bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIII-7 Analysis of sow postures using infrared sensors
Authors: Bum Kwongoo , OH Sang-Hyon , Lee Donghoon
Published: December 2019

The health of the sow is crucial in determining the economic success of swine producers. Sows spend most of their time standing, and due to their heavy weight, they are exposed to more leg injuries compared to other livestock. Frequent observations are required to examine the body structure of sows to provide appropriate treatment, but such observations are done manually by technicians. Considering the lack and high price of labor, an automated investigation system that examines the body structure would greatly benefit sow farms. Various technologies for animal health have been introduced and used in the livestock field to construct a successful smart farm. This study aims to present an assessment method applied to an individual sow using sensor technology, suggesting a system to observe various postures of sows, which help producers decide leg injuries or bad health symptoms in real time. The system consists of 8 infrared distance sensors: three that point from the front, two from the middle, and three from the rear side. To compare the postures of normal and abnormal sows, one sow was normally treated and the other was injected with 70% of dextrose at 9 am every day. During 28 days of experimentation, the normal sow showed 39 minutes of movement on average per day for 8 days at sensor 3 and 97 minutes a day for 17 days at sensor 5. The abnormal sow showed 97 minutes a day for 21 days at sensor 3 and 215 minutes a day for 27 days at sensor 5, which were significantly different from the normal sow (P < 0.05). Simultaneous movements at low levels of the front and middle sensors could help differentiate between normal and abnormal individuals. Such a promising system could serve as a vital indicator for animal health and maximize livestock farm revenue.
PSVI-12 Effects of protease supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemical parameters and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in growing pigs fed diets containing different levels of sorghum
Authors: Hui Qianru , lu Peng , Lahaye Ludovic , Bodin Jean-Christophe , Yang Chengbo , Fang Jun , Li Tiejun
Published: December 2019

Sorghum has been increasingly used as animal feed ingredients due to low cost and high energy. However, anti-nutritional factors in sorghum negatively affect the availability of nutrients. This study aimed to mitigate the adverse impacts of sorghum on the growth performance of growing pigs by protease supplementation. Forty-two crossbred pigs (Duroc × Landrace) were randomly assigned into seven treatment groups: A (0% sorghum + 0% protease); B (20% sorghum + 0% protease); C (20% sorghum + 0.015% protease); D (50% sorghum + 0% protease); E (50% sorghum + 0.015% protease); F (80% sorghum + 0% protease); and G (80% sorghum + 0.015% protease). Growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemical parameters, and apparent ileal amino acids digestibility were measured. Results showed that average daily feed intake (ADFI) significantly increased in the group with 50% sorghum, and ADFI and average daily gain (ADG) increased in the group with 80% sorghum (P < 0.05). Precaval vein, mesenteric vein and portal vein serum concentration of histidine decreased (P < 0.05). The apparent ileal threonine digestibility increased with 20% sorghum and the apparent ileal lysine digestibility increased with 50% sorghum (P < 0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility of other amino acids decreased or remained stable with 80% sorghum. Protease supplementation improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) with 20% sorghum (P < 0.05) when compared to 20% sorghum without protease. The FCR, ADG, ADFI and meat quality of growing pigs with 50–80% dietary sorghum and protease supplementation were comparable to the control (P > 0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids decreased in the group with an 80% sorghum amount except for lysine and valine. Sorghum could be a substitution for corn with a proper proportion (between 20% and 80%) of dietary feed. In conclusion, the supplementation of protease improved feed efficiency at 20% sorghum inclusion.
PSVI-6 Effect of cow neutrophil activation on expression of T cell immunoglobulin and Mucin-Domain-Containing-Protein 3 (TIM-3) and its ligand Galectin 9 gene
Authors: Worku Mulumebet , Ekwemalor Kingsley
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of neutrophil activation on the expression of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein-3 (TIM-3) and its ligand Galectin 9. T cell immunoglobulin and Mucin-Domain-Containing-Protein 3 is a type I transmembrane protein involved in the regulation of cell-mediated immunity. Galectin-9 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin, that can function as an alarmin in response to diverse pathogens. Binding of Gal-9 to TIM-3 and stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced activation of NADPH oxidase on human neutrophils. Increased understanding of Gal-9 to TIM-3 gene expression and modulation in cow neutrophils is needed. Blood was collected from the jugular vein of clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian cows (n = 3) from North Carolina A&T dairy unit. Neutrophils were isolated by differential centrifugation and incubated with either 10ng/ml of PMA or maintained in Phosphate buffer saline for 30 minutes at 370 C. Total RNA was isolated from neutrophils reverse transcribed to cDNA. Specific primers for TIM-3 and LGALS -9 were designed using the NCBI Primer 3 tool. Pooled cDNA samples were used for real-time PCR. Housekeeping genes RPLP0 and UCHL5 served as internal controls. Fold change in transcript abundance was calculated using the Livak method (Fold change >2 were considered as significant). Both LGAS9 and TIM-3 were expressed in resting neutrophils. Treatment with PMA upregulated transcription of TIM-3 (5.55 fold). Whereas, LGALS -9 transcription remained unchanged. Activation of cow neutrophils using PMA changes in the expression of TIM-3. Further studies are needed to define the signaling pathways involved and functional implications for animal health and production.
PSVI-37 Effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) and selected feed additives on viability and tight junction integrity of IPEC-J2 cells
Authors: Lu Hang , Ajuwon Kolapo
Published: December 2019

Intestinal epithelial cells represent the frontline of host defense against invasion by enteric pathogens and uptake of potentially harmful substances. Mycotoxins are deleterious feed contaminants routinely found in cereal grains used in livestock feed. Development of strategies to eliminate mycotoxins and mitigate their harmful effects on the animal is of major importance to the livestock industry. The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON), a common mycotoxin contaminant, and selected prebiotic, probiotic, and essential oil blended feed additives, on viability and integrity in porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). IPEC-J2 cells were grown on either plastic or semipermeable membranes until 100% confluence and treated with DON (12.5 uM) with or without additives (0.01 mg/mL Biolex® and 0.0001 mg/mL Encinnate®, Biomatrix Inc.) Use of DON at 12.5 uM decreased the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) by 37.5% compared to control, and led to 88.7% increase in FITC-dextran permeability after 3 days of culture, but with no negative effects on cell viability. The decrease in TEER by DON was minimized in the presence of Biolex (22.2%) and Encinnate (20.5%) relative to control. Treatment with DON also decreased the mRNA (24.0%) and protein abundance (64.4%) of claudin 3 and this was partially reversed by the additives, 11.5 and 11.0% decrease for claudin 3 mRNA and 58.7 and 56.7% decrease for the protein relative to control for Biolex and Encinnate, respectively. In summary, DON led to impaired epithelial tight junction integrity and this was partially rescued by the additives tested.
PSVI-36 Transcriptome analysis of porcine tonsils following PRRS virus infection
Authors: Ko Haesu , Kim Won-Il , Chae Han-Hwa , Park Won-Chul , Park Jong-Eun , Cha Jihye , Park Mi-Rim , Im Yeong-jo , Choi Bong-Hwan
Published: December 2019

The major concern for the pig industry is disease control and prevention, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the main threats to it. Tonsil is a part of the immune system and its role is to recognize and reject foreign antigens to prevent them from invading the lungs. Interestingly, porcine tonsil can harbor PRRS viruses over 150 days post infection (dpi) with no clinical signs, causing PRRS re-break. This study was conducted to find out variation in levels of gene expression in tonsils and investigate functional roles of differentially expressed genes in tonsils depending on days post infection. We used porcine tonsils from weaned pigs following experimental infection with PRRSV-2 (JA142 strain) at 3, 10, 21, 28, 35 dpi. Based on RNA-seq analysis pipeline, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were considered significant at False Discovery Rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05 level and above the two-fold change. Comparative analyses of 3 dpi vs. 10 dpi, 3 dpi vs. 21 dpi, 3 dpi vs. 28 dpi, and 3 dpi vs. 35 dpi produced 368, 315, 754, and 336 DEGs, respectively. Then we annotated the functions of each DEG set using DAVID tool. Significant GO terms of the MF, BP, and CC ontologies and KEGG pathways were selected within the limit of FDR < 0.05. Common overrepresented GO terms of all DEG sets were mainly negative regulation of viral genome replication, defense response to virus, negative regulation of type Ⅰ interferon production, and type Ⅰ interferon signaling pathway. Specific GO terms were found such as cellular response to interleukin-1, interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway, growth factor activity, and acute-phase response from each DEG set, respectively. It suggested tonsil responded to protect itself from PRRSV infection but further study is required to understand PRRSV persistence in tonsils.
PSVI-32 Comparison on effect of antibiotic supplementation between fast-growing yellow-feathered broilers and Arbor Acres broilers
Authors: sha tian
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this experiment was to find out the regular pattern and difference of intestinal development between Arbor Acres broilers and yellow-feathered broilers in different periods. A total of 240 one-day-old yellow-feathered broilers and Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted into 4 groups for each group consisting of 6 replicates with 10 birds per replicate. The two control groups were fed corn-soybean-based diets, and the two antibiotic groups were fed the based diets with 50 mg/kg chlortetracycline. The experimental period lasted for 42d. The results showed as follows: 1) Compared with the control group, the addition of antibiotics significantly increased the FBW and ADG of broilers, but had no significant effect on F/G. And there were no interaction between breeds and antibiotics. 2) At 21 days, there were no significant difference in the ratio of villus height to crypt depth of jejunum and cecum among all groups. At 42 days, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in jejunum of Arbor Acres broilers was significantly lower than that of yellow-feathered broilers, while that in cecum was significantly higher than that of yellow-feather broilers. The effects of antibiotics were not significant, and there were no interaction between breeds and antibiotics. 3) There were no significant difference in the antioxidant index of jejunum between the two breeds. Compared with the control group, the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the antibiotic group were significantly increased, so does the total antioxidant capacity. And there were no interaction between breeds and antibiotics. However, the activity of catalase, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl content in cecum had interaction between breeds and antibiotics. In conclusion, the intestinal development of different breeds of broilers was different, and the time and location of antibiotic action were also different. In actual production, antibiotics should be used scientifically and rationally.
PSII-26 Changes in growth performance, cytokine profile and eating and drinking behaviors of growing pigs subjected to an induced heat stress
Authors: Anderson Lauren E , Holt Jonathan P
Published: December 2019

This study was conducted to determine effects of induced heat stress on growth performance, cytokine profile and eating and drinking behaviors of growing pigs. Pigs (n = 32; average BW =42.25±0.78 kg) were housed individually in thermo-neutral conditions (CON) or subjected to constant high ambient temperatures (mean 81.7°F) for 15 d (HS), followed by a 7 d recovery period (mean 68.6°F). Pig weights and feed disappearance were recorded on d 0, 8, 15 and 22 for calculations of ADG, ADFI and GF. Blood samples were taken via venipuncture on d 2, 8, 15 and 22, and serum was analyzed for cytokine profile by multiplex-ELISA. Four pigs per treatment were video-recorded on d 2, 6, 9, 16 and 21 for 2 h at 800, 1300 and 1600. Frequency and duration of eating and drinking were recorded. HS pigs had lower ADFI (1.97 kg/d) and ADG (0.91 kg/d) compared to CON pigs (2.39 and 1.11 kg/d, respectively) during wk 1. HS pigs had lower ADFI (2.24 kg/d) during the recovery period compared to CON (2.74 kg/d) pigs. During the overall trial period, HS pigs had lower ADFI (2.30 kg/d) and ADG (0.99 kg/d) compared to CON pigs (2.69 and 1.14 kg/d, respectively), however, GF for HS pigs (0.43) was not different from CON (0.42). HS pigs had increased IL1β (617 pg/mL) and IL12 (1380 pg/mL) compared to CON pigs (248 and 1127 pg/mL, respectively). IL8 was increased for CON (1340 pg/mL) compared to HS (522 pg/mL; P < 0.001). HS pigs ate less frequently in the morning (2 times/h) compared to CON pigs (4.1 times/h; time x treatment interaction, P = 0.003). Regardless of treatment, drinking frequency increased from 1600–1800 (5.7 times/h) compared to 800–1000 (2 times/h; P < 0.001). Heat stress reduces performance, increases circulating inflammatory cytokines and alters daily time of eating.
PSIII-30 Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of Angus and Wagyu sired cattle raised to a similar body weight endpoint
Authors: Jaborek Jerad R , Relling Alejandro E
Published: December 2019

Angus and Wagyu sired calves were used in an incomplete block design experiment to investigate breed differences for growth at a similar body weight. Cattle were individually fed a common corn silage based growing diet for 4 months and transitioned to a common finishing diet for the remainder of the study. Treatments were as follows: T1) Angus sired steers (n = 13) harvested at 612 kg, T2) Wagyu (LMR Fukutsuru 729T) sired steers (n = 4) and heifers (n = 5) harvested at 612 kg, T3) Wagyu (OW Yasufuku 229Y) sired steers (n = 5) and heifers (n = 8) harvested at 612 kg. Data were analyzed in SAS using the mixed model: Yij = μ + Ti + sj + eij, where Ti was the fixed effect of treatment, sj was the random effect of sex, and eij was the random error. Contrasts were made to compare T1 vs. T2 and T3, and T2 vs. T3. Receiving weight was greater (P ≤ 0.02) for Angus sired cattle compared to Wagyu sired cattle, and Fukutsuru sired cattle had greater (P ≤ 0.05) receiving weights compared to Yasufuku sired cattle. Off-test weights were similar across treatments (P = 0.49). Wagyu sired cattle required more days on feed (P ≤ 0.01), resulting in a greater age at harvest (P ≤ 0.01) compared to Angus sired cattle. Fukutsuru sired cattle tended to require fewer days on feed (P = 0.07) and be younger at harvest (P = 0.10) compared to Yasufuku sired cattle. Angus sired cattle had greater ADG (P ≤ 0.01), DMI (P ≤ 0.01), and G:F (P ≤ 0.02) compared to Wagyu sired cattle. Angus sired cattle had a lesser percentage of KPH fat (P ≤ 0.01) and tended to have more desirable YG scores (P = 0.06) compared to Wagyu sired cattle. Wagyu sired cattle had greater marbling scores (P ≤ 0.01) compared to Angus sired cattle, while Yasufuku sired cattle had greater marbling scores compared to Fukutsuru sired cattle.
PSVIII-23 High-density SNP marker based genetic diversity and population structure study of reindeer populations
Authors: Kharzinova Veronika R , Dotsev Arsen V , Solovieva Anastasiya , Wimmers Klaus , Reyer Henry , Brem Gottfried , Zinovieva Natalia A
Published: December 2019

Wild reindeer populations form the basis of the traditional activities of indigenous peoples of the northern territories of Siberia, the main part of which is concentrated in two large regions: Taimyr and Northern Yakutia. Currently, there is a sharp decline in the number of wild reindeer, which leads to a loss of the genetic diversity necessary for survival in the changing habitat conditions. To infer the population structure and genome-wide diversity of wild reindeer, the Taymyr (TAI, n = 33) and Yakut populations including Tundra Leno-Olenek (LNO, n = 20), the Island (ISL, n = 6), the Sundrun (SUN, n = 6) and the Taiga (TGA, n = 5) were genotyped with the Illumina Bovine HD BeadChip. Data set consisting of 8801 polymorphic SNP markers was used to calculate population genetic parameters in PLINK 1.9, SplitsTree 4.14.6. software, R packages “diveRsity” and “StAMMP.” We detected the similar level of observed heterozygosity across the TAI, ISL, SUN and LNO: 0.187, 0.188, 0.184, and 0.189 respectively. Meanwhile, allelic richness was slightly higher in Taimyr population compared to the Yakut groups. The lowest level of genetic diversity was recorded in the Taiga reindeer (Ho=0.168; Ar = 1.476). All populations showed heterozygotes deficiency (uFIS 95%, CI > 0) with higher uFIS values in TGA (0.079). MDS analysis revealed the high level of genetic similarity of TAI, ISL and LNO and placed SUN in close proximity to them. The first and the second MDS components (2.36% and 2.15% of the genetic variability) clearly divided the Taiga reindeer, the genetic apartness of which was also confirmed by the results of the Neighbour-Net tree analysis. Information obtained here, might be helpful for further effective use and maintenance of the reindeer populations as well as for overcoming the negative effects of decreasing their number. The study was supported by Russian Science Foundation within Pr. no. 16-16-10068.
PSVIII-8 Effects of heat stress and arginine on intestinal morphology and hepatic metabolism in finishing pigs
Authors: Wang Li , Xiong Yunxia , Yi Hongbo , Wen Xiaolu , Gao Kaiguo , Jiang Zongyong
Published: December 2019

Heat stress can affect growth performance and some physiological metabolism in finishing pigs. In this study, we investigated the effects of intermittent heat stress and arginine on the growth performance, intestinal health and liver metabolism of finishing pigs. Forty-eight Landrace barrow pigs (about 70kg) were randomly assigned to 6 groups, each group 8 pigs. The pigs were treated as follows: (1) LR (fed ad libitum at 22°C), (2) HR (ad libitum fed at 35°C), (3) LL(at 22°C, but fed the amount consumed by those kept at 35°C), (4) LR+1% Arg, (5) HR+1%Arg, (6) LL+1%Arg. The temperature of HR and HR+1%Arg groups was controlled for cycles of 35 ± 2 ℃ for 12 hours, 22 ± 2 ℃ for the other 12 hours. The experiment lasted for 30 days. The results showed that the ADFI and ADG of pigs in LR group were much higher than those in HR group or LL group, the latter having the highest F:G (P < 0.05). Jejunal HE staining results showed that heat stress decreased the villus height of jejunum and villus height to crypt depth ratio, adding 1% arginine can alleviate the damage by heat stress (P < 0.05). Heat stress decreased the abundance of transcripts of tight junction protein ZO-1, occludin and mucin-2 in the mucosa of the jejunum (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary arginine supplementation increased occludin transcripts (P < 0.05). The results of hepatic metabolomics showed that heat stress significantly affected the metabolism of carbohydrate, energy and protein of liver (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these data indicated that intermittent heat stress has negatively influence on the intestinal health and liver metabolism of finishing pigs, and adding 1% arginine had a positive effect on intestinal mucosal morphology caused by heat stress.
PSVIII-11 Transcriptome profiling of bovine satellite cell differentiation in Hanwoo longissimus dorsi and semimembranosus muscle
Authors: Chung Ki Yong , Lee Eun Mi , Kwon Eung Gi , Han Man Hi , Heras-Saldana Sara , Gondro Cedric
Published: December 2019

Hanwoo, Korean native cattle, have been known for high intramuscular adipose tissue compare to other beef cattle. Bovine satellite cells (BSC) of longissimus dorsi (LD) and semimembranosus (SM) tissues differentiated from myoblast into multinucleated myotubes has different characteristics under cell culture system. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) of the two muscle tissues were compared based on 24, 48, 96, and 168 hours. Difference in the index between LD and SM BSC at each time point were tested with an analysis of variance for a model fitting time (day), tissue and the interaction between time and tissue. P-values < 0.05 were considered significantly different. There were 640 genes difference in 4 Day with the lowest DEG, 442 in Up and 198 in Down. There were 2,755 genes difference in 7 Day and 879 genes in Up and 1876 genes in Down. The differential expression of actin alpha 1 (ACTA1), actin alpha cardiac muscle 1 (ACTC1), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2), and myosin light chain phosphorylated fast skeletal muscle (MYLPF) genes (P < 0.05) were involved in the differentiation of SM greater than those of LD muscle. However, we found the same pattern in the transcription levels of myogenine (MYOG), myogenic differentiation 1(MYOD), and myogenic regulatory factors 6 (MYF6) for both muscles. There were more difference in the enriched Gene ontology terms cell cycle, proliferation and G2/M transition of mitotic during the end of proliferation compare to myoblast differentiation. Our finding provide evidence that the differential expression in of ACTA1, ACTC1, MMP2, and MYLPF genes could be involved in the differentiation of LD and SM muscles. This data indicated that the origin of the BSC were epigenetically improved during the myogenic development of LD and SM
PSIV-B-37 Late-Breaking: Dietary organic and medium chain fatty acids as antibiotic substitutes improve growth performance, immune function, intestinal morphology and microbiota of weaned piglets orally challenged with Escherichia coli K88
Authors: Zhang Junmin , Tang Chaohua , Han Yunsheng
Published: December 2019

This study was conducted to determine the effects of organic and medium chain fatty acids (OMCFA) as antibiotic substitutes on growth performance, immune function, intestinal morphology, and ileum microbiota of weaned piglets challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Over 28 days, 150 weaned piglets (28-day old, 8.80 ± 0.19 kg) were allocated to five treatments (with five replicates of six piglets each): negative basal diet (NBD), positive basal diet (PBD), antibiotic growth promoters diet (AGPD, BD+0.04 g/kg zinc bacitracin, 0.03 g/kg chlortetracycline, and 0.05 g/kg kitasamycin), OMCFA 1 diet (BD+0.2% OMCFA, OMCFA is a synergistic blend of a phenolic compound, slow release C12, target release butyrates, formic, acetic, lactic, propionic, citric, sorbic acid), and OMCFA 2 diet (Day 1 to 14: BD+0.8% OMCFA, Day 15 to 28: BD+0.6% OMCFA). On the 15th day, piglets in the PBD, AGPD, OMCFA 1, and OMCFA 2 treatment groups were orally challenged with 20 mL Escherichia coli K88 (108 CFU/mL). Body weight on day 14 and average daily gain from 1st to 14th day of the subjects in the AGPD and OMCFA 1 groups were higher than those in the NBD and PBD groups (P < 0.05). Diarrhea rate after challenge was lower in the AGPD group than PBD one, and there was no significant difference between the AGPD and OMCFA 1 group. OMCFA decreased total leukocytes and the percentage of neutrophils (P < 0.05), increased the percentage of lymphocytes (P < 0.05), on day 14, and increased villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, compared with PBD group. 16S rDNA sequencing showed that OMCFA might stabilize the ileum microbiota caused by E. coli K88 challenge. These results indicated that OMCFA could be used as potential alternatives to AGPs in weaned piglets.
PSIV-B-33 Late-Breaking: Effects of dietary flavor in the commercial nursery diet on immune responses and gut microbiota of weaned pigs
Authors: Kim Soyun , Hung Alex , Lee Jongmoon , Lee Jeongjae , Kim Sheena , Kim Byeonghyeon , Kang Joowon , Mun Daye , Baek Jangryeol , Kyoung Hyunjin , Park Sangwoo , Seo Dongoh , Choe Jeehwan , Kim Younghoon , Song Minho
Published: December 2019

This study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary flavor on immune responses and gut microbiota of weaned pigs. A total of 72 weaned pigs (initial BW = 6.66 ± 0.32 kg) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments (4 pigs/pen; 9 replicates/treatment) in randomized complete block design (block = BW). The dietary treatments were 1) a commercial diet based on corn and soybean meal with spray dried plasma, fish meal, and zinc oxide (CON) and 2) CON + 0.05% flavor (FLA) containing milky cream flavor (Luctarom®, Lucta Guangzhou, China). Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments for 6 weeks. Blood was collected from randomly selected one pig in each pen on d 0, 7, and 14 after weaning. Three pigs per dietary treatment were randomly selected to collect feces on the last day of the experiment to verify their gut microbiota. Measurements were the number of white blood cells (WBC) by an automated hematology analyzer calibrated for porcine blood and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and cortisol by the ELISA and gut microbiota by metagenomics analysis with pyrosequencing. The immune responses data were analyzed using the PROC GLM procedure of SAS. The gut microbiota data were analyzed using CLcommunity program. Pigs fed FLA had lower WBC on d 7 (P < 0.10) and 14 (P < 0.05), TNF-α on d 7 (P < 0.10), and IL-6 on d 7 (P < 0.10) than those fed CON. The FLA increased (P < 0.05) phylum Firmicutes and genus Lactobacillus and Clostridium in gut microbiota of weaned pigs compared with CON, but decreased (P < 0.05) phylum Bacteroidetes and genus Prevotella. In conclusion, the addition of dietary flavor in the commercial diet modified immune responses and modulated gut microbiota of weaned pigs.
PSIX-19 Effects of ValiMP® supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pork quality in growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Park Min Young , Choi Sun-woo , Kim Jonggun , Kwak Minjin , Whang Kwang-Youn
Published: December 2019

ValiMP® is a mixture of phytochemical compounds containing manganese. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of ValiMP® on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pork quality in growing-finishing pigs. The trial was conducted in a 2x3 factorial design with two levels of CP (LP, 15% or HP, 16%), and three types of supplements (Control; 10 ppm ractopamine; or 0.25% ValiMP®). Dietary treatments were: LC (Low CP+control), LR (Low CP+ractopamine), LV (Low CP+ValiMP®), HC (High CP+control), HR (High CP+ractopamine), HV (High CP+ValiMP®). A total of 144 growing pigs at 50 kg initial body weight (BW) were allotted and fed one of the experimental diets for 70 days. But ractopamine in LR and HR treatments was supplemented during the last 35 days. BW and feed intake were measured weekly, and pork quality was determined in longissimus dorsi muscle. All values were statistically analyzed using ANOVA procedure of SAS 9.4 software and differences at P < 0.05 level were considered significantly different. Results showed dietary ractopamine or ValiMP® supplementation numerically promoted growth performance compared to control in HP treatments, although the extent was lesser in ValiMP® treatment. Ractopamine or ValiMP® also improved carcass composition in HP compared to LP. Lean percentage in HR was higher than in LR by 4.3%, and it was greater in HV than in LV by 5.9%, (P < 0.05). These changes occurred at the expense of fat percentage (P < 0.05). Among pork quality criteria, water-holding capacity determined by filter-paper fluid uptake method was significantly lower in HV than those in HC and HR (P < 0.05). Warner-Bratzler shear force, an indicative for meat tenderness, exhibited lower values in HV and HC than that in HR (P < 0.05). Overall, our results suggest ValiMP® improves growth performance and carcass composition with lesser extent to ractopamine, and pork quality more than ractopamine.
PSIX-16 Effects of dietary cadmium on production performance, hepatic injury and tissue residue in laying hens
Authors: Zhang Bei-Yu , Tao Can , Wei Xiao-Tian , Zhang Ni-Ya
Published: December 2019

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant with destructive impact on many organ systems, such as chronic kidney diseases, liver diseases, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and so on. The liver is the target organ of cadmium exposure. This study was performed to evaluate the adverse effects of prolonged high intake of dietary cadmium on production performance, serum biochemistry, liver antioxidant status, histopathology and the residue in liver and eggs in laying hens. 72 Hy-Line Brown laying hens aged 40 weeks were randomly allocated to four groups, with three replicates of six birds. Each group was fed a corn-soy basal diet (BD) and an oral dose of Cd at 0, 15, 30, 60 mg/kg per day for 6 weeks, respectively. Results revealed that the administration of 60 mg/kg Cd had no significant influences (P > 0.05) on production performance. Compared with the control, dietary Cd significantly increased (P < 0.05) the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Furthermore, compared with the control, hepatic glutathione peroxide (GPX) activities were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased (P < 0.05) when supplemented Cd over 15 mg/kg, and glutathione (GSH) was only decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in 30 mg/kg Cd group. Hepatic histopathology also showed hepatic injury, mild vasculitis and a small amount of lymphocyte infiltration occurred in the liver tissue in 15 mg/kg Cd group and the symptoms were exacerbated with the increased dose. In the 60 mg/kg group, hepatic sinusoidal dilatation and mild congestion were also observed. The residue of Cd in the liver and yolk were increased (P < 0.05) with the increasing concentration of dietary Cd. In conclusion, hepatic injuries in laying hens were induced when diets supplemented with Cd up to 15 mg/kg. Cd levels also managed to accumulated in liver and yolk of laying hens.
PSIX-37 Evaluation of reducing dietary crude protein concentrations coupled with increasing essential amino acids on growth performance in fattening pigs
Authors: Hong S-M , Jung D , You S-J
Published: December 2019

A body of evidence suggests that low-protein diets in swine have benefits in view of environmental stewardship and economic returns. The present study was performed to evaluate essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation in the diets with reducing crude protein (CP) concentrations on growth performance in fattening pigs. We hypothesized that a low-CP diet with elevated EAA concentrations would result in similar growth performance in fattening pigs compared with a normal CP diet. Eighty finishing pigs with initial body weight (BW) of 72.0 ± 5.34 kg were assigned in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates to test 4 dietary treatments: 1) 15.5% CP with EAA concentration at 109% of NRC requirement (control); 2) 14.0% CP with EAA concentration at 111% of NRC requirement (EAA111); 3) 14.0% CP with EAA concentration at 113% of NRC requirement (EAA113); and 14.0% CP with EAA concentration at 115% of NRC requirement (EAA115). The diets were isocaloric, whereas crystalline amino acids, L-Lys, L-Met, L-Thr, L-Trp, and L-Val were added to the diets to achieve the varying levels of EAA in the treatments. The Lys-to-net energy ratio in the diets was maintained at 3.06, 3.12, 3.18, and 3.24 to the control, EAA111, EAA113, and EAA115, respectively. Dietary treatments did not affect final BW. Additionally, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were similar across the treatments. On average, pigs fed the control and EAA111 numerically decreased FCR compared to those fed EAA113 and 115 (3.21 vs. 3.35, respectively; P = 0.46). Total feed cost throughout the experiment was $9.0/head lessen in EAA111 relative to the control; however, total feed costs to EAA113 and EAA115 were greater than the control. In summary, a low-CP diet with increased EAA supplementations did not have any negative impact on growth performance of fattening pigs.
PSVII-26 Effects of different probiotics on laying performance, egg quality, oxidative status, and gut health in laying hens
Authors: Xiang Quanhang , Peng Jian
Published: December 2019

With recent bans on the use of growth-promoting use of antibiotics, alternative strategies are needed to improve the performance of agricultural animals. Here, the effects of dietary supplementation with several probiotic organisms (Clostridium butyricum, a complex of Saccharomyces boulardii, and Pediococcus acidilactici) on laying performance, egg quality, oxidative status, and gut health in laying hens. A total of 8,208 Lohmann pink laying hens, at 180 days of age, were divided into 3 treatment groups, each group was replicated 12 times (n = 228). Hens in the control group (CON) were provided a basic diet devoid of added antibiotics and probiotics. Treatment group (A) received the same base diet supplemented with 0.5g/kg C. butyricum, and the diets of treatment group (B) supplemented with S. boulardii (0.05g/kg) and P. acidilactici (0.1g/kg) for the entirety of the 5-week trial. The data indicated that C. butyricum supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in ADFI, a significant increase in feed conversion, eggshell strength, and the CP% of albumen (dry matter, DM) relative to CON. The probiotic treated hens exhibited decreased ROS levels in ileum, cecum, and reduced MDA in serum. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with C. butyricum may be beneficial with respect to hen performance, egg quality, and gut health.
PSXIII-15 Thyroid and biochemical profiles during the prepartum and postpartum periods in the blood of primiparous dairy cows with various reproductive abilities
Authors: Montvila Elena K , Mityashova Olga , Solomakhin Aleksey , Bogolyubova Nadezhda , Konovalova Olga , Lebedeva Irina
Published: December 2019

The metabolic status of dairy cows prior to and after calving can be of great importance for their subsequent reproductive performance. The current research was aimed to compare prepartum and postpartum biochemical and thyroid profiles in dairy cows with different reproductive abilities during the first lactation. Blood samples from 44 Russian Black Pied cows were collected 8, 6, 4, and 2 weeks before calving and 2 and 7 weeks after calving. The cows were divided into three groups: (1) animals with short open days period (< 125 days; SOP, n = 12), (2) animals with long open days period (>125 days; LOP, n = 21), and (3) animals remaining non-pregnant for 1 year after calving (NPR, n = 11). Serum components were measured using a biochemical analyzer and hormonal levels were determined by ELISA. Specific differences between the compared groups in alterations of some biochemical indices, especially the activity of alanine transaminase (ALT) and the content of triglycerides (TG), were found. The ALT activity reduced 1.3–1.5 times (P < 0.05) from the 4th week before calving to the 2nd week after calving in LOP cows and did not change in SOP and NPR cows. In the SOP group, the serum content of TG increased 1.7 fold (P < 0.05) between the 8th and 2nd week prepartum and then declined 1.5 fold (P < 0.05) by the 2nd week postpartum, whereas it was invariable during this period in the LOP and NPR groups. Besides, free thyroxine (T4) and free triiodothyronine (T3) levels four weeks prepartum were 1.2 times lower (P < 0.05) in the blood of LOP cows than SOP cows. Thus, modified prepartum profiles of ALT, triglycerides and free thyroid hormones are associated with the elongation of open days period in primiparous dairy cows. The study was supported by Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education (0445-2019-0025).
PSXIII-32 Effects of rumen-protected niacin on dry mater intake, rumination, and milk production in multiparous Holstein dairy cow during transition period
Authors: Gaowa Naren , Wang Erdan , Li Shengli , Cao Zhijun , Wang Yachun , Zhang Jun , Wang Yajing
Published: December 2019

The dairy cows decrease dry mater intake (DMI) before calving and are frequently in negative energy balance after calving. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of rumen-protected niacin (NA) on DMI, rumination, and milk production in multiparous Holstein dairy cows during transition period. Eighteen multiparous Holstein dairy cows were allocated into 3 groups: (1) control diet (Con; n = 6), not supplemented with NA, (2) supplemented diet 1 (NA1; supplemented with 20 g NA/cow daily, n = 6), and (3) supplemented diet 2 (NA2; supplemented with 40 g NA/cow daily, n = 6). Experimental stage was from 49 d before calving until 21 d after calving. Daily TMR intake was monitored by Roughage Intake Control System, and daily rumination time was monitored by Hr-Tag rumination monitoring system and milk yield was recorded every day after calving. Blood samples were collected on d -49, -35, -21, -14, -7, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 relative to parturition for quantifying concentrations of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and orexin A (OXA). The 20 g/day NA feeding increased DMI during transition period (P < 0.05). The concentrations of NPY and OXA, which are the intake related hormones, were significant higher in NA1 than the other two groups in the first two weeks after calving (P < 0.05). Moreover, the daily rumination time in NA1 was significantly higher than the control group from two weeks before calving to the first week after calving (P < 0.01). The 20 g/day NA feeding significantly increased milk yield (P < 0.05) compared to control group in early lactation. Overall, our study demonstrated that 20 g/day NA feeding could improve DMI and production in fresh cows, while those improvements were not detected with 40 g/day NA feeding.
PSXIII-36 The inflammatory response in cellular level changes during the transition period in dromedary camel
Authors: Zarrin Mousa , Christensen Rachael , DoostMohammadi S Kazem , Ahmadpour Ahmadali , Ahmadpour Amir
Published: December 2019

During the physiological transition around calving, many aspects of innate and acquired defence are suboptimal. Liver antioxidants would be expected to fluctuate during this time and could be affected by Nrf2 through some means of regulation. However, there is a lack of data on the initiation time of such defence systems against oxidative stress around calving in dromedary camels. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the changes in expression of the responsible genes in the metabolism of antioxidant factors in hepatic tissue of camels at parturition. We studied ten multiparous (2.38 ± 0.56; mean parity) pregnant camels weighing 527.94 ± 73.46 kg BW during four months around parturition. Camels were pastured during the day, kept in individual stalls during the night, and provided with partial mixed ration and free access to water in the stalls. The mRNA abundance of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and Peroxiredoxin (Prx) were studied in the hepatic tissues from biopsies obtained at days 60, 45, 30, and 15 antepartum (AP) and days 3, 15, 30, 45, and 60 postpartum (PP), using qPCR technique. Compared to d 60AP, mRNA abundance of SOD1, GPx3, and also Prx1 (P = 0.05), remained unchanged. mRNA of the SOD3 reached a peak at d 3PP (P = 0.01), declined gradually until d 45PP and remained at that level until the experiment’s end. However, the abundance of GPx4 mRNA did not change from d 60AP until d 30PP, then decreased marginally, and stayed at that level to d 60 PP. GPx4 was significantly lower from d 30 to 60PP compared to d 3PP (P ≤ 0.05). These results may help substantiate the increased expression of Nrf2 during this period. Nrf2 could be considered as a primary immunoregulatory factor for orchestrating the genes responsible for cytoprotective systems against oxidative stress.
PSXIII-22 Modeling the optimal time point at which to perform timed artificial insemination
Authors: Thomas Jordan M , Lamberson William R , Hall John B
Published: December 2019

Timing of artificial insemination (AI) critically impacts likelihood of pregnancy success. In modern timed AI protocols for cattle, AI is performed at a predetermined time point following estrus synchronization. As a result, there may be significant variation among cows or heifers in estrous status and in timing of insemination relative to estrus onset. Recommendations as to when timed AI should be performed are formulated based on research trials evaluating alternative time points. However, available data are limited, as such trials are costly and require large numbers to detect significant differences. As an alternative approach, a mathematical model was developed to predict the anticipated aggregate pregnancy rate to timed AI based on the hour at which timed AI is performed. Previously published distributions of estrus onset were compiled separately for two long-term progestin-based protocols for beef heifers (MGA-PG and 14-d CIDR-PG). Probability of pregnancy was modeled using a regression equation for fertility based on timing of AI in relation to timing of estrus, with heifers grouped in one hour time blocks. Based on a previously published meta-analysis that compiled pregnancy rates when timed AI was performed prior to onset of estrus, a reduced pregnancy rate was assigned to heifers for which timed AI would be performed prior to anticipated estrus expression. Modeled pregnancy rates based on timing of AI were plotted for each protocol. Additionally, use of a split-time AI versus fixed-time AI approach was modeled, as well as predicted impact of varying intervals between the two time points used for split-time AI. Modeled cumulative estrous response and aggregate pregnancy rates were compared to published data for the MGA-PG and 14-d CIDR-PG protocols. Results suggest a mathematical model may be useful to determine the optimal time point at which to perform timed AI following estrus synchronization.
PSIX-41 The potential for different supplement sources to reduce frothy legume bloat based on in vitro degradation characteristics
Authors: Trotta Ronald J , Swanson Kendall C
Published: December 2019

Previous research has shown that supplementation of corn silage or grass hay can reduce the incidence of frothy legume bloat in cattle. However, forage-based supplements may not be the most feasible supplements due to the infrastructure required for harvest, storage, and feeding. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different supplement sources, commonly available in the upper Midwest, on in vitro digestion kinetics and extent of digestion of alfalfa-based diets. Two ruminally-cannulated steers (928.1±25.5 kg BW) were fed alfalfa hay at 2.0% of BW and served as donors of rumen fluid. Treatments were early-bud alfalfa (CON) or a combination (DM basis) of 80% early-bud alfalfa with 20% of corn silage (CS), brome grass hay (BGH), soybean hulls (SBH), beet pulp (BP), corn grain (CORN), dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS), or wheat middlings (MIDD). Tubes were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 48, or 72-h and assessed for rate and extent of digestion. Samples were run in duplicate and replicated over 4 days. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS. Measurements reported are from the 48-h incubation. Apparent DM and OM digestibility was increased (P < 0.001) with SBH, BP, CORN, and MIDD and decreased with BGH. True DM digestibility was increased (P < 0.001) with SBH, BP, CORN, and DDGS and decreased with BGH. All treatments besides BGH and MIDD reduced (P < 0.001) NDF digestibility in comparison to CON. All treatments besides BP reduced (P < 0.001) the absolute initial rate (3-h) of apparent DM digestion, and SBH had the lowest rate. These data show that SBH increases the extent of digestion, while reducing the initial rate of degradation, suggesting that SBH has potential to reduce the incidence of frothy legume bloat as an alternative to corn silage or grass hay.
PSIX-7 1H NMR-based plasma metabolomics reveals a potential biomarker of aflatoxin ingestion in dairy cows
Authors: Ogunade Ibukun M , Jiang Yun
Published: December 2019

The study applied high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR)-based plasma metabolomics to identify candidate biomarkers of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) ingestion in dairy cows fed no sequestering agents and evaluate the effect of supplementing clay and/or a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) on such biomarkers. Eight lactating cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design with 2 squares. Treatments were control, toxin (T; 1725 µg AFB1/head/day), T with clay (CL; 200 g/head/day), and CL with SCFP (CL+SCFP; 35 g of SCFP/head/day). Cows in T, CL, and CL+SCFP were dosed with AFB1 from d 26 to 30. The sequestering agents were top-dressed from d 1 to 33. On d 30 of each period, 15 mL of blood was taken from the coccygeal vessels and plasma samples were prepared by centrifugation. Plasma sample (200 µL) was subjected to spectral analysis using a 700 MHz Avance III spectrometer. The metabolite data were subjected to statistical analysis using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Biomarker analysis was done using metaboanalyst 4.0. The model included the fixed effects of treatment, period, interaction of treatment and period, and random effects of cow and square. Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05. Compared to the control, T decreased (P ≤ 0.05) plasma concentrations of alanine, acetic acid, leucine, arginine, and valine. In contrast, T increased plasma ethanol concentration 3.56-fold compared to control. Treatment with CL+SCFP increased concentrations of mannose and 12 amino acids. Based on size of the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic and fold change (FC) analyses, ethanol was the most significantly altered metabolite in T (AUC = 0.88; FC = 3.56); hence, it was chosen as the candidate biomarker of aflatoxin ingestion in dairy cows fed no sequestering agent.