bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlations between colonic crypt mucin chemotype, inflammatory grade and Desulfovibrio species in ulcerative colitis
Authors: Lennon G. , Balfe Á. , Bambury N. , Lavelle A. , Maguire A. , Docherty N. G. , Coffey J. C. , Winter D. C. , Sheahan K. , O'Connell P. R.
Published: December 2013

Aim

The colonic mucus gel layer is composed of mucins that may be sulphated or sialyated. Sulphated mucins predominate in health while in ulcerative colitis (UC) sulphation is reduced. These differences result directly from inflammatory events. It may also be hypothesized that they arise in part from alterations in the colonic microbiota, particularly changes in the burden of sulphated mucin‐metabolizing species, such as Desulfovibrio (DSV) bacteria. The aim of this study was to correlate colonic mucin chemotypes and inflammatory scores in health and UC and relate these changes to changes in the colonization of colonic crypts by DSV.

Method

Paired colonic biopsies from 34 healthy controls (HC) and 19 patients with active UC were collected for the purpose of parallel histological and microbiological assessment. High‐iron diamine and Alcian blue staining and haematoxylin and eosin of mucosal biopsy specimens were used to assess histological changes within the clinical spectrum of UC. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis was employed to determine the total and DSV copy number within the colonic crypts.

Results

Compared with HC, the mucin chemotype in UC was less sulphated and inversely correlated with the degree of mucosal inflammation. A weak but significant negative correlation was found between the abundance of sulphated mucins and DSV burden.

Conclusion

Mucin composition strongly correlates with the degree of mucosal inflammation, and to a lesser extent with DSV burden. These data suggest that mucin chemotype and DSV burden are linked phenomena and highlight the need to consider changes in mucin chemotype in the setting of microbial dysbiosis occurring within the colitic colon.

What does this paper add to the literature?

Decreased sulphation of mucins has been associated with inflammation in ulcerative colitis. Currently there are few data describing the relationship between microbial species and changes in mucin chemotype. This study validates previous findings and presents evidence of changes in mucin chemotype occurring in tandem with coherent changes in the microbiota within crypt niches.
Cutaneous collagenous vasculopathy associated with intravascular occlusive fibrin thrombi
Authors: Salama Samih , Chorneyko Kathy , Belovic Brian
Published: December 2013

Cutaneous collagenous vasculopathy (CCV) is a rare cutaneous microangiopathy that clinically resembles generalized essential telangiectasia with only 12 cases reported to date. The perivascular fibrosis is thought to be due to production of abnormal collagen by veil cells in the outer vessel walls as a result of unknown factors. This report is of an 84‐year‐old male with progressive telangiectasia. Biopsies showed characteristic features of CCV. In addition, there were multiple intravascular fibrin thrombi, some organizing and associated with endothelial cell hyperplasia with recanalization reminiscent of glomeruloid bodies and simulating reactive angioendotheliomatosis (RAE). Histochemically and ultrastructurally fibrin was noted within the vessel walls integrating into the fibrous tissue around the vessels; however, the patient had no evidence of coagulation disorder, cryoglobulinemia or cold agglutinemia. Immunofluorescence showed fibrinogen within the vessel walls but no immunoglobulins or C3. As well, there were minimal inflammatory cells. This suggests pauci‐inflammatory injury to the endothelial cells by unknown angiogenic factors causing local intravascular fibrin thrombi with fibrin leaking and incorporating into the vessel walls, eventually leading to reparative perivascular fibrosis. This case suggests that some cases of CCV are related to a primary local intravascular occlusive thrombotic microangiopathy. However, the primary triggering factor causing the endothelial cell damage has yet to be elucidated.
Versatile strategy for isolating transcription activator‐like effector nuclease‐mediated knockout mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Sugi Takuma , Sakuma Tetsushi , Ohtani Yasuko , Yamamoto Takashi
Published: December 2013

Targeted genome editing using transcription activator‐like effector nuclease (TALEN) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 systems has recently
emerged as a potentially powerful method for creating locus‐specific mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans. Due to the low mutation frequencies, one of the crucial steps in using these technologies is screening animals that harbor a targeted mutation. In previous studies, identifying targeted mutations in C. elegans usually depended on observations of fluorescent markers such as a green fluorescent protein or visible phenotypes such as dumpy and uncoordinated phenotypes. However, this strategy is limited in practice because the phenotypes caused by targeted mutations such as defects in sensory behaviors are often apparently invisible. Here, we describe a versatile strategy for isolating C. elegans knockout mutants by TALEN‐mediated genome editing and a heteroduplex mobility assay. We applied TALENs to engineer the locus of the neural gene glr‐1, which is a C. elegans AMPA‐type receptor orthologue that is known to have crucial roles in various sensory behaviors. Knockout mutations in the glr‐1 locus, which caused defective mechanosensory behaviors, were efficiently identified by the heteroduplex mobility assay. Thus, we demonstrated the utility of a TALEN‐based knockout strategy for creating C. elegans with mutations that cause invisible phenotypes.
Development and reliability of a system to classify the eating and drinking ability of people with cerebral palsy
Authors: Sellers Diane , Mandy Anne , Pennington Lindsay , Hankins Matthew , Morris Christopher
Published: December 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to develop a valid classification system to describe eating and drinking ability in people with cerebral palsy (CP), and to test its reliability.

Method

The Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS) was developed in four stages in consultation with individuals with CP, parents, and health professionals: Stage 1, drafting informed by literature and clinical experience; Stage 2, modification by nominal groups; Stage 3, refinement in an international Delphi survey; and Stage 4, testing of agreement and reliability between classifications made by speech and language therapists (SaLTs), and between SaLTs and parents.

Results

Seven nominal groups involved 56 participants; 95 people participated in two rounds of the Delphi survey. Using the version of EDACS produced from this process, SaLTs in pairs classified 100 children. The rate of absolute agreement was 78% (kappa=0.72; intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90–0.95). Any disagreement was only by one level, with one exception. SaLTs and parents classified 48 children. The rate of absolute agreement was 58% (kappa=0.45, ICC=0.86; 95% CI 0.76–0.92). Parents either agreed with SaLTs or rated their children as more able by one level.

Interpretation

The EDACS provides a valid and reliable system for classifying eating and drinking performance of people with CP, for use in both clinical and research contexts.
Prey switching as a means of enhancing persistence in predators at the trailing southern edge
Authors: Peers Michael J. L. , Wehtje Morgan , Thornton Daniel H. , Murray Dennis L.
Published: December 2013

Understanding the effects of climate change on species’ persistence is a major research interest; however, most studies have focused on responses at the northern or expanding range edge. There is a pressing need to explain how species can persist at their southern range when changing biotic interactions will influence species occurrence. For predators, variation in distribution of primary prey owing to climate change will lead to mismatched distribution and local extinction, unless their diet is altered to more extensively include alternate prey. We assessed whether addition of prey information in climate projections restricted projected habitat of a specialist predator, Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), and if switching from their primary prey (snowshoe hare; Lepus americanus) to an alternate prey (red squirrel; Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) mitigates range restriction along the southern range edge. Our models projected distributions of each species to 2050 and 2080 to then refine predictions for southern lynx on the basis of varying combinations of prey availability. We found that models that incorporated information on prey substantially reduced the total predicted southern range of lynx in both 2050 and 2080. However, models that emphasized red squirrel as the primary species had 7–24% lower southern range loss than the corresponding snowshoe hare model. These results illustrate that (i) persistence at the southern range may require species to exploit higher portions of alternate food; (ii) selection may act on marginal populations to accommodate phenotypic changes that will allow increased use of alternate resources; and (iii) climate projections based solely on abiotic data can underestimate the severity of future range restriction. In the case of Canada lynx, our results indicate that the southern range likely will be characterized by locally varying levels of mismatch with prey such that the extent of range recession or local adaptation may appear as a geographical mosaic.
Nineteen years of management for Phoenicopteriformes in European Association of Zoos and Aquaria institutions: the Fabulous Flamingo Surveys and strategies to increase reproduction in captivity
Authors: King C. E. , Bračko A.
Published: December 2013

Flamingos are estimated to be present in at least two‐thirds of European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) institutions. In total, 8837 flamingos in 168 institutions, including 164 EAZA zoos and four Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust centres were reported as at 1 January 2010. Around 93% (8214) of the flamingos reported were the three Phoenicopterus spp: Greater flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus, Caribbean flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber and Chilean flamingo Phoenicopterus chilensis. These three species are included in the EAZA Ciconiiformes and Phoenicopteriformes Regional Collection Plan (RCP), along with the Lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor. All four species are managed in the lowest RCP category, ‘Monitor by TAG’, as efforts currently focus on broad‐scale issues at the zoo/group level. Answers to a survey demonstrated that EAZA zoos would like to hold many more flamingos than are currently available. The Taxon Advisory Group has adopted 11 strategies to improve the conditions and breeding of flamingos in captivity. For example, to improve breeding results zoos are encouraged to have only a single flamingo species in an enclosure, to balance sex ratios in groups and to keep full‐flighted flamingos. Health problems as well as predator and trauma mortality are also discussed in this paper. The Fabulous Flamingo Survey is being repeated at 5 year intervals in order to monitor progress and adjust strategies.
Self‐regulation during e‐learning: using behavioural evidence from navigation log files
Authors: Jeske D. , Backhaus J. , Stamov Roßnagel C.
Published: December 2013

The current paper examined the relationship between perceived characteristics of the learning environment in an e‐module in relation to test performance among a group of e‐learners. Using structural equation modelling, the relationship between these variables is further explored in terms of the proposed double mediation as outlined by Ning and Downing. These authors initially proposed that motivation and self‐regulation strategies are mediators between the perception of the learning environment and performance. In our replication and extension study, we substituted self‐reported self‐regulation with behavioural indicators of self‐regulation using navigation log files and focused on test‐taking rather than general motivation. We proposed that navigational patterns captured using log files can also help deduce self‐regulation in e‐modules and provide information in the absence of self‐reports. Path analyses provide partial support for our navigational hypotheses and the model. Implications of our results for the use of e‐module data and conclusions based on navigation are discussed.
Effects of real‐time visual feedback on pre‐service teachers' singing
Authors: Leong S. , Cheng L.
Published: December 2013

This pilot study focuses on the use real‐time visual feedback technology (VFT) in vocal training. The empirical research has two aims: to ascertain the effectiveness of the real‐time visual feedback software ‘Sing & See’ in the vocal training of pre‐service music teachers and the teachers' perspective on their experience with VFT. Forty participants from an undergraduate music teacher education programme were randomly assigned to three groups. The first two groups were assigned the teacher and student versions of Sing & See, respectively, and the third group served as a control group without access to the software. The experimental groups were given 12 weeks to use the software for vocal training on a self‐regulated basis. The technique of complex selections (TCS) was designed to assess the pitch accuracy and richness of vocal timbre. Pre‐ and post‐test singing tasks showed that the participants from the experimental groups significantly improved their vocal timbre. A questionnaire survey conducted after the training period found that most of the participants in the experimental s were positive about the effectiveness of VFT software in vocal training. As future leaders in the implementation of music education technology, pre‐service music teachers expressed a positive attitude towards the use of VFT as a technology‐enhanced learning (TEL) component in music education.
The role of scaffolding in CSCL in general and in specific environments
Authors: Verdú N. , Sanuy J.
Published: December 2013

This paper aims to analyse if virtual forums set up in an environment specifically designed to improve collaborative learning can effectively influence students' discourse quality and learning when compared with those forums set up in a general environment. Following a coding schema based upon the set of scaffolds offered in the Knowledge Forum environment, we have qualitatively analysed 60 forums and 1370 students from different subjects. The results show that there are very few elaborated and shared deep discussions: the central axis in those superior contributions focuses on bringing new information to already written contributions. There are more new and contrasting opinions in forums set up in a specific virtual environment, whereas there is more reasoning and elaboration in those that were set up in a general one. We propose some explanations for this dissonance and we conclude that collaborative virtual environments are secondary aspects in accounting for deep exchanges of information. Therefore, there are many aspects that need to be taken into account to improve collaborative learning and knowledge building.
Impact of Myocardial Viability and Left Ventricular Lead Location on Clinical Outcome in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Recipients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: BOSE ABHISHEK , KANDALA JAGDESH , UPADHYAY GAURAV A. , RIEDL LINDSAY , AHMADO IMAD , PADMANABHAN RAM , GEWIRTZ HENRY , MULLIGAN LAWRENCE J. , SINGH JAGMEET P.
Published: December 2013

Role of Ischemia and Scar in CRT Patients with CAD

Introduction

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) recipients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) have scar segments that may limit ventricular resynchronization and clinical response. The impact of myocardial viability at the left ventricular (LV) pacing site on CRT response is poorly elucidated.

Methods and Results

A retrospective cohort of 160 ICM patients with single photon emission computed tomography‐myocardial perfusion imaging before device implantation were included. Coronary venous angiography and chest radiographs helped classify segmental location of LV lead (LVL). The primary outcome was a composite of heart failure (HF) hospitalization and mortality at 3 years, and secondary outcome was change in systolic function at 6 months. The patients were divided into groups based on the myocardial substrate at the site of LVL: LVL on or adjacent to (1) normal myocardium (LVL‐N, n = 64), (2) segmental scar (LVL‐S, n = 62), and (3) scar and ischemia (LVL‐SI, n = 34). Upon follow‐up, 75 (47%) patients reached primary endpoint with a higher incidence noted in LVL‐S (60%), and LVL‐SI (53%), compared to 31% in LVL‐N (P = 0.004). Kaplan Meier method demonstrated poor event free survival for primary outcome in LVL‐S (P = 0.002), and LVL‐SI (P = 0.03). In Cox proportional hazard model, LVL‐S (HR: 2.26, P = 0.004), and LVL‐SI (1.9, P = 0.047) were independent predictors of primary outcome.

Conclusion

In CRT recipients with ICM, scar and reversible ischemia in or adjacent to LV pacing site were independent predictors of HF hospitalization and death.
Three‐Year Clinical Evaluation of a Silorane Composite Resin
Authors: Walter Ricardo , Boushell Lee W. , Heymann Harald O. , Ritter Andre V. , Sturdevant John R. , Wilder Aldridge D. , Chung Yunro , Swift Edward J.
Published: December 2013

Statement of Problem

Composite resins are still outperformed by amalgams in the clinical practice with secondary caries and fractures being their most common failures. A material that suffers less polymerization shrinkage might improve the clinical performance of composite resins.

Purpose

To evaluate the clinical performance of a low‐shrink silorane‐based composite resin (Filtek LS Low Shrink Posterior Restorative, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) in comparison with a methacrylate‐based composite resin (Tetric EvoCeram, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Principality of Liechtenstein) over time.

Materials and Methods

Candidates in need of Class II composite resin restorations participated in this randomized controlled clinical trial. Those were 25 female and six male subjects with average age of 44.3 ± 12.7 years. Participants received 82 restorations, being 54 in premolars and 28 in molars. Procedures, which included the restoration of primary caries lesions or replacement of failing restorations, were done using modified preparations with no bevels or additional retention. Restorations were placed using Filtek LS (and dedicated self‐etch adhesive) or Tetric EvoCeram (with AdheSE, Ivoclar Vivadent), following manufacturers' instructions. Incremental placement technique was applied and the restorations were immediately finished. Follow‐up evaluations occurred at six, 12, 24, and 36 months and were done using the Fédération Dentaire Internationale criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using generalized estimating equations.

Results

The recall rate at 36 months was 89%. All interaction terms were not significant.

Conclusions

Filtek LS performs as well as Tetric EvoCeram performs in the clinical setting at 36 months.

Clinical Significance

The silorane‐based composite resin Filtek LS and the conventional methacrylate‐based composite resin Tetric EvoCeram performed similarly well in posterior restorations over at least 36 months of clinical service.
The Effect of Reduced Alcohol on the Sensory Profiles and Consumer Preferences of White Wine
Authors: King Ellena S. , Heymann Hildegarde
Published: December 2013

Dealcoholization, the removal of alcohol from wine, is a technique used to combat rising alcohol levels in wine. However, little is known about how changes in alcohol levels affect wine sensory composition. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of dealcoholization on wine sensory profiles using trained panelists and consumers. A portion of a Californian Chardonnay was dealcoholized and blended back to the original wine at 0.2%v/v increments up to 2%v/v reduction. From a descriptive sensory analysis, with a minimum alcohol difference of 0.4%v/v, wines differed (P ≤ 0.05) in overall aroma intensity and hot mouthfeel, which were positively correlated with alcohol. Unlike panelists, consumers were unable to detect changes among wines with a 1%v/v difference. These results suggest that a moderate reduction of alcohol in oaked Chardonnay wines has a minimal impact on sensory composition and consumer preferences.

Practical Implications

This work suggests that reducing the alcohol levels of oaked white wine using dealcoholization techniques results in minimal perceptible changes to the sensory profile. Alcohol reduction technology is of beneficial use to the wine industry. It would be advantageous for wine producers and consumers to be better informed, regarding the financial, social and health benefits of partially dealcoholized wine, without reduction in wine quality.
Neuroprotective effect of melatonin against ischemia is partially mediated by alpha‐7 nicotinic receptor modulation and HO‐1 overexpression
Authors: Parada Esther , Buendia Izaskun , León Rafael , Negredo Pilar , Romero Alejandro , Cuadrado Antonio , López Manuela G. , Egea Javier
Published: December 2013

Melatonin has been widely studied as a protective agent against oxidative stress. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying neuroprotection in neurodegeneration and ischemic stroke are not yet well understood. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective/antioxidant mechanism of action of melatonin in organotypic hippocampal cultures (OHCs) as well as in photothrombotic stroke model in vivo. Melatonin (0.1, 1, and 10 μm) incubated postoxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) showed a concentration‐dependent protection; maximum protection was achieved at 10 μm (90% protection). Next, OHCs were exposed to 10 μm melatonin at different post‐OGD times; the protective effect of melatonin was maintained at 0, 1, and 2 hr post‐OGD treatment, but it was lost at 6 hr post‐OGD. The protective effect of melatonin and the reduction in OGD‐induced ROS were prevented by luzindole (melatonin antagonist) and α‐bungarotoxin (α‐Bgt, a selective α7 nAChR antagonist). In Nrf2 knockout mice, the protective effect of melatonin was reduced by 40% compared with controls. Melatonin, incubated 0, 1, and 2 hr post‐OGD, increased the expression of heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), and this overexpression was prevented by luzindole and α‐bungarotoxin. Finally, administration of 15 mg/kg melatonin following the induction of photothrombotic stroke in vivo, reduced infarct size (50%), and improved motor skills; this effect was partially lost in 0.1 mg/kg methyllycaconitine (MLA, selective α7 nAChR antagonist)‐treated mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that postincubation of melatonin provides a protective effect that, at least in part, depends on nicotinic receptor activation and overexpression of HO‐1.
Melatonin improves neuroplasticity by upregulating the growth‐associated protein‐43 (GAP‐43) andNMDARpostsynaptic density‐95 (PSD‐95) proteins in cultured neurons exposed to glutamate excitotoxicity and in rats subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia even during a long‐term recovery period
Authors: Juan Wei‐Sheng , Huang Sheng‐Yang , Chang Che‐Chao , Hung Yu‐Chang , Lin Yu‐Wen , Chen Tsung‐Ying , Lee Ai‐Hua , Lee Ai‐Chiang , Wu Tian‐Shung , Lee E‐Jian
Published: December 2013

Recent evidence shows that theNMDARpostsynaptic density‐95 (PSD‐95), growth‐associated protein‐43 (GAP‐43), and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) protein enhance neuroplasticity at the subacute stage of stroke. Here, we evaluated whether melatonin would modulate thePSD‐95,GAP‐43, andMMP‐9 proteins in cultured neurons exposed to glutamate excitotoxicity and in rats subjected to experimental stroke. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were treated with melatonin (5 mg/kg) or vehicle at reperfusion onset after transient occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (tMCAO) for 90 min. Animals were euthanized for Western immunoblot analyses for thePSD‐95 andGAP‐43 proteins and gelatin zymography for theMMP‐9 activity at 7 days postinsult. Another set of animals was sacrificed for histologic and Golgi–Cox‐impregnated sections at 28 days postinsult. In cultured neurons exposed to glutamate excitotoxicity, melatonin significantly upregulated theGAP‐43 andPSD‐95 expressions and improved dendritic aborizations (P < 0.05, respectively). Relative to controls, melatonin‐treated stroke animals caused a significant improvement inGAP‐43 andPSD‐95 expressions as well as theMMP‐9 activity in the ischemic brain (P < 0.05). Consequently, melatonin also significantly promoted the dendritic spine density and reduced infarction in the ischemic brain, and improved neurobehaviors as well at 28 days postinsult (P < 0.05, respectively). Together, melatonin upregulatesGAP‐43,PSD‐95, andMMP‐9 proteins, which likely accounts for its actions to improve neuroplasticity in cultured neurons exposed to glutamate excitotoxicity and to enhance long‐term neuroprotection, neuroplasticity, and brain remodeling in stroke rats.
A role of microRNA‐370 in hepatic ischaemia‐reperfusion injury by targeting transforming growth factor‐β receptor II
Authors: Li Lan , Li Guogang , Yu Chaohui , Shen Zhe , Xu Chengfu , Feng Zhiying , Zhang Xuequn , Li Youming
Published: December 2013

Background & Aims

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non‐coding RNAs with modulator activity of gene expression. The role of miRNAs in hepatic ischaemia‐reperfusion (IR) injury is currently largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of miR‐370 in hepatic IR injury.

Methods

The expression levels of hepatic miR‐370 in male C57BL/6 mice subjected to hepatic IR injury or ischaemia preconditioning were assessed by quantitative real‐time PCR. The effect of miR‐370 on hepatic IR injury was investigated by serum enzyme analysis and histological examination of liver following treatment of mice with antagomir‐370 or control. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis‐ and proliferation‐related genes were also determined by quantitative real‐time PCR. Furthermore, the potential targets of miR‐370 in this injury were studied by bioinformatics analysis, luciferase assays, quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blot.

Results

The results showed that miR‐370 expression was significantly upregulated in the mice subjected to hepatic IR injury as compared with the sham‐operated mice. Inhibition of miR‐370 led to the downregulation of serum aminotransferase and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as the improvement of hepatic histological damage. Reporter assays confirmed that miR‐370 directly targeted the 3′ untranslated region of transforming growth factor‐β receptor II (TβRII). Inhibition of miR‐370 was sufficient to reinstate the expression of TβRII and its downstream target phosphorylated Smad3.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that miR‐370 acting via TβRII might play a potential role in hepatic IR injury, and inhibition of miR‐370 efficiently attenuated the damage to the liver.
Survey on Emerging Research on the Use of Natural Language Processing in Clinical Language Assessment of Children
Authors: Solorio Thamar
Published: December 2013

In the last decade, we have seen emerging research exploring the use of natural language processing (NLP) techniques for assisting in the identification of clinical conditions that affect language. One of these clinical conditions is language impairment, a disorder identified by delayed or disordered language patterns in an individual with normal intelligence with no neurological or other physiological conditions. In this article, we present a survey of this emerging line of research, which for the most part has focused on the task of discriminating the clinical from the non‐clinical group by posing the task as an automated classification problem. The focus of this survey is on the types of features recent research has explored. We also discuss the many interesting open questions that this research has yet to explore.
Quantitative trait loci × environment interactions for plant morphology vary over ontogeny inBrassica rapa
Authors: Dechaine Jennifer M. , Brock Marcus T. , Iniguez‐Luy Federico L. , Weinig Cynthia
Published: December 2013

Growth in plants occurs via the addition of repeating modules, suggesting that the genetic architecture of similar subunits may vary between earlier‐ and later‐developing modules. These complex environment × ontogeny interactions are not well elucidated, as studies examining quantitative trait loci (QTLs) expression over ontogeny have not included multiple environments.

Here, we characterized the genetic architecture of vegetative traits and onset of reproduction over ontogeny in recombinant inbred lines ofBrassica rapain the field and glasshouse.

The magnitude of genetic variation in plasticity of seedling internodes was greater than in those produced later in ontogeny. We correspondingly detected thatQTLsfor seedling internode length were environment‐specific, whereas later in ontogeny the majority ofQTLsaffected internode lengths in all treatments. The relationship between internode traits and onset of reproduction varied with environment and ontogenetic stage. This relationship was observed only in the glasshouse environment and was largely attributable to one environment‐specificQTL.

Our results provide the first evidence of aQTL × environment × ontogeny interaction, and provideQTLresolution for differences between early‐ and later‐stage plasticity for stem elongation. These results also suggest potential constraints on morphological evolution in early vs later modules as a result of associations with reproductive timing.
Adaptation of flower and fruit colours to multiple, distinct mutualists
Authors: Renoult Julien P. , Valido Alfredo , Jordano Pedro , Schaefer H. Martin
Published: December 2013

Communication in plant–animal mutualisms frequently involves multiple perceivers. A fundamental uncertainty is whether and how species adapt to communicate with groups of mutualists having distinct sensory abilities.

We quantified the colour conspicuousness of flowers and fruits originating from one European and two SouthAmerican plant communities, using visual models of pollinators (bee and fly) and seed dispersers (bird, primate and marten).

We show that flowers are more conspicuous than fruits to pollinators, and the reverse to seed dispersers. In addition, flowers are more conspicuous to pollinators than to seed dispersers and the reverse for fruits. Thus, despite marked differences in the visual systems of mutualists, flower and fruit colours have evolved to attract multiple, distinct mutualists but not unintended perceivers. We show that this adaptation is facilitated by a limited correlation between flower and fruit colours, and by the fact that colour signals as coded at the photoreceptor level are more similar within than between functional groups (pollinators and seed dispersers).

Overall, these results provide the first quantitative demonstration that flower and fruit colours are adaptations allowing plants to communicate simultaneously with distinct groups of mutualists.
The tillering phenotype of the rice plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) loss‐of‐function mutant is associated with strigolactone deficiency
Authors: Tamiru Muluneh , Abe Akira , Utsushi Hiroe , Yoshida Kakoto , Takagi Hiroki , Fujisaki Koki , Undan Jerwin R. , Rakshit Sujay , Takaichi Shinichi , Jikumaru Yusuke , Yokota Takao , Terry Matthew J. , Terauchi Ryohei
Published: December 2013

The significance of plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) in phytoene desaturation and chloroplast function has been demonstrated using PTOX‐deficient mutants, particularly in Arabidopsis. However, studies on its role in monocots are lacking. Here, we report cloning and characterization of the rice (Oryza sativa) PTOX1 gene.

Using Ecotype Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (EcoTILLING) and TILLING as forward genetic tools, we identified the causative mutation of an EMS mutant characterized by excessive tillering, semi‐dwarfism and leaf variegation that corresponded to the PTOX1 gene.

The tillering and semi‐dwarf phenotypes of the ptox1 mutant are similar to phenotypes of known strigolactone (SL)‐related rice mutants, and both phenotypic traits could be rescued by application of the synthetic SL GR24. The ptox1 mutant accumulated phytoene in white leaf sectors with a corresponding deficiency in β‐carotene, consistent with the expected function of PTOX1 in promoting phytoene desaturase activity. There was also no accumulation of the carotenoid‐derived SL ent‐2′‐epi‐5‐deoxystrigol in root exudates. Elevated concentrations of auxin were detected in the mutant, supporting previous observations that SL interaction with auxin is important in shoot branching control.

Our results demonstrate that PTOX1 is required for both carotenoid and SL synthesis resulting in SL‐deficient phenotypes in rice.
The effects of different orthodontic appliances upon microbial communities
Authors: Ireland A. J. , Soro V. , Sprague S. V. , Harradine N. W. T. , Day C. , Al‐Anezi S. , Jenkinson H. F. , Sherriff M. , Dymock D. , Sandy J. R.
Published: December 2013

Structured Abstract

Objectives

Orthodontic appliances can promote accumulation of dental plaque, with associated enamel decalcification or gingival inflammation. The aim of this study was to examine longer‐term microbiological changes during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐four orthodontic patients aged 11–14 years undergoing fixed appliance therapy were recruited into the study. Each was randomized for cross‐mouth assignment of molar bands and bonded molar tubes to contralateral quadrants of the mouth. All patients received self‐ligating brackets, but again using randomization, one upper lateral incisor bracket (left or right) also received an elastomeric ligature. Plaque samples from the molars and upper lateral incisors were obtained at intervals during treatment and up to 1 year after appliance removal. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S rDNA microarray were used to compare plaque microbial fingerprints.

Results

Plaque populations changed within 3 months of commencing treatment at all sites. The greatest differences in plaque composition were seen with self‐ligating brackets with an elastomeric ligature. Post‐treatment plaque associated with both types of molar attachment contained increased levels of periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Eubacterium nodatum, while Campylobacter rectus, Parvimonas micra, and Actinomyces odontolyticus were also elevated with bonds.

Conclusions

The results suggest that orthodontic treatment may cause sustained changes in plaque microbiotas and that molar bond‐associated plaque may have raised disease potential.
An investigation into the validity of self‐reported classification of refractive error
Authors: Breslin Karen M. M. , O'Donoghue Lisa , Saunders Kathryn J.
Published: December 2013

Purpose

To assess the validity of questionnaire use in the self‐identification of refractive status.

Methods

Two hundred and forty adults (21–60 years of age) presenting for a routine eye examination at various optometric practices in Northern Ireland were asked to complete one of two questionnaires. Both questionnaires used identical questions to ascertain age, gender, current spectacle use, age of first spectacle use and level of education. For the identification of refractive status, Questionnaire 1 used layman's terminology whilst Questionnaire 2 combined optometric terminology with descriptive explanations. Current refractive status was identified by the examining optometrist who did not see the completed questionnaire. The spherical equivalent refractive error of the non‐cycloplegic subjective refraction was used to categorise myopia as <0D and hyperopia as ≥+1.00D. Astigmatism was defined according to two different criteria: ≥0.50DC and ≥1.00DC.

Results

Questionnaire 1 had a sensitivity of 0.63 and a specificity of 0.90 for identifying myopia; a sensitivity of 0.58 and a specificity of 0.71 for identifying hyperopia; a sensitivity of 0.12 and a specificity of 0.98 for identifying astigmatism ≥0.50DC and a sensitivity of 0.19 and a specificity of 0.95 for identifying astigmatism ≥1.00DC. Questionnaire 2 had a sensitivity of 0.83 and a specificity of 0.93 for identifying myopia; a sensitivity of 0.45 and a specificity of 0.86 for identifying hyperopia; a sensitivity of 0.32 and a specificity of 0.88 for identifying astigmatism ≥0.50DC and a sensitivity of 0.50 and a specificity of 0.84 for identifying astigmatism ≥1.00DC. For both questionnaires, altering a positive self‐identification of myopia to include only those who had worn spectacles prior to age 30 reduced the sensitivity and increased the specificity slightly.

Conclusions

Questionnaires are a valid tool in self‐identification of myopic refractive status. However, they are not an effective way of identifying hyperopia and astigmatism and objective or subjective refraction remains the most appropriate method of identifying such individuals.
A new stem nematode associated with peanut pod rot in China: morphological and molecular characterization of Ditylenchus arachis n. sp. (Nematoda: Anguinidae)
Authors: Zhang S. L. , Liu G. K. , Janssen T. , Zhang S. S. , Xiao S. , Li S. T. , Couvreur M. , Bert W.
Published: December 2013

Surveys conducted in peanut production areas of China revealed peanut pod rot in several fields in Shandong and Hebei Provinces, China. A large quantity of an unknown stem nematode was isolated from the hulls and seeds of peanuts, herein described as Ditylenchus arachis n. sp. The new species is characterized by a combination of the following features: lateral lip sectors distinctly projected, stylet delicate, 8·4–10 μm in length, six lines in the lateral field, tail elongate–conoid, bursa covering about 68–86% of tail length. Pathogenicity tests showed that D. arachis n. sp. could infect peanut (Arachis hypogaea), but not sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) or potato (Solanum tuberosum). Morphologically, D. arachis n. sp. appears closest to D. africanus, D. myceliophagus and D. destructor, but can be differentiated based upon a combination of morphological characteristics, host preference and molecular sequence data. The results of the phylogenetic analysis, based on 18S rDNA, the D2–D3 expansion region of 28S rDNA, and the ITS1–5·8S–ITS2 region, confirmed its status as a new species. A sister relationship with D. destructor was appointed, rather than with its ecologically very similar congener D. africanus.
Public taps and private connections: the production of caste distinction and common sense in a Rajasthan drinking water supply project
Authors: O'Reilly Kathleen , Dhanju Richa
Published: December 2013

This paper analyses a drinking water supply project in rural Rajasthan, India, that deliberately sought to create greater equality across caste for water users through a combination of public taps and payment for water. Later, in the post‐construction phase of the project, those goals were undermined by the counter‐technologies of upper caste households and the village‐scale institutions that supported them. The paper brings together geographic research on neoliberal water governance and caste processes in modern rural India to illuminate how neoliberal subjectivities deepened in the post‐project phase. It shows the ways that caste norms, village water governance and state power converged to produce ‘new’ ways of thinking about water access and payment that undermined the social goals and the physical infrastructure of the project. The paper contributes to research on neoliberalisation and the creation of subjects by demonstrating the mutual constitution of caste inequalities and successfully marketised drinking water over the construction and post‐construction phases of the project.
Governing emotions: citizenship, neuroscience and the education of youth
Authors: Gagen Elizabeth A
Published: December 2013

Schools are one of many sites to incorporate emotional literacy into their institutional agenda in recent years. Alongside broader changes in social, economic and political practice, schools have welcomed emotional education as a necessary element in the training of young people. In 2007, the government introduced Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL) to secondary schools across England and Wales. The aim of the programme is to integrate emotional literacy into the secondary school curriculum, following the successful implementation of SEAL at primary level. In this paper, I argue that rather than being about the encouragement of happy, content or well‐adjusted individuals, it is, more crucially, about a new form of citizenship. Forms of self‐government predicated on emotional management have been made possible since the widespread popularisation of neuroscientific understandings of emotions. By tracing the transposition of these ideas from popular brain science to education policy and finally to the curricula delivered via SEAL, I suggest that educating emotions has become central to the way citizenship is currently being defined for young people. By bringing together recent insights from geographies of education, emotion and citizenship, I suggest that the relationship between governmentality, education and youth requires closer critical attention.
Associations of Objectively Measured Physical Activity With Lower Limb Function in Older Men and Women: Findings From the Older People and Active Living (OPAL) Study
Authors: Trayers Tanya , Lawlor Debbie A. , Fox Kenneth R. , Coulson Jo , Davis Mark , Stathi Afroditi , Peters Tim
Published: December 2013

Associations of objectively measured physical activity (PA) with objectively measured lower limb function in adults age 70 and older were studied. Lower limb function was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and PA by an accelerometer providing mean daily counts per minute (CPM), mean daily steps and minutes of moderate or vigorous PA (MVPA) per day. A minority (32 [13%]) scored low (≤6 out of a maximum of 12) on the SPPB, but only 3 (1%) achieved recommended PA levels. Adjusting for confounders, the odds ratio of low SPPB (≤6) comparing those in the lowest one third to highest two thirds of mean CPM was 55 (95%CI: 6, 520); for mean steps per day it was 23 (95%CI: 4, 137) and for minutes of MVPA per day 56 (95%CI: 6, 530). Low levels of PA are common and are associated with poor levels of lower limb function in older adults.
Active Living Among Older Canadians: A Time-Use Perspective Over 3 Decades
Authors: Spinney Jamie E. L. , Millward Hugh
Published: December 2013

This research uses four nationally representative samples of time diary data, spanning almost 30 yr, that are fused with energy expenditure information to enumerate the median daily duration of moderate or vigorous-effort activity, quantify the prevalence of Canadians age 65 yr and older who are meeting recommended daily levels of physical activity, and explore the factors affecting rates of active living. Results indicate that 41.1% of older Canadians met recommended levels of physical activity in 1992, 40.6% in 1998, 43.5% in 2005, and 39.6% in 2010. Both rates of active living and daily duration of aerobic activity exhibit significant differences among sociodemographic groups, with age, sex, activity limitation, urban-rural, and season exhibiting the most significant influences. This study illustrates the potential for time diary data to provide detailed surveillance of physical activity patterns, active aging research, and program development, as well.
A 1-Year Follow-Up on Effects of Exercise Programs on Well-Being in Older Adults
Authors: Solberg Paul A. , Halvari Hallgeir , Ommundsen Yngvar , Hopkins Will G.
Published: December 2013

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of three types of training on well-being and frequency of physical activity and to determine whether preintervention motivation moderates the effects.

Methods:

Sixty-two older adults (M = 75 years old, SD = 5; 61% women) completed 4-mo programs of endurance, functional or strength training, with reassessment of well-being (life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, vitality) and physical activity 12 mo later.

Results:

All groups showed small improvements in most measures of well-being at 4 mo. At follow-up, endurance training still had small beneficial effects, while changes with functional and strength training were generally trivial or harmful. Analysis for moderators indicated that autonomously motivated individuals better maintained gains in well-being and had higher frequencies of physical activity at follow-up compared with controlled individuals.

Conclusion:

Endurance training is recommended for older adults, but the long-term outcomes depend on the individual’s motivational regulation at commencement.
CD4
+
T Cell Autoimmunity to Hypocretin/Orexin and Cross-Reactivity to a 2009 H1N1 Influenza A Epitope in Narcolepsy
Authors: De la Herrán-Arita Alberto K. , Kornum Birgitte Rahbek , Mahlios Josh , Jiang Wei , Lin Ling , Hou Tieying , Macaubas Claudia , Einen Mali , Plazzi Giuseppe , Crowe Catherine , Newell Evan W. , Davis Mark M. , Mellins Elizabeth D. , Mignot Emmanuel
Published: December 2013

Patients with narcolepsy carry CD4
+
T cells that react to peptides from both the sleep-regulating neuropeptide hypocretin and a 2009 H1N1 influenza A protein.
New Frontiers for Collaborative Research
Authors: Goldman Michel
Published: December 2013

The Innovative Medicines Initiative fosters public-private collaborations to accelerate the development of innovative therapies.
Smoking Moms and Methylation
Authors: Bytautiene Egle
Published: December 2013

Placentas of women who smoke during pregnancy display differential methylation patterns relative to nonsmokers.
Decoding Autism
Authors: Gregg Christopher
Published: December 2013

Two new studies take network-based approaches to unify the complex genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorders.
Shh, the Baby Mice Are Resting
Authors: Nusinovich Yevgeniya A.
Published: December 2013

Prolonged exposure to noise and other stimulation permanently altered blood vessel development in the brains of newborn mice.