GWAS and meta-analysis identifies 49 genetic variants underlying critical COVID-19
Authors: Pairo-Castineira Erola , Rawlik Konrad , Bretherick Andrew D. , Qi Ting , Wu Yang , Nassiri Isar , McConkey Glenn A. , Zechner Marie , Klaric Lucija , Griffiths Fiona , Oosthuyzen Wilna , Kousathanas Athanasios , Richmond Anne , Millar Jonathan , Russell Clark D. , Malinauskas Tomas , Thwaites Ryan , Morrice Kirstie , Keating Sean , Maslove David , Nichol Alistair , Semple Malcolm G. , Knight Julian , Shankar-Hari Manu , Summers Charlotte , Hinds Charles , Horby Peter , Ling Lowell , McAuley Danny , Montgomery Hugh , Openshaw Peter J. M. , Begg Colin , Walsh Timothy , Tenesa Albert , Flores Carlos , Riancho José A. , Rojas-Martinez Augusto , Lapunzina Pablo ,   GenOMICC Investigators,   Co-Investigators, Clohisey Sara , Millar Johnny , Shankar-Hari Manu ,   Management, Laboratory and Data Team, Aitkin Emma , Aravindan Latha , Armstrong Ruth , Baillie J. Kenneth , Biggs Heather , Boz Ceilia , Brown Adam , Chikowore Primmy , Clark Richard , Coutts Audrey , Coyle Judy , Cullum Louise , Das Sukamal , Day Nicky , Donnelly Lorna , Duncan Esther , Finernan Paul , Fourman Max Head , Furlong Anita , Furniss James , Gallagher Bernadette , Gilchrist Tammy , Golightly Ailsa , Griffiths Fiona , Hafezi Katarzyna , Hamilton Debbie , Hendry Ross , Kearns Naomi , Law Dawn , Law Rachel , Law Sarah , Lidstone-Scott Rebecca , Lauder Christen , Macgillivray Louise , Maclean Alan , Mal Hanning , McCafferty Sarah , McMaster Ellie , Meikle Jen , Moore Shona C. , Murphy Sheena , Mybaya Hellen , Odam Miranda , Oosthuyzen Wilna , Zheng Chenqing , Chen Jiantao , Parkinson Nick , Paterson Trevor , Tucker Petra , Schon Katherine , Stenhouse Andrew , Das Mihaela , Swets Maaike , Szoor-McElhinney Helen , Taneski Filip , Turtle Lance , Wackett Tony , Ward Mairi , Weaver Jane , Wrobel Nicola , Zechner Marie ,   Guys and St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK, Pan Jacqueline , Grau Neus , Jones Tim Owen , Lim Rosario , Marotti Martina , Whitton Christopher , Bociek Aneta , Campos Sara , Arbane Gill , Shankar-Hari Manu , Ostermann Marlies , Cha Mina , DAmato Fabiola , Kosifidou Eirini , Lorah Shelley , Morera Kyma ,   James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK, Bircham Sarah , Brady Laura , Hugill Keith , Henning Jeremy , Bonner Stephen , Headlam Evie , Jones Jessica , List Abigail , Morley Joanne , Welford Amy , Kamangu Bobette , Ratnakumar Anitha , Shoremekun Abiola ,   Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK, Alldis Zoe , Astin-Chamberlain Raine , Bibi Fatima , Biddle Jack , Blow Sarah , Bolton Matthew , Borra Catherine , Bowles Ruth , Burton Maudrian , Choudhury Yasmin , Cox Amber , Easthope Amy , Ebano Patrizia , Fotiadis Stavros , Gurasashvili Jana , Halls Rosslyn , Hartridge Pippa , Kallon Delordson , Kassam Jamila , Lancoma-Malcolm Ivone , Matharu Maninderpal , May Peter , Mitchelmore Oliver , Newman Tabitha , Patel Mital , Pheby Jane , Pinzuti Irene , Prime Zoe , Prysyazhna Oleksandra , Shiel Julian , Taylor Melanie , Tierney Carey , Zongo Olivier , Wood Suzanne , Zak Anne , Collier David ,   Royal Stoke University Hospital, Staffordshire, UK, Mundy Manuela , Thompson Christopher , Pritchard Lisa , Gellamucho Minnie , Cartlidge David , Bandla Nageswar , Bailey Lucy , Davies Michelle , Delaney Jane , Scott Leanne ,   North Middlesex University Hospital NHS trust, London, UK, Abdelrazik Marwa , Alasdair Frater , Carter David , Elhassan Munzir , Ganesan Arunkumar , Jenkins Samuel , Lamond Zoe , Purohit Dharam , Rohit Kumar , Saleem Malik , Wall Alanna , Xavier Kugan , Bakthavatsalam Dhanalaksmi , Gehad Kirolos , Gnanapragasam Pakeerathan , Jain Kapil , Jain Swati , Malik Abdul , Pappachan Naveen , Moreno-Cuesta Jeronimo , Haldeos Anne , Vincent Rachel , Oziegb Maryjane ,   King’s College Hospital, London, UK, Cavazza Anna , Cockrell Maeve , Corcoran Eleanor , Depante Maria , Finney Clare , Jerome Ellen , Knighton Abigail , Nayak Monalisa , Pappa Evita , Saha Rohit , Saha Sian , Dodd Andrew , O’Reilly Kevin , McPhail Mark , Clarey Emma , Noble Harriet , Smith John ,   Charing Cross Hospital, St Mary’s Hospital and Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK, Coghlan Phoebe , Brett Stephen , Gordon Anthony , Templeton Maie , Antcliffe David , Banach Dorota , Darnell Sarah , Fernandez Ziortza , Jepson Eleanor , Mohammed Amal , Rojo Roceld , Arias Sonia Sousa , Gurung Anita Tamang , Wong Jenny ,   The Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK, Fernandez-Roman Jaime , Hamilton David O. , Johnson Emily , Johnston Brian , Martinez Maria Lopez , Mulla Suleman , Waite Alicia A. C. , Williams Karen , Waugh Victoria , Welters Ingeborg , Emblem Jessica , Norris Maria , Shaw David ,   John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK, Bashyal Archana , Beer Sally , Hutton Paula , McKechnie Stuart , Davidson Neil , Mathew Soya , Readion Grace , Ryu Jung , Wilson Jean ,   Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK, Agrawal Shruti , Elston Kay , Jones Megan , Meaney Eoghan , Polgarova Petra , Elbehery Muhammad , Summers Charlotte , Daubney Esther , Ng Anthony , Marshall Jocelyn , Pathan Nazima , Stroud Katerina , White Deborah ,   Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK, Andrew Angela , Ashraf Saima , Clark Amy , Dent Martin , Langley Margaret , Peters Cecilia , Ryan Lucy , Sampson Julia , Wei Shuying , Baddeley Alice , Meredith Megan , Morris Lucy , Gibbons Alexandra , McLoughlin Lisa ,   St George’s Hospital, London, UK, Delgado Carlos Castro , Clark Victoria , Dawson Deborah , Ding Lijun , Durrant Georgia , Ezeobu Obiageri , Harrison Abiola , Hurt William James , Kanu Rebecca , Kinch Ashley , Leaver Susannah , Lisboa Ana , Mathew Jisha , Patel Kamal , Saluzzio Romina Pepermans , Rawlins John , Samakomva Tinashe , Shah Nirav , Sicat Christine , Texeira Joana , De Queiroz Joana Gomes , Da Gloria Edna Fernandes , Maccacari Elena , Yun Nikki , Manna Soumendu , Farnell-Ward Sarah , Maizcordoba Maria , Thanasi Maria , Ali Hawakin Haji ,   BHRUT (Barking Havering)—Queens Hospital and King George Hospital, Essex, UK, Hastings Janice , Grauslyte Lina , Hussain Musarat , Ruge Bobby , King Sam , Pogreban Tatiana , Rosaroso Lace , Smith Helen , Phull Mandeep-Kaur , Adams Nikkita , Franke George , George Aparna , Salciute Erika , Wong Joanna , Dunne Karen , Flower Luke , Sharland Emma , Sra Sukhmani ,   Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Andrew Gillian , Callaghan Marie , Barclay Lucy , Marshall Lucy , Baillie Kenneth , Amamio Maria , Birch Sophie , Briton Kate , Clark Sarah , Doverman Katerine , Hope Dave , Mcculloch Corrienne , Simpson Scott , Singleton Jo ,   Kingston Hospital, Surrey, UK, Fernandez Rita , Allen Meryem , Baptista David , Crowe Rebecca , Fox Jonathan , Khera Jacyntha , Loveridge Adam , McKenley India , Morino Eriko , Naranjo Andres , O’Connor Denise , Simms Richard , Sollesta Kathryn , Swain Andrew , Venkatesh Harish , Herdman-Grant Rosie , Joseph Anna ,   Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK, Nown Angela , Rose Steve , Pogson David , Boxall Helen , Brimfield Lutece , Claridge Helen , Daly Zoe , George Shenu , Gribbin Andrew ,   Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK, Cheema Yusuf , Cutler Sean , Richards Owen , Roynon-Reed Anna , Cherian Shiney , Heron Anne Emma , Williams Gemma , Szakmany Tamas , Waters Abby , Collins Kim , Dunhill Jill , Jones Ffion , Morris Rebecca , Ship Lucy , Cardwell Amy ,   Royal Blackburn Teaching Hospital, Blackburn, UK, Ali Syamlan , Bhatterjee Ravi , Bolton Rachel , Chukkambotla Srikanth , Coleman Dabheoc , Dalziel Jack , Dykes Joseph , Fine Christopher , Gay Bethan , Goddard Wendy , Goodchild Drew , Harling Rhiannan , Hijazi Muhammad , Keith Sarah , Khan Meherunnisa , Matt Roseanna , Ryan-Smith Janet , Saad Samuel , Springle Philippa , Thomas Jacqueline , Truman Nick , Kazi Aayesha , Smith Matthew , Collier Heather , Davison Chloe , Duberley Stephen , Hargreaves Jeanette , Hartley Janice , Patel Tahera , Smith Ellen ,   Stepping Hill Hospital, Stockport, UK, Kent Alissa , Goodwin Emma , Zaki Ahmed , Tibke Clare , Hopkins Susan , Gerrard Hywel , Jackson Matthew , Bennett Sara , Marsh Liane , Mills Rebecca ,   Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, UK, Bell Jessica , Campbell Helen , Dawson Angela , Dodds Steve , Duffy Stacey , Gallagher Lisa , McCafferty Gemma , Short Stacey , Smith Tracy , Thomas Kirsty , Walker Claire , Reynolds Jessica , Yates Bryan , McKie Hayley , Panteli Maria , Thompson Maria , Waddell Gail ,   Countess of Chester Hospital, Chester, UK, De Beger Sarah , Abraheem Azmerelda , Dunmore Charlie , Girach Rumanah , Jones Rhianna , London Emily , Nagra Imrun , Nasir Farah , Sainsbury Hannah , Smedley Clare , Brearey Stephen , Burchett Caroline , Cawley Kathryn , Faulkner Maria , Jeffrey Helen , Bamford Peter , Shaikh Firdaus , Slack Lauren , Davies Angela ,   Pinderfields General Hospital, Wakefield, UK, Brooke Hollie , Suarez Jose Cebrian , Charlesworth Ruth , Hansson Karen , Norris John , Poole Alice , Sandhu Rajdeep , Smithson Elizabeth , Thirumaran Muthu , Wagstaff Veronica , Buckley Sarah , Sloan Brendan , Rose Alastair , Major Amy , Metcalfe Alexandra ,   Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK, Almaden-Boyle Christine , Austin Pauline , Chapman Susan , Eros Alexandre , Cabrelli Louise , Cole Stephen , Whyte Clare , Casey Matt ,   Croydon University Hospital, Croydon, UK, Bafitis Vasileios , Tsinaslanidis George , George Cassandra , Khade Reena , Black Christopher , Ashok Sundar Raj ,   Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK, Farley Sean , Brinkworth Elaine , Harford Rachel , Murphy Carl , Williams Marie , Newey Luke , Toghill Hannah , Lewis Sophie , Rees Tabitha , Battle Ceri , Baker Mark , Travers Jenny , Chesters Karen ,   Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK, Baxter Nicola , Arnott Andrew , McCreath Gordan , McParland Christopher , Rooney Laura , Sim Malcolm , Henderson Steven , Abel Lynn , Dalton Carol , Kennedy-Hay Sophie , O’Donohoe Lynn , O’Hare Megan , Orlikowska Izabela , Parker Natasha ,   Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, UK, McNeela Fiona , Lyle Amanda , Hughes Alistair , Radhakrishnan Jayachandran , Gibson Sian ,   Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK, Bancroft Hollie , Bellamy Mary , Daglish Jacqueline , Kadiri Salma , Moore Faye , Rhodes Joanne , Sangombe Mirriam , Peterkin Zhane , Scriven James , Carmody Margaret ,   Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, UK, Cottle Juliet , Peasgood Emily , de Gordoa Laura Ortiz-Ruiz , Phillips Claire , Skinner Denise ,   York Hospital, York, UK, Cinquina Zoe , Howard Kate , Joy Rosie , Roche Samantha , Birkinshaw Isobel , Carter Joseph , Ingham Jo , Marshall Nicola , Pearson Harriet , Scott Zoe ,   Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK, Dasgin Jo , Gill Jaspret , Nilsson Annette , Bamford Amy , Hull Diana , Scriven James , Ahmadhaider Nafeesah , Bates Michelle , McGhee Christopher ,   Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Pontyclun, UK, Ellis Hannah , Howe Gwenllian Sera , Singh Jayaprakash , Stroud Natalie , Roche Lisa , Lynch Ceri , Deacon Bethan , Pothecary Carla , Smeaton Justyna , Agravante Kevin ,   Barnet Hospital, London, UK, Krishnamurthy Vinodh , Diaba Cynthia , John Lincy , Lim Lai , Jha Rajeev ,   Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK, Egan Jasmine , Felton Timothy , Glasgow Susannah , Padden Grace , Choudhr Ozerah , Bradley-Potts Joanne , Moss Stuart , Lingeswaran Saejohn , Alexander Peter , Brandwood Craig , Fiouni Sofia , Ward Luke , Allen Schvearn , Shaw Jane , Smith Christopher ,   Medway Maritime Hospital, Gillingham, UK, Adanini Oluronke , Collins Rebecca , Msiska Maines , Ofori Linda , Bhatia Nikhil , Dolan Hayley ,   Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Berkshire, UK, Brunton Mark , Caterson Jess , Coles Holly , Keating Liza , Tilney Emma , Jacques Nicola , Frise Matthew , Armistead Jennifer , Bartley Shauna , Bhuie Parminder , Rai Sabi , Tomkova Gabriela ,   Whiston Hospital, Prescot, UK, Greer Sandra , Shuker Karen , Tridente Ascanio ,   The Royal Oldham Hospital, Manchester, UK, Dobson Emma , Hunt Jodie , Tully Redmond , Dearden Joy , Drummond Andrew , Kamath Prakash , Bullock Emily , Mulcahy Michelle , Munt Shelia , O’Connor Grainne , Philbin Jennifer , Rishton Chloe , Scott Chloe , Winnard Sarah ,   Chesterfield Royal Hospital Foundation Trust, Chesterfield, UK, Hasni Nurkamalia , Gascoyne Rachel , Hawes Joanne , Pritchard Kelly , Stevenson Lesley , Whileman Amanda , Beavis Sarah , Bishop Lauren , Cart Cindy , Dale Katie , Kelly-Baxter Mary , Mendelski Adam , Moakes Emma , Smith Rheanna , Woodward Jan , Wright Stephanie ,   Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK, Allan Angela , Botello Adriana , Liew Jade , Medhora Jasmine , Trumper Erin , Savage Felicity , Scott Teresa , Place Marc , Kaye Callum ,   Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK, Benyon Sarah , Marriott Suzie , Park Linda , Quinn Helen , Skyes Daisy , Zitter Lily , Baines Kizzy , Gordon Elizabeth , Keenan Samantha , Pitt Andrew ,   Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK, Duffy Katharine , Ireland Jane , Semple Gary , Turner Lynne , Cathcart Susanne , Rimmer Dominic , Puxty Alex , Puxty Kathryn , Hurst Andrew , Miller Jennifer , Speirs Susan , Walker Lauren ,   Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, UK, Bradshaw Zena , Brown Joanna , Melling Sarah , Preston Stephen , Slawson Nicola , Warden Scott , Beasley Alanna , Stoddard Emma , Benham Leonie , Cupitt Jason , Caswell Melanie , Elawamy Lisa , Wignall Ashleigh ,   Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK, Roberts Belinda , Golding Hannah , Leggett Samantha , Male Michelle , Marani Martyna , Prager Kirsty , Williams Toran , Golder Kim , Jones Oliver , Cusack Rebecca , Bolger Clare , Burnish Rachel , Carter Michael , Jackson Susan , Salmon Karen , Biss Jonathan ,   Ashford and St Peter’s Hospital, Surrey, UK, Aquino Maia , Croft Maria , Frost Victoria , White Ian , Govender Keshnie ,   Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK, Webb Natasha , Stapleton Liana , Wells Colin , Nikitas Nikitas , Sanchez-Rodriguez Ana , Spencer Kayleigh , Stowe Bethan ,   East Surrey Hospital, Redhill, UK, Izzard Yvonne , Poole Michelle , Monnery Sonja , Trotman Sallyanne , Beech Valerie , Combes Edward , Joefield Teishel ,   Poole Hospital, Poole, UK, Covernton Patrick , Savage Sarah , Woodward Elizabeth , Camsooksai Julie , Reschreiter Henrik , Barclay Charlotte , DeAth Yasmin , Dube Judith , Humphrey Charlotte , Jenkins Sarah , Langridge Emma , Milne Rebecca , Wadams Beverley , Woolcock Megan ,   Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley, UK, Brett Michael , Digby Brian , Gemmell Lisa , Hornsby James , MacGoey Patrick , O’Neil Pauline , Price Richard , Sundaram Radha , Abel Lynn , Rodden Natalie , Thomson Nicola , Rooney Kevin , Currie Susan , Parker Natasha , Walker Lauren , Henderson Philip ,   St James’s University Hospital and Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK, Ogg Bethan , Whiteley Simon , Wilby Liz , Long Kate , Matthew Shailamma , Salada Sheila , Trott Susan , Watts Sarah , Friar Zoe , Speight Abigail ,   Bedford Hospital, Bedford, UK, Bastion Victoria , Chandna Humza , Djeugam Brice , Haseeb Muhammad , Kent Harriet , Lubimbi Gamu , Murdoch Sophie , Thomas Alastair , David Beena , Lorusso Rachel , Vochin Ana , Penacerrada Melchizedek , Wulandari Retno ,   Southport and Formby District General Hospital, Ormskirk, UK, Heath Charlotte , Jakkula Srinivas , Morris Anna , Ahmed Ashar , Nune Arvind , Buttriss Claire , Whitaker Emma ,   The Tunbridge Wells Hospital and Maidstone Hospital, Kent, UK, Davey Miriam , Golden David , Acklery Amy , Fernandes Fabio , Seaman Bec , Earl Victoria ,   Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich, London, UK, Collins Amy , Khaliq Waqas , Adam Rachel , Treus Estefania ,   North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK, Holland Sarah , Alfonso Jordan , Blackledge Bethan , Bruce Michelle , Durrans Laura Jayne , Eltayeb Ayaa , Harris Jade , Hey Samuel , Hruska Martin , Lamb Thomas , Rothwell Joanne , Fitzgerald Adele , Lindergard Gabriella , T-Michael Helen , Duncan Tracey , Baxter-Dore Sharon , Cooper Lisa , Fox Claire , Guerin Jacinta , Hodgkiss Tracey , Connolly Karen ,   Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK, McAlinden Paul , Bridgett Victoria , Fearby Maggie , Gulati A. , Hanson Helen , Kelly Sinead , McCormack Louise , Nixon Rachel , Robinson Philip , Slater Victoria , Stephenson Elaine , Webster Andrea , Webster K. , Hays Carole , Hudson Anne , Patel Bijal , Clement Ian , Davis John , Francis Sarah , Jerry Douglas ,   Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK, Abernathy Caroline , Foster Louise , Gratrix Andrew , Cabral-Ortega Llucia , Hines Matthew , Martinson Victoria , Stones Elizabeth , Winter Karen ,   Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK, Barrow Esther , Wylie Katharine , Baines Deborah , Birchall Katie , Kolakaluri Laurel , Clark Richard , Sukumaran Anila , Brandwood Craig , Barker Melanie , Paripoorani Deborah , Smith Lara , Taylor Charlotte ,   Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK, Downes Charlotte , Hayman Melanie , Riches Katie , Daniel Priya , Subramanian Deepak , Holding Kathleen , Hilton Mary , McDonald Carly , Richardson Georgina ,   Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, UK, Halladay Georgia , Harding Peter , Reddy Amie , Turner-Bone Ian , Wilding Laura , Parker Robert , Lloyd Michaela , Smith Leanne , Kelly Charlie ,   Fairfield General Hospital, Bury, UK, Lazo Maria , Neal Alan , Walton Olivia , Melville Julie , Naisbitt Jay , Bullock Emily , Joseph Rosane ,   Norfolk and Norwich University hospital (NNUH), Norwich, UK, Callam Sara , Hudig Lisa , Keshet-Price Jocelyn , Stammers Katie , Convery Karen , Randell Georgina , Fottrell-Gould Deirdre ,   Milton Keynes University Hospital, Milton Keynes, UK, Mwaura Esther , Sutherland Sara-Beth , Stewart Richard , Mew Louise , Wren Lynn ,   Good Hope Hospital, Birmingham, UK, Thrasyvoulou Laura , Willis Heather , Scriven James , Hopkins Bridget , Lenton Daniel , Roberts Abigail ,   Queen Elizabeth Hospital Gateshead, Gateshead, UK, Bokhari Maria , Lucas Rachael , McCormick Wendy , Ritzema Jenny , Linnett Vanessa , Sanderson Amanda , Wild Helen ,   Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, UK, Flanagan Rebecca , Hull Robert , Rhead Kat , McKenna Emma , Hughes Gareth , Anderson Jennifer , Jones Kelly , Latham Scott , Riley Heather ,   Tameside General Hospital, Ashton Under Lyne, UK, Coulding Martina , Clark Martyn , McCormick Jacqueline , Mercer Oliver , Potla Darsh , Rehman Hafiz , Savill Heather , Turner Victoria , Jude Edward , Kilroy Susan ,   Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, UK, Apetri Elena , Basikolo Cathrine , Blackledge Bethan , Catlow Laura , Collis Matthew , Doonan Reece , Harris Jade , Harvey Alice , Knowles Karen , Lee Stephanie , Lomas Diane , Lyons Chloe , McMorrow Liam , Michael Angiy , Pendlebury Jessica , Perez Jane , Poulaka Maria , Proudfoot Nicola , Slevin Kathryn , Thomas Vicky , Walker Danielle , Dark Paul , Charles Bethan , McLaughlan Danielle , Slaughter Melanie , Horner Dan , Cawley Kathryn , Marsden Tracy ,   Great Ormond St Hospital and UCL Great Ormond St Institute of Child Health NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK, Andrews Joyann , Beech Emily , Akinkugbe Olugbenga , Bamford Alasdair , Belfield Holly , Jones Gareth A. L. , McHugh Tara , Meghari Hamza , Ray Samiran , Tomas Ana Luisa , O’Neill Lauran , Peters Mark , Bell Michael , Benkenstein Sarah , Chisholm Catherine , Davies Charlene , Kupiec Klaudia , Payne Caroline ,   Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK, Halls Joanna , Blakemore Hayley , Goff Elizabeth , Hayes Kati , Smith Kerry , Stephens Deanna , Worner Ruth , Borislavova Borislava , Faulkner Beverley , Thomas Matt , Cookson Ruth , Gendall Emma , Larman Georgina , Pope Rebecca , Smalira Artur ,   William Harvey Hospital, Ashford, UK, Priestley Victoria , Cosier Tracey , Millen Gemma , Rand James , Schumacher Natasha , Sandhar Roxana , Weston Heather , Richardson Neil , Cooper Lucy ,   Arrowe Park Hospital, Wirral, UK, Jones Cathy , Huang Ya-Wen Jessica , Jacob Reni , Denmade Craig , McIntyre Lewis ,   Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Hampshire, UK, Trodd Dawn , Martin Jane , Watson Geoff , Bevan Emily , Wreybrown Caroline ,   Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK, Bano Shereen , Bellwood Ruth , Bentley Michael , Bromley Matt , Gurr Lucy , Ledgard Camilla , McGowan Janet , Pye Kate , Sellick Kirsten , Stacey Amelia , Warren Deborah , Wilkinson Brian , Akeroyd Louise , Shafique Huma , Morgan James , Shorter Susan , Swinger Rachel , Waters Emily , Lawton Tom ,   Glan Clwyd Hospital, Bodelwyddan, UK, Allan Elizabeth , Darlington Kate , Davies Ffyon , Davies Llinos , Easton Jack , Kumar Sumit , Lean Richard , Mackay Callum , Pugh Richard , Qiu Xinyi , Rees Stephanie , Scanlon Jeremy , Lewis Joanne , Menzies Daniel , Bolger Annette , Davies Gwyneth , Davies Jennifer , Garrod Esther , Jones Helen , Manley Rachel , Williams Hannah ,   Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK, Frankham Jordan , Pitts Sally , White Nigel , Branney Debbie , Tiller Heather ,   Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK, Efford Georgia , Garland Zoe , Grimmer Lisa , Gumbrill Bethany , Johnson Rebekah , Sweet Katie , Bewley Jeremy , Coleman Christina , Corcoran Katie , Morano Eva Maria Hernandez , Shiel Rachel , Webster Denise , Bonnici Josephine , Daniel Eleanor , Dell Abbie ,   University Hospital North Durham, Darlington, UK and Darlington Memorial Hospital, Darlington, UK, Kent Melanie , Wilkinson Ami , Brown Ellen , Kay Andrea , Campbell Suzanne , Cowton Amanda , Birt Mark , Greenaway Vicki , Potts Kathryn , Hutton Clare , Shepperson Andrew ,   Basildon Hospital, Basildon, UK, Forsey Miranda , Nicholson Alice , Vertue Mark , Riches Joanne , Kaliappan Agilan , Nicholson Anne ,   University College Hospital, London, UK, MacCallum Niall , Raith Eamon , Bercades Georgia , Hass Ingrid , Brealey David , Martir Gladys , Reyes Anna , Smyth Deborah , Zapatamartinez Maria ,   Whittington Hospital, London, UK, Alvaro Ana , Jetha Champa , Ma Louise , Booker Lauren , Mostoles Loreta , Pratley Anezka , Altabaibeh Abdelhakim , Parmar Chetan , Gilbert Kayleigh ,   Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK, Ferguson Susie , Shepherd Amy , Morris Sheila , Singleton Jo , Baruah Rosie , Amamio Maria , Birch Sophie , Briton Kate , Clark Sarah , Doverman Katherine , Marshall Lucy , Simpson Scott ,   Ipswich Hospital, Ipswich, UK, Lloyd Georgina , Bell Stephanie , Rivers Vanessa , Purewal Bally ,   Hereford County Hospital, Hereford, UK, Hammerton Kate , Anderson Susan , Birch Janine , Collins Emma , Oleary Ryan ,   Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, UK, Cornell Sarah , Jarmain Jordan , Rogerson Kimberley , Wakinshaw Fiona , Woods Lindsey , Rostron Anthony , Elcioglu Zeynep , Roy Alistair ,   Queens Hospital Burton, Burton-On-Trent, UK, Bell Gillian , Dickson Holly , Wilcox Louise , Katary Amro , English Katy ,   Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton, UK, Hutter Joanne , Pawley Corinne , Doble Patricia , Shovelton Charmaine , Vaida Marius , Purnell Rebecca , Thomas Ashly ,   The Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK, Cagova Lenka , Fofano Adama , Holcombe Helen , Mitchell Alice Michael , Mwaura Lucy , Raman Krithivasan P. , Garnr Lucie , Mepham Sue , Paques Kitty , Vuylsteke Alain , Mackie Jennifer , Pearn Carmen , Zamikula Julie ,   University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK, Birt Mark , Gude Estefania Treus , Nyirenda Maggie , Capozzi Lisa , Reece-Anthony Rosie , Khaliq Waqas , Noor Hazma , Nilo Alfa Cresia ,   The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Harlow, UK, Grove Michelle , Daniel Amelia , Easthope Amy , Finn Joanne , White Nikki , Saha Rajnish , Badal Bibi , Ixer Karen ,   University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK, Duffin Donna , Player Ben , Hill Helen , Cole Jade , Brooks Jenny , Davies Michelle , Davies Rhys , Hunt Lauren , Thomas Emma , Williams Angharad ,   West Middlesex Hospital, Isleworth, UK, Oblak Metod , Thankachen Mini , Irisari Jamie , Sayan Amrinder , Popescu Monica ,   Royal Albert Edward Infirmary, Wigan, UK, Finch Cheryl , Jamieson Andrew , Quinn Alison , Cooper Joshua , Liderth Sarah , Waddington Natalia ,   Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire, UK, Burn Iona , Manso Katarina , Penn Ruth , Tebbutt Julie , Thornton Danielle , Winchester James , Hambrook Geraldine , Shanmugasundaram Pradeep ,   Royal Lancaster Infirmary, Lancaster, UK, Craig Jayne , Simpson Kerry , Higham Andrew , Sibbett Louise ,   Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke, UK, Paine Sheila , Reed Annabel , Conyngham Jo-Anna , Mupudzi McDonald , Thomas Rachel , Wright Mary , Griffin Denise , Partridge Richard , Corral Maria Alvarez , Muchenje Nycola , Sitonik Mildred , Brown Caroline Wrey ,   Worthing Hospital, Worthing, UK and St Richard’s Hospital, Chichester, UK, Butler Aaron , Folkes Linda , Fox Heather , Gardner Amy , Helm David , Hobden Gillian , King Kirsten , Margalef Jordi , Margarson Michael , Martindale Tim , Meadows Emma , Raynard Dana , Thirlwall Yvette , Baird Yolanda , Gomez Raquel , Martin Darren , Hodgson Luke , Corin Clinton , Sidall Erikka , Szabo Densie , Floyd Sharon ,   The Alexandra Hospital, Redditch and Worcester Royal Hospital, Worcester, UK, Davies Hannah , Austin Karen , Kelsall Olivia , Wood Hannah , Anderson Peter , Archer Katie , Burtenshaw Andrew , Clayton Sarah , Cother Naiara , Cowley Nicholas , Davis Caroline , Digby Stephen , Durie Alison , Harrison Alison , Low Emma , McAlindon Michael , McCurdy Alex , Morgan Aled , Rankin Tobias , Thrush Jessica , Tranter Helen , Vigurs Charlie , Wild Laura ,   Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK, Cornell Thomas , Ralph Kate , Bean Sarah , Burt Karen , Spivey Michael , Richards Carol , Tedstone Rachel ,   Watford General Hospital, Watford, UK, Carmody Siobhain , Zhao Xiaobei , Page Valerie , Guanco Mark Louie , Hoxha Elvira , Zorloni Camilla ,   Macclesfield District General Hospital, Macclesfield, UK, Dean Charlotte , Jones Emma , Carter Emma , Dunn Joshua , Kong Thomas , Mahenthran Mervin , Marsh Chris , Holland Maureen , Keenan Natalie , Mahmoud Mohamed , Lyons Marc , Bradley-Potts Joanne , Wassall Helen , Young Meghan ,   Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK, Bradley Paul , Burda Dorota , Donlon Sinead , Harden Lesley , Harris Celia , Mayangao Irving , Montaser Rugia , Mtuwa Sheila , Piercy Charles , Smith Eleanor , Stone Sarah , Verula Jerik , Blackman Helen , Marriott Cheryl , Michalak Natalia , Creagh-Brown Ben , Salberg Armorel , Boyer Naomi , Pristopan Veronika ,   Rotherham General Hospital, Rotherham, UK, Maynard Victoria , Walker Rachel , Hormis Anil , Collier Dawn , Graham Cheryl , Maynard Vicky , McCormick Jake , Warrington Jake ,   Craigavon Area Hospital, County Armagh, Northern Ireland, Cosgrove Denise , McFarland Denise , Ratcliffe Judith , Charnock Rob ,   King’s Mill Hospital, Nottingham, UK, Wynter Inez , Gill Mandy , Kirk Jill , Paul Paul , Ratnam Valli , Shelton Sarah ,   Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, Dumfries, UK, Jardine Catherine , Hay Alasdair , Williams Dewi ,   Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil, UK, Deacon Bethan , Durga Latha , Hibbert Meg , Kennard-Holden Gareth , Woodford Chrsitopher , Pothecary Carla , Roche Lisa , Tetla Dariusz , Agravante Kevin , Smeaton Justyna ,   Ysbyty Gwynedd, Bangor, UK, Price Alicia , Thomas Alice , Thorpe Chris , Knights Ellen , Ward Donna ,   Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK, Laha Shondipon , Verlander Mark , Williams Alexandra ,   The Great Western Hospital, Swindon, UK, Prout Rachel , Langton Helen , Watters Malcolm , Hunt Charlotte , Novis Catherine ,   Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln, UK, Arif Sarwat , Cunningham Amy , Hewitt Claire , Hindale Julia , Jackson-Lawrence Karen , Shepardson Sarah , Wills Maryanne , Butler Susie , Tavares Silivia , Barber Russell , Hilldrith Annette , Hubbard Kelly ,   University Hospital of North Tees, Stockton on Tees, UK, Egginton Dawn , Clark Michele , Purvis Sarah , Sinclair Simon , Collins Vicky ,   Glangwili General Hospital, Camarthen, UK, Landeg Bethan , Sell Craig , Coetzee Samantha , Gales Alistair , Otahal Igor , Icke Becky , Raj Meena , Williams Caroline , Williams Jill , Hill Lucy ,   Southend University Hospital, Westcliff-on-Sea, UK, Kayani Abdul , Masunda Bridgett , Gondo Prisca , Atayeva Nigara ,   Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK, Cruz Carina , Pattison Natalie ,   Diana Princess of Wales Hospital, Grimsby, UK, Burnett Caroline , Hatton Jonathan , Heeney Elaine , Newton Maria , Al-Moasseb Hassan , Behan Teresa , Player Jasmine , Stead Rachael , Mitra Atideb , Nauyokas Kirsty ,   West Suffolk Hospital, Bury St Edmunds, UK, Humphreys Sally , Cockerill Helen , Tampsett Ruth ,   Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy, UK, Postovalova Evgeniya , Coventry Tina , McGregor Amanda , Fowler Susan , Macmahon Mike , Cochrane Patricia , Pirie Sandra ,   Calderdale Royal Hospital, Halifax, UK and Huddersfield Royal Infirmary, Huddersfield, UK, Hanley Sarah , Ali Asifa , Brady Megan , Dale Sam , Dance Annalisa , Gledhill Lisa , Greig Jill , Hanson Kathryn , Holdroyd Kelly , Home Marie , Ishaq Tahira , Kelly Diane , Matapure Lear , Melia Deborah , Mellor Samantha , Merwaha Ekta , Nortcliffe Tonicha , Shaw Lisa , Shaw Ryan , Wood Tracy , Bayo Lee-Ann , Usher Miranda , Wilson Alison , Kitson Ross , Pinnell Jez , Robinson Matthew , Boltwood Kaitlin ,   Dorset County Hospital, Dorchester, UK, Birch Jenny , Bough Laura , Tutton Rebecca , Winter-Goodwin Barbara , Goodsell Josie , Taylor Kate , Williams Patricia , Williams Sarah , Cave Ashleigh , Rees James ,   Russell’s Hall Hospital, Dudley, UK, Imeson-Wood Janet , Smith Jacqueline , Amin Vishal , Karthik Komala , Kausar Rizwana , Anastasescu Elena , Reid Karen , Anumakonda Vikram , Stoddart Ella ,   Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK, Demetriou Carrie , Eckbad Charlotte , Howie Lucy , Mitchard Sarah , Ramos Lidia , White Katie , Hierons Sarah , Kelly Fiona , Serrano-Ruiz Alfredo , Evans Gabrielle ,   St Mary’s Hospital, Newport, UK, Nicol Liz , Wilkins Joy , Hulacka Kim , Debreceni Gabor , Brown Alison , Crickmore Vikki ,   George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust, Nuneaton, UK, Hill Kay , Kannan Thogulava ,   Yeovil Hospital, Yeovil, UK, Dagutao Zenaida , Beesley Kate , Lewis Alison , Perry Jess , Antony Sherly , Board Sarah , Buckley Clare , Pippard Lucy , Tanate Alfonso , Wood Diane , Kubisz-Pudelko Agnieska , Gouda Ayman ,   Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Falkirk, UK, Auld Fiona , Donnachie Joanne , Murdoch Euan , Prentice Lynn , Runciman Nikole , Senaratne Dhaneesha , Short Abigail , Sweeney Laura , Symon Lesley , Todd Anne , Turner Patricia , McCann Erin , Salutous Dario , Edmond Ian , Whitelaw Lesley ,   Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey, UK, Venkatesh Harish , Bland Yvonne , Kajtor Istvan , Kavanagh Lisa , Singler Karen , Linfield-Brown George ,   Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK, Moore Luke Stephen Prockter , Vizcaychipi Marcela , Martins Laura , Moore Luke , Bull Rhian , Carungcong Jaime ,   Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Hospital, Margate, UK, Allen Louise , Beranova Eva , Knight Alicia , Price Carly , Tilbey Sorrell , Turney Sharon , Hazelton Tracy , Tutt Gabriella , Arora Mansi , Turki Salah , Sinfield Emily , Deery Joanne , Ramos Hazel ,   Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK, Cristiano Daniele , Dormand Natalie , Farzad Zohreh , Gummadi Mahitha , Salmi Sara , Sloane Geraldine , Varghese Mathew , Thwaites Vicky , Patel Brijesh , Kamal Liyanage , Zborowski Anelise Catelan ,   Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, UK, Coe Ryan , Anderson Madeleine , Beadle Jane , Coates Charlotte , Collins Katy , Crowley Maria , Johnson Laura , King Laura , Paramsothy Remi , Sargeant Janet , Silva Pedro , Stuart Carmel , Taylor June , Tyl David , Wakefield Phillipa , Kamundi Charlotte , Olufuwa Olumide , Belagodu Zakaulla , Gherman Anca , Oakley Naomi ,   University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, UK, Allan John , Geary Tim , Meikle Alistair , O’Brien Peter , Wood Stephen , Clark Andrew , Houston Gordon ,   University Hospital Wishaw, Wishaw, UK, Black Karen , Clarkson Michelle , D’Sylva Stuart , Morrison Alan , Norman Kathryn , Taylor Margaret , Clements Suzanne , Cohrane Catriona , Gonzalez Nora , Strachan Dominic , Beith Claire , Moar Kirsten ,   University College Dublin, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland, Murphy Lorna , Smythe Michelle , Nichol Alistair , Brickell Kathy ,   The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King’s Lynn, UK, Ali Inthakab Ali Mohamed , Beaumont Karen , Elsaadany Mohamed , Fernandes Kay , Ally Sameena Mohamed , Rangarajan Harini , Sarathy Varun , Selvanayagam Sivarupan , Vedage Dave , White Matthew , Coton Zoe , Joshy Aricsa , Blunt Mark , Curgenven Hollie ,   Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall, UK, Botfield Liam , Dexter Catherine , Kuravi Aditya , Butler Joanne , Chadwick Robert , Ranga Poonam , Richardson Lisa , Virgilio Emma , Anwer Maddiha , Garg Atul , Botfield Donna , Marriott Xana ,   Princess Royal Hospital, Brighton, UK, Stewart Keely , Mullan Dee , Phillips Claire , Gaylard Jane , Nowak Justyna , Skinner Denise ,   Barnsley Hospital, Barnsley, UK, Jones Sian , Crawley Rikki , Crew Abigail , Cunningham Mishell , Daniels Allison , Harrison Laura , Hope Susan , Lancaster Nicola , Matthews Jamie , Wray Gemma , Nicholson Alice , Inweregbu Ken , Cutts Sarah , Miller Katharine ,   Warrington General Hospital, Warrington, UK, Brady Ailbhe , Chan Rebekah , McIvor Shane , Prady Helena , Mathew Bijoy , Little Jeff , Furniss Tim ,   Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, NI, Wright Chris , King Bernadette , Wasson Christopher , O’Neill Aisling , Turley Christine , McGuigan Peter , Collins Erin , Finn Stephanie , Green Jackie , McAuley Julie , Nair Abitha , Quinn Charlotte , Tauro Suzanne , Ward Kathryn , McGinlay Michael , Reddy Kiran ,   Royal Hallamshire Hospital and Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK, Ahmad Norfaizan , Anderson Samantha , Barker Joann , Bauchmuller Kris , Birchall Kathryn , Bird Sarah , Cawthron Kay , Chetam Luke , Cole Joby , Donne Ben , Foote David , Ford Amber , Hanratty Helena , Harrington Kate , Hesseldon Lisa , Housley Kay , Jackson Yvonne , Jarman Claire , Kibutu Faith , Lenagh Becky , Macharia Irene , Masuko Shamiso , Milner Leanne , Newell Helen , Nwafor Lorenza , Oxspring Simon , Phillips Patrick , Raithatha Ajay , Rowland-Jones Sarah , Smith Jacqui , Thompson Roger , Trower Helen , Walker Sara , Watson James , Wiles Matthew , Lye Alison , Willson Jayne , Mills Gary , Harris Sansha , Hartill Eleanor ,   Harefield Hospital, London, UK, Barron Anthony , Collins Ciara , Kaul Sundeep , Nolan Claire , Polgar Oliver , Prendergast Claire , Rogers Paula , Shokkar Rajvinder , Woodruff Meriel , Mahay Kanta , Thwaites Vicky , Reed Anna , Meyrick Hayley , Passmore Heather , Farwell James ,   Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle, UK, Brown Alison , O’Connell Susan , Gregory Jane , Barberis Luigi , Harper Rosemary , Smith Tim , Armstrong Diane ,   Eastbourne District General Hospital, East Sussex, UK and Conquest Hospital, East Sussex, UK, Bowey Angie , Cowley Anne , Corner Andrew , Highgate Judith , Rutherfurd Claire , Taylor Jo-Anne , Goodwin Sarah , Rutherford Claire ,   Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK, Eapen Beena , Trim Fiona , Donnison Phil ,   Airedale General Hospital, Keighley, UK, Armstrong Lisa , Bates Hayley , Dooks Emma , Farquhar Fiona , Kitching Amy , McParland Chantal , Packham Sophie , Hairsine Brigid ,   Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK, Patil Anand , Andreou Premetie , Hales Dawn , Mathews Megha , Patel Rekha , Barry Peter , Flint Neil , Hailstone Jessica , Ghuman Navneet , Leonard Bethany , Lees Rachel ,   Peterborough City Hospital, Peterborough, UK and Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, UK, Butcher Deborah , Leng Katy , Butterworth-Cowin Nicola , O’Sullivan Susie ,   Colchester General Hospital, Colchester, UK, Ghosh Alison , Williams Emma ,   Princess Royal Hospital, Telford and Royal Shrewsbury Hospital, Shrewsbury, UK, Adams Colene , Agasou Anita , Arden Tracie , Beekes Mandy , Bowes Amy , Boyle Pauline , Button Heather , Carnahan Mandy , Carter Anne , Childs Danielle , Gaylard Jane , Hurford Fran , Hussain Yasmin , Javaid Ayesha , Jones James , Leigh Michael , Martin Terry , Millward Helen , Motherwell Nichola , Mullan Dee , Newman Julie , Rikunenko Rachel , Stickley Jo , Summers Julie , Ting Louise , Tivenan Helen , Donaldson Denise , Capps Nigel , Cale Emily , Jose Sanal , Osbourne Wendy , Pajak Susie , Rankin Jayne , Tonks Louise ,   University Hospital Monklands, Airdrie, UK, Baird Tracy , Harkins Margaret , Ruddy Jim , West Joe ,   Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wrexham, Wales, Duffield Joseph , Mallon Lewis , Smith Oliver , Smuts Sara , Campbell Andy , Davies Cate , Davies Sarah , Hughes Rachel , Jobes Lisa , Whitehead Victoria , Watkins Clare ,   Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK, Bowman Fiona , Milligan Barry , McPherson Liane ,   New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK, Metherell Stella , Harris Nichola , Lake Victoria , Radford Elizabeth , Smallwood Andy , Gopal Shameer , Vassell Katherine ,   University Hospital Hairmyres, East Kilbride, UK, Bell Dina , Boyle Rosalind , Douglas Katie , Glass Lynn , Lennon Liz , Rattray Austin , Beith Claire , Lee Emma ,   Warwick Hospital, Warwick, UK, Jones Danielle , Parsons Penny , Attwood Ben , Jefferson Paul , Ranganathan Mohan , Atwal Inderjit , Campbell Bridget , Day Angela , Stagg Camilla ,   Sandwell General Hospital and City Hospital, Birmingham, UK, Haynes Emma , Ahmed Cecilia , Clamp Sarah , Colley Julie , Haq Risna , Hayes Anne , Joseph Sibet , Maqsood Zahira , Hussain Samia , Hulme Jonathan , Domingos Patience , Kumar Rita , Purewal Manjit , Taylor Becky ,   Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK, Bunni Lara , Latif Monica , Jennings Claire , Jose Shilu , Marshall Rebecca , Metryka Aleksandra , Subramanian Gayathri ,   Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK, Burgoyne Adam , O’Connell Susan , Tyler Amanda , Waldron Joanne , Hilltout Paula , Evitts Jayne ,   University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK, Ward Geraldine , Bremmer Pamela , Hawkins Carl , Jackman Sophie , Ogorek Michal ,   Torbay Hospital, Torquay, UK, Ashby Kylie , Thornton Lorraine , Mercer Pauline , Halkes Matthew , Revill Adam ,   Pilgrim Hospital, Lincoln, UK, Saint Bryony , Fletcher Jo , Netherton Kimberley , Chablani Manish , Kirkby Amy , Roper Amanda , Szymiczek Kinga ,   Prince Philip Hospital, Lianelli, UK, Sutherland Isobel , O’Brien Linda , Otahal Igor , Connell Joanne , Davies Kim , Lewis Tracy , Omar Zohra , Perkins Emma ,   Princess of Wales Hospital, Llantrisant, UK, Roche Lisa , Sathe Sonia , Davies Ellie ,   Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust, Northampton, UK, Lyon Alex , Mapfunde Isheunesu , Willis Charlotte , Hitchcock Rachael , Hall Kathryn , King Christopher ,   The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK, Fagan Andrew , Nazari Roonak , Worsley Lucy , Allibone Suzanne , Kasipandian Vidya , Patel Amit , Cutting Parisa , Genetu Roman , Mac Ainhi , Murphy Anthony , Ward Sinead , Butt Fatima ,   James Paget University Hospital NHS Trust, Great Yarmouth, UK, Ayers Amanda , Harrison Wendy , Mackintosh Katherine , North Julie ,   Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK, Ashton Lydia , Bi Rehana , Owen Samantha , Winmill Helen , Scholefield Barney ,   Withybush General Hospital, Pembrokeshire, Wales, Blowing Hannah , Williams Erin , Duskova Michaela , Edwards Michelle , Rees Alun , Thomas Helen , Hughes Rachel , Otahal Igor , Brooks Jolene , Phipps Janet , Brooks Suzanne ,   Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK, Dennis Catherine , Parris Vicki , Srikaran Sinduya , Sukha Anisha , McGregor Alistair , Tiongson Gerlynn ,   North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple, UK, Adams Katie , Andrew Benedict , Brayne Adam , Carter Sasha , Findlay Louise , Fisher Emma , Jackson Peter , Kaye Duncan , Parkin Juliet , Tuckey Victoria , Hunt Jane , Love Nicholas , van Koutrick Lynne , Hanson Ashley ,   Scunthorpe General Hospital, Scunthorpe, UK, Dent Kathy , Horsley Elizabeth , Pearson Sandra , Spencer Sue , Hutchinson Dorothy , Player Jasmine , Potoczna Dorota , Akhtar Muhammad Nauman , Cottam Lisa-Jayne , Nauyokas Kirsty , Sanders Jack ,   Royal Free Hospital, London, UK, Garcia Sara Mingo , Pakou Glykeria , Diaba Cynthia , Filipe Helder , John Lincy , Maharajh Amitaa , de Neef Mark , Martin Daniel , Eastgate Christine , Teoh Poh Choo ,   Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK, Barrett Fiona , Bradley Clare , Donaldson Avril , Mascarenhas Mairi , O’Hara Marianne , Okeefe Laura , Clarke Noreen , Whiteside Jonathan , Campbell Rachael , Matheson Joanna , McDonald Deborah , Patience Donna ,   West Cumberland Hospital, Whitehaven, UK, Rice Polly , Smith Tim , Clapham Melanie , Mutch Rachel , Barberis Luigi , Harper Rosemary , Craig Hannah , Poultney Una ,   Furness General Hospital, Barrow-in-Furness, UK, Burns Karen , Higham Andrew ,   Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK, Twiss Sophie , Barton Janet , George Linsha , Harrop Clare , Mathew Sherly , Wright David Justin ,   Scarborough General Hospital, Scarborough, UK, Harrison Rachel , Toohie Jordan , Chandler Ben , Turnbull Alison , Mallinson Janine , Elliott Kerry ,   Bronglais General Hospital, Aberystwyth, UK, Wolf-Roberts Rebecca , Tench Helen , Otahal Igor , Hobrok Maria , Loosley Ronda , McGuinness Heather , Sims Tanya ,   Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK, Afolabi Deborah , Allison Kathryn Sian , Anderson Taya , Dore Rachael , Jones Dawn , Rogers Naomi , Saunderson Paula , Whitbread Jennifer , O’Malley Laura , Rad Laura , Hawcutt Daniel ,   Borders General Hospital, Melrose, UK, Aldridge Jonathan , Tolson Melanie , Garrioch Sweyn ,   Leighton Hospital, Cheshire, UK, Tomlinson Joanne , Grosdenier Michael ,   Kent & Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, UK, Loader David , Kapoor Ritoo , Hector Gemma ,   Harrogate and District NHS Foundation Trust, Harrogate, UK, Scherewode Joslan , Sri-Chandana Chunda , Stephenson Lorraine , Marsh Sarah ,   The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK, Dela Rosa Arnold , Jhanji Shaman , Bemand Thomas , Howle Ryan , Baikady Ravishankar Rao , Thomas Benjamin , Black Ethel , Tatham Kate ,   Ealing Hospital, Southall, UK, Gurram Sambasivarao , Watson Ekaterina , Parris Vicki , Quaid Sheena , McGregor Alistair ,   St John’s Hospital Livingston, Livingston, UK, Saunderson Anne , O’Brien Rachel , Moultrie Sam , Service Jen , Cheyne Clare , Odam Miranda , Wiliams Alison ,   Wexham Park Hospital, Slough, UK, Barnes Nicky , Csabi Peter , Da Rocha Joana , Glynou Louika ,   Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, UK, Huffenberger Amy , Bryant Jade , Pickard Amy , Roe Nicholas , Bellini Arianna , Mayer Anton , Burrow Amy , Colley Natalie , Evans Jayne , Howlett Alex , Khalifeh Zeinab ,   Homerton University Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, London UK, Pryce Jerldine , Gorman Claire , Easthope Amy , Brady Rebecca , Timlick Elizabeth , Antoine Pierre , Gupta Abhinhav ,   National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK, Hardy John , Houlden Henry , Moncur Eleanor , Tucci Arianna , Raith Eamon , Tariq Ambreen , Brealey David ,   The Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK, Tagliavini Emma , Ramsay Becky , Fidler Katy , Donnelly Kevin , Hollis Rebecca ,   Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, UK, Barr Jocelyn , Boyd Elizabeth , Irvine Val , Shelley Ben , Buckley Julie , Hamilton Charlene , Valdeavella Kathryn ,   SCOURGE Consortium, Abellan Javier , Acosta-Isaac René , Aguado Jose María , Aguilar Carlos , Aguilera-Albesa Sergio , Sabbagh Abdolah Ahmadi , Alba Jorge , Albu Sergiu , Alcalá-Gallardo Karla A. M. , Alcoba-Florez Julia , Batres Sergio Alcolea , Algarin-Lara Holmes Rafael , Almadana Virginia , Almeida Julia , Almoguera Berta , Alonso María R. , Alvarez Nuria , Álvarez-Benítez Yady , Álvarez-Navia Felipe , Walther Rodolfo Alvarez-Sala , Andreu-Bernabeu Álvaro , Antonijoan Maria Rosa , Arana-Arri Eunate , Aranda Carlos , Arango Celso , Araque Carolina , Araujo Nathalia K. , Araujo Izabel M. T. , Arcanjo Ana C. , Arnaiz Ana , Fernández Francisco Arnalich , Arranz María J. , Lopez José Ramon Arribas , Artiga Maria-Jesus , Avello-Malaver Yubelly , Ayuso Carmen , Baldión-Elorza Ana Margarita , Martín Belén Ballina , Baptista-Rosas Raúl C. , Barranco-Díaz Andrea , Barreda-Sánchez María , Barrera-Penagos Viviana , Belhassen-Garcia Moncef , Bernal Enrique , Bernal-Bello David , Bezerra Joao F. , Bezerra Marcos A. C. , Blanca-López Natalia , Blancas Rafael , Boix-Palop Lucía , Borobia Alberto , Bravo Elsa , Brion María , Brochado-Kith Óscar , Brugada Ramón , Bustos Matilde , Cabello Alfonso , Caceres-Agra Juan J. , Calbo Esther , Calderón Enrique J. , Camacho Shirley , Campos Marcela C. , Cañadas Yolanda , Carbonell Cristina , Cardona-Huerta Servando , Carioca Antonio Augusto F. , Carpintero Maria Sanchez , Segura Carlos Carpio , Carratto Thássia M. T. , Carrillo-Avila José Antonio , Carvalho Maria C. C. , Casasnovas Carlos , Castano Luis , Castaño Carlos F. , Castelao Jose E. , Candalija Aranzazu Castellano , Castillo María A. , Ceballos Francisco C. , Chaux Jessica G. , Chaves-Santiago Walter G. , Chiquillo-Gómez Sylena , Cid-Lopez Marco A. , Cienfuegos-Jimenez Oscar , Conde-Vicente Rosa , Cordero-Lorenzana M. Lourdes , Corella Dolores , Corrales Almudena , Cortes-Sanchez Jose L. , Corton Marta , Costa Tatiana X. , Cruz Raquel , Cruz Marina S. , Cuesta Luisa , Cunha Gabriela C. R. , da Silva Gabriela V. , Dalmau David , Dantas-Komatsu Raquel C. S. , Darnaude M. Teresa , de Andrés Raimundo , de Araújo Jéssica N. G. , de Juan Carmen , De la Cruz Troca Juan , de la Horra Carmen , de la Hoz Ana B. , De Martino-Rodríguez Alba , de Sousa Alves Neri Julianna Lys , del Campo-Pérez Victor , Delgado-Cuesta Juan , Diaz-Caneja Covadonga M. , Díaz-Pérez Anderson , de Bustamante Aranzazu Diaz , Dietl Beatriz , Diz-de Almeida Silvia , Alves Manoella do Monte , Domínguez-Garrido Elena , dos Santos Katiusse A. , Duarte Alice M. , Echave-Sustaeta Jose , Eiros Rocío , Enciso-Olivera César O. , Escudero Gabriela , España Pedro Pablo , Sanabria Gladys Mercedes Estigarribia , Fariñas María Carmen , Fernandes Marianne R. , Fernández Ramón , Fernandez-Caballero Lidia , Fernández-Cruz Ana , Fernandez-Nestosa María J. , Fernández-Robelo Uxía , Fernández-Rodríguez Amanda , Fernández-Sampedro Marta , Fernández-Sánchez Ruth , Fernández-Villa Tania , Ferrero Silvia Fernández , Martínez Yolanda Fernández , Capitán Carmen Fernéndez , Flores-Pérez Patricia , Friaza Vicente , Fuenmayor-Hernández Lácides , Núñez Marta Fuertes , Fumadó Victoria , Gadea Ignacio , Gagliardi Lidia , Gago-Domínguez Manuela , Gallego Natalia , Galoppo Cristina , García Inés , García Mercedes , García Leticia , Garcia-Cerrada Carlos , García-de-Vicuña Aitor , Garcia-García Josefina , García-García Irene , García-Ibarbia Carmen , García-Montero Andrés C. , García-Soidán Ana , García-Vázquez Elisa , Torrejón María Carmen García , Garza-Frias Emiliano , Gentile Angela , Gil-Fournier Belén , Gómez-Arrue Javier , Gómez-Duque Mario , Carrera Luis Gómez , García María Gómez , Sacristán Ángela Gómez , González-Neira Anna , González-Peñas Javier , Gonzalez-Sagrado Manuel , Álvarez Beatriz González , de Quirós Fernan Gonzalez Bernaldo , Benito Hugo Gonzalo , Gorgojo-Galindo Oscar , Górgolas Miguel , Guaragna Florencia , Guegel Genilson P. , Guillen-Guio Beatriz , Guillen-Navarro Encarna , Guisado-Vasco Pablo , Gutiérrez-Bautista Juan F. , Gutierrez-Castañeda Luz D. , Heili-Frades Sarah , Hernandez Estefania , Hernandez-Ortega Luis D. , Hernández-Pérez Guillermo , Hernández-Vaquero Rebeca , Moro Cristina Hernández , Herraez Belen , Herranz M. Teresa , Herrera María , Herrero María José , Herrero-Gonzalez Antonio , Horcajada Juan P. , Imaz-Ayo Natale , Intxausti-Urrutibeaskoa Maider , Íñiguez María , Jacomo Rafael H. , Jara Rubén , Jazmin Perez Maria , Jiménez Ángel , Jiménez Pilar , Jiménez-Alfaro Ignacio , Jimenez-Sousa María A. , Jordan Iolanda , Laguna-Goya Rocío , Laorden Daniel , Lasa-Lazaro María , Lattig María Claudia , Lauriente Ailen , Borja Anabel Liger , Llanos Lucía , López-Bernús Amparo , Lopez-Garcia Esther , Lopez-Rodriguez Rosario , López-Ruz Miguel A. , Granados Eduardo López , Lorente Leonardo , Lozano José E. , Lozano-Espinosa María , Luchessi Andre D. , Mahillo Ignacio , Mancebo Esther , Mar Carmen , Calvo Cristina Marcelo , Marcos Miguel , Marcos-Delgado Alba , Candon Alicia Marín , Aguilar Pablo Mariscal , Martín María M. , Martín María Dolores , Martín Vicente , Martin-Fernandez Marta , Martín-López Caridad , Martín-Oterino José-Ángel , Martin-Pedraza Laura , Martín-Vicente María , Martinez Amalia , Martínez Ricardo , Martínez Juan José , Martínez Silvia , Martínez-Aquino Eleno , Martínez-González Óscar , Martinez-Lopez Iciar , Martinez-Nieto Oscar , Martinez-Paz Pedro , Martinez-Perez Angel , Martínez-Ramas Andrea , Martinez-Resendez Michel F. , Robles Violeta Martínez , Marzal Laura , Mazzeu Juliana F. , Medeiros Jeane F. P. , Medeiros Kelliane A. , Medrano Francisco J. , Meijome Xose M. , Mejuto-Montero Natalia , Méndez-Echevarria Ana , Charris Humberto Mendoza , Macías Eleuterio Merayo , Mercadillo Fátima , Mercado-Sesma Arieh R. , Minguez Pablo , Molina Antonio J. J. , Molina-Roldán Elena , Montoya Juan José , Moraes Vitor M. S. , Moreira-Escriche Patricia , Morelos-Arnedo Xenia , Moreno-Docón Antonio , Moreno-Escalante Junior , Cuerda Victor Moreno , Fernández Alberto Moreno , Morilla Rubén , García Patricia Muñoz , Neira Pablo , Nevado Julian , Nieto-Gañán Israel , Nunes Joana F. R. , Nuñez-Torres Rocio , Obrador-Hevia Antònia , Ocejo-Vinyals J. Gonzalo , Olivar Virginia , Oliveira Silviene F. , Ondo Lorena , Orfao Alberto , Ortega Luis , Ortega-Paino Eva , Ortiz-Flores Fernando , Ortiz-Lopez Rocio , Oteo José A. , Pachajoa Harry , Pacheco Manuel , Pacheco-Miranda Fredy Javier , Conejo Irene Padilla , Panadero-Fajardo Sonia , Parellada Mara , Pariente-Rodríguez Roberto , Paz-Artal Estela , Peces-Barba Germán , Pedromingo Kus Miguel S. , Perales Celia , Perez Patricia , Pérez César , Perez-de-Nanclares Gustavo , Pérez-García Felipe , Pérez-Matute Patricia , Pérez-Serra Alexandra , Pérez-Tomás M. Elena , Perucho Teresa , Pichardo Lisbeth A. , Pinho Susana M. T. , Pinsach-Abuin Mel·lina , Pinzón Luz Adriana , Pita Guillermo , Pla-Junca Francesc , Planas-Serra Laura , Pompa-Mera Ericka N. , Porras-Hurtado Gloria L. , Pujol Aurora , Chávez María Eugenia Quevedo , Quijada Maria Angeles , Quintela Inés , Ramirez-Montaño Diana , León Soraya Ramiro , Sedes Pedro Rascado , Recalde Delia , Recio-Fernández Emma , Resino Salvador , Ribeiro Adriana P. , Rivadeneira-Chamorro Carlos S. , Roa-Agudelo Diana , Pardo Montserrat Robelo , Rodriguez Marilyn Johanna , Rodriguez-Artalejo Fernando , Rodríguez-Ferrer Marena , Rodriguez-Gallego Carlos , Rodriguez-Garcia José A. , Rodriguez-Hernandez María A. , Rodriguez-Nicolas Antonio , Rodriguez-Palmero Agustí , Rodríguez-Ruiz Emilio , Rodriguez-Urrego Paula A. , Maya Belén Rodríguez , Novoa German Ezequiel Rodriguez , Rojo Federico , Romero-Coronado Andrea , García Filomeno Rondón , Rosa Lidia S. , Rosales-Castillo Antonio , Rubio Cladelis , Olivera María Rubio , Ruiz Montserrat , Ruiz-Cabello Francisco , Ruiz-Casares Eva , Ruiz-Cubillan Juan J. , Ruiz-Hornillos Javier , Ryan Pablo , Salamanca Hector D. , Salazar-García Lorena , Origlia Giorgina Gabriela Salgueiro , Sánchez Pedro-Luis , Sánchez-Pablo Clara , Sánchez-Pernaute Olga , Sánchez López Antonio J. , Prados María Concepción Sánchez , Real Javier Sánchez , Redondo Jorge Sánchez , Sancho-Sainz Cristina , Sangil Anna , Santos Arnoldo , Santos Ney P. C. , Schlüter Agatha , Segovia Sonia , Serra-Llovich Alex , Puras Fernando Sevil , Porras Marta Sevilla , Sicolo Miguel A. , Silbiger Vivian N. , Silva Nayara S. , Silva Fabiola T. C. , Fuentes Cristina Silván , Solé-Violán Jordi , Soria José Manuel , Sorlí Jose V. , Sousa Renata R. , Souto Juan Carlos , Souza Karla S. C. , Souza Vanessa S. , Sprockel John J. , Suárez-Rama José Javier , Suarez-Zamora David A. , Taboada-Fraga Xiana , Tamayo Eduardo , Tamayo-Velasco Alvaro , Taracido-Fernandez Juan Carlos , Tavares Nathali A. C. , Tellería Carlos , Castaño Jair Antonio Tenorio , Teper Alejandro , Torres-Macho Juan , Torres-Tobar Lilian , Torres Gutiérrez Ronald P. , Troya Jesús , Urioste Miguel , Valencia-Ramos Juan , Valido Agustín , Gallo Juan Pablo Vargas , Varón Belén , Vasconcelos Romero H. T. , Vega Tomas , Velasco-Quirce Santiago , Vélez-Santamaría Valentina , Víctor Virginia , Estévez Julia Vidán , Vieitez-Santiago Miriam , Vilches Carlos , Villalobos Lavinia , Villar Felipe , Villar-Garcia Judit , Villaverde Cristina , Villoslada-Blanco Pablo , Virseda-Berdices Ana , Yáñez Zuleima , Zapatero-Gaviria Antonio , Zarate Ruth , Zazo Sandra , de Heredia Miguel López , Mendes Ingrid , Moreno Rocío , Sande Esther , Lapunzina Pablo , Carracedo Angel ,   ISARICC Investigators,   Co-Investigators, Alex Beatrice , Andrikopoulos Petros , Bach Benjamin , Barclay Wendy S. , Bogaert Debby , Chand Meera , Chechi Kanta , Cooke Graham S. , da Silva Filipe Ana , de Silva Thushan , Docherty Annemarie B. , dos Santos Correia Gonçalo , Dumas Marc-Emmanuel , Dunning Jake , Fletcher Tom , Green Christopher A. , Greenhalf William , Griffin Julian , Gupta Rishi K. , Harrison Ewen M. , Ho Antonia Y. W. , Holden Karl , Horby Peter W. , Ijaz Samreen , Khoo Say , Klenerman Paul , Law Andrew , Lewis Matthew , Liggi Sonia , Lim Wei Shen , Maslen Lynn , Mentzer Alexander J. , Merson Laura , Meynert Alison M. , Moore Shona C. , Noursadeghi Mahdad , Olanipekun Michael , Osagie Anthonia , Palmarini Massimo , Palmieri Carlo , Paxton William A. , Pollakis Georgios , Price Nicholas , Rambaut Andrew , Robertson David L. , Russell Clark D. , Sancho-Shimizu Vanessa , Sands Caroline , Scott Janet T. , Sigfrid Louise , Solomon Tom , Sriskandan Shiranee , Stuart David , Swann Olivia V. , Takats Zoltan , Takis Panteleimon , Tedder Richard S. , Thompson A. A. Roger , Thomson Emma C. , Thwaites Ryan S. , Turtle Lance C. W. , Zambon Maria , Carson Gail ,   Data Analysis Team, Drake Thomas M. , Fairfield Cameron J. , Knight Stephen R. , Mclean Kenneth A. , Murphy Derek , Norman Lisa , Pius Riinu , Shaw Catherine A. ,   Data Architecture Team, Connor Marie , Dalton Jo , Gamble Carrol , Girvan Michelle , Halpin Sophie , Harrison Janet , Jackson Clare , Marsh Laura , Roberts Stephanie , Saviciute Egle , Knight Susan , Lahnsteiner Eva , Leeming Gary , Norris Lucy , Scott-Brown James , Tait Sarah , Wham Murray ,   Data Analysis and Management Team, Lee James , Plotkin Daniel , Keating Seán ,   Project Administration Team, Donegan Cara , Spencer Rebecca G. ,   Project Management Team, Donohue Chloe , Hardwick Hayley ,   The 23andMe COVID-19 Team, Shelton Janie F. , Shastri Anjali J. , Ye Chelsea , Weldon Catherine H. , Filshtein-Sonmez Teresa , Coker Daniella , Symons Antony , Esparza-Gordillo Jorge , Aslibekyan Stella , Auton Adam , Yang Jian , Ponting Chris P. , Wilson James F. , Vitart Veronique , Abedalthagafi Malak , Luchessi Andre D. , Parra Esteban J. , Cruz Raquel , Carracedo Angel , Fawkes Angie , Murphy Lee , Rowan Kathy , Pereira Alexandre C. , Law Andy , Fairfax Benjamin , Hendry Sara Clohisey , Baillie J. Kenneth 
Published: May 2023

Critical illness in COVID-19 is an extreme and clinically homogeneous disease phenotype that we have previously shown1 to be highly efficient for discovery of genetic associations2. Despite the advanced stage of illness at presentation, we have shown that host genetics in patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 can identify immunomodulatory therapies with strong beneficial effects in this group3. Here we analyse 24,202 cases of COVID-19 with critical illness comprising a combination of microarray genotype and whole-genome sequencing data from cases of critical illness in the international GenOMICC (11,440 cases) study, combined with other studies recruiting hospitalized patients with a strong focus on severe and critical disease: ISARIC4C (676 cases) and the SCOURGE consortium (5,934 cases). To put these results in the context of existing work, we conduct a meta-analysis of the new GenOMICC genome-wide association study (GWAS) results with previously published data. We find 49 genome-wide significant associations, of which 16 have not been reported previously. To investigate the therapeutic implications of these findings, we infer the structural consequences of protein-coding variants, and combine our GWAS results with gene expression data using a monocyte transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) model, as well as gene and protein expression using Mendelian randomization. We identify potentially druggable targets in multiple systems, including inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).