bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Literacy Strategies to Teach Precalculus and Calculus
Authors: Roepke Tena L. , Gallagher Debra K.
Published: April 2015

Instructional strategies used by language arts teachers are adapted for the mathematics classroom.
A Random Walk: Stumbling across Connections
Authors: Wasserman Nicholas H.
Published: April 2015

Ideas in statistics, probability, stochastic processes, and algebra follow the steps of a wandering professor.
Teaching Strategies to Improve Algebra Learning
Authors: Zbiek Rose Mary , Larson Matthew R.
Published: April 2015

Teaching actions and examples accompany three evidence-based recommendations for student success in algebra.
A High School Statistics Class Investigates the Death Penalty
Authors: Brelias Anastasia
Published: April 2015

Recommendations for reforming high school mathematics curricula emphasize the importance of engaging students in mathematical investigations of societal issues (CCSSI 2010; NCTM 2000). Proponents argue that these investigations can positively influence students' social awareness and their perceptions of the use of mathematics for understanding societal problems (Frankenstein 1997; Gutstein 2006; Skovsmose 1994). In this article, I share results from my analysis of high school students' experiences as they participated in an investigation of racial bias and the death penalty. Although this classroom investigation took place about ten years ago, the lessons from students' experiences are still relevant today.
Pramoninių LED šviestuvų fotonų srauto tankio poveikis agurkų daigams
Authors: Bagdonavičienė Aistė , Jankauskienė Julė , Brazaitytė Aušra , Vaštakaitė Viktorija , Duchovskis Pavelas
Published: April 2015

Tyrimai atlikti LAMMC Sodininkystės ir daržininkystės instituto Augalų fiziologijos laboratorijos fitotrono komplekse ir instituto daigyno šiltnamyje. Darbo tikslas – parinkti naujų puslaidininkinių lempų fotonų srauto tankį auginat agurkų daigus šiltnamiuose ir fitotrone. Tyrimams naudotas agurkų hibridas ‘Mandy’ F1. Švitinta LED lempomis, kurios sudarytos iš violetinės 420–430 nm, mėlynos 460– 470  nm, oranžinės 610–615  nm, raudonos 620–630  nm ir 660–670  nm, baltos (mėlyna 400–500 nm + žalia 500–600 nm + raudona 600–700 nm) spalvos šviesą emituojančių diodų. Eksperimentų metu palaikytas skirtingas fotosintetiškai aktyvios spinduliuotės (FAS) fotonų srauto tankis (PPFD) – ~150 ir ~250 µmol m–2 s–1. Šiltnamyje agurkų daigai auginti po puslaidininkinėmis lempomis natūralaus apšvietimo fone. Fitotrono kamerose agurkų daigams apšviesti naudotos tik puslaidininkinės lempos. Palyginamieji daigai auginti po aukšto slėgio natrio lempomis (SON-T Agro) (~150 µmol m–2 s–1). Atlikti apšvietimo tyrimai šiltnamyje ir fitotrone parodė, kad švitinimas naujomis puslaidininkinėmis lempomis turėjo teigiamos įtakos daigų biometriniams ir fitocheminiams rodikliams. Nustatyta, kad esant didesniam fotonų srauto tankiui daigai geba užauginti plačius lapus, sukaupti daugiau žalios ir sausos masės. Puslaidininkinių lempų šviesa skatino chlorofilų kaupimą daigų lapuose. Šiltnamyje labiausiai išsivystė daigai, augę po SON-T Agro lempomis. Techninės brandos tarpsniu jie pasiekė VI–VII organogenezės etapą. Fitotrone labiausiai išsivystė daigai, augę po puslaidininkinių lempų šviesa, jie pasiekė VI organogenezės etapą. Daigų fotosintezės intensyvumui didžiausios teigiamos įtakos turėjo ~150 µmol m–2 s–1 LED apšvietimo fotonų srauto tankis tiek šiltnamyje, tiek fitotrone.
Azoto trąšų poveikis skirtingų žieminių kviečių veislių fotosintetiniams rodikliams
Authors: Juchnevičienė Aistė , Vagusevičienė Ilona , Kaminskaitė Aušra , Brazaitytė Aušra , Duchovskis Pavelas
Published: April 2015

Darbe tirtas azoto trąšų poveikis skirtingų žieminių kviečių veislių fotosintetinių rodiklių dinamikai. Lauko eksperimentas vykdytas 2012–2013  m. Aleksandro Stulginskio universiteto Bandymų stotyje, karbonatingame sekliai glėjiškame išplautžemyje Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisol. Tyrimo objektas – gerų kepimo savybių žieminių kviečių veislės ‘Kovas’, ‘Olivin’. Sėjos metu kviečiai buvo tręšti vienanarėmis fosforo, kalio trąšomis (P60K60), o pavasarį, atsinaujinus vegetacijai, – amonio salietra (N60). Papildomai per lapus tręšti karbamido tirpalu (N30, N40) bamblėjimo ir (N15, N30) pieninės brandos tarpsniais. Tyrimų metu nustatyta, kad papildomas tręšimas N30 ir N40 azoto normomis vėlyvaisiais augalo vystymosi tarpsniais skatino fotosintezės pigmentų kaupimąsi ir prailgino aktyvios fotosintezės periodą. Veislės genetiniai ypatumai turėjo įtakos pigmentų kau­pimuisi nepriklausomai nuo tręšimo azoto trąšomis. Gerų kepimo savybių kviečių veislė ‘Kovas’ linkusi kaupti didesnius fotosintezės pigmentų kiekius. Didžiau­sias pig­mentų kiekis nustatytas pieninės brandos pradžioje prieš papildomą tręši­mą N15, N30 trąšų normomis. ‘Olivin’ veislės žieminiai kvie­čiai turi didesnį grynąjį fotosintezės produktyvumo potencialą nei ‘Kovas’ veis­lės kviečiai. Intensyviausiai ‘Olivin’ veislės augalų fotosintezė vyko nuo vamzdelėji­mo iki pieninės brandos tarpsnio (BBCH 43–74), tręšiant N60 + N40, o ‘Kovas’ veislės kviečių – N60 + N30 azoto normomis.
Ansiedad, depresión y malestar emocional en los profesionales sanitarios de las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos
Authors: Gómez-Martínez Sandra , Ballester-Arnal Rafael , Gil-Juliá Beatriz , Abizanda-Campos Ricardo
Published: April 2015

Health Workers (HW) who work in the Intensive Care Units (ICU), are not exempt from emotional effects of coping with suffering and death situations daily. Many studies in HW have focused on the burnout syndrome and have presented anxiety and depression as consequences of this syndrome. The aim of this work is to assess the anxiety and depression problems, as well as the subjective perception of mood of the ICU health workers. Participants were 117 ICU health workers of a Hospital in the Valencian Community (Spain). The descriptive analyses show that between 14.6-20% and a 4-7% of participants have symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. Differential analyses, show gender differences in several measures of anxiety, as well as on depression scores. Age and experience are related to depression and anxiety. Furthermore, we performed regression analyses to know the importance of the different variables in the presence of symptoms of anxiety and depression. The results show that working in daily contact with suffering and death, in a Unit in which the demands are many, could have implications for the mental health of professionals.
La automaticidad en las restas depende del tamaño del problema
Authors: Estudillo Alejandro J. , Bermudo Romero Estefania , Casado Nerea , Prasad Das Jay , Garcia-Orza Javier
Published: April 2015

The evidence showing that simple multiplications and additions can be solved by direct retrieval is considerable. However evidence about division and subtraction is less compelling. By using a “cross-operation interference paradigm” the present research explores whether subtraction problems can be retrieved without intention and the role of operands’ problem-size in this process. Sixty-two participants decided whether the displayed addition was correct or not. In “false additions problems” the answer could be the result of the subtractions of the addends (e.g., 7 + 4 = 3) or an unrelated number (e.g., 7 + 4 = 5). Results showed an interference effect, that is, more errors and slower response times in subtraction related problems than in unrelated problems. More importantly, this effect was restricted to small problems (7 + 4 = 3 vs. 7 + 4 = 5), whereas no differences were found for large problems (14 + 8 = 6 vs. 14 + 8 = 7). These results suggest that small subtractions can be retrieved directly as multiplications, questioning a traditional dissociation between operations. We argue that, depending on individual experience, the same representation and processes can be involved in solving additions, subtractions and multiplications.
Afectividad inducida e impacto en la creatividad, crecimiento personal después del cambio y ajuste percibido al narrar una experiencia emocional intensa
Authors: Da Costa Silvia , Páez Dario
Published: April 2015

An experimental study contrast the effects of inducing positive affect on creativity and the mediational role of positive emotions. High and low positive affect was induced by asking subjects to write three poems Haikus about high (N = 28) and low positive connotation stimuli (N = 28). Then people wrote about their more intense infatuation experience and answered a scale on the emotions felt when writing the text, a measure of personal growth or benefits, and a measure of achievement of adaptive goals after the episode. In high positive affect condition was reported more positive and less negative emotions in recounting the experience, more personal growth and a better adjustment. Last poem and narration of experience were evaluated as more original in high positive condition by independent judges. A mediational analysis showed that positive emotions explain partially the influence of the manipulation on personal growth and perceived adjustment.
Modelización de ítems de matrices figurales y pautas específicas propuestas para su construcción
Authors: Blum G. Diego , Lozzia Gabriela S. , Abal Facundo J. , Attorresi Horacio F.
Published: April 2015

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This manuscript publicizes the results that concern the modelling of a Test of Figural Analogies (TFA) using Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT) on a joint basis, as well as the interpretation of the disadvantages and possible solutions of the test design. The theoretical background for the TFA construction is outlined, and studies accomplished after its administration to two samples is explained. One of these samples corresponds to a pilot study with Psychology students, while the other sample consisted of Art and Design college students. Main results indicate good unidimensionality and reliability, as well as acceptable discrimination (a), difficulty (b) and guessing value (c) parameters. Design disadvantages of three-rule based items are discussed, and new specifications for the 2x2 matrix item construction are given.

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La teoría de la alóstasis como mecanismo explicativo entre los apegos inseguros y la vulnerabilidad a enfermedades crónicas
Authors: Lemos Mariantonia
Published: April 2015

The attachment bond has been proven to be a vulnerability factor for chronic diseases. This article seeks to clarify this relationship by the theory of allostasis. Allostasis theory refers to the regulation of complex physiological processes by systemic response in the body maintaining physiological stability when a person is confronted by challenges. The insecure attachments confront children from his first years with stressful events, by failing to provide security, fundamental purpose of attachment. In this way insecure attachments could impact the calibration of the stress system in the early age and would be factors that increases the allostatic load by a larger number of stressful life events compare to people with secure attachment, a cognitive appraisal of threat that leads to the development of hypervigilance and the impact on stress regulation systems in the body.
Empleados engaged: influencia de la autoeficacia y del líder
Authors: Llorens Susana , Tripiana Jacoba
Published: April 2015

This study examines the role of supporting leadership and self-efficacy in the development of work engagement. We evaluate the mediating role of self-efficacy between leadership and work engagement in a sample of 271 employees from a Public Administration (City Hall). Results from the Structural Equation Modeling Analysis reveal that self-efficacy mediates the relationship between leadership and work engagement. The perception of having supporting leaders relates significantly with employees’ self-efficacy, which in turns, positively relates to work engagement.
A multi-factor model of panic disorder: Results of a preliminary study integrating the role of perfectionism, stress, physiological anxiety and anxiety sensitivity
Authors: Wood Cristina Mae , Cano-Vindel Antonio , Salguero José Martín
Published: April 2015

Background: Panic disorder (PD) is a highly prevalent and disabling mental health problem associated with different factors including perfectionism, stress, physiological anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity regarding physical concerns; however, no studies have analyzed the joint relationship between these factors and PD in a multi-factor model using structural equation modeling.  Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out to collect data on these factors and self-reported DSM-IV past-year PD symptoms in a large sample of the general population (N=936).  Results: Perceived stress had a significant effect in increasing physiological anxiety, which in turn had an important association with physical concerns.  Perfectionism and perceived stress had an indirect relation with past year PD via the mediator role of physiological anxiety and physical concerns.  Physical concerns, on one hand, seemed to mediate the impact between perfectionism and PD and, on the other, partially mediated the role between physiological anxiety and PD.  Conclusions: Although there is considerable evidence on the association between each of these factors and PD, this model can be considered a broader and productive framework of research on the nature and treatment of PD.
« Devant l’Étranger menaçant, il n’y a plus de partis, il y a la Patrie » : l’idéologie de l’Action française face au défi de l’Union sacrée (1914-1918)
Authors: Audet-Vallée Kevin
Published: April 2015

L’Action française fut un mouvement idéologique et intellectuel marquant de l’histoire politique de la Troisième République. Elle défendait, au moyen d’une rhétorique nationaliste et antirépublicaine, l’idée d’une restauration de la monarchie en France sur les ruines d’une démocratie qu’elle estimait viciée et délétère. Durant la Grande Guerre, elle mit cependant en veilleuse son combat royaliste et se recentra sur son patriotisme. Cette volte-face n’a cependant été que très peu abordée de front dans l’historiographie du mouvement. Le présent article vise à y remédier par l’examen du parcours politique de l’Action française à partir de l’analyse des chroniques à saveur politique publiées dans son quotidien entre 1914 et 1918. Malgré son adhésion de principe à la trêve politique que fut l’Union sacrée, l’Action française ne délaissa pas pour autant son procès idéologique du régime républicain et la valorisation de son projet royaliste.
Entre le droit canonique et la grâce papale. Étude de leurs rapports dans le cas d’une supplique adressée

à la Pénitencerie apostolique
Authors: Ballard Alexia
Published: April 2015

Pourquoi l’avancement d’une carrière ecclésiastique, au début du XVe siècle, peut-il nécessiter l’octroi de dispenses? C’est à partir de cette problématique que nous entendons analyser une supplication adressée par Gilles Vrieleghem à la Pénitencerie apostolique en date du 16 mai 1411. Cette lettre est rédigée à la suite du concile pisan lors de la déposition des deux autres pontifes, Pedro de Luna et Angelo Correr et de l’élection d’un nouveau pape, Martin V. Le changement d’obédience de son diocèse force l’impétrant à s’adresser à la Pénitencerie pour s’assurer de la validité de ses dispenses précédemment reçues et pour garantir la jouissance sereine de ses bénéfices.

L’usage de l’expression « peut nécessiter » est une nuance importante. Tous les candidats pour la cléricature ne doivent pas être forcément dispensés s’ils ne contreviennent pas au droit canon. Ce « flottement », qui implique un certain risque pour l’impétrant de perdre le contrôle de ses bénéfices, sera étudié à travers le cas de Gilles Vrieleghem. Ce dernier est considéré comme irrégulier à cause de sa naissance illégitime. Nous allons éclairer, avec l’exemple de ce prêtre et d’autres clercs, la nécessité pour toute personne irrégulière en vertu du droit canon d’obtenir des dispenses. Celles-ci deviennent obligatoires si le candidat souhaite accéder à la cléricature ou gravir les échelons hiérarchiques.
La langue gardienne de la religion / La religion gardienne de la langue ? Note sur la permanence et la recomposition du catholicisme au Québec et dans la francophonie canadienne
Authors: Meunier E.-Martin , Wilkins-Laflamme Sarah , Grenier Véronique
Published: April 2015

Le catholicisme a longtemps été un pilier institutionnel et un marqueur identitaire pour les communautés francophones du Canada. Malgré cette importance et le déclin progressif qui caractérise catholicisme et francophonie minoritaire, peu de travaux se sont intéressés aux liens entre langue et religion au Canada. Cet article de sociologie comparative constitue un premier jalon vers une meilleure compréhension de l’articulation des phénomènes de sécularisation et de transferts linguistiques. Se basant sur une gamme étendue de statistiques sociales (de 1968 à 2010), les auteurs présentent les tendances religieuses et linguistiques centrales de l’Atlantique, du Québec, de l’Ontario et de l’Ouest canadien.
Anthropologie des pratiques langagières en Louisiane francophone : enjeux identitaires des processus redénominatifs de l’ethnonyme des Cadjins
Authors: Gonzalez Marc
Published: April 2015

Dans un contexte d’infériorisation ethno-sociolinguistique, les Cadjins francophones de Louisiane ont entrepris depuis les années 1970 des actions de revitalisation linguistique et culturelle pour lutter contre l’américanisation de la communauté et l’étiolement du parler vernaculaire. Une action glottopolitique majeure porte sur la détermination du nom du peuple porteur de significations historiques et ethno-symboliques. Plusieurs ethnonymes en concurrence circulent, dont les représentations associées mettent en évidence pour chaque désignant une dimension particulière du fait franco-louisianais et, ainsi, privilégient une certaine conception de l’identité communautaire. L’auteur examine la fluctuation de ce paradigme désignationnel, les enjeux ethnonymiques, le processus de redénomination imposé par les militants, l’évolution du nom ethnique depuis l’origine acadienne et l’identité émergente interculturelle et translinguistique d’une nouvelle génération de Cadjins anglophones.
Études littéraires et écologie du minoritaire
Authors: Bruyère Vincent
Published: April 2015

Revisitant une scène tirée de la Relation de 1635 de Jean Brébeuf à la lumière du concept de planétarité, cet article propose de jeter les bases d’une écologie du minoritaire dans le domaine des études littéraires. L’analyse ira d’abord puiser dans la tension qui existe entre ce que l’histoire littéraire fait du travail de l’écriture et ce que l’écriture comme technologie du symbolique fait du discours de l’histoire, pour ensuite s’attacher aux effets de segmentation dans certaines oeuvres de la romancière acadienne France Daigle.
Le peuplement initial des Antilles
Authors: Perrot-Minnot Sébastien
Published: April 2015

Si l’on excepte le cas de l’île de Trinidad, en raison de son caractère continental, les occupations humaines les plus anciennes des Antilles ont été découvertes dans les Grandes Antilles. Elles datent d’une période qui a été qualifiée de « Lithique » ou de « Paléoindienne », dans le système chrono-culturel conçu par Irving Rouse, mais que nous avons préféré désigner sous le nom d’Archaïque Ancien (6500-4000 BP). Leur matériel archéologique a été rattaché, par Rouse, à la tradition Casimiroïde. Il comprend un outillage de pierre qui a suscité des comparaisons avec des complexes archaïques du Belize et du nord-ouest du Venezuela ; il nous semble que les analogies entre les industries macrolaminaires du Belize et des Antilles sont particulièrement significatives, et qu’elles pourraient désigner le lieu d’origine des premiers Antillais. Les raisons qui ont pu pousser des groupes humains à coloniser l’archipel sont difficiles à déterminer, mais sont sans doute à rechercher dans les bouleversements économiques et sociaux qui ont affecté les sociétés de la période Archaïque. En tout cas, certains indices archéologiques font présumer que l’établissement de l’homme dans les Antilles s’est accompagné d’une rupture de l’ordre social en vigueur sur le continent, et de changements profonds et durables dans l’organisation des sociétés.
How do babies feel pain?
Authors: Ranger Manon , Grunau Ruth E
Published: April 2015

Functional MRI studies suggest that healthy full-term newborn babies experience some aspects of pain in a similar way to adults.
Global ionospheric response to the 2009 sudden stratospheric warming event using Ionospheric Data Assimilation Four‐Dimensional (IDA4D) algorithm
Authors: Azeem I. , Crowley G. , Honniball C.
Published: April 2015

A data assimilation algorithm is used to delineate the time‐dependent three‐dimensional ionospheric response to the 2009 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event. We use the Ionospheric Data Assimilation Four‐Dimensional (IDA4D) algorithm to study the global ionospheric response to the 2009 SSW. This is the first study to utilize global ionospheric measurements in a data assimilation framework to unambiguously characterize atmosphere‐ionosphere coupling via tidal modifications during the 2009 SSW event. Model results reveal that the dominant mode of ionospheric variability during the 2009 SSW is driven by the enhancements in westward propagating semidiurnal tide with zonal wave number 1. The IDA4D results completely characterize the tidal perturbation during the 2009 SSW for the first time and show the global 3‐D structure of the tide in total electron content (TEC) and electron density. The largest ionospheric responses were seen at low latitudes, where ionospheric plasma is extremely sensitive to the zonal electric field and susceptible to modifications by tidal winds in the lower thermosphere. The ionospheric response to the warming was characterized by an increase in TEC in the morning/early afternoon sector and a decrease during the late afternoon/evening period. The effects of coupling between the stratosphere and ionosphere were strongest between 220 km and 380 km. The IDA4D results also show a reversal of asymmetry in the equatorial ionization anomaly crests occurring several days after the peak of the 2009 SSW event. We suggest that this could be a result of the equatorial fountain effect being further modified by the summer‐to‐winter meridional neutral winds.
How to find magnetic nulls and reconstruct field topology with MMS data?
Authors: Fu H. S. , Vaivads A. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Olshevsky V. , André M. , Cao J. B. , Huang S. Y. , Retinò A. , Lapenta G.
Published: April 2015

In this study, we apply a new method—the first‐order Taylor expansion (FOTE)—to find magnetic nulls and reconstruct magnetic field topology, in order to use it with the data from the forthcoming MMS mission. We compare this method with the previously used Poincare index (PI), and find that they are generally consistent, except that the PI method can only find a null inside the spacecraft (SC) tetrahedron, while the FOTE method can find a null both inside and outside the tetrahedron and also deduce its drift velocity. In addition, the FOTE method can (1) avoid limitations of the PI method such as data resolution, instrument uncertainty (Bz offset), and SC separation; (2) identify 3‐D null types (A, B, As, and Bs) and determine whether these types can degenerate into 2‐D (X and O); (3) reconstruct the magnetic field topology. We quantitatively test the accuracy of FOTE in positioning magnetic nulls and reconstructing field topology by using the data from 3‐D kinetic simulations. The influences of SC separation (0.05~1 di) and null‐SC distance (0~1 di) on the accuracy are both considered. We find that (1) for an isolated null, the method is accurate when the SC separation is smaller than 1 di, and the null‐SC distance is smaller than 0.25~0.5 di; (2) for a null pair, the accuracy is same as in the isolated‐null situation, except at the separator line, where the field is nonlinear. We define a parameter ξ ≡ |( λ1 + λ2 + λ3 )|/|λ|max in terms of the eigenvalues (λi) of the null to quantify the quality of our method—the smaller this parameter the better the results. Comparing to the previously used parameter (η≡|∇ ⋅ B|/|∇ × B|), ξ is more relevant for null identification. Using the new method, we reconstruct the magnetic field topology around a radial‐type null and a spiral‐type null, and find that the topologies are well consistent with those predicted in theory. We therefore suggest using this method to find magnetic nulls and reconstruct field topology with four‐point measurements, particularly from Cluster and the forthcoming MMS mission. For the MMS mission, this null‐finding algorithm can be used to trigger its burst‐mode measurements.
Arbitration Discourse
Authors: Corona Isabel
Published: April 2015

Arbitration is an independent, extrajudicial, alternative dispute resolution mechanism. The globalization of international trade has made arbitration the preferred device to solve disputes in cross‐border settings. One of the major challenges in the study of international arbitration discourse is precisely its multidisciplinary and intercultural dimension, as it has to integrate processes and procedures across legal systems (civil law and common law) and bring together a diverse range of participants, such as legal drafters of regulations, the parties in disputes, their legal counsels and witnesses, and the arbitrators, all coming from different linguistic, cultural, professional, and jurisdictional backgrounds. In other words, the international arbitration process is a sequence of complex discursive and professional practices carried out in multicultural and multilegal contexts.
Code‐Switching
Authors: Su Hsi‐Yao
Published: April 2015

Code‐switching refers to the juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages (or dialects) within the same sentence or conversation. There are three major strands or approaches to code‐switching research: the sociolinguistic, the structural/syntactic, and the psycholinguistic. The first explores code‐switching's interactional functions and its relationship with macrosocietal factors. The second examines where in a sentence code‐switching can occur. The third investigates the cognitive mechanisms involved in the control of two languages. Well‐known models of code‐switching are introduced, with emphasis on sociolinguistic models, including Gumperz's situational and metaphorical code‐switching, Myers‐Scotton's markedness model and matrix language frame model, Auer's sequential analysis of code‐switching, Heller's politics of code‐switching, and Muysken's typology of code‐switching.
Academic Discourse
Authors: Corbett John
Published: April 2015

Academic discourse is here defined as the linguistic means employed to construct knowledge in educational domains, such as school and university, and to negotiate identity within those domains. Academic discourse is considered in relation to the main methods used to analyze writing and speech in the fields of education and research; namely linguistic approaches to register and genre, and ethnographic approaches to genre, as well as the impact on those approaches of critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics. The article concludes with a discussion of academic discourse as a situated literacy and the tension between considering the development of academic literacy as a set of broadly generic or highly specialized discourse skills.
Fabrication Puts Suspects at Risk: Blindness to Changes in Transgression‐related Statements
Authors: Sauerland Melanie , Schell‐Leugers Jennifer Maria , Sagana Anna
Published: April 2015

Based on the finding that deceptive and misleading interrogation techniques are not uncommon, we investigated to what extent participants may be blind to alterations introduced to their accounts of past transgressions. Drawing from the source‐monitoring framework, we hypothesized that participants' truthfulness and whether they had committed a transgression in the past (transgression history) would be predictive of blindness. When filling out a questionnaire about their past transgressions, 80 participants fabricated some of their answers. Prior to an interview 1 week later, two previously fabricated and two truthful answers were covertly altered by the experimenter. We found substantial blindness rates, and, as hypothesized, blindness was more pronounced for (1) fabricated than truthful responses and (2) alterations with transgression history compared with no transgression history. Possible consequences may include the creation of guilt presumption and increasing pressure to obtain a confession. Both can be hazardous for suspects and the legal decision‐making process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graphite Oxide to Graphene. Biomaterials to Bionics
Authors: Thompson Brianna C. , Murray Eoin , Wallace Gordon G.
Published: April 2015

The advent of implantable biomaterials has revolutionized medical treatment, allowing the development of the fields of tissue engineering and medical bionic devices (e.g., cochlea implants to restore hearing, vagus nerve stimulators to control Parkinson's disease, and cardiac pace makers). Similarly, future materials developments are likely to continue to drive development in treatment of disease and disability, or even enhancing human potential. The material requirements for implantable devices are stringent. In all cases they must be nontoxic and provide appropriate mechanical integrity for the application at hand. In the case of scaffolds for tissue regeneration, biodegradability in an appropriate time frame may be required, and for medical bionics electronic conductivity is essential. The emergence of graphene and graphene‐family composites has resulted in materials and structures highly relevant to the expansion of the biomaterials inventory available for implantable medical devices. The rich chemistries available are able to ensure properties uncovered in the nanodomain are conveyed into the world of macroscopic devices. Here, the inherent properties of graphene, along with how graphene or structures containing it interface with living cells and the effect of electrical stimulation on nerves and cells, are reviewed.
On the Way Toward Understanding Solution Chemistry of Lithium Polysulfides for High Energy Li–S Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Pan Huilin , Wei Xiaoliang , Henderson Wesley A. , Shao Yuyan , Chen Junzheng , Bhattacharya Priyanka , Xiao Jie , Liu Jun
Published: April 2015

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) redox flow battery (RFB) is a promising candidate for high energy large‐scale energy storage application due to good solubility of long‐chain polysulfide species and low cost of sulfur. Here, the fundamental understanding and control of lithium polysulfide chemistry are studied to enable the development of liquid phase Li–S redox flow prototype cells. These differ significantly from conventional static Li–S batteries targeting for vehicle electrification. A high solubility of the different lithium polysulfides generated at different depths of discharge and states of charge is required for a flow battery in order to take full advantage of the multiple electron transitions. A new dimethyl sulfoxide based electrolyte is proposed for Li–S RFBs, which not only enables the high solubility of lithium polysulfide species, especially for the short‐chain species, but also results in excellent cycling with a high Coulombic efficiency. The challenges and opportunities for the Li–S redox flow concept have also been discussed in depth.
Nail gun injuries treated in U.S emergency departments, 2006–2011: Not just a worker safety issue
Authors: Lipscomb Hester J. , Schoenfisch Ashley L.
Published: April 2015

Background

Nail guns increase productivity in residential building but with a corresponding increase in worker injuries. They are also easily accessible, at low cost, to consumers.

Methods

Data from the occupational supplement to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS‐Work) were used to calculate national estimates of work‐related injuries from nail guns between 2006 and 2011. These were compared to estimates of consumer injuries obtained through online access to the Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC) NEISS data.

Results

Approximately 25,000 ED‐treated work‐related and consumer nail gun injuries were estimated each year. During the construction economy collapse, injuries among workers declined markedly, closely following patterns of reduced residential employment. Reduction in consumer injuries was much more modest.

Conclusions

Current nail gun injury patterns suggest marked blurring of work and home exposures. A united effort of CPSC, NIOSH, and OSHA is warranted to address these preventable injuries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:880–885, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Air‐ and Water‐Tolerant Zinc Hydride Cluster That Reacts Selectively With CO2
Authors: Ermert David M. , Ghiviriga Ion , Catalano Vincent J. , Shearer Jason , Murray Leslie J.
Published: April 2015

The reaction of [Zn3Cl3L], in which L3− is a tris(β‐diketiminate) cyclophane, with K(sBu)3BH afforded [Zn3(μ‐H)3L] (2), as confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, NOESY, and X‐ray crystallography. The complex 2 was air‐stable and unreactive towards water, methanol, and other substrates (e.g., nitriles) at room temperature over 24 h but reacted with CO2 (ca. 1 atm) to generate [Zn3(μ‐H)2(μ‐1,1‐O2CH)] (3). In contrast, [Zn3(OH)3L] (4) was found to be unreactive toward CO2 over the course of several days at 90 °C.
Trifluoromethylthiolation of Aryl Iodides and Bromides Enabled by a Bench‐Stable and Easy‐To‐Recover Dinuclear Palladium(I) Catalyst
Authors: Yin Guoyin , Kalvet Indrek , Schoenebeck Franziska
Published: April 2015

While palladium catalysis is ubiquitous in modern chemical research, the recovery of the active transition‐metal complex under routine laboratory applications is frequently challenging. Described herein is the concept of alternative cross‐coupling cycles with a more robust (air‐, moisture‐, and thermally‐stable) dinuclear PdI complex, thus avoiding the handling of sensitive Pd0 species or ligands. Highly efficient CSCF3 coupling of a range of aryl iodides and bromides was achieved, and the recovery of the PdI complex was accomplished via simple open‐atmosphere column chromatography. Kinetic and computational data support the feasibility of dinuclear PdI catalysis. A novel SCF3‐bridged PdI dimer was isolated, characterized by X‐ray crystallography, and verified to be a competent catalytic intermediate.
Enzymatic Chemoselective Aldehyde–Ketone Cross‐Couplings through the Polarity Reversal of Methylacetoin
Authors: Bernacchia Giovanni , Bortolini Olga , De Bastiani Morena , Lerin Lindomar Alberto , Loschonsky Sabrina , Massi Alessandro , Müller Michael , Giovannini Pier Paolo
Published: April 2015

The thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) dependent enzyme acetoin:dichlorophenolindophenol oxidoreductase (Ao:DCPIP OR) from Bacillus licheniformis was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme shared close similarities with the acetylacetoin synthase (AAS) partially purified from Bacillus licheniformis suggesting that they could be the same enzyme. The product scope of the recombinant Ao:DCPIP OR was expanded to chiral tertiary α‐hydroxy ketones through the rare aldehyde–ketone cross‐carboligation reaction. Unprecedented is the use of methylacetoin as the acetyl anion donor in combination with a range of strongly to weakly activated ketones. In some cases, Ao:DCPIP OR produced the desired tertiary alcohols with stereochemistry opposite to that obtained with other ThDP‐dependent enzymes. The combination of methylacetoin as acyl anion synthon and novel ThDP‐dependent enzymes considerably expands the available range of CC bond formations in asymmetric synthesis.
Benzene‐Fused Azacorannulene Bearing an Internal Nitrogen Atom
Authors: Ito Shingo , Tokimaru Yuki , Nozaki Kyoko
Published: April 2015

A novel nitrogen‐doped corannulene derivative, 8‐tert‐butyl‐6b2‐azapentabenzo[bc,ef,hi,kl,no]corannulene, was synthesized by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of a polycyclic aromatic azomethine ylide with a diarylethyne and subsequent palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular cyclization. This molecule represents the first example of a corannulene derivative bearing an internal heteroatom, and exhibits unique structural and physical properties caused by the introduction of the nitrogen atom and extended π‐conjugation, as compared to the parent corannulene.
Multiformat T‐Cell‐Engaging Bispecific Antibodies Targeting Human Breast Cancers
Authors: Cao Yu , Axup Jun Y. , Ma Jennifer S. Y. , Wang Rongsheng E. , Choi Seihyun , Tardif Virginie , Lim Reyna K. V. , Pugh Holly M. , Lawson Brian R. , Welzel Gus , Kazane Stephanie A. , Sun Ying , Tian Feng , Srinagesh Shailaja , Javahishvili Tsotne , Schultz Peter G. , Kim Chan Hyuk
Published: April 2015

Four different formats of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) were generated that consist of anti‐Her2 IgG or Fab site‐specifically conjugated to anti‐CD3 Fab using the genetically encoded noncanonical amino acid. These bsAbs varied in valency or in the presence or absence of an Fc domain. Different valencies did not significantly affect antitumor efficacy, whereas the presence of an Fc domain enhanced cytotoxic activity, but triggered antigen‐independent T‐cell activation. We show that the bsAbs can efficiently redirect T cells to kill all Her2 expressing cancer cells, including Her2 1+ cancers, both in vitro and in rodent xenograft models. This work increases our understanding of the structural features that affect bsAb activity, and underscores the potential of bsAbs as a promising therapeutic option for breast cancer patients with low or heterogeneous Her2 expression.
The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Desepoxyisotedanolide and a Comparison with Desepoxytedanolide
Authors: Naini Arun , Muthukumar Yazh , Raja Aruna , Franke Raimo , Harrier Ian , Smith Amos B. , Lee Dongjoo , Taylor Richard E. , Sasse Florenz , Kalesse Markus
Published: April 2015

The tedanolides are biologically active polyketides that exhibit a macrolactone constructed from a primary alcohol. Since polyketidal transformations only generate secondary alcohols, it has been hypothesized by Taylor that this unique lactone could arise from a postketidal transesterification. In order to probe this hypothesis and to investigate the biological profile of the putative precursor of all members of the tedanolide family, we embarked on the synthesis of desepoxyisotedanolide and its biological evaluation in comparison to desepoxytedanolide. The biological experiments unraveled a second target for desepoxytedanolide and provided evidence that the proposed transesterification indeed provides a survival advantage for the producing microorganism.
Potential‐Dependent Adlayer Structure and Dynamics at the Ionic Liquid/Au(111) Interface: A Molecular‐Scale In Situ Video‐STM Study
Authors: Wen Rui , Rahn Björn , Magnussen Olaf M.
Published: April 2015

Room‐temperature ionic liquids are of great current interest for electrochemical applications in material and energy science. Essential for understanding the electrochemical reactivity of these systems are detailed data on the structure and dynamics of the interfaces between these compounds and metal electrodes, which distinctly differ from those in traditional electrolytes. In situ studies are presented of Au(111) electrodes in 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMP][TFSA]) by high‐speed scanning tunneling microscopy (video‐STM). [BMP][TFSA] is one of the best‐understood air and water stable ionic liquids. The measurements provide direct insights into the potential‐dependent molecular arrangement and surface dynamics of adsorbed [BMP]+ cations in the innermost layer on the negatively charged Au electrode surface. In particular, two distinct subsequent transitions in the adlayer structure and lateral mobility are observed with decreasing potential.
Effects of surfactants on rheological properties of a dispersed viscoelastic microsphere
Authors: Yang Hongbin , Kang Wanli , Yu Yang , Lu Yao , Li Zhe , Wang Manying , Liu Tongjing
Published: April 2015

The swelling ratio is an important performance for the application of viscoelastic microsphere. The reduction of swelling ratio can affect the particle size. The compatibility between particle size and formation pore can affect the plugging performance and EOR capability. Adsorption characteristics of cationic surfactant cetyltriethylammnonium bromide (CTAB), anionic surfactant petroleum sulfonate applied in GangXi oilfield (GXPS), and nonionic surfactant nonylphenol ether (TX‐10) onto viscoelastic microspheres and the effect of the three types of surfactant on swelling ratio of viscoelastic microspheres were investigated. Effects of surfactants on rheological properties of viscoelastic microspheres were researched in two different modes referring to steady shear and dynamic shear, respectively, using Physica MCR301 Rheometer. The results showed that the interactions between viscoelastic microsphere and surfactants CTAB were electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic association, that the interaction between viscoelastic microsphere and surfactants TX‐10 was just hydrophobic association, and that the interactions between viscoelastic microsphere and GXPS were electrostatic repulsion and hydrophobic association. At the same initial surfactant concentration, all these three types of surfactant could be adsorbed onto the surface of viscoelastic microspheres and reduce its swelling ratio and storage modulus. Because of different amount of adsorption, the extent of reduction order on swelling ratio and storage modulus was CTAB>TX‐10>GXPS. In addition, the yield stress of viscoelastic microspheres which was obtained from modeling the data to Herschel‐Bulkley model decreases with the increase of surfactant adsorption. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42278.
Synthesis of polyhydric alcohol/ethanol phosphate flame retardant and its application in PU rigid foams
Authors: Xu Wei , Wang Guojian
Published: April 2015

Two types of polyhydric alcohol/ethanol phosphates (PAEPs) were synthesized by a two‐step reaction using phosphorus oxychloride, ethanol, and polyhydric alcohol (glycerol and pentaerythritol). First, phosphorus oxychloride was reacted with ethanol to form a mixture of diethyl chlorophosphate and tri‐ethyl phosphate, and then PAEPs were prepared by the reaction between the above mixture and polyhydric alcohol. The chemical structures of PAEPs were characterized by 1H NMR, and the elemental compositions were analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The degradation behavior of the PAEPs and their solubility in polyols were studied. The results indicated the PAEPs could be well dissolved in polyols. When PAEPs were used as flame retardant for PU rigid foams at a content of 8 wt %, the char residue of polyurethane foam at 800°C increased from 17.2 to 28% in average, and the peak heat release rate (pHRR) of polyurethane foam decreased significantly from 207 to 133 kW/m2. In addition, PURF with PAEPs showed remarkable intumescent property. The results indicated that PAEPs were effective condensed phase flame retardant with char catalytic and intumescent property. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42298.
Generated 3D‐Common Feature Hypotheses Using the HipHop Method For Developing New Topoisomerase I Inhibitors
Authors: Ataei Sanaz , Yilmaz Serap , Ertan‐Bolelli Tugba , Yildiz Ilkay
Published: April 2015

The continued interest in designing novel topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibitors and the lack of adequate ligand‐based computer‐aided drug discovery efforts combined with the drawbacks of structure‐based design prompted us to explore the possibility of developing ligand‐based three‐dimensional (3D) pharmacophore(s). This approach avoids the pitfalls of structure‐based techniques because it only focuses on common features among known ligands; furthermore, the pharmacophore model can be used as 3D search queries to discover new Topo I inhibitory scaffolds. In this article, we employed the HipHop module using Discovery Studio to construct plausible binding hypotheses for clinically used Topo I inhibitors, such as camptothecin, topotecan, belotecan, and SN‐38, which is an active metabolite of irinotecan. The docked pose of topotecan was selected as a reference compound. The first hypothesis (Hypo 01) among the obtained 10 hypotheses was chosen for further analysis. Hypo 01 had six features, which were two hydrogen‐bond acceptors, one hydrogen‐bond donor, one hydrophob aromatic and one hydrophob aliphatic, and one ring aromatic. Our obtained hypothesis was checked by using some of the aromathecin derivatives which were published for their Topo I inhibitory potency. Moreover, five structures were found to be possible anti‐Topo I compounds from the DruglikeDiverse database. From this research, it can be suggested that our model could be useful for further studies in order to design new potent Topo I‐targeting antitumor drugs.
Brief Report: Leucine‐Rich α2‐Glycoprotein as a Potential Biomarker for Joint Inflammation During Anti–Interleukin‐6 Biologic Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Fujimoto Minoru , Serada Satoshi , Suzuki Katsuya , Nishikawa Ayumi , Ogata Atsushi , Nanki Toshihiro , Hattori Kunihiro , Kohsaka Hitoshi , Miyasaka Nobuyuki , Takeuchi Tsutomu , Naka Tetsuji
Published: April 2015

Objective

To investigate whether leucine‐rich α2‐glycoprotein (LRG) could be a biomarker for disease activity during interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) blockade treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

In 59 RA patients who were treated with tocilizumab for 24 weeks, serum LRG levels were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. RA disease activity was evaluated by the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to examine the diagnostic performance of LRG and other biomarkers. In monkeys with experimental autoimmune arthritis, swollen joint counts, joint pathologic changes, and blood levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP) and LRG were evaluated after treatment with anti–IL‐6 receptor antibody.

Results

Among tocilizumab‐treated RA patients, those with active disease (CDAI >2.8) had significantly higher serum LRG levels compared to those whose disease was in remission. ROC curve analysis suggested that the LRG level was more useful than the CRP or matrix metalloproteinase 3 level or the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in discriminating between remission and active disease during therapy with tocilizumab. In monkeys treated with IL‐6 blockade, joint scores were more closely correlated with LRG levels than with CRP levels. Histologic analysis of joints revealed that LRG levels correlated significantly with granulomatous tissue formation, cartilage degeneration, and bone destruction in IL‐6 blockade–treated monkeys with low levels of CRP.

Conclusion

Under conditions of IL‐6 inhibition, LRG was more useful than other biomarkers in discriminating between active and inactive disease in human RA and in detecting joint inflammation in experimental arthritis. LRG may serve as a convenient biomarker for RA disease activity during IL‐6 blockade treatment.