fundamental modal vibration of a 38‐story building. A prototype three‐unit EM‐MTMD system with a total mass ratio of 2% of the model structure was then designed and implemented to verify the system's dual functions of energy harvesting and vibration control. In shaking table tests, the EM‐MTMD system components were tested first; the model structure was then combined with the EM‐MTMD system and tested extensively to demonstrate the system's effectiveness in controlling the building structure's vibration and generating electrical energy under earthquake excitations. The test results indicated that the EM‐MTMD system can simultaneously decrease building responses effectively under real earthquake excitations and generate power.
Climate‐change driven increased flood magnitudes and frequency in the British uplands: Geomorphologically informed scientific underpinning for upland flood‐risk management
Authors: Milan David J. , Schwendel Arved C.
Published: July 2021

Upland river systems in the UK are predicted to be prone to the effects of increased flood magnitudes and frequency, driven by climate change. It is clear from recent events that some headwater catchments can be very sensitive to large floods, activating the full sediment system, with implications for flood risk management further down the catchment. We provide a 15‐year record of detailed morphological change on a 500‐m reach of upland gravel‐bed river, focusing upon the geomorphic response to an extreme event in 2007, and the recovery in the decade following. Through novel application of two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic modelling we evaluate the different energy states of pre‐ and post‐flood morphologies of the river reach, exploring how energy state adjusts with recovery following the event. Following the 2007 flood, morphological adjustments resulted in changes to the shear stress population over the reach, resulting in higher shear stresses. Although the proportion of shear stresses in excess of those experienced using the pre‐flood digital elevation model (DEM) varied over the recovery period, they remained substantially in excess of those experienced pre‐2007, suggesting that there is still potential for enhanced bedload transport and morphological adjustment within the reach. Although volumetric change calculated from DEM differencing does indicate a reduction in erosion and deposition volumes in the decade following the flood, we argue that the system still has not fully recovered to the pre‐flood state. We further argue that Thinhope Burn, and other similarly impacted catchments in upland environments, may not recover under the wet climatic phase currently being experienced. Hence systems like Thinhope Burn will continue to deliver large volumes of sediment further down river catchments, providing new challenges for flood risk management into the future.
Karyotype evolution in conifers
Authors: Ohri Deepak
Published: July 2021

The present study describes the published karyotypes of 338 conifer taxa comprising of 302 species belonging to 59 genera of conifers. The somatic chromosome numbers range from 2n=18 inPhyllocladus(Podocarpaceae) to 2n=66 inSequoia sempervirens(Cupressaceae). Polyploidy is rare as out of 512 conifer taxa known cytologically 2.80 per cent are polyploid and 2.20 per cent have both diploid and polyploid cytotypes. Various families show uniform somatic numbers such as Pinaceae (2n=24), Araucariaceae (2n=26), Cupressaceae (2n=22) except for some cases of polyploid taxa, and Podocarpaceae (2n=18‐38) caused by centric fissions. In Pinaceae the genusPinushas the most symmetrical karyotype andLarixhas the maximum bimodality. The karyotype diversity in rest of the families has been discussed in the phylogenetic framework. This apparent uniformity of karyotypes is not reflected in diversity of fluorescent bands and rDNA loci. These additional markers have taxonomic relevance and also facilitate chromosome identification in a number of cases. This karyotype conservation is reflected in very weak interspecific crossing barriers with the hybrids showing normal meiosis, and also in the conservation of gene content and order.
Purification and antioxidant properties of triterpenic acids from blackened jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) by macroporous resins
Authors: Fu Yaling , Zhang Yanlei , Zhang Rentang
Published: July 2021

In order to investigate the purification process and antioxidant activity of triterpenic acids from blackened jujube, the macroporous resin was applied to purify the crude extract from blackened jujube. The adsorption and desorption characterizations of five different macroporous adsorption resins (AB‐8, D‐101, X‐5, HPD‐100, S‐8) for triterpenic acids of blackened jujube were compared, the optimum purification resins were screened, and the purification parameters were optimized. The antioxidant activity of crude extracts and purified products from blackened jujube was analyzed. The results showed that D‐101 resin possessed the best effect on the purification of blackened jujube triterpenic acids. The optimum purification parameters were as follows: sample concentration 25.5 μg/ml, 130 ml of the sample volume was with a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min, eluted with 95% ethanol, and speed flow was 1.0 ml/min. The purity of triterpenic acids was increased by 2.49 times after purification with a recovery rate of (78.58 ± 0.67)%. Furthermore, the IC50 values of hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity from triterpenic acids crude extract and purified substances were 0.900 and 0.850 mg/ml, respectively, and the IC50 values of superoxide anion radical were 0.745 and 0.594 mg/ml, respectively, indicating that the antioxidative capacity of the purified product was stronger than the crude extract. The purified triterpenic acids (PTA) groups at different doses had excellent protective effects on H2O2‐induced damage HUVEC cells. Results have revealed that triterpenic acids of blackened jujube have good antioxidant function and utilization and development prospects.
MicroRNA‐192‐5p inhibits migration of triple negative breast cancer cells and directly regulates RhoGTPaseactivating protein 19
Authors: Vajen Beate , Greiwe Luisa , Schäffer Vera , Eilers Marlies , Huge Nicole , Stalke Amelie , Schlegelberger Brigitte , Illig Thomas , Skawran Britta
Published: July 2021

Among the different breast cancer subtypes, triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with a poor prognosis, low survival rates, and high expression of histone deacetylases. Treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) leads to an increased expression of potential tumor‐suppressive miRNAs. Characterization of these miRNAs can help to find new molecular targets for treatment of TNBC. We identified differentially expressed miRNAs by microarray analyses after treatment with TSA in the TNBC cell lines HCC38, HCC1395, and HCC1935. The gene locus of hsa‐miRNA‐192‐5p (miR‐192) and hsa‐miR‐194‐2 (miR‐194‐2) with its host gene, long noncoding RNA miR‐194‐2HG, has been linked to inhibition of migration in different tumor types. Therefore, we examined tumor‐relevant functional effects using WST‐1‐based proliferation, capsase‐3/7‐based apoptosis, and trans‐well migration assays after transfection with miRNA mimics or specific siRNAs. We demonstrated the tumor‐suppressive capacity of miR‐192 in TNBC cells, which was exerted through inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and reduction of migration. Gene expression and bioinformatics analyses of TNBC cell lines transfected with miR‐192 mimics, identified a number of genes involved in migration including the Rho GTPase Activating Protein ARHGAP19. Through RNA immunoprecipitation we demonstrated the direct binding of miR‐192 andARHGAP19. Downregulation ofARHGAP19expression by either miR‐192 or siRNA inhibited migration of TNBC cells significantly. Our findings demonstrate that overexpression of epigenetically deregulated miR‐192 decreases proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and inhibits migration of TNBC cell lines.
Human–environment interactions at Yangguanzhai, a Middle Neolithic site in the Wei River Valley, northern China: A comprehensive soil‐stratigraphic analysis
Authors: Kielhofer Jennifer R. , Fox Mathew L. , Ye Wa , Yang Liping
Published: July 2021

Yangguanzhai, a Middle Neolithic archaeological site (c. 5500–5000 cal year BP) in the Wei River Valley of China, contains a well‐preserved record of environmental fluctuation, landscape evolution, and human–environment interaction over the Holocene. We examined eight stratigraphic profiles across the site and identified an alternating sequence of sediment and buried soils, indicative of multiple changes in landscape stability. Through this study, we provide a more detailed soil‐stratigraphic framework for the site. Buried soils are well developed, with a subangular blocky structure, high organic matter content, and pedogenic carbonate. There are clear associations between buried soils and the two main archaeological occupations (the Middle Neolithic and a later historic period occupation, c. 600–300 cal year BP). Lower soil horizons contain abundant Middle Neolithic ceramics and archaeological features, and the upper soil horizon contains historic period artifacts and features. Sediment between these soils lacks any artifacts or evidence of occupation, suggesting that Yangguanzhai was abandoned as a residential area for over 3000 years. Heightened sediment deposition and landscape instability contributed to Late Holocene shifts in human land use and settlement patterns at the site. Our work is consistent with previous stratigraphic investigations at the site, while refining descriptions of buried soil horizons.
Network properties and regional brain morphology of the insular cortex correlate with individual pain thresholds
Authors: Neumann Lynn , Wulms Niklas , Witte Vanessa , Spisak Tamas , Zunhammer Matthias , Bingel Ulrike , Schmidt‐Wilcke Tobias
Published: July 2021

Pain thresholds vary considerably across individuals and are influenced by a number of behavioral, genetic and neurobiological factors. However, the neurobiological underpinnings that account for individual differences remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we used voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) and graph theory, specifically the local clustering coefficient (CC) based on resting‐state connectivity, to identify brain regions, where regional gray matter volume and network properties predicted individual pain thresholds. As a main finding, we identified a cluster in the left posterior insular cortex (IC) reaching into the left parietal operculum, including the secondary somatosensory cortex, where both regional gray matter volume and the local CC correlated with individual pain thresholds. We also performed a resting‐state functional connectivity analysis using the left posterior IC as seed region, demonstrating that connectivity to the pre‐ as well as postcentral gyrus bilaterally; that is, to the motor and primary sensory cortices were correlated with individual pain thresholds. To our knowledge, this is the first study that applied VBM in combination with voxel‐based graph theory in the context of pain thresholds. The co‐location of the VBM and the local CC cluster provide first evidence that both structure and function map to the same brain region while being correlated with the same behavioral measure; that is, pain thresholds. The study highlights the importance of the posterior IC, not only for pain perception in general, but also for the determination of individual pain thresholds.
Structural and functional brain alterations in anorexia nervosa:A multimodal meta‐analysis of neuroimaging studies
Authors: Su Ting , Gong Jiaying , Tang Guixian , Qiu Shaojuan , Chen Pan , Chen Guanmao , Wang Junjing , Huang Li , Wang Ying
Published: July 2021

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex psychiatric disorder with poorly understood etiology. Numerous voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) and resting‐state functional imaging studies have provided strong evidence of abnormal brain structure and intrinsic and functional activities in AN, but with inconsistent conclusions. Herein, a whole‐brain meta‐analysis was conducted on VBM (660 patients with AN, and 740 controls) and resting‐state functional imaging (425 patients with AN, and 461 controls) studies that measured differences in the gray matter volume (GMV) and intrinsic functional activity between patients with AN and healthy controls (HCs). Overall, patients with AN displayed decreased GMV in the bilateral median cingulate cortex (extending to the bilateral anterior and posterior cingulate cortex), and left middle occipital gyrus (extending to the left inferior parietal lobe). In resting‐state functional imaging studies, patients with AN displayed decreased resting‐state functional activity in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral median cingulate cortex, and increased resting‐state functional activity in the right parahippocampal gyrus. This multimodal meta‐analysis identified reductions of gray matter and functional activity in the anterior and median cingulate in patients with AN, which contributes to further understanding of the pathophysiology of AN.
Antithymocyte globulin is associated with a lower incidence of de novo donor‐specific antibody detection in lung transplant recipients: A single‐center experience
Authors: Narula Tathagat , Khouzam Samir , Alvarez Francisco , Erasmus David , Li Zhuo , Abdelmoneim Yousif , Elrefaei Mohamed
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Induction immunosuppression has improved the long‐term outcomes after lung transplant. This is the first report exploring the association of induction immunosuppression with the development of de novo donor‐specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies (DSA) in lung transplant recipients (LTR).

Methods

Sixty‐seven consecutive primary LTR were followed for 3 years posttransplant. A total of 41/67 (61%) LTR‐received induction immunosuppression using a single dose of rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin (rATG; 1.5 mg/kg) within 24 h of transplant. All recipients had a negative flow cytometry crossmatch on the day of transplant. Serum samples at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months posttransplant were assessed for the presence of de novo HLA DSA.

Results

De novo HLA DSA were detected in 22/67 (32.8%) LTR within 1‐year posttransplant. Of these, 9/41 (21.9%) occurred in the induction therapy group and 13/26 (50%) in the noninduction group. Class II DSA were detected in 3/41 (7.3%) LTR who received induction compared to 9/26 (34.6%) LTR without induction immunosuppression (p = .005). Differences in overall survival or freedom from chronic lung allograft dysfunction rates between the two groups were not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Induction immunosuppression utilizing a modified regimen of single‐dose rATG is associated with a significant reduction in de novo DSA production in LTR.
The optimization of pepsin processing time to balance the mechanical and biological properties of xenogeneic bone
Authors: Lei Ting , Qian Hu , Nan Jiangyu , Hu Yihe , Lei Pengfei
Published: July 2021

Xenogeneic bone showed great prospects to treat large bone defects due to its bionic composition and structure, but the immunogenicity limited its wide applications. Previously, we developed a pepsin treating method to eliminate the immunogenicity of xenogeneic bone. In this study, we further investigated the effect of pepsin processing time on the biological and mechanical properties. The results indicated that increased pepsin treating time impaired the mechanical properties of xenogeneic bone. And MC3T3‐E1 cells showed enhanced adhesion ability, as well as increased production of alkaline phosphatase and calcium nodulus production on the xenogeneic bone processed by pepsin for 24 hr (P24), as compared with xenogeneic bone processed by pepsin for 30 hr (P30) and 36 hr (P36). In addition, we found no significant inflammatory responses after implanting different xenogeneic bone into the intermuscular site of rats. These results suggested that xenogeneic bone processed by pepsin for 24 hr may be a preferable choice when using the xenogeneic bone as biomaterials for further researches.
Role of atomicity in the oxygen reduction reaction activity of platinum sub nanometer clusters: A global optimization study
Authors: Nair Akhil S. , Anoop Anakuthil , Ahuja Rajeev , Pathak Biswarup
Published: July 2021

Metal nanoclusters are an important class of materials for catalytic applications. Sub nanometer clusters are relatively less explored for their catalytic activity on account of undercoordinated surface structure. Taking this into account, we studied platinum‐based sub nanometer clusters for their catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). A comprehensive analysis with global optimization is carried out for structural prediction of the platinum clusters. The energetic and electronic properties of interactions of clusters with reaction intermediates are investigated. The role of structural sensitivity in the dynamics of clusters is unraveled, and unique intermediate specific interactions are identified. ORR energetics is examined, and exceptional activity for sub nanometer clusters are observed. An inverse size versus activity relationship is identified, challenging the conventional trends followed by larger nanoclusters. The principal role of atomicity in governing the catalytic activity of nanoclusters is illustrated. The structural norms governing the sub nanometer cluster activity are shown to be markedly different from larger nanoclusters.