bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The State of Music Semiology Development
Authors: Solomonova Olga B. , Zavgorodnia Galyna F. , Muravska Olha V. , Chernoivanenko Alla D. , Aleksandrova Oksana O.
Published: July 2021

The terminology of music semiology, which is an academic discipline with a significant educational resonance and a necessary component of music and educational practice at its higher educational and qualification levels, lies at the intersection of the main aspects of musicology such as the history of music, the theory and analysis of musical forms, music aesthetics and the theory of music interpretation, and others. Music semiology covers the transitional methodological abilities due to its subject reference points and the wide range of the material involved in the cognitive field. Music semiology can be considered a necessary basic discipline for the professional training of musicologists and practicing musicians of any programme. There is no doubt about the importance of mastering the language system, which is fundamental in the chosen field of communication. As an academic discipline, music semiology can be presented according to the way its terminology is built, it includes three main themes among which each of the following continues the meaning of the previous one by deepening and enlarging, detailing in an analytical way. Scientific novelty is determined by the fact that unlike music semiotics and the theory of music semantics, semiology is looking for a way not only to expand culture, but also the metacultural ontological and transcendental premises of human thinking and communication, it refers to the experience that is the "starting point for all beginnings" while explaining the reasons for any human activity related to signs, the needs of the human community in the development of language and in linguistic being. But most of all, it is determined by the need to identify the origins of the musical language as the language of consciousness, which reveals its true reality of creating meaning to a person. Therefore, the study within music semiology focuses on specific ways of organising the sign form and meaning-designated content. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that the sociocultural nature of humans, which is integral to the natural and biological conditions of one’s existence, is merged with human speech.
Features Selection for Supervised Learning Using Centrality Measures
Authors: Saleem Saba , Ahmed Mehmood , Shah Luqman , Jehangiri Ali Imran , Naeem Muhammad , Saeed Yousaf , Junaid Muhammad , Khan Fahad Ali
Published: July 2021

The data mining methods have been extensively used in the process of decision making. The popularity of data mining methods is due to availability of high speed algorithms, processing and storage power of computers. The effective use of data mining methods help in mining datasets and taking better decisions. The data need to be preprocessed before applying data mining methods. Some datasets require little preparation like dealing with missing and redundant instances while some high-dimensional datasets require strong processing like dimensionality reduction. One of the techniques used for dimensionality reduction is feature selection. This study uses graph based centrality measure for feature selection. Graph based centrality measures are used for ranking features which is used for removing irrelevant attributes. After comparison of results with other approaches, it has been found that the proposed approach results in reduction of feature space without compromising accuracy. The results also shows that proposed approach performs better than some other feature selection approaches not only in terms of accuracy but also on the basis of larger reduction in feature space.
Recognition of Images Formed in Pho on the Eyes of different Subjects
Authors: Junaid Muhammad , Shah Luqman , Jehangiri Ali Imran , Khan Fahad Ali , Saeed Yousaf , Ahmed Mehmood , Naeem Muhammad
Published: July 2021

With each passing day resolutions of still image/video cameras are on the rise. This amelioration in resolutions has the potential to extract useful information on the view opposite the photographed subjects from their reflecting parts. Especially important is the idea to capture images formed on the eyes of photographed people and animals. The motivation behind this research is to explore the forensic importance of the images/videos to especially analyze the reflections of the background of the camera. This analysis may include extraction/ detection/recognition of the objects in front of the subjects but on the back of the camera. In the national context such videos/photographs are not rare and, specifically speaking, an abductee’s video footage at a good resolution may give some important clues to the identity of the person who kidnapped him/her. Our aim would be to extract visual information formed in human eyes from still images as well as from video clips. After extraction, our next task would be to recognize the extracted visual information. Initially our experiments would be limited on characters’ extraction and recognition, including characters of different styles and font sizes (computerized) as well as hand written. Although varieties of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tools are available for characters’ extraction and recognition but, the problem is that they only provide results for clear images (zoomed).
Use of Tactile Diagrams in Learning Science for Visually Impaired Students at Upper Primary Stage
Authors:   Associate Professor (Chemistry) Department of Education in Science & Mathematics, NCERT, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi -110016, Tanwar Dr. Pramila
Published: July 2021

The NCERT textbooks of Science at upper primary stage are available in Braille script not including any graphics, diagrams and activities as a result, it has been a challenge for student with visual impairment to ‘create in your mind’ the content specified in Braille textbooks. This challenge has been addressed by NCERT, Department of Education in Science & Mathematics (DESM) to overcome such limitations. DESM has taken the initiative of given those tactile books for Science at the upper primary stage. It will smooth the progress of learning science for visually impaired students. NCERT developed tactile book in science in cooperation with Raised line foundation using 3D technology. In this paper, we are discussing about tactile book in science at upper primary stage.
Cardiovascular Considerations in COVID-19: A Brief Overview
Authors:   Paras Hospitals, Panchkula, India, Singh Kudrat
Published: July 2021

The spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) led to a world-shattering pandemic which impacted humanity in a severe manner. Research suggests that coronavirus has multiorgan effects. It has brought together researchers of all fields who are trying to understand the pathophysiology of the disease and define most select treatment strategies. Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes are linked with a higher mortality rate of COVID-19. With its widespread effects and different strains, there is escalating apprehension about the cardiovascular effects of the viral infection, like myocarditis, thrombosis and arrhythmias, and its relation with existing CVD and heart related problems. The cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 need to be understood well for cardiologists and other health workers to be able to diagnose and treat them in the upcoming time.
Performance of Rambutan Seed Extracts as Iron and Manganese Removal in Drinking Groundwater well in Tanah Merah, Kelantan
Authors: L.L Yap , Eh Rak Aweng , A.A Liyana
Published: July 2021

Groundwater is a major source of drinking water supply espeacially in Kelantan due to shortageof clean surface water. However, groundwater quality is found to be high in hardness, salinity,and concentration of iron, manganese, ammonium and flouride especially at rural area inKelantan. Therefore, groundwater should be treated before it can be used for domestic purposes.Currently, water treatment used chamicals for heavy metals removal although chemicals wereknown to be hazardous for human consumption. Thus, plant based material was proposed to givemore environmental friendly approach for drinking water treatment especially groundwater. Theobjective of this study is to determine the performance of extracted rambutan seed in removal ofiron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) from groundwater. Groundwater sample were collected fromseleced wells in Tanah Merah district, Kelantan, Malaysia. Iron and manganese contents ofgroundwater samples were measured before and after the jar test in the laboratory by usingAtomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). All water samples were tested with differentconcentration of rambutan seed cruded extracts. The experiments were carried out with coagulantdosage of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 mg/L with the interval of 1.0 mg/L. The results showthat, Nephelium lappaceum seed can remove up to 91.38% of Fe in groundwater sample by usingoptimal dosage of l/L. The seed also able to remove up to 90.91% Mn in groundwater samplesusing the optimal dosage 5mg/L. The high removal rate for both iron and manganese reflectedthat rambutan seed has a potential to replace chemicals coagulant in water treatment. Hopefullywith this finding, peopl will have access to reasonable price, clean and safe drinking water and thegoverment can also save a few thousand ringgit for treatment expenses.
Removal of Methyl Red using Chemical Impregnated Activated Carbon Prepared from Parkia speciosa Pod (Petai) as a Potential Adsorbent
Authors: Mohamad@Muda Rosdayana , Mohd Alias Mohd Zazmiezi , Mohd Ghazi Rozidaini
Published: July 2021

Textile industry is one of the major contributors either in terms of employment or economies.This industry has provided variety of daily necessity such as sources of yarn and clothing.Extensively use of dyes in this textile industry has created water pollution. The serious problemhappened when the daily water usage is from the untreated effluents which are discharged directlyinto water bodies. However, the disposed dyes into environment can be treated with adsorbentssuch as activated carbon via adsorption process. In this study, Parkia speciosa (petai) pods werechosen as the raw material from agricultural waste to produce activated carbon. Activated carbonwas prepared from two different chemicals and application of four different carbonization time.Two parameters studied in the experiment are initial dye concentration and contact time. From theresult, 100% of methyl red was removed by the activated carbon impregnated with zinc chloridesolution at 1 hour carbonization time. The optimum time and initial concentration of dye was 30minutes and 10 ppm respectively with the percentage removal of 100%. Thus, this result couldcontribute some knowledge on the use of alternative adsorbent from agricultural wasteimpregnation with specified chemicals in treating textile industrial wastewater.
Discursive Construal of Current Events in Russian and English Language Media in the Light of Linguistic Security
Authors:   N.А. Dobrolyubov Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod, Tyrygina Valentina
Published: July 2021

The article examines a number of issues pertaining to how reality can be discursively presented in media texts. The modern era is characterized by the rapidly increasing influence of the media on the socio-political changes taking place in the world. The media frequently model events and phenomena around us, and this type of activity is associated with actively transforming reality and constructing a new reality, media reality. All this inevitably raises the question how authentically or accurately the world is represented or reflected in the media. In structuralist studies, the representation in the media is not a key problem and thus is only partially touched upon. In critical linguistics, however, where the concept of biased, distorted, prejudiced representation of reality in discourse is introduced, this problem becomes central. The linguistic approach to the analysis of media reality is based on the idea of discursive construal of the world, which derives from the concept of social design of the world. The purpose of the study presented in this article is to examine the names of subjects or attributes associated with the same facts and events but featured in different Internet media. Using the method of comparative analysis of alternative nominations, the author analyzes media texts from Russian, Belarusian, European, and American sites, and the results of the analysis confirm the fact of alternativeness in the reality representation in the media discourse. The theoretical significance of the results lies in confirming the idea that the choice of nomination is directly related to the creation of the “possible world” and thus contributing to the field of cognitive, discursive, and critical linguistics. The practical value of the results lies in their possible introduction into relevant university courses.
Linguistic Security of Russia and DAS (Distance Alternative Services) in Education
Authors:   N.А. Dobrolyubov Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod, Ustinkin Sergey , Kuvakova Irina ,   N. A. Dobrolyubov Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod
Published: July 2021

The article describes the role of linguistic security in the digital era society and the advantages of the innovation associated with using distance alternative services (DAS) in education with the purpose of implementing training programs and developing communities within specific territories. The multi-innovative approach, described in the article, presupposes implementing the initiatives of the President of the Russian Federation and developing mechanisms for achieving the goals specified in the national program “New Quality of Life 2024” which seeks to improve the social wellbeing of the population of Russia, of partners within the “inner circle,” and of member countries of the commonwealths identified in the UN project in the field of education, aimed at sustainable development and collective security, including linguistic security.
The Genre of Invective in Public Discourse
Authors:   Volgograd State Institute of Arts and Culture, Kalinina Marina
Published: July 2021

The relevance of this research project lies in the increasing interest of the general public and professional linguists towards public discourse and the specific type of the communicative personality whose verbal behavior shakes up the normative framework and leads to violations of linguistic security. Such a speaker prefers non-normative linguistic means with the strongest communicative and stylistic charge, because they support her desire for self-expression and attract the attention of others; needless to say they often include invective. The rejection of normative expressive means is also due to the deliberate or spontaneous intention of the speaker to humiliate, ridicule, or offend the interlocutor and assert herself, which is much easier to do with invective vocabulary. Looking at the functions of the invective, its paralinguistic and linguistic features, and the intentions of the speakers, the article describes the invective genres of hating and flaming. Hating is viewed as a deliberate communicative action aimed at discrediting a person or at her social stigmatization. Flaming is characterized by spontaneity and is due to the speaker’s communicative emotionality, asociality, and propensity towards conflicts. The author determines risks of using verbal abuse, invective genres, and pejoratives in public discourse, emphasizing the importance of regulating these through relevant legislation, since, as experience shows, invective may become a form of expressing linguistic extremism and lead to physical violence. The author discusses the immediate need of introducing mandatory moderation (both automated and manual) of chats on social networks, forums, public websites, messengers, TV shows and other media in order to prevent negative consequences of invectizing public discourse and to ensure linguistic security for communication participants.
The Phenomenon of Precedence as a Factor of Linguistic Security (A Case Study of German Euphemisms)
Authors:   N.А. Dobrolubov Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod, Golubeva Nadezhda
Published: July 2021

The aim of this article is to systematize and describe euphemisms as precedent (derived) units of the language and to define their role in ensuring linguistic security. The analysis of euphemisms in the German language highlights their cognitive peculiarities which consist in changing the original meaning of the word or its structure. Euphemisms verbalize the thinking pro-cess based on available experience, namely precedent thinking which is one of the factors of linguistic security. In this article, linguistic security is viewed as a specific mode of thinking, and the interpreting potential of euphemisms is shown as a way of maintaining linguistic security. The author illustrates manipulative capabilities of language on different levels, analyzing lexical and grammatical functions of euphemisms, with an emphasis on specific types of discourse, and singling out cognitive discourse strategies of using euphemisms. The article examines a number of general and particular problems associated with euphemisms and euphemization, analyzing closely related linguistic terms and describing the lexical aspect of euphemisms, their functional potential, and semantic spheres of their usage, with a special focus on euphemisms as used in religious, economic, and military discourse. Studying euphemisms in the German language, the author extrapolates her conclusions to cognitive and discursive peculiarities of euphemisms as a universal linguistic phenomenon, defining polydiscursiveness as the ability of a linguistic phenomenon to realize not the internal but the external potential of discourse.
Digital Transformation and Its Consequences for Heritage Languages
Authors:   Moscow State Linguistic University, Guseynova Innara
Published: July 2021

The article attempts to conduct a primary analysis of the consequences of digital transformation for heritage languages which make up the cultural and historical legacy of individual ethnic communities. In a multilingual society, such a study requires an integrated approach, which takes into account the sociolinguistic parameters of various target audiences, communication channels aimed to disseminate and transfer information, discourse analyses of lin-guistic means, as well as extralinguistic factors impacting the development of different environments. It is equally important to study the specificity of the socio-cultural interaction between communicants in the professional sphere, which primarily indicates the institutional status of participants in communication, as well as their observance / nonobservance of linguistic norms. The latter seems extremely important with regard to heritage languages and their linguistic status in institutional discourse. In many respects, observance / nonobservance of linguistic norms makes it possible, on the one hand, to define the linguistic portrait of the communicant and, on the other hand, to assess the survival of national identity. Both aspects are central across various types of institutional discourse, including political, marketing, ad-vertising discourse etc. The analysis of the institutional aspects of cross-cultural and cross-lingual communication is carried out using an etiological approach that allows to determine the degree of importance of sociolinguistic parameters to achieve adequacy of socio-cultural interaction of representatives of different linguocultures. It is performed indirectly using vari-ous language pairs, in the context of heritage bilingualism, as well as interpersonal interaction. The article also expounds consequences of the global turn towards digital transformation affecting the overall knowledge in liberal arts and human sciences in general and cross-lingual and cross-cultural communication in particular. The study discusses areas of application of heritage language resources such as locus branding, image making, reports of scientific and technical achievements, etc. The article concludes by inferring the need to preserve linguistic diversity and its teleological use in various types of institutional discourse.
Language Policy in Humanities Universities
Authors:   Moscow State Linguistic University, Kraeva Irina
Published: July 2021

The article considers theoretical and methodological foundations of language policies implemented in humanities universities, discusses measures that serve to maintain language and cultural security in different countries, and outlines the key objectives of Russian humanities universities with regard to digital learning and overall internationalization of education and science. Success in reaching these objectives depends on the polyfunctional nature of the proposed methodology since it is aimed at addressing both educational and research-related challenges. The polyparadigmatic character of the methodology lays the basis for further interdisciplinary studies and for initiating convergent educational programs adjustable to online and offline learning. Theoretical assumptions are based on the experience of implementing training programmes in the field of interlinguistic and intercultural communication with support of distance learning technologies. The article clarifies the terms distance learning technologies and online learning, which apply to the main concepts of the study, provides concrete examples to reveal the differences between these terms and specifies their usage, which is contributing for humanitarian knowledge in general and the learning space in particular. The article considers promotion of Russian as the language of ethnic and institutional interaction to be the main objective of language policies; views heritage languages as an integral part of cultural and historical legacy and discusses measures of their preservation; brings to the fore the importance of creating a barrier-free communicative zone. The article stresses the urgency of developing net cooperation with higher educational institutions both in and outside Russia, the importance of launching interdisciplinary programmes and creating conditions for inclusive education on a regular basis. Finally, it is emphasized that further scientific research in the field of language policy in higher education will contribute to language and cultural security. Language policy in higher education comprises four major directions responsible for science, learning and education in accordance with the concept of sustainable development and security of languages and cultures.
Political Coloring of Adjectives in German Political Discourse
Authors:   N.А. Dobrolyubov Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nikonova Zhanna , Bukharov Valery ,   N.A. Dobrolyubov Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod, Yastremskaya Inna ,   N.А. Dobrolyubov Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod
Published: July 2021

The article analyzes the functional potential of basic adjective color-coding in modern German political discourse, illustrating cases of its political connotation. Using a variety of linguistic research methods, the authors examine functional peculiarities of color adjectives such as rot, orange, gelb, grün, blau, and violett in German-language texts related to politics. Specific examples show that all these adjectives are politically colored, demonstrating the realization of both traditional and contemporary meanings that reflect modern realities of German socio-political life. The research also reveals the frequency of conveying specific values through the usage of color adjectives in the German political discourse. It is established, for instance, that the most frequent is the color adjective grün, used in non-fiction political texts to designate the political party Die Grünen and shedding some light on its style of governing and the political position of its electorate. Within the political discourse of modern Germany this color designation is also a verbal marker of ecological and environmental concerns as well as the color of hope. The authors also discuss such additional meanings of grün as “extracted from natural sources, renewable” in the phrase grüne Energie and “misleading in terms of environmental effects or environmental influence something causes” in the phrase grün waschen. The second most frequently used basic color meaning in German political dis-course is the color designation rot, traditionally symbolizing blood, terror, revolution, and war, as well as struggle, protest movements, mass demonstrations, and campaigns. It also denotes a specific form of a country’s political system and remains the main color of left-wing parties, expressing adherence to certain political parties and the style of their government. In addition, this color code serves as a strong warning in situations of grave danger and, in texts on political topics, often symbolizes the Russian Federation and everything related to it. The least frequent is the color designation violett, which can express membership in the political party Die Violetten. It is the color of the German public association Aktionsbündnis Amoklauf Winnenden and retains vital importance as a sign of warning in emergency situations (such as natural disasters, etc.). The results of the study contribute new information on the semantic space of color codes to the field of political linguistics and modern German studies, illustrating political connotations of basic color codes in German.
On the Linguistic Analysis of Fake News Texts in German Political Discourse
Authors:   N.А. Dobrolyubov Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nikonova Zhanna , Soloveva Ekaterina ,   N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod
Published: July 2021

The article analyzes fake news texts from the perspective of linguistic pragmatics and its key concept, speech act theory. The specificity of fake news lies in the fact that, while ontologically functioning as a carrier of factual information, this type of text contains intentionally false information deliberately presented as real facts, often rendered provocative. Linguistic study of the fake news phenomenon is especially relevant since there is a clear demand for effective tools that would help disclose fake news texts, understand their nature, and describe functional features of such texts in political communication. Analyzing the modern German political discourse, the authors identify a trend of using fake news texts to vilify and destroy the authority and reputation of certain political forces and describe a number of key features of fake news texts. The article outlines issues related to the linguistic study and verification of fake news texts with the hope to develop reliable models for describing this text type and to develop practical guidelines that would enable users to detect fake news in discourse. The study justifies the high explanatory potential of the speech act theory which offers objective means to examine the manipulation mechanism in fake news texts in terms of the illocutionary force and the perlocutionary effect of an utterance. The analysis of the illocutionary struc-ture of fake news messages leads to the conclusion that false propositional content in conjunction with the constitutive rules of the illocution “statement” of the text type “news” is conditional on the high perlocutionary effect of fake news in the modern German political discourse. The article evaluates the prospects of studying fake news texts from within the paradigm of the speech act theory and links them to identifying linguistic markers of deliberate distortion of the true propositional content.
The Development of the Linguistic Persona in the Context of Professionally Oriented University-Level Foreign Language Education
Authors:   Udmurt State University, Konyakhina Liudmila , Yakovleva Lora ,   Udmurt State University
Published: July 2021

The article discusses a number of issues related to developing the linguistic persona and intercultural competency and focuses on educational ideas, strategies, technologies, and practices that embody intercultural approaches to foreign language education. To ensure the high quality of foreign language education, our priorities must include the development of competences in the area of professional communication in foreign languages. In that regard, the article identifies pedagogical conditions conducive to fostering the socio-cultural competence and the successful development of the learner’s linguistic persona. The authors present mechanisms of implementing the said pedagogical conditions in the following areas: a) developing communication skills and competencies of foreign language instructors; b) modeling situations with communication barriers in diverse ethnocultural environments; c) acquiring and selecting ethnocultural information; d) integrating in-class and out-of-class activities in a foreign language; and e) establishing a good rapport between an instructor and her students. The authors go on to describe the methodological basis for designing the content of foreign language programs, identify optimal approaches to teaching and learning foreign languages, and reflect on the context of the intercultural paradigm in university-level foreign language education.
Developing the Linguistic Persona of Students at Technical Universities through Reflective Foreign Language Learning
Authors:   M. T. Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University, Ponomarenko Ekaterina
Published: July 2021

The problem of developing the linguistic persona of students at technical universities has not lost its relevance, and one of the more promising solutions could be found in reflective learning organized within the framework of foreign language training for future engineers. This study seeks to determine the effectiveness of reflective learning in terms of contributing to students’ professionally oriented foreign language competence as well as certain personal qualities and soft skills. In the course of the research, we organized several homogeneous groups of students, experimental groups and control groups, building the language training of the students in the experimental groups on the principles of reflective learning and integration of in-class and out-of-class work. In these groups, the content and communicative activities were designed in such a way that students acquired knowledge and skills through a system of decision-making processes. Independent work involved participation in interactive activities, during which students reflected on the process and the result of their activities. The analysis of the students’ self-assessment results after three interactive activities showed that they had increased their knowledge of the language and improved their speaking skills. Most of the respondents in the experimental groups also noted an improvement in a number of qualities and soft skills that would be professionally significant for their future careers. The students in the experimental groups coped better with mandatory tests and final tasks. Thus reflective learning of a foreign language has a positive influence on the development of students’ linguistic persona, and one of the results of such learning would be better psychological preparedness of future engineers for successful cross-cultural communication.
The Translation Brief as a Tool of Communication among the Participants of the Translation Process
Authors:   Voronezh State University, Knyazheva Yelena , Borovkova Tatyana ,   Voronezh State University
Published: July 2021

The present research focuses on theoretical and practical aspects of the translation brief viewed as a tool of communication among the participants of the translation process. A review of literature on the subject, which includes theoretical papers and normative documents regulating the sphere of translation and interpreting services, demonstrates a number of differences in understanding of the terms translation process and translation brief. In translation theory, translation process refers to either individual intellectual operations of a translator in making translation decisions or to stages of translation performance. The concept of the translation brief, developed within the functionalist theory of translation, is currently interpreted by functionalist scholars as a set of instructions which help translators to produce a target text in full compliance with clients’ needs and expectations. Therefore, a translation brief should provide a translator with the information about the target text addressees, the prospective time and place of text reception, the medium over which the text will be transmitted, and, sometimes, the intended purpose of the translation. In this country, the problem of the translation brief is mostly studied in the context of technical translation and is termed as the requirement description or technical specifications. According to normative documents regulating the sphere of translation services, clarification of the requirement description or technical specifications is seen as an integral component of organizing any translation services or translation projects. The practical aspect of this research is connected with the study of the status and the content of the translation brief as it now stands and functions in the translation industry. The analysis of information presented on websites of large translation agencies about the organization of the translation process as well as of available samples of technical specifications has shown that the content of a translator’s instructions may include very diverse material, from extended sections on translation norms taken from translation theory to references to the rules of translation specified in corresponding national quality standards. The results of our case study show that the basic components of technical specifications typically include the source text, terms of payment, and the deadline, while a translator’s instructions are normally associated with specific style guides provided by the client.
Modern Machine Translation Systems: Trends and Prospects
Authors:   Moscow State Linguistic University, Kuzmin Oleg
Published: July 2021

The modern world is moving towards global digitalization and accelerated software development with a clear tendency to replace human resources by digital services or programs that imitate the doing of similar tasks. There is no doubt that, long term, the use of such technologies has economic benefits for enterprises and companies. Despite this, however, the quality of the final result is often less than satisfactory, and machine translation systems are no exception, as editing of texts translated by using online translation services is still a demanding task. At the moment, producing high-quality translations using only machine translation systems remains impossible for multiple reasons, the main of which lies in the mysteries of natural language: the existence of sublanguages, abstract words, polysemy, etc. Since improving the quality of machine translation systems is one of the priorities of natural language processing (NLP), this article describes current trends in developing modern machine translation systems as well as the latest advances in the field of natural language processing (NLP) and gives suggestions about software innovations that would minimize the number of errors. Even though recent years have seen a significant breakthrough in the speed of information analysis, in all probability, this will not be a priority issue in the future. The main criteria for evaluating the quality of translated texts will be the semantic coherence of these texts and the semantic accuracy of the lexical material used. To improve machine translation systems, we should introduce elements of data differentiation and personalization of information for individual users and their tasks, employing the method of thematic modeling for determining the subject area of a particular text. Currently, there are algorithms based on deep learning that are able to perform these tasks. However, the process of identifying unique lexical units requires a more detailed linguistic description of their semantic features. The parsing methods that will be used in analyzing texts should also provide for the possibility of clustering by sublanguages. Creating automated electronic dictionaries for specific fields of professional knowledge will help improve the quality of machine translation systems. Notably, to date there have been no successful projects of creating dictionaries for machine translation systems for specific sub-languages. Thus, there is a need to develop such dictionaries and to integrate them into existing online translation systems.
Musical Competence and Second Language Learning
Authors:   Udmurt State University, Konyakhina Liudmila , Ivanov Andrey ,   Udmurt State University
Published: July 2021

In recent years, we have witnessed a renewal of interest in the language — music relationship due to the development of cognitive science and the advent of brain imaging methods, such as positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, magnetoencephalography, electroencephalography, and event-related brain potentials, which has led to a number of major discoveries. The relationship between music and language has been examined from many different perspectives. Taken together, these findings indicate that musical competence positively influences some aspects of speech processing, from auditory perception to speech production and may benefit second language acquisition. In this review, we focus on the main results of the current research, discuss several interpretations that may account for the influence of musical competence on speech processing in native and foreign languages, and propose new directions for future research.
Functional Variation of the Imperative in Discourse: Prosodic Evidence of “Hybridization”
Authors:   South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Nenasheva Yulia
Published: July 2021

The cognitive-discursive approach used in experimental research helps to reveal specific behavior of language units which is conditioned by particular characteristics of the immediate communicative situation. The cognitive aspect of this approach describes how the human mind works to adapt speech production processes to ever-changing conditions of communicative activity, which results in changes of the functions of language units used in these processes. Since, either in oral or written forms, texts are the material result of this activity, acoustic analysis helps to evaluate the character of modifications of sound sequences as well as to define their intonation structure that facilitates the performance of utterances in discourse. Corpus analysis helps to evaluate pragmatic factors that maintain speech production processes and to describe their influence in the usage of language units. The relevance of the research lies in the need to have a better understanding and a more thorough description of the behavior of intonation language units in discourse as well as its correlation to the cognitive processes in speech production. With this goal in mind, the author applies the cognitive-discursive approach to experimental phonetic research of intonation in discourse. The paper presents the results of examining the process of “hybridization” of direct imperative utterances, identifying types of such “hybridization,” and looking at conditions of speakers’ activity which accompany this “hybridization.” Using the methodology of experimental discourse analysis, the author shows how functional variability of this particular language unit in specific discourse environments can lead to significant changes in the intentional meaning of the unit, i. e., to imperative utterances acting as interjections. In specific discourse environments, accompanied by marked emphasis in the semantic structure of the utterances and constrained by psycho-physiological thresholds and limitations of information processing mechanisms, speech production processes form a “hybrid” which combines characteristics of both a direct imperative and an interjection. This “hybridization” can be complete or partial. The “hybrid” maintains the illocutionary force of an imperative utterance due to its formulaic syntactic structure and intonation, characterized by less variation than that of an interjection, and the intonation of such units complies with the codified intonation standard of the English language. At the same time, its acoustic features correspond to the acoustic features of 1st and 2nd type interjections: “hybrids” that correspond to 1st type interjections consist of rare sounds and sound sequences, while “hybrids” that correspond to 2nd type interjections retain their sound structure completely or partially.
On Typology of Pragmatic Adaptation in Specialized Translation
Authors:   N.А. Dobrolyubov Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod, Shamilov Raviddin , Kirillova Arina ,   N.A. Dobrolyubov Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod
Published: July 2021

The paper views pragmatic adaptation through the prism of the communicative and functional theory of translation. It substantiates the applicability of pragmatic adaptation as a translation tactic in translating not only literary but also specialized (non-fiction) texts. The relevance of this research lies in the need to identify linguistic and extralinguistic factors which determine the use of pragmatic adaptation when translating a specialized text in a certain communicative situation. Although some translation studies experts justly consider pragmatic adaptation to be a translation solution applicable at any language level, the authors of this paper share the traditional point of view which sees pragmatic adaptation as a means aimed at solving primarily lexical problems by using various translation operations (addition, omission, generalization, concretization, and substitution). This approach allows the authors to offer their own typology of pragmatic adaptation, which comprises additive, omissive, and substitutive pragmatic adaptation.
Main Challenges of Teaching the Chinese Particle了 to Russian-speaking Students at Elementary Level
Authors:   N.А. Dobrolyubov Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod, Ling Ran , Provotorova Anna ,   N. A. Dobrolyubov Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod
Published: July 2021

The particle 了 is a commonly used word in the Chinese language. Since the particle 了 is a structure word, it does not carry any semantic meaning, but it has many grammatical meanings and is used in a variety of ways. Due to the large number of its grammatical meanings and complexity of its grammatical functions, it poses certain challenges for both teachers when explaining the material and students when using it. This especially concerns Russian-speaking students due to significant differences in the grammar of Russian and Chinese. This article examines several classifications of the particle 了, described in Chinese and Russian textbooks and focuses on grammatical features of the particle 了 depending on its position in the middle and at the end of the sentence, as well as its simultaneous use of both in the middle and at the end of the sentence. The article also describes the particle’s main grammatical meanings, such as: completeness of an action, change of an action or a situation, emphasis on something, duration of an action, a way of expressing tact, and a few others. The authors analyze the most common mistakes made by Russian-speaking elementary level students when using the particle, basing their analysis on many years of their teaching experience. Among the mistakes, they highlight such as excessive use, insufficient use, and use of the particle 了 in the wrong place. Excessive use includes mistakes such using the particle 了 in negative sentences with the adverb 没, in an objective description of past events, facts, or in characteristic judgments and descriptions; with verbs followed by a predicative object; after the first verb in a sequential sentence; with verbs showing an action of a constant or repetitive nature, as well as in various constructions which exclude its use. Insufficient use includes mistakes when learners construct incomplete sentences without the 了 particle in cases where its use is required for correct meaning or for a grammatically correct construction. Mistakes where the particle 了 is used in the wrong place occur if students do not understand the specifics of verb connections in the sentence.
Entrevista com Paul Claval. Globalização e Pandemia: lições e perspectivas
Authors: LUQUEZ JULIANA
Published: July 2021

Trata-se de uma entrevista remota concedida por Paul Claval, professor emérito da Universidade de Paris Sorbonne IV, em julho de 2020. Essa entrevista marcou o fechamento do 1º Ciclo de Entrevistas Remotas promovido pelo Grupo de Pesquisa Dinâmicas Territoriais e Espaços Fronteiriços (DITEFRON), no âmbito do Curso de Geografia da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS/Campus Jardim).
Militarização dos territórios escolares: a atuação da CIPOE nas escolas da Grande Belém durante a pandemia
Authors: Dias Silva Leildo
Published: July 2021

O policiamento efetuado pela Companhia Independente de Polícia Escolar (CIPOE), uma unidade da Polícia Militar (PM), é uma realidade nas escolas da Grande Belém. Constitui-se o tema desta pesquisa as práticas de gestão e de controle territorial dessa companhia, as quais objetivamos analisar por meio dos registros disponibilizados em seus canais oficiais de divulgação em redes sociais, sobretudo, no Facebook. Como procedimentos metodológicos, recorremos à literatura especializada, à catalogação dos registros e à classificação das práticas desenvolvidas pela CIPOE no período pandêmico, agrupando os dados em seis categorias de atuação. Em seguida, procedemos com as análises, de acordo com o referencial teórico que tomamos como suporte. Como resultado, obtivemos a elaboração de um quadro e a catalogação de diversos trechos das postagens da companhia. Concluímos que a CIPOE continua realizando rodadas nas escolas, e avançando nas disputas pelo controle do território por meio de práticas de militarização do espaço escolar.
Pandemia, audiovisual nas redes sociais e forças reativas que despotencializam o pensar a espacialidade
Authors: Pimenta Thiago albano
Published: July 2021

Este trabalho buscar analisar dois audiovisuais (agenciamentos entre vídeo, áudio e discursos que se avizinham) que estão relacionados ao contexto pandêmico. Estes ocupam as redes sociais, um no YouTube, outro no Facebook. Queremos focar a compreensão dos discursos e narrativas que eles fazem circular, assim como as forças que compõe e como elas se imbricam num modo de subjetivação desta pandemia de Covid-19. Diante do exposto, queremos provocar os leitores, para que se atentem a estes agenciamentos de modo a entende-los melhor, assim como criar e possibilitar outras formas de agenciamento que rasure estas forças, abrindo espaço para pensar de outra maneira.
“Vidas indígenas importam”: geografias das r-existências dos povos e comunidades tradicionais em tempos de pandemia
Authors: Mondardo Marcos Leandro
Published: July 2021

O objetivo principal deste texto é fazer uma análise das r-existências dos povos indígenas e comunidades tradicionais em tempos da pandemia de COVID-19. Neste texto utilizamos os conceitos de desigualdades, contenção territorial e corpo-território na análise geográfica da pandemia do ponto de vista indígena/latino-americano. No Brasil, diante da omissão e negligência do governo necropolítico, os indígenas têm realizado esforços para conter a proliferação do vírus. Para os povos tradicionais a tendência é de uma tentativa de retornar ao controle territorial zonal das terras, que tinha sido imposto pela sociedade não indígena, mas que agora, para combater a disseminação de coronavírus, é feita pelos próprios indígenas, no sentido de uma contenção realizada de baixo, pelas minorias étnicas, como forma de proteção e defesa da vida, do corpo-território.
Covid 19 e os povos originários
Authors: Wayna Kambeba Márcia
Published: July 2021

Poesia indígena sobre a realidade da pandemia no Brasil.