bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parálisis facial aislada posterior a infección por virus de chikunguña: un nuevo diagnóstico diferencial
Authors: Peñaranda Augusto , Peñaranda Daniel , Gantiva-Navarro María M. , Pérez-Herrera Lucía C.
Published: September 2022

En las últimas décadas, se ha incrementado el reporte de manifestaciones neurológicas asociadas con la infección por el virus de chikunguña. Se informa el caso de un adulto joven previamente sano que presentó parálisis facial izquierda aislada después de una infección reciente por el virus de chikunguña en el trópico colombiano.Se describen aspectos importantes de la fisiopatología del virus y su tropismo por el sistema nervioso central y periférico, y se sugiere considerar este virus en el diagnóstico diferencial de la parálisis facial en pacientes con infección confirmada por el virus de chikunguña en regiones tropicales endémicas o en aquellos con antecedente de viajes recientes a dichas regiones.
perspectiva sistêmica no estudo do turismo
Authors: Mendes Bruna de Castro
Published: September 2022

A perspectiva sistêmica visa explicar determinada realidade simplificando a sua representação a partir de modelos esquemáticos. Usualmente pauta-se nas diretrizes da Teoria Geral de Sistemas, mas não se restringe a ela. Reconhece-se a complexidade do ambiente e as características dos seus componentes. No caso do turismo, diversos modelos sistêmicos foram desenvolvidos objetivando representar o setor e sua complexidade. Dessa forma, neste trabalho apresentamos os principais modelos sistêmicos do turismo, seus elementos constituintes e seu processo de interação em três perspectivas cronológicas: de 1960 a 1980, de 1981 a 2000 e de 2001 a 2021. Em cada um desses grupos, mostramos o esquema gráfico de um dos sistemas mais presentes nos estudos turísticos. Nenhum modelo pode ser classificado como definitivo ou absoluto e, por isso, é importante conhecê-los para se avançar nos estudos sob tal perspectiva.
análise do modelo de coalizões de defesa aplicado às políticas públicas do turismo em Florianópolis
Authors: Chaves Thiago José de , Secchi Leonardo
Published: September 2022

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar se existe convergência de valores e interesses entre os atores que realizam coalizões de defesa do turismo na formação de políticas públicas em Florianópolis. O referencial teórico apoiou-se nas contribuições da teoria de Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF 1) de Sabatier e Jenkins-Smith (1993) e da ACF 2, de Schlager (1995). A pesquisa foi conduzida por meio de uma investigação bibliográfica, documental e com entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com 31 atores políticos (policy actors) locais e especialistas em políticas para o setor turístico, em uma abordagem qualitativa cujo método de pesquisa foi o estudo de caso único. O tratamento dos dados foi realizado a partir do protocolo de Bardin (2010) somados a triangulação de dados. Os resultados indicaram duas coalizões em Florianópolis: uma majoritária (composta por duas sub-coalizões) e, em especial o achado de uma "coalizão intermitente", uma contribuição sui generis para teoria de ACF. Identificou-se ainda que a “cola” entre os atores e suas convicções (deep core e policy core beliefs) não são suficientes para gerar a estabilidade da coalizão, ou seja, é preciso a presença de interesses convergentes capazes de provocar maior articulação em rede, sobretudo no curto prazo.
Difference Between Erector Spinae Plane Block and Paraspinal Interfascial Plane Block in Analgesia after Posterior Cervical Laminectomy
Authors: Arunkumar R , Sathyaprabu V , Parthasarathy S
Published: September 2022

Spine surgeries are associated with severe intraoperative and postoperative pain which need a comprehensive management protocol. It is important to manage postoperative pain in such cases to improve early ambulation and discharge and hence the functional outcomes. A 46-year-old male, weighing 80 kg, was posted for cervical laminectomy with posterior stabilisation. After institution of general anaesthesia before surgical incision, 15 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine on each side at the level of C6 in the erector spinae plane on the left- side and the paraspinal posterior interfascial plane on the right-side was administered. The patient experienced significant postoperative pain relief for 12 hours. However, on clinical examination, there was a mild sensory loss on the left-side from C4 to T1, but no such sensory loss on the right-side. There was a complete recovery of sensory loss the following day. It is proposed that such volume in the Erector Spine plane can provide excellent analgesia for 12 hours, but with sensory loss. The drug may trickle to nerve roots, whereas it is unlikely to do so in the interfascial plane. It is also suggested that such volumes are needed for effective analgesia. It is also suggested that a technique without definitive sensory deficit is ideal in such cases to detect early surgical complication.
Factors Influencing Particulate Matter 2.5 Levels in Indoor Areas of Rural Houses: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Neelakanta Rajeev Roy , Jagadeesan Anusha Raja , Goudhaman Lakshmi , Athisayaraj Meriton Stanly
Published: September 2022

Introduction: Almost 3 billion of the world’s poorest people still rely on solid fuels, with a concomitant increase in indoor Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) concentration resulting in deaths from respiratory diseases. Increased prevalence of respiratory diseases among never smoking young individuals and fairly among women compared to men point towards a causal relationship between chronic smoke inhalation resulting from the burning of biomass fuels. Aim: To assess the quantitative exposure levels of PM 2.5 in a rural setting in South India and determine the association between PM 2.5, type of house, ventilation available and fuel used. Materials and Methods: This community-based crosssectional study was conducted for 3 months from September 2020 to November 2020 in the rural field practice area of Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The houses were classified into three types Kutcha (roof, walls, and floor made of poor-quality materials), semi pucca (two components made of good quality material and one component is of poor quality), and pucca (roof, walls, and floor made of good quality material) houses according to Census of India 1991. The air quality inside 127 houses was assessed by measuring PM2.5 levels for 24 hours in both kitchen and living rooms. The association between house characteristics, ventilation, type of fuel, and indoor air quality was Studied using student t-test and one-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). Results: Among 323 included residents, 168 were males and 155 females with the mean age 36.99±13.24 years. The difference in average house area and living area between the three types of houses were statistically significant (p-value<0.001). The mean concentrations of PM2.5 were 290.07 µg/m3 and mean differences in PM2.5 levels in living room and kitchen of semi pucca (t=7.32, p-value<0.001) and pucca houses (t=5.47, p-value<0.001) were significant. The association between cross ventilation in kitchen (OR 3.24, p-value=0.042), artificial ventilation (OR 3.23, p=0.026), type of fuel (firewood OR 2.85, p-value=0.042) and PM2.5 levels is significant at 95% CI limits. Conclusion: Indoor air pollution is a silent killer responsible for several respiratory problems. Simple cost-effective measures could reduce indoor PM2.5 levels and thereby indoor air pollution.
Evaluation of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk of Heavy Metal Exposures from Some Local Fruits in Katsina State, North West Nigeria
Authors: Yaradua A. I. , Bungudu J. I. , Shuaibu L. , Nasir A. , Usman A. , Bello U. , Suleiman Z. A. , Yaradua I. A.
Published: September 2022

This work was carried out to evaluate the heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn) pollution load and health risks to the population of some local fruit samples in Katsina state Nigeria. Results from this study have shown that except for the mean concentration of Pb (1.152-1.623) and Cd (0.053-0.092), the mean concentration (mg/kg) range values of Fe (1.728-1.954), Mn (0.321-0.502) and Zn (0.263-0.967 ppm) in the samples were generally below the maximum allowable concentration for these metals. The risk level of Target Hazard Quotient below 1(< 1) was recorded for all the evaluated heavy metals for the population, indicating a no non-carcinogenic adverse health effect on the population. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk for the heavy metal Cd was at the threshold risk limit (>10−4) in all the sampled fruits in adults, while Pb for adults and Pb and Cd for children were within the moderate risk limit (>10−3). The cumulative cancer risk (∑ILCR) of the studied fruits was within the moderate risk level (>10−3) in adults and above the level (>10−2) in children. The results of the study have suggested that the intake of the local fruits in Katsina State is of public health concern as it may lead to an increase in the population cancer cases.
Tailoring Variability for Yield and Quality Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Verma Vikas , Shukla Rama Shankar , Pandey Suneeta , Bagde Vinay Prakash
Published: September 2022

The present research was carried out at the Breeder Seed Production Unit, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh using twenty-one sets of bread wheat genotypes. These were sown and evaluated under the timely sown condition in a randomized complete block design with three replication during post-rainy season 2021- In the present investigation thirteen morphological and one biochemical trait were analyzed. The analysis of variance indicated the occurrence of significant variation among the genotypes for all the traits. The present results indicate that the estimates of PCV were in general slightly elevated than their corresponding GCV for most of the traits studies which indicated that the variability for these traits in the genotypes was not much affected by the environments for the expression of these traits. High heritability with high genetic advance was observed for flag leaf length, grains yield per plant, biological yield per plant, and tiller per plant, and high heritability (narrow sense) coupled with the moderate genetic advance in percent of mean was observed for flag leaf width, grains per spike, plant height, and spikelet per spike. It can be summarized that constructive variability in parents and progenies was developed through hybridization which can be appropriately utilized for the selection of suitable genotypes to obtain high protein and high yield potential in bread wheat.
Clinical Study on the Roles of Honey Scallion White Paste in Treatment of Infant Abdominal Distension
Authors: Ru Guanpu , Wang Jiale , Li Yanyan , Wang Zhen , Jiao Fuyong
Published: September 2022

Objective: To ascertain the therapeutic effect of honey scallion white paste on umbilicus in the treatment of infant abdominal distension.

Methods:  Retrospective cohort study on hospitalized children with abdominal distention. Between January 2012 and December 2021, 3120 cases of hospitalized children with abdominal distention, randomly divided into two groups, control group 1560 cases, adopt Ding Gui umbilical sticking therapy, cooperate to fight infection, digestion, protect the intestinal mucosa, maintaining the normal flora, , phlegm, oxygen, antifebrile, rehydration, anal exhaust, potassium, abdominal massage, foot three mile closed and symptomatic treatment. In the treatment group, 1560 cases were treated with the umbilical application of honey processed scallion white paste, and the treatment was the same as the control group.

Results: Before and after treatment, the clinical performance scores of the two groups were compared, P < 0.05. After treatment, the improvement of syndrome scores of the treatment group was significantly better than that of the control group, treatment was similar in two case and control groups (P < 0.05). The total effective rate of the treatment group was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The average disappearance time of abdominal distension and the average length of hospital stay in the treatment group were significantly shorter than those in the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: The treatment of abdominal distension in children with honey processed onion white paste is effective, and the method has the characteristics of convenient operation and low price, which is worthy of clinical application.
Trends in Psychological Distress and Burnout Syndrome among Healthcare Workers due to COVID-19
Authors: Hernandez Jennings
Published: September 2022

The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant physical and mental tension among frontline workers globally. Poor working conditions, lack of protective personal equipment (PPE), short-staffed departments, medication shortage, depleted hospital beds, and ventilators have had a direct correlation with occupational burnout syndrome (BOS) and psychological distress among frontline healthcare workers (HCW) and their physical and mental well-being. The limitless hours on shift, the abundant number of daily cases, and the upturn of fatalities have contributed to the stressors among HCWs during this pandemic. In this paper, we will examine the occupational burnout syndrome and the psychological distress among HCWs working frontline during the pandemic. Also, the paper will explore whether there is a correlation between occupational burnout syndrome, mental and psychological distress, and COVID-19. The goal of this research is to acquire and establish if there had been an increase in anxiety and other mental health concerns as well as burnout levels for workers impacted by COVID-19. Categories explored will entail anxiety levels, mental and physical strains of working long hours, working under subpar conditions with limited PPE and patient rooms, and fear of exposure to the virus. Throughout the pandemic, many cases of tragic suicidal deaths have emerged. Consequently, attention to the well-being of healthcare professionals (HCPs) across the world has become imperative to adequately support and monitor. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM-5) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Medical Personnel (MBI-MP) are tools used by psychiatrists to diagnose and treat mental health such as burnout syndrome and psychological distress levels which also encompasses post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mass traumatic events (MTE). Studies have shown a high prevalence of PTSD symptoms, anxiety, fear, depression, and frustration in emergency professionals involved in the COVID-19 pandemic. Through various studies, we will demonstrate how the pandemic has affected frontline workers' mental and psychological well-being as well as how inadequate working conditions and long working hours lead to occupational burnout syndrome. Results will show how healthcare workers are feeling unaccomplished, second-guessing their clinical decisions, defeated, and mentally and physically drained. It is expected that subpar working conditions will continue to deteriorate the physical and mental well-being of HCWs on the frontline as the number of COVID-19 cases continue globally even after three years since its inception.
Prevalence of Smoking and Its Associated Factors among Indonesian Women: A Simple Literature Review and Alternative Management
Authors: Daroedono Ekarini , Siagian Forman Erwin , Sunarti Lusia Sri , Panjaitan Ani Oranda , Parningotan Jordan , Siregar Landro Tua Tonapa
Published: September 2022

Aims: To review previous electronic literature available on the internet regarding epidemiology of smoking among Indonesian women, and its associated factors with seeking for alternative management available in the internet.

Study Design: A simple cross sectional study by systematically review of the electronic  literatures.

Place and Duration of Study: All steps in ths study conducted in the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta Indonesia between January-July 2022.

Methodology: This simple literature study held by reviewing the electronic literatures regarding the topics. Data mining made available from popular scientific search engine named PubMed® and Google scholar™. Phrases of "Female Smokers in Indonesia pdf", "Risk Factors for Female Smokers in Indonesia pdf", “Prevalence smoking in Indonesia” being the keyword in searching which combined in bahasa and or English. The data collected will be entered systematically with tabulation and presentation of the map of Indonesia. Out of 106 articles gained initially, then through several stages of screening, the number reduced step by step until the remaining 15 articles to be analyzed further. All important data form all articles are presented in tabular form and then followed by an attempt to describe geographical location where the study conducted This is done by placing dots and related numbers in modified Indonesia map.

Results: The prevalence and characteristics of female smokers in Indonesia in time period of 2016 – 2022 were achieved in 15 articles. Methodologically, most of the study using a simple, cross sectional method (60%) presented in a table.

Conclusion: This literature study discusses the prevalence and risk factors of female smokers in Indonesia. Smoking is still a common health problem that causes death on a large scale in the world, especially in the vulnerable group like women. Many internal and social factor affect this practice among women. By teaching them properly about the future risk of smoking and support them actively to quit smoking; this approach will save her future and her descendant. Yoga and or other alternative approach might be an alternative for those who want to quit smoking.
Changes in Emergency Department Visits for Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome Following Recreational Cannabis Legalization and Subsequent Commercialization in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Myran Daniel Thomas , Roberts Rhiannon , Pugliese Michael , Taljaard Monica , Tanuseputro Peter , Pacula Rosalie Liccardo
Published: September 2022

Importance

Prior research suggests that the legalization of recreational cannabis is associated with increases in cannabis hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), but it is unclear how cannabis commercialization (ie, greater retail store access as well as increased variety and potency of cannabis products) may be associated with these changes.

Objectives

To examine changes in the number and characteristics of CHS emergency department (ED) visits from before to after legalization of cannabis in Ontario, Canada.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This repeated cross-sectional study used interrupted time-series analyses to examine immediate and gradual changes in ED visits for CHS in Ontario, Canada, during 3 time periods: prelegalization (January 2014-September 2018), legalization with product and retail store restrictions (October 2018-February 2020), and commercialization with new products and expanded stores, which coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020-June 2021). Data were obtained from routinely collected and linked health administrative databases. All individuals aged at least 15 years and who were eligible for Ontario’s Universal Health Coverage were included. Data were analyzed between March and July 2022.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Monthly counts of ED visits for CHS per capita.

Results

There were 12 866 ED visits for CHS from 8140 individuals during the study. Overall, the mean (SD) age was 27.4 (10.5) years, with 2834 individuals (34.8%) aged 19 to 24 years, 4163 (51.5%) females, and 1353 individuals (16.6%) with a mental health ED visit or hospitalization in the 2 years before their first CHS ED visit. Nearly 10% of visits (1135 visits [8.8%]) led to hospital admissions. Monthly rates of CHS ED visits increased 13-fold during the 7.5-year study period, from 0.26 visits per 100 000 population in January 2014 to 3.43 visits per 100 000 population in June 2021. Legalization was not associated with an immediate or gradual change in rates of ED visits for CHS; however, commercialization during the COVID-19 pandemic period was associated with an immediate increase in rates of CHS ED visits (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.49; 95% CI, 1.31-1.70). During commercialization, rates of CHS ED visits increased more in women (IRR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.16-1.92) and individuals older than the legal age of cannabis purchase (eg, age 19-24 years: IRR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.19-2.16) than men (IRR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.85-1.37) and individuals younger than the legal age of purchase (IRR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.42-1.45).

Conclusions and Relevance

This cross-sectional study found large increases in CHS ED visits during the period of time when the market commercialized and the COVID-19 pandemic occurred. Greater awareness of CHS symptoms by ED staff in regions where legal commercialized cannabis markets exist is indicated.
Use of Transcarotid Artery Revascularization, Transfemoral Carotid Artery Stenting, and Carotid Endarterectomy in the US From 2015 to 2019
Authors: Stonko David P. , Goldsborough Earl , Kibrik Pavel , Zhang George , Holscher Courtenay M. , Hicks Caitlin W.
Published: September 2022

Importance

A transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) device was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2015 for carotid revascularization in patients at high risk for stroke, cranial nerve injury, or major cardiac event. It is unclear how the introduction of TCAR has changed the use of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and transfemoral carotid artery stenting (TFCAS).

Objective

To quantify the temporal changes in the operative approach to carotid revascularization (CEA vs TFCAS vs TCAR), and to identify patient and disease characteristics commonly associated with each approach.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study obtained data from the Vascular Quality Initiative database from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019. Patients with carotid artery stenosis who underwent CEA, TFCAS, or TCAR were included. Data were analyzed from January to April 2022.

Exposures

Month and year of surgery as well as patient risk status.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Number and proportion of carotid revascularization procedures by operative approach.

Results

A total of 108 676 patients (mean [SD] age 56.6 [12.5] years; 66 684 men [61.4%]) were included in the analysis. The most common operative approach overall was CEA (n = 81 508 [75.0%]), followed by TFCAS (n = 15 578 [14.3%]) and TCAR (n = 11 590 [10.7%]). The number of procedures increased over the study period (16 754 in 2015 vs 27 269 in 2019; P < .001). In 2015, CEA was used in 84.9% of all cases, followed by TFCAS (14.4%) and TCAR (0.8%). In 2019, CEA was used in 64.8% of cases, followed by TCAR (21.9%) and TFCAS (13.3%). The proportional use of CEA decreased by 5.0% (95% CI, −7.4% to −2.6%) per year, and TCAR use increased by 5.3% (95% CI, 2.3%-8.3%) per year. Among patients at high risk, the change was greater: CEA use decreased by 7.8% (95% CI, −11.9% to −3.8%) per year, TFCAS decreased by 4.8% (95% CI, −9.5% to −0.14%) per year, and TCAR increased by 12.6% (95% CI, 7.1%-18.1%) per year. Multinomial logistic regression showed that patient risk status was the most important characteristic associated with TCAR compared with CEA (relative risk ratio, 36.10; 95% CI, 29.24-44.66; P < .001) and TFCAS (relative risk ratio, 14.10; 95% CI, 11.86-16.66; P < .001). Linear regression revealed no association between year of surgery and in-hospital myocardial infarction, stroke, or mortality.

Conclusions and Relevance

Results of this study indicate that TCAR has become the dominant carotid revascularization approach, surpassing TFCAS and CEA in patients at high risk for stroke, cranial nerve injury, or cardiovascular events. Patient high-risk status was the main characteristic associated with a stenting approach, highlighting the perceived importance of carotid stenting therapies in this patient population.
Association of Social Risk Factors With Mortality Among US Adults With a New Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Banegas Matthew P. , Dickerson John F. , Zheng Zhiyuan , Murphy Caitlin C. , Tucker-Seeley Reginald , Murphy James D. , Yabroff K. Robin
Published: September 2022

This cohort study examines the associations of multiple social risk factors with mortality risk among patients newly diagnosed with cancer in the US.
Addressing Competency in Rheumatology Telehealth Care Delivery
Authors: Zickuhr Lisa , Albert Daniel A. , Herndon Connie , Imundo Lisa F. , Lopker Michael J. , Marston Bethany , Mian Nabeela , O'Rourke Kenneth , Torralba Karina D. , Westrich‐Robertson Tiffany , Venuturupalli R. Swamy , Kolfenbach Jason , Bolster Marcy B. ,   for the American College of Rheumatology Committee on Training and Workforce
Published: September 2022

Objective

Telehealth is an essential facet of care delivery for patients with rheumatic diseases. The Association of American Medical College's (AAMC) telehealth competencies (TCs) define the skills required for delivering general telehealth care across the range of clinician experience. In this study, the American College of Rheumatology's (ACR) TCs working group aimed to adapt the AAMC TCs to rheumatology, outlining the skills acquisition unique to rheumatology with a focus on knowledge, skills, and behaviors expected of recent rheumatology fellowship graduates.

Methods

Through a collaborative process, the working group adapted the AAMC TCs to the training structure and practice of rheumatology. The rheumatology TCs underwent peer review among recipients of the Clinician Scholar Educator Award and attendees at the ACR 2021 Convergence conference.

Results

The rheumatology TCs define 24 essential skills required for synchronous telehealth care of patients with rheumatic diseases. The working group adapted the AAMC's 20 TCs organized within 6 domains, added 2 skills to the AAMC's domains of patient safety and appropriate use, and data collection and assessment, and created a novel domain of systems‐based requirements with 2 competencies. The rheumatology TCs define expected skill levels for recent rheumatology fellowship graduates and experienced rheumatology clinicians.

Conclusion

The rheumatology TCs represent the first adaptation of the AAMC TCs to subspecialty care, expanding the scope to include rheumatology fellowship graduates and additional domains of rheumatology practice. These competencies can guide curricular innovations and measurements of proficiency in telehealth care delivery among rheumatology trainees and experienced clinicians, enhancing the care provided to patients with rheumatic diseases.
New Joint Commission requirements mandate action to reduce disparities
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: September 2022

As of January 1, 2023, substance use treatment organizations accredited by The Joint Commission will have to meet new requirements related to reducing health care disparities. New elements of organizational performance will require organizations to designate a specific individual as the leader of activities to reduce health care disparities in the population the facility serves.
Microstructural Characteristics of Ti‐Based Composites with Various Ceramic Reinforcements Manufactured via Hydrogen‐Assisted Blended Elemental Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Song Yuchao , Cheng Tuo , Wang Cheng , Stasiuk Oleksandr , Savvakin Dmytro , Ivasishin Orest
Published: September 2022

The manufacturing of in situ reinforced titanium matrix composites by the sintering of titanium hydride and ceramic powder blends is an attractive and cost‐efficient process. Herein, a novel two‐stage (double‐compaction/double‐sintering) hydrogen‐assisted powder approach is suggested to produce uniform highly dense Ti‐based composites reinforced with TiB, TiC, and dual TiC + TiB phase particles. In this approach, the hydrogenation and milling of presintered products enable the initial porous materials to transform into hydrogenated prealloyed (PA) powders of controlled sizes, and a second press‐and‐sinter process further converts the PA powders into nearly dense composite microstructures with evenly distributed fine reinforcements. The adverse effect of the raw reinforcing powder size on microstructure uniformity, porosity, and mechanical characteristics of the presintered in situ composites becomes negligible in final sintering stage. The reduction of the porosity and enhancement of the hardness indicate that the hydrogen‐assisted double‐compaction and double‐sintering blended elemental powder metallurgy (BEPM) + PA approach enables the low‐cost fabrication of Ti‐based composites with suitable mechanical characteristics.
Site‐Specific Polyplex on CCR7 Down‐Regulation and T Cell Elevation for Lymphatic Metastasis Blocking on Breast Cancer
Authors: Deng Yueyang , Tan Caixia , Huang Shuguang , Sun Honghao , Li Zhaoting , Li Jing , Zhou Zhanwei , Sun Minjie
Published: September 2022

Tumor metastasis contributes to high cancer mortality. Tumor cells in lymph nodes (LNs) are difficult to eliminate but underlie uncontrollable systemic metastasis. The CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) is overexpressed in tumor cells and interacts with CC chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) secreted from LNs, potentiating their lymphatic migration. Here, a site‐specific polyplex is developed to block the CCR7‐CCL21 signal and kill tumor cells toward LNs, greatly limiting their lymphatic infiltration. A CCR7‐targeting small interfering RNA (siCCR7) is condensed by mPEG‐poly‐(lysine) with chlorin e6 (Ce6) modification (PPLC) to form PPLC/siCCR7. The knockdown of CCR7 by siCCR7 in tumor cells significantly reduced their response on CCL21 and LN tropism. Additionally, photodynamic therapy‐mediated immune activation precisely targets and kills tumor cells released from the primary foci before they reaches the LNs, reducing the number of tumor cells entering the LNs. Consequently, the PPLC/siCCR7 polyplexes inhibited up to 92% of lung metastasis in 4T1 tumor bearing mice and reduced tumor cell migration to LNs by up to 80%. This site‐specific strategy optimized anti‐metastasis efficacy and promotes the clinical translational development of anti‐metastatic therapy.
Metasurface Enabled On‐Chip Generation and Manipulation of Vector Beams from Vertical Cavity Surface‐Emitting Lasers
Authors: Fu Pan , Ni Pei‐Nan , Wu Bo , Pei Xian‐Zhi , Wang Qiu‐Hua , Chen Pei‐Pei , Xu Chen , Kan Qiang , Chu Wei‐Guo , Xie Yi‐Yang
Published: September 2022

Metasurface polarization optics that consist of 2D array of birefringent nano‐antennas have proven remarkable capabilities to generate and manipulate vectorial fields with subwavelength resolution and high efficiency. Integrating this new type of metasurface with the standard vertical cavity surface‐emitting laser (VCSEL) platform enables an ultracompact and powerful solution to control both phase and polarization properties of the laser on a chip, which allows to structure a VCSEL into vector beams with on‐demand wavefronts. Here, this concept is demonstrated by directly generating versatile vector beams from commercially available VCSELs through on‐chip integration of high‐index dielectric metasurfaces. Experimentally, the versatility of the approach for the development of vectorial VCSELs are validated by implementing a variety of functionalities, including directional emission of multibeam with specified polarizations, vectorial holographic display, and vector vortex beams generations. Notably, the proposed vectorial VCSELs integrated with a single layer of beam shaping metasurface bypass the requirements of multiple cascaded optical components, and thus have the potential to promote the advancements of ultracompact, lightweight, and scalable vector beams sources, enriching and expanding the applications of VCSELs in optical communications, laser manipulation and processing, information encryption, and quantum optics.
Approaching the Intrinsic Threshold Breakdown Voltage and Ultrahigh Gain in a Graphite/InSe Schottky Photodetector
Authors: Zhang Zhiyi , Cheng Bin , Lim Jeremy , Gao Anyuan , Lyu Lingyuan , Cao Tianjun , Wang Shuang , Li Zhu‐An , Wu Qingyun , Ang Lay Kee , Ang Yee Sin , Liang Shi‐Jun , Miao Feng
Published: September 2022

Realizing both ultralow breakdown voltage and ultrahigh gain is one of the major challenges in the development of high‐performance avalanche photodetector. Here, it is reported that an ultrahigh avalanche gain of 3 × 105 can be realized in the graphite/InSe Schottky photodetector at a breakdown voltage down to 5.5 V. Remarkably, the threshold breakdown voltage can be further reduced down to 1.8 V by raising the operating temperature, approaching the theoretical limit of 1.5 /e, with the bandgap of semiconductor. A 2D impact ionization model is developed and it is uncovered that observation of high gain at low breakdown voltage arises from reduced dimensionality of electron–phonon scattering in the layered InSe flake. These findings open up a promising avenue for developing novel weak‐light detectors with low energy consumption and high sensitivity.
Dual‐isotope approach for assessing agricultural management effects on nutrient dynamics: Proof of concept
Authors: Bos Janae , Williams Mark , Penn Chad , Smith Douglas
Published: September 2022

Quantifying the impact of long‐term agricultural management on nutrient fate and transport is critical for developing sustainable management solutions. In this study, the utility of a dual‐isotope approach, combining soil δ15N with analysis of δ18O of phosphate (δ18Op), was assessed at the Riesel Watershed in the Texas Blackland Prairies. The objective was to examine changes in soil nutrient concentration and isotopic signal from fields with contrasting nutrient source (inorganic fertilizer vs. poultry litter) and land use (remnant prairie vs. row crops) over a long‐term study (2002–2017). Results showed that soil δ15N varied between land use at the study onset likely because of greater N loss and cycling in row crops, with differences between row‐cropped fields becoming apparent following application of litter to one field. In contrast, soil δ18Op in row‐cropped fields only differed from the prairie following the long‐term nutrient trial; however, signatures were similar irrespective of P source. Results from this proof‐of‐concept study highlight the potential of a dual‐isotope approach for quantifying nutrient dynamics within soil systems when coupled with knowledge of long‐term management practices. Findings and study limitations also emphasize the need for future research and application of a dual‐isotope framework in agricultural landscapes for identifying and tracing nutrient fate and transport.
Bibliometric analysis of global research on fungal Metarhizium rileyi based on Web of Science
Authors: de Souza Tamires Doroteo , Pinto Antonio Alves , da Silva Luis Fernando Vieira , Maciel Rodrigo Mendes Antunes , Sosa‐Gomez Daniel Ricardo
Published: September 2022

The use of microbial agents for pest control has been increasing gradually since the 1960s. Among these control agents, the fungus Metarhizium rileyi is responsible for causing epizootics in larvae of Lepidopteran pests. However, studies with this entomopathogen are relatively scarce when compared to other species, such as Beauveria bassiana and M. anisopliae. Thus, it is relevant to identify the research gaps. Our objective was to carry out a bibliometric survey of research involving M. rileyi. The data collection for bibliometric analysis was performed in the Web of Science Core Collection database, using the keywords M. rileyi and Nomuraea rileyi, resulting in a total of 329 articles from 1974 to October 2021. The literature on M. rileyi does not demonstrate a constant upward trend, revealing only two peaks of publications (1992 and 2018), with a maximum of 12 articles per year. Of the 329 articles, 65% were published before the 1990s, emphasizing that despite recent advances, the majority of articles corresponded to the period between 1974 and 1999. In addition, 77% of the publications are focused on pest control, highlighting the importance of the pathogen for biological control. However, there is a lack of work focused on the large‐scale production of the fungus, selective media for in vitro cultivation, the shelf life and environmental influence on conidia survival, application technology, formulations, and pathogen interaction with plants and insect hosts (trophic interaction).
Medical Swimming Cellbots
Authors: Zhang Hongyue , Li Zesheng , He Qiang
Published: September 2022

To address the issue that synthetic swimming nanorobots are susceptible to immune clearance and fouling in vivo, swimming hybrid cell‐based robots (cellbots) composed of living cells have been developed. Swimming cellbots use living cells such as sperm, bacteria, and algae as fabrication units to obtain the swimming capacity, which can be functionalized by adding different kinds of functional components and cargoes. Swimming cellbots not only inherit the biological functions of natural cells, but also can realize diverse locomotion modes under the action of their synthetic parts. This perspective highlights the fabrication, functionalization and multimode motion control of swimming cellbots, and possible medical application. As a representative example of swimming cellbots, dual‐responsive neutrobots have two driving modes: rotating magnetic field actuation and chemotactic locomotion, which can be utilized to cross the blood–brain barrier and target the glioblastoma in mice. The delivery efficiency of these drug‐loaded neutrobots can reach about 10% which is significantly higher than that of traditional nanocarriers. Such swimming cellbots may load different types of drugs and can be navigated through the combination of natural chemotaxis and externally physical fields such as magnetic, optical, and ultrasonic fields which may have potential in biomedical fields.
In Situ Inhibitor Synthesis and Screening by Fluorescence Polarization: An Efficient Approach for Accelerating Drug Discovery
Authors: Li Zhihong , Wu Yue , Zhen Shuai , Su Kaijun , Zhang Linjian , Yang Fulai , McDonough Michael A. , Schofield Christopher J. , Zhang Xiaojin
Published: September 2022

Target‐directed dynamic combinatorial chemistry has emerged as a useful tool for hit identification, but has not been widely used, in part due to challenges associated with analyses involving complex mixtures. We describe an operationally simple alternative: in situ inhibitor synthesis and screening (ISISS), which links high‐throughput bioorthogonal synthesis with screening for target binding by fluorescence. We exemplify the ISISS method by showing how coupling screening for target binding by fluorescence polarization with the reaction of acyl‐hydrazides and aldehydes led to the efficient discovery of a potent and novel acylhydrazone‐based inhibitor of human prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2), a target for anemia treatment, with equivalent in vivo potency to an approved medicine.
Dynamic AIE crosslinks in liquid crystal networks: visualizing for actuation‐guiding, re‐bonding for actuation‐altering
Authors: Jiang Zhi‐Chao , Xiao Yao‐Yu , Hou Jun‐Bo , Chen Xin‐Shi , Yang Ni , Zeng Hongbo , Zhao Yue
Published: September 2022

Covalent adaptable liquid crystal networks (CALCNs) are highly potential actuating materials due to their actuation properties and shape reprogrammability. Given the importance of network crosslinking state in a CALCN actuator, we sought an all‐in‐one strategy to probe and visualize its dynamic network while ensuring actuation and reprogramming. Here, tetraphenylethylene derivatives were incorporated into liquid crystal networks via the Diels–Alder (DA) reaction, acting simultaneously as reversible crosslinkers and aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) fluorescent probes. The thermally tunable fluorescence of the resulting network can correlate to and thus visualize the actuator's crosslinking status, actuation capability and temperature in real‐time and in situ, yielding an intriguing actuation limit‐alerting function. Furthermore, we verified unprecedented reprogrammability of the AIE‐type CALCNs through both associative and dissociative exchange mechanisms of DA chemistry.
Design of Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalysts for Direct Hydrogenation of CO2
Authors: Das Shubhajit , Turnell‐Ritson Roland C. , Dyson Paul J. , Corminboeuf Clémence
Published: September 2022

Despite recent progress in the chemistry of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), direct FLP‐catalyzed hydrogenation of CO2remains elusive. From a near‐infinite array of plausible Lewis pairs, it is challenging to identify individual combinations that are appropriate for catalyzing this reaction. To this end, we propose a mapping of the chemical composition of FLPs to their activity towards direct catalytic hydrogenation of CO2into formate. The maps, built upon linear scaling relationships, pinpoint specific FLP combinations with the proper complementary acidity and basicity to optimally balance the energetics of the catalytic cycle. One such combination was experimentally validated to achieve hitherto unreported catalytic turnover for this transformation.
Challenges Arising from Continuous‐Flow Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Del Vecchio Antonio , Smallman Harry R. , Morvan Jennifer , McBride Tom , Browne Duncan L. , Mauduit Marc
Published: September 2022

The versatility of olefin metathesis is evident from its successful applications ranging from natural product synthesis to the valorization of renewable feedstocks. On the other side, flow chemistry has recently gained particular interest among the synthetic community, offering valuable alternatives to classic batch chemistry and paving the way to the development of new transformations. The application of continuous‐flow methods to olefin metathesis represents one of the most promising evolutions in the field at the interface of industrially relevant synthesis and reactor engineering, significantly improving some of the typical problems such as undesired self‐reactions and ethylene‐mediated catalyst deactivation. This Minireview aims to provide a brief survey covering the major aspects of those techniques which we hope may be of interest for the chemical community as well as those interested in catalysis, continuous processing, enabling technologies and reactor design.
Photocatalyzed Cascade Reactions of Cyclopropanols and α‐Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Olefins for the Synthesis of Fused gem‐Difluorooxetanes
Authors: Zhang Yunxiao , Niu Yunhong , Guo Youyuan , Wang Jiaxin , Zhang Yizhi , Liu Shanshan , Shen Xiao
Published: September 2022

Fluorinated fused rings are challenging to construct from simple starting materials. Herein, we report the first photocatalyzed cascade reactions of readily available cyclopropanols and α‐trifluoromethyl‐substituted olefins for the synthesis of fused gem‐difluorooxetanes. Two rings and three bonds were efficiently constructed in one reaction. The reaction showed broad substrate scope and the downstream transformations of the products demonstrated the synthetic potential of the reaction. The mechanistic study supported the presence of cascade photoredox catalysis and energy transfer catalysis/direct photo‐excitation processes.
Facile Route to Novel Diazaphosphinine‐Based Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Yang Zi , Li Can , Liu Xingchen , Li Xinyu , Yu Na , Ren Yi
Published: September 2022

Doping main‐group elements has become a unique strategy to fine‐tune optoelectronic properties of organic π‐conjugated molecules. Herein, we report the first example of diazaphosphinine based polycyclic hydrocarbons (DP‐PAHs) via facile synthetic protocols. Synthesis of diazaphosphinine heterocycles harnesses mild and efficient P−N chemistry. The heterocycles readily undergo photocyclizations by using only oxidants. The photocyclization protocol is applicable to the heterocycles with various P‐centers. We successfully extended the protocols in extended DP‐PAHs with 13‐fused aromatic rings. Further adjusting P‐chemistry allows to efficiently fine‐tune the singlet and triplet emission characteristics. More importantly, single‐molecule white‐light‐emitting character was achieved via the balanced singlet and triplet emission of DP‐PAH. Therefore, this work opens up new horizons in the area of organic π‐conjugated materials.
Toward a greener approach to detect inorganic arsenic using the Gutzeit method and X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Lin Helen , Dai Haochen , He Lili
Published: September 2022

Inorganic arsenic is a carcinogen repeatedly found in water and foods threatening global human health. Prior work applied the Gutzeit method and X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy to quantify inorganic arsenic based on a harmful chemical, i.e., mercury bromide, to capture the arsine gas. In this project, we explored silver nitrate as an alternative to mercury bromide for the capture and detection of inorganic arsenic. To compare the performance of mercury bromide and silver nitrate, two standard curves were established in the range from 0 to 33.3 µg/L after optimization of reaction conditions such as the quantity of reagents and reaction time. Our result shows silver nitrate‐based standard curve had a lower limit of detection and limit of quantification at 1.02 µg/L and 3.40 µg/L, respectively, as compared to the one built upon mercury bromide that has limit of detection of 4.86 µg/L and limit of quantification of 16.2 µg/L. The relative higher sensitivity when using silver nitrate was contributed by the less interfering elements for X‐ray fluorescence analysis and thus lower background signals. A commercial apple juice was studied for matrix inference, and the results show 85%–99% recoveries and 7.4%–24.5% relative standard deviation. In conclusion, we demonstrated silver nitrate is a better choice in terms of safety restrictions and detection capability at lower inorganic arsenic concentrations.
Synergetic impact of both fiber surface grafting and matrix modification by carbon nanotubes and functionalized carbon nanotubes on the flexural behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites: An assessment at cryo‐, room‐, and elevated‐ in situ temperature conditions
Authors: Yadav Avadesh , Nayak B. Arnimesh , Fulmali Abhinav Omprakash , Prusty Rajesh Kumar
Published: September 2022

In this article, the carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester (CVE) composite was modified with pristine and functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs/FCNTs) using the in situ polymerization and electrophoretic deposition (EPD) techniques: individually and using both simultaneously. Their influence on the flexural properties of the composites at room (RT), cryogenic (−196°C) (CT), and elevated (70°C) (ET) temperatures were compared. Through matrix modification, the best flexural strength with CNT and FCNT modified composites was found to be 6.2% and 9.9% higher over neat CVE composite. Similarly, following the EPD technique, the optimum flexural strength enhancement with CNT and FCNT was recorded to be 10.3% and 13.8% with respect to the control composite respectively. A synergetic impact could be noticed by combining both the techniques together, where the flexural strength of the hierarchical composite with FCNT modification was improved by ~22%, ~25%, and ~ 6% higher than that of control CVE at RT, CT and ET respectively. The dispersion quality of nanotubes in the matrix and on the carbon fiber surface, and fractured surface morphology is analyzed using a SEM.