bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Crisis in the UK’s High Streets: can the Evening and Nighttime Economy Help?
Authors: Roberts Marion
Published: November 2016

Changes in retailing over the last half century have had a detrimental effect on the UK’s local high streets. The recession of 2008-2012 exacerbated these trends leading to a high number of vacancies and neglected properties. The impact was sufficiently severe for the term ‘crisis’ to be used in connection with the British high street. In the academic and commercial reports generated by the recognition that the high street needed to adapt to changing circumstances, a view emerged that the leisure component of high street activity would gain in importance. This article reviews the relationship of the evening and nighttime economy to the high street and considers its potential in reinventing the vitality that is normally associated with these mixed-use urban corridors. The article argues that there is hope in the high street offering a different type of experience to the mainstream forms of entertainment that are consolidating in major town and city centres. It concludes by suggesting that for this to be successful, some public support is necessary.
Night-time Hours and Activities of the Italians
Authors: Boffi Mario , Colleoni Matteo , Del Greco Manola
Published: November 2016

This paper presents the results of a secondary data analysis carried out on the latest survey on the use of time (2008-2009) by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT). It aims to analyse how night hours are used by the Italian population, with attention to the duration and the temporal sequence of activities. In detail, it intends to answer questions regarding the beginning and the end of the night and to analyse the density and the temporal sequence of night activities, in order to verify the hypothesis on the reduction of time spent in physiological activities and on the increasing number and density of night’s activities in particular in urban environment. The attention to the temporal behaviour of the Italians who live in different regions and cities, places this paper not only in the field of time studies, but also in that of the relations between territorial characteristics and population behaviour.
Consider the Darkness
Authors: Challéat Samuel , Lapostolle Dany , Bénos Rémi
Published: November 2016

This article explains the birth of an environmental problem, light pollution, which is understood to be a controversial source of social innovation. Over forty years, in support of the actor-network approach, it traces the conditions of its emergence, transformation, and dissemination to local, national, and transnational levels, and through various professional disciplines. Schematically, “environmentalists” uphold a holistic approach of “nocturnity” and define artificial light as a pollutant. Facing them, the “technicist” defends a segmented approach and defines artificial light as a nuisance. In France, the implementation of this controversy on the political agenda leads to institutional decisions that grasp it with difficulty in all its social, scientific, and spatial dimensions. The spatial spread of the controversy in the zoning and the standardisation process appears as a partial and segmented regulatory response to this problem. However, these processes can be considered to be forms of social and spatial innovations.
Media and the Urban Night
Authors: Straw Will
Published: November 2016

Along with the other materials and rituals of urban life, media have played a role in structuring the transition from day to night in cities. This essay examines a variety of ways in which the appearance and consumption of media have been interwoven with the 24-hour cycle of day and night. The rhythms of media availability have shifted throughout the past hundred years, in ways which have altered the experience of day and night. Similarly, media have devised a variety of forms, genres and styles with which to capture and express characteristics of the urban night.
Introduction
Authors: Gwiazdzinski Luc
Published: November 2016

The objective of this issue of Articulo – Journal of Urban Research - is to examine the urban night as an innovative space-time on different scales and in different geographic contexts. In this introduction, I remind the reader that the night has often been approached negatively. I discuss the process of colonization of the night and the pressures and strains experienced by the individuals, communities, organizations and neighborhoods of the “polychronic city”. In the second part, I focus on the innovations unfolding in cities at night in different fields: economic, social, environmental and cultural. In the last section, I look at the possible contributions of “night studies” to our urban nights, to urban planning and sustainable development.
From Conflict Management to Quality of Life at Night. The First Approach of Lyon Urban Area Nights
Authors: Chausson Nicolas
Published: November 2016

For more than a decade, the urban night’s issue has gradually found its place on the agenda of French and European cities. After nights were recognized as a subject of scientific research it attracted the authorities’ interest, in the prospect of enhancing their attractiveness globally. However, despite this growing interest, urban nights are still considered as a time to regulate, conflicts being the core of the topic. Implicitly, reflecting on nights to include them in the general reflection on the development of cities appears truly difficult. To get over this conflict and consider nights from a new perspective, we propose to change attitudes and consider nights through quality of life. The latter aims to link the characteristics of the living environment with the needs and desires of the inhabitants. Therefore, we propose to place people at the heart of the research, questioning them about what structures their lives at night. Through this method, we expect to build an essential knowledge to consider nights as designed by and in favor of quality of life.
Les théâtres de l’après-catastrophe (XVIe-XVIIe siècle)
Authors: Biet Christian
Published: November 2016

À la fin du xvie siècle et au début du xviie, la France sort d’une série de massacres et d’une trentaine d’années de violences extrêmes. Et durant ces Guerres de religion, l’un et l’autre camp se sont référés à la notion d’holocauste, prise au sens religieux et littéral du terme. Si les protestants ont été plus enclins à pratiquer cette référence biblique du point de vue de la victime, les catholiques, en particulier ligueurs, l’ont plutôt employée dans le sens d’un holocauste (nécessaire) des réformés. Toujours est-il que les deux camps, réciproquement, se saignent à blanc et font subir à toute une population, impliquée ou non, une horreur qui marque les esprits des « gens d’après ». Si bien que, durant la période de paix intérieure relative qui suit l’accession d’Henri IV au pouvoir (1593-1594), la conscience d’une catastrophe juste passée s’impose, en particulier au théâtre et dans les tragédies. Une catastrophe à laquelle les contemporains se réfèrent comme événement radical du monde d’alors, un pire absolu de ce que l’humanité peut produire d’inhumain, une horreur qu’il faudrait peut-être oublier et/ou sur laquelle il est pourtant nécessaire de faire retour, pour tenter de la penser.
Les tumultes chez Machiavel et la langue de la jurisprudence
Authors: De Benedictis Angela
Published: November 2016

Depuis quelque temps, les spécialistes de Machiavel ont dédié leur attention, d’une part, au rôle des tumultes et de l’autre, à la présence de la langue de la jurisprudence dans son œuvre. Jusqu’à présent, ces deux lectures de Machiavel ne sont pas rencontrées. Cette contribution entend montrer jusqu’à quel point la langue de la jurisprudence est présente dans l’écriture de Machiavel sur les tumultes, dans ses premiers textes comme, surtout, dans ses Histoires florentines. En partant de l’analyse machiavélienne de la rébellion de la Valdichiana (1503), la première partie de l’article traite de la rébellion comme problème juridique et politique, comme cas spécifique du crime de lèse-majesté, traité par les juristes de droit civil et de droit canon, depuis les commentaires des lois impériales d’Henri VII (1313) jusqu’aux consilia rédigés en défense de Laurent de Médicis et de la cité de Florence à l’occasion de la conjuration des Pazzi (1478), ainsi qu’au premier traité dédié aux séditions écrit par le juriste français Nicolas Bohier. Dans un second temps, on prend en considération le discours du Ciompo anonyme des Histoires florentines (livre III) et on analyse un passage rarement pris en compte par les commentateurs : « Là où beaucoup se trompent, peu sont châtiés ». Dans ce passage, Machiavel utilise un principe juridique, une regula iuris, certes controversée et souvent non acceptée, mais théoriquement admise comme telle. Les considérations finales proposent de possibles parcours pour de futures recherches.
Big Data and Data Analytics Research
Authors: Lytras Miltiadis D. , Raghavan Vijay , Damiani Ernesto
Published: November 2016

The Big Data and Data Analytics is a brand new paradigm, for the integration of Internet Technology in the human and machine context. For the first time in the history of the human mankind we are able to transforming raw data that are massively produced by humans and machines in to knowledge and wisdom capable of supporting smart decision making, innovative services, new business models, innovation, and entrepreneurship. For the Web Science research, this is a new methodological and technological spectrum of advanced methods, frameworks and functionalities never experienced in the past. At the same moment communities out of web science need to realize the potential of this new paradigm with the support of new sound business models and a critical shift in the perception of decision making. In this short visioning article, the authors are analyzing the main aspects of Big Data and Data Analytics Research and they provide their own metaphor for the next years. A number of research directions are outlined as well as a new roadmap towards the evolution of Big Data to Smart Decisions and Cognitive Computing. The authors do hope that the readers would like to react and to propose their own value propositions for the domain initiating a scientific dialogue beyond self-fulfilled expectations.
Finding Healthcare Issues with Search Engine Queries and Social Network Data
Authors: Lali M. Ikram Ullah , Mustafa Raza Ul , Saleem Kashif , Nawaz M. Saqib , Zia Tehseen , Shahzad Basit
Published: November 2016

Search engines and social networks are two entirely different data sources that can provide valuable information about Influenza. While search engine hosts can deliver popular queries (or terms) used for searching the Influenza related information, the social networks contain useful links of information sources that people have found valuable. The authors hypothesize that such data sources can provide vital first-hand information. In this article, they have proposed a methodology for detecting the information sources from social networks, particularly Twitter. The data filtering and source finding tasks are posed as classification tasks. Search engine queries are used for extracting related dataset. Results have shown that propose approach can be beneficial for extracting useful information regarding side effects, medications and to track geographical location of epidemics affected area.
Enabling Interoperability in the Internet of Things
Authors: D'Elia Alfredo , Viola Fabio , Roffia Luca , Azzoni Paolo , Cinotti Tullio Salmon
Published: November 2016

Semantic Web technologies act as an interoperability glue among different formats, protocols and platforms, providing a uniform vision of heterogeneous devices and services in the Internet of Things (IoT). Semantic Web technologies can be applied to a broad range of application contexts (i.e., industrial automation, automotive, health care, defense, finance, smart cities) involving heterogeneous actors (i.e., end users, communities, public authorities, enterprises). Smart-M3 is a semantic publish-subscribe software architecture conceived to merge the Semantic Web and the IoT domains. It is based on a core component (SIB, Semantic Information Broker) where data is stored as RDF graphs, and software agents using SPARQL to update, retrieve and subscribe to changes in the data store. This article describes a OSGi SIB implementation extended with a new persistent SPARQL update primitive. The OSGi SIB performance has been evaluated and compared with the reference C implementation. Eventually, a first porting on Android is presented.
Fermentation strategy to produce high gluconate vinegar
Authors: Giudici Paolo , De Vero Luciana , Gullo Maria , Solieri Lisa , Lemmetti Federico
Published: November 2016

Gluconic acid is a non-volatile acid that has many applications in food, pharmaceutical and cleaning fields. Gluconic acid has been detected as main oxidation product of Acetobacter and Gluconobacter strains growing on grape must, and it plays an important role in Traditional Balsamic Vinegar. Commonly, high gluconate vinegars have a greater physical stability and a greater preference by consumers because are perceived less pungent. In fact, gluconic acid reduces the pH and increases fixed acidity of the vinegar without increasing the sensation of pungency typical of acetic acid. Its taste is acid but mild sweet and, therefore, gluconic acid has influence on the sensory complexity of the vinegar. The aim of this work is to set up a fermentation procedure that improves the quality of balsamic vinegar by using selected yeasts and acetic acid bacteria strains able to oxidize glucose in grape must-based media having a different sugars concentration. In particular, Saccharomycodes ludwigii UMCC 297 and Acetobacter pasteurianus UMCC 1754 strains were chosen as selected starter cultures for small-scale fermentation of cooked grape must, to evaluate the physical-chemical parameters affecting gluconic acid production in the obtained vinegar. The strains used and the control of all production process have been fundamental for obtaining the vinegar with the desired characteristics.
Varying degradation of subfossil Daphnia longispina during the past 250 years and the discovery of fossil helmet-type head shields: preliminary results
Authors: Leppänen Jaakko Johannes , Weckström Jan
Published: November 2016

Zooplankton are regarded as a good indicator of environmental change, but comprehensive monitoring programs including  zooplankton are uncommon and only rarely extend over longer periods of time. A part of the zooplankton community can be reconstructed using palaeolimnological methods, yet challenges remain. For example, cladoceran subfossil remains preserve selectively in sediments. In particular, the remains of Daphnia spp. are known to usually exhibit poor level of preservation; the reasons for this are still unclear. In the rural Lake Kivijärvi, located in central Finland, Daphnia subfossil remains preserve extraordinary well and multiple fossil components are found. However, the preservation level is not uniform and exhibits directional change throughout the sediment record. To investigate the changes in Daphnia preservation in lake sediments, we graded caudal spines from 20 fossil sediment samples into three taphonomic groups. A dataset of sediment geochemistry, diatom-inferred lake water pH, predation indices, and the catchment land use history was used to assess the environmental history of our study lake. In Lake Kivijärvi, the most significant change in Daphnia preservation seems to correspond best with the historical fishing activities. Additional explanatory variables include forestry in the catchment area, and pH, which, however, had contradicting effects on the preservation of Daphnia remains in this study. Finally, a fossil Daphnia longispina helmet type head shield derived from the lake sediment is presented for the first time.
Shelter competition between the invasive western tubenose goby and the native stone loach is mediated by sex
Authors: Błońska Dagmara , Kobak Jarosław , Grabowska Joanna
Published: November 2016

Shelter, regarded as a protection against predators and/or nesting site, constitutes one of the basic resources for which organisms compete in the wild. Ponto-Caspian gobies are a good example of a territorial species, which can have negative impact on native species with similar biology due to competitive interactions. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the potential impact of the invasive Ponto-Caspian western tubenose goby Proterorhinus semilunaris on the native stone loach Barbatula barbatula through shelter competition. We used male and female gobies in their reproductive season to test whether they would be more aggressive towards native stone loach, accounting for different light conditions in a limited shelter competition scenario. The results of our study showed that both tested species occupied the shelter mostly during the daylight. Only male goby reduced the shelter occupancy of stone loach despite the fact that interspecific aggressive acts were very rare. It was associated with the nest guarding by male gobies, considering that the study was conducted during their reproductive season. Based on our results, it is possible that, under natural conditions, male tubenose goby would force stone loach to stay away from the shelter, especially in late spring and early summer, when gobies are in reproductive state. This might affect stone loach populations by devoiding them of optimum sites and increasing their exposure to predators. 
Evolution of the breeding range of the Black-headed Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava feldegg)
Authors: Ferlini Flavio
Published: November 2016

The Black-headed Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava feldegg) has shown a clear tendency to expand its breeding range in the period 1830-2015, with an accentuation of the phenomenon during the second half of the twentieth century. Expansion northwards has been favoured by climate change and is characterized by alternating phases of jump dispersal and subsequent diffusion within the limits thus achieved. In the Balkans and in western Europe, jump dispersal occurred mainly in the late nineteenth century and mid-twentieth century, allowing the subspecies to reach the 48th parallel north. In the eastern portion of its breeding range, however, jump dispersal mainly took place in the last decades of the twentieth century and in the early part of the twenty-first century. In Europe (especially in the oriental sector) and in Asia, the northern edge of the range is defined with good approximation by the 20°C isothermal of July. In Europe, there has been a shift in its distribution range to the west and the establishment of a new, progressively more import migration route leading the subspecies from Africa to Europe across the Strait of Gibraltar. Concurrently, more and more sightings of the Black-headed Yellow Wagtail have been reported in northern European countries. In the Middle East, expansion to the southwest in Syria, Israel, Lebanon and Jordan has diffusive characteristics and exploits almost exclusively natural environments. In contrast, nesting in the southernmost parts of the Arabian Peninsula is determined by human activity, in particular by the irrigation of fields for the production of fodder, demonstrating the potential of the subspecies to expand further south. In this case, the limiting factor is certainly the lack of a suitable environment, due to the strong prevalence of a hyperarid climate. In central Asia, especially in the catchment area of the Aral Sea, the spread of feldegg has been favoured by the irrigation of the land for agricultural purposes. In the far eastern edge of its distribution range, no particular expansive or recessive movements have been observed.
The lost cranes of the island of Lampedusa (Italy)
Authors: Masseti Marco
Published: November 2016

The abundance of migratory birds on Lampedusa (Sicilian Channel, Italy) has been documented since the fifteenth century, but during the nineteenth century, this small island was particularly noted for the regular presence of cranes. Official reports documented the occurrence of these birds from as far back as the eighteenth century, recording the period of their presence on Lampedusa (every year between May and August), their regular nesting, and even the crop plants they fed on, a habit often resulting in a major damage for to the island’s subsistence farming. In spite of all this documentary information, scholars did not, however, succeeded in assigning them to a well-defined species and while several authors described them as Common cranes, Grus grus, others identified them as Demoiselle Cranes, Anthropoides virgo, or even as Black crowned Cranes, Balearica pavonina. The paper is an attempt to investigate this taxonomic and zoogeographic puzzle, while inclining towards an identification of the crane in question in the morphological and ecological characters of the Demoiselle Cranes.
HIV and AIDS in rural Tonga culture
Authors: Ncube Vincent
Published: November 2016

Thirty-five years has gone by since the first diagnosis of HIV in Zimbabwe. Causes and reasons for the disease and its spread vary from place to place and from society to society. In some cases, the usage of needles and other medical apparatus is blamed for causing the disease. In some other instances, some religious beliefs are held responsible for the pandemic. However, it is a different case with the Tonga females of the Pashu community in Zimbabwe. The belief is that HIV among the Tonga females is perpetuated by some cultural practices and beliefs. The practices and beliefs pose a danger to the lives of the Tonga females from the age of infancy to that of elderly women. The culture of silence, loyalty and submissiveness has even aggravated the suffering of these people. The culture has denied them an opportunity to seek medical aid and pastoral therapy. Hope for life and a future for these people are inevitably lost. The study is, therefore, an effort to validate the assumed claim that the Tonga females are exposed to HIV by some of the cultural practices. It is also the purpose of this study to create a pastoral care methodology which will be used to view the problem from a pastoral perspective. A review of the alleged cultural practices is also the business of this study.
The transformation of the temple in the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Welzen Huub
Published: November 2016

In at least two stories of the Fourth Gospel the transformation of the temple is an explicit theme. In the story of the cleansing of the temple the narrator comments that Jesus spoke of the temple of his body. In the dialogue with the Samaritan woman Jesus explains that God is no longer worshipped at mount Gerizzim or in Jerusalem, but in spirit and truth. In this article I will try to describe some aspects of this transformation against the background of the conflict between the Johannine congregation and the synagogue. As the dwelling place of God the temple is a holy place. Characteristic for the temple that Jesus is, is the mutual indwelling of God and Jesus and the mutual connection of Jesus and his disciples. The two mutual relations make it possible that the disciples come into contact with God. In the new temple that Jesus is, Jesus himself is the sacrifice of atonement. This atonement restores the relation of God and the believers. In the situation that is characterised by the absence of Jesus, the function of Jesus is taken over by the spirit of truth. That God is worshipped in spirit and truth makes a new inclusiveness and universality possible, where the conflict between the ‘Jews’ and Jesus’ disciples is unsolvable because of the exclusive claims of the conflicting parties.
Religion and development: The rise of a bibliography
Authors: Swart Ignatius , Nell Elsabé
Published: November 2016

This article endeavours to evidence the extraordinary rise of religion and development as a subject field by presenting a chronological bibliography of the literature that has been published, especially since the early to mid-2000s. By way of introduction and orientation, the authors firstly touch upon existing explanations for the extraordinary new interest in religion and development as a subject field; secondly they comment briefly on the ongoing scholarly endeavour to develop the subject field; and thirdly provide a more pertinent statement about the meaning and purpose of compiling the bibliography and the selection criterion applied towards this endeavour. It is argued that the bibliography constitutes a comprehensive resource that could strengthen and inform ongoing research in the subject field across topical issues and themes, from a religious, social science and theological perspective.
African Christianities and the politics of development from below
Authors: Adogame Afe
Published: November 2016

Religion and development are two ambiguous phenomena, yet we can map their creative interaction and intricate interconnectedness. In public discourse, ideas about development generally undermine the complex role of religion, or it is assumed that religion would be relegated to a matter of private belief in Africa, as secular states burgeoned, or even saw religion as an obstacle to development. Development was largely conceived of primarily in economic terms or as economic development. In contemporary era, the concept of human development has come into vogue, accentuating aspects of people’s lives that go beyond the economic dimension. There is no gainsaying in the fact that religion has been a dynamic entity and remains a growing force in public life in Africa. This article critiques vague definitions of religion and development and contends that human development should be understood as including the religious and spiritual dimension of life. Drawing upon concrete examples from my religious ethnography, the article seeks to explore the ambivalent role of religion in Africa’s development, and Africa’s development within the purview of the everyday lived religious and spiritual dimensions of life.
The role of Christian institutions in witnessing to students of the Muslim faith: The case of the University of Eastern African Baraton in Kenya
Authors: Lagat Rebecca J.
Published: November 2016

The University of Eastern African, Baraton (UEAB) mission is concerned with providing a religious education in a holistic environment. This includes education in the gospel globally by recruiting students from all spheres including those of other faiths. The aim is witnessing to them during their four-year stay at the institution with the hope of introducing them to the Adventist faith. The main focus of this study was to establish whether the UEAB was true to its basic philosophy of witnessing to people of other faiths – in this case by engaging Muslim students. A qualitative-research design was adopted for the study. The data was collected by means of document analysis, interviews and observations. Fifteen administrators and twelve Muslim students were used for the investigation. The study investigated the strategies and channels to evangelise students from other faiths contextually, and ascertain whether the UEAB indeed is living up to its own vision and mission. Recommendations are put forward to engage students from other faiths through more personnel and, for instance, new strategies to engage the Muslims on campus through friendship evangelisation.
A comparison of the effects of text-based instruction versus standards-based instruction in the early years
Authors: Grossen Bonnie , Muthukrishna Nithi , Naidoo Jaqueline T.
Published: November 2016

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a text-based (TB) English structured language development programme and a teacher-designed standards-based (SB) English instructional model. The sample of this study comprised of 500 Samoan children, in Kindergarten (K) and Grade 1 (G1), on the island of American Samoa attending eight different schools. All the children enter school with no English competence. Six schools implemented the TB Language for Learning scripted programme and the Read Well. Two schools implemented the SB instructional model for English language development (SB), and only one of these schools implemented the SB instruction in reading. The results of this study support the efficacy of TB structured language programme as compared to the teacher-designed SB instructional model in all language and reading skills assessed.
The impact of acid mine drainage on the ecology of the Cradle of Humankind and Krugersdorp Game Reserve on the West Rand
Authors: Durand François
Published: November 2016

The Witwatersrand Supergroup is the world’s richest goldbearing geological deposit. This approximately 2.8 milliard years old unit is overlain by the 2.71–2.67 milliard years Ventersdorp Supergroup which is in turn overlain by the 2.67–2.46 milliard years Chuniespoort Group of the Transvaal Supergroup. The dolomite-rich Chuniespoort Group also contains a large aquifer which supplies water to farms in southern Gauteng, southeastern North West Province and northern Free State. The megalitres of water in the dolomite flooding the adjacent gold mines in the Witwatersrand Supergroup need to be pumped out constantly to keep the mines operational. The gold mines in the Witwatersrand Supergroup are amongst the deepest mines in the world and those in Gauteng are up to 3 km deep. The mines of the Central Rand, the East Rand and the West Rand, which extend over an area of 100 km, were shut down, one after the other, as the gold ore was depleted to a depth of approximately 3 km and it became uneconomical to continue. The enormous mine void, occupying several million cubic metres, gradually started to fill up with groundwater again, causing the springs in the vicinity of the Witwatersrand mines to flow after more than a century of dewatering. The water flowing from these springs, however, is not clean dolomitic water but acid mine water containing a high concentration of sulphuric acid, sulphate salts and metals, including radioactive heavy metals. The auriferous geological layers constituting the Witwatersrand Supergroup also contain large quantities of iron pyrite (FeS2) which forms sulphuric acid when it comes into contact with water and oxygen. The deterioration of the ecology in the Krugersdorp Game Reserve and the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site is a good example of the negative impact acid mine water has on the ecology.
Gendered health care labour markets? A case study of anatomical pathologists and haematologists in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Singh Suveera , Ruggunan Shaun
Published: November 2016

This study qualitatively explored the role of gender and related factors that influence medical doctors’ decisions in selecting a specialisation within medical laboratory medicine. This study is novel in that it disaggregates doctors by specialisation. It further focuses on non-clinical medical specialists who have been ignored in the global human resources for health literature. Hakim’s preference theory as well as socialisation theory is adapted to explain some of the reasons female doctors make certain career choices regarding specialisation within the medical field. The study focused on laboratory doctors in the public and private sector in KwaZulu- Natal. A qualitative approach was adopted given the small population size and the need for an interpretive approach to the data. The research design was an exploratory case study and thematic analysis was used to discover the relevant themes. The non-probability purposeful sample comprised a total of 20 participants, of which 11 were anatomical pathologists and 9 were haematologists, all based in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Data collection was performed via in-depth interviews. Trustworthiness of the data was ensured through methods of credibility and triangulation. The key finding is that although gender is a significant factor in career choice (for specific disciplines), it is one of many factors that determine self-selection into a specific medical laboratory specialisation. The conclusions, although not generalisable, have implications for human resources for health policies targeted at achieving higher levels of recruitment in laboratory medicine as a profession.
Cephalometric analysis for functional occlusion
Authors: Karad Ashok , Chhajed Shruti
Published: November 2016

Background

Various elements contributing to good functional occlusion have not been clearly assessed with cephalometrics for the diagnosis of functional problems and their application in clinical practice. The aim of this study, therefore, was to analyze different components of functional occlusion to formulate concise functional cephalometric analysis.

Materials and Methods

Eighty-two cases (38 males and 44 females), with class I occlusion and balanced facial profile, were examined based on the selection criteria, and cephalograms were taken in natural head position. All the radiographs were then analyzed using various functional parameters.

Results

The mean values of condylar path angle and incisal path angle were 55.83° and 65.67°, respectively, with large deviations. However, both showed positive correlation. The value of the angle of long axis of mandibular incisor with respect to the line joining center of condyle and lower incisor tip was 88.04°. Moreover, the angle between the occlusal plane and horizontal plane was 12.88°. In vertical plane, lower face height (LFH) was found to be slightly less than the upper face height. Maxilla contributed around 45% of the LFH while mandible formed about 60%. Furthermore, upper alveolar component (maxillary alveolar height) formed more than half of the maxilla (53.79%) whereas lower alveolar component (mandibular alveolar height) was 74.8% of the mandible.

Conclusion

This study has analyzed various components of functional occlusion and formulated a concise functional cephalometric analysis for diagnosis, treatment planning, and assessment of treatment results.
Evolution of ANB and SN-GoGn angles during craniofacial growth: A retrospective longitudinal study
Authors: Oyonarte Rodrigo , Hurtado Mónica , Castro M. Valeria
Published: November 2016

Objective

The aim of this study is to describe the evolution of the ANB and SN-GoGn angles throughout development, in a longitudinal sample of Caucasian patients.

Materials and Methods

Historical cephalometric records from North American individuals available at the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation Craniofacial Legacy Growth Collection website were used to carry out an exploratory longitudinal study. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of orthodontically untreated males and females were included. Individuals with three or more longitudinal cephalometric records at pre- and post-pubertal stages, with at least one postpubertal radiograph available in vertebral cervical maturation stage (cervical vertebral maturation) 5 or 6, were selected. Seventy-one individuals met the inclusion criteria. ANB, SNA, SNB, and SN-GoGn angles were measured. Individuals were classified according to the latest postpubertal ANB angle available and grouped by CVM. Descriptive statistics were obtained for the cephalometric variables, and differences between genders were analyzed.

Results

Forty-five individuals were classified as skeletal Class I at the end of growth, 17 as Class II, and 9 as Class III. ANB values decrease as growth occurs in every group (average ANB decrease between the stages CVM 1 and 6: Class I - 1.5°, Class II - 0.7°, and Class III - 3.1°). For SN-GoGn angle, a constant reduction was observed as skeletal maturation increased (Average SN-GoGn decrease between the stages CVM 1 and 6: Class I - 4°, Class II - 2.5°, and Class III - 4.9°).

Conclusions

ANB and SN-GoGn angles decrease during growth. The magnitude varies depending on individual sagittal characteristics, Class III individuals displaying the greatest reduction, and Class II individuals the least.
La mujer deportista y periodista en los informativos deportivos de televisión. Un análisis comparativo con respecto a su homólogo masculino
Authors: Calvo Ortega Elena , Gutiérrez San Miguel Begoña
Published: November 2016

La presente investigación se centra en los informativos deportivos de televisión de las principales cadenas del territorio español, teniendo un doble objetivo: por un lado, analizar la representación y tratamiento informativo que recibe la mujer deportista en comparación con su homólogo masculino; y por otro, estudiar la muestra de hombres y mujeres como periodistas. Metodología: Para llevarla a cabo, se utilizará una metodología cuantitativa utilizando la técnica de investigación de análisis de contenido. Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados muestran una escasa presencia de la mujer deportista con respecto a su homólogo masculino, así como la presencia de ciertos mecanismos periodísticos que subordinan el deporte femenino al masculino. Del mismo modo, los hombres también prevalecen como profesionales de la información en todos sus roles. Por tanto, se deduce que los informativos deportivos refuerzan y perpetúan el deporte como un reducto masculino hecho por y para hombres.
A long-term observational analysis of aerosol-cloud-rainfall associations over Indian Summer Monsoon region
Authors: Sarangi Chandan , Tripathi Sachchida Nand , Kanawade Vijay P. , Koren Ilan , Pai D. Sivanand
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Monsoonal rainfall is the primary source of surface water in India. Using 12 years of in-situ and satellite observations, we examined association of aerosol loading with cloud fraction, cloud top pressure, cloud top temperature, and daily surface rainfall over Indian summer monsoon region (ISMR). The analyses showed positive correlations between aerosol loading and cloud properties as well as rainfall. A decrease in outgoing longwave radiation and increase in reflected shortwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere with an increase in aerosol loading further supported a seminal role of aerosols on cloud systems. Significant perturbation in liquid- and ice-phase microphysics was also evident over ISMR. For the polluted cases, delay in the onset of collision-coalescence processes and enhancement in the condensation efficiency, allows for more condensate mass to be lifted up to the mixed-colder phases. This results in the higher mass concentration of bigger sized ice-phase hydrometeors and, therefore, implies that the delayed rain processes eventually lead to more surface rainfall. Numerical simulation of a typical rainfall event case over ISMR using spectral bin microphysical scheme coupled with Weather Research Forecasting (WRF-SBM) model was also performed. Simulated microphysics also illustrated the initial suppression of warm rain coupled with increase in updraft velocity under high aerosol loading leads to enhanced super-cooled liquid droplets above freezing level and ice-phase hydrometeors, resulting in increased accumulated surface rainfall. Thus, both observational and numerical analysis suggest that high aerosol loading may induce cloud invigoration and thereby increasing surface rainfall over the ISMR. While the meteorological variability influence the strength of the observed positive associations, our results suggest that the persistent aerosol-associated deepening of cloud systems and intensification of surface rain amounts was applicable to all the meteorological sub-regimes over the ISMR. Hence, we believe that these results provide a step forward in our ability to address aerosol-cloud-rainfall associations based on satellite observations over ISMR.
Retrieval of the raindrop size distribution from polarimetric radar
data using double-moment normalisation
Authors: Raupach Timothy H. , Berne Alexis
Published: November 2016

Abstract. A new technique for estimating the raindrop size distribution (DSD) from polarimetric radar data is proposed. Two statistical moments of the DSD are estimated from polarimetric variables, and the DSD is reconstructed. The technique takes advantage of the relative invariance of the double-moment normalised DSD. The method was tested using X-band radar data and networks of disdrometers in three different climatic regions. Radar-derived estimates of the DSD compare reasonably well to observations. In the three tested domains, the proposed method performs similarly to and often better than a state-of-the-art DSD-retrieval technique. The approach is flexible because no specific double-normalised DSD model is prescribed. In addition, a method is proposed to treat noisy radar data to improve DSD-retrieval performance with radar measurements.
High-resolution mapping of time since disturbance and forest carbon flux from remote sensing and inventory data to assess harvest, fire, and beetle disturbance legacies in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Gu Huan , Williams Christopher A. , Ghimire Bardan , Zhao Feng , Huang Chengquan
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Accurate assessment of forest carbon storage and uptake is central to policymaking aimed at mitigating climate change and understanding the role forests play in the global carbon cycle. Disturbances have highly diverse impacts on forest carbon dynamics, making them a challenge to quantify and report. Time since disturbance is a key intermediate determinant that aids the assessment of disturbance-driven carbon emissions and removals legacies. We propose a new methodology of quantifying time since disturbance and carbon flux across forested landscapes in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) at a fine scale (30 m) by combining remote sensing (RS)-based disturbance year, disturbance type, and above-ground biomass with forest inventory data. When a recent disturbance is detected, time since disturbance can be directly determined by combining three RS-derived disturbance products, or time since the last stand clearing can be inferred from a RS-derived 30 m biomass map and field inventory-derived species-specific biomass accumulation curves. Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) is further mapped based on carbon stock and flux trajectories derived from the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model in our prior work that described how NEP changes with time following harvest, fire, or bark beetle disturbances of varying severity. Uncertainties from biomass map and forest inventory data were propagated by probabilistic sampling to provide a statistical distribution of stand age and NEP for each forest pixel. We mapped mean, standard deviation, and statistical distribution of stand age and NEP at 30 m in the PNW region. Our map indicated a net ecosystem productivity of 5.9 Tg C yr−1 for forestlands circa 2010 in the study area, with net uptake in relatively mature (> 24 years old) forests (13.6 Tg C yr−1) overwhelming net negative NEP from tracts that had recent harvests (−6.4 Tg C yr−1), fires (−0.5 Tg C yr−1), and bark beetle outbreaks (−0.8 Tg C yr−1). The approach will be applied to forestlands in other regions of the conterminous US to advance a more comprehensive monitoring, mapping, and reporting of the carbon consequences of forest change across the US.
Cenomanian to Coniacian Water-mass Evolution in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of North America and Equatorial Atlantic
Authors: Eldrett James S. , Dodsworth Paul , Bergman Steven C. , Wright Milly
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The Late Cretaceous Epoch was characterized major global perturbations in the carbon cycle, the most prominent occurring near the Cenomanian-Turonian (CT) transition marked by Oceanic Anoxic Event/OAE-2 at 94.9–93.7 Ma. The Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway (KWIS) was one of several epicontinental seas in which a complex water-mass evolution was recorded in widespread sedimentary successions. This contribution integrates new data on the main components of organic matter, geochemistry, and stable isotopes along a North-South transect from the KWIS to the equatorial western Atlantic and Southern Ocean. In particular, cored sedimentary rocks from the Eagle Ford Group of West Texas (~ 90–98 Ma) demonstrate subtle temporal and spatial variations in paleoenvironmental conditions and provide an important geographic constraint for interpreting water-mass evolution. High latitude (boreal-austral), equatorial tethyan and locally sourced Western Interior Seaway water-masses are distinguished by distinct palynological assemblages and geochemical signatures. The northward migration of a tethyan water-mass into the KWIS occurred during the early-middle Cenomanian (98–95 Ma) followed by a major re-organization during the latest Cenomanian-Turonian (95–94 Ma) as a full connection with a northerly- boreal water-mass was established during peak transgression. This oceanographic change promoted de-stratification of the water column and improved oxygenation throughout the KWIS and as far south as the Demerara Rise off Suriname. In addition the recorded decline in redox-sensitive trace metals during the onset of OAE-2 likely reflects a genuine oxygenation event related to open water-mass exchange and may have been complicated by variable contribution of organic matter from different sources (e.g. refractory/terrigenous material), requiring further investigation.
Parameterizing microphysical effects on variances and covariances of moisture and heat content using a multivariate probability density function: a study with CLUBB (tag MVCS)
Authors: Griffin Brian M. , Larson Vincent E.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Microphysical processes, such as the formation, growth, and evaporation of precipitation, interact with variability and covariances (e.g., fluxes) in moisture and heat content. For instance, evaporation of rain may produce cold pools, which in turn may trigger fresh convection and precipitation. These effects are usually omitted or else crudely parameterized at subgrid scales in weather and climate models.A more formal approach is pursued here, based on predictive, horizontally averaged equations for the variances, covariances, and fluxes of moisture and heat content. These higher-order moment equations contain microphysical source terms. The microphysics terms can be integrated analytically, given a suitably simple warm-rain microphysics scheme and an approximate assumption about the multivariate distribution of cloud-related and precipitation-related variables. Performing the integrations provides exact expressions within an idealized context.A large-eddy simulation (LES) of a shallow precipitating cumulus case is performed here, and it indicates that the microphysical effects on (co)variances and fluxes can be large. In some budgets and altitude ranges, they are dominant terms. The analytic expressions for the integrals are implemented in a single-column, higher-order closure model. Interactive single-column simulations agree qualitatively with the LES. The analytic integrations form a parameterization of microphysical effects in their own right, and they also serve as benchmark solutions that can be compared to non-analytic integration methods.