bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new spectroscopic method for resolving the electronic symmetry properties of the highly excited molecules produced in photoexcitation
Authors: Odagiri Takeshi , Kumagai Yoshiaki , Tanabe Takehiko , Nakano Motoyoshi , Suzuki Isao H. , Kitajima Masashi , Kouchi Noriyuki
Published: June 2010

A novel method of spectroscopy for highly excited states of molecules in the valence excitation range has been established through the detection of metastable hydrogen atoms in the 2s state formed by photoexcitation. The detector for the metastable hydrogen atom is composed of a stack of parallel plate electrodes that creates a localized electric field and triggers the emission of the Lyman-α photon from the atom and a chevron pair of microchannel plates that detects the photon. For linear molecules, the angle-resolved detection of the metastable hydrogen atom enables us to measure cross sections in which electronic symmetries of highly excited molecular states are resolved. Such symmetry-resolved cross section measurements were carried out for doubly excited states of H2.
Structural manifestation of the delocalization error of density functional approximations: C4N+2 rings and C20 bowl, cage, and ring isomers
Authors: Heaton-Burgess Tim , Yang Weitao
Published: June 2010

The ground state structure of C4N+2 rings is believed to exhibit a geometric transition from angle alternation (N≤2) to bond alternation (N>2). All previous density functional theory (DFT) studies on these molecules have failed to reproduce this behavior by predicting either that the transition occurs at too large a ring size, or that the transition leads to a higher symmetry cumulene. Employing the recently proposed perspective of delocalization error within DFT we rationalize this failure of common density functional approximations (DFAs) and present calculations with the rCAM-B3LYP exchange-correlation functional that show an angle-to-bond-alternation transition between C10 and C14. The behavior exemplified here manifests itself more generally as the well known tendency of DFAs to bias toward delocalized electron distributions as favored by Hückel aromaticity, of which the C4N+2 rings provide a quintessential example. Additional examples are the relative energies of the C20 bowl, cage, and ring isomers; we show that the results from functionals with minimal delocalization error are in good agreement with CCSD(T) results, in contrast to other commonly used DFAs. An unbiased DFT treatment of electron delocalization is a key for reliable prediction of relative stability and hence the structures of complex molecules where many structure stabilization mecahnisms exist.
Absolute to convective instability transition in charged liquid jets
Authors: López-Herrera José M. , Gañán-Calvo Alfonso M. , Herrada Miguel A.
Published: June 2010

We show that the presence of electric charge at the interface of a capillary liquid jet plays a secondary role concerning the onset of an absolute or a convective instability in common operational conditions for cone-jet electrosprays, compared to other factors such as the convective velocity, jet diameter, surface tension γ, density ρ, or viscosity μ. Thus, in most situations, the critical convective velocity (or its related dimensionless number, the critical Weber number Wecr) at the threshold between the dripping and the jetting regimes depends mainly on the viscosity of the fluid, scaled as a Reynolds number Re, and not so importantly on the electric forces at the interface of the jet. Accordingly, for any liquid, the classical curve of Leib and Goldstein [Phys. Fluids 29, 952 (1986)] for Wecr versus Re is accurate enough to explore the parametrical conditions where a steady cone-jet mode is to be expected, linked to the convectively unstable nature of the issued jet. However, at the limit of low Reynolds numbers, the stability behavior becomes strongly sensitive to the electrical conductivity of the liquid. Thus, a parametrical region where a charged capillary jet becomes strongly stabilized by the viscous damping against the destabilizing surface electrical forces is described in detail in this work. The “unconditional jetting” limit previously described for a capillary jet surrounded by a coflowing liquid [A. M. Gañán-Calvo, Phys. Rev. E 78, 026304 (2008)] is here recovered in the absence of a coflowing fluid when “frozen” surface charges are present.
Biaxial strain-induced suppression of spinodal decomposition in GaMnAs and GaCrAs
Authors: Caetano Clóvis , Teles Lara Kühl , Marques Marcelo , Ferreira Luiz G.
Published: June 2010

The thermodynamic properties of the magnetic semiconductors GaMnAs and GaCrAs are studied under biaxial strain. The calculations are based on the projector augmented wave method combined with the generalized quasichemical approach to treat the disorder and composition effects. Considering the influence of biaxial strain, we find a tendency to the suppression of binodal decomposition mainly for GaMnAs under compressive strain. For a substrate with a lattice constant 5% smaller than the one of GaAs, for GaMnAs, the solubility limit increases up to 40%. Thus, the strain can be a useful tool for tailoring magnetic semiconductors to the formation or not of embedded nanoclusters.
Pulling bubbles from a bath
Authors: Kao Justin C. T. , Blakemore Andrea L. , Hosoi A. E.
Published: June 2010

Deposition of bubbles on a wall withdrawn from a liquid bath is a phenomenon observed in many everyday situations—the foam lacing left behind in an emptied glass of beer, for instance. It is also of importance to the many industrial processes where uniformity of coating is desirable. We report work on an idealized version of this situation, the drag-out of a single bubble in Landau–Levich–Derjaguin flow. We find that a well-defined critical wall speed exists, separating the two regimes of bubble persistence at the meniscus and bubble deposition on the moving wall. Experiments show that this transition occurs at Ca∗∼Bo0.73. A similar result is obtained theoretically by balancing viscous stresses and gravity.
Analytical model for the boundary scattering phonon mean free path and thermal conductivity of nanowire heterostructures
Authors: Lü Xiang
Published: June 2010

Boundary scattering phonon mean free path (MFP) is an important parameter for thermal conductivity calculation of nanocomposites. In this work, a simple approximate model is proposed to predict boundary/interface scattering MFP and thermal conductivity of nanowire heterostructures (NWHSs) based on Casimir formalism. Calculated thermal conductivities of Si tubular nanowires and Si/Ge NWHSs agree well with the numerical and analytical solutions of Boltzmann transport equation. It is demonstrated that core/shell layer thickness plays a significant role on tuning NWHS thermal conductivity. The results indicate the approximate model of thermal conductivity can be used for quickly evaluating the thermal behavior of nanocomposites.
Transport properties of the electron gas in ZnO/MgZnO heterostructures
Authors: Gold A.
Published: June 2010

We analyze experimental results for the mobility of the two-dimensional electron gas as realized in ZnO/MgZnO heterostructures. For zero temperature we calculate the mobility as function of the electron density for charged-impurity and for interface-roughness scattering. Multiple scattering effects, leading to a metal-insulator transition, are taken into account. The results of our calculation are in good agreement with experimental results. The numbers obtained for the parameters of interface-roughness scattering and charged-impurity scattering are reasonable. We argue that the electron gas in this heterostructure might be spin-polarized.
Phase transformation and oxygen equilibration kinetics of pure and Zr-doped Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ perovskite oxide probed by electrical conductivity relaxation
Authors: Yakovlev S. , Yoo C.-Y. , Fang S. , Bouwmeester H. J. M.
Published: June 2010

Electrical conductivity relaxation is used for monitoring the cubic-to-hexagonal phase transition in the perovskite-type oxide Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ. After in situ annealing at 1173 K, at which temperature the cubic polymorph is stable, electrical conductivity relaxation experiments are conducted during long-term annealing at 1073 K. The decreases in the surface exchange and chemical diffusion coefficients with time due to the sluggish phase transition are found to be correlated. It is demonstrated that B-site doping with Zr to an amount as low as 3 mol % stabilizes the high-temperature perovskite cubic phase of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ, with preservation of its high oxygen transport and exchange properties.
Temperature dependence of the nonlinear plasma resonance in gated two-dimensional semiconductor conduction channels
Authors: Rudin S.
Published: June 2010

In the Dyakonov–Shur detector [IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 43, 380 (1996)] a short channel high electron mobility transistor is used for the detection of electromagnetic radiation in the low terahertz range. The quality of the plasma resonance utilized in such device is strongly temperature dependent. Starting with the Boltzmann equation, we derived the viscous hydrodynamic model with temperature dependent transport coefficients and obtained the temperature dependence of the quality factor of the resonance. We find that in high mobility channels the quality of the resonance is strongly limited by the viscosity of the electron fluid.
Consumer Behaviour and the Life Course: Shopper Reactions to Self-Service Grocery Shops and Supermarkets in England c. 1947–75
Authors: Bailey Adrian R , Shaw Gareth , Alexander Andrew , Nell Dawn
Published: June 2010

We examine the development of self-service grocery shopping from a consumer perspective. Using qualitative data gathered through a nationwide biographical survey and oral histories, it was possible to go beyond contemporary market surveys which pay insufficient attention to shopping as a socially and culturally embedded practice. We use the conceptual framework of the life course to demonstrate how grocery shopping is a complex activity, in which the retail encounter is shaped by the specific interconnection of different retail formats and their geographies, alongside consumer characteristics and their situational influences. Consumer reactions to retail modernization must be understood in relation to the development of consumer practices at points of transition and stability within the life course. These practices are accessed by examining retrospective consumer narratives about food shopping.
Environmental Injustices in Transnational Context: Urbanization and Industrial Hazards in El Paso/Ciudad Juárez
Authors: Grineski Sara E , Collins Timothy W
Published: June 2010

The sister cities of El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua form one of the largest manufacturing complexes in the world, and provide a unique context in which to examine transnational patterns of environmental injustice. In this paper, we explore residential patterns of environmental injustice related to the location of industrial facilities (ie maquiladoras and facilities regulated by the Toxics Release Inventory) in the El Paso–Juárez metropolis, taking a comparative approach. Our results indicate a striking injustice in the raw level of industrial hazard confronted by residents on the Mexican side of the border compared with those on the US side—a direct result of location within the global economy. In terms of multivariate spatial regression results, patterns of exposure to residential hazards diverged between the two cities. In Mexico, generally marginal neighborhoods (based on low social class and higher proportions of migrants to the city) were located farther away from industry, whereas they were located closer in the US. We explain these findings on the basis of sociospatial differences in urbanization, social marginality, and industrial development between El Paso and Juárez, which reflect the two cities' juxtaposition vis-à-vis global political–economic dynamics. Future research is needed to test relationships between social marginality and industrial hazards in transnational and Southern contexts to determine if similar or divergent patterns exist.
Built Environment and Property Crime in Seattle, 1998–2000: A Bayesian Analysis
Authors: Matthews Stephen A , Yang Tse-Chuan , Hayslett Karen L , Ruback R Barry
Published: June 2010

The past decade has seen a rapid growth in the use of a spatial perspective in studies of crime. In part this growth has been driven by the availability of georeferenced data, and the tools to analyze and visualize them: geographic information systems, spatial analysis, and spatial statistics. In this paper we use exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) tools and Bayesian models to help better understand the spatial patterning and predictors of property crime in Seattle, Washington for 1998–2000, including a focus on built environment variables. We present results for aggregate property crime data as well as models for specific property crime types: residential burglary, nonresidential burglary, theft, auto theft, and arson. ESDA confirms the presence of spatial clustering of property crime and we seek to explain these patterns using spatial Poisson models implemented in WinBUGS. Our results indicate that built environment variables were significant predictors of property crime, especially the presence of a highway on auto theft and burglary.
Devolution Dynamics of Spanish Local Government
Authors: Balaguer-Coll Maria Teresa , Prior Diego , Tortosa-Ausina Emili
Published: June 2010

Over the last few years, there has been a devolutionary tendency in many developed and developing countries. In this paper we propose a methodology to decompose whether the benefits in terms of efficiency derived from transfers of powers from higher to municipal levels of government (the ‘economic dividend’ of devolution) might increase over time. This methodology is based on linear programming approaches for efficiency measurement. We provide an application to Spanish municipalities, which have had to adapt to the European Stability and Growth Pact as well as to domestic regulation seeking local governments' balanced budget. Results indicate that efficiency gains from enhanced decentralization have increased over time. However, the ways in which these gains accrue differ across municipalities—in some cases technical change is the main component, whereas in others catching up dominates.
Ethnic Population Concentration and Net Migration in London
Authors: Stillwell John
Published: June 2010

There is ongoing concern as to whether ethnic communities in Great Britain are becoming increasingly spatially concentrated. This paper uses data from the 2001 Census of Population to explore the relationship between population concentration and ethnic net migration in London at ward level. The findings suggest that migration within London is acting as an agent of dispersal of non-White populations from areas of high ethnic concentration to areas of low ethnic concentration, whereas White migrants are leaving areas where they are underrepresented and moving to areas of overrepresentation.
Membrane potential is important for bacterial cell division
Authors: Strahl Henrik , Hamoen Leendert W.
Published: June 2010

Many cell division-related proteins are located at specific positions in the bacterial cell, and this organized distribution of proteins requires energy. Here, we report that the proton motive force, or more specifically the (trans)membrane potential, is directly involved in protein localization. It emerged that the membrane potential modulates the distribution of several conserved cell division proteins such as MinD, FtsA, and the bacterial cytoskeletal protein MreB. We show for MinD that this is based on the membrane potential stimulated binding of its C-terminal amphipathic helix. This function of the membrane potential has implications for how these morphogenetic proteins work and provide an explanation for the effects observed with certain antimicrobial compounds.
BEYOND WORKS COUNCILS?
Authors: Jonas Michael , Berner Marion
Published: June 2010

The question of workplace participation opportunities and limitations in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has gained momentum in sociological debates in Germany over the last years. Against the background of fundamental changes in the German industrial relations system, sociological research on this topic has shifted its focus from indirect to direct participation. On this basis, the paper aims to analyse and discuss the panoply of participation practices in an economic cluster in the region of Dortmund, a town in the German Ruhr Valley. The paper starts with an introduction of the empirical case, the development of the high-technology microsystems cluster in Dortmund, and gives an overview of the relevant private enterprises on the basis of three different company types. We go on to discuss the practice-orientated approach of participation which we combine with relevant sociological research results about direct and indirect participation as well as human resource management in SMEs and the New Economy. After a short overview of the methodological and empirical background of our research, we discuss the existing practices and cultures belonging to and surrounding direct and indirect participation with regard to the three types of businesses in the Dortmund cluster. The correlation between participation practices and business types is, however, not sufficient to fully describe the situation. The concept of participation cultures is therefore used as an additional concept.
Causal relationship inference for a large-scale cellular network
Authors: Zhou Tong , Wang Ya-Li
Published: June 2010

Motivation: Cellular networks usually consist of numerous chemical species, such as DNA, RNA, proteins and small molecules, etc. Different biological tasks are generally performed by complex interactions of these species. As these interactions can rarely be directly measured, it is widely recognized that causal relationship identification is essential in understanding biological behaviors of a cellular network. Challenging issues here include not only the large number of interactions to be estimated, but also many restrictions on probing signals. The purposes of this study are to incorporate power law in cellular network identification, in order to increase accuracy of causal regulation estimations, especially to reduce false positive errors.

Results: Two identification algorithms are developed that can be efficiently applied to causal regulation identification of a large-scale network from noisy steady-state experiment data. A distinguished feature of these algorithms is that power law has been explicitly incorporated into estimations, which is one important structural property that most large-scale cellular networks approximately have. Under the condition that parameters of the power law are known and measurement errors are Gaussian, a likelihood maximization approach is adopted. The developed estimation algorithms consist of three major steps. At first, angle minimization between subspaces is utilized to identify chemical elements that have direct influences on a prescribed chemical element, under the condition that the number of direct regulations is known. Second, interference coefficients from prescribed chemical elements are estimated through likelihood maximization with respect to measurement errors. Finally, direct regulation numbers are identified through maximizing a lower bound of an overall likelihood function. These methods have been applied to an artificially constructed linear system with 100 elements, a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway model with 103 chemical elements, some DREAM initiative in silico data and some in vivo data. Compared with the widely adopted total least squares (TLS) method, computation results show that parametric estimation accuracy can be significantly increased and false positive errors can be greatly reduced.

Availability: The Matlab files for the methods are available at http://bioinfo.au.tsinghua.edu.cn/member/ylwang/Matlabfiles_CNI.zip

Contact:  tzhou@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

Supplementary Information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The electrodynamics of inhomogeneous rotating media and the Abraham and Minkowski tensors. I. General theory
Authors: Goto Shin-itiro , Tucker Robin W. , Walton Timothy J.
Published: June 2010

This is paper I of a series of two papers, offering a self-contained analysis of the role of electromagnetic stress–energy–momentum tensors in the classical description of continuous polarizable perfectly insulating media. While acknowledging the primary role played by thetotalstress–energy–momentum tensor on spacetime we argue that it is meaningful and useful in the context of covariant constitutive theory to assign preferred status to particular parts of this total tensor, when defined with respect to a particular splitting. The relevance of tensors, associated with the electromagnetic fields that appear in Maxwell’s equations for polarizable media, to the forces and torques that they induce has been a matter of some debate since Minkowski, Einstein and Laub, and Abraham considered these issues over a century ago. The notion of a force density that arises from the divergence of these tensors is strictly defined relative to some inertial property of the medium. Consistency with the laws of Newtonian continuum mechanics demands that thetotalforce density on any element of a medium be proportional to the local linear acceleration field of that element in an inertial frame and must also arise as part of the divergence of thetotalstress–energy–momentum tensor. The fact that, unlike the tensor proposed by Minkowski, the divergence of the Abraham tensor dependsexplicitlyon the local acceleration field of the medium as well as the electromagnetic field sets it apart from many other terms in the total stress–energy–momentum tensor for a medium. In this paper, we explore how electromagnetic forces or torques on moving media can be defined covariantly in terms of a particular 3-form on those spacetimes that exhibit particular Killing symmetries. It is shown how the drive-forms associated with translational Killing vector fields lead to explicit expressions for the electromagnetic force densities in stationary media subject to the Minkowski constitutive relations and these are compared with other models involving polarizable media in electromagnetic fields that have been considered in the recent literature.
The electrodynamics of inhomogeneous rotating media and the Abraham and Minkowski tensors. II. Applications
Authors: Goto Shin-itiro , Tucker Robin W. , Walton Timothy J.
Published: June 2010

Applications of the covariant theory of drive-forms are considered for a class of perfectly insulating media. The distinction between the notions of ‘classical photons’ in homogeneous bounded and unbounded stationary media and in stationary unbounded magneto-electric media is pointed out in the context of the Abraham, Minkowski and symmetrized Minkowski electromagnetic stress–energy–momentum tensors. Such notions have led to intense debate about the role of these (and other) tensors in describing electromagnetic interactions in moving media. In order to address some of these issues for material subject to the Minkowski constitutive relations, the propagation of harmonic waves through homogeneous and inhomogeneous, isotropic plane-faced slabs at rest is first considered. To motivate the subsequent analysis on accelerating media, two classes of electromagnetic modes that solve Maxwell’s equations for uniformly rotating
homogeneous
polarizable media are enumerated. Finally it is shown that, under the influence of an incident monochromatic, circularly polarized, plane electromagnetic wave, the Abraham and symmetrized Minkowski tensors induce different time-averaged torques on a uniformly rotating
materially inhomogeneous
dielectric cylinder. We suggest that this observation may offer new avenues to explore experimentally the covariant electrodynamics of more general accelerating media.
Ancient homeobox gene loss and the evolution of chordate brain and pharynx development: deductions from amphioxus gene expression
Authors: Butts Thomas , Holland Peter W. H. , Ferrier David E. K.
Published: June 2010

Homeobox genes encode a large superclass of transcription factors with widespread roles in animal development. Within chordates there are over 100 homeobox genes in the invertebrate cephalochordate amphioxus and over 200 in humans. Set against this general trend of increasing gene number in vertebrate evolution, some ancient homeobox genes that were present in the last common ancestor of chordates have been lost from vertebrates. Here, we describe the embryonic expression of four amphioxus descendants of these genes—AmphiNedxa, AmphiNedxb, AmphiMsxlxandAmphiNKx7. All four genes are expressed with a striking asymmetry about the left–right axis in the pharyngeal region of neurula embryos, mirroring the pronounced asymmetry of amphioxus embryogenesis.AmphiMsxlxandAmphiNKx7are also transiently expressed in an anterior neural tube region destined to become the cerebral vesicle. These findings suggest significant rewiring of developmental gene regulatory networks occurred during chordate evolution, coincident with homeobox gene loss. We propose that loss of otherwise widely conserved genes is possible when these genes function in a confined role in development that is subsequently lost or significantly modified during evolution. In the case of these homeobox genes, we propose that this has occurred in relation to the evolution of the chordate pharynx and brain.
Recent atomistic modelling studies of energy materials: batteries included
Authors: Islam M. Saiful
Published: June 2010

Advances in functional materials for energy conversion and storage technologies are crucial in addressing the global challenge of green sustainable energy. This article aims to demonstrate the valuable role that modern modelling techniques now play in providing deeper fundamental insight into novel materials for rechargeable lithium batteries and solid oxide fuel cells. Recent work is illustrated by studies on important topical materials encompassing transition-metal phosphates and silicates for lithium battery electrodes, and apatite-type silicates for fuel cell electrolytes.
Stimulating investment in energy materials and technologies to combat climate change: an overview of learning curve analysis and niche market support
Authors: Foxon Timothy J.
Published: June 2010

This paper addresses the probable levels of investment needed in new technologies for energy conversion and storage that are essential to address climate change, drawing on past evidence on the rate of cost improvements in energy technologies. A range of energy materials and technologies with lower carbon emissions over their life cycle are being developed, including fuel cells (FCs), hydrogen storage, batteries, supercapacitors, solar energy and nuclear power, and it is probable that most, if not all, of these technologies will be needed to mitigate climate change. High rates of innovation and deployment will be needed to meet targets such as the UK’s goal of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 80 per cent by 2050, which will require significant levels of investment. Learning curves observed for reductions in unit costs of energy technologies, such as photovoltaics and FCs, can provide evidence on the probable future levels of investment needed. The paper concludes by making recommendations for policy measures to promote such investment from both the public and private sectors.
Hydrogen: the future energy carrier
Authors: Züttel Andreas , Remhof Arndt , Borgschulte Andreas , Friedrichs Oliver
Published: June 2010

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century the limitations of the fossil age with regard to the continuing growth of energy demand, the peaking mining rate of oil, the growing impact of CO
2
emissions on the environment and the dependency of the economy in the industrialized world on the availability of fossil fuels became very obvious. A major change in the energy economy from fossil energy carriers to renewable energy fluxes is necessary. The main challenge is to efficiently convert renewable energy into electricity and the storage of electricity or the production of a synthetic fuel. Hydrogen is produced from water by electricity through an electrolyser. The storage of hydrogen in its molecular or atomic form is a materials challenge. Some hydrides are known to exhibit a hydrogen density comparable to oil; however, these hydrides require a sophisticated storage system. The system energy density is significantly smaller than the energy density of fossil fuels. An interesting alternative to the direct storage of hydrogen are synthetic hydrocarbons produced from hydrogen and CO
2
extracted from the atmosphere. They are CO
2
neutral and stored like fossil fuels. Conventional combustion engines and turbines can be used in order to convert the stored energy into work and heat.
Materials towards carbon-free, emission-free and oil-free mobility: hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles—now and in the future
Authors: Hirose Katsuhiko
Published: June 2010

In the past, material innovation has changed society through new material-induced technologies, adding a new value to society. In the present world, engineers and scientists are expected to invent new materials to solve the global problem of climate change. For the transport sector, the challenge for material engineers is to change the oil-based world into a sustainable world. After witnessing the recent high oil price and its adverse impact on the global economy, it is time to accelerate our efforts towards this change.

Industries are tackling global energy issues such as oil and CO
2
, as well as local environmental problems, such as NO

x

and particulate matter. Hydrogen is the most promising candidate to provide carbon-free, emission-free and oil-free mobility. As such, engineers are working very hard to bring this technology into the real society. This paper describes recent progress of vehicle technologies, as well as hydrogen-storage technologies to extend the cruise range and ensure the easiness of refuelling and requesting material scientists to collaborate with industry to fight against global warming.
Stochastic modelling of animal movement
Authors: Smouse Peter E. , Focardi Stefano , Moorcroft Paul R. , Kie John G. , Forester James D. , Morales Juan M.
Published: June 2010

Modern animal movement modelling derives from two traditions. Lagrangian models, based on random walk behaviour, are useful for multi-step trajectories of single animals. Continuous Eulerian models describe expected behaviour, averaged over stochastic realizations, and are usefully applied to ensembles of individuals. We illustrate three modern research arenas. (i) Models of home-range formation describe the process of an animal ‘settling down’, accomplished by including one or more focal points that attract the animal's movements. (ii) Memory-based models are used to predict how accumulated experience translates into biased movement choices, employing reinforced random walk behaviour, with previous visitation increasing or decreasing the probability of repetition. (iii) Lévy movement involves a step-length distribution that is over-dispersed, relative to standard probability distributions, and adaptive in exploring new environments or searching for rare targets. Each of these modelling arenas implies more detail in the movement pattern than general models of movement can accommodate, but realistic empiric evaluation of their predictions requires dense locational data, both in time and space, only available with modern GPS telemetry.
Wildlife tracking data management: a new vision
Authors: Urbano Ferdinando , Cagnacci Francesca , Calenge Clément , Dettki Holger , Cameron Alison , Neteler Markus
Published: June 2010

To date, the processing of wildlife location data has relied on a diversity of software and file formats. Data management and the following spatial and statistical analyses were undertaken in multiple steps, involving many time-consuming importing/exporting phases. Recent technological advancements in tracking systems have made large, continuous, high-frequency datasets of wildlife behavioural data available, such as those derived from the global positioning system (GPS) and other animal-attached sensor devices. These data can be further complemented by a wide range of other information about the animals' environment. Management of these large and diverse datasets for modelling animal behaviour and ecology can prove challenging, slowing down analysis and increasing the probability of mistakes in data handling. We address these issues by critically evaluating the requirements for good management of GPS data for wildlife biology. We highlight that dedicated data management tools and expertise are needed. We explore current research in wildlife data management. We suggest a general direction of development, based on a modular software architecture with a spatial database at its core, where interoperability, data model design and integration with remote-sensing data sources play an important role in successful GPS data handling.
Marinomonas brasilensis sp. nov., isolated from the coral Mussismilia hispida, and reclassification of Marinomonas basaltis as a later heterotypic synonym of Marinomonas communis
Authors: Chimetto Luciane A. , Cleenwerck Ilse , Brocchi Marcelo , Willems Anne , De Vos Paul , Thompson Fabiano L.
Published: June 2010

A Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium, designated strain R-40503T, was isolated from mucus of the reef-builder coral Mussismilia hispida, located in the São Sebastião Channel, São Paulo, Brazil. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain R-40503T belongs to the genus Marinomonas. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of R-40503T was above 97 % with the type strains of Marinomonas vaga, M. basaltis, M. communis and M. pontica, and below 97 % with type strains of the other Marinomonas species. Strain R-40503T showed less than 35 % DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) with the type strains of the phylogenetically closest Marinomonas species, demonstrating that it should be classified into a novel species. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses provided further evidence for the proposal of a novel species. Concurrently, a close genomic relationship between M. basaltis and M. communis was observed. The type strains of these two species showed 78 % DDH and 63 % AFLP pattern similarity. Their phenotypic features were very similar, and their DNA G+C contents were identical (46.3 mol%). Collectively, these data demonstrate unambiguously that Marinomonas basaltis is a later heterotypic synonym of Marinomonas communis. Several phenotypic features can be used to discriminate between Marinomonas species. The novel strain R-40503T is clearly distinguishable from its neighbours. For instance, it shows oxidase and urease activity, utilizes l-asparagine and has the fatty acid C12 : 1 3-OH but lacks C10 : 0 and C12 : 0. The name Marinomonas brasilensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain R-40503T ( = R-278T  = LMG 25434T  = CAIM 1459T). The DNA G+C content of strain R-40503T is 46.5 mol%.
Gravitropism ofArabidopsis thalianaRoots Requires the Polarization of PIN2 toward the Root Tip in Meristematic Cortical Cells
Authors: Rahman Abidur , Takahashi Maho , Shibasaki Kyohei , Wu Shuang , Inaba Takehito , Tsurumi Seiji , Baskin Tobias I.
Published: June 2010

In the root, the transport of auxin from the tip to the elongation zone, referred to here as shootward, governs gravitropic bending. Shootward polar auxin transport, and hence gravitropism, depends on the polar deployment of the PIN-FORMED auxin efflux carrier PIN2. In Arabidopsis thaliana, PIN2 has the expected shootward localization in epidermis and lateral root cap; however, this carrier is localized toward the root tip (rootward) in cortical cells of the meristem, a deployment whose function is enigmatic. We use pharmacological and genetic tools to cause a shootward relocation of PIN2 in meristematic cortical cells without detectably altering PIN2 polarization in other cell types or PIN1 polarization. This relocation of cortical PIN2 was negatively regulated by the membrane trafficking factor GNOM and by the regulatory A1 subunit of type 2-A protein phosphatase (PP2AA1) but did not require the PINOID protein kinase. When GNOM was inhibited, PINOID abundance increased and PP2AA1 was partially immobilized, indicating both proteins are subject to GNOM-dependent regulation. Shootward PIN2 specifically in the cortex was accompanied by enhanced shootward polar auxin transport and by diminished gravitropism. These results demonstrate that auxin flow in the root cortex is important for optimal gravitropic response.
Addiction Research Centres and the Nurturing of Creativity
Authors: Heilig Markus , Warren Kenneth R. , Kunos George , Silverman Peter B. , Hewitt Brenda G.
Published: June 2010

The aim of this paper is to present a concise account of the history, mission, structure and some recent achievements of the US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Created by the US Congress 40 years ago, the NIAAA has evolved from an entity charged mainly with building a national system of alcoholism treatment services to one with responsibility for developing, nurturing and supporting the biomedical and behavioral science foundation necessary to reduce the significant domestic and global public health impact of alcohol use disorders. The NIAAA is unique in that it functions both as a funding agency, supporting research at universities and other external, or ‘extramural’ research institutions, and is also a research institution itself, where alcohol research is carried out in‐house, or ‘intramurally’. Of a $450.2 million 2009 Congressional Appropriation, approximately 90% was devoted toward the former and approximately 10% towards the latter objective. The current NIAAA Strategic Plan builds on a new organizing principle for long‐range research planning, based on a life‐span perspective that recognizes that human biology and behavior continue to change throughout life and changes occurring throughout the life‐span affect individuals' drinking patterns as well as the decisions they may make to change their drinking habits or to seek help for alcohol use problems. Within this framework, major efforts are currently being devoted to educating practitioners on clinically useful, science‐based assessment and treatment methods that exist today, and development of personalized new treatments for tomorrow.
Alcohol, suppressed anger and violence
Authors: Norström Thor , Pape Hilde
Published: June 2010

Aims  Is alcohol related causally to violence, and if so, is the effect of drinking contingent on suppressed anger such that it is strongest among individuals who are highly inclined to withhold angry feelings? We addressed these questions by analysing panel data using a method that diminishes the effects of confounding factors.

Design  We analysed data on heavy episodic drinking and violent behaviour from the second (1994) and third (1999) waves of the Young in Norway Longitudinal Study (n = 2697; response rate: 67%). The first difference method was applied to estimate the association between these behaviours, implying that changes in the frequency of violence were regressed on changes in the frequency of drinking. Hence, the effects of time‐invariant confounders were eliminated. Analyses were conducted for the whole sample, and for groups scoring low, medium and high on a short version of the STAXI anger suppression scale.

Findings  Changes in drinking were related positively and significantly to changes in violent behaviour, but the alcohol effect varied with the level of suppressed anger: it was strongest in the high‐anger group (elasticity estimate = 0.053, P = 0.011) and weakest (and insignificant) in the low‐anger group (elasticity estimate = 0.004, P = 0.806).

Conclusions  Alcohol use may be related causally to violence, but the effect of drinking is confined to individuals who are inclined to suppress their angry feelings.
Oral dantrolene and severe respiratory failure in a patient with chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: Javed M. , Bogdanov A.
Published: June 2010

Oral dantrolene is used widely for the treatment of spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury. A 60‐year‐old patient in the rehabilitation phase following cervical spine injury presented with generalised weakness and deteriorating respiratory function, requiring intensive care admission, tracheal intubation and ventilation. He had bilateral basal lung collapse and a raised diaphragm and was on high‐dose oral dantrolene. The cessation of dantrolene resulted in a dramatic recovery of respiratory function within two days. High‐dose oral dantrolene can cause severe respiratory insufficiency and may present difficulties in the differential diagnosis of respiratory failure in patients with high cervical spinal cord injuries.
The effect of predictive display on the control of step changes in effect site sevoflurane levels*
Authors: Kennedy R. R. , McKellow M. A. , French R. A.
Published: June 2010

Graphical displays of past and future levels of drugs may be a useful adjunct to manual dosing. We have previously found that a display of predicted future values speeds step changes in end‐tidal sevoflurane. In this study anaesthetists made step changes of 0.3% in effect site sevoflurane, with and without the display and as increases and decreases. We analysed 91 changes. When the predictive display was present, users made larger vaporiser dial changes of 3.9% vs 3.1% (95% CI for the difference −1.3% to −0.01%, p = 0.046) reflected in larger end‐tidal changes (95% CI for the difference −0.009 vol% to −0.34 vol%, p = 0.06). There was no difference in the speed of change (220 vs 227 s (95% CI for the difference −51 to 32 s)), or in the accuracy of the change. In this study the predictive display influenced the magnitude of the step changes made by anaesthetists but did not affect the speed or overall accuracy of the change.
Thyroid axis dysfunction in patients with Prader‐Willi syndrome during the first 2 years of life
Authors: Vaiani Elisa , Herzovich Viviana , Chaler Eduardo , Chertkoff Lilien , Rivarola Marco A. , Torrado Maria , Belgorosky Alicia
Published: June 2010

Introduction  Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder caused by the loss of expression of paternally transcribed genes in a highly imprinted region of chromosome 15q11‐13. The clinical phenotype has been well characterized, mostly related to hypothalamic dysfunction. Even though central hypothyroidism has been documented in 20–30% of patients with PWS, thyroid function during the first 2 years of life has not been clearly defined.

Objective  To evaluate hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid function in infant PWS patients.

Study design  Eighteen patients with PWS, aged 0·16–2 years, were included in a prospective study. PWS diagnosis was based on clinical features and molecular analysis. Serum total (T) T4, free (F) T4, T3 and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) were evaluated in the patients with PWS included in the study. Serum hormone values were compared to those of a large reference population of the same age.

Results  In 13 of 18 patients with PWS (72·2%), serum TT4 and/or FT4 levels were below the 2·5th percentile of the reference population, while in only one PWS patient serum T3 was below this cut‐off.

Conclusion  The results of this study suggest that transient or definitive thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH)‐TSH thyroid axis dysfunction may frequently be present in infant PWS patients. Paediatricians should be aware of this dysfunction in this critical period of thyroid hormone action on neurological development.
Soil compaction by wheeling: changes in soil suction caused by compression
Authors: Cui K. , Défossez P. , Cui Y. J. , Richard G.
Published: June 2010

Soil compaction caused by agricultural machinery has been increasingly recognized as a considerable problem facing intensive agriculture. Most of the models used to estimate soil deformation during the passage of machines are based on the concept of total stress: they have neglected an important stress variable for unsaturated soils; that is, the matric suction. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the validity of this hypothesis by studying suction variation during a static compression test. A standard oedometer cell equipped with a tensiometer was used to measure soil suctionin situfor different vertical stresses. Measurements were carried out on remoulded soil samples obtained by compacting a loamy soil at different initial water suctions (<100 kPa). The results showed that the suction remained almost constant until a stress threshold value,σt, beyond which the suction decreased as the stress increased. This stress threshold increased with the initial suction. These results corroborated the hypothesis of a constant suction during deformation, which is usually assumed to model soil compaction during traffic for soils with suction greater than 20 kPa. The results obtained highlighted the effect of soil structure on the stress threshold:σtwas greater for soil samples with initial aggregates <2 mm than for those with initial aggregates <0.4 mm. This was interpreted at the pore scale by comparing qualitatively the change in pore‐size distribution and the expected distribution of water in the pores. This interpretation was based on pore‐size distribution measurement by mercury intrusion.
Importance of rapid bleeding control in haemophilia complicated by inhibitors
Authors: BERNTORP E.
Published: June 2010

Summary. Despite improvements in therapy that has greatly enhanced the treatment of patients with haemophilia with inhibitors, they are still at risk of poorer outcomes including haemophilic arthropathy and long‐term disability. The objective of this review is to consider clinical data on the effect of rapid control of bleeding episodes on outcomes in these patients. Rapid control of bleeding episodes using bypassing agents has the potential to minimize joint damage and to improve quality of life. Consideration of strategies to support rapid control of bleeding – including patient education and awareness, and timely administration of clotting factor – is important.
Dental disease in type 3 Von Willebrand disease: a neglected problem
Authors: CARCAO M. D. , SEARY M. E. , CASAS M. , WINTER L. , STAIN A. M. , JUDD P.
Published: June 2010

Summary.  Type 3 Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a rare, severe, autosomal recessive bleeding disorder. In our institution, we follow 17 children with type 3 VWD. We have observed a high prevalence of dental disease in these patients prompting us to undertake a retrospective review of our cohort of patients with type 3 VWD to catalogue the extent of their dental disease. Sixteen of these patients have been assessed by our dentistry department. Five children have undergone minor dental procedures (e.g. restorations, stainless steel crowns) and seven major procedures (e.g. dental extractions, pulpotomies and root canal treatments). These patients have collectively used 85 400 (ristocetin cofactor) IU of Humate‐P on dental procedures alone. In addition to the considerable costs of factor are the cost of operating room time, dentists’ costs, and the cost of other topical haemostatic agents (e.g. Tisseel) used during their dental procedures. As such there is considerable morbidity and cost from dental disease in these patients that is much higher than what is seen in patients with haemophilia or in the normal paediatric population. We speculate that the combination of these patients having a significant mucosal bleeding disorder together with various socioeconomic factors contribute to the significant degree of dental disease seen in this group of patients. We would suggest that better preventive dental care needs to be provided to these patients to avoid the considerable morbidity and very high burden of dental disease in type 3 VWD.