bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La notion de pluri-officalité dans les Constitutions nationales. Les exemples
espagnol, italien, suisse et belge
Authors: Arlettaz Jordane
Published: October 2018

Le concept de co-officialité, ou encore de pluri-officialité, est au cœur du
droit linguistique des États plurilingues. Reposant sur la reconnaissance officielle
de plusieurs langues sur un même territoire, il semble répondre à un besoin de
coexistence pacifique des langues, à rebours du monolinguisme imposé. En réalité, la
pluri-officialité soulève de multiples questions consécutives à la mise en œuvre de
ses exigences. Les exemples italien, espagnol, suisse et belge sont là pour le
montrer. La pluri-officialité repose généralement sur un principe de territorialité,
qui confine la langue minoritaire à un territoire donné, ou chaque langue égale à un
territoire propre, et non sur un principe de personnalité qui réserverait le cours
officiel de la langue à chaque locuteur de celle-ci quelle que soit sa situation
géographique. Mais ce principe de territorialité a pour effet de générer
consécutivement un nécessaire transfert de compétences au profit de la province où
la langue est officialisée, car pour mettre en œuvre l’usage officiel de cette
dernière, il est techniquement nécessaire de mobiliser des moyens administratifs,
techniques et humains ; et ce, quel que soit le domaine d’intervention matériel de
ladite langue. En conséquence à cela, la pluri-officialité est intimement liée à un
processus de juste répartition des compétences et moyens entre l’État et la province
où la langue considérée aura cours. On aperçoit ici à quel point la
pluri-officialité amène par contrecoup un travail de surveillance, de contrôle et
d’adaptation des compétences respectives de chaque province, et constitue donc non
seulement un problème linguistique, mais aussi un problème juridique et
politique.
Plurilinguisme, traduction et droit international des peuples autochtones: en
quête de reconnaissance
Authors: Geslin Albane
Published: October 2018

Si l’on reconnaît que ce sont moins les termes qui sont intraduisibles que les idées qu’ils véhiculent, il faut admettre que la traduction a moins pour objet de parvenir à une équivalence des termes qu’à un rapprochement des mondes, culturels et normatifs. Encore faut-il que cela soit possible. En effet, le droit, notamment international, est établi sur un arrière-plan topique occidental, peu comparable, voire compatible, avec celui des mondes autochtones, dans lesquels le juridique – généralement importé et imposé – n’est pas nécessairement la forme principale des modes de régulations sociétales. La traduction joue donc un rôle déterminant, tout à la fois dans les tentatives, nécessairement imparfaites, de rapprochement des mondes, mais également dans la reconnaissance – au sens d’acceptation à égale dignité et de respect – des diversités culturelles.
Le fantasme de la traduction automatique : esquisse d'un imaginaire frelaté
Authors: Has Geneviève
Published: October 2018

Cette contribution vise à explorer l’imaginaire qui entoure la traduction automatique (TA), notamment en ce qui concerne la recherche fondamentale et ses applications. Il s’agit de retracer les étapes importantes de l’histoire de la traduction automatique pour mettre en lumière certaines des attentes alimentées par l’imaginaire technologique et, en retour, montrer comment ces attentes ont teinté à la fois les directions qu’a emprunté la recherche, les applications qui en sont nées et l’accueil qu’on leur a réservées. Une fois ces tensions esquissées, nous proposons un recadrage de cet imaginaire, lequel pourrait s’incarner dans la figure du cyborg.
Safety Check : social network et sentimento di sicurezza
Authors: Cavallari Peppe
Published: October 2018

La funzione di controllo di assenza di pericolo (Safety Check), attivata da
Facebook in occasione degli attentati terroristici di Parigi, ci ha fatto accedere
ad un ulteriore livello d’intimità che ci stringe ancora una volta di più al social
network di cui facciamo parte, e che fa parte di noi. Il ruolo assunto dalla
piattaforma di Zuckerberg in questa notte di terrore, pone delle riflessioni
filosofiche sulla relazione tra dimensione individuale e dimensione collettiva e una
serie di problemi politici a proposito dell’istituzionalizzazione di un’azienda
privata, forte di una infrastruttura trasversale ai limiti dell’appartenenza
nazionale ciascuno e che, oggi, al di fuori da web non ha avversari in una capacità
sempre più cruciale : quella di configurare ognuno di noi in quanto parte di una
rete.
Alpha shapes: Determining 3D shape complexity across morphologically diverse structures
Authors: Gardiner James D , Behnsen Julia , Brassey Charlotte A
Published: October 2018

Background. Following recent advances in bioimaging, high-resolution 3D models of biological structures are now generated rapidly and at low-cost. To utilise this data to address evolutionary and ecological questions, an array of tools has been developed to conduct 3D shape analysis and quantify topographic complexity. Here we focus particularly on shape techniques applied to irregular-shaped objects lacking clear homologous landmarks, and propose the new ‘alpha-shapes’ method for quantifying 3D shape complexity.

Methods. We apply alpha-shapes to quantify shape complexity in the mammalian baculum as an example of a morphologically disparate structure. Micro- computed-tomography (μCT) scans of bacula were conducted. Bacula were binarised and converted into point clouds. Following application of a scaling factor to account for absolute differences in size, a suite of alpha-shapes was fitted to each specimen. An alpha shape is a formed from a subcomplex of the Delaunay triangulation of a given set of points, and ranges in refinement from a very coarse mesh (approximating convex hulls) to a very fine fit. ‘Optimal’ alpha was defined as the degree of refinement necessary in order for alpha-shape volume to equal CT voxel volume, and was taken as a metric of overall shape ‘complexity’.

Results Our results show that alpha-shapes can be used to quantify interspecific variation in shape ‘complexity’ within biological structures of disparate geometry. The ‘stepped’ nature of alpha curves is informative with regards to the contribution of specific morphological features to overall shape ‘complexity’. Alpha-shapes agrees with other measures of topographic complexity (dissection index, Dirichlet normal energy) in identifying ursid bacula as having low shape complexity. However, alpha-shapes estimates mustelid bacula as possessing the highest topographic complexity, contrasting with other shape metrics. 3D fractal dimension is found to be an inappropriate metric of complexity when applied to bacula.

Conclusions. The alpha-shapes methodology can be used to calculate ‘optimal’ alpha refinement as a proxy for shape ‘complexity’ without identifying landmarks. The implementation of alpha-shapes is straightforward, and is automated to process large datasets quickly. Beyond genital shape, we consider the alpha-shapes technique to hold considerable promise for new applications across evolutionary, ecological and palaeoecological disciplines.
Hundo: a Snakemake workflow for microbial community sequence data
Authors: Brown Joseph , Zavoshy Nicole , Brislawn Colin J , McCue Lee Ann
Published: October 2018

Hundo is a software package that performs quality control and annotation of ribosomal RNA and internal transcribed spacer sequence reads. It provides a comprehensive suite of tools and options that aim to reduce the effort of performing robust sequence annotation while obtaining the maximum amount of data provenance to ensure replicability. The software package performing annotation is implemented in Python, the analytical workflow is implemented in Snakemake, and dependencies are installed via Bioconda. Extensive documentation and the full source code are available under the MIT license at: https://github.com/pnnl/hundo.
Context-enriched interactome powered by proteomics helps the identification of novel regulators of macrophage activation
Authors: Halu Arda , Wang Jian-Guo , Iwata Hiroshi , Mojcher Alexander , Abib Ana Luisa , Singh Sasha A , Aikawa Masanori , Sharma Amitabh
Published: October 2018

The role of pro-inflammatory macrophage activation in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a complex one amenable to network approaches. While an indispensible tool for elucidating the molecular underpinnings of complex diseases including CVD, the interactome is limited in its utility as it is not specific to any cell type, experimental condition or disease state. We introduced context-specificity to the interactome by combining it with co-abundance networks derived from unbiased proteomics measurements from activated macrophage-like cells. Each macrophage phenotype contributed to certain regions of the interactome. Using a network proximity-based prioritization method on the combined network, we predicted potential regulators of macrophage activation. Prediction performance significantly increased with the addition of co-abundance edges, and the prioritized candidates captured inflammation, immunity and CVD signatures. Integrating the novel network topology with transcriptomics and proteomics revealed top candidate drivers of inflammation. In vitro loss-of-function experiments demonstrated the regulatory role of these proteins in pro-inflammatory signaling.
When a snake bites
Authors: Coppola CPT. Marco , Hogan David E.
Published: October 2018

Primary care physicians may be required to treat snake-bitten patients and must differentiate between venomous and nonvenomous snakes. The chief distinguishing characteristics of venomous snakes are fangs and a single row of subcaudal anal plates. The physiologic effects of snake venom are on the cardiovascular, hematologic, and neurovascular systems. The snake-bitten patient first needs supportive treatment and stabilization. Then, the physician must establish whether envenomation has occurred, grade it, and monitor edema around the bite. Local treatment, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and tetanus prophylaxis should be used for all envenomation grades. The decision to administer antivenin therapy should be made on clinical grounds and the envenomation grade. Its use, however, can lead to anaphylaxis and anticomplement reactions.
Subclinical human papillomavirus infection in a high-risk population
Authors: Muckerman Donna R.
Published: October 2018

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which has been linked to cervical dysplasia and carcinoma, causes one of the most frequently diagnosed sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States. To determine the prevalence of subclinical HPV infection, to detect any association with dysplasia, and to investigate risk factors, the author studied 249 sexually active adolescent girls and young women in a highrisk population by questionnaire, pelvic examination, cytology, and dot blot nucleic acid hybridization. The prevalence of subclinical HPV infection of the cervix was 10.4%. HPV-DNA positivity was associated with dysplasia, an increased number of sexual partners, and the part-time use of a birth control method. No association was found between subclinical HPV infection and race, cigarette smoking, oral contraceptive use, or the presence of other STDs. The use of HPV screening methods should be considered in select high-risk persons or groups.
Managed care and graduate medical education: Mutual objectives, barriers, and prospects
Authors: Fry Lincoln J. , Natkow Neil
Published: October 2018

Osteopathic medical schools are in an excellent position to cooperate with managed care providers because of an overlap of their common objectives. The authors maintain that osteopathic medical schools and managed care providers need to work together to promote integrated graduate medical education-managed care systems or face the possibility of being at the mercy of a fragmented healthcare reform movement. Issues related to common objectives and barriers to integrated graduate medical education-managed care systems are discussed, along with possible solutions.
Kudüs Tasarısı Oylaması ve Türkiye'nin Ortadoğu'daki İmajı / Voting of Jerusalem Proposal and Turkey's Image in the Middle East
Authors: Pınar Latif
Published: October 2018

Abstract

On December 6th, 2017, The United States President Donald Trump declared that the USA had unilaterally accepted Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and that he had instructed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to move the US Embassy in Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. Right after this declaration under the leadership of Turkey a draft resolution containing criticism of the president Trump and matters related to determining the status of Jerusalem was prepared and submitted to the United Nations General Assembly for voting. This resolution proposal, titled as "Israel's Activities in East Jerusalem and Palestinian Territory under Occupation", was voted at a special session of the United Nations General Assembly on December 21st, 2017 and was adopted on the basis of 128 admission, 9 rejection and 35 noncommittal votes. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the voting carried out in the United Nations General Assembly on the image of Turkey in the Middle East.

Öz

6 Aralık 2017'de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı Donald Trump, Kudüs'ü tek taraflı bir şekilde İsrail'in başkenti olarak kabul ettiğine ve Tel Aviv'de bulunan Amerikan Büyükelçiliği'nin Kudüs'e taşınması için Dış İşleri Bakanlığı'na talimat verdiğine yönelik bir açıklama yapmıştır. Bu açıklamanın hemen ardından Türkiye'nin öncülüğünde, Başkan Trump'ın kararının eleştirilmesi ve Kudüs'ün statüsünün belirlenmesine ilişkin bir takım hususları içeren bir karar tasarısı hazırlanmış ve oylanmak üzere Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu'na sunulmuştur. İsrail'in İşgal Altındaki Doğu Kudüs ve Filistin Topraklarındaki Faaliyetleri başlıklı bu karar tasarısı, 21 Aralık 2017'de Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu'nda gerçekleştirilen bir özel oturumda oylamaya sunulmuş ve 128 kabul, 9 ret ve 35 çekimser oy neticesinde kabul edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu'nda gerçekleştirilen söz konusu oylamanın Türkiye'nin Ortadoğu'daki imajına olan etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.
18th‐Century Journalism and Notable Journalists
Authors: Smith Jeffery A.
Published: October 2018

Newspaper publishing began in Europe during the seventeenth century and expanded across the continent and to North America in the eighteenth century. Government officials tried to control the press, but were not always successful. Enlightenment ideas influenced the content of periodicals and supplied justifications for the rights of journalists. Democratic thinking was especially evident in the United States where federal and state constitutions protected freedom of the press.
Links between achievement, executive functions, and self‐regulated learning
Authors: Rutherford Teomara , Buschkuehl Martin , Jaeggi Susanne M. , Farkas George
Published: October 2018

Student self‐regulated learning (SRL) is theorized to draw upon cognitive resources such as executive functions (EF) in support of planning, monitoring, and control processes in the service of academic goals. Prior work has demonstrated connections between direct measures of EF and reports of regulation behaviors, but this has not been frequently extended using an SRL framework to classroom behaviors and resulting school achievement. We find relations between inhibition and shifting elements of EF and teacher reports of SRL and links between both and student achievement on standardized tests and classroom grades in mathematics and language arts. We also find that links between EF and math achievement are partially mediated through SRL. Our results suggest that aspects of EF can support or may be a bottleneck for SRL and thus academic achievement, and as such, they have implications for cognitive and educational interventions.
Manipulating the Trade‐off Between Quantum Yield and Electrical Conductivity for High‐Brightness Quasi‐2D Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wang Zhibin , Wang Fuzhi , Sun Wenda , Ni Ruihao , Hu Siqian , Liu Jiyan , Zhang Bing , Alsaed Ahmed , Hayat Tasawar , Tan Zhan'ao
Published: October 2018

Quasi‐two‐dimensional (quasi‐2D) perovskites are attracting much attention due to their impressive luminescence properties. However, the introduction of insulating bulky cations reduces the charge transport property of mixed‐dimensional perovskites and leads to lowered brightness and increased turn‐on voltage. The trade‐off between high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and electrical conductivity should be well manipulated to obtain high‐performance perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs). Herein, quasi‐2D perovskite BA2(CsPbBr3)n‐1PbBr4‐PEO with high PLQY and excellent carrier injection efficiency is demonstrated by incorporating bulky n‐butylammonium bromide (BABr), CsPbBr3, and polyethylene oxide (PEO). BA can intercalate into the three‐dimensional perovskite framework to form a layered (quasi‐2D) perovskite structure. The ion conductive polymer PEO is used to protect quasi‐2D perovskite crystals. Additional BABr is removed by using anhydrous isopropyl alcohol as a washing agent due to its selective dissolubility. By carefully modulating the optical and electrical properties of quasi‐2D perovskite films, the maximum luminance of PeLEDs is dramatically enhanced from 191 to 33533 cd m−2, which is the brightest green quasi‐2D PeLED reported thus far, leading to an increase in external quantum efficiency from 1.81% to 8.42%. This work provides a promising route to control the optical and electrical properties of quasi‐2D perovskite films for high‐performance optoelectronic devices.
A Dynamic 3D Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks with Highly Water Affinity
Authors: Luo Yang‐Hui , He Xiao‐Tong , Hong Dan‐Li , Chen Chen , Chen Fang‐Hui , Jiao Jia , Zhai Li‐Hai , Guo Li‐Hong , Sun Bai‐Wang
Published: October 2018

Owing to the critical roles it plays for both structure and functionality, hydrogen bonding has high hopes for the orientated applications in hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs). Here in this work, a hydrogen‐bonding strategy is performed for adjusting the structure and functionality of a heme‐like ligand meso‐tetra(carboxy‐phenyl)‐porphyrin (TCPP) with co‐former 1,3‐di(4‐pyridyl) propane (1,3‐DPP). A 3D dynamic HOF TCPP‐1,3–DPP, with permanent porosity is obtained. For this HOF, the two components form novel robust 1D porous stripes, with the 1,3‐DPP molecules acting as the lining for the pores that are confined within the region between adjacent carboxyphenyl moieties of TCPP. This confinement has tuned the affinities of TCPP from hydrophobic into hydrophilic. Interestingly, the 1D stripes are further stacked by weak π…π interactions into a 3D framework, the latter is highly dynamic with 1D stripes sliding back and forth, upon pressurized and water adsorption in the solid‐state under ambient conditions, respectively. The activated TCPP‐1,3–DPP has a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of 258 m2 g−1, and shows a maximum adsorption capacity about 9.8% for water during the adsorption–desorption cycles, demonstrating a promising candidate for the real‐world application in effective dehydration of industrial gases under ambient conditions.
Dynamic Covalent Bond‐Assisted Programmed and Traceless Protein Release: High Loading Nanogel for Systemic and Cytosolic Delivery
Authors: Su Shan , Wang Yao‐Yi , Du Fu‐Sheng , Lu Hua , Li Zi‐Chen
Published: October 2018

Systemic and cytosolic delivery represents a grand challenge preventing many therapeutic proteins from clinical applications. Despite tremendous progresses in the past decade, most approaches generally lack the ability of triggered traceless protein release, require complicated formulation, and/or yield low protein loading. By using the protein as a crosslinker, here, a simple and general formulation affording protein nanogels (NG) with uniformed sizes and exceptionally high protein loading (>50%) is reported. By using the fine‐tuned bis‐ and monosubstituted maleamic anhydride‐amine chemistry for the crosslinking of the protein and a 4‐armed PEG‐MA4, the NG is implemented with a tandem pH‐programmed and traceless release character. The final NG, CDM‐MA‐NG, is stable under normal physiological conditions and effectively protects the crosslinked cargo cytochrome C from serum fouling, proteolytic and thermal degradation. In vitro, CDM‐MA‐NG exhibits a high level of cellular uptake and potent cancer cell killing only when incubated at pH 6.5, but not 7.4. Systemic administration of CDM‐MA‐NG leads to significantly inhibited tumor growth and extended survival rate. Given the abundance of the amine groups on protein surface, this work describes a universal platform for therapeutic protein formulation, and opens up enormous opportunities for the systemic, cytosolic, and traceless delivery of protein‐based nanomedicines.
Toward Air Stability of Thin GaSe Devices: Avoiding Environmental and Laser‐Induced Degradation by Encapsulation
Authors: Zhao Qinghua , Frisenda Riccardo , Gant Patricia , Perez de Lara David , Munuera Carmen , Garcia‐Hernandez Mar , Niu Yue , Wang Tao , Jie Wanqi , Castellanos‐Gomez Andres
Published: October 2018

Gallium selenide (GaSe) is a novel 2D material, which belongs to the layered III–VIA semiconductors family and attracted interest recently as it displays single‐photon emitters at room temperature and strong optical nonlinearity. Nonetheless, few‐layer GaSe is not stable under ambient conditions and it tends to degrade over time. Here atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and optoelectronic measurements are combined in photodetectors based on thin GaSe to study its long‐term stability. It is found that the GaSe flakes exposed to air tend to decompose forming first amorphous selenium and Ga2Se3 and subsequently Ga2O3. While the first stage is accompanied by an increase in photocurrent, in the second stage, a decrease in photocurrent is observed, which leads to the final failure of GaSe photodetectors. Additionally, it is found that the encapsulation of the GaSe photodetectors with hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) can protect the GaSe from degradation and can help to achieve long‐term stability of the devices.
Sulfuration of an Fe–N–C Catalyst Containing FexC/Fe Species to Enhance the Catalysis of Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media and for Use in Flexible Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Qiao Yueyang , Yuan Pengfei , Hu Yongfeng , Zhang Jianan , Mu Shichun , Zhou Jihang , Li Hao , Xia Huicong , He Jing , Xu Qun
Published: October 2018

During the preparation of atomically dispersed Fe–N–C catalysts, it is difficult to avoid the formation of iron‐carbide‐containing iron clusters (“FexC/Fe”), along with the desired carbon matrix containing dispersed FeNx sites. As a result, an uncertain amount of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurs, making it difficult to maximize the catalytic efficiency. Herein, sulfuration is used to boost the activity of FexC/Fe, forming an improved system, “FeNC–S–FexC/Fe”, for catalysis involving oxygen. Various spectroscopic techniques are used to define the composition of the active sites, which include Fe–S bonds at the interface of the now‐S‐doped carbon matrix and the FexC/Fe clusters. In addition to outstanding activity in basic media, FeNC–S–FexC/Fe exhibits improved ORR activity and durability in acidic media; its half‐wave potential of 0.821 V outperforms the commercial Pt/C catalyst (20%), and its activity does not decay even after 10 000 cycles. Interestingly, the catalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) simultaneously improves. Thus, FeNC–S–FexC/Fe can be used as a high‐performance bifunctional catalyst in Zn–air batteries. Theoretical calculations and control experiments show that the original FeNx active centers are enhanced by the FexC/Fe clusters and the Fe–S and C–S–C bonds.
A Surface Reconstruction Route to High Productivity and Selectivity in CO2 Electroreduction toward C2+ Hydrocarbons
Authors: Kibria Md Golam , Dinh Cao‐Thang , Seifitokaldani Ali , De Luna Phil , Burdyny Thomas , Quintero‐Bermudez Rafael , Ross Michael B. , Bushuyev Oleksandr S. , García de Arquer F. Pelayo , Yang Peidong , Sinton David , Sargent Edward H.
Published: October 2018

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (CO2) is a promising technology to use renewable electricity to convert CO2 into valuable carbon‐based products. For commercial‐scale applications, however, the productivity and selectivity toward multi‐carbon products must be enhanced. A facile surface reconstruction approach that enables tuning of CO2‐reduction selectivity toward C2+ products on a copper‐chloride (CuCl)‐derived catalyst is reported here. Using a novel wet‐oxidation process, both the oxidation state and morphology of Cu surface are controlled, providing uniformity of the electrode morphology and abundant surface active sites. The Cu surface is partially oxidized to form an initial Cu (I) chloride layer which is subsequently converted to a Cu (I) oxide surface. High C2+ selectivity on these catalysts are demonstrated in an H‐cell configuration, in which 73% Faradaic efficiency (FE) for C2+ products is reached with 56% FE for ethylene (C2H4) and overall current density of 17 mA cm‐2. Thereafter, the method into a flow‐cell configuration is translated, which allows operation in a highly alkaline medium for complete suppression of CH4 production. A record C2+ FE of ≈84% and a half‐cell power conversion efficiency of 50% at a partial current density of 336 mA cm‐2 using the reconstructed Cu catalyst are reported.
Mobile Microrobots for Active Therapeutic Delivery
Authors: Erkoc Pelin , Yasa Immihan C. , Ceylan Hakan , Yasa Oncay , Alapan Yunus , Sitti Metin
Published: October 2018

Recent advances in the versatility and sophistication of design, fabrication, and control methods of mobile microrobots could have a transforming impact on future healthcare technologies. Self‐propelled or remotely actuated, synthetic, or biohybrid microrobots can navigate to difficult‐to‐reach regions in the human body to deliver therapeutics for microscopically localized medical interventions. Here, recent progress in the design of microrobotic systems concerning therapeutic delivery of drugs, cells, and genetic materials is reported. This perspective prioritizes the design aspects of microrobots for medical cargo loading, navigation in biologically relevant environments, and controlled cargo release. In the final section, future prospects and a discussion on the critical shortcomings for the benchside‐to‐bedside translation of medical microrobots are provided.
Effects of temporal variation in community‐level fruit abundance on seed dispersal by birds across woody species
Authors: Naoe Shoji , Masaki Takashi , Sakai Shoko
Published: October 2018

Premise of the Study

In animal‐dispersed plants, seed dispersal patterns of the same species in the same habitat can greatly differ among individuals and temporally. Many studies have revealed the pervasive effects of spatial variation in fruit abundance on seed dispersal of individual plants. By contrast, very few studies have investigated the temporal variation in seed dispersal.

Methods

We investigated the effects of conspecific and community‐level fruit abundance on fruit removal rate and seed dispersal distance of six bird‐dispersed woody species in a Japanese temperate forest for 3 yr. The six species share similar fruit characteristics but have different fruiting seasons. In addition, we also considered the effects of bird seasonality in diet and species composition on seed dispersal.

Key Results

Inter‐annual and inter‐seasonal variation in community‐level fruit abundance determined both fruit removal and the seed dispersal distance across species, but the effect differed with seasonal changes in bird behavior. Abundant fruit satiated fruit removal by birds only during fruit‐feeding periods, not during insect‐feeding periods. A scarcity of fruit increased the dispersal distance, but only during the migratory period. This difference was probably due to the different foraging behaviors of passing migrants and territorial birds.

Conclusions

Our results illustrated that temporal variation in community‐level fruit abundance could be a determining factor for seed dispersal in temperate forests. The effects of temporal variations in fruit abundance on seed dispersal patterns should be investigated in other ecosystems in order to understand their importance and associations with frugivore phenology.
Molecular Sieving of Ethane from Ethylene through the Molecular Cross‐Section Size Differentiation in Gallate‐based Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Bao Zongbi , Wang Jiawei , Zhang Zhiguo , Xing Huabin , Yang Qiwei , Yang Yiwen , Wu Hui , Krishna Rajamani , Zhou Wei , Chen Banglin , Ren Qilong
Published: October 2018

Purification of C2H4 from an C2H4/C2H6 mixture, one of the most important while challenging industrial separation processes, is mainly through energy‐intensive cryogenic distillation. Now a family of gallate‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) materials is presented, M‐gallate (M=Ni, Mg, Co), featuring 3D interconnected zigzag channels, the aperture sizes of which (3.47–3.69 Å) are ideally suitable for molecular sieving of ethylene (3.28×4.18×4.84 Å3) and ethane (3.81×4.08×4.82 Å3) through molecular cross‐section size differentiation. Co‐gallate shows an unprecedented IAST selectivity of 52 for C2H4 over C2H6 with a C2H4 uptake of 3.37 mmol g−1 at 298 K and 1 bar, outperforming the state‐of‐the‐art MOF material NOTT‐300. Direct breakthrough experiments with equimolar C2H4/C2H6 mixtures confirmed that M‐gallate is highly selective for ethylene. The adsorption structure and mechanism of ethylene in the M‐gallate was further studied through neutron diffraction experiments.
A Stable Bifunctional Catalyst for Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries: Iron–Cobalt Nanoparticles Embedded in a Nitrogen‐Doped 3D Carbon Matrix
Authors: Liu Xu , Wang Lei , Yu Peng , Tian Chungui , Sun Fanfei , Ma Jingyuan , Li Wei , Fu Honggang
Published: October 2018

Low‐cost, efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts are needed to mediate the oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions (ORR/OER) in Zn–air batteries. Such catalysts should offer binary active sites and an ability to transfer oxygen‐based species and electrons. A 3D catalyst, composed of nanoparticles of CoFe alloy embedded in N‐doped carbon nanotubes tangled with reduced graphene oxide, was developed, which presents appreciable ORR/OER activity when applied in a Zn–air battery. A high open‐circuit voltage of 1.43 V, a stable discharge voltage of 1.22 V, a high energy efficiency of 60.1 %, and excellent stability after 1 600 cycles at 10 mA cm−2 are demonstrated. An all‐solid‐state battery had an outstanding lifetime and high cell efficiency even upon bending. In situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that OOH* and O* intermediates induce variations in the Fe−Fe and Co−Co bond lengths, respectively, suggesting that Fe and Co species are crucial to the ORR/OER processes.
Radical‐Mediated Thiol‐Ene Strategy: Photoactivation of Thiol‐Containing Drugs in Cancer Cells
Authors: Sun Shuang , Oliveira Bruno L. , Jiménez‐Osés Gonzalo , Bernardes Gonçalo J. L.
Published: October 2018

Photoactivated drugs provide an opportunity to improve efficacy alongside reducing side‐effects in the treatment of severe diseases such as cancer. Described herein is a photoactivation decaging method of isobutylene‐caged thiols through a UV‐initiated thiol‐ene reaction. The method was demonstrated with an isobutylene‐caged cysteine, cyclic disulfide‐peptide, and thiol‐containing drug, all of which were rapidly and efficiently released under mild UV irradiation in the presence of thiol sources and a photoinitiator. Importantly, it is shown that the activity of histone deacetylase inhibitor largazole can be switched off when stapled, but selectively switched on within cancer cells when irradiated with non‐phototoxic light.
Spectroscopic Evidence for an Attractive Cation–Cation Interaction in Hydroxy‐Functionalized Ionic Liquids: A Hydrogen‐Bonded Chain‐like Trimer
Authors: Niemann Thomas , Strate Anne , Ludwig Ralf , Zeng Helen J. , Menges Fabian S. , Johnson Mark A.
Published: October 2018

We address the formation of hydrogen bonded domains among the cationic constituents of the ionic liquid (IL) 1‐(3‐hydroxypropyl)pyridinium tetrafluoroborate [HPPy][BF4] by means of cryogenic ion vibrational predissociation spectroscopy of cold (ca. 35 K) gas‐phase cluster ions and quantum chemistry. Specifically, analysis of the OH stretching bands reveals a chain‐like OH⋅⋅⋅OH⋅⋅⋅OH⋅⋅⋅BF4− binding motif involving the three cations in the cationic quinary cluster ion (HPPy+)3(BF4−)2. Calculations show that this cooperative H‐bond attraction compensates for the repulsive Coulomb forces and results in stable complexes that successfully compete with those in which the OH groups are predominantly attached to the counter anions. Our combined experimental and theoretical approach provides insight into the cooperative effects that lead to the formation of hydrogen bonded domains involving the cationic constituents of ILs.
Multifunctional Catalysts for H2O2‐Resistant Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Authors: Mori Yuki , Ando Tatsuya , Matsumoto Takahiro , Yatabe Takeshi , Kikkawa Mitsuhiro , Yoon Ki‐Seok , Ogo Seiji
Published: October 2018

The development of hydrogen fuel cells is greatly hindered by the unwanted generation of H2O2 at the cathode. A non‐Pt cathode catalyst is now shown to be capable of simultaneously reducing both O2 and H2O2, thus rendering H2O2 a useful part of the feed stream. The applicability of this unique catalyst is demonstrated by employing it in a fuel cell running on H2/CO and O2/H2O2.
One‐pot stepwise reductive amination reaction by N‐coordinate sulfonamido‐functionalized Ru(II) complexes in water
Authors: Kayacı Nilgün , Dayan Serkan , Özdemir Namık , Dayan Osman , Kalaycıoğlu Özpozan Nilgün
Published: October 2018

New complexes of formula [RuCl(p‐cymene)(L)] (7–12) were prepared with [RuCl2(p‐cymene)]2 and pre‐synthesized N‐arenesulfonly‐o‐phenylenediamines (1–6) and characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Fourier transform infrared and UV–visible spectroscopic techniques, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis was performed for one complex (8). Complexes 7–12 were investigated in the reduced imine synthesis reaction (in the presence of HCOONa/HCOOH). The best turnover frequency values were found to be 100 h−1 for 1 and 99 h−1 for 6 in the transfer hydrogenative reductive amination reaction of 4‐methoxyaniline and 3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzaldehyde. The most important feature of this reaction is that it is an environmental friendly procedure because of being conducted in an aqueous environment. That no organic solvent is used allows one to say that this reaction represents green chemistry.
Synthesis and Characterization of VO2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ Complexes of a Schiff base ligand derived from ethyl 2‐amino‐6‐ethyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrothieno[2,3‐c]pyridine‐3‐carboxylate and their Investigation as fungicide Agents
Authors: Shakdofa Mohamad M.E. , Labib Ammar A. , Abdel‐Hafez Naglaa A. , Mousa Hanan A.
Published: October 2018

Complexes of VO2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ ethyl‐6‐ethyl‐2‐((2‐hydroxybenzylidene)amino)‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrothieno[2,3‐c]pyridine‐3‐carboxylate were synthesized and characterized via different spectroscopic techniques. The whole results declared that the complexes assembled in 1:1 mole ratio furthermore, the spectroscopic data analysis proved the present ligand adhered to the different metal ions in neutral or monobasic tridentate ligand via azomethine nitrogen, carbonyl oxygen atoms and protonated/deprotonated phenolic hydroxyl group. The UV–Vis. and ESR spectroscopic data analysis proposed a distorted octahedral or octahedral structure for all complexes. The ESR spectra for Cu2+ complexes (5–6) revealed an axial symmetry with g‖ > g┴ > ge, denoting to distorted octahedral Cu2+ complex and the free electrons in the M shell exist in a d(x2‐y2) orbital with a remarkable covalent bond aspect. The synthesized complexes showed moderate to superb fungicide activity. All complexes are more active than both standard drug and ligand against C. albicans where complexes (5–7) are more active against A. flavus and compounds (1), (4–5), (7) against S. cerevisiae whereas only complex (6) is more active against A niger.
Mitochondrial Deformation During the Cardiac Mechanical Cycle
Authors: Rog‐Zielinska E. A. , O'Toole E. T. , Hoenger A. , Kohl P.
Published: October 2018

Cardiomyocytes both cause and experience continual cyclic deformation. The exact effects of this deformation on the properties of intracellular organelles are not well characterized, although they are likely to be relevant for cardiomyocyte responses to active and passive changes in their mechanical environment. In the present study we provide three‐dimensional ultrastructural evidence for mechanically induced mitochondrial deformation in rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes over a range of sarcomere lengths representing myocardial tissue stretch, an unloaded “slack” state, and contracture. We also show structural indications for interaction of mitochondria with one another, as well as with other intracellular elements such as microtubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum and T‐tubules. The data presented here help to contextualize recent reports on the mechanosensitivity and cell‐wide connectivity of the mitochondrial network and provide a structural framework that may aide interpretation of mechanically‐regulated molecular signaling in cardiac cells. Anat Rec, 302:146–152, 2019. © 2018 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
Adjusting the structure and luminescence properties of Sr2−xBaxMgAl22O36:Eu2+ phosphors by Sr:Ba ratio
Authors: Wang Qiang , Mu Zhongfei , Zhang Shaoan , Feng Xing , Zhang Qingtian , Zhu Daoyun , Du Qingping , Wu Fugen
Published: October 2018

Europium ion (Eu2+)‐doped phosphors exhibit adjustable photoluminescence due to the sensitivity of their luminescence to the local environment. It is of great significance to adjust the luminescence of Eu2+ by changing their local environment in the host. In this work, we investigated the effect of strontium/barium (Sr:Ba) ratio on the structure and luminescence properties of Sr2−xBaxMgAl22O36:Eu2+ phosphors. Our investigation indicates that with the decrease of Sr:Ba ratio, the matrix lattice gradually expands and the peak wavelength for the luminescence of Eu2+ presents an obvious blue shift. The occupancy of Eu2+ was analyzed and the reason for the blue shift was explained. Thermal stability for the luminescence of Eu2+ can also be adjusted by changing the Sr:Ba ratio. This work has a positive effect on the regulation of the emission of phosphors and the improvement of thermal stability, which will promote the application of Sr2−xBaxMgAl22O36:Eu2+ phosphors in the field of white light emitting diodes.
The change in position of the axillary nerve with rotation of the arm
Authors: Fox Olivia , Lorentzos Peter , Farhat Moussa , Kanawati Andrew
Published: October 2018

The axillary nerve is the most commonly injured nerve around the arm. In the deltopectoral approach, classical teaching states that lateral rotation of the humerus increases the distance between the subscapularis and the axillary nerve. This is the first anatomical study to quantify the distance change between the axillary nerve and subscapularis produced by arm rotation. Eight arms were placed in the supine position and a classical deltopectoral approach was performed. With digital calipers, measurements were made from the closest identifiable margin of the nerve to the inferior extent of the tenotomy. All measurements were made with the arm in 0° abduction and elbow in 90° of flexion, and repeated with the arm in 45° of medial rotation, 0° lateral rotation and 45° of lateral rotation. The mean d Axillary Nerve to subscapularis was recorded as 30.9 mm (95% CI:25.3–36.3), 39.4 mm(95% CI:34.1–44.8), and 46.1 mm (95% CI:41.1–51.2) for 45° MR, 0°, and 45° LR, respectively. Using paired‐samples T‐testing, the mean change in distance when moving from 45° MR to 0° was +8.5 mm (P < 0.0001), and from 0° to LR 45°, +6.7 mm (P < 0.0001). There is a significant difference in the distance between the subscapularis tenotomy and the axillary nerve with medial and lateral rotation. Laterally rotating the arm increased the distance by 6.7 mm, reaffirming that positioning the glenohumeral joint in a position of LR during subscapular tenotomy is protective against iatrogenic injury of the axillary nerve. Clin. Anat. 32:268–271, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatiotemporal‐Controlled Reporter for Cell‐Surface Proteolytic Enzyme Activity Visualization
Authors: Cheong Haolun , Kim Jisu , Mu Jing , Zhang Wenmin , Li Juan , Yang HuangHao , Xing Bengang
Published: October 2018

Live‐cell imaging of cell‐surface‐associated proteolytic enzymes is crucial to understand their biological roles and functions in both physiological and pathological processes. However, the complexity of the cell membrane environment increases difficulties in specifically investigating targeted proteolytic activities within the microenvironment. Towards this end, a unique, photoremovable, furin‐responsive peptide probe that can undergo spatiotemporal control through UV‐light illumination has been designed and synthesized to aid in visualizing the activity of a cell‐surface‐associated protease enzyme, furin, in live cells. Prior to light irradiation, the photolabile moiety, 4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐nitrobenzyl, in the peptide sequence of the reporter will block furin‐like enzymatic hydrolysis, and thus, no fluorescence will be observed. Upon simple light illumination, photolysis will occur, thereby revealing the uncaged peptide probe, which can undergo enzyme hydrolysis and lead to an increase in fluorescence signal; this allows the real‐time imaging of endogenous cell‐surface‐associated furin‐like enzyme function in living cells through precise spatial and temporal resolution.
Discovery and Elucidation of the Biosynthesis of Aspernidgulenes: Novel Polyenes from Aspergillus Nidulans by Using Serial Promoter Replacement
Authors: Lin Tzu‐Shyang , Chen Bethany , Chiang Yi‐Ming , Wang Clay C. C.
Published: October 2018

Through serial promoter exchanges, we isolated several novel polyenes, the aspernidgulenes, from Aspergillus nidulans and uncovered their succinct biosynthetic pathway involving only four enzymes. An enoyl reductase (ER)‐less highly reducing polyketide synthase (HR‐PKS) putatively produces a 5,6‐dihydro‐α‐pyrone polyene, which undergoes bisepoxidation, epoxide ring opening, cyclization, and hydrolytic cleavage by three tailoring enzymes to generate aspernidgulene A1 and A2. Our findings demonstrate the prowess of fungal‐tailoring enzymes to transform a polyketide scaffold concisely and efficiently into complex structures. Moreover, comparison with citreoviridin and aurovertin biosynthesis suggests that methylation of the α‐pyrone hydroxy group by methyltransferase (CtvB or AurB) is the branching point at which the biosynthesis of these two classes of compounds diverge. Therefore, scanning for the presence or absence of the gatekeeping α‐pyrone methyltransferase gene in homologous clusters might be a potential way to classify the product bioinformatically as belonging to methylated α‐pyrone polyenes or polyenes containing rings derived from the cyclization of the unmethylated 5,6‐dihydro‐α‐pyrone, such as 2,3‐dimethyl‐γ‐lactone and oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.
Children of incarcerated citizens: Change system to reduce trauma
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2018

This summer, arguing for keeping immigrant families separated, U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions told the court that “every time somebody … gets prosecuted in America for a crime, American citizens, and they go to jail, they're separated from their children.”
Bad news in NSDUH: Substance use up in 18–25‐year‐olds
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2018

The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), released Sept. 14 by the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, found increased substance use in the “transitional‐age” (18–25‐year‐olds) population and pregnant women.
Girls with ADHD: Underdiagnosed and untreated
Authors: Walters Anne
Published: October 2018

It is estimated that half to three‐quarters of all women with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are undiagnosed. Boys are more likely to be given an ADHD diagnosis (13.2%) than girls (5.6%). Girls are also diagnosed, on average, 5 years later than boys (boys at age 7, girls at age 12) (Foley, 2018).
Facet Sensitivity of Capping Ligand‐Free Ag Crystals in CO2 Electrochemical Reduction to CO
Authors: Yang Min , Zhang Jiazhou , Cao Yongyong , Wu Minfang , Qian Kun , Zhang Zhenhua , Liu Hongyang , Wang Jianguo , Chen Wei , Huang Weixin
Published: October 2018

Silver‐based electrocatalysts are active in catalyzing electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. We herein report synthesis of capping ligand‐free Ag cubes and octahedra by morphology‐preserved CO reduction from corresponding Ag2O counterparts and their performance in electrochemical reduction of CO2. Ag cubes are much more active than Ag octahedra and exhibit a stable CO formation rate as high as 142.4 mmolCO gcat−1 h−1 at −0.95 V (vs. RHE). Ag films transiently formed on Ag2O crystals during CO2 electroreduction were observed more active than Ag crystals, revealing a promoting effect of Ag2O substrate on electrocatalytic activity of Ag film. These results clearly identify a facet sensitivity of silver electrocatalysts and highlight the importance of surface cleanness of Ag colloids as efficient electrocatalysts.
Low‐Dimensional Copper Selenide Nanostructures: Controllable Morphology and its Dependence on Electrocatalytic Performance
Authors: Chen Xinqi , Dai Wei , Qin Feng , Xu Kaibing , Xu Hui , Wu Tian , Li Jie , Luo Wei , Yang Jianping
Published: October 2018

Low‐dimensional copper selenide (Cu2‐xSe) nanostructures with controllable morphologies are fabricated via the chemical synthesis. The ratio of reactants and the concentration of ligands affect the kinetics of the transformation reaction and control the morphology of Cu2‐xSe nanostructures. The resultant Cu2‐xSe nanostructures are valuated as potential electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media at room temperature. The electrocatalytic activity of the Cu2‐xSe nanorods is better than that of other nanostructures. The type and amount of carbon materials mixed with Cu2‐xSe nanorods influence the catalytic performance of the modified electrodes. This study illustrates that the low‐dimensional Cu2‐xSe nanostructures can perform as electrocatalysts for ORR in alkaline media.
A method for improvement of mass resolution and isotope accuracy for laser ablation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometers
Authors: Wiesendanger Reto , Tulej Marek , Grimaudo Valentine , Cedeño‐López Alena , Lukmanov Rustam , Riedo Andreas , Wurz Peter
Published: October 2018

Accumulation of spectra is a common approach for improvement of the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) in mass spectrometry. However, severe degradation of the overall spectrum can occur if some individual mass spectra, affected by peak broadening, are included in the accumulation process. In this contribution, we discuss potential sources and effects of spectral distortions by using examples from mass spectra acquired by our miniature laser ablation/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. We show how recent developments in acquisition systems enable to identify individual spectra subjected to peak broadening and present a filtering method capable of systematic and reproducible exclusion of such spectra from the accumulation process. We show that the method can be used on a wide range of materials and present a detailed case study performed on a trevorite mineral sample. Using this method, improvements of the isotope accuracy of Si, Ni, and Cr by factors between 1.6 and 7.7 were achieved. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the method and provide complementary analysis of other materials in the supplementary documents provided with this contribution.