bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and structure determination of seven ternary bismuthides: crystal chemistry of theRELi3Bi2family (RE= La–Nd, Sm, Gd, and Tb)
Authors: Prakash Jai , Schäfer Marion C. , Bobev Svilen
Published: September 2015

Zintl phases are renowned for their diverse crystal structures with rich structural chemistry and have recently exhibited some remarkable heat- and charge-transport properties. The ternary bismuthidesRELi3Bi2(RE= La–Nd, Sm, Gd, and Tb) (namely, lanthanum trilithium dibismuthide, LaLi3Bi2, cerium trilithium dibismuthide, CeLi3Bi2, praseodymium trilithium dibismuthide, PrLi3Bi2, neodymium trilithium dibismuthide, NdLi3Bi2, samarium trilithium dibismuthide, SmLi3Bi2, gadolinium trilithium dibismuthide, GdLi3Bi2, and terbium trilithium dibismuthide, TbLi3Bi2) were synthesized by high-temperature reactions of the elements in sealed Nb ampoules. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that all seven compounds are isostructural and crystallize in the LaLi3Sb2type structure in the trigonal space groupP\overline{3}m1 (Pearson symbolhP6). The unit-cell volumes decrease monotonically on moving from the La to the Tb compound, owing to the lanthanide contraction. The structure features a rare-earth metal atom and one Li atom in a nearly perfect octahedral coordination by six Bi atoms. The second crystallographically unique Li atom is surrounded by four Bi atoms in a slightly distorted tetrahedral geometry. The atomic arrangements are best described as layered structures consisting of two-dimensional layers of fused LiBi4tetrahedra and LiBi6octahedra, separated by rare-earth metal cations. As such, these compounds are expected to be valance-precise semiconductors, whose formulae can be represented as (RE3+)(Li1+)3(Bi3−)2.
It’s time to bring performance appraisal into the twenty-first century
Authors: Javad Shahina , S.D. Sumod
Published: September 2015

Purpose

– Examines the weaknesses of many current performance appraisals and shows how to improve them.

Design/methodology/approach

– Draws on examples from companies such as Cisco, Google and Infosys.

Findings

– Shows that there are two main sets of reasons for the failure of performance management – system related and people related. System-related problems crop up while defining the performance goals or designing the appraisal system. People-related problems usually arise while discussing the results of appraisals.

Practical implications

– Investigates the importance of the three key elements of performance appraisal – the appraiser, the appraisal period and the rating method.

Social implications

– Shows how important performance appraisal can be in the modern business world where skilled and talented workers are at a premium.

Originality/value

– Argues that present-day organizations need to develop an ongoing process to manage employee performance, make sure the right things are being measured, and that the feedback is carried out as constructively as possible.
New Zealand adult internet child pornography offenders
Authors: Price Mnthali , Lambie Ian , Krynen Ariana Marie
Published: September 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to identify the demographic characteristics, psychological and mental health difficulties, victimisation histories, and offending behaviours of New Zealand child pornography offenders (CPOs) who presented to community-based treatment. Findings are compared with national and international research, and with population norms. Such comparisons can help identify factors that may play a role in the development of child pornography (CP) consumption and potential treatment needs for this population.

Design/methodology/approach

– A file audit of assessment information and service exit reports was conducted of 46 CPOs who were referred to community-based treatment service in New Zealand.

Findings

– CPOs were predominantly male, European, and unemployed. Most CPOs were single or separated/divorced, and had no friends or one to five friends, which indicates possible social functioning difficulties, including intimacy. Mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, loneliness, and childhood abuse appear to be elevated among CPOs in comparison with general population norms. Prior to referral, one-third had engaged in contact sexual offending and most had no non-sexual offending history. CP was often in the form of photos or images, and contained European pre-pubescent females. CPOs’ mental health, social isolation, intimacy deficits, and childhood abuse could be treatment targets for this population.

Originality/value

– Limited research has been conducted concerning New Zealand CPOs. Furthermore, studies often do not compare findings with general population norms, which can help identify factors prevalent among the CPOs and treatment needs for this population.
Continuous innovation: unleashing and harnessing the creative energies of a willing and able community
Authors: Leavy Brian
Published: September 2015

Purpose

– In the recent book, Collective Genius: The Art and Practice of Leading Innovation, a team of authors and researchers offer answers to the questions: How can leaders build an organization that can innovate over and over? And why, in spite of all we know about innovation, have companies not made more progress on this important question to date?

Design/methodology/approach

– S
&
L interviewer Brian Leavy asks lead author Linda Hill about innovation misconceptions, planting the seeds of a willing innovation program and developing the innovation capability of an organization.

Findings

– Exceptional leaders of innovation don’t focus on finding the answers or setting the vision, but rather on creating the environment in which others are willing and able to collaborate and innovate together again and again.

Practical implications

– Repeat innovation requires that the leader be more of a stage-setter than the star performer.

Originality/value

– Linda Hill’s team was the first to articulate the notion that the ability to innovate on a sustained basis requires the development of three key capabilities–“creative abrasion,” “creative agility” and “creative resolution.”
The three laws of business combinations: how to create value by remixing assets
Authors: Gomes-Casseres Benjamin
Published: September 2015

Purpose

– The author defines and discusses the three laws of business combinations that are essential to a profitable use of resources.

Design/methodology/approach

– The author shows how applying these laws is necessary for success.

Findings

– All business combinations must have the potential to create joint value, must be governed to realize this value, and must share value in a way that provides a reward to each party’s investment

Practical implications

– In remix strategy, the fundamental unit of analysis is the combination of resources that yields value. That combination competes with other combinations. Some combinations will gain advantage over others because they encompass just the right resources; others will gain advantage because they manage their collective resources better than others do.

Originality/value

– The author’s insight is that instead seeing competition as a battle of firm vs. firm, practitioners need to understand how bundles of resources compete, regardless of whether they are organized as firms.
Do Conspicuous Consumers Pay Higher Housing Premiums? Spatial and Temporal Variation in the United States
Authors: Lee Kwan Ok , Mori Masaki
Published: September 2015

This study is the first to examine the relationship between conspicuous demand and housing price dynamics. We hypothesize that conspicuous consumers would want high‐end homes to signal their wealth and this housing consumption behavior would induce greater deviations from fundamental house prices. We test this by using a unique dataset that matches the consumers’ appetite for nonhousing luxury goods from Google Insights for Search to housing premiums that they pay for high‐end houses in U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) during 2004–2011. The estimation results demonstrate that controlling for a wide range of MSA demographic and economic characteristics, conspicuous demand has a significant, positive relationship with housing premiums. This relationship varies spatially and temporally. Conspicuous demand has a stronger relationship with a price increase in high‐end homes in MSAs with a steady, higher housing premium than in MSAs with a volatile, lower premium during the boom period. In MSAs with a steady, higher housing premium, the relationship remains significant even during the bust period, potentially contributing to maintaining higher housing premiums.
Effects of burning and rainfall on former agricultural land with remnant grassy woodland flora
Authors: Morris E. Charles , de Barse Monique , Sanders Jonathan
Published: September 2015

Grassy woodlands have been extensively cleared for agricultural land uses; land managers need to know whether restoration of biodiversity on such sites requires further interventions beyond simply stopping agricultural land use. Cumberland Plain Woodland occurs on shale‐derived soils in western Sydney; former Cumberland Plain Woodland sites can range from grasslands cleared for agricultural use to regenerated woodlands. An experiment was established in Scheyville National Park to determine what effect repeated burning would have in this system. Four blocks were established (three in grassy areas, one in woodland) and plots in each block were either burnt in 2001 and 2005 or left unburnt. Native plant species richness was initially lower in the grassy blocks than in the woodland, and this ranking remained on unburnt plots over time. The first fire increased species richness of both natives and exotics on the grassy blocks, with the largest increases observed for native and exotic forbs, and lesser increases for grasses (native only), gramminoids and shrubs. Native species richness changed very little with burning in the woodland. Fire effects on species richness were still apparent 3 years later on the grassy blocks; the difference between the grassy blocks and the woodland was not significant on burnt plots at this stage. Changes in native species richness were far less after the second fire on the grassy blocks, with grasses and gramminoids showing increases; native species richness remained higher in the burnt treatment. The first fire reduced the initial differences in native species richness between the grassy blocks and the woodland, and the second fire maintained the benefit through time. Fire also increased exotic species richness; the proportion of total species as natives was not altered by the two fires. On unburnt grassy plots, native species richness and prior cumulative rainfall were positively related; a decline in native species richness on unburnt plots corresponded to increasingly drier conditions over the study.
Glass Ceilings versus Sticky Floors: Evidence fromSoutheastAsia and an International Update
Authors: Fang Zheng , Sakellariou Chris
Published: September 2015

Using counterfactual decompositions combined with quantile regression, we investigate the pattern of gender wage differentials inAsian andLatinAmerican countries and combine the findings with existing evidence forEuropean and other mostly developed countries. While in the group ofLatinAmerican countries glass ceilings are prevalent, no clear evidence of glass ceilings is found in the group ofAsian countries where, generally, sticky floors or a mixed pattern is the norm. The findings are robust with as well as without occupation controls. In addition, analysis by sector points to glass ceilings in the public sector in most countries, while in the private sector the patterns vary. Combining the new evidence from the present study with existing evidence (in total we consider 60 countries), a comprehensive global picture of gender wage differentials is provided. Possible explanations for differences in patterns of gender wage differentials are discussed.
Assessment and learning technologies: An overview
Authors: Farrell Treasa , Rushby Nick
Published: September 2015

Assessment pervades the learning process. This paper provides an overview of the application of technology to support and enhance diagnostic, formative and summative assessment. The focus is on examining how it can replace what already exists, improve the functionality, catalyse a redesign of the process and in some circumstances, make possible what was previously inconceivable. The paper considers formal and informal individual learning environments, group settings and assessment at a national or international scale.
Urbanism, Neighborhood Context, and Social Networks
Authors: York Cornwell Erin , Behler Rachel L.
Published: September 2015

Theories of urbanism suggest that the urban context erodes individuals’ strong social ties with friends and family. Recent research has narrowed focus to the neighborhood context, emphasizing how localized structural disadvantage affects community–level cohesion and social capital. In this paper, we argue that neighborhood context also shapes social ties with friends and family—particularly for community–dwelling seniors. We hypothesize that neighborhood disadvantage, residential instability, and disorder restrict residents’ abilities to cultivate close relationships with friends and family, regardless of whether they live in the same neighborhood. Using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, we find that older adults who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods have smaller social networks. Neighborhood disadvantage is also associated with fewer close network ties and less frequent interaction—but only among men. Residents of disordered neighborhoods have both smaller networks and weaker ties. We urge scholars to pay greater attention to how neighborhood context contributes to disparities in network–based access to resources.
A systematic review of implant outcomes in treated periodontitis patients
Authors: Sousa Vanessa , Mardas Nikos , Farias Bruna , Petrie Aviva , Needleman Ian , Spratt David , Donos Nikolaos
Published: September 2015

Objectives

To investigate the effect of treated periodontitis on implant outcomes in partially edentulous individuals compared with periodontally healthy patients.

Material and methods

Longitudinal studies reporting on implant survival, success, incidence of peri‐implantitis, bone loss and periodontal status, and on partially dentate patients with a history of treated periodontitis were included.

Results

The search yielded 14,917 citations. Twenty‐seven publications met the inclusion criteria for qualitative data synthesis. Implant success and survival were higher in periodontally healthy patients, whilst bone loss and incidence of peri‐implantitis was increased in patients with history of treated periodontitis. There was a higher tendency for implant loss and biological complications in patients previously presenting with severe forms of periodontitis. The strength of the evidence was limited by the heterogeneity of the included studies in terms of study design, population, therapy, unit of analysis, inconsistent definition of baselines and outcomes, as well as by the inadequate reporting of statistical analysis and accounting for confounding factors; thus, meta‐analysis could not be performed.

Conclusions

Implants placed in patients treated for periodontal disease are associated with higher incidence of biological complications and lower success and survival rates than those placed in periodontally healthy patients. Severe forms of periodontal disease are associated with higher rates of implant loss. However, it is critical to develop well‐designed, long‐term prospective studies to provide further substantive evidence on the association of these outcomes.
The outcome of fistulotomy for anal fistula at 1 year: a prospective multicentre French study
Authors: Abramowitz L. , Soudan D. , Souffran M. , Bouchard D. , Castinel A. , Suduca J. M. , Staumont G. , Devulder F. , Pigot F. , Ganansia R. , Varastet M. ,   for the Groupe de Recherche en Proctologie de la Société Nationale Française de Colo‐Proctologie and the Club de Réflexion des Cabinets et Groupe d'Hépato‐Gastroentérologie
Published: September 2015

Aim

The study aimed to evaluate outcome at 1 year of one‐ and two‐stage fistulotomy for anal fistula in a large group of patients.

Method

A prospective multicentre observational study was designed to include patients with anal fistula treated by one‐ or two‐stage fistulotomy. Data were collected using a self‐administered questionnaire before surgery, during healing and at 1 year after surgery.

Results

Group A (133 patients) with a low anal fistula underwent a one‐stage fistulotomy. The median Wexner scores before and after surgery were 1.0 (0−11) and 2.0 (0−18) (P = 0.032) and the median Vaizey scores were 2.0 (0−14) and 3.0 (0−21) (P = 0.055). The Wexner scores and percentage of patients before and after fistulotomy were as follows: 0−5: 88%, 86%; 6−10: 10.7%, 10.7%; 11−15: 1.0%, 2.6%; and 16−20: 0%, 2%. Eighty‐seven per cent of the patients were satisfied. Group B (62 patients) underwent two‐stage fistulotomy for a high transsphincteric fistula. The Wexner scores and percentage of patients before the first stage and 1 year after the second stage were as follows: 0−5: 86%, 66%; 6−10: 4.5%, 20%; 11−15: 9%, 11%; and 16−20: 0%, 2%. The median Wexner scores before the first stage and after the second stage were 1 (0−14) vs 4 (0−19) (P < 0.001), and the median Vaizey scores were 1.5 (0−11) vs 4 (0−20) (P < 0.001). Eighty‐eight per cent of the patients were satisfied.

Conclusion

Low transsphincteric anal fistula can be treated by fistulotomy without clinically significant continence disturbance. Treating high transsphincteric anal fistulae with two‐stage fistulotomy is followed by mild continence disturbance. Satisfaction rates were high.
A Bulge in the Mid‐Left Cardiac Border: What Is the Diagnosis?
Authors: Singhal Anubhav , Kumar Sudeep , Soni Neetu , Kapoor Aditya
Published: September 2015

Mini‐Abstract

Pseudoaneurysm of aorto‐mitral intervalvular fibrosa region (AMIVF) is relatively rare and leads to the development of a pulsatile cavity in the mitral–aortic junction communicating with LV outflow tract. We present a young man with a large AMIVF aneurysm in which the x‐ray revealed a prominent bulge on mid‐left cardiac border. The usual differential diagnosis of such a bulge includes an enlarged LA appendage, ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, dilated right ventricular subinfundibulum, absent pericardium, pericardial cysts, etc. Our case highlights the fact that physicians may also need to consider the rare possibility of an AMIVF aneurysm in this list.
Modifying otter boards to reduce bottom contact: effects on catches and efficiencies of triple‐rigged penaeid trawls
Authors: Broadhurst M. K. , Sterling D. J. , Millar R. B.
Published: September 2015

Two otter‐board modifications designed to minimise bottom contact (and therefore habitat impacts) were compared against conventional otter boards for their relative effects on the engineering and catching efficiencies of triple‐rigged penaeid trawls. The first modification involved restricting the angle of attack (AOA) of a flat–rectangular otter board to <30° by attaching a restraining line to an adjacent sled, while the second was a ‘batwing’ otter board comprising a sled‐and‐sail assembly operating at 20° AOA. The modifications reduced otter‐board bottom contact by up to 8 ha over a night's fishing without affecting standardised catches (per ha) of the targeted eastern king prawns, Penaeus plebejus, nor the fuel required. Further, compared to all other trawls, the restrained trawls caught less discarded bycatch (by up to 37%), while the trawls spread by the modified flat–rectangular and batwing otter boards caught more individuals of three retained benthic teleost species per ha than the conventional configuration; results that were attributed to species‐specific herding responses. Both modifications represent simple alternatives where there are concerns over either benthic impacts or, for the restraining line, unwanted bycatches in penaeid‐trawl fisheries.
Can bycatch in a flatfish gillnet fishery be reduced with rectangular mesh?
Authors: Rudershausen P. J. , Price A. B. , Buckel J. A.
Published: September 2015

Gillnets fished in North Carolina, USA, estuaries have high rates of bycatch relative to the target catch of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma Jordan & Gilbert. This study tested whether rectangular‐mesh gillnets would maintain catch rates of southern flounder and reduce fish bycatch relative to conventional diamond‐mesh gillnets in two North Carolina estuaries. In the Neuse River estuary, catch rates of legal southern flounder were not different between the two mesh shapes, but the bycatch of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus) and other fish species was reduced with rectangular‐mesh net. In the Newport River estuary, southern flounder and red drum catches were reduced in rectangular‐mesh net, but the decrease was greater for red drum. Catches of sublegal southern flounder were reduced in the rectangular‐mesh net in both estuaries. Reduced catch rates of sublegal southern flounder and bycatch species suggest rectangular mesh may help manage stocks of estuarine fish species in areas where gillnets are used to target flatfishes.
JOHANN PETER HEBEL AND THE DYNAMICS OF HOPE
Authors: Lee Charlotte
Published: September 2015

This article examines the place of hope in Hebel's Kalendergeschichten, both as a theme and as a mode. Many of the stories have an anticipatory flavour: both natural growth and human self‐development are signifiers of hope. Moreover, a number of the texts stimulate critical engagement on the part of the reader, which constitutes a first step towards agency and potential (self‐) improvement. Yet the depiction of human nature in these short prose texts oscillates between the loving and the grotesque, a dichotomy which has unsettled literary criticism on Hebel for some decades. This article draws on the early theological work of Jürgen Moltmann to suggest that the negative elements of the texts are essential to the particular variant of hope to which Hebel subscribes. Both thinkers were concerned to rehabilitate eschatology in their own time. For both, earthly life has the capacity for considerable self‐renewal; but it also has severe limitations, through which only a divine redemptive force can break. Facing up to the ugliest aspects of human existence is a precondition for the engaged, eschatological hope which underpins Moltmann's theology and which, arguably, is also reflected in Hebel's writing.

Der Artikel befasst sich mit der Rolle der Hoffnung als Thema und als Schreibmodus in Hebels Kalendergeschichten. Diese sind oft auf die Zukunft ausgerichtet, und das natürliche Wachstum sowie die menschliche Selbstentwick‐lung suggerieren Hoffnung. Darüber hinaus regen die Kalendertexte den Leser nicht selten zur aktiven intellektuellen Beteiligung an, die zur Tatkraft und zur Weiterbildung führen kann. Allerdings schwankt die Darstellung der Menschheit in diesen kurzen Prosastücken zwischen dem Liebevollen und dem Grotesken. Schon seit Langem sieht sich die Forschung zu Hebel von dieser Dichotomie beunruhigt. Anhand der frühen theologischen Schriften Jürgen Moltmanns wird in diesem Artikel argumentiert, dass die negativen Elemente der Texte für die besondere Art Hoffnung grundlegend sind, der sich Hebel anschließt. Wie Moltmann im 20. Jahrhundert war Hebel auch bestrebt, die Eschatologie in den zeitgenössischen theologischen Diskurs wieder einzugliedern. Für beide ist das irdische Leben durchaus zur Selbsterneuerung fähig, doch stößt es auf starke Grenzen, die zu durchbrechen nur eine göttliche Erlösungskraft imstande ist. Den hässlichsten Aspekten der menschlichen Existenz ins Auge zu sehen ist gleichsam eine Vorbedingung für die engagierte, eschatologische Hoffnung, die Moltmanns Theologie zugrunde liegt und die Hebels Kalendergeschichten wohl auch vorwegnehmen.
CHAOS UND FORM, RAUM UND ETHOS IN STIFTERS BUNTE STEINE
Authors: Nitschke Claudia
Published: September 2015

Form, order, and the desire to create structure are ubiquitous in Adalbert Stifter's work, both as theme and in the presentation of his oeuvre. It is striking that quotidian rituals and emergency situations such as thunder and snowstorms are often intrinsically tied to places. In Stifter's narratives the spatial concurrence of danger as a manifestation of formlessness, and structure as a potential remedy for the precarious situations, reveals a specific technique of stabilisation. This omnipresent need for stabilising rituals (occurring in a specific place) indirectly demonstrates that notions of transgression are integral to Stifter's texts, even though he consistently attempts to transform it into a certain structure: in this regard an individual and collective moral style of life is presented as the best and most natural way of coping with external forces by dint of an autonomous (but naturally pre‐ordained) order.

Form, Ordnung und Streben nach Struktur sind bei Adalbert Stifter omnipräsent, sowohl als Thema in den Erzählungen wie auch als mise‐en‐abyme bei der textlichen Präsentation. Besonders auffällig ist dabei, dass für Stifter typische Ritualisierungen des Alltags sowie affektgeladene Ausnahmesituationen (etwa Gewitter oder Schneesturm) und ihre potentielle Regulierung intrinsisch an Örtlichkeiten geknüpft werden. Das spatiale Zusammenfallen von Gefahr als Strukturlosigkeit und Struktur als potentieller Rettung legt eine spezifische Stabilisierungstechnik offen, die hier in der räumlichen Verdichtung deutlich macht, wie stark Stifter Vorstellungen von Transgression in seine Texte integriert, auch wenn diese konsequent in einer ‘Form’ stabilisiert wird. Als strukturgebend erweist sich hier ein individueller oder kollektiver moralischer Lebensentwurf, der den externen Gewalten die eigene Ordnung entgegensetzt.
‘EINE WIRKLICHE MÄRCHENERZÄHLERIN’? THE SHORT PROSE OF ERNST ROSMER
Authors: Gillett Robert
Published: September 2015

A serious problem with many previous accounts of the German short prose form in the nineteenth century is that they fail to take into account the vital contribution made by women to the genre. Equally, it is often forgotten just how crucial the ‘Kunstmärchen’ was in this regard. This essay seeks to address this problem by examining in some detail the prose works of Elsa Bernstein, née Porges, who wrote as Ernst Rosmer. Rosmer is known, if she is known at all, as a dramatist of the naturalist school. But she owed her greatest success to a fairy‐tale opera set to music by Engelbert Humperdinck, the composer of Hänsel und Gretel. And she also published a volume of ‘Novellen’, as well as contributing works in the short form to a number of periodicals. Together, this small but impressive body of work – and its reception – offer exemplary insights into an often neglected aspect of German short prose in the nineteenth century.

In bisherigen Darstellungen der deutschsprachigen Kurzprosa im neunzehnten Jahrhundert vermisst man allzu oft eine angemessene Würdigung des Beitrags, den Frauen gerade auf diesem Gebiet geleistet haben. Hinzu kommt, dass man die überaus wichtige Rolle, die das Kunstmärchen in diesem Zusammenhang gespielt hat, nicht immer gebührlich anerkennt. In einem Versuch, auf diesen Tatbestand wenigstens aufmerksam zu machen, soll hier die Kurzprosa von Elsa Bernstein, geborene Porges, unter die Lupe genommen werden, einer Schriftstellerin, die unter dem Namen Ernst Rosmer bekannt wurde. Von Rosmer kennt man heutzutage, wenn überhaupt, eigentlich nur die Dramen, die zum Naturalismus gezählt werden. Ihren größten Erfolg aber erzielte sie als Librettistin einer Märchenoper, die von Engelbert Humperdinck, dem Komponisten des Hänsel und Gretel, vertont wurde. Außerdem veröffentlichte sie einen Band mit Novellen und brachte manche Stücke Kurzprosa in den Zeitschriften der Zeit unter. Diese Werke – und ihre Rezeption – werfen exemplarisches Licht auf bisher ungenügend erforschte Aspekte der deutschsprachigen Kurzprosa im neunzehnten Jahrhundert.
THE REWRITING OF LOU ANDREAS‐SALOMÉ’S EINE AUSSCHWEIFUNG
Authors: Holmes Deborah
Published: September 2015

Lou Andreas‐Salomé made her presence felt on the early Modernist literary scene with an intense production of novellas in the late 1890s. She then published no more fiction for almost two decades, a period during which she concentrated her energies on sexology and psychoanalysis. The essay examines her ambivalent attitude to her own works in the light of her theoretical and private pronouncements on the unsuitability of women to be creative artists. It then seeks to illustrate the importance of genre to her narrative oeuvre with a detailed analysis of Eine Ausschweifung, one of her earliest novellas, which features a successful, independent woman artist as self‐reflective, first‐person protagonist. Particular emphasis is laid on the substantial differences between its periodical publication in 1897 under the title Ein überlebter Traum and its book publication in 1898. The novella's re‐crafting, analysed here with reference to its author's interaction with Rilke and Max Klinger, but also to Hermann Bahr's appeal for a ‘new psychology’, shows how Andreas‐Salomé experimented with the possibilities of the short form between Naturalism and Modernism.

Lou Andreas‐Salomé wurde als Schriftstellerin der frühen Moderne hauptsächlich dank ihrer intensiven Novellenproduktion in den späten 1890er Jahren wahrgenommen. Nach der Jahrhundertwende hörte sie auf, Belletristik zu publizieren, um sich zwei Jahrzehnte lang mit der ihr charakteristischen Konsequenz der Sexualwissenschaft und der Psychoanalyse zu widmen. Der Aufsatz geht ihrer durchaus ambivalenten Einstellung zu den eigenen literarischen Werken nach, indem er Bezug auf ihre theoretischen und privaten Aussagen über die Untauglichkeit des ‘Weibes’, sich künstlerisch zu betätigen, nimmt. Anschließend wird die Wichtigkeit der Gattungsunterschiede in ihrem erzählerischen Werk anhand einer detaillierten Analyse der Novelle Eine Ausschweifung untersucht, deren Hauptfigur eine erfolgreiche, unabhängige Künstlerin ist, die als Ich‐Erzählerin die eigene Geschichte in die Hand nimmt. Dabei wird besonderes Augenmerk auf die zwei verschiedenen Versionen der Novelle gelegt: 1897 wurde sie unter dem Titel Ein überlebter Traum als Seriennovelle in einer Zeitschrift veröffentlicht; 1898 erschien sie völlig überarbeitet in Buchform. Die Überarbeitung wird hier im Zusammenhang mit Rilke und Max Klinger analysiert, auch unter Berücksichtigung von Hermann Bahrs Ruf nach einer ‘neuen Psychologie’ in seinem ‘Versuch über die Moderne’. So wird gezeigt, wie Andreas‐Salomé auf der Kippe zwischen Naturalismus und Moderne mit den Möglichkeiten der ‘kleinen Form’ experimentierte.
The determination of the radical power – an in vitro test for the evaluation of cosmetic products
Authors: Herrling T. , Seifert M. , Sandig G. , Jung K.
Published: September 2015

Synopsis

Objective

Cosmetic formulations are influenced by environmental impacts and ageing, resulting in rancidity and change of colour and structure. These changes are caused by free radicals (FRs). The sensitivity of cosmetics generating FRs is a metric for its quality and should be determined.

Methods

Electron spin resonance spectroscopy in combination with UV irradiation tested cosmetics such as creams, milks, lotions and fragrances. The probes were directly measured without expensive preparation.

Results

Nine formulations are tested for its radical generation and ranked corresponding to the radical power. The transformation of the FR properties of three formulations to skin is measured by the radical skin status factor (RSF) method. It shows that the higher the radical power (RP) is, the lower the radical status RSF of skin will be.

Conclusion

The knowledge of the sensitivity of cosmetics to generate FRs is necessary for its stabilization and prevention of potential damages to skin. It is a new way in development of cosmetics which has to be considered.
Safety and retention of combination triple disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs in new‐onset rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Cummins L. , Katikireddi V. S. , Shankaranarayana S. , Su K. Y. C. , Duggan E. , Videm V. , Pahau H. , Thomas R.
Published: September 2015

Background

While efficacy of combination treatment with methotrexate (MTX), sulfasalazine (SSZ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (‘triple therapy’) has been shown in clinical trials, few studies have examined its longevity in a real‐life setting.

Aim

Our aim was to assess the tolerability, longevity and efficacy of a triple disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drug (DMARD) regimen initiated in new‐onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.

Methods

Patients who met 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA with disease duration less than 2 years were offered triple therapy upon diagnosis. Treatment was intensified according to a response‐driven step‐up algorithm, which included progression to leflunomide (LEF) or a biologic agent.

Results

Of 181 new‐onset RA patients, 119 commenced triple therapy. Median duration of triple therapy was 39 weeks, and 23.5% remained on it at last follow up, with median follow up 104 weeks. Continuous therapy with any three‐DMARD combination (including LEF) occurred in 32% at last follow up, with median duration of 70 weeks. Cessation of at least one of MTX, SSZ or HCQ occurred because of an adverse event in 38%, remission in 7% and incomplete response in 28% of patients. SSZ accounted for 49% of initial drug withdrawals for an adverse event. Continuation of three‐drug therapy did not significantly influence the proportion of patients achieving remission or low disease activity (LDA).

Conclusions

Triple therapy in new‐onset RA was reasonably well tolerated, persisting for median 39 weeks. SSZ intolerance commonly reduces longevity of triple therapy. Treating to the target of remission or LDA is more important than the number of DMARD continued.
Physician substitution by mid‐level providers in primary healthcare for older people and long‐term care facilities: protocol for a systematic literature review
Authors: Lovink Marleen H. , Persoon Anke , van Vught Anneke J.A.H. , Koopmans Raymond T.C.M. , Schoonhoven Lisette , Laurant Miranda G.H.
Published: September 2015

Aim

This protocol describes a systematic review that evaluates the effects of physician substitution by mid‐level providers (nurse practitioners, physician assistants or nurses) in primary healthcare for older people and long‐term care facilities. The secondary aim is to describe facilitators and barriers to the implementation of physician substitution in these settings.

Background

Healthcare for older people is undergoing major changes, due to population ageing and reforms that shift care to the community. Besides, relatively few medical students are pursuing careers in healthcare for older people. Innovative solutions are needed to guarantee the quality of healthcare and to contain costs. A solution might be shifting care from physicians to mid‐level providers. To date, no systematic review on this topic exits to guide policymaking.

Design

A quantitative systematic literature review using Cochrane methods.

Methods

The following databases will be searched for original research studies that quantitatively compare care provided by a physician to the same care provided by a mid‐level provider: PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, CENTRAL and Web of Science. Study selection, data extraction and quality appraisal will be conducted independently by two reviewers. Data synthesis will consist of a qualitative analysis of the data. Funding of the review was confirmed in August 2013 by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport of the Netherlands.

Discussion

This review will contribute to the knowledge on effects of physician substitution in healthcare for older people and factors that influence the outcomes. This knowledge will guide professionals and policy administrators in their decisions to optimize healthcare for older people.
The Evolution of Individual Maternity Care Providers to Delayed Cord Clamping: Is It the Evidence?
Authors: Leslie Mayri Sagady , Erickson‐Owens Debra , Cseh Maria
Published: September 2015

Introduction

Studies of organizational strategies to incorporate evidence into practice and change provider behavior have shown limited success. The majority of existing research centers on influencing participants to change practice versus understanding what occurs when providers have successfully shifted to an evidence‐based practice on their own. This study sought to explore the dynamics involved when individual midwives and physicians transitioned from a practice less based on the evidence to one with more scientific support. Delayed cord clamping was selected as the exemplar practice for the study.

Methods

A qualitative grounded theory approach was used. Seventeen providers were interviewed throughout the United States. This included 5 physicians and 12 midwives from a variety of practice configurations and birth settings including the home, birth center, and hospital.

Results

Five themes arose from the stories of the participants: 1) trusting colleagues, 2) believing the evidence, 3) honoring mothers and families, 4) knowing personal certainty, and 5) protecting the integrity of the mother and the baby. The themes served as drivers of change for the providers in what emerged as an evolution toward change rather than a decision to change. From the themes, the model for individual evolution to evidence‐based practice was developed.

Discussion

Important findings included the significant role that colleagues play in an individual's journey toward a new practice, the fact that the evidence alone was never a sole driver of change, and the emergence of a discourse: Who owns the baby? The model developed as a result of this study provides a new framework for both future research and potential strategies to support the incorporation of evidence into practice.
Identification of Intrastent Pathology Associated With Late Stent Thrombosis Using Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Jones Christopher R. , Khandhar Sameer J. , Ramratnam Mohun , Mulukutla Suresh R. , Marroquin Oscar C. , Althouse Andrew D. , Rao Anjali , Kato Koji , Jang Ik‐Kyung , Toma Catalin
Published: September 2015

Objective

To better characterize intrastent pathology using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients presenting with late and very late stent thrombosis (LST/VLST).

Background

The contribution of specific intrastent pathologies to the development of LST/VLST is not well understood.

Methods

In this single‐center, retrospective, observational study of 796 consecutive patients treated for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with primary PCI we identified 57 patients (7.2%) in whom STEMI resulted from LST/VLST. Of the patients with LST/VLST, 21 patients (37%) had OCT performed at the discretion of the operator during PCI for LST/VLST. Independent reviewers performed qualitative offline analysis of OCT images to determine the cause of stent thrombosis defined as the specific intrastent pathology associated with thrombus deposition.

Results

The principal intrastent pathology causing LST/VLST was determined to be stent malapposition in 11 patients (55%), of which 5 (25% of all LST/VLST patents) had findings suggestive of positive vessel remodeling. Neoatherosclerosis was determined to be the cause of LST/VLST in 7 patients (35%). LST/VLST resulted from uncovered stent struts in 2 patients (10%). Among all LST/VLST patients, in‐hospital mortality (12.3%) and post‐hospital target vessel failure (TVF) or cardiac death (21.7%, median follow‐up 1.6 years) remained high. There was a trend towards decreased TVF or cardiac death (7.7% vs. 27.3% P = 0.24) in patients who underwent OCT‐guided therapy.

Conclusions

LST/VLST remains a significant cause of STEMI and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. OCT use at the time of PCI consistently identifies significant intrastent pathology with potentially meaningful clinical impact. (J Interven Cardiol 2015;28:439–448)
IMPACT OF TIME ILLIQUIDITY IN A MIXED MARKET WITHOUT FULL OBSERVATION
Authors: Federico Salvatore , Gassiat Paul , Gozzi Fausto
Published: September 2015

We study a problem of optimal investment/consumption over an infinite horizon in a market with two possibly correlated assets: one liquid and one illiquid. The liquid asset is observed and can be traded continuously, while the illiquid one can be traded only at discrete random times, corresponding to the jumps of a Poisson process with intensity λ, is observed at the trading dates, and is partially observed between two different trading dates. The problem is a nonstandard mixed discrete/continuous optimal control problem, which we solve by a dynamic programming approach. When the utility has a general form, we prove that the value function is the unique viscosity solution of the associated Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation and characterize the optimal allocation in the illiquid asset. In the case of power utility, we establish the regularity of the value function needed to prove the verification theorem, providing the complete theoretical solution of the problem. This enables us to perform numerical simulations, so as to analyze the impact of time illiquidity and how this impact is affected by the degree of observation.
Dispersal and establishment filters influence the assembly of restored prairie plant communities
Authors: Grman Emily , Bassett Tyler , Zirbel Chad R. , Brudvig Lars A.
Published: September 2015

Community assembly filters, which in theory determine the suite of species that arrive at and establish in a community, have tremendous conceptual relevance to restoration. However, the concept has remained largely theoretical, with a paucity of empirical tests. As such, the applicability of assembly filters theory to ecological restoration remains incompletely known. We tested the relative strengths of dispersal and establishment filters by comparing the plant species composition, measured by species' presence/absence, in 29 restored prairies with the seed mixes used to restore each prairie. We found that both establishment and dispersal filters limited prairie similarity to the seed mix. Sown species responded differentially to filters, with a few species limited only by dispersal (seed density), many others limited only by establishment conditions (i.e. organic matter and sand content of soils, land use history, and fire frequency), and others limited by both dispersal and establishment filters. A few species, typically those sown most often, were not restricted by dispersal or establishment filters, likely because they were sown in high enough densities and all sites had suitable environmental conditions. Finally, one group of species established poorly, but we could not attribute this to either dispersal or establishment filters. This information can help land managers select species likely to establish in restorations when sown at sufficient densities. These results illustrate that dispersal and establishment filters limit the establishment of species in restored communities and these filters are species‐dependent. Identifying the most limiting filter(s) for species will inform strategies to increase their establishment success.
The effects of riparian restoration following saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) biocontrol on habitat and herpetofauna along a desert stream
Authors: Mosher Kent R. , Bateman Heather L.
Published: September 2015

Amphibians and reptiles (herpetofauna) have been linked to specific microhabitat characteristics, microclimates, and water resources in riparian forests. Our objective was to relate variation in herpetofauna abundance to changes in habitat caused by a beetle used for Tamarix biocontrol (Diorhabda carinulata; Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and riparian restoration. During 2013 and 2014, we measured vegetation and monitored herpetofauna via trapping and visual encounter surveys (VES) at locations affected by biocontrol along the Virgin River in the Mojave Desert of the southwestern United States. Twenty‐one sites were divided into four riparian stand types based on density and percent cover of dominant trees (Tamarix, Prosopis, Populus, and Salix) and presence or absence of restoration. Restoration activities consisted of mechanically removing non‐native trees, transplanting native trees, and restoring hydrologic flows. Restored sites had three times more total lizard and eight times more yellow‐backed spiny lizard (Sceloporus uniformis) captures than other stand types. Woodhouse's toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii) captures were greatest in unrestored and restored Tam‐Pop/Sal sites. Results from VES indicated that herpetofauna abundance was greatest in the restored Tam‐Pop/Sal site compared with the adjacent unrestored Tam‐Pop/Sal site. Tam sites were characterized by having high Tamarix cover, percent canopy cover, and shade. Restored Tam‐Pop/Sal sites were most similar in habitat to Tam‐Pop/Sal sites. Two species of herpetofauna (spiny lizard and toad) were found to prefer habitat components characteristic of restored Tam‐Pop/Sal sites. Restored sites likely supported higher abundances of these species because restoration activities reduced canopy cover, increased native tree density, and restored surface water.
Afforested fields benefit nutrient‐demanding fungi
Authors: Komonen Atte , Sundström Lotta M. , Wall Antti , Halme Panu
Published: September 2015

Impaired ecosystems are converted back to natural ecosystems or some other target stage by means of restoration and management. Due to their agricultural legacy, afforested fields might be valuable compensatory habitats for rare fungal species that require nutrient‐rich forest soils. Using a large‐scale field experiment in Finland, we studied community composition of macrofungi (agarics and boletes) on former fields, which had been afforested as monocultures 20 years ago using native spruce Picea abies, pine Pinus sylvestris, and birch Betula pendula. We studied the effect of soil quality, tree species, and site on community composition and structure. Many nutrient‐demanding as well as rare fungal species were recorded, particularly from pine and spruce plots. Pine plots supported more nutrient‐demanding fungi than birch plots. There was no relationship between soil pH, bulk density, P, N, or Ca, and species richness of nutrient‐demanding fungi. Fungal community composition was more similar within sites than among sites for all tree species. Among sites, spruce plots had the smallest fungal species turnover, and birch plots largest. Within sites, however, fungal species turnover from plot to plot was similar among tree species. Our results indicate that tree species has a relatively mild influence on species composition of fungi after 20 years of succession. Interestingly, the results show that afforested fields can be valuable complementary habitats for rare, red‐listed, and nutrient‐demanding fungal species. Field afforestation is a potential conservation tool that could be used to complement the poor representation of rare habitat types in highly fragmented protected area networks.