bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk and Uncertainty in the Medan-Binjai Toll Road Infrastructure Project, Indonesia Based on the Stochastic Analyzes
Authors: Sandhyavitri Ari , Malik Alfian , Suprayogi Imam , Fauzi Manyuk , Rahman Ridwan
Published: February 2022

This paper demonstrates state of the arts stochastic risk analyzes in assisting decision-making processes in achieving the project objectives in terms of the estimating project costs under uncertainty. The objectives of this study were to; (i) analyze the feasibility of the Trans Sumatra toll road projects section of Medan-Binjai (25.46 km), Indonesia, and (ii) identify and quantify the toll road risk and uncertainty variables influencing the economic feasibility of the project using stochastic approach. This study identified that the risk variables in this study may include; Indonesia Certificate Bank (SBI), inflation, volume of traffic (vehicles), operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, construction costs, land accusation costs, Jakarta Inter-Bank Offer Rate (JIBOR), and design (EED/FED). The initial results of this study (Scenario 1), using concession period of a-35 years with an implementation of the initial tariff of class I vehicles (Rp. 750 / km) showed that the project was considered not financially feasible as 90% probability of the projected net present value (NPV) was negative at the range of Rp. -1.06 trillion to Rp. 2.57 trillion. The project would be financially feasibility after conducting mitigation processes for those the identified risks, such as; providing the government supports (GSs) as much as 40% of the total construction costs as well as land acquisition costs (Scenario 3). This scenario has resulted that there was 90% probability of the projected NPV would be positive at the range of Rp. 0.54 million to 1.894 million. The implementation of the stochastic risk analysis may assist the project managers comprehensively in developing decision-making processes in financing the toll road project.
Models of Light and Properties of Light: Design and Assessment of a Simulation and Experimentation Supported Learning Environment
Authors: Voudoukis Nikolaos
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study is to propose a way for teaching models of light to upper secondary students. Even if the subject seems to be at the heart of modern physics, it is too difficult to be taught. This triggered us to design and apply a didactical approach, the evaluation of which seems to be beneficial for the instruction of this topic. Our instruction leads to better student’s comprehension of the nature of light than traditional instruction. The didactical approach, which is a proposal for scientific to educational models transformation concerning light, was applied during the school year 2016-2017 to forty seven (47) students – Experimental Group (EG) - of Upper Secondary Education in Athens.  As control group (CG), teaching with the classic way, we have fifty (50) other students. In this paper, it is presented the main research. We describe the teaching method and laboratory experiments in this computer supported attempt. Results and some general conclusions from the statistical analysis of pre, post and final tests are also cited.
Mobile Soft Switch Traffic Prediction using Polynomial Neural Networks
Authors: Ozovehe Aliyu
Published: February 2022

This work investigates busy hour traffic demand pattern of mobile soft switch (MSS) over a period of two years and propose the application of Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) polynomial neural network for seven-days to three-month ahead busy hour (BH) traffic forecasting for effective optimization of network resources. Busy hour call attempt (BHCA) utilization and A-interface utilization key performance indicators (KPI) are used as inputs into GMDH prediction model and BH traffic as model target. The performance of the model was evaluated based on three statistical performance indices: mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square percentage error (RMSPE) and goodness of fit (R2) values. Experimental results show that R2 value as high as 96% was achieved with the proposed model for both short-term and mid-term forecasting. The GMDH model proves an effective tool for accurate prediction of traffic demand and hence, proper optimization of GSM/GPRS MSS network resources.
Experiences of the GPU Thread Configuration and Shared Memory
Authors: Kim DaeHwan
Published: February 2022

Nowadays, GPU processors are widely used for general-purpose parallel computation applications. In the GPU programming, thread and block configuration is one of the most important decisions to be made, which increases parallelism and hides instruction latency. However, in many cases, it is often difficult to have sufficient parallelism to hide all the latencies, where the high latencies are often caused by the global memory accesses. In order to reduce the number of  those accesses, the shared memory is instead used which is  much faster than the global memory being located on a chip. The performance of the proposed thread configuration is evaluated on the GPU 960 processor. The experimental result shows that the best configuration improves the performance by 7.3 times compared to the worst configuration in the experiment. The experiences are also discussed for the shared memory performance when compared to that of the global memory.
Production of Bio-oil through Fast Pyrolysis of Baobab Waste Shells
Authors: Ali Asmaa Ali Mohammed , Mustafa Mustafa Abbas , Yassin Kamal Eldin Eltayeb
Published: February 2022

The increasing demand for transportation fuel, due to increased urbanization, is now compounded by depleting and unstable crude oil reserves. Furthermore, the volatile market and the negative environmental impact of fossil fuels have driven the usage of biomass as a potential energy source. Of particular interest are biomass waste and baobab shells present an interesting option. The objective of this study is to produce bio oil by a fast pyrolysis process from baobab shells. The effect of reaction temperature, biomass particle size and fluidizing gas flow rate on the liquid product yield are investigated. The maximum liquid yield obtained was 36.6% at 500 OC at a N2 gas flowrate of 11.6 l/min and a particle size of less than 0.5 mm.
Study Effect of Silver Oxide Addition on Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites
Authors: Marhoon Ismail Ibrahim , Rasool Dalia Adil , Dhumad Kawther Ali , Tlaiaa Younis Swadi , Abdulrehman Mohammed Ali
Published: February 2022

This study included the preparation of specimens of epoxy reinforced by silver oxide. Some of their mechanical properties been studied such as hardness, compression strength and wear rate with volume fraction 2%,4%,6%. The results showed that the mechanical properties hardness and compressive were affected directly by the increase of the volume fraction of the reinforcement material. The samples with the highest volume fraction had the highest hardness and compressive strength. As for the wear test was conducted in the circumstances of changing the applied load 40,60,80 N were approved, respectively, results shown that the rate of wear increases with load increasing of all samples before and after the reinforcement. For the relationship of the rate of wear with the increasing of the volume fraction, the results showed that there is a decrease in the rate of wear with the increasing of the volume fraction.
Design, Description, Implementation and Assessment of a Multimedia Application with Simulations for Teaching Models of Light
Authors: Voudoukis Nikolaos
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study is to describe the use of software and simulations at a didactical approach-teaching method about models of light to upper secondary education students and non major science university students. Light and models of light, is a subject proving too difficult to be taught. A research - didactical intervention was conducted to secondary education students. In order to support the intervention, educational material was developed including the subjects: Propagation, Reflection, Interference – Diffraction, Refraction, Absorption, Analysis – Synthesis and Polarization of light. The didactical approach, which is a proposal for scientific to educational models transformation concerning light, was applied during the school years 2015-2017 to one hundred forty three (143) students of upper secondary education in Athens, Greece. We present the educational software and the assessment/evaluation of the software. Results and general conclusions from the statistical analysis of this computer supported didactical attempt are also presented.
Bengali Longhand Character Recognition using Fourier Transform and Euclidean Distance Metric
Authors: Mukti Mousumi Hasan , Saad-Ul-Mosaher Quazi , Ahammad Khalil
Published: February 2022

Handwritten Character Recognition (HCR) is widely considered as a benchmark problem for pattern recognition and artificial intelligence. Text matching has become a popular research area in recent days as it plays a great part in pattern recognition. Different techniques for recognizing handwritten letters and digits for different languages have already been implemented throughout the world. This research aims at developing a system for recognizing Bengali handwritten characters i.e. letters and digits using Fourier Transform (FT) and Euclidean distance measurement technique. A dataset with 800 handwritten character texts from different people has been developed for this purpose and these character texts are converted to their equivalent printed version to implement this research. MATLAB has been used as an implementation tool for different preprocessing techniques like cropping, resizing, flood filling, thinning etc. Processed text images are used as input to the system and they are converted to FT. Handwritten character of different person may be of different style and angle. The input dataset is collected from various types of people including age level from 5 to 70 years, from different professions like pre-schooling students, graduate students, doctors, teachers and housewives. So, to match the input image with printed dataset (PDS) each printed data is rotated up to 450 left and right and then their FT is computed. The Euclidean distance among the input image and the rotated 30 images of each printed text are taken as intermediate distance set. The minimum value of Euclidean distance for a character is used to recognize the targeted character from the intermediate set. Wrongly detected texts are not thrown away from the system rather those are stored in the named character or digits file so that those can be used in future for deep learning. By following the proposed methodology, the research has achieved 98.88% recognition accuracy according to the input and PDS.
Addressing the Security Issues of Kerberos Method using RAID Level 5
Authors: Mukti Mousumi Hasan , Zaman Sabina , Ahammad Khalil , Muzammel Chowdhury Shahriar
Published: February 2022

Cloud computing is being considered as a revolutionary technique in the field of enterprise hardware and software design and development. As the popularity of cloud computing is increasing day by day and it’s the mostly used technique in the online and automated business system, so the security of the stored data in the cloud and the accessing method of the data through the network must be ensured. Among the various types of server and network authentication protocol Kerberos is the latest and robust network protocol. For authentication, Kerberos is badly in need of a hosted server which has to be remaining running 24*7 and the access point should be a single server (centralized authentication service). Besides these, if the single server gets down, there is possibility of more attack as Kerberos can’t function its job. These are the major hindrance of Kerberos. This research paper has tried to overcome these security issues, accessing and recovering data by using the RAID level. RAID 5 is the most appropriate technique to recover from failure and in correcting the erroneous data by minimizing redundancy as well as mitigating data loss. Also, RAID 5 can be used in case of distributed data. So, a model has been proposed to configure RAID 5 to ensure better security of cloud storage by overcoming the limitations of Kerberos.
Removal of Structured Noise and Base Line Wander From ECG Signals via LMS Adaptive and Fixed Notch Filter
Authors: Ahammed Kawser
Published: February 2022

This research clearly demonstrates the comparative performance study of Least Mean Square (LMS) adaptive and fixed Notch filter in terms of simulation results and different performance parameters (mean square error, signal to noise ratio and percentage root mean square difference) for removing structured noise (50 Hz line interference and its harmonics) and baseline wandering from electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. The ECG samples collected from the PhysioNet ECG-ID database are corrupted by adding structured noise and base line wandering noise. The simulation results and numerical performance analysis of this research clearly show that LMS adaptive filter can remove noise efficiently from ECG signal than fixed notch filter
Experimental Investigation and Prediction of Tribological Properties of Titanium Carbide and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Aluminium Composites using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Zakaulla Mohamed , Tahir Anteneh Mohammed , Endro Seid , Wodaeneh Shemelis Nesibu , Belay Lulseged
Published: February 2022

In this study, the tribological properties of TiC particle and MWCNTs reinforced aluminium (Al7475) hybrid composite synthesized by stir casting method were investigated by experimental and artificial neural network (ANN) model. Al7475 metal matrix composites was produced with different wt% of TiC and MWCNTs. The composite samples were tested at 0.42 ms- 1, 0.84 ms- 1 and 1.68 ms- 1 under three different loads  (10N, 20N and 40N). The results indicated that Al7475+10%TiC+2%MWCNTs composite exhibit lower wear rate and reduced coefficient of friction in compare to other samples. TiC percent, MWCNTs percent, applied weight, sliding speed and Time were used as input values for the theoretical prediction model of the composite. coefficient of friction and Wear loss were the two outputs developed from proposed network. Back propagation neural network with 5 – 6 – 2 architecture that uses Levenberg –Marquardt training algorithm is used to predict the coefficient of friction and wear loss. After comparing experimental and ANNs predicted results it was noted that R2 was 0.992 for wear loss and 0.980 for coefficient of friction. This indicated that developed predicted model has a high state of reliability.
Thermal and Natural Particles Addition Effects on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Epoxy–Polyurethane Resin Blend Polymer
Authors: Rasheed Aseel Kais , Rasheed Noor Kais , Marhoon Ismail Ibrahim
Published: February 2022

In this study, natural particles were added to blend polymer resin. Composite material prepared from pistachio shells was added to epoxy–polyurethane blend polymer. The weight ratio of additive for liquid polyurethane to epoxy was 12 wt.%. In addition, their mechanical and physical properties were studied depending on a range of variables, such as temperature (25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C) and volume fraction (3%, 6%, 9% and 12%). Hardness, impact strength and thermal conductivity were studied. Results showed that the impact strength was increased and that the hardness and thermal conductivity values were reduced at high temperatures. Meanwhile, the impact strength and hardness increased and the thermal conductivity values decreased with increased volume fracture of pistachio shells particles.
Micro and Macro-modeling Techniques for the Simulation of the Masonry Infilled R/C Frames under Earthquake Type Loading
Authors: Soulis Vassilios J
Published: February 2022

Three types of numerical simulation techniques for the masonry infills are adopted in the current paper, namely a micro-modeling technique, a macro-modeling technique and a simulation where the masonry infill and the joint interface between the surrounding frame and the infill is represented by a diagonal strut model. Initially, the hysteretic behavior of three R/C frames with masonry infills tested at the Laboratory of Strength of Materials and Structures of the University of Thessaloniki are examined when they are subjected to horizontal cyclic loads. Non-linear finite simulations are employed, that can describe the reduction of strength and initial stiffness. The inelastic behavior of the frame is simulated including the non-linear simulations of the masonry infill, the formation of plastic hinges for the R/C frame at pre-defined locations and the sliding or the separation of the masonry infill from the surrounding R/C frame. The second part of the present work examines the effectiveness of the micro-modeling technique and that of the diagonal strut model for the numerical simulation of masonry infills inside R/C frame specimens when different types of openings are considered. The results from three framed masonry infill specimens that were tested under horizontal cyclic loading at the University of Osijek have been also utilized for the validation of the micro-model technique and the diagonal strut model that is proposed. Differences and similarities between the adopted numerical modeling techniques are commented and discussed.
Distance Relay Protection Improvement of Alaoji-Afam 330kV Transmission Line
Authors: Omorogiuwa Eseosa , Ikonwa Wonodi
Published: February 2022

Fault resistance influences the operation of distance relays, thus causing it to give inaccurate impedance measurement, thus resulting to under-reach condition. .Trip report of fault occurrence in Alaoji-Afam 330kV line showed the effect of fault resistance on the relay operation. This paper seek to improve distance relay performance in terms of reliability, speed and selectivity on Alaoji-Afam 330kV transmission line, when fault resistance is present through adjustment of protected zone reach using NEPLAN software to model and simulate distance relay used for this study. Several simulations were run and the results showed good improvement of distance relay operation in handling fault conditions. Adjustment of the protected zone reach was done to compensate for the effect of high fault resistance on distance relay operation.
Effect of Oily Sludge Land Treatment on Soil Conditions
Authors: Alkhateeb Hasan Mahdi Mohammed
Published: February 2022

Land treatment is a method of handling wastes produced by the petroleum refining industry and others. This method allows the simultaneous treatment and final disposal of the waste. This study represent a fundamental filed investigation to follow the land treatment method for disposing of an oily sludge produce by Daura Refinery Wastewater Treatment Plant. The sludge typically consists of (84.5-86.2)% water, (4.7-5.3)% oils, and (8.4-9.25)% sediments. It is characterized by law contents of phenol, nitrogen, and heavy metals of environmental concern. Loamy sand soil land located inside Daura Refinery was selected and divided into a1-sq. meter plots. A range of sludge application rates was applied to add the sludge to (mix with) the upper 15 cm soil layer of 18 plots, whereas 6 plots left as control plots. The applications range included three applications ratios of (fresh sludge wt,  : dry soil wt.) as (1:3), (1:6), and (1:10), each of them was applied in three application intervals: weekly, monthly, and seasonally. Selection of the best application rate was made with regard to sludge degradation and land area requirements. Soil samples were tested for oil residue, heavy metals, total nitrogen, electrical conductivity, pH, and aggregate stability. The results show that, monthly (1:10) application rate caused neither considerable downward oil migration in the soil nor significant accumulation of oil, heavy metals, or salts in the soil. However, it maintained neutral soil pH and improved soil aggregate stability. Oil biodegradation in the soil was encouraged by soil weakly tillage.
Smartphones at Schools? Yes, Why not?
Authors: Kaimara Polyxeni , Poulimenou Sofia Maria , Oikonomou Andreas , Deliyannis Ioannis , Plerou Antonia
Published: February 2022

During ages, new and innovative learning technologies are often criticized or rejected, while their full acceptance is commonly delayed. As a result, the progress of Smart Learning Environments is noticed nowadays to be delayed, while educator debate about the technology used in classroom effectiveness. Author’s objective is to explore potential factors in order to render modern communication devices such as mobile phones and tablets suitable for learning in schools, taking into consideration possible advantages or disadvantages. In the case that students use mobile devices during learning procedure, a shortage of suitable content as well as adequate integration of educational and edutainment systems employing gamification techniques within the school framework. These factors are considered to be sufficient enough to strengthen and improve learning experience and effectiveness.
Multivariable Analysis Methods On Identifying Factors and Groups of Students in the Environment of the Discovery Learning/Constructivistic Approach Using Cognitive Tools
Authors: Korres Konstantinos
Published: February 2022

This paper studies the environment of the discovery learning/constructivistic approach using cognitive tools regarding students’ performance in tests involving different kinds of learning and in the final formal examinations and students’ attitudes towards the approach in Mathematics’ higher education. In particular the paper aims in identifying factors regarding students’ scores and attitudes affected by the approach and groups of students with similar characteristics based on these factors. Data was obtained by a study realized at the Department of Statistics and Insurance Sciences of the University of Piraeus, concerning the application of the discovery learning/constructivistic approach using Mathematica on the course Calculus (Functions of multiple variables). Multivariable analysis methods are used in the data analysis, in particular factor analysis in identifying factors and cluster analysis in identifying groups of students with similar characteristics, in combination with inferential statistics’ methods. The statistical package SPSS was used for the data analysis.
Greek Computer Science Teachers’ Training Needs Assessment
Authors: Panselinas Giorgos , Polymeris Gerasimos , Efopoulos Vasileios P. , Gogoulos George , Kotini Isavella , Tzelepi Sofia
Published: February 2022

The present study, following the results of a qualitative study that investigated the explicitly expressed, the felt (but not explicitly expressed) and the latent training needs of the computer science teachers of the Heraklion region of Greece, has questioned all computer science teachers in Greece (5865) to confirm or not the qualitative study results. This has resulted in the largest survey that has taken place for Greek computer science teachers training needs and the only one that is competency-based as far as teaching and pedagogical training needs are concerned. The aforementioned properties of the study enable the design of a three modules (Subject knowledge - Teaching methodology - Pedagogy) training program with explicit training goals; a training program that leaves little mismatch between training needed and training provided.
Shock Absorber Applications
Authors: Spiteri Shaun
Published: February 2022

Shock Absorbers are a part of everyday life and have many different applications and uses.  They are used for bridges, highways, buildings and cars to absorb the impact from the bumps, earthquakes and high winds.  Different applications require different types of shocks and different materials.  A rubber shock absorber cannot be used on a vehicle while a cylindrical shock absorber cannot be used on a highway.  All the situations require a specific shape and type of shocks to be used for the required tasks.
Notched Hollow Square Section Steel Column Buckling
Authors: Razzaq Zia , Tecleab Solomon
Published: February 2022

Presented in this paper is an outcome of a study to assess the effect of section loss in the form of longitudinal notches on the buckling load of hollow square section steel columns. The theoretical study includes buckling load estimates based on both an iterative equilibrium as well as a non-iterative energy approach. Buckling loads based on sample laboratory experiments are also presented. The study shows that the presence of a notch can significantly reduce the axial load-carrying capacity of a steel column.
Impact of “Formulate, Share, Listen and Create” Strategy On Mathematical Representation Skills
Authors: Arman Ibrahim Moh'D
Published: February 2022

The study aimed at investigating the effect of employing the strategy (Formulate- Share- Listen- Create) (FSLC) on the 4thGraders developing their mathematical representation skills in governmental schools in Hebron governorate - Directorate of Education. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, it was applied on a purposive sample of (124) fourth graders in Al-Huda Basic Education for Girls School and El Amin Basic Education for Boys School in the Directorate of Education / Yatta. The sample included (67) Male students, and (57) Female students. The students distributed into four sections, one section in each school represented the control group (studied in the traditional method), and the other section represented the experimental group (studied according to the Form-Share-Listen and Create strategy (FSLC). The researcher designed the test of the skills of mathematical representation skills, the researcher verified the validity and reliability of the tool. The results revealed that there were statistically significant differences at the level of significance (??0.05) among the 4thGraders in the test of mathematical representation skills due to the teaching method and for the experimental group studied according to the strategy of the strategy (FSLC). The study revealed that there were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (??0.05) in the test of mathematical representation skills due to gender, or the interaction between gender and the method.In the light of the results of the study, the researcher recommends using the teacher's guide to use the Form-Share-Listen and Create strategy (FSLC) in teaching mathematics, and training teachers to use the strategy in developing mathematical written skills (writing and presentation) and the verbal skills (speaking, listening and reading), as well as conducting further studies on the impact of this strategy in other variables and subjects. Such as solving life problems and making decision.
Energy Audit of a Wheat Processing Plant in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Green Christian Raymond , Sodiki John I. , Nkoi Barinyima
Published: February 2022

In this study, energy audit of a wheat processing plant in Rivers State, Nigeria has been carried out.  A walked-through energy audit method was undertaken to identify the major sources of energy in use, identify the lapses in energy usage, identify areas to improve energy usage, determine the level of energy consumption of the various energy sources and recommending policy measures that will enhance energy savings in the industry. The analysis showed that eight defined unit operations were required for the production of wheat flour; Truck Loading, Intake or Storage, Cleaning, Tempering or Conditioning, Holding Bin, Milling, Finished Product and Packaging. The types of energy used were electrical, thermal (diesel and gas), and manual energies with proportions of 14.63%, 85.31% and 0.05% respectively of total energy input. Average energy intensity was estimated to be 1.3GJ/tonnes for the production of wheat flour for the 5 years (2011-2015) study period. The most energy intensive operation was identified as the milling process with percentage energy input of 44.39% (123837.60MJ) followed by Finished Product Storage process with percentage energy input of 36.17% (100885.92MJ). It was observed that the industry under review did not sufficiently utilize energy as the energy used ratio is below 1. This was as a result of some factors that contributed to energy waste and energy use inefficiency in the industry. Among these factors are: electric motor that dissipate much heat, use of electric motors that have been rewound more than twice and generation of electricity more than needed in the industry by some generators. The exergy analysis showed that the roller dryer accounted for the major loss in the process with an inefficiency of 44.8%.  The useful work was 5.3kJ; exergy loss expended is 15.68kJ in the roller dryer. The study concluded that energy is not sufficiently utilized in the industry resulting in high energy waste and high pricing of wheat flour products.
Perspective on Low-Temperature Combustion Applied to the Strategies of NOx Emission Reduction
Authors: Nam Cao Dao
Published: February 2022

Compression ignition engine and PPCI-Partially Premixed Combustion Ignition, in which part of the fuel is sprayed on the fill line and the remainder is directly sprayed in the cylinder, bringing the advantages of both gasoline engine (fuel blends well with air) and diesel engine (compressed by compression). At the same time, it is possible to control the burning time of the mixture and the engine is stable and continuous thanks to the second fuel injection directly in the combustion chamber. This new method of forming mixtures and fire concepts in engines can solve both the problem of toxic combustion and emissions on internal combustion engines as well as energy security due to the use of various types. renewable fuel.
Study of Pressure Gradient in Multiphase Flow in Vertical Pipes
Authors: Wordu David Nwobisi , Ideriah Felix J. K. , Nkoi Barinyima
Published: February 2022

The study of multiphase flow in vertical pipes is aimed at effective and accurate design of tubing, surface facilities and well performance optimization for the production of oil and gas in the petroleum industry by developing a better approach for predicting pressure gradient. In this study, field data was analyzed using mathematical model, multiphase flow correlations, statistical model, and computer programming to predict accurately the flow regime, liquid holdup and pressure drop gradient which are important in the optimization of well. A Computer programme was used to prediction pressure drop gradient. Four dimensionless parameters liquid velocity number (Nlv), gas velocity number (Ngv), pipe diameter number (Nd), liquid viscosity number (Nl), were chosen because they represent an integration of the two dominant components that influence pressure drop in pipes. These dominant component are flow channel/media and the flowing fluid. The model was found to give a fit of 100% to the selected data points. Hagedorn & Brown, Griffith &Wallis correlations and model were compared with field data and the overall pressure gradient for a total depth of 10000ft was predicted. The predicted pressure gradient measured was found to be 0.320778psi/ft, Graffith& Wallis gave 0.382649Psi/ft, Hagedorn & Brown gave 0.382649Psi/ft; whereas generated model gave 0.271514Psi/ft. These results indicate that the model equation generated is better and leads to a reasonably accurate prediction of pressure drop gradient according to measured pressure gradient.
Organic Bio-Electronics: Bridging The Gap Between Natural and Artificial Materials for Bio-Electronics Applications
Authors: Omokhunu Godspower W. , Bach Christian
Published: February 2022

This paper aims to review current research and advancement in technology in organic bioelectronics and to reinvestigate the relationship between organic bioelectronics materials, properties, and application. A comprehensive literature review on organic bioelectronics and its dependent variables created a theoretical foundation for the paper. Using the review-centric theory, a model was developed and presented to encapsulate highly dynamic interaction of organic bioelectronics, synthetic and natural material sources that can be employed in present innovations and its implications on modern technologies. The model highlights the relationship between organic bioelectronics and its four main drivers namely, synthetic material (Piezoelectric energy harvesters), natural materials (electric organs), application (bio-devices, sensors, nanogenerators) and properties. Limitations to this research include; availability of raw materials in appropriate amounts, problems associated with interfacing natural with synthetic materials, maintenance of bioelectronics devices in living organisms and design methods for a variety of specific devices. The empirical data is limited to 4 dependent variables which do not present a conclusive theory about organic bioelectronics. In this review, we explored the possibility of interfacing synthetic material (PVDF) and a natural material (electric organ of Electrophorus electricus) by reviewing their properties, fabrication methods to create a composite that has application in a variety of bioelectronics devices.
Morphological Changes of SnS Thin Films Deposited on Stainless-Steel Substrates at Low Temperatures
Authors: Yarce Leticia Treviño , Andres Enrique Rosendo , Trujillo Roman Romano , Ruiz Crisoforo Morales , Becerril Tomas Diaz , Gonzalez Rutilo Silva , Isasmendi Reina Galeazzi , Solis Antonio Coyopol , Salgado Godofredo Garcia
Published: February 2022

Orthorhombic tin sulfide (SnS) thin films have been deposited on stainless steel (SS) substrates by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) at 25, 35 and 70 °C with a deposit time of 8 hours each one. XRD analysis showed that samples obtained at 25 °C and 70 °C present very small diffraction peaks. This can be attributed in the case of the sample obtained at 25 degrees, that the crystallization process is not completed because the temperature is so low and in case of the sample deposited at 75 degrees, a redissolution of the material is carried out. However, sample obtained at 35 °C was polycrystalline with orthorhombic structure and preference plane (111). All samples showed the Raman vibrational modes TO and LO of the SnS and confirms that the samples do not have by-products. It was observed from SEM micrographs that the films consisted of spheres for the sample deposited at 25 °Candsmall flakes for the other samples. From diffuse reflectance measurements the optical band gap calculated was between 1.45 eV to 1.59 eV.
Design and Analysis of a Multistage Common Emitter Amplifier for Low Frequency Applications
Authors: Dan-Abia Dan E. , Obot Akaninyene , Udofia Kufre M.
Published: February 2022

The design and analysis of the multistage common emitter (CE) amplifier for improved voltage gain over the single stage CE amplifier is presented in this paper. The design procedure started with the design of a single stage CE amplifier. The design specifications for the CE amplifier were specified. The design of the multistage CE amplifier was done using the designed single stage CE amplifier as the basic configuration. The designed single stage and multistage CE amplifiers were simulated in the linear technology simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (LT SPICE). The results obtained show that using analytical method a voltage gain of 45 dB was obtained for the single stage and 54 dB was obtained for the multistage respectively, the LT SPICE simulation software presented a result of 44 dB for the single stage and 54 dB for the multistage. The proposed amplifier may find suitable applications in devices operating in the low frequency such as audio signal applications. Furthermore, judging from these results coupling of more stages of the transistor amplifier to obtain greater voltage, current and power gains is recommended.
Theory of Origin of Water in the Solar System
Authors: Ahmedovich Mammadov Sabir
Published: February 2022

The created cosmogonic theory provides objective solutions to the problems of cosmogony - the origin of the solar system and the mechanism of the emergence of the Earth’s atmosphere and hydrosphere and four giant outer planets during the first stage, the formation of their structure by the reaction of methane and ammonia with oxygen. In the light of modern data from cosmochemistry, geochemistry, and also on the basis of fundamental theoretical research, a previously unknown new phenomenon was discovered that in the Earth’s cores and four giant outer planets there is a constant generation of organogenic chemical elements - hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as a result of controlled thermonuclear synthesis from helium (inherited by the predecessor of the solar system - a giant star - about 8 billion years after the Big Bang, and this also proves the origin of the Solar system and the mechanism of planetary origin. The weak intensity of thermonuclear processes is a function of the mass of these planets. This is also evidenced by their heat radiation several times more than they receive it from the sun, as well as their high electromagnetic field and the speed of revolution around its axis and endogenous activity), which explains the mechanism of occurrence of methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide and water in their magma and atmosphere during their existence and at the present time, and which also proves the cause of dehydration planet Earth. The history of the origin of life on Earth, previously erased, has been restored - as a result of the occurrence of water in its primary atmosphere and in an acid-water environment with the ozone layer of the atmosphere and as a result of the chemical and biological evolution of amino acids and proteins (based on sequentially organogenic elements arising in its primary atmosphere - hydrogen carbon in the form of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, as well as methane and ammonia). It has been revealed that there is a constant cycle of water on the planet Earth, that is, on the one hand, there is its consumption for photosynthetic oxygen, on the other hand, it is generated from hydrogen and oxygen and from the reaction of methane and ammonia with oxygen, as well as in the respiration process of living organisms. This explains the mechanisms of the formation of natural phenomena of cyclones, typhoons, volcanoes and earthquakes during the geological history and at present.
Plate Bending Spline Finite Strip Models Using Mixed Formulation and Combined Spline Series
Authors: Ahmed Abdarrhim Mohammed , Barony Saleh Y.
Published: February 2022

As Classical and Spline finite strip method based on stiffness and mixed variational formulation principle become important tool for continuum structural analysis , especially in the field of plate bending problems , a lot of researches has been focused on interpolation functions in order to improve the efficiency and increase the reliability of the method. The main objective of this paper is to introduce and propose a new spline interpolation function in the light of combination techniques of basic splines through introduction and brief review of previous studies in this field. This work which uses abbreviated form of augmented matrix proposed by authors published in past time , reveals a very good accordance results compared with the analytical and published solutions of different plate bending problems.
Reverse Osmosis Options for Water Supply to a Thermal Power Station
Authors: Mohammed Khwaiter Imam Rahama , Abdalla Babiker K. , Hago Eltigani E.
Published: February 2022

Water in industry is used for operations such as production processing, washing, dissolving, cooling, transportation. Industries often require large amount of water with vary quality. Water quality depends on the purpose of water use. The steam electric power generation industry is defined as those establishments primarily engaged in the steam generation of electrical energy for distribution and sale. Those establishments produce electricity primary from a process utilizing fossil type fuel (coal, oil, or gas) or nuclear fuel in connection with a thermal cycle employing the steam –water system as the thermos-dynamic medium [9]. Water with in boiler drum and steam generation tubes and headers must be soft and clean. Reverse Osmosis is an effective and proven technology to produce water that is suitable for many industrial applications that require demineralized or deionized water with neutral pH and without turbidity and aggressive.
Online P2P Internet Traffic Classification and Mitigation Based on Snort and ML
Authors: Jamil Haitham Ahmed , Ali Bushra M. , Hamdan Mosab , Osman Ahmed E.
Published: February 2022

Peer to peer applications have modified the nature of internet traffic.   It will consume high internet bandwidth and affect the performance of traditional traffic internet applications.   Therefore, the management and monitoring activity of internet traffic is the important activities involved in the optimization.   In order to detect and mitigate the P2P traffic, port, payload, and transport layer based methods were developed in the past.  Nevertheless, the performances of these methods were not up to the expectation.  Machine Learning (ML) is one of the promising methods to identify and mitigate the traffic of the Internet.   However, the classification accuracy is inconsistent.   The reason for the inconsistency is the relevant training datasets generation and feature selection.   In this research, a technique based on signature-based and ML is proposed to develop a model for online P2P traffic detection and mitigation.   The proposed work can be employed to evaluate the robustness of the online P2P machine learning classifier based on real network traffic traces containing flows labelled by SNORT tool and from special shared resources.  Analysis and validation were carried out on traffic traces of University Technology Malaysia.   The period of traffic was 2011 and 2013.   The output of research is revealing that the proposed work has spent less computation time for classification.  This method gives 99.7% accuracy which equals the classification performance attained for P2P using deep packet inspector. The findings show that classifying network traffic at the flow level can differentiate P2P over non-P2P (nP2P) with high confidence for online P2P mitigation.
Models of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors: Soto E. , Fernandes N. , Sánchez S. , Leão L. , Ribeiro Z. , Ferreira R. , Ruiz Ivan
Published: February 2022

In the present work a study of the situation that is presented in Brazil with regard to the sexually transmitted diseases is made, indicating those groups of people for which the most common certain diseases. It introduces a system of differential equations that simulates the process of transmission of different diseases, if different cases are studied that derive from the general system; the system is simplified according to the case, a qualitative study of the system of equations is presented and conclusions are drawn regarding the future situation in relation to the number of infested patients.
Microstrip Antenna Design for 3.1-4.2 GHz Frequency Band Applied to 5G Mobile Devices
Authors: Meneses González Salvador Ricardo , Rodríguez Márquez Rita Trinidad
Published: February 2022

Actually Internet of Things (IoT) applications, from driverless cars, mobile devices, smart homes and smart cities are highly requested by the costumers, obliging telecommunication businesses operators established in countries to provide shortly this significant and inevitable technological leap forward. 5G is the technology that will enable these smart mobile devices to be well connected. These devices are becoming smaller, therefore and because to the high degree of miniaturization and an efficient wireless link, small antennas, which satisfies gain, resonance frequency, wideband, impedance, and low cost are demanded, which dimensions are enough small for be assembled into these kinds of mobile devices. This work proposes a wide bandwidth ranging from 3.1?GHz – 4.2?GHz Slotted Planar Microstrip Patch Antenna, applied to first trials and introduction of 5G services, describing the design, simulation, implementation, measurement and experimental results.
New Method to Detect Zeolite Breath Sensor Response Based on Low-Power Square-Wave Sources
Authors: Carotenuto Gianfranco
Published: February 2022

Low-power A.C. generators of square-wave or sinusoidal signals can be used in combination with impedimetric sensors to detect stimuli on the basis of the voltage drop taking place at the sensor electrodes. When a.c. generators with a power of only a few µ-Watts are used, this approach becomes extremely sensitive. A very low-power generator is the LCD back panel driving signal, which has a flipping polarity with a voltage of 3-5Vpp, depending on the generator model. This type of square-wave generator is contained in many low-cost handheld digital multimeters, and it is used as signal tracer to test, for example, low-frequency amplifiers. As an example, this method has been used to acquire a human breath rate pattern, by using a zeolite-based water sensor. If the generator I-V characteristics has been measured, the achieved breath pattern can be converted from a voltage drop vs. time graph to an impedance or current intensity vs. time graph.
Orbital Perigee Deviation under Inclination Window for Sun Synchronized Low Earth Orbits
Authors: Cakaj Shkelzen , Kamo Bexhet
Published: February 2022

Data processing related to the Earth’s changes, gathered from different platforms and sensors implemented worldwide and monitoring the environment and structure represents Earth observation (EO). Environmental monitoring includes changes in Earth’s vegetation, atmospheric gas content, ocean state, melting level in the ice fields, etc. This process is mainly performed by satellites. The Earth observation satellites use Low Earth Orbits (LEO) for their missions. These missions are accomplished mainly based on photo imagery. Thus, the relative Sun’s position related to the observed area, it is very important for the photo imagery, in order the observed area from the satellite to be treated under the same lighting (illumination) conditions. This could be achieved by keeping a constant Sun position related to the orbital plane due to the Earth’s motion around the Sun. This is called Sun synchronization for low Earth orbits, the feature which is applied for satellites dedicated for the Earth observation. Nodal regression is the phenomenon which is utilized for low circular orbits providing to them the Sun synchronization. Nodal regression refers to the shift of the orbit’s line of nodes over time as Earth revolves around the Sun,  caused due to the Earth’s oblateness. Nodal regression depends on orbital altitude and orbital inclination angle. For the in advance defined range of altitudes stems the inclination window for the satellite low Earth orbits to be Sun synchronized. For analytical and simulation purposes, the altitudes from 600km to 1200km are considered. Further for the determined inclination window of the Sun synchronization it is simulated the orbital perigee deviation for the above considered altitudes and the eventual impact on the satellite’s mission.
A Fuzzy Logic Control System for a Robotic Hand Driven by Shape Memory Alloy Wires
Authors: Silva André , De Oliveira Samuel , Ries Andreas , Silva Simplício A. , Souto Cícero
Published: February 2022

This paper presents a robotic hand using wires with shape memory (NiTi) as non-conventional actuators. The mechanical structure of the robot hand was first designed by means of a CAD computer program and afterwards 3D printed using ABS polymer. The robotic hand was designed according to the physiological characteristics of the human hand, with particular attention to the angles formed by the phalanges of the fingers. A mechanical system accommodates the thin NiTi wires compactly, thus forming an artificial muscle. A fuzzy logic based control system allows an accurate positioning of each phalanx. The contribution of the present work to science lies in the practical implementation of known techniques and materials.