bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of enrichment conditions on cross‐species capture of fresh and degraded DNA
Authors: Paijmans Johanna L. A. , Fickel Joerns , Courtiol Alexandre , Hofreiter Michael , Förster Daniel W.
Published: April 2015

By combining high‐throughput sequencing with target enrichment (‘hybridization capture’), researchers are able to obtain molecular data from genomic regions of interest for projects that are otherwise constrained by sample quality (e.g. degraded and contamination‐rich samples) or a lack of a priori sequence information (e.g. studies on nonmodel species). Despite the use of hybridization capture in various fields of research for many years, the impact of enrichment conditions on capture success is not yet thoroughly understood. We evaluated the impact of a key parameter – hybridization temperature – on the capture success of mitochondrial genomes across the carnivoran family Felidae. Capture was carried out for a range of sample types (fresh, archival, ancient) with varying levels of sequence divergence between bait and target (i.e. across a range of species) using pools of individually indexed libraries on Agilent SureSelect™ arrays. Our results suggest that hybridization capture protocols require specific optimization for the sample type that is being investigated. Hybridization temperature affected the proportion of on‐target sequences following capture: for degraded samples, we obtained the best results with a hybridization temperature of 65 °C, while a touchdown approach (65 °C down to 50 °C) yielded the best results for fresh samples. Evaluation of capture performance at a regional scale (sliding window approach) revealed no significant improvement in the recovery of DNA fragments with high sequence divergence from the bait at any of the tested hybridization temperatures, suggesting that hybridization temperature may not be the critical parameter for the enrichment of divergent fragments.
Optimizing techniques to capture and extract environmental DNA for detection and quantification of fish
Authors: Eichmiller Jessica J. , Miller Loren M. , Sorensen Peter W.
Published: April 2015

Few studies have examined capture and extraction methods for environmental DNA (eDNA) to identify techniques optimal for detection and quantification. In this study, precipitation, centrifugation and filtration eDNA capture methods and six commercially available DNA extraction kits were evaluated for their ability to detect and quantify common carp (Cyprinus carpio) mitochondrial DNA using quantitative PCR in a series of laboratory experiments. Filtration methods yielded the most carp eDNA, and a glass fibre (GF) filter performed better than a similar pore size polycarbonate (PC) filter. Smaller pore sized filters had higher regression slopes of biomass to eDNA, indicating that they were potentially more sensitive to changes in biomass. Comparison of DNA extraction kits showed that the MP Biomedicals FastDNA SPIN Kit yielded the most carp eDNA and was the most sensitive for detection purposes, despite minor inhibition. The MoBio PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit had the lowest coefficient of variation in extraction efficiency between lake and well water and had no detectable inhibition, making it most suitable for comparisons across aquatic environments. Of the methods tested, we recommend using a 1.5 μm GF filter, followed by extraction with the MP Biomedicals FastDNA SPIN Kit for detection. For quantification of eDNA, filtration through a 0.2–0.6 μm pore size PC filter, followed by extraction with MoBio PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit was optimal. These results are broadly applicable for laboratory studies on carps and potentially other cyprinids. The recommendations can also be used to inform choice of methodology for field studies.
Diagnosis of the invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as ground glass opacities on high‐resolution computed tomography
Authors: Mao Haixia , Labh Kanchan , Han Fushi , Jiang Sen , Yang Yang , Sun Xiwen
Published: April 2015

Background

To explore the diagnostic method in assessing the malignancy of pulmonary adenocarcinoma characterized by ground glass opacities (GGO) on computed tomography (CT).

Methods

Preoperative CT data for preinvasive and invasive lung adenocarcinomas were analyzed retrospectively. GGO lesions that were detected on lung windows but absent using the mediastinal window were subject to adjustment of the window width, which was reduced with the fixed interval of 100 HU until the lesions were no longer evident, with a fixed mediastinal window level of 40 HU. The shape, smoking habits, size of the lesion on the lung window, and window width at which lesions disappeared were compared and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the optimal cut‐off of the lesion size and window width to differentiate between these invasive and preinvasive lesions.

Results

Of the 209 lung adenocarcinomas, 102 were preinvasive (25 atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and 77 adenocarcinoma in situ), while 107 were invasive (78 minimally invasive adenocarcinoma and 29 invasive adenocarcinoma). The shape, lesion size, and window width at which lesions were no longer evident differed significantly between the two groups (P < 0.05). The size of 8.9 mm and a window width of 1250 HU were the optimal cut‐off to differentiate between preinvasive and invasive lesions.

Conclusion

The shape, size of the lesion, and window width on high‐resolution CT may be useful in assessing the invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma that manifests as GGO. Irregular lesions that disappear at window width <1250 HU, with a diameter of > 8.9 mm are more likely to be invasive.
Predictors of participant engagement and naloxone utilization in a community‐based naloxone distribution program
Authors: Rowe Christopher , Santos Glenn‐Milo , Vittinghoff Eric , Wheeler Eliza , Davidson Peter , Coffin Philip O.
Published: April 2015

Aims

To describe characteristics of participants and overdose reversals associated with a community‐based naloxone distribution program and identify predictors of obtaining naloxone refills and using naloxone for overdose reversal.

Design

Bivariate statistical tests were used to compare characteristics of participants who obtained refills and reported overdose reversals versus those who did not. We fitted multiple logistic regression models to identify predictors of refills and reversals; zero‐inflated multiple Poisson regression models were used to identify predictors of number of refills and reversals.

Setting

San Francisco, California, USA.

Participants

Naloxone program participants registered and reversals reported from 2010 to 2013.

Measurements

Baseline characteristics of participants and reported characteristics of reversals.

Findings

A total of 2500 participants were registered and 702 reversals were reported from 2010 to 2013. Participants who had witnessed an overdose [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.53–2.66; AOR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.73–4.30] or used heroin (AOR = 1.85, 95% CI =  1.44–2.37; AOR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.54–3.13) or methamphetamine (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.37–2.15; AOR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.18–2.19) had higher odds of obtaining a refill and reporting a reversal, respectively. African American (AOR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.45–0.88) and Latino (AOR = 0.65, 95% CI =  0.43–1.00) participants had lower odds of obtaining a naloxone refill, whereas Latino participants who obtained at least one refill reported a higher number of refills [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.33 (1.05–1.69)].

Conclusions

Community naloxone distribution programs are capable of reaching sizeable populations of high‐risk individuals and facilitating large numbers of overdose reversals. Community members most likely to engage with a naloxone program and use naloxone to reverse an overdose are active drug users.
Comparison of Buprestidae collected by Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) with those collected by purple prism traps
Authors: Nalepa Christine A. , Swink Whitney G. , Basham Joshua P. , Merten Paul
Published: April 2015

Detection of low‐level infestations of pest Buprestidae such as emerald ash borer is crucial for their effective management, but the efficiency of trapping techniques varies. In the present study, we compare two nondestructive methods for monitoring metallic wood‐boring beetles.

Buprestidae captured by the wasp Cerceris fumipennis Say (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) were compared with those captured by USDA‐APHIS‐PPQ standard issue purple prism traps (PPTs) at three sites in North Carolina, U.S.A. At each site, four PPTs were hung on trees at the edge of a known C. fumipennis nest aggregation, and changed at 5.5–7.0‐week intervals. Buprestids were collected from hunting wasps once a week during their 5–6‐week activity period.

A total of 28 buprestids (seven species) were caught by traps, whereas 267 buprestids (35 species) were collected from C. fumipennis. Of buprestids captured by PPTs, 22 were caught during the pre‐flight period of C. fumipennis, six during their flight period and none during the post‐flight period. One species of Agrilus Curtis was captured by PPTs, while six Agrilus species were captured by wasps. Of the 38 identified buprestid species taken at these sites, only four were recovered at a given location by both methods.

Although a standardized comparison of the two techniques is not feasible, C. fumipennis captured a greater number and diversity of Buprestidae than did PPTs. A combination of both techniques may provide the most complete temporal coverage of buprestid activity in a given area, provided that a nesting aggregation of C. fumipennis is available.
The role of point‐of‐care platelet function testing in predicting postoperative bleeding following cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Corredor C. , Wasowicz M. , Karkouti K. , Sharma V.
Published: April 2015

This systematic review and meta‐analysis appraises the utility of point‐of‐care platelet function tests for predicting blood loss and transfusion requirements in cardiac surgical patients, and analyses whether their use within a transfusion management algorithm is associated with improved patient outcomes. We included 30 observational studies incorporating 3044 patients in the qualitative assessment, and nine randomised controlled trials including 1057 patients in the meta‐analysis. Platelet function tests demonstrated significant variability in their ability to predict blood loss and transfusion requirements. Their use within a blood transfusion algorithm demonstrated a reduction in blood loss at longest follow‐up (mean difference −102.9 ml (95% CI −149.9 to −56.1 ml), p < 0.001), and transfusion of packed red cells (RR 0.86 (95% CI 0.78−0.94), p = 0.001) and fresh frozen plasma (RR 0.42 (95% CI 0.30−0.59), p < 0.001). Viscoelastic methods used in combination with other platelet function tests achieved greater reduction in blood loss (mean difference −111.8 ml (95% CI −174.9 to −49.1 ml), p = 0.0005) compared with their use alone (mean difference −90.6 ml (95% CI 166.1−15.0 ml), p = 0.02). We conclude that incorporation of point‐of‐care platelet function tests into transfusion management algorithms is associated with a reduction in blood loss and transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery patients.
Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in esophageal carcinoma
Authors: Tasioudi Konstantia E. , Sakellariou Stratigoula , Levidou Georgia , Theodorou Dimitrios , Michalopoulos Nikolaos V. , Patsouris Efstratios , Korkolopoulou Penelope , Saetta Angelica A.
Published: April 2015

Among the numerous signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis, PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR is a key one that regulates diverse cellular functions. However, its prognostic value in esophageal carcinoma remains unclear. In our study, we examined the immunohistochemical expression of phosphorylated (p‐) AKT, mTOR, p70S6K and 4E‐BP1 along with the mutational status of PIK3CA and AKT1 genes by High Resolution Melting Analysis and Pyrosequencing in 44 esophageal carcinomas. The results were correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients in an effort to define their possible prognostic significance. Total p‐mTOR cytoplasmic expression, assessed in 10 random areas, was positively correlated with tumor stage (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, I/II vs III/IV, p = 0.0500). Μoreover, maximum p‐mTOR cytoplasmic immunoexpression, estimated in hot spot areas, was positively associated with tumor grade (Mann–Whitney U test, I/II vs III, p = 0.0565). Interestingly, p‐4E‐BP1 immunoreactivity was negatively correlated with tumor histological grade (Mann–Whitney U test, I/II vs III, p = 0.0427). No mutation was observed in exons 9 and 20 of PIK3CA gene and in exon 4 of AKT1 gene. In conclusion, our findings depict the presence of activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in esophageal cancer bringing forward p‐mTOR and p‐4E‐BP1 for their potential role in esophageal carcinogenesis. Additional studies are warranted to validate our findings.
From Opponent to Proponent: The Rational Evolution of China's Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy
Authors: Zhang Hongyu
Published: April 2015

China's performance regarding nuclear nonproliferation has experienced a tremendous change. From 1963 to the present, China dramatically moved from opponent of to proponent for nuclear nonproliferation. This literature only pays attention to this phenomenal change, without delineating the incremental stages in different phases that comprise the overall change. This article breaks down the overall change into four incremental shifts and specifically explains each of them. Close examination shows that these shifts were driven by different motives. The analysis leads to the conclusion that China's preferences in its nuclear nonproliferation decision making are driven by rational concerns.
Pharmacological inhibition of caspase‐8 limits lung tumour outgrowth
Authors: Terlizzi Michela , Di Crescenzo Vincenzo Giuseppe , Perillo Giuseppe , Galderisi Antonio , Pinto Aldo , Sorrentino Rosalinda
Published: April 2015

Background and Purpose

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Despite advances in therapy, conventional therapy is still the main treatment and has a high risk of chemotherapy resistance. Caspase‐8 is involved in cell death and is a recognized marker for poor patient prognosis.

Experimental Approach

To elucidate the role of caspase‐8 in lung carcinoma, we used human samples of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a mouse model of carcinogen‐induced lung cancer.

Key Results

Healthy and cancerous NSCLC samples had similar levels of the active form of caspase‐8. Similarly, lung tumour‐bearing mice had high levels of the active form of caspase‐8. Pharmacological inhibition of caspase‐8 by z‐IETD‐FMK robustly reduced tumour outgrowth and this was closely associated with a reduction in the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐6, TNF‐α, IL‐18, IL‐1α, IL‐33, but not IL‐1β. Furthermore, inhibition of caspase‐8 reduced the recruitment of innate suppressive cells, such as myeloid‐derived suppressor cells, but not of regulatory T cells to lungs of tumour‐bearing mice. However, despite the well‐known role of caspase‐8 in cell death, the apoptotic cascade (caspase‐3, caspase‐9 and Bcl‐2 dependent) was not active in lungs of z‐IETD‐treated tumour‐bearing mice, but instead higher levels of the short segment of c‐FLIP (c‐FLIPs) were detected. Similarly, human healthy lung samples had higher levels of c‐FLIPs than cancerous samples.

Conclusions and Implications

Our data suggest that caspase‐8 is an important orchestrator of cancer‐associated inflammation and the presence of short segment of c‐FLIP determines whether caspase‐8 induces tumour proliferation or tumour arrest/regression in the lung.
Factory to Faculty: Socioeconomic Difference and the Educational Experiences of University Professors
Authors: Haney Timothy J.
Published: April 2015

Numerous essays exist on the lived experiences of academics from working‐class or poverty‐class origins. Yet, to date, there exists no systematic analysis of the class origins of university faculty members. This study utilizes surveys from a random sample of full‐time university professors at all 95 Canadian universities affiliated with the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC) to analyze the ways in which socioeconomic background impacts experiences within university and graduate school. Findings indicate that several measures of socioeconomic background are indeed significant predictors of this experience. Qualitative data reveal that working‐class faculty members are hyper‐aware of the ways in which their class backgrounds affected their educational trajectories; while conversely, academics from middle‐class backgrounds were also reflective about the ways in which they were privileged. The paper concludes with implications for developing public policy that shifts focus away from apolitical discussions of diversity, toward promoting inclusivity for those from working‐class or lower‐income backgrounds.

Il existe de nombreux travaux concernant les expériences vécues par des académiques qui font parties de différentes classes sociales, particulièrement les classes ouvrières. Par contre, jusqu’à date, il n'existe aucune analyse systématique concernant les classes d'origines des membres du corps professoral qui travaillent aux universités. Cette étude utilise des enquêtes qui ont été obtenues avec un échantillon aléatoire de professeurs qui travaillent à temps plein aux 95 universités Canadiennes affiliées avec “L'association des Universités et Collèges du Canada” (AUCC). Cette étude analyse les façons que le statut socio‐économique de la famille affecte les expériences à l'université et aux études supérieures. Les résultats quantitatifs démontrent que plusieurs mesures de statut socio‐économique prédisent ces expériences. En plus, les résultats qualitatifs démontrent que les membres du corps professoral qui viennent la classe ouvrière sont très conscients des façons que leur statut socio‐économique affecte leurs trajectoires académiques. Par contre, les membres du corps professoral qui viennent la classe moyenne sont aussi conscients et même réfléchissant des façons qu'ils sont privilégiés à cause de leur statut socio‐économique. Les résultats indiquent la nécessité de développer des politiques publiques qui détourne l'attention et les discussions apolitiques sur la diversité, aux discussions sur les façons de promouvoir, aux universités, l'inclusion de ceux qui viennent des milieux socio‐économiques inférieurs et défavorisés.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Kojic Acid Derivatives Containing 1,2,4‐triazole as Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitors
Authors: Xie Wenlin , Zhang Jingai , Ma Xiaojing , Yang Wenqian , Zhou Ying , Tang Xufu , Zou Yan , Li Hui , He Jingjing , Xie Shimin , Zhao Yunhui , Liu Fengping
Published: April 2015

A series of 5‐substituted‐3‐[5‐hydroxy‐4‐pyrone‐2‐yl‐methymercapto]‐4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole derivatives were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction of 5‐hydroxy‐2‐chloromethyl ‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one with 5‐substituted‐3‐mercapto‐4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole, and their inhibitory effects on mushroom tyrosinase were evaluated. The results indicated that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity. Specifically, 5‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[5‐hydroxy‐4‐pyrone‐2‐yl‐methymercapto]‐4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (6j) exhibited the most potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 4.50 ± 0.34 μm. The kinetic studies of the compound (6j) demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of the compound on the tyrosinase were belonging to competitive inhibitors. Meanwhile, the structure–activity relationship was also discussed.
Retention Forces between Titanium and Zirconia Components of Two‐Part Implant Abutments with Different Techniques of Surface Modification
Authors: von Maltzahn Nadine Freifrau , Holstermann Jan , Kohorst Philipp
Published: April 2015

Background

The adhesive connection between titanium base and zirconia coping of two‐part abutments may be responsible for the failure rate. A high mechanical stability between both components is essential for the long‐term success.

Purpose

The aim of the present in‐vitro study was to evaluate the influence of different surface modification techniques and resin‐based luting agents on the retention forces between titanium and zirconia components in two‐part implant abutments.

Materials and Methods

A total of 120 abutments with a titanium base bonded to a zirconia coping were investigated. Two different resin‐based luting agents (Panavia F 2.0 and RelyX Unicem) and six different surface modifications were used to fix these components, resulting in 12 test groups (n = 10). The surface of the test specimens was mechanically pretreated with aluminium oxide blasting in combination with application of two surface activating primers (Alloy Primer, Clearfil Ceramic Primer) or a tribological conditioning (Rocatec), respectively. All specimens underwent 10,000 thermal cycles between 5°C and 55°C in a moist environment. A pull‐off test was then conducted to determine retention forces between the titanium and zirconia components, and statistical analysis was performed (two‐way anova). Finally, fracture surfaces were analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy.

Results

No significant differences were found between Panavia F 2.0 and RelyX Unicem. However, the retention forces were significantly influenced by the surface modification technique used (p < 0.001). For both luting agents, the highest retention forces were found when adhesion surfaces of both the titanium bases and the zirconia copings were pretreated with aluminium oxide blasting, and with the application of Clearfil Ceramic Primer.

Conclusion

Surface modification techniques crucially influence the retention forces between titanium and zirconia components in two‐part implant abutments. All adhesion surfaces should be pretreated by sandblasting. Moreover, a phosphate‐based primer serves to enhance long‐term retention of the components.
Intratympanic therapy in Meniere's syndrome or disease: up to date evidence for clinical practice
Authors: Syed M.I. , Ilan O. , Nassar J. , Rutka J.A.
Published: April 2015

Background

Meniere's syndrome or disease (MS/D) is typically characterised by episodic vertigo, aural fullness, tinnitus and fluctuating hearing loss. There are multiple options available for treatment with variation in consensus on the best intervention.

Objective

To evaluate the evidence on the efficacy of intratympanic therapies [steroids, gentamicin, antivirals and other therapies] on the frequency and severity of vertigo and other symptoms of MS/D.

Search strategy

A literature search was performed on AMED, EMBASE, HMIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, BNI, CINAHL, HEALTH BUSINESS ELITE, CENTRAL and Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat disorders group trials register using various MeSH. The search was restricted to English and human subjects, and the last date of search was December 2014.

Selection criteria

Randomised controlled trials of intratympanic therapies [steroids, gentamicin antivirals and latanoprost] versus a placebo or another treatment.

Results

We analysed 8 RCT's comparing intratympanic steroids, gentamicin, ganciclovir (antiviral) and latanoprost versus another form of intratympanic treatment or placebo.

Conclusions

On the basis of 6 RCT's (n = 242), there is evidence to support the effectiveness of intratympanic steroids and gentamicin to control symptoms of vertigo in MS/D albeit with a risk of hearing loss with gentamicin. However, there was no consensus found on doses or treatment protocols. There was no evidence to support the use of other forms of intratympanic therapy (antivirals and latanoprost) in MS/D.
Diffuse miliary nodules in the bronchial mucosa observed by bronchoscopy: sarcoidosis or tuberculosis?
Authors: Jin Xiaoyan , Yu Jialun , Yan Jin , Chen Shujing
Published: April 2015

Background and Aims

Miliary tuberculosis is a form of tuberculosis that is characterized by a wide dissemination into lung fields. So far, no report has shown a miliary tuberculosis case where diffuse miliary nodules can be observed in airways by bronchoscopy. Here we reported a case of military tuberculosis that can easily be misdiagnosed as sarcoidosis.

Methods

Report of one case.

Results

Bronchoscopy showed the presence of diffuse miliary nodules in the mucosa of bilateral bronchi. Pathological examination revealed non‐caseating necrotic granuloma. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was not detected. Our case was extremely difficult to differentiate sarcoidosis from tuberculosis. With patient's safety in mind, we finally administered anti‐tuberculosis therapy and obtained satisfactory results.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first report of a miliary tuberculosis case where diffuse miliary nodules were observed by bronchoscopy. Therefore, when diffused miliary nodules are observed during bronchoscopy, all of the patient's test results should be thoroughly analyzed to rule out miliary tuberculosis. If the diagnosis is very difficult, anti‐tuberculosis therapy should be considered first to ensure patient safety.
Changes in lung volumes and gas trapping in patients with large hiatal hernia
Authors: Naoum Christopher , Kritharides Leonard , Ing Alvin , Falk Gregory L. , Yiannikas John
Published: April 2015

Background and Aims

Studies assessing hiatal hernia (HH)‐related effects on lung volumes derived by body plethysmography are limited. We aimed to evaluate the effect of hernia size on lung volumes (including assessment by body plethysmography) and the relationship to functional capacity, as well as the impact of corrective surgery.

Methods

Seventy‐three patients (70 ± 10 years; 54 female) with large HH [mean ± standard deviation, intra‐thoracic stomach (ITS) (%): 63 ± 20%; type III in 65/73] had respiratory function data (spirometry, 73/73; body plethysmography, 64/73; diffusing capacity, 71/73) and underwent HH surgery. Respiratory function was analysed in relation to hernia size (groups I, II and III: ≤50, 50%–75% and ≥75% ITS, respectively) and functional capacity. Post‐operative changes were quantified in a subgroup.

Results

Total lung capacity (TLC) and vital capacity (VC) correlated inversely with hernia size (TLC: 97 ± 11%, 96 ± 13%, 88 ± 10% predicted in groups I, II and III, respectively, P = 0.01; VC: 110 ± 17%, 111 ± 14%, 98 ± 14% predicted, P = 0.02); however, mean values were normal and only 14% had abnormal lung volumes. Surgery increased TLC (93 ± 11% vs 97 ± 10% predicted) and VC (105 ± 15% vs 116 ± 18%), and decreased residual volume/total lung capacity (RV/TLC) ratio (39 ± 7% vs 37 ± 6%) (P < 0.01 for all). Respiratory changes were modest relative to the marked functional class improvement. Among parameters that improved following HH surgery, decreased TLC and forced expiratory volume in 1 s and increased RV/TLC ratio correlated with poorer functional class pre‐operatively.

Conclusions

Increasing HH size correlates with reduced TLC and VC. Surgery improves lung volumes and gas trapping; however, the changes are mild and within the normal range.
Psychometric properties of the German version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised: additional benefit of disease‐specific screening in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Saßmann H. , Albrecht C. , Busse‐Widmann P. , Hevelke L. K. , Kranz J. , Markowitz J. T. , Marshall L. F. , Meurs S. , de Soye I. H. , Lange K.
Published: April 2015

Aim

To examine the psychometric properties of the German version of the abbreviated 16‐item Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised in a sample of young people with Type 1 diabetes.

Methods

A total of 246 young people, aged 11–19 years, with Type 1 diabetes from six pediatric diabetes centres in Germany were assessed using the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised. In addition, they underwent screening with two generic tools as well as the WHO five‐question well‐being index. A clinician's report was also obtained.

Results

The Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised was found to have good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.84). The Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised scores significantly correlated with those provided by the non‐specific screening tools (r = 0.37, P ≤ 0.000 and r = 0.50, P ≤ 0.000 for boys and r = 0.62, P ≤ 0.000 and r = 0.79, P ≤ 0.000 for girls), indicating convergent validity. The mean (sd) total of the scores was 12.0 (9.6). Criterion validity was confirmed against HbA1c value, BMI standard deviation score and expert (clinician) report. Of the boys included in the study, 11 scored higher than the threshold score on the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised, of whom only three (27%) were classified as ‘suspected to have a disordered eating behaviour’ by their clinicians.

Conclusions

The Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised delivered more specific information than generic screening instruments and identified more young people with eating disorders than did clinician report, especially regarding the detection of boys at risk. The results of this study support the utility of the German version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised to identify eating disorders in young people with Type 1 diabetes at an early stage. (German Clinical Trials Registry no.: DRKS00004699)
Housing Wealth Effects: Evidence from an Australian Panel
Authors: Windsor Callan , Jääskelä Jarkko P. , Finlay Richard
Published: April 2015

We explore the positive relationship between house prices and household spending by following a panel of Australian households. No evidence for ‘traditional housing wealth effects' is found, with young homeowners exhibiting the largest wealth effects. Young renters also exhibit a positive consumption response to house prices, although less so than young homeowners. This suggests that increasing house prices raise spending via easing credit constraints and a common association between house prices and a third factor. Results from a cohort‐level panel are similar to those using household‐level data, suggesting that ‘pseudo‐panels' may be used as a partial substitute for actual panels.
Rapid adaptation of herbivore consumers to nutrient limitation: eco‐evolutionary feedbacks to population demography and resource control
Authors: Declerck Steven A. J. , Malo Andrea R. , Diehl Sebastian , Waasdorp Dennis , Lemmen Kimberley D. , Proios Konstantinos , Papakostas Spiros
Published: April 2015

Humans alter biogeochemical cycles of essential elements such as phosphorus (P). Prediction of ecosystem consequences of altered elemental cycles requires integration of ecology, evolutionary biology and the framework of ecological stoichiometry. We studied micro‐evolutionary responses of a herbivorous rotifer to P‐limited food and the potential consequences for its population demography and for ecosystem properties. We subjected field‐derived, replicate rotifer populations to P‐deficient and P‐replete algal food, and studied adaptation in common garden transplant experiments after 103 and 209 days of selection. When fed P‐limited food, populations with a P‐limitation selection history suffered 37% lower mortality, reached twice the steady state biomass, and reduced algae by 40% compared to populations with a P‐replete selection history. Adaptation involved no change in rotifer elemental composition but reduced investment in sex. This study demonstrates potentially strong eco‐evolutionary feedbacks from shifting elemental balances to ecosystem properties, including grazing pressure and the ratio of grazer:producer biomass.
Mate Familiarity Affects Pairing Behaviour in a Long‐Term Monogamous Lizard: Evidence from Detailed Bio‐Logging and a 31‐Year Field Study
Authors: Leu Stephan T. , Burzacott Dale , Whiting Martin J. , Bull C. Michael
Published: April 2015

Long‐term monogamy is most prevalent in birds but is also found in lizards. We combined a 31‐year field study of the long‐lived, monogamous Australian sleepy lizard,Tiliqua rugosa, with continuous behavioural observations through GPS data logging, in 1 yr, to investigate the duration of pair bonds, rates of partner change and whether either the reproductive performance hypothesis or the mate familiarity hypothesis could explain this remarkable long‐term monogamy. The reproductive performance hypothesis predicts higher reproductive success in more experienced parents, whereas the mate familiarity hypothesis suggests that effects of partner familiarity select for partner retention and long‐term monogamy. Rates of partner change were below 34% over a 5‐yr period and most sleepy lizards formed long‐term pair bonds: 31 partnerships lasted for more than 15 yr, 110 for more than 10 yr, and the recorded maximum was 27 yr (ongoing). In the year when we conducted detailed observations, familiar pairs mated significantly earlier than unfamiliar pairs. Previous pairing experience (total number of years paired with previous partners) had no significant effect. Early mating often equates to higher reproductive success, and we infer that is the case in sleepy lizards. Early mating of familiar pairs was not due to better body condition. We propose two suggestions about the proximate mechanisms that may allow familiar pair partners to mate earlier than unfamiliar partners. First, they may have improved coordination of their reproductive sexual cycles to reach receptivity earlier and thereby maximise fertilisation success. Second, they may forage more efficiently, benefiting from effective information transfer and/or cooperative predator detection. Those ideas need empirical testing in the future. Regardless of the mechanism, our observations of sleepy lizard pairing behaviour support the mate familiarity hypothesis, but not the reproductive performance hypothesis, as an explanation for its long‐term monogamous mating system.
Nonadaptive radiation in damselflies
Authors: Wellenreuther Maren , Sánchez‐Guillén Rosa Ana
Published: April 2015

Adaptive radiations have long served as living libraries to study the build‐up of species richness; however, they do not provide good models for radiations that exhibit negligible adaptive disparity. Here, we review work on damselflies to argue that nonadaptive mechanisms were predominant in the radiation of this group and have driven species divergence through sexual selection arising from male–female mating interactions. Three damselfly genera (Calopteryx,EnallagmaandIschnura) are highlighted and the extent of (i) adaptive ecological divergence in niche use and (ii) nonadaptive differentiation in characters associated with reproduction (e.g. sexual morphology and behaviours) was evaluated. We demonstrate that species diversification in the genusCalopteryxis caused by nonadaptive divergence in coloration and behaviour affecting premating isolation, and structural differentiation in reproductive morphology affecting postmating isolation. Similarly, the vast majority of diversification events in the sister generaEnallagmaandIschnuraare entirely driven by differentiation in genital structures used in species recognition. The finding that closely related species can show negligible ecological differences yet are completely reproductively isolated suggests that the evolution of reproductive isolation can be uncoupled from niche‐based divergent natural selection, challenging traditional niche models of species coexistence.
Influence of the microstructure and voids on the high‐cycle fatigue strength of 316L stainless steel under multiaxial loading
Authors: Guerchais R. , Morel F. , Saintier N. , Robert C.
Published: April 2015

In the present study, the effects of both the microstructure and voids on the high‐cycle fatigue behaviour of the 316L austenitic stainless steel are investigated by using finite element simulations of polycrystalline aggregates. The numerical analysis relies on a metallurgical and mechanical characterization. In particular, fatigue tests are carried out to estimate the fatigue limits at 2.106 cycles under uniaxial and multiaxial loading conditions (combined tension and torsion and biaxial tension) using both smooth specimens and specimens containing an artificial hemispherical defect. The simulations are carried out with several configurations of crystalline orientations in order to take into account the variability of the microstructure in the predictions of the macroscopic fatigue limits. These predictions are obtained, thanks to a probabilistic fatigue criterion using the finite element results. The capability of this criterion to predict the influence of voids on the average and the scatter of macroscopic fatigue limits is evaluated.
Infection with a trematode parasite differentially alters competitive interactions and antipredator behaviour in native and invasive crayfish
Authors: Reisinger Lindsey S. , Petersen Iris , Hing Jing Sheng , Davila Ryan L. , Lodge David M.
Published: April 2015

Parasites can have profound effects on host behaviour and species interactions, but the consequences of these impacts are inadequately understood. Three common crayfish in northern Wisconsin and Michigan (nativeOrconectes virilis, non‐nativeO. propinquusand non‐native and invasiveO. rusticus) are intermediate hosts for trematode parasites,Microphallusspp. Some species in the genusMicrophallusalter host behaviour, increasing their predation risk, but the effects of microphallids on crayfish are unknown.Orconectes propinquusreplacesO. virilisin most lakes where they are introduced, andO. rusticusreplaces both. These species replacements have major effects on macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fish. Therefore, differential parasite impacts on crayfish could have community‐level effects if competitive outcomes are altered.

We examined the shelter affinity of infected and uninfected individuals of all three species in laboratory experiments in the presence and absence of a conspecific. We also observed behaviour during agonistic interactions, and measured boldness by quantifying how quickly crayfish emerged from shelter with a predatory fish present.

Infection withMicrophallussubstantially altered crayfish shelter affinity, shelter competition and boldness, though infection affected each species differently. Infection reduced shelter affinity inO. propinquusand the ability ofO. virilisto compete for shelter against uninfected conspecifics. Infected crayfish were bolder in the presence of a predatory fish.

Our results suggest that infection withMicrophallusalters crayfish behaviour so that all three species are more vulnerable to predation.Orconectes propinquusis likely to suffer the greatest increase in predation when infected, due to a reduced affinity for shelter coupled with increased boldness. In lakes where crayfish species coexist,O. rusticuswill probably be less affected by the parasite than either congener. Therefore, crayfish parasites could alter crayfish abundance and species composition in north temperate lakes via behavioural modifications.
Physiological and behavioral effects of amphetamine in BACE1−/− mice
Authors: Paredes R. Madelaine , Piccart E. , Navaira E. , Cruz D. , Javors M. A. , Koek W. , Beckstead M. J. , Walss‐Bass C.
Published: April 2015

β‐Site APP‐cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a protease that has been linked to schizophrenia, a severe mental illness that is potentially characterized by enhanced dopamine (DA) release in the striatum. Here, we used acute amphetamine administration to stimulate neuronal activity and investigated the neurophysiological and locomotor‐activity response in BACE1‐deficient (BACE1−/−) mice. We measured locomotor activity at baseline and after treatment with amphetamine (3.2 and 10 mg/kg). While baseline locomotor activity did not vary between groups, BACE1−/− mice exhibited reduced sensitivity to the locomotor‐enhancing effects of amphetamine. Using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure DA and DA metabolites in the striatum, we found no significant differences in BACE1−/− compared with wild‐type mice. To determine if DA neuron excitability is altered in BACE1−/− mice, we performed patch‐clamp electrophysiology in putative DA neurons from brain slices that contained the substantia nigra. Pacemaker firing rate was slightly increased in slices from BACE1−/− mice. We next measured G protein‐coupled potassium currents produced by activation of D2 autoreceptors, which strongly inhibit firing of these neurons. The maximal amplitude and decay times of D2 autoreceptor currents were not altered in BACE1−/− mice, indicating no change in D2 autoreceptor‐sensitivity and DA transporter‐mediated reuptake. However, amphetamine (30 µm)‐induced potassium currents produced by efflux of DA were enhanced in BACE1−/− mice, perhaps indicating increased vesicular DA content in the midbrain. This suggests a plausible mechanism to explain the decreased sensitivity to amphetamine‐induced locomotion, and provides evidence that decreased availability of BACE1 can produce persistent adaptations in the dopaminergic system.
Nitrogen supply modulates the effect of changes in drying–rewetting frequency on soil C and N cycling and greenhouse gas exchange
Authors: Morillas Lourdes , Durán Jorge , Rodríguez Alexandra , Roales Javier , Gallardo Antonio , Lovett Gary M. , Groffman Peter M.
Published: April 2015

Climate change and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are two of the most important global change drivers. However, the interactions of these drivers have not been well studied. We aimed to assess how the combined effect of soil N additions and more frequent soil drying–rewetting events affects carbon (C) and N cycling, soil:atmosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange, and functional microbial diversity. We manipulated the frequency of soil drying–rewetting events in soils from ambient and N‐treated plots in a temperate forest and calculated the Orwin & Wardle Resistance index to compare the response of the different treatments. Increases in drying–rewetting cycles led to reductions in soil levels, potential net nitrification rate, and soil : atmosphere GHG exchange, and increases in and total soil inorganic N levels. N‐treated soils were more resistant to changes in the frequency of drying–rewetting cycles, and this resistance was stronger for C‐ than for N‐related variables. Both the long‐term N addition and the drying–rewetting treatment altered the functionality of the soil microbial population and its functional diversity. Our results suggest that increasing the frequency of drying–rewetting cycles can affect the ability of soil to cycle C and N and soil : atmosphere GHG exchange and that the response to this increase is modulated by soil N enrichment.
Net changes of soil C stocks in two grassland soils 26 months after simulated pasture renovation including biochar addition
Authors: Calvelo Pereira Roberto , Hedley Mike , Camps Arbestain Marta , Wisnubroto Erwin , Green Steve , Saggar Surinder , Kusumo Bambang H. , Mahmud Ainul F.
Published: April 2015

The use of deep‐rooting pasture species as a management practice can increase the allocation of plant carbon (C) below ground and enhance C storage. A 2‐year lysimeter trial was set up to compare changes in C stocks of soils under either deep‐ or shallow‐rooting pastures and investigate whether biochar addition below the top 10 cm could promote root growth at depth. For this i) soil ploughing at cultivation was simulated in a silt loam soil and in a sandy soil by inverting the 0 to 10 and 10‐ to 20‐cm‐depth soil layers, and a distinctive biochar (selected for each soil to overcome soil‐specific plant growth limitations) was mixed at 10 Mg ha−1 in the buried layer, where appropriate and ii) three pasture types with contrasting root systems were grown. In the silt loam, soil inversion resulted in a general loss of C (2.0–8.1 Mg ha−1), particularly in the buried horizon, under shallow‐rooting pastures only. The addition of a C‐rich biochar (equivalent to 7.6 Mg C ha−1) to this soil resulted in a net C gain (21–40% over the non‐biochar treatment, P < 0.10) in the buried layer under all pastures; this overcame the loss of C in this horizon under shallow‐rooting pastures. In the sandy soil, all pastures were able to maintain soil C stocks at 10–20 cm depth over time, with minor gains of C (1.6–5.1 Mg ha−1) for the profile. In this soil, the exposure of a skeletal‐ and nutrient‐depleted soil layer at the surface may have fostered root growth at depth. The addition of a nutrient‐rich biochar (equivalent to 3.6 Mg C ha−1) to this soil had no apparent effect on C stocks. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which soil C stocks at depth are preserved.
Barriers to shared decision making in mental health care: qualitative study of the Joint Crisis Plan for psychosis
Authors: Farrelly Simone , Lester Helen , Rose Diana , Birchwood Max , Marshall Max , Waheed Waquas , Henderson R. Claire , Szmukler George , Thornicroft Graham
Published: April 2015

Background

Despite increasing calls for shared decision making (SDM), the precise mechanisms for its attainment are unclear. Sharing decisions in mental health care may be especially complex. Fluctuations in service user capacity and significant power differences are particular barriers.

Objective and design

We trialled a form of facilitated SDM that aimed to generate patients' treatment preferences in advance of a possible relapse. The ‘Joint Crisis Plan’ (JCP) intervention was trialled in four mental health trusts in England between 2008 and 2011. This qualitative study used grounded theory methods to analyse focus group and interview data to understand how stakeholders perceived the intervention and the barriers to SDM in the form of a JCP.

Results

Fifty service users with psychotic disorders and 45 clinicians participated in focus groups or interviews between February 2010 and November 2011. Results suggested four barriers to clinician engagement in the JCP: (i) ambivalence about care planning; (ii) perceptions that they were ‘already doing SDM’; (iii) concerns regarding the clinical ‘appropriateness of service users’ choices'; and (iv) limited ‘availability of service users’ choices'. Service users reported barriers to SDM in routine practice, most of which were addressed by the JCP process. Barriers identified by clinicians led to their lack of constructive engagement in the process, undermining the service users' experience.

Conclusions

Future work requires interventions targeted at the engagement of clinicians addressing their concerns about SDM. Particular strategies include organizational investment in implementation of service users' choices and directly training clinicians in SDM communication processes.