bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Adaptivity to Adaptation: Examining the Career Construction Model of Adaptation
Authors: Nilforooshan Parisa
Published: June 2020

The author examined a multiple mediation model and a moderation model for the relationships among adaptivity (in terms of future work self and proactivity), career adaptability, adapting responses (in terms of career decision self‐efficacy [CDSE] and career engagement), and adaptation (in the form of academic satisfaction) among 282 university students. Results showed that career adaptability, CDSE, and career engagement fully mediated the relations of future work self and proactivity with academic satisfaction. Career adaptability also had a mediation role in the relationships of future work self and proactivity with CDSE and career engagement. The relationship between career adaptability and academic satisfaction was fully mediated by CDSE and career engagement. Career adaptability did not moderate the relationships between adaptivity indices and adapting indices. These results support the serial multiple mediation model, which is introduced in the adaptation model. Career education and career coaching could improve clients' agency through working on their self‐regulation resources, self‐efficacy beliefs, and overt career behaviors.
Big Five Personality Traits and Ambiguity Management in Career Decision‐Making
Authors: Xu Hui
Published: June 2020

Although ambiguity aversion has been found to impede the process and outcome of career decision‐making, knowledge regarding the association between personality characteristics and ambiguity aversion is limited. Thus, the author examined the prediction of the Big Five personality traits for ambiguity aversion and the mediation of tolerance and confidence in ambiguity management. The results obtained with a U.S. sample (N = 239) revealed the following: (a) neuroticism positively predicted ambiguity aversion; (b) extraversion did not predict ambiguity aversion; (c) agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness negatively predicted ambiguity aversion; and (d) confidence in ambiguity management mediated the relationships between agreeableness, neuroticism, and openness and ambiguity aversion. These findings highlight the differential roles of the Big Five personality traits in ambiguity management and the importance of confidence in ambiguity management. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed along with the study's limitations and suggestions for future research.
Career Decision State and Assessment of RIASEC Interest Structure
Authors: Dozier V. Casey , Peterson Gary W. , Reardon Robert C.
Published: June 2020

The career decision state (CDS) was studied in relation to RIASEC (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional) profiles in Self‐Directed Search results among college students (86 women, 27 men). Three CDS dimensions measured by the Career State Inventory (CSI; certainty, satisfaction, and clarity) were examined as predictors of RIASEC primary and secondary constructs. Significant, albeit modest, zero‐order correlations (p < .05) emerged between clarity and 3 secondary constructs (i.e., consistency, commonness, and coherence). Results of regression analyses indicated that CSI dimensions predicted 1 secondary construct (i.e., commonness).
Two‐Dimensional Mesoporous Carbon Materials Derived from Fullerene Microsheets for Energy Applications
Authors: Xu Ting , Yu Danyang , Du Zhiling , Huang Wenhuan , Lu Xing
Published: June 2020

Porous carbon materials rich in defects are promising candidates in energy storage and conversion applications. Herein, a facile template‐free approach is reported for the synthesis of a two‐dimensional (2 D) mesoporous carbon material derived from fullerene (C60) microsheets (FMSs) through simple heat treatment. The sample obtained at 1000 °C (FMS1000) shows a large surface area of 1507.6 m2 g−1 owing to the presence of mesopores and rich defects, which promote electron and mass transfer in the electrocatalytic process of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), showing an excellent performance with an onset potential of 0.95 V, a half‐wave potential of 0.85 V, and long‐term durability of 2000 cycles, comparable to the performance of commercial Pt/C. Moreover, FMS1000 displays a remarkable supercapacitive property with a specific capacitance of 330.7 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and good long‐term stability with a capacitance retention of 97 % over 50 000 cycles. Thus, a practical strategy for the production of mesoporous carbon materials with different morphological structures and porous defects as high‐performance energy materials is advanced.
Ligand‐Enabled Palladium‐Catalyzed Through‐Space C−H Bond Activation via a Carbopalladation/1,4‐Pd Migration/C−H Functionalization Sequence
Authors: Chen Su , Ranjan Prabhat , Ramkumar Nagarajan , Van Meervelt Luc , Van der Eycken Erik V. , Sharma Upendra K.
Published: June 2020

We report, herein, a palladium‐catalyzed cascade comprising carbopalladation, 1,4‐Pd‐migration and C(sp2)−C(sp2) bond formation to construct a variety of bis‐heterocyclic frameworks in a single operational step. The methodology provides a direct approach to introduce an oxadiazole core at a remote location without any functional group obligation, with moderate to good yields.
Nanoisozymes: The Origin behind Pristine CeO2 as Enzyme Mimetics
Authors: Tan Zicong , Chen Yu‐Cheng , Zhang Jieru , Chou Jyh‐Pin , Hu Alice , Peng Yung‐Kang
Published: June 2020

It is known that the interplay between molecules and active sites on the topmost surface of a solid catalyst determines its activity in heterogeneous catalysis. The electron density of the active site is believed to affect both adsorption and activation of reactant molecules at the surface. Unfortunately, commercial X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which is often adopted for such characterization, is not sensitive enough to analyze the topmost surface of a catalyst. Most researchers fail to acknowledge this point during their catalytic correlation, leading to different interpretations in the literature in recent decades. Recent studies on pristine Cu2O [Nat. Catal. 2019, 2, 889; Nat. Energy 2019, 4, 957] have clearly suggested that the electron density of surface Cu is facet dependent and plays a key role in CO2 reduction. Herein, it is shown that pristine CeO2 can reach 2506/1133 % increase in phosphatase‐/peroxidase‐like activity if the exposed surface is wisely selected. By using NMR spectroscopy with a surface probe, the electron density of the surface Ce (i.e., the active site) is found to be facet dependent and the key factor dictating their enzyme‐mimicking activities. Most importantly, the surface area of the CeO2 morphologies is demonstrated to become a factor only if surface Ce can activate the adsorbed reactant molecules.
Journey from Small‐Molecule Diyne Structures to 2D Graphdiyne: Synthetic Strategies
Authors: Li Yongjun , He Jingyi , Shen Han
Published: June 2020

Graphdiyne (GDY) exhibits unique characteristics of a highly conjugated π system, evenly distributed nanopores, and a direct band gap. This has encouraged multidisciplinary research groups to investigate its application in energy conversion and storage, catalysts, electronic devices, sensing, and separation. Herein, the achievements of synthetic strategies for preparing small‐molecule diyne structures (GDY substructure), 1D nanoribbons, and 2D GDY are presented. These studies may help future investigations into the basic structure‐related properties of GDY and synthetic methodology for the future developments of GDY‐related 2D carbon materials.
Chemoselective Electrochemical Hydrogenation of Ketones and Aldehydes with a Well‐Defined Base‐Metal Catalyst
Authors: Fokin Igor , Siewert Inke
Published: June 2020

Hydrogenation reactions are fundamental functional group transformations in chemical synthesis. Here, we introduce an electrochemical method for the hydrogenation of ketones and aldehydes by in situ formation of a Mn‐H species. We utilise protons and electric current as surrogate for H2 and a base‐metal complex to form selectively the alcohols. The method is chemoselective for the hydrogenation of C=O bonds over C=C bonds. Mechanistic studies revealed initial 3 e− reduction of the catalyst forming the steady state species [Mn2(H−1L)(CO)6]−. Subsequently, we assume protonation, reduction and internal proton shift forming the hydride species. Finally, the transfer of the hydride and a proton to the ketone yields the alcohol and the steady state species is regenerated via reduction. The interplay of two manganese centres and the internal proton relay represent the key features for ketone and aldehyde reduction as the respective mononuclear complex and the complex without the proton relay are barely active.
Linkage Isomerism Leading to Contrasting Carboboration Chemistry: Access to Three Constitutional Isomers of a Borylated Phosphaalkene
Authors: Wilson Daniel W. N. , Mehta Meera , Franco Mauricio P. , McGrady John E. , Goicoechea Jose M.
Published: June 2020

We describe the reactivity of two linkage isomers of a boryl‐phosphaethynolate, [B]OCP and [B]PCO (where [B]=N,N’‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaboryl), towards tris‐ (pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF). These reactions afforded three constitutional isomers all of which contain a phosphaalkene core. [B]OCP reacts with BCF through a 1,2 carboboration reaction to afford a novel phosphaalkene, E‐[B]O{(C6F5)2B}C=P(C6F5), which subsequently undergoes a rearrangement process involving migration of both the boryloxy and pentafluorophenyl substituents to afford Z‐{(C6F5)2B}(C6F5)C=PO[B]. By contrast, [B]PCO undergoes a 1,3‐carboboration process accompanied by migration of the N,N’‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaboryl to the carbon centre.
The Earlier the Better: Structural Analysis and Separation of Lanthanides with Pyrroloquinoline Quinone
Authors: Lumpe Henning , Menke Annika , Haisch Christoph , Mayer Peter , Kabelitz Anke , Yusenko Kirill V. , Guilherme Buzanich Ana , Block Theresa , Pöttgen Rainer , Emmerling Franziska , Daumann Lena J.
Published: June 2020

Lanthanides (Ln) are critical raw materials, however, their mining and purification have a considerable negative environmental impact and sustainable recycling and separation strategies for these elements are needed. In this study, the precipitation and solubility behavior of Ln complexes with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), the cofactor of recently discovered lanthanide (Ln) dependent methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymes, is presented. In this context, the molecular structure of a biorelevant europium PQQ complex was for the first time elucidated outside a protein environment. The complex crystallizes as an inversion symmetric dimer, Eu2PQQ2, with binding of Eu in the biologically relevant pocket of PQQ. LnPQQ and Ln1Ln2PQQ complexes were characterized by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 151Eu‐Mössbauer spectroscopy, X‐ray total scattering, and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). It is shown that a natural enzymatic cofactor is capable to achieve separation by precipitation of the notoriously similar, and thus difficult to separate, lanthanides to some extent.
Bioprosthetic vs mechanical mitral valve replacement for infective endocarditis in patients aged 50 to 69 years
Authors: Hu Xingjian , Jiang Weiwei , Xie Minghui , Guo Ruikang , Yim Wai Yen , Dong Nianguo , Wang Yin
Published: June 2020

Background

The optimal choice of the valve prosthesis in mitral valve replacement (MVR) for infective endocarditis (IE) is controversial and challenging, particularly for younger patients.

Hypothesis

The postoperative outcomes of mechanical and biological MVR in IE patients aged 50 to 69 years are different.

Methods

All IE patients aged 50 to 69 years with primary MVR in Hubei province hospitals from 2002 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The median duration of follow‐up was 8.7 years (IQR, 6.8‐10.9 years). Propensity score matching (1:3 ratio) was used to yield 492 patients with comparable baseline features between bioprostheses and mechanical prosthetic valve groups. Outcomes were postoperative mid‐ to long‐ term survival, mitral valve reoperation, prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE), stroke, and major bleeding events.

Results

Fifteen‐year survival after MVR was 80.6% in the mechanical valve group and 69.3% in the bioprostheses group (HR 0.545, P = .040). The cumulative incidence of mitral valve reoperation was 8.8% with mechanical valves and 21.4% with bioprostheses (HR 0.260, P = .002). The cumulative incidence of PVE was 5.6% with mechanical valves and 7.2% with bioprostheses (HR 0.629, P = .435). The cumulative incidence of stroke was 12.9% with mechanical valves and 10.5% with bioprostheses (HR 1.217, P = .647). The cumulative incidence of major bleeding was 12.0% with mechanical valves and 6.75% with bioprostheses (HR 1.579, P = .268).

Conclusions

Mechanical valve prostheses were associated with better survival, lower rates of reoperation compared with bioprostheses within 15 years after MVR in IE patients aged 50 to 69. These findings suggest mechanical valve prostheses may be a more reasonable alternative to bioprostheses in this patient group.
Design, Synthesis, Radiosynthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fenretinide Analogues as Anticancer and Metabolic Syndrome‐Preventive Agents
Authors: Patruno Ilaria , Thompson Dawn , Dall'Angelo Sergio , Windhorst Albert D. , Vugts Danielle J. , Poot Alex J. , Mody Nimesh , Zanda Matteo
Published: June 2020

Fenretinide (4‐HPR) is a synthetic derivative of all‐trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA) characterised by improved therapeutic properties and toxicological profile relative to ATRA. 4‐HPR has been mostly investigated as an anti‐cancer agent, but recent studies showed its promising therapeutic potential for preventing metabolic syndrome. Several biological targets are involved in 4‐HPR's activity, leading to the potential use of this molecule for treating different pathologies. However, although 4‐HPR displays quite well‐understood multitarget promiscuity with regards to pharmacology, interpreting its precise physiological role remains challenging. In addition, despite promising results in vitro, the clinical efficacy of 4‐HPR as a chemotherapeutic agent has not been satisfactory so far. Herein, we describe the preparation of a library of 4‐HPR analogues, followed by the biological evaluation of their anti‐cancer and anti‐obesity/diabetic properties. The click‐type analogue 3 b showed good capacity to reduce the amount of lipid accumulation in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes during differentiation. Furthermore, it showed an IC50 of 0.53±0.8 μM in cell viability tests on breast cancer cell line MCF‐7, together with a good selectivity (SI=121) over noncancerous HEK293 cells. Thus, 3 b was selected as a potential PET tracer to study retinoids in vivo, and the radiosynthesis of [18F]3b was successfully developed. Unfortunately, the stability of [18F]3b turned out to be insufficient to pursue imaging studies.
Delicate Balance of Non‐Covalent Forces Govern the Biocompatibility of Graphitic Carbon Nitride towards Genetic Materials
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Titas Kumar , Datta Ayan
Published: June 2020

Despite a plethora of suggested technological and biomedical applications, the nanotoxicity of two‐dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) towards biomolecules remains elusive. To address this issue, we employ all‐atom classical molecular dynamics simulations and investigate the interactions between nucleic acids and g‐C3N4. It is revealed that, toxicity is modulated through a subtle balance between electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. When the exposed nucleobases interact through predominantly short‐ranged van der Waals and π–π stacking interactions, they get deviated from their native disposition and adsorb on the surface, leading to loss of self‐stacking and intra‐quartet H‐bonding along with partial disruption of the native structure. In contrast, for the interaction with double‐stranded structures of both DNA and RNA, long‐range electrostatics govern the adsorption phenomena since the constituent nucleobases are relatively concealed and wrapped, thereby resulting in almost complete preservation of the nucleic acid structures. Construction of free energy landscapes for lateral translation of adsorbed nucleic acids suggests decent targeting specificity owing to their restricted movement on g‐C3N4. The release times of nucleic acids adsorbed through predominant electrostatics are significantly less than those adsorbed through stacking with the surface. It is therefore proposed that g‐C3N4 would induce toxicity towards any biomolecule having bare residues available for strong van der Waals and π–π stacking interactions relative to those predominantly interacting through electrostatics.
Through‐Space Polar‐π Interactions in 2,6‐Diarylthiophenols
Authors: Jian Jie , Poater Jordi , Hammink Roel , Tinnemans Paul , McKenzie Christine J. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Mecinović Jasmin
Published: June 2020

The front cover artwork is provided by Marijn Maas from the group of Prof. Jasmin Mecinović (University of Southern Denmark). The image shows the stabilization of thiols by aromatic rings, as a result of energetically favorable SH‐π interactions in a designed small molecule and in proteins. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/cphc.202000132.
Two Equivalent Internal Rotations in the Microwave Spectrum of 2,6‐Dimethylfluorobenzene
Authors: Khemissi Safa , Nguyen Ha Vinh Lam
Published: June 2020

Large amplitude motion of methyl groups in isolated molecules is a fundamental phenomenon in molecular physics. The methyl torsional barrier is sensitive to the steric and electronic environment in the surrounding of the methyl group, making the methyl group a detector of the molecular structure. To probe this eﬀect, the microwave spectrum of 2,6‐dimethylfluorobenzene, one of the six isomers of dimethylfluorobenzene, was measured using two pulsed molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometers operating in the frequency range from 2 to 40 GHz. Due to internal rotations of two equivalent methyl groups with relatively low torsional barriers, all rotational transitions split into quartets with separations of up to several hundreds of MHz. The splittings were analyzed and modeled to deduce a torsional barrier of 236.7922 (21) cm−1. The results are compared to those obtained from quantum chemical calculations and with other fluorine substituted toluene derivatives of the current literature where the methyl group is adjacent to a fluorine atom.
High‐Pressure‐Mediated Thiourea‐Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition to (Hetero)aromatic Nitroolefins: Prediction of Reaction Parameters by PCP‐SAFT Modelling
Authors: Weinbender Thomas , Knierbein Michael , Bittorf Lukas , Held Christoph , Siewert Riko , Verevkin Sergey P. , Sadowski Gabriele , Reiser Oliver
Published: June 2020

Thiourea‐organocatalyzed Michael additions of diethyl malonate to various heteroaromatic nitroolefins (13 examples) have been studied under high‐pressure (up to 800 MPa) and ambient pressure conditions. High pressure was conducive to enhanced product yields by a factor of 2–12 at a given reaction time, high reaction rates (reaction times were decreased from 72–24 h down to 4–24 h) and high enantioselectivity. Elucidating the effects of solvents for maximizing reaction rates and yields has been carried out using the Perturbed‐Chain Polar Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PCP‐SAFT), allowing for the first time a prediction of the kinetic profiles under high‐hydrostatic‐pressure conditions.
Fundamentals of Microscopy
Authors: Sanderson Jeremy
Published: June 2020

The light (or optical) microscope is the icon of science. The aphorism “seeing is believing” is often quoted in scientific papers involving microscopy. Unlike many scientific instruments, the light microscope will deliver an image however badly it is set up. Fluorescence microscopy is a widely used research tool across all disciplines of biological and biomedical science. Most universities and research institutions have microscopes, including confocal microscopes. This introductory paper in a series detailing advanced light microscopy techniques explains the foundations of both electron and light microscopy for biologists and life scientists working with the mouse. An explanation is given of how an image is formed. A description is given of how to set up a light microscope, whether it be a brightfield light microscope on the laboratory bench, a widefield fluorescence microscope, or a confocal microscope. These explanations are accompanied by operational protocols. A full explanation on how to set up and adjust a microscope according to the principles of Köhler illumination is given. The importance of Nyquist sampling is discussed. Guidelines are given on how to choose the best microscope to image the particular sample or slide preparation that you are working with. These are the basic principles of microscopy that a researcher must have an understanding of when operating core bioimaging facility instruments, in order to collect high‐quality images. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Setting up Köhler illumination for a brightfield microscope

Basic Protocol 2: Aligning the fluorescence bulb and setting up Köhler illumination for a widefield fluorescence microscope

Basic Protocol 3: Generic protocol for operating a confocal microscope
Self‐Assembled Quadruplex‐Inspired Peptide Nucleic Acid Tetramer for Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: Basavalingappa Vasantha , Xue Bin , Rencus‐Lazar Sigal , Wang Wei , Tao Kai , Cao Yi , Gazit Ehud
Published: June 2020

Artificial photosynthesis serves as a promising approach to exploit inexhaustible sunlight energy by converting it into chemical energy. However, the limited availability of stable systems with precise and coordinated organization of both an energy harvesting and a catalytic moiety hinders its practical application. Herein, for the first time, we demonstrate the utilization of self‐assembled G‐quadruplex inspired peptide nucleic acid (PNA)‐tetramer (Fmoc‐G‐PNA tetramer) as a template for an artificial photosynthesis system. Our approach involves integrating a ruthenium light harvesting antenna and a platinum catalyst on the Fmoc‐G‐PNA tetramer. In the presence of the Fmoc‐G‐PNA tetramer, a 3‐fold increase in the rate of NAD+ reduction to NADH is observed, compared to bare ruthenium complex and catalyst. Also, due to direct electron transfer, no external mediators are necessary, and the catalytic system is recyclable. This newly designed, easily fabricated Fmoc‐G‐PNA tetramer architecture could be a promising candidate for the design of bioinspired light harvesting systems and photoelectric devices.
Unravelling the Mechanism of Rechargeable Aqueous Zn–MnO2 Batteries: Implementation of Charging Process by Electrodeposition of MnO2
Authors: Yang Jie , Cao Jianyun , Peng Yudong , Yang Wenji , Barg Suelen , Liu Zhu , Kinloch Ian A. , Bissett Mark A. , Dryfe Robert A. W.
Published: June 2020

Poor cycling stability and mechanistic controversies have hindered the wider application of rechargeable aqueous Zn–MnO2 batteries. Herein, direct evidence was provided of the importance of Mn2+ in this type of battery by using a bespoke cell. Without pre‐addition of Mn2+, the cell exhibited an abnormal discharge–charge profile, meaning it functioned as a primary battery. By adjusting the Mn2+ content in the electrolyte, the cell recovered its charging ability through electrodeposition of MnO2. Additionally, a dynamic pH variation was observed during the discharge–charge process, with a precipitation of Zn4(OH)6(SO4)⋅5H2O buffering the pH of the electrolyte. Contrary to the conventional Zn2+ intercalation mechanism, MnO2 was first converted into MnOOH, which reverted to MnO2 through disproportionation, resulting in the dissolution of Mn2+. The charging process occurred by the electrodeposition of MnO2, thus improving the reversibility through the availability of Mn2+ ions in the solution.
Contemporary human papillomavirus genotyping and correlations to peniscopy, cytology, and histopatology on over 1000 males
Authors: Truzzi Jose Carlos , da Silva Ismael Dale , Freire Marcos Paulo , Neto Miguel Jorge , Rodrigues Fabio Ferro , Maciel Gustavo Arantes , Girardi Ruana , Bertolini Sissi , Reis Leonardo O.
Published: June 2020

Objectives

To explore male human papillomavirus (HPV) contemporary genotyping epidemiology and correlations to peniscopy, cytology, and histopatology.

Methods

Medical records of patients who had been submitted to HPV infection screening with genotyping, peniscopy, cytology, and histopathology in a period of 2 years were reviewed. Frequency analysis and correlations between the diagnostic tools were established.

Results

Genotype of 1132 men resulted in 69.2% (784) positivity for HPV DNA, 78% classified as high risk of oncogenesis. Co‐infections occurred in 429 (54.7%) and the most frequently identified types were HPV‐6, HPV‐42, and HPV‐16, in 133 (17%), 94 (12%), and 86 (11%) patients, respectively. Positive/negative predictive values of peniscopy, cytology, and histopathology were 83/31%, 92/32%, and 87/33%, respectively. As a result, though significant, the correlations between genotype and non‐molecular tests were poor.

Conclusions

In the current contemporary representative male cohort, over two thirds are positive for human HPV DNA, 78% of high risk and with over half co‐infections. Though significant, its correlation with non‐molecular tests is poor and while the positive predictive values of peniscopy, cytology, and histopatology are between 83% and 92%, their negative predictive values are as low as 31% to 33%.
Mortality limits used in wind energy impact assessment underestimate impacts of wind farms on bird populations
Authors: Schippers Peter , Buij Ralph , Schotman Alex , Verboom Jana , van der Jeugd Henk , Jongejans Eelke
Published: June 2020

The consequences of bird mortality caused by collisions with wind turbines are increasingly receiving attention. So‐called acceptable mortality limits of populations, that is, those that assume that 1%–5% of additional mortality and the potential biological removal (PBR), provide seemingly clear‐cut methods for establishing the reduction in population viability.

We examine how the application of these commonly used mortality limits could affect populations of the Common Starling, Black‐tailed Godwit, Marsh Harrier, Eurasian Spoonbill, White Stork, Common Tern, and White‐tailed Eagle using stochastic density‐independent and density‐dependent Leslie matrix models.

Results show that population viability can be very sensitive to proportionally small increases in mortality. Rather than having a negligible effect, we found that a 1% additional mortality in postfledging cohorts of our studied populations resulted in a 2%–24% decrease in the population level after 10 years. Allowing a 5% mortality increase to existing mortality resulted in a 9%–77% reduction in the populations after 10 years.

When the PBR method is used in the density‐dependent simulations, the proportional change in the resulting growth rate and carrying capacity was species‐independent and largely determined by the recovery factor (Fr). When Fr = 1, a value typically used for robust populations, additional mortality resulted in a 50%–55% reduction in the equilibrium density and the resulting growth rate. When Fr = 0.1, used for threatened populations, the reduction in the equilibrium density and growth rate was about 5%.

Synthesis and applications. Our results show that by allowing a mortality increase from wind farm collisions according to both criteria, the population impacts of these collisions can still be severe. We propose a simple new method as an alternative that was able to estimate mortality impacts of age‐structured stochastic density‐dependent matrix models.
Genome‐wide adaptive evolution to underground stresses in subterranean mammals: Hypoxia adaption, immunity promotion, and sensory specialization
Authors: Jiang Mengwan , Shi Luye , Li Xiujuan , Dong Qianqian , Sun Hong , Du Yimeng , Zhang Yifeng , Shao Tian , Cheng Han , Chen Weihua , Wang Zhenlong
Published: June 2020

Life underground has provided remarkable examples of adaptive evolution in subterranean mammals; however, genome‐wide adaptive evolution to underground stresses still needs further research. There are approximately 250 species of subterranean mammals across three suborders and six families. These species not only inhabit hypoxic and dark burrows but also exhibit evolved adaptation to hypoxia, cancer resistance, and specialized sensory systems, making them an excellent model of evolution. The adaptive evolution of subterranean mammals has attracted great attention and needs further study. In the present study, phylogenetic analysis of 5,853 single‐copy orthologous gene families of five subterranean mammals (Nannospalax galili, Heterocephalus glaber, Fukomys damarensis, Condylura cristata, and Chrysochloris asiatica) showed that they formed fou distinct clusters. This result is consistent with the traditional systematics of these species. Furthermore, comparison of the high‐quality genomes of these five subterranean mammalian species led to the identification of the genomic signatures of adaptive evolution. Our results show that the five subterranean mammalian did not share positively selected genes but had similar functional enrichment categories, including hypoxia tolerance, immunity promotion, and sensory specialization, which adapted to the environment of underground stresses. Moreover, variations in soil hardness, climate, and lifestyles have resulted in different molecular mechanisms of adaptation to the hypoxic environment and different degrees of visual degradation. These results provide insights into the genome‐wide adaptive evolution to underground stresses in subterranean mammals, with special focus on the characteristics of hypoxia adaption, immunity promotion, and sensory specialization response to the life underground.
Clinical predictors of all‐cause mortality in patients presenting to specialist heart failure clinic with raised NT‐proBNP and no heart failure
Authors: Garg Pankaj , Wood Steven , Swift Andrew J. , Fent Graham , Lewis Nigel , Rogers Dominic , Rothman Alexander , Charalampopoulos Athanasios , Al‐Mohammad Abdallah
Published: June 2020

Aims

Clinical outcomes for patients suspected of having heart failure (HF) who do not meet the diagnostic criteria of any type of HF by echocardiography remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical predictors of all‐cause mortality in patients with suspected HF, a raised N‐terminal pro‐b‐type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) and who do not meet the diagnostic criteria of any type of HF by echocardiography.

Methods and results

Relevant data were taken from the Sheffield HEArt Failure (SHEAF) registry (222349P4). The inclusion criteria were presence of symptoms raising suspicion of HF, NTproBNP > 400 pg/mL, and preserved left ventricular function. Exclusion criteria were any type of HF by echocardiography. The outcome was defined as all‐cause mortality. Cox proportional‐hazards regression model was used to investigate the association between the survival time of patients and clinical variables; 1031 patients were identified with NTproBNP > 400 pg/mL but who did not have echocardiographic evidence of HF. All‐cause mortality was 21.5% (222 deaths) over the mean follow‐up (FU) period of 6 ± 2 years. NTproBNP was similar in patients who were alive or dead (P = 0.96). However, age (HR 1, P < 0.01), chronic kidney disease (CKD, HR 1.2, P < 0.01), chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD, HR 1.6, P < 0.01), dementia (HR 5.9, P < 0.01), male gender (HR 1.4, P < 0.01), first‐degree atrioventricular block (HR 2.1, P < 0.01), left axis deviation (HR 1.6, P = 0.04), and diabetes (HR 1.4, P = 0.03) were associated with all‐cause mortality. In multivariate regression, age, gender, CKD stage, COPD, and dementia were independently associated with mortality. In patients with NTproBNP > 627 pg/mL, NYHA class predicted death (II, 19.6%; III, 27.4%; IV, 66.7%; P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Patients with no HF on echocardiography but raised NTproBNP suffer excess mortality particularly in the presence of certain clinical variables. Age, male gender, worsening CKD stage, presence of COPD, and dementia are independently associated with all‐cause mortality in these patients. An NTproBNP > 627 pg/mL coupled with NYHA class could identify patients at greatest risk of death.
Computational Study on O–O Bond Formation on a Mononuclear Non‐Heme Iron Center
Authors: Yeh Chieh‐Chih George , Hörner Gerald , de Visser Sam P.
Published: June 2020

Cleavage and formation of the O–O bond in dioxygen is among the most important metal‐dependent processes in Nature. The former process has been mimicked structurally and functionaly with a number of biomimetic iron complexes. The reverse process, namely the dioxygen bond formation, however, appears unfavorable with iron. Over the years many attempts have been made to oxidize water on a mononuclear iron center through reactions with peroxide. In this work we present a computational study focused on the mechanism of dioxygen formation on two mononuclear non‐heme iron(IV)‐oxo species upon addition of peracid (m‐chloroperbenzoic acid, mCPBA). A range of test reactions and sequences are analyzed with thermochemical cycles with respect to the thermodynamic and kinetic feasibility of product formation. The work shows that iron‐borne O–O bond formation through peracid attack at FeIVO indeed is feasible through two competing pathways. These are initiated by homolytic inner‐sphere splitting of the RC(O)OO‐H and the RC(O)O‐OH bond in the peracid, respectively.
Subjective status and perceived legitimacy across countries
Authors: Brandt Mark J. , Kuppens Toon , Spears Russell , Andrighetto Luca , Autin Frederique , Babincak Peter , Badea Constantina , Bae Jaechang , Batruch Anatolia , Becker Julia C. , Bocian Konrad , Bodroža Bojana , Bourguignon David , Bukowski Marcin , Butera Fabrizio , Butler Sarah E. , Chryssochoou Xenia , Conway Paul , Crawford Jarret T. , Croizet Jean‐Claude , de Lemus Soledad , Degner Juliane , Dragon Piotr , Durante Federica , Easterbrook Matthew J. , Essien Iniobong , Forgas Joseph P. , González Roberto , Graf Sylvie , Halama Peter , Han Gyuseog , Hong Ryan Y , Houdek Petr , Igou Eric R. , Inbar Yoel , Jetten Jolanda , Jimenez Leal William , Jiménez‐Moya Gloria , Karunagharan Jaya Kumar , Kende Anna , Korzh Maria , Laham Simon M. , Lammers Joris , Lim Li , Manstead Antony S. R. , Međedović Janko , Melton Zachary J. , Motyl Matt , Ntani Spyridoula , Owuamalam Chuma Kevin , Peker Müjde , Platow Michael J. , Prims J. P. , Reyna Christine , Rubin Mark , Saab Rim , Sankaran Sindhuja , Shepherd Lee , Sibley Chris G. , Sobkow Agata , Spruyt Bram , Stroebaek Pernille , Sümer Nebi , Sweetman Joseph , Teixeira Catia P. , Toma Claudia , Ujhelyi Adrienn , van der Toorn Jojanneke , van Hiel Alain , Vásquez‐Echeverría Alejandro , Vazquez Alexandra , Vianello Michelangelo , Vranka Marek , Yzerbyt Vincent , Zimmerman Jennifer L.
Published: June 2020

The relationships between subjective status and perceived legitimacy are important for understanding the extent to which people with low status are complicit in their oppression. We use novel data from 66 samples and 30 countries (N = 12,788) and find that people with higher status see the social system as more legitimate than those with lower status, but there is variation across people and countries. The association between subjective status and perceived legitimacy was never negative at any levels of eight moderator variables, although the positive association was sometimes reduced. Although not always consistent with hypotheses, group identification, self‐esteem, and beliefs in social mobility were all associated with perceived legitimacy among people who have low subjective status. These findings enrich our understanding of the relationship between social status and legitimacy.
Add‐on cannabidiol significantly decreases seizures in 3 patients with SYNGAP1 developmental and epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Kuchenbuch Mathieu , D'Onofrio Gianluca , Chemaly Nicole , Barcia Giulia , Teng Théo , Nabbout Rima
Published: June 2020

Mutations in SYNGAP1 are associated with developmental delay, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Epilepsy is often drug‐resistant in this syndrome with frequent drop attacks. In a prospective study of add‐on cannabidiol (CBD), we identified three patients with SYNGAP1 mutations: two boys and one girl. Seizure onset was at 3.5, 8, and 18 months (M), respectively, with numerous atypical absences per day associated with eyelid myoclonia (2/3 patients), upper limb myoclonic jerks (2/3 patients), and drop attacks (all patients). Seizures were resistant to at least 5 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). After CBD introduction, two patients were responders since M2 and achieve a seizure reduction of 90% and 80%, respectively, at M9 with disappearance of drop attacks. EEGs showed an improvement regarding background activity and interictal anomalies. The last patient showed a late response at M7 of treatment with an 80% decrease in seizure frequency. Caregiver in all three evaluated as much improved the status of their children. Treatment was well‐tolerated in all, and no major adverse events (AEs) were reported. CBD showed efficacy in patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy due to SYNGAP1 mutations. Other patients with rare genetic developmental and epileptic encephalopathies with drug‐resistant epilepsies might benefit from CBD.
Unsupervised and incremental learning orchestration for cyber‐physical security
Authors: Reis Lúcio Henrik A. , Murillo Piedrahita Andrés , Rueda Sandra , Fernandes Natália C. , Medeiros Dianne S. V. , de Amorim Marcelo Dias , Mattos Diogo M. F.
Published: June 2020

Attacks on cyber‐physical systems, such as nuclear and water treatment plants, have physical consequences that impact the lives of thousands of citizens. In such systems, it is mandatory to monitor the field network and detect potential threats before a problem occurs. This work proposes a hybrid approach that orchestrates unsupervised and incremental learning methods to detect threats that impact the control loops in a plant. We use online data processing to identify new attack vectors. We train the online incremental learning method as new attacks arrive. We also apply a one‐class support vector machine to each monitored sensor or actuator to retrieve abnormal behaviors of their closed control loop. The proposed solution orchestrates the outputs from the two machine learning methods and alerts the system operators when it detects a threat. We evaluate the proposal on the Secure Water Treatment testbed dataset, and the results reveal that our proposal detects threats at more than 90% precision and with accuracy higher than 95%.
Longitudinal development of hippocampal subregions from early‐ to mid‐childhood
Authors: Canada Kelsey L. , Botdorf Morgan , Riggins Tracy
Published: June 2020

Early childhood is characterized by vast changes in behaviors supported by the hippocampus and an increased susceptibility of the hippocampus to environmental influences. Thus, it is an important time to investigate the development of the hippocampus. Existing research suggests subregions of the hippocampus (i.e., head, body, tail) have dissociable functions and that the relations between subregions and cognitive abilities vary across development. However, longitudinal research examining age‐related changes in subregions in humans, particularly during early childhood (i.e., 4–6 years), is limited. Using a large sample of 184 healthy 4‐ to 8‐year‐old children, the present study is the first to characterize developmental changes in hippocampal subregion volume from early‐ to mid‐childhood. Results reveal differential developmental trajectories in hippocampal head, body, and tail during this period. Specifically, head volume showed a quadratic pattern of change, and both body and tail showed linear increases, resulting in a pattern of cubic change for total hippocampal volume. Further, main effects of sex on hippocampal volume (males > females) and hemispheric differences in developmental trajectories were observed. These findings provide an improved understanding of the development of the hippocampus and have important implications for research investigating a range of cognitive abilities and behaviors.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate independently predicts outcome of azacitidine therapy in higher‐risk Myelodysplastic syndromes. Results from 536 patients of the Hellenic National Registry of Myelodysplastic and Hypoplastic syndromes
Authors: Papadopoulos Vasileios , Diamantopoulos Panagiotis T. , Papageorgiou Sotirios G. , Papoutselis Menelaos , Vrachiolias George , Pappa Vassiliki , Galanopoulos Athanasios G. , Vassilakopoulos Theodoros P. , Hatzimichael Eleftheria , Zikos Panagiotis , Papadaki Helen A. , Bouchla Anthi , Panayiotidis Panayiotis , Megalakaki Aekaterini , Papaioannou Maria , Liapis Konstantinos , Dryllis George , Tsokanas Dimitris , Kourakli Alexandra , Symeonidis Argiris , Viniou Nora‐Athina , Kotsianidis Ioannis
Published: June 2020

Higher‐risk Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients undergoing treatment with 5‐azacytidine (AZA) are typically elderly with several comorbidities. However, the effect of comorbidities on the effectiveness and safety of AZA in real‐world settings remains unclear. We analyzed data from 536 AZA‐treated patients with higher‐risk MDS, Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative neoplasms and low blast count Acute Myeloid Leukemia enrolled to the Hellenic National Registry of Myelodysplastic and Hypoplastic Syndromes. Multivariate analysis adjusted also for the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS), its revised version (IPSS‐R) and the French Prognostic Scoring System (FPSS), demonstrated independent associations of overall and leukemia‐free survival with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <45 mL min−1/1.73 m2 (P = .039, P = .023, respectively), ECOG performance status <2 (P = .015, P = .006), and presence of peripheral blood blasts (P = .008, P = .034), while secondary MDS also correlated with significantly shorter leukemia‐free survival (P = .039). Addition of eGFR <45 mL min−1/1.73 m2, in IPSS‐R and FPSS increased the predictive power of both models. Only FPSS ≤2 and eGFR <45 mL min−1/1.73 m2 predicted worse response to AZA in multivariate analysis, whereas eGFR <45 mL min−1/1.73 m2 correlated significantly with death from hemorrhage (P = .003) and cardiovascular complications (P = .006). In conclusion, in the second largest real‐world series of AZA‐treated MDS patients, we show that an eGFR <45 mL min−1/1.73 m2 is an independent predictor of worse response and survival. This higher cut‐off, instead of the commonly used serum creatinine >2 mg/dL, can be utilized as a more precise indicator of renal comorbidity during AZA therapy. Incorporation of eGFR in the prognostic assessment of AZA‐treated MDS patients may prove useful not only in routine practice, but also for the appropriate patient stratification in clinical trials with AZA combinations.
Headwaters drive streamflow and lowland tracer export in a large‐scale humid tropical catchment
Authors: Birkel Christian , Correa‐Barahona Alicia , Martinez‐Martinez Marco , Granados‐Bolaños Sebastian , Venegas‐Cordero Nelson , Gutiérrez‐García Kenneth , Blanco‐Ramírez Sara , Quesada‐Mora Rafael , Solano‐Rivera Vanessa , Mussio‐Mora Jasson , Chavarría‐Palma Andres , Vargas‐Arias Katherine , Moore Georgianne W. , Durán‐Quesada Ana Maria , Vasquez‐Morera Javier , Soulsby Chris , Tetzlaff Dörthe , Espinoza‐Cisneros Edgar , Sánchez‐Murillo Ricardo
Published: June 2020

Headwaters are generally assumed to contribute the majority of water to downstream users, but how much water, of what quality and where it is generated are rarely known in the humid tropics. Here, using monthly monitoring in the data scarce (2,370 km2) San Carlos catchment in northeastern Costa Rica, we determined runoff‐area relationships linked to geochemical and isotope tracers. We established 46 monitoring sites covering the full range of climatic, land use and geological gradients in the catchment. Regression and cluster analysis revealed unique spatial patterns and hydrologically functional landscape units. These units were used for seasonal and annual Bayesian tracer mixing models to assess spatial water source contributions to the outlet. Generally, the Bayesian mixing analysis showed that the chemical and isotopic imprint at the outlet is throughout the year dominated by the adjacent lowland catchments (68%) with much less tracer influence from the headwaters. However, the headwater catchments contributed the bulk of water and tracers to the outlet during the dry season (>50%) despite covering less than half of the total catchment area. Additionally, flow volumes seemed to be linearly scaled by area maintaining a link between the headwaters and the outlet particularly during high flows of the rainy season. Stable isotopes indicated mean recharge elevations above the mean catchment altitude, which further supports that headwaters were the primary source of downstream water. Our spatially detailed “snap‐shot” sampling enabled a viable alternative source of large‐scale hydrological process knowledge in the humid tropics with limited data availability.
How do climate and land use changes affect the water cycle? Modelling study including future drought events prediction using reliable drought indices
Authors: Afzal M. , Ragab R.
Published: June 2020

To investigate the impacts of climate and land use changes on hydrology, the Don catchment in Yorkshire, UK, was selected. A physically based distributed catchment‐scale (DiCaSM) model was applied. The model simulates surface runoff, groundwater recharge and drought indicators such as soil moisture deficit SMD, wetness index WI and reconnaissance drought index RDI. The model's goodness of fit using the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency factor was >91% for the calibration period (2011–2012) and 83% for the validation period (1966–2012). Under different climate change scenarios, the greatest decrease in stream flow and groundwater recharge was projected under medium‐ and high‐emission scenarios. Climate change scenarios projected an increase in evapotranspiration and SMD, especially in the latter half of the current century.

Increasing the woodland area had the most significant impact, reducing stream flow by 17% and groundwater recharge by 22%. Urbanization could lead to increase in stream flow and groundwater recharge. The climate change impact on stream flow and groundwater recharge was more significant than land use change. Drought indices SMD, WI and RDI projected an increase in the severity and frequency of drought events under future climatic change, especially under high‐emission scenarios. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A newly developed real‐time PCR assay for discriminating influenza B virus Yamagata and Victoria lineages
Authors: Wei Jinli , Huang Huaxin , Qin Hucheng , Li Shanqin , Xing Li , Li Yanjie , Cao Mengli , Wang Yanrong , Bi Yuhai , Liu Yingxia , Yang Yang
Published: June 2020

Currently, two distinct lineages of influenza B virus (IBV), B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineage, have been co‐circulating in human beings. Assessment of the prevalent lineage is key for the recommendation of the seasonal influenza vaccine composition and the evaluation of its efficacy. In this study, a multiplex qRT‐PCR assay for the discrimination of the IBV lineages was designed based on the genetic differences of the hemagglutinin genes between B/Yamagata and B/Victoria lineages. The assay was highly specific and able to discriminate the lineages of IBV without any non‐specific reaction against other influenza A viruses. The detection limit of the assay was determined to be 10 genome‐equivalent copies and 2.8 × 10‐2 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) of live IBV per reaction. Moreover, our assay was able to discriminate the lineages of IBVs in clinical samples with 100% accuracy, when compared with pyrosequencing. Our results indicate that this assay may represent an update of the existing qRT‐PCR assays and will be of great use for the rapid and accurate diagnosis and surveillance of the circulating IBVs.