bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) adjusts clock-gene expression and REM-sleep recovery following sleep deprivation
Authors: Hoekstra Marieke MB , Emmenegger Yann , Hubbard Jeffrey , Franken Paul
Published: February 2019

Sleep depriving mice affects clock-gene expression, suggesting that these genes contribute to sleep homeostasis. The mechanisms linking extended wakefulness to clock-gene expression are, however, not well understood. We propose CIRBP to play a role because its rhythmic expression is i) sleep-wake driven and ii) necessary for high-amplitude clock-gene expression in vitro. We therefore expect Cirbp knock-out (KO) mice to exhibit attenuated sleep-deprivation-induced changes in clock-gene expression, and consequently to differ in their sleep homeostatic regulation. Lack of CIRBP indeed blunted the sleep-deprivation incurred changes in cortical expression of Nr1d1, whereas it amplified the changes in Per2 and Clock. Concerning sleep homeostasis, KO mice accrued only half the extra REM sleep wild-type (WT) littermates obtained during recovery. Unexpectedly, KO mice were more active during lights-off which was accompanied with faster theta oscillations compared to WT mice. Thus, CIRBP adjusts cortical clock-gene expression after sleep deprivation and expedites REM-sleep recovery.
Heparin-induced tau filaments are polymorphic and differ from those in Alzheimer’s and Pick’s diseases
Authors: Zhang Wenjuan , Falcon Benjamin , Murzin Alexey G , Fan Juan , Crowther R Anthony , Goedert Michel , Scheres Sjors HW
Published: February 2019

Assembly of microtubule-associated protein tau into filamentous inclusions underlies a range of neurodegenerative diseases. Tau filaments adopt different conformations in Alzheimer’s and Pick’s diseases. Here, we used cryo- and immuno- electron microscopy to characterise filaments that were assembled from recombinant full-length human tau with four (2N4R) or three (2N3R) microtubule-binding repeats in the presence of heparin. 2N4R tau assembles into multiple types of filaments, and the structures of three types reveal similar ‘kinked hairpin’ folds, in which the second and third repeats pack against each other. 2N3R tau filaments are structurally homogeneous, and adopt a dimeric core, where the third repeats of two tau molecules pack in a parallel manner. The heparin-induced tau filaments differ from those of Alzheimer’s or Pick’s disease, which have larger cores with different repeat compositions. Our results illustrate the structural versatility of amyloid filaments, and raise questions about the relevance of in vitro assembly.
What single neurons can tell us
Authors: Miller Elaine N , Sherwood Chet C
Published: February 2019

IQ scores are correlated with the morphology and activity of certain neurons in the human temporal cortex.
Molecular and morphological congruence of three new crypticNeopetrosiaspp. in the Caribbean
Authors: Vicente Jan , Ríos Jaime Andrés , Zea Sven , Toonen Robert J.
Published: February 2019

Neopetrosia proxima(Porifera: Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) is described as a morphologically variable sponge common on shallow reefs of the Caribbean. However, the range of morphological and reproductive variation within putativeN. proximaled us to hypothesize that such variability may be indicative of cryptic species rather than plasticity. Using DNA sequences and morphological characters we confirmed the presence of three previously undescribed species ofNeopetrosia. Morphological differences of each new congener were best resolved by partial gene sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 over nuclear ones (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA). Several new characters forNeopetrosiawere revealed by each new species. For example,N. dendrocrevaceasp. nov. andN. cristatasp. nov. showed the presence of grooves on the surface of the sponge body that converge at the oscula, and a more disorganized skeleton than previously defined for the genus.N. sigmaferasp. nov. adds the (1) presence of sigma microscleres, (2) significantly wider/longer oxeas (>200 μm), and (3) the presence of parenchymella larvae. Sampling of conspecifics throughout several locations in the Caribbean revealed larger spicules in habitats closer to the continental shelf than those in remote island locations. Our study highlights the importance of integrating molecular and morphological systematics for the discrimination of newNeopetrosiaspp. despite belonging to one of several polyphyletic groups (families, genera) within the current definition of the order Haplosclerida.
Disentangling the effect of host-genotype and environment on the microbiome of the coral Acropora tenuis
Authors: Glasl Bettina , Smith Caitlin E. , Bourne David G. , Webster Nicole S.
Published: February 2019

Genotype-specific contributions to the environmental tolerance and disease susceptibility of corals are widely accepted. Yet our understanding of how host genotype influences the composition and stability of the coral microbiome subjected to environmental fluctuations is limited. To gain insight into the community dynamics and environmental stability of microbiomes associated with distinct coral genotypes, we assessed the microbial community associated with Acropora tenuis under single and cumulative pressure experiments. Experimental treatments comprised either a single pulse of reduced salinity (minimum of 28 psu) or exposure to the cumulative pressures of reduced salinity (minimum of 28 psu), elevated seawater temperature (+2 °C), elevated pCO2 (900 ppm), and the presence of macroalgae. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence data revealed that A. tenuis microbiomes were highly host-genotype specific and maintained high compositional stability irrespective of experimental treatment. On average, 48% of the A. tenuis microbiome was dominated by Endozoicomonas. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) belonging to this genus were significantly different between host individuals. Although no signs of stress were evident in the coral holobiont and the vast majority of ASVs remained stable across treatments, a microbial indicator approach identified 26 ASVs belonging to Vibrionaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Hahellaceae, Planctomycetes, Phylobacteriaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, and Cryomorphaceae that were significantly enriched in corals exposed to single and cumulative stressors. While several recent studies have highlighted the efficacy of microbial indicators as sensitive markers for environmental disturbance, the high host-genotype specificity of coral microbiomes may limit their utility and we therefore recommend meticulous control of host-genotype effects in coral microbiome research.
Motor expertise modulates unconscious rather than conscious executive control
Authors: Meng Fanying , Li Anmin , You Yihong , Xie Chun
Published: February 2019

Background

Executive control, the ability to regulate the execution of a goal-directed task, is an important element in an athlete’s skill set. Although previous studies have shown that executive control in athletes is better than that in non-athletes, those studies were mainly confined to conscious executive control. Many recent studies have suggested that executive control can be triggered by the presentation of visual stimuli without participant’s conscious awareness. However, few studies have examined unconscious executive control in sports. Thus, the present study investigated whether, similar to conscious executive control, unconscious executive control in table tennis athletes is superior to that in non-athletes.

Methods

In total, 42 age-matched undergraduate students were recruited for this study; 22 nonathletic students lacking practical athletic experience comprised one group, and 20 table tennis athletes with many years of training in this sport comprised a second group. Each participant first completed an unconscious response priming task, the unconscious processing of visual-spatial information, and then completed a conscious version of this same response priming task.

Results

Table tennis athletes showed a significant response priming effect, whereas non-athletes did not, when participants were unable to consciously perceive the visual-spatial priming stimuli. In addition, the number of years the table tennis athletes had trained in this sport (a measure of their motor expertise) was positively correlated with the strength of the unconscious response priming effect. However, both table tennis athletes and non-athletes showed a response priming effect when the primes were unmasked and the participants were able to consciously perceive the visual-spatial priming stimuli.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that motor expertise modulates unconscious, rather than conscious, executive control and that motor expertise is positively correlated with unconscious executive control in table tennis athletes.
Fruit availability for migratory birds: a GIS approach
Authors: Tattoni Clara , Soardi Erica , Prosser Filippo , Odasso Maurizio , Zatelli Paolo , Ciolli Marco
Published: February 2019

Bird migration is a widely studied phenomenon, however many factors that influence migratory flows remain unknown or poorly understood. Food availability en route is particularly important for many species and can affect their migration success, pattern and timing but this relationship has not been addressed at a wide scale due to the lack of spatial models of food availability on the terrain. This work presents a GIS-database approach that combines spatial and non-spatial ecological information in order to map fruit availability from vegetation over time in the SE Alps, an important node of European migratory routes. We created a unique database that contains information on the presence and periods of fructification of 52 wild plants carrying berries and a series of original cartographic themes. The presence and coverage of the plant species was modelled with the geo-statistical method of the Gaussian Kernel, which was validated against the ground truth of field sampling data with a correct classification power above 80% in most cases. The highest fruit availability in the study area during September and October co-occurs with the peak of captures of berry eating birds. The maps created and distributed along this work can be useful to address more detailed studies about stopover sites as well as the spatial ecology of other fruit eating animals.
Evaluation of DESS as a storage medium for microbial community analysis
Authors: Lee Kevin M. , Adams Madison , Klassen Jonathan L.
Published: February 2019

Microbial ecology research requires sampling strategies that accurately represent the microbial community under study. These communities must typically be transported from the collection location to the laboratory and then stored until they can be processed. However, there is a lack of consensus on how best to preserve microbial communities during transport and storage. Here, we evaluated dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, saturated salt (DESS) solution as a broadly applicable preservative for microbial ecology experiments. We stored fungus gardens grown by the ant Trachymyrmex septentrionalis in DESS, 15% glycerol, and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to test their impact on the fungus garden microbial community. Variation in microbial community structure due to differences in preservative type was minimal when compared to variation between ant colonies. Additionally, DESS preserved the structure of a defined mock community more faithfully than either 15% glycerol or PBS. DESS is inexpensive, easy to transport, and effective in preserving microbial community structure. We therefore conclude that DESS is a valuable preservative for use in microbial ecology research.
A cross-sectional study of the association between anxiety and temporomandibular disorder in Australian chiropractic students
Authors: Theroux Jean , Stomski Norman , Cope Vicki , Mortimer-Jones Sheila , Maurice Laura
Published: February 2019

Objective:

This study examined the association between anxiety and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in Australian chiropractic students, particularly its effect on quality of life.

Methods:

Chiropractic students (n = 185) completed online surveys, including the Oral Health Impact Profile for TMDs (OHIP-TMD) and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) questionnaire. The OHIP-TMD psychometric properties were assessed using principal component analysis. Linear regression models were used to examine demographic predictors for anxiety and TMD. A general linear model assessed the association between anxiety and the psychosocial and function scales identified through analysis of the OHIP-TMD questionnaire.

Results:

The mean value for the OHIP-TMD and PROMIS was 1.3 (SD = 0.7) and 9.5 (SD = 4.1), respectively. Women reported significantly lower quality of life (QoL) related to TMD symptoms (p = 0.006) and that QoL related to TMD symptoms increased significantly as students progressed through the course (p = .025). Lower levels of anxiety were significantly associated with male gender (p = .000), employment (p = .008), higher program levels (p = .003), and having children (p = .005). General linear model analysis revealed that increased anxiety was significantly associated with higher levels of oral physical function impairment (p = .003) and elevated psychosocial distress (p = .0001).

Conclusion:

Anxiety was significantly associated with psychosocial distress and oral physical function impairment in university chiropractic students. In addition to impacting on oral health-related QoL, anxiety also affects students' engagement with learning and academic performance. It would therefore be beneficial to implement strategies that mitigate students' anxiety levels.
Frequency of Occurrence of the Rat Lungworm Parasite in the Invasive Island Apple Snail in South Carolina, USA
Authors: Underwood Elizabeth B. , Walker Matt J. , Darden Tanya L. , Kingsley-Smith Peter R.
Published: February 2019

The rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a nematode parasite that can cause potentially fatal eosinophilic meningitis in humans. The life cycle of A. cantonensis involves multiple hosts, with the most common terminal hosts being rodents and intermediate hosts comprising gastropods. One such gastropod is the invasive island apple snail Pomacea maculata, which is native to South America but is currently established in several states in the USA, including South Carolina. It has been identified as an intermediate host for A. cantonensis in several locations in Louisiana. The ability of the island apple snail to serve as an intermediate host for A. cantonensis poses significant potential threats to human health, yet no studies to date have determined the prevalence of this parasite in island apple snails in South Carolina. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of occurrence of A. cantonensis in South Carolina island apple snails by using a real-time PCR assay. One-hundred individuals from each of three distinct stormwater retention ponds were tested, and no positive detections were found. Determining the prevalence of A. cantonensis in island apple snails is critical in accurately informing the public as to the risks involved in handling and/or consuming island apple snails.
Chemical Locking in Molecular Tunneling Junctions Enables Nonvolatile Memory with Large On–Off Ratios
Authors: Kumar Sumit , Merelli Michele , Danowski Wojciech , Rudolf Petra , Feringa Ben L. , Chiechi Ryan C.
Published: February 2019

This paper describes the reversible chemical locking of sypiropyran switches bound to metallic surfaces to enable the encoding of nonvolatile information. Data are encoded spatially by selectively locking the spiropyran moieties in their merocyanine form using a combination of exposure to acid and UV light. Without exposure to acid, the merocyanine form spontaneously converts back to the spiropyran form. Bits are resolved by defining the regions of the monolayer that are exposed to acid, using a “soft punchcard” fabricated from a silicone elastomer. Information is read by measuring the tunneling charge–transport through the monolayer using eutectic Ga–In top‐contacts. The merocyanine form is more than three orders of magnitude more conductive than the spiropyran form, allowing the differentiation of bits. Photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the monolayers are undamaged by exposure to light, acid, base, and applied bias, enabling proof‐of‐concept devices in which an 8‐bit ASCII encoded six‐character string is written, erased, and rewritten.
Efficient Photodoping of Graphene in Perovskite–Graphene Heterostructure
Authors: Kim Sanghoon , Menabde Sergey G. , Jang Min Seok
Published: February 2019

Graphene has been shown to be a prospective platform for active photonic devices with exotic optical properties. Employed in these devices, the graphene photodoping mechanism would allow for the remote spatiotemporal doping control by means of illumination, not restricted by the physical gate electrodes. This paper reports on the efficient graphene photodoping in graphene‐CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite heterostructure recently spotlighted for photodetector applications. To maximize the photoresponse, the heterostructure is optimized by systematically introducing additional layers of the self‐assembled monolayer of octadecyltrichlorosilane molecules, MoO3, and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate for improving interfacial charge transfer properties. The photodoping amount estimated from the photocurrent measurements is 2.7 × 1012 cm−2 at zero gate bias—more than twice higher than previously observed in graphene‐perovskite heterostructures. Without external gate bias, the estimated graphene Fermi energy varies from 0.37 to 0.43 eV due to photodoping, which is sufficient to operate graphene‐based active photonic devices at mid‐infrared frequencies, and similar to that typically achievable with the conventional electrostatic gating. Furthermore, this work highlights the missing yet important aspect of the characterization method for the phototransistors with a 2D channel, resulting from the mismatch between the units of the current and power densities.
Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in seven patients with de novo NSD1 mutations
Authors: Grand Katheryn , Gonzalez‐Gandolfi Christina , Ackermann Amanda M. , Aljeaid Deema , Bedoukian Emma , Bird Lynne M. , De Leon Diva D. , Diaz Jullianne , Hopkin Robert J. , Kadakia Sejal P. , Keena Beth , Klein Karen O. , Krantz Ian , Leon Eyby , Lord Katherine , McDougall Carey , Medne Livija , Skraban Cara M. , Stanley Charles A. , Tarpinian Jennifer , Zackai Elaine , Deardorff Matthew A. , Kalish Jennifer M.
Published: February 2019

Sotos syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome characterized by distinctive facial features and intellectual disability caused by haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene. Genotype–phenotype correlations have been observed, with major anomalies seen more frequently in patients with 5q35 deletions than those with point mutations in NSD1. Though endocrine features have rarely been described, transient hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HI) of the neonatal period has been reported as an uncommon presentation of Sotos syndrome. Eight cases of 5q35 deletions and one patient with an intragenic NSD1 mutation with transient HI have been reported. Here, we describe seven individuals with HI caused by NSD1 gene mutations with three having persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. These patients with persistent HI and Sotos syndrome caused by NSD1 mutations, further dispel the hypothesis that HI is due to the deletion of other genes in the deleted 5q35 region. These patients emphasize that NSD1 haploinsufficiency is sufficient to cause HI, and suggest that Sotos syndrome should be considered in patients presenting with neonatal HI. Lastly, these patients help extend the phenotypic spectrum of Sotos syndrome to include HI as a significant feature.
A surface‐in gradient of thalamic damage evolves in pediatric multiple sclerosis
Authors: Fadda Giulia , Brown Robert A. , Magliozzi Roberta , Aubert‐Broche Berengere , O'Mahony Julia , Shinohara Russell T. , Banwell Brenda , Marrie Ruth Ann , Yeh E. Ann , Collins D. Louis , Arnold Douglas L. , Bar‐Or Amit ,   on behalf of the Canadian Pediatric Demyelinating Disease Network
Published: February 2019

Objective

Central nervous system pathology in multiple sclerosis includes both focal inflammatory perivascular injury and injury to superficial structures, including the subpial region of the cortex, which reportedly exhibits a gradient of damage from the surface inward. We assessed how early in the multiple sclerosis course a "surface‐in" process of injury suggesting progressive biology may begin.

Methods

We focused on the thalamus, which notably has both a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interface and a white matter interface. Thalamic volume trajectories were assessed in a prospectively followed cohort of children from initial presentation with either multiple sclerosis or monophasic acquired demyelination, and healthy controls. Voxelwise volume changes were calculated using deformation‐based morphometry, and analyzed in relation to distance from the CSF interface by mixed effects modeling and semiparametric smoothing methods.

Results

Twenty‐seven children with multiple sclerosis and 73 children with monophasic demyelination were prospectively followed with yearly brain scans (mean follow‐up = 4.6 years, standard deviation = 1.9). A total of 282 healthy children with serial scans were included as controls. Relative to healthy controls, children with multiple sclerosis and children with monophasic demyelination demonstrated volume loss in thalamic regions adjacent to the white matter. However, only children with multiple sclerosis exhibited an additional surface‐in gradient of thalamic injury on the ventricular side, which was already notable in the first year of clinical disease (asymptote estimate = 3.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44–4.58, p = 0.0002) and worsened over time (asymptote:time estimate = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.12–0.54, p = 0.0021).

Interpretation

Our results suggest that a multiple sclerosis disease‐specific surface‐in process of damage can manifest at the earliest stages of the disease. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:340–351.
Cholinergic system changes of falls and freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bohnen Nicolaas I. , Kanel Prabesh , Zhou Zhi , Koeppe Robert A. , Frey Kirk A. , Dauer William T. , Albin Roger L. , Müller Martijn L.T.M.
Published: February 2019

Objective

Postural instability and gait difficulties (PIGDs) represent debilitating disturbances in Parkinson's disease (PD). Past acetylcholinesterase positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies implicate cholinergic changes as significant contributors to PIGD features. These studies were limited in quantification of striatal cholinergic synapse integrity. Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) PET ligands are better suited for evaluation of high binding areas. We examined associations between regional VAChT expression and freezing of gait (FoG) and falls.

Methods

Ninety‐four PD subjects underwent clinical assessment and VAChT ([18F]FEOBV) PET.

Results

Thirty‐five subjects (37.2%) reported a history of falls, and 15 (16%) had observed FoG. Univariate volume‐of‐interest analyses demonstrated significantly reduced thalamic (p = 0.0016) VAChT expression in fallers compared to nonfallers. VAChT expression was significantly reduced in the striatum (p = 0.0012) and limbic archicortex (p = 0.004) in freezers compared to nonfreezers. Whole‐brain voxel‐based analyses of FEOBV PET complemented these findings and showed more granular changes associated with falling history, including the right visual thalamus (especially the right lateral geniculate nucleus [LGN]), right caudate nucleus, and bilateral prefrontal regions. Freezers had prominent VAChT expression reductions in the bilateral striatum, temporal, and mesiofrontal limbic regions.

Interpretation

Our findings confirm and extend on previous PET findings of thalamic cholinergic deficits associated with falling history and now emphasize right visual thalamus complex changes, including the right LGN. FoG status is associated with reduced VAChT expression in striatal cholinergic interneurons and the limbic archicortex. These observations suggest different cholinergic systems changes underlying falls and FoG in PD. Ann Neurol 2019;85:538–549
Fuel‐Responsive Allosteric DNA‐Based Aptamers for the Transient Release of ATP and Cocaine
Authors: Del Grosso Erica , Ragazzon Giulio , Prins Leonard J. , Ricci Francesco
Published: February 2019

We show herein that allostery offers a key strategy for the design of out‐of‐equilibrium systems by engineering allosteric DNA‐based nanodevices for the transient loading and release of small organic molecules. To demonstrate the generality of our approach, we used two model DNA‐based aptamers that bind ATP and cocaine through a target‐induced conformational change. We re‐engineered these aptamers so that their affinity towards their specific target is controlled by a DNA sequence acting as an allosteric inhibitor. The use of an enzyme that specifically cleaves the inhibitor only when it is bound to the aptamer generates a transient allosteric control that leads to the release of ATP or cocaine from the aptamers. Our approach confirms that the programmability and predictability of nucleic acids make synthetic DNA/RNA the perfect candidate material to re‐engineer synthetic receptors that can undergo chemical fuel‐triggered release of small‐molecule cargoes and to rationally design non‐equilibrium systems.
Phosphanstabilisierte Diioddiborene: Isolierbare Diborene mit sechs labilen Bindungen
Authors: Muessig Jonas H. , Thaler Melanie , Dewhurst Rian D. , Paprocki Valerie , Seufert Jens , Mattock James D. , Vargas Alfredo , Braunschweig Holger
Published: February 2019

Die Labilität von B=B‐, B‐P‐ und B‐Halogen‐Bindungen wird im Rahmen der Synthese der ersten Diioddiborene beobachtet. Alle sechs zentralen Bindungen dieser Diioddiborene unterliegen Spaltungsreaktionen unterschiedlicher Art, die anhand B=B‐Hydrierungs‐, Dihalogenierungs‐ sowie Halogenaustauschreaktionen untersucht wurden.
Approach to Fully Substituted Cyclic Nitrones from N‐Hydroxylactam Derivatives: Development and Application to the Total Synthesis of Cylindricine C
Authors: Hiraoka Shobu , Matsumoto Tsutomu , Matsuzaka Koki , Sato Takaaki , Chida Noritaka
Published: February 2019

An approach to cyclic nitrones from N‐hydroxylactam derivatives is documented. The nucleophilic addition of an organolithium reagent to an N‐OSEM [SEM=2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl] lactam forms a five‐membered chelated intermediate, which undergoes both elimination and deprotection to give a fully substituted nitrone in a one‐pot process. When combined with the N‐oxidation of easily available chiral lactams, this method becomes especially useful for the quick synthesis of chiral nitrones in enantio‐pure form, enabling the concise total synthesis of cylindricine C.
BIM‐Modelle und die Bearbeitung durch Prüfingenieure
Authors: Oltmanns Hans‐Georg , Oltmanns Henning , Dirks Andreas
Published: February 2019

Im folgenden Aufsatz werden Möglichkeiten im Umgang mit den Modelldaten des Aufstellers statischer Berechnungen aufgezeigt. Die bisher gemachten Erfahrungen zeigen, dass man beim Prüfvorgang die gleichen Bearbeitungsprozesse zugrunde legen kann, die beim Aufstellen von statischen Berechnungen verwendet werden. Hierbei ist es vorteilhaft, dass die zu prüfenden Bauwerksmodelle im BIM‐Prozess bereits in Datenform vorliegen. Die Daten zu Geometrie‐ und Bauteilinformationen lassen sich mit den gewohnten Softwareprogrammen weiterbearbeiten. Dabei werden jedoch oftmals Randbedingungen nicht richtig erfasst oder beschrieben. Es entstehen zusammenhanglose Berechnungen, die dann mühselig durch „Handarbeit“ zusammengefügt werden. Nachweise zu Verformungen beschränken sich dabei i. d. R. auf die Angabe elastischer Deformationen. Der Übergang in den Zustand II, nichtlineares Verhalten und Kriechen & Schwinden, wird dabei vernachlässigt. Die Durchbiegungsbegrenzung beschränkt sich auf den Ansatz von L/250 oder ähnlich. Eine Begrenzung der Winkelverdrehung wäre ein wesentlich sensibleres Kriterium, um Deformationen einzuschränken. Im Grundbau werden schon seit Jahren Untersuchungen zur Winkelverdrehung angestellt und zur Vermeidung von Bauwerkschäden eingesetzt.
Understanding chondrodysplasia (cho): A comprehensive review of cho as an animal model of birth defects, disorders, and molecular mechanisms
Authors: Seegmiller Robert E. , Foster Cameron , Burnham Jared L.
Published: February 2019

Background

The mutant chondrodysplasia (cho) is a cartilage‐targeting disorder in C57BL mice that results in dwarfing and other malformations stemming from this collagenopathy. Clarke Fraser made the discovery of the mutation accidentally in the early 1960s during the thalidomide tragedy.

Methods

For this review we identified key research on cho as since its discovery. Relevant data were compiled to make a comprehensive review that details discoveries associated with the cho mutation, that describes the associated phenotypes and molecular mechanisms, and that provides a discussion surrounding its current clinical relevance.

Results

Mechanistically, cho acts by hindering chondrogenesis and endochondral bone formation. The phenotype results from a 1‐nt deletion in the gene encoding the alpha 1 chain of type XI collagen. For more than half a century, researchers have studied the pathogenesis of the cho mutation in relation to a variety of mouse models of human birth defects and disease. These studies have resulted in several discoveries linking cho with such human disorders as dwarfism, tracheal stenosis, cleft palate, pulmonary hypoplasia, and osteoarthritis (OA).

Conclusion

The study of cho has led to numerous advances in understanding human birth defects, congenital disorders, and adult human disease. The most recent studies have suggested a role for the TGF‐Beta, HtrA1, Ddr2, and Mmp‐13 pathway in the degradation of articular cartilage and the development of OA in cho/+ mice. We have shown that the anti‐hypertension drug Losartan is a TGF‐Beta blocker that could be used to treat OA in Stickler syndrome, and thereby rescue the WT phenotype.
Varying length of central myelin along the trigeminal nerve might contribute to trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Nomura Kei , Ryu Hiroshi , Ohno Koji , Sato Kohji
Published: February 2019

Several studies have suggested that vascular compression of more distal portions of the trigeminal nerve (Vth cranial nerve: VN) may cause trigeminal neuralgia (TN). However, neurosurgeons performing microvascular decompression intraoperatively cannot identify which type of myelin is being compressed by blood vessels. The aim of this study was to clarify the histological anatomy of central and peripheral myelin in the human VN. Histological analyses were conducted using photomicrographs from 134 cisternal segments of the VN from the brains of 67 cadavers. The three dimensions of the VN were measured in these sections: distance from the point at which the lateral‐most pontine VN merges with the boundary between central and peripheral myelin (line‐a), distance along the medial aspect (line‐b), and the length of the transitional zone (TZ), known as the Obersteiner‐Redlich zone. Twenty‐nine of 134 VNs were available for study. The length of central myelin ranged from 0.69 to 8.66 mm (mean, 3.56 mm; median, 3.10 mm) along the lateral aspect and from 0.36 to 5 mm (mean, 1.81 mm; median, 1.40 mm) along the medial aspect of the VN. The length of the TZ ranged from 0.31 to 3.37 mm (mean, 1.75 mm; median, 1.63 mm). We report here, for the first time, that some individuals had much longer spans of central myelin than those reported previously. Some cases of TN may thus be caused by vascular compression of VN peripheral myelin, especially in cases where central myelin is extended to an unprecedented degree. Clin. Anat. 32:541–545, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Manipulating Active Structure and Function of Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide CM15 with the Polysulfonated Drug Suramin: A Step Closer to in Vivo Complexity
Authors: Quemé‐Peña Mayra , Juhász Tünde , Mihály Judith , Cs. Szigyártó Imola , Horváti Kata , Bősze Szilvia , Henczkó Judit , Pályi Bernadett , Németh Csaba , Varga Zoltán , Zsila Ferenc , Beke‐Somfai Tamás
Published: February 2019

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) kill bacteria by targeting their membranes through various mechanisms involving peptide assembly, often coupled with disorder‐to‐order structural transition. However, for several AMPs, similar conformational changes in cases in which small organic compounds of both endogenous and exogenous origin have induced folded peptide conformations have recently been reported. Thus, the function of AMPs and of natural host defence peptides can be significantly affected by the local complex molecular environment in vivo; nonetheless, this area is hardly explored. To address the relevance of such interactions with regard to structure and function, we have tested the effects of the therapeutic drug suramin on the membrane activity and antibacterial efficiency of CM15, a potent hybrid AMP. The results provided insight into a dynamic system in which peptide interaction with lipid bilayers is interfered with by the competitive binding of CM15 to suramin, resulting in an equilibrium dependent on peptide‐to‐drug ratio and vesicle surface charge. In vitro bacterial tests showed that when CM15⋅suramin complex formation dominates over membrane binding, antimicrobial activity is abolished. On the basis of this case study, it is proposed that small‐molecule secondary structure regulators can modify AMP function and that this should be considered and could potentially be exploited in future development of AMP‐based antimicrobial agents.
In vivo validation of Dosemap software use in interventional cardiology with dosimetrics indicators and peak skin dose evaluation
Authors: Didier Romain , Bourhis David , Oueslati Chaker , Nasr Bahaa , Le Ven Florent , Noël Antoine , Jobic Yannick , Damien Pascal , Pene‐Baverez Dominique , Mansourati Jacques , Nicol Pierre Philippe , Gilard Martine
Published: February 2019

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of DoseMap™ software as compared to gafchromic film in real clinical practices.

Background

The radiation exposure from cardiovascular procedures could expose patients to potential risk of cancer and/or skin injury. New tools like Dosemap software were developed to estimate the patient skin dose in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. However, little data are available to validate this estimation of patient radiation skin dose.

Methods

This is a prospective cross‐sectional study comparing the peak skin dose (PSD) measured by gafchromic film used as reference with an estimated PSD given by Dosemap software, in patients with BMI > 30 kg/m2 undergoing elective diagnostic and/or therapeutic interventional cardiology procedures, from April 2016 to December 2016, at the Brest University Hospital Centre, France.

Results

After four exclusions of patients for poor quality of gafchromic films, 90 patients were included, with 58 angiography (67.4%), 14 percutaneous interventions (16.3%), and 14 both (16.3%). The median PSDDosemap and PSDFilm were similar with 157 mGy [IQR: 99; 273] versus 158 mGy [IQR: 101; 295] (P = 0.65), respectively, with an excellent correlation (r = 0.95). The comparison between cumulative air kerma and PSDFilm was different 366 mGy [IQR: 246; 575] versus 158 mGy [IQR: 101; 295] (P < 0.01) with moderate correlation (r = 0.79). No correlation was found between the dose area product and PSDFilm (r = 0.51).

Conclusion

DoseMap is an effective and valid method as compared to gafchromic films to estimate PSDs during interventional cardiologic procedures.
Highly‐Branched Palladium Nanodandelions: Simple, Fast, and Green Fabrication with Superior Oxygen Reduction Property
Authors: Fan Chuang , Huang Zihan , Wang Chao , Hu Xianyu , Qiu Xiaoyu , She Peiliang , Sun Dongmei , Tang Yawen
Published: February 2019

Controllable synthesis of highly‐branched metallic structures is of great interest and broad significance for their unique properties of superior conductivity, high porosity, low density, etc., that promote the development of high‐efficiency electrocatalysts. Herein, a simple, rapid and green method for the synthesis of highly‐branched palladium nanodandelions with flexible ultrafine tentacles and bumpy superficial atomic steps is investigated, without the demand of elevated temperature, seed, template, prolonged reaction time and any organically toxic reducing agent from previously reported highly‐branched nanostructures. For the first time, N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) serves as the only additive to simultaneously cover the functions of coordinating agent, reducing agent, and structure‐directing agent, facilitating the strategy of intramolecular coordination and self‐reduction. Derived from their plentiful ultrafine tentacles, porosity due to the highly‐branched structure, and abundant surface atom steps, the Pd nanodandelions exhibit a more positive half‐wave of 0.863 V (vs. RHE), optimized specific kinetic activity of 3.0 mA cm−2 at 0.9 V, and better cycle stability with a maintenance of 77.8 % after 20000 s for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), when compared to commercial Pd black. The architectural design of highly‐branched metallic structures, as well as the smart fabrication strategy, may hold great promise for exploring a variety of functional nanomaterials.
Molecular Basis of the Chemiluminescence Mechanism of Luminol
Authors: Giussani Angelo , Farahani Pooria , Martínez‐Muñoz Daniel , Lundberg Marcus , Lindh Roland , Roca‐Sanjuán Daniel
Published: February 2019

Light emission from luminol is probably one of the most popular chemiluminescence reactions due to its use in forensic science, and has recently displayed promising applications for the treatment of cancer in deep tissues. The mechanism is, however, very complex and distinct possibilities have been proposed. By efficiently combining DFT and CASPT2 methodologies, the chemiluminescence mechanism has been studied in three steps: 1) luminol oxygenation to generate the chemiluminophore, 2) a chemiexcitation step, and 3) generation of the light emitter. The findings demonstrate that the luminol double‐deprotonated dianion activates molecular oxygen, diazaquinone is not formed, and the chemiluminophore is formed through the concerted addition of oxygen and concerted elimination of nitrogen. The peroxide bond, in comparison to other isoelectronic chemical functionalities (−NH−NH−, −N−−N−−, and −S−S−), is found to have the best chemiexcitation efficiency, which allows the oxygenation requirement to be rationalized and establishes general design principles for the chemiluminescence efficiency. Electron transfer from the aniline ring to the OO bond promotes the excitation process to create an excited state that is not the chemiluminescent species. To produce the light emitter, proton transfer between the amino and carbonyl groups must occur; this requires highly localized vibrational energy during chemiexcitation.
Advantageous Interfacial Effects of AgPd/g‐C3N4 for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution: Electronic Structure and H2O Dissociation
Authors: Zou Weixin , Xu Lixia , Pu Yu , Cai Haojie , Wei Xiaoqian , Luo Yidan , Li Lulu , Gao Bin , Wan Haiqin , Dong Lin
Published: February 2019

Bimetallic AgPd nanoparticles have been synthesized before, but the interfacial electronic effects of AgPd on the photocatalytic performance have been investigated less. In this work, the results of hydrogen evolution suggest that the bimetallic AgPd/g‐C3N4 sample has superior activity to Ag/g‐C3N4 and Pd/g‐C3N4 photocatalysts. The UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, CO adsorption diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, and FTIR results demonstrate that in the AgPd/g‐C3N4, the surface electronic structures of Pd and Ag are changed, which is beneficial for faster photogenerated electron transfer and greater H2O molecule adsorption. In situ ESR spectra suggest that, under visible light irradiation, there is more H2O dissociation to radical species on the AgPd/g‐C3N4 photocatalyst. Furthermore, DFT calculations confirm the interfacial electronic effects of AgPd/g‐C3N4, that is, Pdδ−⋅⋅⋅Agδ+, and the activation energy of H2O molecule dissociation on AgPd/g‐C3N4 is the lowest, which is the main contributor to the enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution.
In Situ Enzyme Immobilization with Oxygen‐Sensitive Luminescent Metal–Organic Frameworks to Realize “All‐in‐One” Multifunctions
Authors: Xu Yuzhi , Liu Si‐Yang , Liu Junling , Zhang Li , Chen Danping , Chen Jun , Ma Yingjun , Zhang Jie‐Peng , Dai Zong , Zou Xiaoyong
Published: February 2019

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for enzyme immobilization have already shown superior tunable and designable characteristics, however, their diverse responsive properties have rarely been exploited. In this work we integrated a responsive MOF into a MOF–enzyme composite with the purpose of designing an “all‐in‐one” multifunctional composite with catalytic and luminescence functions incorporated into a single particle. As a proof‐of‐concept, glucose oxidase (GOx) was encapsulated in situ within an oxygen (O2)‐sensitive, noble‐metal‐free, luminescent CuItriazolate framework (MAF‐2), denoted as GOx@MAF‐2. Owing to the rigid scaffold of MAF‐2 and confinement effect, the GOx@MAF‐2 composite showed significantly improved stability (shelf life of 60 days and heat resistance up to 80 °C) as well as good selectivity and recyclability. More importantly, owing to the O2sensitivity of MAF‐2, the GOx@MAF‐2 composite exhibited a rapid and reversible response towards dissolved O2, thereby allowing direct and ratiometric sensing of glucose without the need for chromogenic substrates, cascade enzymatic reactions, or electrode systems. High sensitivity with a detection limit of 1.4 μmglucose was achieved, and the glucose levels in human sera were accurately determined. This strategy has led to a new application for MOFs that can be facilely extended to other MOF–enzyme composites due to the multifunctionality of MOFs.
Influence of the Insertion Method of Aryl‐Extended Calix[4]pyrroles into Liposomal Membranes on Their Properties as Anion Carriers
Authors: Martínez‐Crespo Luis , Sun‐Wang Jia Liang , Ferreira Pedro , Mirabella Chiara F. M. , Aragay Gemma , Ballester Pablo
Published: February 2019

We disclose the results of our investigations on the influence that the insertion method of aryl‐extended calix[4]pyrrole into liposomal membranes exerts on their properties as anion carriers. We use the standard HPTS assay to assess the transport properties of the carriers. We show that the post‐insertion of the carrier, as DMSO solution, assigns better transport activities to the “two‐wall” α,α‐aryl‐extended calix[4]pyrrole 1 compared to the “four‐wall” α,α,α,α‐counterpart 2. Notably, opposite results were obtained when the carriers were pre‐inserted into the liposomal membranes. We assign this difference to an improved incorporation of carrier 2 into the membrane when delivered by the pre‐insertion method. On the other hand, carrier 1 shows comparable levels of transport independently of the method used for its incorporation. Thus, an accurate comparison of the chloride transport activities featured by these two carriers demands their pre‐incorporation in the liposomal membranes. In contrast, using the lucigenin assay with the pre‐insertion method both carriers displayed similar transport efficiencies.
Pseudo‐One‐Coordinate Tetrylenium Salts Bearing a Bulky Carbazolyl Substituent
Authors: Hinz Alexander
Published: February 2019

Syntheses of a bulky carbazole‐based substituent, the parent 1,8‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐carbazole (R−H) and a series of chlorotetrylenes, RECl (E=Ge, Sn, Pb), are described. Detailed analysis of the properties of the carbazole‐based substituent revealed that it features flexible high bulkiness and electronic non‐innocence, which may make it suitable for many applications in both main‐group and transition‐metal chemistry. To further showcase the employability of the novel substituent, the chlorotetrylenes were subjected to halide abstraction reactions, affording the corresponding tetrylenium salts [RE][Al(OC4F9)4] (E=Ge, Sn, Pb) as strongly coloured compounds.
Interplay Between Steric and Electronic Effects: A Joint Spectroscopy and Computational Study of Nonheme Iron(IV)‐Oxo Complexes
Authors: Mukherjee Gourab , Alili Aligulu , Barman Prasenjit , Kumar Devesh , Sastri Chivukula V. , de Visser Sam P.
Published: February 2019

Iron is an essential element in nonheme enzymes that plays a crucial role in many vital oxidative transformations and metabolic reactions in the human body. Many of those reactions are regio‐ and stereospecific and it is believed that the selectivity is guided by second‐coordination sphere effects in the protein. Here, results are shown of a few engineered biomimetic ligand frameworks based on the N4Py (N,N‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐N‐bis(2‐pyridyl)methylamine) scaffold and the second‐coordination sphere effects are studied. For the first time, selective substitutions in the ligand framework have been shown to tune the catalytic properties of the iron(IV)‐oxo complexes by regulating the steric and electronic factors. In particular, a better positioning of the oxidant and substrate in the rate‐determining transition state lowers the reaction barriers. Therefore, an optimum balance between steric and electronic factors mediates the ideal positioning of oxidant and substrate in the rate‐determining transition state that affects the reactivity of high‐valent reaction intermediates.
First Dual Responsive “Turn‐On” and “Ratiometric” AIEgen Probe for Selective Detection of Hydrazine Both in Solution and the Vapour Phase
Authors: Purohit Deepak , Sharma Chandra P. , Raghuvanshi Ashutosh , Jain Ankita , Rawat Kundan S. , Gupta Neeraj M. , Singh Jagriti , Sachdev Monika , Goel Atul
Published: February 2019

A new dual responsive “turn‐on” and “ratiometric” aggregation‐induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) 3‐formyl‐5‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)biphenyl‐4‐carbonitrile 6 a (FPBC 6 a) for selective detection of hydrazine in solution as well as in vapour phase is described. At a low concentration of 2.5 μm, the probe FPBC 6 a is non‐fluorescent (turn‐off) but remarkably lights up (turn‐on with blue emission) in the presence of hydrazine solution (0.25–25 μm). Interestingly, at higher concentrations, the nanoaggregates of FPBC 6 a (>25 μm, 99 % HEPES in DMSO) displayed ratiometric response in the presence of hydrazine with a remarkable hypsochromic shift from the green (500–550 nm) to blue regions (440–480 nm). Furthermore, a real application of FPBC 6 a was successfully demonstrated through the detection and visualization of hydrazine in live cervical cancer cells as well as using portable test strips.
Tether‐Directed Regioselective Synthesis of an Equatorialface Bisadduct of Azafullerene Using Cyclo‐[2]‐octylmalonate
Authors: Stergiou Anastasios , Asad Karam , Kourtellaris Andreas , Chronakis Nikos , Tagmatarchis Nikos
Published: February 2019

Bisazafullerene (C59N)2 has been functionalized under aerobic conditions with cyclo‐[2]‐octylmalonate through a Mannich‐type reaction, furnishing the corresponding monoadduct. A regioselective tether‐directed Bingel cyclopropanation reaction was then carried out on the azafullerene core to yield a single bisadduct. Spectroscopic analysis of the formed bisadduct showed it to have a C1 symmetrical structure, making it inherently chiral. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis revealed the addition pattern of the azafullerene bisadduct to be equatorialface. Examination of the optical properties showed the evolution of new absorption bands, which can be used as signatures for the characterization of equatorialface bisadducts of C59N. Finally, redox assays showed that the LUMO level of the equatorialface bisadduct was increased compared to that of the parent (C59N)2.