bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conostegia xalapensis (Melastomataceae): an aluminum accumulator plant
Authors: González‐Santana Iris Hayde , Márquez‐Guzmán Judith , Cram‐Heydrich Silke , Cruz‐Ortega Rocio
Published: October 2011

In acidic soils, an excess of Al3+ is toxic to most plants. The Melastomataceae family includes Al‐accumulator genera that tolerate high Al3+ by accumulating it in their tissues. Conostegia xalapensis is a common shrub in Mexico and Central America colonizing mainly disturbed areas. Here, we determined whether C. xalapensis is an Al accumulator, and whether it has internal tolerance mechanisms to Al. Soil samples collected from two pastures in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, had low pH and high Al3+ concentrations along with low Ca2+ levels. Leaves of C. xalapensis from pastures showed up to 19 000 mg Al kg−1 DW (dry weight). In laboratory experiments, 8‐month‐old seedlings treated with 0.5 and 1.0 mM AlCl3 for 24 days showed higher number of lateral roots and biomass. Pyrocatechol violet and hematoxylin staining evidenced that Al localized in epidermis and mesophyll cells in leaves and in epidermis and vascular pith in roots. Scanning electron microscope‐energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis of Al‐treated leaves corroborated that Al is in abaxial and adaxial epidermis and in mesophyll cells (31.2%) in 1.0 mM Al‐treatment. Roots of Al‐treated plants had glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activity higher, and low levels of O and H 2O2. C. xalapensis is an Al‐accumulator plant that can grow in acidic soils with higher Al3+ concentrations, and can be considered as an indicator species for soils with potential Al toxicity.
Effect on hepatonephric organs, serum metabolites and oxidative stress in post‐weaning piglets fed purified zearalenone‐contaminated diets with or without Calibrin‐Z
Authors: Jiang S. Z. , Yang Z. B. , Yang W. R. , Wang S. J. , Wang Y. , Broomhead J. , Johnston S. L. , Chi F.
Published: October 2011

The objectives of this study were to investigate the toxicity of zearalenone (ZEA) on hepatonephric organs, serum metabolites and oxidative stress of piglets and to evaluate the efficacy of Calibrin‐Z (CAZ) in preventing ZEA‐induced adverse effects. The experiment was conducted for 22 days using 36 piglets weaned at 21 days of age (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, 18 females and 18 males; 8.84 ± 0.21 kg average body weight). Piglets of each gender were randomly allocated to the following six dietary treatments: (i) Control (basal diet only); (ii) Control + 1 g/kg CAZ; (iii) Control + 1 mg/kg ZEA; (iv) Control + 1 mg/kg ZEA + 1 g/kg CAZ; (v) Control + 1 mg/kg ZEA + 2 g/kg CAZ; (vi) Control + 1 mg/kg ZEA + 4 g/kg CAZ. Piglets were housed and fed individually for the entire experimental period. Blood samples were taken, and piglets were killed at the end of the experiment to obtain organs for physiological assessment. Results showed that piglets fed the ZEA‐contaminated diet had increased (p < 0.05) activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase and cholinesterase, concentrations of urea, and creatinine in serum, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and liver. Pigs fed the ZEA‐only diet also showed reductions in serum (p < 0.05) globulin, triglycerides and high‐density lipoproteins (HDL), and reductions in total superoxide dismutase (TSOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity in both serum and liver. Supplementation of CAZ at the dosages of 1–4 g/kg to the diet containing 1.05 mg/kg ZEA linearly increased (p < 0.05) concentrations of triglycerides and HDL in serum, activity of TSOD and GSHPx in serum and liver, but linearly reduced (p < 0.05) all tested serum enzymes and lowered (p < 0.05) the elevated concentrations of urea, and creatinine in serum, and MDA in serum and liver caused by dietary ZEA. Piglets fed the ZEA‐contaminated diet showed increased (p < 0.05) relative weight of liver and kidney compared with the control, whereas only numerical improvement on relative weight of liver and kidney was observed with simultaneous addition of CAZ at 4 g/kg diet and ZEA. However, feeding the diet with CAZ alone at 1 g/kg had no impact on any of the measured parameters when compared to the control. It is suggested that feeding ZEA at 1.05 mg/kg exerted a deleterious effect on piglets, which was totally or partly ameliorated by dietary supplementation of CAZ at concentrations between 1 and 4 g/kg diet.
Effects of flushing and hormonal treatment on reproductive performance of Iranian Markhoz goats
Authors: Daghigh Kia H. , Mohamadi Chapdareh W. , Hossein Khani A. , Moghaddam G. , Rashidi A. , Sadri H. , Alijani S.
Published: October 2011

Forty‐eight Iranian Markhoz goats were allocated to six groups (n = 8) to study the effect of flushing and hormonal treatments on reproductive performance. Treatments were divided into two categories including, hormonal treatments and flushing. The goats in each group were fed the same basal ration and received one of the following treatments: Groups A and B – injection of GnRH and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) respectively; Groups C, D and E – a supplement of barley grain, soybean oil and sunflower oil in flushing diets, respectively, were offered and Group F – control (only received basal diet). In the flushing treatments, only the source of energy was different between rations. Both hormonal treatments and flushing treatments improved fertility and kidding rates. Treatment B with 16 and control with seven kids represented the highest and the lowest number of progeny respectively. Among flushing treatments, group C resulted in the highest number of kids being 15. Oestrogen levels in follicular phase increased with the injection of eCG and consumption of barley grain. GnRH injection and consumption of oil sources in the diet increased blood progesterone levels during ovulation and post‐ovulation periods. Under current market conditions, using hormone or flushing can be profitable for Markhoz goats farmers.
Leptin and the regulation of endothelial function in physiological and pathological conditions
Authors: Bełtowski Jerzy
Published: October 2011

1. Obesity and the accompanying metabolic syndrome are among the most important causes of cardiovascular pathologies associated with endothelial dysfunction, such as arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis. This detrimental effect of obesity is mediated, in part, by excessive production of the adipose tissue hormone leptin.

2. Under physiological conditions leptin induces endothelium‐dependent vasorelaxation by stimulating nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). Leptin activates endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) through a mechanism involving AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protein kinase B/Akt, which phosphorylates eNOS at Ser1177, increasing its activity.

3. Under pathological conditions, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, the NO‐mediated vasodilatory effect of leptin is impaired. Resistance to the acute NO‐mimetic effect of leptin is accounted for by chronic hyperleptinaemia and may result from different mechanisms, such as downregulation of leptin receptors, increased levels of circulating C‐reactive protein, oxidative stress and overexpression of suppressor of cytokine signalling‐3.

4. In short‐lasting obesity, impaired leptin‐induced NO production is compensated by EDHF; however, in advanced metabolic syndrome, the contribution of EDHF to the haemodynamic effect of leptin becomes inefficient. Resistance to the vasodilatory effects of leptin may contribute to the development of arterial hypertension owing to unopposed stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system by this hormone.
Cataracts are not associated with retinal detachment in the Bichon Frise in the UK – a retrospective study of preoperative findings and outcomes in 40 eyes
Authors: Braus Barbara K. , Rhodes Michael , Featherstone Heidi J. , Renwick Peter W. , Heinrich Christine L.
Published: October 2011

Objective  The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the Bichon Frise population in the UK is at the same risk of developing retinal detachment in association with cataract formation and following phacoemulsification as described in reports from the USA.

Procedures  The medical records of Bichon Frises which were presented for cataract assessment and of those which were treated with phacoemulsification at Willows Referral Service between 1997 and 2009 were reviewed.

Results  Forty eyes (26 dogs) with unilateral or bilateral cataracts were included in the study. There was no evidence of retinal detachment associated with the cataracts at initial presentation. Phacoemulsification was performed on 34 eyes (20 dogs). Clinically evident lens‐induced uveitis was treated preoperatively in 17/34 eyes. Artificial lens implantation was carried out in 30/34 eyes; automated anterior vitrectomy was performed in 7/34 eyes. The mean follow‐up time was 16.6 months (range 1.5–73 months). At the last re‐examination, 31/34 eyes (91.2%) were visual. Three eyes (8.8%) were blind – two (in the same dog) because of presumptive bilateral optic nerve disease and one because of uveitis and secondary glaucoma. There was no evidence of retinal detachment following phacoemulsification in any of the 34 eyes.

Conclusion  This study suggests that the Bichon Frise population in the UK does not appear to have a predisposition for retinal detachment in association with cataract formation or following cataract surgery. Prophylactic random transscleral laser retinopexy or transscleral cryopexy cannot therefore be routinely recommended for Bichon Frises with cataracts in the UK.
IMPLEMENTING PERFORMANCE‐BASED FUNDING FOR HEALTH RESEARCH: WHEN GOVERNANCE AND PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS MATTER
Authors: COMPAGNI AMELIA , TEDIOSI FABRIZIO
Published: October 2011

The article examines the implementation by the Italian Ministry of Health of performance‐based funding to allocate resources for research to IRCCS (Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) hospitals. The analysis provides evidence that ten years from its introduction the performance‐based funding system has persisted, but it has been implemented rather differently from what had been imagined by its proponents. By drawing on the theoretical frameworks of policy implementation, agency, and relational contracting, the study establishes that the overall design of the system has contributed to this final outcome only to a limited extent. Rather, the lack of procedural fairness, as well as of political leadership in linking the system to national research priorities, has undermined the basis for trust between hospitals and the Ministry of Health. The article discusses how, in this, the governance of performance‐based funding and its strong ownership by the ministerial bureaucracy has been determinant.
Empathy, values, morality and Asperger’s syndrome
Authors: HIRVELÄ SHARI , HELKAMA KLAUS
Published: October 2011

Hirvelä, S. & Helkama, K. (2011). Empathy, values, morality and Asperger’s syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology.

The aims of this study were, first, to re‐address the issue of empathy among people with autism conditions; second, to explore the relationships between empathy and values among autistic populations and controls; and third, to explore the capacity for moral agency among those affected by autism. We compared responses of an Asperger group (N = 41) and a control group (N = 139) to measures of self‐reported empathy (Davis’s IRI) and value priorities (Schwartz’s PVQ). Control group results were largely in line with previous studies, such that empathy subscales of perspective taking and empathic concern showed their strongest positive and negative relations to the Schwartz self‐transcendence/self‐enhancement dimensions. Results for the Asperger group showed that although on the one hand there were self‐reported difficulties in perspective taking and the cognitive recognition of affect, and that on the other hand there were less connections between the empathy and value measures, there was nevertheless a comparable prioritization of moral values. Conclusions suggest that different people may acquire moral values through different mechanisms.
Recovery after stroke: more than just walking and talking again If you don’t look for it, you won’t find it
Authors: van Dijk E. J. , de Leeuw F.‐E.
Published: October 2011

Click here to view the accompanying paper in this issue.
Retracted: Treatment of articulatory dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Murdoch B. E. , Ng M. L. , Barwood C. H. S.
Published: October 2011

Background and purpose:  Neuroimaging has demonstrated that improved speech outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) subsequent to behavioural treatment approaches are associated with increased activity in the motor and pre‐motor cortex. High‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is capable of modulating cortical activity and has been reported to have significant benefit to general motor function in PD. It is possible that high‐frequency rTMS may also have beneficial outcomes on speech production in PD.

Methods:  High‐frequency (5 Hz) rTMS was applied to 10 active stimulation and 10 sham placebo patients for 10 min/day (3000 pulses), for 10 days and speech outcome measures and lingual kinematic parameters recorded at baseline and 1 week, 2 and 12 months post‐stimulation.

Results:  The findings demonstrated positive treatment‐related changes observed in the active rTMS group when compared to the sham placebo control group at 2 and 12 months post‐stimulation in speech intelligibility, communication efficiency ratio, maximum velocity of tongue movements and distance of tongue movements.

Conclusion:  The results support the use of high‐frequency rTMS as a therapeutic tool for the treatment of articulatory dysfunction in PD.
Inheritance of moyamoya disease in a Caucasian family
Authors: Kraemer M. , Heinemann F. M. , Horn P. A. , Venker C. , Berlit P. , Krischek B. , Khan N.
Published: October 2011

Background and purpose:  Moyamoya disease is a very rare occlusive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by progressive stenosis or occlusion of the intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery and proximal cerebral arteries with an extensive network of fine collaterals. The aetiology and genetic susceptibility of moyamoya disease, especially in Caucasians, still remains unclear.

Methods and results:  We describe the cases of affected German father, daughter and son with juvenile stroke because of idiopathic moyamoya disease. The rare existing literature is reviewed and discussed.

Conclusions:  This is the first report on a father‐to‐child inheritance pattern in Caucasian patients with idiopathic Moyamoya disease (MMD). Our cases indicate possible genetic risk factors for the genesis of Caucasian Moyamoya disease.
Usefulness of pulmonary function tests and blood gases in acute neuromuscular respiratory failure
Authors: Cabrera Serrano M. , Rabinstein A. A.
Published: October 2011

Background and purpose:  Define the usefulness of pulmonary function tests (PFT) and arterial blood gases (ABG) in patients admitted to the ICU with acute neuromuscular respiratory failure (NMRF).

Methods:  We reviewed 76 patients admitted to an ICU at Mayo Clinic (Rochester) between 2003 and 2009 with acute NMRF defined as need for mechanical ventilation (MV) because of primary impairment of the peripheral nervous system. Poor functional outcome was defined as a modified Rankin score >3.

Results:  Median age was 65 years. The most frequent diagnosis was myasthenia gravis (25 patients); 54% of patients had no known neuromuscular diagnosis before admission, and 11% had no specific diagnosis at discharge. Median MV time was 16 days; 14% of patients died during hospitalization, and 63% were severely disabled at discharge. Maximal expiratory pressure ≤30 cm H2O and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) worse than −28 cm H2O before MV were associated with need for invasive MV for longer than 7 days (P = 0.02). Indicators of chronic respiratory acidosis (low pH, high pCO2, and high HCO3) before MV were associated with in‐hospital death and poor functional outcome, but mostly in patients with progressive, untreatable neuromuscular diagnoses.

Conclusions:  In patients with primary acute NMRF, bedside PFT and ABG before MV can be used to predict evolution and outcome. Lower MIP and MEP portend prolonged MV and are more useful than forced vital capacity. Presentation with chronic respiratory acidosis is associated with high risk of in‐hospital mortality and severe disability, especially in patients without treatable diagnoses.
Pain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population‐based controlled study
Authors: Chiò A. , Canosa A. , Gallo S. , Moglia C. , Ilardi A. , Cammarosano S. , Papurello D. , Calvo A.
Published: October 2011

Background and purpose:  To assess the prevalence and characteristics of pain in an epidemiological series of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) compared to population‐based controls.

Methods:  Of the 183 patients with ALS resident in the province of Torino, Italy, 160 accepted to be interviewed. Controls were randomly selected from the lists of general practitioners. Pain was assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory.

Results:  Patients with ALS reported pain more frequently than controls [91 (56.9%) vs. 53 (33.1%); P = 0.001]. Pain frequency and intensity were correlated with a worse functional score and a longer disease duration. In patients with ALS, pain was more frequently located at the extremities (P = 0.006). Pain interfered with all areas of daily function, but patients reported a greater interference than controls in the domains of enjoyment of life and relation with other people. Sixty‐four patients (70.3% of those with pain) and 24 controls (45.3% of those with pain) (P = 0.003) were treated for pain, most frequently with non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. ALS cases were also more frequently prescribed non‐opioid analgesics and opioids than controls.

Conclusions:  Our study indicates that pain is frequent in all stages of ALS, but that it often goes underrecognized and undertreated. It is significantly more frequent in patients with ALS than in population‐based controls. Future studies need to clarify the mechanisms of pain in ALS and determine the most effective treatment strategy.
Clinical outcome of spontaneous non‐aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in 108 patients
Authors: Cánovas D. , Gil A. , Jato M. , de Miquel M. , Rubio F.
Published: October 2011

Background:  The cause of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is unknown in 15% of cases; idiopathic SAH has a better prognosis than aneurysmal SAH. When bleeding is confined to the perimesencephalic cisterns, SAH has an especially benign course.

Methods:  We retrospectively studied 108 patients admitted for spontaneous non‐aneurysmal SAH between 1991 and 2004. We divided patients into two groups according to the bleeding pattern at cranial CT: perimesencephalic pattern (n = 60) and aneurysmal pattern (n = 48). We included only patients in whom no source of bleeding was detected at angiography; patients with aneurysmal pattern underwent at least two angiographic examinations. Mean follow‐up was 5.5 years; follow‐up consisted of telephone interview in 84.7% of patients.

Results:  All but one patient with perimesencephalic pattern were classified as grade I or II on the Hunt and Hess scale; the exception was the only patient in this group with a complication (hydrocephalus), who was classified as grade IV. Three‐quarters of the patients with aneurysmal pattern were classified as grade I or II on the Hunt and Hess scale; 5 patients presented with hydrocephalus that required drainage and 2 with vasospasms without repercussions. No rebleeding or long‐term complications were observed in either group.

Conclusions:  Non‐aneurysmal SAH with a perimesencephalic pattern of bleeding has a benign course and excellent short‐term and long‐term prognosis. Patients with non‐aneurysmal SAH with an aneurysmal pattern of bleeding have more complications, and the initial clinical situation has a significant impact on their prognosis.
Monthly variation of multiple sclerosis activity in the southern hemisphere: analysis from 996 relapses in Brazil
Authors: Damasceno A. , Von Glehn F. , de Deus‐Silva L. , Damasceno B. P.
Published: October 2011

Background and purpose:  Seasonal variations of multiple sclerosis (MS) activity have been reported, however, most data come from studies in the northern hemisphere.

Methods:  We reviewed medical records of MS patients living in Campinas region, Brazil. The first symptoms’ date was defined as the relapse month. Climatic information included UV radiation index, median temperature, rainfall, and humidity.

Results:  Two hundred and nine patients were included. The incidence of relapses was highest in January (11.2%) and December (10.4%) and lowest in November (5.7%) and October (7.0%) (P < 0.015). The months with highest incidence of relapses (December–January) had higher UV radiation index and humidity rates (P = 0.032 and 0.040, respectively).

Conclusion:  Most exacerbations were in the spring/summer transition, which also showed higher UV radiation index and humidity rate. Along with other environmental factors, seasonal fluctuation contributes to MS activity.
Mice deficient in endothelin‐converting enzyme‐2 exhibit abnormal responses to morphine and altered peptide levels in the spinal cord
Authors: Miller Lydia K. , Hou Xiaowen , Rodriguiz Ramona M. , Gagnidze Khatuna , Sweedler Jonathan V. , Wetsel William C. , Devi Lakshmi A.
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 1074–1085.

An increasing body of evidence suggests that endothelin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ECE‐2) is a non‐classical neuropeptide processing enzyme. Similar to other neuropeptide processing enzymes, ECE‐2 exhibits restricted neuroendocrine distribution, intracellular localization, and an acidic pH optimum. However, unlike classical neuropeptide processing enzymes, ECE‐2 exhibits a non‐classical cleavage site preference for aliphatic and aromatic residues. We previously reported that ECE‐2 cleaves a number of neuropeptides at non‐classical sites in vitro; however its role in peptide processing in vivo is poorly understood. Given the recognized roles of neuropeptides in pain and opiate responses, we hypothesized that ECE‐2 knockout (KO) mice might show altered pain and morphine responses compared with wild‐type mice. We find that ECE‐2 KO mice show decreased response to a single injection of morphine in hot‐plate and tail‐flick tests. ECE‐2 KO mice also show more rapid development of tolerance with prolonged morphine treatment and fewer signs of naloxone‐precipitated withdrawal. Peptidomic analyses revealed changes in the levels of a number of spinal cord peptides in ECE‐2 KO as compared to wild‐type mice. Taken together, our findings suggest a role for ECE‐2 in the non‐classical processing of spinal cord peptides and morphine responses; however, the precise mechanisms through which ECE‐2 influences morphine tolerance and withdrawal remain unclear.
Effects of oxygen supplementation on cerebral oxygenation during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients not entitled to long‐term oxygen therapy
Authors: Oliveira Mayron F. , Rodrigues Miguel K. , Treptow Erika , Cunha Thúlio M. , Ferreira Eloara M. V. , Neder J Alberto
Published: October 2011

Background:  The rate of change (Δ) in cerebral oxygenation (COx) during exercise is influenced by blood flow and arterial O2 content (CaO2). It is currently unclear whether ΔCOx would (i) be impaired during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who do not fulfil the current criteria for long‐term O2 therapy but present with exercise‐induced hypoxaemia and (ii) improve with hyperoxia (FIO2 = 0·4) in this specific sub‐population.

Methods:  A total of 20 non‐hypercapnic men (FEV1 = 47·2 ± 11·5% pred) underwent incremental cycle ergometer exercise tests under normoxia and hyperoxia with ΔCOx (fold‐changes from unloaded exercise in O2Hb) being determined by near‐infrared spectroscopy. Pulse oximetry assessed oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SpO2), and impedance cardiography estimated changes in cardiac output (ΔQT).

Results:  Peak work rate and ΔCOx in normoxia were lower in eight O2‘desaturators’ compared with 12 ‘non‐desaturators’ (P<0·05). Area under ΔCOx during sub‐maximal exercise was closely related to SpO2 decrements in ‘desaturators’ (r = 0·92, P<0·01). These patients showed the largest improvement in peak exercise capacity with hyperoxia (P<0·05). Despite a trend to lower sub‐maximal ΔQT and mean arterial pressure with active intervention, ΔCOx was significantly improved only in this group (0·57 ± 0·20 versus 2·09 ± 0·42 for ‘non‐desaturators’ and ‘desaturators’, respectively; P<0·05).

Conclusions:  ΔCOx was impaired in non‐hypoxaemic patients with COPD who desaturated during exercise. Hyperoxic breathing was able to correct for these abnormalities, an effect related to enhanced CaO2 rather than improved central haemodynamics. This indicates that O2 supplementation ameliorates exercise COx in patients with COPD who are not currently entitled to ambulatory O2 therapy.
COMPARING PER CAPITA INCOME IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD: THE CASE OF MESOPOTAMIA
Authors: FOLDVARI PETER , VAN LEEUWEN BAS
Published: October 2011

Until quite recently, GDP growth between ca. 1ceand the late Middle Ages was considered non‐existent or even negative. Recently, largely on account of increasing interest in historical national accounting, the late‐medieval figures have been revised upward, in line with an upward adjustment in the estimated shares of manufacturing and pasture. Leaving GDPs dating from the ancient world unaltered would consequently generate figures indicating increased economic growth during the first millenniumce. A considerable number of studies of the late‐medieval period (the object of increasing attention on the part of specialists in early economic history) have caused estimates for the ancient one to be revised upwards, essentially leaving estimates of the changes in economic development over time unaltered. These studies, however, have focused on the Roman Empire and Italia while there is a consensus in the literature that it was quite unrepresentative of all ancient societies with its relatively high share of GDP from the manufacturing sector of the economy. We therefore estimate a new per capita income for another contemporary agrarian society: ancient Mesopotamia. In addition, by examining manufacturing and pasture—the two main reasons for higher income which have been identified in the literature—we have found a tentative explanation for the fact that ancient Mesopotamia's per capita income deviated from that of Rome.
Bilateral Milia En Plaque in a 6‐Year‐Old Chinese Boy
Authors: Zhang Ru‐zhi , Zhu Wen‐yuan
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Milia en plaque is a rare variant of miliathat occurs spontaneously on an erythematous base without identifiable causative factors. Approximately 40 cases have been recorded in the literature. Most occurred in the periauricular area, affected middle‐aged patients, and showed a predilection for women. Here, we report a case of milia en plaque on the bilateral posterior helices in a 6‐year‐old Chinese boy.
Adolescents with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators: A Patient and Parent Perspective
Authors: RAHMAN BELINDA , MACCIOCCA IVAN , SAHHAR MARGARET , KAMBERI SULEMAN , CONNELL VANESSA , DUNCAN RONY E.
Published: October 2011

Background:
 An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a device used in the treatment of individuals with life‐threatening cardiac conditions. These include genetic disorders such as long QT syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and Brugada syndrome, all of which have the propensity to cause sudden cardiac death. Adults with ICDs consistently report elevated levels of anxiety and depression, as well as negative lifestyle changes associated with the device. Compared to older ICD recipients, young patients face decades of life with the device and the long‐term impact and implications are important to consider. This research explores the experiences of adolescents living with an ICD. Parents of these adolescents were also included to explore the impact on them as the primary caregivers.

Methods: A qualitative approach was chosen to explore the lived experience; semistructured interviews with six adolescents and six parents were conducted from which a number of key themes emerged.

Results:
 The experiences described by participants included the restrictions adolescents face, the ICD shock experience, and ongoing challenges post‐ICD implantation. However, both adolescents and parents were able to adjust to life after receiving an ICD and described several benefits associated with having the device. Findings also emerged relating to communication between health professionals and adolescents, and the limitations adolescents impose on themselves post‐ICD implantation.

Conclusion:
 These findings have important implications for clinical practice and may help guide medical management for adolescents with ICDs and their families. (PACE 2012; 35:62–72)
The Value of Live Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography in an Adult Patient with Aortico‐Left Ventricular Tunnel
Authors: Zhang Yue‐Li , Wang Man , Xue Xiao‐Pei , Hu Bing
Published: October 2011

Aortico‐left ventricular tunnel (ALVT) is a rare cardiac abnormality. This article presents an adult case of ALVT with aortic ostium lying above the left‐noncommissure which was diagnosed with live three‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE). Live 3DE has shown its value in providing more detailed information. (Echocardiography 2012;29:E10‐E12))
Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries with Anomalous Inferior Vena Cava Drainage: Multimodality Imaging
Authors: Paterick Timothy E. , Schmidt Matthew , Jan M. Fuad , Kramer Christopher , Umland Matt M. , Bloomgarden Daniel , Tajik A. Jamil
Published: October 2011

Atrioventricular discordance with ventricular‐arterial discordance is a rare cardiac anomaly known as congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA). This malformation has a prevalence of 0.4–0.6% of all congenital heart disease cases. Complete heart block develops in up to 30% of patients with CCTGA. We present the case of a 62‐year‐old woman diagnosed with CCTGA who, on echocardiography, had anomalous venous drainage where the inferior vena cava (IVC) bypassed the right atrium and drained into the azygos system. Complementary images with magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated the unique anatomical relationship between the IVC, azygos venous system, and the superior vena cava. (Echocardiography 2012;29:E16‐E19)
Left Atrial Dysfunction Is a Predictor of Postcoronary Artery Bypass Atrial Fibrillation: Association of Left Atrial Strain and Strain Rate Assessed by Speckle Tracking
Authors: Gabrielli Luigi , Corbalan Ramon , Córdova Samuel , Enríquez Andrés , Mc Nab Paul , Verdejo Hugo E. , Godoy Iván , Zalaquett Ricardo , Lavandero Sergio
Published: October 2011

Background: Even though atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), its etiology remains poorly understood. Several factors are linked to postoperative AF (POAF), including advanced age and systemic inflammation. However, left atrial (LA) contractile dysfunction has not been evaluated in the perioperative scenario. Aim: To evaluate LA function through strain and strain rate in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing CABG and its correlation with POAF. Methods: We studied 70 patients undergoing CABG in sinus rhythm at the time of surgery. Preoperative echocardiography with evaluation of LA strain and strain rate by speckle tracking was performed. The occurrence of POAF was evaluated by continuous monitoring. Baseline and postoperative C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured to evaluate systemic inflammation. Results: After 1‐week follow‐up 26% of subjects developed AF. LA strain s wave (LASs) and LA strain rate s (LASRs) and a wave (LASRa) were significantly decreased in patients who developed POAF: LASs (10 ± 1% vs. 24 ± 1%, P < 0.001), LASRs (0.6 ± 0.1 sec–1 vs. 1.2 ± 0.1 sec−1, P < 0.001), LASRa (−0.6 ± 0.1 sec–1 vs. –1.8 ± 0.1 sec−1, P < 0.001). LASRs, LASRa, age, and LA volume were independent predictors of POAF. CRP at baseline was similar irrespective of POAF development. Conclusions: LA dysfunction, evaluated by strain and strain rate is an independent predictor of POAF and contributes to classic risk factors like age and atrial volume. (Echocardiography 2011;28:1104‐1108)
High Prevalence of Subclinical Rheumatic Heart Disease in Pregnant Women in a Developing Country: An Echocardiographic Study
Authors: Otto Håvard , Sæther Sverre Georg , Banteyrga Leul , Haugen Bjørn Olav , Skjærpe Terje
Published: October 2011

Objectives: Pregnant women with rheumatic heart disease (RHD) carry a high risk of morbidity and mortality. In this study the prevalence of subclinical RHD in pregnant women in Keren, Eritrea was assessed using echocardiography. Methods and results: A prospective cross sectional survey of pregnant women attending a midwife consultation was carried out by two specially trained medical students and an experienced cardiologist. The women were screened by the medical students using echocardiography. All recordings were reviewed and evaluated by the experienced cardiologist before a final diagnosis was given. Eight of the 348 screened women had definite RHD. This corresponds to a prevalence of 2.3%, 95% CI (0.7–3.9). Conclusion: 2.3% of the pregnant women in Keren were found to have subclinical RHD. (Echocardiography 2011;28:1049‐1053)
Exchange of a Tandem Heart to a HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist Device Complicated by an Intracardiac Thrombus
Authors: Kennedy Jamie L. , Mery Carlos M. , Sumler Michele , Ailawadi Gorav , Kern John A. , Groves Danja S.
Published: October 2011

(Echocardiography 2012;29:E22‐E23)
Luminescence Properties of Tb–Eu Co‐Doped Aluminosilicate and Zinc Silicate Glasses
Authors: Liang Xiaoluan , Lin Zhenyu , Yang Yunxia , Xing Zhongwen , Chen Guorong
Published: October 2011

In this article, we report the luminescent properties and energy transfer behavior of Tb and Eu in aluminosilicate and zinc silicate glasses. Both glass systems exhibit a combination of blue, green, and red emissions. The optical absorption spectra provide an evidence of the reduction reaction of Eu3+ ions in aluminosilicate glasses and it proves that the aluminosilicate glasses may be more promising for producing white light due to the existing blue light emission of Eu2+ ions. The emission and lifetime measurements reveal the energy transfer is from Tb3+ (5D4) to Eu3+ (5D1) by the quadrupole–quadrupole interaction between these two ions. The calculated energy transfer efficiency is up to 32.1% in zinc silicate glasses.
Surface Segregation in Chromium‐Doped Nanocrystalline Tin Dioxide Pigments
Authors: Castro Ricardo H. R. , Rufner Jorgen , Hidalgo Pilar , Gouvêa Douglas , Coaquira José A. H. , van Benthem Klaus
Published: October 2011

Surface properties play an important role in understanding and controlling nanocrystalline materials. The accumulation of dopants on the surface, caused by surface segregation, can therefore significantly affect nanomaterials properties at low doping levels, offering a way to intentionally control nanoparticles features. In this work, we studied the distribution of chromium ions in SnO2 nanoparticles prepared by a liquid precursor route at moderate temperatures (500°C). The powders were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, (scanning) transmission electron microscopy, Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. We showed that this synthesis method induces a limited solid solution of chromium into SnO2 and a segregation of chromium to the surface. The s‐electron density and symmetry of Sn located on the surface were significantly affected by the doping, while Sn located in the bulk remained unchanged. Chromium ions located on the surface and in the bulk showed distinct oxidation states, giving rise to the intense violet color of the nanoparticles suitable for pigment application.
Vertical bone augmentation with 3D‐synthetic monetite blocks in the rabbit calvaria
Authors: Torres Jesús , Tamimi Faleh , Alkhraisat Mohammad Hamdan , Prados‐Frutos Juan Carlos , Rastikerdar Emad , Gbureck Uwe , Barralet Jake E. , López‐Cabarcos Enrique
Published: October 2011

Introduction

Long‐term success of osteointegrated dental implants requires sufficient volume of healthy bone at the recipient sites. However, this is frequently lacking as a result of trauma, tooth loss, or infection. Onlay autografting is amongst the most predictable techniques for craniofacial vertical bone augmentation, however, complications related to donor site morbidity are common and alternatives to onlay autografts are desirable.

Aim

To develop and evaluate a new synthetic onlay block for vertical bone augmentation.

Material and methods

Sixteen synthetic monetite monolithic discs‐shaped blocks were prepared using a 3D‐printing technique. The blocks were computer‐designed, and had a diameter of 9.0 mm, a thickness of either 4.0 mm (n = 8) or 3.0 mm (n = 8) and one 0.5‐mm wide central hole that enabled their surgical fixation with osteosynthesis screws. The blocks were randomly allocated to each side of the calvaria (right or left) of eight New Zealand rabbits and fixed with screws to achieve vertical bone augmentation. Eight weeks after the surgical intervention, the animals were sacrificed and the calvaria were retrieved for histological analysis. The following parameters were analysed: the interaction between the graft and the original bone surface, the amount of bone ingrowth within the graft and the gain in bone height achieved by the procedure. Wilcoxon t‐test was used to evaluate significant differences between the two types of monetite bone block grafts.

Results

The blocks were easy to handle and no damage or fracture was registered while being screw‐fixated to the calvarial bone. As a result, the surgical procedure was easy and quick. After a healing of 8 weeks, the synthetic blocks were strongly fused to the calvarial bone surface. Upon histological observation, the monetite blocks appeared to be infiltrated by newly formed bone, without histological signs of necrosis, osteolysis or foreign body reaction. Histomorphometry revealed that bone augmentation occurred within and over the monetite block. The 4.0‐ and 3.0‐mm high blocks were filled with newly formed bone with 35% and 41% of their respective volumes. These observations indicated that craniofacial bone augmentations of at least 4 mm could be achieved with synthetic monetite blocks.

Conclusion

Within the limits of our study, this novel material may be able to eliminate the need for autologous bone transplantation for the augmentation of large vertical bone defects.
A rhesus macaque model of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage
Authors: Philipp M.T. , Doyle L.A. , Martin D.S. , Plauché G.B. , Phillippi‐Falkenstein K.M. , Bohm R.P
Published: October 2011

Background  Nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae precedes pneumococcal disease. Elucidation of procedures to prevent or eradicate nasopharyngeal carriage in a model akin to the human would help to diminish the incidence of both pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease.

Methods  We conducted a survey of the nasopharynx of infant rhesus macaques from our breeding colony, in search of natural carriers of S. pneumoniae. We also attempted experimental induction of colonization, by nasopharyngeal instillation of a human S. pneumoniae strain (19F).

Results  None of 158 colony animals surveyed carried S. pneumoniae in the nasopharynx. Colonization was induced in eight of eight infant rhesus by nasopharyngeal instillation and lasted 2 weeks in 100% of the animals and 7 weeks in more than 60%.

Conclusion  Rhesus macaques are probably not natural carriers of S. pneumoniae. The high rate and duration of colonization obtained in our experiments indicates that the rhesus macaque will serve as a human‐like carriage model.
SNX–BAR‐Mediated Endosome Tubulation is Co‐ordinated with Endosome Maturation
Authors: van Weering Jan R.T. , Verkade Paul , Cullen Peter J.
Published: October 2011

Endosomal sorting is essential for cell homeostasis. Proteins targeted for degradation are retained in the maturing endosome vacuole while others are recycled to the cell surface or sorted to the biosynthetic pathway via tubular transport carriers. Sorting nexin (SNX) proteins containing a BAR (for Bin–Amphiphysin–Rvs) domain are key regulators of phosphoinositide‐mediated, tubular‐based endosomal sorting, but how such sorting is co‐ordinated with endosomal maturation is not known. Here, using well‐defined Rab GTPases as endosomal compartment markers, we have analyzed the localization of SNX1 [endosome‐to‐trans‐Golgi network (TGN) transport as part of the SNX–BAR–retromer complex], SNX4 (cargo‐recycling from endosomes to the plasma membrane) and SNX8 (endosomes‐to‐TGN trafficking in a retromer‐independent manner). We show that these SNX–BARs are primarily localized to early endosomes, but display the highest frequency of tubule formation at the moment of early‐to‐late endosome transition: the Rab5‐to‐Rab7 switch. Perturbing this switch shifts SNX–BAR tubulation to early endosomes, resulting in SNX1‐decorated tubules that lack retromer components VPS26 and VPS35, suggesting that both early and late endosomal characteristics of the endosome are important for SNX–BAR–retromer‐tubule formation. We also establish that SNX4, but not SNX1 and SNX8, is associated with the Rab11‐recycling endosomes and that a high frequency of SNX4‐mediated tubule formation is observed as endosomes undergo Rab4‐to‐Rab11 transition. Our study therefore provides evidence for fine‐tuning between the processes of endosomal maturation and the formation of endosomal tubules. As tubulation is required for SNX1‐, SNX4‐ and SNX8‐mediated sorting, these data reveal a previously unrecognized co‐ordination between maturation and tubular‐based sorting.
Rugby athletes’ awareness and compliance in the use of mouthguards in the North West of Italy
Authors: Boffano Paolo , Boffano Michele , Gallesio Cesare , Roccia Fabio , Cignetti Riccardo , Piana Raimondo
Published: October 2011

Abstract –  Background: The prevention of dental injuries during full‐contact sports such as rugby is extremely important. Wearing a mouthguard can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of orofacial injuries, but it is not always used as athletes find it difficult to tolerate. The purpose of the present study was to determine the awareness and the extent of mouthguard use in a sample of young rugby athletes in the North West of Italy. Material and Methods: The athletes of four amateurs rugby teams based in the Province of Turin, Italy completed a questionnaire about playing history, current use and type of mouthguards, disturbs associated with mouthguard use, and general attitudes towards mouthguards. Results: Only 53.85% of the subjects reported wearing their mouthguard all the time both during training and games. The most commonly reported problem associated with using a mouthguard was the discomfort on speech, followed by difficulty in closing lips, adversely affected breathing, adversely affected swallowing and slipping sensation. A statistically significant association between patients <22 years and non‐use of mouthguards was observed. Conclusion: Limited knowledge about oral injury prevention and limited use of mouthguards were observed. The present study suggests that educational courses for rugby players and coaches to promote the use of mouthguards would be extremely important to reduce common complaints about these devices and increase their usage.
Special Issue: Engineering toxins for 21st‐century therapies
Authors: Acharya K. Ravi
Published: October 2011

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Cytotoxic Properties of Adamantyl Isothiocyanate and Potential In vivo Metabolite Adamantyl‐N‐Acetylcystein in Gynecological Cancer Cells
Authors: Lange Thilo S. , Horan Timothy C. , Kim Kyu K. , Singh Ajay P. , Vorsa Nicholi , Brard Laurent , Moore Richard G. , Singh Rakesh K.
Published: October 2011

This study determined the in vitro potential of novel compounds adamantyl‐N‐acetylcystein and adamantyl isothiocyanate to treat gynecological cancers. Adamantyl‐N‐acetylcystein is postulated to be an in vivo metabolite of adamantyl isothiocyanate as dietary isothiocyanates are converted to N‐acetylcysteine‐conjugates. A viability assay suggested that adamantyl isothiocyanate and adamantyl‐N‐acetylcystein are cytotoxic to cancer cells including gynecological cell lines. A NCI60 cancer cell assay revealed that growth‐inhibition and cytotoxicity of adamantyl‐N‐acetylcystein were cell line, but not tissue type‐specific. Cell cycle studies revealed that adamantyl‐N‐acetylcystein and adamantyl isothiocyanate arrest SKOV‐3 ovarian cancer cells in G2/M phase. By TUNEL, immunoblotting, and viability studies employing caspase and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase inhibitors, we proved that reduction in SKOV‐3 viability is a consequence of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. Cytotoxic action of adamantyl‐N‐acetylcystein in SKOV‐3 and endometrial cancer (ECC‐1, RL95‐2, AN3CA, and KLE) cells required excess generation of reactive oxygen species which could be blocked by antioxidant co‐treatment. Adamantyl‐N‐acetylcystein treatment led to modified expression or activation of apoptotic and oncogenic proteins such as JNK/SAPK, AKT, XIAP, and EGF‐R for SKOV‐3 and JNK/SAPK and ERK1/2 for ECC‐1 cells. We suggest the further development of adamantyl‐N‐acetylcystein by sensitizing cells to the drug using signaling inhibitors or redox‐modulating agents and by evaluating the drug efficacy in ovarian and endometrial in‐vivo tumor models.
Magnesium Budget for Inland Low‐Salinity Water Shrimp Ponds in Alabama
Authors: Pine Harvey J. , Boyd Claude E.
Published: October 2011

A magnesium budget was prepared for a commercial low‐salinity shrimp farm in the Blackland Prairie region of Alabama for one production cycle. Ponds had previously been used for production and fertilized with magnesium; two ponds (S‐5 and S‐6) for four previous years and one pond (N‐9) for one previous season. Fertilization with sulfate of potash magnesia (K2SO4·2MgSO4 or K‐Mag®) was applied to these ponds to obtain the concentrations of 20 mg/L, averaging 1274 kg Mg2+/ha. Additional inputs of magnesium included groundwater, rainfall, and runoff averaged 441.5 kg/ha. A water budget for ponds indicated that 292.6 kg/ha of magnesium in outflows. The difference in inputs and magnesium outputs resulted mainly from adsorption of magnesium by pond bottom soils. However, the increase in exchangeable magnesium in the upper 15‐cm layer of pond bottom soils was not great enough to account for the difference in total magnesium inputs and magnesium outputs in water and shrimp. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are magnesium precipitation, nonexchangeable fixation of magnesium by clay minerals, incomplete extraction of magnesium, and analytical error. The decreased uptake of magnesium by older ponds, S‐5 and S‐6, indicate that the soils had a diminishing affinity for the cation or an equilibrium concentration is being established.