bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conflict-induced Food Insecurity and the War Crime of Starvation of Civilians as a Method of Warfare
Authors: Akande Dapo , Gillard Emanuela-Chiara
Published: November 2019

This article examines the rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) relevant to avoiding or minimizing conflict-induced food insecurity. It is important to consider these rules in order to appreciate the range of protections to which civilians are entitled. Understanding these rules is also essential for interpreting the relevant provisions of international criminal law, including, most notably, the war crime of starvation of the civilian population. After providing a brief outline of the general rules of IHL respect of which can reduce the risk of food insecurity, the article focuses on two sets of rules of direct relevance to food insecurity: the prohibition of starvation of civilians as a method of warfare and the rules regulating humanitarian relief operation. With regard to the former, the article considers whether, under IHL, the prohibition requires that the party that has engaged in the conduct must act with the purpose of causing starvation. It is argued that while the general prohibition of starvation in IHL requires such purpose, there are other, more specific, rules of IHL directed at reducing food insecurity which do not require such purpose. Consideration is also given to the application of the principle of proportionality to measures which have the effect of causing starvation. While most of this article focuses on IHL, it also provides some reflections on the interplay between the rules of IHL relating to humanitarian relief operations and the war crime of starvation in the International Criminal Court’s Statute. Moving briefly away from IHL, the article also highlights a normative tension that can impede humanitarian action and therefore exacerbate food insecurity.
On the landscape of fear: shelters affect foraging by dunnarts (Marsupialia, Sminthopsis spp.) in a sandridge desert environment
Authors: Bleicher Sonny S , Dickman Christopher R
Published: November 2019

Disturbances such as fire reduce the structural complexity of terrestrial habitats, increasing the risk of predation for small prey species. The postfire effect of predation has especially deleterious effects in Australian habitats owing to the presence of invasive mammalian predators, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cat (Felis catus), that rapidly exploit burned habitats. Here, we investigated whether the provision of artificial shelter could alleviate the risk of predation perceived by two species of small marsupial, the dunnarts Sminthopsis hirtipes and S. youngsoni, in open postfire habitat in the sandridge system of the Simpson Desert, central Australia. We installed artificial shelters constructed from wire mesh that allowed passage of the dunnarts but not of their predators at one site, and measured and compared the perceived risk of predation by the dunnarts there with those on a control site using optimal patch-use theory (giving-up densities, GUDs). GUDs were lower near artificial shelters than away from them, and near dune crests where dunnarts typically forage, suggesting that the shelters acted as corridors for dunnarts to move up to the crests from burrows in the swales. Foraging was lower near the crest in the control plot. Two-day foraging bouts were observed in dunnart activity, with recruitment to GUD stations occurring a day earlier in the augmented shelter plot. Despite these results, the effects of the shelters were localized and not evident at the landscape scale, with GUDs reduced also in proximity to sparse natural cover in the form of regenerating spinifex grass hummocks. Mapping dunnart habitat use using the landscape of fear (LOF) framework confirmed that animals perceived safety near shelter and risk away from it. We concluded that the LOF framework can usefully assess real-time behavioral responses of animals to management interventions in situations where demographic responses take longer to occur.
A precarious future for distinctive peripheral populations of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)
Authors: Jackson Donavan J , Cook Joseph A
Published: November 2019

Conservation efforts rely on robust taxonomic assessments that should be based on critical assessment of interspecific boundaries, infraspecific variation, and potentially distinctive peripheral populations. The meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) is widely distributed across North America, including 28 morphologically defined subspecies and numerous isolated populations. Because some subspecies are of high conservation concern, we examined geographic variation across the range of the species to test existing infraspecific taxonomy in terms of local and regional diversification. We sequenced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 20 subspecies of M. pennsylvanicus and contextualized infraspecific variation through comparison of pairwise genetic distances derived from an extended data set of 63 species of Microtus. We found strong support for at least three divergent clades within M. pennsylvanicus, with observed intraspecific clade divergence exceeding that between several pairwise comparisons of sister species within Microtus. Six nuclear genes were then sequenced to test the validity of mtDNA structure and to further evaluate the possibility of cryptic, species-level diversity using Bayes factor species delimitation (BFD) analyses. BFD consistently and decisively supported multiple species based on the multilocus approach. We propose that taxonomic revision of the meadow vole is required, with the eastern clade now identified as M. pennsylvanicus (Ord 1815), the western clade as M. drummondii (Audubon and Bachman 1853), and the coastal Florida clade as M. dukecampbelli (Woods, Post, and Kilpatrick 1982). We suggest that such an arrangement would more closely reflect evolutionary history and provide critical context for further examination of distinctive southern peripheral populations that harbor novel evolutionary legacies and adaptive potential.
Stable Isotope Marking of Laboratory-Reared Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Garcia-Luna Selene M , Juarez Jose G , Cabañas Sofia , Tang Wendy , Roark E Brendan , Maupin Christopher R , Badillo-Vargas Ismael E , Hamer Gabriel L
Published: November 2019

The use of stable isotope enrichment to mark mosquitoes has provided a tool to study the biology of vector species. In this study, we evaluated isotopic marking of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) in a laboratory setting. We determined the optimal dosage for marking adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with 13C and 15N. Additionally, Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were single and dually marked with 13C and 15N for up to 60 d postemergence without changes to adult body size or transgenerational marking. This report adds to the growing literature that explores the use of alternative marking methods for ecological and vector biology studies.
Ixodes inopinatus and Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) Are Sympatric Ticks in North Africa
Authors: Younsi Hend , Fares Wasfi , Cherni Saifedine , Dachraoui Khalil , Barhoumi Walid , Najjar Chawki , Zhioua Elyes
Published: November 2019

In the present study, we report the sympatric occurrence of Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Ixodes inopinatus (Estrada-Peña, Nava, and Petney, 2014) in Tunisia. In total, 173 adult Ixodes ticks were collected from four sites (El Jouza, Tamra, Aïn Soltan, and Jbel Zaghouan) between February and April 2017, a period corresponding to the peak of activity of I. ricinus in North Africa. The morphological characters corresponded to both species; thus, we generated a total of 28 16S rRNA sequences and compared them with previously published data in GenBank. The two species were sympatric in Tamra, Aïn Soltan, and El Jouza, whereas collections in Jbel Zaghouan only yielded I. inopinatus. These results indicate that the two taxa are widespread in the humid area of northern Tunisia. The one tick collected in Jbel Zaghouan suggests that the distribution of at least I. inopinatus might extend to the sub-humid area. More studies are needed to fully comprehend the systematic status of the two taxonomic entities using multiple molecular markers and morphological characters; integrating these two identification methods are a necessary step toward a better understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of tick-borne diseases in Tunisia.
Field Efficacy of VectoMax FG and VectoLex CG Biological Larvicides for Malaria Vector Control in Northwestern Brazil
Authors: Fontoura Pablo S , da Costa Anderson S , Ribeiro Francismar S , Ferreira Marcílio S , Castro Marcia C , Ferreira Marcelo U
Published: November 2019

Despite historical and contemporary evidence of its effectiveness, larval source management with insecticides remains little used by most malaria control programs worldwide. Here we show that environmentally safe biological larvicides under field conditions can significantly reduce anopheline larval density in fish farming ponds that have became major larval habitats across the Amazon Basin. Importantly, the primary local malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi Root (Diptera: Culicidae), feeds and rests predominantly outdoors, being little affected by interventions such as long-lasting insecticidal bed net distribution and indoor residual spraying. We found >95% reduction in late-instar density up to 7 d after the first application of VectoMax FG or VectoLex CG (both from Valent BioSciences), and up to 21 d after larvicide reapplication in fish ponds (n = 20) situated in the main residual malaria pocket of Brazil, irrespective of the formulation or dosage (10 or 20 kg/ha) used. These results are consistent with a substantial residual effect upon retreatment and support the use of biological larvicides to reduce the density of anopheline larvae in this and similar settings across the Amazon where larval habitats are readily identified and accessible.
Alzheimer Disease Pathology-Associated Polymorphism in a Complex Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Region Within the MUC6 Gene, Near the AP2A2 Gene
Authors: Katsumata Yuriko , Fardo David W , Bachstetter Adam D , Artiushin Sergey C , Wang Wang-Xia , Wei Angela , Brzezinski Lena J , Nelson Bela G , Huang Qingwei , Abner Erin L , Anderson Sonya , Patel Indumati , Shaw Benjamin C , Price Douglas A , Niedowicz Dana M , Wilcock Donna W , Jicha Gregory A , Neltner Janna H , Van Eldik Linda J , Estus Steven , Nelson Peter T
Published: November 2019

We found evidence of late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD)-associated genetic polymorphism within an exon of Mucin 6 (MUC6) and immediately downstream from another gene: Adaptor Related Protein Complex 2 Subunit Alpha 2 (AP2A2). PCR analyses on genomic DNA samples confirmed that the size of the MUC6 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) region was highly polymorphic. In a cohort of autopsied subjects with quantitative digital pathology data (n = 119), the size of the polymorphic region was associated with the severity of pTau pathology in neocortex. In a separate replication cohort of autopsied subjects (n = 173), more pTau pathology was again observed in subjects with longer VNTR regions (p = 0.031). Unlike MUC6, AP2A2 is highly expressed in human brain. AP2A2 expression was lower in a subset analysis of brain samples from persons with longer versus shorter VNTR regions (p = 0.014 normalizing with AP2B1 expression). Double-label immunofluorescence studies showed that AP2A2 protein often colocalized with neurofibrillary tangles in LOAD but was not colocalized with pTau proteinopathy in progressive supranuclear palsy, or with TDP-43 proteinopathy. In summary, polymorphism in a repeat-rich region near AP2A2 was associated with neocortical pTau proteinopathy (because of the unique repeats, prior genome-wide association studies were probably unable to detect this association), and AP2A2 was often colocalized with neurofibrillary tangles in LOAD.
Uncovering a 260 pc wide, 35-Myr-old filamentary relic of star formation
Authors: Beccari Giacomo , Boffin Henri M J , Jerabkova Tereza
Published: November 2019

Several recent studies have shown that the Vela OB2 region hosts a complex constellation of sub-populations with ages in the range 10 to 50 Myr. Such populations might represent the best example of the outcome of clustered star formation in giant molecular clouds (GMCs). We use Gaia DR2 data over an area of 40 deg radius around the open cluster Collinder 135 to extend the study of the stellar populations of the Vela OB2 region over an area of several hundreds of parsecs on sky. Detailed clustering algorithms combined with the exquisite astrometric quality of the Gaia catalogue allow us to detect a new cluster named BBJ 1 that shows the same age as NGC 2547 (30 to 35 Myr), but located at a distance of 260 pc from it. Deeper investigation of the region via clustering in 5D parameter space and in the colour–magnitude diagram allows us to detect a filamentary structure of stars that bridges the two clusters. Given the extent in space of such structure (260 pc) and the young age (∼35 Myr), we exclude that such population originates by the same mechanism responsible to create tidal streams around older clusters. Even if we miss a complete picture of the 3D motion of the studied stellar structure because of the lack of accurate radial velocity measurements, we propose that such structure represents the detection of a 35-Myr-old outcome of a mechanism of filamentary star formation in a GMC.
Detecting strongly lensed supernovae at z ∼ 5–7 with LSST
Authors: Rydberg Claes-Erik , Whalen Daniel J , Maturi Matteo , Collett Thomas , Carrasco Mauricio , Magg Mattis , Klessen Ralf S
Published: November 2019

Supernovae (SNe) could be powerful probes of the properties of stars and galaxies at high redshifts in future surveys. Wide fields and longer exposure times are required to offset diminishing star formation rates and lower fluxes to detect useful number of events at high redshift. In principle, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) could discover large numbers of early SNe because of its wide fields but only at lower redshifts because of its AB mag limit of ∼24. However, gravitational lensing by galaxy clusters and massive galaxies could boost flux from ancient SNe and allow LSST to detect them at earlier times. Here, we calculate detection rates for lensed SNe at z ∼ 5–7 for LSST. We find that the LSST Wide Fast Deep survey could detect up to 120 lensed Population (Pop) I and II SNe but no lensed Pop III SNe. Deep-drilling programs in 10 deg2 fields could detect Pop I and II core-collapse SNe at AB magnitudes of 27–28 and 26, respectively.
Detection of ultra-high-energy gamma rays from the Crab Nebula: physical implications
Authors: Khangulyan Dmitry , Arakawa Masanori , Aharonian Felix
Published: November 2019

The Crab Nebula is an extreme particle accelerator that boosts the energy of electrons up to a few PeV ($10^{15} \ \rm eV$), close to the maximum energy allowed theoretically. The physical conditions in the acceleration site and the nature of the acceleration process itself remain highly uncertain. The key information about the highest-energy accelerated particles is contained in the synchrotron and inverse Compton (IC) channels of radiation at energies above 1 MeV and 100 TeV, respectively. A recent report of the detection of an ultra-high-energy gamma-ray signal from the Crab Nebula up to 300 TeV allows us to determine the energy distribution of the highest-energy electrons and to derive the magnetic field strength in the acceleration region, $B\le 120\rm \, \mu G$, in a parameter-free way. This estimate brings new constraints on the properties of non-thermal particle distributions and places important constraints on the magnetohydrodynamic models for the Crab Nebula, in particular on the feasible magnetization and anisotropy of the pulsar wind. The calculations of synchrotron and IC emission show that future observations with instruments that allow detection of the Crab Nebula above 300 TeV and above 1 MeV will clarify the conditions that allow acceleration of electrons beyond PeV energies in the Crab Nebula. In particular, we will be able to verify the hypothetical multicomponent composition of the electron energy distribution, and we will determine the magnetic field strength in the regions responsible for the acceleration of PeV electrons.
Experimental measurement of the quantum geometric tensor using coupled qubits in diamond
Authors: Yu Min , Yang Pengcheng , Gong Musang , Cao Qingyun , Lu Qiuyu , Liu Haibin , Zhang Shaoliang , Plenio Martin B , Jelezko Fedor , Ozawa Tomoki , Goldman Nathan , Cai Jianming
Published: November 2019

Geometry and topology are fundamental concepts, which underlie a wide range of fascinating physical phenomena such as topological states of matter and topological defects. In quantum mechanics, the geometry of quantum states is fully captured by the quantum geometric tensor. Using a qubit formed by an NV center in diamond, we perform the first experimental measurement of the complete quantum geometric tensor. Our approach builds on a strong connection between coherent Rabi oscillations upon parametric modulations and the quantum geometry of the underlying states. We then apply our method to a system of two interacting qubits, by exploiting the coupling between the NV center spin and a neighboring 13C nuclear spin. Our results establish coherent dynamical responses as a versatile probe for quantum geometry, and they pave the way for the detection of novel topological phenomena in solid state.
Mastery, Dependence, and the Ethics of Authority
Authors: Stalnaker Aaron
Published: November 2019

This book is an analysis of expertise and authority, and examines classical Confucian conceptions of mastery, dependence, and human relationships in order to suggest new approaches to these issues in ethics and political theory. Contemporary Westerners are heirs to multiple traditions that are suspicious of authority, especially coercive political authority. We are also increasingly wary of dependence, which now often seems to signify weakness, neediness, and unworthiness. Analysts commonly presume that both authority and dependence threaten human autonomy, and are thus intrinsically problematic. But these judgments are mistaken. Our capacity for autonomy needs to be cultivated over time through deliberate practices of training, in which we depend on the guidance of virtuous and skilled teachers. Confucian thought provides a subtle and powerful analysis of one version of this training process, and of the social supports such an education in autonomy requires—as well as the social value of having virtuous and skilled leaders. Early Confucians also argue that human life is marked by numerous interacting forms of dependence, which are not only ineradicable, but in many ways good. On a Confucian view, it is natural, healthy, and good for people to be deeply dependent on others in a variety of ways across the full human lifespan. They teach us that individual autonomy develops only within a social matrix, structured by relationships of mutual dependence that can either help or hinder it, including a variety of authority relations.
The ConfucianDào
Authors: Stalnaker Aaron
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores Confucian practices, including archery, ritual, music, and poetry. It argues that the early Confucian Dào should be understood as a practice-centered tradition that shapes human relationships, character, and skills. Becoming good at these practices requires authoritative teachers, but their authority should not give contemporary people pause—the early Confucians took no vows of obedience, nor did they advocate ascetic renunciation. This chapter explores the three aspects of “the master”: a master practitioner of Confucian arts, an attractive exemplar of good living, and an effective guide for others. The Confucian Way forms a lifelong path, with distinct stages, that reflects a gradualist developmental paradigm, and makes family life central to good living. In sum, this chapter explores the reliance of students on their teachers, in order to suggest that it is salutary rather than deforming for both students and teachers.
Is Its Success Generalizable?
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: November 2019

Abstract: Social democratic capitalism’s chief practitioners have been the Nordic nations: Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Skeptics discount the Nordics’ success on the presumption that these nations have some unique feature that allows them, and only them, to reap the benefits of social democratic policies without suffering tradeoffs. Versions of this story identify the Nordics’ secret weapon as an immutable work ethic, superior intelligence, trust, solidarity, small population size, racial and ethnic homogeneity, institutional coherence, effective government, corporatism, a willingness to be taxed, tax compliance, strong labor unions, or low income inequality. I examine these hypotheses. None holds up to close inspection.
Is There an Attractive Small-Government Alternative?
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: November 2019

Abstract: The experience of the affluent democratic nations over the past half century hasn’t been kind to the hypothesis that a small-government approach can do as well as social democratic capitalism. Countries with smaller government haven’t achieved faster economic growth. Families and voluntary organizations sometimes are less effective and efficient than government programs, they by nature aren’t comprehensive in coverage, they’ve been weakening over time, and they are nearly or equally as prominent in nations with a big government as in those with a smaller one. Private provision of services should be welcomed, even embraced, but it is most effective as a complement to public provision rather than a substitute. Relying on heavily targeted government transfers may be politically sustainable only in a country with a strong egalitarian ethos, such as Australia, and even there it hasn’t matched the success of social democratic capitalism.
Why Not a Basic Income?
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: November 2019

Abstract: I don’t think a basic income grant is a good idea for the world’s rich democratic nations at the moment. The likely reduction in employment produced by a basic income—perhaps 15 percentage points—could make it difficult to ensure a tax base large enough to pay for generous social programs and government’s other functions, and it might lead to a polarizing political divide. A basic income very likely would have to replace some existing public insurance programs, and in doing so it would reduce our ability to allocate resources according to differing needs and circumstances. Most important, we know social democratic capitalism yields very good outcomes, whereas basic income’s effects are uncertain. If and when modern societies get to a point where artificial intelligence is producing widespread joblessness, we probably will have no alternative to a basic income. But today we do, and that alternative is an attractive one.
A Better America
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: November 2019

Abstract: If the United States were to expand some of its existing public social programs and add some additional ones, many ordinary Americans would have better lives. I offer recommendations to add or improve health insurance, paid parental leave, a child allowance, unemployment insurance and wage insurance, sickness insurance, disability assistance, social assistance, pensions, eldercare, housing assistance, early education, apprenticeships, college, affirmative action, full employment, the minimum wage, the Earned Income Tax Credit, profit sharing, infrastructure and public spaces, and paid vacation days and holidays. After outlining the details for each of these, I turn to how much it will cost and how to pay for it.
How to Get There
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: November 2019

Abstract: The lesson of the past one hundred years is that as the United States gets richer, we are willing to spend more in order to safeguard against loss and enhance fairness. Advances in social policy come only intermittently, but they do come. And when they come, they usually last. The expansion of public insurance that has occurred over the past century is what we should expect for the future. I consider an array of potential obstacles, including Americans’ dislike of big government, Democrats’ centrism, Democrats’ electoral struggles, the shift to the right in the balance of organized interest group strength, the structure of America’s political system, racial and ethnic diversity, slowing economic growth, and more. None of these is likely to derail America’s slow but steady movement toward an expanded government role in improving economic security, enhancing opportunity, and ensuring decent and rising living standards for all.
Encountering the Scarlet Goddess
Authors: Hedenborg White Manon
Published: November 2019

This chapter sets the scene for the study by briefly introducing some of its core contents and defining the aim of the book: to analyze constructions of femininity and feminine sexuality in interpretations of the goddess Babalon from the fin-de-siècle until today. The chapter presents Babalon and her origins in the writings of the British occultist Aleister Crowley and establishes the focus of the study. The idea of a “Babalon discourse,” comprising written, verbal, textual, and embodied interpretations of the goddess, is introduced. The source material for the present study is related to broader categories within the history of religions, such as Western esotericism, occultism, and magic, which are briefly explained and demarcated. Sources and methodology are cursorily presented, and the chapter concludes with an outline of the study.
The bishops and the dissenters
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the various ways in which bishops and church councils coped with religious diversity, attempting to enforce conformity of beliefs and rituals within Christianity. In their struggle to achieve religious unity, bishops enhanced the notion of religious unity, whether it was meant to exclude the option of other religions or the option of other Christian inclinations. In the relationship between imperial and ecclesiastical powers, there was both collaboration and rivalry. Emperors and bishops had shared interests as well as conflicting ones. The bishops made ample use of the means that the imperial power had at its disposal in disciplining and chastising religious dissidents through coercion, whether they were pagans outside the church or heretics within it. This does not mean that the emperors always fell neatly under the influence of bishops. The different aims frequently led to collisions of interests between the imperial government and the ecclesiastical establishment.
The local limits of imperial and ecclesiastical power
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina
Published: November 2019

This chapter looks at the limits that the aristocracy in general and the landowning elites at the local level set to imperial and ecclesiastical power. In late Roman society, aristocrats had remarkable power, economic resources, and prestige, especially on the local level. The wishes of the central administration and the local realities were often in tension with each other. In some cases, imperial decrees could be ignored in the local setting if they were not well received. Local authorities could even decide not to enforce a law. In the local realities of dissident groups, the patronage relationships were decisive: a powerful landowner could influence his tenants to either embrace Christianity or retain old practices. There was often a conflict of interests between local landowners and bishops in their struggle for hegemony at the regional level. Bishops expected Christian landowners to put an end to pagan practices on their estates, and they complained about the laxity if they did not.
Individuals, groups, and plural possibilities in Late Antiquity
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina
Published: November 2019

This chapter questions the categories ‘pagans’ and ‘heretics’ that were built and maintained as a given in imperial and ecclesiastical discourses. It discusses the construction of an identity as an abstract and universal process, but profoundly embedded in specific historical, cultural, social, and material environments. Groups, but also individuals, have a propensity to mould their identities. Thus, despite an individual being classified as a Christian by late antique bishops, being Christian was not the only available alternative. An individual could activate and deactivate identities in a given situation from a situational selection of identities. The category ‘pagans’ developed by Christian writers should not be taken for granted. Instead, scholars ought to analyse the processes by means of which the late antique writers used categories such as ‘pagans’ and ‘heretics’, as well as ‘Christians’, to make sense of their world. The boundaries between groups such as late antique pagans and Christians were continuously shifting, negotiated, and redefined.
Otherness outside: Making pagans
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina
Published: November 2019

The concept of ‘pagans’ was used by ancient Christian writers to refer to religious others. ‘Pagans’ is a relational concept and it only exists in relation to the concept of ‘Christians’. Its development illustrates the evolving Christian self-consciousness. In the Christian construction of paganism, a wide variety of Greek, Roman, and other cults, beliefs, and practices were grouped together. References to pagans and pagan beliefs and practices cannot be taken at face value. The ‘pagans’ in Christian sources had different functions, and often several overlapping functions. Rhetorical, literary, or theological pagans served in Christian self-perception as the mirrors for being Christian, and flesh-and-blood individuals are quite removed from these phantoms. The pagan label, or defamation by association with paganism, was one of the most frequently employed weapons against ecclesiastical or political opponents. Ecclesiastical writers could also refer to real individuals in factual everyday situations by following the literary conventions.
Deviance or otherness inside: Construing heretics
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina
Published: November 2019

In internecine Christian struggles, differences and disagreements existing within Christianity were taken as deviance and heresy. Heresy and orthodoxy are relational concepts, which means that they are defined in relation to one another. Orthodoxy and heresy are best seen as a process in which councils and bishops set the boundaries of the norm and the deviant. On the one hand, church leaders reduced the variety of rival Christian groups to a single collective term of ‘heretics’. On the other hand, councils and legislators were almost obsessed in their care in naming, listing, and classifying specific heretical inclinations. This chapter introduces three heresies as examples of the construction of deviance. ‘Arianism’ represents the mechanisms by which doctrinal disagreements were deduced into a fundamental heresy. ‘Donatism’ stands for local disagreements that ecclesiastical leaders at first categorized as a schism but later defined as a heresy. ‘Pelagianism’ exemplifies the competition for resources between Christian groups.
The transformation of practices
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina
Published: November 2019

After questioning and deconstructing the ancient and modern use of the categories ‘pagans’ and ‘heretics’, this chapter puts forward a local religion model as a means of interpreting the local practices condemned and censured by ecclesiastical leaders. The purpose is to show how late antique people were not passive recipients of change but instead actively took part in creative interaction. Many traditional rituals and local communal practices went through a series of metamorphoses in the fourth and fifth centuries. This chapter explores the transformation of rituals, with the focus on the much-disputed topic of sacrifices, including their alleged continuities and disappearances. Late antique church leaders labelled the local forms of religiosity as magic, pagan survivals, or heretical distortions. These interpretations have also influenced modern scholars, who often continue to classify the alternate expressions of religiosity into these three categories.
Conclusion: The darkening age or the victory of John Doe?
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina
Published: November 2019

An exploration of both the rhetoric of manifest ideologies and complex daily realities is necessary for an understanding of the religious changes of the late Roman Empire, particularly the shifting position of dissenting religious groups. The dramatic accounts of violence need to be balanced with dreary everyday life. Changes in economic structures and the social factors in local communities were more influential in terms of religious transformation than the uproars depicted in hagiographies and church histories. The religious changes and diversity in Late Antiquity can be outlined in many ways, not only as ‘Christianization’, which presupposes a dichotomy between pagan and Christian practices. The Mediterranean area had for centuries been diffused with different cults, practices, religious ideas, and beliefs, which were continuously cross-pollinating each other. The spread of various Christian groups is a part of these religious changes in Antiquity.
The Regensburg Colloquy
Authors: Lane Anthony N. S.
Published: November 2019

This chapter places Article 5 in its wider context. First it considers the colloquies prior to Regensburg. Then it describes the Regensburg Colloquy prior to Article 5, focusing especially on the participants in the debates (Bucer, Melanchthon, Pistorius, Gropper, Eck, Pflug), as well as those who were also present at the Diet (Contarini, Pighius, Calvin). The heart of the chapter is an examination of the process leading to the writing of Article 5, so far as can be ascertained from the brief accounts that we have, together with a description of the various earlier drafts, the texts of which are to be found in the Appendix. Finally, there is a brief account of the further progress and dissolution of the colloquy.
Violent State Actors in Feminist Research and Critical Studies
Authors: Harel-Shalev Ayelet , Daphna-Tekoah Shir
Published: November 2019

The literature concurs that war is the friend of binarisms, leaving little place for complex identities. This concurrence is the starting point of this scholarly investigation. The chapter addresses the important lack in Critical Studies on Security of narrative research on violent state actors. To understand violence, however, scholars must listen to and explore the narratives of those who are committing violence in the context of armed conflicts. Chapter 2, then, presents the authors’ perspectives about engaging with violent state actors in a non-binary manner and lays down the theoretical foundation of the book. The chapter prompts scholars to be critical of widely accepted knowledge and binary conceptions in military studies. The chapter thus seeks ways to produce emancipatory knowledge and to be critical without being exclusionary, thereby expanding the framework of Feminist IR and knowledge about women in combat.
Narratives of Security and Insecurity
Authors: Harel-Shalev Ayelet , Daphna-Tekoah Shir
Published: November 2019

Chapter 6 concludes the book with a discussion about the gendered meaning of protection in the military and an exploration of changing gender roles in the military in the context of the evolvement of the new war. It further discusses the false dichotomy between “feminine care” and “masculine protection” in the context of women in the military. In addition, the chapter provides a summary and a comprehensive analysis of veteran women soldiers’ narratives of security and insecurity. It also presents theoretical insights and final reflective remarks on the implications of our findings. The stationing of women in a variety of combat and combat-support roles in conflict zones and in conflicted border areas challenge traditional concepts of security, war, and gender roles. The narratives of women soldiers serving in such roles can thus provide critical insights into the nature of women’s involvement in the act of making war and the possible militarization of women.
Crafting Masculine Selves
Authors: Chiovenda Andrea
Published: November 2019

Crafting Masculine Selves represents a journey into the culture and psychological dynamics of a select group of Afghan Pashtun men. The book is based on eighteen months of fieldwork in a volatile area of Afghanistan, adjoining the border with Pakistan, carried out between 2009 and 2013. In addition to participant observation, the author employed a person-centered ethnographic methodology, wherein he conducted long-term, one-on-one interview sessions with four male individuals, and analyzed four additional life trajectories. The book unveils and chronicles how the creation and use of multiple subjectivities, and the unconscious, dissociative interplay that the individual maintains between them, is one of the “stratagems” with which individuals manage to make sense of what happens to them in real life, and to pragmatically inhabit personal circumstances that are often marred by conflict and violence, both at the interpersonal and at the political level. The main cultural thread the book investigates is that of masculinity, a crucial idiom in a very androcentric Pashtun society. Virtually all the interlocutors the book presents have to navigate deep private conflicts and contradictions related to how society expects them to be appropriate, proper men, against the backdrop of a sociopolitical Afghan context heavily impacted by almost forty years of uninterrupted war. Feeling constrained by the strict norms about a severe and honor-bound masculinity in a quickly changing Afghanistan, but equally striving to be culturally validated by their own peers, these men struggle to create and publicly legitimize their own, idiosyncratic way of being appropriate men. While they suffer at times the stern rebuke of their social environment, all the same they represent the seeds for a change of those very cultural norms.
Rohullah
Authors: Chiovenda Andrea
Published: November 2019

The chapter introduces the first of the main four informants that will be discussed in detail in the book. Rohullah was born and raised in Kabul and had to relocate, while still a child, to a small provincial town due to the civil war raging in the country. There, his performance of masculinity was considered inadequate by his peers, and he had to learn the hard way how to reshape himself as a worthy and culturally appropriate masculine man, in order to avoid being violently bullied. His story is about the creation, and pragmatic utilization, of multiple subjectivities (or “selves”), complementary and not necessary antagonistic to each other. The chapter will provide evidence of how these multiple subjectivities stand in dissociated spaces in relation to each other, and still unconsciously in communication with each other. Rohullah makes successful use of this unconscious dialogue to shift from a condition of subordinated and discriminated masculinity to one of hegemonic masculinity, necessary to survive socially and physically in a punishing environment.
Verticality
Authors: Kozak Mariusz
Published: November 2019

This chapter looks at the enactment of time over the course of an entire piece. The author presents an analysis of Toshio Hosokawa’s Vertical Time Study I (1993) as a vehicle for examining how the body participates in creating structure in Western contemporary music. The author draws on Merleau-Ponty’s notion of “vertical Being” and Nietzsche’s “eternal return” to argue that the piece’s form might be construed in terms of the listener’s affective engagement with the music. This engagement, in turn, has the potential to reorient the direction of time by bringing into experience its depth. The author concludes by considering how the temporal reorientation signals the possibility of using affect as an analytical tool in contemporary music.
Still Not Safe
Authors: Wears Robert , Sutcliffe Kathleen
Published: November 2019

Patient safety suddenly burst into public consciousness in the late 1990s and became a “celebrated” cause in the 2000s. It has since gradually faltered, and little improvement has been noted over almost 20 years. Both the rise and fall of patient safety demand explanation. Medical harm had been known long before the 1990s, so why did it suddenly become popular? And why were safety efforts ineffective? The authors propose that this rise was due to a discursive shift that reframed “medical harm” into “medical error” in the setting of anxiety about industrialization and great change in healthcare. The “error” framing, with its inherent notion of agency, was useful in advancing the agenda of a technocratic, managerial group of health professionals and diminishing the authority of the old guard based on clinical expertise. The fall was due to this “medicalization” of safety. Health professionals and managers with little knowledge of safety science came to dominate the patient safety field, crowding out expertise from the safety sciences (e.g., psychology, engineering) and thus keeping reform under the control of the healthcare establishment. Operating with a sort of delusional clarity, this scientific-bureaucratic cabal generated a great deal of activity but made little progress because they failed to engage with expertise in the safety sciences. Twenty years after sudden popularity, there is general agreement that little of value has been achieved. The future of patient safety is in doubt, and radical reform in approaches to safety will be required for progress to be made.
Beginnings
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M.
Published: November 2019

The To Err is Human report rests upon a series of historical episodes—the early development of safety thinking in healthcare, the evolution of safety thinking in the safety sciences, and accumulating stories of personal suffering and tragedy experiences by patients. Concerns about the safety of healthcare date at least as far back as the Code of Hammurabi. Early efforts at improving safety appeared sporadically in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but these were isolated and not sustained. Malpractice concerns were also entangled with safety, and the first malpractice crisis in the United States came about due to advances, rather than deficiencies, in care. Public and governmental interest in safety more generally developed out of railway accidents in the nineteenth century. Notions of accidents evolved over time, moving from accident proneness to the domino model, to more complex models such as Reason’s Swiss cheese model. Libby Zion's death results in New York state legislation regulating medical trainees’ supervision and duty hours, marking a change from a self-regulating profession to a more typical service industry. Recognition that health professionals involved in adverse events are also, in a sense, victims begins to grow.
Rationalizing Healthcare
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M.
Published: November 2019

Healthcare changed dramatically during the 20th century; industrialization lead to contention for control over medical work and there was a shift from autonomous, professional control to managerial, hierarchical control, which included a strong belief in technical rationality. The rise of scientific-bureaucratic medicine combined ideas from Taylorism (i.e., the “one best way.” separation of planning from activity, and the rise of a managerial class) and a rationalizing turn in medicine (e.g., evidence-based medicine) to produce a hybrid group of clinician-managers, who can retain control of healthcare in health professionals’ hands. The quality improvement effort preceded the safety movement in health care by about a decade.
Irruption onto the World Stage
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M.
Published: November 2019

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report To Err Is Human created a media firestorm. Prior to this, interest in patient safety might be described as a cult—a small group of passionate believers—but the IOM report and its aftermath moved patient safety to a prominent place on the broad public agenda, creating pressure for quick action. The federal government announced a safety program at the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; President Clinton committed to a “50% reduction in medical errors in five years”; similar events occurred in the United Kingdom. Programmatic efforts in patient safety began to crowd out safety scientists. The litany of fear-provoking incidents of patient harm continued.
Introduction
Authors: Stoll Knecht Anna
Published: November 2019

The introductory chapter presents the aims of the book: to offer an interpretation of Mahler’s Seventh Symphony based on a close reading of the score combined with a reconstruction of its genetic history, and to show how these perspectives interact with each other. It then retraces the genesis of the project, describes the structure of the book, and explains its organization. The first three chapters provide a background for the analyses unfolding in the following chapters. Chapters 4 to 8 discuss each movement of the work separately, beginning with the finished version before turning to the compositional materials. Selected facsimiles and transcriptions are provided in the book, along with analytical schemes, while other appendices are located on the companion website.
Premiere and Reception
Authors: Stoll Knecht Anna
Published: November 2019

Chapter 1 retraces the reception history of the Seventh Symphony from its premiere in 1908 in order to determine when the work began to be considered as “problematic,” since early accounts report that it had been initially rather well received. Two aspects that are central in the negative perception of the work are then examined: the Seventh’s close relationship to the Sixth Symphony, and the noisy Finale, clearly alluding to Wagner’s opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. The view of the Seventh as a problematic work is emphatically connected with its highly intertextual character, and as shown in the following chapters, Mahler’s preliminary sketches throw new light on the referential aspect of the work.
Compositional History
Authors: Stoll Knecht Anna
Published: November 2019

Chapter 3 presents biographical and musical evidence used to reconstruct the genesis of the Seventh Symphony. We have access to primary sources, Mahler’s compositional materials and his correspondence—and to secondary sources, biographical accounts from others. In attempting to reconstruct the compositional history of the Seventh, these sources are considered side by side and their similarities and contradictions are explored. This chapter presents these different kinds of evidence, beginning with autobiographical and biographical accounts, then turning to the musical evidence (compositional and printed materials). The extant sketches and drafts for the Seventh are succinctly described here and further discussed in the following chapters, in conjunction with the music in its finished form.
Genesis of the Rondo-Finale
Authors: Stoll Knecht Anna
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores physical traces of Mahler’s compositional process for the Finale of the Seventh, asking to what extent compositional materials can inform an interpretation of the music. “In-betweens” and inserts constitute one of the main characteristics of this movement. As shown in Chapter 5, one of these interruptions was added later in a preliminary draft. This is a case of striking resonance between the genesis of a passage and what the music achieves in its final form. A close reading of the compositional materials for the Finale questions the idea of the Seventh as a consequence of the Sixth, showing that the composition of both works was more entangled than previously thought. The numerous connections that can be drawn between different manuscript sources containing preliminary sketches (sketchbooks and larger leaves) allow us to trace some of the compositional experiments Mahler pursued before abandoning them in the final version.