bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"SeismoSAT" project results in connecting seismic data centres via satellite
Authors: Pesaresi Damiano , Lenhardt Wolfgang , Rauch Markus , Živčić Mladen , Steiner Rudolf , Bertoni Michele , Delazer Heimo
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Since 2002 the OGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale) in Udine (Italy), the Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG) in Vienna (Austria), and the Agencija Republike Slovenije za Okolje (ARSO) in Ljubljana (Slovenia) are collecting, analysing, archiving and exchanging seismic data in real time. Up to now the data exchange between the seismic data centres relied on internet: this however was not an ideal condition for civil protection purposes, since internet reliability is poor. For this reason, in 2012 the Protezione Civile della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano in Bolzano (Italy) joined OGS, ZAMG and ARSO in the Interreg IV Italia-Austria project "SeismoSAT" (Progetto SeismoSAT, 2014) aimed in connecting the seismic data centres in real time via satellite. As already presented in the past, the general technical schema of the project has been outlined, data bandwidths and monthly volumes required have been quantified, the common satellite provider has been selected and the hardware has been purchased and installed. Right before the end of its financial period, the SeismoSAT project proved to be successful guaranteeing data connection stability between the involved data centres during an internet outage.
Aerosol data assimilation in the chemical-transport model MOCAGE during the TRAQA/ChArMEx campaign: Aerosol optical depth
Authors: Sič Bojan , El Amraoui Laaziz , Piacentini Andrea , Marécal Virginie , Emili Emanuele , Cariolle Daniel , Prather Michael , Attié Jean-Luc
Published: April 2016

Abstract. In this study, we describe the development of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) assimilation module in the chemistry-transport model (CTM) MOCAGE (Modèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle). Our goal is to assimilate the 2D column AOD data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument and to estimate improvements in a 3D CTM assimilation run compared to a direct model run. Our assimilation system uses 3D-FGAT (First Guess at Appropriate Time) as an assimilation method and the total 3D aerosol concentration as a control variable. In order to have an extensive validation data set, we set our experiment in the northern summer of 2012 when the pre-ChArMEx (CHemistry and AeRosol MEditerranean EXperiment) field campaign TRAQA (TRAnsport à longue distance et Qualité de l’Air dans le bassin méditerranéen) took place in the western Mediterranean basin. The assimilated model run is evaluated independently against a range of aerosol properties (2D and 3D) measured by in-situ instruments (the TRAQA size-resolved balloon and aircraft measurements), the satellite Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) instrument and ground-based instruments from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) network. The evaluation demonstrates that the AOD assimilation greatly improves aerosol representation in the model. For example, the comparison of the direct and the assimilated model run with AERONET data shows that the assimilation reduced the bias in the AOD (from 0.050 to 0.006) and increased the correlation (from 0.74 to 0.88). When compared to the 3D concentration data obtained by the in-situ aircraft and balloon measurements, the assimilation consistently improves the model output. The best results as expected occur when the shape of the vertical profile is correctly simulated by the direct model. We also examine how the assimilation can influence the modelled aerosol vertical distribution. The results show that a 2D continuous AOD assimilation can improve the 3D vertical profile, as a result of differential horizontal transport of aerosols in the model.
Effects of polar stratospheric clouds in the Nimbus-7 LIMS version 6 data set
Authors: Remsberg Ellis , Harvey V. Lynn
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The historic Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) measurements of 1978–1979 from the Nimbus 7 satellite were re-processed with Version 6 (V6) algorithms and archived in 2002. The V6 dataset employs updated radiance registration methods, improved spectroscopic line parameters, and a common vertical resolution for all retrieved parameters. Retrieved profiles are spaced about every 1.6° of latitude along orbits and include the additional parameter of geopotential height. Profiles of O3 are sensitive to perturbations from emissions of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). This work presents results of implementing a first-order screening for effects of PSCs using simple algorithms based on vertical gradients of the O3 mixing ratio. Their occurrences are compared with the co-located, retrieved temperatures and related to the temperature thresholds needed for saturation of H2O and/or HNO3 vapor onto PSC particles. Observed daily locations where the major PSC screening criteria are satisfied are validated against PSCs observed with the Stratospheric Aerosol Monitor (SAM) II experiment also on Nimbus 7. Remnants of emissions from PSCs are characterized for O3 and HNO3 following the screening. PSCs may also impart a warm bias in the co-located LIMS temperatures, but by no more than 1–2 K at the altitudes of where effects of PSCs are a maximum in the ozone; thus, no PSC screening was applied to the V6 temperatures. Minimum temperatures vary between 187 K and 194 K and occur at or just above where the PSC effects are first identified in the ozone (most often between about 21 hPa to 28 hPa). Those temperature-pressure values are consistent with conditions for saturation and formation of supercooled ternary solution (STS) droplets and/or nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) aerosols. A temporary uptake of HNO3 vapor by about 2–3 ppbv is indicated in mid-January downwind of and at pressure-altitudes where effects of PSCs are found. Seven-month, time series of the distributions of LIMS O3 and HNO3 are shown based on their gridded Level 3 data following the screening. The zonal coefficients of both O3 and HNO3 are essentially free of effects from PSCs on the 550 K surface as averaged at equivalent latitudes. Remnants of PSCs are still present in O3 during mid-January on the 450 K surface. It is judged that the LIMS Level 3 data are of good quality for analyzing the larger-scale, stratospheric chemistry and transport processes during the Arctic winter of 1978–1979.
Nitrification of archaeal ammonia oxidizers in a high- temperature hot spring
Authors: Chen Shun , Peng Xiaotong , Xu Hengchao , Ta Kaiwen
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The oxidation of ammonia by microbes has been shown to occur in diverse natural environments. However, the link of in situ nitrification activity to taxonomic identities of ammonia oxidizers in high-temperature environments remains poorly understood. Here, we studied in situ ammonia oxidation rates and the diversity of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea (AOA) in surface and bottom sediments at 77 °C in the Gongxiaoshe hot spring, Tengchong, Yunnan, China. The in situ ammonia oxidation rates measured by the 15N-NO3− pool dilution technique in the surface and bottom sediments were 4.80 and 5.30 nmol N g−1 h−1, respectively. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) indicated that the archaeal 16S rRNA genes and amoA genes were present in the range of 0.128 to 1.96  ×  108 and 2.75 to 9.80  ×  105 gene copies g−1 sediment, respectively, while bacterial amoA was not detected. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed high sequence similarity to thermophilic Candidatus Nitrosocaldus yellowstonii, which represented the most abundant operational taxonomic units (OTU) in both surface and bottom sediments. The archaeal predominance was further supported by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) visualization. The cell-specific rate of ammonia oxidation was estimated to range from 0.410 to 0.790 fmol N archaeal cell−1 h−1, higher than those in the two US Great Basin hot springs. These results suggest the importance of archaeal rather than bacterial ammonia oxidation in driving the nitrogen cycle in terrestrial geothermal environments.
Wildfire effects on ecosystem nitrogen cycling in a Chinese boreal larch forest, revealed by 15N natural abundance
Authors: Liu Weili , Qi Lin , Fang Yunting , Yang Jian
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Wildfire is reported to exert strong influences on N cycling, particularly during the early succession period immediately after burning (i.e., < 1 year). Previous studies have mainly focused on wildfires influences on inorganic N concentrations and N mineralization rates; but plant and soil 15N natural abundance (expressed by δ15N), as a spatial-temporal integrator of ecosystem N cycling, could provide a more comprehensive understanding of wildfire on various N cycling processes at a relatively broader time scale. In this study, we attempted to evaluate legacy effects of wildfire on nitrogen cycling using δ15N in a boreal forest of northeastern China, which is an important yet understudied ecosystem. We measured inorganic N concentrations (NH4+ and NO3−) and net N transformation rates (net ammonification, net nitrification, and net mineralization) of organic and mineral soil 4 years after a wildfire and compared with unburned area. We also measured δ15N of plant and soil samples in 4 and 5 years after the fire. We found that even 4 years after burning, wildfire still increased net mineralization and net ammonification in the organic soil and increased NH4+ and total inorganic N (TIN) concentrations in the mineral soil. Organic soil and foliar δ15N were significantly higher (by 2.2 ‰ and 7.4 ‰, respectively) in the burned area than the unburned area. Five years after fire, plant tissues such as foliar, branch, fine roots and moss in the burned area were increased significantly (by 1.7 ‰ to 6.4 ‰) greater than that in unburned area. The wildfire also significantly increased the δ15N of Oi, Oa+e and 0–10 cm mineral soil, but had no significant effects on deeper layer of mineral soil. These results indicate the wildfire had a strong legacy effect on N cycling. We suggest that the change of abiotic environment was the primary mechanism determining inorganic nitrogen transformation rates, and the NH3 volatilization might play a key role in severe N losses and thereby affect soil and plant 15N in this ecosystem.
Constraints on ocean circulation at the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum from neodymium isotopes
Authors: Abbott April N. , Haley Brian A. , Tripati Aradhna K. , Frank Martin
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Global warming during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)  ∼  55 million years ago (Ma) coincided with a massive release of carbon to the ocean–atmosphere system, as indicated by carbon isotopic data. Previous studies have argued for a role of changing ocean circulation, possibly as a trigger or response to climatic changes. We use neodymium (Nd) isotopic data to reconstruct short high-resolution records of deep-water circulation across the PETM. These records are derived by reductively leaching sediments from seven globally distributed sites to reconstruct past deep-ocean circulation across the PETM. The Nd data for the leachates are interpreted to be consistent with previous studies that have used fish teeth Nd isotopes and benthic foraminiferal δ13C to constrain regions of convection. There is some evidence from combining Nd isotope and δ13C records that the three major ocean basins may not have had substantial exchanges of deep waters. If the isotopic data are interpreted within this framework, then the observed pattern may be explained if the strength of overturning in each basin varied distinctly over the PETM, resulting in differences in deep-water aging gradients between basins. Results are consistent with published interpretations from proxy data and model simulations that suggest modulation of overturning circulation had an important role for initiation and recovery of the ocean–atmosphere system associated with the PETM.
An internally consistent data product for the world ocean: the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project, version 2 (GLODAPv2)
Authors: Olsen A. , Key R. M. , van Heuven S. , Lauvset S. K. , Velo A. , Lin X. , Schirnick C. , Kozyr A. , Tanhua T. , Hoppema M. , Jutterström S. , Steinfeldt R. , Jeansson E. , Ishii M. , Pérez F. F. , Suzuki T.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. For version 2 of the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAPv2) we collated data from 724 scientific cruises covering the global ocean: data assembled in the previous efforts GLODAPv1.1 (Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 1.1) in 2004, CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic) in 2009/10, and PACIFICA (PACIFic ocean Interior CArbon) in 2013, and an additional 168 cruises. Twelve core parameters (salinity, oxygen, macronutrients, seawater CO2 chemistry parameters and halogenated transient tracers) have been subjected to extensive quality control including systematic evaluation of biases between cruises. The data are available in two formats: (i) as submitted but updated to WOCE exchange format whenever required, and (ii) as a merged and calibrated data product. In the latter, adjustments have been applied to remove significant biases, respecting occurrences of any known or likely time trends. Adjustments determined by previous efforts have been re-evaluated. Hence, GLODAPv2 is not a simple merge of previous collections and some new data, but represents a unique, internally consistent data product. The original data and their documentation and doi codes are available at the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/GLODAPv2/). This site also provides access to the calibrated data product, which is provided as a single global file or 4 regional ones: the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, under the doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.NDP093_GLODAPv2. The product files also include significant ancillary and approximated data. The latter were obtained either by interpolation of, or by calculation from, measured data. This paper documents the GLODAPv2 history, methods, and products, including a broad overview of the secondary quality control results. The magnitude of and reasoning behind the adjustments are available on a per cruise and parameter basis in an online Adjustment Table.
Estimating distributed soil texture using time series of thermal remote sensing – A case study in central Europe
Authors: Müller B. , Bernhardt M. , Jackisch C. , Schulz K.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. For understanding water and solute transport processes knowledge about the respective hydraulic properties is necessary. Commonly, hydraulic parameters are estimated via pedo-transfer functions using soil texture data to avoid cost intensive measurements of hydraulic parameters in the laboratory. Therefore, current soil texture information is only available at coarse spatial resolution of 250 m to1000 m. Here, a method is presented to derive high-resolution (15 m) topsoil texture patterns for the meso-scale Attert catchment (Luxembourg, 288 km2) from 28 images of ASTER thermal remote sensing. A principle component analysis of the images reveals the most dominant thermal patterns (principle components, PCs) that are related to 212 fractional soil texture samples. Within a multiple linear regression framework, distributed soil texture information is estimated and related uncertainties are assessed. An overall root mean squared error of 12.7 percentage points (pp) lies well within and even below the range of recent studies on soil texture estimation, while requiring sparser sample setups and a less diverse set of basic spatial input.
Metamorphism during temperature gradient with undersaturated advective airflow in a snow sample
Authors: Ebner Pirmin Philipp , Schneebeli Martin , Steinfeld Aldo
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Snow at or close to the surface commonly undergoes temperature gradient metamorphism under advective flow, which alters its microstructure and physical properties. Time-lapse X-ray microtomography is applied to investigate the structural dynamics of temperature gradient snow metamorphism exposed to an advective airflow in controlled laboratory conditions. Cold saturated air at the inlet was blown into the snow samples and warmed up while flowing across the sample with a temperature gradient of around 50 K m−1. Changes of the porous ice structure were observed at mid-height of the snow sample. Sublimation occurred due to the slight undersaturation of the incoming air into the warmer ice matrix. Diffusion of water vapor opposite to the direction of the temperature gradient counteracted the mass transport of advection. Therefore, the total net ice change was negligible leading to a constant porosity profile. However, the strong recrystallization of water molecules in snow may impact its isotopic or chemical content.
Quantifying ice loss in the eastern Himalayas since 1974 using declassified spy satellite imagery
Authors: Maurer Joshua M. , Rupper Summer B. , Schaefer Joerg M.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Himalayan glaciers are important natural resources and climate indicators for densely populated regions in Asia. Remote sensing methods are vital for evaluating glacier response to changing climate over the vast and rugged Himalayan region; yet many platforms capable of glacier mass balance quantification are somewhat temporally limited considering typical glacier response times. We here rely on declassified spy satellite imagery and ASTER data to quantify surface lowering, ice volume change, and geodetic mass balance during 1974–2006 for glaciers in the eastern Himalayas, centered on the Bhutan-China border. The wide range of glacier types allows for the first mass balance comparison between clean, debris, and lake-terminating (calving) glaciers in the region. Measured glaciers show significant ice loss, with an estimated mean annual geodetic mass balance of −0.12 ± 0.06 m.w.e. yr−1 (meters of water equivalent per year) for 10 clean-ice glaciers, −0.15 ± 0.11 m.w.e. yr−1 for 5 debris-covered glaciers, −0.25 ± 0.10 m.w.e. yr−1 for 6 calving glaciers, and −0.16 ± 0.05 m.w.e. yr−1 for all glaciers combined. The similar mass balances for clean-ice and debris-covered glaciers suggests that melt pond, ice cliff, and englacial conduit mechanisms are likely playing important roles in the melt process for debris-covered glaciers. Calving glaciers comprise 24 % (80 km2) of the glacierized area, yet have contributed 37 % (−0.7 km3) to the total ice volume loss, highlighting the growing relevance of proglacial lake formation and associated calving for the future ice mass budget of the Himalayas as the number and size of glacial lakes increase.
Nepakaltinamų asmenų pakartotinio nusikalstamumo ir įgalinimo sąsajos
Authors: Didžiokienė Jolanta
Published: April 2016

Darbe analizuojama Valstybinės teismo psichiatrijos tarnybos (VTPT) prie SAM Utenos ekspertiniame skyriuje 2005-2014m. laikotarpiu tirtų moterų, įvykdžiusių nusikaltimus žmogaus gyvybei ir sveikatai, socialiniai, diagnostiniai bei motyvų aspektai. Dešimties metų laikotarpiu tokio pobūdžio nusikalstamas veikas įvykdė 44,7 proc. visų tirtų moterų Utenos ekspertiniame skyriuje. Nagrinėjama amžiaus, psichikos sutrikimų įtaka šio pobūdžio moterų nusikalstamai veikai. Dažniausiai moterys smurtavo 18-33 m. bei 57-58 m. amžiaus. Straipsnyje analizuojamas nusikalstamos veikos pobūdis, socialinių faktorių įtaka moterų įvykdytam smurtui, smurtautojos ir aukos santykis. 25,7 proc. moterų aukomis tapo vaikai, tarp jų ir naujagimiai; 23,8 proc.- sutuoktiniai, sugyventiniai. Tyrimo duomenimis, dominavo menkas tiriamųjų išsilavinimas, pastovaus pragyvenimo šaltinio bei lytinio partnerio neturėjimas, ankstesni teistumai, piktnaudžiavimas alkoholiu ir kitomis psichotropinėmis medžiagomis. Darbe nagrinėjama šio pobūdžio moterų įvykdytos nusikalstamos veikos motyvacija. Dominuojantys motyvai: patologiniai motyvai (29,7 proc.), impulsyvūs veiksmai, kilę staiga, gynybos tikslu(25,7 proc.), keršto motyvas(16,8 proc.). Straipsnyje aptariami dažniausiai pasitaikantys psichikos sutrikimai moterims, įvykdžiusioms minėtas veikas. 29,7 proc. tirtų atvejų moterys smurtavo būdamos psichozės būsenoje. 23,7 proc. tiriamųjų konstatuojami asmenybiniai sutrikimai. Apie 66 proc. moterų anksčiau buvo gydytos psichiatrijos stacionaruose.
Resocializing Programs Of The Perpetrators Of Particularly Vicious Murders
Authors: Woźniak Waldemar
Published: April 2016

Resocialization is a complex and difficult process if only due to its targeting individuals in specifically critical situations that is those imprisoned, gravely demoralized socially, which shows in case of the perpetrators of particularly vicious murders. They can use their brutal act to dominate in the given prison group. During their imprisonment, they seem immune to the classical resocialization paradigm. Thus, the resocialization process should have new elements introduced, such as consultancy, various forms of help and volunteering. Such activities can be labeled as ‘social resocialization’, to use the term authored by Professor P. Stępniak.
Social support and intergenerational contact: studying elderly patients with cognitive alterations
Authors: Luchesi Bruna Moretti , Brito Tábatta Renata Pereira de , Costa Reijane Salazar , Pavarini Sofia Cristina Iost
Published: April 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between social support to elderly patients with cognitive alterations in different contexts of social vulnerability and the presence of children living in the same household. A descriptive, cross-sectional study assessed 85 elderly individuals in different contexts of social vulnerability; all of them presented results below the cut-off point in the mini mental state examination. All ethical guidelines were respected. A sociodemographic and family characterization tool, the mini mental state examination, and the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) were applied. The results showed good levels of social support received by elderly individuals and a statistically significant correlation between the extent of emotional support and the presence of children in the household (t=2.16, p<0.01). These results enable a better understanding on the relationships between elderly people and children by evidencing that intergenerational contact favors the perception of satisfactory social support by the elderly.
A manutenção do aleitamento materno de prematuros de muito baixo peso: experiência das mães
Authors: Ciaciare Beatriz de Carvalho , Migoto Michelle Thais , Balaminut Talita , Tacla Mauren Teresa Grubisich Mendes , Souza Sarah Nancy Deggau Hegeto de , Rossetto Edilaine Giovanini
Published: April 2016

Os objetivos deste estudo foram compreender o processo de amamentação a partir do relato das mães de prematuros e identificar fatores que facilitaram ou dificultaram esse processo. Estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa à luz do cuidado centrado na família. Foram realizadas 12 entrevistas com mães de prematuros com seis meses de idade cronológica e os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Emergiram quatro categorias: A experiência prévia em aleitamento materno no processo de amamentar um prematuro; Contexto emocional versus processo de amamentação; O domínio do manejo da amamentação do prematuro e Sucessos e fracassos. Conclui-se que no contexto da prematuridade, o apoio familiar e profissional, o manejo adequado e o acolhimento do serviço de maneira individualizada foram reconhecidos como grandes responsáveis pelo sucesso da amamentação, podendo até mesmo sobrepor o desejo materno prévio. O acompanhamento da amamentação após a alta é imprescindível para o seu sucesso nos prematuros.
Acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde na Atenção Básica do Estado de Goiás
Authors: Ribeiro Juliana Pires , Mamed Samira Nascimento , Souza Marta Rovery , Souza Márcia Maria de , Rosso Claci Fátima Weirich
Published: April 2016

Objetivou-se analisar a acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde na Atenção Básica no estado de Goiás. Estudo descritivo de corte transversal com base nos dados secundários proveniente do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica. A amostra do estudo foi constituída por profissionais de saúde das 1.216 UBS. Verificou-se que, a sala de acolhimento está ausente em 68,5% das unidades de saúde, o que prejudica, consideravelmente, os profissionais na tomada de decisão imediata. A ausência de consultórios clínicos em 2% dos locais dificulta a acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde na Atenção Básica em Goiás. Com relação ao horário e turno de funcionamento, verificou-se que 86% das unidades atendem cinco dias na semana em turnos de oito horas, não favorecendo a acessibilidade do usuário. Com este estudo constata-se a deficiência da acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde e a necessidade de maiores investimentos no fortalecimento da Atenção Básica.
Tradução, adaptação e praticabilidade do Nurses’ knowledge of high alert medications para a cultura brasileira
Authors: Apolinario Priscila Peruzzo , Rodrigues Roberta Cunha Matheus , Silva Juliana Bastoni , Secoli Silvia Regina , Lima Maria Helena de Melo
Published: April 2016

Estudo metodológico com o objetivo de traduzir, adaptar e avaliar a praticabilidade das partes A e B do Nurses’ knowledge of high-alert medications para a cultura brasileira. A tradução e adaptação cultural seguiram as etapas recomendadas pela literatura internacional. Os juízes avaliaram as equivalências semântica, idiomática, conceitual e cultural; a concordância entre os juízes foi quantificada pelo Índice de Validade de Conteúdo. As etapas de tradução e retrotradução foram realizadas com sucesso e a avaliação da versão síntese pelo Comitê resultou em alterações de questões, assegurando as equivalências entre a versão original e a traduzida. Os especialistas sugeriram três novas questões ao instrumento. Foram realizadas reformulações em algumas questões no pré-teste, a fim de melhorar a compreensão. A versão brasileira do instrumento Nurses’ knowledge of high-alert medications mostrou resultados satisfatórios quanto à tradução, adaptação cultural e praticabilidade, sendo considerado um instrumento de fácil aplicação e viável para a prática clínica.
Autoeficácia em amamentar entre mães adolescentes
Authors: Bizerra Renata de Lima , Carnaúba Jéssica Pinheiro , Chaves Anne Fayma Lopes , Rocha Rebeca Silveira , Vasconcelos Hérica Cristina Alves de , Oriá Mônica Oliveira Batista
Published: April 2016

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar autoeficácia em amamentar entre adolescentes lactantes. Estudo quantitativo, que envolveu 172 adolescentes lactantes, realizado em 14 Unidades Básicas de Saúde de municípios do nordeste do Brasil. Para a coleta utilizou-se um formulário e aplicou-se a Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form. Os dados foram analisados em programa estatístico. Os resultados apontaram elevada autoeficácia em amamentar (84%), com maior adesão aos itens: “Eu sempre percebo se o meu bebê está pegando o peito direitinho durante toda a mamada” (91%) e “Eu sempre sei quando o meu bebê terminou a mamada” (93%) e menor referente a alimentar o bebê sem usar leite em pó (18%) e amamentar na frente das pessoas (14%). Constatou-se que as mães adolescentes estudadas apresentaram elevada autoeficácia em amamentar, evidenciando um novo conhecimento em relação a esse público específico, em geral, relacionado a vulnerabilidade diante do aleitamento materno.
Tension Headaches: An Investigation into Their Causes from a Naturopathic Perspective
Authors: Roth Sarah
Published: April 2016

A thorough understanding of the physiological processes that underlie muscle tension is foundational to any discussion on environments and substances that alter such a process. The fascial web, an interconnection of the various fascia, extends throughout the entire body and acts to link every area of the body together and connect external and internal structures. It is the fascial tissue that transmits forces locally (i.e., between muscle and bone or between muscle and ligament) and distally, thereby creating muscle contraction in interconnected but distant areas of the body. Fascia is composed of various cell types, fibers (elastin, collagen, and reticular), and a fluid-like ground substance that is rich in proteoglycans. Fascial tissue responds both acutely and chronically to its environment via adaptations in both collagen and proteoglycan structure. Acutely, this results in the normal contraction of muscles and resultant movement, such as looking down at one's feet while walking, but chronically it can result in chronic pain syndromes, including tension headaches, due to tensegrity (tensional integrity) changes in the fascial framework. This can occur as a response to repetitive strain or acute injury. The purpose of this discussion is to provide an overview of some of the many influences on muscle tension from the perspective of a naturopathic doctor. I will use tension headaches as an example, though the principles discussed here may be extended to many different chronic pain syndromes.
Motor Learning Made Possible Using a Tool of Applied Psychophysiology: Quantitative Surface Electromyography
Authors: Bolek Jeffrey E
Published: April 2016

Motor learning is achieved when the subject learns to associate “if movement A, then event B occurs.” Before using surface electromyography to promote motor learning, one must establish that the subject is capable of the cause and effect described above otherwise, the failure to learn may be assumed to be due to a failure in the modality used, in this case SEMG. If the subject is truly incapable of motor learning then no treatment approach is going to be successful. In this case study, quantitative surface electromyography is used to help a 7-year-old child with autistic-like behaviors learn to sit with an upright posture on a bench. The child has never shown any capacity to learn by association, that is, if one does behavior A, then B will occur. Not only did she learn, but the learning generalized outside of the treatment area such that she found and maintained an upright sitting posture at home and school without cueing. Having mastered the sitting goal, new goals were established for her treatment. The new goals began 4 weeks after she demonstrated mastery of sitting and there was no indication that her sitting posture had deteriorated in any way. Sitting with a severe back curvature for prolonged periods at this age poses problems for later development of the spine and negatively affects the ability to maintain good breath support for speech therapy.
Abdominal SEMG Feedback for Diaphragmatic Breathing: A Methodological Note
Authors: Peper Erik , Booiman Annette , Lin I-Mei , Harvey Richard , Mitose Jasmine
Published: April 2016

Diaphragmatic breathing from a developmental perspective is a whole-body process. During exhalation, the abdominal wall contracts, and during inhalation, the abdominal wall relaxes. This pattern is often absent in many clients who tend to lift their chest when they inhale and do not expand their abdomen. Even if their breathing includes some abdominal movement, in many cases only the upper abdomen above the belly button moves while the lower abdomen shows limited or no movement. This article describes factors that contribute to the lack of abdominal movement during breathing, as well as a methodology to record the surface electromyography (SEMG) activity from the lower abdominal muscles (external/internal abdominal oblique and transverse abdominis). Strategies are presented to teach clients how to engage the lower abdominal muscles to facilitate effortless breathing. For example, when the person exhales, the lower abdominal muscles contract to flatten the abdomen and push the diaphragm upward, and these muscle relax during inhalation to allow the diaphragm to descend. Lower abdominal SEMG recording can also be used as a surrogate indicator for SEMG activity from the pelvic floor. To enhance activation of the lower abdominal muscles during a breathing cycle, specific exercises are described. In summary, lower abdominal SEMG feedback is a useful strategy to facilitate complete abdominal involvement during breathing.
Chronic Muscle Pain, Biofeedback, and the Neurophysiology of Pain
Authors: Sella Gabriel E , Moss Donald
Published: April 2016

This article examines the economic and human costs of muscle pain and the role of biofeedback in treating chronic muscle pain. The article reviews the physiology of the musculature and the myofascial mantle and the contributions of physiological dysfunction to pain. The article critiques the relaxation model as an inadequate foundation for biofeedback treatment of pain and calls for more comprehensive education for biofeedback practitioners in muscle physiology yet emphasizes the promise of surface electromyographic treatment for chronic pain and for opioid abuse, when the muscle biofeedback intervention is well informed by medical and physiological knowledge. Medical factors that commonly contribute to pain are examined, along with a number of preventable sources for poor outcomes for muscle biofeedback treatment.
Are You Sure It's AD(H)D?
Authors: Swingle Mari K , Swingle Paul G
Published: April 2016

Top-down procedures for diagnosing and treating conditions such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are, simply stated, logically flawed. The symptoms that form the basis for the diagnosis can be caused by myriad of other factors unrelated to bona fide (i.e., neurologically based) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The diagnostic power of the clinically normed, bottom-up electroencephalographic assessment is remarkable and facilitates treatment of the actual causes, neurological and experiential, of children's challenges. Neurotherapeutic treatments of these conditions are often suboptimal because symptom-based protocols are often inaccurate leading to treating the wrong disorder, not the least of which is trying to mollify normal children's behavior.
Special Issue: Challenges Affecting Successful Biofeedback Treatment
Authors: Donaldson Stuart , Moss Donald
Published: April 2016

The cover of this issue of Biofeedback shows a depiction of the mythical Sisyphus, condemned for all eternity to push an immense boulder up a hill, only to watch it roll back down the hill. The myth serves as a symbol for all of the medical and nonbiofeedback factors that can hinder biofeedback and neurofeedback treatment. It is our hope that this Special Issue may aid future practitioners to escape the fate of Sisyphus. (Thanks to Shutterstock for this photo).
Modelling Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies for Sunflower in Pakistan
Authors: Nasim Wajid , Belhouchette Hatem , Ahmad Ashfaq , Habib-ur-Rahman M. , Jabran Khawar , Ullah Kalim , Fahad Shah , Shakeel Muhammad , Hoogenboom Gerrit
Published: April 2016

Climate change, food security, water scarcity and environmental sustainability have all become major global challenges. As a consequence, improving resource use efficiency is an important aspect of increasing crop productivity. Crop models are increasingly being used as tools for supporting strategic and tactical decision making under varying agro-climatic and socioeconomic conditions. These tools can also support climate change assessment and the evaluation of adaptation strategies to limit the adverse impacts of climate change. In this paper, the authors report on a case study conducted to assess the potential impact of climate change on grain yield in sunflower under arid, semi-arid and subhumid conditions in the Punjab region of Pakistan. Experimental data obtained between 2008 and 2009 were used for model evaluation. The study focused on the impacts of incremental temperature change on sunflower production. The modelling suggests that grain yield could reduce by up to 15% by the 2020s with an average increase in temperature of +1°C, and by up to 25% if temperatures increased by up to 2°C for the 2050s. Adaptation strategies showed that, if the crop were sown between 14 days (for 2020) and 21 days (for 2050) earlier than the current date (last week in February), yield losses could potentially be reduced.
Intensification to Reduce the Carbon Footprint of Smallholder Milk Production: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Udo Henk , Weiler Viola , Modupeore Ogun , Viets Theo , Oosting Simon
Published: April 2016

Will the intensification of cattle-keeping lower the carbon footprint of milk production in resource-poor environments? The authors included the multiple functions of cattle in carbon footprint estimates of milk production in farming systems with different degrees of intensification in Kenya. The carbon footprints (measured in kg CO2 equivalents per kg of milk) of free-grazing with 2.6 cows (1.8 kg) and zero-grazing with 1.5 cows (1.3 kg) on smallholder farms were only slightly higher or at the same level as on large farms with 13.6 cows (1.1 kg) and on a very large farm with 107 cows (1.3 kg). These carbon footprints were comparable with those of milk producers in developed regions. Better feeding is often suggested as a climate change mitigation option; however, only small-step feed improvements can be made. In the debate on intensification as a major strategy to reduce the carbon footprint of milk production, the opportunities are overestimated and constraints for changes in smallholder farming are underestimated.
The Impact of Investors in Agricultural Commodity Derivative Markets
Authors: Donati Michele , Zuppiroli Marco , Riani Marco , Verga Giovanni
Published: April 2016

The objective of this paper was to test whether investing activity in the futures markets of different commodities (grains, sugar, coffee, cotton, cocoa, livestock) could be identified as a source of the increasing level and volatility of agricultural commodity prices. The causal link between trading activity and market factors (returns, volatility) can be investigated using weekly data, usually derived from the Commitment of Traders Reports released by the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), or daily data expressed as the ratio of volume to open interest (VOIR). To increase the power of the estimation process and investigate the role of causal variables to determine the trends of all the market factors, the authors tested the estimates obtained by seemingly unrelated regression (SUR). One innovation is represented by the evaluation of the inverse relationships between market factors and causal variables. The market factors were also tested as causal variables, avoiding giving priority to only one part of the relationship according to Granger's causality. The lack of significance revealed by the Granger causality test on weekly models could be due to the inappropriate frequency of the information. The ratio of volume to open interest in futures contracts performs better than other parameters extensively adopted in the literature. The likely reason is that it depends on the daily frequency of this parameter, which provides statistical evidence of phenomena that include their effect in weekly intervals. The estimations for the daily model provide statistical evidence of a mutual relationship only between trading activity and realized volatility. No causal relationships were found for returns. The behaviour of all 12 futures markets examined is quite similar and uniform with respect to the scale of the coefficients and their temporal profile.
Vegetable Seed Availability and Implications for Developing Countries
Authors: Walters S. Alan
Published: April 2016

New vegetable variety development is generally non-existent in most developing countries, with seed typically sourced from developed countries. This situation results in a dependence on developed countries to supply vegetable seed for most of the world's demands. This dependence is troubling as it creates a myriad of problems, from improper recommendations of vegetable varieties to products growing in areas to which they are not necessarily adapted. This paper provides an overview and analysis of vegetable seed industries in developing countries, with a focus on Morocco, and the resulting influences on smaller subsistence farmers. The three types of vegetable seed materials (landraces, pure- line inbred and hybrid varieties) are discussed in the context of these farmers. The ongoing problems and issues related to the absence of vegetable seed industries in developing countries will undoubtedly affect food production, nutritional health and the resulting food security in these countries for future generations.
The Implementation of Madrasah-Based Management (MBM) at Man 1 and Man 2 Serang City, Banten, Indonesia—A Comparative Study
Authors: - Muhajir
Published: April 2016

This study aims to reveal how the real condition of management of Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) or Islamic Senior High School in Serang is, how the understanding of Madrasah-Based Management (MBM) for the people of MAN 2 and MAN 1 Serang is, and how the implementation of MBM in MAN 2 and MAN 1 Serang.

This study has a substantial meaning, both theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this study can improve the concept of MBM of previous researchers. Besides, it also provides feedback to improve education policies of MBM, and the correct implementation of MBM that has been conducted before. Practically, this study has several meanings, such as: providing inputs on the implementation of MBM to Madrasah Aliyah as an analyzed Islamic educational institutions, providing motivation to all personnel of madrasah, particularly the Head of Madrasah Aliyah in order to improve the autonomy of madrasah management through MBM, and the results of this study can be used as reading material and guidelines for other madrasah.

This study is a qualitative research, which aims to understand the phenomenon of what is experienced by the subjects, such as behavior, perception, motivation, action and others. Qualitative research is a research that has characteristics, which is the data are asked in a reasonable state or as they are (natural setting), by not converted them in the form of symbols or numbers. This study is a qualitative research that invalidates data in the form of symbols or numbers, but rather in the form of words or sentences.

This study employs a managerial, administrative and sociological approach. The managerial approach is used to see the extent to which the implementation of Madrasah-Based Management is implemented in Madrasah Aliyah. The administrative approach is used to analyze the extent to which the administrative system is applied in Madrasah Aliyah as a form of activity of MBM. The sociological approach cannot be separated from the activity of MBM, because sociology is the study of how humans live in a society.
The Influence of Bahiagrass, Tillage, and cover crops on Organic Vegetable Production and Soil Quality in the Southern Coastal Plain
Authors: Bliss Christine , Andersen Pete , Brodbeck Brent , Wright David , Olson Steve , Marois James
Published: April 2016

Conventional farming utilizing bahiagrass (Papsalum notatum Flugge) in rotation with crops has been shown to increase yield, improve soil quality, and decrease weed and disease pressure. Organic production systems in the Southern Coastal Plain are challenged with limited soil fertility and a wide array of insect, disease, and weed pests. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of sequential years in bahiagrass and tillage (conventional and conservation) on organic vegetable yield and soil indices. After 0-4 years in bahiagrass, a crop rotation of rye and oats (winter cover crop), bush beans (spring vegetable crop), soybean (summer cover crop), and broccoli (fall vegetable crop) was implemented. Vegetable crop yields, plant biomass, plant C and N, and soil C, N, and P were measured for the four crops in the rotation over a three year period. Two years or more of bahiagrass prior to initiating the vegetable crop rotation showed positive effects on vegetable crop yields and soil quality parameters. Tillage treatments did not have a consistent effect on measured parameters. Soil C was not impacted by years in bahiagrass but was influenced by years of crop production. Potential soil N and P mineralization indicated an increase of soil organic fractions with years in bahiagrass. Available N increased after cover crops, and available P decreased with increasing years in bahiagrass.
Lettre de l’éditrice
Authors: Dooly Melinda
Published: April 2016

Ce premier volume de l'année 2016 couvre un large éventail géographique (3 continents), mais se concentre principalement sur les aspects de l'enseignement et l'apprentissage de l'écriture. en Changeant de mise au point, notre auteur inviteé, Dr. Maria Luisa Pérez Cañado, nous fournit un article extens sur l'état de la question dans le domaine de l'EMILE.
Hormonal regulation of the growth of leaves and inflorescence stalk in Muscari armeniacum Leichtl.
Authors: Saniewski Marian , Góraj-Koniarska Justyna , Węgrzynowicz-Lesiak Elżbieta , Gabryszewska Eleonora
Published: April 2016

It is known that chilling of Muscari bulbs is necessary for the growth of the inflorescence stalk and flowering, but not for the growth of leaves. Gibberellic acid (GA) accelerated stem growth and flowering in chilled Muscari bulbs. In the present experiment it was shown that in unchilled derooted Muscari bulbs the growth of leaves, but not the growth of the inflorescence stalk, was observed when bulbs were stored in water, GA at a concentration of 50 and 100 mg/L, benzyladenine (BA) at a concentration of 25 and 50 mg/L, or a mixture of GA+BA (50+25 mg/L), but abscisic acid (ABA) at a concentration of 10 mg/L greatly inhibited the growth of leaves. In chilled derooted Muscari bulbs the growth of leaves and inflorescence stalk was observed when bulbs were stored in water or GA, but BA and GA+BA treatments totally inhibited the growth of the inflorescence stalk without an effect on the growth of leaves. These results clearly showed that the growth of leaves and inflorescence stalk in Muscari bulbs are controlled by plant growth regulators in different ways. ABA totally inhibited the growth of leaves and inflorescence stalk in chilled derooted Muscari bulbs. It was shown that after the excision of the inflorescence bud in cultivated chilled Muscari bulbs, the inflorescence stalk died, but application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) 0.5% in the place of the removed inflorescence bud induced the growth of the inflorescence stalk. IAA applied under the inflorescence bud inhibited the development of flowers (flower-bud blasting) and induced the growth of the inflorescence stalk below the treatment site. These results are discussed with reference to hormonal regulation of stem (stalk) growth in tulip, narcissus, hyacinth, and Hippeastrum.
Aflatoxins in Brazilian Peanut Confection
Authors: Iha Maria H , Okada Isaura A , Briganti Rita C , Mini Camila A , Trucksess Mary W
Published: April 2016

The study's objectives were to evaluate a method for the determination of aflatoxins (AFs) in the Brazilian peanut confection “Paçoca” and to apply the method in investigating AF concentrations in Paçoca marketed in São Paulo State throughout 2013. Results of another survey conducted between 1994 and 2002 with another method were also reported. The current method consists of immunoaffinity column cleanup, LC with postcolumn derivatization for AF fluorescence enhancement, and fluorescence determination for the toxins. The mean recovery and mean RSDr values were 88.6 and 7.9%, respectively. The LODs for aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, and aflatoxin G2 were 0.04, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.01 ng/g; and the LOQs were 0.15, 0.04, 0.07, and 0.04 ng/g, respectively. Results of the two survey studies indicate that the contamination of AFs in Paçoca remains a public health problem. In the 2013 survey, 71 of 100 samples (71%) had AFs contamination ranging from 0.3 to 41.8 ng/g, with 12 samples (12%) containing >20 ng/g of the toxins, whereas in the 1994–2002 survey, 73 of 150 samples (51%) had AFs contamination ranging from 9 to 1439 ng/g with 65 samples (45%) containing levels >20 ng/g.