bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ALMA Thermal Observations of Europa
Authors: Trumbo Samantha K. , Brown Michael E. , Butler Bryan J.
Published: September 2018

We present four daytime thermal images of Europa taken with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array. Together, these images comprise the first spatially resolved thermal data set with complete coverage of Europa’s surface. The resulting brightness temperatures correspond to a frequency of 233 GHz (1.3 mm) and a typical linear resolution of roughly 200 km. At this resolution, the images capture spatially localized thermal variations on the scale of geologic and compositional units. We use a global thermal model of Europa to simulate the ALMA observations in order to investigate the thermal structure visible in the data. Comparisons between the data and model images suggest that the large-scale daytime thermal structure on Europa largely results from bolometric albedo variations across the surface. Using bolometric albedos extrapolated from Voyager measurements, a homogenous model reproduces these patterns well, but localized discrepancies exist. These discrepancies can be largely explained by spatial inhomogeneity of the surface thermal properties. Thus, we use the four ALMA images to create maps of the surface thermal inertia and emissivity at our ALMA wavelength. From these maps, we identify a region of either particularly high thermal inertia or low emissivity near 90° west and 23° north, which appears anomalously cold in two of our images.
nbodykit: An Open-source, Massively Parallel Toolkit for Large-scale Structure
Authors: Hand Nick , Feng Yu , Beutler Florian , Li Yin , Modi Chirag , Seljak Uroš , Slepian Zachary
Published: September 2018

We present nbodykit, an open-source, massively parallel Python toolkit for analyzing large-scale structure (LSS) data. Using Python bindings of the Message Passing Interface, we provide parallel implementations of many commonly used algorithms in LSS. nbodykit is both an interactive and scalable piece of scientific software, performing well in a supercomputing environment while still taking advantage of the interactive tools provided by the Python ecosystem. Existing functionality includes estimators of the power spectrum, two- and three-point correlation functions, a friends-of-friends grouping algorithm, mock catalog creation via the halo occupation distribution technique, and approximate N-body simulations via the FastPM scheme. The package also provides a set of distributed data containers, insulated from the algorithms themselves, that enables nbodykit to provide a unified treatment of both simulation and observational data sets. nbodykit can be easily deployed in a high-performance computing environment, overcoming some of the traditional difficulties of using Python on supercomputers. We provide performance benchmarks illustrating the scalability of the software. The modular, component-based approach of nbodykit allows researchers to easily build complex applications using its tools. The package is extensively documented at http://nbodykit.readthedocs.io, which also includes an interactive set of example recipes for new users to explore. As open-source software, we hope nbodykit provides a common framework for the community to use and develop in confronting the analysis challenges of future LSS surveys.
The Steady Global Corona and Solar Wind: A Three-dimensional MHD Simulation with Turbulence Transport and Heating
Authors: Usmanov Arcadi V. , Matthaeus William H. , Goldstein Melvyn L. , Chhiber Rohit
Published: September 2018

We present a fully three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar corona and solar wind with turbulence transport and heating. The model is based on Reynolds-averaged solar wind equations coupled with transport equations for turbulence energy, cross helicity, and correlation scale. The model includes separate energy equations for protons and electrons and accounts for the effects of electron heat conduction, radiative cooling, Coulomb collisions, Reynolds stresses, eddy viscosity, and turbulent heating of protons and electrons. The computational domain extends from the coronal base to 5 au and is divided into two regions: the inner (coronal) region, 1–30 R
☉, and the outer (solar wind) region, 30 R
☉–5 au. Numerical steady-state solutions in both regions are constructed by time relaxation in the frame of reference corotating with the Sun. Inner boundary conditions are specified using either a tilted-dipole approximation or synoptic solar magnetograms. The strength of solar dipole is adjusted, and a scaling factor for magnetograms is estimated by comparison with Ulysses observations. Except for electron temperature, the model shows reasonable agreement with Ulysses data during its first and third fast latitude transits. We also derive a formula for the loss of angular momentum caused by the outflowing plasma. The formula takes into account the effects of turbulence. The simulation results show that turbulence can notably affect the Sun’s loss of angular momentum.
Deep Very Large Array Observations of the Merging Cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301: Continuum and Spectral Imaging
Authors: Gennaro G. Di , van Weeren R. J. , Hoeft M. , Kang H. , Ryu D. , Rudnick L. , Forman W. , Röttgering H. J. A. , Brüggen M. , Dawson W. A. , Golovich N. , Hoang D. N. , Intema H. T. , Jones C. , Kraft R. P. , Shimwell T. W. , Stroe A.
Published: September 2018

Despite the progress that has been made in understanding radio relics, there are still open questions regarding the underlying particle acceleration mechanisms. In this paper, we present deep 1–4 GHz Very Large Array (VLA) observations of CIZA J2242.8+5301 (z = 0.1921), a double radio relic cluster characterized by small projection on the plane of the sky. Our VLA observations reveal, for the first time, the complex morphology of the diffuse sources and the filamentary structure of the northern relic. We discover new, faint, diffuse radio emission extending north of the main northern relic. Our Mach number estimates for the northern and southern relics, based on the radio spectral index map obtained using the VLA observations and existing LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) and Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope data, are consistent with previous radio and X-ray studies (

and

). However, color–color diagrams and models suggest a flatter injection spectral index than the one obtained from the spectral index map, indicating that projection effects might be not entirely negligible. The southern relic consists of five “arms.” Embedded in it, we find a tailed radio galaxy that seems to be connected to the relic. A spectral index flattening, where the radio tail connects to the relic, is also measured. We propose that the southern relic may trace AGN fossil electrons that are reaccelerated by a shock, with an estimated strength of

. High-resolution mapping of other tailed radio galaxies also supports a scenario where AGN fossil electrons are revived by the merger event and could be related to the formation of some diffuse cluster radio emission.
Glitch Rises as a Test for Rapid Superfluid Coupling in Neutron Stars
Authors: Graber Vanessa , Cumming Andrew , Andersson Nils
Published: September 2018

Pulsar glitches provide a unique way to study neutron star microphysics because short post-glitch dynamics are directly linked to strong frictional processes on small scales. To illustrate this connection between macroscopic observables and microphysics, we review calculations of vortex interactions focusing on Kelvin wave excitations and determine the corresponding mutual friction strength for realistic microscopic parameters in the inner crust. These density-dependent crustal coupling profiles are combined with a simplified treatment of the core coupling and implemented in a three-component neutron star model to construct a predictive framework for glitch rises. As a result of the density-dependent dynamics, we find the superfluid to transfer angular momentum to different parts of the crust and the core on different timescales. This can cause the spin frequency change to become non-monotonic in time, allowing for a maximum value much larger than the measured glitch size, as well as a delay in the recovery. The exact shape of the calculated glitch rise is strongly dependent on the relative strength between the crust and core mutual friction, providing the means to probe not only the crustal superfluid but also the deeper neutron star interior. To demonstrate the potential of this approach, we compare our predictive model with the first pulse-to-pulse observations recorded during the 2016 December glitch of the Vela pulsar. Our analysis suggests that the glitch rise behavior is relatively insensitive to the crustal mutual friction strength as long as



 ≳ 10−3, while being strongly dependent on the core coupling strength, which we find to be in the range

3
×

10

−
5

≲



core

≲

10

−
4

.
Halos in Dark Ages: Formation and Chemistry
Authors: Novosyadlyj B. , Shulga V. , Han W. , Kulinich Yu. , Tsizh M.
Published: September 2018

Formation of halos in the dark ages from initial spherical perturbations is analyzed in a four-component universe (dark matter, dark energy, baryonic matter, and radiation) in the approximation of relativistic hydrodynamics. Evolution of density and velocity perturbations of each component is obtained by integration of a system of nine differential equations from z = 108 up to virialization, which is described phenomenologically. It is shown that the number density of dark matter halos with masses M ∼ 108–109
M
⊙ virialized at z ∼ 10 is close to the number density of galaxies in comoving coordinates. The dynamical dark energy of classical scalar field type does not significantly influence the evolution of the other components, but dark energy with a small value of effective sound speed can affect the final halo state. Simultaneously, the formation/dissociation of the first molecules has been analyzed in the halos that are forming. The results show that number densities of molecules H2 and HD at the moment of halo virialization are ∼103 and ∼400 times larger, respectively, than on a uniformly expanding background. This is caused by increased density and rates of reactions at quasi-linear and nonlinear evolution stages of density and velocity of the baryonic component of halos. It is shown also that the temperature history of the halo is important for calculating the concentration of molecular ions with low binding energy. Hence, in a halo with virial temperature ∼105 K the number density of the molecular ion HeH+ is approximately 100 times smaller than that on the cosmological background.
A GBT Survey of the HALOGAS Galaxies and Their Environments. I. Revealing the Full Extent of H i around NGC 891, NGC 925, NGC 4414, and NGC 4565
Authors: Pingel N. M. , Pisano D. J. , Heald G. , Jarrett T. H. , Blok W. J. G. de , Józsa G. I. G. , Jütte E. , Rand R. J. , Oosterloo T. , Winkel B.
Published: September 2018

We present initial results from a deep neutral hydrogen (H i) survey of the HALOGAS galaxy sample, which includes the spiral galaxies NGC 891, NGC 925, NGC 4414, and NGC 4565, performed with the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT). The resulting observations cover at least 4 deg2 around these galaxies, with an average 5σ detection limit of 1.2 × 1018 cm−2 over a velocity range of 20 km s−1 and angular scale of 9.′1. In addition to detecting the same total flux as the GBT data, the spatial distribution of the GBT and original Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope data match well at equal spatial resolutions. The H i mass fraction below H i column densities of 1019 cm−2 is, on average, 2%. We discuss the possible origins of low column density H i of nearby spiral galaxies. The absence of a considerable amount of newly detected H i by the GBT indicates these galaxies do not have significant extended diffuse H i structures, and suggests future surveys planned with the SKA and its precursors must go at least as deep as 1017 cm−2 in column density to significantly increase the probability of detecting H i associated with the cosmic web and/or cold mode accretion.
Forming Mercury by Giant Impacts
Authors: Chau Alice , Reinhardt Christian , Helled Ravit , Stadel Joachim
Published: September 2018

The origin of Mercury’s high iron-to-rock ratio is still unknown. In this work we investigate Mercury’s formation via giant impacts and consider the possibilities of a single giant impact, a hit-and-run, and multiple collisions, in one theoretical framework. We study the standard collision parameters (impact velocity, mass ratio, impact parameter), along with the impactor’s composition and the cooling of the target. It is found that the impactor’s composition affects the iron distribution within the planet and the final mass of the target by up to 25%, although the resulting mean iron fraction is similar. We suggest that an efficient giant impact has to be head-on at high velocity, while in the hit-and-run case the impact can occur closer to the most probable collision angle (45°). It is also shown that Mercury’s current iron-to-rock ratio can be a result of multiple collisions, with their exact number depending on the collision parameters. Mass loss is found to be more significant when the collisions are close together in time.
A Statistical Analysis of the “Heartbeat” Behavior of GRS 1915+105
Authors: Weng Shan-Shan , Wang Ting-Ting , Cai Jing-Ping , Yuan Qi-Rong , Gu Wei-Min
Published: September 2018

GRS 1915+105 has been active for more than 26 years since it was discovered in 1992. There are hundreds of RXTE pointed observations on this source, and the quasi-regular flares with a slow rise and a sharp decrease (i.e., the “heartbeat” state) were recorded in more than 200 observations. The connections among the disk/corona, jet, and the disk wind at the heartbeat state have been extensively studied. In this work, we first perform a statistical analysis of the light curves and the X-ray spectra to investigate this peculiar state. We calculate the parameters for heartbeat cycles, including the recurrence time, the maximum and the minimum count rate, the flare amplitude, and the cumulative radiation for each cycle. The recurrence time has a bimodal distribution ranging from ∼20 to ∼200 s. The minimum count rate increases with increasing recurrence time; while the maximum count rate remains nearly constant around 2 Crab. Fitting the averaged spectrum for each observation, we find the strong correlations among the recurrence time, the apparent inner radius of the accretion disk (or the color correction factor), and the (nonthermal) X-ray luminosity. We suggest that the true inner edge of the accretion disk might always extend to the marginally stable orbit, while the change in corona size results in the observed correlations.
Planet Formation: An Optimized Population-synthesis Approach
Authors: Chambers John
Published: September 2018

The physics of planet formation is investigated using a population synthesis approach. We develop a simple model for planetary growth including pebble and gas accretion, as well as orbital migration in an evolving protoplanetary disk. The model is run for a population of 2000 stars with a range of disk masses, disk radii, and initial protoplanet orbits. The resulting planetary distribution is compared with the observed population of extrasolar planets, and the model parameters are improved iteratively using a particle swarm optimization scheme. The characteristics of the final planetary systems are mainly controlled by the pebble isolation mass, which is the mass of a planet that perturbs nearby gas enough to halt the inward flux of drifting pebbles and stop growth. The pebble isolation mass increases with orbital distance such that giant planet cores can only form in the outer disk. Giants migrate inward, populating a wide range of final orbital distances. The best model fits have large initial protoplanet masses, short pebble drift timescales, low disk viscosities, and short atmospheric cooling times, all of which promote rapid growth. The model successfully reproduces the observed frequency and distribution of giant planets and brown dwarfs. The fit for super-Earths is poorer for single-planet systems, but improves steadily when more protoplanets are included. Although the study was designed to match the extrasolar planet distribution, analogs of the solar system form in 1–2% of systems that contain at least four protoplanets.
Dynamical Masses of ε Indi B and C: Two Massive Brown Dwarfs at the Edge of the Stellar–substellar Boundary
Authors: Dieterich Sergio B. , Weinberger Alycia J. , Boss Alan P. , Henry Todd J. , Jao Wei-Chun , Gagné Jonathan , Astraatmadja Tri L. , Thompson Maggie A. , Anglada-Escudé Guillem
Published: September 2018

We report individual dynamical masses for the brown dwarfs ε Indi B and C, which have spectral types of T1.5 and T6, respectively, measured from astrometric orbit mapping. Our measurements are based on a joint analysis of astrometric data from the Carnegie Astrometric Planet Search and the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory Parallax Investigation, as well as archival high-resolution imaging, and use a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. We find dynamical masses of 75.0 ± 0.82 M
Jup for the T1.5 B component and 70.1 ± 0.68 M
Jup for the T6 C component. These masses are surprisingly high for  such cool objects and challenge our understanding of substellar structure and evolution. We discuss several evolutionary scenarios proposed in the literature and find that while none of them can provide conclusive explanations for the high substellar masses, evolutionary models incorporating lower atmospheric opacities come closer to approximating our results. We discuss the details of our astrometric model, its algorithm implementation, and how we determine parameter values via Markov chain Monte Carlo Bayesian inference.
The Trouble with Hubble: Local versus Global Expansion Rates in Inhomogeneous Cosmological Simulations with Numerical Relativity
Authors: Macpherson Hayley J. , Lasky Paul D. , Price Daniel J.
Published: September 2018

In a fully inhomogeneous, anisotropic cosmological simulation performed by solving Einstein’s equations with numerical relativity, we find that a local measurement of the effective Hubble parameter differs by less than 1% compared to the global value. This variance is consistent with predictions from Newtonian gravity. We analyze the averaged local expansion rate on scales comparable to Type 1a supernova surveys, and find that local variance cannot resolve the tension between the Riess et al. and Planck Collaboration et al. measurements.
Diversity and conservation of the cave fauna of Crete (Greece)
Authors: Paragamian Kaloust , Paragkamian Savvas
Published: September 2018

Located in the southernmost of the Aegean Sea, Crete is the largest of the Greek islands covering an area of 8,261 km2. The first records on the cave fauna of Crete were published in 1869 and since then a total of 175 publications have been gradually increased our knowledge on the cave-dwelling species of the island.

Crete is currently the best-studied Region of Greece regarding biospeleology. Although it covers only 6.3% of the national area, the faunistically investigated caves represent 35% of the investigated caves of Greece while the recorded cave fauna includes 30% of the cavernicolous species of Greece. In total, 250 species belonging to 166 genera, 83 families, 36 orders, 13 classes, and 5 phyla, have been recorded from 158 caves. The most diverse groups are Araneae (64 species), Isopoda (29 species), Gastropoda, Copepoda, and Coleoptera (21 species each), Pseudoscorpiones (17 species) and Chiroptera (15 species). Among the invertebrate species, 102 are endemic to Greece of which 92 are Cretan endemics. The obligate cavernicolous fauna includes 42 species, most of them in Isopoda (13), Araneae (11) and Pseudoscorpiones (11). Only 3 species are distributed outside Greece, the isopods Libanonethes probosciferus Vandel, 1955 and Trichonethes kosswigi Strouhal, 1953.

The cave habitats and the cave fauna of Greece are quite neglected in Greece’s environmental legislation and policy. Furthermore, there is an implementation gap in the environmental law. In Crete, 62 out of the previously mentioned 158 caves happened to be situated within protected areas (wildlife refuges and/or Natura 2000 sites). With the exception of the bat species, no other cave associated species is protected by specific law. Further efforts are also needed to assess the conservation status of most of the species. Out of 250 species only 35 have been assessed for IUCN Red List and 51 for Greece’s Red Data Book. Most of them are bats, gastropods and isopods.
Using field-based entomological research to promote awareness about forest ecosystem conservation
Authors: Lamarre Greg P. A. , Juin Yohan , Lapied Emmanuel , Le Gall Philippe , Nakamura Akihiro
Published: September 2018

Interactions between plants, insect herbivores and associated predators represent the majority of terrestrial biodiversity. Insects are vital food sources for many other organisms and provide important ecosystem functions and services including pollination, waste removal and biological control. We propose a complete and reproducible education programme to guide students to understand the importance of managing and conserving forest ecosystems in their region through the study of insect ecology and natural history. Our programme involved lectures, workshops and field surveys of insects with a group of 60 high school students in Eastern Africa (Ethiopia). It addresses the key stages of an entomological research project including: 1) general entomological knowledge and understanding the role of insects in terrestrial diversity and in ecosystem functioning and services; (2) the proposal of simple research questions including hypothesis development and evaluation using scientific literature, 3) fieldwork using different types of light traps; 4) sorting and identification of the insect orders using simple diagnostic keys and illustrated plates; 5) analysing and interpreting the results and 6) demonstrating findings to peers and a public audience. Identifying insects, exploring their natural history and understanding their functions in the field bring the students towards a better understanding and awareness of the importance of forest ecosystem conservation.
« Manger pour soi-même » en zone forestière ivoirienne
Authors: Montaz Léo
Published: September 2018

Les espaces ruraux ivoiriens connaissent, depuis les années 1980, un processus migratoire dit de « retour à la terre » auquel participent majoritairement des jeunes hommes revenant vers leur village paternel. À travers les parcours de vie de ces jeunes, cet article questionne les reconfigurations en cours des rapports aînés/cadets dans la zone forestière du Centre-Ouest ivoirien. En transposant l’expérience urbaine dans les villages, parfois brutalement, ces jeunes hommes proposent de nouveaux modes d’organisation qui doivent permettre à chacun de s’autonomiser ou de « manger pour soi-même », loin du mode de vie des aînés. Mais ce processus ne va pas sans d’importantes résistances qui questionnent les possibilités réelles d’autonomisation de ces jeunes.
Les forces armées de Côte d’Ivoire : portrait d’un dispositif fragile
Authors: Clément-Bollée Bruno , Miran-Guyon Marie
Published: September 2018

Les mutineries de 2017 ont ravivé les craintes d’un retour des armes sur la scène politique ivoirienne, alors que la Réforme du secteur de la sécurité (RSS) et l’opération de Désarmement, démobilisation et réintégration (DDR) avaient été conduites, au sortir de la crise postélectorale de 2010-2011, pour fluidifier le retour des militaires en caserne et le retour d’ex-combattants à la vie civile. Hier comme aujourd’hui, la question des forces armées reste centrale, quoique méconnue. Entretien avec le général Bruno Clément-Bollée, qui fut, entre autres fonctions, commandant de l’opération française Licorne en 2007-2008, directeur de la coopération de sécurité et de défense au ministère français des Affaires étrangères (2010-2013) et conseiller du directeur ivoirien de l’autorité pour le DDR (2013-2016)
La franc-maçonnerie en Côte d’Ivoire, brève histoire des enjeux actuels
Authors: Akindès Francis , Miran-Guyon Marie
Published: September 2018

La franc-maçonnerie, société initiatique discrète, reste largement méconnue en Côte d’Ivoire comme ailleurs sur le continent africain. Poncifs moraux, œillères et médisances en dressent un portrait préjudiciable souvent détaché des réalités. Un retour sur l’histoire des obédiences maçonniques en Côte d’Ivoire et sur leur rapport singulier à l’État colonial, puis national, et à l’Église, ouvre la voie à une compréhension plus distanciée des enjeux actuels de loges plurielles et concurrentielles. Entretien avec le sociologue Francis Akindès 1 .
Les finalités hybrides des recherches sur les problèmes des acteurs sociaux
Authors: Lyet Philippe
Published: September 2018

La connaissance de l’action fait l’objet de débats épistémologiques renouvelés dans les dernières décennies. Dans la continuité de l’émergence des courants constructivistes, pragmatistes et multiréférentialistes, des pratiques conjointes de la recherche qui associent des chercheurs professionnels et des acteurs sociaux concernés conduisent à penser la finalité de la construction de connaissances non comme une montée en généralité mais comme la discussion entre des points de vue aboutissant à la production d’une singularité et répondant à l’exigence de double vraisemblance.
Production des connaissances sur les processus participatifs comme finalité de la recherche
Authors: Rurka Anna , Rousseau Patrick
Published: September 2018

La recherche présentée dans cet article a été conduite pendant plus de trois années dans le champ de la protection de l’ enfance en France, avec les professionnels exerçant les mesures d’ assistance éducative sous le mandat judiciaire (Action éducative en milieu ouvert – AEMO) et avec les représentants d’ ATD Quart Monde. En se basant sur cet exemple, cet article contribue à la réflexion sur les finalités des recherches participatives qui, en l’ occurrence, constituent la production de connaissances sur les processus de recherche engagés. Les processus de recherche influencent la légitimité et l’ appropriation possible des savoirs produits par tous les participants. Cela implique de mettre en discussion les questions cliniques liées à la pratique professionnelle et la pratique de la recherche, ainsi que les questions éthiques liés à l’ asymétrie des places et au pouvoir de et sur la recherche. La posture du chercheur dans ce contexte est loin d’ être neutre. Le chercheur apparaît comme l’ acteur d’ interface qui à la fois organise le processus et participe pleinement à ce processus, dans une articulation des savoirs qui, ensemble, alimentent la totalité de connaissances produites par la recherche participative.
Social work and functions of participative action research
Authors: Musil Libor
Published: September 2018

Le but de cet article est de douter de l’ automatisme supposé en préférant la fonction « critique » de la recherche-action participative et de proposer le principe de faire de la fonction de chaque recherche-action participative une question de choix réfléchi. La fonction « critique » et « conforme » de la recherche-action participative est distinguée et l’ interrelation entre la fonction de chaque recherche-action participative assumée par des participants à la recherche non experts et par le chercheur qui les aide est discutée. Il est recommandé de refléter sur la fonction et les objectifs assumés des participants non experts afin de pouvoir établir l’ objectif de la recherche-action participative qu’ il est possible d’ atteindre.
Quels étudiants pour quelles universités ? Analyses empiriques de mécanismes d’allocation centralisée
Authors: Magnac Thierry
Published: September 2018

Nous examinons les articles récents qui se sont attachés à construire des méthodes empiriques structurelles pour estimer les préférences des agents, étudiants et universités, ou élèves et écoles, qui participent à des mécanismes d’allocation centralisée. Ces recherches empiriques visent d’abord à confirmer ou infirmer les hypothèses et prédictions des modèles théoriques développés les vingt dernières années. Elles permettent aussi des analyses concrètes des mécanismes existants, par l’estimation de l’impact contrefactuel de changements dans les mécanismes utilisés et par la comparaison entre divers mécanismes. Elles conduisent enfin à des arguments et conditions d’application qui justifient l’utilisation de tels ou tels mécanismes.
Révélation de l’information par un principal au budget limité
Authors: Prévet Antoine
Published: September 2018

Les réponses incitatives au problème de l’aléa moral impliquent souvent l’utilisation de bonus très élevés. Toutefois, ces récompenses peuvent ne pas être à la portée du principal. C’est le cas dans le secteur public où on ne peut pas faire correspondre les résultats à un bénéfice monétaire et où, par conséquent, les incitations ne peuvent être assurées par un schéma de partage du profit. Cet article montre comment la révélation d’information peut être utilisée par le principal afin de maximiser son profit dans ce cadre contraint. Dans un modèle principal-agent avec aléa moral, où les transferts du principal sont bornés, nous étudions un problème de design informationnel où le principal peut choisir de révéler à l’agent, ou non, la productivité de son effort. Nous montrons que le principal préfère révéler cette information lorsque la valeur de la tâche accomplie par l’agent et le budget incitatif sont faibles.
Comment le contrôle des chômeurs modifie-t-il le contrat optimal d’assurance chômage ?
Authors: Ménard Sébastien , Tanguy Solenne
Published: September 2018

L’assurance chômage est souvent accusée de réduire l’effort de recherche des chômeurs. Cet effort étant difficile à contrôler, les études théoriques et empiriques ont souligné la nécessité d’un profil décroissant dans le temps des allocations pour réduire la durée du chômage, à l’instar d’Hopenhayn et Nicolini [1997]. Dans un modèle principal-agent, nous montrons que l’existence d’un contrôle des chômeurs associé à des sanctions crédibles en cas d’effort insuffisant peut remettre en cause la dégressivité des allocations chômage. En particulier, si le contrôle est parfait, proposer un profil croissant est optimal puisque cela augmente le coût d’opportunité pour un chômeur à ne pas chercher d’emploi et à être sanctionné.
L’effet causal du nombre d’enfants sur l’offre de travail des mères : le cas de la France métropolitaine et de ses départements d’outre-mer
Authors: Fontaine Idriss
Published: September 2018

Nous étudions l’effet causal d’un accroissement du nombre d’enfants sur l’activité des mères en distinguant la France métropolitaine de ses départements d’outre-mer. À partir d’un modèle à variables instrumentales, exploitant deux sources exogènes de fécondité (les naissances gémellaires et la non-mixité sexuelle des aînés), nous trouvons que l’ampleur de l’effet causal négatif diffère selon le territoire considéré. Ainsi, pour une mère réunionnaise, avoir plus de deux (resp. trois) enfants réduit la probabilité de participation d’environ 12,5 (resp. 13,9) points de pourcentage. Le même effet est significativement moins élevé en France métropolitaine où il s’élève à 8,9 (resp. 7,4) points. Les départements de Martinique, Guadeloupe et Guyane se distinguent de La Réunion dans la mesure où l’effet causal n’est pas significativement différent de celui observé en France métropolitaine. Nous montrons également que l’ampleur de l’impact causal varie 1) avec l’âge de l’enfant le plus jeune, 2) avec le niveau de diplôme de la mère et 3) au sein des régions de France métropolitaine.
Le tout plutôt que la partie
Authors: Kotras Baptiste
Published: September 2018

Resume Sur les blogs , forums et sites de réseaux sociaux, l’abondance et la calculabilité de la parole des internautes permettrait d’accéder à une opinion spontanée, directement issue des traces de nos conversations ordinaires. Depuis les années 2000, un ensemble de start-ups et d’agences élaborent ainsi des méthodes humaines et algorithmiques visant à tirer parti de ce matériau foisonnant pour proposer une nouvelle mesure des opinions du grand public, voulue plus authentique que celle mesurée par les sondages traditionnels. À travers une sociohistoire du marché de l’opinion en ligne, cet article étudie la façon dont se recompose un nouveau régime de connaissance de l’opinion à partir de ses traces numériques, et souligne le caractère varié, contingent et situé des projets épistémiques qui se saisissent des big data . À partir d’entretiens et d’un travail ethnographique, nous montrons ainsi l’opposition entre des entreprises adeptes de l’échantillonnage des traces numériques, et d’autres, qui visent au contraire une captation la plus exhaustive possible des opinions du web social. Nous analysons en particulier les épreuves simultanément techniques et épistémiques auxquelles se confrontent les acteurs de l’opinion en ligne, qui mettent en échec les approches échantillonnées, et consacrent a contrario le projet d’une veille extensive et continue sur la conversation en ligne.
L’analyse des opinions politiques sur Twitter
Authors: Severo Marta , Lamarche-Perrin Robin
Published: September 2018

Resume Des blogs et forums aux pages Facebook et comptes Twitter, le récent déluge des données numériques du web a fortement affecté la recherche en sciences sociales. Cette nouvelle catégorie d’information, utile à l’extraction des opinions politiques, se présente comme une alternative aux techniques traditionnelles telles que les sondages. Premièrement, en réalisant un état de l’art des études de l’opinion s’appuyant sur les données Twitter, cet article vise à mettre en relation les méthodes d’analyse utilisées dans ces études et les définitions de l’opinion politique qui y sont suggérées. Deuxièmement, cet article étudie la faisabilité de réaliser des analyses multi-échelles en sciences sociales concernant l’étude de l’opinion politique en exposant les mérites de plusieurs méthodes, allant des méthodes orientées contenus aux méthodes orientées interactions, de l’analyse statistique à l’analyse sémantique, des approches supervisées aux approches non supervisées. Le résultat de notre démarche est ainsi d’identifier les tendances futures de la recherche en sciences sociales concernant l’étude de l’opinion politique.
Escuadras de la muerte : militares, Falange y terrorismo en la II República
Authors: Bolaños Roberto Muñoz
Published: September 2018

Cet article analyse les liens entre certains membres de l'Armée et le parti fasciste de la Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FE de las JONS) afin de saisir le processus de brutalisation de la politique qui, comme dans d'autres pays européens, se déroule dans l´entre-deux-guerres. Dans ce processus, deux étapes clairement différenciées sont perceptibles. La première correspond à l'année 1934, année marquée par le contrôle du parti par les monarchistes, civils et militaires, qui tentent d’en faire une organisation paramilitaire au service de leurs intérêts. La seconde débute en 1935 et dure jusqu'en juillet 1936. José Antonio Primo de Rivera, transforme FE de las JONS en une force paramilitaire au service de l'armée et adopte une nouvelle stratégie. Son objectif est d'obtenir le leadership politique dans le Nouvel État qui surviendrait après le coup d'État contre la II République. Cette stratégie connaît succès remarquablement, puisque FE de las JONS est devenu la force politique la plus importante dans l'Espagne rebelle et plus tard dans le régime de Franco.
Banalización de la violencia y usos políticos del culto a los « mártires » y « caídos » de la « Cruzada » en el primer franquismo
Authors: Carballés Jesús Alonso
Published: September 2018

L'article analyse la consécration dans l'espace public de la mémoire des martyrs et des morts au combat de la guerre d’Espagne à partir de la catégorie de « mythe de la guerre » de George L Mosse. L'auteur étudie ainsi la sacralisation des morts dans le conflit comme un exemple remarquable de la banalisation de la violence de la guerre pendant le premier franquisme et leurs usages politiques. L'article aborde notamment les inaugurations de quelques monuments aux morts et de mausolées érigés au Pays basque, avec une attention particulière aux discours prononcés dans ce contexte par les autorités franquistes, des homélies patriotiques dans lesquelles on défendait la nécessité inéluctable de perpétuer l’exemple des morts sacrifiés comme la seule issue pour la survie du régime.
Revolución y amnistía en Argentina. La definición de las esferas civil y militar en el levantamiento radical de febrero de 1905
Authors: Reali María Laura
Published: September 2018

Le cycle de soulèvements armés qui a eu lieu en Argentine entre les années 1890 et 1905 a été perçu et légitimé par ses acteurs comme étant une forme de participation politique alternative et en quelque sorte « complémentaire » de la lutte électorale. Plus précisément, l’étendard du droit à la rébellion face à des gouvernements en manque de légitimité –que ce soit de par leurs origines ou leur fonctionnement– a été arboré pour justifier les actions armées menées par des acteurs qui les définissent comme une « révolution ». La violence politique a trouvé un cadre de légitimation qui jouait un rôle au moment d’établir les lois d’amnistie souvent successives aux actions répressives à l’encontre des révolutionnaires. A travers ce prisme on peut analyser un ensemble de problématiques centrales de l’Argentine du centenaire, telles que la question de l’ordre social, les controverses autour du recours traditionnel aux armes dans le cadre d’un État qui se voulait moderne et progressiste, la place des forces armées tiraillées entre discipline et engagement politique, les transformations du système judiciaire et, notamment, de la justice militaire, la qualification des délits et la perception de l’adversaire. En abordant tout particulièrement la révolution radicale de 1905, ce travail propose une réflexion préliminaire à propos de certaines de ces questions.
Intelligence artificielle et robotisation : la performance de l’IA au prix de la relation humaine ?
Authors: Bourdaire-Mignot Camille , Gründler Tatiana
Published: September 2018

États généraux de la bioéthique (rapport de synthèse du Comité consultatif national d’éthique) : huitième billet*On serait bien en peine de citer un domaine qui échappe aux questions liées à l’intelligence artificielle (IA) et à la robotisation tant les applications de ces nouvelles technologies sont diverses et ont vocation à transformer notre monde. Le domaine de la santé ne fait évidemment pas exception à ce constat. Il a même été, avec les transports, l’environnement et la défense, identifié par le rapport Villani comme l’un des quatre secteurs stratégiques de l’IA1. Or, en matière médicale, l’IA et la robotisation posent d’importantes questions éthiques, tant au moment de la conception des systèmes numériques et des algorithmes que lors de leur utilisation. Il était donc impérieux que ce sujet, absent des dernières révisions des lois de bioéthiques, intègre le périmètre des États généraux. La thématique a plutôt suscité l’intérêt des citoyens et de quelques institutions comme la CNIL et la HAS, qui ont, de manière assez unanime, fait part de leur conviction que ces nouvelles technologies sont source de progrès importants dans le domaine de la santé, sur le plan strictement thérapeutique comme plus largement médical et organisationnel. Dans le même temps, les différents contributeurs ont exprimé des craintes fortes sur le devenir de la relation patient-médecin et la perte de contrôle de l’expertise humaine sur les algorithmes. Ils ont posé comme ligne rouge que la machine ne remplace jamais l’être humain.
Designing and Implementing a Student-Centered Online Graduate Program
Authors: Lancaster Sean J. C. , Topper Andrew
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents a case study analysis of a graduate program that moved from initial design to effective implementation of student-centered online instruction. The authors describe their experiences designing, implementing, and evaluating an online M.Ed. degree program in a college of education—the first fully online degree program at a large, Midwestern, regional institution of higher learning. The design and approval process took almost four years, including both internal and external approvals. Initially implemented in 2011, the authors gathered three years of follow-up data about the program and evaluated its success using a variety of factors, including course- and program-level data. Program design, development, implementation, and evaluation are all addressed in this case study.
A Maturity Model for Understanding and Evaluating Digital Money
Authors: Tribunella Thomas , Tribunella Heidi R.
Published: September 2018

As the internet and e-commerce expands, individuals will seek ways to earn and spend currency in the digital economy. Furthermore, faith in the fiat money systems of some countries is eroding and investors are searching for alternative ways to invest and store their wealth. Digital currencies (DC) are filling the demand for an alternative to government-based currency. Currently there are over 1,500 DCs with a market capitalization of over 450 billion (in US dollars) that are traded in thousands of markets. This chapter reviews the literature and history of DCs. Then the authors explain the related risks and benefits. Next, they add to the literature by proposing a model for judging the maturity of a DC. The digital currency maturity model (DCMM) will help individuals and organizations evaluate the safety and reliability of DCs given the investor's risk tolerance. Finally, the authors summarize their findings and suggest future research.
Project Management Guide and Project Management Maturity Models as Generic Tools Capable for Diverse Applications
Authors: Gan Robert Chee Choong , Chin Christina M. M.
Published: September 2018

Project management maturity models (PM3) are generic management tools designed to measure the approximate level of balance state of the organization's capability and capacity to manage projects. With its generic form and structure, it enables diverse applications where content and detail level can be tailored according to specific needs of industry, commerce, government, and knowledge. Yet, its capability is still not well understood, as vacancies continues incorrectly advertised and project management (PM) graduate program inappropriately parked under engineering faculty instead of management or industrial management. With this, it had obscured the PM generic capability to manage change holistically, as project scope, schedule, risk, resources, procurement, and stakeholder satisfaction are integrated, coordinated, and synchronized to deliver the expected outcome. Thus, this chapter aims to identify the factors inhibiting understanding of how PM can be generically applied, in bridging the PM knowledge gap, and to demonstrate how PM and PM3 principles can and are actually applied generically.
From Information Systems Outsourcing to Cloud Computing
Authors: Almunawar Mohammad Nabil , Almunawar Hasan Jawwad
Published: September 2018

We are witnessing the business prospects of cloud computing becoming apparent as many cloud computing services have been made available online. Previously, outsourcing of computing resources employs a third party to set up, develop, and maintain the infrastructure within or outside the business organization. However, nowadays many business organizations all over the world see that outsourcing their computing resources through cloud computing is a highly viable option as it saves a business organization from the complicated setup and maintenance costs of computer infrastructure. There are three generally known types cloud computing, namely public cloud, private cloud, and hybrid cloud. There also three generally service models namely software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS). This chapter highlights the development of cloud computing technology, benefits and issues of outsourcing an organization's computing resources through cloud computing.
Data Linkage Discovery Applications
Authors: Segall Richard S. , Lu Shen
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the topic of linkage discovery for data and their applications. This chapter enhances a previous study by the authors and includes additional references that pertain to applications of linkage discovery not requiring a glossary framework.
Innovative Formalism for Biological Data Analysis
Authors: Ciufudean Calin
Published: September 2018

Modern medical devices involve information technology (IT) based on electronic structures for data and signals sensing and gathering, data and signals transmission, as well as data and signals processing in order to assist and help the medical staff to diagnose, cure, and to monitor the evolution of patients. By focusing on biological signals processing we may notice that numerical processing of information delivered by sensors has a significant importance for a fair and optimum design and manufacture of modern medical devices. The authors consider for this approach fuzzy set as a formalism of analysis of biological signals processing and they propose to accomplish this goal by developing fuzzy operators for filtering the noise of biological signals measurement. The authors exemplify this approach on neurological measurements performed with an electro-encephalograph (EEG).
The Ontology of Randomness
Authors: Horne Jeremy
Published: September 2018

This chapter reviews the existence of randomness, focusing on it existing in terms of what it is not, order. Included are a survey of current views and history of randomness, relevant concepts of whether something exists (ontology), how we know (epistemology), entropy, foundations of order, statistics, prediction, time, and scientific methods. Randomness is tied to determinism, and determinism becomes an issue of free will. Thus, discussions of free will cycle back to whether everything is laid out before us, but this is controversial, at best. We may only act as though there is randomness, similar to acting as though there were free will, even after being told that the universe, indeed, may be deterministic. Such a method is comparable to doing a logic proof in drawing an assumption line and displaying the consequences. Alternate worlds are referenced in which randomness may be seen in a different light.
Data Mining and the KDD Process
Authors: Funes Ana , Dasso Aristides
Published: September 2018

Nowadays, there exists an increasing number of applications where analysis and discovery of new patterns have fueled the research and development of new methods, all related to machine learning, knowledge extraction, knowledge discovery in databases or KDD, and data mining. The development of data mining and other related disciplines has benefited from the existence of large volumes of data proceeding from the most diverse sources and domains. KDD process and methods of data mining allows for the discovery of knowledge in data that is hidden to humans, presenting this knowledge under different ways. In this chapter, an overview of the KDD process with special focus in the phase of data mining is given. A discussion on data mining tasks and methods, a possible classification of them, the relation of data mining to other disciplines, and an overview of future challenges in the field are also given.