bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production and Physicochemical Properties of 2‐Octen‐1‐Ylsuccinic Derivatives from Waxy Corn Starch
Authors: Zhu W. , Xie H.L. , Song X.Y. , Ren H.T.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Waxy corn starch was esterified with 2‐octen‐1‐ylsuccinic anhydride (OSA) using response surface methodology. The molecular structure and paste properties were also investigated. Results indicated that the optimum parameters for esterification were as follows: reaction period 4 h, temperature 36.7 °C, pH of reaction system 8.3, concentration of starch slurry 36.9%, and amount of OSA 3%. The degree of substitution was 0.0187 and the reaction efficiency was 80.6%. The ester carbonyl group in OSA starch was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy at 1723 cm−1. Compared with native starch, OSA derivative had higher peak viscosity, better freeze–thaw stability, and decreased gelatinization temperature and digestibility by porcine pancreatic alpha–amylase. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the gels from OSA starch had less and smaller pores; however, the native starch gels changed to sponge‐like structure after 4 freezing/thawing cycles. The OSA modified waxy corn starch offered a potential to be used in frozen foods.

Practical Application:  (a) To optimize operating conditions to achieve OSA modified waxy corn starch with a high degree of substitution; (b) to give a deeper insight into the physicochemical properties of OSA modified waxy corn starch, which offered a potential to be used in frozen foods.
Use of Gelatin Gels as a Reference Material for Performance Evaluation of Meat Shear Force Measurements
Authors: Bowker Brian C. , Eastridge Janet S. , Solomon Morse B.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Establishing standards for meat tenderness based on Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) is complicated by the lack of methods for certifying WBSF testing among texture systems or laboratories. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of using gelatin gels as reference materials for performance testing of texture measurement systems. Three replications of 5 gels (15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% gelatin) were prepared, vacuum packaged, and stored at 4 °C until use. Three randomly selected strips from each gel were subjected to WBSF testing on 4 instruments (A, B, C, or D) on days 1 and 8. Additional strips from each gel were subjected to WBSF testing on instruments A and C on day 29. Regression line estimates for each set of gels were analyzed. Gel WBSF values ranged from 10 to 177 N. The WBSF by gel concentration response was highly linear (P < 0.0001) for all replications, instruments, and days of analysis. R2‐values across all sets of gels ranged from 0.9562 to 0.9998. On days 1 and 8, instruments A and D exhibited higher slope (P < 0.0001) and lower intercept (P < 0.0001) estimates than instruments B and C. Regression line parameters (slope, intercept, and R2‐values) were not influenced (P > 0.05) by length of gel storage (1, 8, and 29 d). Data from this study suggest that gelatin gels can be used for evaluating WBSF values from various instruments and for validating the performance of meat shear force testing.

Practical Application:  Validating the performance of meat shear force testing is vital to establishing meat tenderness standards. The gelatin gel standards developed in this study exhibited a highly linear, repeatable relationship with shear force and were found to be stable for at least a month. These gel standards would provide a tool for the meat industry to harmonize shear force measurements across laboratories and various texture measuring instruments.
Mutagenicity and Safety Evaluation of the Water Extract of Camellia oleifera Abel
Authors: Zhang Ying , Chen Qiuping , Luo Xiaowei , Dai Tiantian , Lu Baiyi , Shen Jianfu
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mutagenicity and safety of water extract of the fruit hull of Camellia oleifera Abel (WECO), which was prepared using hot‐reflux method. The oral maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of WECO was above 20 g/kg body weight both in rats and in mice, which can be regarded as virtually nontoxic. No mutagenicity was found in Ames test, mouse bone marrow cell micronucleus test and mouse sperm abnormality test. In the subacute study, the SD rats were administered orally at 0.5, 1, or 2 g/kg/BW for 30 d. There were no treatment‐related toxic effects from WECO. No significant differences were found in parameters of body weight, hematology value, clinical chemistry value, and organ/body weight ratio. The level of no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for WECO was 2 g/kg/BW for subacute toxicity study.

Practical Application:  With the gradual increase in tea oil production, it was in urgent need of dealing with Camellia fruit hull, which was always discarded because of low economic benefits. Camellia fruit hull has been shown to have significant antioxidant effects including DPPH radical‐scavenging ability and ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (Zhang and others 2010). Toxicological evaluation of WECO provided a safety assurance of WECO for developing dietary supplements and functional foods.
Development of a Probiotic Delivery System from Agrowastes, Soy Protein Isolate, and Microbial Transglutaminase
Authors: Yew Sok‐Eng , Lim Ting‐Jin , Lew Lee‐Ching , Bhat Rajeev , Mat‐Easa Azhar , Liong Min‐Tze
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Probiotic delivery system was developed via the use of microbial transglutaminase (MTG) cross‐linked soy protein isolate (SPI) incorporated with agrowastes such as banana peel (BE), banana pulp (BU), and pomelo rind (PR). Inoculums of Lactobacillus bulgaricus FTDC 1511 were added to the cross‐linked protein matrix. The incorporation of agrowastes had significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the strength, pH value, and the lightness of the SPI gel carriers, while sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles revealed that the occurring cross‐links within the SPI gel carriers were attributed to the addition of MTG. Scanning electron microscope micrographs illustrated that SPI carriers containing agrowastes have exhibited a less‐dense protein matrix. All the SPI carriers possessed maximum swelling ratio at 4 to 4.5 within 15 min in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), whereas the maximum swelling ratios of SPI/BE, SPI/BU, and SPI/PR were higher compared to that of control in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Additionally, SPI carriers in SGF medium did not show degradation of structure, whereas a major collapse of network was observed in SIF medium, indicating controlled‐release in the intestines. The addition of agrowastes into SPI carriers led to a significantly (P < 0.0001) lower release of L. bulgaricus FTDC 1511 in SGF medium and a higher release in SIF medium, compared to that of the control. SPI carriers containing agrowastes may be useful transports for living probiotic cells through the stomach prior to delivery in the lower intestines.

Practical Application:  Agrowastes could be utilized as a new probiotic carrier for enhanced gastrointestinal transit and during storage. This also reduces the amount of agrowastes accumulated.
Photobleaching Kinetics of Verteporfin and Lemuteporfin in Cells and Optically Trapped Multilamellar Vesicles Using Two‐photon Excitation
Authors: Tekrony Amy D. , Kelly Nicole M. , Fage B. Alexander , Cramb David T.
Published: April 2011

Verteporfin and Lemuteporfin are compared to examine the effect of their functional groups and therefore the localization in two‐photon excitation (TPE) photodynamic therapy (PDT). We used singlet oxygen‐related photobleaching of the sensitizers to assess TPE‐induced singlet oxygen generation in multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) and U343 glioma cells under a variety of conditions. It was found that Lemuteporfin photobleached at a faster rate than Verteporfin in the majority of environments. Also, Verteporfin and Lemuteporfin exhibited different behaviors when in hypoxic environments relative to those in oxygenated MLVs. These differences are attributed to the sensitizer location in the membrane and their relative mobilities throughout membranes and cells.
MEDICINE, CAPITALISM, AND SOCIETY: TWO CONTRASTING VIEWS
Authors: Baer Hans A.
Published: April 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

The Social Transformation of American Medicine. Paul Starr.

The Second Sickness: Contradictions of Capitalist Health Care. Howard Waitzkin.
BETWEEN TWO WORLDS PHYSICIANS AS PATIENTS
Authors: Hahn Robert A.
Published: April 2011

Between the last full moon and this, in the space of a single lunar month, I had come near to death, and been saved at the last moment; had had my mangled flesh sewn together and united; had “lost” my leg (for an eternity?) in a limbo of non‐feeling; had recovered it, as by a miracle, when recovery had seemed impossible. I had had the foundations of my inner world shaken‐nay, I had had them utterly destroyed.
Quantitative Motor Unit Action Potential Analysis in 2 Paraspinal Neck Muscles in Adult Royal Dutch Sport Horses
Authors: Wijnberg I.D. , Graubner C. , Auriemma E. , van de Belt A.J. , Gerber V.
Published: April 2011

Background:Reference values for quantitative electromyography (QEMG) in neck muscles of Royal Dutch Sport horses are lacking.

Objective:Determine normative data on quantitative motor unit action potential (QMUP) analysis of serratus ventralis cervicis (SV) and brachiocephalicus (BC) muscle.

Animals:Seven adult normal horses (mean age 9.5 standard deviation [SD] ± 2.3 years, mean height 1.64 SD ± 4.5 cm, and mean rectal temperature 37.6 SD ± 0.3°C).

Methods:An observational study on QMUP analysis in 6 segments of each muscle was performed with commercial electromyography equipment. Measurements were made according to formerly published methods. Natural logarithm transformed data were tested with ANOVA and posthoc testing according to Bonferroni.

Results:Mean duration, amplitude, phases, turns, area, and size index (SI) did not differ significantly among the 6 segments in each muscle. Mean amplitude, number of phases, and SI were significantly (P< .002) higher in SV than BC, 520 versus 448 μV, 3.0 versus 2.8 μV, and 0.48 versus 0.30 μV, respectively. In SV 95% confidence intervals (CI) for amplitude, duration, number of phases, turns, polyphasia area, and SI were 488–551 μV, 4.3–4.6 ms, 2.9–3.0, 2.4–2.6, 7–12%, 382–448, and 0.26–0.70, respectively; in BC this was 412–483 μV, 4.3–4.7 ms, 2.7–2.8, 2.4–2.6, 4–7%, 393–469, and 0.27–0.34, respectively. Maximal voluntary activity expressed by turns/second did not differ significantly between SV and BC with a 95% CI of 132–173 and 137–198, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:The establishment of normative data makes objective QEMG of paraspinal muscles in horses suspected of cervical neurogenic disorders possible. Differences between muscles should be taken into account.
The L3–6 chondritic regolith breccia Northwest Africa (NWA) 869: (I) Petrology, chemistry, oxygen isotopes, and Ar‐Ar age determinations
Authors: METZLER Knut , BISCHOFF Addi , GREENWOOD Richard C. , PALME Herbert , GELLISSEN Marko , HOPP Jens , FRANCHI Ian A. , TRIELOFF Mario
Published: April 2011

Abstract– Northwest Africa (NWA) 869 consists of thousands of individual stones with an estimated total weight of about 7 metric tons. It is an L3–6 chondrite and probably represents the largest sample of the rare regolith breccias from the L–chondrite asteroid. It contains unequilibrated and equilibrated chondrite clasts, some of which display shock‐darkening. Impact melt rocks (IMRs), both clast‐free and clast‐poor, are strongly depleted in Fe,Ni metal, and sulfides. An unequilibrated microbreccia, two different light inclusions and two different SiO2‐bearing objects were found. Although the matrix of this breccia appears partly clastic, it is not a simple mixture of fine‐grained debris formed from the above lithologies, but mainly represents an additional specific lithology of low petrologic type. We speculate that this material stems from a region of the parent body that was only weakly consolidated. One IMR clast and one SiO2‐bearing object show Δ17O values similar to bulk NWA 869, suggesting that both are related to the host rock. In contrast, one light inclusion and one IMR clast appear to be unrelated to NWA 869, suggesting that the IMR clast is contaminated with impactor material. 40Ar‐39Ar analyses of a type 4 chondrite clast yield a plateau age of 4402 ± 7 Ma, which is interpreted to be the result of impact heating. Other impact events are recorded by an IMR clast at 1790 ± 36 Ma and a shock‐darkened clast at 2216 ± 40 Ma, demonstrating that NWA 869 escaped major reset in the course of the event at approximately 470 Ma that affected many L–chondrites.
Sulfide petrology of four nakhlites: Northwest Africa 817, Northwest Africa 998, Nakhla, and Governador Valadares
Authors: CHEVRIER Vincent , LORAND Jean‐Pierre , SAUTTER Violaine
Published: April 2011

Abstract–The nakhlites contain small proportions of Cu‐Fe‐Ni sulfide minerals; we have studied these sulfides in Northwest Africa (NWA) 998, Nakhla, Governador Valadares, and NWA 817 with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope, and electron microprobe. Modal abundances of magmatic sulfides, as estimated by image analysis on thin section, are uniformly low (0.02 to 0.05 ± 0.03 vol%), i.e., a factor 5 lower than in shergottites. Sulfides occur within the glassy mesostasis, as composite two‐phase Fe‐Ti oxide‐sulfide grains, intimately associated with interstitial grains or locally enclosed in postcumulus melt inclusions (e.g., Governador Valadares) in olivine. They exhibit a uniform low‐Ni monoclinic pyrrhotite composition ± chalcopyrite. There is a gradation of sulfide grain sizes and textures across the nakhlites flow(s): droplets in NWA 817; resorbed blebs in Governador Valadares; more massive, true intercumulus blebs in Nakhla and NWA 998. These nakhlites also show evidence for sulfide weathering. Hot desert finds (e.g., NWA 998 and NWA 817) show a few percent fracture‐filling iron (oxy) hydroxides of likely terrestrial origin. Original sulfides are 50% altered in our NWA 998 section, with iron (oxy) hydroxides at grain boundaries and as complete pseudomorphs. The compositions of unaltered pyrrhotites are homogeneous, close to that of the monoclinic endmember Fe7S8, and are too sulfur‐rich to have been in chemical equilibrium with the late magmatic redox state fixed by the fayalite‐magnetite‐quartz buffer. Therefore, the compositions of the pyrrhotites must have been altered during the later stages of magmatic crystallization, by assimilation of S‐rich regolith and hydrothermal circulation.
The Effect of Immune Serum on Hæmagglutination by Ricin
Authors: Clarke E G C
Published: April 2011

The literature dealing with the subject is briefly reviewed. It was found impossible to demonstrate the presence of any specific anti-agglutinin in the serum of either goats or rabbits immunised against ricin. Large additions of both normal and immune sera inhibit agglutination of the red cells of most species of animals tested. When added in an optimum quantity of approximately 1 per cent. immune serum greatly increases the agglutinating power of ricin towards the red cells of dog, cat, rabbit and guinea-pig. 5 With the blood of horse, ox, goat and sheep, both normal and immune sera exert a slight promotive effect when added in optimum quantity. 6 The action of immune serum on dog red cells was investigated under varying conditions and the promotive action shown to be specific to ricin and independent of red cell concentration and of pH. It is also independent of temperature, provided sufficient time is allowed for equilibrium to be reached. 7 It is concluded that one cannot explain these phenomena until more is known of the mechanism of agglutination by ricin.
A Statistical Study of Variation in Surgical Dressings
Authors: Savage R Maxwell
Published: April 2011

A number of the B.P.C. characters and tests for surgical dressings are examined in a statistical manner. It is shown that the satisfactory practice of the trade is imperfectly described by the existing specifications. This is attributed to the lack of measures of variation satisfying statistical requirements, to the existence of trade customs not apparent from the specifications themselves and in one case to the use of traditional but ambiguous methods of determination, and in others to the employment of terms which on examination can mean different things to different people. It is proposed that specifications in which the fact of variation is important should all have attached to them a measure of this variation. In general, the mean and standard deviation should be used. The numerical values for these should be fixed so that the existing dressings are described and not so as to compel modifications which on other grounds are not required. Where trade custom or the literature is ambiguous, definite references to, or descriptions of methods of examination should be more freely employed.
The Value of Adsorbents for Detecting Survival in Bacterial Populations Exposed to Phenols
Authors: Jacobs S E , Harris N D
Published: April 2011

The inclusion of 0·1 per cent, of activated charcoal or 0·03 per cent. of ferric chloride in subculture media had no consistent influence on the extinction times of Bact. coli exposed to 1 per cent, phenol, but the overall responses in experiments made with several batches of media were positive. On the whole, individual batches of medium consistently gave the same kind of response, positive or null. Activated charcoal (0·1 per cent.) adsorbed about 80 per cent, of the phenol from solution in water at a concentration of 0·005 per cent. In the presence of broth much less was adsorbed; Norit adsorbed only about 9 per cent, and Darco G 60 about 25 per cent. The ferric chloride-nutrient broth precipitate did not adsorb phenol from either water or broth. 5 In the concentration range 0·001 to 0·020 per cent., phenol in the subculture medium did not appear to influence the extinction times of bacterial populations exposed to that substance.
The Leucocyte Response in the Rabbit to Pyrogen from Proteus Vulgaris: Part II. Neutrophil and Temperature Responses
Authors: Anderson W , Todd J P
Published: April 2011

The effect of 4 dose-levels of pyrogen from Proteus vulgaris on the polynuclear count in rabbits has been investigated quantitatively and the effect measured as the percentage fall in the average number of lobes per neutrophil. The simultaneous effect of pyrogen on temperature and on the percentage of small lymphocytes was also recorded. Correlation was found between the 3 effects. The merits of each of these 3 indices of pyrogenic activity have been assessed comparatively. 5 The presence of antibodies to pyrogen could not be demonstrated in rabbits which showed a small degree of tolerance.
Assessment of Direct Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity by Pupillary Miosis
Authors: Sanderson D M
Published: April 2011

Factors affecting the pupillary response to ocular administration of a direct inhibitor of cholinesterase have been investigated. The miotic response is dependent on the volume and concentration of solution and on the direct inhibitory activity of the compound. Measurements of miotic activity of twelve anticholinesterase materials show good agreement with in vitro biochemical measurements of their direct inhibitory activity. A rapid and simple method is suggested which reveals ten-fold differences of direct inhibitory activity, and detects activity equivalent to 0·01 μg. of TEPP.
The Examination of a Bacteriological Peptone
Authors: Habeeb A F S A
Published: April 2011

Paper chromatography has been used for the qualitative examination of the peptides in three batches of “Oxoid” bacteriological peptone. Batches A, B and C have shown in addition to the free amino acids 54, 49 and 50 peptides respectively. Variation occurs in the peptide content of the three batches of peptone examined.
Ganglionic Blocking Action of Dimethylphenyl-Piperazinium (DMPP)
Authors: Leach G D H
Published: April 2011

Dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide (DMPP) blocks transmission of preganglionic nerve impulses at the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. This effect is augmented by subsequent addition of acetylcholine. It also depresses the emptying reaction, but has no effect on the longitudinal muscle contraction, caused by transmural stimulation of the guinea pig ileum. DMPP appears to block transmission in the same way as does tetramethylammonium, and large doses of acetylcholine.
The Purity of Chloroform B.P
Authors: Caws A C , Foster G E
Published: April 2011

The “chloro-compound”, isolated during previous work on a source of error in the assay of strychnine salts and preparations1, has been identified as strychnine chloromethobromide. Its identity has been established by the preparation of authentic strychnine chloromethobromide and the corresponding nitrate and iodide. Chlorobromomethane occurs in chloroform B.P. used for extraction of strychnine during the assay. The presence of this impurity in chloroform has been confirmed by gas chromatography which also revealed the presence of methylene dichloride as an additional impurity.
Some NSN-Tris-Quaternary Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Authors: Edwards D , Lewis J J , Stenlake J B , Zoha M S
Published: April 2011

The tris-quaternary compounds 7-ethyl-7-thioniatridecylenebis(triethylammonium) triiodide (Dihexasulphonium triethiodide; DHSE), 6-ethyl-6-thioniaundecylenebis(triethylammonium) triiodide (Dipentasulphonium triethiodide; DPSE), and 7-methyl-7-thioniatridecylenebis(trimethylammonium) triiodide (Dihexasulphonium trimethiodide; DHSM) have been synthesised. DPSE and DHSE have been shown to be neuromuscular blocking agents, which act by a mechanism resembling that of tubocurarine and gallamine rather than decamethonium. DPSE and DHSE are about equipotent with tubocurarine on the cat gastrocnemius muscle, but less potent on the frog rectus abdominis muscle and rat diaphragm, and the head drop doses are higher. Neuromuscular block can be reversed by neostigmine, eserine, and edrophonium. DHSE and DPSE do not cause ganglion blockade or histamine release, do not increase heart rate and are less potent than tubocurarine in causing respiratory paralysis.
ANALGESICS. PART I. SOME ARYLOXYPROPANOLAMINES
Authors: Beasley Y M , Petrow V , Stephenson O
Published: April 2011

The synthesis is described of some 3-aryloxy-2-hydroxypropylamines and N-(ω-aryloxyalkyl)-piperidines, which were required for study as analgesics.
ANALGESICS. PART II. SOME ARYLOXYALKYL OXAALKYLAMINES
Authors: Petrow V , Stephenson O , Thomas A J , Wild A M
Published: April 2011

The synthesis is described of some structures formally related to aryloxypropanolamine in which the aryl and amine residues are joined by combinations derived from glycerol and ethylene glycol.
A NOTE ON THE SUITABILITY OF THE INDIAN FROG (RANA TIGRINA) FOR THE BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF TINCTURE OF DIGITALIS
Authors: Ghosh A K , Srivastava R K , Tayal J N
Published: April 2011

The relationship between the log of the dose of tincture of digitalis and the effect, in terms of probits of the mortalities (per cent) among the Indian frog, R. tigrina, has been found to be linear. Statistical analysis of the data collected from four experiments performed from July to November has not shown any non-linear relationship. The results obtained by applying the B.P. 2 and 2 quantal response assay on the frog method have been found to be in fair agreement with those obtained by using guinea pigs. The fiducial limits of error of potency of the samples at (P = 0.95) have been found to lie within the limits specified in the B.P. 1953. By using R. tigrina, potencies of the standard, substandard and abnormal samples of tincture of digitalis have been satisfactorily determined. The advantage of the frog method is the speed and simplicity of the technique: the disadvantage is the restricted availability of the suitable size of the frog during the five months July to November.
EFFECTS OF RESERPINE AND HYDRALLAZINE ON ISOLATED STRIPS OF CAROTID ARTERIES
Authors: Kirpekar S M , Lewis J J
Published: April 2011

Spirally cut sections of horse carotid artery have been found suitable for the qualitative testing of vasoconstrictors and their antagonists. With this preparation reserpine and hydrallazine non-specifically antagonise the contractions induced by a number of stimulant drugs, including adrenaline, noradrenaline, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, barium chloride and potassium chloride. Measurements of “self protection” by means of Furchgott's method but using strips of horse carotid arteries have shown that hydrallazine may possess an affinity for adrenergic receptors.
THE HYDROLYSIS OF ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID FROM AQUEOUS SUSPENSION
Authors: James K C
Published: April 2011

An investigation of the kinetics of the hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid from aqueous suspension is described. The net reaction is one of solution of the solid followed by hydrolysis in solution, so that the rate of reaction is dependent on the concentration of the saturated solution. Under conditions where the solubility of acetylsalicylic acid is small in comparison with the quantity in suspension, a zero order reaction results. The B.P.C. mixture is discussed.
THE DETERMINATION OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF CHLORHEXIDINE IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS
Authors: Holbrook A
Published: April 2011

A colorimetric method has been developed for the determination of small quantities of Chlorhexidine by reaction in alkaline solution with sodium hypobromite. The precipitation of the base is prevented by the use of a surface-active agent. The method is rapid and accurate and has been applied to a variety of formulated products containing Chlorhexidine.
THE EFFECT OF A STANDARDISED SENNA PREPARATION ON THE HUMAN BOWEL
Authors: Mcnicol George P
Published: April 2011

A standardised senna preparation, was administered to 52 ward patients, in doses to each person of 1, 2, 3 and 4 tablets, and to 126 medical students in a dose of 3 tablets. Three active tablets and 3 inert tablets were also administered to each of 99 students, and one active tablet and one inert tablet to each of 44 students. With 3 tablets of senna preparation the “speed of action” with students (mean 12ṁ15 hours) was significantly slower than with ward patients (mean 9ṁ7 hours). In the ward patients the frequency of griping, of looseness of stool and of multiple bowel movements increased with rising dosage. In the students' trial with one tablet there was no significant difference between the results with the active and with inert tablets; one senna tablet would appear to have a negligible pharmacological effect. Thirty-nine students and 5 ward patients experienced griping in the absence of other arbitrarily defined evidence of overdosage. The incidence of anorexia and nausea is as high with inert as with active tablets. Analysis of the results showed no significant difference in response between male and female students.
CHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES ON FOOD COLOURS: Part IV. Observations on the Toxicity of Tartrazine, Amaranth and Sunset Yellow in Rats
Authors: Mannell W A , Grice H C , Lu F C , Allmark M G
Published: April 2011

Tartrazine, amaranth and sunset yellow fed at concentrations of 0ṁ03, 0ṁ3, and 1ṁ5 per cent of the diet for 64 weeks, did not increase mortality in male or female rats. Amaranth, at a level of 1ṁ5 per cent, caused a significant decrease in growth rate in female, but not male, rats. This was attributed to an effect on food utilisation rather than on food consumption. Female rats fed amaranth at 0ṁ3 and 1ṁ5 per cent concentrations showed an increase in the weight of the liver. At the higher concentration there was also an increase in kidney weight. Histopathological studies were made on the lung, heart, liver, spleen, thyroid, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, kidney, urinary bladder, adrenal, testis, prostate, coagulating gland, ovary, uterus, and thymus. None of the changes observed were considered to be due to the ingestion of the food colours. There was no significant difference in tumour incidence between the control animals and the rats receiving the colours.
Some Derivatives and Analogues of Mephenesin
Authors: Petrow V , Stephenson O , Wild A M
Published: April 2011

The preparation of some miscellaneous types formally related to mephenesin is reported.
The Pharmacological Properties of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Hydrogen Succinate (Disodium Salt)
Authors: Finney R S H , Tárnoky A L
Published: April 2011

The anti-inflammatory activity, pharmacological properties and biochemical effects of the disodium salt of glycyrrhetinic acid hydrogen succinate have been tested in laboratory animals. Under the conditions of the tests this drug is an active anti-inflammatory agent of low toxicity, while its solubility in water renders it a more versatile drug than the parent compound, glycyrrhetinic acid.
A Note on the Reaction of Mercuric Chloride with Bacterial -Sh Groups
Authors: Steel K J
Published: April 2011

A linear relation is obtained when the logarithm of the number of organisms (E. coli) in inocula is plotted against the logarithm of the quantity of mercuric chloride theoretically necessary to produce bacteriostasis, expressed as a percentage of that practically required. No direct relation exists between the number of organisms and the amount of mercuric chloride necessary to produce bacteriostasis. Mercuric chloride is non-specific in its reaction with bacterial sulphydryl groups. Cells of E. coli contain about 108-SH groups per cell.
Electrocardiographic Changes Produced in Rabbits by Vasopressin (Pitressin) and their Alteration by Prolonged Treatment with A Commercial Heart Extract
Authors: Black J W
Published: April 2011

The electrocardiographic changes produced in rabbits by large doses of vasopressin are interpreted to arise from an initial, unstable, state of apical accelerated repolarisation followed by a more enduring state of subendocardial injury. When rabbits were treated, daily, with a commercial heart extract for two weeks and then given vasopressin two days after treatment had stopped, signs of apical accelerated repolarisation were unaltered but the signs of subendocardial injury were substantially suppressed.
Water-Soluble Cellulose Derivatives Uses as Primary Emulsifyinga Gents. Part 1
Authors: Davies R E M , Rowson J M
Published: April 2011

The ability of methyl-, methylethyl-, and sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose to promote emulsions with liquid paraffin and arachis oil is largely independent of the viscosity of their mucilages. Methyl- and methylethyl-cellulose are more efficient emulsifying agents than is sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Emulsifying efficiency increases with the concentration of the derivative, and low viscosity grades are more efficient than high viscosity grades. Mixtures of these derivatives have little advantage as emulsifying agents over methyl- and methylethyl-cellulose used singly.
Spasmolytic Esters of N-Substituted α-Aminophenylacetic Acids
Authors: Edwards B K , Goldberg A A , Wragg A H
Published: April 2011

A series of alkyl and cycloalkyl esters of α-(2-pyrrolidin-1′-ylethyl- amino-), α-(2-piperidinoethylamino)- and α-(2-diethylaminoethyl- amino)-phenylacetic acid has been synthesised and examined for spasmolytic activity. The isopentyl- and cyclohexyl esters of α-(2-pyrrolidin-1′-ylethylamino)phenylacetic acid are new compounds possessing spasmolytic properties greater than papaverine and, in addition, 1 per cent and 4 per cent respectively of the antimuscarine activity of atropine as measured on the guinea pig ileum.
A Note on Autoxidation and its Inhibition in Wool Alcohols B.P
Authors: Clark E W , Kitchen G F
Published: April 2011

The effects on Wool Alcohols B.P. of gradual autoxidation during storage at room temperature have been compared with the known effects of accelerated oxidation. There is a decrease in emulsification value, a bleaching of the surface, and, contrary to previous reports, a rapid fall in melting point. Autoxidation, even under bad conditions, has been inhibited, apart from a slight fall in melting point, for at least 23 months by the addition of 500 p.p.m. of butylated hydroxyanisole, but certain other antoxidant systems had only a limited effect.
The Oxidation of Solubilised and Emulsified Oils
Authors: Carless J E , Nixon J R
Published: April 2011

The solubility of benzaldehyde, methyl linoleate and cyclohexene in solutions of potassium laurate and cetomacrogol is reported. A marked increase in the solubility of these water-insoluble materials was observed in solutions of potassium laurate above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). In cetomacrogol, the CMC could not be detected from inspection of the solubility curves, since the solubility was a function of cetomacrogol concentration over the entire concentration range studied. The solubility of methyl linoleate and cyclohexene was directly proportional to cetomacrogol concentration. The solubility curve of benzaldehyde showed a steep rise at low concentrations of cetomacrogol, and the possibility of this being due to a water soluble complex between benzaldehyde and cetomacrogol is discussed. The effect of temperature and the presence of sodium chloride on benzaldehyde solubility is reported.
The Synthesis of Some Potential Antimetabolites of Phenylalanine
Authors: Meakin B J , Mumford F R , Ward E R
Published: April 2011

Seven ββ-dialkyl-α-aminopropionic acids, including five new compounds, have been synthesised as potential antiviral and antibacterial agents. None showed any significant activity against the Newcastle Disease virus in vitro. Several methods of preparation of the compounds have been investigated, and theories are advanced to explain the failure of some of these methods.
Studies in the Field of Diuretic Drugs
Authors: Boggiano B G , Condon S , Davies M T , Jackman G B , Overell B G , Petrow V , Stephenson O , Wild A M
Published: April 2011

The preparation of 5-chloro-2,4-disulphamyltoluene, its properties and estimation in biological fluids are described.
A Continuous Extractor for use in Toxicological Analysis
Authors: Curry A S , Phang S E
Published: April 2011

A continuous extractor using ethanol under reduced pressure has been developed for the isolation of many poisons from viscera. Barbiturates, alkaloids and glycosides have been investigated.
The Anticonvulsant Properties of 2-Methyl-3-p-Bromophenyl-3H-4-Quinazolone Hydrochloride (B.D.H. 1880) and Some Related Compounds
Authors: Bianchi Camillo , David Alan
Published: April 2011

Twenty-five 2-alkyl-3-aryl-3H-4-quinazolone derivatives, eight 2-aryl-3-alkyl-3H-4-quinazolone derivatives and six 2-alkyl-3-aryl- 3H-4-thioquinazolone derivatives were examined for orala nticonvulsant properties against leptazol induced convulsions in mice. 2-Methyl-3- p-bromophenyl-3H-4-quinazolone hydrochloride (B.D.H. 1880) was the most active compound and was therefore examined more fully. It is fourteen times more active than troxidone against leptazol and eight times more active against electroshock induced convulsions. B.D.H. 1880 also has a better therapeutic index than troxidone. It has approximately one-quarter the activity of phenytoin against leptazol and one-twelth the activity against electroshock-induced convulsions. B.D.H. 1880 and primidone have similar anticonvulsant properties against leptazol induced convulsions but B.D.H. 1880 is only one-third as active as primidone against electroshock induced convulsions.
Some 2, 3-Disubstituted 3H-4-Quinazolones and 3H-4-Thioquinazolones
Authors: Jackman G B , Petrow V , Stephenson O
Published: April 2011

Some 2-alkyl-3-aryl-3H-4-quinazolones (I; X = 0) have been prepared and a number of them converted into the thioquinazolones (I; X = S). A new method for the synthesis of 3-alkyl-2-aryl-3H-4-quinazolones (VI) has been developed and has been employed for the synthesis of representative derivatives.

Biological study of the above compounds revealed that some of them, and in particular the 2-alkyl-3-halophenyl-3H-4-quinazolones are potent anticonvulsant agents.
Determination of Xenopus Index and Haemolytic Index in Fruits of Sapindus Mukorossi Gaertn. (Sapindaceae) and Seeds of Entada Scandens Benth. (Mimosaceae)
Authors: Blyberg Marthe
Published: April 2011

Two drugs, known from the Burmese and Indian folk medicines, the fruits of Sapindus mukorossi and the seeds from Entada scandens, were examined for their effect on Xenopus larvae. As a comparative test the haemolytic index of the drugs was also determined.

The investigations showed that parts of both drugs contained substances which were toxic for Xenopus larvae and which haemolysed blood. The fruit wall from Sapindus mukorossi and the seed kernel from Entada scandens had a Xenopus index of approximately 7,000 and 400 respectively. The corresponding haemolytical indexes were approximately 7,000 and 150.
Book Review
Authors: Lewis J J
Published: April 2011

PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS. Fourth, revised and enlarged, edition. By Arthur Grollman.
Micellar Size and Surface Activity of Some C18α-Monoglycerides in Benzene
Authors: Robinson N
Published: April 2011

Some C18 α-monoglycerides in benzene have been studied by the light-scattering and surface tension methods. The glycerol esters of stearic, oleic and linoleic acids had micellar weights of less than 7,000; glycerol monoricinoleate had a micellar weight of over 18,000. All the mono-glycerides showed some surface activity in benzene, glycerol monoricinoleate having the greatest, the other unsaturated monoglycerides the least.
A New Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Chloral Hydrate
Authors: Archer A W , Haugas E A
Published: April 2011

A colorimetric method is described for the determination of chloral hydrate, particularly in the presence of its decomposition products. Quinaldine ethiodide reacts with chloral hydrate in alkaline solution to produce a stable, blue cyanine dye. Chloroform, trichloracetic acid and formic acid do not react under the conditions described. The colour produced conforms to the Beer-Lambert law up to 100 μg./10 ml. of reaction mixture.
Book Review
Authors: Stenlake J B
Published: April 2011

METHODEN DER ORGANISCHEN CHEMIE (Houben-Weyl). Fourth Edition. Edited by Eugen Müller.
Some N-Substituted Derivatives of-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-4-Phenylpyridines
Authors: Petrow V , Stephenson O , Thomas A J
Published: April 2011

The relationship between structure and hypotensive activity in the title compounds has been investigated.
African Rauwolfia Species
Authors: Court William E
Published: April 2011

A substitute or adulterant for the roots of R. vomitoria Afz. is R. mombasiana Stapf, an East African shrub with a high reserpine yield. The anatomy of the root and stem is described and illustrated, and compared with published data about other African species.
The Pressor Action of Guanethidine in the Spinal Cat
Authors: Bartlet A L
Published: April 2011

Guanethidine has a marked pressor action in the spinal cat. Doses of 2–4 mg./kg. produce a greater increase in blood pressure than doses of 8–16 mg./kg. Large doses of guanethidine (16 mg./kg.) inhibit the pressor action of small doses (2 mg./kg.). Guanethidine potentiated the pressor action of noradrenaline but inhibited that of tyramine. The degree of inhibition of tyramine increased with the dose of guanethidine, but was inversely related to the pressor action of guanethidine.
Assay of Digitalis in Pigeons by Intraperitoneal Administration
Authors: Kušević Vladimir
Published: April 2011

A new biological method of assay for digitalis is proposed. Preparations are administered intraperitoneally and the LD50 estimated by means of the “up-and-down” procedure. The LD50 of the preparation examined is compared with the LD50 of the standard preparation, and the result expressed in international units. The proposed method gives more evidence on the loss in potency of the drug than does the intravenous method in pigeons (U.S.P. XVI).
The Alkaloids of the Genus Datura, Section Brugmansia: Part I. D. Cornigera Hook
Authors: Evans W C , Than M Pe
Published: April 2011

Hyoscine has been isolated as the main alkaloid from the leaves, flowers, pericarp and seeds of Datura cornigera Hook. Noratropine occurs in the leaves, flowers and pericarp. The following alkaloids have been obtained from the roots, (—)-3α,6β-ditigloyloxytropane, 7-hydroxy-3,6-ditigloyloxytropane, hyoscine, hyoscyamine, atropine, norhyoscyamine, noratropine, 3α,6β-dihydroxytropane and the presence of others indicated. Hyoscyamine is the principal alkaloid of the whole roots but the root-wood, although giving a low yield of total alkaloids, contains a relatively high proportion of noratropine.
The Biological Assay of Oxytocin in the Presence of Ergometrine
Authors: Berde B , Stürmer E
Published: April 2011

The oxytocin content of a solution of oxytocin and ergometrine can be assayed with great accuracy by the chicken blood pressure method provided the rooster preparation is highly sensitive to oxytocin. The hormone can also be assayed with reasonable accuracy by measuring the response of the milk-ejection pressure in the mammary gland of the lactating rabbit. However, the rat uterus in vitro method yields erroneously high results due to the additional uterotonic effect of the ergometrine.
The Neuromuscular Blocking Action of Suxamethonium on the Rat Diaphragm
Authors: Whittaker R
Published: April 2011

Experiments are described using the rat isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation, in which suxamethonium produced a neuromuscular block consisting of an initial phase of fairly sharp onset followed by a prolonged phase, which first remained at a steady level and then slowly decreased in intensity over several hours. Suxamethonium block is antagonised by potassium and intensified by tubocurarine in both phases. It would therefore appear that the depolarising action of suxamethonium is complicated by some measure of competitive inhibition in the isolated nerve-muscle preparation as in the intact animal.
The Effect of Ortho Substitution on the Pharmacology of Benzoylcholine
Authors: Thomas J , Buckley D
Published: April 2011

The effects of mono- and di-ortho substitution of benzoylcholine on actions on the rat phrenic diaphragm and frog rectus abdominis preparations have been examined. Ortho substitution of benzoylcholine does not necessarily lead to a reduction in activity and may increase potency. It appears that mono-ortho-iodo substitution provides most stability combined with pharmacological activity.
Some Derivatives of 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine
Authors: Petrow V , Stephenson O
Published: April 2011

The preparation of some derivatives of 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and hydroxylation of certain of these to cis- and trans-piperidine-3,4-diols is described.
Dissociation Constants of Some Compounds Related to Lysergic Acid
Authors: Chilton J , Stenlake J B
Published: April 2011

Dissociation constants have been recorded for ergometrine, ergometrinine and a number of alkanolamides of 3-dimefhylaminopropionic acid, 1-methylhexahydronicotinic acid and arecaidine. The similarity of ΔpK (amide) values for the alkanolamides with that for ergometrine, offers evidence that such values may be taken as an indicator of amino-carboxyl distances.
The Solubilising Properties of Liquorice
Authors: James K C , Stanford J B
Published: April 2011

Conductivity and surface tension measurements have shown that micelle formation occurs in liquorice extracts. A method of determining solubilising power by vapour pressure measurements is described, and results quoted for benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hexane.
Hypoglycaemic Agents. Part III
Authors: Hayman D F , Petrow V , Stephenson O
Published: April 2011

New variants of tolbutamide are described.
Antagonism of Guanethidine by Dexamphetamine and Other Related Sympathomimetic Amines
Authors: Day M D , Rand M J
Published: April 2011

Dexamphetamine and certain other indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines prevent or reverse the sympathetic nerve blocking action of guanethidine in anaesthetised cats and dogs. Noradrenaline and dopamine do not antagonise the blocking action of guanethidine. These observations are discussed in relation to the mode of action of guanethidine and to a possible clinical significance of these findings.
Drug-Plasma Binding Measured by Sephadex
Authors: Barlow C F , Firemark H , Roth L J
Published: April 2011

A method is described using the cross-linked dextran gel, Sephadex, for the study of drug binding. Although not quantitative in terms of per cent bound, this method gives an indication of the comparative strength of binding. The usefulness of this method in the separation of compounds with different plasma binding characteristics is suggested.
Ultrasonic Irradiation of Some Phospholipid Sols
Authors: Saunders L , Perrin J , Gammack D
Published: April 2011

Ultrasonic irradiation of turbid sols of egg lecithin and of highly unsaturated synthetic lecithins, breaks down the large particles in the sols into micelles of micellar weight of about 5 × 106. The irradiated sols are clear and do not show any great increase of turbidity over a period of several days; they are capable of solubilising large quantities of cholesterol. The size and shape of micelles in the irradiated sols has been studied by means of viscosity and diffusion measurements and by determination of sedimentation coefficients in the ultra-centrifuge.
The Morphology and Anatomy of the Leaf of Podophyllum Hexandrum Royle
Authors: Ellis S , Fell K R
Published: April 2011

A brief review of the history and medicinal uses of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle (= P. emodi Wall.) is given, together with an illustrated account of the macroscopy and anatomical structure of the leaf. The diagnostic characters of the powdered leaves are recorded and illustrated.
The Absorption of Bretylium and Related Quaternary Ammonium Salts from the Alimentary Tract
Authors: Boura A L A , McCoubrey A
Published: April 2011

N-Methyl-14C-labelled bretylium was injected into the lumen of segments of the gastrointestinal tract of cats prepared so that blood draining from these segments could be collected for analysis. The drug was not absorbed from the stomach. The concentration of drug in the venous blood from the duodenum rose steadily during 1.5–2 hr. but then declined to a value slightly exceeding that in the systemic blood. The greater part of the dose was not absorbed. Bretylium slowly traversed rat duodenum (mucosa to serosa) in vitro and the rate was not affected by factors that can influence carbohydrate metabolism. Transfer proceeded equally well from serosa to mucosa. To investigate means of obtaining better absorption of quaternary ammonium anti-adrenergic drugs a close analogue of bretylium bearing a choline residue was phosphorylated to give a phosphoric ester betaine (III). This was about twice as active by the oral route in cats as the parent drug, in which form it was excreted in the urine.
The Effects of Hydrocortisone on the Changes in Lipid Metabolism Induced in Guinea-Pig Lung Tissue by Anaphylaxis in vivo
Authors: Goadby P , Smith W G
Published: April 2011

Exposure of sensitised guinea-pigs to aerosolised antigen causes alterations in the lipid metabolism of their lung tissue. The responses of control animals exposed to aerosolised distilled water has suggested that these metabolic disturbances are probably a manifestation of a “stress reaction”. Pretreatment of sensitised animals with anti-anaphylactic dosage of sodium hydrocortisone hemisuccinate abolished this reaction.