bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Atom‐Economic Nitration of Benzene with a Nitrogen Dioxide—Oxygen System Using Cocatalyst of Solid Oxides and Lanthanide(III) Metal Triflates.
Authors: Du Xiaohua , Li Xiaoqing , Xu Zhenyuan
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Photopolymerizable Liquid Crystalline Compounds Having Two Reactive Sites (I).
Authors: Jang Ki Suk , Kang Suk Hoon , Chang Ji Young
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Synthesis of Medium‐Ring Fused Polycarbocyclic Systems by Rearrangement of Carbenoid‐Derived Oxonium Ylides.
Authors: Clark J. Stephen , Guerot Carine , Wilson Claire , Blake Alexander J.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrocyclization Reactions of Annulated 1,2‐Diazahepta‐2,4‐dien‐6‐ynyl Anions.
Authors: Lyaskovskyy Volodymyr , Froehlich Roland , Wuerthwein Ernst‐Ulrich
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Formal [2 + 3] Cycloaddition Between Substituted Phenols and Furan.
Authors: Berard Didier , Jean Alexandre , Canesi Sylvain
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Double Thienylation of Alkynes in the Platinum(II)‐Catalyzed Reaction of Thiophenes with Propiolic Acids.
Authors: Keita Mory Laye , Mizuhara Tomohiro , Oyamada Juzo , Kitamura Tsugio
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral N‐Allylpyrroles as Versatile Substrates under Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroformylation: Good Regio‐ and Diastereoselectivity at Room Temperature and High Pressure.
Authors: Settambolo Roberta , Rocchiccioli Silvia , Uccello‐Barretta Gloria , Lazzaroni Raffaello
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Iminoimidazolines under Microwave Irradiation in Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Servi Sueleyman , Genc Murat
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Flavones by InCl3‐Mediated Cyclization of 1,3‐Diketones: Concise Total Synthesis of Lanceolatin B.
Authors: Lee Yong Rok , Kang Keon Yong
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Derivatization of Pyridyloxazole‐Type Fluorophore via Click Chemistry.
Authors: Shi Jing , Liu Lei , He Jing , Meng Xiangming , Guo Qingxiang
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Bifunctional 1,1′‐Diphenyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline Derivative: 1,1′‐Diphenyl‐1,2,3,4,1′,2′,3′,4′‐octahydro‐6,6′‐biquinolinyl‐3,3′‐diol.
Authors: Getautis Vytautas , Stanisauskaite Albina , Degutyte Rimgaile , Stumbraite Jolanta
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Removal of Heterocyclic Alkyl or Sugar Side Chain by Microwave: A Simple Step to Xanthopterin, 6‐Formylpterin, and 3‐Hydroxymethyl‐2(1H)‐quinoxalinone.
Authors: Goswami Shyamaprosad , Maity Annada C.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Carboamination of Alkenes.
Authors: Zheng Wei , Chemler Sherry R.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Spectral Properties of Novel Fluorescent Diethoxycarbonyl Glycoluril Derivatives
Authors: She Nengfang , Gao Meng , Gao Liping , Yin Guodong , Wu Anxin
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Bromine Catalyzed Dimerization of α,α′‐Dihalomonopyrrolo‐TTF.
Authors: Gopee Hemant , Petersen Bo M. , Bond Andrew D. , Jeppesen Jan O.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Spirophosphoranes Containing a Phosphorus—Carbon Bond Using the Reactions of Substituted Benzo[d]‐1,3,2‐dioxaphospholes with Diethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate.
Authors: Abdrakhmanova Liliya M. , Mironov Vladimir F. , Baronova Tamara A. , Dimukhametov Mudaris N. , Krivolapov Dmitry B. , Litvinov Igor A. , Musin Rashid Z. , Konovalov Alexander I.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Tandem 1,4‐ and 1,2‐Addition of Phosphites to α,β‐Unsaturated Hydrazones.
Authors: Stevens Christian V. , Van Meenen Ellen , Masschelein Kurt G. R. , Moonen Kristof , De Blieck Ann , Drabowicz Jozef
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Diorgano Dichalcogenides Addition to Benzyne under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Toledo Fabiano T. , Marques Henrique , Comasseto Joao V. , Raminelli Cristiano
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tri‐n‐butylphosphine Mediated Ring‐Opening Reactions of Aziridines or Epoxides with Diphenyl Diselenide.
Authors: Zhang Wan‐Xuan , Ye Kang , Ruan Shan , Chen Zu‐Xing , Xia Qing‐Hua
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Characterization of Schintrilactone, a New Class of Nortriterpenoids from Schisandra chinensis.
Authors: Huang Sheng‐Xiong , Yang Jing , Huang Hao , Li Li‐Mei , Xiao Wei‐Lie , Li Rong‐Tao , Sun Han‐Dong
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microbial Transformation of Three Bufadienolides by Nocardia sp. and Some Insight for the Cytotoxic Structure—Activity Relationship (SAR).
Authors: Zhang Jian , Sun Yang , Liu Ji‐Hua , Yu Bo‐Yang , Xu Qiang
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Vinylation of Glucose Derivatives with Acetylene.
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Parshina Lidiya N. , Oparina Ludmila A. , Tantsyrev Anatolii P. , Khil'ko Marina Ya. , Vysotskaya Oksana V. , Stepanov Andrey V. , Gusarova Nina K. , Henkelmann Jochem
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (+)‐Camptothecin (I) via an Intramolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization Strategy.
Authors: Chavan Subhash P. , Pathak Ashok B. , Kalkote Uttam R.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamics of Rare‐Earth‐Doped Zirconia Ceramics
Authors: Wang Chong , Zinkevich Matvei , Aldinger Fritz
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamic Criterion of the Complex Formation and the Structure of Molten Halides: to the Fortieth Anniversary of the Autocomplex Model for the Structure of Melts
Authors: Kirillov S. A.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Overview of History and Present Trends in Chemical Bath Deposition of Thin Solid Films and Structures
Authors: Lincot Daniel , Hodes Gary
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Properties of the Metal‐Ligand Bond and Applications in Catalysis
Authors: Calderazzo Fausto
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Development of the Asymmetric Nozaki—Hiyama—Kishi Reaction
Authors: Hargaden Grainne C. , Guiry Patrick J.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloadditions on Solid Surfaces: Applications and Future Directions
Authors: Devaraj Neal K. , Collman James P.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Trifluoroethylamine Function as Peptide Bond Replacement
Authors: Sani Monica , Volonterio Alessandro , Zanda Matteo
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Developments in Asymmetric Catalysis by Metal Complexes of Chiral Chelating Nitrogen‐Donor Ligands
Authors: Caputo Christine A. , Jones Nathan D.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Alkanes
Authors: Bhalla Gaurav , Mironov Oleg , Jones C. J. , Tenn William J. III , Nakamura Satoshi , Periana Roy A.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Production of Alkaloids
Authors: Ramawat K. G.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Learning from Nature: β‐Sheet‐Mimicking Copolymers Get Organized
Authors: Koenig Hannah M. , Kilbinger Andreas F. M.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 3H NMR and Its Application
Authors: Jones John R. , Lu Shui‐Yu
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Fabrication of TiO2‐coated epoxy replicas with identical dual‐type surface topographies used in cell culture assays
Authors: Schuler Martin , Kunzler Tobias P. , de Wild Michael , Sprecher Christoph M. , Trentin Diana , Brunette Donald M. , Textor Marcus , Tosatti Samuele G. P.
Published: February 2008

The goal of this study was to reproducibly generate samples with complex surface topographies and chemistries identical to a “master surface” and to test their response in cell culture using rat calvarial cells. Negative replicas of dual‐type topography were fabricated using dental impression material with half of the surface exhibiting smooth and rough topography, respectively. Positive epoxy resin replicas were cast from the same negative replica eight times consecutively and coated with a 60‐nm thin film of titanium dioxide using a vapor deposition technique. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, confocal white light microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that TiO2‐coated epoxy replicas had surface topographical features and surface compositions nearly indistinguishable from the original titanium master surfaces. The described technique showed high reproducibility over at least eight generations of replication using the same negative replica. Rat calvarial osteoblasts proliferated just as well on dual topography surfaces as on single topography surfaces. The advantage of the dual‐type substrates is that they facilitate comparison within a single culture dish, thus eliminating dish‐to‐dish variation as well as saving material, time and costs compared to the usual method of evaluating surfaces in separate dishes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Bone regeneration in rabbit calvaria with novel monetite granules
Authors: Tamimi Faleh , Torres Jesús , Kathan Carlos , Baca Rafael , Clemente Celia , Blanco Luis , Cabarcos Enrique Lopez
Published: February 2008

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether local application of monetite granules would induce bone regeneration in critical size defects on rabbits calvaria. Novel monetite granules were synthesized by thermal conversion of preset brushite cement. Twelve female New Zealand rabbits were used for this study. Two identical 10‐mm‐diameter bicortical cranial defects were created in each animal. One of the defects was grafted with monetite granules while the contralateral was left unfilled as negative control. Animals were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery, and biopsies were taken for histological and histomorphometrical evaluation under light microscopy. Wilcoxon test was used for statistical analysis. The histological observations showed signs of graft resorption as newly formed bone tissue grew surrounding and penetrating the monetite granules. Histomorphometric evaluation showed that the augmented bone volume as well as the augmented mineral tissue was higher in the defects treated with monetite granules (p < 0.05) 8 weeks after the intervention. In this animal model, local application of the novel monetite granules in bone defects enhances bone healing significantly. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
Osseous changes due to mastoiditis in human skeletal remains
Authors: Flohr S. , Schultz M.
Published: February 2008

Mastoiditis is a disease that follows otitis media and may lead to severe endocranial complications. Most studies on mastoiditis and middle ear diseases in archaeological skeletal remains are based on radiological investigations. The following study describes the morphological changes in the pneumatised cells of the mastoid process due to mastoiditis in archaeological skeletal remains, based on macroscopic, endoscopic, light and scanning‐electron microscopic investigations. For the purposes of this study, we used an early medieval Frankish population from Dirmstein, State of Rhineland‐Palatinate, Germany. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A percolation approach to the temperature and charge carrier concentration dependence of the hopping conductivity in organic materials
Authors: Zvyagin I. P.
Published: February 2008

Using the bond criterion, different hopping conduction regimes in organic conductors described by a Gaussian density of states are analyzed in different regions of the (n, T) plane. The crossover conditions between different regimes are considered with regard to the temperature and concentration dependences of the characteristic energies (the transport energy and Fermi level). The meaning of the concentration dependence of the apparent mobility outside the weak‐concentration region is discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural studies of the water tetramer
Authors: Pérez Jhon F. , Hadad C. Z. , Restrepo Albeiro
Published: February 2008

In this article, we report the geometries and properties of the structural isomers obtained from a random walk of the potential energy surface of the water tetramer. Eight structures were obtained after B3LYP/6‐311++G** and MP2/6‐311++G** optimization of 59 candidate structures generated from a stochastic search of the PM3 conformational space. The random search was carried out using a recently proposed modified Metropolis acceptance test in the simulated annealing procedure. Highly correlated CCSD(T)/6‐311++G** energies on the MP2 geometries were calculated and used to determine relative stabilities and to estimate isomer concentrations. We obtained three different geometrical motifs: planar cyclic tetramers, planar cyclic trimers interacting with an extra off‐plane water molecule, and a bicycle‐like structure. Our CCSD(T) energies, in agreement with previous reports, predict the global minimum to be a planar cyclic tetramer with hydrogen atoms alternating above and under the plane. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Rettungsaktionen für Šuchov‐Bauten in der Region Niz_nij Novgorod
Authors: Gappoev Murat , Graefe Rainer
Published: February 2008

Die Bauten von Vladimir G.Šuchov sind herausragende Beispiele der Ingenieurkunst. Erst nach dem politischen Umbruch in Russland nach 1989 gelangten seine Werke wieder zu internationaler Bekanntheit und Bewunderung. Ein Großteil seiner Bauwerke, wie der Radioturm in Moskau, ist bedroht. Dieser Aufsatz berichtet über die Rettungsmaßnahmen für zwei seiner Bauwerke.
The historical trend of Ming China: An imperial agric-mercantile society
Authors: Yifeng ZHAO
Published: February 2008

Majority of contemporary Chinese historians have been employing a conceptual framework focusing on the difficulty of capitalistic development in China to analyze the historical trend and potentials of late imperial China. This approach based upon the presupposition of viewing the pattern of Chinese history as abnormal reflects with the remaining influence of the Western-centric methodology. Further, based upon a “normal” point of view, seven fundamental, irreversible, and systematical changes to the Ming society could be identified. By conclusion, China in the Ming period was transforming into an imperial agric-mercantile society. This process proves that late imperial China was not stagnate society without “history,” meanwhile, its pattern of development was clearly not identical to the Western style modernization progress.
Docking of Fatty Acids into the WIF Domain of the Human Wnt Inhibitory Factor‐1
Authors: Malinauskas Tomas
Published: February 2008

Palmitoylated Wnt proteins comprise a conserved family of secreted signaling molecules associated with variety of human cancers. WIF domain of the human WIF (Wnt inhibitory factor)‐1 is sufficient for Wnt binding and signaling inhibition. Detailed interactions between Wnt and WIF‐1 are not known. Computational docking was employed to identify a possible fatty acid binding site in the WIF domain. A putative binding site was identified inside the domain. WIF domain exhibited the highest affinity for C16:0–C18:0 (−22 kJ/mol free energy of binding) fatty acids. The results suggest a role of the WIF domain as a palmitoyl binding domain required for WIF‐1 binding to palmitoylated Wnt and signaling inhibition.
Construction of foliations with prescribed separatrix
Authors: GENZMER YOHANN
Published: February 2008

A germ of a singular foliation in $\mathbb {C}^2$ is built, with its analytical class of separatrix and holonomy representations prescribed. Thanks to this construction, we study the link between the moduli space of a foliation and the moduli space of its separatrix.
Observing coronal mass ejections without coronagraphs
Authors: Hudson H. S. , Cliver E. W.
Published: February 2008

A coronal mass ejection (CME), strictly speaking, is a phenomenon observed via a white‐light coronal imager. In addition to coronagraphs, a wide variety of other instruments provide independent observations of CMEs, in regimes ranging from the chromosphere to interplanetary space. In this paper we list the most important of these noncoronagraphic signatures, many of which had been known even before CMEs were first identified in coronagraph observations about 30 years ago. We summarize the new aspects of CMEs discovered in the past several years, primarily with instruments on the Yohkoh and SOHO satellites. We emphasize the need for detailed statistically based comparisons between SOHO CMEs and their noncoronagraphic manifestations. We discuss how the various aspects of CMEs fit into the current standard model (sigmoids, flux rope, double dimming, arcade). While a class of CMEs follows this pattern, it does not appear to work for all events. In particular, some CMEs involve extended dimming regions and erupting transequatorial X‐ray loops, indicating a more complex geometry than a simple bipolar magnetic configuration.
Two classes of earthward fast flows in the plasma sheet
Authors: Shue J.‐H. , Ieda A. , Lui A. T. Y. , Parks G. K. , Mukai T. , Ohtani S.
Published: February 2008

In this study we first identify earthward plasma sheet fast flows from Geotail plasma and magnetic fields with a criterion of V⊥x > 300 km/s, where V⊥x is the X component of the plasma flow perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field. We then estimate rates of change of the nightside auroral power over the courses of the fast flows using Polar Ultraviolet Imager auroral images. It is found that 68 earthward fast flows observed at ∣Y∣ < 6 RE during 1997–1998 can be classified into two classes. One class of the earthward fast flows (Class I) was often observed near X = ∼−10 RE and the other class (Class II) was found at X < −15 RE. The auroral power rates of change of the fast flows in Class I in terms of time are found to be high, indicating that the total auroral power on the nightside was significantly increasing during these fast flows. The corresponding auroral images show an apparent substorm bulge developed on the nightside, i.e., a significant global auroral development. The auroral power rates for most of the earthward fast flows in Class II are low. The auroral features, such as poleward boundary intensifications and pseudobreakups, are found to be associated with these fast flows. Some of the earthward fast flows in Class II can propagate earthward and provide a favorable condition for a substorm onset, leading to an auroral bulge developed on the nightside. We have also tested another criterion of VxBz > 2 mV/m for an identification of fast flows, where Vx is the X component of the plasma flow and Bz is the Z component of the geomagnetic field. It is found that V⊥x is a better parameter than VxBz to differentiate the two classes of earthward fast flows in the plasma sheet.
Probability distribution of aerosol backscatter in the lower marine atmosphere at CO2 wavelengths
Authors: Gerber H.
Published: February 2008

A model of the size distribution of marine aerosols, based on a large compilation of size distribution and meteorological measurements, is combined with the statistics of meteorological parameters over the North Atlantic Ocean to calculate probability distributions of the aerosol backscatter coefficient β in the lower boundary layer. Values of β range over 5 orders of magnitude, are lognormally distributed for any given location, and show geographical patterns which depend on wind speed and relative humidity. The results indicate that sufficient particles are found in the boundary layer over all areas of the North Atlantic to permit retrieval of the wind profile in this layer with a satellite wind sounder such as that proposed by the Laser Atmosphere Wind Sounder (LAWS). The retrieval rate depends in part on the molecular absorption in the atmosphere of the sounder's laser beam. For a CO2 laser wavelength of 9.11 μm the threshold value of β required by the sounder is exceeded more than 95% of the time; for 10.59 μm it is exceeded a minimum of 70% of the time in the tropics.
A new parameterization of the absorptance due to the 15‐μm band system of carbon dioxide
Authors: Kiehl J. T. , Briegleb B. P.
Published: February 2008

A new parameterization for the absorptance due to the 15‐μm band system of CO2 is presented. This parameterization is based on that described by Kiehl and Ramanathan (1983), but is more computationally efficient than the original parameterization. A Voigt line correction factor has been added to the parameterization to improve the accuracy of the model for stratospheric applications. Comparison of this band model with absorptances calculated from line‐by‐line results and a narrow band Malkmus model show good agreement for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous atmospheric cases. Radiative flux changes due to increases in CO2 are also compared between the new broadband model, line‐by‐line model, and the narrow‐band model and are found to be in good agreement. The new broadband model is employed in the latest version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1).
Chemistry and emission rate of volatiles from White Island Volcano (New Zealand)
Authors: Tedesco Dario , Toutain Jean‐Paul
Published: February 2008

Gases and a water condensate have been sampled at White Island volcano in two selected fumaroles (100 and 495°C). They have been analysed for major, minor and trace elements. Both the chemical composition of gases and thermodynamic calculations suggest that the fluids feeding high and low temperature fumaroles have the same origin, but that they follow different evolutions while ascending to the surface. Very low CO/CO2 ratios with respect to White Island previous results suggest that White Island is now in stage of reduced activity. According to the very low solubility of CO in silicate melts, an increase in activity due to a magmatic pulse should cause a significant increase of CO in the released gas phase.

Long term fluxes of gases and metals have been estimated on the basis of COSPEC SO2 flux measurements performed during a medium activity stage. Our data concerning some heavy metals are similar to previous data, suggesting a constancy of the emissions during quiescent periods.
An investigation of the structure of rotational discontinuities
Authors: Goodrich C. C. , Cargill P. J.
Published: February 2008

The structure of rotational discontinuities (RDs) has been studied through hybrid simulations for a range of propagation angle Θbn between the discontinuity normal and the upstream magnetic field and plasma β. For sufficiently narrow initial states, the simulations produce quasi‐steady “reverse rotation” magnetic field structures for 30° ≤ Θbn ≤ 60° and 0 < β ≤ 1 on a time scale of roughly 200 Ωi−1. This structure is characterized by a right handed field rotation upstream joined smoothly to a left handed field rotation downstream; its width decreases from 60–70 c/ωpi at Θbn = 30° to less than 25 c/ωpi at Θbn = 60°. The magnetic field hodograms of our RD results have a distinctive S‐shape which is most pronounced in simulations with small Θbn and initially right handed rotations. The reverse rotation structure is the net result of the expansion of the initial current layer via the fast and intermediate wave modes.
Cometary analogue material: Preparation, composition, and thin section petrography
Authors: Stöffler D. , Düren H. , Knölker J. , Hische R. , Bischoff A.
Published: February 2008

Cometary analogue material has been synthesized in kilogram quantities by spraying suspensions of silicate mineral dust with a median grain size of 4–8 μm, and carbon (soot of −25 nm grain size) into liquid nitrogen under controlled conditions. The samples with densities between 0.3 and 0.7 g/cm3 were used for sublimation experiments and for uniaxial compression tests. In one case fragments of consolidated phionolitic tuff (0.6–2.5 and 2.5–10 mm size fractions) were admixed mechanically. By modifying existing techniques polished sections and thin sections were produced from these samples for optical microscopy. Changes in the intergrowth characteristics, the grain size of the ice crystals, and the porosity were observed in the irradiated and compressed samples. They are due to sublimation‐condensation‐recrystallization and compaction‐recrystallization effects, respectively.
Gas release from ice/dust mixtures
Authors: Hesselbarth P. , Krankowsky D. , Lämmerzahl P. , Mauersberger K. , Winkler A. , Hsiung P. , Rössler K.
Published: February 2008

Gas fluxes from insolated ice/dust mixtures were measured by pressure gauges and a mass spectrometer placed one meter in front of the sample. As soon as the insolation of about one solar constant was started a fast rise in H2O and CO2 emissions from the fresh surface was observed. Thereafter gas fluxes slowly decreased. When intermittent dark periods occurred, water emission dropped rapidly while CO2 fluxes were measured for hours. Results from labeled isotope layers gave information on sublimation depth and temperature and showed that sublimated CO2 migrated also toward deeper parts of the sample where it recondensed, producing an enrichment. A simple model is presented which describes the redistribution of CO2 within the sample consistent with the gas phase and solid phase measurements of CO2 abundances.
Thermal histories of the KOSI samples
Authors: Benkhoff Johannes , Spohn Tilman
Published: February 2008

Thermal histories of (H2O, CO2, CH3OH) porous ice/dust samples during KOSI sublimation experiments are presented and interpreted. The histories show the evolution of a steep temperature rise in a top layer dust mantle, the motion of the water ice sublimation front characterized by a temperature of approximately 210 K and by a discontinuity of the temperature gradient, and the faster motion of the CO2 sublimation front with a temperature of approximately 125 K and a second temperature gradient discontinuity. The CO2 depleted middle layer between the dust mantle and the CO2 ice sublimation front developed a convex temperature profile as a consequence of heat transfer by water vapor flow. It is estimated that water vapor flow transferred heat at a rate of approximately half of the insolation while heat conduction through the matrix contributed only about 5% of the insolation to heat transfer. The matrix thermal diffusivity varied from sample to sample between 2 and 13 × 10−8m2s−1. The bottom CO2 enriched layer showed a slow continous warming caused by CO2 resublimation to approximately 125 K. The latter temperature is used to estimate a permeability of the sample of 10−1m2s−1.
Ionospheric convection response to changing IMF direction
Authors: Knipp D. J. , Richmond A. D. , Emery B. , Crooker N. U. , de la Beaujardiere O. , Evans D. , Kroehl H.
Published: February 2008

By combining ground‐based and satellite‐based measurements of ionospheric electric fields, conductivities and magnetic perturbations, we are able to examine the characteristics of instantaneous, ionospheric convection patterns associated with changing directions of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). In response to a rapid southward‐to‐northward turning of the IMF on 23 July 1983, the ionospheric convection reconfigured over a period of 40 minutes. The configuration changed from a conventional two‐cell pattern to a contracted four‐cell pattern, with reversed convection cells in the high‐latitude dayside, associated with a strong potential drop of about 75 kV. Later, in response to a gradual rotation of the IMF from the +Z through the −Y. toward the −Z direction, the nightside cells disappeared and the dawn cell in the reversed pair wrapped around and displaced the dusk cell until a conventional two‐cell pattern was reestablished, largely in accord with the qualitative model of Crooker [1988]. Our results suggest that multiple cells can arise as a result of strong southward to northward transitions in the IMF. They appear to persist for sometime thereafter.
Production of hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides in the gas phase reactions of ozone with natural alkenes
Authors: Simonaitis R. , Olszyna K. J. , Meagher J. F.
Published: February 2008

The formation of H2O2 and organic peroxides in the reaction of O3 with trans‐2‐butene and naturally occurring alkenes has been studied using a 31 m3 reaction chamber. H2O2 and organic peroxides were found to be products of the O3 reaction with trans‐2‐butene, isoprene, α and ß‐pinene, and limonene. Water is necessary for the formation of H2O2 and most of the H2O2 is formed via a route that does not involve HO2 radicals. Our results indicate that the reaction of O3 with natural alkenes may be a significant source of atmospheric H2O2, particularly in forest and rural areas.
On the momentum transfer of the solar wind to the Martian topside ionosphere
Authors: Lundin R. , Dubinin E. M. , Koskinen H. , Norberg O. , Pissarenko N. , Barabash S. W.
Published: February 2008

Hot plasma measurements from the Soviet Phobos‐2 spacecraft in the Martian magnetosphere suggests that the solar wind interaction with Mars is cometary‐like, with mass loading of the solar wind and ion pick‐up occurring also outside the subsolar bow‐shock. The interaction is characterized by a pronounced decrease of the solar wind speed inside what has teen termed the mass‐loading boundary (MLB). Well outside the MLB, the ion pick‐up process acts in a “normal” sense. There ions pick up approximately the solar wind velocity‐independent of mass. Inside the MLB, the momentum loss of solar wind ions is more pronounced—heavy ions of Martian origin taking up most of the solar wind ion momentum flux. The heavy mass‐loading of solar wind ions in the innermost part of the Martian boundary layer (near the “magnetopause”) leads to a “loaded” ion pick‐up. The process can be understood as internal loading of an MHD‐dynamo, propelled by a driver plasma ‐ the solar wind. The ASPERA ion composition and momentum data is consistent with such a pick‐up process.

Inside the “magnetopause” ions of Martian origin are accelerated up to energies close to those of the solar wind protons. We propose two types of acceleration processes, one similar to that acting within the Earth's auroral acceleration region (acting in the presence of an ambient magnetic field), another a pick‐up process acting within a limited spatial region.
Rate constants for the gas phase reactions of the OH radical with CF3CF2CHCl2 (HCFC‐225ca) and CF2ClCF2CHClF (HCFC‐225cb)
Authors: Zhang Zhengyu , Liu Renzhang , Huie Robert E. , Kurylo Michael J.
Published: February 2008

Rate constants have been measured for the gas phase reactions of the hydroxyl radical (OH) with the hydrochlorofluorocarbons CF3CF2CHCl2 (HCFC‐225ca) over the temperature range 270 to 400 K and CF2ClCF2CHClF (HCFC‐225cb) over the temperature range 298 to 400 K. The Arrhenius expressions k(225ca) = (1.92 ± 0.52) × 10−12 exp(−1290 ± 90/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and k(225cb) = (6.75 ± 3.70) × 10−13 exp(−1300 ± 180/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 were derived from the kinetic data.
In situ measurements of midlatitude ClO in winter
Authors: Toohey D. W. , Brune W. H. , Chan K. R. , Anderson J. G.
Published: February 2008

In situ measurements of ClO in the winter lower stratosphere are presented for six flights of the NASA ER‐2 aircraft from 38°N to 61°N. Enhanced abundances, increasing in severity with date, were observed below 20 km, where HCl and ClONO2 dominate the inorganic chlorine budget. The greatest mixing ratios, over 150 pptv, were encountered on February 20 and 21, 1989, as the vortex experienced a major warming. Although the timing of these ClO enhancements and the evidence that vortex air can reach midlatitudes suggest that heterogeneous conversion of chlorine compounds within the vortex influences chemistry at midlatitudes, the enhancements observed early in the winter could have been caused by unknown chemistry occurring outside the vortex. In either case, photochemical loss of ozone due to catalytic reactions involving ClO at these mixing ratios may be responsible in part for the ozone decreases observed at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere.
Sources of field‐aligned currents in the auroral plasma
Authors: Marshall J. A. , Burch J. L. , Kan J. R. , Reiff P. H. , Slavin J. A.
Published: February 2008

Data from the Dynamics Explorer 1 High Altitude Plasma Instrument (HAPI) and magnetometer are used to investigate the sources of field‐aligned currents in the nightside auroral zone. It is found that the formula developed by S. Knight predicts the field‐aligned current density fairly accurately in regions where a significant potential drop can be inferred from the HAPI data; there are, however, regions in which the proportionality between potential drop and field‐aligned current does not hold. In particular, we note occurrences of strong upward field‐aligned current associated not with inverted‐V events but instead with supratherrnal bursts. In addition, upward field‐aligned currents are often observed to peak near the edges of inverted‐V events, rather than in the center as would be predicted by Knight.
AB initio studies of the kinetic isotope effect of the CH4 + OH• atmospheric reaction
Authors: Lasaga Antonio C. , Gibbs G. V.
Published: February 2008

High level ab initio calculations have been carried out on the 13C‐12C kinetic isotope effect of the CH4 + OH reaction in the atmosphere. The results agree quite well with both the absolute value of the isotope effect and the temperature dependence of the effect based on new experimental data. The calculated kinetic isotope effect supports a bigger effect of biomass burning on the methane global budget.
Separation of cloud and aerosol in two‐wavelength satellite occultation data
Authors: Kent G. S. , McCormick M. P.
Published: February 2008

The separation of cloud and aerosol extinction in satellite solar occultation data is discussed in the context of a simple model for the wavelength dependence of extinction. The model is shown graphically in terms of a scatter plot of 0.525‐/μm extinction versus 1.02‐/μm extinction. This plot contains two regions: one arising from aerosol and the other from an aerosol/cloud mixture. Examples of two‐wavelength data obtained by the SAGE II instrument are presented and found to agree well with the model. The single wavelength criteria used previously to separate cloud and aerosol are examined in the context of the two‐wavelength model.
The substorm current wedge and field‐aligned currents in MHD simulations of magnetotail reconnection
Authors: Birn J. , Hesse M.
Published: February 2008

We present results of a three‐dimensional MHD simulation of magnetotail reconnection, which, in contrast to earlier ones, starts from an equilibrium configuration that contains a region 1 type field‐aligned current system at the plasma sheet/lobe boundary. This current system is found from equilibrium theory as the consequence of boundary conditions, which require that field lines at large distances from the Earth become aligned with the tail axis, consistent with observations and the expected consequences of the interaction with the solar wind. As in earlier simulations, the dynamic evolution develops from a slow diffusion to the fast growth of a three‐dimensional tearing mode, initiated by the sudden occurrence or increase of resistivity, leading again to the formation and subsequent tailward ejection of a plasmoid, associated with fast plasma flows. In addition, we find changes of the electric current system which are consistent with the substorm current wedge picture inferred from observations, i.e., a deviation of cross‐tail current from a near‐Earth tail region toward the Earth on the dawn side and away on the dusk side, associated with field‐aligned currents of the same signature. While the total cross‐tail current is reduced at the location of the near‐Earth reconnection site, the local current density at the near‐Earth X line actually increases, consistent with the strong plasma sheet thinning in that region. The source regions of the field‐aligned currents, indicated by strong peaks of ▽·j∥, are identified as regions of strong plasma flow vorticity near the boundaries of the fast earthward flow earthward of the reconnection site. This flow shear increases preexisting magnetic shear resulting in an increased twist of magnetic flux tubes connected with these regions and thus a generation or increase of the field‐aligned currents. We note that the current diversion in our simulation is not caused by a locally enhanced resistivity (although in reality this might be the case) but by the localization of reconnection in a three‐dimensional tail configuration.