bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Major declines of woody plant species ranges under climate change in Yunnan, China
Authors: Zhang Ming‐Gang , Zhou Zhe‐Kun , Chen Wen‐Yun , Cannon Charles H. , Raes Niels , Slik J. W. Ferry
Published: December 2013

Aim

A wide range of forests distributed across steep environmental gradients are found in Yunnan, southwest China. Climate change could profoundly change these forests by affecting species ranges. We produce predictions about species suitable habitat shifts and use these to (1) evaluate species range size change, loss and turn‐over under no‐ and full‐dispersal and nine climate change scenarios and (2) identify environmental variables responsible for current species richness and future local species losses.

Location

Yunnan Province, Southwest China.

Methods

Using MaxEnt, we modelled current distributions of 2319 woody plant species, corrected for collecting bias and found that 1996 had significant spatial association with environmental factors. Using three General Circulation Models (GCMs: CGCM, CSIRO and HADCM3) for the years 2070–2099 (2080s), based on three emission scenarios for each GCM (A1b, A2a and B2a), we predicted the future geographic position of suitable habitat for each species.

Results

Although most species were predicted to persist within Yunnan, with a maximum extinction rate of c. 6% under the most extreme climate change scenario, up to 1400 species (of the 1996 tested) are expected to lose more than 30% of their current range under the most extreme climate change scenario. Assuming no‐ or unlimited dispersal minimally affected these outcomes. Species losses were associated with increasing temperature variability and declining precipitation during the dry season.

Main conclusions

To conserve Yunnan's woody flora, management efforts should focus on providing elevational migration routes at local scales, with priority for those areas located within previously identified conservation hotspots. As almost all species show range contractions, storage of genetic diversity in seed banks and botanical gardens would be sensible. A change in Yunnan's conservation policy will be needed to counter the predicted negative impacts of climate change on its flora.
The deficit of letter processing in developmental dyslexia: combining evidence from dyslexics, typical readers and illiterate adults
Authors: Fernandes Tânia , Vale Ana P. , Martins Bruno , Morais José , Kolinsky Régine
Published: December 2013

To clarify the link between anomalous letter processing and developmental dyslexia, we examined the impact of surrounding contours on letter vs. pseudo‐letter processing by three groups of children – phonological dyslexics and two controls, one matched for chronological age, the other for reading level – and three groups of adults differing by schooling and literacy – unschooled illiterates and ex‐illiterates, and schooled literates. For pseudo‐letters, all groups showed congruence effects (CE: better performance for targets surrounded by a congruent than by an incongruent shape). In contrast, for letters, only dyslexics exhibited a CE, strongly related to their phonological recoding abilities even after partialling out working memory, whereas the reverse held true for the pseudo‐letter CE. In illiterate adults, the higher letter knowledge, the smaller their letter CE; their letter processing was immune (to some extent) to inference from surrounding information. The absence of a letter CE in illiterates and the positive CE in dyslexics have their origin in different aspects of the same ability, i.e. phonological recoding.
Is outcome of constraint‐induced movement therapy in unilateral cerebral palsy dependent on corticomotor projection pattern and brain lesion characteristics?
Authors: Islam Mominul , Nordstrand Linda , Holmström Linda , Kits Annika , Forssberg Hans , Eliasson Ann‐Christin
Published: December 2013

Aim

The aim of the study was to explore individual variations in outcome of hand function after constraint‐induced movement therapy (CIMT) in relation to the organization of corticomotor projection and brain lesion characteristics in participants with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

Sixteen participants (eight males, eight females; mean age 13y, [SD 2y] range 10–16y) with unilateral CP (nine right‐sided; Manual Ability Classification System [MACS] level I, n=1; level II, n=15) who participated in a 2‐week CIMT day camp (63h) were included in the study. Various aspects of hand function were measured by the Jebsen–Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT), the Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA), and the Melbourne Assessment, both before and after the day camp. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to explore the corticomotor organization, and brain lesion characteristics were described by visual assessment of conventional structural magnetic resonance images.

Results

At a group level, the training was associated with significant improvements in JTHFT (p=0.003) and AHA (p=0.046), but not in Melbourne Assessment scores. Improvements were found in all types of corticomotor projection patterns, i.e. contralateral, mixed, and ipsilateral. There was no relationship between functional improvement and brain lesion characteristics.

Interpretation

Individuals with CP experience improved motor outcomes after CIMT, independent of corticomotor projection pattern and lesion characteristics.
Predicting cognitive ability in ageing cohorts using Type 2 diabetes genetic risk
Authors: Luciano M. , Mõttus R. , Harris S. E. , Davies G. , Payton A. , Ollier W. E. R. , Horan M. A. , Starr J. M. , Porteous D. J. , Pendleton N. , Deary I. J.
Published: December 2013

Aims

To investigate whether there is overlap in the genetic determinants of Type 2 diabetes and cognitive ageing by testing whether a genetic risk score for Type 2 diabetes can predict variation in cognitive function in older people without dementia.

Methods

Type 2 diabetes genetic risk scores were estimated using various single nucleotide polymorphism significance inclusion criteria from an initial genome‐wide association study, the largest in Type 2 diabetes to date. Scores were available for 2775–3057 individuals, depending on the cognitive trait.

Results

Type 2 diabetes genetic risk was associated with self‐reported diabetes mellitus. Across varying single nucleotide polymorphism‐inclusion levels, a significant association between Type 2 diabetes genetic risk and change in general cognitive function was found (median r = 0.04); however, this was such that higher Type 2 diabetes genetic risk related to higher cognitive scores.

Conclusions

To investigate more fully the source of the often observed comorbidity between Type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment, one direction for future research will be to use cognitive ability polygenic risk scores to predict Type 2 diabetes in line with the reverse causation hypothesis that people with lower pre‐morbid cognitive ability are more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes.
The role of the one‐carbon cycle in the developmental origins of Type 2 diabetes and obesity
Authors: Finer S. , Saravanan P. , Hitman G. , Yajnik C.
Published: December 2013

Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in certain populations, such as in India, where there is also a rising prevalence of Type 2 diabetes, obesity and their complications. Human cohorts and animal models provide compelling data suggesting the role of the one‐carbon cycle in modulating the risk of diabetes and adiposity via developmental programming. Early mechanistic studies in animals suggest that alterations to the cellular provision of methyl groups (via the one‐carbon cycle) in early developmental life may disrupt DNA methylation and induce future adverse phenotypic changes. Furthermore, replacement of micronutrient deficits at suitable developmental stages may modulate this risk. Current human studies are limited by a range of factors, including the accuracy and availability of methods to measure nutritional components in the one‐carbon cycle, and whether its disruptions exert tissue‐specific effects. A greater understanding of the causal and mechanistic role of the one‐carbon cycle is hoped to generate substantial insights into its role in the developmental origins of complex metabolic diseases and the potential of targeted and population‐wide prevention strategies.
The Feasibility of the Initial Postsystolic to Systolic Strain Rate Ratio as a Predictor of the Viability of Ischemic Myocardium with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Park Soon Chang , Kang Ki‐Woon , Yoon Hyeon Soo , Myung Jin Cheol , Choi Yu Jeong , Park Sang Hyun , Jung Kyung Tae , Chin Jung Yeon
Published: December 2013

Background

Investigations of a strain index for the viability of ischemic myocardium with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have been challenging. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate patients with AMI to determine an optimal strain index for predicting the viability of ischemic myocardium.

Methods and Results

A total of 57 patients with AMI were assessed according to two‐dimensional (2D) speckle tracking imaging strain and strain rate (SR), measured during the acute phase before urgent revascularization and at a 1‐year follow‐up postrevascularization. During the acute phase, all the myocardial segments were classified according to the acute end‐systolic strain (Ses) values as normal (Ses ≤ −13%), hypocontractile (−13% < Ses ≤ −7%), or having a severe contractile abnormality (Ses > −7%). At the 1‐year follow‐up, we reassessed the recovery of the segments with a severe contractile abnormality. The viability of these segments was defined as an improved Ses (≤ −7%) at follow‐up postrevascularization. The Ses values, postsystolic strain index (PSI), and SR values were significantly better in the viable segments than in the nonviable segments at both the acute phase and at follow‐up (P < 0.001). The initial postsystolic to systolic SR ratio (SRps/SRs) had the best area under the curve (AUC = 0.897). In addition, a cutoff value of 0.6 predicted recovery from a severe contractile abnormality with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 88%.

Conclusions

The initial SRps/SRs ratio identified the viability of ischemic myocardium with AMI; therefore, this novel index may be clinically useful in the treatment of patients with AMI.
Systolic Anterior Motion of the Posterior Leaflet in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Anderson Mark , Wayangankar Siddharth , Sivaram Chittur A.
Published: December 2013

Mini‐Abstract

Although isolated systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the posterior mitral valve leaflet has been previously documented in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, this case highlights the therapeutic implications of diagnosing this phenomenon and the importance of meticulous echocardiographic techniques in these patients. We present a case of SAM of the posterior leaflet producing persistent dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction despite septal myectomy and subsequent revision myomectomy in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Phytosanitary status of grapevine in Montenegro
Authors: Zindović J. , Viršček Marn M. , Mavrič Pleško I.
Published: December 2013

During 2006 and 2007, a survey on the incidence and distribution of fourteen grapevine viruses was carried out in the Skadar Lake basin, one of the two main grapevine‐growing areas of Montenegro. In total 165 samples were collected from four red (‘Vranac’, ‘Kratošija’, ‘Merlot’ and ‘Cardinal’), two white (‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Rkaciteli’) and a few unknown grapevine varieties in the vicinity of Podgorica and Bar. The phytosanitary status of the collected samples was analysed by DAS‐ELISA and the presence of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 1 (GLRaV‐1), Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2 (GLRaV‐2) and Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 3 (GLRaV‐3) was confirmed in some of them. The most frequently found virus in assayed samples was GLRaV‐3 (54.5%), followed by GFLV (23%), GLRaV‐1 (20%) and GLRaV‐2 (0.6%). These serological analyses showed the absence of Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 6 (GLRaV‐6), Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 7 (GLRaV‐7), Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV), Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), Raspberry ringspot virus (RpRSV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) and Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) from all tested samples.
Creativity and Inequality: The Dual Path of China's Urban Economy?
Authors: Liu Cathy Yang , Xie Wen
Published: December 2013

Utilizing Chinese data for the years of 1998, 2000, 2005, and 2008, this research traces the growth of the creative economy and the enlarging income inequality in China's urban economy. While the creative sector now makes up close to 30 percent of China's urban private employment, industry‐based earnings disparity has also increased substantively. Provinces with larger creative economy also tend to have higher level of wage inequality among workers of the creative sector, the working sector, and the service sector. Several other factors, especially internal migration flow, size of manufacturing, and ownership structure in local economy, are found to be significantly linked to inequality as well.
Effect of combined mutations in the enhancer II and basal core promoter of hepatitis B virus on development of hepatocellular carcinoma in Qidong, China
Authors: Qu Li‐Shuai , Zhu Jing , Liu Tao‐Tao , Shen Xi‐Zhong , Chen Tao‐Yang , Ni Zheng‐Pin , Ni Run‐Zhou , Lu Cui‐Hua
Published: December 2013

Aim

To investigate the roles of mutations in enhancer II (Enh II), basal core promoter (BCP) and precore (PC) regions of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Qidong, China.

Methods

We conducted a case–control study within a cohort of 2387 male HBV carriers who were recruited between August and September 1996. The HBV DNA sequence was determined in 152 HCC and 131 chronic hepatitis patients. Mutation exchanges during follow up in 115 cases were compared with 108 controls with serum samples taken during a similar length of follow up. In addition, a longitudinal study was conducted in 22 cases in which serial serum samples were available before HCC.

Results

After adjustment for age, history of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, hepatitis B e‐antigen positivity, T1653, V1753 and T1762/A1764 double mutations were associated with risk of HCC. Multivariate analysis showed that T1653, V1753 and T1762/A1764 double mutations were independent risk factors of HCC. Moreover, a significant biological gradient of HCC risk by number of mutations in Enh II/BCP regions was observed. Paired samples analysis indicated that the increased HCC risk for at‐risk sequence mutations were attributable to the persistence of these mutations, but not a single time point mutation. The longitudinal observation demonstrated a gradual combination of mutations in Enh II/BCP regions accumulated during the development of HCC.

Conclusion

T1653, V1753 and T1762/A1764 double mutations were independent risk factors of HCC. The effect of combined mutations in Enh II/BCP regions increased the risk and persistence of at‐risk sequence mutations and was critical for HCC development.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Si‐doped Hydroxyapatite Nanopowders: Mechanical and Bioactivity Evaluation
Authors: Belmamouni Younes , Bricha Meriame , Ferreira José , El Mabrouk Khalil
Published: December 2013

Si‐doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (n‐SixHA) were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis from calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and diammonium hydrogen orthophosphate. A rod‐like morphology was obtained for all the powders irrespective of the incorporatedSi‐doping level. But the crystallinity of the n‐SixHApowders, the density achieved upon sintering powder compacts and their mechanical properties (three‐point‐bending strength), as well as their biomineralization activity evaluated by immersing them into simulated body fluid (SBF) were found to be dependent on theSi‐doping amount.
Decoding the Fingerprint of Ferroelectric Loops: Comprehension of the Material Properties and Structures
Authors: Jin Li , Li Fei , Zhang Shujun
Published: December 2013

Due to the nature of domains, ferroics, including ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, and ferroelastic materials, exhibit hysteresis phenomena with respect to external driving fields (magnetic field, electric field, or stress). In principle, every ferroic material has its own hysteresis loop, like a fingerprint, which contains information related to its properties and structures. For ferroelectrics, many characteristic parameters, such as coercive field, spontaneous, and remnant polarizations can be directly extracted from the hysteresis loops. Furthermore, many impact factors, including the effect of materials (grain size and grain boundary, phase and phase boundary, doping, anisotropy, thickness), aging (with and without poling), and measurement conditions (applied field amplitude, fatigue, frequency, temperature, stress), can affect the hysteretic behaviors of the ferroelectrics. In this feature article, we will first give the background of the ferroic materials and multiferroics, with an emphasis on ferroelectrics. Then it is followed by an introduction of the characterizing techniques for the loops, including the polarization–electric field loops and strain–electric field curves. A caution is made to avoid misinterpretation of the loops due to the existence of conductivity. Based on their morphologic features, the hysteresis loops are categorized to four groups and the corresponding material usages are introduced. The impact factors on the hysteresis loops are discussed based on recent developments in ferroelectric and related materials. It is suggested that decoding the fingerprint of loops in ferroelectrics is feasible and the comprehension of the material properties and structures through the hysteresis loops is established.
Associations between perceptions of evidence and adoption of H1N1 influenza infection prevention strategies among healthcare workers providing care to persons with spinal cord injury
Authors: Ullrich Philip M. , Lavela Sherri L. , Evans Charlesnika T. , Miskevics Scott , Weaver Frances M. , Goldstein Barry
Published: December 2013

Aim

To examine associations between perceptions of evidence (research evidence, clinical expertise, patient preferences) and outcomes of a nationwide programme to implement H1N1 influenza prevention guidelines.

Background

Healthcare workers do not consistently adhere to recommended infection control practices and this may be associated with their perceptions of evidence sources.

Design

Cross‐sectional mailed survey.

Method

A survey of healthcare workers was administered in August 2010 after implementation of H1N1 prevention guidelines. Outcomes of interest were ratings of adherence to H1N1 prevention guidelines.

Findings

Respondents with complete data (N = 283) were included in analyses. Facility‐level adherence to guidelines was associated with opinions of clinical experts. Healthcare workers who rated clinical expertise as aligning with recommendations also rated their facilities as being more adherent to guidelines. Perceptions of research evidence and patient preferences were not associated with facility adherence. Personal adherence was not associated with perceptions of evidence, except among those healthcare workers who rated both clinical experts and patients as unsupportive of guidelines; these practitioners were less likely to adhere to recommended personal hygiene practices.

Conclusion

Efforts to implement guidelines might be most effective when capitalizing on the influence of clinical experts. To better explain variability in guideline adherence, inclusion of a broader array of variables is recommended for future studies.
Treatment of recalcitrant facial verrucae vulgares with sinecatechins (greentea catechins) ointment
Authors: Clouth A. , Schöfer H.
Published: December 2013

Background

Facial verrucae vulgares are benign, but disfiguring skin manifestations of human papilloma virus infection. They are found as verrucae planae juveniles in young adults, but also as common warts in immunocompromised or atopic patients.

Objective

To find an alternative, non‐surgical treatment for a young man with atopic dermatitis and facial warts, who had not responded to 5‐FU ointment, waterfiltered infrared A (wIRA) irradiation and topical retinoids.

Methods

Topical treatment with a sinecatechins 10% ointment (VeregenTM) as approved for genital warts thrice daily for 3 weeks in a 34‐year‐old man with atopic dermatitis

Results

Complete remission of all facial warts was achieved within 20 days. Few side‐effects were observed (initially some light skin irritation only).

Conclusion

In this case, topical sinecatechins proved to be a well‐tolerated and effective alternative to treat recalcitrant facial warts without surgery.
Bioactive and Biomimetic Restorative Materials: A Comprehensive Review. Part I
Authors: Jefferies Steven R.
Published: December 2013

The objective of this two‐part review article is to compare and contrast the composition, properties, and performance of the calcium silicate‐ and calcium aluminate‐based, bioactive dental materials, with an emphasis on the restorative applications of this evolving class of materials. Part I examines the development and application of the calcium silicate‐based materials ranging from dental materials derived from Portland cement to more recent materials based on further modifications of calcium silicate cement chemistry. Part II will consider the development, composition, properties, and application of the bioactive calcium aluminate‐based materials that have recently been developed for several indications in restorative dentistry.

Clinical Significance

Bioactive materials have evolved over the past three decades from relatively specialized, highly biocompatible, but low‐strength dental materials to now emerge in product compositions for expanded clinical uses in restorative dentistry. Further developments to meet additional restorative clinical needs are anticipated in this newly emerging category of dental materials.
Hypodontia Prevalence over Four Decades in a Slovenian Population
Authors: Fekonja Anita
Published: December 2013

Aim

This study was performed to determine the prevalence of hypodontia of permanent teeth in the Slovenian population and whether such prevalence is associated with the year of birth.

Material and Methods

The prevalence of hypodontia in the Slovenian population, both male and female, and the association between tooth types, the upper or lower arch, the associated dental anomalies, and orthodontic treatment were studied using interviews and oral and panoramic radiographic examinations of 2,546 Slovenians born in years 1966, 1976, 1986, and 1996. The data were processed using Chi‐square test.

Results

Among the 2,546 subjects studied, 307 teeth were missing in 175 subjects. The overall prevalence of hypodontia, excluding the third molars, was 6.9%; and there was no statistically significant difference with the year of birth. The most commonly missing teeth were the mandibular second premolar (38.8%), followed by the maxillary lateral incisors (32.6%). The majority (86.9%) of patients with hypodontia were missing only one or two teeth. Subjects with hypodontia (54.9%) were more often involved in orthodontic treatment than subjects without hypodontia (20.5%).

Conclusions

The relatively high prevalence of hypodontia and its frequent association with other dental anomalies emphasizes the importance of dental examination in early childhood with radiographic screening for hypodontia as standard public oral health policy.

Clinical Significance

The relatively high prevalence of hypodontia in Slovenians and its frequent association with other dental anomalies emphasizes the importance of dental examination with radiographic screening of hypodontia in childhood as part of public oral health policy.
Esthetic Evaluation of Implants Placed after Orthodontic Treatment in Patients with Congenitally Missing Lateral Incisors
Authors: Mangano Carlo , Levrini Luca , Mangano Alessandro , Mangano Francesco , Macchi Aldo , Caprioglio Alberto
Published: December 2013

Objective

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the esthetic outcome of single tooth Morse taper connection implants used to replace congenitally missing lateral incisors after orthodontic treatment by means of the pink esthetic score (PES) and white esthetic score (WES) index.

Materials and Methods

Twenty consecutive patients who were treated with a single tooth Morse taper connection implants (Leone Implant System®, Florence, Italy) were enrolled in this study. An independent calibrated examiner applied the PES/WES index to 20 implant‐supported restorations 3 months and 3 years after implant placement.

Results

No implants were lost. All 20 implants fulfilled the established success criteria for dental implants with regard to osseointegration and prosthetic complications, with an overall implant‐crown success of 100.0%. At the 3 year examination, the mean distance between the implant shoulder and the first visible bone‐implant contact was of 0.49 ± 0.18 mm (95% confidence interval 0.41–0.57); the mean PES was 8.15 ± 1.69, and the mean WES was 8.70 ± 0.92.

Conclusions

The placement of single‐tooth Morse taper connection implants for rehabilitation of congenitally missing lateral incisors after orthodontic treatment represents a successful procedure in the medium term. Further studies are necessary in order to assess the long‐term esthetic score.

Clinical Significance

This paper evaluates the esthetic outcome of Morse taper connection implants placed to restore congenitally missing lateral incisors after orthodontic treatment.
Space, Sovereignty, Inequality: Interpreting the Explosion of Brazil's VLS Rocket
Authors: Mitchell Sean T.
Published: December 2013

Esse artigo explora narrativas produzidas a partir da explosão do foguete de lançamento de satélites (VLS) em 2003. A explosão causou a morte de 21 técnicos, mas, segundo alguns críticos, nunca foi devidamente explicada. Examino narrativas divergentes sobre a explosão que circulam entre grupos envolvidos, e analiso três representações de progresso e de desenvolvimento nacional implícitos: o nacionalista, o neoliberal, e o redistributivo. A importância do lançamento de satélites para o programa espacial brasileiro, as terríveis consequências da explosão, a obscuridade em torno das causas do evento, e a incerteza que marcou a investigação, fizeram do evento uma potente metonímia para as idéias de diferentes grupos sobre o Estado‐nação brasileiro, e suas futuros desejáveis e possíveis. Este trabalho também defende a importância da pesquisa etnográfica sobre a distribuição e os conflitos sobre a tecnociência, um ponto de inquérito importante para compreender a política da desigualdade global e de futuros imaginados.
Mining versus Oil Extraction: Divergent and Differentiated Environmental Subjectivities in “Post‐Neoliberal” Ecuador
Authors: Davidov Veronica
Published: December 2013

En el Ecuador postneoliberal la ecopolítica esta flanqueada entre la extracción petrolífera y la minería, siendo el primer caso un ejemplo del fracaso de las políticas neoliberales, mientras el segundo es reflejo de las promesas populistas. Este artículo analiza cómo en Intag el activismo antiminería refleja este cambio en las políticas neoliberales desde un estado petrolero a un estado “nuevo y progresivo” que defiende una agenda prominería. En un sentido amplio, este artículo examina, por un lado, la forma en que la contraposición de estas divisiones ecopolíticas se movilizan en Ecuador con el propósito de producir un nuevo nacionalismo; y, por otro, cómo las subjetividades medioambientales existentes en distintos sectores se posicionan frente al estado. El análisis se centra en las representaciones y prácticas que dan forma a las subjetividades medioambientales de actores que, resistiendo la explotación de minas de cobre en sus tierras, operan simultáneamente a escala internacional, nacional y local y, por lo tanto, negocian múltiples –y en ocasiones contradictorios‐ significados respecto a los recursos naturales y su uso.
Grain‐scale pressure variations and chemical equilibrium in high‐grade metamorphic rocks
Authors: Tajčmanová L. , Podladchikov Y. , Powell R. , Moulas E. , Vrijmoed J.C. , Connolly J.A.D.
Published: December 2013

In the classical view of metamorphic microstructures, fast viscous relaxation (and so constant pressure) is assumed, with diffusion being the limiting factor in equilibration. This contribution is focused on the only other possible scenario – fast diffusion and slow viscous relaxation – and brings an alternative interpretation of microstructures typical of high‐grade metamorphic rocks. In contrast to the pressure vessel mechanical model applied to pressure variation associated with coesite inclusions in various host minerals, a multi‐anvil mechanical model is proposed in which strong single crystals and weak grain boundaries can maintain pressure variation at geological time‐scales in a polycrystalline material. In such a mechanical context, exsolution lamellae in feldspar are used to show that feldspar can sustain large differential stresses (>10 kbar) at geological time‐scales. Furthermore, it is argued that the existence of grain‐scale pressure gradients combined with diffusional equilibrium may explain chemical zoning preserved in reaction rims. Assuming zero net flux across the microstructure, an equilibrium thermodynamic method is introduced for inferring pressure variation corresponding to the chemical zoning. This new barometric method is applied to plagioclase rims around kyanite in felsic granulite (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic), yielding a grain‐scale pressure variation of 8 kbar. In this approach, kinetic factors are not invoked to account for mineral composition zoning preserved in rocks metamorphosed at high grade.
Patient factors associated with incidents of aggression in a general inpatient setting
Authors: Williamson Rosalyn , Lauricella Kate , Browning Alexandra , Tierney Elizabeth , Chen Josephine , Joseph Stephen , Sharrock Julie , Trauer Tom , Hamilton Bridget
Published: December 2013

Aims and objectives

To determine patient factors associated with aggressive (code grey) events in the setting of a metropolitan hospital during a six‐month period, to inform screening and prevention practices.

Background

Patient aggression continues to place nurses and patients at risk. Nurses need to be able to identify situations that are likely to escalate into aggression in order to ensure their own safety and the quality of care they can provide. Research has focussed on emergency departments and psychiatric units. Approaches that are appropriate for these settings may not fit for the general inpatient setting.

Design

A structured audit and epidemiological analysis of hospital population, regarding incidence of aggression.

Methods

A retrospective audit of code grey event reports and medical records of patients admitted to 16 general medical‐surgical wards, during a six‐month period. All available records of 121 code grey events were audited. Demographic factors for patients with code grey events were compared with factors for 6472 patients admitted. Statistical tests included chi‐squared, bivariate and logistic regression.

Results

Diagnoses associated with increased risk of code grey were the following: delirium (11 times more likely) and dementia (seven times). Patients were more likely to have a code grey event if they were over 65 years of age (more than twice), were male (more than twice), were a recipient of Veterans' Affairs pension (four times), had never been married or had been admitted through the emergency department (almost twice).

Conclusion

This study adds to the current knowledge of the distinctive profile of patients in medical‐surgical settings who are associated with aggressive events.

Relevance to clinical practice

It is recommended that nurses increase their focus on assessment of identified risk factors and documentation of behaviours, to help predict aggressive events, and that this focus be supported by hospital safety and care policy.
Diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating microRNAs in patients with acute chest pain
Authors: Devaux Y. , Mueller M. , Haaf P. , Goretti E. , Twerenbold R. , Zangrando J. , Vausort M. , Reichlin T. , Wildi K. , Moehring B. , Wagner D. R. , Mueller C.
Published: December 2013

Objectives

To address the diagnostic value of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in patients presenting with acute chest pain.

Design

In a prospective, international, multicentre study, six miRNAs (miR‐133a, miR‐208b, miR‐223, miR‐320a, miR‐451 and miR‐499) were simultaneously measured in a blinded fashion in 1155 unselected patients presenting with acute chest pain to the emergency department. The final diagnosis was adjudicated by two independent cardiologists. The clinical follow‐up period was 2 years.

Results

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was the adjudicated final diagnosis in 224 patients (19%). Levels of miR‐208b, miR‐499 and miR‐320a were significantly higher in patients with AMI compared to those with other final diagnoses. MiR‐208b provided the highest diagnostic accuracy for AMI (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.72–0.80). This diagnostic value was lower than that of the fourth‐generation cardiac troponin T (cTnT; 0.84) or the high‐sensitivity cTnT (hs‐cTnT; 0.94; both P < 0.001 for comparison). None of the six miRNAs provided added diagnostic value when combined with cTnT or hs‐cTnT (ns for the comparison of combinations vs. cTnT or hs‐cTnT alone). During follow‐up, 102 (9%) patients died. Levels of MiR‐208b were higher in patients who died within 30 days, but the prognostic accuracy was low to moderate. None of the miRNAs predicted long‐term mortality.

Conclusion

The miRNAs investigated in this study do not seem to provide incremental diagnostic or prognostic value in patients presenting with suspected AMI.
BURIAL AND THERMAL HISTORY MODELLING OF THE MURZUQ AND GHADAMES BASINS (LIBYA) USING THE GALO COMPUTER PROGRAMME
Authors: Galushkin Yu. , Eloghbi S. , Sak M.
Published: December 2013

The GALO computer programme was used to model the thermal and burial histories of the Murzuq and Ghadames Basins, Libya. The model was based on recent drilling and seismic data from the basins, and used published deep temperature and vitrinite reflectance measurements. The model provides more accurate results than previous studies which were based on constant geothermal gradients during the basins' histories, and variations in heat flux at the base of the sedimentary cover were chosen so that calculated values of vitrinite reflectance coincide with those observed. The Murzuq Basin and Libyan part of the Ghadames Basin contain similar source rock units but have different burial histories. In the Murzuq Basin, maximum present‐day burial depths of Cambrian sediments range from 2200 to 2800 m and only locally reach 3000 – 3600 m; in the Ghadames Basin, however, burial depths can exceed 4–5 km. The burial history of the Murzuq Basin includes several periods of intense erosion and lithospheric heating which produced significant lateral variations in thermal maturity, leading in places to unexpected results. For example, relatively shallow‐buried Lower Silurian source rocks in the A‐76 area on the flank of the Murzuq Basin have a thermal maturity of Ro = 1.24% which is higher than the maturity of the same interval in more deeply buried areas (wells D1‐NC‐58 or J1‐NC101). In the central part of the Ghadames Basin, the modelling suggests a higher level of thermal maturity for organic matter in Silurian strata (Ro 0.8 to 1.3%), confirming the generation potential of Lower Silurian “hot shales”. Significant hydrocarbon generation began here in the Late Carboniferous and continues at the present day. Modelling of the Late Devonian (Frasnian) Aouinat Ouinine Formation “hot shales” suggests limited hydrocarbon generation depending strongly on burial depth, with the main phase of hydrocarbon generation taking place during the final episode of thermal activation in the Cenozoic. In the wells studied in the Ghadames Basin, the “oil window” extends over a considerable part of the present‐day sedimentary column.
Effect of bovine colostrum intake on growth, reproductive parameters and survival in red kids
Authors: Abdou H. , Marichatou H. , Beckers J.‐F. , Dufrasne I. , Issa M. , Hornick J.‐L.
Published: December 2013

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of frozen Azawak colostrum supplementation on body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), reproductive parameters (mean age at first parturition, fertility, fecundity, prolificacy) and mortality rate among red kids. The study was conducted at the goat farm secondary centre of Maradi in Niger from September 2010 to September 2011. The control animals (n = 20) were left with their mother, while the treatment animals (n = 20) received in addition 50 ml/animal/day of bovine colostrum at birth and 15 ml/animal/day from d2 to d15. Weight was measured weekly from birth to d365. Mortalities were also recorded over the same period. For reproductive parameters, observations began at weaning (d197). Growth rate was higher (p < 0.001) in supplemented animal, and the treatment effects on ADG were observed up to 150 day after the end of supplementation. A similar long‐lasting trend was also observed in relation to the mortality rate (25% for ColG vs. 55% for ConG; p = 0.05). The age at first kidding tended to be lower in the treated group (13.8 ± 0.7 vs. 14.1 ± 0.8 month; p < 0.1). In conclusion, mild bovine colostrum supplementation induces a long‐lasting positive impact on growth rate and to a lower extent on reproduction parameters and survival rate.
Association of a microRNA‐323b polymorphism with the persistence of hepatitis B virus infection by the enhancement of viral replication
Authors: Yu S. J. , Kim J.‐W. , Lee J.‐H. , Yoon J.‐H. , Lee H.‐S. , Cheong J. Y. , Cho S. W. , Shin H. D. , Kim Y. J.
Published: December 2013

Recent studies have shown that some mammalian microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in antiviral defence. However, little is known about the role of miRNA‐323b in hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐host interaction. We explored whether single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of miRNA‐323b affects HBV replication in a Korean HBV cohort. Genotyping was performed in a total of 1439 subjects composed of 404 spontaneously recovered (SR) subjects as normal controls and 1035 chronic carriers (CC) of HBV who were further classified into 313 patients with chronic hepatitis, 305 patients with liver cirrhosis and 417 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. To confirm the effect of SNP of miRNA‐323b on HBV replication in vitro, HepAD38 cells were transfected with miRNA‐323b wild type or miRNA‐323b SNP plasmid vectors, and HBV replication was induced for 5 days. HBV DNA was isolated and quantified using real‐time PCR. The polymorphism rs56103835C>T in the pre‐miRNA region of miRNA‐323b revealed significant minor allele frequency (0.273). rs56103835C>T SNP showed significantly affect persistence of HBV in CC group compared with SR group (OR = 1.29, P = 0.009 in a codominant model; OR = 1.29, P = 0.03 in a dominant model; and OR = 1.78, P = 0.03 in a recessive model). In vitro, the total intracellular HBV DNA content was significantly reduced by miRNA‐323b wild‐type plasmid vector transfection (P = 0.014). The polymorphism of miRNA‐323b was significantly associated with persistence of HBV by the enhancement of HBV replication (P = 0.021). Our findings provide a novel perspective on the role SNP of miRNAs in host–virus interactions in HBV infection.
Comparative spatial metal concentrations and partitioning in bottom sediments of two tropical freshwater lake basins, Kenya
Authors: Mwamburi Job
Published: December 2013

Metal concentrations in the water, sediments and biota in alkaline, near neutral water tropical freshwater lake basins were determined and a comparative analysis made on the spatial and accumulated trace metal concentrations, and geochemical partitioning of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in bottom lake sediments. Variable accumulated levels were found in the analysed sediments and aquatic biological tissues. Metal partitioning data in the present study from the two areas exhibits similar trends in magnitude. The residual fractions retained relatively higher amounts of metals. Relatively higher contents of Pb, Cr and Cu were found in Lake Victoria sediments. Cd, Ni, Mn and Pb are of concern because a higher percentage of these metals were retained in the more bioavailable fractions in Lake Naivasha. Total levels of sediment mercury were comparable for the two lake basins. Metals were found in significant levels in the tissues of aquatic organisms, highlighting the potential risks to other levels within the aquatic food chain. Although the exposure risk was not evaluated, it is important to continue monitoring these elements in fish, as sediments were found to contain considerable quantities of the metals. Numerous sediment extraction techniques data applied for evaluating metal partitioning in sediments cannot be compared because of the use of different methods. Nevertheless, the information is still useful in differentiating and understanding pollution loads from natural versus anthropogenic sources and their associated risks.
Limnological characterization of interdune ponds of Curupu Island, Raposa – MA, Brazil
Authors: Sena Ana C. S. , Cavalcante Paulo R. S. , Silva Maria R. C. , Barbieri Ricardo , Castillo Francisca A.
Published: December 2013

This study was conducted on four freshwater interdune ponds (Jacaré; Grande; Duna; Banho) located on Curupu Island within the municipality of Raposa (Maranhão State, Brazil). It focused on a diagnosis of the physical and chemical characteristics of the water and sediment in these water bodies, while at the same time obtaining basic data and information that could support the adoption of conservation strategies for the rational use of these ecosystems. Seasonal sampling of water from these ponds was conducted during the months of August, September and November 2008 and 2009 (dry period) and February, May, July 2009 and 2010 (rainy period), for the purpose of obtaining data on temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen, ammonium (NH4), nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3) and phosphate ion (PO4) concentrations in the pond water. Sediment sampling also was carried out to determine particle size, carbon, organic matter and phosphorus content. A large variation in most variables, especially the ammonia (NH4), nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (PO4) concentrations, was observed during the study period. The pH values indicated the water in the ponds was mostly alkaline. Based on the average nitrate concentrations (137 μg L−1 during the dry period; 123 μg L−1 during the rainy period), the ponds exhibited primarily eutrophic conditions. The sediment samples exhibited a predominance of fine sand with low carbon and organic matter content, able to be classified by their mineral nature. Due to the fragile nature of the studied ecosystems, disciplinary control of grazing activities and tourism in the area is highly recommended, along with adoption of a basic sanitation infrastructure in the community for the purpose of rational and sustainable use of this ecosystem.
Eutrophication as a ‘wicked’ problem
Authors: Thornton Jeffrey A. , Harding William R. , Dent Mark , Hart Rob C. , Lin Hebin , Rast Claudia L. , Rast Walter , Ryding Sven‐Olof , Slawski Thomas M.
Published: December 2013

Eutrophication, or the enrichment of lakes and reservoirs with plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, is an ongoing concern facing human societies around the world. Once thought to have been resolved using engineering approaches such as municipal wastewater treatment and storm water management, the problem of nutrient enrichment not only persists, but even continues to increase, being manifested in harmful algal blooms, limitations on access to safe drinking water supplies, and related concerns associated with fresh water in lakes and reservoirs. The continuing concern surrounding eutrophication fulfils the many attributes of a ‘wicked’ or complex problem facing society. This report reviews seriatim the ten attributes of a wicked problem, and the implications of these attributes for lake and reservoir management are discussed. Recognition of eutrophication as a wicked problem requires site‐specific approaches, based on specific knowledge of individual water bodies, as well as an ongoing commitment to lake and reservoir management to respond to new manifestations of the problems of nutrient enrichment as they continue to be revealed over time.
Dynamics of the Chinese diet and the role of urbanicity, 1991–2011
Authors: Zhai F. Y. , Du S. F. , Wang Z. H. , Zhang J. G. , Du W. W. , Popkin B. M.
Published: December 2013

China's food consumption patterns and eating and cooking behaviours changed dramatically between 1991 and 2011. Macronutrient composition has shifted towards fats, and protein and sodium intakes remain high and potassium intake low. The rapid decline in intake of coarse grains and, later, of refined grains and increases in intake of edible oils and animal‐source foods accompanied by major eating and cooking behaviour shifts are leading to what might be characterized as an unhealthy Western type of diet, often based on traditional recipes with major additions and changes. The most popular animal‐source food is pork, and consumption of poultry and eggs is increasing. The changes in cooking and eating styles include a decrease in the proportion of food steamed, baked, or boiled, and an increase in snacking and eating away from home. Prior to the last decade, there was essentially no snacking in China except for hot water or green tea. Most recently, the intake of foods high in added sugar has increased. The dietary shifts are affected greatly by the country's urbanization. The future, as exemplified by the diet of the three mega cities, promises major growth in consumption of processed foods and beverages.
Necrotising sialometaplasia – an unusual cause
Authors: Tanna N. , Brown J. , Beneng K. , Sproat C.
Published: December 2013

Necrotising sialometaplasia is a rare, non‐neoplastic disease caused by the inflammation of salivary glands. Diagnosis is made by incisional biopsy, and lesions are self‐limiting and resolve spontaneously. The precise aetiology of necrotising sialometaplasia is unknown, but it is thought that necrosis of salivary glands occurs due to trauma that leads to disruption of blood supply and ischaemia of the salivary lobules. Examples of trauma include local anaesthetic administration, intubation and ill‐fitting dentures.

This case demonstrates an extensive bilateral presentation of necrotising sialometaplasia as a result of traumatic autoextraction (self‐removal) of three maxillary teeth and highlights the need to consider a diagnosis of self‐mutilation when faced with atypical ulceration of the palate. Although uncommon, cases of oral self‐mutilation can present initially to dental practitioners and we must be aware of this aetiology in order to help in the prevention of further damaging behaviour.