bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Legitimizing the Leader: Endorsement by Male Versus Female Authority Figures
Authors: Geis Florence L. , Brown Virginia , Wolfe Carolyn
Published: August 2006

Subjects viewed a videotaped group discussion by a leader and four other group members and evaluated each of them for leadership competence. The leader, either a man or a woman, was either personally endorsed (“legitimized”) or unendorsed by either a male or a female authority figure. Legitimation raised both leaders' performance evaluations. Legitimation by the female authority affected the leaders' evaluations, overall, as much as legitimation by a male authority. For the male leader, legitimation by the male and female authority figures produced equal impact. However, legitimation by the female authority figure produced significantly greater impact on evaluations of the female leader's performance than the same legitimation by a male authority figure. The data suggest that female authority figures can be effective legitimizers of both sexes, but male authority's endorsements of a female subordinate may be viewed as suspect.
Social Motives Underlying Rational Selective Exploitation: The Impact of Instrumental Versus Social‐Emotional Allocator Orientation on the Distribution of Rewards in Groups
Authors: Rusbult Caryl E. , Insko Chester A. , Lin Yuan‐Huei W. , Smith Wanda J.
Published: August 2006

Prior research has demonstrated that allocators frequently distribute lesser rewards to employees with constrained mobility, and that this tendency is more pronounced among more competent employees. This phenomenon is termed “rational selective exploitation.” This allocation rule is rational in that it serves to maintain membership among the most desirable group members–those who contribute most to the group's task goals–but is exploitative in that it produces an erosion of equity: Although deserving of high rewards, the outcomes of competent but entrapped employees are lower than those of their counterparts with greater mobility. Four experiments tested several predictions concerning reward allocation processes. First, allocators distributed greater rewards to more competent employees. This tendency was more pronounced under conditions of instrumental allocator orientation than under conditions of social‐emotional orientation. Second, allocators distributed greater rewards to more mobile employees. This tendency was more pronounced under conditions of instrumental orientation and constrained labor pool, and was weakly promoted by the anticipation of future allocations. Third, employee competence and employee mobility interacted; the tendency to allocate greater rewards to more mobile employees was especially pronounced among highly competent employees. This interaction of competence with mobility–the rational selective exploitation effect–was stronger under conditions of instrumental allocator orientation than under conditions of greater social‐emotional concern, and was weakly promoted by the anticipation of future allocations.
An Empirical Comparison of Commitment Scales
Authors: Koslowsky Meni , Caspy Tamir , Lazar Menachem
Published: August 2006

In a previous review of the literature, Morrow (1983) identified a redundancy or overlap among the various measures of commitment. The present study employed a factor analytic design to examine the intercorrelations among various job, organizational, and value commitment scales. In addition, possible consequences of the various scales were analyzed. Results from 216 police officers identified a general factor as well as unique components. The commitment scales were able to explain between 20% and 40% of the variance of several self‐report measures. Explanations and implications of the results were discussed.
Second‐Guessing the Jury: Stereotypic and Hindsight Biases in Perceptions of Court Cases1
Authors: Bodenhausen Galen V.
Published: August 2006

This research examined the effects of stereotypic beliefs and hindsight biases on perceptions of court cases. Subjects read evidentiary material pertaining to a criminal trial in which the defendant either was a stereotyped offender or was not. Additionally, some subjects were given outcome information about the verdict attained in the trial; half of these subjects were told that the defendant had been found guilty, and the other half were told that he had been found not guilty. The remainder were not given any outcome information. Subjects were than asked to predict the likely outcome of a trial based on the presented evidence. Typical hindsight bias effects were expected and obtained for nonstereotyped offenders; subjects considering these cases viewed the evidence as less incriminating when they were told the defendant had been found not guilty, and they found it to be more incriminating when they were told the defendant had been found guilty, when compared to the no‐outcome‐information group. However, no hindsight biases were evident in judgments of cases involving stereotyped defendants, who were seen as relatively more likely to be guilty regardless of the nature of outcome information presented. Particularly striking was the lack of impact of the “not guilty” outcome information on perceptions of the guilt of stereotyped defendants. These findings suggest that strong expectations held in foresight may not be amenable to modification in hindsight.
The Influence of Verbal Responses to Common Greetings on Compliance Behavior: The Foot‐In‐The‐Mouth Effect
Authors: Howard Daniel J.
Published: August 2006

This study reports the results of three field experiments which demonstrate that asking someone how they feel, having them verbally respond, and then acknowledging that response, facilitates compliance with a charitable request. The findings are discussed with respect to the influence of public commitments on behavioral consistency.

Before you ask anyone for a donation, you first ask them how they're feeling. After they tell you they're feeling good, and you tell them you're glad they're feeling good, the/11 be more likely to contribute to helping someone who isn't.
Group Commitment and Resource Conservation: Two Field Experiments on Promoting Recycling1
Authors: Wang Theodore H. , Katzev Richard D.
Published: August 2006

Two experiments evaluated the effect of commitment on paper recycling. Using an ABA design, Experiment 1 asked 24 individuals in a retirement home to sign a 4‐week group commitment pledge to recycle paper. During this intervention, the subjects recycled 47% more paper than they had during baseline. They continued to recycle at this level during a 4‐week follow‐up period, when the group commitment was removed. Experiment 2 evaluated the relative effectiveness of group commitment, individual commitment, and token reinforcers on paper recycling in a college dormitory. The students in all three experimental conditions recycled from three to five times more paper than those in the control group during the 4‐week intervention. However, in the 3‐week follow‐up period, when the treatments were removed, only the individually committed subjects continued to recycle significantly more paper than the controls.
Environmentally Induced Positive Affect: Its Impact on Self‐Efficacy, Task Performance, Negotiation, and Conflict1
Authors: Baron Robert A.
Published: August 2006

Male and female subjects performed several tasks either in the presence or absence of an environmental source of positive affect (pleasant artificial scents produced by two commercially manufactured air‐fresheners). Consistent with the findings of previous research on the impact of positive affect, results indicated that several aspects of subjects' behavior were influenced by this variable. Participants exposed to pleasant scents set higher goals on a clerical coding task and were more likely to adopt an efficient strategy for performing this task than subjects not exposed to such conditions. In addition, males (but not females) reported higher self‐efficacy in the presence of pleasant artificial scents than in their absence. Participants exposed to pleasant scents also set higher monetary goals and made more concessions during face‐to‐face negotiations with an accomplice. Finally, subjects exposed to pleasant scents reported weaker preferences for handling future conflicts with the accomplice through avoidance and competition. Analyses of covariance suggested that these differences stemmed largely from contrasting levels of positive affect among subjects in the neutral and pleasant scent conditions. Together, these results suggest that pleasant artificial scents may provide a potentially useful means for enhancing the environmental quality of work settings, and hence the performance and attitudes of persons in them.
The Psychology of Contraceptive Surprises: Cumulative Risk and Contraceptive Effectiveness1
Authors: Shaklee Harriet , Fischhoff Baruch
Published: August 2006

Two studies investigated young adults' expectations about long‐term contraceptive effectiveness. Subjects were told about five hypothetical methods of contraception varying in reported effectiveness, which was expressed in terms of the likelihood of avoiding pregnancy for base periods of 1 year (Experiment 1), 5 years, or 10 years (Experiment 2) of use. For each method, subjects estimated the likelihood that a woman would avoid pregnancy while using it for periods ranging from 1 month to 15 years, and then rated how satisfied they would be with it. For nearly half of the subjects, estimates of cumulative effectiveness did not decline as time period increased. Those subjects who did realize that cumulative effectiveness declined over time estimated rates that declined too slowly for methods of modest and low reliability, and at rates that were too similar for methods differing in effectiveness. Subjects were overly optimistic about effectiveness for time periods longer than the base period, and overly pessimistic about effectiveness for shorter time periods. Not surprisingly given these results, subjects expressed more satisfaction when a method's effectiveness was expressed in shorter base periods. Such faulty understanding of the long‐term implications of contraceptive effectiveness information may undermine people's abilities to make informed contraceptive choices.
Adolescent Males' Knowledge and Attitudes About AIDS in The Context of Their Social World1
Authors: Bell Douglas , Feraios Andrew , Bryan Tanis
Published: August 2006

This study sought to find out how much total knowledge adolescents had concerning AIDS, what particular areas of knowledge were deficient, and how those areas might be related to attitudes and experiences in their social world. Seventy‐eight adolescent males from one suburban and three urban high schools were interviewed. A 101‐item questionnaire was used to assess: a) overall knowledge about AIDS; b) attitudes about sexuality, drugs, death, and AIDS and; c) related aspects of their social world, i.e., number of IV drug users known, and sources of information about AIDS. Analyses of variance were performed on overall knowledge of AIDS and on five content areas of knowledge. Race was shown to relate to significant differences in the knowledge scores. The social world associated with the urban samples were discussed as risk factors for minority youth. Different attitudes related to strengths and weaknesses in different areas of knowledge. Attitudes associated with deficiencies in different subareas of knowledge were discussed as additional risk factors and as presenting target areas for AIDS education efforts.
Is Androgynous Sex Role Related to Cigarette Smoking in Adolescents?1
Authors: Evans Richard I. , Turner Steven H. , Ghee Kenneth L. , Getz J. Greg
Published: August 2006

The initiation of potentially health‐threatening behaviors by adolescents, despite their realization of the dangers of such behavior, has been attributed to various social influences (e.g., peer pressure). It appears that some adolescents may be more likely to resist such influences than others. The present exploratory investigation tests the hypothesis that adolescents characterized as androgynous in “sex role” terms would be less vulnerable to social influences to engage in one such health‐threatening behavior, smoking. Within a sample of seventh graders (n= 3,317), sex role identity was measured by relevant items from the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) as was frequency of cigarette smoking. Results indicate that “androgynous” subjects, as hypothesized, may smoke less than those characterized by other sex roles. Results are discussed in the context of our recommendations for more comprehensive testing of the relation between sex role and smoking.
Individual Differences in Attitude‐Behavior Consistency: The Prediction of Contraceptive Behavior
Authors: Jaccard James , Helbig Donald W. , Wan Choi K. , Gutman Marjorie A. , Kritz‐Silverstein Donna C.
Published: August 2006

A model of individual differences that moderate attitude‐behavior consistency was developed and tested in the context of predicting use consistency of the diaphragm. Variables hypothesized to moderate the attitude‐behavior relationship included reactions to major life changes, the attitudes and opinions of others, sexual interest, locus of control, and the perceived susceptibility to pregnancy. Attitudes were conceptualized in terms of a Relative Contraceptive Utility (RCU), which was defined as the difference between the attitude toward the diaphragm and the attitude toward becoming pregnant. Women (N = 110) who attended family planning clinics in the New York Qty area and who used the diaphragm for an 8‐month period were interviewed in the context of a 3‐wave panel design. A threshold function between RCU and behavior was observed, such that when RCU was above an empirically derived cutoff, women tended to use the diaphragm consistently over an 8‐month period. For women with RCUs below the cutoff, attitudes were unrelated to behavior. Inconsistency of diaphragm use for these latter women was best predicted by negative reactions to close friends' experiences with the diaphragm, low levels of perceived susceptibility to pregnancy, alcohol consumption, concern about becoming too old to have children, a preference for nonromantic sex, and the partner's unwillingness to refrain from sex if the women was not prepared.
Behavioral Change in Earthquake Preparedness Due to Negative Threat Appeals: A Test of Protection Motivation Theory
Authors: Mulilis John‐Paul , Lippa Richard
Published: August 2006

Using protection motivation theory as a conceptual framework, the current investigation examined the effects of a negative, threat‐inducing persuasive message on the change in earthquake preparedness over a 5‐week period of time. One hundred eleven California home owners read a persuasive message which manipulated their beliefs along four dimensions: subjective probability of a large earthquake, expected severity of earthquake damage, perceived effectiveness of earthquake preparedness, and perceived capability of preparedness. The dependent measure was behavioral change in earthquake preparedness. The results indicated that the manipulations produced a significant change in the earthquake preparedness behavior of the subjects. Furthermore, the independent variables interacted in theoretically meaningful ways.
Predicting Participation in Cancer Screening: The Role of Perceived Behavioral Control1
Authors: Devellis Brenda McEvoy , Blalock Susan J. , Sandler Robert S.
Published: August 2006

We examined the role played by perceived behavioral control in predicting participation in colorectal cancer screening among individuals recently informed that they were at high risk for this type of cancer. A telephone interview based primarily on the theory of reasoned action was administered to 96 high‐risk individuals and 144 average‐risk individuals. All participants then were sent materials needed to complete the screening test. In both groups, perceived behavioral control enhanced prediction of intention to complete the test over and above the contributions of attitude and subjective norm. In addition, perceived behavioral control had a direct effect on behavior but only in the high‐risk group. Further, for high‐risk subjects, knowledge about test procedures moderated the relationship of perceived behavioral control and intention to behavior, but in ways only partially consistent with theory. Finally, the model was better at predicting behavior in the average than in the high‐risk group. We conclude that perceived behavioral control plays an important role in the prediction of screening behavior. Perceived behavioral control's motivational role manifests itself unambiguously through its influence on intention. The role of perceived behavioral control above and beyond its influence on intention, however, needs further study and clarification.
Examining the Relationships Between Voting Behavior, Intention, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Expectation
Authors: Netemeyer Richard G. , Burton Scot
Published: August 2006

The theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980) and the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985) are compared in terms of predictive validity and a comparison between behavioral expectation (BE) and behavioral intention (BI) as the immediate antecedent of behavior is offered. In addition, the relationships between attitude‐toward‐the‐act (Aacf), subjective norm (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) as predictors of BE are examined. Results indicate that the theory of planned behavior is a better predictor of intention than the theory of reasoned action and that BI is a stronger predictor of behavior than BE. The results also suggest that Aact, SN, and PBC are better predictors of BI than of BE and that development of a behavioral plan moderates the Aact‐BI‐B relations.
An Exploration of a Possible Physiological Explanation for Stressor Aftereffects1
Authors: Davidson Laura M. , Hagmann John , Baum Andrew
Published: August 2006

The present study examined the relationship between performance deficits that occur following exposure to uncontrollable stressors and activation of the endogenous opioid system. Subjects were given an injection of saline or naloxone, an opioid antagonist, prior to exposure to 23 min of unpredictable intermittent bursts of noise or silence. Changes in mood were assessed following the injection and the stressor. Performance was measured during and after stressor exposure. Measures of performance following the stressor included a proofreading, an encoding, and a puzzle task. Results replicated previous work on the effects of noise on performance; exposure to noise was associated with performance deficits during and after the stressor. Although naloxone had no effect on performance following the noise, it was associated with greater performance deficits during exposure to the stressor. Further, although all subjects became more hostile, anxious, and depressed following exposure to noise or silence, naloxone improved mood before the stressor began.
Levels of Analysis and Effects: Clarifying Group Influence and Climate by Separating Individual and Group Effects
Authors: Florin Paul , Giamartino Gary A. , Kenny David A. , Wandersman Abraham
Published: August 2006

This article addresses conceptual and methodological levels of analysis issues in research on work group and organizational settings. Using organizational climate data, it provides a detailed example of the use of a recent data analysis model (Kenny & La Voie, 1985) which separates individual and group effects. The reanalysis of an earlier study of organizational climate influences on three dependent variables (Giamartino & Wandersman, 1983) revealed that several important relationships between climate dimensions and the dependent variables were masked in the earlier study. Implications for potential misinterpretations within existing group and organizational research are drawn and suggestions for addressing theoretical and measurement problems involving climate research are offered.
The Determinants of Mock Jurors' Verdicts in a Rape Case1
Authors: Weir Julie A. , Wrightsman Lawrence S.
Published: August 2006

The determinants of verdicts in a rape case were examined. Pretrial attitudes (rape empathy, juror bias, belief in a just world, and authoritarianism) were measured to ascertain both the intercorrelations among the attitudes and their predictive value of verdicts. The eye contact (staring, avoiding, or random) of the alleged rape victim with the defendant was also examined.

Results showed that rape empathy was predictive of verdict. The eye contact of the alleged victim with the defendant also affected verdicts of female mock jurors. Specifically, when eye contact was avoided, more guilty verdicts were rendered. Furthermore, interpretation of eye contact was found to be a function of mock jurors' reported rape empathy. Specifically, subjects who reported empathy with the victim tended to interpret the victim's behavior as consistent with being raped. Finally, differences were found between high and low empathizers for the rape victim in what aspects of the trial were important to mock jurors' decisions.
Educational Background, Marital Status, Moral Obligation, and the Nurse's Decision to Resign from Her Hospital1
Authors: Lane Irving M. , Mathews Robert C. , Prestholdt Perry H.
Published: August 2006

Based on the theory of reasoned action, the present research built separate models of turnover for baccalaureate and nonbaccalaureate nurses and for married and unmarried ones. A representative sample of 755 registered nurses completed the research questionnaire. Six months later, information was obtained from their hospitals concerning whether each nurse remained or resigned. Results were supportive of the theory of reasoned action. Furthermore, significant differences emerged in the predictors for the four subgroups. Moral obligation was found to be a significant predictor for intention only for baccalaureate and unmarried nurses. Part‐time versus full‐time employment status was found to be a significant predictor of turnover only for unmarried nurses. These results indicate that individuals interested in understanding and reducing nurse turnover may wish to be sensitive to differences between various subgroups of nurses.
Observer Perceptions of Would‐Be Provider and Would‐Be Recipient Reactions to Rejected Social Support1
Authors: Jung John
Published: August 2006

Role‐playing observers predicted the reactions of hypothetical would‐be recipients whose requests for social support were unmet as well as those of hypothetical would‐be providers for their rejection of such requests. The extent to which the would‐be recipient was depicted at fault for the problem was predicted to affect perceived reactions since support may be less likely when potential recipients are blameworthy than when they are innocent of responsibility for their predicament. Observers perceived would‐be recipients of support as believing that would‐be providers blamed them. Observers saw would‐be providers as blaming the would‐be recipients rather than themselves, especially if the victim was blameworthy. When the victim was not blameworthy, would‐be providers were more likely than would‐be recipients to be judged to use a mixture of rationalizations and excuses rather than blame.
Stereotypes on Campus: How Contact and Liking Influence Perceptions of Group Distinctiveness
Authors: Biernat Monica
Published: August 2006

In two studies, subjects' stereotypes of various campus groups were assessed using a content‐free, cognitive methodology in which stereotypes are defined as “generalizations about a class of people that distinguish that class from others” (McCauley, Stitt, & Segal, 1980, p. 197). In an effort to predict strength of stereotypes, four main findings emerged: (a) contact with a group's members was associated with increased liking of the group; (b) contact predicted increased stereotype strength; (c) liking a group was associated with decreased stereotype strength; and (d) over time, the strength of stereotypes tended to decrease. These data are discussed in regard to the contact hypothesis (Airport, 1954; Amir, 1969; Cook, 1978,1984), the role of positive affect in altering cognitive organization, and more generally, to the issue of stereotype development.
Physical Appearance and Leadership: Exploring The Role of Appearance‐Based Attribution in Leader Emergence
Authors: Cherulnik Paul D. , Turns Laurie C. , Wilderman Scott K.
Published: August 2006

A study was performed to investigate the role of attribution processes in leader emergence. Photographs of the male and female leaders and nonleaders in a high school senior class were found to elicit different and appropriate attributions of leadership status and related personality traits from naive observers. In addition, separate groups of subjects rated the leaders as more attractive and more maturefaced than the nonleaders. These findings were taken as indicative of the potential importance of schema‐based attributions in leader emergence and of the role of appearance cues in the attribution process. The findings have implications for leadership theory, for practical efforts to enhance leader effectiveness, and for research on the identification of personality traits from appearance.
The Relation Between Perceived Risk and Preventive Action: A Within‐Subject Analysis of Perceived Driving Risk and Intentions to Wear Seatbelts
Authors: Stasson Mark , Fishbein Martin
Published: August 2006

Intentions to wear seatbelts in 12 different driving situations were predicted from attitudes toward wearing seatbelts, subjective norms concerning seatbelt uses, and perceived driving risk. In a given driving situation, appropriate measures of attitudes and subjective norms both had significant effects on intentions to wear a seatbelt, whereas there was little relation between risk and intentions. Intentions across the 12 driving situations were significantly related to perceived driving risk, both for aggregate data and for a substantial portion of individual subjects. However, further analyses indicated that risk seemed to affect intentions indirectly through subjective norms and attitudes associated with seat‐belt use. The results suggest that attempts to increase seatbelt use should target all relevant beliefs important in determining people's attitudes toward and subjective norms concerning seatbelt use, rather than just focusing upon making people aware of the risks associated with driving.
Defining Trauma: Terminology and Generic Stressor Dimensions1
Authors: Green Bonnie L.
Published: August 2006

The present report discusses vague and/ or confusing terminology that is employed in research and clinical work in the area of “traumatic stress”. It divides the stress process into three major aspects and suggests appropriate terminology for each aspect, focusing on the input, or stressor, aspect. Eight generic stressor dimensions are suggested that cut across different types of traumatic events, along with research supporting the association of these dimensions with stress responses. Recommendations are made for future research directions.
Acute Stressors and Chronic Response: The Case of Traumatic Stress1
Authors: Baum Andrew , O'Keeffe Mary K. , Davidson Laura M.
Published: August 2006

The nature of acute and chronic stress is explored, including analysis of three different ways of categorizing the duration of a stressful episode: the duration of the physical stressor, the duration of threat perception or demand, and the persistence of response. Of particular interest here are situations characterized by brief stressor exposure but long‐term threat perception and/ or stress response. Traumatic events are ordinarily very brief but frequently give rise to chronic threat and stubborn response patterns. In many of these cases, distress clearly outlives the event and the “normal” postevent recovery period. Possible mechanisms for such situations are discussed, as are implications for the study of traumatic stress.
Steps Toward Evaluating Post‐Traumatic Stress Reaction as a Psychiatric Disorder1
Authors: Lee Robins N.
Published: August 2006

This brief paper summarizes comments made in discussing papers given in the November 1988 NIHM workshop “Traumatic Stress: Defining Terms and Instruments”. It raises questions about current criteria for posttraumatic stress in terms of the traumatic events considered appropriate, the coherence of the syndrome described, and the scarcity of data on its course, its familiarity, and its relationship to other syndromes.

It is suggested that long‐term studies of general population cases will be needed to answer these questions.
Cognitive and Behavioral Responses to Trauma
Authors: Ursano Robert J. , Fullerton Carol S.
Published: August 2006

In order to identify cognitive and behavioral responses to trauma, we have studied responses to mass casualty body handling following the Gander, Newfoundland, plane crash of 1985 and the 1989 USS Iowa disaster, and responses to a simulated chemical and biological warfare environment. Individual and group trauma behaviors show prominent: (a) thinking by similarity (identification, and looking for the familiar/ seeing the past in the present); (b) attribution of meaning (rituals, symbols, language, and rumors); and (c) contagion of behavior. These processes highlight the importance of the study of responses to different traumatic stressors in order to identify cognitive mechanisms and behaviors activated by trauma. Such phenomena may be important to our understanding of the effects of traumatic stress and their acute and long‐term health outcomes.
The Use of Psychoendocrine Strategies in Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder1
Authors: Mason John W. , Kosten Thomas R. , Southwick Steven M. , Giller Earl L.
Published: August 2006

An overview is presented of a pilot psychoendocrine study of PTSD inpatients in comparison with several subgroups of schizophrenic and affective disorder patients. Using a hormonal profile including Cortisol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, testosterone, and thyroxine, it was found that the mean values for the PTSD group were at or near the extreme end of the range for every hormone measured, i.e., relatively low for Cortisol and high for the remaining hormones. The possible clinical meaning of these findings is considered in the light of prior psychoendocrine research on chronic stress. The hormonal alterations in PTSD appear to be persistent and suggest the possibility of being linked largely to traits or character structure, perhaps particularly to cognitive variables related to defense and coping mechanisms, as reviewed in detail for each hormonal system. There appears to be a potential for a fruitful union between the traumatic stress and psychoendocrine fields and some future strategies for developing and strengthening such a union are suggested.
Preventing Nuclear War: Beliefs and Attitudes as Predictors of Disarmist and Deterrentist Behavior1
Authors: Axelrod Lawrence J. , Newton James W.
Published: August 2006

A survey of peace activists, defense industry workers and psychology students (n= 283) was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of Protection Motivation Theory (Maddux & Rogers, 1983; Rogers, 1975) for predicting the extent and direction (Disarmist vs. Deterrentist) of respondents' efforts to prevent nuclear war. Regression analyses showed that the Protection Motivation model did account for a significant proportion of the variance in disarmist behavior, and that extending the model to include a measure of belief in the inevitability of war improved the model's predictive power. The model did not predict deterrentist advocacy, an outcome that suggests that activism in support of nuclear deterrence may be a response to a perceived threat from an “enemy” rather than a response to the threats represented by nuclear weapons and preparations for war.
Remaining a Pole or Becoming a Canadian: National Self‐Identity among Polish Immigrants to Canada1
Authors: Boski Pawel
Published: August 2006

The construct of national self‐identity has been theoretically elaborated, following Tajfel's (1981) distinction between criterial and correlated (dimensional) attributes. A third identity component, affects for country, was included with these two aspects. The research program built on these distinctions was designed to compare the national self‐identities of Polish immigrants to Canada. Men and women who were new (recent), old (WWII veterans) or second generation immigrants participated in the study.

Polish criterial identity (knowledge and personal relevance of national symbols) exhibited a gradual decline from new to second generation immigrants, and a similar but sharper rise in Canadian criterial identity occurred. Correlated aspect of identity was measured as the similarity between self and Canadian/Polish prototypes. Unlike in the criterial sense, Self/Polish was stronger than Self/Canadian correlated identity. Self/Polish identity showed stability across gender and generation. Self/Canadian showed an increase, but only in women. Rating the prototypes high in materialism and low in the family/social concern factor resulted in a low Self/Canadian identity. Four factors were found in the affects for country test: healthy, neurotic, psychotic, and involvement. The first was predominantly a Canadian factor, and the second was a Polish factor. With a succession of new, old, and second generation groups, results showed a shift from less to more positive, from less to more concerned, and from more to less psychotic affects toward Canada. Affects toward Poland were fixed across the categories of subjects. Finally, a syndrome of positive identity with Canada was found, consisting of its criterial, correlated, and healthy affect components.
A Test of the Consensus and Distinctiveness Attribution Principles in Victims of Disaster1
Authors: Rubonis Anthony V. , Bickman Leonard
Published: August 2006

The present research was designed to test the hypothesis that perceptions of consensus about the collective experience of psychological problems, as well as the distinctive presence of a community disaster, would affect attributions of externality about such problems. Specifically, it was hypothesized that (1) higher levels of consensus would be associated with greater external attributions of causality, (2) attributions would be more external if the problem began after the disaster (high distinctiveness) than before the disaster, and (3) the occurrence of the disaster would magnify the positive relationship between high consensus and external causality attributions, because of the presence of a distinctive and salient external event. These hypotheses were tested with victims of a flash flood. Results supported the interaction prediction (Hypothesis 3) for the problem of depression, but not for anxiety. In addition, for depression and anxiety, greater consensus was indirectly associated with greater externality, regardless of distinctiveness (Hypothesis 1). However, for somatization, none of the hypotheses were supported. The results are discussed in terms of the applied implications for postdisaster intervention programs to reduce psychopathology.
The Meaning of Treatments for Infertility: Cognitive Determinants and Structure1
Authors: Shiloh Shoshana , Larom Slmona , Ben‐Rafael Zion
Published: August 2006

Infertility is a life crisis for which modern technologies suggest solutions that themselves are stressful. The purpose of the present study was to determine how treatments for infertility are perceived, and the cognitive structure underlying their perception. Fifty women undergoing in vitro fertilization and 50 fertile women recorded their perceptions of 10 infertility treatments on 15 dimensions. Intergroup comparisons showed that patients generally perceived the treatments more positively than nonpatients, and differences in perceptions focused on female‐centered treatments rather than on male‐centered and donor‐involved treatments. Fertile women tended to be more concerned with the risks to the fetus, whereas infertile patients tended to be more concerned with the social exposure of the treatments. Cluster analysis revealed that patients' conceptions of infertility treatments were organized according to the most salient features of the procedures being applied, whereas fertile women's were organized according to the cause of infertility. The significance of these findings for providing care for infertile couples is discussed.
Adolescent Smoking Behavior and the Recognition of Cigarette Advertisements1
Authors: Botvin Elizabeth M. , Botvin Gilbert J. , Michela John L. , Baker Eli , Filazzola Anne D.
Published: August 2006

In a study designed to assess the relationship between smoking status and correct identification of cigarette brands, junior high school students from two schools viewed cigarette and automobile advertisements with brand and model identification deleted. Results showed that adolescents with higher ad recognition scores were more likely to smoke cigarettes. In addition, a relationship was found between age and correct identification of cigarette advertisements, with older students identifying more ads correctly than younger students. No significant effects emerged for identification of automobile advertisements except for sex, with boys identifying more advertisements than girls. Additional findings indicated that even “experimental” smokers, who smoked as little as once per year, recognized significantly more cigarette advertisements than nonsmokers. These and other results are discussed in terms of their implications for prevention and policy issues. It is argued that society's allowance of printed cigarette advertising overlooks adolescents' heightened vulnerability to the kinds of appeals used in cigarette advertisements. Present policy also overlooks adolescents' relative unresponsiveness to the health risk information required in cigarette advertisements.
Determinants of Health‐Care Workers' Attitudes Toward People with AIDS
Authors: Hunter Christine E. , Ross Michael W.
Published: August 2006

One hundred and thirty‐four health professionals read one of 12 fictional case histories in which the patient was diagnosed as being either HIV‐ or Hepatitis B‐positive. For each diagnosis infection was attributed to sexual contact. IV drug use, or a transfusion of contaminated blood. Within each diagnostic category, and for each source of infection, the patient was identified as either heterosexual or homosexual. Although homophobia has been suggested as a major contributor to negative attitudes toward people with AIDS, the present results remained significant even after homophobia, as measured by Hudson and Ricketts (1980), had been controlled for statistically. Regardless of disease, patients infected through IV drug use or sexual contact were seen as equally culpable and more responsible for their condition than those infected by transfusion. HIV, but not Hepatitis B, patients infected by sex or IV drug use were perceived as having less moral integrity than those infected by transfusion. Source of infection also influenced respondents' desire for close personal interaction. Negativity toward particular patient groups based merely on information about patient lifestyles was clearly demonstrated and it is suggested that negative attitudes toward people with AIDS may be a reflection of negative attitudes toward sexuality generally, rather than homosexuality.
Attractiveness and Income for Men and Women in Management1
Authors: Frieze Irene Hanson , Olson Josephine E. , Russell June
Published: August 2006

It is commonly believed that attractive people are more successful, but the empirical support for this belief is mixed. A number of role‐playing, laboratory studies have demonstrated that more attractive men are more often hired, but the laboratory data for women are less consistent. Few studies have explored the effects of attractiveness on actual hiring and starting salaries for men or women. Even less work has been done on the impact of attractiveness once on the job. It was predicted that there would be positive effects for attractiveness and that the effects would be stronger as people worked longer on their jobs. To test this prediction, a sample of 737 male and female MBA graduates from the years between 1973 and 1982 was used to explore how facial attractiveness relates to starting and later salaries. Results indicated that more attractive men had higher starting salaries and they continued to earn more over time. For women, there was no effect of attractiveness for starting salaries, but more attractive women earned more later on in their jobs. By 1983, men were found to earn $2600 more on the average for each unit of attractiveness (on a 5‐point scale) and women earned $2150 more. Implications for research in this area are discussed.
Biases in the Assimilation of Technological Breakdowns: Do Accidents Make Us Safer?
Authors: Plous S.
Published: August 2006

Field surveys and anecdotal evidence suggest that supporters and opponents of a given technology tend to draw opposite conclusions from noncatastrophic breakdowns. Three studies confirmed this tendency by presenting supporters and opponents of a particular technology with identical descriptions of various technological breakdowns. As predicted, the results indicated that (a) supporters focused on the fact that the safeguards worked, while opponents focused on the fact that the breakdown occurred in the first place; and (b) after reading about the breakdown, supporters reported feeling that the chances of a catastrophic accident were less than previously assumed, whereas opponents reported feeling that the chances of an accident were greater than previously assumed. The recommendation by Lord, Lepper, and Preston (1984) for partisans to consider opposite outcomes‐such as a serious failure in safeguards or the absence of major breakdowns—was discussed as a way of preventing biased assimilation and attitude polarization.
Reasons for Living: Mood Effects Revisited1
Authors: Turzo Arleen P. , Range Lillian M.
Published: August 2006

To explore the relationship between mood and cognitive restraints to suicide, 98 undergraduates experienced the Velten mood‐induction procedure to induce an elated, depressed, or neutral (unchanged) mood. They then completed the Multiple Adjective Affect Checklist, the Coopersmith Self‐Esteem Inventory, and the Reasons for Living Inventory. Surprisingly, compared to neutral students, depressed students reported more overall reasons for living, greater feelings of responsibility to family, and more moral objections to suicide, and elated students reported more feelings of responsibility to family. Most responsive depressed students also had higher fear of suicide than others, and most responsive elated students had higher survival and coping beliefs than others. Results suggest that a mildly depressed mood caused students' increased reliance on cognitive beliefs about not committing suicide, and may indicate that mildly depressed persons might benefit from and be particularly receptive to cognitive interventions stressing beliefs about family and religious commitments.
Health‐Relevant Behaviors in Media1
Authors: Terre Lisa , Drabman Ronald S. , Speer Paul
Published: August 2006

The content of the past decade's (1977–1988) most popular films is analyzed for trends in portrayals of multiple health practices (cigarette smoking, over‐the‐counter or prescription drug use, illegal drug use. alcohol consumption, leisure‐time physical activity, and poor eating habits) as well as model characteristics and consequences associated with health‐related lifestyle. The results reveal a recent upsurge in depictions of several risky habits, yet few portrayals of direct adverse consequences. There was a particular tendency for males and minorities to be shown engaged in behaviors detrimental to their health. The social learning, public health, and social policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Reward, Punishment, Privatization, and Moral Suasion in a Commons Dilemma
Authors: Martichuski Diane K. , Bell Paul A.
Published: August 2006

Strategies such as privatization, counterreinforcers, and moral suasion have been suggested and tested as means of preserving shared, slowly regenerating resources such as whales, clean air, and forests. We hypothesized that reinforcers would preserve a shared simulated resource best when it was shared in a commons dilemma format, and would be relatively ineffective when the resource was divided into private territories. Subjects in groups of three played a game in which they had to harvest resources from a slowly regenerating pool without depleting the resource. Three levels of reinforcement (reward, punishment, or no reinforcement) were crossed with three game structures (territoriality. Golden Rule moral suasion, and basic structure). Results showed that neither reward nor punishment helped the management of the commons when the resource was broken down into private segments, but both reward and punishment helped in the Golden Rule and basic structure conditions. Subjects perceived the territorial condition to be more competitive and more under their control compared to the moral suasion or basic structure conditions. In the moral suasion condition. subjects enjoyed either reinforcement condition (reward or punishment) more than no reinforcement.
Testing Theoretical Explanations of Intention to Seek Care for a Breast Cancer Symptom1
Authors: Lauver Diane , Chang Audrey
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this research was to test theoretical explanations of intention to seek care promptly for a breast cancer symptom. Psychosocial variables (affect, expectations, values, and norms), habit, and facilitating conditions (e.g., insurance) regarding care seeking were proposed to influence intention to seek care promptly. Whether psychosocial variables and habit influenced intention directly or in interaction with facilitating conditions remained unclear. Other variables (i.e., clinical and demographic) were proposed to influence intention by mediation through the theoretical variables. Community‐dwelling women without history of breast cancer (N= 99) responded to a questionnaire to assess study variables. In a hierarchical set regression, intention was first regressed on psychosocial variables, habit, and full insurance coverage for care, then on terms representing interactions of insurance coverage with psychosocial variables and habit, and lastly on clinical and demographic variables. Findings revealed that (a) anxiety (measure of affect), utility, (the product of expectations and values), and habit were related to intention, (b) having full insurance coverage did not moderate these relationships, and (c) after controlling for theoretical variables, family history of breast cancer was related inversely to intention. Implications for theory, research, and practice are delineated.
Blood and Guts: General and Trial‐Specific Effects of Videotaped Crime Scenes on Mock Jurors
Authors: Kassin Saul M. , Garfield David A.
Published: August 2006

A mock jury study was conducted to evaluate the effects of videotaped crime scenes on juries. Forty‐eight subjects took the Juror Bias Scale and read a murder trial transcript. In addition, subjects viewed a videotape of an actual murder victim presented as the victim described in the transcript (trial‐relevant video) or as one taken from another case (trial‐nonrelevant video), or viewed no tape at all. Subjects filled out a questionnaire, then returned two days later to act as mock jurors in an assault case. Results indicated that exposure to the trial‐relevant crime scene led subjects to set lower standards of proof and brought out individual juror biases for the prosecution. On a more general level, the crime scene tape led subjects to make lower estimates of the homicide rate, to believe the rate was increasing, and to view other crimes more seriously. Overall, the findings suggest that crime scene videos can prejudice the outcome of a criminal trial.