bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data is different, and that’s why the world needs a new approach to governing cross-border data flows
Authors: Aaronson Susan Ariel
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Companies, governments and individuals are using data to create new services such as apps, artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). These data-driven services rely on large pools of data and a relatively unhindered flow of data across borders (few market access or governance barriers). The current approach to governing cross-border data flows through trade agreements and has not led to binding, universal or interoperable rules governing the use of data. The purpose of this article is to explain the new role of data in trade and to explain why data in trade is different from trade in other goods and services. We then suggest a new approach at the national and international levels.

Design/methodology/approach

The author uses a mixed methods approach to examine what the literature says about data as a traded good and or service, examines metaphors regarding the role of data in the economy, and then examines whether or not data is really “traded.”

Findings

Many countries do not know how to regulate data driven services. There is no consensus on what the appropriate regulatory environment looks like, nor is there a consensus on what are the barriers to cross-border data flows and what constitutes legitimate domestic regulation.

Originality/value

This is the first article to explain both the unique nature of data and the ineffectiveness of the trade system to address that distinctiveness.
Evaluating the quality of investment products: can expert judgment outsmart the market?
Authors: Šindelář Jiří , Svoboda Martin
Published: June 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to deal with expert judgment and its predictive ability in the context of investment funds. The judgmental ratings awarder with a large set of experts was compared to a sample of the dynamic investment funds operating in Central and Eastern Europe with their objective performance, both past and future, relatively to the time of the forecast.

Design/methodology/approach

Data on the survey sample enabled the authors to evaluate both ex post judgmental validity, i.e. how the experts reflected the previous performance of funds, and ex ante predictive accuracy, i.e. how well their judgments estimated the future performance of the fund. For this purpose, logistic regression for past values estimations and linear model for future values estimations was used.

Findings

It was found that the experts (independent academicians, senior bank specialists and senior financial advisors) were only able to successfully reflect past annual returns of a five-year period, failing to reflect costs and annual volatility and, mainly, failing to predict any of the indicators on the same five-year horizon.

Practical implications

The outcomes of this paper confirm that expert judgment should be used with caution in the context of financial markets and mainly in situations when domain knowledge is applicable. Procedures incorporating judgmental evaluations, such as individual investment advice, should be thoroughly reviewed in terms of client value-added, to eliminate potential anchoring bias.

Originality/value

This paper sheds new light on the quality and nature of individual judgment produced by financial experts. These are prevalent in many situations influencing clients’ decision-making, be it financial advice or multiple product contests. As such, our findings underline the need of scepticism when these judgments are taken into account.
Nonlinear function estimation fuzzy system (NFEFS) as a novel statistical approach to estimate nanofluids’ thermal conductivity according to empirical data
Authors: Tian Zhe , Bagherzadeh Seyed Amin , Ghani Kamal , Karimipour Arash , Abdollahi Ali , Bahrami Mehrdad , Safaei Mohammad Reza
Published: June 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a new nonlinear function estimation fuzzy system as a novel statistical approach to estimate nanofluids’ thermal conductivity.

Design/methodology/approach

A fuzzy system having a product inference engine, a singleton fuzzifier, a center average defuzzifier and Gaussian membership functions is proposed for this purpose.

Findings

Results indicate that the proposed fuzzy system can predict the thermal conductivity of Al2O3/paraffin nanofluid with appropriate precision and generalization and it also outperforms the classic interpolation methods.

Originality/value

A new nonlinear function estimation fuzzy system was introduced as a novel statistical approach to estimate nanofluids’ thermal conductivity for the first time.
The impact of coaches’ ethical leadership behaviour on athletes’ voice and performance
Authors: White Stephanie , Rezania Davar
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Ethics and leadership are ongoing topics in high performance sports. The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into the relationship between coaches’ ethical leadership behaviour, as perceived by athletes, and its impact on student-athlete accountability, voice and performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper examines the constructs of coaches’ ethical leadership behaviour, felt accountability and voice behaviour. The authors surveyed student-athletes from a variety of sports who compete in the Ontario University Athletics Regional Association. A total of 303 respondents (n=303) completed the survey. Partial least squares path modelling algorithm was utilised for testing hypotheses.

Findings

The results of the study indicate a significant relationship between a coach exhibiting ethical leadership behaviour and student-athlete voice behaviour and performance. Felt accountability mediates the effect of ethical leadership on voice and performance.

Practical implications

This study provides support for the hypothesis that coaches who behave ethically and whose actions represent their words create an environment where a student-athlete feels accountable. This is a powerful concept as it can positively impact individual and team success. The findings suggest that one of the ways that coaches can impact athletes’ performance is to demonstrate and model ethical conduct, and reward ethical acts.

Originality/value

The paper examines how coaches’ ethical behaviour might impact individual processes of accountability, voice and performance. Second, the paper uses the construct of accountability to explain how coaches’ ethical leadership impacts student-athlete behaviour. The accountability literature indicates that followers’ behaviours can be understood as the consequences of his/her perceived accountability towards the leader.
Light‐level geolocator analyses: A user's guide
Authors: Lisovski Simeon , Bauer Silke , Briedis Martins , Davidson Sarah C. , Dhanjal‐Adams Kiran L. , Hallworth Michael T. , Karagicheva Julia , Meier Christoph M. , Merkel Benjamin , Ouwehand Janne , Pedersen Lykke , Rakhimberdiev Eldar , Roberto‐Charron Amélie , Seavy Nathaniel E. , Sumner Michael D. , Taylor Caz M. , Wotherspoon Simon J. , Bridge Eli S.
Published: June 2019

Light‐level geolocator tags use ambient light recordings to estimate the whereabouts of an individual over the time it carried the device. Over the past decade, these tags have emerged as an important tool and have been used extensively for tracking animal migrations, most commonly small birds.

Analysing geolocator data can be daunting to new and experienced scientists alike. Over the past decades, several methods with fundamental differences in the analytical approach have been developed to cope with the various caveats and the often complicated data.

Here, we explain the concepts behind the analyses of geolocator data and provide a practical guide for the common steps encompassing most analyses – annotation of twilights, calibration, estimating and refining locations, and extraction of movement patterns – describing good practices and common pitfalls for each step.

We discuss criteria for deciding whether or not geolocators can answer proposed research questions, provide guidance in choosing an appropriate analysis method and introduce key features of the newest open‐source analysis tools.

We provide advice for how to interpret and report results, highlighting parameters that should be reported in publications and included in data archiving.

Finally, we introduce a comprehensive supplementary online manual that applies the concepts to several datasets, demonstrates the use of open‐source analysis tools with step‐by‐step instructions and code and details our recommendations for interpreting, reporting and archiving.
Understanding cultural omnivores: social and political attitudes
Authors: Chan Tak Wing
Published: June 2019

In this paper, I use data from the British Household Panel Survey and Understanding Society to investigate the social and political attitudes of cultural omnivores. I report a threefold typology of cultural consumption in the domains of music and visual arts that is consistent with previous research. Then by linking data across the two panel surveys, I show that cultural omnivores have quite a distinctive profile of social attitudes. Specifically, omnivores are more trusting and risk‐taking. They hold more favourable views about the European Union, and they tend to eschew subnational identities. Omnivores are politically more engaged. But they are not more ‘class conscious’, nor are they particularly left‐wing or right‐wing on distributional issues. When asked what is important to the sense of who they are, the two most important status‐conferring attributes, that is, profession and education, are not more salient to omnivores than to others. But omnivores are more extravert and open to new experiences. Taken together, these results suggest that omnivorousness is an expression of cosmopolitan postmaterialism rather than a new form of distinction.
From ‘having’ to ‘being’: self‐worth and the current crisis of American society
Authors: Lamont Michèle
Published: June 2019

With growing inequality, the American dream is becoming less effective as a collective myth. With its focus on material success, competition and self‐reliance, the intensified diffusion of neoliberal scripts of the self is leading the upper‐middle class toward a mental health crisis while the working class and low‐income groups do not have the resources needed to live the dream. African Americans, Latinos and undocumented immigrants, who are presumed to lack self‐reliance, face more rigid boundaries. One possible way forward is broadening cultural membership by promoting new narratives of hope centered on a plurality of criteria of worth, ‘ordinary universalism’ and destigmatizing stigmatized groups.
‘Divided Within Itself’: The Parliamentary Labour ‘Right’ and the Demise of Post‐War Revisionist Social Democracy in the 1970s
Authors: Meredith Stephen
Published: June 2019

The article seeks to identify a neglected dimension of the ‘crisis’ and schism of British social democracy in the 1970s from within the ranks of the parliamentary Labour ‘right’ itself. Accounts of the so‐called ‘Labour right’ and its influential revisionist social democratic tradition have emphasized its generic cohesion and uniformity over contextual analysis of its inherent intellectual, ideological and political range and diversity. The article seeks to evaluate differential responses of Labour's ‘right‐wing’ and revisionist tendency as its loosely cohesive framework of Keynesian social democracy imploded in the 1970s, as a means of demonstrating its relative incoherence and fragmentation. The ‘crisis of social democracy’ revealed much more starkly its complex, heterogeneous character, irremediably ‘divided within itself’ over a range of critical political and policy themes and the basis of social democratic political philosophy itself. The article argues that it was its own wider political fragmentation and ideological introspection in the face of the ‘crisis’ of its historic ‘belief system’ which led to the fracture of Labour's ‘dominant coalition’ and the rupture of British social democracy.
Alcohol Use in Pregnancy and Miscarriage: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Sundermann Alexandra C. , Zhao Sifang , Young Chantay L. , Lam LeAnn , Jones Sarah H. , Velez Edwards Digna R. , Hartmann Katherine E.
Published: June 2019

To systematically review and critically evaluate studies reporting alcohol exposure during pregnancy and miscarriage. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Theses for publications from January 1970 to January 2019. We identified studies about alcohol exposure during pregnancy and miscarriage. Information about study population, alcohol exposure assessment, outcome definition, covariates, and measures of association was collected. We assessed study quality using an adapted Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. Data were abstracted by 2 investigators independently. We conducted a random‐effects meta‐analysis to calculate the association between alcohol exposure and miscarriage risk and performed subgroup analyses to determine robustness of results to study differences. For studies reporting dose‐specific effects, a pooled dose–response association was estimated using generalized least squares regression with and without restricted cubic spline terms for number of drinks consumed per week. Of 2,164 articles identified, 24 were eligible for inclusion. Meta‐analysis of data from 231,808 pregnant women finds those exposed to alcohol during pregnancy have a greater risk of miscarriage compared to those who abstained (odds ratio [OR] 1.19, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.12, 1.28). Estimates did not vary by study design, study country, or method of alcohol ascertainment. For alcohol use of 5 or fewer drinks per week, each additional drink per week was associated with a 6% increase in miscarriage risk (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01, 1.10). Common study limitations reflect challenges inherent to this research, including difficulty recruiting participants early enough in pregnancy to observe miscarriage and collecting and quantifying information about alcohol consumption during pregnancy that accurately reflects use. This review provides evidence that alcohol consumption during pregnancy is associated with a dose‐mediated increase in miscarriage risk. Future studies evaluating change in alcohol use in pregnancy are needed to provide insight into how alcohol consumption prior to pregnancy recognition impacts risk.
DCC‐related developmental effects of abused‐ versus therapeutic‐like amphetamine doses in adolescence
Authors: Cuesta Santiago , Restrepo‐Lozano José Maria , Popescu Christina , He Susan , Reynolds Lauren M. , Israel Sonia , Hernandez Giovanni , Rais Rana , Slusher Barbara S. , Flores Cecilia
Published: June 2019

The guidance cue receptor DCC controls mesocortical dopamine development in adolescence. Repeated exposure to an amphetamine regimen of 4 mg/kg during early adolescence induces, in male mice, downregulation of DCC expression in dopamine neurons by recruiting the Dcc microRNA repressor, microRNA‐218 (miR‐218). This adolescent amphetamine regimen also disrupts mesocortical dopamine connectivity and behavioral control in adulthood. Whether low doses of amphetamine in adolescence induce similar molecular and developmental effects needs to be established. Here, we quantified plasma amphetamine concentrations in early adolescent mice following a 4 or 0.5 mg/kg dose and found peak levels corresponding to those seen in humans following recreational and therapeutic settings, respectively. In contrast to the high doses, the low amphetamine regimen does not alter Dcc mRNA or miR‐218 expression; instead, it upregulates DCC protein levels. Furthermore, high, but not low, drug doses downregulate the expression of the DCC receptor ligand, Netrin‐1, in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Exposure to the low‐dose regimen did not alter the expanse of mesocortical dopamine axons or their number/density of presynaptic sites in adulthood. Strikingly, adolescent exposure to the low‐dose drug regimen does not impair behavioral inhibition in adulthood; instead, it induces an overall increase in performance in a go/no‐go task. These results show that developmental consequences of exposure to therapeutic‐ versus abused‐like doses of amphetamine in adolescence have dissimilar molecular signatures and opposite behavioral effects. These findings have important clinical relevance since amphetamines are widely used for therapeutic purposes in youth.
Laparoscopic decision‐making concerning the repair area for traumatic abdominal wall pseudohernia: A case report
Authors: Kaiwa Yoshihiro , Maida Kai , Sekiguchi Satoshi
Published: June 2019

Laparoscopic decision‐making may be useful for accurately determining the repair area when treating abdominal wall pseudohernia. A 31‐year‐old man was admitted with a pelvic ring fracture after a traffic accident and underwent orthopedic surgery. Five months after surgery, the patient developed a lower abdominal protrusion. CT revealed abdominal wall bulging and thinning of the abdominal muscle but no musculofascial defects, suggesting a pseudohernia. We reconstructed the abdominal wall and inserted a mesh. Because there was no musculofascial defect, it was difficult to discern the accurate repair area. We used laparoscopy to determine the repair area, which was recognized thanks to illumination transmitted through the abdominal wall. We were able to determine the appropriate size and placement of the mesh, which enabled us to repair the abdominal pseudohernia.
Differences in CYP3A genotypes of a liver transplant recipient and the donor liver graft and adjustment of tacrolimus dose
Authors: Berger Florine A. , Mulder Midas B. , ten Bosch‐Dijksman Willemijn , van Schaik Ron H.N. , Coenen Sandra , de Winter Brenda C.M.
Published: June 2019

Tacrolimus (Tac) is well established as main immunosuppressant in most immunosuppressive regimens in solid organ transplantation. Due to the narrow therapeutic window, pre dose Tac levels (C0) are monitored in all patients receiving Tac to reach optimal therapeutic levels. Tac is metabolized in the liver and intestine by the cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoforms CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. We present a case of an African American woman who underwent a liver transplantation in which adequate Tac levels were difficult to accomplish due to differences in cytochrome P450 3A4/5 (CYP3A4/5) polymorphisms of the transplant recipient and the donor liver graft. This case report highlights that genotyping the liver transplant recipient and the donor liver graft might provide data which could be used to predict the tacrolimus metabolism post transplantation.
Artificial intelligence and multimodal data in the service of human decision‐making: A case study in debate tutoring
Authors: Cukurova Mutlu , Kent Carmel , Luckin Rosemary
Published: June 2019

The question: “What is an appropriate role for AI?” is the subject of much discussion and interest. Arguments about whether AI should be a human replacing technology or a human assisting technology frequently take centre stage. Education is no exception when it comes to questions about the role that AI should play, and as with many other professional areas, the exact role of AI in education is not easy to predict. Here, we argue that one potential role for AI in education is to provide opportunities for human intelligence augmentation, with AI supporting us in decision‐making processes, rather than replacing us through automation. To provide empirical evidence to support our argument, we present a case study in the context of debate tutoring, in which we use prediction and classification models to increase the transparency of the intuitive decision‐making processes of expert tutors for advanced reflections and feedback. Furthermore, we compare the accuracy of unimodal and multimodal classification models of expert human tutors' decisions about the social and emotional aspects of tutoring while evaluating trainees. Our results show that multimodal data leads to more accurate classification models in the context we studied.
Young infants are pro‐victims, but it depends on the context
Authors: Uzefovsky Florina , Paz Yael , Davidov Maayan
Published: June 2019

The current study examined whether and when young infants are sensitive to distressed others, using two experiments with a forced‐choice paradigm. Experiment 1 showed that 5‐ to 9‐month‐old infants demonstrate a clear pro‐victim preference: Infants preferred a distressed character that had been physically harmed over a matched neutral character. Experiment 2 showed that infants’ preference for a distressed other is not invariable, but rather depends on the context: Infants no longer preferred the distressed character when it expressed the exact same distress but for no apparent reason. These findings have implications for the early ontogeny of human compassion and morality, addressed in the discussion.
Is it dangerous? The role of an emotional visual search strategy and threat‐relevant training in the detection of guns and knives
Authors: Damjanovic Ljubica , Williot Alexandre , Blanchette Isabelle
Published: June 2019

Counter‐terrorism strategies rely on the assumption that it is possible to increase threat detection by providing explicit verbal instructions to orient people's attention to dangerous objects and hostile behaviours in their environment. Nevertheless, whether verbal cues can be used to enhance threat detection performance under laboratory conditions is currently unclear. In Experiment 1, student participants were required to detect a picture of a dangerous or neutral object embedded within a visual search display on the basis of an emotional strategy ‘is it dangerous?’ or a semantic strategy ‘is it an object?’. The results showed a threat superiority effect that was enhanced by the emotional visual search strategy. In Experiment 2, whilst trainee police officers displayed a greater threat superiority effect than student controls, both groups benefitted from performing the task under the emotional than semantic visual search strategy. Manipulating situational threat levels (high vs. low) in the experimental instructions had no effect on visual search performance. The current findings provide new support for the language‐as‐context hypothesis. They are also consistent with a dual‐processing account of threat detection involving a verbally mediated route in working memory and the deployment of a visual template developed as a function of training.
Multispecies conservation of freshwater fish assemblages in response to climate change in the southeastern United States
Authors: VanCompernolle Michelle , Knouft Jason H. , Ficklin Darren L.
Published: June 2019

Aim

Streamflow and water temperature are primary variables influencing the distribution of freshwater taxa. Climate‐induced changes in these variables are already causing shifts in species distributions, with continued changes projected in the coming decades. The Mobile River Basin (MRB), located in the southeastern United States, contains some of the highest levels of temperate freshwater biodiversity in North America. We integrated species distribution data with contemporary and future streamflow and water temperature data as well as other physical habitat data to characterize occurrence probabilities of fish species in the MRB with the goal of identifying current and future areas of high conservation value.

Location

Mobile River Basin, southeastern United States.

Methods

We used a maximum entropy approach to estimate baseline and future occurrence probability distributions for 88 fish species in the MRB based on model‐generated streamflow and water temperature as well as geologic, topographic and land cover data. Areas of conservation prioritization were identified based on regions that contain suitable habitat for high levels of biodiversity according to baseline and future conditions while accounting for uncertainty associated with multiple future climate projections.

Results

On average, flow (28%), water temperature (28%) and geology (30%) contribute evenly to determining suitable habitat for fish species in the MRB. Based on baseline and future species distribution model estimates, high priority streams (best 10%) are largely concentrated in the eastern portion of the MRB, with a majority (51%) located within the Coosa and Tallapoosa River systems.

Main conclusion

We provide a framework that uses relevant hydrologic and environmental data in the context of future climatic uncertainty to estimate areas of freshwater conservation opportunity in the coming decades. While streamflow and water temperature represent important habitat for freshwater fishes in the MRB, distributions are also constrained by other aspects of the physical environment.
Effects of interactions between soil particles and electrolytes on saturated hydraulic conductivity
Authors: Liu Xinmin , Yang Ting , Li Hang , Wu Laosheng
Published: June 2019

Interactions between soil particles can strongly affect water movement in soil. In this study, a model to predict soil saturated hydraulic conductivity based on interactions between soil particles was proposed. Firstly, a model of ion−soil particle interactions at the soil/water interface was established taking specific ion effects into account. Based on the ion–soil interaction model, the theoretical relationship between the sodium adsorption ratio and the surface potential was derived, and the surface potentials were calculated at different sodium adsorption ratios and electrolyte concentrations. Secondly, a theoretical expression of midpoint potential between two adjacent soil particles in a mixed 1:1 + 2:1 electrolyte solution (e.g., NaCl + CaCl2) was derived. The midpoint potential was estimated based on the calculated surface potential. Thirdly, the interaction pressure (repulsive pressure) between soil particles was quantified based on the obtained midpoint potential. Finally, an empirical model of the relationship between measured saturated hydraulic conductivity and maximum net repulsive pressure was proposed. The surface potential, electrostatic repulsive pressure and net pressure between soil particles in the presence of Na+ is higher than that of Ca2+ because the effective charge of the former (1.18) is smaller than that of the latter (1.98). Although the soil saturated hydraulic conductivities were substantially different in Na+ and Ca2+ solutions, they can be described as a function of maximum repulsive pressure between soil particles. Employing this empirical relationship, saturated hydraulic conductivities might be predicted in other soils at different sodium adsorption ratios. This work implies that the sodium adsorption ratio and electrolyte concentration control saturated hydraulic conductivity through affecting the electrostatic repulsive pressure between soil particles.

Highlights

A model of ion–soil particle interactions was established considering specific ion effects.

The theoretical relationship between sodium adsorption ratio and surface potential was derived.

The interaction pressure between soil particles in mixed electrolytes was quantified.

An empirical model of the relationship between saturated hydraulic conductivity and net repulsive pressure was proposed.
BIOPOLITICS AMONG THE DISCIPLINES
Authors: Lebovic Nitzan
Published: June 2019

A new wave of publications attempts to bring together theory and history in order to reconsider the past, present, and future in light of a looming catastrophe. Whether in political theory, sociology, anthropology, or intellectual history, scholars are attempting to reflect about the present beyond the old boundaries that separate left and right, inner and outer, civilian and solider, friend and enemy. Three recent publications, by Catherine Mills, Didier Fassin, and an anthology edited by Devin Pendas, Mark Roseman, and Richard Wetzel, do so by considering the growth of biopolitical critique in their respective disciplines.
Can the Concept of Lifestyle Migration be applied to Return Migration? The Case of Estonians in the UK
Authors: Saar Maarja , Saar Ellu
Published: June 2019

This article makes the case for using the concept of lifestyle migration to understand return migration. The key argument is that there are several advantages for engaging with lifestyle migration literature when analysing people's return, of which the prime reason is to draw attention away from the affective and emotional aspects of return migration and view it as a conscious decision related to future planning. A combination of statistical data and interviews with highly skilled Estonian migrants in the UK shows how the return of these migrants is often related to moving from one life stage to another. In the conscious process of planning for a family, several aspects related to both countries were evaluated and the return was often explained as benefitting the (potential) family. The article also claims that there is a need for lifestyle migration research to engage more actively on interlinkages between lifestyle and life stage.
Retirement Reforms: Occupational Strain and Health
Authors: Dayaram Kantha , McGuire Alistair
Published: June 2019

A concurrent increase in the demand for state age pensions and health care has led to reforms in delaying retirement. We employ thirteen waves of longitudinal data to examine the mental and physical health effects of Australian men and women at “early” and “traditional” retirement. We use before and after propensity score matching (PSM) estimates between treatment and control groups of retired and not retired individuals aged 60 and 65 years. The results indicate a negative health effect according to occupational strain for both genders but a positive mental health effect for retirees with access to self‐funded retirement.
The effect of laser sintering on the microstructure, relative density, and cracking of sol‐gel–derived silica thin films
Authors: Lei Jincheng , Chen Jie , Hong Yuzhe , Zhang Qi , Chen Qiushi , Tong Jianhua , Xiao Hai , Peng Fei , Bordia Rajendra K.
Published: June 2019

Combining sol‐gel processing and laser sintering is a promising way for fabricating functional ceramic deposition with high dimensional resolution. In this work, crack‐free silica tracks on a silica substrate with a thickness from ~360 nm to ~950 nm, have been obtained by direct exposure to a CO2 laser beam. At a fixed scanning speed, the density and microstructures of the silica deposition can be precisely controlled by varying the laser output power. The porosity of the laser‐sintered silica tracks ranged from close to 0% to ~60%. When the thickness of the silica deposition exceeded the critical thickness (eg, ~2.2 µm before firing), cracks occurred in both laser‐sintered and furnace‐sintered samples. Cracks propagated along the edge of the laser‐sintered track, resulting in the crack‐free track. However, for the furnace heat‐treated counterpart, the cracks spread randomly. To understand the laser sintering effect, we established a finite element model (FEM) to calculate the temperature profile of the substrate during laser scanning, which agreed well with the one‐dimensional analytical model. The FEM model confirmed that laser sintering was the main thermal effect and the calculated temperature profile can be used to predict the microstructure of the laser‐sintered tracks. Combining these results, we were able to fabricate, predesigned patterned (Clemson tiger paw) silica films with high density using a galvo scanner.
A structured programme to withdraw antipsychotics among adults with intellectual disabilities: The Cornwall experience
Authors: Shankar Rohit , Wilcock Mike , Deb Shoumitro , Goodey Rebecca , Corson Eve , Pretorius Charlotte , Praed Georgina , Pell Amanda , Vujkovic Dee , Wilkinson Ellen , Laugharne Richard , Axby Sharon , Sheehan Rory , Alexander Regi
Published: June 2019

Background

Antipsychotic medications are used among 19%–58% of adults with intellectual disabilities to manage challenging behaviour against the NICE guideline recommendations. Studies show that it is possible to completely withdraw antipsychotics in about one third of adults with intellectual disabilities and a dose reduction of 50% or more in another third.

Method

In Cornwall, over three years the present authors developed a structured pathway to withdraw antipsychotics among adults with intellectual disabilities which involved people with intellectual disabilities and their carers, GPs, community learning disability team members and pharmacists.

Results

The present authors managed to withdraw antipsychotics totally among 46.5% (33/71) and reduced over 50% of dosage in another 11.3% (8/71) of adults with intellectual disabilities. At three months follow‐up no one required hospital admission or change in placement.

Conclusion

It is possible to withdraw/reduce antipsychotics in a high proportion of adults with intellectual disabilities if a concerted effort is made involving all stakeholders from the outset.
Reducing blood draw phobia in an adult with autism spectrum disorder using low‐cost virtual reality exposure therapy
Authors: Meindl James N. , Saba Serena , Gray Mackenzie , Stuebing Laurie , Jarvis Angela
Published: June 2019

Background

Needle phobias are common in children and adults worldwide. One effective intervention for this phobia is exposure therapy where a participant is gradually exposed to increasing levels of the fear‐evoking stimulus while differential reinforcement is applied. This intervention, however, may be difficult to implement with some medical procedures as it may be difficult to obtain unfettered access to medical facilities and equipment for the purposes of exposure. Virtual reality may overcome these obstacles.

Methods

In this investigation, the present authors developed a low‐cost virtual reality‐based exposure therapy which was used with an adult male with autism spectrum disorder and a history of extreme needle phobia. The effectiveness of this intervention was evaluated using a changing criterions design with generalization probes.

Results

The intervention quickly increased the participant's compliance in the analogue training setting and the effects were generalized across settings and behaviours, and maintained over time.

Conclusions

The findings indicate combining virtual reality with exposure therapy may produce an effective intervention for medical phobias. The intervention package may remove barriers associate with traditional exposure therapy and was low‐cost which may increase access to the intervention.
Effect of preheated bulk‐fill composite temperature on intrapulpal temperature increase in vitro
Authors: Karacan Ahmet O. , Ozyurt Perihan
Published: June 2019

Objectives

The aim of study is measurement of in vitro intrapulpal temperature increase when placing room temperature or preheated (54°C and 60°C) bulk‐fill composite.

Materials and methods

Extracted human lower third molars were selected and class II (MOD) cavities in each tooth were prepared, resulting in a remaining dentin thickness of 1 mm. A K‐type thermocouple was placed inside the pulp chamber. Teeth were placed in a 37°C bath, which simulated human body temperature. Teeth were restored with a bulk‐fill composite that was stored at room temperature and preheated at 54°C and 60°C. Data were subjected to two‐factor mixed‐design analysis of variance using a general linear model procedure for repeated measurements.

Results

Stage, composite temperature, and stage‐composite temperature interaction significantly affected the intrapulpal temperature values (P < .001).

Conclusions

Preheating does not represent significant problems in terms of intrapulpal temperature increase. Even Though the preheating process results in an increase in intrapulpal temperature, this temperature increase is not the critical factor that causes harm to the pulp.

Clinical Significance

Preheating can improve material features. Benefits of improved material features are desirable to practitioners. Temperature increase is not the critical factor that harms to the pulp even if the preheating process can result with an increase in intrapulpal temperature.
Differentiating three Indian shads by applying shape analysis from digital images
Authors: Dwivedi Arvind K.
Published: June 2019

Tenualosa ilisha, T. toli and Hilsa kelee are three Indian shad species of the family Clupeidae. In past, relationships among these shads have been explored in few morphological studies but still remain poorly understood. In this study, 120 specimens of three shad species were collected from the wild and a truss network system of 13 landmarks was interconnected to yield 77 size‐adjusted characters. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) produced 13 discriminating variables in delineating the three species. The landmark based morphometric distance between origin of dorsal fin and posterior end of eye was the most important character in discriminating the three species. Three prominent characters extracted from DFA (distance between posterior end of operculum and posterior end of eye, distance between origin of dorsal fin and posterior end of eye and distance between insertion of pelvic fin and end of operculum) were used as traditional morphometric characters and their ratio to standard length were found significant in differentiating the three shad species. The present study strongly supports the efficiency of landmark‐based morphological characters generated from digital images in discriminating the species and can be used as a rapid diagnostic tool in recognizing them.
Ambivalence Toward Pregnancy as an Indicator for Contraceptive Nonuse: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: LaCross Allison , Smaldone Arlene , Angelson Jessica
Published: June 2019

Introduction

This systematic review and meta‐analysis examines the association between contraceptive nonuse and ambivalence toward pregnancy.

Methods

Following an a priori protocol, 4 databases were searched, and results were reported using the Meta‐Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. Studies were appraised for quality using the Appraisal Tool for Cross‐Sectional Studies, and those reporting results as frequencies or odds ratio (OR) were included in random effects meta‐analytic models.

Results

Of 209 identified studies, 6 met criteria for systematic review and meta‐analysis. Pooled data from 8360 women in 6 studies demonstrated a significant association (OR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.4‐4.15; P < .0001) between ambivalence toward pregnancy and nonuse of contraception. Pooled data from 735 men (2 studies) demonstrated no significant differences (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 0.7‐5.47; P = .20) between ambivalence toward pregnancy and male contraceptive nonuse.

Discussion

Women with ambivalent pregnancy attitudes are more likely to forgo contraception compared with women with anti‐natal (strong desire to avoid pregnancy) attitudes, which has not been validated to date in a systematic review and meta‐analysis. There was no significant association between men's pregnancy attitudes and their contraceptive nonuse, however. Although a cohesive theoretical definition of ambivalence is lacking, health care providers are advised to help guide people who have either conflicting or absent attitudes toward pregnancy to formulate a concrete opinion about their family planning goals.
Pemphigus vulgaris disease activity: The role of antibodies to desmogleins and their isotype
Authors: Yeoh Sue‐Ching , Byth‐Wilson Karen , Murrell Dedee F. , Schifter Mark , Lin Ming‐Wei , Fulcher David A.
Published: June 2019

Background

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune blistering disease driven by pathogenic antibodies to desmoglein‐1 and ‐3, levels of which correlate with disease activity. Anti‐desmoglein‐3 IgG4 isotype antibodies are said to predominate in active disease and anti‐desmoglein‐3 IgG1 in remission; however, these observations arose from vertical studies, with limited assessments of clinical activity. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between desmoglein autoantibodies, subdivided by isotype and disease activity using the validated PV activity tool “Pemphigus Disease Area Index (PDAI).”

Methods

Forty PV patients with predominantly mucosal disease were studied prospectively, 24 serially, and PDAI and anti‐desmoglein antibodies recorded at each visit over a period of up to 15 months.

Results

At enrolment, only anti‐desmoglein‐3 IgG4 levels were significantly associated with disease activity but the correlation was weak. During follow‐up, within‐patient changes in disease activity correlated with changes in anti‐desmoglein‐3 IgG levels, but correlations were similar for both anti‐desmoglein‐3 IgG1 and IgG4. These trends were not observed in anti‐desmoglein‐1 IgG levels, although the majority of patients were negative at baseline.

Conclusions

Anti‐desmoglein‐3 IgG4 levels correlated only weakly with PDAI scores at a single time point. Reciprocity of IgG1 vs IgG4 anti‐desmoglein‐3 with changes in disease activity over time could not be confirmed, but rather, changes in levels of anti‐desmoglein‐3 IgG, irrespective of isotype, were useful in following individual patient responses.
Dread and Risk Elimination Premium for the Value of a Statistical Life
Authors: Olofsson Sara , Gerdtham Ulf G. , Hultkrantz Lars , Persson Ulf
Published: June 2019

The value of a statistical life (VSL) is a widely used measure for the value of mortality risk reduction. As VSL should reflect preferences and attitudes to risk, there are reasons to believe that it varies depending on the type of risk involved. It has been argued that cancer should be considered a “dread disease,” which supports the use of a “cancer premium.” The objective of this study is to investigate the existence of a cancer premium (for pancreatic cancer and multiple myeloma) in relation to road traffic accidents, sudden cardiac arrest, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Data were collected from 500 individuals in the Swedish general population of 50–74‐year olds using a web‐based questionnaire. Preferences were elicited using the contingent valuation method, and a split‐sample design was applied to test scale sensitivity. VSL differs significantly between contexts, being highest for ALS and lowest for road traffic accidents. A premium (92–113%) for cancer was found in relation to road traffic accidents. The premium was higher for cancer with a shorter time from diagnosis to death. A premium was also found for sudden cardiac arrest (73%) and ALS (118%) in relation to road traffic accidents. Eliminating risk was associated with a premium of around 20%. This study provides additional evidence that there exist a dread premium and risk elimination premium. These factors should be considered when searching for an appropriate value for economic evaluation and health technology assessment.
Phytotoxic potential of Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. (Poaceae)
Authors: Islam Md. Shafiqul , Zaman Farhana , Iwasaki Arihiro , Suenaga Kiyotake , Kato‐Noguchi Hisashi
Published: June 2019

The creeping weed, Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin., is widely known for its use as folk medicine, while its phytotoxic potential has not been examined. Therefore, we carried out an investigation into the phytotoxic potential of C. aciculatus to identify phytotoxic substances. C. aciculatus extracts showed inhibitory effects on shoot and root growth of cress, lettuce, rapeseed, and Italian ryegrass. Inhibition was both species‐dependent and concentration‐dependent. Two substances, (9S,10E,12Z)‐9‐hydroxyoctadeca‐10,12‐dienoic acid (9‐HO‐ODDEA) and rhizopycnin A, were isolated using chromatographies and characterized by spectral analysis. 9‐HO‐ODDEA retarded shoot and root growth of cress at concentrations higher than 1.0 and 0.3 mM, respectively, while on cress seedling by rhizopycnin A, the inhibition began from 1.0 mM. The concentrations needed for 50% inhibition of the shoot and root growth of test plants ranged from 1.71–2.31, and 0.71–0.72 mM for 9‐HO‐ODDEA and rhizopycnin A, respectively. These results indicate that these substances may contribute, to a certain extent, to the phytotoxic activity of C. aciculatus.
Words have bounded width in
Authors: Avni Nir , Meiri Chen
Published: June 2019

We prove two results about the width of words in $\operatorname{SL}_{n}(\mathbb{Z})$. The first is that, for every $n\geqslant 3$, there is a constant $C(n)$ such that the width of any word in $\operatorname{SL}_{n}(\mathbb{Z})$ is less than $C(n)$. The second result is that, for any word $w$, if $n$ is big enough, the width of $w$ in $\operatorname{SL}_{n}(\mathbb{Z})$ is at most 87.
Phosphorylation in two discrete tau domains regulates a stepwise process leading to postsynaptic dysfunction
Authors: Teravskis Peter J. , Oxnard Breeta R. , Miller Eric C. , Kemper Lisa , Ashe Karen H. , Liao Dezhi
Published: June 2019

Key points

Tau mislocalization to dendritic spines and associated postsynaptic deficits are mediated through different and non‐overlapping phosphorylation sites.

Tau mislocalization to dendritic spines depends upon the phosphorylation of either Ser396 or Ser404 in the C‐terminus.

Postsynaptic dysfunction instead depends upon the phosphorylation of at least one of five residues in the proline‐rich region of tau.

The blockade of both glycogen synthetase kinase 3β and cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 is required to prevent P301L‐induced tau mislocalization to dendritic spines, supporting redundant pathways that control tau mislocalization to spines.

Tau protein consists of an N‐terminal projection domain, a microtubule‐binding domain and a C‐terminal domain. In neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia, the hyperphosphorylation of tau changes its shape, binding partners and resulting function. An early consequence of tau phosphorylation by proline‐directed kinases is postsynaptic dysfunction associated with the mislocalization of tau to dendritic spines. The specific phosphorylation sites leading to these abnormalities have not been elucidated. Here, using imaging and electrophysiological techniques to study cultured rat hippocampal neurons, we show that postsynaptic dysfunction results from a sequential process involving differential phosphorylation in the N‐terminal and C‐terminal domains. First, tau mislocalizes to dendritic spines, in a manner that depends upon the phosphorylation of either Ser396 or Ser404 in the C‐terminal domain. The blockade of both glycogen synthetase kinase 3β and cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 prevents tau mislocalization to dendritic spines. Second, a reduction of functional AMPA receptors depends upon the phosphorylation of at least one of five residues (Ser202, Thr205, Thr212, Thr217 and Thr231) in the proline‐rich region of the N‐terminal domain. This is the first report of differential phosphorylation in distinct tau domains governing separate, but linked, steps leading to synaptic dysfunction.