bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mangrove‐Saltmarsh Ecotones: Are Species Shifts Determining Eco‐Morphodynamic Landform Configurations?
Authors: Wei Yizhang , van Maanen Barend , Xie Danghan , Jiang Qin , Zhou Zeng , Schwarz Christian
Published: October 2024

Mangrove‐saltmarsh ecotones are experiencing rapid alterations due to climate change and human activities, however, the ecological and morphological implications of these shifts remain largely unknown. This study systematically explores how interspecific interactions and herbivory influence the dominant wetland species, as well as the resultant morphological evolution and landscape configuration. To achieve this, we develop a new eco‐morphodynamic model that integrates hydrodynamics, sediment transport, bed‐level change, and vegetation dynamics. The novelty of the current model lies in newly incorporated modules to simulate biotic interactions between mangroves and saltmarshes, enabling exploration of eco‐morphodynamic feedback in mangrove‐saltmarsh ecotones in response to tidal flows and species interactions. Our results show that vertical growth rates of coexisting vegetation species are dominant factors in determining wetland dominance. When mangroves and saltmarshes exhibit comparable growth rates, mangroves typically become the dominant wetland species. Conversely, if mangroves grow more slowly than saltmarshes, they are unable to outcompete saltmarshes. Additionally, herbivory can fundamentally alter wetland dominance depending on herbivore food preferences. Our simulations further underline that saltmarsh‐dominated wetlands develop channel networks more extensively and rapidly than mangrove‐dominated systems. This pattern is also observed during species invasions, with invading saltmarshes extending channel networks, while invading mangroves inhibit ongoing network expansion. This study highlights the pivotal roles of relative growth properties and herbivory in driving ecotone development in respect to wetland dominance and channel network development at the intertidal scale.
Analysis of Orbital Sounding in Context With In‐Situ Ground Penetrating Radar at Jezero Crater, Mars
Authors: Raguso M. C. , Nunes D. C. , Shoemaker E. S. , Russell P. , Paige D. A. , Hamran S.‐E.
Published: October 2024

The RIMFAX ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) on Mars2020 Perseverance Rover is the first GPR operated on the Martian surface since February 2021, searching for stratigraphy beneath the Jezero crater. During its operations, GPR detected several strong reflectors extending from the exposed section of the Séitah formation down to depths of 15 m, with derived relative permittivity of ∼9.0 consistent with low‐porosity mafic rocks. We reprocessed all the SHAllow RADar (SHARAD) observations at a higher resolution and combined repeat‐passes coherently and/or incoherently for clutter mitigation. We then examined the bright returns searching for subsurface structures. The reprocessed data did not show any shallow reflectors like those detected by RIMFAX. We investigated possible factors influencing the lack of shallow reflectors in SHARAD radargrams, including the properties of the older volcanic lithologies and the significant variability of subsurface reflectors within the SHARAD km‐wide spatial footprint, which prevents the formation of coherent reflections.
The Sofu Seamount Submarine Volcano Present in the Source Area of the October 2023 Earthquakes and Tsunamis in Japan
Authors: Fujiwara Toshiya , Imai Kentaro , Obayashi Masayuki , Yoshida Kenta , Tada Noriko , Obana Koichiro , Fujie Gou , Ono Shigeaki , Kodaira Shuichi
Published: October 2024

On 8 October 2023 (UTC), unique earthquakes occurred in the Izu‐Ogasawara Arc, Japan, in which the P‐ and S‐phases were barely visible and only the T‐phases were evident, followed by tsunamis that reached islands in the Izu‐Ogasawara Arc and a wide area of the Pacific coast of southwest Japan. Our estimated T‐phase source area coincides with the Sofu Seamount, which was previously unrecognized as an active submarine volcano. A bathymetric survey of the seamount conducted 1 month after the event revealed characteristics of the seamount with a caldera and a central cone. Compared to the bathymetry in 1987, the topography in the caldera had changed significantly such as a crater forming in the central cone. This seamount is likely to be an active volcano. The topographic changes on the caldera‐sized scale that occurred at the caldera can be explained as a source of the October tsunami.
A Global Ocean Opal Ballasting–Silicate Relationship
Authors: Cael B. B. , Moore C. Mark , Guest Joe , Jarníková Tereza , Mouw Colleen B. , Bowler Chris , Mawji Edward , Henson Stephanie A. , Le Quéré Corinne
Published: October 2024

Opal and calcium carbonate are thought to regulate the biological pump's transfer of organic carbon to the deep ocean. A global sediment trap database exhibits large regional variations in the organic carbon flux associated with opal flux. These variations are well‐explained by upper ocean silicate concentrations, with high opal ‘ballasting’ in the silicate‐deplete tropical Atlantic Ocean, and low ballasting in the silicate‐rich Southern Ocean. A plausible, testable hypothesis is that opal ballasting varies because diatoms grow thicker frustules where silicate concentrations are higher, carrying less organic carbon per unit opal. The observed pattern does not fully emerge in an advanced ocean biogeochemical model when diatom silicification is represented using a single global parameterization as a function of silicate and iron. Our results suggest a need for improving understanding of currently modeled processes and/or considering additional parameterizations to capture the links between elemental cycles and future biological pump changes.
First Detection of the Enigmatic Low Latitude 150‐km Echoes in the UHF Band
Authors: Yue Xinan , Wang Junyi , Wang Yonghui , Cai Yihui , Ding Feng , Zhang Ning , Li Mingyuan , Ning Baiqi , Chau Jorge Luis
Published: October 2024

Through applying a 4‐MHz linear frequency modulation waveform, which has high range resolution and signal intensity, we successfully detected for the first time the ionospheric 150‐km echo enhancement at 430–450 MHz of the Ultra‐High‐Frequency (UHF) band using the newly built Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar (SYISR). The obtained low signal enhancement (less than 0.5 dB) explains why previous UHF experiments did not detect them. We also found that our measured fine structure shows a much wider forbidden region than previous results and covers a much larger altitudinal and local time region. In comparison with recent upper‐hybrid instability theory and simulation, our results confirmed the predicted higher altitude occurrence, wider gaps between enhancements, the turn corner feature around sunrise, and perhaps the weak enhancement, which provide an independent evaluation of the newly proposed mechanism in UHF band. Future UHF experiments could further improve the physical understanding of 150‐km echo phenomenon.
Aircraft Observations Reveal the Relationship Between Cumulus Entrainment Rate and Aerosol Loading
Authors: Zhu Lei , Lu Chunsong , Chen Jingyi , Wang Yuan , He Xin , Li Junjun , Wu Xianghua , Wu Shang
Published: October 2024

The influence of entrainment, a key process characterized by the entrainment rate in cumulus parameterization, on aerosol‐cloud interactions has been widely recognized. However, despite qualitative links established between entrainment and aerosol loading, a quantitative relationship based on observational evidence remains elusive. This study utilizes aircraft observations of cumulus clouds during two field campaigns to determine the quantitative relationship between entrainment rate and aerosol loading. In both campaigns, the entrainment rate is negatively correlated with aerosol loading. It is speculated that increased aerosol loading enhances cloud edge droplet evaporation, which leads to increased buoyancy and vertical velocity within the cloud, thereby reducing the entrainment rate. Further analysis shows that the response of entrainment rate to aerosol perturbations is more significant in smaller cumulus clouds with weak buoyancy and less pronounced under opposite conditions. These findings shed new light on improving the description of aerosol‐cloud interactions in cumulus parameterizations.
Substrate Competition of Diazotrophic Nitrous Oxide Assimilation Over Dinitrogen Fixation
Authors: Li Guangbo , Hong Haizheng , Lin Wenfang , Ji Qixing
Published: October 2024

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and is depleting the stratospheric ozone layer. Diazotrophic N2O assimilation to biomass represents a novel biological N2O consumption pathway in addition to canonical denitrification. Thermodynamically, N2O assimilation is more favorable than dinitrogen (N2) fixation in natural environments, especially under higher N2O concentration and cooler conditions. Via isotopic tracing experiments, N2O assimilation was detected on cultured diazotrophs Crocosphaera and Trichodesmium with specific rates from 1.27 ± 0.16 × 10−4 to 2.00 ± 0.25 × 10−4 hr−1 under elevated [N2O]/[N2] conditions (0.0005–0.01) within 24‐hr incubation. The rates of N2O assimilation during the light and dark periods were statistically insignificant compared with N2 fixation activity. In a eutrophic estuary, N2O assimilation was not detected in the absence of diazotrophic activity. A competitive substrate kinetic model with experimentally calibrated parameters successfully quantified rate ratios of N2O assimilation and N2 fixation in varying substrate concentrations. The low [N2O]/[N2] ratio in natural conditions leads to N2O assimilation rate being <0.1% of N2 fixation rate, rendering negligible impact of N2O assimilation. The model was also used to predict the time required for experimental detection of N2O assimilation in isotopic tracing experiments under varying [N2O]/[N2] ratios. This study enhances the mechanistic understanding of N2O assimilation by diazotrophs, broadening the microbial nitrogen cycle by a potential N2O sink and nitrogen source for production.
Sub‐Pixel Displacement Estimation With Deep Learning: Application to Optical Satellite Images Containing Sharp Displacements
Authors: Montagnon Tristan , Giffard‐Roisin Sophie , Dalla Mura Mauro , Marchandon Mathilde , Pathier Erwan , Hollingsworth James
Published: October 2024

Optical image correlation is a powerful method for remotely constraining ground movement from optical satellite imagery related to natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides). This approach enables the characterization, and identification of the causal factors and mechanisms underlying such processes. By employing sub‐pixel correlation algorithms, one can obtain highly accurate (m‐to‐cm level) displacement fields at high spatial resolution (dm‐to‐cm) by comparing satellite images acquired before and after a period of movement. However, this method generally assumes a homogeneous translation of all pixels within a given correlation window, which will lead to biased estimates of ground displacement if the real case is not well represented by such a simplification, especially when resolving ground displacements next to sharp gradients in displacement, such as those found in the near‐field of earthquake surface ruptures. In this paper, we present an innovative deep learning method estimating sub‐pixel displacement maps from optical satellite images for the retrieval of ground displacement. From the generation of a realistic simulated database, comprising Landsat‐8 satellite image pairs containing simulated sub‐pixel shifts and sharp discontinuities, we develop a Convolutional Neural Network able to retrieve sub‐pixel displacements. The comparison to state‐of‐the‐art correlation methods shows that our pipeline significantly reduces by 32% the estimation bias around fault ruptures, leading to more accurate characterization of the near‐field strain in surface rupturing earthquakes. Application of our model to the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake demonstrates the ability of our model to accurately and quickly resolve ground displacement using real satellite images. Code is made available at https://gricad‐gitlab.univ‐grenoble‐alpes.fr/montagtr/cnn4l‐discontinuities.
Clustering of Global Magnetospheric Observations
Authors: Edmond James , Raeder Joachim , Ferdousi Banafsheh , Argall Matthew , Innocenti Maria Elena
Published: October 2024

The use of supervised methods in space science have demonstrated powerful capability in classification tasks, but purely unsupervised methods have been less utilized for the classification of spacecraft observations. We use a combination of unsupervised methods, being principal component analysis, Self‐Organizing Maps, and hierarchical agglomerative clustering, to classify THEMIS and MMS observations as having occurred in the magnetosphere, magnetosheath, or the solar wind. The resulting classification are validated visually by analyzing the distribution of classifications and studying individual time series as well as by comparison to the labeled data set of a previous model, against which ours has an accuracy of 99.4. The model has a variety of applications beyond region classification such as deeper hierarchical analysis, magnetopause and bow shock crossing identification, and identification of bursty bulk flows, hot flow anomalies, and foreshock bubbles.
Response of Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves to Surface Temperature Forcing in Aquaplanet Simulations
Authors: Chien Mu‐Ting , Kim Daehyun
Published: October 2024

This study investigates changes in the propagation and maintenance of convectively coupled Kelvin waves (KWs) in response to surface warming. We use a set of three aquaplanet simulations made with the Community Atmospheric Model version 6 by varying the sea surface temperature boundary conditions to represent the current climate as well as warmer (+4 K) and cooler (−4 K) climates. Results show that KWs accelerate at the rate of about 7.1%/K and their amplitudes decrease by 4.7%/K. The dampening of KWs with warming is found to be associated with a weakening of the internal thermodynamic feedback between diabatic heating and temperature anomalies that generates KW eddy available potential energy (EAPE). The phase speed of KWs closely matches that of the second baroclinic mode KW in −4 K, while the phase speed of KWs is approximately that of the first baroclinic mode KW in +4 K. Meanwhile, the coupling between the two baroclinic modes weakens with warming. We hypothesize that in −4 K, as the first and second baroclinic modes are strongly coupled, KWs destabilize by positive EAPE generation within the second baroclinic mode and propagate more slowly, following the second baroclinic mode KW phase speed. In +4 K, as the first and second baroclinic modes decouple, KWs are damped by negative EAPE generation within the first baroclinic mode and propagate faster, following the first baroclinic mode KW phase speed.
Resilience of dermis resident macrophages to inflammatory challenges
Authors: Lee Sang Hun , Sacks David L.
Published: October 2024

The skin serves as a complex barrier organ populated by tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs), which play critical roles in defense, homeostasis, and tissue repair. This review examines the functions of dermis resident TRMs in different inflammatory settings, their embryonic origins, and their long-term self-renewal capabilities. We highlight the M2-like phenotype of dermal TRMs and their specialized functions in perivascular and perineuronal niches. Their interactions with type 2 immune cells, autocrine cytokines such as IL-10, and their phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells have been explored as mechanisms for M2-like dermal TRM self-maintenance and function. In conclusion, we address the need to bridge murine models with human studies, with the possibility of targeting TRMs to promote skin immunity or restrain cutaneous pathology.
CD2AP promotes the progression of glioblastoma multiforme via TRIM5-mediated NF-kB signaling
Authors: Zhang Liang , He Jiawei , Zhao Wentao , Zhou Yuhang , Li Jin , Li Shaobo , Zhao Wenpeng , Zhang Lingliang , Tang Ziqian , Tan Guowei , Chen Sifang , Zhang Bingchang , Zhang Yun-wu , Wang Zhanxiang
Published: October 2024

CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) is a scaffolding/adaptive protein that regulates intercellular adhesion and multiple signaling pathways. Although emerging evidence suggests that CD2AP is associated with several malignant tumors, there is no study investigating the expression and biological significance of CD2AP in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Here by studying public datasets, we found that CD2AP expression was significantly elevated in GBM and that glioma patients with increased CD2AP expression had a worse prognosis. We also confirmed the increase of CD2AP expression in clinical GBM samples and GBM cell lines. CD2AP overexpression in GBM cells promoted their proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion in vitro and their tumorigenesis in vivo, and reduced cell apoptosis both at basal levels and in response to temozolomide. While CD2AP knockdown had the opposite effects. Mechanistically, we revealed that CD2AP interacted with TRIM5, an NF-κB modulator. CD2AP overexpression and knockdown increased and decreased TRIM5 levels as well as the NF-κB activity, respectively. Moreover, downregulation of TRIM5 reversed elevated NF-κB activity in GBM cells with CD2AP overexpression; and inhibition of the NF-κB activity attenuated malignant features of GBM cells with CD2AP overexpression. Our findings demonstrate that CD2AP promotes GBM progression through activating TRIM5-mediated NF-κB signaling and that downregulation of CD2AP can attenuate GBM malignancy, suggesting that CD2AP may become a biomarker and the CD2AP-TRIM5-NF-κB axis may become a therapeutic target for GBM.
NOD2 reduces the chemoresistance of melanoma by inhibiting the TYMS/PLK1 signaling axis
Authors: Yun Fang , Wu Na , Yi Xiaojia , Zhang Xuedan , Feng Yu , Ni Qinxuan , Gai Yanlong , Li Enjiang , Yang Zhe , Zhang Qiao , Sai Buqing , Kuang Yingmin , Zhu Yuechun
Published: October 2024

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an immune sensor crucial for eliciting the innate immune responses. Nevertheless, discrepancies exist regarding the effect of NOD2 on different types of cancer. This study aimed to investigate these function of NOD2 in melanoma and its underlying mechanisms. We have validated the tumor suppressor effect of NOD2 in melanoma. NOD2 inhibited the proliferation of melanoma cells, hindering their migration and invasion while promoting the onset of apoptosis. Our study showed that NOD2 expression is closely related to pyrimidine and folate metabolism. NOD2 inhibits thymidylate synthase (TYMS) expression by promoting K48-type ubiquitination modification of TYMS, thereby decreasing the resistance of melanoma cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and capecitabine (CAP). TYMS was identified to form a complex with Polo-like Kinase 1 (PLK1) and activate the PLK1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, we revealed that the combination of the PLK1 inhibitor volasertib (BI6727) with 5-FU or CAP had a synergistic effect repressing the proliferation, migration, and autophagy of melanoma cells. Overall, our research highlights the protective role of NOD2 in melanoma and suggests that targeting NOD2 and the TYMS/PLK1 signaling axis is a high-profile therapy that could be a prospect for melanoma treatment.
Aberrant activation of a miR-101–UBE2D1 axis contributes to the advanced progression and chemotherapy sensitivity in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Mu Xiuli , Wei Yuchen , Fan Xin , Zhang Rui , Xi Wenjin , Zheng Guoxu , Yang An-gang
Published: October 2024

Chemotherapeutic drugs, such as cisplatin (cis-dichlorodiamineplatinum [II], cDDP) and 5-fluorouracil (5Fu), are widely used in transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), which is a standard therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chemoresistance is a major cause of TACE treatment failure in HCC patients. Our previous studies have identified the expression levels of miR-101 responsive genes, such as EED, EZH2, STMN1 and JUNB, exhibit significant correlation with the occurrence and progression of HCC, while the role of miR-101 responsive gene signatures in the chemoresistance of HCC treatment remains unclear. In this study, we identified ubiquitin-coupled enzyme E2D1 (UBE2D1) as a crucial regulatory factor in the chemoresistance of HCC, which is a direct target of miR-101 and exhibits significant correlation with miR-101-responsive gene signatures. The bioinformatics analysis showed the expression of UBE2D1 was significantly increased in HCC tissues and was closely correlated with the poor prognosis. In addition, we analyzed the role of miR-101/UBE2D1 axis in regulating chemo-sensitive of HCC cells. Our results showed that miR-101 increases the DNA damage and apoptosis of HCC cells by inhibiting the expression of UBE2D1, which in turn increases the sensitivity of HCC cells to cDDP and 5Fu both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, simultaneous assessment of miR-101 and UBE2D1 expression levels might provide an effective approach in preselecting HCC patients with survival benefit from TACE treatment. Moreover, further elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms of the miR-101/UBE2D1 axis could provide novel insight for targeted therapy of HCC.
Tapasin assembly surveillance by the RNF185/Membralin ubiquitin ligase complex regulates MHC-I surface expression
Authors: van de Weijer Michael L. , Samanta Krishna , Sergejevs Nikita , Jiang LuLin , Dueñas Maria Emilia , Heunis Tiaan , Huang Timothy Y. , Kaufman Randal J. , Trost Matthias , Sanyal Sumana , Cowley Sally A. , Carvalho Pedro
Published: October 2024

Immune surveillance by cytotoxic T cells eliminates tumor cells and cells infected by intracellular pathogens. This process relies on the presentation of antigenic peptides by Major Histocompatibility Complex class I (MHC-I) at the cell surface. The loading of these peptides onto MHC-I depends on the peptide loading complex (PLC) at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we uncovered that MHC-I antigen presentation is regulated by ER-associated degradation (ERAD), a protein quality control process essential to clear misfolded and unassembled proteins. An unbiased proteomics screen identified the PLC component Tapasin, essential for peptide loading onto MHC-I, as a substrate of the RNF185/Membralin ERAD complex. Loss of RNF185/Membralin resulted in elevated Tapasin steady state levels and increased MHC-I at the surface of professional antigen presenting cells. We further show that RNF185/Membralin ERAD complex recognizes unassembled Tapasin and limits its incorporation into PLC. These findings establish a novel mechanism controlling antigen presentation and suggest RNF185/Membralin as a potential therapeutic target to modulate immune surveillance.
Striato-pallidal oscillatory connectivity correlates with symptom severity in dystonia patients
Authors: Lofredi Roxanne , Feldmann Lucia K. , Krause Patricia , Scheller Ute , Neumann Wolf-Julian , Krauss Joachim K. , Saryyeva Assel , Schneider Gerd-Helge , Faust Katharina , Sander Tilmann , Kühn Andrea A.
Published: October 2024

Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder that has been associated with an imbalance towards the direct pathway between striatum and internal pallidum, but the neuronal underpinnings of this abnormal basal ganglia pathway activity remain unknown. Here, we report invasive recordings from ten dystonia patients via deep brain stimulation electrodes that allow for parallel recordings of several basal ganglia nuclei, namely the striatum, external and internal pallidum, that all displayed activity in the low frequency band (3–12 Hz). In addition to a correlation with low-frequency activity in the internal pallidum (R = 0.88, P = 0.001), we demonstrate that dystonic symptoms correlate specifically with low-frequency coupling between striatum and internal pallidum (R = 0.75, P = 0.009). This points towards a pathophysiological role of the direct striato-pallidal pathway in dystonia that is conveyed via coupling in the enhanced low-frequency band. Our study provides a mechanistic insight into the pathophysiology of dystonia by revealing a link between symptom severity and frequency-specific coupling of distinct basal ganglia pathways.
The molecular dissection of TRIM25’s RNA-binding mechanism provides key insights into its antiviral activity
Authors: Álvarez Lucía , Haubrich Kevin , Iselin Louisa , Gillioz Laurent , Ruscica Vincenzo , Lapouge Karine , Augsten Sandra , Huppertz Ina , Choudhury Nila Roy , Simon Bernd , Masiewicz Pawel , Lethier Mathilde , Cusack Stephen , Rittinger Katrin , Gabel Frank , Leitner Alexander , Michlewski Gracjan , Hentze Matthias W. , Allain Frédéric H. T. , Castello Alfredo , Hennig Janosch
Published: October 2024

TRIM25 is an RNA-binding ubiquitin E3 ligase with central but poorly understood roles in the innate immune response to RNA viruses. The link between TRIM25’s RNA binding and its role in innate immunity has not been established. Thus, we utilized a multitude of biophysical techniques to identify key RNA-binding residues of TRIM25 and developed an RNA-binding deficient mutant (TRIM25-m9). Using iCLIP2 in virus-infected and uninfected cells, we identified TRIM25’s RNA sequence and structure specificity, that it binds specifically to viral RNA, and that the interaction with RNA is critical for its antiviral activity.
Interventions for the control of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and tick vectors
Authors: de la Fuente José , Ghosh Srikant , Lempereur Laetitia , Garrison Aura , Sprong Hein , Lopez-Camacho Cesar , Maritz-Olivier Christine , Contreras Marinela , Moraga-Fernández Alberto , Bente Dennis A.
Published: October 2024

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic disease associated with its principal tick vector, Hyalomma spp. with increasing fatal incidence worldwide. Accordingly, CCHF is a World Health Organization-prioritized disease with the absence of effective preventive interventions and approved vaccines or effective treatments. This perspective raised from a multidisciplinary gap analysis considering a One Health approach beneficial for human and animal health and the environment exploring international collaborations, gaps and recommendations.
Fluctuations and extreme events in the public attention on Italian legislative elections
Authors: Auconi Andrea , Federico Lorenzo , Riotta Gianni , Caldarelli Guido
Published: October 2024

The share of social media attention to political candidates was shown to be a good predictor of election outcomes in several studies. This attention to individual candidates fluctuates due to incoming daily news and sometimes reflects long-term trends. By analyzing Twitter data in the 2013 and 2022 election campaign we observe that, on short timescales, the dynamics can be effectively characterized by a mean-reverting diffusion process on a logarithmic scale. This implies that the response to news and the exchange of opinions on Twitter lead to attention fluctuations spanning orders of magnitudes. However, these fluctuations remain centered around certain average levels of popularity, which change slowly in contrast to the rapid daily and hourly variations driven by Twitter trends and news. In particular, on our 2013 data we are able to estimate the dominant timescale of fluctuations at around three hours. Finally, by considering the extreme data points in the tail of the attention variation distribution, we could identify critical events in the electoral campaign period and extract useful information from the flow of data.
A comparative UPLC-orbitrap-MS-based metabolite profiling of three Pelargonium species cultivated in Egypt
Authors: Merghany Rana M. , Salem Mohamed A. , Ezzat Shahira M. , Moustafa Sherifa F. A. , El-Sawi Salma A. , Meselhy Meselhy R.
Published: October 2024

Several Pelargonium species are cultivated mainly to produce essential oils used in perfume industry and for ornamental purposes. Although the chemical composition and biological activities of their essential oils were extensively investigated, there is limited information about the chemical composition of their non-volatile constituents. In this study, we report an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS)-based metabolomics approach for the annotation and analysis of various metabolites in three species; P. graveolens, P. denticulatum, and P. fragrans utilizing The Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) and multivariate data analyses for clustering of the metabolites. A total of 154 metabolites belonging to different classes were annotated. The three species are good sources of coumarins, benzoic acid derivatives, organic acids, fatty acids, and phospholipids. However, the highest level of flavonols (mono- and di-O-glycosides) and cinnamic acid derivatives was found in P. graveolens and P. denticulatum, whereas tannins and flavone C-glycosides were abundant in P. fragrans. The metabolic profiles clarified here provide comprehensive information on the non-volatile constituents of the three Pelargonium species and can be employed for their authentication and possible therapeutic applications.
Optimizing COP by RSM and MATLAB model of mini refrigerator based on thermoelectric units driven by solar photovoltaic
Authors: Elnaggar Amal E. M. , Sharaf Soliman , Abedel Rehim Zeinab S. , El-Bayoumi M. A. , Mustafa Hassan M. M. , El Zoghby Helmy M.
Published: October 2024

Energy scarcity in the world and the pollutants resulting from excessive use of conventional energy aroused the need for sustainable alternatives that are environment friendly. A multi-use thermoelectric refrigerator powered by solar energy to obtain the lowest consumption with the highest efficiency. The designed refrigerator is based on the Peltier effect using Peltier units where a temperature difference is created between the junctions by applying a voltage difference across the junction. This study investigates the performance of a refrigerator cooling system powered by a photovoltaic (PV) system. The research aims to assess the efficiency, effectiveness, and feasibility of utilizing solar energy to drive refrigeration, particularly in off-grid or environmentally conscious applications. Through a comprehensive experimental setup and data analysis, the study examines energy consumption, cooling efficiency, and overall system performance under varying conditions. The findings contribute valuable insights into the potential of PV-powered refrigerators as sustainable cooling solutions. It relies on a control unit that measures the resulting temperature to determine the appropriate connection mode to give the highest cooling efficiency. The average solar radiation when operating for 8 h, for the different seasons of the year was 149.5, 67.5, 119.3, and 118.3 w/m2 in summer, winter, spring, and fall, respectively. The average cooling energy consumption was 107.25, 137.04, 107, and 138.08 w for temperatures (20 ± 1, 15 ± 1, 20 ± 2, and 15 ± 2) °C respectively that proof solar radiation is sufficient to produce energy for the summer of cooling temperatures up to 15 °C, while in the spring and fall it is sufficient to 20 °C. The Fast not Eco mode is the least energy consuming and the fastest cooling, it can be used for rapid cooling at a short time less than an hour. The best mode in the case of continuous operation is the case of as next Eco mode cooling temperature of 20 ± 0.1 °C. The MATLAB Simulink model was developed to reduce the design cycle and facilitate the integration of solar photovoltaic with the TEC. The optimal operating point is identified through simulation and validated through experimental analysis, the optimal COP was 71.089% by Response surface methodology (RSM).
Limited open information sharing and mobility promotes sustainability of jaguar tourism in Pantanal wetland, Brazil
Authors: Tortato Fernando , Gottesman Alice , Hoogesteijn Rafael , Martin Abigail , Dyble Mark , Chiaravalloti Rafael
Published: October 2024

Wildlife tourism plays a crucial role in biodiversity conservation. However, long-term sustainability is difficult to achieve. In this paper, we use property theory to produce a mathematical model that aims to better support stakeholders from the wildlife tourism industry to better guarantee a balance between sightings probability, tourists’ overall experience and operators’ sharing behaviour. We illustrate our model with the case study of Porto Jofre in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. We show that while dealing with low sighting probability, tourist operators must share information about species’ locations, leading to a system of open access regarding mobility and information. However, when sightings become common, sharing must be restricted to a bounded group avoiding overcrowding, a system of limited open access. Finally, when the sighting probability is high, no sharing is needed to achieve maximum overall experience. Our case study in Porto Jofre, Pantanal, Brazil, clearly shows these shifts in terms of governance strategies. We show that by looking at sighting probability it is possible to predict the best optimal social strategy that will guarantee long-term sustainability of the wildlife tourism initiatives. We also show the need for external support on adaptation in cases where current strategies do not match the predicted ones.
Sex differences in the development of experimental diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Chen Ying , Schlotterer Andrea , Lin Jihong , Dietrich Nadine , Fleming Thomas , Lanzinger Stefanie , Holl Reinhard W. , Hammes Hans-Peter
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to characterize the role of female sex in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. In the retinae of female Ins2Akita-diabetic mice (F-IA), ovariectomized female Ins2Akita-diabetic mice (F-IA/OVX), male Ins2Akita-diabetic mice (M-IA), and female STZ-diabetic mice (F-STZ), the formation of reactive metabolites and post-translational modifications, damage to the neurovascular unit, and expression of cellular stress response genes were analyzed. Compared to the male diabetic retina, the concentrations of the glycation adduct fructosyl-lysine, the Maillard product 3-deoxyglucosone, and the reactive metabolite methylglyoxal were significantly reduced in females. In females, there was also less evidence of diabetic damage to the neurovascular unit, as shown by decreased pericyte loss and reduced microglial activation. In the male diabetic retina, the expression of several members of the crystallin gene family (Cryab, Cryaa, Crybb2, Crybb1, and Cryba4) was increased. Clinical data from type 1 diabetic females showed that premenopausal women had a significantly lower prevalence of diabetic retinopathy compared to postmenopausal women stratified for disease duration and glycemic control. These data emphasize the importance of estradiol in protecting the diabetic retina and highlight the pathogenic relevance of sex in diabetic retinopathy.
Assessing the potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in improving the phytochemical content and antioxidant properties in Gomphrena globosa
Authors: Dhalaria Rajni , Verma Rachna , Sharma Rohit , Jomova Klaudia , Nepovimova Eugenie , Kumar Harsh , Kuca Kamil
Published: October 2024

Strategies to increase the secondary metabolite production, obtained from medicinal plants has been the topic of research in recent years. The symbiotic interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plants allows host-fungus pairings to enhance secondary metabolite synthesis. Therefore, the current study investigated the effect of inoculating two distinct AMF species discretely as well as in conjunction on the flower-derived secondary metabolites in Gomphrena globosa. The findings showed that the plants inoculated with combined treatment exhibited higher total phenolic (50.11 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoids (29.67 mg QE/g DW), saponins (122.55 mg DE/g DW), tannins (165.71 TAE/g DW) and terpenoid (8.24 mg LE/g DW) content in the methanolic extract. HPTLC examination showed the existence of kaempferol and benzoic acid with the highest amount (0.90% and 5.83% respectively) observed in the same treatment. FTIR analysis revealed functional group peaks with increased peak intensity in the combination treatment. Higher antioxidant activities such as DPPH (IC50: 401.39 µg/mL), ABTS (IC50: 71.18 µg/mL) and FRAP (8774.73 µM Fe (II) equivalent) were observed in the methanolic extract of combined treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the impact of AMF inoculation on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities in G. globosa flowers. Moreover, this study could lead to the development of novel pharmaceuticals and herbal remedies for various diseases.
Pipe experiment elucidates biochar application depth affects nitrogen leaching under crop present condition
Authors: Hamada Kosuke , Nakamura Satoshi , Kuniyoshi Daichi
Published: October 2024

Nitrogen leaching, resulting from the inefficient use of fertilizers, pollutes the environment, such as groundwater. Biochar can be applied to farmlands to mitigate nitrogen leaching. The effect depends on the application depth. However, the effect has not been examined under crop-farming conditions. Evaluating the interactions between biochar application depth and crop growth is indispensable for considering depth in the actual field. To address this, we conducted a pipe experiment with four treatments, no biochar (control), surface (0–5 cm), plow layer (0–30 cm), and subsurface (25–30 cm) applications, and compared the results with no-crop conditions from a previous study. Biochar application depth affected soil NO3−−N and NH4+−N absorption ability and also influenced soil-water stress conditions, affecting crop growth. Surface biochar application improved nitrogen absorption and reduced soil-water stress, improving crop growth. The NO3−−N leaching was reduced to 87.7%. Plow layer application worsened nitrogen absorption and resulted in frequent dry stress in the shallow-soil layer, preventing root growth in this layer. The NO3−−N and NH4+−N leaching increased 106.4% and 264.1%, respectively. The effects of subsurface application were similar to those in the control. Selecting an appropriate application depth can simultaneously improve crop growth and reduce nitrogen leaching.
Pharmacogenetic analysis of structural variation in the 1000 genomes project using whole genome sequences
Authors: Sherman Carissa A. , Claw Katrina G. , Lee Seung-been
Published: October 2024

While significant strides have been made in understanding pharmacogenetics (PGx) and gene-drug interactions, there remains limited characterization of population-level PGx variation. This study aims to comprehensively profile global star alleles (haplotype patterns) and phenotype frequencies in 58 pharmacogenes associated with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. PyPGx, a star-allele calling tool, was employed to identify star alleles within high-coverage whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from the 1000 Genomes Project (N = 2504; 26 global populations). This process involved detecting structural variants (SVs), such as gene deletions, duplications, hybrids, as well as single nucleotide variants and insertion-deletion variants. The majority of our PyPGx calls for star alleles and phenotype frequencies aligned with the Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base, although notable population-specific frequencies differed at least twofold. Validation efforts confirmed known SVs while uncovering several novel SVs currently undefined as star alleles. Additionally, we identified 210 small nucleotide variants associated with severe functional consequences that are not defined as star alleles. The study serves as a valuable resource, providing updated population-level star allele and phenotype frequencies while incorporating SVs. It also highlights the burgeoning potential of cost-effective WGS for PGx genotyping, offering invaluable insights to improve tailored drug therapies across diverse populations.
Phenotypic evidence of deltamethrin resistance and identification of selective sweeps in Anopheles mosquitoes on the Bijagós Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Moss Sophie , Jones Robert T. , Pretorius Elizabeth , da Silva Eunice Teixeira , Higgins Matthew , Kristan Mojca , Acford-Palmer Holly , Collins Emma L. , Rodrigues Amabelia , Krishna Sanjeev , Clark Taane G. , Last Anna , Campino Susana
Published: October 2024

Vector control in the Bijagós Archipelago of Guinea-Bissau currently relies on pyrethroid insecticide-treated nets. However, data on insecticide resistance in Guinea-Bissau is limited. This study identified deltamethrin resistance in the Anopheles gambiae sensu lato complex on Bubaque island using WHO tube tests in November 2022. Whole genome sequencing of An. gambiae sensu stricto mosquitoes identified six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with, or putatively associated with, insecticide resistance: T791M, L995F, N1570Y, A1746S and P1874L in the vgsc gene, and L119V in the gste2 gene. Twenty additional non-synonymous SNPs were identified in insecticide-resistance associated genes. Four of these SNPs were present at frequencies over 5% in the population: T154S, I126F and G26S in the vgsc gene and A65S in ace1. Genome wide selection scans using Garud’s H12 statistic identified two selective sweeps: one in chromosome X and one in chromosome 2R. Both selective sweeps overlap with metabolic genes previously associated with insecticide resistance, including cyp9k1 and the cyp6aa/cyp6p gene cluster. This study presents the first phenotypic testing for deltamethrin resistance and the first whole genome sequence data for Anophelesgambiae mosquitoes from the Bijagós, contributing data of significance for vector control policy in this region.
Listening to two-talker conversations in quiet settings: the role of listeners’ cognitive processing capabilities for memory and listening effort
Authors: Mohanathasan Chinthusa , Fels Janina , Schlittmeier Sabine J.
Published: October 2024

Listening to conversing talkers in quiet environments and remembering the content is a common activity. However, research on the cognitive demands involved is limited. This study investigates the relevance of individuals’ cognitive functions for listeners’ memory of two-talker conversations and their listening effort in quiet listening settings. A dual-task paradigm was employed to explore memory of conversational content and listening effort while analyzing the role of participants’ (n = 29) working memory capacity (measured through the operation span task), attention (Frankfurt attention inventory 2), and information-processing speed (trail making test). In the primary task, participants listened to a conversation between a male and female talker and answered content-related questions. The two talkers’ audio signals were presented through headphones, either spatially separated (+ /– 60°) or co-located (0°). Participants concurrently performed a vibrotactile pattern recognition task as a secondary task to measure listening effort. Results indicated that attention and processing speed were related to memory of conversational content and that all three cognitive functions were related to listening effort. Memory performance and listening effort were similar for spatially separated and co-located talkers when considering the psychometric measures. This research offers valuable insights into cognitive processes during two-talker conversations in quiet settings.
Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in biofilms
Authors: Liu Ho Yu , Prentice Emma L. , Webber Mark A.
Published: October 2024

Most bacteria in nature exist in aggregated communities known as biofilms, and cells within a biofilm demonstrate major physiological changes compared to their planktonic counterparts. Biofilms are associated with many different types of infections which can have severe impacts on patients. Infections involving a biofilm component are often chronic and highly recalcitrant to antibiotic therapy as a result of intrinsic physical factors including extracellular matrix production, low growth rates, altered antibiotic target production and efficient exchange of resistance genes. This review describes the biofilm lifecycle, phenotypic characteristics of a biofilm, and contribution of matrix and persister cells to biofilms intrinsic tolerance to antimicrobials. We also describe how biofilms can evolve antibiotic resistance and transfer resistance genes within biofilms. Multispecies biofilms and the impacts of various interactions, including cooperation and competition, between species on tolerance to antimicrobials in polymicrobial biofilm communities are also discussed.
Laser-induced graphene/gold nanoparticle hybrid sensor for enhanced electrochemical detection of paracetamol
Authors: Yu Wenbang , Xu Xiaotian , Cao Tian , Wei Zihan , Tang Jing , Zhang Min
Published: October 2024

A novel electrochemical sensor for paracetamol, fabricated via laser direct-writing on PI to form LIG electrodes with AuNPs enhancement, boasts a detection limit of 0.086 μM and robust performance in real-world applications.
Pyroptosis induced by natural products and their derivatives for cancer therapy
Authors: Wen Yingfei , Li You , Li Bin-bin , Liu Peng , Qiu Miaojuan , Li Zihang , Xu Jiaqi , Bi Bo , Zhang Shiqiang , Deng Xinyi , Liu Kaiyuan , Zhou Shangbo , Wang Qiang , Zhao Jing
Published: October 2024

This review is focused on using natural products for cancer therapy by inducing pyroptosis-related signaling pathways. Natural product-based compounds can also be combined with other antitumor therapies for a synergistic effect.
Efficient synthesis of an unsupported aryl substituted iminoborane chain (HNArBH)2NAr (Ar = [1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)
Authors: Stauder Rita , Ströbele Markus , Bettinger Holger F.
Published: October 2024

The reaction of 2-aminobiphenyl ArNH2 with triethylamine borane (Et3NBH3) at 165 °C, about 40 °C lower temperature than that used for borazine synthesis, gives a linear HArN-BH-NAr-BH-NArH chain in good yield (57%).
Effect of the stability of 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphoryl)-2-oxapropane complexes on the separation of lanthanide ions and their detection
Authors: Slobodskaia Serafima S. , Tsebrikova Galina S. , Solov'ev Vitaly P. , Ivanova Irina S. , Pyatova Elena N. , Baulin Vladimir E. , Safiulina Alfiya M. , Tsivadze Aslan Yu.
Published: October 2024

1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphoryl)-2-oxapropane exhibits selectivity towards the cations of the yttrium subgroup of lanthanides, a lutetium-selective electrode based on this ligand was developed, and Ln extraction was studied.
Unraveling the relationship between the phenethylammonium-induced 2D phase on the perovskite surface and inverted wide bandgap perovskite solar cell performance
Authors: Huo Xiaomin , Mariotti Silvia , Li Yaoyao , Guo Ting , Ding Chenfeng , Ji Penghui , Yuan Shuai , Li Tongtong , Meng Ning , Liu Xiaomin , Zhang Jiahao , Rabehi Ilhem Nadia , Zhang Yu , Zhao Suling , Wang Hengyuan , Song Dandan , Ono Luis K. , Xu Zheng , Qi Yabing
Published: October 2024

We studied the impact of phenethylammonium chloride on PIN-structured wide bandgap perovskite solar cells. Elimination of the 2D phase results in a champion efficiency of 20.61% and a VOC loss of only 410 mV with hysteresis-free J–V curves.
Reducing carrier recombination loss by suppressing Sn loss and defect formation via Ag doping in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells
Authors: Kim SeongYeon , Lee Jaebaek , Son Dae-Ho , Kim Wook Hyun , Sung Shi-Joon , Hwang Dae-Kue , Hong Tae Ei , Otgontamir Namuundari , Enkhbayar Enkhjargal , Lee Tae-Hee , Kim Min-Yeong , Choi Ji-Soo , Koo Sang-Mo , Kim JunHo , Kang Jin-Kyu , Kim Dae-Hwan , Yang Kee-Jeong
Published: October 2024

The position of Ag of the CZTSSe precursor significantly impacts the carrier recombination loss and overall efficiency, offering crucial insights for optimizing the CZTSSe solar cell design.