bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of zearalenone on various components of rabbit uterine tubal fluid
Authors: Osborn Russell G. , Osweiler G. D. , Foley C. W.
Published: February 2025

A study was conducted to determine whether an orally administered mycotoxin, zearalenone (11.5 mg/kg of body weight/day), enters the uterine tubal fluid (utf) of rabbits and to evaluate its influence on certain constituents of utf. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, the concentration of zearalenone in utf was maximal on day 1 of initial exposure to the compound, then decreased rapidly to half the peak concentration by day 5. The disappearance curve for zearalenone in utf was linear throughout the treatment period (10 days) and was not detectable within 3 days after the last administration of zearalenone and the initiation of pregnancy (does were bred on day 10 of the zearalenone treatment). Zearalenone increased the volume of utf (P < 0.05) in estrous does, but decreased the pH (P < 0.05) and the total free amino acid concentration (P < 0.05) of utf, compared with pretreatment values. The concentrations of several trace elements and amino acids known to be of critical importance in early embryonic development were altered by zearalenone treatment and/or pregnancy. Gross developmental anomalies were not evidenced when fetuses were examined on days 28 to 30 of gestation. It was concluded that zearalenone or associated metabolites affect factors that influence fertility during the early preimplantation period. Furthermore, the analysis of utf appears to be an effective screening method for assessing certain potential reproductive toxicants.
Reproducible cloning assays for in vitro growth of canine hematopoietic progenitor cells and their potential applications in investigative hematotoxicity
Authors: Deldar A. , Lewis H. , Bloom J. , Weiss L.
Published: February 2025

A variety of in vitro cloning assays have been used for studying hematopoiesis in mice and human beings. However, these techniques have had limited use in dogs, a species used extensively as a model for hematopoietic research, particularly hematotoxicity. We have adopted cloning assays for in vitro growth of canine colony-forming unit-erythroid (cfu-e) and colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage (cfu-gm) progenitor cells, using modified microplasma clot and soft agar culture systems, respectively. Marrow mononuclear cells separated by density-gradient centrifugation were added to the aforementioned culture systems. Erythroid colonies were stimulated with sheep plasma erythropoietin and incubated at 37 C in 5% CO2 for 2 days. The cfu-e colonies were fixed with 5% glutaraldehyde, stained with benzidine, counted, and expressed as a mean of 8 replicates. The cfu-gm colonies were stimulated with pooled serum from endotoxin-treated dogs and incubated for 8 days at 37 C in 10% CO2. Using an inverted microscope, the cfu-gm colonies were counted and expressed as a mean of 6 replicates. The number of colonies was proportional to the plated cell concentrations. The addition of 10% autologous serum to cfu-gm cultures increased the number of colonies by 80 to 100%, but markedly reduced the size and number of cfu-e colonies. The marrow cloning capacity among dogs of comparable age was similar, and little variation was noticed when bone marrow cells from the same dogs were cultured repeatedly over a period of 3 to 4 months.

We concluded that these cloning assays are fast, reliable, and reproducible and that they allow quantitative determination of canine hematopoietic progenitor cells. The assays may be useful in screening the hematotoxic potential of various therapeutic agents and are particularly suited for studying the pathogenetic mechanisms of drug-induced blood disorders and their reversibility.
Blood supply to the periosteum of the canine tibia
Authors: Cooper Robert C. , Cawley Allan J.
Published: February 2025

A study was undertaken to determine which arteries supply the periosteum of the normal adult canine tibia. The vessels were found to arise from locations distinct from the muscular vascularization. The venous drainage of the tibial periosteum had a satellite relationship with the arteries. On the surface of the periosteum, the vessels formed rectangular patterns. All surfaces of the distal end of the tibia seemed to have less distinct anastomoses of the transverse periosteal twigs, compared with the proximal end of the tibia.
Serum antibody response to canine parvovirus, canine adenovirus-1, and canine distemper virus in dogs with known status of immunization: Study of dogs in Sweden
Authors: Olson Pekka , Klingeborn Berndt , Hedhammar ÅKe
Published: February 2025

Serum antibody titers to canine parvovirus (cpv), canine adenovirus-1 (cav-1), and canine distemper virus (cdv) were measured in dogs with known immunization status. The dogs represented 3 groups: nonvaccinated dogs < 12 months old; vaccinated dogs < 12 month old; and adult dogs > 12 months old. For practical reasons, the population from which the specimens were obtained could be considered as free from natural infection with cav-1 and cdv.

In nonvaccinated dogs < 12 months old, antibodies against all 3 viruses were measured at the time the dogs were given their first vaccination. Altogether, 50.7% of the dogs had titer ≥ 1:10 to cdv, and 26.1 and 46.2% had titer ≥ 1:8 to cav-1 and cdv, respectively. The concentration of maternal antibody seemed to be of major importance for failure of immunization with use of inactivated cpv vaccine, but not with cav-1 and cdv vaccination.

In dogs < 12 months old and vaccinated against cpv infection with inactivated virus, only 11.5% had titer ≥ 1:80. In dogs vaccinated against infectious canine hepatitis and canine distemper, 63.2 and 78.3%, respectively, had titer ≥ 1:16.

In adult dogs > 2 months old and vaccinated against cpv infection, < 50% had titer ≥ 1:80, regardless of time after vaccination. There was no significant difference in titer between vaccinated and nonvaccinated dogs. Approximately 60% of these dogs had titer ≥ 1:16 to cav-1 at all time intervals after vaccination. There was only a weak correlation between decrease of titers and time; this correlation could be explained by the fact that a proportion of the dogs had been vaccinated with inactivated cav-1 virus. There was, however, no correlation between titer to cdv and time. The percentage of dogs with titer ≥ 1:16 was at least 60%.
Normal ultrastructure and histochemical characteristics of canine lacrimal glands
Authors: Martin Charles L. , Munnell John , Kaswan Renee
Published: February 2025

Lacrimal glands of 12 dogs free of ocular disease were examined to determine the normal structure of these glands. The glands consisted of tubuloacinar cells that ultrastructurally and histochemically were of a single type of secretory cell in the tubules and possibly 3 types of secretory cells in the acini. The tubular epithelium contained homogenous electron-dense granules that stained as neutral glycoconjugates (periodic acid-Schiff positive and Alcian blue and high iron diamine negative). The predominant acinar cells contained granules of lesser electron density than those of the tubules, and stained as sialomucin (Alcian blue [pH 2.5] and periodic acid-Schiff-positive, and high iron diamine-negative). A second type of acinar cell was in peripheral lobules that ultrastructurally and histochemically appeared like lipid granules (positive with oil red O and osmium tetroxide). Ultrastructurally, a third type of acinar granule was finely granular, electron-lucent, and frequently coalesced. It was not readily apparent whether the latter was an artifact, a stage in the maturation of the sialomucin granules, or a third type of acinar granule. Individual acinar cells usually had a predominance of 1 granule type, but > 1 granule type could be found in some cells. The basal surfaces of the acinar, tubular, and ductal cells were incompletely ensheathed by myoepithelial cells. Plasma cells, lymphocytes, mast cells, endothelial cells, fat cells, and Schwann cells composed the cellular elements of the interstitium. Lymphocytes, mast cells, and nerve endings also were found in the parenchyma.
Fiber type, fiber size, and capillary geometric features of the semitendinosus muscle in three types of dogs
Authors: Rosenblatt J. David , Kuzon William M. , Pynn Bruce R. , Plyley Michael J. , McKee Nancy H.
Published: February 2025

The fiber type, fiber size, and capillary geometric features were determined from the center of the proximal half of the left and right semitendinosus muscles in 5 mixed-breed dogs, 5 hound-type dogs, and 5 Beagles. There were no significant differences between the left and right muscles of each dog. Comparisons among the 3 groups of dogs revealed that the hound-type dogs had the largest fibers (type I and type II); however, the 3 groups were similar in their fiber-type percentages and their capillary geometric features.
Evaluation of red blood cell fragility in Pygmy goats
Authors: Fairley N. M. , Price G. S. , Meuten D. J.
Published: February 2025

Red blood cells from 6 Pygmy goats were determined to be significantly (P < 0.01) more susceptible to osmotic lysis and mechanical stress than were rbc from 6 Toggenburg goats. Differences in rbc size and shape and adenosine 5′-triphosphate concentration between the 2 breeds were not significant. The differences observed in the in vitro tests may be attributable to differences in rbc membrane composition.
Hypovolemia, hyperosmolality, and acidosis associated with intraperitoneal infusion of nitrofurazone solution in healthy horses
Authors: Gossett K. A. , McCoy D. J. , Jowett P. L. H. , Kearney M. T.
Published: February 2025

Nitrofurazone solution containing 0.2% nitrofurazone and 99.8% polyethylene glycol was given to 4 healthy horses (2 L in 2 L of lactated Ringer solution, intraperitoneally). Horses developed hypovolemia, hyperosmolality, and mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis. These changes were largely attributable to polyethylene glycol, but a contribution of nitrofurazone cannot be excluded. Intraperitoneal infusion of nitrofurazone solution in horses is contraindicated.
Evaluation of three techniques for end-to-end anastomosis of the small colon in horses
Authors: Hanson R. Reid , Nixon Alan J. , Calderwood-Mays Maron , Gronwall R.
Published: February 2025

In an attempt to determine the best method for surgical removal of devitalized small colon lesions, 12 horses underwent a double small colon resection and end-to-end anastomosis. In 4 horses (study 1), an appositional single-layer (app-1) suture pattern was compared with an inverting 2-layer (inv-2) suture pattern. In 8 horses (study 2), an appositional 2-layer (app-2) suture pattern was compared with the inv-2 suture technique. Polydioxanone suture (size 1-0), was used.

Horses were evaluated at necropsy 3, 10, 14, 28, or 56 days after surgery. Postoperative complications (peritonitis, impaction, or excessive adhesions) were encountered in 100, 42, and 13% of the app-1, inv-2, and app-2 anastomoses, respectively.

Postmortem evaluation of the small colon revealed dehiscence of the anastomotic site, diffuse peritonitis, and adhesion formation in 3 of the 4 horses in which the resection line was closed with the app-1 pattern. With the inv-2 and app-2 techniques, more intestinal inversion was present in the nontaenial than in the taenial portion of the small colon. More postoperative impactions were found with the inv-2 (n = 5) anastomoses than with the app-2 (n = 1) technique; this appeared to be the result of excessive tissue inversion. There was no difference in lumen diameter between the inv-2 and the app-2 techniques (P ≥ 0.05). However, horses with unresponsive impactions at the inv-2 site had a smaller luminal diameter compared with the inv-2 anastomoses that did not impact or that impacted and resolved with therapy (P ≤ 0.001). Difference in adhesion formation between the inv-2 and the app-2 techniques was minimal.

Bursting pressure studies (7 app-2, 7 inv-2, and 14 control) were performed in study 2. All segments consistently burst away from the anastomotic site along the mesenteric or antimesenteric taenial band. Differences in bursting pressure (P ≥ 0.05) were not evident between the 2 groups.

Histologic evaluation revealed the app-1 pattern had no intestinal inversion. However, a wide full-thickness deposition of dense fibrous connective tissue in the submucosal and muscular layer was evident. The inv-2 and the app-2 patterns had pronounced inversion of the anastomotic layers along the nontaenial portion of the anastomoses, with minimal deposition of fibrous connective tissue between the anastomotic layers. The inversion formed a protruding ridge into the lumen that was more pronounced in the inv-2 than in the app-2 anastomoses. At 28 days, the inverted tissues were held firmly together by maturing fibrous connective tissue that was covered by a mucosal layer. The inverted tissues were as pronounced at 56 days as they were at 3 days. In light of these findings, we concluded that an app-2 pattern was the preferred surgical technique.
Cloning and characterization of a genomic probe for malignant catarrhal fever virus
Authors: Shih Liu-Mei , Irving John M. , Zee Yuan Chung , Pritchett Randall F.
Published: February 2025

A genomic probe specific for malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) virus was cloned by using purified viral dna from mcf-virus strain WCll. Restriction endonuclease analysis of the purified viral dna was used to identify the cloned viral genomic fragment. Dot blot hybridization by use of the genomic probe (pRP-5) indicated that the probe hybridized specifically with WCll-mcf virus, as well as with one other isolate of mcf-associated herpesvirus. Hybridization also was observed to a non-mcf virus strain of bovine herpesvirus.
Isolation and identification of mycoplasmas from the nasal cavity of sheep
Authors: Brogden K. A. , Rose D. , Cutlip R. C. , Lehmkuhl H. D. , Tully J. G.
Published: February 2025

Mycoplasmas isolated from the nasal cavity of sheep in a ram test station were examined to determine their identity and prevalence. Specimens were obtained for mycoplasmal culture in 1980, 1982, and 1983 from 558 sheep, and mycoplasmas were isolated from 630 specimens from 320 sheep (57.3%). The isolates were characterized and differentiated into groups on the basis of sensitivity to digitonin, fermentation of glucose, and hydrolysis of arginine. Isolates in some groups were further characterized by use of additional diagnostic media, and their identity was confirmed by agglutination or growth inhibition with antiserum prepared from reference mycoplasmas. Of the 320 sheep with mycoplasmas, 293 had Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, 12 had M arginini, and 1 had M capricolum. Two sheep had Acholeplasma spp, and 3 sheep had unidentified Mycoplasma spp. The remaining 9 sheep had M ovipneumoniae in combination with Acholeplasma spp (n = 3), M arginini (n = 3), M capricolum (n = 2), and an unidentified Mycoplasma spp (n = 1). The biochemical reactions of the M ovipneumoniae from the 293 sheep were similar, but varied in the degree of growth and fermentation in the basal medium containing glucose. The high prevalence of M ovipneumoniae indicated that it may be commensal in the upper respiratory tract of healthy sheep.
Identification of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in formalin-fixed porcine lung, using an indirect immunoperoxidase method
Authors: Doster Alan R. , Lin Boh Chang
Published: February 2025

An indirect immunoperoxidase staining technique was evaluated for detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded porcine lung. Lungs from swine with induced (n = 4) or naturally occurring M hyopneumoniae infection (n = 31) were examined grossly, by light and immunofluorescent microscopy, and by an indirect immunoperoxidase test, using antibody raised in swine against M hyopneumoniae as the primary antibody. Organisms stained by the indirect immunoperoxidase method were identified in tissue sections as pleomorphic brown-staining structures corresponding to those observed with immunofluorescence. Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, M hyorhinis, and Acholeplasma laidlawii did not stain with the indirect immunoperoxidase method, using antibody raised against M hyopneumoniae.
Disease features in horses with induced equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever)
Authors: Dutta S. K. , Penney B. E. , Myrup A. C. , Robl M. G. , Rice R. M.
Published: February 2025

Fifty-five horses were inoculated iv and/or sc with materials containing Ehrlichia risticii, ie, infected whole blood, bufly coat cells, or cell culture, to study clinical and hematologic features of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever). Major clinical and hematologic features of induced E risticii infection were biphasic increase in rectal temperature with peak increases of 38.9 C and 39.3 C on postinoculation days (pid) 5 and 12, respectively; depression; anorexia; decreased wbc count (maximal decrease of 47% on pid 12); and diarrhea from pid 14 to pid 18. Increased wbc count was an inconsistent feature, with a maximal increase of 51.5% on pid 20. During times of decreased and increased wbc counts, lymphocyte/neutro-phil ratios remained fairly constant. However, not all horses had all clinical and hematologic features, and these features were present in different degrees among horses. Increased rectal temperature, depression, anorexia, and decreased wbc count were more consistent features, whereas diarrhea developed in 73% of the horses. Of 55 horses, 39 (71%) had all clinical and hematologic features of the disease (classic disease), whereas 16 (29%) horses did not have ≥ 1 of these features (nonclassic disease). The E risticii titer in the blood (ehrlichemia) was maximum during the peak increase in rectal temperature. In 55 horses, mortality was 9%. Significant differences (P > 0.5) in clinical and hematologic features were not detected between horses that survived and those that died of E risticii infection.
Comparison and partial characterization of the protein profiles and outer membrane antigens of Actinobacillus species isolated from ram lambs with epididymitis
Authors: Healey Mark C. , Hwang Hank H. , Kleinschuster Stephen J. , Johnston Alice V. , Symons Kall S.
Published: February 2025

Three monoclonal antibodies (LG17, LG30, LG33) were used in the indirect fluorescent antibody test, the elisa, and the immunoelectrotransfer blot technique to identify group-specific and strain-specific epitopes on the outer membranes of Actinobacillus seminis, A actinomycetemcomitans, and 17 field isolates of Actinobacillus spp. The field isolates had been obtained by bacteriologic culture of specimens from ram lambs with epididymitis. Only antibody LG33 consistently had specificity for an outer membrane epitope shared by most of the bacterial isolates tested. Staining of polyacrylamide gels with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, Sudan black B, and Coomassie brilliant blue R250 indicated that target antigens for antibodies LG17 and LG33 contained carbohydrate and lipoprotein components, respectively. The chemical composition of the LG30 target antigen was not determined because of its instability after exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Discontinuous-gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and spectrophotometric scans of the gels were used to analyze n-octyl-β-d-gluco-pyranoside protein extracts from A seminis, A actinomycetemcomitans, and 13 representative field isolates of Actinobacillus spp. Bacterial isolates could be grouped according to their protein profiles. The first group consisted of A seminis, A actinomycetemcomitans, and 7 field isolates of Actinobacillus spp, all of which shared common protein bands with molecular masses of approximately 94 kilodaltons (kD), 64 kD, 60 kD, 52 kD, 44 kD, and 26 kD. The second group was composed of 6 field isolates, each with unique protein profiles; isolates had relatively few protein bands in common. These data suggested that members of the genus Actinobacillus cultured from ram lambs with epididymitis probably include a number of various strains.
Isolation, characterization, and molecular cloning of cryptic plasmids isolated from Edwardsiella ictaluri
Authors: Newton Joseph C. , Bird R. Curtis , Blevins Willard T. , Wilt Gerald R. , Wolfe Lauren G.
Published: February 2025

Fifty-five isolates of Edwardsiella ictaluri were examined for the presence of plasmid dna by a rapid alkaline extraction procedure. All 49 isolates from channel catfish and a single isolate from Bengal danio carried 2 plasmids with molecular masses of approximately 3.2 and 3.7 megadaltons (Mdal). Five E ictaluri isolates from other fish contained 1 to 3 plasmids, which had molecular masses ranging from 2.5 to 45 Mdal. The 2 plasmids (3.2 and 3.7 Mdal) from the type strain of E ictaluri (ATCC 33202) were ligated into pUC19 cloning vectors, and restriction endonuclease maps of each insert were prepared.
Use of immunohistochemical methods for diagnosis of equine pythiosis
Authors: Brown Corrie C. , McClure Jill J. , Triche Patricia , Crowder Cheryl
Published: February 2025

Excisional biopsy specimens were received from 8 horses with lesions suspected of being caused by Pythium sp. Pythium sp was isolated from all specimens. An indirect peroxidase technique was applied to formalin-fixed tissues from the biopsy material and there was distinct staining of hyphal cell walls in all specimens. Sections containing hyphae, other than those of Pythium sp, failed to stain. The indirect peroxidase technique could be used for confirmation of suspected cases of pythiosis.
Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus proteins recognized by antibodies of aerosol-exposed calves
Authors: Toth Thomas E. , Frank Glynn H.
Published: February 2025

Bovine parainfluenza-3 (bpi-3) virus proteins were radiolabeled with [35S]methionine. Control serum containing antibodies to bpi-3 virus obtained from calves that had been immunized by aerosol exposure and by im inoculation and sera of cattle that were exposed to bpi-3 virus by aerosol only were used to immunoprecipitate bpi-3 virus proteins. The immunoprecipitates were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Viral proteins with estimated molecular weights of 72,000, 70,000, and 58,000 were recognized by the control serum and the sera from calves exposed to bpi-3 virus only by aerosol. These proteins were the hemagglutinin/ neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, and fusion protein. The results indicated that a single aerosol exposure to bpi-3 virus induces antibodies to the same bpi-3 virus proteins as do combined aerosol and parenteral inoculations with the virus.
Serologic evidence for the etiologic role of Chuzan virus in an epizootic of congenital abnormalities with hydranencephaly-cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome of calves in Japan
Authors: Goto Yoshiyuki , Miura Yasuo , Kono Yuji
Published: February 2025

An epizootic of congenital abnormalities of calves was observed in the Kyushu district of Japan from November 1985 through April 1986. The main clinical signs of the disease were impairment of mobility and signs of impairment of the nervous system. Opisthotonos was pronounced, and almost all calves were unable to suckle by themselves. The main macroscopic pathologic changes were hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia. Although an etiologic agent was not isolated from the calves, serotest results of precolostral serum samples indicated that 128 of 139 (92%) abnormal calves had antibody for Chuzan virus, a new virus belonging to the Palyam subgroup of the Orbivirus genus; 34 healthy calves in the epizootiologic area did not have antibody for the virus. The presence of Chuzan virus in Kyushu in 1985 was confirmed serologically.
A rostrocaudal gradient for neurotransmitter metabolites and a caudorostral gradient for protein in canine cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Vaughn Dana M. , Coleman Elaine , Simpson Stephen T. , Whitmer Bill , Satjawatcharaphong Chiradath
Published: February 2025

Neurotransmitter metabolites (dihydroxyphenylacetic acid [dopac], homovanillic acid [hva], and 5-hydroxyin-doleacetic acid [5-hiaa]) in csf of 10 healthy dogs were evaluated with reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. Neurotransmitter metabolite concentrations determined in csf collected from the cisterna magna were compared with those values in csf collected from the lumbar dorsal subarachnoid space. Amounts of dopac (P = 0.0444), hva (P = 0.0001), and 5-hiaa (P = 0.0316) were significantly lower in lumbar spinal fluid compared with those values in the cervical spinal fluid. Metabolite concentrations in cervical and lumbar csf were: dopac = 2.81 ± 0.73 ng/ml of csf and 1.28 ± 0.57 ng/ml; hva = 98.29 ± 12.42 ng/ml and 4.68 ± 1.61 ng/ml; and 5-hiaa = 46.29 ± 8.17 ng/ml and 36.96 ± 4.07 ng/ml, respectively. Cytologic evaluations of cervical and lumbar csf revealed a similar concentration of 3 ± 1 wbc/μl in both fluids. A significant (P = 0.0002) difference in protein concentration between the 2 regions was observed, with 16.1 ± 1.8 mg of protein/dl in the cervical csf and 27.2 ± 2.3 mg of protein/dl in the lumbar csf. Between the cisterna magna and lumbar dorsal subarachnoid space of dogs, a rostrocaudal gradient existed for neurotransmitter metabolites, and a caudorostral gradient existed for protein.
Humoral recognition of lipopolysaccharide core antigens of gram-negative bacteria in neonatal swine
Authors: Tyler Jeff W. , Cullor James S. , Thurmond Mark C. , Hird David W. , Parker Kent M.
Published: February 2025

Serologic recognition of common lipopolysaccharide core antigens has been related to enhanced resistance to gramnegative bacterial disease in several species. Class-specific titers (IgG, IgM) were determined by direct ELISA, using intact Escherichia coli (J5) as a plate antigen. Serum samples were obtained from 224 neonatal swine between the ages of 36 and 60 hours. The mean (± SEM) log10 IgG titer against gram-negative core antigens was 1:1,713 ± 0.4718 and the mean log10 IgM titer was 1:202 ± 0.5644. The IgG titer was directly related with litter size, birth weight, and serum total IgG concentration; IgM titer was directly related with dam parity and serum total IgG concentration.
Effect of sodium bicarbonate infusions on ionized calcium and total calcium concentrations in serum of clinically normal cats
Authors: Chew Dennis J. , Leonard Mark , Muir William
Published: February 2025

The effects of sodium bicarbonate (0.5 mEq/kg of body weight, 1.0 mEq/kg, 2.0 mEq/kg, and 4.0 mEq//kg) on ionized and total calcium concentrations were determined in clinically normal cats. Also, serum pH, whole blood pH, and serum albumin, serum total protein, and serum phosrus concentrations were measured.

Intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate to awake cats decreased serum ionized calcium and serum total calcium concentrations. All dosages of sodium bicarbonate were associated with significant decreases of serum ionized calcium concentration. This effect lasted for > 180 minutes when cats were given 2.0 mEq/kg or 4.0 mEq/kg. When cats were given 4 mEq of sodium bicarbonate/kg, serum ionized calcium concentration was significantly decreased, compared with that when cats were given lower doses, but only at 10 minutes after infusion. After sodium bicarbonate infusion, serum total calcium concentration, measured by ion-specific electrode and colorimetry, was lower than baseline values at most of the times evaluated. Decreases in serum ionized calcium and serum total calcium concentrations can be attributed only in part to an increase in serum or whole blood pH and to a decrease in serum protein concentration.

Serum total calcium concentrations measured by ionspecific electrode and by colorimetry were positively correlated, but the variability was high. Only 44 % of the variability in serum ionized calcium concentration could be predicted when serum total calcium, albumin, total protein, phosphorus, and bicarbonate concentrations and pH were considered.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for differentiation of the antibody response of cattle naturally infected with Brucella abortus or vaccinated with strain 19
Authors: Nielsen Klaus , Cherwonogrodzky John W. , Duncan J. Robert , Bundle David R.
Published: February 2025

Purified O chain of Brucella abortus was passively attached to polystyrene to differentiate antibody responses of cattle vaccinated with B abortus strain 19 from those of naturally infected cattle. In the indirect assay, using O polysaccharide as antigen, a single indirect serum dilution was used and mouse monoclonal antibody to bovine L chain conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was the detection reagent. Measurable antibody was not found in sera of vaccinated cattle, except for 3 sera from cattle that were persistently infected with strain 19. Sera from 25 cattle infected with pathogenic strains contained antibody on the basis of results of indirect enzyme immunoassay, using smooth lipopolysaccharide or O chain as antigens. or results of competitive enzyme immunoassay, using the Ochain antigen. Results in sera from calves with experimentally induced Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:9 infection or inoculated with a low dose of B abortus strain 2308 were comparable with those in sera of cattle that were vaccinated with strain 19. The data correlated with those from competitive enzyme immunoassay, using one serum dilution and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated mouse monoclonal antibody to smooth lipopolysaccharide. On the basis of results of the indirect enzyme immunoassay, all sera (except those samples obtained before inoculation) contained antibody to smooth lipopolysaccharide.
Alterations in bovine neutrophil function during the periparturient period
Authors: Kehrli Marcus E. , Nonnecke Brian J. , Roth James A.
Published: February 2025

Neutrophils from 8 Holstein heifers were evaluated for function during the periparturient period. Random migration ingestion of bacteria, superoxide anion production, native (nonenhanced) chemiluminescence, iodination, and antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity by neutrophils were determined. Foremilk samples were evaluated for bacteria. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in random migration of neutrophils, iodination, and chemiluminescence were evident 2 weeks before parturition and then decreased dramatically by the first week after parturition. These impairments of neutrophil function after parturition may be manifested as a severe cumulative deficit in the native defenses afforded by the neutrophil.
Blood bactericidal assay (Pasteurella haemolytica) comparison of morbidity in marketed feeder calves
Authors: Purdy Charles W. , Richards Alan B. , Foster Gene S.
Published: February 2025

An in vitro bactericidal assay that used bovine heparinized blood was investigated for its usefulness in detecting differences in the bactericidal immunity of calves against Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 (Ph1).

Greater than 90% of killing occurred within 30 minutes. The substitution of fetal calf serum for autologous calf plasma caused loss of bactericidal activity of the blood. Decomplemented calf serum also was low in bactericidal activity. The blood bactericidal assay appears to be op-sonin antibody-dependent and complement-dependent. The coefficient of variation (CV) that can be expected with this assay was established by use of a group of 8 calves; within-day CV maximum was 0.9, and between-day CV maximum was 2.1.

The blood bactericidal assay was used to evaluate 30 calves under typical market stress from 4 farms in eastern Tennessee. All calves had decreased bactericidal activity, as they moved into a feedyard in Texas. The bactericidal activity was reduced among sick calves, based on the severity of clinical signs. Morbidity was highest during the first 14 days in the feedlot. During this period, healthy calves had a decreased bactericidal index (BI) of 4 points, and calves with clinical signs of bovine respi-ratory tract disease for 3 days had a decreased BI of 8 points. The average reduction in the BI of calves with clinical signs of bovine respiratory tract disease for 6 or more days was 14 points.
Reactivity of dorsal pedal vein of cattle to selected alkaloids associated with Acremonium coenophlalum- infected fescue grass
Authors: Solomons Richard N. , Oliver Jack W. , Linnabary Robert D.
Published: February 2025

We determined the vasoconstrictive effects of selected ergot alkaloids, and a sample containing loline and its derivative alkaloids, on the isolated dorsal pedal vein of cattle, as a model system to study one of the toxic effects that result from cattle ingesting fescue forage infected with the endophytic fungus Acremonium coenophialum. The ergot compounds ergotamine, ergosine, and agroclavine constricted this peripheral vein of cattle, but much less so than did the α-adrenergic agonist norepinephrine, which supports the ergots acting as partial agonists for these receptors. However, the sample of loline and loline- derivative alkaloids did not affect the dorsal pedal vein when given at concentrations similar to those of the ergot compounds. Loline and loline-derivative alkaloid sample at high concentrations partially inhibited norepinphrine-elicited vascular contraction, an effect that appeared to be unrelated to α-adrenoceptor activity. Thus, in the dorsal pedal vein model in cattle, the ergopeptide alkaloids were more venoconstrictive than were loline and its derivative alkaloids.
Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in African gray parrots
Authors: Gronwall Ronald , Brown Murray P. , Clubb Susan
Published: February 2025

Amikacin sulfate was administered to African gray parrots at 3 dosages (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) via 2 routes (IV and IM). The elimination half-time was approximately 1 hour (range, 0.9 to 1.34 hour). The apparent bioavail-ability of IM administered drug was 61 to 106% and was not dose-related.
Digestion, fecal, and blood variables associated with extensive large colon resection in the horse
Authors: Bertone Alicia L. , Soest Peter J. van , Stashak Ted S.
Published: February 2025

Nutritional alterations were evaluated in 9 horses before surgery and 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months (4 total trials) after sham operation (group 1; n = 3) or extensive large colon resection (group 2; n = 6). Feed and fecal analyses were performed to determine apparent digestion of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper, and iron, and true digestion of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, total plant cell wall, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Additional fecal and metabolic variables included the percentage of fecal water (water in the feces), total fecal water, metabolic organic matter, metabolic crude protein, and metabolic nitrogen. A CBC and standard series of biochemical tests were performed.

Large colon resection decreased (P < 0.05) the true digestion of dietary crude protein and cellulose and apparent digestion of phosphorus, and it increased the fecal metabolic matter and water loss. Total fecal output increased 45% and total fecal water increased 55%. Phosphorus digestion was decreased (P < 0.05) in group-2 horses, but effects of this were not detected on analysis of blood variables or on physical examination. Nevertheless, after extensive large colon resection, horses can regain body weight lost after surgery and have no overt physical changes when fed an alfalfa pellet diet that meets greater-than-maintenance requirements. Ad libitum water access is suggested, because these horses may have to consume 2 gal/day more than would normal horses.
Evaluation of histopathologic and physiologic changes in cows having premature births after consuming Ponderosa pine needles
Authors: Jensen Rue , Pier A. C. , Kaltenbach C. Colin , Murdoch William J. , Becerra V. M. , Mills K. W. , Robinson Jack L.
Published: February 2025

Premature calving, typified by early expulsion (17 to 43 days) of weak or dead calves and accompanied by retained placentas, was induced in 8 of 9 pregnant cows fed a mixture of Ponderosa pine needles and alfalfa hay. Five control cows of comparable gestation age fed only alfalfa hay maintained normal pregnancies until they were euthanatized at the time the pine needle-treated cows were producing premature calves. Serum specimens from all cows were assayed for progesterone concentration and ovaries and placentomes were examined for histopathologic changes. There were no bacterial, fungal, chlamydial, or viral agents determined to be associated with the premature births. Serum progesterone concentration in the treated cows decreased progressively and were 0.4 to 1.5 ng/ml at the time of premature calving. Histopathologic changes were evident in the placenta and corpora lutea of treated cows only. The number of binucleate trophoblastic giant cells in placentomes was less than normal and the number of necrotic luteal cells in corpora lutea was greater than normal.
Immunologic, histopathologic, and bacteriologic responses of five strains of mice to Brucella abortus strain 2308
Authors: Pugh George W. , Zehr Emilie S. , Meador Vincent P. , Phillips Marshall , McDonald Timothy J. , Deyoe Billy L.
Published: February 2025

A study was conducted to establish baseline data on Brucella abortus infection induced in 5 strains of mice (CBA/NJ, BALB/c, CD-1, C3H/HeN, and C3H/HeJ). The strains were compared on the basis of immunologic, histopathologic, and bacteriologic responses. There were 4 treatment groups for each strain of mice: (1) vaccinated with homologous lipopolysaccharide and challenge exposed to B abortus strain 2308; (2) not vaccinated but challenge exposed; (3) vaccinated but not challenge exposed; and (4) not vaccinated and not challenge exposed.

Results indicated that mice can be used for comparative studies on the pathogenesis and immunogenesis of B abortus infections; strains of mice may vary in their responses to Brucella infection, regardless of their vaccination status. Bacteriologic and immunologic responses in mouse strains BALB/c, CD-1, C3H/HeN, and C3H/HeJ, but not those of CBA/NJ, were extrapolative among strains.
Serologic and virologic evidence of bluetongue virus infection in cattle and sheep in Mexico
Authors: Stott Jeffrey L. , Blanchard-Channell Myra , Osburn Bennie I. , Riemann H. P. , Obeso R. C.
Published: February 2025

Three independent 1-year studies were conducted during 3 consecutive years to better define the prevalence of bluetongue virus (btv) infection in Mexico. Serologic data were obtained by use of agar-gel immunodiffusion for identification of btv group-reactive antibodies, and virologic data were obtained by virus isolation. Samples were obtained from sheep in 6 states over a 1-year period, with 9% seropositive; samples were obtained from cattle in 11 states during the same 1-year period, with 35% seropositive. Two years later, samples were obtained from cattle in 4 additional states, with 69% seropositive. Virus isolation was conducted on pooled blood samples obtained from cattle in 7 states. Six virus isolates were recovered and included 2 isolates each of btv serotypes 11 and 13 and 1 isolate each of serotypes 10 and 17. All virus isolates were partially characterized by electrophoretic analysis of genomic rna migration profiles (electropherotypes) in polyacrylamide gels. All Mexican isolates of btv differed considerably in electropherotype profile, as compared with their respective US prototype strain of the same serotype. Such differences appeared to be much more extensive than those described to exist between numerous California isolates of the same serotype.
In vitro function of bovine neutrophils against Actinomyces pyogenes
Authors: Watson Elaine D.
Published: February 2025

Factors that influenced the in vitro bactericidal activity of bovine neutrophils against Actinomyces pyogenes were investigated. Neutrophils and serum from 2 clinically normal donor cows were incubated with bacteria for 2 hours. To determine bactericidal activity, colony-forming units were counted after a 48-hour incubation on blood agar plates. Microscopic examination indicated that in the presence of serum, bacteria were cell associated after incubation, whereas when serum was replaced by medium, bacteria were not cell associated. Bactericidal activity of neutrophils was similar whether the sera were heat-treated at 56 C for 30 minutes or were not heated. Heating the serum at 65 C for 30 minutes significantly (P < 0.001) reduced bactericidal activity. Bactericidal activity decreased (P < 0.001) as serum concentration (< 10%) decreased. More than 80% of the bacteria were killed within the 40 minutes of incubation. The opsonizing capacity of serum varied significantly (P < 0.01) among 12 cows. Similarly, neutrophil bactericidal activity (by cow) was affected significantly (P < 0.001). Preincubation of serum with A pyogenes significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the opsonizing ability of the serum. Culture filtrate of A pyogenes was not chemotactic for neutrophils in vitro.
Preferential decay of passively acquired immunoglobulins recognizing shared gram-negative core antigens in neonatal swine
Authors: Tyler Jeff W. , Cullor James S. , Douglas Vicki L. , Smith Wayne L. , Parker Kent M.
Published: February 2025

Serum immunoglobulins of the IgG isotype recognizing common gram-negative cell core epitopes were serially measured by use of a direct elisa on blood obtained from 10 neonatal swine. An R-mutant Escherichia coli (strain J5) was used as a plate antigen. Total serum IgG was measured by use of radial immunodiffusion. Half-lives of core antigen-specific IgG (6.81 days) and total serum IgG (14.85 days) were dramatically different (P < 0.01).
Pharmacologic effects and detection methods of methylated analogs of fentanyl in horses
Authors: Weckman T. J. , Tai Chen L. , Woods William E. , Tai H. H. , Blake J. W. , Tobin Thomas
Published: February 2025

Pharmacologic effects of α-methylfentanyl and 3-methylfentanyl, analogs of fentanyl, were investigated in mares. The ability of an 125I-labeled fentanyl radioimmunoassay (125I-ria) to detect these methylated fentanyl analogs in individual and pooled urine samples from horses was evaluated. Also, the ability of 7 fentanyl antibodies to react with fentanyl and fentanyl derivatives (sufentanil, alfentanil, and carfentanil) was investigated.

Mares were studied in a locomotor test to determine the amount of stimulation methylated fentanyl analogs might induce. Two mares each were given α-methylfentanyl at 1, 2, 4, 8, or 13 μg/kg of body weight, iv, or 3-methylfentanyl at 0.4, 0.7, or 1 μg/kg iv.

The cross-reactivity of sufentanil, alfentanil, carfentanil, α-methylfentanyl, and 3-methylfentanyl with 7 fentanyl antibodies was studied, using the 125I-ria. All fentanyl analogs, with the exception of alfentanil, cross-reacted well with a CI antibody raised to fentanyl. Less satisfactory cross-reactivity was determined with 6 other antibodies raised to fentanyl derivatives. When the CI antibody was combined with an iodinated analog to fentanyl, good detectability of α-methylfentanyl and 3-methylfentanyl, in terms of fentanyl equivalents, was obtained from urine samples of dosed mares.

The ability of the 125I-ria to detect methylated fentanyl analogs in forensic urine samples pooled in groups of up to 20 samples was evaluated. When these methylated analogs were administered to mares in doses that induced measurable locomotor stimulation, the analog's presence was readily detected in individual or pooled samples.
Overriding vertebral spinous processes in the extinct horse, Equus occidentalis
Authors: Klide Alan M.
Published: February 2025

Lumbar and thoracic vertebrae of the extinct horse, Equus occidentalis, were examined for gross and radiographic evidence of overriding spinous processes. Of 2,661 vertebrae examined, 580 had intact spinous processes. Thirty-six intact spinous processes, which appeared grossly similar to overriding spinous processes in the modern domestic horse, E caballus caballus, were radiographed. Of these 36 vertebrae, 2 had radiographic signs compatible with a radiographic diagnosis of overriding spinous processes, ie, radiographically observed lysis and/or sclerosis. Seemingly, weight bearing or other stresses imposed by human beings may not have induced the signs of overriding spinous processes.
Morphologie changes in the lamina cribrosa of Beagles with primary open-angle glaucoma
Authors: Brooks Dennis E. , Samuelson Don A. , Gelatt Kirk N. , Smith Patricia J.
Published: February 2025

Optic nerve axoplasmic flow is known to be impaired at the scleral lamina cribrosa in Beagles with hereditary primary open-angle glaucoma and is similar to the condition in human beings. Trypsin and detergent digestion to remove all neural, vascular, and glial cellular tissue revealed a well-developed scleral lamina cribrosa in the normal dog in this study. Beagles with primary open-angle glaucoma had sighs of mechanical distortion of the anterior lamina cribrosa prior to the detection of ophthalmoscopic changes in the optic nerve head. This change in the supporting architecture of the optic nerve began early and increased in severity as the disease process progressed.
Erythrocyte distribution in ducks
Authors: Hebert R. , Nanney J. , Spano J. S. , Pedersoli W. M. , Krista L. M.
Published: February 2025

A study on erythrocyte distribution was performed on 10 healthy, nonstressed adult white Pekin ducks. Results indicated 2 populations of erythrocytes, with average mean corpuscular volumes of 128.37 fl/cell and 308.50 fl/cell. Variations in erythrogram patterns were evident over time, when comparing specimens from different ducks or the same duck. There were 5 patterns of cell number/volume distribution observed between the 2 cell populations when all ducks were studied. Females had a greater change than did males when population density and volume percentage comparisons were made on erythrocyte compartments.
Effect of canine parvovirus on erythroid progenitors in phenylhydrazine-induced regenerative hemolytic anemia in dogs
Authors: Brock K. V. , Jones J. B. , Skull R. M. , Potgieter L. N. D.
Published: February 2025

The effects of canine parvovirus (cpv) infection in dogs with hemolytic anemia was compared with the clinical effects of human parvovirus-induced aplastic anemia in human beings with chronic regenerative anemias. Phenylhydrazine was used to induce a transient, severe, hemolytic anemia in dogs to evaluate the effects of cpv infection on rapidly dividing bone marrow precursors. Erythrocyte colony-forming unit bone marrow cultures and cytologic examination of bone marrow were used to determine the effects of cpv infection on erythroid bone marrow precursors. The induced hemolytic anemia regenerated rapidly and although the bone marrow was infected, it was determined that cpv infection did not induce a detectable decrease in erythroid progenitors in dogs with severe hemolytic anemia.