bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efeitos da ovariectomia experimental no metabolismo ósseo de ratas wistar adultas: um modelo para estudo da osteoporose
Authors: Netto Claudia Cardoso , Franco Manoela , Cunha Maria Susana Corrêa Alves da , Miyasaka Celio Kenji
Published: May 2018

A privação dos hormônios ovarianos acarreta distúrbios endócrinos e funcionais, tais como disfunção sexual, perda da libido, maior risco de osteoporose e de doenças cardíacas, níveis alterados de lipoproteínas, ganho ponderal, entre outros. A osteoporose é uma patologia óssea sistêmica caracterizada por um desequilíbrio entre reabsorção e formação óssea, resultando em um aumento da fragilidade óssea. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi descrever os efeitos da ovariectomia (OVT) experimental no metabolismo ósseo e no ganho ponderal de ratas wistar adultas. Ratas adultas foram submetidas ao procedimento de OVT (G1) bilateralmente ou uma falsa castração (G2). Após 30 dias, foi coletado sangue para dosagem de estrogênio sérico e após 60 dias os animais foram sacrificados para a realização das análises séricas e ósseas. O consumo de ração e o ganho de peso foram monitorados duas e uma vez por semana, respectivamente. As ratas OVT apresentaram médias estatisticamente maiores (p < 0,05) para o consumo de dieta, ganho de peso e atividade sérica da fosfatase alcalina e, menores (p < 0,05) para concentração de estrogênio sérico, conteúdo de cálcio, radiodensidade e limite proporcional ósseo quando comparadas às ratas sham-operadas. Além das análises quantitativas, as ratas OVT apresentaram fêmures com superfície com fossas de reabsorção visivelmente profundas, confirmando que ratas ovariectomizadas são um bom modelo de estudo de osteoporose em mulheres na pós-menopausa.
Alterações hepáticas na doença celíaca
Authors: Franca Rita , Diniz-Santos Daniel R. , May Daniel Simões , Saback Thais Lima , Silva Luciana Rodrigues
Published: May 2018

O envolvimento do fígado tem sido freqüentemente descrito em pacientes celíacos. Condições como hipertransaminasemia, que retorna a valores normais após a dieta isenta de glúten, doenças hepáticas de origem auto-imune e outras doenças crônicas do fígado, sobretudo a hepatite crônica pelo vírus C, estão associadas com a doença celíaca. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir as relações recentemente evidenciadas na literatura entre essa enteropatia glúten-sensível e os tipos de alterações hepáticas.
Dente intranasal em uma paciente com fissura labiopalatina
Authors: Andrade Miguel Gustavo Setúbal , Marchionni Antônio Márcio Teixeira , Oliveira Marília Gerhardt de , Heitz Cláiton
Published: May 2018

A erupção dentária ectópica para a cavidade nasal é um fenômeno raro e mais raro ainda entre os pacientes com fissura lábiopalatina. Relata-se o caso de um dente intranasal associado à cacosmia numa paciente fissurada de 5 anos de idade. Diversas cirurgias prévias foram feitas para a correção da má formação. A paciente foi avaliada por tomografia computadorizada e o dente foi removido de sua narina A etiologia do fenômeno é discutida.
Produção de antígeno viral para o sorodiagnóstico da artrite-encefalite caprina utilizando um teste imunoenzimático (ELISA)
Authors: Torres Julianna Alves , Campos Gúbio Soares , Freitas Michael Menezes , Brandão Camila Fonseca Lopes , Sardi Sílvia Inês
Published: May 2018

O vírus da Artrite-encefalite caprina (CAEV) é um Lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes, que causa uma doença crônica e progressiva, caracterizada por encefalomielite, mastite, pneumonia e artrite. O diagnóstico é baseado na detecção de anticorpos contra o vírus através da Imunodifusão em Gel de Agarose (IDGA), técnica sorológica de referência para CAEV, porém de baixa sensibilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir um antígeno a partir da cultura de células de membrana sinovial caprina (MSC) infectadas com a CAEV, para ser utilizado em um teste diagnóstico (ELISA indireto). O antígeno foi obtido de culturas de células de MSC infectadas e posterior tratamento com SDS 0,1%. Amostras de soros caprinos (n=343) foram utilizadas para detectar a presença de anticorpos para CAEV pelo teste ELISA indireto e a técnica IDGA. Nessas amostras, o teste ELISA detectou 72 ( 21%) amostras positivas. Entretanto, o teste IDGA detectou 30 (8%) amostras positivas. O ELISA indireto também detectou precocemente uma soroconversão em 5 animais de um total de 13 controlados periodicamente durante 2 anos. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do teste ELISA com relação a IDGA foi de 73,3% e 84% respectivamente. Esse ELISA com o antígeno viral assim produzido mostrou-se efetivo, de baixo custo e sensível para o diagnóstico sorológico de anticorpos para CAEV.
Comitês de ética em pesquisa no Brasil
Authors: Costa Maiana De Oliveira Cerqueira e , Ramos Pablo Ivan Pereira , Guimarães Izolda Nunes , Moreira Lilia Maria de Azevedo
Published: May 2018

Os Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa (CEPs) se apresentam como ferramentas essenciais na busca pela eticidade nas pesquisas clínicas. A obrigatoriedade da submissão de projetos que envolvem seres humanos a um CEP foi somente instituída com a Resolução 196/96, de 1996, considerada um grande avanço na questão da ética em pesquisa no Brasil. O presente estudo teve como objetivo, através de um levantamento bibliográfico, analisar a implementação dos Comitês de Ética no Brasil, com ênfase no estado da Bahia. Verificou-se um aumento no número de Comitês de Ética, o que indica uma busca de adequação às novas diretrizes apresentadas pelo Conselho Nacional de Saúde, tanto por parte das instituições como dos pesquisadores. Observa-se, entretanto, que a distribuição desses Comitês é desigual, com maior concentração nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do país.
Políticas de saúde pública aplicadas à genética médica no Brasil
Authors: Meira Joanna Góes Castro , Acosta Angelina Xavier
Published: May 2018

A participação dos defeitos congênitos na mortalidade infantil tornou-se mais significativa com o declínio das demais causas, por melhorias das condições socioeconômicas, o que desperta maior interesse entre os profissionais de saúde pública. De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), 7,6 milhões de crianças nascem anualmente com um defeito genético grave. O Brasil apresenta-se heterogêneo em relação às taxas de mortalidade infantil, devido às disparidades socioeconômicas, e no alcance dos programas básicos de saúde. Este trabalho objetiva conhecer e descrever os programas de saúde pública, governamentais e não-governamentais, em vigência no Brasil e, em particular, no Estado da Bahia, relacionados à prevenção, manejo e tratamento das doenças genéticas. Dentre as ações governamentais relacionadas à prevenção e monitorização das doenças genéticas, estão o Programa Nacional de Triagem Neonatal, o Programa de fortificação das farinhas com ácido fólico, a Implantação do Campo 34 na Declaração Nacional de Nascidos Vivos. Dentre as ações não-governamentais relacionadas à prevenção e monitorização das doenças genéticas, serão citados o Estudo Colaborativo Latino-americano de Malformações Congênitas e o Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Agentes Teratogênicos. Quanto às ações relacionadas ao manejo e tratamento das doenças genéticas, existem o Programa de Osteogênese Imperfeita e o da Doença de Gaucher.
Análise da permeabilidade das luvas de látex para procedimento mais utilizadas por alunos da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia
Authors: Lopes Nereida , Prates Natália , Rabelo Rosângela , Cruz José Flávio Wanderley
Published: May 2018

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a permeabilidade das luvas de látex para procedimento mais usadas por alunos da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Foram observadas quarenta luvas de duas marcas distintas, as quais, que após duas horas infladas com água corada com violeta de genciana, apresentaram umidade superficial.
Diferentes alternativas de clareamento para dentes escurecidos tratados endodonticamente
Authors: Martins Joana Dourado , Bastos Luana Costa , Gaglianone Lívia Aguilera , Azevedo Juliana Fellipi Góes de David de , Bezerra Rebeca Barroso , Morais Paula Mathias Rabelo de
Published: May 2018

O clareamento de dentes escurecidos e tratados endodonticamente constitui-se em uma possibilidade de tratamento estético que oferece maior preservação da estrutura dental e baixo custo, especialmente quando comparado aos procedimentos invasivos, como a confecção de facetas ou coroas. O peróxido de hidrogênio, o peróxido de carbamida e o perborato de sódio podem ser utilizados na superfície externa e interna dos dentes ou aplicados no interior da câmara pulpar, seguido pelo selamento coronário e troca do material clareador, em períodos de tempo pré-estabelecidos – técnica conhecida como Walking bleach. A aplicação de calor, visando a acelerar a reação química do clareamento dental (técnica termo-catalítica) tem sido questionada pelo fato de se constituir em um possível fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de reabsorção radicular externa, principalmente quando existe histórico de trauma dentário ou defeitos no cemento radicular. Portanto, a indicação precisa do material a ser utilizado deve ter como base o conhecimento da eficiência dos diversos agentes e a segurança do tratamento por eles oferecida. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é revisar a literatura, considerando as diferentes alternativas de clareamento para dentes tratados endodonticamente e escurecidos, abordando os agentes clareadores mais utilizados, as diferentes técnicas, vantagens e desvantagens, e possíveis efeitos colaterais advindos dessas técnicas.
Hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatória: relato de caso e revisão de literatura
Authors: Falcão Antônio Fernando Pereira , Lamberti Patrícia Leite Ribeiro , Lorens Felipe Da Gama Lobo , Lacerda Juliana Andrade de , Nascimento Bruno Campos
Published: May 2018

A hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatória, também denominada de epúlide fissurada, enquadra-se entre as lesões benignas do tecido mole decorrentes de traumas crônicos, geralmente de uma prótese mal adaptada. Essa lesão acomete preferencialmente o sexo feminino, adultos de meia idade ou mais velhos, e usuários de próteses. É mais frequente na região anterior da maxila, exofítica, e pode variar de flácida a consistente. O presente trabalho relata um caso de hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatória, diagnosticado em uma mulher de cinquenta dois anos de idade, leucoderma, no ambulatório de Estomatologia I da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, e apresenta relatos da literatura a respeito dessa lesão.
Asymmetrical Ladder‐Type Donor‐Induced Polar Small Molecule Acceptor to Promote Fill Factors Approaching 77% for High‐Performance Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Gao Wei , Zhang Miao , Liu Tao , Ming Ruijie , An Qiaoshi , Wu Kailong , Xie Dongjun , Luo Zhenghui , Zhong Cheng , Liu Feng , Zhang Fujun , Yan He , Yang Chuluo
Published: May 2018

In this work, an effectual strategy of constructing polar small molecule acceptors (SMAs) to promote fill factor (FF) of nonfullerene polymer solar cells (PSCs) is first reported. Three asymmetrical SMAs of IDT6CN, IDT6CN‐Th, and IDT6CN‐M, which own large dipole moments, are designed and synthesized. The PSCs based on three polar SMAs exhibit apparently higher FFs compared with their symmetrical analogues. The asymmetrical design strategy accompanied with side chain and end group engineering makes IDT6CN‐Th‐ and IDT6CN‐M‐based nonfullerene PSCs achieve high power conversion efficiency with FFs approaching 77%.
A 2D Conductive Organic–Inorganic Hybrid with Extraordinary Volumetric Capacitance at Minimal Swelling
Authors: Xiao Kefeng , Jiang Donglin , Amal Rose , Wang Da‐Wei
Published: May 2018

Rational design and synthesis of 2D organic–inorganic hybrid materials is important for transformative technological advances for energy storage. Here, a 2D conductive hybrid lamella and its intercalation properties for thin‐film supercapacitors are reported. The 2D organic–inorganic hybrid lamella comprises periodically stacked 2D nanosheets with 11.81 Å basal spacing, and is electronically conductive (605 S m−1). In contrast to the pre‐existing organic‐based 2D materials, this material has extremely low gas‐permeable porosity (16.5 m2 g−1) in contrast to the high ionic accessibility. All these structural features collectively contribute to the high capacitances up to 732 F cm−3, combined with small structural swelling at as low as 4.8% and good stability. At a discharge time of 6 s, the thin‐film intercalation electrode delivers an energy density of 24 mWh cm−3, which universally outperforms the surface‐dominant capacitive processes in porous carbons.
Atomic‐Scale Mott–Schottky Heterojunctions of Boron Nitride Monolayer and Graphene as Metal‐Free Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: Zhang Ke‐Xin , Su Hui , Wang Hong‐Hui , Zhang Jun‐Jun , Zhao Shu‐Yu , Lei Weiwei , Wei Xiao , Li Xin‐Hao , Chen Jie‐Sheng
Published: May 2018

Heterojunction photocatalysts at present are still suffering from the low charge separation/transfer efficiency due to the poor charge mobility of semiconductor‐based photocatalysts. Atomic‐scale heterojunction‐type photocatalysts are regarded as a promising and effective strategy to overcome the drawbacks of traditional photocatalysts for higher photoenergy conversion efficiencies. Herein, an atomic‐scale heterojunction composed of a boron nitride monolayer and graphene (h‐BN‐C/G) is constructed to significantly shorten the charge transfer path to promote the activation of molecular oxygen for artificial photosynthesis (exemplified with oxidative coupling of amines to imines). As the thinnest heterojunction, h‐BN‐C/G gives the highest conversion, which is eightfold higher than that of the mechanical mixture of graphene and boron nitride monolayers. h‐BN‐C/G exhibits a high turnover frequency value (4.0 mmol benzylamine g−1 h−1), which is 2.5‐fold higher than that of the benchmark metal‐free photocatalyst in the literature under even critical conditions.
Tuning Spin State of Rock‐Salt‐Based Oxides by Manipulation of Crystallinity for Efficient Oxygen Electrocatalysis
Authors: Jin Yong‐Zhen , Li Zhe , Wang Jia‐Qi , Li Ran , Li Zhi‐Qing , Liu Hui , Mao Jing , Dong Cun‐Ku , Yang Jing , Qiao Shi‐Zhang , Du Xi‐Wen
Published: May 2018

The spin state, specifically antibonding orbital (e
g) occupancy, of transition‐metal ions is recognized as a descriptor for oxygen electrocatalysts with perovskite or spinel structures, and can be facilely adjusted by varying the valence states of transition metals. However, both perovskites and spinels show unsatisfactory performance even at the optimal spin states. In comparison, some oxides with a rock salt structure (e.g., NiIICoIIO2) exhibit higher activity than perovskites and spinels, nevertheless, the rock salt structure excludes valence changes of the transition metals, obstructing further e
g optimization and performance enhancement. Herein, an innovative strategy is demonstrated to regulate the spin states of CoII in NiCoO2 via crystallinity manipulation, thus providing a new strategy for eg optimization. Remarkably, the catalyst (CNO‐8) with a moderate eg occupancy (≈1.2) achieves the best electrocatalytic activity, which is among the highest achieved by the state‐of‐the‐art electrocatalysts, namely, an overpotential of ≈269 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for oxygen evolution reaction and an onset potential of 935 mV for oxygen reduction reaction. As an efficient bifunctional catalyst for rechargeable Zn‐air batteries, CNO‐8 even outperforms the noble metal catalyst (Pt/C + RuO2), demonstrating high potential for practical applications in electrochemical energy conversion.
ZnNixMnxCo2–2xO4 Spinel as a High‐Voltage and High‐Capacity Cathode Material for Nonaqueous Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Pan Chengsi , Zhang Ruixian , Nuzzo Ralph G. , Gewirth Andrew A.
Published: May 2018

Nonaqueous Zn‐ion batteries are regarded as one alternative for Li‐ion batteries. Such batteries not only afford attractive attributes of cost, but also embody the advantages of the high‐specific capacities of Zn anodes, as well as the wide potential window of nonaqueous electrolytes. To fully exploit these advantages, improved cathode materials are highly desired. In this manuscript, a new series of spinels, ZnNixMnxCo2–2xO4, are reported as cathode materials for nonaqueous Zn‐ion batteries. Full cells constructed using this new spinel (x = 1/2) as a cathode paired with a metal anode showed capacities over 200 cycles of 174 mAh g−1 and an open circuit potential of 2.05 V. The battery exhibits an energy density of 305 Wh kg−1, which is the highest energy density yet reported for a Zn‐intercalation cathode. The data show that the Zn2+ ions reversibly intercalate into the spinel structure during the charge/discharge processes, a compositional transformation directly correlated with a multiply reversible conversion between Co4+/Co3+, Ni4+/Ni3+/Ni2+, and Mn4+/Mn3+ oxidation states within the lattice. The data suggest that Mn, Ni cosubstitution for Co in ZnCo2O4 is an efficient method to facilitate Zn‐deintercalation and enhance discharge capacity, which may provide some guidelines for designing more attractive multivalent cathodes materials.
Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene‐Supported Mixed Transition‐Metal Oxide Porous Particles to Confine Polysulfides for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Sun Qian , Xi Baojuan , Li Jiang‐Ying , Mao Hongzhi , Ma Xiaojian , Liang Jianwen , Feng Jinkui , Xiong Shenglin
Published: May 2018

The intricate charge–discharge reactions and bad conductivity nature of sulfur determine the extreme importance of cathode engineering for Li–S batteries. Herein, spinel ZnCo2O4 porous particles@N‐doped reduced graphene oxide (ZnCo2O4@N‐RGO) are prepared via the combined procedures of refluxing and hydrothermal treatment, consisting of interconnected uniform ZnCo2O4 nanocubes with an average size of 5 nm anchored on graphene nanosheets. The as‐obtained composite can act as an inimitable cathode scaffold to suppress the shuttling of polysulfides by chemical confinement of ZnCo2O4 and N‐RGO for the first time, as demonstrated by the adsorption energy of ZnCo2O4 to Li2S4 via the strong chemical bonding between Zn or Co and S. The RGO nanosheets with a relatively high specific surface area provide a good conductive network and structural stability. The introduction of doped N atoms and numerous ZnCo2O4 porous nanoparticles can inhibit the transfer of lithium polysulfides between the cathode and anode. Due to the unique structural and compositional features, the as‐obtained hybrid materials with the high sulfur loading of 71% and even 82% still deliver high specific capacity, good rate capability, and enhanced cycling stability with exceptionally high initial Coulombic efficiency, which displays a high utilization of sulfur.
Chemical Immobilization and Conversion of Active Polysulfides Directly by Copper Current Collector: A New Approach to Enabling Stable Room‐Temperature Li‐S and Na‐S Batteries
Authors: Li Peirong , Ma Lu , Wu Tianpin , Ye Hualin , Zhou Junhua , Zhao Feipeng , Han Na , Wang Yeyun , Wu Yunling , Li Yanguang , Lu Jun
Published: May 2018

Room‐temperature Li/Na‐S batteries are promising energy storage solutions, but unfortunately suffer from serious cycling problems rooted in their polysulfide intermediates. The conventional strategy to tackle this issue is to design host materials for trapping polysulfides via weak physical confinement and interfacial chemical interactions. Even though beneficial, their capability for the polysulfide immobilization is still limited. Herein, the unique sulfiphilic nature of metallic Cu is revisited. Upon the exposure to polysulfide in aqueous or aprotic solution, the surface sulfidization rapidly takes place, resulting in the formation of Cu2S nanoflake arrays with tunable texture. When the sulfidized Cu current collector is directly used as the sulfur‐equivalent cathode, it enables high‐performance Li/Na‐S batteries at room temperature with reasonable high sulfur loading. Specific capacities up to ≈1200 mAh g−1 for Li‐S and ≈400 mAh g−1 for Na‐S are measured when normalized to the amount of equivalent sulfur, and can be readily sustained for >1000 cycles.
Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Tritylthiol to Azadienes with a Bifunctional Organocatalyst
Authors: Gu Zheng , Xie Jiao‐Jiao , Jiang Guo‐Fang , Zhou Yong‐Gui
Published: May 2018

A highly enantioselective sulfa‐Michael addition of tritylthiol to azadienes catalyzed by a bifunctional squaramide organocatalyst is described, giving the chiral aminothioethers bearing benzofuran motif with high yields and up to 94 % of enantioselectivity. Notably, the aromatization to form the benzofuran is the driving force.
Cell‐ and Tissue‐Based Proteome Profiling and Dual Imaging of Apoptosis Markers with Probes Derived from Venetoclax and Idasanutlin
Authors: Zhu Dongsheng , Guo Haijun , Chang Yu , Ni Yun , Li Lin , Zhang Zhi‐Min , Hao Piliang , Xu Yong , Ding Ke , Li Zhengqiu
Published: May 2018

Venetoclax (ABT‐199) and idasanutlin (RG7388) are efficient anticancer drugs targeting two essential apoptosis markers, Bcl‐2 and MDM2, respectively. Recent studies have shown that the combination of these two drugs leads to remarkable enhancement of anticancer efficacy, both in vitro and in vivo. In an attempt to disclose the relationships of their protein targets, competitive affinity‐based proteome profiling coupled with bioimaging was employed to characterize their protein targets in the same cancer cell line and tumor tissue. A series of protein hits, including ITPR1, GSR, RER1, PDIA3, Apoa1, and Tnfrsf17 were simultaneously identified by pull‐down/LC–MS/MS with the two sets of affinity‐based probes. Dual imaging was successfully carried out, with the simultaneous detection of Bcl‐2 and MDM2 expression in various cancer cells. This could facilitate the novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of dual targeting of Bcl‐2/MDM2.
Prototyping Instruments for the Chemical Laboratory Using Inexpensive Electronic Modules
Authors: Urban Pawel L.
Published: May 2018

Open‐source electronics and programming can augment chemical and biomedical research. Currently, chemists can choose from a broad range of low‐cost universal electronic modules (microcontroller boards and single‐board computers) and use them to assemble working prototypes of scientific tools to address specific experimental problems and to support daily research work. The learning time can be as short as a few hours, and the required budget is often as low as 50 USD. Prototyping instruments using low‐cost electronic modules gives chemists enormous flexibility to design and construct customized instrumentation, which can reduce the delays caused by limited access to high‐end commercial platforms.
Konstruktion und Bemessung selbsttätiger Hochwassersperren aus Hochleistungsbeton
Authors: Schnell Jürgen , Maryamh Kasem
Published: May 2018

Hochleistungsbetone eröffnen völlig neue Anwendungsgebiete für mineralische Baustoffe. Bei dem Versuch, bisher etablierte Bauweisen zu substituieren, spielt neben der Erreichbarkeit wirtschaftlicher und ökologischer Vorteile auch die Freude am Ausprobieren und am Antizipieren zukünftiger Entwicklungen eine wichtige Rolle.

Der mit diesem Beitrag geehrte Jubilar hat in diesem Zusammenhang unzählige eindrucksvolle Beiträge geliefert, die übrigens weit über den Einsatz neuer Werkstoffe und Materialien hinausgehen, und inspiriert zu immer neuen Anläufen.

Im vorliegenden Aufsatz soll am einfachen Beispiel von selbsttätigen Hochwassersperren gezeigt werden, wie ein werkstoffgerechter Einsatz von Baustoffen neue sinnvolle Lösungen ermöglichen kann. Jederzeitige Verfügbarkeit, geringe Herstellkosten, hohe Dauerhaftigkeit und geringer Wartungsaufwand sind dabei angestrebte Zielgrößen.
A cure‐rate model for Q‐learning: Estimating an adaptive immunosuppressant treatment strategy for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant patients
Authors: Moodie Erica E. M. , Stephens David A. , Alam Shomoita , Zhang Mei‐Jie , Logan Brent , Arora Mukta , Spellman Stephen , Krakow Elizabeth F.
Published: May 2018

Cancers treated by transplantation are often curative, but immunosuppressive drugs are required to prevent and (if needed) to treat graft‐versus‐host disease. Estimation of an optimal adaptive treatment strategy when treatment at either one of two stages of treatment may lead to a cure has not yet been considered. Using a sample of 9563 patients treated for blood and bone cancers by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation drawn from the Center for Blood and Marrow Transplant Research database, we provide a case study of a novel approach to Q‐learning for survival data in the presence of a potentially curative treatment, and demonstrate the results differ substantially from an implementation of Q‐learning that fails to account for the cure‐rate.
Genomic characterization of individuals presenting extreme phenotypes of high and low risk to develop tobacco‐induced lung cancer
Authors: Fusco Juan Pablo , Pita Guillermo , Pajares María José , Andueza Maria Pilar , Patiño‐García Ana , de‐Torres Juan P. , Gurpide Alfonso , Zulueta Javier , Alonso Rosario , Alvarez Nuria , Pio Ruben , Melero Ignacio , Sanmamed Miguel F. , Rodriguez Ruiz Maria , Gil‐Bazo Ignacio , Lopez‐Picazo Jose María , Casanova Ciro , Baz Davila Rebeca , Agudo Antonio , Lozano Maria Dolores , Gonzalez Alvaro , Sala Nuria , Ardanaz Eva , Benitez Javier , Montuenga Luis , Gonzalez‐Neira Anna , Perez‐Gracia Jose Luis
Published: May 2018

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may modulate individual susceptibility to carcinogens. We designed a genome‐wide association study to characterize individuals presenting extreme phenotypes of high and low risk to develop tobacco‐induced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and we validated our results. We hypothesized that this strategy would enrich the frequencies of the alleles that contribute to the observed traits. We genotyped 2.37 million SNPs in 95 extreme phenotype individuals, that is: heavy smokers that either developed NSCLC at an early age (extreme cases); or did not present NSCLC at an advanced age (extreme controls), selected from a discovery set (n = 3631). We validated significant SNPs in 133 additional subjects with extreme phenotypes selected from databases including >39,000 individuals. Two SNPs were validated: rs12660420 (pcombined = 5.66 × 10−5; ORcombined = 2.80), mapping to a noncoding transcript exon of PDE10A; and rs6835978 (pcombined = 1.02 × 10−4; ORcombined = 2.57), an intronic variant in ATP10D. We assessed the relevance of both proteins in early‐stage NSCLC. PDE10A and ATP10DmRNA expressions correlated with survival in 821 stage I–II NSCLC patients (p = 0.01 and p < 0.0001). PDE10A protein expression correlated with survival in 149 patients with stage I–II NSCLC (p = 0.002). In conclusion, we validated two variants associated with extreme phenotypes of high and low risk of developing tobacco‐induced NSCLC. Our findings may allow to identify individuals presenting high and low risk to develop tobacco‐induced NSCLC and to characterize molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and resistance to develop NSCLC.
Synthesis of New Benzimidazole‐1,2,3‐triazole Hybrids as Tyrosinase Inhibitors
Authors: Mahdavi Mohammad , Ashtari Arsalan , Khoshneviszadeh Mahsima , Ranjbar Sara , Dehghani Ameneh , Akbarzadeh Tahmineh , Larijani Bagher , Khoshneviszadeh Mehdi , Saeedi Mina
Published: May 2018

A novel series of benzimidazole‐1,2,3‐triazole hybrids containing substituted benzyl moieties were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase. The results indicated that 2‐(4‐{[1‐(3,4‐dichlorobenzyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl]methoxy}phenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole (6g) and 2‐(4‐{[1‐(4‐bromobenzyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl]methoxy}phenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole (6h) exhibited effective inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 9.42 and 10.34 μm, respectively, comparable to that of kojic acid as the reference drug (IC50 = 9.28 μm). Kinetic study of compound 6g confirmed mixed‐type inhibitory activity towards tyrosinase indicating that it can bind to free enzyme as well as enzyme‐substrate complex. Also, molecular docking analysis was performed to determine the binding mode of the most potent compounds (6g and 6h) in the active site of tyrosinase. Consequently, 6g and 6h derivatives might serve as promising candidates in cosmetics, medicine or food industry, and development of such compounds may be of an interest.
Growth of MoS2 Nanoflowers with Expanded Interlayer Distance onto N‐Doped Graphene for Reversible Lithium Storage
Authors: Wu Minghong , Xia Saisai , Ding Jianfeng , Zhao Bing , Jiao Yalong , Du Aijun , Zhang Haijiao
Published: May 2018

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been widely deemed as an attractive anode candidate for rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) on account of its apparently high capacity and intriguing 2‐dimensional layered structure. In our work, the growth of MoS2 nanoflowers with an expanded interlayer spacing onto nitrogen‐doped reduced graphene oxide has been successfully performed by using an effective poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)‐guided assembly route. The theoretical and experimental results indicate that PVP, as a linker, is a major contribution, both in regulating the microstructure of MoS2 nanoflowers and improving the electrochemical properties of the flower‐like MoS2/N‐graphene (F‐MoS2/NG) composite. When utilized as anode materials, the as‐made F‐MoS2/NG composite shows a boosted electrochemical performance for reversible lithium storage. It delivers a high reversible capacity of 1060 mAh/g at 100 mA/g even after 150 cycles, which is much higher than 416 mAh/g of the control MoS2/G electrode. The kinetics analysis reveals that the remarkable rate capability of F‐MoS2/NG is mainly ascribed to a pseudocapacitive process, which is rendered by its unique architecture including well‐defined MoS2 nanoflowers, the doping of nitrogen onto graphene, and the enhanced synergistic effect between them.
Theoretical Investigation of the Electron‐Transfer Dynamics and Photodegradation Pathways in a Hydrogen‐Evolving Ruthenium–Palladium Photocatalyst
Authors: Staniszewska Magdalena , Kupfer Stephan , Guthmuller Julien
Published: May 2018

Time‐dependent density functional theory calculations combined with the Marcus theory of electron transfer (ET) were applied on the molecular photocatalyst [(tbbpy)2Ru(tpphz)PdCl2]2+ in order to elucidate the light‐induced relaxation pathways populated upon excitation in the longer wavelength range of its absorption spectrum. The computational results show that after the initial excitation, metal (Ru) to ligand (tpphz) charge transfer (MLCT) triplet states are energetically accessible, but that an ET toward the catalytic center (PdCl2) from these states is a slow process, with estimated time constants above 1 ns. Instead, the calculations predict that low‐lying Pd‐centered states are efficiently populated—associated to an energy transfer toward the catalytic center. Thus, it is postulated that these states lead to the dissociation of a Cl− and are consequently responsible for the experimentally observed degradation of the catalytic center. Following dissociation, it is shown that the ET rates from the MLCT states to the charge separated states are significantly increased (i.e. 104–106 times larger). This demonstrates that alteration of the catalytic center generates efficient charge separation.
Using LICHeE and BAMSE for Reconstructing Cancer Phylogenetic Trees
Authors: Ricketts Camir , Popic Victoria , Toosi Hosein , Hajirasouliha Iman
Published: May 2018

The reconstruction of cancer phylogeny trees and quantifying the evolution of the disease is a challenging task. LICHeE and BAMSE are two computational tools designed and implemented recently for this purpose. They both utilize estimated variant allele fraction of somatic mutations across multiple samples to infer the most likely cancer phylogenies. This unit provides extensive guidelines for installing and running both LICHeE and BAMSE. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
IR, Raman, and Vibrational Optical Activity Spectra of Methyl Glycidate in Chloroform and Water: The Clusters‐in‐a‐liquid Solvation Model
Authors: Perera Angelo Shehan , Cheramy Joseph , Merten Christian , Thomas Javix , Xu Yunjie
Published: May 2018

Solvent effects, in particular those involving water as the solvent, are of significant interest to the chemistry and physics communities. IR, vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), Raman, and Raman optical activity (ROA) spectra of methyl glycidate in two very different solvents, namely CCl4 and water, have been measured experimentally and simulated theoretically. The observed spectra in CCl4 could be well modelled using the polarizable continuum model for the solvent, whereas the situation is much different in water. The experimental VCD spectrum of methyl glycidate in water reveals strong induced VCD signatures in the water bending region, indicating the presence of the relatively long‐lived methyl glycidate‐watern complexes. We applied the clusters‐in‐a‐liquid approach to identify the dominant methyl glycidate‐water1,2 complexes which are the long‐lived species responsible for all the spectra observed in water. We examined the influences of solvent dielectric environment and the hydrogen‐bonding interactions on the conformational distribution of methyl glycidate. The geometry optimizations, frequency calculations, IR, VCD, Raman and ROA intensity calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6‐311++G(2d,p) and aug‐cc‐pVTZ levels of theory with D3BJ dispersion correction. It is particularly satisfying to note that the clusters‐in‐a‐liquid approach has captured all main experimental features in IR, VCD, Raman and ROA spectra of methyl glycidate in water.
Photoelectrochemical Characterisation on Surface‐Inverted Black Silicon Photocathodes by Using Platinum/Palladium Co‐catalysts for Solar‐to‐Hydrogen Conversion
Authors: Halima Ahmed Farid , Zhang Xinyi , MacFarlane Douglas Robert
Published: May 2018

Black silicon (bSi) has recently captured research attention in photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar‐to‐hydrogen (STH) conversion devices. Because nanostructuring of silicon retains the photovoltaic attributes of the material, it also provides a range of excellent physicochemical properties, such as a vast active‐site‐rich electrochemical interface, owing to a high aspect ratio, and important light‐scattering attributes, which significantly improve photoconversion. One method to gain control over p‐type bSi interface energetics is surface inversion of the p‐type interface by phosphorus doping to introduce a shallow n+‐emitter layer, which provides a thin p–n junction at the interface of the nanostructures. Although this concept has been suggested in the literature, it has not been demonstrated experimentally for a platinum/palladium co‐catalysed bSi photocathode device for STH conversion. Herein, preliminary investigations and proof‐of‐concept studies are reported for the fabrication and PEC characterisation of surface‐inverted p‐type bSi photocathodes prepared by wet chemical etching. The PEC tests on p‐bSi|n+ photocathodes show that, for both metal nanoparticles (Pt and Pd), the catalytic activity for proton conversion is increased; this is evident from an anodic shift in the onset potentials shifts to 0.24 and 0.29 V and an increase in photocurrent by 9 and 13.8 mA cm−2, respectively, at 0 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode, as a result of introducing the emitter layer.
Light‐Activated Hydrogen Storage in Mg, LiH and NaAlH4
Authors: Sun Yahui , Aguey‐Zinsou Kondo‐Francois
Published: May 2018

The concept of light activation for triggering hydrogen release or uptake in hydrogen storage materials was investigated with the aid of gold (Au) nanoparticles dispersed at the surface of typical hydrides including magnesium hydride (MgH2), lithium hydride (LiH) and sodium alanate (NaAlH4). Upon Xe lamp illumination, the overall temperature of the materials reached ca. 100 °C owing to the plasmonic heating effect of the Au nanoparticles. Direct‐heat‐driven hydrogen storage at the same temperature with a conventional electrical furnace was found to be less effective with a smaller fraction of hydrogen released from Au/LiH and no phase conversion for Au/NaAlH4 or for Au/Mg under hydrogen pressure. The better efficiency of the observed light‐driven hydrogen storage is attributed to the higher temperature in the vicinity of the Au nanoparticles owing to their plasmonic effect. With further improvements, light‐activated hydrogen storage could lead to an effective approach for hydrogen uptake and release from hydrides at low temperatures.
Reagent Validation to Facilitate Experimental Reproducibility
Authors: Williams Michael
Published: May 2018

Many results reported in the biomedical research literature cannot be independently reproduced, undermining the basic foundations of science. This overview is intended for researchers who are committed to improving the quality and integrity of biomedical science by raising awareness of both the sources of irreproducibility, and activities specifically targeted to address the issue. The irreproducibility of biomedical research is due to a variety of factors, known and unknown, that markedly influence experimental outcomes. Among the known factors are inadequate training or mentoring, or experimenter incompetence. These may result in flawed experimental design and execution that reflect a lack of planning, leading to an underpowering of a study, an absence of appropriate controls, selective data analysis, inappropriate statistical analysis, and/or investigator bias or fraud. Another frequently overlooked source of irreproducibility is failure to ensure that the equipment used is performing up to manufacturer specifications. Failure to validate/authenticate the experimental reagents is another source of irreproducibility. These include compounds, cell lines, antibodies, and the animal models used in a study. This overview discusses how a lack of validation of research reagents negatively impact experimental reproducibility, and provides guidelines to avoid these pitfalls. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Visuomotor coordination and cortical connectivity of modular motor learning
Authors: Burgos Pablo I. , Mariman Juan J. , Makeig Scott , Rivera‐Lillo Gonzalo , Maldonado Pedro E.
Published: May 2018

The ability to transfer sensorimotor skill components to new actions and the capacity to use skill components from whole actions are characteristic of the adaptability of the human sensorimotor system. However, behavioral evidence suggests complex limitations for transfer after combined or modular learning of motor adaptations. Also, to date, only behavioral analysis of the consequences of the modular learning has been reported, with little understanding of the sensorimotor mechanisms of control and the interaction between cortical areas. We programmed a video game with distorted kinematic and dynamic features to test the ability to combine sensorimotor skill components learned modularly (composition) and the capacity to use separate sensorimotor skill components learned in combination (decomposition). We examined motor performance, eye–hand coordination, and EEG connectivity. When tested for integrated learning, we found that combined practice initially performed better than separated practice, but differences disappeared after integrated practice. Separate learning promotes fewer anticipatory control mechanisms (depending more on feedback control), evidenced in a lower gaze leading behavior and in higher connectivity between visual and premotor domains, in comparison with the combined practice. The sensorimotor system can acquire motor modules in a separated or integrated manner. However, the system appears to require integrated practice to coordinate the adaptations with the skill learning and the networks involved in the integrated behavior. This integration seems to be related to the acquisition of anticipatory mechanism of control and with the decrement of feedback control.
Universal infant health interventions and young adult outcomes
Authors: Wüst Miriam , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Osler Merete , Sørensen Thorkild I. A.
Published: May 2018

Three recent studies have documented short‐ and long‐run benefits of early‐infancy health interventions in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark: Universal nurse home visiting (NHV) and well‐baby center care decreased infant mortality and positively impacted long‐run survival (DK, S), morbidity (DK, N), and educational and labor market outcomes (N). Using Danish conscription data, this paper examines intermediate outcomes to assess both potential mechanisms and the importance of selective survival for the long‐run health effects of NHV. We do not find strong effects of NHV for young adult's height or obesity status, but we find that NHV increases treated individuals' probability of emigration. As emigrants in our sample are positively selected and as they are not part of the samples used in long‐run analyses, this finding suggests that the established long‐run health benefits of NHV may be lower bounds.
Determining effects of virtually and physically present co‐actor in evoking social facilitation
Authors: Liu Na , Yu Ruifeng
Published: May 2018

This study investigated whether a virtually present co‐actor (VPC) can evoke social facilitation effect in visual search tasks. The conducted experiment employed a 2 (target presence: present, absent) × 2 (task difficulty: easy, difficult) × 3 (social presence: alone, VPC, physically present co‐actor, PPC) within‐subject design. Twelve male university students participated in the experiment. Results showed that a VPC evoked social facilitation effect in visual search tasks, that is, shortened (lengthened) response time when easy (difficult) tasks were completed. Intensities of social facilitation effect induced by VPC and PPC showed similar strengths. However, both VPC and PPC presented no significant influence on response accuracy. These findings provide guidance in designing work organization modes for a team or a group performing tasks of different difficulty levels.
METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR HOME‐VISITING RESEARCH IN TRIBAL COMMUNITIES
Authors: Kilburn M. Rebecca , Lyon Kate , Anderson Cyndi , Gutman Pamela , Whitesell Nancy Rumbaugh
Published: May 2018

Drawing on previous studies and the collective experience of conducting rigorous evaluations as part of the Tribal Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting grants, we outline methodological considerations that will inform future research in tribal communities, particularly in the area of home visiting. The methodological issues we discuss are study design choices, measurement and data collection, and including community members in all aspects of the research.
HSP‐enriched properties of extracellular vesicles involve survival of metastatic oral cancer cells
Authors: Ono Kisho , Eguchi Takanori , Sogawa Chiharu , Calderwood Stuart K. , Futagawa Junya , Kasai Tomonari , Seno Masaharu , Okamoto Kuniaki , Sasaki Akira , Kozaki Ken‐ichi
Published: May 2018

Cancer cells often secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry heat shock proteins (HSPs) with roles in tumor progression. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) belongs to head and neck cancers (HNC) whose lymph‐node‐metastases often lead to poor prognosis. We have examined the EV proteome of OSCC cells and found abundant secretion of HSP90‐enriched EVs in lymph‐node‐metastatic OSCC cells. Double knockdown of HSP90α and HSP90β, using small interfering RNA significantly reduced the survival of the metastatic OSCC cells, although single knockdown of each HSP90 was ineffective. Elevated expression of these HSP90 family members was found to correlate with poor prognosis of HNC cases. Thus, elevated HSP90 levels in secreted vesicles are potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in metastatic OSCC.
A four‐year longitudinal study examining psychache and suicide ideation in elevated‐risk undergraduates: A test of Shneidman's model of suicidal behavior
Authors: Montemarano Vanessa , Troister Talia , Lambert Christine E. , Holden Ronald R.
Published: May 2018

Objectives

Using a 4‐year follow‐up design, this research investigated Shneidman's model of psychache (i.e., intense mental pain/anguish) as the cause of suicide. Operationalizing suicidal manifestations using suicide ideation, we evaluated Shneidman's assertion that psychache is the prominent predictor of suicide ideation and that other suicide‐related psychological variables associate with suicide ideation only through psychache.

Method

Eighty‐two undergraduates at elevated suicide risk were assessed at baseline and follow‐up with measures of suicide ideation and three psychological predictors: depression, hopelessness, and psychache.

Results

At baseline, only psychache and neither depression nor hopelessness contributed significant, unique information to statistically predicting suicide ideation. For 4‐year change in suicide ideation, only psychache and neither depression nor hopelessness provided significant, unique information.

Conclusions

Results provided partial support for Shneidman's contention of the importance of psychache for suicidal behavior and that other psychological factors are only important to suicide insofar as they relate through psychache.
Social science and Sozialwissenschaft: Categorical and institutional boundaries of knowledge
Authors: Sonnert Gerhard
Published: May 2018

This article explores how linguistic categories affect boundary work in scholarly knowledge production. Whereas the German language knows the unified concept of Wissenschaft for all branches of scholarship represented at universities, the English language separates science from the arts or humanities and does not commonly engage an overarching concept. This has had consequences for American social science, which are traced both in the discourse shaping its development and in the deployment and distribution of institutional resources.
Characterization of aerosol nitroaromatic compounds: Validation of an experimental method
Authors: Jaoui Mohammed , Lewandowski Michael , Offenberg John H. , Colon Maribel , Docherty Kenneth S. , Kleindienst Tadeusz E.
Published: May 2018

The analytical capabilities associated with the use of silylation reactions have been extended to a new class of organic molecules, nitroaromatic compounds (NACs). These compounds are a possible contributor to urban particulate matter of secondary origin which would make them important analytes due to their (1) detrimental health effects, (2) potential to affect aerosol optical properties, and (3) and usefulness for identifying PM2.5 from biomass burning. The technique is based on derivatization of the parent NACs by using N,O‐bis‐(trimethylsilyl)‐trifluoro acetamide, one of the most prevalent derivatization reagent for analyzing hydroxylated molecules, followed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry using electron ionization (EI) and methane chemical ionization (CI). This method is evaluated for 32 NACs including nitrophenols, methyl‐/methoxy‐nitrophenols, nitrobenzoic acids, and nitrobenzyl alcohols. Electron ionization spectra were characterized by a high abundance of ions corresponding to [M+] or [M+ − 15]. Chemical ionization spectra exhibited high abundance for [M+ + 1], [M+ − 15], and [M+ + 29] ions. Both EI and CI spectra exhibit ions specific to nitro group(s) for [M+ − 31], [M+ − 45], and [M+ − 60]. The strong abundance observed for [M+] (EI), [M+ − 15] (EI/CI), or [M+ + 1] (CI) ions is consistent with the high charge stabilizing ability associated with aromatic compounds. The combination of EI and CI ionization offers strong capabilities for detection and identification of NACs. Spectra associated with NACs, containing hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms only, as silylated derivatives show fragment/adduct ions at either (a) odd or (b) even masses that indicate either (a) odd or (b) even number of nitro groups, respectively. Mass spectra associated with silylated NACs exhibited 3 distinct regions where characteristic fragmentation with a specific pattern associated with (1) ─OH and/or ─COOH groups, (2) ─NO2 group(s), and (3) benzene ring(s). These findings were confirmed with applications to chamber aerosol and ambient PM2.5.