bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Involuntary Autobiographical Memories
Authors: Mace John H.
Published: April 2018

Spontaneous recollections of the past are a common and salient part of everyday mental life. However, memory researchers have only recently (i.e. within the past twenty years) turned their attention to the study of this memory phenomenon. While research in this area has answered a number of pressing questions about the nature of involuntary memories, answers to some questions remain elusive (e.g. determining their functional nature). This chapter reviews the main body of this work. In addition, the chapter looks to the future of involuntary memory research, highlighting its promise in a number of regards (e.g. its potential role in informing an understanding of autobiographical memory retrieval).
Cultural Neurophenomenology of Psychedelic Thought
Authors: Lifshitz Michael , Sheiner Eli , Kirmayer Laurence J.
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores psychedelics as catalysts of spontaneous thought. Classic serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca can induce potent alterations in cognition and perception. The chapter reviews research on these substances through the lens of cultural neurophenomenology, which aims to trace how neurobiology and sociocultural factors interact to shape experience. After a decades-long hiatus, the scientific study of psychedelics is rediscovering the potential of these substances to promote creative insight, evoke mystical experiences, and improve clinical outcomes. Moreover, neuroimaging experiments have begun to unravel the influence of psychedelics on large-scale connectivity networks of the human brain. Tapping perspectives from the social sciences, the chapter underscores how culture and context constrain the flexible cognitive states brought about by psychedelics. This integrative approach suggests that seemingly spontaneous psychedelic thought patterns reflect a complex interaction of biological, cognitive, and cultural factors—from pharmacology and brain function to ritual, belief, and expectation.
Accounting for What We Treasure
Authors: Ellwood Sheila
Published: April 2018

Recent attempts to include and assess public heritage in the accounts of governments and charities are controversial. There are many kinds of value, not merely financial, and various measurement bases. This chapter examines why and how we account (if at all) for heritage assets bringing out the surrounding controversy. Is public heritage an asset that should be included in the reported wealth of public bodies and nations? The economic valuation methods, revealed preferences and stated preferences are the economic valuation methods investigated and considered in relation to the decisions to be made on public heritage. Although the conceptual and practical problems surrounding valuation and reporting of public heritage are immense, pragmatic solutions should be sought. Multidisciplinary approaches are necessary to make informed decisions on management, financing, and the allocation of resources for public heritage.
“What Could Be More Reasonable?” Collaboration in Colonial Contexts
Authors: La Salle Marina , Hutchings Richard M.
Published: April 2018

Collaboration is considered a panacea in North American archaeology today—a cure-all that is claimed to have radically transformed the discipline by bringing about equality and decolonization. Such assertions are problematic on many fronts, especially because collaborative archaeology has undergone little critical assessment. Based on our analysis of how the practice is defined, how social power is construed and measured, and how the goal of decolonization is conceptualized, we show collaboration to be a colonial whitewash that appropriates the methods and values of Indigenous archaeology. Rather than transformation and liberation, collaborative archaeology is ultimately rooted in cooptation and dependence. We contend that rather than decolonizing, collaborative archaeology is a steadfastly colonial enterprise.
Total Institutions
Authors: Mechling Jay
Published: April 2018

In his 1961 book, Asylums, Goffman introduces the concept of the “total institution,” a formal institution in which the staff has near-total control of the lives of the “inmates,” including where and when they sleep, eat, and socialize. Typical total institutions in American culture include hospitals (mental and otherwise), prisons, military basic training camps, other isolated military settings (e.g., onboard ships), boarding schools, summer camps, nursing homes, and cloistered religious institutions. The fact that the control is “near-total” rather than total opens the possibility that the “inmates” or “residents” will create their own folk traditions, including oral, material, and customary folklore. The folk cultures of residents serve their psychological and social needs, and the folklore often centers on resistance against the regime of control and surveillance by the staff.
Buddhist Environmental Ethics
Authors: Kaza Stephanie
Published: April 2018

Global pressures on human–environment systems are higher than ever before in human history, generating broad ethical engagement in many quarters. Citizen calls for moral response from world religious and political leaders have grown more urgent as pressures mount. Buddhist philosophy contains a wealth of insight and moral guidance regarding human–environment relations, offering a promising avenue for ethical response. This chapter reviews work to date in Buddhist environmental ethics, noting influences from and on Western ethics and areas of tension in current thinking. Arguments are made for complementary development of both individual virtue ethics and constructivist social ethics. Moral dimensions of consumerism and climate change are examined as case studies, drawing on Buddhist values such as non-harming, compassion, meditative awareness, and skilful means.
The Psychology of Moral Judgment and Perception in Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Ethics
Authors: Mcrae Emily
Published: April 2018

In this chapter two Buddhist moral psychological categories are analysed: the brahmavihāras (the four Boundless Qualities), which are the main moral affective states in Buddhist ethics, and the kleśas, or the afflictive mental states. Based on this analysis, two general claims about moral psychology in Indo-Tibetan Buddhist ethics are argued for. First, that Buddhist moral psychology is centrally interested in the psychology of moral improvement: how do I become the kind of person who can respond in the best possible way to the moral needs of myself and others? Second, and related, Buddhist moral psychology focuses on the skills of moral perception and attention. Moral philosophical arguments, it is argued, are generally offered in the context of self-cultivation exercises and not, as they often are in Western ethics, as models of moral deliberation.
Buddhism and Women
Authors: Collett Alice
Published: April 2018

This chapter addresses the question of whether it can ever be doctrinally or ethically appropriate in Buddhism to discriminate against women. It does this by assessing arguments for female inferiority that are found historically within the texts of the tradition. It attempts to demonstrate that such views are not doctrinally or ethically reinforced or substantiated, and therefore appear to have found their way into this religious literature through the ingestion of cultural mores and norms, rather than through advocacy of them as foundational and fundamental to the tradition. However, once engrained as part of revered texts, challenging such views can appear as sacrilegious if done by a practitioner, or as evidence of non-comprehension/lack of respect for tradition by an outsider. Anālayo discusses something akin to this in his chapter in this volume, in noting how differences in interpretation of texts can result in differing standpoints.
Buddhist Ethics in South and Southeast Asia
Authors: Essen Juliana
Published: April 2018

The anthropological literature dealing with Buddhist ethics in the Theravāda countries of South and Southeast Asia may be divided into five categories, whereby ethics is defined as guidelines for right action oriented toward a particular goal: (1) ethics of statehood or political ethics; (2) ethics of salvation or monastic ethics; (3) ethics of engagement, including both social and environmental ethics; (4) karmic ethics for the laity; and (5) ethics of worldly benefit, as emphasized by some modern urban Buddhist movements. These categories highlight debates that have historically occupied anthropological scholarship, countering claims that Buddhism is an apolitical, purely individualistic or asocial, world-renouncing religion that is divisible into ‘big’ and ‘little’ traditions. This review, covering both theory and rich ethnographic evidence from Thailand, demonstrates the plurality and complexity of ethical Buddhist practice in the region.
International Relations Theory and Cyber Security
Authors: Valeriano Brandon , Maness Ryan C.
Published: April 2018

Cyber security has undoubtedly become one of the most the significant and proliferating fields of International Relations scholarship. Polls and the news media’s reaction to the issue suggest that cyber threats are one of the critical threats in the international agenda, yet scholars have struggled to seriously tackle the implications of this framework and potential theoretical perspectives that would guide inquiry. In this chapter we trace the development of the field, its trends, and the major theoretical ideas suggested by scholars. Our effort will focus on what we know about cyber security and on pressing theoretical questions. The study concludes with an evaluation of the state of norms and ethics in the field given conceptualizations of justice, morality, and norms. Clearly cyber security is an important aspect of international relations; but is the field driving its own ideas, or does it replicate ideas from other security domains?
Deliberation and Global Governance
Authors: Steffek Jens
Published: April 2018

Conceptions of deliberative or discursive democracy are applied increasingly also to global governance institutions, typically coupled with calls for more participation and civil society access. Critics argue, however, that global political institutions cannot accommodate meaningful practices of deliberation and participation. In this chapter I review the current state of this controversy. I first disentangle several promises of deliberation in global governance and distinguish micro and macro conceptions of deliberation. I then scrutinize deliberative practices as they currently exist in intergovernmental negotiation and multi-stakeholder networks. A number of problems seem to compromise the democratizing potential of these practices: enduring asymmetries in power and status; high levels of expertise as precondition for participation; disconnect between micro-settings of deliberation and macro-level debates. I conclude that existing forms of global deliberation may increase the epistemic quality of decisions made for the people but should not be interpreted as democratic self-governance by the people.
Great Powers
Authors: Buzan Barry
Published: April 2018

This chapter starts by arguing the need to differentiate between great powers and superpowers at the global level. From there, it looks at the structural implications, both material and ideational, of analyzing the major powers in this way. The third section sets out the shifting balance between, on the one hand, the traditional security agenda of great powers managing relations among themselves, and on the other, the rising new security agenda of how to manage a variety of shared fate problems. The last section features the pathology of autism in great powers, and how that affects the prospects for great power management in the decades ahead.
The Psychopathological Concept of Catatonia
Authors: Ungvari Gabor S.
Published: April 2018

The psychopathological concept of catatonia argues that with the exception of drug-induced extrapyramidal syndromes, modern descriptive psychopathology has neglected the motor aspect of psychiatric disorders. While there has been an upsurge of interest in catatonia, the psychopathological principles underlying its definition remain obscure. The last and only serious attempt to elucidate the psychopathological foundations of the catatonic phenomenon was made by Karl Jaspers more than a hundred years ago. Yet, Jaspers’s views are hardly mentioned in the contemporary literature. The lack of psychopathological foundations has resulted in uncertainties and simplifications regarding the definitions of the individual signs and symptoms and the composition and boundaries of catatonic syndrome. The current literature pays little heed to fundamental aspects of the classical descriptions of catatonia, such as its time-frame, persistence, and consistency, and their relations to other symptoms evaluated in the context of the personality and the situation in which catatonia emerges.
Schizophrenic Autism
Authors: Gipps Richard , de Haan Sanneke
Published: April 2018

Schizophrenic autism, as originally intended by Eugen Bleuler, signifies a pathognomic form of motivated unmooring from the world into a state of asocial fantasy. In this article we discuss the unity of the three key aspects of this autism: (i) an altered relation to reality; (ii) a distinctive fantasy-involving form of thinking; and (iii) a motivated retreat from the world. Phenomenological psychiatry deepens our understanding of (i) by theorizing it in terms of disturbed pre-reflective intersubjective engagement, yet it deprecates the criteria of (ii) fantasy and (iii) motivation. We question the assumptions behind this deprecation, re-theorizing (ii) as withdrawal to a state in which a fantasy/reality distinction is compromised, and reinstating the motivational criterion (iii) through recovering a properly pre-reflective conception of dynamic motivation. The result is a conception of autism which preserves the unity of Bleuler’s concept by unifying phenomenological and psychoanalytical perspectives on the intersubjective constitution of selfhood.
Bourdieu’s Unlikely Contribution to the Human Sciences
Authors: Levi Martin John
Published: April 2018

Chapter abstract The author of this chapter proposes that we consider Bourdieu’s work neither on its own terms, nor in the terms of the postwar French academic field, but in terms of the general problems that it solved. When we do so, we find that Bourdieu developed lines of thinking that had stalled in Germany and the United States. The former was the field theoretic tradition associated with Gestalt psychology and empirical phenomenology; the second was the habit theoretic tradition associated increasingly with pragmatism. Each had stalled because each seemed, in a way, too successful—everything turned into habit for pragmatist social psychology; field theory also put everything indiscriminately in the field of experience. By focusing on the reciprocal relations of habitus and field, Bourdieu developed these insights in ways that allowed for empirical exploration, and that cut against the French rationalist vocabulary that he inherited.
Bourdieu and Geometric Data Analysis
Authors: Lebaron Frédéric , Le Roux Brigitte
Published: April 2018

Chapter abstract The extent to which the concepts of field and social space are linked to a concrete mode of empirical research—and in particular to a set of original statistical tools—has seldom been acknowledged. This chapter aims to re-establish the close link between the field concept and geometric data analysis (GDA), Bourdieu’s preferred technique for mapping the “social distances” between individuals. The elective affinity between the two is based on a relation of tight interdependence: on the one hand, the emergent practice of GDA sustains and strengthens the “implicit philosophy” of the theory of fields; on the other hand, the method’s widespread use by Bourdieu and his collaborators has facilitated GDA’s international reception in the social sciences. The chapter concludes by discussing the empirical research program that results from wedding a sociology of fields with the systematic use of GDA.
Bourdieu’s Uneven Influence on Anglophone Canadian Sociology
Authors: McLevey John , Stokes Allyson , Howard Amelia
Published: April 2018

Pierre Bourdieu is one of the most influential and widely cited figures in anglophone Canadian sociology. Since the first decade of the twenty-first century, in particular, his theories have guided research in areas such as the sociology of culture, education, social theory, social networks, and social capital. This chapter presents a content analysis of journal articles to better understand Bourdieu’s influence on anglophone Canadian sociology. Many citations to Bourdieu are ritualistic and occasionally are characterized by misreadings. Furthermore, interpretations and applications of Bourdieu’s ideas have been limited by a methodological division of labor. Quantitative research has primarily been concerned with cultural and social capital, with qualitative and historical research placing more emphasis on habitus and fields. The authors suggest several ways to expand the engagement with Bourdieu’s work, and to move beyond the current methodological division of labor.
Older Adults Pay an Additional Cost When Texting and Walking: Effects of Age, Environment, and Use of Mixed Reality on Dual-Task Performance
Authors: Krasovsky Tal , Weiss Patrice L , Kizony Rachel
Published: April 2018

Background

Texting while walking (TeWW) has become common among people of all ages, and mobile phone use during gait is increasingly associated with pedestrian injury. Although dual-task walking performance is known to decline with age, data regarding the effect of age on dual-task performance in ecological settings are limited.

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of age, environment (indoors/outdoors), and mixed reality (merging of real and virtual environments) on TeWW performance.

Design

A cross-sectional design was used.

Methods

Young (n = 30; 27.8 ± 4.4 years) and older (n = 20; 68.9 ± 3.9 years) adults performed single- and dual-task texting and walking indoors and outdoors, with and without a mixed reality display. Participants also completed evaluations of visual scanning and cognitive flexibility (Trail Making Test) and functional mobility (Timed “Up & Go” Test).

Results

Indoors, similar interference to walking and texting occurred for both groups, but only older adults’ gait variability increased under dual task conditions. Outdoors, TeWW was associated with larger age-related differences in gait variability, texting accuracy, and gait dual-task costs. Young adults with better visual scanning and cognitive flexibility performed TeWW with lower gait costs (r = 0.52–0.65). The mixed reality display was unhelpful and did not modify walking or texting.

Limitations

Older adults tested in this study were relatively high functioning. Gaze of participants was not directly monitored.

Conclusions

Although young and older adults possess the resources necessary for TeWW, older adults pay an additional “price” when dual-tasking, especially outdoors. TeWW may have potential as an ecologically valid assessment and/or an intervention paradigm for dual-task performance among older adults as well as for clinical populations.
Disparities in Colon Cancer Survival by Insurance Type: A Population-Based Analysis
Authors: Pulte Dianne , Jansen Lina , Brenner Hermann
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND:

Colon cancer is a common cancer with a relatively high survival for nonmetastatic disease if appropriate treatment is given. A lower survival rate for patients with no or inadequate insurance has previously been documented, but the differences have not been explored in detail on a population level.

OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this study was to examine survival for patients with colon cancer by insurance type.

DESIGN:

Complete analysis was used to examine 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates.

SETTINGS:

This was a population-level analysis.

PATIENTS:

Patients were drawn from the in-patients diagnosed with colon cancer at ages 15 to 64 years between 2007 and 2012 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 database by insurance type (Medicaid, uninsured, or other insurance)

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:

This study measured overall survival.

RESULTS:

A total of 57,790 cases were included, with insurance information available for 55,432. Of those, 7611 (13.7%), 4131 (7.5%), and 43,690 (78.8%) had Medicaid, no insurance, or other insurance. Patients with Medicaid or without insurance were more likely to have metastatic disease compared with those with other insurance. Survival was higher for patients with insurance other than Medicaid, with 3-year survival estimates of 57.0%, 61.2%, and 75.6% for Medicaid, uninsured, and other insurance. Significant disparities continued to be observed after adjustment for stage, especially for later-stage disease. When only patients with stage I to II disease who had definitive surgery and resection of ≥12 lymph nodes were included in the analysis, the discrepancy was decreased, especially for uninsured patients.

LIMITATIONS:

Information on chemotherapy use and biological markers of disease severity are not available in the database.

CONCLUSIONS:

Colon cancer survival is lower for patients with no insurance or with Medicaid than for those with private insurance. Differences in rates of definitive surgery and adequate lymph node dissection explain some of this disparity. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A585.
Prepectoral Breast Reconstruction with Fenestrated Acellular Dermal Matrix: A Novel Design
Authors: Paydar Keyianoosh Z. , Wirth Garrett A. , Mowlds Donald S.
Published: April 2018

Fenestrated acellular dermal matrix (ADM) has improved patient outcomes in both direct-to-implant and 2-stage tissue expander/implant breast reconstruction. This technical alteration utilizes optimal fenestration overlap to enhance the breast reconstruction experience. We present a novel, surgeon-designed shaped fenestrated ADM, placed in the recently repopularized prepectoral pocket for anterior coverage of implants in direct-to-implant and 2-stage breast reconstruction. A retrospective review of 10 patients (18 breasts) who underwent direct-to-implant or 2-stage breast reconstruction utilizing fenestrated shaped ADM in the prepectoral plane at a major academic institution in 2016 was conducted. Sixteen breasts (88.9%) underwent direct-to-implant reconstruction, and 2 breasts (11.1%) received tissue expanders. All reconstructions were performed using FlexHD Pliable ADM with surgeon-designed shape and fenestrations. The average implant size was 544.4 cc (±137.2 cc). The average intraoperative tissue expander fill volume measured 450 cc (90% of tissue expander size). The single expander case utilized 1 office fill (day 21) for full expansion. Major complications requiring reoperation within 90 days postoperatively were observed in 22.2% (4 breasts) of reconstructions. Three breasts (16.7%) due to partial mastectomy flap necrosis, 1 breast (5.5%) explantation due to infection. There was no seroma or capsular contracture. Prepectoral reconstruction with shaped fenestrated ADM is safe with high intraoperative fill volumes and facilitates more direct-to-implant reconstructions. Patients undergo fewer postoperative expansions, experience less time to full expansion, and subjectively report less pain. Patients benefit from improved cosmetic outcomes with better shape and no functional loss or animation deformity.
Wide-awake Anesthesia No Tourniquet Trapeziometacarpal Joint Prosthesis Implantation
Authors: Müller Camillo Theo , Christen Thierry , Heidekruger Paul I. , Lamouille Jessie , Raffoul Wassim , McKee Daniel , Lalonde Donald H. , Durand Sébastien
Published: April 2018

Wide awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) hand surgery is a rapidly growing in popularity. WALANT has been used by hand surgeons when operating on bones, tendons, ligaments, nerve entrapments. We offer a case report of the first case in the literature describing WALANT technique when performing trapeziometacarpal joint arthroplasty with prosthesis implantation. We offer technical points on how to perform this procedure and the advantages that are associated with using WALANT for prosthesis arthroplasty.
A Novel Porcine Model for Future Studies of Cell-enriched Fat Grafting
Authors: Rasmussen Bo S. , Sørensen Celine L. , Vester-Glowinski Peter V. , Herly Mikkel , Kurbegovic Sorel , Ørholt Mathias , Svalgaard Jesper D. , Kølle Stig-Frederik T. , Kristensen Annemarie T. , Talman Maj-Lis M. , Drzewiecki Krzysztof T. , Fischer-Nielsen Anne
Published: April 2018

Background:

Cell-enriched fat grafting has shown promising results for improving graft survival, although many questions remain unanswered. A large animal model is crucial for bridging the gap between rodent studies and human trials. We present a step-by-step approach in using the Göttingen minipig as a model for future studies of cell-enriched large volume fat grafting.

Methods:

Fat grafting was performed as bolus injections and structural fat grafting. Graft retention was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging after 120 days. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) was isolated from excised fat and liposuctioned fat from different anatomical sites and analyzed. Porcine adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ASCs) were cultured in different growth supplements, and population doubling time, maximum cell yield, expression of surface markers, and differentiation potential were investigated.

Results:

Structural fat grafting in the breast and subcutaneous bolus grafting in the abdomen revealed average graft retention of 53.55% and 15.28%, respectively, which are similar to human reports. Liposuction yielded fewer SVF cells than fat excision, and abdominal fat had the most SVF cells/g fat with SVF yields similar to humans. Additionally, we demonstrated that porcine ASCs can be readily isolated and expanded in culture in allogeneic porcine platelet lysate and fetal bovine serum and that the use of 10% porcine platelet lysate or 20% fetal bovine serum resulted in population doubling time, maximum cell yield, surface marker profile, and trilineage differentiation that were comparable with humans.

Conclusions:

The Göttingen minipig is a feasible and cost-effective, large animal model for future translational studies of cell-enriched fat grafting.
A Phase 1 Pharmacokinetic and Safety Study of Extended-Duration, High-dose Cefixime for Cephalosporin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Pharynx
Authors: Barbee Lindley A. , Nayak Seema U. , Blumer Jeffrey L. , O'Riordan Mary Ann , Gray Wesley , Zenilman Jonathan M. , Golden Matthew R. , Griffiss J. McLeod
Published: April 2018

Background

There are no fully oral recommended treatment regimens for gonorrhea. Inadequately treated pharyngeal gonococcal infections are a likely reservoir for transmission and development of antimicrobial resistance. We sought to determine an oral cefixime dosing regimen that would theoretically treat pharyngeal infections by gonococci with minimum inhibitory concentrations 0.5 μg/mL.

Methods

We conducted an open-label, nonrandomized, phase I pharmacokinetic and safety study of cefixime in 25 healthy male and female volunteers divided into 4 dosing cohorts (cohort A, 400 mg; cohort B, 800 mg; cohort C, 1200 mg; and cohort D, 800 mg every 8 hours × 3 doses [total dose 2400 mg]) with a target serum concentration of at least 2.0 μg/mL for more than 20 hours. Cefixime concentrations from serum and pharyngeal fluid were determined with use of a validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay. Safety measures included laboratories, physical examinations, and symptom diaries.

Results

None of the single-dose regimens attained the target concentration; however, 50% of subjects in cohort D attained the target concentration. Variation in absorption and protein binding contributed to differences in concentrations. Pharyngeal fluid concentrations were negligible. The single-dose regimens were well tolerated; the multidose regimen resulted in mild to moderate gastrointestinal symptoms in 43% of subjects.

Conclusions

None of the dosing regimens achieved the target concentration. However, the proposed theoretical target was extrapolated from penicillin data; there are no empirically derived pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic criteria for pharyngeal gonorrhea. Under alternative cephalosporin-specific therapeutic goals, the multidose regimen may be effective, although the absence of cefixime in pharyngeal fluid is concerning. A clinical trial evaluating efficacy and defining pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic outcomes may be warranted.
Gastrointestinal Tract Vasculopathy
Authors: Louie Christine Y. , DiMaio Michael A. , Charville Gregory W. , Berry Gerald J. , Longacre Teri A.
Published: April 2018

Noninfectious gastrointestinal (GI) vasculopathic disorders are rare and are often overlooked in histopathologic examination or when forming differential diagnoses due to their rarity. However, involvement of the GI tract may lead to serious complications, including ischemia and perforation. Since awareness of the types of vasculopathy that may involve the GI tract is central to arriving at a correct diagnosis, we reviewed our institutional experience with GI tract vasculopathy in order to enhance diagnostic accuracy of these rare lesions. We report the clinical and histologic features of 16 cases (excluding 16 cases of immunoglobulin A vasculitis) diagnosed over a 20-year period. Of the 16 patients, 14 presented with symptoms related to the GI vasculopathy (including 2 presenting with a mass on endoscopic examination). The remaining 2 patients presented with incarcerated hernia and invasive adenocarcinoma. The vasculopathy was not associated with systemic disease and appeared limited to the GI tract in 8 patients. Eight had associated systemic disease, but only 6 had a prior diagnosis. The underlying diagnoses in these 6 patients included systemic lupus erythematosus (1), dermatomyositis (2), rheumatoid arthritis (1), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (1), and Crohn disease (1). One patient with granulomatous polyangiitis and 1 patient with systemic lupus erythematosus initially presented with GI symptoms. The 8 cases of isolated GI tract vasculopathy consisted of enterocolic lymphocytic phlebitis (4), idiopathic myointimal hyperplasia of the sigmoid colon (1), idiopathic myointimal hyperplasia of the ileum (1), granulomatous vasculitis (1), and polyarteritis nodosa-like arteritis (1). Isolated GI tract vasculopathy is rare, but appears to be almost as common as that associated with systemic disease. The chief primary vasculopathies are enterocolic lymphocytic colitis and idiopathic myointimal hyperplasia. Although the latter occurs predominantly in the left colon, rare examples occur in the small bowel and likely represent a complex, more protean disorder.
Normalization of Speech Processing After Whole-Vault Cranioplasty in Sagittal Synostosis
Authors: Chuang Carolyn , Rolison Max , Yang Jenny F. , Brooks Eric D. , Hashim Peter W. , Travieso Roberto , Terner Jordan , Steinbacher Derek M. , Landi Nicole , Stavropoulos Katherine K. M. , Mayes Linda C. , Persing John A. , McPartland James C.
Published: April 2018

Background:

Neurocognitive studies have found impairments in language-related abilities in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, highlighting clinical importance of early language processing. In this study, neural response to speech sounds in infants with nonsyndromic sagittal craniosynostosis (NSC) is compared, preoperatively and postoperatively, using event-related potentials (ERPs) to objectively characterize development in language processing.

Methods:

Electroencephalogram was recorded while 39 infants (12 NSC and 27 controls; ages 73–283 days) listened to the Hindi dental /

JOURNAL/jcrsu/04.03/00001665-201807000-00009/inline-graphic1/v/2023-08-24T175730Z/r/image-tiff

a/ and retroflex /da/ phonemes (non-native phonemic discrimination task). The mismatch negativity (MMN) ERP was extracted as the peak amplitude of the largest negative deflection in the difference wave over 80 to 300 milliseconds poststimulus. Differences in MMN were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

Results:

The MMN amplitude was attenuated in the infants with NSC preoperatively compared with controls (P = 0.047). A significant region by group interaction (P = 0.045) was observed, and infants with NSC displayed attenuated MMN in the frontal electrodes compared with controls (P = 0.010). Comparing the preoperative and postoperative MMN, a time by group interaction trend (P = 0.070) was observed. Pair-wise comparisons showed a trend for increase in MMN amplitude from preoperatively to postoperatively in the infants with NSC (P = 0.059). At the postoperative time point, infants with NSC showed no significant difference in MMN from controls (P = 0.344).

Conclusion:

Infants with NSC demonstrated atypical neural response to language preoperatively. After undergoing surgery, infants with NSC showed increased MMN amplitude which was not significantly different from controls. These findings support the idea that whole vault cranioplasty may improve neurocognitive outcomes in sagittal craniosynostosis.
Multiple Intracranial Cavernous Angiomas With a Trigonal Cavernous Angioma Mimicking Glioma
Authors: Wu Jie , Ren Rijun , Qiu Zhaoyou , Wang Maokai
Published: April 2018

Intracranial cavernous angiomas (CAs) are hamartomatous vascular malformations consisting of thin-walled vascular channels located within the brain, but typically lacking intervening neural parenchyma, large feeding arteries, or draining veins. The CAs occurring in the ventricular system are rare, with an incidence of 2.5% to 10.3% of the intracranial CAs, and those arising from the trigone of the lateral ventricle are even rarer. Till now, there are <20 patients with trigonal CAs have been reported in the English literature. In this study, the authors describe an extremely rare case of multiple intracranial CAs with a trigonal CA mimicking glioma. Furthermore, they also discuss the characteristic aspects of symptoms, radiologic findings, diagnosis, and treatment of this benign lesion.
Primary Alveolar Echinococcosis Presenting with Simultaneous Cerebral and Craniofacial Involvement
Authors: Ogul Hayri , Kantarci Mecit
Published: April 2018

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is an important parasitic infestation caused by the larval stage of the Echinococcus multilocularis. Turkey is one of the countries occurred endemic of the disease. The disease primarily affects the liver. Cerebral and craniofacial involvements are very rare. Here the authors report a 46-year-old woman with simultaneous cerebral and craniofacial involvement of E. multilocularis. Although primary AE lesions with simultaneous cerebral and craniofacial involvement are exceedingly rare, radiologist must suspect from other unusual involvement such as craniofacial and muscular location in patients with cerebral AE.
Concomitant Repair of Pelvic Floor Disorders in Women Undergoing Surgery for Gynecologic Malignancies
Authors: Bochenska Katarzyna , Mueller Margaret , Geynisman-Tan Julia , Leader-Cramer Alix , Davé Bhumy , Lewicky-Gaupp Christina , Kenton Kimberly
Published: April 2018

Objective

The aims of this study were to determine the rate and describe 30-day postoperative complications of concomitant pelvic organ prolapse and/or urinary incontinence (POPUI) procedures in women undergoing surgery for a gynecologic malignancy.

Methods

Women who underwent surgical intervention for a gynecologic malignancy between 2010 and 2014 were identified using postoperative International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes 179.0 to 184.9 in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Women who underwent POPUI procedures were identified using Current Procedural Terminology codes between 51840 and 58294. Infectious, pulmonary, cardiac, and venous thromboembolism complication rates were calculated. Patient demographics and postoperative complication rates were analyzed using Student t, χ2, and Fisher exact tests and compared between women with a gynecologic malignancy who did and did not undergo concomitant POPUI procedures.

Results

We identified 23,501 women with a diagnosis of a gynecologic malignancy. The most common included uterine (63%), ovarian (25%), and cervical cancer (8%). Only a small proportion of the women undergoing gynecologic cancer surgery (n = 556 [2.4%]) had concomitant POPUI procedures. The most commonly performed POPUI procedures included anterior and/or posterior colporrhaphy (n = 205 [32%]), laparoscopic colpopexy (n = 181 [28.2%]), and midurethral sling (n = 70 [10.9%]). There were no differences in 30-day reoperation; infectious, pulmonary, and cardiac complications; or venous thromboembolic events between women who did and did not have concomitant POPUI surgery.

Conclusions

Using a large national surgical database, only 2.4% of women undergoing gynecologic cancer surgery had a concomitant POPUI procedure. Our data suggest that postoperative complications may not increase when concomitant surgery for POPUI is done at the time of gynecologic cancer surgery.
Are commercial providers a viable option for clinical bacterial sequencing?
Authors: Raven Kathy , Blane Beth , Churcher Carol , Parkhill Julian , Peacock Sharon J.
Published: April 2018

Bacterial whole-genome sequencing in the clinical setting has the potential to bring major improvements to infection control and clinical practice. Sequencing instruments are not currently available in the majority of routine microbiology laboratories worldwide, but an alternative is to use external sequencing providers. To foster discussion around this we investigated whether send-out services were a viable option. Four providers offering MiSeq sequencing were selected based on cost and evaluated based on the service provided and sequence data quality. DNA was prepared from five methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates, four of which were investigated during a previously published outbreak in the UK together with a reference MRSA isolate (ST22 HO 5096 0412). Cost of sequencing per isolate ranged from £155 to £342 and turnaround times from DNA postage to arrival of sequence data ranged from 12 to 63 days. Comparison of commercially generated genomes against the original sequence data demonstrated very high concordance, with no more than one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) difference on core genome mapping between the original sequences and the new sequence for all four providers. Multilocus sequence type could not be assigned based on assembly for the two cheapest sequence providers due to fragmented assemblies probably caused by a lower output of sequence data per isolate. Our results indicate that external providers returned highly accurate genome data, but that improvements are required in turnaround time to make this a viable option for use in clinical practice.
EssC is a specificity determinant for Staphylococcus aureus type VII secretion
Authors: Jäger Franziska , Kneuper Holger , Palmer Tracy
Published: April 2018

The type VII protein secretion system (T7SS) is found in actinobacteria and firmicutes, and plays important roles in virulence and interbacterial competition. A membrane-bound ATPase protein, EssC in Staphylococcus aureus, lies at the heart of the secretion machinery. The EssC protein from S. aureus strains can be grouped into four variants (EssC1–EssC4) that display sequence variability in the C-terminal region. Here we show that the EssC2, EssC3 and EssC4 variants can be produced in a strain deleted for essC1, and that they are able to mediate secretion of EsxA, an essential component of the secretion apparatus. They are, however, unable to support secretion of the substrate protein EsxC, which is only encoded in essC1-specific strains. This finding indicates that EssC is a specificity determinant for T7 protein secretion. Our results support a model in which the C-terminal domain of EssC interacts with substrate proteins, whereas EsxA interacts elsewhere.
Discrimination of Gram-Positive versus Gram-Negative Bacteria by the Social AmoebaDictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Rashidi Ghazal , Ostrowski Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2018

Professional phagocytes detect, pursue, engulf, and kill bacteria. While all professional phagocytes use chemotaxis to locate bacteria, little is known about whether they can discriminate among them, responding preferentially to some bacteria over others. Here we examine the chemotaxis of the soil amoeba and professional phagocyteDictyostelium discoideumin assays where amoebae were presented with a paired choice of different bacteria. We observed variation in the extent to which they pursue different types of bacteria and preferential migration towards Gram-negative over Gram-positive bacteria. Response profiles were similar for amoebae isolated from different geographic locations, suggesting that chemotaxis preferences are not strongly influenced by any local variation in the bacterial community. Because cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a known chemoattractant forD. discoideum, we tested whether it mediated the preference for Gram-negative bacteria. Chemotaxis was diminished in response to a cAMP-deficient strain ofEscherichia coliand enhanced in response to anE. colistrain that overproduces cAMP. We conclude thatD. discoideumdiscriminates at a distance among bacteria and that discrimination is mediated in part by sensing of cAMP. Preferential sensing and response to different bacteria may help to explain why some amoeba-bacterial associations are more prevalent in nature than others.
bioLQM: a java library for the manipulation and conversion of Logical Qualitative Models of biological networks
Authors: Naldi Aurélien
Published: April 2018

Here we introduce bioLQM, a new Java software toolkit for the conversion, modification, and analysis of Logical Qualitative Models of biological regulatory networks, aiming to foster the development of novel complementary tools by providing core modelling operations. Based on the definition of multi-valued logical models, it implements import and export facilities, notably for the recent SBML-qual exchange format, as well as for formats used by several popular tools, facilitating the design of workflows combining these tools. Model modifications enable the definition of various perturbations, as well as model reduction, easing the analysis of large models. Another modification enables the study of multi-valued models with tools limited to the Boolean case. Finally, bioLQM provides a framework for the development of novel analysis tools. The current version implements the usual updating modes for model simulation (notably synchronous, asynchronous, and random asynchronous), as well as some static analysis features for the identification of attractors. The bioLQM software can be integrated into analysis workflows through command line and scripting interfaces. As a Java library, it further provides core data structures to the GINsim and EpiLog interactive tools, which supply graphical interfaces and additional analysis methods for cellular and multi-cellular qualitative models.
Reference-point centering and range-adaptation enhance human reinforcement learning at the cost of irrational preferences
Authors: Bavard Sophie , Lebreton Maël , Khamassi Mehdi , Coricelli Giorgio , Palminteri Stefano
Published: April 2018

In economics and in perceptual decision-making contextual effects are well documented, where decision weights are adjusted as a function of the distribution of stimuli. Yet, in reinforcement learning literature whether and how contextual information pertaining to decision states is integrated in learning algorithms has received comparably little attention. Here, in an attempt to fill this gap, we investigated reinforcement learning behavior and its computational substrates in a task where we orthogonally manipulated both outcome valence and magnitude, resulting in systematic variations in state-values. Over two experiments, model comparison indicated that subjects’ behavior is best accounted for by an algorithm which includes both reference point-dependence and range-adaptation – two crucial features of state-dependent valuation. In addition, we found state-dependent outcome valuation to progressively emerge over time, to be favored by increasing outcome information and to be correlated with explicit understanding of the task structure. Finally, our data clearly show that, while being locally adaptive (for instance in negative valence and small magnitude contexts), state-dependent valuation comes at the cost of seemingly irrational choices, when options are extrapolated out from their original contexts.
Off-target inhibition by active site-targeting SHP2 inhibitors
Authors: Tsutsumi Ryouhei , Ran Hao , Neel Benjamin G.
Published: April 2018

Due to the involvement of SHP2 (SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase) in human disease, including Noonan syndrome and cancer, several inhibitors targeting SHP2 have been developed. Here, we report that the commonly used SHP2 inhibitor NSC-78788 does not exhibit robust inhibitory effects on growth factor-dependent MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway activation, and that the recently developed active site-targeting SHP2 inhibitors IIB-08, 11a-1, and GS-493 show off-target effects on ligand-evoked activation/trans-phosphorylation of the PDGFRβ (platelet-derived growth factor receptor β). GS-493 also inhibits purified human PDGFRβ and SRC in vitro, whereas PDGFRβ inhibition by IIB-08 and 11a-1 occurs only in the cellular context. Our results argue for extreme caution in inferring specific functions for SHP2 based on studies using these inhibitors.
Working memory availability affects neural indices of distractor processing during visual search
Authors: Henare Dion T. , Buckley Jude , Corballis Paul M.
Published: April 2018

Working memory and selective attention are traditionally viewed as distinct processes in human cognition. However, increasing research demonstrates significant overlap between these constructs such that as working memory availability decreases, individuals perform worse on attention-based tasks. To date, the neural mechanisms involved in this interaction are unknown. We measured three candidate lateralized event-related potential components (N2pc, Ptc, and SPCN) to observe the effects of increased working memory load on selective processing of targets and distractors. We found that increased working memory load impaired the processing of distractors, but not targets, and this was reflected in attentuation of the Ptc to distractors. We also found that individual performance on the task is related to the neural response to both targets and distractors. This study suggests that working memory availability impacts individuals’ ability to disengage from irrelevant stimuli, and that individual differences in visual search ability under load are related to both target and distractor processing.