bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Core–shell structured cobalt oxide nanoparticles and single Co atoms supported on graphene for selective hydrodeoxygenation of syringol to cyclohexanol
Authors: Qu Xiaohan , Zhang Saibei , Mao Jingbo , Lv Hui , Zhou Jinxia
Published: May 2024

A Co/rGO catalyst consisting of core–shell structured Co oxide nanoparticles with oxygen vacancies on the graphene surface and high-density single Co atoms in the graphene matrix demonstrates a high-efficiency HDO of syringol to cyclohexanol.
Ultra-high performance of ionic thermoelectric-electrochemical gel cells for harvesting low grade heat
Authors: Zhu Yongbin , Han Cheng-Gong , Chen Jiawei , Yang Lijuan , Ma Yingming , Guan Hongyu , Han Dongxue , Niu Li
Published: May 2024

An ionic thermoelectric-electrochemical (i-TE-EC) cell constructed using asymmetric gels shows ultra-high thermoelectric performance.
A multi-cation model for the actuation of ionic membranes with ionic liquids
Authors: Boldini Alain
Published: May 2024

We propose a model to describe the mechanics and electrochemistry of ionic membranes with ionic liquids. The model allows the study of the migration of multiple mobile cations of different sizes.
Investigation of the structural, dielectric, magnetic properties and NTC-thermistor response of CaBiFeMnO6 double perovskites
Authors: Sahoo Shubhashree , Sahoo Lutu , Nayak N. C. , Parida B. N. , Parida R. K.
Published: May 2024

To modify the physical properties through the cationic substitution of distinct elements at both the A and B sites, a novel polycrystalline double perovskite CaBiFeMnO6 was synthesized using an economical solid-state technique.
Compatibilization of PLA/PBAT blends with epoxidized canola oil for 3D printing applications
Authors: Wahbi Mohamed , Litke Quintin , Levin David , Liu Song , De France Kevin J. , Kontopoulou Marianna
Published: May 2024

This article outlines an environmentally friendly strategy for producing toughened and compatibilized PLA/PBAT blends, using epoxidized canola oil. Additionally, it explores the potential of these blends for use in 3D printing.
MgIn2S4-decorated MOF-derived C/N–CeO2 nanorod heterojunctions as efficient photocatalysts towards H2O2 production reactions and H2 evolution reactions
Authors: Panda Jayashree , Behera Pragyandeepti , Subudhi Satyabrata , Tripathy Suraj Prakash , Swain Gayatri , Dash Srabani , Parida Kulamani
Published: May 2024

MgIn2S4 decorated MOF-derived C/N–CeO2 nanorod heterojunction as an efficient photocatalyst towards H2O2 production reaction and H2 evolution reaction: exhibiting a facile synthetic route and emerging photocatalytic applications.
White light powered antimicrobial nanoagents for triple photothermal, chemodynamic and photodynamic based sterilization
Authors: Tian Hua , Zhu Houjuan , Xue Yuling , Wang Maonan , Xing Kuoran , Li Zibiao , Loh Xian Jun , Ye Enyi , Ding Xianguang , Li Bang Lin , Yin Xueqiong , Leong David Tai
Published: May 2024

State of the art antibacterial nanoagents made more biocompatible and cost-effective with multiple modalities.
Variability in HfO2-based memristors described with a new bidimensional statistical technique
Authors: Acal C. , Maldonado D. , Cantudo A. , González M. B. , Jiménez-Molinos F. , Campabadal F. , Roldán J. B.
Published: May 2024

A new two-dimensional statistical technique has been developed to describe cycle-to-cycle variability in resistive memories. A two-dimensional coefficient of variation is introduced to characterize variability in a better manner.
Thermal cleavage of hydrogen bond-induced LCST-type phase separation of PHEMA and related poly(hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate)s in mixed organic solvents
Authors: Inaba Natsuki , Takasu Koki , Matsuoka Keitaro , Sada Kazuki
Published: May 2024

The length of the alkyl groups in both the polymer side chain and 1-alcohol good solvents would dictate the critical molar ratio for LCST-type phase separation.
Unlocking fast kinetics of n–p-type heterostructured MoS2@PANI photocathode toward robust low-overpotential Li–O2 batteries
Authors: Xia Shuanghong , Yang Yang , Jia Qingzheng , Shang Mengyao , Li Ling , Chen Song , Zhang Wenming
Published: May 2024

Li–O2 batteries have attracted much attention due to its ultra-high theoretical energy density; however, an overpotential of large charging/discharging limits its development.
The interaction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with CuCoO2 nanosheets promotes structural modification and enhances their OER performance
Authors: Ma Shiyu , Jiang Chao , Bai Jilin , Sun Li , Tan Hao , Liu Lifeng , Zeng Xianwei , Zhao Xiujian , Xiong Dehua
Published: May 2024

The interaction of CNTs with CuCoO2 increases the oxygen vacancy concentration and activates lattice oxygen, which promotes the simultaneous occurrence of AEM and LOM and improves the OER performance.
Swelling behaviors of superabsorbent composites based on acrylic acid/acrylamide copolymer and acid-modified attapulgite
Authors: Ren Hanru , Ren Jun , Tao Ling , Ren Xuechang
Published: May 2024

Attapulgite was helpfully for the formation of a porous three-dimensional network structure of the absorbing materials, can significantly increase the water absorption and retention of sand-fixing materials under a wide pH range of 5–9 and the ultrasonic power was 200 W and 300 W.
CuInS2 quantum dots-based unipolar resistive switching for non-volatile memory applications
Authors: Sharma Harshit , Saini Nitish , Lalita  , Kaushik Divya , Kumar Ajeet , Srivastava Ritu
Published: May 2024

CuInS2 QDs are employed as a functional layer in a memristive device with an Al/CuInS2/ITO configuration featuring unipolar resistive switching behavior with high on/off ratio and excellent reproducibility.
Theoretical and modelling investigation of pendant groups effect on quantum interference for single-molecule junctions
Authors: Al-Owaedi Oday A.
Published: May 2024

Impacts of meta-connectivity and pendant groups are robust parameters controlling the destructive quantum interference (DQI) and improve thermoelectric properties of meta-OPE molecules making them suitable materials for thermoelectric applications.
Synthesis of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymers through interface-initiated room-temperature polymerization
Authors: Wu Shijie , Fu Yao , Das Soham , Duan Miles Pamueles , Zhang Tan
Published: May 2024

AIBN initiators decomposed efficiently at the oil–water interface at room temperature. The interface-initiated room-temperature polymerization produced ductile ABS copolymer monoliths.
Non-fibril amyloid aggregation at the air/water interface: self-adaptive pathway resulting in a 2D Janus nanofilm
Authors: Ren Hao , Chen Huan , Kang Yu , Liu Wei , Liu Yongchun , Tao Fei , Miao Shuting , Zhang Yingying , Liu Qian , Dong Mingdong , Liu Yonggang , Liu Bing , Yang Peng
Published: May 2024

A non-classical pathway of full-length amyloidogenic proteins assembled at the air–water interface is discovered. The brick-packing of self-adaptive plate-like oligomers resulted in a protein-based 2D Janus nanofilm with a high Young's modulus.
Visible light-driven dearomative ring expansion of (aza)arenes to access dihydrofuran-based polycyclic compounds
Authors: Zhang Linghong , You Mengdi , Ban Xu , Zhao Xiaowei , Yin Yanli , Cao Shanshan , Jiang Zhiyong
Published: May 2024

A visible light-mediated dearomative ring expansion strategy that is general as the good compatibility of diverse arenes and azaarenes have been developed.
Organocatalytic diastereo- and atropo-selective construction of eight-membered bridged (hetero)biaryls via asymmetric intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition
Authors: Wang Yue , Huang Yue , Bao Xiaoze , Wei Xingfu , Wei Shiqiang , Qu Jingping , Wang Baomin
Published: May 2024

Axially chiral eight-membered bridged (hetero)biaryls have been constructed via organocatalytic intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition of innovative (hetero)biaryl aldehydes with 3-amino oxindole hydrochlorides.
Effect of ZnO and PEDOT:PSS charge selective layers on photovoltage of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Li Jiajun , Mendoza Hervin Errol T. , Kundmann Anna , Osterloh Frank E.
Published: May 2024

1.0 cm2 large copper oxide solar cells are fabricated using a solution-based approach and the contributions of the semiconductor contacts to the photovoltage are observed with Kelvin probe surface photovoltage spectroscopy.
Progress in regulating the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction performance through the synergistic effect of Cu-based bimetallics
Authors: Ma Dandan , Chen Jiantao , Zhang Zhuoming , Li Jun , Shi Jian-Wen
Published: May 2024

This is a review on how the ECRR performance is affected by the synergistic effect of bimetallic catalysts, including the design, preparation, as well as a detailed introduction of some commonly reported bimetallic catalysts.
Valence state regulation of iron oxide composited with graphene towards negative electrodes in asymmetric supercapacitors
Authors: Song Zhihao , Li Nian , Kang Jun , Chen Liqing , Song Yanping , Yu Xinling , Ge Hu , Li Zhao , Hong Na , Zhang Shudong , Wang Zhenyang
Published: May 2024

A strategy based on a laser-induced method for the in situ synthesis of LIG/Fe3O4 composites was developed. The Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio was modulated to exhibit optimal electrochemical performance.
Halogen doping of p-type inorganic hole transport layer: electronic nature-based dopant engineering for modulating hole selectivity in inverted planar perovskite solar cells
Authors: Menon Vidya Sudhakaran , Ganesan Saraswathi , Raman Rohith Kumar , Alagumalai Ananthan , Krishnamoorthy Ananthanarayanan
Published: May 2024

The role of metal cation and halide anion dopants in regulating the properties of NiOx hole transport layer (HTL) was explored. This study confirms that halide dopants also increase the Ni3+ defect density and work function of p-type inorganic HTL.
Organized macro-scale membrane size reduction in vanadium redox flow batteries: part 2. Flow-field-informed membrane coverage distribution
Authors: Benetho Bronston P. , Fetyan Abdulmonem , Bamgbopa Musbaudeen O.
Published: May 2024

Membranes are a critical component contributing to cost in flowing-electrolyte electrochemical systems. Flow-field-informed membrane reduction can be adopted to reduce performance compromise.
Secure transmission design in cooperative NOMA networks: Orienting toward user requirements
Authors: Jiang Dan , Gao Yuanyuan , Li Guoxin , Sha Nan , Cai Jihao , Ding ChengFei
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a full‐duplex and multi‐antenna relay‐aided transmission scheme for the user‐oriented perspective in cooperative non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems. Relying on the service requirements, two legitimate users with security demands (SU) and quality of service (QoS) demands (QU) are paired for NOMA execution. The security of SU is enhanced through inverse power allocation of the conventional NOMA. The QoS requirements for QU are guaranteed, simultaneously. Then, the precoding design at the multi‐antenna relay has been exploited to improve the reliability demands of SU. Closed‐form expressions for SU's outage probability (OP) and intercepted probability, as well as QU's OP, are derived. The security–reliability trade‐off is also presented. Additionally, performance analysis under the half‐duplex and multi‐antenna scheme is provided as a benchmark for comparison. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to confirm the accuracy of the theoretical derivations under different schemes. Results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme over benchmark schemes in terms of improving the security and reliability of SU, as well as saving power consumption of the system.
Partial discharge fault identification method for GIS equipment based on improved deep learning
Authors: Hu Weitao , Li Jianpeng , Liu Xiaofei , Li Guang
Published: May 2024

Aiming at the problems of large consumption of computational resources and insufficient data feature extraction in the current partial discharge fault identification process of GIS equipment, a partial discharge fault identification method of GIS equipment based on improved deep learning is proposed. Firstly, the audio information of GIS equipment is filtered by a simple power normalised cepstral coefficient (SPNCC). Secondly, the spatial correlation between audio data streams is obtained by a convolutional neural network, the temporal correlation of audio is obtained and the next time slice data stream is predicted by using bi‐directional long short‐term memory (BiLSTM) network, and the attention mechanism is designed to extract deeper data features. Finally, the partial discharge fault identification model of GIS equipment based on improved SPNCC‐CNN‐BiLSTM‐Multi‐att is established, which improves the accuracy of the partial discharge identification method of GIS equipment. Experiments show that when the number of iterations is 100, the accuracy, recall, and F1 value of the proposed GIS equipment partial discharge fault recognition method on the dataset are 0.876, 0.812, and 0.843, respectively.
Test method for particulate matter emissions from brake wear of light-duty vehicles: A review
Authors: Wei Hongyuan , Wu Chunling , Jing Xiaojun , Wang Xiaowei , Bai Fengyue , Wang Shan , Wang Wei , Li Jinsong , Wang Chong
Published: May 2024

The Euro 7 emission standards for light-duty vehicles released at the end of 2022 have for the first time restricted the emission of non exhaust particulate matter from vehicles, which has attracted widespread attention from brake and tire manufacturers and vehicle manufacturers. Prior to this, there were few reports on the testing methods for brake wear particulate matter emissions in China, and most of them focused on studying the emission characteristics and composition of brake wear particulate matter emissions. This article reviews the testing methods for particulate matter emissions from light-duty vehicle braking wear at home and abroad, including methods based on inertia dyno bench, operating loss sealed chamber, actual road and pin-on-disc tribometer.
Experimental investigations on emission characteristics of heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles
Authors: Zhao Jianfu , Meng Qingliang , Li Tengteng , Gao Dongzhi , Zhang Xiaojun
Published: May 2024

The emission characteristics under different operating modes (engine mode and hybrid mode) and different test cycles (C-WTVC and CHTC) of a heavy-duty hybrid electric dump truck was investigated on the chassis dynamometer. The emission performance was recorded using Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) and analyzed combined with the characteristic parameters of the test conditions. It is found that the NOx emission under hybrid mode is higher than that under engine mode, while the CO emission under hybrid mode is lower than engine mode. Under engine mode, the NOx emission of CHTC is higher than that of C-WTVC. However, under hybrid mode, the NOx emission of CHTC is lower than C-WTVC. Analysis of CO emission characteristics shows that under engine mode, CO emission is concentrated at low speed and small load condition, while under hybrid mode, CO emission is concentrated at high speed and large load condition.
Research on carbon deposition method and characterization of nozzle in direct injection gasoline engine
Authors: Wang Shan , Wei Hongyuan , Wang Xiaowei , Jing Xiaojun , Wu Chunling
Published: May 2024

Based on Geely JLE-4G18TDB 1.8T gasoline engine stand and optical 3D profile measuring instrument, this paper explores the rapid carbon accumulation process and characterization about carbon deposition of nozzle in a direct injection gasoline engines. By using aging accelerators, cycle conditions and long-term fuel pulse width correction coefficient, rapid carbon accumulation close to actual road conditions is achieved. The carbon accumulation situation of the nozzle was mastered in the state of the engine without stopping, and the carbon accumulation characteristics of the nozzle were characterized by optical means. The volume data, three-dimensional image and carbon volume distribution map of the injector before and after carbon deposition were obtained under the condition that the carbon in the surface area of the injector was not destroyed, which played an important role in the evaluation of the gasoline purifier and purifier synergist.
Research on the impacts of GPF on RDE emission behaviors
Authors: Yan Feng , Zhao Haiguang
Published: May 2024

In this research, RDE tests were carried out on a pre-China 6 TGDI vehicle in the two cases of installing or not installing GPF to explore the impacts of GPF on RDE emission behaviors. The results indicated that the GPF can effectively filter PN emissions, especially at low speed, high load engine operating conditions, where the PN emissions can be reduced to about 1/200 of the original emissions. For TGDI vehicles, the installation of GPF can reduce the RDE PN emissions by more than 30 times, which indicates that the GPF is the key post-processing device for TGDI vehicles to meet the China 6 regulation. And in the upgrade process of China 5 vehicles to China 6 vehicles, especially for TGDI vehicles, the engine, the post processor and the turbocharger all needs re-calibrating or re-matching to concur a series of problems the back pressure raise caused by the installation of GPF, which may bring deterioration of engine combustion process, decrease of catalyst temperature and similar conditions that will worsen the vehicle emissions.
Research on emission fuel consumption cooperative test of heavy-duty gasoline vehicle under cold start
Authors: Xu Dandan , Li Mengliang , Fang Maodong , Gao Dongzhi , Li Tengteng
Published: May 2024

This paper conducts emissions and fuel consumption collaborative test of heavy-duty gasoline vehicle, which based on cold start with chassis dynamometer, the data analysis uses cold and hot coefficient weighting to evaluate the results. The research shows that the cold start has a great influence on the pollutants and CO2 emissions, which is mainly reflected in the 86.1% higher THC, 98.2% higher NOX, 65.0% higher CO and 34.8% higher CO2 of cold start cycle emissions compared with the hot start cycle emissions. The cold and heat weighted evaluation method can not only assessmen cold start cycle emissions, but also reasonably reflect the impact degree of cold start factors on emissions. The fuel consumption of cold start is 7.2% higher than that of hot start, the cold and heat weighted fuel consumption compared to the average fuel consumption of hot state is 1.0% higher. Therefore, it is necessary to add collaborative testing of emissions and fuel consumption of heavy-duty gasoline vehicles during cold start in the next phase of the standard
Experimental analysis and research on the effect of long-term vibration on the performance of vehicle carbon canisters
Authors: Yu Xiaohong , Liu Yiyao , Chen Tao , Zhao Hua
Published: May 2024

The long-term vibration of the carbon canister during vehicle operation can lead to changes in its performance, thereby affecting its performance on evaporation emissions. A vibration test bench simulating vehicle vibration characteristics is used to simulate the working state of the carbon canister under actual driving conditions, analyze the amount of carbon powder precipitation and flow resistance changes in the canister after long-term operation, and compare the adsorption and desorption performance of the canister before and after aging and their effect on the evaporative emissions. The results showed that the carbon canister will produce carbon powder precipitation after being continuously subjected to the forward and backward vibration of the vehicle. This leads to a decrease in the ultimate adsorption and desorption capacity of the aged carbon canister for fuel vapor, with a more significant decrease in adsorption capacity. However, in the 2-day Diurnal Breathing Loss(DBL) test, due to the increase in flow resistance of the aged carbon canister, it is more difficult for the adsorbed fuel vapor to diffuse outward. For the unsaturated carbon canister, fuel leakage and evaporative emissions can be reduced. In evaporative emission management, it is necessary to adjust the control strategy reasonably based on the working status of the carbon canister.
Experimental study on the emission characteristic of a methanol engine based on transient cycle WHTC
Authors: Liu Jixu , Wu Taoyang , Wu Chunling , Jing Xiaojun , Liu Bin , Yang Zhaoyu , Liu Kang , Guo Yachen
Published: May 2024

The emission characteristics of regulated emissions and unregulated emissions were studied under the full loads and the cold/hot transient cycle (WHTC) on a six-cylinder, multi-point injection, and spark ignition methanol engine. The results show that the emissions of THC and CO for the methanol engine is at a high level without three-way catalyst (TWC) and the emission of NOX could be controlled at a lower level than 400 mg/kW·h with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The emissions of THC, CO and NOX are low with TWC, whose weighted results under WHTC could be kept at a lower level than the limits in China VI Standard. It is a technical difficulty to control the emissions of methanol (CH3OH) and formaldehyde (HCHO) for methanol engines, especially under the cold WHTC, there has a high risk for the emission of CH3OH exceeding the limit of standard.
Response load prediction of demand response users based on parallel CNN
Authors: Sun Haowen , Yu Mei , Li Bitao , Fan Liping , Yu Jie , Yu Dong , Xu Shouzhi
Published: May 2024

YAs China advances its transition towards green and low-carbon energy, the proportion of new energy generation in the power grid is gradually increasing, leading to a significant rise in the demand for power resource scheduling. However, due to the scarcity of historical load response data from users, it is challenging to effectively predict user-responsive loads. To address this issue, this study proposes a method of augmenting historical load response data in a weakly supervised manner. Taking into account the unique circumstances of high-voltage users, a sparse CNN for anomaly detection is introduced, along with a multi-branch parallel CNN model capable of weighted output of prediction results from both global and local perspectives. Subsequently, effective iterative training of the model is performed using the EM algorithm. Ultimately, accurate prediction of user-responsive loads is achieved. Based on historical 96-point load data and load response data from high-voltage users in a specific city in China, the predicted results are compared with actual load response data, validating the rationality and accuracy of this method in predicting user-responsive loads.
The study of the electrical properties of nano insulating oil for submarine cables
Authors: Tian Chen , Zhu Zhiping , Liao Jianping , Liu Zhifeng , Gao Fan , Chen Yufei , Wang Zhenggang
Published: May 2024

At present, the alkylbenzene insulation oil for submarine cables of 220kV and above in China relies on imports, which poses high maintenance costs and supply interruption risks. Nano modified insulating oil has excellent electrical properties and broad application prospects in power systems. Therefore, nano SiO2 modified insulating oil was prepared, and the effects of APTES modified and unmodified nano SiO2 on the viscosity, breakdown voltage, and dielectric loss factor of the insulating oil were compared. The results showed that the viscosity of alkylbenzene insulating oil did not change significantly after the addition of nanoparticles, which met the operating standards for submarine cable oil; The breakdown voltage of the modified nano insulating oil has significantly increased, with a breakdown voltage of 0.12g/L being the highest. The breakdown voltage of the unmodified nano insulating oil has significantly decreased. The dielectric loss factors of modified and unmodified nano insulating oils do not vary significantly. This article provides theoretical and practical references for the domestic substitution research of submarine cable insulation oil.
Solar irradiance prediction model based on CNN-Bi-LSTM-Attention
Authors: Wang Shisheng , Shi Yuanbo
Published: May 2024

The instability of solar irradiance can lead to power fluctuations in photovoltaic power generation systems, which can have a negative impact on the stability of the power system network. To address this problem, a new solar irradiance prediction model is proposed in this article, aiming to improve the stability of photovoltaic power generation systems and ensure the normal operation of the power grid network. Firstly, data pre-processing is performed to select input data, and then the data is fed into a convolutional neural network for fusion and feature extraction of multiple variables. The input of a bidirectional long short-term memory network model is set as the extracted results. Finally, the output of the network model is integrated into an attention mechanism to allocate weights and obtain the final prediction of solar irradiance. The predictive performance of the proposed model was validated using all-weather observation data from the publicly available online dataset in 2020. Compared with the control model, the proposed model showed significant improvements in average absolute error and other indicators.
The technological development of infrared sensors in substations and the key determining factors affecting the accuracy of measurement data
Authors: Tang Zongrun , Liu Yingyi , Cui Limin , Liang Gang , Lu Yang , Zhang Wenjing , Song Haoyu , Hu Zhenghao
Published: May 2024

An overview of the developmental history, characteristics, and applications of infrared sensors are firstly provided in the paper. Subsequently, it delves into the sensing mechanisms of commonly employed infrared sensors in substations, namely the thermistor sensors, pyroelectric sensors, and photoconductive sensors. Thermistor infrared sensors gauge infrared radiation by tracking changes in material resistance with temperature. Pyroelectric sensors detect thermal changes in objects based on the thermal effects induced by infrared radiation. Photoconductive-type sensors leverage the photoconductive effect of semiconductors to convert optical signals into electrical signals, adapting to various light conditions. In the process of measurements, variables like temperature, distance between the target object and the infrared sensor, and electromagnetic interference impact accuracy. In extreme temperatures, the cooling precision of infrared thermal imaging systems may decline, affecting measurement accuracy. The distance between the target and sensor also influences results due to energy attenuation in the infrared radiation path through the atmosphere. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction warns of potential electromagnetic interference signals in substations, causing device breakdowns, output image halo, or increased internal noise. Finally, the paper envisions the future development of infrared sensors.
Ship target recognition based on superstructure matching
Authors: Deng Jie , Su Fulin
Published: May 2024

The Automatic Target Recognition(ATR) of ship targets based on Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar(ISAR) images plays a significant role in naval warfare.To address the issue that existing superstructure-based recognition methods do not fully use superstructure shape information,we propose a novel automatic ship recognition method based on superstructure matching using the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm.Firstly,the superstructures of each class are extracted from ISAR images after preprocessing and preliminary calibration,then the DTW algorithm is used to create the superstructure templates, and eventually the target's class is determined by the DTW distance from the templates.The proposed method is robust to ship deformation from changing aspect angles and requires few training samples per class.The experimental results of applying the technique on real ISAR data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Modeling of malicious code propagation in the industrial control network
Authors: Yang Wei , Liu Chao , Yan Hongwei , Yao Yu
Published: May 2024

With the development of digitalization, industrial control network have more connections and open to external network, which breaks their “isolation” from Internet and makes them more vulnerable to be attacked especially by malicious code. To model and analyze the impact of different containment strategies for attacks by malicious code in the industrial control network, the SUIQMR model is established to simulate malicious code propagation. Since the industrial control network is often coupled with Internet, industrial control coupling network is also considered in the SUIQMR model and the containment strategies of quarantine,benign worms and honeypot are added into the model to evaluate their effect against malicious code propagation.The simulation results show the effectiveness of our model.
Multi-view 3D human pose estimation based on multi-scale feature by orthogonal projection
Authors: Wang Yinghan , Dong Jianmin , Wang Yanan , Sun Bingyang
Published: May 2024

Aiming at the problems of inaccurate estimation results, complicated matching of feature information in different views and poor robustness of the network model in complex scenes, a multi-view multi-person 3D human pose estimation model with multi-scale feature orthogonal projection is proposed, which includes a multi-scale orthogonal projection fusion network and an orthogonal feature ascending dimension network. Firstly, the multi-scale orthogonal projection fusion network performs orthogonal projection of features at multiple scales, using the residual structure to fuse features in the same plane separately, simplifying the feature learning difficulty and reducing the feature loss due to projection. Then, it is fed into the orthogonal feature ascending dimension network to reconstruct higher level 3D features using trilinear interpolation and deconvolution to improve the expressiveness of the model, and finally fed to the backbone network to supplement the information of the high-dimensional features, and the network regresses according to the different stages of the task to obtain the 3D human pose. The experimental results show that the Percentage of 3D Correct Parts is improved on the Campus and Shelf datasets, and the Mean Per Joint Position Error is reduced on the CMU Panoptic dataset and the average accuracy is improved at a smaller threshold compared to the previous method. The prediction results are also better than the previous method by reducing the perspective input on the trained model. The proposed method not only effectively estimates the 3D human pose, but also improves the prediction accuracy and enhances the robustness of the network model.
A low power circuit design of BLE baseband transmission data processing module
Authors: Ding Liang , Qin Jiansong , Zhang Xiaobo , Zhang Jinpeng , Yin Changbin , Yang Zhihai
Published: May 2024

With the quickly development of the Internet of Things technology, Bluetooth (BLE) protocol has been increasingly adopted in consumer communication applications, industry communication utilization, and even positioning requirement, due to its advantages such as low power consumption, low cost, and low complexity. Especially the outstanding low power capability compared with other short-range communication protocol, many power limited AIoT (Artificial Intelligence IoT) devices select BLE as basic component. So, the low power, high performance, and small area BLE module become the key point of successful of whole AIoT system. In BLE system, the baseband data processing is the foundation. A good hardware circuit design of BLE baseband can improve BLE module performance and decrease power simultaneously. This paper analyzes the baseband data processing function of BLE in detail, and designs the baseband transmission data processing RTL circuit IP using Verilog HDL Hardware description language based on BLE protocol. The IP includes CRC verification module, whitening module and coding mapping function module. The RTL design is simulated and evaluated in workstation server with Synopsys VCS tool. The simulation results show that this design can achieve the Low-power BLE Bluetooth baseband function.
YOLOv5s-MC: Lightweight road target detection network
Authors: Li Yaohua , Yang Yuan , Huang Lei , Yang Chengyu , Zhang Guoliang , Yang Qianye
Published: May 2024

For the problem of large number of target detection algorithm parameters, a lightweight real-time detection algorithm YOLOv5s-MC based on improved YOLOv5s road scenes is proposed. firstly, CA attention is added to the model to improve the sensitivity of the network to detect targets; secondly, in the feature fusion network, add adaptive weight parameters using AS-Concat structure are added to better fuse the feature information of different layers and improve the detection accuracy of the algorithm ; adding a small target detection layer to improve the detection accuracy of tiny targets; finally introducing Mobilnetv2, a lightweight network, as the overall backbone layer to realize the lightweight requirement of the network; to verify the advantages of the proposed algorithm, experiments were conducted on the kitti dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm, compared with the original network, improves the average accuracy by 0.2% with 55.8% less parameters and 33.7% less computation, and the detection speed reaches 35 FPS, which meets the requirements of real-time detection and improves the ability of algorithm deployment in weak hardware computing power scenarios to a certain extent.
Intellectual property rights infringement on e-commerce marketplaces: Application of AI technologies, new challenges
Authors: Pokrovskaya A.V.
Published: May 2024

Intellectual property rights infringement is a growing concern in the age of e-commerce, where online marketplaces have become the primary platforms for buying and selling goods. As the popularity of e-commerce increases, so does the risk of counterfeit products, unauthorized use of trademarks, and other infringements on intellectual property rights. In response to this challenge, AI technologies have emerged as powerful tools to combat infringement on e-commerce platforms. This article sets out to explore the application of AI technologies in addressing intellectual property rights infringement on e-commerce marketplaces and the new challenges that arise as a result. The article explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies on identifying and preventing infringements in e-commerce marketplaces. It delves into the use of automated algorithms and machine learning, highlighting their ability to improve efficiency and accuracy in infringement detection. However, the article also discusses the challenges associated with capturing nuanced infringements through AI technologies. Overall, the study sheds light on the evolving landscape of intellectual property rights protection in the context of e-commerce and emphasizes the significance of AI in addressing these challenges.
Simulation of the energy performance of building archetypes according to Italian regulations, with the identification of up-grading solutions based on cost-benefit analysis in relation to climate change
Authors: Carletti Cristina , Cellai Gianfranco , Piarangioli Leone , Riccomi Alessio , Sciurpi Fabio
Published: May 2024

Starting from the legislation on energy consumption and economic incentives, the energy performance of archetypes related to social housing detached multifamily buildings representative of the national building stock from the postwar period to the 1990s have been simulated. In order to perform energy and economic simulations, three reference periods were taken into account: 2006-35 (short term), 2036-65 (midterm), and 2066-95 (long term). The study focused on central Italy, specifically the climatic zone D of Tuscany, which is the most representative in the region and has interesting characteristics for climate change hypothetical, as it is typical of the temperate Mediterranean climate. Five efficiency strategies have been analysed: Opaque envelope insulation and window replacement; Hybrid system installation; Hybrid system installation powered by photovoltaic; Opaque envelope insulation, window replacement and hybrid system installation; Opaque envelope insulation, window replacement and hybrid system installation powered by photovoltaic. The results of the study have made it possible to identify the most effective building and plant energy retrofitting solutions, both in terms of the effects of climate change and of economic incentives, in order to meet the new energy classification requirements and greenhouse gas emissions neutralization.
Retrofitting historical buildings with innovative techniques: Double-skin façade and skylights for courtyard buildings
Authors: Aruta Giuseppe , Ascione Fabrizio , Bianco Nicola , Iaccheo Anna , Iovane Teresa , Mastellone Margherita
Published: May 2024

Historical buildings hold significant cultural values but often face challenges in meeting modern sustainability and functionality standards. The aim of this study is to enhance the energy efficiency, occupant comfort and resilience of the heritage stock while preserving its historical significance, by assessing the application of innovative retrofitting techniques, such as double-skin façades and wide skylights for the courtyards’ covering. The first part delves into the concept of retrofitting and the importance of preserving historical architecture, especially in Italy, whose historical centers represent a unique example to be preserved and prepared for future sustainability challenges. The second part focuses on the use of double-skin façades and glazed covers for courtyards, in the retrofitting process, to study the influence that they have on the whole building. It discusses how these techniques can be adapted to suit the unique characteristics of courtyard buildings, balancing modern needs with heritage conservation. A repeatable case study is examined to showcase the successful implementation of these techniques in historical courtyard buildings and to illustrate the practicality of retrofitting solutions while respecting the historical context and architectural integrity of the structures. This research seeks to encourage architects, preservationists, and stakeholders to embrace these innovative techniques for the revitalization of our architectural heritage.
“En-Solex”: A Novel Solar Exoskeleton for the Energy-efficiency Retrofitting of Existing Buildings
Authors: Stasi Roberto , Ruggiero Francesco , Berardi Umberto
Published: May 2024

The energy retrofitting of the existing building stock is one of the current challenging strategic objectives on the way to the European target of climate neutrality by 2050. According to the Renovation Wave plan, around 35 million existing buildings need to be upgraded to the highest energy efficiency level by 2030, and innovative technological solutions are required to achieve this ambitious goal. This paper proposes a novel solar exoskeleton for the energy and architectural retrofitting of existing buildings, called En-Solex. The system, which consists of an external steel frame that wraps around buildings like a double skin, combines passive solar gain control (shading and greening) with high-efficiency active solar systems (PV panels) optimised for integration into existing building facades. The energy-saving potential of the system with different façade configurations is evaluated on a multi-family residential building located in a Mediterranean climate. The dynamic energy simulations show that the proposed solution can reduce the energy demand for space heating and cooling by 33.4% and 25.5% respectively. The En-Solex system integration combined with generator replacement results in a maximum heating and cooling reduction equal to 80.7% and 59.6% respectively. The surplus of electricity generated, thanks to the integration of RES, can lead to a net plus target, with the building exceeding its average annual electricity demand.
A data-driven model for the analysis of energy consumption in buildings
Authors: Borgato Nicola , Prataviera Enrico , Bordignon Sara , Garay-Martinez Roberto , Zarrella Angelo
Published: May 2024

Data-driven models are gaining traction in Building Energy Simulation, driven by the increasing role of smart metering and control in buildings. This paper aims to enhance the knowledge in this sector by introducing a practical method to analyse heating consumption. The methodology involves the analysis of hourly total heating demand and outdoor temperature measurements to create and calibrate Energy Signature Curves. Importantly, the building Energy Signature Curve is calibrated independently for each daily hour, resulting in a subset of 24 data-driven models. After calibration, a disaggregation algorithm is proposed to distinguish space heating from domestic hot water usage. The method also evaluates the building’s thermal inertia, examining the correlation between the hourly global energy consumption and the outdoor air temperature moving average. It also presents a methodology for improving the DHW heat consumption model. The methodology is applied to a case study of 51 buildings in Tartu, Estonia, with complete yearly demand measurements from the district heating operator. Thanks to the hourly calibration approach, R2 is 0.05 higher on average than the yearly Energy Signature Curve approach. The difference between estimated and measured annual energy consumption is 8% on average, demonstrating the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed method.
One-year operation performance of a decentralised all-air HVAC system for a school room
Authors: Noro Marco , Busato Filippo , Piterà Luca Alberto
Published: May 2024

Since the first COVID outbreak in 2020, schools have been considered a substantial issue with regard to the spread of the disease, as they represent indoor environments that are continuously occupied most of the time. Several studies have underscored the crucial role of mechanical ventilation systems in the fight against any pandemic caused by airborne pathogens. AiCARR, through its associated companies, donated a mechanical ventilation system to a public school in Rho, Milan province (IT). The primary objective of the installation was to enhance safety by diluting indoor contaminants, improving indoor air quality, and ensuring thermal comfort. During the course of the project, the focus included advancing energy efficiency and reducing operational and maintenance costs. This article presents the first year operational data recorded by the monitoring system that include outdoor and indoor air temperature, relative humidity, CO2 concentration and unit electric consumption.
EPBD 2023, F-GAS 2024, Eco-design and safety standards: Which design margins to be compliant with? An assessment of heat pumps for cooling
Authors: Ascione Fabrizio , De Rossi Filippo , Iovane Teresa , Mastrullo Rita , Mauro Alfonso William , Pelella Francesco
Published: May 2024

To decarbonize Europe achieving almost zero emissions in 2050, more stringent regulations are going to be applied. Particularly, Europe is investing in the emissions’ re-duction of buildings (existing and new ones), and strong improvements in energy performance of building are expected according to novel energy performance of building directive (at last phase of negotiation). At the same time, the production and use of fluorinated gases will be further reduced with the novel F-Gas regulation (under Parliament approval). New F-Gas will affect remarkably the small size, air-to-air split systems for air-conditioning, since no fluorinated gases will be used after 2035, forcing manufacturers to the use of natural refrigerants. Being propane the most efficient among the non-toxic natural refrigerants, less refrigerant would be charged into systems according to current safety standards: this would potentially reduce the heat transfer surfaces and, consequently, for the same capacity, the energy efficiency or, for the same efficiency, the capacity would decrease. In this paper, some scenario analyses, complying with actual and future plausible dispositions, are presented, in order to showing the margins for de-sign and commenting criticalities. In particular, the optimal design options are proposed for different fluids, in terms of costs vs energy performance, under representative cases, in terms of weather conditions and building types in Italy (existing ones and new ones respecting high-efficiency standards, trying to meet the requirements of hypothesized national law following the draft of the novel EPBD).
Energy Performance and Thermal Comfort Assessment of an Educational Building in Northern Italy: The Importance of Climatic Files in Energy Simulations
Authors: Serpilli Fabio , Lops Camilla , Pierantozzi Mariano , Montelpare Sergio
Published: May 2024

Energy efficiency and thermal and acoustic comfort play crucial roles in the design and management of educational buildings. The literature underscores their influence on students’ and teachers’ well-being and productivity. Additionally, numerous works emphasise the growing environmental awareness among children attending sustainably designed or adapted buildings. In light of these considerations, the present study aims to evaluate the dynamic energy performance of a school located in Northern Italy, conceived as a Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB). The school integrates various technologies, intelligent systems, and renewable sources to reduce energy requirements. A second aspect under evaluation involves using both real and virtual anemometers to generate crucial weather data for energy simulations. Dynamic analyses often rely on traditional meteorological year (Typical Meteorological Year) datasets derived from outdated sources, leading to inaccuracies in representing current climatic conditions, especially in the case of results related to a specific period.
Shallow geothermal systems in dense urban areas: The issue of thermal interference and long-term sustainability
Authors: Angelotti Adriana , Sterpi Donatella
Published: May 2024

Shallow geothermal systems, namely Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) and Ground Water Heat Pumps (GWHP), are expected to give an increasing contribution to the decarbonization of the buildings climatization sector. A fully sustainable use should guarantee fair access to the shallow geothermal sources for new systems, given the potential thermal interference among neighbouring ones in dense urban areas, and address environmental concerns related to thermal pollution of ground and groundwater. In this paper the state of the art concerning environmental concerns, regulation approaches and sustainability metrics is firstly reported. Then, focusing on closed-loop systems, a simulation case study is developed to study the long-term thermal footprint in the ground. The Energy Imbalance indicator, summarizing the annual energy balance in the ground, drives the thermal drift produced by the bore-field and is therefore proposed as the main sustainability indicator. For given ground conditions, a maximum Energy Imbalance is identified, which limits the thermal perturbation distance to the borehole spacing and minimizes thermal interference with other systems.