bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Game-Based Learning and Gamification in Physical Education: A Systematic Review
Authors: Camacho-Sánchez Rubén , Manzano-León Ana , Rodríguez-Ferrer José Miguel , Serna Jorge , Lavega-Burgués Pere
Published: February 2023

The use of educational games or some aspects of games in the educational context is known as game-based learning (GBL) or educational gamification. The objectives of this study are to assess the existing evidence about how GBL and gamification have affected the variables studied in each investigation over the past ten years; to analyse the educational levels, variables, dynamics, and types of games; and to determine the advantages of implementing these games in the classroom. A systematic review is proposed utilising the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology across five multidisciplinary databases by conducting an exhaustive search with inclusion and exclusion criteria, examining quantitative experimental studies exploring the use of gamification and GBL in physical education. The results identify GBL and gamification as significant learning methods due to their impact on student motivation, academic performance, and commitment to improving health and physical performance. Consequently, this study implies that more research is needed on the needs and challenges of students when they are learning through GBL or gamification.
Teaching Simulations Supported by Artificial Intelligence in the Real World
Authors: Chaturvedi Iti , Cambria Erik , Welsch Roy E.
Published: February 2023

Video conferencing has enabled synchronous communication in a classroom and created multi-sensory content to stimulate learners. Artificial intelligence involves complex equations that are better taught using a constructive pedagogy where students experiment with alternative ways of solving the same problem. Multiple-choice questions have high reliability and can easily reveal student skill levels in a quick way. The Australian Computer Society accreditation exercise ensures that the content for each subject serves as a flexible template for teaching. The geographical extent of the country requires the presence of multiple subordinate campuses affiliated to a main campus. Following the concept of strands, it was also necessary to show continuity in learning and assessments between the first- and second-year subjects. Student feedback for subjects with artificial intelligence-based simulations showed that several students found it difficult to understand lectures and assignments. Hence, to measure student learning, we introduced a Kahoot quiz during the recess of each lecture that students could join through their mobile phones from different campuses. Software project management is challenging for students with vision or attention-related disorders. We taught them how to use charts to visually observe variables and narrow down possible relationships before performing in-depth analysis. One of the main purposes of education is employability. Hence, greater context to real world industry examples was introduced into lectures.
What Keeps Teachers Engaged during Professional Development? The Role of Interest Development
Authors: Akcaoglu Mete , Ozcan Meryem Seyda , Dogan Selcuk
Published: February 2023

Interest influences adults’ and young learners’ learning in formal and informal contexts. Although interest and interest development frameworks have been used in research on student-learning, they are not used in teacher-focused research, especially as “outcomes” of teacher professional development (PD) activities. In this study, we used interest development as the outcome of PD in computer science (CS) and investigated the factors that influenced teachers’ (n = 5) interest development toward CS using various data sources and analysis methods. We found that interest development is (a) varied, (b) influenced by self-relation, knowledge, and affect, (c) associated with reengagement with PD activities, and (d) it can be captured using computational text analysis methods and online log data.
Multi−Functional Gradient Fibrous Membranes Aiming at High Performance for Both Lithium–Sulfur and Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Zhang Congli , Geng Zeyu , Meng Ting , Ma Fei , Xu Xueya , Liu Yang , Zhang Haifeng
Published: February 2023

Lithium–sulfur batteries have been considered one of the most promising energy storage batteries in the future of flexible and wearable electronics. However, the shuttling of polysulfides, low sulfur utilization, and bad cycle stability restricted the widespread application of lithium–sulfur batteries. Currently, gradient materials with multiple functions can solve those defects simultaneously and can be applied to various parts of batteries. Herein, an electrospinningtriple−gradient Co−N−C/PVDF/PAN fibrous membrane was prepared and applied to lithium–sulfur batteries. The Co−N−C fibrous membrane provided efficient active sites, excellent electrode conductivity, and boosted polysulfide confinement. At the same time, the PVDF/PAN membrane enhances electron transfer and lithium−ion diffusion. As a result, the integrated S@Co−N−C/PVDF/PAN/Li battery delivered a high initial capacity of 1124.1 mA h g−1. Even under high sulfur loading (6 mg cm−2), this flexible Li–S battery still exhibits high areal capacity (846.9 mA h cm−2) without apparent capacity attenuation and security issues. Meanwhile, the gradient fibrous membranes can be used in zinc–air batteries, and the same double−gradient Co−N−C/PVDF membranes were also used as a binder−free air cathode with bifunctional catalytic activity and a facile hydrophobic and aerophile membrane, delivering remarkable cycling stability and small voltage gap in aqueous ZABs. The well−tunable structures and materials of the gradient strategy would bring inspiration for excellent performance in flexible and wearable energy storage devices.
CLB-Based Development of BiSS-C Interface Master for Motor Encoders
Authors: Tran Duc M. , Kim Kyungah , Choi Joon-Young
Published: February 2023

Encoder interfaces should be operated in real time with high precision and fast processing for industrial motor control systems. The continuous bidirectional serial synchronous (BiSS-C) interface is an open-source serial communication protocol designed for motor encoders and is suitable for industrial purposes because of its fast serial communication speed. In this study, we propose a method for developing a BiSS-C interface master for a motor encoder slave, using only the configurable logic block (CLB) peripheral integrated into TI microcontroller units. By analyzing the detailed operation protocol of the BiSS-C interface, we create the truth and state tables for logic circuits and finite state machines, which are required for the BiSS-C interface master. Then, by programming the CLB based on the created truth and state tables, we implement the master clock, serial peripheral interface (SPI) clock, and operational process for the master. This approach is cost-efficient because additional hardware components, such as a field-programmable gate array or a complex programmable logic device, are not required for the master implementations. The developed method can be immediately applied to developing the masters for other BiSS-C encoders with different specifications, which is certainly necessary for a motor drive development and test. By building an AC motor control system with the developed master and performing various experiments, we verify the performance and practical usefulness of the developed BiSS-C interface master. The maximum master clock frequency without any CRC errors is achieved by 6.25 MHz, which can cope with more than 20 kHz motor control cycle frequency. The usefulness is demonstrated by showing the motor speed and position control performance that are acceptable in real applications.
The Research of AHP-Based Credit Rating System on a Blockchain Application
Authors: Chen Chao , Huang Hao , Zhao Bin , Shu Desheng , Wang Yu
Published: February 2023

NFT is a kind of virtual token derived from the blockchain. In 2019, the NFT transaction market became a new force in the field of the digital economy, while NFT fraud was also widespread. There is no efficient technology or methods to ensure the authenticity of the source data (which have not been stored on the blockchain yet) on a blockchain traceability system. To solve this problem and to safeguard the rights and interests of members of the blockchain application, we propose a method to measure the user’s credit degree by obtaining the data before it stores on the blockchain. We first analyze some NFT trading markets’ business processes and dealing models. Then, based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in the operational research theory, some indexes of credit rating have been made. A credit rating system has been established by calculating the evaluation matrix and efficacy coefficient of each index. The experimental results show that the credit evaluation system can be used as a method to judge the user’s credit rating on a blockchain traceability system. This method provides a reference for the decision of whether to restrict the transaction of some users with abnormal behavior.
FSS Sandwiched Dual-Frequency Reflectarray for Mobile Communication Applications
Authors: Li Jianfeng , Mao Liangliang , Zhang Tianling
Published: February 2023

Sandwiched frequency selective surface (FSS) is proposed as an additional reflection surface for a dual-frequency reflectarray system. The range of reflection phase for a reflectarray depends on the substrate thickness sensitively. Usually, a tradeoff between the smooth linear level and the wide reflection phase range is needed, especially for a dual-frequency system. By inserting an FSS between the ground plane and the reflecting element layer, a selective plane for the dual-frequency band is provided. For the higher frequency band, the FSS layer is a reflection plane. For the lower frequency band, it is transparent and the reflection plane is changed into the metal ground plane. A dual-band reflectarray with a scattering angle of 30 degrees is simulated and measured to validate this concept.
UTD-PO Solutions for the Analysis of Multiple Diffraction by Trees and Buildings When Assuming Spherical-Wave Incidence
Authors: Rodríguez José-Víctor , Martínez-Inglés María-Teresa , Garcia-Pardo Jose-Maria Molina , Juan-Llácer Leandro , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Ignacio
Published: February 2023

This paper presents two uniform theories of diffraction–physical optics (UTD-PO) formulations to undertake analysis of radiowave multiple diffraction resulting from the presence of both buildings and trees in vegetated urban areas, with the assumption of spherical-wave incidence. The solutions presented consider buildings modeled as knife-edges and rectangular sections (the latter being more complex and realistic) and the effect of the tree canopy (the assumption is that this exceeds the height of the average rooftop) is taken into account by adding proper attenuation factors/phasors to building diffraction phenomena. The validation of these formulations has been undertaken by comparing with other methods and measurements performed at 39 GHz on a scaled-model of the environment under analysis, consisting of an array of bricks and bonsai trees. The chief advantage of the solutions put forward is that because of recursion, the calculations only include single diffractions. This avoids any requirement for higher-order diffraction terms in the diffraction coefficients, which means less computer time/power is demanded. The results of this work may be useful when planning future mobile communication systems, including 6G networks and beyond.
Complications after Posterior Lumbar Fusion for Degenerative Disc Disease: Sarcopenia and Osteopenia as Independent Risk Factors for Infection and Proximal Junctional Disease
Authors: Ruffilli Alberto , Manzetti Marco , Barile Francesca , Ialuna Marco , Cerasoli Tosca , Viroli Giovanni , Salamanna Francesca , Contartese Deyanira , Giavaresi Gianluca , Faldini Cesare
Published: February 2023

Proximal Junctional Disease (PJD) and Surgical Site Infection (SSI) are among the most common complications following spine surgery. Their risk factors are not fully understood. Among them, sarcopenia and osteopenia have recently been attracting interest. The aim of this study is to evaluate their influence on mechanical or infective complications after lumbar spine fusion. Patients who underwent open posterior lumbar fusion were analyzed. Through preoperative MRI, central sarcopenia and osteopenia were measured with the Psoas Lumbar Vertebral Index (PLVI) and the M-Score, respectively. Patients were stratified by low vs. high PLVI and M-Score and then by postoperative complications. Multivariate analysis for independent risk factors was performed. A total of 392 patients (mean age 62.6 years, mean follow up 42.4 months) were included. Multivariate linear regression identified comorbidity Index (p = 0.006), and dural tear (p = 0.016) as independent risk factors for SSI, and age (p = 0.014) and diabetes (p = 0.43) for PJD. Low M-score and PLVI were not correlated to a higher complications rate. Age, comorbidity index, diabetes, dural tear and length of stay are independent risk factors for infection and/or proximal junctional disease in patients who undergo lumbar arthrodesis for degenerative disc disease, while central sarcopenia and osteopenia (as measured by PLVI and M-score) are not.
Molecular and Clinical Predictors of Quality of Life in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps
Authors: Brunet Aina , Milara Javier , Frías Soledad , Cortijo Julio , Armengot Miguel
Published: February 2023

(1) Background: Factors influencing the quality of life (QoL) of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) are poorly understood. We set out to determine the predictive factors on patients’ QoL using the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22); (2) Methods: An ambispective analysis of data from patients diagnosed with CRSwNP in our institution. All the patients underwent a nasal polyp biopsy and completed the SNOT-22 questionnaire. Demographic and molecular data as well as the SNOT-22 scores were collected. Patients were classified in six subgroups considering the presence of asthma, non-steroidal drugs (NSAID) intolerance and corticosteroid resistance; (3) Results: The mean SNOT-22 score was 39. Considering the clinical parameters, the SNOT-22 value was significantly associated with NSAID intolerance (p = 0.04) and the endoscopic polyp score (p = 0.04). A high SNOT-22 value was also correlated with high tissue eosinophilia (p = 0.01) and high IL-8 expression; (4) Conclusions: Eosinophilia, IL-8 expression and NSAID intolerance can be used as predictors of worse QoL in patients with CRSwNP.
A Comparison of Spinopelvic Alignment and Quality of Life between Farmers and Non-Farmers: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study in a Japanese Rural Area
Authors: Ogawa Takahisa , Fukushima Kazuyuki , Niimi Miyuki , Schermann Haggai , Motoyoshi Takayuki , Moross Janelle , Hashimoto Motonori , Hirai Takashi , Fujiwara Takeo , Okawa Atsushi , Kurosa Yoshiro , Yoshii Toshitaka
Published: February 2023

Background: It may be difficult to define what would constitute an abnormal spinal sagittal alignment. The same degree of malalignment may be found both in patients with pain and disability and in asymptomatic individuals. This study focuses on elderly farmers who characteristically have a kyphotic spine, in addition to local residents. It questions whether these patients experience cervical and lower back symptoms, respectively, more often than elderly people who never worked on a farm and do not have a kyphotic deformity. Previous research could have been biased by sampling patients who came to a spine clinic for treatment, whereas this study sampled asymptomatic elderly who may or may not have had kyphosis. Methods: We studied 100 local residents at their annual health checkup (22 farmers and 78 non-farmers) with a median age of 71 years (range 65–84 years). Spinal radiographs were used to measure sagittal vertical axis, lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis and other measurements of sagittal malalignment. Back symptoms were measured using Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Neck Disability Index (NDI). The association between alignment measures and back symptoms were calculated by bivariate comparison between patient groups and by Pearson’s correlation. Results: About 55% of farmers and 35% of non-farmers had abnormal radiographs (i.e., vertebral fracture). Farmers had higher measurements of sagittal vertical axis (SVA), compared to non-farmers, when measured from C7 (median 24.4 mm vs. 9.15 mm, p = 0.04) and from C2 (47.65 vs. 25.3, p = 0.03). Lumbar lordosis (LL) and thoracic kyphosis (TK) were significantly decreased in farmers vs. non-farmers (37.5 vs. 43.5, p = 0.04 and 32.5 vs. 39, p = 0.02, respectively). The ODI was likely to be higher among farmers compared to non-farmers while NDI scores showed no significant difference between farmers and non-farmers (median 11.7 vs. 6.0, p = 0.06 and median 13 vs. 12, p = 0.82, respectively). In terms of correlation among spinal parameters, LL had a higher correlation with SVA, but TK had less correlation with SVA among farmers compared to non-farmers. There was no significant correlation between disability scores and measurements of sagittal alignment. Conclusions: Farmers had higher measurements of sagittal malalignment, characterized by loss of LL, decreased TK and an increased forward translation of cervical vertebrae relative to sacrum. ODI was likely to higher in farmers compared to non-farmers although the association did not reach a significant level. These results probably indicate that the gradual development of spinal malalignment in agricultural workers does not result in excess morbidity compared to controls.
Immunothrombosis: Molecular Aspects and New Therapeutic Perspectives
Authors: Marcos-Jubilar María , Lecumberri Ramón , Páramo José A.
Published: February 2023

Thromboinflammation or immunothrombosis is a concept that explains the existing link between coagulation and inflammatory response present in many situations, such as sepsis, venous thromboembolism, or COVID-19 associated coagulopathy. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current data regarding the mechanisms involved in immunothrombosis in order to understand the new therapeutic strategies focused in reducing thrombotic risk by controlling the inflammation.
Current Surgical Treatment for Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Fan Yu-Hua , Shen Yuan-Chi , Hsu Chih-Chen , Chow Po-Ming , Chang Po-Chih , Lin Yu-Hua , Chang Shang-Jen , Jiang Yuan-Hong , Liao Chun-Hou , Wang Chung-Cheng , Wu Chun-Te , Kuo Hann-Chorng
Published: February 2023

This study aimed to present a comprehensive literature review of the efforts of a spinal cord injury workgroup in Taiwan regarding urologic surgery for neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) in patients with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Surgical procedures should be viewed as a final option for managing patients with SCI who have persistent symptoms and complications that cannot be resolved by other means. Surgeries can be grouped according to their purpose: reducing bladder pressures, reducing urethra resistance, increasing urethra resistance, and urinary diversion. The choice of surgery depends on the type of LUTD based on urodynamic tests. Additionally, cognitive function, hand motility, comorbidities, efficacy of surgery, and related complications should be considered.
Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Dentin Hypersensitivity in Periodontally Compromised Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Shan Zhiyi , Ren Chong , Gu Min , Lin Yifan , Sum Fung Hou Kumoi Mineaki Howard , McGrath Colman , Jin Lijian , Zhang Chengfei , Yang Yanqi
Published: February 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on dentin hypersensitivity (DH) in periodontally compromised patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Methods: This triple-blinded randomised controlled trial included 143 teeth with DH from 23 periodontally compromised patients. Teeth on one side of the dental arch were randomly assigned to the LLLT group (LG), while those on the contralateral side were allocated to the non-LLLT group (NG). After orthodontic treatment commenced, patients’ orthodontic pain (OP) perceptions were documented in pain diaries. DH was assessed chairside by a visual analogue scale (VASDH) at fifteen timepoints across the orthodontic treatment and retention. VASDH scores were compared among timepoints by the Friedman test, among patients with varying OP perceptions using the Kruskal–Wallis tests, and between the LG and NG with the Mann–Whitney U test. Results: DH generally decreased over the observation (p < 0.001). The VASDH scores differed among patients with varying OP perceptions at multiple timepoints (p < 0.05). The generalized estimating equation model showed teeth in the LG had a significantly lower VASDH score than the NG at the 3rd month of treatment (p = 0.011). Conclusion: LLLT could be potentially beneficial in managing DH in periodontally compromised patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.
Exploring Topological Semi-Metals for Interconnects
Authors: Kundu Satwik , Roy Rupshali , Rahman M. Saifur , Upadhyay Suryansh , Topaloglu Rasit Onur , Mohney Suzanne E. , Huang Shengxi , Ghosh Swaroop
Published: February 2023

The size of transistors has drastically reduced over the years. Interconnects have likewise also been scaled down. Today, conventional copper (Cu)-based interconnects face a significant impediment to further scaling since their electrical conductivity decreases at smaller dimensions, which also worsens the signal delay and energy consumption. As a result, alternative scalable materials such as semi-metals and 2D materials were being investigated as potential Cu replacements. In this paper, we experimentally showed that CoPt can provide better resistivity than Cu at thin dimensions and proposed hybrid poly-Si with a CoPt coating for local routing in standard cells for compactness. We evaluated the performance gain for DRAM/eDRAM, and area vs. performance trade-off for D-Flip-Flop (DFF) using hybrid poly-Si with a thin film of CoPt. We gained up to a 3-fold reduction in delay and a 15.6% reduction in cell area with the proposed hybrid interconnect. We also studied the system-level interconnect design using NbAs, a topological semi-metal with high electron mobility at the nanoscale, and demonstrated its advantages over Cu in terms of resistivity, propagation delay, and slew rate. Our simulations revealed that NbAs could reduce the propagation delay by up to 35.88%. We further evaluated the potential system-level performance gain for NbAs-based interconnects in cache memories and observed an instructions per cycle (IPC) improvement of up to 23.8%.
Editorial: Precision Medicine in Obstetrics: Pregnancy Complication
Authors: Bertozzi Serena , Corradetti Bruna , Fruscalzo Arrigo , Londero Ambrogio P.
Published: February 2023

Millions of women give birth every year worldwide [...]
National Big Data Experimental Area and the Unexpected Booming of the Housing Price in Guiyang of Guizhou Province of China
Authors: Zhang Lu , Yu Hongfei , Zhou Zhongfa , Yi Fangxin , Li Dong
Published: February 2023

Enterprise Zone is an important part of the regional economic development strategy. This paper investigates the impact of overall urban development and construction of the National Big Data (Guizhou) Experimental Area on the housing prices and found out that the construction of the National Big Data (Guizhou) Experimental Area is more conducive to the rise in suburban housing transaction prices. The paper empirically proves that the construction of the National Experimental Zone is more conducive to small family housing and leads to the increase in the suburban housing trading area, which further implies that the National Big Data (Guizhou) Experimental Area project may lead to the migration of residents to the suburbs, thus the increasing the housing price. Such regional planning is conducive to the changing spatial distribution of the residents, relocating the residents to find jobs and live in the suburbs, and increasing the value of suburban areas. This paper provides evidence to quantify the externalities and the premium of the housing prices in the surrounding area and provides empirical evidence on the spatial externalities in the literature.
In Vitro Investigation of the Fixation Performance of a Bioabsorbable Magnesium ACL Interference Screw Compared to a Conventional Interference Screw
Authors: Siroros Nad , Merfort Ricarda , Liu Yu , Praster Maximilian , Hildebrand Frank , Michalik Roman , Eschweiler Jörg
Published: February 2023

An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a common treatment for patients with ACL rupture that aims to regain pre-injury knee stability and kinematics. During the ACL reconstruction, one method to fix the graft is the use of an interference screw (IS). The IS should provide initial stability and secure the graft during the healing period. In recent years, magnesium has emerged as an alternative material to permanent metal and polymer ISs. In addition, differences in designs, such as the shape of the IS, can influence the fixation performance of the IS. Therefore, in this biomechanical experiment, two different screw designs with two ligament materials were compared in an insertion and a pull-out test at a rate of 1 mm/s. The screw designs were a conventional polymer screw and a magnesium screw. Porcine tendon and nylon rope were used as ligament materials. All tests were performed in polyurethane foam blocks with 15 PCF density (Synbone AG, Switzerland). As a result, both screw designs required an insertion torque of less than 3 Nm. There was a significant difference between the porcine and nylon rope in pull-out tests for each screw design. The magnesium screw had the highest pull-out force at 412.14 ± 50.00 N for porcine tendon and 707.38 ± 21.81 N for nylon rope. There were no significant differences in tunnel widening (narrow–wide ratio) between each ligament material. The magnesium screw showed the lowest narrow–wide tunnel ratio, implying a better ability to compress the graft to the tunnel. In conclusion, a more optimized magnesium IS design resulted in better graft fixation and an improved ACL reconstruction outcome.
Acute Limb Ischaemia during ECMO Support: A 6-Year Experience
Authors: Krasivskyi Ihor , Großmann Clara , Dechow Marit , Djordjevic Ilija , Ivanov Borko , Gerfer Stephen , Bennour Walid , Kuhn Elmar , Sabashnikov Anton , Rahmanian Parwis Baradaran , Mader Navid , Eghbalzadeh Kaveh , Wahlers Thorsten
Published: February 2023

The use of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) for cardiogenic shock is rising. Acute limb ischaemia remains one of the main complications after ECMO initiation. We analysed 104 patients from our databank from January 2015 to December 2021 who were supported with mobile ECMO therapy. We aimed to identify the impact of acute limb ischaemia on short-term outcomes in patients placed on ECMO in our institution. The main indication for ECMO therapy was left ventricular (LV) failure with cardiogenic shock (57.7%). Diameters of arterial cannulas (p = 0.365) showed no significant differences between both groups. Furthermore, concomitant intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP, p = 0.589) and Impella (p = 0.385) implantation did not differ significantly between both groups. Distal leg perfusion was established in approximately 70% of patients in two groups with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.960). Acute limb ischaemia occurred in 18.3% of cases (n = 19). In-hospital mortality was not significantly different (p = 0.799) in both groups. However, the bleeding rate was significantly higher (p = 0.005) in the limb ischaemia group compared to the no-limb ischaemia group. Therefore, early diagnosis and prevention of acute limb ischaemia might decrease haemorrhage complications in patients during ECMO therapy.
The Evolution of the Sentinel Node Biopsy in Melanoma
Authors: Allard-Coutu Alexandra , Dobson Victoria , Schmitz Erika , Shah Hely , Nessim Carolyn
Published: February 2023

The growing repertoire of approved immune-checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy has revolutionized the adjuvant treatment of melanoma. While the treatment of primary cutaneous melanoma remains wide local excision (WLE), the management of regional lymph nodes continues to evolve in light of practice-changing clinical trials and dramatically improved adjuvant therapy. With large multicenter studies reporting no benefit in overall survival for completion lymph node dissection (CLND) after a positive sentinel node biopsy (SLNB), controversy remains regarding patient selection and clinical decision-making. This review explores the evolution of the SLNB in cutaneous melanoma in the context of a rapidly changing adjuvant treatment landscape, summarizing the key clinical trials which shaped current practice guidelines.
Development of a Qualitative Test to Detect the Presence of Organophosphate Pesticides on Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: De Luca Valentina , Mandrich Luigi , Manco Giuseppe
Published: February 2023

Background: In recent decades, the use of pesticides in agriculture has increased at a fast pace, highlighting safety problems for the environment and human health, which in turn has made it necessary to develop new detection and decontamination systems for pesticides. Methods: A new qualitative test capable of detecting the presence of pesticides on fruits and vegetables by using thermostable enzymes was discovered, and the test was carried out on apples and aubergines. The contaminating pesticides were extracted from fruits with acetonitrile and analyzed with a biosensor system based on the thermostable esterase EST2 immobilized on a nitrocellulose filter. This enzyme is irreversibly inhibited mainly in the presence of organophosphates pesticides. Therefore, by observing esterase activity inhibition, we revealed the presence of residual pesticides on the fruits and vegetables. Results: By analyzing the rate of esterase activity inhibition, we predicted that residual pesticides are present on the surface of the fruits. When we cleaned the fruits by washing them in the presence of the phosphotriesterase SsoPox before the detection of the esterase activity on filters, we observed a full recovery of the activity for apples and 30% for aubergines, indicating that the enzymatic decontamination of organophosphates pesticides took place. Conclusions: The reported method permitted us to assess the pesticides present on the vegetables and their decontamination.
Effect of Chamfer Form and Parameters on the Characteristics of Finite Length Journal Bearing under Impact Load
Authors: Jamali Hazim U. , Sultan Hakim S. , Abdullah Oday I. , Al-Tamimi Adnan Naji Jameel , Abbud Luay Hashem , Ruggiero Alessandro , Al-Dujaili Zahraa A.
Published: February 2023

Journal bearings in typical applications are subjected to misalignment due to several causes, such as shaft deformation under load and errors related to the installation and manufacturing processes. Misalignment has well-known severe negative consequences on the performance of the bearings. This paper deals with the bearing chamfer to reduce these consequences of misalignment, and two forms of bearing edge modification are considered in the analysis. These forms are linear and curved chamfering of the bearing edges, where the height of the chamfer in the circumferential direction and the length of the modification in the longitudinal direction are considered as geometrical design parameters. The investigation includes a numerical solution of the hydrodynamic lubrication problem of finite length journal bearing, considering 3D misalignment cases using the finite difference method. This includes the assessment of the chamfer forms and their effects on the bearing performance in terms of the main bearing design parameters. Furthermore, the stability of the chamfered bearings is also investigated under impact load. Results showed that both chamfer forms are beneficial for a certain limit of the design parameters in reducing the maximum pressure and coefficient of friction and in elevating the film thickness levels, extending the range of misalignment in which the journal bearing can operate safely. In addition, the chamfered bearings in both forms showed more stability range in terms of the critical speed and shaft center trajectories under impact load. The bearings with the curved chamfer, where the slope is continuous at the start of modification, showed more uniform film thickness levels, and their shaft center trajectories were closer to the perfectly aligned bearing in the stable operating range of the system.
Fatigue-Damage Initiation at Process Introduced Internal Defects in Electron-Beam-Melted Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Fleishel Robert , Ferrell William , TerMaath Stephanie
Published: February 2023

Electron Beam Melting (EBM) is a widespread additive manufacturing technology for metallic-part fabrication; however, final products can contain microstructural defects that reduce fatigue performance. While the effects of gas and keyhole pores are well characterized, other defects, including lack of fusion and smooth facets, warrant additional investigation given their potential to significantly impact fatigue life. Therefore, such defects were intentionally induced into EBM Ti-6Al-4V, a prevalent titanium alloy, to investigate their degradation on stress-controlled fatigue life. The focus offset processing parameter was varied outside of typical manufacturing settings to generate a variety of defect types, and specimens were tested under fatigue loading, followed by surface and microstructure characterization. Fatigue damage primarily initiated at smooth facet sites or sites consisting of un-melted powder due to a lack of fusion, and an increase in both fatigue life and void content with increasing focus offset was noted. This counter-intuitive relationship is attributed to lower focus offsets producing a microstructure more prone to smooth facets, discussed in the literature as being due to lack of fusion or cleavage fracture, and this study indicates that these smooth flaws are most likely a result of lack of fusion.
Three-Dimensional Observation of Upper Bainite in the Initial Stage of Transformation in 0.4 wt%C TRIP Steel
Authors: Jimbo Shotaro , Nambu Shoichi
Published: February 2023

Three-dimensional microstructures of bainitic ferrites and prior austenite grains (PAGs) were observed in the initial stage of upper bainite transformation by using a serial sectioning technique and orientation analysis by electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD). The formation site of the bainitic ferrites was quantitatively evaluated by three-dimensional observation. It was revealed that the bainitic ferrites mainly form at the planes rather than the edges of prior austenite grain boundaries (PAGBs) and form on both sides of the PAGB plane. The effect of the orientation of the PAGs on the formation of the bainitic ferrites was also investigated. The bainitic ferrite has a small misorientation with the bainitic ferrite in the adjacent PAG across the PAGB. It is suggested that the reason for the formation of bainitic ferrite at the planes rather than edges of PAGBs is because it is difficult for bainitic ferrite to have a small misorientation with the bainitic ferrites in adjacent PAGs at edges.
Application of the Microwave and Ultrasonic Combined Technique in the Extraction of Refractory Complex Zinc Ore
Authors: Liu Junchang , Li Shiwei , Zhang Libo , Yang Kun
Published: February 2023

This paper proposes a combined microwave and ultrasonic technique that aims to extract the refractory mineralogical properties of complex zinc ore. This technique consists of two steps: microwave-assisted phase transformation and ultrasonic-assisted complexation leaching. During the microwave-assisted phase transformation step, the refractory zinc phases transform into manageable phases using doping oxidation agents. In the ultrasonic-assisted complexation leaching step, the effect of NTA3 on Zn2+ species distribution is explored. The results show that microwave roasting with 20% Na2O2 at 600 °C for 15 min adequately transforms ZnS, ZnCO3 and Zn2SiO4 into ZnO and avoids the generation of Zn2SiO4. Further, 0.5 mol/L NTA3− (nitrilotriacetic acid) is especially effective as a complex additive for complexes with Zn2+ as Zn (NTA)24−. The ultrasonic technique can reduce the diffusion resistance and open the products in the leaching process, improving zinc leaching by 4.7%. The degree of zinc recovered from zinc ore can reach 91.4% when leach is assisted with 225 W ultrasonic force at 80 °C for 75 min. This paper shows great potential for the green extraction of non-traditional zinc-containing resources.
The Main Controlling Factors on the Evolution of the Cambrian Carbonate Platform in the Tarim Basin and Its Implications for the Distribution of Ultra-Deep Dolomite Reservoirs
Authors: Zhang Kehui , YOU Xuelian , Wu Yifen , Zhao Yijing , Wang Jia
Published: February 2023

Cambrian age strata are the critical development and research stratum series of oil and gas reserves in the Tarim Basin, which contains rich oil and gas resources. The restoration of the Cambrian carbonate platform conversion and the main control factors of development has significant implication for the distribution of ultra-deep dolomite reservoirs. Based on a large number of drilling and outcrop profile data, the micro geomorphic characteristics of carbonate platforms in different periods of the Cambrian period are reconstructed in the western Tarim area, and the basin filling and structure, paleoclimate, sea level change, and seawater redox conditions are combined to analyze the main controlling factors of platform development in different periods and establish the platform evolution model. The characteristics and evolution of the Cambrian Tarim prototype basin are mainly controlled by the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent, and its tectonic sedimentary pattern has evolved from the north–south differentiation pattern at the end of the Ediacaran to the east-west differentiation pattern of the Cambrian. The sedimentary framework of the Terreneuvian was mainly controlled by the development of paleo-uplift caused by structure and the change of seawater properties caused by the sea level variation. In the Series2 carbonate platform with extensive development, the internal differentiation is controlled by the new paleogeographic pattern of “three uplifts and two depressions”, and reef beach facies belt and platform edge begin to develop due to the lowering of sea level. Under the combined action of rapid accumulation of carbonate rocks, gradual stabilization of global sea level, and the change of ancient climate from warm and humid to hot and dry, the platform environment in the west of the Tarim Basin changed from a restricted platform environment to an evaporation platform environment, and the evaporation lagoon area in Bachu was significantly expanded in the Miaolingian. During the Furongian, the basin ended the evaporation lagoon sedimentary environment mainly due to the rise of sea level and developed a restricted platform environment again.
Computed Tomography of Flake Graphite Ore: Data Acquisition and Image Processing
Authors: Krebbers Leonard T. , Lottermoser Bernd G. , Liu Xinmeng
Published: February 2023

A solid knowledge of the mineralogical properties (e.g., flake size, flake size distribution, purity, shape) of graphite ores is necessary because different graphite classes have different product uses. To date, these properties are commonly examined using well-established optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and SEM-based automated image analysis. However, these 2D methods may be subject to sampling errors and stereological effects that can adversely affect the quality of the analysis. X-ray microcomputed tomography (CT) is a nondestructive imaging technique allowing for examination of the interior and exterior of solid materials such as rocks and ores in 3D. This study aimed to explore whether CT can provide additional mineralogical information for the characterisation of graphite ores. CT was used in combination with traditional techniques (XRD, SEM-EDS, OM) to examine a flake graphite ore in 3D. A scanning protocol for the examined graphite ore was established to acquire high-quality CT data. Quantitative mineralogical information on key properties of graphite was obtained by developing a deep learning-based image processing strategy. The results demonstrate that CT allows for the 3D visualisation of graphite ores and provides valid and reliable quantitative information on the quality-determining properties that currently cannot be obtained by other analytical tools. CT allows improved assessment of graphite deposits and their beneficiation.
Impact of 3MeV Energy Proton Particles on Mid-IR QCLs
Authors: Bleotu Petrişor Gabriel , Mihai Laura , Sporea Dan , Sporea Adelina , Straticiuc Mihai , Burducea Ion
Published: February 2023

This paper reports the results obtained for a distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) exposed to different fluences of proton particles: 1014, 1015 and 1016 p/cm2. Dedicated laboratory setups were developed to assess the irradiation-induced changes in this device. Multiple parameters defining the QCL performances were investigated prior to and following each irradiation step: (i) voltage-driving current; (ii) emitted optical power-driving current; (iii) central emitting wavelength-driving current; (iv) emitted spectrum-driving current; (v) transversal mode structure-driving current, maintaining the system operating temperature at 20 °C. The QCL system presented, before irradiation, two emission peaks: a central emission peak and a side peak. After proton irradiation, the QCL presented a spectral shift, and the ratio between the two peaks also changed. Even though, after irradiation, the tunning spectral range was reduced, at the end of the tests, the system was still functional.
Composites of Montmorillonite and Titania Nanoparticles Prepared by Inverse Microemulsion Method: Physico-Chemical Characterization
Authors: Michalik Alicja , Napruszewska Bogna D. , Duraczyńska Dorota , Walczyk Anna , Serwicka Ewa M.
Published: February 2023

TiO2/montmorillonite composites were synthesized using inverse micellar route for the preparation of titania nanoparticles (4–6 nm diameter) in 1-hexanol and for the dispersion of one of the clay components. Two series of composites were obtained: one derived from cetyltrimethylammonium organomontmorillonite (CTA-Mt), exfoliated in 1-hexanol, and the other from sodium form of montmorillonite (Na-Mt) dispersed by formation of an inverse microemulsion in 1-hexanol. The TiO2 content ranged from 16 to 64 wt.%. The composites were characterized with X-ray diffraction, scanning/transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. The Na-Mt-derived component was shown to undergo transformation to CTA-Mt, as indicated by basal spacing of 17.5 nm, due to the interaction with the CTABr surfactant in inverse microemulsion. It was also better dispersed and intermixed with TiO2 nanoparticles. As a result, the TiO2/Na-Mt series displayed superior textural properties, with specific surface area up to 256 m2g−1 and pore volume up to 0.247 cm3g−1 compared with 208 m2g−1 and 0.231 cm3g−1, respectively, for the TiO2/CTA-Mt counterpart. Members of both series were uniformly mesoporous, with the dominant pore size around 5 nm, i.e., comparable with the dimensions of titania nanoparticles. The advantage of the adopted synthesis method is discussed in the context of other preparative procedures used for manufacturing of titania-clay composites.
Combustion Synthesis of SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ Phosphorescent Pigments for Glow-in-the-Dark Safety Markings
Authors: Lazău Radu , Ianoș Robert , Păcurariu Cornelia , Căpraru Diana Aylin , Racu Andrei , Cornea Vlad
Published: February 2023

This study deals with SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphor pigments prepared by an optimized perchlorate-assisted combustion synthesis and tested for developing glow-in-the-dark safety markings. Recipes with different oxidizer/fuel ratios were designed to create an in-situ reducing-reaction atmosphere and promote Eu3+ → Eu2+ reduction, which is responsible for the specific long-lasting, green emission of the pigments. The obtained data proved the efficiency of glycine-rich mixtures (up to 200% glycine excess), which led to improved optical features, as compared to the reference stoichiometric sample. The best results in terms of emission intensity and decay time were obtained in the case of 100% glycine excess. The sample with optimum emission characteristics was successfully tested in making glow-in-the-dark coatings applied to two different substrates and using pigment concentrations between 10 and 33% weight.
NiCo2S4/MoS2 Nanocomposites for Long-Life High-Performance Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Tue Le Nhu Minh , Sahoo Sumanta , Dhakal Ganesh , Nguyen Van Hoa , Lee Jintae , Lee Yong Rok , Shim Jae-Jin
Published: February 2023

Metal sulfides (MS) and mixed metal sulfides (MTMS) have been considered potential candidates over their metal oxide/mixed metal oxide counterparts in recent years. Herein, one MTMS, i.e., NiCo2S4, was combined with 2D MS MoS2 through a single-step solvothermal process with different morphologies (sheet-like and rod-like) for supercapacitor applications. The resulting electrode exhibited excellent coulombic efficiency, high specific capacitance, superior energy density, and, most importantly, ultra-high cycling stability. In particular, the electrode delivered a capacitance of 2594 F g−1 at 0.8 A g−1 after 45,000 charge/discharge cycles with a remarkable stability of 192%. Moreover, the corresponding hybrid supercapacitor device displayed an impressive coulombic efficiency of 123% after 20,000 cycles and 118% after 45,000 cycles. In addition, the device also exhibited a decent energy density of 31.9 Wh kg−1 and good cycling stability of 102% over 15,000 cycles.
The Elusive Trypanosoma cruzi Disperse Gene Protein Family (DGF-1)
Authors: Ramírez José Luis
Published: February 2023

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infections, is included in the group of neglected diseases, and efforts to develop new therapeutic or immunoprevention approaches have not been successful. After the publication of the T. cruzi genome, the number of molecular and biochemical studies on this parasite has increased considerably, many of which are focused on families of variant surface proteins, especially trans-sialidases, mucins, and mucin-associated proteins. The disperse gene protein 1 family (DGF-1) is one of the most abundant families in the T. cruzi genome; however, the large gene size, high copy numbers, and low antibody titers detected in infected humans make it an unattractive study target. However, here we argue that given the ubiquitous presence in all T. cruzi species, and physicochemical characteristics, the DGF-1 gene family may play and important role in host-parasite interactions.