bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construction of a software development environment based on a high‐level language architecture
Authors: Tsubotani Hideaki , Tenma Takao , Tanaka Minoru , Ichikawa Tadao
Published: July 2007

In software development it is becoming more important to offer an environment which helps decrease software cost and increase productivity and reliability. On the other hand, for program coding, different programming languages are used depending on the application fields of newly developed software systems. Thus, we must prepare a dedicated development environment for each programming language. Moreover, when we realize a language processing system for a programming language which has high descriptive capability such as Ada, a problem arises on how to achieve appropriate load distribution between software and hardware. From such a viewpoint, we have developed a high‐level language architecture SPRING for language classes such as Ada and Pascal. SPRING performs run‐time checks at the architecture level, for example, checks indices of arrays, the value range of subtype variables, etc. Further, we constructed a software development environment EDMAS on a computer based on this architecture as a concrete example of a software development environment. EDMAS aids in developing in a top‐down fashion, a software system in case Ada is used. This paper describes the high‐level language architecture SPRING and the software development environment EDMAS.
Hierarchical coding of line—Drawing data described by the chain—Code sequence
Authors: Kaneko Toru
Published: July 2007

A hierarchical encoding scheme has been proposed to realize efficient coding of line‐drawing data described by the chain‐code sequence. For links, each of which is an ordered pair of succeeding grid points in the sequence, the encoding scheme builds up a pyramid‐like code structure by uniting links by twos, and it has the following advantages:

1) line drawing can be decoded in various scales (power of 2s);

2) high coding efficiency is obtained for each layer; and

3) degradation in display quality due to a blot‐like effect in small‐scale layers is relaxed.

Concerning the coding efficiency in item 2), an experiment using coastline data obtained from a topographical map gave the coding rate for each layer of about 1. 1 bits/link. This shows that the proposed scheme is more efficient than data filing by independent encoding of each scale data.
Topological patterns of synchronization in the biological oscillator
Authors: Akamatsu Norio
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a mathematical model for the biological oscillator with external stimulus such as cardiac pacemaker, and analyzes the synchronization phenomenon. The system to consider is described by a nonlinear differential equation. A simulation is made to examine the details of the synchronization and desynchronization. In the paper, the idea of Poincare's mapping is applied to examine the relation between the invariant set on the topological plane and the synchronization. As a typical example of arrhythmic phenomenon, the amplitude and the frequency of the external stimulus is varied to determine the entrained region for the 1/2‐harmonic oscillation. The transition among various synchronization patterns appearing in this region can be accounted for by the spatial relations among the stable and the unstable manifolds. It is shown as a result that when the locations of the stable and unstable manifolds are interchanged, they intersect, leading to the homoclinic or heteroclinic points. A random rhythm has been observed in the escape phenomenon of the cardiac pacemaker, and the chaotic random oscillation is also derived from the mathematical model. It is shown that the origin of the chaos is related to the heteroclinic and homoclinic structures.
Interpretive process of depth in line drawing
Authors: Kawabata Nobuo
Published: July 2007

The Necker cube is a line drawing having two possible solutions in depth perception. The process of interpreting a two‐dimensional line drawing as a three‐dimensional object was investigated using the Necker cube. Attention was directed to a local feature of a briefly presented cube, i.e., an angle at a vertex. The angle under observation was perceived as a front part of the cube and other parts were interpreted so as to match the interpretation of the angle pattern. Results show that the local feature to which attention was directed, was interpreted first. Then global features and other local features were interpreted so as to agree with the local feature interpreted initially. This suggests that the three‐dimensional interpretation of the line drawing was made sequentially from the local feature to global structures.
A hardware algorithm for computing sine and cosine using redundant binary representation
Authors: Takagi Naofumi , Asada Tohru , Yajima Shuzo
Published: July 2007

A hardware algorithm for computing sine and cosine using redundant binary representation for internal computations is proposed. This paper considers the computation of sine and cosine of angle tH (0; 4) (rad). Our hardware algorithm is a modification of the CORDIC method, and considers gradual rotation of a point on plane orthogonal coordinates about the origin. Sinecosine are calculated by iteratively computing coordinates of the point. The sequences of numbers representing X‐ and Y‐coordinates of the point rotated and the remaining angle of rotation are expressed by a redundant binary representation, where each digit of number is an element of {‐1, 0, 1}. The direction of rotation at each step is determined based on the upper 3 digits of the remaining angle, and all the internal computations are done in the redundant binary number system. Since parallel addition and subtraction of two numbers by a combinational circuit can be done in a fixed time regardless of the number of digits in the redundant binary number system, the computation for one step can be done in a fixed time. Following this algorithm, n‐bit computation of sine‐cosine by a combinational circuit can be done in the computation time proportional to n and with the number of elements proportional to n2. Since the computation time proportional to at least n log n is required in the existing hardware algorithm based on the CORDIC method, our algorithm is more advantageous as the bit length increases. Moreover, faster computation can be done with about the same number of elements for practical bit lengths.
Pixel‐selected ray‐tracing
Authors: Akimoto Takaaki , Mase Kenji
Published: July 2007

Ray‐tracing is a very powerful method of generating realistic synthetic images. However, the conventional ray‐tracing technique requires complicated computation for each pixel in the image and a long processing time. Advantage is taken of the similarity among neighboring pixels, and ray‐tracing is executed only to certain selected pixels while using interpolation to determine the value of other pixels. A pixel‐selected ray‐tracing algorithm is proposed. This paper presents first a description of the pixel‐selected ray‐tracing concept/algorithm. Then methods of determining whether a pixel value should be calculated by ray‐tracing or by interpolation are discussed. Experiments were conducted to compare the proposed method with the standard ray‐tracing method. Experimental results indicated that the proposed method required only 20 to 63 percent of the computation time of the standard method, while rendering a comparable level of image quality.
Computer‐aided nonlinear system design and simulation
Authors: Ito Motoaki , Ishii Naohiro , Sakuranaga Masanori
Published: July 2007

To explain a phenomenon in a nonlinear system and to find its function, a useful method is to construct the nonlinear system in a dialogue form with a computer and to obtain its characteristics. This paper introduces the software commands to design a nonlinear system by using a dialogue form with a computer, and the method of a simulation of the subsystem constructed. The procedure of the specifications of the design of the nonlinear system is as follows: a block‐line diagram consisting of a linear system and nonlinear subsystems is constructed for the subsystems within the system, and the simulation is carried out based on this diagram. A simulation‐system command, simulation‐execution command, and supporting commands were developed for the dialogue‐type commands required for the design. Then if a subsystem is linear, its input response is specified by the z‐transformation equation; and if a subsystem is nonlinear, this is specified by the form of a polynomial of the input variables of the system. Three types of combination of the subsystems within the whole system were discussed: the series connection, parallel connection, and feedback connection. A white noise was fed into the input of the system constructed, and the first‐ and second‐order Wiener kernels, which were obtained as the Wiener‐functional and showed the characteristic of the system, were shown.
On high‐speed parallel algorithms using redundant coding
Authors: Yasuura Hiroto , Takagi Naofumi , Yajima Shuzo
Published: July 2007

We introduce a concept of local computability for designing high‐speed parallel algorithms on fan‐in restricted models. A function is k‐locally computable if each subfunction sepends on only at most k input variables. If k is a constant independent of n, the number of input variables, we can construct an O(1) time parallel algorithm for F on a fan‐in restricted computation model. In order to realize the local computability, we use a redundant coding scheme. We show that a binary operation of any finite Abelian group is k‐locally computable under a redundant coding scheme, where k is a constant independent of the order of the group. We also show that we can design a redundant coding scheme for a residue ring Zm of integers under which addition and multiplication can be performed in O(1) and O(log log log m) time, respectively, in parallel, when m is the product of the smallest r primes.
A method of compressing the data amount of position information of logical diagrams by the arrangement process in the fair—copy reproducing system
Authors: Minoh Michihiko , Araki Makoto , Sakai Toshiyuki
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a system FACORES, which recognizes, interprets and makes a fair copy of handwritten logical diagrams. In particular, the arrangement process and the compression of position information are discussed. The logical diagram is composed of graphical symbols, connecting lines and character strings, and describes the connecting relations among those elements. Consequently, the positions of those elements in the diagram are not very important. In the case of a handwritten diagram, it is difficult to write the elements arranged in positions. The authors propose a simple arrangement of the elements in the input diagram as a fair‐copy reproduction of the handwritten diagram. In the arrangement process, the intersection, corner and end points of lines are regarded as symbols, in the same way as the graphical symbols. The class ID and the priority in the arrangement are determined based on the connecting relations. Based on such information, the arrangement is made by successively placing the symbols. It was verified by experiment that the result of fair copy reproduction is satisfactory and the data concerning the position can be compressed approximately to half.
Distributed algorithms for fault diagnosis of processors
Authors: Masuzawa Toshimitsu , Hagihara Ken'Ichi , Tokura Nobuki
Published: July 2007

This paper considers distributed algorithms for solving the problem πp to test whether for any processor in a network, any one of the adjacent processors is faulty. First, we show that it is not solvable when processors are asynchronous or when there is no upper limit in the transmission delay along the link. Next, we define a network (PL‐synchronized network) which assumes a certain kind of synchronicity in processors and their communication. Whether or not πp is solvable in a PL‐synchronized network depends on knowledge of the network topology (for example, identifiers of adjacent processors, the number of processors in a network, and edge connectivitiy of a network) initially available at each processor. This paper examines how the knowledge available at each processor affects the conditions that πp is solvable (situation of faults of processors and links in the overall network).
Determining optical flow from sequential images
Authors: Koga Kazutoshi , Miike Hidetoshi
Published: July 2007

An exact method determining the optical flow is presented by means of pixel‐based mutual‐correlation analysis of dynamic images. The mutual‐correlation function is calculated between the temporal brightness change of the target pixel and that of its neighboring 16 (or 8) pixels. The local velocity of the target pixel is determined exactly through logical considerations using a reliable lag time estimated by the quadratic interpolation technique. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by computer simulation of various dynamic images.
Fault—tolerant k—out—of—n logic unit networks
Authors: Fujiwara Eiji , Matsuoka Kohji
Published: July 2007

For the automatic repair of a fault in the on‐line system, and for yield improvement in LSI fabrication, a system structure must be developed where spare parts are provided and used whenever necessary. This paper considers the general logical network, which is composed of such units as gate and memory. It proposes a new switching and connection structure in order to mask the effect of faults. Thek‐out‐of‐nunit group (called a block) is operated withkunits (k≤n) being used in the normal operation and the remaining (k‐n) units being used as spares. Thenswitching units, instead of thektraditional switching units cover the faults in the switching units. Assuming this structure, a connection which theoretically minimizes the number of connections between thek‐out‐ofnand thek‐out‐of‐mblocks (m, n≥k) is described, presenting a redundant construction which improves the reliability, with minimum redundancy. The proposed construction is applied to the yield improvement of the large‐sized LSI chips, and it is shown that the method can improve the yield to any value by increasing the number of blocks, and can realize a flexible and an easy design in the redundancy structure.
Auditory compensation effects in symmetrical three‐vowel sequences and a model of perceptual phoneme boundary
Authors: Ohtomo Teruhiko , Yasuda Susumu , Ohuchi Takao , Hara Ken'Ichi
Published: July 2007

To recognize the continuous speech by phonemes, the coarticulation must be analyzed. This paper presents a result of psy‐choacoustic experiment for symmetrical three‐vowel sequences, which are generated by the terminal‐analog‐type speech synthesizer, indicating the auditory compensation effects in coarticulation on the phoneme perception. Using each of five Japanese vowels as a reference vowel V0, the symmetrical three‐vowel sequences, /V0‐VV0/ are formed. The distribution of the perceptual phoneme for the middle vowel is examined first. By comparing the results with the perceptual phoneme distribution for five stationary vowels, the shift of the perceptual phoneme distribution due to the auditory compensation effect is investigated. A model is proposed for the boundary shift in the perceptual phoneme distribution. In the model, the 50‐percent phoneme boundary of the perceptual phoneme distribution for five stationary vowels is approximated by straight lines on the F1 ‐ F2 logarithmic plane. The straight lines are contracted in the direction of (F1, F2) point of the reference vowel along the F1 and F2 axis. The proposed model is applied to the perceptual phoneme distributions of the middle vowels in the symmetrical three‐vowel sequences, and its usefulness is demonstrated.
Evaluation of a retrieval system using content addressable memory
Authors: Hashizume Masaki , Yamamoto Hirosuke , Tamesada Takeomi , Hanibuti Toshiaki
Published: July 2007

Because of the improvements in LSI technology, larger‐scale CAM's can now be developed at low cost. However, as the amount of data to be handled becomes larger, storing the totality of the data to be searched in CAM's ceases to be cost‐effective. A practical solution is to store the data in other storage devices and partition the full data set into blocks for transfer into the CAM. In such a hierarchical memory system there will occur data transfer bottlenecks and overhead for operations other than searching; furthermore, it is not known what search speed is achievable. In this paper, we therefore make model of such a CAM‐based memory system in order to determine the data transfer overhead, evaluate system performance, and investigate ways of reducing search time. It is concluded that: (1) data transfer time can be reduced more effectively by using a large‐capacity bus or by rapid data access than by using a large, high‐speed CAM; (2) there exists an optimum CAM size and configuration for rapid search; (3) the speed of the control mechanism that transfers the data blocks into the CAM is not critical to system performance.
Successive environment perception using spatial matching by a mobile robot
Authors: Zheng Jiang Yu , Tsuji Saburo
Published: July 2007

Important themes in research of autonomous mobile robots are recognition of environment and navigation planning. This paper describes the vision system of a mobile robot for recognizing the indoor environment. Line segments in the environment are found and their three‐dimensional (3‐D) positions are determined by using a binocular stereo method and a motion stereo method. It is difficult to acquire complete 3‐D information by a single observation from a point in space. Consequently, a series of observations is made at different points and, by combining the results, the 3‐D world model is updated successively. The indoor navigation of the robot is made by iterating the cooperative motion and observation. Correspondences of line segments among the observed images are established by using a competition matrix based on the similarity of segments. Based on the obtained incomplete 3‐D world model, the image viewed at the next point is predicted which makes the correspondence easier. In addition, the accurate motion of the robot is estimated, guided by the prediction of the image.
Design of a Highly Parallel Ultrahigher‐Valued Logic Network Based on a Bio‐Device Model
Authors: Kameyama Michitaka , Member Takafumi Aoki Associate , Member Tatsuo Higuchi
Published: July 2007

If the multiple‐valued digital system can be extended to an ultrahigher‐valued digital system, the potential advantages of high information density and simple hardware algorithms by direct multiple‐valued coding of the processed data will be obtained. This paper presents a highly parallel ultra‐higher‐valued logic network composed of bio‐devices based on specificity of enzymes, i.e., the high‐level, multiple‐valued discrimination function. First, the multiple‐valued coding of varieties of organic molecules is presented, regarding the molecules as logic values. Then, basic bio‐devices are defined which can switch the molecular logic values. It is shown that any multiple‐valued logic function can be constructed in two‐stage structure by the proposed bio‐devices. Finally, the systematic synthesis method of the network is presented aiming at the minimization of the network. Since one of the most distinctive features of the proposed system is that there is no physical order relation among the logic values, the simplification of logic networks without a constraint due to the adjacency of the logic values is discussed anew.
A high‐speed test‐generation method using a test generation circuit
Authors: Hirose Fumiyasu , Takayama Koichiro , Kawato Nobuaki
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses the test‐generation circuit which automatically generates a test pattern for a combinational circuit. The test‐generation circuit is designed so that two algorithms of automatic test generation and fault simulation can be executed by the circuit. The test pattern for the circuit under test is generated at a high speed by simulating the operation of the test‐generation circuit using the dedicated logic simulation machine SP. As a result of performance evaluation for the well known benchmark circuits, the test‐generation circuit was constructed with eleven times the number of SP elements on the average compared with the circuit under test. By a simulation using only one SP processor, the operation of the test‐generation circuit could be simulated at 6 kHz on the average. Thus, it is seen that the test pattern for the circuit under test can be generated with a high fault coverage with a speed surpassing the software on a large‐scale computer. The method proposed herein is to apply effectively the architecture of the dedicated machine for a high‐speed logic simulation to the search problem such as test generation. Thus, the validity of the idea was verified.
Large‐vocabulary spoken word recognition using time‐delay neural network phoneme spotting and predictive lr‐parsing
Authors: Minami Yasuhiro , Sawai Hidefumi , Miyatake Masanori
Published: July 2007

This paper proposes a large‐vocabulary speech recognition system using a phoneme spotting method by a time‐delay neural network (TDNN) and a predictive LR parser. This is the first attempt to recognize large vocabulary speech using neural networks. The prediction of phonemes in words is performed by a predictive LR parser. Time alignment between predicted phonemes by the predicted LR parser and phoneme spotting results via TDNN is realized using a DTW (dynamic time warping) method. Speaker‐dependent recognition for a 5240‐word vocabulary using 2620 test words uttered by a male announcer resulted in a rate of 92.6 percent for the top choices, rates of 97.6 and 99.1 percent for the second and fifth choices, respectively.
Fault‐tolerant computer system with stepwise negotiating voting
Authors: Kanekawa Nobuyasu , Maejima Hideo , Kato Hatsuhiko , Ihara Hirokazu
Published: July 2007

In the conventional fault‐tolerant system, it is difficult to satisfy both requirements of long system life and safety. This paper proposes a method in which the output data from subsystems is selected based on the reliabilities of the data processings in the redundant subsystems, which are estimated by the self‐ and mutual checks of each subsystem. By the proposed method, a new fault‐tolerant system can be realized. This system contains both the long life, as a feature of the stand‐by redundant method, and a highly reliable data processing, as a feature of the majority redundant method. It is expected that the proposed method will be applied to the satellite computer.

In the proposed method, the trade‐off between the life and the reliability of the data processing can easily be achieved according to the purpose of application, by adequately defining the required level for the reliability. The method can cope with any multiplicity, making it applicable to various problems.
A proposal on approximate reasoning based on revision principle and fixed value law
Authors: Ding Liya , Mukaidono Masao
Published: July 2007

When a rule P Q and a fact P' that is an approximation of P are given, how to obtain the conclusion Q' approximately is an interesting topic on approximate reasoning. This paper proposes a new approach based on the revision principle and fixed value law. The basic idea on revision principle is to deduce Q' from Q based on the deviation of P' from P.

When the revision principle is applied on fuzzy set, there are two laws for obtaining a deviation from P' to P. The first law is called the fixed point law. Its basic idea is to fix an element × in the universe of discourse × of P and P' to obtain the deviation between the membership functions m̈p(x) and m̈p(x). The second law is called the fixed value law. Its basic idea is to fix a value such that the membership functions m̈p(x)= m̈p(x') to obtain the shift from point × to x' on the universe of discourse X.

According to the fixed value law, it will become possible to deduce Q' from Q by shifting the membership function. As an example of the fixed value law, a set of linear revising formulas will be given.
Analysis of facial expressions using a three‐dimensional facial model
Authors: Choi Chang Seok , Takebe Tsuyosi , Harashima Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

This paper proposes a method which analyzes an expression from a facial image using a three‐dimensional facial model and then extracts the facial expression.

First, the head motion and the facial actions (such as those of eyebrows, eyes, and lips) are separated from the facial image. This is realized by estimating the three‐dimensional motion of the face based on the three‐dimensional facial model and by compensating the motion.

Next, the expression information is extracted from the separated facial actions in two ways. One is the method to extract successively the facial expressions considering the characteristics of the facial actions based on the facial muscles. The other is the method to estimate the facial expression as a whole using the least‐square method and regarding the facial actions by the facial muscles as a vector. Those methods are combined with the expression synthesis rules. This makes it possible to reconstruct the original expression from the extracted facial expression parameters.

Finally, the result of the analysis of the facial expression from the actual image is compared to the result of evaluation by a psychologist to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method. The image reconstructed from the result of analysis also is compared with the original image.
Representing molecule-surface interactions with symmetry-adapted neural networks
Authors: Behler Jörg , Lorenz Sönke , Reuter Karsten
Published: July 2007

The accurate description of molecule-surface interactions requires a detailed knowledge of the underlying potential-energy surface (PES). Recently, neural networks (NNs) have been shown to be an efficient technique to accurately interpolate the PES information provided for a set of molecular configurations, e.g., by first-principles calculations. Here, we further develop this approach by building the NN on a new type of symmetry functions, which allows to take the symmetry of the surface exactly into account. The accuracy and efficiency of such symmetry-adapted NNs is illustrated by the application to a six-dimensional PES describing the interaction of oxygen molecules with the Al(111) surface.
Particle acceleration by subcycle laser pulse in vacuum
Authors: Xie Bai-Song , Liu Ming-Ping , Wang Nai-Yan , Yu M. Y.
Published: July 2007

An analytical model based on the diffraction-induced transformation [A. E. Kaplan, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 951 (1998)] for an ultrashort subcycle laser pulse propagating in vacuum is considered. The pulse is initially Gaussian. To the lowest order of the diffraction angle its evolution satisfies Maxwell’s equations. The model is used to study the motion of charged particles in the pulse. It is shown that the delta-function representation is an excellent approximation of a subcycle pulse for studying charged-particle dynamics in subcycle pulse.
Retinotopic mapping of adult human visual cortex with high-density diffuse optical tomography
Authors: Zeff Benjamin W. , White Brian R. , Dehghani Hamid , Schlaggar Bradley L. , Culver Joseph P.
Published: July 2007

Functional neuroimaging is a vital element of neuroscience and cognitive research and, increasingly, is an important clinical tool. Diffuse optical imaging is an emerging, noninvasive technique with unique portability and hemodynamic contrast capabilities for mapping brain function in young subjects and subjects in enriched or clinical environments. We have developed a high-performance, high-density diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system that overcomes previous limitations and enables superior image quality. We show herein the utility of the DOT system by presenting functional hemodynamic maps of the adult human visual cortex. The functional brain images have a high contrast-to-noise ratio, allowing visualization of individual activations and highly repeatable mapping within and across subjects. With the improved spatial resolution and localization, we were able to image functional responses of 1.7 cm in extent and shifts of <1 cm. Cortical maps of angle and eccentricity in the visual field are consistent with retinotopic studies using functional MRI and positron-emission tomography. These results demonstrate that high-density DOT is a practical and powerful tool for mapping function in the human cortex.
Islamic-Iranian Studies and Studies Concerning Iran in the Islamic Period in German-speaking Countries: Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic, Austria, and Switzerland
Authors: Fragner Bert G.
Published: July 2007

This contribution is dedicated to the memory of Fritz Wolff, author of the famous and voluminousGlossary of Ferdawsi's Shāh-nāmeh.This glossary was offered by the National-Socialist government as the official German present to Iran on the occasion of the Ferdawsi Commemoration Festivities in the year 1935. Fritz Wolff, not having been allowed to participate in these festivities, died a few years later in a Nazi concentration camp.

In contrast to the situation in most countries, in German-speaking countries the study of Iran is not concentrated in one academic discipline. As a result, the attempt to “reconstruct” the history of Iranian Studies inevitably involves various disciplines. The individual results of these together form the kaleidoscopic spectrum of studies on Iranian themes in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.

The only academic discipline in the German language area that includes the name “Iran” is the one called “Iranistics” (German “Iranistik”).
Ziegler's Sultanabad Carpet Enterprise
Authors: Ittig Annette
Published: July 2007

Today, the term “Ziegler carpet” is synonymous in the trade with a type of late nineteenth century Persian, made-for-export weaving categorized as decorative (figs. 1 - 2). The Ziegler enterprise in Sultanabad (now Arak) was the earliest known effort to organize carpet manufacture in Iran with foreign capital. This Manchester-based firm operated initially as a commission house, representing European manufacturers in the export and sales of printed cottons in the Near and Middle East; they subsequently developed extensive commercial interests in Iran, including investments in opium and other cash crops. Shortly after their first agency was established in Iran in 1867, Ziegler's expanded into the manufacture and trade of Persian carpets; and the company played a significant role the tremendous increase in carpet exports from that country during the late nineteenth century — the so-called Persian carpet “boom”.
The Safavid Synthesis: From Qizilbash Islam to Imamite Shi'ism
Authors: Babayan Kathryn
Published: July 2007

The Safavids evolved from a Sufi order (1301) into a messianic movement (1447) before they finally established their imperium with world-conquering aspirations (1501). Isma'il, the first pīr (spiritual guide) of the Safavid order to assume the political role of shah, claimed to be the reincarnation of a host of prophets and kingly heroes from Iran's cultural past. “Prostrate thyself! Pander not to Satan! Adam has put on new clothes, God has come,” writes Isma'il in his poetry (Divan), composed as he, together with his adepts, the Qizilbash (Redheads), conquered Iran and Iraq (1501-13).
Structure and Virtue in United States Political Economy
Authors: Furner Mary O.
Published: July 2007

During a crucial period of United States history, 1880s–1940s, ideas developed in political economy were the core component of a transformation in the way Americans thought about the social and political order. These decades, the era of the elaboration in the United States and internationally of what historians of liberal reform thought refer to as the New Liberalism, were the site of a general reassessment of the constitutive ideologies, Smithian/Lockean liberalism, and a democratized, commercialized version of classical republicanism hanging over from the agrarian republic. Scary, unexpectedly turbulent conditions in an economy plagued by recurrent cyclical downturns in investment and employment, accompanied by unprecedented levels of social conflict, placed a premium on new knowledge. This need arose just as the academic professionalization of the social sciences, the rise of critical political journalism, and highly mobilized women's and labor movements began providing impressive new analytical talent. Efforts to find answers to pressing issues raised by the “social question” were intended initially by most of those involved as a salvage operation for what remained valid among key tenets of American liberalism regarding individualism, competition, the efficacy of the market, and the role of the state. Instead, they led ultimately to a reconstruction in public philosophy, at least on the scale of the one underway since the 1970s, with the “the return of the market,” the unprecedented sway of neoclassicism, and the multidisciplinary appeal of rational choice theory.
DEVELOPING A GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN THE FIELD OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE: OBJECTIVES AND DILEMMAS
Authors: Crawley Jim , Sharpe Lionel
Published: July 2007

Earlier this year, a decision was taken by the Council of Phillip Institute of Technology that planning should proceed for the introduction of a new Graduate Diploma in Applied Science (Drug Dependence). This paper describes the planning process to date, outlines the objectives for the course and identifies a number of dilemmas encountered in curriculum development. The experiences and issues described may be of interest to others concerned with developing courses or in‐service training programs in this area.

The authors would like to stress that this paper, hurriedly prepared, represents their perspective on an exercise still in progress. The subjective nature of the contents should particularly be borne in mind when reference is made to the views of the Course Advisory Committee.
SYNOPSIS OF THE WORKSHOP REPORT AND OPEN FORUM
Authors: Pols R.G.
Published: July 2007

This session was chaired by Prof. R.S. Kalucy. The workshops on curriculum content and clinical training had a discussion paper available to them prepared by Dr L. Goldman.
DIETARY STATUS IN SOCIAL DRINKERS
Authors: Cala L.A. , Burns P. , Davis R.E. , Jones B.
Published: July 2007

A prospective study of light‐to‐moderate drinkers was undertaken to establish the frequency of abnormal findings on CT, psychometric and dietary parameters over a range of alcohol consumption. In particular, it was desirable to exclude the possibility of poor nutrition contributing to the picture of CT atrophy, especially with the assessment of any demonstrable reversibility. Thirty‐nine subjects were studied and 16 were found to be deficient in some part of their diet, although initial interviews established that they considered they took a balanced, adequate diet. Five subjects were re‐examined after six months' abstinence from alcohol: in four cases the total kilocalorie intake was less than the initial total, a proportion having been contributed latter by the previous alcohol consumption. The dietary history was partially checked by estimation of the level of B vitamins. Seven subjects had a low red cell thiamin, four of these having a normal serum level. These findings in social drinkers (mean alcohol consumption‡ 54 gms/day) lend support to the theory that thiamin deficiency in alcoholics is mediated by alcohol, rather than diet.
CAT SCAN DEMONSTRATION OF ALCOHOL‐RELATED BRAIN DAMAGE IN SOCIAL DRINKERS
Authors: Cala L.A.
Published: July 2007

CAT scan has been used for nearly seven years to demonstrate that amounts of alcohol varying from 20 gm/day up to the volumes consumed by alcoholics, may cause brain damage or be related to it. The effect of diet must be considered in all studies assessing the role of alcohol. It has been shown that abstinence results in improvement of the appearance and the density of the brain, as well as improvement in function. The possibility that alcohol may cause a metabolic block in the metabolism of thiamin has been established and is part of work‐in‐progress.
WORKING IN A MULTIDISCIPLINARY SPECIALIST DRUG TEAM
Authors: REILLY D.K. , TWYMAN D. , BUSH R.A.
Published: July 2007

Interdisciplinary co‐operation is relevant both at a community level and within a multidisciplinary team specializing in the treatment of drug‐related problems. Examples of co‐operation between a community drug advisory service with hospitals, the legal system, professional disciplines, government and community agencies are described. The problems of burnout within a team and the importance of role flexibility, training in alcohol and drug‐related problems, role support from colleagues, clinical supervision and organization support as remedies to burnout are also discussed.
ALCOHOL AND BRAIN DAMAGE
Authors: CALA L.A. , BURNS P. , DAVIS R. , JONES B. , STENHOUSE N.
Published: July 2007

The effect of alcohol upon the brain has been studied, ranging from a consumption of 10 g/day to the level of the acknowledged alcoholic (120 g/day or more). In the first instance the CT results of social drinkers and alcoholics were compared with the findings in a group of normal volunteers. Subsequently a group of light to moderate drinkers were examined to investigate the reationship between CT findings, psycho‐metric results and alcohol intake. A study of haematological and biochemical parameters of nutrition and liver function was undertaken and these findings were matched with the dietary history recorded for a one‐week period by the volunteers. The local results were compared with those of other workers. 26 subjects out of a total of 65 light to moderate drinkers agreed to abstain from alcohol for a period of 6 months and the tests were all repeated. Improvements were found in total CT atrophy, psychometric results and biochemistry. Work‐in‐progress is the recall of all subjects, irrespective of whether or not they have returned to social drinking. Those subjects who only had an initial examination are also being recalled to establish the progress if any, of the originally demonstrated brain damage, as a result of continued drinking.
DEVELOPING TEAMWORK
Authors: WHYTE H.M.
Published: July 2007

A description is given of the structure and functioning of teams and of team building and maintenance arising out of six years' experience of a small community‐based multidisciplinary working group. A model is used to illustrate progress from a starting point of multiple individual differences which have the potential for strength and conflict, towards the development of teamship characterised by overall effective performance and satisfaction, up a series of steps akin fo Maslow's hierarchy of needs and to the various aspects of “health”. Specific ways in which teamship has been sought and expressed by the groups, including examples of exercises used in its regular team building in developing teamwork are listed, emphasizing the critical importance of the style of control exerted and tolerated by the group's leader and the host organization.
THE MANAGEMENT OF THE DRINKING PROBLEM
Authors: POLS R.G.
Published: July 2007

Alcoholism is discussed as a chronic relapsing lifestyle syndrome against the background of its prevalence in general medical settings. Recent outcome studies are reviewed, highlighting the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion in all patients with alcohol‐related disease. This should lead to full assessment of alcohol intake related to that patient's lifestyle, so that adequate confrontation of the patient can occur.

The importance of the diagnosis of the alcohol dependence syndrome, if present, and the relationship of outcome to marital involvement, support and other specific individualised management strategies is also discussed.

The difficulty of engaging patients with alcohol‐related disease in a management programme, is examined critically, taking into account the natural history of the syndrome, doctor treatment behaviour and cultural attitudes to the consumption of alcohol.

The indirect presentation of alcohol‐related problems is also briefly commented on.
MEASUREMENT OF DRINKING, ALCOHOLISM AND LOSS‐OF‐CONTROL OVER ALCOHOL
Authors: WILLIAMS ROBERT J. , BROWN ROBERT A.
Published: July 2007

Four patterns of alcohol consumption, differing by degree, were made available for study by arbitrarily sub‐dividing groups of alcoholics and social drinkers into subjects who spread consumption over a four‐hour, free‐choice drinking session (completors) and those who terminated consumption a minimum of 35 minutes prior to its end (non‐completors). In defining loss‐of‐control drinking as progressive increases in sip size accompanied by decrease in number of sips, per hour, it was found that both groups of alcoholics exhibited loss‐of‐control, particularly during the third hour. Of the social drinkers only the non‐completors exhibited any similar style of drinking, and this only in the fourth hour despite consuming significantly less total alcohol than the other groups. Demographic variables were of no predictive value as to who would complete or not complete the session.
THE HUNTER DRUG ADVISORY SERVICE APPROACH TO PROBLEM DRINKERS
Authors: WALSH RAOUL
Published: July 2007

The role of the Hunter Drug Advisory Service (HDAS) is briefly described. The background of problem drinking clients is outlined and their sources of referral listed. HDAS' approach to counselling problem drinkers is discussed with emphasis placed on the first interview and its importance. The rationale for largely avoiding the use of the alcoholism concept in HDAS counselling is examined. Finally, the issue of client treatment after the first interview is described with particular reference to the role of Alcoholics Anonymous.
CONSULTATION — LIAISON PSYCHIATRY AND ALCOHOL ABUSE
Authors: JURD STEPHEN
Published: July 2007

The general hospital psychiatrist has a potential role in the management of patients who abuse alcohol. A brief sketch is presented for ways in which the psychiatrist may make consultative suggestions, participate in liaisons or develop collaborative management. The usefulness of the biopsychosocial model is stressed and the need for broadening of models in a variety of settings is noted.
The Scope of the Drug and Alcohol Problem
Authors: Santamaria J.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The nature and extent of drug related problems in Australian society are outlined, and in particular the physiological and social impact of the use of alcohol and tobacco are considered.
A Marketing Approach
Authors: Rubinstein Philip
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Marketers of alcohol, tobacco, analgesics and tranquillizers are highly sophisticated manipulators of community behaviour and attitudes. The milieu they create helps shape the problem faced by drug and alcohol workers. The public sector needs to understand these strategies before it can hope to develop its own, and to use its comparative advantages effectively. Opportunities in fiscal and legislative policy, education, professional and community areas need to be researched and developed systematically. This requires a marketing approach to the problem.
The Natural History of Alcohol and Drug Use — Implications for Treatment Goals and Strategies
Authors: Santamaria J.N.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Some of the factors which underly the development of alcohol and drug dependence are discussed. The importance of encouraging the natural healing processes, reconciling the patient's and the doctor's goals and establishing multi‐dimensional criteria of success are emphasised.
Evaluation of a High School Drink‐Driving Educational Program
Authors: Batchler M.W. , Grundy S.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Evaluation of the effectiveness of instruction concerning drink driving is believed to be integral to a responsible educational approach to a traffic accident reduction program. It was out of a concern to appraise the extent to which the objectives of the Traffic Education Curriculum were being realized and the utility of the Drink Driving Education Materials Project in achieving those objectives that this evaluation study was conducted. The paper presents and discusses procedures and findings relating to the evaluation of a drink driving educational program conducted with Year 10 students attending Armidale High School. The instructional materials on which the program in the school was based are contained in the N.S.W. Traffic Authority Drink Driving Educational Materials Project. The study focused upon the effectiveness of both the overall program and the instructional materials. A pre‐test/post‐test design involving teacher‐designed knowledge tests, teacher and student interviews and an attitude scale was employed.
Understanding the Alcoholic in the Context of Community Consumption Patterns
Authors: Hamilton Margaret
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Community alcohol consumption in the Queensland mining town of Mt. Isa was studied in an attempt to establish drinking patterns and associated problems. Data were collected via morbidity and mortality records, surveys of general practitioners and hospital patients, a review of coroner's records, and case studies. Baseline data were established through a postal survey. Ten per cent of the population were considered to be drinking heavily or very heavily. An attempt was made to understand the place of alcohol in the social and cultural life of Mt. Isa.
Alcohol Consumption by Routine Admissions to a Sydney Teaching Hospital
Authors: Burns Tania , Batey Robert
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Between April and August 1985, 500 patients admitted routinely to the Westmead Hospital completed a self reporting questionnaire based on National Heart Foundation (NHF) questionnaire to determine alcohol usage by this group of hospital patients. Routine admissions represent 40‐50% of all patients in the Westmead Hospital. The alcohol consumption patterns of this group closely resembled that of the general population as reported in the 1983 NHF survey. Six per cent of all patients were drinking at an ‘at risk’ level and only 0.8% were consuming at a level definitely believed to damage their health. The survey suggests that routinely admitted patients represent a select group of hospital patients not containing a high percentage of heavy drinkers. If up to 30% of hospital patients have an alcohol intake above accepted ‘healthy’ levels it is clear that this must occur in other areas of the hospital such as the Orthopaedic and Neurosurgical units where trauma cases are frequently admitted. Future research into these areas would be useful to determine the extent of patient alcohol consumption.
Controlled Drinking: Some Current Theoretical Issues
Authors: O'Connor John V.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The advent of controlled drinking as an option for problem drinkers has resulted in intense debate, as it reflects a major paradigm shift from a disease concept of ‘alcoholism’ to an understanding of problem drinking as a learned pattern of behaviour that is open to modification. The social learning paradigm can be applied across the field of addictions, drug and non‐drug related, to yield an understanding of dependence that is incompatible with pharmacologically dominated models of dependency. Important issues raised by controlled drinking include the blurring of the traditional boundaries of education and treatment with the introduction of minimal interventions, and the questioning of what constitutes spontaneous remission and relapse. The introduction of controlled drinking has resulted in greater self‐determination for clients, a broadened clinical response, and an extension of the client group.