bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An efficient extraction and clean‐up procedure for pesticide determination in olive oil
Authors: Sobhanzadeh Elham , Bakar Nor Kartini Abu , Abas Mhd Radzi Bin , Nemati Keivan
Published: April 2011

This work reports a simple, rapid, and effective extraction method based on liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) followed by matrix solid‐phase dispersion‐sonication for detection, identification and quantification of multiclass pesticides in virgin olive oil using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF‐MS). LLE to extract pesticide residues in virgin olive oil was performed in order to study the centrifugation efficiency to obtain high recovery yield and low co‐extract fat residue in the final extract. Different suitable parameters of MSPD procedure were evaluated, such as nature of dispersing phase, clean‐up adsorbent, and volume of eluting solvent (acetonitrile) in different extraction conditions, with or without sonication. The best results were obtained using 5 g of virgin olive oil, 2 g of PSA as dispersant sorbent, 2 g of Florisil/GCB (70:30 w/w) as clean‐up sorbent, and 15 mL of acetonitrile as eluting solvent under conditions of 15 min ultrasonic bath at RT. Method validation was performed in order to study sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. Average recoveries ranged between 73.7 and 104.2% with relative SDs 5.3–13.4% at three concentration levels (25, 50, and 100 µg/kg). Detection and quantification limits ranged from 1.5 to 5 µg/kg and 3 to 9 µg/kg, respectively.
Fatty acids of Thespesia populnea: Mass spectrometry of picolinyl esters of cyclopropene fatty acids
Authors: Knothe Gerhard , Rashid Umer , Yusup Suzana , Anwar Farooq
Published: April 2011

Thespesia populnea belongs to the plant family of Malvaceae which contain cyclopropane and cyclopropene fatty acids. However, previous literature reports vary regarding the content of these compounds in Thespesia populnea seed oil. In this work, the content of malvalic acid (8,9‐methylene‐9‐heptadecenoic acid) in the fatty acid profile of Thespesia populnea seed oil was approximately 7% by GC. Two cyclopropane fatty acids were identified, including dihydrosterculic acid. The methyl and picolinyl esters of Thespesia populnea seed oil were also prepared. The mass spectrum of picolinyl malvalate was more closely investigated, especially an ion at m/e 279, which does not fit the typical series of ions observed in picolinyl esters. It is shown that this ion is caused by cleavage at the picolinyl moiety and contains the fatty acid chain without the picolinyl moiety. This type of cleavage has previously not been observed prominently in picolinyl esters and may therefore be diagnostic for picolinyl esters of cyclopropene fatty acids. The NMR spectra of Thespesia populnea methyl esters are also discussed.

Practical applications: The work reports the fatty acid composition of Thespesia seed oil whose derivatives have not yet been extensively utilized for industrial purposes, for example, biodiesel. Knowing this composition is essential for understanding potential uses and, for example, in case of biodiesel the fuel properties. Besides this issue, some data (mass spectrometry and NMR) crucial for obtaining the composition information are analyzed in detail. The biodiesel properties of methyl esters of Thespesia populnea will be reported separately.
[2+2+2] Cycloadditions of Alkynylynamides – A Total Synthesis of Perlolyrine and the First Total Synthesis of “Isoperlolyrine”
Authors: Dassonneville Benjamin , Witulski Bernhard , Detert Heiner
Published: April 2011

The total syntheses of the carboline alkaloids perlolyrine and “isoperlolyrine” are reported. Key‐steps of the syntheses are Negishi coupling reactions on alkynylynamides and their metal‐catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloadditions with nitriles to form the β‐ and γ‐carboline cores. The choice of the catalyst strongly affects the β/γ ratio. Spectroscopic features of the γ‐isomer are distinctly different from those of the naturally occurring isoperlolyrine.
Selenation/Thionation of α‐Amino Acids: Formation and X‐ray Structures of Diselenopiperazine and Dithiopiperazine and Related Compounds
Authors: Hua Guoxiong , Fuller Amy L. , Bühl Michael , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: April 2011

N‐Phenylglycine reacts with an equivalent of 2,4‐bis(phenyl)‐1,3‐diselenadiphosphetane 2,4‐diselenide (Woollins' reagent, WR) to generate as the major product 1,4‐diphenylpiperazine‐2,5‐diselenone and as the minor product 1,4‐diphenyl‐5‐selenoxopiperazin‐2‐one. Whereas, reacting N‐phenylglycine with an equivalent of 2,4‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3‐dithia‐2,4‐diphosphetane 2,4‐disulfide (Lawesson's reagent, LR) affords 1,4‐diphenylpiperazine‐2,5‐dithione and N‐phenyl‐2‐(phenylamino)ethanethioamide. 2‐Phenylglycine treated with an equivalent of Woollins' reagent under identical reaction conditions leads to only the formation of 2,5‐diphenylpyrazine. Six X‐ray structures are reported. DFT‐B3LYP calculations suggest that the planar conformation is around 2 kcal/mol less stable than the puckered conformation for the bis‐seleno derivative.
Perspectives on CO2 capture and storage
Authors: Johnsson Filip
Published: April 2011

The last decade has seen a significant increase in the research and development of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technology. CCS is now considered to be one of the key options for climate change mitigation. This perspective provides a brief summary of the state of the art regarding CCS development and discusses the implications for the further development of CCS, particularly with respect to climate change policy. The aim is to provide general perspectives on CCS, although examples used to illustrate the prospects for CCS are mainly taken from Europe.

The rationale for developing CCS should be the over‐abundance of fossil fuel reserves (and resources) in a climate change context. However, CCS will only be implemented if society is willing to attach a sufficiently high price to CO2 emissions. Although arguments have been put forward both in favor and against CCS, the author of this perspective argues that the most important outcome from the successful commercialization of CCS will be that fossil‐fuel‐dependent economies will find it easier to comply with stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets. In contrast, failure to implement CCS will require that the global community agrees almost immediately to start phasing out the use of fossil fuels; such an agreement seems more unrealistic than reaching a global agreement on stringent GHG reductions. Thus, in the near term, it is crucial to initiate demonstration projects, such as those supported by the EU. If this is not done, there is a risk that the introduction of CCS will be significantly delayed. Among the stakeholders in CCS technologies (R&D actors in industry and academia), the year 2020 is typically considered to be the year in which CCS will be commercially available. Considering the lead times for CCS development and the slow pace of implementation of climate policy (post‐Copenhagen), the target year of 2020 seems rather optimistic. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Central nervous system dysfunction in a mouse model of Fa2h deficiency
Authors: Potter Kathleen A. , Kern Michael J. , Fullbright George , Bielawski Jacek , Scherer Steven S. , Yum Sabrina W. , Li Jian J. , Cheng Hua , Han Xianlin , Venkata Jagadish Kummetha , Akbar Ali Khan P. , Rohrer Bärbel , Hama Hiroko
Published: April 2011

Fatty acid 2‐hydroxylase (FA2H) is responsible for the synthesis of myelin galactolipids containing hydroxy fatty acid (hFA) as the N‐acyl chain. Mutations in the FA2H gene cause leukodystrophy, spastic paraplegia, and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Using the Cre‐lox system, we developed two types of mouse mutants, Fa2h−/− mice (Fa2h deleted in all cells by germline deletion) and Fa2hflox/flox Cnp1‐Cre mice (Fa2h deleted only in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells). We found significant demyelination, profound axonal loss, and abnormally enlarged axons in the CNS of Fa2h−/− mice at 12 months of age, while structure and function of peripheral nerves were largely unaffected. Fa2h−/− mice also exhibited histological and functional disruption in the cerebellum at 12 months of age. In a time course study, significant deterioration of cerebellar function was first detected at 7 months of age. Further behavioral assessments in water T‐maze and Morris water maze tasks revealed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory at 4 months of age. These data suggest that various regions of the CNS are functionally compromised in young adult Fa2h−/− mice. The cerebellar deficits in 12‐month‐old Fa2hflox/flox Cnp1‐Cre mice were indistinguishable from Fa2h−/− mice, indicating that these phenotypes likely stem from the lack of myelin hFA‐galactolipids. In contrast, Fa2hflox/flox Cnp1‐Cre mice did not show reduced performance in water maze tasks, indicating that oligodendrocytes are not involved in the learning and memory deficits found in Fa2h−/− mice. These findings provide the first evidence that FA2H has an important function outside of oligodendrocytes in the CNS. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel flavohemoglobins of mycobacteria
Authors: Gupta Sanjay , Pawaria Sudesh , Lu Changyuan , Yeh Syun‐Ru , Dikshit Kanak L.
Published: April 2011

Flavohemoglobins (flavoHbs) constitute a distinct class of chimeric hemoglobins in which a globin domain is coupled with a ferredoxin reductase such as FAD‐ and NADH‐binding modules. Structural features and active site of heme and reductase domains are highly conserved in various flavoHbs. A new class of flavoHbs, displaying crucial differences in functionally conserved regions of heme and reductase domains, have been identified in mycobacteria. Mining of microbial genome data indicated that the occurrence of such flavoHbs might be restricted to a small group of microbes unlike conventional flavoHbs that are widespread among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes. One of the representative flavoHbs of this class, encoded by Rv0385 gene (MtbFHb) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has been cloned, expressed, and characterized. The ferric and deoxy spectra of MtbFHb displayed a hexacoordinate state indicating that its distal site may be occupied by an intrinsic amino acid or an external ligand and it may not be involved in nitric oxide detoxification. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that mycobacterial flavoHbs constitute a separate cluster distinct from conventional flavoHbs and may have novel function(s). © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(5): 337–345, 2011
Enhancing blood compatibility of biodegradable polymers by introducing sulfobetaine
Authors: Cao Jun , Chen Yuan‐Wei , Wang Xin , Luo Xiang‐Lin
Published: April 2011

Novel biodegradable polycaprolactone containing N,N′‐bis (2‐hydroxyethyl) methylamine ammonium propane sulfonate (PCL‐APS) was synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization. The resulting polymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatograph (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and water contact angle (WCA). These measurements showed that the APS unit was introduced into polymers. The hydrolysis of PCL‐APS was evaluated by soaking the polymer membranes in a pH = 3.20 acid solution. The rate of weight loss was increased with the content of APS increasing in polymer. The compatibility of polymers were evaluated by platelet adhesion, hemolytic test, and activated partial thromboplastic time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) experiments. Results showed that adhered platelets deceased after introducing sulfobetaine as compared to the control PCL, little hemolysis took place on PCL‐APS, and APTT of PCL‐APS polymers was prolonged than that of control PCL. Therefore, polycaprolactone containing sulfobetaine is a promising biodegradable polymer with good blood compatibility. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
The role of reactive silicates on the structure/property relationships and cell response evaluation in polyurethane nanocomposites
Authors: Rueda Lorena , Garcia Inaki , Palomares Teodoro , Alonso‐Varona Ana , Mondragon Inaki , Corcuera Marian , Eceiza Arantxa
Published: April 2011

Precursors of polyurethane chains have been reacted by means of in situ polymerization with organically modified montmorillonite clay to obtain polyurethane nanocomposites containing from 1 to 4 wt % of nanoreinforcement. The effective final dispersion of inorganic component at nanometric scale was investigated by X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the effect of the nanoreinforcement incorporation on thermal and mechanical behavior of polyurethane nanocomposites was evaluated. Nanocomposites showed similar mechanical properties to polyurethanes containing high‐hard segment contents with higher tensile modulus and a decrease in elastomeric properties of polyurethane materials. Finally, biocompatibility studies using L‐929 fibroblast have been carried out to examine in vitro cell response and cytotoxicity of the matrix and their nanocomposite materials. Results suggested that the organic modifier in the clay is unsuitable for biomedical devices in spite of the fact that the matrix is a good candidate for cell adhesion and proliferation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Osteoblast adhesion to functionally graded hydroxyapatite coatings doped with silver
Authors: Sandukas Stefan , Yamamoto Akiko , Rabiei Afsaneh
Published: April 2011

Silver‐doped functionally graded hydroxyapatite (Ag‐FGHA) coatings have been prepared on glass and titanium substrates by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) method with in situ heat treatment, and the biological response and dissolution properties of the coatings have been examined. Three Ag‐FGHA coatings with different percentages of silver (1, 3, and 6.6 wt % Ag) were compared with pure FGHA (without Ag) as a control. MC 3T3‐E1 murine osteoblast cells were cultured on FGHA and Ag‐FGHA coating surfaces, and the number of adhered cells after 1, 4, and 7 days was counted. Micromanipulation of live single cells was performed to quantitatively compare cell affinity among the four coating compositions. Results showed that FGHA‐Ag1 coating (with 1 wt % Ag) had the highest number of adhered cells after each incubation period, as well as the highest cell affinity after 24‐h incubation. Surface profilometry was performed to determine surface roughness average (Ra) of coating surfaces before and after immersion in high‐purity water, showing that all surfaces initially had roughness averages below 200 nm, while after immersion, roughness average of FGHA‐Ag1 surface was significantly increased (Ra = 404 +/− 100.8 nm), attributed to the highest rate of dissolution. Release rate of Ag+ ions in solution was measured, showing release rates of silver ions for all Ag‐doped coatings were initially high and then gradually decreased to a minimum over time, which is the expected dissolution of functionally graded coatings. It is concluded that FGHA‐Ag1 coating promoted the highest degree of osteoblast adhesion because of optimal dissolution rate and nontoxic Ag percentage. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
High-frequency, low-intensity vibrations increase bone mass and muscle strength in upper limbs, improving autonomy in disabled children
Authors: Reyes M Loreto , Hernández Marta , Holmgren Luz J , Sanhueza Enrique , Escobar Raúl G
Published: April 2011

Disuse osteoporosis in children is a progressive disease that can affect quality of life. High-frequency, low-magnitude vibration (HFLMV) acts as an anabolic signal for bone and muscle. We undertook a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of regional HFLMV in disabled children. Sixty-five children 6 to 9 year of age were randomized into three groups: placebo, 60 Hz, and 90 Hz. In the two active groups, a 0.3-g mechanical vibration was delivered to the radii and femurs for 5 minutes each day. After 6 months, the main endpoint was bone mineral density (BMD) at the ultradistal radius (UDR), 33% radii (33%R), and femoral necks (FN). Secondary endpoints were area and bone mineral content (BMC) at the UDR, 33%R, and FN; grip force of the upper and lower limbs; motor function; and PedsQL evaluation. An intention-to-treat analysis was used. Fifty-seven children (88%) completed the protocol. A significant increase was observed in the 60-Hz group relative to the other groups in BMD at the UDR (p = .011), in grip force of the upper limbs (p = .035), and in the “daily activities item” (p = .035). A mixed model to evaluate the response to intervention showed a stronger effect of 60 Hz on patients with cerebral palsy on the UDR and that between-subject variability significantly affected the response. There were no reported side effects of the intervention. This work provides evidence that regional HFLMV is an effective and safe strategy to improve bone mass, muscle strength, and possibly independence in children with motor disabilities. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Does photoelectrocatalysis by TiO2 work?
Authors: Egerton Terry A.
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND: This paper examines TiO2 photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), a process that increases the efficiency of TiO2 photocatalysis (PC) by applying a potential to separate the UV‐generated charge carriers whose recombination typically limits photonic efficiencies of conventional photocatalysis.

RESULTS: Four representative photoelectrocatalytic reactions, nitrophenol oxidation, oxalate degradation, E. coli inactivation and dye decolouration were considered. For all four, a small applied potential raised the rate of pollutant removal by TiO2 electrodes. Because the improvements were probably insufficient to make PEC technologically viable except in niche applications, rates of pollutant removal by PEC and by PC using TiO2 particle dispersions were directly compared. PEC rates were not significantly larger than rates of PC by dispersions.

CONCLUSION: Discussions of the implications of these conclusions focus on whether PEC is currently limited by reactor design (irradiation geometry, or mass transfer) or by electrode materials. It is inferred that the performance of present electrodes is not limited significantly by mass transfer constraints. Since the choice of electrode materials (sol–gel or thermal electrodes) has been shown to influence PEC efficiency, recent results on titania nanotubes (TNT) are reviewed. It is concluded that the enhancement factors—the PEC:PC ratio—of TNT electrodes are no higher than those of conventional materials. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Echocardiographic appearance of a hydatid cyst of the papillary muscle and chordae tendineae
Authors: Fabijanić Damir , Bulat Cristijan , Letica Dalibor , Nenadić Denis , Pešutić‐Pisac Valdi , Carević Vedran
Published: April 2011

A 24‐year‐old woman with a history of hydatid disease of the lung and brain, which was treated surgically and medically with albendazole, was admitted because of syncope. Echocardiography demonstrated a mass in the anterolateral papillary muscle and chordae tendineae. Despite negative serologic tests for Echinococcus granulosus, cytology and histology of the surgically removed mass confirmed hydatid disease. The patient was discharged and treated further with albendazole and praziquantel. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2011
A sufficient condition for planar graphs to be acyclically 5‐choosable
Authors: Chen Min , Raspaud André
Published: April 2011

A proper vertex coloring of a graph G = (V, E) is acyclic if G contains no bicolored cycle. Given a list assignment L = {L(v)|v∈V} of G, we say G is acyclically L‐list colorable if there exists a proper acyclic coloring π of G such that π(v)∈L(v) for all v∈V. If G is acyclically L‐list colorable for any list assignment with |L(v)|≥k for all v∈V, then G is acyclically k‐choosable. In this article we prove that every planar graph without 4‐cycles and without intersecting triangles is acyclically 5‐choosable. This improves the result in [M. Chen and W. Wang, Discrete Math 308 (2008), 6216–6225], which says that every planar graph without 4‐cycles and without two triangles at distance less than 3 is acyclically 5‐choosable. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Novel synthesis and biological activity of 2‐substituted derivatives of 3‐cyano‐4‐imino‐2‐methylthio‐8‐methoxy‐4H‐pyrimido[2,1‐b][1,3]benzothiazole and 3‐amino‐4‐imino‐8‐methoxy‐2H‐pyrazolo[3′,4′:4,5]pyrimido[2,1‐b][1,3]benzothiazole
Authors: Badne S. G. , Swamy D. K. , Bhosale V. N. , Kuberkar S. V.
Published: April 2011

2‐Amino‐6‐methoxybenzothiazole 1 on reaction with bis(methylthio)methylene malononitrile 2 in the presence of dimethyl formamide and catalytic amount of anhydrous potassium carbonate afforded 3‐cyano‐4‐imino‐8‐methoxy‐4H‐pyrimido[2,1‐b][1,3]benzothiazole 3. Under similar experimental conditions, compound 3 on treatment independently with arylamines/heterylamines/phenols/compounds containing active methylene group yielded corresponding 2‐substituted derivatives of compound 3 (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 5a, 5b, 5c, 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, and 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e). Similarly, novel heterocyclic compounds, 3‐amino‐4‐imino‐8‐methoxy‐2H
8a/aryl 8b–c/heteryl 8d, 8e, 8f/pyrazolo[3′,4′:4,5]pyrimido[2,1‐b][1,3]benzothiazoles, were prepared by heating compound 3 independently with hydrazine hydrate/arylhydrazines/heterylhydrazines, respectively. All these newly synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
The capsule's contribution to total hip construct stability – A finite element analysis
Authors: Elkins Jacob M. , Stroud Nicholas J. , Rudert M. James , Tochigi Yuki , Pedersen Douglas R. , Ellis Benjamin J. , Callaghan John J. , Weiss Jeffrey A. , Brown Thomas D.
Published: April 2011

Instability is a significant concern in total hip arthroplasty (THA), particularly when there is structural compromise of the capsule due to pre‐existing pathology or due to necessities of surgical approach. An experimentally grounded fiber‐direction‐based finite element model of the hip capsule was developed, and was integrated with an established three‐dimensional model of impingement/dislocation. Model validity was established by close similarity to results from a cadaveric experiment in a servohydraulic hip simulator. Parametric computational runs explored effects of graded levels of capsule thickness, of regional detachment from the capsule's femoral or acetabular insertions, of surgical incisions of capsule substance, and of capsule defect repairs. Depending strongly upon the specific site, localized capsule defects caused varying degrees of construct stability compromise, with several specific situations involving over 60% decrement in dislocation resistance. Construct stability was returned substantially toward intact‐capsule levels following well‐conceived repairs, although the suture sites involved were often at substantial risk of failure. These parametric model results underscore the importance of retaining or robustly repairing capsular structures in THA, in order to maximize overall construct stability. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:1642–1648, 2011
Investigating the role of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in regulating the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro
Authors: Liao Jiehong , Hammerick Kyle E. , Challen Grant A. , Goodell Margaret A. , Kasper F. Kurtis , Mikos Antonios G.
Published: April 2011

Significant progress has been made in understanding the hematopoietic supportive capacity of both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteogenic cells in maintaining hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in vitro. However the role of HSPCs in regulating their bone marrow niche environment through influencing the function of neighboring cell populations to complete this reciprocal relationship is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the influence of HSPCs on the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in vitro, using a highly enriched population of hematopoietic cells with the phenotype c‐Kit+Sca‐1+Lineage− (KSL) and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells in direct contact co‐culture in medium with or without the addition of the osteogenic supplement dexamethasone. The data suggest that a low dose of HSPCs in co‐culture with MSCs in combination with dexamethasone treatment accelerates the osteogenic progression of MSCs, as evidenced in the earlier peak in alkaline phosphatase activity and enhanced calcium deposition compared to cultures of MSCs alone. We observed a longer persistence of functional primitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the population treated with dexamethasone, and this observation was positively correlated with enhanced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Therefore, our findings further support the concept that HSPCs are actively involved in regulating the development and maintenance of the stem cell niche environment in which they reside. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1544–1553, 2011
Heme oxygenase‐1 germ line GTn promoter polymorphism is an independent prognosticator of tumor recurrence and survival in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Vashist Yogesh K. , Uzungolu Guentac , Kutup Asad , Gebauer Florian , Koenig Alexandra , Deutsch Lena , Zehler Oliver , Busch Philipp , Kalinin Viacheslav , Izbicki Jakob R. , Yekebas Emre F.
Published: April 2011

Background

Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) correlates with aggressive tumor behavior and chemotherapy resistance in pancreatic cancer (PC). We evaluated the prognostic value of the basal transcription controlling germ line GTn repeat polymorphism (GTn) in the promoter region of the HO‐1 gene in PC.

Patients and methods

We determined the GTn in 100 controls and 150 PC patients. DNA was extracted from blood leukocytes and GTn determined by PCR, electrophoresis, and sequencing. Clinicopathological parameters, disease‐free, and overall survival (DFS, OS) were correlated with GTn.

Results

Three genotypes were defined based on short (S) <25 and long (L) ≥25 GTn repeat alleles. In PC patients, a steadily increasing risk was evident between LL, SL, and SS genotype patients for larger tumor size, presence of lymph node metastasis, poor tumor differentiation and higher recurrence rate (P < 0.001 each). The SS genotype displayed the most aggressive tumor biology. The LL genotype had the best and the SS genotype the worst DFS and OS (P < 0.001 each). The GTn genotype was the strongest prognostic factor for recurrence and survival (P < 0.001 each).

Conclusion

The GTn repeat polymorphism is a strong prognostic marker for recurrence and survival in PC patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:305–311. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is routine measurement of amylase concentration in drainage fluid necessary after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer?
Authors: Tomimaru Yoshito , Miyashiro Isao , Kishi Kentaro , Motoori Masaaki , Yano Masahiko , Shingai Tatsushi , Noura Shingo , Ohue Masayuki , Ohigashi Hiroaki , Ishikawa Osamu
Published: April 2011

Background and Objectives

Measurement of amylase level in drainage fluid (D‐AMY) is often performed for detection of pancreatic fistula (PF) formation after total gastrectomy. However, PF incidence has decreased and PF formation can be judged by changes in drainage fluid properties. The aim of study is to compare the significance of drainage fluid inspection for PF formation with D‐AMY measurement.

Methods

PF incidence, drainage fluid properties, and D‐AMY level in drainage fluid were investigated retrospectively in 173 patients undergoing total gastrectomy for gastric cancer. The sensitivity and specificity of changes in fluid properties for PF detection were compared to D‐AMY measurement.

Results

PF incidence in patients with dark‐red colored drainage fluid (16/51) was higher than in those without dark‐red fluid (0/122, P < 0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis by fluid properties were 100% and 77.7%, respectively. PF formation also correlated with D‐AMY level, with sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis by D‐AMY level of 5,000 U of 100% and 82.2%, respectively. There were no differences in the above parameters between the two diagnostic methods.

Conclusions

Drainage fluid inspection can provide accurate diagnosis of PF formation, similar to D‐AMY measurement, suggesting that routine D‐AMY measurement is probably not necessary in every patient. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:274–277. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transoral laser microsurgery: A new approach for unknown primaries of the head and neck
Authors: Karni Ron J. , Rich Jason T. , Sinha Parul , Haughey Bruce H.
Published: April 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To evaluate the efficacy of transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) used at examination under anesthesia (EUA) for detection and management of an unidentified primary site and to determine survival with both TLM EUA and traditional rigid pharyngolaryngoscopy EUA, with directed biopsies.

Study Design:

Comparative retrospective review of patients who underwent two different procedures, TLM EUA and traditional EUA, to identify a primary site.

Methods:

Thirty patients presenting with occult primary met the study criteria. Eighteen underwent TLM EUA and 12 underwent traditional EUA. We collected data on the treatment approach, detection rate of the primary site, neck dissection, postoperative radiotherapy, and disease‐free survival (DFS).

Results:

The primary site detection rate with TLM EUA was 94% (17 of 18) and with traditional EUA was 25% (3 of 12). Overall, the occult primary was identified in 20 of 30 patients. The majority of patients (95%) had a primary in the oropharynx (19 of 20). Sixteen occult primaries in the TLM EUA group were immediately resected with TLM. At median follow‐up of 30 months, there was no recurrence in the TLM EUA group. There was a 41.6% (5 of 12) recurrence rate in traditional EUA group. The Kaplan‐Meier 5‐year DFS was 100% for the TLM EUA group and 44% for the traditional EUA group (log rank value = 0.0006).

Conclusions:

TLM management of occult primary malignancies allowed high detection rates of primary tumor and was associated with a high level of DFS. Application of TLM during EUA both detects and treats the primary and may decrease the number of patients requiring wide‐field irradiation.
Pulsed potassium‐titanyl‐phosphate laser photoangiolytic treatment of mucosal squamous cell carcinoma in the hamster cheek pouch
Authors: Burns James A. , Lopez‐Guerra Gerardo , Kobler James B. , Faquin William , LeClair Matthew , Zeitels Steven M.
Published: April 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Early glottic cancer has been involuted by treatment with the 532 nm pulsed potassium‐titanyl‐phosphate (KTP) laser in initial clinical studies. Selective photoangiolysis of the sublesional circulation that allows for relative sparing of surrounding tissue is the presumed mechanism. No prior controlled animal‐model study has analyzed the ability of selective coagulation of lesional microvasculature coagulation with the KTP laser to involute malignant lesions. This study tests the efficacy of photoangiolysis with the KTP laser in treating squamous cell carcinoma in an established animal model.

Study Design:

In vivo.

Methods:

Malignant lesions were induced unilaterally in the cheek pouches of 21 hamsters by applying 9,10‐dimethyl‐1,2‐benzanthrancene. The contralateral cheek pouch served as a control. Weekly lesion photodocumentation and pulsed KTP laser (30 W, 15 msec pulse width, 2 pulses/sec) treatments were done. The endpoint of each treatment was a uniform white‐blanching of the lesion. Hamsters were sacrificed 1 week after the last treatment and cheek pouches were analyzed histologically.

Results:

Carcinoma was confirmed in 19 hamsters, and lesions that were initially <2 mm were more effectively treated than lesions that were >2 mm (P = .0004). Every lesion (10/10) that initially measured <2 mm resolved completely after laser treatment with minimal scarring noted at the treatment site based on histology. Lesions measuring between 2 and 5 mm resolved 33% of the time (2/6), and none (0/3) of the lesions >5 mm resolved after completion of the treatment period.

Conclusions:

Pulsed KTP laser photoangiolysis can effectively involute small malignant lesions, but may be less effective at involuting larger (>2 mm) lesions.
Innovations in margarines, shortenings and spreads
Authors: Gerstenberg Kirkeby Pernille
Published: April 2011

Product trends within the oils and fats segment are reviewed with special focus on two case studies which cover the production of low fat dairy spreads compounded from concentrated cream and vegetable oil, and the manufacturing of fat flakes based on palm oil fractions using innovative flake equipment.
Vitamin E – essential knowledge for supplementation
Authors: Gee Ping Tou
Published: April 2011

Misinterpretation of scientific data led vitamin E research in a wrong direction. Scientists focused on α‐tocopherol, ignoring other forms of vitamin E. However, natural α‐tocopherol supplementation significantly increased all‐cause mortality. This paradoxical observation demonstrates flaws in current understanding on vitamin E. Updated knowledge on vitamin E supplementation provides explanation of this paradoxical observation. The less well‐known tocotrienols, but not α‐tocopherol, fulfil the fundamentals for disease prevention which differ from antioxidant activity.
Well‐Defined Miktocycle Eight‐Shaped Copolymers Composed of Polystyrene and Poly(ε‐caprolactone): Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Shi Gang‐Yin , Sun Jiao‐Tong , Pan Cai‐Yuan
Published: April 2011

A series of well‐defined miktocycle number‐eight‐shaped copolymers composed of cyclic polystyrene (PS) and cyclic poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) have been successfully synthesized by a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), ring‐opening polymerization (ROP), and “click” reaction. The synthesis involves three steps: 1) preparation of tetrafunctional initiator with two acetylene groups, one hydroxyl group and a bromo group; 2) preparation of two azide‐terminated block copolymers, N3‐PCL‐(CHC)2‐PS‐N3, with two acetylene groups anchored at the junction; and 3) intramolecular cyclization of the block copolymer through “click” reaction under high dilution. The 1H NMR, FT‐IR, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) techniques are applied to characterize the chemical structures of the resulting intermediates and the target polymers. Their thermal behavior is investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The decrease in chain mobility of eight‐shaped copolymers restricts the crystallization of PCL.

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Phase Behavior of Vesicle‐Forming Block Copolymers in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Braun Jörg , Bruns Nico , Pfohl Thomas , Meier Wolfgang
Published: April 2011

The binary phase diagram of amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(γ‐methyl‐ε‐caprolactone) block copolymers in water is examined for four polymers having the same hydrophilic block length but different hydrophobic block lengths across the whole concentration range. The bulk polymers show no ordered morphology. With increasing water concentration the polymers undergo transitions from lamellar phases to packed vesicles and subsequently all polymers self‐assemble into vesicles in dilute aqueous solutions. Additionally, the largest polymer forms an inverse hexagonal phase, and the smallest polymer self‐aggregates into rod‐like micelles and showed a hexagonal phase.

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Statistical Glycopolymers Based on 2‐Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate: Copolymerization, Thermal Properties, and Lectin Interaction Studies
Authors: Bordegé Vanesa , Muñoz‐Bonilla Alexandra , León Orietta , Cuervo‐Rodríguez Rocío , Sánchez‐Chaves Manuel , Fernández‐García Marta
Published: April 2011

Amphiphilic statistical glycopolymers based on unprotected glycomonomer, 2‐{[(D‐glucosamin‐2‐N‐yl)carbonyl]oxy}ethyl methacrylate (HEMAGl), and methyl acrylate have been synthesized by classical free radical polymerization in DMSO solutions at 70 °C. The reactions have been followed by in situ monitoring proton NMR. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated using Kelen‐Tüdös extended equation. Then, the cumulative feed and copolymer compositions as a function of conversion have been obtained, showing a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical data. The thermal properties such as their glass transition and thermal stability temperatures have been analyzed. In addition, the carbohydrate–lectin interaction in those water‐soluble glycopolymers has been studied, demonstrating successful binding.

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Approaches of load assumption for durability assessment of automotive structure
Authors: Heuler P. , Frost M. , Rochlitz H.
Published: April 2011

Bei der Ableitung von Lastannahmen als einem wesentlichen Element des Produktentwicklungs‐ und Auslegungsprozesses sind die spezifischen Ansätze und Randbedingungen des Nachweisprozesses zu berücksichtigen. In dem Beitrag werden wichtige Bausteine und Ansätze für die Entwicklung von Lastannahmen von PKW diskutiert, wobei sowohl die äußeren einwirkenden Lasten als auch die inneren Reaktionskräfte für die endgültige Festlegung von festigkeitsbezogenen Bauteillastenheften zu berücksichtigen sind. Hierbei werden Informationen von Messungen an neuen Fahrzeugmustern, Normierung und Weiterentwicklung von Lastdatenbanken, numerische Analysen über die Mehrkörpersystem‐Simulation und Lastdaten‐Ergebnisse aus Kundenmessungen zusammengeführt. Das Thema standardisierte Last‐Zeit‐Funktionen wird abschließend kurz beleuchtet am Beispiel eines Lastdaten‐Vergleichs von Messungen auf einer Teststrecke mit CARLOS multi.
Application of the notch stress concept to the real geometry of weld end points
Authors: Kaffenberger M. , Vormwald M.
Published: April 2011

Moderne Schweißnahtstrukturen werden häufig mit Nahtanfangs‐ und Endpunkten ausgeführt. Diese erwiesen sich als versagenskritischer Punkt. Speziell für Feinbleche (t < 5 mm) liegen hierzu keine Nachweiskonzepte vor. Daher wurde in einem Forschungsvorhaben ein allgemeingültiges Nachweisverfahren mit dem Kerbspannungskonzept für Schweißnahtenden an dünnen Blechen erarbeitet. Grundlage war das Erfassen der realen Nahtendgeometrie repräsentativer Probekörper mittels eines hochauflösenden 3D Scanners. Hieraus konnte ein idealisiertes Nahtendmodell mit dem konzeptgebundenen Kerbradius r = 0,2 mm abstrahiert werden, welches nahezu die gleichen Kerbspannungen liefert wie die reale Geometrie. Die untersuchten Lastfälle waren Querzug, Längszug und Biegung. Als Versagen trat ein Riss an der Fußkerbe auf. Mit der aus den Schwingversuchen bestimmten Kerbspannungswöhlerlinie kann somit erstmals die Lebensdauer für Schweißnahtenden bestimmt werden. Darüber hinaus wurden Umrechnungsregeln erarbeitet, die auch eine Modellierung mit einem von r = 0,2 mm abweichendem Radius zulassen. Aus dieser Überlegung heraus wurden weiterführende Untersuchungen in Hinblick auf die Verallgemeinerung des Kerbspannungskonzeptes angestellt. So wurden die Versuchsergebnisse von Olivier, der Schweißnähte ohne Nahtenden nach dem Kerbspannungskonzept untersuchte, neu ausgewertet, um die Widerstände langer Schweißnähte und die des lokal ausgeprägten Nahtendes unter einer Wöhlerlinie zu vereinen. Unter Berücksichtigung der realen Kerbgeometrie ist dies auch gelungen. Wie aber auch hier ein allgemeingültiges Verfahren mit idealisierten Nähten aussehen kann, wird derzeit noch untersucht.
Fatigue life prediction for pressure cast transmission housings using the strain life approach
Authors: Schön M. , Varenkamp M.
Published: April 2011

Druckgegossene Getriebegehäuse sind komplex gestaltete Strukturbauteile, die u. a. die Anforderungen an die Betriebsfestigkeit bei möglichst geringem Gewicht erfüllen müssen. Der rechnerische Nachweis der Betriebsfestigkeit erfolgt mit dem Örtlichen Konzept. Eine Herausforderung dabei ist die Berücksichtigung der inhomogenen Festigkeitseigenschaften des Werkstoffs infolge des Gießprozesses. Es zeigt sich, dass die lokale Porosität die wesentliche Einflussgröße für die Bauteillebensdauer ist. Ausgehend von den Erfahrungen mit der Basis‐Variante des Örtlichen Konzepts wird dargestellt, mit welchen Ansätzen die Anpassung des Verfahrens zur Berechnung von druckgegossenen Bauteilen unter Belastung mit konstanten und variablen Amplituden gelungen ist.
Rapid Simultaneous Determination of Major Isoflavones of Pueraria lobata and Discriminative Analysis of its Geographical Origins by Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Zhao Chenxi , Chan Hoi‐yan , Yuan Dalin , Liang Yizeng , Lau Tsui‐yan , Chau Foo‐Tim
Published: April 2011

Introduction

Isoflavones are main bioactive components of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi. Puerarin has been used as the marker compound in herb quality evaluation in the Chinese Pharmacopoiea. However, it is also important to include the other isoflavones present in the herb, such as daidzin, daidzein, genistin and genistein, in the evaluation as they also contribute to the overall bioactivity of the herb.

Objective

To develop a rapid and reliable method for simultaneous quantitation of isoflavones for P. lobata herb quality evluation.

Methodology

The chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent rapid resolution liquid chromatographic system through gradient elution. The developed method for the quantification of puerarin, daidzin, daidzein, genistin and genistein was fully validated. When it was applied to analyse the extracts of P. lobata, baseline separation was obtained within 10 min.

Results

The amounts of puerarin, daidzin, daidzein and genistin varied greatly among the samples although their chromatographic fingerprints were similar to each other. The 19 samples studied were classified into three clusters (I–III) by principal component analysis based on the amounts of puerarin, daidzin, daidzein and genistin.

Conclusion

The classification result can be related to herbal origins, but the classification outcome from the chromatographic fingerprinting similarity approach did not provide any geographical origin information. This shows that bioactive constituents can reflect the intrinsic quality of P. lobata more accurately. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of aliphatic copolyesters containing 1,4‐bis[(carboxylethoxy)methyl]cyclohexane
Authors: Hwang Seok‐Ho , Baek Seung‐Suk , Kook Yun‐Bae , Jeong Kwang‐Un
Published: April 2011

A series of aliphatic copolyesters was synthesized using newly prepared cyclohexane‐based alicyclic diacid, succinic acid and 1,4‐butanediol with various molar ratios, in order to investigate the effects of these compositions on the crystallinity and thermal properties of the aliphatic copolyesters. The structures, average molecular weights and physical properties of the resulting random aliphatic copolyesters were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction. The results of DSC reveal that thermal and crystallization behaviors depend on the corresponding diacid comonomer (1,4‐bis[(carboxylethoxy)methyl]cyclohexane) content in the aliphatic copolymers. However, the crystalline structures of the aliphatic copolyesters and of poly(butylene succinate) homopolymer are identical. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Solvophobic effects and relationships between the Gibbs energy and enthalpy for the solvation process
Authors: Sedov Igor A. , Stolov Michail A. , Solomonov Boris N.
Published: April 2011

An approach is suggested to describe the solvophobic effects in various solvents, qualitatively and quantitatively. We analyzed the relationships between the Gibbs energies and enthalpies of solvation of alkanes in various solvents on the basis of existing experimental data. It is shown that for a large group of solvents, there is a linear correlation between the two quantities. Other solvents, primarily self‐associated, show deviations from this line. These deviations are always positive, leading to a decrease in solubility, and can be used as a measure of the strength of the solvophobic effects. It is also shown that the solvophobic effects is not the only factor determining the solubility, even for alkane solutes. The magnitudes of contributions of the solvophobic effect into the Gibbs energies of solvation of various compounds in monohydric alcohols are determined. These magnitudes are found to be linearly correlated with a characteristic molecular volume of a solute. The slope of correlation grows up with the concentration of hydrogen bonds in the liquid solvent. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclization tendencies in the free radical polymerization of allyl acrylate derivatives: A computational study
Authors: Karahan Özlem , Işi̇k Mehtap , Çifci Gülşah , Uǧur İlke , Avci Duygu , AvIyente VIktorya
Published: April 2011

In this study density functional theory (DFT) has been used to model the elementary steps and rationalize the free radical polymerization kinetics in allyl methacrylate (AMA), allyl 2‐cyanoacrylate (ACA) and methyl α‐[(allyloxy)methyl]acrylate. The models used in this study have revealed the fact that while methyl α‐[(allyloxy)methyl]acrylate, cyclopolymerizes via 5‐membered rings, AMA and ACA do not. The cyclization tendency of methyl α‐[(allyloxy)methyl]acrylate is attributed to the similar hybridization (sp3) of C3 and C5 favoring a quasi cyclic structure for the reactive rotamer. On the other hand, the presence of the cyano (CN) group in ACA facilitates the initiation step as compared to AMA. The chain transfer reaction does not seem to play a major role in the monomers of interest. This study highlights the usage of quantum chemistry in determining the cyclization tendencies of allyl acrylate derivatives in their free radical polymerization reactions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Nanocomposite prepared from in situ grafting of polypyrrole to aminobenzoyl‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube and its electrochemical properties
Authors: Jeon In‐Yup , Choi Hyun‐Jung , Tan Loon‐Seng , Baek Jong‐Beom
Published: April 2011

We reported the functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) with 4‐aminobenzoic acid by a “direct” Friedel–Crafts acylation reaction in a mild polyphosphoric acid (PPA)/phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5) medium. The resulting 4‐aminobenzoyl‐functionalized MWCNT (AF‐MWCNT) was used as a platform for the grafting of polypyrrole (PPy) in ammonium persulfate (APS)/aqueous hydrochloric acid solution to produce PPy‐grafted MWCNT (PPy‐g‐MWCNT) composite. After dedoping with alkaline treatment, PPy‐g‐MWCNT displayed 20 times higher electrical conductivity than that of PPy. The current density and cycle stability of PPy‐g‐MWCNT composite were also remarkably improved compared with those of PPy homopolymer, suggesting that an efficient electron transfer between PPy and MWCNT was possible through covalent links. In addition, PPy‐g‐MWCNT displayed high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011