bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Politicization of Family Life: How Headship Became Essential to Evangelical Identity in the Late Twentieth Century
Authors: Stasson Anneke
Published: April 2014

This article describes the fluidity of evangelical gender ideology during the 1970s and posits that belief in male headship became one of the distinct marks of evangelical identity in the late 1970s and early 1980s. At that time, the Christian Right led a campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment, arguing that the ERA was the means by which feminists were seeking to destroy the family. It became politically expedient for evangelicals to assert their support for male headship over and against a feminist paradigm of the family. In the 1990s and 2000s, as evangelicals had begun to feel less animosity towards feminism and had actually absorbed many feminist assumptions, the Christian Right's campaign against gay marriage gave evangelicals a new reason to cling to the ideology of male headship. The campaigns against the ERA and gay marriage have made evangelicals aware of the very real presence of different models of family in American society. This awareness has enhanced commitment to the headship model of marriage.

Historians Betty DeBerg and Margaret Bendroth have done much to point historians to the way in which gender ideology has been important to evangelical identity over the last century. By analyzing anti-ERA and anti-gay marriage evangelical literature, this article argues that gender ideology was integral to the formation of evangelical identity during the last third of the twentieth century. Thus, the article seeks to extend the argument of DeBerg and Bendroth into the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s and to present gender ideology as a key feature in defining twentieth-century American evangelicalism.
“If a War It May Be Called”: The Peace Policy with American Indians
Authors: Graber Jennifer
Published: April 2014

In 1869, President Ulysses S. Grant initiated the “Peace Policy” with American Indians, an approach that privileged humane interactions with native peoples and allowed religious groups to run reservations across the American West. The Society of Friends, or Quakers, administered the largest number of reservations and symbolized the policy's benevolent aims. This essay explores varying Quaker understandings of peaceful relations with Indians as well as the general public's perception of the Friends' nonviolence. The essay focuses on an 1871 Indian attack on an overland wagon train, including Quaker engagements with the army in the attack's aftermath. Despite the Society's part in an emerging culture of threat against Plains Indians, Americans continued to consider both the Society and the policy to be peaceful. As such, this episode proves useful for understanding the intersections of religion and violence in United States history. Close analysis of the internal Quaker debate about military engagement, as well as Americans' ongoing identification of the policy with nonviolence, shows how religious groups and religious language were employed to reclassify episodes of violence as peace.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors mediate apoptosis via cytosolic calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 and migration in prostate cancer cell RM-1
Authors: Jin Lai , Li Chuanhua , Li Rong , Sun Zongxing , Fang Xianjun , Li Shengnan
Published: April 2014

Peripheral corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors (CRHRs) are G protein-coupled receptors that play different roles depending on tissue types. Previously, we discovered the mechanism of CRHR-mediated apoptosis of mouse prostate cancer cell line (RM-1) to be a change of Bcl-2:Bax ratio, and CRH was found to inhibit transforming growth factor β migration of breast cancer cells via CRHRs. In the present study, we investigated cytosolic calcium-dependent phospholipase A2(cPLA2) bridging CRHR activations and Bcl-2:Bax ratio and the effect of CRHR activation on cell migration. Silencing of cPLA2attenuated a CRHR1 agonist, CRH-induced apoptosis, and the decrease of the Bcl-2:Bax ratio, whereas silencing of cPLA2aggravated CRHR2 agonist, Urocortin 2 (Ucn2)-inhibited apoptosis, and the increase of the Bcl-2:Bax ratio. CRH in a time- and concentration-dependent manner increased cPLA2expression mainly through interleukin 1β (IL1β) upregulation. Ucn2 decreased cPLA2expression through neither tumor necrosis factor α nor IL1β. CRH-suppressed decay of cPLA2mRNA and Ucn2 merely suppressed its production. Overexpression of CRHR1 or CRHR2 in HEK293 cells correspondingly upregulated or downregulated cPLA2expression after CRH or Ucn2 stimulation respectively. In addition, both CRH and Ucn2 induced migration of RM-1 cells. Our observation not only established a relationship between CRHRs and cell migration but also for the first time, to our knowledge, demonstrated that cPLA2participates in CRHR1-induced apoptosis and CRHR2-inhibited apoptosis.
Xenon Ventilation During Therapeutic Hypothermia in Neonatal Encephalopathy: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Dingley John , Tooley James , Liu Xun , Scull-Brown Emma , Elstad Maja , Chakkarapani Ela , Sabir Hemmen , Thoresen Marianne
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Therapeutic hypothermia has become standard of care in newborns with moderate and severe neonatal encephalopathy; however, additional interventions are needed. In experimental models, breathing xenon gas during cooling offers long-term additive neuroprotection. This is the first xenon feasibility study in cooled infants. Xenon is expensive, requiring a closed-circuit delivery system.

METHODS:

Cooled newborns with neonatal encephalopathy were eligible for this single-arm, dose-escalation study if clinically stable, under 18 hours of age and requiring less than 35% oxygen. Xenon duration increased stepwise from 3 to 18 hours in 14 subjects; 1 received 25% xenon and 13 received 50%. Respiratory, cardiovascular, neurologic (ie, amplitude-integrated EEG, seizures), and inflammatory (C-reactive protein) effects were examined. The effects of starting or stopping xenon rapidly or slowly were studied. Three matched control subjects per xenon treated subject were selected from our cooling database. Follow-up was at 18 months using mental developmental and physical developmental indexes of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II.

RESULTS:

No adverse respiratory or cardiovascular effects, including post-extubation stridor, were seen. Xenon increased sedation and suppressed seizures and background electroencephalographic activity. Seizures sometimes occurred during rapid weaning of xenon but not during slow weaning. C-reactive protein levels were similar between groups. Hourly xenon consumption was 0.52 L. Three died, and 7 of 11 survivors had mental and physical developmental index scores ≥70 at follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS:

Breathing 50% xenon for up to 18 hours with 72 hours of cooling was feasible, with no adverse effects seen with 18 months' follow-up.
Public Perceptions of Pharmacogenetics
Authors: Zhang Steven C. , Bruce Carleton , Hayden Michael , Rieder Michael J.
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Pharmacogenetics (PGx) promises to optimize patient response to therapy. However, the public’s acceptance of PGx is not well known, notably when this applies to children. Our objective was to explore perceptions of PGx testing among individuals, who differ from each other by either parental status or educational exposure to PGx, and to explore parents’ views between PGx testing for oneself and PGx testing for their children.

METHODS:

An exploratory survey was conducted among parents and other adults. Surveys P and C were completed by parents, survey NP by middle-aged nonparents, and survey MS by medical students.

RESULTS:

Proper explanation before PGx testing appeared to be the most important issue to the respondents (eg, P = 1.55 × 10−38 for survey NP). Respondents who were more knowledgeable about PGx were also more comfortable with PGx testing (eg, P = 2.53 × 10−7 in case of mild disease). When PGx testing was for one’s child, parents valued their own understanding more than their child’s assent (P = 1.57 × 10−17).

CONCLUSIONS:

The acceptability of PGx testing, either for oneself or for one’s child, seemed to depend on baseline PGx knowledge, but not on parenthood.
Brief Approaches to Developmental-Behavioral Promotion in Primary Care: Updates on Methods and Technology
Authors: Glascoe Frances Page , Trimm Franklin
Published: April 2014

Well-child visits are a critical opportunity to promote learning and development, encourage positive parenting practices, help children acquire behavioral self-control, enhance the development and well-being of children and their families, identify problems not amenable to brief in-office counseling, and refer for services when needed. This article outlines the communication skills, instructional methods, and resource options that enable clinicians to best assist families. Also covered is how to monitor progress and outcomes. A total of 239 articles and 52 Web sites on parent/patient education were reviewed for this study. Providers require a veritable armamentarium of instructional methods. Skills in nonverbal and verbal communication are needed to elicit the parent/patient agenda, winnow topics to a manageable subset, and create the “teachable moment.” Verbal suggestions, with or without standardized spoken instructions, are useful for conveying simple messages. However, for complex issues, such as discipline, it is necessary to use a combination of verbal advice, written information, and “teach-back,” aided by role-playing/modeling or multimedia approaches. Selecting the approaches most likely to be effective depends on the topic and family characteristics (eg, parental literacy and language skills, family psychosocial risk and resilience factors, children’s developmental-behavioral status). When providers collaborate well (with parents, patients, and other service providers) and select appropriate educational methods, families are better able to act on advice, leading to improvements in children’s well-being, health, and developmental-behavioral outcomes. Provided are descriptions of methods, links to parenting resources such as cell phone applications, Web sites (in multiple languages), interactive technology, and parent training courses.
Dipstick Screening for Urinary Tract Infection in Febrile Infants
Authors: Glissmeyer Eric W. , Korgenski E. Kent , Wilkes Jacob , Schunk Jeff E. , Sheng Xiaoming , Blaschke Anne J. , Byington Carrie L.
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVE:

This study compares the performance of urine dipstick alone with urine microscopy and with both tests combined as a screen for urinary tract infection (UTI) in febrile infants aged 1 to 90 days.

METHODS:

We queried the Intermountain Healthcare data warehouse to identify febrile infants with urine dipstick, microscopy, and culture performed between 2004 and 2011. UTI was defined as >50 000 colony-forming units per milliliter of a urinary pathogen. We compared the performance of urine dipstick with unstained microscopy or both tests combined (“combined urinalysis”) to identify UTI in infants aged 1 to 90 days.

RESULTS:

Of 13 030 febrile infants identified, 6394 (49%) had all tests performed and were included in the analysis. Of these, 770 (12%) had UTI. Urine culture results were positive within 24 hours in 83% of UTIs. The negative predictive value (NPV) was >98% for all tests. The combined urinalysis NPV was 99.2% (95% confidence interval: 99.1%–99.3%) and was significantly greater than the dipstick NPV of 98.7% (98.6%–98.8%). The dipstick positive predictive value was significantly greater than combined urinalysis (66.8% [66.2%–67.4%] vs 51.2% [50.6%–51.8%]). These data suggest 8 febrile infants would be predicted to have a false-positive combined urinalysis for every 1 infant with UTI initially missed by dipstick screening.

CONCLUSIONS:

Urine dipstick testing compares favorably with both microscopy and combined urinalysis in febrile infants aged 1 to 90 days. The urine dipstick test may be an adequate stand-alone screen for UTI in febrile infants while awaiting urine culture results.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis
Authors: McElhanon Barbara O. , McCracken Courtney , Karpen Saul , Sharp William G.
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND:

In pediatric settings, parents often raise concerns about possible gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet the specificity of these concerns are not well studied.

OBJECTIVE:

To conduct a meta-analysis of research investigating GI symptoms among children with ASD.

METHODS:

We searched Medline, PsycINFO, and PubMed databases (1980–2012) in peer-reviewed journals. Analysis involved studies with a comparison group presenting quantitative data on GI symptoms using combinations of terms for ASD and GI indicators. The systematic search yielded 15 studies. We calculated effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects model.

RESULTS:

Children with ASD experience significantly more general GI symptoms than comparison groups, with a standardized mean difference of 0.82 (0.24) and a corresponding odds ratio (OR) of 4.42 (95% CI, 1.90–10.28). Analysis also indicated higher rates of diarrhea (OR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.82–7.23), constipation (OR, 3.86; 95% CI, 2.23–6.71), and abdominal pain (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.19–5.07).

CONCLUSIONS:

Results indicate greater prevalence of GI symptoms among children with ASD compared with control children. Identified studies involved high methodological variability and lack of comprehensive data prohibited analysis of GI pathophysiologies (eg, gastroesophageal reflux) typically associated with organic etiologies, limiting conclusions about the underpinnings of the observed association. Future research must address critical questions about the causes and long-term impact of GI symptoms in ASD. Such analyses will require more systematic research and clinical activities, including improved diagnostic screening, standardized assessment, and exploration of potential moderators (eg, dietary restrictions).
Promoting Education, Mentorship, and Support for Pediatric Research
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON PEDIATRIC RESEARCH, Cabana Michael D. , Cheng Tina L. , Bauer Andrew J. , Bogue Clifford W. , Chien Alyna T. , Dean J. Michael , Scheindlin Ben , Kelle Angela
Published: April 2014

Pediatricians play a key role in advancing child health research to best attain and improve the physical, mental, and social health and well-being of all infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. Child health presents unique issues that require investigators who specialize in pediatric research. In addition, the scope of the pediatric research enterprise is transdisciplinary and includes the full spectrum of basic science, translational, community-based, health services, and child health policy research. Although most pediatricians do not directly engage in research, knowledge of research methodologies and approaches promotes critical evaluation of scientific literature, the practice of evidence-based medicine, and advocacy for evidence-based child health policy. This statement includes specific recommendations to promote further research education and support at all levels of pediatric training, from premedical to continuing medical education, as well as recommendations to increase support and mentorship for research activities. Pediatric research is crucial to the American Academy of Pediatrics’ goal of improving the health of all children. The American Academy of Pediatrics continues to promote and encourage efforts to facilitate the creation of new knowledge and ways to reduce barriers experienced by trainees, practitioners, and academic faculty pursuing research.
High-Deductible Health Plans
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON CHILD HEALTH FINANCING, Shenkin Budd N. , Long Thomas F. , Berman Suzanne Kathleen , Brandt Mary L. , Helm Mark , Hudak Mark , Price Jonathan , Racine Andrew D. , Shenkin Budd N. , Snider Iris Grace , White Patience Haydock , Droge Molly , Willis Earnestine
Published: April 2014

This Policy Statement was retired May 2023.

High-deductible health plans (HDHPs) are insurance policies with higher deductibles than conventional plans. The Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 linked many HDHPs with tax-advantaged spending accounts. The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act continues to provide for HDHPs in its lower-level plans on the health insurance marketplace and provides for them in employer-offered plans. HDHPs decrease the premium cost of insurance policies for purchasers and shift the risk of further payments to the individual subscriber. HDHPs reduce utilization and total medical costs, at least in the short term. Because HDHPs require out-of-pocket payment in the initial stages of care, primary care and other outpatient services as well as elective procedures are the services most affected, whereas higher-cost services in the health care system, incurred after the deductible is met, are unaffected. HDHPs promote adverse selection because healthier and wealthier patients tend to opt out of conventional plans in favor of HDHPs. Because the ill pay more than the healthy under HDHPs, families with children with special health care needs bear an increased cost burden in this model. HDHPs discourage use of nonpreventive primary care and thus are at odds with most recommendations for improving the organization of health care, which focus on strengthening primary care.

This policy statement provides background information on HDHPs, discusses the implications for families and pediatric care providers, and suggests courses of action.
Child Life Services
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON HOSPITAL CARE and CHILD LIFE COUNCIL, Percelay Jack M. , Betts James M. , Chitkara Maribeth B. , Jewell Jennifer A. , Preuschoff Claudia K. , Rauch Daniel A.
Published: April 2014

This Policy Statement was retired. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-040261.

Child life programs are an important component of pediatric hospital–based care to address the psychosocial concerns that accompany hospitalization and other health care experiences. Child life specialists focus on the optimal development and well-being of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults while promoting coping skills and minimizing the adverse effects of hospitalization, health care, and/or other potentially stressful experiences. Using therapeutic play, expressive modalities, and psychological preparation as primary tools, in collaboration with the entire health care team and family, child life interventions facilitate coping and adjustment at times and under circumstances that might otherwise prove overwhelming for the child. Play and developmentally appropriate communication are used to: (1) promote optimal development; (2) educate children and families about health conditions; (3) prepare children and families for medical events or procedures; (4) plan and rehearse useful coping and pain management strategies; (5) help children work through feelings about past or impending experiences; and (6) establish therapeutic relationships with patients, siblings, and parents to support family involvement in each child’s care.
Pediatric Anthrax Clinical Management: Executive Summary
Authors: Bradley John S. , Peacock Georgina , Krug Steven E. , Bower William A. , Cohn Amanda C. , Meaney-Delman Dana , Pavia Andrew T. ,   AAP COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES and DISASTER PREPAREDNESS ADVISORY COUNCIL
Published: April 2014

This Clinical Report was retired July 2024.
Liquid-based cervical cytology ThinPrep screening in Hungary
Authors: Bak Mihály , Séberné Éll Mária , Bóka Melinda , Veleczki Zsuzsanna , Nyári Tibor , Pete Imre , Szentirmay Zoltán
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Liquid-based cervical cytology has been developed as an alternative for conventional Papanicolaou cervical cytology. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the quality assurance of liquid-based cervical cytology. Method: 4573 cervical cytology smears were classified according to the Bethesda (2001) system. Human papilloma virus infection was detected and subtyped from reflex test using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: 4573 smears were classified according to the Bethesda (2001) system. Negative diagnosis was made in 2323 cases (50.8%), non neoplastic in 2017 cases (44.1%), and positive for intraepithelial lesions or malignancy in 233 cases (5.1%). Unsatisfactory smear for diagnosis was found in 43 cases (0.9%), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in 87 cases (1.9%), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in 24 cases (0.5%), and carcinoma in 23 cases (0.5%). Fifty-nine of the cases were histologically verified and 4 falsely negative cases were detected. The sensitivity, specificity and the positive predictive value were 93.2%, 100% and 100%, respectively. Compared to an identical time periods of the previous three years, the low- and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion increased from 0.82% to 2.51%. Eighty one human papilloma virus tests were performed with a positive predictive value of 99%. Conclusions: The auditing values of the liquid-bases cervical cytology results meet the proposed threshold values. Liquid-bases cervical cytology is an alternative cervical cytology and it seems to be significantly better than conventional Papanicolaou cervical cytology in all parameters. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(18), 708–714.
Use of Stress Analysis Methods to Evaluate the Biomechanics of Oral Rehabilitation With Implants
Authors: Pesqueira Aldiéris Alves , Goiato Marcelo Coelho , Filho Humberto Gennari , Monteiro Douglas Roberto , Santos Daniela Micheline dos , Haddad Marcela Filié , Pellizzer Eduardo Piza
Published: April 2014

Because the biomechanical behavior of dental implants is different from that of natural tooth, clinical problems may occur. The mechanism of stress distribution and load transfer to the implant/bone interface is a critical issue affecting the success rate of implants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a brief literature review of the available stress analysis methods to study implant-supported prosthesis loading and to discuss their contributions in the biomechanical evaluation of oral rehabilitation with implants. Several studies have used experimental, analytical, and computational models by means of finite element models (FEM), photoelasticity, strain gauges and associations of these methods to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of dental implants. The FEM has been used to evaluate new components, configurations, materials, and shapes of implants. The greatest advantage of the photoelastic method is the ability to visualize the stresses in complex structures, such as oral structures, and to observe the stress patterns in the whole model, allowing the researcher to localize and quantify the stress magnitude. Strain gauges can be used to assess in vivo and in vitro stress in prostheses, implants, and teeth. Some authors use the strain gauge technique with photoelasticity or FEM techniques. These methodologies can be widely applied in dentistry, mainly in the research field. Therefore, they can guide further research and clinical studies by predicting some disadvantages and streamlining clinical time.
Effects of pH and Elevated Glucose Levels on the Electrochemical Behavior of Dental Implants
Authors: Tamam Evsen , Turkyilmaz Ilser
Published: April 2014

Implant failure is more likely to occur in persons with medically compromising systemic conditions, such as diabetes related to high blood glucose levels and inflammatory diseases related to pH levels lower than those in healthy people. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lower pH level and simulated- hyperglycemia on implant corrosion as these effects are critical to biocompatibility and osseointegration. The electrochemical corrosion properties of titanium implants were studied in four different solutions: Ringer's physiological solution at pH = 7.0 and pH = 5.5 and Ringer's physiological solution containing 15 mM dextrose at pH = 7 and pH = 5.5. Corrosion behaviors of dental implants were determined by cyclic polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Surface alterations were studied using a scanning electron microscope. All test electrolytes led to apparent differences in corrosion behavior of the implants. The implants under conditions of test exhibited statistically significant increases in Icorr from 0.2372 to 1.007 μAcm−2, corrosion rates from 1.904 to 8.085 mpy, and a decrease in polarization resistances from 304 to 74 Ω. Implants in dextrose-containing solutions were more prone to corrosion than those in Ringer's solutions alone. Increasing the acidity also yielded greater corrosion rates for the dextrose-containing solutions and the solutions without dextrose.
Finite Element Analysis of Provisional Structures of Implant-Supported Complete Prostheses
Authors: Carneiro Bruno Albuquerque , de Brito Rui Barbosa , França Fabiana Mantovani Gomes
Published: April 2014

The use of provisional resin implant-supported complete dentures is a fast and safe procedure to restore mastication and esthetics of patients soon after surgery and during the adaptation phase to the new denture. This study assessed stress distribution of provisional implant-supported fixed dentures and the all-on-4 concept using self-curing acrylic resin (Tempron) and bis-acrylic resin (Luxatemp) to simulate functional loads through the three-dimensional finite element method. Solidworks software was used to build three-dimensional models using acrylic resin (Tempron, model A) and bis-acrylic resin (Luxatemp, model B) for denture captions. Two loading patterns were applied on each model: (1) right unilateral axial loading of 150 N on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth and (2) oblique loading vector of 150 N at 45°. The results showed that higher stress was found on the bone crest below oblique load application with a maximum value of 187.57 MPa on model A and 167.45 MPa on model B. It was concluded that model B improved stress distribution on the denture compared with model A.
Flow cytometry analysis of coxsackievirus B receptors expression in human CaCo-2 cells
Authors: Riabi Samira , Harrath Rafik , Gaâloul Imed , Hamzeh-Cognasse Hind , Délezay Olivier , Aouni Mahjoub , Pozzetto Bruno
Published: April 2014

A subset of coxsackieviruses B (CV-B) is able to initiate intestinal infection via the attachment to two cell surface proteins, decayaccelerating factor (DAF) and coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR). The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression pattern of these receptors in the polarized CaCo-2 cell line using flow cytometry. The expression of CAR-specific mRNA and proteins was analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis was used to study the surface expression patterns of CAR and DAF. CAR and DAF were well detected at the surface of CaCo-2 cells by flow cytometry. Despite the fact that CAR was susceptible to the action of trypsin, a few amounts of the latter enzyme and a precise dilution did not impair its correct detection by flow cytometry. This technique was used to demonstrate that the density of cells did not influence the expression of CAR at the cell surface. CaCo-2 cells express high levels of CAR and DAF at their surface. Flow cytometry, if used adequately, represents a helpful tool for the study of the interactions between these cells and various viral targets.
Bithermal caloric test results and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients with vestibular migraine
Authors: Sanyelbhaa Talaat Hossam , Sanyelbhaa Talaat Ahmed
Published: May 2014

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to study the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, and bithermal caloric test results in subjects with vestibular migraine and to discover whether they are correlated.

Study design:

The study group included 50 patients with vestibular migraine (32 females, 18 males), with age range 18–60 years (38 ± 12.2). The control group included 60 healthy volunteers of matched age and gender distribution. Audiovestibular evaluation in the form of pure tone audiometry, middle ear immittance, ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, and a bithermal caloric test were performed after at least three days from the last migraine or vertiginous episode; none of the study group was kept on prophylactic treatment for migraine.

Results:

Normal vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and caloric responses were reported in the entire control group and 12 subjects (24%) of the study group. Unilateral canal paresis was reported in 19 subjects in the study group. Abnormal ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials were registered in 27 and 30 subjects of the study group, respectively; abnormal vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (either ocular or cervical) were registered in 38 subjects. In this study 80 abnormal ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials were registered in the study group; there were 14 traces showing delayed peak latency and 66 traces showing absent responses. There were positive correlations between the incidence of canal paresis and both abnormal ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the ipsilateral and the contralateral ears.

Conclusions:

The patients with vestibular migraine showed a significantly higher prevalence of abnormal bithermal caloric test results and ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Significant canal paresis is associated with more pronounced abnormal vestibular evoked myogenic potentials
Study on Packing Phase Control Based on the Cavity Pressure-Temperature during Injection Molding
Authors: Xie P. C. , Wang X. H. , Wu T. , Ding Y. M. , Yang W. M.
Published: April 2014

Packing phase control during injection molding process plays a crucial role in ensuring the product quality. As one of the hot topics in the field of polymer precise injection molding, quality control of injection molded parts has always been of concern. In this present study, a part weight control method based on the cavity pressure-temperature during the packing phase was proposed. Experimental results illustrated that the proposed method, which used cavity pressure and Pressure-Temperature (P-T) control as filling-to-packing switchover mode and packing method respectively, was an effective approach for the part weight control. Typical crystalline material (polypropylene) and amorphous material (ABS) were chosen to further verify the feasibility of the control method, and experiments had shown to yield consistent conclusions. The experimental results and conclusions presented in this paper will be useful for proper setting of injection molding process.
Thermal Conductivity of Polypropylene Composites with Combined Boron Nitride Fillers
Authors: Cheewawuttipong W. , Fuoka D. , Tanoue S. , Uematsu H. , Iemoto Y.
Published: April 2014

We prepared polypropylene (PP) filled with boron nitride (BN) particles by melt compounding. The effects of filler content, particle size, and combined filler on the thermal conductivity of PP/BN composites were investigated. The results indicated that the thermal conductivities depend on the content and BN particle size. The good dispersion of BN particles of intermediate size in PP matrices led to a higher thermal conductivity than that of PP matrices containing small and large BN particles in which the agglomeration of BN particles was observed. The incorporation of BN particles of two different sizes could enhance the thermal conductivities of PP composites relative to those of composites containing BN particles of a single size at the same total content. A PP composite containing 50 wt% combined fillers with a mixture of BN particles measuring 45 μm and 10 μm at a weight ratio 1 : 4 showed the highest thermal conductivity in this experiment. Furthermore, several models for predicting the thermal conductivity of the composites were studied.
Characterization on Biodegradation of Enzymatically Synthesized Polylactic Acid by Using Alkaline Protease and Lipase
Authors: Omay D. , Güvenilir Y.
Published: April 2014

Biodegradation is the degradation process of organic substances via catabolic reactions that usually takes place in the presence of microorganisms and enzymes. In the present study, the enzymatic degradation of PLA was investigated by protease DSM and candida rugosa lipase enzymes. When the molecular weight loss in the degradation processes using protease DSM and candida rugosa lipase was examined, there was a 23 % reduction after 90 days for protease DSM, and 28 % reduction after 50 days for candida rugosa lipase. In addition, FT-IR, TGA, XRD and SEM analyses demonstrated significant changes in the characteristic, morphological and thermal structures of PLA during the enzymatic degradation processes.
Synthesis and Characteristics of Graft Copolymerization of Starch-G-PAM Using A Twin-Roll Mixer as Reactor for Cornstarch with Different Amylose/Amylopectin Ratios
Authors: Qiao D. , Ma H. , Yu L. , Liu H. , Zou W. , Chen L. , Chen P.
Published: April 2014

Starch-based superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were produced by graft copolymerization of starch-g-acrylamide using a twin-roll mixer as reactor. This work focused on the effect of starch microstructure (amylose/amylopectin contents) from the same source (corn starch) on the graft ratio (GR), graft efficiency (GE) and Add-on (AO), as well as water absorption capability (WAC) of the SAPs, which were investigated by FTIR, NMR, gravimetric and TGA. The torque variation represented all the processing in the reactor, including compress, gelatinization, graft reaction and crosslinking. Results showed that all the starches were successfully grafted with acrylamide then crosslinked by N.N′-methylene-bisacrylamide through this technology. Both AO and GR increased with increasing amylose content. But the GE decreased with increasing amylose content, which is different from the results in the solution reaction. The higher WAC of high amylose starch-based SAP corresponds with higher AO and GR, while the higher WAC of waxy-based SAP corresponds with higher GE.
Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan & Amino Acid Superabsorbent Hydrogels
Authors: Akay P. , Omay D.
Published: April 2014

Chitosan & L-alanine and chitosan & L-leucine superabsorbent hydrogels were prepared by crosslinking chitosan with glutaraldehyde. L-alanine and L-leucine were used as amino acid structures in different loading degrees and the optimum amount of amino acid was determined for both types of hydrogel. The swelling behaviors of neat chitosan, chitosan & L-alanine and chitosan & L-leucine hydrogels were investigated by gravimetric measurements with different pH values and at different intervals of time. The neat chitosan, chitosan & L-alanine and chitosan & L-leucine hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to find the thermal stability of the hydrogels. Also, surface morphological studies of all the hydrogels were carried out by using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In addition, XRD analysis demonstrated significant changes in the characteristic and morphological structures of the hydrogels.
Collective Environmental Virtue
Authors: Clowney David
Published: April 2014

I propose a notion of collective virtue that makes it easier to understand environmental harm, our biggest collective-action problem, as a moral problem for which we are all responsible. Following Larry May and Gregory Mellema, I distinguish individual from shared and from collective responsibility. I then introduce parallel distinctions between individual, shared and collective character. I explore the interaction between character traits at the individual and group levels, and finally show how these distinctions help to clarify how responsibility for collective action and character forms part of individual environmental virtue.
Reframing the Value of Nature: Biological Value and Institutional Homeostasis
Authors: Gatzweiler Franz W.
Published: April 2014

The importance of the economic valuation of nature is frequently emphasised in the argument that more and better economic valuation will prevent the undervaluation and thereby the degradation of nature. The proponents of this ‘economic’ approach assume that rationality, human interaction and the nature of the good remain unchanged. However, the relationship between humans and nature necessarily undergoes change, and the biological and neurophysiological aspects of human nature must be considered to ensure the well-being and survival of humankind. In this paper, I discuss the shortcomings of economic valuation with reference to the above objections, and present scenarios that illustrate the changing relationships between socio-ecological interconnectedness and the integrative capacity of institutions.
Exploring the Relationship Between Values and Pro-Environmental Behaviour: The Influence of Locus of Control
Authors: Jonsson Anna-Karin Engqvist , Nilsson Andreas
Published: April 2014

This study explores the relationship between people's values, loci of control and pro-environmental behaviours. ‘Locus of control’ refers to the extent to which people attribute control over events in life either to themselves or to external sources beyond their influence: in the former case, the individual is described as having an internal locus of control, and in the latter, an external one. The study hypothesised, and subsequently concluded, that self-transcendent values and internal loci of control were positively related to pro-environmental behaviours, and also that loci of control moderate the link between people's values and behaviour; people with a low degree of self-transcendence values behave pro-environmentally if they have an internal locus of control.
Sui rapporti tra gemelli e Musatti
Authors: Fornaro Mauro
Published: April 2014

Il presente contributo si focalizza sui rapporti personali intercorsi tra i due capiscuola, utilizzando altresi scambi epistolari e altri inediti. Il tipo di rapporto che emerge, al di la dei meri interessi accademici che avevano in comune, appare caratterizzato da intriganti dimensioni affettive, alle quali non sono estranei momenti di rude confronto per via delle differenti visioni ideologiche. In questo contesto si inserisce pure la querelle sulla psicoanalisi, di cui Musatti fu pioniere in Italia; ma proprio Musatti colse le vere ragioni, etiche prima che strettamente scientifiche, dell'ostilita di Gemelli ad essa nel secondo dopoguerra.
Low Molecular Weight Heparin - An Alternative Therapy for Lichen Planus
Authors: Ali M , Kawsar NM
Published: April 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v9i1.18716 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.9(1) 2013
Knowledge Regarding HIV/AIDS Among the Adult Population in a Rural Community
Authors: Ara R , Uddin MN , Wahab MA , Khondker L , Khan MSI
Published: April 2014

Introduction: The consequences of HIV/AIDS are alarming. It causes not only loss of live but also social and economic disruption. Being deadly disease, HIV/AIDS has become an important issue of recent times throughout the world. To date, little is known about awareness of HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh. Objectives: To assess the level of knowledge regarding Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrom (AIDS) among the adult population of a rural community. Place and Period of study: the study was done at Tepir Bari, Saitalia, Tengra village under Teli Hati union of Shreepur Upazilla in Gazipur district during the study period of 27 March 2010 to 31 April 2011. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional type of study was conducted with 360 respondents. Semi structured interview schedule was used for collection of information and sampling technique was selective cluster sampling. Results: Among the total 360 respondents 92.5% respondents had knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and 7.50% had no knowledge about HIV/AIDS. The respondents who were familiar with the term of HIV/AIDS, 86.79% had gathered information from mass media. Most of respondents 83.78% consider that sexual route is the principal means of spreading HIV/AIDS. According to them the other most common ways of spreading HIV/AIDS were sharing same needle (49.55%), through blood and blood products (43.24%), vertical transmission 19.21%. Among 333 respondents,64.72% considered that the top most high risk group was commercial sex workers. 55% considered individuals sharing same needle, 40.2% thought individuals having illegal relationships, 23.33% considered unsafe blood recipients, 11.11% considered drivers, 10.28% considered frequent traveler and 15.83% respondents had no knowledge about high risk groups. Regarding the knowledge about preventing HIV/AIDS majority of respondents (64.44%) considered that the safe sexual behavior is the main way to prevent HIV/AIDS. 32.22% respondents considered using unshared needle, 28.89% respondents thought health education regarding AIDS, 26.44% individuals thought proper maintenance of religious values, 21.44% considered proper screening where as 16.11% respondents had no knowledge about preventive measures. Conclusion: Among the study subjects majority of the respondents had knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and few had no knowledge and they need information and health education. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v9i1.18737 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.9(1) 2013: 90-97
Stochastic Diffusion Search: A Comparison of Swarm Intelligence Parameter Estimation Algorithms with RANSAC
Authors: Williams Howard , Bishop Mark
Published: May 2014

Stochastic diffusion search (SDS) is a multi-agent global optimisation technique based on the behaviour of ants, rooted in the partial evaluation of an objective function and direct communication between agents. Standard SDS, the fundamental algorithm at work in all SDS processes, is presented here. Parameter estimation is the task of suitably fitting a model to given data; some form of parameter estimation is a key element of many computer vision processes. Here, the task of hyperplane estimation in many dimensions is investigated. Following RANSAC (random sample consensus), a widely used optimisation technique and a standard technique for many parameter estimation problems, increasingly sophisticated data-driven forms of SDS are developed. The performance of these SDS algorithms and RANSAC is analysed and compared for a hyperplane estimation task. SDS is shown to perform similarly to RANSAC, with potential for tuning to particular search problems for improved results.
Enamel Matrix Derivative Promote Primary Human Pulp Cell Differentiation and Mineralization
Authors: Riksen Elisabeth , Landin Maria , Reppe Sjur , Nakamura Yukio , Lyngstadaas Ståle , Reseland Janne
Published: May 2014

Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been found to induce reactive dentin formation; however the molecular mechanisms involved are unclear. The effect of EMD (5–50 μg/mL) on primary human pulp cells were compared to untreated cells and cells incubated with 10−8 M dexamethasone (DEX) for 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 days in culture. Expression analysis using Affymetrix microchips demonstrated that 10 μg/mL EMD regulated several hundred genes and stimulated the gene expression of proteins involved in mesenchymal proliferation and differentiation. Both EMD and DEX enhanced the expression of amelogenin (amel), and the dentinogenic markers dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSSP) and dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1), as well as the osteogenic markers osteocalcin (OC, BGLAP) and collagen type 1 (COL1A1). Whereas, only EMD had effect on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) mRNA expression, the stimulatory effect were verified by enhanced secretion of OC and COL1A from EMD treated cells, and increased ALP activity in cell culture medium after EMD treatment. Increased levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and monocyte chemoattractant proteins (MCP-1) in the cell culture medium were also found. Consequently, the suggested effect of EMD is to promote differentiation of pulp cells and increases the potential for pulpal mineralization to favor reactive dentine formation.
Visible light mediated intermolecular [3 + 2] annulation of cyclopropylanilines with alkynes
Authors: Nguyen Theresa H , Maity Soumitra , Zheng Nan
Published: April 2014

Intermolecular [3 + 2] annulation of cyclopropylanilines with alkynes is realized using visible light photoredox catalysis, yielding a variety of cyclic allylic amines in fair to good yields. This method exhibits significant group tolerance particularly with heterocycles. It can also be used to prepare complex heterocycles such as fused indolines.
COMPLEX EVALUATION OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS IMPACT ON LITHUANIAN INDUSTRIES
Authors: Krivka Algirdas
Published: April 2014

The paper analyses the impact of the economic crisis of 2008 on Lithuanian industries. The research involves 68 industries identified according to the 2nd-digit level classification of economic activities by Statistics Lithuania. Considering industry to be a complex phenomenon, the crisis effect is evaluated complexly on the basis of the system of 10 financial state and performance indicators belonging to four main groups of enterprise financial ratios: profitability, liquidity, solvency and asset turnover. SAW, TOPSIS and VIKOR multi-criteria decision making methods, widely applied in construction, economics and management, are selected as mathematical tools for quantitative assessment of the economic crisis effect on Lithuanian industries. By applying multi-criteria decision making methods relative positions (ranks) of industries are determined for every year of the period of 2006–2011. The ranks and their changes are further analysed distinguishing pre-crisis, crisis, and post-crisis periods, determining the industries most and least affected by the economic crisis; also, the industries characterised by the fastest and the slowest after-crisis recovery.
ANALYSIS OF LITHUANIAN CREDIT DEFAULT SWAPS
Authors: Kregzde Arvydas , Murauskas Gediminas
Published: April 2014

This paper studies international sovereign Credit Default Swaps (CDS) market focusing attention to the CDS of Central and East Europe. The main purpose of the study was to perform detail analysis of Lithuanian CDS in the global capital market. We compared the CDS markets of other countries and found some commonalities between them. We study the credit curve produced by CDS and volatility of CDS. A great attention is paid to investigate the relationship of CDS and the government bond market. Analysis of finding a leading role of CDS and the bond markets in the price discovering process is made. A leading market for different periods is found by using the Vector Error Correction model. Our main finding is that during the volatile period price discovery takes place in the bond market and in the calm period price discovery is observed in the CDS market. Disclosed relationship between CDS spreads and Eurobonds yield risk premium gives an additional decision making tool for sovereign debt managers.