bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceived value and behavioral intentions toward dining at Chinese restaurants in Bangladesh: the role of self-direction value and price fairness
Authors: Hasan Abdulla Al-Towfiq
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This paper investigates the effect of perceived value (hedonic value, utilitarian value, and conditional value) on customers’ behavioral intentions toward dining at Chinese restaurants in Bangladesh.  Moreover, this study examines the mediating effect of self-direction value and the moderating effect of price fairness on the association between perceived value and behavioral intentions.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed model was empirically tested by collecting 390 useable responses from full-table service restaurants in Bangladesh via personal interview. Data were analyzed by testing the measurement model, predictive relevance, effect size and structural model using SMART PLS 3.

Findings

The research findings suggest that hedonic, utilitarian and conditional values significantly influence customers’ behavioral intentions toward dining at Chinese restaurants. Moreover, self-direction value partially mediates, and price fairness strongly moderates the linkage between perceived value and behavioral intentions.

Practical implications

This sfloattudy offers useful insights for managers who want to know the factors influencing behavioral intentions toward dining at Chinese restaurants. The findings also assist restaurant practitioners in knowing that customers' perceived value via self-direction value (personal value) and price fairness strongly predict behavioral intentions.

Originality/value

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this research is the first attempt to delve into customers' behavioral intentions toward dining at Chinese restaurants with the proposed model.
Antarctic lake phytoplankton and bacteria from near‐surface waters exhibit high sensitivity to climate‐driven disturbance
Authors: Sherwell Shasten , Kalra Isha , Li Wei , McKnight Diane M. , Priscu John C. , Morgan‐Kiss Rachael M.
Published: July 2022

The McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDVs), Antarctica, represent a cold, desert ecosystem poised on the threshold of melting and freezing water. The MDVs have experienced dramatic signs of climatic change, most notably a warm austral summer in 2001–2002 that caused widespread flooding, partial ice cover loss and lake level rise. To understand the impact of these climatic disturbances on lake microbial communities, we simulated lake level rise and ice‐cover loss by transplanting dialysis‐bagged communities from selected depths to other locations in the water column or to an open water perimeter moat. Bacteria and eukaryote communities residing in the surface waters (5 m) exhibited shifts in community composition when exposed to either disturbance, while microbial communities from below the surface were largely unaffected by the transplant. We also observed an accumulation of labile dissolved organic carbon in the transplanted surface communities. In addition, there were taxa‐specific sensitivities: cryptophytes and Actinobacteria were highly sensitive particularly to the moat transplant, while chlorophytes and several bacterial taxa increased in relative abundance or were unaffected. Our results reveal that future climate‐driven disturbances will likely undermine the stability and productivity of MDV lake phytoplankton and bacterial communities in the surface waters of this extreme environment.
Toward an accurate mechanistic understanding of Wolbachia‐induced cytoplasmic incompatibility
Authors: Wang Wei , Cui Wen , Yang Haitao
Published: July 2022

Wolbachia are the most successful intracellular bacteria in arthropods. They can manipulate host reproduction to favour infected females, which transmit Wolbachia to their progeny and increase the presence of Wolbachia in the population. The reproductive alterations caused by Wolbachia include feminization, parthenogenesis, male killing and cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), among which CI is the most common. CI leads to embryonic lethality when Wolbachia‐infected males mate with uninfected females or those infected with an incompatible strain. This lethality can be rescued if females are infected with a compatible strain. Although CI was described in the 1960s and its connection to Wolbachia was made in the 1970s, the genes responsible for CI, called CI factors, were not identified until recently. Since then, significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanism of CI using a combination of genetic, phylogenetic, biochemical and structural approaches. The detailed molecular mechanisms behind this fascinating endosymbiotic bacteria‐induced phenotype have begun to emerge. Here, we summarize recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanism of CI, especially focusing on the recently solved CI factor structures and discussing what these new structures brought in terms of CI mechanism.
On the allocation puzzle and capital flows: Evidence from foreign direct investment and real sector growth in Africa
Authors: Asamoah Michael Effah , Alagidede Imhotep Paul , Adu Frank
Published: July 2022

This paper takes a new dimension on the foreign direct investment (FDI)–growth nexus through the lens of the allocation puzzle. We examine how the influx of FDI affects the broader economy through its impact on real economic sectors in a panel of 42 Sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries over 1980–2017. Using a dynamic panel model and decomposing the real sector into its parts, we test for the possibility of a two‐way bi‐directional relationship between growth in agriculture, manufacturing, industry and service value additions, and FDI. There is no evidence of an allocation puzzle at the level of the real sector and the components parts, which suggests that SSA countries with relatively high growth in the real sector will attract more FDI. While the effect of FDI on the real sector is positive at the disaggregated level, there is a positive bi‐directional effect between FDI and growths in manufacturing, industry and service value additions. The results are robust to key determinants of the growth–FDI nexus.
The impact of Medicaid funding structures on inequities in health care access for Latinos in New York, Florida, and Puerto Rico
Authors: Rivera‐González Alexandra C. , Roby Dylan H. , Stimpson Jim P. , Bustamante Arturo Vargas , Purtle Jonathan , Bellamy Scarlett L. , Ortega Alexander N.
Published: July 2022

Objective

To study the impact of Medicaid funding structures before and after the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on health care access for Latinos in New York (Medicaid expansion), Florida (Medicaid non‐expansion), and Puerto Rico (Medicaid block grant).

Data Sources

Pooled state‐level data for New York, Florida, and Puerto Rico from the 2011–2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and data from the 2011–2019 American Community Survey and Puerto Rico Community Survey.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional study using probit with predicted margins to separately compare four health care access measures among Latinos in New York, Florida, and Puerto Rico (having health insurance coverage, having a personal doctor, delayed care due to cost, and having a routine checkup). We also used difference‐in‐differences to measure the probability percent change of having any health insurance and any public health insurance before (2011–2013) and after (2014–2019) the ACA implementation among citizen Latinos in low‐income households.

Data Collection

The sample consisted of Latinos aged 18–64 residing in New York, Florida, and Puerto Rico from 2011 to 2019.

Principal Findings

Latinos in Florida had the lowest probability of having health care access across all four measures and all time periods compared with those in New York and Puerto Rico. While Latinos in Puerto Rico had greater overall health care access compared with Latinos in both states, health care access in Puerto Rico did not change over time. Among citizen Latinos in low‐income households, New York had the greatest post‐ACA probability of having any health insurance and any public health insurance, with a growing disparity with Puerto Rico (9.7% any [1.6 SE], 5.2% public [1.8 SE]).

Conclusions

Limited Medicaid eligibility (non‐expansion of Florida's Medicaid program) and capped Medicaid funds (Puerto Rico's Medicaid block grant) contributed to reduced health care access over time, particularly for citizen Latinos in low‐income households.
Transcriptome analysis demonstrating the therapeutic effect of Tenodera angustipennis (Mantidis Ootheca) extracts on radiation‐induced gonadal toxicity in mouse testis
Authors: Kim Chul , Kim Joong Sun , Lee Hae June , Seong Boseok , Seo Seung‐won , Son Hyojung , Jeon Ji‐Hyeon , Shin Younhee
Published: July 2022

Mantidis Ootheca (MO) is the egg case of the praying mantis. MO has been used in Oriental and Chinese traditional medicine in a steamed form and is known for enhancing male fertility since ancient times. Here, we used total RNA sequencing to reveal the genome‐wide differential expression profiles of mice subjected to irradiation and Tenodera angustipennis MO extract treatment to understand the therapeutic effect of MO extract on radiation‐induced gonadal toxicity in mice. Approximately 225 genes exhibited differential expression patterns, among which 24 showed a reversal of expression pattern in response to irradiation and MO extract treatment. Most of these genes are associated with spermatogenesis and could be considered as candidates for further experimental studies. Considering that there is no approved radio‐protective drug for treating radiation‐induced damage to testicles, we would like to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of the use of MO extract as a traditional medicinal practice that can serve as a one of tool for the mitigation and treatment of gonadal toxicity.
A comparative study of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of three strategic edible oils
Authors: Chabni Assamae , Bañares Celia , Reglero Guillermo , Torres Carlos F.
Published: July 2022

Three strategic edible oils, that is, olive oil, microalgae oil, and shea butter, with a significantly different composition of fatty acids (FA), have been studied in a static in vitro digestion model to evaluate the rate of hydrolysis, bioaccessibility, and micellar phases formed in the process. Lipid composition of each phase and how the lipids are distributed in the different phases have been obtained using this in vitro digestion model. We demonstrate that the composition in FA and the physical properties of the oil are the key factors determining the distribution of lipids in the different phases. The fastest rate of hydrolysis was observed for olive oil and the highest triacylglycerol conversion was attained for shea butter. In contrast, the most abundant precipitate phase was obtained for shea butter, which also produces the highest co‐crystallization of cholesterol among the three edible oils studied. This study reveals that digestibility of edible oils is directly related with the initial rate of hydrolysis.
Assessing the affordability of nutrient‐adequate diets
Authors: Schneider Kate R. , Christiaensen Luc , Webb Patrick , Masters William A.
Published: July 2022

The cost and affordability of least‐cost healthy diets by time and place are increasingly used as a proxy for access to nutrient‐adequate diets. Recent work has focused on the nutrient requirements of individuals, although most food and antipoverty programs target whole households. This raises the question of how the cost of a nutrient‐adequate diet can be measured for an entire household. This study identifies upper and lower bounds on the feasibility, cost, and affordability of meeting all household members' nutrient requirements using 2013–2017 survey data from Malawi. Findings show only a minority of households can afford the nutrient‐adequate diet at either bound, with 20% of households able to afford the (upper bound) shared diets and 38% the individualized (lower bound) diets. Individualized diets are more frequently feasible with locally available foods (90% vs. 60% of the time) and exhibit more moderate seasonal fluctuation. To meet all members' needs, a shared diet requires a more nutrient‐dense combination of foods that is more costly and exhibits more seasonality in diet cost than any one food group or the individualized diets. The findings further help adjudicate the extent to which nutritional behavioral change programs versus broader agricultural and food policies can be relied upon to improve individual access to healthy diets.
ICIRAS: Research and reconciliation with indigenous peoples in rural health journals
Authors: Lock (Ngiyampaa) Mark J. , McMillan (Wiradjuri) Faye , Warne (Oglala Lakota) Donald , Bennett (Gamilaraay) Bindi , Kidd (Ngāpuhi) Jacquie , Williams (Bkejwanong) Naomi , Martire Jodie Lea , Worley Paul , Hutten‐Czapski Peter , Saurman Emily , Matthews (Quandamooka) Veronica , Walke (Bundjalung) Emma , Edwards (Worimi) Dave , Owen (Nurrunga and Ngarrendjeri) Julie , Browne Jennifer , Roberts Russell
Published: July 2022

Aim

We aim to promote discussion about an Indigenous Cultural Identity of Research Authors Standard (ICIRAS) for academic journal publications.

Context

This is based on a gap in research publishing practice where Indigenous peoples' identity is not systematically and rigorously flagged in rural health research publications. There are widespread reforms, in different research areas, to counter the reputation of scientific research as a vehicle of racism and discrimination against the world's Indigenous peoples. Reflecting on these broader movements, the editorial teams of three rural health journals—the Australian Journal of Rural Health, the Canadian Journal of Rural Medicine, and Rural and Remote Health—recognised that Indigenous peoples' identity could be embedded in authorship details.

Approach

An environmental scan (through a cultural safety lens where Indigenous cultural authority is respected, valued, and empowered) of literature was undertaken to detect the signs of inclusion of Indigenous peoples in research. This revealed many ways in which editorial boards of Journals could systematically improve their process so that there is ‘nothing about Indigenous people, without Indigenous people’ in rural health research publications.

Conclusion

Improving the health and wellbeing of Indigenous peoples worldwide requires high quality research evidence. The philosophy of cultural safety supports the purposeful positioning of Indigenous peoples within the kaleidoscope of cultural knowledges as identified contributors and authors of research evidence. The ICIRAS is a call‐to‐action for research journals and institutions to rigorously improve publication governance that signals “Editing with IndigenUs and for IndigenUs”.
Early evaluation of a next‐generation surgical system in robot‐assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy: A prospective clinical cohort study
Authors: Borse Mahindra , Godbole Girish , Kelkar Dhananjay , Bahulikar Madhavi , Dinneen Eoin , Slack Mark
Published: July 2022

Introduction

This study aimed to demonstrate the safe and effective use of the Versius surgical system (CMR Surgical, Cambridge, UK) in robot‐assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy. This surgical robot was developed iteratively with input from surgeons to improve surgical outcomes and end‐user experience. We report data from the gynecology cohort of an early clinical trial designed in broad alignment with IDEAL‐D (Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment, Long‐term follow‐up – Devices) stage 2b (Exploration).

Material and methods

The study is registered in the Indian clinical trials register (CTRI/2019/02/017872). Adult women requiring total hysterectomy who provided informed consent and met the eligibility criteria underwent procedures at one of three hospitals in India. Five surgeons performed robot‐assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomies using the device from March 2019 to September 2020. The primary endpoint was rate of unplanned conversion to conventional laparoscopic or open surgery. Adverse events were adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee using endoscope video recordings and clinical notes.

Results

In total, 144 women underwent surgery (median age: 44 years [range: 28–78]; median body mass index 25.8 kg/m2 [range: 14.3–47.8]). The rate of unplanned conversion to conventional laparoscopy was 2/144 (1.4%); neither conversion was device related. No surgery was converted to open. In total, 13 adverse events occurred among seven (4.9%) patients, comprising seven serious adverse events and six adverse events. One serious adverse event was deemed device‐related. Two patients were readmitted to hospital within 30 days; both made a full recovery. No patients died within 90 days of surgery.

Conclusions

The device provides a safe and effective option for total laparoscopic hysterectomy; these findings support its continued implementation in larger patient cohorts and expansion in other major minimal access indications.
Proton pump inhibitors for infants in three Scandinavian countries increased from 2007 to 2020 despite international recommendations
Authors: Lyamouri Miriam , Mårild Karl , Nielsen Rasmus Gaardskær , Størdal Ketil
Published: July 2022

Aim

There is weak evidence that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) alleviate non‐specific complaints often attributed to gastroesophageal reflux in infancy and international guidelines do not recommend their use. We studied PPIs dispensed for infants in three Nordic countries.

Methods

This was an observational population‐based study of infants living in Norway, Sweden and Denmark in 2007–2020. We used nationwide pharmaceutical registers to study dispensed PPIs. The data provided a total of 3.3 million observed years on about 240 000 annual births.

Results

The overall use of PPIs in infancy showed a marked increase in all three countries from 2007 to 2020. In 2020, PPI dispensing was 46.4, 23.4 and 18.9 per 1000 per year in infants aged 0–11 months in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. These were increases of 357%, 585% and 556% respectively. Although the rate was highest in Denmark, it had decreased by 42% in the last 3 years of the study.

Conclusion

Despite international recommendations against routine PPI prescribing in infancy, dispensed PPIs increased more than fourfold on average in three Nordic countries from 2007 to 2020. The reason for this notable increase could not be established from the data, but the large variations over time, and between the countries, probably indicated unwarranted use.
Translocation Detection from Hi-C Data via Scan Statistics
Authors: Cheng Anthony , Mao Disheng , Zhang Yuping , Glaz Joseph , Ouyang Zhengqing
Published: July 2022

Recent Hi-C technology enables more comprehensive chromosomal conformation research, including the detection of structural variations, especially translocations. In this paper, we formulate the interchromosomal translocation detection as a problem of scan clustering in a spatial point process. We then develop TranScan, a new translocation detection method through scan statistics with the control of false discovery. The simulation shows that TranScan is more powerful than an existing sophisticated scan clustering method, especially under strong signal situations. Evaluation of TranScan against current translocation detection methods on realistic breakpoint simulations generated from real data suggests better discriminative power under the receiver-operating characteristic curve. Power analysis also highlights TranScan's consistent outperformance when sequencing depth and heterozygosity rate is varied. Comparatively, Type I error rate is lowest when evaluated using a karyotypically normal cell line. Both the simulation and real data analysis indicate that TranScan has great potentials in interchromosomal translocation detection using Hi-C data.
Evaluation of fluid absorption during flexible ureteroscopy in an in vivo porcine model
Authors: Kottooran Christina , Twum‐Ampofo Jeffrey , Lee Jason , Saunders Jennifer , Franco Marle , Budrewicz Jay , Eisner Brian H.
Published: July 2022

Objective

To evaluate the relationship between renal pelvis pressure and fluid absorption during ureteroscopy (URS) in a live porcine model.

Materials and Methods

Flexible URS (fURS) was performed in anaesthetised female Yorkshire pigs. Prior to performing fURS, a 0.3556‐mm (0.014″) pressure‐sensing guidewire (Comet™, Boston Scientific) was placed to monitor renal pelvis pressure. A simulated fURS procedure was then performed for 1 h. Infusion of irrigation fluid (5% ethanol in saline) at target renal pelvis pressures (37–150 mmHg) was maintained for 1 h using a pressure bag and real‐time feedback from the pressure‐sensing guidewire. Venous blood was sampled every 10 min. The volume of irrigation fluid absorbed was estimated with established equations.

Results

A URS procedure was performed in vivo in 18 porcine kidneys and the volume of irrigation fluid absorbed during the 1 h URS was calculated. The mean (SD) volume of irrigation fluid absorbed after 1 h of simulated URS was 7.6 (5.7), 10.8 (7.1), 26.0 (15.8), and 56.8 (22.3) mL at renal pelvis pressures of 37, 55, 75, and 150 mmHg, respectively. Compared with URS with renal pelvis pressure of 37 mmHg, the volume of fluid absorption was significantly greater at renal pelvis pressures of 75 and 150 mmHg (P = 0.026 and P = 0.047, respectively). In addition, compared with URS with renal pelvis pressure of 37 mmHg, the rate of absorption was significantly greater at renal pelvis pressures of 75 and 150 mmHg (both P < 0.001).

Conclusion

In this study of an in vivo porcine model of URS, increasing renal pelvis pressures during URS were associated with increases in irrigation fluid absorption and increases in the rate of fluid absorption.
The Icatibant Outcome Survey: 10 years of experience with icatibant for patients with hereditary angioedema
Authors: Maurer Marcus , Aberer Werner , Caballero Teresa , Bouillet Laurence , Grumach Anete S. , Botha Jaco , Andresen Irmgard , Longhurst Hilary J. ,   for the IOS Study Group
Published: July 2022

In patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE), bradykinin causes swelling episodes by activating bradykinin B2 receptors. Icatibant, a selective bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, is approved for on‐demand treatment of HAE attacks. The Icatibant Outcome Survey (IOS; NCT01034969) is an ongoing observational registry initiated in 2009 to monitor the effectiveness/safety of icatibant in routine clinical practice. As of March 2019, 549 patients with HAE type 1 or 2 from the IOS registry had been treated of 5995 total attacks. This article reviews data published from IOS over time which have demonstrated that the effectiveness of icatibant in a real‐world setting is comparable to efficacy in clinical trials; one dose is effective for the majority of attacks; early treatment (facilitated by self‐administration) leads to faster resolution and shorter attack duration; effectiveness/safety of icatibant has been shown across a broad range of patient subgroups, including children/adolescents and patients with HAE with normal C1 inhibitor levels; and tolerability has been demonstrated in patients aged ≥65 years. Additionally, this review highlights how IOS data have provided valuable insights into patients' diagnostic journeys and treatment behaviours across individual countries. Such findings have helped to inform clinical strategies and guidelines to optimise HAE management and limit disease burden. This research was sponsored by Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., provided funding to Excel Medical Affairs for support in writing and editing this manuscript.
PSMC1 variant causes a novel neurological syndrome
Authors: Aharoni Sarit , Proskorovski‐Ohayon Regina , Krishnan Ramesh Kumar , Yogev Yuval , Wormser Ohad , Hadar Noam , Bakhrat Anna , Alshafee Ismael , Gombosh Maya , Agam Nadav , Gradstein Libe , Shorer Zamir , Zarivach Raz , Eskin‐Schwartz Marina , Abdu Uri , Birk Ohad S.
Published: July 2022

Proteasome 26S, the eukaryotic proteasome, serves as the machinery for cellular protein degradation. It is composed of the 20S core particle and one or two 19S regulatory particles, composed of a base and a lid. To date, several human diseases have been associated with mutations within the 26S proteasome subunits; only one of them affects a base subunit. We now delineate an autosomal recessive syndrome of failure to thrive, severe developmental delay and intellectual disability, spastic tetraplegia with central hypotonia, chorea, hearing loss, micropenis and undescended testes, as well as mild elevation of liver enzymes. None of the affected individuals achieved verbal communication or ambulation. Ventriculomegaly was evident on MRI. Homozygosity mapping combined with exome sequencing revealed a disease‐associated p.I328T PSMC1 variant. Protein modeling demonstrated that the PSMC1 variant is located at the highly conserved putative ATP binding and hydrolysis domain, and is suggested to interrupt a hydrophobic core within the protein. Fruit flies in which we silenced the Drosophila ortholog Rpt2 specifically in the eye exhibited an apparent phenotype that was highly rescued by the human wild‐type PSMC1, yet only partly by the mutant PSMC1, proving the functional effect of the p.I328T disease‐causing variant.
Toward a synthesis of the board‐strategy relationship: A literature review and future research agenda
Authors: Bezemer Pieter‐Jan , Pugliese Amedeo , Nicholson Gavin , Zattoni Alessandro
Published: July 2022

Research Question/Issue

The strategy role of the board of directors is a contentious topic in both theory and practice and the debate on what boards should or should not do around firm strategy has intensified with changes in global corporate governance. Boards face interventionist regulatory developments, calls for changes in their composition, growing owner engagement, and societal questioning on the corporation's very purpose. With this review, we aim to assess how the research agenda in this area has evolved with these developments.

Research Findings/Results

Our analysis of 152 articles published in 45 high‐quality journals between 2008 and 2020 reveals that the board‐strategy literature remains dominated by traditional input–output approaches using archival data. There are, however, some green shoots opening up the debate by recognizing the importance of the firm's specific context, applying alternative or complementary theoretical lenses, exploring the underlying dynamics and processes, and using more sophisticated modeling techniques.

Theoretical implications

We identify three research directions with the potential to advance the research agenda, namely, untangling the complex, multilevel interplay between stakeholders involved in the strategy process, embracing the processual and temporal nature of the board‐strategy relationship, and unpacking the impact of social context to understand when boards matter for strategy.

Practical implications

Our results indicate that the strategy role of the board is evolving and broadening. Most notably the integration of CSR‐related themes into the board‐strategy debate, and the leveraging of board diversity in strategic decision‐making appear to be important issues for contemporary boards.
Quality of instruments assessing activity and participation of people with muscular dystrophy: A systematic review of participant‐reported outcome measures
Authors: Andrade Keysy K. S. , Soares Luana A. , Macedo Caik C. , Bispo Nelcilaine R. , Sousa Junior Ricardo R. , Oliveira Vinícius C. , Leite Hércules R. , Gaiad Thaís P.
Published: July 2022

Aim

To identify the standardized assessment scales for people with muscular dystrophy and investigate the quality/level of evidence of their measurement properties.

Method

A systematic review of patient‐reported outcome measures was conducted on the MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, DiTA, and PsycINFO databases in August 2020. We included psychometric studies that investigated the validity, reliability, and responsiveness of instruments assessing activity and participation for muscular dystrophy of any type (Duchenne, Becker, limb‐girdle, facioscapulohumeral, congenital, and myotonic) or age. Two independent reviewers selected the studies, extracted data, and evaluated the instruments' quality and level of evidence following the COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines.

Results

The searches identified 6675 references; a total of 46 studies with 28 condition‐specific or general instruments were included. The measurement properties of most instruments had sufficient (68.8%) or indeterminate (25.7%) results according to COSMIN. The quality of evidence of the measurement properties was moderate (23.8%) or low (22.6%) according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE).

Interpretation

There is a lack of high‐quality instruments whose psychometric properties are adequately measured. The highest quality instrument is the Muscular Dystrophy Functional Rating Scale. The Motor Function Measure (general instrument), Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Upper‐limb Patient‐reported Outcome Measure, North Star Ambulatory Assessment, and Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Activity and Participation Scale for Clinical Use (specific) are also recommended.

What this paper adds

There are 28 available instruments for activity and participation of people with muscular dystrophy.

The evidence quality is moderate or low because of imprecision and indirectness.

The Muscular Dystrophy Functional Rating Scale is the highest quality instrument.

The Motor Function Measure is the second most recommended instrument.

The Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Upper‐limb Patient‐reported Outcome Measure, North Star Ambulatory Assessment, and Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Activity and Participation Scale for Clinical Use are also recommended.
Black Support of Neoliberal School Choice and the Politics of Black Democratic Empowerment
Authors: Wheeler‐Bell Quentin
Published: July 2022

In Market Movements, Tom Pedroni argues that educational progressives often analyze neoliberal school choice policies by highlighting the negative impact such policies have upon Blacks. Implicit in this approach is the assumption that all Blacks should oppose neoliberalism. This assumption prevents scholars from investigating why African Americans increasingly do support neoliberal choice policies. Deep disagreements exist within the African American community over why Blacks are oppressed and how to understand their oppression, the nature of their disadvantages, and the remedies to such problems. And these disagreements affect why Blacks might support neoliberal school choice policies. In this paper, Quentin Wheeler‐Bell goes beyond explaining why deep disagreements exist within the Black public sphere and develops a critical theory of Black democratic empowerment. First, he provides a brief sociohistorical analysis of racial oppression, highlighting how domination has distorted and repressed debates within the Black public sphere, thus lending support to neoliberal choice policies. Second, he recovers and reconstructs four Black philosophical perspectives — (1) disillusioned Black liberals, (2) modern Black nationalists, (3) Black Marxists, and (4) Black egalitarians — and explains if and how they might be pulled into an alliance with neoliberal policies. Finally, he develops a critical theory of Black democratic empowerment that captures the reasonable insights from the abovementioned perspectives while avoiding the perils of neoliberal school choice.
The mutation spectrum of Parkinson‐disease‐related genes in early‐onset Parkinson's disease in ethnic Chinese
Authors: Chen Yong‐Ping , Yu Shi‐Hui , Zhang Guo‐Hui , Hou Yan‐Bing , Gu Xiao‐Jing , Ou Ru‐Wei , Shen Ying , Song Wei , Chen Xue‐Ping , Zhao Bi , Cao Bei , Zhang Ling‐Yu , Sun Ming‐Ming , Liu Fei‐Fei , Wei Qian‐Qian , Liu Kun‐Cheng , Lin Jun‐Yu , Yang Tian‐Mi , Yang Jing , Wu Ying , Jiang Zheng , Liu Jiao , Cheng Yang‐Fan , Xiao Yi , Su Wei‐Ming , Feng Fei , Cai Ying‐Ying , Li Shi‐Rong , Hu Tao , Yuan Xiao‐Qin , Zhou Qing‐Qing , Shao Na , Ma Sha , Shang Hui‐Fang
Published: July 2022

Background and purpose

Recent genetic progress has shown many causative/risk genes linked to Parkinson's disease (PD), mainly in patients of European ancestry. The study aimed to investigate the PD‐related genes and determine the mutational spectrum of early‐onset PD in ethnic Chinese.

Methods

In this study, whole‐exome sequencing and/or gene dosage analysis were performed in 704 early‐onset PD (EOPD) patients (onset age ≤45 years) and 1866 controls. Twenty‐six PD‐related genes and 20 other genes linked to neurodegenerative and lysosome diseases were analysed.

Results

Eighty‐two (11.6%, 82/704) EOPD patients carrying rare pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in PD‐related genes were identified. The mutation frequency in autosomal recessive inheritance EOPD (42.9%, 27/63) was much higher than that in autosomal dominant inheritance EOPD (0.9%, 12/110) or sporadic EOPD (8.1%, 43/531). Bi‐allelic mutations in PRKN were the most frequent, accounting for 5.1% of EOPD cases. Three common pathogenic variants, p.A53V in SNCA, p.G284R in PRKN and p.P53Afs*38 in CHCHD2, occur exclusively in Asians. The putative damaging variants from GBA, PRKN, DJ1, PLA2G6 and GCH1 contributed to the collective risk for EOPD. Notably, the protein‐truncating variants in CHCHD2 were enriched in EOPD, especially for p.P53Afs*38, which was also found in three patients from an independent cohort of patients with late‐onset PD (n = 1300). Functional experiments confirmed that truncated CHCHD2 variants cause loss of function and are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.

Conclusions

Our study reveals that the genetic spectrum of EOPD in Chinese, which may help develop genetic scanning strategies, provided more evidence supporting CHCHD2 in PD.
Phylogeography of Chinese cereal cyst nematodes sheds lights on their origin and dispersal
Authors: Qing Xue , Peng Huan , Ma Jukui , Zhang Yuanmeng M. , Li Hongmei , Peng Deliang , Wang Xuan , Long Tengwen
Published: July 2022

Reconstructing the dispersal routes of pathogens can help identify the key drivers of their evolution and provides a basis for disease control. The cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae is one of the major nematode pests on cereals that can cause 10%–90% crop yield losses worldwide. Through extensive sampling on wheat and grasses, the Chinese population of H. avenae is widely identified in virtually all wheat growing regions in China, with H1 being the predominant haplotype. The monoculture of wheat in north China might have been the key driver for the prevalence of H1 population, which should date no earlier than the Han Dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE). Molecular phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses of Chinese H. avenae suggest a Pleistocene northwest China origin and an ancestral host of grasses. We assume that the prosperity of Heterodera in this region is a result of their preference for cooler climate and various grass hosts, which only appeared after the uplift of Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau and aridification of Inner Asia. Nematode samples from the current and historical floodplains show a significant role of the Yellow River in the distribution of Chinese H. avenae. Whereas mechanical harvesters that operate on an inter‐provincial basis suggest the importance in the transmission of this species in eastern China in recent times. This study highlights the role of environmental change, river dynamics, and anthropogenic factors in the origin and long‐distance dissemination of pathogens.
Comparison and predictors of chronic migraine vs. new daily persistent headache presenting with a chronic migraine phenotype
Authors: Nagaraj Karthik , Wei Diana Y. , Puledda Francesca , Weng Hsing‐Yu , Waheed Sadaf , Vandenbussche Nicolas , Ong Jonathan J. Y. , Goadsby Peter J.
Published: July 2022

Objective

To compare the clinical phenotype of patients with chronic migraine (CM) to patients with new daily persistent headache of the chronic migraine subtype (NDPH‐CM).

Methods

A study was conducted of CM (n = 257) and NDPH‐CM (n = 76) from a tertiary headache center in the UK, and in the US of patients with daily CM (n = 60) and NDPH‐CM (n = 22).

Results

From the UK cohort, the age of first headache onset was lower in CM (mean ± SD: 16 ± 12 years) than in NDPH‐CM (mean ± SD: 23 ± 14 years; p < 0.001). There was a greater number of associated migrainous symptoms in CM compared to NDPH‐CM (median and interquartile range: 6, 5–8 vs. 5, 4–7; p < 0.001). A family history of headache was more common in CM compared to NDPH‐CM (82%, 202/248, vs. 53%, 31/59; p < 0.001). In the US cohort there were no differences. Osmophobia (B = −1.08; p = 0.002) and older age at presentation to the clinic (B = −0.06; p = 0.001) were negative predictors of NDPH‐CM.

Conclusion

NDPH‐CM is relatively less migrainous than CM in the UK cohort. Family history of headache is less common in NDPH‐CM, with negative predictors for NDPH‐CM including osmophobia and older age of presentation to the clinic. More work is required to understand the chronic migraine phenotype of new daily persistent headache.
Risk factors, prevention and treatment of hypoglycaemia after hyperkalaemia in adult patients using intravenous insulin: An integrative review
Authors: Long Dionna Shiying , Kelly Michelle A. , Lim Siew Hoon
Published: July 2022

Aim

An integrative review was conducted to synthesize published evidence on the prevention and treatment of hypoglycaemia and patient risk factors, in adult patients treated for hyperkalaemia with intravenous insulin and dextrose.

Methods

This review followed the framework by Whittemore and Knafl. Papers included were limited to English language studies involving participants who were aged 18 years and above and admitted in the inpatient acute care and emergency departments. The literature search was performed using five electronic databases (CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Proquest and Cochrane).

Results

A total of 22 studies were included. Two main themes were derived—patient risk factors and prevention–intervention strategies. Five main patient risk factors were lower pretreatment blood glucose (<7 mmol/L), lower weight, renal insufficiencies, older age and nondiabetic. The four subthemes in the prevention–intervention strategies included (i) methods of administration and dosing of intravenous insulin and dextrose, (ii) frequency of blood glucose monitoring, (iii) education to healthcare professionals and (iv) rescue agents.

Conclusions

Standardized computerized order sets and integrated decision tool that can advise appropriate prescription of a higher volume of dextrose or lower insulin dose according to patient risk factors, regular monitoring and reinforced education may prevent and mitigate the risk of hypoglycaemia.
CYP4G100 contributes to desiccation resistance by mediating cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis in Bactrocera dorsalis
Authors: Jing Tian‐Xing , Yuan Chen‐Yang , Meng Li‐Wei , Hou Qiu‐Li , Liu Xiao‐Qiang , Dou Wei , Yuan Guo‐Rui , Wang Jin‐Jun
Published: July 2022

The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is expanding its distribution to higher latitudes. Our goal in this study was to understand how B. dorsalis adapts to higher latitude environments that are more arid than tropical regions. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) on the surface of the epicuticle in insects act as a hydrophobic barrier against water loss. The essential decarbonylation reaction in CHC synthesis is catalysed by CYP4G, a cytochrome P450 subfamily protein. Hence, in B. dorsalis it is necessary to clarify the function of the CYP4G gene and its role in desiccation resistance. CYP4G100 was identified in the B. dorsalis genome. The complete open reading frame (ORF) encodes a CYP4 family protein (552 amino acid residues) that has the CYP4G‐specific insertion. This CYP4G gene was highly expressed in adults, especially in the oenocyte‐rich peripheral fat body. The gene can be induced by desiccation treatment, suggesting its role in CHC synthesis and waterproofing. Silencing of CYP4G100 resulted in a decrease of CHC levels and the accumulation of triglycerides. It also increased water loss and resulted in higher desiccation susceptibility. CYP4G100 is involved in hydrocarbon synthesis and contributes to cuticle waterproofing to help B. dorsalis resist desiccation in arid environments.
Feasibility of PURPOSE T in clinical practice and patient participation–A mixed‐method study
Authors: Hultin Lisa , Karlsson Ann‐Christin , Löwenmark Malin , Coleman Susanne , Gunningberg Lena
Published: July 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of implementing an electronic version of PURPOSE T, a risk assessment instrument for pressure ulcers, in a Swedish hospital ward. A mixed‐method was used. Nursing staff received training in PURPOSE T and a record review was performed (n = 30). PURPOSE T replaced the Modified Norton Scale, and after one month another record review was performed (n = 30). Individual interviews with patients (n = 15) and focus group interviews with nursing staff (n = 23) were performed after the implementation. The results of the record review and the focus group interviews showed good clinical feasibility of PURPOSE T. The record review showed that more patients were at risk of developing pressure ulcers and more nursing interventions were prescribed with PURPOSE T compared to the Modified Norton Scale. The focus group interviews showed that all nursing staff were satisfied with PURPOSE T. The instrument contributed to increased reflection and analysis as well as the opportunity for nursing staff to draw their own conclusions regarding patients´ risk status. The documentation encouraged the prescription of more preventive actions, and the nurses were more involved at bedside. However, almost all the patients expressed not receiving any information about pressure ulcers.
A SARS-CoV-2 oral vaccine development strategy based on the attenuated Salmonella type III secretion system
Authors: Wu Leyang , Li Lin , Yin Xingpeng , Li Chenyang , Xin Wenjie , Liu Lina , Hua Zichun
Published: July 2022

Aims

This study aimed to provide a safe, stable and efficient SARS-CoV-2 oral vaccine development strategy based on the type III secretion system of attenuated Salmonella and a reference for the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Methods and Results

The attenuated Salmonella mutant ΔhtrA-VNP was used as a vector to secrete the antigen SARS-CoV-2 based on the type III secretion system (T3SS). The Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2)-encoded T3SS promoter (sifB) was screened to express heterologous antigens (RBD, NTD, S2), and the SPI-2-encoded secretion system (sseJ) was employed to secrete this molecule (psifB-sseJ-antigen, abbreviated BJ-antigen). Both immunoblotting and fluorescence microscopy revealed effective expression and secretion of the antigen into the cytosol of macrophages in vitro. The mixture of the three strains (BJ-RBD/NTD/S2, named AisVax) elicited a marked increase in the induction of IgA or IgG S-protein Abs after oral gavage, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration. Flow cytometric analysis proved that AisVax caused T-cell activation, as shown by a significant increase in CD44 and CD69 expression. Significant production of IgA or IgG N-protein Abs was also detected by using psifB-sseJ-N(FL), indicating the universality of this strategy.

Conclusions

Delivery of multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens using the type III secretion system of attenuated Salmonella ΔhtrA-VNP is a potential COVID-19 vaccine strategy.

Significance and Impact of the Study

The attenuated Salmonella strain ΔhtrA-VNP showed excellent performance as a vaccine vector. The Salmonella SPI-2-encoded T3SS showed highly efficient delivery of SARS-COV-2 antigens. Anti-loss elements integrated into the plasmid stabilized the phenotype of the vaccine strain. Mixed administration of antigen-expressing strains improved antibody induction.
Genetic and environmental drivers of colour and pattern in the Australian jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus)
Authors: Raynal Rebecca S. , Schwanz Lisa E. , Riley Julia L. , Umbers Kate D. L.
Published: July 2022

The underlying drivers of variation in the colouration (colour and pattern) of animals can be genetic, non‐genetic, or more likely, a combination of both. Understanding the role of heritable genetic elements, as well as non‐genetic factors such as age, habitat or temperature, in shaping colouration can provide insight into the evolution and function of these traits, as well as the speed of response to changing environments. This project examined the genetic and non‐genetic drivers of continuous variation in colouration in a lizard, the jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus). We leveraged a large captive experiment that manipulated parental and offspring thermal environment to simultaneously estimate the genetic and non‐genetic drivers of variation in colouration. We found that the overall brightness, the elongation of the longitudinal stripes on the dorsum and the contrast between light and dark patches of the pattern were all heritable. Colouration varied according to the age of the hatchling; however, the thermal environment of neither the parents nor offspring contributed significantly to colouration. It appears that developmental plasticity and maternal effects associated with temperature are not important drivers of variation in our measures of colouration.
Does greater police funding help catch more murderers?
Authors: Bjerk David
Published: July 2022

This paper examines the impact of police funding on the fraction of homicides that are cleared by arrest. Using data covering homicides in approximately 50 of the largest US cities from 2007 to 2017, I find no evidence that greater police funding resulted in higher homicide clearance rates. This finding is robust to linear regression and instrumental variable approaches, different ways to measure police budgets, and across victims of different races and in different types of neighborhoods. In summary, the way large city police departments have historically spent their funds, more funding has not helped catch more murderers.
Thermal tissue damage caused by new endoscope model due to light absorption
Authors: Hiramatsu Yukiko , Utsumi Takahiro , Higuchi Hirokazu , Hayashi Jun , Horimatsu Takahiro , Nikaido Mitsuhiro , Nakanishi Yuki , Shimizu Takahiro , Muto Manabu , Seno Hiroshi
Published: July 2022

Background and Aim

Bright endoscopic light sources improve the visibility of the intestinal mucosa. A newly launched endoscopic system developed by Olympus Corporation (Tokyo, Japan) in 2020 required modification to prevent heat‐induced tissue damage, which reportedly occurs during magnifying chromoendoscopy. We investigated the mechanism of this phenomenon by evaluating the rise in temperature of stained and unstained porcine mucosa using the new and previous endoscopic systems.

Methods

Surface temperatures of stained (India ink, 0.05% crystal violet, 0.5% methylene blue, or 0.2% indigo carmine) and unstained porcine mucosa were evaluated using infrared imaging after contact with the new endoscopic system before it was modified (system‐EVIS X1; scope‐GIF‐EZ1500) and compared with a previous endoscopic system (system‐EVIS EXERAIII; scope‐GIF‐H190). We performed histological analysis of the porcine mucosa stained with 0.05% crystal violet after contact with the new endoscope to evaluate the degree of tissue damage.

Results

Surface temperatures remained < 40°C when the new endoscope was in contact with the unstained mucosa. However, the maximum surface temperature rose to > 70°C when the new endoscope was in contact with the stained mucosa (stained other than indigo carmine). Histological analysis revealed cavity formation in porcine epithelium stained with crystal violet where the endoscope made contact for
. Using the previous endoscope, the maximum surface temperature of stained mucosa remained below approximately 60°C, and the surface temperature of the unstained mucosa remained below 30°C.

Conclusions

Heat transfer by light absorption could cause heat‐induced tissue damage during magnifying chromoendoscopy using the new endoscope.