bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Axillary‐femoral bypass graft: A problem‐based learning model in applied gross anatomy
Authors: Jones Kenneth H. , Senft James A.
Published: February 2005

Extra‐anatomic arterial bypass grafts provide an exciting opportunity to teach gross anatomy. We describe a study of axillobifemoral bypass grafts and how a simulation of this procedure can be used in a modified problem‐based learning exercise for first‐year medical students. The axillobifemoral bypass exercise adds a new clinical perspective to the traditional approach to review the gross anatomy of the axillary region, the anterolateral thoracoabdominal wall, and the anterior thigh and femoral triangle. This clinically relevant problem challenges students to devise a surgical approach to the axillary and femoral arteries. Students become active participants because they must discover the anatomical details of the axilla, femoral triangle, and thoracoabdominal wall, from shoulder to groin. Important nerves and blood vessels have to be identified in relation to anatomical landmarks. In addition, students must decide which structures can be cut and/or ligated, keeping in mind the functional consequences of these actions. Finally, the exercise provides an opportunity to integrate functional concepts of collateral circulation, hemodynamics, and relevant biomechanics with anatomical structures. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural study of the gubernacular‐scrotal interface during testicular descent in the newborn rat
Authors: Fallat Mary E. , Oskin Terri A. , Mitchell Kristin A. , Tyson R. Weslie
Published: February 2005

The gubernaculum has been described as the “rudder” that guides the testis into the scrotum. Prior to inguinoscrotal testicular descent, the gubernaculum rests in the groin and does not attach to the scrotum. Subsequently, it migrates and attaches to the scrotum under control of the genitofemoral nerve. This study evaluates, with electron microscopy, the relationship of the gubernaculum with the developing scrotum during normal testicular descent.

Male rats were sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 18 days (n = 2 for each group) and sagittal sections through the gubernacular‐scrotal interface evaluated with transmission electron microscopy. We observed the following with increasing animal age: (1) gubernacular cremaster muscle matured and nuclei shifted to the periphery of cells as connective tissue surrounding myofibers decreased, (2) scrotal fibroblasts initially showed high activity with dilated endoplasmic reticulum, but activity and number subsequently decreased, (3) scrotal collagen increased and organized into defined fibers and bundles, (4) a well‐delineated band of collagen developed along the gubernaculum and advanced towards the inferior scrotum, and (5) nerve fibers appeared between the layers of cremaster muscle, increased in number with increasing age, and became myelinated at age 14 days. Gubernacular migration is intimately associated with scrotal development and testicular descent. Knowledge of cellular and intracellular differentiation during migration in the normal animal can further understanding of abnormal development and lead to improvements in treatment for common surgical problems such as cryptorchidism. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy, the writing of a textbook
Authors: O'rahilly Ronan
Published: February 2005

The history of the production of a textbook of human anatomy is recounted. The objective was to compose a volume that would (1) be regional rather than systemic in organization, (2) be a concise guide for both medical and dental students, and stress points of clinical importance, (3) be clearly illustrated but not be a substitute for an atlas, (4) include excellent radiographs and examples of other methods of imaging, (5) use the (then new) internationally accepted nomenclature, but provide a glossary of eponymous terms, and (6) treat the subject as a university discipline with its own history and encompassing an appropriate literature, including both strictly anatomical and clinically applied references. It should be remembered that at that time, more than 30 years ago, these notions were not nearly as frequently encountered in practice as they might be today, although even now it would be difficult to find a textbook in which all of the above features are combined. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of the valve of the coronary sinus (thebesian valve)
Authors: Felle P. , Bannigan J. G.
Published: February 2005

The valve of the coronary sinus was studied in 50 hearts from dissection room cadavers. It varied from a flap that covered up to 70% of the ostium of the coronary sinus, to a few small strands of tissue. In 3 cases no valve was present. In most cases (35 out of 50), the valve covered <50% of the ostium of the coronary sinus, so it is unlikely to play an important role in preventing reflux into the coronary sinus. Microscopically, the valve was found to contain layers of myocardium, most of which disappeared in the less well formed valves, but some myocardium was persistent even in the most rudimentary valves studied. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anomalous tibialis posterior muscle as an etiologic factor of hallux valgus
Authors: Gunal Izge , Sahinoglu Kayihan , Bergman Ronal D. A.
Published: February 2005

The role of an anomalous tibialis posterior (TP) tendon in the etiology of hallux valgus (HV) deformity was investigated in four stages: clinical, anatomical, neurological, and operative. In the clinical stage, the patients were instructed to planter flex and invert the foot to contract the TP tendon. Attempts to correct the deformity passively were not possible and resulted in, moderate pain in all patients (197 feet). When the foot was in dorsiflexion and everted (TP tendon was relaxed) the deformity was easily corrected without any pain in 196 feet (99.5%). In the second stage (anatomical), 10 cadavers (20 feet) with HV deformity and 10 cadavers (20 feet) without any foot deformity were dissected. An abnormal expansion of TP tendon into the oblique part of adductor hallucis was found consistently in all HV feet. The tendinous expansion was absent in all normal feet studied. Also when traction was applied to TP tendon, an increase in the metatarsophalangeal (MP) angle of the big toe was observed in all HV feet, but not in the control group. In the third group (neurological), faradic stimulation was applied to the TP muscle in 7 patients with HV deformity and 7 without deformity. The MP angle was increased in HV patients, but no change was observed in the control group. In the fourth stage, 11 patients (18 feet) surgically operated for HV deformity by proximal metatarsal osteotomy and excision of the band anchoring TP tendon to the oblique part of adductor hallucis. The results were excellent in 10 patients (17 feet) even after a minimum 2.5 year follow‐up. Also, in two patients who were operated by different procedures with poor results, the TP tendon was lengthened by Z‐plasty and they were completely pain free.

Our data show the dynamic role of anomalous expansions of the TP tendon into the oblique part of adductor hallucis muscle in HV patients. We suggest this expansion be excised in addition to other operative procedures selected for the surgical treatment of HV patients. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fascias of the male external genitalia and perineum
Authors: Stormont Thomas J. , Cahill Donald R. , King Bernard F. , Myers Robert P.
Published: February 2005

The fascias of the male external genitalia and perineum serve as surgical landmarks and are considered to act as initial barriers to urinary extravasation; thus they are of fundamental importance to the urologist and anatomist. There is little agreement, however, about the naming and function of these fascias because they have been defined inconsistently. The extensive use of eponyms for the fascias adds even further confusion to the proper nomenclature. Our findings, based upon dissection and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), show that except for the single layer of dartos (smooth muscle) in the scrotum, there are two distinct layers of fascia in the penis and perineum that are continuous with each other and the anterior wall fascias. To minimize confusion, we conclude that the fascial layrs around the penis be termed the superficial and deep penile fascias, and those to which they are continuous in the perineum be termed the membranous layer of the superficial perineal fascia (the fibrous stratum that traverses the superficial fascia) and the deep perineal fascia. Their presumed role in limiting urinary extravasation is based upon relatively few well‐detailed report and currently remains poorly understood. However, this may be improved upon in the future through combined application of clinical findings and MRI to individual cases of urinary extravasation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coexistent diaphragmatic herniation and eventration: Embryologic rationale for therapeutic interventions
Authors: Kaplan Lewis J. , Bellows Charles F. , Whitman Glenn J. R. , Barnes Anne U.
Published: February 2005

Diaphragmatic herniation and eventration are distinct entities that may be congenital or acquired and rarely occur simultaneously. Safe patient care requires differentiation of the two processes. We present an adult patient with coexistent diaphragmatic herniation and eventration to demonstrate the embryologic basis of the two conditions, elucidate the diagnosis, and discuss safe therapeutic intervention. Herniation indicates a structural defect in an otherwise normal diaphragm. Eventration applies to defective muscular content or innervation in a structurally intact diaphragm. Normal diaphragmatic structure and development may be understood as the sum of four component parts: septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, dorsal mesentery, and striated muscle masses. A failure of myoblast migration and, therefore, neural innervation on the right can produce ipsilateral eventration and a hiatus hernia. During the course of laparotomy for an unrelated process such as acute calculous cholecystitis, hernia repair should be avoided so as to avoid injury to the normal contralateral phrenic nerve, the posterior branch of which being particularly vulnerable. By depriving the patient of innervation to the only functional hemidiaphragm, contralateral neural injury can result inacute respiratory paralysis and patient mortality. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Teaching anatomy in the middle east: Opportunities and challenges at a new medical school
Authors: Harris P. F. , Abu‐Hijleh M. F. , Moqattash S.
Published: February 2005

The challenges and opportunities for teaching anatomy in the new medical college of Sultan Qaboos University (S. Q. U.) in the Middle East are described.

With appropriate emphasis the subject is presented at all stages in the B. Sc. (basic medical sciences) and M. D. (clinical) programs. At the pre‐clinical stage much of the subject is integrated with the other preclinical sciences in “systems” courses. Because of its continual emphasis throughout both degree programs and because of special coursesincluding introduction to anatomical skills with emphasis on developing practical skills and a log‐book evaluation of skills towards the end of the preclillical course together with clinical problem‐solving exercises, anatomy has preserved its identity.

The limited availability of cadavers has been turned to advantage enabling radiological, surface, and living anatomy to be emphasized in practicals which also include examination of anatomical models and plastinated and prosected specimens. The practicals are highly structured, students rotating through a series of stations of activities ensuring that they examine all the available material and perform required tasks.

The preclinical courses are assessed by a variety of in‐course and end‐of‐course integrated examinations. The assessments used have been validated and it is hoped to report them separately. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regional lymph drainage routes from the diaphragm in the rat
Authors: Abu‐Hijleh M. F. , Scothorne R. J.
Published: February 2005

Absorption from the peritoneal cavity by lymphatics of the diaphragm is of considerable surgical importance. The pattern of lymphatic drainage from the diaphragm of the rat, used as an experimental model, was studied following intraperitoneal injection of diluted India ink. Peritoneal absorption of ink was remarkably rapid. Within 1 minute, subperitoneal lymphatic lacunae filled with ink. The lacunae ran radially between muscular fibers of the diaphragm and were confined only to the muscular part of the diaphragm. The regional lymph drainage from the diaphragm was predominantly to the mediastinal lymph nodes (parathymic and posterior mediastinal nodes) by way of the retrosternal and intercosto‐paravertebral lymph trunks, and also to retroperitoneal lymph nodes (cisternal and renal nodes) by the retroperitoneal lymphatic trunks. These data indicate that the cranial drainage of lymph from the peritoneal cavity, mainly by way of the retrosternal lymphatic trunks, predominates over the caudal drainage route and thoracic duct; the intercosto‐paravertebral, mediastinal, and retroperitoneal lymphatic channels are only secondary pathways. Knowledge of these lymphatic routes may prove valuable clinically in peritoneal dialysis and in the prediction of the spread of the animal's own cells (e.g., lymphocytes and macrophages), of tumor cells and of bacteria from the peritoneal cavity. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Observations on detailed histology of the internal thoracic artery and their relevance to its comparatively low incidence of atheroma
Authors: Wharton Stephen B. , Cary Nathaniel R. B. , Gresham G. Austin
Published: February 2005

The internal thoracic artery (ita) is of value as a coronary artery bypass graft. It is much less prone to develop atheroma than coronary arteries and much less prone to develop graft occlusive disease than the alternative saphenous vein graft, but the reasons for its comparative resistance to atheroma are unclear. We have sought to define the detailed structure of the artery along its length and have shown that the media of the artery changes from an elastic structure in its proximal part to a muscular one in its distal part. The internal elastic lamina has a well‐defined structure at all levels, in contrast to the external elastic lamina which becomes well defined only in its distal part. The significant difference in the structure of the media of the ita, compared to that described for the coronary arteries, may be relevant to the observed difference in atheroma between this artery and the similarly sized epicardial coronary arteries. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the ultrastructure of the cremasteric muscle‐scrotal interface in normal and cryptorchid rats following division of the neonatal genitofemoral nerve
Authors: Oskin Terri A. , Fallat Mary E. , Tyson R. Weslie , Mitchell Kristin A.
Published: February 2005

The gubernaculum, innervated by the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve, plays an important role in inguinoscrotal testicular descent. Cremaster muscle develops within the gubernaculum, and it has been demonstrated that an intact nerve is essential for gubernacular migration and scrotal pouch formation. In this electron microscopy study, we investigated the relationship between the gubernaculum, cremaster muscle, and the developing scrotum in normal rats and rats rendered cryptorchid by genitofemoral nerve division.

In 12 neonatal rats, the genitofemural nerve was divided unilaterally. Rats were sacrificed at 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 18 days (n = 2 for each group), and sagittal sections through the cremaster muscle‐scrotal interface evaluated with transmission electron microscopy. These were compared to non‐operated control animals sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 18 days (n = 2 for each group). We observed the following changes in the cremaster muscle of the operated group compared to unoperated controls: (1) an increase in the number of immature muscle fibers; (2) variable muscle fiber size; (3) disorganization of internal structures; and (4) vacuolization within the muscle fibers. There were no demonstrable ultrastructural interface or scrotal ligament differences between the operated and unoperated specimens.

This study suggests that architecturally normal early gubernacular and cremaster muscle growth is dependent on an intact genitofemoral nerve. The poor scrotal growth seen without genitofemoral nerve input may be due to attachment of the scrotal ligament in an ectopic location in combination with abnormal cremaster muscle development. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Special variations of the lateral ligament the human TMJ
Authors: Nell A. , Niebauer G. , Sperr W. , Firbas W.
Published: February 2005

Opinions about the presence of a bandlike structure or a ligament in the lateral part of the temporomandibular joint capsule are divergent. In an attempt to find a definition for this structure, the capsules of 20 post mortem human specimens were examined both anatomically and histologically. The density of collagen tissue was investigated in detail with the aim to establish characteristics by which a structure can be classified objectively as a ligament.

While there is still some uncertainty about its masticatory function, the lateral (temporomandibular) ligament influences and limits the border movements of the mandible. The macroscopic investigations showed that 70% (14) of the temporomandibular joints exhibited an obvious ligament. In the rest of the cases (6) only a thin, indistinct structure could be observed. In those with macroscopically obvious ligaments, 35.7% (5) were characterized by sharp borders forming a cord‐like structure.

The histological observations did not confirm in all cases the findings of the macroscopic investigations. Only 57% of the macroscopically identified ligaments could be classified as such histologically. They were formed of thick, closely packed, parallel collagenous bundles with a regular pattern.

This study confirms the variable existence of a lateral ligament in the human TMJ. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary health care as a guideline for preclinical anatomy teaching
Authors: Fasel Jean H. D.
Published: February 2005

This article, based upon a survey distributed to general practitioners in Switzerland, is part of a comprehensive work directed toward the development of a medical curriculum based on the specific requirements of primary health care. Analysis shows that it is possible to make a reduction in the amount of anatomy taught without endangering the basic knowledge necessary for clinical practice. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Echogenicity of the fetal telencephalic choroid plexus as a second trimester developmental landmark: A preliminary report
Authors: Ali Qurashi M. , Al‐Shafei Kawther T. M. , Ali Tahir O.
Published: February 2005

Echogenicity of the normal fetal telencephalic choroid plexus was characterized anatomically in 102 consecutive antenatal abdominal ultrasonographic examinations. Echogenicity of the plexus was observed only during the second trimester, first appearing at week 13 and disappearing after week 23. We suggest that this echogenicity may be due to different stages of glycogen chemistry in the plexus. The knowledge that telencephalic echogenicity is confined to the second trimester should help detect diseases that cause focal areas of echogenicity in fetal life. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Primitive persistent carotid‐basilar and carotid‐vertebral anastomoses: A report of seven gases and a review of the literature
Authors: Yilmaz Engin , Ilgit Erhan , Taner Dogan
Published: February 2005

The persistence of embryonic carotid‐basilar and carotid‐vertebral anastomoses was investigated retrospectively in 4,400 cerebral angiograms. Six primitive persistent carotid‐basilar anastomoses and one primitive persistent carotid‐vertebral anastomosis were found. In 4,400 cerebral angiograms, the incidence of primitive carotid‐basilar and carotid‐vertebral anastomoses was 0.14% and 0.023% respectively. Primitive persistent anastomoses are associated with intracranial vascular anomalies, especially aneurysms. The clinical and pathological findings in combination with these primitive persistentanastomoses were also examined. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
The use of multiple‐choice tests in anatomy: Common pitfalls and how to avoid them
Authors: Vahalia K. V. , Subramaniam Krishnan , Marks S. C. , De Souza E. J.
Published: February 2005

Multiple‐choice questions (MCQ) are widely used to evaluate students in the health sciences, including anatomy. Unusual responses in 90 simple MCQ examinations have been identified and classified as to cause, including a number of illustrated examples. About one‐quarter of these errors were attributable to the teacher and could have been avoided by a critical analysis of the questions before use. The increasing use of sophisticated formats of the MCQ in medical education indicates that teachers need to analyze their questions more carefully before and after actual tests to minimize errors. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Of fat and fascia: Clinical conundrum corner
Authors: Ger Ralph , Evans James T.
Published: February 2005

A case report involving a 76‐year‐old male is presented. The signs and symptoms represent a difficult diagnostic problem. The physical signs are dependent on a knowledge of the distribution of fat and fascia in the region involved. The importance of this distribution, both physiologic and pathologic, is the subject of a brief commentary. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Light and electron microscopy of the human hepato‐duodenal ligament: A morpho functional study
Authors: Ferraz‐De‐Carvalho C. A. , Liberti E. A. , De Souza R. R.
Published: February 2005

The morpho‐functional relationships between the hepato‐duodenal ligament and the superior part of the duodenum are analysed. Twenty‐four specimens were removed during necropsies of adults and prepared according to various mesoscopic, microscopic, and ultramicroscopical methods, i. e., whole‐mounts, membrane preparations, thick and thin histological sections, and polarized light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy were employed.

The hepato‐duodenal ligament is formed by longitudinally elongated, type I collagen fiber bundles which are interlinked by more delicate bundles of type III collagen fibers. Longitudinally disposed elastic fibers are the principal component of the elastic fiber system of the ligament. These are in continuity with the elaunin and oxytalan fibers which are intermingled with the muscle cells of the vessels and duodenal wall, and fat cells of the ligament.

Part of the muscle bundles of the external, longitudinal, muscle layer of the Cluodenum is anchored in the adventitial and subserosal collagen and elastic fiber framework of the organ while part inserts directly into the fibrous framework of the ligament. The fibrous system of the ligament is continuous with that of the subserosa and adventitia of the duodenum. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Andreas vesalius on the teeth: An annotated translation from De humani corporis fabrica
Authors: Hast Malcolm H. , Garrison Daniel H.
Published: February 2005

An annotated translation into English of Chapter 11, Book One, “On the Teeth, Which Are Also Counted as Bones,” from Andreas Vesalius' De humani corporis fabrica. The translation incorporates the text of both the 1543 and 1555 editions, and verified citations of ancient sources. In this chapter, Vesalius corrects errors of Galen and demonstrates and describes for the first time the anatomy and function of the dental pulp cavity. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology of pancreatic microcirculation in the monkey: Light and scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: Zhou Zong‐Guang , Gao Xian‐Hua
Published: February 2005

The morphology of the microcirculation of the pancreas in 20 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts and light microscopy (LM) of China ink‐injected/cleared tissues. The principal results were that (1) insulo‐acinar portal vessels were found between the endocrine and exocrine parts in the pancreas. The blood flows from the endocrine to the exocrine part. (2) Depending on the different microvascular arrangement, there were two patterns of microcirculation in the islet: in 66% of islets the direction of microcirculation was from cortex to core, and in 44% from core to cortex. (3) Islets could be categorized in three classes on the basis of size: the small islets (40–100 μU in diameter), the intermediate islets (101‐240 μU in diameter), and the large islets (241–340 μm in diameter). (4) Insulo‐insular portal routes were observed in the pancreas of the monkey. Some intermediate or large islets were connected to an adjacent small islet by one or two, occasionally more, efferent vessels. These small islets received no arterial branch and were entirely supplied by the portal vessels‐the efferent vessels of intermediate or large islets. The authors suggest this new pattern to be termed the insulo‐insular portal system. (5) A single centrally located intralobular artery as the exclusive vessel supplied each pancreatic lobule of the monkey, there being no anastomosis between the intralobular arteries and any of their branches. This anatomic feature might be the morphological basis of the pancreatic microcirculatory disturbance and microvascular impairment occurring during acute pancreatitis. The functional and clinical significance of pancreatic microcirculation are discussed in the paper. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
A method for teaching the classical inferior alveolar nerve block
Authors: Jenkins David B. , Spackman Gregory K.
Published: February 2005

A teaching method was developed to improve the ability of dental students to understand and perform their first inferior alveolar nerve block. Lectures, demonstrations, and laboratory sessions were utilized to provide correlation of anatomical and clinical information. The use of cadavers for injection demonstration and practice was an integral part of this teaching approach. Cadavers were dissected so that the oral cavity remained intact. Laterally the skin and masseter muscle were reflected, and the superior portion of the ramus of the mandible was removed. This procedure permitted exposure of the medial pterygoid muscle and the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves and, therefore, permitted observation of a syringe needle during the practice of inferior alveolar nerve blocks. In addition, the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental nerves were exposed. This combined anatomical‐clinical experience provided reinforcement of the relevance of anatomy in clinical practice, provided instruction and practice sessions before the first patient injection, and aided in relieving some of the anxiety often associated with the initial injection. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Dissection of the anterior abdominal wall and the deep inguinal region from a laparoscopis perspective
Authors: Quinn Thomas H. , Dalley Arthur F. , Annibali Riccardo , Fitzgibbons Robert J.
Published: February 2005

The usual dissection by medical students of the anterior abdominal wall and the inguinal region proceeds from superficial to deep; special emphasis is placed on the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle and lateral muscular layers. We suggest an alternate approach to dissection of this region that has the following advantages: (1) sparing of delicate deep structures not often fully appreciated by students; (2) provision of an opportunity to visualize the region from a laparoscopic surgeon's vantage point; (3) considerably reduced time spent dissecting and identifying structures and relationships, especially peritoneal reflections important in laparoscopic procedures. Our dissection begins with bilateral subcostal incisions through the entire thickness of the anterior abdominal wall and peritoneum, which extend laterally and inferiorly to the level of the anterior superior iliac spines, thereby forming a large, inverted, U‐shaped flap. This flap is reflected inferiorly, allowing abdominal viscera to be dissected, and ultimately removed en bloc. The flap is then drawn cranially and stretched somewhat to approximate its position when the abdomen is inflated with C02 during laparoscopic procedures. Major land‐marks, including the deep inguinal ring, are noted and the flap is again reflected inferiorly for dissection beginning with the peritoneum and transversalis fascia. This method of dissecting the anterior abdominal wall and inguinal region results in more facile and timely identification of both superficial and deep structures of the anterior abdominal wall and inguinal region, and superficial and deep structures of the anterior abdominal wall and inguinal region, and provides a clinically relevant demonstration of anatomy from a laparoscopic perspective. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
The future of gross anatomy teaching
Authors: Malamed Sasha , Seiden David
Published: February 2005

A survey of U. S. departments of anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry shows that 39% of the respondent anatomy departments reported declines in the numbers of graduate students taking the human gross anatomy course. Similarly, 42% of the departments reported decreases in the numbers of graduate students teaching human gross anatomy. These decreases were greater in anatomy than in physiology and in biochemistry. The percentages of departments reporting increases in students taking or teaching their courses was 6% for human gross anatomy and 0% to 19% for physiology and biochemistry courses. To reverse this trend the establishment of specific programs for the training of gross anatomy teachers is advocated. These new teachers will be available as the need for them is increasingly recognized in the future. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Three years of experience with a dissection table ventilation system
Authors: Martin William D. , Nemitz James W. , Fisk Robert M. , Wells James P. , Hendley Al
Published: February 2005

A dissection table ventilation system that draws air across the cadaver and away from the table top was designed to fit the Shandon‐Lipshaw AN‐52 dissection table. Each U‐shaped unit consists of a pair of hollow collection arms that attach to a collecting manifold at one end. During dissection the manifold is coupled to a central ventilation system through a flexible duct. The air from the table ventilation system is exhausted after passing through a heat recovery system. The unit is raised from the table surface during dissection of the body cavities to increase the efficiency of fume/odor removal. Eight hour exposure data for formaldehyde concentrations are presented. Data were collected from detectors positioned at selected levels above the cadaver during dissection, and above a tray on the table top containing a known volume of 4% formaldehyde or the West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine embalming fluid under varying airflow conditions. The results demonstrate that the table ventilation system is effective in reducing exposure to formaldehyde in the dissection laboratory. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
The buccal pad of fat: A review
Authors: Tostevin P. M. J. , Ellis H.
Published: February 2005

Within the cheek, wedged between masseter and buccinator, is a biconvex pad of fatty tissue, the corpus adiposum buccae, or buccal fat pad (of Bichat). It contributes significantly to the prominence of the cheek of the newborn infant and is sometimes encountered in surgical procedures in the region of the ramus of the mandible or the maxillary tuberosity.

This paper reviews the history of the study of the buccal pad of fat, its anatomical location, blood supply, and comparative anatomy. We have also reviewed the pathology of the buccal pad of fat, including traumatic herniation. The fat pad is of interest surgically as it can be used as a free or pedicled graft to close maxillary defects after excision of tumors. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
A graphic, three‐dimensional teaching model to demonstrate the topography of the human heart
Authors: Johnson David , Whitaker Robert H.
Published: February 2005

A three‐dimensional graphic model of the human heart and an accompanying description are presented as a teaching aid. Each of the four chambers is represented by a cube of equal size. Drawings of the model from various angles give views of each of the surfaces and show the interatrial, interventricular, and atrioventricular grooves, and superimposed coronary arteries and cardiac veins. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Anomalous flexor digitorum superficialis presenting as a painful palmar mass: A case report
Authors: Grant Shawn D. , Due Thomas M.
Published: February 2005

This case study presents an anomalous flexor digitorum superficialis indicis. The patient presented with a painful palmar mass. Physical exam and exploratory surgery were used to describe this anomaly. The anomalous muscle was intrinsic to the hand. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Mixed‐Valence, Mixed‐Spin‐State, and Heterometallic [2×2] Grid‐type Arrays Based on Heteroditopic Hydrazone Ligands: Synthesis and Electrochemical Features
Authors: Uppadine Lindsay H. , Gisselbrecht Jean‐Paul , Kyritsakas Nathalie , Nättinen Kalle , Rissanen Kari , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: February 2005

An extended family of heterometallic [M12M22(L−)4]n+ [2×2] grid‐type arrays 1–9 has been prepared. The three‐tiered synthetic route encompasses regioselective, redox and enantioselective features and is based on the stepwise construction of heteroditopic hydrazone ligands A–C. These ligands contain ionisable NH and nonionisable NMe hydrazone units, which allows the metal redox properties to be controlled according to the charge on the ligand binding pocket. The 2‐pyrimidine (R) and 6‐pyridine (R′) substituents have a significant effect on complex geometry and influence both the electrochemical and magnetic behaviour of the system. 1H NMR spectroscopic studies show that the FeII ions in the grid can be low spin, high spin or spin crossover depending on the steric effect of substituents R and R′. This steric effect has been manipulated to construct an unusual array possessing two low‐spin and two spin‐crossover FeII centres (grid 8). Electrochemical studies were performed for the grid‐type arrays 1–9 and their respective mononuclear precursor complexes 10–13. The grids function as electron reservoirs and display up to eight monoelectronic, reversible reduction steps. These processes generally occur in pairs and are assigned to ligand‐based reductions and to the CoIII/CoII redox couple. Individual metal ions in the heterometallic grid motif can be selectively addressed electrochemically (e.g., either the CoIII or FeII ions can be targeted in grids 2 and 5). The FeII oxidation potential is governed by the charge on the ligand binding unit, rather than the spin state, thus permitting facile electrochemical discrimination between the two types of FeII centre in 7 or in 8. Such multistable heterometallic [2×2] gridlike arrays are of great interest for future supramolecular devices incorporating multilevel redox activity.
Zirconium Bis(indenyl) Sandwich Complexes with an Unprecedented Indenyl Coordination Mode and Their Role in the Reactivity of the Parent Bent‐Metallocenes: A Detailed DFT Mechanistic Study
Authors: Veiros Luis F.
Published: February 2005

The mechanisms of three closely related reactions were studied in detail by means of DFT/B3 LYP calculations with a VDZP basis set. Those reactions correspond to 1) the reductive elimination of methane from [Zr(η5‐Ind)2(CH3)(H)] (Ind=C9H7−, indenyl), 2) the formation of the THF adduct, [Zr(η5‐Ind)(η6‐Ind)(thf)] and 3) the interconversion between the two indenyl ligands in the Zr sandwich complex, [Zr(η5‐Ind)(η9‐Ind)], which forms the link between the two former reactions. An analysis of the electronic structure of this species indicates a saturated 18‐electron complex. A full understanding of the indenyl interchange process required the characterisation of several isomers of the Zr–bis(indenyl) species, corresponding to different spin states (S=0 and S=1), different coordination modes of the two indenyl ligands (η5/η9, η5/η5 and η6/η9), and three conformations for each isomer (syn, anti, and gauche). The fluxionality observed was found to occur in a mechanism involving bis(η5‐Ind) intermediates, and the calculated activation energy (11–14 kcal mol−1) compares very well with the experimental values. Two alternative mechanisms were explored for the reductive elimination of methane from the methyl/hydride complex. In the more favourable one, the initial complex, [Zr(η5‐Ind)2(CH3)(H)], yields [Zr(η5‐Ind)2] and methane in one crucial step, followed by a smooth transition of the Zr intermediate to the more stable η5/η9‐species. The overall activation energy calculated (Ea=29 kcal mol−1) compares well with experimental values for related species. The formation of the THF adduct follows a one step mechanism from the appropriate conformer of the [Zr(η5‐Ind)(η9‐Ind)] complex, producing easily (Ea=6.5 kcal mol−1) the known product, [Zr(η5‐Ind)(η6‐Ind)(thf)], a species previously characterised by X‐ray crystallography. This complex was found to be trapped in a potential well that prevents it from evolving to the 3.4 kcal mol−1 more stable isomer, [Zr(η5‐Ind)2(thf)], with both indenyl ligands in a η5‐coordination mode and a spin‐triplet state (S=1).
The Crystal Structure of High‐Temperature α‐CsB5O8 Modification at 20, 300, and 500 °C.
Authors: Filatov S. , Bubnova R. , Shepelev Yu. , Anderson J. , Smolin Yu.
Published: February 2005

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The Magnetic Behaviors of Ln1‐xGdxMn2Si2 (Ln: Ce and Pr) in Weak Magnetic Field.
Authors: Dincer I. , Elmali A. , Elerman Y.
Published: February 2005

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Magnetic and Spectroscopic Properties of NdTSn (T: Ag, Au) Compounds.
Authors: Latka K. , Gurgul J. , Chajec W. , Kmiec R. , Pacyna A. W.
Published: February 2005

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Synthesis and Characterization of Superparamagnetic Iron Nanocomposites by Hydrazine Reduction.
Authors: Yang Chengli , Xing Jianmin , Guan Yueping , Liu Junguo , Liu Huizhou
Published: February 2005

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Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Homoleptic Tellurium Cyanides Te(CN)x: Crystal Structure of Te(CN)2.
Authors: Klapoetke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Galvez‐Ruiz Juan Carlos , Noeth Heinrich , Schwab Ingo
Published: February 2005

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[Ge4O6Te4]4‐, and Adamantanoid Oxotellurido Germanate(IV) with a Central Ge4O6 Core.
Authors: van Almsick Tobias , Kromm Anna , Sheldrick William S.
Published: February 2005

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Formation and Structure of Iodotrinitrosyliron, [Fe(NO)3I].
Authors: Beck Wolfgang , Enzmann Armin , Mayer Peter
Published: February 2005

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Crystal Growth, Defect Structure and Magnetism of New Li3N‐Derived Lithium Nitridocobaltates.
Authors: Gordon Alexandra G. , Smith Ronald I. , Wilson Claire , Stoeva Zlatka , Gregory Duncan H.
Published: February 2005

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(AgI)2Te6 and (AgI)2Se6: New Composite Materials with Cyclic Te6 and Se6 Molecules Stabilized in the “Solid Solvent” AgI.
Authors: Deiseroth Hans‐J. , Wagener Michael , Neumann Elmar
Published: February 2005

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Synthesis of Aminoethanethiol Trityl Ether Ligands for Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation.
Authors: Harfouche Joyce , Herault Damien , Tommasino M. Lorraine , Pellet‐Rostaing Stephane , Lemaire Marc
Published: February 2005

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Synthesis of C2‐Symmetric and Unsymmetrically Substituted 2,2′‐Dipyridylamines and Crystal Structure of a Chiral 2,2′‐Dipyridylamine Copper(II) Complex.
Authors: Bolm Carsten , Frison Jean‐Cedric , Le Paih Jacques , Moessner Christian , Raabe Gerhard
Published: February 2005

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The First Palladium‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Addition of Terminal Alkynes to Conjugated Enones.
Authors: Chen Liang , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: February 2005

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Preparation of Polystyrene‐Bound Dichlorotitanium Dialkoxide and Its Application as a Polymer‐Supported Lewis Acid Catalyst in Organic Syntheses.
Authors: Fujita Ken‐ichi , Muraki Takahito , Hashimoto Shigeru , Oishi Akihiro , Taguchi Yoichi
Published: February 2005

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Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Alkyne—Epoxide Functionalities Through Alternation of the Substituent and Structural Skeleton of Epoxides.
Authors: Ming‐Yuan Lin , Madhushaw Reniguntala J. , Liu Rai‐Shung
Published: February 2005

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A Lewis Acid Promoted Cyclization of Ethenetricarboxylate Derivative Aromatic Compounds. Novel Syntheses of Oxindoles and Benzofuranones via Friedel—Crafts Intramolecular Michael Addition.
Authors: Yamazaki Shoko , Morikawa Satoshi , Iwata Yuko , Yamamoto Machiko , Kuramoto Kaori
Published: February 2005

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Development of Manganese(III) Acetate Along with Schiff‐Base Ligands as the Catalyst for the Oxygenation of Olefins in the O2/NaBH4 System.
Authors: Lee Nam Ho , Baik Jong Seok , Han Sung‐bin
Published: February 2005

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γ‐Cyclodextrin‐Bicapped C60‐Mediated Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones with NaBH4.
Authors: Nishimura Takahiro , Nakajima Mitsuru , Maeda Yasunari , Uemura Sakae , Takekuma Shin‐ichi , Takekuma Hideko , Yoshida Zen‐ichi
Published: February 2005

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Diselenide‐Assisted Sulfuration of Dienes.
Authors: Rys Andrzej Z. , Hou Yihua , Abu‐Yousef Imad A. , Harpp David N.
Published: February 2005

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Addition of Mono‐ and Dicarbonyl Compounds to Conjugated Dienes.
Authors: Leitner Andreas , Larsen Jens , Steffens Christian , Hartwig John F.
Published: February 2005

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Phosphaadamantanes as Ligands for Palladium Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Chemistry: Library Synthesis, Characterization, and Screening in the Suzuki Coupling of Alkyl Halides and Tosylates Containing β‐Hydrogens with Boronic Acids and Alkylboranes.
Authors: Brenstrum Tim , Gerristma David A. , Adjabeng George M. , Frampton Christopher S. , Britten James , Robertson Alan J. , McNulty James , Capretta Alfredo
Published: February 2005

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Mild and Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed Dimerization of Terminal Alkynes to Form Symmetrical (Z,Z)‐1,4‐Dihalo‐1,3‐dienes.
Authors: Li Jin‐Heng , Liang Yun , Xie Ye‐Xiang
Published: February 2005

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Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Allylation of Aromatic Compounds and Allylic Ether Formation.
Authors: Onodera Gen , Imajima Hiroaki , Yamanashi Masashi , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki , Hidai Masanobu , Uemura Sakae
Published: February 2005

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Sequential Olefinations on 2‐Arylmethylidene‐2‐phosphonoacetates: A One‐Pot Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Trisubstituted 1,3‐Butadienes.
Authors: Date Sonali M. , Ghosh Sunil K.
Published: February 2005

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N‐Iodosuccinimide (NIS) as a Mild and Highly Chemoselective Catalyst for Deprotection of tert‐Butyldimethylsilyl Ethers.
Authors: Karimi Babak , Zamani Asghar , Zareyee Daryoush
Published: February 2005

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Allylic Halides and Acetates with Indium Organometallics.
Authors: Rodriguez David , Perez Sestelo Jose , Sarandeses Luis A.
Published: February 2005

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Ammonium Chloride Promoted Ugi Four‐Component, Five‐Center Reaction of α‐Substituted α‐Isocyano Acetic Acid: A Strong Solvent Effect.
Authors: Bonne Damien , Dekhane Mouloud , Zhu Jieping
Published: February 2005

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Highly Efficient Two‐Step Synthesis of C‐sp3‐Centered Geminal Diiodides.
Authors: Cloarec Jean‐Manuel , Charette Andre B.
Published: February 2005

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Rhizopus arrhizus Mediated Asymmetric Reduction of Alkyl 3‐Oxobutanoates.
Authors: Salvi Neeta A. , Chattopadhyay Subrata
Published: February 2005

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Monomeric Cobalt Oxazoline Palladacycles (COP). Useful Catalysts for Catalytic Asymmetric Rearrangement of Allylic Trichloroacetimidates.
Authors: Kirsch Stefan F. , Overman Larry E. , Watson Mary P.
Published: February 2005

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Construction of Optically Active CF3‐Containing Quaternary Carbon Centers via Stereospecific SN2′ Reaction.
Authors: Kimura Mitsuo , Yamazaki Takashi , Kitazume Tomoya , Kubota Toshio
Published: February 2005

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Organocatalyzed Solvent‐Free Aza‐Henry Reaction: A Breakthrough in the One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,2‐Diamines.
Authors: Bernardi Luca , Bonini Bianca F. , Capito Elena , Dessole Gabriella , Comes‐Franchini Mauro , Fochi Mariafancesca , Ricci Alfredo
Published: February 2005

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L‐Proline Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Aldol Reaction Between Diacetone Alcohol and Aldehydes.
Authors: Chandrasekhar S. , Narsihmulu Ch. , Reddy N. Ramakrishna , Sultana S. Shameem
Published: February 2005

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Unexpected Cross‐Coupling Reaction Between o‐Chloroaryl Ketones and Organomanganese Reagents.
Authors: Cahiez Gerard , Luart Denis , Lecomte Fabien
Published: February 2005

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Synthesis of Monodentate Chiral Spiro Phosphonites and the Electronic Effect of Ligand in Asymmetric Hydrogenation.
Authors: Fu Yu , Hou Guo‐Hua , Xie Jian‐Hua , Xing Liang , Wang Li‐Xin , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: February 2005

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The Heck Reaction under Ball‐Milling Conditions.
Authors: Tullberg Erik , Peters Dan , Frejd Torbjoern
Published: February 2005

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Combination Strategy Using Pure Enzymes and Whole Cells as Biocatalysts for the Preparation of 2‐Hydroxyesters and Lactones from 2‐Oxoglutaric Acid.
Authors: Rustoy Eduardo M. , Pereyra Elba N. , Moreno Silvia , Baldessari Alicia
Published: February 2005

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Nickel‐Catalyzed Arylcyanation of Alkynes.
Authors: Nakao Yoshiaki , Oda Shinichi , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: February 2005

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Chiral Bispyridylamide Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Enantioselective Addition of TMSCN to Aldehydes.
Authors: Belda Oscar , Duquesne Sophie , Fischer Andreas , Moberg Christina
Published: February 2005

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Ferrocenyl Monophosphine Ligands: Synthesis and Applications in the Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling of Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Baillie Colin , Zhang Lixin , Xiao Jianliang
Published: February 2005

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A Novel, Stereoselective and Convergent Synthesis of Aryltetralins.
Authors: Miles Steven M. , Marsden Stephen P. , Leatherbarrow Robin J. , Coates William J.
Published: February 2005

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Unnatural Amino Acids. Part 2. Simple Method of Obtaining Esters of Aziridine‐2‐carboxylic Acids by a Transesterification Reaction.
Authors: Shtrumfs B. , Chernyak D. , Kums I. , Kalvins I. , Trapencieris P.
Published: February 2005

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Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of trans‐2,3‐Dihydrofuran Derivatives
Authors: Chen Guodong , Cao Weiguo , Chen Jie , Chen Rongqing
Published: February 2005

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Organic Reactions in Ionic Liquids: Gewald Synthesis of 2‐Aminothiophenes Catalyzed by Ethylenediammonium Diacetate.
Authors: Hu Yi , Chen Zhen‐Chu , Le Zhang‐Gao , Zheng Qin‐Guo
Published: February 2005

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