bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staff perspectives on the effects of seclusion in adolescent psychiatric inpatient care
Authors: Yurtbasi Miriam K. , Melvin Glenn , Pavlou Christine , Gordon Michael
Published: December 2022

Nurses are at the forefront of seclusion in adolescent psychiatric units. Understanding nurses and other staff perspectives on the effects of seclusion is critical in the ongoing effort to minimize and eliminate seclusion. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of staff attitudes, experiences, and beliefs about the effects of seclusion on both themselves and patients. Thirty‐one staff members (including 20 nurses) completed the Attitudes to Seclusion Survey and 24 participated in semi‐structured interviews to explore their beliefs and experiences of seclusion use in adolescent psychiatric inpatient care. Analysis of the questionnaire showed overwhelming agreement in the negative impacts of seclusion on patients, while there was uncertainty around the positive impacts of seclusion. Using a combination of the intuitive approach and thematic analysis, five themes were identified from interviews with staff, three unique to nurses: (i) staff were reluctant to use seclusion but felt it was necessary, (ii) nurses felt under‐resourcing led to increased chances of seclusion, (iii) staff believed seclusion negatively impacted the patients, (iv) nurses felt their relationships with patients were negatively impacted, and (v) seclusion also had a negative effect on nurses. Clinical recommendations included a systematic and structured approach to debriefing to repair ruptures in the therapeutic relationship; staffing to be based on the acuity of the unit rather than occupancy; alternatives to seclusion that meet the needs of service providers and consumers. Future research should compare staff and patient perspectives, include multiple sites, and greater participation of non‐nursing staff.
Crystallization of LiNbO3 and NaNbO3 in niobiosilicate glass–ceramics
Authors: Gerace Katy S. , Randall Clive A. , Mauro John C.
Published: December 2022

Although glass–ceramics have been widely explored for their thermal stability and mechanical properties, they also offer unique symmetry‐dependent properties such as piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity through controlled crystallization of a polar phase. This work examines crystallization of LiNbO3 in a 35SiO2–30Nb2O5–35Li2O mol% composition and crystallization of LiNbO3 and NaNbO3 in a 35SiO2–30Nb2O5–25Li2O–10Na2O mol% composition. Crystallization kinetics are examined using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK) theory where the Avrami exponent, n, is calculated to be 1.0–1.5. Microscopical analysis shows dendritic morphology, which when combined with the JMAK analysis, suggests diffusion‐controlled one‐dimensional growth. Adding Na2O to the glass composition increases the inter‐diffusivity of ions which causes LiNbO3 to crystallize faster and lowers the activation energy of transformation from 1054 ± 217 kJ/mol in the ternary composition to 882 ± 212 kJ/mol. Time‐temperature‐transformation diagrams are presented which show that the temperature for maximum rate of transformation for LiNbO3 is ∼650°C and for NaNbO3 is ∼715°C.
Effects of dehydrofreezing conditions on tomato lycopene and kinetics of lycopene change in dehydrofrozen tomatoes during storage
Authors: Tumer Emre , Tulek Yahya
Published: December 2022

In the study, the change in lycopene content of tomatoes, which were frozen either fresh or after being partially dehydrated with different methods (convective, osmotic, and vacuum dehydration) during the 6‐month storage at −20°C was investigated. In the freezing process, tomatoes were frozen at 2 m/s air flow velocity by convective method and at different freezing temperatures (−30, −35, −40°C) and cryogenic method up to the thermal center temperature of the samples reaches to −20°C. It was determined that the reaction representing the lycopene change during the storage process occurred in accordance with the first‐order kinetic model. The reaction rate constants (k) determined for the lycopene change during the storage process of the tomatoes frozen by the convective method were found to be affected by freezing conditions and the results revealed that the k value decreased with reducing temperature. It was found that the half‐life time of the lycopene change reaction during the storage period increased as the freezing temperature decreased in the tomatoes frozen by the convective method. In general, it was seen that in terms of lycopene preservation of tomatoes, freezing of tomatoes with cryogenic method after being dehydrated by vacuum and osmotic treatment gave better results The lycopene loss at the end of the 6‐month storage was determined to be 46.4% in the tomatoes frozen by the cryogenic method after being dehydrated by the osmotic treatment, whereas it was 64% in the samples that were freshly frozen at −30°C.

Practical applications

Dehydrofreezing is a food freezing method in which the foods are partially dehydrated and then frozen. Traditional freezing methods cause serious damage to the vegetal products. Reducing the water that will be frozen in the dehydrofreezing process allows to form ice crystals without damaging the cellular structure of vegetables. Because of the reduction of tissue damage, sensitive nutrients are less affected by process conditions. As a result; for food producers, dehydrofreezing technology seems to be more advantageous as it means less processing time, more weight product for unit volume and high quality products. In conclusion, according to the results, freezing the tomatoes by dehydrofreezing method gives better results to protect the tomato lycopene during storage.
Developing a methodology to quantify mismanaged plastic waste entering the ocean in coastal countries
Authors: Ita‐Nagy Diana , Vázquez‐Rowe Ian , Kahhat Ramzy
Published: December 2022

Marine plastic accumulation has gained international attention in recent years. Sources, pathways, and environmental impacts are being currently studied to understand the complex interactions during waste, especially plastic, transportation to the sea. Rivers have been identified as debris corridors allowing transportation of mismanaged waste. However, there is also evidence of waste accumulation in river basins, suggesting they can also act as sinks. Thus, assuming a uniform and continuous transportation of waste through rivers towards the ocean may signify an oversimplification. This study proposes a methodology to estimate plastic release to the ocean, considering a more detailed characterization of each river basin, including natural attributes and manmade constructions that may act as barriers or boosters for this release. The methodology is exemplified using a case study for the Region of Piura, Peru, and estimating a range of 4.2 to 13.9 kg/person/year of plastic waste reaching the Pacific coast during 2018. These results, when compared with the existing literature, demonstrate more conservative estimations. This methodology is presented as a useful tool that can be easily applied to develop more accurate mismanaged waste dissipation along different compartments.
Examining parents' susceptibility: Coparenting relationships and parental involvement in low‐income families
Authors: Wang Jingyi , Schoppe‐Sullivan Sarah J. , Yan Julia (Jia) , Yoon Susan
Published: December 2022

Objective

This study investigated whether fathers' involvement in play with young children was more susceptible than mothers' involvement to coparenting relationships in low‐income families and examined child gender and fathers' residential status as moderators of susceptibility.

Background

Parental involvement in developmentally appropriate and stimulating activities benefits young children. The coparenting relationship plays an important role in shaping parental involvement, and its impact may be stronger for fathers, rendering fathers more susceptible.

Method

Data were drawn from 4606 families in the Building Strong Families project. Mothers and fathers reported coparenting relationship quality and involvement in play with children at 15‐ and 36‐month follow‐up studies. Cross‐lagged panel models were used incorporating actor‐partner interdependence.

Results

Overall, fathers' involvement was more strongly affected by coparenting relationship quality than mothers' involvement. Elevated susceptibility to coparenting did not apply to all fathers. The involvement of fathers of girls (vs. fathers of boys) and non‐resident fathers (vs. resident fathers) was more strongly affected by fathers' perceptions of coparenting. The actor effect from coparenting to involvement was stronger for fathers than mothers in families with non‐resident fathers. No significant differences were found in partner effects.

Conclusion

This study reveals that parents' susceptibility is multiply determined and highlights the importance of considering the interrelated nature of family subsystems. Intervention programs targeting parenting and coparenting should spare more efforts to involve fathers, especially those whose engagement in parenting may be most susceptible to family processes.
Lawful Persistence
Authors: Builes David , Teitel Trevor
Published: December 2022

The central aim of this paper is to use a particular view about how the laws of nature govern the evolution of our universe in order to develop and evaluate the two main competing options in the metaphysics of persistence, namely endurantism and perdurantism. We begin by motivating the view that our laws of nature dictate not only qualitative facts about the future, but also which objects will instantiate which qualitative properties. We then show that both traditional doctrines in the metaphysics of persistence must take on surprising further commitments in order to vindicate our universe being law‐governed in this strong sense. For example, we argue that endurantists should adopt a particular version of monism, and that perdurantists should adopt a qualitativist doctrine that dispenses with all individuals at the fundamental level.
Validity and reliability of the Danish version of QUALIDEM
Authors: Lauridsen Henrik Hein , Mau Martin , Midtiby Stig Linnemann , Dröes Rose‐Marie , Ettema Teake , Kristensen Hanne Kaae
Published: December 2022

Introduction

QUALIDEM is a dementia‐specific QoL instrument that allows a proxy‐based Quality of Life rating in all stages of dementia. It was originally developed in The Netherlands and has later been translated into English and German. This study endeavoured to translate, cross‐culturally adapt and test important psychometric properties of a Danish version in a cross‐sectional validation study with a nested test–retest design.

Method

All items underwent forward and backward translation by bilingual academics. Persons with dementia were recruited from 28 healthcare units in a Danish municipality. The severity of dementia was determined using a pragmatic approach allowing the site team to trichotomise the disease (mild, moderate–severe and very severe) before scoring the QUALIDEM. Psychometric properties for QUALIDEM were determined for item characteristics, construct validity, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, measurement error and floor and ceiling effects. The study was approved by The Danish Data Protection Agency.

Results

A total of 169 persons with dementia, aged 51–103, were included. The construct validity testing showed that the overall proportion of correctly hypothesised correlations was 83%. Testing for internal consistency, Cronbach's α ranged from 0.65 to 0.85 in mild–severe dementia with three out of nine subscales having values below 0.7. For very severe dementia, Cronbach's α ranged from 0.44 to 0.81, with three out of six subscales having insufficient values. For test–retest reliability, the intra‐class correlation coefficients ranged from 0.56 to 0.86. The ‘scale width’ method revealed a marked ceiling effect in all subscales ranging from 30.6% to 87.7%.

Discussion

The QUALIDEM was successfully translated and cross‐culturally adapted into Danish. Most subscales show acceptable internal consistency and test–retest reliability. However, a substantial measurement error and ceiling effect was present in most subscales.

Conclusion

With few exceptions, the subscales of the Danish version of QUALIDEM have acceptable validity and reliability. Future research should address the limitations of the ceiling effects.
Pan‐Africanism in the Pacific: Race and the international construction of West Papuan identity
Authors: Webster David
Published: December 2022

This paper examines the discourse of racial difference in the arena of global decolonization, examining the case of the Indonesian territory which is today known as Papua and until 1962 was a Dutch colony. Papuans formed a ‘nation‐of‐intent’ around the idea of ‘race’ and racial difference, initially the invention of colonial anthropologists and explorers. Papuan nationalists seized on the colonial power's declaration of racial difference, declaring themselves ‘the negroids of the Pacific’ and locating themselves within the wave of African decolonization. The paper discusses the way Papuan non‐state diplomats deployed ideas of race to claim a new Pan‐African identity, far from Africa. I draw on Papuan nationalist publications, United Nations and government documents, and oral testimonies to discuss how diplomatic imperatives led to the formation of a Papuan nationalist identity partly within the territory and partly in exile. Finally, I consider how the Papuan diaspora has continued to foster this nation‐of‐intent from exile since Indonesia’s annexation of West Papua in the 1960s.
Quantitative Assessment of Unemployment among Youths in Malaysia
Authors: Lee Wen Lok , Misiran Masnita , Sapiri Hasimah , Supadi Siti Suzlin , Md Yusof Zahayu
Published: December 2022

The youth unemployment rate is three times greater than the total unemployment rate in Malaysia, also it is moving more fluctuated and growing every year after a significant rise in 2015. Hence this study aims to determine the relationship between the influential factors and the youth unemployment rate and to examine which factors can serve as future indicators of youth unemployment rate in Malaysia. The annual basis of secondary data from 1992 to 2019 and the analysis methods are used Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression. The correlation results show that inflation rate, trade openness and urbanization are negatively correlated with youth unemployment rate, while Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), migration and exchange rate are positively correlated. Also, the regression results indicate only four factors which are FDI, trade openness, exchange rate, and urbanization are significant to the youth unemployment rate. Thus, they can serve as the future indicators of youth unemployment rate in Malaysia. More specifically, FDI and exchange rate are positively significant correlated with youth unemployment rate, whereas trade openness and urbanization are negatively significant related with youth unemployment rate.
Chitosan as Bone Scaffold and Graft Materials for Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wahjuningrum Dian Agustin , Setyabudi Setyabudi , Cahyani Febriastuti , Setiawan Fery , Dianti Eska , Sampoerno Galih , Saraswati Widya , Nurdianto Arif Rahman , Bhardwaj Anuj
Published: December 2022

Chitosan is a natural biodegradable polymer made from crustacean exoskeletons (shrimp and crab). Recently, natural material is preferably used in order to prevent any side effects from synthetic material. Previous research showed that chitosan has anti-bacterial properties, which can act as a bone graft scaffold material to increase in bone regeneration process. This article discusses the antibacterial effect of chitosan in the bone regeneration process. Bone graft consists of many primary graft materials which focus on alloplastic graft composite type. Bone graft is related to bone regeneration which associated with the process of secondary/indirect bone healing. The main trait of bone graft material is that it is not toxic to the chitosan’s host cell. Chitosan’s anti-bacterial effects can be associated with one of the three phases of bone defect healing, which is inflammation phase that acts to prevent bacterial invasion as an infectious disease in bone injury. Because of this, it can accelerate the polarization of macrophage M1 (secrete pro-inflammatory cytokine) to macrophage M2 (secrete anti-inflammatory cytokine) that relates to osteoblastogenesis. Osteoblastogenesis relates to the increase of osteoblast synthesis, deposition and mineralization of extracellular matrix leading to the maturation of osteoblast become osteocyte called ossification process.
Strength Characteristics of Plastic-Bonded Plywood
Authors: Parsons G. B.
Published: December 2022

New methods of molding plywood by the bag process, combined with new adhesives, have opened a wide range of possibilities for the use of plywood in aircraft construction. This paper explains some of the more important advantages of plastic-bonded plywood and presents some of the pertinent basic-strength characteristics. The prediction is made that in the near future with gluing technique advancing rapidly, a thin metal covering glued to a plywood core will be used to great advantage in airplanes having high wing loadings. Such construction will combine the high axial strengths of the metals with the good buckling characteristics of the thicker plywood construction.
The Effect of Wood Structure Upon Heat Conductivity
Authors: Wangaard F. F.
Published: December 2022

Shrinkage and swelling, mechanical properties, and working qualities of wood are all related to the orientation of structural units of the cell wall. The effect of fibrillar orientation upon the heat-conducting properties of wood indicates a new technique for the selection of various qualities of wood. The differential thermal conductivity of wood in the longitudinal and transverse directions is shown to be due chiefly to the anisotropic character of the fibrils, and deviations from anticipated transverse-conductivity values, as well as longitudinal-transverse heat-conductivity ratios, are closely related to fibrillar orientation. In this paper application of longitudinal-transverse conductivity ratios is proposed particularly for the detection of mild compression wood.
Experience in the Use of Electrostatic Fly-Ash Precipitators
Authors: McChesney Irvin G.
Published: December 2022

This paper discusses several years’ experience with Cottrell electrostatic fly-ash precipitators. Early rod-curtain electrodes were modified following model studies carried out by the Research Corporation, Bound Brook, N. J. The improved design uses punched plates for collecting electrodes. The solutions of other operating problems, including distribution of gas, flue corrosion, and the design of by-pass ducts, are considered.
An Analysis of the Factors Responsible for Raised Grain on the Wood of Oak Following Sanding and Staining
Authors: Marra G. G.
Published: December 2022

Attempts to minimize the development of raised grain without fully understanding the causes of its development have led to costly processing techniques in industry. The cause or causes of this condition may originate from any one or a combination of several of the many factors involved in the sanding operation. What these factors are or how they function is by no means well understood. The research reported, therefore, was initiated for the purpose of determining the more important factors responsible for the raised-grain condition as they pertain particularly to the wood of oak.
Heating Wood With Radio-Frequency Power
Authors: Taylor J. P.
Published: December 2022

Radio-frequency power can advantageously be used to provide the heat required in various types of wood processing such as seasoning, drying, curing of impregnating materials, gluing, and bonding. This method is of considerable importance to the production of plastic plywood planes, boats, and housings of various types. This paper is intended to form an introduction to the subject. The theory of radio-frequency heating is considered briefly, the factors which determine its applicability and usefulness are discussed, and some data for the calculation of power required, time cycle, and operating cost are presented. Means of handling some specific problems are reviewed and several typical installations briefly described.
Corrosion of Unstressed Specimens of Alloy Steel by Steam at Temperatures up to 1800 F
Authors: Hawkins G. A. , Solberg H. L. , Agnew J. T. , Potter A. A.
Published: December 2022

This paper presents the results of tests made at the Engineering Experiment Station of Purdue University to determine relative resistance to corrosion by steam of unstressed specimens of various alloy steels at temperatures of 1500 F and 1800 F. The data include results from 500-hr tests at 1500 F and 1800 F for a representative selection of steels containing up to 18 per cent chromium, and for a 500-hr and a 1300-hr test on 25-20 and 25-15-2-W steels at 1800 F. The results permit extension of previously published data to cover the temperature range from 1000 to 1800 F. All of the steels tested except the 25-20 and 25-15-2-W specimens show rapid corrosion beyond a limiting temperature which increases with chromium content. The 25-20 and 25-15-2-W steels were extremely resistant to steam corrosion for exposures up to 1300 hr at 1800 F.
Measurement of High Temperatures in High-Velocity Gas Streams
Authors: King W. J.
Published: December 2022

Conventional methods of measuring temperatures are subject to considerable errors, when applied to gas streams at velocities around 500 fps and temperatures of the order of 1600 F, which conditions occur, for example, in the exhaust-gas pipe of an airplane engine. An investigation of this problem the results of which are reported in this paper was suggested by the Special Subcommittee on Exhaust Gas Turbines and Intercoolers of the N.A.C.A. and was carried out with the assistance of the Subcommittee on Exhaust Gas Temperature Measurement of the Committee on Industrial Instruments and Regulators. Tests were conducted on the thermocouple, which at present is the most satisfactory temperature-measuring device available, to develop a shield and mounting that would achieve maximum accuracy and minimum size and weight for airplane application. The results indicate that something better than the ordinary thermocouple mountings is required for even a fair degree of accuracy with either the high velocities or temperatures considered. A few tentative devices are suggested which will serve until further studies have been made and more adequate solutions provided.
The Holding Power and Hydraulic Tightness of Expanded Tube Joints: Analysis of the Stress and Deformation
Authors: Goodier J. N. , Schoessow G. J.
Published: December 2022

The expanding process used for making the tubes of boilers tight and in other applications is idealized to form a problem in the theory of plasticity. This problem is solved in order to find out how far the factors taken into account in this theory are adequate to explain the results obtained in tests, mainly those reported in the companion paper of Grimison and Lee (19). The pressure left between the tube and plate or seat, which gives it tightness and contributes to its strength, is the principal object of calculation. Its variations with the yield stresses of tube and plate material, with degree of expanding, and with the thickness of the plate, are obtained in graphical form. Numerical comparison with tests is made for six joints, with fair agreement in five, the theoretical values being within 12 per cent. All are on the low side, and this is to be expected from the fact that the theory disregards strain-hardening, stress in the direction of the tube axis, and possible differences between expanding by a three-roller tool and expanding by uniform pressure within the tube.
Influence of Nonuniform Development of Heat Upon the Temperature Distribution in Electrical Coils and Similar Heat Sources of Simple Form
Authors: Jakob Max
Published: December 2022

The maximum temperature in an electrical coil of simple shape can be found by measuring the surface temperature and the increase of the electrical resistance under load which yields the mean temperature. This well-known method is based upon the assumption that a coil is a body in which heat is developed almost uniformly all over the volume. But, owing to the increase of the electrical resistance with temperature, more heat per unit volume is developed in the warmer sections of the coil than in the colder ones. The purpose of the present paper is to find the influence of this lack of uniformity in some simple cases. It is further shown how for some usual shapes of coils the maximum temperature can be found approximately from the equations derived for certain simple shapes, and the results for such a case are compared with experimental results taken from literature. The results of the paper refer, but are not restricted to electrical coils. They can be used also for exothermal chemical reactions in cases where steady-state and linear increase of the heat of reaction with temperature can be assumed, and the method can be extended to endothermal reactions. The application to the cases of plate, hollow cylinder, and hollow sphere with different temperature at the two free surfaces will form the subject of another paper.
Centrifugal-Pump Performance as a Function of Specific Speed
Authors: Stepanoff A. J.
Published: December 2022

The object of this paper is to examine the performance of centrifugal pumps as a function of specific speed. Based on established gross pump efficiencies, hydraulic efficiency is evaluated by eliminating mechanical and leakage losses. General laws of variation of disk friction and leakage losses with the specific speed are established. A special study is made of leakage losses, and coefficients necessary for calculation of flow through small annular clearances are given as function of Reynolds number. Knowing hydraulic efficiency, hydraulic losses are calculated, and these in turn permit determination of the necessary experimental coefficients for improved formulas for the theoretical head developed by impellers of centrifugal pumps.
New Five-Bar and Six-Bar Linkages in Three Dimensions
Authors: Goldberg Michael
Published: December 2022

The author outlines the historical background for the study of linkages, both in a plane and of the three-dimensional type. The latter have not received very much attention, although some investigations of special types of space linkages have been reported. The present paper is confined to a discussion of two types of five-bar linkages and four types of six-bar linkages. While it is little known by the engineering field, the Bennett linkage is a useful and economic mechanism. An explanation of this linkage, its mathematical derivation, and combinations of its elements are discussed at some length. Among the possible applications of space linkages, the most obvious is the conversion of oscillating or rotational motion in one plane to motion in another plane. The Bennett linkage is the simplest for this purpose. Other uses of various types of linkages are mentioned.
A Practical Way to Prevent Embrittlement Cracking
Authors: Berk A. A. , Schroeder W. C.
Published: December 2022

Suggestions are given for applying methods of preventing embrittlement cracking which are based upon the results of a great number of tests with the embrittlement detector on operating boilers. A summary is given in tabular form of more than 900 plant tests of this nature on variously treated boiler waters. The method of water treatment, the sources of supply of chemicals, and the most desirable conditions of application for sodium nitrate, quebracho extract, waste sulphite liquor, and zero-caustic alkalinity are discussed. These methods of chemical treatment for preventing embrittlement are compared.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Annuli
Authors: Davis Elmer S.
Published: December 2022

This paper presents new equations for heat transfer and pressure drop in annular spaces for turbulent and laminar flow. The equations have been checked against most of the data available in the literature and are found to give excellent agreement. For heat transfer, the D2/D1 range tested is from 1.18 to 6800, and for pressure drop from 1.0044 to infinity. The heat-transfer and friction factors vary with the same powers as the corresponding cases for flow inside tubes. The friction equation reduces exactly to the conventional equation for flow inside tubes when D1 approaches zero. For most commercial cases, the new equations give higher rates than the equation for flow inside tubes of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, using hydraulic diameter based on either heated or wetted perimeter.
Automatic Temperature-Recording Control System
Authors: Moore M. E.
Published: December 2022

The automatic temperature-recording system developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc., is described. Designed primarily for use in flight-test work, the system may be readily adapted to test stands and the like. The system provides for the measurement of any number of points in groups of twenty-four each. The adaptation of this system to any automatic temperature-recording device is discussed, and the requirements of such a device are stated. Design considerations are covered, and the construction and operation of the system described.
Snap Buckling in Overhand Knots
Authors: Tong Dezhong , Choi Andrew , Joo Jungseock , Borum Andy , Khalid Jawed Mohammad
Published: December 2022

When an overhand knot tied in an elastic rod is tightened, it can undergo a sudden change in shape through snap buckling. In this article, we use a combination of discrete differential geometry (DDG)-based simulations and tabletop experiments to explore the onset of buckling as a function of knot topology, rod geometry, and friction. In our setup, two open ends of an overhand knot are slowly pulled apart, which leads to snap buckling in the knot loop. We call this phenomenon “inversion” since the loop appears to move dramatically from one side of the knot to the other. This inversion occurs due to the coupling of elastic energy between the braid (the portion of the knot in self-contact) and the loop (the portion of the knot with two ends connected to the braid). A numerical framework is implemented that combines discrete elastic rods with a constraint-based method for frictional contact to explore inversion in overhand knots. The numerical simulation robustly captures inversion in the knot and is found to be in good agreement with experimental results. In order to gain physical insight into the inversion process, we also develop a simplified model of the knot that does not require simulation of self-contact, which allows us to visualize the bifurcation that results in snap buckling.
Survival Time of Humans in Extreme Cold Climate: Experimental, Numerical and Parametric Study on Ambient Temperature, Fabric Insulation and Metabolic Heat
Authors: Dupade Vikrant , Premachandran B. , Rengasamy R. S. , Talukdar Prabal
Published: December 2022

Prior knowledge of the survival time of a person clothed with extreme cold-weather clothing would be useful in designing an appropriate fabric ensemble. The survival time may depend on ambient temperature, fabric insulation, and metabolic heat and can be evaluated by designing a suitable experiment. To study the effect of different parameters on the survival time of humans, one such experiment is designed in an in-house developed guarded hot plate instrument placed inside a cold chamber capable of maintaining the ambient temperature between 210 K and 310 K. The experiments were performed at three different subzero temperatures, three different fabric insulation, and selecting three metabolic heats. The transient temperature profiles at different locations of the fabric assembly were measured continuously. Further, a one-dimensional heat transfer model was developed to carry out the numerical simulation. The experimental and numerical transient temperature profiles across the fabric assembly agree well. The correlations developed for theoretically predicted survival times compare well with actual experimental data. The parametric analysis has shown that the ambient temperature is the most influencing parameter affecting the survival time followed by fabric insulation. The metabolic heat does not have a significant effect on survival time.
Development of calibration technique for underwater transducers in free field conditions below 1000 Hz with results on an acoustical recorder
Authors: Linné Markus , Sigray Peter , Lalander Emilia , Davidsson Per , Hall Thomas , Östberg Martin
Published: December 2022

A calibration technique with potential for low frequencies and sizeable systems of underwater transducers is being developed at the Swedish Defence Research Agency. The technique is based on the three-transducer spherical wave reciprocity method for use in an ice-covered lake with a depth of 220 m in the Swedish arctic zone. The calibration is performed at a depth of approximately 100 m with inter-transducer separations of 50 m, 86.6 m, and 100 m, allowing for frequencies down to 59 Hz using time-gated tone burst signals. In this paper, the calibration location, system, and technique are introduced, and the calibration results of an acoustical recorder in the range of 59 Hz–1 kHz are presented. The sensitivity is varying with frequency around −148 dB re 1 V/μPa, and the uncertainty budget is discussed.
Inhibition of fungal pathogenicity by targeting the H
2
S-synthesizing enzyme cystathionine β-synthase
Authors: Chang Wenqiang , Zhang Ming , Jin Xueyang , Zhang Haijuan , Zheng Hongbo , Zheng Sha , Qiao Yanan , Yu Haina , Sun Bin , Hou Xuben , Lou Hongxiang
Published: December 2022

The global emergence of antifungal resistance threatens the limited arsenal of available treatments and emphasizes the urgent need for alternative antifungal agents. Targeting fungal pathogenic functions is an appealing alternative therapeutic strategy. Here, we show that cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), compared with cystathionine γ-lyase, is the major enzyme that synthesizes hydrogen sulfide in the pathogenic fungus
Candida albicans
. Deletion of CBS leads to deficiencies in resistance to oxidative stress, retarded cell growth, defective hyphal growth, and increased β-glucan exposure, which, together, reduce the pathogenicity of
C. albicans
. By high-throughput screening, we identified protolichesterinic acid, a natural molecule obtained from a lichen, as an inhibitor of CBS that neutralizes the virulence of
C. albicans
and exhibits therapeutic efficacy in a murine candidiasis model. These findings support the application of CBS as a potential therapeutic target to fight fungal infections.
Atypical
Legionella
GTPase effector hijacks host vesicular transport factor p115 to regulate host lipid droplet
Authors: Chen Tao-Tao , Lin Yanling , Zhang Shijun , Liu Shuxin , Song Lei , Zhong Wenhong , Luo Zhao-Qing , Han Aidong
Published: December 2022

The intracellular bacterial pathogen
Legionella pneumophila
uses hundreds of effector proteins to manipulate multiple processes of the host cells to establish a replicative niche known as
Legionella
-containing vacuole (LCV). Biogenesis of the LCV has been known to depend on host small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), but whether bacterial effector GTPases are also involved remains unknown. Here, we show that an ankyrin repeat containing effector LegA15 localizes directly in host lipid droplets (LDs), leading to Golgi apparatus fragmentation of the host cells by hijacking the host vesicular transport factor p115. LegA15 is a GTPase with a unique catalytic mechanism, unlike any eukaryotic small GTPases. Moreover, the effector LegA15 co-opts p115 to modulate homeostasis of the host LDs in its GTPase-dependent manner. Together, our data reveal that an atypical GTPase effector regulates the host LDs through impeding the vesicle secretion system of the host cells for intracellular life cycle of
Legionella
.
High-speed single-exposure time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing against dynamic scattering
Authors: Luo Jiawei , Liu Yan , Wu Daixuan , Xu Xiao , Shao Lijie , Feng Yuanhua , Pan Jingshun , Zhao Jiayu , Shen Yuecheng , Li Zhaohui
Published: December 2022

Focusing light deep inside live scattering tissue promises to revolutionize biophotonics by enabling deep tissue noninvasive optical imaging, manipulation, and therapy. By combining with guide stars, wavefront shaping is emerging as a powerful tool to make scattering media optically transparent. However, for in vivo biomedical applications, the speeds of existing techniques are still too slow to accommodate the fast speckle decorrelation of live tissue. To address this key bottleneck, we develop a quaternary phase encoding scheme to enable single-exposure time-reversed ultrasonically encode optical focusing with full-phase modulations. Specifically, we focus light inside dynamic scattering media with an average mode time down to 29 ns, which indicates that more than 10
4
effective spatial modes can be controlled within 1 millisecond. With this technique, we demonstrate in vivo light focusing in between a highly opaque adult zebrafish of 5.1 millimeters in thickness and a ground glass diffuser. Our work presents an important step toward in vivo deep tissue applications of wavefront shaping.
Mechanisms of ion selectivity and throughput in the mitochondrial calcium uniporter
Authors: Delgado Bryce D. , Long Stephen B.
Published: December 2022

The mitochondrial calcium uniporter, which regulates aerobic metabolism by catalyzing mitochondrial Ca
2+
influx, is arguably the most selective ion channel known. The mechanisms for this exquisite Ca
2+
selectivity have not been defined. Here, using a reconstituted system, we study the electrical properties of the channel’s minimal Ca
2+
-conducting complex, MCU-EMRE, from
Tribolium castaneum
to probe ion selectivity mechanisms. The wild-type
Tc
MCU-EMRE complex recapitulates hallmark electrophysiological properties of endogenous Uniporter channels. Through interrogation of pore-lining mutants, we find that a ring of glutamate residues, the “E-locus,” serves as the channel’s selectivity filter. Unexpectedly, a nearby “D-locus” at the mouth of the pore has diminutive influence on selectivity. Anomalous mole fraction effects indicate that multiple Ca
2+
ions are accommodated within the E-locus. By facilitating ion-ion interactions, the E-locus engenders both exquisite Ca
2+
selectivity and high ion throughput. Direct comparison with structural information yields the basis for selective Ca
2+
conduction by the channel.
Depolarization block in olfactory sensory neurons expands the dimensionality of odor encoding
Authors: Tadres David , Wong Philip H. , To Thuc , Moehlis Jeff , Louis Matthieu
Published: December 2022

Upon strong and prolonged excitation, neurons can undergo a silent state called depolarization block that is often associated with disorders such as epileptic seizures. Here, we show that neurons in the peripheral olfactory system undergo depolarization block as part of their normal physiological function. Typically, olfactory sensory neurons enter depolarization block at odor concentrations three orders of magnitude above their detection threshold, thereby defining receptive fields over concentration bands. The silencing of high-affinity olfactory sensory neurons produces sparser peripheral odor representations at high-odor concentrations, which might facilitate perceptual discrimination. Using a conductance-based model of the olfactory transduction cascade paired with spike generation, we provide numerical and experimental evidence that depolarization block arises from the slow inactivation of sodium channels—a process that could affect a variety of sensory neurons. The existence of ethologically relevant depolarization block in olfactory sensory neurons creates an additional dimension that expands the peripheral encoding of odors.
Supplemental Material: Crater formation during the onset of mud volcanism
Authors: Pryce Evan , al. et
Published: December 2022

Information on the seismic data and depth calibration, as well as uninterpreted seismic sections, with supplemental figures illustrating the role of natural gas, and the analogy between pockmark formation and the onset of mud volcanism. 
Vascular malformation rupture in a patient affected by Costello syndrome
Authors: Barbieri Francesca , Hall Ignacio Fernando , Elia Leonardo , Civilini Efrem
Published: December 2022

Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare genetic syndrome affecting multiple organs, generally caused by mutations of theHRASgene, belonging to theRAS/MAPKgenes family.

A male patient with CS developed a painful pulsatile mass on the lateral side of the wrist. An initial ultrasonographic investigation confirmed the presence of a radial artery lesion, possibly an arterial aneurysm. On surgical resection, histological evaluation showed a tangle of vascular structures with variable calibre and abnormal wall histology. Immunohistochemical stainings revealed a very poor endothelial contribution to the central vascular wall structure. These histological observations led us to conclude we had managed an acute vascular malformation (VM) rupture, rather than a common arterial aneurysmal condition. Considering the molecular mechanisms regulated byRAS/MAPKgenes, CS patients might have a higher risk of developing VMs and, in the presence of a pulsatile mass with acute onset, VM rupture should be considered.
Strategies and best practices that enhance participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate university students: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Johannes Chante , Onagbiye Sunday O , Roman Nicolette V , Leach Lloyd L
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Physical activity has health benefits, including lowered obesity, diabetes and hypertension levels. However, participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate students is declining and, instead, physical inactivity sets the path for sedentarism. Strategies and best practices used to enhance participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate students are beneficial for mitigating sedentariness and promoting healthy lifestyles. Therefore, this study aims to present a systematic review protocol that focuses on the strategies and best practices used to enhance participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate university students.

Methods and analysis

Quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods design studies will be included and appraised. The following databases will be searched: PubMed, Science Direct, Academic Search Complete, ERIC, Web of Science, SAGE, CINAHL Plus and SPORTDiscus. Database searches on physical activities among undergraduate university students will be generated to answer the following research question: What are the strategies and best practices used to enhance participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate university students? Two independent reviewers will conduct the primary screening of articles from 2011 to 2022. A third reviewer will be consulted to solve any disagreements. Study selection will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and study quality will be assessed by the Johanna Biggs Institute checklist. Results from the selected articles will be extracted, summarised and categorised based on the type of study participants, study design and setting, and methodological quality. A narrative description will synthesise the findings to answer the objectives of this review.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval for this study was granted by the Humanities and Social Science Research Ethics Committee at the University of the Western Cape, reference number: HS21/10/24. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentation.
Retrospective case–control study on screening risk factors of antibiotic-associated encephalopathy in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Wang Hongling , Liu Daquan
Published: December 2022

Objective

The renal excretion function of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is reduced, and the nervous system toxic reactions of antibiotics are prone to occur. The purpose of this study is to screen out some risk factors for patients with CKD to suffer from antibiotic-associated encephalopathy (AAE).

Design

A case–control study.

Setting

A tertiary hospital in China.

Participants

The medical records of patients who were hospitalised for CKD and infectious diseases in our hospital from January 2010 to December 2019. All patients used antibiotics to treat infectious diseases during hospitalisation. All patients were divided into two groups according to whether they developed AAE during hospitalisation. The patients with CKD without AAE were selected as the control group (n=120), and the patients with CKD with AAE were regarded as the AAE group (n=102).

Interventions

This study systematically analysed its clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, prognosis, etc, and summarised the risk factors related to AAE in patients with CKD.

Primary outcome

Screening risk factors of AAE in patients with CKD.

Results

Logistic regression analysis showed that coronary heart disease, as well as abnormal indicators of haemoglobin, albumin, uric acid and blood phosphorus were independent risk factors for patients with CKD with AAE (OR values were 4.137, 0.963, 0.849, 0.996 0.161, respectively, all p<0.05). The case fatality rate (Pearson χ2=7.524, p=0.006), rehospitalisation rate (Pearson χ2=6.187, p=0.013) and treatment costs (t=−8.44, p<0.001) in encephalopathy group are significantly higher than the control group.

Conclusions

Patients with CKD with AAE will increase the case fatality rate and cause poor prognosis. Coronary heart disease, as well as decreased levels of haemoglobin, albumin, uric acid, and blood phosphorus are independent risk factors for patients with CKD with AAE. Timely intervention of these risk factors may reduce the incidence of AAE and improve the prognosis.