bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new method to quantify prey acquisition in diving seabirds using wing stroke frequency
Authors: Sato Katsufumi , Daunt Francis , Watanuki Yutaka , Takahashi Akinori , Wanless Sarah
Published: December 2007

To understand the foraging strategies of free-ranging diving animals, time series information on both foraging effort and foraging success is essential. Theory suggests that wing stroke frequency for aerial flight should be higher in heavier birds. Based on this premise, we developed a new methodology using animal-borne accelerometers to estimate fine-scale temporal changes in body mass of a pursuit-diving, piscivorous seabird, the European shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis. We hypothesized that variations in body mass determined from changes in wing stroke frequency before and after a series of dives would be related to the amount of prey captured. The estimated net gain in body mass during a foraging trip was highly variable, ranging from–30 to 260 g, values that were extremely similar to food loads obtained from shags on the Isle of May in previous years using water-offloading and nest balances. Load sizes estimated using the wing stroke method were strongly and positively related to both cumulative flight time and return flight time. At the trip level, load size was unrelated to cumulative dive bout duration and the total amount of time spent underwater. However, highly significant relationships were apparent at the individual bout level, with birds showing bigger mass gains following longer dive bouts. Results from this study are therefore extremely encouraging and suggest that changes in body mass determined from changes in wing stroke frequency may provide a reliable method of obtaining short- to medium-term information on foraging effort and success of diving seabirds.
Differential actions of diuretic factors on the Malpighian tubules ofRhodnius prolixus
Authors: Donini Andrew , O'Donnell Michael J. , Orchard Ian
Published: December 2007

The effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related (ZooneDH),calcitonin (CT)-related (RhoprDH31) and kinin-related (leucokinin I) peptides on the ion composition of fluid secreted by upper Rhodnius prolixus Malpighian tubules and on KCl reabsorption by the lower tubules were assessed. ZooneDH stimulated fluid secretion while increasing the[Na+] of secreted fluid at the expense of [K+]. Upper tubules responded to ZooneDH with a characteristic triphasic change in the transepithelial potential (TEP), reminiscent of the response to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). RhoprDH31 produced a small (∼9 mV)lumen-positive shift in TEP of the upper tubule but had no effect on the rate of fluid secretion or ion composition of the secreted fluid. In contrast to 5HT, both peptides failed to activate KCl reabsorption by the lower tubule. Leucokinin I had no effect on the ion composition of fluid secreted by whole or upper Malpighian tubules. We propose that: (1) 5HT and a native CRF-related peptide similar to ZooneDH activate the same second messenger systems and ion transporters in the upper tubule cells; (2) CRF-related peptide is utilized to maintain high rates of fluid secretion during the post-feeding diuresis and is additionally used at times when KCl reabsorption is unnecessary or detrimental. The differential actions of multiple diuretic factors allows for intricate control of ionic and osmotic balance in R. prolixus.
Morphological and mechanical determinants of bite force in bats: do muscles matter?
Authors: Herrel Anthony , De Smet Ann , Aguirre Luis F. , Aerts Peter
Published: December 2007

Bats are one of the most diverse groups of mammals and have radiated into a wide variety of trophic niches. Accordingly, the cranial structure in bats is unusually variable among mammals and thought to reflect specializations for feeding and echolocation. However, recent analyses of cranial structure,feeding behavior and bite force across a wide range of bats suggest that correlations between morphology and performance and/or ecology are not as clearcut as previously thought. For example, most of the variation in bite force across a wide range of phyllostomid bats was explained by differences in body size rather than specific cranial traits. However, remarkably little is known about the muscular components that are responsible for generating the actual bite forces. We have tested which aspects of the cranial muscular system are good predictors of bite force across a wide range of species using a modeling approach. Model calculations of bite force show good correspondence with in vivo data suggesting that they can be used to estimate performance of the cranial system. Moreover, our data show that bite force is strikingly well explained by differences in temporalis muscle mass, temporalis fiber length and masseter muscle mass. Moreover, our data show that evolutionary changes in bite force capacity in bats are associated with evolutionary changes in relative m. temporalis mass and absolute skull length.
TheDrosophilamuscle LIM protein, Mlp84B, is essential for cardiac function
Authors: Mery Annabelle , Taghli-Lamallem Ouarda , Clark Kathleen A. , Beckerle Mary C. , Wu Xiushan , Ocorr Karen , Bodmer Rolf
Published: December 2007

Muscle LIM protein (MLP) is a cytoskeletal protein located at the Z-disc of sarcomeres. Mutations in the human MLP gene are associated with hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy. MLP has been proposed to be a key player in the stretch-sensing response, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its function in normal and diseased cardiac muscle have not been established. A Drosophila homolog, Mlp84B, displays a similar subcellular localization at the Z-disc of sarcomeres throughout development and in the adult, suggesting Drosophila as a model to study MLP function. Here we employed genetic ablation and cardiac-specific RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of mlp84B to investigate its role in heart function. We found that Mlp84B-deficient or heart-specific RNAi knockdown flies exhibit diastolic interval prolongation, heart rhythm abnormalities and a reduced lifespan, while showing no obvious structural phenotype. Our data demonstrate that Mlp84B is essential for normal cardiac function and establish the Drosophila model for the investigation of the mechanisms connecting defective cardiac Z-disc components to the development of cardiomyopathy.
Development partly determines the aerobic performance of adult deer mice,Peromyscus maniculatus
Authors: Russell Gregory A. , Rezende Enrico L. , Hammond Kimberly A.
Published: December 2007

Previous studies suggest that genetic factors and acclimation can account for differences in aerobic performance(V̇O2max) between high and low altitude populations of small mammals. However, it remains unclear to what extent development at different oxygen partial pressures(PO2) can affect aerobic performance during adulthood. Here we compared the effects of development at contrasting altitudes versus effects of acclimation during adulthood on V̇O2max. Two groups of deer mice were born and raised for 5 weeks at one of two altitudes(340 and 3800 m above sea level). Then, a subset of each group was acclimated to the opposite altitude for 8 weeks. We measured V̇O2max for each individual in hypoxia (PO2=13.5 kPa, 14%O2 at 3800 m) and normoxia (PO2=20.4 kPa, 21% O2 at 340 m) to control for PO2 effects. At 5 weeks of age, high altitude born mice attained significantly higher V̇O2max than low altitude born mice (37.1% higher in hypoxia and 72.1% higher in normoxia). Subsequently, deer mice acclimated for 8 weeks to high altitude had significantly higher V̇O2max regardless of their birth site (21.0% and 72.9% difference in hypoxia and normoxia,respectively). A significant development × acclimation site interaction comparing V̇O2maxin hypoxia and normoxia at 13 weeks of age suggests that acclimation effects depend on development altitude. Thus, reversible plasticity during adulthood cannot fully compensate for developmental effects on aerobic performance. We also found that differences in aerobic performance in previous studies may have been underestimated if animals from contrasting altitudes were measured at different PO2.
Antioxidative defence alterations in skeletal muscle during prolonged acclimation to cold: role ofl-arginine/NO-producing pathway
Authors: Petrović Vesna , Buzadžić Biljana , Korać Aleksandra , Vasilijević Ana , Janković Aleksandra , Mićunović Ksenija , Korać Bato
Published: December 2007

Early in cold acclimation (1–7 days), heat is produced by shivering,while late in cold acclimation (12–45 days), skeletal muscle contributes to thermogenesis by tissue metabolism other than contractions. Given that both thermogenic phases augment skeletal muscle aerobic power and reactive species production, we aimed in this study to examine possible changes in skeletal muscle antioxidative defence (AD) during early and late cold acclimation with special emphasis on the influence of the l-arginine/nitric oxide(NO)-producing pathway on the modulation of AD in this tissue. Adult Mill Hill hybrid hooded rat males were divided into two main groups: a control group,which was kept at room temperature (22±1°C), and a group maintained at 4±1°C for 45 days. The cold-acclimated group was divided into three subgroups: untreated, l-arginine treated and Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester(l-NAME) treated. The AD parameters were determined in the gastrocnemius muscle on day 1, 3, 7, 12, 21 and 45 of cold acclimation. The results showed an improvement of skeletal muscle AD in both early and late cold acclimation. Clear phase-dependent changes were seen only in copper, zinc superoxide dismutase activity, which was increased in early cold acclimation but returned to the control level in late acclimation. In contrast, there were no phase-dependent changes in manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase,glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase,the activities of which were increased during the whole cold exposure,indicating their engagement in both thermogenic phases. l-Arginine in early cold acclimation accelerated the cold-induced AD response, while in the late phase it sustained increases achieved in the early period. l-NAME affected both early and late acclimation through attenuation and a decrease in the AD response. These data strongly suggest the involvement of the l-arginine/NO pathway in the modulation of skeletal muscle AD.
Trading in Pollution: Creating Markets for Carbon and Waste
Authors: Street Paul
Published: December 2007

This article evaluates the initial performance of both the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and the Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme (LATS). In so doing it examines the essential components for a functioning emissions trading scheme and considers the extent to which environmental trading systems and fiscal instruments are capable of fundamentally altering our consumption patterns and political ideology towards environmentally sustainable practices. Directive 2003/87/EC established a scheme for the trading of allowances in greenhouse gas emissions. However, the extent to which Phase I of the EU ETS resulted in any significant reductions in emissions is highly questionable. What is more, Member States appear to lack the political will to significantly address in Phase II, and beyond, some of the fundamental problems with the EU ETS as evidenced by the proposed commitments contained in the Phase II National Allocation Plans submitted to the Commission. In England the design of the LATS would appear to have successfully overcome some of the defects with the EU ETS, providing greater economic incentives and opportunities for long-term planning by socio-economic actors. However, it remains questionable whether the LATS will be the prime engine for change in disposing of biodegradable municipal waste.
Claudia Mayer-Iswandy, Günter Grass. 2002
Authors: White John J.
Published: December 2007

Germanisten of a certain age will remember a time when such down-to-earth series as “Rowohlts Monographien” and “Köpfe des XX. Jahrhunderts” were the first port of call for those seeking a combination of biographical contextualization and basic factual information on a major writer. Belonging essentially to the genre of ‘literary biography', this new “dtv portrait” of Grass performs a comparable function, but does so at greater length and in more detail and is designed to be more reader-friendly and attention-holding without losing any of the authority of its predecessors. For a work of its length, Claudia Mayer-Iswandy's biography offers an admirable range of lucidly presented information on Grass the writer, the painter and sculptor, the politically engaged citizen, the essayist and commentator on affairs of state. His private life is treated with discretion, except to note where it has left its mark on the subject matter of his fiction. We are, however, afforded a rare insight into his creative impasses and moments of personal crisis and introspection. Responding to the cliché of Grass the writer as “Im Ausland geliebt – im Inland gehaßt”, the volume pays much attention to his work's reception, both in the German-speaking countries and, following Die Blechtrommel, internationally. Mayer-Iswandy documents the frequent mismatch between critical and popular responses to his fiction in Germany and abroad, with, in particular, örtlich betäubt and Zunge zeigen finding greater favour in the English-speaking countries. The reasons for this are not gone into.
Ulrich Krellner, „Was ich im Gedächtnis ertrage“. Untersuchungen zum Erinnerungskonzept von Uwe Johnsons Erzählwerk. 2003
Authors: Butzer Günter
Published: December 2007

Die Untersuchung von Johnsons Texten als literarische Erinnerungsarbeit blieb bislang weitgehend auf den letzten großen Roman Jahrestage beschränkt. Wenn Ulrich Krellner das Erinnerungskonzept von Johnsons Gesamtwerk in den Blick nimmt, sieht er sich demnach vor zwei Aufgaben gestellt: Zum einen gilt es, die Relevanz des Erinnerungsparadigmas, die für die Jahrestage außer Frage steht, auch für die früheren Texte zu erweisen; zum anderen darf man erwarten, daß eine Studie, die dem letzten Roman immerhin die Hälfte ihres Umfangs widmet, auch für dessen mnemologisches Programm neue Ergebnisse bereithält. Beides – so kann vorwegnehmend resümiert werden – ist dem Verfasser gelungen. Indem er im Untertitel seiner Arbeit von dem Erinnerungskonzept von Johnsons Erzählwerk spricht, erlegt er sich jedoch eine zusätzliche Verpflichtung zur Homogenität auf, der nur schwer nachzukommen ist. Daß in Thematik und Struktur so unterschiedliche Texte wie Ingrid Babendererde, Mutmaßungen über Jakob, Das dritte Buch über Achim und Jahrestage einem gemeinsamen Modell folgen sollten, erscheint eher unwahrscheinlich. Die Analysen der einzelnen Werke weisen denn auch in unterschiedliche Richtungen.
Ludger Lieb / Stephan Müller (Hgg.), Situationen des Erzählens. Aspekte narrativer Praxis im Mittelalter. 2002
Authors: Bockmann Jörn
Published: December 2007

Seit einiger Zeit schon wird die Anwendung narratologischer Methoden und Termini in der germanistischen Mediävistik zu einem immer besser ausgebauten Wegenetz, das teilweise überraschende Zugänge zum Verständnis auch bekannter Werke ermöglicht. Ein weiteres Beispiel hierfür bietet der von Ludger Lieb und Stephan Müller herausgegebene und mit einer sorgsamen Einleitung bedachte Sammelband zu den „Situationen des Erzählens“, der aus einem Arbeitsgespräch im Rahmen des DFG-Sonderforschungsbereichs 537 „Institutionalität und Geschichtlichkeit“ im Oktober 1999 in Dresden hervorgegangen ist.
Lexikon der antiken Gestalten in den deutschen Texten des Mittelalters. Hg. von Manfred Kern und Alfred Ebenbauer. 2003
Authors: Harms Wolfgang
Published: December 2007

Dieses Lexikon verspricht, „erstmals einen systematischen Überblick über die in der mittelalterlichen deutschen Literatur von ca. 1050 bis 1350 genannten mythologischen und historischen Gestalten der griechisch-römischen Antike“ zu bieten (S. IX). Seine ausführlichen Begründungen dieses Ziels und einzelner Auswahlverfahren rücken historische Gegebenheiten, Kontextualisierungen und Funktionalisierungen ins Bewußtsein, verzichten dagegen dankenswerterweise auf bloße Kontinuitätsnachweise als Rechtfertigung der Anlage des Werks. Es geschieht im Sinne der behandelten Epoche, wenn nicht versucht wird, mythologische, historische und literarische Gestalten scharf voneinander abzuheben. Auch werden die Gegenstände des Lexikons in der Einleitung ausführlich unter mögliche mittelalterliche Perspektivierungen gerückt, etwa indem auf unterschiedliche mittelalterliche Nachahmungen, Deutungen oder Einordnungen der Antike eingegangen wird, so daß zum Beispiel rhetorische, typologische und realhistorische Muster oder Betrachtungsweisen als Möglichkeiten nebeneinander erscheinen.
Bettina Mattig-Krampe, Das Pilatusbild in der deutschen Bibel- und Legendenepik des Mittelalters. 2001 – Andreas Scheidgen, Die Gestalt des Pontius Pilatus in Legende, Bibelauslegung und Geschichtsdichtung vom Mittelalter bis in die frühe Neuzeit. 2002
Authors: Mühlherr Anna
Published: December 2007

Die im Abstand von einem Jahr publizierten Monographien zur Figur des Pilatus behandeln beide die legendarische Texttradition; ansonsten werden unterschiedliche Felder ausgewertet: Bibeldichtung bei Bettina Mattig-Krampe; bibelexegetische und historiographische Texte bei Andreas Scheidgen. Es zeigt sich in der einen wie in der andern Studie deutlich, wie „tiefgreifend die zweideutige Figurenzeichnung des neutestamentlichen Berichts auf die mittelalterliche Auffassung eingewirkt hat, eine Erkenntnis“, die als solche „alles andere als überraschen kann“ (Scheidgen, S. 291). Das bringt mit sich, daß in beiden Arbeiten Grundlegendes parallel abgehandelt wird; aber sie fallen doch sehr verschieden aus. Nicht nur werden teilweise unterschiedliche Gattungen behandelt; vor allem sind die Zugänge zum Material unterschiedlich – und abhängig davon die Darstellungsweisen. Mattig-Krampe beschäftigt sich hauptsächlich mit der Frage nach dem Verhältnis von Texten zu ihren Quellen (1). Scheidgens Arbeit ist primär am Bedeutungspotential der Pilatusgestalt interessiert. Sein Ziel ist es, Grundmöglichkeiten des Umgangs mit der Pilatusfigur in unterschiedlichen Diskursen und historisch signifikanten Ausprägungen vorzuführen (2).
Internationales Germanistenlexikon 1800–1950. Hg. und eingeleitet von Christoph König. 2003
Authors: Ziolkowski Theodore
Published: December 2007

Traute man der Tagespresse (etwa Der Spiegel 48/2003), könnte der nichtsahnende Leser aus den sensationslüsternen, manchmal maliziösen Rezensionen schließen, es handle sich bei dem neuen Germanistenlexikon um nichts weiteres als ein digitales Schurkenverzeichnis der Hochschulgermanisten, die sich dem Nationalsozialismus verschworen haben, und folglich um eine kollektive Denunziation unseres Fachs. Tippt man zwar „NSDAP“ in die „erweiterte Suche“ der CD-ROM-Fassung, ergeben sich gleich 226 Treffer. In vielen Fällen handelt es sich aber um Menschen, die eben „kein Mitglied“ waren oder die keinen Antrag eingereicht haben beziehungsweise denen kein Parteibuch ausgehändigt wurde. An und für sich ist „Mitgliedschaft“ nichts als eine Tatsache, die weiterer Erklärung bedarf. Wie schätzt man zum Beispiel Friedrich Beißners Partei-Mitgliedschaft ein, die von vielen Zeitzeugen als „distanziert“ und „geringfügig“ beschrieben wurde, im Vergleich mit seinem nur dadurch möglichen Verdienst, im Jahr 1943 die Hölderlin-Gesellschaft gegründet und die Große Stuttgarter Ausgabe unternommen zu haben? Ähnliche Komplexitäten ergeben sich, wenn man „SED“ (17 Treffer) eingibt: In drei Fällen handelt es sich um Kollegen, die mit der Partei Schwierigkeiten hatten; in zwei weiteren Fällen um Nordisten, die in der Zeitschrift Saga och Sed publizierten; und einmal (ausgerechnet in einem Nachruf für NSDAP-Mitglied Josef Nadler) um das lateinische Zitat non moriar, sed vivam. Der Computer ist eben unnachgiebig; da ist höchste Vorsicht geboten.
Christian Rother, Siebenbürgen und der Buchdruck im 16. Jahrhundert. Mit einer Bibliographie „Siebenbürgen und der Buchdruck“. 2002
Authors: Kesselheim Isabella
Published: December 2007

Der Band des aus Mühlbach in Rumänien stammenden, seit 1982 in Deutschland lebenden und heute als wissenschaftlicher Diplom-Bibliothekar im Siebenbürgen-Institut in Gundelsheim/Neckar arbeitenden Autors besteht strenggenommen aus zwei – einander ergänzenden, aber in sich abgeschlossenen – Teilen, macht doch nahezu die Hälfte des Umfangs die mit eigener Einleitung versehene Bibliographie aus. Vom (Paperback-)Einband her eher schlicht ausgestattet, ist das Innenleben doch durchwirkt von alten Stichen, Landkarten, Illustrationen, etlichen Zierleisten und den Motiven der Wasserzeichen. Der Aufbau folgt logischen Prinzipien; zugunsten der besseren Übersicht werden teils auch Wiederholungen in Kauf genommen.
Gabriele Schramm, Widmung, Leser und Drama. Untersuchungen zu Form- und Funktionswandel der Buchwidmung im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. 2003
Authors: Ammon Frieder von
Published: December 2007

Als Gérard Genette in den 80er Jahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts seinen Entwurf einer Theorie des Paratextes vorlegte, war er zwar nicht der erste Literaturwissenschaftler, der sich mit diesem Phänomen beschäftigte – gerade in der Germanistik waren schon früher wichtige Arbeiten entstanden –, doch sein „Buch vom Beiwerk des Buches“ hatte eine stimulierende und integrierende Wirkung auf die bis dahin sehr heterogene Forschung zu diesem Themenkomplex. Denn das von Genette entwickelte Konzept ermöglichte es, sich so verschiedenartigen Gegenständen wie dem Titel, dem Motto, der Marginalie, der Buchillustration oder dem Klappentext unter einem gemeinsamen Oberbegriff zu nähern und sie als Teilaspekte eines großen, für literatur- und kulturwissenschaftliche Fragen ergiebigen Problemfeldes zu begreifen. Auch Anschlußmöglichkeiten für andere interessierte Disziplinen waren damit gegeben, etwa für Buchwissenschaft und Kunstgeschichte. In der Folge erschienen Arbeiten zu einzelnen Formen des Paratextes sowie zu autoren-, werk- und epochenbezogenen Fragestellungen, die Genettes Ansätze weiterverfolgten und ausdifferenzierten. Zum Teil wurden dabei wichtige Erkenntnisse gewonnen, doch ist es noch ein weiter Weg zu umfassenden Analysen nicht mehr nur isolierter paratextueller Elemente und Erscheinungen, sondern spezifischer paratextueller Konfigurationen in ihren jeweiligen Funktionszusammenhängen und historischen Kontexten.
Judith P. Aikin, A Language for German Opera. The Development of Forms and Formulas for Recitative and Aria in Seventeenth-Century German Libretti. 2002
Authors: Wade Mara R.
Published: December 2007

Scholars of German Baroque literature and music have waited a very long time for a book such as this. While Judith Aikin presents an excellent overview of the development of the German opera libretto from its inception with Martin Opitz and Heinrich Schütz's Dafne in 1627 until the founding of the Hamburg Opera in 1678, her main focus is to answer several questions long unanswered by scholarship: Why did German-language opera develop so slowly? Why did the development of recitative in the German language lag far behind that in Italian? What hindered the natural alternation between aria and recitative in German? Why did contemporary musicians find German verse so difficult to set to music? And, the question which provides the prime impetus for this study, what kinds of verse were necessary for opera in German? Her undertaking reminds the reader of passages from Günter Grass' Das Treffen in Telgte in which the elderly Heinrich Schütz, in search of appropriate German verse to set to music, participates in the fictitious meeting of German poets at Telgte after the end of the Thirty Years' War. He hopes to find there dramatic poetry to set to music, that is, “auf deutsche Worte Madrigale zu komponieren”. Aikin's book explains why, in the 1650's, Schütz was still seeking German verses to compose in the operatic style he had first experienced in Italy many years before.
Markus Paul, Reichsstadt und Schauspiel. Theatrale Kunst im Nürnberg des 17. Jahrhunderts. 2002
Authors: Watanabe-O'Kelly Helen
Published: December 2007

There is no question but that this book, which originated as a doctoral thesis for the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, is a major contribution to our knowledge of seventeenth-century theatre in the German-speaking world. It is a study of theatre in the city of Nürnberg from the beginning of the seventeenth century until the end of the third decade of the eighteenth. That the author finds such a wealth of theatrical performances to discuss over this period in Nürnberg is the first revelation, for, as he begins by reminding us, the most commonly accepted view has hitherto been that, while Nürnberg may have been important theatrically in the sixteenth century, the seventeenth was a period of decline. This book shows that such a view is completely wrong. The author demonstrates convincingly and with a wealth of detail the sheer variety and quality of theatre in Nürnberg and its central place in the life of the city. This new information alone would make the book of lasting value. This is no mere assemblage of facts, however. The author's analytical take on his material enhances the value of the book immeasurably. I should like to pick out five salient features here.
Ludovico Ariosto, Die Historia vom Rasenden Roland. Übersetzt von Diederich von dem Werder (Leipzig 1632 bis 1636). Hg. und kommentiert von Achim Aurnhammer und Dieter Martin. 2002
Authors: Battafarano Italo Michele
Published: December 2007

Auf den Spuren der Pionierarbeiten von Georg Witkowski (1886–1887) und den verdienstvollen Forschungen von Gerhard Dünnhaupt (1973–1984) hat das Freiburger Germanisten-Duo Achim Aurnhammer und Dieter Martin eine wichtige Arbeit geleistet, die zur Reflexion über die Entwicklung der deutschen Literatur durch deren „Internationalisierung“ (S. IX) zu Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts beiträgt. Dies geschah durch die Übernahme von Themen und Formen ausländischer Literaturen, vor allem aus der Romania, in diesem Fall jener der italienischen Renaissance, und zwar durch Ludovico Ariostos Meisterwerk Orlando Furioso (1516–1532). Dieses Epos stellte in doppelter Hinsicht eine außergewöhnliche Herausforderung für den anhaltinisch-mecklenburgischen Dietrich von dem Werder (1584–1657) dar, weil die mittelalterliche, über Erotik und Wahnsinn fabulierende Handlung am Hofe von Karl dem Großen und die Endecasillabi der episch-melodischen Ottave rime den deutschen Übersetzer zur Erfindung einer neuen Metaphorik in bis dato unbekannter Vers- und Strophenform zwangen.
Caroline Torra-Mattenklott, Metaphorologie der Rührung. Ästhetische Theorie und Mechanik im 18. Jahrhundert. 2002
Authors: Segeberg Harro
Published: December 2007

Die Studie von Caroline Torra-Mattenklott hat nichts mit dem gemein, was dort ‚angesagt‘ ist, wo der von Frau Bulmahn ausgerufene Wettbewerb „Brain-Up. Deutschland sucht seine Super-Uni“ Geltung beansprucht; schließlich fehlen der Studie alle die kulturpolitischen Schlagworte, mit denen gegenwärtig um Aufmerksamkeit für ‚Exzellenzforschung‘, ‚vernetzte Vielfalt‘, ‚Fächer-Matrix‘ oder ‚Innovations-Pools‘ gebu(h)lt wird. Statt dessen läßt die Arbeit von Torra-Mattenklott erkennen, worin und wodurch Geisteswissenschaften einen Beitrag zum Nachweis ihrer eigenen Unentbehrlichkeit leisten können: durch hartnäckig konzentrierte Forschung über Probleme, die im Rahmen einer nicht nach Kontinuität, sondern einzig nach Innovation fragenden ‚hegemonialen‘ Geschichtsauffassung als längst erledigt gelten. Man könnte auch sagen: Erst konsequente Historisierung kann Historisches ‚aktuell‘ machen.
Ernst Osterkamp (Hg.), Wechselwirkungen. Kunst und Wissenschaft in Berlin und Weimar im Zeichen Goethes. 2002
Authors: Hey'l Bettina
Published: December 2007

Die Beiträge zu diesem Band sind aus einem Symposion hervorgegangen, das die Humboldt-Universität 1999 im Berliner Schauspielhaus am Gendarmenmarkt, parallel zu einer Konzertreihe mit Goethe-Vertonungen, ausgerichtet hat. Mit dem gewählten Thema „Kunst und Wissenschaft in Berlin und Weimar im Zeichen Goethes“ und dem Schauplatz der Veranstaltungen – 1821 mit der Iphigenie festlich eröffnet – galt es dabei wohl nicht nur den runden Geburtstag des Olympiers zu feiern, sondern auch die eindrucksvolle Kontinuität, mit der Berliner Institutionen Werke und Wirken des Weimaraners seit nunmehr 200 Jahren weiterpflegen.
Laurie Ruth Johnson, The Art of Recollection in Jena Romanticism. Memory, History, Fiction, and Fragmentation in Texts by Friedrich Schlegel and Novalis. 2002
Authors: Schmaus Marion
Published: December 2007

Die Simonides-Legende, der Gründungsmythos antiker Mnemotechnik, erzählt von der unheimlichen Verbindung von Katastrophe und Gedächtniskunst. In Laurie Ruth Johnsons Studie verweisen zwei viel besprochene Memorabilien der klassischen Autonomie-Ästhetik, die Laokoon-Statue und Philomeles Gewand, auf diese Verbindung; sie gehören zur Vorgeschichte der Jenaer Frühromantik und ihrer Kunst der Erinnerung. Die Statue und das Gewand beleuchten den Zusammenhang zwischen einer traumatischen, körperlichen Erfahrung und ihrer erinnernden Wiederholung in der Kunst und führen darin ins Zentrum von Johnsons Argumentation, die die frühromantische Gedächtniskunst als Krisenmanagement und als eine Strategie der Verlustbewältigung versteht.
Thomas Althaus, Strategien enger Lebensführung. Das endliche Subjekt und seine Möglichkeiten im Roman des 19. Jahrhunderts. 2003
Authors: Geulen Eva
Published: December 2007

„Der Roman ist die Epopöe eines Zeitalters, für das die extensive Totalität des Lebens nicht mehr sinnfällig gegeben ist […] und das dennoch die Gesinnung zur Totalität hat.“ Georg Lukács leitet aus diesem Widerspruch die einzigartige Gefährdung des Romans als einer Gattung ohne Kriterien ab. Nur im je neuen Entwurf und Vollzug seiner Form erfüllt der Roman sein Gesetz, das zugleich aber sein Scheitern fordert: Der Form muß die Totalität mißlingen. Dieses aporetisch angelegte Verständnis des Romans – als einer Gattungskrise entsprungen und als selbst krisenhafte Gattung – ist älter als Lukács' Theorie des Romans und gilt wesentlich ungebrochen bis heute. Als Krisengattung konnte der Roman zum Paradigma der Moderne avancieren, denn Moderne ist erst sekundär ein Epochenbegriff und meint zunächst immer Krise: der Totalität, des Sinns, des Subjekts, auch der Epoche.
Marcus Hahn, Geschichte und Epigonen. ‚19. Jahrhundert‘ / ‚Postmoderne‘, Stifter / Bernhard. 2003
Authors: Fauser Markus
Published: December 2007

Bücher über das Epigonentum kann man mittlerweile daran messen, wie sie mit ihrer eigenen Nachkommenschaft umgehen. Marcus Hahn löst in seiner aus dem Konstanzer Graduiertenkolleg Theorie der Literatur und Kommunikation hervorgegangenen Dissertation diese Aufgabe elegant, indem er drei Prämissen aufstellt. Erstens betrachtet er das Epigonentum als ein kulturelles Phantasma, zweitens ist der Status als historiographische Beschreibungskategorie entscheidend für den Begriff, und drittens sei der Epigonendiskurs nach 1945 in die Postmoderne ausgewandert (S. 9). Daraus bezieht das Buch seine Berechtigung: es versucht eine Fortschreibung des Epigonalen in der „Analogie zwischen dem Epigonendiskurs des ‚19. Jahrhunderts‘ und der ‚Postmoderne‘-Diskussion“ (S. 12).
Ursula Peters (Hg.), Text und Kultur. Mittelalterliche Literatur 1150–1450. 2001
Authors: Hasebrink Burkhard
Published: December 2007

Die Berichtsbände der von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft geförderten „Germanistischen Symposien“ markieren zentrale Themenkomplexe der germanistischen Forschung. Sie dienen auch, wenn man an den vorausgehenden mediävistischen Band zu „‚Aufführung‘ und ‚Schrift‘“ denkt, der Etablierung neuer Paradigmen, so daß diese Bände mit festen Erwartungen verbunden sind. Der jüngste mediävistische Band, der von Ursula Peters herausgegeben wurde, steigert diese Erwartungen beträchtlich. „Text und Kultur“ – eine solche Themenstellung zielt in der gegenwärtigen Situation auf das Ganze der Diskussion um die kulturelle wie historische Kontextualisierung von Literatur. Der von der Herausgeberin in der Vorbemerkung formulierte Anspruch, über Anleihen hinaus eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit den unterschiedlichen Ansätzen zwischen Texttheorie und Kulturwissenschaften aufzunehmen, forciert geradezu eine solche Erwartung.
Reformatting Operations at the New York State Library
Authors: Lane James , Gudz Joy
Published: December 2007

Reformatting of library materials is useful in preserving the content and providing greater accessibility to library and archival materials. Prior to beginning a reformatting project, a number of questions need to be asked and answered in relation to the material being considered and the available resources. Who will select the materials to be reformatted and what criteria will be used to make that decision? What format is best suited for the purpose of the material and for the end user? Should it be Microfilm? Photocopy? Scanned image? Possibly a hybrid approach? Who gets involved in the reformatting operation? The content selectors? The preservation staff? The catalogers? The support staff? Administrators? Outside vendors? And possibly the end user? Who will gather, review and prepare the materials? Where will the actual imaging, be it microfilming, photocopying or digitizing be done? What standards will be followed or are there only best practices for the chosen format? Is the library equipped for the job or is it best to send it out to a vendor? Who will do the quality control and how will it be reviewed? How much time can be committed to the reformatting effort? And, one more question, Who pays?
Preservation of Scientific Serials: Three Current Examples
Authors: Arms William Y.
Published: December 2007

Scientific knowledge is increasingly being created and recorded in electronic forms, yet today's computer systems are poorly suited for the long-term retention of information. Unless conscious efforts are made, important knowledge will be lost to future scientists and historians.
Treasures III: Social Issues in American Film, 1900–1934
Authors: Mellen Joan
Published: December 2007

This review essay of a National Film Preservation Foundation archival DVD boxed set of fiction and non-fiction films from the Progressive era emphasizes the underlying optimism about the future that is discernible even in those films that treat harrowing subjects (such as social deprivation, violence, and industrial exploitation).
Sicko
Authors: Callenbach Ernest
Published: December 2007

Michael Moore's latest polemical documentary is, as this review of Sicko argues, characteristically obstreperous and heartfelt. Moore's indictment of U.S. healthcare is in its ambition comparable to the work of Frederick Wiseman, who also depicts the parlous state of failed institutions.
Control / Joe Strummer: The Future is Unwritten / This is England
Authors: Sinker Mark
Published: December 2007

A trio of British films depicting the era of Punk deal in different ways with the idea of escape and rebellion against social norms. This essay compares the way the visual aesthetics, narrative, and music combine to depict youth subcultures in Control, Joe Strummer: The Future is Unwritten, and This Is England.
Chaotic Ana
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: December 2007

Julio Medem's reputation is as an auteur of Spanish cinema, but his 2007 film Chaotic Ana was not well received on its release in Spain. However, Paul Julian Smith argues that the film discloses a visual rhetoric that rewards close analysis.
Gentle Iconoclast: An Interview with David Gatten
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: December 2007

Scott MacDonald talks with filmmaker David Gatten about his multi-film exploration of the life and times of colonial Virginian William Byrd II, Secret History of the Dividing Line, A True Account in Nine Parts, in which Gatten considers the development of print culture, the arrival of digital, and the material nature of cinema.
Mindframes: Media Study at Buffalo, 1973–1990
Authors: Minkowsky John
Published: December 2007

An examination of a German exhibition that presented, in an innovative digital format, 350 hours of film and video work and fourteen installations by eight artists, as well as specially designed Media Labs, which included Video Jukeboxes, databases, and work stations simulating these artists' creative and analytical processes.
World War II: Defending Park Values and Resources
Authors: McDONNELL JANET A.
Published: December 2007

This article focuses on the way in which the National Park Service (NPS) resisted demands for the consumptive use of park resources during World War II primarily through the use of carefully crafted arguments and powerful rhetoric, but also by enlisting the support of conservation groups and adopting compromise measures. These compromise measures allowed the military to use the parks for recreation, rehabilitation, training, and maneuvers, and in a few instances authorize some exploitive use of parks by timber, mining, and farming interests when necessary. Faced with wartime demands, the NPS was forced to articulate its purpose and mission as never before. As NPS leaders articulated their arguments, they developed and publicized several major themes: that park values were a valuable resource; that the NPS had a trust responsibility to protect the parks; and that the parks represented the restorative and inspirational power of nature. Its vigorous campaign in defense of park values and resources, along with the willingness to compromise, played an important role in ensuring the preservation of irreplaceable park resources.
Crashing into Public History with Aimee Semple McPherson
Authors: SUTTON MATTHEW AVERY
Published: December 2007

In this article, Matthew Avery Sutton reflects on his experiences as he unwittingly plunged into the world of public history. His book on controversial evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson was made into a documentary for PBS, and he served as the historical advisor for the project. He argues that despite many historians' skepticism about the genre of historical documentary, writers and filmmakers are essentially engaged in the same process—each tries to simplify complicated stories about the past to speak to their intended audiences. The differences between the two are of scope, not tactic. Turning the camera on himself, Sutton found that working with the public and the media made him a better communicator, a better writer, and a better historian.
Abbott Lowell Cummings and the Preservation of New England
Authors: NEUWIRTH JESSICA , PAYNTER ROBERT , SWEENEY KEVIN , PAYNTER BRADEN , CUMMINGS ABBOTT LOWELL
Published: December 2007

This interview discusses Abbott Lowell Cummings' life and work as a public historian, focusing in particular on his long career at the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (now Historic New England). It deals with the early history of SPNEA under William Sumner Appleton and Bertram K. Little, but focuses particularly on the post-1955 development of the organization after Cummings' arrival and on the refinement of SPNEA's collection of historical buildings through deaccessioning and the establishment of increasingly professionalized standards for preservation, conservation, and interpretation. It also discusses important preservation battles in Boston, such as the fight to preserve the West End from urban renewal and the battle over whether to tear down Victorian architecture on Beacon Hill.
Expression of Multiple Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulfotransferases in the Neurogenic Regions of the Embryonic and Adult Central Nervous System Implies That Complex Chondroitin Sulfates Have a Role in Neural Stem Cell Maintenance
Authors: Akita Kaoru , von Holst Alexander , Furukawa Yoko , Mikami Tadahisa , Sugahara Kazuyuki , Faissner Andreas
Published: December 2007

Chondroitin/dermatan sulfotransferases (C/D-STs) underlie the synthesis of diverse sulfated structures in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) chains. Recent reports have suggested that particular sulfated structures on CS/DS polymers are involved in the regulation of neural stem cell proliferation. Here, we examined the gene expression profile of C/D-STs in the neurogenic regions of embryonic and adult mouse central nervous system. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis, all presently known C/D-STs were detected in the dorsal and ventral telencephalon of the embryonic day 13 (E13) mouse embryo, with the exception of chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase (C4ST)-3. In situ hybridization for C4ST-1, dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase-1, chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase (C6ST)-1 and -2, and uronosyl 2-O-sulfotransferase revealed a cellular expression of these sulfotransferase genes in the embryonic germinal zones of the forebrain. The expression of multiple C/D-STs is maintained on cells residing in the adult neural stem cell niche. Neural stem cells cultured as neurospheres maintained the expression of these enzymes. Consistent with the gene expression pattern of C/D-STs, disaccharide analysis revealed that neurospheres and E13 mouse brain cells synthesized CS/DS chains containing monosulfated, but also significant amounts of disulfated, disaccharide units. Functionally, the inhibition of sulfation with sodium chlorate resulted in a significant, dose-dependent decrease in neurosphere number that could not be rescued by the addition of individual purified glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, including heparin. These findings argue against a simple charge-based mechanism of GAG chains in neural stem cell maintenance. The synergistic activities of C/D-STs might allow for the adaptive modification of CS/DS proteoglycans with diversely sulfated CS/DS chains in the extracellular microenvironment that surrounds neural stem cells.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Improve Left Ventricular Function, Induce Angiogenesis, and Reduce Infarct Size in Rats with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Gandia Carolina , Armiñan Ana , García-Verdugo Jose Manuel , Lledó Elisa , Ruiz Amparo , Miñana M Dolores , Sanchez-Torrijos Jorge , Payá Rafael , Mirabet Vicente , Carbonell-Uberos Francisco , Llop Mauro , Montero Jose Anastasio , Sepúlveda Pilar
Published: December 2007

Human dental pulp contains precursor cells termed dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) that show self-renewal and multilineage differentiation and also secrete multiple proangiogenic and antiapoptotic factors. To examine whether these cells could have therapeutic potential in the repair of myocardial infarction (MI), DPSC were infected with a retrovirus encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and expanded ex vivo. Seven days after induction of myocardial infarction by coronary artery ligation, 1.5 × 106 GFP-DPSC were injected intramyocardially in nude rats. At 4 weeks, cell-treated animals showed an improvement in cardiac function, observed by percentage changes in anterior wall thickening left ventricular fractional area change, in parallel with a reduction in infarct size. No histologic evidence was seen of GFP+ endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, or cardiac muscle cells within the infarct. However, angiogenesis was increased relative to control-treated animals. Taken together, these data suggest that DPSC could provide a novel alternative cell population for cardiac repair, at least in the setting of acute MI.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Repopulating Activity of Ex Vivo-Expanded Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells Resides in the CD48−c-Kit+Sca-1+Lineage Marker− Cell Population
Authors: Noda Shinichi , Horiguchi Kana , Ichikawa Hitoshi , Miyoshi Hiroyuki
Published: December 2007

A better understanding of the biology of cultured hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is required to achieve ex vivo expansion of HSCs. In this study, clonal analysis of the surface phenotype and repopulating activity of ex vivo-expanded murine HSCs was performed. After 7 days of culture with stem cell factor, thrombopoietin, fibroblast growth factor-1, and insulin-like growth factor-2, single CD34−/lowc-Kit+Sca-1+lineage marker− (CD34−KSL) cells gave rise to various numbers of cells. The proportion of KSL cells decreased with increasing number of expanded cells. Transplantation studies revealed that the progeny containing a higher percentage of KSL cells tended to have enhanced repopulating potential. We also found that CD48 was heterogeneously expressed in the KSL cell population after culture. Repopulating activity resided only in the CD48−KSL cell population, which had a relatively long intermitotic interval. Microarray analysis showed surprisingly few differences in gene expression between cultured CD48−KSL cells (cycling HSCs) and CD48+KSL cells (cycling non-HSCs) compared with freshly isolated CD34−KSL cells (quiescent HSCs), suggesting that the maintenance of stem cell activity is controlled by a relatively small number of genes. These findings should lead to a better understanding of ex vivo-expanded HSCs.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Arsenic bioavailability in the soil amended with leaves of arsenic hyperaccumulator, Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.)
Authors: Du Xin , Cui Yanshan , Weng Liping , Cao Qing , Zhu Yongguan
Published: December 2007

An incubation experiment was carried out to better understand the fate of As during the decomposition of As-rich Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.) leaves and to assess As bioavailability in soil. Dried fern leaves with an As concentration of 1,150 ± 14 μg/g were amended with unpolluted soil at 1 and 3%. After aging for one, three, and six months, germinated wheat was planted in the soil. After two months, wheat plants were harvested. Results showed that As concentration in shoots and roots significantly increased with increasing amounts of As-rich leaf additions in soil samples and decreased over the incubation time (p < 0.001). For treatments with 3% fern leaf incubation, the average of As concentration in shoots was 1.59 μg/g dry weight after one month of incubation, nearly 20-fold higher than that of the nonamended treatment; after six months of incubation, As concentration in shoots was 0.48 μg/g, almost 10-fold higher than the corresponding nonamended treatment. Based on a sequential extraction method, As showed a shift from weakly adsorbed fractions to more strongly adsorbed fractions during the incubation, hence resulting in less As bioavailability. Arsenic concentrations in shoots and roots could be well described with linear functions of As concentrations distributed in different fractions. In conclusion, aging effect should be considered during risk assessment of As in soil–plant systems where As is recycled by the plant.
Multiresidue determination of fluoroquinolone, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol antibiotics in urban waters in China
Authors: Peng Xianzhi , Tan Jianhua , Tang Caiming , Yu Yiyi , Wang Zhendi
Published: December 2007

A feasible method has been optimized to simultaneously determine multiclass antibiotic residues, including sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol in urban riverine water and wastewater by off-line solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode-array ultraviolet detector and a fluorescence detector. Internal standard and standard addition methods were used in combination to identify and quantify these antibiotics to compensate for the matrix interference. The method quantification limits (MQLs) were determined to be 0.035 to 0.100 μg/L and 0.100 to 0.300 μg/L for the riverine water and wastewater, respectively. Recoveries of the investigated antibiotics ranged from 63 to 126%. Sulfamethoxazole was the most frequently detected antibiotic residue in Guangzhou section of the Major Pearl River, South China, with a maximum level of 0.510 μg/L. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics were relatively less detected with a maximum level of 0.459 μg/L. The maximum concentration of sulfamethoxazole reached 5.597 μg/L in the raw wastewater from a large-scale sewage treatment plant in Guangzhou city. Around 30% of sulfamethoxazole might survive the primary clarification and biotreatment processes in the sewage treatment plant. None of the investigated antibiotics have been found above MQLs in the final effluent after chlorine disinfection.