bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA BERBASIS ALAM DI TK SEKOLAH ALAM BANDUNG (Studi Kasus di TK Sekolah Alam Bandung Tahun Ajaran 2018-2019)
Authors: Agustiani Rini
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh situasi dilapangan, dimana pembelajaran matematika yang dilaksanakan di lembaga pendidikan anak usia dini belum sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangan anak, dimana pembelajaran matematika yang diberikan cenderung bersifat akademik seperti mengajarkan konsep matematika dengan metode driil dan paper pencil. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pembelajaran matematika berbasis alam di TK Sekolah Alam Bandung.  Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain penelitian studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan analisis data tematik. Hasil penelitian menunjukan: pertama, Perencanaan pembelajaran matematika berbasis alam di TK Sekolah Alam Bandung dimulai dengan membuat lesson plan, weekly plan, dan action/dynamic plan. Pembelajaran matematika dirancang secara terintegrasi dengan bidang pengembangan sains dan daya pikir. Kedua, pelaksanaan pembelajaran matematika berbasis alam di TK Sekolah Alam Bandung dilaksanakan dilingkungan alam sekitar melalui kegiatan-kegiatan konkrit yang melibatkan anak secara langsung. Kegiatan tersebut meliputi kegiatan pembelajaran matematika dalam kegiatan jelajah alam, pembelajaran matematika dalam kegiatan detektif alam, pembelajaran matematika dalam kegiatan outbond, kegiatan mengumpulkan rumput, menghitung dan menebak bentuk batu, menyusun dan menulis lambang bilangan di atas tanah, mengukur banyak-sedikit air. Melalui kegiatan-kegiatan tersebut anak dapat dengan mudah menguasai konsep matematika sehingga indikator pencapaian kemampuan matematika anak dapat tercapai. Ketiga, penilaian pembelajaran matematika di TK Sekolah Alam Bandung berdasarkan observasi dan tes yang berpedoman pada indikator pembelajaran matematika.
PENERAPAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER BERBASIS MANAJEMEN QOLBU DI TK DAARUT TAUHID KOTA BANDUNG
Authors: Khairunnisa Fathul , Zaman Badru , Mariyana Rita
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan pendidikan karakter berbasis manajemen Qolbu pada anak usia dini di PG TK Daarut Tauhid. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Studi Kasus dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah 1 kepala sekolah, 1 wakil kepala sekolah sekaligus wali kelas Play group dan 1 guru TK A sekaligus penyusun kurikulum sekolah.  Data penelitian diperoleh melalui wawancara, observasi dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penerapan pendidikan karakter yang di terapkan di PG TK Daarut Tauhid berbasis manajemen Qolbu, dimana manajemen Qolbu sendiri merupakan salah satu Misi dari Daarut Tauhid. Kurikulum karakter yang digunakan yaitu Kurikulum Karakter BAKU khas sekolah. Karakter BAKU merupakan panjangan dari Baik dan Kuat, yang meliputi karakter  Baik yaitu Ikhlas, Jujur dan Tawadhu, sedangkan karakter Kuat disini meliputi, Disiplin, Berani, dan Tangguh. Penerapan pendidikan karakter  diterapkan melalui melalui aktitas rutin atau kegiatan pembiasaan sehari-hari namun lebih di kuatkan setiap hari Jum’at. Sarana dan prasarana, media atau sumber belajar yang ada sudah dapat menunjang terlaksananya penerapan pendidikan karakter berbasis manajemen Qolbu pada anak usia dini di PG TK Daarut Tauhid Kota Bandung.
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MENGENAL KONSEP BILANGAN ANAK MELALUI PENDEKATAN EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING
Authors: Rahayu Alni Fitri , Syaodih Ernawulan , Romadona Nur Faizah
Published: April 2020

Latar belakang dilakukan penelitian ini didasarkan karena perlu adanya perbaikan da1am mengenal konsep bilangan pada anak. Permasalahan tersebut menuntut adanya suatu pendekatan untuk menanganinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Mengenal Konsep Bilangan Pada Anak melalui Pendekatan Experiential Learning pada anak usia 4-5 tahun terdapat pada kelas A TK Labschool UPI Cibiru. Model penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian tindakan kelas dengan desain penelitian Kemmis dan Taggart. Subjek penelitian ini berjumlah 12 orang. Metode pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif kualitatif dengan presentase. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat peningkatan kemampuan mengenal konsep bilangan pada anak. pada pra siklus terdapat 49,7 %. Mengalami peningkatan pada siklus 1 tindakan 1 sebesar 61,1% dan meningkat kembali pada siklus 2 tindakan 2 sebesar 91.1%. Disimpulkan bahwa pendekatan Experiential Learning sangat kecil kemungkinan diterapkan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan dalam menulis angka dan menghubungkan lambang bilangan dengan benda, karena tidak terdapat perubahan yang signifikan dalam penerapannya. Pendekatan Experiential Learning sangat cocok diterapkan dalam perbandingan benda. adapun rekomendasi bagi pendidik: pendekatan Experiential Learning dapat digunakan sebagai a1ternatif pendekatan da1am meningkatkan kemampuan mengenal konsep bilangan pada anak kelompok A di TK Labschool UPI Cibiru.
MENINGKATKAN KECERDASAN KINESTETIK ANAK USIA DINI MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN TARI KIJANG
Authors: Nur'afifah Dina , Kurniawati Leli , Gustiana Asep Deni
Published: April 2020

Penelitian dilatar belakangi belum berkembangnya kecerdasan kinetetik yang dimiliki anak di kelompok B TK Kemala Bhayangkari 18. Adapun solusi dalam mengatasi permasalahan tersebut yaitu menggunakan pembelajaran Tari Kijang sebagai stimulus gerak anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan kecerdasan kinestetik anak setelah diterapkan pembelajaran Tari Kijang. Subjek pada penelitian ini berjumlah 15 anak yang terdiri dari 10 orang anak perempuan dan 5 orang anak laki-laki.  Metode penelitian yang digunakan penelti yaitu penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) dengan menggunakan model desain  Kemmis dan Mc Taggart yang memiliki empat tahapan penelitian yang terdiri dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan dan refleksi. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan berupa lembar observasi kecerdasan kinestetik anak (Checklist) dan catatan lapangan. Hasil penelitian terkait kecerdasan kinestetik anak pada siklus I menunjukan persentase sebesar 38% dalam kategori berkembang sangat baik, sedangkan kecerdasan kinestetik anak pada siklus II menunjukan persentase sebesar 80% dalam kategori berkembang sesuai harapan. Hasil penelitian meunjukan bahwa pembelajaran Tari Kijang mampu meningkatkan kecerdasan kinestetik anak usia dini. Maka dari itu, dapat dijadikan sebuah rekomendasi bagi pendidik anak usia dini untuk menerapkan pembelajaran Tari Kijang sebagai salah satu alternatif kegiatan dalam meningkatkan kecerdasan kinestetik anak.
EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN BUSY BOOK TERHADAP KECERDASAN LOGIKA MATEMATIKA ANAK USIA DINI
Authors: Ezkanandyta Nurul , Rachmawati Yeni , Mariyana Rita
Published: April 2020

Anak usia dini adalah sosok individu yang sedang menjalani suatu proses perkembangan dengan pesat dan fundamental bagi kehidupan selanjutnya. Tugas-tugas perkembangan menjadi jalan untuk pemberian menstimulasi dan memberikan kegiatan atau aktivitas yang akan menghasilkan kemampuan dan keterampilan anak yang berguna bagi masa depannya dalam mencegah anak kesulitan berkomunikasi,. Kecerdasan logika matematika pada anak diharapkan terstimulasi dengan baik dengan harapan anak memiliki mental dan pemikiran cerdas, kreatif, dinamis, inovatif, mandiri, kritis, komunikatif, disiplin dan bertanggung jawab. mampu untuk menyelesaikan masalah, berpikir secara logis, serta terampil dalam mengolah angka. keberhasilan dalam menstimulasi kecerdasan logika matematika tergantung pada alat permainan edukatif yang digunakan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan alat permainan edukatif busy book terhadap kecerdasan logika matematika anak usia dini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuasi eksperimen dengan sampel penelitian yaitu kelompok B di TK Labschool UPI Bandung. Hasil penelitian diperoleh signifikansi sebesar 0,00 0,05 yang menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan profil kecerdasan logika matematika anak usia dini yang signifikan setelah menerapkan treatment pada kelompok eksperimen. Dengan demikian terdapat efektivitas dalam penggunaan alat permainan edukatif busy book. Analisis yang digunakan untuk memperkuat penelitian ini menggunakan grafik, tabel dan hasil uji statisika. Diharapkan pada penelitian selanjutnya dapat inovasi dan alat permainan edukatif yang variatif serta memiliki landasan teori yang kuat dalam penelitian.
PENYELENGGARAAN PENDIDIKAN INKLUSIF DI LEMBAGA PAUD
Authors: Azizah Annisa Nur , Adriany Vina , Romadona Nur Faizah
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh jumlah ABK yang semakin meningkat dan penyelenggaraan pendidikan inklusi di lembaga PAUD yang masih sedikit serta penelitian terdahulu yang masih sangat terbatas. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui penanganan ABK di PAUD berbasis alam. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain penelitian studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara pada tiga partisipan yaitu: kepala sekolah, fasilitator kelas, dan GPK. Analisis data menunjukkan adanya permasalahan dalam menyelenggarakan pendidikan inklusi yaitu: fasilitas dan SDM yang belum tersedia termasuk dana dalam salary untuk shadow teacher dilakukan oleh orangtua dan ekgiatan evaluasi yang belum terlaksana akibat kendala lainnya. Lalu adanya tantangan dalam menangani ABK yaitu: kebutuhan ABK sesuai dengan kemampuan ABK (anak mampu latih dan anak mampu didik), kerjasama orangtua yang diatasi dengan melakukan komunikasi yang baik untuk menyampaikan program khusus yang dimiliki dan melibatkan orangtua untuk komitmen dalam membantu penangan dan terakhir tantangan dalam merekrut SDM yang siap dengan memberikan pembinaan berupa pelatihan oleh psikolog dan kegiatan parenting . Selain itu adanya penanganan ABK dengan metode green tehrapy yaitu kegiatan berkaitan dengan fasilitas alam namun belum sepenuhnya berkaitan dengan alam. Dan adanya pemberian stimulus selama 24 jam yang dilakukan selama di sekolah maupun di rumah dengan melibatkan orangtua. Dan treatment selanjutnya dengan memberikan kesempatan pada ABK untuk belajar dalam satu kelas yang sama dengan anak pada umunya.
PENATAAN KELAS PADA PAUD INKLUSI
Authors: Yusra Shofie Rizqita , Mariyana Rita , Djohaeni Henny
Published: April 2020

Abstrak: Penerapan program sekolah inklusi pada Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD) saat ini dirasa masih kurangnya kesiapan sekolah dalam menyenlenggarakan sistem inklusi. Salah satunya adalah penataan kelas di sekolah inklusi yang belum sepenuhnya inklusif. Penataan kelas inklusi baiknya yaitu dapat menciptakan dan menjaga komunitas kelas yang hangat, menerima keanekaragaman, dan menghargai perbedaan. Akan tetapi kemampuan guru dalam mengatur suasana kelas yang ramah untuk anak berkebutuhan khusus maupun anak regular seringkali masih kurang optimal. Untuk itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penataan kelas dan hambatan dalam penataan kelas inklusi di Taman Kanak-kanak Mutiara Bunda. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode studi kasus dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang dilakukan di Taman Kanak-kanak Mutiara Bunda. Dengan menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data yaitu observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi. Adapun sebagai hasil temuan di lapangan sebagai berikut, penataan kelas indoor yang inklusi di PAUD yang inklusi yaitu adanya ruang stimulus sebagai tempat anak berkebutuhan khusus mendapatkan stimulasi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhannya, penataan kelas outdoor yang inklusi di PAUD yang inklusi yaitu adanya ruang,bahan yang aman dan aksesibilitas untuk anak berkebutuhan. Lingkup- lingkup yang terkait berupa pihak yang terlibat, desain dan sarana prasaana yang digunakan dalam penataan kelas serta SOP penataan kelas yang dimiliki TK Mutiara Bunda.
UPAYA ORANG TUA UNTUK MENCEGAH KETERGANTUNGAN ANAK TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN GADGET
Authors: Nurfadilah Fathia , Zaman Badru , Romadona Nur Faizah
Published: April 2020

Abstrak : Penelitian ini berdasarkan temuan,  bahwa saat ini mulai marak penggunaan gadget oleh anak usia dini yang tidak banyak dibatasi waktunya oleh orang tua sehingga menimbulkan ketergantungan. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pandangan dan upaya orang tua dalam mencegah ketergantungan anak terhadap penggunaan gadget. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 2 orang ibu dari anak usia dini yang sering menggunakan gadget. Hasil penelitian  menunjukan bahwa pandangan orang tua terhadap penggunaan gadget untuk anak terdapat pendapat positif dan pendapat negatif. Adapun upaya orang tua untuk mencegah ketergantungan anak terhadap penggunaan gadget meliputi: 1) Bersikap tegas dengan melarang anak apabila sudah bermain terlalu lama; 2) tidak mencontohkan  menggunakan gadget di depan anak sehingga harus bersembunyi saat menggunakan gadget; 3) mengajak anak untuk bermain diluar dan berinteraksi dengan tetangga dan mengalihkan perhatiannya dengan kegiatan lain; 4) memasukan anak kesekolah agar mengurangi frekuensi anak menggunakan gadget; 5) memberhentikan akses wifi dirumah. Adapun pihak yang membantu dalam pencegahan yaitu dari pihak keluarga yang membantu mengingatkan. Direkomendasikan bagi peneliti selanjutnya agar dapat mengembangkan penelitian lanjutan dengan memperdalam ketergantungan gadget pada anak usia dini ini, dengan desain penelitian lain atau menggunakan sampel yang lebih banyak.
DIN SPEC 92000 als Enabler für Plug-and-Produce-Konzepte
Authors: Deppe Torben , Nothdurft Lars , Epple Ulrich
Published: April 2020

Aktuelle Forschungen versuchen, das aus der Informationstechnik bekannte Konzept Plug-and-Play in die Automatisierungstechnik zu übertragen, wo es dann den Namen Plug-and-Produce trägt. Ein wichtiger Schritt des Konzepts sind die Abgleiche zwischen Anforderungen und Zusicherungen der Geräteeigenschaften. Aus diesem Grund wird in diesem Beitrag aufgezeigt, wie die in der DIN SPEC 92000 eingeführten Eigenschaftswertaussagen hierfür verwendet werden können. Die Nutzung dieser Aussagenwird anhand von zwei Use Cases – für die Inbetriebnahme und den Gerätewechsel – und einer zugehörigen technischen Realisierung demonstriert.
OPC UA Server Aggregation
Authors: Braun Roland , Schulz Dirk , Stark Katharina
Published: April 2020

This article refers to the implementation of an aggregating OPC UA Server with extended functions and its practical application.
Safety-Analyse für Security-geschützte Kommunikation
Authors: Wieczorek Felix , Schiller Frank
Published: April 2020

Die fehlersichere Kommunikation mit überwiegend auf zufällige Fehler zugeschnittenen Verfahren (Safety) benötigt oft kryptographische Verfahren (Security), um auch gegen Angriffe geschützt zu sein. Diese kryptographischen Verfahren unterscheiden sich prinzipiell nicht von denen, die im nicht-sicherheitsgerichteten Umfeld eingesetzt werden. Auch wenn sie nicht dafür entwickelt wurden, tragen sie zur Aufdeckung zufälliger Fehler bei – und verändern die Modelle, mit denen die Sicherheitskenngrößenbestimmt werden. Die Diskussion dieses Effekts begann schon vor einigen Jahren; sie findet mittlerweile auch in Normungsgremien statt. Eine gezielte Auswahl von modellerhaltenden kryptographischen Verfahren ist möglich, aber auch eine Anpassung der Modelle und der darauf aufbauenden Berechnungen für die Sicherheitskenngrößen. Mit Blick auf Effizienz und Flexibilität kommt dem zweiten Ansatz die größere Bedeutung zu, da er erlaubt, die kryptographischen Verfahren aus Sicht der Safety als Teil des Black Channels zu betrachten.
Falling behind the Rest? China and the Gender Gap Index
Authors: Chen Binli , He Hailan
Published: April 2020

China’s rank falling in the Global Gender Gap Index of the World Economic Forum has aroused the domestic scholar’s controversy. Based on the data provided by the Global Gender Gap Report, this article will describe the gender inequality in China by comparing its overall index scores and scores in the fields of economic participation and opportunity, education attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment with other countries, and then examining the reasons for China’s falling in rank through the score changes of sub-dimensions and indicators. Analysis of the data suggests that China has not kept up with the rate of improvement in the overall index, and in the four fields, compared to the original 112 countries, the upper-middle income countries, and the Asian and Pacific countries. Over the 13 years covered by the report, China’s score experienced a rapid improvement from 2006 to 2009 and a decline after 2013. China’s high sex ratio at birth, further expansion of gender inequality in active life expectancy, and an enlarged gender gap in secondary education caused China’s lagging overall score and ranking. In addition, the inclusion of measures such as secondary education enrollment, political empowerment, and other indicators also led to the backward ranking of China to some extent.
To the problem of influence of the third invariant of stress deviator on the process of longterm deformation of nonlinear viscoelastic materials
Authors: Romanov A. V. , Fernati P. V.
Published: April 2020

The problem on the influence of stressed state on the process of long-term deformation of nonlinear viscoelastic materials under the simple and quasi-simple modes of loading by introduction of the function with the parameter of Lode angle into the defining equations is considered. The mentioned function is determined by analysis of base experimental data obtained from the base experiments on axial tension and pure torsion. Physical and mechanical properties of nonlinear viscoelastic solids are defined by the correspondence between the invariants of deformation tensors and tensions according to the modified nonlinear Rabotnov’s model for viscoelasticity. The heredity kernels are given by the fractional-exponential function. The constructed defining equations are verified experimentally for the problems of determination of nonlinear creep deformations under combined loading applied to the thin-walled tubular elements made of polyethylene of high density and low pressure polyethylene. As a result of juxtaposition of experimental data and calculations it is a stated that allowing for the type of stressed state improves their agreement qualitatively and quantitatively.
Plane waves in nano-composite materials
Authors: Savelieva K. V. , Dashko O. G. , Simchuk Y. V.
Published: April 2020

The propagation of plane waves in a hyper-elastic medium is theoretically investigated. Two methods of research were used: the method of slowly variable amplitudes and the method of perturbations (successive approximations). The results obtained by these methods are analyzed. The wave interaction in nanocomposite materials is studied. A theoretical study of the cubically nonlinear elastic interaction of plane harmonic waves is carried out for a material whose nonlinear properties are described by the Murnaghan elastic potential. The solution for self-generation of the longitudinal wave is obtained by the method of slowly varying amplitudes. The interaction of transverse horizontally and vertically polarized harmonic waves are studied using the perturbing method. The pumping of energy between different harmonics of a longitudinal wave and various types of transverse waves is described analytically. The results of numerical analysis for various types of nanocomposite materials are presented.
Resonant steady-state sloshing in upright tanks performing a three-dimensional periodic motion
Authors: Timokha O. M. , Tkachenko E. M.
Published: April 2020

Analytical approaches to hydrostatic capillary (meniscus) problem in infinite horizontal channel and axisymmetric container are developed. For these geometric cases, finding the capillary menisci reduces to freeboundary problems for special systems of ordinary differential equations. Their solutions describe capillary curves, which appear as intersections of the capillary menisci and (depending on the container type) either crosssection or meridional plane. Further studies on capillary waves require to know analytical approximations of these capillary curves in the Cn, n ≥ 3 metrics. An objective may consists of constructing analytical approximate solutions of the corresponding systems of ordinary differential equations. The present paper focuses on limits of applicability of the Taylorpolynomial and Pad´e approximations, which were proposed for this class of capillary problems in 1984 by Barnyak&Timokha.
“The Ballot or the Bullet”: The Crisis of Victory and the Institutionalization and Radicalization of the Civil Rights Movement*
Authors: Santoro Wayne A. , Fitzpatrick Max
Published: April 2020

Many social movements institutionalize and radicalize when nonviolent protest declines. Yet the sparse research addressing this issue has left underanalyzed and undertheorized the role of activist preferences in this process. Using the civil rights movement as our empirical referent, we investigate why some activists (nonviolent protestors) in the late sixties wanted the movement to switch to institutional or violent tactics rather than continue to rely on nonviolent protest. Our central data come from a large probability survey of mainly northern blacks in 1968. Using multinomial regression analysis, we find that feeling disappointed about racial progress pushes activists away from preferring nonviolent protest and instead toward favoring either more moderate or militant tactics. While voting and violence are quite dissimilar tactics, these findings demonstrate that a similar causal process pushes activists in the aggregate toward both directions.
VALUING THE CAUSE: A THEORY OF AUTHENTICITY IN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS*
Authors: Walker Edward T. , Stepick Lina
Published: April 2020

Scholars of contentious politics expect that social movement organizations (SMOs) are valued according to their ability to craft resonant frames or to enact displays of worthiness. We offer an alternative, relational perspective highlighting the critical role of authenticity in shaping an SMO's perceived value. Unlike frames and intentional displays, calculated efforts to proclaim authenticity often backfire. We distill two orthogonal types: grassroots (in)authenticity, based on idealized notions of civil society, and institutional (in)authenticity, rooted in culturalcognitive schemas used to judge fit with established SMO categories. Grassroots authenticity benefits an SMO's fundamental legitimacy, while lacking it entirely (i.e., “astroturfing”) severely harms public support. Institutional authenticity increases resources and survival chances, intelligibility to elite observers, and clarity of collective identities; still, lacking this (via hybridity) may assist in recruitment and outreach. We build propositions that elaborate these expectations and argue that authenticity should become a more central concept in social movement research.
"If I Had a Hammer": The Changing Methodological Repertoire of Collective Behavior and Social Movements Research
Authors: Crist John , McCarthy John
Published: April 2020

During the 1970s a theoretical shift occurred in social movement and collective behavior scholarship. Movement was away from grievances, relative deprivation, and interactional processes and towards organizational structura4 and political factors. Dramatic changes in the research methodologies were also associated with the shift. We explore those changes with a systematic comparison of research articles in major U.S. journals of sociology before and after the theoretical realignment. Between the early 1960s and the recent period, research designs became far more diverse, supplanting the earlier methodological hegemony of survey designs. Researchers increasingly utilized units of analysis other than individuals and employed mobilizing and political opportunity structures as key independent variables.
Anxiety and The Successful Oppositional Construction of Societal Reality: The Case of Kor
Authors: Flam Helena
Published: April 2020

Based on narrative interviews and textual materials, the oppositional life world of the Workers' Defense Committee (KOR) in pre; Solidarity Poland is analyzed. In response to oppositional anxieties, KOR activists developed their own sub-universe of meaning. This was a social construction which, elaborated in response to the repressive Polish state, was much more extensive than a typical Western collective action frame. It helped place KOR at the vanguard of the developing opposition. Most importantly, KOR's sub-universe of meaning positioned it to lay claim to charismatic leadership and to occupy the top strata in a new hierarchy of social status. Both these claims were central in its successful mobilizing efforts.
Institutional and Discursive Opportunities for Extreme-Right Mobilization in Five Countries
Authors: Giugni Marco , Koopmans Ruud , Passy Florence , Statham Paul
Published: April 2020

Inspired by spatial theories of political behavior and by work on the impact of immigration on national identity, in this article we propose an explanation of the extreme right's claim making based on the interplay of three factors: national models of citizenship, the dynamics of political alignments and party competition, and the strategic/organizational repertoires of the extreme right, in particular the electoral strength of extreme-right parties. Confronting a number of hypotheses derived from this theoretical framework with original data on the extreme right's claim making in five European countries (the Netherlands, Britain, France, Germany, and Switzerland), we show how political-institutional and cultural-discursive opportunities account for differences in the extent, forms, and content of xenophobic and extreme-right claim making. Our study shows that national configurations of citizenship affect in significant ways the mobilization of the extreme right, both directly and indirectly. More precisely, our two-country comparison confirms the hypothesis that the claim making of the extreme right depends on a specific political opportunity structure formed by the combination of discursive opportunities deriving from the prevailing model of citizenship and by the political space made available by mainstream parties for far-right mobilization.
Building Bridges or Building Walls? Explaining Regionalization Among Transnational Social Movement Organizations
Authors: Smith Jackie
Published: April 2020

Before the mid-1980s, most transnational social movement organizations (TSMOs) organized across the North-South divide. However, since the mid-1980s data show that more TSMOs are organized exclusively within either the global North or South. To explain this pattern, I analyze ties between regionally organized TSMOs and other nongovernmental organizations. Groups in the global South were more likely than their Northern counterparts to maintain cross-regional ties. At the same time, Northern groups were significantly more likely to report only regional ties. Environmental and women's organizations were the most likely to maintain only regional ties while economic justice and human rights organizations were the most likely to report cross-regional ties. These findings suggest that the regionalization of TSMOs is best explained as a response to the institutional environment rather than a consequence of intramovement conflict and polarization.
The Dynamics of Social Movement Development: Northern Ireland's Civil Rights Movement in The 1960s
Authors: Bosi Lorenzo
Published: April 2020

This article extends our understanding of social movement development through a qualitative longitudinal analysis of Northern Ireland's civil rights movement during the 1960s. It applies Diani's (1996) approach that links categories of master frames with political opportunity structures. The analysis chronicles how political context shaped the evolution of the moveSment's dominant message and traces how political opportunities imparted advantages to a reformist civil rights message that reflected a realignment master frame in early stages of Northern Irish mobilization. Later, changes in political context—police repression, lack of political responsiveness, and countermobilization—rendered reformist political realignments impossible and gave advantages to elements in the civil rights network that stressed the traditional ethnonational divisions and revanchist, antipartitionist messages. Specifically, this article asks how the inclusive and reformist mobilizing messages of the 1960s Northern Irish civil rights movement came about and then reverted to the exclusivist Nationalist message of the 1970s, and how the shifting political opportunities brought about these changes.
Between Globalism and Pragmatism: ATTAC in France, Germany, and Sweden
Authors: Uggla Fredrik
Published: April 2020

This article tests two conflicting theoretical views on the extent to which economic and political globalization makes contentious groups and social movements more globally oriented in their strategies. It focuses on a critical case in the globalization of activism: the Attac group, which forms part of the movement for global justice. By analyzing the demands, actions, and targets present in the group's communiqués in France, Germany and Sweden, the analysis yields mixed conclusions about the globalization of protest. Although the global orientation of Attac is evident in the demands contained in such statements, the group appears highly centered at the national level through its choice of targets and alliances. Furthermore, in France and Germany there is a clear trend towards a more national focus among the demands made by the group.
Elaborating Consensus: Strategic Orientations and Rationales in Wartime Intergroup Relations
Authors: Downey Dennis
Published: April 2020

This research addresses the field of intergroup relations during World War II and immediately thereafter as a case study of a noncontentious (or consensus-oriented) social movement. It examines patterns of strategic activities and strategic rationales, drawing from Lofland's (1989; 1993) research mapping the 1980s peace movement. Analyses utilize a unique data source describing programmatic activities for 353 independent organizations from a directory compiled by the American Council on Race Relations in 1949, as well as primary historical documents chronicling strategic rationales among leaders of intergroup relations. Findings indicate a pattern of strategic eclecticism, with some grouping of activities around loose strategic orientations in the areas of formal/institutional challenges, community services/organization, and public education. Rationales emphasized efforts to link more and less contentious strategies—both across the movement field and movement phases—suggesting a complementary rather than competitive dynamic. The research elaborates on our understanding of consensus-oriented strategies and underscores the need for increased attention to the variable roles of less contentious strategies in long-term movement development beyond the boundaries of mass mobilization.
Europeanization From Below? Social Movements and Europe
Authors: della Porta Donatella , Caiani Manuela
Published: April 2020

Although the process of European integration is proceeding speedily and social movements are often interacting transnationally, research on the Europeanization of social movement actors is far from developed. Some scholars, focusing especially on public interest groups active at EU level, expect that civil society actors, due among other reasons to the flexibility of their organizational structures, will be able to adapt quickly to integration. Others, especially scholars looking at protest activities, are skeptical on three accounts: (1) will actors endowed with scarce material resources be able to build transnational organizations; (2) will they be able to stage supranational protest events; and (3) will the European Union be accountable to pressure from below. In this article, we focus on the degree and forms of social movement participation in the public discourse and collective action concerning Europe—that is, their capacity to take part in the debate and mobilization referring to European issues, targets, and actors. On the basis of a comparative dataset that includes content analyses of daily press and interview data from seven European countries, we argue that various forms of Europeanization of the public discourse and mobilization by social movements are indeed on the rise, with a growing presence not only of purely European actors but also of European targets and frames, as well as transnational movement networks. Changes across time emerge, with the development of (conflictual) forms of "Europeanization from below."
A Story of Two Transnationalisms: Global Salafi Jihad and Transnational Human Rights Mobilization in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Wiest Dawn
Published: April 2020

Into the 1990s, Arab countries witnessed a rise in the number of terrorist attacks perpetrated by Islamist militants against governments, foreign targets, and citizens. In response to terrorism, governments throughout the Middle East and North Africa suppressed the civil and political rights of all citizens. This clampdown on civil society transpired on the heels of political reforms in several countries and coincided with the increasing integration of these states into international treaty regimes, signaling a willingness to comply with world standards on human rights. Engaging the literatures on terrorism, world polity, and social movements, I first analyze the relationship between political regime type and movement mobilization. Next I examine the impact of transnational terrorism on human rights mobilization. I use network analysis to show that, contrary to expectations of world polity theory and the boomerang hypothesis, activists' ties to the transnational rights network thinned over the same time period (1980-2000) that these states became more integrated into international society through treaty ratification and memberships in intergovernmental organizations. The findings indicate that while the globalization of human rights has empowered human rights movements in nondemocratic societies, state power continues to set limits on mobilizing capacities.
The Command and Control and Miami Models at the 2004 Republican National Convention: New Forms of Policing Protests
Authors: Vitale Alex
Published: April 2020

With the increase in large contentious demonstrations in the last decade has come a variety of new efforts to explain the tactics used by police. Based on an analysis of how the New York Police Department (NYPD) handled six demonstrations at the 2004 Republican National Convention (RNC), this article argues that the more repressive Miami model of policing has not become the universal norm in policing large protests. Each of the six protests was dealt with in a unique way, though a general pattern emerged in which the police used either the "soft hat" command and control model or the "hard hat" Miami model. This suggests that local police forces make decisions about how to police demonstrations independent of influence by federal officials or national trends. It also emphasizes the importance of local political context in investigating the motivations of police action at protests.
Breaking the Wave: Repression, Identity, and Seattle Tactics
Authors: Wood Lesley
Published: April 2020

Using interviews with thirty-two direct action activists and field notes from the period, this article argues that repression limited the diffusion of the tactics used in the 1999 protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Seattle to activists in New York City and Toronto. The tactics under review are affinity groups, blockading, jail solidarity, black bloc, and giant puppets. I argue that repression highlighted the ways that poor activists and activists of color were different from the archetypical white, middle-class, Seattle protester. Repression made it less likely that these activists would identify with the Seattle protesters, and less likely to deliberate about the tactics. Thus, repression and identity questions made incorporation of these tactics less likely. I also argue that repression, by limiting the diffusion of these tactics, interrupted the cycle of protest associated with the Seattle demonstrations.
Ideology, Strategy and Conflict in a Social Movement Organization: The Sierra Club Immigration Wars
Authors: King Leslie
Published: April 2020

What cultural and structural factors allow conflict in a social movement organization to persist over long periods of time? Using data gleaned from interviews, archival materials, newspaper articles and online sources, I examine the Sierra Club's conflict over immigration policy, an issue which has persisted for decades without clear resolution. I argue that ideology accounts for some activists' position on club policy, while others based their stance on strategic concerns, which were linked in part to forces external to the club. At the same time, the democratic structure of the Sierra Club has allowed factions to continue working towards their own agendas. This case reveals a more complicated connection between ideology and strategy than previous studies have indicated and illuminates how intense conflict may not necessarily be associated with dramatic outcomes.
Situating Movements Historically: May 1968, Alain Touraine, and New Social Movement Theory
Authors: Waters Sarah
Published: April 2020

Recent literature on social movements has called for a renewal of theory so that it engages more directly with the social and historical dynamics in which movements emerge and crystallize. Too often, some critics argue, movements are treated as static or reified phenomena that are disconnected from their links to space and time. I examine new social movement theory from an historical perspective that emphasizes its connections with concrete social dynamics at a given point in time. Unlike alternative approaches, new social movement (NSM) theory and in particular the work of Alain Touraine, was forged out of a specific episode of social conflict—the May 1968 revolt in France—and was deeply informed by the experience of this conflict. This theory provides a dynamic and relational model in which social and historical processes are treated as major determinants of collective action within society. In fact, what explains the success of NSM theory and its enduring influence over time, is that it reaches beyond an analysis of social movements to provide an overarching theory of society at a given historical juncture. The article suggests that NSM theory provides a fruitful perspective for scholars searching for an approach that take history into account.
The Spatial Dynamics of the May 1968 French Demonstrations
Authors: Mathieu Lilian
Published: April 2020

The article studies the May 68 demonstrations in four cities: Paris, Lyon, Saint-Etienne and Roanne, and relies mainly on the archives of the French police. Its main aim is to show that what happened in French streets in May and June 1968 largely depended on the dynamics of the interactions between different contending groups—students, workers, police, radical-right groups, and government supporters—and that an important part of these interactions was determined by the significance these groups gave to the various settings where the events took place, and by the ownership they claimed to have over them. The article relies on the recent interest of social movement scholars for the spatial location of contention, but also on Goffman's theory of the territory of self, to analyze together the symbolic and the strategic dimensions of the May 68 repertoire of contention.
Repression and Crime Control: Why Social Movement Scholars Should Pay Attention to Mass Incarceration as a Form of Repression
Authors: Oliver Pamela
Published: April 2020

The disciplinary insurgency that created the academic field of social movement studies distinguished dissent from crime. This dichotomy has led the field to ignore the relation between the repression of dissent and the control of "ordinary" crime. There was massive repression in the wake of the Black riots of the 1960s that did not abate when the riots abated. The acceleration of the mass incarceration of African Americans in the United States after 1980 suggests the possibility that crime control and especially the drug war have had the consequence of repressing dissent among the poor. Social movement scholars have failed to recognize these trends as repression because of the theoretical turn that built too strong a conceptual wall between crime and dissent. Revisiting this dichotomy is essential for understanding repression today.
Assessing Stability in the Patterns of Selection Bias in Newspaper Coverage of Protest During the Transition from Communism in Belarus*
Authors: McCarthy John , Titarenko Larissa , McPhail Clark , Rafail Patrick , Augustyn Boguslaw
Published: April 2020

Analyses of selection bias in the coverage of protest events in Minsk, Belarus between 1990 and 1995 are presented. The rapid changes characterizing Minsk during its transition from Communism made it an ideal location for investigating the stability of the patterns of selection bias. Police records of 817 protest events were used to create a protest event dataset, and Minsk's four daily newspapers were read for the entire period in order to establish estimates of event coverage. Results show that large events, events with strong sponsors and, in two of the four newspapers, events accompanied by arrests are each more likely to receive coverage. These effects remain stable through phases of the transition for the combined coverage in any of the papers. The selection factors of event size and event sponsorship also display stability across media source, although the impact of arrests is not always consequential.
When the Unemployed Challenge the European Union: The European Marches as Externalization of Protest
Authors: Chabanet Didier
Published: April 2020

This article examines the conditions for the emergence of a most unexpected movement. It traces how a small number of leaders, in the context of weak support of the institutional representative frameworks, gave collective and political meaning to the dissatisfaction of the unemployed. Sticking to the European agenda, the movement, by means of the "march" format, was able to make itself visible to the media and, more generally, to public opinion, both of which it then used as resources. I identify the strategic orientations that ran through the movement and whose articulation led to a new mode of the Europeanization of action, which I call "the externalization of protest." The article concludes by identifying some of the effects induced by the marches, and suggests the incapacity of the mobilization to survive to the global justice movement, although it was one of its first expressions.
Research Note: Surveys of World Social Forum Participants Show Influence of Place and Base in the Global Public Sphere
Authors: Reese Ellen , Chase-Dunn Christopher , Anantram Kadambari , Coyne Gary , Kaneshiro Matheu , Koda Ashkey , Kwon Roy , Saxena Preeta
Published: April 2020

This article examines survey findings on the political characteristics of attendees of the 2005 and 2007 World Social Forum meetings and the 2007 U.S. Social Forum in Atlanta. At each meeting, social forum attendees were generally less satisfied with the major institutions shaping the global economy and more active within social movements compared to the general population. Nevertheless, there was considerable variation in the political views and activities of attendees across these three venues, attesting to the importance of the forum location and local organizers for shaping participant composition. Differences between respondents from the host city and country and international respondents varied across venues, but local respondents were generally less radical, had fewer affiliations to political organizations, and protested less compared to other respondents.
"We are the Ones We have been Waiting for": The U.S. Social Forum in Context
Authors: Smith Jackie , Juris Jeffrey
Published: April 2020

The first United States Social Forum (USSF) took place in Atlanta in the summer of 2007. To report and analyze this intense five-day event, we employ an innovative method, which we refer to as "distributed ethnography." This involves a large, multidisciplinary team of researchers who all contribute to our observational data and participate collaboratively in the writing and editing process. We consider how the U.S. political context shaped the character of this particular iteration of the World Social Forum. In particular, we analyze how the USSF reflected several ongoing debates within the larger World Social Forum (WSF) process: (1) whether the WSF should remain an open space or a political actor; (2) how to be more inclusive of the poorest and most marginalized social groups; (3) whether to pursue radical or reformist agenda; and (4) whether to target local, national, or global political arenas. A significant outcome of the USSF is that it challenged existing notions of open space by engaging in deliberate efforts to bring the most marginalized groups to the table. The U.S. political culture helped to mute overtly ideological debates, as many workshops and discussions instead focused on concrete projects, initiatives, and reforms. At the same time, many USSF organizers and presenters articulated a radical vision of revolutionary social change led by those who are most directly oppressed by prevailing systems of social, economic, and racial domination. Despite the many factors inhibiting radical politics in the United States, the USSF marks an important step in the process of bringing the larger struggle against global neoliberalism into U.S. politics. It also shapes the WSF process itself.
Sliding Doors of Opportunity: Zapatistas and Their Cycle of Protest
Authors: Inclán María
Published: April 2020

Using a cross-sectional time-series event-count model, this study analyzes the effects of local, national, and international variables on pro-Zapatista protests across the 111 localities (municipios) of Chiapas over a ten-year period (1994-2003). Protests were more likely to occur in localities with previous protest activity, a closed political system, and a larger presence of the military. Local and national electoral openings, as well as a larger local and national presence of the Zapatistas' presumed political ally, the Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD), had a negative relationship with protest activity. Specific openings to the Zapatistas also worked as protest depressants. International attention did not show any significant effect on Zapatista protest activity. However, these institutional and specific openings were only ephemeral opportunities in that they did not translate into substantive concessions for the movement. They appear to have decreased the strength of the Zapatista protest cycle, while the international attention to the movement did not show any significant effect on it.
A Boolean Analysis of Movement Impact on Nuclear Energy Policy
Authors: Yamasaki Sakura
Published: April 2020

The impacts of social movements on public policies have been studied extensively yet yield mixed results. Some results point to a strong impact of social movements, while others conclude that they do not possess any observable leverage on public policies. These mixed results may be linked to utilization of different methodological approaches. However, few studies have considered the possibility that movements may in fact prevent policy change. In this study, we argue that for high-profile policies such as nuclear energy, a low-key social mobilization is in some instances necessary for the occurrence of major policy changes. We further hypothesize that highly mobilized social movements may dampen the chance of major policy changes instead of promoting them. We briefly present the general model and the data before proceeding to the bounded exploratory analysis. This analysis raises questions about the role played by antinuclear movements in their quest for a major policy change. A theoretical explanation is then presented in an attempt to contribute to the clarification of the movement-policy debate.